bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ordered Network Structure and Prediction Summary for M≥7 Earthquakes in Xinjiang Region of China
Authors: Men Ke-Pei , Zhao Kai 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
M ≥7 earthquakes have showed an obvious commensurability and orderliness in Xinjiang of China and its adjacent region since 1800. The main orderly values are 30 a × k (k = 1,2,3), 11 ~ 12 a, 41 ~ 43 a, 18 ~ 19 a, and 5 ~ 6 a. In the guidance of the information forecasting theory of Wen-Bo Weng, based on previous research results, combining ordered network structure analysis with complex network technology, we focus on the prediction summary of M ≥ 7 earthquakes by using the ordered network structure, and add new information to further optimize network, hence construct the 2D- and 3D-ordered network structure of M ≥ 7 earthquakes. In this paper, the network structure revealed fully the regularity of seismic activity of M ≥ 7 earthquakes in the study region during the past 210 years. Based on this, the Karakorum M7.1 earthquake in 1996, the M7.9 earthquake on the frontier of Russia, Mongol, and China in 2003, and two Yutian M7.3 earthquakes in 2008 and 2014 were predicted successfully. At the same time, a new prediction opinion is presented that the future two M ≥ 7 earthquakes will probably occur around 2019 - 2020 and 2025 - 2026 in this region. The results show that large earthquake occurred in defined region can be predicted. The method of ordered network structure analysis produces satisfactory results for the mid-and-long term prediction of M ≥ 7 earthquakes.
Entropie et néguentropie de la traduction
Authors: Samain Didier 
Published: November 2014

En s’appuyant sur une expérience de traducteur et d’historien, l’auteur aborde la spécificité des concepts en sciences humaines et donc leur traduction ou reformulation. À l’aide de métaconcepts descriptifs (troncation cognitive, effet de seuil), il montre qu’elle s’y accompagne tout à la fois de pertes et de gains d’information. Sans nier l’intérêt des analyses culturalistes, il propose donc une approche plus historique et formelle, qui abandonne le topos de l’équivalence entre un original et sa copie pour lui substituer une conception métadiscursive des mécanismes de reformulation. L’analyse souligne simultanément l’ambiguïté de la notion de « traduction », illustrée entre autres par la notion quinienne de traduction radicale.
Babel et le marché. Un programme de « littérature mondiale » à l’épreuve du marché de la traduction
Authors: Dugonjić Leonora , Richard de Latour Raphaëlle 
Published: November 2014

Que signifie l’établissement d’une liste de « littérature mondiale » rassemblant une sélection d’oeuvres en traduction? Cette question sera abordée à partir de données quantitatives et qualitatives sur le programme d’enseignement de la littérature élaboré par l’Organisation du baccalauréat international. Depuis près d’un demi-siècle, l’émergence progressive de cette ONG comme autorité légitime en matière d’« éducation internationale » pose la question de l’autonomie de l’action pédagogique à l’échelle mondiale. S’appuyer sur la recherche actuelle en sociologie de la traduction nous permettra de reconstruire les rapports de force dissimulés par l’opération de sélection et d’en appréhender la mise en pratique.
La comparaison comme politique : le tournant du début du 21e siècle
Authors: Nóvoa António , Carvalho Luís Miguel , Yanes Cristina 
Published: November 2014

Notre texte se pose en essai, libre, cherchant à ouvrir un débat d’idées bien plus qu’à démontrer empiriquement certaines thèses. L’argument central que nous y développons concerne l’émergence, à partir de l’an 2000, date symbolique que nous avons retenue, d’une série de changements majeurs dans la manière dont les « données internationales et comparées » sont incorporées dans les politiques éducatives nationales ou, autrement dit, dans la manière dont ces données induisent des politiques de traduction qui se distinguent, très nettement, de celles qui ont caractérisé le 20e siècle.
