bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le 6 février 1934, une crise policière ?
Authors: Blanchard Emmanuel 
Published: October 2015

La journée du 6 février 1934 est restée dans les mémoires comme l’acmé d’une crise parlementaire aiguë. Les quatorze victimes et les méthodes de maintien de l’ordre ont moins retenu l’attention des historiens qui ont étudié cet événement. Jean Chiappe, préfet de police aux liens politiques multiples et très marqués à l’extrême droite, démis de ses fonctions le 3 février, joua pourtant un grand rôle dans la mobilisation, le déroulement et le dénouement de cette crise. En prêtant une attention particulière aux attitudes et aux pratiques des agents engagés dans la répression, il s’agit d’étudier plus généralement les multiples voies par lesquelles les forces de l’ordre peuvent contribuer à la configuration des crises politiques.
La politique sécuritaire et les manifestations contre la police dans le ghetto noir de Chicago (1943-1969)
Authors: Diamond Andrew , Devienne Elsa 
Published: October 2015

Dans la seconde moitié des années 1960, à Chicago, des organisations se revendiquant de l’idéologie du « pouvoir noir » ont mobilisé un nombre sans précédent de jeunes Afro-Américains pour participer à des actions de protestation contre la brutalité policière. Cet article montre le rôle ambigu joué par ces manifestations dans la lutte globale pour les droits civiques à Chicago. Il défend l’idée selon laquelle cette approche s’est avérée source de divisions pour la communauté noire et l’a empêchée de développer un programme de revendications plus ambitieux. Cela était dû en grande partie au rôle central joué par la politique du maintien de l’ordre dans la communauté noire de Chicago, une situation ayant rendu de nombreux dirigeants civiques et religieux clés réticents à l’idée de soutenir des protestations contre la police.
Répression d’État et situation révolutionnaire en Tunisie (2010-2011)
Authors: Hmed Choukri 
Published: October 2015

La sociologie des mouvements sociaux a longtemps négligé la dimension répressive des mobilisations. En s’appuyant sur une enquête ethnographique menée en Tunisie entre 2011 et 2012, cet article propose d’évaluer le rôle de la « violence paroxystique » d’État dans les situations révolutionnaires, en prenant pour objet les interactions entre les représentants du régime, les forces de l’ordre, les protestataires et les non-engagés. Il montre comment les pratiques répressives au sens large ont contribué à moduler et à structurer la protestation contre le régime tunisien, au cours de la première situation révolutionnaire, du 17 décembre 2010 au 14 janvier 2011. La répression doit ainsi être entendue comme un mode d’action parmi d’autres mobilisés par les agents de l’État pour mettre fin aux mouvements protestataires qui le mettent directement en cause.
Paroles de « défaitistes »
Authors: Morin Gilles 
Published: October 2015

Entre septembre 1939 et juin 1940, polices et justice françaises traquent divers discours et comportements publics. Définis par le mot « défaitisme », ces expressions sont supposées atteindre le moral des Français. Les manifestations de ce « défaitisme » révèlent une société populaire troublée et partiellement apolitique. Cependant, dans plus de la moitié des cas, ce terme concerne des sensibilités politiques connues. Parmi elles dominent l’extrême gauche et l’extrême droite. Au premier rang s’exprime surtout une parole « défaitiste » inscrite dans la culture communiste. Par-delà la diversité des positionnements politiques, ces discours protestataires traduisent différentes formes de rejet de la République et de ses hommes.
L’économie morale des banlieusards
Authors: Gordon Daniel A. 
Published: October 2015

