bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D pseudo‐seismic imaging of transient electromagnetic data – a feasibility study
Authors: Xue G.Q. , Gelius L.‐J. , Xiu L. , Qi Z.P. , Chen W.Y. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTWe investigate a pseudo‐seismic approach based on the so‐called inverse Q‐transform as an alternative way of processing transient electromagnetic (TEM) data. This technique transforms the diffusive TEM response into that of propagating waves obeying the standard wave‐equation. These transformed data can be input into standard seismic migration schemes with the potential of giving higher resolution subsurface images. Such images contain geometrical and qualitative information about the medium but no quantitative results are obtained as in model‐based inversion techniques. These reconstructed images can be used directly for geological interpretation or in further constraining possible inversions. We extend the original Q‐transform based on an electrical‐source formulation to the case of a large‐loop TEM source. Moreover, an efficient discrete version of the inverse of this modified Q‐transform is presented using a regularization method. Application of this inverse transform to the measured TEM responses gives the corresponding pseudo‐seismic data, which are input into a 3D migration scheme. We then use a 3D boundary element type of Kirchhoff migration to ensure high computational efficiency. This proposed method was applied to both synthetic data as well as field measurements taken from an engineering geology survey. The results indicate that the resolution of the TEM data is significantly improved when compared with standard apparent‐resistivity plots, demonstrating that higher resolution 3D transient electromagnetic imaging is feasible using this method.
A Bayesian approach for estimating detection times in horses: exploring the pharmacokinetics of a urinary acepromazine metabolite
Authors: Mcgree J. M. , Noble G. , Schneiders F. , Dunstan A. J. , Mckinney A. R. , Boston R. , Sillence M. 
Published: January 2013

We describe the population pharmacokinetics of an acepromazine (ACP) metabolite (2‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)promazine) (HEPS) in horses for the estimation of likely detection times in plasma and urine.ACP(30 mg) was administered to 12 horses, and blood and urine samples were taken at frequent intervals for chemical analysis. A Bayesian hierarchical model was fitted to describe concentration–time data and cumulative urine amounts forHEPS. The metaboliteHEPSwas modelled separately from the parentACPas the half‐life of the parent was considerably less than that of the metabolite. The clearance (Cl/FPM) and volume of distribution (V/FPM), scaled by the fraction of parent converted to metabolite, were estimated as 769 L/h and 6874 L, respectively. For a typical horse in the study, after receiving 30 mg ofACP, the upper limit of the detection time was 35 h in plasma and 100 h in urine, assuming an arbitrary limit of detection of 1 lg/L and a small (≈0.01) probability of detection. The model derived allowed the probability of detection to be estimated at the population level. This analysis was conducted on data collected from only 12 horses, but we assume that this is representative of the wider population.
Pathological and biochemical outcomes after radical prostatectomy in men with low‐risk prostate cancer meeting the Prostate Cancer International: Active Surveillance criteria
Authors: Mitsuzuka Koji , Narita Shintaro , Koie Takuya , Kaiho Yasuhiro , Tsuchiya Norihiko , Yoneyama Takahiro , Kakoi Narihiko , Kawamura Sadafumi , Tochigi Tatsuo , Habuchi Tomonori , Ohyama Chikara , Arai Yoichi 
Published: January 2013

