bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Density‐dependent survival and recruitment in a long‐distance Palaearctic migrant, the Sand Martin Riparia riparia
Authors: Norman David , Peach Will J. 
Published: March 2013

Long‐term studies can provide powerful insights into the relative importance of different demographic and environmental factors determining avian population dynamics. Here we use 23 years of capture–mark–recapture data (1981–2003) to estimate recruitment and survival rates for a Sand Martin Riparia riparia population in Cheshire, NW England. Inter‐annual variation in recruitment and adult survival was positively related to rainfall in the sub‐Saharan wintering grounds, but unrelated to weather conditions on the breeding grounds. After allowing for the effects of African rainfall, both demographic rates were negatively density‐dependent: adult survival was related to the size of the western European Sand Martin population (probably reflecting competition for resources in the shared wintering grounds) while recruitment was related to the size of the local study population in Cheshire (potentially reflecting competition for nesting sites or food). Local population size was more sensitive to variation in adult survival than to variation in recruitment, and an increase in population size after 1995 was driven mainly by the impact of more favourable conditions in the African wintering grounds on survival rates of adults. Overwinter survival in this long‐distance Palaearctic migrant is determined partly by the amount of suitable wetland foraging habitat in the sub‐Saharan wintering grounds (which is limited by the extent of summer rainfall) and partly by the number of birds exploiting that habitat.
Influence of reciprocating single‐file and rotary instrumentation on bacterial reduction on infected root canals
Authors: Machado M. E. L. , Nabeshima C. K. , Leonardo M. F. P. , Reis F. A. S. , Britto M. L. B. , Cai S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimTo compare the bacterial reduction achieved with reciprocating and rotary systems during root canal preparation.MethodologySixty distobuccal root canals of maxillary molars were contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis broth culture. After an incubation period of 21 days, bacterial samples were collected and cultured on m‐Enterococcus agar plates. The root canals were divided into five groups, according to the system used for instrumentation: WaveOne, Reciproc, ProTaper, Mtwo and manual instrumentation. The negative controls consisted of five uncontaminated root canals that were subjected to the same instrumentations as each of the experimental groups. Bacterial samples were collected immediately and 7 days after instrumentation. Statistical analysis was performed by paired t‐tests and anova tests.ResultsCompared with the samples before instrumentation, the bacterial count was significantly reduced after instrumentation in all groups, with no significant difference in bacterial count reduction amongst the reciprocating, rotary and manual techniques. However, the samples tested 7 days after instrumentation showed significantly higher bacterial counts than the samples tested immediately after instrumentation.ConclusionsAll systems tested reduced bacterial counts to a similar level.
The detection of vertical root fractures in root filled teeth with periapical radiographs and CBCT scans
Authors: Patel S. , Brady E. , Wilson R. , Brown J. , Mannocci F. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimTo compare ex vivo the diagnostic accuracy of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) with periapical radiography in detecting artificially prepared incomplete and complete vertical root fractures (VRFs) in the presence of a gutta‐percha root filling in human teeth.MethodologyThe root canals of 20 extracted human premolar and molar teeth were radiographed and scanned with CBCT before a simulated VRF was induced (group 1). These teeth were radiographed and scanned with CBCT again after an incomplete (group 2) and complete (group 3) VRFs were induced. A suitably sized gutta‐percha point was inserted into the prepared root canal prior to each series of radiographs and CBCT scans being taken.ResultsThere was no improvement in the detection of artificially created vertical root fractures (VRF) in root filled teeth using CBCT compared with periapical radiographs. The overall area under the curve (AUC) value of incomplete and complete VRF was 0.53 for periapical radiography and 0.45 for CBCT (P = 0.034). The overall sensitivity of periapical radiography (0.05) was lower than CBCT (0.57) regardless of the extent of the VRF (P = 0.027). Periapical radiographs (0.98) had a higher overall specificity than CBCT (0.34) (P = 0.027).ConclusionsUnder the conditions of this ex vivo study, periapical radiographs and CBCT were not accurate in detecting the presence and absence of simulated VRF. The imaging artefacts caused by the gutta‐percha root filling within the root canal most probably resulted in the overestimation of VRF with CBCT and also the overall inaccuracy of this system.
