bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The European Union's Proposed Equality and Data Protection Rules: An Existential Problem for Insurers?
Authors: MacDonnell Paul 
Published: June 2015

AbstractInsurance companies use personal data to price personal insurance risks. Innovative data‐collection and processing strategies, including big data, offer the potential for better analysis of traditional risks and for markets in new types of insurance. This paper examines the potential for EU data protection and anti‐discrimination legislation – both existing and proposed – to threaten not only this potential but also the traditional personal insurance business. It offers a strategy based upon codes of practice and technological innovation that would allow insurers to protect their business and to innovate while meeting the concerns of legislators about discrimination and data protection.
Detecting seasonal variation in composition of adult Coccinellidae communities
Authors: HONEK ALOIS , MARTINKOVA ZDENKA , DIXON ANTHONY F. G. 
Published: June 2015

1. Following its recent global spread, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), an aphid predator of East Palearctic origin, dominated local coccinellid communities. While long‐term trends in this change are well documented, little is known about seasonal changes.2. Seasonal changes in communities of adult Coccinellidae were investigated in central Europe (Prague), from April to November in 2010–2014. The beetles were collected at 2‐weekly intervals by net‐sweeping particular stands of trees (Tilia spp., Acer spp. and Betula sp.). The numbers of beetles caught were recalculated per unit effort, and average species abundance and community richness, dominance and diversity were calculated for each 2‐week period.3. Frequencies of 21 established species varied throughout the vegetative season and general trends in this variation were similar in each of the 5 years of this study. In May–June the abundant species was Adalia decempunctata, which was later replaced by Harmonia axyridis as the most abundant species in late summer. Coccinella septempunctata colonized trees occasionally in summer. This sequence of species substitution occurred every year and was reset during winter. Species richness decreased and dominance increased during the course of each vegetative season. The diversity of the coccinellid community (Shannon index H′) significantly decreased during the course of the vegetative season. This was caused by a gradual increase in the dominance of H. axyridis, the abundance of which explained 88% of variation in H′.4. The existence of a significant seasonal difference indicates that it is important to take this into consideration when comparing coccinellid communities.
Beyond annual and seasonal averages: using temporal patterns of precipitation to predict butterfly richness across an elevational gradient
Authors: BADIK KEVIN J. , SHAPIRO ARTHUR M. , BONILLA MELVIN M. , JAHNER JOSHUA P. , HARRISON JOSHUA G. , FORISTER MATTHEW L. 
Published: June 2015

1. Ecologists often make predictions about community richness and diversity using climate variables that include seasonal precipitation totals and mean daily temperatures. While means and totals can be effective predictors to a certain extent, the complexities of faunal–climate relationships might be over‐simplified through the use of coarse‐grained variables.2. The goal of this study was to investigate less commonly studied climate variables, including indices of intra‐annual variation in the timing and intensity of precipitation events that might be used to predict butterfly richness across an elevational gradient. Data from a long‐term, single‐observer dataset at four sites inCalifornia were examined withBayesian model averaging and structural equation modelling. Species‐specific responses to climate were compared with community responses at each site.3. At lower elevations, it was found that the relative importance of climate variables shifted towards temporal patterns of precipitation, including the timing of the first storm event and the annual number of precipitation events. Heterogeneity among sites was apparent in the importance of specific weather variables, and temporal trends (across years) were detected for a small number of variables. Species‐specific results paralleled those obtained from analysis of species richness, thus suggesting a commonality of response to climate across site‐specific assemblages.4. Models were improved by inclusion of thePacificDecadalOscillation andEl Niño‐SouthernOscillation indices, indicating that regional variables can profitably be included in faunal–climate relationship analyses. These results emphasise the need for researchers to examine climate variables beyond the most readily summarised means and totals.
