bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eugenics in the United States
Authors: Kline Wendy 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article provides an understanding of the history of the nature/nurture debate that was initially of great interest to both intellectual and social historians. It presents in-depth studies of influential organization and individuals and discusses two approaches introduced by the history of science to the study of eugenics. It links eugenic concerns about race betterment with concerns about Mexican immigration, arguing that in the early twentieth century, the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Border Patrol shaped the complicated process of racialization on the U.S.-Mexican borderlands. This article argues that disability is a category of analysis as important as race, class, or gender in understanding the past. Eugenics is no longer a forgotten relic of the past, but a vibrant field that addresses controversial issues from a variety of fields and standpoints.
The Evolution of The Institutional Approach in Planning
Authors: Kim Annette M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the concept of institutions and explains why it is of central importance to planning. It outlines the intellectual history of institutions and describes current events that surround the resurgence of this vital concept. The article suggests that, despite the conflict among new institutionalist projects across the social sciences, planning as an interdisciplinary enterprise has been particularly adept at incorporating the various concepts for its purposes. It also identifies the problems with new institutionalism and stresses the need for new institutionalist projects to study how institutions change; how power relations are renegotiated in this process; and how these cognitive, social-construction processes might be connected with material conditions and outcomes that can inform current planning practice.
Justice
Authors: Marcuse Peter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article, which discusses justice as an objective of urban planning, mentions that the planning profession's Code of Ethics in the United States states that planners should serve the public interest. It also enumerates the reasons why planners should be concerned with justice. These include the fact that planning is an action of government which necessarily affects the distribution of goods, services, and, more generally, life opportunities among individuals and groups, and that planners' actions focus on the distribution of space and thus the distribution of its benefits and costs.
Resilience
Authors: Campanella Thomas J. , Godschalk David R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article focuses on resilience, one of the main goals of urban planning, and describes and analyses some of the key elements that can augment a city's fitness, adaptability, and resilience. It discusses the result of a historical survey of urban resilience through the ages, and describes the present status of policies and programs aimed at building resilience. The article also discusses the lessons that can be learned about urban resilience in history, and their implications for urban design and sustainable development.
Reconnecting Urban Planning and Public Health
Authors: Corburn Jason 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the “connects and disconnects” between the fields of urban planning and public health from the late nineteenth through the twentieth century. It describes key events, actors, and institutions that shaped theory and practice in each field, and examines how each field addressed social, economic, and human-health disparities. The article also identifies political challenges for reconnecting planning and public health, including overemphasis on physical changes for improving social conditions, scientific rationality, and professionalization and fragmentation of the disciplines.
Suburban Sprawl and “Smart Growth”
Authors: Song Yan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyses the issue of smart growth in relation to urban planning. It describes currently available smart-growth tools and provides an overview of the current knowledge base regarding the determinants of local adoption of smart-growth tools. The article evaluates the efficacy of smart growth in bringing compact, pedestrian-oriented, multimodal, affordable, and revitalized forms, and identifies understudied areas regarding smart-growth adoption and outcomes. It also discusses the result of a survey in the United States that reveals little change in the use of plans, zoning, or urban-growth boundaries by local governments from 1994 to 2003.
Cities with Slums
Authors: Mukhija Vinit 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article, which focuses on urban planning in cities with slums, discusses the literature about the appropriate policy responses for improving slum-housing conditions and identifies two avenues for policy action. These are increasing the affordable supply of formal or regulated housing to reduce the pressure for the formation of new slums and increasing private investment in existing substandard housing to improve their quality. The article suggests that the projected growth of slum dwellers posed a serious challenge to urban planners, who need to forge a better understanding of the diversity of slums and their living conditions, and to be able to convey this understanding to politicians and other policymakers.
Citizen Planners: From Self-Help to Political Transformation
Authors: Beard Victoria A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article describes the activity of citizen planners based on examples ranging from participation in self-help efforts to the more politicized struggles for broad social and political transformation. It reviews the contributions from research on collective action and social movements as a foundation for understanding the breadth of the activities undertaken by citizen planners. The article provides examples of three distinct modes of planning commonly practiced by citizen planners: community-based, covert, and radical.
