bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey examining the views of Adult Psychiatry Consultants and Senior Registrars regarding ADHD
Authors: Beirne M. , McNamara N. , O'Keeffe G. , McNicholas F. 
Published: July 2013

ObjectivesAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists into adulthood in ∼2/3 of patients, yet services for adults are lacking in Ireland. This may involve negative attitudes and beliefs as to the validity of ADHD or lack of knowledge and training in its treatment. The objectives of this study are to explore the views of Adult Psychiatrists regarding ADHD knowledge and the treatment options available and pursued in Ireland.MethodsA questionnaire was constructed based on the stated aims of the study, and was either posted, emailed or handed to 400 Consultants and Senior Registrars throughout the Republic of Ireland between February and December 2011. A total of 92 questionnaires were returned (23%); one was excluded from analysis due to insufficient information entered by the respondent.ResultsSeventy-five per cent of respondents correctly estimated the prevalence rates of adult ADHD to be under 3%, but stated it is currently under-diagnosed (77%). Seventy-four per cent indicated that Adult ADHD should be a diagnostic category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th Edition (DSM V). Sixty-six per cent of respondents were willing to accept referrals of childhood ADHD for ongoing care and a similar number for new ADHD assessments (61%). Less than half (42%) surveyed had actually diagnosed ADHD and of these, only 33% felt confident in managing ADHD in their patients.ConclusionsAlthough there is a general willingness to offer services for new and existing ADHD cases and a recognition that Adult ADHD is valid and under-diagnosed, the low confidence levels when treating ADHD and the perception of under-diagnosis suggests a role for further training and links between child and adult services.
Impact of human pressure and forest fragmentation on the Endangered Barbary macaque Macaca sylvanus in the Middle Atlas of Morocco
Authors: Ménard Nelly , Rantier Yann , Foulquier Adrien , Qarro Mohamed , Chillasse Lahcen , Vallet Dominique , Pierre Jean-Sébastien , Butet Alain 
Published: July 2013

