bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Memory and Stress
Authors: Schwabe Lars 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Stressful events have a major impact on memory. This chapter discusses classic and more recent findings suggesting that stress may have distinct effects on different stages of memory—encoding, consolidation, retrieval, and reconsolidation—and that these effects are closely linked to the precisely timed action of hormones and neurotransmitters that are released in response to stress. In addition to these time-dependent changes in memory performance after stress, the chapter discusses evidence showing that stress modulates the engagement of multiple memory systems in a manner that facilitates rather simple but rigid “habit” memory, at the expense of cognitively more demanding forms of memory. It is argued that this shift toward habit memory may be adaptive for performance under stress but results in rather inflexible memories. Finally, some implications of stress-induced changes in memory are discussed.
Adorno, Black Studies, and Critical Race Theory
Authors: Winters Joseph R. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter draws connections between Adorno and Black studies in a manner that includes but decenters the focus on Adorno’s critique of jazz. Drawing on the work of scholars like Fumi Okiji, this chapter contends that there are fraught affinities between Adorno’s ethics of the negative and the rejection of progress narratives (or a celebration of the human, reason, Western civilization, etc.) in authors like Saidiya Hartman and Frank Wilderson. For these authors, ethics begins with a refusal to affirm a social order organized by violence that is displaced and denied. In addition, this chapter shows how Adorno’s call for a new way home, which is connected to an ethics of not being at home in this world and a practice of fugitivity, resonates with Fred Moten’s understanding of Blackness as perpetual movement and dispossession. Furthermore, the author broaches Hortense Spillers’ reading of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, particularly her description of the oceanic, as a way to supplement Adorno’s use of Odysseus’ voyages as a metaphor for (colonial) modernity.
Emerson, Nature, and Networks in the Black Press
Authors: Fielder Brigitte 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Over the past twenty years many scholars such as Len Gougeon, Joel Myerson, Martha Schoolman, and Christopher Hanlon have focused on Emerson’s antislavery activism. What has been absent from this scholarship, however, is an assessment of the ways Emerson circulated in the Black press during the years prior to the Civil War and how African Americans’ interest in him extended beyond his antislavery stance. By eschewing, rather than centering, slavery as the topic for Black engagements with this thinker, this essay reaches beyond the most predictable topics of interest in Emerson. Reading a discussion of Emerson’s 1867 collection May-Day and Other Pieces published in the Christian Recorder of that year, this essay maps a context for reading Emerson amid Black attention both to nature and networks that allows us to surmise what appeal these particular poems may have had for the paper’s readers.
Emerson’s Market Forces
Authors: Kopec Andrew 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This essay draws on recent historiographies of capitalism to identify Emerson’s sustained interest in capitalist activities and institutions. Across his long career, Emerson imagined self-reliance as a form of risk-taking that gains legibility within nineteenth-century ideologies about the intersection of commerce and identity. From the perspective of the “new history of capitalism,” standard Emerson texts like “The American Scholar” (1837), “Self-Reliance” (1841), and “Wealth” (1860) take on new meanings as accounts of the modern self’s relation to capitalism. But business ideologies can also allow bringing less frequently studied texts to the fore. And in “Address on Education” (1837), “Prudence” (1841), “Perpetual Forces” (1862), and even Emerson’s abolitionist lectures, we see his Transcendentalism work itself out as a program for managing the turbulent “wave” of social life. Emerson thus approached commerce as yet one more path, as he put it in 1860, “on the way to the highest” good.
Emerson and the Socialists
Authors: Jackson Holly 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This essay aims to restore utopian socialism, especially the 1840s enthusiasm over the philosopher Charles Fourier, as a key context for reading Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Renaissance. Though he frequently rejects a straw-man Fourier, Emerson’s thought hews closer than he admitted. In reaction to industrialization and the entrenched institutions of “civilization,” they both advocated a “whole man” theory of labor and sought to amplify individual desires and insights as the essential precursor to larger community formations. However, Fourier hoped for the end of marriage, capitalism, and the private home, aims from which Emerson publicly recoiled. While the more socially radical Transcendentalists spread an Americanized version of Fourier’s ideas, and free-lovers such as Marx Lazarus and Stephen Pearl Andrews embraced both Emerson and Fourier, Emerson moved away from his earlier interest in these ideas to develop a reactionary counter-revolutionary philosophy utopianizing the individual, free trade, and nationalism.
