bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wikipedia vs Peer-Reviewed Medical Literature for Information About the 10 Most Costly Medical Conditions
Authors: Hasty Robert T. , Garbalosa Ryan C. , Barbato Vincenzo A. , Valdes Pedro J. , Powers David W. , Hernandez Emmanuel , John Jones S. , Suciu Gabriel , Qureshi Farheen , Popa-Radu Matei , Jose Sergio San , Drexler Nathaniel , Patankar Rohan , Paz Jose R. , King Christopher W. , Gerber Hilary N. , Valladares Michael G. , Somji Alyaz A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Context: Since its launch in 2001, Wikipedia has become the most popular general reference site on the Internet and a popular source of health care information. To evaluate the accuracy of this resource, the authors compared Wikipedia articles on the most costly medical conditions with standard, evidence-based, peer-reviewed sources.

Methods: The top 10 most costly conditions in terms of public and private expenditure in the United States were identified, and a Wikipedia article corresponding to each topic was chosen. In a blinded process, 2 randomly assigned investigators independently reviewed each article and identified all assertions (ie, implication or statement of fact) made in it. The reviewer then conducted a literature search to determine whether each assertion was supported by evidence. The assertions found by each reviewer were compared and analyzed to determine whether assertions made by Wikipedia for these conditions were supported by peer-reviewed sources.

Results: For commonly identified assertions, there was statistically significant discordance between 9 of the 10 selected Wikipedia articles (coronary artery disease, lung cancer, major depressive disorder, osteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, back pain, and hyperlipidemia) and their corresponding peer-reviewed sources (P<.05) and for all assertions made by Wikipedia for these medical conditions (P<.05 for all 9).

Conclusion: Most Wikipedia articles representing the 10 most costly medical conditions in the United States contain many errors when checked against standard peer-reviewed sources. Caution should be used when using Wikipedia to answer questions regarding patient care.
Effect of Osteopathic Manipulative Therapy in the Attentive Performance of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Accorsi Alessandro , Lucci Chiara , Di Mattia Lorenzo , Granchelli Cristina , Barlafante Gina , Fini Federica , Pizzolorusso Gianfranco , Cerritelli Francesco , Pincherle Maurizio 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Context: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder most commonly affecting children and teenagers. It is characterized by the coexistence of attention problems and impulsivity and hyperactivity. Although several studies have been conducted on the efficacy of conventional and alternative therapies in children with ADHD, few studies have specifically investigated the efficacy of osteopathic manipulative therapy (OMTh).

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of OMTh in the treatment of children with ADHD.

Methods: Children aged 5 to 15 years with a primary diagnosis of ADHD who were admitted to a single neuropsychiatry unit from November 2008 to September 2009 were randomly assigned to an intervention group (OMTh + conventional care) or a control group (conventional care only). Biancardi-Stroppa Modified Bell Cancellation Test accuracy and rapidity scores were recorded for both groups at baseline and after 10 weeks. Statistical analyses included univariate tests and multivariate linear regressions.

Results: A total of 28 participants were included in the study: 14 in the OMTh group and 14 in the control group. Univariate statistical analysis showed no statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups in terms of characteristics measured at baseline, except for psychosocial intervention (P=.05). Multivariate linear regression showed that OMTh was positively associated with changes in the Biancardi-Stroppa Test accuracy (β=7.948 points; P=.04) and rapidity (β=9.089 points; P=.03) scores.

