bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Transient Nature of Angiotensin-Induced Natriuresis in the Rabbit
Authors: Healy J. K. , Elliott A. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Experiments in rabbits confirmed that natriuresis induced by a continuous 2-h intravenous infusion of angiotensin is temporary and declines after 1 h. A similar transient increase in magnesium and calcium excretion occurred. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and blood pressure fell towards the end of the angiotensin infusion.
2. This pattern of response was not influenced by prior adrenalectomy or by replacement of water lost in the associated diuresis, but water replacement accompanied by partial replacement of lost sodium resulted in a sustained natriuresis and better maintenance of GFR.
3. Transience of the natriuretic response was not peculiar to angiotensin, since continuous intravenous infusion of five other natriuretic agents produced the same effect, together with progressive reduction of GFR and blood pressure.
4. An increase in angiotensin infusion rate after 1·5 h produced a further temporary natriuresis.
5. It was concluded that neither aldosterone nor water loss are primarily responsible for the decline in natriuresis after 1 h during angiotensin infusion, but that a progressive fall in GFR, aggravated by sodium loss, is the most likely mechanism.
Effects of Chronic Beta-Adrenergic Blockade on Systemic and Renal Haemodynamic Responses to Hyperosmotic Saline in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Krauss X. H. , Schalekamp M. A. D. H. , Kolsters G. , Zaal G. A. , Birkenhäger W. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Ten patients with essential hypertension received an intravenous load of hyperosmotic saline before and during treatment with propranolol. In seven patients blood pressure was lowered by the drug.
2. In the control period saline infusion induced a sharp rise in cardiac output due to an increase in stroke volume. This pattern was absent during beta-adrenergic blockade. Renal blood flow showed a moderate rise in the control studies; this rise was not reduced during treatment. Natriuresis was reduced by propranolol.
3. Measurements of central blood volume and central venous pressure in five patients revealed that modified responses during beta-adrenergic blockade may be due to a reduced venous return rather than to myocardial depression.
The Relation between the Concentration of Calcium Salts in the Urine and Renal Stone Composition in Patients with Calcium-Containing Renal Stones
Authors: Marshall R. W. , Cochran M. , Robertson W. G. , Hodgkinson A. , Nordin B. E. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Diurnal variations in urine calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate activity products were observed in normal men and patients with recurrent calcium oxalate or mixed oxalate—phosphate renal stones.
2. Maximum and minimum calcium oxalate products were higher in the patients than in the controls, the difference being most marked in the patients with calcium oxalate stones.
3. Maximum and minimum calcium phosphate products expressed as octocalcium phosphate [(Ca8H2(PO4)6], brushite or hydroxyapatite, were significantly higher than normal in the patients with mixed stones but not in the patients with calcium oxalate stones.
4. The raised calcium oxalate products in the patients were due mainly to increased concentrations of Ca2+ ions; these, in turn, were due mainly to an increased rate of excretion of calcium. Raised calcium phosphate products were due mainly to hypercalciuria, combined with abnormally high urine pH values.
5. Patients with recurrent calcium stones appear to fall into two types: (1) patients with calcium oxalate stones associated with hypercalciuria, a normal or raised urine oxalate and a normal urine pH; (2) patients with mixed oxalate—phosphate stones associated with hypercalciuria, a normal or raised urine oxalate and a raised urine pH.
6. The implications of these findings in regard to treatment are discussed.
Comparison of Intestinal Absorption Rates of Glycine and Glycylglycine in Man and the Effect of Glucose in the Perfusing Fluid
Authors: Cook G. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Using a double-lumen tube perfusion system the rates of glycine, glycylglycine, and glycylglycine and glucose absorption from a 30-cm jejunal segment have been studied in vivo in a group of relatively normal Zambian African subjects.
2. To determine the kinetic curve for glycine absorption, four subjects were given consecutive perfusions of 50, 100 and 150 mm-glycine.
3. Six other subjects had consecutive perfusions of (1) a 100 mm-glycine and (2) a 50 mm-glycylglycine solution. Five of the six had a higher absorption rate of glycine from the glycylglycine solution. When data from a further six similar subjects in another study are included, the mean rate of glycine absorption is significantly greater from the glycylglycine compared with the glycine solution (P &lt; 0·001).
