bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the dynamics of dental fear: dental or mental?
Authors: Hägglin Catharina , Carlsson Sven G. , Hakeberg Magnus 
Published: April 2013

This study explored possible predictors of change over time in dental fear. In a population‐based sample of 664 women, 38–54 yr of age at first assessment, a self‐rating of dental fear was recorded on two occasions, 6 yr apart. Whilst the majority of the women maintained their level of fear, two subgroups reported changes at follow up. Of the 99 subjects indicating high fear at baseline, 54 recorded no or minimal fear at follow up and, among the 565 recording minimal fear at baseline, 27 reported increased fear at follow up. We used psychological and odontological findings at baseline to compare the four subgroups with altered or maintained fear ratings at follow up. The women reporting reduced fear at follow up differed significantly in the psychological variables from those reporting unchanged fear; there were no significant differences between these groups in any of the odontological variables. The group indicating increased fear at follow up did not differ from those with a maintained fearlessness in any of the baseline measurements. The results are discussed in terms of a systems‐oriented understanding of the development of dental fear.
Iron oxidation stimulates organic matter decomposition in humid tropical forest soils
Authors: Hall Steven J. , Silver Whendee L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHumid tropical forests have the fastest rates of organic matter decomposition globally, which often coincide with fluctuating oxygen (O2) availability in surface soils. Microbial iron (Fe) reduction generates reduced iron [Fe(II)] under anaerobic conditions, which oxidizes to Fe(III) under subsequent aerobic conditions. We demonstrate that Fe (II) oxidation stimulates organic matter decomposition via two mechanisms: (i) organic matter oxidation, likely driven by reactive oxygen species; and (ii) increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) availability, likely driven by acidification. Phenol oxidative activity increased linearly with Fe(II) concentrations (P < 0.0001, pseudo R2 = 0.79) in soils sampled within and among five tropical forest sites. A similar pattern occurred in the absence of soil, suggesting an abiotic driver of this reaction. No phenol oxidative activity occurred in soils under anaerobic conditions, implying the importance of oxidants such as O2 or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in addition to Fe(II). Reactions between Fe(II) and H2O2 generate hydroxyl radical, a strong nonselective oxidant of organic compounds. We found increasing consumption of H2O2 as soil Fe(II) concentrations increased, suggesting that reactive oxygen species produced by Fe(II) oxidation explained variation in phenol oxidative activity among samples. Amending soils with Fe(II) at field concentrations stimulated short‐term C mineralization by up to 270%, likely via a second mechanism. Oxidation of Fe(II) drove a decrease in pH and a monotonic increase in DOC; a decline of two pH units doubled DOC, likely stimulating microbial respiration. We obtained similar results by manipulating soil acidity independently of Fe(II), implying that Fe(II) oxidation affected C substrate availability via pH fluctuations, in addition to producing reactive oxygen species. Iron oxidation coupled to organic matter decomposition contributes to rapid rates of C cycling across humid tropical forests in spite of periodic O2 limitation, and may help explain the rapid turnover of complex C molecules in these soils.
Training pharmacists to deliver a complex information technology intervention (PINCER) using the principles of educational outreach and root cause analysis
Authors: Sadler Stacey , Rodgers Sarah , Howard Rachel , Morris Caroline J , Avery Anthony J 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Objective
To describe the training undertaken by pharmacists employed in a pharmacist-led information technology-based intervention study to reduce medication errors in primary care (PINCER Trial), evaluate pharmacists’ assessment of the training, and the time implications of undertaking the training.

Methods
Six pharmacists received training, which included training on root cause analysis and educational outreach, to enable them to deliver the PINCER Trial intervention. This was evaluated using self-report questionnaires at the end of each training session. The time taken to complete each session was recorded. Data from the evaluation forms were entered onto a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, independently checked and the summary of results further verified. Frequencies were calculated for responses to the three-point Likert scale questions. Free-text comments from the evaluation forms and pharmacists’ diaries were analysed thematically.

