bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vancomycin Dosing Considerations in a Real‐World Cohort of Obese and Extremely Obese Patients
Authors: Morrill Haley J. , Caffrey Aisling R. , Noh Eunsun , LaPlante Kerry L. 
Published: September 2015

Study ObjectiveTo compare the effects of empiric vancomycin dosing regimens on attainment of optimal target trough concentrations in obese (body mass index [BMI] 30–40 kg/m2) and extremely obese (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) patients.DesignRetrospective cohort study.Data SourceNational Veterans Affairs standardized databases.PatientsA total of 263 obese and 71 extremely obese (actual body weight range 72–244 kg in both groups) inpatients from all Veterans Affairs facilities nationally who had suspected methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia and were treated with vancomycin between 2002 and 2012.Measurements and Main ResultsPatients with steady‐state trough concentrations (measured ≤ 2 hours before the next vancomycin dose) and no evidence of acute kidney injury before vancomycin initiation were included. Logistic regression models were used to measure the effect of various vancomycin dosing regimens on attainment of optimal target trough concentrations (15–20 mg/L). The mean total daily vancomycin dose was lower in obese versus extremely obese patients (2005 ± 736 vs 2306 ± 934 mg, p<0.05). The mean weight‐based daily dose was higher in obese patients (20 ± 7 vs 17 ± 7 mg/kg/day, p<0.05). In each group, ~ 20% of patients achieved optimal target trough concentrations. In obese patients, the standard dose of ~ 30 mg/kg/day was appropriate for target trough concentration attainment (odds ratio 5.15, 95% confidence interval 1.69–15.64). In extremely obese patients, a lower dosage of 20 to 25 mg/kg/day was appropriate for target trough concentration attainment (odds ratio 6.07, 95% confidence interval 1.01–36.51).ConclusionIn this real‐world study, we offer additional consideration of vancomycin dosing in obese and extremely obese patients. Extremely obese patients may require a lower weight‐based daily dose than obese patients to reach target vancomycin trough concentrations.
Update on Treatment Options for Gonococcal Infections
Authors: Lancaster Jason W. , Mahoney Monica V. , Mandal Sana , Lawrence Kenneth R. 
Published: September 2015

The incidence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in the United States has grown over the past decade. The most recent data provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicate that reported cases have increased by almost 10% over the last 5 years. In conjunction with this rise, the presence of multidrug‐resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae has also emerged. The 2015 CDC guidelines recommend dual therapy with intramuscular ceftriaxone and oral azithromycin as first‐line treatment, although components of this regimen are met with a high level of resistance. Although ceftriaxone resistance has not yet been reported in the United States, it is only a matter of time before such isolates are detected, thus ushering in a new era of difficult‐to‐manage uncomplicated gonococcal infection. The potential public health crisis and patient‐associated sequelae (e.g., pelvic inflammatory disease, epididymitis, and human immunodeficiency virus infection) linked with untreatable gonorrhea are cause for great concern. To try to stem this tide, a number of new agents targeted against N. gonorrhoeae are being investigated in clinical trials. In this article, we review the various agents, both currently available and under clinical investigation, and provide recommendations for the management of gonococcal infections.
(MS)SM‐like models on smooth Calabi‐Yau manifolds from all three heterotic string theories
Authors: Groot Nibbelink Stefan , Loukas Orestis , Ruehle Fabian 
Published: September 2015

