bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initial investigation of nutrition and supplement use, knowledge and attitudes of under-16 rugby players in South Africa
Authors: Duvenage KM , Meltzer ST , Chantler SA 
Published: October 2015

Background. Internationally young athletes are reported to have a poor understanding of the principles of sports nutrition and supplement use; hence their diet may be unhealthy and inappropriate for participation in sport. There is limited research on current nutritional knowledge and attitudes of under-16 (U16) age-group level rugby players in South Africa (SA).Objectives. To assess dietary- and supplement-related knowledge and attitudes of 198 U16 national-level rugby players in SA.Methods. Over a period of four consecutive years a total of 198 players attending nutrition workshops at the annual selection camp received and completed an anonymous structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measures (weight, height and skinfolds) were gathered by registered biokineticists.Results. Of players 87% (168/193) indicated that they wanted to increase lean muscle mass, with 42% (82/194) feeling pressurised to do so by their coach and/or parents. Almost half (85/196) believed their diets to be poor. Players had better knowledge about nutrition recovery strategies than pre-game meals. Seventy per cent (136/195) identified optimal timing and 56% (109/196) knew the ideal macronutrient composition of recovery meals. Over 60% of players believed supplements were safe (115/192) and necessary (132/193) for increasing muscle mass, and almost half (106/195) believed they could take creatine. Over a third (68/170) also believed that the protein quality of supplements was higher than that of food. Supplements were primarily recommended by coaches and non-dietetic medical practitioners. Eight of the players self-prescribed supplements and four were taking supplements on the advice of a store salesperson or representative.Conclusion. The elite U16 rugby players in this study lacked comprehensive sports nutritional knowledge, yet had an overly positive attitude toward supplementation and used supplements haphazardly to achieve body composition goals. Tailor-made nutrition interventions with a strong education component are recommended to improve players’ nutritional knowledge, as well as access to registered dietitians working in sport to advise on supplements.
Cricket pace bowling: The trade-off between optimising knee angle for performance advantages v. injury prevention
Authors: Olivier B , Stewart AV , Green AC , McKinon W 
Published: October 2015

Background. The cricket pace bowler utilises various strategies, including a more extended front knee angle, to achieve optimal performance benefits. At times this is done to the detriment of injury prevention.Objective. To investigate the relationship between three-dimensional (3D) knee kinematics during pace bowling action, injury incidence and bowling performance at the start and end of a cricket season.Methods. Knee angle and ball release (BR) speed of injury-free premier league (club level) cricket pace bowlers over the age of 18 years were measured at the start and end of the cricket season. Kinematic, injury- and bowling performance-related (BR speed and accuracy) data were analysed using paired and independent Student's t-tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient,χ2 test and a two-way analysis of covariance with repeated measures.Results. Thirty-one bowlers participated in this study, and kinematic data of a subset of 17 were analysed. Nine bowlers (53%) sustained injuries during the cricket season. No statistically significant relationship was found between knee angle and injury. Bowlers who did not sustain an injury bowled with more knee flexion at the start of the season (mean (standard deviation) 157.07° (12.02°)) than at the end of it (163.95° (6.97°)) (p=0.01). There was no interaction between accuracy and knee angle. There was a good to excellent inverse correlation between BR speed and knee angle among bowlers who remained injury free (r=.0.79; p=0.18).Conclusion. Bowlers who remain injury free during the course of the season may use strategies other than the front knee angle to facilitate high BR speeds. Technique-related variables which are more 'protective' against injuries while allowing for higher BR speeds should be further investigated among bowlers.
Identification of limiting climatic and geographical variables for the distribution of the tortoiseChelonoidis chilensis(Testudinidae): a baseline for conservation actions
Authors: Ruete Alejandro , Leynaud Gerardo C. 
