bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le financement de l’innovation et de la R & D en France : un bilan statistique
Authors: Belin Jean , Guille Marianne 
Published: April 2013

Cet article analyse le financement des dépenses de recherche et d'innovation des entreprises. Tout d'abord, l'étude de la structure de financement des projets innovants montre l'importance des ressources internes et de l'aide publique. Elle révèle également la forte disparité des structures de financement des projets suivant les caractéristiques des entreprises. Puis, l'analyse du financement des dépenses de R& D permet de mettre en évidence les difficultés des entreprises à financer ces dépenses, en particulier pour les PME indépendantes. On note l'importance des ressources internes et de l'aide publique mais aussi des financements en provenance du groupe en période de choc conjoncturel. Enfin, les entreprises innovantes semblent posséder les structures financières les plus solides et les entreprises non-innovantes les moins favorables, la situation des entreprises de R& D se révélant intermédiaire.
Classification JEL : D8, D21, D43, E22, E44, E50
Régulation des systèmes de santé : quelques expériences étrangères de réformes en Europe
Authors: Lequet-Slama Diane 
Published: April 2013

Improving the health care system : some European reforms
In Europe, since nineties, most countries have been engaged in important reforms to improve their health care system and to control costs. These reforms followed a common inspiration and are mainly articulated around : the introduction of market or quasi market mechanisms between Health insurance Funds (Dekker Reform in Netherlands, Seehofer reform in Germany) and/or providers (Thatcher reform in UK) ; a purchaser/provider split in the introduction of new public management methods inspired by the private sector (Nordic and southern European countries) ; the reinforcement of decentralisation (Nordic and southern European countries). Finally, the rolling back of the State in the financing of health care leads to a more important role of private insurers and could bring about changes in the role and nature of both public and private interventions within the whole health care system.
JEL classification : H51, I11, O52
Prêter, donner : comment aider ?
Authors: Jacquet Pierre , Severino Jean-Michel 
Published: April 2013

Loan or donation : how can we help ?
This article deals with debate between loans and donations. A first part presents a short historic and a comparison between these two financial instruments. Some reflections on the evolution of public aid for development are presented. The authors show that the relevant debate doesn't take place between loans and donations, but concerns a financial engineering mixing both to answer needs of developing countries.
JEL classifications : F34, F35
Finance et éthique, la réconciliation ?
Authors: Marie-Jeanne Caroline 
Published: April 2013

Cet article étudie les liens entre la finance et l'éthique. Dans le contexte actuel de durcissement des lois de protection de l'environnement et de développement du principe de précaution, une gestion éthique diminue le coût du risque d'un contentieux judiciaire. Elle facilite également les prêts bancaires car les établissements de crédit encourent plus de risques en finançant des entreprises polluantes.
Cette diminution des situations de crise potentielle par une gestion éthique doit se répercuter immédiatement et positivement sur le cours de l'action. L'impact financier de l'éthique va s'accentuer, la COB ayant attiré l'attention sur l'importance de l'information comptable à fournir au niveau de la politique environnementale. Par l'analyse des fonds éthiques, nous éclairons le lien entre performance financière et performance éthique, les indices boursiers éthiques semblant montrer un surcroît de performance par rapport aux indices de référence.
Classification JEL : G11, G23, Z13
Investissement socialement responsable : différences entre Europe et États-Unis
Authors: Louche Céline , Lydenberg Steven 
Published: April 2013

L’article est consacré à l’évolution et aux pratiques de l’ISR aux États-Unis et en Europe. Son objet est d’étudier l’implantation historique, culturelle et politique de l’ISR. Sur la base de sources secondaires d’information, il présente une analyse comparative de l’évolution et des pratiques actuelles de l’ISR des deux côtés de l’Atlantique et examine les futures implications de l’ISR. L’article montre que les mouvements ISR dans les deux régions présentent quelques différences dans leurs définitions, leurs acteurs, leur langage, leurs motivations et les stratégies mises en oeuvre. Cependant, elles partagent également un projet fondamental commun et les mêmes objectifs d’améliorer les politiques des grandes entreprises et les pratiques dans les domaines du social et de l’environnement.
Classification JEL : G11, G23, M14, Q01
ISR : comment les critères extra-financiers impactent les objectifs de gestion ?
Authors: de Brito César 
Published: April 2013

