bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NeuroThera® Efficacy and Safety Trial – 3 (NEST-3): A Double-Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Parallel Group, Multicenter, Pivotal Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Transcranial Laser Therapy with the NeuroThera® Laser System for the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke within 24 h of Stroke Onset
Authors: Zivin J. A. , Sehra R. , Shoshoo A. , Albers G. W. , Bornstein N. M. , Dahlof B. , Kasner S. E. , Howard G. , Shuaib A. , Streeter J. , Richieri S. P. , Hacke W. ,   for the NEST-3 investigators
Published: September 2012

Rationale Transcranial laser therapy is undergoing clinical trials in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The NeuroThera® Efficacy and Safety Trial-1 was strongly positive for 90-day functional benefit with transcranial laser therapy, and post hoc analyses of the subsequent NeuroThera® Efficacy and Safety Trial-2 trial suggested a meaningful beneficial effect in patients with moderate to moderately severe ischemic stroke within 24 h of onset. These served as the basis for the NeuroThera® Efficacy and Safety Trial-3 randomized controlled trial. Aim The purpose of this pivotal study was to demonstrate safety and efficacy of transcranial laser therapy with the NeuroThera® Laser System in the treatment of subjects diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke. Design NeuroThera® Efficacy and Safety Trial-3 is a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled, parallel group, multicenter, pivotal study that will enroll 1000 subjects at up to 50 sites. All subjects will receive standard medical management based on the American Stroke Association and European Stroke Organization Guidelines. In addition to standard medical management, both groups will undergo the transcranial laser therapy procedure between 4·5 and 24 h of stroke onset. The study population will be randomized into two arms: the sham control group will receive a sham transcranial laser therapy procedure and the transcranial laser therapy group will receive an active transcranial laser therapy procedure. The randomization ratio will be 1:1 and will be stratified to ensure a balanced subject distribution between study arms. Study Outcomes The primary efficacy end point is disability at 90 days (or the last rating), as assessed on the modified Rankin Scale, dichotomized as a success (a score of 0–2) or a failure (a score of 3 to 6).
Early Ischaemic Diffusion Lesion Reduction in Patients Treated with Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator: Infrequent, but Significantly Associated with Recanalization
Authors: Sakamoto Yuki , Kimura Kazumi , Shibazaki Kensaku , Inoue Takeshi , Uemura Jyunichi , Aoki Junya , Sakai Kenichiro , Iguchi Yasuyuki 
Published: September 2012

Background and purpose Recent studies have shown that thrombolysis could decrease or eliminate ischaemic diffusion-weighted imaging lesions. However, the features of such diffusion-weighted imaging lesion reduction are not well known. Aims To clarify, the frequency of and factors associated with lesion reduction were investigated. Methods Patients given intravenous tissue plasminogen activator therapy within three-hours of onset were prospectively enrolled. Magnetic resonance imaging including diffusion-weighted imaging and magnetic resonance angiography was performed four times: on admission, just after intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, 24 h from intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, and seven-days after intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. The diffusion-weighted imaging lesion volume was measured by manual trace using National Institutes of Health imaging software. All patients were divided into three groups according to the early diffusion-weighted imaging lesion volume change from admission to just after intravenous tissue plasminogen activator: the lesion reduction group (>20% decrease); the lesion growth group (>20% increase); and the lesion unchanged group. Results In total, 105 patients [56 males, median age 77 (interquartile range 70–83) years, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score 16 ( 10 – 22 )] were enrolled. Early diffusion-weighted imaging lesion reduction was observed in seven (7%) patients. The decreased lesion increased subsequently. On multivariate analysis, the glucose level on admission (odds ratio 0·95, 95% confidence interval 0·91 to 0·99, P = 0·045) and early recanalization (odds ratio 15·7, 95% confidence interval 1·61 to 153, P = 0·018) were independently related to early lesion reduction. Conclusion Early diffusion-weighted imaging lesion reduction was observed in 7% of patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. The decreased lesion increased subsequently. Initial glucose level and early recanalization were independently associated with early diffusion-weighted imaging lesion reduction.
Frequency of Anxiety after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Authors: Burton C. Alexia Campbell , Murray Jenni , Holmes John , Astin Felicity , Greenwood Darren , Knapp Peter 
Published: September 2012

