bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological, sensorimotor, and expectancy effects on tobacco withdrawal: a preliminary study
Authors: Guillot Casey R. , Stone Matthew D. , Geary Bree A. , Kirkpatrick Matthew G. , Tidey Jennifer W. , Cook Jessica W. , Leventhal Adam M. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveResearch designs for parsing the mechanisms underlying tobacco withdrawal are scant. This study introduced a novel research design that simultaneously manipulated three tobacco withdrawal mechanisms: pharmacological (nicotine dissipation), sensorimotor (elimination of the smoking ritual), and expectancy (activation of beliefs regarding the effects of nicotine deprivation), permitting examination of the effects of each mechanism while holding the other two mechanisms constant.MethodsFollowing overnight abstinence, 32 regular cigarette smokers were randomized in a 2 (expectancy: told patch contains nicotine versus told placebo patch) × 2 (drug: receive 21‐mg transdermal nicotine patch versus receive placebo patch) × 2 (sensorimotor: smoke very low nicotine content cigarettes versus no smoking) full factorial between‐subjects design. Participants repeatedly completed measures of craving, affect, and anticipated pleasure from and desire for rewarding experiences, followed by a smoking lapse analog task.ResultsReceiving nicotine (versus placebo) increased positive affect and anticipated pleasure from and desire for reward. Expecting nicotine (versus placebo) reduced negative affect and increased smoking delay. Sensorimotor stimulation from smoking (versus no smoking) reduced smoking urge and behavior.ConclusionResults provided initial validation of this novel three‐mechanism design. This design can be used in the future to advance understanding and treatment of tobacco withdrawal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endoplasmic reticulum quality control and systemic amyloid disease: Impacting protein stability from the inside out
Authors: Chen John J. , Genereux Joseph C. , Wiseman R. Luke 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for regulating proteome integrity throughout the secretory pathway. The ER protects downstream secretory environments such as the extracellular space by partitioning proteins between ER protein folding, trafficking, and degradation pathways in a process called ER quality control. In this process, ER quality control factors identify misfolded, aggregation‐prone protein conformations and direct them toward ER protein folding or degradation, reducing their secretion to the extracellular space where they could further misfold or aggregate into proteotoxic conformations. Despite the general efficiency of ER quality control, many human diseases, such as the systemic amyloidoses, involve aggregation of destabilized, aggregation‐prone proteins in the extracellular space. A common feature for all systemic amyloid diseases is the ability for amyloidogenic proteins to evade ER quality control and be efficiently secreted. The efficient secretion of these amyloidogenic proteins increases their serum concentrations available for the distal proteotoxic aggregation characteristic of these diseases. This indicates that ER quality control, and the regulation thereof, is a critical determinant in defining the onset and pathology of systemic amyloid diseases. Here, we discuss the pathologic and potential therapeutic relationship between ER quality control, protein secretion, and distal deposition of amyloidogenic proteins involved in systemic amyloid diseases. Furthermore, we present evidence that the unfolded protein response, the stress‐responsive signaling pathway that regulates ER quality control, is involved in the pathogenesis of systemic amyloid diseases and represents a promising emerging therapeutic target to intervene in this class of human disease. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(6):404–413, 2015
Mating in the box jellyfish Copula sivickisi—Novel function of cnidocytes
Authors: Garm Anders , Lebouvier Marion , Tolunay Duygu 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTWithin cubozoans, a few species have developed a sexual reproduction system including mating and internal fertilization. One species, Copula sivickisi, is found in a large area of the indo pacific. They have separate sexes and when mature males and females meet they entangle their tentacles and the males transfer a sperm package, a spermatozeugmata, which is ingested by the female fertilizing her eggs internally. After 2–3 days, the females lay an embryo strand that sticks to the substrate and after another 2–3 days, the fully developed larvae leave the strand. We have examined the ultrastructure of the gonads and spermatozeugmata to look for structural adaptations to this specialized way of reproduction and understand how the fertilization takes place. Surprisingly, we discovered that the male gonads were heavily packed with cnidocytes of the isorhiza type and that they are transferred to the spermatozeugmata. The spermatozeugmata does not dissolve in the female gastrovascular cavity but is attached to the female gonad probably using the isorhizas. Here, the sperm cells are partly digested and the nuclei are released. The actual fertilization seems to happen through phagocytosis of the released nuclei by the epithelial cells. The female gonads are likewise packed with cnidocytes but of the eurytele type. They do not mature inside the female and putatively serve to protect the developing larvae once the embryo strand is laid. This specialized way of fertilization is to our knowledge novel and so is this first account of cnidocytes being directly involved in cnidarian reproduction. J. Morphol. 276:1055–1064, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The interbranchial lymphoid tissue of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salarL) extends as a diffuse mucosal lymphoid tissue throughout the trailing edge of the gill filament
