bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayesian estimation of the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance: a mathematical modelling study
Authors: Howard Alex , Green Peter L , Velluva Anoop , Gerada Alessandro , Hughes David M , Brookfield Charlotte , Hope William , Buchan Iain 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Estimates of the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) underpin effective antimicrobial stewardship, infection prevention and control, and optimal deployment of antimicrobial agents. Typically, the prevalence of AMR is determined from real-world antimicrobial susceptibility data that are time delimited, sparse, and often biased, potentially resulting in harmful and wasteful decision-making. Frequentist methods are resource intensive because they rely on large datasets.

Objectives
To determine whether a Bayesian approach could present a more reliable and more resource-efficient way to estimate population prevalence of AMR than traditional frequentist methods.

Methods
Retrospectively collected, open-source, real-world pseudonymized healthcare data were used to develop a Bayesian approach for estimating the prevalence of AMR by combination with prior AMR information from a contextualized review of literature. Iterative random sampling and cross-validation were used to assess the predictive accuracy and potential resource efficiency of the Bayesian approach compared with a standard frequentist approach.

Results
Bayesian estimation of AMR prevalence made fewer extreme estimation errors than a frequentist estimation approach [n = 74 (6.4%) versus n = 136 (11.8%)] and required fewer observed antimicrobial susceptibility results per pathogen on average [mean = 28.8 (SD = 22.1) versus mean = 34.4 (SD = 30.1)] to avoid any extreme estimation errors in 50 iterations of the cross-validation. The Bayesian approach was maximally effective and efficient for drug–pathogen combinations where the actual prevalence of resistance was not close to 0% or 100%.

Conclusions
Bayesian estimation of the prevalence of AMR could provide a simple, resource-efficient approach to better inform population infection management where uncertainty about AMR prevalence is high.
Development of an electronic health record-integrated patient-reported outcome-based shared decision-making dashboard in oncology
Authors: Mohindra Nisha A , Garcia Sofia F , Kircher Sheetal , Barnard Cynthia , Perry Laura M , Lyleroehr Madison , Coughlin Ava , Morken Victoria , Chmiel Ryan , Hirschhorn Lisa R , Cella David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) describe a patient’s unique experiences with disease or treatment, yet effective use of this information during clinical encounters remains challenging. This project sought to build a PRO based dashboard within the electronic health record (EHR), prioritizing interpretability and utility of PROs for clinical decision-making.

Materials and Methods
Codesign principles were used to define the goal, features, and visualization of the data elements on the dashboard. Codesign sessions occurred between February 2019 and May 2020 and involved a diverse group of stakeholders. Pilot evaluation of dashboard usability was performed with patients and clinicians not involved in the codesign process through qualitative interviews and the Systems Usability Scale.

Results
The dashboard was placed into a single tab in the EHR and included select PROM scores, clinical data elements, and goals of care questions. Real-time data analytics and enhanced visualization of data was necessary for the dashboard to provide meaningful feedback to clinicians and patients for decision-making during clinic visits. During soft launch, the dashboard demonstrated “good” usability in patients and clinicians at 3 and 6 months (mean total SUS score &gt;70).

Discussion
The current dashboard had good usability and made PRO scores more clinically understandable to patients and clinicians. This paper highlights the development, necessary data elements, and workflow considerations to implement this dashboard at an academic cancer center.

Conclusion
As the use of PROs in clinical care is increasing, patient- and clinician-centered tools are needed to ensure that this information is used in meaningful ways.
Near-field electron ptychography using full-field structured illumination
Authors: Tamaki Hirokazu , Saitoh Koh 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A new configuration for near-field ptychography using a full-field illumination with a structured electron beam is proposed. A structured electron beam illuminating the entire field of view is scanned over the specimen, and a series of in-line holograms formed in the near-field region below the specimen are collected. The structured beam is generated by a conductive film with random openings, which ensures high stability and coherence of the beam. Observation in the near-field region reduces the beam concentration that occurs in the far-field region, which contributes to accurate recording of the beam intensity with a finite dynamic range of the detectors. The use of full-field illumination prevents the accumulation of errors caused by concatenating the local structures, which is the method used in conventional reconstruction. Since all holograms are obtained from the entire field of view, they have uniform multiplicity in terms of specimen information within the field of view. This contributes to robust and efficient reconstruction for a large field of view. The proposed method was tested using both simulated and experimental holograms. For the simulated holograms, the reconstruction of the specimen transmission function was achieved with an error less than 1/3485 of the wavelength. The method was further validated using experimental holograms obtained from MgO particles. The reconstructed phase transmission function of the specimen was consistent with the specimen structure and was equivalent to a mean inner potential of 13.53±0.16 V on the MgO particle, which is in close agreement with previously reported values.
Neighborhood-level social determinants of health burden among adolescent and young adult cancer patients and impact on overall survival
Authors: Rodriguez Elizabeth R , Tonn Tori , Jafry Midhat , Ahmed Sairah , Cuglievan Branko , Livingston J Andrew , Flowers Christopher R , Aune Gregory J , Albritton Karen H , Roth Michael E , Xiao Qian , Hildebrandt Michelle A T 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation has been linked to adverse health outcomes, yet it is unclear whether neighborhood-level social determinants of health (SDOH) measures affect overall survival in adolescent and young adult patients with cancer.