Conclusion: Participants who received OMTh had greater improvement in Biancardi-Stroppa Test scores than participants who received conventional care only, suggesting that OMTh can potentially increase performances of selective and sustained attention in children with ADHD. To confirm these findings, studies of larger and more diverse populations are warranted.
The ‘little m.d.’ or the ‘Big D.O.’: The Path to the California Merger
Authors: Gevitz Norman 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn the years following the American Osteopathic Association's sanctioning of the broad teaching of chemical and biological agents, osteopathic physicians moved closer to allopathic physicians with respect to diagnosis and treatment. In the 1930s, osteopathic colleges began to adopt standards and improve their basic science and clinical training, which allowed them to produce graduates who did substantially better in passing external examinations to become licensed as physicians and surgeons. Nevertheless, many state legislatures refused to grant DOs unlimited licenses and osteopathic physicians were unable to obtain medical commissions during the Second World War. In California, despite significant accomplishments on the social and legislative fronts, a growing number of osteopathic physicians believed that their DO degree and independent status as a separate medical profession was an impediment to achieving equality with their allopathic counterparts, and they worked toward a merger or amalgamation with their long-time opponents.
Solar cycle variation of the electron density in the topside ionosphere at local nighttime observed by DEMETER during 2006–2008
Authors: Zhang Xuemin , Qian Jiadong , Shen Xuhui 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe solar cycle variations of electron density (Ne) in the topside ionosphere are presented by observations around local time 22:30 from Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) satellite during 2006–2008 in the low solar activity, in which the revisited orbits are selected to construct Ne time sequences at different points. The results show that electron density (Ne) reduced 50–100% since 2006 to 2008 at equatorial area and middle latitudes, with much bigger maximal Ne in 2006 but even no yearly peak in 2007 and 2008 around 30° latitude. The seasonal asymmetry is revealed by the yearly maxima of Ne in December over Southern Hemisphere always being larger than those in June over Northern Hemisphere. Furthermore, the equinoctial asymmetry is found around the magnetic equator and high northern latitudes under the low solar activity, and the latter one has not been revealed in other research. Ne from IRI2012 is close to the actual observation by DEMETER in 2008, even better than those in 2006 and 2007, indicating the great improvement of this empirical ionospheric model in this extremely low solar minimum. After comparison with the fitted results by indices of F10.7 and EUV combined with the first five periods in Ne, EUV is a little better to describe the variations in Ne during this solar minimum. By discussing the relationship among nighttime Ne and molecules in upper atmosphere, the [O/N2] density ratio is the key factor at high latitude, while [O] density plays a certain role to electron density around the equator.
Magnetic clouds and origins in STEREO era
Authors: Yan Li , Luhmann J. G. , Lynch B. J. , Kilpua E. K. J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWhen a coronal mass ejection (CME) encounters the Earth, the Earth's electromagnetic environment is disturbed, especially when it is a magnetic cloud (MC) with enhanced, steady, and long‐lasting southward field. The speed and the magnetic field of an MC are the two important properties for its geoeffectiveness. The correspondence between a CME and its resulting MC is not straightforward, partly due to the CME velocity and the complications during propagation through corona and the solar wind. From 2007 to 2012, we have three observing points at 1 AU near the ecliptic plane (ACE and STEREO A and B). We search for MC events encountered at one of the three observers and study the statistics independently and in comparison. We found that the annual number of MCs at each receiver varies significantly and the temporal variation at each receiver does not always follow the solar activity level. The speed and the magnetic field strength of the MCs do vary with the solar activity level. The polarity of MC magnetic field at ACE and STEREO also shows large fluctuations. We have also identified the CME and solar activity sources for the L1 MC events. STEREO SECCHI images served critical roles in the determination of the CMEs both in solar quiet times and active times. We found that halo CMEs are not necessarily good indicators for receiving MCs. Further studies of CME initial velocity and the propagation through the heliosphere are needed in order to improve our space weather forecasting capability.
First results using TWINS‐derived ion temperature boundary conditions in CRCM
Authors: Elfritz J. G. , Keesee A. M. , Buzulukova N. , Fok M. ‐C. , Scime E. E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe have integrated dynamic, spatiotemporally resolved ion temperature boundary conditions into the Comprehensive Ring Current Model (CRCM), which are based on 2‐D equatorial maps derived from the Two Wide‐Angle Imaging Neutral‐Atom Spectrometers (TWINS) energetic neutral atom (ENA) data. The high‐speed stream‐driven event on 22 July 2009 is simulated and compared against an identical simulation using a statistically derived boundary condition model. ENA‐derived temperatures allow users to include event‐specific observations associated with a dynamic plasma sheet. This method also provides temperatures in the important region between geosynchronous orbit and the plasma sheet, a region which existing empirical models exclude. We find that the spatial and energy distributions of ring current flux and pressure have sensitive dependence on boundary conditions during this event. The coupling of boundary conditions to the time history of the convection field strength also plays an important role by throttling the influence of the boundary plasma on the inner magnetosphere. Simulated moments and spectra from our simulations are compared with remotely imaged ion temperatures from TWINS and also in situ energy spectra and temperature moments from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms‐D. Storm time dusk‐dawn asymmetries consistent with observational data, such as Zhang et al. (2006), are reproduced well when CRCM is provided with the event‐specific boundary model. A hot localized structure observed by TWINS at geosynchronous midnight during a strong northward interplanetary magnetic field interval is also reproduced with this boundary model, whereas the empirical boundary model fails to yield this feature.