Authors: Dalum Alf S. , Austbø Lars , Bjørgen Håvard , Skjødt Karsten , Hordvik Ivar , Hansen Tom , Fjelldal Per G. , Press Charles McL , Griffiths David J. , Koppang Erling O. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe teleost gill forms an extensive, semipermeable barrier that must tolerate intimate contact with the surrounding environment and be able to protect the body from external pathogens. The recent discovery of the interbranchial lymphoid tissue (ILT) has initiated an anatomical and functional investigation of the lymphoid tissue of the salmonid gill. In this article, sectioning of gill arches in all three primary planes revealed an elongation of the ILT outward along the trailing edge of the primary filament to the very distal end, a finding not previously described. This newly found lymphoid tissue was investigated using a range of morphological and transcriptional tools. Avoiding potential salinity‐related effects, the study focused on two fresh‐water life stages—smoltifying juveniles and mature adults. Aggregates of T‐cells continuous with the ILT were found within the thick epithelial lining of the trailing edge of the filament in considerably larger numbers than seen in the epithelium of the leading edge and of the interlamellar area. Only a few of these cells were identified as CD8α+‐cells, and there was a significantly (P < 0.05) higher relative expression of CD4‐ than of CD8‐ related genes in all gill segments investigated. Numerous major histocompatibility complex class II+‐cells were distributed uniformly throughout the filament epithelial tissue. Few Ig+‐cells were detected. Overall, the morphological features and comparable immune gene expression of the previously described ILT and the filament trailing edge lymphoid tissue suggest a close functional and anatomical relationship. We propose that the anatomical definition of the ILT must be broadened to include both the previously described ILT (to be renamed proximal ILT) and the trailing edge lymphoid tissue (to be named distal ILT). This extended anatomical localisation identifies the ILT as a widely distributed mucosal lymphoid tissue in the gill of Atlantic salmon. J. Morphol. 276:1075–1088, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Professional Development Barriers and Benefits in a Tourism Knowledge Economy
Authors: Lyons Kevin D. , Young Tamara , Hanley Joanne , Stolk Paul 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis study investigates small to medium tourism enterprise (SMTE) owner–managers' intentions to seek professional development. SMTEs in a regional tourism destination were surveyed, and an exploratory factor analysis identified barriers to, and benefits of, professional development factors. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict SMTE owner–manager's intention to pursue professional development based on perceived benefits of and barriers to training factors, education level and business size. ‘Staff performance benefits’ and ‘time/cost barriers’ of owner–manager's intention to seek professional development opportunities for staff. ‘Business performance benefits’ predicted owner–manager's intentions to seek professional develop for themselves. Implications of the findings are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Objective assessment of changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior: Pre‐ through 3 years post‐bariatric surgery
Authors: King Wendy C. , Chen Jia‐Yuh , Bond Dale S. , Belle Steven H. , Courcoulas Anita P. , Patterson Emma J. , Mitchell James E. , Inabnet William B. , Dakin George F. , Flum David R. , Cook Brian , Wolfe Bruce M. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate change in sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA) over 3 years following bariatric surgery.MethodsA subset of participants in an observational study (n = 473 of 2,458; 79% female, median body mass index 45 kg m−2) wore an activity monitor presurgery and at 1‐3 annual postsurgery assessments.ResultsOver the first year, on average, sedentary time decreased from 573 (95% CI: 563‐582) to 545 (95% CI: 534‐555) min days−1 and moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity PA (MVPA) increased from 77 (95% CI: 71‐84) to 106 (95% CI: 98‐116) min week−1, or 7 (95% CI: 5‐10) to 24 (95% CI: 18‐29) min week−1 in MVPA bouts ≥10 min. There were no changes in these parameters from years 1 to 3 (P for all > 0.05). The percentage of participants achieving ≥150 min week−1 of bout‐related MVPA was not different at year 3 [6.5% (95% CI: 3.1‐12.7)] vs. presurgery [3.4% (95% CI: 1.8‐5.0); P = 0.45]. Most participants followed SB and PA trajectories that paralleled mean change and were consistent with their presurgery position in relation to the group.ConclusionsOn average, bariatric surgical patients make small reductions in SB and increases in PA during the first postsurgery year, which are maintained through 3 years. Still, postsurgery PA levels fall short of PA guidelines for general health or weight control.
