bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the variation of regional CO2 exchange over temperate and boreal North America
Authors: Zhang Xia , Gurney Kevin R. , Peylin Philippe , Chevallier Frédéric , Law Rachel M. , Patra Prabir K. , Rayner Peter J. , Röedenbeck Christian , Krol Maarten 
Published: October 2013

AbstractInverse‐estimated net carbon exchange time series spanning two decades for six North American regions are analyzed to examine long‐term trends and relationships to temperature and precipitation variations. Results reveal intensification of carbon uptake in eastern boreal North America (0.1 PgC/decade) and the Midwest United States (0.08 PgC/decade). Seasonal cross‐correlation analysis shows a significant relationship between net carbon exchange and temperature/precipitation anomalies during the western United States growing season with warmer, dryer conditions leading reduced carbon uptake. This relationship is consistent with “global change‐type drought” dynamics which drive increased vegetation mortality, increases in dry woody material, and increased wildfire occurrence. This finding supports the contention that future climate change may increase carbon loss in this region. Similarly, higher temperatures and reduced precipitation are accompanied by decreased net carbon uptake in the Midwestern United States toward the end of the growing season. Additionally, intensified net carbon uptake during the eastern boreal North America growing season is led by increased precipitation anomalies in the previous year, suggesting the influence of “climate memory” carried by regional snowmelt water. The two regions of boreal North America exhibit opposing seasonal carbon‐temperature relationships with the eastern half experiencing a net carbon loss with near coincident increases in temperature and the western half showing increased net carbon uptake. The carbon response in the boreal west region lags the temperature anomalies by roughly 6 months. This opposing carbon‐temperature relationship in boreal North America may be a combination of different dominant vegetation types, the amount and timing of snowfall, and temperature anomaly differences across boreal North America.
Cross passages in soil – ground freezing, segment application, excavation and displacement monitoring for segmental lining / Querschlagherstellung im Lockermaterial – Vereisung, Tübbingsicherung, Vortrieb und Deformationsauswertung für die Tübbingschale
Authors: Strauss Armin , Papakonstantinou Spyridon 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAfter more than 30 years of planning, construction of the Biel East city bypass started on 3 December 2007. The biggest challenge of this project was tunnel excavation in a zone of soil‐like material with a length of 2 × 1,000 m, with extremely heterogeneous and variable geological conditions. The main tunnels were excavated by an earth pressure balance machine (diameter 12.56 m), and the cross passages (every 300 m) were constructed by conventional tunnelling methods with shotcrete support. In zones where fully saturated sands prevail (“Alte Schwemmsande”), brine ground freezing techniques were used. In order to prevent overloading of the main tunnels due to freezing pressures, these were supported by a combination of steel frames and dowel pins. Back analyses based on measured displacements of the segmental lining led to the conclusion that freezing pressures did not develop to the extent anticipated under the given ground conditions.Nach über 30‐jähriger Planungsgeschichte erfolgte am 3. Dezember 2007 der Spatenstich zur Umfahrung Biel Ostast. Die größten Herausforderungen stellten die Vortriebsarbeiten im Bereich des Lockermaterials dar. Über eine Strecke von fast 2 × 1.000 m zeigten sich die geologischen Verhältnisse äußerst heterogen und stark wechselhaft. Bei der Herstellung der Haupttunnelröhren kam eine Erddruckschildmaschine (–12,56 m) zum Einsatz. Die in einem Abstand von 300 m angeordneten Querschläge wurden in konventioneller Bauweise mit einer Teilschnittmaschine und Spritzbetonsicherung aufgefahren. In den Bereichen der wassergesättigten Schwemmsande bediente man sich der Bodengefriertechnik, wobei das Solegefrierverfahren zur Anwendung kam. Um die bestehenden Haupttunnelröhren vor einer aus dem Eisdruck entstehenden Überbeanspruchung zu schützen, sah man als Sicherungskonzept eine Kombination aus Schubdübel und Stahlrahmen vor. Rückrechnungen im Hinblick auf die wahrgenommenen Verformungen an der Tübbingschale brachten die Erkenntnis, dass die befürchteten Eisdrücke in der vorherrschenden Geologie nur zu einem geringen Maß auftreten.
