bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications of the Wnt5a/CaMKII Pathway in Retinoic Acid-Induced Myogenic Tongue Abnormalities of Developing Mice
Authors: Cong Wei , Liu Bo , Liu Shuqing , Sun Mingzhong , Liu Han , Yang Yue , Wang Ru , Xiao Jing 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAlthough proper tongue development is relevant to other structures in the craniofacial region, the molecular details of muscle development in tongue remain poorly understood. Here, we report that pregnant mice treated with retinoic acid (+RA) produce embryos with tongue malformation and a cleft palate. Histological analyses revealed that at E14.5, the tongues of +RA fetuses failed to descend and flatten. Ultrastructural analysis showed that at perinatal stage E18.5, the myofilaments failed to form normal structures of sarcomeres and arranged disorderly in the genioglossus. The proliferation and levels of myogenic determination markers (Myf5 and MyoD) and myosin in the genioglossus were profoundly reduced. Wnt5a and Camk2d expressions were down-regulated, while levels of Tbx1, Ror2 and PKCδ were up-regulated in the tongues of +RA fetuses. In mock- and Wnt5a-transfected C2C12 (Wnt5a-C2C12) cells, Wnt5a overexpression impaired proliferation and maintained Myf5 at a relative high level after RA treatment. Furthermore, Wnt5a overexpression positively correlated with levels of Camk2d and Ror2 in C2C12 cells after RA exposure. These data support the hypothesis that the Wnt5a/CaMKII pathway is directly involved in RA-induced hypoplasia and disorder of tongue muscles.
Vertically-aligned BCN Nanotube Arrays with Superior Performance in Electrochemical capacitors
Authors: Zhou Junshuang , Li Na , Gao Faming , Zhao Yufeng , Hou Li , Xu Ziming 
Published: August 2014

AbstractElectrochemical capacitors (EC) have received tremendous interest due to their high potential to satisfy the urgent demand in many advanced applications. The development of new electrode materials is considered to be the most promising approach to enhance the EC performance substantially. Herein, we present a high-capacity capacitor material based on vertically-aligned BC2N nanotube arrays (VA-BC2NNTAs) synthesized by low temperature solvothermal route. The obtained VA-BC2NNTAs display the good aligned nonbuckled tubular structure, which could indeed advantageously enhance capacitor performance. VA-BC2NNTAs exhibit an extremely high specific capacitance, 547 Fg−1, which is about 2–6 times larger than that of the presently available carbon-based materials. Meanwhile, VA-BC2NNTAs maintain an excellent rate capability and high durability. All these characteristics endow VA-BC2NNTAs an alternative promising candidate for an efficient electrode material for electrochemical capacitors (EC).
Citrus diseases with global ramifications including citrus canker and huanglongbing.
Authors: Gottwald T. R. , Graham J. H. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Although there are a number of diseases that plague citrus production worldwide, two bacterial diseases are particularly problematic. Both are of Asian origin and currently cause severe economic damage: Asiatic citrus canker (ACC) and citrus huanglongbing (HLB). Although ACC has been found in the Western Hemisphere since the early 1900s, HLB was only discovered in 2004. ACC causes foliar, fruit and twig lesions that reduce marketability, can result in significant crop loss, and restrict international trade with areas where the disease has not yet been introduced or become endemic. While ACC has been the impetus for eradication programmes in several countries, only those conducted to combat limited outbreaks have been successful. The costs for 'living with ACC' in Florida including additional bactericidal sprays and quarantine inspections for fresh fruit range from 10 to 20% depending on cultivar susceptibility and market destination of the fruit. By comparison citrus HLB, the most severe of all known citrus diseases has increased production costs by 50-60%. The disease is vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid and was first recognized in India about 150 years ago. HLB has spread throughout most of the citrus producing areas of the world with the exception of the Mediterranean. Worldwide, nowhere that HLB exists, is it under adequate control. Extensive research is underway especially in the newly infected Western hemisphere countries in an attempt to discover and deploy effective control measures for HLB. The presence of these diseases poses an imminent threat of economic survival for affected citrus industries.
