bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of increased persistence and intensity of precipitation in the northeastern United States
Authors: Guilbert Justin , Betts Alan K. , Rizzo Donna M. , Beckage Brian , Bomblies Arne 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe present evidence of increasing persistence in daily precipitation in the northeastern United States that suggests that global circulation changes are affecting regional precipitation patterns. Meteorological data from 222 stations in 10 northeastern states are analyzed using Markov chain parameter estimates to demonstrate that a significant mode of precipitation variability is the persistence of precipitation events. We find that the largest region‐wide trend in wet persistence (i.e., the probability of precipitation in 1 day and given precipitation in the preceding day) occurs in June (+0.9% probability per decade over all stations). We also find that the study region is experiencing an increase in the magnitude of high‐intensity precipitation events. The largest increases in the 95th percentile of daily precipitation occurred in April with a trend of +0.7 mm/d/decade. We discuss the implications of the observed precipitation signals for watershed hydrology and flood risk.
A Guide to Engineering Selection of Titanium Alloys for Design
Authors: Donachie Matthew J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter intends to create a sufficient understanding of titanium and its alloys so that selection of them for specific designs will be appropriate. It provides the user with sufficient knowledge to ask the important technical questions of titanium alloy and product providers. Titanium has two elemental crystal structures: in one, the atoms are arranged in a body‐centered‐cubic (bcc) array; in the other they are arranged in a hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) array. Appropriate compositions of all titanium alloys can be forged, rolled to sheet, or otherwise formed into a variety of shapes. Fabricated structures may contain cast as well as wrought parts although wrought parts are assembled in most applications. Single‐piece forged gas turbine fan and compressor disks are prime applications for titanium alloys. Titanium aluminides have been the subject of multidecades of consideration with interesting but limited economically viable results.
Magnesium and Its Alloys
Authors: Brown Robert E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Magnesium, with a density of 1.74 g/cm
3
, is the lightest of all structural metals. There are two major methods of producing magnesium, electrolytic and thermal reduction. The main electrolytic method of reduction is by electrolysis of magnesium chloride. Thermal reduction is principally achieved by reducing magnesium oxide by ferrosilicon. Magnesium is used in many forms and in many applications. This chapter discusses nonstructural applications and structural applications in detail. It presents a table of magnesium alloys in common use. Methods for fabrication of magnesium are Machining, Joining and Forming. Magnesium is a highly recyclable material consuming only 5% of the energy required to manufacture the primary metal. In order to provide an up‐to‐date picture of a current magnesium life cycle in a transport application, the International Magnesium Association (IMA) has initiated a study on the life‐cycle assessment (LCA) of magnesium in 2012.
Acoustical Measurements
Authors: Anderson Brian E. , Blotter Jonathan D. , Gee Kent L. , Sommerfeldt Scott D. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter provides a working knowledge of the basic acoustical or sound measurements and measurement techniques for the practicing engineer. It also provides a broad overview and introduction to more advanced acoustical measurement methods. The chapter discusses the acoustical quantities that are typically measured. It presents the definitions of the terms, measurement units, and weighting filters. The chapter also discusses the various types of microphones. It explains the hardware used to make the measurements along with principles of calibration and data acquisition. The chapter gives the detailed steps to the measurement of sound pressure. It also describes the acoustical measurements important in the areas of sound isolation and room acoustics. The chapter focuses on the measurements of sound intensity and sound power, which are the most advanced measures of a sound field. It concludes with a discussion of sound exposure and noise dosage measurements.
Reliability in the Mechanical Design Process
Authors: Dhillon B.S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractVarious types of statistical distributions and hazard rate models are used in mechanical reliability to represent failure times of mechanical items. This chapter presents some of the distribution methods and models considered useful to perform various types of mechanical reliability analysis. It presents three statistical or probability distributions. They are exponential, Weibull, and normal. Over the years, many reliability allocation and evaluation methods have been developed for use during the design phase. The chapter presents some of the methods and techniques considered useful, particularly in designing mechanical items. There are many mathematical models available in the published literature that can be used to estimate failure rates of items such as bearings, pumps, brakes, filters, compressors, and seals . It presents some of those models. Failure data provide invaluable information to reliability engineers, design engineers, management, and so on concerning the product performance.