Background and purpose Negative psychological outcomes occur frequently after stroke; however, there is uncertainty regarding the occurrence of anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms after stroke. A systematic review of observational studies was conducted that assessed the frequency of anxiety in stroke patients using a diagnostic or screening tool. Summary of review Databases were searched up to March 2011. A random effects model was used to summarize the pooled estimate. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Forty-four published studies comprising 5760 stroke patients were included. The overall pooled estimate of anxiety disorders assessed by clinical interview was 18% (95%confidence interval 8–29%, I2 = 97%) and was 25% (95% confidence interval 21–28%, I2 = 90%) for anxiety assessed by rating scale. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety subscale ‘probable’ and ‘possible’ cutoff scores were the most widely used assessment criteria. The combined rate of anxiety by time after stroke was: 20% (95% confidence interval 13–27%, I2 = 96%) within one-month of stroke; 23% (95% confidence interval 19–27%, I2 = 84%) one to five-months after stroke; and 24% (95% confidence interval 19–29%, I2 = 89%) six-months or more after stroke. Conclusion Anxiety after stroke occurs frequently although methodological limitations in the primary studies may limit generalizability. Given the association between prevalence rates and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety cutoff used in studies, reported rates could in fact underrepresent the extent of the problem. Additionally, risk factors for anxiety, its impact on patient outcomes, and effects in tangent with depression remain unclear.
Comparison of Stroke Warning Sign Campaigns in Australia, England, and Canada
Authors: Trobbiani Kym , Freeman Kate , Arango Manuel , Lalor Erin , Jenkinson Damian , Thrift Amanda G. 
Published: September 2012

