bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constructing reconstruction: claim and reality of Roman rebuilding inscriptions from the Latin west
Authors: Thomas Edmund , Witschel Christian 
Published: August 2013

COSTRUENDO RICOSTRUZIONI: RIVENDICAZIONI E REALTÀ DELLE ISCRIZIONI DA RIEDIFICAZIONI ROMANE PROVENIENTI DALLATINUMOCCIDENTALEIn quest'articolo gli Autori analizzano l'atteggiamento che in epoca romana veniva riservato alia riedificazione e al restauro di edifici, utilizzando in particolare le iscrizioni di riedificazione rinvenute nella parte occidentale dell'Impero (Roma esclusa); inoltre, dove possibile, le iscrizioni sono confrontate con le evidenze archeologiche. Viene dimostrato qui che non sempre tali iscrizioni descrivono in maniera accurata i danni precedenti alla ricostruzione o il tipo di lavori eseguiti. Il loro linguaggio è spesso metaforico e vengono stabilite nozioni di distruzione e ricostruzione che non necessariamente hanno una diretta relazione con il reale stato dell'edificio o con i lavori di restauro eseguiti. La parola ‘ricostruzione’ era in generale considerata sotto un punto di vista idealistico espresso in modi diversi, colleganti fatti architettonici locali, spesso complessi, ad un'idea simbolica di rinnovamento. Quindi, a meno che una singola causa reale non sia menzionata, le iscrizioni di riedificazione non riportano nessun dato definitivo circa le circostanze reali della distruzione o della ricostruzione di un edificio. Queste devono essere studiate individualmente e non devono influenzare l'analisi indipendente dei resti archeologici.
S. Giacomo degli Schiavoni (Molise): an early fifth century AD deposit of pottery and animal bones from central Adriatic Italy
Authors: Albarella Umberto , Ceglia Valeria , Roberts Paul 
Published: August 2013

S. GIACOMO DEGLI SCHIAVONI (MOLISE): UN DEPOSITO DI CERAMICA E OSSA ANIMALI DELL'INIZIO DEL V SECOLO d.C.—ADRIATICO CENTRALE, ITALIAGli scavi recentemente effettuati presso S. Giacomo degli Schiavoni (CB) hanno portato alla luce un complesso di carattere industriale, con zone lavorative, magazzini ed un sistema idraulico di pozzi, contenitori e fogne, centrato su di una cisterna.Il riempimento di questa cisterna conteneva una grande quantità di ceramica (400 vasi circa), databile agli anni 420–440 sulla base della terra sigillata chiara africana e focese ivi rinvenuta. Inoltre erano presenti anfore da trasporto dell'Africa e del Mediterraneo orientale, lucerne di produzione locale e molta ceramica dipinta e comune (anche quest'ultima, in parte, inportata dal Mediterraneo orientale).La presenza di scarti di fornace di ceramica dipinta e comune e l'alta percentuale di ceramica importata suggeriscono che il sito avesse un ruolo economico abbastanza importante durante il tardo impero. La qualità delle importazioni dal Mediterraneo orientale suggerisce la presenza di un sistema economico apparentemente diverso da quello dell'Italia tirrenica.Lo scavo della cisterna ha messo in luce anche un piccolo campione faunistico di estremo interesse.La relativamente ampia varietà di specie, la inusuale (per questo periodo) predominanza degli ovicaprini sui suini e la presenza di una scapola di cammello (o dromedario) sembrano rappresentare gli elementi di maggiore interesse di questa fauna.Interessante è anche la presenza di ossa di equidi (sia cavallo che asino) il cui ipotetico utilizzo come animali da trasporto fa supporre che il sito avesse un ruolo in un sistema economico di più ampia scala, nel cui ambito anche la presenza del cammello potrebbe essere interpretata.Seppure l'incompleto recupero del materiale (dovuto ad assenza di setacciatura) e la piccolezza del campione invitino alla cautela, sembra lecito ipotizzare la presenza di un sito dalle molteplici attività economiche: allevamento (probabilmente per carne, latte e lana), agricoltura, caccia, commercio.
Studies in Early Etruscan Bucchero
Authors: Ramage Nancy Hirschland 
Published: August 2013

