bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Movables
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Anglo-Saxons made a distinction between movables and land. Both, in differing ways, were clearly very important in the economy and in social relations. Narrative material for law regarding movables is extremely limited. The laws themselves largely concentrate on sales and theft. This chapter discusses ownership, control of movables; alienability, succession, and bequest; and sale. Although perhaps in some ways simpler than matters concerning land, those concerning movables take up much more space within the laws and probably constituted much more of the business of courts. When considering the role of kings and the procedures of courts, dealing with theft of movables was central to ideas of the maintenance of order in Anglo-Saxon England.
Marriage and Family
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Kinship was a crucial bond in Anglo-Saxon society. Kin had rights and claims and also duties. Some were matters of explicit decree, with penalties likely to be imposed by judgment in court, for example in relation to suretyship; others were matters of more general convention, although still of importance regarding law, for example the provision of support in disputes. Kinship was bilateral, taking in both paternal and maternal lines, although for many purposes prioritising the paternal. The extent of kinship probably varied with circumstance, and perhaps with level of society. This chapter discusses marriage, illegitimacy, husband and wife, minors, and spiritual kinship.
Land
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter concentrates primarily on the period up to 1135, with the balance of evidence causing some prioritisation of the reign of Henry I. It begins with the issue of lordship and lay landholding, and then examines the questions of security of tenure, heritability, and alienability. Information is most extensive for the upper levels of society, and the potential for variation according to social standing must be remembered. The divisions between forms of tenure apparent in later mediaeval common law — frankalmoign, knight service, serjeanty, socage, and villeinage — are only to a limited and varying degree apparent in the Anglo-Norman period. Analysis here is divided into the following general categories; lay free landholding; lay unfree landholding; and ecclesiastical landholding.
Marriage and Family
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that significant, although far from all, aspects of family law intersected with matters of lordship and landholding. In particular, these included the elements grouped by historians as ‘feudal incidents’, that is wardship, marriage, and relief. Any death of a tenant allowed the lord to take relief and high mortality ensured that death leaving a minor or a female as the closest claimant was frequent. The profits arising from consequent wardships and marriages may have been considerable, especially if the previous tenant had held on favourable terms. The importance of such occasional rights, and the contention that they provoked, is clear from their precedence amongst secular matters in Henry I's coronation decree. That pattern would be repeated over a century later, in Magna Carta.
Kings and Law
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Angevin kings possessed much more extensive territories than had their Anglo-Norman predecessors. In particular, they ruled both Anjou and the duchy of Aquitaine in south-western France. Such extensive territories added to the pressure on kings to spend considerable time outside England, leaving others to administer the realm. The cost of defending their French lands, and of seeking to regain Normandy following its loss in 1204, put great pressure on royal finances, and exploitation of royal judicial and legal rights was one means of raising money. Such developments, together with increasing use of writing in government and developments in academic studies, including that of law, provide crucial background to legal change in the period 1154–1215. This chapter discusses law and kingship, royal officials, Angevin reform, and reforms and reformers.
Procedure in Land Cases
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Matters of procedure dominate the first great treatise of the common law, the Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Anglie, commonly known as Glanvill. When taken together with the early royal plea rolls, Glanvill allows a much fuller account than is possible for earlier periods; therefore this chapter concentrates on the situation in the period from Glanvill to Magna Carta, whilst noting some earlier developments. To set the scene, it examines a famous early case that, if not typical, is illustrative of the concerns that confronted litigants and justices at the time of the Angevin reforms.
Status
Authors: Hudson John 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Angevin period saw a major dispute concerning clerical status, and significant developments concerning villeinage. The former was produced by deliberate royal action, the latter influenced by legal and judicial developments. Other aspects of the law of status showed little change. Written mentions of trial by peers increased, but the notion was not new, the right not peculiar to one social group. Categorisations in administrative measures had limited effects upon wider legal status. This chapter discusses men of higher status, lesser free men, the unfree, actions concerning status, clergy, lepers, and Jews.
