bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE IN SOUTHERN MALI: LEARNING FROM FARMER PERCEPTIONS AND ON-FARM TRIALS
Authors: TRAORE BOUBA , VAN WIJK MARK T. , DESCHEEMAEKER KATRIEN , CORBEELS MARC , RUFINO MARIANA C. , GILLER KEN E. 
Published: February 2015

SUMMARYAgricultural production in the Sudano–Sahelian zone of west Africa is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability and climate change. The present study aimed to understand farmers’ perceptions of climate variability and change and to evaluate adaptation options together with farmers, including tactical management of planting date in combination with the use of mineral fertilizer. Farmers perceived an increase in annual rainfall variability, an increase in the occurrence of dry spells during the rainy season, and an increase in temperature. Overall, this is in line with the observed meteorological data. Drought tolerant, short maturing crop varieties and appropriate planting dates were the commonly preferred adaptation strategies to deal with climate variability. On-farm trials confirmed that planting delays significantly reduce crop yields. The use of mineral fertilizer is often promoted, but risky for smallholders: although larger fertilizer applications increased the yield of maize (Zea mays) and millet (Pennisetum glaucum) significantly, a gross margin analysis indicated that it did not lead to more profit for all farmers. We conclude that integrating management of nutrients and planting time with improved farmer access to timely weather information, especially on the onset of the rains, is critical to enhancing adaptive capacity to increased climate variability and change.
The Masculinities of Post-colonial Governance: Bureaucratic memoirs of the Indian Civil Service
Authors: GREWAL INDERPAL 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article examines the memoirs of Indian Civil Service officers as they continued to work in what became the Indian Administrative Service after independence. Rather than being understood solely as historical archives, these texts constitute a genre that can be called the ‘bureaucratic memoir’ which reveals masculinities that are both colonial and post-colonial. These memoirs, and their publication decades after independence reveal attempts by elites to preserve the power of the bureaucracy into subsequent decades. The texts hope to disavow but instead also reveal the patriarchal intimacies of these elites, even as these were challenged by charges of corruption and failure which emerged almost from the first moments of independence.
Depression in Gulf War veterans: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Blore J. D. , Sim M. R. , Forbes A. B. , Creamer M. C. , Kelsall H. L. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundAlthough post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been a focus of attention in 1990/1991 Gulf War veterans, the excess risk of depression has not been clearly identified. We investigated this through a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing depression in Gulf War veterans to depression in a comparison group of non-deployed military personnel.MethodMultiple electronic databases and grey literature were searched from 1990 to 2012. Studies were assessed for eligibility and risk of bias according to established criteria.ResultsOf 14 098 titles and abstracts assessed, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria. Gulf War veterans had over twice the odds of experiencing depression [odds ratio (OR) 2.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.88–2.76] and dysthymia or chronic dysphoria (OR 2.39, 95% CI 2.0–2.86) compared to non-deployed military personnel. This finding was robust in sensitivity analyses, and to differences in overall risk of bias and psychological measures used.ConclusionsDespite divergent methodologies between studies, depression and dysthymia were twice as common in Gulf War veterans and are important medical conditions for clinicians and policymakers to be aware of in managing Gulf War veterans’ health.
STRATEGIES FOR ADVICE TAKING: THE ROLE OF EPISTEMIC SOCIAL INFORMATION
Authors: Wallin Annika , McElreath Richard 
Published: February 2015