We perform model searches on smooth Calabi‐Yau compactifications for both the supersymmetric E8 × E8 and SO(32) as well as for the non‐supersymmetric SO(16) × SO(16) heterotic strings simultaneously. We consider line bundle backgrounds on both favorable CICYs with relatively small h11 and the Schoen manifold. Using Gram matrices we systematically analyze the combined consequences of the Bianchi identities and the tree‐level Donaldson‐Uhlenbeck‐Yau equations inside the Kähler cone. In order to evaluate the model building potential of the three heterotic theories on the various geometries, we perform computer‐aided scans. We have generated a large number of GUT‐like models (up to over a few hundred thousand on the various geometries for the three heterotic theories) which become (MS)SM‐like upon using a freely acting Wilson line. For all three heterotic theories we present tables and figures summarizing the potentially phenomenologically interesting models which were obtained during our model scans.
Methods of model accuracy estimation can help selecting the best models from decoy sets: Assessment of model accuracy estimations in CASP11
Authors: Kryshtafovych Andriy , Barbato Alessandro , Monastyrskyy Bohdan , Fidelis Krzysztof , Schwede Torsten , Tramontano Anna 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe article presents assessment of the model accuracy estimation methods participating in CASP11. The results of the assessment are expected to be useful to both—developers of the methods and users who way too often are presented with structural models without annotations of accuracy. The main emphasis is placed on the ability of techniques to identify the best models from among several available. Bivariate descriptive statistics and ROC analysis are used to additionally assess the overall correctness of the predicted model accuracy scores, the correlation between the predicted and observed accuracy of models, the effectiveness in distinguishing between good and bad models, the ability to discriminate between reliable and unreliable regions in models, and the accuracy of the coordinate error self‐estimates. A rigid‐body measure (GDT_TS) and three local‐structure‐based scores (LDDT, CADaa, and SphereGrinder) are used as reference measures for evaluating methods' performance. Consensus methods, taking advantage of the availability of several models for the same target protein, perform well on the majority of tasks. Methods that predict accuracy on the basis of a single model perform comparably to consensus methods in picking the best models and in the estimation of how accurate is the local structure. More groups than in previous experiments submitted reasonable error estimates of their own models, most likely in response to a recommendation from CASP and the increasing demand from users. Proteins 2016; 84(Suppl 1):349–369. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Data correlation‐based analysis methods for automatic memory forensic
Authors: Fu X. , Du X. , Luo B. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMemory forensics is an important technique for protecting network security and fighting against computer crimes. It has developed greatly in the past decade, because memory can provide more reliable information that other evidence sources do not contain. However, nowadays, when investigating network criminal cases, the Gigabyte (GB) and even Terabyte (TB) level memory and many such dumps have made memory analysis a difficult task. And investigators usually have to deal with complex operating system (OS) data structures, which they have little knowledge of. So how to analyze memory evidence automatically so as to find the hidden criminal behavior and reconstruct the scenario in an understandable way has become an important problem. This paper presents an automatic memory analysis methodology based on data correlation. Through analyzing key OS data structures and utilizing a clustering algorithm, this methodology can discover the relationships among processes, files, users, Dynamic‐link library (DLLs), and network connections. By describing these relationships as correlation graphs, our methods can reorganize these independent memory evidences and disclose their meanings in a high semantic level. Experiments have proved that these correlation graphs can help investigators find hidden criminal behavior and reconstruct the criminal scenarios. And as we know, now, little work is in this field. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resolvent Estimates for High-Contrast Elliptic Problems with Periodic Coefficients
Authors: Cherednichenko K. D. , Cooper S. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
We study the asymptotic behaviour of the resolvents

$${(\mathcal{A}^\varepsilon+I)^{-1}}$$

(

A

ε

+
I
)

-
1

of elliptic second-order differential operators

$${{\mathcal{A}}^\varepsilon}$$

A

ε

in

$${\mathbb{R}^d}$$

R

d

with periodic rapidly oscillating coefficients, as the period

$${\varepsilon}$$

ε

goes to zero. The class of operators covered by our analysis includes both the “classical” case of uniformly elliptic families (where the ellipticity constant does not depend on

$${\varepsilon}$$

ε

) and the “double-porosity” case of coefficients that take contrasting values of order one and of order

$${\varepsilon^2}$$

ε
2

in different parts of the period cell. We provide a construction for the leading order term of the “operator asymptotics” of

$${(\mathcal{A}^\varepsilon+I)^{-1}}$$

(

A

ε

+
I
)

