bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Shading and Foliar Spraying with Nutrient Solution on Vegetative Growth and Yield Traits of Sweet Orange Trees cv. Local.
Authors: Oudah M. A. , Hamad R. M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted in one of the private orchards at the village of Al-Budhiyab, Ramadi district, Anbar governorate, in the spring season 2023, on sweet orange young trees cv. local with age 8 years. The study investigated the effect of shading with Saran and foliar application with nutrient solution under the commercial name (Brexil Duo) on the growth and yield traits. The experiment included two factors, the first three levels of shading [0% (without shading), 50%, and 75%] and the second three levels of nutrient solution (0, 3 and 6 g.L-1). The results showed that shading level of 50% resulted in a significant increase in most characteristics that studied viz. (leaf area, leaf dry matter, chlorophyll a and b, fruit set, fruit size, and fruit weight), compared to the shading treatments of 0% (without shading) and 75%. On the other hand, foliar application with nutrient solution (3 g.L-1) resulted in a significant increase in leaf dry matter content and chlorophyll b. while application of the nutrient solution Brexil Duo at concentration (6 g.L-1) resulted in a significant increase in leaf chlorophyll a and fruit set. Furthermore, there was no significant increase in leaf area, fruit size and fruit weight was observed at this concentration.
Evaluating the Spatial Environmental Aspects in Designing the Urban Plant Landscape for the Riverbank at the Al-Athamiyah Site in the Baghdad City
Authors: Al-Mashhadani T. A. K. , Jasim S. N. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Riverbanks are one of the most effective places in connecting residents with the river, and neglecting their, especially from the vegetation aspect, leads to the natural and functional underutilization of the riverbank. Due to the lack of attention to urban green design in Baghdad and the scarcity of studies related to this aspect, the research problem of knowledge deficiency in the fundamentals of plant design for riverbank edges has emerged. Therefore, the research adopting the descriptive analysis method of the vocabulary discussed in previous studies related to the development of riverbanks to formulate a theoretical framework applicable to evaluate the local environment of the riverbank at the Al-Athamiyah site and study the impact of the location from both natural and cultural perspectives on the nature of plant design for the riverbank. The study included some indicators to develop a theoretical framework that can be applied to the current situation. The most important findings of the research are that use of local plant species contributed to supporting natural and environmental values, reinforcing the cultural aspect and local heritage and plants can be utilized to create activities that enhance the effectiveness and utilization of the riverbank.
Effect of Calcium Chloride, Magnesium Sulfate and Maleic Acid Spraying on the Qualitative Traits of Two Varieties of Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Authors: Agha Badran S. , Fadhil Nameer N. , Hassan Al-Hamadany Shamil Younis 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Two different potato varieties, “Riviera” and “Argana”, were used in this study to evaluate the influence of foliar fertilization with calcium and magnesium at four concentrations (0% control, 0.5% and 1% calcium chloride, and 0.4% magnesium sulfate), as well as foliar spraying with malic acid at three concentrations (0, 250, and 500 mg L-1). The experiment was conducted in the vegetable field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design at the College of Agriculture and Forestry during the spring growing season of 2022. The study employed a complete randomized block design with three replications. The findings demonstrated that the two categories differed significantly. In comparison with “Argana”, “Riviera” showed a significant advantage both in soluble solids content and tuber hardness, at the same time “Argana” was significantly superior to “Riviera” in the total sugar content and tuber magnesium content. The treatment of foliar spraying with a high concentration of calcium chloride and magnesium sulphate a significant difference with the control in the Re – magnesium – percentage in tubers. Also, the application of 500 mg L-1 of malic acid as the treatment was better than the control concerning the percentage of calcium in the tubers. The treatment with 250 mg/L of malic acid did not differ significantly from the control, while the lower sugar content was preferred in the ‘Rivera’ cultivar without calcium and magnesium treatment and with the treatment of 500 mg/L of malic acid; however, the response was lower in the ‘Susina Precoce’ cultivar, with its best result obtained with the treatment of The highest tuber hardness was found in variety “Riviera” treated with 250 mg L-1 of malic acid while the lowest in variety “Argana” also treated with malic acid at the same concentration. The highest percentage of calcium in tubers was found in the “Rivera” variety treated with 500 mg L-1 malic acid, while the “Argana” variety treated with 250 mg malic acid and 0.5% calcium chloride obtained the lowest percentage. The highest magnesium content in tubers was observed in the “Argana” cultivar treated with 0.5% calcium and 500 mg/L malic acid, while the lowest was in the comparison treatment for both cultivars.
