bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diseño óptimo de un sistema de distribución de agua (SDA) aplicando el algoritmo Simulated Annealing (SA)
Authors: Méndez-Morales Maikel 
Published: November 2015

<p class="p1">En este artículo se presenta la aplicación del algoritmo Simulated Annealing (SA) en el diseño óptimo de un sistema de distribución de agua (SDA). El SA es un algoritmo metaheurístico de búsqueda, basado en una analogía entre el proceso de recocido en metales (proceso controlado de enfriamiento de un cuerpo) y la solución de problemas de optimización combinatorios. El algoritmo SA, junto con diversos modelos matemáticos, ha sido utilizado exitosamente en el óptimo diseño de SDA. Como caso de estudio se utilizó el SDA a escala real de la comunidad de Marsella, en San Carlos, Costa Rica. El algoritmo SA fue implementado mediante el conocido modelo EPANET, a través de la extensión WaterNetGen. Se compararon tres diferentes variaciones automatizadas del algoritmo SA con el diseño manual del SDA Marsella llevado a cabo a prueba y error, utilizando únicamente costos unitarios de tuberías. Los resultados muestran que los tres esquemas automatizados del SA arrojaron costos unitarios por debajo del 0.49 como fracción, respecto al costo original del esquema de diseño ejecutado a prueba y error. Esto demuestra que el algoritmo SA es capaz de optimizar problemas combinatorios ligados al diseño de mínimo costo de los sistemas de distribución de agua a escala real. </p>
Consideraciones de las propiedades mecánicas y térmicas para la elaboración de un ducto de riego a partir de materiales poliméricos postconsumo
Authors: Barrios-Hernández Mary Luz 
Published: November 2015

<p class="p1">En este artículo se presentan los resultados obtenidos al desarrollar tres nuevas formulaciones a partir de materiales poliméricos generados en el desecho doméstico, con el fin de determinar el mejor material para fabricar poliducto de riego en Costa Rica, utilizando poliducto comercial como referencia. Se recuperó material polimérico postconsumo, específicamente polietilenos y polipropilenos, con la ayuda de actores de programas de recuperación de desechos del Tecnológico de Costa Rica. El material requirió de procesos como limpieza, clasificación, molienda y la extrusión de láminas. Las muestras se prepararon con diferentes proporciones de los polímeros utilizados. Un primer especimen fue de polietileno de baja densidad, otra mezcla fue de 75% de polietileno de baja densidad y 25% de polietileno de alta densidad, y una última mezcla de 75% de polietileno de alta densidad y 25% de polipropileno. A estas muestras se les determinaron propiedades mecánicas y térmicas. </p><p class="p1">Como principal resultado se obtuvo que la formulación que mejoró las propiedades estudiadas del poliducto fue la mezcla de diferentes productos de Polietileno de Baja Densidad postconsumo, para un total de 10 repeticiones con 95% de confianza en la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, concluyendo que este producto supera las propiedades de resistencia en elongación y flexión y que necesita la optimización de las características para resistencia al impacto modo IZOD. Además, la prueba de calorimetría diferencial de barrido demostró la ausencia de agentes externos en la muestras y el análisis termogravimétrico reveló cambios de temperatura de descomposición semejantes al ducto y mayores a las otras mezclas. </p>
Implementación de la metodología DMAIC-Seis Sigma en el envasado de licores en Fanal
Authors: Pérez-López Esteban , García-Cerdas Minor 
Published: November 2015

