bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectral Ray Differentials
Authors: Elek Oskar , Bauszat Pablo , Ritschel Tobias , Magnor Marcus , Seidel Hans‐Peter 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLight refracted by a dispersive interface leads to beautifully colored patterns that can be rendered faithfully with spectral Monte‐Carlo methods. Regrettably, results often suffer from chromatic noise or banding, requiring high sampling rates and large amounts of memory compared to renderers operating in some trichromatic color space. Addressing this issue, we introduce spectral ray differentials, which describe the change of light direction with respect to changes in the spectrum. In analogy with the classic ray and photon differentials, this information can be used for filtering in the spectral domain. Effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated by filtering for offline spectral light and path tracing as well as for an interactive GPU photon mapper based on splatting. Our results show considerably less chromatic noise and spatial aliasing while retaining good visual similarity to reference solutions with negligible overhead in the order of milliseconds.
Combining laboratory and field approaches to investigate the importance of flower nectar in the horizontal transmission of a bumblebee parasite
Authors: Cisarovsky Gabriel , Schmid‐Hempel Paul 
Published: July 2014

AbstractKnowledge of the complete life cycle of a parasite is crucial to understand the epidemiology and population dynamics of a disease. The populations of several social insect pollinators are decreasing, and parasites are often cited as a contributing factor. The exact transmission pathway of the bumblebee parasite Crithidia bombi (Lipa & Triggiani) (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae) between two hosts is still unknown, although a previous laboratory experiment suggests transmission via the nectar of flowers. Plant species may differentially protect or negatively affect the parasite while it resides in the flower, for instance if plants vary in their floral shape or the compounds present in their nectar. This will lead to differential transmission success and potentially influence disease epidemiology. In the present study we aimed at determining whether the parasite may indeed be transmitted in the nectar by the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). We found that parasite survival was significantly decreased in water with higher sugar concentrations. However, none of the field‐collected nectar samples contained parasite cells, and no parasite cells were transmitted between two artificial flowers by a foraging worker under laboratory conditions. Our results suggest instead that parasite cells may be deposited on flower surfaces and transported on worker surfaces.
Contralateral interictal spikes are related to tapetum damage in left temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Pustina Dorian , Doucet Gaelle , Skidmore Christopher , Sperling Michael , Tracy Joseph 
Published: July 2014

SummaryObjectiveIn temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the epileptogenic focus is focal and unilateral in the majority of patients. A key characteristic of focal TLE is the presence of subclinical epileptiform activity in both the ictal and contralateral “healthy” hemisphere. Such interictal activity is clinically important, as it may reflect the spread of pathology, potentially leading to secondary epileptogenesis. The role played by white matter pathways in this process is unknown.MethodsWe compared three interhemispheric white matter tracts (anterior commissure, fornix, and tapetum) to determine the pathway most associated with the presence of contralateral interictal spikes. Forty patients with unilateral left or right TLE were categorized based on the presence or absence of contralateral interictal spikes. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were run on diffusion properties from each tract.ResultsThe analyses revealed that patients with left TLE and with bilateral interictal spikes had lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher mean diffusivity (MD) in the tapetum. Patients with right TLE did not show this effect. No significant associations with bilateral activity were observed for the other tracts. Blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) functional connectivity data revealed that homotopic lateral, not mesial, temporal areas were reliably correlated in bilateral patients, independent of ictal side.SignificanceOur results indicate that, among the tracts investigated, only the tapetum was associated with contralateral epileptiform activity, implicating this structure in seizures and possible secondary epileptogenesis. We describe two mechanisms that might explain this association (the interruption of inhibitory signals or the toxic effect of carrying epileptiform signals toward the healthy hemisphere), but also acknowledge other rival factors that may be at work. We also report that patients with TLE with bilateral spikes had increased lateral bitemporal lobe connectivity. Our current results can be seen as bringing together important functional and structural data to elucidate the basis of contralateral interictal activity in focal, unilateral epilepsy.A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Microbe driven T‐helper cell differentiation: lessons from Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Zielinski Christina E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractT‐helper cells integrate signals from their T‐cell receptor, co‐stimulatory molecules and cytokine receptors to polarize into effector T‐helper subsets with specialized functions in antigen clearance or tolerance. To this end, antigen presenting cells and the local microenvironment tailor effector T‐helper cells to respond appropriately to microbial challenges. These challenges comprise protection from pathogens on the one hand and tolerance for the commensal microbiota on the other hand. To accomplish these complex tasks, the host immune system needs to be highly specialized and stringently regulated. In this viewpoint article, we will concentrate on how microbes shape human T‐helper cell responses and how this could relate to the emergence of chronic inflammatory diseases. Understanding the intricate communication between adaptive immunity and microbes will be important for the rational design of novel immunomodulatory therapies and also for anticipating infectious complications upon therapeutic intervention with cytokine depleting therapies, such as biologicals in dermatology.