SRI : how extra-financial criteria influence the management objectives ?
The customers investing in ethical or financial SRI funds have a rather broad choice. Currently, the challenge for SRI funds remains to clarify their approach, their applied processes and their objectives. The ethical SRI funds have to reinforce their communication on their ethical gains while the financial SRI funds have to show more precisely to the financial community criteria which they like to promote. And, for financial criteria, they have to establish a general agreement by reducing their number to keep only the most relevant.
JEL classification : G11, G23, M14
Promotion et information ISR
Authors: Sagnier Pascale 
Published: April 2013

SRI promotion and information
This article deals with the current phenomenon to implicate financial actors in sustainable development. According to the author, this reasoning answers several objectives :
1 - to influence firms so that they insert sustainable development into their strategy of development. To take into account environmental and social impacts in decision-making processes of investment, acquisition and production must allow the reduction of adverse effects which can influence the firm value. Moreover, the incorporation of sustainable development in the highest level of firm can also create opportunities of growth thanks to new « cleaner » products ;
2 - to reposition the analysis and the assessment of the firm’s strategy in the long term. This last point is crucial to reach a quality research on the assessment of a sustainable development policy.
JEL classification : M14
L’ISR est-il un style ?
Authors: de Bayser Xavier , Brafman Lionel 
Published: April 2013

Is the SRI an asset management style ?
If the notion of style is well known by the financial community, its use by management societies and investors is growing. It is a way to qualify the specificity and the expertise of the asset manager. It is a tool to select funds and structure assets for the investor. The asset management style must allow to identify and to classify an investment method according to the constitution of portfolio. What can we say about the SRI ? This article tries to answer this question.
JEL classification : G23, M14
Quelques enjeux urbains des politiques de l’habitat face aux marchés du logement
Authors: Driant Jean-Claude 
Published: April 2013

Urban challenges of housing policies faced with housing markets
Urban challenges correspond to policies which use tools concerning housing (production, improvement, investment and solvency) to aim at objectives which are larger than only providing for housing needs. Stakes of social mix or urban renewal illustrate these policies which highlight objectives of spatial or social organization of the city. Housing is only a tool among others. This article draws the outlines of these urban challenges to underline objectives and some inconsistencies, notably how they insert (or not) long term residential processes.
JEL classification : R21, R31, R38
Les places financières : désintégration, suburbanisation et spécialisation
Authors: Capelle-Blancard Gunther , Tadjeddine Yamina 
Published: April 2013

The financial markets : breaking-up, suburbanisation and specialisation
The traditional image of a financial market is of a geographically united whole. However, the development of IT and communication technologies has led to a vertical separation of financial activities. The main result of this has been the relocation of activities from the city centres to the outskirts. This suburbanisation can be seen as the initial indicator of a more widespread relocation of financial activities - at least for the most standardised operations. In addition, the number of specialised financial markets in Europe is expected to increase, mirroring the US. It is unlikely that the Paris market will disappear on this account, but the more pertinent question is what does the future hold for activities based in Paris, and, on a larger scale, in the Ile-de-France area.
JEL classification : G10, G20, R12
Les capitales financières : la place de Francfort et ses perspectives
Authors: Kotz Hans-Helmut , Schmidt Reinhard H. 
Published: April 2013

Financial locations : Frankfurt’s place and perspectives
The introduction of a common currency as well as the harmonization of rules and regulations in Europe has significantly reduced distance in all its guises. With reduced costs of overcoming space, this emphasizes centripetal forces and it should foster consolidation of financial activity. In a national context, as a rule, this led to the emergence of one financial center. Hence, Europeanization of financial and monetary affairs could foretell the relegation of some European financial hubs such as Frankfurt and Paris to third-rank status. Frankfurt’s financial history is interesting insofar as it has lost (in the 1870s) and regained (mainly in the 1980s) its preeminent place in the German context. Because Europe is still characterized by local pockets of information-sensitive assets as well as a demand for variety the national analogy probably does not hold. There is room in Europe for a number of financial hubs of an international dimension, including Frankfurt.
JEL classification : F15, F36, G1, G2, N20, R12
Monnaie électronique, monnaie fiduciaire et monnaie scripturale. Quelles substitutions ? Quelles stratégies ?
Authors: Sitruk Hervé 
Published: April 2013