Published: October 2015

Background.Just as for most other tortoise species, the once common Chaco tortoise,Chelonoidis chilensis(Testudinidae), is under constant threat across it distribution in Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay. Despite initial qualitative description of the species distribution and further individual reports of new locations for the species, there is no description of the species distribution in probabilistic terms. With this work we aim to produce an updated predictive distribution map forC. chilensisto serve as a baseline management tool for directed strategic conservation planning.Methods.We fitted a spatially expanded logistic regression model within the Bayesian framework that accounts for uncertainty on presence-only and generated pseudo-absence data into the parameter estimates. We contrast the results with reported data for the national networks of protected areas to assess the inclusion of the species in area-based conservation strategies.Results.We obtained maps with predictions of the occurrence of the species and reported the model’s uncertainty spatially. The model suggests that potential suitable habitats for the species are continuous across Argentina, West Paraguay and South Bolivia, considering the variables, the scale and the resolution used. The main limiting variables were temperature-related variables, and precipitation in the reproductive period.Discussion.Given the alarming low density and coverage of protected areas over the distribution area ofC. chilensis, the map produced provides a baseline to identify areas where directed strategic conservation management actions would be more efficient for this and other associated species.
ESTUDOS CITOGENÉTICOS EM ESPÉCIES DE PEIXES DE RIACHOS: Hyphessobrycon vinaceus, Bryconamericus aff. iheringii E Odontostilbe pequira (PISCES: CHARACIDAE)
Authors: Nishiyama Patricia Belini , Rossi Margarida M.V. , Porto Fernanda Errero , Borin Luciana Andreia , Portela Castro Ana Luiza De Brito , Martins dos Santos Isabel Cristina 
Published: October 2015

<p>A família Characidade representa a maior e mais diversificada família de peixes de água doce, na qual se encontram muitos gêneros de pequeno porte. Neste estudo foram analisados, cromossomicamente, exemplares de <em>Hyphessobrycon vinaceus</em>, <em>Bryconamericus </em>aff. <em>iheringii</em> e <em>Odontostilbe pequira. H. vinaceus</em> apresentou 2n=50, sendo 8m, 12sm e 30a, com evidente proporção de ST/A, AgNOR-múltipla e blocos de heterocromatina na porção intersticial. <em>B. </em>aff. <em>iheringii</em> apresentou 2n=52, com 12m, 18sm, 8st e 14a, AgNOR-simples e blocos de heterocromatina pericentroméricos. <em>O. pequira</em> apresentou 2n= 52, sendo 14m, 20sm, 14st e 4a, com determinação cromossômica sexual do tipo ZZ/ZW e sistema de AgNOR-simples, além de blocos de heterocromatina na posição pericentromérica. A diversidade cariotípica, encontrada em peixes de pequeno porte, tem sido explicada através de mecanismos de rearranjos cromossômicos e que, provavelmente, tenham se fixado devido às características biológicas dessas espécies, que ocupam, preferencialmente, cabeceiras de rios e riachos, formando pequenas populações.</p>
An improved inversion for FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC ionosphere electron density profiles
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Yue X. , Schreiner W. S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAn improved method to retrieve electron density profiles from Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data is presented and applied to Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) observations. The improved inversion uses a monthly grid of COSMIC F region peak densities (NmF2), which are obtained via the standard Abel inversion, to aid the Abel inversion by providing information on the horizontal gradients in the ionosphere. This lessens the impact of ionospheric gradients on the retrieval of GPS RO electron density profiles, reducing the dominant error source in the standard Abel inversion. Results are presented that demonstrate the NmF2 aided retrieval significantly improves the quality of the COSMIC electron density profiles. Improvements are most notable at E region altitudes, where the improved inversion reduces the artificial plasma cave that is generated by the Abel inversion spherical symmetry assumption at low latitudes during the daytime. Occurrence of unphysical negative electron densities at E region altitudes is also reduced. Furthermore, the NmF2 aided inversion has a positive impact at F region altitudes, where it results in a more distinct equatorial ionization anomaly. COSMIC electron density profiles inverted using our new approach are currently available through the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center. Owing to the significant improvement in the results, COSMIC data users are encouraged to use electron density profiles based on the improved inversion rather than those inverted by the standard Abel inversion.
