bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Newton, Einstein and Barth on time and eternity
Authors: Qu Li 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFor two hundred years after 1687, Newton's notion of absolute time dominated the world of physics. However, Newtonian metaphysical absolute time is so ideal that it may only be realised and actualised by God. In the early twentieth century, Einstein breaks this dominant understanding of time fundamentally by his Special Theory of Relativity and General Theory of Relativity. In the Einsteinian paradigm, we are forced to think no longer of space and time but rather to look at a four-dimensional space-time continuum, in which time appears to be more space-like than temporal. The Newtonian theory implies that there is an absolute, dominant point from which the universe can be observed, whereas Einstein argues for the opposite: there can be no vantage perspective and no universal present by which God can divide past and future.Barth takes a trinitarian approach to interpret the concept of time. For Barth, the Father is coeternal with the Son and the Holy Spirit. The eternal immanent Trinity acts concretely as the temporal economic Trinity, thus the triune God is pre-, supra- and post- to us. In actual temporality, the Father, Son and Holy Spirit transcend time concretely in our history and penetrate time absolutely from divine eternity. God's eternity is both transcendent and immanent to human time.Such a trinitarian temporality might serve as a ‘dynamic privileged perspective’ since time, energy and movement are all created by God from eternity. On the one hand, the triune Creator transcends his creature and its creaturely form – time absolutely; on the other hand, even when God enters time and moves together with the time ‘uniformly’ in the Son and the Holy Spirit, he becomes concretely simultaneous with all time. Also the Barthian perspective might provide something which is lacking in Einstein's relative time, i.e. the direction of time from the past to the future. Since every historical event in Einsteinian four-dimensional continuum is posited as a static space-time slice and Einstein equations are time-reversible, there is no ontological difference between time dimensions at all. However, in Barth's trinitarian opinion, such extraordinary events as the creation, resurrection and Pentecost are ontologically superior to other events in human history because they do change our temporality in an absolute way. Penetrated by the trinitarian eternity, those discrete space-time slices also become communicable and hence take genuine temporal characteristics, i.e. the past, present and future.
Set Systems Containing Many Maximal Chains
Authors: JOHNSON J. ROBERT , LEADER IMRE , RUSSELL PAUL A. 
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this short problem paper is to raise the following extremal question on set systems: Which set systems of a given size maximise the number of (n + 1)-element chains in the power set $\mathcal{P}$(1,2,. . .,n)? We will show that for each fixed α > 0 there is a family of α2n sets containing (α + o(1))n! such chains, and that this is asymptotically best possible. For smaller set systems we conjecture that a ‘tower of cubes’ construction is extremal. We finish by mentioning briefly a connection to an extremal problem on posets and a variant of our question for the grid graph.
Premchand Plays Chess
Authors: DAVIS DEREK 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article contextualises and compares the Urdu and Hindi versions of Premchand's 1924 short story The Chess Players. Close examination of the two texts offers fascinating insight into the challenges of adjustment for Premchand as he moved from his Persian/Urdu literary home-base to the world of modern Hindi that he did so much to help create in the early decades of twentieth-century India.
NON-NEHARI-MANIFOLD METHOD FOR ASYMPTOTICALLY LINEAR SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION
Authors: TANG X. H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe consider the semilinear Schrödinger equation$$\begin{eqnarray}\left\{\begin{array}{@{}l@{}}-\triangle u+V(x)u=f(x,u),\quad x\in \mathbb{R}^{N},\\ u\in H^{1}(\mathbb{R}^{N}),\end{array}\right.\end{eqnarray}$$where$f(x,u)$is asymptotically linear with respect to$u$,$V(x)$is 1-periodic in each of$x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{N}$and$\sup [{\it\sigma}(-\triangle +V)\cap (-\infty ,0)]<0<\inf [{\it\sigma}(-\triangle +V)\cap (0,\infty )]$. We develop a direct approach to find ground state solutions of Nehari–Pankov type for the above problem. The main idea is to find a minimizing Cerami sequence for the energy functional outside the Nehari–Pankov manifold${\mathcal{N}}^{-}$by using the diagonal method.
