bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual Information Shapes the Dynamics of Corticobasal Ganglia Pathways during Response Selection and Inhibition
Authors: Jahfari Sara , Waldorp Lourens , Ridderinkhof K. Richard , Scholte H. Steven 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Action selection often requires the transformation of visual information into motor plans. Preventing premature responses may entail the suppression of visual input and/or of prepared muscle activity. This study examined how the quality of visual information affects frontobasal ganglia (BG) routes associated with response selection and inhibition. Human fMRI data were collected from a stop task with visually degraded or intact face stimuli. During go trials, degraded spatial frequency information reduced the speed of information accumulation and response cautiousness. Effective connectivity analysis of the fMRI data showed action selection to emerge through the classic direct and indirect BG pathways, with inputs deriving form both prefrontal and visual regions. When stimuli were degraded, visual and prefrontal regions processing the stimulus information increased connectivity strengths toward BG, whereas regions evaluating visual scene content or response strategies reduced connectivity toward BG. Response inhibition during stop trials recruited the indirect and hyperdirect BG pathways, with input from visual and prefrontal regions. Importantly, when stimuli were nondegraded and processed fast, the optimal stop model contained additional connections from prefrontal to visual cortex. Individual differences analysis revealed that stronger prefrontal-to-visual connectivity covaried with faster inhibition times. Therefore, prefrontal-to-visual cortex connections appear to suppress the fast flow of visual input for the go task, such that the inhibition process can finish before the selection process. These results indicate response selection and inhibition within the BG to emerge through the interplay of top–down adjustments from prefrontal and bottom–up input from sensory cortex.
Break of the Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon in Early August
Authors: Xu Ke , Lu Riyu 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAlthough the monsoon break is a well-known phenomenon for the South Asian summer monsoon, it has not been well documented for the other monsoons, for instance, the western North Pacific (WNP) summer monsoon. This study identified a distinct monsoon break over the WNP by analyzing the subseasonal evolution of atmospheric convection and precipitation. This WNP monsoon break occurs climatologically in early August (3–8 August), but shows a strong variation, in either intensity or timing, from year to year. For about 30% of years, the rainfall amount reduces by more than 10 mm day−1 over the northeast WNP (10°–20°N, 140°–160°E) in early August, and is even less than that before the monsoon onset. However, for the other 30% of years, the subseasonal evolution of rainfall tends to be out of phase with the climatology, and rainfall reduction appears in mid-August. Furthermore, the 10–25-day oscillations, which originate at the equatorial western Pacific and propagate northwestward, are found to play a crucial role in forming the monsoon break. The 10–25-day oscillations exhibit a strong interannual variation, associated with the WNP monsoon trough during the period from late July to mid-August, and contribute greatly to the year-to-year variation in both the timing and intensity of the monsoon break. Considering the close link in subseasonal evolution between the WNP and East Asian monsoons, the present results indicate the necessity to investigate the possible role of the WNP monsoon break on the weather and climate over East Asia.
Barriers experienced by service providers and caregivers in clubfoot management in Kenya
Authors: Kingau Naomi Wanjiru , Rhoda Anthea , Mlenzana Nondwe 
Published: February 2015

Aim Disability in childhood remains a challenge globally. Linked to this disability is an apparent increase in the prevalence of infants born with congenital clubfoot. Clubfoot can, however, be effectively managed but this management faces various challenges. This study aims at exploring the barriers experienced in Kenya. Methods In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 participants. Informed consent was sought. Field notes were taken and the interviews tape-recorded. The interviews took 45 minutes to 1 hour. They were transcribed verbatim and analysed by thematic content. Results Missed diagnosis, poor referral system, shortage of staff, long travelling distance, poverty, stigmatisation and lack of support among other were highlighted as the major challenges in clubfoot management. Conclusion The challenges facing children with disability start at birth but are little different from those faced throughout their life. Action to remove these challenges is warranted
Admission of the very elderly to the intensive care unit: Family members’ perspectives on clinical decision-making from a multicenter cohort study
Authors: Heyland Daren K , Dodek Peter , Mehta Sangeeta , Cook Deborah , Garland Allan , Stelfox Henry T , Bagshaw Sean M , Kutsogiannis Demetrios J , Burns Karen , Muscedere John , Turgeon Alexis F , Fowler Rob , Jiang Xuran , Day Andrew G 
Published: February 2015

