bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining a strain‐induced time constant for oriented low shear‐induced structuring in high consistency MFC/NFC‐filler composite suspensions
Authors: Dimic‐Misic Katarina , Maloney Thaddeus C. , Gane Patrick A. C. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTMicro and nanofibrillated cellulose is an essentially one‐dimensional high aspect‐ratio particle material, which can undergo two‐dimensional layer (band) structuring under shear. Controlling the evolving rheological properties in aqueous suspension is essential for industrial applications in composite materials. This study focuses on an as yet considered to be unreported phenomenon of structure hardening under low shear. The timescale of the quasi gelation‐controlled structure formation under low shear is studied using the large gap vane‐in‐cup geometry of the Brookfield viscometer. It is proposed that localized structure forms within continuous shear bands, similar to quasi liquid‐crystal formation. By extrapolating a characteristic structure growth parameter to the rotation speed at which it becomes zero, the strain‐induced structure time constant, tgel, can be obtained as
(= f (Ω)) = 1/tgel for the range Ω = 10–100/min. The time constant of low shear structure formation is shown to be separable from the static viscoelastic structure build under oscillation in concentrated composite suspension using plate‐plate geometry, which is manifest by a Weissenberg normal force response on switching to applied shear, when the time constant of structuration tgel is long. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42827.
Polystyrene with trifluoromethyl units: Monomer reactivity ratios, thermal behavior, flammability, and thermal degradation kinetics
Authors: Wiacek Malgorzata , Wesolek Dorota , Rojewski Szymon , Bujnowicz Krzysztof , Jurczyk Sebastain , Kurcok Malgorzata , Schab‐Balcerzak Ewa 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTChemical modification based on incorporation of flame retardants (FR) into the polymer backbone was used in order to reduce polystyrene flammability. 3‐(trifluoromethyl)styrene (StCF3) and 3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)styrene (St(CF3)2) were applied as reactive FR. Copolymers were synthesized with different feed ratios and it gave series of copolymers with various amounts of StCF3 and St(CF3)2 (5–50% mol/mol of St). Glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal stability of obtained (co)polymers were determined from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. Kinetic parameters such as the thermal decomposition activation energy (E) and frequency factor (A) were estimated by Ozawa and Kissinger models. Pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) was applied as a tool for assessing the flammability of the synthesized (co)polymers. Relative reactivity ratios were determined by applying the conventional linearization Jaacks method (rSt = 1.34, rStCF3 = 0.54), (rSt = 0.47, rSt(CF3)2 = 0.13). The results suggest that incorporation of fluorinated styrenes into PSt enchance flame retardance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42839.
Solution‐blown SPEEK/POSS nanofiber–nafion hybrid composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells
Authors: Wang Hang , Zhuang Xupin , Tong Junying , Li Xiaojie , Wang Wei , Cheng Bowen , Cai Zhanjun 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis study aims to develop novel hybrid composite membranes (NHMs) by impregnating Nafion solution into the porous sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (SPEEK/POSS) nanofibers (NFs). The composite membrane was prepared by solution blowing of a mixture of SPEEK/POSS solution. The characteristics of the SPEEK/POSS NFs and the NHMs, including morphology, thermal stability, and performance of membrane as PEMs, were investigated. The performance of NHMs was compared with that of Nafion117 and SPEEK/Nafion composite membranes. Results showed that the introduction of POSS improved the proton conductivity, water swelling, and methanol permeability of membranes. A maximum proton conductivity of 0.163 S cm−1was obtained when the POSS content was 6 wt % at 80°C, which was higher than that of Nafion117 and SPEEK/Nafion. NHMs could be used as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for fuel cell applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42843.