AbstractOverexploitation of forests by humans can lead to highly fragmented populations of forest-dependent species that have poor dispersal abilities. We tested the influence of habitat quality, landscape structure and human pressure on densities of the Barbary macaque Macaca sylvanus in the largest wild population, in the Middle Atlas of Morocco. We surveyed 14 forest fragments of 5–142 km2 that are separated from each other by an inhospitable matrix. We estimated the habitat quality of these forest patches by analysing the vegetation structure and the intensity of human pressure. We studied the distribution of forest patches and estimated macaque densities by combining line-transect sampling and complete group counts. We estimated mean density of individuals to be 9 km−2 (range 0.2–23 km−2). Differentiation of forest patches by a principal component analysis did not show any significant relationship between vegetation type and macaque density. A linear regression model showed that human pressure had a negative impact on density and that density responded positively to patch size. Patch shape, connectivity and altitude did not explain variation in population density. The size of this population is estimated to be c. 5,000 individuals. The survival of several small subpopulations is seriously threatened. As the Middle Atlas is the stronghold of this Endangered species, we recommend modifying forestry practices, reducing overgrazing by livestock within forests, and halting clear-cutting of holm oaks.
Phenology, abundance and consumers of figs (Ficus spp.) in a tropical cloud forest: evaluation of a potential keystone resource
Authors: Kattan Gustavo H. , Valenzuela Leonor A. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract:Fig trees (Ficus spp) produce fruit year-round and figs are consumed by a large proportion of frugivores throughout the tropics. Figs are potential keystone resources that sustain frugivore communities during periods of scarcity, but studies have produced contradictory results. Over 1 y we monitored the phenology of 206 trees of five Ficus species in a Colombian cloud forest, to test whether figs produced fruit during periods of low overall fruit availability. We also measured fig tree densities in 18 0.5-ha plots and made 190 h of observations at 24 trees of three species to determine whether figs were abundant and consumed by a large proportion of the local frugivores. The five species produced fruit year-round but fig availability varied monthly by orders of magnitude. Fig trees reached comparatively high densities of 1–5 trees ha−1 and were consumed by 36 bird species (60% of the local frugivore assemblage) and three mammal species. However, there was no season of fruit scarcity and figs represented on average 1.5% of the monthly fruit biomass. Figs in this Andean forest are part of a broad array of fruiting species and at least during our study did not seem to constitute a keystone resource.
Why Are Returns to Education Higher for Women than for Men in Urban China?
Authors: Hannum Emily , Zhang Yuping , Wang Meiyan 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIt is well established that returns on education are higher for women than for men in urban China. We argue that this finding, while accurate, is misleading owing to its individualist perspective. The income to which most working-age women and men have access includes not only their own income, but also spouse income. Furthermore, decisions about participation and investment in the labour force, both consequential for income trajectories, are likely to be made with partner income and potential income in mind. To our knowledge, no research in China has explored the returns to education enjoyed via spouse income, or the implications of pooling couple income, for illuminating the returns to schooling difference for women and men. In this article, using data from the China Urban Labour Survey (2001), we argue that the returns for women, conventionally defined, are higher than for men because many women trade their own income for spouse income, and this is particularly true among less educated women. We demonstrate, first, that women who are more educated are less likely to get married, while the reverse is true for men. Second, we show that among couples there is evidence of a trade-off in investments in careers. Moreover, among couples, the less educated the woman and the more educated the man, the less likely the couple is to depend heavily on her income. Finally, we show that among couples there is a compensating reverse pattern of returns differences by sex when income is conceptualized as spouse income. Thus, in terms of total couple income, there are no returns differences by sex.
Varicella zoster virus in American Samoa: seroprevalence and predictive value of varicella disease history in elementary and college students
Authors: MAHAMUD A. , LEUNG J. , MASUNU-FALEAFAGA Y. , TESHALE E. , WILLIAMS R. , DULSKI T. , THIEME M. , GARCIA P. , SCHMID D. S. , BIALEK S. R. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYThe epidemiology of varicella is believed to differ between temperate and tropical countries. We conducted a varicella seroprevalence study in elementary and college students in the US territory of American Samoa before introduction of a routine varicella vaccination programme. Sera from 515 elementary and 208 college students were tested for the presence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) IgG antibodies. VZV seroprevalence increased with age from 76·0% in the 4–6 years group to 97·7% in those aged ⩾23 years. Reported history of varicella disease for elementary students was significantly associated with VZV seropositivity. The positive and negative predictive values of varicella disease history were 93·4% and 36·4%, respectively, in elementary students and 97·6% and 3·0%, respectively, in college students. VZV seroprevalence in this Pacific island appears to be similar to that in temperate countries and suggests endemic VZV circulation.
Video Self-instruction for Police Officers in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Automated External Defibrillators
Authors: Aldeen Amer Z. , Hartman Nicholas D. , Segura Adriana , Phull Amit , Shaw Diane M. , Chiampas George T. , Courtney D. Mark 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIntroductionPolice officers often serve as first responders during out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA). Current knowledge and attitudes about resuscitation techniques among police officers are unknown.Hypothesis/problemThis study evaluated knowledge and attitudes about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillators (AEDs) among urban police officers and quantified the effect of video self-instruction (VSI) on these outcomes.MethodsUrban police officers were enrolled in this online, prospective, educational study conducted over one month. Demographics, prior CPR-AED experience, and baseline attitudes were queried. Subjects were randomized into two groups. Each group received a slightly different multiple-choice test of knowledge and crossed to the alternate test after the intervention, a 10-minute VSI on CPR and AEDs. Knowledge and attitudes were assessed immediately before and after the intervention. The primary attitude outcome was entering “very likely” (5-point Likert) to do chest compressions (CC) and use an AED on a stranger. The primary knowledge outcomes were identification of the correct rate of CC, depth of CC, and action in an OHCA scenario.ResultsA total of 1616 subjects responded with complete data (63.6% of all electronic entries). Randomization produced 819 participants in group 1, and 797 in group 2. Groups 1 and 2 did not differ significantly in any background variable. After the intervention, subjects “very likely” to do CC on a stranger increased by 17.2% (95% CI, 12.5%-21.8%) in group 1 and 21.2% (95% CI, 16.4%-25.9%) in group 2. Subjects “very likely” to use an AED on a stranger increased by 20.0% (95% CI, 15.3%-24.7%) in group 1 and 25.0% (95% CI, 20.2%-29.6%) in group 2. Knowledge of correct CC rate increased by 59.0% (95% CI, 55.0%-62.8%) in group 1 and 64.8% (95% CI, 60.8%-68.3%) in group 2. Knowledge of correct CC depth increased by 44.8% (95% CI, 40.5%-48.8%) in group 1 and 54.4% (95% CI, 50.3%-58.3%) in group 2. Knowledge of correct action in an OHCA scenario increased by 27.4% (95% CI, 23.4%-31.4%) in group 1 and 27.2% (95% CI, 23.3%-31.1%) in group 2.ConclusionVideo self-instruction can significantly improve attitudes toward and knowledge of CPR and AEDs among police officers. Future studies can assess the impact of VSI on actual rates of CPR and AED use during real out-of-hospital cardiac arrests.AldeenAZ, HartmanND, SequraA, PhullA, ShawDM, ChiampasGT, CourtneyDM. Video self-instruction for police officers in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillators. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(5):1-6.
Similarity computation using semantic networks created from web-harvested data
Authors: IOSIF ELIAS , POTAMIANOS ALEXANDROS 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe investigate language-agnostic algorithms for the construction of unsupervised distributional semantic models using web-harvested corpora. Specifically, a corpus is created from web document snippets, and the relevant semantic similarity statistics are encoded in a semantic network. We propose the notion of semantic neighborhoods that are defined using co-occurrence or context similarity features. Three neighborhood-based similarity metrics are proposed, motivated by the hypotheses of attributional and maximum sense similarity. The proposed metrics are evaluated against human similarity ratings achieving state-of-the-art results.
A BIOLOGICAL PROCESS SUBJECT TO NONCOMPETITIVE SUBSTRATE INHIBITION IN A GENERALIZED FLOW REACTOR
Authors: NELSON M. I. , NICHOLLS T. , HAMZAH N. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe analyse the steady-state operation of a continuous flow bioreactor in which the biochemical reaction is governed by noncompetitive substrate inhibition (Andrews kinetics). A generalized reactor model is used in which the well-stirred bioreactor and the idealized membrane bioreactor are special cases. As generic properties of systems subject to substrate inhibition have been obtained by other authors, we discuss reaction engineering features specific to Andrews kinetics.
Geometrical Illustrations of Algebraic Identities
Authors: Comrie Peter 
Published: July 2013

