bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA Microarray for Detection of Gastrointestinal Viruses
Authors: Martínez Miguel A. , Soto-del Río María de los Dolores , Gutiérrez Rosa María , Chiu Charles Y. , Greninger Alexander L. , Contreras Juan Francisco , López Susana , Arias Carlos F. , Isa Pavel 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Gastroenteritis is a clinical illness of humans and other animals that is characterized by vomiting and diarrhea and caused by a variety of pathogens, including viruses. An increasing number of viral species have been associated with gastroenteritis or have been found in stool samples as new molecular tools have been developed. In this work, a DNA microarray capable in theory of parallel detection of more than 100 viral species was developed and tested. Initial validation was done with 10 different virus species, and an additional 5 species were validated using clinical samples. Detection limits of 1 × 10
3
virus particles of
Human adenovirus C
(HAdV),
Human astrovirus
(HAstV), and group A
Rotavirus
(RV-A) were established. Furthermore, when exogenous RNA was added, the limit for RV-A detection decreased by one log. In a small group of clinical samples from children with gastroenteritis (
n
= 76), the microarray detected at least one viral species in 92% of the samples. Single infection was identified in 63 samples (83%), and coinfection with more than one virus was identified in 7 samples (9%). The most abundant virus species were RV-A (58%), followed by
Anellovirus
(15.8%), HAstV (6.6%), HAdV (5.3%),
Norwalk virus
(6.6%),
Human enterovirus
(HEV) (9.2%),
Human parechovirus
(1.3%),
Sapporo virus
(1.3%), and
Human bocavirus
(1.3%). To further test the specificity and sensitivity of the microarray, the results were verified by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) detection of 5 gastrointestinal viruses. The RT-PCR assay detected a virus in 59 samples (78%). The microarray showed good performance for detection of RV-A, HAstV, and calicivirus, while the sensitivity for HAdV and HEV was low. Furthermore, some discrepancies in detection of mixed infections were observed and were addressed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) of the viruses involved. It was observed that differences in the amount of genetic material favored the detection of the most abundant virus. The microarray described in this work should help in understanding the etiology of gastroenteritis in humans and animals.
Isolation of Digital Dermatitis Treponemes from Hoof Lesions in Wild North American Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Washington State, USA
Authors: Clegg S. R. , Mansfield K. G. , Newbrook K. , Sullivan L. E. , Blowey R. W. , Carter S. D. , Evans N. J. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Since 2008, a large increase in the numbers of cases of lameness have been seen in wild North American elk (
Cervus elaphus
) from Washington State, USA. The most recent cases manifested as foot lesions similar both clinically and pathologically to those seen in digital dermatitis (DD) in cattle and sheep, a disease with a bacterial etiopathogenesis. To determine whether the same bacteria considered responsible for DD are associated with elk lameness, lesion samples were subjected to bacterial isolation studies and PCR assays for three phylogroups of relevant DD treponemes. The DD treponemes were isolated from lesional tissues but not from control feet or other areas of the diseased foot (including the coronary band or interdigital space), suggesting that the bacteria are strongly associated with DD lesions and may therefore be causal. In addition, PCR analysis revealed that all three unique DD treponeme phylotypes were found in elk hoof disease, and in 23% of samples, all 3 DD-associated treponemes were present in lesions. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that the elk lesion treponemes were phylogenetically almost identical to those isolated from cattle and sheep DD lesions. The isolates were particularly similar to two of the three culturable DD treponeme phylotypes: specifically, the
Treponema medium
/
Treponema vincentii
-like and
Treponema phagedenis
-like DD spirochetes. The third treponeme culturable phylogroup (
Treponema pedis
), although detected by PCR, was not isolated. This is the first report describing isolation of DD treponemes from a wildlife host, suggesting that the disease may be evolving to include a wider spectrum of cloven-hoofed animals.