Nano‐crystalline cellulose, chemical blowing agent, and mold temperature effect on morphological, physical/mechanical properties of polypropylene
Authors: Yousefian Hajar , Rodrigue Denis 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTPolypropylene (PP)/nano‐crystalline cellulose (NCC) composites and foams were produced through extrusion compounding combined with injection molding. From the samples produced, a complete morphological, physical, and mechanical analysis was performed to study the effect of NCC concentration (0–5wt %), foaming agent content (0 to 2wt %) and mold temperature (30°C and 80°C). NCC was very effective to reduce cell size (42–71%) and increase cell density (5–37 times) of the foams, while slightly increasing the overall density (2–7%). The results showed that NCC addition increased the specific tensile modulus (15–22%), specific tensile strength (1–14%) and specific flexural modulus (13–26%) of PP, but decreased specific impact strength (10–20%) and specific elongation at break (50–96%). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42845.
“The Sinusoid” in the Liver: Lessons Learned from the Original Definition by Charles Sedgwick Minot (1900)
Authors: Wake Kenjiro , Sato Tetsuji 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe hepatic sinusoid with its associated sinusoidal cells is a multifunctional cell‐complex in the liver. Despite recent advances in research on the hepatic sinusoid, no investigator has played a more basic role in its characterization than Charles Sedgwick Minot (1852–1914), a pioneer who distinguished the sinusoid from the blood‐capillary as early as 1900. According to Minot, sinusoids are typically larger in diameter than capillaries, particularly at the early embryonic stage. They closely approach the parenchymal tissue, are formed passively by the adjacent parenchymal tissue, and are on rare occasion surrounded with connective tissue. Sinusoids (sinus‐like) are small blood‐channels formed by subdivision of the lumen of large blood vessels (sinuses) by the invasion of developing parenchymal cell‐cords. Although some of Minot's definitions may no longer be accepted, he described some fundamental and interesting characteristics of sinusoids, to which we have not paid much attention. Here, we have attempted to illustrate lessons we have learned from Minot's view point of sinusoids at this occasion of centenary of his death. Anat Rec, 298:2071–2080, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Atiahara site revisited: An early coastal settlement in Tubuai (Austral Islands, French Polynesia)
Authors: HERMANN AYMERIC , BOLLT ROBERT , CONTE ERIC 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe Atiahara site is the first and only excavated site on Tubuai Island (Austral archipelago, French Polynesia). It was accidently discovered in 1994 and has been excavated on several occasions since then, over a surface of 197 m2. This paper aims to present a compilation of the data available from the excavations, with a specific focus on stratigraphy, a spatial analysis of preserved occupations and new radiocarbon dates. We report a short dating sequence running from 1215 to 1390 CE, which makes the Atiahara site one of the earliest settlements in the Austral Islands. Finally, we mention the potential for tackling important topics in Polynesian archaeology through this key site, including the evolution of material culture and fishing strategies, socio‐economic dynamics within a central Polynesian domestic context and possible climate variability in the region.
Abstraction‐Based Verification and Synthesis for Prognosis of Discrete Event Systems
Authors: Yokotani Misato , Kondo Tetsuya , Takai Shigemasa 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we develop a theoretical framework for abstraction‐based failure prognosis of partially observed discrete event systems. The purpose of using abstraction is to verify prognosability and synthesize a prognoser based on the abstracted models with fewer states and transitions. We present conditions under which prognosability can be verified and a prognoser can be synthesized based on the abstracted models of the system and the specification.
