bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A high‐resolution near‐infrared extraterrestrial solar spectrum derived from ground‐based Fourier transform spectrometer measurements
Authors: Menang Kaah P. , Coleman Marc D. , Gardiner Tom D. , Ptashnik Igor V. , Shine Keith P. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA detailed spectrally resolved extraterrestrial solar spectrum (ESS) is important for line‐by‐line radiative transfer modeling in the near‐IR. Very few observationally based high‐resolution ESS are available in this spectral region. Consequently, the theoretically calculated ESS by Kurucz has been widely adopted. We present the CAVIAR (Continuum Absorption at Visible and Infrared Wavelengths and its Atmospheric Relevance) ESS, which is derived using the Langley technique applied to calibrated observations using a ground‐based high‐resolution Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) in atmospheric windows from 2000 to 10,000 cm–1 (1–5 µm). There is good agreement between the strengths and positions of solar lines between the CAVIAR and the satellite‐based Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment‐FTS ESS, in the spectral region where they overlap, and good agreement with other ground‐based FTS measurements in two near‐IR windows. However, there are significant differences in the structure between the CAVIAR ESS and spectra from semiempirical models. In addition, we found a difference of up to 8% in the absolute (and hence the wavelength‐integrated) irradiance between the CAVIAR ESS and that of Thuillier et al., which was based on measurements from the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science satellite and other sources. In many spectral regions, this difference is significant, because the coverage factor k = 2 (or 95% confidence limit) uncertainties in the two sets of observations do not overlap. Because the total solar irradiance is relatively well constrained, if the CAVIAR ESS is correct, then this would indicate an integrated “loss” of solar irradiance of about 30 W m–2 in the near‐IR that would have to be compensated by an increase at other wavelengths.
The impact of shipping, agricultural, and urban emissions on single particle chemistry observed aboard the R/V Atlantis during CalNex
Authors: Gaston Cassandra J. , Quinn Patricia K. , Bates Timothy S. , Gilman Jessica B. , Bon Daniel M. , Kuster William C. , Prather Kimberly A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field campaign was undertaken to obtain a better understanding of the regional impacts of different pollution sources in California. As part of this study, real‐time shipboard measurements were made of the size‐resolved, single‐particle mixing state of submicron and supermicron particles (0.2–3.0 µm aerodynamic diameter) along the California coast where major differences were noted between Southern and Northern California. In Southern California, particles containing soot made up the largest fraction of submicron particles (~38% on average and up to ~89% by number), whereas organic carbon particles comprised the largest fraction of submicron number concentrations (~29% on average and up to ~78% by number) in Northern California including the Sacramento area. The mixing state of these carbonaceous particle types varied during the cruise with sulfate being more prevalent on soot‐containing particles in Southern California due to the influence of fresh shipping and port emissions in addition to contributions from marine biogenic emissions. Contributions from secondary organic aerosol species, including amines, and nitrate were more prevalent in Northern California, as well as during time periods impacted by agricultural emissions (e.g., from the inland Riverside and Central Valley regions). These regional differences and changes in the mixing state and sources of particles have implications for heterogeneous reactivity, water uptake, and cloud‐nucleating abilities for aerosols in California.
