bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug Resistance of Staphylococci
Authors: Kono Megumi , Hashimoto Hajime , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAccording to an epidemiological survey of drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, it was found that there are three types of cross‐resistance to macrolide antibiotics (EM, erythromycin: OM, oleandomycin: LM, leucomycin: SP, spiramycin), i.e., resistance to EM, OM, LM, and SP, to EM and OM, and inducible resistance to “EM, OM”. In the inducible strains of S. aureus, EM and OM are active inducers, and the optimal concentrations of the inducers are 0.1 μg/ml and 1.0 μg/ml, respectively. The induction of high resistance (800 μg/ml or more) to both EM and OM occurred within 10 min exposure to 0.1 μg/ml of EM, and the resistance of induced cells was lost after overnight growth in the absence of inducer. After 1 to 3 hr exposure to 1.0 μg/ml of OM, the inducible strains acquired high resistance (100 μg/ml or more) to EM and to a lesser extent, resistance to OM, and the acquired resistance was lost when grown in antibiotic free media. When a known concentration of EM was mixed with the induced cells or with a crude extract from induced cells which had acquired high resistance to EM and OM, the antibiotic activity of EM was still retained in the mixture, indicating that the induced mixture or the extract from the induced cells was incapable of antibiotic (EM) inactivation under the test conditions.
Micromorphology of Conidiospores of Aspergillus niger by Electron Microscopy
Authors: Tsukahara Tohru , Yamada Masako , Itagaki Takako 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe fine structure of conidiospores of Aspergillus niger has been studied by means of ultrathin sectioning and electron microscopy. Permanganate fixation of the conidia preserved the details of their inner structural components and enhanced the general contrast within the sections. The conidiospores are characerized by their peculiar surface structures composed of three distinct components; an outer hull, a spore coat or wall, and an intermediate space. As a consequence of the swelling of the conidia, both the outer hull and the intermediate space almost completely disappear, and a variety of the intracytoplasmic organelles becomes visible in large numbers. The mature conidia at the resting stage appear to possess a more electron‐dense cytoplasm than that of the parent hyphae of the organism. They also contain a nucleus and a few mitochondria within the cytoplasm. The significance of these structures and their relationship to the parent hyphal cells are discussed.
Improvement of the Plaque Assay of Herpes Simplex Virus in HeLa Cells
Authors: Yazaki Shigeyoshi , Taniguchi Sadako , Yoshino Kamesaburo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPlaque formation by the HF strain of herpes simplex virus in HeLa cells under agar overlay was possible when a line of this strain highly adapted to HeLa cells was used, whereas the homologous strain, passaged in eggs or lowly adapted to HeLa cells did not form any visible plaques using the same technique. Experiments were performed to investigate the influence of different diluents, cellular factors and conditions of virus adsorption. It was found that 0.1% yolk‐saline could replace the ordinarily used maintenance medium as a diluent. Among three lines of S3 HeLa cells maintained in different laboratories, a subclone possessing a rapid cellular growth rate showed the highest sensitivity to the virus. Monolayers which scarcely covered the whole glass surface were most suitable for virus inoculation. Such monolayers could be stored at 20 C for 2 days before use without lowering the efficiency of plaque formation. The highest titer of virus was obtained when adsorption of inoculated virus was allowed to take place at 37 C for 2 hr. This titer was about equal to the plaque titer obtained in primary chick embryo cell cultures.
Alteration of a Host Character by Infection with RNA Phage Qβ
Authors: Miyake Tadashi , Yanagisawa Keiko , Watanabe Itaru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAn F + strain of E. coli K 12, W‐2241 has a genetic constitution lac– (i+ z+ y–), str‐r. The inability of this strain to utilize lactose is due to a deletion at the y locus controlling formation of an enzyme permease and therefore, a true lac+ revertant can not be expected. The strain, however, produces many colonies on minimal lactose agar medium, when it is plated after infection with RNA phage Qβ, while much fewer colonies are observed on the same medium seeded with uninfected cells. In analyzing this phenomenon, we discovered that these LAC+ colonies were not the result of a mechanism similar to transduction but produced by a mechanism related to phage liberation, and that the colonies originated from Qβ+, const cells. The data suggest the following working hypothesis for the mechanism by which LAC+ colonies are produced in a population of W‐2241 cells infected with phage Qβ. Constitutive cells carrying Qβ produce intracellular β‐galactosidase and at the stage of phage liberation, the enzyme is liberated into the medium, hydrolyzing lactose to form glucose. Since glucose could be utilized by all of the cells on the medium, the Qβ+, const cell acts as a colony forming center. The phenomenon described in this paper shows a new type of virus‐host relationship which may have some bearing on the influence of animal or plant viruses on host tissues.