Performance of Etest and Disk Diffusion for Detection of Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin Resistance in Salmonella enterica
Authors: Deak Eszter , Hindler Janet A. , Skov Robert , Sjölund-Karlsson Maria , Sokovic Anita , Humphries Romney M. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

We compared Etest and disk diffusion to broth microdilution for the detection of fluoroquinolone resistance in 135 typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars of
Salmonella
. Categorical agreements for the ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin Etests were 89.6 and 83.7%, respectively. Disk diffusion categorical agreements were 88.2 and 93.3%, respectively. Only minor errors were observed.
Simultaneous Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of a Patient with Seizures and Encephalitis
Authors: Anderson Neil W. , Sistrunk William , Binnicker Matthew J. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
We report a case of a 62-year-old female with seizures and encephalitis. Molecular testing of the patient's cerebrospinal fluid was positive for both herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of simultaneous detection of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in cerebrospinal fluid.
PDZRN3/LNX3 Is a Novel Target of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 (HPV-16) and HPV-18 E6
Authors: Thomas Miranda , Banks Lawrence 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 proteins have a C-terminal PDZ binding motif through which they bind, and target for proteasome-mediated degradation, a number of PDZ-containing cellular targets. Recent studies have suggested that the RING-containing ubiquitin-protein ligase PDZRN3 might also be an HPV E6 target. In this analysis, we show that HPV-16 and HPV-18 E6 can target PDZRN3 in a PDZ- and proteasome-dependent manner and provide a connection between the HPV life cycle and differentiation-related STAT signaling.
Polyreactivity and Autoreactivity among HIV-1 Antibodies
Authors: Liu Mengfei , Yang Guang , Wiehe Kevin , Nicely Nathan I. , Vandergrift Nathan A. , Rountree Wes , Bonsignori Mattia , Alam S. Munir , Gao Jingyun , Haynes Barton F. , Kelsoe Garnett 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTIt is generally acknowledged that human broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) capable of neutralizing multiple HIV-1 clades are often polyreactive or autoreactive. Whereas polyreactivity or autoreactivity has been proposed to be crucial for neutralization breadth, no systematic, quantitative study of self-reactivity among nonneutralizing HIV-1 Abs (nNAbs) has been performed to determine whether poly- or autoreactivity in bNAbs is a consequence of chronic antigen (Ag) exposure and/or inflammation or a fundamental property of neutralization. Here, we use protein microarrays to assess binding to >9,400 human proteins and find that as a class, bNAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than nNAbs. The poly- and autoreactive property is therefore not due to the infection milieu but rather is associated with neutralization. Our observations are consistent with a role of heteroligation for HIV-1 neutralization and/or structural mimicry of host Ags by conserved HIV-1 neutralization sites. Although bNAbs are more mutated than nNAbs as a group, V(D)J mutationper sedoes not correlate with poly- and autoreactivity. Infrequent poly- or autoreactivity among nNAbs implies that their dominance in humoral responses is due to the absence of negative control by immune regulation. Interestingly, four of nine bNAbs specific for the HIV-1 CD4 binding site (CD4bs) (VRC01, VRC02, CH106, and CH103) bind human ubiquitin ligase E3A (UBE3A), and UBE3A protein competitively inhibits gp120 binding to the VRC01 bNAb. Among these four bNAbs, avidity for UBE3A was correlated with neutralization breadth. Identification of UBE3A as a self-antigen recognized by CD4bs bNAbs offers a mechanism for the rarity of this bNAb class.IMPORTANCEEliciting bNAbs is key for HIV-1 vaccines; most Abs elicited by HIV-1 infection or immunization, however, are strain specific or nonneutralizing, and unsuited for protection. Here, we compare the specificities of bNAbs and nNAbs to demonstrate that bNAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than nNAbs. The strong association of poly- and autoreactivity with bNAbs, but not nNAbs from infected patients, indicates that the infection milieu, chronic inflammation and Ag exposure, CD4 T-cell depletion, etc., alone does not cause poly- and autoreactivity. Instead, these properties are fundamentally linked to neutralization breadth, either by the requirement for heteroligation or the consequence of host mimicry by HIV-1. Indeed, we show that human UBE3A shares an epitope(s) with HIV-1 envelope recognized by four CD4bs bNAbs. The poly- and autoreactivity of bNAbs surely contribute to the rarity of membrane-proximal external region (MPER) and CD4bs bNAbs and identify a roadblock that must be overcome to induce protective vaccines.
