bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review Essay
Authors: Ismael Jacqueline 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Remembering Ali Al-Wardi in post-occupation Iraq
Iraq in Turmoil: Historical Perspectives of Dr. Ali Al-Wardi, From the Ottoman Empire to King Feisal, Youssef H. Aboul-Enein (Cdr.) (2012) Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 224 pp., ISBN:1612510779 (hbk), $32.95USD
Al-Duktûr ‘Alî Al-Wardiwa Dirâsat Al-Mujtama‘ain Al-‘Irâqîwa Al-‘Arabî, Ḥamîd Al-Hâshimî (2011) Baghdad: Maktabat ‘Adnân, 136 pp., ISBN: N/A (pbk), £10
Mi’at ‘Âmma‘a Al-Wardi, Muḥammad ‘Îsâ Al-Khâqânî (2013) London: Dâr Al-Ḥikmah, 328 pp., ISBN: N/A (pbk), £10
Social Glimpses of Modern Iraqi History: Volume 1 The Ottomans, Safavids and Mamluks, Hayder al-Khoei (2010) Saarbruken: Lambert Academic Publishing, 132 pp., ISBN: 3838380282 (pbk), $82.00USD
Al-Bu‘d Al-SiyâsîfîFikr ‘Alî Al-Wardî, Nâhiḍ ḤasanJâbir Al-Sâhûkî (2014) Beirut: Markaz Ḥamûrâbî Lil Buḥûthwa Al-Dirâsât Al-Istirâtîjiyyah, 336 pp., ISBN: 9786144262955 (pbk), $15USD
Активність гаммаглутамілтрансферази у хворих наркологічного профілю Дніпропетровської області
Authors: Motorya E. B. 
Published: June 2014

Change of GGT activity is studied in patients using alcohol and narcotic substances. 2878 residents of the Dnipropetrovsk province are examined. The increase of GGT activity is marked in 528 cases (18.3 %). It may be caused by increasing synthesis as a result of activating enzymes which ensure this process. The activation may be initiated by alcohol and medicines, by the damage of cellular membranes under the action of toxic agents, under ischemia and infection-induced liver injury, and by the detachment of enzymes from cellular membranes affected by detergent bile acids under the cholestasis. Ordinary values for major part of examined patients (81.7 %) may be explained by only episodic taking alcohol and narcotic drugs, which was not affect the liver parenchyma, and also by effective treatment normalized the enzyme’s activity.
On the Nature of Grain Boundaries in Nanocrystalline Diamond
Authors: Keblinski P. , Wolf D. , Cleri F. , Phillpot S.R. , Gleiter H. 
Published: June 2014

The low-pressure synthesis of rather pure nanocrystalline diamond films from fullerene precursors suggests that for a small enough grain size the diamond structure may be energetically preferred over graphite. Because of the small grain size of typically about 15 nm in these films, a significant fraction of the carbon atoms is situated in the grain boundaries (GBs). The surprisingly high wear resistance of these films even after the substrate is removed and their high corrosion resistance suggest that the grains are strongly bonded. Grain-boundary carbon is also believed to be responsible for the absorption and scattering of light in these films, for their electrical conductivity, and for their electron-emission properties. In spite of all these indications of a critical role played by GB carbon in achieving the remarkable properties of nanocrystalline diamond films, to date the atomic structures of the GBs are essentially not known.It is well-known that the electronic and optical properties of polycrystalline silicon films are significantly affected by the presence of GBs. For example GBs can provide active sites for the recombination of electron-hole pairs in photovoltaic applications. Also, in electronic devices such as thin-film transistors, GBs are known to play an important role. Because of silicon's strong energetic preference for sp3 hybridization over other electronic configurations, the structural disorder in silicon GBs is accommodated by a distortion of the tetrahedral nearestneighbor bonds and in the extreme by the creation of dangling bonds—that is, of three-coordinated Si atoms each having one unsaturated, bound electron in an otherwise more or less tetrahedrally coordinated environment.
