bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutuality Meets the Market: Analysing Changes in the Control of Quality Assurance in United Kingdom Higher Education 1992–2012
Authors: Brown Roger 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThere has been a tendency in the literature to see changes in quality assurance as part of a process of increased state control. This article suggests a more nuanced approach that also takes account of the different trajectories of the pre‐ and post‐1992 sectors. It finds that whilst there have been increases in both state oversight and market coordination since 1992, mutuality (self‐regulation) remains the dominant mode of control of quality assurance in the United Kingdom. However the present government's higher education reforms, coming on top of a series of market‐based policies for structure, funding and governance going back at least to 1980, as well as a growing emphasis on students' rights as consumers through the courts, may change the picture.
European Union Governance towards the Eastern Neigbourhood: Transcending or Redrawing Europe's East–West Divide?
Authors: Langbein Julia 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHow does the European Union (EU) shape the integration of non‐member states in transnational markets and why are other external actors more effective than the EU in fostering regulatory change in such a context? Examining the case of Ukraine, the article finds that international financial institutions and donors are better at eliciting reform than the EU because they empower state and non‐state domestic actors, who in turn demand and enforce new rules in their home markets. Overall, because the EU limits itself to intergovernmental co‐operation and other external actors only engage in reform of select sectors, we do not observe comprehensive regulatory change in the eastern neighbourhood. Shallow transnational market integration is the result. Eastern neighbours are therefore economically worse off than even the laggards of EU enlargement, Bulgaria and Romania. Consequently, a new developmental divide at the EU's eastern borders between countries in‐ and outside the EU is emerging.
Co‐administration of betulinic acid and methamphetamine causes toxicity to dopaminergic and serotonergic nerve terminals in the striatum of late adolescent rats
Authors: Killinger Bryan , Shah Mrudang , Moszczynska Anna 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPsychostimulant methamphetamine (METH) is toxic to striatal dopaminergic and serotonergic nerve terminals in adult, but not in the adolescent, brain. Betulinic acid (BA) and its derivatives are promising anti‐HIV agents with some toxic properties. Many METH users, particularly young men, are HIV‐positive; therefore, they might be treated with BA or its derivative for HIV infection. It is not known whether BA, or any of its derivatives, are neurotoxic in combination with METH in the adolescent brain. The present study investigated the effects of BA and binge METH in the striatum of late adolescent rats. BA or METH alone did not decrease the levels of dopaminergic or serotonergic markers in the striatum whereas BA and METH together decreased these markers in a BA dose‐dependent manner. BA+METH also caused decreases in the levels of mitochondrial complex I in the same manner; BA alone only slightly decreased the levels of this enzyme in striatal synaptosomes. BA or METH alone increased cytochrome c. METH alone decreased parkin, increased complex II and striatal BA levels. These results suggest that METH in combination with BA can be neurotoxic to striatal dopaminergic and serotonergic nerve terminals in the late adolescent brain via mitochondrial dysfunction and parkin deficit.
imageWe report a synergistic neurotoxicity of betulinic acid (BA) and methamphetamine (METH) to monoaminergic terminals in the striatum of male late adolescent rats. BA contribution to the neurotoxicity is decreasing mitochondrial complex I whereas METH contribution is decreasing parkin and increasing brain concentration of BA. We propose that clinical use of BA in young male METH users can be neurotoxic.
Fetuin‐A‐containing calciprotein particle levels can be reduced by dialysis, sodium thiosulphate and plasma exchange. Potential therapeutic implications for calciphylaxis?
