bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analog fiber‐optic links employing cascaded phase modulation stages
Authors: Urick Vincent J. , McKinney Jason D. , Diehl John F. , Singley Joseph M. , Williams Keith J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAn analysis of microwave‐photonic links using a series of external phase modulators is presented.Experimental results for a cascade of two modulation stages are used as a proof of principle and agree with the theoretical predictions. Such architectures can be used to improve the performance in external‐modulation analog fiber‐optic links. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2797–2801, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27193
A 0.9–3.5 GHz high linearity, good efficiency CMOS broadband power amplifier using stagger tuning technique
Authors: Sapawi Rohana , Pokharel Ramesh K. , Awang Mat Dayang Azra , Kanaya Haruchi , Yoshida Keiji 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA simple CMOS broadband power amplifier design with high linearity and good efficiency is proposed.The proposed power amplifier design employed stagger tuning technique that consist of two stages amplifier with different resonant frequencies to obtain a wider bandwidth from 0.9 to 3.5 GHz and low power consumption. To obtain high linearity self‐biased circuit is employed at the first stage of amplifier. The measurement results indicated that the proposed design achieves average gain of 8.5 dB, an input return loss (S11) less than −3 dB and output return loss (S22) less than −5 dB. High linearity, that is, IIP3 of 13.4 dBm at 2 GHz, power added efficiency of 34% is obtained while consuming 24.4 mW power from 1.5 V supply voltage. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2881:2884, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27212
SIOP PODC: Clinical guidelines for the management of children with Wilms tumour in a low income setting
Authors: Israels Trijn , Moreira Claude , Scanlan Trish , Molyneux Liz , Kampondeni Sam , Hesseling Peter , Heij Hugo , Borgstein Eric , Vujanic Gordan , Pritchard‐Jones Kathy , Hadley Larry 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWilms tumour is a relatively common and curable paediatric tumour. Known challenges to cure in low income countries are late presentation with advanced disease, malnutrition, failure to complete treatment and limited facilities. In this article, management recommendations are given for a low income setting where only the minimal requirements for treatment with curative intent are available (setting 1). These include general management, supportive care, social support and registration of patients. Recommendations specific for Wilms tumour care include diagnostic procedures with emphasis on the role of ultrasonography, preoperative chemotherapy with a reduced dosage for malnourished children and postoperative chemotherapy based on surgical staging. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 5–11. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assembly of prototype foamy virus strand transfer complexes on product DNA bypassing catalysis of integration
Authors: Yin Zhiqi , Lapkouski Mikalai , Yang Wei , Craigie Robert 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIntegrase is the key enzyme that mediates integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA which is essential for viral replication. Inhibitors of HIV‐1 that target integrase recognize the nucleoprotein complexes formed by integrase and viral DNA substrate (intasomes) rather than the free enzyme. Atomic resolution structures of HIV‐1 intasomes are therefore required to understand the mechanisms of inhibition and drug resistance. To date, prototype foamy virus (PFV) is the only retrovirus for which such structures have been determined. We show that PFV strand transfer complexes (STC) can be assembled on product DNA without going through the normal forward reaction pathway. The finding that a retroviral STC can be assembled in this way may provide a powerful tool to alleviate the obstacles that impede structural studies of nucleoprotein intermediates in HIV‐1 DNA integration.
The shape of order in glasses
Authors: Chechetkina E. A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe chemical bond approach to the glassy state is discussed. It is based on two concepts: Ovshinsky's idea of bond option as a necessary condition for amorphization, and Dembovsky's notions about hypervalent bonds (HVB) as alternative bonding state responsible for glass specificity and glass formation at all. The third idea is self‐organization of HVBs in the form of a bond wave, which provides an interconnected interpretation of three structural levels: short‐range order that is different at around HVB and far outside it, medium‐range order in the wavefronts populated with HVB, and long‐range order due to the bond wave itself. Experimental evidences and practical consequences of the bond‐wave picture are discussed.
An improved silicon‐oxide‐based intermediate‐reflector for micromorph solar cells
Authors: Kirner Simon , Calnan Sonya , Gabriel Onno , Neubert Sebastian , Zelt Matthias , Stannowski Bernd , Rech Bernd , Schlatmann Rutger 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we report on the development of an n‐type silicon oxide intermediate reflector (SOIR) for a‐Si:H/µc‐Si:H tandem solar cells produced in an industrial‐type AKT1600 PECVD reactor. A comparison to a tunnel recombination junction with µc‐SiOx in the p‐layer is made. Lower fill factors, resulting from the implementation of the SOIR, could be avoided by the deposition of a thin n‐doped microcrystalline silicon (µc‐Si) recombination layer after the SOIR. A cell efficiency of 9.5% after 168 h of light soaking at 50 °C and 1 sun was reached on commercially available SnO2:F front TCO, which is a 2% relative increase over a similar cell without the SOIR. Possible explanations for the role of this recombination layer are discussed (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stable‐isotope labeling and probing of recent photosynthates into respired CO2, soil microbes and soil mesofauna using a xylem and phloem stem‐injection technique on Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)
Authors: Churchland Carolyn , Weatherall Andrew , Briones Maria J. I. , Grayston Sue J. 