Abstract:How does an individual decision maker update his or her beliefs in the light of others’ beliefs? We present an empirical investigation that varies decision makers’ access to other peoples’ beliefs: whether they know what course of action others have taken (in this case how a problem is solved) and whether they know why this course of action was taken (why a particular solution is preferred). We propose a number of process models of advice taking that do and do not accommodate the reasons given for belief (epistemic social information), and evaluate which is used through model comparison techniques.
Children's use of gesture in ambiguous pronoun interpretation
Authors: GOODRICH SMITH WHITNEY , HUDSON KAM CARLA L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis study explores whether children can use gesture to inform their interpretation of ambiguous pronouns. Specifically, we ask whether four- to eight-year-old English-speaking children are sensitive to information contained in co-referential localizing gestures in video narrations. The data show that the older (7–8 years of age) but not younger (4–5 years) children integrate co-referential gestures into their interpretation of pronouns. This is the same age at which they show sensitivity to order-of-mention, the only other cue available in the stimuli. Interestingly, when children show sensitivity to the gestures, they are quite similar to adults, in that gestures consistent with order-of-mention increase first-mentioned responses as compared to stimuli with no gestures, but only slightly, while gestures inconsistent with order-of-mention have a larger effect on interpretation, decreasing first-mentioned responses and increasing second-mentioned responses.
Acute gastrointestinal illness in two Inuit communities: burden of illness in Rigolet and Iqaluit, Canada
Authors: HARPER S. L. , EDGE V. L. , FORD J. , THOMAS M. K. , PEARL D. L. , SHIRLEY J. ,   IHACC,   RICG, McEWEN S. A. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryFood- and waterborne disease is thought to be high in some Canadian Indigenous communities; however, the burden of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) is not well understood due to limited availability and quality of surveillance data. This study estimated the burden of community-level self-reported AGI in the Inuit communities of Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, and Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada. Cross-sectional retrospective surveys captured information on AGI and potential environmental risk factors. Multivariable logistic regression models identified potential AGI risk factors. The annual incidence of AGI ranged from 2·9–3·9 cases/person per year in Rigolet and Iqaluit. In Rigolet, increased spending on obtaining country foods, a homeless person in the house, not visiting a cabin recently, exposure to puppies, and alternative sources of drinking water were associated with increased odds of AGI. In Iqaluit, eating country fish often, exposure to cats, employment status of the person responsible for food preparation, not washing the countertop with soap after preparing meat, a homeless person in the house, and overcrowding were associated with increased odds of AGI. The results highlight the need for systematic data collection to better understand and support previously anecdotal indications of high AGI incidence, as well as insights into unique AGI environmental risk factors in Indigenous populations.
Review article
Authors: Magri Giorgio 
Published: February 2015