Oblique reflections in the Mars Express MARSIS data set: Stable density structures in the Martian ionosphere
Authors: J. Andrews D. , André M. , Opgenoorth H. J , Edberg N. J. T. , Diéval C. , Duru F. , Gurnett D. A. , Morgan D. , Witasse O. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) onboard the European Space Agency's Mars Express (MEX) spacecraft routinely detects evidence of localized plasma density structures in the Martian dayside ionosphere. Such structures, likely taking the form of spatially extended elevations in the plasma density at a given altitude, give rise to oblique reflections in the Active Ionospheric Sounder data. These structures are likely related to the highly varied Martian crustal magnetic field. In this study we use the polar orbit of MEX to investigate the repeatability of the ionospheric structures producing these anomalous reflections, examining data taken in sequences of multiple orbits which pass over the same regions of the Martian surface under similar solar illuminations, within intervals lasting tens of days. Presenting three such examples, or case studies, we show for the first time that these oblique reflections are often incredibly stable, indicating that the underlying ionospheric structures are reliably reformed in the same locations and with qualitatively similar parameters. The visibility, or lack thereof, of a given oblique reflection on a single orbit can generally be attributed to variations in the crustal field within the ionosphere along the spacecraft trajectory. We show that, within these examples, oblique reflections are generally detected whenever the spacecraft passes over regions of intense near‐radial crustal magnetic fields (i.e., with a “cusp‐like” configuration). The apparent stability of these structures is an important feature that must be accounted for in models of their origin.
Traveltime delay and initial phase reversal of distant tsunamis coupled with the self‐gravitating elastic Earth
Authors: Watada Shingo , Kusumoto Satoshi , Satake Kenji 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSystematic tsunami traveltime delays of up to 15 min relative to the numerically simulated long waves from the 2010 Chilean and 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquakes were widely observed at deep ocean tsunamimeters. Enigmatic small negative phases appearing before the main peak were commonly found only at the trans‐oceanic locations. The frequency dependence of the measured tsunami phase velocities shows reverse dispersions at long periods, i.e., the tsunami speed becomes slower at periods beyond 1000 s. This is consistent with the phase velocities of a tsunami mode coupled with a self‐gravitating elastic Earth, suggesting that the effects of compression and dilatation of seawater, elastic tsunami loadings on a solid Earth, and the geopotential variations associated with the motion of mass during tsunami propagation are responsible for the traveltime delays and the initial negative phases. Simple 1‐D tsunami propagation tests confirm that the reverse dispersion creates a small negative phase that precedes the main peak at large distances. A new method to simulate tsunami waveforms on real ocean bathymetry that takes into account seawater compressibility, the elasticity of the Earth, and geopotential perturbations has been developed by applying a phase correction to the simulated long waves. The simulated waveforms, in which phase corrections are applied for the dispersion effects, accurately reproduce the observed waveforms, including a small initial negative phase that appears at distant locations. The traveltime difference between the observed and simulated waveforms has been decreased to less than 5 min and the waveform difference between them remarkably diminishes.
How important is intensified evaporation for Mediterranean precipitation extremes?
Authors: Winschall Andreas , Sodemann Harald , Pfahl Stephan , Wernli Heini 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe moisture sources for heavy precipitation events in the northwestern Mediterranean are investigated with a Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic, which is based on the analysis of moisture changes during 6 h time intervals along backward trajectories, originating from the location of the heavy precipitation events. We consider the 50 strongest events in each season in the region 0–15°E, 42–46°N during the years 1989–2009. The results of the moisture source diagnostic indicate that during precipitation extremes the Mediterranean Sea surface is only one of several source regions in all seasons, and typically matched by moisture from the North Atlantic in autumn and winter and land evapotranspiration in summer. The event‐to‐event variability is large. Individual events can be dominated by land evapotranspiration, moisture transport from the North Atlantic, or an export of moisture from the tropics. The time of maximum moisture uptake varies between a few hours to more than a week before the precipitation event. The results from the moisture source analysis are used for investigating whether intense surface evaporation occurs prior to heavy precipitation. Surface evaporation anomalies at the moisture sources are positive over the North Atlantic and the European and African land surface, whereas no signal is present over the Mediterranean. Therefore, for the Mediterranean moisture contribution, convergence from the background moisture reservoir is essential, whereas for the remote sources anomalously intense surface evaporation is required to foster the moisture supply for Mediterranean heavy precipitation events.
β1‐adrenergic receptor activation enhances memory in Alzheimer's disease model
