bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Spiny Oryctocephalids (Trilobita, Corynexochida?, Oryctocephalidae), Cambrian
Authors: Sundberg Frederick A. 
Published: May 2014

Phylogenetic analyses of the Cambrian spiny oryctocephalids support the elevation to familiar rank of Oryctocephalidae Beecher, 1897 and indicate that the family can be divided into two clades, here designated as the subfamilies Oryctocephalinae Beecher, 1897 and Lancastriinae Kobayashi, 1935. Curvoryctocephaliinae Zhao and YuaninYuan et al., 2002 is considered here a junior synonym of Lancastriinae. Oryctocephalinae have tapered or parallel sided glabella and is composed of species ofOryctocephalusWalcott, 1886. The subgeneraOryctocephalus(Oryctocephalus) andO. (Eoryctocephalus) Zhao and YuaninYuan et al., 2002 do not form separate clades and are here rejected.The genera of the Lancastriinae have expanding glabellae. The subfamily is composed of a broad variety of genera that can be divided into three major subclades:Lancastria,Protoryctocephalus, andOryctocephalites. TheLancastriasubclade is composed ofLancastriaKobayashi, 1935,ChangaspisLeeinChien, 1961, andGoldfieldiaPalmer, 1964 occurring at the base of the Lancastriinae.GoldfieldiaandLancastriaform a sister group toChangaspis. The long branches in the phylograms indicated significant differences between these taxa; thus, the genusGoldfieldiais maintained. TheProtoryctocephalussubclade is monogeneric and forms a sister group to theOryctocephalitessubclade. TheOryctocephalitessubclade consists of several species of this genus and the more derived formsMetabalangiaQian and YuaninZhang et al., 1980 andTonkinellaMansuy, 1916.OryctocephaloidesYuaninZhang et al., 1980 is considered a junior synonym ofOryctocephalitesResser, 1939. The subgeneraOryctocephalites(Oryctocephalites) andO. (Parachangaspis) Zhao and YuaninYuan et al., 2002 do not form separate clades. The later subgenus occurs in the basal portion of theOryctocephalitessubclade indicating that it is a paraphyletic taxon.OpsiosoryctocephalusSundberg, 1994,OryctocephalopsLermontova, 1940, andCurvoryctocephalusZhao and YuaninYuan et al., 2002 are not consistent in their placement within the phylogenetic analyses, although they always occur in the Lancastriinae. As a result they are not placed within a subclade within Lancastriinae.The type speciesGoldfieldia pacificaPalmer, 1964 was based solely on cranidia. This species is redescribed using topotype material that includes cranidia, librigenae, hypostomes, thorax, and pygidia.
Advances and challenges in geotectonic modelling
Authors: Burov Evgene , Francois Thomas , Yamato Philippe , Wolf Sylvie 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThermo-mechanical numerical modelling becomes a universal tool for studying short- and long-term lithosphere processes, validating and verifying geodynamic and geological concepts and putting stronger constraints on the observational data. State-of-the-art models account for rheological and mineralogical structure of the lithosphere, implement high resolution calculations, and their outputs can be directly matched with the geological and geophysical observations. Challenges of these models are vast including understanding of the behavior of complex geological systems and processes, parameterization of rheological parameters and other rock properties for geological conditions, not forgetting a large number of future methodological breakthroughs such as the development of ultra-high resolution 3D models coupled with thermodynamic processes, fluid circulation and surface processes. We here discuss both geological and geodynamic applications of the models, their principles, and the results of regional modelling studies focused on rifting, convergent and transform plate boundaries.
The Impact of CEO and CFO Equity Incentives on Audit Scope and Perceived Risks as Revealed Through Audit Fees
Authors: Kannan Yezen H. , Skantz Terrance R. , Higgs Julia L. 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARY:
In 2013, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) proposed an amendment to Auditing Standard No. 12 (PCAOB 2010) that would require auditors to consider executive compensation in audit planning because of potential fraud risk associated with equity incentives. We use the association between audit fees and CEO and CFO equity incentives to infer whether auditors increase audit scope and perceive greater risk as equity incentives increase. Equity incentives are defined as the sensitivity of the value of executives' equity portfolios to changes in share price (delta incentive) and to changes in return volatility (vega incentive). We find a positive association between audit fees and vega, but not delta. However, when we interact vega with proxies for residual auditor business risk, we find that the fee premiums for risk decrease as vega increases. Our results suggest that auditors do consider executive compensation in audit planning.
Life’s Simple 7 and Incidence of Diabetes Among American Indians: The Strong Heart Family Study
Authors: Fretts Amanda M. , Howard Barbara V. , McKnight Barbara , Duncan Glen E. , Beresford Shirley A.A. , Mete Mihriye , Zhang Ying , Siscovick David S. 
Published: May 2014