Examining the effects of feeling trusted by supervisors in the workplace: A self‐evaluative perspective
Authors: Lau Dora C. , Lam Long W. , Wen Shan S. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryTrusting and feeling trusted are related but unique components of a trusting relationship. However, we understand relatively little about the effects of felt trust on work performance and organizational citizenship behavior. From a self‐evaluative perspective, this study argued that when employees perceive that their supervisors trust them, their organization‐based self‐esteem is enhanced, leading them to perform better in the workplace. We tested our hypotheses on a sample of 497 teachers using two trust measures, that is, reliance and disclosure, and found support for them on the basis of the reliance (but not the disclosure) measure. The effect of felt trust especially reliance on the employees' work performances were mediated by their organization‐based self‐esteem. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potassium management in tea plantations: Its uptake by field plants, status in soils, and efficacy on yields and quality of teas in China
Authors: Ruan Jianyun , Ma Lifeng , Shi Yuanzhi 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTea is one of the major cash crops in the tropical and subtropical areas of China. Insufficient potassium (K) supply is an important limiting factor to the productivity as the soils are highly leached and strongly acidic. However, information about effects of K fertilization and application techniques is very limited. This manuscript summarizes results of field experiments investigating K uptake, soil K status, effects and methods of K fertilization in China during the past two decades. The K stocks and uptake were investigated by soil sampling in plantations aged 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 years. There was no harvest of young shoots, and most K was assigned to frame growth accounting for 59%–61% of the total uptake in the aboveground plant parts of young plantations aged 1–3 years. In plantations (≥ 5 years) such assignment to frame growth became relatively small (7.6%–11.9%) and a major proportion was assigned to young shoots accounting for up to 78% of the total. Analysis of 3396 soil samples taken in 2009–2010 from 54 counties of 16 main tea‐producing provinces showed that the exchangeable K (extracted by Mehlich III) in soils averaged 81 mg kg–1 and in about 74% samples were below critical deficient level (100 mg kg–1). The low activity ratio at equilibrium (AR ke) and nonspecific absorbed‐K (ΔK0) values of quantity‐intensity (Q/I) curves also indicated low status of labile K pools of tea soils. Field experiments at 16 of total 18 sites with black, green, and oolong teas during 1992–2002 showed a significant increase of yield after K application either as potassium sulfate (K2SO4) or potassium chloride (KCl) despite of the largely different initial soil exchangeable K contents, plucking standards, and yield levels among the tea types. The agronomical efficiency of K fertilizers was averaged at 8.8 kg fresh shoots or 1.71 kg tea per kg K fertilizer. The quality of harvested shoots was improved by K‐fertilizer application as revealed by increased concentrations of free amino acids, water‐extractable dry matter, and total polyphenols. There was little difference in the effects of K as K2SO4 and KCl on yield and quality. Field experiments at six sites evaluating variable K amounts demonstrated that the optimal K doses ranged from 124 to 160 kg K ha–1 y–1 for both K2SO4 and KCl and were little affected by initial soil K contents, tea types, and the yield levels. No privilege of K applications split into three times in tea seasons was observed concerning the risk of leaching in the soils of low cation‐exchange capacity and abundant rainfall in the production areas. A single K application as base fertilizer in autumn had similar or better effect. The present studies showed low soil labile K pools, incapable to meet plant K demand for quality tea production, highlighting the importance of K‐fertilizer application.
Potassium and stress alleviation: Physiological functions and management of cotton
Authors: Oosterhuis Derrick M. , Loka Dimitra A. , Raper Tyson B. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPotassium (K) plays a major role in the basic functions of plant growth and development. In addition, K is also involved in numerous physiological functions related to plant health and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. However, K deficiency occurs widely resulting in poor growth, lost yield, and reduced fiber quality. This review describes the physiological functions of K and its role in stress relief and also provides some agronomic aspects of K requirements, diagnosis of soil and plant K status, and amelioration. The physiological processes described include enzymes and the regulation of organic‐compound synthesis, water relations and stomates, photosynthesis, transport, cell signaling, and plant response to drought stress, cold stress, salt stress, as well as biotic stresses. The agronomic aspects of K fertilization include the K requirements of cotton, K uptake, and soil characteristics, genotypic variation in K uptake and use, and characteristics of K deficiency in cotton. In addition, diagnosis and amelioration of K soil and plant status is discussed.