4. A further six subjects were given consecutive perfusions of (1) 50 mm-glycylglycine, (2) 50 mm-glycylglycine and 200 mm-glucose, and (3) 200 mm-glucose. The absorption rate of glycine from glycylglycine was lower in all subjects when glucose was present in the perfusing fluid (P &lt; 0·01). Although the mean glucose absorption rate was lower when glycylglycine was present in the perfusing fluid, the difference was not significant.
Volatile Phenols in Serum of Uraemic Patients
Authors: Wengle B. , Hellström K. 
Published: August 2015

1. The volatile phenols in sera of uraemic patients were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. The concentrations of p-cresol, 1·17 ± 0·58 (mean ± SD), and phenol, 0·44 ± 0·39 mg/100 ml, were higher than the corresponding values (0·23 ± 0·17 and 0·02 ± 0·03 mg/100ml, respectively) in control subjects. Both compounds were recovered mainly as acid labile conjugates, probably sulphate esters. No unconjugated phenol, o-, m-, or p-cresol or conjugated derivatives of o- or m-cresol were detected.
2. When the standard hospital diet was replaced by an isocaloric low-protein diet, the concentration of p-cresol and urea in serum decreased in the two uraemic patients studied. The serum concentration of phenol was uninfluenced by this change of diet.
3. One female patient was studied during treatment with peritoneal dialysis, which on two out of three occasions appeared to result in decreased concentrations of phenol and p-cresol in serum.
The Effect of Aluminium Hydroxide on Calcium, Phosphorus and Aluminium Balances, the Serum Parathyroid Hormone Concentration and the Aluminium Content of Bone in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Clarkson E. M. , Luck V. A. , Hynson W. V. , Bailey R. R. , Eastwood J. B. , Woodhead J. S. , Clements V. R. , O'riordan J. L. H. , De Wardener H. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. Eight patients with chronic renal failure (creatinine clearance 4·9–22·0 ml/min) were given 75–150 ml of aluminium hydroxide gel (‘Aludrox’) daily for 20–32 days.
2. In all patients there was a decrease in plasma phosphorus. The phosphorus balance became more negative in four and less positive in one, remained unchanged in two, and became positive in one.
3. Patients absorbed 100–568 mg of aluminium daily. In two of three patients the content of aluminium in the iliac bone increased but not above normal values.
4. The concentration of parathyroid hormone was decreased by aluminium hydroxide therapy in three patients in whom there was an increase in plasma calcium and in one other patient in whom plasma calcium did not change.
Inspiratory Flow Rate and Ventilation Distribution in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Simple Chronic Bronchitis
Authors: Hughes J. M. B. , Grant B. J. B. , Greene R. E. , Iliff L. D. , Milic-Emili J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Seated subjects stopped ventilation briefly at end expiration while a 5 ml bolus of 133Xe was injected close to the mouth. They then inspired air at different flow rates and the distribution of radioactivity in the lungs was measured with a scanning technique during a period of breath-holding at maximal inspiration.
2. In five normal subjects the dependent zones received a greater fraction of the 133Xe bolus than the apex during slow inspirations, but apical distribution exceeded basal for fast inspirations. The volume history of the lungs before the bolus injection had no effect on the slow/fast difference in four out of five subjects.
3. In five patients with clinical bronchitis but normal forced expired volume, dependent zone ventilation was much reduced on a slow inspiration compared with normals, but at fast flow rates the distribution was normal.
4. Insofar as the bolus in the fast inspiration was distributed according to regional airway conductances, these results suggest that in normal subjects differences in airway resistance exist between the upper and lower zones of the upright lung. An early abnormality in bronchitis appears to be a reduction of compliance in the dependent zones, as judged from the decrease in basal ventilation on a slow inspiration.
Peritoneal Dialysis for the Support of Respiratory Insufficiency in Rabbits
Authors: Beran A. V. , Taylor W. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. This study tests the feasibility of peritoneal dialysis for the delivery of O2 and removal of CO2 during experimental hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidaemia in rabbits.
2. Immediately after peritoneal infusion of a bolus of oxygenated dialysate, dialysate O2 content decreased, CO2 content increased and pH decreased. However, arterial Po2, Pco2 and pH did not change significantly.
