bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initiation and Multiplication of Petunia Explants (Petunia hybrida L.) in Vitro Propagation
Authors: Kamal Taban Falah , Al-saad Kefaia Ghazi , Noori Ali Mohammed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Plant Cells and Tissue Culture of the Horticulture and Landscaping Design Department/College of Agriculture/University of Kirkuk-Iraq, to study micropropagation of Petunia plant (Petunia hybrida L.), different plant parts (Explants) were used (shoot tips and nodes) from petunia plants grown in the Agricultural Research and Experiments Station Al-Sayada. The explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with Benzyl adenine at (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) mg.l-1 and Kinetin at (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0) mg.l-1 at initiation and multiplication stages, Data refers highest response (100%) were obtained from all treatments of BA and Kin under study at initiation stage. highest number of branches, Length of the longest branch, total leaves number,(3.00 branches.part-1, 3.15cm, 31.40 leaves.plantlet-1) respectively obtained from culture on MS medium supplemented with BA at 1.0 mg.l-1, while the best rate of leaves number/longest branch 14.87 leaves.branch.-1 at 1.5 mg.l-1. While in multiplication stage after 8 weeks, number of branches and number of leaves/longest branch (8.25 branches.part-1, and 31.37 leaves.branch-1) respectively were obtained from culture on medium supplemented with BA at 1.5 mg.L-1. Length of the longest branch and total leaves number (5.27cm and 52.90 leaves.plantlet-1) respectively were obtained from culture on medium at 1.0 mg.L-1. Moreover, the highest number of branches, Length of the longest branch, total leaves number, and number of leaves/longest branch (3.25 branches.part-1, 23.00 leaves.plantlet-1, and 15.75 leaves.branch-1) respectively obtained from culture on MS medium supplemented with Kin at (6.0) mg.L-1 at initiation stage, while Length of the longest branch 3.11 cm were obtained by Kin at 4.0 mg.L-1. For the multiplication stage, the rates were (4.00 branches.part-1, 34.33 leaves.plantlet-1, and 19.66 leaves. branch-1) respectively obtained from Kin at 4.0 mg.L-1, while Length of the longest branch (4.12cm were obtained from culture on medium supplemented with Kin at 2.0 mg.L-1.
The Effect of Spraying with Nano-Iron Oxide and Adding Potassium on the Growth and Flowering of Baby Rose Plants Rose pygmaea L.
Authors: Mahmood Mahmood K. , Ahmed Mohamed A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This research was conducted within the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering at Tikrit University’s College of Agriculture, throughout the agricultural season of 2022-2023. The primary objective was to investigate the impact of nano-iron oxide spraying and the addition of potassium on the growth and flowering dynamics of the baby rose species, Rose Pygmaea L. The experimental design involved two key factors: the first factor encompassed the application of iron oxide nanoparticles at three distinct concentrations (0, 50, 100 mg L-1), while the second factor involved the application of potassium fertilizer at four different concentrations (0, 1, 3, 5 mg L-1). The experimental layout adhered to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with each treatment replicated three times to ensure statistical robustness and reliability of the findings. The outcomes of the study are succinctly presented as follows. The Fe3 treatment, involving the application of nano-iron oxide at a concentration of (100) mg L-1, exhibited remarkable superiority by yielding the highest values for various parameters, including plant height (36.434 cm plant-1), leaf area (473.65 cm plant-1), plant content of total chlorophyll (32.524 mg gm-1 fresh weight), number of flowers (3.672 flowers per plant-1), flower age (20.143 days per plant-1), and flower diameter (30.773 mm per plant-1). These values significantly surpassed the corresponding characteristics observed in the comparison treatment. Similarly, the K4 treatment, involving the addition of potassium fertilizer at a concentration of (5) gm L-1, demonstrated significant differences in the aforementioned attributes, achieving values such as 38.372 cm plant-1 for plant height, 480.81 cm plant-1 for leaf area, 33.971 mg gm-1 fresh weight for total chlorophyll content, 3.533 flowers per plant-1, 20.830 days for flower age, and 31.436 mm per plant-1 for flower diameter. Furthermore, the combined Fe3K4 intervention treatment, which included the simultaneous application of nano-iron oxide (100 mg L-1) and potassium (5 g L-1), showcased notable effects on the growth and flowering characteristics of the baby rose. gave a significant superiority in the above-mentioned characteristics by giving the highest rates and amounted to 41.287 cm plant-1, 617.33 cm plant-1, 36.093 mg gm-1 fresh weight, 4.456 flowers per plant-1, 23.963 days, 35.317 mm per plant-1, respectively, compared to the control treatment, and the percentage increase between the intervention treatment was 74.94%, 136.87%, 56.36%, 210.30%, 158.13%, and 61.87%, respectively.
