bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic topology‐selective encapsulation and mixture separation by a nanocapsule with hyperbranched polyethylenimine as core and polystyrene as shell
Authors: Jin Ming , Liu Honghai , Pu Hongting , Wan Decheng 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTTopology‐selective encapsulation of a guest is generally exclusively achieved by a well‐defined host. In this article, a macromolecular reverse micelle (PEI@PS), with a hyperbranched polyethylenimine (PEI) as core and polystyrenes (PSs) as shell, is prepared and shown with excellent encapsulation and separation abilities. It is found that the encapsulation and phase transfer is kinetically dependent on the size of the dyes, creating a time window for the separation of dyes. All the experimental results show that the thickness and density of shell plays the most important roles in guest selectivity. In addition, highly size‐selective release is also found. This macromolecular reverse micelle (PEI@PS) can find useful applications in the liquid–liquid or solid–liquid extraction separation, especially for the latter.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1273–1281
Preparation and Properties Study of Core‐Shell CL‐20/TATB Composites
Authors: Yang Zhijian , Li Jinshan , Huang Bing , Liu Shijun , Huang Zhong , Nie Fude 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe insensitive high explosive 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB) was selected for coating and desensitization of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20), another high explosive, after surface modification. About 2 wt‐% polymer binder was adopted in the preparation process to further maintain the coating strength and fill the voids among energetic particles. The structure, sensitivity, polymorph properties, and thermal behavior of CL‐20/TATB by coating and physical mixing were studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that submicrometer‐sized TATB was compactly coated onto the CL‐20 surface with coverage close to 100 %. The core‐shell structure of CL‐20/TATB was confirmed by observation of hollow TATB shell from the CL‐20 core dissolved sample. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the polymorph of CL‐20 maintained ε form during the whole preparing process. Thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), showing effects of TATB coating on the polymorph thermal stability and exothermic decomposition of CL‐20. Both the impact and friction sensitivities were markedly reduced due to the cushioning and lubricating effects of TATB shell. The preparation of explosive composites with core‐shell structure provides an efficient route for the desensitization of high explosives, such as CL‐20 in this study.
Physical mechanisms of the thermally driven cross‐basin circulation
Authors: Lehner Manuela , David Whiteman C. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe physical mechanisms responsible for the formation of a thermally driven cross‐basin circulation in a basin with asymmetric heating of opposite mountain sidewalls are investigated. A large‐eddy simulation is performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting model for an idealized basin based on the topography of Arizona's Meteor Crater. The individual components of the horizontal momentum and thermodynamic balance equations are analyzed to determine their respective contributions in forcing the cross‐basin circulation.A cross‐basin pressure gradient, with higher pressure on the less irradiated sidewall, leads to the development of a cross‐basin flow near the basin floor. A weak opposing return flow develops above this cross‐basin flow as a result of a reversed cross‐basin pressure gradient. The reversed cross‐basin pressure gradient is caused by cold‐air advection by upslope winds in the stable morning atmosphere on the sunlit sidewall and warm‐air advection by downslope winds on the still shaded sidewall, as this reverses the cross‐basin temperature gradient, producing a higher temperature on the less sunlit sidewall.
A comparison of ensemble post‐processing methods for extreme events
Authors: Williams R. M. , Ferro C. A. T. , Kwasniok F. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractEnsemble post‐processing methods are used in operational weather forecasting to form probability distributions that represent forecast uncertainty. Several such methods have been proposed in the literature, including logistic regression, ensemble dressing, Bayesian model averaging and non‐homogeneous Gaussian regression. We conduct an imperfect model experiment with the Lorenz 1996 model to investigate the performance of these methods, especially when forecasting the occurrence of rare extreme events. We show how flexible bias‐correction schemes can be incorporated into these post‐processing methods, and that allowing the bias correction to depend on the ensemble mean can yield considerable improvements in skill when forecasting extreme events. In the Lorenz 1996 setting, we find that ensemble dressing, Bayesian model averaging and non‐homogeneous Gaussian regression perform similarly, while logistic regression performs less well.
Modelling of local length‐scale dynamics and isotropizing deformations
Authors: Pannekoucke O. , Emili E. , Thual O. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe correlation length‐scale which characterizes the shape of the correlation function is often used to parametrize correlation models. This article describes how the length‐scale dynamics can be employed to estimate a spatial deformation (coordinate transformation). Of particular interest is the isotropizing deformation, which transforms anisotropic correlation functions into quasi‐isotropic ones. The evolution of the length‐scale field under a simple advection dynamics is described in terms of the local metric tensor. This description leads to a quadratic constraint satisfied by the isotropizing deformation and from which a system of Poisson‐like partial differential equations is deduced. The isotropizing deformation is obtained as the solution of a coupled system of Poisson‐like partial differential equations. This system is then solved with a pseudo‐diffusion scheme, where the isotropizing deformation is the steady‐state solution. The isotropization process is illustrated within a simulated 2D setting. The method is shown to provide an accurate estimation of the original deformation used to build the anisotropic correlations in this idealized framework.Applications in data assimilation are discussed. First, the isotropization procedure can be useful for background‐error covariance modelling. Secondly, the length‐scale dynamics provides a way to simulate the dynamics of covariances for the transport of passive scalars, as encountered in chemical data assimilation.