Metro Line U5 in Berlin – design challenges due to complex geotechnical conditions / U‐Bahnlinie U5 in Berlin – besondere Herausforderungen für die Planung aufgrund der komplexen geotechnischen Gegebenheiten
Authors: Seegers Jörg , Schmeiser Josef , Erdmann Paul 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAn approx. 2.2 km long section of the U5 in the city centre of Berlin is currently under construction to close the gap between the existing underground structures at the Berliner Rotes Rathaus and Brandenburger Tor stations. Construction started early 2012 and the connection between Alexanderplatz and Brandenburger Tor is planned to open in 2019. The alignment starts from the newly built Rotes Rathaus Metro station, passing under the River Spree, the planned new Berliner Schloss and the Spree channel, and then follows the street Unter den Linden before arriving at the Brandenburger Tor. Three new stations have to be constructed at Rotes Rathaus, Museumsinsel and Unter den Linden, with the centrepiece being the Museumsinsel station where ground freezing techniques are being used.Geplant und derzeit im Bau ist die Herstellung eines ca. 2,2 km langen Lückenschlusses der Trasse zwischen den bestehenden Tunnelanlagen am Berliner Roten Rathaus und der Station Brandenburger Tor. Baubeginn war im Frühjahr 2012. 2019 soll die Verbindung zwischen Alexanderplatz und Brandenburger Tor eröffnet werden. Die Linienführung der Trasse verläuft innerstädtisch von der neu zu errichtenden U‐Bahn Station Rotes Rathaus unter der Spree, unterhalb des zukünftigen Neuen Berliner Schlosses und dem Spreekanal entlang der Straße Unter den Linden zum Brandenburger Tor. Die Trasse beinhaltet drei neue Stationen (Rotes Rathaus, Museumsinsel und Unter den Linden). Herzstück ist die Station Museumsinsel, die im Schutz einer Vereisung hergestellt wird.
Rapid shaft sinking / Mechanisiertes Abteufen von Schächten
Authors: Neye Esther , Burger Werner , Rennkamp Patrick 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn 2011 Herrenknecht designed a shaft sinking machine suitable for applications in frozen ground or soft to medium hard rock up to 120 Mpa, with variable shaft diameters as well as geometries. The target was to develop a machine that will provide safe working conditions for the personnel and exceed the shaft sinking rates of conventional systems.Two prototypes were manufactured and assembled at the Herrenknecht works in Schwanau during winter/spring 2012. In early summer of 2012, cutting trials were performed with the aim of achieving the maximal possible cutting rate performance. After successful completion of the cutting trials, the machines where shipped to Canada and assembled at the site. In November 2012, the first machine was lowered into the shaft and first cutting cycles where performed before Christmas 2012. Assembly and commissioning of the second machine follows in early 2013.Die Herrenknecht AG hat im Jahr 2011 eine Maschine für das maschinelle Abteufen von Schächten in gefrorenem Boden oder weichem bis mittelhartem Gestein mit einer Druckfestigkeit von bis zu 120 MPa entwickelt. Ein großes Ziel dieser Entwicklung war, die Arbeitsbedingungen für das Personal im Schacht sicherer zu gestalten sowie die Schachtabteufgeschwindigkeit konventioneller Anlagen zu übertreffen.Zwei Prototypen wurden hergestellt und im Zeitraum Winter 2011 bis Frühjahr 2012 auf dem Werksgelände der Herrenknecht AG in Schwanau montiert. Schneidversuche fanden im Frühjahr 2012 mit dem Ziel statt, die maximal mögliche Schneidleistung zu ermitteln. Nach erfolgreichem Abschluss der Schneidversuche wurden die Maschinen nach Kanada ausgeliefert und am Standort aufgebaut. Im November 2012 wurde die erste Maschine in den Vorschacht abgesenkt und die ersten Schneidzyklen noch vor Weihnachten 2012 durchgeführt. Aufbau und Inbetriebnahme der zweiten Maschine erfolgte im Sommer 2013.