In his recent bid for the presidency of the Association for Mathematics of
Language, Makoto Kanazawa writes:*The scientific study of language is such a large and important field that
it's strange that so little mathematical research is being
carried out. By comparison, the latest issue of Journal of
Economic Theory has 14 original articles, and all but one
of them are mathematical papers in the sense of containing theorems and
proofs. And the title of the journal is not ‘Journal
of Mathematical Economics’, which is actually a
separate journal.1 That linguistics lags behind economics is not surprising: making
more money is a stronger drive for change and progress than better understanding
the language faculty. But Bruce Tesar's book shows that the time
might be ripe for change and progress in our field as well. Employing a formally
sophisticated analytical approach (as opposed to a purely simulation-based
approach), the book provides a beautiful example of the interplay between
learnability and structural assumptions on the typological space. It thus shows
that computational phonology has become a mature subfield of generative
linguistics.
Constraints on the social meaning of released /t/: A production and perception study of U.S. politicians
Authors: Podesva Robert J. , Reynolds Jermay , Callier Patrick , Baptiste Jessica 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPrevious studies on released /t/ collectively suggest that the linguistic feature is associated with intelligence and education, social meanings that can be recruited in constructing articulate personas. This study examines the production of released /t/ by six prominent U.S. political figures, as well as the social meanings listeners attribute to the variant. Employing a matched guise technique facilitated by digital stimulus manipulation, we find that the social meanings associated with released /t/ are constrained by linguistic and social factors. Regarding the former, word-medial /t/ releases carry stronger social meanings than those appearing word-finally. With respect to social factors, listener interpretations vary according to the identity of the speaker and knowledge of how frequently particular speakers produce /t/ releases. Thus, even though conventionalized associations between linguistic forms and meanings can be drawn upon to construct articulate personas, not all speakers can do so with equal effectiveness.
finishvariation and grammaticalization in a signed language: How far down this well-trodden pathway is Auslan (Australian Sign Language)?
Authors: Johnston Trevor , Cresdee Donovan , Schembri Adam , Woll Bencie 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLanguage variation is often symptomatic of ongoing historical change, including grammaticalization. Signed languages lack detailed historical records and a written literature, so tracking grammaticalization in these languages is problematic. Grammaticalization can, however, also be observed synchronically through the comparison of data on variant word forms and multiword constructions in particular contexts and in different dialects and registers. In this paper, we report an investigation of language change and variation in Auslan (Australian Sign Language). Signs glossed asfinishwere tagged for function (e.g., verb, noun, adverb, auxiliary, conjunction), variation in production (number of hands used, duration, mouthing), position relative to the main verb (pre- or postmodifying), and event types of the clauses in which they appear (states, activities, achievements, accomplishments). The data suggest ongoing grammaticalization may be part of the explanation of the variation—variants correlate with different uses in different linguistic contexts, rather than social and individual factors.
Do older Chinese people’s diets meet the Chinese Food Pagoda guidelines? Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009
Authors: Xu Xiaoyue , Hall John , Byles Julie , Shi Zumin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate dietary intake based on the Chinese Food Pagoda (CFP) and to determine what factors may be associated with adherence to CFP guidelines for older Chinese.DesignThis cross-sectional population-based study used 24 h recall over three consecutive days to assess dietary intake and adherence to CFP among older Chinese participating in the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009.SettingNine provinces across four diverse regions (Northeast, East Coast, Central and West).SubjectsA total of 2745 older Chinese, aged 60–69 years (n 1563) and ≥70 years (n 1182), with dietary data.ResultsNone of the participants reached all ten food group recommendations. More than half of the participants exceeded the recommended amount for grains (63 %), oil (62·8 %) and salt (55·7 %). Ten per cent of the participants consumed dairy, while merely 0·5 % met the recommended amount. Average Chinese Food Pagoda Score (CFPS) was 3·3 in men and 3·5 in women, far below the maximum possible score of 10. Women had 0·26 higher CFPS than men (P<0·001; 95 % CI 0·16, 0·36). People living in medium and high urbanicity areas had significantly higher scores than those living in low urbanicity areas (P<0·001). Also, there were significant differences in CFPS according to gender, BMI, work status, education level and region.ConclusionsFew older Chinese are meeting the intake of the various food groups based on the recommendations in the CFP guidelines, thus increasing the risk of malnutrition and non-communicable diseases. Action is needed to increase dissemination and uptake of nutrition education, with interventions targeted at socio-economic regions. Moreover, specific dietary guidelines for older Chinese people should be developed.
Winter diversity and expression of proteorhodopsin genes in a polar ocean
Authors: Nguyen Dan , Maranger Roxane , Balagué Vanessa , Coll-Lladó Montserrat , Lovejoy Connie , Pedrós-Alió Carlos 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Mixotrophy is a valuable functional trait used by microbes when environmental conditions vary broadly or resources are limited. In the sunlit waters of the ocean, photoheterotrophy, a form of mixotrophy, is often mediated by proteorhodopsin (PR), a seven helices transmembrane protein binding the retinal chromophore. Altogether, they allow bacteria to capture photic energy for sensory and proton gradient formation cell functions. The seasonal occurrence and diversity of the gene coding for PR in cold oligotrophic polar oceans is not known and PR expression has not yet been reported. Here we show that PR is widely distributed among bacterial taxa, and that PR expression decreased markedly during the winter months in the Arctic Ocean. Gammaproteobacteria-like PR sequences were always dominant. However, within the second most common affiliation, there was a transition from Flavobacteria-like PR in early winter to Alphaproteobacteria-like PR in late winter. The phylogenetic shifts followed carbon dynamics, where patterns in expression were consistent with community succession, as identified by DNA community fingerprinting. Although genes for PR were always present, the trend in decreasing transcripts from January to February suggested reduced functional utility of PR during winter. Under winter darkness, sustained expression suggests that PR may continue to be useful for non-ATP forming functions, such as environmental sensing or small solute transport. The persistence of PR expression in winter among some bacterial groups may offer a competitive advantage, where its multifunctionality enhances microbial survival under harsh polar conditions.
Exploring atomic defects in molybdenum disulphide monolayers
Authors: Hong Jinhua , Hu Zhixin , Probert Matt , Li Kun , Lv Danhui , Yang Xinan , Gu Lin , Mao Nannan , Feng Qingliang , Xie Liming , Zhang Jin , Wu Dianzhong , Zhang Zhiyong , Jin Chuanhong , Ji Wei , Zhang Xixiang , Yuan Jun , Zhang Ze 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDefects usually play an important role in tailoring various properties of two-dimensional materials. Defects in two-dimensional monolayer molybdenum disulphide may be responsible for large variation of electric and optical properties. Here we present a comprehensive joint experiment–theory investigation of point defects in monolayer molybdenum disulphide prepared by mechanical exfoliation, physical and chemical vapour deposition. Defect species are systematically identified and their concentrations determined by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, and also studied by ab-initio calculation. Defect density up to 3.5 × 1013 cm−2 is found and the dominant category of defects changes from sulphur vacancy in mechanical exfoliation and chemical vapour deposition samples to molybdenum antisite in physical vapour deposition samples. Influence of defects on electronic structure and charge-carrier mobility are predicted by calculation and observed by electric transport measurement. In light of these results, the growth of ultra-high-quality monolayer molybdenum disulphide appears a primary task for the community pursuing high-performance electronic devices.
Wideband CTL cell to measure operating range of UHF RFID
Authors: Yun Jaehoon , Jung Yongchae , Novotny David R. , Guerrieri Jeffrey R. 
Published: February 2015

