bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Requirements Traceability
Authors: LI Wei , Vaughn Rayford B. , Saiedian Hossein 
Published: February 2015

AbstractRequirements traceability (RT) can be viewed as “the ability to describe and follow the life of a requirement, in both the forward and backward direction” It is used to capture the relationships between requirements, design, and implementation of a system. RT not only can be a useful solution to align system evolution with changing stakeholder needs but also helps in finding unexpected problems, innovative opportunities and laying the groundwork for corporate knowledge managementTechniques have been suggested in the research literature to address the RT problem. Their use, however, is still not as widespread as the importance of RT suggests. This is likely because there are still many issues to be addressed, for example, the lack of common definitions and conflicting underlying problemsAccording to analysis, there are two different kinds of traceability: prerequirements specification (pre‐RS) traceability and postrequirements specification (post‐RS) traceability. In practice, requirement traceability users can be divided into two groups: low end and high end traceability users. Issues related to the RT definition and its importance are discussed. Pre‐RT and post‐RT traceability problems and approaches are also discussed. A brief introduction to the tools used in RT is presented and their usefulness in addressing the RT problem is discussed in the section on tools support for RT. The article concludes with suggestions for related future work.
Reengineering
Authors: Marciniak John J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Reengineering
is a term applied to software development where an existing or legacy) system is undergoing some degree of redevelopment. It is synonyms are
software renewal
and
software renovation
.

Systems were upgraded in two ways. The first way was by completely rebuilding, thus replacing the initial system. As technology advanced, both in hardware and software capability, the capability to enhance software gracefully was improved and became more cost effective. New hardware was developed to be “upward‐compatible” from prior systems, thus, enabling moving to a new generation of hardware while rehosting existing software. Software portability was enhanced through the effective use of high order languages, cross‐compilers, and standard interfaces to operating system support environments. In addition, the investment in software was becoming so great that rewriting the system was not cost‐effective. A combination of these and other circumstances gave rise to the reengineering of software that is common in today's business environment.
Changes to systems are driven by customer and user demands. As a system becomes old hardware performance becomes an issue. Existing hardware may be one to two generations old in terms of hardware that is currently available, and maintenance of the hardware may be costly. In some situations the original vendor may have gone out of business or dropped support for the system. The user may be completely satisfied with the existing software and may wish to simply replace the hardware with a modem system. In another example, the software may be becoming old in the sense that it has undergone extensive upgrade and maintenance is difficult and costly. Or, the original software may not have been engineered well, with poor or missing documentation describing its operation and construction. The user may wish to correct this situation, developing new documentation at the same time upgrading the system to new hardware. This was a common occurrence in the 1980s as users were concerned with the maintenance and support of systems.
Reengineering of software intensive systems has a spectrum of possibilities. Both hardware and software can be reengineered, either by themselves or in some combination. In a hardware reengineered project, the hardware is normally swapped out with new equipment, and the software may not be modified at all. Or, the hardware may be held constant and the software reengineered.
Safety
Authors: Ferrell Uma D. , Ferrell Thomas K. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSafety is often the result of a system's failure to operate properly, which, in turn, may have been caused by a fault in the system. This fault in the system may be a result of an error in the design or use of the system. One definition of “error” is “A mistake in engineering, requirement specification, or design, implementation, or operation which could result in a failure, and/or contributory hazard”. Faults are a static property, whereas a failure is a dynamic property of a system. Failures arise when the underlying fault is encountered in the normal execution of the system. One additional term,hazard, is necessary to fully define the domain of safety. A hazard may be defined as a set of conditions (state) of a system or object that together with other conditions in the environment will lead inevitably to an accident (loss event). Some definitions of hazard suggest that an accident is possible, but not a certainty; a “hazard” is a condition, which could directly or indirectly contribute to an accident. As in any new field, agreement on the terminology that best describes the elements used n the study of safety has been a slow and arduous process. Numerous definitions of error, fault, failure, and hazard exist. Often different definitions have been adopted to suit the industry or the system in which the terms are being used. Common to all of the definitions, however, is the idea of one or more causal agents leading to a potential loss. The study of such causes, their identification, and their mitigation in systems is referred to assystem safety. Safety is inherently a human‐centered aspect of the system the role of human interaction is discussedOther characteristics that relate to safety include usability, maintainability, integrity, availability, reliability, and security. As noted in the previous section, issues of usability and maintainability directly relate to how human operators interact with a system. Integrity, availability, reliability, and security, while still possessing elements associated with human interaction, tend to be driven by the technical properties of the design. These include redundancy, error trapping, fault and threat monitoring, partitioning, strength of materials, load characteristics, and environmental susceptibility and are discussed. The assessment process and continuing safety are detailed.