Inhibition of phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase pathway by a novel naphthol derivative of betulinic acid induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells of different origin
Authors: Majeed R , Hamid A , Sangwan P L , Chinthakindi P K , Koul S , Rayees S , Singh G , Mondhe D M , Mintoo M J , Singh S K , Rath S K , Saxena A K 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBetulinic acid (BA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid natural product reported to inhibit cell growth in a variety of cancers. However, the further clinical development of BA got hampered because of poor solubility and pharmacological properties. Interestingly, this molecule offer several hotspots for structural modifications in order to address its associated issues. In our endeavor, we selected C-3 position for the desirable chemical modification in order to improve its cytotoxic and pharmacological potential and prepared a library of different triazoline derivatives of BA. Among them, we previously reported the identification of a potential molecule, that is, 3{1N(5-hydroxy-naphth-1yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4yl}methyloxy betulinic acid (HBA) with significant inhibition of cancer cell growth and their properties. In the present study, we have shown for the first time that HBA decreased the expression of phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) p110α and p85α and caused significant downregulation of pAKT and of NFκB using human leukemia and breast cancer cells as in vitro models. Further it was revealed that PI3K inhibition by HBA induced cell cycle arrest via effects on different cell cycle regulatory proteins that include CDKis cyclins and pGSK3β. Also, this target-specific inhibition was associated with mitochondrial apoptosis as was reflected by the increased expression of mitochondrial bax, downregulated bcl2 and decreased mitochondrial levels of cytochrome c, together with reactive oxygen species generation and decline in mitochondrial membrane potential. The apoptotic effectors such as caspase 8, caspase 9 and caspase 3 were found to be upregulated besides DNA repair-associated enzyme, that is, PARP cleavage caused cancer cell death. Pharmacodynamic evaluation revealed that both HBA and BA were safe upto the dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight and with acceptable pharmacodynamic parameters. The in vitro data corroborated with in vivo anticancer activity wherein Ehrlich solid tumor showed that HBA as a more potent agent than BA without any body weight loss and mortality.
Differential contributions of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers to nitrification in four paddy soils
Authors: Wang Baozhan , Zhao Jun , Guo Zhiying , Ma Jing , Xu Hua , Jia Zhongjun 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Rice paddy fields are characterized by regular flooding and nitrogen fertilization, but the functional importance of aerobic ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers under unique agricultural management is poorly understood. In this study, we report the differential contributions of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) to nitrification in four paddy soils from different geographic regions (Zi-Yang (ZY), Jiang-Du (JD), Lei-Zhou (LZ) and Jia-Xing (JX)) that are representative of the rice ecosystems in China. In urea-amended microcosms, nitrification activity varied greatly with 11.9, 9.46, 3.03 and 1.43 μg NO3−-N g−1 dry weight of soil per day in the ZY, JD, LZ and JX soils, respectively, over the course of a 56-day incubation period. Real-time quantitative PCR of amoA genes and pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed significant increases in the AOA population to various extents, suggesting that their relative contributions to ammonia oxidation activity decreased from ZY to JD to LZ. The opposite trend was observed for AOB, and the JX soil stimulated only the AOB populations. DNA-based stable-isotope probing further demonstrated that active AOA numerically outcompeted their bacterial counterparts by 37.0-, 10.5- and 1.91-fold in 13C-DNA from ZY, JD and LZ soils, respectively, whereas AOB, but not AOA, were labeled in the JX soil during active nitrification. NOB were labeled to a much greater extent than AOA and AOB, and the addition of acetylene completely abolished the assimilation of 13CO2 by nitrifying populations. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that archaeal ammonia oxidation was predominantly catalyzed by soil fosmid 29i4-related AOA within the soil group 1.1b lineage. Nitrosospira cluster 3-like AOB performed most bacterial ammonia oxidation in the ZY, LZ and JX soils, whereas the majority of the 13C-AOB in the JD soil was affiliated with the Nitrosomona communis lineage. The 13C-NOB was overwhelmingly dominated by Nitrospira rather than Nitrobacter. A significant correlation was observed between the active AOA/AOB ratio and the soil oxidation capacity, implying a greater advantage of AOA over AOB under microaerophilic conditions. These results suggest the important roles of soil physiochemical properties in determining the activities of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers.
