bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theory of Ferrocenyl Compounds
Authors: Derat Etienne , Costuas Karine , Volatron François 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to introduce the basic knowledge necessary to understand the electronic structure of ferrocenyl compounds. Molecular orbitals analysis is presented first, followed by a more contemporary description by density functional theory or elaboratedab initiocalculations. In order to correlate computational results with experimental data, recent theoretical analysis of vibrational and Mössbauer spectroscopy, redox and excited states, are summarized. Due to numerous applications in non‐linear optics, calculated properties of ferrocenyl compounds in this field are presented. Catalytic and biological processes involving derivatives of ferrocenyl compounds have been studied from a theoretical point of view and are reviewed here. Ferrocenyl compounds are often used as a building block for constructing bigger chemical systems; simulation of large systems is a challenge, especially when involving metallic compounds. Nevertheless, some theoretical studies hav been done in that field (e.g. nanoparticles decorated with ferrocene or ferrocenyl compounds grafted onto gold surfaces) and are discussed in this chapter.
Modern Aircraft Flight Management Systems
Authors: Cramer Michael R. , Herndon Albert 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This chapter describes the components, functions, and uses of flight management systems (FMS) in the present‐day air transport, regional and business aircraft. The integrated avionics components and functionality that provide flight crew with the ability to operate an aircraft efficiently and in compliance with the requirements of the air navigation service provider (ANSP) are listed and their integration is described. The FMS functions are defined in an operational context within the airspace system to provide a better level of understanding of system functionality relative to the purpose for which the FMS was designed.
Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operations inUSAirspace
Authors: Argrow Brian M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe US military currently conducts the most flights of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) worldwide, including intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and combat missions in current theaters of war, and training flights in the US National Airspace System (NAS). Other militaries, particularly the Israel Defense Force, also regularly conduct UAS missions. Aviation regulations were developed for manned aircraft operations; UAS‐specific regulations have yet to appear. The aviation regulations set the requirements for UAS operations in unrestricted airspace, with requirements for a special experimental certificate for civil (commercial) operations, or a certificate of authorization or waiver (COA) for public (government) operations that include domestic military, government agencies, law enforcement, emergency first‐responders, and public universities. This chapter describes the range of UAS operated today, in terms of the physical characteristics and performance that must be taken into account for flight tests and operations. Examples are selected from UAS operating in the NAS. The airspace regulatory environment is discussed with an overview of COA application process and procedures for deploying and small UAS in the NAS are described for closed range testing and nomadic, science‐based missions. Finally, the state of the public perception of UAS operations is discussed.
Living on the Moon
Authors: Thangavelu Madhu 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHumans have long dreamt of exploring and settling the Moon. The visions of human space activity stemming from the first half of the twentieth century culminated in the Apollo program landing two astronauts on the Moon in 1969, and until 1972, 12 astronauts had walked the Moon and performed scientific experiments. In the new millennium, several nations have begun precursory missions, orbiting a new generation of satellites and gleaning new information. Most recently, water has been discovered in the polar regions, setting the stage for lunar development and human settlement. This chapter provides a brief overview of past visions, present projects, and technology developments, and some concepts and technologies for future permanent human settlements on our celestial neighbor.
Unified Treatment of Rarefied and Continuum Fluid Flows
Authors: Xu Kun 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe unified scheme is a newly developed multiscale gas‐kinetic scheme for both continuum and rarefied flow simulations. Different from many kinetic solvers that discretize the Boltzmann‐type equations directly, the unified scheme uses the local evolution solution of a gas distribution function for the flux modeling across a cell interface.The integral solution of the kinetic model covers both hydrodynamical and kinetic scale particle evolution physics.The weights between these two scale solutions used in the unified scheme depend on the ratio of local numerical cell size to the particle mean free path. Since the integral solution is valid in all flow regimes, the unified scheme can present accurate solution from free molecule transport to the Navier–Stokes gas evolution. As a result, the unified method has advantages to simulate flow with both continuum and rarefied regimes in a single computation. This advantage of using the unified scheme in microflow simulations is more obvious because of the absence of statistical noise. The unified scheme has been validated through extensive numerical tests. New microflow phenomena have been discovered through its calculation. The unified scheme provides a valuable tool in the study of nonequilibrium flows.