Background: Little is known about the perspectives and experiences of family members of very elderly patients who are admitted to the intensive care unit. Aim: To describe family members’ perspectives about care provided to very elderly critically ill patients. Design: Multicenter, prospective, cohort study. Participants and setting: In total, 535 family members of patients aged 80 years or older admitted to 22 intensive care units for more than 24 h. Results: Family members reported that the “patient be comfortable and suffer as little as possible” was their most important value and “the belief that life should be preserved at all costs” was their least important value considered in making treatment decisions. Most family members (57.9%) preferred that life support be used for their family member, whereas 24.1% preferred comfort measures only, and 14.4% were unsure of their treatment preferences. Only 57.3% reported that a doctor had talked to them about treatment options for the patient. Overall, 29.7% of patients received life-sustaining treatments for more than 7 days and 50.3% of these died in hospital. Families were most satisfied with the skill and competency of nurses and least satisfied with being included and supported in the decision-making process and with their sense of control over the patient’s care. Conclusion: There is incongruity between family values and preferences for end-of-life care and actual care received for very elderly patients who are admitted to the intensive care unit. Deficiencies in communication and decision-making may be associated with prolonged use of life-sustaining treatments in very elderly critically ill patients, many of whom ultimately die.
Supporting family caregivers to identify their own needs in end-of-life care: Qualitative findings from a stepped wedge cluster trial
Authors: Aoun Samar , Deas Kathleen , Toye Chris , Ewing Gail , Grande Gunn , Stajduhar Kelli 
Published: February 2015

Introduction: The Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool encompasses the physical, psychological, social, practical, financial, and spiritual support needs that government policies in many countries emphasize should be assessed and addressed for family caregivers during end-of-life care. Aim: To describe the experience of family caregivers of terminally ill people of the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool intervention in home-based palliative care. Methods: This study was conducted during 2012–2014 in Silver Chain Hospice Care Service in Western Australia. This article reports on one part of a three-part evaluation of a stepped wedge cluster trial. All 233 family caregivers receiving the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool intervention provided feedback on their experiences via brief end-of-trial semi-structured telephone interviews. Data were subjected to a thematic analysis. Results: The overwhelming majority reported finding the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool assessment process straightforward and easy. Four key themes were identified: (1) the practicality and usefulness of the systematic assessment; (2) emotional responses to caregiver reflection; (3) validation, reassurance, and empowerment; and (4) accessing support and how this was experienced. Conclusion: Family caregivers appreciated the value of the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool intervention in engaging them in conversations about their needs, priorities, and solutions. The Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool presented a simple, yet potentially effective intervention to help palliative care providers systematically assess and address family caregivers’ needs. The Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool provided a formal structure to facilitate discussions with family caregivers to enable needs to be addressed. Such discussions can also inform an evidence base for the ongoing development of services for family caregivers, ensuring that new or improved services are designed to meet the explicit needs of family caregivers.
Acute Injuries in Recreational and Competitive Surfers
Authors: Furness James , Hing Wayne , Walsh Joe , Abbott Allan , Sheppard Jeremy M. , Climstein Mike 
Published: February 2015

