bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost-Effectiveness of Pit-and-Fissure Sealants on Primary Molars in Medicaid-Enrolled Children
Authors: Chi Donald L. , van der Goes David N. , Ney John P. 
Published: January 2014

Objectives. We compared the incremental cost-effectiveness of 2 primary molar sealant strategies—always seal and never seal—with standard care for Medicaid-enrolled children.Methods. We used Iowa Medicaid claims data (2008–2011), developed a tooth-level Markov model for 10 000 teeth, and compared costs, treatment avoided, and incremental cost per treatment avoided for the 2 sealant strategies with standard care.Results. In 10 000 simulated teeth, standard care cost $214 510, always seal cost $232 141, and never seal cost $186 010. Relative to standard care, always seal reduced the number of restorations to 340 from 2389, whereas never seal increased restorations to 2853. Compared with standard care, always seal cost $8.12 per restoration avoided (95% confidence interval [CI] = $4.10, $12.26; P ≤ .001). Compared with never seal, standard care cost $65.62 per restoration avoided (95% CI = $52.99, $78.26; P ≤ .001).Conclusions. Relative to standard care, always sealing primary molars is more costly but reduces subsequent dental treatment. Never sealing costs less but leads to more treatment. State Medicaid programs that do not currently reimburse dentists for primary molar sealants should consider reimbursement for primary molar sealant procedures as a population-based strategy to prevent tooth decay and reduce later treatment needs in vulnerable young children.
Body Mass Index Categories and Mortality Risk in US Adults: The Effect of Overweight and Obesity on Advancing Death
Authors: Borrell Luisa N. , Samuel Lalitha 
Published: January 2014

Objectives. We examined the association of body mass index with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD)–specific mortality risks among US adults and calculated the rate advancement period by which death is advanced among the exposed groups. Methods. We used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994) linked to the National Death Index mortality file with follow-up to 2006 (n = 16 868). We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the rate of dying and rate advancement period for all-cause and CVD-specific mortality for overweight and obese adults relative to their normal-weight counterparts. Results. Compared with normal-weight adults, obese adults had at least 20% significantly higher rate of dying of all-cause or CVD. These rates advanced death by 3.7 years (grades II and III obesity) for all-cause mortality and between 1.6 (grade I obesity) and 5.0 years (grade III obesity) for CVD-specific mortality. The burden of obesity was greatest among adults aged 45 to 64 years for all-cause and CVD-specific mortality and among women for all-cause mortality. Conclusions. These findings highlight the impact of the obesity epidemic on mortality risk and premature deaths among US adults.
Estimating Acute Viral Hepatitis Infections From Nationally Reported Cases
Authors: Klevens R. Monina , Liu Stephen , Roberts Henry , Jiles Ruth B. , Holmberg Scott D. 
Published: January 2014

