bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Health Governance: Analysing China, India and Japan as Global Health Aid Donors
Authors: Florini Ann , Nachiappan Karthik , Pang Tikki , Pilcavage Christine 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDevelopment assistance is a significant mechanism by which major countries exercise influence in the global health arena. Of the major Asian powers, Japan has long provided significant funding, while China and India have primarily been recipients but are beginning to increase their funding roles. This article examines the amounts, channels, modes, disease allocations and the geographic focuses of their foreign health aid, and delineates the institutional structures that govern the formulation and implementation of foreign health aid policy in each of these countries, to explore what influence China, India, and Japan have and may develop in the global health arena. The article looks in particular at two focal lenses, sovereignty and institutional diversity, to understand what if anything is different from existing approaches to global health governance and what might be expected from these three key Asian nations vis‐à‐vis global health.Policy Implications
Japan’s global health leadership transcends its bilateral initiatives. The critical question that emerges now is whether Japan can sustain its will and capacity without clear policy direction from the current government amid domestic turmoil. What is to be done by Japan, and who will do it?
China and India have not engaged extensively with the global processes as donors. Yet, as recipients they have been open to a wide range of types of actors and relatively relaxed about sovereignty concerns, possibly providing a basis for a similar direction in development assistance for health (DAH) as their programs mature.
The domestic institutions responsible for external development assistance for health in both China and India would need to be substantially reformed and strengthened for these countries to have the capacity to play leading roles in global health governance in the future.
China and India increasingly have the capacity to invest greater resources in their own public health systems, which would redress some of the existing imbalances in allocations of global health finance.
Such domestic investment in domestic health care delivery would enhance India and China’s capacity to assume leadership roles and contribute towards innovations within global health and global health governance and augment their status as responsible and responsive global health stakeholders.
A Neonatal Mouse Model of Coxsackievirus A16 for Vaccine Evaluation
Authors: Mao Qunying , Wang Yiping , Gao Rong , Shao Jie , Yao Xin , Lang Shuhui , Wang Chao , Mao Panyong , Liang Zhenglun , Wang Junzhi 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTTo evaluate vaccine efficacy in protecting against coxsackievirus A16 (CA16), which causes human hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), we established the first neonatal mouse model. In this article, we report data concerning CA16-induced pathological changes, and we demonstrate that anti-CA16 antibody can protect mice against lethal challenge and that the neonatal mouse model could be used to evaluate vaccine efficacy. To establish a mouse model, a BJCA08/CA16 strain (at 260 50% lethal doses [LD50]) was isolated from a patient and used to intracerebrally (i.c.) inoculate neonatal mice. The infection resulted in wasting, hind-limb paralysis, and even death. Pathological examination and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining indicated that BJCA08 had a strong tropism to muscle and caused severe necrosis in skeletal and cardiac muscles. We then found that BJCA08 pretreated with goat anti-G10/CA16 serum could significantly lose its lethal effect in neonatal mice. When the anti-G10 serum was intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected into the neonatal mice and, within 1 h, the same mice were intracerebrally inoculated with BJCA08, there was significant passive immunization protection. In a separate experiment, female mice were immunized with formaldehyde-inactivated G10/CA16 and BJCA08/CA16 and then allowed to mate 1 h after the first immunization. We found that there was significant protection against BJCA08 for neonatal mice born to the immunized dams. These data demonstrated that anti-CA16 antibody may block virus invasion and protect mice against lethal challenge, and that the neonatal mouse model was a viable tool for evaluating vaccine efficacy.
Adaptive Immunity Restricts Replication of Novel Murine Astroviruses
Authors: Yokoyama Christine C. , Loh Joy , Zhao Guoyan , Stappenbeck Thaddeus S. , Wang David , Huang Henry V. , Virgin Herbert W. , Thackray Larissa B. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