Studies on the Tuberculin Reactivity of Tuberculin‐Active Peptide
Authors: Someya Shiro , Koyama Kenjiro , Asami Nozomu , Kataoka Tetsuo , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA comparative study of the tuberculin potency and reactivity to TAP and PPD‐S was made in humans and guinea pigs. A comparison of reactions elicited by TAP and PPD‐S was made in two groups of guinea pigs previously inoculated with killed bacilli or with living bacilli. The tuberculin reactions produced by TAP and PPD‐S in human beings was studied in school children from rural districts. These children were divided randomly into three groups and each group was given a different amount of TAP and PPD‐S. The results obtained are as follows: (1) While relative potency of TAP was relatively much weaker than PPD‐S in guinea pigs sensitized with tubercle bacilli, in human beings the tuberculin potency of TAP was approximately 1/2 or 1/3 that of PPD‐S. (2) There was a marked difference in the tuberculin reactivity to TAP and PPD‐S between guinea pigs immunized with killed bacilli and guinea pigs immunized with living bacilli.
Changes in the Phage‐Typing Patterns of Staphylococci Following Lysogenization
Authors: Oshima Hiroshi , Kawaharada Umeko , Kasuga Tokuhiko , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe phage typing patterns of phage type 52/52A/80/81 staphylococcal strains were changed to type 80/81 and the non‐typable group by lysogenization with phages 27 and 146. When a particular strain of Staphylococcus aureus, MS1590 phage type 52/52A/80/81, was lysogenized with phage 146, type 80/81 and the non‐typable group strains were produced. According to the comparison of host range of the prophages, it has been concluded that the two strains with different phage typing patterns have different kinds of prophages.
Bovine Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Omori Tuneyoshi , Inaba Yuji , Morimoto Tomiaki , Tanaka Yoshio , Kurogi Hiroshi , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTFive strains of bovine diarrhea virus were isolated from Japanese cattle using bovine tissue cultures. These are the first isolations of this virus from Japanese cattle to be reported. Of importance is the finding that the new isolates, which are non‐cytopathogenic, induce an exaltation of Newcastle disease virus in bovine testicular cell culture. This finding has provided a laboratory tool whereby the assay of the virus and its neutralizing antibody can readily be performed.
Metabolic Study of Intracellular Killing of Bacteria by Mouse Macrophages
Authors: Nakae Taiji , Nakano Masayasu , Saito Kazuhisa 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAs an approach to clarify biochemically the mechanism of intracellular killing of bacteria by phagocytic cells, the effect of several metabolic inhibitors on the bactericidal activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages (MP) on ingested Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli was examined. 5×10−4M iodoacetate and 10−2 M NaF added to the medium intertered significantly with the bactericidal activity of the MP, whereas sodium malonate, KCN, dinitrophenol, and anaerobiosis did not. Thus a close relation between the glycolytic pathway of MP and their bactericidal activity on ingested bacteria was demonstrated. However, oxamic acid and exclusion of external glucose, both of which significantly reduced lactate production by MP, did not affect the bactericidal activity of such cells. The lack of influence of puromycin on the bactericidal activity of MP excluded the possibility that de novo synthesis of lysosomal enzymes and bactericidal substances by the cells is necessary for accomplishment of the intracellular killing of bacteria. NaF inhibited significantly acid phosphatase and esterase activities, and iodoacetate slightly inhibited uricase activity, while sodium malonate, KCN and dinitrophenol did not exhibit any inhibitory effect on the activities of all the lysosomal enzymes examined. From these findings, the mechanism of the intracellular killing of the ingested bacteria by MP was discussed.