Bucchero is a type of Etruscan pottery which is black, both on the surface and in the core. There are many different shades of grey to black which are still considered to be bucchero, but in all cases the core of the pottery must be ‘reduced.’ The process was discovered by the Etruscans, and gave rise to one of the most characteristic products of their culture.Bucchero varies enormously from period to period, from place to place. In this paper the period to be covered is approximately 650–600 B.C., during which the forms ofbucchero sottilewere established and developed in southern Etruria. The origins of these forms will also be sought in earlier periods, chiefly from the late eighth century onwards. Thebucchero pesanteof the sixth century, and later types continuing in the fifth, will not be considered here.
Survey of an Etruscan City at Doganella, in the Albegna valley
Authors: Perkins Philip , Walker Lucy 
Published: August 2013

RICOGNIZIONE TOPOGRAFICA DI UNA CITTA' ETRUSCA A DOGANELLA NELLA VALLE DELL'ALBEGNAQuesta città etrusca della Toscana meridionale, di enormi dimensioni, e munita di una cinta muraria, si trova coperta, per la maggior parte, da terreno attualmento adibito ad uso agricolo. Negli anni tra il 1982 e il 1984, nell'ambito di tre campagne di ricognizione topografica condotte nella Valle dell'Albegna, è stata condotta una esplorazionc sistematica dell'area. La relazione che qui si presenta contiene: la storia degli studi relativi al sito, la descrizione dei resti archeologici osservabili sul terreno, l'esposizione della metodologia impiegata nella ricognizione, l'analisi dei campioni di materiali raccolti, ed una discussione dei vari aspetti generali del sito. A ciò segue un catalogo delle distribuzioni in superficie dei vari materiali ed una appendice sui risultati di due carotaggi del suolo.
The emotional labour of health-care assistants in inpatient dementia care
Authors: BAILEY SIMON , SCALES KEZIA , LLOYD JOANNE , SCHNEIDER JUSTINE , JONES ROB 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTAlthough there is much written on the emotional labour of nursing, there is little research grounded in the experience of so-called ‘unqualified’ care assistants. This paper is drawn from an ethnographic study conducted with care assistants on three dementia care wards in one mental health trust within the United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS). We describe the emotional labour carried out by care assistants in their attempts to provide personalised care for people whose cognitive degeneration renders conventional relationship-building very difficult, produces unpredictable ‘challenging behaviour’ and calls into question the notion of ‘feeling rules’. This context requires the ability to strike a balance between emotional engagement and detachment, and it is the complexities of this relationship that are the focus of this paper, arguing that a degree of detachment is a prerequisite to engagement in this context. In conclusion, we argue that the contribution of care assistants in this context needs to be better acknowledged, supported and remunerated.
Characterising brushless doubly fed machine rotors
Authors: McMahon Richard , Tavner Peter , Abdi Ehsan , Malliband Paul , Barker Darren 
Published: August 2013

The brushless doubly fed machine (BDFM) is a robust alternative to the doubly fed induction generator, currently widely used in wind turbines but prone to brush‐gear and slip‐ring failure. The rotor winding plays an important part in a BDFM, coupling the two stator windings. To date, nested‐loop (NL) rotor windings have been exclusively used in practical BDFM. This approach may not be ideal for larger machines, in which form‐wound series‐loop rotor winding may be preferable to large section bars and end‐rings. This study gives a comparative analytical and experimental study of two different brushless doubly fed 160 frame‐size rotors, with NL or series‐wound windings, mounted in identical rotor core laminations operating in the same stator tested at a limited voltage (200 V line). The rotors gave a performance which accords with theoretical predictions from two independent methods, giving insight into the design issues of the different rotor windings from both an electrical and manufacturing viewpoint.
Rim‐drive marine thruster using a multiple‐can induction motor
Authors: Tuohy Paul Michael , Smith Alexander Charles , Husband Mark , Hopewell Paul 
Published: August 2013