Authors: Cai Michael MX , Smith Edward R , Brumby Catherine , McMahon Lawrence P , Holt Stephen G 
Published: October 2013

AbstractCalciprotein particles (CPP) are a novel marker of mineral stress. High levels of CPP are found in patients with calciphylaxis, a condition associated with marked vascular calcification and a poor prognosis. We report substantial reductions in CPP levels in a dialysis patient having combined haemodialysis (HD) and plasma exchange (PEx) prior to an ABO‐incompatible kidney transplant. We also report the effects of the same treatments combined with sodium thiosulphate (STS) in a patient newly diagnosed with calciphylaxis. Combining HD with intra‐dialytic STS and PEx we achieved a significant reduction in CCP with the least rebound between treatment sessions. After 6 weeks of treatment, the CPP reduction was paralleled by clinical improvement. Measurement of CPP may be an attractive marker for monitoring the effectiveness of calciphylaxis therapy.
Long‐term psychosocial impact reported by childhood critical illness survivors: a systematic review
Authors: Manning Joseph C , Hemingway Pippa , Redsell Sarah A 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAimTo undertake a qualitative systematic review that explores psychological and social impact, reported directly from children and adolescents at least 6 months after their critical illness.BackgroundSignificant advances in critical care have reduced mortality from childhood critical illness, with the majority of patients being discharged alive. However, it is widely reported that surviving critical illness can be traumatic for both children and their family. Despite a growing body of literature in this field, the psychological and social impact of life threatening critical illness on child and adolescent survivors, more than 6 months post event, remains under‐reported.Data sourcesSearches of six online databases were conducted up to February 2012.Review methodsPredetermined criteria were used to select studies. Methodological quality was assessed using a standardized checklist. An adapted version of the thematic synthesis approach was applied to extract, code and synthesize data.FindingsThree studies met the inclusion criteria, which were all of moderate methodological quality. Initial coding and synthesis of data resulted in five descriptive themes: confusion and uncertainty, other people's narratives, focus on former self and normality, social isolation and loss of identity, and transition and transformation. Further synthesis culminated in three analytical themes that conceptualize the childhood survivors' psychological and social journey following critical illness.ConclusionsCritical illness in childhood can expose survivors to a complex trajectory of recovery, with enduring psychosocial adversity manifesting in the long term. Nurses and other health professionals must be aware and support the potential multifaceted psychosocial needs that may arise. Parents and families are identified as fundamental in shaping psychological and social well‐being of survivors. Therefore intensive care nurses must take opportunities to raise parents' awareness of the journey of survival and provide appropriate support. Further empirical research is warranted to explore the deficits identified with the existing literature.
Teaching paediatric ward teams to recognise and manage the deteriorating child
Authors: Tume Lyvonne N , Sefton Gerri , Arrowsmith Pete 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundIssues around the deterioration of hospitalised children are known: the failure to observe and monitor patients adequately, a failure to recognise the deteriorating patient, a failure to communicative effectively within the healthcare team and a failure to respond appropriately or in a timely manner (Pearson, 2008; NPSA, 2009). In response to this, a new 1‐day course called RESPOND (Recognising Signs of Paediatric hOspital iNpatients Deterioration) was developed.ObjectivesTo describe the development of the RESPOND course and present a preliminary evaluation of the first four courses.MethodsA written postcourse survey was completed by participants (junior doctors, medical students, nurses and health care assistants) immediately after the course and an electronic survey completed three months later in a large children's hospital in the North West of England. Data were analysed descriptively and by simple thematic analysis of free text responses.ResultsSixty‐five participants undertook the RESPOND course over four separate days. Overwhelmingly participants found the course positive, with the most frequently cited benefit being improved multidisciplinary communication. Despite a poor response to the second survey, 18% (12 of 65) of respondents remained positive about the impact of the course.Conclusions and relevance to practiceThis preliminary evaluation combined with a reduction in hospital cardiac arrest rates suggest that the multiprofessional RESPOND course (in conjunction with an early warning tool and response system) is successful as part of a targeted strategy to promote patient safety within a children's hospital.