OBJECTIVE
The American Heart Association’s recommendations for optimal health, summarized in Life’s Simple 7, have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related end points, but no studies have examined the association of these goals with incident type 2 diabetes, which is associated with high risk for CVD. The purpose of this analysis was to examine the associations of Life’s Simple 7 goals with incident diabetes among American Indians, a population at high risk of cardiometabolic diseases.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Strong Heart Family Study participants without diabetes (n = 1,639) at baseline and who participated in a follow-up examination were included in the analysis. Risk scores ranging from 0 to 7 were created using physical activity, diet, BMI, smoking, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and cholesterol metrics in accordance with Life’s Simple 7 goals. Diabetes was defined using 2003 American Diabetes Association criteria, including use of insulin or oral antidiabetes medication or a follow-up fasting plasma glucose level ≥126 mg/dL. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association of risk scores with incident diabetes.

RESULTS
During a mean 5-year follow-up (range 4–8 years), we identified 210 cases of incident type 2 diabetes. Compared with participants who achieved 0–1 goals, those who achieved 2–3 or 4+ goals had lower odds of diabetes, with odds ratios = 0.40 (95% CI 0.29–0.56) and 0.11 (95% CI 0.05–0.21), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
The adoption of as few as two or three Life’s Simple 7 goals is associated with a lower risk of diabetes.
Effect of Testosterone Treatment on Glucose Metabolism in Men With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Gianatti Emily J. , Dupuis Philippe , Hoermann Rudolf , Strauss Boyd J. , Wentworth John M. , Zajac Jeffrey D. , Grossmann Mathis 
Published: May 2014

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether testosterone therapy improves glucose metabolism in men with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and lowered testosterone.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trial in 88 men with T2D, aged 35–70 years with an HbA1c ≤8.5% (69 mmol/mol), and a total testosterone level, measured by immunoassay, of ≤12.0 nmol/L (346 ng/dL). Participants were randomly assigned to 40 weeks of intramuscular testosterone undecanoate (n = 45) or matching placebo (n = 43). All study subjects were included in the primary analysis. Seven men assigned to testosterone and six men receiving placebo did not complete the study. Main outcome measures were insulin resistance by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR, primary outcome) and glycemic control by HbA1c (secondary outcome).

RESULTS
Testosterone therapy did not improve insulin resistance (mean adjusted difference [MAD] for HOMA-IR compared with placebo −0.08 [95% CI −0.31 to 0.47; P = 0.23]) or glycemic control (MAD HbA1c 0.36% [0.0–0.7]; P = 0.05), despite a decrease in fat mass (MAD −2.38 kg [−3.10 to −1.66]; P &lt; 0.001) and an increase in lean mass (MAD 2.08 kg [1.52–2.64]; P &lt; 0.001). Testosterone therapy reduced subcutaneous (MAD −320 cm3 [−477 to −163]; P &lt; 0.001) but not visceral abdominal adipose tissue (MAD 140 cm3 [−89 to 369]; P = 0.90).

CONCLUSIONS
Testosterone therapy does not improve glucose metabolism or visceral adiposity in obese men with moderately controlled T2D and modest reductions in circulating testosterone levels typical for men with T2D.
Increased Risk of Fracture and Postfracture Adverse Events in Patients With Diabetes: Two Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Studies
Authors: Liao Chien-Chang , Lin Chao-Shun , Shih Chun-Chuan , Yeh Chun-Chieh , Chang Yi-Cheng , Lee Yuan-Wen , Chen Ta-Liang 
Published: May 2014