Identification of crypto- and neochlorogenic lactones as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors in roasted coffee beans
Authors: Honda Sari , Miura Yukari , Masuda Akiko , Masuda Toshiya 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity has been found in boiling water extracts from roasted coffee beans. Therefore, assay-guided purification of the extracts was performed using size-exclusion column chromatography, and subsequently with reversed phase HPLC to afford lactone derivatives of chlorogenic acids. Among the tested lactones, crypto- and neochlorogenic lactones showed potent XO inhibitory activities compared with three major chlorogenic acids found in coffee beans. These XO inhibitory lactones may ameliorate gout and hyperuricemia in humans who drink coffee.
Gastric Neoplasms and Gastroenteric and Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Larson Mark V. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Gastric neoplasms are an important contributor to cancer-related mortality. Of the various neoplasms that can affect the stomach, adenocarcinoma is the most common and accounts for up to 95% of all gastric neoplasms. Less common are gastric lymphomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, neuroendocrine tumors, and metastatic disease involving the stomach. This chapter considers the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and prognosis of these neoplastic diseases.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease:
Authors: Pardi Darrell S. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Many therapies are available for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Medical therapies include aminosalicylate drugs such as sulfasalazine, olsalazine, balsalazide, and various formulations of mesalamine; antibiotics; corticosteroids; immunosuppressive medications such as azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), methotrexate, and cyclosporine; and biotechnology medications such as anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents and newer agents with different mechanisms of action. This chapter reviews these various treatments and their positions in the treatment algorithms for Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. Many surgical therapies also are used in patients with IBD, although a detailed review of these options is beyond the scope of this chapter.
Approach to the Patient With Abnormal Liver Test Results and Acute Liver Failure
Authors: Poterucha John J. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter includes the following topics: 1. General discussion of commonly used liver tests. 2. Differential diagnosis and discussion of diseases characterized by an increase in hepatocellular enzyme levels. 3. Differential diagnosis and discussion of diseases characterized by an increase in cholestatic enzyme levels. 4. Evaluation of patients who have jaundice. 5. Diagnostic algorithms for evaluating patients who have abnormal liver tests. 6. Management of patients who have acute liver failure.
Vascular Diseases of the Liver
Authors: Sanchez William , Kamath Patrick S. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Vascular diseases of the liver can be divided into disorders of hepatic inflow (ie, diseases of the portal venous and hepatic arterial inflow) and disorders of hepatic venous outflow.
For a better understanding of the vascular diseases of the liver, a concise review of the vascular anatomy of the liver is important. This chapter reviews the anatomy of the splanchnic circulation, acute and chronic mesenteric venous thrombosis; hepatic artery thrombosis, aneurysm, and fistulas; ischemic hepatitis; hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia; veno-occlusive disease, and Budd-Chiari syndrome.
Ascites, Hepatorenal Syndrome, and Encephalopathy
Authors: Hay J. Eileen 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The portal hypertension and hepatic synthetic dysfunction of cirrhosis cause three main complications as liver disease progresses: variceal bleeding, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Ascites is the most common major complication of cirrhosis and occurs in about 50% of patients with compensated cirrhosis in 10 years. The development of ascites denotes the transition from compensated to decompensated cirrhosis. Hepatic encephalopathy is a debilitating complication of cirrhosis for which therapies are still very limited and nonspecific. Furthermore, no weight is given for this complication in the MELD system for organ allocation, resulting in considerable morbidity for patients and a burden for families and the health care system. In chronic liver disease, noxious substances, presumed nitrogenous compounds from protein breakdown, are ineffectively detoxified or bypassed (or both) by the diseased liver and affect the brain, causing a neuropsychiatric syndrome called hepatic encephalopathy.