Background Public awareness of the signs of stroke is essential to ensure that those affected by stroke arrive at the hospital in time for lifesaving therapies. It is unclear how well stroke awareness campaigns improve awareness of stroke signs and whether people translate this into action. Methods We evaluated stroke awareness campaigns conducted in England, Australia, and Canada using pre- and post-campaign surveys. We assessed the proportion of people who could name the main signs of stroke, and compared the proportion naming these correctly between locations. We also assessed whether people would call emergency services in the event of a stroke. Proportion responding correctly was compared using chi-square analysis. Results The amount spent on the campaigns was different in each country. The post-campaign survey was conducted among 400 people in Australia, 1921 in England, and 2703 in Canada. Sixty-eight per cent of people in Australia and 57% in Canada could name two or more signs of stroke ( P < 0·001). After the campaign, knowledge of each of the elements of the campaign (face, arm, speech, time) was significantly greater in England than in Australia ( P < 0·001 for each item). A high proportion of participants reported that they would call emergency services in the event of a stroke (97% in England, 90% in Australia, and 67% in Canada). Conclusion Knowledge of stroke signs and the action to be taken can be improved with awareness campaigns. The effectiveness of these campaigns may be enhanced by spend on media, media mix, and key messages. It is critical to ensure that campaigns provide the clear and bold message that prompt action is an essential ingredient to reduce death and disability following stroke.
Bilateral adrenal lesions
Authors: Gupta Pankaj , Bhalla Ashu , Sharma Raju 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBilateral adrenal lesions include a spectrum of disorders: neoplastic disorders (metastases, lymphoma, bilateral phaeochromocytoma, adrenocortical carcinoma and myelolipoma); longstanding congenital adrenal hyperplasia and macronodular adrenal hyperplasia; infections such as tuberculosis, histoplasmosis and blastomycosis; adrenal haemorrhage; adrenals in hypoperfusion complex and paediatric masses. Bilateral distribution in addition to other imaging characteristics can help narrow differential diagnoses in case of adrenal masses. We present a pictorial review highlighting the adrenal lesions that can present bilaterally.
Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of a single daily dose of gentamicin sulfate in healthy foals
Authors: Burton A. J. , Giguère S. , Warner L. , Alhamhoom Y. , Arnold R. D. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyTherapeutic drug monitoring in a small number of foals of various ages indicates that the standard adult dose of 6.6 mg/kg bwt q. 24 h for gentamicin is too low and a dose of 12 mg/kg bwt has been proposed. The pharmacokinetics of this dosage in foals and the ages at which this higher dose should be used have not previously been investigated.ObjectiveTo determine the effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of a single 12 mg/kg bwt i.v. dose of gentamicin in foals.MethodsSix healthy foals were given a single i.v. dose of gentamicin at 1–3 days, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of age. Plasma concentrations were measured usingLC‐MS/MS.ResultsElimination half‐life (mean ± s.d.) was significantly longer in 1–3‐day‐old foals (8.2 ± 2.0 h) than in foals 4 weeks of age (3.7 ± 1.5 h) or older. Volume of distribution was significantly higher in 1–3‐day‐old foals (0.75 ± 0.20 l/kg bwt) than in 8‐ (0.27 ± 0.10 l/kg bwt) or 12‐week‐old foals (0.29 ± 0.11 l/kg bwt). Concentrations of gentamicin 1 h after administration were significantly lower in 1–3‐day‐old foals (20.52 ± 2.07 μg/ml) than in all other age groups (>42.16 ± 17.57 μg/ml). Concentrations of gentamicin 24 h after administration were significantly higher in the 1–3‐day‐old foals (1.97 ± 0.90 μg/ml) than in all the other age groups (<0.85 ± 0.46 μg/ml).ConclusionsThe pharmacokinetics of gentamicin change considerably in the first 2 weeks of life.Potential relevanceIntravenous administration of gentamicin at a dose of 12 mg/kg bwt q. 36 h would be required in foals less than 2 weeks of age. In foals 2 weeks of age or older, a lower dose of 6.6 mg/kg bwt given q. 24 h was predicted to be adequate.
Questioning and reading goals: Information‐seeking questions asked on scientific texts read under different task conditions
Authors: Ishiwa Koto , Sanjosé Vicente , Otero José 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundA number of studies report that few questions are asked in classrooms and that many of them are shallow questions.AimsThis study investigates the way in which reading goals determine questioning on scientific texts. Reading goals were manipulated through two different tasks: reading for understanding versus reading to solve a problem.SampleA total of 183 university students.MethodsIn the first and third questioning experiments, the participants read two short texts. Students in one condition were instructed to understand the texts, whereas in the alternative condition they had to read texts to solve a problem. Students were instructed to write down any questions they might have about the texts. The questions were categorized according to the type of underlying obstacle: associative, explanatory, or predictive. The second experiment used a think‐aloud methodology to identify the mental representations generated by the students.Results and ConclusionsThe two questioning experiments show that the questions asked depend on the reading goals. Significantly more explanation questions were asked in the understanding condition than in the problem‐solving condition. Also, the two conditions were found to have a different influence on the generation of association and explanation questions. Very few prediction questions were asked in either condition. The think‐aloud experiment revealed that the mental representations attempted by readers under the two conditions were indeed different. In conclusion, the experiments showed that, given a certain textual input, readers' questions depend on the reading goals associated with tasks.
Using stop signals to reduce impulsive choices for palatable unhealthy foods
Authors: Veling Harm , Aarts Henk , Stroebe Wolfgang 
Published: September 2012

