bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lung cancer is associated with decreased expression of perforin, granzyme B and interferon (IFN)-γ by infiltrating lung tissue T cells, natural killer (NK) T-like and NK cells
Authors: Hodge G , Barnawi J , Jurisevic C , Moffat D , Holmes M , Reynolds P N , Jersmann H , Hodge S 
Published: June 2014

Summary
There is a limited understanding how of lung cancer cells evade cytotoxic attack. Previously, we have shown reduced production of the cytotoxic mediator granzyme B by CD8+ T cells in lung cancer tissue. We hypothesized that lung cancer would be further associated with decreased production of granzyme B, perforin and proinflammatory cytokines by other cytotoxic lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) T-like and NK cells, and that this would result from soluble mediators released by the cancer cells. Lung cancer and non-cancer tissue from five patients was identified by experienced pathologists. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, granzyme B and perforin were measured in CD4 and CD8+ T, NK T-like cells and NK cells by flow cytometry. Correlation between cancer stage and granzyme B was analysed retrospectively for 21 patients. The effects of soluble factors released by lung cancer cells on production of cytotoxic mediators and cytokines was assessed, and the role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE)2/COX investigated using indomethacin inhibition. There were significantly decreased percentages of T, NK T-like and NK cells expressing perforin, TNF-α and IFN-γ in cancer versus non-cancer tissue, and of CD8+ T cells and CD8+ NK T-like cells expressing granzyme B (e.g. NK T-like cells: non-cancer 30% ± 7 versus cancer 6% ± 2·5). Cancer cells released soluble factors that inhibited granzyme B, perforin and IFN-γ production that was partially associated with the PGE2/COX2 pathway. Thus, lung cancer is associated with decreased expression of granzyme B, perforin and IFN-γ by infiltrating T cells, NK T-like and NK cells, possibly as a result of soluble factors produced by the cancer cells including PGE2. This may be an important immune evasion mechanism.
Parental military service and adolescent well‐being: mental health, social connections and coping among youth in the USA
Authors: Lucier‐Greer Mallory , Arnold Amy Laura , Grimsley Rebecca Neilann , Ford James L. , Bryant Chalandra , Mancini Jay A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe association between parental military work factors and adolescent's well‐being was examined. Data were collected from 1036 military youth. Using a within‐group design, we examined adolescent's well‐being related to parental absence, school and neighbourhood transitions, paygrade/rank and participation in military‐sponsored activities, and differentiated outcomes by sex and age. Two parental work factors primarily influenced adolescent's well‐being, parental paygrade/rank and engagement in military‐sponsored activities. Parental paygrade/rank was the only factor uniformly related to poorer well‐being, and this variable likely represents a more complex set of family circumstances. Engaging in military‐sponsored activities served as a resource and was related to enhanced well‐being. Individual‐level differences and implications for social workers are discussed.
Analogy‐driven 3D style transfer
Authors: Ma Chongyang , Huang Haibin , Sheffer Alla , Kalogerakis Evangelos , Wang Rui 
Published: June 2014

AbstractStyle transfer aims to apply the style of an exemplar model to a target one, while retaining the target's structure. The main challenge in this process is to algorithmically distinguish style from structure, a high‐level, potentially ill‐posed cognitive task. Inspired by cognitive science research we recast style transfer in terms of shape analogies. In IQ testing, shape analogy queries present the subject with three shapes: source, target and exemplar, and ask them to select an output such that the transformation, or analogy, from the exemplar to the output is similar to that from the source to the target. The logical process involved in identifying the source‐to‐target analogies implicitly detects the structural differences between the source and target and can be used effectively to facilitate style transfer. Since the exemplar has a similar structure to the source, applying the analogy to the exemplar will provide the output we seek. The main technical challenge we address is to compute the source to target analogies, consistent with human logic. We observe that the typical analogies we look for consist of a small set of simple transformations, which when applied to the exemplar generate a continuous, seamless output model. To assemble a shape analogy, we compute an optimal set of source‐to‐target transformations, such that the assembled analogy best fits these criteria. The assembled analogy is then applied to the exemplar shape to produce the desired output model. We use the proposed framework to seamlessly transfer a variety of style properties between 2D and 3D objects and demonstrate significant improvements over the state of the art in style transfer. We further show that our framework can be used to successfully complete partial scans with the help of a user provided structural template, coherently propagating scan style across the completed surfaces.
