bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross-Sectional Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Semiconductor Heterostructures
Authors: Yu Edward T. 
Published: May 2014

As characteristic dimensions in semiconductor devices continue to shrink and as advanced heterostructure devices increase in prominence, the ability to characterize structure and electronic properties in semiconductor materials and device structures at the atomic to nanometer scales has come to be of outstanding and immediate importance. Phenomena such as atomic-scale roughness of heterojunction interfaces, compositional ordering in semiconductor alloys, discreteness and spatial distribution of dopant atoms, and formation of self-assembled nanoscale structures can exert a profound influence on material properties and device behavior. The relationships between atomic-scale structure, epitaxial growth or processing conditions, and ultimately material properties and device behavior must be understood for realization and effective optimization of a wide range of semiconductor heterostructure and nanoscale devices.Cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has emerged as a unique and powerful tool in the study of atomic-scale properties in III-V compound semiconductor heterostructures and of nanometer-scale structure and electronic properties in Si micro-electronic devices, offering unique capabilities for characterization that in conjunction with a variety of other, complementary experimental methods are providing new and important insights into material and device properties at the atomic to nanometer scale. In this article, we describe the basic experimental techniques involved in cross-sectional STM and give a few representative applications from our work that illustrate the ability, using cross-sectional STM in conjunction with other experimental techniques, to probe atomic-scale features in the structure of semiconductor heterojunctions and to correlate these features with epitaxial-growth conditions and device behavior.
Time-Resolved High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Clusters, Surfaces, and Interfaces
Authors: Tanaka Nobuo , Kizuka Tokushi 
Published: May 2014

Nanoscale materials show a variety of interesting physical and chemical properties. Since the properties are mostly determined by mesoscopic- and atomicscale areas of the materials, characterization of nanoscale materials at the atomic level is crucial for understanding the origin of their properties as well as for tailoring them to industrial needs. High-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) is an effective method to observe atomic structures in nanophase materials. The “structure-imaging technique,” originated by Ueda et al., and Cowley and Iijima, contributed much to the development of the method. Innovations are anticipated in (1) three-dimensional analysis of nanophase materials in real space, (2) observation of dynamic phenomena, and (3) extraction of compositional and physical information from nanometer-sized areas. Using the structure-imaging technique, one can observe directly nanometer-scale particles and defect structures such as voids and line and plane defects in crystals, including surfaces and interfaces. There were previously some limitations on the study of the dynamic process on the atomic level since images were captured on films. The recent development of high-sensitivity silicon-integrated-target-television (SIT-TV) cameras has initiated a new stage of HREM.Our time-resolved-high-resolution-electron-microscopy (TRHREM) system is composed of a 200-kV HREM (JEOL: JEM-2010) equipped with a high-sensitivity SIT-TV camera, various types of dedicated sample holders, an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) sample-preparation chamber, and a digital videotape recorder, as partly illustrated in Figure 5. The HREM images at 0.8–1.0-million magnification are recorded on the videotape recorder. In the U.S.-Japan TV system, one “frame image” of 1/30-s time resolution is composed of two interlaced “field images” of 1/60-s time resolution. The digital videotape recorder enables us to output the two “field images” separately from two frame memories.
Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Hubler Graham K. 
Published: May 2014

Research on materials grown by pulsed laser deposition, or PLD, has experienced phenomenal growth since late 1987 when T. Venkatesan (one of the authors for this issue) and co-workers pointed out that extreme nonequilibrium conditions created by pulsed laser melting of YBaCuO allowed in-situ preparation of thin films of this high transition temperature (Tc) superconducting material. Since then, PLD has emerged as the primary means for high throughput deposition of high-quality superconducting thin films for research and devices. This probably came as no surprise to J.T. Cheung (another of this issue's authors), who performed original research in this area and tirelessly labored during the 1980s to convince a skeptical audience of the advantages of PLD.Along with the success of PLD in the arena of high-temperature superconductivity, however, is the explosion of activity in the deposition of many other materials, made possible by the unique features of pulsed laser deposition, materials previously not amenable to in-situ thin film growth. Creative minds reasoned that since PLD can deposit a demanding, complex material such as the perovskite structure Y1Ba2Cu3O7-δ, why not other perovskites or multicomponent oxide materials? It also turns out that the range of properties of multicomponent oxides is virtually limitless. They can be metallic, insulating, semiconducting, biocompatable, superconducting, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and so on. One is not limited to the properties of elements or binary compounds on which the electronics and microelectronics industries are based. Indeed, in a recent review of hybrid ferromagnetic- semiconductor structures, G. Prinz states, “… there has been little work devoted to incorporating magnetic materials into planar integrated electronic (or photonic) circuitry there are potential applications that have no analog in vacuum electronics but that remain unrealized, awaiting the development of appropriate materials and processing procedures.” In pulsed laser deposition, we may well have in hand the “appropriate processing procedure” to deposit sequential epitaxial layers of high quality materials that possess profoundly different properties.
A Comparison of Work Value Preferences of Individuals With Disabilities and Individuals Without Disabilities
Authors: Lustig Daniel C. , Zanskas Stephen 
Published: May 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to compare the work value preferences of individuals with disabilities with the work value preferences for a sample of individuals without disabilities.Methods: The preferred work values of a sample of vocational rehabilitation consumers were compared to workers employed in a Southeastern university.Results: Results indicated that vocational rehabilitation consumers preferred Independence and Support while workers in the general population preferred Recognition and Relationships. No differences were found with respect to Achievement and Working Conditions.Conclusions: This study provides evidence that there are differences between persons with disabilities and the general population with respect to preferred work values. Rehabilitation counselors should assist the consumer in securing employment where there is congruence in work environment and preferred work values.
Measurement Structure of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire-24 in a Sample of Individuals With Musculoskeletal Pain: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Authors: Chiu Chung-Yi , Jochman Joseph , Fujikawa Mayu , Strand David , Cheing Gladys , Lee Gloria , Chan Fong 
Published: May 2014