Überprüfung der zusätzlichen Regeln für ∅︁40 mm nach EC2
Authors: Schoening Janna , Hegger Josef 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDie Ausführung von hochbewehrten Stahlbetonbauteilen wird durch die Verwendung von großen Stabdurchmessern erheblich vereinfacht. In der aktuellen europäischen Normung [1, 2] beträgt der maximal zulässige Bewehrungsstabdurchmesser 40 mm. Stabdurchmesser > ∅︁40 mm erfordern eine bauaufsichtliche Zulassung. Allerdings enthält aktuell die Stahlbetonnormung [1, 2] eine Reihe von Zusatzregeln für die Konstruktion mit großen Stabdurchmessern (> ∅︁32 mm). Da nur wenige Untersuchungen zum Tragverhalten von Stahlbetonbauteilen mit großen Stabdurchmessern > ∅︁32 mm vorliegen, wurden das Verbundverhalten und das Tragverhalten von Übergreifungsstößen mit großen Stabdurchmessern in einem Forschungsvorhaben der Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen (AiF) an der RWTH Aachen untersucht. Die Übertragbarkeit der Bemessungsregeln für Übergreifungen von herkömmlichen Stabdurchmessern auf große Stabdurchmesser und die Erfordernis der Zusatzregeln für große Stabdurchmesser in EC2 [1] und EC2/NA [2] wurden überprüft. Dazu wurden 28 Beam‐End‐Versuche und acht Vierpunkt‐Biegeversuche durchgeführt, um den Einfluss von Stabdurchmesser, Verbundlänge, Betondruckfestigkeit, Querdruck, Querbewehrung und Betondeckung zu bestimmen [3].In diesem Artikel werden die Versuchsergebnisse von Verbundversuchen und Versuchen an Übergreifungsstößen mit Bewehrungsstäben > ∅︁32 mm zur Beurteilung der Zusatzregeln in EC2 [1] und EC2/NA [2] beschrieben.Checking of additional rules for ∅︁40 mm according to EC2 – Part 1: Bond and lapped jointsThe detailing of reinforcement of high impact structures can be simplified significantly by reinforcing bars with large diameters. According to the current European design and construction standard [1, 2] the valid maximum reinforcing‐bar diameter is 40 mm. Bar diameters ∅︁40 mm are subject to technical approvals. In addition to the detailing rules for conventional bar diameters, tight restrictions regarding construction with large diameter bars (> ∅︁32 mm) exist [1, 2]. Since little investigation for the design and construction of structures with large diameter bars > ∅︁32 mm has been done, the bond behavior and the performance of lapped joints of reinforcing bars with large diameters were investigated at RWTH Aachen University within a research project funded by the German Federation of Industrial Research Associations (AiF). In this study, the transfer of design rules for laps for conventional bar diameters according to EC2 [1] and EC2/NA [2] to large diameter bars and the requirement of tight regulations for large diameter bars were analysed. Therefore, 28 beam‐end tests and eight four‐point bending tests were conducted to determine the effects of bar diameter, bond length, concrete strength, pressure transverse to the potential plane of splitting and confinement by stirrups as well as concrete cover.This paper presents the test results of bond tests and tests on lapped joints with large diameters > ∅︁32 mm and a comparison with EC2 [1] and EC2/NA [2].
Geognosie versus Geologie: Nationale Denkstile und kulturelle Praktiken bezüglich Raum und Zeit im Widerstreit
Authors: Klemun Marianne 
Published: September 2015

AbstractGeognosy versus Geology: National Modes of Thought and Cultural Practices Concerning Space and Time in Competition. Natural science investigators at the end of the eighteenth century made use of conflicting labels to position their respective preferred fields of activity in the Earth sciences. This mania for labelling marked their break with natural science and the umbrella term ‘mineralogy’. In this conflict situation of specialist classifications and explanations, two terms in particular were established: geognosy and geology, which covered the very promising project of research in the areas of the ‘origin of the Earth’ and the ‘formation of the Earth’. These and the associated research goals were subsequently accorded a dazzling career. Proceeding from the conceptual core‐meaning in the formation of terms und its semantic spectrum and conceptual shifts in a time of change, my study will look at the identity and heterogeneity functions of geology and geognosy. For whereas in French and English speaking countries the term geology came to be used exclusively (geology, géologie), this was avoided in German, particularly because the term geognosy was preferred. These national differences may be explained with reference to the different cultural and national styles of science: for example the social embedding of geology in the culture of the English gentleman or the French museum culture, and the close connection of ‘German’ geognosy to mining. A further starting point in the analysis of the double use of both geology and geognosy in German speaking countries until 1840 is provided by the different references to temporalization and spatialization of the two terms. And we should also include the practical implications and the epistemic requirements that were bound up with the defence of geognosy in the German speaking world.