3D Timeline: Reverse engineering of a part‐based provenance from consecutive 3D models
Authors: Doboš Jozef , Mitra Niloy J. , Steed Anthony 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe present a novel tool for reverse engineering of modeling histories from consecutive 3D files based on a timeline abstraction. Although a timeline interface is commonly used in 3D modeling packages for animations, it has not been used on geometry manipulation before. Unlike previous visualization methods that require instrumentation of editing software, our approach does not rely on pre‐recorded editing instructions. Instead, each stand‐alone 3D file is treated as a keyframe of a construction flow from which the editing provenance is reverse engineered. We evaluate this tool on six complex 3D sequences created in a variety of modeling tools by different professional artists and conclude that it provides useful means of visualizing and understanding the editing history. A comparative user study suggests the tool is well suited for this purpose.
Parallel generation of architecture on the GPU
Authors: Steinberger Markus , Kenzel Michael , Kainz Bernhard , Müller Jörg , Peter Wonka , Schmalstieg Dieter 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we present a novel approach for the parallel evaluation of procedural shape grammars on the graphics processing unit (GPU). Unlike previous approaches that are either limited in the kind of shapes they allow, the amount of parallelism they can take advantage of, or both, our method supports state of the art procedural modeling including stochasticity and context‐sensitivity. To increase parallelism, we explicitly express independence in the grammar, reduce inter‐rule dependencies required for context‐sensitive evaluation, and introduce intra‐rule parallelism. Our rule scheduling scheme avoids unnecessary back and forth between CPU and GPU and reduces round trips to slow global memory by dynamically grouping rules in on‐chip shared memory. Our GPU shape grammar implementation is multiple orders of magnitude faster than the standard in CPU‐based rule evaluation, while offering equal expressive power. In comparison to the state of the art in GPU shape grammar derivation, our approach is nearly 50 times faster, while adding support for geometric context‐sensitivity.
Sterility and lack of pollinator services explain reproductive failure in non‐invasive ornamental plants
Authors: Bufford Jennifer L. , Daehler Curtis C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimMutualisms, including pollination, have been hypothesized to influence establishment and success of introduced species. However, lack of pollinators has rarely been demonstrated as a barrier to plant invasion. We examined barriers to seed set in nine introduced non‐invasive tropical ornamental plants which do not regularly produce seeds in Hawai'i.LocationHawai'i.MethodsWe tested for pollen viability using 1% thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) stain. We also supplementally hand‐pollinated flowers and examined subsequent fruit set.ResultsWe found that four species had non‐viable pollen, as measured by pollen staining, and failed to produce seeds. By contrast, the milkweedCalotropis gigantea, though invasive elsewhere, produced seeds only when hand‐pollinated, indicating that natural seed set is prevented by lack of legitimate pollen deposition. The remaining four species apparently had viable pollen, but did not set seed when hand‐pollinated. Seed set in these species may be limited by lack of compatible mates in Hawai'i.Main conclusionsLack of seed production due to pollen sterility or lack of compatible pollen can function as an early barrier to invasion success in ornamental plants, helping to explain why some ornamental species fail to invade. Additionally, we document one of the first concrete examples of a lack of pollinator services inhibiting invasion success in a species outside of the genusFicus. Understanding the nature of early barriers to invasion can help us evaluate the future invasion risks posed by these species in Hawai'i and elsewhere.