Software Development Metrics
Authors: Reynolds R. G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSoftware development metrics are the means by which software engineers assess and predict aspects of those processes, resources, and products that are relevant to the software engineering activity. Metrics serve as the compass that guides the discipline in the search for efficient and effective solutions to complex problems. Future progress in the discipline will be closely tied to the ability of these metrics to provide accurate and timely information to those software engineers navigating the problem‐solving seas.In this article, the notion of a software metric and its formulation for use in a problem‐solving situation are presented. A description of the basic categories of software metrics based on the entities of the software development process that they measure is given. Metrics that have been proposed for each phase of the software development process using this classification are surveyed.
The role of magnetic flux tube deformation and magnetosheath plasma beta in the saturation of the Region 1 field‐aligned current system
Authors: Wilder F. D. , Eriksson S. , Wiltberger M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe phenomena of cross polar cap potential (CPCP) and ionospheric field‐aligned current (FAC) saturation remain largely unexplained. In the present study, we expand upon the Alfvén wing model of CPCP saturation by investigating its impact on the magnetosphere‐ionosphere current system, particularly the Region 1 FAC input into the polar cap. Our hypothesis is that the ability of open flux tubes to deform in response to applied fluid stress from the magnetosheath is governed by the magnetosheath plasma beta, which in turn governs the Maxwell stress imposed on ionospheric plasma from the magnetosphere. We performed 32 MHD simulations with varying solar wind density and interplanetary magnetic field strength and show that the plasma beta does govern the deformation of open field lines, as well as the nonlinear response of the Region 1 FAC system to increasingly southward interplanetary magnetic field. Further, we show that the current‐voltage relationship in the ionosphere also shows a dependence on the plasma beta in the magnetosheath, with the ionosphere becoming more resistive at lower beta.
The impact of reservoir conditions on the residual trapping of carbon dioxide in Berea sandstone
Authors: Niu Ben , Al‐Menhali Ali , Krevor Samuel C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe storage of carbon dioxide in deep brine‐filled permeable rocks is an important tool for CO2 emissions mitigation on industrial scales. Residual trapping of CO2 through capillary forces within the pore space of the reservoir is one of the most significant mechanisms for storage security and is also a factor determining the ultimate extent of CO2 migration within the reservoir. In this study we have evaluated the impact of reservoir conditions of pressure, temperature, and brine salinity on the residual trapping characteristic curve of a fired Berea sandstone rock. The observations demonstrate that the initial‐residual characteristic trapping curve is invariant across a wide range of pressure, temperature, and brine salinities and is also the same for CO2‐brine systems as a N2‐water system. The observations were made using a reservoir condition core‐flooding laboratory that included high‐precision pumps, temperature control, the ability to recirculate fluids for weeks at a time, and an X‐ray CT scanner. Experimental conditions covered pressures of 5–20 MPa, temperatures of 25–50°C, and 0–5 mol/kg NaCl brine salinity. A novel coreflooding approach was developed, making use of the capillary end effect to create a large range in initial CO2 saturation (0.15–0.6) in a single coreflood. Upon subsequent flooding with CO2‐equilibriated brine, the observation of residual saturation corresponded to the wide range of initial saturations before flooding resulting in a rapid construction of the initial‐residual curve. For each condition we report the initial‐residual curve and the resulting parameterization of the Land hysteresis models.
Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Arylselenation of Anilines by CH Bond Cleavage
Authors: Ricordi Vanessa G. , Thurow Samuel , Penteado Filipe , Schumacher Ricardo F. , Perin Gelson , Lenardão Eder J. , Alves Diego 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe describe here an efficient and regioselective synthesis of arylselanyl anilines by copper‐catalyzed direct arylselenation of arylamines. Using a catalytic amount of copper iodide in dimethyl sulfoxide at 110 °C under an air atmosphere, a range of arylselanyl anilines was obtained directly from substituted diaryl diselenides in moderate to good yields via CH bond cleavage of aryl amines.magnified image
A General and Scalable Synthesis of Aeruginosin Marine Natural Products Based on Two Strategic C(sp3)H Activation Reactions
Authors: Dailler David , Danoun Grégory , Baudoin Olivier 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAn efficient and scalable access to the aeruginosin family of marine natural products, which exhibit potent inhibitory activity against serine proteases, is reported. This synthesis was enabled by the strategic use of two different, recently implemented C(sp3)H activation reactions. The first method led to the common 2‐carboxy‐6‐hydroxyoctahydroindole (Choi) core of the target molecules on a large scale, whereas the second one provided rapid and divergent access to the various hydroxyphenyllactic (Hpla) subunits. This strategy allowed the synthesis of the aeruginosins 98B and 298A, with the latter being obtained in unprecedentedly large quantities.
