bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Light Transport Framework for Lenslet Light Field Cameras
Authors: Liang Chia-Kai , Ramamoorthi Ravi 
Published: March 2015

Light field cameras capture full spatio-angular information of the light field, and enable many novel photographic and scientific applications. It is often stated that there is a fundamental trade-off between spatial and angular resolution, but there has been limited understanding of this trade-off theoretically or numerically. Moreover, it is very difficult to evaluate thedesignof a light field camera because a new design is usually reported with its prototype and rendering algorithm, both of which affect resolution.In this article, we develop a light transport framework for understanding the fundamental limits of light field camera resolution. We first derive the prefiltering model of lenslet-based light field cameras. The main novelty of our model is in considering the full space-angle sensitivity profile of the photosensor—in particular, real pixels have nonuniformangular sensitivity, responding more to light along the optical axis rather than at grazing angles. We show that the full sensor profile plays an important role in defining the performance of a light field camera. The proposed method can model all existing lenslet-based light field cameras and allows to compare them in a unified way in simulation, independent of the practical differences between particular prototypes. We further extend our framework to analyze the performance of two rendering methods: the simple projection-based method and the inverse light transport process. We validate our framework with both flatland simulation and real data from the Lytro light field camera.
A Fault-Aware Toolchain Approach for FPGA Fault Tolerance
Authors: Gupte Adwait , Vyas Sudhanshu , Jones Phillip H. 
Published: March 2015

As the size and density of silicon chips continue to increase, maintaining acceptable manufacturing yields has become increasingly difficult. Recent works suggest that lithography techniques are reaching their limits with respect to enabling high yield fabrication of small-scale devices, thus there is an increasing need for techniques that can tolerate fabrication time defects. One candidate technology to help combat these defects is reconfigurable hardware. The flexible nature of reconfigurable devices, such as Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), makes it possible for them to route around defective areas of a chip after the device has been packaged and deployed into the field.
This work presents a technique that aims to increase the effective yield of FPGA manufacturing by re-claiming a portion of chips that would be ordinarily classified as unusable. In brief, we propose a modification to existing commercial toolchain flows to make them fault aware. A phase is added to identify faults within the chip. The locations of these faults are then used by the toolchain to avoid faults during the placement and routing phase.
Specifically, we have applied our approach to the Xilinx commercial toolchain flow and evaluated its tolerance to both logic and routing resource faults. Our findings show that, at a cost of 5--10% in device frequency performance, the modified toolchain flow can tolerate up to 30% of logic resources being faulty and, depending on the nature of the target application, can tolerate 1--30% of the device's routing resources being faulty. These results provide strong evidence that commercial toolchains not designed for the purpose of tolerating faults can still be greatly leveraged in the presence of faults to place and route circuits in an efficient manner.
Keynote
Authors: Varghese George 
Published: March 2015

The most compelling ideas in systems are abstractions such as virtual memory, sockets, or packet scheduling. Algorithmics is the servant of abstraction, allowing system performance to approach that of the underlying hardware, sometimes by using efficient algorithms but often by simply leveraging other aspects of the system. I will survey the trajectory of network algorithmics starting with a focus on speed and scale in the 1990s to measurement and security in the 2000s. While doing so, I will reflect on my experiences in choosing problems and conducting research. I will conclude by describing my passion for the emerging field of network verification and its confluence with programming language research.
George Varghese worked at DEC designing DECNET protocols before obtaining his Ph.D. in 1992 from MIT. He worked from 1993-1999 at Washington University and from 1999 to 2012 at UCSD, both as professor of computer science. He joined Microsoft Research as a Principal Researcher in 2012. He won the ONR Young Investigator Award in 1996, and was elected to be a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in 2002. He helped design the 40 Gbps forwarding engine for Procket Networks, subsequently acquired by Cisco Systems. His book "Network Algorithmics" was published in December 2004 by Morgan-Kaufman. He co-founded NetSift Inc. in May 2004. NetSift was acquired by Cisco in 2005. He was the 2014 winner of the IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award
Native actors
Authors: Vallentin Matthias , Charousset Dominik , Schmidt Thomas C. , Paxson Vern , Wählisch Matthias 
Published: March 2015

