bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Damage to melon (Cucumis melo L.) cv. Durango by Meloidogyne incognita in Southern California
Authors: Phillips Mark , Ploeg Antoon 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe relationship between increasing Meloidogyne incognita inoculum density and the growth of melon plants in pots was well described by the Seinhorst model. The estimated tolerance level was not affected by the age of the plant at time of exposure to the nematodes, but minimum yields increased significantly when nematode inoculation was delayed until 2 weeks after seeding. Similarly, in field grown plants, melon fruit yields decreased with increasing pre-plant nematode levels. Tolerance levels estimated from the field study were one second stage juvenile (J2) per 200 g soil sampled before planting, and the estimated yield loss at high nematode densities was 65%. The yield loss resulted primarily from fewer fruits being harvested per plant, rather than from the fruits being smaller. This may be due to a redirection of plant nutrients towards sustaining the nematodes developing in the root systems, inhibiting fruit set. The results indicate that preventing immediate access of the nematodes to very young seedlings may prevent severe yield losses, but may also result in high populations at harvest.
Response of soil nematode fauna to naturally elevated CO2 levels influenced by soil pattern
Authors: Newton Paul C.D. , Yeates Gregor W. , Ross Des J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
As experimental elevation of CO2 in short-term experiments may produce
organic matter with decomposition characteristics different from those
produced under long-term equilibrated conditions, we sampled the soil
nematode fauna near a natural CO2 vent in Northland, New Zealand. Various
indices of the nematode fauna showed significant effects, with all being
significantly correlated with soil pH, microbial carbon and atmospheric CO2
across the 33 sampling points. There was a general decrease in nematode
abundance and diversity, but an increase in dominance and proportion of
bacterial-feeding nematodes with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration.
However, when the nematode data from gley and organic soils present at the
site were differentiated most of the significant correlations were with soil
microbial carbon; they were positive in the organic soil but negative in the
gley soil. That these responses can be related to soil carbon and to
microbial carbon demonstrates that any general response to long-term CO2
enrichment represents an integration of specific responses by the soil biota
in the various soils present. Die Reaktion der Bodennematodenfauna auf durch
Bodenbedingungen beeinflusste naturlich erhohte CO2-Werte - Da eine
experimentelle Erhohung von CO2 in Kurzzeitversuchen organisches Material
erzeugen konnte, das andere Zersetzungseigenschaften hat als das unter
ausgeglichenen Langzeitbedingungen entstehende, haben wir die Nematodenfauna
in Bodenproben aus der Nahe eines naturlichen CO2-Austrittes in Northland,
Neuseeland untersucht. Bei mehreren Kennzeichen der Nematodenfauna zeigten
sich deutliche Wirkungen, die alle signifikant korreliert waren mit dem
Boden-pH, dem mikrobiellen Kohlenstoff und dem atmospharischen CO2, und zwar
quer durch alle 33 Entnahmestellen. Mit steigender Konzentration des
atmospharischen CO2 trat eine allgemeine Abnahme der Haufigkeit und der
Verschiedenartigkeit der Nematoden ein, aber eine Zunahme der Vorherrschaft
und des Anteils bakterienfressender Nematoden. Wenn aber die Nematodenwerte
von an einer Entnahmestelle vorhandenen Gley- und organischen Boden
vergleichen wurden, bestanden die meisten der signifikanten Beziehungen mit
dem mikrobiellen Kohlenstoff. Sie waren positiv im organischen Boden und
negativ im Gleyboden. Die Tatsache, dass diese Reaktionen zum
Bodenkohlenstoff und dem mikrobiellen Kohlenstoff in Beziehung gebracht
werden konnen zeigt, dass jede allgemeine Reaktion auf eine langfristige
Anreicherung von CO2 eine Integration spezischer Reaktionen durch die in den
verschiedenen Boden vorhandenen biotischen Faktoren darstellt.
