bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The combination of two p‐doped layers for improving the hole current of organic light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Chen Lei , Qin Dashan , Chen Yuhuan , Li Guifang , Wang Mingxia , Ban Dayan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe combination of MoO3‐doped 4,4‐N,N‐bis [N‐1‐naphthyl‐N‐phenyl‐amino]biphenyl (NPB:MoO3) and 4,4′‐N,N′‐dicarbazole‐biphenyl (CBP:MoO3) was used to enhance the hole conduction in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). It is found that the OLED using NPB:MoO3 10 nm/CBP:MoO3 5 nm showed a much increased current density than the one using NPB:MoO3 5 nm/CBP:MoO3 5 nm at a given voltage larger than 4 V, mainly because the hole transport barrier across the p‐doped heterojunction in the former device became smaller than that in the latter device with the driving voltage increasing, despite the fact that the 10‐nm NPB:MoO3 in the former device caused more Ohmic loss than the 5‐nm one in the latter device. As a result of the higher conductivity of NPB:MoO3 than that of CBP:MoO3, the OLED using the combination of 15‐nm NPB:MoO3 and 5‐nm CBP:MoO3 showed significantly increased performance than the one using the single 20‐nm CBP:MoO3. We provide a useful way of advancing the OLEDs toward the practical applications in general lighting and flat‐panel displays.
Improvement of the oxidation interface in an AlGaAs/AlxOy waveguide structure by using a GaAs/AlAs superlattice
Authors: Song Jinyan , Bouchoule Sophie , Patriarche Gilles , Galopin Elisabeth , Yacomotti Alejandro M. , Cambril Edmond , Kou Qingli , Troadec David , He Jian‐Jun , Harmand Jean‐Christophe 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe wet oxidation from the mesa sidewalls of AlGaAs/GaAs epitaxial structures is investigated in details. In addition to the intended lateral oxidation of the Al‐rich buried layer, we observe a parasitic vertical oxidation of the adjacent layers of lower Al content. This vertical oxidation produces a rough interface between the oxidized and non‐oxidized materials and reduces the effective thickness of the adjacent layers. This detrimental phenomenon is drastically reduced when the adjacent layer is replaced by a GaAs/AlAs superlattice (SL). In this case, a sharp interface between the Al‐Ga‐oxide and the SL is obtained after the oxidation process. Further experiments point out the critical role of hydrogen in the oxidation process of low Al content alloys. Hydrogen atoms produced during the oxidation of the Al‐rich layer are proposed to be responsible for the vertical oxidation of the adjacent layers. We devise that the SL interfaces are favorable to reduce the diffusion of the reactants in the vertical direction.
Gordian knot in the pseudo‐gap phase of hole‐underdoped cuprates
Authors: Goswami Partha 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe consider the coexistent d‐density wave (DDW) order, at the anti‐ferromagnetic (AF) wave vector Q = (π,π), representing the pseudo‐gap (PG) state, and d‐wave superconductivity (DSC), driven by an assumed attractive interaction, for the two‐dimensional (2D) fermion system on a square lattice starting with a mean‐field Hamiltonian involving the singlet DDW and the DSC pairings. The two energy gaps, corresponding to PG and DSC, in the excitation spectrum do not merge into one ‘quadrature’ gap if the normal state dispersion is imperfectly nested. With the pinning of the van Hove singularities (vHSs) of the dispersion close to the chemical potential (µ), we show that the PG and DSC are representing two competing orders as the former brings about a depletion of the spectral weight (a contour plot of the spectral weight density for 60 K at the doping level ∼10% is shown in the abstract figure) available for pairing in the anti‐nodal region of momentum space in the coexistent state. The calculation of quasi‐particle thermal conductivity αxx in the DDW and normal phases via the Boltzmann equation in the relaxation‐time approximation shows that there is a mild discontinuity in αxx at the PG transition temperature T*. magnified imageContour plot of the spectral weight density on the first Brillouin zone for the coexisting pseudo‐gap (PG) and superconducting (SC) phases at 60 K. The gap amplitudes are $\Delta _{{\rm PG}}^{{\rm (0)}} /t_{1} $ ∼ 0.024 and $\Delta _{{\rm SC}}^{{\rm (0)}} /t_{1} $ ∼ 0.01, where t1 corresponds to first‐neighbour hopping.