Association between participation in a brief diabetes education programme and glycaemic control in adults with newly diagnosed diabetes
Authors: Weaver R. G. , Hemmelgarn B. R. , Rabi D. M. , Sargious P. M. , Edwards A. L. , Manns B. J. , Tonelli M. , James M. T. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimsTo determine the association between participation in a brief introductory didactic diabetes education programme and change in HbA1c among individuals with newly diagnosed diabetes.MethodsWe identified a population‐based cohort of adults newly diagnosed with diabetes between October 2005 and June 2008 in Calgary, Canada, and conducted a retrospective cohort study by linking administrative and laboratory data with programme attendance data. We matched individuals who attended the programme within the first 6 months after diagnosis with those who did not attend, based on their propensity scores. We measured the change in HbA1c between time of diagnosis and 6–18 months later to determine the association between programme participation and change in HbA1c.ResultsHbA1c was measured at baseline and follow‐up for 7793 individuals, including 803 programme participants. After propensity score matching, programme participation was associated with a significantly greater adjusted mean reduction in HbA1c between baseline and follow‐up of 3.3 mmol/mol (95% CI 2.2–4.3) or 0.30% (95% CI 0.20–0.39). There was a significant interaction between baseline HbA1c and programme participation—the difference in adjusted mean reduction in HbA1c associated with programme participation ranged from 2.7 mmol/mol (0.25%) at baseline HbA1c of 53 mmol/mol (7%) to 6.2 mmol/mol (0.56%) at baseline HbA1c of 97 mmol/mol (11%).ConclusionDespite its brevity, participation in a diabetes education programme was associated with an additional reduction in HbA1c in newly diagnosed people that was comparable with that reported in trials of programmes targeted at those with prevalent diabetes.
A pediatric prognostic score for patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Arndt Clemens , Beck James F. , Gruhn Bernd 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to find and evaluate risk factors influencing the outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children and to develop a score stratifying patients by their risk of mortality.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the effects of patient and donor characteristics as well as laboratory data including liver, iron, and inflammation parameters on the overall survival of 131 children and young adults with malignant and non‐malignant diseases undergoing allogeneic HSCT.ResultsIn univariate analysis, 5‐yr overall survival decreased significantly in patients with high disease risk (38% vs. 74%, P < 0.001), peripheral blood as graft source (47% vs. 73% for bone marrow, P < 0.001), ferritin >1500 ng/mL (41% vs. 79%, P = 0.001), C‐reactive protein >10 mg/L (55% vs. 69%, P = 0.019), lactate dehydrogenase >6 μm∙s (22% vs. 67%, P = 0.001), gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase >1 μm∙s (43% vs. 68%, P = 0.035), and cholinesterase <60 μm∙s (36% vs. 70%, P = 0.002). For HLA recipient–donor match, there was a 5‐yr overall survival of 81% for matched related, 58% for matched unrelated, 56% for mismatched unrelated, and 50% for haploidentical related donors (P = 0.020). We subsequently developed a score of parameters significant in multivariate analysis, that is, disease risk (HR = 4.1, P = 0.027), ferritin (HR = 6.4, P = 0.002), and cholinesterase (HR = 5.3, P = 0.027). For this score, 5‐yr overall survival was 92% for the low‐risk group, 66% for the intermediate‐risk group, and 17% for the high‐risk group (P < 0.001).ConclusionsDisease risk, ferritin, and cholinesterase are factors decisively influencing the prognosis after HSCT and should be evaluated in further trials.
