bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical layer element solutions for deformations of transversely isotropic multilayered elastic media under nonaxisymmetric loading
Authors: Ai Zhi Yong , Feng Dong Liang , Cang Nai Rui 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYThis paper presents the analytical layer element solutions for deformations of transversely isotropic elastic media subjected to nonaxisymmetric loading at an arbitrary depth. The state vectors for the nonaxisymmetric problem are deduced through the substitution of the Hu Hai‐chang solutions into the basic equations for the transversely isotropic elastic media. From the state vectors, the analytical layer element of a single layer is obtained in the Hankel transformed domain. The analytical layer element is an exact and symmetric stiffness matrix whose elements are without positive exponential functions, which can not only simplify the calculation but also improve the stability of computation. On the basis of the continuity conditions between adjacent layers, the global stiffness matrix is obtained by assembling the interrelated layer elements. The solutions for the multilayered elastic media in the transformed domain are obtained by solving the algebraic equation of the global stiffness matrix, which satisfies the boundary conditions. The actual solutions in the physical domain are further obtained by inverting the Hankel transform. Finally, some cases are analyzed to verify the solutions and evaluate the influences of the transversely isotropic character and stratified character of the media on the load–displacement responses. The numerical results show that the variations of the elastic properties between layers have a great effect on the displacements of the multilayered media. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High aspect ratio electrodeposited Ni/Au contacts for GaAs‐based III–V concentrator solar cells
Authors: Ward J. Scott , Duda Anna , Friedman Daniel J. , Geisz John , McMahon William , Young Michelle 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe report on a photolithographic and electro‐deposition process that results in an optimized front grid structure for high efficiency multi‐junction III–V concentrator solar cells operating under flux concentrations up to 1000 suns. Two different thick photoresists were investigated to achieve a 6 µm wide grid line with an aspect ratio of 1:1. A positive photoresist, SPR220 manufactured by Rohm and Haas was compared with a negative photoresist, nXT15 manufactured by AZ. A gold sulfite electrolyte was employed to prevent underplating as well as for environmental and safety considerations. An initial layer of nickel was discovered to be necessary to prevent delamination of the fingers during the removal of the contact layer. When deposited on a purpose grown, heavily doped GaAs contact layer, this Ni/Au contact exhibits an acceptable specific contact resistance in the low 10−4 to mid 10−5 Ohm cm2 range along with excellent adhesion without sintering. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of growth parameters in equalizing simultaneous growth of N‐ and Ga‐polar GaN by MOCVD
Authors: Hite Jennifer K. , Zoll Rachel , Mastro Michael A. , Eddy Charles R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn preparing periodically‐oriented gallium nitride (PO GaN) samples for optical applications, smooth surfaces are essential. Although post‐growth processing of these surfaces is possible, it is challenged by significantly different reactivity of the two polar surfaces. To this end, it would be highly desirable to grow PO GaN structures with smooth surfaces. In this paper, the influence of growth parameters on the morphology of PO GaN structures is investigated. The three primary parameters investigated include the V/III ratio of the gas phase precursors, the nature of the carrier gas, and the geometry of the structure. The V/III ratio was varied from 1100 to 5500. Substitution of N2 for the standard H2 carrier gas is investigated. Finally, the effects of changing the structure periodicity from 2 to 100 mm are studied. Smoother structures (resulting from more equal growth rates of the two polarities) are achieved with increases in V/III ratio, substitution of H2 with N2, and by reducing the stripe width. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of a‐plane GaN templates grown by HVPE and high efficiency deep UV emitting AlGaN/AlN MQWs grown by MBE on such templates