Will the wound‐healing field earn its wings?
Authors: Anderson Aimee E. , Galko Michael J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn a recently published issue of Experimental Dermatology, Dr. Nuria Paricio and colleagues review recent advances using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as a wound‐healing model. They describe many of the advantages of the fly model for gene discovery and functional analysis, highlighting its particular strengths and limitations for studies of wound healing. This commentary assumes that dermatologist–scientists and fly wound‐healing researchers share a common field‐wide goal of discovering all of the clinically relevant wound‐healing genes and understanding in molecular detail how those genes work. We ask: how can we cooperate to achieve this shared goal?
Novel gene identified in an exome‐wide association study of tanning dependence
Authors: Cartmel Brenda , Dewan Andrew , Ferrucci Leah M. , Gelernter Joel , Stapleton Jerod , Leffell David J. , Mayne Susan T. , Bale Allen E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGrowing evidence suggests that some individuals may exhibit symptoms of dependence to ultraviolet light, a known carcinogen, in the context of tanning. Genetic associations with tanning dependence (TD) have not yet been explored. We conducted an exome‐wide association study in 79 individuals who exhibited symptoms of TD and 213 individuals with volitional exposure to ultraviolet light, but who were not TD based on three TD scales. A total of 300 000 mostly exomic single nucleotide polymorphisms primarily in coding regions were assessed using an Affymetrix Axiom array. We performed a gene burden test with Bonferroni correction for the number of genes examined (P < 0.05/14 904 = 3.36 × 10−6). One gene, patched domain containing 2 (PTCHD2), yielded a statistically significant P‐value of 2.5 × 10−6 (OR = 0.27) with fewer individuals classified as TD having a minor allele at this locus. These results require replication, but are the first to support a specific genetic association with TD.
Melanoma‐derived IL‐1 converts vascular endothelium to a proinflammatory and procoagulatory phenotype via NFκB activation
Authors: Strozyk Elwira A. , Desch Anna , Poeppelmann Birgit , Magnolo Nina , Wegener Joachim , Huck Volker , Schneider Stefan W. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSpreading of melanoma is associated with efficient extravasation of circulating tumor cells from the vascular system into distant target organs. This process is accompanied and supported by proinflammatory and procoagulatory conditions. In this study, we analysed the ability of human melanoma cell lines to activate endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro. Some melanoma cells, that is, MV3, were shown to trigger an prompt calcium‐flux‐dependent, procoagulatory endothelial response that was accompanied by luminal release of ultra‐large von Willebrand factor (ULVWF) fibres that were immobilized to the endothelial surface layer. In contrast to MV3‐derived supernatant, prolonged treatment of ECs with WM9‐derived supernatant mediated a pronounced activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). NFκB activation in ECs was dependent on both IL‐1α and IL‐1β secreted from melanoma cells. Melanoma‐derived IL‐1 mediated an upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and IL‐8, the intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), the vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) and the procoagulatory tissue factor (TF) in ECs. Our data show that melanoma cells activate ECs either directly and within seconds or by an IL‐1‐mediated NFκB activation. Both pathways of EC activation convert the regular repressive function of ECs on inflammation and coagulation to a proinflammatory and procoagulatory surface that supports tumor progression.