Improving Vegetative Growth and Mineral Content of Mandarin Saplings (Citrus reticulata Blanko) cv. Clementine through Foliar Spray of Ascorbic Acid and Putrescine
Authors: Hilal Taghreed Ali , Al-Falahy Thamer H. R. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the lath house of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening affiliated to the College of Agriculture and Landscape Gardening – University of Anbar for the period from April 2023 to December 2023 to investigate the effect of antioxidant (Ascorbic Acid) and polyamine (Putrescine) on some vegetative traits and leaf mineral content of mandarin saplings cv. Clementine. Ascorbic acid sprayed at four levels,0(spraying with water only),300, 600 and 900 mg L-1 and Putrescine was sprayed at three levels,0(spraying with water only), 75 and 150mg L-1, foliar application with ascorbic acid (900 mg.l-1) and putrescine(150 mg.l-1) had a significant effect on most of the vegetative traits and increased mineral content, i.e. (N, P and K) compared with the least value at control, on the same context, the combination between the studied factors have the same effect on individual factors,(ascorbic acid with concentration 900 mg.l-1+ Putrescine at concentration 150 mg.l-1).
The Role of Amino Acid (Arginine) and Humic Substances in the Growth Traits and Chemical Content of Carissa carandas L. plants
Authors: Hamed Sarah SA. , Ahmed Mahmood SH. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted in one of the greenhouses of the College of Agriculture / University of Anbar, to study the effect of adding humic substance and spraying with arginine on the vegetative and root growth of the Carissa plant. The experiment included two factors: the first factor was the humic substance at four concentrations, which are 0, 1, 2, 3 milligrams per liter, and the second factor was the amino acid arginine at three concentrations, 6, 3, 0 milligrams per liter. The experiment was designed using a Randomized Completely Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replications and 3 pots for each experimental unit, with each block consisting of 12 treatments and a total of 108 pots for all blocks. The results of the study summarized the presence of a significant increase in the interaction treatment between arginine at a concentration of 6 milligrams per liter and humic substance at a concentration of 3 milligrams per liter in the rate of surface area, the rate of increase in the number of branches, secondary branch diameter, phosphorus and potassium ratio to nitrogen, relative content in the leaves, reaching 1.343 cm2, 11.333 branches plant-1, 12.000 mm, 0.343%, 1.863%, and 1.390 mg g-1 respectively. Whereas, the control treatment exhibited the lowest rates in all of the aforementioned traits.
Changes in Amino Acid Accumulation and Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Concentrations in Leaves of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Seedlings Exposed to UV Light Stress
Authors: Swaid Sajeda Y. , Ali Abdulminam H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Human activities have resulted in air pollution, which has reduced the ozone layer. The increased exposure of the Earth’s surface to the harmful ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation has affected plants, such as date palm, retarding their growth, productivity and photosynthesis. This study aimed to determine how UV-B radiation influences changes in amino acid and nutrients N, P, and K (NPK) content in date palm leaves. Amino acids in germinated seeds subjected to various UV-B doses were quantified, and NPK analysis was performed. Results demonstrated the considerable effects of UV-B radiation on these parameters. Prolonged exposure to UV-B radiation resulted in high amino acid levels, which peaked at 8, 10 h of exposure, and the lowest values were observed after control treatment. The peak in N concentration was recorded after 4 h of exposure and declined at after 8,10 h of exposure. The levels of P increased after 2,4 h of irradiation and decreased after 6, 8 h. By contrast, K content greatly increased after 4 h of UV irradiation and slightly increased after 6,10 h of irradiation. Overall, the amino acid content of the date palm seedlings increased after 6,8 h of exposure to UV-B rays, and NPK levels initially increased after 2, 4 h of UV-B irradiation but decreased after 6,10 h of UV-B irradiation.