Testing Fixed and Rotary Shipboard and Marine Platform Operations
Authors: Job Rodney F 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This experienced‐based chapter describes the testing of all types of aircraft operations from marine platforms, along with the preparatory work and instrumentation needed before embarked trials commence. Performance and handling issues are addressed in both the launch and landing phases by day and by night, considering aircraft carriers as well as smaller ships and fixed platforms such as oil rigs. The implications of different sea states and wind conditions are considered in the context of progressive trials, conducted in a safe manner, leading to the formulation of practicable limits for in‐service use.
Aluminum: Inorganic ChemistryUpdate based on the original article by Allen W. Apblett,Encyclopedia of Inorganic ChemistrySecond Edition, © 2005, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authors: Apblett Allen W. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAluminum is the most abundant metal to be found in the earth's crust (8.1 %). It is component of gemstones and many common minerals such as granite and clays. Aluminum is a very reactive metal and is not found in an uncombined form in nature. However, the use of its compounds has a very long history. For example, the ancient Greeks and Romans used alum as an astringent and as a mordant in dyeing. The pure metal was isolated first by Wohler in 1827. The modern method for obtaining aluminum metal is the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite. Aluminum can also be produced from clay, but the process is not economically feasible at present. Pure aluminum, a silvery‐white metal, possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nonmagnetic, and nonsparking, and is second among all metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used for kitchen utensils, outside building materials, airplanes, and in thousands of industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but when it is alloyed with small amounts of copper, silicon, magnesium, manganese, or other elements these shortcomings can be circumvented. The aluminum compounds of greatest importance are aluminum oxide, aluminum sulfate, aluminum potassium sulfate (alum), and aluminum halides. The oxide, alumina, occurs naturally as ruby (Al2O3), sapphire, corundum, and emery, and is used in glassmaking and refractory ceramic materials. Synthetic ruby and sapphire are used in lasers for producing coherent light. Aluminum nitride, phosphide, and antimonide are important materials for the semiconductor industry. Aluminum halides and oxides are also very important catalyst supports.
Metal Nanoparticles: Electronic Properties, Bioresponse, and SynthesisUpdate based on the original article by Günter Schmid,Encyclopedia of Inorganic ChemistrySecond Edition, © 2005, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Authors: Schmid Günter 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis review article considers in the main the interaction of metal nanoparticles (NPs) with biological systems. However, the first part describes electronic properties of metal NPs because of the relevance of the electronic situation in a metal NP and its corresponding physical and chemical properties. Those are of interest if interactions with biological systems are considered, the active centers of which often are also in the nano regime. In particular, the size and shape of metal NPs decisively determine the kind of interactions that are exhibited. The result of such interactions is called “bioresponse”. Bioresponse constitutes the main part of the article, which describes the principles of interactions between NPs and biosystems. Developments in diagnostics and toxicity phenomena are also detailed; these are linked with possible therapeutic attempts, especially in the field of tumor therapy. Finally, an overview is given of the synthetic strategies of NPs. The syntheses of metal NPs are so manifold that only the basic principles are discussed. Primary emphasis is on synthetic procedures that guarantee monodispersity of the NPs and control of their shapes because these properties determine the kind and strength of interaction with biological systems, whether in cell cultures or living animals.
Lanthanides: Divalent Solid Halides
Authors: Meyer Gerd 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDivalent rare earth metals (Sc, Y, and the lanthanides) are known in halides almost throughout the whole series. Two classes may be distinguished: RX2 = (R2+)(X−)2type dihalides, in which R2+has the electronic configuration [Xe]6s05d04fn. Their structural behavior parallels that of the heavier alkaline‐earth metal halides; for example, EuBr2and SrBr2are isostructural. All of these class I compounds are insulators. In the second class, R2+has the electronic configuration [Xe]6s05d14fn−1; the occupation of a 5d state leads to (semi)metallic behavior. Their crystal structures resemble those of intermetallic phases, for example, LaI2crystallizes with the CuTi2type of structure. This class of dihalides RX2is often written as (R3+)(e−)(X−)2. Except for the binary dihalides, there are a number of ternary halides, for example, CsTmCl3and the mixed‐valent K5Dy3I12(class I), as well as BaLaI4(class II). Oxide‐halides with divalent lanthanides are also known, for example, {OSm4}I6or the mixed‐valent Eu2O2Br.
Lanthanides: Halides
Authors: Boyle Timothy J. , Steele Leigh Anna M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