Epilepsy in the end of life phase of brain tumor patients: a systematic review
Authors: Koekkoek Johan A.F. , Dirven Linda , Reijneveld Jaap C. , Postma Tjeerd J. , Grant Robin , Pace Andrea , Oberndorfer Stefan , Heimans Jan J. , Taphoorn Martin J.B. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Epileptic seizures are common in patients with primary or secondary malignant brain tumor. However, current knowledge on the occurrence of seizures during the end of life (EOL) phase of brain tumor patients is limited. Because symptom management with preservation of quality of life is of major importance for patients with a malignant brain tumor, particularly in the EOL, it is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of seizures and their management during this phase. We performed a systematic review of literature related to epilepsy in the EOL phase of brain tumor patients, based on the electronic resources PubMed, Embase, and Cinahl. The search yielded 442 unique records, of which 11 articles were eligible for further analysis after applying predefined inclusion criteria. Seizures occur relatively frequently in the EOL phase, particularly in patients with high-grade glioma. However, seizure management is often hampered by swallowing difficulties and impaired consciousness. Treatment decisions are largely dependent on expert opinion because a standardized approach for treating seizures in the terminal stage of brain tumor patients is still lacking.
How cultural transmission facilitates a long juvenile learning period
Authors: Baldini Ryan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe evolution of the long, slow human life history is a major challenge to evolutionary biologists. A compelling theory states that our late age at maturity allows us to acquire the many skills needed to survive in the economically intensive human foraging niche. Cultural transmission may be a crucial part of this process, by exposing learners to a wealth of information and skills that they would otherwise not likely discover. I use mathematical models to show that whether cultural transmission allows a later age at maturity depends on the details of selection and population regulation. In particular, cultural transmission appears to readily allow a later age at maturity under density-dependent fertility, but may not under density-dependent mortality or density-independent population growth. I close with a discussion of possibilities for future theoretical and empirical research.
Assembling Large Genomes with Single-Molecule Sequencing and Locality Sensitive Hashing
Authors: Berlin Konstantin , Koren Sergey , Chin Chen-Shan , Drake James , Landolin Jane M. , Phillippy Adam M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTWe report reference-gradede novoassemblies of four model organisms and the human genome from single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) sequencing. Long-read SMRT sequencing is routinely used to finish microbial genomes, but the available assembly methods have not scaled well to larger genomes. Here we introduce the MinHash Alignment Process (MHAP) for efficient overlapping of noisy, long reads using probabilistic, locality-sensitive hashing. Together with Celera Assembler, MHAP was used to reconstruct the genomes ofEscherichia coli,Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Arabidopsis thaliana,Drosophila melanogaster, and human from high-coverage SMRT sequencing. The resulting assemblies include fully resolved chromosome arms and close persistent gaps in these important reference genomes, including heterochromatic and telomeric transition sequences. ForD. melanogaster, MHAP achieved a 600-fold speedup relative to prior methods and a cloud computing cost of a few hundred dollars. These results demonstrate that single-molecule sequencing alone can produce near-complete eukaryotic genomes at modest cost.
Estimating strength of polygenic selection with principal components analysis of spatial genetic variation
Authors: Piffer Davide 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPrincipal components analysis on allele frequencies for 14 and 50 populations (from 1K Genomes and ALFRED databases) produced a factor accounting for over half of the variance, which indicates selection pressure on intelligence or genotypic IQ. Very high correlations between this factor and phenotypic IQ, educational achievement were observed (r>0.9 and r>0.8), also after partialling out GDP and the Human Development Index. Regression analysis was used to estimate a genotypic (predicted) IQ also for populations with missing data for phenotypic IQ. Socio-economic indicators (GDP and Human Development Index) failed to predict residuals, not providing evidence for the effects of environmental factors on intelligence. Another analysis revealed that the relationship between IQ and the genotypic factor was not mediated by race, implying that it exists at a finer resolution, a finding which in turn suggests selective pressures postdating sub-continental population splits.Genotypic height and IQ were inversely correlated but this correlation was mostly mediated by race. In at least two cases (Native Americans vs East Asians and Africans vs Papuans) genetic distance inferred from evolutionarily neutral genetic markers contrasts markedly with the resemblance observed for IQ and height increasing alleles.A principal component analysis on a random sample of 20 SNPs revealed two factors representing genetic relatedness due to migrations. However, the correlation between IQ and the intelligence PC was not mediated by them. In fact, the intelligence PC emerged as an even stronger predictor of IQ after entering the “migratory” PCs in a regression, indicating that it represents selection pressure instead of migrational effects.Finally, some observations on the high IQ of Mongoloid people are made which lend support to the “cold winters theory” on the evolution of intelligence.