Genetic variability of Alder yellows phytoplasma in Alnus glutinosa in its natural Spreewald habitat
Authors: Holz S. , Duduk B. , Büttner C. , Kube M. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe genus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ comprises wall‐less bacteria colonizing the phloem of plants and insect tissues. Phytoplasmas are associated with diseases in over 1000 plant species worldwide, including many important crops as well as forest trees. Alder yellows (AldY) phytoplasma, which frequently infects Alnus spp., is closely related to the economically important phytoplasma causing Flavescence dorée (FD) in grapevines. In a natural habitat (Spreewald, Brandenburg, Germany), 57 Alnus glutinosa (black alder) trees were examined for phytoplasma infection in summer 2013. No phytoplasma typical infection‐associated symptoms such as yellowing and decline were observable in this natural swamp‐alder area. Amplification followed by a restriction fragment length polymorphism, and a sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA, allowed for the detection of AldY phytoplasmas in all examined trees and their assignment to the taxonomic group 16SrV‐C. Additional analyses of the non‐ribosomal marker gene methionine aminopeptidase (map) revealed diverse strains as well as mixed infections with closely related AldY strains, and the strains were assigned to phylogenetic clusters closely related to German Palatinate grapevine yellows, AldY or FD strains. The results confirmed that AldY phytoplasmas infection in A. glutinosa is prevalent. The results also indicate a presence of an established phytoplasma population in chronically infected black alder.
Experimental evidence of genome‐wide impact of ecological selection during early stages of speciation‐with‐gene‐flow
Authors: Egan Scott P. , Ragland Gregory J. , Assour Lauren , Powell Thomas H.Q. , Hood Glen R. , Emrich Scott , Nosil Patrik , Feder Jeffrey L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTheory predicts that speciation‐with‐gene‐flow is more likely when the consequences of selection for population divergence transitions from mainly direct effects of selection acting on individual genes to a collective property of all selected genes in the genome. Thus, understanding the direct impacts of ecologically based selection, as well as the indirect effects due to correlations among loci, is critical to understanding speciation. Here, we measure the genome‐wide impacts of host‐associated selection between hawthorn and apple host races of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae), a model for contemporary speciation‐with‐gene‐flow. Allele frequency shifts of 32 455 SNPs induced in a selection experiment based on host phenology were genome wide and highly concordant with genetic divergence between co‐occurring apple and hawthorn flies in nature. This striking genome‐wide similarity between experimental and natural populations of R. pomonella underscores the importance of ecological selection at early stages of divergence and calls for further integration of studies of eco‐evolutionary dynamics and genome divergence.
An Easy Method to Test Odour Recognition in Songbird Hatchlings
Authors: Caspers Barbara A. , Hagelin Julie , Bock Sandra , Krause E. Tobias 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe describe an easy method to test odour detection and recognition in 1‐d‐old zebra finch hatchlings (Taeniopygia guttata). Day‐old chicks beg in a stereotypical posture, which can be induced by directing gentle puffs of air from a plastic wash bottle near the face. We used this method to experimentally test whether begging duration of chicks was indicative of nest odour recognition. We manipulated the olfactory environment of 12 nests throughout incubation and hatching with either an artificial odour (orange oil) or with a neutral control (tap water). We then presented these two stimulus odours to 25 day‐old chicks and measured the duration of the first begging bout exhibited for each odour. Zebra finches hatched in a nest environment enriched with orange oil scent begged significantly longer when exposed to orange oil odour, compared to control hatchlings. Our simple testing procedure can be used to efficiently quantify odour recognition and/or preference in altricial songbirds at a very early developmental stage.
