bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Value of peritoneal cytology in potentially resectable pancreatic cancer
Authors: Yamada S , Fujii T , Kanda M , Sugimoto H , Nomoto S , Takeda S , Nakao A , Kodera Y 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundPeritoneal lavage cytology (CY) is used in the diagnosis and staging of various cancers. The clinical significance of positive cytology results in patients with pancreatic cancer is yet to be determined.MethodsPeritoneal washing samples were collected from consecutive patients with pancreatic cancer between July 1991 and December 2012. The correlations between cytology results, clinicopathological parameters and recurrence patterns were evaluated. The prognostic impact of CY status, regarding resectability and the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy, were analysed.ResultsOf 523 included patients, 390 underwent resection. Patients with tumours at least 2 cm in diameter were more likely to have CY+ status than patients with tumours smaller than 2 cm (48 of 312 versus 3 of 78 respectively; P = 0·005) and there was a significant correlation between CY+ status and tumour invasion of the anterior pancreatic capsule (43 of 276 versus 8 of 113 with no invasion of the capsule; P = 0·030). Although the overall survival of patients with resected CY+ tumours was worse than that of patients with resected CY− tumours, it was significantly better than the survival of unresected patients regardless of CY status. Multivariable analysis of all patients who had pancreatectomy did not identify CY+ as an independent prognostic factor. Patients with CY+ tumours tended to develop peritoneal metastasis more often than those with CY− tumours, although not significantly so. The median survival time of 34 patients with resected CY+ tumours who received adjuvant chemotherapy was better than that of 17 patients who had surgery alone, although this was not statistically significant (15·3 versus 10·0 months; P = 0·057).ConclusionCY+ status is not clinically equivalent to gross peritoneal metastasis in patients with pancreatic cancer. Curative resection is still recommended regardless of CY status.Presented to the 98th Annual Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois, USA, October 2012
Surgical complications and their implications for surgeons' well-being
Authors: Pinto A , Faiz O , Bicknell C , Vincent C 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
Healthcare professionals can be seriously affected when they are involved in major clinical incidents. The impact of such incidents on staff is of particular relevance to surgery, as the operating room is one of the highest-risk areas for serious complications. This qualitative study aimed to assess the personal and professional impact of surgical complications on surgeons.

Methods
This single time point study involved semistructured, individual interviews with general and vascular surgeons, consultants and senior registrars from two National Health Service organizations in London, UK.

Results
Twenty-seven surgeons participated. Many were seriously affected by major surgical complications. Surgeons' practice was also often affected, not always in the best interest of their patients. The surgeons' reactions depended on the preventability of the complications, their personality and experience, patient outcomes and patients' reactions, as well as colleagues' reactions and the culture of the institution. Discussing complications, deconstructing the incidents and rationalizing were the most commonly quoted coping mechanisms. Institutional support was generally described as inadequate, and the participants often reported the existence of strong institutional blame cultures. Suggestions for supporting surgeons in managing the personal impact of complications included better mentoring, teamwork approaches, blame-free opportunities for the discussion of complications, and structures aimed at the human aspects of complications.

Conclusion
Those involved in the management of surgical services need to consider how to improve support for surgeons in the aftermath of major surgical incidents.
Presented in part to the International Society for Quality in Healthcare Conference, Hong Kong, China, September 2011, and the European Health Psychology Society Conference, Crete, Greece, September 2011
Postoperative adverse outcomes after non-hepatic surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Lin C S , Lin S Y , Chang C C , Wang H H , Liao C C , Chen T L 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
Postoperative adverse outcomes in patients with liver cirrhosis are not completely understood. This study evaluated the association between liver cirrhosis and adverse outcomes after non-hepatic surgery.

Methods
Reimbursement claims were used to identify patients with preoperative liver cirrhosis who underwent non-hepatic surgery from 2004 to 2007. Control patients without cirrhosis were matched by age, sex, type of surgery and anaesthesia. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95 per cent confidence intervals (c.i.) of postoperative adverse events associated with liver cirrhosis were analysed by multivariable logistic regression.

