bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gastric tumours
Authors: Miller Ben , Geh Ian , Roy-Choudhury Shuvro 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Chapter 7 discusses gastric tumours, and covers the majority of malignant stomach tumours, which are adenocarcinomas, the world’s second most common cancer, and the most common cancer in the Far East and South America. It is often difficult to distinguish the origin of tumours at the oesophagogastric junction (OGJ), and thus a new classification of OGJ tumours has been proposed dividing the OGJ into distal oesophageal (Siewert type I), cardia (Siewert type II), and subcardial gastric cancer (Siewert type III). This classification has important management implications regarding staging wherein Siewert type III are staged as stomach cancers.
Paediatrics
Authors: Humphries Paul , Peters Francesca , Gaze Mark 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Chapter 20 discusses the role of imaging in paediatric oncology, and covers CNS, renal, neuroblastoma, lymphoma, primary bone tumours (osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma), and soft tissue sarcomas including rhabdomyosarcoma and other types.
Drugs in perspective
Authors: Plant Martin , Robertson Roy , Plant Moira , Miller Patrick 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn a book about the nature and impact of drug taking it is important to spend some time discussing the range and nature of the drugs involved. This chapter provides what is hoped to be an accessible description of drug dependence or ‘addiction’ and the chemical and pharmacological effects of the main illicit substances that are used recreationally the UK. These substances include amphetamines, cannabis (including ‘skunk’), cocaine, crack, ecstasy (MDMA), LSD, heroin, opium, and morphine.
Families and patients with mental illness: on the recovery road
Authors: Shamir Eliahu 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe onset of severe mental illness typically occurs at a young age, of around 15–30 years. It generates for all of the parties involved—individuals with mental illnesses, their families, and healthcare providers—acute stresses, confrontations, and strong internal and external pressures. This chapter focuses in particular on families. Social stigma, unfounded fears, shame, accusations, and denial all contribute to a dismal situation. Beyond medical treatment, intensive cognitive education and behavioural as well as emotional training are essential for survival, and to avoid crisis and collapse. These approaches facilitate the parties’ psychosocial alliance for effective caregiving, rehabilitation and recovery. The cognitive program described in this chapter consists of “know thy enemy” (the dangers and threats, and learning to use tools and resources to defeat them) and behavioural training (how to handle and negotiate the vastly increased problems and needs among the parties involved, and when and how to control expressed emotion and where to discharge it, using support groups and cognitive behavioral therapy). Education during the early stages of illness is essential in order to avoid serious mistakes and irreversible damage over a period of many years. A list of topics and courses is suggested, tailored for families and also adaptable for professionals and patients. Psychosocial reform of the ways in which societies organize and appropriate mental health services is crucial. An Israeli story and situation is conveyed via the author's 30 years of experience as a father of a mentally ill person, as the chair-person of and public speaker for the NGO of the families of mentally ill people in Israel, as a researcher of health systems, and as a delegate to the 2009 World Association for Psychosocial Rehabilitation Congress in Bangalore, India.
Benevolence and discipline: the concept of recovery in early nineteenth-century moral treatment
Authors: Charland Louis C. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This is a chapter on the history of ideas related to recovery. Moral treatment was a novel approach to caring for mentally ill patients that arose towards the end of the eighteenth century in Europe, and then spread to North America. It is most famously associated with the names of William Tuke in York, and Philippe Pinel in Paris. These two very different men—Tuke was a wealthy English Quaker businessman and philanthropist, and Pinel was a famous French medical author and doctor—formulated two quite different approaches to the care of the mentally ill. Yet there are also important similarities in their approaches. The concept of “recovery” plays a fundamental role in both Tuke's and Pinel's conceptions of the care and treatment of mental illness. It is interesting, and important, to consider the underlying premises of their respective clinical approaches as we consider the nature and origins of the concept of “recovery” today.