Anomalies of the first sharp diffraction peak in network glasses: Evidence for correlations with dynamic and rigidity properties
Authors: Micoulaut Matthieu , Bauchy Mathieu 
Published: February 2013

Abstractmagnified imageThe structural and dynamical properties of densified sodium silicates are investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. From the analysis of the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) in the amorphous phase, it is shown that some of its characteristic parameters (position, width) in partial structure factors display minima in a certain pressure interval defining a window. The pressure window can be correlated with anomalies in transport properties (diffusion, viscosity) and their activation barriers. The count of topological constraints, sensitive to pressure and temperature, is also computed. In the pressure window, we find evidence that an adaptative behavior takes place as angular constraints soften and reduce the increasing network connectivity related strain induced by pressure. These findings display striking similarities with the Boolchand intermediate phase (IP) found in rigidity driven by composition. The present numerical results also suggest that structural signatures for the IP should be found from a detailed analysis of neutron structure factors involving the partials. Finally, on a more general ground, the present study links for the first time to the best of our knowledge characteristic features of the FSDP with transport properties in the liquid.
Electrospray ionization on porous spraying tips for direct sample analysis by mass spectrometry: enhanced detection sensitivity and selectivity using hydrophobic/hydrophilic materials as spraying tips
Authors: Wong Melody Yee‐Man , Tang Ho‐Wai , Man Sin‐Heng , Lam Ching‐Wan , Che Chi‐Ming , Ng Kwan‐Ming 
Published: February 2013

RATIONALEDespite various porous materials having been widely adopted as spraying tips for direct sample analysis using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), the effect of surface property and porosity of spraying tip materials on their analytical performances is not clear. Investigation of their relationships could provide insight into the proper choice and/or design of spraying tip materials for direct sample analysis.METHODSThe effect of spraying tip materials with different polarities, including polyester and polyethylene (hydrophobic) and wood (hydrophilic), on the detection sensitivity for a variety of compounds, and on the ESI onset voltage, were studied using ESI‐MS. The porosity of each type of spraying tip was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Factors governing the detection sensitivity were determined based on the correlation of the detection sensitivity to the ESI onset voltage, the polarity, and the porosity of the spraying tip materials.RESULTSHydrophobic tips (i.e., polyester and polyethylene) show better detection sensitivity for polar compounds but not for non‐polar compounds, while hydrophilic tips (wooden tips) show the opposite effect. This phenomenon could be due to the difference in interaction between the analytes and the tips, causing the analytes to adsorb on the tip to different extents. In addition, the micro‐porous nature of the tips could facilitate solvent diffusion for transporting analytes to the tip and maintain a stable spray for recording MS data. With the proper choice of spraying tip materials, trace amount of analytes at the picomole level can be detected with minimal sample pretreatment.CONCLUSIONSBoth the polarity and the porosity of the spraying tip materials could significantly affect detection sensitivity for a wide variety of analytes. With proper choice of spraying tip material, ESI on a porous spraying tip could be a sensitive method for the direct analysis of daily life samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decoupled Control of Carbon Nanotube Forest Density and Diameter by Continuous‐Feed Convective Assembly of Catalyst Particles
Authors: Polsen Erik S. , Bedewy Mostafa , Hart A. John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe widespread potential application of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) forests have stimulated recent work on large‐area chemical vapor deposition growth methods, but improved control of the catalyst particles is needed to overcome limitations to the monodispersity and packing density of the CNTs. In particular, traditional thin‐film deposition methods are not ideal due to their vacuum requirements, and due to limitations in particle uniformity and density imposed by the thin‐film dewetting process. Here, a continuous‐feed convective self‐assembly process for manufacturing uniform mono‐ and multi‐layers of catalyst particles for CNT growth is presented. Particles are deposited from a solution of commercially available iron oxide nanoparticles, by pinning the meniscus between a blade edge and the substrate. The substrate is translated at constant velocity under the blade so the meniscus and contact angle remain fixed as the particles are deposited on the substrate. Based on design of the particle solution and tuning of the assembly parameters, a priori control of CNT diameter and packing density is demonstrated. Quantitative relationships are established between the catalyst size and density, and the CNT morphology and density. The roll‐to‐roll compatibility of this method, along with initial results achieved on copper foils, suggest promise for scale‐up of CNT forest manufacturing at commercially relevant throughput.