Minimal benefit of earlier‐than‐recommended repeat colonoscopy among US Medicare enrollees following a negative colonoscopy
Authors: Yang Y.‐X. , French B. , Localio A. R. , Brensinger C. M. , Lewis J. D. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryBackgroundA large proportion of US Medicare beneficiaries undergo earlier‐than‐recommended follow‐up colonoscopies after negative screening colonoscopy. Such practice entails substantial cost and added risk.AimsTo compare the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) associated with varying follow‐up colonoscopy intervals following a negative colonoscopy, and to determine whether the potential benefit of a shorter colonoscopy follow‐up interval would differ by gender.MethodsWe conducted a weighted cohort study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results‐Medicare linked database (1991–2006) among 932 370 Medicare enrollees who are representative of the entire US elderly population. We compared the cumulative incidence of CRC among patients who underwent follow‐up colonoscopies at different intervals following a negative colonoscopy. The primary outcome was incident CRC.ResultsThe eligible study cohort (n = 480 864) included 106 924 patients who underwent ≥1 colonoscopy. Men were more likely to require polypectomy during their initial colonoscopy than women. Compared to the recommended 9–10 year follow‐up colonoscopy interval, an interval of 5–6 years was associated with the largest CRC cumulative risk reduction [i.e. 0.17% (95% CI: 0.009–0.32%)]. The magnitude of risk reduction associated with shorter colonoscopy follow‐up intervals was not significantly different between men and women.ConclusionsAmong elderly individuals who undergo a negative colonoscopy, the magnitude of reduction in the cumulative CRC risk afforded by earlier‐than‐recommended follow‐up colonoscopy is quite small, and probably cannot justify the risk and cost of increased colonoscopy frequency. In addition, there are insufficient differences between men and women to warrant gender‐specific recommendations.
Preoperative C‐reactive protein and operative blood loss predict poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer after laparoscopy‐assisted gastrectomy
Authors: Ishino Yoshito , Saigusa Susumu , Ohi Masaki , Yasuda Hiromi , Tanaka Koji , Toiyama Yuji , Mohri Yasuhiko , Kusunoki Masato 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to clarify the factors associated with postoperative complications and prognoses following laparoscopy‐assisted gastrectomy for gastric cancer.MethodsA total of 214 patients who underwent laparoscopy‐assisted gastrectomy for gastric cancer were enrolled in this retrospective study. Factors that were potentially associated with postoperative complications and prognosis were assessed using the following clinical and perioperative parameters: the Estimation of Physiologic Ability and Surgical Stress scoring system, the Prognostic Nutritional Index, and the Clavien–Dindo classification.ResultsPostoperative complications developed in 18.7% of patients. Blood loss ≥ 1% of body weight was significantly correlated with anastomotic leakage (P = 0.0108). Severe complications, based on the Clavien–Dindo classification, were more frequent in patients with proximal or total gastrectomies (P = 0.0324). A preoperative C‐reactive protein level > 0.5 mg/dL, blood loss > 1% of body weight, age ≥ 70 years at the time of operation, and an Estimation of Physiologic Ability and Surgical Stress score ≥ 0.2 were significantly correlated with poor prognosis. Multivariate analysis revealed that two of these factors, preoperative C‐reactive protein level ≥ 0.5 mg/dL and operative blood loss ≥ 1% of body weight, were independent prognostic factors (P = 0.0376 and P = 0.0112, respectively). The Prognostic Nutritional Index had no significant correlation with prognosis or the occurrence of postoperative complications.ConclusionOperative blood loss ≥ 1% of body weight and type of resection were associated with an increased frequency of postoperative complications, while preoperative C‐reactive protein levels and operative blood loss may be prognostic predictors for gastric cancer patients following laparoscopy‐assisted gastrectomy.