Navigated vs arthroscopic‐guided drilling for reconstruction of acromioclavicular joint injuries: accuracy and feasibility
Authors: Stübig Timo , Jähnisch Torsten , Reichelt Angela , Krettek Christian , Citak Musa , Meller Rupert 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundAnatomical reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments is a relatively new technique for acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries.MethodsEighteen procedures (nine non‐navigated, nine navigated) of anatomical reconstruction were performed minimally invasively, using the Tight Rope system, on cadaveric shoulders. Two Kirschner wires were placed, freehand under fluoroscopic control (non‐navigated) or 3D C‐arm navigated. The insertion point on the clavicle as well as the position of the K‐wire in the coracoid were measured in the axial and coronal planes; points were assigned for different zones. For statistical analysis, the significance level was set to p = 0.05.ResultsThe accuracy of the entry point in the clavicle was significantly more accurate for the conoidal (p = 0.022) and trapezoidal ( p = 0.0062) drillings. The positioning in the coronal (p = 0.037) and axial (p = 0.0416) planes also showed higher accuracy for the navigated procedures.ConclusionThe accuracy of anatomical AC joint reconstruction can be improved using 3D C‐arm flat detector navigation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Information‐guided communications in MIMO systems with channel state impairments
Authors: Yang Yuli , Aïssa Sonia 
Published: June 2013

AbstractInformation‐guided channel hopping (IGCH) is a promising technique for high‐data‐rate communications using multiple antennas for information mapping at the transmitter and optional antenna diversity at the receiver. Compared with some popular multi‐antenna techniques, the advantage of this scheme is proven in ideal channel conditions, where the channel is spatially white and the perfect channel state information is assumed available at the receiver. The main objective of this paper is to present an information theoretical study on IGCH in realistic propagation environments with channel degeneracy due to spatial correlation and keyhole phenomena as well as imperfect channel estimation. It is proven that good performance promised by IGCH can be achieved in a variety of non‐ideal channel conditions. Moreover, the analysis in this paper provides a convenient tool for the corresponding system design in practical operating environments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relation of respiratory muscle strength, cachexia and survival in severe chronic heart failure
Authors: Habedank Dirk , Meyer F. Joachim , Hetzer Roland , Anker Stefan D. , Ewert Ralf 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundRespiratory muscle (RM) function predicts prognosis in non‐cachectic patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). We hypothesized that weakness of RM (maximum inspiratory mouth occlusion pressure, Pimax) is a function of body mass index, and that outcome is more a function of BMI than of Pimax or ventilatory drive (P0.1).Subjects and methodsWe enrolled 249 CHF patients (11.2 % female, median age 54.2 years) at the German Heart Institute Berlin. Patients were in NYHA classes I/II/III/IV by n = 16/90/108/35. All patients underwent tests of pulmonary function, RM (Pimax, P0.1), cardiopulmonary exercise testing (peakVO2, VE/VCO2‐slope), and right heart catheterization.ResultsMean follow‐up time was 18 (1–36) months, 47 patients (18.9 %) died or underwent cardiac assist implantation. Pimax correlated weakly with BMI (r = 0.19), peakVO2 (r = 0.15), and FEV1 (r = 0.34, all p < 0.02), and was lower in females compared to males (3.9 ± 1.7 vs. 6.6 ± 2.7 kPa; p < 0.001). P0.1 correlated with pulmonary pressure (rho = 0.2; p < 0.01) and peakVO2 (rho = −0.14; p < 0.02). Neither Pimax [hazard ratio (HR) 0.98; confidence interval (CI) 0.88–1.08] nor P0.1 (HR 0.52; 0.06–4.6) predicted survival. Multivariate regression analysis revealed gender, BMI, and FEV1 as cofactors of Pimax, with only BMI (HR 0.87; CI 0.80–0.95) predicting survival independently. The lowest quintile in BMI had the worst outcome (log‐rank χ² = 13.5, p = 0.009).SummaryIn CHF patients including cachexia and NYHA IV, Pimax does not predict survival. Pimax depends on gender, BMI, FEV1, and peakVO2, with only BMI and peakVO2 predicting survival. The impaired Pimax in CHF might be a result of catabolism and weight loss and is not a predictive factor in itself.