Design for Maintainability
Authors: Geoffrey Okogbaa O. , Otieno Wilkistar 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMaintenance has been long recognized as necessary to increase a system's reliability, availability, and safety. Maintainability and reliability considerations are playing vital roles in virtually all engineering disciplines. This chapter introduces the probability theory and probability distributions. It gives an introduction into system reliability functions, its measurement parameters, and how system maintenance is related to system reliability. Density or mass functions that are often used to describe random variables that typically occur in a manufacturing setting are discussed. These distributions can be categorized into discrete and continuous. The discrete distributions include binomial, negative binomial, geometric, hypergeometric, and Poisson distributions, while the continuous distributions that are examined include normal, exponential, and Weibull distributions. The chapter also delves into maintenance, definitions and maintenance classifications, and system maintenance modeling. Finally, system availability is discussed as a way to measure the integrity of any maintenance policy of a repairable system.
Physical Ergonomics
Authors: Nussbaum Maury A. , van Dieën Jaap H. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis chapter focuses solely on the third domain of physical ergonomics (PE), primarily because of its relevance to mechanical engineering and the design of mechanical processes and systems. PE addresses diverse physical characteristics of humans, including anatomical, dimensional, mechanical, and physiological, as they affect physical activity. The chapter provides the fundamental basis of PE, along with its technical foundation and role in the design process, and also provides the summary of key needs motivating PE research and application. It describes several common PE analytical methods. The chapter demonstrates two practical applications of physical ergonomics in design: manual material handling systems and refuse collection. Material handling systems can be generally categorized as positioners (e.g., lift tables, conveyors), used to place or orient objects, and manipulators (articulated arms, hoists), used to move and/or support objects. Several studies have shown that many refuse collectors indeed suffer from musculoskeletal disorders.
Systems Engineering: Analysis, Design, and Information Processing for Analysis and Design
Authors: Sage Andrew P. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter concerns with the engineering of large‐scale systems, or systems engineering. It especially concerns with strategic‐level systems engineering, or systems management. The chapter first discusses the need for systems engineering and then provides some definitions of systems engineering. It presents a structure describing the systems engineering process. The result of this is a life‐cycle model for systems engineering processes. This is used to motivate discussion of the functional levels, or considerations, involved in systems engineering efforts: measurements, systems engineering methods and tools, systems methodology or processes, and systems management. A variety of methods are suitable to accomplish the various steps of systems engineering. Some of the methods described are issue formulation; issue analysis; information processing and interpretation. The chapter discusses several topics relevant to the design and evaluation of systems. To develop the design methodology, it discusses the purpose and objectives of systems engineering and systems design.
Organization, Management, and Improvement of Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Gardiner Keith M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Major large‐scale projects to meet architectural, marine, defense, societal, and funereal purposes (harbors, fortifications, aqueducts, and memorial structures) involved substantial mobilization of resources and possibly the use of slaves captured in wars. Smaller artifacts were made by single artisans or by small groups working collectively; agricultural production was also relatively small scale and primarily for local markets. The manufacturing system provides concept implementation from design through realization of a product and completion of the life cycle to satisfy the customer and society. There are two main motivations for workforce reduction, the initial one being cost reduction and the other being productivity improvements. The growth of information technology (IT) has accelerated a shift from the simple exchange of cash for products or services to entire manufacturing or commercial systems that market solutions enabling customer success, provide experiences, and build continuing relationships.
Environmentally Benign Manufacturing
Authors: Biles William E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The environmentally benign manufacturing movement addresses the dilemma of maintaining a progressive worldwide economy without continuing to damage the environment. The issue of environmentally benign manufacturing is not isolated on the manufacturing function. Environmental issues abound from tier I and II suppliers to the manufacturing system all the way through the supply chain to the consumer. The transportation function in the supply chain is also important in terms of its environmental impacts. The manufacturing process itself is perhaps the most important stage in the supply chain in terms of overall environmental impact. This chapter considers five manufacturing processes that apply to metals and plastics: machining processes, metal casting, metal forming, metal joining, and plastics injection molding. Any company that is morally and ethically committed to the goals of environmentally benign manufacturing cannot scrutinize its manufacturing processes without first giving due consideration to the manufactured product itself.