Does the competition structure impact the performance of multi-unit auctions ? An experimental investigation
Authors: Préget Raphaële , Thoyer Sophie 
Published: June 2014

La concurrence dans une enchère multi-unitaire est mesurée à la fois par le nombre d’enchérisseurs et par la quantité demandée par chacun, rapportée au nombre d’unités en vente. Pour le même degré de concurrence (demande agrégée et offre identiques), nous pouvons observer différentes structures de demande. Celles-ci ont-elles un impact sur l’efficience de l’enchère et le revenu du vendeur ? Il est essentiel de mieux comprendre l’impact de la structure de la concurrence sur la performance des enchères multi-unitaires pour pouvoir faire des recommandations sur leur design. Des résultats théoriques montrent sur un cas simple, comparant une enchère à prix uniforme avec 2 enchérisseurs ayant chacun une demande de 6 unités et une enchère avec 6 enchérisseurs ayant chacun une demande de 2 unités, qu’il existe une multiplicité d’équilibres conduisant à des performances différentes. Des expériences en laboratoire sont conduites pour comparer la performance de ces deux enchères. Les résultats indiquent que, pour un même degré de concurrence, le vendeur obtient un revenu espéré supérieur avec une variance plus faible lorsqu’il fait face à un grand nombre d’enchérisseurs demandant peu d’unités chacun. Nous montrons que ce résultat est obtenu sans effet significatif sur l’efficience allocative. Classification JEL : C92, D4, D44.
Bookcrossing : le médium livre au service d'un projet socioculturel
Authors: Bryon-Portet Céline 
Published: June 2014

Cet article se propose d’explorer une pratique apparue en 2001 sous l’impulsion de Ron Hornbaker, et dont le succès ne cesse de grandir : le bookcrossing, qui consiste à laisser des livres dans des lieux publics ou de les confier à des amis afin de les faire circuler. Nous nous efforcerons de mettre en exergue les postulats idéologiques qui sous-tendent le bookcrossing et les enjeux, tout à la fois sociaux, culturels et économiques, qui y sont à l’œuvre, et redessinent peut-être les contours d’une société à venir où la lecture, la gratuité du don et la richesse des relations humaines retrouveraient leur place.
Les imaginaires cinématographiques de la menace
Authors: Boudou Nadine 
Published: June 2014

Les menaces présumées qu’un grand nombre de films exploitent en ce début de XXI e siècle, leur traitement alarmiste et l’inquiétude qu’elles génèrent sont révélateurs de l’esprit du temps. Le cinéma dans cet article est abordé comme un médium dont le pouvoir expressif permet de rendre compte du climat mental d’une époque.
Curative activity contributes to control of spotted-wing drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and blueberry maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) in highbush blueberry
Authors: Wise J.C. , Vanderpoppen R. , Vandervoort C. , O’Donnell C. , Isaacs R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSemi-field experiments were used to compare the curative activity of insecticides on spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae)) and blueberry maggot (Rhagoletis mendax Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae)) in blueberry fruit. The organophosphate phosmet, the spinosyn spinetoram, and neonicotinoids imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiamethoxam showed significant lethality on spotted-wing drosophila and blueberry maggot larvae and eggs, when applied topically to blueberry fruit post-infestation. The pyrethroids fenpropathrin and zeta-cypermethrin showed high levels of post-infestation activity on spotted-wing drosophila larvae or eggs, and indoxacarb showed statistically weaker activity. Curative activity is a previously unrecognised contributor to the overall means by which blueberry growers may achieve control of spotted-wing drosophila and blueberry maggot with the use of insecticides in blueberries.