Aphasic Etymology
Authors: McLaughlin Don James 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes as “aphasic etymology” Emerson’s studied devotion to concealed histories of linguistic meaning, his attunement to our inability to excavate all we attempt to express. Emerson’s interest in etymological estrangement shapes his essay “The Poet” (1844), which likens poetry to etymology. “The poets made all the words,” Emerson explains. “For, though the origin of most of our words is forgotten, each word was a stroke of genius. … The etymologist finds the deadest word to have been once a brilliant picture. Language is fossil poetry.” Here collective memory loss becomes the landscape of speech itself. “The Poet” thus makes room for a social model of aphasic etymology, resituating the “fossil poetry” embedded in language as a forgetting commons. “Poetry” is the mechanism of accessibility that endeavors to traverse these spectral distances. This chapter concludes by using such concepts to reframe Emerson’s relationship with Walt Whitman.
Emerson, Melville, Futility
Authors: Banner Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter attends to a thread of early literary scholarship on Ralph Waldo Emerson and Herman Melville that positions them as combatants. It shows how a critical staging of Emerson and Melville in a pasteboard arena of abiding philosophical conflict helps us understand a great deal about the cultural psychodramas of professional literary criticism of earlier periods. It poses the issue of Emerson and Melville’s ongoing value within US literary studies as a genuine question and considers their own writings about grief, violence, and unhappy endings to propose an unlikely answer: that their most profound relationship to one another in this cultural moment may be that both of them evince a philosophical contentment with the necessity of their own increasing irrelevance. And yet, attending to each writer’s theorizations of their own futility may paradoxically offer a way for future readers to still find something of use in their writings now.
Transcendental Geologies
Authors: Morgan Patrick 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter excavates the geological substratum of Emerson’s 1844 antislavery address, “On the Anniversary of the Emancipation of the Negroes in the British West Indies.” Geological time is not a recipe for a tepid abolitionism, but is rather closely related to immediatism. Emerson practiced geologic presentism, or deep kairos: a traversing of deep time in the human mind, embodying in the present moment the progressive thrust of Earth’s history. The chapter unveils how Emerson’s geologic presentism connects back to his earliest readings of the geologist Charles Lyell. Lyell gave Emerson an understanding of geologic time beyond mere duration—an understanding that resonated with Emerson’s sense of sacred time and the present moment. This origin story of Emerson’s present-oriented geology reconfigures the discussion over the timing of Emerson’s antislavery, showing how he was able to attach the time of Earth with the timing of coming out against slavery.
Realism and the Subaltern in India
Authors: Anjaria Ulka 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
As in many colonized or formerly colonized contexts, the call for realism in India has always been politically motivated. However, Indian realism is never simplistically mimetic or propagandistic. Focusing on three seminal moments in the history of Indian realism, this chapter argues that Indian realism’s political project to represent the subaltern has always also been an epistemological question about how literature can contribute to political change. While many Indian writers since the foundation of the All-India Progressive Writers’ Association in 1936 have been politically committed to representing marginalized or oppressed characters in their literature, their writings have simultaneously registered the difficulty of such representation through metatextual techniques such as narrative estrangement, frame narratives, and bifurcated texts, among others. Indian realism, then (and postcolonial realism more broadly), can be understood as a set of questions about what it means for literature to do political work.
Resources
Authors: Wilson Peter H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Seven Years’ War saw fighting across the globe, but in fiscal-military terms, Europe remained the epicenter and was the source of most of the manpower, ships, weaponry, and other war materials. Non-European resources were important in campaigns elsewhere; these operations nonetheless always depended on European input, whereas non-European resources played only a minimal role in the fighting in Europe. This chapter assesses the character, mobilization, and employment of war-making resources, and evaluates the relative efficiency of the belligerents in finding and deploying what they needed, and how they responded to their experience through postwar reform. It argues that the superior ability of Britain and Prussia to mobilize, procure, and employ resources played a significant part in determining the war’s outcome.
Empires
Authors: Ruggiu François-Joseph 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the impact of the Seven Years’ War on the British, Spanish, and French empires, which signed the Treaty of Paris in 1763. It examines how and to what extent the language of empire permeated the political cultures of the three countries before and after the war. It then considers the place of the overseas territories in the geopolitical visions of the three Crowns. Finally, it analyses the substantial reforms that have triggered, from the last months of the war until the end of the 1760s, a deep change in the internal working of empires. The chapter shows that there was then a radical divergence in the political choices made by the rulers of the three countries relating to their overseas empire. The question of the loyalty or subordination of the local populations, particularly the elites, was a key factor in determining these choices.