Production Processes and Equipment
Authors: Zohdi Magd E. , Biles William E. , Webster Dennis B. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe desirable properties for cutting‐tool material include the ability to resist softening at high temperature, which is known as red hardness; a low coefficient of friction; wear resistance; sufficient toughness and shock resistance to avoid fracture; and inertness with respect to workpiece material. Drills are used as the basic method of producing holes in a wide variety of materials. The milling machines use a rotary multitooth cutter that can be designed to mill flat or irregularly shaped surfaces, cut gears, generate helical shapes, drill, bore, or do slotting work. Gears are made by various methods, such as machining, rolling, extrusion, blanking, powder metallurgy, casting, or forging. Three basic methods are used for the manufacturing of threads: cutting, rolling, and casting. Saws have two general areas of applications: contouring and cutting off. Nontraditional, or nonconventional, machining processes are material removal processes that have recently emerged or are new to the user.
Coatings and Surface Engineering: Physical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Matthews Allan , Rohde Suzanne L. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Plasma or ion assistance in physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes is making possible the creation of coating materials and structures which are unachievable by other deposition techniques. This chapter discusses some basic plasma principles and then outlines some aspects of the influence of plasma bombardment on coating morphology. As Jehn has pointed out, a number of film nucleation and growth models have been published. The chapter considers only those models that rely on empirical observations to describe the nature of film growth morphology under different conditions. Then, the main evaporative and sputtering processes are discussed followed by a description of some hybrid techniques. The simplest sputtering plasma is that of dc diode glow discharge and the chapter provides the model in which the basics of the sputtering processes are discussed.
Mechanical Fasteners
Authors: Roblin Murray J. , Luscher Updated by Anthony 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on mechanical fastening via rivets and bolts. It uses the term fastening to correspond to removable features and joining as the creation of a permanent connect. The chapter discusses how a creative consideration of assembly constraint can improve the design of mechanically fastened assemblies. There are two types of riveted and bolted joints: lap joints and butt joints. In friction‐type connections, high‐strength bolts of various grades are used and are tightened to high tensile stresses, thereby causing a large residual compression force between the plates. Both structural steel and pressure vessel codes define maximum design allowable stresses for bolts. To distinguish between maximum design stress and the maximum stress that may be allowed in the fastener during assembly, one need to look at the design safety factor. The chapter examines the way a joint responds when exposed to the external loads it has been designed to support.
Seal Technology
Authors: Steinetz Bruce M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSeals are required to fulfill critical needs in meeting the ever‐increasing system performance requirements of modern machinery. This chapter provides design insight and application for both static and dynamic seals. Static seals reviewed include gaskets, O‐rings, and selected packings. The chapter provides useful insight to designers approaching an O‐ring seal design, including the basic sealing mechanism, preload, temperature effects, common materials, and chemical compatibility with a range of working fluids. Dynamic seals reviewed include mechanical face, labyrinth, honeycomb, and brush seals. Honeycomb seals are used extensively in mating contact with labyrinth knife edges machined onto the rotor in applications where there are significant shaft movements. After brazing the honeycomb material to the case, the inner diameter is machined to seal tolerance requirements. For each of these seals, typical configurations, materials, and applications are covered. Where applicable, seal flow models are presented.
Statistical Quality Control
Authors: Zohdi Magd E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The metric and English measuring systems are the two measuring systems commonly used throughout the world. In dimensioning a drawing, the numbers placed in the dimension lines are only approximate and do not represent any degree of accuracy unless so stated by the designer. Quality control enables an inspector to sample the parts being produced in a mathematical manner and to determine whether or not the entire stream of production is acceptable, provided that the company is willing to allow up to a certain known number of defective parts. Mathematical statistics states that the dimension on an assembled product may be the sum of the dimensions of the several parts that make up the product. Control charts detect changes in a pattern of variation. The objective of acceptance sampling is to determine whether a quantity of the output of a process is acceptable according to some criterion of quality.