The mechanisms of astrovirus pathogenesis are largely unknown, in part due to a lack of a small-animal model of disease. Using shotgun sequencing and a custom analysis pipeline, we identified two novel astroviruses capable of infecting research mice, murine astrovirus (MuAstV) STL1 and STL2. Subsequent analysis revealed the presence of at least two additional viruses (MuAstV STL3 and STL4), suggestive of a diverse population of murine astroviruses in research mice. Complete genomic characterization and subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed that MuAstV STL1 to STL4 are members of the mamastrovirus genus and are likely members of a new mamastrovirus genogroup. Using
Rag1
−/−
mice deficient in B and T cells, we demonstrate that adaptive immunity is required to control MuAstV infection. Furthermore, using
Stat1
−/−
mice deficient in innate signaling, we demonstrate a role for the innate immune response in the control of MuAstV replication. Our results demonstrate that MuAstV STL permits the study of the mechanisms of astrovirus infection and host-pathogen interactions in a genetically manipulable small-animal model. Finally, we detected MuAstV in commercially available mice, suggesting that these viruses may be present in academic and commercial research mouse facilities, with possible implications for interpretation of data generated in current mouse models of disease.
Transferring responsibility and accountability in maternity care: clinicians defining their boundaries of practice in relation to clinical handover
Authors: Chin Georgiana S M , Warren Narelle , Kornman Louise , Cameron Peter 
Published: September 2012

ObjectiveThis exploratory study reports on maternity clinicians’ perceptions of transfer of their responsibility and accountability for patients in relation to clinical handover with particular focus transfers of care in birth suite.DesignA qualitative study of semistructured interviews and focus groups of maternity clinicians was undertaken in 2007. De-indentified data were transcribed and coded using the constant comparative method. Multiple themes emerged but only those related to responsibility and accountability are reported in this paper.SettingOne tertiary Australian maternity hospital.ParticipantsMaternity care midwives, nurses (neonatal, mental health, bed managers) and doctors (obstetric, neontatology, anaesthetics, internal medicine, psychiatry).Primary outcome measuresPrimary outcome measures were the perceptions of clinicians of maternity clinical handover.ResultsThe majority of participants did not automatically connect maternity handover with the transfer of responsibility and accountability. Once introduced to this concept, they agreed that it was one of the roles of clinical handover. They spoke of complete transfer, shared and ongoing responsibility and accountability. When clinicians had direct involvement or extensive clinical knowledge of the patient, blurring of transition of responsibility and accountability sometimes occurred. A lack of ‘ownership’ of a patient and their problems were seen to result in confusion about who was to address the clinical issues of the patient. Personal choice of ongoing responsibility and accountability past the handover communication were described. This enabled the off-going person to rectify an inadequate handover or assist in an emergency when duty clinicians were unavailable.ConclusionsThere is a clear lack of consensus about the transition of responsibility and accountability—this should be explicit at the handover. It is important that on each shift and new workplace environment clinicians agree upon primary role definitions, responsibilities and accountabilities for patients. To provide system resilience, secondary responsibilities may be allocated as required.
Vaccination of sows reduces the prevalence of PCV‐2 viraemia in their piglets under field conditions
Authors: O'Neill K. C. , Hemann M. , Giménez‐Lirola L. G. , Halbur P. G. , Opriessnig T. 
Published: September 2012