Results
Thirty-day mortality rates among 24 282 patients with cirrhosis and 97 128 control patients were 1·2 per cent (299 deaths) and 0·7 per cent (635 deaths) respectively. Liver cirrhosis was associated with postoperative 30-day mortality (OR 1·88, 95 per cent c.i. 1·63 to 2·16), acute renal failure (OR 1·52, 1·34 to 1·74), septicaemia (OR 1·42, 1·33 to 1·51) and intensive care unit admission (OR 1·39, 1·33 to 1·45). Postoperative mortality increased in patients who had liver cirrhosis with viral hepatitis (OR 2·87, 1·55 to 5·30), alcohol dependence syndrome (OR 3·74, 2·64 to 5·31), jaundice (OR 5·47, 3·77 to 7·93), ascites (OR 5·85, 4·62 to 7·41), gastrointestinal haemorrhage (OR 3·01, 2·33 to 3·90) and hepatic coma (OR 5·11, 3·79 to 6·87).

Conclusion
Patients with liver cirrhosis had increased mortality and complications after non-hepatic surgery, particularly those with cirrhosis-related clinical indicators.
Biotransformation of Saponins by Endophytes Isolated from Panax notoginseng
Authors: Luo Shao‐Liu , Dang Li‐Zhi , Li Jian‐Fang , Zou Cheng‐Gang , Zhang Ke‐Qin , Li Guo‐Hong 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe biotransformation of the major saponins in Panax notoginseng, including the ginsenosides Rg1, Rh1, Rb1, and Re, by endophytes isolated from P. notoginseng was studied. One hundred and thirty‐six endophytes were isolated and screened for their biotransformational abilities. The results showed that five of the tested endophytes were able to transform these saponins. These five strains were identified based on their ITS or 16S rDNA sequences, which revealed that they belonged to the genera Fusarium, Nodulisporium, Brevundimonas, and Bacillus genera. Ten transformed products were isolated and identified, including a new compound 6‐O‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl]‐20‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyldammarane‐3,6,12,20,24,25‐hexaol (3), and nine known compounds, compound K (1), ginsenoside F2 (2), vinaginsenoside R13 (4), vinaginsenoside R22 (5), pseudo‐ginsenoside RT4 (6), (20S)‐protopanaxatriol (7), ginsenoside Rg1 (8), vinaginsenoside R15 (9), and (20S)‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐6‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosylprotopanaxatriol (10). This is the first study on the biotransformation of chemical components in P. notoginseng by endophytes isolated from the same plant.
A Highly Distributed CuxAuy‐Deposited Nanotube Carbon for Selective Reduction of NO in the Presence of NH3 at Very Low Temperature
Authors: Amrousse Rachid , Moumni Said El 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCuxAuy Deposited on carbon nanotubes prepared by solution plasma sputtering was used for first time as a catalyst for selective reduction of NO, in the presence of NH3, at low temperature. N2 and H2O are desirable during the NO reduction process; however, N2O is totally absent from the obtained products.
Large yet Flexible N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands for Palladium Catalysis
Authors: Meiries Sebastien , Le Duc Gaëtan , Chartoire Anthony , Collado Alba , Speck Klaus , Arachchige Kasun S. Athukorala , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Nolan Steven P. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA straightforward and scalable eight‐step synthesis of new N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) has been developed from inexpensive and readily available 2‐nitro‐m‐xylene. This process allows for the preparation of a novel class of NHCs coined ITent (“Tent” for “tentacular”) of which the well‐known IMes (N,N′‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene), IPr (N,N′‐bis(2,6‐di(2‐propyl)phenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene) and IPent (N,N′‐bis(2,6‐di(3‐pentyl)phenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene) NHCs are the simplest and already known congeners. The synthetic route was successfully used for the preparation of three members of the ITent family: IPent (N,N′‐bis(2,6‐di(3‐pentyl)phenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene), IHept (N,N′‐bis(2,6‐di(4‐heptyl)phenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene) and INon (N,N′‐bis(2,6‐di(5‐nonyl)phenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene). The electronic and steric properties of each NHC were studied through the preparation of both nickel and palladium complexes. Finally the effect of these new ITent ligands in Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura and Buchwald–Hartwig cross‐couplings was investigated.
An Alternative Mechanistic Paradigm for the β‐Z Hydrosilylation of Terminal Alkynes: The Role of Acetone as a Silane Shuttle
Authors: Iglesias Manuel , Sanz Miguel Pablo J. , Polo Victor , Fernández‐Alvarez Francisco J. , Pérez‐Torrente Jesús J. , Oro Luis A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe β‐Z selectivity in the hydrosilylation of terminal alkynes has been hitherto explained by introduction of isomerisation steps in classical mechanisms. DFT calculations and experimental observations on the system [M(I)2{κ‐C,C,O,O‐(bis‐NHC)}]BF4 (M=Ir (3 a), Rh (3 b); bis‐NHC=methylenebis(N‐2‐methoxyethyl)imidazole‐2‐ylidene) support a new mechanism, alternative to classical postulations, based on an outer‐sphere model. Heterolytic splitting of the silane molecule by the metal centre and acetone (solvent) affords a metal hydride and the oxocarbenium ion [R3SiO(CH3)2]+, which reacts with the corresponding alkyne in solution to give the silylation product [R3SiCHCR]+. Thus, acetone acts as a silane shuttle by transferring the silyl moiety from the silane to the alkyne. Finally, nucleophilic attack of the hydrido ligand over [R3SiCHCR]+ affords selectively the β‐(Z)‐vinylsilane. The β‐Z selectivity is explained on the grounds of the steric interaction between the silyl moiety and the ligand system resulting from the geometry of the approach that leads to β‐(E)‐vinylsilanes.
[1,4]‐S‐ to O‐Silyl Migration: Multicomponent Synthesis of α‐Thioketones through Chemoselective Transformation of Esters to Ketones with Organolithium Reagents
Authors: Sun Xianwei , Song Zhenlei , Li Hongze , Sun Changzheng 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA [1,4]‐S‐ to O‐silyl migration has been exploited to chemoselectively transform esters into ketones by using organolithium reagents, allowing multicomponent synthesis of α‐thioketones. Mechanistic studies reveal that this migration proceeds in an intramolecular manner and is more favorable than the corresponding [1,5]‐S‐ to O‐ and [1,3]‐C‐ to O‐silyl migrations. The resulting α‐thioketones are valuable building blocks for the synthesis of cyclic or multifunctionalized organosulfur compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Explorations of a Series of Second Order Nonlinear Optical Materials Based on Monovalent Metal Gold(III) Iodates.
Authors: Huang Chao , Hu Chun‐Li , Xu Xiang , Yang Bing‐Ping , Mao Jiang‐Gao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSingle crystals of α‐NaAu(IO3)4 (I), β‐NaAu(IO3)4 (II), RbAu(IO3)4 (III), α‐CsAu(IO3)4 (IV), β‐CsAu(IO3)4 (V), and AgAu(IO3)4 (VI) are prepared by hydrothermal reaction of M2CO3 (M: Na, Rb, Cs), Ag2O, Au(OH)3, and I2O5 (autoclave, 200 °C, 4 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Sn/Mn Zirconium Phosphate as Rare Earth Free Possible White Emitting Phosphor.
Authors: Nishizaki Tsutomu , Shimizu Youichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSn0.5‐xMnxZr2(PO4)3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) are prepared by calcination of stoichiometric amounts of SnO, MnO, ZrO(NO3)2, and (NH4)H2PO4 in air or N2 or a 5%H2/N2 mixture (1200 °C, 3 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Change of Magnetic and Electronic Features Through Subtle Substitution in Cubic, Non‐centrosymmetric Extended Rare‐Earth Metal Cluster Complexes {TR3}X3.
Authors: Steinberg Simon , Valldor Martin , Meyer Gerd 
Published: November 2013