OBJECTIVEThe relationship between diabetes and fracture is not completely understood. This study evaluated fracture risk and postfracture mortality in patients with diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe identified 32,471 adults newly diagnosed with diabetes in 2000–2003 using Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. A comparison cohort of 64,942 adults without diabetes was randomly selected from the same dataset, with frequency matched by age and sex. Fracture events in 2000–2008 were ascertained from medical claims. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of fracture associated with diabetes were calculated. A nested cohort study of 17,002 patients with fracture receiving repair surgeries between 2004 and 2010 calculated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs of adverse events after fracture in patients with and without diabetes.RESULTSDuring 652,530 person-years of follow-up, there were 12,772 newly diagnosed fracture cases. The incidences of fracture for people with diabetes and without were 24.2 and 17.1 per 1,000 person-years, respectively (P &lt; 0.0001). Compared with people without diabetes, the adjusted HR of fracture was 1.66 (95% CI 1.60–1.72) for people with diabetes. The ORs of postfracture deep wound infection, septicemia, and mortality associated with diabetes were 1.34 (95% CI 1.06–1.71), 1.42 (95% CI 1.23–1.64), and 1.27 (95% CI 1.02–1.60), respectively.CONCLUSIONSDiabetes was associated with fracture. Patients with diabetes had more adverse events and subsequent mortality after fracture. Prevention of fracture and postfracture adverse events is needed in this susceptible population.
Seven-Year Clinical Performance of Resin Composite Versus Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Restorations in Noncarious Cervical Lesions
Authors: Fagundes TC , Barata TJE , Bresciani E , Santiago SL , Franco EB , Lauris JRP , Navarro MF 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARY

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to comparatively assess the seven-year clinical performance of a one-bottle etch-and-rinse adhesive with resin composite (RC) and resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) restorations in noncarious cervical lesions.

Methods and Materials
One operator placed 70 restorations (35 restorations in each group) in 30 patients under rubber dam isolation without mechanical preparation. The restorations were directly assessed by two independent examiners, using modified US Public Health Service criteria at baseline and 6, 12, 24, 60, and 84 months. The obtained data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using the Fisher and McNemar tests. A difference was significant if p&lt;0.05.

Results
Twenty patients were available for recall after seven years (66.6%), and 25 RC and 26 RMGI restorations out of 70 restorations were evaluated. Excellent agreement was registered for all criteria between examiners (κ≥0.85). Alfa and bravo scores were classified as clinically acceptable. The McNemar test detected significant differences within RC restorations between baseline and seven-year evaluations for anatomic form, marginal integrity, and retention (p&lt;0.05). For RMGI restorations, a significant difference was identified for marginal integrity (p&lt;0.05). As to material comparison, the Fisher exact showed a better retention performance for RMGI restorations than for RC restorations (p&lt;0.05). Twelve composite restorations were dislodged (52.0% retention) and three ionomer restorations were lost (88.5% retention). The cumulative success rate for RC and RMGI was 30% and 58.1%, respectively.

Conclusions
After seven years of service, the clinical performance of RMGI restorations was superior to that of the adhesive system/resin composite restorations in this study.
Neonatal Vaccination with Plasmid DNA Encoding Cyn d 1 Effectively Prevents Allergic Responses in Mice
Authors: Huang Ching-Feng , Wu Chia-Chao , Chu Der-Ming , Chang Zo-Nan , Chue Fung-Lin , Peng Ho-Jen 
Published: May 2014

Background Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common atopic disorders in children. There is no available method to prevent airway sensitization in newborns except allergen avoidance. Recombinant DNA plasmids encoding allergens have been proven to activate Th1 but attenuate Th2-deviated allergic responses in adult animal studies. However, their preventive effects are not presumptive in neonates because of their immature immune function. The aim of this study was to examine the potential preventive effect of a DNA vaccine encoding grass pollen allergen Cyn d 1 on allergic reaction to grass pollen in neonatal mice. Methods Recombinant plasmid Cyn d 1 (pCyn d 1) vaccine was constructed by insertion of Cyn d 1 cDNA into the vector pcDNA3. Neonatal BALB/c mice received the vaccine once on the 3rd day of life or a second dose 2 days later. Control mice received PBS only. Mice were sensitized twice with recombinant Cyn d 1 and alum beginning at 7 weeks of age. Serum antibody responses and cytokine profiles of spleen cells were examined. Results Neonatal injection with pCyn d 1 vaccine resulted in IgG2a responses and production of interferon gamma in spleen cells. Vaccination with pCyn d 1 also reduced specific IgE responses and spleen cell secretion of IL-4. Conclusion This study shows the prophylactic effects of DNA vaccine encoding Bermuda grass pollen allergen Cyn d 1 on specific IgE responses in neonatal mice.
Differences in Initial Immunoprofiles between Recurrent and Nonrecurrent Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps
Authors: Van Zele Thibaut , Holtappels Gabriele , Gevaert Philippe , Bachert Claus 
Published: May 2014