Purpose: To examine the factorial structure of the Coping Strategy Questionnaire-24 (CSQ-24) in a sample of Canadians with chronic musculoskeletal pain.Method: The sample included 171 workers’ compensation clients (50.9% men) recruited from outpatient rehabilitation facilities in Canada. Mean age of participants was 42.45 years (SD = 9.87). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the factorial validity of the CSQ-24.Results: CFA indicated that the respecified 4-factor model comprising 20-specific coping items provided the best fit between the model and data, with χ2/df = 2.009, CFI = 0.916, RMSEA = .077. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the 4 factors ranged from .80 to .86. The CSQ-24 correlated moderately in the predicted directions with pain intensity, activity interference, and depression, supporting its construct validity.Conclusion: The CSQ-24 was found to measure the 4 coping strategy factors reported by Harland and Georgieff (2003). It demonstrated good internal consistency reliability and construct validity and can be used as a brief coping measure for chronic pain clients in clinical rehabilitation settings.Chung-Yi Chiu, PhD, CRC, is an assistant professor, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Legal and Policy Barriers to Sharing Data Between Public Health Programs in New York City: A Case Study
Authors: Gasner M. Rose , Fuld Jennifer , Drobnik Ann , Varma Jay K. 
Published: May 2014

Integration of public health surveillance data within health departments is important for public health activities and cost-efficient coordination of care. Access to and use of surveillance data are governed by public health law and by agency confidentiality and security policies. In New York City, we examined public health laws and agency policies for data sharing across HIV, sexually transmitted disease, tuberculosis, and viral hepatitis surveillance programs. We found that recent changes to state laws provide greater opportunities for data sharing but that agency policies must be updated because they limit increased data integration. Our case study can help other health departments conduct similar reviews of laws and policies to increase data sharing and integration of surveillance data.
Bikes, Helmets, and Public Health: Decision-Making When Goods Collide
Authors: Bateman-House Alison 
Published: May 2014

How ought public officials address policy choices that entail trade-offs between desirable public health goods? Increasing cycling improves public health both by promoting physical activity and by decreasing vehicle use, thus reducing vehicular emissions. Proponents of bicycle helmets argue that, used properly, they protect individual cyclists; however, there is concern that mandating helmet use may result in a decrease in cycling. In 2012, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg opposed a bicycle helmet mandate, concerned that it would have a negative impact on the city's cycling rate, which he had sought to increase. The mayor did not explain his rationale, leaving constituents unsure why he opposed the proposal. This case study underscores the challenge of creating public policy in the context of competing public health goods.
The Pupil-Teacher Relationship and Gender Differences in Primary School
Authors: Quaglia Rocco , Gastaldi Francesca Giovanna Maria , Prino Laura Elvira , Pasta Tiziana , Longobardi Claudio 
Published: May 2014