Effect of particle size on activation energy and peak temperature of the thermoluminescence glow curve of undoped ZnS nanoparticles
Authors: Chandra B. P. , Chandrakar Raju Kumar , Chandra V. K. , Baghel R. N. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper reports the effect of particle size on the thermoluminescence (TL) of undoped ZnS nanoparticles. ZnS nanoparticles were prepared using a chemical precipitation method in which mercaptoethanol was used as the capping agent. The nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, field emission gun‐scanning electron microscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. When the concentrations of mercaptoethanol used are 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, 0.025, 0.040 and 0.060 M, the sizes of the nanoparticles are 2.86, 2.81, 2.69, 2.40, 2.10, 1.90 and 1.80 nm, respectively. Initially, the TL intensity of UV‐irradiated ZnS nanoparticles increases with temperature, attains a peak value Im for a particular temperature Tm, and then decreases with further increases in temperature. The values of both Im and Tm increase with decreasing nanoparticle size. Whereas the activation energy decreases slightly with decreasing nanoparticle size, the frequency factor decreases significantly as the nanoparticle size is reduced. The order of kinetics for the TL glow curve of ZnS nanoparticles is 2. Expressions are derived for the dependence of activation energy (Ea) and Tm on nanoparticle size, and good agreement is found between the experimental and theoretical results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constructing kinetic models of metabolism at genome‐scales: A review
Authors: Srinivasan Shyam , Cluett William R. , Mahadevan Radhakrishnan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractConstraint‐based modeling of biological networks (metabolism, transcription and signal transduction), although used successfully in many applications, suffer from specific limitations such as the lack of representation of metabolite concentrations and enzymatic regulation, which are necessary for a complete physiologically relevant model. Kinetic models conversely overcome these shortcomings and enable dynamic analysis of biological systems for enhanced in silico hypothesis generation. Nonetheless, kinetic models also have limitations for modeling at genome‐scales chiefly due to: (i) model non‐linearity; (ii) computational tractability; (iii) parameter identifiability; (iv) estimability; and (v) uncertainty. In order to support further development of kinetic models as viable alternatives to constraint‐based models, this review presents a brief description of the existing obstacles towards building genome‐scale kinetic models. Specific kinetic modeling frameworks capable of overcoming these obstacles are covered in this review. The tractability and physiological feasibility of these models are discussed with the objective of using available in vivo experimental observations to define the model parameter space. Among the different methods discussed, Monte Carlo kinetic models of metabolism stand out as potentially tractable methods to model genome scale networks while also addressing in vivo parameter uncertainty.
Engineering of core promoter regions enables the construction of constitutive and inducible promoters in Halomonas sp.
Authors: Li Tingting , Li Teng , Ji Weiyue , Wang Qiuyue , Zhang Haoqian , Chen Guo‐Qiang , Lou Chunbo , Ouyang Qi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHalomonas strain TD01, a newly identified halophilic bacterium, has proven to be a promising low‐cost host for the production of chemicals. However, genetic manipulation in Halomonas sp. is still difficult due to the lack of well‐characterized and tunable expression systems. In this study, a systematic, efficient method was exploited to construct both a constitutive promoter library and inducible promoters. Porin, a highly expressed protein in Halomonas TD01, was first identified from the Halomonas TD01 proteome. Subsequent study of the intergenic region upstream of porin led to the identification of a core promoter region, including ‐10 and ‐35 elements. By randomizing the sequence between the ‐35 and ‐10 elements, a constitutive promoter library was obtained with 310‐fold variation in transcriptional activity; an inducible promoter with a >200‐fold induction was built by integrating a lac operator into the core promoter region. As two complementary expression systems, the constitutive and inducible promoters were then employed to regulate the biosynthetic pathway of poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in Halomonas TD01, demonstrating the usefulness of the expression systems, furthermore, they could be applied in future metabolic engineering of Halomonas TD strains, and the systematic method used in this study can be generalized to other less‐characterized bacterial strains.