Cladal Turnover: the end‐Ordovician as a large‐scale analogue of species turnover
Authors: Congreve Curtis R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractModern studies of individual populations have shown large cyclical shifts in phenotype/genotype that correlate with climatic variations. At the hierarchical level of the species, similar patterns can be observed in the climatically mediated turnover of species (i.e. Vrba's Relay Model). In turn, mass extinction events may have a similar analogous relationship with species turnover, while operating at the clade level. In this paper, such an analogous process is described and named ‘the Cladal Turnover Model’. The end‐Ordovician mass extinction event is used as a test case to investigate the existence of such a phenomenon, with specific focus on the origin and extinction of the Hirnantia fauna. A test is outlined that can be applied to determine whether Cladal Turnover is occurring in the end‐Ordovician. An example case study is then performed on the Hirnantia trilobite genus ‘Brongniartella’. The results of this test suggest that while the taxon ‘Brongniartella’ is derived from putatively cold‐water high‐latitude stock (consistent with the classical definition of Hirnantia taxa), the group does not go extinct at the end‐Ordovician event, but instead gives rise to warm‐water low‐latitude descendants. This result is consistent with the Cladal Turnover Model. The method proposed for testing the Cladal Turnover Model could be applied to look at other times of major evolutionary turnover preserved in the fossil record.
Emotional processing during speech communication and positive symptoms in schizophrenia
Authors: Ito Fumiaki , Matsumoto Kazunori , Miyakoshi Tetsuo , Ohmuro Noriyuki , Uchida Tomohiro , Matsuoka Hiroo 
Published: October 2013

AimsThe recognition of emotion is often impaired in patients with schizophrenia. The relationship of this deficit with symptoms of psychosis remains unclear. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between emotional processing and positive psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia.MethodsTwenty‐eight patients with schizophrenia and 37 healthy participants were included in the study. They were instructed to listen to a set of sentences and judge whether the emotional valence expressed verbally and that expressed by affective prosody were congruous or incongruous.ResultsOverall, the patients with schizophrenia had more inaccurate responses than the healthyparticipants and the poor performance was prominent when the patients processed affectively negative scenarios. The percentage of accurate responses negatively correlated with the severity of positive symptoms when the scenarios and/or the affective prosody had a negative valence.ConclusionPatients with schizophrenia appear to have impaired function in the processing of negative verbal information. Impaired processing of negative verbal and prosodic information seems to be associated with positive symptoms in schizophrenia.
Caseload, management and treatment outcomes of patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus in a primary health care programme in an informal setting
Authors: Sobry Agnes , Kizito Walter , Van den Bergh Rafael , Tayler‐Smith Katie , Isaakidis Petros , Cheti Erastus , Kosgei Rose J. , Vandenbulcke Alexandra , Ndegwa Zacharia , Reid Tony 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveIn three primary health care clinics run by Médecins Sans Frontières in the informal settlement of Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya, we describe the caseload, management and treatment outcomes of patients with hypertension (HT) and/or diabetes mellitus (DM) receiving care from January 2010 to June 2012.MethodDescriptive study using prospectively collected routine programme data.ResultsOverall, 1465 patients were registered in three clinics during the study period, of whom 87% were hypertensive only and 13% had DM with or without HT. Patients were predominantly female (71%) and the median age was 48 years. On admission, 24% of the patients were obese, with a body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2. Overall, 55% of non‐diabetic hypertensive patients reached their blood pressure (BP) target at 24 months. Only 28% of diabetic patients reached their BP target at 24 months. For non‐diabetic patients, there was a significant decrease in BP between first consultation and 3 months of treatment, maintained over the 18‐month period. Only 20% of diabetic patients with or without hypertension achieved glycaemic control. By the end of the study period, 1003 (68%) patients were alive and in care, one (<1%) had died, eight (0.5%) had transferred out and 453 (31%) were lost to follow‐up.ConclusionGood management of HT and DM can be achieved in a primary care setting within an informal settlement. This model of intervention appears feasible to address the growing burden of non‐communicable diseases in developing countries.
