bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is the prevalence of MRI-detected inflammation and erosions in small joints in the general population? A collation and analysis of published data
Authors: Mangnus Lukas , Schoones Jan W , van der Helm-van Mil Annette H M 
Published: February 2015

IntroductionMRI sensitively depicts erosions, bone marrow edema (BME) and synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently developed European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations stated that MRI is valuable to improve the certainty of a considered diagnosis and to detect structural damage at an early time point. However, these recommendations were mainly based on the data of patients with RA; prevalences of MRI features in the general population were not extensively explored. We reviewed the literature on MRI studies including symptom-free persons to assess the occurrence of MRI features.MethodsMedical literature databases up to September 2013 were systematically reviewed for symptom-free persons with MRI data on metacarpophalangeal, wrist and metatarsophalangeal joints. Data were extracted and summarised. When allowed because of comparable scanning and scoring protocols, a mean frequency of features was calculated.ResultsOf the 338 articles screened, 31 studies evaluated MRI findings in symptom-free persons (n=516 in total). Both the imaging techniques (<1/≥1 T, with/without contrast enhancement) and the scoring methods (non-validated or RA MRI score (RAMRIS)) varied widely, prohibiting direct comparisons of the results of many studies. 15 studies scored data according to RAMRIS; combining data of similar joint regions showed that erosions (RAMRIS ≥1) were present in 33–52% of symptom-free persons. Similarly, synovitis was present in 27% and BME in 0–16% of symptom-free persons. The prevalence of MRI-detected erosions increased with age.ConclusionsMRI features, erosions in particular, occur frequently in symptom-free persons. Before MRI can be implemented in the diagnostic process, larger studies should be conducted determining the degree and combination of MRI features that are disease specific.
How to strengthen public trust in geosciences
Authors: Solarino Stefano 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Finding an appropriate way to communicate scientific knowledge has always been a challenge, but lately it has become even more so. In fact a few recent episodes have dramatically weakened the mutual confidence between society and research. This happened within a process that had been slowly leading scientists to communicate science more effectively, and society to being more inclined to learn about natural hazards.
Unfortunately, in some cases the failures or the uncertainty in describing natural phenomena turned out to be very negative for the scientific community. In addition, in a few cases scientists were considered at fault or co-responsible for actions not undertaken to mitigate the risk, and these cases illustrate how the role of science became confused with that of politics.
In this work I analyse what went wrong in the light of geoethics, which studies moral behaviour and the discrimination between right and wrong conduct.
I then try to assess what can be done to recover and possibly instil more confidence in science, again in terms of ethics. In summary, the recent developments of the relationship between science and society suggest a ‘new deal’, in which society has lower expectations as to what science can deliver, and within which there is a scientific community that has been adequately trained to communicate with the public. Additionally, an effort must be made to include uncertainties in communication and to educate citizens in a better understanding of uncertainties as a part of the flow of information.
The role of fluid pressure in contractional systems: examples from the Southern Canadian Rocky Mountains
Authors: Mackay Paul A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Fold and thrust belts are contractional systems created by tectonic plate collisions, creating stress conditions where the maximum principal stress is horizontal and the minimum principal stress is vertical. The stress orientation favours the development of low-angle reverse faults. The trigger mechanism for thrust activation as a recurring seismic event is related to fluctuations in fluid pressure. The fluctuating fluid pressure creates a temporal cycle of elevated and relaxed fluid pressure that shifts the system in and out of failure conditions. The generation of hydrocarbons from organic material is a source of fluids and a means of temporally fluctuating the fluid pressure. In the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains the major detachments follow organic-rich strata that have generated hydrocarbons. The nature of the fluids impacts the size and distributions of faults within the tectonic wedge. The critical taper of the wedge is modified by the presence of high fluid pressure.