<p class="p1">El presente artículo trata sobre la propuesta de mejora de la eficiencia en la línea de envasado de pet en la Fábrica Nacional de Licores (Fanal), empleando la metodología DMAIC-Seis Sigma. El trabajo se realizó con el fin de solucionar el problema que presentaba la línea de envasado de licores en envase pet, la cual no estaba operando a su máxima capacidad por deficiencias en la línea. Durante el diagnóstico de la situación se pudo determinar que en la línea de envasado de licores en pet se tenían tiempos efectivos de producción muy bajos, exceso de paros en la línea, las máquinas de cada subproceso no alcanzan en ningún momento su capacidad máxima de producción, defectos recurrentes en calidad, procesos repetitivos y desgastantes por parte del personal y no existe capacidad para dar abasto con los picos en temporadas de alta de demanda, entre otros. </p><p class="p1">Se proponen algunas soluciones como: medir y monitorear la eficiencia de cada máquina en la línea con un indicador efectivo como el OEE (eficiencia general de los equipos), controlar las paradas no obligatorias de manera que el proceso sea más fluido y expedito, automatizar algunos subprocesos en la línea de manera que los operadores no tengan que realizar trabajos que una máquina puede hacer con facilidad y a menor costo. En síntesis, con la mejora conseguida por medio de la metodología DMAIC-Seis Sigma en la línea de envasado de licores en pet de Fanal se logra pasar de un OEE de 47% al inicio a uno de 80% al final de las mejoras implementadas (entrenamiento al personal de mantenimiento y de la línea, así como la creación del plan de mantenimiento), lo que ofrece una solución integral al problema presentado y permite cubrir la demanda en el período de mayor venta; además de permitir la reducción de tiempos muertos en el proceso y una mayor utilización de los recursos instalados y del recurso humano involucrado, de manera tal que se optimiza a su máximo rendimiento la capacidad de la línea productiva, generándole mayores ingresos anuales a la empresa. </p>
Predicting shunt failure in children: should the global shunt revision rate be a quality measure?
Authors: Rossi Nicholas B. , Khan Nickalus R. , Jones Tamekia L. , Lepard Jacob , McAbee Joseph H. , Klimo Paul 
Published: November 2015

OBJECT
Ventricular shunts for pediatric hydrocephalus continue to be plagued with high failure rates. Reported risk factors for shunt failure are inconsistent and controversial. The raw or global shunt revision rate has been the foundation of several proposed quality metrics. The authors undertook this study to determine risk factors for shunt revision within their own patient population.

METHODS
In this single-center retrospective cohort study, a database was created of all ventricular shunt operations performed at the authors’ institution from January 1, 2010, through December 2013. For each index shunt surgery, demographic, clinical, and procedural variables were assembled. An “index surgery” was defined as implantation of a new shunt or the revision or augmentation of an existing shunt system. Bivariate analyses were first performed to evaluate individual effects of each independent variable on shunt failure at 90 days and at 180 days. A final multivariate model was chosen for each outcome by using a backward model selection approach.

RESULTS
There were 466 patients in the study accounting for 739 unique (“index”) operations, for an average of 1.59 procedures per patient. The median age for the cohort at the time of the first shunt surgery was 5 years (range 0–35.7 years), with 53.9% males. The 90- and 180-day shunt failure rates were 24.1% and 29.9%, respectively. The authors found no variable—demographic, clinical, or procedural—that predicted shunt failure within 90 or 180 days.

CONCLUSIONS
In this study, none of the risk factors that were examined were statistically significant in determining shunt failure within 90 or 180 days. Given the negative findings and the fact that all other risk factors for shunt failure that have been proposed in the literature thus far are beyond the control of the surgeon (i.e., nonmodifiable), the use of an institution’s or individual’s global shunt revision rate remains questionable and needs further evaluation before being accepted as a quality metric.
Reevaluating the weekend effect on patients with hydrocephalus undergoing operative shunt intervention
Authors: Attenello Frank J. , Christian Eisha , Wen Timothy , Cen Steven , Zada Gabriel , Kiehna Erin N. , Krieger Mark D. , McComb J. Gordon , Mack William J. 
Published: November 2015

OBJECT
Recently published data have suggested an increase in adverse outcomes in pediatric patients after insertion or revision of a ventricular CSF diversion shunt after a same-day weekend procedure. The authors undertook an evaluation of the impact of weekend admission and time to shunting on surgery-related quality outcomes in pediatric patients who underwent ventricular shunt insertion or revision.

METHODS
Pediatric patients with hydrocephalus who underwent ventriculoperitoneal, ventriculoatrial, or ventriculopleural shunt placement were selected from the 2000–2010 Nationwide Inpatient Sample and Kids’ Inpatient Database. Multivariate regression analyses (adjusted for patient, hospital, case severity, and time to shunting) were used to determine the differences in inpatient mortality and routine discharge rates among patients admitted on a weekday versus those among patients admitted on a weekend.