Abstract[IrCe3]I3 is synthesized by comproportionation reactions of stoichiometric ratios of CeI3, Ce, and Ir (sealed Ta container, 1050 °C, 7 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Properties of the First Lanthanum Selenide Chlorides, LaSeCl and La3Se4Cl.
Authors: Schurz Christian M. , Frunder Susanne , Schleid Thomas 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSingle crystals of LaSeCl and La3Se4Cl are prepared on a 100 mg scale from stoichiometric mixtures of La, LaCl3, and Se (evacuated silica ampules, 900 °C, 4 d and 800 °C, 20 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Three Polymeric Polyoxometalate Compounds Based on Twisted Poly‐Keggin Chains.
Authors: Ren Yuan‐hang , Hu Yi‐chen , Kong Zu‐ping , Gu Min , Yue Bin , He He‐yong 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCompounds (III) and (V) crystallize in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with Z = 2, and (VII) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with Z = 4 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: A‐Site‐Ordered Perovskite MnCu3V4O12 with a 12‐Coordinated Manganese(II).
Authors: Akizuki Yasuhide , Yamada Ikuya , Fujita Koji , Nishiyama Norimasa , Irifune Tetuo , Yajima Takeshi , Kageyama Hiroshi , Tanaka Katsuhisa 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMnCu3V4O12 is prepared by high pressure solid state reaction of MnO, CuO, and VO2 (Pt capsule in high‐pressure cell, 12 GPa, 1373 K, 20 min).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Pyrrolidine‐2‐ylmethyl‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐aminopinanes as Novel Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Conjugate Additions of Ketones to α‐Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Siyutkin Dmitry E. , Kucherenko Alexander S. , Frolova Larisa L. , Kuchin Alexander V. , Zlotin Sergei G. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNovel proline‐pinane bifunctional catalysts are developed for asymmetric Michael reactions between mainly six‐membered cyclic ketones and nitrostyrenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxone‐Mediated Oxidative Cleavage of β‐Keto Esters and 1,3‐Diketones to α‐Keto Esters and 1,2‐Diketones in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Stergiou Anastasios , Bariotaki Anna , Kalaitzakis Dimitris , Smonou Ioulia 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis highly efficient method allows the synthesis of the title diketones or ketoesters by using inexpensive and nontoxic reagents under mild conditions and in short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Iodosuccinimide: A Highly Effective Regioselective Reagent for Iodoesterification of Alkenes.
Authors: Reddy Aleti R. , Sangwan Payare L. , Chinthakindi Praveen K. , Farooq Saleem , Siddaiah Vidavalur , Koul Surrinder 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRegioselective iodoesterification of several alkenes with different carboxylic acids bearing various functional groups is achieved in excellent yields in the presence of NIS.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Direct C—H Trifluoromethylation of Quinones.
Authors: Wang Xi , Ye Yuxuan , Ji Guojing , Xu Yan , Zhang Songnan , Feng Jiajie , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA novel method using CuI as the catalyst and the hypervalent iodine reagent (II) as both the CF3‐source and the oxidant is developed for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated quinones.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Route for the Synthesis of N,N‐Dialkyl Formamidines Using Phenyl Chloroformate and N,N‐Dialkyl Formamides.
Authors: Kwak Se Hun , Gong Young‐Dae 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIt is discovered that phenyl chloroformate can be used as an efficient dehydrating agent for the synthesis of formamides from a variety of primary amines and N,N‐dialkyl formamides by using short reaction times and mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis, and Cytotoxicity of Pyridine, Pyrazole, and Thiazole Derivatives Derived from N‐Alkyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydro‐1‐benzothiophene.
Authors: Kamel M. M. , El‐Ansary A. K. , Milad Y. R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAll the synthesized compounds are screened for their cytotoxicity against three human tumor cell lines and three normal cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of N‐Unprotected Indoles Using (S)‐C10—BridgePHOS as the Chiral Ligand.
Authors: Li Chao , Chen Jianzhong , Fu Guanghong , Liu Delong , Liu Yangang , Zhang Wanbin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIt appears that substituents at the 2‐position play a significant role in the Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of indoles in the presence of a macrocyclic PHOS‐type ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Michael Addition Reactions in Water Using a DNA‐Based Catalyst.
Authors: Li Yinghao , Wang Changhao , Jia Guoqing , Lu Shengmei , Li Can 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA catalyst comprising of double‐strained DNA and a Cu(II)‐complex promote enantioselective Michael reactions of malononitrile and cyanoacetic esters to α,β‐unsaturated 2‐acylimidazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,5,6‐Trisubstituted Imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles: Search for Antihyperlipidemic Agents.
Authors: Patel Harun M. , Noolvi Malleshappa N. , Goyal Anjali , Thippeswamy B. S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA series of novel synthesized imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles is screened for their in vitro antihyperlipidemic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Vicinal Disubstitution of Diaryliodonium Salts by Pyridine N‐Oxides and N‐Amidates by a 1,3‐Radical Rearrangement.
Authors: Peng Jing , Chen Chao , Wang Yong , Lou Zhenbang , Li Ming , Xi Chanjuan , Chen Hui 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis method allows the synthesis of ortho‐disubstituted benzene derivatives from readily available starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetically Recoverable CuFe2O4 Nanoparticles as Highly Active Catalysts for Csp3—Csp and Csp3—Csp3 Oxidative Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling.
Authors: Hudson Reuben , Ishikawa Shingo , Li Chao‐Jun , Moores Audrey 
Published: November 2013