Indications for Surgical Removal of the Eye in Rural Areas in Cameroon
Authors: Kagmeni Giles , Noche Christelle Domngang , Nguefack-Tsague Georges , Wiedemann Peter 
Published: June 2014

Objective To determine the main clinical indications for surgical removal of the eye in rural areas in Cameroon. Design Retrospective non-comparative case series. Participants A total of 253 patients presenting to the Manna eye clinic Nkongsamba who underwent destructive eye surgery (DES) between January 2006 and December 2010 were reviewed. Main Outcome Measure Age, gender, occupation, prior medication, visual acuity, operation indications, and type of operation. Results There were 58.10% (n = 147) men and 41.90% (n = 106) women. Median age was 29 years (interquartile range: 14–69 years); age ranged from 10 to 88 years. A total of 67.19% (n = 170) of participants were farmers and lived in rural zones. In all, 79.05% (n = 200) confessed to have trying a medication before the presentation. Surgical indications included infective causes (perforated corneal ulcer 33.20% (n = 84) and endophthalmitis 18.20% (n = 46)), trauma 17.40% (n = 44), painful blind eyes 11.50% (n = 29), malignancy 10.70% (n = 27), and others 9.10% (n = 23). Conclusion The most common causes of DES in this series could be avoided. Therefore, preventive measures including extensive health education of the public and traditional healers on the risks linked to the use of traditional medicines in ophthalmology and the late presentation of eye disease, quality control of the campaigns that offer free cataract operations in the country.
m-embedded Subgroups and p-nilpotency of Finite Groups
Authors: Xu Yong , Zhang Xinjian 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLet A be a subgroup of a finite group G and ∑ some subgroup series of G. Suppose that for each pair (K,H) such that K is a maximal subgroup of H and Gi-1 ≤ K < H ≤ Gi , for some i, either A ∩ H = A ∩ K or AH = AK. Then A is said to be ∑-embedded in G. And A is said to be m-embedded in G if G has a subnormal subgroup T and a {1 ≤ G}-embedded subgroup C in G such that G = AT and T∩A ≤ C ≤ A. In this article, some sufficient conditions for a finite group G to be p-nilpotent are given whenever all subgroups with order pk of a Sylow p-subgroup of G are m-embedded for a given positive integer k.
The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
Authors: Shor Pnina , Manfredi Marcello , Bearman Greg H. , Marengo Emilio , Boydston Ken , Christens-Barry William A. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe digitization project of the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) was first conceived as yet another conservation effort to preserve the scrolls. The Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) set out to develop a non-invasive monitoring methodology of their physical state, based on multi-spectral images. Once the IAA realized that they were going to create the best possible images to date and since all of the scrolls have been formally published, they decided to conduct a comprehensive digitization project in addition to developing a monitoring system. The IAA would image all of the DSS, including thousands of fragments, add their metadata, and put everything online, making it available to the public and the scholarly world alike in a way never before imagined.
Finite element formulation of unilateral boundary conditions for unsaturated flow in porous continua
Authors: Abati A. , Callari C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper presents the numerical resolution of unilateral boundary conditions able to effectively model several problems of unsaturated flow, as those involving rainfall infiltration and seepage faces. Besides the penalty technique, we also consider the novel regularization of these conditions by means of the more effective augmented Lagrangian method. The performance of the so‐obtained finite element method is carefully investigated in terms of accuracy and ill‐conditioning effects, including comparisons with analytical solutions and a complete identification of the analogies with the problem of frictionless contact. In this way, we provide a priori estimates of optimal and admissible ranges for the penalty coefficient as functions of permeability and spatial discretization. The proposed method and the estimated coefficient ranges are validated in further numerical examples, involving the propagation of a wetting front due to rainfall and the partial saturation of an aged concrete dam. These applications show that the proposed regularizations do not induce any detrimental effect on solution accuracy and on convergence rate of the employed Newton‐Raphson method. Hence, the present approach should be preferred to the commonly used iterative switching between the imposed‐flow and the imposed‐pressure conditions, which often leads to spurious oscillations and convergence failures.
