bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pragmatics of No Reference
Authors: Mousavian Seyed N. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAccording to Millianism, the semantic content of a proper name is its semantic referent. Many names, however, lack semantic referent; hence, so‐called ‘empty’ names. Empty names raise various problems for Millianism. T.C. Ryckman, Fred Adams, Garry Fuller, Robert Stecker, Kenneth Taylor, and Nicole Wyatt, among others, have defended Millianism against these problems by appeal to pragmatics (Pragmatic Millianism). I introduce Millianism and the problems raised by empty names for the view, then examine Pragmatic Millianism (PM), its strength, its varieties, and why the previous arguments against PM do not succeed. I then provide my argument against PM: the view oversimplifies the complex phenomenon of association between names and descriptions. I discuss an objection to my argument and rebut that. Finally, I try to draw an outline of a positive view.
The effect of predominant breast‐feeding on the risk of obesity in Korean preschool children
Authors: Park Jiyoung , Kim Hee Soon , Chu Sang‐Hui , Jekal Yoon‐Suk , Lee Ja‐yin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of predominant breast‐feeding practices based on the criteria given by the World Health Organization and to identify the association between predominant breast‐feeding during infancy and the development of obesity during preschool in South Korean children. This study employed a nonexperimental, retrospective study design. Five hundred and twenty‐eight preschool children aged three to six years and their mothers were recruited. Twenty‐seven percent of the participants engaged in predominant breast‐feeding; on average they fed predominantly breast milk for the first 6.7 months. After adjusting for child and maternal characteristics, children who had mixed feeding were 1.68 times more likely to become obese than those who were predominantly breast‐fed. In this study, it was identified that predominant breast‐feeding has a positive effect on maintaining healthy body weight in Korean preschoolers. While encouraging predominant breast‐feeding is only a part of the solution, it is an effective and important first step toward preventing preschool obesity.
Photosynthetic temperature responses of tree species in Rwanda: evidence of pronounced negative effects of high temperature in montane rainforest climax species
Authors: Vårhammar Angelica , Wallin Göran , McLean Christopher M. , Dusenge Mirindi Eric , Medlyn Belinda E. , Hasper Thomas B. , Nsabimana Donat , Uddling Johan 
Published: February 2015

Summary

The sensitivity of photosynthetic metabolism to temperature has been identified as a key uncertainty for projecting the magnitude of the terrestrial feedback on future climate change. While temperature responses of photosynthetic capacities have been comparatively well investigated in temperate species, the responses of tropical tree species remain unexplored.

We compared the responses of seedlings of native cold‐adapted tropical montane rainforest tree species with those of exotic warm‐adapted plantation species, all growing in an intermediate temperature common garden in Rwanda. Leaf gas exchange responses to carbon dioxide (CO2) at different temperatures (20–40°C) were used to assess the temperature responses of biochemical photosynthetic capacities.

Analyses revealed a lower optimum temperature for photosynthetic electron transport rates than for Rubisco carboxylation rates, along with lower electron transport optima in the native cold‐adapted than in the exotic warm‐adapted species. The photosynthetic optimum temperatures were generally exceeded by daytime peak leaf temperatures, in particular in the native montane rainforest climax species.

This study thus provides evidence of pronounced negative effects of high temperature in tropical trees and indicates high susceptibility of montane rainforest climax species to future global warming.