A Subpopulation of Individual Neural Progenitors in the Mammalian Dorsal Pallium Generates Both Projection Neurons and Interneurons In Vitro
Authors: Cai Yuqun , Zhang Yue , Shen Qin , Rubenstein John L. R. , Yang Zhengang 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
There are two major classes of neurons in nervous systems: projection neurons and interneurons. During Drosophila nervous system development, a subpopulation of individual stem/progenitor cells gives rise to both motor neurons and interneurons. However, it remains unknown whether individual stem/progenitor cells in the mammalian brain also have the potential to give rise to both projection neurons and interneurons. Here we present evidence that single mouse neocortical progenitors generated both projection neurons and GABAergic interneurons based on studies using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (to obtain individual progenitors) and in vitro clonal analysis using time-lapse video microscopy and immunostaining. We determined that a subpopulation of individual dorsal pallial progenitors from E11.5 Dlx5/6-cre-IRES-EGFP and GAD67-GFP mice can generate both GFP-negative/Tbr1-positive (GFP−/Tbr1+)/Tuj1+ cells and GFP+/Sp8+/calretinin+/Tuj1+ cells. The GFP−/Tbr1+/Tuj1+ cells had morphological features of cultured projection neurons. Quantitative analysis of the reconstructed lineage trees derived from single progenitors showed that the projection neuron lineage appeared earlier than the interneuron lineage; however, more interneuron-like cells were produced than projection neuron-like cells. Thus, our results provide direct in vitro evidence that individual progenitors of the mammalian dorsal pallium can generate both projection neurons and interneurons.
Riboflavin deprivation inhibits macrophage viability and activity – a study on the RAW 264.7 cell line
Authors: Mazur-Bialy Agnieszka Irena , Buchala Beata , Plytycz Barbara 
Published: February 2013

Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, as a precursor of the coenzymes FAD and FMN, has an indirect influence on many metabolic processes and determines the proper functioning of several systems, including the immune system. In the human population, plasma riboflavin concentration varies from 3·1 nm(in a moderate deficiency, e.g. in pregnant women) to 10·4 nm(in healthy adults) and 300 nm(in cases of riboflavin supplementation). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of riboflavin concentration on the activity and viability of macrophages, i.e. on one of the immunocompetent cell populations. The study was performed on the murine monocyte/macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line cultured in medium with various riboflavin concentrations (3·1, 10·4, 300 and 531 nm). The results show that riboflavin deprivation has negative effects on both the activity and viability of macrophages and reduces their ability to generate an immune response. Signs of riboflavin deficiency developed in RAW 264.7 cells within 4 d of culture in the medium with a low riboflavin concentration (3·1 nm). In particular, the low riboflavin content reduced the proliferation rate and enhanced apoptotic cell death connected with the release of lactate dehydrogenase. The riboflavin deprivation impaired cell adhesion, completely inhibited the respiratory burst and slightly impaired phagocytosis of the zymosan particles. In conclusion, macrophages are sensitive to riboflavin deficiency; thus, a low riboflavin intake in the diet may affect the immune system and may consequently decrease proper host immune defence.