Objectives. Because only a fraction of patients with acute viral hepatitis A, B, and C are reported through national surveillance to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we estimated the true numbers. Methods. We applied a simple probabilistic model to estimate the fraction of patients with acute hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C who would have been symptomatic, would have sought health care tests, and would have been reported to health officials in 2011. Results. For hepatitis A, the frequencies of symptoms (85%), care seeking (88%), and reporting (69%) yielded an estimate of 2730 infections (2.0 infections per reported case). For hepatitis B, the frequencies of symptoms (39%), care seeking (88%), and reporting (45%) indicated 18 730 infections (6.5 infections per reported case). For hepatitis C, the frequency of symptoms among injection drug users (13%) and those infected otherwise (48%), proportion seeking care (88%), and percentage reported (53%) indicated 17 100 infections (12.3 infections per reported case). Conclusions. These adjustment factors will allow state and local health authorities to estimate acute hepatitis infections locally and plan prevention activities accordingly.
Risk factors associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in cats evaluated at primary care veterinary hospitals
Authors: Greene Joseph P. , Lefebvre Sandra L. , Wang Mansen , Yang Mingyin , Lund Elizabeth M. , Polzin David J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Objective—To identify risk factors associated with diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats.
Design—Retrospective case-control study.
Animals—1,230 cats with a clinical diagnosis of CKD, serum creatinine concentration > 1.6 mg/dL, and urine specific gravity < 1.035 and 1,230 age-matched control cats.
Procedures—Data on putative risk factors for CKD were extracted for multivariate logistic regression analysis from the medical records of cats brought to 755 primary care veterinary hospitals. For a subset of cats evaluated 6 to 12 months prior to the date of CKD diagnosis or control group inclusion, the percentage change in body weight between those dates as well as clinical signs at the earlier date were analyzed for associations with CKD development.
Results—Risk factors for CKD in cats included thin body condition, prior periodontal disease or cystitis, anesthesia or documented dehydration in the preceding year, being a neutered male (vs spayed female), and living anywhere in the United States other than the northeast. The probability of CKD decreased with increasing body weight in nondehydrated cats, domestic shorthair breed, and prior diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and increased when vomiting, polyuria or polydipsia, appetite or energy loss, or halitosis was present at the time of diagnosis or control group inclusion but not when those signs were reported 6 to 12 months earlier. Median weight loss during the preceding 6 to 12 months was 10.8% and 2.1% in cats with and without CKD, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The probability of CKD diagnosis in cats was influenced by several variables; recent weight loss, particularly in combination with the other factors, warrants assessment of cats for CKD.
Fundamental solutions to the fractional heat conduction equation in a ball under Robin boundary condition
Authors: Povstenko Yuriy 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The central symmetric time-fractional heat conduction equation with Caputo derivative of order 0 < α ≤ 2 is considered in a ball under two types of Robin boundary condition: the mathematical one with the prescribed linear combination of values of temperature and values of its normal derivative at the boundary, and the physical condition with the prescribed linear combination of values of temperature and values of the heat flux at the boundary, which is a consequence of Newton’s law of convective heat exchange between a body and the environment. The integral transform technique is used. Numerical results are illustrated graphically.
Countable contraction mappings in metric spaces: invariant sets and measure
Authors: Barrozo María , Molter Ursula 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
We consider a complete metric space (X, d) and a countable number of contraction mappings on X, F = {F
i: i ∈ ℕ}. We show the existence of a smallest invariant set (with respect to inclusion) for F. If the maps F
i are of the form F
i(x) = r
i
x + b
i on X = ℝd, we prove a converse of the classic result on contraction mappings, more precisely, there exists a unique bounded invariant set if and only if r = supi
r
i is strictly smaller than 1.
Further, if ρ = {ρ
k}k∈ℕ is a probability sequence, we show that if there exists an invariant measure for the system (F, ρ), then its support must be precisely this smallest invariant set. If in addition there exists any bounded invariant set, this invariant measure is unique, even though there may be more than one invariant set.
Phthisis Bulbi and Leptomeningeal Metastasis in a Case of Trilateral Retinoblastoma
Authors: Gupta MK , Rauniyar RK , Ahmad K , Pant AR , Kumar A , Shah S 
Published: January 2014

Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common ocular malignant neoplasm of childhood. Bilateral or unilateral intraocular RB in conjunction with a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the pineal region (i.e. pineoblastoma) is termed as trilateral retinoblastoma (TRB). Retinoblastoma may spread along the optic nerve to the intracranial compartment to give drop metastases in the subarachnoid space or it can spread through hematogenous and lymphatic routes. Phthisis bulbi (PB) is a relatively uncommon presentation of retinoblastoma. We report a case of trilateral retinoblastoma with phthisical left eye and extensive leptomeningeal metastasis in a 3-year-old female child.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njr.v3i2.9621 Nepalese Journal of Radiology Vol.3(2)July-Dec, 2013: 92-96
La procréation médicalement assistée en France : une question d’anonymat
Authors: Bruggeman Maryline 
Published: January 2014

