bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and properties of new clay-reinforced aromatic polyimide/nanocomposite-based 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride and 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)propane
Authors: Faghihi Khalil , Rahimi Amir , Feyzi Akram 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA series of poly(imide-ether)-clay nanocomposite materials-based 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride and 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)propane and layered sodium montmorillonite (MMT/Na+) clay were successfully prepared by in situ reaction through thermal imidization up to 200°C. Poly(amic acid) (6) was prepared through the reaction of 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)propane (4) and 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (5), and then a thermal plan of imidization was used for the synthesis of nanocomposite materials. The resulting nanocomposite films containing 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 wt.% of organoclay were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The introduction of organoclay in the polymer resulted in improved thermal stability.
Optoelectronic logic functions using optical bias controlled SiC multilayer devices
Authors: Vieira M. A. , Vieira M. , Silva V. , Louro P. , Barata M. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is the design of simple combinational optoelectronic circuit based on SiC technology, able to act simultaneously as a 4-bit binary encoder or a binary decoder in a 4-to-16 line configurations. The 4-bit binary encoder takes all the data inputs, one by one, and converts them to a single encoded output. The binary decoder decodes a binary input pattern to a decimal output code.The optoelectronic circuit is realized using a a-SiC:H double pin/pin photodetector with two front and back optical gates activated trough steady state violet background. Four red, green, blue and violet input channels impinge on the device at different bit sequences allowing 16 possible inputs. The device selects, through the violet background, one of the sixteen possible input logic signals and sends it to the output.Results show that the device acts as a reconfigurable active filter and allows optical switching and optoelectronic logic functions development. A relationship between the optical inputs and the corresponding digital output levels is established. A binary color weighted code that takes into account the specific weights assigned to each bit position establish the optoelectronic functions. A truth table of an encoder that performs 16-to-1 multiplexer (MUX) function is presented.
Mercury in Coal – Determination of Total Mercury in Steam Coals by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (Cv-Aas)
Authors: Okońska Anna , Uruski Łukasz , Górecki Jerzy , Gołaoe Janusz 
Published: June 2013

Streszczenie
Rtęć należy do najgroźniejszych globalnych zanieczyszczeń środowiska, nie jest biodegradowalna, a każdą z jej form należy uznać za toksyczną. Głównym źródłem antropogenicznej emisji rtęci i jej związków jest spalanie paliw stałych, dlatego bardzo ważne jest monitorowanie w nich poziomu jej stężenia.
W artykule przedstawiono procedurę oznaczania rtęci całkowitej w próbkach węgli energetycznych dos­tarczonych do analiz przez Tauron Wytwarzanie S.A. Zbadano 17 próbek węgli kamiennych pochodzących z 13 polskich kopalń, zlokalizowanych głównie na terenie Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego (GZW). Węgle kamienne wzbogacono metodami klasycznymi w separatorach cieczy ciężkiej, osadzarkach, cyklonach cieczy ciężkiej, separatorach zwojowych osadzarkach, cyklonach cieczy ciężkiej, separatorach zwojowych oraz za pomocą flotacji. Próbki analityczne węgli kamiennych przygotowano według polskiej normy PN-90/G-04502, obejmującej ich suszenie, rozdrabnianie, mieszanie, pomniejszanie i podział. Oznaczanie rtęci całkowitej przeprowadzono na próbkach analitycznych o uziarnieniu 0,2 mm. Węgle kamienne poddawano termalnemu rozkładowi w temperaturze 850°C w suchym, oczyszczonym na filtrze z węgla aktywnego powietrzu (0,5 l/min). Zawarta w węglach kamiennych rtęć dzięki katalizatorowi CuO ulegała atomizacji do par Hg0, które analizowano analizatorem rtęci MA-2000 Nippon Instruments Corporation (zakres pomiarowy 0-1000 ng, granica detekcji 0,002 ng), metodą atomowej spektrometrii absorpcyjnej z techniką zimnych par (CV-AAS). Najważniejszymi zaletami urządzenia jest możliwość pominięcia etapu mineralizacji próbki oraz sprzężenie MA-2000 z automatycznym podajnikiem próbek SC-3, co redukuje czas pojedynczego pomiaru do 7 minut. Kalibrację aparatury wykonano stosując metodę krzywej wzorcowej, przyjmując za typ regresji wielomian trzeciego stopnia. Poprawność procedury pomiarowej sprawdzono używając standardowych materiałów odniesienia SRM-2693 i SRM-2692c.
