bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Antiglycan Antibody Responses to Skin Stage and Migratory Schistosomula of Schistosoma japonicum
Authors: Smit Cornelis H. , Kies Christiaan L. , McWilliam Hamish E. G. , Meeusen Els N. T. , Hokke Cornelis H. , van Diepen Angela 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTSchistosomiasis is a tropical disease affecting over 230 million people worldwide. Although effective drug treatment is available, reinfections are common, and development of immunity is slow. Most antibodies raised during schistosome infection are directed against glycans, some of which are thought to be protective. Developing schistosomula are considered most vulnerable to immune attack, and better understanding of local antibody responses raised against glycans expressed by this life stage might reveal possible glycan vaccine candidates for future vaccine research. We used antibody-secreting cell (ASC) probes to characterize local antiglycan antibody responses against migratingSchistosoma japonicumschistosomula in different tissues of rats. Analysis by shotgunSchistosomaglycan microarray resulted in the identification of antiglycan antibody response patterns that reflected the migratory pathway of schistosomula. Antibodies raised by skin lymph node (LN) ASC probes mainly targeted N-glycans with terminal mannose residues, Galβ1-4GlcNAc (LacNAc) and Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc (LeX). Also, responses to antigenic and schistosome-specific glycosphingolipid (GSL) glycans containing highly fucosylated GalNAcβ1-4(GlcNAcβ1)nstretches that are believed to be present at the parasite's surface constitutively upon transformation were found. Antibody targets recognized by lung LN ASC probes were mainly N-glycans presenting GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc (LDN) and GlcNAc motifs. Surprisingly, antibodies against highly antigenic multifucosylated motifs of GSL glycans were not observed in lung LN ASC probes, indicating that these antigens are not expressed in lung stage schistosomula or are not appropriately exposed to induce immune responses locally. The local antiglycan responses observed in this study highlight the stage- and tissue-specific expression of antigenic parasite glycans and provide insights into glycan targets possibly involved in resistance toS. japonicuminfection.
Edwardsiella tarda EscE (Orf13 Protein) Is a Type III Secretion System-Secreted Protein That Is Required for the Injection of Effectors, Secretion of Translocators, and Pathogenesis in Fish
Authors: Lu Jin Fang , Wang Wei Na , Wang Gai Ling , Zhang He , Zhou Ying , Gao Zhi Peng , Nie Pin , Xie Hai Xia 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT

The type III secretion system (T3SS) of
Edwardsiella tarda
is crucial for its intracellular survival and pathogenesis in fish. The
orf13
gene (
escE
) of
E. tarda
is located 84 nucleotides (nt) upstream of
esrC
in the T3SS gene cluster. We found that EscE is secreted and translocated in a T3SS-dependent manner and that amino acids 2 to 15 in the N terminus were required for a completely functional T3SS in
E. tarda
. Deletion of
escE
abolished the secretion of T3SS translocators, as well as the secretion and translocation of T3SS effectors, but did not influence their intracellular protein levels in
E. tarda
. Complementation of the
escE
mutant with a secretion-incompetent EscE derivative restored the secretion of translocators and effectors. Interestingly, the effectors that were secreted and translocated were positively correlated with the EscE protein level in
E. tarda
. The
escE
mutant was attenuated in the blue gourami fish infection model, as its 50% lethal dose (LD
50
) increased to 4 times that of the wild type. The survival rate of the
escE
mutant-strain-infected fish was 69%, which was much higher than that of the fish infected with the wild-type bacteria (6%). Overall, EscE represents a secreted T3SS regulator that controls effector injection and translocator secretion, thus contributing to
E. tarda
pathogenesis in fish. The homology of EscE within the T3SSs of other bacterial species suggests that the mechanism of secretion and translocation control used by
E. tarda
may be commonly used by other bacterial pathogens.
Area-Efficient PUF-Based Key Generation on System-on-Chips with FPGAs
Authors: Gehrer Stefan , Sigl Georg 
Published: October 2015

Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) are an innovative way to generate device unique keys using uncontrollable production tolerances. In this work, we present a method to use PUFs on modern FPGA-based system-on-chips (SoCs). The processor system part of the SoC is used to configure the FPGA part. We propose a reconfigurable PUF design that can be changed by using the partial reconfiguration (PR) feature of modern FPGAs. Multiple ring oscillator PUF (RO PUF) designs are loaded on the same logic blocks of the FPGA in order to make use of different resources, i.e., sources of entropy, on the FPGA. Their frequencies are read out individually and the differences between neighbored oscillators are used to generate a bit response. The responses of each design can be concatenated to a larger response vector that can be used to generate a cryptographic key. We present an implementation that is able to decrease the needed resources by 87.5% on a Xilinx Zynq.
New estimates for the Hardy constants of multipolar Schrödinger operators
Authors: Cazacu Cristian 
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we study the optimization problem [Formula: see text] in a suitable functional space [Formula: see text]. Here, [Formula: see text] is the multi-singular potential given by [Formula: see text] and all the singular poles [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], arise either in the interior or at the boundary of a smooth open domain [Formula: see text], with [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], respectively. For a bounded domain [Formula: see text] containing all the singularities in the interior, we prove that [Formula: see text] when [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] when [Formula: see text] (it is known from [C. Cazacu and E. Zuazua, Improved multipolar hardy inequalities, in Studies in Phase Space Analysis with Application to PDEs, Progress in Nonlinear Differential Equations and Their Applications, Vol. 84 (Birkhäuser, New York, 2013), pp. 37–52] that [Formula: see text]. In the situation when all the poles are located on the boundary, we show that [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text] is either a ball, the exterior of a ball or a half-space. Our results do not depend on the distances between the poles. In addition, in the case of boundary singularities we obtain that [Formula: see text] is attained in [Formula: see text] when [Formula: see text] is a ball and [Formula: see text]. Besides, [Formula: see text] is attained in [Formula: see text] when [Formula: see text] is the exterior of a ball with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] whereas in the case of a half-space [Formula: see text] is attained in [Formula: see text] when [Formula: see text]. We also analyze the critical constants in the so-called weak Hardy inequality which characterizes the range of [Formula: see text] ensuring the existence of a lower bound for the spectrum of the Schrödinger operator [Formula: see text]. In the context of both interior and boundary singularities, we show that the critical constants in the weak Hardy inequality are [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Iron — A Review
Authors: Chui C. P. , Liu Wenqing , Xu Yongbing , Zhou Yan 
Published: October 2015

Molecular dynamics (MD) is a technique of atomistic simulation which has facilitated scientific discovery of interactions among particles since its advent in the late 1950s. Its merit lies in incorporating statistical mechanics to allow for examination of varying atomic configurations at finite temperatures. Its contributions to materials science from modeling pure metal properties to designing nanowires is also remarkable. This review paper focuses on the progress of MD in understanding the behavior of iron — in pure metal form, in alloys, and in composite nanomaterials. It also discusses the interatomic potentials and the integration algorithms used for simulating iron in the literature. Furthermore, it reveals the current progress of MD in simulating iron by exhibiting some results in the literature. Finally, the review paper briefly mentions the development of the hardware and software tools for such large-scale computations.
The Immunotherapy Roadmap
Authors: Yang James C. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
As new active agents are discovered and approved, it is clear that combinations of these immunotherapies will be needed to reject most human cancers. The era of personalized patient tumor analysis has arrived just in time to guide these combinations. Clin Cancer Res; 22(2); 275–6. ©2015 AACR.
See related article by Moon et al., p. 436
Trends in Mortality Following Acute Myocardial Infarction Among Dialysis Patients in the United States Over 15 Years
Authors: Shroff Gautam R. , Li Shuling , Herzog Charles A. 
Published: October 2015

Background

We sought to determine 15‐year trends in mortality rates among dialysis patients with acute myocardial infarction (
AMI
) in the contemporary era.

Methods and Results

Using the
US
Renal Data System database, we assembled 4 study cohorts of period‐prevalent dialysis patients in 1993, 1998, 2003, and 2008 who were hospitalized for an index
AMI
in that calendar year.
ST
‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (
STEMI
) and non‐
STEMI
were identified, and in‐hospital mortality was calculated. Cumulative probability of death during 2‐year follow‐up after
AMI
admission was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method and adjusted for patient characteristics. A total of 42 933 dialysis patients with
AMI
were included. Between 1993 (n=4494) and 2008 (n=16 361), proportional increases occurred in patient groups aged ≥75 years (23% and 31%, respectively;
P
<0.001), of black race (25% and 31%, respectively;
P
<0.001), with end‐stage renal disease due to diabetes (42% and 55%, respectively;
P
<0.001), and with non‐
STEMI
(42.2% and 80.7%, respectively;
P
<0.001). For all patients with
AMI
, in‐hospital mortality rates decreased (31.9% in 1993, 18.8% in 2008;
P
<0.001), as did unadjusted 2‐year cumulative probability of death after
AMI
admission (76.5% in 1993, 71.5% in 2008;
P
<0.001). Between 1993 and 2008, among STEMI patients, in‐hospital mortality (38.2% and 25.9%,
P
<0.001) and unadjusted 2‐year cumulative probability of mortality (77.3% and 71.2%,
P
<0.001) decreased, but decreases did not occur among NSTEMI patients (14.2% and 14.9%,
P
=0.47, and 70.9% and 70.1%,
P
=0.52 respectively).