The importance of the microbiome of the plant holobiont
Authors: Vandenkoornhuyse Philippe , Quaiser Achim , Duhamel Marie , Le Van Amandine , Dufresne Alexis 
Published: February 2015

SummaryPlants can no longer be considered as standalone entities and a more holistic perception is needed. Indeed, plants harbor a wide diversity of microorganisms both inside and outside their tissues, in the endosphere and ectosphere, respectively. These microorganisms, which mostly belong to Bacteria and Fungi, are involved in major functions such as plant nutrition and plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Hence, the microbiota impact plant growth and survival, two key components of fitness. Plant fitness is therefore a consequence of the plantper seand its microbiota, which collectively form a holobiont. Complementary to the reductionist perception of evolutionary pressures acting on plant or symbiotic compartments, the plant holobiont concept requires a novel perception of evolution. The interlinkages between the plant holobiont components are explored here in the light of current ecological and evolutionary theories. Microbiome complexity and the rules of microbiotic community assemblage are not yet fully understood. It is suggested that the plant can modulate its microbiota to dynamically adjust to its environment. To better understand the level of plant dependence on the microbiotic components, the core microbiota need to be determined at different hierarchical scales of ecology while pan‐microbiome analyses would improve characterization of the functions displayed.ContentsSummary1196I.Introduction1196II.Plants as holobionts1197III.Recruitment of the plant microbiota: what are the driving factors?1198IV.The plant holobiont: an existing core plant microbiota?1200V.The plant and its microbiome: what controls what?1201VI.Concluding remarks and prospects1204Acknowledgements1204References1204
Implantation of Permanent Pacemaker and ICD Leads in Children Using a Three‐Dimensional Electroanatomic Mapping System as an Aid to Fluoroscopy
Authors: SILVER ERIC S. , NASH MARY C. , LIBERMAN LEONARDO 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundThree‐dimensional electroanatomic mapping systems (3D mapping) allow the creation of an anatomic representation of the cardiac anatomy and real‐time monitoring of transvenous pacing catheters. Their use to facilitate pacemaker (PM) and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) lead placement in the pediatric population has not been well defined. We sought to review our experience using 3D mapping as an adjunct to fluoroscopy for positioning of permanent PM and ICD leads in pediatric patients.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of all patients ≤21 years of age who underwent PM or ICD implantation with the aid of the Ensite Velocity system (Ensite) from May 2012 to September 2014. Fluoroscopy was utilized in addition to 3D mapping to aid obtaining vascular access, to visualize fixation of the lead to the myocardium, and to evaluate lead length within the vasculature.ResultsNineteen patients (mean age 14.6 ± 4.4 years) underwent placement of active fixation PM leads (N = 17) and/or ICD leads (N = 10) with the aid of Ensite. All leads were successfully placed (eight atrial, 19 ventricular). Fluoroscopic exposure was a mean of 3.2 minutes (± 2.8, 0.1–10.5). There was one lead dislodgement.ConclusionsEnsite was used successfully as an adjunct to fluoroscopy in all patients in whom it was attempted to aid the placement of permanent transvenous PM and ICD leads. Future evaluation could focus on the use of 3D mapping systems to further minimize or eliminate fluoroscopy from PM and ICD implantations.
Carbon partitioning in Arabidopsis thaliana is a dynamic process controlled by the plants metabolic status and its circadian clock
Authors: Kölling Katharina , Thalmann Matthias , Müller Antonia , Jenny Camilla , Zeeman Samuel C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPlant growth involves the coordinated distribution of carbon resources both towards structural components and towards storage compounds that assure a steady carbon supply over the complete diurnal cycle. We used 14CO2 labelling to track assimilated carbon in both source and sink tissues. Source tissues exhibit large variations in carbon allocation throughout the light period. The most prominent change was detected in partitioning towards starch, being low in the morning and more than double later in the day. Export into sink tissues showed reciprocal changes. Fewer and smaller changes in carbon allocation occurred in sink tissues where, in most respects, carbon was partitioned similarly, whether the sink leaf assimilated it through photosynthesis or imported it from source leaves. Mutants deficient in the production or remobilization of leaf starch exhibited major alterations in carbon allocation. Low‐starch mutants that suffer from carbon starvation at night allocated much more carbon into neutral sugars and had higher rates of export than the wild type, partly because of the reduced allocation into starch, but also because of reduced allocation into structural components. Moreover, mutants deficient in the plant's circadian system showed considerable changes in their carbon partitioning pattern suggesting control by the circadian clock.