The Arteries of Brain Base in Species of Bovini Tribe
Authors: Zdun Maciej , Frąckowiak Hieronim , Kiełtyka‐Kurc Agata , Kowalczyk Karolina , Nabzdyk Maria , Timm Anita 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTStudies were conducted on 78 preparations of head and brain arteries in four species of Bos genus, that is in domestic cattle (N = 59), including 22 foetuses (CRL 36.5–78.5 cm), in banteng (Bos javanicus, N = 3), yak (Bos mutus f. grunniens, N = 2), American bison (Bison bison, N = 4), and European bison (Bison bonasus, N = 10). The comparative analysis permitted to demonstrate a similar pattern of brain base arteries in the studied animals. In the studied species, blood vessels of the arterial circle of the brain were found to form by bifurcation of intracranial segments of inner carotid arteries, which protruded from the paired rostral epidural rete mirabile. In Bovidae arterial circle of the brain was supplied with blood mainly by maxillary artery through the blood vessels of the paired rostral epidural rete mirabile. The unpaired caudal epidural rete mirabile was participating in blood supply to the arterial circle of the brain from vertebral and occipital arteries. It manifested character of a taxonomic trait for species of Bos and Bison genera. Basilar artery in all the examined animals manifested a variable diameter, with preliminary portion markedly narrowed, which prevented its participation in blood supply to the arterial circle of the brain. The results and taxonomic position of the species made the authors to suggest a hypothesis that a similar arterial pattern on the brain base might be present also in other species, not included in this analysis. Anat Rec, 296:1677–1682, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging of White Matter Tracts in the Dog Brain
Authors: Jacqmot Olivier , Van Thielen Bert , Fierens Yves , Hammond Martha , Willekens Inneke , Schuerbeek Peter Van , Verhelle Filip , Goossens Peter , De Ridder Filip , Clarys Jan Pieter , Vanbinst Anne , De Mey Johan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDiffusion weighted imaging sequences are now widely available on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) of the brain is able to show white matter tracts and is now commonly used in human medicine to study brain anatomy, tumors, structural pathways,… The purpose of this study was to show the interest of DTI to reveal the white matter fibers in the dogs' brain. DTI MR Images for this study were obtained with a 3 T system of 4 dogs euthanized for other reasons than neurological disorders. Combined fractional anisotropic (FA) and directional maps were obtained in the first 2 hours after death. The heads were amputated immediately after scanning and stored in 10% formalin until preparation for dissection. An experienced anatomist tracked white matter tracts with clinical relevance using the scanner software. The selected tracts were REFVIDume rendered and correlated with gross dissection. Using DTI we were able to track relevant neurological connections, such as the corticospinal tract, the optic and the cerebellar tract. The three dimensional anatomy is better presented using modern visualization techniques. DTI seems to be a valuable tool in order to present clinically relevant white matter tracts to neurological clinicians and researchers. Anat Rec, 296:340–349, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retention of Stem Cell Plasticity in Avian Primitive Streak Cells and the Effects of Local Microenvironment
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Yu , Li Yan , Ma Zheng‐Lai , Wang Li‐Jing , Chuai Manli , Münsterberg Andrea , Geng Jian‐Guo , Yang Xuesong 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPrimitive streak (PS) is the first structure occurring in embryonic gastrulation, in which the epiblast cells undergo the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition to become the loose mesoderm cells subsequently. Because the mesoderm cells departing from different portions of PS are blessed with disparate migration trajectory and differentiation fate, one question is when the cell fate is determinated. To understand whether the cell fate and cell migration pattern will be alternated along with the microenvironment transformation, the traditional transplantation technology was used to replace the anterior PS cells in HH4 host embryo using posterior PS tissue labeled by green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the same stage donor embryo, and then, we tracked the migration trajectory of the GFP‐positive cells with fluorescence stereomicroscope after incubation, and eventually verified the cell contribution from the transplants with in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. The same experimental strategy applied for posterior PS site replacement in host embryo. We found that the transplanted posterior PS cells to anterior part of streak followed the anterior PS cell migration pattern rather than kept its posterior streak cell migration trajectory, and so did vice versa. In addition, the transplants were involved in the contribution to the subsequent organogenesis as the local PS tissues affirmed by specific expression of myocardial or hematopoietic markers. Therefore, our data strongly suggest that the PS cells still keep stem cell plasticity during gastrulation and the eventual cell fate will depend on the spatial gene expression within local microenvironment along with development. Anat Rec, 296:533–543, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy and Age Estimation of an Early Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) Fetus