Greenhouse gas emissions from dairy manure management: a review of field‐based studies
Authors: Owen Justine J. , Silver Whendee L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLivestock manure management accounts for almost 10% of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture globally, and contributes an equal proportion to the US methane emission inventory. Current emissions inventories use emissions factors determined from small‐scale laboratory experiments that have not been compared to field‐scale measurements. We compiled published data on field‐scale measurements of greenhouse gas emissions from working and research dairies and compared these to rates predicted by the IPCC Tier 2 modeling approach. Anaerobic lagoons were the largest source of methane (368 ± 193 kg CH4 hd−1 yr−1), more than three times that from enteric fermentation (~120 kg CH4 hd−1 yr−1). Corrals and solid manure piles were large sources of nitrous oxide (1.5 ± 0.8 and 1.1 ± 0.7 kg N2O hd−1 yr−1, respectively). Nitrous oxide emissions from anaerobic lagoons (0.9 ± 0.5 kg N2O hd−1 yr−1) and barns (10 ± 6 kg N2O hd−1 yr−1) were unexpectedly large. Modeled methane emissions underestimated field measurement means for most manure management practices. Modeled nitrous oxide emissions underestimated field measurement means for anaerobic lagoons and manure piles, but overestimated emissions from slurry storage. Revised emissions factors nearly doubled slurry CH4 emissions for Europe and increased N2O emissions from solid piles and lagoons in the United States by an order of magnitude. Our results suggest that current greenhouse gas emission factors generally underestimate emissions from dairy manure and highlight liquid manure systems as promising target areas for greenhouse gas mitigation.
Statisticians can Help Save the World – But they only have 396 Days
Authors: Greenfield Oliver , Allin Paul 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The climate change debate is split between those arguing for enviromental sustainability and those on the side of economic growth. But it shouldn't be an either/or choice. Environmentalist and economist Oliver Greenfield challenges statisticians to provide the measures that are needed to balance these twin demands; statistician Paul Allin replies.
Bulk Iodoapatite Ceramic Densified by Spark Plasma Sintering with Exceptional Thermal Stability
Authors: Yao Tiankai , Lu Fengyuan , Sun Hongtao , Wang Jianwei , Ewing Rodney C. , Lian Jie 
Published: July 2014

Iodoapatite powder prepared by high‐energy ball milling is densified by Spark Plasma Sintering to ~96% theoretical density. X‐ray Diffraction and First‐principle Calculation indicates the sintered phase is iodine‐deficient apatite with chemical composition of Pb9.85(VO4)6I1.7 and iodine confinement over 8 wt%. Thermogravimetric analysis shows the bulk iodoapatite displays exceptionally stability without iodine release until 670°C. The greatly improved iodine confinement can be attributed to the dense matrix upon rapid consolidation from highly activated powders by mechanical attrition.
Large Electromechanical Strain in Lead‐Free Binary System K0.5Bi0.5TiO3‐Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3
Authors: Zeb Aurang , Milne Steven J. 
Published: July 2014

Solid solution formation in the lead‐free binary system (1−x)K0.5Bi0.5TiO3−xBi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 has been studied for compositions x ≤ 0.12. X‐ray powder diffraction shows single‐phase perovskite for x < 0.1, and a mixed phase region between tetragonal and pseudocubic phases for compositions 0.04 ≤ x ≤ 0.06. Large electromechanical strains of ~0.3% at fields of 50 kV/cm are recorded in the mixed phase region, with d33* (Smax/Emax) values of ~600 pm/V. The materials sustain polarization at low electric fields with remnant polarization ~18 μC/cm2 and coercive field ~20 kV/cm for x = 0.06. Relative permittivity‐temperature plots display relaxor characteristics, with peak temperature ~340°C.
