bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alveolopalatalization in Central German as Markedness Reduction
Authors: Hall T. A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe present study investigates the historical unconditioned merger of palatal /ç/ (< Middle High German /x/) and postalveolar /ʃ/ into alveolopalatal /ɕ/ in certain varieties of Central German. It will be shown that the phonemicization of the alveolopalatal was the final stage in a gradual reduction of segmental markedness. Thus, /ç/ and /ʃ/ are argued to be featurally complex segments, while /ɕ/ is featurally simplex. Independent support for the proposed analysis can be found in the concomitant reduction of markedness in the vowel system of the dialects in question. The present study sheds light on the factors involved in explaining context‐free phonological change and the historical source of the alveolopalatal /ɕ/.
Molecular phylogeny evidence of altitudinal distribution and habitat adaptation in Korean Ephemera species (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae)
Authors: Hwang Jeong Mi , Yoon Tae Joong , Suh Kyong In , Bae Yeon Jae 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMolecular phylogeny of the four Korean Ephemera species, Ephemera orientalis, E. sachalinensis, E. strigata, and E. separigata, was inferred from 630 bp sequences of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. Results indicated that mean intraspecific sequence divergences were 0.70%, whereas mean interspecific divergences were 15.75%, and 17 samples were distinguished to four species correctly by COI sequences. The results also demonstrated that four species of Korean Ephemera assembled a monophyletic group with high support in maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses. This Ephemera group was divided into two major clades of E. orientalis–E. sachalinensis and E. strigata–E. separigata. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this phylogeny explained altitudinal and habitat adaptations of Korean Ephemera species. The E. orientalis–E. sachalinensis clade, a widespread and lowland‐adapted mayfly group, retained plesiomorphic traits such as paired stripes on abdominal segments and was regarded as plesiotypic in terms of habitat adaptation, compared to the geographically more limited and upland‐adapted E. strigata–E. separigata clade.
Cardio‐respiratory response to moderate chloral hydrate sedation in young lambs
Authors: Sandberg Kenneth L. , Poole Stanley D. , Sundell Håkan W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimChloral hydrate (CH) is the most commonly used sedative for medical procedures and lung function tests in infancy. The aim was to determine whether moderate CH sedation affects airway function, lung volume and ventilation.MethodsThirteen chronically instrumented 7‐ to 8‐week‐old lambs were studied both before and after CH sedation (50 mg/kg as intravenous bolus followed by 25 mg/kg/hour as continuous infusion). Nitrogen washout technique and lung mechanics analysis were used to assess functional residual capacity (FRC) and airway function. Moment analysis and lung clearance index were calculated as measures of gas mixing efficiency in distal airways. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation and indices of inspiratory drive were determined together with heart rate, blood pressure and oxygenation.ResultsNo significant CH‐induced changes were found for gas mixing efficiency, FRC or lung mechanics. Minute ventilation decreased slightly, but significantly, while indices of inspiratory drive remained unchanged. Heart rate increased significantly, but mean arterial blood pressure was unaffected.ConclusionModerate CH sedation did not significantly affect airway function or FRC. Although indices of inspiratory drive were not affected, minute ventilation decreased slightly. These findings indicate that reliable results can be obtained from lung function testing when CH is used for sedation.