Reading Through A Plan: A Visual Theory of Plan Interpretation
Authors: Ryan Brent D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the visual theory of interpreting urban plans. It suggests that planners should “read through” plans, not simply to grasp their essential ideas or means of implementing those ideas, but also to perceive additional meanings. The article explains that plans are the major intellectual projects published within the planning profession and that they deserve nothing less than to be read through for all their meanings. The analysis reveals that each plan conforms strongly to the social, economic, and political forces of the time, as well as to contemporary urban design and planning conventions.
Teaching Urban Economics to Planners and the Role of Urban Planning to Economists
Authors: Brooks Nancy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article attempts to demonstrate that the work of urban planners and economists is built on a common language, and hence should share ideas. Their agendas broadly overlap, but many in either profession do not realize this. Understanding the microeconomic foundations of the array of problems facing urban planners is a key step to gaining insights that can lead to innovative and effective planning policy. This article aims at helping urban economists (and microeconomists in general) to appreciate the complex environment in which the planner operates and the relative importance of equity and sustainability in their work. This includes, for planners, a foundation in microeconomic and urban economics and, for economists, an understanding of the complex environment facing planners. The result thus anticipated is a more thoughtful research that makes the connections from policy to market impacts or from market or individual behavior and outcomes to policy effectiveness.
Principles of Planning for Economists
Authors: Kaza Nikhil , Knaap Gerrit‐Jan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPlanning approach is often characterized as stiffly regulatory while the market approach is characterized as more flexible. However, this article asserts that planning is not about market failures and regulatory remedies but can be better understood by several other economic principles. It argues that plans and planning make sense in situations where either single or multiple actors think before acting, using limited information. It considers planning as an action in light of other prior and subsequent actions and describes various economic theories and concepts under which planning can be understood. In each case, the article considers examples drawn from a variety of strands of literature that demonstrate analogous planning problems of firms, governments, and other agents and how they may be cast in a conventional economics framework.
What Planners Need to Know about the “New Urban Economics”
Authors: Arnott Richard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEconomists and planners are often at loggerheads. Economists see the strengths of markets while planners see their weaknesses. This article aims to initiate a productive dialogue between economists and planners. It introduces competitive general equilibrium theory, looking at the new urban economics, which is essentially competitive general equilibrium theory applied to the city. It gives a brief intellectual history of the new urban economics and this is followed by simplified presentations of the von Thünen model of agricultural land use and land rent and of the monocentric city model, which is the core of the new urban economics, and concludes with a discussion of economists' criticisms of the monocentric city model. Furthermore, it presents the economic theory of market failure, and the reviews the virtues of markets. Under this umbrella, the article finally draws upon various strands as to what planners need to know about new urban economics.
Discovering the Efficiency of Urban Sprawl
Authors: Anas Alex 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSprawl refers to the aggregate land area in urban use. Planners view sprawl from a descriptive perspective, whereas economists view it from a normative one. This article opens with a brief review of how unpriced traffic congestion causes excessive travel, as well as excessive urban sprawl, and how Pigouvian taxation could restore efficiency by eliminating the excessive travel. It also examines how this conclusion has been reversed in recent theoretical models. New results, based on polycentric theory, have helped discover the efficiency of urban sprawl. It argues that excess urban sprawl can often be negative. Further, it turns to key empirical facts about urban areas and presents a statistical analysis of the city size's effect on average commutes. Finally, it emphasizes the fact that new urbanism perceived as antisprawl tools, may be wrongly promoted. But these tools of modern planning have an important role to play in serving niche markets.
Racial Residential Segregation in American Cities
Authors: Boustan Leah 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the causes and consequences of residential segregation in the metropolitan areas of the United States, with an emphasis on segregation between black and white households. In theory, residential segregation may be generated by black selfsegregation, collective action to exclude blacks from white neighborhoods, or individual moves by white households away from integrated neighborhoods. Understanding the causes of residential segregation is important if segregation has negative social or economic consequences, either for the minority residents or for the whole society. Over the past few decades, increasing residential segregation has taken place between jurisdictions in a metropolitan area rather than between neighborhoods within a jurisdiction. Potential policy solutions to residential segregation can be classified as place-based policies, people-based policies, or indirect solutions. Given legal constraints, public policy to counteract residential segregation will need to be formally race-neutral, targeting neighborhoods or individuals on the basis of income rather than race.