Wyniki badań wskazują na zawartość rtęci całkowitej w węglach kamiennych na poziomie 70,3-276,4 ppb. Metoda oznaczania rtęci całkowitej charakteryzuje się dobrą precyzją, względne odchylenie standardowe RSD wynosi 2-10%.
Opencast Mining of Limestone and Marl in Poland. Resources, Exploitation and State of Management of Deposits
Authors: Szewczyk Magdalena , Kacprzak Małgorzata 
Published: June 2013

Streszczenie
Rozbudowane górnictwo surowców skalnych w Polsce obejmuje przede wszystkim tereny południowej i centralnej części kraju. Szczególnie mocno rozwinięty jest tu przemysł wydobywczy surowców węglanowych, gdzie geologiczne zasoby bilansowe wapieni i margli na koniec 2011 r. wyniosły powyżej 18 mln t. W czołówce pod względem eksploatacji skał wapiennych znajduje się m.in. region opolski, krakowsko-częstochowsko-wie- luński, świętokrzyski i lubelski. Sektor cementowo-wapienniczy w tych regionach obejmuje największe kopalnie z rocznym wydobyciem przekraczającym 1 mln t/rok. Pod względem wielkości wydobycia górnictwo wapieni i margli w Polsce zajmuje znaczną pozycję z rocznym wydobyciem na poziomie 49 mln t/rok. Największy udział w wydobyciu wapieni i margli przypada dla województw: świętokrzyskiego powyżej 22 mln t/rok i opolskiego powyżej 9 mln t/rok. Zakłady górnicze eksploatujące kopaliny dla przemysłu cementowego i wapienniczego w całości są sprywatyzowane, a ich właścicielami są renomowane europejskie i światowe firmy, których in­westycje produkcyjne i proekologiczne powodują, że branża ta staje się jedną z najnowocześniejszych w Polsce. Pomimo postępującego rozwoju branży cementowo-wapienniczej stan zagospodarowania złóż wapieni i margli kształtuje się na średnim poziomie. Obecnie eksploatowanych jest około 33,6 % rozpoznanych złóż, gdzie udział złóż rozpoznanych zarówno wstępnie jak i szczegółowo, w zasobach geologicznych bilansowych, przekracza 60%. Na stan zagospodarowania surowców cementowo-wapienniczych mają wpływ przede wszystkim ogra­niczenia sozologiczne, z tego względu, że złoża często położone są w regionach o szczególnych wartościach przyrodniczych oraz wysokie koszty nabycia terenów i opłaty ponoszone w związku z koniecznością zmiany funkcji terenu. Dlatego często koszty związaneznabyciemterenuizmianąjego przeznaczeniaczyniąeksploatację złoża nieopłacalną.
Coal Economy in the International Markets of the Atlantic and the Pacific Regions
Authors: Grudziñski Zbigniew 
Published: June 2013

Streszczenie
Produkcja węgla kamiennego na świccic w 2011 roku wyniosła 6,65 mld ton i była yższa niż w roku 19900 około 3,2 mld ton (o 93%). W ciągu 2 1 lat średnic tempo wzrostu yniosło 3,2%. Od roku wzrost produkcji węgla uległ przyspieszeniu do 6,2%. Węgiel energetyczny miał w tym czasie około 85% udział w ydobyciu. Od 1990 roku zapotrzebowanie na energię wzrosło o 45%, w tym czasie zapotrzebowanie na energię z węgla wzrosło o 56%. Natomiast od roku 2000 wzrost zużycia energii z węgla jest największy spośród innych nośników energii. Średnioroczny wzrost dla węgla był na poziomic 3,9%. Obecnie około 15% wydobywanego węgla podlega wymianie handlowej. Dwa podstawowe rynki węgla kamiennego to region Pacyfiku i Atlantyku, które swoim udziałem obejmują około 80-85% całości wymiany handlowej tym surowcem. W wymianie węglem przeważa handel morski, a tylko 8% transportu węgla obywa się drogą lądową. Poziom obrotów węglem energetycznym w 2010 roku przekroczył 1 mld ton i w stosunku do roku 1990 wzrósł o 124%. Import węgla na rynki Azji 1 Pacyfiku wzrósł od roku 1990 prawic siedmiokrotnie, natomiast import regionu Europy wzrósł nieco ponad dwukrotnie. Transport morski odbywa się głownie statkami klasy panamax. Na świccic jest ponad 100 portów, przez które eksportuje się węgiel. Natomiast w krajach importerów węgiel rozładowywany jest w około 220 portach. Najważniejsze firmy produkujące najwięcej węgla na świccic to kompanie, do których należy zaliczyć: Coal India, dwie firmy z USA - Peabody i Arch oraz dwie firmy z Chin: Shenhua oraz China Coal.
Systematic Review of Interventions Used in Occupational Therapy to Promote Motor Performance for Children Ages Birth–5 Years
Authors: Case-Smith Jane , Frolek Clark Gloria J. , Schlabach Theresa L. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe examined the research evidence for interventions used in occupational therapy to promote the motor performance of young children ages 0–5 yr. We identified 24 trials, Levels I–III, that met our review criteria. The studies fell into three categories: (1) developmental interventions for infants (ages 0–3 yr), (2) interventions for young children with or at risk for cerebral palsy (CP), and (3) visual–motor interventions for preschool children (ages 3–5 yr). Developmental interventions showed low positive short-term effects with limited evidence for long-term effects, and findings on the benefits of neurodevelopmental treatment were inconclusive. Interventions using specific protocols for children with CP resulted in positive effects. Visual–motor interventions for children with developmental delays (ages 3–5 yr) resulted in short-term effects on children’s visual–motor performance. Of the intervention approaches used in occupational therapy, those that embed behavioral and learning principles appear to show positive effects.
Structural Analysis and Ion Translocation Mechanisms of the Muscle-Type Acetylcholine Receptor Channel
Authors: Ugolini Giovanni S. , Gautieri Alfonso , Redaelli Alberto , Soncini Monica 
Published: June 2013

Purpose The aim of this work is to analyze the conformational changes in the acetylcholine receptor caused by channel opening and to investigate the electrostatic profile during ion translocation through the channel. Methods A computational model of the human muscle-type acetylcholine receptor (AChR) was built and used to analyze channel structure and its interactions with different ions. Using the Torpedo AChR crystal structure as a homologous template, the 3D structure of the human muscle-type AChR was reconstructed. Results This first model is optimized and an open structure of the channel is generated using Normal Mode Analysis in order to assess morphologic and energetic differences between open and closed structures. In addition, the issue of ion translocation is investigated in further detail. Results elucidate different aspects of the channel: channel gate structure, channel interactions with translocating ions, differences between muscle-type AChR and previous neuronal-type AChR models. Conclusions The model constructed here is ideal for further computational studies on muscle-type AChR and its pathologic mutations.
Enhanced in Vitro Antitumor Activity of a Titanocene Complex Encapsulated into Polycaprolactone (PCL) Electrospun Fibers
Authors: Stanzione Mariamelia , Petillo Orsolina , Calarco Anna , Valarezo Eduardo , Napoli Mariagrazia , Longo Pasquale , Riccitiello Francesco , Vittoria Vittoria , Peluso Gianfranco 
Published: June 2013

Purpose The purpose of this work was to achieve detailed biomaterials characterization of a drug delivery system for local cancer treatment based on electrospun titanocene trichloride-loaded resorbable polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers. Methods The PCL fibers were characterized for their structural, morphologic and physical properties. The drug release kinetics of the titanocene complex was investigated at different concentrations, to obtain a set of correlations between structure and tuneable release. After exposing cancer cells directly onto the surface of PCL fibers, the anti-proliferative effects of titanocene-loaded PCL were assessed by: (i) counting viable cells via live/dead staining methods, and (ii) analyzing cell apoptosis. Results and Conclusions Titanocene concentration influenced fiber diameters reduced for PCL filled with titanocene. X-ray analysis suggested that the titanocene, encapsulated into the PCL fibers, is not allowed to crystallize and exists as amorphous aggregates into the fibers. The titanocene release curves presented two stages unrelated to PCL degradation: an initial burst release followed by a release linear with time, extending for a very long time. All of the titanocene-loaded fibers revealed sustained drug release properties suggesting their potential clinical applicability for the treatment of local cancer diseases.
Mantle transition zone thinning beneath eastern Africa: Evidence for a whole‐mantle superplume structure
Authors: Mulibo Gabriel D. , Nyblade Andrew A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractP to S conversions from the 410 and 660 km discontinuities observed in receiver function stacks reveal a mantle transition zone that is ~30–40 km thinner than the global average in a region ~200–400 km wide extending in a SW‐NE direction from central Zambia, across Tanzania and into Kenya. The thinning of the transition zone indicates a ~190–300 K thermal anomaly in the same location where seismic tomography models suggest that the lower mantle African superplume structure connects to thermally perturbed upper mantle beneath eastern Africa. This finding provides compelling evidence for the existence of a continuous thermal structure extending from the core‐mantle boundary to the surface associated with the African superplume.
Structure, Theoretical Studies, and Coupling Reactions of Some New Cyclic Boronic Esters
Authors: Kuttler Andrew , Durganala Sravanthi , Fratini Albert , Morgan Alexander B. , Benin Vladimir 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe present report describes the X‐ray structural and theoretical studies of some new pinacolboronate esters, and it also outlines the use of the target structures in Suzuki coupling reactions to produce new aromatic or heteroaromatic esters and amides. X‐ray structural analysis of the studied compounds revealed that the pinacolborane ring's position with respect to the benzene ring varies, depending on the particular environment. An ortho‐positioned carboxylic ester (methyl ester) causes a nearly perpendicular orientation of the pinacolborane unit with respect to the benzene ring, whereas an ortho‐positioned amide (N,N‐dimethylamide) causes the pinacolborane unit to orient itself nearly coplanar. A plausible explanation has been provided, based on both steric and electronic factors.
Maternal Report of Infant Emotional Well‐Being Following Their Infant's Hospitalization for Neonatal Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Jordan Brigid , Franich‐Ray Candice , Anderson Vicki , Northam Elisabeth , Albert Nadia , Cochrane Andrew , Menahem Samuel 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTLittle is known about the immediate impact of neonatal cardiac surgery on emotional and behavioral functioning in infancy. This exploratory, qualitative study investigated if infants who underwent cardiac surgery in the first 3 months of life exhibited emotional and behavioral dysregulation or traumatic stress responses. Ninety‐one infants and their mothers were recruited while inpatients. Mothers were interviewed about their perceptionof the impact of illness, surgery, and the hospitalizationon on their infant 4 weeks after discharge. Responses were analyzed by two coders using thematic analysis. Eighty‐three of the mothers interviewed described impacts on the infant, which emcompassed five themes: infant behavior (n = 44, 48%), emotions (n = 43, 47%), physical health (n = 31, 34%), relationship and social interaction (n = 27, 30%), and development (n = 18, 20%). Our expectation that there would be impacts in the period soon after neonatal cardiac surgery consistent with a pediatric medical traumatic stress response model was supported. Maternal report of infant well‐being following neonatal cardiac surgery delineated three groups of infants: those who appear unscathed; those who appear generally happy, but demonstrate specific alarm and avoidance responses in the presence of medical trauma; and those with significant problems in emotional regulation, behavioral regulation, or both.
Strain Dependence of the Uniaxial Compression Response of Vegetable Shortening
Authors: Gonzalez‐Gutierrez Joamin , Scanlon Martin G. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMany soft food materials, including vegetable shortening, exhibit complex rheological behavior. For shortening, a precise determination of rheological behavior is necessary to understand its functionality as a food ingredient. Commercial vegetable shortening was subjected to monotonic and cyclic uniaxial compression tests at a wide range of loading rates. The elastic modulus determined from unloading was a function of strain, varying between 740 kPa in the shortening's strain hardening region to 220 kPa at large strain where perfect plasticity had developed. Visual analysis of shortening specimens during the compression process showed that a rate‐dependent stress overshoot was attributable to the development of a shear band following strain hardening. An elastoviscoplastic constitutive model was developed to define the complex rate‐dependent compression response of vegetable shortening. Using the fundamental parameters obtained from the different types of compression tests, the proposed model accurately predicted the uniaxial compression response of vegetable shortening over a wide range (three decades) of compression rates. A model with predictive capabilities of large strain properties is desirable because shortening is subject to large strain in essentially all applications.
Communicative intentions can modulate the linguistic perception-action link
Authors: Kashima Yoshihisa , Bekkering Harold , Kashima Emiko S. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAlthough applauding Pickering & Garrod's (P&G's) attempt to ground language use in the ideomotor perception-action link, which provides an “infrastructure” of embodied social interaction, we suggest that it needs to be complemented by an additional control mechanism that modulates its operation in the service of the language users' communicative intentions. Implications for intergroup relationships and intercultural communication are discussed.
Preparing to be punched: Prediction may not always require inference of intentions
Authors: Kreysa Helene 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPickering & Garrod's (P&G's) framework assumes an efference copy based on the interlocutor's intentions. Yet, elaborate attribution of intentions may not always be necessary for online prediction. Instead, contextual cues such as speaker gaze can provide similar information with a lower demand on processing resources.
Documenting violations of international humanitarian law from space: a critical review of geospatial analysis of satellite imagery during armed conflicts in Gaza (2009), Georgia (2008), and Sri Lanka (2009)
Authors: Lyons Joshua 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSince the launch of the first commercial very high resolution satellite sensor in 1999 there has been a growing awareness and application of space technology for the remote identification of potential violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. As examined in the three cases of armed conflict in Gaza, Georgia, and Sri Lanka, analysis of satellite imagery was able to provide investigators with independent, verifiable, and compelling evidence of serious violations of international humanitarian law. Also examined are the important limitations to such imagery-based analysis, including the larger technical, analytical, and political challenges facing the humanitarian and human rights community for conducting satellite-based analysis in the future.
The use of alternative polyadenylation sites renders integrin β1 (Itgb1) mRNA isoforms with differential stability during mammary gland development
Authors: Naipauer Julian , Gattelli Albana , Degese Maria Sol , Slomiansky Victoria , Wertheimer Eva , Lamarre Jonathan , Castilla Lucio , Abba Martin , Kordon Edith C. , Coso Omar A. 
Published: June 2013

Integrins are heterodimeric cell-surface adhesion receptors that play a critical role in tissue development. Characterization of the full-length mRNA encoding the β1 subunit (Itgb1) revealed an alternative functional cleavage and polyadenylation site that yields a new Itgb1 mRNA isoform 578 bp shorter than that previously reported. Using a variety of experimental and bioinformatic approaches, we found that the two Itgb1 isoforms are expressed at different levels in a variety of mouse tissues, including the mammary gland, where they are differentially regulated at successive developmental stages. The longer mRNA species is prevelant during lactation, whereas the shorter is induced after weaning. In 3D cultures, where expression of integrin β1 protein is required for normal formation of acini, experimental blockade of the longer isoform induced enhanced expression of the shorter species which allowed normal morphological mammary differentiation. The short isoform lacks AU-rich motifs and miRNA target sequences that are potentially implicated in the regulation of mRNA stability and translation efficiency. We further determined that the AU-binding protein HuR appears to selectively stabilize the longer isoform in the mammary gland. In summary, the results of the present study identify a new regulatory instance involved in the fine-tuning of Itgb1 expression during mammary gland development and function.