Background: There are an estimated 37 million surfers worldwide, with 2.5 million recreational surfers in Australia. The recreational activity and sport of surfing has grown dramatically since the 1960s, but scientific research has been poorly mirrored in comparison with most other mainstream sports. Purpose: To identify the incidence, severity, location, type, and mechanism of acute injuries in recreational and competitive surfers over a 12-month period. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: An online survey using an open-source survey application was utilized. The survey consisted of 2 primary sections: Section 1 included demographic information and participation levels (age, height, weight, hours surfed, competitive level); section 2 incorporated injury type, mechanism, severity, and injury management. Results: A total of 1348 participants (91.3% males; 43.1% competitive surfers) were included in data analysis. A total of 512 acute injuries were classified as major, providing an incidence proportion of 0.38 (CI, 0.35-0.41) acute injuries per year. The incidence rate was calculated to be 1.79 (CI, 1.67-1.92) major injuries per 1000 hours of surfing. The shoulder, ankle, and head/face regions had the highest frequencies of acute injury, representing 16.4%, 14.6%, and 13.3%, respectively. Injuries were predominantly of muscular, joint, and skin origin, representing 30.3%, 27.7%, and 18.9%, respectively. Skin injuries were primarily a result of direct trauma, while joint and muscular injuries were mainly a result of maneuvers performed and repetitive actions. Key risk factors that increased the incidence of sustaining an acute injury included competitive status, hours surfed (>6.5 hours/week), and the ability to perform aerial maneuvers. The incidence proportion for surfers completing aerial maneuvers was calculated to be 0.48 (CI, 0.39-0.58) major injuries per year, this being the highest incidence proportion irrespective of competitive status. Conclusion: This is the largest surfing-specific survey that included both recreational and competitive surfers conducted in Australia to date. The shoulder, ankle, head, and face were identified as the key regions where acute injuries occur in surfers. This research may aid in reducing the occurrence of injury through musculoskeletal screening in these key injury-prone regions and through the use of sport-specific strength training and conditioning.
Medical Therapy of Malignant Bowel Obstruction With Octreotide, Dexamethasone, and Metoclopramide
Authors: Berger Jeffrey , Lester Paula , Rodrigues Lucan 
Published: February 2015

Background: Malignant bowel obstruction is a highly symptomatic, often recurrent, and sometimes refractory condition in patients with intra-abdominal tumor burden. Gastro-intestinal symptoms and function may improve with anti-inflammatory, anti-secretory, and prokinetic/anti-nausea combination medical therapy. Objective: To describe the effect of octreotide, metoclopramide, and dexamethasone in combination on symptom burden and bowel function in patients with malignant bowel obstruction and dysfunction. Design: A retrospective case series of patients with malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) and malignant bowel dysfunction (MBD) treated by a palliative care consultation service with octreotide, metoclopramide, and dexamethasone. Outcomes measures were nausea, pain, and time to resumption of oral intake. Results: 12 cases with MBO, 11 had moderate/severe nausea on presentation. 100% of these had improvement in nausea by treatment day #1. 100% of patients with moderate/severe pain improved to tolerable level by treatment day #1. The median time to resumption of oral intake was 2 days (range 1-6 days) in the 8 cases with evaluable data. Of 7 cases with MBD, 6 had For patients with malignant bowel dysfunction, of those with moderate/severe nausea. 5 of 6 had subjective improvement by day#1. Moderate/severe pain improved to tolerable levels in 5/6 by day #1. Of the 4 cases with evaluable data on resumption of PO intake, time to resume PO ranged from 1-4 days. Conclusion: Combination medical therapy may provide rapid improvement in symptoms associated with malignant bowel obstruction and dysfunction.
Nominating Commissions, Judicial Retention, and Forward-Looking Behavior on State Supreme Courts: An Empirical Examination of Selection and Retention Methods
Authors: Owens Ryan J. , Tahk Alexander , Wohlfarth Patrick C. , Bryan Amanda C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHigh-profile advocates are pushing states to move away from judicial elections and toward a “merit” method because it purportedly produces the best quality judges. Quality, however, is difficult to measure empirically. Rather than attempt to measure quality, we examine whether certain types of state supreme courts are more forward-looking than others. States are likely to desire forward-looking behavior among judges because it can protect judicial legitimacy, help states to control policy, and could be more efficient than myopic behavior. Using a recent innovation in matching called covariate-balancing propensity scores, we find that the U.S. Supreme Court is equally likely to review and reverse decisions by judges regardless of their selection or retention methods. These results suggest that state supreme court justices, no matter their paths of getting to (and staying on) their courts, are roughly equal in terms of forward-looking behavior.
Role of additional chromosomal changes in the prognostic value of t(4;14) and del(17p) in multiple myeloma: the IFM experience
Authors: Hebraud Benjamin , Magrangeas Florence , Cleynen Alice , Lauwers-Cances Valerie , Chretien Marie-Lorraine , Hulin Cyrille , Leleu Xavier , Yon Edwige , Marit Gerald , Karlin Lionel , Roussel Murielle , Stoppa Anne-Marie , Belhadj Karim , Voillat Laurent , Garderet Laurent , Macro Margaret , Caillot Denis , Mohty Mohamad , Facon Thierry , Moreau Philippe , Attal Michel , Munshi Nikhil , Corre Jill , Minvielle Stephane , Avet-Loiseau Herve 
Published: January 2015