-
1

in the sense of operator-norm convergence and prove order

$${O(\varepsilon)}$$

O
(
ε
)

remainder estimates.
U18666A Treatment Results in Cholesterol Accumulation, Reduced Na+, K+‐ATPase Activity, and Increased Oxidative Stress in Rat Cortical Astrocytes
Authors: Copetti‐Santos Daniela , Moraes Vitoria , Weiler Dácio Franco , de Mello Alexandre Silva , Machado Fernanda de Souza , Marinho Jéssica Pereira , Siebert Cassiana , Kolling Janaina , Funchal Cláudia , Wyse Angela T. S. , Coelho Janice Carneiro 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of U18666A, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis and its intracellular transport, on oxidative stress parameters in cortical astrocytes cultured from Wistar rats (0–3 days old). The cultures were incubated with U18666A (0.25 µg/mL) for 48 h, conditions that are considered ideal to mimic Niemann–Pick type C disease. A variety of indicators of oxidative stress were measured. U18666A treatment increased cholesterol 2‐fold in treated compared to control astrocytes. Oxidative stress was significantly elevated in treated cells as demonstrated by a 1.7‐fold increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, a 60 % decrease is sulfhydral groups, and a 3.7‐fold increase in carbonyl groups, indicative of increased lipid and protein oxidation following U18666A treatment. Consistent with these changes, both catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly reduced nearly 50 % in treated compared to control astrocytes. Collectively, these change resulted in a 50 % reduction in Na+, K+‐ATPase specific activity following U18666A treatment, suggesting a significant alteration in its plasma membrane environment. Overall, these changes indicate that U18666A treatment results in increased cholesterol levels and an increased level of oxidative stress in cortical astrocytes, consistent with what is observed in Niemann–Pick type C disease.
The (5Z)‐5‐Pentacosenoic and 5‐Pentacosynoic Acids Inhibit the HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Moreira Lizabeth Giménez , Orellano Elsie A. , Rosado Karolyna , Guido Rafael V. C. , Andricopulo Adriano D. , Soto Gabriela Ortiz , Rodríguez José W. , Sanabria‐Ríos David J. , Carballeira Néstor M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe natural fatty acids (5Z)‐5‐pentacosenoic and (9Z)‐9‐pentacosenoic acids were synthesized for the first time in eight steps starting from either 4‐bromo‐1‐butanol or 8‐bromo‐1‐butanol and in 20–58 % overall yields, while the novel fatty acids 5‐pentacosynoic and 9‐pentacosynoic acids were also synthesized in six steps and in 34–43 % overall yields. The ∆5 acids displayed the best IC50's (24–38 µM) against the HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme, comparable to nervonic acid (IC50 = 12 µM). The ∆9 acids were not as effective towards HIV‐RT with the (9Z)‐9‐pentacosenoic acid displaying an IC50 = 54 µM and the 9‐pentacosynoic acid not inhibiting the enzyme at all. Fatty acid chain length and position of the unsaturation was important for the observed inhibition. None of the synthesized fatty acids were toxic (IC50 > 500 µM) towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Molecular modeling studies indicated the structural determinants underlying the biological activity of the most potent compounds. These results provide new insights into the structural requirements that must be present in fatty acids so as to enhance their inhibitory potential towards HIV‐RT.
The effectiveness of a new approach using movies in the training of medical students
Authors: Zeppegno Patrizia , Gramaglia Carla , Feggi Alessandro , Lombardi Ada , Torre Eugenio 
Published: September 2015