The objectives of this study were to further understand vertical transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV‐2) and the effect of dam vaccination on PCV‐2 viraemia in newborn piglets. Randomly selected sows from each of two breeding herds were designated as non‐vaccinated or vaccinated groups. A commercial inactivated PCV‐2 vaccine was administered at weaning and 18 days later to half of the sows on each farm. At parturition, colostrum was collected from 70 dams on each farm and postsuckle (Farm 1) or presuckle blood (Farm 2) was collected from five randomly selected piglets per litter. Colostrum samples had an anti‐PCV‐2 antibody prevalence of 98.5 per cent (135/137) with significantly (P = 0.0039) higher concentrations in vaccinated dams. Among piglets, 43.9 per cent (301/685) were seropositive for PCV‐2 and 11.7 per cent (80/686) were PCV‐2 DNA‐positive. All the PCV‐2 DNA‐positive samples were further characterised and 28 were PCV‐2a, 28 PCV‐2b, and five mixed PCV‐2a and PCV‐2b infection. The prevalence of PCV‐2 DNA in piglets was lower (0.7–22.8 per cent) compared with previous studies (44.8–90 per cent) indicating a change in PCV‐2 ecology likely due to wide use of vaccination. Under the study conditions, dam vaccination reduced PCV‐2 viraemia in the offspring with colostrum access.
Costs Associated with Management of Cervical Human Papillomavirus-Related Conditions
Authors: Kruzikas Denise , Smith Jennifer S. , Harley Carolyn , Buzinec Paul 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Background: Oncogenic types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been linked to 99.7% of cervical cancer cases worldwide.
Methods: This retrospective claims-based analysis was conducted to assess patterns of use and costs associated with diagnostic and treatment procedures for disease attributed to HPV performed before the introduction of HPV vaccination (January 1, 2001–May 31, 2006). Percentages of commercially insured health plan enrollees who underwent each procedure of interest were calculated for each year. Annual costs (combined patient and health plan-paid amounts) were calculated from qualifying medical claims. Descriptive statistics were used to assess trends in procedure rates and costs.
Results: Data for approximately 14.2 million enrollees were obtained. Hysterectomy was the most commonly administered treatment. With the exception of colposcopy with LEEP, all other treatment procedures experienced a decline in rate of use. The most frequently performed diagnostic procedure was colposcopy with endocervical curettage (ECC). With the exception of ECC, rates of diagnostic procedures reached a peak among 20- to 24-year-olds, and followed a downward trend across older groups. Hysterectomy was the most expensive treatment (median $7,383; mean $8,384) per procedure in 2006.
Conclusion: Results reveal high rates of use and high-associated costs of diagnostic procedures and treatments related to disease attributed to HPV.
Impact: The data presented may be useful in cost-effectiveness analyses and to guide decision makers evaluating how best to optimize prevention strategies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(9); 1469–78. ©2012 AACR.
Mitochondrial Copy Number is Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk
Authors: Thyagarajan Bharat , Wang Renwei , Barcelo Helene , Koh Woon-Puay , Yuan Jian-Min 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Background: Mitochondria are eukaryotic organelles responsible for energy production. Quantitative changes in human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number have been implicated in various cancer types. Data from prospective cohort studies on mtDNA copy number and colorectal cancer risk have been lacking.
Methods: We evaluated the association between mtDNA copy number in peripheral blood and colorectal cancer risk in a nested case–control study of 422 colorectal cancer cases (168 cases with pre-diagnostic blood and 254 cases with post-diagnostic blood) and 874 controls who were free of colorectal cancer among participants of the Singapore Chinese Health Study. The relative mtDNA copy number was measured using real-time PCR. Unconditional logistic regression methods were employed to examine the association between mtDNA copy number and colorectal cancer risk.
Results: There was a U-shaped relationship between the relative mtDNA copy number and colorectal cancer risk. Compared with the 2nd quartile, the OR (95% confidence intervals) for subjects in the lowest and highest quartiles of relative mtDNA copy numbers were 1.81 (1.13–2.89) and 3.40 (2.15–5.36), respectively (Pcurvilinearity &lt;0.0001). This U-shaped relationship was present in both men and women, similar for colon cancer and rectal cancer, and independent of the timing of blood draw with regard to cancer diagnosis.
Conclusions: This is the first prospectively designed study to show a U-shaped association between the relative mtDNA copy number and risk of colorectal cancer.
Impact: The findings of the present study support that mtDNA may play a critical role in the colorectal carcinogenesis in humans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(9); 1574–81. ©2012 AACR.
Cancer Prevention for Global Health: A Report from the ASPO International Cancer Prevention Interest Group
Authors: Braithwaite Dejana , Boffetta Paolo , Rebbeck Timothy R. , Meyskens Frank 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
As cancer incidence and mortality rates increase in low- and middle-income countries, the need for cancer prevention and control research directed to these countries becomes increasingly important. The American Society of Preventive Oncology (ASPO) is a community of professionals in cancer prevention and control whose mission is to “foster the continuing development of investigators and the exchange and translation of scientific information to reduce the cancer burden.”
In the session presented at the ASPO 36th Annual Meeting in Washington, DC in March 2012, chaired by Drs. Frank Meyskens and Dejana Braithwaite, Dr. Paolo Boffetta discussed some of the achievements in global cancer prevention and suggested that future efforts focus on three major causes of cancer: tobacco-use, infections, and overweight/obesity. Dr. Timothy Rebbeck presented an overview of prostate cancer research in sub-Saharan Africa and highlighted how the complex nature of prostate cancer etiology and outcomes can be addressed through capacity-building research partnerships.
Cancer is an emerging public health challenge in developing countries because of the aging and expansion of the population and increased prevalence of cancer risk factors such as smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and reproductive factors. There are opportunities to reduce the growing cancer burden through the development of research capacity and the application of resource-appropriate interventions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(9); 1606–10. ©2012 AACR.
A Spheroid Weighted‐Axis Converter of Vestibular Schwannoma Size
Authors: Prendes Brandon L. , Groppo Eli R. , Reynolds Catherine L. , Parsa Andrew T. , Cheung Steven W. 
Published: September 2012