A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Heraty John M. , Burks Roger A. , Cruaud Astrid , Gibson Gary A. P. , Liljeblad Johan , Munro James , Rasplus Jean‐Yves , Delvare Gerard , Janšta Peter , Gumovsky Alex , Huber John , Woolley James B. , Krogmann Lars , Heydon Steve , Polaszek Andrew , Schmidt Stefan , Darling D. Chris , Gates Michael W. , Mottern Jason , Murray Elizabeth , Dal Molin Ana , Triapitsyn Serguei , Baur Hannes , Pinto John D. , van Noort Simon , George Jeremiah , Yoder Matthew 
Published: January 2013

AbstractChalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) is extremely diverse with an estimated 500 000 species. We present the first phylogenetic analysis of the superfamily based on both morphological and molecular data. A web‐based, systematics workbench mx was used to score 945 character states illustrated by 648 figures for 233 morphological characters for a total of 66 645 observations for 300 taxa. The matrix covers 22 chalcidoid families recognized herein and includes 268 genera within 78 of 83 subfamilies. Morphological data were analysed alone and in combination with molecular data from ribosomal 18S (2105 bp) and 28S D2–D5 expansion regions (1812 bp). Analyses were analysed alone and in combined datasets using implied‐weights parsimony and likelihood. Proposed changes in higher classification resulting from the analyses include: (i) recognition of Eriaporidae, revised status; (ii) recognition of Cynipencyrtidae, revised status; (iii) recognition of Azotidae, revised status; (iv) inclusion of Sycophaginae in Agaonidae, revised status; (v) reclassification of Aphelinidae to include Aphelininae, Calesinae, Coccophaginae, Eretmocerinae and Eriaphytinae; (vi) inclusion of Cratominae and Panstenoninae within Pteromalinae (Pteromalidae), new synonymy; (vii) inclusion of Epichrysomallinae in Pteromalidae, revised status. At a higher level, Chalcidoidea was monophyletic, with Mymaridae the sister group of Rotoitidae plus the remaining Chalcidoidea. A eulophid lineage was recovered that included Aphelinidae, Azotidae, Eulophidae, Signiphoridae, Tetracampidae and Trichogrammatidae. Eucharitidae and Perilampidae were monophyletic if Eutrichosomatinae (Pteromalidae) was included, and Eupelmidae was monophyletic if Oodera (Pteromalidae: Cleonyminae) was included. Likelihood recovered a clade of Eupelmidae + (Tanaostigmatidae + (Cynipencyrtus + Encyrtidae). Support for other lineages and their impact on the classification of Chalcidoidea is discussed. Several life‐history traits are mapped onto the new phylogeny.
Effect of Southern Oscillation Index and spatially distributed climate data on improving the accuracy of Artificial Neural Network, Adaptive Neuro‐Fuzzy Inference System and K‐Nearest Neighbour streamflow forecasting models
Authors: Saghafian Bahram , Anvari Sedigheh , Morid Saeed 
Published: January 2013

AbstractStreamflow forecast models are essential ingredients for water resources management. Due to nonlinear nature of streamflow generation, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Adaptive Neuro‐Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and K‐Nearest Neighbour (K‐NN) have turned into popular forecast models. The main objective of this paper was to study the effect of various non‐commonly used data, including spatially distributed climatic data, as well as Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), on the improvement of one‐ to three‐month ahead flow forecasts in the Karun basin, Iran. Temperature maps were produced via elevation–temperature relationships, while inverse distance‐weighted interpolation was applied to generate precipitation maps. In addition, three different input architectures were constructed for ANNs and ANFIS models using cross‐correlation and principal component analysis techniques. Next, the most accurate models with input point data were identified based on the root mean squared error and mean absolute error. Finally, the effect of using spatial climatic data and SOI on the performance of the most accurate models was investigated. Results showed that distributed precipitation data improved the performance of ANN and ANFIS models, while K‐NN model accuracy was only marginally affected. Adding SOI as an additional input improved the forecast performance slightly in all lead times.
Metamorphic P–T evolution of high‐pressure eclogites from garnet growth and reaction textures: Insights from the Kaghan Valley transect, northern Pakistan
Authors: Rehman Hafiz Ur , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Shin Keijiro 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Himalayan Metamorphic Belt of the Kaghan Valley transect in northern Pakistan is a key area where rocks of the Indian Plate have been subducted to greater depths >100 km beneath the Asian Plate and experienced high‐ to ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism. At least three distinct metamorphic events can be recognized in the metamorphosed mafic rock units (eclogites and amphibolitized eclogites) of the Kaghan Valley: (i) prograde; (ii) peak; and (iii) retrograde stages. Chemical composition, zoning pattern and inclusions in garnet, and metamorphic reactions among major mineral assemblage (garnet + clinopyroxene + quartz + amphibole + epidote) show that core portions of garnet grew under the prograde stage, whereas most of the middle portions were developed or recrystallized under the high‐pressure stage with P–T conditions at 2.3 ± 0.4 GPa and 766 ± 107°C. The rim portions of garnet in association with amphibole and presence of symplectites indicate amphibole‐eclogite to amphibolite‐facies (retrograde) stage with average P–T conditions at 1.5 ± 0.2 GPa and 710 ± 75°C. Zoning in garnet shows Ca‐poor wider cores, Ca‐rich thin middle portions, and chlorite and amphibole development along the outermost rims, suggesting prograde growth at cores and homogenous middle portions and retrogressive formation at rims during the amphibolite‐facies stage. These features suggest that most of the garnet grew during subduction of the Indian Plate lithosphere before the India–Asia collision, whereas rim portions developed during rapid exhumation in the post‐collision stage.
