bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Alliance in Justice-Involved Adolescents Undergoing Mental Health Treatment: The Role of Callous-Unemotional Traits
Authors: Simpson TiffanyP. , Frick PaulJ. , Kahn RachelE. , Evans LisaJ. 
Published: May 2013

The current study tested factors that could influence both youth and therapist-reported therapeutic alliance in 58 male adolescents ranging in age from 15 to 18 years old ( M = 16.81, SD = 1.02) who were adjudicated for a delinquent offense and identified as needing mental health treatment. Therapeutic alliance was assessed through self-report by both the adolescent and therapist. Callous-unemotional (CU) traits and antisocial history were assessed through self-report and official record review respectively. Results indicated that the number of previous offenses was negatively associated with adolescent-reported therapeutic alliance but this was qualified by an interaction between antisocial history and CU traits. In those low on CU traits, there was a negative but non-significant association between number of previous offenses and the quality of the therapeutic alliance, whereas the association was significant and positive for those high on CU traits. In addition, CU traits were associated with violent institutional infractions during treatment. Thus, the combination of high CU traits and a high number of previous offenses seemed to reflect a group of adolescents who reported more positive therapeutic alliances but still had violent institutional infractions. These results provide support for tailored interventions for youth high on CU traits which consider the quality of the therapeutic relationship.
Ethical Considerations: Cogniceuticals in the Military
Authors: Russo Michael B. , Stetz Melba C. , Stetz Thomas A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ethical and cross-cultural considerations in military environments of psychopharmaceutical agents that alter alertness, attention, perception, and sleep. Collectively these psychotropics are referred to as cogniceuticals. The chapter presents six questions to guide in their ethical use: Have all available non-pharmacologic alternatives been fully utilized?; is the circumstance such that not using a cogniceutical risks life or health?; is the medication safe for use in this individual, and safe within the operational environment?; is the use of the medication consistent with its dosage and pharmacological function; is use truly voluntary and informed?; and is appropriate medical supervision and oversight provided? If the answers are yes to all of these questions, then the chapter suggests that use of a cogniceutical is ethically supportable.
Competence and Autonomy: The Cases of Driving, Voting, and Financial Independence
Authors: Karlawish Jason 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to examine various issues at the intersection of ethics and measurement of competency. The chapter uses three distinct decisions as case studies: driving, voting, and financial management. The point of this chapter is that while we have cast off the chains of the tyranny of status, we hazard shackling ourselves with a new tyranny: measurement. If competency is a numbers game, then whoever controls the numbers controls capacity and, in turn, autonomy.
Addiction and Responsibility
Authors: Hyman Steven E. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter defines and examines the coined concept of “cognitive control,” the underlying processes that would comprise our conscious exertion of will or reason to regulate our actions-a common but simplistic top-down understanding of the brain-and the failure of that control in the face of addiction. It also discusses the relative importance and distinction of neuroethics, as demarcated from bioethics, by explaining neuroscience’s direct relation with questions of rationality and, by extension, ethical principles. To combine these threads, the chapter notes that control is fundamentally connected to responsibility. An individual, then, who has lost the ability for cognitive regulation over the course of an addiction, for reasons of genetic or environmental vulnerability, poses a difficult ethical case. There remains much to learn about the pathophysiology of addiction, but the literature review here goes a long way toward covering the complex relation of addictive susbstances, the brain, behavior, and crime.
Incidental Findings in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research
Authors: Detre John , Bockow Tamara B. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides noninvasive assessment of brain structure and function and is increasingly used in both biomedical and behavioral research. While the direct risks of MRI are negligible,the use of MRI in large numbers of healthy subjects being scanned for research has led to the recognition that the identification of clinically unsuspected neuropathology, termed “incidental” findings, occurs commonly in the course of such research as may be associated with a variety of consequences such as anxiety, the need for more invasive evaluation on therapy, and may potentially affect insurability. As such, incidental findings represent a risk of MRI as well as a potential benefit if a treatable condition is identified early. This chapter addresses the ethical significance of incidental findings and the various approaches to their management in brain imaging research.
Implanted Neural Interfaces: Ethics in Treatment and Research
Authors: Hochberg Leigh , Cochrane Thomas 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Until recently, treatments for neurological and psychiatric impairment have been largely limited to drugs, rehabilitation therapy or psychotherapy. These treatments are often only modestly successful in helping patients to recover function. In contrast to these approaches, the past twenty years have seen remarkable improvements in restoring lost nervous system function from brain-machine interfaces. While some neurotechnologies do not require surgery, this chapter focuses on implanted neural interfaces (INIs): devices placed in or around the brain and spinal cord for the restoration of mobility, hearing, vision, speech, balance, mood, or cognition.