Saccade deficits in amnestic mild cognitive impairment resemble mild Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Peltsch Alicia , Hemraj Alisha , Garcia Angeles , Munoz Douglas P. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a disorder of progressive memory loss and executive dysfunction. Little is known about the progression from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI; isolated memory loss) to AD. Studies have found impairments in mild‐stage AD and aMCI in specific tests of executive function. Here, we used objective saccade tasks to determine if they can effectively assess executive function deficits otherwise assessed by neuropsychological testing. To determine which executive function deficits the saccade tasks are most sensitive to, we also investigated the relationship between performance on saccade tasks and neuropsychological test scores. Twenty‐two aMCI patients (63–90 years), 24 mild AD patients (61–87 years) and 76 healthy controls (60–85 years) performed a battery of neuropsychological tests, and two saccade tasks designed to probe sensory, motor and cognitive function. The prosaccade task requires a fast, automatic saccade toward an eccentric visual stimulus. The antisaccade task requires additional executive processing to inhibit the automatic prosaccade toward the stimulus, so that a voluntary saccade can be initiated to a location opposite the stimulus. Antisaccade performance was impaired similarly in aMCI and AD patients relative to controls; both groups were slower to initiate correct antisaccades and they made more direction errors (erroneous prosaccades), suggesting similar brain deficits. Scores on the Stroop task were inversely correlated with the percentage of short‐latency direction errors in the antisaccade task for controls and aMCI patients, whereas other more global measures of executive function were not related to saccade measures in any subject group. Our results show that the antisaccade task is useful for detecting executive dysfunction in aMCI and AD, especially dysfunction in selective attention. Saccade tasks may therefore have potential to assess executive dysfunction when use of neuropsychological tests is not possible.
Diet‐specific biomarkers show that high‐quality phytoplankton fuels herbivorous zooplankton in large boreal lakes
Authors: Galloway Aaron W. E. , Taipale Sami J. , Hiltunen Minna , Peltomaa Elina , Strandberg Ursula , Brett Michael T. , Kankaala Paula 
Published: June 2014

Summary

The zooplankton is a key link in the transfer of energy from primary producers up through aquatic food webs. Previous efforts to quantify the importance of basal resources to aquatic consumers have used stable isotopes (SI) and simple ternary models, including only ‘bulk’ phytoplankton, bacteria or terrestrial particulate organic matter (t‐POM).

We used a novel Bayesian mixing model based on fatty acids (FA) to quantify the dietary assimilation of seven basal resources, including five phytoplankton groups, pelagic bacteria and t‐POM, to Cladocera in large boreal lakes in Finland. To account for trophic enrichment of FA from the diet to consumers, we parameterised the model with a resource library, from many feeding trials, consisting of Daphnia magna fed 22 diverse basal taxa.

The results of the feeding trials show that the distinctive FA profiles of algal groups are transferred to consumers. Moreover, the large number of FA variables (n = 22) used in the model avoids the limitations of underdetermined mixing problems, common to SI modelling, in cases when the number of resources outnumbers the tracer variables.

We show that cladocerans were generally supported by phytoplankton (86–94%), with little use of t‐POM (1–9%) and bacteria (1–3%). Cladocerans used primarily high‐quality phytoplankton (cryptophytes, diatoms and dinoflagellates) in both summer (51 ± 22%) and autumn (79 ± 12%), and the relative importance of medium‐quality resources (cyanobacteria, chlorophytes and chrysophytes) declined from 37 ± 23% in the summer to 8 ± 2% in the autumn.

High‐quality resources, rich in essential biochemical compounds, are critical in fuelling food webs in large lakes, even those with high concentrations of allochthonous organic matter.
Miscanthus × giganteus nutrient concentrations and uptakes in autumn and winter harvests as influenced by soil texture, irrigation and nitrogen fertilization in the Mediterranean
Authors: Roncucci Neri , Nassi O Di Nasso Nicoletta , Tozzini Cristiano , Bonari Enrico , Ragaglini Giorgio 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFertilization has a great impact on GHG emissions and crop nutrient requirements play an important role on the sustainability of cropping systems. In the case of bioenergy production, low concentration of nutrients in the biomass is also required for specific conversion processes (e.g. combustion). In this work, we investigated the influence of soil texture, irrigation and nitrogen fertilization rate on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations and uptakes in Miscanthus × giganteus when harvested at two different times: early (autumn) and late (winter). Our results confirmed winter harvest to significantly reduce nutrient removals by as much as 80% compared to autumn. On the other hand, a few attempts have been made to investigate the role of soil texture and irrigation on nutrients in miscanthus biomass, particularly in the Mediterranean. We observed an effect of soil mainly on nutrient concentrations. Similarly, irrigation led to higher nutrient concentrations, while its effect on nutrient uptakes was less straightforward. Overall, the observed differences in miscanthus nutrient uptakes as determined by the crop management (i.e. irrigation and nitrogen fertilization) were highlighted for autumn harvest only, while uptakes in all treatments were lowered to similar values when winter harvest was performed. This study stressed the importance of the time of harvest on nutrient removals regardless of the other management options. Further investigation on the environmental and economic issues should be addressed to support decisions on higher yields‐higher nutrient requirements (early harvest) vs. lower yields‐lower nutrient requirements (late harvest).