ObjectiveExposure to palatable foods in the environment can trigger impulsive reactions to obtain them, which may lead to unhealthy food choices and eating behaviour. Two studies tested the fundamental question whether impulsive unhealthy food choices can be altered by means of linking unhealthy palatable foods to behavioural stop signals.DesignStudy 1 adopted a 2 (signal condition: stop signal vs. control) by 2 (appetite: low vs. high) between‐subjects design. Study 2 adopted a 2 (signal condition: stop signal vs. control) between‐subjects design with frequency to consume unhealthy palatable foods as a continuous factor.MethodsParticipants performed a task in which behavioural stop signals were either consistently (or not) presented in close temporal proximity to unhealthy palatable snack foods. Next, participants were given the opportunity to select snacks that they would like to consume.ResultsTwo studies showed that participants were less likely to select unhealthy palatable foods that had been presented near stop signals, and that they selected healthy foods instead. Importantly, this reduction in choices for palatable foods was especially observed when participants' appetite was relatively high (Study 1), or when this food was part of their habit to frequently consume this food (Study 2).ConclusionThese findings show that a short stop signal intervention in which palatable foods are presented in close temporal proximity of stop signals can reduce palatable food choices by modifying an impulsive determinant of eating behaviour.Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject? Exposure to unhealthy palatable foods in the environment can lead to impulsive food choices. People's habits towards unhealthy palatable foods and their current state of appetite are important determinants of such impulsive food choices. This impulsive behaviour is hard to change.What this study add?

Linking unhealthy palatable foods to behavioural stop signals reduces choices for these foods, and increases healthy food choices. This effect is particularly strong when people's food choices are driven by their current state of appetite or habits. Behavioural stop signals foster healthy eating behaviour by modifying an impulsive determinant of behaviour.
Impulsivity and risk for mania: Towards greater specificity
Authors: Johnson Sheri L. , Carver Charles S. , Mulé Serena , Joormann Jutta 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundImpulsivity is elevated among people diagnosed with bipolar disorder, and recent evidence suggests that impulsivity can predict onset among those at risk for the disorder. Impulsivity, though, is a broad construct.ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to examine whether some aspects of impulsivity are more correlated with risk for mania than others. We hypothesized that risk for mania would be related specifically to difficulties controlling impulsive responses to emotions.Design and MethodsUndergraduates (N = 257) completed a large battery of measures of emotion‐relevant and non‐emotional forms of impulsivity, along with a well‐validated measure of risk for mania, the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS).ResultsAnalyses examined correlations of impulsivity scales with the HPS, and partial correlations controlling for lifetime tendencies towards depressive symptoms and current symptoms of alcohol abuse, both of which relate to impulsivity and often co‐occur with mania. After controlling for these measures, risk for mania remained correlated with measures of impulsive responses to positive emotions, but not with difficulties in following through or with impulsivity in the context of general distress emotions.ConclusionsAlthough impulsivity is a major concern among those at risk for mania and those diagnosed with mania, difficulties may be especially evident during positive affective states, and other forms of impulsivity may be less related to mania risk. Discussion focuses on limitations and future directions.Practitioner Points

Impulsivity is correlated with risk for mania.

Mania risk appears tied to tendencies towards impulsive action, particularly during positive affective states.

Mania risk was not significantly correlated with other non‐emotional forms of impulsivity.