Small Genomes and Sparse Metabolisms of Sediment-Associated Bacteria from Four Candidate Phyla
Authors: Kantor Rose S. , Wrighton Kelly C. , Handley Kim M. , Sharon Itai , Hug Laura A. , Castelle Cindy J. , Thomas Brian C. , Banfield Jillian F. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Cultivation-independent surveys of microbial diversity have revealed many bacterial phyla that lack cultured representatives. These lineages, referred to as candidate phyla, have been detected across many environments. Here, we deeply sequenced microbial communities from acetate-stimulated aquifer sediment to recover the complete and essentially complete genomes of single representatives of the candidate phyla SR1, WWE3, TM7, and OD1. All four of these genomes are very small, 0.7 to 1.2 Mbp, and have large inventories of novel proteins. Additionally, all lack identifiable biosynthetic pathways for several key metabolites. The SR1 genome uses the UGA codon to encode glycine, and the same codon is very rare in the OD1 genome, suggesting that the OD1 organism could also transition to alternate coding. Interestingly, the relative abundance of the members of SR1 increased with the appearance of sulfide in groundwater, a pattern mirrored by a member of the phylum
Tenericutes
. All four genomes encode type IV pili, which may be involved in interorganism interaction. On the basis of these results and other recently published research, metabolic dependence on other organisms may be widely distributed across multiple bacterial candidate phyla.

IMPORTANCE
Few or no genomic sequences exist for members of the numerous bacterial phyla lacking cultivated representatives, making it difficult to assess their roles in the environment. This paper presents three complete and one essentially complete genomes of members of four candidate phyla, documents consistently small genome size, and predicts metabolic capabilities on the basis of gene content. These metagenomic analyses expand our view of a lifestyle apparently common across these candidate phyla.
Interaction between the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase and Fusion Glycoproteins of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type III Regulates Viral Growth
In Vivo
Authors: Xu Rui , Palmer Samantha G. , Porotto Matteo , Palermo Laura M. , Niewiesk Stefan , Wilson Ian A. , Moscona Anne 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Paramyxoviruses, enveloped RNA viruses that include human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3), cause the majority of childhood viral pneumonia. HPIV3 infection starts when the viral receptor-binding protein engages sialic acid receptors in the lung and the viral envelope fuses with the target cell membrane. Fusion/entry requires interaction between two viral surface glycoproteins: tetrameric hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion protein (F). In this report, we define structural correlates of the HN features that permit infection
in vivo
. We have shown that viruses with an HN-F that promotes growth in cultured immortalized cells are impaired in differentiated human airway epithelial cell cultures (HAE) and
in vivo
and evolve in HAE into viable viruses with less fusogenic HN-F. In this report, we identify specific structural features of the HN dimer interface that modulate HN-F interaction and fusion triggering and directly impact infection. Crystal structures of HN, which promotes viral growth
in vivo
, show a diminished interface in the HN dimer compared to the reference strain’s HN, consistent with biochemical and biological data indicating decreased dimerization and decreased interaction with F protein. The crystallographic data suggest a structural explanation for the HN’s altered ability to activate F and reveal properties that are critical for infection
in vivo
.

IMPORTANCE
Human parainfluenza viruses cause the majority of childhood cases of croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia worldwide. Enveloped viruses must fuse their membranes with the target cell membranes in order to initiate infection. Parainfluenza fusion proceeds via a multistep reaction orchestrated by the two glycoproteins that make up its fusion machine.
In vivo
, viruses adapt for survival by evolving to acquire a set of fusion machinery features that provide key clues about requirements for infection in human beings. Infection of the lung by parainfluenzavirus is determined by specific interactions between the receptor binding molecule (hemagglutinin-neuraminidase [HN]) and the fusion protein (F). Here we identify specific structural features of the HN dimer interface that modulate HN-F interaction and fusion and directly impact infection. The crystallographic and biochemical data point to a structural explanation for the HN’s altered ability to activate F for fusion and reveal properties that are critical for infection by this important lung virus
in vivo
.
