bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of the Mechanical Properties of the Confinement Material on Electromigration in Metallic Interconnects
Authors: Hau-Riege Stefan P. , Thompson Carl V. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNew low-dielectric-constant inter-level dielectrics are being investigated as alternatives to SiO2 for future integrated circuits. In general, these materials have very different mechanical properties from SiO2. In the standard model, electromigration-induced stress evolution caused by changes in the number of available lattice sites in interconnects is described by an effective elastic modulus, B. Finite element calculations have been carried out to obtain B as a function of differences in the modulus, E, of interlevel dielectrics, for several stress-free homogeneous dilational strain configurations, for several line aspect ratios, and for different metallization schemes. In contradiction to earlier models, we find that for Cu-based metallization schemes with liners, a decrease in E by nearly two orders of magnitude has a relatively small effect on B, changing it by less than a factor of 2. However, B, and therefore the reliability of Cu interconnects can be strongly dependent on the modulus and thickness of the liner material.
Role of Facial Artery Musculomucosal Flap in Large and Recurrent Palatal Fistulae
Authors: Shetty Rahul , Lamba Shashank , Gupta Ashish Kumar 
Published: February 2013

Objective Palatal fistulas are not uncommon after palatoplasty. Although there are currently many techniques that can be used to close large palatal fistulae, most of these procedures are usually cumbersome and mostly unreliable with high recurrence rates. The facial artery musculomucosal (FAMM) flap was described to circumvent these problems. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with the FAMM flap to reconstruct palatal fistulas, most of them being recurrent. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was done of 11 FAMM flaps performed between January 2007 and March 2012. Results There were no major complications. Venous congestion was seen in two cases. Two flaps developed terminal marginal necrosis. One patient had suture line dehiscence. There were no recurrences of the fistula after repair. All patients had a satisfactory closure of the fistula. Conclusion FAMM flap is a reliable and versatile flap that provides like with the like tissue and is a good option for closure of recurrent wide palatal fistulae.
Predicting invertebrate herbivory from plant traits: Polycultures show strong nonadditive effects
Authors: Loranger Jessy , Meyer Sebastian T. , Shipley Bill , Kattge Jens , Loranger Hannah , Roscher Christiane , Wirth Christian , Weisser Wolfgang W. 
Published: February 2013

Plant functional traits affect the capacity of herbivores to find, choose, and consume plants. However, in a community composed of different plant species, it is unclear what proportion of herbivory on a focal plant is explained by its own traits and which is explained by the characteristics of the surrounding vegetation (i.e., nonadditive effects). Moreover, nonadditive effects could be positive or negative, and it is not known if they are related to community properties such as diversity. To quantify nonadditive effects, we developed four different additive models based on monoculture herbivory rates or plant traits and combined them with measurements of standing invertebrate herbivore damage along an experimental plant diversity gradient ranging from monocultures to 60‐species mixtures.In all four models, positive nonadditive effects were detected, i.e., herbivory levels were higher in polycultures than what was expected from monoculture data, and these effects contributed up to 25% of the observed variance in herbivory. Importantly, the nonadditive effects, which were defined as the deviance of the models' predictions from the observed herbivory, were positively correlated with the communities' plant species richness. Consequently, interspecific interactions appear to have an important impact on the levels of herbivory of a community. Identifying those community properties that capture the effects of these interactions is a next important challenge for our understanding of how the environment interacts with plant traits to drive levels of herbivory.
Structural Uncertainty Quantification with Immersed Interface Methods
Authors: Ahmadi Mohammad , Christie Mike , Gerritsen Margot 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
History matching with uncertainty quantification has been a topic of great interest over the last 10 years, with many algorithmic approaches developed, and many applications presented. Most of the applications focus on the uncertainty in the petrophysical properties of the reservoir, as that is by far the easiest to parameterise.