En 1970, une révolte des banlieusards, usagers des transports en commun de la région parisienne, déclenchée par une hausse du prix du ticket de métro, a réussi à renverser une tentative du gouvernement Chaban-Delmas de faire payer une proportion plus grande des coûts de transport aux usagers. Ce mouvement a été à l’origine de la carte orange et de la renaissance des tramways. Cet article explique les origines du mouvement, en utilisant l’idée d’économie morale d’Edward P. Thompson. Comment a-t-il été lié à une « crise des transports », différenciée par genre et par classe, créée par l’émergence des banlieues tentaculaires lointaines ?
Imbalanced PTEN and PI3K Signaling Impairs Class Switch Recombination
Authors: Chen Zhangguo , Getahun Andrew , Chen Xiaomi , Dollin Yonatan , Cambier John C. , Wang Jing H. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Class switch recombination (CSR) generates isotype-switched Abs with distinct effector functions. B cells express phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and multiple isoforms of class IA PI3K catalytic subunits, including p110α and p110δ, whose roles in CSR remain unknown or controversial. In this article, we demonstrate a direct effect of PTEN on CSR signaling by acute deletion of Pten specifically in mature B cells, thereby excluding the developmental impact of Pten deletion. We show that mature B cell–specific PTEN overexpression enhances CSR. More importantly, we establish a critical role for p110α in CSR. Furthermore, we identify a cooperative role for p110α and p110δ in suppressing CSR. Mechanistically, dysregulation of p110α or PTEN inversely affects activation-induced deaminase expression via modulating AKT activity. Thus, our study reveals that a signaling balance between PTEN and PI3K isoforms is essential to maintain normal CSR.
The Reasons for the Failure of the Primary Arteriovenous Fistula Surgery in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Cheng Qian , Zhao Yang Jiu 
Published: October 2015

Purpose To analyze the reasons for the failure of the primary arteriovenous fistula surgery and explore preventive measures. Methods A total of 819 patients with end-stage renal disease were enrolled in the study. Autologous arteriovenous fistula surgery was performed on all patients. Their clinical data of hemoglobin (HB), albumin (ALB), cholesterol (CHOL), parathyroid hormone (PTH), blood glucose and blood pressure were collected before surgery, while the diameters of the radial artery and cephalic vein were measured by ultrasound. Results The operations in 742 patients were successful, but failed in 77 cases (accounting for 7.07%). The failure group was significantly older (61.3 ± 13.4 years) than the successful group (45.6 ± 11.2 years). The ratio of diabetes 36 (46.8%) and hypertension 20 (26.0%) was significantly higher in the failure group than in the successful group, respectively 235 (31.7%) and 145 (19.5%). The patients with blood pressure below 120/70 mm Hg had a higher risk of failed surgery (36.4%) than those with blood pressure above 120/70 mm Hg (9.16%). The cephalic vein and radial artery diameters were significantly smaller in the failure group (1.35 ± 0.64 mm, 2.13 ± 0.81 mm) than in the successful group (1.98 ± 0.47 mm, 2.47 ± 0.74 mm); the PTH levels in the failure group were significantly higher (782.39 ± 423.85) than in the successful group (378.83 ± 352.21). Conclusions The autogenous arteriovenous fistula surgery failure highly correlated with the patient's age, blood pressure, the primary disease and the vessel diameter. In addition, the PTH levels had a certain correlation with the failure of the fistula surgery.
NMDA Receptor Encephalitis with Cancer of Unknown Primary Origin
Authors: Çoban Arzu , Gündoğdu Gökçen , Poyraz Mürüvvet , Yegen Gülçin , Demirtaş-Tatlıdede Aslı , Bilgiç Başar , Hanagasi Hasmet A. , Tüzün Erdem , Gürvit Hakan 
Published: October 2015

Purpose N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis may present as a paraneoplastic syndrome in young women and is often associated with ovarian teratoma. Methods We report 2 male cases of NMDAR encephalitis presenting with metastatic cancer of unknown primary origin. Results Both patients showed cognitive dysfunction as well as other neurological symptoms, slow waves on EEG, and NMDAR antibodies in sera and CSF. Symptoms were effectively treated by pulse steroid and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. The patients developed metastatic small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the parotid gland and inguinal metastatic squamous cell cancer shortly after their neurological episodes. Follow-up PET studies showed small cell lung cancer in the first patient while no primary origin could be found in the second patient. Conlusions Our cases imply that NMDAR encephalitis may present with metastatic cancers that display slow progression rates and occur after encephalitis attacks.
Over mens- en wereldbeelden en hun bijbehorende misdaadrecht
Authors: Claessen J.A.A.C. 
Published: October 2015

On views of the world and man and their corresponding criminal law
Criminal law is embedded in a specific view of man and the world. This thesis implies that a change of the view of man and the world leads necessarily to a change of criminal law. Since our view of man and the world is constantly changing, the same applies for our law governing wrongful conduct. In this article is described how our view of man and the world has changed through the ages (during pre-modernity and modernity) and what changes have occurred under the influence thereof. Given the limited size of this article, a macro-perspective is utilized. At the end of the article, the author advocates a new (trans-modern) view of man and the world and a new corresponding law governing wrongful conduct.
Durven we de vrijheid nog wel aan?
Authors: de Wit T.W.A. 
Published: October 2015