Contribution of Hepatic Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptides to Docetaxel Uptake and Clearance
Authors: Lee Hannah H. , Leake Brenda F. , Teft Wendy , Tirona Rommel G. , Kim Richard B. , Ho Richard H. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The antimicrotubular agent docetaxel is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of multiple solid tumors and is predominantly dependent on hepatic disposition. In this study, we evaluated drug uptake transporters capable of transporting radiolabeled docetaxel. By screening an array of drug uptake transporters in HeLa cells using a recombinant vaccinia-based method, five organic anion–transporting polypeptides (OATP) capable of docetaxel uptake were identified: OATP1A2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP1C1, and Oatp1b2. Kinetic analysis of docetaxel transport revealed similar kinetic parameters among hepatic OATP1B/1b transporters. An assessment of polymorphisms (SNPs) in SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 revealed that a number of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 variants were associated with impaired docetaxel transport. A Transwell-based vectorial transport assay using MDCKII stable cells showed that docetaxel was transported significantly into the apical compartment of double-transfected (MDCKII-OATP1B1/MDR1 and MDCKII-OATP1B3/MDR1) cells compared with single-transfected (MDCKII-OATP1B1 and MDCKII-OATP1B3) cells (P &lt; 0.05) or control (MDCKII-Co) cells (P &lt; 0.001). In vivo docetaxel transport studies in Slco1b2−/− mice showed approximately &gt;5.5-fold higher plasma concentrations (P &lt; 0.01) and approximately 3-fold decreased liver-to-plasma ratio (P &lt; 0.05) of docetaxel compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The plasma clearance of docetaxel in Slco1b2−/− mice was 83% lower than WT mice (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrates the important roles of OATP1B transporters to the hepatic disposition and clearance of docetaxel, and supporting roles of these transporters for docetaxel pharmacokinetics. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(4); 994–1003. ©2015 AACR.
RNA Interference Using c-Myc–Conjugated Nanoparticles Suppresses Breast and Colorectal Cancer Models
Authors: Tangudu Naveen K. , Verma Vinod K. , Clemons Tristan D. , Beevi Syed S. , Hay Trevor , Mahidhara Ganesh , Raja Meera , Nair Rekha A. , Alexander Liza E. , Patel Anant B. , Jose Jedy , Smith Nicole M. , Zdyrko Bogdan , Bourdoncle Anne , Luzinov Igor , Iyer K. Swaminathan , Clarke Alan R. , Dinesh Kumar Lekha 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
In this article, we report the development and preclinical validation of combinatorial therapy for treatment of cancers using RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi technology is an attractive approach to silence genes responsible for disease onset and progression. Currently, the critical challenge facing the clinical success of RNAi technology is in the difficulty of delivery of RNAi inducers, due to low transfection efficiency, difficulties of integration into host DNA and unstable expression. Using the macromolecule polyglycidal methacrylate (PGMA) as a platform to graft multiple polyethyleneimine (PEI) chains, we demonstrate effective delivery of small oligos (anti-miRs and mimics) and larger DNAs (encoding shRNAs) in a wide variety of cancer cell lines by successful silencing/activation of their respective target genes. Furthermore, the effectiveness of this therapy was validated for in vivo tumor suppression using two transgenic mouse models; first, tumor growth arrest and increased animal survival was seen in mice bearing Brca2/p53-mutant mammary tumors following daily intratumoral treatment with nanoparticles conjugated to c-Myc shRNA. Second, oral delivery of the conjugate to an Apc-deficient crypt progenitor colon cancer model increased animal survival and returned intestinal tissue to a non–wnt-deregulated state. This study demonstrates, through careful design of nonviral nanoparticles and appropriate selection of therapeutic gene targets, that RNAi technology can be made an affordable and amenable therapy for cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(5); 1259–69. ©2015 AACR.
G-Protein–Coupled Receptor Kinase 2–Mediated Desensitization of Adiponectin Receptor 1 in Failing Heart
Authors: Wang Yajing , Gao Erhe , Lau Wayne Bond , Wang Yang , Liu Gaizheng , Li Jing-Jing , Wang Xiaoliang , Yuan Yuexing , Koch Walter J. , Ma Xin-Liang 
Published: February 2015

Background—
Phosphorylative desensitization of G-protein–coupled receptors contributes significantly to post–myocardial infarction (MI) remodeling and heart failure (HF). Here, we determined whether adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs) 1 and 2 (the 7-transmembrane domain–containing receptors mediating adiponectin functions) are phosphorylatively modified and functionally impaired after MI.