Biologics and the Human Brain
Authors: Kimmelman Jonathan 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Biologic based approaches offer a promising set of strategies for intervening in brain function and disease. However, their development and application is beset by a series of ethical challenges. Clinical development problems of consent capacity in research subjects, irreversible and indeterminate risk, monitoring of subtle alterations in brain function, and use of sham comparators. In addition, laboratory studies supporting translation can involve experiments that confer human-like brain functions on animals, raising questions about their moral status. As of this writing, clinical application of biologics has been limited to innovative care and medical tourism. The former raises questions about application of novel and risky interventions outside settings involving formalized evidence collection. Many oversees clinics offering biologics for brain disorders make fraudulent claims about their clinical utility, raising questions concerning how healthcare providers should communicate with patients about the risks and benefits of medical tourism. Once brain-based biologics enter routine clinical practice, they are likely to encounter issues of cost, expansion of morbidity for patients with serious illnesses, and performance enhancement.
Emotional communication in African elephants (Loxodonta africana)
Authors: Soltis Joseph 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
African elephants (Loxodonta africana) are thought by many to experience rich emotional lives. One window into the emotional lives of animals is through an examination of emotion as expressed in the voice. Here I review the evidence for the vocal expression of emotions in African elephants. In doing so, I also speculate as to how complex vocal communication systems in elephants and other animals could have evolved from simple vocal expressions of basic emotions.
Infant crying and the synchrony of arousal
Authors: Zeskind Philip Sanford 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe communicative and emotional significance of the cry of the newborn and young infant is examined within a conceptual framework that focuses on a synchrony of arousal between infant and caregiver behavioral systems. Support for four basic elements of this framework are presented: (1) Infant crying results from changes in neurobehavioral mechanisms that produce nonspecific changes in the intensity of infant arousal; (2) Changes in the intensity of infant arousal are reflected in a graded and dynamic acoustic signal; (3) This graded signal affects the intensity of the arousal system of the caregiver in a synchronous, graded manner and (4) Specific responses to the cry are mediated by the receiver’s subjective affective state. The elements are further illustrated by examining responses to an unusually high-pitched cry sound found in infants at risk for physical child abuse. The significance of this conceptual framework for development and evolutionary models is considered.
Understanding spontaneous human laughter: The role of voicing in inducing positive emotion
Authors: Owren Michael J. , Philipp Michael , Vanman Eric , Trivedi Niyati , Schulman Allison , Bachorowski Jo-Anne 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAvailable evidence indicates that human laughter can trigger emotion in listeners, particularly including positive affect. However, while listeners rate vowel-like, ‘voiced’ laughter as a positive event, noise-based, ‘unvoiced’ laughter recorded in the same, positive circumstances is not. Three experiments further examined listener reactions to laughter, including explicit rating of voiced versus unvoiced sounds, testing for unconscious, automatic evaluation, and recording responses in facial musculature, respectively. As before, only voiced laughter was rated positively. This outcome was furthermore mirrored both in automatic evaluations and in smiling-related, facial responses. The experiments thus show that positive, voiced laughter triggers true, corresponding emotion in listeners, but that positive, unvoiced laughter does not. The findings argue against viewing laughter as encoding laugher emotion, suggesting instead that listeners acquire emotional responses to these sounds through associative learning. Laughter may thus be understood as an evolved mechanism for influencing emotion and behavior in others.
On the orbito-striatal interface in (acoustic) emotional processing
Authors: Kotz Sonja A. , Hasting Anna S. , Paulmann Silke 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the functional roles of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the basal ganglia (BG) in the processing of vocal emotional expressions in humans. We suggest that the two structures may interface during the integration of verbal and non-verbal vocal emotional expressions during late, cognitive processing stages as evidenced by recent event-related brain potential (ERP) and behavioural patient evidence. In accordance with our recent network model on emotional speech processing (Schirmer and Kotz 2006), we propose that the BG and the OFC are critically involved in the integration and evaluation of vocal emotional expressions. However, the overview will also reveal that the OFC is functionally differentiated and may thus respond to emotional expressions during both early automatic and late controlled, evaluative processing stages. Which processing stages the OFC responds to may critically hinge on the nature of stimulus and task type. As both structural and functional subcomponents of the orbito-striatal interface appear to be comparable in humans and non-human primates, we finally speculate that this system may be involved in the processing of emotional vocalizations across different species.