All these identities may be proved after one method as follows:—Draw two straight lines at right angles and mark off parts a and b as indicated in the figures. At the points of section draw perpendiculars to the lines. All the figures thus formed are rectangles, and therefore have their opposite sides equal. The proofs should then be obvious.
Note on Geometric Series
Authors: Bell R. J. T. 
Published: July 2013

The formula for the sum of n terms of the geometric serieswhere T1 is the first term and Tn+1 the term immediately succeeding the last to be summed This form is useful for finding the sum of a closed geometric series without first finding the number of terms. Thussince the terms of the series which succeed 32 and a19 are respectively 64 and a21.
Fermat's Theorem deduced from the theory of circulating Radix Fractions:
Authors: Donaldson J. A. 
Published: July 2013

is an integer, if x is an integer, and n + 1 is a prime integer which is not a factor of x.This is not a neat proof of Fermat's theorem, but, as far as I know, it is a new proof, and it may have some little interest, as it seems very possible that the theorem may have been suggested to Fermat in this way. Fermat published the theorem without any demonstration and without indicating what had suggested it, and any proofs, that I have seen, give no indication why one should look for such a theorem, and would very possibly never have been given if the theorem had not been already known.
The Arithmetic Mean of a number of real positive numbers is not less than their Geometric Mean.—
Authors: Milne William P. 
Published: July 2013