Driftin’ too far from shore – Why the test for compliance with the TBT Agreement developed by the WTO Appellate Body is wrong, and what should the AB have done instead
Authors: MAVROIDIS PETROS C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFollowing years of silence, the WTO Appellate Body (AB) issued almost simultaneously three reports dealing with issues coming under the aegis of the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). The three Panel reports were hard to reconcile, and this feature in and of itself made the task of the AB quite onerous. Some progress has been made and some clarifications have been introduced, but overall the AB has yet to come to grips with a coherent approach regarding the understanding of the TBT Agreement. The main argument in this paper is that the AB, in designing its test for consistency with the TBT Agreement, did not do any different than it would have done had no TBT Agreement existed. It is, nevertheless, response to the question ‘what has the TBT added to the pre-existing legislative arsenal’ that should point to the elements that must be included in developing a test of consistency against which disputes coming under the aegis of the TBT Agreement should be discussed. The suggested approach consists of a two-tier test whereby Panels would first inquire into the innate characteristics of a measure coming under the aegis of the TBT Agreement, before asking the question whether it has also been applied in non-discriminatory manner.
Agency, ambivalence and authenticity: the many ways in which anorexia nervosa can affect autonomy
Authors: Hope Tony , Tan Jacinta , Stewart Anne , McMillan John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOn the basis of detailed interviews of females aged between fifteen and twenty-six years with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa we argue that the autonomy of people with this condition may be severely compromised in four ways, particularly in relation to eating and weight. First there are problems with agency. Second, affective components, particularly anxiety, can dominate beliefs such that the grounds for making a decision may differ from the reasons given in justification. Third, the interactions between the affective components and the objective evidence lead to substantial inner conflicts with resulting lack of stability in preferences and beliefs. Fourth, this lack of stability leads to concerns around identity and authenticity. We argue that some of the ways in which autonomy is compromised reduce competence to decide on treatment. We suggest that these results may be relevant to other mental disorders and have clinical and policy implications.
Indicator-based status assessment of commercial fish species in the North Sea according to the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)
Authors: Probst Wolfgang Nikolaus , Kloppmann Matthias , Kraus Gerd 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Probst, W. N., Kloppmann, M., and Kraus, G. Indicator-based status assessment of commercial fish species in the North Sea according to the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 694–706. The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) is structured into eleven descriptors of good environmental status (GES). For each descriptor the current status of the marine environment should be assessed against its GES using ecosystem criteria and indicators. Within Descriptor 3 (D3) the MSFD addresses the status of exploited fish stocks according to three criteria (exploitation rate, stock size and size structure). This study performed an MSFD-compliant assessment of exploited fish stocks in the North Sea by aggregating data from analytical stock assessments and scientific research surveys to calculate indicator metrics for each criterion within each stock time-series. A stock achieved GES, when each indicator for each criterion had a good status. Of 43 assessed fish stock suggested by the EU Data Collection Framework, 63% (27) achieved GES. Though the MSFD explicitly demands that all exploited fish stocks achieve GES, this demand may be challenged by reality, because the status of exploited stocks depends not only on fishing impacts, but also on environmental conditions and ecological interactions. Therefore an alternative approach based on binomial distributions is presented to define limits for GES at the descriptor level. The implications and pitfalls of the applied assessment methods are discussed.