Methods and Results—
Post-MI HF was induced by coronary artery occlusion. Receptor phosphorylation, kinase expression, and adiponectin function were determined via in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models. AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are not phosphorylated in the normal heart. However, AdipoR1 was significantly phosphorylated after MI, peaking at 7 days and remaining significantly phosphorylated thereafter. The extent of post-MI AdipoR1 phosphorylation positively correlated with the expression level of GPCR kinase (GRK) 2, the predominant GRK isoform upregulated in the failing heart. Cardiac-specific GRK2 knockout virtually abolished post-MI AdipoR1 phosphorylation, whereas virus-mediated GRK2 overexpression significantly phosphorylated AdipoR1 and blocked adiponectin metabolic-regulatory/anti-inflammatory signaling. Mass spectrometry identified serine-7, threonine-24, and threonine-53 (residues located in the n-terminal intracellular AdipoR1 region) as the GRK2 phosphorylation sites. Ex vivo experiments demonstrated that adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase activation and the anti–tumor necrosis factor-α effect of adiponectin were significantly inhibited in cardiomyocytes isolated from nonischemic area 7 days after MI. In vivo experiments demonstrated that acute adiponectin administration–induced cardiac GLUT4 translocation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation were blunted 7 days after MI. Continuous adiponectin administration beginning 7 days after MI failed to protect the heart from adverse remodeling and HF progression. Finally, cardiac-specific GRK2 knockdown restored the cardioprotective effect of adiponectin.

Conclusion—
AdipoR1 is phosphorylatively modified and desensitized by GRK2 in failing cardiomyocytes, contributing to post-MI remodeling and HF progression.
Description of Ektaphelenchoides caspiensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Ektaphelenchinae) from Iran
Authors: Aliramaji Farzad , Pourjam Ebrahim , Karegar Akbar , Atighi Mohammad Reza , Pedram Majid 
Published: February 2015

