bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microfracture in the Hip
Authors: Domb Benjamin G. , Gupta Asheesh , Dunne Kevin F. , Gui Chengcheng , Chandrasekaran Sivashankar , Lodhia Parth 
Published: June 2015

Background: Microfracture in hip preservation surgery has demonstrated favorable outcomes, but studies with a higher level of evidence assessing microfracture are warranted. Purpose: To assess 2-year outcomes of patients who underwent hip arthroscopy with full-thickness chondral damage treated with microfracture and compare these outcomes with those of a control group from a similar cohort of patients who did not have full-thickness chondral damage and who were not treated with microfracture. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Between February 2008 and May 2012, prospectively gathered data for patients undergoing microfracture during hip arthroscopy with a 2-year follow-up were reviewed. All patients were assessed pre- and postoperatively at 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years with 4 patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments. A matched cohort of patients who did not have full-thickness chondral damage and hence did not receive microfracture was selected on a 1:2 ratio. Matching criteria were sex, age within 6 years, workers’ compensation status, concomitant labral treatment, and radiographic parameters. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the change in PROs in both groups. Results: A total of 79 hips were included in the microfracture group and 158 in the control group. There was no significant difference in PRO scores preoperatively between the groups. Both groups demonstrated significant improvement in all postoperative PRO scores at all time points. There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative PRO scores between the microfracture and control groups, except for the visual analog scale (VAS) score at 2 years, which was higher ( P = .02) in the microfracture group (mean ± SD, 3.63 ± 2.50) than in the control group (2.82 ± 2.76). Patient satisfaction was 7.2 for the microfracture group and 8.04 for the control group, which was statistically different ( P < .05). The mean change in all PRO scores was similar between groups at 3 months and 1 year postoperatively but significantly lower in the microfracture group at 2 years postoperatively. The greatest improvement in both groups was noted at 3 months postoperatively. Conclusion: This study showed that patients undergoing microfracture during hip arthroscopy had equivalent PRO scores compared with the control group at 2 years postoperatively. The change in PRO scores from preoperatively to 2 years postoperatively was significantly lower in the microfracture group compared with the control group. The VAS scores and satisfaction were inferior by 0.81 and 0.84 units, respectively, in the microfracture group compared with the control group, likely due to lack of full-thickness chondral defects in the latter. However, both groups showed significant improvement in all PRO scores after surgery, with no significant difference in final PRO scores.
Role of Public Research Institutes in Japan’s National Innovation System: Case Study of AIST, RIKEN and JAXA
Authors: Suzuki Jun , Tsukada Naotoshi , Goto Akira 
Published: June 2015

Among the actors in the National Innovation System, Public Research Institutes (PRIs) are probably the least studied. Historically, PRIs played an important role in conducting research related to the Japanese government’s missions in defence, space exploration, health care, agriculture and industrial technology. PRIs that aimed to help industry played a significant role during the catch-up period before and after the second World War. However, throughout the 1970s and 1980s, as Japanese firms acquired new technological capabilities and crossed technological frontiers with increasing financial resources, the firms’ reliance on PRIs as a source of advanced technology decreased. At present, discussions are underway regarding the role and rationale of PRIs in Japan’s innovation system. In this article, we focus on three large PRIs in Japan—AIST, RIKEN and JAXA—and investigate their role in helping Japan’s industry by examining their patents. We briefly describe their background and history of development, which clarifies their distinctive role in Japan’s innovation systems. We use four measures drawn from patent data (technological value, exclusionary value, expected market value and knowledge spillover) to describe PRI performance. The difference between the PRIs’ patents and those of universities and firms, as well as the impact of the PRIs’ research collaboration with the private sector is analysed. We found that each of the three PRIs has its own identity and is fulfilling its specific role. In addition, we pinpoint problems concerning universities’ patenting activity. Finally, we discuss factors that might affect the research outcome.
Pectus excavatum: computed tomography and medium-term surgical outcome in a prospective cohort of 10 kittens
Authors: Charlesworth Timothy M , Schwarz Tobias , Sturgess Christopher P 
Published: June 2015

