bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capitolo 4: Servizi e pazienti reclutati
Authors: Cavazza Marianna , Civenti Graziella , Ravasio Roberto 
Published: July 2014

Lo studio ha coinvolto 10 Unità Operative di Psichiatria (UOP) della regione Lombardia:– UOP 4 di Busto Arsizio (popolazione residente 172.419);– UOP 5 di Saranno (popolazione residente 134.029);– UOP 30 di Crema (popolazione residente 122.043);– UOP 35 di Vimercate (popolazione residente 154.877);– UOP 38 di Desio (popolazione residente 218.157);– UOP 39 di Sesto San Giovanni (popolazione residente 117.355);– UOP 43 di Legnano (popolazione residente 202.798);– UOP 47 “Niguarda 2” di Milano (popolazione residente 70.447);– UOP 51 “San Paolo 1” di Milano (popolazione residente 159.421);– UOP 53 “San Carlo 1” di Milano (popolazione residente 149.002).Il bacino di utenza complessivo risulta composto da circa un milione e mezzo di abitanti, pari al 16% della popolazione lombarda.Le 10 Unità Operative esprimono realtà territoriali e sociali differenziate: includono infatti servizi collocati in area metropolitana, quali quelli della città di Milano, e servizi di aree non urbane quali, per esempio, quelli di Crema, Legnano, Desio.
Capitolo 5: Diagnosi e gravità
Authors: Lora Antonio , Cavazza Marianna , Mapelli Vittorio 
Published: July 2014

Gli elementi di cui si dispone per descrivere le caratteristiche cliniche dei pazienti arruolati nello studio sono la diagnosi e la valutazione del livello di gravità del paziente. Entrambe le informazioni sono rilevate dalla scheda HoNOS.La compilazione delle schede HoNOS richiede agli operatori di riportare la diagnosi principale del paziente, adottando i codici F della classificazione ICD 10. Per questa fase dello studio, si è ritenuto opportuno fare riferimento alla sola prima cifra della diagnosi, limitandosi pertanto a menzionare i gruppi diagnostici dei pazienti arruolati.La quota principale di assistiti arruolati (tabella 5.1), risulta essere affetta da schizofrenia (F2), rappresentando più di un terzo del totale; seguono gli utenti con sindromi nevrotiche (F4) ed affettive (F3); infine, i pazienti affetti da disturbi della personalità (F6) rappresentano l'ultimo gruppo diagnostico consistente.Disponendo poi delle diagnosi della popolazione in carico presso le 10 UOP nel 2000 (grazie al sistema informativo regionale) è possibile effettuare un confronto per indagare sulla rappresentatività, anche dal punto di vista clinico, dei pazienti coinvolti nello studio. Dal confronto fra gli utenti arruolati e quelli in carico presso i servizi, emerge una leggera sovra-rappresentazione nel campione di pazienti affetti da patologie considerate più gravi, rispetto agli utenti in carico. Ciò a causa dei pattern di trattamento più continuativi per i pazienti gravi (come i pazienti affetti da schizofrenia), che ha portato ad intercettare un maggior numero di essi nel campione. Il fenomeno opposto riguarda i pazienti con patologia nevrotica. Per i restanti gruppi diagnostici, si registra invece una notevole sovrapposizione fra le due popolazioni confrontate.
Tipi di qualità della vita
Authors: Ruggeri Mirella , Santolini Nazario , Stegagno Marco , Imperadore Giuseppe , Dall'Agnola Rosa Bruna 
Published: July 2014

Nella letteratura scientifica il tema della qualità della vita è affrontato secondo 3 prospettive fondamentali: la qualità della vita generale (general quality of life), la qualità della vita legata alla salute (health-related quality of life) e la qualità della vita legata alia malattia (disease-specific quality of life).Secondo Lehman (1995), la general quality of life è costituita da 3 dimensioni: il livello di funzionamento globale (ciò che una persona è in grado di fare), le risorse disponibili per il raggiungimento dei propri obiettivi (ciò che una persona possiede), il senso di benessere e di soddisfazione. Queste dimensioni includono a loro volta numerose aree di vita, ad esempio la famiglia e le relazioni sociali, il lavoro, la situazione finanziaria, la situazione abitativa. Questa prospettiva “allargata” è quella che più direttamente deriva dagli studi sulla qualità della vita nella popolazione generale, dove sono state prese in considerazione anche dimensioni ed aree di vita che non sono oggetto diretto dell'intervento dei servizi sanitari.
Metodi
Authors: Ruggeri Mirella , Santolini Nazario , Stegagno Marco , Imperadore Giuseppe , Dall'Agnola Rosa Bruna 
Published: July 2014

