bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
68Gallium- and 90Yttrium-/177Lutetium: “theranostic twins” for diagnosis and treatment of NETs
Authors: Werner Rudolf A. , Bluemel Christina , Allen-Auerbach Martin S. , Higuchi Takahiro , Herrmann Ken 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Abundant expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTR) is frequently identified in differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and may serve as potential target for diagnostic imaging and treatment. This article discusses the “theranostic approach” of SSTR-targeting compounds including an overview of its role for diagnosis, staging and restaging, discussing its way to being established in clinical routine, and giving an outlook about further potentially relevant developments.
Sevoflurane postconditioning attenuates cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury via protein kinase B/nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2 pathway activation
Authors: Li Bo , Sun Jian , Lv Guoyi , Yu Yonghao , Wang Guolin , Xie Keliang , Jiao Yang , Yu Yang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOxidative damage plays a critical role in many diseases of the central nervous system. This study was conducted to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in the putative anti‐oxidative effects of sevoflurane against experimental stroke. Focal cerebral ischemia was performed via 1 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion. At the onset of reperfusion, rats were subjected to postconditioning with sevoflurane or without sevoflurane for 1 h. Neurological deficit score was assessed at different time points after reperfusion. Cerebral infarct volume, oxidative stress level and the binding activity of Nrf2 to antioxidant response element were assessed, meanwhile the expression of nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), protein kinase B (Akt) and phosphor‐Akt was examined by Western blot at 72 h after reperfusion. Sevoflurane postconditioning administration significantly reduced neurological deficit score, infarct volume and oxidative stress levels, while increased the expression of phosphorylation Akt, NQO1, Nrf2 and the binding activity of Nrf2 to ARE in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. These neuroprotective effects were all suppressed by LY294002, a selective PI3K blocker. Taken together, these findings provided evidence that sevoflurane postconditioning protects brain against ischemic/reperfusion injury, and this neuroprotective effect involves the Akt/Nrf2 pathway.
Internal stresses and breakup of rigid isostatic aggregates in homogeneous and isotropic turbulence
Authors: De Bona Jeremias , Lanotte Alessandra S. , Vanni Marco 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBy characterising the hydrodynamic stresses generated by statistically homogeneous and isotropic turbulence in rigid aggregates, we estimate theoretically the rate of turbulent breakup of colloidal aggregates and the size distribution of the formed fragments. The adopted method combines direct numerical simulation of the turbulent field with a discrete element method based on Stokesian dynamics. In this way, not only is the mechanics of the aggregate modelled in detail, but the internal stresses are evaluated while the aggregate is moving in the turbulent flow. We examine doublets and cluster–cluster isostatic aggregates, where the failure of a single contact leads to the rupture of the aggregate and breakup occurs when the tensile force at a contact exceeds the cohesive strength of the bond. Owing to the different role of the internal stresses, the functional relationship between breakup frequency and turbulence dissipation rate is very different in the two cases. In the limit of very small and very large values, the frequency of breakup scales exponentially with the turbulence dissipation rate for doublets, while it follows a power law for cluster–cluster aggregates. For the case of large isostatic aggregates, it is confirmed that the proper scaling length for maximum stress and breakup is the radius of gyration. The cumulative fragment distribution function is nearly independent of the mean turbulence dissipation rate and can be approximated by the sum of a small erosive component and a term that is quadratic with respect to fragment size.
The effects of ammunition price on subsistence hunting in an Amazonian village
Authors: Sirén Anders H. , Wilkie David S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractResearch has shown that consumers of wildlife are price sensitive and that the quantity of meat purchased is influenced by the cost of bushmeat and its substitutes. Although there is evidence that hunter-gatherers are optimal foragers whose behaviour is influenced by costs associated with foraging, there is a paucity of studies on whether the behaviour of bushmeat hunters, like that of consumers, is cost sensitive. This paper reports data on the practices of indigenous bushmeat hunters in the lowland forests of Ecuador before and after a national tax on firearms and ammunition was increased by 300%. Results show that hunters' behaviour is, as predicted by optimal foraging theory, responsive to price signals. After a substantial increase in the national tax on shotgun cartridges, hunters modified the set of species considered worth hunting, dropping smaller-bodied species from the set of species they target during a hunt and switching the technology used for hunting, increasingly using muzzle loader shotguns and thus avoiding the cost of expensive cartridges.