IM SCHMERZ GEBOREN (2014) VON FLORIAN SCHWARZ UND MICHAEL PROEHL: EINE STENDHAL‐SYNDROM‐PROVOZIERENDE ERNEUERUNG DES TATORT‐GENRES
Authors: Ludewig Alexandra 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThis article examines the ARD Tatort episode Im Schmerz geboren (2014) by Florian Schwarz and Michael Proehl, highlighting typical genre characteristics and the way they are parodied, as well as other intermedial and intertextual references. These, in turn, quite deliberately – and methodologically akin to Bakhtin's concept of dialogism – provoke a sensory overload, which is diagnosed as Stendhal Syndrome in the Tatort programme itself. Director Schwarz and screenwriter Proehl contribute, via their Stendhal‐Syndrome‐inducing renewal of the television crime series Tatort, to the discussion of the sublime, and, in doing so, also deliver an example of quality television.Dieser Beitrag wird auf hermeneutische Weise die ARD‐Tatort‐Episode Im Schmerz geboren (2014) von Florian Schwarz und Michael Proehl untersuchen. Dabei werden typische Genre‐Merkmale und ihr Persiflieren herausgearbeitet sowie andere intermediale und intertextuelle Bezüge hergestellt, die – methodologisch Bachtins These vom Dialogismus der Texte folgend – eine Sinnesüberflutung provozieren sollen, die wiederum selbst in dem Tatort als Stendhal‐Syndrom diagnostiziert wird. Mit dieser Stendhal‐Syndrom‐provozierenden Erneuerung des Fernseh‐Tatorts leisten Schwarz und Proehl einen Beitrag zum Diskurs über das Erhabene und liefern dabei zudem ein Beispiel für Qualitätsfernsehen.
A Review of Modern Computational Algorithms for Bayesian Optimal Design
Authors: Ryan Elizabeth G. , Drovandi Christopher C. , McGree James M. , Pettitt Anthony N. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryBayesian experimental design is a fast growing area of research with many real‐world applications. As computational power has increased over the years, so has the development of simulation‐based design methods, which involve a number of algorithms, such as Markov chain Monte Carlo, sequential Monte Carlo and approximate Bayes methods, facilitating more complex design problems to be solved. The Bayesian framework provides a unified approach for incorporating prior information and/or uncertainties regarding the statistical model with a utility function which describes the experimental aims. In this paper, we provide a general overview on the concepts involved in Bayesian experimental design, and focus on describing some of the more commonly used Bayesian utility functions and methods for their estimation, as well as a number of algorithms that are used to search over the design space to find the Bayesian optimal design. We also discuss other computational strategies for further research in Bayesian optimal design.
Development and validation of the Simulation Learning Effectiveness Inventory
Authors: Chen Shiah‐Lian , Huang Tsai‐Wei , Liao I‐Chen , Liu Chienchi 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimTo develop and psychometrically test the Simulation Learning Effectiveness Inventory.BackgroundHigh‐fidelity simulation helps students develop clinical skills and competencies. Yet, reliable instruments measuring learning outcomes are scant.DesignA descriptive cross‐sectional survey was used to validate psychometric properties of the instrument measuring students' perception of stimulation learning effectiveness.MethodsA purposive sample of 505 nursing students who had taken simulation courses was recruited from a department of nursing of a university in central Taiwan from January 2010–June 2010. The study was conducted in two phases. In Phase I, question items were developed based on the literature review and the preliminary psychometric properties of the inventory were evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. Phase II was conducted to evaluate the reliability and validity of the finalized inventory using confirmatory factor analysis.ResultsThe results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed the instrument was composed of seven factors, named course arrangement, equipment resource, debriefing, clinical ability, problem‐solving, confidence and collaboration. A further second‐order analysis showed comparable fits between a three second‐order factor (preparation, process and outcome) and the seven first‐order factor models. Internal consistency was supported by adequate Cronbach's alphas and composite reliability. Convergent and discriminant validities were also supported by confirmatory factor analysis.ConclusionThe study provides evidence that the Simulation Learning Effectiveness Inventory is reliable and valid for measuring student perception of learning effectiveness. The instrument is helpful in building the evidence‐based knowledge of the effect of simulation teaching on students' learning outcomes.