Key Points
Additional chromosomal changes modulate the outcome of patients with high-risk multiple myeloma.
Premature changes in trabecular and cortical microarchitecture result in decreased bone strength in hemophilia
Authors: Lee Adrienne , Boyd Steven K. , Kline Gregory , Poon Man-Chiu 
Published: February 2015

Key PointsPatients with hemophilia have abnormal bone microarchitecture and decreased biomechanical bone strength compared with normal healthy controls. Decreased BMD and bone strength are associated with severity of hemophilic arthropathy.
A practical approach to the diagnosis of systemic amyloidoses
Authors: Fernández de Larrea Carlos , Verga Laura , Morbini Patrizia , Klersy Catherine , Lavatelli Francesca , Foli Andrea , Obici Laura , Milani Paolo , Capello Gian Luca , Paulli Marco , Palladini Giovanni , Merlini Giampaolo 
Published: January 2015

Key PointsThe first wide, prospective report on the role of IEM in the differential diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis. IEM allows for the correct characterization of the amyloid protein in virtually all cases and represents a viable alternative to mass spectrometry.
Enoxaparin for prevention of unexplained recurrent miscarriage: a multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Pasquier Elisabeth , de Saint Martin Luc , Bohec Caroline , Chauleur Céline , Bretelle Florence , Marhic Gisèle , Le Gal Grégoire , Debarge Véronique , Lecomte Frédéric , Denoual-Ziad Christine , Lejeune-Saada Véronique , Douvier Serge , Heisert Michel , Mottier Dominique 
Published: January 2015

Key Points
The use of low-molecular-weight heparin did not improve live-birth rates in nonthrombophilic women with consecutive recurrent miscarriage. Prophylactic doses of low-molecular-weight heparin should no longer be prescribed in this clinical setting.
Effects of exercise on depression in adults with arthritis: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Kelley George A , Kelley Kristi S , Hootman Jennifer M 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Previous randomized controlled trials have led to conflicting findings regarding the effects of exercise on depressive symptoms in adults with arthritis and other rheumatic conditions (AORC). The purpose of this study was to use the meta-analytic approach to resolve these discrepancies.

Methods
The inclusion criteria were: (1) randomized controlled trials, (2) exercise (aerobic, strength training, or both) ≥4 weeks, (3) comparative control group, (4) adults with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia or systemic lupus erythematosus, (5) published studies in any language since January 1, 1981 and (6) depressive symptoms assessed. Studies were located by searching 10 electronic databases, cross-referencing, hand searching and expert review. Dual-selection of studies and data abstraction was performed. Hedge’s standardized mean difference effect size (g) was calculated for each result and pooled using random-effects models, an approach that accounts for heterogeneity. Non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (CI) were considered statistically significant. Heterogeneity based on fixed-effect models was estimated using Q and I
2
with alpha values ≤0.10 for Q considered statistically significant.

Results
Of the 500 citations reviewed, 2,449 participants (1,470 exercise, 979 control) nested within 29 studies were included. Length of training, reported as mean ± standard deviation (±SD) was 19 ± 16 weeks, frequency 4 ± 2 times per week and duration 34 ± 17 minutes per session. Overall, statistically significant exercise minus control group reductions were found for depressive symptoms (g = −0.42, 95% CI, −0.58, −0.26, Q = 126.9, P <0.0001, I
2
= 73.2%). The number needed-to-treat was 7 (95% CI, 6 to 11) with an estimated 3.1 million (95% CI, 2.0 to 3.7) United States adults not currently meeting physical activity guidelines improving their depressive symptoms if they began and maintained a regular exercise program. Using Cohen’s U3 Index, the percentile reduction was 16.4% (95% CI, 10.4% to 21.9%). All studies were considered to be at high risk of bias with respect to blinding of participants and personnel to group assignment.