Contrasting conceptualizations of recovery imply a distinct research methodology
Authors: Gill Kenneth 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter argues that there are a number of contrasting views of recovery from serious mental illness. One possible view conceives of recovery solely from an idiographic perspective—that is, each individual's personal journey. This perspective on recovery as personal experience is understood as meaningful to an individual, but is also understood as not necessarily generalizable to others. Thus, according to this viewpoint, recovery is best understood from a phenomenological perspective. A contrasting view conceives of recovery from a more nomothetic perspective, not solely an individual's experience, but as measurable processes that are applicable to individuals with similar characteristics in similar circumstances. Thus an understanding of recovery can be derived by traditional methods of empirical inquiry. Of course, these two archetypal views may in fact be contrasting views of the same phenomena. Nevertheless, given contrasting epistemological views of recovery, distinct research methods are necessary. A solely phenomenological approach suggests that qualitative methods, such as personal narrative analysis, are most useful. A traditional empirical approach might seek to establish the presence of steps or stages, validated by multiple raters or convergent measures. One methodology that potentially integrates both approaches is participatory action research. Driven primarily by the premise that the participants who are the object of the study data should participate in every step of the research, from the conceptualization of the problem to interpretation of the findings, participatory action research may be particularly suited to the subject matter of recovery. This chapter reviews the contrasting methodological approaches and their application to the study of recovery. Examples of research studies that illustrate each of the approaches will be reviewed. In instances where relevant examples are not available from the literature, a program of future research will be outlined to illustrate the implications of that perspective.
Recovery and hope in relation to schizophrenia
Authors: Schrank Beate , Wally Johannes , Schmidt Burghart 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses how philosophy provides a basis for the societal exclusion or inclusion of people with mental health abnormalities and how hope, as a central element of recovery, can be regarded as a prerequisite for the re-establishment of the personally valued social roles of these individuals. The authors look at how different philosophical approaches have understood human nature over time. In their attempt to determine what is normal and what is true, philosophers have always—at least implicitly—also defined what is abnormal; furthermore, they have addressed the relationship between truth and subjective experience, usually allowing for a certain amount of freedom with regard to truth in subjective experience. These various definitions of normality and truth, or abnormality and non-truth, respectively, are relevant background considerations; they impact on what is perceived as psychotic experience within a given society and what is to be done with those who are seen as suffering from a mental condition (i.e. to assign them a place in society or relegate them to the margins). By addressing this, the authors also introduce a philosophical approach to the contemporary concept of personal recovery in mental health. They then proceed to provide a real world example of how the recovery idea can thrive in a societal niche, together with the obstacles and constraints attached to this idea, from a practical as well as from a philosophical perspective. Lastly, the authors illustrate why hope is important for the recovery process. Taking a second look at the example provided in Part 2, they argue that the crucial motivation for hope is not so much the achievement of goals but rather the approximation of goals which might very well change during the process. Hope enables us to take risks and to keep striving even if goals are not achieved. Hope then helps us to adapt, to redefine goals and to continue on the way to recovery. Thus it initiates and sustains recovery
From being subjected to being a subject: recovery in relation to schizophrenia
Authors: Lysaker Paul , Lysaker John 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIncreasingly, recovery from severe mental illness is understood as not merely a matter of the remission of symptoms, but also the recovery of those capacities that enable one to be a meaningful agent in one's life, even if that life remains challenged by mental illness. This chapter explores one dimension of that kind of recovery, namely a rejuvenated sense of self. It explores from a dialogical perspective the processes implicated in both the diminishment and then the recapture of rich self experience among individuals with severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, and closes by exploring the connections of sense of self with meaningful agency. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Research Priorities in Late-Life Mood Disorders
Authors: Dow Briony , Lin Xiaoping , Tinney Jean , Harambous Betty , Ames David 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter presents a summary of research priorities for international researchers in the area of late life mood disorders. After a brief discussion on important issues that underlie future research in this area, including sociodemographic changes and advances in technology, it presents a snapshot of current research in late life mood disorders and identifies important gaps. The chapter concludes with recommendations on research priority areas likely to create the most exciting opportunities for the late life mood disorder field in the next 5-10 years. These include more cross disciplinary research, including psycho-social, behavioral and biological approaches; more targeted research into anxiety, including neurological aspects of anxiety advanced through neuroimaging; and translational research that evaluates the effectiveness, cost, and feasibility of treatments for anxiety in a range of settings but particularly primary health settings.
the diagnosis and treatment of unipolar depression in late life
Authors: Snowdon John , Almeida Osvaldo P. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Development of a depressive disorder is commonly attributable to a complexity of factors, though with differences between age-groups. The pattern of losses experienced in old age differs from that encountered earlier in life; notably, increasingly prevalent physical illness and brain changes may cause psychological stress additional to their neurophysiological impact. DSM-IV diagnostic decisions have proved relatively unhelpful when planning interventions in cases of late-life unipolar depression. Relapse following remission is common, especially if culpable factors (e.g. vascular change or persisting effects of losses) remain in evidence. Understanding how different factors have contributed to diminution of self-esteem, as well as biological depressive features, allows planning of appropriate therapeutic strategies.
Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Young Robert C. , Mahgoub Nahla A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractOlder adults with bipolar (BP)disorder present a heterogeneous group of patients who have diverse clinical characteristics, and comorbidities and presumably differing pathophysiology and etiology. Age-related factors including age at onset of illness and age-associated neurobiological and psychosocial factors may contribute to these extents of heterogeneity. Relevant neurobiological changes may include vascular and degenerative processes. This chapter provides an overview of the limited evidence base. Investigation of this subgroup of BP patients presents both challengers and important opportunities for investigation. Opportunities include studies of markers of vulnerability, of how heterogeneity may be associated with differences in outcomes and may guide development of novel treatments, and of the nature of clinical features shared with other geriatric disorders.
Anxious Depression
Authors: Andrew J. Petkus, Eric J. Lenze, , Wetherell Julie Loebach 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The majority of depressed older adults also suffer from clinically significant symptoms of anxiety. In this chapter we will describe the prevalence rates of co-occurring depression and anxiety in older adulthood; as well as the negative outcomes associated with these disorders. Anxiety and depression share many similarities and we review the biological, psychological, and emotional similarities between these disorders. Recently developed transdiagnostic models that conceptualize depressive and anxiety disorders as “emotional disorders” are reviewed. Lastly, we provide pharmacological and psychosocial treatment recommendations for older adults suffering from depression and anxiety.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Approaches for Treatment and Prevention of Late-Life Mood Disorders
Authors: Merrill David , Payne Martha , Lavretsky Helen 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches for treatment of late life mood disorders are reviewed and discussed. Widespread use of CAM therapies by the aging population necessitates that clinicians have familiarity in regards to the efficacy and safety of a wide variety of CAM treatments. The major domains of CAM therapies are defined and relevant approaches are discussed, including biologically based therapies (omega-3 fatty acids, S-adenosyl-Lmethionine, St. John’s wort), mind-body medicine (yoga, tai chi, exercise, mindfulness meditation), alternative medical systems (acupuncture, Ayurveda), and other CAM practices (religion and spirituality, expressive therapies).
Depression in Older Adults Receiving Hospice Care
Authors: Desai Abhilash K. , Lo Daphne , Grossberg George T. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Depression (both major and minor depression) is prevalent in terminally ill older adults, and is under-diagnosed and undertreated in this population. Depression in older adults receiving hospice care has not been rigorously studied and most of the existing research in this area has been conducted in patients terminally ill due to cancer. Only a few of these studies involve older adults receiving hospice care. Depression in terminally ill older adults may reduce quality of life, increase stress in family members, impair decision making capacity and may shorten survival. Depression is often mistaken for normal grief and although differentiating between them is challenging, a systematic assessment allows for accurate diagnosis. Clinical experience and limited research data indicate that depression responds to a combination of psychosocial and psychopharmacological interventions in older adults who are terminally ill.
Functional Neuroimaging in Late-Life Mood Disorders
Authors: Patel Meenal J. , Aizenstein Howard J. , Smith Gwenn S. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Structural and functional neuroimaging modalities have identified changes in neural circuitries in patients with mood disorders in late life, including major depression and bipolar disorder. The most widely used imaging modalities include functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). The major findings will be reviewed regarding the functional neuroanatomy of late life depression, changes in neural circuitry under conditions of affective and cognitive activation, changes in neural circuitry associated with antidepressant treatment, and molecular imaging studies of specific neurochemical markers and neuropathology. The potential for the neuroimaging measure to serve as neurobiological markers of treatment response, as well as future directions for fMRI and PET imaging, are discussed.
Psychoneuroimmunology of Depressive Disorders
Authors: Irwin Michael R. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMany exciting developments have occurred regarding the relationship between depression and the immune system, putting the field of psychoneuroimmunology into a clinical context with important translational implications for late-life depression. Initial studies focused on the impact of depression on relatively narrowly defined immunologic endpoints, which were ultimately relevant to infectious illnesses, autoimmune disorders, cancer as well as cardiovascular disease. More recently, the reciprocal influences of the immune system on the brain and behavior including depression have taken center stage. Increasing data now indicate that activated inflammatory processes can influence multiple aspects of CNS function including neurotransmitter metabolism, neuroendocrine function, and information processing leading to behavioral changes in humans. Together, these findings have provided insight into the identification of inflammatory mediators of depression risk and the development of novel anti-inflammatory, behavioral and pharmacologic treatments for late-life depression.