Functional characterization ofSjB10, an intracellular serpin fromSchistosoma japonicum
Authors: MOLEHIN ADEBAYO J. , GOBERT GEOFFREY N. , DRIGUEZ PATRICK , MCMANUS DONALD P. 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYSerine protease inhibitors (serpin) play essential roles in many organisms. Mammalian serpins regulate the blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, inflammation and complement activation pathways. In parasitic helminths, serpins are less well characterized, but may also be involved in evasion of the host immune response. In this study, aSchistosoma japonicumserpin (SjB10), containing a 1212 bp open reading frame (ORF), was cloned, expressed and functionally characterized. Sequence analysis, comparative modelling and structural-based alignment revealed thatSjB10contains the essential structural motifs and consensus secondary structures of inhibitory serpins. Transcriptional profiling demonstrated thatSjB10is expressed in adult males, schistosomula and eggs but particularly in the cercariae, suggesting a possible role in cercarial penetration of mammalian host skin. RecombinantSjB10(rSjB10) inhibited pancreatic elastase (PE) in a dose-dependent manner.rSjB10was recognized strongly by experimentally infected rat sera indicating that nativeSjB10is released into host tissue and induces an immune response. By immunochemistry,SjB10localized in theS. japonicumadult foregut and extra-embryonic layer of the egg. This study provides a comprehensive demonstration of sequence and structural-based analysis of a functionalS. japonicumserpin. Furthermore, our findings suggest thatSjB10may be associated with important functional roles inS. japonicumparticularly in host-parasite interactions.
Competing conceptions of God: the personal God versus the God beyond being
Authors: STENMARK MIKAEL 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAmong philosophers and theologians today, one of the most important dividing lines is the one separating those who advocate a personal conception of God (personal theism) from those who embrace the idea of a God beyond or without being (alterity theism). There is not much dialogue between these groups of scholars; rather the two groups ignore each other, and each party typically believes that there is a fairly straightforward knockdown argument against the other. In this article I explore these two standard objections – the idolatry objection and the no-sense objection – and show why they both fail to be convincing. This failure to convince is a good thing, because it opens up the possibility that both personal theism and alterity theism are legitimate research programmes, each worthy of being further developed in philosophical theology.
Moving toward a neuroplasticity view of bilingualism, executive control, and aging
Authors: BAUM SHARI , TITONE DEBRA 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTNormal aging is an inevitable race between increasing knowledge and decreasing cognitive capacity. Crucial to understanding and promoting successful aging is determining which of these factors dominates for particular neurocognitive functions. Here, we focus on the human capacity for language, for which healthy older adults are simultaneously advantaged and disadvantaged. In recent years, a more hopeful view of cognitive aging has emerged from work suggesting that age-related declines in executive control functions are buffered by life-long bilingualism. In this paper, we selectively review what is currently known and unknown about bilingualism, executive control, and aging. Our ultimate goal is to advance the views that these issues should be reframed as a specific instance of neuroplasticity more generally and, in particular, that researchers should embrace the individual variability among bilinguals by adopting experimental and statistical approaches that respect the complexity of the questions addressed. In what follows, we set out the theoretical assumptions and empirical support of the bilingual advantages perspective, review what we know about language, cognitive control, and aging generally, and then highlight several of the relatively few studies that have investigated bilingual language processing in older adults, either on their own or in comparison with monolingual older adults. We conclude with several recommendations for how the field ought to proceed to achieve a more multifactorial view of bilingualism that emphasizes the notion of neuroplasticity over that of simple bilingual versus monolingual group comparisons.