Introduction
Authors: Harvey Karen 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Why do we know so little about men's engagements with the domestic environment in eighteenth‐century Britain? This chapter examines two well‐established historiographical narratives which have obscured the activities of men in the eighteenth‐century house: the first charting changes in domestic patriarchy modelled on the eclipse of political patriarchalism by new types of family relationship rooted in contract theory, and the second describing the emergence of a new kind of domestic interior: a ‘home’ infused with a new culture of ‘domesticity’ primarily associated with women and femininity. The chapter argues for reinstituting a focus on patriarchy in practice — on the small acts of household authority that men performed in the domestic environment — and for the use of the contemporary concept of ‘house’ to understand the eighteenth‐century domestic environment. This chapter introduces the sources and the cultural history approach used throughout the book, and introduces the concept of ‘oeconomy’.
Conclusion: Oeconomy and the Reproduction of Patriarchy
Authors: Harvey Karen 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This concluding chapter examines the wider implications of oeconomy as a model and practice of domestic patriarchy. It explores middling‐sort men's efforts in ensuring that these practices were transmitted between different generations, arguing that this constituted a form of inheritance that created lineages for the consolidating middling sort. Oeconomical practices were also reproduced between men of different ranks, though in ways that sustained social stratification. Indeed, the chapter considers the emergence of a fraternity of oeconomy: gendered practices bound men together both rhetorically and practically, and the good management of a house was one of the most important instances of this. The chapter ends by exploring the public resonance of the house through a case‐study of political prints from the 1760s. This public material takes us to the heart of the house — the kitchen — and demonstrates that oeconomy now informed critiques of the monarchy and central government.
Mandates
Authors: Reydams Luc , Odermatt Jed 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the content, scope, and strength of the mandates of international criminal tribunals. Because the mandate of a criminal court is in the first place the mandate of its prosecutor, it is important to know what is expected of him or her, and what is not. The chapter, which has a comparative component, also discusses the jurisdiction of various tribunals. It covers the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg), the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, the East Timor Tribunal, the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo Court System, the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Special Court for Sierra Leone, and the International Criminal Court.
Investigations
Authors: Fujiwara Hiroto , Parmentier Stephan 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the first and crucial phase in ‘building a case’, that is, the criminal investigation. ‘International criminal investigation’ is defined as a process of searching, collecting, collating, and synthesizing information, which is conducted by international prosecutors against individuals who are allegedly liable for international crimes, in order to prove the guilt or innocence of those individuals in a court of law. The chapter proceeds as follows. First, it examines the particularities of an international criminal investigation. The differences with a national investigation are such that they make an international investigation a distinctive exercise. Then it considers the processing of information and the analysis of evidence. Thereafter it discusses the legal and organizational frameworks of an international investigation. Finally, it reviews the investigative practice of several international tribunals.
Trial
Authors: Vasiliev Sergey 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of the Prosecutors at trial from a procedural perspective and presents the broad-brush picture of their key functions and powers exercised in the course of trial. The first section addresses the key factors of an institutional and procedural nature that necessarily affect the Prosecutor's role, by delimiting the playing field within the bounds of which he/she is to operate when pursuing prosecution. Relying on the normative findings reached, the second half of the chapter turns to the nuts and bolts of the procedural competences and practices the Prosecutor disposes of in presenting the case to the Trial Chamber, including the role at sentencing.
Long-term follow-up of memory in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Engman Elisabeth , Malmgren Kristina 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature on memory changes in adults with active epilepsy. A decline or adverse change at a group level or in subsets of patients was reported in nine of the sixteen papers reviewed. This negative change could be seen already after three years and was found in verbal and/or nonverbal memory, in learning, immediate and delayed recall, or in recognition. Three studies reported either improvement or expected practice effects in a memory quotient composite score and in verbal delayed recall. There were no consistent associations between memory change and clinical variables. These data underline the need to focus more on possible cognitive change already early in the course of the epilepsy disorder. In the neuropsychological assessment procedure, it would also be valuable to add the measure of an extended delayed recall after about four weeks and to apply new memory methods evaluated for patients with epilepsy.
Memory in children with epilepsy
Authors: Smith Mary Lou , Direnfeld Esther 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter reviews recent studies on memory associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsies and with localization-related epilepsies. It also examines the impact of epilepsy surgery on children's memory. It shows that memory deficits are common across epilepsy syndromes. The prevalence and severity of memory deficits may be especially relevant to temporal lobe epilepsy. Although some studies have identified improvement and others deterioration in memory after epilepsy surgery, the majority show no change over time. Further work is needed to identify the exact nature of memory deficits in children with epilepsy and the factors that contribute to such deficits.