There are few papers that address the topic of structural uncertainty quantification, yet that is potentially the biggest component of subsurface uncertainty. The principal problem in accounting for structural uncertainty is the difficulty in parameterising subsurface structures, automatically gridding the reservoir model and ensuring that the grid will simulate in a reasonable time.
This paper presents a new approach to structural uncertainty quantification. We have adapted the immersed interface method from computational mechanics, used to model fluid flow in domains with moving boundaries, to reservoir simulation. The immersed interface method is used with an extended multipoint flux approximation to completely decouple the parameterisation of structural features from their representation on the grid.
Using this new technique, we are easily able to history match a 2D synthetic case where we simultaneously vary the top and bottom surfaces of a reservoir, the location and orientation of faults within the reservoir, and the location and size of pinchouts.
Toward Application of Higher Order Finite Volume Schemes to Porous Media Flow
Authors: Panchadhara Rohan , White Laurent , Trenev Dimitar 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Multi-phase flow in porous media is governed by a non-linear parabolic equation for the pressure field and degenerate parabolic equations for the saturation fields. Although it is well understood that the pressure and saturation fields vary on different spatial and temporal scales, most conventional reservoir simulators apply the same discretization to both. Substantial computational advantages can be realized by using a coarse mesh, which can effectively capture the pressure variation, but does not provide sufficient accuracy for calculating variations in saturation. Hence, in this paper we investigate the use of higher-order methods to capture the sub-grid fine scale variations in the saturation profiles. Specifically, the moving least squares (MLS) technique [1], which is conceptually similar to multi-point-flux-approximation (MPFA) [2] techniques, is used to approximate higher-order hyperbolic and viscous fluxes in a multi-point fashion for finite-volume methods applied to porous media flow.
The primary focus of this study is to examine the feasibility of higher-order schemes for the purposes of reservoir simulation. To this end, two test cases are considered; (1) 1D strongly hyperbolic tracer flow (2) 2D standard quarter-five spot problem to illustrate the advantages of the MLS scheme over traditional two-point flux approximation (TPFA) [2] schemes. Predictions show that the MLS scheme allows for computation of high-order derivatives of field variables for a Godunov-type approach to hyperbolic problems in an efficient manner. Unlike standard piecewise continuous reconstruction, interpolation of field variables in MLS is continuous across interfaces. This facilitates direct and accurate reconstruction of fluxes of viscous nature. In addition, because the MLS scheme has the desirable attributes of a MPFA scheme, K-orthogonality of the underlying finite-volume mesh is enforced by default.
A Comparison of Various Formulations for Compositional Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Schmall Luiz , Varavei Abdoljalil , Sepehrnoori Kamy 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Compositional reservoir simulation is a complex task that involves solving a large system of nonlinear equations arising from the discretization of partial differential equations (PDEs) for modeling fluid flow in porous media. In order to solve such a nonlinear system, the unknowns are grouped into primary and secondary variables. Since there are many unknowns in a compositional formulation of fluid flow in a reservoir, there are many approaches for selecting the primary and secondary variables. Such approaches lead to the development of various formulations that have been published in the petroleum literature.
This work aims at comparing various formulations to determine their suitability and assess the efficiency of such formulations for solving different scenarios using equation-of-state compositional reservoir simulations (immiscible gas injection, CO2 injection, and condensate gas production). To accomplish these objectives, several formulations for compositional reservoir simulations presented in the literature were implemented into an in-house reservoir simulator called General Purpose Adaptive Reservoir Simulator (GPAS) and their performances were compared.
As mentioned above, discretization of the governing PDEs leads to a system of nonlinear equations that needs to be linearized leading to a large system of linear equations that must be solved at every time step. In most cases, a variation of Newton’s method is used for linearizing the resulting nonlinear equations. The results of our comparison studies show that depending on the approach used, the number of Newton’s iterations for the resulting system of linear equations varies. As such, this will result in varied performance for the various formulations and case studies used for the simulation of different processes.
