bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear positive/negative thermal expansion and equations of state of a chain with longitudinal and transverse vibrations
Authors: Kuzkin Vitaly A. , Krivtsov Anton M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThermal expansion of a classical chain with pair interactions performing longitudinal and transverse vibrations is investigated. Corresponding equations of state are derived analytically using series expansions of pressure and thermal energy with respect to deformations of the bonds caused by thermal motion. In the first approximation the equation of state has Mie–Grüneisen form. The dependence of Grüneisen parameter on deformation of the chain is obtained. For Lennard‐Jones‐like potential Grüneisen parameter varies with deformation from minus infinity (at zero stretching) to plus infinity (at the breakage point). Necessary and sufficient condition for negative thermal expansion at low thermal energies is formulated. Using this condition the potential giving rise to negative thermal expansion in the given range of deformations can be designed. It is shown that at small deformations and finite thermal energies Mie–Grüneisen equation of state strongly overestimates the absolute value of pressure. More accurate nonlinear equation of state is derived for this case. The equation implies that thermal pressure in the unstretched chain is proportional to square root of thermal energy. In the vicinity of the deformation, corresponding to zero Grüneisen parameter, the chain demonstrates negative thermal expansion at low temperatures and positive thermal expansion at higher temperatures. This phenomenon is qualitatively described by the nonlinear equation of state derived in the present paper. The theoretical findings are supported by the results of molecular dynamics simulations.
Concise Review: Targeting Cancer Stem Cells Using Immunologic Approaches
Authors: Pan Qin , Li Qiao , Liu Shuang , Ning Ning , Zhang Xiaolian , Xu Yingxin , Chang Alfred E. , Wicha Max S. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small subset of tumor cells which have the ability to self-renew and generate the diverse cells that comprise the tumor bulk. They are responsible for local tumor recurrence and distant metastasis. However, they are resistant to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Novel immunotherapeutic strategies that specifically target CSCs may improve the efficacy of cancer therapy. To immunologically target CSC phenotypes, innate immune responses to CSCs have been reported using Natural killer cells and γδ T cells. To target CSC specifically, in vitro CSC-primed T cells have been successfully generated and shown targeting of CSCs in vivo after adoptive transfer. Recently, CSC-based dendritic cell vaccine has demonstrated significant induction of anti-CSC immunity both in vivo in immunocompetent hosts and in vitro as evident by CSC reactivity of CSC vaccine-primed antibodies and T cells. In addition, identification of specific antigens or genetic alterations in CSCs may provide more specific targets for immunotherapy. ALDH, CD44, CD133, and HER2 have served as markers to isolate CSCs from a number of tumor types in animal models and human tumors. They might serve as useful targets for CSC immunotherapy. Finally, since CSCs are regulated by interactions with the CSC niche, these interactions may serve as additional targets for CSC immunotherapy. Targeting the tumor microenvironment, such as interrupting the immune cell, for example, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and cytokines, for example, IL-6 and IL-8, as well as the immune checkpoint (PD1/PDL1, etc.) may provide additional novel strategies to enhance the immunological targeting of CSCs. Stem Cells 2015;33:2085–2092
Developing learning progression‐based teacher knowledge measures
Authors: Jin Hui , Shin HyoJeong , Johnson Michele E , Kim JinHo , Anderson Charles W. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis study developed learning progression‐based measures of science teachers’ content knowledge (CK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). The measures focus on an important topic in secondary science curriculum using scientific reasoning (i.e., tracing matter, tracing energy, and connecting scales) to explain plants gaining weight and exchanging gases. Using a design‐based research approach, we conducted the research in four cycles. The findings reported in this article were based on the data collected in the last two cycles (year 2011–2012 and year 2012–2013). This study contains two parts. First, 194 teachers participated in professional development workshops and completed a teacher assessment measuring CK and PCK. A learning progression‐based scoring system was developed for these measures. Second, a subgroup of 25 teachers participated in a teaching experiment. These