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?
Active surveillance has been widely accepted as a treatment tool for low‐risk prostate cancer, and use of the Prostate Cancer Research International: Active Surveillance (PRIAS) criteria can select smaller and less aggressive tumours in low‐risk disease.
The study shows the pathological outcomes of radical prostatectomy for patients with low‐risk disease who met the PRIAS criteria. It found that ∼20% had unfavourable pathological features and only 30% satisfied insignificant cancer criteria with pT2 stage, a Gleason score ≤6 and tumour volume <2.5 mL. It concludes that close follow‐up including repeat biopsy or MRI is necessary to minimize unexpected progression of disease.
Objective
To assess the effectiveness of the Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance (PRIAS) criteria in identifying indolent cancer.
Patients and Methods
Data from 1268 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy without neoadjuvant therapy were retrospectively reviewed.
Within this cohort, patients with low‐risk disease (n = 211) were classified according to whether they met (Group A, n = 87) or did not meet (Group B, n = 124) the PRIAS criteria.
Pathological upstaging, upgrading, tumour volume and 5‐year prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) recurrence‐free survival were compared between the two groups, and factors that predicted upstaging, upgrading and PSA recurrence were analysed by univariate and multivariate methods.
Results
Pathological T3 stage was present in 10.3% of patients in Group A and in 18.5% of patients in Group B (P = 0.08). Gleason score upgrading to 4+3 or greater was seen in 19.5% of Group A and in 29.9% of Group B (P = 0.01).
The mean (range) tumour volume was 0.81 (0.03–5.09) mL in Group A and 1.40 (0.04–8.21) mL in Group B (P < 0.01). The rates of insignificant cancer with total tumour volume <2.5 mL, Gleason score ≤6 and stage pT2 were 30.6% in Group A and 15.4% in Group B (P = 0.07).
With a median follow‐up of 44 months, the 5‐year PSA recurrence‐free survival rates were 91.2% in Group A and 86.4% in Group B (P = 0.47).
In multivariate analysis, PSA density and the PRIAS criteria were independent factors that predicted upstaging.
Conclusions
Although use of the PRIAS criteria could select more favourable tumours even in low‐risk prostate cancer, about one in five men had unfavourable pathological outcomes and only three in ten had insignificant cancer.
Close and careful follow‐up is necessary to avoid misclassification or progression of disease, especially during the first few years of active surveillance.
Ethanol‐Induced Mast Cell‐Mediated Inflammation Leads to Increased Susceptibility of Intestinal Tumorigenesis in the APCΔ468 Min Mouse Model of Colon Cancer
Authors: Wimberly Andre L. , Forsyth Christopher B. , Khan Mohammad W. , Pemberton Alan , Khazaie Khashayarsha , Keshavarzian Ali 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundChronic and frequent alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) intake has been associated with an increased incidence of several types of cancers including breast, mouth, throat, esophageal, stomach, and colorectal (CRC). The underlying mechanism of this deleterious carcinogenic effect of alcohol has not been clearly established but inflammation may be 1 unifying feature of these cancers. We have recently shown that intestinal mast cells play a central role in intestinal carcinogenesis. In this study, we tested our hypothesis that mast cell‐mediated inflammation is 1 underlying mechanism by which chronic alcohol promotes intestinal tumorigenesis.MethodsAPCΔ468 mice were fed either an alcohol‐containing Nanji liquid diet or isocaloric dextrose‐containing Nanji diet for 10 weeks and then sacrificed to collect small and large intestine samples. Assessments of tumor number and size as well as mast cell number and mast cell activity and histology score for invasion were compared between Control (dextrose‐fed) and alcohol‐fed APC∆468 mice. The effect of alcohol on mast cell‐mediated tumor migration was also assessed using an in vitro migration assay.ResultsAlcohol feeding increased both polyp number and size within both the small and the large intestines of APC∆468 mice. Only alcohol‐fed mice showed evidence of tumor invasion. Chronic alcohol feeding also resulted in an increased mast cell number and activity in tumor stroma and invading borders. In vitro migration assay showed that alcohol significantly increases mast cell‐mediated tumor migration in vitro.ConclusionsOur data show that chronic alcohol intake promotes: (i) intestinal tumorigenesis and tumor invasion in genetically susceptible mice; (ii) increases in polyp‐associated mast cells; and (iii) mast cell‐mediated tumor migration in vitro. Both our in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that mast cell‐mediated inflammation could be 1 mechanism by which alcohol promotes carcinogenesis.
Collaborative Care Management Reduces Disparities in Dementia Care Quality for Caregivers with Less Education
Authors: Brown Arleen F. , Vassar Stefanie D. , Connor Karen I. , Vickrey Barbara G. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesTo examine educational gradients in dementia care and whether the effect of a dementia collaborative care management intervention varied according to the educational attainment of the informal caregiver.DesignAnalysis of data from a cluster‐randomized controlled trial.SettingEighteen clinics in three healthcare organizations in southern California.ParticipantsDyads of Medicare recipients aged 65 and older with a diagnosis of dementia and an eligible caregiver.InterventionCollaborative care management for dementia.MeasurementsCaregiver educational attainment, adherence to four dimensions of guideline‐recommended processes of dementia care (assessment, treatment, education and support, and safety) before and after the intervention, and the adjusted intervention effect (IE) for each dimension stratified according to caregiver education. Each IE was estimated by subtracting the difference between pre‐ and postintervention scores for the usual care participants from the difference between pre‐ and postintervention scores in the intervention participants.ResultsAt baseline, caregivers with lower educational attainment provided poorer quality of dementia care for the Treatment and Education dimensions than those with more education, but less‐educated caregivers had significantly more improvement after the intervention on the assessment, treatment, and safety dimensions. The IEs for those who had not graduated from high school were 44.4 for the assessment dimension, 36.9 for the treatment dimension, and 52.7 for the safety dimension, versus 29.5, 15.7, and 40.9 respectively, for college graduates (P < .001 for all three).ConclusionsCollaborative care management was associated with smaller disparities in dementia care quality between caregivers with lower educational attainment and those with more education.
Racial Differences in the Incidence of and Risk Factors for Atrial Fibrillation in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Jensen Paul N. , Thacker Evan L. , Dublin Sascha , Psaty Bruce M. , Heckbert Susan R. 
Published: January 2013