Apathy is an independent risk factor for incident cardiovascular disease in the older individual: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Eurelings Lisa S. M. , Ligthart Suzanne A. , van Dalen Jan Willem , Moll van Charante Eric P. , van Gool Willem A. , Richard Edo 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveAlthough depression is considered to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), specifically symptoms of apathy have been strongly associated with a history of CVD in recent studies. In this study, we prospectively assess whether symptoms of apathy and depression are independent risk factors for incident CVD and stroke.MethodsWe carried out a prospective cohort study of 1810 community‐dwelling older individuals (70–78 years) without a history of CVD or stroke. Symptoms of apathy and depression were assessed with the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale. Incident CVD and stroke were assessed after 2 years follow‐up. The associations of symptoms of apathy and depression with incident CVD and stroke were analyzed separately using logistic regression analysis.ResultsSymptoms of apathy and depression were present in 281 (15.5%) and 266 (14.7%) participants, respectively. Incident CVD occurred in 62 (3.5%) participants and stroke in 55 (3.1%) participants. Apathy was associated with incident CVD after adjustment for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors (odds ratio (OR) = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.46–4.65). Exclusion of subjects with depressive symptoms yielded a similar OR (2.94, 95% CI = 1.45–5.96, n = 1544). No association was found between depressive symptoms and incident CVD. Neither apathy symptoms nor depressive symptoms were associated with incident stroke.ConclusionsApathy, but not depression, is a strong, independent risk factor for incident CVD. It may be a marker of underlying vascular disease. By its nature, apathy may cause non‐adherence to a healthy lifestyle, diminished activities, and possibly even withdrawal from clinical care aimed at improving vascular risk profiles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different patterns and development characteristics of processing written logographic characters and alphabetic words: An ALE meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhu Linlin , Nie Yaoxin , Chang Chunqi , Gao Jia‐Hong , Niu Zhendong 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe neural systems for phonological processing of written language have been well identified now, while models based on these neural systems are different for different language systems or age groups. Although each of such models is mostly concordant across different experiments, the results are sensitive to the experiment design and intersubject variability. Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta‐analysis can quantitatively synthesize the data from multiple studies and minimize the interstudy or intersubject differences. In this study, we performed two ALE meta‐analysis experiments: one was to examine the neural activation patterns of the phonological processing of two different types of written languages and the other was to examine the development characteristics of such neural activation patterns based on both alphabetic language and logographic language data. The results of our first meta‐analysis experiment were consistent with the meta‐analysis which was based on the studies published before 2005. And there were new findings in our second meta‐analysis experiment, where both adults and children groups showed great activation in the left frontal lobe, the left superior/middle temporal gyrus, and the bilateral middle/superior occipital gyrus. However, the activation of the left middle/inferior frontal gyrus was found increase with the development, and the activation was found decrease in the following areas: the right claustrum and inferior frontal gyrus, the left inferior/medial frontal gyrus, the left middle/superior temporal gyrus, the right cerebellum, and the bilateral fusiform gyrus. It seems that adults involve more phonological areas, whereas children involve more orthographic areas and semantic areas. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2607–2618, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selenoacetalyzation of 4‐Formylpyrazoles in the Presence of Trimethylchlorosilane
Authors: Papernaya Lyubov K. , Shatrova Alexandra A. , Levanova Ekaterina P. , Albanov Alexandr I. , Klyba Lyudmila V. , Rudyakova Elena V. , Levkovskaya Galina G. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe reaction of 3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐formylpyrazoles, bearing various substituents at N‐1 atom, with propane‐1,3‐diselenol and 2‐hydroxypropane‐1,3‐diselenol in the presence of ТМSCl proceeds without heating to chemoselectively give hitherto unknown 2‐(pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐1,3‐diselenane hydrochlorides in high yields. The latter are easily transformed to the corresponding free bases—2‐(pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐1,3‐diselenanes. The 15N chemical shifts of the pyrazole ring in 2‐(pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐1,3‐diselenanes obtained by 2D HMBC‐gp (15N‐1H) technique are indicative of the N‐2 atom protonation in hydrochlorides.