Can we still deal with freedom? The contribution of a religious view of man to criminal law
The modern secular democratic state rests on a new portrayal of man and a new status of religions and other comprehensive doctrines compared to the period before the sixteenth and seventeenth century. In this new view of man, as incarnated in the modern rule of law, other persons and communities are no longer seen as a condition for personal aspirations and development, but rather as a limit. This is expressed in the ‘harm principle’ of the French Revolution and John Stuart Mill. Freedom is at the center of this new constellation, so the homogeneity of the state must be generated from below, by a free civil society and also by religious organizations and traditions. Three problematic developments since the nineteenth century make the Christian view of man as free, responsible and undefinable ‘image of God’ relevant: the zoological, ‘scientific’ description of man that reduces man to a risk factor and an object of security management; the disappearance of ‘innocent’ disasters and calamities that increases human responsibility and the temptation to blame ‘others’ for our faults; and the growing gap between a legal and a moral public response to criminal acts that opens the need for forgiveness.
Is de mens voor een biocriminoloog per definitie onvrij?
Authors: Cornet L.J.M. , de Kogel C.H. 
Published: October 2015

Does biocriminology per definition corrode the image of human beings as free?
Does biocriminology by definition corrode the image of human beings as ‘free’ in the sense of being autonomous and responsible? This article focuses on modern biocriminological research and discusses important aspects in which current biocriminological insights differ from historical perspectives on biology and criminal behaviour. Three aspects are discussed: plasticity, integration and conscious/unconscious processes. Illustrating their case with empirical research examples the authors argue that modern biocriminological research does not consider human beings as ‘unfree’. Instead, research shows that biological characteristics are subject to change and that biological insights are complementary to more traditional psychological and sociological perspectives. Finally, the authors argue that recognizing the biological influences on human behaviour should not be viewed as a threat to autonomy, but instead should be considered as an enrichment of our understanding of human behaviour, and may therefore even increase autonomy.
Voorbij goed en kwaad
Authors: Goedegebuure J.L. 
Published: October 2015

Beyond good and evil. The image of man behind ‘meaningless violence’ in literature and philosophy
This essay focuses on the parallels between the recently coined phrase ‘meaningless violence’ and the literary theme of the ‘acte gratuit’, developed by the French modernist author André Gide, but also represented in the novels of Dostojewski, Camus and Arnon Grunberg. From a philosophical perspective the acte gratuit can be connected with Nietzsche’s ‘Wille zur Macht’, but also with Bataille’s interpretation of violence as an expression of the will to break taboos and exceed the borders between the profane and the sacred.
Het veranderende mensbeeld in het strafrecht
Authors: Corstens G.J.M. 
Published: October 2015