This study examined whether different associations between risk factors and atrial fibrillation (AF) according to race could explain the lower incidence of AF in blacks. Baseline risk factor information was obtained from interviews, clinical examinations, and echocardiography in 4,774 white and 911 black Cardiovascular Health Study participants aged 65 and older without a history of AF at baseline in 1989/90 or 1992/93. Incident AF was determined according to hospital discharge diagnosis or annual study electrocardiogram. Cox regression was used to assess associations between risk factors and race and incident AF. During a mean 11.2 years of follow‐up, 1,403 whites and 182 blacks had incident AF. Associations between all examined risk factors were similar in both races, except left ventricular posterior wall thickness, which was more strongly associated with AF in blacks (per 0.2 cm, blacks: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.44–2.06; whites: HR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.18–1.43). Overall, the relative risk of AF was 25% lower in blacks than whites after adjustment for age and sex (HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.64–0.87) and 45% lower after adjustment for all considered risk factors (HR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.35–0.88). Different associations of the considered risk factors and incident AF by race do not explain the lower incidence of AF in blacks.
Ten‐Year Trajectory of Potentially Inappropriate Medications in Very Old Women: Importance of Cognitive Status
Authors: Koyama Alain , Steinman Michael , Ensrud Kristine , Hillier Teresa A. , Yaffe Kristine 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesTo determine which older adults tend to receive potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), how this may differ according to cognitive status, and how the trajectories of PIM use change over time.DesignTen‐year longitudinal cohort study.SettingThree clinical sites in the United States.ParticipantsOne thousand four hundred eighty‐four community‐dwelling women aged 75 and older.MeasurementsAt follow‐up, cognitive status was ascertained and classified as normal, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or dementia. Beers 2003 criteria and other literature were used to identify PIMs from detailed medication inventory performed at three time points. Anticholinergic load was measured using the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale (ACB), which assigns medications a value from 0 to 3 depending on anticholinergic properties.ResultsAt baseline, 23.9% of women were taking at least one PIM and the mean ± SD ACB score was 1.41 ± 1.69. The most frequently reported PIMs were anticholinergics (15.2%), benzodiazepines (8.6%), and antispasmodics (8.0%). Over 10 years, PIM use increased for women with dementia (24.9–33.1%; P = .02) but remained fairly constant for women with MCI (23.9–23.0%; P = .84) and normal cognitive status (22.2–19.8%; P = .17). Mean ACB score increased significantly (P < .001) over time for all groups (dementia: 1.28–2.05; MCI: 0.98–1.66; normal: 0.99–1.48).ConclusionPIM use and anticholinergic load in a community‐dwelling population of older women was high, especially in women who later developed dementia. Future guidelines should limit PIM use and seek safer alternatives.
Stress‐induced changes in gene expression of urocortin 2 and other CRH peptides in rat adrenal medulla: involvement of glucocorticoids
