bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Task motivation influences alpha suppression following errors
Authors: Compton Rebecca J. , Bissey Bryn , Worby‐Selim Sharoda 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe goal of the present research is to examine the influence of motivation on a novel error‐related neural marker, error‐related alpha suppression (ERAS). Participants completed an attentionally demanding flanker task under conditions that emphasized either speed or accuracy or under conditions that manipulated the monetary value of errors. Conditions in which errors had greater motivational value produced greater ERAS, that is, greater alpha suppression following errors compared to correct trials. A second study found that a manipulation of task difficulty did not affect ERAS. Together, the results confirm that ERAS is both a robust phenomenon and one that is sensitive to motivational factors.
Schirmer tear test I and rebound tonometry findings in healthy calves
Authors: Tofflemire Kyle L. , Whitley Elizabeth M. , Gould Stacie A. , Dewell Renee D. , Allbaugh Rachel A. , Ben‐Shlomo Gil , O'Connor Annette M. , David Whitley R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo describe Schirmer tear test I and rebound tonometry findings in healthy bovine calves.Animals studiedThirty‐three clinically normal dairy breed calves of mean (SD) 11 (1.1) weeks (range, 9.3–13.3 weeks) of age were evaluated.ProceduresA Schirmer tear test I was performed on each eye followed by tonometry, using a TonoVet®without topical anesthesia. We report means (SD) and statistical analysis of data for each assay.ResultsFor both Schirmer tear test (STT) I and tonometry, significant differences were not found between fellow eyes (P = 0.1536 andP = 0.83, respectively). The mean (SD)STTI value of all eyes was 20.4 (5.0) mm/min (range, 9–34 mm/min) while the mean (SD) intraocular pressure (IOP) value of all eyes was 15.2 (5.2) mmHg (range, 7–25 mmHg).ConclusionsThis study reports normal data for theSTTI and rebound tonometry in calves. This data may be useful in complete ophthalmic examinations of cattle, guiding diagnosis of glaucoma, uveitis, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. However, results of these diagnostic modalities must be interpreted in light of clinical signs, given the wide range of normal values obtained in this study.
Deformations of the Lie–Poisson sphere of a compact semisimple Lie algebra
Authors: Mărcuț Ioan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA compact semisimple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ induces a Poisson structure $\pi _{\mathbb{S}}$ on the unit sphere $\mathbb{S}(\mathfrak{g}^*)$ in $\mathfrak{g}^*$. We compute the moduli space of Poisson structures on $\mathbb{S}(\mathfrak{g}^*)$ around $\pi _{\mathbb{S}}$. This is the first explicit computation of a Poisson moduli space in dimension greater or equal than three around a degenerate (i.e. not symplectic) Poisson structure.
Varicella and Varicella Vaccination in South Korea
Authors: Oh Sung Hee , Choi Eun Hwa , Shin Seon Hee , Kim Yun-Kyung , Chang Jin Keun , Choi Kyong Min , Hur Jae Kyun , Kim Kyung-Hyo , Kim Jae Youn , Chung Eun Hee , Lee Soo Young , Park Su Eun , Cha Sungho , Kim Kwang-Nam , Ma Sang Hyuk , Eun Byung Wook , Kim Nam Hee , Jo Dae Sun , Choi Bo Youl , Kim Shin Ah 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTWith continuing occurrence of varicella despite increasing vaccine coverage for the past 20 years, a case-based study, a case-control study, and an immunogenicity and safety study were conducted to address the impact of varicella vaccination in South Korea. Varicella patients under the age of 16 years were enrolled for the case-based study. For the case-control study, varicella patients between 12 months and 15 years of age were enrolled with one control matched for each patient. For the immunogenicity and safety study, otherwise healthy children from 12 to 24 months old were immunized with Suduvax (Green Cross, South Korea). Fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (FAMA) varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antibody was measured before and 6 weeks after immunization. In the case-based study, the median age of the patients was 4 years. Among 152 patients between 1 and 15 years of age, 139 children received varicella vaccine and all had breakthrough infections. Clinical courses were not ameliorated in vaccinated patients, but more vaccinated patients received outpatient rather than inpatient care. In the case-control study, the adjusted overall effectiveness of varicella vaccination was 54%. In the immunogenicity and safety study, the seroconversion rate and geometric mean titer for FAMA antibody were 76.67% and 5.31. Even with increasing varicella vaccine uptake, we illustrate no upward age shift in the peak incidence, a high proportion of breakthrough disease, almost no amelioration in disease presentation by vaccination, and insufficient immunogenicity of domestic varicella vaccine. There is need to improve the varicella vaccine used in South Korea.