Leaf Area Index Estimated of Pine Stand Using Remote Sensing
Authors: Mohammed Ali Maan Bashar Shekho , Al-Bek Muzahim Saeed , Al-Allaf Muhammad Younis 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted on naturally growing pine trees in Dohuk Governorate, northern Iraq, to estimate the leaf area index using remote sensing techniques and also identify changes in forest tree cover and monitor them by foresters to make decisions towards sustainability. I took ground field data during the year 2022m from (30) Sample, measurements were taken of the height and diameter at breast height for each sample, as well as the height of the center of the crown and the number of trees. A function tree was chosen to represent the trees of the sample, along with calculating the number of branches for this tree. The wet weight of the leaves was also taken to calculate the average branch length for each of the three layers of the tree. The samples were dried until the weight was stable, and then the surface area of (150) sample leaves was estimated, and from there, the leaf area index was estimated. Vegetation cover indicators were also calculated by using a satellite data source derived from the Sentinel-2 satellite and calculating the equations for these indicators using (ArcGIS) program, so the paper area guide was prepared based on these indicators by preparing the following equations: (1) Estimating the area index as a function of the Natural Differences Vegetation Index (NDVI) : LAI = 2.40159-34.6505*NDVI + 159.204*NDVI2. (2) Leaf area index as a function of the percentage vegetation index (RVI) : LAI = -0.598472 + 1.13841*RVI. (3) Leaf area index as a function of the Green Natural Differences Index (GNDVI) : LAI = -0.99298 + 10.1345*GNDVI.
Effect of Plant Density and Ethephon Spraying on some Growth Traits of the Sunflower (Helianthus aannus L.) (Shamos variety)
Authors: Abbas Mohammed Altefat , Mohsen Almughir Hayder Abdul Hussain 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The field experiment was carried out during the spring season (2023), to study the effect of plant density, spraying with ethephon, and their interaction on the growth of sunflower (Shamous variety). The experiment was applied using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D), according to the split plot design with three replicates. The main plots included four levels of ethephon (0, 600, 1200, and 1800 ppm), which has the symbol E0, E1, E2 and E3 respectively. The Sub Plot included four planting distances (20, 30, 40, and 50 cm) among plants, which were symbolized as D1, D2, D3, and D4, respectively. The results showed a significant effect among planting distances, the distance of 20 cm between plants in D1 achieved the highest average plant height (209.33 cm) and the area index (3.70), while D4, was the highest average leaf area (8990.08 cm2) and the leaves number (30.70 leaves plant-1). The level of ethephon E3, was a high average of leaves No. (28.80 leaves plant-1), the leaf area (7394.66 cm2), and leaf area index (2.95), while the E0 level gave the highest average for plant height (203.25 cm).
Effect of Spraying Ascorbic Acid on Growth and Yield of Soybean Plant Affected by Irrigation Interval
Authors: Hammad Ahmed Jappar , Ali Imad M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In order to determine the impact of ascorbic acid spraying, extent to which the soybean crop was impacted by the irrigation interval, and possible effects of this on certain growth and yield characteristics, a field experiment was conducted in the summer of 2023 at the College of Agriculture research station in the Al-Bu’itha area, Anbar Governorate. The study utilized a split-plot design utilizing a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plots of the experiment included irrigation intervals of 4, 8, and 12 days, while the sub-plots included ascorbic acid spray concentrations of 0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg L-1. According to the results ascorbic acid concentration of 2000 mg L-1 exceeded the highest average in terms of plant height and leaf area, achieving measurements of 63.33 cm and 35.08 cm2 plant-1, respectively, in contrast ascorbic acid concentration of 3000 mg L-1 recorded the highest average in terms of dry weight, number of pods and number of seed per pods, as it provided 77.20 gm, 147.26 pod plant-1, and 2.39 seed pod-1, in that order. About the irrigation interval, the 4 day interval produced the best results in terms of plant height, leaf area, dry weight, number of pods, number of seeds per pod, and seed yield; in that order, they produced the following: 77.02 cm, 42.21 cm2 plant-1, 89.46 gm plant-1, 163.11 pod plant-1, 2.55 seed pod-1, and 3.39 kg h-1.