Bias in estimating the cross‐sectional smoking, alcohol, obesity and diabetes associations with moderate‐severe periodontitis in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study: comparison of full versus partial‐mouth estimates
Authors: Akinkugbe Aderonke A. , Saraiya Veeral M. , Preisser John S. , Offenbacher Steven , Beck James D. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether partial‐mouth protocols (PRPs) result in biased estimates of the associations between smoking, alcohol, obesity and diabetes with periodontitis.MethodsUsing a sample (n = 6129) of the 1996–1998 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, we used measures of probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level to identify moderate‐severe periodontitis. Adjusting for confounders, unconditional binary logistic regression estimated prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence limits. Specifically, we compared POR for smoking, alcohol, obesity and diabetes with periodontitis derived from full‐mouth to those derived from 4‐PRPs (Ramfjörd, National Health and Nutrition Examination survey‐III, modified‐NHANES‐IV and 42‐site‐Random‐site selection‐method). Finally, we conducted a simple sensitivity analysis of periodontitis misclassification by changing the case definition threshold for each PRP.ResultsIn comparison to full‐mouth PORs, PRP PORs were biased in terms of magnitude and direction. Holding the full‐mouth case definition at moderate‐severe periodontitis and setting it at mild‐moderate‐severe for the PRPs did not consistently produce POR estimates that were either biased towards or away from the null in comparison to full‐mouth estimates.ConclusionsPartial‐mouth protocols result in misclassification of periodontitis and may bias epidemiologic measures of association. The magnitude and direction of this bias depends on choice of PRP and case definition threshold used.
Condition dependence of male and female genital structures in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Cayetano L. , Bonduriansky R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTheory predicts that costly secondary sexual traits will evolve heightened condition dependence, and many studies have reported strong condition dependence of signal and weapon traits in a variety of species. However, although genital structures often play key roles in intersexual interactions and appear to be subject to sexual or sexually antagonistic selection, few studies have examined the condition dependence of genital structures, especially in both sexes simultaneously. We investigated the responses of male and female genital structures to manipulation of larval diet quality (new versus once‐used mung beans) in the bruchid seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. We quantified effects on mean relative size and static allometry of the male aedeagus, aedeagal spines, flap and paramere and the female reproductive tract and bursal spines. None of the male traits showed a significant effect of diet quality. In females, we found that longer bursal spines (relative to body size) were expressed on low‐quality diet. Although the function of bursal spines is poorly understood, we suggest that greater bursal spine length in low‐condition females may represent a sexually antagonistic adaptation. Overall, we found no evidence that genital traits in C. maculatus are expressed to a greater extent when nutrients are more abundant. This suggests that, even though some genital traits appear to function as secondary sexual traits, genital traits do not exhibit heightened condition dependence in this species. We discuss possible reasons for this finding.
Exophytic oral verrucous hyperplasia: a new entity
Authors: Patil Shankargouda , Warnakulasuriya Saman , Raj Thirumal , Sanketh D. S. , Rao Roopa S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveExophytic oral verrucous hyperplasia (OVH) is a new entity described by an expert working group from South Asia. First reported in Taiwan, there are no reports so far from an Indian population. The aim was to use the microscopic features described by the expert group to differentiate OVH from other oral verruco‐papillary lesions in an Indian archive.Materials and methodsIn a retrospective multicentre study, using pathology archives, 188 verruco‐papillary lesions were retrieved from pathology archives. A proforma listing histopathological criteria for OVH based on published guidelines (Annals of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 2013) was used. Patients’ demographic and clinical data were transcribed from patient charts. The Pearson chi‐square test was used to determine associations between clinical and histopathological features.ResultsOf 188 oral verruco‐papillary lesions that were evaluated, based on microscopic features the cases were reclassified as OVH (57), verrucous carcinoma (VC) (84), oral squamous cell carcinoma (16), and other verruco‐papillary lesions (31). Both OVH (70%) and VC (60%) showed male predominance and commonly affected buccal mucosa (OVH 74% and VC 57%). Absence of downward growth of the hyperplastic epithelium into lamina propria when compared with the level of the basement membrane of the adjacent normal epithelium was a distinct feature in OVH. Keratin plugging, epithelial dysplasia and subepithelial lymphocytic infiltration were found to be significantly different (P < 0.05) in OVH versus VC. The sample size of other verruco‐papillary lesions was insufficient for statistical comparison.ConclusionApart from the absence of an endophytic growth pattern in OVH, we noted the presence of dysplasia in OVH. This significant observation does institute a debate as to whether this enigmatic lesion could possibly be a precedent of oral squamous or verrucous carcinoma. We propose OVH is a distinct entity in our Indian population and should be considered in the classification of oral potentially malignant disorders.