Response of ground‐dwelling spider assemblages (Arachnida, Araneae) to Montane Grassland management practices in South Africa
Authors: Jansen Raymond , Makaka Lukhanyo , Little Ian T. , Dippenaar‐Schoeman Ansie 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Frequent and extensive burning practices coupled with intensive grazing management are known to impact negatively on the vegetation diversity of grassland ecosystems. Few studies have investigated the impacts on spider diversity and community structure as a result of these management practices, and no studies have been conducted in high mountain grasslands on how these spider assemblages are influenced by this form of management.
Here, we present the results of a study conducted in the Mpumalanga grasslands on the eastern escarpment of South Africa. Ground‐dwelling spiders were sampled in the summer season from 180 pit‐fall traps in five study sites that varied from either being burnt annually and grazed heavily, burnt biennially and conservatively grazed, to communal land with no set management practice. Variations between sites were assessed and based on spider species composition and assemblage structure.
A total of 1145 individuals were collected representing 86 species from 60 genera and 43 families. Our results show that a majority of genera in these grasslands were represented by very few individuals, where a total of 37 species were represented by singletons and 17 species that were doubletons. The most abundant families were the Lycosidae (64.3%), Gnaphosidae (9.0%), Zodariidae (5.3%), Linyphiidae (4.7%) and Salticidae (3.1%).
Grazing intensity and fire frequency had no measurable effect on ground‐dwelling spider abundance diversity or assemblage structure. Only when rare or single species occurrence was included, was there some form of association with sites. This study has provided for the first preliminary inventory of ground‐dwelling spiders for this habitat.
Discovery of the rare HLA‐B*39:77 allele in an unrelated Taiwanese bone marrow stem cell donor using the sequence‐based typing method
Authors: Yang K. L. , Lee S. K. , Lin P. Y. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryWe detected a rare HLA‐B locus allele, B*39:77, in a Taiwanese unrelated marrow stem cell donor in our routine HLA sequence‐based typing (SBT) exercise for a possible haematopoietic stem cell donation. In exons 2, 3 and 4, the DNA sequence of B*39:77 is identical to the sequence of B*39:01:01:01 except one nucleotide at nucleotide position 733 (G‐>A) in exon 4. The nucleotide variation caused one amino acid alteration at residue 221 (Gly‐>Ser). B*39:77 was probably derived from a nucleotide substitution event involving B*39:01:01:01. The probable HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1 haplotype in association with B*39:77 may be deduced as A*02:01‐B*39:77‐C*07:02‐DRB1*08:03‐DQB1*06:01. Our discovery of B*39:77 in Taiwanese adds further polymorphism of B*39 variants in Taiwanese population.
Durability of Adhesion between Feldspathic Ceramic and Resin Cements: Effect of Adhesive Resin, Polymerization Mode of Resin Cement, and Aging
Authors: Vanderlei Aleska , Passos Sheila Pestana , Özcan Mutlu , Bottino Marco Antonio , Valandro Luiz Felipe 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPurpose: Adhesive cementation is an important step for restorations made of feldspathic ceramic as it increases the strength of such materials. Incorrect selection of the adhesive resin and the resin cement to adhere to the ceramic surface and their durability against aging can affect the adhesion between these materials and the clinical performance. This study evaluated the effect of adhesive resins with different pHs, resin cements with different polymerization modes, and aging on the bond strength to feldspathic ceramic.Materials and Methods: One surface of feldspathic ceramic blocks (VM7) (N = 90) (6.4 × 6.4 × 4.8 mm3) was conditioned with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 20 seconds, washed/dried, and silanized. Three adhesive resins (Scotchbond Multi‐Purpose Plus [SBMP], pH: 5.6; Single Bond [SB], pH: 3.4; and Prime&Bond NT [NT], pH: 1.7) were applied on the ceramic surfaces (n = 30 per adhesive). For each adhesive group, three resin cements with different polymerization modes were applied (n = 10 per cement): photo‐polymerized (Variolink II base), dual polymerized (Variolink II base + catalyst), and chemically polymerized (C&B). The bonded ceramic blocks were stored in water (37°C) for 24 hours and sectioned to produce beam specimens (cross‐sectional bonded area: 1 ± 0.1 mm2). The beams of each block were randomly divided into two conditions: Dry, microtensile test immediately after cutting; TC, test was performed after thermocycling (12,000×, 5°C to 55°C) and water storage at 37°C for 150 days. Considering the three factors of the study (adhesive [3 levels], resin cement [3 levels], aging [2 levels]), 18 groups were studied. The microtensile bond strength data were analyzed using 3‐way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (α= 0.05).Results: Adhesive resin type (p < 0.001) and the resin cement affected the mean bond strength (p= 0.0003) (3‐way ANOVA). The NT adhesive associated with the chemically polymerized resin cement in both dry (8.8 ± 6.8 MPa) and aged conditions (6.9 ± 5.9 MPa) presented statistically lower bond strength results, while the SBMP adhesive resin, regardless of the resin cement type, presented the highest results (15.4 to 18.5 and 14.3 to 18.9 MPa) in both dry and aged conditions, respectively (Tukey's test).Conclusion: Application of a low‐pH adhesive resin onto a hydrofluoric acid etched and silanized feldspathic ceramic surface in combination with chemically polymerized resin cement did not deliver favorable results. The use of adhesive resin with high pH could be clinically advised for the photo‐, dual‐, and chemically polymerized resin cements tested.