Response of Several Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Cultivars to Foliar Potassium Application on Growth Traits
Authors: Shiaa Harith H. , Ajaj Hamid A. Q. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in the summer season of 2023 at the Hamidhia Research Station of the College of Agriculture - University of Anbar at latitude and longitude (33.45, 43.38). With aim to study the growth traits of four sesame cultivars under the influence of potassium fertilizer spraying. The experiment was implemented using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split-plot arrangement and three replications. The potassium concentrations (0, 2000, 4000, 6000) mg L-1applied as foliar s applications, allocated to the main plots while the cultivars (Wada’a, Black Malaysian, Magnali 53, Golmarmuros) occupied the sub-plot. The results demonstrated that the Magnali 53 cultivar excelled in plant height (157.87 cm), branch number (6.98 branches per plant), chlorophyll index (55.51 SPAD), leaf area (6853 cm2 per plant), and leaf area index (5.47). On the other hand, the Wada’a cultivar showed superiority in days to flowering with 37.33 days. The concentration of 4000 mg L-1 yielded the highest averages plant height (166.50 cm), branch number (6.08 branches plant-1), chlorophyll index (55.79 SPAD), leaf area (7091 cm2 plant-1), and leaf area index (5.66). The results indicated the significance of the interaction between potassium application concentrations and cultivars in plant height, chlorophyll content, leaf area, and its index.
Effect of some Elements of Integrated Weed Management on the Yield and Its Component of the Sunflower
Authors: Al-Munaim Al-Jourani Ahmed Yahia Abd , Hammood Watheq Falhi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in the field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during the spring season of 2021, aiming to study the effect of Datura root extract and the herbicide Trifluralin on the weeds accompanying the sunflower (Flami variety) and the crop yield and its components. The experiment was implemented based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. The distances between the lines (60, 75, and 90) cm represented the main plots, and the subplots were the weed control treatments, involving 1-treatment of spray with Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha-1(T1), 2- treatment of spray with Datura root extract at 18 l.ha-1 (T2), 3- treatment of spray with Trifluralin at 1.2 L.ha-1 + spray with Datura root extract at 9 L.ha-1 (T3), and 4- the weedy treatment (T4). The distance of 60 cm showed the lowest average density of the weeds accompanying the plant, recording 16.58 plants.m-2, and it recorded the highest values of the weed control percentage (63.12%) after 30 days of sequential planting, seed yield (5.242 t.ha-1), and oil yield (1.711 t.ha-1). The distance of 90 cm achieved the highest values of the disc diameter (18.66 cm), the number of seeds per disc (1232.0), and 1000 seed weight (89.95 g). Treatment T1 of spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha-1 achieved the lowest weed density (8.89 plants.m-2). It also recorded the highest values of the percentage of weed control (82.00%) after 30 days of planting, disc diameter (18.50 cm), number of seeds per disc (1289.0 seeds.disc-1), 1000- seeds weight (87.40 g), seed yield (5.744 t.ha-1), and oil yield (2.232 t.ha-1). The interaction between the two study factors significantly affected most of the traits under study. The interaction treatment between the distance of 60 cm and the treatment T1 achieved the lowest number of weeds, reaching 5.00 plants.m-2, the highest percentage of weed control, reaching 88.55% after 30 days of spray, and the highest seed yield of 6.553 t.ha-1. The interaction between the distance of 90 cm and the treatment T3 achieved high averages for the disc diameter (20.47 cm), number of seeds per disc (1466.1 seeds.disc-1), and 1000 seed weight (105.93 g). The results confirm the integration between the effect of the distance between the rows, the herbicide, and the extract in improving these traits.
