bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating Social‐Contextual and Intrapersonal Mechanisms of “Maturing Out”: Joint Influences of Familial‐Role Transitions and Personality Maturation on Problem‐Drinking Reductions
Authors: Lee Matthew R. , Ellingson Jarrod M. , Sher Kenneth J. 
Published: August 2015

Background“Maturing out” of problem drinking is associated with both role transitions (e.g., getting married) and personality development. However, little is known concerning how these 2 mechanisms jointly influence problem‐drinking desistance. This study investigated whether salutary effects of role transitions and personality occur at different points in young‐adult development and whether they mediate one another's effects.MethodsParticipants were initially recruited as first‐year undergraduates, with family history of alcoholism overrepresented by design (N = 489). Using 4 waves of data at roughly ages 21, 25, 29, and 34, cross‐lagged panel models estimated prospective relations among familial‐role transitions (marriage or parenthood), personality (disinhibition, conscientiousness, and neuroticism), and problem drinking.ResultsMixed support was found for the prediction of roles being more strongly associated with earlier maturing out of problem drinking and personality being more strongly associated with later maturing out. Regarding mediation, no evidence was found for the expectation that role effects would be mediated by personality. However, results did support mediation of personality effects by role transitions. Specifically, lower disinhibition and higher conscientiousness in emerging adulthood predicted role adoption, which, in turn, predicted later problem‐drinking reductions. Family history of alcoholism also distally influenced these mediation processes.ConclusionsThe differential timing of role and personality effects is consistent with the notion of decreasing contextual influences and increasing intrapersonal influences across development. In light of role incompatibility theory, results suggest that, over the course of development, the association of familial roles with problem drinking may increasingly reflect problem‐drinking effects on role entry (i.e., role selection) and decreasingly reflect role entry effects on problem drinking (i.e., role socialization). As emerging‐adult disinhibition and conscientiousness were associated with an apparent developmental cascade of both direct and indirect effects, findings highlight their potential importance as etiologic mechanisms and intervention targets.
Binge Drinking and Perceived Neighborhood Characteristics Among Mexican Americans Residing on the U.S.–Mexico Border
Authors: Vaeth Patrice A. C. , Caetano Raul , Mills Britain A. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundThis study examines the association between perceived neighborhood violence, perceived neighborhood collective efficacy, and binge drinking among Mexican Americans residing on the U.S.–Mexico border.MethodsData were collected from a multistage cluster sample of adult Mexican Americans residing in the U.S.–Mexico border areas of California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas (N = 1,307). The survey weighted response rate was 67%. Face‐to‐face interviews lasting approximately 1 hour were conducted in respondents' homes in English or Spanish. Path analysis was used to test whether collective efficacy mediated the impact of perceived neighborhood violence on binge drinking.ResultsAmong 30+‐year‐old women, perceived neighborhood collective efficacy mediated the effects of perceived neighborhood violence on binge drinking in a theoretically predicted way: Lower perceptions of violence predicted an increased perception of collective efficacy, which in turn, predicted less binge drinking. Direct effects of violence perceptions on binge were nonsignificant. Younger 18‐ to 29‐year‐old women showed a similar (but nonsignificant) pattern of effects. Perceived collective efficacy also mediated the effects of perceived violence on binge drinking among men, but in opposite ways for older and younger men. Older men showed the same mediating effect as older women, but the effect reversed among younger men due to a strong, positive relation between collective efficacy and binge drinking. There were also age differences in the direct effect of violence perceptions on binge drinking: Perceptions of violence predicted more binge drinking among young men, but less among older men.ConclusionsThese results highlight the complexity of people's responses to neighborhood characteristics in regard to their drinking. Young men in particular seem to react very differently to perceptions of collective efficacy than other groups. However, among both men and women, collective efficacy may come to play an increasingly important protective role in health outcomes with age.
Early Adolescent Alcohol Use: Are Sipping and Drinking Distinct?