In the perspective of multiple attachment bonds, the teacher-child relationship is considered as one of the fundamental
ways to express a crucially relevant bond for the child's emotive and cognitive development. The contextualist
approach underlines how the dynamics of interaction between the individual and micro-sociocultural contexts play a mediating
role on developmental processes. Studies by Pianta, in particular, ascribed to the teacher-pupil interaction a crucial
developmental function in the adaptation of the child, both in preschool age children and in the subsequent years of primary
school.
The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of the teacher-pupil relationship when the teacher is male in the
primary school setting. There were 310 children involved, equally distributed by gender, with their 52 teachers, of whom
42 were female and 10 were male.
The analyses carried out reveal statistically relevant differences between the two groups of teachers on the issue of the
way male teachers assess their relationship with female pupils. More than their male colleagues, female teachers tend to
evaluate girls in a significantly different way as far as closeness and dependency are concerned. The data that emerges
calls for careful consideration of the effect that the gender imbalance marking the teaching population in the early stages
of schooling can have on aspects of child development.
The effect of carbohydrate moiety structure on the immunoregulatory activity of lactoferrin in vitro
Authors: Zimecki Michał , Artym Jolanta , Kocięba Maja , Duk Maria , Kruzel Marian 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the immunoregulatory effects of recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF) in two in vitro models: (1) the secondary humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC); and (2) the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). We compared the non-sialylated glycoform of rhLF as expressed by glycoengineered Pichia pastoris with one that was further chemically sialylated. In an earlier study, we showed that sialylated rhLF could reverse methotrexate-induced suppression of the secondary immune response of mouse splenocytes to SRBC, and that the phenomenon is dependent on the interaction of lactoferrin (LF) with sialoadhesin (CD169). We found that the immunorestorative activity of sialylated rhLF is also dependent on its interaction with the CD22 antigen, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed by B lymphocytes. We also demonstrated that only sialylated rhLF was able to inhibit the MLR reaction. MLR was inhibited by bovine lactoferrin (bLF), a glycoform that has a more complex glycan structure. Desialylated bLF and lactoferricin, a bLF-derived peptide devoid of carbohydrates, did not express such inhibitory activity. We showed that the interaction of LF with sialic acid receptors is essential for at least some of the immunoregulatory activity of this glycoprotein.
Dithiols as more effective than monothiols in protecting biomacromolecules from free-radical-mediated damage: in vitro oxidative degradation of high-molar-mass hyaluronan
Authors: Baňasová Mária , Valachová Katarína , Juránek Ivo , Šoltés Ladislav 
Published: May 2014

AbstractOxidative stress and the resulting damage to cellular and extracellular components has been observed in a variety of degenerative processes, including degenerative joint disorders, where high-molar-mass hyaluronan (HA) is often found to be massively degraded. The present study sought to test the hypothesis that dithiols are more effective in protecting biomacromolecules from free-radicalmediated damage than monothiols. The materials/thiols tested included bucillamine (BUC), dithioerythritol (DTE), dithiothreitol (DTT) and glutathione (GSH), as a reference, for their effectiveness in protecting HA from oxidative degradation induced in vitro. Since HA degradation results in a decrease in its dynamic viscosity, rotational viscometry was applied to follow HA oxidative degradation. The free-radical-scavenging activities of the thiols tested were determined by 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH) assays. It was found that all the dithiols in the concentration range tested protected HA from the oxidative degradation. On the other hand, monothiol GSH exerted protection only at high concentrations (10 μmol L−1 and 100 μmol L−1) and 1 μmol L−1 of GSH even exhibited a prodegradative effect. The ABTS assay revealed free-radical scavenging activities in the following order: BUC, DTT, DTE, GSH, and that of the DPPH assay: BUC, DTE, DTT, GSH. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that dithiols may be more effective than monothiols in affording biomacromolecule protection from oxidative degradation.
Density and abundance of Wilson's snipeGallinago delicatain winter in the Lower Mississippi Flyway, USA
Authors: Carroll James M. , Krementz David G. 
Published: May 2014