Sonography for Diagnosis of Parkinson Disease—From Theory to Practice
Authors: Alonso-Cánovas Araceli , López-Sendón José Luis , Buisán Javier , deFelipe-Mimbrera Alicia , Guillán Marta , García-Barragán Nuria , Corral Iñigo , Matute-Lozano María Consuelo , Masjuan Jaime , Martínez-Castrillo Juan Carlos , Walter Uwe 
Published: November 2014

ObjectivesHyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra on transcranial sonography is used for diagnosing Parkinson disease (PD). Cutoff values for the substantia nigra echogenic area, defining substantia nigra hyperechogenicity, vary among ultrasound systems from different manufacturers. In this study we wanted to determine the cutoff criterion for a Toshiba (Tokyo, Japan) system and to assess its diagnostic value.MethodsThree hundred participants (controls, n = 138; patients with PD, n = 105; and patients with essential tremor, n = 57) underwent transcranial sonography following a standardized protocol.ResultsThe substantia nigra was assessable in 92.7% of all participants. The substantia nigra echogenic area (larger of bilateral measurements) was larger in patients with PD (mean ± SD, 0.24 ± 0.05 cm2) than controls (0.14 ± 0.05 cm2; P < .001) and patients with essential tremor (0.14 ± 0.04 cm2; P < .001). Substantia nigra echogenicity was larger in male participants (0.20 ± 0.07 cm2) than female participants (0.15 ± 0.06 cm2; P< .001). Age did not correlate with substantia nigra echogenicity in any group. Frontal horn width was larger and lenticular nucleus hyperechogenicity and a discontinuous raphe were more frequent in the PD group than the other groups. On multivariate analysis, only substantia nigra hyperechogenicity was associated with the diagnosis of PD. The 90th‐percentile substantia nigra echogenic area in the control group, which defined marked substantia nigra hyperechogenicity, also represented the optimum cutoff value for discrimination of PD from non‐PD participants on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (area under the curve, 0.913; Youden index, 0.73). This cutoff value (≥0.21 cm2, larger of bilateral measurements) yielded sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 90% for the diagnosis of PD.ConclusionsTranscranial sonography shows good diagnostic validity for diagnosis of PD when implemented according to a strictly standardized protocol.
Thickness of Extensor Tendons at the Proximal Intersection
Authors: Christiaanse Ernst , Jager Tjeerd , Lenchik Leon , Buls Nico , Van Hedent Eddy , De Maeseneer Michel 
Published: November 2014

ObjectivesAn important sign of proximal intersection syndrome is thickening of the tendons at the area where the first extensor compartment tendons cross over the second compartment. Normal values for the thickness of the tendons have not been reported. Our purpose was to measure the thickness of the tendons with sonography at the level of the intersection in healthy volunteers and assess differences between men and women, dominant and nondominant sides, and different tendons.MethodsForty‐one asymptomatic volunteers (25 women and 16 men) were examined by 2 radiologists experienced in musculoskeletal sonography. The thickness of the tendons in the first and second compartments was measured at their intersection at standardized proximal and distal levels. Descriptive statistics were obtained. Differences between men and women, dominant and nondominant sides, and different tendons were evaluated by a Student t test.ResultsThe 95% confidence intervals for measurements of superimposed tendon groups varied between 0.30 and 0.40 cm in women and between 0.36 and 0.48 cm in men. There were no statistically significant differences in comparisons of the different tendon groups (P > .05). There were statistically significant differences (P < .05) between tendon thickness in men and women except for the right extensor carpi radialis longus + abductor pollicis longus (proximal measurement) and extensor carpi radialis brevis + extensor pollicis brevis (distal measurement). On comparison of dominant and nondominant sides, there were no statistically significant differences.ConclusionsNormal tendon thickness should be between 0.30 and 0.40 cm in women and 0.36 and 0.48 cm in men. A comparison between asymptomatic and symptomatic sides and proximal and distal measurements is recommended.
Interobserver Variability of Sonography for Prediction of Placenta Accreta
Authors: Bowman Zachary S. , Eller Alexandra G. , Kennedy Anne M. , Richards Douglas S. , Winter Thomas C. , Woodward Paula J. , Silver Robert M. 