Anonymity has been established as a principle in French law that forbids research into determining the identity of gamete donors. Its violation is also subject to criminal penalties. It is thus a fundamental rule rarely disputed, even though it is not necessarily implemented in foreign legislation. Due to its general nature and the importance that French law gives it, this anonymity principle raises concerns. Identified as an ethical principle, is anonymity justified when applied to gamete donation and medically assisted reproduction? It is important to distinguish anonymous gamete donation from the donation of elements and products of the human body. In the latter case, the ethical foundations of the rule of anonymity leave little room for doubt. Nevertheless, with respect to gamete donation, anonymity raises more difficulties. Indeed, many explain this principle by the fact that it is a sine qua non condition to obtaining the gametes necessary to implementing heterologous medically assisted reproduction. One could dispute this position, and some states have lifted donation anonymity without compromising their sources. However, this utilitarian consideration should not be viewed as being without an ethical dimension. In addition, anonymity not only concerns the receiving couple but also is imposed on a third party, the conceived child. Anonymity allows her to maintain a secret, about the circumstance of her conception, and its ethical nature may be legitimately doubted, particularly when one considers that secrecy makes possible the manipulation of the child’s condition.
Primary atlantoaxial bone tumors in children: management strategies and long-term follow-up
Authors: Menezes Arnold H. , Ahmed Raheel 
Published: January 2014

Object
Atlantoaxial tumors account for a substantial proportion of primary bone tumors in children. Before resection, surgeons must consider the complex regional anatomy, the potential for neurological compromise, craniocervical instability, and the question of tumor resectability in a growing spine. Using current technology, the authors analyzed surgical cases in this light and present outcomes and treatment recommendations after long-term patient follow-up.

Methods:
The authors reviewed clinical records for 23 children whose primary atlantoaxial bone tumors were treated from 1996 through 2010.

Results
Pathological lesions among the 23 patients were 4 aneurysmal bone cysts, 2 osteochondromas, 5 chordomas, 4 osteoblastomas, 3 fibrous dysplasias, 4 eosinophilic granulomas, and 1 Ewing's sarcoma. Clinical presentation consisted of neck pain (n = 23), headaches and occipital pain (n = 16), myelopathy (n = 8), and torticollis (n = 4). Selective angiography and coil embolization were undertaken for all patients with aneurysmal bone cysts and osteoblastomas, 2 patients with chordomas, 1 patient with fibrous dysplasia, and 1 patient with Ewing's sarcoma. Primary embolization treatment of radiation-induced aneurysmal bone cyst of the atlas showed complete reossification. Results of CT-guided needle biopsy were diagnostic for 1 patient with eosinophilic granuloma and 1 with Ewing's sarcoma. Needle biopsies performed before referral were associated with extreme blood loss for 1 patient and misdiagnosis for 2 patients. Surgery involved lateral extrapharyngeal, transoral, posterior, and posterolateral approaches with vertebral artery rerouting. Complete resection was possible for 9 patients (2 with osteochondroma, 3 with fibrous dysplasia, 2 with chordoma, and 2 with osteoblastoma). Decompression and internal fusion were performed for 3 patients with aneurysmal bone cysts. Of the 23 patients, 7 underwent dorsal fusion and 4 underwent ventral fusion of the axis body. Chemotherapy was necessary for the patients with eosinophilic granuloma with multifocal disease and for the patient with Ewing's sarcoma. There was no morbidity, and there were no deaths. All patients with benign lesions were free of disease at the time of the follow-up visit (mean ± SD follow-up 8.8 ± 1.1 years; range 2–18 years). Chordomas received proton or LINAC irradiation, and as of 4–15 years of follow-up, no recurrence has been noted.