Authors: Tillinger Andrej , Nostramo Regina , Kvetnansky Richard , Serova Lidia , Sabban Esther L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) family regulates the endocrine stress response. Here, we examined the effect of immobilization stress (IMO) on gene expression of adrenomedullary CRH family members. Urocortin 2 (Ucn2) has the highest basal gene expression and is increased by > 30‐fold in response to single IMO and about 10‐fold after six daily repeated IMO. IMO also induced a smaller rise in CRH (six‐fold) and CRH receptor type 1 (CRHR1; two‐fold with single IMO). The influence of glucocorticoids was examined. Dexamethasone (DEX) or corticosterone greatly increased Ucn2 mRNA levels in PC12 cells in a dose‐dependent manner. The DEX elicited rise in Ucn2 was abolished by actinomycin D pre‐treatment, indicating a transcriptionally mediated response. DEX also triggered a rise in CRHR1 and lowered CRH mRNA levels. In CRH‐knockout mice, where the IMO‐induced rise in corticosterone was attenuated, the response of IMO on Ucn2, as well as CRHR2 mRNAs was absent. Overall, the results suggest that the stress‐triggered rise in glucocorticoids is involved in the large induction of Ucn2 mRNA levels by IMO, which may allow Ucn2 to act in an autocrine/paracrine fashion to modulate adrenomedullary function, or act as an endocrine hormone.
The pattern of the coronary arterial orifices in hearts with congenital malformations of the outflow tracts: a marker of rotation of the outflow tract during cardiac development?
Authors: Houyel Lucile , Bajolle Fanny , Capderou André , Laux Daniela , Parisot Pauline , Bonnet Damien 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOutflow tract defects, including cardiac neural crest defects (so‐called conotruncal defects) and transposition of the great arteries, are due to an abnormal rotation of the outflow tract during cardiac development. Coronary orifices are often abnormal in outflow tract defects, particularly in common arterial trunk (CAT). A recent study indicates that abnormal coronary artery pattern in a mouse model with common arterial outlet (Tbx1−/− mouse mutant) could be due to a reduced and malpositioned subpulmonary coronary‐refractory myocardial domain. The aim of our study was to demonstrate the relation between coronary orifices pattern in outflow tract defects in human and the abnormal embryonic rotation of the outflow tract. We analyzed 101 heart specimens with outflow tract defects: 46 CAT, 15 tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), 29 TOF with pulmonary atresia (TOF‐PA), 11 double‐outlet right ventricle with subaortic ventricular septal defect (DORV) and 17 controls. The position of left and right coronary orifices (LCO, RCO) was measured in degrees on the aortic/truncal circumference. The anterior angle between LCO and RCO (α) was calculated. The LCO was more posterior in TOF (31 °), TOF‐PA (47 °), DORV (44 °), CAT (63 °), compared with controls (0 °, P < 0.05), and more posterior in CAT than in other outflow tract defects (P < 0.05). The RCO was more anterior in TOF (242 °), TOF‐PA (245 °) and DORV (271 °) than in controls (213 °, P < 0.05), but not in CAT (195 °). The α angle was similar in TOF, TOF‐PA, DORV and controls (149 °, 162 °, 133 °, 147 °), but significantly larger in CAT (229 °, P < 0.0001). In all outflow tract defects but CAT, the displacement of LCO (anterior) and RCO (posterior), while the α angle remains constant, might be due to incomplete rotation of the myocardium at the base of the outflow tract, leading to an abnormally positioned subpulmonary coronary‐refractory myocardial domain. The larger α angle in CAT could reflect its dual identity, aortic and pulmonary.
Stability studies of binary and ternary mixtures containing morphine, midazolam, levomepromazine and hyoscine butylbromide for parenteral administration
Authors: Fernandez-Campos Francisco , Mallandrich Mireia , Calpena Ana C , Ayestarán Ana , Lacasa Carmen 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Objetives
Parenteral (intravenous or subcutaneous) administration is routinely used in palliative medicine because patients are not able to take drugs orally. To avoid excessive injections, several drugs are usually given in the same dose, but the stability of these drugs when mixed is not always known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability of several mixtures of drugs (morphine, midazolam, levomepromazine and hyoscine butylbromide) kept under different storage conditions.

