bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated printed circuit routing with a stepping aperture
Authors: Lass Stanley E. 
Published: July 2002

A computer program for routing interconnections on a two-sided printed circuit board with a regular pattern of lines, pins (terminals), and vias (feed-through holes) is described.
In this program, each interconnection is given a planned routing—typically, down from the upper pin, through a via, and horizontally to the lower pin. From the top, a virtual aperture (i.e. a long horizontal slit) is stepped down the board. The planned routing is the basis for rerouting interconnections within the aperture to resolve conflicts for lines and vias below the aperture and to maximize the effective line usage. If a conflict has not been resolved before the aperture arrives at the lower pin, interconnections are deleted to resolve the conflict.
Extensions of this technique to the control of crosstalk between routed interconnections and to the problem of obtaining 100 percent interconnect are also discussed.
Dynamic space-sharing in computer systems
Authors: Belady L. A. , Kuehner C. J. 
Published: July 2002

A formalization of relationships between space-sharing, program behavior, and processor efficiency in computer systems is presented. Concepts of value and cost of space allocation per task are defined and then value and cost are combined to develop a single parameter termed value per unit cost.
The intent is to illustrate a possible analytic approach to the investigation of the problems of space-sharing and to demonstrate the method on sample problems.
Lessons from the design of the Eiffel libraries
Authors: Meyer Bertrand 
Published: July 2002

The nature of programming is changing. Most of the software engineering literature still takes for granted a world of individual projects, where the sole aim is to produce specific software systems in response to particular requirements, little attention being paid to each system's relationship to previous or subsequent efforts. This implicit model seems unlikely to allow drastic improvements in software quality and productivity.
Such order-of-magnitude advances will require a process of industrialization, not unlike what happened in those disciplines which have been successful at establishing a production process based on the reuse of quality-standardized components. This implies a shift to a “new culture” [14] whose emphasis is not on projects but instead on components.
The need for such a shift was cogently expressed more than 20 years ago by Doug McIlroy in his contribution, entitled Mass-Produced Software Components [10], to the now-famous first conference on software engineering:
Software production today appears in the scale of industrialization somewhere below the more backward construction industries. I think its proper place is considerably higher, and would like to investigate the prospects for mass-production techniques in software. [...]
My thesis is that the software industry is weakly founded [in part because of] the absence of a software components subindustry [...] A components industry could be immensely successful.
Although reuse has enjoyed modest successes since this statement was made, by all objective criteria McIlroy's prophecy has not been fulfilled yet; many technical and non-technical issues had to be addressed before reuse could become a reality on the scale he foresaw. (See [1] and [20] for a survey of current work on reuse.) One important development was needed to make this possible: the coming age of object-oriented technology, which provides the best known basis for reusable software construction. (That the founding document of object-oriented methods, the initial description of Simula 67, was roughly contemporary with McIlroy's paper tends to confirm a somewhat pessimistic version of Redwine and Riddle's contention [18] that “it takes on the order of 15 to 20 years to mature a technology to the point that it can be popularized to the technical community at large.”) Much of the current excitement about object-oriented software construction derives from the growing realization that the shift is now technically possible.
This article presents the concerted efforts which have been made to advance the cause of component-based software development in the Eiffel environment [12, 17] through the construction of the Basic Eiffel Libraries.
After a brief overview of the libraries, this article reviews the major language techniques that have made them possible (with more background about Eiffel being provided by the sidebar entitled “Major Eiffel Techniques”); it then discusses design issues for libraries of reusable components, the use of inheritance hierarchies, the indexing problem, and planned developments.
A Fronto-Posterior Network Involved in Visual Dimension Changes
Authors: Pollmann S. , Weidner R. , Müller H.J. , Cramon D.Y. von 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Objects characterized by a unique visual feature may pop out of their environment. When participants have to search for such “odd-one-out” targets, detection is facilitated when targets are consistently defined within the same feature dimension (e.g., color) compared with when the target dimension is uncertain (e.g., color or motion). Further, with dimensional uncertainty, there is a cost when a given target is defined in a different dimension to the preceding target, relative to when the critical dimension remains the same. Behavioral evidence suggests that a target dimension change involves a shift of attention to the new dimension. The present fMRI study revealed increased activation in the left frontopolar cortex, as well as in posterior visual areas of the dorsal and ventral streams, specific to changes in the target dimension. In contrast, activation in the striate cortex was decreased. This pattern suggests control of cross-dimensional attention shifts by the frontopolar cortex, modulating visual cortical processing by increased activation in higher-tier visual areas and suppression of activation in lower-tier areas.
Enhanced Environments: Large-Scale, Real-Time Ecosystems
Authors: Refsland Scot Thrane , Ojika Takeo , Berry Robert 
Published: July 2002