The Directorate of Religious Affairs
Authors: Kocamaner Hikmet 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Under Turkey’s conservative AKP government, the Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) began to deploy state-employed preachers and other religious functionaries to provide Sunni Muslim citizens with religious advice and guidance on matters of marriage, parenting, and family life. While also serving Muslim men, the Diyanet’s Family and Religious Guidance Bureaus was an integral part of an initiative to serve the religious needs of women through female religious authorities who were previously sidelined by this state institution. Within the last two decades since these Islamic family offices were initiated, the Diyanet has hired an ever-increasing number of female preachers and other religious functionaries, as well as placed women in prestigious positions within its institutional hierarchy. While challenging the historical dominance of male religious authorities, women working for the Diyanet’s Family Bureaus often end up performing a balancing act between their religious authority, bureaucratic positions, and wishes to advocate for women’s rights within the confines of Sunni-Islamic jurisprudence and patriarchal Turkish society.
Mary Magdalene in Modern Visual and Popular Culture (Including Documentaries)
Authors: Bolton Lucy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the array of representations of Mary Magdalene on the cinema screen between 1912 and 2022. The survey shows the perennial fascination with the sexuality of Mary Magdalene and the range of stereotypes and assumptions that the cinema perpetuated in popular culture. Ranging from early cinema, through the “swords and sandals” epics, and into television movies and miniseries, the popularity of Mary Magdalene has remained strong and the allure of her persona has persisted. Acknowledging the impact of The Da Vinci Code phenomenon on the reputation of the Magdalene, the chapter considers the flourish in nonfiction films and documentaries about the alleged mysteries and conspiracies that have abounded in the last twenty years, as well as discusses the scholarship devoted to Mary Magdalene that has led to more critical and serious reappraisals. The chapter considers the films Mary Magdalene and Magdala, both of which have responded to these new perceptions about the apostle to the apostles and offered profoundly original and spiritual encounters with the enduringly fascinating Mary Magdalene.
Léon Brunschvicg and the Development of French Neo-Kantianism
Authors: Terzi Pietro 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This essay examines a purported ‘French neo-Kantianism’ during the Third Republic and shows that this label, although largely inappropriate, may well apply to Léon Brunschvicg, a powerful professor at the Sorbonne who advanced a critical idealism. However, by analysing the primary aspects of Brunschvicg’s doctrine—the philosophy of judgement, historical reflectivity, and scientific philosophy—the chapter shows how Brunschvicg was more interested in the ‘spirit’ of Kantianism than in its ‘letter’. In fact, with Brunschvicg, fidelity to the Kantian heritage goes hand in hand with a profound critical revision and correction of it—an example that will be fundamental for much of later French epistemology.
Emmanuel Levinas and Vladimir Jankélévitch
Authors: Morgan Michael L. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In order to elucidate Emmanuel Levinas’s distinctive contribution to our understanding of ethics and the human condition, this chapter compares and contrasts his thought with Vladimir Jankélévitch. I use two very helpful comparisons of Levinas and Jankélévitch, one by Kelley and another by Robert Bernasconi, to frame my discussion. My strategy will be to discuss both of these accounts, with an eye to showing how both fail to emphasize sufficiently the special role of the interpersonal relation exhibited by the second-person in Levinas’s thought. In short, I show that Levinas’s special contribution to contemporary philosophy is his account of the face-to-face and the primacy of the second-person interpersonal relation and that it is an account that goes further than anything we find concerning interpersonal relations in Jankélévitch.
Frantz Fanon, Philosophizing (in) the Colonial Situation
Authors: Mercier Lucie K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the concept of ‘situation’ in Fanon’s philosophy, a notion that has seldom been analysed as pivotal in his thought. My argument follows the circulations of the concept of ‘situation’ in post-war psychiatry as well as in the philosophies of ‘existence’ of Karl Jaspers, Günther Anders, and Jean-Paul Sartre. The first two sections address Fanon’s discussion of ‘situational diagnoses’ in Fanon’s earliest writings and as a general methodological framework for Black Skin White Masks (1952). It is on the basis of a condensed philosophical genealogy of the concept of ‘situation’ presented in the third section, that the fourth section re-examines the role of meaning in racial identification in ‘The Lived Experience of the Black’. The final section argues that Fanon’s intervention in post-war philosophy cannot be grasped without understanding the theoretical displacements it effectuated: by situating critique Fanon paradoxically expanded the scope of philosophy.
Foucault and the Task of Philosophy
Authors: Oksala Johanna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The chapter assesses Michel Foucault’s position in the tradition of modern French philosophy by focusing on his most influential philosophical ideas concerning power and the subject. The chapter situates these ideas in the context of the French philosophy of his time, particularly in their relation to existential phenomenology and Marxist philosophy, which had been the dominant philosophical frameworks in France during Foucault’s formative years, that is, during the 1950s and 1960s. A key contention of this chapter is that phenomenology and Marxist philosophy provide an essential backdrop for bringing into relief the philosophical novelty of Foucault’s philosophical innovations about power and the subject.