There are many papers in the literature that present comparison of different simulators. Although, these comparisons are useful, but in most cases such comparisons do not present various formulations for solving different case studies for compositional reservoir simulations under a common framework. Comparing various formulations under the same framework can lead to a thorough investigation of convergence properties and efficiencies for different formulations. Results of this work suggest that gains in performance, when simulating compositional reservoir simulations, can be obtained by selecting appropriate formulations.
Unstructured Cut-Cell Grids for Modeling Complex Reservoirs
Authors: Mallison Brad , Sword Charles , Viard Thomas , Milliken William , Cheng Amy 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Effective workflows for translating earth models into simulation models require grids that preserve geologic accuracy, offer flexible resolution control, integrate tightly with upscaling, and can be generated easily. Corner-point grids and pillar-based unstructured grids fail to satisfy these objectives; hence, a truly 3D unstructured approach is required. This paper describes unstructured cut-cell gridding tools that address these needs and improve the integration of our overall reservoir modeling workflows.
The construction of simulation grids begins with the geologic model: a numerical representation of the reservoir structure, stratigraphy, and properties. Our gridding utilizes a geochronological (GeoChron) map from physical coordinates to an unfaulted and unfolded depositional coordinate system. The mapping is represented implicitly on a tetrahedral mesh that conforms to faults, and it facilitates accurate geostatistical modeling of static depositional properties. In the simplest use case, we create an explicit representation of the geologic model as an unstructured polyhedral grid. Away from faults and other discontinuities, the cells are hexahedral, highly orthogonal, and arranged in a structured manner. Geometric cutting operations create general polyhedra adjacent to faults and explicit contact polygons across faults. The conversion of implicit models to explicit grids is conceptually straightforward, but the implementation is nontrivial due to the limitations of finite precision arithmetic and the need to remove small cells formed in the cutting process.
In practice, simulation grids are often constructed at coarser resolutions than earth models. Our implementation of local grid coarsening and refinement exploits the flexibility of unstructured grids to minimize upscaling errors and preserve critical geologic features. Because the simulation grid and the geologic model are constructed using the same mapping, fine cells can be nested exactly inside coarse cells. Therefore, flow-based upscaling can be applied efficiently without resampling onto temporary local grids.
This paper describes algorithms and data structures for constructing, storing, and simulating cut-cell grids. Examples illustrate accurate modeling of normal faults, y-faults, overturned layers, and complex stratigraphy. Flow results, including a field sector model, show the suitability of cut-cell grids for simulation.
Glutathione Conjugates of Ochratoxin a as Biomarkers of Exposure / Glutationski Konjugati Okratoksina A Kao Biomarkeri Izloženosti
Authors: Tozlovanu Mariana , Canadas Delphine , Pfohl-Leszkowicz Annie , Frenette Christine , Paugh Robert J. , Manderville Richard A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the present study the photoreactivity of the fungal carcinogen ochratoxin A (OTA) has been utilised to generate authentic samples of reduced glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) conjugates of the parent toxin. These conjugates, along with the nontoxic OTα, which is generated through hydrolysis of the amide bond of OTA by carboxypeptidase A, were utilised as biomarkers to study the metabolism of OTA in the liver and kidney of male and female Dark Agouti rats. Male rats are more susceptible than female rats to OTA carcinogenesis with the kidney being the target organ. Our studies show that the distribution of OTA in male and female rat kidney is not significantly different. However, the extent of OTA metabolism was greater in male than female rats. Much higher levels of OTα were detected in the liver compared to the kidney, and formation of OTα is a detoxification pathway for OTA. These findings suggest that differences in metabolism between male and female rats could provide an explanation for the higher sensitivity of male rats to OTA toxicity