Conclusions
Because most atlantoaxial tumors in children are benign, an intralesional procedure could suffice. Vascular control and staged resection are critical. Ventral transoral fusion or lateral extrapharyngeal fusion has been successful. Resection with ventral fusion and reconstruction are essential for vertebral body collapse. Management of eosinophilic granulomas must be individualized and might require diagnosis through needle biopsy.
Occurrence and Effect of Lower Extremity Ulcer in Rheumatoid Arthritis — A Population-based Study
Authors: Jebakumar Adlene J. , Udayakumar Prabhu D. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Gabriel Sherine E. , Matteson Eric L. 
Published: January 2014

Objective.To assess the occurrence, risk factors, morbidity, and mortality associated with lower extremity (LE) ulcers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods.Retrospective review of Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA, residents who first fulfilled the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA in 1980–2007 with followup to death, migration, or April 2012. Only LE ulcers that developed after the diagnosis of RA were included.Results.The study included 813 patients with 9771 total person-years of followup. Of them, 125 developed LE ulcers (total of 171 episodes), corresponding to a rate of occurrence of 1.8 episodes per 100 person-years (95% CI: 1.5, 2.0 per 100 person-yrs). The cumulative incidence of first LE ulcers was 4.8% at 5 years after diagnosis of RA and increased to 26.2% by 25 years. Median time for the LE ulcer to heal was 30 days. Ten of 171 episodes (6%) led to amputation. LE ulcers in RA were associated with increased mortality (HR 2.42; 95% CI 1.71, 3.42), adjusted for age, sex, and calendar year. Risk factors for LE ulcers included age (HR 1.73 per 10-yr increase; 95% CI 1.47, 2.04), rheumatoid factor positivity (HR 1.63; 95% CI 1.05, 2.53), presence of rheumatoid nodules (HR 2.14; 95% CI 1.39, 3.31), and venous thromboembolism (HR 2.16; 95% CI 1.07, 4.36).Conclusion.LE ulcers are common among patients with RA. The cumulative incidence increased by 1% per year. A significant number require amputation. Patients with RA who have LE ulcers are at a 2-fold risk for premature mortality.
Comparison of Phenotype and Outcome in Microscopic Polyangiitis Between Europe and Japan
Authors: Furuta Shunsuke , Chaudhry Afzal N. , Hamano Yoshitomo , Fujimoto Shouichi , Nagafuchi Hiroko , Makino Hirofumi , Matsuo Seiichi , Ozaki Shoichi , Endo Tomomi , Muso Eri , Ito Chiharu , Kusano Eiji , Yamagata Mieko , Ikeda Kei , Kashiwakuma Daisuke , Iwamoto Itsuo , Westman Kerstin , Jayne David 
Published: January 2014

Objective.There are differences between Europe and Japan in the incidence and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) serotype of patients with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). However, differences in phenotype or outcome have not been explored. We aimed to identify differences in phenotype and outcome of MPA between Europe and Japan.Methods.Sequential cohorts of patients with MPA and renal limited vasculitis were collected from European and Japanese centers (n = 147 and n = 312, respectively). Trial databases from the European Vasculitis Society and the Japanese patients with Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA-Associated Vasculitis (JMAAV) trial were studied (n = 254 and n = 48, respectively). We evaluated baseline characteristics including ANCA status and organ involvement, treatment, survival, and renal survival. Differences in survival and renal survival were studied using multivariate analysis.Results.The non-trial cohorts showed patients with MPA in Japan had a higher age at onset, more frequent MPO-ANCA positivity, lower serum creatinine, and more frequent interstitial pneumonitis than those in Europe (all p < 0.01). Comparisons between the trial databases demonstrated similar results. Cumulative patient survival and renal survival rates were not different between Europe and Japan (p = 0.71 and p = 0.38, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified age at onset, serum creatinine, gastrointestinal, and respiratory involvement as factors with higher risk of death. For endstage renal failure, serum creatinine and use of plasma exchange were identified as factors with higher risk, and immunosuppressant use as lower risk factors.Conclusion.Phenotypes in patients with MPA were different between Europe and Japan. However, the outcomes of patient survival and renal survival were similar.
Peripheral Arterial Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Prevalence and Risk Factors
Authors: Erdozain Jose Gabriel , Villar Irama , Nieto Javier , Ruiz-Irastorza Guillermo 
Published: January 2014