Verona-Sud è un'area che include la parte meridionale della città di Verona e 3 piccoli paesi situati nelle vicinanze. In essa vive una popolazione di circa 75.000 abitanti. I processi di immigrazione determinati dallo sviluppo industriale hanno provocato una crescita notevole della popolazione nel periodo 1951-1971, ma da allora i valori sono rimasti piuttosto stabili, con un leggero calo della popolazione totale. Il rapporto tra i sessi è tale per cui ogni 100 femmine vi sono 95 maschi; circa il 50% dei residenti è coniugato. Circa il 44% della popolazione adulta ha una attività economica, che si svolge soprattutto nel terziario (62% del settore economico).I servizi psichiatrici a cui si possono rivolgere i residenti di Verona-Sud sono costituiti dal Servizio Psichiatrico Territoriale (SPT), da due cliniche private e un servizio per le tossicodipendenze. Il SPT è la principale agenzia psichiatrica di Verona-Sud ed è quella presa in considerazione in questo studio; ad essa si rivolge circa il 70% dei pazienti psichiatrici residenti nell'area di Verona-Sud e praticamente la larga maggioranza di pazienti con disturbi psichici gravi. Il SPT è entrato in funzione nel maggio 1978 ed è gestito dall'Istituto di Psichiatria dell'Università di Verona. I principi che stanno alla base della sua organizzazione sono quelli del riferimento ad una popolazione geograficamente definita, della continuità terapeutica dell'intervento, svolto quanto più possibile sul territorio, e della presa in carico longitudinale. Gli obiettivi e le caratteristiche dell'intervento svolto dal SPT sono descritti in vari lavori (Balestrieri, 1990; Tansella, 1991, 1993; Burti & Tansella, 1995; Tansella & Ruggeri, 1996).
Strutture del Dipartimento di Salute Mentale
Authors: Amaddeo F. , Bacigalupi M. , de Girolamo G. , Di Munzio W. , Lora A. , Semisa D. 
Published: July 2014

Il Dipartimento di Salute Mentale (DSM) comprende tutti i presidi psichiatrici pubblici, ospedalieri ed extraospedalieri per adulti, gestisce tutte le attività concernenti la tutela della salute mentale per adulti esistenti nel territorio di competenza e possiede un organico pluriprofessionale a direzione unica. Può comprendere o meno le attività di neuropsichiatria infantile, anche se é auspicabile che le comprenda.II DSM comprende le seguenti unità organizzative:1.Centra di Salute Mentale (CSM)2.Ambulatorio3.Servizio psichiatrico di diagnosi e cura (SPDC)4.Day Hospital (DH)5.Centra Diurno (CD)6.Strutture Residenziali
Partial or full-time hospitalization: patients̍ preference
Authors: Schene Aart H. , van Wijngaarden Bob , Gersons Berthold P.R. 
Published: July 2014

Partial hospitalization (PH) fulfills four different functions in the mental health care system. First it can be a continuation of full-time hospitalization (FH). Secondly it functions as a rehabilitation oriented day care facility for the chronically ill. Thirdly it can be an extension of an outpatient treatment for patients without any indication for FH. And lastly it can be an alternative to (sub)acute FH (Schene & Gersons, 1986). Of course a particular PH service can fulfill different functions at the same time. However, based on data from a nationwide survey in The Netherlands we found clear differences between PH services that were specialized in one of the four functions mentioned (Schene et al., 1988).PH might be regarded as a real and useful alternative to FH, provided it adheres to the original inpatient treatment objectives and their related functions, without any loss of quality. It should accommodate the same, or at least a comparable, patient population. Only under those conditions can PH really replace FH.
Costing day hospital and in-patient care for acute psychiatric illness
Authors: Holme Sarah , Creed Francis , Tomenson Barbara 
Published: July 2014