From a Microscope to a Nanoscope
Authors: Kuntze Theresa , Urtecho Rudyard 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn conventional confocal microscopy, the limit of the resolution is half of the wavelength of light. For blue light, this is 200 nm.This resolution limit was postulated by Ernst Abbe 1873 and for decades it was considered, that this limit could not be overcome. The reason is based on the diffraction, which occurs at two clearly differentiated objects and makes both objects appear blurred together as one. Using the stimulated emission depletion method (STED) developed by Stefan Hell, a higher resolution could be achieved, which was far below the previously mentioned limit. The microscope became a nanoscope long‐standing and alters conceptions about the resolving powers in light microscopy.
Molecular dynamics simulation of triclinic lysozyme in a crystal lattice
Authors: Janowski Pawel A. , Liu Chunmei , Deckman Jason , Case David A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMolecular dynamics simulations of crystals can enlighten interpretation of experimental X‐ray crystallography data and elucidate structural dynamics and heterogeneity in biomolecular crystals. Furthermore, because of the direct comparison against experimental data, they can inform assessment of molecular dynamics methods and force fields. We present microsecond scale results for triclinic hen egg‐white lysozyme in a supercell consisting of 12 independent unit cells using four contemporary force fields (Amber ff99SB, ff14ipq, ff14SB, and CHARMM 36) in crystalline and solvated states (for ff14SB only). We find the crystal simulations consistent across multiple runs of the same force field and robust to various solvent equilibration schemes. However, convergence is slow compared with solvent simulations. All the tested force fields reproduce experimental structural and dynamic properties well, but Amber ff14SB maintains structure and reproduces fluctuations closest to the experimental model: its average backbone structure differs from the deposited structure by 0.37Å; by contrast, the average backbone structure in solution differs from the deposited by 0.65Å. All the simulations are affected by a small progressive deterioration of the crystal lattice, presumably due to imperfect modeling of hydrogen bonding and other crystal contact interactions; this artifact is smallest in ff14SB, with average lattice positions deviating by 0.20Å from ideal. Side‐chain disorder is surprisingly low with fewer than 30% of the nonglycine or alanine residues exhibiting significantly populated alternate rotamers. Our results provide helpful insight into the methodology of biomolecular crystal simulations and indicate directions for future work to obtain more accurate energy models for molecular dynamics.
MOCVD growth of Pt films using a novel Pt(IV) compound as a precursor
Authors: Dorovskikh Svetlana I. , Zharkova Galina I. , Zelenina Ludmila N. , Asanov Igor P. , Kal'nii Danila B. , Kokovkin Vasily V. , Shubin Yuri V. , Basova Tamara V. , Morozova Natalia B. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe Me3Pt(acac)Py compound, trimethyl(pentane‐2,4‐dionato)platinum(IV)pyridine, is synthesized and, for the first time, characterized by physico‐chemical methods to determine its chemical composition (elemental analysis, IR‐spectroscopy) and thermal behavior (thermogravimetric (TG), differential thermal analyses (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensometric flow method). Due to its good volatility ln(p/p°) = 16.47–9699/T(K) at moderate temperatures (393–414 K) the compound is offered as a promising precursor for growth of Pt films by metal‐organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD). The Pt films deposited on various substrates including Si(100), Ta, Ti substrates, cathodes and anodes of the electrodes for pacemakers are investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical characteristics of Pt films are also determined. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tandem mass spectrometry of isomeric aniline‐labeled N‐glycans separated on porous graphitic carbon: Revealing the attachment position of terminal sialic acids and structures of neutral glycans
Authors: Michael Claudia , Rizzi Andreas M. 
