bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐Term Safety and Efficacy of Lubiprostone in Opioid‐induced Constipation in Patients with Chronic Noncancer Pain
Authors: Spierings Egilius L.H. , Rauck Richard , Brewer Randall , Marcuard Stefano , Vallejo Ricardo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundChronic opioid analgesic use often causes opioid‐induced constipation (OIC). This open‐label extension study evaluated the safety and efficacy of lubiprostone, a chloride channel (ClC‐2) activator, for treatment of OIC in patients with chronic noncancer pain.MethodsAdults with OIC were enrolled from two 12‐week, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind studies and received lubiprostone 24 μg twice daily for up to 9 months. OIC was defined as < 3 spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs)/week during the 2‐week baseline period, of which ≥ 25% were characterized by hard to very hard stool consistency, subjectively incomplete evacuation, and/or moderate or worse straining. Inclusion criteria required consistent treatment with full opioid agonists ≥ 30 days prior to screening and throughout the study.ResultsAll 439 patients who received lubiprostone were analyzed for safety and efficacy. Overall, 24.6% of patients reported treatment‐related adverse events (AEs), most commonly nausea (5.0%), diarrhea (4.6%), headache (1.6%), and vomiting (1.4%). No treatment‐related serious AEs were reported. Nausea and diarrhea each led to study discontinuation in 5 patients (1.1%); 2 cases each of nausea and diarrhea were rated as severe. Rescue medication usage decreased from month 1 (33.0%) to month 9 (18.6%). Mean weekly SBM frequency (1.4) was significantly increased from baseline at all months (P < 0.001, range 4.9 to 5.3). Straining, abdominal bloating, abdominal discomfort, stool consistency, constipation severity, and bowel habit regularity were significantly improved from baseline at all months (P < 0.001).ConclusionsLubiprostone treatment was well tolerated and improved symptoms and signs of OIC in this 9‐month, open‐label study of patients with chronic noncancer pain.
Transgenic trait deployment using designed nucleases
Authors: Petolino Joseph F. , Kumar Sandeep 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe demand for crops requiring increasingly complex combinations of transgenes poses unique challenges for transgenic trait deployment. Future value‐adding traits such as those associated with crop performance are expected to involve multiple transgenes. Random integration of transgenes not only results in unpredictable expression and potential unwanted side effects but stacking multiple, randomly integrated, independently segregating transgenes creates breeding challenges during introgression and product development. Designed nucleases enable the creation of targeted DNA double‐strand breaks at specified genomic locations whereby repair can result in targeted transgene integration leading to precise alterations in DNA sequences for plant genome editing, including the targeting of a transgene to a genomic locus that supports high‐level and stable transgene expression without interfering with resident gene function. In addition, targeted DNA integration via designed nucleases allows for the addition of transgenes into previously integrated transgenic loci to create stacked products. The currently reported frequencies of independently generated transgenic events obtained with site‐specific transgene integration without the aid of selection for targeting are very low. A modular, positive selection‐based gene targeting strategy has been developed involving cassette exchange of selectable marker genes which allows for targeted events to be preferentially selected, over multiple cycles of sequential transformation. This, combined with the demonstration of intragenomic recombination following crossing of transgenic events that contain stably integrated donor and target DNA constructs with nuclease‐expressing plants, points towards the future of trait stacking that is less dependent on high‐efficiency transformation.