Changing views of man in criminal law. A reflection based on experiences in the judiciary
In this article the author explains his optimistic view of humanity. He argues that a judge, like he was before, should always keep in mind that defendants and convicted people deserve a positive approach, even if this seems to be contrary to the general experience of recidivism. Criminal judges should never adopt an attitude of cynicism and being merciless. However, criminal justice has to take into account the interests of society in general, of victims and of accused and convicted people. Sometimes severe punishment is required in order to underline the rules we have to obey. But even then the judge has to consider whether there is hope. Pondering all the interests concerned is necessary. Sometimes pardoning is appropriate.
Total Synthesis of Crotophorbolone
Authors: Asaba Taro , Katoh Yuki , Urabe Daisuke , Inoue Masayuki 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe complex ABC‐tricyclic structure of crotophorbolone, a derivative of the tigliane diterpenoids, was assembled by coupling of simple fragments. The six‐membered C‐ring fragment, having five contiguous stereocenters, was stereoselectively constructed from (R)‐carvone. After attachment of the five‐membered A‐ring through the π‐allyl Stille coupling reaction, the α‐alkoxy bridgehead radical reaction effected the endo‐cyclization of the seven‐membered B‐ring by forming the sterically congested bond at C9 and C10 stereospecifically and stereoselectively, respectively. Finally, the functional groups on the 5/7/6‐membered ring system were manipulated by rhodium‐catalyzed C2 olefin isomerization, C13 decarboxylative oxidation, and C4 hydroxylation, thus completing the first total synthesis of crotophorbolone.
Assessing the influence of biofilm surface roughness on mass transfer by combining optical coherence tomography and two‐dimensional modeling
Authors: Li Chunyan , Wagner Michael , Lackner Susanne , Horn Harald 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTImaging and modeling are two major approaches in biofilm research to understand the physical and biochemical processes involved in biofilm development. However, they are often used separately. In this study we combined these two approaches to investigate substrate mass transfer and mass flux. Cross‐sectional biofilm images were acquired by means of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for biofilms grown on carriers. A 2D biofilm model was developed incorporating OCT images as well as a simplified biofilm geometry serving as structural templates. The model incorporated fluid flow, substrate transfer and biochemical conversion of substrates and simulated the hydrodynamics surrounding the biofilm structure as well as the substrate distribution. The method allowed detailed analysis of the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics at the micro‐scale. Biofilm activity with respect to substrate fluxes was compared among different combinations of flow, substrate availability and biomass density. The combined approach revealed that higher substrate fluxes at heterogeneous biofilm surface under two conditions: pure diffusion and when high flow velocity along the biofilms surface renders the whole liquid‐biofilm interface to be highly active. In‐between the two conditions the substrate fluxes across the surface of smooth biofilm geometry were higher than that of the heterogeneous biofilms. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 989–1000. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Highly Viscous Media: A Comparison between the Dispersive Agents [BMIM][BF4], L121, and Triton X‐100
Authors: Gasbarri Carla , Croce Fausto , Meschini Ida , Bowen Christopher H. , Marinelli Lisa , Di Stefano Antonio , Angelini Guido 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDispersions of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been prepared by using the room‐temperature ionic liquid [BMIM][BF4] (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate), the triblock copolymer Pluronic L121 [poly(ethylene oxide)5‐poly(propylene oxide)68‐poly(ethylene oxide)5] and the non‐ionic surfactant Triton X‐100 (TX100) in the pure state. The size of the SWNTs aggregates and the dispersion degree in the three viscous systems depend on the sonication time, as highlighted by UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy and optical microscopy analysis. A nonlinear increase in conductivity can be observed as a function of the SWNTs loading, as suggested by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The generation of a three‐dimensional network of SWNTs showing a viscoelastic gel‐like behavior above a critical percolation concentration has been found at 25 °C in all the investigated systems by oscillatory rheology measurements.
Oxidation and β‐Alkylation of Alcohols Catalysed by Iridium(I) Complexes with Functionalised N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands
Authors: Jiménez M. Victoria , Fernández‐Tornos Javier , Modrego F. Javier , Pérez‐Torrente Jesús J. , Oro Luis A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe borrowing hydrogen methodology allows for the use of alcohols as alkylating agents for CC bond forming processes offering significant environmental benefits over traditional approaches. Iridium(I)‐cyclooctadiene complexes having a NHC ligand with a O‐ or N‐functionalised wingtip efficiently catalysed the oxidation and β‐alkylation of secondary alcohols with primary alcohols in the presence of a base. The cationic complex [Ir(NCCH3)(cod)(MeIm(2‐ methoxybenzyl))][BF4] (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene, MeIm=1‐methylimidazolyl) having a rigid O‐functionalised wingtip, shows the best catalyst performance in the dehydrogenation of benzyl alcohol in acetone, with an initial turnover frequency (TOF0) of 1283 h−1, and also in the β‐alkylation of 2‐propanol with butan‐1‐ol, which gives a conversion of 94 % in 10 h with a selectivity of 99 % for heptan‐2‐ol. We have investigated the full reaction mechanism including the dehydrogenation, the cross‐aldol condensation and the hydrogenation step by DFT calculations. Interestingly, these studies revealed the participation of the iridium catalyst in the key step leading to the formation of the new CC bond that involves the reaction of an O‐bound enolate generated in the basic medium with the electrophilic aldehyde.
Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi Triosephosphate Isomerase with Concomitant Inhibition of Cruzipain: Inhibition of Parasite Growth through Multitarget Activity
Authors: Aguilera Elena , Varela Javier , Birriel Estefanía , Serna Elva , Torres Susana , Yaluff Gloria , de Bilbao Ninfa Vera , Aguirre‐López Beatriz , Cabrera Nallely , Díaz Mazariegos Selma , de Gómez‐Puyou Marieta Tuena , Gómez‐Puyou Armando , Pérez‐Montfort Ruy , Minini Lucia , Merlino Alicia , Cerecetto Hugo , González Mercedes , Alvarez Guzmán 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTriosephosphate isomerase (TIM) is an essential Trypanosoma cruzi enzyme and one of the few validated drug targets for Chagas disease. The known inhibitors of this enzyme behave poorly or have low activity in the parasite. In this work, we used symmetrical diarylideneketones derived from structures with trypanosomicidal activity. We obtained an enzymatic inhibitor with an IC50 value of 86 nm without inhibition effects on the mammalian enzyme. These molecules also affected cruzipain, another essential proteolytic enzyme of the parasite. This dual activity is important to avoid resistance problems. The compounds were studied in vitro against the epimastigote form of the parasite, and nonspecific toxicity to mammalian cells was also evaluated. As a proof of concept, three of the best derivatives were also assayed in vivo. Some of these derivatives showed higher in vitro trypanosomicidal activity than the reference drugs and were effective in protecting infected mice. In addition, these molecules could be obtained by a simple and economic green synthetic route, which is an important feature in the research and development of future drugs for neglected diseases.
Stainless‐Steel Ball‐Milling Method for Hydro‐/Deutero‐genation using H2O/D2O as a Hydrogen/Deuterium Source
Authors: Sawama Yoshinari , Kawajiri Takahiro , Niikawa Miki , Goto Ryota , Yabe Yuki , Takahashi Tohru , Marumoto Takahisa , Itoh Miki , Kimura Yuuichi , Monguchi Yasunari , Kondo Shin‐ichi , Sajiki Hironao 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA one‐pot continuous‐flow method for hydrogen (deuterium) generation and subsequent hydrogenation (deuterogenation) was developed using a stainless‐steel (SUS304)‐mediated ball‐milling approach. SUS304, especially zero‐valent Cr and Ni as constituents of the SUS304, and mechanochemical processing played crucial roles in the development of the reactions.
Acid‐ or Base‐Induced Rearrangements of Ferrocenyl‐Decorated Organotin Sulfide Cages
Authors: You Zhiliang , Harms Klaus , Dehnen Stefanie 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTreatment of keto‐functionalized organotin sulfide [(R1Sn)4S6] {A; R1 = C(Me)2CH2C(Me)O} or its derivative [(RfC1Sn)4S6] {B, RfC1 = fC[C(O)NH–N=(Me)CCH2(Me)2C]2} with acids or bases leads to a variety of novel organo‐functionalized tin sulfide/oxide cages. In addition to rearrangements of the inorganic core, the compounds comprise different organic decorations with ligands R2 = C(Me)2CH2C(Me)=N–NH2, RfC2 = [C(Me)2CH2C(Me)=N–NHC(O)]fC[C(–O)=N–N=C(Me)CH2(Me)2C], RfC3 = fC[C(–O)=N–N=C(Me)CH2(Me)2C]2, RfC4 = [C(Me)2CH2C(Me)=N–NHC(O)]fC[C(O)NH–NH2], and RfCO = [fC(COO)2]2–. We show how the reaction conditions influence the course of the reactions and hence the nature of the products, among them a series of mixed‐valent complexes based on [SnII(SnIV)2S4] defect‐heterocubane units.
Electrochemical Behavior and Voltammetric Determination of Curcumin at Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Zhang Dongdong , Ouyang Xiaoyan , Ma Jing , Li Lingzhi , Zhang Yanmin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis work presents a sensitive voltammetric method for determination of curcumin by using a electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) modified glass carbon electrode (GCE) in 100 mM KCl‐10 mM sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.40). The electrochemical behaviors of curcumin at ERGO/GCE were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, suggesting that the ERGO/GCE exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity towards curcumin, compared with bare GCE and GO/GCE electrodes. The electrochemical reaction mechanisms of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin at the ERGO/GCE were also investigated and discussed systematically. Under physiological condition, the modified electrode showed linear voltammetric response from 0.2 μM to 60.0 μM for curcumin, with the detection limit of 0.1 μm. This work demonstrates that the graphene‐modified electrode is a promising strategy for electrochemical determination of biological important phenolic compounds.