Electronic money, cash and non-cash money. What substitutions ? What strategies ?
Electronic money is a new form of money which is subject of special regulations at European and national levels, but the nature of which remains finally unclear or ambiguous, to the extent that this new kind of money is neither cash nor non-cash. Accordingly, this article tries to answers five questions : To what extent this new instrument is going to replace the other forms of money ? Is this substitution justified and what is its contribution ? What is its impact on European monetary policy ? What issues to deepen to favour its general implementation in a short term ? What is its place in the Single Euro Payment Area (SEPA) ? These issues are important to deepen to create positive dynamics and to sustain electronic money.
Classification JEL : E41, E59
Le vingt-huitième régime : un outil au service de l’intégration du marché des services financiers de détail
Authors: de Castries Henri 
Published: April 2013

Le marché unique des services financiers est loin d’être achevé. Cette situation s’explique en partie par les limites des instruments traditionnellement utilisés pour l’intégration des marchés : pleine harmonisation, harmonisation ciblée ou reconnaissance mutuelle. Elle porte préjudice aussi bien à l’industrie des services financiers qu’aux citoyens qui sont privés des bénéfices attendus d’un marché unique. L’industrie financière a donc porté ses efforts sur la recherche de solutions innovantes pour lever les obstacles à la mise en place d’une offre paneuropéenne de services financiers tout particulièrement dans le domaine de l’épargne retraite. Parmi celles-ci, « le 28e régime » ou régime optionnel paneuropéen lui est apparu comme un outil puissant pour accompagner l’harmonisation des régimes juridiques nationaux qui encadrent l’offre de services financiers. Au-delà de son aspect purement juridique, le 28e régime porte une réflexion plus large sur le contenu d’une Europe des services financiers au service de ses citoyens.
Classification JEL : F36, G18, G28
La finance islamique à la croisée des chemins
Authors: Pastré Olivier , Gecheva Krassimira 
Published: April 2013

Islamic finance at a crossroads
Though Islamic finance is becoming the latest fashion in state-of-the-art research in economics, it is still quite a riddle to the uninitiated, and even amongst experts it is sometimes misconstrued. This survey of the history and the latest developments in Islamic Finance aims to assess its real place in a globalized financial system, to set straight several misconceptions, and to highlight some essential facts. Islamic finance is fundamentally heterogeneous and, even though it has its specificities, there are numerous « points of convergence » between « conventional » and Islamic finance. On the verge of reaching a critical mass, Islamic financial institutions are still facing some important problems and their future will depend on their capacity to take up these challenges.
JEL classification : G20, O53
La vérité sur les performances dans le capital-investissement
Authors: Gottschalg Olivier , Phalippou Ludovic 
Published: April 2013

Depuis quelques années, la croyance en une surperformance du capital-investissement est alimentée par les articles élogieux sur les rendements de cette classe d’actifs qui paraissent régulièrement dans la presse économique et financière. Les statistiques de mesure des performances publiées par Thomson Venture Economics, qui servent de standard dans la profession, suggèrent que, sur une longue période, les performances du capital-investissement se comparent favorablement à celles des indices boursiers. En dépit de ce consensus apparent, le point de vue d’une surperformance du capital-investissement vis-à-vis d’un placement dans le coté est erroné. En utilisant les données les plus complètes sur le capital-investissement en Amérique du Nord et en Europe, nous montrons que les performances du capital-investissement ont été, en moyenne, inférieures de près de 3 % par an à celles des grands indices de marché.
Classification JEL : G23, G24
Le dollar américain et son rôle dans l’ordre monétaire international
Authors: Bordo Michael , James Harold 
Published: April 2013