Incidence of bloodstream infections in small bowel transplant recipients receiving selective decontamination of the digestive tract: A single‐center experience
Authors: Galloway David , Danziger‐Isakov Lara , Goldschmidt Monique , Hemmelgarn Trina , Courter Joshua , Nathan Jaimie D. , Alonso Maria , Tiao Greg , Fei Lin , Kocoshis Samuel 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPediatric patients undergoing small bowel transplantation are susceptible to postoperative CLABSI. SDD directed against enteric microbes is a strategy for reducing CLABSI. We hypothesized that SDD reduces the frequency of CLABSI, infections outside the bloodstream, and allograft rejection during the first 30 days following transplant. A retrospective chart review of 38 pediatric small bowel transplant recipients at CCHMC from 2003 to 2011 was conducted. SDD antimicrobials were oral colistin, tobramycin, and amphotericin B. The incidence of CLABSI, infections outside the bloodstream, and rejection episodes were compared between study periods. The incidence of CLABSI did not differ between study periods (6.9 CLABSI vs. 4.6 CLABSI per 1000 catheter days; p = 0.727), but gram positives and Candida predominated in the first 30 days. Incidence of bacterial infections outside the bloodstream did not differ (p = 0.227). Rejection occurred more frequently during the first month following transplant (p = 0.302). SDD does not alter the incidence of CLABSI, bacterial infections outside the bloodstream, or allograft rejection in the immediate 30 days post‐transplantation. However, SDD does influence CLABSI organism types (favoring gram positives and Candida) and Candidal infections outside the bloodstream.
Identification of Neofabraea species causing bull's eye rot of apple in Poland and their direct detection in apple fruit using multiplex PCR
Authors: Michalecka M. , Bryk H. , Poniatowska A. , Puławska J. 
Published: September 2015

Based on partial sequence analysis of the β‐tubulin gene, 19 isolates of fungi causing bull's eye rot on apple in Poland were classified into species: Neofabraea alba, N. perennans and N. kienholzii. To the authors’ knowledge, the detection of N. kienholzii is the second in Europe and the first in Poland. Species affiliation of these fungi was confirmed by a new species‐specific multiplex PCR assay developed on the basis of previously published methods. The new protocol allowed for the specific identification of bull's eye rot‐causing species, both from pure cultures and directly from the skin of diseased or apparently healthy apples. In 550 samples of diseased fruits collected from nine cold storage rooms located in three regions of Poland, in 2011 and 2012, N. alba was detected as the predominant species causing bull's eye rot, occurring on average in 94% of the tested samples. Neofabraea perennans was found in a minority of apple samples, N. kienholzii was found only in two apple samples, while N. malicorticis was not detected in any sample tested. In tests on 120 apparently healthy fruits, only N. perennans was detected in a single sample. The results of genetic diversity analyses of bull's eye rot‐causing fungi based on the β‐tubulin gene sequence and an ISSR (inter‐simple sequence repeat) PCR assay with two primers were consistent, showing the expected segregation of tested isolates with respect to their species boundaries. However, the genetic distance between N. perennans and N. malicorticis was very low, as reported previously.
Preterm Birth and Social Support during Pregnancy: a Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Hetherington Erin , Doktorchik Chelsea , Premji Shahirose S. , McDonald Sheila W. , Tough Suzanne C. , Sauve Reg S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundAdditional social support is often recommended for women during the prenatal period to optimise birth outcomes, specifically to avoid preterm birth. Social support is thought to act in one of two ways: by reducing stress and anxiety, or by providing coping mechanisms for women with high stress. However, evidence in this area is mixed. The purpose of this meta‐analysis is to determine if low levels of social support are associated with an increased risk for preterm birth.MethodsSix databases were searched for randomised control trials and cohort studies regarding social support and preterm birth with no limits set on date or language. Inclusion criteria included the use of a validated instrument to measure social support, and studies conducted in high‐income or high‐middle‐income countries.ResultsThere were 3467 records retrieved, 16 of which met the inclusion criteria. Eight studies (n = 14 630 subjects) demonstrated a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1.22 (95% CI 0.84, 1.76) for preterm birth in women with low social support compared with high social support. Among women with high stress levels, two studies (n = 6374 subjects) yielded a pooled OR of 1.52 (95% CI 1.18, 1.97). The results of six studies could not be pooled due to incompatibility of outcome measures.ConclusionsThere is no evidence for a direct association between social support and preterm birth. Social support, however, may provide a buffering mechanism between stress and preterm birth.
Why species composition is not a good indicator to assess restoration success? Counter‐response to Reid (2015)
Authors: Durigan Giselda , Suganuma Marcio S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe absence of species composition among the indicators of restoration success, recommended for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest by Suganuma and Durigan, was criticized by Reid. In his critic, Reid argues that species composition can be (1) predictable from site history and restoration technique and (2) a surrogate for poor ecosystem functioning and lack of resilience. We disagree on the deterministic view behind the first argument, and the latter is still controversial. Even though, we recommended richness as a good indicator of ecosystem functioning instead of composition—which depends on the exhaustive labor of botanical identification.