Published: September 2012

RATIONALEHere we report on the successful application of a novel stem‐injection stable‐isotope‐labeling and probing technique in mature trees to trace the spatial and temporal distribution of rhizosphere carbon belowground.METHODSThree 22‐year‐old Sitka spruce trees were injected with 6.66 g of 13C‐labeled aspartic acid. Over the succeeding 30 days, soil CO2 efflux, phospholipid fatty‐acid (PLFA) microbial biomarkers and soil invertebrates (mites, collembolans and enchytraeids) were analyzed along a 50 m transect from each tree to determine the temporal and spatial patterns in the translocation of recently fixed photosynthates belowground.RESULTSSoil δ13CO2 values peaked 13–23 days after injection, up to 5 m from the base of the injected tree and was, on average, 3.5‰ enriched in 13C relative to the baseline. Fungal PLFA biomarkers peaked 2–4 days after stem‐injection, up to 20 m from the base of the injected tree and were 13C‐enriched by up to 50‰. Significant 13C enrichment in mites and enchytraeids occurred 4–6 days after injection (by, on average, 1.5‰).CONCLUSIONSStem injection of large trees with 13C‐enriched compounds is a successful tool to trace C‐translocation belowground. In particular, the significant 13C enrichment of CO2 and enchytraeids near the base of the tree and the significant 13C enrichment of PLFAs up to 20 m away indicate that mature Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) have the capacity to support soil communities over large distances. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of the ionization mechanism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using an ethanol/bromobenzene/chlorobenzene/anisole mixture as a dopant in liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Amad Ma'an , Sioud Salim 
Published: September 2012

RATIONALEAn ethanol‐based multicomponent dopant consisting of ethanol/chlorobenzene/bromobenzene/anisole (98.975:0.1:0.9:0.025, v/v/v/v) has been used as a dopant for atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study the mechanism of ionization of PAHs assisted by the ethanol‐based multicomponent dopant is investigated.METHODSThe reactant background cluster ions of the ethanol‐based multicomponent dopant observed in the positive ion APPI were studied. These studies were performed to investigate the mechanism behind the generation of a molecular radical cation (M+•) for PAHs by APPI assisted by the ethanol‐based multicomponent dopant. Full scan and MS/MS analyses were conducted using an LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The effect of acidification of the mobile phase on the dopant cluster ion formation was also investigated.RESULTSWith the ethanol‐based multicomponent dopant, a single type of molecular radical cation M+• was observed for the studied PAHs. The characteristic ion signal of the multicomponent dopant mixture consisted of mainly anisole photoions at m/z 108.05697 and its adduct ions at m/z 124.05188 and 164.07061. The anisole ion response at m/z 108.05697 was stable in the presence of acetonitrile, methanol, water and 0.1% formic acid mobile phase composition.CONCLUSIONSThe abundance formation of anisole photoions shows the universality of this multicomponent dopant in ionizing compounds with ionization energy ranging from 7.1–8.2 eV. Since the ionization energy of anisole is 8.2 eV and is lower than those of chlorobenzene (9.07 eV) and bromobenzene (9.0 eV), the mechanism of formation of anisole photoions even with its very minute amounts was not only governed by its photoionization by the krypton lamp photon energy (10.0 eV and 10.6 eV), but also by charge transfer from bromobenzene and chlorobenzene radical cations. PAH molecules were mainly ionized by charge transfer reaction from photoionized anisole and oxidized anisole radical cations as well as by the krypton lamp. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonintrusive tracing in the Internet
Authors: Olteanu Alina , Xiao Yang , Liu Jing , Chen Thomas M. , Chen C. L. Philip 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYIntruders that log in through a series of machines when conducting an attack are hard to trace because of the complex architecture of the Internet. The thumbprinting method provides an efficient way of tracing such intruders by determining whether two connections are part of the same connection chain. Because many connections are transient and therefore short in length, choosing the best time interval to thumbprint over can be an issue. In this paper, we provide a way to shorten the time interval used for thumbprinting. We then study some special properties of the thumbprinting function. We also study another mechanism for tracing intruders in the Internet based on a timestamping approach, which passively monitors flows between source and destination pairs. Given a potentially suspicious source, we identify its true destination. We compute the error probability of our algorithm and show that its value decreases exponentially as the observation time increases. Our simulation results show that our approach performs well. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compression‐based spam filter
Authors: Almeida Tiago A. , Yamakami Akebo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNowadays, e‐mail spam is not a novelty, but it is still an important problem with a high impact on the economy. Spam filtering poses a special problem in text categorization, in which the defining characteristic is that filters face an active adversary, which constantly attempts to evade filtering. In this paper, we present a novel approach to spam filtering based on a compression‐based model. We have conducted an empirical experiment on eight public and real non‐encoded datasets. The results indicate that the proposed filter is fast to construct, is incrementally updateable, and clearly outperforms established spam classifiers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A classic case of non‐diagnosis: erectile dysfunction following colorectal surgery