The Performance of Ten Flax Genotypes under Planting Distances Between Lines Linum usitatissmum L.
Authors: Mohammed Mohammed Ibrahim , Hasan Hatem Mohammed , Hamada Tariq Hussein 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this study, a factor experiment was used, including ten genetic structures of flax at three distances between the lines, carried out by designing complete random sectors with three repetitions to study the growth characteristics, the yield, and its components, the results showed that the third distance exceeds (40) cm in most traits, including the stem diameter, which reached 2.69 mm, the number of secondary branches 8.97, the number of seeds in the capsule 43.00, the seed yield in the plant and the biological yield 339.70, the genotypes exceeded Sakha 6 in plant height and stem diameter with an average of 95.28 and 2.73, respectively, and Sakha 1 in the number of capsules in the plant and the weight of capsules with an average of 43.51 and 450.56, respectively. As for the interaction, the combined treatment exceeded the distance of 40 cm with the Poland composition and the same distance with the Sakha 1 composition for most of the studied traits.
Response of Four Barley Varieties to the Effect of Seed Rates
Authors: Abas Sinan A. , Abdulhamed Zeyad A. , Abood Nihad M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
An experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2020-2021 in the fields of a farmer in the city of Ramadi - Anbar province - Iraq, according to the randomized complete block design [RCBD] with split-plot arrangement and three replications. The study examined the effect of four seed rates [100, 130, 160, and 190 kg ha-1] on the growth and yield of four barley varieties [IPA256, Amal, Buhooth 22, and Baraq]. Seed rates allocated to the main plot, while the varieties allocated to the sub-plots. The results showed that the seed rate of 100 kg ha-1 gave the highest mean leaf area of 14.52 cm2 and the highest 1000-grain weight of 46.88 g. However, the seed rate of 190 kg ha-1 outperformed in crop growth rate, biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index, with 14.19 g m-2 day-1, 20.50 ton ha-1, 5.59 ton ha-1, and 27.40%, respectively. The varieties differed significantly in most of the studied traits, with the variety Buhooth 22 outperformed with the highest mean leaf area and biological yield of 13.05 cm2 and 20.69 ton ha-1, respectively. However, the variety IPA256 gave the highest mean crop growth rate, yield per unit area, and harvest index of 14.38 g m-2 day-1, 5.77 ton ha-1, and 32.23%, respectively. The interaction between varieties and seed rates showed that the variety IPA256 with the seed rate of 190 kg ha-1 gave the highest yield per unit area of 6.17 ton ha-1.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of 2.4-D 72% Herbicide in Combating Weedy Leaves Associated with Different Varieties of Forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and Its Effect on Growth Characteristics
Authors: Ahmed Sharif Yaseen Obaid Noori , Hamad Al-Mafrajy Abdulmueen Shabeeb , Mohammed Albarzenje Zakariya Mahmood 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in the fields of a farmer in the (Koldara) area, which belongs to the district of Alton Kubri (Dibs District) in Kirkuk Governorate. Planting took place in the spring season on 28/3/2023 after preparing the soil. Phosphate P2O5 fertilizer was added before planting, 011 kg.ha -1, while nitrogen fertilizer was added after planting (320) kg. ha -1 per batch in the form of urea fertilizer (46% N) and in two batches, one batch after planting and the second batch before the flowering of the Sorghum crop. A factorial experiment was designed according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.). With three replicates and two factors: spraying 2.4-D 72% herbicide in an amount of 1500 cm3.ha-1 spray on the soil before planting, six varieties of forage Sorghum : Bohouth, Giza, J, Rabeh, Warka, Inqaz,. The results of the study showed that the 2.4-D herbicide, when used before planting, was effective in reducing the number of weeds with susceptible leaves, as well as the dry weight of the weeds that escaped or were not affected by the herbicide, as well as the high control rate that was achieved as a result of the use of that herbicide and that method of control. This had a positive effect on the characteristics of vegetative growth, as the height of the plant and the number of branches increased, and demonstrated the superiority of the variety Anqaz and Warka in those two important characteristics for fodder purposes.