bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hematoma Volume Measurement in Gradient Echo MRI Using Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping
Authors: Wang Shuo , Lou Min , Liu Tian , Cui Deqi , Chen Xiaomei , Wang Yi 
Published: May 2013

Background and Purpose—
A novel quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) processing technology has been developed to map tissue susceptibility property without blooming artifacts. We hypothesize that hematoma volume measurement on QSM is independent of imaging parameters, eliminating its echo time dependence on gradient echo MRI.

Methods—

Gradient echo MRI of 16 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage was processed with susceptibility-weighted imaging,
R
2
* (=1/T2*) mapping, and QSM at various echo times. Hematoma volumes were measured from these images.

Results—

Linear regression of hematoma volume versus echo time showed substantial slopes for gradient echo magnitude (0.45±0.31 L/s), susceptibility-weighted imaging (0.52±0.46), and
R
2
* (0.39±0.30) but nearly zero slope for QSM (0.01±0.05). At echo time=20 ms, hematoma volume on QSM was 0.80× that on gradient echo magnitude image (
R
2
=0.99).

Conclusions—
QSM can provide reliable measurement of hematoma volume, which can be performed rapidly and accurately using a semiautomated segmentation tool.
The Rules of Matn Criticism: There Are No Rules
Authors: Brown Jonathan A.C. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn an effort to avoid the subjectivity of individual reason, Sunni Islam elaborated a method of hadīth criticism that subordinated evaluating the meaning of a report to an examination of its chain of transmission. With the fourth/tenth-century epistemological compromise of Ash'arism, however, Sunni hadīth scholars adopted rationalist criteria of content criticism that included explicit rules for rejecting hadīths because of their meaning. This resulted in a strong internal tension within Sunni hadīth criticism from the fifth/eleventh century onwards, with one and the same scholar upholding rigid rules of content criticism but not employing them or even rejecting them in application. The inherent subjectivity of content criticism resulted in different Muslim scholars either rejecting or affirming the same hadīths. Some scholars were much more inclined to reject a hadīth out of hand because of its meaning, while others were willing to extend a hadīth more interpretive charity. The tension created by the subjectivity of content criticism emerged in unprecedented relief in the modern period, when 'science' and modern social norms presented an unmatched challenge to the interpretive awe in which pre-modern (and Traditionalist scholars today) held attributions to the Prophet.
Quantifying the Local Economic Growth Impact of Hurricane Strikes: An Analysis from Outer Space for the Caribbean
Authors: Bertinelli Luisito , Strobl Eric 
Published: May 2013