ObjectivesTo evaluate spheroid models of vestibular schwannoma (VS) size for bidirectional conversion of maximum diameter in the cistern and 3‐dimensional volume.Study DesignMethodological study.SettingAcademic tertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsMagnetic resonance imaging studies from 91 patients with VS from 2003 to 2011 were analyzed. Linear measurements defining meatal and cisternal components were extracted. Geometrically based conformal models of tumor volume were compared with measured tumor volume using a semiautomated computerized tracing method. Models were inverted to predict maximum axial cisternal length at the level of the internal auditory canal (IAC).ResultsA spheroid‐weighted axis converter (SWC) of VS size was identified by minimizing input measurement parameters while maximizing output prediction performance. Computation steps of tumor volumes were (1) meatal—measure tumor lengths along the IAC and at the porus acusticus and take the average of a cone and cylinder and (2) cisternal—measure maximum tumor length in the axial IAC plane, use the median major:minor axis ratio of 1.26:1 to estimate minor axis length, take the geometric mean of axial dimensions to estimate axis length in the coronal plane, and apply input lengths to a spheroid. Performance error of this SWC had interquartile ranges of 33% for volume and 2 to 3 mm for maximum cisternal length.ConclusionReporting variability of VS tumor size has made it difficult to reconcile outcomes studies. We propose an accessible tool for bidirectional conversion of volumetric and linear indices of tumor size to unlock potential for meta‐analyses of disparate data sets.
Gene expression profiling of the synergy of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine and paclitaxel against renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Han Tiandong , Shang Donghao , Xu Xiuhong , Tian Ye 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most common kidney cancers and is highly resistant to chemotherapy. We previously demonstrated that 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (DAC) could significantly increase the susceptibility of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells to paclitaxel (PTX) treatment in vitro, and showed the synergy of DAC and PTX against RCC. The purpose of this study is to investigated the gene transcriptional alteration and investigate possible molecular mechanism and pathways implicated in the synergy of DAC and PTX against RCC.

Methods
cDNA microarray was performed and coupled with real-time PCR to identify critical genes in the synergistic mechanism of both agents against RCC cells. Various patterns of gene expression were observed by cluster analysis. IPA software was used to analyze possible biological pathways and to explore the inter-relationships between interesting network genes.

Results
We found that lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1), transforming growth factor β-induced (TGFBI), C-X-C motif ligand 5 (CXCL5) and myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene (c-myc) may play a pivotal role in the synergy of DAC and PTX. The PI3K/Akt pathway and other pathways associated with cyclins, DNA replication and cell cycle/mitotic regulation were also associated with the synergy of DAC and PTX against RCC.