Agrochemical characterization, net N mineralization, and potential N leaching of composted olive‐mill pomace currently produced in southern Spain
Authors: Gómez‐Muñoz Beatriz , Hatch David J. , Bol Roland , García‐Ruiz Roberto 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn S Spain, the Andalusian olive oil industry generates annually 2.5–3.0 million tons of olive mill pomace, a by‐product which is comprised of the residues from the two‐phase oil‐extraction process. The agricultural policies of the EU have led to widespread interest in recycling these agricultural by‐products. Olive mill pomace might be evaluated as an organic fertilizer after composting, however, before wider use of composted olive mill pomace is advocated, characterization of the final product is needed. In this study, the physico‐chemical characteristics, net N mineralization, and the potential for N leaching of 7 out of the 11 olive‐mill‐pomace composts currently produced in the Andalusian olive mills were investigated. Compost of olive mill pomace differed in the proportions of raw materials co‐composted with the olive mill pomace, such as olive leaf material, manure, and straw. In all the composts tested, organic matter, total C and K were high with 60.5%, 30.7%, and 1.7% on average, respectively, whereas total P was low (0.4%) and with intermediate levels of N (1.5%). Compost pH (8.03), electrical conductivity (2.85 dS m–1), and germination index (65% on average) were adequate for agricultural use. Furthermore, principal component analyses revealed a clear relationship between the quality of the composts and the proportion of manure mixed with the raw materials. Net N mineralization was negative on average (–20 μg IN g–1) after 1 y, but positive after 2 y of incubation with up to 94% of available N from the total N added and the short‐term potential N leaching after compost application was negligible (less than 3.9% of added N) and much lower than the other N fertilizer with up to 80% added N leached. Overall, results of this study clearly show that these currently produced composts of olive mill pomace are suitable as soil improvers for agricultural purposes, but may not contribute significantly as a N fertilizer for up to 2 y after application.
Plant stable isotope composition across habitat gradients in a semi‐arid savanna: implications for environmental reconstruction
Authors: CODRON JACQUELINE , LEE‐THORP JULIA A. , SPONHEIMER MATT , CODRON DARYL 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTField studies of plant stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition have revealed relationships with temperature and precipitation. These relationships conform to theoretical predictions of how extrinsic factors impact on ecophysiological processes such as photosynthesis and nitrogen cycling. However, examination of many datasets reveals high levels of variation, especially across environments with moderate precipitation (<1000 mm a−1). To test for extrinsic effects on plant isotope composition in such environments, we studied data from plants collected over three years from multiple habitats and seasons in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Our sample is sufficiently large to evaluate not only effects of environmental variables (rainfall up to ∼800 mm a−1, temperature, physical habitat structure) but also taxonomic effects. Species composition of habitats accounted for most of the variation in our data, followed by physical habitat structure (e.g. wooded or riverine compared with open, grassy habitats), while rainfall and temperature had only indirect or negligible effects. The latter finding concurs with subsections of existing datasets and we suggest therefore that such effects usually become visible in datasets that span environmental extremes, implying environmental ranges within which plant isotope variations cannot readily be ascribed to climate. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The last millennium largest floods in the hyperarid Kuiseb River basin, Namib Desert
Authors: GRODEK T. , BENITO G. , BOTERO B. A. , JACOBY Y. , PORAT N. , HAVIV I. , CLOETE G. , ENZEL Y. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThe largest Kuiseb River floods initiate at the basin's semi‐arid headwater. Downstream, along the hyperarid Namib Desert, these floodwaters are feeding shallow alluvial aquifers, the only available water for human activity and for the natural ecology. Here, we characterize the largest floods and their changing frequency and magnitudes using palaeohydrological methods. Along 120 km of the rivers canyon 35 palaeoflood deposit sites were identified. At five of these sites we conducted stratigraphic and geochronological analyses and flood discharge estimations. The upper bound of the largest flood over the late Holocene is ∼1475 m3s−1. Over the last 1300 years more than ten floods have exceeded 1250 m3s−1. An additional 33 floods exceeded 400 m3s−1. The last millennium was characterized by one large flood every 30–40 years during the periods 1250–1335, 1355–1565 and 1715 AD to the present. A slight increase in flood frequency (not magnitude) occurred during 1565–1715 AD (one large flood in ∼20 years) and during two short episodes, 1185–1205 and 1335–1355 AD (seven and four floods in 20 years, respectively). These episodes of increased flood frequency are associated with other proxy records of higher water availability in the Namib. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality of carrots as affected by pre‐ and postharvest factors and processing