Psychometric properties of the Orientation to Life Questionnaire in nursing home residents
Authors: Drageset Jorunn , Haugan Gørill 
Published: September 2015

AimOlder residents of nursing homes have several illnesses and face various challenges regarding losses of physical and mental functioning. Thus, coping and the quality of life are vital aspects in long‐term care. Sense of coherence is considered an important resource for coping and the quality of life, and sense of coherence therefore needs to be validly and reliably measured in this population. We investigated the dimensionality, reliability and construct validity of the Orientation to Life Questionnaire in assessing sense of coherence among cognitively intact nursing home (NH) residents.MethodsWe collected cross‐sectional data from 227 cognitively intact NH residents (30 NHs) with one‐on‐one interviews. We performed confirmative factor analysis and correlations with the selected construct.Results and conclusionIn accordance with the salutogenic theory of sense of coherence, the three‐factor model revealed the best fit to our data. In particular, item OLQ2, defined as ‘concerns the experience of being surprised by the behaviour of people whom you know well’, seemed troublesome. Removing this item resulted in good fit to the present data. Rewording or deleting item OLQ2 seems needed to get a reliable instrument measuring sense of coherence among nursing home residents.
Bringing Plurality Together: Common Sense, Thinking and Philosophy in Arendt
Authors: Snir Itay 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTArendt's concept of common sense has generally been misunderstood. It is almost exclusively interpreted in light of Kant's common sense, either as an espousal of the latter or as a distortion of it. This narrow reading of Arendtian common sense has led to a problem, as her uses of the concept do not always fit its Kantian understanding. This has led to accusing her of being inconsistent, or as holding on to several, incompatible concepts of common sense.This article argues that Arendt has one complex concept of common sense, used more or less consistently throughout her writings. Rather than understanding Arendt's common sense in light of Kant's, as most readers do, I demonstrate its links to Aristotle and to the eighteenth‐century Scottish school of common sense. By doing so I turn attention to a difficulty that has thus far not been adequately treated, namely the fact that Arendt presents two, allegedly contradictory pictures of the relation between common sense on the one hand and science and philosophy on the other: a picture in which science and philosophy depend upon common sense, versus one in which they find themselves in a conflict that eventually leads to the loss or demise of common sense. The last part of the article suggests a way to settle the tension between these two pictures, by understanding the political significance Arendt ascribes to them as two distinct yet complementary ways of approaching the modern phenomenon of totalitarianism.
A Better Kind of Continuity
Authors: Barrett Louise 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDiscussions of what minds are and what they do is a contentious issue. This is particularly so when considering non‐human animals, for here the questions become: do they have minds at all? And if so, what kinds of minds are they? Alternatives to Cartesian or computational models of mind open up a whole new space of possibility for how we should conceive of animal minds, while also highlighting how Skinner's pragmatist‐inspired radical behaviourism has much more to offer than most researchers in animal cognition would like to admit. Pragmatism, or ‘American Naturalism' is also highlighted by Chemero as the alternative for human cognition. The challenge, then, is to build an understanding of mind along pragmatist lines in a way that does justice to both human and non‐human animals. A clear understanding of embodiment, and commitment to a radical form of enactivism, can, perhaps, begin to generate a better kind of continuity.