RESULTS
There were 99,472 pediatric patients with shunted hydrocephalus, 16% of whom were admitted on a weekend. After adjustment for disease severity, time to procedure, and admission acuity, weekend admission was not associated with an increase in the inpatient mortality rate (p = 0.46) or a change in the percentage of routine discharges (p = 0.98) after ventricular shunt procedures. In addition, associations were unchanged after an evaluation of patients who underwent shunt revision surgery. High-volume centers were incidentally noted in multivariate analysis to have increased rates of routine discharge (OR 1.04 [95% CI 1.01–1.07]; p = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS
Contrary to those of previous studies, the authors’ data suggest that weekend admission is not associated with poorer outcomes for ventricular shunt insertion or revision. Increased rates of routine discharge were noted at high-volume centers.
Trends in hospitalization of preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus in the United States, 2000–2010
Authors: Christian Eisha A. , Jin Diana L. , Attenello Frank , Wen Timothy , Cen Steven , Mack William J. , Krieger Mark D. , McComb J. Gordon 
Published: November 2015

OBJECT
Even with improved prenatal and neonatal care, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) occurs in approximately 25%–30% of preterm infants, with a subset of these patients developing hydrocephalus. This study was undertaken to describe current trends in hospitalization of preterm infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) and the Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID).

METHODS
The KID and NIS were combined to generate data for the years 2000–2010. All neonatal discharges with ICD-9-CM codes for preterm birth with IVH alone or with IVH and hydrocephalus were included.

RESULTS
There were 147,823 preterm neonates with IVH, and 9% of this group developed hydrocephalus during the same admission. Of patients with Grade 3 and 4 IVH, 25% and 28%, respectively, developed hydrocephalus in comparison with 1% and 4% of patients with Grade 1 and 2 IVH, respectively. Thirty-eight percent of patients with PHH had permanent ventricular shunts inserted. Mortality rates were 4%, 10%, 18%, and 40%, respectively, for Grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 IVH during initial hospitalization. Length of stay has been trending upward for both groups of IVH (49 days in 2000, 56 days in 2010) and PHH (59 days in 2000, 70 days in 2010). The average hospital cost per patient (adjusted for inflation) has also increased, from $201,578 to $353,554 (for IVH) and $260,077 to $495,697 (for PHH) over 11 years.