Linear and nonlinear obliquely propagating ion-acoustic waves in magnetized negative ion plasma with non-thermal electrons
Authors: MISHRA M. K. , JAIN S. K. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIon-acoustic solitons in magnetized low-β plasma consisting of warm adiabatic positive and negative ions and non-thermal electrons have been studied. The reductive perturbation method is used to derive the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation for the system, which admits an obliquely propagating soliton solution. It is found that due to the presence of finite ion temperature there exist two modes of propagation, namely fast and slow ion-acoustic modes. In the case of slow-mode if the ratio of temperature to mass of positive ion species is lower (higher) than the negative ion species, then there exist compressive (rarefactive) ion-acoustic solitons. It is also found that in the case of slow mode, on increasing the non-thermal parameter (γ) the amplitude of the compressive (rarefactive) soliton decreases (increases). In fast ion-acoustic mode the nature and characteristics of solitons depend on negative ion concentration. Numerical investigation in case of fast mode reveals that on increasing γ, the amplitude of compressive (rarefactive) soliton increases (decreases). The width of solitons increases with an increase in non-thermal parameters in both the modes for compressive as well as rarefactive solitons. There exists a value of critical negative ion concentration (αc), at which both compressive and rarefactive ion-acoustic solitons appear as described by modified KdV soliton. The value of αc decreases with increase in γ.
Relative validity and reproducibility of a quantitative FFQ for assessing nutrient intakes of vegetarians in Taiwan
Authors: Chiu Tina HT , Huang Hui-Ya , Chen Kuan-Ju , Wu Yu-Ru , Chiu Jason PC , Li Yi-Hwei , Chiu Brian C-H , Lin Chin-Lon , Lin Ming-Nan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the relative validity and reproducibility of the quantitative FFQ used in the Tzu Chi Health Study (TCHS).DesignThe reproducibility was evaluated by comparing the baseline FFQ with the 2-year follow-up FFQ. The validity was evaluated by comparing the baseline FFQ with 3 d dietary records and biomarkers (serum folate and vitamin B12). Median comparison, cross-classification and Spearman correlation with and without energy adjustment and deattenuation for day-to-day variation were assessed.SettingTCHS is a prospective cohort containing a high proportion of true vegetarians and part-time vegetarians (regularly consuming a vegetarian diet without completely avoiding meat).SubjectSubsets of 103, seventy-eight and 1528 TCHS participants were included in the reproducibility, dietary record-validity and biomarker-validity studies, respectively.ResultsCorrelations assessing the reproducibility for repeat administrations of the FFQ were in the range of 0·46–0·65 for macronutrients and 0·35–0·67 for micronutrients; the average same quartile agreement was 40%. The correlation between FFQ and biomarkers was 0·41 for both vitamin B12 and folate. Moderate to good correlations between the baseline FFQ and dietary records were found for energy, protein, carbohydrate, saturated and monounsaturated fat, fibre, vitamin C, vitamin A, K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe and Zn (average crude correlation: 0·47 (range: 0·37–0·66); average energy-adjusted correlation: 0·43 (range: 0·38–0·55); average energy-adjusted deattenuated correlation: 0·50 (range: 0·44–0·66)) with same quartile agreement rate of 39% (range: 35–45%), while misclassification to the extreme quartile was rare (average: 4% (range: 0–6%)).ConclusionsThe FFQ is a reliable and valid tool to rank relative intake of major nutrients for TCHS participants.
Philosophical issues in the search for extraterrestrial life and intelligence
Authors: Schneider Jean 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn the search for extraterrestrial life and intelligence, it is essential to clarify what is to be meant by ‘life’ and ‘intelligence’. I first analyse what it means to ‘define’ these words. I will show that some philosophical prejudice is unavoidable. As a working hypothesis, I consider two types of philosophy: ‘natural philosophy’, seeking for some essence of things, and ‘critical (or analytical) philosophy’, devoted to the analysis of the procedures by which we claim to construct a reality. An extension of critical philosophy, epistemo-analysis (i.e. the psycho-analysis of concepts) is presented and applied to the definition of exolife and to extraterrestrial ‘intelligence’. Some pragmatic conclusions are finally drawn for future search strategies.
