bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aggressive basal cell carcinoma: dermatoscopy vascular features as clues to the diagnosis
Authors: Pyne John , Sapkota Devendra , Wong Jian Cheng 
Published: September 2012

Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) can present with indolent or aggressive subtypes. These subtypes usually display vascular features, which are often readily identified using dermatoscopy.
Objective: Dermatoscopy vascular features of aggressive BCC were compared to superficial, superficial and nodular, and nodular BCC for diagnostic discrimination.
Method: Dermatoscopy vascular features were recorded live direct from the patient for 1,098 consecutive BCC. Cases with potential confounding influences were excluded. These tumor vascular features included branching (arborizing), serpentine, dot, coil (glomerular), loop (hairpin) and linear vessels. The proportion of pink within the tumor, central versus peripheral tumor vessel distribution and the presence of large vessels within the tumor boundary were also recorded.
Results: Different subtypes of BCC have distinctive vascular features. Aggressive BCC (n=213) displays a tumor area with no pink (12.2%) or less than half the area pink (27.2%) and absent vessels in the central tumor area (22.1%, CI 17.0%-28.1%, P<0.001) compared to other subtypes. Superficial BCC (n=284) have more than half the tumor area pink (84.9%) and absent large vessels (92.6%), CI 89.0% – 95.1%. Nodular BCC (n=230) is characterized by larger vessels (45.7%, CI 39.3%-52.1%, P<0.001) as compared to other subtypes, as well as less dot, coil and loop vessels. Kappa values for all recorded features ranged from 0.48 to 1.0.
Limitations: Aggressive BCCs within the combined aggressive group were not assessed separately.
Conclusions: Diagnostic discrimination between different subtypes of BCC is facilitated by vascular feature assessment. Compared to other subtypes, aggressive BCC displays less or no pink and less or absent central tumor vessels.
Lip and Oral Cavity
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Retinoblastoma
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Changes in the properties of normal human red blood cells during in vivo aging
Authors: Franco Robert S. , Puchulu‐Campanella M. Estela , Barber Latorya A. , Palascak Mary B. , Joiner Clinton H. , Low Philip S. , Cohen Robert M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe changes in red blood cells (RBC) as they age and the mechanisms for their eventual removal have been of interest for many years. Proposed age‐related changes include dehydration with increased density and decreased size, increased membrane IgG, loss of membrane phospholipid asymmetry, and decreased activity of KCl cotransport. The biotin RBC label allows unambiguous identification of older cells and exploration of their properties as they age. Autologous normal human RBC were labeled ex vivo and, after reinfusion, compared with unlabeled RBC throughout their lifespan. RBC density increased with age, with most of the change in the first weeks. Near the end of their lifespan, RBC had increased surface IgG. However, there was no evidence for elevated external phosphatidylserine (PS) even though older RBC had significantly lower activity of aminophospholipid translocase (APLT). KCl cotransport activity persisted well past the reticulocyte stage, but eventually decreased as the RBC became older. These studies place limitations on the use of density fractionation for the study of older human RBC, and do not support loss of phospholipid asymmetry as a mechanism for human RBC senescence. However, increased levels of IgG were associated with older RBC, and may contribute to their removal from the circulation. Am. J. Hematol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reproductive effects on skeletal health in Shuar women of Amazonian Ecuador: A life history perspective
Authors: Madimenos Felicia C. , Snodgrass J. Josh , Liebert Melissa A. , Cepon Tara J. , Sugiyama Lawrence S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective:Clinical and epidemiological research suggest that bone mineral density (BMD) in women is shaped by various reproductive factors such as parity and lactation patterns. However, the extent of these effects on BMD remains unclear because of contradictory findings and a focus on industrialized populations. Because fertility patterns in these groups are vastly different than those of women from non‐Western, subsistence populations, our current understanding of the reproductive effects on skeletal health is incomplete. Using a life history perspective, this