teachers taught a learning progression‐based unit on plant growth and functioning. Their students took written assessments both before and after the teaching intervention. In this process, validity evidence from multiple sources was obtained and analyzed to evaluate the claim that the assessment scores tell how well teachers understand the knowledge essential for teaching the science topic. This validity argument supports our interpretations that led to three results. First, teachers' overall performance on CK was a bit higher than PCK, but not significantly different. Second, two challenges confronting teachers are adaptively applying scientific principles and understanding students' intuitive ideas. Third, there was a statistically significant relationship between teachers' measured CK and PCK and students' learning from the plant unit. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 1269–1295, 2015.
MAPK pathway mediates epithelial‐mesenchymal transition induced by paraquat in alveolar epithelial cells
Authors: Huang Min , Wang Ya‐Peng , Zhu Ling‐Qin , Cai Qian , Li Hong‐Hui , Yang Hui‐Fang 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTEpithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is believed to be involved in lung fibrosis process induced by paraquat (PQ); however, the molecular mechanism of this process has not been clearly established. The present study investigated the potential involvement of EMT after PQ poisoning. The expressions of EMT markers, such as E‐cadherin and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), at multiple time points after exposure to different concentrations of PQ were evaluated by western blot analysis. Following PQ treatment, EMT induction was observed under microscopy. Related fibrosis genes, including Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2), Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9), collagens type I (COL I), and type III (COL III), were also evaluated by measuring their mRNA levels using RT‐PCR analysis. Signaling pathways were analyzed using selective pharmacological inhibitors for MAPK. Cell migration ability was evaluated by scratch wound and Transwell assays. The data showed that PQ‐induced epithelial RLE‐6NT cells to develop mesenchymal cell characteristics, as indicated by a significant decrease in the epithelial marker E‐cadherin and a significant increase in the extracellular matrix (ECM) marker α‐smooth muscle actin in a dose and time‐dependent manner. Moreover, PQ‐treated RLE‐6NT cells had an EMT‐like phenotype with elevated expression of MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and COL I and COL III and enhanced migration ability. Signal pathway analysis revealed that PQ‐induced EMT led to ERK‐1 and Smad2 phosphorylation through activation of the MAPK pathway. The results of the current study indicate that PQ‐induced pulmonary fibrosis occurs via EMT, which is mediated by the MAPK pathway. This implies that the MAPK pathway is a promising therapeutic target in alveolar epithelial cells. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1407–1414, 2016.
Computational analysis of insect impingement patterns on wind turbine blades
Authors: Wilcox Benjamin , White Edward 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWind turbines experience significant power loss due to insect contamination on the blades. In order to estimate power losses, computational fluid dynamics software or empirical models are used to compute drag increases due to roughness‐induced boundary‐layer transition. These models require knowledge of the expected levels and location of insect contamination on the blade surface. This is generally unknown, making power loss predictions unreliable. The present study develops a computer simulation to predict this information and uses this tool to simulate insect impingement for a variety of turbine operating conditions. The simulation code combines an invsicid panel method with a Lagrangian insect particle simulation module to first solve for the turbine velocity field and then track insect paths through this field. The effects of blade thickness, angle of attack and insect size are studied for 2D airfoil sections. The simulations show that increasing blade thickness leads to a larger chordwise extent of insect impingement yet lower maximum levels of contamination. Increasing insect mass is also found to increase the chordwise extent of impingement. These results are consistent with previous wind tunnel results and theoretical predictions. The model is then applied to a representative 5‐MW turbine model to determine spanwise variation in contamination. Results agree qualitatively with field observation, suggesting that this technique may be used in the future to more accurately predict power losses on turbines. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevention of Genu Recurvatum in Poststroke Patients Using a Hinged Soft Knee Orthosis