Visualized effect of oxidation on magnetic recording fidelity in pseudo-single-domain magnetite particles
Authors: Almeida Trevor P. , Kasama Takeshi , Muxworthy Adrian R. , Williams Wyn , Nagy Lesleis , Hansen Thomas W. , Brown Paul D. , Dunin-Borkowski Rafal E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMagnetite (Fe3O4) is an important magnetic mineral to Earth scientists, as it carries the dominant magnetic signature in rocks, and the understanding of its magnetic recording fidelity provides a critical tool in the field of palaeomagnetism. However, reliable interpretation of the recording fidelity of Fe3O4 particles is greatly diminished over time by progressive oxidation to less magnetic iron oxides, such as maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), with consequent alteration of remanent magnetization potentially having important geological significance. Here we use the complementary techniques of environmental transmission electron microscopy and off-axis electron holography to induce and visualize the effects of oxidation on the magnetization of individual nanoscale Fe3O4 particles as they transform towards γ-Fe2O3. Magnetic induction maps demonstrate a change in both strength and direction of remanent magnetization within Fe3O4 particles in the size range dominant in rocks, confirming that oxidation can modify the original stored magnetic information.
Variant adiponutrin confers genetic protection against cholestatic itch
Authors: Krawczyk Marcin , Milkiewicz Malgorzata , Marschall Hanns-Ulrich , Bartz Clemens , Grünhage Frank , Wunsch Ewa , Milkiewicz Piotr , Lammert Frank 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLysophosphatidic acid (LPA) mediates cholestatic pruritus. Recently the enzyme PNPLA3, expressed in liver and skin, was demonstrated to metabolise LPA. Here we assess the association of the PNPLA3 variant p.Ile148Met, known to be associated with (non-)alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in genome-wide association studies, with cholestatic itch in 187 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 250 PBC-free controls as well as 201 women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and 198 female controls without a history of ICP. Our hypothesis was that the intensity of cholestatic itch differs in carriers of distinct PNPLA3 p.Ile148Met genotypes. Patients with PBC carrying the allele p.148Met that confers an increased NAFLD risk reported less itching than carriers of the p.148Ile allele (ANOVA P = 0.048). The PNPLA3 p.148Ile allele increased the odds of requiring plasmapheresis for refractory pruritus (OR = 3.94, 95% CI = 0.91–17.00, P = 0.048). In line with these findings, the PNPLA3 p.148Met allele was underrepresented in the ICP cohort (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.47–0.92, P = 0.013). Notwithstanding the need for further replication of these findings, we conclude that the PNPLA3 allele p.148Met might confer protection against cholestatic pruritus, possibly due to increased LPA-acyltransferase activity in liver and/or skin.
Trace analysis of methylated and hydroxymethylated cytosines in DNA by isotope-dilution LC–MS/MS: first evidence of DNA methylation in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Hu Chiung-Wen , Chen Jian-Lian , Hsu Yu-Wen , Yen Cheng-Chieh , Chao Mu-Rong 
Published: October 2014

From 1986 to the present, the popular research model organism Caenorhabditis elegans has been thought to completely lack DNA methylation and seems to have lost DNA methylation enzymes from its genomes. In the present study, we report the development of a sensitive and selective assay based on LC–MS/MS to simultaneously measure 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine (5-mdC) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxycytidine (5-hmdC) in DNA hydrolysates. With the use of isotope internal standards ([2H3]5-mdC and [2H3]5-hmdC) and online solid-phase extraction, the detection limits of 5-mdC and 5-hmdC were estimated to be 0.01 and 0.02 pg respectively, which correspond to a 0.000006% and 0.00001% methylation and hydroxymethylation level. This method was applied to investigate whether DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation exists in C. elegans. The present study for the first time demonstrates that 5-mdC is present in C. elegans genomic DNA (0.0019–0.0033% of cytosine methylated) using LC–MS/MS, whereas another epigenetic modification, 5-hmdC, is not detectable. Furthermore, we found that C. elegans DNA was hypo- or hyper-methylated in a dose-dependent manner by the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)-inhibiting drug decitabine (5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine) or cadmium respectively. Our data support the possible existence of an active DNA-methylation mechanism in C. elegans, in which unidentified DNMTs could be involved. The present study highlights the importance of re-evaluating the evolutionary conservation of DNA-methylation machinery in nematodes which were traditionally considered to lack functional DNA methylation.