Methods
Stability was evaluated on the basis of percentage of drug remaining, pH, change of colour and gas or precipitate formation.

Key findings
The most notable results of the study showed that levomepromazine is rapidly degraded in 0.9% NaCl in all cases, and at high concentrations, morphine can precipitate when stored at 4°C.

Conclusions
Mixtures containing levomepromazine are rapidly degraded under experimental conditions.
Habituation of Sexual Responses in Men and Women: A Test of the Preparation Hypothesis of Women's Genital Responses
Authors: Dawson Samantha J. , Suschinsky Kelly D. , Lalumière Martin L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Laboratory studies have revealed two well-replicated sex differences in sexual arousal patterns: category specificity and sexual concordance. Men's genital responses are dependent on specific sexual cues and are concordant with subjective reports of arousal. Women's genital responses are much less dependent on specific sexual cues and are much less concordant with their subjective reports. The preparation hypothesis provides a functional explanation for these sex differences and posits that women's genital responses are not tied to sexual preferences but rather occur automatically in the presence of any sexual cue to protect the genital tissues from injuries incurred through sexual activity. This hypothesis leads to the expectation that women's genital responses may not habituate as quickly or as completely as men's.

Aim
To determine whether there is a sex difference in the habituation of genital responses and to further test the preparation hypothesis of women's genital responses.

Methods
Twenty men and 20 women had their genital responses measured while they were exposed to nine consecutive presentations of the same erotic film clip (habituation), followed by two presentations of different erotic film clips (novelty), and followed by two presentations of the original erotic film clip (dishabituation).

Main Outcome Measures
Genital responses were measured continuously using penile strain gauges (assessing penile circumference) and vaginal probes (assessing vaginal pulse amplitude). Participants reported subjective sexual arousal, perceived genital arousal, and attention after each film clip presentation.

Results
Men and women displayed very similar patterns of genital responses, consistent with habituation and novelty effects. Effects of habituation and novelty were eliminated once subjective reports of attention were covaried.

Conclusion
Contrary to the prediction from the preparation hypothesis of women's genital responses, men's and women's responses showed similar patterns of habituation upon repeated exposure. Future research should attempt to maintain participants' attention in order to further test the preparation hypothesis.
A qualitative study exploring parental accounts of feeding pre‐school children in two low‐income populations in the UK
Authors: Hayter Arabella K.M. , Draper Alizon K. , Ohly Heather R. , Rees Gail A. , Pettinger Clare , McGlone Pauline , Watt Richard G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractGood nutrition in the early years of life is essential, yet the diets of many pre‐school children in the UK are known to be poor. Understanding the decisions parents make when feeding young children is very important in determining what type and nature of interventional support may be developed to promote good nutrition. The aim of this study was to explore using qualitative methods, parental perceptions of feeding their children in order to inform the development of a nutrition intervention. Focus groups (n = 33) and individual interviews (n = 6) were undertaken with parents, most of whom were attending children's centres in two deprived populations from one urban (Islington, north London) and one rural (Cornwall) location in England. Accounts of feeding pre‐school children were primarily concerned with dealing with the practicalities of modern life, in particular the cost of food and the need to manage on a restricted household budget. Time pressures, a lack of perceived knowledge and confidence in preparing food and managing conflict over food choices between family members were also strong themes. Parents commonly reported differences between how they would like to feed their children and the reality of what they were able to do in their circumstances. These findings suggest that the poor eating habits of many pre‐school children may be less a case of parental ignorance but rather the product of a range of coping strategies. Designing an intervention, which helps parents to build their confidence and self‐efficacy, may enable them to make positive changes to their children's diets.