study examines the relationship between reproductive factors and bone density among women from the Indigenous Shuar population, an Amazonian Ecuadorian forager‐horticulturalist group.Methods:This preliminary, cross‐sectional study included 130 premenopausal and postmenopausal women (14–86 years old) from the Morona‐Santiago region of Ecuador. Anthropometrics were recorded, as was estimated BMD using a calcaneal ultrasonometer. A reproductive history questionnaire was administered that included questions regarding menarche, parity, lactation patterns, and menopause.Results:Among postmenopausal women, early menarche and greater stature were significantly associated with higher bone density values. Among premenopausal women, few significant relationships between bone values and reproductive variables were documented; effects of lactation appeared to be transient and restored following weaning.Conclusions:Although preliminary and not based on longitudinal data, these findings suggest that the effects of reproduction are transient as the system of calcium homeostasis in premenopausal women efficiently restores the bone loss that results from metabolically active reproductive states. Further, this research suggests that the timing of early life history events may canalize bone density phenotype. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strukturen alkalimetallorganischer und verwandter Verbindungen
Authors: Weiss Erwin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDie Erforschung der Reaktivität und Struktur alkalimetallorganischer Verbindungen hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten eine geradezu stürmische Entwicklung durchlaufen. Zu diesen Verbindungen gehören einige für das Verständnis der chemischen Bindung besonders wichtige und auch einfache wie die Methylverbindungen der Alkalimetalle, deren Strukturen nun vollständig aufgeklärt sind. Ganz allgemein erwiesen sich die organischen Verbindungen der Alkalimetalle und auch des Magnesiums als Ionenaggregate, deren Eigenschaften sich durch Solvatisierung, z.B. durch Ether und Amine, stark verändern lassen. Auf diesen Erkenntnissen beruhen auch wichtige Fortschritte bei der Synthese vor allem von Verbindungen der schwereren Alkalimetalle. Lange galten die Alkalimetalle als wenig koordinationsfreundlich, und ihre Komplexchemie bot kaum Überraschungen. Dieses Bild hat sich völlig gewandelt. Kristallstrukturuntersuchungen erbrachten eine Fülle von oft überraschenden Strukturtypen (Ringe, Heterocubane, Ketten, Stapel etc.), nicht nur bei ihren organischen Verbindungen, sondern auch bei ihren Amiden, Imiden, Alkoxiden, Phenoxiden, Enolaten und sogar Halogeniden. Ein Vergleich läßt interessante Gemeinsamkeiten der scheinbar so verschiedenen Verbindungen erkennen und führt zu einer allgemeineren Klassifizierung derartiger Strukturtypen mit C‐, N‐, O‐ und Halogeno‐Liganden.
Wasserlösliche Liganden, Metallkomplexe und Komplexkatalysatoren: Synergismen aus Homogen‐ und Heterogenkatalyse
Authors: Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Kohlpaintner Christian W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRasche Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Katalyse führen zu einem zunehmenden Bedarf an maßgeschneiderten Katalysatoren. Wasserlösliche Komplexkatalysatoren, neuerdings intensiv erforscht, vereinigen Vorteile der Homogen‐ und Heterogenkatalyse: einfache und vollständige Produkt‐Katalysator‐Trennung, hohe Aktivitäten und hohe Selektivitäten. Aus dem großen Repertoire an wasserlöslichen Liganden lassen sich für viele Reaktionen maßgeschneiderte Katalysatoren entwickeln. Industrielle Anwendungen auf den Gebieten der Hydrierung und Hydroformylierung zeigen schon heute die breiten Einsatzmöglichkeiten dieser Katalysatorklasse. Die Jahresproduktion von 300 000 Tonnen Butyraldehyd auf der Basis wasserlöslicher Rhodiumkomplexe im Ruhrchemie/Rhône‐Poulenc‐Verfahren überzeugt schon jetzt von der technischen Anwendbarkeit des Konzepts der komplexkatalysierten Reaktionen in Zweiphasensystemen. Die effiziente Gestaltung katalytischer Prozesse erfordert zunehmend die verlustfreie Rückführung des Edelmetallkontaktes, was mit Zweiphasensystemen einfach und ökonomisch realisierbar ist. Spezialanwendungen bei biochemischen Problemen eröffnen wasserlöslichen übergangsmetallkomplexen Entwicklungsfelder, die weit über die angestammte Homogenkatalyse hinausweisen. In naher Zukunft wird die Erforschung und Anwendung von Metallkomplexkatalysatoren, die im physiologisch unbedenklichen, billigen und umweltfreundlichen Lösemittel Wasser ihre Wirkung entfalten, zu einem Schwerpunkt der Katalysatorforschung werden.