AbstractStudies of the impact of hurricanes on economic activity typically are restricted to a very aggregate level of analysis because of the lack of spatially disaggregated data. In this paper nightlight satellite imagery is employed as a measure of local economic activity in conjunction with a local proxy for potential hurricane destruction generated from a wind field model to statistically assess the impact of hurricane strikes on local economic growth. The regression results suggest that on average hurricane strikes reduce income growth by around 1.5% at the local level, with no effect beyond the year of the strike. This estimated impact from localized data is more than 2 times that implied by aggregate analyses.
Impact of Environmental Instability on Convective Precipitation Uncertainty Associated with the Nature of the Rimed Ice Species in a Bulk Microphysics Scheme
Authors: Van Weverberg Kwinten 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Despite a number of studies dedicated to the sensitivity of deep convection simulations to the properties of the rimed ice species in microphysics schemes, no consensus has been achieved on the nature of the impact. Considering the need for improved quantitative precipitation forecasts, it is crucial that the cloud modeling community better understands the reasons for these differing conclusions and knows the relevance of these sensitivities for the numerical weather prediction. This study examines the role of environmental conditions and storm type on the sensitivity of precipitation simulations to the nature of the rimed ice species (graupel or hail). Idealized 3D simulations of supercells/multicells and squall lines have been performed in varying thermodynamic environments. It has been shown that for simulation periods of sufficient length (&gt;2 h), graupel-containing and hail-containing storms produce domain-averaged surface precipitation that is more similar than many earlier studies suggest. While graupel is lofted to higher altitudes and has a longer residence time aloft than hail, these simulations suggest that most of this graupel eventually reaches the surface and the surface precipitation rates of hail- and graupel-containing storms converge. However, environmental conditions play an important role in the magnitude of this sensitivity. Storms in large-CAPE environments (typical of storms in the U.S. Midwest) are more sensitive than their low-CAPE counterparts (typical of storms in Europe) to the nature of the rimed ice species in terms of domain-average surface precipitation. Supercells/multicells are more sensitive than squall lines to the nature of the rimed ice species in terms of spatial precipitation distribution and peak precipitation, disregarding of the amount of CAPE.
Evaluation of Various Surface Wind Products with OceanSITES Buoy Measurements
Authors: Peng Ge , Zhang Huai-Min , Frank Helmut P. , Bidlot Jean-Raymond , Higaki Masakazu , Stevens Scott , Hankins William R. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
To facilitate evaluation and monitoring of numerical weather prediction model forecasts and satellite-based products against high-quality in situ observations, a data repository for collocated model forecasts, a satellite product, and in situ observations has been created under the support of various World Climate Research Program (WCRP) working groups. Daily measurements from 11 OceanSITES buoys are used as the reference dataset to evaluate five ocean surface wind products (three short-range forecasts, one reanalysis, and one satellite based) over a 1-yr intensive analysis period, using the WCRP community weather prediction model evaluation metrics. All five wind products correlate well with the buoy winds with correlations above 0.76 for all 11 buoy stations except the meridional wind at four stations, where the satellite and model performances are weakest in estimating the meridional wind (or wind direction). The reanalysis has higher cross-correlation coefficients (above 0.83) and smaller root-mean-square (RMS) errors than others. The satellite wind shows larger variability than that observed by buoys; contrarily, the models underestimate the variability. For the zonal and meridional winds, although the magnitude of biases averaged over all the stations are mostly &lt;0.12 m s−1 for each product, the magnitude of biases at individual stations can be &gt;1.2 m s−1, confirming the need for regional/site analysis when characterizing any wind product. On wind direction, systematic negative (positive) biases are found in the central (east central) Pacific Ocean. Wind speed and direction errors could induce erroneous ocean currents and states from ocean models driven by these products. The deficiencies revealed here are useful for product and model improvement.
Rasch analysis of the SAMHSA Recovery Inventory for Chinese (SAMHSA-RIC)
Authors: Chiu Marcus Yu Lung , Wong Frank Ho Ting , Ho Winnie Wing Nan 
Published: May 2013

Aims: To generate a short version of a newly developed inventory that adopted the conceptual framework of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) consensus statement on recovery. Methods: Through Rasch analysis, this paper presents how this recovery inventory (SAMHSA-RIC), with its original 111 items, can be reduced to a much shorter version with only 41 items. Results: Although internal consistency is slightly lowered because of item reduction, the short version maintains satisfactory and significant correlations with quality of life measures. Overall, the canonical correlation between the scale and WHOQOL-BREF was virtually the same, with only a 0.2% decrease. Conclusions: SAMHSA-RIC (short version) has strong potential to become a general tool for evaluating rehabilitative services for persons with persistent and severe mental illness. A validation study of the short version with clinical samples is warranted.
Pathways to psychiatric care of patients from rural regions: A general-hospital-based study
Authors: Li Xuemei , Zhang Weijun , Lin Yan , Zhang Xiulan , Qu Zhiyong , Wang Xiaohua , Zhang Yurong , Xu Huiwen , Zhao Shuliang , Li Yafang , Tian Donghua 
Published: May 2013