Methods
This study used a diverse cohort of adolescent and young adult patients with cancer (N = 10 261) seen at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Zip codes were linked to Area Deprivation Index (ADI) values, a validated neighborhood-level SDOH measure, with higher ADI values representing worse SDOH.

Results
ADI was statistically significantly worse (P &lt; .050) for Black (61.7) and Hispanic (65.3) patients than for White patients (51.2). Analysis of ADI by cancer type showed statistically significant differences, mainly driven by worse ADI in patients with cervical cancer (62.3) than with other cancers. In multivariable models including sex, age at diagnosis, cancer diagnosis, and race and ethnicity, risk of shorter survival for people residing in neighborhoods with the least favorable ADI quartile was greater than for individuals in the most favorable ADI quartile (hazard ratio = 1.09, 95% confidence interval = 1.00 to 1.19, P = .043).

Conclusion
Adolescent and young adult patients with cancer and the worst ADI values experienced a nearly 10% increase in risk of dying than patients with more favorable ADI values. This effect was strongest among White adolescent and young adult survivors. Although the magnitude of the effect of ADI on survival was moderate, the presence of a relationship between neighborhood-level SDOH and survival among patients who received care at a tertiary cancer center suggests that ADI is a meaningful predictor of survival. These findings provide intriguing evidence for potential interventions aimed at supporting adolescent and young adult patients with cancer from disadvantaged neighborhoods.
PAMAM dendrimers as mediators of dermal and transdermal drug delivery: a review
Authors: Kirkby Melissa , Sabri Akmal Hidayat Bin , Holmes Amy , Moss Gary P J , Scurr David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers have been widely investigated as potential nanomaterials that can enhance the skin permeation of topically applied drugs. This article reviews the studies that have used dendrimers as penetration enhancers and examines the mechanisms by which enhancement is claimed.

Key findings
A wide range of studies have demonstrated that, in certain circumstances and for certain drugs, the incorporation of dendrimers into a topically applied formulation can significantly increase the amount of drug passing into and through the skin. In some cases, dendrimers offered little or no enhancement of skin permeation, suggesting that the drug-dendrimer interaction and the selection of a specific dendrimer were central to ensuring optimal enhancement of skin permeation. Significant interactions between dendrimers and other formulation components were also reported in some cases.

Summary
Dendrimers offer substantial potential for enhancing drug delivery into and across the skin, putatively by mechanisms that include occlusion and changes to surface tension. However, most of these studies are conducted in vitro and limited progress has been made beyond such laboratory studies, some of which are conducted using membranes of limited relevance to humans, such as rodent skin. Thus, the outcomes and claims of such studies should be treated with caution.
Hydroalcoholic extract of Araucaria sp. brown propolis alleviates ulcerative colitis induced by TNBS in rats by reducing inflammatory cell infiltration and oxidative damage
Authors: Cury Benhur Judah , Jerônimo Daniele Teixeira , da Silva Levy Mota , Farias de Queiroz e Silva Thiago , França Tauani Caroline Santos , Dos Santos Ana Caroline , Andriolo Ian Richard Lucena , Santin José Roberto , Benvenutti Larissa , Vaz Carlos Rafael , Santos Mario Ferreira Conceição , Kenupp Jairo Bastos , da Silva Luisa Mota 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the effects of Araucaria sp. brown propolis (ABP) against trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats.

Methods
Animals received vehicle (1% DMSO, 1 ml/kg) or hydroalcoholic extract of ABP (hydroalcoholic extract of Araucaria sp. brown propolis (HEABP), 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) orally, or dexamethasone (25 mg/kg, s.c.) for 5 days. On day 4, the animals received intracolonic TNBS (150 mg/kg), on day 6 they were euthanized. The weight of the animals, the macroscopic and microscopic colonic damage, reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured in colon homogenate. The action of HEABP and two isolated compounds in neutrophil migration was recorded.

Key findings
HEABP (100 and 300 mg/kg), but not dexamethasone, decreased colonic lesion, and increased colonic mucin staining. In parallel, HEABP decreased MDA and restored GSH levels and the activity of SOD, CAT, and GST in the colon. A dose-dependent inhibition of MPO activity was observed (LogIC50 = 1.9). Moreover, HEBPA and the junicedric and abietic acids inhibited the neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro and HEBPA reduced neutrophil migration in vivo.