Prevalence and long-term clinical significance of intracranial atherosclerosis after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a cohort study
Authors: Ovesen Christian , Abild Annemette , Christensen Anders Fogh , Rosenbaum Sverre , Hansen Christine Krarup , Havsteen Inger , Nielsen Jens Kellberg , Christensen Hanne 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesWe investigated the prevalence and long-term risk associated with intracranial atherosclerosis identified during routine evaluation.DesignThis study presents data from a prospective cohort of patients admitted to our stroke unit for thrombolysis evaluation.Setting and participantsWe included 652 with a final diagnosis of ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) from April 2009 to December 2011. All patients were acutely evaluated with cerebral CT and CT angiography (CTA). Acute radiological examinations were screened for intracranial arterial stenosis (IAS) or intracranial arterial calcifications (IAC). Intracranial stenosis was grouped into 30–50%, 50–70% and >70% lumen reduction. The extent of IAC was graded as number of vessels affected.Primary and secondary outcome measurePatients were followed until July 2013. Recurrence of an ischaemic event (stroke, ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and TIA) was documented through the national chart system. Poor outcome was defined as death or recurrence of ischaemic event.Results101 (15.5%) patients showed IAS (70: 30–50%, 29: 50–70% and 16: >70%). Two-hundred and fifteen (33%) patients had no IAC, 339 (52%) in 1–2 vessels and 102 (16%) in >2 vessels. During follow-up, 53 strokes, 20 TIA and 14 IHD occurred, and 95 patients died. The risk of poor outcome was significantly different among different extents of IAS as well as IAC (log-rank test p<0.01 for both). In unadjusted analysis IAS and IAC predicted poor outcome and recurrent ischaemic event. When adjusted, IAS and IAC independently increased the risk of a recurrent ischaemic event (IAS: HR 1.67; CI 1.04 to 2.64 and IAC: HR 1.22; CI 1.02 to 1.47).ConclusionsIntracranial atherosclerosis detected during acute evaluation predicts an increased risk of recurrent stroke.
Diagnostic yield of delayed neurovascular imaging in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, negative initial CT and catheter angiograms, and a negative 7 day repeat catheter angiogram
Authors: Delgado Almandoz Josser E , Kadkhodayan Yasha , Crandall Benjamin M , Scholz Jill M , Fease Jennifer L , Anderson Ruth E , Tubman David E 
Published: October 2013

PurposeThe yield of delayed neurovascular imaging in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), negative initial CT and catheter angiograms (CT angiography (CTA), DSA), and negative 7 day repeat DSA is not well understood. Our aim was to determine the yield of delayed neurovascular imaging for the detection of causative vascular lesions in this clinical scenario.MethodsWe retrospectively examined the yield of delayed CTA and DSA for the detection of causative vascular lesions in patients presenting to our institution with SAH, negative initial CTA and DSA examinations, and a negative 7 day repeat DSA during a 6.5 year period. Two neuroradiologists evaluated the non-contrast CTs to determine the SAH pattern, and the delayed CTAs and DSAs to assess for the presence of a causative vascular lesion.Results39 patients were included: 23 men (59%) and 16 women (41%), mean age 55.5 years (range 33–75). 25 patients had diffuse SAH (64.1%), 12 had perimesencephalic SAH (30.8%), and two had peripheral sulcal SAH (5.1%). The delayed neurovascular examination was CTA in 30 patients (76.9%) and DSA in nine patients (23.1%). Mean time to delayed CTA or DSA was 34.9 days (median 34, range 14–69 days). Delayed CTA demonstrated a causative vascular lesion in two patients (5.1%, one small internal carotid artery aneurysm and one small pontine arteriovenous malformation), both with diffuse SAH (yield 8%).ConclusionsDelayed neurovascular imaging is valuable in the evaluation of patients with diffuse SAH who have negative initial CTA and DSA examinations and a negative 7 day repeat DSA, demonstrating a causative vascular lesion in 8% of patients.