Functions of multiple play signals in free-ranging juvenile rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Yanagi Akie , Berman Carol M. 
Published: October 2014

Some mammals, including some nonhuman primates, use multiple play signals during social play that convey the playful mood or intention of the signaler. However, why single species use multiple play signals has not been investigated. We recently identified seven such signals among free-ranging juvenile rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, all of which predict the imminent occurrence of play. Here we ask whether the use of these multiple signals may have more precise or multiple functions. Specifically, we ask whether different play signals are associated with different (1) types of play to come, (2) intensities of play, (3) initiators of play and/or (4) distances at which the signal is given. Our results indicate that most signals were disproportionately associated with one or more aspects of play. For example, gamboling was associated with play that is initiated at a distance, crouch-and-stares were associated with chasing play and intense play, and leg-peeks were associated with play initiated by the receiver, as opposed to the signaler. These nonrandom associations suggest that play signals, most of which are conspicuous body signals, are not merely redundant variants of a single general function to transmit a playful mood. Rather they may be used more selectively in a variety of play contexts in which it may be beneficial to reinforce, clarify or emphasize the playful intention of the signaler. At the same time, most are not associated with particular contexts in a highly exclusive or simple manner. As such further research is needed to determine whether they are examples of functionally referential signaling.
Tracing bloodlines: Kinship and reproduction under investigation in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Authors: Bull Sofia 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This article examines discourses on kinship and reproduction in the forensic crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2000–). I argue that the programme stages a visual materialization of genetic kinship in order to assert its importance as a crucial type of forensic evidence, which evokes the traditional Darwinian framework of genealogy for understanding biological kinship as a substantial and enduring trace between generations. However, I show that CSI also participates in contemporary bioethical debates about new genetic and biomedical technologies that increasingly allow us to interfere in the human reproduction process. The programme engages with an emergent post-genomic re-spatialization of genealogy and acknowledges that the concept of kinship is increasingly being redefined, but it is still heavily invested in a normative understanding of sexual reproduction as a ‘natural fact of life’ and inadvertently constructs the nuclear family structure as an ideal framework for procreation.
Influence of chemical and organic fertilizer on growth, yield and essential oil of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) plant
Authors: JANMOHAMMADI Mohsen , SUFI-MAHMOUDI Zahed , AHADNEZHAD Amin , YOUSEFZADEH Saeed , SABAGHNIA Naser 
Published: October 2014

Two field experiments were carried out to study the response of Dracocephalum moldavica L. to NPK fertilizer and different application techniques of MOG organic fertilizer in two regions of Iran (Piranshahr with cold Mediterranean climate and clay loam soil, Maragheh with cool sub-humid temperate climate and sandy loam soil). MOG is bio-organic fertilizer with plant origin and contains different natural enzymes and amino acids. In current study following treatments have been applied: NPK (a complete NPK 20-20-20, 90 kg fertilizer ha-1); MOG1 (soil application of MOG organic fertilizer at sowing stage); MOG2 (foliar application of MOG organic fertilizer at early stage of flowering); MOG3 (soil application of MOG organic fertilizer at sowing and at 5 to 6 leaf stage); MOG4 (soil application of MOG organic fertilizer at sowing and at 5 to 6 leaf stage with foliar application at early stage of flowering). Results indicated that all MOG treatments overcome the chemical fertilizers in both locations. However, plants grown in Piranshahr were more responsive to MOG fertilizer treatments than those grown in Mragheh. Overall, it could be concluded that utilization of MOG fertilizer as both soil and foliar application (MOG4) may increase content and yield of essential oil, which could be suggested as a suitable alternative for chemical fertilizers.