Influence of malaria transmission intensity and the 581G mutation on the efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chico R. Matthew , Cano Jorge , Ariti Cono , Collier Timothy J. , Chandramohan Daniel , Roper Cally , Greenwood Brian 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo estimate where intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) using sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) could be withdrawn as an intervention due to declining malaria transmission intensity, or due to increasing prevalence of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydropteroate synthetase resistance mutation at codon 581G.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of protection against the incidence of low birth weight (LBW) conferred by ≥2 doses of IPTp‐SP. We matched these outcomes to a proxy measure of malaria incidence in women of the same studies, applied meta‐regression models to these data and conducted sensitivity analysis of the 581G mutation.ResultsVariation in the protective effect of IPTp‐SP against LBW could not be explained by malaria transmission intensity. Among primi‐ and secundigravidae, IPTp‐SP protected against LBW where 581G was ≤10.1% [odds ratio (OR): 0.49; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.29, 0.81; P = <0.01] and 581G was >10.1% (OR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.29, 1.81; P = 0.03). Random‐effects models among multigravidae showed that IPTp‐SP protects against LBW where 581G was ≤10.1% (OR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.86; P = 0.07), a finding of borderline statistical significance. No evidence of protection against LBW was observed where 581G was >10.1% (OR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.70, 1.34; P = 0.47).ConclusionThere appears to be a prevalence of 581G above which IPTp‐SP no longer protects against LBW. Pregnancy studies are urgently needed where 581G is >10.1% to define the specific prevalence threshold where new strategies should be deployed.
Light acclimation involves dynamic re‐organization of the pigment–protein megacomplexes in non‐appressed thylakoid domains
Authors: Suorsa Marjaana , Rantala Marjaana , Mamedov Fikret , Lespinasse Maija , Trotta Andrea , Grieco Michele , Vuorio Eerika , Tikkanen Mikko , Järvi Sari , Aro Eva‐Mari 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThylakoid energy metabolism is crucial for plant growth, development and acclimation. Non‐appressed thylakoids harbor several high molecular mass pigment–protein megacomplexes that have flexible compositions depending upon the environmental cues. This composition is important for dynamic energy balancing in photosystems (PS) I and II. We analysed the megacomplexes of Arabidopsis wild type (WT) plants and of several thylakoid regulatory mutants. The stn7 mutant, which is defective in phosphorylation of the light‐harvesting complex (LHC) II, possessed a megacomplex composition that was strikingly different from that of the WT. Of the nine megacomplexes in total for the non‐appressed thylakoids, the largest megacomplex in particular was less abundant in the stn7 mutant under standard growth conditions. This megacomplex contains both PSI and PSII and was recently shown to allow energy spillover between PSII and PSI (Nat. Commun., 6, 2015, 6675). The dynamics of the megacomplex composition was addressed by exposing plants to different light conditions prior to thylakoid isolation. The megacomplex pattern in the WT was highly dynamic. Under darkness or far red light it showed low levels of LHCII phosphorylation and resembled the stn7 pattern; under low light, which triggers LHCII phosphorylation, it resembled that of the tap38/pph1 phosphatase mutant. In contrast, solubilization of the entire thylakoid network with dodecyl maltoside, which efficiently solubilizes pigment–protein complexes from all thylakoid compartments, revealed that the pigment–protein composition remained stable despite the changing light conditions or mutations that affected LHCII (de)phosphorylation. We conclude that the composition of pigment–protein megacomplexes specifically in non‐appressed thylakoids undergoes redox‐dependent changes, thus facilitating maintenance of the excitation balance between the two photosystems upon changes in light conditions.
Changing a conserved amino acid in R2R3‐MYB transcription repressors results in cytoplasmic accumulation and abolishes their repressive activity in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhou Meiliang , Sun Zhanmin , Wang Chenglong , Zhang Xinquan , Tang Yixiong , Zhu Xuemei , Shao Jirong , Wu Yanmin 
Published: September 2015

SummarySub‐group 4 R2R3‐type MYB transcription factors, including MYB3, MYB4, MYB7 and MYB32, act as repressors in phenylpropanoid metabolism. These proteins contain the conserved MYB domain and the ethylene‐responsive element binding factor‐associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) repression domain. Additionally, MYB4, MYB7 and MYB32 possess a putative zinc‐finger domain and a conserved GY/FDFLGL motif in their C‐termini. The protein ‘sensitive to ABA and drought 2’ (SAD2) recognizes the nuclear pore complex, which then transports the SAD2–MYB4 complex into the nucleus. Here, we show that the conserved GY/FDFLGL motif contributes to the interaction between MYB factors and SAD2. The Asp → Asn mutation in the GY/FDFLGL motif abolishes the interaction between MYB transcription factors and SAD2, and therefore they cannot be transported into the nucleus and cannot repress their target genes. We found that MYB4D261N loses the capacity to repress expression of the cinnamate 4‐hydroxylase (C4H) gene and biosynthesis of sinapoyl malate. Our results indicate conservation among MYB transcription factors in terms of their interaction with SAD2. Therefore, the Asp → Asn mutation may be used to engineer transcription factors.