Conclusions

In‐hospital mortality and 2‐year cumulative probability of death following
AMI
among dialysis patients decreased between 1993 and 2008 but only among
STEMI
patients, coincident with increased in‐hospital percutaneous coronary intervention rates. Period‐prevalent cases of non‐
STEMI
markedly increased without interval change in survival.
Relationships between Optimal Precursors Triggering NAO Onset and Optimally Growing Initial Errors during NAO Prediction
Authors: Dai Guokun , Mu Mu , Jiang Zhina 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Based on a viewpoint that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a nonlinear initial-value problem, the predictability of NAO event onset is studied through investigation of the relationship between the optimal precursor (OPR) to its onset and the optimally growing initial error (OGE) in onset prediction. The problem is explored by the method of conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation with a triangular T21, three-level, quasigeostrophic global spectral model.
For the NAO onset, there are two types of OGEs. Numerical results show that, with the optimization time of 3 days, a type-1 OGE bears a great resemblance to OPR, and the similarity coefficient between them is 0.98 for both positive (NAO+) and negative NAO (NAO−). A type-2 OGE is also characterized by a similar pattern to OPR, but with an opposite sign. With the extension of the optimization time to 7 days, the similarity coefficient between OPR and type-1 (type 2) OGE gradually decreases to 0.82 (−0.81) for NAO− and 0.87 (−0.57) for NAO+. However, in the linear regime, such high similarity between OPR and OGE can only be found with an optimization time of 3 days.
Further analysis reveals that a type-1 (type 2) OGE has a similar growth behavior to that of the corresponding OPR of the same-phase (opposite phase) NAO event, both of which develop into a dipole NAO anomaly pattern. This similarity between OPR and OGE suggests that the nonlinear process plays an important role in the NAO event, which simultaneously provides a theoretical foundation for its targeted observations.
Getting to wellness: The potential of the athletic model of marginal gains for the treatment of bipolar disorder
Authors: Nierenberg Andrew A , Hearing Casey M , Sande Mathias Isadora , Young L Trevor , Sylvia Louisa G 
Published: October 2015

Objective: People with bipolar disorder frequently have persistent symptoms, continued problems functioning and comorbid medical conditions. We propose applying the athletic coaching concept of marginal gains to help patients address these challenges to achieve wellness. Method: We review the concept of marginal gains and potential interventions to improve long-term outcomes for bipolar patients. Results: Evidence exists to help bipolar patients with diet and exercise, gradual behavioral change, mobile applications and peer support. Conclusion: Marginal gains, small and doable improvements across a broad range of areas, have great potential to improve the lives of people with bipolar disorder.
Psychiatric comorbidities of adults with early- and late-onset attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Lin Yu-Ju , Yang Li-Kuang , Gau Susan Shur-Fen 
Published: October 2015

Objective: We evaluated the psychiatric comorbidities in adults who were diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders, 5th edition attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a function of recalled symptom onset before and after the age of 7 years and whether the childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms were associated with psychiatric comorbidities. Method: In all, 214 adults who were diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders, 5th edition attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and 174 non-attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder controls (aged 17–40 years) received psychiatric interviews to confirm their previous and current attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder status and other psychiatric diagnoses. Demographics and risks of lifetime psychiatric disorders were compared among three groups: (1) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, onset <7 years (early-onset); (2) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, onset between 7 and 12 years (late-onset) and (3) non-attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder controls. We also tested the effects of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms on the risk of later psychiatric comorbidities by Cox regression analyses. Results: Regardless of the age of onset, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was significantly associated with a wide range of psychiatric comorbidities. There were similar comorbid patterns between early- and late-onset attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Regardless of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis, increased severity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms was associated with higher risks of oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, dysthymia and sleep disorder but not major depression, which was associated with the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that elevating the threshold of age of onset to 12 years in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders, 5th edition would not over-diagnose attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the adult population. Recalled childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom severity was correlated with conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, dysthymia and sleep disorders.
Renal microcysts and lithium
Authors: Khan Mashal , El-Mallakh Rif S 
Published: October 2015

Objective To review the relationship between lithium-related renal dysfunction and microcysts. Method Electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) were queried. Results From a total of 12,425 publications, 76 were reviewed. Discussion Glomerular renal dysfunction occurs after an average of 20 years of continuous lithium treatment, and the severity is related to the total lithium load as measured by dose and duration. Recently, several reports have highlighted the relationship between renal microcyst formation and significant reductions in glomerular filtration rate. Radiologically visible lithium-related microcysts are usually 1–2 mm and occasionally 3 mm. Smaller cysts, which are impossible to resolve, are probably more common than the visible cysts, based on observations of renal needle biopsies. Increases in the number of microcysts and the space they occupy within kidney volume appear to be related to both the duration of lithium treatment and the reduction in kidney function. The proposed mechanism of microcyst formation is related to the antiapoptotic effect of lithium. Specifically, by preventing renal tubular epithelial cells from undergoing apoptosis as part of the process of normal renal maintenance, lithium may be allowing the inappropriate growth of the surface area of tubules to form invaginations and ultimately cysts. It is proposed that the physical space occupied by these cysts in the limited volume within the renal capsule compromises the function of otherwise healthy renal tissue. Monitoring of kidneys utilizing radiographic imaging may be more sensitive than monitoring laboratory values. Additional research is required to optimize this new monitoring tool.
Targeting Quality Improvement in Clinical Practice Guidelines
Authors: Mims James W. 
Published: October 2015