This chapter discusses the synthesis and structures of LnX
3
, [LnX
3
(H
2
O)

n

], and [LnX
3
(solv)

n

] that have been reported. A wide range of structures have been observed, where the cation, anion, and solvent employed direct the final structure adopted.
Lanthanides: Oxide and Hydroxide Complexes
Authors: Zheng Zhiping 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPresented in this chapter is the synthetic and structural chemistry of lanthanide oxide/hydroxide complexes. The development of synthetic methodologies, salient structural features, diversity of ancillary ligands that support the lanthanide‐oxo/hydroxo core motifs, and niche applications in chemistry and materials science of this unique class of lanthanide complexes are detailed.
Lanthanides: Boride, Carbide, and Nitride Compounds
Authors: Mori Takao 
Published: December 2012

AbstractRare earth elements form a rich variety of compounds with boron, carbon, and nitrogen. The rare earth borides, carbides, and nitrides tend to be highly refractory compounds, typically with melting points above 2300 K. One way of looking at the less metal‐rich compounds is that the boron, carbon, and nitrogen atoms, respectively, form strongly covalent atomic networks in which rare earth atoms occupy particular spaces/voids. The strong covalent bonding among the network atoms is the origin for the high temperature stability, while the rare earth elements typically play a critical role in the physical properties, namely, functionalization of the material.For example, especially in the case of boron, boron has one less electron than carbon and therefore it is electron deficient when forming atomic networks compared to carbon networks such as graphite and fullerenes. However, this causes boron to have an especially good affinity with the rare earth elements, which are localized and can occupy voids in the boron network while readily supplying electrons to stabilize novel structures, providing a wide variety of compounds that are introduced in this chapter, together with carbides and nitrides. Furthermore, the shell of f electrons can provide interesting physical properties such as magnetism and luminescence and also provide possible tuning of the electronic properties. In this sense, as functional materials, the rare earth elements play a critical role in the functionalization, although their content may be low in the higher borides, carbides, and nitrides. This is one important direction in which to strive in the current world where natural resources are limited, namely, to highly functionalize materials that are mainly composed of abundant light elements through the innovative use of a small amount of rare element.In this chapter, I briefly review what is known of the rare earth borides, carbides, and nitrides. This review would particularly like to showcase interesting features of the crystal structure and intriguing physical properties ranging from the fundamental to the very applicable, with an emphasis on recent emerging results in important functionalities such as magnetism, thermoelectricity, and superconductivity.
Lanthanides: Luminescence
Authors: Andres Julien , Chauvin Anne‐Sophie 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This chapter encloses a brief historical perspective on luminescence which defines it as a nonincandescent emission. It then extends toward the lanthanide elements, their electronic structure, and how to classify the electronic structure according to the arrangement of the electrons in the 4f subshell. The interaction of light with matter is described both in terms of electronic transitions and vibrational transitions which then allow the introduction of the selection rules that dictates the probability of a transition between two defined states. The luminescence phenomena are rationalized both for an organic chromophore and for a lanthanide ion. The efficiency of the luminescence can be explained by the competition between the radiative relaxation of an excited state and the other deactivations that do not result in the emission of a photon. The sensitization of a lanthanide ion by an organic chromophore is discussed in details thus stressing the importance to describe both ligand‐centered and lanthanide‐centered photophysics. The quantum yields and the lifetimes used to characterize the emissions are then described with rate equations illustrating the importance of the numerous nonradiative relaxation processes. The luminescence of different lanthanide ions are finally related to the electronic levels of different ions, whose energies are quite independent of the chemical environment surrounding the lanthanide ion.
Lanthanides: Luminescent Helicates as Bioprobes