Development and Use of a Serum Bactericidal Assay Using Pooled Human Complement To Assess Responses to a Meningococcal Group A Conjugate Vaccine in African Toddlers
Authors: Bash Margaret C. , Lynn Freyja , Mocca Brian , Borrow Ray , Findlow Helen , Hassan-King Musa , Preziosi Marie-Pierre , Idoko Olubukola , Sow Samba , Kulkarni Prasad , LaForce F. Marc 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTA meningococcal group A polysaccharide (PS) conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) has been developed for African countries affected by epidemic meningitis caused byNeisseria meningitidis. Complement-mediated serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assays are used to assess protective immune responses to meningococcal vaccination. Human complement (hC′) was used in early studies demonstrating antibody-mediated protection against disease, but it is difficult to obtain and standardize. We developed and evaluated a method for sourcing hC′ and then used the SBA assay with hC′ (hSBA) to measure bactericidal responses to PsA-TT vaccination in 12- to 23-month-old African children. Sera with active complement from 100 unvaccinated blood donors were tested for intrinsic bactericidal activity, SBA titer using rabbit complement (rSBA), and anti-group A PS antibody concentration. Performance criteria and pooling strategies were examined and then verified by comparisons of three independently prepared hC′ lots in two laboratories. hSBA titers of clinical trial sera were then determined using this complement sourcing method. Two different functional antibody tests were necessary for screening hC′. hSBA titers determined using three independent lots of pooled hC′ were within expected assay variation among lots and between laboratories. In African toddlers, PsA-TT elicited higher hSBA titers than meningococcal polysaccharide or Hib vaccines. PsA-TT immunization or PS challenge of PsA-TT-primed subjects resulted in vigorous hSBA memory responses, and titers persisted in boosted groups for over a year. Quantifying SBA using pooled hC′ is feasible and showed that PsA-TT was highly immunogenic in African toddlers.
Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection by Tsukamurella inchonensis in an Immunocompromised Patient
Authors: Takebe Isao , Sawabe Etsuko , Ohkusu Kiyofumi , Tojo Naoko , Tohda Shuji 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTWe report a case of catheter-related bloodstream infection byTsukamurella inchonensis, identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, in a patient with myelofibrosis who underwent a bone marrow transplant.Tsukamurellaspecies infections are rare. To our knowledge, this is the first case ofT. inchonensisbloodstream infection in an immunocompromised patient.
Multicenter Evaluation of the Quidel Lyra Direct C. difficile Nucleic Acid Amplification Assay
Authors: Beck Eric T. , Buchan Blake W. , Riebe Katherine M. , Alkins Brenda R. , Pancholi Preeti , Granato Paul A. , Ledeboer Nathan A. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTClostridium difficileis a Gram-positive bacterium commonly found in health care and long-term-care facilities and is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Rapid detection of this bacterium can assist physicians in implementing contact precautions and appropriate antibiotic therapy in a timely manner. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical performance of the Quidel Lyra Direct C. difficile assay (Lyra assay) (Quidel, San Diego, CA) to that of a direct cell culture cytotoxicity neutralization assay (CCNA) and enhanced toxigenic culture. This study was performed at three geographically diverse laboratories within the United States using residual stool specimens submitted for routineC. difficiletesting. Residual samples were tested using the Lyra assay on three real-time PCR platforms, and results were compared to those for direct CCNA and enhanced toxigenic culture. The test results for all platforms were consistent across all three test sites. The sensitivity and specificity of the Lyra assay on the SmartCycler II, ABI 7500 Fast DX, and ABI QuantStudio DX instruments compared to CCNA were 90.0% and 93.3%, 95.0% and 94.2%, and 93.8% and 95.0%, respectively. Compared to enhanced toxigenic culture, the sensitivity and specificity of the Lyra assay on the SmartCycler II, ABI 7500, and QuantStudio instruments were 82.1% and 96.9%, 89.3% and 98.8%, and 85.7% and 99.0%, respectively. Overall, the Lyra assay is easy to use and versatile and compares well toC. difficileculture methods.