Authors: Portnoy Sigal , Frechtel Asaf , Raveh Eitan , Schwartz Isabella 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of a hinged soft knee orthosis on the gait pattern and symmetry of poststroke patients with chronic symptoms and knee hyperextension.DesignAn 8‐week prospective, randomized, controlled study.SettingOutpatient clinic of a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in an academic medical center.SubjectsWe recruited adult subjects (N = 31) at a minimum of 3 months after their first stroke. All subjects were able to ambulate independently before their stroke and walked independently with or without a walking aid at the time of recruitment. Subjects also had paresis of leg muscles and/or a spasticity pattern resulting in knee hyperextension.InterventionsEach subject was tested 3 times, 4 weeks apart. Two tests were performed without the hinged soft knee orthosis, and the third examination was performed with the knee orthosis, after the subject ambulated with it for 4 weeks.Outcome MeasuresSpatiotemporal gait parameters and symmetry and paretic knee angle and muscle activation patterns measured with and without the orthosis. In addition, the Berg Balance Scale, 6‐Minute Walk Test, 10‐Meter Walk Test (10MWT), and Timed Up and Go test were administered.ResultsThe orthosis successfully prevented the paretic knee from hyperextending, and greater knee flexion was achieved during the swing phase. The results of the Berg Balance Scale, 6‐Minute Walk Test, 10MWT, and Timed Up and Go Test significantly improved. Although no significant differences were found in spatiotemporal parameters and gait symmetry, 67.7% of the subjects increased their gait velocity by more than 0.1 m/s calculated from the 10MWT, which is considered a clinically meaningful difference on short‐distance walks. The muscle activity patterns did not change while using the orthosis when comparing activation time and peak root mean square values.ConclusionsUse of a hinged soft knee orthosis to prevent genu recurvatum after stroke may be considered a viable option to alleviate excessive stress from the posterior soft tissues of the paretic knee and to prevent falls by restoring balance and confidence in the patient and by increasing swing knee flexion.
“A Nation Depends on Its Children”: School Buildings and Citizenship in England and Wales, 1900–1939
Authors: Hulme Tom 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCalls for a renewed sense of “good citizenship” in the early twentieth century were loud and persistent. Especially important in the citizenship quest was the creation of healthy and efficient children, cured of urban maladies and loyal to a wide notion of community. Such attributes were seen as vital in an economically and militarily competitive world. Historians have already examined the sorts of political and bodily education that arose from these concerns. This article instead looks at how the focus on the body and citizenship was realized in the actual processes of school building. From the medical discourses that underpinned the design of heating, lighting, and ventilation systems, to the emerging focus on the sensory environment of the classroom, the materiality of the school was essential to creating the “good citizen”—physically fit, economically productive, and loyal to the nation.
The “Political Thought” of the “Monarchical Republic of Elizabeth I,” Discovered and Anatomized
Authors: Lake Peter 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis paper uses two manuscript tracts to reconstruct the vision of the English polity underpinning Lord Burghley's interregnum proposals of 1584–85. These proposals famously prompted Patrick Collinson's work on “the monarchical republic of Elizabeth I,” which in turn became embroiled in subsequent attempts to recuperate distinctively “republican” strands of thought and feeling in sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century England. Written by two clients of central figures in the regime, the two texts are replies to a tract by John Leslie outlining Mary Stuart's claim to the English throne. This tract was republished in 1581 in Latin and then in 1584 in English as part of a Catholic propaganda offensive of the summer of 1584 to which, in turn, the Bond of Association and the interregnum scheme itself were responses. By comparing different versions of the two texts with one another and with Thomas Bilson's later printed tract,The true difference between Christian subjection and unchristian rebellion, something like the structuring assumptions, indeed the political thought, underlying the interregnum scheme can be recovered and analyzed and the republican nature of the monarchical republic assessed in detail for the first time.
The Early Medieval Antonine Wall
Authors: Maldonado Adrián 
Published: April 2015