Objectives The objective of this study was to report the use of computed tomography (CT) in conjunction with clinical signs to assess the severity of pectus excavatum (PE) in kittens and to guide surgical decision-making; also to report medium-term outcome in a prospective cohort of kittens undergoing surgical correction. Methods This was a prospective study of 10–15-week-old kittens (n = 10) diagnosed with moderate/severe PE. Results CT provides additional information that is useful for selecting patients for surgical correction and for planning the surgery. Traditional radiographic indices (vertebral, frontosagittal) provide reasonable approximations of the CT-determined dimensions but these seem to correlate poorly with the severity of clinical signs. Kittens commonly have lateralised deformities, which are associated with less severe clinical signs, while those with midline deformities are associated with more severe clinical signs. Six of seven kittens with severe PE that had a ventral splint applied for 4 weeks had excellent medium-term outcomes. Conclusions and relevance Restriction of diastolic filling by midline sternal deviation may be an important cause of exercise intolerance in cats with PE. CT can be used to assess affected kittens and to plan surgery when indicated.
Characterization of pica and chewing behaviors in privately owned cats: a case-control study
Authors: Demontigny-Bédard Isabelle , Beauchamp Guy , Bélanger Marie-Claude , Frank Diane 
Published: June 2015

Objectives The aim of this study was to characterize pica behavior in cats. Methods Cat owners were recruited to participate in a questionnaire survey on pica behavior exhibited by their cats. Emphasis was put on the type of item ingested. Questions on early history and environment, as well as general health and gastrointestinal signs, were asked. Owners of healthy cats not showing pica were also recruited into a control group. Associations between variables and groups were statistically tested. Results Pica was directed most commonly at shoelaces or threads, followed by plastic, fabric, other items, rubber, paper or cardboard and wood. Some cats ingested specific items but only chewed others. A significant positive association was found between sucking and ingesting fabric ( P = 0.002). Ad libitum feeding was significantly lower in the pica group than the control group ( P = 0.01). Prevalence of self-sucking behavior was significantly higher in the pica group than the control group ( P = 0.001). Cats with pica vomited significantly more often than control cats ( P = 0.01). Conclusions and relevance Pica, the ingestion of inedible items, does not seem to be the consequence of a suboptimal environment or early weaning. Cats with pica were less commonly fed ad libitum than healthy cats. As frequently reported, pica and vomiting were related, but the causative association is not well established and thus warrants further investigation.
From referral to discharge: Young people and parents’ experience of a systemic paediatric psychology service
Authors: Girling Isabella , Colville Susie , Borrelli Mimi , Bowman Nicola , Christie Deborah 
Published: June 2015

Objectives: The paediatric and adolescent clinical psychology service at the University College London Hospital provides age-appropriate services to young people up to 19 years of age under the care of a hospital consultant. This short report describes how young people and parents experience what we provide as a systemic paediatric psychology team from referral to discharge. Method: A semi-structured questionnaire was designed to gather service user perspectives on the systemic clinical psychology service. The questionnaire included open and closed questions to generate qualitative and quantitative data about the different stages of the treatment process. Results: A total of 44/79 families discharged in the previous year were contacted by phone. The majority of young people and parents were happy being called to discuss the referral before being offered an appointment and liked the way in which the psychologist worked with the family. The majority of young people and parents reported their situation had improved as a result of the work offered by the psychology team. Negative aspects of the experience reflected the realities of service driven constraints including having to travel a long distance for the appointment, lack of rooms and having to be discharged at 19 years of age. Conclusion: Service user feedback is imperative to providing a high standard of care. This study highlighted positive experiences of a systemic service and indicated areas for future improvement that we are attempting to address
A comparison of four typical green exercise environments and prediction of psychological health outcomes
Authors: Rogerson Mike , Brown Daniel K , Sandercock Gavin , Wooller John-James , Barton Jo 
Published: June 2015