This study was primarily designed as a cost effectiveness analysis, comparing the costs and outcomes of day hospital and in-patient care for acute psychiatric illness. There are a growing number of this type of study in mental health (Knappet al., 1994; McCroneet al., 1994; Wiersmaet al., 1995; Mersonet al., 1996). The costing methodology used in such studies is becoming more consistent, but economic evaluation in mental health care is still developing and there remain several unanswered questions which will be considered in this paper. The wide variation in the costs of care of people with mental health problems is a critical factor in these studies (Grayet al., 1996).The cost effectiveness study is based on a previous randomised controlled trial conducted at Manchester Royal Infirmary which showed the feasibility and effectiveness of day patient treatment for acutely ill patients (Creedet al., 1990). In the current study 187 patients were randomly allocated, 94 to day hospital care and 93 to in-patient care. The method and results of the main cost effectiveness analysis are described in detail elsewhere (Creedet al., 1996a). This paper concentrates on reviewing the methods used to collect cost data, and further analysis of the data exploring variations in costs.
Psychiatric case registers for monitoring service utilisation and evaluating its costs
Authors: Amaddeo Francesco , Bonizzato Paola , Tansella Michele 
Published: July 2014

Psychiatric case registers are systematic health information systems of a geographically delimited area that record the contacts with designated medical and social services of patients or clients from the area. The information is stored in a linked and cumulative file so that the care of any individual or group can be followed over time, no matter how complex the pattern of service attendance (Wing, 1989). They represent the evolution of older systems for recording data of clinical relevance, such asdisease registersto which hospitals and physicians used to report all cases of a certain diagnosis andhospital-based registers, which in general are based on aggregate data concerning patients who received care by a particular hospital or clinic (Häfner & an der Heiden, 1986).Bennett & Trute (1983) pointed out that the term “information” has substantially wider connotations than the term “data”. In order to become “information”, data have to be placed within a framework and interpreted. This is true for all medical information systems, including those that collect limited data set, such as those about births, deaths, admissions to hospital, etc. (Wing, 1986).A WHO Working Group held in Mannheim provided an agreed definition of a Psychiatric Case Register (PCR) which resulted in the following: “a Psychiatric Case Register is a patient-centered longitudinal record of contacts with a defined set of psychiatric services, originating from a defined population” (WHO, 1983).
The importance of service level measures for mental health policy
Authors: Jenkins Rachel , Glover Gyles 
Published: July 2014

The policy of any organisation is a setting out of the purposes for which it exists - its mission statement. Governments spend money on mental health services and therefore need a coherent mission statement for the use and goals to which that money is put. Moreover, the consequences of mental illness pervade all aspects of a nation's existence. Therefore a mission statement is needed to tackle mental illness and its consequences, not only by developing and using specialist mental health services to best effect, but also by using other relevant organisations as appropriate.Mental health policy is formulated at all levels from the community mental health team to the national government and thence to the World Health Organisation and the United Nations. Indeed national and international mental health policies have generally been led by local innovative best clinical practice. At local level, the policy of a community mental health team will identify the types of patients to which it seeks to provide a service, the channels through which referrals will be accepted, the type and nature of assessment and decision making about consequent interventions which will be used and a range of quality standards within which it will seek to operate. It may set out a set of desired goals in terms of the improvement in the health status of clients and the degree of consumer satisfaction it seeks to achieve. Some adverse consequences may be set out. For example, it may seek to minimise readmissions to hospital within a specified period of time or the frequency of violent or self-destructive behaviour on behalf of its clients.
Demonstration of higher colour response with ambient refractive index in Papilio blumei as compared to Morphorhetenor
Authors: Wang Wanlin , Zhang Wang , Fang Xiaotian , Huang Yiqiao , Liu Qinglei , Gu Jiajun , Zhang Di 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMultilayer structures are known to produce vivid iridescent colouration in many butterflies. Morpho butterflies are well known for their high reflectance, which appears to remain high over a wide range of viewing angles. Thus these butterflies have served as the inspiration for sensing materials. Using microscopic images and videos, we visually demonstrate that the colour response with ambient refractive index of Papilio blumei is better than that of Morpho rhetenor. This result was also verified using measurements of the reflectance for different viewing angles. The finite-difference time-domain method was then used to simulate the microscopic pictures and reflections. Finally, the relationships between the structure, ambient refractive index, reflection and viewing angle are discussed in detail.
First Report of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Infecting Eustoma (Eustoma grandiflorum) in Korea
Authors: Kil E.-J. , Byun H.-S. , Kim S. , Hwang H. , Kim M.-K. , Kim C.-S. , Choi H.-S. , Lee K.-Y. , Lee S. 
Published: July 2014