When an organization detects a security breach, it undertakes a forensic analysis to figure out what happened. This investigation involves inspecting a wide range of heterogeneous data sources spanning over a long period of time. The iterative nature of the analysis procedure requires an interactive experience with the data. However, the distributed processing paradigms we find in practice today fail to provide this requirement: the batch-oriented nature of MapReduce cannot deliver sub-second round-trip times, and distributed in-memory processing cannot store the terabytes of activity logs needed to inspect during an incident.
We present the design and implementation of Visibility Across Space and Time (VAST), a distributed database to support interactive network forensics, and libcppa, its exceptionally scalable messaging core. The extended actor framework libcppa enables VAST to distribute lightweight tasks at negligible overhead. In our live demo, we showcase how VAST enables security analysts to grapple with the huge amounts of data often associated with incident investigations.
Volume expansion during acute angiotensin II receptor (AT1) blockade and NOS inhibition in conscious dogs
Authors: Andersen Jens Lundbæk , Sandgaard Niels C. F. , Bie Peter 
Published: March 2015

The responses to AT1-receptor blockade (candesartan 1 mg/kg) and to concomitant volume expansion (saline 35 ml/kg for 90 min) with and without nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition ( NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester 30 μg · kg−1· min−1) were investigated in separate experiments in normal dogs.AT1blockade decreased arterial pressure (106 ± 4 to 96 ± 5 mmHg) and increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by 17% and sodium excretion threefold. NOS inhibition increased arterial pressure (103 ± 3 to 116 ± 3 mmHg) and decreased GFR by 21% and reduced sodium excretion by some 80%. Volume expansion increased arterial pressure significantly in all series involving this procedure, most pronounced during combined AT1blockade and NOS inhibition (21 ± 4 mmHg). Volume expansion during AT1blockade elicited marked natriuresis (26 ± 11 to 274 ± 55 μmol/min) that was severely reduced by concomitant NOS inhibition (10 ± 3 to 45 ± 11 μmol/min), but still much larger than that seen with volume expansion during NOS inhibition alone (2 ± 1 to 23 ± 7 μmol/min). Volume expansion during AT1blockade increased GFR (+30%), less so during combined AT1blockade and NOS inhibition (+13%), but it did not increase GFR significantly ( P = 0.07) during NOS inhibition alone. Plasma ANG II increased greater than sevenfold with AT1blockade and doubled with NOS inhibition (paired t-test, P < 0.05), whereas it decreased by 50–80% during volume expansion irrespective of pretreatment, i.e., during NOS inhibition, volume expansion did not generate subnormal plasma ANG II concentrations.In conclusion, 1) acute AT1blockade leads to hyperfiltration, natriuresis, and hyperresponsiveness to volume expansion, 2) these responses are >85% inhibitable by unspecific NOS inhibition, and 3) NOS inhibition alone is followed by increases in plasma ANG II, hypofiltration, and severe antinatriuresis that may be counterbalanced but not overwhelmed by volume expansion. Thus NOS inhibition virtually abolishes the volume expansion natriuresis, at least in part, due to the lack of appropriate inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Impact of NRAS Mutations for Patients with Advanced Melanoma Treated with Immune Therapies