L’ancien français n’est déjà plus une langue à sujet nul–nouveau témoignage des textes légaux
Authors: BALON LAURENT , LARRIVÉE PIERRE 
Published: August 2014

RÉSUMÉCet article a pour objet la réévaluation de la chronologie de la perte du statut de langue à sujet optionnel du français. Traditionnellement, on suppose que ce processus de changement syntaxique a lieu entre le passage de l’ancien au moyen français: le sujet nul aurait commencé à perdre sa prépondérance au XIIIesiècle pour devenir minoritaire dans la deuxième moitié du XVesiècle. Cette supposition est cependant basée sur le témoignage de textes littéraires. Ayant une visée stylistique, les textes littéraires sont connus pour leur conservatisme. Ce conservatisme pose la question de la fiabilité de leur témoignage pour la chronologie et le processus du changement linguistique effectif (Ingham sous presse). Une meilleure compréhension du changement linguistique pourrait être développée par l'étude des textes légaux, moins assujettis que les textes littéraires à des préoccupations d’ordre stylistique. Cette étude suggère qu’au début du XIIIesiècle, l’ancien français avait déjà perdu la possibilité d’omettre le sujet. En outre, les corrélations avec l’impersonnel et le type de proposition y diffèrent de celles qu’on retrouve dans les textes littéraires, invitant à une réévaluation des causes de ce changement.
The comparative effects of small geographic range and population decline on the adult sex ratio of threatened bird species
Authors: VENABLES J. C. , BROOKE M. de L. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryAlthough the factors associated with adult sex ratio (ASR) skew in threatened species are rarely identified, ASRs of threatened species appear to be more male-skewed with increasing severity of threat. In this study we investigate whether the ASRs of species classified as threatened because of decline are significantly different from those threatened because of small range. Despite previous studies suggesting an association between male-skewed ASRs and population decline, our results show that ASRs may be more male-skewed in species classified as threatened because of small range. Although selection would be expected to purge dispersal genotypes from isolated populations, our finding could result from an imbalance between immigration and emigration rates of species with small ranges. Future research should examine rates of emigration and immigration in species with small global ranges.
In Memory of Philippe Flajolet
Authors: Sedgewick Robert 
Published: August 2014

In 2011, shortly after his untimely passing, several colleagues and I wrote an obituary for Philippe Flajolet [5] that includes the following:
He was the leading figure in the development of the international ‘AofA’ community that is devoted to research on probabilistic, combinatorial, and asymptotic methods in the analysis of algorithms. The colleagues and students who are devoted to carrying on his work form the core of his primary legacy.
This special issue is testimony to that legacy. Many of the dozens of authors who are represented here worked closely with Philippe; many others have been inspired by his work. All are devoted to carrying it on.
Spine-like Nanostructured Carbon Interconnected by Graphene for High-performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Park Sang-Hoon , Yoon Seung-Beom , Kim Hyun-Kyung , Han Joong Tark , Park Hae-Woong , Han Joah , Yun Seok-Min , Jeong Han Gi , Roh Kwang Chul , Kim Kwang-Bum 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRecent studies on supercapacitors have focused on the development of hierarchical nanostructured carbons by combining two-dimensional graphene and other conductive sp2 carbons, which differ in dimensionality, to improve their electrochemical performance. Herein, we report a strategy for synthesizing a hierarchical graphene-based carbon material, which we shall refer to as spine-like nanostructured carbon, from a one-dimensional graphitic carbon nanofiber by controlling the local graphene/graphitic structure via an expanding process and a co-solvent exfoliation method. Spine-like nanostructured carbon has a unique hierarchical structure of partially exfoliated graphitic blocks interconnected by thin graphene sheets in the same manner as in the case of ligaments. Owing to the exposed graphene layers and interconnected sp2 carbon structure, this hierarchical nanostructured carbon possesses a large, electrochemically accessible surface area with high electrical conductivity and exhibits high electrochemical performance.