CONCLUSIONS
The number of neonates admitted with IVH has increased despite a decrease in the number of preterm births. Rates of hydrocephalus and mortality correlated closely with IVH grade. The incidence of hydrocephalus in preterm infants with IVH remained stable between 8% and 10%. Over an 11-year period, there was a progressive increase in hospital cost and length of stay for preterm neonates with IVH and PHH that may be explained by a concurrent increase in the proportion of patients with congenital cardiac anomalies.
Predicting discharge destination with admission outcome scores in stroke patients
Authors: Ouellette D.S. , Timple C. , Kaplan S.E. , Rosenberg S.S. , Rosario E.R. 
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to predict the discharge location for stroke patients. OBJECTIVE: To design a tool to assess a community discharge that will assist in development of individualized care plans and discharge planning. METHODS: Patients ( N = 407) hospitalized for an acute stroke in an inpatient rehabilitation facility were used for this retrospective study. Admission data from the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and Simplified Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (S-STREAM) were used to determine predictive factors for a community discharge. RESULTS: Logistic regressions and chi-square analyses were used to determine admission factors that predict a community discharge and the cut off score for each predictive variable. The S-STREAM, Motor FIM, Total FIM, FIM Bladder, FIM bed transfer, FIM toilet transfer, FIM bathing, and FIM memory were predictive of a community discharge. A predictive tool with a sensitivity and specificity of 76% and 64% was developed using the combined relative risk scores of the S-Stream, FIM Bladder, FIM Bed Transfer and FIM Memory. CONCLUSIONS: By using outcome data at the time of admission, a discharge destination can be predicted for stroke patients with significant sensitivity and specificity.
Fatty replacement of rotator cuff in brain-injured patients is associated with hemiplegic arm function, but not with tendon tear: A multicenter study
Authors: Beom Jaewon , Jang Hye Jin , Han Tai Ryoon , Oh Byung-Mo , Paik Nam-Jong , Yang Eun Joo , Lee Shi-Uk 
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND: The association between fatty replacement of rotator cuff and hemiplegic upper extremity function has not been defined yet. Moreover, the relationships among rotator cuff tears, shoulder pain, spasticity, and fatty replacement were not clearly studied. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association of fatty replacement of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles with tendon tear in stroke or brain-injured patients. METHODS: A total of 72 hemiplegic patients were enrolled in 3 hospitals, and ultrasonography of both shoulders was performed once. Fatty replacement of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus was graded by the visibility of outer contours, pennate pattern, central tendon, and echogenicity. RESULTS: Fatty replacement was observed in 22 (30.6%) out of the 72 patients (in 18 supraspinatus muscles and 12 infraspinatus). Inter-rater agreement (kappa value) between the 2 physiatrists was 0.530 for the supraspinatus, and 0.411 for the infraspinatus. The Fugl-Meyer assessment score, Brunnstrom stage, and modified Barthel index were significantly lower in patients with fatty replacement of the supraspinatus or infraspinatus (group 1) than in those without (group 2). The motor power of both shoulders, the pain-free range of motion, spasticity, and hemiplegic shoulder pain were comparable between the two groups. The tear rate of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, or subscapularis tendon at the hemiplegic side was higher than that at the contralesional side in each group, although there was no significant difference between group 1 and group 2. CONCLUSION: Disuse leading to muscle atrophy rather than rotator cuff tear might be the cause of fatty replacement of these muscles, which may be associated with decreased function of the hemiplegic upper extremities.
Swallowing function after occipitocervical arthrodesis for cervical deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Ebata Shigeto , Hatsushika Kyousuke , Ohba Tetsuro , Nitta Kyohko , Akaike Hiroshi , Masuyama Keisuke , Haro Hirotaka 
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND: Some patients develop dysphagia after OC arthrodesis with RA. A previous report has indicated that establishing appropriate occipito-C2 is important for avoiding these side effects. However, a more recent report has demonstrated that the O-C2 angle did not have a significant effect on the incidence of postoperative dysphagia. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the swallowing function of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) before and after they underwent occipitocervical (OC) fusion. METHODS: The study was performed in collaboration with the Departments of Orthopaedic, Otorhinolaryngology, and Rehabilitation. Seven consecutive patients (3 men and 4 women; mean age, 66.4 years) with RA-induced upper cervical deformity were enrolled from 2013 to 2014. The patients underwent deglutition analysis, which was performed by otorhinolaryngologists, before and after surgery, and comprised videofluoroscopy and fiberoptic endoscopy. We examined the relationship between imaging studies and swallowing function. RESULTS: Preoperatively, subjective dysphagia was reported by 2 patients. Videofluoroscopy identified dysmotility of the epiglottis and incomplete closure of the laryngeal inlet in 2 patients, with contrast medium entering the larynx, and endoscopy identified food residue in the larynx of 1 patient during swallowing evaluation. Postoperatively, 2 patients with preoperative impaired deglutition showed dysphagia. Imaging examinations of the 2 patients revealed a 10°-reduction in the O-C2 angle of 1 patient, but the angle was unchanged in the other patient. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate swallowing function before and after O-C3 arthrodesis. The preoperative O-C2 angle was unchanged after surgery. Impairment of deglutition may be closely associated with air leakage from the oropharynx due to impaired mobility of the soft palate. Because the precise mechanism of dysphagia has not been fully elucidated, further study using dynamic videofluoroscopy and videoendoscopy is needed to examine the swallowing mechanism.