Role of pendant proton relays and proton-coupled electron transfer on the hydrogen evolution reaction by nickel hangman porphyrins
Authors: Bediako D. Kwabena , Solis Brian H. , Dogutan Dilek K. , Roubelakis Manolis M. , Maher Andrew G. , Lee Chang Hoon , Chambers Matthew B. , Hammes-Schiffer Sharon , Nocera Daniel G. 
Published: October 2014

SignificanceThe conversion of solar energy into fuels involves coupled multiproton–multielectron reactions. Because of different length scales for electron transfer and proton transfer, efficient catalysts must couple proton hops to redox events. We have developed a hangman motif where placing a pendant acid–base group over the face of a redox macrocycle ensures coupling of the electron to the proton. We now show that the presence of the pendant acid relay of a Ni hangman porphyrin facilitates proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) during turnover of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). By comparing HER activity of the Ni hangman catalyst to its Co analog, a unified HER mechanism begins to emerge for complexes that use a secondary coordination sphere to manage PCET.
Sulfated Bile Acids as Putative Sex Pheromone Components in Pacific Lamprey
Authors: Yun Sang‐Seon , Szeitz Andras , Wildbill Andrew , Siefkes Michael , Close David 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus, which is native to the Pacific coast of North America, is an important fisheries resource for some Native American communities and so has been a conservation concern. Chemical analysis of water conditioned with mature male Pacific Lampreys and electrophysiological examination of the identified sulfated bile acids revealed that Pacific Lampreys may use the two bile acid compounds, 3‐keto petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS) and petromyzonol sulfate (PZS), as mating pheromones that can attract ovulatory females and stimulate them to nest. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis on extracts of water conditioned with mature male Pacific Lampreys identified both 3kPZS, known as a major sex pheromone component, and PZS, known as a component of migratory pheromones in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus. When combined with the previous electro‐olfactogram (EOG) data demonstrating olfactory sensitivity of Pacific Lampreys to both compounds, the identification of the two bile acid compounds suggests that Pacific Lamprey evolved to have a chemical communication system for reproduction similar to that of Sea Lamprey. Further studies are required to confirm putative pheromonal functions of these two compounds in Pacific Lamprey. Comprehensive understanding of the reproductive behavior mediated by sex pheromones may provide a helpful tool in restoring the dwindling Pacific Lamprey populations along the North Pacific coast of North America.Received March 7, 2014; accepted July 10, 2014
Raft and Floating Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Antenna Systems for Detecting and Estimating Abundance of PIT-tagged Fish in Rivers
Authors: Fetherman Eric R. , Avila Brian W. , Winkelman Dana L. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Portable radio frequency identification (RFID) PIT tag antenna systems are increasingly being used in studies examining aquatic animal movement, survival, and habitat use, and their design flexibility permits application in a wide variety of settings. We describe the construction, use, and performance of two portable floating RFID PIT tag antenna systems designed to detect fish that were unavailable for recapture using stationary antennas or electrofishing. A raft antenna system was designed to detect and locate PIT-tagged fish in relatively long (i.e., ≥10 km) river reaches, and consisted of two antennas: (1) a horizontal antenna (4 × 1.2 m) installed on the bottom of the raft and used to detect fish in shallower river reaches (&lt;1 m), and (2) a vertical antenna (2.7 × 1.2 m) for detecting fish in deeper pools (≥1 m). Detection distances of the horizontal antenna were between 0.7 and 1.0 m, and detection probability was 0.32 ± 0.02 (mean ± SE) in a field test using rocks marked with 32-mm PIT tags. Detection probability of PIT-tagged fish in the Cache la Poudre River, Colorado, using the raft antenna system, which covered 21% of the wetted area, was 0.14 ± 0.14. A shore-deployed floating antenna (14.6 × 0.6 m), which covered 100% of the wetted area, was designed for use by two operators for detecting and locating PIT-tagged fish in shorter (i.e., &lt;2 km) river reaches. Detection distances of the shore-deployed floating antenna were between 0.7 and 0.8 m, and detection probabilities during field deployment in the St. Vrain River exceeded 0.52. The shore-deployed floating antenna was also used to estimate abundance of PIT-tagged fish. Results suggest that the shore-deployed floating antenna could be used as an alternative to estimating abundance using traditional sampling methods such as electrofishing.
