bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limiting Amino Acids in Practical Diets for California Yellowtail, Seriola lalandi
Authors: Jirsa Dave O. , Stuart Kevin R. , Salze Guillaume P. , Rhodes Melanie A. , Davis D. Allen , Drawbridge Mark A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThree trials were run to identify the limiting dietary amino acids in practical, soy‐based formulations for California yellowtail juveniles. In the first trial, four diets were formulated with 20% fish meal and 43% soy protein concentrate. The basal diet was supplemented with methionine, lysine, and taurine (MLT), and each supplement was then individually deleted in three additional diets (LT, MT, and ML). A significant decrease in growth was only seen in fish fed the ML diet. The second and third trials were designed to test graded levels of dietary taurine and methionine, respectively. Dietary taurine ranged from 0.32 to 1.5%, and methionine levels ranged from 0.95 to 1.19% of the diet with constant levels of cysteine (0.73%). While weight gains were considered adequate to detect a dietary amino acid deficiency, there was no significant effect of graded levels of either taurine or methionine on final weights, growth rates, survival, or feed efficiency. In conclusion, the practical diets tested required taurine supplementations, but did not require lysine or methionine supplementation. While these data are insufficient to determine the taurine or methionine requirement of California yellowtail, it provides minimum levels likely to meet these requirements. Additional research is necessary to determine taurine and methionine requirements precisely in this species.
Characterization of l‐type Amino Acid Transporter 2 from Crucian Carp, Carassius auratus
Authors: Liu Zhen , Zhou Yi , Wang Yonghong , Lu Shuangqing , Zhao Qiong , Wu Qin , Xiong Gang , Hao Guang , Zhang Jianshe 
Published: December 2014

Abstractl‐Type amino acid transporter 2 (LAT2), a key subunit in the y+L system, plays an important role in amino acid transportation in the intestine. In this study, we isolated cDNA of LAT2 from crucian carp and characterized its transcript levels in response to diets of different protein levels, protein sources, Clostridium butyricum, and Lys additive. The full‐length cDNA of LAT2 is 2709 bp long which encodes a protein of 530 amino acids in length. Tissue distribution study showed that LAT2 is abundantly expressed in the foregut and midgut. We found a dose‐dependent effect of dietary protein levels on LAT2 expression. Fish showed high levels of LAT2 after fed with diets of 37 and 42% protein levels. In addition, LAT2 exhibited a higher level of expression after fish meal intake compared with soybean meal intake. C. butyricum intake induced a different effect with different additive levels on LAT2 expression in the foregut of crucian carp. We also demonstrated that in fish fed with Lys additive diet, the LAT2 expression levels increased significantly after 5 h. These results suggest that LAT2 gene expression in the foregut of crucian carp is regulated by dietary proteins and feed additives, providing new strategies for optimizing diet formula for crucian carp.
Congenital Melanotic Macules of the Tongue. A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature
Authors: Savoia Francesco , Ricci Lorenza , Patrizi Annalisa , Gaddoni Giuseppe 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCongenital melanotic macules of the tongue (CMMT) are a rare and benign condition that is probably underestimated. We report the case of an African infant with multiple congenital hyperpigmented macules of the tongue. To avoid a difficult‐to‐perform procedure such as a tongue biopsy, focused clinical monitoring was performed every 3 months for 30 months to detect significant changes. A clinical diagnosis of CMMT was made in the absence of concomitant systemic diseases using the clinical findings, the location on the tongue, the negative family history for melanoma, and the absence of drugs and toxic exposure. Clinical follow‐up may be sufficient to monitor CMMT rather than performing a tongue biopsy.