Isolation of Mycoplasmas from Tissue Cell Lines and Transplantable Tumor Cells
Authors: Ogata Manabu , Koshimizu Kaoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA survey was made of mycoplasma contamination in cell lines and transplantable tumor lines maintained in laboratories in Japan. A total of 60 cell lines were tested and 52 (86.7%) of which were contaminated by mycoplasmas. These mycoplasmas were isolated from the cell lines of human origin 10/13 (77%), from monkeys 3/3 (100%), from rats 14/19 (74%) and from mice 25/25 (100%). Mycoplasmas were not found in any of the 99 samples of tumor materials. Mycoplasma colonies, upon primary isolation from cell lines, could be differentiated into three morphological types. However, all colonial types showed similar biological properties. All but one of the isolated mycoplasmas could be identified as Mycoplasma hominis type 1 by both growth inhibition tests and by fluorescent antibody technique.
Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to Desiccasion, Heat and Ultraviolet Rays in Relation to Phage Pattern
Authors: Iwasawa Yoshio , Ishihara Keizo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTResistance of staphylococci to desiccation, dry heat, wet heat and ultraviolet irradiation was studied using 128 strains obtained from patients in our surgical clinics. Staphylococci of phage group I including type 81, particularly of type 80/81, showed significantly high death rates after desiccation, dry heating, and wet heating, and significantly low death rates after ultraviolet irradiation. In contrast, group‐II strains responded inversely to these physical agents. The mean death rate of group‐III strains approximated that of group I after desiccation, dry heating, and ultraviolet irradiation, but after wet heating it was lower than that of group II. The results indicate that transmissibility of staphylococci might be influenced to a great extent by physical factors in the environment outside the body.
Studies on Pathogenic Leptospirae
Authors: Yanagihara Yasutake , Mifuchi Ichiji , Azuma Ichiro , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGrowth of the pathogenic leptospirae, Leptospira canicola, strain Utrecht and L. icterohaemorrhagiae, strain Mikawajima, in modified Korthof's basal medium containing various lipid fractions obtained from Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. tuberculosis strain Aoyama B in place of rabbit serum, was examined. Growth of L. canicola, strain Utrecht was supported by all mycobacterial lipid fractions. The growth of L. icterohaemorrhagiae strain Mikawajima was supported by mycolic acid and mycolic acid‐containing fractions, such as chloroform extract, purified wax, wax C, wax D, cord factor, bound lipid B and bound lipid D, but not by the fractions containing unsaturated fatty acids, such as alcohol‐ether extract, and the bound lipids A and C. It is of interest that leptospiral growth was stimulated by a higher molecular fatty acid such as mycolic acid. Furthermore, distinct differences in Tween 80 requirement were found between L. canicola, strain Utrecht and L. icterohaemorrhagiae, strain Mikawajima.
Studies on Pathogenic Leptospirae
Authors: Yanagihara Yasutake , Mifuchi Ichiji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTEffect of Tween 80 on the growth of Leptospira canicola strain Utrecht and L. icterohaemorrhagiae strain Mikawajima was examined. The suspension of washed leptospira was inoculated into modified Korthof's basal medium containing varied amounts of Tween 80 and cultured at 30 C. Cell numbers were counted by using Petroff‐Hausser counting chamber every other day. Optimum Tween 80 concentrations for L. canicola were 0.0125 and 0.025%. Cell counts in the second sub‐cultures reached 108 per ml the same as the primary cultures. Generation time of L. canicola in 0.025% Tween 80 medium was about 13 hours. Growth of L. icterohaemorrhagiae was inhibited at concentrations greater than 0.0125 per cent. Cell numbers increased about 4 times at concentration of 0.0000125% Tween 80. L. canicola utilizes Tween 80 as a nutrient while L. icterohaemorrhagiae appears sensitive to it. A difference of more than 1,000 times in maximal growth‐supporting concentration between L. canicola and L. icterohaemorrhagiae exists. This difference appears to be caused by difference in surface structure and metabolic requirements.
Evidence for Multiplicity Reactivation of Ultraviolet Light Irradiated Ribonucleic Acid Isolated from Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Hayashi Takaharu , Kiho Yukio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMultiplicity reactivation (MR) seems to take place in leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa inoculated with ultraviolet (UV) light irradiated RNA from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV‐RNA). A similar phenomenon was not observed with UV‐irradiated TMV particles. Considering MR as resulting from genetic recombination between viral genomes, a recombination mechanism, which has been difficult to prove with plant viruses, is proposed as being operative during multiplication of TMV. From the pattern of MR of TMV‐RNA, the location of the gene for the RNA replicase within a TMV‐RNA strand is discussed.
