bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tungsten heavy alloy as a filler metal for repair welding of dies for high pressure die casting
Authors: Skumavc Andrej , Tušek Janez , Nagode Aleš , Kosec Ladislav 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This paper presents the preliminary test of tungsten heavy alloy as a filler metal for repair welding of high pressure die casting dies. H13 grade hot work tool steel was used as a base material. Multipass gas tungsten arc welding was used to fill a single-V butt joint with tungsten heavy alloy in the form of a welding rod. The microstructure of the weld was examined using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. It was found that tungsten grains are not dissolved completely during welding and areas of fine eutectic were formed during solidification of the weld. The hardness of the weld was measured in three courses across the weld and increased in the heat affected zone while the weld hardness was below 380 HV0.3. Charpy V-notched samples were prepared from the weld. The high content of tungsten grains distributed in the nickel–iron weld matrix resulted in low impact toughness of 5.1 J. Face bend testing of the weld was conducted in order to study weld ductility.
The evolution of Y distribution during the processing route of mechanically alloyed iron studied by means of atom probe tomography
Authors: Ressel G. , Primig S. , Leitner H. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Oxide dispersion strengthening of steels has become quite popular during the last few years. Especially because of their thermal stability, Y–O clusters can improve high temperature properties such as strength, hardness and creep strength. Oxide dispersion strengthened steel is a promising candidate for applications mainly in fast breeder reactors. In order to establish a better understanding of the strengthening mechanism, this study focuses on an evolution of the Y distribution in mechanically alloyed iron during the process route, employing atom probe tomography. After mechanical alloying, Y seems to be distributed in extremely fine clusters and partly dissolved in the matrix. Enrichment of alloying elements in the Y–O clusters in the mechanically alloyed state is evidence for diffusion processes taking place during mechanical alloying. During hot isostatic pressing at elevated temperatures, dissolved Y atoms accumulate and build distinct clusters. These clusters stay stable even after annealing at 600°C for 8 hours.
Experimental study of phase equilibria in the “SnO”–SiO2–“FeO” system at silica saturation, and fixed oxygen partial pressures at 1473 K
Authors: Xu Xiaoyong , Henao Hector M. , Hayes Peter C. , Jak Evgueni 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The partitioning of tin between the slag and metallic phases, and the effect of oxygen partial pressure on the slag liquidus at tridymite saturation in the “SnO”–SiO2–“FeO” system at 1473 K have been measured. The experimental methodology includes high temperature equilibration and quenching, followed by the analysis of the compositions of the oxide phases by means of electron probe X-ray microanalysis, and the analysis of the compositions of the metallic phases using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The activity coefficient of SnO in slag has been calculated to be 1.13 ± 0.06, and Henry's law is shown to be obeyed in the slag at least up to 0.20 mol fraction of SnO.
Data repeatability and acquisition techniques for time‐domain spectral induced polarization
Authors: Gazoty A. , Fiandaca G. , Pedersen J. , Auken E. , Christiansen A.V. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe Time Domain Induced Polarization (TDIP) technique is widely used in applied geophysics, particularly for environmental issues, for instance for delineating landfills or detecting leachate percolation. Because the reliability of IP data remains an issue at the field scale, this paper deals with the factors controlling data quality and compares different arrays and acquisition parameters for optimal collection of data in the field.The first part focuses on repeatability experiments carried out in the former Hørløkke landfill (Denmark), in order to infer the degree of which a signal can be reproduced over time. Results show a good repeatability, with on average less than 10% of difference in raw data. Also, from the results it is inferred that the paramount parameter controlling repeatability is the IP signal level; a value of 2 mV is a sufficient threshold to ensure repeatability within 10% of data difference, although system dependant.The second part focuses on survey design and underlines the importance of keeping the geometrical factor low. This points to the choice of a relevant measurement protocol, which depends on the threshold of the geometrical factor, again depending on expected chargeability and resistivity, threshold voltage and injected current. Furthermore, acquisition parameters such as the duration of the pulse injection and data sampling have a significant effect on both the signal‐to‐noise ratio and resolution. A comprehensive comparison between three protocols, the gradient array, the linear grid and the dipole‐dipole array, is shown and the choice of an acquisition sequence is discussed.
GPR investigations at an Inca‐Spanish site in Argentina
Authors: Bonomo Néstor , Osella Ana , Ratto Norma 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTWe present the results of a GPR prospecting carried out at the archaeological site of Batungasta, in the NW region of Argentina. This site was established by the Incas in the 14th century and was later occupied during the Spaniard conquest. Environmental information obtained at this arid zone led us to postulate that parts of the site buildings had been seriously damaged and buried by seasonal flood events as well as aeolian sedimentation. Therefore, we considered applying the GPR method to investigate the existence of buried remains, their architectural characteristics and to provide further evidence about the flows that possibly affected them. This method seemed suitable to attain these goals since it usually provides a good detection capacity for architectural structures and layers in dry environments, as well as good quality maps of the soil. Seven sectors of the site were surveyed using a GPR constant‐offset methodology and 500 MHz antennas. The analysis of the data allowed recognizing electromagnetic patterns that could be associated to the existence of walls. In six of the seven sectors, enclosures formed by rock‐earth and earth walls were detected and mapped, confirming Incaic‐Spanish and Spanish structures, respectively. A sedimentary layer produced by a large flood that covered the structures was detected and mapped, providing evidence of this kind of event and its influence on the site. The maps of this layer were also useful to indirectly visualize the 3D shapes of the discovered walls, which were unclear in many sections of the data and to detect additional anthropogenic structures with very bad preservation conditions. These structures had not been previously identified from analysis of the data sections due to the confusing aspect of the reflections produced at their irregular boundaries.
Les nouvelles technologies éducatives dans l'exploitation du scénario pédagogique
Authors: Andréolle Donna 
Published: July 2013