Aims: ‘Green exercise’ (GE) is physical activity while simultaneously being exposed to nature. GE comprises three physical components: the individual, the exercise and the environment, and one processes component encompassing a range of psychological and physiological processes. Previous research has consistently shown affective benefits of GE compared to equivalent non-GE. Investigating the possibility of optimum GE environments may help maximise health benefits. The aim of this study was to compare affective outcomes of GE participation between four different typical GE environments (beach, grasslands, riverside, heritage), and further examine influences of several physical component–related variables and one processes component–related variable, on these outcomes. Method: Participants ( N = 331) completed questionnaires before and after a 5km run, at one of four parkrun event locations. Results: Self-esteem (Δ = 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) = (1.30, 1.93)), stress (Δ = −2.36, 95% CI = (−3.01, −1.71)) and mood (Δ = −5.25, 95% CI = (−7.45, −3.05)) all significantly improved from pre- to post-run ( p < .05). Improvements in these measures were not significantly different between environments. Several component-related variables significantly predicted these improvements, accounting for 9% of self-esteem improvement, 1.6% of perceived stress improvement, and 9.5% of mood improvement. Conclusion: GE offers accessible provision for improving acute psychological wellbeing. Although nature-based exercise environments can facilitate affective outcomes, the overall type of nature may be less critical. Other characteristics of the individual, exercise and environment can significantly influence attainment of psychological GE benefits. However, the results support a greater importance of the processes component in attaining previously reported affective outcomes.
India Legal Aid Clinics: Creating Service Learning Research Projects to Study Social Justice
Authors: Tushaus David W. , Gupta Shailendra Kr. , Kapoor Sumit 
Published: June 2015

Law school legal aid clinics serve two main purposes. The first is to provide a better legal education to students. The second is to provide access to justice in the community. This article will provide some background on the importance of both of these missions. We will then discuss the results of a study of legal aid clinics across India in 2012–13. Indian undergraduate law school students 4 designed and conducted this study under the direction of Dr Shailendra K. Gupta and Fulbright-Nehru Scholar David Tushaus at Banaras Hindu University. The research team obtained both quantitative and qualitative data from legal aid clinic directors for a view of the state of clinical legal education in India at this time. The service learning process of forming the team and conducting the research is described here. Findings show the global legal clinic movement has reached India. There are some excellent models for clinical legal education in India and abroad. However, there is great room for improvement. Some legal aid clinics provide excellent educational opportunities. Service learning, where students apply their knowledge in service to the community, is more effective in teaching analytical skills and critical thinking. Much more can be done in India’s clinics, where representation is more restrictive than in some countries. Providing legal education in the community through various means, including specialized advocacy, can be effective and educational. There are suggestions for reforms to improve clinical legal education in India, from providing elective credit to allowing direct representation.
‘Clinical Legal Education’— Observing, Comparing and Analyzing the Differences in Germany and China for each other’s Respective Advantages
Authors: Hannemann Jan-Gero Alexander , Lampe Jan Hendrik 
Published: June 2015