French Phenomenology after 1961
Authors: Dastur Françoise 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
French philosophy opened up to German philosophy in the 1930s and to Husserlian and Heideggerian phenomenology during the Second World War. Existentialism was the main philosophical current until 1961, a year marked by Merleau-Ponty’s death. During the following twenty years, French philosophical life was dominated by what has been called ‘French structuralism’. This article shows how it was only at the beginning of the 1980s that, with structuralism losing its hegemony, a kind of renaissance of phenomenology took place, and how it came to be dominated by what has been called the ‘theological turn of French phenomenology’ in the work of Emmanuel Levinas, Michel Henry, and Jean-Luc Marion. In the last twenty years the proliferation of phenomenological works by young philosophers and the opening of phenomenology to the fields of art, anthropology, sociology, and psychiatry attest to the vitality of the French phenomenological movement.
Heidegger in Modern French Philosophy
Authors: Raffoul François 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
It would be hard to underestimate the impact that Heidegger’s thought has had on twentieth-century French philosophy. Heidegger influenced a wide range of philosophical movements, and, after him, French thought has to a large extent constituted itself in dialogue with his thought, whether by embracing it, rejecting it, or misunderstanding it. The French reception of Heidegger has been everything but passive; it has given rise to all kinds of interpretations, appropriations, or misappropriations, not to mention misunderstandings, even if these were brilliant and inventive, as in the case of Sartre. This chapter explores the forms that this reception has taken in the work of Sartre, Levinas, and Derrida.
Aesthetics in Modern French Philosophy
Authors: Talon-Hugon Carole 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In French philosophy during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, philosophical reflection on the topics of beauty, art, and aesthetic values took on extremely varied forms. These reflections do not only include very different theses on such topics, but also opposed methodological approaches to them. Moreover, these opposed methodological approaches implied very different definitions of aesthetics itself. In surveying this work, this chapter addresses the philosophical delimitation of these topics and methods, and, in consequence, the question of whether aesthetics is a branch of philosophy, a science that ought to gain autonomy in relation to philosophy, or a mixed discipline that presupposes a collaboration between philosophy and other disciplines.
Desire in Modern French Philosophy
Authors: de Beistegui Miguel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a fifty-year period (1933–1984), during which the question of desire took centre stage. At the heart of it lies the effort to question the Cartesian cogito as the root of human subjectivity, and to explore desire as a deeper layer of human experience. This crucial shift from the ‘I think’ to the ‘I desire’, which began with Maine de Biran and Ravaisson, took two fundamental and ultimately incompatible forms: a transcendent one, for which desire signals the presence of a lack, an absence, or something that is always to come; and an immanent one, which recognizes the essentially productive nature of desire, or its power of subjectivation, for better or for worse.
Reason and Analysis in Modern French Philosophy
Authors: Engel Pascal 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
French philosophy since 1800 has not been dominated by rationalism, but, instead, by various forms of rejection of reason inspired by spiritualism. Nonetheless, a small group of thinkers have defended various versions of what one may call intellectualist rationalism, promoting the primacy of concepts and scientific reason over that of life and emotion. This chapter describes this small and somewhat neglected tradition, starting from Cournot to Couturat, furthered by Nicod, Cavaillès, Granger, Vuillemin, and Bouveresse. Although these developments look to what later became analytic philosophy in the twentieth century, I explain that they constitute a distinctive brand of French rationalism.
Vacherot and His Circle
Authors: Yuva Ayşe 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with some of the spiritualist heirs to Cousin, Vacherot, and Saisset, and the reactions they provoked among Catholic authors on the one hand, and those in thrall to the positive sciences, like Renan, on the other. Vacherot and Saisset argue, against both these groups, that reason is capable of ascending to metaphysical truths, and that philosophy is not thereby subordinated to either religion or the positive sciences. Although the discussion focuses on the relationship between God and the world, what is at stake is the capacity of philosophy to take on intellectual and political authority, even when that authority is democratic in Vacherot’s case.
Agriculture, Food Systems, and the Environment
Authors: Lokhandwala Zainab 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Despite extensive environmental impacts such as soil degradation, land use changes, biodiversity loss, water resource depletion, chemical and toxic release, and pollution, environmental law has remained virtually silent about agriculture and food systems. As a result, environmental law’s prescriptive, administrative, and adjudicatory capacities to tackle environmental impacts of agriculture remain underdeveloped. India’s agriculture and food systems continue to tread towards greater environmental damage owing to the combination of passive silences and active protections of the law. This chapter shows that since the 1960 Green Revolution, agricultural development in India idealises ‘success’ based on growth and productivism, technological and input intensity, and the ability to cater to a globalized commodity market. This chapter further explores a blend of interventions within environmental law, agricultural law, and other legal domains, along with a reimagination of agriculture and food systems that may prevent future environmental impacts.