Introduction The use of movies in medical (particularly psychiatric) education has been often limited to portraits of mental illness and psychiatrists. The Psychiatric Institute of the Università del Piemonte Orientale has a longstanding tradition of working with/on movies according to a method developed by Eugenio Torre, using dynamic images as educational incitements. Our aim is to describe the preliminary results on the impact of this intervention in medical students.
Methods The cinemeducation project lasted 6 months, and included 12 meetings. Forty randomly selected participants were assessed with: Attitudes Towards Psychiatry Scale (ATP-30), Social Distance Scale (SDS), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), and Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), both at baseline and after 6 months, when the workshop was concluded.
Results A significant increase was found in the ATP-30 score, and a reduction of the SDS and IRI-Personal Distress scale scores.
Conclusions Informal feedback from participants was strongly positive. Preliminary results from the assessment of participants are encouraging. Students’ attitudes towards psychiatry and ability to tolerate anxiety when experiencing others’ distress improved, while stigma decreased. The evocative power of movie dynamic images, developed in the group and integrated with the help of the group leader, can enrich students’ knowledge, both from a cognitive and emotional standpoint.
The East India Company’s Conquest of Assam, India, and “Community” Justice:Panchayats/Melsin Translation
Authors: SHODHAN Amrita 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe East India Company troops fighting the Burmese aggression on the frontier of Bengal in Eastern India “freed” upper and lower Assam territories in 1825. David Scott of the Bengal Service was appointed to oversee the establishment of civil and revenue administration in these frontier territories. He established a hierarchical multiple structure of “native courts”—calledpanchayats—as the chief medium of civil and criminal justice. This was ostensibly continuing a traditional Assamese form of dispute resolution—themel; however, the British criminal jury as well as the expert assessor model animated the system. After his death in 1831, the system was brought in line with the rest of the Bengal administration based on the British court system. His experiment, paralleled in many other newly conquered and ceded districts from the Madras territories to Central India, suggests the use of this mode in post-conquest situations by British administrators in South Asia.
FOLK INTUITIONS AND THE NO-LUCK-THESIS
Authors: Ziółkowski Adrian 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTAccording to the No-Luck-Thesis knowledge possession is incompatible with luck – one cannot know that p if the truth of one's belief that p is a matter of luck. Recently, this widespread opinion was challenged by Peter Baumann, who argues that in certain situations agents do possess knowledge even though their beliefs are true by luck. This paper aims at providing empirical data for evaluating Baumann's hypothesis. The experiment was designed to compare non-philosophers’ judgments concerning knowledge and luck in one case that Baumann takes to be in favor of his claim and other cases where, according to him, absence of knowledge coincides with luck. The results show that the cases do not differ in a significant way between each other with respect to verdicts regarding knowledge and luck. In all cases subjects were more reluctant to judge that the ‘Gettierized’ belief is knowledge and more likely to judge that it is true by luck in comparison to a belief that is an uncontroversial instance of knowledge. However, the negative relationship between knowledge and luck ascriptions predicted by the No-Luck-Thesis was almost absent. The data raise some doubts about the No-Luck-Thesis, but the reasons for doubt are different than what Baumann expected.
On fluid–particle dynamics in fully developed cluster-induced turbulence
Authors: Capecelatro Jesse , Desjardins Olivier , Fox Rodney O. 
Published: September 2015

At sufficient mass loading and in the presence of a mean body force (e.g. gravity), an initially random distribution of particles may organize into dense clusters as a result of momentum coupling with the carrier phase. In statistically stationary flows, fluctuations in particle concentration can generate and sustain fluid-phase turbulence, which we refer to as cluster-induced turbulence (CIT). This work aims to explore such flows in order to better understand the fundamental modelling aspects related to multiphase turbulence, including the mechanisms responsible for generating volume-fraction fluctuations, how energy is transferred between the phases, and how the cluster size distribution scales with various flow parameters. To this end, a complete description of the two-phase flow is presented in terms of the exact Reynolds-average (RA) equations, and the relevant unclosed terms that are retained in the context of homogeneous gravity-driven flows are investigated numerically. An Eulerian–Lagrangian computational strategy is used to simulate fully developed CIT for a range of Reynolds numbers, where the production of fluid-phase kinetic energy results entirely from momentum coupling with finite-size inertial particles. The adaptive filtering technique recently introduced in our previous work (Capecelatroet al.,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 747, 2014, R2) is used to evaluate the Lagrangian data as Eulerian fields that are consistent with the terms appearing in the RA equations. Results from gravity-driven CIT show that momentum coupling between the two phases leads to significant differences from the behaviour observed in very dilute systems with one-way coupling. In particular, entrainment of the fluid phase by clusters results in an increased mean particle velocity that generates a drag production term for fluid-phase turbulent kinetic energy that is highly anisotropic. Moreover, owing to the compressibility of the particle phase, the uncorrelated components of the particle-phase velocity statistics are highly non-Gaussian, as opposed to systems with one-way coupling, where, in the homogeneous limit, all of the velocity statistics are nearly Gaussian. We also observe that the particle pressure tensor is highly anisotropic, and thus additional transport equations for the separate contributions to the pressure tensor (as opposed to a single transport equation for the granular temperature) are necessary in formulating a predictive multiphase turbulence model.
Disappearance Beyond Recall: A Social Context for Bronze Age Aurochs Extinction in Britain?
Authors: Evans Christopher 
Published: September 2015