Déjà experiences in epilepsy: contributions from memory research
Authors: Illman Nathan A. , Moulin Chris J.A. , O’Connor Akira R. , Chauvel Patrick 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter attempts to classify the déjà states in epilepsy according to known models of memory function and the emerging research work on déjà experiences in other groups. It conducts a review of temporal lobe epilepsy — a condition in which déjà experiences are commonly reported as accompanying seizures. It describes how qualitative differences in the subjective experience associated with different déjà sensations provide support for dual process theories of memory. It considers both stimulation studies and accounts of spontaneous déjà experiences. The chapter argues that more widespread activation of hippocampal-cortical networks produces déjà vécu, distinguishable from déjà vu by the erroneous sensation of recollecting contextual information. The present neuroscientific account and classification of these memory based phenomenon will be a useful guide to future research in this area, and applicable to déjà experiences in healthy populations.
Effects of epileptiform EEG discharges on cognitive function
Authors: Aldenkamp Albert P. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter reviews the evidence on the cognitive impact of interictal epileptiform electroencephalogram (EEG) discharges. Such cognitive impairment has a direct or more remote relation to episodes of epileptiform EEG discharges and must be distinguished from (post-) ictal seizure effects and from the nonperiodic long-term ‘stable’ interictal effects caused by the clinical syndrome or the underlying aetiology. The chapter concludes that while the concept of ‘transient cognitive impairment’ is still valid, refinement of methodology has shown that a large proportion of presumed transient cognitive impairment can be attributed to subtle seizures, while interictal epileptic activity accounts for a much smaller part of the cognitive effects than previously thought. Cryptogenic partial epilepsies are especially associated with the risk of cognitive impairment.
Memory assessment in intracarotid anaesthetic procedures: history and current status
Authors: Risse Gail L. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Intracarotid anesthetic procedures have played a major role in our understanding of memory function and dysfunction in patients with epilepsy over the past fifty years. From the earliest applications of the IAP as a measure of unilateral memory integrity, to its currently declining role in the face of noninvasive alternatives, the procedure has contributed to a vast body of literature addressing the nature and predictive value of preoperative memory performance in patients facing surgical resection of the mesial temporal lobe. This chapter describes the issues and controversies surrounding the procedure in its many variations and interpretations, and considers its continuing role in the context of rapidly advancing functional neuroimaging techniques. Understanding the historical complexities of the IAP will help define its legacy for future generations of neuroscientists.
Electroconvulsive therapy for depression and autobiographical memory
Authors: Söderlund Hedvig , Percy Alexander , Levine Brian 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used to treat otherwise treatment-resistant depression. Despite clear mood-enhancing effects, it is associated with complaints of memory loss. This chapter outlines a brief history of ECT, its effects on the brain and on memory, and why subjective memory loss may surpass the objectively measured loss. It also presents results from an ongoing study assessing autobiographical memory following ECT using the Autobiographical Interview, which separates episodic from semantic autobiographical memory. Initial analyses suggest a disproportional impairment of episodic memory, although semantic memory to some extent is also affected. In spite of some recovery, this impairment persists three months after treatment. This research validates the subjective impairments reported by ECT patients, and supports theoretical constructs of memory that assume a behavioural and neural separation between episodic and semantic autobiographical memory.
Psychiatric aspects of memory disorders in epilepsy
Authors: Goldstein Laura H. , Kapur Narinder 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Individuals with epilepsy are at increased risk of a number of psychiatric disorders including anxiety, depression, and psychosis. However, when considering the performance of people with epilepsy on neuropsychological tests, little attention has generally been paid to the role that comorbid psychological/psychiatric disturbance may play in influencing scores and test profiles. This chapter considers how patients with comorbid psychosis or depression might perform on standard tests batteries, and how mood might account for discrepancies between patients' self-reported cognitive difficulties and observed test scores. It addresses recent developments in understanding the cerebral substrates of psychosis and depression in people with epilepsy. It also considers the role of effort in test-taking performance, both in patients with epilepsy and also patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, and the extent to which the profiles of these two patient groups might differ in this respect. Some comments are made on potential clinical observations/interventions that might sensibly be considered with respect to psychological factors in patients with epilepsy undergoing neuropsychological assessment. Finally, the chapter considers clinically similar memory phenomena presenting in psychiatry and epilepsy settings and their key differences.