Toward a neurobiology of musical emotions
Authors: Peretz Isabelle , Aubé William , Armony Jorge L. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe objective of this chapter is to present current knowledge about musical emotions from a neuropsychological perspective. With limbic mediation, consistency, and precociousness, musical emotions resemble other important classes of emotions that are important for survival. Because music seems to be a much larger culturally learning component, one may wonder how the relation between music and these neurobiological substrates should be conceptualized. Here, we examine the possibility that music is particularly suited (or designed) to invade emotion circuits that have evolved for emotional vocalizations.
6 Nonlinear systems∗
Authors: Wong Chun Wa 
Published: May 2013

AbstractNonlinear systems show two very different faces: unpredictability and unusual coherence. Unpredictability is shown to arise from instabilities and bifurcations that are highly sensitive to small changes in circumstances. They can give rise to deterministic chaos through bifurcation cascades. Strange attractors are shown to appear in multidimensional space. They are characterized by self-similar structures and fractional dimensions. On the other hand, unusual coherence appears when nonlinearity is counterbalanced by dissipation. This cancellation is shown to occur in persistent solitary waves called solitons and shock fronts called kinks. The concept of the superposition of nonlinear waves is discussed. Both classes of nonlinear phenomena are shown to have surprisingly simple mathematical descriptions.
The Primary Applicability of International Law and the Role of National Law
Authors: Kjos Hege Elisabeth 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines situations where international law could, or has been held to, be the primarily applicable law. The main factors that arbitral tribunals take into account in deciding to apply international law are an agreement by the parties to that effect, and the international nature of the claim invoked. An additional reason that has been used is the superior nature of international law vis-à-vis national law. The primary applicability of international law does not necessarily rule out a role for national law, as, firstly, the latter source may be applied indirectly when the nature of the international claim requires a determination of the parties' rights and obligations pursuant to national law, such as with respect to expropriation and ‘umbrella’ clause claims; and, secondly, national law could apply correctively, in a complementary or supervening fashion.
Concluding Observations
Authors: Kjos Hege Elisabeth 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and offers some final thoughts. It concludes that while the starting point of national and international courts is national or international law, respectively, both territorialized and internationalized arbitral tribunals settling disputes between foreign investors and host states are generally freed from such (constitutional) restrictions, and may ascertain the more appropriate law on the basis of more liberal considerations. It suggests the possibility of investment arbitration moving away from the traditional hierarchical doctrines of dualism and monism with their frequent focus on conflict, towards the direction of a system of ‘complementarity’ or even ‘mutualism’.
3 The modeling framework and what models represent
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter presents the core formal elements of the Certainty-Loss Framework (CLF). It therefore supplies the basic formal materials from which everything in the later chapters will be built. The chapter also provides CLF with a standard interpretation, explaining how each formal element represents an aspect of an agent’s doxastic state. Among CLF’s core constraints are Kolmogorov’s axioms, requiring agents’ degrees of belief to satisfy the probability calculus. This chapter also introduces Conditionalization, the traditional Bayesian norm for updating degrees of belief over time. Finally, the chapter illustrates CLF by presenting a model that analyzes the rational requirements on an agent in a fairly simple story.
Introduction
Authors: Boxall Ian 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This introduction provides an overview of the book, locating the project within the wider discipline of New Testament studies. It offers a definition of reception history, together with the closely related terms, ‘history of interpretation’ (understood as a sub-category of broader reception history) and Wirkungsgeschichte (a term coined by Gadamer, and variously translated ‘effective history’, ‘history of effects’, ‘history of effect’, and ‘history of influence’). An account of the methodology employed in this study is also provided, describing how the material was located, selected, and organized into an interpretative narrative. The organizing principles were primarily chronological (attending to date, geographical location, and cultural context), and secondarily generic (categorizing interpretations within the same broad chronological period according to different genres and types of interpretation, thus allowing potential genealogical relationships to be traced).
Patmos in Early Patristic Tradition (2nd–5th Centuries)
Authors: Boxall Ian 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the treatment of Patmos in the foundational early patristic period (2nd to 5th centuries). Given the paucity of Apocalypse commentaries in this period, most of the sources are biographical and hagiographical. Hence the dominant reading is literal, locating Patmos within the story of John, although often with more than mere historical interest, given the perceived parallels between John’s situation vis-à-vis a persecuting emperor and the situations of his early interpreters. Interpretations fall into two main groups: those which identify Patmos as place of exile (though with surprising diversity in details compared with the modern commentaries), and those which prioritize the role of the island as place of revelation, sowing seeds for the more creative aspects of medieval exegesis.