L’enseignement des langues subit actuellement une mutation due à l’explosion des nouvelles technologies de formation, d’information et de communication qui bouleversent nos « attitudes » pédagogiques dans la salle de classe. Cet article présente le scénario de tâches complémentaires et son utilisation dans le cadre d’un séminaire langues et cultures sur le discours politique aux États-Unis, ainsi que le rôle de divers outils multimédias dans la réalisation des différentes phases de travail proposées aux apprenants.
A Small Shared Epitope–Mimetic Compound Potently Accelerates Osteoclast-Mediated Bone Damage in Autoimmune Arthritis
Authors: Fu Jiaqi , Ling Song , Liu Ying , Yang Jianyi , Naveh Shirly , Hannah Margaret , Gilon Chaim , Zhang Yang , Holoshitz Joseph 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe have recently proposed that the shared epitope (SE) may contribute to rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis by acting as a ligand that activates proarthritogenic signal transduction events. To examine this hypothesis, in this study we characterized a novel small SE-mimetic compound, c(HS4-4), containing the SE primary sequence motif QKRAA, which was synthesized using a backbone cyclization method. The SE-mimetic c(HS4-4) compound interacted strongly with the SE receptor calreticulin, potently activated NO and reactive oxygen species production, and markedly facilitated osteoclast differentiation and function in vitro. The pro-osteoclastogenic potency of c(HS4-4) was 100,000- to 1,000,000-fold higher than the potency of a recently described linear SE peptidic ligand. When administered in vivo at nanogram doses, c(HS4-4) enhanced Th17 expansion, and in mice with collagen-induced arthritis it facilitated disease onset, increased disease incidence and severity, enhanced osteoclast abundance in synovial tissues and osteoclastogenic propensities of bone marrow–derived cells, and augmented bone destruction. In conclusion, c(HS4-4), a highly potent small SE-mimetic compound enhances bone damage and disease severity in inflammatory arthritis. These findings support the hypothesis that the SE acts as a signal transduction ligand that activates a CRT-mediated proarthritogenic pathway.
Rapid and Unidirectional Perforin Pore Delivery at the Cytotoxic Immune Synapse
Authors: Lopez Jamie A. , Jenkins Misty R. , Rudd-Schmidt Jesse A. , Brennan Amelia J. , Danne Jillian C. , Mannering Stuart I. , Trapani Joseph A. , Voskoboinik Ilia 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The effective engagement of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CLs) with their target cells is essential for the removal of virus-infected and malignant cells from the body. The spatiotemporal properties that define CL engagement and killing of target cells remain largely uncharacterized due to a lack of biological reporters. We have used a novel live cell microscopy technique to visualize the engagement of primary human and mouse CL with their targets and the subsequent delivery of the lethal hit. Extensive quantitative real-time analysis of individual effector–target cell conjugates demonstrated that a single effector calcium flux event was sufficient for the degranulation of human CLs, resulting in the breach of the target cell membrane by perforin within 65–100 s. In contrast, mouse CLs demonstrated distinct calcium signaling profiles leading to degranulation: whereas mouse NKs required a single calcium flux event, CD8+ T cells typically required several calcium flux events before perforin delivery. Irrespective of their signaling profile, every target cell that was damaged by perforin died by apoptosis. To our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time that perforin pore delivery is unidirectional, occurring exclusively on the target cell membrane, but sparing the killer cell. Despite this, the CTL membrane was not intrinsically perforin resistant, as intact CTLs presented as targets to effector CTLs were capable of being killed by perforin-dependent mechanisms. Our results highlight the remarkable efficiency and specificity of perforin pore delivery by CLs.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Mirtazapine versus Paroxetine in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Rodriguez Alexandre González , Ferrer Cristóbal Gastó , Odriozola Victor Navarro 
Published: July 2013