Key findings
All six pharmacists received 22 h of training over five sessions. In four out of the five sessions, the pharmacists who completed an evaluation form (27 out of 30 were completed) stated they were satisfied or very satisfied with the various elements of the training package. Analysis of free-text comments and the pharmacists’ diaries showed that the principles of root cause analysis and educational outreach were viewed as useful tools to help pharmacists conduct pharmaceutical interventions in both the study and other pharmacy roles that they undertook. The opportunity to undertake role play was a valuable part of the training received.

Conclusions
Findings presented in this paper suggest that providing the PINCER pharmacists with training in root cause analysis and educational outreach contributed to the successful delivery of PINCER interventions and could potentially be utilised by other pharmacists based in general practice to deliver pharmaceutical interventions to improve patient safety.
Robotic removal of eroded vaginal mesh into the bladder
Authors: Macedo Francisco Igor B , O'Connor Jeffrey , Mittal Vijay K , Hurley Patrick 
Published: April 2013

AbstractVaginal mesh erosion into the bladder after midurethral sling procedure or cystocele repair is uncommon, with only a few cases having been reported in the literature. The ideal surgical management is still controversial. Current options for removal of eroded mesh include: endoscopic, transvaginal or abdominal (either open or laparoscopic) approaches. We, herein, present the first case of robotic removal of a large eroded vaginal mesh into the bladder and discuss potential benefits and limitations of the technique.
Laparoscopic simultaneous bilateral adrenalectomy for testosterone‐secreting bilateral adrenal tumors
Authors: Suzuki Takahisa , Furuse Hiroshi , Kurita Yutaka , Ushiyama Tomomi , Mugiya Soichi , Ozono Seiichiro , Oki Yutaka 
Published: April 2013

AbstractLaparoscopic adrenalectomy is widely accepted as a safe and minimally‐invasive procedure. Although it is a standard procedure for the surgical treatment of adrenal tumors, its simultaneous use with bilateral adrenalectomy is relatively rare. A 21‐year‐old woman was referred to Hamamatsu University School of Medicine University Hospital complaining of a deepening voice, hirsutism and secondary amenorrhea. Abdominal computed tomography showed bilateral adrenal tumors, and hormonal examinations showed that the tumors secreted excessive testosterone, resulting in virilizing symptoms. Laparoscopic simultaneous bilateral adrenalectomy was carried out. Postoperatively, serum testosterone levels immediately recovered to within the normal range. Menstruation began the month after the operation, and the hirsutism gradually regressed. This is the third reported case of bilateral virilizing adrenal tumors, and the first to be successfully treated with laparoscopic simultaneous bilateral adrenalectomy.
Solvent/Detergent Treatment of Human Plasma ‐ A Very Robust Method for Virus Inactivation. Validated Virus Safety of OCTAPLAS®
Authors: Biesert L. , Suhartono H. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractOCTAPLAS® is a cell‐free standardized blood group specific human coagulation active plasma for transfusion. The viral safety is mainly based on the treatment with solvent/detergent. SD is known to irreversibly inactivate the lipid enveloped viruses including HTV 1+2, HBV and HCV and has been recommended both by European guidelines and the FDA. The potential limitation of each inactivation method should be validated according to the current EU‐guidelines CPMP/BWP/268/95 and CPMP/BWP/269/95. Our studies demonstrate that the SD method inactivates lipid enveloped viruses within a few minutes to below the limit of detection. The concentration of the SD reagents as well as several other process parameters chosen for the virus inactivation step of plasma pools of different protein and lipid composition result in a high safety margin towards the clinically relevant viruses.