Health‐related quality of life in parents of pediatric solid organ transplant recipients in Japan
Authors: Kikuchi Ryota , Ono Minoru , Kinugawa Koichiro , Endo Miyoko , Mizuta Koichi , Urahashi Taizen , Ihara Yoshiyuki , Yoshida Sachiyo , Ito Shuichi , Kamibeppu Kiyoko 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFew studies have examined HRQOL in pediatric Tx recipients’ parents. This study investigated HRQOL in these parents and relationships between HRQOL and perceived burden of nurturing, family functioning, and social support. Self‐report anonymous questionnaires and a survey of medical records were completed between September and December 2013. The SF‐36v2, which evaluates physical, psychological, and social health, was used to measure HRQOL. While values for physical and psychological health were higher than standard values (Cohen's d = 0.34 and 0.17, respectively), social health scores were lower (d = 0.21). “Parental consultation unrelated to donation” (standardized partial regression coefficient: β = −0.52) was associated with physical health. “Family functioning” and “Commuting time between home and primary follow‐up hospital” (β = 0.57 and −0.31) were related to psychological health. “Total score for perceived burden of nurturing” (β = −0.31) was related to social health. Regarding parental HRQOL, while physical and psychological health was favorable, social health was impaired. In clinical practice, interventions targeting parents’ physical conditions and facilitation of community and family understanding and support to share recipients’ nurturing are important in improving parental HRQOL.
The Emerging Study of Positive Empathy
Authors: Morelli Sylvia A. , Lieberman Matthew D. , Zaki Jamil 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLay intuitions suggest that the ability to share, celebrate, and enjoy others' positive emotions – a phenomenon we term positive empathy – bolsters individual well‐being and relationship strength. However, it is unclear from the current literature whether (i) positive empathy is distinct from highly related constructs and (ii) whether positive empathy is associated with salutary social and personal outcomes. Here, we begin by examining basic evidence suggesting that positive empathy is related to, but independent from, constructs such as general positivity and empathy for others' distress. We then review evidence that positive empathy correlates with increased prosocial behavior, social closeness, and well‐being. Lastly, we discuss open directions for the study of positive empathy, such as investigating the potential role of positive empathy (or its disruption) in psychiatric disorders.
Multifocal phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exophiala xenobiotica in a kidney transplant recipient
Authors: Palmisano A. , Morio F. , Le Pape P. , Degli Antoni A.M. , Ricci R. , Zucchi A. , Vaglio A. , Piotti G. , Antoniotti R. , Cremaschi E. , Buzio C. , Maggiore U. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn recent years, black fungi have been increasingly reported as causing opportunistic infections after solid organ transplantation. Here, we report a case of insidious, relentless, and multifocal Exophiala xenobiotica infection in a kidney transplant recipient that eventually required multiple surgical excisions along with oral and intravenous antifungal combination therapy using liposomal amphotericin B and posaconazole. We compare the present case with all previously reported cases of Exophiala infection after kidney transplantation.
Temporal changes in blood product usage in preterm neonates born at less than 30 weeks' gestation in Canada
Authors: Keir Amy K. , Yang Junmin , Harrison Adele , Pelausa Ermelinda , Shah Prakesh S. ,   on Behalf of the Canadian Neonatal Network
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUNDKnowledge of neonatal transfusion practices remains limited to local cohorts or survey‐based studies. This study evaluated the pattern and temporal changes in the types and frequency of blood product use among preterm neonates born at less than 30 weeks' gestation in Canada.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA retrospective cohort study of preterm neonates born at less than 30 weeks' gestation and admitted to participating neonatal intensive care units in the Canadian Neonatal Network from 2004 to 2012 was conducted to evaluate blood product usage. The temporal change in red blood cell (RBC) use was evaluated by dividing the study period into three epochs: 2004 to 2006, 2007 to 2009, and 2010 to 2012.RESULTSOf 14,868 eligible neonates admitted to participating units in Canada during the overall study period, 8252 (56%) received RBCs, 2151 (15%) platelets, 1556 (11%) fresh‐frozen plasma, 915 (6%) albumin, and 302 (2%) cryoprecipitate. Temporal evaluation over three epochs revealed a trend toward fewer RBC transfusions among neonates born at 26 to 29 weeks' gestation (p = <0.01‐0.04) but use remained unchanged or increased for neonates born at 23 to 25 weeks' gestation (p = 0.02‐0.54).CONCLUSIONBlood product use remains at a very high frequency in preterm neonates born at less than 30 weeks' gestation. Evolutionary practice changes and relative high tolerance for anemia may be associated with a reduction in RBC usage in recent years in neonates born at at least 26 weeks' gestation. This contrasts with the ongoing higher usage of blood products observed at extremely low gestational ages.