Authors: Wadolowski Monika , Hutchinson Delyse , Bruno Raimondo , Aiken Alexandra , Clare Philip , Slade Tim , Najman Jake , Kypri Kypros , McBride Nyanda , Mattick Richard P. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundSipping alcohol is common during early adolescence, but research has ignored the distinction between sipping and drinking whole alcohol beverages, conflating the 2, or else simply classifying “sippers” as abstainers. Research has not addressed whether sippers are different to drinkers, in relation to variables known to be associated with adolescent alcohol consumption, or considered whether sipping and drinking behaviors may have quite different associations.MethodsParent–child dyads (N = 1,823) were recruited in 3 states from Australian grade 7 classes. Multinomial logistic analyses compared adolescents who had only had a sip/taste of alcohol (sippers) with adolescents who had consumed at least a whole drink (drinkers) in the past 6 months. The multivariate model assessed a broad range of demographics, parenting practices, peer influences, and adolescent externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and controlled for school clustering.ResultsCompared to drinkers, sippers were less likely to come from 1‐parent households (odds ratio [OR] = 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35 to 0.98); less likely to come from low‐socioeconomic status (SES) households (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.31 to 0.94); more likely to come from families where parents provide stricter alcohol‐specific rules (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.32), stricter monitoring of the child's activities (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.16), more consistent parenting practices (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.23), and more positive family relationships (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.02 to 2.43); and report having fewer substance‐using peers (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.70 to 0.91) and greater peer disapproval of any substance use (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.19 to 1.42). After adjustment for confounders, the associations with household composition and SES were no longer significant, but the familial and peer associations remained significant in the multivariate analysis, χ2(40) = 1,493.06, p < 0.001.ConclusionsSipping alcohol has different associations with known predictors of adolescent alcohol use than drinking whole beverages, and sipping may be a distinct or separable behavior. Future research should better define quantities of early consumption and assess the relationship between early sipping and drinking on long‐term outcomes separately.
The Use of Open‐ and Closed‐Loop Control During Goal‐Directed Force Responses by Children with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Authors: Simmons Roger W. , Nguyen Tanya T. , Thomas Jennifer D. , Riley Edward P. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundMany daily functional activities involve goal‐directed responses based on open‐loop and closed‐loop motor control, yet little is known about how children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure organize and regulate these 2 types of control systems when completing a goal‐directed force response.MethodsChildren with (n = 19) or without (n = 23) heavy prenatal alcohol exposure were required to match a target force (25 and 50% of maximum voluntary force) in a specified target time (200, 800, and 2,000 ms). Target force and produced force were visually displayed on a computer monitor. The analog force–time record was parsed into 2 segments: the period beginning from force initiation to the first reversal in force was designated the open‐loop phase, and the remainder of the response was the closed‐loop phase.ResultsCompared to controls, alcohol‐exposed children produced a significantly shorter duration of open‐loop control, a higher open‐loop phase rate of force development, a shorter time to reach maximum force during the closed‐loop phase, and greater absolute target force error. Increasing target force magnitude did not differentially alter the performance of the clinical group.ConclusionsThe results indicate that alcohol‐exposed children experience deficits in completing goal‐directed force responses that likely stem from an alcohol‐related insult to the central nervous system. Therapeutic exercises should be designed to recalibrate internal timing systems and improve visuomotor integration.
Child oral health‐related quality of life and early childhood caries: a non‐inferiority randomized control trial
Authors: Arrow P , Klobas E 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to compare changes in child oral health‐related quality of life (COHRQoL) after treatment for early childhood caries (ECC) using two alternative treatment approaches.MethodsA randomized control trial with random allocation of parent/child dyads with ECC to test (minimum intervention) or control (standard care). Participating parents completed the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) at baseline and follow‐up. Changes in ECOHIS scores and extent of COHRQoL impacts between and within groups were tested using the chi‐squared statistic for groups, Wilcoxon's rank‐sum test, and matched‐pairs signed‐rank test.ResultsTwo hundred and fifty‐four children were randomized (test = 127; control = 127). At baseline, mean ECOHIS score 11.1, sd 8.2; mean age = 3.8 years, sd 0.90; mean dmft = 4.9, sd 4.0; and 59% male. After a mean interval of 11.4 months, 210 children were followed‐up and returned a completed questionnaire (test = 111; control = 99). There was no significant difference in COHRQoL changes between test and control. For all the children combined, there were significantly fewer impacts at follow‐up in the child and family domains and the total ECOHIS, Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, p < 0.05.ConclusionsCOHRQoL improved with primary dental care for ECC, and there was no statistically significant difference between test and control in the extent of the improvement.