This research proposes a new method for using real-time information to support large-scale, climatic virtual environments that exhibit natural eco-behavioral conditions. The purpose of this research is to support a real-time virtual ecosystem created by live weather information and GIS terrain data, and delivered through a common multimedia PC/Internet network. For this research experiment, we customized available GIS satellite, terrain, and photography data to construct a highly accurate, large-scale, virtual environment. Next, a Web-based climatic collection system was developed to persistently collect real-time weather information for the physical area being modeled. Finally, an enhanced environment module was created and added to a popular game engine to support a “living” virtual ecosystem with real-time climatic conditions. This type of enhanced environment lays the foundation for creating emergent, dynamic environments that integrate the behavioral patterns of climate, artificial life, user interactions, and their complex interrelationships within a dynamic virtual world. In the sections that follow, the issues and problems of constructing, supporting, and maintaining a new style of virtual environment are explored, discussed, and analyzed. Finally, a conclusion is presented, including future uses and potentials of this research.
A Genetic Model: Analysis and Application to MAXSAT
Authors: Bertoni Alberto , Carpentieri Marco , Campadelli Paola , Grossi Giuliano 
Published: July 2002

In this paper, a genetic model based on the operations of recombination and mutation is studied and applied to combinatorial optimization problems. Results are: The equations of the deterministic dynamics in the thermodynamic limit (infinite populations) are derived and, for a sufficiently small mutation rate, the attractors are characterized; A general approximation algorithm for combinatorial optimization problems is designed. The algorithm is applied to the Max Ek-Sat problem, and the quality of the solution is analyzed. It is proved to be optimal for k≥3 with respect to the worst case analysis; for Max E3-Sat the average case performances are experimentally compared with other optimization techniques.
READING VOICES: PERSONIFICATION, DIALOGISM, AND THE READER OF LAMENTATIONS 1
Authors: Miller Charles William 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMost interpretations of the first chapter of Lamentations recognize the existence of two different speakers who alternate speeches throughout the poem. The first speaker is characterized by third person discourse and often identified as a narrator. Critics unanimously equate the second speaker, who employs first person discourse, with the voice of the personified Jerusalem. One of the often overlooked elements in this standard reading of Lamentations 1, however, is the fact that, like the personified Jerusalem, the so-called narrator exists within the created world of the poem. In other words, both speakers are literary constructs (personifications) given their existence by the poet. This apparently mundane observation carries serious consequences for the reading of Lamentations 1, as it raises questions regarding the commonly held notion that the narrator stands outside of the poem and thereby offers the reader an "objective" perspective. In this essay I have chosen not to privilege the narrator's voice, but to read the poem as a polyphonic text composed of two "unmerged … consciousnesses." The poem is no longer read as a monological description of Jerusalem's many egregious sins and the justification of her cruel punishment, in which Jerusalem's voice ultimately retreats into insignificance. Lamentations 1 becomes, instead, the locus of conflict and struggle between two equally weighted voices, where one observes both speakers using "double-voiced" discourse to provoke an ongoing dialogue, not only between the two voices, but among the speakers within the poem and the reader who stand outside of it.
RULERS AND QĀDĪS: THEIR RELATIONSHIP DURING THE NASRID KINGDOM
Authors: Secall M. Isabel Calero 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe relationship between rulers and judges during the Nasrid kingdom of Granada (629/1232 to 897/1492), based on the utmost respect for the Mālikī school, can be analysed in two contexts: First, the legal framework, e.g., appointments and dismissals; second, the extralegal sphere, in which political relations played an important role, especially when a judge assumed non-legal tasks, such as diplomatic missions to Muslim countries. One of the unstated conditions of becoming a judge in Granada was loyalty to the sultans. The political elite used removal from office as a mechanism for control of the judiciary.
YHWH, QUI SEJOURNERA EN TA TENTE? ETUDE STRUCTURELLE DU PSAUME XV
Authors: Auffret Pierre 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEn 1932 et durant ces vingt dernières années la structure littéraire du Ps xv a fait l'objet de recherches assidues, et aux conclusions pourtant encore divergentes. Mettant à profit tant d'observations et de propositions, la présente étude tente à son tour de découvrir la structure de ce poème. Il semble bien ordonné selon un parallèle de 2 + 3 à 4ab + 4c-5b, lequel est encadré par 1 et 5cd qui manifestent l'intention dernière de ce psaume: séjourner auprès de YHWH pour trouver là une stabilité qui perdure à jamais.
PECTORAL FIN ASYMMETRY, DIMORPHISM AND FECUNDITY IN THE BROOK STICKLEBACK, CULAEA INCONSTANS
Authors: Hechter  , Moodie  , Moodie  
Published: July 2002