Published: November 2014

ObjectivesThe sensitivity of sonography to predict accreta has been reported as higher than 90%. However, most studies are from single expert investigators. Our objective was to analyze interobserver variability of sonography for prediction of placenta accreta.MethodsPatients with previa with and without accreta were ascertained, and images with placental views were collected, deidentified, and placed in random sequence. Three radiologists and 3 maternal‐fetal medicine specialists interpreted each study for the presence of accreta and specific findings reported to be associated with its diagnosis. Investigator‐specific sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated. κ statistics were used to assess variability between individuals and types of investigators.ResultsA total of 229 sonographic studies from 55 patients with accreta and 56 control patients were examined. Accuracy ranged from 55.9% to 76.4%. Of imaging studies yielding diagnoses, sensitivity ranged from 53.4% to 74.4%, and specificity ranged from 70.8% to 94.8%. Overall interobserver agreement was moderate (mean κ ± SD = 0.47 ± 0.12). κ values between pairs of investigators ranged from 0.32 (fair agreement) to 0.73 (substantial agreement). Average individual agreement ranged from fair (κ = 0.35) to moderate (κ = 0.53).ConclusionsBlinded from clinical data, sonography has significant interobserver variability for the diagnosis of placenta accreta.
Leveraging microwave polarization information for the calibration of a land data assimilation system
Authors: Holmes Thomas R. H. , Crow Wade T. , De Jeu Richard A.M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis letter contributes a new approach to calibrating a tau‐omega radiative transfer model coupled to land surface model output with low‐frequency (<10 GHz) microwave brightness temperature (TB) observations. The problem of calibrating this system is generally poorly posed because various parameter combinations may yield indistinguishable (least squares error) results. This is theoretically important for a land data assimilation system since alternative parameter combinations have different impacts on the sensitivity of TB to soil moisture and misattribution of systematic error may therefore disrupt data assimilation system performance. Via synthetic experiments we demonstrate that using TB polarization difference to parameterize vegetation opacity can improve the stability of calibrated soil moisture/TB sensitivities relative to the more typical approach of utilizing ancillary information to estimate vegetation opacity. The proposed approach fully follows from the radiative transfer model, implemented according to commonly adopted assumptions, and reduces by one the number of calibration parameters.
Uncertainty in the magnitude of aerosol‐cloud radiative forcing over recent decades
Authors: Regayre L. A. , Pringle K. J. , Booth B. B. B. , Lee L. A. , Mann G. W. , Browse J. , Woodhouse M. T. , Rap A. , Reddington C. L. , Carslaw K. S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAerosols and their effect on the radiative properties of clouds are one of the largest sources of uncertainty in calculations of the Earth's energy budget. Here the sensitivity of aerosol‐cloud albedo effect forcing to 31 aerosol parameters is quantified. Sensitivities are compared over three periods; 1850–2008, 1978–2008, and 1998–2008. Despite declining global anthropogenic SO2 emissions during 1978–2008, a cancelation of regional positive and negative forcings leads to a near‐zero global mean cloud albedo effect forcing. In contrast to existing negative estimates, our results suggest that the aerosol‐cloud albedo effect was likely positive (0.006 to 0.028Wm−2) in the recent decade, making it harder to explain the temperature hiatus as a forced response. Proportional contributions to forcing variance from aerosol processes and natural and anthropogenic emissions are found to be period dependent. To better constrain forcing estimates, the processes that dominate uncertainty on the timescale of interest must be better understood.
Increasing exposure of geosynchronous orbit in solar wind due to decay of Earth's dipole field
Authors: Zhong J. , Wan W. X. , Wei Y. , Fu S. Y. , Jiao W. X. , Rong Z. J. , Chai L. H. , Han X. H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Earth's dipole moment has been decaying over the past 1.5 centuries. The magnetosphere thus has been shrinking and the chance of geosynchronous magnetopause crossings has been increasing. We quantitatively evaluate the increasing exposure of geosynchronous orbit in the solar wind caused by the decay of dipole moment and the variation of solar wind condition and study the possible situation if such decay persists for several more centuries. The results show that the average subsolar magnetopause distance would move earthward by ~0.3 RE per century, assuming the linear decreasing of the Earth's dipole moment at present rate. The minimum solar wind dynamic pressure required for geosynchronous magnetopause crossings will decrease by ~4 nPa (2 nPa) in the next 100 years under northward (southward) interplanetary magnetic field. Under normal solar wind conditions, the noon region of the geosynchronous orbit will be exposed to the solar wind in the next few centuries. These results suggest that the secular variations of geomagnetic field are of paramount importance for our understanding of space climate.