Brain Imaging Techniques and Their Application to Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Adler Caleb M. , Cerullo Michael A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractRecent technological advances have radically changed the nature of brain imaging, allowing significant advances in the understanding of psychiatric disorders and the neural substrates underlying affective and psychotic symptoms. A number of techniques have been used to study the structure and function of the bipolar brain, including computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Increasingly however, brain imaging is being dominated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques that allow examination of brain anatomy (both gray and white matter), functional activity, and neurochemistry. Each of these imaging methodologies allow examination of different aspects of neuroanatomy and physiology, and have both strengths and weaknesses that must be considered when designing studies and interpreting findings. As neuroimaging techniques continue to proliferate and advance, it is likely that these methodologies will play a major role in improving our understanding of bipolar neurophysiology, as well as in the development of novel, more effective treatments.
Neurochemical and Metabolic Imaging in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Kim Jieun E. , Lyoo In Kyoon , Renshaw Perry F. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMagnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is an important neuroimaging technique offering the promise of revolutionizing how we study human brain function by allowing the examination of molecular processes in the live human brain. This chapter reviews both proton (1H) and phosphorus (31P) MRS studies in bipolar disorder and proposes a neurochemical model of this illness. Integration of the MRS findings including alterations in cerebral levels of N-acetyl aspartate, glutamate/glutamine, choline-containing compounds, myo-inositol, and lactate, measured using 1H MRS and alterations in cerebral levels of phosphocreatine, phosphomonoesters, and intracellular pH, measured using 31P MRS, leads to a well-supported hypothesis of an underlying mitochondrial impairment in bipolar disorder.
Neuroimaging Studies of Bipolar and Unipolar Depression
Authors: Versace Amelia , Almeida Jorge R. C. , Phillips Mary L. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBipolar disorder is defined by the occurrence of mania, but affected individuals spend most of their time when ill struggling with depression. Consequently, understanding the neurobiology of depression might clarify the neural substrates of bipolar disorder. Moreover, contrasting the neurobiology of unipolar and bipolar depression might identify specific features of bipolar illness that result in mood cycling and might aid in diagnosis. Despite the significant promise in these considerations, relatively few neuroimaging studies have directly compared bipolar and unipolar depression. Nonetheless, white matter neuroimaging (e.g., diffusion tensor imaging, DTI) findings suggest that depression in bipolar and unipolar disorder may be distinguished by different abnormalities in right uncinate fasciculus. Moreover, these findings support a hypothesis that unipolar depression demonstrates left- but not right-sided abnormalities in amygdala-orbitomedial prefrontal cortical structural connectivity. Functional connectivity studies report corresponding differences between bipolar and unipolar depressed subjects in right-sided bottom-up amygdala-medial prefrontal effective connectivity. More studies comparing these depressive disorders are clearly needed to extend this model of bipolar depression.
Mitochondrial DNA analyses show that Zambia's South Luangwa Valley giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti) are genetically isolated
Authors: Fennessy Julian , Bock Friederike , Tutchings Andy , Brenneman Rick , Janke Axel 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThornicroft's giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti, is a geographically isolated subspecies of giraffe found only in north‐east Zambia. The population only occurs in Zambia's South Luangwa Valley, an area which interestingly places it between the current distribution of Masai (G. c. tippelskirchi) giraffe to the north, and the Angolan (G. c. angolensis) and South African (G. c. giraffa) giraffe in the south‐west and south, respectively. Specific studies have been undertaken on the ecology of this subspecies, but their population genetics remains unknown. We studied 34 individuals from the South Luangwa National Park and adjacent Lupande Game Management Area and seven individuals from northern Botswana. The complete cytochrome b and control region sequences of the mitochondrial genome were sequenced and analysed together with database data by maximum likelihood tree reconstruction and maximum parsimony network analyses. The giraffe from Zambia's South Luangwa Valley are most closely related to the subspecies G. c. tippelskirchi and part of their radiation. However, they form a unique population that would benefit from increased research and conservation management.