Authors: Coutellier Laurence , Ardestani Pooneh Memar , Shamloo Mehrdad 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveDeficits in social recognition and learning of social cues are major symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we studied the role of β1‐noradrenergic signaling in cognitive function to determine whether it could be used as a potential therapeutic target for AD.MethodsUsing pharmacological, biochemical, and behavioral tools, we assessed social recognition and the β1‐adrenergic receptor (ADR) and its downstream protein kinase A (PKA)/phospho‐cAMP response element‐binding protein (pCREB) signaling cascade in the medial amygdala (MeA) in Thy1‐hAPPLond/Swe+(APP) mouse model of AD.ResultsOur results demonstrated that APP mice display a significant social recognition deficit which is dependent on the β1‐adrenergic system. Moreover, betaxolol, a selective β1‐ADR antagonist, impaired social but not object/odor learning in C57Bl/6 mice. Our results identifies activation of the PKA/pCREB downstream of β1‐ADR in MeA as responsible signaling cascade for learning of social cues in MeA. Finally, we found that xamoterol, a selective β1‐ADR partial agonist, rescued the social recognition deficit of APP mice by increasing nuclear pCREB.InterpretationOur data indicate that activation of β1‐ADR in MeA is essential for learning of social cues, and that an impairment of this cascade in AD may contribute to pathogenesis and cognitive deficits. Therefore, selective activation of β1‐ADR may be used as a therapeutic approach to rescue memory deficits in AD. Further safety and translational studies will be needed to ensure the safety of this approach.
Health in post‐Black Death London (1350–1538): Age patterns of periosteal new bone formation in a post‐epidemic population
Authors: DeWitte Sharon N. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTPrevious research has shown that the Black Death targeted older adults and individuals who had been previously exposed to physiological stressors. This project investigates whether this selectivity of the Black Death, combined with post‐epidemic rising standards of living, led to significant improvements in patterns of skeletal stress markers, and by inference in health, among survivors and their descendants. Patterns of periosteal lesions (which have been previously shown, using hazard analysis, to be associated with elevated risks of mortality in medieval London) are compared between samples from pre‐Black Death (c. 1,000–1,300,n = 464) and post‐Black Death (c. 1,350–1,538,n = 133) London cemeteries. To avoid the assumptions that stress markers alone provide a direct measure of health and that a change in frequencies of the stress marker by itself indicates changes in health, this study assesses age‐patterns of the stress marker to obtain a more nuanced understanding of the population‐level effects of an epidemic disease. Age‐at‐death in these samples is estimated using transition analysis, which provides point estimates of age even for the oldest adults in these samples and thus allows for an examination of physiological stress across the lifespan. The frequency of lesions is significantly higher in the post‐Black Death sample, which, at face value, might indicate a general decline in health. However, a significant positive association between age and periosteal lesions, as well as a significantly higher number of older adults in the post‐Black Death sample more likely suggests improvements in health following the epidemic. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:260–267, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Examining short‐term nutritional status among BaAka foragers in transitional economies
Authors: Remis Melissa J. , Jost Robinson Carolyn A. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTForagers in transitioning economies are at an increased risk of negative health outcomes as they undergo changes in subsistence patterns and diet. Here, we provide anthropometric data and examine the nutrition and health of adult BaAka foragers in relationship to declining wildlife and economic change in the Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas (APDS), Central African Republic. From June to August 2012, we collected biological data and dietary recall surveys from individuals in Mossapoula (MS) and Yandoumbé (YDBE) villages using standard anthropometric techniques and a single capillary blood finger prick. In our analysis, we identified variation in anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin levels by village (MS = 66, YDBE = 75) and gender (64 men, 77 women). Immigration, increased gun hunting and wildlife trades have reduced forager reliance on forest resources. These changes are evidenced in the marginal health of contemporary BaAka foragers of APDS. Although anthropometric measures of nutritional status do not significantly differ between communities, hemoglobin data highlight inequities in access to forest products between villages with different proximity to community hunting zones. Further, poor dietary diversity and low frequency of purchased foods in the diet indicate that the transition to a market economy has not been fully realized and diets are impoverished. Economic changes appear to have had the most impact at MS village, where forest use is most restricted and consumption of meat and forest products was reduced. This work highlights the nutritional and health needs of foragers in rapidly transitioning economies; especially those impacted by conservation management and zoning policies. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:365–375, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dehydrochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride) modified with titanium dioxide/poly(ethylene oxide) based paint photocatalysts
Authors: Miyazaki Kensuke , Sato Hiroaki , Kikuchi Shinpei , Nakatani Hisayuki 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThe dehydrochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) film samples modified with titanium dioxide (TiO2)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) based paint photocatalysts [the addition of methyl linoleate (ML) or methyl oleate (MO)] was performed. After 24 h of UV photoirradiation, the sample with TiO2/PEO showed that there existed a structure with the longest polyene length, whereas that with TiO2/PEO/ML contained the most polyene structures. The chloroform‐soluble fraction of the sample with TiO2/PEO contained a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) structure instead of a polyene one and showed a novel method of PVA production via PVC photodegradation. The molecular weight curve of the fraction shifted slightly to a lower molecular weight compared to that without the photocatalyst; this showed that slight polymer chain scission occurred. The 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectra showed that the content of PVA units was about 20%, and the PVA sequence was blocky. The fraction of the sample with TiO2/PEO/ML contained the highest methyl group content; this showed that the branch degree was highest as was the polyene content. These highest contents were due to the existence of the grafted ML. Pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy measurements suggested that there existed more polyene and graft units in the chloroform‐insoluble fractions of the samples with TiO2/PEO, TiO2/PEO/ML, and TiO2/PEO/MO, respectively. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40760.