Hydrophobe Effekte – Ansichten und Tatsachen
Authors: Blokzijl Wilfried , Engberts Jan B. F. N. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDas Bestreben relativ unpolarer Verbindungen, sich in wäßriger Lösung aneinander zu lagern, wird mit dem Begriff hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen beschrieben. Diese Wechselwirkungen sind in vielen Gebieten der Chemie, einschließlich der Chemie in vivo, von entscheidender Bedeutung. Enzym‐Substrat‐Wechselwirkungen, die Anordnung von Lipiden in biologischen Membranen, die Aggregation oberflächenaktiver Stoffe und kinetische Solvenseffekte in wasserreichen Lösungsmittelsystemen – sie alle werden in erster Linie durch hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen bestimmt. Trotz enormer Anstrengungen weiß man noch wenig über die Hydratation unpolarer Moleküle und über die nichtkovalenten Wechselwirkungen zwischen diesen Molekülen in Wasser. Wenn man sich nun die Frage stellt, was denn die treibende Kraft hinter hydrophoben Wechselwirkungen ist, so führt dies zu der Forderung, die herausragenden Eigenschaften flüssigen Wassers genau zu verstehen. Diese übersicht beschreibt einige neue Erkenntnisse auf diesem Gebiet aus den letzten zehn Jahren. Schwerpunkte sind sowohl die hydrophobe Hydratation als auch hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen, denn beide Phänomene hängen ganz eng zusammen. Es hat sich gezeigt, daß viele der bisherigen Sichtweisen zutiefst unbefriedigend sind, und man hat mutige Versuche unternommen, die treibende Kraft für hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen zwischen zwei oder vielen Molekülen zu verstehen. Hier wird eine zugegebenerweise persönliche Auswahl experimenteller und theoretischer Entwicklungen der letzten Zeit vorgestellt und, wenn nötig, durch Hinweise auf relevante frühere Studien ergänzt.
Einfluß der Symbolik und des Formalismus auf die Entwicklung des mathematischen Denkens
Authors: Knobloch Eberhard 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe object of this article is the study of possibilities and tendencies arising from the use of symbolic language including signs, characters, and symbols in mathematics. Five aspects are discussed: compactness and simultaneity, problem‐solving and generalizations, heuristics and progress, mechanisms and calculations, formalism. This is done primarily by looking at three disciplines, which at the same time are of fundamental importance to theoretical physics: classical algebra, calculus, and vector analysis.Mathematical achievements and statements by eminent mathematicians from antiquity to the present (Archimedes, Leibniz, Newton, Euler, Gauß, Hilbert) show the importance of adequate symbolism for the development of mathematics. The corresponding philosophical discussions (Hobbes, Condillac, Degérando, Apelt, Cassirer, among others) are controversial.
Erschließung neuer Wahrnehmungsebenen durch die Kinematographie: Ästhetik‐Überlegungen zum wissenschaftlichen Film
Authors: Reimers Karl Friedrich 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBy some recent meanings of psychological research in structures of perception cinematographical research and education ist compelled to take the fluctuation between emotions/sensations and cognitions into a more systematic consideration. ‚Born’︁ as well on the market‐place as by experimental research documentations film as a medium can offer essential connecting links for this aspect. Certainly there is to begin with recovering an especially understanding of esthetics: more different relations between various standards of qualitative and quantitative analysis must be rendered possible. This is substantial, first of all, for an experimentally working anthropology, research in cultures/civilizations, and sociological sciences. In these fields of research and education, if using research film, we especially need inter‐disciplinary cooperations for critical investigation and for making didactical use of cinematographic sources.