Objective.To analyze the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to identify variables potentially related to PAD.Methods.The study included 216 patients with SLE from the Lupus-Cruces prospective observational cohort. The ankle brachial index (ABI) was determined in each patient, with values < 0.9 considered diagnostic of PAD. Demographic and clinical variables, presence of traditional risk factors and CV events, cardiovascular risk calculated by Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), and treatments received by each patient were analyzed.Results.Ninety-two percent of patients were women. The mean age (SD) was 49 years (15), with a mean followup (SD) of 12 years (9). The prevalence of low ABI was 21%. CV risk factors were frequent: smoking, 30% of patients; high blood pressure, 32.7%; diabetes mellitus, 3.2%; hypercholesterolemia, 34.1%; and metabolic syndrome, 9.7%. The following variables were associated with low ABI in the univariate analysis: age (p < 0.001), hypertension (p = 0.002), diabetes (p = 0.018), hypercholesterolemia (p = 0.018), CV events (p < 0.001), SCORE (p = 0.004), cumulative dose of cyclophosphamide (p = 0.03), and fibrinogen levels (p = 0.002). In the multivariate analysis, the only independent variable in the final model was age (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.07, p < 0.001), with a tendency for the presence of any vascular risk factor (diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or current smoking; OR 2.3, 95% CI 0.99–5.1, p = 0.053).Conclusion.The prevalence of low ABI in patients with SLE is higher than expected. While the association with CV risk factors and vascular disease in other territories was strong, we could not identify SLE-specific variables independently associated with PAD.
Échange et développement
Authors: Thorbecke Erik , Cornelisse Peter 
Published: January 2014

L’objectif de cet article est de présenter un cadre expliquant les diverses formes d’échange dans différents contextes – particulièrement dans les pays en développement. L’approche que nous proposons repose sur un nouveau concept que nous appelons « approche de la configuration de l’échange ». Celui-ci se compose de trois éléments constitutifs : l’ objet échangé, les acteurs engagés dans les décisions relatives à l’objet échangé, et l’ environnement – matériel, social, technologique et juridique – dans lequel les acteurs opèrent. Les caractéristiques de ces éléments, selon différentes combinaisons, déterminent différents types de relations d’échange et de transactions. Chaque combinaison particulière d’éléments avec le processus de formation de l’échange et la transaction qui en découle est considérée comme une configuration d’échange . Ce nouveau concept permet de clarifier la dynamique de l’échange en examinant les forces qui affectent les éléments de l’échange. Deux exemples, l’un dans le cadre d’un pays en développement et l’autre dans le contexte de la crise de la finance mondiale qui a débuté en 2007, illustrent cette approche de la configuration d’échange. Classification JEL : O10, L14, O11, O17.
Fête et ordre colonial
Authors: Jansen Jan C. 
Published: January 2014

Les fêtes triomphalistes organisées en 1930 pour le centenaire du débarquement français sont souvent considérées comme un tournant dans l’histoire coloniale algérienne. L’article revient sur l’événement, le situant dans un cadre chronologique plus large. Le centenaire s’avère ainsi comme le début d’une vague de fêtes semblables dans plusieurs villes algériennes qui formeront une arène pour les luttes politiques des années 1930. Mettant l’accent sur les réactions algériennes (rumeurs, réinterprétations, campagnes de boycottage, etc.), l’article montre que cette série de centenaires fonctionnent comme une « école de résistance » dans laquelle différentes stratégies d’intervention sont progressivement conçues, expérimentées et mises en pratique.
Retour sur la grande famine ukrainienne de 1932-1933
Authors: Werth Nicolas 
Published: January 2014

L’auteur analyse en détail les processus de décision et les mécanismes politiques ayant conduit à la famine en Ukraine et au Caucase du Nord et à son aggravation intentionnelle, en se concentrant plus particulièrement sur la période cruciale qui va de la fin de l’été 1932 au début de l’année 1933. Il revient sur un certain nombre de questions ardemment débattues par les historiens russes et ukrainiens : les objectifs poursuivis par les dirigeants staliniens ; la question des aides débloquées, in extremis , pour certaines catégories d’affamés ; la spécificité de la famine ukrainienne par rapport aux autres famines ayant frappé d’autres régions de l’URSS au même moment ; la question de la qualification juridique de la famine ukrainienne.