Synthesis of Carbon/Sulfur Nanolaminates by Electrochemical Extraction of Titanium from Ti2SC
Authors: Zhao Meng‐Qiang , Sedran Morgane , Ling Zheng , Lukatskaya Maria R. , Mashtalir Olha , Ghidiu Michael , Dyatkin Boris , Tallman Darin J. , Djenizian Thierry , Barsoum Michel W. , Gogotsi Yury 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHerein we electrochemically and selectively extract Ti from the MAX phase Ti2SC to form carbon/sulfur (C/S) nanolaminates at room temperature. The products are composed of multi‐layers of C/S flakes, with predominantly amorphous and some graphene‐like structures. Covalent bonding between C and S is observed in the nanolaminates, which render the latter promising candidates as electrode materials for Li‐S batteries. We also show that it is possible to extract Ti from other MAX phases, such as Ti3AlC2 , Ti3SnC2 , and Ti2GeC, suggesting that electrochemical etching can be a powerful method to selectively extract the “M” elements from the MAX phases, to produce “AX” layered structures, that cannot be made otherwise. The latter hold promise for a variety of applications, such as energy storage, catalysis, etc.
Discovery and Reconstitution of the Cycloclavine Biosynthetic Pathway—Enzymatic Formation of a Cyclopropyl Group
Authors: Jakubczyk Dorota , Caputi Lorenzo , Hatsch Anaëlle , Nielsen Curt A. F. , Diefenbacher Melanie , Klein Jens , Molt Andrea , Schröder Hartwig , Cheng Johnathan Z. , Naesby Michael , O'Connor Sarah E. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe ergot alkaloids, a class of fungal‐derived natural products with important biological activities, are derived from a common intermediate, chanoclavine‐I, which is elaborated into a set of diverse structures. Herein we report the discovery of the biosynthetic pathway of cycloclavine, a complex ergot alkaloid containing a cyclopropyl moiety. We used a yeast‐based expression platform along with in vitro biochemical experiments to identify the enzyme that catalyzes a rearrangement of the chanoclavine‐I intermediate to form a cyclopropyl moiety. The resulting compound, cycloclavine, was produced in yeast at titers of >500 mg L−1, thus demonstrating the feasibility of the heterologous expression of these complex alkaloids.
Iron‐Catalyzed Dehydropolymerization: A Convenient Route to Poly(phosphinoboranes) with Molecular‐Weight Control
Authors: Schäfer André , Jurca Titel , Turner Joshua , Vance James R. , Lee Kajin , Du Van An , Haddow Mairi F. , Whittell George R. , Manners Ian 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe catalyst loading is the key to control the molecular weight of the polymer in the iron‐catalyzed dehydropolymerization of phosphine–borane adducts. Studies showed that the reaction proceeds through a chain‐growth coordination–insertion mechanism.
An Unconventional Route to Monodisperse and Intimately Contacted Semiconducting Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites
Authors: Xu Hui , Pang Xinchang , He Yanjie , He Ming , Jung Jaehan , Xia Haiping , Lin Zhiqun 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe developed an unconventional route to produce uniform and intimately contacted semiconducting organic–inorganic nanocomposites for potential applications in thermoelectrics. By utilizing amphiphilic star‐like PAA‐b‐PEDOT diblock copolymer as template, monodisperse PEDOT‐functionalized lead telluride (PbTe) nanoparticles were crafted via the strong coordination interaction between PAA blocks of star‐like PAA‐b‐PEDOT and the metal moieties of precursors (i.e., forming PEDOT–PbTe nanocomposites). As the inner PAA blocks are covalently connected to the outer PEDOT blocks, the PEDOT chains are intimately and permanently tethered on the PbTe nanoparticle surface, thereby affording a well‐defined PEDOT/PbTe interface, which prevents the PbTe nanoparticles from aggregation, and more importantly promotes the long‐term stability of PEDOT–PbTe nanocomposites. We envision that the template strategy is general and robust, and offers easy access to other conjugated polymer–inorganic semiconductor nanocomposites for use in a variety of applications.
Effect of sealing with ultraviolet‐curable adhesives on the performance of dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Chiang Tzu Hsuan , Chen Chun Hsiung , Liu Chun Yu 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, we investigated different types of oligomers, including an aliphatic polyester‐based urethane diacrylate (CN 991) and aliphatic hydrophobic backbone (CN 9014), and different contents of the oligomers and different amounts of 2‐(perfluorohexyl) ethyl methacrylate (PFE) monomer in ultraviolet (UV)‐curable adhesive to explore the effects of their resistance to corrosion on the basis of the electrolyte, adhesion strength, and performance of the sealing of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The DSSCs were sealed with a 58% CN 9014 containing UV‐curable adhesive mixed with 3.0 wt % PFE monomer, which had the greatest open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current density. A 4.8% efficiency was obtained after the sample underwent long‐term thermal stability tests at 60°C for 37 days. The performance of the 3.0 wt % PFE‐containing UV‐curable adhesive in the sealing of DSSCs was better than that of Surlyn for long‐term thermal stability. In addition, this adhesive provided better resistance to corrosion because of the electrolyte and enhanced the DSSCs' durability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42015.