Authors: Johnson Douglas B. , Lovly Christine M. , Flavin Marisa , Panageas Katherine S. , Ayers Gregory D. , Zhao Zhiguo , Iams Wade T. , Colgan Marta , DeNoble Sarah , Terry Charles R. , Berry Elizabeth G. , Iafrate A. John , Sullivan Ryan J. , Carvajal Richard D. , Sosman Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Activating NRAS mutations are found in 15% to 20% of melanomas. Immune therapies have become a mainstay in advanced melanoma treatment. We sought to evaluate whether tumor genotype (e.g., NRAS mutations) correlates with benefit from immune therapy in melanoma. We identified 229 patients with melanoma treated with immune therapies [IL2, ipilimumab, or anti-programmed cell death-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1)] at three centers and compared clinical outcomes following immune therapy for patients with or without NRAS mutations. Of the 229 patients with melanoma, 60 had NRAS mutation, 53 had BRAF mutation, and 116 had NRAS/BRAF wild type. The NRAS-mutant cohort had superior or a trend to superior outcomes compared with the other cohorts in terms of response to first-line immune therapy (28% vs. 16%, P = 0.04), response to any line of immune therapy (32% vs. 20%, P = 0.07), clinical benefit (response + stable disease lasting ≥24 weeks; 50% vs. 31%, P &lt; 0.01), and progression-free survival (median, 4.1 vs. 2.9 months, P = 0.09). Benefit from anti–PD-1/PD-L1 was particularly marked in the NRAS cohort (clinical benefit rate 73% vs. 35%). In an independent group of patient samples, NRAS-mutant melanoma had higher PD-L1 expression (although not statistically significant) compared with other genotypes (8/12 vs. 9/20 samples with ≥1% expression; 6/12 vs. 6/20 samples with ≥5% expression), suggesting a potential mechanism for the clinical results. This retrospective study suggests that NRAS mutations in advanced melanoma correlate with increased benefit from immune-based therapies compared with other genetic subtypes. If confirmed by prospective studies, this may be explained in part by high rates of PD-L1 expression. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(3); 288–95. ©2015 AACR.
The Shared and Contrasting Roles of IL2 and IL15 in the Life and Death of Normal and Neoplastic Lymphocytes: Implications for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Waldmann Thomas A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIL2 and IL15, members of the 4α-helix bundle family of cytokines, play pivotal roles in the control of the life and death of lymphocytes. Although their heterotrimeric receptors have two receptor subunits in common, these two cytokines have contrasting roles in adaptive immune responses. The unique role of IL2 through maintenance of fitness of regulatory T cells and activation-induced cell death is the elimination of self-reactive T cells to prevent autoimmunity. In contrast with IL2, IL15 is dedicated to the prolonged maintenance of memory T-cell responses to invading pathogens. Blockade of IL2 and IL15 using monoclonal antibodies has been reported to be of value in the treatment of patients with leukemia, autoimmune disorders, and in the prevention of allograft rejection. IL2 has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with malignant renal cell cancer and metastatic malignant melanoma. Clinical trials involving recombinant human IL15 given by bolus infusions have been completed, and studies assessing subcutaneous and continuous intravenous infusions are under way in patients with metastatic malignancy. Furthermore, clinical trials are being initiated that employ the combination of IL15 with IL15Rα+/− IgFc. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(3); 219–27. ©2015 AACR.
Causal inference methods to assess safety upper bounds in randomized trials with noncompliance
Authors: Wang Yiting , Berlin Jesse A , Pinheiro José , Wilcox Marsha A 
Published: March 2015