Fracturing, overpressure release and carbonate cementation in the Everest Complex, North Sea
Authors: Conybeare D. M. , Shaw H. F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Palaeocene Everest Complex, located in the Central Graben of the North Sea, comprises interbedded sandstones and mudrocks deposited in a submarine fan environment and overlies Cretaceous limestones. Depositional facies are the main influence on reservoir quality, although the latter is reduced significantly locally by ferroan calcite cementation, particularly in the lower part of the complex. Carbon and O stable isotope analyses have been made from cements in sandstones and mudrocks and from shear fractures and injection features within mudrock intervals. These indicate a marine source of detrital carbonate becoming mixed with HCO3− from decarboxylation higher in the succession. Petrographic observation and microprobe analyses indicate that dissolution of coccoliths and foraminifera in limestones are the principal sources of cementation. The similar composition of cements in sandstones, fractures and injection features suggests a common formation. Burial history modelling shows cement precipitation is synchronous with periods of excess pressure and therefore excess pressure release associated with rock failure is proposed as a prominent mechanism for initiating cementation.
Time-of-flight neutron diffraction studies of clay-fluid interactions under basin conditions
Authors: Skipper N. T. , Williams G. D. , de Siqueira A. V. C. , Lobban C. , Soper A. K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNeutron diffraction experiments can provide an extremely high-resolution structural picture of clay-fluid systems. Here we describe the application of time-of-flight neutron scattering to hydrated clays, including discussion of issues such as isotopic labelling, sample containment, and data analysis. Recent studies of hydrated vermiculites under ambient conditions are used as an example. We then describe a new high-pressure/high-temperature sample environment that is being used to study clay-fluid interactions, in situ under hydrostatic sedimentary basin conditions. This environment enables us to approximate conditions encountered during burial, at depths of up to 10 km.
SIMS stable isotope measurement: counting statistics and analytical precision
Authors: Fitzsimons I. C. W. , Harte B. , Clark R. M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAnalytical precision is vital in the interpretation of stable isotope data collected by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) given the small analysis volumes and the small magnitude of natural isotopic variations. The observed precision of a set of measurements is represented by the standard deviation(precision of an individual measurement) or the standard error of the mean (precision of the mean value). The SIMS data show both systematic variations with time and random Poisson variability, but the former largely cancel out when data for two different isotopes are expressed as a ratio. The precision of a SIMS isotope ratio routinely matches that predicted by Poisson counting statistics and can approach that of conventional bulk analysis techniques for counting times of several hours. All sample analyse must be calibrated for instrumental mass fractionation using SIMS analyses of a standard material. There is often a gradual drift in the mass fractionation with time, but this can be modelled by least-squares regression of the standard isotope ratios. Drift in the sample analyses is eliminated by using the relevant point on this regression line to calibrate each sample. The final precision of a corrected isotope ratio must take into account the scatter in both the sample and the standard data.
Effect of growth conditions on the birefringence of mixed crystals revealed in alum solid solutions
Authors: Shtukenberg A. G. , Punin Yu. O. , Soloviev V. N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAn experimental study of optical anomalies in solid solutions of alums in relation to their composition, growth temperatures and rates, and hydrodynamic regime was carried out. Theoretical analysis of the data showed that they can be understood in terms of a mechanism of kinetic ordering of the isomorphous atoms (the phenomenon of so-called ‘growth dissymmetrization’). A theoretical model is presented which is supported by data for a number of minerals and synthetic compounds, which are known for their optical anomalies due to growth dissymmetrization.
Th-rich loparite from the Khibina alkaline complex, Kola Peninsula: isomorphism and paragenesis
Authors: Mitchell Roger H. , Chakhmouradian Anton R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTh-rich (up to 18.4 wt% ThO2) loparite occurs as an accessory phase in foyaite pegmatites at Mt. Eveslogchorr, Khibina complex, Russia. It is associated with aegirine, astrophyllite, eudialyte, lorenzenite, lamprophyllite, magnesio-arfvedsonite and gerasimovskite. Loparite crystals are zoned from niobian loparite (core) to niobian thorian and thorian niobian loparite (rim). Th-enrichment is accompanied by a decrease in Na, LREE, Sr and increase in A-site vacancies. The most Th-rich composition approaches (Na0.39LREE0.19Th0.12Ca0.05Sr0.02)Σ0.77(Ti0.76Nb0.27)Σ1.03O3. The mineral is partly or completely metamict and after annealing gives an X-ray diffraction powder pattern similar to that of synthetic NaLaTi2O6 and naturally occurring loparite of different composition. For the Th-rich rim sample, the five strongest diffraction lines (Å) are: 2.72 (100) 110, 1.575 (60) 211, 1.925 (40), 1.368 (30) 220, 1.222 (20) 310; a = 3.867(2) Å. The X-ray diffraction patterns do not exhibit peak splitting or other diffraction lines typical of low-symmetry and ordered perovskite-type structures. Composition determinations, infrared transmission spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry show that thorian loparite is partly replaced by betafite with LREE and Th as dominant A-site cations (‘ceriobetafite’). Some loparite samples also exhibit thin replacement mantles of belyankinite with high LREE2O3 and ThO2 contents. Both ‘ceriobetafite’ and belyankinite were formed due to metasomatic alteration of loparite.