Making decisions about chronic disease treatment: a comparison of parents and their adolescent children
Authors: Lipstein Ellen A. , Dodds Cassandra M. , Lovell Daniel J. , Denson Lee A. , Britto Maria T. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo compare factors considered by parents to those considered by adolescents making decisions about chronic disease treatments.MethodsWe conducted individual interviews with 15 parent–adolescent dyads in which the adolescent had either juvenile idiopathic arthritis or Crohn's disease. Questions focused on treatment decisions, with an emphasis on the factors that influenced each individual's preferences related to biologic therapies. A multidisciplinary team developed a coding structure. All interviews were coded by two people with disagreements resolved through discussion. We used content analysis and coding matrices to examine decision factors within and between parent–adolescent dyads.ResultsParents and adolescents both participated in decisions about treatment with biologic therapies but considered decision factors differently. In only half of cases did parents and adolescents agree on the factor that most influenced their decision. Although their decision factors often fell into similar categories (e.g. treatment risks, quality of life), in many cases the specifics varied between adolescents and their parents. Adolescents were more likely to focus on immediate treatment effects and quality of life while parents took a longer term view of the decision. Agreement within dyads was most consistent when a special circumstance influenced the treatment decision.ConclusionsDifferences regarding influential decision factors exist within parent–adolescent dyads. Continued research is needed to determine the extent to which such differences are due to individual preferences or to variations in the information available to each person. Future decision support interventions will need to address parents’ and adolescents’ potentially disparate views and information needs.
Younger age, recent HIV diagnosis, no welfare support and no annual sexually transmissible infection screening are associated with nonuse of antiretroviral therapy among HIV‐positive gay men in Australia
Authors: Mao L , de Wit JB , Kippax SC , Prestage G , Holt M 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesWith the increasing momentum to maximize the benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART), better understanding of opportunities and challenges in increasing ART coverage and promoting early ART initiation is urgently needed. Key sociodemographic, clinical and behavioural factors associated with Australian HIV‐positive gay men's current nonuse of ART were systematically examined.MethodsData were based on 1911 responses from HIV‐positive men who had participated in the Australian Gay Community Periodic Surveys (GCPS) between 2010 and 2012. Stratified univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used.ResultsA majority of the participants were recruited from gay community venues and events and self‐identified as gay or homosexual. On average, they were 44 years old and had been living with HIV for at least 10 years. Close to 80% (n = 1555) were taking ART, with >90% further reporting an undetectable viral load at the time of the survey. From 2010 to 2012, there had been a moderate increase in ART uptake [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.40; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–1.65]. In addition, younger age (AOR 1.66; 95% CI 1.45–1.92), recent HIV diagnosis (AOR 1.78; 95% CI 1.59–1.98), not receiving any social welfare payments (AOR 2.20; 95% CI 1.05–2.54) and no annual screening for sexually transmissible infections (AOR 1.55; 95% CI 1.03–2.34) were independently associated with ART nonuse.ConclusionsCurrent ART coverage among HIV‐positive gay men in Australia is reasonably high. To further increase ART coverage and promote early ART initiation in this population, better clinical care and sustained structural support are needed for HIV management throughout their life course.