Clinical practice guidelines provide key action statements targeted at quality improvements. Areas of potential quality improvement can be identified by exploring known contributors to cognitive errors. Three common contributors to medical error and reduced quality care are (1) the complexity of modern medicine, (2) the tendency to apply cause and effect to random associations, and (3) our bias to our first intuition. Future authors of clinical practice guidelines should consider these 3 influences when deciding how to best provide guidance to improve patient care.
Are Muscle Strength and Function of the Uninjured Lower Limb Weakened After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury?
Authors: Chung Kyu Sung , Ha Jeong Ku , Yeom Cheol Hyun , Ra Ho Jong , Lim Jin Woo , Kwon Min Soo , Kim Jin Goo 
Published: October 2015

Background: After an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, the uninjured contralateral lower limb may become weakened because of neuromuscular changes, proprioceptive deficits, and disuse of the limb; this weakness predisposes the limb to ACL injury. However, no results have been reported regarding weakness in the contralateral limb after ACL injury. Hypothesis: Muscle strength and functional status of the contralateral lower limb are reduced after unilateral ACL injury. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The ACL group consisted of 75 patients who underwent primary unilateral ACL reconstruction and were followed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. A group of 75 healthy individuals (controls) were matched one-to-one with the ACL group for age, sex, body mass index, and initial Tegner activity level. The side that was evaluated in each control subject corresponded to the injured limb in the matched ACL subject. Isokinetic muscle strength, including extension peak torque per body weight (EPT) and flexion peak torque per body weight (FPT), was evaluated at angular velocities of 60 and 180 deg/s. Patients were also evaluated by single-legged hop test. Results: Compared with the EPT at 60 deg/s in the control group (290.9 ± 40.1 N·m/kg), the value in the ACL group 24-month follow-up (276.6 ± 42.8 N·m/kg) as well as other follow-up times was significantly lower ( P < .05), whereas the EPT at 180 deg/s and the FPT at 60 and 180 deg/s in the ACL group were significantly lower than the control group at 3-month follow-up but were restored to normal levels at final follow-up. Results from the single-legged hop test demonstrated that the ACL group performed at a significantly lower level than the control group at 24-month follow-up (158.4 ± 25.3 vs 176.3 ± 24.7 cm; P < .05) as well as other follow-up times. However, both measurements improved significantly as the follow-up time progressed. Conclusion: After ACL injury, isokinetic extensor muscle strength and functional status of the contralateral limb were reduced, even at 24 months after ACL reconstruction. However, both measurements improved significantly as the follow-up time progressed. In contrast, flexion muscle strength was restored to normal levels. Therefore, care should be taken to restore muscle strength and functional status in not only the ACL-reconstructed knee but also the uninjured limb.
Occupational Stress and Coping Styles among Doctors: Role of Demographic and Environment Variables
Authors: Rashid Irfana , Talib Parvaiz 
Published: October 2015

Stress has been regarded as an occupational hazard since mid-1950s. In fact, occupational stress has been cited as a significant health problem among most of the occupational groups. Numerous studies have explored work stress among health care personnel in many countries. This study is an attempt to examine the nature and levels of role stress experienced by doctors in government hospitals across gender, experience, specialization and geographical areas in India. An attempt has also been made to explore the various coping styles adopted by doctors to deal with workplace stress. The sample consists of 334 doctors working at the government hospitals. To attain the objectives of the study, psychometric instrument, Organizational Role Stress Scale (Pareek, 1983), and a semi-projective instrument, Role Pics (Pareek, Devi & Rosenzweig, 1968), were administered to the sample population to obtain data pertaining to role stress and coping styles. The findings of the study revealed that female doctors experience more stress than their male counterparts. On the basis of geographical areas, stress score for doctors in disturbed ambience is significantly higher than the doctors in peaceful ambience. In addition, there exists a difference in the nature and quantum of role stress among doctors belonging to various specializations and different experience groups. The results on the basis of ‘Role Pics’ revealed that the majority of doctors employed defensive mode of coping (avoidance coping), followed by impersistive coping style (approach coping).