Recombinants of a Defective Lysogen of Staphylococcal Strains
Authors: Wentworth Berttina B. , Romig William R. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWhen certain staphylococci are lysogenized with serotype A phages, a resident defective prophage is dislodged. The extent of the genome of this resident prophage was examined by studying the progeny from recombination between it and an invading phage. The recombinants appeared to have acquired several characteristics from the defective lysogen, suggesting that the resident prophage contains genetic regions other than that specifying immunity.
Multiplication of Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Suspension Culture of Tobacco Cells
Authors: Motoyoshi Fusao , Oshima Nobuyuki 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe present study was attempted to establish an in vitro system for TMV infection and multiplication. A friable cell line Bf1 was isolated from an original callus line which which obtained from a pith of Nicotiana tabacum. Cells of the line were stirred with ordinary TMV by means of a grass rod to be mechanically infected, suspended in the liquid medium, and incubated on a reciprocal shaker. Infectivity of TMV in the cells was determined by the local lesion assay with the leaves of N. glutinosa. It was increased in the incubated cells, reflecting that TMV was able to multiply in the in vitro system. An exponential increase of infectivity was observed during 2 and 5 days after inoculation.
Transfer Agent of Immunity
Authors: Kawakami Masaya , Kitamura Kouichi , Mikami Hirokazu , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTUsing erythrocytes as antigen particles, number of antibody‐forming cells was enumerated by immunocytoadehesion technique, in which formation of rosette was shown to be inhibited by anti‐mouse immunoglobulin sera. This number increased in vitro after treatment of spleen cells of mice for 60 min with RNA fraction extracted from spleen of mice immunized with erythrocytes used in the enumeration, and incubation of cells for 12 hr at 37 C. Response of cells treated with immune RNA fraction was immunologically specific and was inhibited by puromycin or cycloheximide. The activity of immune RNA capable of converting nonimmune cells to antibody‐forming cells was shown to be sensitive to ribonucleases but resistant to deoxyribonuclease and proteolytic enzyme.
Ibaraki Virus, an Agent of Epizootic Disease of Cattle Resembling Bluetongue
Authors: Omori Tuneyoshi , Inaba Yuji , Morimoto Tomiaki , Tanaka Yoshio , Kono Michi , Kurogi Hiroshi , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSeveral strains of a virus, designated as Ibaraki virus, were isolated in bovine cell cultures from natural and experimentally produced cases of the disease. In some of these cases, antibody titer rises were shown against Ibaraki virus. The clinical materials used for virus isolation induced in calves a mild illness similar to the natural disease, as well as neutralizing antibody against Ibaraki virus. Antibody titer rises were also shown in a high percentage of natural cases clinically diagnosed as having the disease. Antibody was not detected in any of the cattle in non‐epizootic areas, while many cattle in the epizootic areas had antibody after the outbreak. In the epizootic areas the antibody incidence after the outbreak was much higher among cattle diagnosed as having the disease during the outbreak than those not affected. These results leave little doubt that Ibaraki virus is the etiologic agent of these disease. Ibaraki virus became less virulent for calves upon serial passage in bovine cell cultures. The bovine cell cultures appeared less sensitive than the calf inoculation for the primary detection of the virus. The use of intermediary calf inoculation before inoculation into tissue culture may improve the isolation rate, but the tissue culture technique itself should be improved as calf inoculation is both expensive and cumbersome.
Antigenic Structure and Phase Variation in Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Nakase Yasukiyo , Takatsu Kuniyoshi , Kasuga Tadayoshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTRelationship between K agglutinogenic factors of Bordetella pertussis were analyzed by agglutinin‐adsorption tests. Factors 1 and 3 corresponded to L agglutinogen, while 2 and 4 corresponded to S agglutinogen. The experiment also indicates that B. pertussis phase I strains belong to a single serotype, while types 1–2–3, 1–2, 1–3 and 1 strains belong to the author's intermediate phase which probably arose from phase I parents. Strains isolated by us in 1952 to 1953 were type 1–2–3–4 which possessed both L and S, but a few strains isolated in 1962 and 1966 were type 1–3. The occurrence of such a defect in antigens was discussed. A single phase I vaccine seemed to give enough protection against various serotypes of pertussis organisms.