Phase equilibria modelling of blueschist and eclogite from the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt of southwest Japan reveals along‐strike consistency in tectonothermal architecture
Authors: Weller O. M. , Wallis S. R. , Aoya M. , Nagaya T. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe Sanbagawa metamorphic belt of southwest Japan is one of the type localities of subduction‐related high‐P metamorphism. However, variable pressure–temperature (P–T) paths and metabasic assemblages have been reported for eclogite units in the region, leading to uncertainty about the subduction zone paleo‐thermal structure and associated tectonometamorphic conditions. To analyse this variation, phase equilibria modelling was applied to the three main high‐P metabasic rock types documented in the region – glaucophane eclogite, barroisite eclogite and garnet blueschist – with modelling performed over a range of P, T, bulk rock H2O and bulk rock ferric iron conditions using thermocalc. All samples are calculated to share a common steep prograde P–T path to similar peak conditions of ∼16–20 kbar and 560–610 °C. The results establish that regional assemblage variation is systematic, with the alternation in peak amphibole phase due to peak conditions overlapping the glaucophane–barroisite solvus, and bulk composition effects stabilizing blueschist v. eclogite facies assemblages at similar P–T conditions. Furthermore, the results reveal that a steep prograde P–T path is common to all eclogite units in the Sanbagawa belt, indicating that metamorphic conditions were consistent along strike. All localities are compatible with predictions made by a ridge approach model, which attributes eclogite facies metamorphism and exhumation of the Sanbagawa belt to the approach of a spreading ridge.
Integrative Review of Co‐Occurring Symptoms Across Etiologies of Chronic Liver Disease and Implications for Symptom Management Research and Practice
Authors: An Kyungeh , Jallo Nancy , Menzies Victoria , Kinser Patricia , Robins Jo Lynne W. , Starkweather Angela 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPurposeChronic liver disease affects over 30 million people worldwide, and despite advances in medical management that have increased survival, a majority of these individuals report multiple symptoms that severely impair function and quality of life. The purpose of this integrative review was to examine and summarize the current literature focused on self‐reported symptoms in individuals with chronic liver disease in order to inform the development and delivery of symptom management strategies in clinical practice.Design and MethodsCombinations of search terms related to the symptom experience were used to search three electronic databases. Inclusion criteria were empirical studies that measured self‐reported symptoms in populations with chronic liver disease published in English between 2003 and 2014. The literature search initially yielded 112 results; 26 quantitative studies met the inclusion criteria.Findings and ConclusionsThe symptom of fatigue was commonly reported across chronic liver disease populations and was often found to co‐occur with other distressing symptoms, including depression, sleep disturbance, pain, cognitive impairment, and dizziness associated with autonomic dysfunction. Due to the high prevalence and persistence of these “core” symptoms, the use of core symptom measures integrated longitudinally across populations would inform the development and delivery of symptom management interventions as well as enhance the ability of nurses to incorporate population‐level symptom management programs.Clinical RelevanceNurses play an important role in symptom assessment and may use the findings from the integrative review to incorporate core symptom measures across chronic liver disease populations and advance the development and delivery of symptom management interventions.