Clonal Relationship and Differentiation among Mycobacterium abscessus Isolates as Determined Using the Semiautomated Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic Sequence PCR-Based DiversiLab System
Authors: Mougari Faiza , Raskine Laurent , Ferroni Agnes , Marcon Estelle , Sermet-Gaudelus Isabelle , Veziris Nicolas , Heym Beate , Gaillard Jean-Louis , Nassif Xavier , Cambau Emmanuelle 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium abscessus
is a rapidly growing mycobacterium that causes respiratory tract infections in predisposed patients, such as those with cystic fibrosis and nosocomial skin and soft tissue infections. In order to investigate the clonal relationships between the strains causing epidemic episodes, we evaluated the discriminatory power of the semiautomated DiversiLab (DL) repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence PCR (REP-PCR) test for
M. abscessus
genotyping. Since
M. abscessus
was shown to be composed of subspecies (
M. abscessus
subsp.
massiliense
,
M. abscessus
subsp.
bolletii
, and
M. abscessus
subsp.
abscessus
), we also evaluated the ability of this technique to differentiate subspecies. The technique was applied to two collections of clinical isolates, (i) 83
M. abscessus
original isolates (43
M. abscessus
subsp.
abscessus
, 12
M. abscessus
subsp.
bolletii
, and 28
M. abscessus
subsp.
massiliense
) from infected patients and (ii) 35 repeated isolates obtained over 1 year from four cystic fibrosis patients. The DL REP-PCR test was standardized for DNA extraction, DNA amplification, and electrophoresis pattern comparisons. Among the isolates from distinct patients, 53/83 (62%) isolates showed a specific pattern, and 30 were distributed in 11 clusters and 6 patterns, with 2 to 4 isolates per pattern. The clusters and patterns did not fully correlate with multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis results. This revealed a high genomic diversity between patients, with a discriminatory power of 98% (Simpson's diversity index). However, since some isolates shared identical patterns, this raises the question of whether it is due to transmission between patients or a common reservoir. Multiple isolates from the same patient showed identical patterns, except for one patient infected by two strains. Between the
M. abscessus
subspecies, the indexes were <70%, indicating that the DL REP-PCR test is not an accurate tool for identifying organisms to the subspecies level. REP-PCR appears to be a rapid genotyping method that is useful for investigating epidemics of
M. abscessus
infections.
High Level of Vector Competence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from Ten American Countries as a Crucial Factor in the Spread of Chikungunya Virus
Authors: Vega-Rúa Anubis , Zouache Karima , Girod Romain , Failloux Anna-Bella , Lourenço-de-Oliveira Ricardo 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes a major public health problem. In 2004, CHIKV began an unprecedented global expansion and has been responsible for epidemics in Africa, Asia, islands in the Indian Ocean region, and surprisingly, in temperate regions, such as Europe. Intriguingly, no local transmission of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) had been reported in the Americas until recently, despite the presence of vectors and annually reported imported cases. Here, we assessed the vector competence of 35 American
Aedes aegypti
and
Aedes albopictus
mosquito populations for three CHIKV genotypes. We also compared the number of viral particles of different CHIKV strains in mosquito saliva at two different times postinfection. Primarily, viral dissemination rates were high for all mosquito populations irrespective of the tested CHIKV isolate. In contrast, differences in transmission efficiency (TE) were underlined in populations of both species through the Americas, suggesting the role of salivary glands in selecting CHIKV for highly efficient transmission. Nonetheless, both mosquito species were capable of transmitting all three CHIKV genotypes, and TE reached alarming rates as high as 83.3% and 96.7% in
A. aegypti
and
A. albopictus
populations, respectively.
A. albopictus
better transmitted the epidemic mutant strain CHIKV_0621 of the East-Central-South African (ECSA) genotype than did
A. aegypti
, whereas the latter species was more capable of transmitting the original ECSA CHIKV_115 strain and also the Asian genotype CHIKV_NC. Therefore, a high risk of establishment and spread of CHIKV throughout the tropical, subtropical, and even temperate regions of the Americas is more real than ever.