AbstractSexual dimorphism in the pectoral fins of a C. inconstans population produces males whose fins are relatively larger than those of females. This difference may result from the unique demands placed on the fins during the male's courtship dance and fanning behaviour during the parental phase. Males and females are also dimorphic in terms of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of pectoral fin ray number, which is lowest in females. Females with symmetric fin ray counts averaged about 15% more eggs per clutch than females with asymmetric fin ray counts. The ovaries of symmetric females were an average 6.5% heavier than those of asymmetric fish. The difference in fecundity is statistically significant and similar in two samples collected from the same site and separated by a time span of 19 years. This is the first report of a correlation between FA and fecundity in a fish population.
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF ALLOGROOMING BEHAVIOUR IN CERCOCEBUS TORQUATUS LUNULATUS
Authors: Vea Joaquim , Perez Ana Perez , Baldellou Maribel , Alea Victoria 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We assume that allogrooming is an activity which yields various benefits to the participants and at the same time its practice requires a resource investment. In this work we aim to quantify the costs and benefits derived for each subject by performing allogrooming in order to find the maximum net benefit gained and the equilibrium point above which a major allogrooming investment would not increase the benefits obtained. The data were obtained observing the members of a captive troop (N = 9) of white crowned mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus lunulatus) at the Barcelona Zoo. Allogrooming time and the preceding and following context were recorded for each actor. The costs were quantified as the energetic expenditure required to perform allogrooming as proposed by Coelho (1974). The benefits were estimated from the frequency and duration of bouts associated to transitions preceded by an agonistic context and followed by a neutral context. The equilibrium values of time spent in allogrooming, for which the costs equalled the benefits, and the value for time invested corresponding to maximal net benefits, were estimated from the theoretical model adjusted to the data. It was found that the differences between the equilibrium point and the maximal net benefit were correlated with the age of the subject, which can be understood as an effect of learning the relation cost-benefit of allogrooming to maintain low levels of agonism within the troop.
THE BENEFITS OF DEAR ENEMY RECOGNITION IN THREE-CONTENDER CONVICT CICHLID (CICHLASOMA NIGROFASCIATUM) CONTESTS
Authors: Leiser John , Itzkowitz Murray 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We staged eight types of contests using adult male convict cichlids (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum) to study the effects of dear enemy recognition on the defensive decisions of territorial residents when confronted by two opponents. Our observations supported the hypothesis that residents faced with two intruders simultaneously would divide the overall response shown to a single intruder between the two intruders with respect to their relative threats (i.e. sizes). Consequently, in comparison to a single-intruder circumstance, the residents' attacks against any given intruder were reduced. The relative threat of competitors was dramatically altered when one of the residents' opponents was a dear enemy neighbour. When faced with a dear enemy neighbour and an unfamiliar intruder simultaneously, residents preferentially confronted the unfamiliar opponent. That is, the establishment of dear enemy recognition between a resident and a neighbour allowed the resident to direct his aggression to the greater competitive threat, i.e. the intruder. In this case, the amount of aggression residents exhibited toward the intruder was similar to the amount of aggression against a single nonterritorial intruder. Therefore, having a dear enemy neighbour freed a resident to defend its territory against an intruder with similar efficiency compared to when the intruder had been the resident's only opponent.
Effect of storage time and temperature on infectivity, reproduction and development of Heterorhabditis megidis in Galleria mellonella
Authors: Wiegers Gerrie , Boff Mari I.C. , Smits Peter 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe effect of temperature, dose and storage period on the infectivity and development of Heterorhabditis megidis (strain NLH-E 87.3) infective juveniles (IJ) was studied in the laboratory. IJ were stored at 5, 10, 15 and 20°C for a period of up to 70 days (10 weeks). Every second week, mortality, infectivity, reproductive capacity, time to emergence and length of IJ were examined. Galleria mellonella larvae were infested with doses of one and 30 IJ. As the period of storage increased, the number of active nematodes, the infectivity and the reproduction of IJ decreased both at low and high temperatures. Time to first emergence and body length of IJ were significantly affected by time, storage temperature and inoculum level. Independent of the dose and storage periods, highest infectivity and optimal development were observed when IJ were stored at 10 and 15°C. Effets de la durée du stockage et de la température sur le pouvoir infestant, la reproduction et le développement d'Heterorhabditis megidis parasitant Galleria mellonella - Les effets de la température, de la dose d'inoculum et de la durée du stockage sur le pouvoir infestant et le développement des juvéniles infestants (JI) d'Heterorhabditis megidis ont été étudiés au laboratoire. Les JI ont été stockés à 5, 7, 10, 15 et 20°C pendant une période allant jusqu'à 70 jours (10 semaines). Toutes les 2 semaines ont été examinées: la mortalité, le pouvoir infestant, la capacité de reproduction, la durée de l'émergence et la longueur de ces JI. Les larves de Galleria mellonella ont été infestées à deux doses: un et 30 JI. Lorsque la durée du stockage augmente, le nombre de nématodes actifs, le pouvoir infestant et la reproduction des JI diminuent, aussi bien à basse qu'à haute température. La durée de la première émergence et la longueur du corps des JI ont été significativement affectées par la durée et la température du stockage, ainsi que par la valeur de l'inoculum. De façon indépendante de cette dernière valeur et de la durée de stockage, le pouvoir infestant la plus élevée et le développement optimal ont été observés lorsque les JI sont stockés à 10 et 15°C.
Rapid gene discovery in plant parasitic nematodes via Expressed Sequence Tags
Authors: Abad Pierre , Bird David , Jones John , McCarter James 
Published: July 2002