Viral Safety of Blood Derivatives by Immune Neutralization
Authors: Rollag H. , Solheim B. G. , Svennevig J. L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDespite careful donor selection and virus inactivation procedures, transmission of viruses by transfusion of blood and blood derivatives is still a threat. Outbreaks of hepatitis A among hemophiliacs having received highly purified, immune globulin depleted coagulation factor concentrates, put the importance of immune neutralization of viruses in blood derivatives in focus. Neutralizing antibodies may block several steps in the virus infection of a cell, from binding of virus to the cellular receptor to the uncoating of virus after uptake in the cell. The efficacy of antibody neutralizing activity depends on the availability and stability of the neutralizing epitopes. Hepatitis A and B viruses are very efficiently neutralized by antibodies and immune escape mutants rarely emerge. Anti‐parvovirus B19 antibodies do not fully inactivate the virus, at least in low concentrations, but may prevent development of disease. The neutralizing epitopes on hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus are located on hypervariable regions of virus membrane proteins. The effects of neutralizing antibodies are thus marginal as immune escape mutants emerge at a relatively high frequency for both viruses. The neutralizing activity of anti‐cytomegalovirus antibodies is also questionable as persons may become reinfected with cytomegolvirus despite high levels of antibodies. Plasma and plasma derivatives produced from large donor pools have the potential of being very efficient transmitters of viruses. Neutralizing antibodies are Nature's own, and very important barriers against the spread of many known and unknown viruses contaminating the plasma pools.
On The Receiving End: The Governance of the Police in Britain
Authors: Amann Ron 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBased on direct observation over a five‐year period, the article paints an intimate picture of how the police in Britain are governed. It analyses the complexity of the economic and political environment in which the police have to work: the insecure funding platform; the stream of initiatives, targets and official guidelines; the delicacy of handling community sensitivities; the inherent opaqueness of the national ‘tripartite’ system of governance; and the constant challenge of making balanced judgements under conflicting pressures. The central theme that runs through the article (which follows on logically from two previous articles published in Political Quarterly) is that of a ‘managerialist’ political class, with a distinctive ideology and mode of control, trying to get a policy grip on the real world of service delivery: in this instance, policing. Unlike the previous two articles, which had a top‐down focus, the emphasis here is primarily on how the thicket looks to those who have to navigate their way through it.
Tobacco and the invention of quitting: a history of gender, excess and will‐power
Authors: White Cameron , Oliffe John L. , Bottorff Joan L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSince the rise of concern about the relationship between smoking and health in the 1950s and 1960s, the tobacco industry has emphasised notions of individual choice to negate the arguments of the public health sector and legitimatise the industry’s presence in the marketplace. Central to this notion of individual choice has been the idea that the control of tobacco consumption (including quitting) is a function of will‐power and that smokers can quit if they really want to. This article examines the way will‐power developed as the centrepiece of debates about smoking consumption and cessation in the 1950s and 1960s.
Sensitivity and Specificity of 3D Models of the Radioulnar Joint Cup in Combination With a Sphere Fitted to the Ulnar Trochlear Notch for Estimation of Radioulnar Incongruence In Vitro
Authors: Eljack Hamdi , Werner Hinnerk , Böttcher Peter 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the sensitivity and specificity of estimation of radioulnar incongruence (RUI) by use of 3‐dimensional (3D) image renderings in combination with a sphere fitted to the ulnar trochlear notch.Study DesignIn vitro study.Sample PopulationRight forelimbs (n = 8) of canine cadavers weighing >20 kg.MethodsCT‐based 3D models (n = 63) of the radioulnar joint cup with different states of RUI were used. A sphere was fitted to the trochlear notch of each of the models and 2 independent observers estimated RUI based on the relation of the sphere and the radial joint surface blinded to the true state of RUI at 1 mm precisely (−2 mm to +2 mm).ResultsMean sensitivity and specificity for detecting any form of incongruent joint was 0.94 and 0.89, respectively. Evaluating a positive step (short radius) versus a congruent joint resulted in a mean sensitivity and specificity of 0.89 and 0.96, respectively. A negative RUI (short ulna) was diagnosed with a mean sensitivity and specificity of 1.00 and 0.92, respectively. Intra‐class‐correlation coefficient for inter‐observer agreement was 0.99.ConclusionsFitting a sphere to the ulnar trochlea notch significantly improves diagnostic accuracy of 3D models of the radioulnar joint cup when diagnosing RUI.