Wilson's snipeGallinago delicatais one of the least studied North American game birds, and information on snipe populations and abundance is mostly unknown. We conducted roadside surveys stratified at the township level in the lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV) in Arkansas, Mississippi and Louisiana, as well as the Red River Region, and the Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana during winters of 2009 and 2010. We identified observer, vegetation cover, and water cover as important covariates in estimating snipe densities. We detected 2915 snipe along 814 line transects (1450 km) for 2009 and 2010 combined. We estimated snipe densities of 8.05 individuals km‐2(95% CI: 4.57–14.17) in 2009, and 2.13 individuals km‐2(95% CI: 1.47–3.08) in 2010. We used the resulting snipe density estimates within the study area to calculate abundance estimates of 1 026 431 (95%CI: 582 707‐1 806 774) in 2009, and 271 590 (95%CI: 187 435‐392 722) in 2010 for the LMAV. Our data indicate that a road transect survey method is effective for estimating wintering snipe density and abundance in the lower Mississippi Flyway.
Slow Adaptation of Ventricular Repolarization as a Cause of Arrhythmia?
Authors: Hanson B. M. , Gill J. S. , Taggart P. , Rodriguez B. , Bueno-Orovio A. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryIntroduction: This article is part of the Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on “Biosignal Interpretation: Advanced Methods for Studying Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems”.Background: Adaptation of the QT-interval to changes in heart rate reflects on the body-surface electrocardiogram the adaptation of action potential duration (APD) at the cellular level. The initial fast phase of APD adaptation has been shown to modulate the arrhythmia substrate. Whether the slow phase is potentially proarrhythmic remains unclear.Objectives: To analyze in-vivo human data and use computer simulations to examine effects of the slow APD adaptation phase on dispersion of repolarization and reentry in the human ventricle.Methods: Electrograms were acquired from 10 left and 10 right ventricle (LV/RV) endocardial sites in 15 patients with normal ventricles during RV pacing. Activation-recovery intervals, as a surrogate for APD, were measured during a sustained increase in heart rate. Observed dynamics were studied using computer simulations of human tissue electrophysiology.Results: Spatial heterogeneity of rate adaptation was observed in all patients. Inhomogeneity in slow APD adaptation time constants (ΔTs) was greater in LV than RV (ΔTs LV = 31.8 ± 13.2, ΔTs RV = 19.0 ± 12.8 s, P < 0.01). Simulations showed that altering local slow time constants of adaptation was sufficient to convert partial wavefront block to block with successful reentry.Conclusions: Using electrophysiological data acquired in-vivo in human and computer simulations, we identify heterogeneity in the slow phase of APD adaptation as an important component of arrhythmogenesis.
Major complications and risk factors associated with surgical correction of congenital medial patellar luxation in 124 dogs
Authors: Havlicek M. , Perkins N. R. , James D. R. , Fearnside S. M. , Marchevsky A. M. , Black A. P. , Cashmore R. G. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryDogs treated for congenital medial patellar luxation were reviewed for the purpose of determining the incidence of postoperative major complications requiring surgical revision and the risk factors for their occurrence. Major complications occurred in 18.5% of the patellar luxation stabilization procedures with implant associated complications being the most frequent, patellar reluxation the second, and tibial tuberosity avulsion the third most common major complication. Other complications included patellar ligament rupture and trochlear wedge displacement. When recession trochleoplasty was performed in addition to tibial tuberosity transposition, a 5.1-fold reduction in the rate of patellar reluxation was observed. Release of the cranial belly of the sartorius muscle further reduced the incidence of patellar reluxation, while patella alta (pre- or postoperative) and patellar luxation grade were not found to influence the rate of reluxation. Tibial tuberosity avulsion was 11.1-times more likely when using a single Kirschner wire to stabilize a transposition, compared with two Kirschner wires. Independent to the number of Kirschner wires used, the more caudodistally the Kirschner wires were directed, the higher the risk for tibial tuberosity avulsion. Tension bands were used in 24.4% of the transpositions with no tuberosity avulsion occurring in stifles stabilized with a tension band. Overall, grade 1 luxations had a significantly lower incidence of major complications than other grades, while body weight, age, sex, and bilateral patellar stabilization were not associated with risk of major complication development.
Modification of the contact area of a standard force platform and runway for small breed dogs
Authors: Kim J. Y. W. , Garcia-Nolan T. C. , Kim S. Y. , Hayashi K. , Hitchens P. L. , Stover S. M. , Kapatkin A. S. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryObjectives: To develop a platform that used standard size force plates for large breed dogs to capture ground reaction force data from any size dog.Methods: A walkway platform was constructed to accommodate two force plates (60 cm x 40 cm) positioned in series to a variety of smaller sizes. It was constructed from a custom wood frame with thick aluminium sheet force plate covers that prevented transfer of load to the force plate, except for rectangular windows of three different dimensions. A friction study was performed to ensure plates did not translate relative to one another during gait trials. A prospective, observational, single crossover study design was used to compare the effect of force platform configuration (full plate size [original plate], half plate size [modified plate]) on ground reaction forces using eight adult healthy Labrador Retriever dogs.Results: Slippage of the steel plate on the force plate did not occur. Peak propulsion force was the only kinetic variable statistically different between the full size and half sized platforms. There were no clinically significant differences between the full and half force platforms for the variables and dogs studied.Discussion and conclusion: The modified force platform allows the original 60 x 40 cm force plate to be adjusted effectively to a 30 x 40 cm, 20 x 40 cm and 15 x 40 cm sized plate with no clinically significant change in kinetic variables. This modification that worked for large breed dogs will potentially allow kinetic analysis of a large variety of dogs with different stride lengths.