IMPORTANCE
Until recently, the Americas had never reported chikungunya (CHIK) autochthonous transmission despite its global expansion beginning in 2004. Large regions of the continent are highly infested with
Aedes aegypti
and
Aedes albopictus
mosquitoes, and millions of dengue (DEN) cases are annually recorded. Indeed, DEN virus and CHIK virus (CHIKV) share the same vectors. Due to a recent CHIK outbreak affecting Caribbean islands, the need for a Pan-American evaluation of vector competence was compelling as a key parameter in assessing the epidemic risk. We demonstrated for the first time that
A. aegypti
and
A. albopictus
populations throughout the continent are highly competent to transmit CHIK irrespective of the viral genotypes tested. The risk of CHIK spreading throughout the tropical, subtropical, and even temperate regions of the Americas is more than ever a reality. In light of our results, local authorities should immediately pursue and reinforce epidemiological and entomological surveillance to avoid a severe epidemic.
Substitution of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Entry Glycoproteins with Those of Saimiriine Herpesvirus 1 Reveals a gD-gH/gL Functional Interaction and a Region within the gD Profusion Domain That Is Critical for Fusion
Authors: Fan Qing , Longnecker Richard , Connolly Sarah A. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
To gain insight into the mechanism of herpesvirus entry into cells, the four glycoproteins that are necessary for herpes simplex virus (HSV) fusion were cloned from the saimiriine herpesvirus 1 (SaHV-1) genome, a primate member of the alphaherpesvirus family. Cell-cell fusion assays indicate that SaHV-1 entry glycoproteins function with the previously identified alphaherpesvirus entry receptors nectin-1 and CD155 but not with herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) or paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor alpha (PILRα). Replacement of HSV-1 gD with the SaHV-1 gD homolog resulted in a complete loss of fusion function when coexpressed with HSV-1 gB and gH/gL. HSV-1 gD was also unable to substitute for SaHV-1 gD when coexpressed with SaHV-1 gB and gH/gL. Similarly, the gH/gL heterodimers from HSV-1 and SaHV-1 were not interchangeable. In contrast, both the HSV-1 and SaHV-1 gB homologs retained function in a heterotypic context. These results suggest that an essential interaction between homotypic gD and gH/gL occurs during both HSV-1 and SaHV-1 entry. To map the site of this homotypic interaction, we created a series of gD chimeras, focusing on the “profusion domain” (PFD) that consists of HSV-1 gD residues 261 to 305 or SaHV-1 gD residues 264 to 307. We identified a seven-amino-acid stretch (264 RTLPPPK 270) at the N terminus of the SaHV-1 gD PFD that contributes to homotypic fusion. Finally, we found that the gD receptor-binding region and PFD cannot function independently but that both can inhibit the function of wild-type gD.

IMPORTANCE
The herpesvirus entry machinery requires the concerted action of at least four glycoproteins; however, details of the interactions among these glycoproteins are not well understood. Like HSV-1, SaHV-1 belongs to the alphaherpesvirus subfamily. Using cell-cell fusion experiments, we found that SaHV-1 uses the entry receptors nectin-1 and CD155 but not HVEM or PILRα. By swapping the entry glycoproteins between HSV-1 and SaHV-1, we revealed a functional interaction between gD and gH/gL. To examine the homotypic interaction site on gD, we evaluated the function of a panel of HSV-1/SaHV-1 gD chimeras and identified a small region in the SaHV-1 gD profusion domain that is critical for SaHV-1 fusion. This study contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of herpesvirus entry and membrane fusion.