Authors: Chauvin Anne‐Sophie 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe properties of a lanthanide complex are discussed in this article and in particular the criteria that make a good luminescent probe. A case study is presented, with a family of ditopic ligands (i.e., binding two ions) forming water‐soluble homonuclear complexes with lanthanide ions. Among the properties, the complexes are thermodynamic stable and kinetic inert. They also exhibit high luminescence intensities, high quantum yields, and long lifetimes, and can be excited to a range higher than 320 nm. Those criteria enable the complexes to be tested as bioprobes. The ability of the bioprobes to permeate cells and their nontoxicity are demonstrated. Furthermore, the bioprobes interact with DNA, leading to the determination of the DNA concentration. On modification of the ligand, they can be covalently linked to a protein (for instance, avidin or an antibody), leading to the possibility of targeting a given bioanalyte. These abilities, the characterization of the bioprobe, and their properties are presented, in line with general considerations and practical guidelines to perform a study.
Lanthanides: Solvation
Authors: Cotton Simon A. , Harrowfield Jack M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAs lanthanides are extracted in greater amounts and find further applications, knowledge of the speciation of their labile solution species becomes increasingly important. So far, most effort has been directed to understanding the aqua ions, and particularly the first coordination sphere, using information largely from diffraction studies on crystalline salts and lately upon solutions. For the lighter and larger early lanthanides, it is believed that nine‐coordinate trigonal prismatic [Ln(OH2)9]3+ions predominate for the early metals (Ln = La‐Nd), and that square antiprismatic eight‐coordinate [Ln(OH2)8]3+ions are characteristic of yttrium and the later lanthanides (Ln = Gd‐Lu); a mixture of eight‐ and nine‐coordinate species is associated with Ln = Pm‐Eu. For the slightly smaller scandium aqua ion, it is believed that [Sc(OH2)n]3+has a coordination number of 7 or 8. The coordination numbers are not always the same in crystalline salts as in solution; in particular, octahedral [Ln(OH2)6]3+ions have been found in crystalline perchlorate salts that are not found in solutions of the perchlorates. Addition of coordinating ions such as chloride leads to isolation of solid salts that contain ligands other than water in the coordination sphere, while nitrate coordinates to these metals as a bidentate ligand. Study of the ions in nonaqueous solvents in the presence of weakly coordinating anions has led to the identification of a number of simple solvated species, such as [Ln(dmso)8]3+, though again there is evidence for mixed coordination, such as seen with the eight‐ and nine‐coordinate [Ln(dmf)n]3+and [Ln(MeCN)n]3+(n = 8, 9).
Lanthanides: Biological Activity and Medical Applications
Authors: Cotton Simon A. , Harrowfield Jack M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter describes the various ways in which lanthanide elements are biologically active. In medical applications, the magnetic and luminescent properties of the elements provide the means by which tissues can be imaged. These two applications are described with regards to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bioanalysis (fluoroimmunoassays and fluorescent chemsensors), respectively. The chapter describes, progressively, the use of lanthanides in medical analysis, therapy, and diagnosis. Explanations based on the fundamental chemistry taking place are included throughout each description. One common need for all the applications is a ligand environment that does not allow dissociation of the lathanide element from its originally constituted coordination environment.
NSUSY fits
Authors: Espinosa José R. , Grojean Christophe , Sanz Verónica , Trott Michael 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

We perform a global fit to Higgs signal-strength data in the context of light stops in Natural SUSY. In this case, the Wilson coefficients of the higher dimensional operators mediating gg → h and h → γγ, given by c

g

, c

γ
, are related by c

g
= 3 (1 + 3α

s

/(2π))c

γ

/8. We examine this predictive scenario in detail, combining Higgs signal-strength constraints with recent precision measurements of m

W
, Br(
$ \overline{B} $
→ X

s
γ) constraints and direct collider bounds on weak scale SUSY, finding regions of parameter space that are consistent with all of these constraints. However it is challenging for the allowed parameter space to reproduce the observed Higgs mass value with sub-TeV stops. We discuss some of the direct stop discovery prospects and show how Higgs search data can be used to exclude light stop parameter space difficult to probe by direct collider searches. We determine the current status of such indirect exclusions and estimate their reach by the end of the 8 TeV LHC run.
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Semler O. , Hoyer-Kuhn H. , Netzer C. 
Published: December 2012