Objective To compare the efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine and mirtazapine in the treatment of major depression. Data sources Searches were conducted to identify studies through Medline (1980-2011), PsycInfo (1980-2011) and PubMed databases up to June 2011. The searches were not restricted to publication type or clinical trial design. Study Selection A clinical trial was included if it described a trial of paroxetine versus mirtazapine in patients with major depression, based on the research evidence of reviews. Data Abstraction Three assessors analyzed the quality of the trials and extracted study design data, trial features, efficacy and toler-ability assessment tools, discontinuation reasons for both antidepressants and remitter and responder rates. Results We included six randomized controlled trials, one open-label, randomized controlled trial and four systematic reviews and metaanalysis. Rates of remission and response between mirtazapine and paroxetine were compared: at the beginning (1-2 weeks) there were statistically significant differences in mirtazapine treated patients, but these were not found at the end of assessment period (6-8 weeks). Discontinuation rates between the two drugs showed no differences, with an adverse event profile characteristic of each drug. Conclusions Mirtazapine and paroxetine were equally effective and well-tolerated in major depressive disorder. Differences in effectiveness were only observed in the first or second week of treatment when mirtazapine showed earlier onset of action.
A Heresy of State:
Authors: Julien Théry 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
This article provides an outline for a new interpretation of the trial of the Templars, with special attention to the texts written by the instigators of the case, namely, Philip the Fair and his ministers. The trial had everything to do with the growth of the French monarchy. With the “discovery” and repression of the “Templars' heresy,” the Capetian monarchy claimed for itself the mystic foundations of the papal theocracy. The Temple case was the last step of a process of appropriating these foundations, which had begun with the Franco-papal rift at the time of Boniface VIII. Being the ultimate defender of the Catholic faith, the Capetian king was now fully invested with a Christlike function that put him above the pope. What was at stake in the Templars' trial was the establishment of a royal theocracy.
Sonographically Guided Deep Plantar Fascia Injections
Authors: Maida Eugene , Presley James C. , Murthy Naveen , Pawlina Wojciech , Smith Jay 
Published: July 2013

ObjectivesTo determine the distribution of sonographically guided deep plantar fascia injections in an unembalmed cadaveric model.MethodsA single experienced operator completed 10 sonographically guided deep plantar fascia injections in 10 unembalmed cadaveric specimens (5 right and 5 left) obtained from 6 donors (2 male and 4 female) aged 49 to 95 years (mean, 77.5 years) with a mean body mass index of 23.2 kg/m2 (range, 18.4–26.3 kg/m2). A 12–3‐MHz linear array transducer was used to direct a 22‐gauge, 38‐mm stainless steel needle deep to the plantar fascia at the anterior aspect of the calcaneus using an in‐plane, medial‐to‐lateral approach. In each case, 1.5 mL of 50% diluted colored latex was injected deep to the plantar fascia. After a minimum of 72 hours, study coinvestigators dissected each specimen to assess injectate placement.ResultsAll 10 injections accurately placed latex adjacent to the deep side of the plantar fascia at the anterior calcaneus. However, the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) origin from the plantar fascia variably limited direct latex contact with the plantar fascia, and small amounts of latex interdigitated with the FDB origin in 90% (9 of 10). In all 10 specimens, latex also covered the traversing first branch of the lateral plantar nerve (FBLPN, ie, Baxter nerve) between the FDB and quadratus plantae muscles. No latex was found in the plantar fat pad or plantar fascia in any specimen.ConclusionsSonographically guided deep plantar fascia injections reliably deliver latex deep to the plantar fascia while avoiding intrafascial injection. However, the extent of direct plantar fascia contact is variable due to the intervening FDB. On the contrary, the traversing FBLPN is reliably covered by the injection. Deep plantar fascia injections may have a role in the management of refractory plantar fasciitis, particularly following failed superficial perifascial or intrafascial injections, in cases of preferential deep plantar fascia involvement, or when entrapment/irritation of the distal FBLPN is suspected.
Welcome to the International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research
Authors: Graham Kathryn , Clapp, Editors-in-Chief John D. 
Published: July 2013

(no abstract)Graham, K. & Clapp, J.D. (2012). Welcome to the International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 1(1), 1-3. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v1i1.68 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v1i1.68)
The comparative risk assessment for alcohol as part of the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study: What changed from the last study?
Authors: Rehm Jürgen , Borges Guilherme , Gmel Gerhard , Graham Kathryn , Grant Bridget , Parry Charles , Poznyak Vladimir , Room Robin 
Published: July 2013