Strukturen der wissenschaftlichen Betätigung und das zeitlich exponentielle Wachstum der neuzeitlichen Naturwissenschaft
Authors: Stuhlhofer Franz 
Published: September 2012

AbstractStructures of scientific activity and the exponential growth (as a function of time) of modern science. Scientific research may have an additive, multiplicative or exponential character. ‚Additive’︁ signifies that single facts are gathered; ‚multiplicative’︁ signifies that out of several facts, a regularity or formula is recognized: single facts are thereby multiplied into many. ‚Exponential’︁ signifies that every finding serves as a springboard for further findings, which in turn serve as springboards for others as well. This exponential character, however, does not necessarily have as a consequence an exponential growth of knowledge as a function of time.The slogan of the doubling of knowledge every 15 years is not universally valid: since the 16th century knowledge of plant species has doubled every 60 years; for animal species during the two centuries before ca. 1930, the doubling period is 21–22 years. For comets, the doubling periods are considerably longer and for chemical elements, the increase is only linear (one new element every 2 1/2 years). Science as a whole is composed of many such smaller fields. The specification of the speed (or better the acceleration) of its growth depends on which ‚degree of importance’︁ of knowledge is measured. If one takes only very important (e.g. University Textbook) knowledge as a standard, the doubling period is just short of a century. Of course, this does not alter the correctness of the observation that modern science has grown exponentially. If, however, one wishes to speak of a ‚law’︁, it is necessary to formulate one.
Die Bedeutung des physico‐theologischen Gottesbeweises für die nachcartesianische Physiologie im 18. Jahrhundert
Authors: Toellner Richard 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe importance of the physico‐theological literature is underlined as its influence expands with Ray and Derham, flooding continental Europe in the first half of the 18th century. Until now the history of science, philosophy, and theology have either ignored or tended to underplay the influence of the concept of nature presented in the physico‐theological writings. The development of this concept, however, was a major historical precondition for the empirical investigations of nature which followed in the early Enlightment. Physico‐theology is characterized by the combination of belief in God's creation of the world, a rationalistic model of nature, an epistemology grounded in sensual perception and the primacy of observational science. It popularized a mechanical model of nature and reconciled this new model with the religious needs of the age by interpreting nature as the perfect order of a perfect Maker and by shifting emphasis from the construction of the machine to its functions by means of its search for and description of the wonderful utility of nature. The example of Albrecht von Haller helps clarify these claims.
Coassembly of Metal and Titanium Dioxide Nanocrystals Directed by Monolayered Block Copolymer Inverse Micelles for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Acharya Himadri , Sung Jinwoo , Bae Insung , Kim TaeHee , Kim Dong Ha , Park Cheolmin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFunctional nanostructures of self‐assembled block copolymers (BCPs) incorporated with various inorganic nanomaterials have received considerable attention on account of their many potential applications. Here we demonstrate the two‐dimensional self‐assembly of anisotropic titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocrystals (NCs) and metal nanoparticles (NPs) directed by monolayered poly(styrene)‐block‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P4VP) copolymer inverse micelles. The independent position‐selective assembly of TiO2 NCs and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) preferentially in the intermicelle corona regions and the core of micelles, respectively, for instance, was accomplished by spin‐coating a mixture solution of PS‐b‐P4VP and ex situ synthesized TiO2 NCs, followed by the reduction of Ag salts coordinated in the cores of micelles into AgNPs. Hydrophobic TiO2 NCs with a diameter and length of approximately 3 nm and 20–30 nm, respectively, were preferentially sequestered in the intermicelle nonpolar PS corona regions energetically favorable with the minimum entropic packing penalty. Subsequent high‐temperature annealing at 550 °C not only effectively removed the block copolymer but also transformed the TiO2 NCs into connected nanoparticles, thus leading to a two‐dimensionally ordered TiO2 network in which AgNPs were also self‐organized. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the AgNP‐decorated TiO2 networks by approximately 27 and 44 % over that of Ag‐free TiO2 networks and randomly deposited TiO2 nanoparticles, respectively, was confirmed by the UV degradation property of methylene blue.