AbstractArchaeological fieldwork in the Forth-Clyde isthmus has been dominated by the World Heritage Monument of the Antonine Wall, the Roman frontier built in the second centurya.d. Considerably less attention has been given to the evidence for post-Roman experience of the Wall and how it was remembered (and forgotten) in the subsequent centuries. This paper will briefly summarise historical notices of the Antonine Wall, then consider the archaeological and toponymic evidence for early medieval occupation. The role of the Forth-Clyde isthmus as a political frontier is shown to be less significant to our understanding of this period than the evidence for mobility, memory and the contested legacy of Rome in early medieval Scotland.
‘The wide and the narrow gate’: Benchmarking in the SCM Agreement after theCanada–Renewable Energy/FITRuling
Authors: RUBINI LUCA 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article discusses the future of benchmarking after theCanada–Renewable Energy/FITcase. This decision left us with bad law. Assuming that any momentous shift, especially in the current regulatory framework that does not provide for any express justification for good subsidies, is difficult, we speculate on what may lie ahead for future litigants and the dispute settlement. Either ‘a wide’ or ‘a narrow road’ can now be followed. After outlining the risks that a normalization and expansion of this ruling may pose (the ‘wide road’), we have responded to the call for clarification and narrowing of this case (the ‘narrow road’) and speculated on how this could be done. The EUAltmarkdecision of the European Court of Justice, which was certainly on the minds of the EU litigators and whose ethos the Appellate Body embraced by referring to the use of ‘price-discovery mechanisms’, has inspired the analysis. The exercise has, however, exposed many challenges and difficulties, many of them having already occurred in EU law. The amount of helpful clarification the WTO judicature could offer is thus limited, and would probably be restricted to taking the link between market definition and benchmarking seriously. This unsatisfactory conclusion leads to suggest, once again, law reform as the only solution to the current status quo.
Computational Modeling for Language Acquisition: A Tutorial With Syntactic Islands
Authors: Pearl Lisa S. , Sprouse Jon 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
Given the growing prominence of computational modeling in the acquisition research community, we present a tutorial on how to use computational modeling to investigate learning strategies that underlie the acquisition process. This is useful for understanding both typical and atypical linguistic development.