Eustoma (Eustoma grandiflorum), also called lisianthus, belongs to the family Gentianaceae and is cultivated for flower production globally (1), including in Korea. At least 10 viruses can infect eustoma, including Cucumber mosaic virus (genus Cucumovirus), Tobacco mosaic virus (genus Tobamovirus), Tomato spotted wilt virus (genus Tospovirus), and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, genus Begomovirus) (1,2). In December 2012, disease symptoms such as leaf curling and stunting were observed on eustoma plants grown in Gumi, Korea, where TYLCV outbreak was reported on tomato farms. In a eustoma greenhouse, about 5% of eustoma plants showed the leaf curling and stunting symptoms. Total DNA was isolated from 15 symptomatic eustoma plants with a Viral Gene-spin Viral DNA/RNA Extraction Kit (iNtRON Biotechnology, Seongnam, Korea) and viral DNA was amplified by rolling circle amplification (TempliPhi Amplification Kit, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden) following the manufacturer's instructions. All amplicons were digested with the restriction enzyme SacI (TaKaRa Bio, Shiga, Japan) and 2.8-kb DNA fragments were verified on an agarose gel. Fifteen digested DNA fragments were purified from the gel, ligated into pGEM-T easy vector (Promega, Madison, WI), and sequenced (Macrogen, Seoul, Korea, GenBank Accession No. KF225312.1). A BLAST search exhibited a 99% identity to TYLCV previously reported in Korea (GenBank HM856911.1). This is the first report of TYLCV in eustoma plants in Korea. To identify the movement and replication of TYLCV in infected eustoma plants, PCR and Southern hybridization analysis were performed with samples from four organs (flower, leaf, stem, and root) of three individual TYLCV-infected plants. TYLCV TYL DNA from each organ sample was amplified using 2× Taq PCR MasterMix (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea) with TYLCV-specific primers (TYLCV-F: 5′-ATATTACCGGATGGCCGCGCCT-3′, CV-R: 5′-TCCACGGGGAACATCAGGGCTT-3′). Single-stranded as well as double-stranded TYLCV DNA were identified from all organs of symptomatic eustoma, indicating TYLCV can replicate and move systemically in eustoma plants. Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)-mediated plant-to-plant viral transmission was performed with one TYLCV-infected eustoma plant and five healthy eustoma plants and revealed that 80% (4 of 5) of the eustoma plants were infected by whitefly-mediated transmission. These results indicate that TYLCV-infected eustoma plants could act as virus reservoirs to healthy eustoma plants as well as other potential TYLCV hosts, such as tomatoes. In Korea, TYLCV has been the most notorious plant virus since 2008 (3), but, until now, TYLCV infection in eustoma plants has not been reported in Korea. References: (1) C. C. Chen et al. Plant Dis. 84:506, 2000. (2) A. Kritzman et al. Plant Dis. 84:1185, 2000. (3) H. Lee et al. Mol. Cells 30:467, 2010.
First Report of Tomato mosaic virus on Common Sow Thistle in Iran
Authors: Hashemi S. S. , Rakhshandehroo F. , Shahraeen N. 
Published: July 2014

The natural incidence of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) in common sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus) from vegetable fields was assessed to determine the role of this weed species as a virus inoculum source. Twenty sow thistle plants with virus-like foliar symptoms including mosaic and malformations were collected from five vegetable fields in Tehran province, Iran, and analyzed by double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA for the presence of ToMV, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) using specific polyclonal antibodies (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). Six out of the 20 sow thistle plants tested by ELISA were infected with ToMV. This virus was detected in three of five vegetable fields surveyed, while CMV and TMV were not detected. Mosaic symptoms were associated with the ToMV infection, similar to those caused by TMV in common sow thistle in Iran (2). Viral infection was confirmed by RT-PCR using previously described specific primers to amplify a region in the coat protein gene of ToMV (3). The RT-PCR resulted in the amplification of an expected fragment of ~480 bp from ToMV-infected but not from healthy plants. The nucleotide sequence of the amplified DNA fragment was purified (GeneJET Gel Extraction Kit, Fermentas, Germany), directly sequenced, and deposited in GenBank as Accession No. KF527464. BLAST analysis showed 95 to 97% and 98 to 100% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, with comparable sequences of other ToMV isolates (GenBank AF062519, FN985165, GQ280794, and JX857634). Mechanical inoculation of sow thistle plants with sap of symptomatic sow thistles reproduced symptoms of field-infected sow thistles. The presence of ToMV in the inoculated plants was confirmed by ELISA and RT-PCR. This suggested that ToMV could be the causal agent of the disease on sow thistle. In our earlier studies, the distribution and genetic diversity of ToMV isolates infecting vegetable crops and weed plants were studied (1); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of ToMV infecting common sow thistle in Iran. References: (1) V. Aghamohammadi et al. J. Plant Pathol. 95:339, 2013. (2) A. Alishiri et al. Plant Pathol. J. 29:260, 2013. (3) B. Letschert et al. J. Virol. Methods 106:10, 2002.
Chronic impairment of bumblebee natural foraging behaviour induced by sublethal pesticide exposure
Authors: Gill Richard J. , Raine Nigel E. 
Published: July 2014