α-Amylase Aspergillus oryzae Immobilized on Modified Expanded Perlite
Authors: Rodriguez J. , Soria F. , Geronazzo H. , Destefanis H. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The α-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae was immobilized covalently onto expanded perlite (EP) and modified EP by treatment with TiO2 (EP-TiO2), dye HE3B (EP-HE3B) polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-hydrazide (EP-PET) and magnetite (EP-magnetite). The modified EP was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The supports were functionalized with aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaraldehyde (GA). The optimum pH for free and immobilized α-amylase was 5.5. Temperature of maximum activity for free enzyme and immobilized enzyme on EP-HE3B was 50°C. The immobilized enzyme in EP-APTES this value was 55°C. The immobilized α-amylase in EP-APTES and EP-HE3B-APTES exhibited better thermostability than free enzyme. The immobilized derivatives showed moderate operational stability by retaining 50% of initial activity after seven successive reuses.
Physical, Thermal and Water-Sorption Properties of Passion Fruit Seeds
Authors: Ferreira de Souza Silvio J. , Váquiro Henry A. , Villa-Vélez Harvey A. , Polachini Tiago C. , Telis-Romero Javier 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Passion fruit seeds are an important by-product of the juice industry. In this study, physical, thermal and water-sorption properties of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Degener) seeds were determined. The knowledge of such properties is useful to design equipment or operations for storage or processing purposes. The physical properties of bulk density, particle density and bulk porosity, and the thermal properties of conductivity, diffusivity and specific heat were determined between water and mass fractions of 0.126 and 0.493. The thermal properties were determined for packed beds of seeds (effective properties), by means of which the thermal properties of the seeds (particle properties) were estimated. Different empirical models were evaluated for modeling the physical and thermal properties as function of moisture content. Physical and thermal properties were successfully described by a second-order polynomial, except by the specific heat which was described by a second-order logarithmic relationship. The isosteric heat, the differential entropy and the Gibbs free energy of water sorption were estimated using the Henderson model, which best fitted the experimental desorption isotherms at temperatures between 30°C and 70°C and relative humidities between 2% and 90%.
Frequency of and risk factors associated with catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries in Quarter Horses at two Midwestern racetracks: 67 cases (2000–2011)
Authors: Beisser Andrea , McClure Scott , Rezabek Grant , Soring Keith H. , Wang Chong 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine the incidence and anatomic location of and potential risk factors for catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries (CMIs) in racing Quarter Horses.
Design—Retrospective matched case-control study.
Animals—67 racing Quarter Horse racehorses euthanized because of CMIs and 134 matched controls.
Procedures—Data for Quarter Horses that sustained CMIs and the total number of race starts for each year were obtained from 2 Midwestern racing jurisdictions from 2000 through 2011. Information for each horse with a CMI and for 2 randomly selected control horses that ran in the same race but did not incur a CMI were obtained from race records, past performance reports, and video analysis.
Results—There were 61,797 race starts and 82 CMIs from 2000 through 2011 at the 2 racetracks studied, for an overall CMI incidence of 1.33 CMIs/1,000 starts. Sixty-seven horses with CMIs for which complete data were available and 134 matched control horses were included in the study. There was no difference in the incidence of CMIs between the 2 racetracks or over the years studied. The right forelimb was injured in 38 of the 67 (56.7%) horses. Injures to the carpus (24/67 [35.8%]) and metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock joint; 23/67 [34.3%]) occurred most frequently. Case-control data indicated that the horses with a CMI had fewer starts, were more likely to have stumbled at the break, had a more erratic stride, were fatigued, and trailed in the race, compared with matched controls from the same races. Irrespective of race distance, most of the horses (47/67 [70.1%]) were injured after or within 10 yards before the finish line.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The results of the present study may aid in the identification of racing Quarter Horses at risk for CMIs. The cluster of injuries near the finish line provides a specific focus for future research into methods of injury prevention in this population of racehorses.