The interest which attaches to the history of extinct British animals can only be equalled by the regret which must be felt, by all true naturalists, at theirdisappearance beyond recallfrom our fauna (Harting 1880, 3; emphasis added).The implications of pit-deposits containing aurochs/Bos primigeniusskulls dating to the Bronze Age, found in two recent excavations in Bedfordshire are outlined. Involving a review of related findings in south-eastern England, these serve as a platform to consider the dynamics of aurochs extinction, which is held to have occurred in Britain by the middle–later centuries of the 2nd millenniumbc. It should be stressed that, although consulting many ‘expert’ colleagues, this paper is not written from a faunal remains-specialist perspective. It is essentially discursive and primarily intended to highlight a significant site-recovery trend. It reflects, moreover, on issues of broad social relevance. Holocene human-induced extinctions have both an inherent curiosity and poignancy. Indeed now, faced with currently threatened mass-species loss, they can even involve – beyond regret – a sense of cumulative guilt.
The effects of chronictrans-resveratrol supplementation on aspects of cognitive function, mood, sleep, health and cerebral blood flow in healthy, young humans
Authors: Wightman Emma L. , Haskell-Ramsay Crystal F. , Reay Jonathon L. , Williamson Gary , Dew Tristan , Zhang Wei , Kennedy David O. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSingle doses of resveratrol have previously been shown to increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) with no clear effect on cognitive function or mood in healthy adults. Chronic resveratrol consumption may increase the poor bioavailability of resveratrol or otherwise potentiate its psychological effects. In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-groups study, a total of sixty adults aged between 18 and 30 years received either placebo or resveratrol for 28 d. On the 1st and 28th day of treatment, the performance of cognitively demanding tasks (serial subtractions, rapid visual information processing and 3-Back) (n41 complete data sets) was assessed, alongside blood pressure (n26) and acute (near-IR spectroscopy (NIRS)) and chronic (transcranial Doppler) measures of CBF (n46). Subjective mood, sleep quality and health questionnaires were completed at weekly intervals (n53/54). The results showed that the cognitive effects of resveratrol on day 1 were restricted to more accurate but slower serial subtraction task performance. The only cognitive finding on day 28 was a beneficial effect of resveratrol on the accuracy of the 3-Back task before treatment consumption. Subjective ratings of ‘fatigue’ were significantly lower across the entire 28 d in the resveratrol condition. Resveratrol also resulted in modulation of CBF parameters on day 1, as assessed by NIRS, and significantly increased diastolic blood pressure on day 28. Levels of resveratrol metabolites were significantly higher both before and after the day’s treatment on day 28, in comparison with day 1. These results confirm the acute CBF effects of resveratrol and the lack of interpretable cognitive effects.
Kojibiose ameliorates arachidic acid-induced metabolic alterations in hyperglycaemic rats
Authors: Moisés Laparra José , Díez-Municio Marina , Javier Moreno F. , Herrero Miguel 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHerein we hypothesise the positive effects of kojibiose (KJ), a prebiotic disaccharide, selected for reducing hepatic expression of inflammatory markers in vivo that could modulate the severity of saturated arachidic acid (ARa)-induced liver dysfunction in hyperglycaemic rats. Animals were fed daily (20 d) with ARa (0·3 mg) together or not with KJ (22 mg approximately 0·5 %, w/w diet). Glucose, total TAG and cholesterol contents and the phospholipid profile were determined in serum samples. Liver sections were collected for the expression (mRNA) of enzymes and innate biomarkers, and intrahepatic macrophage and T-cell populations were analysed by flow cytometry. ARa administration increased the proportion of liver to body weight that was associated with an increased (by 11 %) intrahepatic macrophage population. These effects were ameliorated when feeding with KJ, which also normalised the plasmatic levels of TAG and N-acyl-phosphatidylethenolamine in response to tissue damage. These results indicate that daily supplementation of KJ significantly improves the severity of ARa-induced hepatic alterations.