Method

We provide a general overview of why modeling can be a particularly informative tool and some general considerations when creating a computational acquisition model. We then review a concrete example of a computational acquisition model for complex structural knowledge referred to as
syntactic islands
. This includes an overview of syntactic islands knowledge, a precise definition of the acquisition task being modeled, the modeling results, and how to meaningfully interpret those results in a way that is relevant for questions about knowledge representation and the learning process.

Conclusions
Computational modeling is a powerful tool that can be used to understand linguistic development. The general approach presented here can be used to investigate any acquisition task and any learning strategy, provided both are precisely defined.
Convergent evolution toward an improved growth rate and a reduced resistance range inProchlorococcusstrains resistant to phage
Authors: Avrani Sarit , Lindell Debbie 
Published: April 2015

SignificanceHigh abundances of the important primary producing cyanobacterium,Prochlorococcus, and its parasitic phages, inhabit vast expanses of the world’s oceans. Their coexistence is facilitated by genetic diversity that has led to an assortment ofProchlorococcussubpopulations with differences in susceptibility and resistance to co-occurring phages. Here, we investigated the fate of recently emerging phage-resistantProchlorococcusstrains. We found that genetic diversification increases, as these strains evolve toward an improved growth rate and reduced resistance range, leading to phenotypes intermediary between the original susceptible and initial resistant strains. These findings suggest a continual increase in the combinatorial interactions betweenProchlorococcusand its phages and that the oceans are populated with rapidly growingProchlorococcuscells with varying degrees of phage resistance.
National Identity After Communism: Hungary’s Statue Park
Authors: deTar Matthew 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
This article analyzes the development of national identity and political ideology in Hungary’s Szoborpark (Statue Park), where resides a collection of Soviet-era statues relocated from the city streets and public squares of Budapest in 1993. Although a narrative of the Cold War and the theory of postcommunism enable understandings of the park as a decisive break with the past, this article argues that Statue Park constructs a more ambivalent sense of politics, identity, and history in Hungary. By showing that the park represents a number of conflicting and unresolved features of Hungarian national identity and politics, the article helps demonstrate the way that a sweeping historical narrative like the Cold War can produce inaccurate understandings of local political developments in post-Soviet countries.
Capture of the Canary mantle plume material by the Gibraltar arc mantle wedge during slab rollback
Authors: Mériaux C.A. , Duarte J.C. , Duarte S.S. , Schellart W.P. , Chen Z. , Rosas F. , Mata J. , Terrinha P. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that a portion of the Canary plume travelled northeastwards below the lithosphere of the Atlas Mountains in North Africa towards the Alboran domain and was captured ∼10 Ma ago by the Gibraltar subduction system in the Western Mediterranean. The capture would have been associated with the mantle return flow induced by the westward-retreating slab that would have dragged and trapped a portion of the plume material in the mantle wedge of the Gibraltar subduction zone. Such material eventually contaminated the subduction related volcanism in the Alboran region. In this work, we use scaled analogue models of slab–plume interaction to investigate the plausibility of the plume capture. An upper-mantle-scaled model combines a narrow (400 km) edge-fixed subduction plate with a laterally offset compositional plume. The subduction dominated by slab rollback and toroidal mantle flow is seen to increasingly impact on the plume dynamics as the area of influence of the toroidal flow cells at the surface is up to 500 × 1350 km2. While the plume head initially spreads axisymmetrically, it starts being distorted parallel to the plate in the direction of the trench as the slab trench approaches the plume edge at a separation distance of about 500 km, before getting dragged towards mantle wedge. When applied to the Canary plume–Gibraltar subduction system, our model supports the observationally based conceptual model that mantle plume material may have been dragged towards the mantle wedge by slab rollback-induced toroidal mantle flow. Using a scaling argument for the spreading of a gravity current within a channel, we also show that more than 1500 km of plume propagation in the sublithospheric Atlas corridor is dynamically plausible.
Teaching Chest Ultrasound in an Experimental Porcine Model
Authors: Sanchez-de-Toledo Joan , Renter-Valdovinos Luis , Esteves Marielle , Fonseca Carla , Villaverde Ivan , Rosal Marta 
Published: April 2015

Objective
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a short hands-on chest ultrasound course to detect normal lung pattern, pneumothorax (PTX), and pleural effusion (PE) in a porcine animal model.

Methods
Thirty-six trainees with no previous experience in chest ultrasound participated in the study. A 1.5-hour training course covering both theory and practice was developed. All static and dynamic signs of the normal lung parenchyma, PTX, and PE were analyzed. Four pigs were used. Approval by the local institutional animal care was obtained. An 8F drainage catheter was inserted into the pleural cavity under general anesthesia for injection of air or saline solution. A Vivid Q ultrasound with a 12L-RS linear probe was used. A baseline preintervention evaluation and 2 postintervention evaluations (one after theoretical class and the other after additional training with the animal model) were made. Sensitivity and specificity with the 95% confidence interval for recognition of the 3 patterns were analyzed, and results were compared with those obtained in the preintervention evaluation.

Results
All normal lung signs were detected, as these were signs of PE and PTX. Participants were able to diagnose a normal pattern (sensitivity, 100% [90%–100%]; specificity, 90% [84%–95%]), PE (sensitivity, 89% [75%–95%]; specificity, 95% [89%–98%]), and PTX (sensitivity, 82% [72%–89%]; specificity, 97% [90%–99%]) after 30 minutes of class and normal pattern (sensitivity, 95% [85%–98%]; specificity, 95% [85%–98%]), PE (sensitivity, 100% [88%–100%]; specificity, 98% [94%–99%]), and PTX (sensitivity, 90% [73%–96%]; specificity, 98% [92%–99%]) in the animal model.

Conclusions
The porcine model is useful for ultrasound examination of the lung parenchyma and detection of pleural disease. Its use in the experimental laboratory is a major refinement that enables trainees to identify acute pulmonary complications.