AbstractUnlike Fe3O4 which only catalyzes the coupling of nitroalkanes, CuFe2O4 nanoparticles catalyze both the oxidative coupling of aromatic alkynes and nitroalkanes with tetrahydroisoquinolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of [3,3′(4H,4′H)‐Bi‐2H‐1,3‐oxazine]‐4,4′‐diones and Their Hydrolysis.
Authors: Korkusuz Elif , Yildirim Ismail 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWith the object to obtain potential biologically active substances, title compounds (III)/(IV) are prepared by [2 + 4] cycloaddition of furan‐2,3‐diones (I) and aromatic aldazines (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Olefins Through a Halogen‐Induced 1,2‐Silyl Migration.
Authors: Barczak Nicholas T. , Rooke Douglas A. , Menard Zachary A. , Ferreira Eric M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis method affords tetrasubstituted α‐silyl‐β‐haloenones with high E‐selectivity under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents for Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation.
Authors: Matsousek Vaclav , Pietrasiak Ewa , Schwenk Rino , Togni Antonio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA simplified synthesis of hypervalent iodine reagents (IV) and (VI) is elaborated using trichloroisocyanuric acid for the first step instead of reported oxidants like sodium metaperiodate or tert‐butyl hypochlorite.
ChemInform Abstract: Sesquiterpenoids with New Carbon Skeletons from the Resin of Toxicodendron vernicifluum as New Types of Extracellular Matrix Inhibitors.
Authors: He Jiang‐Bo , Luo Jie , Zhang Li , Yan Yong‐Min , Cheng Yong‐Xian 
Published: November 2013