‘Clinical Legal Education’ in Germany and China is a new approach towards changing (one might even say completing) law studies and the curriculum at universities. It provides a lot of opportunities and benefits for the participating students and thereby for the broader community. Adapted from US legal clinics, clinical legal education has changed within the last few years both legal systems and legal education. The surprisingly strong development in Germany and China which could not be more different shows many interesting aspects on how to build up legal clinics and how to influence the society within. In both countries education used to be dominated by theory. Practical matters were not, or at least not for students taken into consideration for a sufficient amount of time. The authors attempt to compare and analyze the development of clinical legal education and student legal services in China and Germany. This analysis provides a broad approach from the historical roots to the development and thereby influence of the national umbrella organizations and cross-border influences. One does not only find many similarities, but also discovers a common understanding of legal clinical education as well as differences that can be used to understand one’s own legal clinic system and develop it further. This analysis provides the possibility to strengthen the global development of ‘clinical legal education’.
Marrying microfluidics and microwells for parallel, high-throughput single-cell genomics
Authors: Wadsworth Marc H. , Hughes Travis K. , Shalek Alex K. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAn innovative, microwell-based platform for single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) combines cost efficiency, scalability and parallelizability, and will enable many new avenues of biological inquiry.See related Research article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0684-3
Restoration of mesenchymal retinal pigmented epithelial cells by TGFβ pathway inhibitors: implications for age-related macular degeneration
Authors: Radeke Monte J. , Radeke Carolyn M. , Shih Ying-Hsuan , Hu Jane , Bok Dean , Johnson Lincoln V. , Coffey Pete J. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Background
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness. Most vision loss occurs following the transition from a disease of deposit formation and inflammation to a disease of neovascular fibrosis and/or cell death. Here, we investigate how repeated wound stimulus leads to seminal changes in gene expression and the onset of a perpetual state of stimulus-independent wound response in retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells, a cell-type central to the etiology of AMD.

Methods
Transcriptome wide expression profiles of human fetal RPE cell cultures as a function of passage and time post-plating were determined using Agilent 44 K whole genome microarrays and RNA-Seq. Using a systems level analysis, differentially expressed genes and pathways of interest were identified and their role in the establishment of a persistent mesenchymal state was assessed using pharmacological-based experiments.

Results
Using a human fetal RPE cell culture model that considers monolayer disruption and subconfluent culture as a proxy for wound stimulus, we show that prolonged wound stimulus leads to terminal acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype post-confluence and altered expression of more than 40 % of the transcriptome. In contrast, at subconfluence fewer than 5 % of expressed transcripts have two-fold or greater expression differences after repeated passage. Protein-protein and pathway interaction analysis of the genes with passage-dependent expression levels in subconfluent cultures reveals a 158-node interactome comprised of two interconnected modules with functions pertaining to wound response and cell division. Among the wound response genes are the TGFβ pathway activators: TGFB1, TGFB2, INHBA, INHBB, GDF6, CTGF, and THBS1. Significantly, inhibition of TGFBR1/ACVR1B mediated signaling using receptor kinase inhibitors both forestalls and largely reverses the passage-dependent loss of epithelial potential; thus extending the effective lifespan by at least four passages. Moreover, a disproportionate number of RPE wound response genes have altered expression in neovascular and geographic AMD, including key members of the TGFβ pathway.

Conclusions
In RPE cells the switch to a persistent mesenchymal state following prolonged wound stimulus is driven by lasting activation of the TGFβ pathway. Targeted inhibition of TGFβ signaling may be an effective approach towards retarding AMD progression and producing RPE cells in quantity for research and cell-based therapies.
Timing and causes of death in septic shock
Authors: Daviaud Fabrice , Grimaldi David , Dechartres Agnès , Charpentier Julien , Geri Guillaume , Marin Nathalie , Chiche Jean-Daniel , Cariou Alain , Mira Jean-Paul , Pène Frédéric 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Background
Most studies about septic shock report a crude mortality rate that neither distinguishes between early and late deaths nor addresses the direct causes of death. We herein aimed to determine the modalities of death in septic shock.

Methods
This was a 6-year (2008–2013) monocenter retrospective study. All consecutive patients diagnosed for septic shock within the first 48 h of intensive care unit (ICU) admission were included. Early and late deaths were defined as occurring within or after 3 days following ICU admission, respectively. The main cause of death in the ICU was determined from medical files. A multinomial logistic regression analysis using the status alive as the reference category was performed to identify the prognostic factors associated with early and late deaths.