Role of Magnesium Spray and Soil NPK and Potassium Silicates Application in Growth and Flowering Characteristics in Rose Plants
Authors: Jawad Rana Moussa , Khalil Nazik H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study examined effects of mineral fertilizers NPK, potassium silicate, and magnesium (Disper Mg) spraying on various vegetative growth characteristics and flowering of a one-year-old Wiener Charme rose cultivar. It was carried out in a lath house, Dept. of Hort. and Landscape, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Univ. Baghdad, Al-Jadriya during spring and autumn 2022 growing seasons. study experiment’s factors included three amounts of magnesium fertilizer treatments; 0 (M0), 7.5(M7.5), and 15 g.L-1(M15) were sprayed, addition of two levels of NPK mineral fertilizers without addition (C0) and 5 g.transplant-1 (C100), as well as three levels of potassium silicate; without addition (S0), adding at 200 mg.L-1 (S200) plus 300 mg addition.L-1 (S300). A total of 216 plants were employed in factorial experiment in an RCBD since treatments were replicated three times (with four plants in each experimental unit). The experimental results showed that, magnesium spray especially spraying at 15 g.L-1 excelled in leaf dry weight of 34.40 and 32.82 %, leaf magnesium content of 0.277 and 0.294 mg.kg-1, leaf chlorophyll content of 27.74 and 30.46 mg.100g-1, flower diameter of 7.14 and 8.25 cm and floral stem diameter of 4.63 and 5.78 mm for spring and autumn seasons, respectively. Chemical fertilizers at 5 g.L-1(C100) significantly increased in leaf dry weight of 34.28 and 32.80 %, leaf chlorophyll content of 26.07 and 28.01 mg.100g-1, flower diameter of 7.11 and 8.02 cm and floral stem diameter of 4.49 and 5.54 mm, for spring and autumn seasons, respectively. Results also showed that potassium silicate application, showed significant effect especially adding at 300 mg.L-1 in leaf dry weight of 34.06 and 32.26 %, leaf magnesium content of 0.274 and 0.286 mg.kg-1, leaf chlorophyll content of 27.65 and 30.92 mg.100g-1, flower diameter of 7.24 and 8.23 cm and floral stem diameter of 4.39 and 5.89 mm for spring and autumn seasons, respectively. Twice and triple interactions between study factors significantly affected in all studied traits.
Fruit Pome Cracking, Causes and Solutions: A review
Authors: Al-Dulaimy Ahmed F. Z. , Al-Janabi A. M. I. , ABD N. T. , ALTaey D. K. A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Cracking fruit happens when the fruit is still developing and is a physiological condition. It lowers the fruit’s quality and marketability, which in turn causes huge economic losses and a possible reduction in production of 70%. Many factors, including heredity, physiology, and the environment, affect whether or not fruit cracks. Fruits can develop surface cracks due to uneven internal growth, which is exacerbated by unfavourable environmental factors including heavy rainfall and high temperatures. When it comes to transporting and storing fruit, the peel is crucial for its resistance to cracking.