Seasonal and diurnal variations of PolarDARN F region echo occurrence in the polar cap and their causes
Authors: Ghezelbash M. , Koustov A. V. , Themens D. R. , Jayachandran P. T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractF region echo occurrence rates for the Polar Dual Auroral Radar Network (PolarDARN) HF radars at Inuvik (INV), Rankin Inlet (RKN), and Clyde River (CLY) are compared for observations in 2013. The CLY radar shows somewhat smaller echo occurrence rates consistent with its more poleward geographic and geomagnetic location. For all three radars, the winter occurrence rates are roughly twice that of the corresponding summer rates. For observations in the midnight sector, strong equinoctial maxima are evident. In terms of season and local time, echo occurrence patterns are found to be roughly the same for all radars: seasonally, clear maxima are found near noon during both winter and summer, while, diurnally, enhancements are found during equinoctial dusk. A comparison of data from roughly the same scattering area shows that having strong electron density in the scattering volume is not sufficient for getting an HF echo: propagation conditions along the propagation path are also important. Diurnal variations in the F region electron density and electric field (both measured by Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde) are compared to those of RKN echo occurrence rates for observations over Resolute Bay (RB) located at a geomagnetic latitude of 83°N. These results show a reasonable correlation between occurrence and electron density for both winter and summer periods and correlation between occurrence and electric field during summer periods.
Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE‐6G_C (VM5a) model
Authors: Peltier W. R. , Argus D. F. , Drummond R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA new model of the last deglaciation event of the Late Quaternary ice age is here described and denoted as ICE‐6G_C (VM5a). It differs from previously published models in this sequence in that it has been explicitly refined by applying all of the available Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of vertical motion of the crust that may be brought to bear to constrain the thickness of local ice cover as well as the timing of its removal. Additional space geodetic constraints have also been applied to specify the reference frame within which the GPS data are described. The focus of the paper is upon the three main regions of Last Glacial Maximum ice cover, namely, North America, Northwestern Europe/Eurasia, and Antarctica, although Greenland and the British Isles will also be included, if peripherally, in the discussion. In each of the three major regions, the model predictions of the time rate of change of the gravitational field are also compared to that being measured by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites as an independent means of verifying the improvement of the model achieved by applying the GPS constraints. Several aspects of the global characteristics of this new model are also discussed, including the nature of relative sea level history predictions at far‐field locations, in particular the Caribbean island of Barbados, from which especially high‐quality records of postglacial sea level change are available but which records were not employed in the development of the model. Although ICE‐6G_C (VM5a) is a significant improvement insofar as the most recently available GPS observations are concerned, comparison of model predictions with such far‐field relative sea level histories enables us to identify a series of additional improvements that should follow from a further stage of model iteration.
Paleomagnetism of the ~1.1 Ga Coldwell Complex (Ontario, Canada): Implications for Proterozoic geomagnetic field morphology and plate velocities
Authors: Kulakov Evgeniy V. , Smirnov Aleksey V. , Diehl Jimmy F. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe report new paleomagnetic data from the ~1108 Ma intrusive Coldwell Complex (Ontario, Canada) to investigate the apparent reversal asymmetry observed in some Midcontinent Rift (MCR) rocks. The rocks of eastern and central part of the complex are reversely magnetized with a group mean direction of D = 114.8°, I = −63.7° (α95 = 3.6°, N = 30). The corresponding paleomagnetic pole at Plat = 47.2°N, Plong = 206.5°E (A95 = 4.8°) is located close to the paleomagnetic poles from nearly coeval reversely magnetized rocks of the MCR system, including the lower lava flows at Mamainse Point. The rocks of western part of the complex are normally magnetized with a group mean direction (D = 298.0°, I = 56.9°, α95 = 5.8°, N = 10) that passes the reversal test with respect to the reversed group mean direction. Our results do not support the previous model in which the complex was emplaced during two periods of reversed geomagnetic field polarity separated by a period of normal polarity and hence encompasses two geomagnetic reversals. Instead, our new data indicate that the Coldwell Complex records only two polarity intervals separated by a symmetrical reversal at ~1102–1105 Ma. This reversal is likely equivalent to the lowermost reversal recorded at Mamainse Point and provides further evidence that the apparent reversal asymmetry reflects a plate motion rather than a persistent nondipole field geometry. Together with a high‐quality data from the ~1098 Ma North Shore Volcanics, our data indicate a rapid velocity of Laurentia at ~25 ± 4 cm/yr. The fast plate motion may reflect a decreased mantle drag due to vigorous mantle indicated by widespread intraplate magmatism at ~1.1 Ga.