Les auteurs estiment que la crise actuelle n'annonce pas la fin de la suprématie du dollar. Ils constatent qu'il n'y a pas eu d'attaque spéculative contre le dollar, que la crise s'est traduite jusqu'ici par un renforcement du dollar et qu'elle se révèle plus coûteuse économiquement pour l'Europe et les pays émergents que pour les États-Unis. Ils expliquent cette résistance du dollar par la sécurité qu'offrent les États-Unis en tant que superpuissance économique stable politiquement. Ils soulignent notamment que la taille de l'économie américaine lui permet de soutenir plus aisément ses institutions financières en difficulté.
Classification JEL : E42, F2, F3, G15
Le court-termisme institutionnalisé : les effets de la gestion de portefeuille déléguée
Authors: Montagne Sabine 
Published: April 2013

La gouvernance des investisseurs ne leur permet pas de développer des investissements de long terme. En déléguant la gestion de leur investissement à des firmes de gestion d'actifs et en externalisant l'évaluation vers des intermédiaires (consultants et agences de notation), ils ont contribué à la création de marchés de prestataires dominés par une logique de rendement à court terme. L'impératif de comparabilité des performances et la concurrence sur ces marchés ont, en effet, favorisé une évaluation des prestataires au moyen d'indicateurs synthétiques. Ces derniers représentent l'activité économique de manière abstraite et font obstacle à des représentations alternatives et spécifiques aux investisseurs de long terme. Parce que ces différentes pratiques ont été institutionnalisées en normes légitimes, il est aujourd'hui difficile d'en faire advenir de nouvelles.
Classification JEL : G20, C23, G24, L14, L22
Sovereign Wealth Funds and Global Imbalances
Authors: Gieve John 
Published: April 2013

Much of the debate on sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) has focused on political questions : do they reintroduce the failings of public ownership into market economies by the back door ? will SWFs use their ownership rights to pursue political ends ? and will resistance to foreign ownership lead to
a new wave of protectionism ? In this article, the author concentrates on some economic issues : why have they become so prominent recently ? how does that relate to imbalances in the world economy ? how are they affecting financial markets and what are the policy implications of their growth ?
JEL Classification : F21, F30, F32
La longue marche vers la mise en place de chambres de compensation sur les marchés de dérivés de crédit
Authors: Chanel-Reynaud Gisèle 
Published: April 2013

The Long March towards the Setting Up of Clearing Houses in Credit Derivatives Markets
Despite the measures taken over the past years to limit systemic risks, the crisis that followed Lehman Brothers’ failure raises again the issue of counterparty risk transmission. One of the remedies put forward to resolve the problem is the introduction of a clearing mechanism on the credit derivatives market. This paper studies firstly the responsibility of risk transfer operations in the current global crisis, secondly the technical improvements to the negotiation and settlement procedures of Credit Derivatives Swaps, and lastly the advantages of, and limits to, the implementation of clearing houses at a European level in a context where the Anglo-Saxon operators have already organised part of the services they usually provide. What stands out is that the essential contribution to the issue is less the collateralization tools that banks are in a position to resort to than the performance bond itself. This taking of risk, even though hedged, raises in turn the question of the guarantee provided by the clearing house and eventually that of the possibility for European actors to stay isolated.
Classification JEL : G01, G13, G23.
Incidence and Prevalence of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Among Children in a Managed Care Population, 1996–2009
Authors: Harrold Leslie R. , Salman Craig , Shoor Stanford , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Asgari Maryam M. , Gelfand Joel M. , Wu Jashin J. , Herrinton Lisa J. 
Published: April 2013