Respiratory syncytial virus epidemic periods in an equatorial city of Brazil
Authors: Moura Fernanda E. A. , Perdigão Anne C. B. , Ribeiro Joyce F. , Florêncio Caroline M. G. D. , Oliveira Francisco M. S. , Pereira Samuel A. R. , Botosso Viviane F. , Siqueira Marilda M. , Thomazelli Luciano M. , Caldeira Raquel N. , Oliveira Danielle B. L. , Durigon Edison L. 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundCharacterization of the human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) season at the local level has important implications for appropriate decisions on the time period for administration of specific prophylaxis.Objectives(1) To describe five consecutive epidemic periods of HRSV in an equatorial city of Brazil and (2) to show preliminary data on genomic diversity of circulating HRSV.Patients/MethodsNasopharyngeal aspirates of 2885 children attending the emergency room and wards of a public hospital were collected and screened by indirect immunofluorescence for HRSV infections during five consecutive years (from January 2004 to December 2008). In addition, the genetic and antigenic variability of the HRSV strains isolated was evaluated by partial nucleotide sequencing of the protein G gene.ResultsHRSV was detected in 15·8% of the analyzed samples. HRSV seasons occurred in a restricted period of each year. The onset of each HRSV season was variable (February to May), but the end always occurred in July. From the 456 HRSV infections found, 86 cases with bronchiolitis were genotyped. Both HRSV subgroups (A and B) cocirculated during the five epidemic periods. The 58 HRSV‐A strains grouped into two clades, GA2 and GA5. In respect of the HRSV‐B strains, the 28 samples grouped into two clades: GB3 and BA.ConclusionsHRSV accounts for a substantial proportion of ARI in the study population. As in temperate countries, HRSV infections in this equatorial area of Brazil also cause seasonal yearly epidemics, and this has implications for prophylaxis strategies. The city of Fortaleza follows the same worldwide trend of circulation of genotypes of HRSV.
Cryptic species and phylogeographical structure in the tree Cedrela odorata L. throughout the Neotropics
Authors: Cavers Stephen , Telford A. , Arenal Cruz F. , Pérez Castañeda A. J. , Valencia R. , Navarro C. , Buonamici A. , Lowe A. J. , Vendramin G. G. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimThe origins of much Neotropical biodiversity remain a topic of debate, with both palaeogeographical and more recent climatic drivers playing a role in diversification both among and within species. Here we use a combination of molecular data to assess genetic variation within and among species in the Neotropical tree genus Cedrela, with a focus on Cedrela odorata, to test hypotheses on the drivers of diversification, to place known ecotypic variation in context and to detect intraspecific phylogeographical structure.LocationCentral and South America, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Trinidad and Guadeloupe.MethodsSamples were collected from the field, existing collections and herbaria from across the geographical range, including a total of 528 individuals from 72 sites. A phylogenetic framework was constructed using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data (intergenic spacers plus flanking 18S and 26S regions), and genetic structure was analysed using a combination of chloroplast DNA sequences (trnC–ycf6, trnH–psbA) and chloroplast and nuclear microsatellite (single sequence repeat, SSR) loci. Phylogenetic reconstruction was undertaken using a combination of Bayesian and parsimony‐based approaches; divergence times were estimated for major nodes. Geographical structure in chloroplast SSR data was analysed using SAMOVA, while that in nuclear SSR data was assessed using a combination of Bayesian clustering and principal coordinates analysis.ResultsITS sequence data supported phylogenetic distinctiveness of four morphologically cryptic species within C. odorata. Chloroplast sequence and microsatellite data showed geographical structuring both among and within species, suggesting the influence of climatic and geographical drivers. Intraspecific genetic divergence was also present in nuclear microsatellite data, suggesting contemporary gene flow limitation across sea and mountain barriers.Main conclusionsThe data support diversification of the genus Cedrela in South America with subsequent recolonization into Central America prior to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. At least four morphologically cryptic taxa were evident within C. odorata and within‐species phylogeographical divergence across the Andes and within Central America was present, the latter suggestive of Pleistocene climatic influence. Previously recognized ecotypes in Central America should be elevated to species level. The new molecular data support the recent reclassification and will support the monitoring of exploitation in the genus.