Inter‐rater agreement in the diagnosis of mucositis and peri‐implantitis
Authors: Merli Mauro , Bernardelli Francesco , Giulianelli Erica , Toselli Ivano , Moscatelli Marco , Pagliaro Umberto , Nieri Michele 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimThe objective was to assess the inter‐rater agreement in the diagnosis of mucositis and peri‐implantitis.Material and MethodsAdult patients with ≥ 1 dental implant were eligible. Three operators examined the patients. One examiner allocated the patients to three groups of nine as follows: nine implants with peri‐implantitis, nine implants with mucositis, and 9 implants with healthy mucosa. Each examiner recorded on all 27 patients (one implant per patient) recessions, probing depth, bleeding on probing, suppuration, keratinized tissue depth and bone loss, leading to a final diagnosis of mucositis, peri‐implantitis or healthy mucosa. Examiners were independent and blinded to each other.ResultsFleiss k‐statistic with quadratic weight in the diagnosis of peri‐implantitis and mucositis was 0.66 [CI95%: 0.45–0.87]. A complete agreement was obtained only in 14 cases (52%). Fleiss k‐statistics in bleeding on probing and bone loss were respectively 0.31 [CI95%: 0.20–0.41] and 0.70 [CI95%: 0.45–0.94]. Intra‐class correlation coefficients for recession, probing depth and keratinized tissue depth were respectively 0.69 [CI95%: 0.62–0.75], 0.54 [CI95%: 0.44–0.63] and 0.56 [CI95%: 0.27–0.77].ConclusionsThe inter‐rater agreement in the diagnosis of peri‐implant disease was qualified as merely good. This could also be due in part to the unclear definition of peri‐implantitis and mucositis.
The peer relationships of girls with ASD at school: comparison to boys and girls with and without ASD
Authors: Dean Michelle , Kasari Connie , Shih Wendy , Frankel Fred , Whitney Rondalyn , Landa Rebecca , Lord Catherine , Orlich Felice , King Bryan , Harwood Robin 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundThis study examines the social relationships of elementary school children with high‐functioning autism, focusing on how gender relates to social preferences and acceptance, social connections, reciprocal friendships, and rejection.MethodPeer nomination data were analyzed for girls with and without ASD (n = 50) and boys with and without ASD (n = 50). Girls and boys with ASD were matched by age, gender, and IQ. Each child with ASD was matched by age and gender to a typically developing classmate.ResultsConsistent with typically developing populations, children with ASD preferred, were accepted by, and primarily socialized with same‐gender friends. With fewer nominations and social relationships, girls and boys with ASD appear more socially similar to each other than to the same‐gender control group. Additionally, girls and boys with ASD showed higher rates of social exclusion than their typically developing peers. However, boys with ASD were more overtly socially excluded compared to girls with ASD, who seemed to be overlooked, rather than rejected.ConclusionsOur data suggest a number of interesting findings in the social relationships of children with ASD in schools. Like typically developing populations, children with ASD identify with their own gender when socializing and choosing friends. But given the social differences between genders, it is likely that girls with ASD are experiencing social challenges that are different from boys with ASD. Therefore, gender is an important environmental factor to consider when planning social skills interventions at school.
Mothers' early depressive symptoms predict children's low social competence in first grade: mediation by children's social cognition
Authors: Wang Yiji , Dix Theodore 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundThis study examined whether social‐cognitive processes in children mediate relations between mothers' depressive symptoms across the first 3 years and children's first‐grade social competence. Three maladaptive cognitions were examined: self‐perceived social inadequacy, hostile attribution, and aggressive response generation.MethodOne thousand three hundred and sixty‐four mothers reported depressive symptoms across early development, first‐grade children reported target social cognitions, and children's first‐grade social competence was observed and reported by multiple informants.ResultsFindings demonstrated that (a) mothers' average depressive symptoms from 6 to 36 months predicted children's maladaptive social cognition in first grade, (b) low mother–child responsiveness mediated this relation, and (c) maladaptive social cognition mediated relations between mothers' early depressive symptoms and low first‐grade social competence independent of later depressive symptoms.ConclusionWhen mothers' depressive symptoms occur early in development, they may set in motion low‐responsive dyadic patterns that promote children's maladaptive social cognition and, as a result, low social competence.
Treating Pain in Sickle Cell Disease with Opioids: Clinical Advances, Ethical Pitfalls
Authors: Smith Wally R. 