Conclusion
HEABP may be promising in the therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases, reducing oxidative and inflammatory damage, especially mediated by neutrophils.
Haemorrhoids
Authors: Rai Vinay , Mishra Aditi , Mishra Nitin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Symptomatic haemorrhoids are common but their true prevalence is difficult to establish. As many anorectal complaints are attributed to haemorrhoids, it is important to rule out malignancy by a detailed history, examination, and endoscopy as indicated. Constipation, poor defaecatory habits such straining and spending a long time on the commode contribute to development of symptomatic haemorrhoids. Most patients with symptoms can be managed by changing their dietary and defaecation habits. As a rule, one should initially manage symptomatic haemorrhoids with non-operative treatment including dietary modification and rubber-band ligation etc. In severe cases, haemorrhoidectomy should be considered. Complications are rare, but patients should be appropriately counselled regarding its complications and severe postoperative pain.
Esophagus
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A guide for residents to navigate through benign and malignant esophageal pathology for both clinical application and examination purposes. It starts with anatomy and physiology of the esophagus as primarily an organ for transit. Then proceeds to the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of motility disorders and gastroesophageal reflux, including associated conditions such as esophagitis, Barrett’s metaplasia, and strictures. The types of esophageal diverticula and hiatal hernias follows. Commonly tested diagnostic and management principles of caustic injury, obstruction, and perforation are delineated. The chapter closes with a review of medical and surgical treatment of benign neoplasia, pre-malignant, and malignant esophageal disease.
Small Bowel
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
An overview of the structure and function of each segment of the small bowel lays the foundation for the subsequent description of locale specific pathologic entities. The diagnosis and management of duodenal ulcers, Crohn’s disease, and malignant and benign small bowel lesions are detailed for maximum benefit in the clinical and test-taking setting. Commonly encountered problems like small bowel obstruction, ileus, enterocutaneous fistula, and mesenteric ischemia are the focus of the mid-portion of the chapter. Less common, but often tested, pathology like short bowel syndrome, small bowel diverticula, chylous ascites, radiation enteritis, small bowel hemorrhage, and intussusception are succinctly summarized for examination purposes.
Thyroid
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Architecture and the cellular and molecular mechanics of the thyroid gland are first outlined. The workup and treatment of a single thyroid nodule is reviewed thereafter. Then a summary is presented on different types of goiter and thyroiditis, including clinically relevant tenets of management. The various types of thyroid cancer are described, with their surgical and medical treatment options. The chapter closes with operative detail for thyroidectomy.
Cardiac
Authors: Morchi Ravi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This is a brief review of cardiac pathology for the general surgery board exam. It starts with coronary artery anatomy, pathophysiology of myocardial infarction, and indications for coronary artery bypass grafting. Then a review of aortic and mitral valve disease, as well as testable facts about endocarditis. The chapter moves on to familiarize the reader with basic congenital cardiac anomalies, pericardial pathology, and principles of cardiac transplantation. Ascending aorta and arch disease are not covered here, but are included in Chapter 30.
The joints of the upper limb
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the elbow joint, wrist joint, radioulnar joints, carpometacarpal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints, and interphalangeal joints. The bones taking part in the joints, the muscles acting on the joints, blood and nerve supply to the joints, movements of the elbow, movements of the wrist, and movements of the digits are discussed. Pronation and supination are also discussed. Detailed, stepwise instructions are provided to dissect the elbow, wrist, and radioulnar joints. Descriptions and dissections are well illustrated with drawings, X-rays, and magnetic resonance imaging scans. The origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of the muscles acting on the joints are shown in tabular form. The muscles responsible for each of the movements are also tabulated. The anatomy of the claw hand with high and low damage to the ulnar nerve is discussed.
The joints of the lower limb
Authors: Koshi Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the knee joint, ankle joint, tibiofibular joint, subtalar joint, talocalcaneonavicular joint, and small joints of the foot. The capsule of the knee joint, patella tendon, and medial and lateral collateral ligaments are described. Intracapsular structures, including the menisci and cruciate ligaments of the knee, and extracapsular ligaments, such as the deltoid ligament of the ankle, the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament, and other ligaments strengthening the ankle and foot joints, are also described. The importance and formation of the arches of the foot and the structures maintaining the arches are discussed. Detailed, stepwise instructions are provided for dissecting the knee and ankle joint. All descriptions and dissections are well illustrated. The movements at the joints and the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of the muscles producing them are tabulated. Common knee injuries and the anatomy of the flat foot are discussed.
Review of EmPATH Units for Behavioral Health Casualties in Prolonged Field Care Environments
Authors: Garces Jeunesse D , McElroy Mathew L , Salmond Lauren L , Taylor Douglas A 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Psychiatric conditions are one of the leading non-battle injury diseases resulting in medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) from combat environments. The challenge of limited MEDEVAC capability necessitating prolonged field care in future large-scale combat operations must be addressed. Therefore, a robust program is needed to address frontline care of behavioral health (BH), maximizing service members returning to duty and minimizing MEDEVAC. This review summarizes the literature on the impacts of the Emergency Psychiatric Assessment, Treatment, and Healing (EmPATH) Unit program as a solution to the challenges of treating behavioral health in future wars.