Large Multifocal Cutaneous Hemangioma Along Lines of Blaschko with Cardiac Failure Treated with Propranolol
Authors: Khanna Deepshikha , Chakravarty Payal , Arora Pooja , Jain Rahul , Mittal Medha 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHemangiomas are classified as focal or segmental according to the morphology and distribution of lesions. Congestive cardiac failure is frequently encountered in diffuse hepatic hemangiomas due to high‐volume shunting and rarely in hemangiomas confined to the skin. We report here the case of a large multifocal hemangioma along the lines of Blaschko with high‐output cardiac failure, with improvement in cutaneous and hemodynamic symptoms after propranolol therapy. Presentation along the lines of Blaschko raises the possibility of hemangiomas arising as a result of mosaicism.
Unveiling the Triplet State of a 4‐Amino‐7‐Nitrobenzofurazan Derivative in Cyclohexane
Authors: Sveen Christopher , Macia Nicolas , Zaremberg Vanina , Heyne Belinda 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe nitrobenzofurazan (NBD) moiety has gained tremendous popularity over the last decades due to its fluorogenic nature. Indeed, upon interaction with aliphatic amines, it generates a stable fluorescent adduct, which has been used for protein and lipid labeling. In fact the 4‐amino substituted NBD belongs to the broad family of intramolecular charge transfer molecules, with the amino group acting as an electron donor upon photoexcitation, and the nitro group as an electron acceptor. Although the singlet excited state of 4‐amino NBD derivatives has been abundantly studied, investigation of its triplet manifold is scarce and even the absence of intersystem crossing for this type of molecules has been suggested. However, intramolecular charge transfer molecules are known to undergo intersystem crossing and high phosphorescence quantum yields have been reported in a nonpolar solvent. In the present paper, we have investigated the photophysical and photochemical properties of N‐hexyl‐7‐nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]xadiazole‐4‐amine. We have shown the existence of a triplet state for this molecule in cyclohexane via nanosecond laser flash photolysis. Interestingly, deactivation of the triplet state leads to photoproducts formation, which are only present in the absence of oxygen.
Response of Growth and Photosynthesis of Emiliania huxleyi to Visible and UV Irradiances under Different Light Regimes
Authors: Xing Tao , Gao Kunshan , Beardall John 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMicroalgae are capable of acclimating to changes in light and ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm). However, little is known about how the ecologically important coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi responds to UVR when acclimated to different light regimes. Here, we grew E. huxleyi under indoor constant light or fluctuating sunlight with or without UVR, and investigated its growth, photosynthetic performance and pigmentation. Under the indoor constant light regime, the specific growth rate (μ) was highest, while fluctuating outdoor solar radiation significantly decreased the growth rate. Addition of UVR further decreased the growth rate. The repair rate of photosystem II (PSII), as reflected in changes in PSII quantum yield, showed an inverse correlation with growth rate. Cells grown under the indoor constant light regime exhibited the lowest repair rate, while cells from the outdoor fluctuating light regimes significantly increased their repair rate. Addition of UVR increased both the repair rate and intracellular UV‐absorbing compounds. This increased repair capability, at the cost of decreased growth rate, persisted after the cells were transferred back to the indoor again, suggesting an enhanced allocation of energy and resources for repair of photosynthetic machinery damage by solar UVR which persisted for a period after transfer from solar UVR.
Pilot intervention study of a low‐salt diet with monomagnesium di‐L‐glutamate as an umami seasoning in psychiatric inpatients
Authors: Kawano Rumiko , Ishida Mayumi , Kimura Eiichiro , Matsumoto Hideki , Arai Heii 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundSchizophrenia patients have an elevated prevalence of stroke and cardiovascular risk factors, such as elevated body mass index, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia. This pilot study investigated the influence of a low‐sodium diet using umami seasoning on food intake and clinical parameters in schizophrenia patients.MethodsA single‐blind crossover intervention study was conducted in 15 clinical schizophrenia patients given a low‐sodium diet with or without umami seasoning, monomagnesium di‐L‐glutamate, for 2 weeks. After the initial 2‐week intervention, there was a 2‐week washout period, and then the interventions were switched. Daily body weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, and nutrient intake for each subject were determined.ResultsThe results showed that subjects given monomagnesium di‐L‐glutamate had an approximately 25.9% reduction in dietary sodium. Furthermore, daily energy intake did not decrease, and no significant changes in body weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, and nutrient intake were observed.ConclusionsThe use of umami seasonings, such as monomagnesium di‐L‐glutamate, might be an effective long‐term strategy for psychiatric patients requiring restricted sodium intake.