Authors: Seljåsen Randi , Kristensen Hanne L , Lauridsen Charlotte , Wyss Gabriela S , Kretzschmar Ursula , Birlouez‐Aragone Inès , Kahl Johannes 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe aim of this review is to provide an update on factors contributing to quality of carrots, with special focus on the role of pre‐ and postharvest factors and processing. The genetic factor shows the highest impact on quality variables in carrots, causing a 7–11‐fold difference between varieties in content of terpenes, β‐carotene, magnesium, iron and phenolics as well as a 1–4‐fold difference in falcarindiol, bitter taste and sweet taste. Climate‐related factors may cause a difference of up to 20‐fold for terpenes, 82% for total sugars and 30–40% for β‐carotene, sweet taste and bitter taste. Organic farming in comparison with conventional farming has shown 70% higher levels for magnesium and 10% for iron. Low nitrogen fertilisation level may cause up to 100% increase in terpene content, minor increase in dry matter (+4 to +6%) and magnesium (+8%) and reduction in β‐carotene content (−8 to −11%). Retail storage at room temperature causes the highest reduction in β‐carotene (−70%) and ascorbic acid (−70%). Heat processing by boiling reduces shear force (−300 to −1000%) and crispiness (−67%) as well as content of phenolics (−150%), terpenes (−85%) and total carotenes (−20%) and increases the risk of furan accumulation. Sensory and chemical quality parameters of carrots are determined mainly by genetic and climate‐related factors and to a minor extent by cultivation method. Retail temperature and storage atmosphere as well as heating procedure in processing have the highest impact in quality reduction. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Early versus late leaf removal strategies for Pinot Noir (Vitis vinifera L.): effect on colour‐related phenolics in young wines following alcoholic fermentation
Authors: Sternad Lemut Melita , Trost Kajetan , Sivilotti Paolo , Arapitsas Panagiotis , Vrhovsek Urska 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe widely adopted viticultural practice of late (véraison) leaf removal is now losing many of its advantages as a result of today's warmer vineyard conditions. With the aim of seeking a good alternative, the influence of earlier leaf removals (at pre‐flowering and berry‐set) on colour‐related phenolics in young Pinot Noir wines was investigated in the years 2009 and 2010.ResultsTotal flavonols in 2009 wines were 71 and 52% higher in case of véraison and berry‐set treatments respectively as compared with untreated controls, while in 2010 the average content of flavonols was highest with pre‐flowering leaf removal (75% higher than controls). The anthocyanin content in 2009 wines was 18 and 11% higher in case of véraison and berry‐set treatments respectively and was favoured by early leaf removals in 2010 (50 and 43% higher in case of berry‐set and pre‐flowering treatments respectively) as compared with controls. Changes in hydroxycinnamic acid profiles were shown to be greatest in 2010 wines resulting from early leaf removal treatments. Promoted formation of vitisin A‐like pigments in 2010 leaf removal treatments was observed during fermentation.ConclusionsThe phenolic profiles of grapes/wines were affected by leaf removal timing, although differently in two (extremely different) seasons. Earlier leaf removal strategies showed some promising results, with good proportions mainly of flavonols and anthocyanins, retained also in young wines. Vitisins A in wines were positively affected by all leaf removals. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
A Generic Micropatterning Platform to Direct Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Different Origins Towards Myogenic Differentiation
Authors: Yu Ting , Chua Chee Kai , Tay Chor Yong , Wen Feng , Yu Haiyang , Chan Jerry K. Y. , Chong Mark S. K. , Leong David Tai , Tan Lay Poh 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHuman mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from various origins show varied differentiation capability. Recent work shows that cell shape manipulation via micropatterning can modulate the differentiation of bone‐marrow‐derived MSCs. Herein, the effect of micropatterning on the myogenesis of MSCs isolated from three different sources (bone marrow, fetal tissue, and adipose) is reported. All the well‐aligned cells, regardless of source, predominantly commit to myogenic lineage, as shown by the significant upregulation of myogenic gene markers and positive myosin heavy chain staining. It is demonstrated that our novel micropattern can be used as a generic platform for inducing myogenesis of MSCs from different sources and may also have the potential to be extended to induce other lineage commitment. magnified image
Revisiting Tversky's Trail—How Money Makes a Subtle Difference in Similarity Effect Experiments
Authors: Diels Jana Luisa , Müller Holger 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTRecent findings in research on context effects indicate that, as opposed to choices under hypothetical settings, compromise effects are significantly attenuated in binding settings that include real payments for products. The present investigation examines to what extent this finding applies to yet another context effect, namely the similarity effect (SE). The SE stipulates that, compared with initial shares of two options A and B in a binary choice set, the introduction of an option C that is dissimilar to B but similar to A will hurt the latter more than the nonadjacent option B. The conducted online survey examines the SE in unforced choices of experienced consumers between real brands across three consumer good categories. The results confirm that the SE is evidently reduced under real payment conditions, hence confirming the hypothesis that the applied choice setting moderates the efficacy of the composition of choice sets.