Published: July 2014

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive hemoglobinopathy found mainly in populations of African and Mediterranean descent, including approximately 100,000 Americans. It is also very common in Spanish-speaking regions of Central America, South America, and parts of the Caribbean, in Saudi Arabia, and in India and Sri Lanka. The disorder is characterized most commonly by lifelong recurrent unpredictable vaso-occlusive pain that may be disabling, and by chronic tissue damage and organ dysfunction. There are several genotypes of the disease. Although SCD pain frequency generally varies between genotypes, it also varies between subjects even within genotype. It may worsen from childhood to adulthood. It may vary by gender. Its location, timing, and severity may be unpredictable.Until recently, pain in SCD had been characterized as episodes that were acute, periodic, and relatively rare. Crises were viewed as usually associated with hospitalization. Many patients utilized hospital or emergency care for pain once per year or less, so painful episodes in SCD were called vaso-occlusive “crises.”
Is It Reasonable to Deny Older Patients Treatment for Glioblastoma?
Authors: Gusmano Michael K. 
Published: July 2014

Is it ever fair to limit treatment for diseases like glioblastoma for which prognosis is poor? Because resources are finite and health care spending limits the other possible uses for those resources, limiting access to an intervention that does not generate benefits is ethically sound. Ignoring the balance of benefits and burdens associated with treatment ignores opportunity costs and leads us to treat some lives as more valuable than others. It also ignores evidence that patients and families, when presented with adequate information about the benefits and burdens of aggressive treatment compared with palliative care, often prefer the palliative care option.Should the limitations we set on the availability of care be greater for older people than younger people? Since the 1980s, scholars have called for strong age rationing of medical care in which Medicare would not pay for anything other than palliative care after they have achieved average life expectancy (usually 75 or 80 years of age).
A Framework for Analyzing the Ethics of Disclosing Genetic Research Findings
Authors: Eckstein Lisa , Garrett Jeremy R. , Berkman Benjamin E. 
Published: July 2014

Over the past decade, there has been an extensive debate about whether researchers have an obligation to disclose genetic research findings, including primary and secondary findings. There appears to be an emerging (but disputed) view that researchers have some obligation to disclose some genetic findings to some research participants. The contours of this obligation, however, remain unclear.As this paper will explore, much of this confusion is definitional or conceptual in nature. The extent of a researcher's obligation to return secondary and other research findings is often limited by reference to terms and concepts like “incidental,” “analytic validity,” “clinical validity,” “clinical relevance,” “clinical utility,” “clinical significance,” “actionability,” and “desirability.” These terms are used in different ways by different writers to describe obligations in different sorts of cases.
Relationship between Two Types of Coil Packing Densities Relative to Aneurysm Size
Authors: Park Keun Young , Kim Byung Moon , Ihm Eun Hyun , Baek Jang Hyun , Kim Dong Joon , Kim Dong Ik , Huh Seung Kon , Lee Jae Whan 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSECoil packing density (PD) can be calculated via a formula (PDF) or software (PDS). Two types of PD can be different from each other for same aneurysm. This study aimed to evaluate the interobserver agreement and relationships between the 2 types of PD relative to aneurysm size.METHODSConsecutive 420 saccular aneurysms were treated with coiling. PD (PDF, [coil volume]/[volume calculated by formula] and PDS, [coil volume]/[volume measured by software]) was calculated and prospectively recorded. Interobserver agreement was evaluated between PDF and PDS. Additionally, the relationships between PDF and PDS relative to aneurysm size were subsequently analyzed.RESULTSInterobserver agreement for PDF and PDS was excellent (Intraclass correlation coefficient, PDF; 0.967 and PDS; 0.998). The ratio of PDF and PDS was greater for smaller aneurysms and converged toward 1.0 as the maximum dimension (DM) of aneurysm increased. Compared with PDS, PDF was overestimated by a mean of 28% for DM < 5 mm, by 17% for 5 mm ≤ DM < 10 mm, and by 9% for DM ≥ 10 mm (P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONSInterobserver agreement for PDF and PDS was excellent. However, PDF was overestimated in smaller aneurysms and converged to PDS as aneurysm size increased.