The Impact of Triacontanol Spraying and the Addition of Humic Acid on the Vegetative and Root Development Parameters of Pyrus cimmunis L. Cv. Le-Conte Pear Seedlings
Authors: Mahdi Heyam H. T. , Saleh Sameer A. A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In 2022, researchers at the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, studied the effects of triacontanol foliar spraying at 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg L-1 (T0, T1, T2 and T3 respectively) and ground humic acid addition at 0, 25, and 50 ml L-1 (H0, H1 and H2 respectively) on various aspects of CV. Le-conte pear seedlings’ vegetative and root growth. T3 treatment resulted in the highest rate of increase in plant height (35.50 cm), root length (20.55 cm), number of branches (7.44 branch seedling-1), number of lateral roots (5.33 root seedling-1) and chlorophyll content (109.32 mg gm-1 fresh weight), among other treatments. The results demonstrated that there were significant differences between the treatments. When treated with water (50 ml L-1), humic acid significantly outperformed other treatments in terms of plant height (35.17 cm), root length (20.08 cm), number of lateral roots (5.03), number of lateral branches (8.66 branch seedlings-1), and chlorophyll content in leaves (108.35 mg gm-1 fresh weight), according to the study. However, T3H2 therapy was superior in every attribute examined when the two research parameters were considered together.
Brassinolides’ Function and Involvement in Salt Stress Response : A Review
Authors: Al-Taey Duraid K. A. , Al-Musawi Zahraa J. M. , Abdul Kadium Safa Mahdi , Abbas Ahmed K. , Alsaffar Marwa Fadhil , Mahmood Saad S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Brassinosteroids, the type of plant hormones requires the utmost attention in helping to induce plant respond to salt stress - a common problem global agricultural yield deals with. In conditions of salt stress, the cells are losing the integrity characterized by osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and oxidative damage and this has a very negative effect on plant growth and development. Brassinolides are key elements that regulate significant physiological and metabolism pathways thus acting in salt stress adaptation. This crucial step is restoring ion balance in the body When the plant roots are exposed to excessive salt levels in the soil, the sodium ions (Na+) buildup in the plant tissue disrupts the system of ion exchange within the cells of the plant. Brassinolides operate on the ion transport system including the sodium channels in, and out of, the cells, to diminish the case of high concentration of Na+ in these cellular compartments. Brassinosteroids, in addition to, activate ion transporters of potassium (K+) not just surface but also functioning against too much of sodium (Na+) toxicity. Brassinolides help to activate antioxidant defense systems for reducing the spike in oxidative stress induced by salt stress. Consequently, Brassinolides identification has been intensified as it enhances antioxidant capacity and decreasing oxidative stress which protects cells from desiccation by salt. As it relates to osmotic adjustment, a crucial capacity in salt stress response of plants, brassinolides play a specific part. They do precisely the opposite of the very function of osmosis by their ability to build these compatible solutes like, proline, glycine betaine and sugars, which play a vital role in preserving cellular turgor pressure and stablising large molecules in high osmotic environments. Brassinosteroids have a fundamental part in alleviating water loss from plants if the environment is heavy with salts and therefore helping them to stay alive. Intermediary compounds of Brassinolide are key elements in the plant defence system against salt stress. Brassinolides are the source of plants’ adaptability and survival as they increase the ability of plants to balance the ions, protect against oxidative stress, and manage the osmotic processes. The intricate methodology through which the brassinolides behave in salinity stress interaction should be understood and comprehended most sincerely considering the development of salinity-resistant varieties will be crucial in facing the increasing environment challenges that endanger food security.
Genetic Analysis of Locally Development Okra Single Hybrids by the Method of Line × Tester
Authors: Habib Maha M. , Al-Jubouri Kadhim D. H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The field experiment was carried out over the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons with the aim of locally developing a single hybrid from grown okra cultivars, and known general and specific combining abilities in one of the private fields in the Mahmoudiya district of Baghdad. In this experiment, ten okra cultivars (denoted as O1 to O10) were introduced into a hybridization program using a 7-line × 3-tester arrangement. Subsequently, in the second season, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the hybrids, their parental lines, and commercial hybrids, totaling [10 Parents + 21 Hybrids + Commercial Hybrid]. The experimental design employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates across randomized sectors. Growth Traits were studied. Hybrid vigor and stander+ heterosis were calculated, and genetic analysis was carried out. The results indicated that certain parents, specifically O1, O3, O4, O7, and O10, exhibited a positive and significant general combining ability effect in the measured traits, particularly. Notably, the hybrids O4×O2 and O10×O3 displayed a distinct positive and significant specific combining ability effect on pod weight and overall plant yield. Additionally, the dominance variance (σ2D) exceeded the additive variance (σ2A) across in traits (no. of nodes, no. of. leaves, percentage of pods, plant yield). The average degree of dominance (ā) was most pronounced in traits related to the number of pod sets on the main stem and the percentage of nodes set, as well as plant yield. The heritability broad sense was particularly high for phalanx length (92.75%), and plant yield (84.11%), while it was moderate for the number of nodes on the main stem and the percentage of pods. The hybrid O4×O2 also recorded the highest pod weight at 5.31 g and exhibited exceptional hybrid vigor and heterosis in pod weight traits (59.96% and 53.17%, respectively), as well as in plant yield (54% and 22.73%).