The moderating effects of perceived emotional benefits on inhalant initiation among American Indian and white youth
Authors: Swaim Randall C. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundInhalant use co‐occurs with emotional distress. Inhalant use may be a means of self‐medicating distress, but more recent study focuses on the cognitive appraisal of personal benefits of using substances.ObjectivesObjectives were to determine whether emotional distress variables predict early versus later initiation of inhalant use, whether such relationships differ between American Indian and white youth, and whether perceived emotional benefits of inhalant use moderates the relationship between emotional distress and stage of inhalant initiation.MethodsData were from a study of 7–12th grade American Indian youth who live on or near reservations. A total of 856 students from 32 schools surveyed from 2009 to 2012, who reported having used inhalants (American Indian = 683; white = 173), were surveyed about age first use of inhalants, levels of emotional distress, and perceived benefits of inhalant use. SEM models were used to assess study objectives.ResultsDepression and anger did not discriminate between early and later initiation. Lower self‐esteem related to earlier initiation, but only among American Indian students. Perceived emotional benefits of inhalant use did not moderate the relationship between self‐esteem and stage of initiation.Discussion and ConclusionsAmong middle school and high school American Indian and white youth living on or near American Indian reservations, emotional distress is not strongly related to stage of inhalant initiation.Scientific SignificanceThese findings raise questions about the timing and strength of relationship between emotional distress and early inhalant initiation. Prospective studies are need to assess this relationship more fully. (Am J Addict 2015;24:554–560)
Inverse Correlation between the Atrial Fibrillatory Rate and the Ventricular Repolarization Time: Observations at Baseline and after an Intravenous Infusion of a Combined Potassium and Sodium Current Blocker
Authors: Edvardsson Nils , Aunes Maria , Frison Lars , Berggren Anders R. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundThe atrial fibrillatory rate (AFR) and the ventricular rate and repolarization (QTcF) were studied at baseline and under the influence of the combined potassium and sodium current blocker AZD7009.MethodsNinety‐two patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) were randomized to an intravenous infusion of AZD7009 or placebo. The atrial fibrillatory activity in lead V1 was extracted using spatiotemporal QRST cancellation. The exponential decay (ED) characterized the degree of atrial signal organization.ResultsThe mean (SD) AFR at baseline was 396 ± 57 (range 253–584) and 410 ± 33 (range 363–469) bpm in patients randomized to AZD7009 and placebo, respectively. The AFR decreased within the first minutes of the AZD7009 infusion and reached its minimum of 235 ± 34 bpm after 18 minutes. On placebo, the AFR was unchanged. On AZD7009, the ED decreased from 1.2 ± 0.3 to reach its lowest level at 0.7 ± 0.2 after 14 minutes. The ventricular rate did not change significantly over time. The AFR was statistically significantly related to the ventricular repolarization at baseline, the QTcF being longer at lower AFR values, and this relationship remained during and after AZD7009. In the full multivariate linear regression model, including age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction, QRS duration, heart rate, QTcF, AF episode duration, AF history duration, and right atrial or left atrial size, only QTcF and age were statistically significantly correlated with the AFR. The correlation remained when the uncorrected QT interval was used.ConclusionsThe QTcF was inversely correlated with AFR, both at baseline and during administration of AZD7009. The AFR was not correlated with the ventricular rate.
Outcomes of open partial nephrectomies performed by Australian trainees
Authors: Tucker Paige E. , Rukin Nicholas J. , Kugathasan Gana , Kong Jennifer P. , Wallace David M. A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundPartial nephrectomy (PN) has become the standard of care for small renal tumours, with open partial nephrectomy (OPN) being superseded by minimally invasive PN. Advances in minimal access surgery have resulted in fewer relative contraindications, with subsequently fewer OPN being performed. Consequentially, trainees have less opportunity to gain skills and experience in open renal surgery. The aims of this study were to assess the standard of OPN performed by Australian urological trainees and to define whether OPN is a safe and suitable training opportunity.MethodA retrospective review was undertaken on patients who underwent OPN performed by urology trainees from 2010 to 2014 at two training hospitals in Western Australia. Data collected included patient demographics, surgical and oncological outcomes and morbidity.ResultsSixty patients underwent OPN, with a mean age of 56 years. Most tumours were single, with mean size 31 mm. Mean operative time was 157 min, with a mean cold ischaemic time of 27 min. Mean pre‐ and post‐operative creatinine levels were equivalent (77 μmol/L). The overall complication rate was 18%, with no documented urinary leaks, and 1.7% blood transfusion rate. Median length of stay was 4 days. There were no oncological positive margins or recurrence after a median follow‐up of 2 years.ConclusionOur data support the notion that Australian urological trainees can perform the majority of OPN cases, with equivalent oncological outcomes. We would advocate that when an OPN is being performed, the supervising consultant should use the case as an adjuvant for open renal surgery training.
Bleb‐related infection revisited: a literature review
Authors: Yassin Sanaa A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBleb‐related infection (BRI) is one of the serious complications of glaucoma filtering surgery. This literature review is aimed at the evaluation of recent studies related to BRI. The review presented and discussed risk factors, and clinical and laboratory diagnosis emphasizing advances in diagnostic techniques to detect and distinguish the disease as well as to initiate immediate intensive antibacterial treatment. Clinical features of recognized prognostic factors of visual outcome were also presented. The studies showed that the prognosis of blebitis is usually good, unless infection has progressed to endophthalmitis that would signify a poorer prognosis. Despite prompt and intensive treatment of patients with bleb‐related endophthalmitis, the outcomes remain unsatisfactory especially with virulent organisms and low initial visual acuity. It has been recommended that early detection and treatment of risk factors and thorough patient education are indispensable in ensuring best prognosis in post‐trabeculectomy patients.