Identification of differential selection traces in two Polish cattle breeds
Authors: Gurgul Artur , Pawlina Klaudia , Frys‐Żurek Monika , Bugno‐Poniewierska Monika 
Published: August 2014

AbstractGenetic improvement of animals based on artificial selection is leading to changes in the frequency of genes related to desirable production traits. The changes are reflected by the neutral, intergenic single nucleotide polymorphims (SNPs) being in long‐range linkage disequilibrium with functional polymorphisms. Genome‐wide SNP analysis tools designed for cattle, allow for scanning divergences in allelic frequencies between distinct breeds and thus for identification of genomic regions which were divergently selected in breeds' histories. In this study, by using Bovine SNP50 assay, we attempted to identify genomic regions showing the highest differences in allele frequencies between two distinct cattle breeds – preserved, unselected Polish Red breed and highly selected Holstein cattle. Our study revealed 19 genomic regions encompassing 55 protein‐coding genes and numerous quantitative trait loci which potentially may underlie some of the phenotypic traits distinguishing the breeds.
A critical evaluation of the contribution of trust to effective Technology Enhanced Learning in the workplace: A literature review
Authors: Short Heather 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper offers a critical review of the literature that explores the building and development of trust in workplace learning, particularly in a virtual context and its implications for Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) in business. Trust is increasingly recognised as important in both business and education, and is the focus of increasing attention in relation to the virtual environment. TEL offers a range of potential benefits, but adoption levels remain low. However, there are indications that trust may be a significant factor in both low workplace participation in TEL and its effectiveness as a learning medium. Although savings in both money and time are the main perceived advantages of TEL, this review highlights the positive role of face‐to‐face contact in increasing TEL take‐up and effectiveness, even though this diminishes cost savings. This paper highlights the scant level of research into TEL, particularly in work situations, and the extent to which trust has been overlooked in this context. In the light of this gap in knowledge, further investigations are suggested to contribute to understanding the issues affecting TEL in the workplace.
Pedogenic and biogenic alkaline‐extracted silicon distributions along a temperate land‐use gradient
Authors: Barão L. , Clymans W. , Vandevenne F. , Meire P. , Conley D. J. , Struyf E. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe primary source of dissolved silicon (Si: DSi) is the weathering of silicate minerals. In recent years, it has been shown that Si cycling through vegetation creates a more soluble Si pool in the soil, as amorphous Si (ASi) deposits in plants (phytoliths) are returned to the soil through litter. Amorphous Si accumulation in soils depends on a number of factors, including land use. In addition to the biogenic ASi fraction, soils contain other non‐biogenic amorphous and sorbed Si fractions that could contribute significantly to DSi export to rivers, but hitherto these Si fractions have been difficult to separate from each other with traditionally applied extraction methods. The objective of this paper is to understand better how land use affects the distribution of the different extractable Si fractions. We re‐analysed samples from the land‐use gradient studied previously by Clymans et al. () with a continuous Si and aluminium (Al) extraction technique. Different extractable Si fractions of biogenic or pedogenic origin were successfully separated on the basis of their dissolution in alkaline solutions (Na2CO3 and NaOH) and Si:Al ratios. We show that forests store almost all alkaline extractable Si (AlkExSi) in the pedogenic fraction while the importance of phytoliths increases with human disturbance to become the dominant fraction in the AlkExSi pool at the arable site. The pedogenic AlkExSi pool is also more reactive than the phytolith‐bound Si. Conversely, pastures and croplands tend to preserve phytoliths in the soil, which are less reactive, decreasing the potential of DSi export relative to forested ecosystems.