Authors: Moldawer Adam , Bhattacharyya Anirban , Zhou Lin , Smith David J. , Moustakas Theodore D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThick GaN templates (>50 µm) were grown by hydride‐vapor‐phase epitaxy (HVPE) on the r‐plane of sapphire. While X‐ray diffraction indicates that the GaN grows with its a‐plane parallel to the r‐plane of sapphire, the surface has a triangular morphology of 120º, which is the result of the faster growth rate of the a‐plane compared to the m‐plane. Electron microscopy studies indicate that these GaN templates have a high concentration of threading defects (>1010 cm–2) and basal plane stacking faults (7x105 cm–1). Several identical deep‐UV emitting Al0.7Ga0.3N/AlN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) were grown on such GaN templates by molecular‐beam epitaxy (MBE). The wells were grown under more gallium than required by stoichiometry, which changes the growth mode from physical vapor deposition to liquid phase epitaxy. This growth mode leads to deep band structure potential fluctuations. The structure and microstructure of these MQWs were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and found to have even higher density of threading defects than the GaN template. In spite of this, the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of these MQWs was estimated from the temperature dependence of the cathodoluminescence spectra to be 87%. This remarkable result was attributed to the deep band structure potential fluctuations introduced by the liquid‐phase epitaxy growth mode as well as the high concentration of basal plane stacking faults. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Models, monitoring, and the mind: Comments on Wansink and Chandon's “Slim by Design”
Authors: Herman C. Peter , Polivy Janet 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWansink and Chandon have examined the “mindlessness” that is often evident in everyday food intake. In this commentary, we focus on four issues raised by Wansink and Chandon's paper: (1) the distinction between food choice and food intake; (2) their model of food intake (and how it compares and contrasts with our own model of food intake); (3) the role of monitoring in the control of food intake; and (4) the meaning of “mindless” eating. In each case we find value in Wansink and Chandon's proposals but also an opportunity for further analysis and refinement.
Evaluation of efficacy of chemiluminescence for diagnosis of leukoplakia
Authors: Chaudhry Astha , Manjunath M 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjective: Leukoplakia is the most common potentially malignant disorder preceding oral cancer. Chemiluminescence has been developed as an adjunct to conventional examination for the diagnosis of these potentially malignant disorders. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of chemiluminescence in the diagnosis of leukoplakia and to compare the results with histopathological examination.Study design: A total of 50 patients with leukoplakia were included from the outpatients attending the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. These patients were subjected to conventional oral examination followed by chemiluminescent examination with Vizilite (Zila, Fort Collins, CO, USA) and biopsy for histopathological confirmation.Results: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of chemiluminescence were 93.75%, 55.56%, 78.95%, and 83.3%, respectively. The overall accuracy of chemiluminescence was 80%. A statistically significant association was observed between histopathology results and chemiluminescence results.Conclusion: Although it is an easy, safe, minimal time consuming, and noninvasive technique, it has only adjunctive utility and it does not replace biopsy for the diagnosis of leukoplakia.
On the way to language: event segmentation in homesign and gesture
Authors: ÖZYÜREK ASLI , FURMAN REYHAN , GOLDIN-MEADOW SUSAN 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTLanguages typically express semantic components of motion events such as manner (roll) and path (down) in separate lexical items. We explore how these combinatorial possibilities of language arise by focusing on (i) gestures produced by deaf children who lack access to input from a conventional language (homesign); (ii) gestures produced by hearing adults and children while speaking; and (iii) gestures used by hearing adults without speech when asked to do so in elicited descriptions of motion events with simultaneous manner and path. Homesigners tended to conflate manner and path in one gesture, but also used a mixed form, adding a manner and/or path gesture to the conflated form sequentially. Hearing speakers, with or without speech, used the conflated form, gestured manner, or path, but rarely used the mixed form. Mixed form may serve as an intermediate structure on the way to the discrete and sequenced forms found in natural languages.