The thermal equation of state of (Mg, Fe)SiO3bridgmanite (perovskite) and implications for lower mantle structures
Authors: Wolf Aaron S. , Jackson Jennifer M. , Dera Przemeslaw , Prakapenka Vitali B. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe high‐pressure/high‐temperature equation of state (EOS) of synthetic 13% Fe‐bearing bridgmanite (Mg silicate perovskite) is measured using powder X‐ray diffraction in a laser‐heated diamond anvil cell with a quasi‐hydrostatic neon pressure medium. We compare these results, which are consistent with previous 300 K sound speed and compression studies, with a reanalysis of Fe‐free Mg end‐member data from Tange et al. (2012) to determine the effect of iron on bridgmanite's thermoelastic properties. EOS parameters are incorporated into an ideal lattice mixing model to probe the behavior of bridgmanite at deep mantle conditions. With this model, a nearly pure bridgmanite mantle composition is shown to be inconsistent with density and compressibility profiles of the lower mantle. We also explore the buoyant stability of bridgmanite over a range of temperatures and compositions expected for Large Low‐Shear Velocity Provinces, concluding that bridgmanite‐dominated thermochemical piles are more likely to be passive dense layers externally supported by convection, rather than internally supported metastable domes. The metastable dome scenario is estimated to have a relative likelihood of only 4–7%, given the narrow range of compositions and temperatures consistent with seismic constraints. If buoyantly supported, such structures could not have remained stable with greater thermal contrast early in Earth's history, ruling out formation scenarios involving a large concentration of heat producing elements.
Hard Carbon Anodes for Na‐Ion Batteries: Toward a Practical Use
Authors: Hasegawa George , Kanamori Kazuyoshi , Kannari Naokatsu , Ozaki Jun‐ichi , Nakanishi Kazuki , Abe Takeshi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHard carbons have immense potential as anode materials for Na‐ion batteries, because the expanded graphene interlayers and nanovoids between randomly stacked aromatic fragments can accommodate a substantial amount of sodium. However, the large irreversible capacity in the first cycle still remains as a significant issue in terms of a practicable battery technology. Here, we show that hard carbon electrodes derived from a common phenol resin deliver a high reversible capacity within the narrow potential range of 0.1–0.005 V (vs. Na+/Na) and an excellent initial coulombic efficiency up to 95 %. The former allows the sustainable high voltage, whereas the latter minimizes the amount of unavailable Na+ in a closed cell. The findings in this work put forward a guideline for manufacturing hard carbon electrodes, which goes against the current trend of nanostructuring and downsizing.
Diaceno[a,e]pentalenes: An Excellent Molecular Platform for High‐Performance Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Liu Chunming , Xu Shengjie , Zhu Weigang , Zhu Xiaozhang , Hu Wenping , Li Zhibo , Wang Zhaohui 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThree diaceno[a,e]pentalene analogues with pendant sterically bulky di‐tert‐butylphenyl groups have been designed and synthesized. With the extension of the conjugated molecular framework, the molecular arrangement is apparently tuned by the balance between the π‐extended surface and pendant alkyl or aryl substituents. Theoretical calculations of the morphologies were in good agreement with the experimental results. Ambient‐stable field‐effect transistors based on dianthraceno[a,e]pentalene (DAP) have been fabricated, which exhibited excellent hole mobilities (up to 6.55 cm2 V−1 s−1). Thus, this study has shown that diaceno[a,e]pentalenes are stable even with an extraordinarily large π‐surface area, and may thus serve as excellent molecular platforms for further exploring high‐performance semiconducting materials.