Background Surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) often fails because of recurrence of disease. So far, we do not know if specific cytokine profiles are linked to recurrence after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) or can predict recurrence. In this study we investigate the cytokine profile in CRSwNPs that underwent FESS for the first time and recurrent CRSwNPs. Methods Tissue samples (n = 21) of CRSwNP patients with no recurrence after the first surgery were randomly selected out of 131 primary FESS surgeries and compared with tissue samples (n = 15) from patients who had a first and second surgery because of recurrence. Interleukin (IL)-1beta, IgE, specific IgE, IL-5, interferon (IFN) gamma, IL-6, IL-17, transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1, and myeloperoxidase were measured on tissue homogenates. Results Levels of IgE, specific IgE to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin, eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP), and IL were significantly increased in recurrent versus nonrecurrent CRSwNPs at the moment of the first surgery, whereas IL-17, IL-6, TGF-beta1, and IL-1beta did not show any significant difference. IFN-gamma protein levels were significantly higher in nonrecurrent CRSwNPs. The odds ratio for recurrence of CRSwNPs was reduced to 0.029, if IFN-gamma was present in tissue homogenates. Asthma and aspirin intolerance were significantly more frequent in the recurrent CRSwNPs compared with nonrecurrent CRSwNPs. Discussion Nonrecurrent and recurrent CRSwNPs needing revision surgery have different types of inflammatory patterns. Nonrecurrent CRSwNPs exhibits a mixed pattern of T helper (Th) cytokines with significant higher levels of IFN-gamma and lower concentrations of IgE, ECP, and IL-5 as compared with recurrent CRSwNPs that had a predominant Th2 type of inflammation
Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy Increases Plasma Gelsolin Levels
Authors: Janciauskiene Sabina , Olejnicka Beata , Koczulla Rembert , Cardell Lars-Olaf , Welte Tobias , Westin Ulla 
Published: May 2014

Background It has been observed that patients with allergic asthma/rhinitis have increased apoptosis of peripheral blood cells. This study was designed to explore the idea that the markers of apoptosis may help predict the response of allergen immunotherapy. Methods The Allergy Department of University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, recruited a total of 58 young adults (<35 years) with a history of birch pollen/grass pollen–induced allergic rhinitis. Their diagnoses were verified by positive skin-prick tests and the presence of serum-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies toward birch and/or grass pollen. Plasma samples were obtained from 34 patients before the start of immunotherapy and 24 patients after treatment. The control group consisted of 38 nonallergic individuals. The levels of plasma gelsolin, soluble forms of Fas (sFas) and Fas ligand (Fas-L), the chemokine CCL17 (thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine), and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease (TIMP) 1, were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results In patients receiving immunotherapy plasma gelsolin levels were higher relative to those without immunotherapy (the median level was 23.97 μg/mL [range, 18–35.8 μg/mL] versus 21.2 μg/mL [range, 13.9–29.8 μg/mL]; p = 0.012) and were similar to those of healthy controls (24.7 μg/mL [range, 17.4–35.3 μg/mL]). Plasma levels of sFas, Fas-L, CCL17, and TIMP-1 did not differ between study groups. Only in controls did the plasma gelsolin levels inversely correlate to the levels of soluble Fas. Conclusion Allergen-specific immunotherapy increases plasma levels of gelsolin, an antioxidant and antiapoptotic protein.
Inhibitory Effect of Prostaglandin E2 on the Migration of Nasal Fibroblasts
Authors: Shin Jae-Min , Park Il-Ho , Moon You-Mi , Hong Sung-Moon , Cho Jung-Sun , Um Ji-Young , Lee Heung-Man 
Published: May 2014