3. During active dialysis at a flow of 70–120 ml/min, O2 and CO2 content difference between dialysate inflow and outflow was 0·87 and 1·32 ml 100 ml−1min−1, respectively. After 60 min of active dialysis, arterial Po2 increased from 50 to 63 mmHg, Pco2 decreased from 49 to 43 mmHg, and pH was maintained.
Normal Urine Concentrating Ability in Magnesium Depletion
Authors: Suh S. M. , Sellors J. 
Published: August 2015

1. We studied urine concentrating ability in ten magnesium-depleted puppies and compared the results with those of match-fed, littermate controls.
2. The experimental puppies became hypomagnesaemic and hypocalcaemic without evidence of potassium depletion. After 24 h of food and water deprivation, urine osmolality increased to 1350 ± 340 mosm/kg of water. This value did not differ from that of control animals.
3. We also studied urine concentrating ability in a child with primary hypomagnesaemia and secondary hypocalcaemia. He could achieve a urine concentration of 1080 mosm/kg of water after 20 h of water deprivation when he was hypomagnesaemic and hypocalcaemic.
4. We conclude that urine concentrating ability is normal in magnesium depletion uncomplicated by hypercalcaemia or severe potassium depletion.
Lung Function in Provoked Asthma: Responses to Inhaled Urea, Methacholine and Isoprenaline
Authors: Cade J. F. , Pain M. C. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Lung function was studied in fifty-six symptom-free asthmatic subjects after the inhalation of urea, an agent not previously used for asthma provocation. The effects of urea were compared with those produced by the inhalation of methacholine and of isoprenaline.
2. After urea ventilatory capacity was impaired in 68% of subjects and improved in 16%. This response was a relatively constant phenomenon in the same subject. Urea appears to possess the unusual property of being able to produce both bronchoconstriction and bronchodilatation. The response could not be related to any of the clinical or other physiological variables examined.
3. Mild hypoxaemia, ventilation-blood-flow inequality and impairment of gas transfer also occurred after urea administration.
4. Methacholine produced considerable impairment of ventilatory capacity with consistent hyperinflation but with variable changes in ventilatory pattern and distribution of ventilation.
5. Isoprenaline rapidly and completely reversed the changes which occurred after urea and methacholine administration.
Pressor Response to Angiotensin I and Angiotensin II: The Site of Conversion of Angiotensin I
Authors: Osborn E. C. , Tildesley G. , Pickens P. T. 
Published: August 2015

1. The pressor responses to angiotensin I were compared with those to angiotensin II after injections into the left ventricle and jugular vein in the sheep, dog and pig.
2. The ability of angiotensin I to raise the blood pressure was less than that of angiotensin II with both routes of injection, a difference which was more marked after ventricular injection.
3. When equipressor doses of the hormones were given there was a delay of 1–3 s in the onset of the pressor response to angiotensin I compared with angiotensin II after left-ventricular injections; the difference in the delay in onset was less apparent with intravenous injections.
4. The development of the pressor responses was similar with both hormones when equipressor doses were used but the rises in blood pressure were more prolonged with angiotensin I, especially when given by the left-ventricular route.
5. The in vitro rate of activation of angiotensin I by blood was much slower than the apparent in vivo formation of angiotensin II.
The Effects of Intravenous Infusion of Graded Doses of Prostaglandins F2α and E2 on Lung Resistance in Patients Undergoing Termination of Pregnancy
Authors: Smith A. P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Lung resistance was measured by the interrupter method in fifteen patients during infusion of prostaglandin E2 or F2α, for termination of pregnancy.
2. Small but significant reversible elevation in lung resistance occurred in patients receiving both prostaglandins; this was an unexpected finding in the case of prostaglandin E2.
3. The changes described were not harmful in normal subjects, but the possible dangers of intravenous administration of prostaglandins to patients with asthma or other bronchial diseases are discussed.
Lack of Histological Evidence of Vitamin D Abnormality in the Bones of Anephric Patients
Authors: Bordier PH. J. , Chot S. Tun , Eastwood J. B. , Fournier A. , De Wardener H. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. Iliac bone biopsies were obtained from nine patients 3 months to 6 years after bilateral nephrectomy.
2. In eight of the nine patients no histological evidence of vitamin D abnormality was seen in the bones after bilateral nephrectomy.