The subjoined proof is not given in the current text books, but is handed on by oral tradition.The usual proof requires in general the assumption of an infinite series of operations (with the consequent limit theorems involved), as all the n given numbers tend to equality. Let us take an arithmetical example, and let us tabulate the sequences involved in the way suggested in my paper on “The Teaching of Limits and Convergence to Scholarship Candidates” in the May (1911) issue of the Mathematical Gazette.
Integration by Parts. A Failing Case
Authors: Milne J. R. 
Published: July 2013

Integrate tanx; by parts as follows:—i.e. 0= — 1, which is absurd.It might be conjectured at first sight that the above result is due to a disregarded constant of integration, but this is not so, because we can imagine all the integrals taken between the same limits, in which case there is no constant. The true explanation is to be found by considering the proof of the theorem of integration by parts.
A Direct Reading Hygrometer
Authors: Jamieson Walter 
Published: July 2013

The instrument is an ordinary dry and wet bulb hygrometer adapted to give a directreading of the percentage humidity. I, I are pointers set at the dry and wet bulb readings by means of pieces sliding on the rods A, B and joined together by a link C, which actuates by a slot the scale F (movable in the vertical) on which the percentage humidity is read at the pointer D.
Geometrical Proof of a Trigonometrical Identity
Authors: Bell R. J. T. 
Published: July 2013

The following method of proof of the identity,where A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, was proposed in an examination paper, and it has been suggested to me that it might be of interest to teachers. It is rather easier than that given on p. 344 of “New Trigonometry for Schools” by Lock and Child.
A Method of obtaining Examples on the Multiplication of Determinants
Authors: MacRobert Thomas M. 
Published: July 2013

In the ordinary text-books on Algebra there is a lack of suitable examples on Multiplication of Determinants. Most of the examples that are given are particular cases of the theoremwhere A1 A2, …, B1, …, are the co-factors of a1, a2, …, b1 …, in D.
Geometrical proof that tan x tan y + tan y tan z + tan z tan x= 1 when x + y + z = 90°
Authors: Crawford G. E. 
Published: July 2013

H being the orthocentre of a triangle ABC, we may call the angles HAC, HBA, HCB = x, y, z respectively, for their sum is 90°.Now tan x tan z = ∴ tan x tan z + tan z tan y + tan x tan y = 1.
An Elementary Proof of Girard's Theorem
Authors: Aitken A. C. 
Published: July 2013

Girard enunciated in 1625 the following celebrated theorem, which is associated with the name of Fermat:Every prime of the form 4m + 1 is the sum of two squares in one way only, and no prime of the form 4m - 1 is a factor of the sum of two squares that are not both multiples of that prime.
Series summable as Arithmetical Progressions
Authors: Ayyangar A. A. Krishnaswami 
Published: July 2013

We may group the terms of the A. P. a, a + d, a + 2d, …… as follows: the first p terms, the next p + t terms, the next p + 2t terms, and so on. The sum of the terms comprising the nth group iswhich is a rational integral function of n of the third degree.
A Proof of the Theorem of Pythagoras
Authors: MacRobert T. M. 
Published: July 2013

The triangle ABC has a right angle at B. On AC, on the same side as B, describe a square ADEC. Draw DF perpendicular to AB or AB produced.The triangles ABC and DFA are congruent, having sides CA and AD equal, and the corresponding angles equal. Hence DF is equal to AB.
The Polar Equation of the Tangent and Normal to a Conic
Authors: Bell Robert J. T. 
Published: July 2013

The property of a conic: “if the projections of K, any point on a tangent, on the directrix and the focal radius of the point of contact be I and U respectively, SU = e. KI,” is known as Adams's Property. The statement of the above property in terms of the polar coordinates of K is the equation of the tangent. Hence, if the eccentric angle of the point of contact is aor = cos (θ — α) + e cos θ is the equation of the tangent.
A Note on Stirling's Theorem
Authors: Wilton J. R. 
Published: July 2013

Let Γ(1 + x) = √(2πx)xxe–x φ(x);This result is Stirling's theorem. A simple proof is given in § 1.87 of Titchmarsh's Theory of Functions (Oxford Univ. Press, 1932).Rather more than Stirling's theorem can be proved by a method which assumes nothing but the definition of the Γ-function, and Γ (½) = √π, from which it follows that
A Problem in Combinations
Authors: Aitken A. C. 
Published: July 2013