Non‐invasive, whole‐plant imaging of chloroplast movement and chlorophyll fluorescence reveals photosynthetic phenotypes independent of chloroplast photorelocation defects in chloroplast division mutants
Authors: Dutta Siddhartha , Cruz Jeffrey A. , Jiao Yuhua , Chen Jin , Kramer David M. , Osteryoung Katherine W. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryLeaf chloroplast movement is thought to optimize light capture and to minimize photodamage. To better understand the impact of chloroplast movement on photosynthesis, we developed a technique based on the imaging of reflectance from leaf surfaces that enables continuous, high‐sensitivity, non‐invasive measurements of chloroplast movement in multiple intact plants under white actinic light. We validated the method by measuring photorelocation responses in Arabidopsis chloroplast division mutants with drastically enlarged chloroplasts, and in phototropin mutants with impaired photorelocation but normal chloroplast morphology, under different light regimes. Additionally, we expanded our platform to permit simultaneous image‐based measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and chloroplast movement. We show that chloroplast division mutants with enlarged, less‐mobile chloroplasts exhibit greater photosystem II photodamage than is observed in the wild type, particularly under fluctuating high levels of light. Comparison between division mutants and the severe photorelocation mutant phot1‐5 phot2‐1 showed that these effects are not entirely attributable to diminished photorelocation responses, as previously hypothesized, implying that altered chloroplast morphology affects other photosynthetic processes. Our dual‐imaging platform also allowed us to develop a straightforward approach to correct non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) calculations for interference from chloroplast movement. This correction method should be generally useful when fluorescence and reflectance are measured in the same experiments. The corrected data indicate that the energy‐dependent (qE) and photoinhibitory (qI) components of NPQ contribute differentially to the NPQ phenotypes of the chloroplast division and photorelocation mutants. This imaging technology thus provides a platform for analyzing the contributions of chloroplast movement, chloroplast morphology and other phenotypic attributes to the overall photosynthetic performance of higher plants.
Two cases of maternal alloimmunization against human neutrophil alloantigen‐4b, one causing severe alloimmune neonatal neutropenia
Authors: Curtis Brian R. , Roman Ashley S. , Sullivan Mia J. , Raven Cindy S. , Larison Judy , Weitekamp Lee Ann 
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUNDHuman neutrophil antigen (HNA)−4a/4bw is encoded by 230G>A in ITGAM, which results in an Arg61His substitution of the αM chain (CD11b) of complement receptor 3 (CR3; CD11b/18 or Mac‐1). HNA‐4a antibodies have been detected in the sera of female blood donors and in maternal sera that caused alloimmune neonatal neutropenia (ANN), in which maternal immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies against a paternally inherited HNA cross the placenta and destroy fetal and neonatal neutrophils. However, to date, antibodies specific for HNA‐4b have not been reported. Here, we report the first two examples of HNA‐4b antibodies.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThe two sera studied were both from previously pregnant females, one a multiparous female blood donor implicated in two separate transfusion reactions and the second a mother whose first pregnancy resulted in the birth of a severely neutropenic (0 × 106 neutrophils/L) infant affected with ANN. Serum neutrophil antibody testing was by flow cytometry and CD11b/18 monoclonal antibody immobilization of granulocyte antigens assay, and HNA genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific priming and allele‐specific 5′ exonuclease assays.RESULTSSera from both women contained IgG antibodies reactive only with HNA‐4b+ neutrophils and both typed HNA‐4a/a. Both were immunized through pregnancy since their husbands and children all typed HNA‐4a/b.CONCLUSIONSThe serologic results, together with the genotype results, confirm that these are the first reported cases of neutrophil antibodies specific for HNA‐4b.