Postzygotic barriers isolate sympatric species of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) in Hawaiian montane forest understories
Authors: Johnson Melissa A. , Price Donald K. , Price Jonathan P. , Stacy Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Recent reviews of reproductive isolation (RI) in plants propose that boundaries between closely related species are maintained predominantly through prezygotic mechanisms. However, few experimental studies have explored how boundaries are maintained in long‐lived species. Hawaiian Cyrtandra presents an intriguing challenge to our understanding of RI, as it comprises 60 shrub or small tree species that are almost exclusively restricted to wet forests, where sympatry of multiple species is common.METHODS:We assessed the relative strengths of pre‐ and postzygotic barriers among four species of Cyrtandra occurring at the extremes of the main Hawaiian Island's natural island‐age gradient, Kaua‘i (4.7 Myr) and Hawai‘i Island (0.6 Myr), to contrast the strengths and stages of reproductive isolation among species at different stages of divergence.KEY RESULTS:A combination of F1 seed germination, F1 seedling survival, and F1 seedling growth isolated (61–91%) three of the species from sympatric relatives. In contrast, the fourth species was isolated (59%) from its sympatric relative through phenological differences alone. Significant postzygotic barriers in between‐island crosses were also observed in one species.CONCLUSIONS:Results suggest that boundaries between sympatric Cyrtandra species in Hawaii are maintained predominantly through postzygotic barriers. Observations from between‐island crosses indicate that postzygotic barriers can arise in allopatry, which may be important in the initial divergence of populations. Future studies of RI in Cyrtandra should include a broader range of species to determine if postzygotic isolating barriers are foremost in the maintenance of species boundaries in this large genus.
A Career in Inquiry
Authors: Cohen Helen S. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This article, based on the 52nd Eleanor Clarke Slagle lecture given at the 95th American Occupational Therapy Association Annual Conference & Expo, explores the concept of inquiry as the basis for a career and as an activity of daily living. Using the heliocentric theory and the space program at NASA as examples, the broad concept of inquiry is discussed, because it has led to important changes in society over the course of history. The article describes how a career as a clinician–scientist can be grounded in the concept of inquiry and explains how all occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants can base their own careers in inquiry, using examples from the early history of the profession of occupational therapy and from work by current investigators. Practical suggestions applicable to every clinician are provided.
Toward daily climate scenarios for Canadian Arctic coastal zones with more realistic temperature‐precipitation interdependence
Authors: Gennaretti Fabio , Sangelantoni Lorenzo , Grenier Patrick 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe interdependence between climatic variables should be taken into account when developing climate scenarios. For example, temperature‐precipitation interdependence in the Arctic is strong and impacts on other physical characteristics, such as the extent and duration of snow cover. However, this interdependence is often misrepresented in climate simulations. Here we use two two‐dimensional (2‐D) methods for statistically adjusting climate model simulations to develop plausible local daily temperature (Tmean) and precipitation (Pr) scenarios. The first 2‐D method is based on empirical quantile mapping (2Dqm) and the second on parametric copula models (2Dcopula). Both methods are improved here by forcing the preservation of the modeled long‐term warming trend and by using moving windows to obtain an adjustment specific to each day of the year. These methods were applied to a representative ensemble of 13 global climate model simulations at 26 Canadian Arctic coastal sites and tested using an innovative cross‐validation approach. Intervariable dependence was evaluated using correlation coefficients and empirical copula density plots. Results show that these 2‐D methods, especially 2Dqm, adjust individual distributions of climatic time series as adequately as one common one‐dimensional method (1Dqm) does. Furthermore, although 2Dqm outperforms the other methods in reproducing the observed temperature‐precipitation interdependence over the calibration period, both 2Dqm and 2Dcopula perform similarly over the validation periods. For cases where temperature‐precipitation interdependence is important (e.g., characterizing extreme events and the extent and duration of snow cover), both 2‐D methods are good options for producing plausible local climate scenarios in Canadian Arctic coastal zones.
Affirmative Action
Authors: Anderson Terry H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAffirmative Action is a governmental policy that has attempted to improve the employment, educational, and business opportunities of underprivileged classes, often women, minorities, or indigenous peoples, through preferential treatment in job hiring, college admissions, and the awarding of government contracts. While it can be successful in promoting underprivileged people in a society, it also has been vigorously debated since its implementation in various countries.
Common Good
Authors: Steiner Jürg 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHow communication is related to the common good depends on whether one argues from the theory of rational choice or from the theory of deliberation. From the former theory, politics is bargaining about self‐interest and power. Talking about the common good is nonsensical, but there is still a notion of the common good, which is reached when bargaining has come to an end and nobody can hope for a better deal. By contrast, the deliberative model is talk‐centered with actors arguing with each other about the common good with the force of the better argument prevailing. Practical politics is usually a combination of the two ideal types.