Unstable Mutants of R Factor
Authors: Hashimoto Hajime , Iyobe Shizuko , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThirty mutants sensitive to tetracycline were obtained from an R100 factor capable of conferring resistance to tetracycline (TC), chloramphenicol (CM), streptomycin (SM) and sulfanilamide (SA). Among the TC sensitive mutants, three showed a high frequency of spontaneous loss from host strains. The genetic loci governing the stability of R factor in host bacteria were denoted as stb. The stb– R factors have lost many of the properties of a wild type R factor, such as, the capability to sexually transfer drug resistance and host chromosome, to confer superinfection immunity and to inhibit F function. All of these properties did not revert to a wild type phenotype, suggesting that these mutations are deletions including genetic determinants governing both TC resistance and stability of R factor. Recombinational analysis between stb– and stb+ R factors indicated that crossovers between the stb loci and those governing CM (or SM.SA) resistance took place at high frequency. No crossovers were detected between stb loci and those governing TC resistance, indicating that the stb loci are linked closely to the loci governing TC resistance.
Heat‐Labile Toxin of Bordetella Pertussis Purified by Preparative Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Nakase Yasukiyo , Takatsu Kuniyoshi , Tateishi Masayoshi , Sekiya Kachiko , Kasuga Tadayoshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe heat‐labile toxin (HLT) of Bordetella pertussis was purified by column chromatography on DEAE‐cellulose, salt fractionation and preparative acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The toxin obtained was confirmed to be free from hemagglutinins, protective antigens, histamin sensitizing factors, and K and O agglutinogens, and was shown to be homogenous by agar gel diffusion tests, ultracentrifugation, and electrophoresis. The minimal necrotic dose of the HLT in guinea pig was 0.01 μg dry weight. It was a protein in nature, contained a sugar moiety and possessed S value of 1.4. The toxicity of purified HLT was increased by mixing with a protein, such as rabbit serum.
Chemical and Biological Properties of the Purified O Antigen of Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Nakase Yasukiyo , Tateisi Masayoshi , Sekiya Kachiko , Kasuga Tadayoshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA cell wall fraction obtained by sonic oscillation, yielded a Bordetella pertussis O antigen which possessed the ability to both adsorb O agglutinins and to produce the O agglutinins in animals. It was purified by a phenol water extraction and centrifugation method. Physico‐chemical and biological properties of the O antigen were similar to that of the so‐called endotoxic lipopolysaccharide. It contained 2.6% nitrogen, 1.2–1.5% phosphorus, 9.0–11.0% heptose, 0.3% 2‐keto‐3‐deoxyoctonate (KDO), 13.3–13.4% as total carbohydrate, 16–16.5% hexosamine and 25–32% lipid. Homogeneity of the purified O antigen was confirmed by ultracentrifugation, electronmicrograph and gel‐diffusion tests. It possessed significant pyrogenicity, adjuvant effect on antibody production, and toxicity to animals, but not protective antigenicity.
Use of a Diffusion Barrier Technique in Bioautography
Authors: Nakamura Hiroshi , Samejima Keijiro , Tamura Zenzo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA diffusion barrier was used in bioautography to prevent the diffusion of compounds separated by chromatography or electrophoresis in a seeded agar toward the separation direction. Two main advantages were demonstrated in the present method; (1) better separation and identification of compounds occurring closely positioned, and (2) more sensitive detection owing to compact growth zones. The present method has proved satisfactory and reliable for the routine detection of unknown growth factors.
Morphology and Chemistry of the Bacterial Cell Wall
Authors: Ushijima Tsutomu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe location of the mucopeptide in the cell wall of Bacteroides convexus was determined by electron microscope after enzymatic and chemical treatment (papain, pepsin, lysozyme and phenol). In the five layered cell wall the innermost electron dense layer (or a part of it) proved to be the mucopeptide. The molar ratio of amino sugar and amino acid components of purified mucopeptide was about 1:1:1:1:1:1 for glucosamine, muramic acid, L‐alanine, D‐glutamic acid, DL(meso)‐diaminopimelic acid and D‐alanine.