This study presents the development, analysis, manufacture and testing of a demonstrator multiple‐can line‐start rim‐drive induction motor for use as a bi‐directional electric thruster on‐board a tidal stream turbine. A simple ‘canned’ rotor construction was used to eliminate the requirement for a conventional squirrel‐cage rotor, to minimise the rotor size and weight and improve reliability, all the while providing compatibility with the sub‐sea operating environment. The experimental test results on a demonstrator 30 kW rim‐drive motor show good agreement with finite‐element analysis predicted results.
Instant voltage compensator based on a three‐leg converter
Authors: Kwon Jung‐Min , Kim Kyu‐Tae , Kwon Bong‐Hwan 
Published: August 2013

This study proposes an instant voltage compensator (IVC)‐based on a three‐leg converter. It provides single ac–ac power conversion without large energy storage elements, so the size and cost are reduced. It operates as a boost converter when the line voltage is lower than the rated output voltage and as a buck converter when the line voltage is higher than the rated output voltage. Only one leg among the three legs is switched at a high frequency, whereas the other legs are switched at the line frequency. Therefore the power conversion efficiency is higher than that of a conventional IVC where all of the legs are controlled by a high switching frequency. The output voltage is regulated faster using a weighted‐error proportional and integral controller. Experimental results are obtained with a 3 kW prototype to verify that the proposed IVC quickly compensates for the voltage sag and swell of the line voltage.
Marx dc–dc converter for high‐power application
Authors: Veilleux Etienne , Ooi Boon‐Teck , Lehn Peter W. 
Published: August 2013

This study presents a dc–dc converter based on the Marx generator principle of charging capacitors in parallel followed by reconnection in series for discharging and for creating higher voltage. The topology uses solid‐state switches like IGBTs as well as diodes. The concept and the operation of converter are described as well as design steps. The validity of the design is confirmed using PSCAD/EMTDC software package. The topology is compared with the conventional boost where the Marx dc–dc converter is shown to be competitive and even advantageous for higher dc gain. A cascade configuration is also presented and a 5 kW prototype with two stages made of two capacitors per stage is presented for experimental validation of the concept.
Analysis, design and implementation of isolated bidirectional converter with winding‐cross‐coupled inductors for high step‐up and high step‐down conversion system
Authors: Li Wuhua , Xu Chi , Yu Hongbing , Gu Yunjie , He Xiangning 
Published: August 2013

In this study, a zero voltage switching (ZVS) isolated bidirectional DC/DC converter is proposed for high step‐up and high step‐down conversion systems. In the low voltage side, an interleaved Buck and Boost converter is employed to reduce the current ripple and improve the power level. In the high voltage side, a modified three‐level structure is adopted to bring each power switch sustain half of the high bus voltage, which makes the low voltage rated MOSFETs available for the performance improvement. Two coupled inductors are interleaved in the low voltage side and in series in the high voltage side, which can not only serve as the filter inductors for the current ripple cancellation, but also as the transformer for isolation, which is named as winding‐cross‐coupled inductors. As a result, the magnetic size can be reduced to enhance the power density. ZVS operation is ensured from light load to full load conditions by the advanced pulse width modulation plus phase shift control strategy. The voltage regulation and transferred power are decoupled for easy design and implementation. Finally, a 1.5 kW 48 V/800 V prototype is built to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter.
Analysis and implementation of a zero‐voltage switching pulse‐width modulation resonant converter
Authors: Lin Bor‐Ren , Hou Bo‐Ren 
Published: August 2013

This study presents an interleaved pulse‐width modulation (PWM) converter to achieve the functions of zero‐voltage switching (ZVS) for all power switches and zero‐current switching (ZCS) for rectifier diodes at the secondary side. A three‐level hybrid DC converter is adopted to reduce the voltage stress of power switched at one‐half of the DC bus voltage and automatically balance the two input capacitor voltages. Therefore MOSFETs with 600 V voltage stress can be used at the second stage DC/DC converter after the three‐phase power factor correction circuit. The fixed frequency PWM is used in three‐level PWM resonant converter to regulate output voltage. Since the selected switching frequency is less than the series resonant frequency, MOSFETs can be turned on at ZVS and rectifier diodes can be turned off at ZCS. Thus, the switching losses of power switches are reduced and the reverse recovery losses of rectifier diodes are eliminated. Interleaved PWM scheme is adopted to share load current and further cancel current ripple at output capacitor side. Thus, output capacitance can be reduced. Finally, experiments are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter.
Improved trench MOS barrier Schottky rectifier by dielectric engineering
Authors: Ying Wang , Likun Xu , Kun Ding 
Published: August 2013