Lying
Authors: Miller Christian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSection one briefly mentions how the term ‘lying’ will be used before reviewing some of the recent research on lying behavior. Section two turns from behavior to the motivation behind lying. Section three begins to develop an account of what will be called Mixed Truthfulness Traits and outlines some of their underlying mental state dispositions and functional properties. This should help make it clear by section four why such a character trait is neither a moral virtue like honesty nor a moral vice like dishonesty.
Introduction
Authors: Gil Kook‐Hee , Tsoulas George 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter paints a general picture of the specific research background against which the papers in this volume were developed. Rather than focusing on specific issues relating to the chapters themselves we address some general issues in semantics, syntax, and morphology and summarize some general ideas in these areas, such as the structure of the clausal periphery and scope assignment, semantic parametrization and cross‐linguistic issues in semantics, etc. These are aspects of the research context instrumental, to varying degrees, in the development of the following chapters.
The International Minimum Standard and Fair and Equitable Treatment
Authors: Paparinskis Martins 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Investment protection treaties generally provide for the obligation to treat investments fairly and equitably, even if the wording of the rule and its relationship with the customary international standard may differ. The open-textured nature of the rule, the ambiguous relationship between the vague treaty and equally vague customary rules, and States' interpretations of the content and relationship of both rules (not to mention the frequency of successful invocation by investors) make this issue one of the most controversial aspects of investment protection law. This monograph engages in a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the international minimum standard and fair and equitable treatment. It provides an original argument about the historical development of the international standard, a normative rationale for reading it into the treaty rules of fair and equitable treatment, and a coherent methodology for establishing the content of this standard. The first part of this book untangles the history of both the international minimum standard and fair and equitable treatment. The second part addresses the normative framework within which the contemporary debate takes place. After an exhaustive review of all relevant sources, it is argued that the most persuasive reading of fair and equitable treatment is that it always makes a reference to customary law. The third part of the book builds on the historical analysis and the normative framework, explaining the content of the contemporary standard by careful comparative human rights analysis.
International Minimum Standard and the Law of Treaties
Authors: Paparinskis Martins 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter attempts to explain the contemporary practice of case-by-case development of fair and equitable treatment with the four corners of the law of treaties and without relying on general international law (to which the next chapter is devoted). After considering the possibility of viewing fair and equitable treatment as either a rule formulated in a general manner or a rule related to equity of different normative densities, the traditional interpretative framework of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is adopted to the examine the practice. It is concluded that the practice of referring to pari materia interpretations cannot be explained within the traditional interpretative framework (without referring to general international law), and that the traditional rules on sources and interpretation have not been superseded by the recent developments.
International Minimum Standard and General International Law
Authors: Paparinskis Martins 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter addresses the positive side of the normative coin that was approached from the negative perspective earlier, exploring the possibility that customary law might provide the unifying framework. First, it is suggested that general international law may be brought within the interpretative process either by a direct reference or by being structurally relevant. Second, the argument is applied to the particular case study, suggesting that fair and equitable treatment refers to the international minimum standard or, at the very least, requires it to be taken into account in interpretation as relevant rules.
Conclusion
Authors: Paparinskis Martins 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter briefly concludes the book, summarising the tripartite structure and the argument made about the modern international standard. It remains to be seen whether future practice will develop the law in line with the traditional approaches, as has been largely the case regarding denial of justice, or resolves legal complexities in an innovative manner, as has been the case regarding the protection of property more broadly.
Dōgen on the Art of Engaging
Authors: Winfield Pamela D. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Chapter Four: Dōgen on the Art of Engaging focuses on key fascicles of Dōgen’s Shōbōgenzō that elucidate his inconstant view of imagery. On the one hand, Dōgen scorns a painting of Nāgārjuna manifesting the full moon samādhi (calling it nothing but a painting of a rice cake, the title of another fascicle). On the other hand, however, Dōgen avidly seeks out other Zen images, which he treats as icons. The audience he is addressing, the particular image under consideration, and the level of understanding of his interlocutors seem to be the deciding factors as to whether Dōgen approves of an image or not. His self-acclaimed possession of the True Dharma Eye (shōbōgen), it seems, ultimately makes him the arbiter of whether art can represent the enlightenment experience or not.