Long‐term efficacy of donepezil for relapse of visual hallucinations in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Ukai Katsuyuki , Fujishiro Hiroshige , Iritani Shuji , Ozaki Norio 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe use of cholinesterase inhibitors is recommended for the treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) in the guidelines of the DLB Consortium. However, no consensus regarding therapeutic approaches for DLB‐related visual hallucinations has been reached. To the best of our knowledge, an appropriate dose of donepezil for the treatment of DLB at each stage has not been discussed.MethodsEight patients suffering from DLB with visual hallucinations were treated with donepezil. We summarize the effects of donepezil on these visual hallucinations chronologically in all cases and discuss its efficacy and characteristics.ResultsDonepezil contributed to the complete disappearance of visual hallucinations in all cases, and its effects were maintained for more than 6 months. However, relapses of visual hallucinations also occurred in all cases. Against these relapses, an increased dose of donepezil was very effective in resolving them again in almost all cases in this study.ConclusionsDonepezil was highly effective against visual hallucinations in DLB patients, but there were some issues regarding pharmacotherapy for DLB.
Time course for the recovery of physical performance, blood hemoglobin, and ferritin content after blood donation
Authors: Ziegler Andreas K. , Grand Johannes , Stangerup Ida , Nielsen Hans J. , Dela Flemming , Magnussen Karin , Helge Jørn W. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundIt is widely accepted that blood donation negatively affects endurance performance, but data on physical recovery after a standard blood donation are scarce. This study aimed to elucidate the temporary impact of blood donation on endurance performance, measured as peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and time trial (TT) performance.Study Design and MethodsVO2peak, TT performance, blood, iron, and anthropometric variables were determined before (baseline) and 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after blood donation in 19 healthy men.ResultsVO2peak was reduced by 6.5% from 49.7 ± 2 mL/kg/min at baseline to 46.3 ± 2 mL/kg/min on Day 3 (p < 0.001), and TT performance was reduced by 5.2% from 13:31 ± 00:42 to 14:13 ± 00:50 min:sec (p < 0.001). Both VO2peak and TT performance were back to baseline 14 days after blood donation. Blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentration declined 7.9% from 9.3 ± 0.11 mmol/L at baseline to 8.6 ± 0.1 mmol/L on Day 3 (p < 0.001) and was not different from baseline 28 days after blood donation. The hematocrit (Hct) was reduced from 43.8 ± 0.5% at baseline to 40.6 ± 0.6% on Day 3 (p < 0.001). On Day 28 Hct was 42.8 ± 0.5% and still reduced below baseline (p = 0.028). Ferritin concentration was reduced 46% from 113 ± 23 μg/L at baseline to a minimum of 61 ± 14 μg/L on Day 14 (p = 0.008).ConclusionThe individual recovery was variable, but physical performance was recovered 14 days after a standard blood donation, despite blood Hb concentration remaining lower than at baseline.
THE EFFECT OF X‐IRRADIATION ON THE BASAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF THE RAT
Authors: Mole R. H. 
Published: December 2014

1. There was no increase but probably a small decrease in the basal oxygen consumption of rats during the first three days after whole body X‐irradiation with doses of 300 r. to 1000 r.2. The basal oxygen consumption began to increase on the fourth day after 800 r. and reached a maximum of 25‐35 per cent above the control value. These animals died between the sixth to fourteenth days after irradiation. A similar but much smaller increase was seen after a sublethal dose of 600 r.
A COMPARISON OF THE DIRECT PERIPHERAL ACTIONS UPON SYSTEMIC VENOUS PRESSURE OF k‐STROPHANTHOSID, DIGOXIN AND OUABAIN
Authors: Tyrer J. H. 