3. One patient showed histological evidence of osteomalacia before bilateral nephrectomy which improved but did not disappear after bilateral nephrectomy.
4. The biospies of all nine patients showed evidence of hyperparathyroidism.
5. It is concluded that normal bone mineralization can take place in the absence of the kidneys.
The Use of Human Skeletal Muscle in Vitro for Biochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Glucose Uptake
Authors: Frayn K. N. , Adnitt P. I. , Turner P. 
Published: August 2015

1. A method is described for measuring glucose uptake by pieces of human skeletal muscle removed at surgery.
2. Glucose uptake by this preparation was stimulated by insulin (0.1–10 munits/ml) and inhibited by 2.27 mM-sodium n-butyrate in the presence of insulin (0.1 munit/ml).
3. The antidiabetic drug metformin (60.4 μM) had no effect on glucose uptake in the absence or presence of insulin (0.1 munit/ml), but stimulated uptake in the presence of 2.27 mM-sodium n-butyrate together with insulin (0.1 munit/ml).
4. It is concluded that the metabolic control of glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle is similar to that in rat heart and diaphragm, and that the preparation provides a useful model for biochemical and pharmacological investigations of glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle.
A Direct Enzymic Assay for 7α-Hydroxy Bile Acids and Their Conjugates
Authors: Haslewood G. A. D. , Murphy G. M. , Richardson Judith M. 
Published: August 2015

1. A 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase preparation isolated from a strain of Escherichia coli provides a specific and rapid means for the determination of 7α-hydroxy bile acids and their conjugates.
2. When used in conjunction with 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase the method enables the concentrations of primary and secondary bile acids and salts in biological fluids to be determined directly without the use of thin-layer chromatography.
3. When used with thin-layer chromatography the method allows the specific quantitative determination of chenodeoxycholic acid or its conjugates in the presence of deoxycholic acid and its derivatives.
Isotopic Studies of the Erythropoietic and Hepatic Components of Congenital Porphyria and ‘Erythropoietic’ Protoporphyria
Authors: Nicholson D. C. , Cowger M. L. , Kalivas J. , Thompson R. P. H. , Gray C. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Labelled glycine and/or δ-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) were administered to a child with congenital erythropoietic porphyria (Günther's disease), to three normal children and to three patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria.
2. The utilization of [15N]ALA for the synthesis of faecal ‘urobilin’ in the congenital erythropoietic patient was normal.
3. This suggests there is no significant increase of hepatic bile-pigment formation in congenital erythropoietic porphyria.
4. The utilization of glycine for synthesis of faecal ‘urobilin’ and protoporphyrin in all three patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria was increased. There was a similarly high utilization of [4-14C]ALA administered either orally or intravenously to one of the patients.
5. The utilization of [4-14C]ALA was not affected by phlebotomy.
6. Utilizations of both ALA and glycine for free erythrocyte and plasma protoporphyrins were low.
7. This study provides further evidence that in erythropoietic protoporphyria there is a greatly increased hepatic contribution to the early labelled fraction of bile pigment and that in this disease the excessive protoporphyrin is formed mainly in the liver.
Sympathetic Responsiveness to Head-Up Tilt in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Esler M. D. , Nestel P. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of 25° head-up tilt on blood pressure, urinary catecholamines, and creatinine clearance has been studied in untreated essential hypertensive patients and normotensive subjects.
2. The mean rise in diastolic pressure for all subjects with hypertension was 4.9 mmHg which did not differ significantly from the mean rise of 5.4 mmHg in the normal subjects. Ten of forty-one hypertensives had a diastolic pressure response greater than the response in any of eleven normal subjects, with a rise of greater than 10 mmHg.
3. The increase in urinary noradrenaline excretion with tilt was greater in these orthostatic hypertensive patients (1.74 μg/h) than in either the remaining hypertensive (0.34 μg/h) or the normotensive subjects (0.56 μg/h). Overall there was a significant correlation between changes in diastolic blood pressure and urinary noradrenaline.
4. Creatinine clearance was reduced by tilting. The mean reduction was similar for normally reacting hypertensive and normotensive subjects (6.0% and 7.2% respectively). The ten orthostatic hypertensive patients, however, had a greater reduction in creatinine clearance (23.4%), and in the hypertensive group as a whole changes in diastolic blood pressure and creatinine clearance were negatively correlated.