ZusammenfassungDie Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) ist die häufigste angeborene Erkrankung, die mit einer Frakturneigung und einer systemischen Skelettbeteiligung einhergeht. Die große Mehrzahl der Patienten hat eine autosomal-dominant erbliche OI-Form mit einer Mutation in den Typ-I-Kollagen-GenenCOL1A1oderCOL1A2. Seit 2006 wurden 8 Gene identifiziert, die autosomal-rezessiv erblichen Formen der Erkrankung zugrunde liegen, sowie ein weiteres Gen für eine autosomal-dominant erbliche OI. Das Verständnis der molekularen Pathophysiologie konnte wesentlich erweitert werden. Das bisherige Paradigma der OI als einer reinen „Kollagenopathie“ erscheint ebenso revisionsbedürftig wie das klinische Klassifikationssystem. Standardtherapie der schwereren OI-Formen ist die Behandlung mit intravenösen Bisphosphonaten. Ergänzend kommen in einem multimodalen Behandlungskonzept operative Maßnahmen zur Begradigung deformierter Extremitäten und zur Frakturversorgung sowie die Physiotherapie hinzu.
Molekulare Mechanismen des Seckel-Syndroms
Authors: Yigit G. , Wollnik B. 
Published: December 2012

Zusammenfassung
Das Seckel-Syndrom ist eine autosomal-rezessiv vererbte Erkrankung, die durch einen proportionalen, bereits bei Geburt vorhandenen Kleinwuchs, eine ausgeprägte Mikrozephalie sowie charakteristische kraniofaziale Dysmorphien gekennzeichnet ist. Patienten mit Seckel-Syndrom zeigen zusätzlich eine geistige Behinderung, und bei einigen Patienten kommt es zum frühzeitigen Auftreten altersabhängiger Erkrankungen. Genetisch betrachtet stellt das Seckel-Syndrom eine heterogene Erkrankung dar, für die in den letzten Jahren mehrere kausale Gene identifiziert werden konnten. Diese spielen auf zellulärer Ebene sowohl bei Vorgängen der Zellteilung als auch bei der Aktivierung von Schutzmechanismen nach DNA-Schädigungen eine wichtige Rolle.
Werner-Syndrom
Authors: Lessel D. , Oshima J. , Kubisch C. 
Published: December 2012

Zusammenfassung
Das Werner-Syndrom ist eine segmental progeroide Erkrankung mit Beginn in der Adoleszenz oder im frühen Erwachsenenalter. Typische Symptome, die zum vorgealterten Phänotyp beitragen, sind ein postpubertär auftretender Kleinwuchs, Katarakte, eine vorzeitige Ergrauung/Ausdünnung des Haupthaars, sklerodermieähnliche Hautveränderungen und eine regionale Atrophie des subkutanen Fettgewebes. Darüber hinaus kommt es früh und gehäuft zu „Alterserkrankungen“ wie z. B. einem Diabetes mellitus Typ 2, einer Osteoporose, einer Atherosklerose sowie verschiedenen malignen Tumoren. Das Werner-Syndrom wird autosomal-rezessiv vererbt und ist durch Mutationen im Werner-Gen (WRN) bedingt. Es wurden bis heute mehr als 70 über das gesamte Gen verteilte Mutationen identifiziert, die typischerweise zu einem Verlust der Genfunktion führen. WRN kodiert für eine RecQ-Typ-Helikase, die u. a. an der DNA-Reparatur und der Aufrechterhaltung der DNA-Integrität beteiligt ist, was sich in einer erhöhten genetischen Instabilität in Patientenzellen widerspiegelt. Trotz der relativen Seltenheit ist die Analyse des Werner-Syndroms von allgemeiner Bedeutung, um die Rolle der DNA-Stabilität und Integrität für das Altern sowie die Entwicklung altersassoziierter Erkrankungen besser zu verstehen.