Memory and epilepsy in nonhuman animals
Authors: Lenck-Santini Pierre-Pascal J. , Holmes Gregory L. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter reviews neurophysiological studies of the effects of seizures on cognition in nonhuman animals. Animal models have contributed extensively to our understanding of the consequences of both status epilepticus and recurrent seizures on cognitive abilities. Animal studies allow the investigator to control many variables including age, seizure duration, number and frequency of seizures, and therapy. While a variety of animals have been used, the preponderance of the research on seizure-related effects on memory has been confined to rodents. While the prefrontal cortex is primarily responsible for working memory and the hippocampus is critical for reference memory, both effective working and reference memory are dependent upon the interplay between these structures. The majority of studies have demonstrated that either prolonged or frequent seizures result in a variety of cognitive deficits, including memory impairment. These studies have paralleled human studies and have provided insight into the pathological mechanisms responsible for seizure-induced cognitive deficits. While there are limitations to how much results from animal studies can be extrapolated to humans, biological changes responsible for these deficits are likely to play a role in the cognitive co-morbidities seen in humans with epilepsy.
Hippocampal electrical stimulation and localisation of long-term episodic memory
Authors: Morris Robin G. , Coleshill Steven G. , Lacruz Maria E. , Valentin Antonio , Alarcon Gonzalo 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The clinical use of depth-electrode recording in the hippocampus in people undergoing neurosurgical treatment for epilepsy has also facilitated exploration of hippocampal memory function though stimulation techniques. This chapter reviews the few studies that have used these techniques, combining them with synchronous memory testing. Early studies used techniques involving after-discharges, with the disadvantage of imprecise investigation of focal functionality. More progress was made when subthreshold stimulation techniques were adopted and this led to specific theories about left and right hippocampal involvement. The chapter also introduces an arguably more refined technique termed single-pulse electrical stimulation (SPES), which uses single 1-ms pulses to produce approximately 100–300 ms cortical responses. The SPES technique has produced results indicating a specific role for the hippocampus in episodic memory — encoding rather than retrieval — here termed the gateway theory of hippocampal function.
Mapping memories in the medial temporal lobe: contributions from single-neuron recordings in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Viskontas Indre V. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) plays a central role in declarative memory. While the cytoarchitecture of the hippocampus, in particular, dominates neuroanatomical memory models, the manner by which neuronal activity in this area enables the permanent storage of declarative memories remains elusive. Patients with pharmacologically intractable epilepsy, who are candidates for resective surgery and whose seizure focus must be located via the implantation of intracranial electrodes, represent the only opportunity that scientists currently have to record the firing patterns of single neurons in the human hippocampus in vivo. Such direct recordings have shown that cells in the hippocampus appear to support declarative learning by distinguishing between novel and familiar stimuli via changes in firing patterns, using both excitation and inhibition to signal familiarity. Some cells with highly selective excitatory responses have also been described, and these responses seem to represent abstract concepts such as identity, rather than superficial perceptual features of items. New data show that selective and globally responsive cells behave differently depending on the conscious demands of the task. Cells in the MTL can be plastic or stable in terms of the information that they code: while some cells show highly-selective and reproducible excitatory responses when presented with a familiar object, other cells change their receptive fields in line with changes in experience and the cognitive environment. These findings present challenges for current network models of memory and inform our understanding of the neural basis of declarative memory.
Memory rehabilitation for people with epilepsy
Authors: Thompson Pam , Koorenhof Loes , Kapur Narinder 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Memory problems are a frequent concern of people with epilepsy and their families. However, the role of memory rehabilitation in epilepsy has received limited attention. This chapter begins with a synopsis of memory-rehabilitation approaches applied to brain injury. It reviews evidence relating to the efficacy of these strategies in epilepsy. Relatively few systematic studies have been undertaken. Findings to date indicate some promise but data regarding generalization and permanence of effects are lacking. An on-going investigation involving a cohort of temporal lobe surgical candidates highlights the variability in response to cognitive rehabilitation and potential reasons for this. Future studies are advocated, as people with epilepsy represent a young neurological group; if memory functioning can be improved, this will often have far-reaching benefits over many decades.