Effect of Spraying with Soluamine L-24 and Apple Cider Vinegar on some Growth Traits of Le Conte Pear Seedlings Grafted onto Newly Planted Wild Pear Rootstock
Authors: Al-Omrani H. H. , Hamad R. M. , Abd N. T. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Research was carried out in one of the fields belonging to the Department of Horticulture at the College of Agriculture - Al-Qadisiyah University - Al-Nouriya, on seedlings of pear cultivar Le Conte grafted on wild pear rootstock, which were planted in 2020 at the beginning of the month of March. At the end of the season, pruning was conducted before the end of winter for all seedlings and three were chosen. Branches for each tree were cut according to the cup method, and the tree was set at a height of 1 meter. The experiment was conducted in the spring semester of 2021 to study the effect of spraying (Soluamine L-24) at three concentrations (0, 1.5, 3 ml L-1) as recommended, and apple cider vinegar at concentrations (0, 2.4 ml L-1) was sprayed around the stems of trees to determine its effect on some vegetative traits of pear trees. The results showed that treatment S2 was superior with the highest rate of tree height (cm), stem diameter (mm), branch length (cm), number of leaves (tree leaf-1), leaf area (cm2), relative chlorophyll content in leaves (SPAD), and percentage of dry leaf weight. (%) compared to the comparison treatment that gave the lowest values. Regarding spraying around the stem with apple cider vinegar, treatment Av2 was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments by giving the highest values in all the studied traits, while the comparison A0 gave the lowest values. As for the binary interaction between the study factors, treatment S2Av2 outperformed the other interaction treatments in the studied traits, while the intervention treatment S0Av0 recorded the lowest values for all traits.
Effect of Spraying with Benzyl Adenine and Potassium on the Growth, Yield and Quality of Sweet Potato
Authors: Al-Juboori Ayad Waleed , Rustum Adyba Najam , Mohammed Rasha Raad 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields affiliated with the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/University of Baghdad. The experiment included two factors: the first factor, benzyl adenine, at three concentrations: 0, 1, and 2 g.L-1, and the second factor was spraying with potassium chloride at two concentrations: 0 and 10 g.L-1. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications. The results were analyzed statistically according to the Genstat program, and the arithmetic means of all studied traits were compared according to the least significant difference (L.S.D) test at the 5% probability level. The results showed that the spraying treatment with benzyl adenine at a concentration of 2 g.L-1 was excelled in increasing the plant height and the length of the leaf stalk, which reached 224.2 cm and 25.44 cm, respectively, and in increasing the dry matter in the plant, the chlorophyll content, the number of tubers, and the total plant yield, which reached 1454 g and 54.80 mg. 100 g fresh weight-1 and 3.00 root tubers. Plant-1 and 612 g. Plant-1, respectively. The spraying treatment of 10 g.L-1 with potassium chloride also affected the increase in plant dry matter, chlorophyll content, and plant yield, reaching 1307 g and 50.13 mg. 100 g fresh weight-1 and 650 g. plant-1, respectively. As for qualitative yield indicators, spraying treatment with benzyl adenine at a concentration of 1 g.L-1 increased the percentage of total soluble solids and the content of beta-carotene pigment and carbohydrates in the tuber roots, reaching 10.55%, 0.377 mg.100 ml-1, and 18.16%. The concentration of 10 g.L-1 of potassium chloride increased the content of lycopene and carbohydrates in the tuber roots, reaching 0.132 mg.100 ml-1 and 16.64%, respectively, as evidenced by the results of bilateral interaction of the studied factors, indicating a significant increase for most of the traits mentioned above.