Background Premature discontinuation and other forms of noncompliance with treatment assignment can complicate causal inference of treatment effects in randomized trials. The intent-to-treat analysis gives unbiased estimates for causal effects of treatment assignment on outcome, but may understate potential benefit or harm of actual treatment. The corresponding upper confidence limit can also be underestimated. Purpose To compare estimates of the hazard ratio and upper bound of the two-sided 95% confidence interval from causal inference methods that account for noncompliance with those from the intent-to-treat analysis. Methods We used simulations with parameters chosen to reflect cardiovascular safety trials of diabetes drugs, with a focus on upper bound estimates relative to 1.3, based on regulatory guidelines. A total of 1000 simulations were run under each parameter combination for a hypothetical trial of 10,000 total subjects randomly assigned to active treatment or control at 1:1 ratio. Noncompliance was considered in the form of treatment discontinuation and cross-over at specified proportions, with an assumed true hazard ratio of 0.9, 1, and 1.3, respectively. Various levels of risk associated with being a non-complier (independent of treatment status) were evaluated. Hazard ratio and upper bound estimates from causal survival analysis and intent-to-treat were obtained from each simulation and summarized under each parameter setting. Results Causal analysis estimated the true hazard ratio with little bias in almost all settings examined. Intent-to-treat was unbiased only when the true hazard ratio = 1; otherwise it underestimated both benefit and harm. When upper bound estimates from intent-to-treat were ≥1.3, corresponding estimates from causal analysis were also ≥1.3 in almost 100% of the simulations, regardless of the true hazard ratio. When upper bound estimates from intent-to-treat were <1.3 and the true hazard ratio = 1, corresponding upper bound estimates from causal analysis were ≥1.3 in up to 66% of the simulations under some settings. Limitations Simulations cannot cover all scenarios for noncompliance in real randomized trials. Conclusion Causal survival analysis was superior to intent-to-treat in estimating the true hazard ratio with respect to bias in the presence of noncompliance. However, its large variance should be considered for safety upper bound exclusion especially when the true hazard ratio = 1. Our simulations provided a broad reference for practical considerations of bias–variance trade-off in dealing with noncompliance in cardiovascular safety trials of diabetes drugs. Further research is warranted for the development and application of causal inference methods in the evaluation of safety upper bounds.
Endomyocardial biopsy-integrating electrode at the bioptome tip
Authors: Konecny Tomas , Noseworthy Peter A. , Kapa Suraj , Cooper Leslie T. , Mulpuru Siva K. , Sandhu Gurpreet S. , Asirvatham Samuel 
Published: March 2015

Background: The addition of electroanatomic mapping to a standard echo-guided endomyocardial biopsy could identify areas of abnormal pathology and increase the diagnostic yield of the procedure. Methods and results: In this demonstration of a novel technique, a 45-year-old woman with clinical suspicion for cardiac sarcoidosis underwent right ventricular bipolar electroanatomical mapping with identification of areas of signal fractionation and low voltage. A bioptome, configured to record an electrogram from the tip, was then visualized on the three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping (3DEAM) system, and directed to these areas. The biopsy was assisted by the use of a steerable introducer sheath, and by recording unipolar and extended bipolar signals from the bioptome tip. A prominent change in the signal was detected by the electrode at the bioptome tip when the jaws closed on the endomyocardial tissue. Patient tolerated the procedure without complications, and the biopsied samples were appropriate for pathological analysis. Conclusions: Using existing technology, the 3DEAM, which integrates unipolar and bipolar signal from the bioptome tip, is feasible, and can be safely added to a standard echocardiographically guided endomyocardial biopsy. Future studies should investigate whether such a technique could increase the safety and diagnostic yield of endomyocardial biopsies in patients with suspected cardiomyopathies.
EPCR-dependent PAR2 activation by the blood coagulation initiation complex regulates LPS-triggered interferon responses in mice
Authors: Liang Hai Po H. , Kerschen Edward J. , Hernandez Irene , Basu Sreemanti , Zogg Mark , Botros Fady , Jia Shuang , Hessner Martin J. , Griffin John H. , Ruf Wolfram , Weiler Hartmut 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Infection and inflammation are invariably associated with activation of the blood coagulation mechanism, secondary to the inflammation-induced expression of the coagulation initiator tissue factor (TF) on innate immune cells. By investigating the role of cell-surface receptors for coagulation factors in mouse endotoxemia, we found that the protein C receptor (ProcR; EPCR) was required for the normal in vivo and in vitro induction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-regulated gene expression. In cultured bone marrow–derived myeloid cells and in monocytic RAW264.7 cells, the LPS-induced expression of functionally active TF, assembly of the ternary TF-VIIa-Xa initiation complex of blood coagulation, and the EPCR-dependent activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) by the ternary TF-VIIa-Xa complex were required for the normal LPS induction of messenger RNAs encoding the TLR3/4 signaling adaptor protein Pellino-1 and the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 8. In response to in vivo challenge with LPS, mice lacking EPCR or PAR2 failed to fully initiate an interferon-regulated gene expression program that included the Irf8 target genes Lif, Iigp1, Gbp2, Gbp3, and Gbp6. The inflammation-induced expression of TF and crosstalk with EPCR, PAR2, and TLR4 therefore appear necessary for the normal evolution of interferon-regulated host responses.
AlGaN/GaN MISHEMTs with AlN gate dielectric grown by thermal ALD technique
Authors: Liu Xiao-Yong , Zhao Sheng-Xun , Zhang Lin-Qing , Huang Hong-Fan , Shi Jin-Shan , Zhang Chun-Min , Lu Hong-Liang , Wang Peng-Fei , Zhang David Wei 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Recently, AlN plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (ALD) passivation technique had been proposed and investigated for suppressing the dynamic on-resistance degradation behavior of high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). In this paper, a novel gate dielectric and passivation technique for GaN-on-Si AlGaN/GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MISHEMTs) is presented. This technique features the AlN thin film grown by thermal ALD at 400°C without plasma enhancement. A 10.6-nm AlN thin film was grown upon the surface of the HEMT serving as the gate dielectric under the gate electrode and as the passivation layer in the access region at the same time. The MISHEMTs with thermal ALD AlN exhibit enhanced on/off ratio, reduced channel sheet resistance, reduction of gate leakage by three orders of magnitude at a bias of 4 V, reduced threshold voltage hysteresis of 60 mV, and suppressed current collapse degradation.
Higher Education’s External Effects in Modern Russia’s Economy
Authors: Басовский  , Basovskiy Leonid , Басовская  , Basovskaya Elena 
Published: March 2015