Published: December 2014

1. Digoxin and k‐strophanthosid and, to a lesser extent, ouabain have a direct peripheral action on systemic venous pressure, independent of cardiac effects. These glycosides in therapeutic doses caused a rise of mean inferior and superior vena caval pressure in sheep whose pulmonary and systemic circulations were perfused at constant rates, with functional exclusion of the animal's own heart, and with central venous pressure fixed at atmospheric pressure. The only explanation is that these drugs constrict the systemic veins. This might be due to action on the vein wall itself or on venomotor nerves.2. Digitalis caused a rise of hepatic venous pressure in perfused sheep, as reported by others in dogs.3. In sheep with intact circulations, therapeutic doses of digoxin, k‐strophanthosid and ouabain usually caused no alteration of systemic venous pressure, but occasionally a slight fall.4. The direct effect on venous pressure is probably not the principal action of these drugs, but should be considered in interpreting the many effects of digitalis on the intact animal.
TOTAL METABOLISM OF THE MOUSE AFTER PSEUDOPARTURITION AND PARTURITION
Authors: Dewar A. D. 
Published: December 2014

1. Measurements over consecutive 24 hrs. of water and food‐stuff balances and of metabolic rate have been made on 10 mice for several days before and after parturition or pseudo‐parturition (delivery of the placentæ after earlier destruction of the fœtuses) and the similarity between these processes demonstrated.2. A loss of water was mainly responsible for the loss of weight during the 2 to 4 days after pseudo‐ or normal parturition. The water losses (a) were accompanied by a reduction in water consumption but were not made good by subsequent restoration of normal fluid intakes, (b) bore no relation to protein losses; the ratio of water to protein lost greatly exceeded the values usual in tissue involution, and (c) correlated with irreducible losses of sodium. These observations are consistent with the view that the elimination of the placentæ terminates a water‐retaining mechanism.3. A reduction in food intake to below maintenance levels usually accompanied the weight loss, resulting in negative fat and protein balances which, unlike the water losses, were reversible by subsequent increases in food consumption.4. No changes in carbohydrate or fat metabolism after pseudo‐ or normal parturition were apparent; these food‐stuffs were utilised according to their availability, as determined by the quantity of food consumed in relation to the maintenance requirement.5. A decline in average energy expenditure of about 12 per cent occurred in the 3 to 4 days after pseudo‐parturition, and the metabolic rate related to body weight was significantly higher just before pseudoparturition than in non‐pregnant mice of the same age. Similar changes were observed after normal parturition but the effects were somewhat masked by the initial presence of the fœtuses: observations on newborn mice suggest that the metabolic rate related to weight of fœtuses just before birth is at least 30 per cent lower than that of the maternal body. The results favour the hypothesis that the maternal metabolic rate is raised in pregnancy.
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE RETINA ON THE OPTIC TECTUM OF THE PIGEON
Authors: Hamdi F. A. , Whitteridge D. 
Published: December 2014

1. There is point to point representation of the retina on the optic tectum in the pigeon. The upper visual field is represented on the dorsal surface.2. A response obtained from the first three layers of the optic tectum may have a latency as short as 25 msec., and show little fatigue when the stimulus is repeated at rates of not more than 5 per sec.3. Responses from the inner layers show latencies of over 50 msec. and fatigue very rapidly.4. Auditory responses were obtained from the nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis pars dorsalis.
THE REPRESENTATION OF CUTANEOUS SENSE IN THE THALAMUS OF THE CAT AND MONKEY
Authors: Gaze R. M. , Gordon G. 