Coregulatory Interactions among CD8α Dendritic Cells, the Latency-Associated Transcript, and Programmed Death 1 Contribute to Higher Levels of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Latency
Authors: Mott Kevin R. , Allen Sariah J. , Zandian Mandana , Ghiasi Homayon 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe latency-associated transcript (LAT) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), CD8α+dendritic cells (DCs), and programmed death 1 (PD-1) have all been implicated in the HSV-1 latency-reactivation cycle. It is not known, however, whether an interaction between LAT and CD8α+DCs regulates latency and T-cell exhaustion. To address this question, we used LAT-expressing [LAT(+)] and LAT-negative [LAT(−)] viruses. Depletion of DCs in mice ocularly infected with LAT(+) virus resulted in a reduction in the number of T cells expressing PD-1 in the trigeminal ganglia (TG), whereas depletion of DCs in mice similarly infected with LAT(−) virus did not alter PD-1 expression. CD8α+DCs, but not CD4+DCs, infected with LAT(+) virus had higher levels of ICP0, ICP4, thymidine kinase (TK), and PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) transcripts than those infected with LAT(−) virus. Coculture of infected bone marrow (BM)-derived DCs from wild-type (WT) mice, but not infected DCs from CD8α−/−mice, with WT naive T cells contributed to an increase in PD-1 expression. Transfer of bone marrow from WT mice but not CD8α−/−mice to recipient Rag1−/−mice increased the number of latent viral genomes in reconstituted mice infected with the LAT(+) virus. Collectively, these data indicated that a reduction in latency correlated with a decline in the levels of CD8α+DCs and PD-1 expression. In summary, our results demonstrate an interaction among LAT, PD-1, and CD11c CD8α+cells that regulates latency in the TG of HSV-1-infected mice.IMPORTANCEVery little is known regarding the interrelationship of LAT, PD-1, and CD8α+DCs and how such interactions might contribute to relative numbers of latent viral genomes. We show here that (i) in bothin vivoandin vitrostudies, deficiency of CD8α+DCs significantly reduced T-cell exhaustion in the presence of LAT(+) virus but not LAT(−) virus; (ii) HSV-1 infectivity was significantly lower in LAT(−)-infected DCs than in their LAT(+)-infected counterparts; and (iii) adoptive transfer of bone marrow (BM) from WT but not CD8α−/−mice to recipient Rag1−/−mice restored latency to the level in WT mice following infection with LAT(+) virus. These studies point to a key role for CD8α+DCs in T-cell exhaustion in the presence of LAT, which leads to larger numbers of latent viral genomes. Thus, altering this negative function of CD8α+DCs can potentially be used to generate a more effective vaccine against HSV infection.
Comparative Complete Genome Analysis of Chicken and Turkey Megriviruses (Family Picornaviridae): Long 3′ Untranslated Regions with a Potential Second Open Reading Frame and Evidence for Possible Recombination
Authors: Boros Ákos , Pankovics Péter , Knowles Nick J. , Nemes Csaba , Delwart Eric , Reuter Gábor 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Members of the family
Picornaviridae
consist of small positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) viruses capable of infecting various vertebrate species, including birds. One of the recently identified avian picornaviruses, with a remarkably long (>9,040-nucleotide) but still incompletely sequenced genome, is turkey hepatitis virus 1 (THV-1; species
Melegrivirus A
, genus
Megrivirus
), a virus associated with liver necrosis and enteritis in commercial turkeys (
Meleagris gallopavo
). This report presents the results of the genetic analysis of three complete genomes of megriviruses from fecal samples of chickens (chicken/B21-CHV/2012/HUN, GenBank accession no.
KF961186
, and chicken/CHK-IV-CHV/2013/HUN, GenBank accession no.
KF961187
) (
Gallus gallus domesticus
) and turkey (turkey/B407-THV/2011/HUN, GenBank accession no.
KF961188
) (
Meleagris gallopavo
) with the largest picornavirus genome (up to 9,739 nucleotides) so far described. The close phylogenetic relationship to THV-1 in the nonstructural protein-coding genome region and possession of the same internal ribosomal entry site type (IVB-like) suggest that the study strains belong to the genus
Megrivirus
. However, the genome comparisons revealed numerous unique variations (e.g., different numbers of potential 2A peptides, unusually long 3′ genome parts with various lengths of a potential second open reading frame, and multiple repeating sequence motifs in the 3′ untranslated region) and heterogeneous sequence relationships between the structural and nonstructural genome regions. These differences suggest the classification of chicken megrivirus-like viruses into a candidate novel species in the genus
Megrivirus
. Based on the different phylogenetic positions of chicken megrivirus-like viruses at the structural and nonstructural genome regions, the recombinant nature of these viruses is plausible.

IMPORTANCE
The comparative genome analysis of turkey and novel chicken megriviruses revealed numerous unique genome features, e.g., up to four potential 2A peptides, unusually long 3′ genome parts with various lengths containing a potential second open reading frame, multiple repeating sequence motifs, and heterogeneous sequence relationships (possibly due to a recombination event) between the structural and nonstructural genome regions. Our results could help us to better understand the evolution and diversity (in terms of sequence and genome layout) of picornaviruses.