Single Incision Laparoscopic‐Assisted Intestinal Surgery (SILAIS) in 7 Dogs and 1 Cat
Authors: Case J. Brad , Ellison Gary 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the clinical findings and short‐term outcome in 7 dogs and 1 cat undergoing single‐incision laparoscopic‐assisted intestinal surgery (SILAIS) using an SILS™ or EndoCone™ port.Study DesignProspective case series.AnimalsDogs (n = 7) and cat (n = 1).MethodsAn SILS™ port using three 5‐mm instrument cannulas or EndoCone™ port was used to perform an initial limited laparoscopic abdominal exploration. The stomach and descending duodenum were explored intracorporeally and the jejunum through orad descending colon was explored extracorporeally. All intestinal procedures (enterotomy, biopsy, resection, and anastomosis) were performed extracorporeally. Omentalization of affected bowel was accomplished either intracorporeally or extracorporeally. Short‐term outcome was determined.ResultsSILAIS was completed successfully in all but 1 dog and all animals had a good short‐term outcome. Most (n = 5) animals were discharged the day after surgery. SILAIS was performed in a median of 120 minutes (interquartile range; 82–148 minutes) and was associated with a moderate level of difficulty. No major complications occurred but conversion to celiotomy (n = 1) and enlargement of the incision (n = 3) was required because of inability to exteriorize the affected bowel.ConclusionsSILAIS using an SILS™ or EndoCone™ port in dogs and cats is feasible and appears effective in selected cases. Single portal laparoscopic‐assisted intestinal surgery might be an effective method of minimizing morbidity in dogs and cats with uncomplicated intestinal disease.
Is Drug Utilization in Greece Sex dependent? A Population‐based Study
Authors: Athanasopoulos Charalampos , Pitychoutis Pothitos M. , Messari Ioanna , Lionis Christos , Papadopoulou‐Daifoti Zeta 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDespite scarce data pertaining to prescription drug sales in Greece, the lack of large‐scale epidemiological studies has made it difficult to elaborate on putative differences regarding drug consumption patterns between the two sexes. Herein, we sought to investigate whether sex may have an impact on medication trends of the Greek population. The data reported are part of a survey conducted under the auspices of the National Center for Social Research. Information was collected from 2499 Athenian citizens. Probability of drug use was assessed through Pearson chi‐square (χ2) test and logistic regression was implemented to clarify whether sex or other socio‐economic and morbidity factors may influence drug utilization. Women consumed more drugs as compared to men. Sex proved to be a differentiating factor influencing the use of analgesic/non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, cardiovascular, anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs, as well as drugs for the treatment of thyroid diseases and osteoporosis. Present results further implicate other socio‐economic factors (e.g. education, employment and financial status) in the harnessing of drug use in Greece. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest pharmacoepidemiological study to report that Greek women consume more drugs and present different medication patterns, as compared to men. Further research is considered imperative in order for the awareness of prescribers, policy‐makers and the general public on this sensitive matter to be increased.
A MiniReview of the Use of Hospital‐based Databases in Observational Inpatient Studies of Drugs
Authors: Larsen Michael D. , Cars Thomas , Hallas Jesper 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe majority of pharmacoepidemiological data resources are based on data generated in primary health care. Although inpatient data resources have existed since the 1960s, inpatient pharmacoepidemiological studies are relatively scarce. The objectives of this MiniReview were to describe pharmacoepidemiological studies in hospital settings and the underlying databases to provide an overview of research questions addressed by such databases. The studies were retrieved by chain searching. We included pharmacoepidemiological studies in hospital settings containing data on inpatient drug use. Twelve inpatient databases in Asia, the United States and Europe were found. Most databases were automatically collected from claims data or generated from electronic medical records. The contents of the databases varied as well as the potential for linkage with other data sources such as laboratory and outpatient data. Twenty studies were selected and discussed to illustrate the diversity of inpatient pharmacoepidemiological studies. Hospital‐based databases had mainly been used for drug utilization studies and research in adverse drug reactions. Five studies within comparative effectiveness were found. The number of pharmacoepidemiological studies in inpatient settings was low compared with studies from primary healthcare settings. These resources may be under‐utilized.