Ektaphelenchoides caspiensis n. sp. is described and illustrated based on morphological, morphometric and molecular characters. The new species is characterised by its continuous lip region, obscure lateral field, females with body length of 499-572 μm, 9-10 μm long stylet, excretory pore posterior to base of metacorpus at 62-72 μm from anterior body end, short post-uterine sac ca 0.5 times corresponding body diam. or 4-9 μm long, and posterior body end (i.e., including ‘tail’) very long and filiform. Males are common and have 7-8 μm long spicules, five copulatory papillae and a long (109-140 μm) conoid tail with very long filiform terminus. Based on morphological and molecular characters, it comes close to five known species of the genus, namely: E. attenuata, E. fuchsi, E. kelardashtensis, E. musae and E. ruehmi. It differs from the closest species, E. kelardashtensis, by the shorter female stylet (9-10 vs 13-16 μm), more anterior vulva (V = 51.7-58.1 vs 61.5-68.0), more posterior excretory pore (62-72 vs 55-66 μm from anterior end), very long posterior body (i.e., including ‘tail’) in female, and male tail shape (conoid with very long filiform terminus vs conoid, sharply pointed). Comparisons with other close species of the genus are also discussed. Molecular analyses were performed using 732 bp of the partial ribosomal RNA large subunit gene (D2-D3 of LSU) using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods and showed that the new species formed a clade with one species of the genus (E. fuchsi) and Devibursaphelenchus lini.
Simulated U.S. Drought Response to Interannual and Decadal Pacific SST Variability
Authors: Burgman Robert J. , Jang Youkyoung 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Idealized atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments by the U.S. Climate Variability and Predictability Program (CLIVAR) Drought Working Group were used in order to study the influence of natural modes of sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the Pacific on drought in the contiguous United States. The current study expands on previous results by examining the atmospheric response of three AGCMs to three different patterns of the idealized Pacific SST anomalies that operate on different time scales: low-frequency (decadal), high-frequency (interannual), and a pan-Pacific pattern that retains characteristics of interannual and decadal variability. While forcing patterns are generally similar in appearance, results indicate that differences in the relative amplitude of the equatorial and extratropical components of the SST forcing are sufficient to give rise to differing teleconnections, leading to regional differences in the amplitude and significance of the precipitation response. Results indicate that the differences in simulated drought response between AGCMs to different cool-phase (La Niña–like) SST patterns are determined by model sensitivity to changes in the relative amplitude of the equatorial and extratropical components of the SSTA forcing, the strength of the land–atmosphere coupling, and by the amplitude of internal atmospheric variability. Results indicate that the northwestern United States and Great Plains regions are particularly sensitive to the extratropical component of the SST forcing. Evidence is also found that when the cool-phase patterns of SST combine, as they have in recent years, constructive interference leads to an enhanced drought response over the Great Plains.
Concurrent Sensitivities of an Idealized Deep Convective Storm to Parameterization of Microphysics, Horizontal Grid Resolution, and Environmental Static Stability
Authors: Morrison Hugh , Morales Annareli , Villanueva-Birriel Cecille 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This study investigated the sensitivity of idealized deep convective storm simulations to microphysics parameterization, horizontal grid spacing (Δx), and environmental static stability. Three different bulk microphysics schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model were tested for Δx between 0.125 and 2 km and three different environmental soundings, modified by altering static stability above 5 km. Horizontally and temporally averaged condensation and surface precipitation rates and convective updraft mass flux were sensitive to microphysics scheme and Δx for all environmental soundings. Microphysical sensitivities were similar for 0.125 &lt; Δx &lt; 1 km, but they varied for different soundings. Sensitivities of these quantities to Δx were less robust and varied with microphysics scheme. Other statistical convective characteristics, such as the mean updraft width and strength, exhibited similar sensitivities to Δx for all of the microphysics schemes. Microphysical sensitivities were primarily attributed to interactions between microphysics, cold pools, and dynamics that affected the spatial coverage of convective updrafts and hence the horizontally averaged convective mass flux, condensation rate, and surface precipitation. However, these linkages were less clear for the lowest convective available potential energy (CAPE) sounding, and in this case other mechanisms compensated to give a similar spatial coverage of convective updrafts even in simulations without a cold pool. For higher CAPE, there was considerable production of rimed ice from all of the microphysics schemes and its assumed characteristics, especially the fall speed, were important in explaining sensitivity via microphysical impacts on the cold pool. These results highlight the need for continued improvement in representing the production of rimed ice and its characteristics in microphysics schemes.
L’assistant personnel numérique : outil de soutien à la réadaptation en santé mentale
Authors: Charbonneau Karine , Lalande Mélissa , Briand Catherine 
Published: February 2015

Background. People living with mental illness may manifest cognitive and social-emotional difficulties leading to several challenges in their daily lives. Using technological aids may help to compensate for some of these difficulties. Purpose. The objective of this study was to document the effects and issues of the use of mobile technology applications (apps) with people with mental illness during the rehabilitation process. Method. Using an exploratory qualitative evaluative approach, 12 participants were engaged in ongoing brief interviews in which they discussed their use of a variety of apps that met their rehabilitation needs. A thematic analysis (descriptive interpretive) was used to uncover the effects and issues of the integration of apps in participants’ daily life. Findings. The apps helped participants to overcome their cognitive difficulties, facilitated the management of their daily tasks and socialization, and prevented boredom. However, several issues related to the context, the technology, and the person need to be considered. Implications. The findings prompt one to consider the therapist’s role in the integration of personal digital assistants in psychosocial rehabilitation.
Public Representations of the Collective Memory of Brazil’s Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra
Authors: Straubhaar Rolf 
Published: February 2015