Carbon availability triggers the decomposition of plant litter and assimilation of nitrogen by an ectomycorrhizal fungus
Authors: Rineau F , Shah F , Smits M M , Persson P , Johansson T , Carleer R , Troein C , Tunlid A 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe majority of nitrogen in forest soils is found in organic matter–protein complexes. Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are thought to have a key role in decomposing and mobilizing nitrogen from such complexes. However, little is known about the mechanisms governing these processes, how they are regulated by the carbon in the host plant and the availability of more easily available forms of nitrogen sources. Here we used spectroscopic analyses and transcriptome profiling to examine how the presence or absence of glucose and/or ammonium regulates decomposition of litter material and nitrogen mobilization by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. We found that the assimilation of nitrogen and the decomposition of the litter material are triggered by the addition of glucose. Glucose addition also resulted in upregulation of the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in oxidative degradation of polysaccharides and polyphenols, peptidases, nitrogen transporters and enzymes in pathways of the nitrogen and carbon metabolism. In contrast, the addition of ammonium to organic matter had relatively minor effects on the expression of transcripts and the decomposition of litter material, occurring only when glucose was present. On the basis of spectroscopic analyses, three major types of chemical modifications of the litter material were observed, each correlated with the expression of specific sets of genes encoding extracellular enzymes. Our data suggest that the expression of the decomposition and nitrogen assimilation processes of EMF can be tightly regulated by the host carbon supply and that the availability of inorganic nitrogen as such has limited effects on saprotrophic activities.
Visual Information Can Hinder Working Memory Processing of Speech
Authors: Mishra Sushmit , Lunner Thomas , Stenfelt Stefan , Rönnberg Jerker , Rudner Mary 
Published: June 2013

Purpose
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the new Cognitive Spare Capacity Test (CSCT), which measures aspects of working memory capacity for heard speech in the audiovisual and auditory-only modalities of presentation.

Method
In Experiment 1, 20 young adults with normal hearing performed the CSCT and an independent battery of cognitive tests. In the CSCT, they listened to and recalled 2-digit numbers according to instructions inducing executive processing at 2 different memory loads. In Experiment 2, 10 participants performed a less executively demanding free recall task using the same stimuli.

Results
CSCT performance demonstrated an effect of memory load and was associated with independent measures of executive function and inference making but not with general working memory capacity. Audiovisual presentation was associated with lower CSCT scores but higher free recall performance scores.

Conclusions
CSCT is an executively challenging test of the ability to process heard speech. It captures cognitive aspects of listening related to sentence comprehension that are quantitatively and qualitatively different from working memory capacity. Visual information provided in the audiovisual modality of presentation can hinder executive processing in working memory of nondegraded speech material.
Who's Who? Memory Updating and Character Reference in Children's Narratives
Authors: Whitely Cristy , Colozzo Paola 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe capacity to update and monitor the contents of working memory is an executive function presumed to play a critical role in language processing. The current study used an individual differences approach to consider the relationship between memory updating and accurate reference to story characters in the narratives of typically developing children.MethodEnglish-speaking children from kindergarten to grade 2 (N= 63;Mage= 7.0 years) completed updating tasks, short-term memory tasks, and narrative productions. The authors used multiple regression to test whether updating accounted for independent variability in referential adequacy.ResultsThe capacity to update working memory was related to adequate character reference beyond the effects of age and of short-term memory capacity, with the strongest relationship emerging for maintaining reference over multiple utterances.ConclusionsThis individual differences study is the first to show a link between updating and performance in a discourse production task for young school-age children. The findings contribute to the growing body of research investigating the role of working memory in shaping language production. This study invites extension to children of different ages and language abilities as well as to other language production tasks.
AAC Assessment and Intervention in Pediatric ICU/Acute Care: From Referral Through Continuum of Care
Authors: Santiago Rachel , Costello John M. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
AAC supports in the ICU/Acute Care vary by patient presentation. Our 20+ years of bedside service delivery reveals trends in patient needs for AAC across the continuum of care. We detail three phases of AAC assessment and intervention and the role of SLP in the assessment/feature matching process.
Meeting the Needs of Limited English Proficiency Patients
Authors: Hurtig Richard , Czerniejewski Emily , Bohnenkamp Laura , Na Jiyoung 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The number of patients in U.S. hospitals with limited English proficiency (LEP) is growing. There is a body of evidence that suggests that inadequate patient-provider communication is responsible for a range of adverse events, including death. In recognition of this, the Joint Commission has set standards requiring hospitals to address the communication needs of the diverse hospitalized population. Although the optimal approach for LEP patients would involve having certified interpreters at the bedside around the clock, this is unfortunately not practically or economically feasible. Speech-generating devices (SGDs) can offer patients a means of communicating with their caregivers and an opportunity to participate more actively in their care. The University of Iowa Assistive Devices Lab has developed a series of bilingual communication templates suited for use in acute and critical care settings. They developed these templates for use by LEP patients who are speakers of diverse languages, as well as by Deaf patients who use a sign language as their primary means of communication.