Assessment of radar‐derived snow depth over Arctic sea ice
Authors: Newman Thomas , Farrell Sinead L. , Richter‐Menge Jacqueline , Connor Laurence N. , Kurtz Nathan T. , Elder Bruce C. , McAdoo David 
Published: November 2014

AbstractKnowledge of contemporaneous snow depth on Arctic sea ice is important both to constrain the regional climatology and to improve the accuracy of satellite altimeter estimates of sea ice thickness. We assess new data available from the NASA Operation IceBridge snow radar instrument and derive snow depth estimates across the western Arctic ice pack using a novel methodology based on wavelet techniques that define the primary reflecting surfaces within the snow pack. We assign uncertainty to the snow depth estimates based upon both the radar system parameters and sea ice topographic variability. The accuracy of the airborne snow depth estimates are examined via comparison with coincident measurements gathered in situ across a range of ice types in the Beaufort Sea. We discuss the effect of surface morphology on the derivation, and consequently the accuracy, of airborne snow depth estimates. We find that snow depths derived from the airborne snow radar using the wavelet‐based technique are accurate to 1 cm over level ice. Over rougher surfaces including multiyear and ridged ice, the radar system is impacted by ice surface morphology. Across basin scales, we find the snow‐radar‐derived snow depth on first‐year ice is at least ∼60% of the value reported in the snow climatology for the Beaufort Sea, Canada Basin, and parts of the central Arctic, since these regions were previously dominated by multiyear ice during the measurement period of the climatology. Snow on multiyear ice is more consistent with the climatology.
Large‐scale dynamics associated with clustering of extratropical cyclones affecting Western Europe
Authors: Pinto Joaquim G. , Gómara Iñigo , Masato Giacomo , Dacre Helen F. , Woollings Tim , Caballero Rodrigo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSome recent winters in Western Europe have been characterized by the occurrence of multiple extratropical cyclones following a similar path. The occurrence of such cyclone clusters leads to large socio‐economic impacts due to damaging winds, storm surges, and floods. Recent studies have statistically characterized the clustering of extratropical cyclones over the North Atlantic and Europe and hypothesized potential physical mechanisms responsible for their formation. Here we analyze 4 months characterized by multiple cyclones over Western Europe (February 1990, January 1993, December 1999, and January 2007). The evolution of the eddy driven jet stream, Rossby wave‐breaking, and upstream/downstream cyclone development are investigated to infer the role of the large‐scale flow and to determine if clustered cyclones are related to each other. Results suggest that optimal conditions for the occurrence of cyclone clusters are provided by a recurrent extension of an intensified eddy driven jet toward Western Europe lasting at least 1 week. Multiple Rossby wave‐breaking occurrences on both the poleward and equatorward flanks of the jet contribute to the development of these anomalous large‐scale conditions. The analysis of the daily weather charts reveals that upstream cyclone development (secondary cyclogenesis, where new cyclones are generated on the trailing fronts of mature cyclones) is strongly related to cyclone clustering, with multiple cyclones developing on a single jet streak. The present analysis permits a deeper understanding of the physical reasons leading to the occurrence of cyclone families over the North Atlantic, enabling a better estimation of the associated cumulative risk over Europe.