Background Fibroblast migration is crucial for normal wound repair after sinonasal surgery. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a potent inhibitor of fibroblast functions including chemotaxis, proliferation, and matrix production. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PGE2 affects the migration of nasal fibroblasts and to investigate the mechanism of action of PGE2 on nasal fibroblasts. Methods Primary cultures of nasal fibroblasts were established from inferior turbinate samples. Fibroblast migration was evaluated with scratch assays. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed for E prostanoid (EP) 1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 receptors. EP receptor–selective agonists and antagonists were used to evaluate receptor functions. Stimulatory G (Gs) proteins were activated to evaluate mechanisms. Intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels were measured by ELISA, and fibroblast cytoskeletal structures were visualized with immunocytochemistry. Results PGE2 significantly reduced the migration of nasal fibroblasts. Agonists selective for the EP2 and EP4 receptors significantly reduced the nasal fibroblast migration. Antagonists of the EP2 and EP4 receptors inhibited the effect of PGE2 on nasal fibroblast migration. Activation of Gs protein and adenyl cyclase reduced nasal fibroblast migration. Conclusion PGE2 inhibited the migration of nasal fibroblasts via the EP2 and EP4 receptors, and this inhibition was mediated by cAMP elevation. Targeting specific EP receptors could offer therapeutic opportunities for conditions such as delayed wound healing after nasal surgery.
Efficacy of Inferior Turbinoplasty with the use of CO2 Laser, Radiofrequency, and Electrocautery
Authors: Prokopakis Emmanuel P. , Koudounarakis Eleftherios I. , Velegrakis George A. 
Published: May 2014

Background Inferior turbinate surgery is one of the most commonly performed methods for the treatment of rhinitis symptoms, especially al obstruction. This is a comparative study of CO2 laser, electrocautery, and radiofrequency turbinoplasty in the treatment of rhinitis symptoms. Methods From 1994 to 2011, 3219 patients were enrolled in the study. Two hundred eighty-three patients were lost during follow-.up. Of the remaining 2936 patients, 1066 were managed using the CO2 laser, whereas 664 and 1206 were managed with the use of radiofrequency and electrocautery, respectively. All procedures were performed under local anesthesia. Patients were asked to evaluate their symptoms with the visual analog scale (VAS) preoperatively, as well as 1 month and 1 year postoperatively. Rhinomanometry was used to objectively evaluate the effect on nasal obstruction. Results Mean VAS values preoperatively, regarding nasal obstruction, were 7.43 ± 0.96, 7.33 ± 0.87, and 7.64 ± 0.95 he CO laser, radiofrequency, and electrocautery group, respectively. One month postoperatively, the score was significantly improved in a groups (CO2 la 3.44 ± 0.99; radiofrequency, 3.26 ± 0.76; electrocautery, 3.19 ± 0.79), which was almost stable in the 1st year of follow-up. Similar results were also observed in the evaluation of sneezing and rhinorrhea. Outcome did not statistically differ between the three methods. Conclusion The CO2 laser, radiofrequency and electrocautery offer excellent postoperative results in turbinoplasty cases under local anesthesia.
Headache and Refractive Errors in Children
Authors: Roth Zachary , Pandolfo Katie R. , Simon John , Zobal-Ratner Jitka 
Published: May 2014

Purpose:
To investigate the association between uncorrected or miscorrected refractive errors in children and headache, and to determine whether correction of refractive errors contributes to headache resolution.

Methods:
Results of ophthalmic examination, including refractive error, were recorded at initial visit for headache. If resolution of headache on subsequent visits was not documented, a telephone call was placed to their caregivers to inquire whether headache had resolved.

Results:

Of the 158 patients, 75.3% had normal or unchanged eye examinations, including refractions. Follow-up data were available for 110 patients. Among those, 32 received new or changed spectacle correction and 78 did not require a change in refraction. Headaches improved in 76.4% of all patients, whether with (71.9%) or without (78.2%) a change in refractive correction. The difference between these two groups was not statistically significant (
P
= .38).

Conclusions:
Headaches in children usually do not appear to be caused by ophthalmic disease, including refractive error. The prognosis for improvement is favorable, regardless of whether refractive correction is required.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2014;51(3):177–179.]