Focal myopathy in the neck extensor muscles in Japanese Parkinson's disease patients with dropped head syndrome
Authors: Kurokawa Katsumi , Sonoo Masahiro , Hemmi Shoji , Izawa Nana , Nagai Taiji , Sunada Yoshihide 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimThe underlying etiology of dropped head syndrome (DHS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients seems to be heterogeneous, that is neck dystonia, a drug‐induced etiology or focal myopathy of the neck extensor muscles. Focal myopathy might be primary myositis or a stretched muscle injury. In Japan, several reports have argued that neck dystonia is the cause of DHS. There have been no reports to date that documented a focal myopathy of the neck extensor muscles. The aim of the present study was to investigate myopathic changes in the neck extensor muscles of PD patients with DHS by needle electromyography (EMG), and to evaluate the effect of steroid therapy.MethodsWe carried out needle EMG on 15 consecutive PD patients with DHS who visited our hospital between July 2009 and November 2011. The effects of prednisolone for the treatment of DHS were evaluated clinically and electrophysiologically.ResultsNeedle EMG of the neck extensor muscles in 15 PD patients with DHS revealed fibrillation potentials, positive sharp waves and small amplitude, short duration motor unit potentials in 14 patients. EMG findings were indicative of focal myopathy in five patients, and were compatible with focal myopathy in nine patients. DHS improved in eight out of 11 patients given prednisolone 20 mg/day. Follow‐up needle EMG after steroid therapy in four patients showed improvements in the myopathic changes.ConclusionWe report that focal myopathy of the neck extensor muscles is common in Japanese PD patients with DHS. Our findings suggest that steroid therapy might improve DHS in some PD patients.
Temperature Dependence of Electrical Resistivity (4–300 K) in Aluminum‐ and Boron‐Doped SiC Ceramics
Authors: Kim Kwang Joo , Lim Kwang‐Young , Kim Young‐Wook , Kim Hyoung Chan 
Published: April 2013

Al‐ and B‐doped 3C–SiC ceramics were prepared by hot‐pressing powder compacts containing submicrometer‐sized β‐SiC, precursors of 5 wt% nanosized β‐SiC, and an optional additive (Al or B) in an Ar atmosphere. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) investigation on the obtained specimens revealed that a portion of the doped Al and B atoms substituted the zinc blende lattice sites. The temperature‐dependent electrical resistivity data of the Al‐ and B‐doped SiC specimens were measured in the 4–300 K range and compared with those of an undoped specimen. The Al‐ and B‐doped SiC specimens exhibited resistivities that were as high as ~103 Ω cm at room temperature and ~105 and ~104 Ω cm, respectively, below 100 K. These values are larger than those of the undoped SiC specimen by a factor of ~104. Such high resistivities of the impurity‐doped specimens are attributable to the carrier compensation by the Al‐ and B‐derived acceptors located well above the valence‐band edge of 3C–SiC. Photoluminescence investigation revealed that the Al‐ and B‐doped specimens exhibited emission profile below 2 eV, implying the existence of the acceptors.
Yellow‐Emitting Y3Si6N11: Ce3+ Phosphors for White Light–Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Authors: Liu Lihong , Xie Rong‐Jun , Li Wanyuan , Hirosaki Naoto , Yamamoto Yoshinobu , Sun Xudong 
Published: April 2013

A novel Y3−xSi6N11: xCe3+ yellow phosphor was synthesized using the carbothermal reduction and nitridition method at 1550°C for 16 h in this letter. Photoluminescence spectra indicated that the phosphor showed broad excitation spectrum and had strong absorption in range of 350–450 nm. It also gave a broad emission band (Full width at half maximum = 153 nm) centered at 575 nm under 425‐nm excitation. With increasing Ce3+ concentration, the strongest emission intensity was obtained at 5 mol% Ce3+ doping amount and a systematic redshift was observed as the Ce3+ concentration increased. The results indicate that this novel yellow phosphor is a promising candidate for using in blue‐chip‐excited white light–emitting diodes (LEDs).