Loss of Phototaxis and Degeneration of an Eyespot in Long‐term Algal Cultures: Evidence from Ultrastructure and Behaviour in the Dinoflagellate Kryptoperidinium foliaceum
Authors: Moldrup Morten , Moestrup Øjvind , Hansen Per Juel 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPhototaxis provides phytoplankton with the means to orient themselves in a light gradient. This is accomplished using an eyespot and associated organelles. For the dinoflagellate Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, which has been described as having one of the most elaborate eyespot complexes known, positive phototaxis has hitherto not been reported. In this study, we show that a newly isolated strain of K. foliaceum is indeed capable of positive phototaxis with a mean vector (± 95% confidence interval) of 352°± 2.2, where 0/360° indicates the position of the light source. A study of three strains (UTEX 1688, CCMP 1326, and MBL07) of K. foliaceum showed that the eyespot in two of these strains has degenerated following decades in culture. Thus, previous studies have failed to report positive phototaxis due to loss of directionality caused by the degenerated eyespot. The results are discussed in a broader context and we conclude that studies on algal morphology and physiology may result in erroneous conclusions if based on algal cultures maintained under laboratory conditions for extended periods.
Prognostic significance of the worst grade in hepatocellular carcinoma with heterogeneous histologic grades of differentiation
Authors: Han Dai Hoon , Choi Gi Hong , Kim Kyung Sik , Choi Jin Sub , Park Young Nyun , Kim Seung Up , Park Jun Yong , Ahn Sang Hoon , Han Kwang‐Hyub 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackground and AimAlthough tumor differentiation is a known prognostic factor after the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), there have not been any studies on the prognostic significance of tumor differentiation in HCC with heterogeneous histologic grades. In this study, we attempted to ascertain whether the major or the worst grade in mixed histologic type HCC determines the prognosis after liver resection.MethodsFrom January 1996 to March 2010, a total of 724 patients underwent curative resection of HCC at Yonsei University Health System, Korea. Of those, we excluded 99 patients who had total necrosis because of previous treatment. Among the remaining 625 patients, we compared the homogeneous moderately differentiated group (HG2, n = 241), mixed histologic grades with the worst component as poorly differentiated group (M2, n = 142), and homogeneous poorly differentiated group (HG3, n = 156). The clinicopathologic features, disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in each group were analyzed.ResultsThe DFS and OS were significantly lower in M2 than in HG2 (P = 0.004 and 0.025, respectively) whereas those of M2 were not significantly different from HG3. There were no significant differences in the clinicopathologic features of each group except that microvascular invasion was more frequently observed in M2 than in HG2. On multivariate analysis, being in the worst histologic group (M2 and HG3) was an independent poor prognostic factor for DFS and OS (P = 0.028 and < 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsIn patients with advanced histologic grade, the worst histologic grade may determine the prognosis after curative resection of HCC.