AbstractToxicodenanes A‐C (I‐III) as well as their biosynthetic intermediate (IV) are isolated.
ChemInform Abstract: The Influence of Aggregates of Calixarenes and Dendrimers on the Protolytic Equilibria of Dyes in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Vodolazkaya N. A. , Mchedlov‐Petrossyan N. O. , Bogdanova L. N. , Rodik R. V. , Kalchenko V. I. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractReview: 40 refs.
Synthesis and DNA Cleavage Properties of Triazacrown Derivatives
Authors: Fang Mingfeng , Wei Li , Lin Zhongxiang , Lu Guo‐Yuan 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNew metal‐free DNA cleaving reagent 1, 1,4,7‐triazacrown (TACN) both with aminoethyl, hydroxyethyl side arms and a planar anthraquinone linked by an alkyl (1,6‐hexamethylene) spacer has been synthesized and characterized by NMR and MS spectrometry. For comparison, the corresponding aminoethyl, hydroxyethyl triazacrown derivative 2 without the anthraquinone has also been synthesized. DNA‐binding properties via fluorescence and CD spectroscopy indicate that the binding affinity of 1 with DNA is much stronger than that of 2. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to assess plasmid pUC19 DNA cleavage. Kinetic data of DNA cleavage promoted by 1, 2 and parent triazacrown (TACN) 3 under physiological condition give the 15‐fold and 234‐fold rate acceleration of compound 1 over 2 and parent triazacrown 3. Radical scavenger inhibition study suggests that DNA cleavage promoted by 1 may be a non‐oxidative pathway through the transphosphorylation and then hydrolysis. The dramatic rate acceleration is due not only to the anthraquinone moiety of compound 1 intercalating into DNA base pairs via stacking interaction, but also the cooperative catalysis of the nucleophilic hydroxyl and the electrophilic ammonium group for the cleavage of phosphodiester of DNA.
Crumpled Graphene–Molybdenum Oxide Composite Powders: Preparation and Application in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Choi Seung Ho , Kang Yun Chan 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCrumpled graphene–MoO2 composite powders are directly prepared by means of spray pyrolysis and from a stable graphene oxide colloidal solution in the presence of Mo ions. The crumpled graphene–MoO2 composite powders are transformed into MoO3‐based composite powders after post‐treatment at 300 °C. The transmission electron microscopy and dot‐mapping images of the post‐treatment composite powders show uniform distribution of MoO3 nanocrystals in the crumpled graphene powders. The two typical D and G bands of graphene are observed at 1350 and 1590 cm−1, respectively, in the Raman spectrum of the graphene–MoO3 composite. In addition, the crumpled graphene–MoO3 powders exhibit superior electrochemical behavior compared to that of pure MoO3 as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries. The initial discharge capacities of the graphene–MoO3 composite and bare MoO3 powders at a current density of 2 A g−1 are 1490 and 1225 mA h g−1, respectively. The capacity retention of the graphene–MoO3 composite is 87 % after the first cycle, whereas that of bare MoO3 is 47 %, as measured after 100 cycles. The reversible discharge capacity of the graphene–MoO3 composite decreases slightly from 1228 to 845 mA h g−1 as the current density increases from 0.5 to 3 A g−1.