5. Those patients with excessive response to tilt tended to be young, not obese, and with recent onset of hypertension when documentation of this was adequate.
The Identification of the Enzymes That Catalyse the Oxidation of Glyoxylate to Oxalate in the 100 000 g Supernatant Fraction of Human Hyperoxaluric and Control Liver and Heart Tissue
Authors: Gibbs Dorothy A. , Watts R. W. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. The enzymic oxidation of glyoxylate to oxalate in the soluble (100 000 g supernatant) fraction of liver and heart tissue from a patient with primary hyperoxaluria and from a non-hyperoxaluric subject have been studied.
2. An oxidized nicotinamide—adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent and a non-NAD+-dependent oxidation of glyoxylate to oxalate were observed in the liver tissue from both sources.
3. Evidence is presented that lactate dehydrogenase has a major role in catalysing the reaction in both of the tissues studied. The non-NAD+-dependent oxidations which are catalysed by xanthine oxidase and glycollate oxidase in the liver are relatively unimportant, and they were not detected in the heart.
4. An enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of glycollate was also demonstrated in liver tissue. This had a different electrophoretic mobility from the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes.
5. These findings are discussed with particular reference to human primary hyperoxaluria in which excessive oxalate synthesis occurs.
The Effect in Man of (+)-Propranolol and Racemic Propranolol on Renin Secretion Stimulated by Orthostatic Stress
Authors: Tobert J. A. , Slater J. D. H. , Fogelman F. , Lightman S. L. , Kurtz A. B. , Payne N. N. 
Published: August 2015

1. The time-course of the rise in plasma renin activity (PRA) in response to an acute postural stimulus was demonstrated in four normal subjects over 90 min.
2. The ability of racemic propranolol to inhibit this rise was confirmed.
3. This inhibition is shown to be due to antagonism of beta-adrenergic receptors rather than to the membrane-stabilizing properties of racemic propranolol.
Alternative Measurements of the Metabolic Component of the Acid-Base Status in Acute Clinical Situations
Authors: Lewis D. G. , Stoddart J. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. The non-respiratory pH, which is based upon in vivo carbon dioxide titration curves, was compared with empirical corrections to the base excess values derived from in vitro carbon dioxide titration curves.
2. These two indices were highly correlated in thirty-two measurements made at between-sample intervals of less than 12 h in four patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and in two patients with ketoacidosis.
3. These observations confirm that the acute whole body CO2 titration curves established in anaesthetized man by others can be applied to acute clinical situations, so that either index can adequately describe these disturbances.
Indirect Inhibition of the Biosynthesis of 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol in Rats Treated with a Diphosphonate
Authors: Hill L. F. , Lumb G. A. , Mawer E. B. , Stanbury S. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Rats treated with disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate for 14 days developed rickets and impaired intestinal calcium transport, even when receiving large amounts of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).
2. Vitamin d-deficient rats treated with the diphosphonate, and irrespective of the duration of such treatment, responded initially to a single intravenous dose of cholecalciferol with a normal production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
3. This normal response was followed within 2 days by an apparent inhibition of the renal biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. It is inferred that the impaired intestinal transport of calcium, in diphosphonate-treated rats receiving vitamin D, is due to a deficiency of this renal metabolite.
4. Inhibition of the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol could not be attributed to a direct action of the drug on the renal 1-hydroxylase, but appeared to be determined by the initial normal response to vitamin D.
5. The mechanisms possibly involved in producing this effect are discussed.
The Response of the Human Leucocyte to Alterations in Extracellular Osmolality
Authors: Patrick J. , Hilton P. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of variations in extracellular osmolality from 249 to 345 mosmol/kg upon the sodium, potassium and water content of human leucocytes has been studied.
2. Similar studies were performed using human erythrocytes.
3. Changes in the leucocyte water content were not explicable in terms of passive movement of water across an ‘ideal’ semi-permeable membrane.
4. Hypo-osmolal swelling was associated with a rise in intracellular sodium content and hyperosmolal shrinkage was associated with a fall in intracellular sodium content.
5. There were no significant changes in sodium and potassium content of the erythrocyte with altered external osmolality.