A better understanding of what aspects of impulsivity are problematic in bipolar disorder could guide more refined interventions.
Activation of the P2X7 receptor induces migration of glial cells by inducing cathepsin B degradation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1
Authors: Murphy Niamh , Lynch Marina A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe P2X7 receptor is an ion‐gated channel, which is activated by high extracellular concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Activation of P2X7 receptors has been shown to induce neuroinflammatory changes associated with several neurological conditions. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of endopeptidases that have several functions including degradation of the extracellular matrix, cell migration and modulation of bioactive molecules. The actions of MMPs are prevented by a family of protease inhibitors called tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). In this study, we show that ATP‐treated glial cultures from neonatal C57BL/6 mice release and increase MMP‐9 activity, which is coupled with a decrease in release of TIMP‐1 and an increase in activated cathepsin B within the extracellular space. This process occurs independently of NLRP3‐inflammasome formation. Treatment with a P2X7 receptor antagonist prevents ATP‐induced MMP‐9 activity, inhibition of active cathepsin B release and allows for TIMP‐1 to be released from the cell. We have shown that cathepsin B degrades TIMP‐1, and inhibition of cathepsin B allows for release of TIMP‐1 and inhibits MMP‐9 activity. We also present data that indicate that ATP or cell damage induces glial cell migration, which is inhibited by P2X7 antagonism, depletion of MMP‐9 or inhibition of cathepsin B.
The Relationship between Martin Heidegger’s Nazism and his Interest in the Pre‐Socratics
Authors: Ramet Sabrina P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAlthough Heidegger was influenced by a number of thinkers, above all ancient Greeks and nineteenth‐century Germans, the fragments of the pre‐Socratic philosophers Heraclitus and Parmenides exerted a particular fascination on Heidegger. Revolted by what he considered the superficiality of bourgeois life and the spiritual decline of the West, Heidegger wanted to demolish that society, looked to the Nazis to effect a revolution in politics, and drew inspiration for his Nazism from the pre‐Socratics. In the process, he rejected the moral universalism of Kant, distorted Nietzsche’s thinking, and marshaled the pre‐Socratics in support of his call on Germans to accept their destiny and undertake their mission to struggle for glory and for spiritual rejuvenation. Heidegger’s interpretation of Heraclitus and Parmenides was, thus, an integral component of his particular brand of Nazism.
Long‐term enhancement of synaptic transmission between antennal lobe and mushroom body in cultured Drosophila brain
Authors: Ueno Kohei , Naganos Shintaro , Hirano Yukinori , Horiuchi Junjiro , Saitoe Minoru 
Published: October 2012

Key points
During olfactory aversive conditioning in Drosophila, odour and shock information are delivered to the mushroom bodies (MBs) through projection neurons in the antennal lobes (ALs) and ascending fibres of the ventral nerve cord (AFV), respectively.
Using an isolated cultured brain expressing a Ca2+ indicator in the MBs, we demonstrated that the simultaneous stimulation of the ALs and AFV establishes long‐term enhancement (LTE) in AL‐induced Ca2+ responses.
The physiological properties of LTE, including associativity, input specificity and persistence, are highly reminiscent of those of olfactory memory.
Similar to olfactory aversive memory, LTE requires the activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that mediate the AL‐evoked Ca2+ response, NMDA receptors that mediate the AFV‐induced Ca2+ response, and D1 dopamine receptors during the simultaneous stimulation of the ALs and AFV.
Considering the physiological and genetic analogies, we propose that LTE at the AL–MB synapse can be a relevant cellular model for olfactory memory.
Abstract  In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) is a critical brain structure for olfactory associative learning. During aversive conditioning, the MBs are thought to associate odour signals, conveyed by projection neurons (PNs) from the antennal lobe (AL), with shock signals conveyed through ascending fibres of the ventral nerve cord (AFV). Although synaptic transmission between AL and MB might play a crucial role for olfactory associative learning, its physiological properties have not been examined directly. Using a cultured Drosophila brain expressing a Ca2+ indicator in the MBs, we investigated synaptic transmission and plasticity at the AL–MB synapse. Following stimulation with a glass micro‐electrode, AL‐induced Ca2+ responses in the MBs were mediated through Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (dnAChRs), while AFV‐induced Ca2+ responses were mediated through Drosophila NMDA receptors (dNRs). AL–MB synaptic transmission was enhanced more than 2 h after the simultaneous ‘associative‐stimulation’ of AL and AFV, and such long‐term enhancement (LTE) was specifically formed at the AL–MB synapses but not at the AFV–MB synapses. AL–MB LTE was not induced by intense stimulation of the AL alone, and the LTE decays within 60 min after subsequent repetitive AL stimulation. These phenotypes of associativity, input specificity and persistence of AL–MB LTE are highly reminiscent of olfactory memory. Furthermore, similar to olfactory aversive memory, AL–MB LTE formation required activation of the Drosophila D1 dopamine receptor, DopR, along with dnAChR and dNR during associative stimulations. These physiological and genetic analogies indicate that AL–MB LTE might be a relevant cellular model for olfactory memory.