Principles of Microwave Combination Heating
Authors: Datta A.K. , Rakesh V. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFaster, automated cooking of foods with improved quality can be realistically achieved only by a combination of heating modes such as microwave, infrared, and hot air, which, by themselves, have limitations. Combining heating modes poses many technical challenges. To meet these challenges, comprehensive understanding of microwave combination heating is needed. This article is the synthesis of the most fundamental‐based approaches (theoretical and experimental) in an attempt to provide the most succinctly said principles that can be useful to a product or process designer in a very practical sense. To obtain these principles, characteristics of various individual modes of heating are discussed and principles of combining them are deduced based on the behavior of the individual modes.
Authoritative feeding behaviors to reduce child BMI through online interventions
Authors: Frenn Marilyn , Pruszynski Jessica E. , Felzer Holly , Zhang Jiannan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPurpose.The purpose of the study was to examine the feasibility and initial efficacies of parent‐ and/or child‐focused online interventions and variables correlated with child body mass index percentile change.Design and Methods.A feasibility and cluster randomized controlled pilot study was used.Results.Recruitment was more effective at parent–teacher conferences compared with when materials were sent home with fifth‐ to eighth‐grade culturally diverse students. Retention was 90% for students and 62–74% for parents. Authoritative parent feeding behaviors were associated with lower child body mass index. A larger study is warranted.Practice Implications.Online approaches may provide a feasible option for childhood obesity prevention and amelioration.
Cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes in older adolescents: Parental support and self‐management
Authors: Dashiff Carol , Suzuki‐Crumly Julie , Kracke Beverly , Britton Lacrecia , Moreland Elaine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to describe the experience of cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes (CFRD), parental support of adolescent self‐management, and the relationship of parental autonomy support with disease self‐management.Design and MethodsSemi‐structured interviews and questionnaires were employed in a study conducted with 10 adolescents and their parents.ResultsParents and adolescents lacked confidence to manage CFRD. Mothers' autonomy support was associated with adolescents' CFRD competence and cystic fibrosis self‐care. Fathers' autonomy support was associated with mothers' reports of adolescent cystic fibrosis self‐care.Practice ImplicationsEducation about CFRD management and support of adolescent autonomy in disease management is needed.
Primary biliary cirrhosis does not increase the risk of UTIs following diagnosis compared to other chronic liver diseases?
Authors: Varyani Fumi K. , West Joe , Card Timothy R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundUrinary Tract Infections (UTIs) occur more frequently in patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC). Previous studies have compared UTI occurrence in PBC and general population controls, however, it remains unclear if UTI is a feature of all chronic liver diseases (CLD)s, or is specific to PBC, or if this is a cause or consequence of PBC.AimsWe aimed to determine if UTIs are more common after a diagnosis of PBC compared to general population and CLD controls.MethodsA cohort study was conducted using the General Practice Research Database. We selected all cases of PBC plus 10 age‐ and sex‐matched general population controls, and an unmatched group with other CLDs. We formed a Cox–proportional hazard model of time to first UTI following diagnosis.ResultsTwo hundred and forty‐eight (24.6%) of PBC cases had a UTI event compared with 2127 (21.1%) of matched and 2131 (11.7%) of the unmatched CLD controls. Comparing PBC with matched controls showed an approximately 30% increased risk of UTI [hazard ratio (HR) 1.33 confidence interval (CI) 1.17–1.52]. Adjusting for diabetes, smoking and previous UTI reduced this (HR 1.25 CI 1.09–1.42). The Hazard Ratio comparing PBC with unmatched CLD controls was 2.00 (CI 1.76–2.28), but this became non‐significant when adjusting for age, sex, diabetes, smoking and previous UTI 0.98 (0.86–1.12).ConclusionsThere is increased risk of UTI in PBC patients compared to general population controls, but not compared to CLD controls suggesting that this association is not specific to PBC after diagnosis.