Prehospital Use of Aspirin Rarely Is Associated with Adverse Events
Authors: Quan Dan , LoVecchio Frank , Clark Bryan , Gallagher John V. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIntroduction:Aspirin is commonly administered for acute coronary syndromes in the prehospital setting. Few studies have addressed the incidence of adverse effects associated with prehospital administration of aspirin. Objective: To determine the incidence of adverse events following the administration of aspirin by prehospital personnel.Methods:Multi-center, retrospective, case series that involved all patients who received aspirin in the prehospital setting from (01 August 1999–31 January 2000). Patient encounter forms of the emergency medical services (EMS) of a metropolitan fire department were reviewed. All patients who had a potential cardiac syndrome (i.e., chest pain, dyspnea) as documented on the EMS forms were included in the review. Exclusion criteria included failure to meet inclusion criteria, and chest pain secondary to apparent noncardiac causes (i.e., trauma). Hospital charts were reviewed from a subset of patients at the participating hospitals. The major outcome was an adverse event following prehospital administration of aspirin. This outcome was evaluated during the EMS encounter, at emergency department discharge, or at six and 24-hours post-aspirin ingestion. An adverse event secondary to aspirin ingestion was defined as anaphylaxis or allergic reactions, such as rash or respiratory changes.Results:A total of 25,600 EMS encounter forms were reviewed, yielding 2,399 patients with a potential cardiac syndrome. Prior to EMS arrival, 585 patients had received aspirin, and 893 were administered aspirin by EMS personnel. No patients had an adverse event during the EMS encounter. Of these patients, 229 were transported to participating hospitals and 219 medical records were available for review with no adverse reactions recorded during their hospital course.Conclusion:Aspirin is rarely associated with adverse events when administered by prehospital personnel for presumed coronary syndromes.
Human oral viruses are personal, persistent and gender-consistent
Authors: Abeles Shira R , Robles-Sikisaka Refugio , Ly Melissa , Lum Andrew G , Salzman Julia , Boehm Tobias K , Pride David T 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant members of the human oral microbiome, yet relatively little is known about their biodiversity in humans. To improve our understanding of the DNA viruses that inhabit the human oral cavity, we examined saliva from a cohort of eight unrelated subjects over a 60-day period. Each subject was examined at 11 time points to characterize longitudinal differences in human oral viruses. Our primary goals were to determine whether oral viruses were specific to individuals and whether viral genotypes persisted over time. We found a subset of homologous viral genotypes across all subjects and time points studied, suggesting that certain genotypes may be ubiquitous among healthy human subjects. We also found significant associations between viral genotypes and individual subjects, indicating that viruses are a highly personalized feature of the healthy human oral microbiome. Many of these oral viruses were not transient members of the oral ecosystem, as demonstrated by the persistence of certain viruses throughout the entire 60-day study period. As has previously been demonstrated for bacteria and fungi, membership in the oral viral community was significantly associated with the sex of each subject. Similar characteristics of personalized, sex-specific microflora could not be identified for oral bacterial communities based on 16S rRNA. Our findings that many viruses are stable and individual-specific members of the oral ecosystem suggest that viruses have an important role in the human oral ecosystem.
Photochemical ligand ejection from non-sterically promoted Ru(ii)bis(diimine) 4,4′-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl complexes
Authors: Welby Christine E. , Armitage Georgina K. , Bartley Harry , Sinopoli Alessandro , Uppal Baljinder S. , Elliott Paul I. P. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Complexes of the form [Ru(diimine)2(btz)]2+ (btz = 1,1′-dibenzyl-4,4′-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl) are observed to undergo photochemical ejection of the btz ligand in the absence of any promotion through steric congestion to generate cis-bis(solvent) complexes [Ru(diimine)2(solvent)2]2+.
Measurement of glyoxalase activities
Authors: Arai Makoto , Nihonmatsu-Kikuchi Naomi , Itokawa Masanari , Rabbani Naila , Thornalley Paul J. 