Wideband tri‐port MIMO antenna with compact size and directional radiation pattern
Authors: Wang Han , Liu Longsheng , Zhang Zhijun , Feng Zhenghe 
Published: August 2014

A wideband tri‐port multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna designed for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is presented. The proposed antenna is composed of three printed dipoles with an integrated balun, the size of which is only 0.08λ2. By introducing ground stubs between adjacent elements, impedance matching is improved and mutual coupling is reduced. A bandwidth of 51.6% (2.30–3.90 GHz) with S11 <−10 dB and S12, S13 <−10 dB is achieved, which can cover the whole three WiMAX bands and the 2.4 GHz WLAN band. Moreover, directional radiation patterns are achieved in these bands, and the average gain reaches 3.5 dB with up to 21.4 dB front‐to‐back ratio. The envelope correlation coefficient is below 0.038, which can provide good pattern diversity for a MIMO system.
Water permeability of nanoporous graphene at realistic pressures for reverse osmosis desalination
Authors: Cohen-Tanugi David , Grossman Jeffrey C. 
Published: August 2014

Nanoporous graphene (NPG) shows tremendous promise as an ultra-permeable membrane for water desalination thanks to its atomic thickness and precise sieving properties. However, a significant gap exists in the literature between the ideal conditions assumed for NPG desalination and the physical environment inherent to reverse osmosis (RO) systems. In particular, the water permeability of NPG has been calculated previously based on very high pressures (1000–2000 bars). Does NPG maintain its ultrahigh water permeability under real-world RO pressures (&lt;100 bars)? Here, we answer this question by drawing results from molecular dynamics simulations. Our results indicate that NPG maintains its ultrahigh permeability even at low pressures, allowing a permeate water flux of 6.0 l/h-bar per pore, or equivalently 1041 ± 20 l/m2-h-bar assuming a nanopore density of 1.7 × 1013 cm−2.
Climate change poised to threaten hydrologic connectivity and endemic fishes in dryland streams
Authors: Jaeger Kristin L. , Olden Julian D. , Pelland Noel A. 
Published: August 2014

SignificanceWe provide the first demonstration to our knowledge that projected changes in regional climate regimes will have significant consequences for patterns of intermittence and hydrologic connectivity in dryland streams of the American Southwest. By simulating fine-resolution streamflow responses to forecasted climate change, we simultaneously evaluate alterations in local flow continuity over time and network flow connectivity over space and relate how these changes may challenge the persistence of a globally endemic fish fauna. Given that human population growth in arid regions will only further increase surface and groundwater extraction during droughts, we expect even greater likelihood of flow intermittence and loss of habitat connectivity in the future.
Robustness against serum neutralization of a poliovirus type 1 from a lethal epidemic of poliomyelitis in the Republic of Congo in 2010
Authors: Drexler Jan Felix , Grard Gilda , Lukashev Alexander N. , Kozlovskaya Liubov I. , Böttcher Sindy , Uslu Gökhan , Reimerink Johan , Gmyl Anatoly P. , Taty-Taty Raphaël , Lekana-Douki Sonia Etenna , Nkoghe Dieudonné , Eis-Hübinger Anna M. , Diedrich Sabine , Koopmans Marion , Leroy Eric M. , Drosten Christian 
Published: August 2014

SignificanceIn 2010, a large outbreak of poliomyelitis involving 445 laboratory-confirmed cases occurred in the Republic of Congo. The 47% case-fatality rate was unusually high. Outbreak severity was attributed to low immunization coverage but vaccine-mediated immunity against the outbreak virus was never investigated. We isolated the poliovirus type 1 responsible for the outbreak and located its evolutionary origins to Southeast Asia. Fatal cases showed evidence for previous vaccination against polioviruses and the outbreak virus was refractive against neutralization by monoclonal and vaccine-derived antibodies. This pointed to immune escape contributing to the severity of the outbreak. Sustained vaccination regimens in polio-free regions, together with clinical and environmental poliovirus surveillance will be necessary to combat antigenetically variant polioviruses in the poliomyelitis eradication endgame.