Summary

Insect pollination is a vital ecosystem service that maintains biodiversity and sustains agricultural crop yields. Social bees are essential insect pollinators, so it is concerning that their populations are in global decline.

Although pesticide exposure has been implicated as a possible cause for bee declines, we currently have a limited understanding of the risk these chemicals pose. Whilst environmental exposure to pesticides typically has non‐lethal effects on individual bees, recent reports suggest that sublethal exposure can affect important behavioural traits such as foraging. However, at present, we know comparatively little about how natural foraging behaviour is impaired and the relative impacts of acute and chronic effects.

Using Radio‐Frequency Identification (RFID) tagging technology, we examined how the day‐to‐day foraging patterns of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) were affected when exposed to either a neonicotinoid (imidacloprid) and/or a pyrethroid (λ‐cyhalothrin) independently and in combination over a four‐week period. This is the first study to provide data on the impacts of combined and individual pesticide exposure on the temporal dynamics of foraging behaviour in the field over a prolonged period of time.

Our results show that neonicotinoid exposure has both acute and chronic effects on overall foraging activity. Whilst foragers from control colonies improved their pollen foraging performance as they gained experience, the performance of bees exposed to imidacloprid became worse: chronic behavioural impairment. We also found evidence, suggesting that pesticide exposure can change forager preferences for the flower types from which they collect pollen.

Our findings highlight the importance of considering prolonged exposure (which happens in the field) when assessing the risk that pesticides pose to bees. The effects of chronic pesticide exposure could have serious detrimental consequences for both colony survival and also the pollination services provided by these essential insect pollinators.
Impacts of breeder loss on social structure, reproduction and population growth in a social canid
Authors: Borg Bridget L. , Brainerd Scott M. , Meier Thomas J. , Prugh Laura R. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe importance of individuals to the dynamics of populations may depend on reproductive status, especially for species with complex social structure. Loss of reproductive individuals in socially complex species could disproportionately affect population dynamics by destabilizing social structure and reducing population growth. Alternatively, compensatory mechanisms such as rapid replacement of breeders may result in little disruption. The impact of breeder loss on the population dynamics of social species remains poorly understood.We evaluated the effect of breeder loss on social stability, recruitment and population growth of grey wolves (Canis lupus) in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska using a 26‐year dataset of 387 radiocollared wolves. Harvest of breeding wolves is a highly contentious conservation and management issue worldwide, with unknown population‐level consequences.Breeder loss preceded 77% of cases (n = 53) of pack dissolution from 1986 to 2012. Packs were more likely to dissolve if a female or both breeders were lost and pack size was small. Harvest of breeders increased the probability of pack dissolution, likely because the timing of harvest coincided with the breeding season of wolves. Rates of denning and successful recruitment were uniformly high for packs that did not experience breeder loss; however, packs that lost breeders exhibited lower denning and recruitment rates. Breeder mortality and pack dissolution had no significant effects on immediate or longer term population dynamics.Our results indicate the importance of breeding individuals is context dependent. The impact of breeder loss on social group persistence, reproduction and population growth may be greatest when average group sizes are small and mortality occurs during the breeding season. This study highlights the importance of reproductive individuals in maintaining group cohesion in social species, but at the population level socially complex species may be resilient to disruption and harvest through strong compensatory mechanisms.