Econometric models of GDP’s crisis growth rates and factors of GDP’s recession
rates have been received. The models allow predict the recession in Russia’s
economy in 2015–2019. Decline in production during the crisis can reach
16–17%. Production decline duration can make 4–5 years. The crisis phenomena
in economy at the level up to 80,7% have been caused by formation of
adverse institutional environment under the influence of the laws adopted in
2003–2014. A new paradigm of economic policy is necessary for overcoming
the crisis phenomena in economy, this policy is the one related to formation of
institutions favoring to the economic growth and economic development, the
policy aimed at the business development, at investment attraction, at domestic
demand expansion.
Arranging Extracurricular Activities for Primary School Students: Drama Hobby-Group Projects
Authors: Алимова  , Alimova E. 
Published: March 2015

The paper considers the role of extracurricular activities in the educational and pedagogical process as a whole and shows how extracurricular
activities can help primary school children to develop their creative abilities. Various forms of participation and involvement of school children in
the activities of drama groups in terms of their personal interests and abilities are described.
Effect of one-year post-operative alendronate treatment on periprosthetic bone after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Jaroma A. V. J. , Soininvaara T. A. , Kröger H. 
Published: March 2015

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is known to lead to a reduction in periprosthetic bone mineral density (BMD). In theory, this may lead to migration, instability and aseptic loosening of the prosthetic components. Bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption and may reduce this loss in BMD. We hypothesised that treatment with bisphosphonates and calcium would lead to improved BMD and clinical outcomes compared with treatment with calcium supplementation alone following TKA. A total of 26 patients, (nine male and 17 female, mean age 67 years) were prospectively randomised into two study groups: alendronate and calcium (bisphosphonate group, n = 14) or calcium only (control group, n = 12). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measurements were performed post-operatively, and at three months, six months, one, two, four, and seven years post-operatively.Mean femoral metaphyseal BMD was significantly higher in the bisphosphonate group compared with controls, up to four years following surgery in some areas of the femur (p = 0.045). BMD was observed to increase in the lateral tibial metaphysis in the bisphosphonate group until seven years (p = 0.002), and was significantly higher than that observed in the control group throughout (p = 0.024). There were no significant differences between the groups in the central femoral metaphyseal, tibial medial metaphyseal or diaphyseal regions of interest (ROI) of either the femur or tibia.Bisphosphonate treatment after TKA may be of benefit for patients with poor bone quality. However, further studies with a larger number of patients are necessary to assess whether this is clinically beneficial.Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:337–45.