Conclusion
The activation of PI3K/Akt-LEF1/β-catenin pathway could be suppressed synergistically by two agents and that PI3K/Akt-LEF1/β-catenin pathway is participated in the synergy of two agents.
Modulares Ultraschall-Array-Doppler-Velozimeter zur Messung von komplexen Strömungen in Flüssigmetallen
Authors: Burger Markus , Nauber Richard , Neumann Mathias , Büttner Lars , Czarske Jürgen 
Published: September 2012

Zusammenfassung
Bei verschiedenen industriellen Verfahren der Metallurgie und der Halbleiterkristallzucht werden Magnetfelder eingesetzt, um Flüssigkeitsströmungen in elektrisch leitfähigen Schmelzen zu beeinflussen. Die Überwachung der Strömungsprozesse erfolgt häufig mit Ultraschall. Zeit- und Ortsauflösung der gegenwärtig kommerziell verfügbaren Ultraschallmesssysteme reichen jedoch nicht aus, um beispielsweise komplexe Wirbelstrukturen oder Turbulenzen aufzulösen. Dieser Beitrag stellt mit dem modularen Ultraschall-Array-Doppler-Velozimeter ein neuartiges Messsystem vor, das es ermöglicht, solche Strömungen mehrdimensional und mehrkomponentig zu erfassen. Durch den Einsatz von vier Ultraschallwandlerarrays mit je 25 Piezoelementen und einer parallelisierten Ansteuerung der Elemente im Zeitmultiplex werden Bildwiederholraten von 28 Hz bei einer Ortsauflösung von ca. 3 mm erreicht. Damit ergeben sich neue Möglichkeiten zu einem weiterführenden Verständnis von komplexen Strömungsprozessen in der Magnetohydrodynamik.
Acid Etching and Plasma Sterilization Fail to Improve Osseointegration of Grit Blasted Titanium Implants
Authors: Saksø Mikkel , Jakobsen Stig S , Saksø Henrik , Baas Jørgen , Jakobsen Thomas , Søballe Kjeld 
Published: September 2012

Interaction between implant surface and surrounding bone influences implant fixation. We attempted to improve the bone-implant interaction by 1) adding surface micro scale topography by acid etching, and 2) removing surface-adherent pro-inflammatory agents by plasma cleaning. Implant fixation was evaluated by implant osseointegration and biomechanical fixation.
The study consisted of two paired animal sub-studies where 10 skeletally mature Labrador dogs were used. Grit blasted titanium alloy implants were inserted press fit in each proximal tibia. In the first study grit blasted implants were compared with acid etched grit blasted implants. In the second study grit blasted implants were compared with acid etched grit blasted implants that were further treated with plasma sterilization. Implant performance was evaluated by histomorphometrical investigation (tissue-to-implant contact, peri-implant tissue density) and mechanical push-out testing after four weeks observation time.
Neither acid etching nor plasma sterilization of the grit blasted implants enhanced osseointegration or mechanical fixation in this press-fit canine implant model in a statistically significant manner.
Cerebral Oximetry and Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Patients Undergoing Surgery for Hip Fractures: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Papadopoulos George , Karanikolas Menelaos , Liarmakopoulou Antonia , Papathanakos George , Korre Marianna , Beris Alexander 
Published: September 2012

Aim:This study was conducted to examine perioperative cerebral oximetry changes in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture repair and evaluate the correlation between regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) values, postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and hospital stay.Materials and Methods:This prospective observational study included 69 patients. Data recorded included demographic information, rSO2values from baseline until the second postoperative hour and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores preoperatively and on postoperative day 7. MMSE score ≤23 was considered evidence of cognitive dysfunction. Postoperative confusion or agitation, medications administered for postoperative agitation, and hospital length of stay were also recorded. Data were analyzed with Student’s t-test, Pearson’s correlation or multiple regression analysis as appropriate.Results:Patient age was 74±13 years. Baseline left sided rSO2values were 60±10 and increased significantly after intubation. Baseline rSO2L<50 and <45 was observed in 11.6% and 10.1% of patients respectively. Perioperative cerebral desaturation occurred in 40% of patients. MMSE score was 26.23 ± 2.77 before surgery and 25.94 ± 2.52 on postoperative day 7 (p=0.326). MMSE scores ≤ 23 were observed preoperatively in 6 and postoperatively in 9 patients. Patients with cognitive dysfunction had lower preoperative hematocrit, hemoglobin, SpO2and rSO2values at all times, compared to patients who did not. There was no correlation between rSO2or POCD and hospital stay. Patients with baseline rSO2<5 required more medications for postoperative agitation.Conclusion:Cognitive dysfunction occurs preoperatively and postoperatively in elderly patients with hip fractures, and is associated with low cerebral rSO2values.