1. If there are n individuals A1, A2,.…, An, in how many ways can they be put into groups? For example, if there are three individuals A, B, C, they may be grouped asthat is, in 5 ways, the respective subgroups, 1, 3, 1 in number, corresponding to the partitions 1 + 1 + 1, 1 + 2, 3 of the integer 3. Hence P (3), say, is 5.
A Relation between two Ordinary Linear Differential Equations of the Second Order
Authors: Taylor D. G. 
Published: July 2013

1. Between the solutions of the equationsa relation can be established, provided the functional symbols f, ø are inverse to one another. For example, let f (x) = sin x, then ø(ξ)= arcsin ξ, and the two equations areThe process consists in obtaining from (1) the second order equation satisfied by yx = dy/dx, making a change of independent variable in (2), and comparing the resulting equations.
The evaluation of certain continued fractions
Authors: Darwin C. G. 
Published: July 2013

1. If the approximate numerical value of e is expressed as a continued fraction the result isand it was in finding the proof that the sequence extends correctly to infinity that the following work was done. First the continued fraction may be simplified by setting down the difference equations for numerator and denominator as usual, and eliminating two out of every successive three equations. A difference equation is thus formed between the first, fourth, seventh, tenth … convergents , and this equation will generate another continued fraction. After a little rearrangement of the first two members it appears that (1) implies2. We therefore consider the continued fractionwhich includes (2), and also certain continued fractions which were discussed by Prof. Turnbull. He evaluated them without solving the difference equations, and it is the purpose here to show how the difference equations may be solved completely both in his cases and in the different problem of (2). It will appear that the work is connected with certain types of hypergeometric function, but I shall not go into this deeply.
Bi-determinants
Authors: Turnbull H. W. 
Published: July 2013

The important Binet-Cauchy theorem of determinants (3, p. 81)may be illustrated as follows. Consider the identitywhere ax = a1x1 + a2x2 + a3x3, and similarly for ay, bx, by. This identity follows by adding x1 row1 + x2row2 + x3row3 to row4 in the first determinant; and y1row1 + etc. to row5. Then by expanding both determinants in a Laplace development of the first three rows and the last two we obtain the identity.
Note on a special determinant
Authors: Aitken A. C. 
Published: July 2013

Suppose a polynomial or convergent power seriesis raised to powers j = 0, 1, 2, 3, … The coefficients of xk in [f(x)]j, k = 0, 1, 2, …, may be entered as elements in positions (j, k) in an array or matrix F, thus:By construction all elements in column (k) have weight (sum of suffixes) equal to k.
Correlation-based analysis of mode converters in multimode waveguides
Authors: Russo Ivan , Mayer Winfried , Pflueger Stefan , Menzel Wolfgang 
Published: July 2013

In this work, a novel method for the mode content extrapolation in multimode waveguides with focus on the characterization of mode converters is presented. The proposed method is based on the direct determination of the correlation coefficients between the structural functions of all possible propagating modes and the complex measured near-field pattern. To implement the method, standard near-field equipment is simply required. Test simulations and measurements from 4 to 8 GHz on a 6-in. circular pipe for radar level monitoring are reported in the last section and demonstrate that the proposed technique provides accurate information about the mode content of the structure under test.
New weighted estimates for bilinear fractional integral operators
Authors: Moen Kabe 
Published: July 2013

We prove a plethora of weighted estimates for bilinear fractional integral operators of the form
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BI_\alpha (f,g)(x)=\int _{\mathbb {R}^n}\frac {f(x-t)g(x+t)}{|t|^{n-\alpha }}\,dt, \qquad 0>\alpha >n.

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When the target space has an exponent greater than one, many weighted estimates follow trivially from Hölder’s inequality and the known linear theory. We address the case where the target Lebesgue space is at most one and prove several interesting one and two weight estimates. As an application we formulate a bilinear version of the Stein-Weiss inequality for fractional integrals.