The Effect of Spraying with some Nutrients and Anti-Transpiration on the Vegetative and Fruiting Characteristics of Apple Fruits (Ibrahimi cultivar)
Authors: Mulan Hamid Rashid , Hussein Al-Shammari Ghalib Nasser 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in one of the apple orchards in Bani Saad district, Diyala Governorate, Iraq, during 2021–2022, to study the effect of foliar spraying of some nutrients and anti-transpiration on the vegetative, flowering, and fruiting characteristics of the apple trees (Ibrahimi cultivar). Spraying with nano-calcium carbonate was significantly superior in some of the following vegetative and fruit growth characteristics (number of leaves, area of one leaf, total leaf area of the plant, fruit weight, fruit size, yield per plant, fruit hardness), while spraying with chelated iron was significantly superior in the number of total fruits. As for nano-iron, it gave the highest percentage of chlorophyll content in the leaves. Spraying with potassium silicate was superior in giving the highest values in the number of leaves, area of one leaf, total leaf area of the plant, chlorophyll, fruit weight, fruit size, and plant yield.
The Importance of Cryoprotective Agents (CPAS) in the Cryopreservation Process for the Preservation of Plant Resources
Authors: Al-Jubori Mayada T. , Mohammed Rasha Raad 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The process of vitrification involves the freezing of plant genetic components. It is based on the fact that water can be rapidly cooled to a glassy state by increasing its viscosity to extremely high values without causing intracellular ice crystallization. The genetic material of plants can undergo deleterious changes in structure and function during the cryopreservation process. It is important to remember that cryodamage can occur at any time after ice freezing, not just during the freezing process. Cryopreservation and thawing have been associated with potentially greater changes in DNA integrity. Due to the increased rate of lipid peroxidation and suppression of the antioxidant enzyme defense mechanism, cryopreservation causes oxidative stress. Cryopreservation is particularly damaging to RNA and DNA. The development of cryopreservation technology is due to the discovery of chemicals with preservative properties and protection against freezing damage. These chemicals must be applied to the culture medium for the culture to be preserved in order to prevent the formation of large ice crystals in the plant cells; the sharp edges of these crystals damage the cell walls and membranes and kill the cells.
Effect of Soil Mulching and Spraying with Growth Regulator Salicylic Acid on the Characteristics of the Mineral Content of Two Cultivars of Young Grape Vines (Halwani and Kamali)
Authors: Bayz Hana Azeez , Hussein Suzan Ali , Ahmed Osamah Ibrahim 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted in the field of the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering Landscape Architecture Located in Al-Sayadah area / Agricultural Research and Experiments Station of the Faculty of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk - Iraq, during the growing season (2023-2024). The study aims at studying the effect of mulching with three types (no mulching, Sawdust and Charcoal) where the mulching was done once with a thickness of 5 cm and on a circular area with a radius of 30 cm. The vegetative total was sprayed with three concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 100 and 150) mg liter and on five sprays with an interval of 15 days between each spray starting from 20/4 to 20/6 for two varieties of young vines (Halwani and Kamali). The experiment was carried out according to the design of the complete random sectors (R.C.B.D) as a factor experiment and with three replicates. The results obtained were summarized as follows:- Covering with charcoal led to a significant superiority in all the studied characteristics (percentage of macronutrients, NPK, and carbohydrates in leaves and stems), reaching (3.25, 0.64, 3.13, 12.70, 1.87, 0.61, 2.89, 11.20)%, respectively. The effect of spraying treatment with salicylic growth regulator is significant in all characteristics when spraying 150mg L-1. In terms of the varieties, the Kamli variety outperformed the Halwani In (the percentage of macronutrients PK and carbohydrates in leaves and NPK and carbohydrates in stems), Which I reached (59.90, 3.16, 12.63, 1.87, 0.66, 2.78, 10.60)%, respectively, While the Halwani variety outperformed the Kamali variety in the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves, reaching 3.07%. The two- and three-way interaction of the study treatments had a significant effect on the studied traits.