Identification of Fusarium Species Isolated From Stored Apple Fruit in Croatia / Identifikacija Vrsta Roda Fusarium Izoliranih S Plodova Jabuke Nakon Skladištenja
Authors: Sever Zdravka , Ivić Dario , Kos Tomislav , Miličević Tihomir 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSeveral species of the genus Fusarium can cause apple fruit to rot while stored. Since Fusarium taxonomy is very complex and has constantly been revised and updated over the last years, the aim of this study was to identify Fusarium species from rotten apples, based on combined morphological characteristics and molecular data.We identified 32 Fusarium isolates from rotten apple fruit of cultivars Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Idared, and Pink Lady, stored in Ultra Low Oxygen (ULO) conditions. Fusarium rot was detected in 9.4 % to 33.2 % of naturally infected apples, depending on the cultivar. The symptoms were similar in all four cultivars: a soft circular brown necrosis of different extent, with or without visible sporulation. Fusarium species were identified by the morphology of cultures grown on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and carnation leaf agar (CLA). Twenty one isolates were identified as Fusarium avenaceum and confirmed as such with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primer pair FA-ITSF and FA-ITSR. F. pseudograminearum,F. semitectum, F. crookwellense, and F. compactum were identified by morphological characteristics. F.avenaceum can produce several mycotoxins and its dominance in Fusarium rot points to the risk of mycotoxin contamination of apple fruit juices and other products for human consumption. Pathogenicity tests showed typical symptoms of Fusarium rot in most of the inoculated wounded apple fruits. In this respect Fusarium avenaceum, as the dominant cause of Fusarium rot in stored apple fruits is a typical wound parasite.
Genetic Variability of Citrinin-Producing Penicillium Citrinum Strains as Occupational Health Hazards in Northern Iran / Genska Varijabilnost Citrinin-Toksinogenih Sojeva Penicillium Citrinum Kao Izvor Opasnosti Za Zdravlje Profesionalno Izloženih Populacija U Sjevernom Iranu
Authors: Khosravi Ali Reza , Sheikhkarami Mojgan , Shokri Hojjatollah , Sabokbar Azar 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe evaluated the ability of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to type citrinin-producing Penicillium citrinum (P. citrinum) strains recovered from the forest’s air in northern Iran. A total of 12 P.citrinum strains (P1-P12) were characterised by citrinin production and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. All the strains produced citrinin with levels ranging from 1.5 μg mL-1 to 39.6 μg mL-1 (average value: 12.68 μg mL-1). Of 11 primers tested, eight primers produced polymorphic amplification patterns. These primers generated a total of 105 reproducible RAPD bands, averaging to 13.1 bands per primer. Dendrogram for each primer indicating the distance of the strains to each other was constructed. RAPD results showed that the collected strains constituted four different clusters. The first cluster included two isolates (P1 and P3). The second cluster included seven isolates (P2, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, and P10). The third and fourth clusters included one isolate (P9) and two isolates (P11 and P12), respectively. We concluded that RAPD analysis might be used in providing genotypic characters for toxigenic P. citrinum strains typing in epidemiological investigations and public health related risk assessment.