Concept‐elicitation phase for the development of the pediatric patient‐reported outcome version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events
Authors: Weaver Meaghann S. , Reeve Bryce B. , Baker Justin N. , Martens Christa E. , McFatrich Molly , Mowbray Catriona , Palma Diana , Sung Lillian , Tomlinson Deborah , Withycombe Janice , Hinds Pamela 
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUNDSymptoms arising from disease or treatment are subjective experiences. Insight into pediatric oncology treatment side effects or symptoms is ideally obtained from direct inquiry to the ill child. A concept‐elicitation phase in a patient‐reported outcome (PRO) instrument design provides an opportunity to elicit children's voices to shape cancer symptom selection and terminology.METHODSThrough semistructured, one‐on‐one, voice‐recorded interviews, symptom data were collected from 96 children with cancer between the ages of 7 and 20 years who were undergoing oncologic treatment at 7 pediatric oncology sites in the United States and Canada.RESULTSThe mean number of symptoms reported per child over the prior 7 days was 1.49 (range, 0‐7; median, 1; standard deviation, 1.56). The most common symptoms across all age groups were tiredness or fatigue, nausea or vomiting, aches or pains, and weakness. There was not a statistically significant correlation between self‐reported wellness and the number of reported symptoms (r = –0.156, n = 65, P = .215) or the number of symptoms reported by age group or diagnosis type. Forty participants reported experiencing a change in their body in the past week, with one‐third of these changes unanticipated. Only through direct questions about feelings were emotional symptoms revealed because 90.6% of interviewees who discussed feelings (48 of 53) did so only in the context of direct questioning on feelings. Adolescents were more likely than younger children to discuss feelings as part of the interview.CONCLUSIONSConcept elicitation from children and adolescents has the potential to enable researchers to develop age‐appropriate, accurately representative PRO measures. Cancer 2016;122:141–148. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Photon Harvesting in Sunscreen‐Based Functional Nanoparticles
Authors: Mandal Sadananda , Bera Rajesh , Das Somnath , Nayak Sandip K. , Pramanik Amitava , Patra Amitava 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe ultraviolet light component in the solar spectrum is known to cause several harmful effects, such as allergy, skin ageing, and skin cancer. Thus, current research attention has been paid to the design and fundamental understanding of sunscreen‐based materials. One of the most abundantly used sunscreen molecules is Avobenzone (AB), which exhibits two tautomers. Here, we highlight the preparation of spherically shaped nanoparticles from the sunscreen molecule AB as well as from sunscreen‐molecule‐encapsulated polymer nanoparticles in aqueous media and study their fundamental photophysical properties by steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopy. Steady‐state studies confirm that the AB molecule is in the keto and enol forms in tetrahydrofuran, whereas the enol form is stable in the case of both AB nanoparticles and AB‐encapsulated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles. Thus, the keto–enol transformation of AB molecules is restricted to a nanoenvironment. An enhancement of photostability in both the nanoparticle and PMMA‐encapsulated forms under UV light irradiation is observed. The efficient excited energy transfer (60 %) from AB to porphyrin molecules opens up further prospects in potential applications as light‐harvesting systems.
Snow vole (Chionomys nivalisMartins) affects the redistribution of soil organic matter and hormone‐like activity in the alpine ecosystem: ecological implications
Authors: Pizzeghello Diego , Cocco Stefania , Francioso Ornella , Ferrari Erika , Cardinali Alessandra , Nardi Serenella , Agnelli Alberto , Corti Giuseppe 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn alpine environments, colonies of snow vole (Chionomys nivalisMartins) cause strong pedoturbation, which may affect humification process and soil organic matter (SOM) cycling, with repercussions on the hormone‐like activity of organics. We investigated the effect of snow vole pedoturbation on the chemical and spectroscopic features of soil organic fractions, and the potential hormone‐like activity of humic and fulvic acids (HA,FA). The study site was located on the high‐mountain environment of the Majella massif (central Italy). Pedoturbated and regular soils were morphologically described and characterized forpHand content of total organic carbon, total extractable carbon,HA, andFA. BothHAandFAwere extracted and investigated using attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared (ATR/FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance with high‐resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS‐NMR), and1H‐13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC).HAandFAwere also tested for their auxin‐like and gibberellin‐like activities. Results provide evidences that bioturbated and regular soils contain a poorly decomposedSOM, butHAandFAwith a well‐defined molecular structure. TheHAandFAfrom both bioturbated and regular soils show a hormone‐like activity with a different allocation along the soil profile. In the regular soil, the highest auxin‐like activity was shown byHAandFAfrom Oe1 horizon, while gibberellin‐like activity was expressed byFAfrom Oe2 horizon. Burrowing activity determines a redistribution of organics throughout the profile with a relatively high auxin‐like activity in theFAfrom straw tunnel wall (STW) and gibberellin‐like activity in theHAfrom vole feces (VF). The relative high presence of carboxylic acids, amides, proteins, and amino acids in theFAfromSTWand the aromatic moieties in theHAfromVFput evidences for their different behavior. The fact that snow vole activity has modified the chemical and biological properties ofSOMin these soils otherwise considered governed only by low temperature has important ecological implications such as the preservation of soil fertility and vegetal biodiversity.