Economic and Planning Approaches to Natural Disasters
Authors: Okuyama Yasuhide , Chang Stephanie E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article addresses the persistent problem of natural disasters and considers how economic analysis and planning can contribute toward disaster risk reduction. Giving examples of hurricane Katrina, and the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, it provides an overview of the natural disasters problem and social science research in the area, giving global trends and disaster trends since the last century. It then introduces economic approaches to the disasters problem followed by planning approaches. Urbanization agglomerates social functions (both public and private sectors), as well as physical and human capital, in particular areas. If a severe natural hazard hits one of these areas, it could lead to a catastrophic disaster with extremely sizable economic damages. While this discussion focuses on the developed country context, a synopsis of related work in the developing country context is also provided in detail. Finally, the article identifies research gaps and argues for greater integration across planning and economic perspectives.
Transportation Economics for Planners in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Reynolds‐Feighan Aisling , Vickerman Roger 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The transportation system plays a crucial multifaceted role in the functioning, growth, and development of urban and regional economies. It shapes, is shaped by, as well as leads urban growth. Transport economics is concerned with developing analytical tools and approaches to understanding, managing, and optimizing the structure and functioning of transportation and related markets within regional and urban economies. This article outlines the components and roles of the transportation system in urban contexts. It describes the main themes and concerns of transport economics and the delivery of optimal transport systems for urban economies. It also sets out the benefits of the transportation system. Urban economies require high levels of movements to function and grow. The challenge for planners is to integrate the total transport system to optimize efficiency while facilitating constant improvements in the quality of life for citizens in a sustainable manner.
The Role of the Workforce Development System in the Economic Development of Urban Areas
Authors: Hollenbeck Kevin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEconomic development relies on the importance of a skilled workforce and a well-functioning workforce development system in attracting and retaining economic activity. This article focuses on the publicly funded workforce development system. In addition, it describes the workforce development system and provides evidence about its effectiveness. Following this, the article explains the formal education system in detail. Studies that have delved into particular types of training, especially as offered by workforce intermediaries, provide evidence about characteristics that seem to correlate with effectiveness. These characteristics can be categorized into content, training method, and program administration. It then turns to a description of how the workforce development system provides services to its traditional target, i.e. unemployed labor force participants. Furthermore, the article examines programs and services for employed individuals. Finally, it suggests best practices and presents implications for policy makers or researchers interested in urban development or regional economic development.
The Interface of Urban Economics and Urban Planning in Local Economic Development Practice
Authors: Schramm Richard 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores the relationship between urban economics and urban planning through an examination of a local economic development partnership between economists and economic development planners in Vermont. This relationship has revealed differences between urban economics and urban planning and important ways that these two subdisciplines can work together and inform and strengthen one another. It points out the learning that has evolved based on the interaction between economists and planners, which has led to a variety of benefits to both the disciplines. In this light, the article presents five examples where economic theory was enriched and planning practice enhanced; the empowerment zone program, labor market and job centered development, import substitution, institutional impacts, and sectoral analysis, local ownership and place-based economy, and industrial structure and household needs. Such conclusions provide the grounds for a useful discussion of the interface between urban development economists and planners.
Land-Use Regulations and Property Values: The “Windfalls Capture” Idea Revisited
Authors: Alterman Rachelle 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe issue of land use regulations and property values carries deep economic, social, and distributive-justice implications. This article revisits the upward side of the land-value coin to examine its relevance in today's world. It first addresses the issue and debates over real-property rights and the history of value capture policies. It also proposes a theoretical distinction between macro, direct, and indirect instruments for value capture. Following this, it focuses on direct value capture, and surveys the laws and policies in thirteen advanced-economy countries and draws out the lessons that may be learned from these experiences. Furthermore, it explains why the idea of value capture has been incrementally transformed into a plethora of indirect value capture instruments with growing popularity around the world. Finally, the article sets out challenges for future cross-national learning.