Published: December 2014

1. The electrical activity of single neural units in the thalamus of the cat and monkey has been investigated with unipolar electrodes of tip diameter 5–15 µ. The position of the electrode was always verified histologically; the great majority of the responses were recorded from the ventrolateral nuclear region.2. The order of contralateral representation of tactile sense described by others has been confirmed, but it has been found, in addition, that a substantial anatomical overlap occurs between the regions for face, fore limb and hind limb, both in cat and monkey.3. The thalamic representation of cutaneous sense in the hind limb has been studied in more detail, using a method by which the saphenous nerve could be stimulated and its compound action‐potential recorded, and the resulting thalamic activity recorded simultaneously. The nerve was not cut, so that the response of any thalamic unit to cutaneous stimulation could also be observed.4. Sixty‐three thalamic units from the cat were studied by the method just described. They may be described as falling into three main groups:(a) Those responding to electrical stimulation of α β or χ saphenous fibres, the response being but rarely affected by further increasing the stimulus (81 per cent of the total units). Twenty per cent of the group responded to stimulating at a fibre threshold. The mean latency for the group was 22·7 msec. (knee to thalamus). The majority responded to bending hairs, a few to light touch not involving hairs, and a few to strong mechanical stimuli.(b) Those responding to stimulating saphenous δ fibres (17 per cent of the total units). The majority responded only to strong mechanical stimuli, and only one to bending hairs. The mean latency was 47·3 msec.(c) Those responding to stimulating saphenous C fibres when the larger fibres had been blocked by cooling the nerve. The latency (630 msec.) was only measured satisfactorily for one such unit, and no skin stimulus appropriate for the unit was found.Our failure to excite some of the units in each group by stimulating the skin is discussed, particularly in relation to the use of general anaesthesia.5. In the cat's thalamus, no anatomical segregation could be detected amongst the different types of unit just described.6. The main types of unit described above were also found in experiments on three monkeys, but this series was too small to justify quantitative assessment.7. A substantial ipsilateral representation of the hind leg was found in the cat's thalamus, in a region anatomically indistinguishable from that for contralateral responses. The evidence suggested that units responding to hair movement were relatively more common in the contralateral than in the ipsilateral thalamus. Ipsilateral representation was also found to exist in the monkey's thalamus.
THE EXCHANGE OF LIPIDS BETWEEN PLASMA AND LYMPH OF ANIMALS
Authors: Courtice F. C. , Morris Bede 
Published: December 2014

1. The protein and lipid composition of dog, cat, rabbit and rat lymph collected from various ducts were studied by zone electrophoresis and chemical analysis.2. All the protein and lipoprotein fractions present in the plasma could be identified in the lymph, but were present in lower concentrations. The plasma‐lymph gradients for proteins and for lipids were similar, and were greater in the cervical duct lymph than in the thoracic duct lymph.3. During fat absorption, the large increments of fat appearing in the thoracic duct lymph could be removed by high‐speed centrifugation (20,000 g) without significant alteration to the post‐absorptive lymph protein and lipoprotein electrophoretic patterns.4. The possible ways in which this particulate fat, which enters the blood stream from the thoracic duct during fat absorption, escapes from the circulation have been discussed. The finding that the lymph from the cervical and leg ducts contains some chylomicrons which are greater in number during alimentary lipæmia suggests that some chylomicrons may escape through the capillary membrane without degradation to smaller lipid‐protein complexes.
CHOLINE ACETYLASE IN MAMMALIAN AND AVIAN SENSORY SYSTEMS
Authors: Hebb Catherine O. 
Published: December 2014

1. The activity of choline acetylase in tissues of birds and mammals has been measured by a method which excludes possible errors due to variations in the rate of CoA acetylation.2. By this method it has been found that the optic nerves of mammals and the chicken contain little or no choline acetylase; and the sensory roots of bullocks also contain no enzyme.3. The chicken retina can produce more acetylcholine per unit weight of tissue in a given time than any other vertebrate tissue yet examined. The pigeon retina is also exceptionally active; and in both species the optic lobes also contain high concentration of enzyme.4. The distribution of choline acetylase in the optic system of all species examined supports the idea that in this system cholinergic alternate with non‐cholinergic neurones.