A Fluorescent 1,5‐Naphthalenedisulfonate Anion‐Linked Cucurbit[6]uril Framework
Authors: Liu Li , Yao Yuhang , Zhang Xuefang , Hao Ce 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA highly ordered 3D framework from 1,5‐naphthalenedisulfonate (1,5‐NDS) and cucurbit[6]uril was synthesized and structurally determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The crystal structure demonstrates that the 1,5‐NDS anions act as linkers to connect the cucurbit[6]uril units together through C–H···O hydrogen bonds between the 1,5‐NDS anions and cucurbit[6]uril. Furthermore, with 1,5‐NDS as the fluorophore, the fluorescence properties of the corresponding assembly structure were investigated in the solid state. Relative to that observed for 1,5‐NDS, the assembly exhibited a blueshift in the fluorescence wavelength from λ = 406 to 340 nm along with decreased fluorescence intensity. Theoretical calculations were in good agreement with the experimental results and disclosed that the fluorescence mechanism of the assembly structure could be ascribed to the hydrogen bonds formed between the 1,5‐NDS anion and cucurbit[6]uril.
Unsteady shock‐fitting for unstructured grids
Authors: Bonfiglioli A. , Paciorri R. , Campoli L. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryAn unstructured, shock‐fitting algorithm, originally developed to simulate steady flows, has being further developed to make it capable of dealing with unsteady flows. The present paper discusses and analyses the additional features required to extend to unsteady flows, the steady algorithm. The properties of the unsteady version of this novel, unstructured shock‐fitting technique, are tested by reference to the inviscid interaction between a vortex and a planar shock: a comparative assessment of shock‐capturing and shock‐fitting is made for the same test problem. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Performance of PrBaCo2O5+δ and Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3−δ Infiltrated Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 Cathodes
Authors: Hsiao T.‐W. , Hsu P.‐H. , Chang C.‐L. , Hsu C.‐S. , Hwang B.‐H. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCathodes with PrBaCo2O5+δ (PBC) and Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3−δ (SSC) infiltrated on Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (CGO) backbones are prepared using metal nitrates as precursors and ethanol as wetting agent. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) are measured from cathode/CGO/cathode symmetrical cells in 400–650 °C under humidified air. The results indicate that interfacial area specific resistance (ASR) value decreases and then increases with infiltrate loading and minimum values occur at 50 wt.% loading (relative to sum of infiltrate and backbone) for both PBC and SSC infiltrates. ASR values of PBC infiltrated cathodes are lower than that of corresponding SSC infiltrated cathodes in general, and in particular ASR values as low as 1.36 × 10−2 and 2.27 × 10−2 Ω cm2 are obtained at 650 °C in air for 50 wt.% PBC and 50 wt.% SSC infiltrated cathodes, respectively. Conductivity values of CGO electrolyte increase with infiltrate loading and agree with the reported values when the loading reaches 50 wt.%.
Early bone response to machined, sandblasting acid etching (SLA) and novel surface‐functionalization (SLAffinity) titanium implants: characterization, biomechanical analysis and histological evaluation in pigs
Authors: Chiang Hsi‐Jen , Hsu Heng‐Jui , Peng Pei‐Wen , Wu Ching‐Zong , Ou Keng‐Liang , Cheng Han‐Yi , Walinski Christopher J. , Sugiatno Erwan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to examine early tissue response and osseointegration in the animal model. The surface morphologies of SLAffinity were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The microstructures were examined by X‐ray diffraction, and hardness was measured by nanoindentation. Moreover, the safety and toxicity properties were evaluated using computer‐aided programs and cell cytotoxicity assays. In the animal model, implants were installed in the mandibular canine–premolar area of 12 miniature pigs. Each pig received three implants: machine, sandblasted, large grit, acid‐etched, and SLAffinity‐treated implants. The results showed that surface treatment did affect bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) significantly. At 3 weeks, the SLAffinity‐treated implants were found to present significantly higher BIC values than the untreated implants. The SLAffinity treatments enhanced osseointegration significantly, especially at early stages of bone tissue healing. As described above, the results of the present study demonstrate that the SLAffinity treatment is a reliable surface modification method. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 397–405, 2016.