Authors: Roston Rachel A. , Lickorish David , Buchholtz Emily A. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe external anatomy of a 130‐mm blue whale fetus (Balaenoptera musculus) is described, and its internal anatomy is reconstructed noninvasively from microCT scans. The specimen lies developmentally at the junction of the embryonic and fetal periods. Similarly to the embryos of many odontocetes, it lacks a caudal fluke and dorsal fin, but it also exhibits an elongated rostrum, resorbed umbilical hernia, partially exposed cornea, and spatial separation of the anus and genitalia seen in early odontocete fetuses. Dermal ossification of the cranial bones has begun, but the endochondral skeleton is completely cartilaginous. The shape and position of the maxilla suggest that the earliest stages of anterior skull telescoping have begun, but there is no indication of occipital overlap posteriorly. The nasopharynx, larynx, and heart already display the distinctive morphology characteristic of Balaenoptera. This study develops a model of body length changes during blue whale development by integrating the large International Whaling Statistics (IWS) database, historical observations of blue whale migration and reproduction, and descriptions of fetal growth trends in other mammals. The model predicts an age of 65 days postconception for the specimen. The early developmental milestones of Balaenoptera mirror those of the odontocete Stenella to a remarkable extent, but the first appearance of the caudal fluke and dorsal fin are delayed relative to other morphological transitions. The accelerated prenatal growth characteristic of Balaenoptera occurs during fetal, not embryonic, development. Anat Rec, 296:709–722, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Intraoral Thermoregulatory Organ in the Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus), the Corpus Cavernosum Maxillaris
Authors: Ford Thomas J. , Werth Alexander J. , George J. Craig 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe novel observation of a palatal retial organ in the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) is reported, with characterization of its form and function. This bulbous ridge of highly vascularized tissue, here designated the corpus cavernosum maxillaris, runs along the center of the hard palate, expanding cranially to form two large lobes that terminate under the tip of the rostral palate, with another enlarged node at the caudal terminus. Gross anatomical and microscopic observation of tissue sections discloses a web‐like internal mass with a large blood volume. Histological examination reveals large numbers of blood vessels and vascular as well as extravascular spaces resembling a blood‐filled, erectile sponge. These spaces, as well as accompanying blood vessels, extend to the base of the epithelium. We contend that this organ provides a thermoregulatory adaptation by which bowhead whales (1) control heat loss by transferring internal, metabolically generated body heat to cold seawater and (2) protect the brain from hyperthermia. We postulate that this organ may play additional roles in baleen growth and in detecting prey, and that its ability to dissipate heat might maintain proper operating temperature for palatal mechanoreceptors or chemoreceptors to detect the presence and density of intraoral prey. Anat Rec, 296:701–708, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Significance of Calcified Fibrocartilage on the Cortical Endplate of the Translational Sheep Spine Model
Authors: Sinclair Sarina K. , Bell Spencer , Epperson Richard Tyler , Bloebaum Roy D. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTTo gain an understanding of the vertebral cortical endplate and factors that may affect the ability to achieve skeletal attachment to intervertebral implants and fusion, this study aimed to characterize the hypermineralized tissue on the cortical endplate of the vertebral body on a commonly used animal model. Skeletally mature sheep were injected with tetracycline prior to euthanasia and the C2‐C3, T5‐T6, and L2‐L3 spinal motion segments were excised and prepared. Vertebral tissues were imaged using backscatter electron (BSE) imaging, histology, and tetracycline labeling was used to assess bone remodeling within different tissue layers. It was determined that the hypermineralized tissue layer was calcified fibrocartilage (CFC). No tetracycline labels were identified in the CFC layer, in contrast to single and double labels that were present in the underlying bone, indicating the CFC present on the cortical endplate was not being actively remodeled. The average thickness of the CFC layer was 146.3 ± 70.53 µm in the cervical region, 98.2 ± 40.29 µm in the thoracic region, and 150.89 ± 69.25 µm in the lumbar region. This difference in thickness may be attributed to the regional biomechanical properties of the spine. Results from this investigation indicate the presence of a nonremodeling tissue on the cortical endplate of the vertebral body in sheep spines, which attaches the intervertebral disc to the vertebrae. This tissue, if not removed, would likely prevent successful bony attachment to an intervertebral device in spinal fusion studies and total disc replacement surgeries. Anat Rec, 296:736–744, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.