Manganese waste mud immobilization in cement – natural zeolite – lime blend: Process optimization using artificial neural networks and multi‐criteria functions
Authors: Ukić Š. , Dimić P. , Šiljeg M. , Ujević Bošnjak M. , Šipušić J. , Bolanča T. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this study, stabilization/solidification process of manganese contaminated mud using portland cement was optimized. For that purpose, immobilization process was modeled applying artificial neural networks with radial basis activation function. The optimal model presented satisfactory prediction characteristics (R2 value for manganese leaching was 0.9615 while and for concrete flexural strength 0.8748). Therefore, it was used in combination with seven in‐house developed multi‐criteria optimization functions, separately, in order to optimize concrete formulation. The used approach proved itself as efficient and cost effective alternative in ecological material formulation process. The best properties (i. e. high flexural strength and lowest manganese leaching) manifested stabilization/solidification matrix consisted of 350 g of portland cement, 20 g of lime, 70 g of natural zeolite, 10 g of manganese waste mud and 180 g of water.
On the origin of fatigue corrosion cracking in Al7075
Authors: Masendorf R. , Dahle S. , Wegewitz L. , Korte S. , Lilienkamp G. , Voigts F. , Maus‐Friedrichs W. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe fatigue corrosion cracking of the Al7075 alloy has been investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). Specimen exposed to cyclic load at room temperature until crack initiation show a significant increase of magnesium within a distance of about 1 μm around the crack, while almost no aluminum was left. This segregation effect has been investigated in detail, yielding that the diffusion should most likely be driven by the gradient of the chemical potential through the oxidation of magnesium at the surface, while the required mobility for the diffusion process was gained by the mechanical stress of the cyclic loading.
Shot peening of linear bend split profiles with ultrafine grained gradient microstructures
Authors: Schuster J. , Müller C. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSpaltbiegen und Spaltprofilieren sind innovative Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung integral verzweigter Blechprofile mit ultrafeinkörnigen Gradientengefügen. Durch ihre Verzweigungen sowie die hohe Festigkeit der lokal vorliegenden ultrafeinkörnigen Gefüge bieten Spaltbiegeprofile ein enormes Leichtbaupotential. Die durch das Spaltbiegen/Spaltprofilieren erzeugten ultrafeinkörnigen Gefüge liegen an der Bauteiloberfläche vor, mit ihnen geht eine Verdopplung von Härte und Festigkeit sowie eine deutliche Erhöhung der Dauerfestigkeit einher, verglichen zum unverformten Ausgangsmaterial. Aufgrund ihrer hohen Festigkeit sollten ultrafeinkörnige Gefüge prinzipiell ein großes Potenzial zum Einbringen von Druckeigenspannungen bieten, wodurch eine erhebliche Steigerung der Dauerfestigkeit durch eine Kugelstrahlbehandlung zu erwarten wäre. Es zeigt sich jedoch, dass trotz optimaler Kugelstrahlparameter die Ermüdungsfestigkeit nach dem Kugelstrahlen tendenziell sogar niedriger liegt als für das ungestrahlte ultrafeinkörnige Gefüge. Dieses Verhalten ist auf die erhöhte Rauigkeit der kugelgestrahlten Oberfläche zurückzuführen, die den Effekt der Druckeigenspannungen überkompensiert.