Geological age by instrumental analysis: the 29th Hallimond Lecture
Authors: Compston W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The need in geology for in situ U-Pb age
determinations of minerals is illustrated by two examples: the internal age
dispersion developed within the zircon SL13 shortly after original
crystallization, and the occurrence within minerals of old cores and later
overgrowths. SL13 contains rare μm-sized patches of unsupported radiogenic Pb and
a mainly bimodal distribution of
206Pb/238U ages otherwise. Both
observations are consistent with original crystallization at 580 Ma and Pb loss at
565 Ma. Age precision is controlled by the ions counted for radiogenic Pb, and
varies with instrumental sensitivity, age and U contents of the target.
Laser-ablation ICPMS has similar spatial resolution and sensitivity to SIMS but
consumes more sample because of much greater hole-depth in practice. Like SIMS,
the measured Pb+/U+ is biased and also
changes with depth so comparison with a standard mineral is necessary. Analyses of
reference zircons reported here indicate that the reproducibility of Pb/U ages by
ICPMS is limited by residual bias, not ion counting errors. For multipurpose ICPMS
at least, the Hg background at mass 204 prohibits the measurement of
204Pb for common Pb estimation. A third micro-analytical
method, ‘CHIME’, and future developments in SIMS and ICPMS are discussed
briefly.
Clonal evolution in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia highlights functional role of B-cell receptor
Authors: Ciric Bogoljub , VanKeulen Virginia , Rodriguez Moses , Kyle Robert A. , Gertz Morie A. , Pease Larry R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe course of clonal evolution of 2 related clones in the blood of a patient with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) indicates the functional importance for the expression of the B-cell receptor for the survival of these malignant cells. Protein and nucleotide sequencing of the paraproteins' variable regions revealed 2 predominant Vλ and 2 VH sequences, each set comprised in the ratio 1:1.5. The 2 VH sequences and 2 Vλ sequences shared the same VDJ and VJ junctional sequences, respectively, indicating that 2 malignant clones had evolved from a common ancestor. This is the first report on intraclonal heterogeneity in WM. Comparison of the Vλ and VH sequences with the closest matching known germline genes showed that they contained approximately 10 somatic mutations each. The distribution and type of mutations demonstrate that mutations have continued to accumulate in the malignant clones and that selection has been operating to preserve immunoglobulin structure.
Larger numbers of CD4bright dendritic cells in donor bone marrow are associated with increased relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Waller Edmund K. , Rosenthal Hilary , Jones Terry W. , Peel Jennifer , Lonial Sagar , Langston Amelia , Redei Istvan , Jurickova Ingrid , Boyer Michael W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Relapse is the major cause of death after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). This study tested the hypothesis that the numbers of donor mononuclear cells, lymphocytes, and CD34+cells influence relapse and event-free survival (EFS) after BMT. The study population consisted of 113 consecutive patients with hematologic malignancies who underwent non–T-cell–depleted BMT from HLA-matched siblings. Sixty-four patients had low-risk diagnoses (ALL/AML CR1, MDS RA/RARS, and CML CP1); 49 patients had high-risk diagnoses (all others). CD34+ cells, T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and a rare population of CD3−, CD4bright cells in the allografts were measured by flow cytometry. The CD3−, CD4bright cells in bone marrow had the same frequency and phenotype as CD123brighttype 2 dendritic cell (DC) progenitors, and they differentiated into typical DCs after short-term culture. Cox regression analyses evaluated risk strata, age, gender, and the numbers of nucleated cells, CD3+ T cells, CD34+ hematopoietic cells, and CD4bright cells as covariates for EFS, relapse, and nonrelapse mortality. Recipients of larger numbers of CD4bright cells had significantly lower EFS, a lower incidence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), and an increased incidence of relapse. Recipients of larger numbers of CD34+ cells had improved EFS; recipients of fewer CD34+ cells had delayed hematopoietic engraftment and increased death from infections. In conclusion, the content of donor CD4bright cells was associated with decreased cGVHD and graft-versus-leukemia effects in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, consistent with a role for donor DCs in determining immune responses after allogeneic BMT.