Regional‐scale mapping of groundwater discharge zones using thermal satellite imagery
Authors: Sass G. Z. , Creed I. F. , Riddell J. , Bayley S. E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMapping groundwater discharge zones at broad spatial scales remains a challenge, particularly in data sparse regions. We applied a regional scale mapping approach based on thermal remote sensing to map discharge zones in a complex watershed with a broad diversity of geological materials, land cover and topographic variation situated within the Prairie Parkland of northern Alberta, Canada. We acquired winter thermal imagery from the USGS Landsat archive to demonstrate the utility of this data source for applications that can complement both scientific and management programs. We showed that the thermally determined potential discharge areas were corroborated with hydrological (spring locations) and chemical (conservative tracers of groundwater) data. This study demonstrates how thermal remote sensing can form part of a comprehensive mapping framework to investigate groundwater resources over broad spatial scales. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IDENTIFYING THE POTENTIAL CAUSES OF WATERLOGGING IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE: THE CASE OF THE WONJI‐SHOA SUGAR CANE PLANTATION (ETHIOPIA)
Authors: Dinka Megersa Olumana , Ndambuki Julius Mosyoka 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe Wonji‐Shoa Sugar Estate (WSSE) has been producing sugar for about 60 years and is currently affected by a chronic waterlogging problem (about 90% of the plantation area is affected by critical waterlogging). Hence, the current study investigated the potential causes of the rise of groundwater table depth (GWTD) at the WSSE in an integrated and comprehensive manner. The study revealed that the shallow water table at the WSSE is due to one and/or a combination of the different factors responsible for the rise of GWTD: rainfall, surface runoff, irrigation, drainage, soil condition (clay), topography, flooding, seepage losses, land use/cover change, and a subsurface contribution from the Awash River. However, direct rainfall, incoming surface runoff, flat topography, soil property (clay), poor drainage (natural and artificial) facilities and uncontrolled irrigation water management are mostly responsible for the rise and fluctuation of GWTD in the area. Finally, the finding emphasized the need to develop corrective measures urgently. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in CT radiation doses in Australia from 1994 to 2002
Authors: Wise K. N. , Thomson J. E. M. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe growth in the usage of CT scanners in Australia between 1994 and 2002 is reviewed. The parallel growth in the per caput dose from CT procedures is derived by first estimating the mean dose for broad categories of Medicare Benefits Schedule procedures and then applying these estimates to counts of the number of procedures in each category. It is estimated that the annual dose per capita from CT procedures has increased from about 0.37 mSv in 1994 to about 0.9 mSv in 2002. From 1994–2002 the growth in CT usage has been mainly amongst adults over 35 years of age while usage amongst infants in the 0–4 year age group has remained within 10% of that in 1994.
A Standardised Approach to Optimisation
Authors: Warren‐Forward Helen M. , Beckhaus Ronald 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTPurposeOptimisation of radiographic images is said to have been obtained if the patient has achieved an acceptable level of dose and the image is of diagnostic value. In the near future, it will probably be recommended that radiographers measure patient doses and compare them to reference levels. The aim of this paper is to describe a standardised approach to optimisation of radiographic examinations in a diagnostic imaging department.MethodA three‐step approach is outlined with specific examples for some common examinations (chest, abdomen, pelvis and lumbar spine series). Step One: Patient doses are calculated. Step Two: Doses are compared to existing reference levels and the technique used compared to image quality criteria. Step Three: Appropriate action is taken if doses are above the reference level.ResultsAverage entrance surface doses for two rooms were as follows AP Abdomen (6.3mGy and 3.4mGy); AP Lumbar Spine (6.4mGy and 4.1mGy) for AP Pelvis (4.8mGy and 2.6mGy) and PA chest (0.19mGy and 0.20mGy). Comparison with the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) recommended techniques identified large differences in the applied potential. The kVp values in this study were significantly lower (by up to 10kVp) than the CEC recommendations.DiscussionThe results of this study have indicated that there is a need to monitor radiation doses received by patients undergoing diagnostic radiography examinations. Not only has the assessment allowed valuable comparison with International Diagnostic Reference Levels and Radiography Good Practice but has demonstrated large variations in mean doses being delivered from different rooms of the same radiology department. Following the simple 3‐step approach advocated in this paper should either provide evidence that department are practising the ALARA principle or assist in making suitable changes to current practice.