Nanomechanical and tribological behavior of hydroxyapatite reinforced ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene nanocomposites for biomedical applications
Authors: Mirsalehi Seyed Ali , Khavandi Alireza , Mirdamadi Shamsodin , Naimi‐Jamal M. Reza , Kalantari Seyed Mohammad 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTA hydroxyapatite (HA) particulate reinforced ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) nanocomposite is fabricated by internal mixer at 180°C and using of paraffin oil as a processing aid to overcome the high viscosity of melted UHMWPE. The reinforcing effects of nano‐HA are investigated on nanomechanical properties of HA/UHMWPE nanocomposites by nanoindentation and nanoscratching methods. Results show that the nanocomposite with 50 wt % nano‐HA exhibits a Young's modulus and hardness of 362.5% and 200% higher, and a friction coefficient of 38.86% lower than that of pure UHMWPE, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42052.
Studies on thermal degradation and flame retardant behavior of the sisal fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester toughened epoxy nanocomposites
Authors: Paluvai Nagarjuna Reddy , Mohanty Smita , Nayak S. K. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTUnsaturated polyester (UP) toughened nanocomposites were prepared using both sisal fibers and montmorillonite clays. The effect of fibers and Cloisite 30B (C30B) nanoclays on the mechanical properties, thermal stability, flame retardant, and morphological behavior of the UP toughened epoxy (Epoxy/UP) were systematically studied. The chemical structures of Epoxy, UP, and Epoxy/UP systems were characterized using Proton Nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The homogeneous dispersion of nanoclay within the polymer matrix was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Incorporation of sisal fibers and C30B nanoclays within Epoxy/UP system resulted in an increase in the mechanical, thermal, and flame retardance properties. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has been employed to evaluate the thermal degradation kinetic parameters of the composites using Kissinger and Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa methods. Cone calorimeter, UL‐94, and LOI tests revealed a reduction in the burning rate of the matrix with the addition of fibers and nanoclays. The results showed that the treated fiber reinforced nanocomposites had higher thermal stability and better flame retardant properties than the treated fiber reinforced composites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42068.
Bacterial cytoplasmic display platform Retained Display (ReD) identifies stable human germline antibody frameworks
Authors: Beasley Matthew D. , Niven Keith P. , Winnall Wendy R. , Kiefel Ben R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractConventional antibody surface display requires fusion protein export through at least one cellular membrane, constraining the yield and occasioning difficulties in achieving scaled production. To circumvent this limitation, we developed a novel cytoplasmic display platform, Retained Display (ReD), and used it to screen for human scFv frameworks that are highly soluble and stable in the bacterial cytoplasm. ReD, based on the retention of high‐molecular weight complexes within detergent‐permeabilized Escherichia coli, enabled presentation of exogenous targets to antibodies that were expressed and folded in the cytoplasm. All human λ and κ light chain family genes were expressed as IGHV3‐23 fusions. Members of the λ subfamilies 1, 3 and 6 were soluble cytoplasmic partners of IGHV3‐23. Contrary to previous in vivo screens for soluble reduced scFvs, the pairings identified by ReD were identical to the human germline sequences for the framework, CDR1 and CDR2 regions. Using the most soluble scFv scaffold identified, we demonstrated tolerance to CDR3 diversification and isolated a binding scFv to an exogenous protein target. This screening system has the potential to rapidly produce antibodies to target threats such as emerging infectious diseases and bioterror agents.
Outcomes of Environmental Management Systems: the Role of Motivations and Firms’ Characteristics
Authors: Heras‐Saizarbitoria Iñaki , Arana German , Boiral Olivier 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article analyzes the influence of the sources of motivation that lead companies to adopt environmental management systems (EMSs) on the outcomes of these systems. A set of hypotheses derived from an extensive review of the literature is analyzed using cluster analysis – in order to identify groups of companies – as well as correlation and regression analyses, with data obtained from a survey of 361 Spanish organizations that have environmental certification. The results reveal that, for the groups identified, companies from the holistic cluster (with high levels of both internal and external drivers) and from the internal focus cluster (with more intensive internal sources of motivation) secure greater benefits from the process of adopting an EMS. This article also sheds light on the influence on the outcomes of some variables that have been under‐researched, such as the economic resources invested in an EMS and whether or not the certified companies belong to a sector with high environmental pressure. The findings help to characterize the firms with environmental certification and may also help managers, policy makers and other stakeholders to anticipate the potential benefits of EMSs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment