bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Type III home sleep testing versus pulse oximetry: is the respiratory disturbance index better than the oxygen desaturation index to predict the apnoea-hypopnoea index measured during laboratory polysomnography?
Authors: Dawson Arthur , Loving Richard T , Gordon Robert M , Abel Susan L , Loewy Derek , Kripke Daniel F , Kline Lawrence E 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesIn its guidelines on the use of portable monitors to diagnose obstructive sleep apnoea, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine endorses home polygraphy with type III devices recording at a minimum airflow the respiratory effort and pulse oximetry, but advises against simple pulse oximetry. However, oximetry is widely available and simple to use in the home. This study was designed to compare the ability of the oxygen desaturation index (ODI) based on oximetry alone with a stand-alone pulse oximeter (SPO) and from the oximetry channel of the ApneaLink Plus (ALP), with the respiratory disturbance index (RDI) based on four channels from the ALP to predict the apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) from laboratory polysomnography.DesignCross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study.SettingSleep medicine practice of a multispecialty clinic.ParticipantsPatients referred for laboratory polysomnography with suspected sleep apnoea. We enrolled 135 participants with 123 attempting the home sleep testing and 73 having at least 4 hours of satisfactory data from SPO and ALP.InterventionsParticipants had home testing performed simultaneously with both a SPO and an ALP. The 2 oximeter probes were worn on different fingers of the same hand. The ODI for the SPO was calculated using Profox software (ODISOX). For the ALP, RDI and ODI were calculated using both technician scoring (RDIMANand ODIMAN) and the ALP computer scoring (RDIRAWand ODIRAW).ResultsThe receiver–operator characteristic areas under the curve for AHI ≥5 were RDIMAN0.88 (95% confidence limits 0.81–0.96), RDIRAW0.86 (0.76–0.94), ODIMAN0.86 (0.77–0.95), ODIRAW0.84 (0.75–0.93) and ODISOX0.83 (0.73–0.93).ConclusionsWe conclude that the RDI and the ODI, measured at home on the same night, give similar predictions of the laboratory AHI, measured on a different night. The differences between the two methods are small compared with the reported night-to-night variation of the AHI.
Cause, nature and care-seeking behaviour for injuries among community-dwelling older adults, USA, 2004–2013
Authors: Xu Dongjuan , Drew Julia A Rivera 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo describe the cause and nature of injuries, and care-seeking behaviour following injury, among community-dwelling older adults.MethodsWe used 10 years of the nationally representative Integrated Health Interview Series data, providing information on individual characteristics, cause and nature of injuries, and care-seeking behaviour for 3074 adults 65 years of age and older. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to evaluate overall patterns and test for group-level differences.ResultsApproximately 40% of injuries were characterised as hip fracture, head injury and/or other fracture, with the remaining 60% consisting of other, milder types of injuries like bruises, strains and sprains. Fifty-eight per cent of injuries required a visit to the emergency room or transportation via an emergency vehicle, and 19% required hospitalisation. Injuries sustained in a fall were more likely to be serious than those due to other reasons. Older women, those ages 80+, those living with others with no spouse or partner present and those with activities of daily living/instrumental activities of daily living disabilities were more vulnerable to serious injuries and serious injury consequences relative to other older adults.ConclusionsOur results suggest that injuries, especially falls, are a pressing public health concern for the growing population of older adults. Injury prevention outreach should take extra measures to reach certain subgroups of older adults that have been identified as especially vulnerable. Because so many injuries are due to reasons other than falling and/or do not result in hospitalisation, more interventions should be designed for general injury prevention and outpatient settings.
Use of tylvalosin in the control of porcine enzootic pneumonia
Authors: Pallarés F. J. , Lasa C. , Roozen M. , Ramis G. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of tylvalosin (Aivlosin Water Soluble Granules, ECO Animal Health) in drinking water for control of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M hyo) on a farm with chronic enzootic pneumonia (EP) problems and high prevalence of mycoplasma‐like lesions at slaughter.DesignOn a 4000‐sow farm in the southeast of Spain, 1500 animals of same age were randomly divided into two groups: 900 pigs in the treated group (TG) and 600 pigs in the non‐treated control group (CG). TG was medicated for seven days with tylvalosin in drinking water (2.5 mg tylvalosin/kg bodyweight (BW)) at weaning (from 21st to 28th day of life) and a second treatment when moved to finisher barn (from 63rd to 70th day of life).ResultsIn the TG, there was a significant reduction in the severity (P<0.001) and number of animals with lung lesions (P<0.001) compared with CG. TG had an increased average daily gain and decreased average number of days in finishing. TG had a lower average carcase weight, but improved homogeneity. M hyo was not detected by q‐PCR in samples, taken from lungs with characteristic EP lesions in the TG (0/9), in contrast to the CG (8/9 positive).ConclusionsA strategic medication with Aivlosin at 2.5 mg tylvalosin/kg BW in drinking water for seven days at weaning and when moved to finisher barn significantly reduces mycoplasma‐like lung lesions and improves productivity parameters.
Proteolysis of EphA2 Converts It from a Tumor Suppressor to an Oncoprotein
Authors: Koshikawa Naohiko , Hoshino Daisuke , Taniguchi Hiroaki , Minegishi Tomoko , Tomari Taizo , Nam Sung-Ouk , Aoki Mikiko , Sueta Takayuki , Nakagawa Takashi , Miyamoto Shingo , Nabeshima Kazuki , Weaver Alissa M. , Seiki Motoharu 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases are considered candidate therapeutic targets in cancer, but they can exert opposing effects on cell growth. In the presence of its ligands, Eph receptor EphA2 suppresses signaling by other growth factor receptors, including ErbB, whereas ligand-independent activation of EphA2 augments ErbB signaling. To deploy EphA2-targeting drugs effectively in tumors, the anti-oncogenic ligand-dependent activation state of EphA2 must be discriminated from its oncogenic ligand-independent state. Because the molecular basis for the latter is little understood, we investigated how the activation state of EphA2 can be switched in tumor tissue. We found that ligand-binding domain of EphA2 is cleaved frequently by the membrane metalloproteinase MT1-MMP, a powerful modulator of the pericellular environment in tumor cells. EphA2 immunostaining revealed a significant loss of the N-terminal portion of EphA2 in areas of tumor tissue that expressed MT1-MMP. Moreover, EphA2 phosphorylation patterns that signify ligand-independent activation were observed specifically in these areas of tumor tissue. Mechanistic experiments revealed that processing of EphA2 by MT1-MMP promoted ErbB signaling, anchorage-independent growth, and cell migration. Conversely, expression of a proteolysis-resistant mutant of EphA2 prevented tumorigenesis and metastasis of human tumor xenografts in mice. Overall, our results showed how the proteolytic state of EphA2 in tumors determines its effector function and influences its status as a candidate biomarker for targeted therapy. Cancer Res; 75(16); 3327–39. ©2015 AACR.
Stem Cell Transfusion Restores Immune Function in Radiation-Induced Lymphopenic C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Kapoor Vaishali , Khudanyan Arpine , de la Puente Pilar , Campian Jian , Hallahan Dennis E. , Azab Abdel Kareem , Thotala Dinesh 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Radiation-induced lymphopenia (RIL) is associated with treatment of different tumors (lung, colon, pancreas, breast, sarcomas, and glioblastoma). It is a significant clinical problem affecting the survival of cancer patients. The biologic mechanisms leading to RIL are not clearly understood. In this study, we established a mouse model of RIL representing therapeutic clinical regimen for lung cancer. Flow cytometry was used to analyze circulating levels of T and B cells and bone marrow (BM) stem cells. We found that fractionated radiation to the thorax significantly reduced circulating T and B cells as well as BM stem cells. Ex-vivo irradiation of blood and autologous reinjection to mice also significantly induced lymphopenia. Furthermore, we found that mobilization of stem cells from the BM and autologous stem cell transplant rescued RIL in mice. Overall, our results suggest that RIL has not only direct effect on circulating lymphocytes, but also has indirect effect on circulating lymphocytes as well as stem cells in the nonirradiated BM. These results open a new window for investigating the direct and indirect biologic mechanisms leading to RIL, and provide a preclinical basis to test the effect of stem cell transplantation for treatment of RIL in cancer patients. Cancer Res; 75(17); 3442–5. ©2015 AACR.
Dietary γ-Tocopherol–Rich Mixture Inhibits Estrogen-Induced Mammary Tumorigenesis by Modulating Estrogen Metabolism, Antioxidant Response, and PPARγ
Authors: Das Gupta Soumyasri , Sae-tan Sudathip , Wahler Joseph , So Jae Young , Bak Min Ji , Cheng Larry C. , Lee Mao-Jung , Lin Yong , Shih Weichung Joe , Shull James D. , Safe Stephen , Yang Chung S. , Suh Nanjoo 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This study evaluated the anticancer activity and mechanism of action of a γ-tocopherol–rich tocopherol mixture, γ-TmT, in two different animal models of estrogen-induced breast cancer. The chemopreventive effect of γ-TmT at early (6 weeks), intermediate (18 weeks), and late (31 weeks) stages of mammary tumorigenesis was determined using the August-Copenhagen Irish rat model. Female rats receiving 17β-estradiol (E2) implants were administered with different doses (0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%) of γ-TmT diet. Treatment with 0.3% and 0.5% γ-TmT decreased tumor volume and multiplicity. At 31 weeks, serum concentrations of E2 were significantly decreased by γ-TmT. γ-TmT preferentially induced expression of the E2-metabolizing enzyme CYP1A1, over CYP1B1 in the rat mammary tissues. Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response was stimulated by γ-TmT, as evident from enhanced expression of its downstream targets, NQO1, GCLM, and HMOX1. Serum concentrations of the oxidative stress marker, 8-isoprostane, were also decreased in the γ-TmT–treated groups. Treatment with γ-TmT increased expression of PPARγ and its downstream genes, PTEN and p27, whereas the cell proliferation marker, PCNA, was significantly reduced in γ-TmT–treated mammary tumors. In an orthotopic model in which human MCF-7 breast cancer cells were injected into the mammary fat pad of immunodeficient mice, γ-TmT inhibited E2-dependent tumor growth at all the doses tested. In conclusion, γ-TmT reduced mammary tumor development, in part through decreased E2 availability and reduced oxidative stress in mammary tissues; γ-TmT could thus be an effective agent for the prevention and treatment of E2-induced breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 8(9); 807–16. ©2015 AACR.
IL-4 Is Required for Sex Differences in Vulnerability to Focal Ischemia in Mice
Authors: Xiong Xiaoxing , Xu Lijun , Wei Liang , White Robin E. , Ouyang Yi-Bing , Giffard Rona G. 
Published: July 2015

Background and Purpose—
Interleukin (IL)-4 protects from middle cerebral artery occlusion in male mice. Females generally show less injury in response to the same ischemic challenge, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We tested the importance of IL-4 in female protection using IL-4 knockout (KO) mice.

Methods—
IL-4 KO and wild-type (WT) mice of both sexes were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Infarct volume was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and neurobehavioral outcome by neuroscore. T cell proliferation was assessed after Concanavalin A exposure. Ischemic brain immune cell populations were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and immunostaining.

Results—
Infarction in WT females during estrus and proestrus phases was significantly smaller than in males; neurological score was better. Infarction volume was larger and neurological score worse in IL-4 KO compared with WT in both sexes, with no sex difference. Proliferation of T cells was inhibited in WT females with higher proliferation and no sex difference in IL-4 KO. Macrophage numbers and total T cells in the ischemic hemisphere were lower in WT females, and monocytes increased markedly in IL-4 KOs with no sex difference. The reduced macrophage infiltration in WT-females was predominantly M2. Loss of IL-4 increased CD68+ and iNOS+ cells and reduced YM1+ and Arg1+ cells in both sexes.

Conclusions—
IL-4 is required for female neuroprotection during the estrus phase of the estrus cycle. Protected WT females show a predominance of M2-activated microglia/macrophages and reduced inflammatory infiltration. Increasing macrophage M2 polarization, with or without added inhibition of infiltration, may be a new approach to stroke treatment.
Five-Year Outcome in Stroke Patients Submitted to Thrombolysis
Authors: Machado Célia , Pinho João , Alves José Nuno , Santos Ana Filipa , Ferreira Maria do Céu , Abreu Maria João , Oliveira Liliana , Mota João , Fontes João Ramalho , Ferreira Carla 
Published: July 2015

Background and Purpose—
Little is known on long-term follow-up after thrombolysis in ischemic stroke patients because the majority of studies evaluated outcome at 3 to 12 months. We aimed to assess 5-year outcome after intravenous thrombolysis (IVT).

Methods—
Cohort study based on the prospective registry of all consecutive ischemic stroke patients submitted to IVT in our Stroke Unit. Five-year outcome, including living settings, functional outcome, stroke recurrence, and mortality, was ascertained by telephonic interviews and additional review of clinical records. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of outcome and mortality. Excellent outcome was defined as modified Rankin scale 0 to 1.

Results—
Five-year outcome was available for 155/164 patients submitted to IVT. At 5 years, 32.9% of patients had an excellent outcome (95% confidence interval (CI) =25.5–43.3) and mortality was 43.9% (95%CI=36.1–51.7). Increasing age (odds ratio =0.93, 95% CI =0.90–0.97) and increasing National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 24 h after thrombolysis (odds ratio =0.81, 95% CI =0.74–0.90) were independently associated with a lower likelihood of an excellent 5-year outcome. Age (hazards ratio =1.07, 95% CI =1.03–1.11) and excellent functional outcome 3 months after thrombolysis (hazards ratio =0.28, 95%CI=0.12–0.66) were independently associated with mortality during follow-up.

Conclusions—
One third of ischemic stroke patients have excellent 5-year outcome after IVT. Younger age, lower NIHSS 24 h after IVT, and excellent 3-month functional outcome are independent predictors of excellent 5-year outcome.
Proteinuria, but Not eGFR, Predicts Stroke Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Sandsmark Danielle K. , Messé Steven R. , Zhang Xiaoming , Roy Jason , Nessel Lisa , Lee Hamm Lotuce , He Jiang , Horwitz Edward J. , Jaar Bernard G. , Kallem Radhakrishna R. , Kusek John W. , Mohler Emile R. , Porter Anna , Seliger Stephen L. , Sozio Stephen M. , Townsend Raymond R. , Feldman Harold I. , Kasner Scott E. 
Published: July 2015

Background and Purpose—
Chronic kidney disease is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, the impact of chronic kidney disease on cerebrovascular disease is less well understood. We hypothesized that renal function severity would be predictive of stroke risk, independent of other vascular risk factors.

Methods—
The study population included 3939 subjects enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study, a prospective observational cohort. Stroke events were reported by participants and adjudicated by 2 vascular neurologists. Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare measures of baseline renal function with stroke events. Multivariable analysis was performed to adjust for key covariates.

Results—
In 3939 subjects, 143 new stroke events (0.62 events per 100 person-years) occurred over a mean follow-up of 6.4 years. Stroke risk was increased in subjects who had worse baseline measurements of renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate and total proteinuria or albuminuria). When adjusted for variables known to influence stroke risk, total proteinuria or albuminuria, but not estimated glomerular filtration rate, were associated with an increased risk of stroke. Treatment with blockers of the renin–angiotensin system did not decrease stroke risk in individuals with albuminuria.

Conclusions—
Proteinuria and albuminuria are better predictors of stroke risk in patients with chronic kidney disease than estimated glomerular filtration rate. The impact of therapies targeting proteinuria/albuminuria in individuals with chronic kidney disease on stroke prevention warrants further investigation.
Toward the Dynamical Convergence on the Jet Stream in Aquaplanet AGCMs
Authors: Lu Jian , Chen Gang , Leung L. Ruby , Burrows D. Alex , Yang Qing , Sakaguchi Koichi , Hagos Samson 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Systematic sensitivity of the jet position and intensity to horizontal model resolution is identified in several aquaplanet AGCMs, with the coarser resolution producing a more equatorward eddy-driven jet and a stronger upper-tropospheric jet intensity. As the resolution of the models increases to 50 km or finer, the jet position and intensity show signs of convergence within each model group. The mechanism for this convergence behavior is investigated using a hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian finite-amplitude wave activity budget developed for the upper-tropospheric absolute vorticity. The results suggest that the poleward shift of the eddy-driven jet with higher resolution can be attributed to the smaller effective diffusivity of the model in the midlatitudes that allows more wave activity to survive the dissipation and to reach the subtropical critical latitude for wave breaking. The enhanced subtropical wave breaking and associated irreversible vorticity mixing act to maintain a more poleward peak of the vorticity gradient, and thus a more poleward jet. Being overdissipative, the coarse-resolution AGCMs misrepresent the nuanced nonlinear aspect of the midlatitude eddy–mean flow interaction, giving rise to the equatorward bias of the eddy-driven jet. In accordance with the asymptotic behavior of effective diffusivity of Batchelor turbulence in the large Peclet number limit, the upper-tropospheric effective diffusivity of the aquaplanet AGCMs displays signs of convergence in the midlatitude toward a value of approximately 107 m2 s−1 for the ∇2 diffusion. This provides a dynamical underpinning for the convergence of the jet stream observed in these AGCMs at high resolution.
Evaluation of urine fibrinogen level in a murine model of contrast-induced nephropathy
Authors: Yao Luyu , Dong Honglin , Zhao Cynthia X , Gu Xin , Tan Tze-W , Hamidian Jahromi Alireza , Zhang Wayne W 
Published: July 2015

Objective The mechanisms of contrast-induced nephropathy are not fully understood and sensitive biomarkers of contrast-induced nephropathy are yet to be found. We investigated whether urinary fibrinogen could be a potential biomarker for contrast-induced nephropathy. Methods To create a contrast-induced nephropathy model, mice received a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor (indomethacin) and a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) intraperitoneally followed by a different dose of iodixanol. In the control group, normal saline was administered. Urinary fibrinogen and serum creatinine were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Kidneys were used to quantify fibrinogen using qRT-PCR and Western blot and for histopathological examination. Results Histopathological examination demonstrated mild renal injury in the low-dose group, and moderate renal injury in the high-dose group. Urinary fibrinogen levels were significantly increased in an iodixanol dose-dependent manner (control vs. low-dose group, P < 0.05; control vs. high-dose group P < 0.01). Serum creatinine levels were only increased in the high-dose group (P < 0.01 compared to control), but not in the low-dose group. For fibrinogen-gene expression, in the low-dose group, Fgγ increased (qRT-PCR, Western blot, P < 0.05) in the high-dose group, Fgβ and Fgγ decreased (qRT-PCR, P < 0.01; Western blot, P < 0.05), and Fgα increased (qRT-PCR, P < 0.05; Western blot, P < 0.05). Conclusions We propose that urinary fibrinogen could be used as a potential biomarker for early contrast-induced nephropathy diagnosis.
Clinical experience with everolimus in the second-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Alesini Daniele , Mosillo Claudia , Naso Giuseppe , Cortesi Enrico , Iacovelli Roberto 
Published: July 2015

Everolimus is an oral inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR-I) and is currently approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) after failure of first-line vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). In this narrative review, we aim to report the available evidence about the use of everolimus as second-line therapy for mRCC. A literature search was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE and abstracts from major conferences on clinical oncology as sources. We report data from prospective as well as retrospective and real world data studies and we analyze the safety and efficacy profile of everolimus as second-line therapy for mRCC. Although different drugs are currently available for the second-line treatment of mRCC, everolimus represents a feasible and safe option in this setting, especially for patients who have experienced high-grade toxicity or are still carrying TKI-related toxicities from first-line treatment.