The High-Rise and the slum: speculative urban development in mumbai
Authors: Echanove Matias , Srivastava Rahul 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMumbai is often described as an urbanscape sharply divided between opulence and poverty and used across the political spectrum to justify redevelopment projects in the name of equality. This article makes an attempt to do away with this false image of the city. It first provides an overview of the cityscape of Mumbai and its diverse habitats, paying particular attention to the slum and high-rise, seeing them as both actual urban typologies and ideological constructs. The article then discusses the relationship between urban form and development processes in the light of relevant urban studies concepts and theories. It then proceeds to analyze the typology, social meaning, and political economy of high-rise apartment blocks, which are systematically presented as the only possible architectural response to slums. Finally, it stresses the need to reconcile the fields of urban planning and economic development and open new paths toward inclusive and livable cities.
Transportation in African Cities: An Institutional Perspective
Authors: Grieco Margaret 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Transportation in African cities takes place in a context where, with the exception of South Africa, the overall context of regional, national, and continental transport provision and connectivity is poor, and these poor levels of infrastructure supply, transport service provision, and low levels of connectivity inhibit the effective functioning of many aspects of African society. The pressures to streamline the traffic flow of urban Africa have resulted in the overlooking of the positive dimensions of these characteristics and a misreading of the route possibilities of larger vehicles within the African city. Alternative institutional patterns would include better auditing of mainstream urban transport circumstance, the automatic inclusion of end users in transport design, and a rethinking of the role of large fleets of small-scale flexible vehicles to penetrate and give access to all areas of the African city.
Juvenile Delinquents and Juvenile Justice Clientele
Authors: Snyder Howard N. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article presents an empirically based profile of the law violating behavior of youth and the juvenile justice system's response to such behaviors over the last generation. It begins with documenting trends in juvenile violent crime and drug abuse behavior using reports on or by victims and juvenile offender self-reports. Following this, it discusses trends in juvenile law-violating behaviors known to law enforcement using arrest statistics. The juvenile justice system's response to law-violating behavior is not a mechanical process. The article also explores trends in the juvenile justice system's responses to these officially recognized behaviors. The statistical resources used to build this picture have unique characteristics that need to be understood to interpret the findings properly. Finally, it mentions the decision makers that play a role in deciding whether or not juvenile crime trends mirror juvenile arrest, juvenile court referral, and juvenile out-of-home placement trends.
Adolescent Development, Delinquency, and Juvenile Justice
Authors: Woolard Jennifer L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSome form of delinquency is a normative part of adolescence for a majority of teens, yet the consequences of risky behavior and juvenile justice involvement can be severe. This article focuses on important aspects of adolescent delinquency and justice processing. It examines the cognitive factors which develop during adolescence, which illustrate that adolescents appear to perform comparably to adults by about the age of sixteen. Following this, it examines psychosocial factors of susceptibility to peer influence and future orientation and their continued development in the adolescent period. It also reviews the developing challenge of regulating emotions and affective responses that continues well into young adulthood. Finally, placing adolescents in their ecological context, it makes an attempt to describe how unique relationships between adolescents, parents, and the state present challenges for adolescents that no other age group faces in the legal system.
Linking Family Processes and Adolescent Delinquency
Authors: Simons Ronald L. , Simons Leslie Gordon , Hancock Donna 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThere is compelling evidence that childhood conduct problems are a strong predictor of subsequent involvement in antisocial behavior. This article explores recent findings, issues, and controversies regarding the role of parenting in the development of youth and adolescent behavior problems. It focuses on two issues, which are, the dimensions of parenting that foster antisocial behavior and the mechanisms whereby these practices produce this effect. It begins by examining the extent to which studies support the contentions of popular theories regarding the parental behaviors that lead to delinquency and the mediating psychological changes in the child that account for this effect. Following this, it links family structure and delinquency to consider the impact of family structure on child and adolescent delinquency. Finally, it examines behavioral genetics research and provides a brief review of behavioral and molecular genetics studies relating to the issue of parenting and delinquency.