Adverse Effects Of Combined Mycotoxins / Štetni Učinci Kombiniranih Mikotoksina
Authors: Šegvić Klarić Maja 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article brings an overview of mycotoxin co-occurrence in foods in Croatia and neighbouring countries and experimental data from mycotoxin interaction studies involving Fusarium toxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Only a few studies of combined mycotoxin toxicity have employed a mathematical/ statistical design, while others have used common statistics in order to compare the effects of mycotoxin mixtures with effects of single toxins. So far, most studies have observed additive or synergistic effects, suggesting that these mixtures pose a significant threat to human and animal health
The Effects Of Wild Thyme (Thymus Serpyllum L.) Essential Oil Components Against Ochratoxin-Producing Aspergilli / Majčina Dušica (Thymus Serpyllum L.) I Njezine Komponente Protiv Okratoksikotvornih Vrsta Aspergillusa
Authors: Sokolić-Mihalak Darja , Frece Jadranka , Slavica Anita , Delaš Frane , Pavlović Hrvoje , Markov Ksenija 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of the essential oil of Thymus serpyllum L. and of its components thymol and total phenols (total phenolic content, TPC) extracted from the plant on the growth and mycotoxin production of Aspergillus ochraceus, A. carbonarius, and A. niger. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined for the essential oil and thymol, and selected concentration of the TPC extract inhibited fungal growth and ochratoxin A biosynthesis by more than 60 %, depending on the conditions and duration of incubation with the fungi. Essential oil showed the strongest inhibitory effect which may have been related to the synergistic or cumulative effects of its components
The relationship between the diamondback moth, climatic factors, cabbage crops and natural enemies in a tropical area
Authors: Sow Gallo , Diarra Karamoko , Arvanitakis Laurence , Bordat Dominique 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT
The impact of abiotic and biotic factors (rainfall, temperature, host plant and natural enemies) on population dynamics of the Plutella xylostella L. diamondback moth was investigated. The experiments were conducted during the rainy and dry seasons for two years (June 2009-April 2011) on unsprayed cabbage plots in Malika (Senegal). Every 10 days, 10 cabbages were randomly selected. Plutella xylostella larvae, pupae and parasitoid cocoons were recorded on each plant. Before each sampling, the diameters and ages of plants were recorded. Temperature and rainfall were also recorded during this study. Larvae and pupae of P. xylstella were higher for the dry season than the rainy season. There was a negative correlation between temperature and P. xylostella populations, and a strong relationship between P. xylostella populations and the age of cabbages. Females oviposited on young cabbages where the presence of young larvae was important, whereas older immature stages were mainly found in older cabbage plants. Parasitoid populations were higher for the dry season than the rainy season. High temperatures did not increase the pest populations and parasitism rate. There was no effect found on pest, plants and natural enemies due to rainfall. There was a positive correlation between pest populations and parasitism. Four Hymenoptera species were found: Oomyzus sokolowskii, Apanteles litae, Cotesia plutellae and Brachymeria citrae, but they were not efficient to control the P. xylostella populations. These results are important for understanding the factors that promote or inhibit pest populations and their natural enemies, and therefore essential for effective crop protection.
Re-Os and U-Th-Pb dating of the Rochovce granite and its mineralization (Western Carpathians, Slovakia)
Authors: Kohút Milan , Stein Holly , Uher Pavel , Aimmerman Aaron , Hraško L’ubomír 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The subsurface Rochovce granite intrusion was emplaced into the contact zone between two principal tectonic units (the Veporic Unit and the Gemeric Unit) of the Central Western Carpathians (CWC), Slovakia. The Cretaceous age of this granite and its Mo-W mineralization is shown using two independent methods: U-Pb on zircon and Re-Os on molybdenite. The studied zircons have a typical homogeneous character with oscillatory zoning and scarce restite cores. SHRIMP U-Pb data provide an age of 81.5 ± 0.7 Ma, whereas restite cores suggest a latest Neoproterozoic-Ediacaran age (~565 Ma) source. Zircon εHf(81) values -5.2 to + 0.2 suggest a lower crustal source, whereas one from the Neoproterozoic core εHf(565)= + 7.4 call for the mantle influenced old precursor. Two molybdenite- bearing samples of very different character affirm a genetic relation between W-Mo mineralization and the Rochovce granite. One sample, a quartz-molybdenite vein from the exocontact (altered quartz-sericite schist of the Ochtiná Formation), provides a Re-Os age of 81.4 ± 0.3 Ma. The second molybdenite occurs as 1-2 mm disseminations in finegrained granite, and provides an age of 81.6 ± 0.3 Ma. Both Re-Os ages are identical within their 2-sigma analytical uncertainty and suggest rapid exhumation as a consequence of post-collisional, orogen-parallel extension and unroofing. The Rochovce granite represents the northernmost occurrence of Cretaceous calc-alkaline magmatism with Mo-W mineralization associated with the Alpine-Balkan-Carpathian-Dinaride metallogenic belt.