Restoration of trophic structure in an assemblage of omnivores, considering a revegetation chronosequence
Authors: Gibb Heloise , Cunningham Saul A. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryHabitat loss is considered the single greatest driver of species extinctions and amelioration of this threat through habitat restoration is increasingly important in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Success of restoration depends largely on the ability of species of a diversity of functional types to recolonize a restored site.We used a restoration chronosequence to investigate the success of revegetation efforts (direct‐seeding and tube stock methods) in returning species and trophic functions of trophically diverse ant assemblages to land formerly used for livestock grazing in south‐easternAustralia. We examined assemblages based on: (i) species composition; (ii) trophic position and diversity, measured using stable isotopes of nitrogen; and (iii) species richness of trophic guilds based on δ15N isotopes (‘δ15N guilds’) and prior knowledge of diet (‘traditional trophic groups’).Responses for δ15N trophic guilds were more distinct than for those based on traditional trophic groups.Assemblage trophic position (mean species δ15N enrichment) decreased and trophic diversity (variance among species in δ15N enrichment) increased along the chronosequence from pastures to remnants. These patterns resulted from an increase in the richness of species with low δ15N enrichment (i.e. more ‘herbivorous’ species) along the chronosequence, which was also reflected in increases in the species richness of sugar feeders. Recovery of direct‐seeded sites lagged behind tube stock sites of the same age, suggesting a role for habitat structure.Species composition followed a trajectory suggestive of partial recovery, with revegetated sites supporting assemblages intermediate to pastures and remnants, but distinct from both.Synthesis and applications. Tree planting promotes recovery of species composition and trophic function. Planting method affects the speed of functional recovery, although minimally. Species on the herbivorous end of the spectrum of omnivory were slower to recover than more predaceous species and may require deliberate restoration of features associated with mature trees. Trophic guilds based on objective measures of diet respond more clearly to restoration than do those based on subjective observations and offer a more insightful method.
Long‐term adherence to follow‐up after treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Barken Sidsel S. , Lynge Elsebeth , Andersen Erik S. , Rebolj Matejka 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo measure adherence to annual follow‐up among women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.DesignProspective, population‐based, register study.SettingDenmark, 1996–2007.PopulationAll women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with conization.MethodsTreated women were routinely recommended to have follow‐up with annual smears for at least 5 years.Main outcome measuresUsing individually linked nationwide register data on conizations and follow‐up tests (smears and biopsies), we calculated the cumulative proportion of treated women undergoing the recommended follow‐up. We measured this cumulative proportion conservatively in 15‐month intervals for 5 years.ResultsAdherence to annual follow‐up among 45 984 treated women decreased gradually. In total, 90% of these women obtained at least one smear in the first post‐treatment year, but only 40% obtained the recommended tests for 5 years. Five‐year adherence was substantially better outside the capital area, for example, the odds ratio for women from Jutland compared with women from the capital area was 1.70 (95% confidence interval 1.60–1.82).ConclusionsAdherence to follow‐up after conization was poor in Denmark. Our findings suggest that because of this poor adherence, recommendations for long‐term annual follow‐up after treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia may not be highly effective. Shorter follow‐up schedules using highly sensitive tests appear attractive.
Cinnamyl alcohol oxidizes rapidly upon air exposure
Authors: Niklasson Ida B. , Delaine Tamara , Islam M. Nurul , Karlsson Roger , Luthman Kristina , Karlberg Ann‐Therese 
Published: February 2013

Background. Cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal are frequent fragrance contact allergens. Both are included in the European baseline fragrance mix I, which is used for screening of contact allergy in dermatitis patients.Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the autoxidation of cinnamyl alcohol and to identify the oxidation products formed on air exposure. We also wanted to evaluate the effect of autoxidation on the sensitization potency of cinnamyl alcohol.Methods. Samples of commercially available cinnamyl alcohol with and without purification were exposed to air, and the autoxidation was followed by chemical analysis. The analysis was performed with mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Sensitization potencies of compounds were determined with the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) in mice.Results. Chemical analysis showed that the concentration of cinnamyl alcohol in the air‐exposed samples decreased rapidly over time, and that autoxidation products were formed. Cinnamal, epoxy cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamic acid were identified as oxidation products. According to our study, cinnamal and epoxy cinnamyl alcohol were the first autoxidation products formed. The epoxy cinnamyl alcohol was shown to be the oxidation product with the highest sensitization potency. The analysis of our samples of commercially available cinnamyl alcohol showed that there was already a content of 1.5% cinnamal at the start of the autoxidation experiments.Conclusion. Cinnamyl alcohol readily autoxidizes upon air exposure, and forms strong sensitizers as determined by the LLNA. Cinnamal was formed in the largest amounts, showing that cinnamal is not only formed via bioactivation, as has previously been shown. A highly sensitizing epoxide was also identified and quantified in the oxidation mixture.