Development of in-group favoritism in children’s third-party punishment of selfishness
Authors: Jordan Jillian J. , McAuliffe Katherine , Warneken Felix 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Humans are unique among animals in their willingness to cooperate with friends and strangers. Costly punishment of unfair behavior is thought to play a key role in promoting cooperation by deterring selfishness. Importantly, adults sometimes show in-group favoritism in their punishment. To our knowledge, our study is the first to document this bias in children. Furthermore, our results suggest that from its emergence in development, children’s costly punishment shows in-group favoritism, highlighting that group membership provides critical context for understanding the enforcement of fairness norms. However, 8-y-old children show attenuated bias relative to 6-y-olds, perhaps reflecting a motivation for impartially. Our findings thus demonstrate that in-group favoritism has an important influence on human fairness and morality, but can be partially overcome with age.
Illegal killing for ivory drives global decline in African elephants
Authors: Wittemyer George , Northrup Joseph M. , Blanc Julian , Douglas-Hamilton Iain , Omondi Patrick , Burnham Kenneth P. 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Illegal harvest for commercial trade has recently surged to become a major threat to some of the world’s most endangered and charismatic species. Unfortunately, the cryptic nature of illegal killing makes estimation of rates and impacts difficult. Applying a model based on field census of carcasses, to our knowledge we provide the first detailed assessment of African elephant illegal killing rates at population, regional, and continental scales. Illegal harvest for commercial trade in ivory has recently surged, coinciding with increases in illegal ivory seizures and black market ivory prices. As a result, the species declined over the past 4 y, during which tens of thousands of elephants have been killed annually across the continent. Solutions to this crisis require global action.
Optogenetic neuronal stimulation promotes functional recovery after stroke
Authors: Cheng Michelle Y. , Wang Eric H. , Woodson Wyatt J. , Wang Stephanie , Sun Guohua , Lee Alex G. , Arac Ahmet , Fenno Lief E. , Deisseroth Karl , Steinberg Gary K. 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Stroke is the leading cause of disability in the United States and has very limited treatment options. Brain stimulation techniques that promote recovery after stroke are a promising area of research; however, current stimulation techniques nonspecifically activate/inhibit the target area, which not only leads to undesired side effects but also makes it difficult to understand which cell types and mechanisms drive recovery. We used the optogenetic technique to specifically stimulate only neurons after stroke and demonstrate that selective neuronal stimulations can activate beneficial mechanisms and promote recovery. Understanding the cell type and mechanisms driving recovery may identify potential drug targets for stroke treatment, as well as ultimately help develop precise brain stimulation techniques for stroke therapy.
Efficient biomass pretreatment using ionic liquids derived from lignin and hemicellulose
Authors: Socha Aaron M. , Parthasarathi Ramakrishnan , Shi Jian , Pattathil Sivakumar , Whyte Dorian , Bergeron Maxime , George Anthe , Tran Kim , Stavila Vitalie , Venkatachalam Sivasankari , Hahn Michael G. , Simmons Blake A. , Singh Seema 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Ionic liquids (ILs) have unique properties applicable to a variety of industrial processes. Nearly universal solvating capabilities, low vapor pressures, and high thermal stabilities make these compounds ideal substitutes for a wide range of organic solvents. To date, the best performing ILs are derived from nonrenewable sources such as petroleum or natural gas. Due to their potential for large-scale deployment, ILs derived from inexpensive, renewable reagents are highly desirable. Herein, we describe a process for synthesizing ILs from materials derived from lignin and hemicellulose, major components of terrestrial plant biomass. With respect to overall sugar yield, experimental evaluation of these compounds showed that they perform comparably to traditional ILs in biomass pretreatment.