Natural killer cell–dependent apoptosis of peripheral murine hematopoietic progenitor cells in response to Fas cross-linking: involvement of tumor necrosis factor-α
Authors: Moreau Géraldine , Leite-de-Moraes Maria , Ezine Sophie , Di Santo James P. , Dy Michel , Schneider Elke 
Published: July 2002

AbstractRecently, a marked extramedullary myelopoiesis in Fas/CD95- or FasL/CD95L-deficient mice has been reported. In the present in vitro study, the mechanisms underlying Fas-induced apoptosis of normal peripheral colony-forming unit-C (CFU-C) progenitors in the spleen were analyzed. Surprisingly, it was found that clonogenic progenitors were protected from γIFN plus Fas-induced programmed cell death when Lin+ cells were removed from cultured splenocytes. The cells that rendered CFU-C sensitive to the activation of the Fas pathway did not belong to the T or the myelocytic–monocytic lineage but comprised a non–B-cell subset expressing the activation marker B220. Among CD19− B220+ splenocytes, nearly half were natural killer (NK) 1.1+ cells whose in vivo depletion or deficiency in RAG2-γc−/− mice abrogated the effect of Fas cross-linking. NK cells exerted their accessory function, at least in part, through tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α), which they readily produced during pretreatment with the anti-Fas/CD95 monoclonal antibody and IFN-γ and whose addition could compensate for the loss of sensitivity. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that peripheral clonogenic progenitors are not directly responsive to Fas cross-linking, even in the presence of IFN-γ, but require NK cells as a source of TNF-α to make them susceptible to this death pathway.
Role for CCG-trinucleotide repeats in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Auer Rebecca L. , Jones Christopher , Mullenbach Roman A. , Syndercombe-Court Denise , Milligan Donald W. , Fegan Christopher D. , Cotter Finbarr E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractChromosome 11q deletions are frequently observed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in association with progressive disease and a poor prognosis. A minimal region of deletion has been assigned to 11q22-q23. Trinucleotide repeats have been associated with anticipation in disease, and evidence of anticipation has been observed in various malignancies including CLL. Loss of heterozygosity at 11q22-23 is common in a wide range of cancers, suggesting this is an unstable area prone to chromosome breakage. The location of 8 CCG-trinucleotide repeats on 11q was determined by Southern blot analysis of a 40-Mb YAC and PAC contig spanning 11q22-qter. Deletion breakpoints in CLL are found to co-localize at specific sites on 11q where CCG repeats are located. In addition, a CCG repeat has been identified within the minimal region of deletion. Specific alleles of this repeat are associated with worse prognosis. Folate-sensitive fragile sites are regions of late replication and are characterized by CCG repeats. The mechanism for chromosome deletion at 11q could be explained by a delay in replication. Described here is an association between CCG repeats and chromosome loss suggesting that in vivo “fragile sites” exist on 11q and that the instability of CCG repeats may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CLL.