Conclusions
Exercise is associated with reductions in depressive symptoms among selected adults with AORC. A need exists for additional, well-designed and reported studies on this topic.
Full-thickness cartilage defects are repaired via a microfracture technique and intraarticular injection of the small-molecule compound kartogenin
Authors: Xu Xingquan , Shi Dongquan , Shen Yeshuai , Xu Zhihong , Dai Jin , Chen Dongyang , Teng Huajian , Jiang Qing 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Microfracture does not properly repair full-thickness cartilage defects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intraarticular injection of the small-molecule compound kartogenin (KGN) on the restoration of a full-thickness cartilage defect treated with microfracture in a rabbit model.

Methods
Full-thickness cartilage defects (3.5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in depth) were created in the patellar groove of the right femurs of 24 female New Zealand White rabbits. The rabbits were divided into two groups (12 in each group) based on postsurgery treatment differences, as follows: microfracture plus weekly intraarticular injection of KGN (group 1) and microfracture plus dimethyl sulfoxide (group 2). Six rabbits from each group were illed at 4 and 12 weeks after surgery, and their knees were harvested. The outcome was assessed both macroscopically, by using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) macroscopic evaluation system, and histologically, by using the modified O’Driscoll histologic scoring system. Immunohistochemistry for type II and I collagen was also conducted.

Results
At 4 weeks, group 1 showed better defect filling and a greater number of chondrocyte-like cells compared with group 2. At 12 weeks, group 1 showed statistically significantly higher ICRS scores and modified O’Driscoll scores compared with group 2. More hyaline cartilage-like tissue was found in the defects of group 1 at 12 weeks.

Conclusions
Intraarticular injection of KGN enhances the quality of full-thickness cartilage defects repair after microfracture, with better defect filling and increased hyaline-like cartilage formation.
An important role for A20-binding inhibitor of nuclear factor-kB-1 (ABIN1) in inflammation-mediated endothelial dysfunction: an in vivo study in ABIN1 (D485N) mice
Authors: Akbar Naveed , Nanda Sambit , Belch Jill , Cohen Philip , Khan Faisel 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Introduction
The link between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and patients with chronic inflammation is not clearly understood. We examined a knock-in mouse expressing a poly-ubiquitin-binding-defective mutant of the protein ABIN1 (ABIN1(D485N)), which develops a systemic lupus erythematosus-like autoimmune disease because of the hyperactivation of IκB kinases (IκKs) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). These mice were used to determine the potential role of these signaling pathways in inflammation-mediated CVD development.

Methods
Laser Doppler imaging in combination with the iontophoresis of vasoactive chemicals were used to assess endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in vivo in ABIN1 (D485N)) mutant defective (n = 29) and wild-type (WT) control (n = 26) mice. Measurements were made at baseline, and animals were subdivided to receive either chow or a proatherogenic diet for 4 weeks, after which, follow-up assessments were made. Paired and unpaired t tests, and ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni correction were used for statistical significance at P <0.05.

Results
Endothelium-dependent vasodilatation to acetylcholine was attenuated at 4 weeks in ABIN1(D485N)-chow-fed mice compared with age-matched WT-chow-fed mice (P <0.05). The magnitude of attenuation was similar to that observed in WT-cholesterol-fed animals (versus WT-chow, P <0.01). ABIN1(D485N)-cholesterol-fed mice had the poorest endothelium-dependent responses compared with other groups (P <0.001). ABIN1(D485N)-chow-fed mice had increased plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (versus WT-chow, P <0.001), and this was further elevated in ABIN1(D485N)-cholesterol-fed mice (versus ABIN1(D485N)-chow; P <0.05). IL-1α was significantly greater in all groups compared with WT-chow (P <0.01). ABIN1(D485N) mice showed significant cardiac hypertrophy (P <0.05).

Conclusions
The ABIN(D485N) mice display endothelial dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy, which is possibly mediated through IL-6 and, to a lesser degree, IL-1α. These results suggest that the ABIN1-mediated hyperactivation of IKKs and MAPKs might mediate chronic inflammation and CVD development.