Background: Pathway studies highlight the help-seeking behaviours of patients with physical and mental illness. A number of these studies have been completed in other countries, but there have been few reports from China. Therefore, this study was planned to explore the characteristics of the help-seeking pathways of patients with mental illness from rural regions of China through the mental health professionals and treatment at the General Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army (PLAGH). Methods: The pathway diagrams were documented for 203 subjects with various mental disorders using the translated version of the World Health Organization (WHO) pathway encounter form. The patterns of help-seeking and durations were analysed, and the χ2 test and Mann-Whitney U test were employed as needed. Results: On average, each patient consulted 3.6 caregivers. The vast majority of patients first visited local secondary general hospitals (SGHs) (35.5%, χ2 = 41.93, p < .0001) or local tertiary general hospitals (TGHs) (32%, χ2 = 36.21, p < .0001); however, 75.4% of them had not received professional diagnosis and treatment. The patients who first contacted the psychiatric service, finally reached the PLAGH, because of poor treatment or the high cost of medical care. Conclusion: The subjects first seek the help of various sources before attending PLAGH due to a lack of awareness of the treatment services and the fear of the stigma associated with mental disorders. The primary care, even the local general hospital, did not act as a gatekeeper to psychiatric services.
Reflecting the context of MPA education in the time of economic crisis in public sectors in Britain and the Netherlands
Authors: Oldfield Chrissie , Berg Mireille van den 
Published: May 2013

The reality of the economic crisis and subsequent cuts in public sector funding in some European countries means that the context for public management education is significantly changing. In a period of economic constraint there is the obvious questioning of the cost of public management education programmes and even more of their relevance and academic content. As a consequence of this, there are not only practical challenges for the survival of public management masters programmes during a harsh economic period, but also the challenge for content to remain relevant to the changing environment, and the question of whether they remain a priority not only for those considering taking these courses, but also for those potentially funding and supporting them. Significant cuts to public sector funding have been compounded by a further crisis across many European public sectors and with that the stark reality of both job losses and losses in public service provision. In such a climate there is obvious questioning of the need, and support, for specific public management academic programmes. This article looks at the challenges facing public management education programmes in the UK and The Netherlands, as these two countries are undergoing similar periods of economic restraint in public sector funding and where the requirement for public management education is under scrutiny It argues the need for specific public management programmes despite the blurring of traditional public–private sector divides, and maintains that public management programmes are not only necessary but should continue in order to provide new students and continuing managers with the relevant skills, academic theory and new knowledge needed to manage in contemporary public management. It further argues that public management programmes need to be revised in order to retain their credibility and enable the new type of public manager to be able to manage people and service provision across sectors and in unfamiliar situations. It looks at the current economic crisis in the UK and The Netherlands and attempts to show ways in which public management programmes can adapt by looking at examples to changes to courses in these countries
Living with breathlessness: A survey of caregivers of breathless patients with lung cancer or heart failure
Authors: Malik Farida A , Gysels Marjolein , Higginson Irene J 
Published: May 2013

Background: Breathlessness is a common, distressing symptom in patients with advanced disease. With increasing focus on home death for patients, carers are expected to support breathless people at home. Little is known about how carers experience breathlessness and the differences in caring for someone with breathlessness and malignant or non-malignant disease. Aim: To compare experiences of caring for a breathless patient with lung cancer versus those with heart failure and to examine factors associated with caregiver burden and positive caring experiences. Design: Cross-sectional survey of caregivers of breathless patients. Setting/participants: Participants were recruited from two London hospitals. Inclusion criteria: caregivers of patients with breathlessness and heart failure or lung cancer. Measures included self-completion of Short Form version of Zarit Burden Interview, a ‘positive caring experiences’ scale and Palliative Care Outcome Scale. We compared caregiver reports between heart failure and lung cancer. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine factors related to burden and positive caring experiences. Results: In total, 51 heart failure and 50 lung cancer caregivers were recruited. Most were spouses (72%) and women (80%). Severity of patient breathlessness was similar in both groups. Caregiver concerns were mostly similar across conditions. Higher burden was associated with poorer ‘quality of patient care’ and worse carer psychological health ( R2 = 0.37, F = 12.2, p = 0.01). Caregiver depression and looking after more breathless patients were associated with fewer positive caring experiences ( R2 = 0.15, F = 4.4, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Those who care for breathless patients report high levels of unmet needs and burden, equally severe for heart failure and lung cancer caregivers. Caregivers of patients with more severe breathlessness report fewer positive caring experiences and should be targeted by services with increased support in managing this symptom.
How many people need palliative care? A study developing and comparing methods for population-based estimates
Authors: Murtagh Fliss EM , Bausewein Claudia , Verne Julia , Groeneveld E Iris , Kaloki Yvonne E , Higginson Irene J 
Published: May 2013