Eradication of multidrug‐resistant pseudomonas biofilm with pulsed electric fields
Authors: Khan Saiqa I. , Blumrosen Gaddi , Vecchio Daniela , Golberg Alexander , McCormack Michael C. , Yarmush Martin L. , Hamblin Michael R. , Austen William G. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTBiofilm formation is a significant problem, accounting for over eighty percent of microbial infections in the body. Biofilm eradication is problematic due to increased resistance to antibiotics and antimicrobials as compared to planktonic cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) on biofilm‐infected mesh. Prolene mesh was infected with bioluminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa and treated with PEF using a concentric electrode system to derive, in a single experiment, the critical electric field strength needed to kill bacteria. The effect of the electric field strength and the number of pulses (with a fixed pulse length duration and frequency) on bacterial eradication was investigated. For all experiments, biofilm formation and disruption were confirmed with bioluminescent imaging and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Computation and statistical methods were used to analyze treatment efficiency and to compare it to existing theoretical models. In all experiments 1500 V are applied through a central electrode, with pulse duration of 50 μs, and pulse delivery frequency of 2 Hz. We found that the critical electric field strength (Ecr) needed to eradicate 100–80% of bacteria in the treated area was 121 ± 14 V/mm when 300 pulses were applied, and 235 ± 6.1 V/mm when 150 pulses were applied. The area at which 100–80% of bacteria were eradicated was 50.5 ± 9.9 mm2 for 300 pulses, and 13.4 ± 0.65 mm2 for 150 pulses. 80% threshold eradication was not achieved with 100 pulses. The results indicate that increased efficacy of treatment is due to increased number of pulses delivered. In addition, we that showed the bacterial death rate as a function of the electrical field follows the statistical Weibull model for 150 and 300 pulses. We hypothesize that in the clinical setting, combining systemic antibacterial therapy with PEF will yield a synergistic effect leading to improved eradication of mesh infections. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 643–650. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering of a silica encapsulation platform for hydrocarbon degradation using Pseudomonas sp. NCIB 9816‐4
Authors: Sakkos Jonathan K. , Kieffer Daniel P. , Mutlu Baris R. , Wackett Lawrence P. , Aksan Alptekin 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTIndustrial application of encapsulated bacteria for biodegradation of hydrocarbons in water requires mechanically stable materials. A silica gel encapsulation method was optimized for Pseudomonas sp. NCIB 9816‐4, a bacterium that degrades more than 100 aromatic hydrocarbons. The design process focused on three aspects: (i) mechanical property enhancement; (ii) gel cytocompatibility; and (iii) reduction of the diffusion barrier in the gel. Mechanical testing indicated that the compressive strength at failure (σf) and elastic modulus (E) changed linearly with the amount of silicon alkoxide used in the gel composition. Measurement of naphthalene biodegradation by encapsulated cells indicated that the gel maintained cytocompatibility at lower levels of alkoxide. However, significant loss in activity was observed due to methanol formation during hydrolysis at high alkoxide concentrations, as measured by FTIR spectroscopy. The silica gel with the highest amount of alkoxide (without toxicity from methanol) had a biodegradation rate of 285 ± 42 nmol/L‐s, σf = 652 ± 88 kPa, and E = 15.8 ± 2.0 MPa. Biodegradation was sustained for 1 month before it dropped below 20% of the initial rate. In order to improve the diffusion through the gel, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as a porogen and resulted in a 48 ± 19% enhancement in biodegradation, but it impacted the mechanical properties negatively. This is the first report studying how the silica composition affects biodegradation of naphthalene by Pseudomonas sp. NCIB 9816‐4 and establishes a foundation for future studies of aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation for industrial application. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 513–521. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.