Results
Five hundred forty-three patients were included, with a mean age of 66 ± 15 years and a high proportion (67 %) of comorbidities. The in-ICU and in-hospital mortality rates were 37.2 and 45 %, respectively. Deaths occurred early for 78 (32 %) and later on for 166 (68 %) patients in the ICU (n = 124) or in the hospital (n = 42). Early deaths were mainly attributable to intractable multiple organ failure related to the primary infection (82 %) and to mesenteric ischemia (6.4 %). In-ICU late deaths were directly related to end-of-life decisions in 29 % of patients and otherwise mostly related to ICU-acquired complications, including nosocomial infections (20.4 %) and mesenteric ischemia (16.6 %). Independent determinants of early death were age, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, no pathogen identification, and initial severity. Among 3-day survivors, independent risk factors for late death were age, cirrhosis, no pathogen identification, and previous corticosteroid treatment.

Conclusions
Our study provides a comprehensive assessment of septic shock-related deaths. Identification of risk factors of early and late deaths may determine differential prognostic patterns.
A 2015 International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) candidate model based on Swarm’s experimental absolute magnetometer vector mode data
Authors: Vigneron Pierre , Hulot Gauthier , Olsen Nils , Léger Jean-Michel , Jager Thomas , Brocco Laura , Sirol Olivier , Coïsson Pierdavide , Lalanne Xavier , Chulliat Arnaud , Bertrand François , Boness Axel , Fratter Isabelle 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Each of the three satellites of the European Space Agency Swarm mission carries an absolute scalar magnetometer (ASM) that provides the nominal 1-Hz scalar data of the mission for both science and calibration purposes. These ASM instruments, however, also deliver autonomous 1-Hz experimental vector data. Here, we report on how ASM-only scalar and vector data from the Alpha and Bravo satellites between November 29, 2013 (a week after launch) and September 25, 2014 (for on-time delivery of the model on October 1, 2014) could be used to build a very valuable candidate model for the 2015.0 International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF). A parent model was first computed, describing the geomagnetic field of internal origin up to degree and order 40 in a spherical harmonic representation and including a constant secular variation up to degree and order 8. This model was next simply forwarded to epoch 2015.0 and truncated at degree and order 13. The resulting ASM-only 2015.0 IGRF candidate model is compared to analogous models derived from the mission’s nominal data and to the now-published final 2015.0 IGRF model. Differences among models mainly highlight uncertainties enhanced by the limited geographical distribution of the selected data set (essentially due to a lack of availability of data at high northern latitude satisfying nighttime conditions at the end of the time period considered). These appear to be comparable to differences classically observed among IGRF candidate models. These positive results led the ASM-only 2015.0 IGRF candidate model to contribute to the construction of the final 2015.0 IGRF model.
Physical exercise and internet-based cognitive–behavioural therapy in the treatment of depression: Randomised controlled trial
Authors: Hallgren Mats , Kraepelien Martin , öjehagen Agneta , Lindefors Nils , Zeebari Zangin , Kaldo Viktor , Forsell Yvonne 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundDepression is common and tends to be recurrent. Alternative treatments are needed that are non-stigmatising, accessible and can be prescribed by general medical practitioners.AimsTo compare the effectiveness of three interventions for depression: physical exercise, internet-based cognitive–behavioural therapy (ICBT) and treatment as usual (TAU). A secondary aim was to assess changes in self-rated work capacity.MethodA total of 946 patients diagnosed with mild to moderate depression were recruited through primary healthcare centres across Sweden and randomly assigned to one of three 12-week interventions (trail registry: KCTR study ID: KT20110063). Patients were reassessed at 3 months (response rate 78%).ResultsPatients in the exercise and ICBT groups reported larger improvements in depressive symptoms compared with TAU. Work capacity improved over time in all three groups (no significant differences).ConclusionsExercise and ICBT were more effective than TAU by a general medical practitioner, and both represent promising non-stigmatising treatment alternatives for patients with mild to moderate depression.