Published: March 2014

Glyoxalase I catalyses the isomerization of the hemithioacetal formed non-enzymatically from methylglyoxal and glutathione to S-D-lactoylglutathione. The activity of glyoxalase I is conventionally measured spectrophotometrically by following the increase in A240 for which the change in molar absorption coefficient Δε240=2.86 mM−1·cm−1. The hemithioacetal is pre-formed in situ by incubation of methylglyoxal and glutathione in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) at 37°C for 10 min. The cell extract is then added, the A240 is monitored over 5 min, and the initial rate of increase in A240 and hence glyoxalase I activity deduced with correction for blank. Glyoxalase I activity is given in units per mg of protein or cell number where one unit is the amount of enzyme that catalyses the formation of 1 μmol of S-D-lactoylglutathione per min under assay conditions. Glyoxalase II catalyses the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoylglutathione to D-lactate and glutathione. Glyoxalase II activity is also measured spectrophotometrically by following the decrease in A240 for which the change in molar absorption coefficient Δε240=−3.10 mM−1·cm−1. It is given in units per mg of protein or cell number where one unit is the amount of enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of 1 μmol of S-D-lactoylglutathione per min under assay conditions. Glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II activity measurements have been modified for use with a UV-transparent microplate for higher sample throughput.
How light are aspectual meanings?
Authors: Kotsyba Natalia 
Published: March 2014

The aim of the present article is to outline semantic relations between two grammaticalization phenomena in natural language: light verbs and lexical aspects. Section 1 provides the theoretical background necessary for the semantic investigations in the main part of the article. The central notions of lexical aspect, aktionsart, and light verb are discussed in this section. Section 2 deals with the linguistic material analyzed and explains the methodological procedure applied to that material. Dictionary glosses of Ukrainian verbs are used to evaluate the usefulness of various definitions of the semantic concepts discussed in Section 1 for the classification of lexical items. Special attention is put on approaches which use structures with light verbs occurring in the dictionary definitions of lexical items in order to classify these items. The specific features of the data material that have to be accounted for in any satisfactory attempt toward a classification of verbs based on this idea are presented and discussed in this section. In Section 3, the connection between lightness and frequency of occurrence will be investigated. Then two major semantic groups of light verbs are distinguished in subsection 3.2, namely, compensators and modifiers. The semantic relationships among light verbs will be discussed in subsection 3.3. In Section 4, the light verbs used in the lexical definitions of verbs belonging to the different Vendlerian categories are identified and classified into groups. Typical cases of lexicalized aspectual shifts with and without the participation of light verbs are presented. The correspondence between lexical aspects of verbs and the occurrence of certain light verbs in their dictionary definitions as well as the role of aktionsarten is dealt with in the final Section 5.
Distribution and diversity of Verrucomicrobia methanotrophs in geothermal and acidic environments
Authors: Sharp Christine E. , Smirnova Angela V. , Graham Jaime M. , Stott Matthew B. , Khadka Roshan , Moore Tim R. , Grasby Stephen E. , Strack Maria , Dunfield Peter F. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryRecently, methanotrophic members of the phylum Verrucomicrobia have been described, but little is known about their distribution in nature. We surveyed methanotrophic bacteria in geothermal springs and acidic wetlands via pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Putative methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia were found in samples covering a broad temperature range (22.5–81.6°C), but only in acidic conditions (pH 1.8–5.0) and only in geothermal environments, not in acidic bogs or fens. Phylogenetically, three 16S rRNA gene sequence clusters of putative methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia were observed. Those detected in high‐temperature geothermal samples (44.1–81.6°C) grouped with known thermoacidiphilic ‘Methylacidiphilum’ isolates. A second group dominated in moderate‐temperature geothermal samples (22.5–40.1°C) and a representative mesophilic methanotroph from this group was isolated (strain LP2A). Genome sequencing verified that strain LP2A possessed particulate methane monooxygenase, but its 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to ‘Methylacidiphilum infernorum’ strain V4 was only 90.6%. A third group clustered distantly with known methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia. Using pmoA‐gene targeted quantitative polymerase chain reaction, two geothermal soil profiles showed a dominance of LP2A‐like pmoA sequences in the cooler surface layers and ‘Methylacidiphilum'‐like pmoA sequences in deeper, hotter layers. Based on these results, there appears to be a thermophilic group and a mesophilic group of methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia. However, both were detected only in acidic geothermal environments.