An improved trench MOS barrier Schottky (TMBS) rectifier by dielectric engineering variable K TMBS (VK‐TMBS) is proposed and studied by two‐dimensional numerical simulations. The device shows increasing forward current density and reduction in specific on‐resistance (Rsp), as compared with a regular TMBS rectifier. VK‐TMBS attains a breakdown voltage of 140 V, which is larger than that of the original TMBS. The forward voltage drop of TMBS is 0.64 V at 180 A/cm2, and that of VK‐TMBS is 0.59 V. The Rsp of VK‐TMBS is 26.7% smaller than that of the TMBS. The numerical simulation results indicate that the proposed device features high performance with an improved figure of merit.
Large scale molecular dynamics simulations of homogeneous nucleation
Authors: Diemand Jürg , Angélil Raymond , Tanaka Kyoko K. , Tanaka Hidekazu 
Published: August 2013

We present results from large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of homogeneous vapor-to-liquid nucleation. The simulations contain between 1 × 109 and 8 × 109 Lennard-Jones (LJ) atoms, covering up to 1.2 μs (56 × 106 time-steps). They cover a wide range of supersaturation ratios, S ≃ 1.55–104, and temperatures from kT = 0.3 to 1.0ε (where ε is the depth of the LJ potential, and k is the Boltzmann constant). We have resolved nucleation rates as low as 1017 cm−3 s−1 (in the argon system), and critical cluster sizes as large as 100 atoms. Recent argon nucleation experiments probe nucleation rates in an overlapping range, making the first direct comparison between laboratory experiments and molecular dynamics simulations possible: We find very good agreement within the uncertainties, which are mainly due to the extrapolations of argon and LJ saturation curves to very low temperatures. The self-consistent, modified classical nucleation model of Girshick and Chiu [J. Chem. Phys. 93, 1273 (1990)]10.1063/1.459191 underestimates the nucleation rates by up to 9 orders of magnitudes at low temperatures, and at kT = 1.0ε it overestimates them by up to 105. The predictions from a semi-phenomenological model by Laaksonen et al. [Phys. Rev. E 49, 5517 (1994)]10.1103/PhysRevE.49.5517 are much closer to our MD results, but still differ by factors of up to 104 in some cases. At low temperatures, the classical theory predicts critical clusters sizes, which match the simulation results (using the first nucleation theorem) quite well, while the semi-phenomenological model slightly underestimates them. At kT = 1.0ε, the critical sizes from both models are clearly too small. In our simulations the growth rates per encounter, which are often taken to be unity in nucleation models, lie in a range from 0.05 to 0.24. We devise a new, empirical nucleation model based on free energy functions derived from subcritical cluster abundances, and find that it performs well in estimating nucleation rates.
A-clustering: a novel method for the detection of co-regulated methylation regions, and regions associated with exposure
Authors: Sofer Tamar , Schifano Elizabeth D. , Hoppin Jane A. , Hou Lifang , Baccarelli Andrea A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMotivation: DNA methylation is a heritable modifiable chemical process that affects gene transcription and is associated with other molecular markers (e.g. gene expression) and biomarkers (e.g. cancer or other diseases). Current technology measures methylation in hundred of thousands, or millions of CpG sites throughout the genome. It is evident that neighboring CpG sites are often highly correlated with each other, and current literature suggests that clusters of adjacent CpG sites are co-regulated.Results: We develop the Adjacent Site Clustering (A-clustering) algorithm to detect sets of neighboring CpG sites that are correlated with each other. To detect methylation regions associated with exposure, we propose an analysis pipeline for high-dimensional methylation data in which CpG sites within regions identified by A-clustering are modeled as multivariate responses to environmental exposure using a generalized estimating equation approach that assumes exposure equally affects all sites in the cluster. We develop a correlation preserving simulation scheme, and study the proposed methodology via simulations. We study the clusters detected by the algorithm on high dimensional dataset of peripheral blood methylation of pesticide applicators.Availability: We provide the R package Aclust that efficiently implements the A-clustering and the analysis pipeline, and produces analysis reports. The package is found on http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/tamar-sofer/packages/Contact: tsofer@hsph.harvard.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Can stock–recruitment points determine which spawning potential ratio is the best proxy for maximum sustainable yield reference points?