TRIZ
Authors: McMunigal James E. , Ungvari Steven , Slocum Michael , McMunigal Ruth E. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTeoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch(TRIZ)'s development, evolution, and refinement cover over 50 years of rigorous, empirically based analysis. The catalyst for TRIZ was a Russian named Genrich Altshulle. Altshuller's three discoveries provide the construct for the formation of the foundational underpinnings upon which all TRIZ theory, practices, and tools are built. The three building blocks of TRIZ are ideality, contradictions, and the maximal use of resources. TRIZ is comprised of a comprehensive set of analytical and knowledge‐based tools that were heretofore buried at a subconscious level in the minds of creative inventors. Knowledge‐based tools include the contradiction matrix, the 40 inventive principles, and the laws of systems evolution. Analytical tools include Su‐Field analysis and ARIZ. The tools of TRIZ are subdivided into two major categories. The first division is by the nature of the tool, e.g., analytical versus knowledge base. The second differentiation is chronological: classical TRIZ versus I‐TRIZ.
Data Exchange Using
STEP
Authors: Hardwick Martin 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The ultimate goal of STEP is to define models for the entire product life cycle for all kinds of products. Manufacturing needs many specifications to make a product. The most important is a description of the tolerances, but other kinds of specifications are also required, such as the material properties and the surface finishes. The ability to support many protocols within one framework was a key strength of STEP. In the early years it allowed many groups to define protocols. All the protocols were built on the same set of integrated resources (IRs) so they all used common definitions for the same information. Each (application protocol) AP includes a scope, an activity diagram, and an application model describing the information requirements of those activities. These information requirements are then mapped into the common set of IRs and the result is a data exchange standard for the activities within the scope.
Nondestructive Inspection
Authors: Crane Robert L. , Dillingham Giles 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis chapter deals with the nondestructive inspection (NDI) of materials, components, and structures. Inspection of complex materials and structures is frequently carried out by comparing the expected inspection data with a standard and noting any significant deviations. This means a well‐defined standard must be available for calibration of the inspection instrumentation. Furthermore, standards also must contain implanted flaws that mimic those that naturally occur in the material or structure to be inspected. Without a well‐defined standard to calibrate the inspection process, the analysis of NDI results can be significantly in error. This chapter covers some important and some less well‐known NDI tests. Thermal nondestructive inspection methods involve the detection of infrared energy emitted from the surface of a test object. This technique is used to detect the flow of thermal energy either into or out of a specimen and the effect of anomalies on the surface temperature distribution.
Intelligent Control of Material Handling Systems
Authors: Hallenborg Kasper 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis chapter starts with an introduction of a more decentralized approach for controlling systems for manufacturing and material handling. Different approaches for intelligent control is discussed, and finally two cases of material handling is presented, one large‐scale complex system of baggage handling in an airport and the other a case of scheduling items through a manufacturing process. A conceptual introduction to agent technologies is given which summarizes some of the important characteristics about both the single agent and when they collectively become a multiagent system. Architectures which describe the internal structure of the agent were discussed in the perspective of different agent types. Reactive agents directly respond to perceived inputs, whereas deliberative agents proactively pursue their own goals. This chapter introduced a number of structures to facilitate this, such as a hierarchical or team‐based organization.
Managing People in Engineering and Technology
Authors: Thamhain Hans J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe nature of engineering management, with its multidisciplinary technology requirements, ambiguous authority definition, and complex operating environment, requires experience and sophistication for effective role performance. Tools such as the Project Maturity Model and the Six Sigma Management Process can provide the framework and tool set for analyzing and fine tuning the team development and its management process. Managerial leadership has significant impact on the work environment, affecting engineering personnel and performance. Factors that satisfy personal and professional needs such as professional interest, pride and satisfaction with the work, professional work challenge, accomplishments and recognition seem to have the most favorable impact on individual and team performance, reducing communication barriers while enhancing collaboration and the desire to succeed. Effective engineering managers are social architects who understand the interaction of organizational and behavioral variables who can foster a climate of active participation, accountability, and result orientation throughout the enterprise and its partners.
Engineering Economy
Authors: Abel Kate D. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Engineering Economics provides the tools needed to compare the varied technologies on a level playing field. No matter what technologies or technological solutions are being compared whether they be the same or very different often the solution chosen is the one of least cost. Engineering Economics, therefore, provides a rational selection process to determine how to allocate capital. There are two main types of Engineering Economic decisions. The first is a capital expenditure decision. The second kind decision involves cost reduction. Since Engineering Economics is applicable to all disciplines of engineering, it is a required section of the fundamentals in engineering (FE) exam as well as the professional engineering (PE) exam, necessary to attain a professional license. Engineers faced with design decisions that deal with multiple designs, methods or materials commonly encounter the topic of engineering economics.