A wideband coupled transmission line (CTL) cell to measure the operating range of an UHF RFID (ORUR) is presented. Also, an ORUR test system is proposed to increase the isolation to more than 55 dB. It is shown that the ORUR measured by this proposed cell agrees well with the measured data using a fully anechoic chamber.
Gain, amplified spontaneous emission and noise figure of bulk InGaAs/InGaAsP/InP semiconductor optical amplifiers
Authors: Mazzucato Simone , Carrère Helene , Marie Xavier , Amand Thierry , Achouche Mohand , Caillaud Christophe , Brenot Romain 
Published: February 2015

Bulk InGaAs layer under slight tensile strain, embedded in InGaAsP barriers and grown on InP, was used as semiconductor optical amplifier active layer for polarisation insensitive amplification. The material bandstructure was obtained by solving the Lüttinger–Kohn Hamiltonian, including tetragonal strain contribution. Study of the InGaAs material gain was performed by taking into account the effect of k‐dependent bandgap shrinkage. The semiconductor optical amplifiers device amplified spontaneous emission and noise figure have been investigated as a function of temperature, carrier density and barrier height. Good agreement was obtained with the trends observed in the experimental characteristics. The authors show that a 100 nm bandwidth can be obtained with a difference between transverse electric and transverse magnetic emission kept constant, as required for polarisation independent amplifiers.
Class of high boost inverters based on switched‐inductor structure
Authors: Nguyen Minh‐Khai , Le Tuan‐Vu , Park Sung‐Jun , Lim Young‐Cheol , Yoo Ji‐Yoon 
Published: February 2015