Neotropical Bats from Costa Rica harbour Diverse Coronaviruses
Authors: Moreira‐Soto A. , Taylor‐Castillo L. , Vargas‐Vargas N. , Rodríguez‐Herrera B. , Jiménez C. , Corrales‐Aguilar E. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryBats are hosts of diverse coronaviruses (CoVs) known to potentially cross the host–species barrier. For analysing coronavirus diversity in a bat species‐rich country, a total of 421 anal swabs/faecal samples from Costa Rican bats were screened for CoV RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene sequences by a pancoronavirus PCR. Six families, 24 genera and 41 species of bats were analysed. The detection rate for CoV was 1%. Individuals (n = 4) from four different species of frugivorous (Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia perspicillata and Carollia castanea) and nectivorous (Glossophaga soricina) bats were positive for coronavirus‐derived nucleic acids. Analysis of 440 nt. RdRp sequences allocated all Costa Rican bat CoVs to the α‐CoV group. Several CoVs sequences clustered near previously described CoVs from the same species of bat, but were phylogenetically distant from the human CoV sequences identified to date, suggesting no recent spillover events. The Glossophaga soricina CoV sequence is sufficiently dissimilar (26% homology to the closest known bat CoVs) to represent a unique coronavirus not clustering near other CoVs found in the same bat species so far, implying an even higher CoV diversity than previously suspected.
Light output measurements and computational models of microcolumnar CsI scintillators for x‐ray imaging
Authors: Nillius Peter , Klamra Wlodek , Sibczynski Pawel , Sharma Diksha , Danielsson Mats , Badano Aldo 
Published: February 2015

Purpose:The authors report on measurements of light output and spatial resolution of microcolumnar CsI:Tl scintillator detectors for x‐ray imaging. In addition, the authors discuss the results of simulations aimed at analyzing the results of synchrotron and sealed‐source exposures with respect to the contributions of light transport to the total light output.Methods:The authors measured light output from a 490‐μm CsI:Tl scintillator screen using two setups. First, the authors used a photomultiplier tube (PMT) to measure the response of the scintillator to sealed‐source exposures. Second, the authors performed imaging experiments with a 27‐keV monoenergetic synchrotron beam and a slit to calculate the total signal generated in terms of optical photons per keV. The results of both methods are compared to simulations obtained with hybridmantis, a coupled x‐ray, electron, and optical photon Monte Carlo transport package. The authors report line response (LR) and light output for a range of linear absorption coefficients and describe a model that fits at the same time the light output and the blur measurements. Comparing the experimental results with the simulations, the authors obtained an estimate of the absorption coefficient for the model that provides good agreement with the experimentally measured LR. Finally, the authors report light output simulation results and their dependence on scintillator thickness and reflectivity of the backing surface.Results:The slit images from the synchrotron were analyzed to obtain a total light output of 48 keV−1 while measurements using the fast PMT instrument setup and sealed‐sources reported a light output of 28 keV−1. The authors attribute the difference in light output estimates between the two methods to the difference in time constants between the camera and PMT measurements. Simulation structures were designed to match the light output measured with the camera while providing good agreement with the measured LR resulting in a bulk absorption coefficient of 5 × 10−5 μm−1.Conclusions:The combination of experimental measurements for microcolumnar CsI:Tl scintillators using sealed‐sources and synchrotron exposures with results obtained via simulation suggests that the time course of the emission might play a role in experimental estimates. The procedure yielded an experimentally derived linear absorption coefficient for microcolumnar Cs:Tl of 5 × 10−5 μm−1. To the author's knowledge, this is the first time this parameter has been validated against experimental observations. The measurements also offer insight into the relative role of optical transport on the effective optical yield of the scintillator with microcolumnar structure.