STAT3-mediated constitutive expression of SOCS-3 in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Brender Christine , Nielsen Mette , Kaltoft Keld , Mikkelsen Gitte , Zhang Qian , Wasik Mariusz , Billestrup Nils , Ødum Niels 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA characteristic feature of neoplastic transformation is the loss of external control by cytokines and extracellular matrix of cellular differentiation, migration, and mitogenesis. Because suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are negative regulators of cytokine-induced signaling, it has been hypothesized that an aberrant SOCS expression plays a role in neoplastic transformation. This study reports on a constitutive SOCS-3 expression in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) cell lines. SOCS-3 protein is constitutively expressed in tumor cell lines (but not in nonmalignant T cells) obtained from affected skin from a patient with mycosis fungoides (MF) and from peripheral blood from a patient with Sezary syndrome (SS). In contrast, constitutive SOCS-3 expression is not found in the leukemic Jurkat T-cell line, the MOLT-4 acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, and the monocytic leukemic cell line U937. Expression of SOCS-3 coincides with a constitutive activation of STAT3 in CTCL tumor cells, and stable transfection of CTCL tumor cells with a dominant negative STAT3 strongly inhibits SOCS-3 expression, whereas transfection with wild-type STAT3 does not. Moreover, the reduced SOCS-3 expression in cells transfected with the dominant negative STAT3 is associated with an increased sensitivity to interferon-α (IFN-α). In conclusion, evidence is provided for a constitutive SOCS-3 expression in cancer cells obtained from patients with CTCL. Moreover, the findings indicate that the aberrant expression of SOCS-3 is mediated by a constitutive activation of STAT3 in CTCL cells and affects the IFN-α sensitivity of these cells.
Human peripheral blood eosinophils express stem cell factor
Authors: Hartman Mor-Li , Piliponsky Adrian M. , Temkin Vladislav , Levi-Schaffer Francesca 
Published: July 2002

AbstractStem cell factor (SCF) or c-Kit ligand is a cytokine associated with the differentiation, survival, and activation of mast cells. Eosinophils have pleiotropic functions in several diseases and, together with mast cells, are key cells in allergy. Mast cell–eosinophil interactions can take place during the late and chronic phases of allergy. It was, therefore, investigated whether eosinophils can produce SCF and consequently influence mast cells. Human peripheral blood eosinophils variably expressed mRNA for the soluble and uncleaved forms of SCF (reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction) and produced the 18.5-kd protein backbone of SCF (Western blot analysis). After overnight incubation in medium, eosinophils also produced SCF of higher molecular weight (42-45 kd) that might represent its glycosylated forms. Eosinophils expressed cytoplasmic SCF that colocalized with major basic protein (confocal laser microscopy). Freshly isolated eosinophils contained 8.9 ± 1.7 pg SCF/106 (mean ± SEM; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Although overnight incubation of the eosinophils in either culture medium or in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate–calcium ionophore did not cause the secretion of SCF, the addition of chymase induced SCF release. In summary, it was demonstrated that human peripheral blood eosinophils are a source of SCF. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between eosinophils and mast cells in allergic inflammation.
A common epitope is shared by activated signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5) and the phosphorylated erythropoietin receptor: implications for the docking model of STAT activation
Authors: Barber Dwayne L. , Beattie Bryan K. , Mason Jacqueline M. , Nguyen Melody H.-H. , Yoakim Monique , Neel Benjamin G. , D'Andrea Alan D. , Frank David A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractErythropoietin (EPO) specifically activates the Janus kinase JAK2 and the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5). All members of the STAT family are tyrosine phosphorylated in response to cytokine stimulation at a conserved carboxy-terminal tyrosine, Y694, in the case of STAT5. To determine structural features important for STAT signaling, we generated an activation-specific STAT5 antibody using a phosphopeptide containing amino acids 687 to 698 of STAT5 as antigen. This antibody specifically recognizes tyrosine- phosphorylated STAT5 but not nonphosphorylated STAT5. In immunoprecipitation reactions from cell lines and primary erythroblasts, 2 distinct polyclonal activation-specific STAT5 antibodies selectively immunoprecipitate the tyrosine phosphorylated EPO receptor (EPO-R) in addition to STAT5 under native and denaturing conditions. We propose that the activation-specific STAT5 antibody recognizes the 2 substrates to which the STAT5 SH2 domain interacts, namely, the tyrosine- phosphorylated EPO-R and STAT5 itself. Several studies have implicated EPO-R Y343, Y401, Y431, and Y479 in the recruitment of STAT5. Using a series of EPO-R tyrosine mutants expressed in Ba/F3 cells, we have shown that the activation-specific STAT5 antibody immunoprecipitates an EPO-R containing only 2 tyrosines at positions 343 and 401, confirming the importance of these tyrosines in STAT5 recruitment. These data uncover a novel aspect of STAT SH2 domain recognition and demonstrate the utility of activation-specific antibodies for examining the specificity of STAT–cytokine receptor interactions.