Living with coeliac disease: a grounded theory study
Authors: Rose C. , Howard R. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundCoeliac disease can be controlled only through adherence to a gluten‐free diet. This diet is highly restrictive and can be challenging to maintain. It has been linked with elevated levels of psychological distress, including depression, anxiety and social phobia.MethodsNarratives on living with coeliac disease were written by 130 adult members of Coeliac UK (mean age 52.7 years; mean time since diagnosis 10.2 years; 67% sample female; 28% male). Qualitative analysis using grounded theory methods identified five key categories: living with widespread ignorance; social invisibility; creating a coeliac community; a changed identity; grief – and accepting the trade‐off.ResultsA psychosocial model of living with coeliac disease was constructed from the findings, the central category of which was the changed identity of those diagnosed with the condition. Grief was experienced in relation to a loss of the former diet, changed personal and social identities, loss of social confidence and loss of social activities. Grief was generally mitigated over time as adjustments were made to changes in identity and lifestyle. Creating (or becoming part of) a coeliac community was a strategy enabling those with coeliac disease to re‐establish their identities and increase social recognition and acceptance of the condition.ConclusionsGluten‐free living entails a substantial restriction of food choice. The losses and changes entailed impact on the personal and social identities of those living with coeliac disease, and on the behaviour of others towards them. Psychosocial interventions focussed on facilitating coping and adjustment may benefit those experiencing difficulties.
From synaptic spines to nuclear signaling: nuclear and synaptic actions of the amyloid precursor protein
Authors: Octave Jean‐Noël , Pierrot Nathalie , Ferao Santos Susana , Nalivaeva Natalia N. , Turner Anthony J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDespite intensive studies of the secretase‐mediated processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to form the amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ), in relation to Alzheimer's disease (AD), no new therapeutic agents have reached the clinics based on reducing Aβ levels through the use of secretase inhibitors or immunotherapy. Furthermore, the normal neuronal functions of APP and its various metabolites still remain under‐investigated and unclear. Here, we highlight emerging areas of APP function that may provide new insights into synaptic development, cognition, and gene regulation. By modulating expression levels of endogenous APP in primary cortical neurons, the frequency and amplitude of calcium oscillations is modified, implying a key role for APP in maintaining neuronal calcium homeostasis essential for synaptic transmission. Disruption of this homeostatic mechanism predisposes to aging and AD. Synaptic spine loss is a feature of neurogeneration resulting in learning and memory deficits, and emerging evidence indicates a role for APP, probably mediated via one or more of its metabolites, in spine structure and functions. The intracellular domain of APP (AICD) has also emerged as a key epigenetic regulator of gene expression controlling a diverse range of genes, including APP itself, the amyloid‐degrading enzyme neprilysin, and aquaporin‐1. A fuller understanding of the physiological and pathological actions of APP and its metabolic network could provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention in AD.
Nurture: Effects of Intrauterine Position on Behaviour
Authors: Kawata Mitsuhiro 
Published: March 2013

SummaryFetuses positioned next to littermates of the opposite sex may develop different sexually related traits and aggressive behaviour in later life. These effects of intrauterine position are due to hormonal transfer between fetuses. Testosterone from a male fetus that crosses the fetal membrane of an adjacent female fetus can affect molecular events in the female including modification of the steroid hormone receptors in hypothalamic neurons. The intrauterine environment may also account for the variability of laboratory animals and newborn human twins.
Three Hundred and Seventy Seven Ways of Being – Sexualness of the Citizen in India
Authors: Khanna Akshay 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe High Court of Delhi recently declared that Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, a colonial anti‐sodomy law that effectively criminalised homosexuality, violates rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India. This has been the first juridical recognition of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender folk as citizens and also the first time that the juridical subject has been ascribed a “sexuality”. “Sexuality”, in other words, has been identified as an aspect of personhood, the “self” that the subject refers to. And yet, same‐sex desire in India is not contained within discrete bodies, much less so within bodies presumed in bio‐medical or juridical discourses as “sexuality types”. This recognition lies at the centre of the Queer movement which made the ascription of sexuality to the juridical subject in the first place. Based on ethnographic fieldwork related to the litigation, this paper argues that the juridical register requires demands for rights to articulate in terms of subjectivity and personhood, and examines the ways in which this disjuncture came to be managed by the movement. The paper examines theoretical approaches to subjectivity and argues for a conceptual distinction between the idea of the “subject” and the “self”. Subjectivity, it is argued, is better understood in terms of forms of (legal) legibility, bringing our focus onto the political‐economic, historical and cultural conditions under which these forms come to be performed as embodiments‐in‐the‐world.