Rehm, J., Borges, G., Gmel, G., Graham, K., Grant, B., Parry, C., Poznyak, V. & Room R. (2013). The comparative risk assessment for alcohol as part of the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study: What changed from the last study? International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 2(1), 1-5. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.132 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.132)In December 2012, the new results of the Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) for alcohol within the Global Burden of Disease and Injury (GBD) Study 2010 were presented at a joint meeting of the GBD Group and the journal Lancet at the Royal Society in London (Lim et al., 2012). At first glance, there do not appear to be many changes to alcohol consumption as a risk factor for death and disability: it is identified as the third most important risk factor, as it was in the last CRA (World Health Organization, 2009). The burden of disease attributable to alcohol had increased, compared to the 2004 estimate (Rehm, Mathers et al., 2009), but this could be due to an increase in global population, or to variations in the methodologies behind the 2004 and 2010 estimates.
What happened to alcohol consumption and problems in the Nordic countries when alcohol taxes were decreased and borders opened?
Authors: Room Robin , Bloomfield Kim , Gmel Gerhard , Grittner Ulrike , Gustafsson Nina-Katri , Mäkelä Pia , Österberg Esa , Ramstedt Mats , Rehm Jürgen , Wicki Matthias 
Published: July 2013

Room. R., Bloomfield, K., Gmel, G., Grittner, U., Gustafsson, N.-K., Mäkelä, P., Österberg, E., Ramstedt, M., Rehm, J. & Wicki, M. (2013). What happened to alcohol consumption and problems in the Nordic countries when alcohol taxes were decreased and borders opened? International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 2(1), 77-87. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.58 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.58)Aims: The study tests the effects of reductions in alcohol taxation and increases in travellers’ allowances on alcohol consumption and related harm in Denmark, Finland, and southern Sweden. In late 2003 and early 2004, taxes on alcoholic beverages were reduced in Denmark and Finland, and the abolition of quantitative quotas on alcohol import for personal use from other European Union countries made cheaper alcohol more available in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden.Method: Analyses of routine statistical register data and summaries of results from longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional population surveys and other previous analyses, with northern Sweden as a control site for secular trends.Results: Contrary to expectations, alcohol consumption—as based on register data—increased only in Finland and not in Denmark and southern Sweden, and self-reported survey data did not show an increase in any site. In Finland, alcohol-attributable harms in register data increased, especially in people with low socio-economic status. Few such effects were found in Denmark and southern Sweden. Neither did results for self-reported alcohol-attributable problems show any general increases in the three sites. These results remained after controlling for regression to the mean and modelling of drop-outs.Conclusions: Harms measured in register data did tend to increase in the short term with the policy change, particularly in Finland, where the tax changes were broader. But reducing price and increasing availability does not always increase alcohol consumption and harm. Effects are dampened in affluent societies, and other factors may intervene. The results for Finland also suggest some limits for general population surveys in testing for relatively small policy effects.
Alcohol consumption among Chilean adolescents: Examining individual, peer, parenting and environmental factors
Authors: Sanhueza Guillermo Enrique , Delva Jorge , Bares Cristina , Grogan-Kaylor Andrew 
Published: July 2013

Sanhueza, G. E., Delva, J., Bares, C. B. & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2013). Alcohol consumption among Chilean adolescents: Examining individual, peer, parenting and environmental factors. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 2(1), 89-97. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.71 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.71)Aims: This study examined whether adolescents from Santiago, Chile who had never drunk alcohol differed from those who had drunk alcohol but who had never experienced an alcohol-related problem, as well as from those who had drunk and who had experienced at least one alcohol-related problem on a number of variables from four domains - individual, peers, parenting, and environmental.Design: Cross-sectional.Setting: Community based sample.Participants: 909 adolescents from Santiago, Chile.Measurements: Data were analyzed with multinomial logistic regression to compare adolescents who had never drunk alcohol (non-drinkers) with i) those that had drunk but who had experienced no alcohol-related problems (non-problematic drinkers) and ii) those who had drunk alcohol and had experienced at least one alcohol-related problem (problematic drinkers). The analyses included individual, peer, parenting, and environmental factors while controlling for age, sex, and socioeconomic status.Findings: Compared to non-drinkers, both non-problematic and problematic drinkers were older, reported having more friends who drank alcohol, greater exposure to alcohol ads, lower levels of parental monitoring, and more risk-taking behaviors. In addition, problematic drinkers placed less importance on religious faith to make daily life decisions and had higher perceptions of neighborhood crime than non-drinkers.Conclusions: Prevention programs aimed at decreasing problematic drinking could benefit from drawing upon adolescents’ spiritual sources of strength, reinforcing parental tools to monitor their adolescents, and improving environmental and neighborhood conditions.