Crystal orientation measurements using transmission and backscattering
Authors: Chan Wing S. , Mah Merlin L. , Voight Donald E. , Fitzpatrick Joan J. , Talghader Joseph J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA method has been devised and tested for measuring the c-axis orientation of crystal grains in thin sections of glacier ice. The crystal orientation and grain size of ice are of great interest to glaciologists since these parameters contain information on the prior thermal and flow history of the ice. The traditional method of determining c-axis orientation involves a transmission measurement through an ice sample, a process that is time-consuming and therefore impractical for obtaining a continuous record. A reflection- or backscatter-based method could potentially be used inside boreholes, with bubbles as reflectors to avoid such drawbacks. The concept demonstration of this paper is performed on ice slices, enabling a direct comparison of accuracy with traditional methods. Measurements of the crystal orientations (θ, ϕ) in 11 grains showed an average error of ±0.8° in ϕ, with no grain error >1.4°. Measurements of θ showed an average error of ±8.2° on ten grains, with unexplained disagreement on the remaining grain. Although the technique is applied specifically to glacier ice, it should be generally applicable to any transparent birefringent polycrystalline material.
Documentation of Quality Control and Operator Training at Point-of-Care Testing: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes Study of 106 Institutions
Authors: Dyhdalo Kathryn S. , Howanitz Peter J. , Wilkinson David S. , Souers Rhona J. , Jones Bruce A. 
Published: October 2014

ContextOperator training, quality control, and proper follow-up for out-of-range quality control (QC) events are crucial steps that must be adequately performed and documented to ensure excellent patient care and regulatory compliance.ObjectiveTo examine point-of-care testing (POCT) personnel training and QC documentation/compliance.DesignParticipants in a POCT documentation study of the College of American Pathologists Q-Probes program collected data retrospectively for glucose and urine dipstick testing regarding test operators, operator competency assessment, and QC documentation. Documentation was assessed for participant adherence to 4 quality indicators: (1) whether test operator training was up to date, (2) whether the test operator names were noted in the test records, (3) whether QC was performed, and (4) whether out-of-range QC events were followed up. Data were analyzed for associations with institutional demographic and practice variables.ResultsThe institutional median number of POCT personnel was 648 for blood glucose and 76 for urine dipstick testing, with a median number of 105 948 glucose tests and 9113 urine tests performed. Ninety-four percent (3830 of 4074) of the test operators completed training or competency assessment within the prior 12 months, 96.8% (21 603 of 22 317) of the test records documented the operator, and 95.7% (19 632 of 20 514) of the expected QC events (per institutional regulations) were documented. Approximately 3% (659 of 20 514) of the QC events were outside the designated range (an average of 6 out-of-range QC events were identified per institution [n = 106]). Of the out-of-range QC events, 92.6% (610 of 659) had documentation of appropriate follow-up. Most laboratories (176 of 179; 98.3%) violated specimen requirements by storing POCT urine specimens for less than 24 hours.ConclusionsThere was greater than 90% compliance for POCT documentation and nearly 96% of expected QC events were properly documented.
Understanding which parameters control shallow ascent of silicic effusive magma
Authors: Thomas Mark E. , Neuberg Jurgen W. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe estimation of the magma ascent rate is key to predicting volcanic activity and relies on the understanding of how strongly the ascent rate is controlled by different magmatic parameters. Linking potential changes of such parameters to monitoring data is an essential step to be able to use these data as a predictive tool. We present the results of a suite of conduit flow models Soufrière that assess the influence of individual model parameters such as the magmatic water content, temperature or bulk magma composition on the magma flow in the conduit during an extrusive dome eruption. By systematically varying these parameters we assess their relative importance to changes in ascent rate. We show that variability in the rate of low frequency seismicity, assumed to correlate directly with the rate of magma movement, can be used as an indicator for changes in ascent rate and, therefore, eruptive activity. The results indicate that conduit diameter and excess pressure in the magma chamber are amongst the dominant controlling variables, but the single most important parameter is the volatile content (assumed as only water). Modeling this parameter in the range of reported values causes changes in the calculated ascent velocities of up to 800%.