Received December 19, 2013; accepted July 1, 2014
Corticosteroid use in neuro-oncology: an update
Authors: Roth Patrick , Happold Caroline , Weller Michael 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBecause of the lack of curative approaches for most patients with malignant brain tumors, supportive therapy, which aims at maintaining quality of life and functional independence, has a central role in the treatment of many patients. Steroids are particularly important in the setting of supportive therapy. They are commonly used to treat tumor-associated edema, and their administration is typically associated with rapid symptom relief, such as the resolution of headaches. Besides their antiedema activity, corticosteroids are characterized by their potent antilymphoma properties and their effects against acute or delayed emesis caused by systemic chemotherapy in cancer patients. Accordingly, steroids are among the most frequently used drugs in oncology. These desirable properties of steroids are counterbalanced by cardiovascular, muscular, and psychiatric side effects. On the cellular level, corticosteroids exert various effects that translate into the desired clinical activity, but they also evoke significant toxicity that may outweigh the beneficial effects. The mode of action and the limitations of steroid treatment are summarized in this review article. Interactions between steroids and other drugs must be considered. A particular challenge to the ongoing use of glucocorticoids is that newer therapeutic approaches are being introduced in neuro-oncology for which concomitant steroids are likely to be contraindicated. These include the emergence of various immunotherapeutic approaches including vaccination strategies and treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Since the administration of steroids may interfere with the activity of these novel therapies, an even more critical evaluation of their use will be required.
Placement of DG for reliability improvement and loss minimization with reconfiguration of radial distribution systems
Authors: Pavani Ponnaganti , Singh S.N. 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of the paper is to find the best distributed generators (DGs) location for improving reliability and reducing power loss using distribution system reconfiguration. This is implemented in the presence of the tie-switches. It proposes a search-based algorithm for the reconfiguration problem. Individual DG placement is obtained for all system configurations, and analytical hierarchy process tool is used for finding the overall best location. This is carried out for various system loadings.Design/methodology/approach– This paper proposes a knowledge-based search algorithm which needs the base conditions of the distribution system. A detailed analysis is carried out for finding the best DG locations from the obtained DG placements for various system configurations. Simulations are rigorously carried out with the help of programming. Results from these simulations are further given to analytical hierarchy tool for obtaining the DGs location.Findings– The findings of the paper are the DG placement for various system loadings and various system configurations and to obtain the best DG location for any system configuration. A search-based algorithm is designed for accomplishing it.Originality/value– The proposed method identifies the placement of distributed generation at distribution systems for reliability improvement and power loss reduction which is one of the present day needs for fulfilling the raising power consumers.
Organizational transformation and higher sustainability management education
Authors: Lee Ki-Hoon , Schaltegger Stefan 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– This paper aims to investigate the roles of leadership in enabling sustainability transformation of universities and higher sustainability management education. It advocates research into the role of leadership for a university’s sustainability transformation by exploring interactions between university members and institutional contexts.Design/methodology/approach– Using a case study approach, this study explores the sustainability transformation of a university and its influence on the MBA Sustainability Management by applying Mintzberg’s leadership framework.Findings– The findings suggest that leaders can strongly influence a process of change in mindsets, practices and curricula to incorporate sustainability into higher business education institutions. Whereas bottom-up leadership initiatives are crucial, leadership support from top management is seen as important to enable larger, more radical steps of transformation.Originality/value– It is worthy noting that in the medium run strategic leadership to develop good sustainability management education programs requires a consistent institutional commitment for sustainability.