AbstractProjects currently underway are generating thousands of publicly available DNA sequences representing numerous genes from plant parasitic nematodes. Use of these data has the potential to revolutionise gene discovery, as well as aiding in genome physical mapping and expression profiling experiments. This article introduces sequences called expressed sequence tags or ESTs, which are single-sequence reads from randomly-selected cDNA clones. We review the process used to create these sequences and outline the strengths and weaknesses of ESTs as research tools. Instructions on how to access and use EST data also are provided. Découverte rapide de gènes chez les nématodes parasites des plantes: le point sur l'utilisation des Etiquettes de Séquences Exprimées - Les projets actuellement en cours génèrent des milliers de séquences d'ADN, publiquement disponibles, représentant de nombreux gènes de nématodes parasites des plantes. L'utilisation de ces données pourrait révolutionner la découverte des gènes en facilitant aussi bien les expériences de cartographie physique que celles de profils d'expression. Cet article présente les séquences dérivées de clones d'ADNc sélectionnés au hasard, appelées étiquettes de séquences exprimées (ESTs). Nous exposons le processus utilisé pour les générer de même que les avantages et les inconvénients des ESTs comme outils de recherche. Les instructions concernant l'accès et l'utilisation des ESTs sont également fournies.
Influence of temperature on the hatch of Heterodera avenae Woll. populations from Algeria
Authors: Mokabli Aïssa , Gauthier Jean-Pierre , Rivoal Roger , Valette Sylvie 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTwo Algerian populations of Heterodera avenae originating from Oued Smar in a sub-humid coastal plain and from Tiaret in an inland semi-arid plain were subjected to different temperature treatments and juvenile emergence evaluated. These populations were compared with two populations, Fr1 and Fr4 from southern and northen France, respectively, which represent two ecotypes with respect to hatching cycles in response to temperature. The two Algerian populations hatched over a wide range of constant temperatures (3 to 25°C) but differed in the times at which juveniles emerged from the cysts. Simulation of seasonal temperature variations (from summer to autumn or winter and, conversely, from winter to spring or summer) demonstrated diapause in these two populations, induced by higher temperature (20 and 25°C) treatments and broken subsequently by lower temperatures (3 and 7°C). Both Algerian populations of H. avenae represent the Mediterranean ecotype, with biological variations that may represent regional adaptations to more or less severe climatic conditions.
The use of clay minerals and microfossils in palaeoenvironmental reconstructions: The Holocene littoral strand of Las Nuevas (Doñana National Park) SW Spain
Authors: Carretero M. I. , Ruiz F. , Rodríguez-Ramírez A. , Cáceres L. , Rodríguez Vidal J. , González Regalado M. L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThree steps have been established during the Holocene formation of the bar-built estuary of Las Nuevas (Doñana National Park, Spain), on the basis of the clay mineralogy variations and the palaeontological record. The first step is characterized by the presence of ostracodes and homogeneous quantities of clay minerals (17–20% illite, 25–29% smectites), values of smectite (0.64–0.70) and illite (0.60–0.70) crystallinity indexes, and the ratio of AlVI/(FeVI + MgVI) in illite (0.46–0.47). This zone is interpreted as a very shallow lagoon with euryhaline conditions. The presence of roots, the progressive disappearance of foraminifers and an increase in the smectite content (up to 35%) define the second step. A salt-marsh environment with low-energy hydrodynamic conditions is deduced for this zone. The third step is characterized by an increase in illite content (up to 35%), and a decrease of the smectite content (up to 21%). The smectite crystallinity index decreased to 0.38, whereas the illite ratio AlVI/(FeVI + MgVI) decreased to 0.36. In this zone, the ostracode assemblage contains numerous juvenile stages of coastal species coinciding with lumachelle accumulations of the estuarine bivalves, abundant foraminifers and the presence of charophytes. This zone represents a strong marine input, probably caused by storms.