Materials and Methods
We conducted a systematic literature search and review, and a non-systematic literature critique. We then used the Johns Hopkins evidence appraisal tool to appraise the strength and quality of the evidence. The following electronic databases were utilized for the search: Google Scholar, Embase, CINAHL, and PubMed. Search terms included: included “EmPATH,” “prolonged field care,” and “operational,” alone and combined.

Results
The literature review found that the EmPATH unit, a recently developed civilian hospital-based program, can work with higher acuity psychiatric crisis patients who would otherwise be admitted to an inpatient unit, showing promising results in avoiding the need for inpatient hospitalization. EmPATH units help decrease hospitalization rates, reduce restraints and violence, and shorten the patients’ boarding time in a holding area. Such findings support the use of the EmPATH unit as a tactic for prolonged field care of psychiatric patients in a combat operational environment.

Conclusions
This is the first literature review to consider EmPATH units for psychiatric prolonged field care based on its advantages demonstrated in the civilian sector. Studies have yet to be done on EmPATH units’ usefulness in the military, showing a knowledge gap in current evidence supporting its suitability. Thus, this review recommends further studies of EmPATH units in military settings, especially prolonged field care environments.
Religious Coping, Resilience, and Military Spouse Mental Health
Authors: Knobloch Sharita G , Volk Fred , Gopaul Margaret , Murch Hannah 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Military spouses play a key role in the military family and contribute to military readiness. Despite their influence, they are an understudied population. Previous research has identified military spouses as a vulnerable group considering their unique life stressors and high mental distress; thus, it is critical to identify potential protective factors for military spouses. However, there is a lack of research exploring the role of religious coping and resilience in mental health outcomes of military spouses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of religious coping on depression, anxiety, and stress, and the extent to which the effect is mediated by resilience.

Materials and Methods
A total of 1,079 military spouses completed self-administered surveys online. The questionnaires assessed demographic factors, depression, anxiety, stress, religious coping, and resilience. Zero-order correlations and descriptive statistics were analyzed. Additionally, multiple linear regression was utilized to investigate the extent to which resilience mediated the relationship between religious coping and mental health outcomes.

Results
The results indicate high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among military spouses. Religious coping had significant effects on mental distress, such that increases in religious coping corresponded to decreases in depression (β = −3.30), anxiety (β = −1.89) and stress (β = −1.58). Mediation analyses indicated resilience significantly mediated the relationship between religious coping and depression (95% CI [−1.38, −.431]), anxiety (95% CI [−1.23, −.376]), and stress (95% CI [−1.328, −0.420]). For military spouses, religious coping was associated with increased resilience, which was subsequently associated with reduced mental distress.

Conclusions
This study draws attention to the role of religious coping and resilience in mental health outcomes for military spouses. Considering the role of military spouses in supporting service members, future research should explore how to strengthen military spouses’ religious coping and resilience to mitigate mental distress, thereby facilitating service member success and military readiness.
Polar cap region and plasma drift in pulsars
Authors: Szary Andrzej , van Leeuwen Joeri 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Pulsars often display systematic variations in the position and/or intensity of the subpulses, the components that comprise each single pulse. Although the drift of these subpulses was observed in the early years of pulsar research, and their potential for understanding the elusive emission mechanism was quickly recognized, there is still no consensus on the cause of the drift. We explore the electrodynamics of two recently proposed or refined drift models: one where plasma lags behind corotation, connecting the drift with the rotational pole; and another where plasma drifts around the electric potential extremum of the polar cap. Generally, these are different locations, resulting in different drift behaviours, that can be tested with observations. In this study, however, we specifically examine these models in the axisymmetric case, where the physics is well understood. This approach seems counter-intuitive as both models then predict similar large-scale plasma drift. However, it allows us to show, by studying conditions within the sparks for both models, that the lagging behind corotation model is inconsistent with Faraday’s law. The modified carousel (MC) model, where plasma drifts around the electric potential extremum, not only aligns with Faraday’s law, but also provides a future direction for developing a comprehensive model of plasma generation in the polar cap region. Unlike previous models, which considered the drift only inside the discharging regions, the MC model reveals that the electric field between the discharges is not completely screened, and plasma drifts there – a paradigm shift for the drifting subpulse phenomenon.