A nationwide seroepidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in South Korea
Authors: Kim Do Young , Kim In Hee , Jeong Sook‐Hyang , Cho Yong Kyun , Lee Joon Hyoek , Jin Young‐Joo , Lee Don , Suh Dong Jin , Han Kwang‐Hyub , Park Neung Hwa , Kang Ha Yan , Jung Young Kul , Kim Young Seok , Kim Kyung‐Ah , Lee Youn Jae , Lee Byung Seok , Yim Hyung Joon , Lee Heon Ju , Baik Soon Koo , Tak Won Young , Lee Sun Jae , Chung Woo Jin , Choi Sung‐Kyu , Cho Eun‐Young , Heo Jeong , Kim Dong Joon , Song Byung‐Cheol , Kim Man Woo , Lee Jun , Chae Hee Bok , Choi Dae Hee , Choi Hwa Young , Ki Moran 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsThe aim of this study was to reveal nationwide seroprevalence of HCV infection in South Korea by a large‐scale survey.MethodsFrom January to December 2009, a total of 291 314 adults underwent health check‐up in 29 centres nationwide. The data concerning anti‐HCV antibody and biochemical tests were obtained from all participants. Among subjects with positive anti‐HCV, such data as HCV RNA, genotypes and treatment detail were additionally analysed.ResultsUsing an estimated 2009 population of Korea, the age, sex and area‐adjusted anti‐HCV positive rate was 0.78%. Anti‐HCV prevalence in female patients (0.83%) was higher than that in male patients (0.75%). Gradual increase in anti‐HCV positivity was observed, from 0.34% in those aged 20–29 years to 2.31% in those >70 years. The age‐ and sex‐adjusted anti‐HCV prevalence varied in different areas, being higher in Busan and Jeonnam (1.53–2.07%), mid‐level in Seoul and surrounding districts (0.50–0.61%) and lower in Jeju (0.23%). The comparative analysis of laboratory variables between anti‐HCV (+) and anti‐HCV (−) group revealed significantly higher levels of alanine aminotransferase and lower levels of serum lipids in anti‐HCV (+) group. Among 1 718 anti‐HCV positive subjects, serum HCV RNA was measured only in 478 people, of whom 268 (56.1%) patients had detectable HCV RNA in serum. Among 50 patients for whom assessment of response to antiviral therapy was feasible, overall sustained virological response was achieved in 84% of patients.ConclusionThe prevalence of HCV infection is low in South Korea. Studies to analyse risk factors are warranted to reduce HCV infection.
“Unitarianism, Universalism, and Unitarian Universalism”
Authors: McKanan Daniel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUnitarian Universalism is a liberal religious tradition with denominational roots in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and theological roots stretching back to the Radical Reformation and the patristic period. Originally two traditions of liberal Christianity, its current non‐creedal form includes Christian, Buddhist, Jewish, pagan, mystical, process, and humanist spiritualities.
Engaging the U.S. Congress in the oral health of special‐needs adults: lessons from pediatric oral health policy
Authors: Edelstein Burton L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThe U.S. Congress has a long history of attending to insurance coverage for children's oral health services while being relatively silent about adult dental care. Yet many adults, made vulnerable by their disabilities and illnesses, are dependent upon governmental programs. This paper contrasts the robust history of federal legislative action in support of children's oral health with the lack of attention to adults' oral health to identify approaches that advocates may consider when engaging Congress in improving oral health for disabled and older adults. It provides a historical context of Congressional action on dental coverage from Medicaid and Medicare in the 1960s through passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010 and explicates the misconception that Congress has demonstrated about the importance of oral health for adults' well‐being and general health. Drivers and strategies for policy change are described and recommendations are made to expand coverage for vulnerable adults.