Authors: Legault Christopher M. , Brooks Elizabeth N. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Legault, C. M., and Brooks, E. N. 2013. Can stock–recruitment points determine which spawning potential ratio is the best proxy for maximum sustainable yield reference points? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1075–1080. The approach of examining scatter plots of stock–recruitment (S–R) estimates to determine appropriate spawning potential ratio (SPR)-based proxies for FMSY was investigated through simulation. As originally proposed, the approach assumed that points above a replacement line indicate year classes that produced a surplus of spawners, while points below that line failed to achieve replacement. In practice, this has been implemented by determining Fmed, the fishing mortality rate that produces a replacement line with 50% of the points above and 50% below the line. A new variation on this approach suggests FMSY proxies can be determined by examining the distribution of S–R points that are above or below replacement lines associated with specific SPRs. Through both analytical calculations and stochastic results, we demonstrate that this approach is fundamentally flawed and that in some cases the inference is diametrically opposed to the method's intended purpose. We reject this approach as a tool for determining FMSY proxies. We recommend that the current proxy of F40% be maintained as appropriate for a typical groundfish life history.
A red herring from the Öresund (ICES40G2): the apparent recovery of the Large Fish Indicator (LFI) in the North Sea hides a non-trawled area
Authors: Sundelöf Andreas , Wennhage Håkan , Svedäng Henrik 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Sundelöf, A., Wennhage, H., and Svedäng, H. 2013. A red herring from the Öresund (ICES40G2): the apparent recovery of the Large Fish Indicator (LFI) in the North Sea hides a non-trawled area. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1081–1084. As reported in a number of previous papers in this journal, the Large Fish Indicator (LFI) was developed for the North Sea. ICES Statistical Rectangle 40G2 was accidentally included in the North Sea calculations of LFI for 2004, 2007 and 2008. This inclusion significantly increased the LFI and was subsequently removed from the analysis. We identify and discuss three reasons to revisit rectangle 40G2 when considering LFI for the North Sea: (i) according to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), the area belongs to the North Sea, (ii) it is a geographically well-defined area where technical regulations have prevented the use of trawls since the 1930s, and (iii) there is evidence of a productive and rather closed cod (Gadus morhua) subpopulation unit in the area, which is an important species for the North Sea LFI.
Marine litter within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive
Authors: Galgani F. , Hanke G. , Werner S. , De Vrees L. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Galgani, F., Hanke, G., Werner, S., and De Vrees, L. 2013. Marine litter within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1055–1064. There have been numerous anthropogenic-driven changes to our planet in the last half-century. One of the most evident changes is the ubiquity and abundance of litter in the marine environment. The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC) establishes a framework within which EU Member States shall take action to achieve or maintain good environmental status (GES) of their marine waters by 2020. GES is based on 11 qualitative descriptors as listed in Annex I of the MSFD. Descriptor 10 (D 10) concerns marine litter. As a follow-up to the related Commission Decision on criteria and methodological standards (2010/477/EU) in which 56 indicators for the achievement of GES are proposed, the EC Directorate-General for the Environment, on the request of the European Marine Directors, established a Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter (TSG ML) under the Working Group on GES. The role of TSG ML is to support Member States through providing scientific and technical background for the implementation of MSFD requirements with regard to D 10. Started in 2011, TSG ML provides technical recommendations for the implementation of the MSFD requirements for marine litter. It summarizes the available information on monitoring approaches and considers how GES and environmental targets could be defined with the aim of preventing further inputs of litter to, and reducing its total amount in, the marine environment. It also identifies research needs, priorities and strategies in support of the implementation of D 10. The work of TSG ML also focuses on the specification of monitoring methods through the development of monitoring protocols for litter in the different marine compartments, and for microplastics and litter in biota. Further consideration is being given to monitoring strategies in general and associated costs. Other priorities include the identification of sources of marine litter and a better understanding of the harm caused by marine litter.