Objective.Few studies based in well-defined North American populations have examined the occurrence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and none has been based in an ethnically diverse population. We used computerized healthcare information from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California membership to validate JIA diagnoses and estimate the incidence and prevalence of the disease in this well-characterized population.Methods.We identified children aged ≤ 15 years with ≥ 1 relevant International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition, diagnosis code of 696.0, 714, or 720 in computerized clinical encounter data during 1996–2009. In a random sample, we then reviewed the medical records to confirm the diagnosis and diagnosis date and to identify the best-performing case-finding algorithms. Finally, we used the case-finding algorithms to estimate the incidence rate and point prevalence of JIA.Results.A diagnosis of JIA was confirmed in 69% of individuals with at least 1 relevant code. Forty-five percent were newly diagnosed during the study period. The age- and sex-standardized incidence rate of JIA per 100,000 person-years was 11.9 (95% CI 10.9–12.9). It was 16.4 (95% CI 14.6–18.1) in girls and 7.7 (95% CI 6.5–8.9) in boys. The peak incidence rate occurred in children aged 11–15 years. The prevalence of JIA per 100,000 persons was 44.7 (95% CI 39.1–50.2) on December 31, 2009.Conclusion.The incidence rate of JIA observed in the Kaiser Permanente population, 1996–2009, was similar to that reported in Rochester, Minnesota, USA, but 2 to 3 times higher than Canadian estimates.
Can Serum Surfactant Protein D or CC-Chemokine Ligand 18 Predict Outcome of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Early Systemic Sclerosis?
Authors: Elhaj Mona , Charles Julio , Pedroza Claudia , Liu Xiaochun , Zhou Xiaodong , Estrada-Y-Martin Rosa M. , Gonzalez Emilio B. , Lewis Dorothy E. , Draeger Hilda T. , Kim Sarah , Arnett Frank C. , Mayes Maureen D. , Assassi Shervin 
Published: April 2013

Objective.To examine the predictive significance of 2 pneumoproteins, surfactant protein D (SP-D) and CC-chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18), for the course of systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related interstitial lung disease.Methods.The pneumoproteins were determined in the baseline plasma samples of 266 patients with early SSc enrolled in the GENISOS observational cohort. They also were measured in 83 followup patient samples. Pulmonary function tests were obtained annually. The primary outcome was decline in forced vital capacity (FVC percentage predicted) over time. The predictive significance for longterm change in FVC was investigated by a joint analysis of longitudinal measurements (sequentially obtained FVC percentage predicted) and survival data.Results.SP-D and CCL18 levels were both higher in patients with SSc than in matched controls (p < 0.001 and p = 0.015, respectively). Baseline SP-D levels correlated with lower concomitantly obtained FVC (r = −0.27, p < 0.001), but did not predict the short-term decline in FVC at 1 year followup visit or its longterm decline rate. CCL18 showed a significant correlation with steeper short-term decline in FVC (p = 0.049), but was not a predictor of its longterm decline rate. Similarly, a composite score of SP-D and CCL18 was a significant predictor of short-term decline in FVC but did not predict its longterm decline rate. Further, the longitudinal change in these 2 pneumoproteins did not correlate with the concomitant percentage change in FVC.Conclusion.SP-D correlated with concomitantly obtained FVC, while CCL18 was a predictor of short-term decline in FVC. However, neither SP-D nor CCL18 was a longterm predictor of FVC course in patients with early SSc.
Les limites d'une médiation militante
Authors: Hayes Ingrid 
Published: April 2013

Lorraine Cœur d’Acier, radio de lutte de la CGT, est mise en place à Longwy en mars 1979 pour soutenir la mobilisation des sidérurgistes. Sise dans un bassin mono industriel où la CGT et le PCF sont très implantés, animée par des journalistes parisiens membres des mêmes organisations, la radio pose en pratique la question du lien entre ouvriers et intellectuels dans un cadre militant. L’article permet d’exposer le dessaisissement de la composante ouvrière dont l’expérience est l’occasion, en termes de programmes et d’orientation générale. Les mécanismes de ce processus sont à chercher dans l’ambivalence des représentations et des postures qui émergent de part et d’autre du couple militants ouvriers/militants intellectuels. Cette ambivalence doit être lue à la fois au prisme de la crise qui frappe alors le groupe ouvrier et met en perspective la nécessité d’une sortie de classe, et à la lumière de la qualité de « transfuges de classe » des journalistes. Dans ce contexte, les légitimités en présence apparaissent plus concurrentes que complémentaires.