An Insight into the Students' Perspective of a Nuclear Medicine Clinical Education Program
Authors: Adams Edwina J. , Adamson Barbara J. , Poulos Ann 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTClinical education of Medical Radiation Science students is crucial to the quality of their learning and preparedness for entry to the workplace as a practitioner. The assessment process must direct the Students' learning and accurately evaluate their clinical performance and measure understanding. To ensure quality, a review of the assessment process must take place. Obtaining the Students' perspective provides useful data. A questionnaire was administered to final year Nuclear Medicine students. The questionnaire consisted of 11 items. Quantitative analysis was conducted on the close‐ended data and a thematic analysis was performed on open‐ended items. Students perceived a variation in the ability of the clinical assessment tools to accurately assess their performance. The Observed Skills Clinical Assessment (OSCA) was perceived to be the least indicative of their clinical ability and understanding. The perceived level of agreed accuracy by clinical and university supervisors was equal but the level of disagreement varied. No statistical difference was found. Students felt well prepared for entry to the workplace. A strength of clinical education was the clinical placement where students could apply theory to the real setting, a weakness was a lack of reliability of assessors. This study has provided some initial data to assist educators in improving the quality of their program. The limitations identified in the assessment tools in this study will provide a basis for informed decisions for change, to ensure that best practice is upheld.
Sonographic Appearances of Common Gut Pathology in Paediatric Patients: Comparison with Plain Abdominal Radiography
Authors: Piotto Lino , Gent Roger 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTEven with the advent of more specialised imaging modalities such as fluoroscopic contrast examinations, CT and MRI, the plain abdominal radiograph remains the initial imaging modality in investigating the signs and symptoms of suspected gut pathology. However, ultrasound is playing an increasing part in the detection of gut pathology in paediatric patients.At our hospital, when plain abdominal radiography does not provide a diagnosis, ultrasound is commonly requested to rule out conditions that require urgent attention, such as intussusception, appendicitis and midgut malrotation and volvulus. After these conditions have been excluded however, the ultrasound examination can frequently lead to the diagnosis of several other conditions, including gastroenteritis, Crohn's disease, mesenteric lymphadenopathy and less commonly, duplication cysts, bezoas, and haemolytic uraemic syndrome.Although plain radiography of the abdomen may be suggestive of gut pathology, the additional information provided by sonography often provides a specific diagnosis, leading to better patient care.This paper is a presentation of ten case studies demonstrating the use of ultrasound to augment plain X‐ray findings, in order to obtain a final diagnosis.
Lens sparing technique using multi‐leaf collimators in irradiation of the unilateral retro‐orbital space for benign disease
Authors: Middleton Mark Geoffrey , Medwel Stephen Paul , Bennie David Nicol , Fogarty Gerald Blaise 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe authors present a case of a 30‐year old woman with pseudolymphoma of the left medial rectus muscle. A multi‐field technique was planned for irradiating the unilateral retro‐orbital space to 20 Gray (GY) in 15 fractions while keeping the average dose to the lens of 8 Gy and the peak dose to the lens of 11 Gy using multi‐leaf collimators is described.
The visual analogue scale as a tool for self‐reporting of subjective phenomena in the medical radiation sciences
Authors: Cox Jennifer M , Davison Alastair 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMedical radiation science researchers, due to their close patient contact in daily practice, may wish to investigate subjective phenomena which cannot be measured physically. These phenomena are best interpreted by the subject, not the researcher. A useful tool for quantitative measurement of subjective phenomena is the visual analogue scale. The scale can be adapted to measure a range of phenomena, provided that it is suitably validated. Examples of the use and validation of the visual analogue scale are given. The visual analogue scale is a valuable instrument for the comparison of scores in different groups of subjects, for the comparison of treatments in individuals, and for the observation of scores over time for individual subjects.