A textual analysis of editorials in the Revista Sem Terra, an official publication of the Brazilian Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (Landless Rural Workers’ Movement—MST), shows that the movement leadership uses collective memory making—retellings of past violence and repression—to emphasize the harsh consequences of neoliberal economic policy and appeal to the emotions of activists and allies. These retellings help the movement to further the cause of resistance to neoliberalism and build a national coalition that can promote economic alternatives and social equity. Uma analise textual dos editoriais da Revista Sem Terra, publicação oficial do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais sem Terra (MST) do Brasil, nos demostra que a liderança desse movimento utiliza a capacidade coletiva de construir a sua memória na forma de recontarem narrações da violença e repressão do passado, o que enfatizariam as consequências brutais da política econômia do neoliberalismo, e que apelariam às emoções dos militantes e dos aliados. Tais recontos ajudam ao movimento promover a causa de resistância ao neoliberalismo e construir uma coalição nacional que possa fomentar alternativos econômicos e a igualdade social.
Morphological changes in vascular and circulating blood cells following exposure to detergent sclerosants
Authors: Cooley-Andrade O , Connor DE , Ma DDF , Weisel JW , Parsi K 
Published: February 2015

Objectives To investigate morphological changes in vascular and circulating blood cells following exposure to detergent sclerosants sodium tetradecyl sulfate and polidocanol. Methods Samples of whole blood, isolated leukocytes, platelets, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts were incubated with varying concentrations of sclerosants. Whole blood smears were stained with Giemsa and examined by light and bright field microscopy. Phalloidin and Hoechst stains were used to analyze cytoplasmic and nuclear morphology by fluorescence microscopy. Endothelial cell and fibroblasts were analyzed by live cell imaging. Results Higher concentrations of sclerosants induced cell lysis. Morphological changes in intact cells were observed at sublytic concentrations of detergents. Low concentration sodium tetradecyl sulfate induced erythrocyte acanthocytosis and macrocytosis, while polidocanol induced Rouleaux formation and increased the population of target cells and stomatocytes. Leukocytes showed swelling, blebbing, vacuolation, and nuclear degradation following exposure to sodium tetradecyl sulfate, while polidocanol induced pseudopodia formation, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation. Platelets exhibited pseudopodia with sodium tetradecyl sulfate and a “fried egg” appearance with polidocanol. Exposure to sodium tetradecyl sulfate resulted in size shrinkage in both endothelial cell and fibroblasts, while endothelial cell developed distinct spindle morphology. Polidocanol induced cytoplasmic microfilament bundles in both endothelial cell and fibroblasts. Patchy chromatin condensation was observed following exposure of fibroblasts to either agent. Conclusion Detergent sclerosants are biologically active at sublytic concentrations. The observed morphological changes are consistent with cell activation, apoptosis, and oncosis. The cellular response is concentration dependent, cell-specific, and sclerosant specific.
Serum Apelin 13 Levels in Patients With Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Selimoglu Şen Hadice , Kaplan Ibrahim , Abakay Özlem , Sezgi Cengizhan , Yilmaz Süreyya , Taylan Mahsuk , Abakay Abdurrahman , Tanrikulu Abdullah Çetin 
Published: February 2015

Introduction and Aim: Expression and peptide immunoreactivity of apelin messenger RNA have been described in a variety of tissues, including gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue, brain, kidney, liver, cardiovascular system, and lungs. This study aimed to investigate the possible involvement of the endogenous apelin in the pathophysiological events that occur in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE). Materials and Methods: In total, 53 patients with PE and 35 healthy volunteers were included the study. This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care university hospital and among patients diagnosed as having PE. The control group consisted of healthy volunteers who applied to hospital for a routine checkup examination. Serum apelin 13 levels were measured in both the groups and their results were compared. Results: The median ages were 57 and 53 years, and female–male ratios were 30/23 and 20/15, in the PE and control groups, respectively. The mean serum apelin 13 levels were found to be significantly higher in the PE group (76.94 ± 10.70 ng/mL) than in the control group (50.01 ± 7.13 ng/mL; P < .001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that apelin 13 levels are elevated in patients with PE. These results suggest that apelin may be a novel biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in patients with acute PE in the future.