Background: Understanding the need for palliative care is essential in planning services. Aim: To refine existing methods of estimating population-based need for palliative care and to compare these methods to better inform their use. Design: (1) Refinement of existing population-based methods, based on the views of an expert panel, and (2) application/comparison of existing and refined approaches in an example dataset. Existing methods vary in approach and in data sources. (a) Higginson used cause of death/symptom prevalence, and using pain prevalence, estimates that 60.28% (95% confidence interval = 60.20%–60.36%) of all deaths need palliative care, (b) Rosenwax used the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems–10th Revision ( ICD-10) causes of death/hospital-use data, and estimates that 37.01% (95% confidence interval = 36.94%–37.07%) to 96.61% (95% confidence interval = 96.58%–96.64%) of deaths need palliative care, and (c) Gómez-Batiste used percentage of deaths plus chronic disease data, and estimates that 75% of deaths need palliative care. Setting/participants: All deaths in England, January 2006–December 2008, using linked mortality and hospital episode data. Results: Expert panel review identified changing practice (e.g. extension of palliative care to more non-cancer conditions), changing patterns of hospital/home care and multiple, rather than single, causes of death as important. We therefore refined methods (using updated ICD-10 causes of death, underlying/contributory causes, and hospital use) to estimate a minimum of 63.03% (95% confidence interval = 62.95%–63.11%) of all deaths needing palliative care, with lower and upper mid-range estimates between 69.10% (95% confidence interval = 69.02%–69.17%) and 81.87% (95% confidence interval = 81.81%–81.93%). Conclusions: Death registration data using both underlying and contributory causes can give reliable estimates of the population-based need for palliative care, without needing symptom or hospital activity data. In high-income countries, 69%–82% of those who die need palliative care.
Decreased expression of microRNA-206 in breast cancer and its association with disease characteristics and patient survival
Authors: Li Yuyang , Hong Fanzhen , Yu Zhigang 
Published: May 2013

Objectives MicroRNA-206 (miR-206) is downregulated in many human malignancies, which correlates with tumour progression. This study characterized the contribution of miR-206 to the initiation and progression of human breast cancer. Methods Consecutive primary breast cancer patients who received radical resection were enrolled. Breast cancer tissue samples were obtained during surgery. MiR-206 levels in matched pairs of cancer tissue and normal adjacent tissue (NAT) samples were examined using quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. The relationship between miR-206 levels and clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival was also investigated. Results In 128 patients with breast cancer, miR-206 was downregulated in 119 (93%) tumour tissue compared with their matched NAT samples. Decreased miR-206 was significantly associated with advanced clinical stage and lymph node metastasis. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis revealed that a low miR-206 level was an unfavourable prognostic factor for overall survival, in patients with breast cancer. Conclusions This study indicated that miR-206 may be a good candidate as a novel prognostic indicator in breast cancer patients.
Liver radiofrequency ablation compromises the biological gut barrier
Authors: Ypsilantis P , Lambropoulou M , Kourkoutas I , Pechlivanis A , Simopoulos C 
Published: May 2013