Authors: Dowswell George , Ismail Tariq , Greenfield Sheila , Clifford Sue , Wilson Sue 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe prevalence of erectile dysfunction following colorectal cancer treatment is 75 per cent. Most men do not seek (and are not offered) help. Clinical care pre‐ and post‐treatment could be improved in several simple ways to ensure that men are better informed, more engaged and experience more positive outcomes. More tailored and co‐ordinated care is needed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Hot topics for debate in prostate cancer: part 2
Authors: Payne Heather A. , Dearnaley David , Clarke Noel 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis report is based on a seminar held during the 8th Annual Meeting of the British Uro‐oncology Group in York last September. Hot topics for debate covered in part 2 of this article are: ‘When and how to treat pelvic lymph nodes’ and ‘The significance of PSA in asymptomatic metastatic prostate cancer’. All participants, most of whom were clinical oncologists, were invited to contribute and respond to set questions using a keypad voting system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Effect of 17‐alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate on cervical length in twin pregnancies
Authors: Lim A. C. , Schuit E. , Papatsonis D. , van Eyck J. , Porath M. M. , van Oirschot C. M. , Hummel P. , Hasaart T. H. M. , Kleiverda G. , de Graaf I. M. , van Ginkel A. A. , Mol B. W. J. , Bruinse H. W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectivesPrevious studies on singleton pregnancies have indicated that progestogens may reduce the rate of cervical shortening during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate whether treatment with 17‐alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17‐OHPC) has an effect on cervical shortening in twin pregnancies.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of patients who had participated in a multicenter randomized clinical trial on the effectiveness of 17‐OHPC in preventing preterm birth in multiple pregnancies (the AMPHIA‐trial). We included all trial participants with a twin gestation who had undergone repeat cervical length measurements during pregnancy. We performed a separate analysis of women with repeat measurements in centers where this was standard protocol for multiple pregnancies. The rate of cervical shortening for both the 17‐OHPC group and the placebo group was analyzed using a linear mixed model.ResultsOf the 671 patients who participated in the trial, 282 (42%) had a twin pregnancy and underwent two or more cervical length measurements. Of these women, 140 were monitored in centers where repeat measurements were standard protocol. We observed an overall reduction of cervical length from 44.3 mm at 14–18 weeks to 30.0 mm at 30–34 weeks' gestation. In the 17‐OHPC group, cervical length decreased by 1.04 mm each gestational week, while this was 1.11 mm per week for the placebo group (P = 0.6). For the overall group, each 10% decrease in cervical length led to an increase in the risk of preterm birth (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.08–1.21).ConclusionIn women with a twin pregnancy, there is progressive shortening of the cervix during pregnancy, regardless of 17‐OHPC use. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated systematic nomenclature generation for organic compounds
Authors: Williams Antony John , Yerin Andrey 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe availability of systematic chemical names allows for the simple textual exchange of chemical structure information encoded into a name. The exchange of molecular structures in graphical format, molecular connection tables, or text strings encoding the molecule (e.g., SMILES and InChIs) is well established in cheminformatics and a plethora of chemical structure drawing tools exist to facilitate this exchange. However, even with well‐established systematic naming rules, software tools to allow for the generation of chemical names from structural inputs, and the reversal of these systematic names back to the original chemical structure, have only been available for a short time relative to the rules themselves. Although early tools were lacking in both capability and quality, they have matured over the years to provide excellent tools for chemists. Here, we review the capabilities of existing systematic naming software algorithms and tools and review some of the challenges, limitations, and future challenges for development. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Computer and Information Science > Chemoinformatics
Regional credit market for species conservation: Developing the Fort Hood Recovery Credit System
Authors: Wolfe David W. , Brian Hays K. , Farrell Shannon L. , Baggett Susan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn 2005, Fort Hood Military Reservation (Fort Hood, TX, USA) staff sought assistance from the Texas Department of Agriculture and several partner organizations to develop a mitigation approach that included the ability to mitigate temporary impacts to habitat through temporary mitigation agreements with private landowners. Fort Hood, which is home to the largest known population of the federally endangered golden‐cheeked warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia; warbler), was at that time facing increased demands for military training activities that had the potential to disturb, but not likely destroy warbler habitat. Texas Department of Agriculture assembled an advisory committee and 3 stakeholder committees (science, economics, and policy), and tasked them with developing a cost‐efficient system that provided the desired mitigation, while also contributing to the recovery of the warbler. The resulting Recovery Credit System (RCS) enabled Fort Hood to purchase both permanent and temporary credits that represent habitat conservation actions from private landowners for use to mitigate impacts on the installation. We describe our experiences developing and implementing the RCS and briefly discuss new regional credit markets now underway or in development in Utah, USA, for the Utah prairie dog (Cynomys parvidens); in Texas for the dunes sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus arenicolus), golden‐cheeked warbler, black‐capped vireo (Vireo atricapilla), and lesser prairie chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus); and in Colorado, USA, for the greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Fish Oil Supplementation Reduces Cachexia and Tumor Growth While Improving Renal Function in Tumor‐Bearing Rats