This study deals with a class of the switched‐inductor boost inverters (SLBIs) including the DC‐linked type, continuous, discontinuous and ripple input current topologies. Compared with the conventional switched boost inverters, the SLBIs add only three diodes and one inductor to obtain a strong boost factor. In comparison with the conventional switched‐inductor Z‐source inverters (ZSIs) for the same voltage gain at the same modulation indexes, the proposed SLBIs use one more active switch and less passive components which results in reducing the size and cost. Moreover, the efficiency of the proposed inverters is improved in comparison with the conventional switched‐inductor ZSIs. Analysis and operating principles are presented. A laboratory prototype was built with 24, 36, 48 V DC input and 127 Vrms output voltage to test high boost ability of the proposed inverters.
Efficiency comparison between Si and SiC‐based implementations in a high gain DC–DC boost converter
Authors: León‐Masich Antonio , Valderrama‐Blavi Hugo , Bosque‐Moncusí Josep María , Martínez‐Salamero Luís 
Published: February 2015

An efficiency comparison between a boost converter implemented with silicon (Si) devices and the same converter implemented in the other three cases, that is, employing two combinations of silicon carbide (SiC) devices and a mixture of Si and SiC elements is presented. The converter has been designed for high‐voltage low‐power applications required by light‐emitting diode (LED) lighting. The comparison is performed on an equal basis and discusses the influence on the converter efficiency of the semiconductor power devices and the passive components. The experiments are carried out in a single‐stage boost converter prototype delivering a maximum output voltage of 1200 V when supplied by a 12 V battery. The measurements show that the highest efficiency is obtained when the power transistor is implemented by a normally‐off junction field‐effect transistor and the diode by a SiC Schottky device with a small parasitic capacitance. The implementation with the highest efficiency has been selected for supplying a light spot of 320 LEDs in series, which results in an output voltage of 956 V and an output power of 20.6 W.
Outcomes of Two Different Techniques Using the Lateral Approach for Lumbar Interbody Arthrodesis
Authors: Cheng Ivan , Briseño Michael R. , Arrigo Robert T. , Bains Navpreet , Ravi Shashank , Tran Andrew 
Published: February 2015

Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Objective To determine the short-term outcomes of two different lateral approaches to the lumbar spine. Methods This was a retrospective review performed with four fellowship-trained spine surgeons from a single institution. Two different approach techniques were identified. (1) Traditional transpsoas (TP) approach: dissection was performed through the psoas performed using neuromonitored sequential dilation. (2) Direct visualization (DV) approach: retractors are placed superficial to the psoas followed by directly visualized dissection through psoas. Outcome measures included radiographic fusion and adverse event (AE) rate. Results In all, 120 patients were identified, 79 women and 41 men. Average age was 64.2 years (22 to 86). When looking at all medical and surgical AEs, 31 patients (25.8%) had one or more AEs; 22 patients (18.3%) had a total of 24 neurologically related AEs; 15 patients (12.5%) had anterior/lateral thigh dysesthesias; 6 patients (5.0%) had radiculopathic pain; and 3 patients (2.5%) had postoperative weakness. Specifically, for neurologic AEs, the DV group had a rate of 28.0% and the TP group had a rate of 14.2% ( p < 0.18). When looking at the rate of neurologic AEs in patients undergoing single-level fusions only, the DV group rate was 28.6% versus 10.2% for the TP group ( p < 0.03). Conclusion Overall, 18.3% of patients sustained a postoperative neurologic AE following lateral interbody fusions. The TP approach had a statistically lower rate of neurologic-specific AE for single-level fusions.
Second-Order Evaluations of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Keith Linda Camp , Miller Banks , McGuire Rachel 
Published: February 2015

AbstractScholars have found that citizens tend to evaluate European institutions in light of how they feel about their own domestic institutions (second-order evaluations). We argue that this approach is more appropriate for understanding international courts than is the legitimacy approach of the law and courts literature. While studies applying the second-order evaluations approach have overwhelmingly focused on EU institutions, here we seek to determine whether second-order evaluations are also characteristic of citizens’ opinions about the European Court of Human Rights. We evaluate our hypotheses using a sample of the British population and find strong support for the general second-order evaluation.