Aim: Liver radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been shown to disrupt the mechanical component of the gut barrier. The aim of the present study was to investigate the consequences of liver RFA on the biological gut barrier in terms of the effects of bile production rate and bowel inflammatory state on intestinal microflora balance. Method: A total of 25 New Zealand rabbits were assigned to five groups ( n = 5 per group): group CBD: subjected to common bile duct (CBD) extracorporeal bypass; group CBD-RFA: subjected to CBD bypass plus one session of open liver RFA; group RFA: subjected to liver RFA; group sham: subjected to sham operation; and group TBD: subjected to total bile deviation (TBD). In groups CBD and CBD-RFA, bile production rate was assessed for 48 h. In groups sham and RFA, measurement of biliary glycine conjugates of cholic and deoxycholic acid levels, histopathologic examination of the non-ablated liver tissue, morphometric analysis, and histopathologic examination of the terminal ileum and microbiological analysis of fecal and tissue samples collected from the jejunum and the cecum (and in group TBD) were performed at 48 h post-operation. Results: One session of liver RFA resulted in ablation of 18.7 ± 2.7% of liver weight. Following liver RFA, bile production rate was reduced, while the levels of biliary bile salts were not affected. There was mild injury of the non-ablated liver parenchyma, mild intestinal wall inflammation, intestinal mucosa atrophy, and intestinal microbial population overgrowth. Conclusion: Reduced in bile production and mild bowel inflammation secondary to liver RFA impaired the biological gut barrier as manifested by intestinal microflora imbalance.
Metabolism of the environmental toxicant benzo(a)pyrene by subcellular fractions of human ovary
Authors: Rekhadevi P V , Diggs D L , Huderson A C , Harris K L , Archibong A E , Ramesh A 
Published: May 2013

Knowledge of the ability of the female reproductive system to metabolize environmental chemicals is critical not only from the standpoint of toxicity but also from infertility risk assessment. Benzo( a)pyrene (BaP) is a toxicant that is released into the environment from automobile exhausts, cigarette smoke, burning of refuse, industrial emissions, and hazardous waste sites. In exposed animals, BaP becomes activated to reactive metabolites that interfere with target organ function and as a consequence cause toxicity. Studies on animal models conducted in our laboratories and those of others have shown that BaP possess endocrine disrupting properties. Thus, this chemical has the potential to cause infertility and cancers in the female genital tract. An understanding of BaP metabolism in the female reproductive system will be of importance in the diagnosis and management of female fertility as well as cancers in the reproductive tissues. Therefore, the objective of our study was to examine the metabolism of BaP by human ovarian subcellular fractions. Human ovary samples (eight individuals) were obtained from postoperative tissue removed from subjects with uterine tumors. Subcellular fractions (nuclear, cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal) were prepared by differential centrifugation. BaP (1 μM and 3 μM) was individually incubated with individual subcellular fractions for 15 min and the products were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Among the different fractions tested, microsomal BaP metabolism was higher than the rest of the fractions. The BaP metabolites identified were as follows: BaP-9,10-diol, BaP-4,5-diol, BaP-7,8-diol, 9(OH) BaP, 3(OH) BaP, BaP-1,6-dione, BaP-3,6-dione, and BaP-6,12-dione. Of interest was the presence of DNA-reactive metabolites such as BaP-3,6-dione, BaP-6,12-dione, and BaP 7,8-diol, which have been implicated in the causation of infertility and cancer. Our results indicate that women who are exposed to BaP via cigarette smoke, occupational settings, and diet are more likely at a larger risk of this toxicant-induced infertility and cancer than others.
Macroeconomic policy challenges in the Asian century
Authors: Henry Ken 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis is an edited version of a lecture by economist and former Australian Treasury Secretary (2001–2011) Dr Ken Henry, delivered at a Colloquium in honour of Professor J.W. Nevile, held at the University of New South Wales on 10 October 2012. Taking a practitioner’s perspective, the article surveys the management of the Australian economy from the 1970s to the present, with a focus on the reasons Australia escaped the global financial crisis of 2008 and the lessons for macroeconomic policymakers to be drawn from that experience. The author concludes that macroeconomic policy practitioners have to think deeply about microeconomic connections and the potency of different instruments in addressing shocks with different sources. They also have to deal with considerable uncertainty. The global financial crisis demonstrated forcefully that there is no separation between macroeconomics, financial system stability, prudential regulation, micro-level incentive structures and market efficiency.