Authors: Coelho Isabela , Casare Fernando , Pequito Danielle C. T. , Borghetti Gina , Yamazaki Ricardo K. , Brito Gleisson A. P. , Kryczyk Marcelo , Fernandes Luiz Claudio , Coimbra Terezila M. , Fernandez Ricardo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe objective of the present work was to study the renal function of healthy and tumor‐bearing rats chronically supplemented with fish oil (FO), a source of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Weanling male rats were divided in two groups, one control (C) and another orally supplemented for 70 days with FO (1 g/kg body weight). After this time, half the animals of each group were injected in the right flank with a suspension of Walker 256 tumor cells (W and WFO). The W group had less proteinemia reflecting cachectic proteolysis, FO reversed this fact. Tumor weight gain was also reduced in WFO. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was not different in FO or W compared to C, but was higher in WFO. Renal plasma flow (RPF) was higher in the FO supplemented groups. The W group had lower plasma osmolality than the C group, but FO supplementation resulted in normalization of this parameter. Fractional sodium excretion (FENa+) of FO rats was similar to C. Proximal Na+ reabsorption, evaluated by lithium clearance, was similar among the groups. Urinary thromboxane B2 (TXB2) excretion was lower in the supplemented groups. The number of macrophages in renal tissue was higher in W compared to C rats, but was lower in WFO rats compared to W rats. In conclusion, FO supplementation resulted in less tumor growth and cachexia, and appeared to be renoprotective, as suggested by higher RPF and GFR.
Controlling Product Composition of Metathesized Triolein by Reaction Concentrations
Authors: Li Shaojun , Hojabri Leila , Narine Suresh S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTriolein was used as a model material to investigate the effect of concentration on self metathesis of vegetable oils. The metathesis reaction using Grubbs' second generation catalyst (used at a level of 2.5 mol % of triolein) was carried out at 38 °C using dichloromethane as the solvent. The products from three reaction concentrations were investigated: neat, 10 and 20 mmol/L. The products from the reactions were separated by column chromatography and the fractions were characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, MS and FTIR. Mono‐cyclic and multi‐cyclic triacylglycerol‐based compounds and different level aliphatic triacylglycerol‐like oligomers were produced, but the compositions of the products were found to be significantly controlled by the reaction concentrations. Cyclic compounds were favorably produced at lower reaction concentrations, whereas, linear oligomers were favorably produced at higher reaction concentrations. Cyclic compounds were formed mainly from adjacent fatty acid chains on the glycerol backbone. In the neat reactions, only linear oligomers were produced. The trans/cis ratios increased as concentration was increased.
The Soft Underbelly of Evolution?
Authors: Branch Glenn , Scott Eugenie C. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Evolution and the origin of life are separate, if connected, topics, but they are frequently conflated—especially by creationists. Regarding the natural origin of life as “the soft underbelly” of evolution, creationists argue that it is impossible, improbable, or insusceptible to scientific investigation. Underlying their arguments is the hope that the failure of scientific research on the origin of life is evidence for a supernatural account. It is crucial for teachers to understand the nature of science in order to be able to explain why appeals to the supernatural are out of place in explaining the origin of life and why scientific research on the origin of life is not intrinsically a threat to faith.
An Integrative Review of Factors Related to Patient Satisfaction With General Anesthesia Care
Authors: Hawkins Robert J. , Swanson Barbara , Kremer Michael J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSurgery is typically performed using one or more types of anesthesia. An important patient outcome related to the anesthetic, and a measure of quality from the patient's perspective, is patient satisfaction with anesthesia care. Currently, no psychometrically validated instruments that measure patient satisfaction with general anesthesia care are available in the United States. This integrative review focuses on identifying factors related to adult patients' satisfaction with general anesthesia care. We found the most frequently mentioned modifiable factors related to patient satisfaction were information provided and pain or discomfort. The only nonmodifiable factor with sufficient evidence to include in future studies on instrument development is the patient's age. This review provides information that can help in the design and implementation of quality improvement initiatives and in the development of an instrument to measure patient satisfaction with general anesthesia care.