Alcohol during pregnancy worsens acute respiratory infections in children
Authors: Libster Romina , M. Ferolla Fausto , Hijano Diego R. , Acosta Patricio L. , Erviti Anabella , Polack Fernando P. ,   the INFANT Respiratory Network
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimThis study explored whether alcohol consumption during pregnancy increased the risk of life‐threatening respiratory infections in children.MethodsWe prospectively evaluated children under the age of two years admitted to hospitals in Buenos Aires, Argentina, with severe acute respiratory infections during the winters of 2011 and 2012. Information on maternal alcohol consumption during the third trimester of pregnancy was collected using standardised questionnaires and categorised as never, low if it was once a week and high if it was equal or more than once a week.ResultsOf the 3423 children hospitalised with acute respiratory infection, 2089 (63.7%) had respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Alcohol consumption during the last trimester was reported by 398 mothers (12.4%) and categorised as low (n = 210, 6.5%) or high (n = 188, 5.9%). A greater effect on life‐threatening respiratory infection, defined as oxygen saturation of or up to 87%, was observed with higher alcohol intake due to all viruses and specifically RSV in the logistic regression analyses. Alcohol consumption was strongly associated with life‐threatening disease, particularly in boys whose adjusted odds ratio rose from 3.67 to 13.52 when their mothers drank alcohol.ConclusionAlcohol consumption during pregnancy was associated with life‐threatening respiratory infections in boys.
Recursive partitioning analysis of prognostic factors in post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD): a 120 case single institution series
Authors: Montanari Francesca , Radeski Dejan , Seshan Venkatraman , Alobeid Bachir , Bhagat Govind , O'Connor Owen A. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryThe post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) comprise a heterogeneous group of lymphocytic and plasma cell proliferations occurring in recipients of tissue allografts in the setting of immunosuppression. We describe our experience of 120 patients with PTLD seen between 1990 and 2009, one of the largest series reported by a single institution. Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders characteristics were analysed with regard to paediatric and adult patients, and with regard to the decade of diagnosis, 1990–1999 (pre‐rituximab era) versus 2000–2009 (the rituximab era). We present a new prognostic score using the recursive partitioning model, consisting of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score (0–1 vs. 2–4), age [paediatrics (<16 years old), adults (16–60 years old) and elderly (>60 years old)] and CD20 status (positive vs negative); separating patients into 4 risk categories based on overall survival. Low‐risk included paediatric patients with ECOG score of 0–1; intermediate‐low‐risk included adults aged 16–60 years with an ECOG score of 0–1; intermediate‐high‐risk included elderly patients with an ECOG score 0–1 or paediatric patients and adults aged 16–60 years with an ECOG score of 2–4 and CD20 positive; high‐risk group included patients of any age with an ECOG score of 2–4 and CD20 negative, and elderly patients with an ECOG score of 2–4 with CD20‐positive PTLD.
Juxtaposition and Disturbance: Disentangling the Determinants of Lizard Community Structure
Authors: Mesquita Daniel O. , Colli Guarino R. , Pantoja Davi L. , Shepard Donald B. , C. Vieira Gustavo H. , Vitt Laurie J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDisturbance alters the structure and dynamics of communities. Here, we examined the effects of seasonal flooding on the lizard community structure by comparing two adjacent habitats, a seasonally flooded and a non‐flooded forest, in a Cerrado–Amazon ecotone area, theCantãoStatePark, Tocantins state,Brazil. Despite the strong potential impact of seasonal flooding, the only significant environmental difference detected was more termite mounds in non‐flooded forests. Species richness was significantly higher in the non‐flooded forest.Colobosaura modesta, followed byMabuya frenataandAnolis brasiliensis, were the only species that differed in number of captures between sites.Colobosaura modestawas exclusively found in the non‐flooded forest, whileAnolis brasiliensiswas the most captured in the flooded forest.Mabuya frenatais indicated as an indicator species in the flooded forest, andColobosaura modestain the non‐flooded forest. We found a significant association between lizard abundances and habitat characteristics, with flooding, canopy cover, and logs being the best predictors. A phylogenetic community structure analysis indicated a lack of structure in both lizard assemblages. Overall, we show that seasonal flooding can strongly impact species richness and species occurrence patterns, but not phylogenetic community structure. TheAmazon–Cerrado transition is undergoing pronounced transformations due to deforestation and climate change. Despite being species‐poor compared with central areas inAmazon orCerrado, this ecotone harbors species with important adaptations that could hold the key to persistence in human‐disturbed landscapes or during periods of climate change.