The dentition: the outcomes of morphogenesis leading to variations of tooth number, size and shape
Authors: Brook AH , Jernvall J , Smith RN , Hughes TE , Townsend GC 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe clinical importance of variations of tooth number, size and shape is seen in many dental disciplines. Early diagnosis allows optimal patient management and treatment planning, with intervention at an appropriate time to prevent complications in development and so reduce later treatment need. Understanding the process of dental morphogenesis and the variations in outcomes is an important contribution to the multidisciplinary clinical team approach to treatment.Tooth number, size and shape are determined during the initiation and morphogenetic stages of odontogenesis. The molecular evidence of repetitive signalling throughout initiation and morphogenesis is reflected clinically in the association of anomalies of number, size and shape. This association has been statistically modelled from epidemiological evidence and confirmed by 2D and 3D measurement of human dental study casts. In individuals with hypodontia, the teeth that are formed are smaller than the population mean and often show reduced and simplified shape. In contrast, in individuals with supernumerary teeth, the other teeth are larger than average and may show an enhanced shape.Clinical observations in humans and studies of laboratory animals gave rise to the concept of morphogenetic fields within the dentition. The findings, which can also be considered as reflecting gene expression territories, have been developed to incorporate field, clone and homeobox theories. The clinical distribution of developmental anomalies tends to follow the pattern of these fields or territories.Improved care for patients with these anomalies will come not only from utilizing a multidisciplinary clinical team but also by expanding the approach to include other relevant scientific disciplines.
Antidepressant use and risk of coronary heart disease: meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Oh Seung‐Won , Kim Joonseok , Myung Seung‐Kwon , Hwang Seung‐Sik , Yoon Dae‐Hyun 
Published: March 2014

AimsOur goal was to evaluate the association between antidepressant use and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) among subjects with no history of coronary heart disease.MethodsA search of Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library was performed in January 2013. Two authors independently reviewed and selected eligible observational studies, based on predetermined selection criteria. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random‐effects or fixed‐effects models.ResultsSixteen observational studies (seven case–control studies and nine cohort studies) were included in the final analysis. There was no association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and the risk of CHD overall [odds ratio (OR), 0.93; 95% CI, 0.65–1.33] or in subgroup meta‐analysis of case–control studies (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.60–1.37) and cohort studies (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.59–1.55). The use of tricyclic antidepressant was associated with an increased risk of CHD overall (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.07–2.12), but it was observed only in case–control studies (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.24–1.96) and low‐quality studies (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.20–1.85) in the subgroup meta‐analyses.ConclusionsThis meta‐analysis of observational studies in subjects with no history of CHD suggests that neither selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor nor tricyclic antidepressant use is associated with an increased risk of CHD.
Infants' Selective Attention to Reliable Visual Cues in the Presence of Salient Distractors
Authors: Tummeltshammer Kristen Swan , Mareschal Denis , Kirkham Natasha Z. 
Published: March 2014

With many features competing for attention in their visual environment, infants must learn to deploy attention toward informative cues while ignoring distractions. Three eye tracking experiments were conducted to investigate whether 6‐ and 8‐month‐olds (totalN = 102) would shift attention away from a distractor stimulus to learn a cue–reward relation. While 8‐month‐olds showed evidence of increasingly selective attention toward the predictive cues, even when the distractors were highly salient, 6‐month‐olds shifted attention toward the predictive cues only when the distractors were equally (not more) engaging. These experiments suggest that attention in infancy is highly dependent on the relative weightings of predictiveness and visual salience, which may differ across development and context.