First Perphenylated carbo‐Oligoacetylenes: An Extension of the Polytriacetylene Family
Authors: Rives Arnaud , Maraval Valérie , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Chauvin Remi 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe first examples of a novel family of sp‐carbon‐rich n‐π‐conjugated oligomers/polymers, namely carbo‐mers of polyacetylene, also referred to as “1,4‐PTA” isomers of the classical polytriacetylenes (1,2‐PTAs), are described in the perphenylated series. The two first representatives proved to be stable in solution, and exhibit a zig‐zag arrangement in the crystal state. The third member of the family, isolated in SnCl2 matrix, proved to be stable in the solid state and was characterized by MALDI‐TOF MS, 1H NMR, CPMAS 13C NMR, and absorption spectroscopy. An explanation for its reactivity in solution is proposed. The chromophoric properties in the visible region are shown to vary significantly and consistently along the series.
Fast Synthesis of PbS Nanocrystals in Aqueous Solution with Shape Evolution from Cubic to Octahedral Structures and Their Assembled Structures
Authors: Wu Jian‐Kuan , Lyu Lian‐Ming , Liao Ching‐Wen , Wang Yu‐Ning , Huang Michael H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this study, we have developed for the first time a fast and energy‐efficient method for the synthesis of PbS nanocrystals with systematic shape evolution from cubic to truncated cubic, cuboctahedral, truncated octahedral, and octahedral structures. The method involves the addition of a small volume of preheated lead acetate and thioacetamide (TAA) mixture to an aqueous growth solution of lead acetate, thioacetamide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, and nitric acid. By varying the amount of thioacetamide added to the growth solution, PbS nanocrystals with different morphologies were generated in 2 h at 90 °C. Slight experimental modifications were adopted to generate truncated octahedra. The nanocrystals have very uniform dimensions with average sizes of 32–47 nm. Their structures have been extensively examined by electron microscopy. Nanocube sizes can also be tuned within a range. UV/Vis absorption spectra of PbS cubes, cuboctahedra, and octahedra all show decreasing but continuous absorption from 300 nm to beyond 1000 nm. By monitoring the speed of darkening of solution color, particle growth rate was found to be fastest for nanocubes, followed by truncated cubes, cuboctahedra, and octahedra. These monodisperse nanocrystals can readily form self‐assembled structures. Truncated cubes and octahedra that form monolayer and multilayer packing arrangements have also been studied. This green approach to the synthesis of PbS nanocrystals with fine size and shape control should allow for investigations of their facet‐dependent properties and the fabrication of novel heterostructures.
Indole Synthesis by Conjugate Addition of Anilines to Activated Acetylenes and an Unusual Ligand‐Free Copper(II)‐Mediated Intramolecular Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Gao Detian , Back Thomas G. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA versatile new synthesis of indoles was achieved by the conjugate addition ofN‐formyl‐2‐haloanilines to acetylenic sulfones, ketones, and esters followed by a copper‐catalyzed intramolecular C‐arylation. The conjugate addition step was conducted under exceptionally mild conditions at room temperature in basic, aqueous DMF. Surprisingly, the C‐arylation was performed most effectively by employing copper(II) acetate as the catalyst in the absence of external ligands, without the need for protection from air or water. An unusual feature of this process, for the case of acetylenic ketones, is the ability of the initial conjugate‐addition product to serve as a ligand for the catalyst, which enables it to participate in the catalysis of its further transformation to the final indole product. Mechanistic studies, including EPR experiments, indicated that copper(II) is reduced to the active copper(I) species by the formate ion that is produced by the base‐catalyzed hydrolysis of DMF. This process also served to recycle any copper(II) that was produced by the adventitious oxidation of copper(I), thereby preventing deactivation of the catalyst. Several examples of reactions involving acetylenic sulfones attached to a modified Merrifield resin demonstrated the feasibility of solid‐phase synthesis of indoles by using this protocol, and tricyclic products were obtained in one pot by employing acetylenic sulfones that contain chloroalkyl substituents.