Skin and Mucosal Human Papillomavirus Seroprevalence in Persons with Fanconi Anemia
Authors: Katzenellenbogen Rachel A. , Carter Joseph J. , Stern Joshua E. , Butsch Kovacic Melinda S. , Mehta Parinda A. , Sauter Sharon L. , Galloway Denise A. , Winer Rachel L. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTPersons with Fanconi anemia (FA) are at risk for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers; however, their natural HPV exposure and infection rates are unknown as is the adequacy with which they mount antibodies to HPV vaccination. This study aimed to determine, in 62 persons with FA, the seroprevalence of skin and mucosal HPV types, the seroprevalence in individuals self-reporting a history of HPV vaccination, and the factors associated with HPV seropositivity. A bead Luminex assay was used to determine seropositivity for HPV1, -2, and -4 (low-risk skin), -6 and -11 (low-risk mucosal, included in one HPV vaccine), -16 and -18 (high-risk mucosal, included in both HPV vaccines), and -52 and -58 (high-risk mucosal). Health- and behavior-related questionnaires were completed. Type-specific seroprevalence estimates and participant characteristics associated with seroprevalence were calculated; 48% reported HPV vaccination. Type-specific seropositivity in unvaccinated persons ranged from 7 to 21% for skin HPV types and 7 to 38% for mucosal HPV types. Among the unvaccinated participants, adults versus children demonstrated increased HPV1, -6, -16, and -58 seroprevalence of 45% versus 6%, 64% versus 22%, 64% versus 17%, and 36% versus 0%, respectively (allP< 0.05). The vaccinated participants versus the nonvaccinated participants demonstrated increased seroprevalence of HPV6, -11, -16, and -18 of 92% versus 38%, 92% versus 24%, 96% versus 34%, and 75% versus 7%, respectively (allP< 0.0001). Our data demonstrate that the unvaccinated participants had serologic evidence of prior skin and mucosal HPV infections and that seroprevalence increased among adults; in self-reported vaccinees, seroprevalence of HPV vaccine types was 75 to 96%.
Lack of Clinical Utility of Urine Gram Stain for Suspected Urinary Tract Infection in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Cantey Joseph B. , Gaviria-Agudelo Claudia , McElvania TeKippe Erin , Doern Christopher D. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections in children. Urine culture remains the gold standard for diagnosis, but the utility of urine Gram stain relative to urinalysis (UA) is unclear. We reviewed 312 pediatric patients with suspected UTI who had urine culture, UA, and urine Gram stain performed from a single urine specimen. UA was considered positive if ≥10 leukocytes per oil immersion field were seen or if either nitrates or leukocyte esterase testing was positive. Urine Gram stain was considered positive if any organisms were seen. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated using urine culture as the gold standard. Thirty-seven (12%) patients had a culture-proven UTI. Compared to urine Gram stain, UA had equal sensitivity (97.3% versus 97.5%) and higher specificity (85% versus 74%). Empirical therapy was prescribed before the Gram stain result was known in 40 (49%) patients and after in 42 (51%) patients. The antibiotics chosen did not differ between the two groups (
P
= 0.81), nor did they differ for patients with Gram-negative rods on urine Gram stain compared to those with Gram-positive cocci (
P
= 0.67). From these data, we conclude that UA has excellent negative predictive value that is not enhanced by urine Gram stain and that antibiotic selection did not vary based on the urine Gram stain result. In conclusion, the clinical utility of urine Gram stain does not warrant the time or cost it requires.