Published: May 2015

RationaleQuantitative monitoring of changes in the N‐glycome upon disease has gained significance in the context of biomarker discovery. Separation and quantification of isobaric glycan isomers can be attained by using high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐MS). Collision‐induced dissociation (CID)‐based fragmentation of separated isobaric glycans is evaluated in respect to its potential of providing fragment ions specific for the linkage positions of terminal sialic acids and the presence of intersecting GlcNAc moieties, respectively.MethodsN‐Glycans were labeled via reductive amination using 12C6‐aniline and 13C6‐aniline as isotope‐coded labeling reagents. The differently labeled glycans were merged and separated into various species using a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) stationary phase. Identification of structural features of separated isobaric isomers was performed by CID‐based tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) carried out in a quadrupole time‐of‐flight (QqTOF) or a quadrupole ion‐trap (IT) mass spectrometer.ResultsWorking in the negative ion mode, new diagnostic CID fragment ions could be found that are indicative for the α2,6‐type linkage of sialic acids. Other diagnostic ions, identified before as being indicative for the substitution of the 6‐antenna, could be confirmed as being of relevance also in the case of aniline labeling. In the positive ion mode, CID fragment ions indicative for the structure of short neutral N‐glycans were identified.ConclusionsOne new diagnostic ion specific for the linkage position of the terminal sialic acids and one for the presence of bisecting GlcNAc in N‐glycans were identified. The aniline label introduced for improved relative quantitation in MS1 was found not to significantly alter the CID fragmentation patterns that were reported previously by other authors for unlabeled/reduced glycans or for glycans with more polar labels. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Family learning outdoors: Guided participation on a nature walk
Authors: Zimmerman Heather Toomey , McClain Lucy R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis informal learning research project examined how guided participation processes support the use of cultural tools (such as scientific equipment) during a nature walk at one nature center. This paper analyzed family interactions outdoors using microethnographic methods. An informal learning framework based on guided participation and cultural tools allowed for an in‐depth investigation of social facilitation used by a working class family: a grandmother, a mother, and two young sons. We identified three findings related to guided participation strategies that facilitated the use of cultural tools for this family, which are discussed in detail: (1) one guided participation process that emerged was the facilitating physical movements related to cultural tool use; (2) a second guided participation process that emerged was balancing the access to cultural tools to reflect family goals for both social harmony and supporting science interests; and (3) trail‐based designed learning settings where outdoor explorations occur are important, but understudied, sites of learning for rural families. Implications of the study included the analytical importance of the constructs of cultural tools, guided participation, and embodied science knowledge for advancing research on family learning related to biology and environmental sciences. The research also suggested an expanded view of what counts as an informal science learning institution by including nature trails and related outdoor spaces alongside museums, science centers, and zoos in order to represent the everyday learning activities of rural families. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 53: 919–942, 2016
The Correlation Between RhoA Expression and Clinicopathological Characteristics in Gastric Cancer Patients After Curative Surgery
Authors: Huang Kuo‐Hung , Lan Yuan‐Tzu , Chen Ming‐Huang , Chao Yee , Lo Su‐Shun , Li Anna Fen‐Yau , Wu Chew‐Wun , Chiou Shih‐Hwa , Yang Muh‐Hwa , Shyr Yi‐Ming , Fang Wen‐Liang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe expression of RhoA, a member of the ras homologue family, is reported to be involved in tumorigenesis in some cancers; however, its prognostic value in gastric cancer is controversial.MethodsBetween April 1988 and January 2005, a total of 206 gastric cancer patients receiving curative surgery were enrolled in this study. Immunohistochemical staining of the RhoA protein was performed, and the clinicopathological characteristics and initial recurrence patterns were compared between low RhoA expression (n = 55) and high RhoA expression (n = 151) gastric cancer patients.ResultsFor intestinal‐type (n = 134) gastric cancer, there is no significant difference between the clinicopathological characteristics and RhoA expression. However, for diffuse‐type (n = 82) gastric cancer, high RhoA expression was associated with more advanced pathological N category compared to low RhoA expression. A multivariate analysis revealed that age, pathological T and N categories, and RhoA expression were independent prognostic factors for overall survival after curative surgery. For all patients, the five‐year overall survival rates and disease‐free survival rates were higher in patients with low RhoA expression compared to those with high RhoA expression, which was observed in diffuse‐type gastric cancer, not in intestinal‐type gastric cancer. With regard to the initial recurrence pattern, patients with high RhoA expression had more distant metastasis compared to those with low RhoA expression, especially more liver metastasis.ConclusionsRhoA expression is an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer, especially for diffuse‐type. We should be aware of liver metastasis during the follow‐up of gastric cancer with high RhoA expression.
Raising the Alarm: A Cross‐Sectional Study Exploring the Factors Affecting Patients’ Willingness to Escalate Care on Surgical Wards
Authors: Johnston Maximilian J. , Davis Rachel E. , Arora Sonal , King Dominic , Reissis Yannis , Darzi Ara 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundDelays in escalation of care for patients may contribute to poor outcome. The factors that influence surgical patients’ willingness to call for help on wards are currently unknown. This study explored the factors that affect patients’ willingness to call for help on surgical wards; how patients call for help and to whom; how to encourage patients to call for help, and the barriers to patients calling for help.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted in three London hospitals using a questionnaire designed through expert opinion and the published literature. A total of 155 surgical patients (83 % response rate) participated.ResultsPatients were more willing to call for help using the bedside buzzer or by calling a nurse compared to a doctor (p < 0.001). The prompts to calling for help patients were most likely to act on were bleeding and pain. Patients were more willing to call for help if encouraged by a healthcare professional than a relative or fellow patient (p < 0.01). Patients were more likely to worry about taking up too much time when calling for help than being perceived as difficult (p < 0.001). For some prompts, male patients were more willing to call for help (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThis is the first study to identify factors affecting patients’ willingness to call for help on surgical wards. Interventions that take these factors into account can be developed to encourage patients to call for help and may avoid delays in treatment.