The Self at a Time of War in Northern Sri Lanka
Authors: Thiranagama Sharika 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe article takes one young Tamil woman, Vasantha, and her account of growing up in the northern war zone of Jaffna in Sri Lanka. Vasantha's narrative and her adolescence, like others of her generation, was framed by living at the margins of the Sri Lankan state (though under its bombardment) and under the control of a repressive quasi‐state actor, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). In this article, I twin Vasantha's fashioning of her life‐story with a meditation on the ways in which the Sri Lankan war, specifically LTTE control over Tamil lives, has come to ambivalently frame and produce particular understandings of selfhood, articulations of collectivity and individuality. Here, I argue that individuation takes many different forms, and, specifically, that the ruptures of war produces individuation in unexpected ways. I take Vasantha's story to explicate the experiences of young people in northern Sri Lanka, and, as an illustration of the contraction and expansion of particular possibilities of selfhood in the midst of political.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Adolescent Smoking: Using Smoking Status to Differentiate the Influence of Body Weight Measures
Authors: Hong Traci , Johnson Carolyn 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDPrevious research has reported mixed results on the association between body weight measures (ie, perception of weight and weight loss goal) and cigarette smoking prevalence—and how these associations vary by sex and race. This longitudinal study assessed the relationship between these 2 body weight measures and smoking prevalence by smoking status (ie, nonsmoker, former smoker, smoker).METHODSPanel data of adolescents (N = 1592) from Louisiana schools completed survey interviews in the 9th grade and again in the 12th grade. Three separate ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses were conducted based on respondents' smoking status in the 9th grade: nonsmoker, former smoker, and smoker. The dependent variable, smoking prevalence was assessed in the 12th grade.RESULTSAmong nonsmokers, weight loss goal was associated with smoking in the 12th grade. Among former smokers, the association between weight loss goal and smoking varied by sex. Girls who reported the goal to lose weight smoked more than their male counterparts. In contrast, among those who did not have the goal of losing weight, boys smoked more than girls. Among adolescents who were already smokers in the 9th grade, weight loss goal was not significantly associated with smoking prevalence.CONCLUSIONDifferences in the association between weight‐related variables and smoking prevalence may be attributed, in part, to smoking status. School‐based smoking interventions should target nonsmokers and female former smokers who desire weight loss.
Schoolbag Weight Limit: Can It Be Defined?
Authors: Dockrell Sara , Simms Ciaran , Blake Catherine 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDCarrying a schoolbag is a daily activity for most children and much research has been conducted in an effort to identify a safe load limit for children to carry in their schoolbags. Despite this, there is still no consensus about guideline weight and other factors associated with carrying a schoolbag. The objective of this article is to review the literature on schoolbags with particular emphasis on the load limit guidelines and schoolbag‐related musculoskeletal pain, and to suggest directions for school health and future research.METHODSScience Direct, PubMed, AMED, CINAHL, OVID, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched for peer‐reviewed articles using combinations of the following key words: schoolbag, backpack, rucksack, knapsack, satchel, book bag, book pack and included combinations of children, pain, gait, and posture. Article references were also checked for further citations. All are in English, with the exception of one which is in German but is widely cited.RESULTSThere are conflicting findings in the literature. The recommended load limit for schoolchildren to carry varies from 5% to 20% of their body weight, and the evidence linking backpack weight and back pain is inconclusive.CONCLUSIONSThe shortcomings in the current literature should be addressed so that evidence‐based guidelines can be provided to schoolchildren, parents, and teachers. It is suggested that general guidance may be more appropriate than a single load limit guideline.