bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE COLONIAL PIPELINE SPILL: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Koob Kevin , Lafferiere Roger , DeVeaux Jennie , DeMarco Greg 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The response to the Colonial Pipeline spill in Fairfax County, Virginia, provided an opportunity to apply the emergency response concepts of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Protection of human health and the environment was the paramount goal of the response. This goal was successfully achieved through the establishment of a unified command system to coordinate federal, state, and local interests and activities. The major operational objectives of the response were to secure the source of the spill, limit its migration through the use of containment boom, and recover spilled oil by using skimmers and other mechanical means. For the most part, these operational objectives were achieved in an efficient manner. However, some difficulties were encountered due to the inaccessibility of the major recovery area, debris-clogged skimmers, and insufficient supply of on-scene response resources. Such problems were addressed through the use of additional federal resources and innovative response principles, such as the construction of a temporary pipeline to transport recovered oil. Agencies involved in the response noted strengths and weaknesses in the areas of logistics, notification, communication, resource availability, and response actions and highlighted areas for improvement. The review and future implementation of such lessons learned can enhance the level of preparedness for spills of a similar nature.
CHALLENGES OF CONTINGENCY PLANNING IN A SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATE—TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
Authors: Adams Oswald M. , Haynes Kenrick 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oil industry is the engine of the economy of Trinidad and Tobago, with a production of around 125,000 barrels of oil a day, of which 55,000 come from offshore on the east coast and 31,000 from the west coast of Trinidad. Two refineries with total capacity of 230,000 barrels a day are located along the west coast of Trinidad.
For these local oil operations an average of 50 and 800 tankers, annually, visit ports on the east and west coast, respectively. The daily crude tonnage of tankers passing through the south Caribbean now exceeds 2 million metric tons (t). Tanker traffic, therefore, creates a major risk for oil spills and complicates contingency planning in Trinidad and Tobago, and the southern Caribbean.
Small island states with serious deficiencies in financing their contingency plans can utilize tiered emergency response schemes to offset the obvious weaknesses in their response capabilities; but unless multilateral funding is available, the benefits of tiered response would be limited. Assistance to small island states to help ratify the IMO conventions and protocols remains the best form of insurance against all oil spill perils.
INDUSTRY, GOVERNMENT, AND REGIONAL EFFORTS IN OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING: MALAYSIA'S PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Rahmat Hussein Bin , Yusof Mohd Radzuan Bin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The increasing incidence of oil spills in the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea has resulted in growing concern about Malaysia's capability to respond to oil spills in its waters. This concern is compounded by the ever-growing number of oil tankers plying the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea, as well as the intensifying exploration and development of offshore petroleum resources.
Various measures were taken by the government to deal with the problem, including a review of its National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (NOSCP) and incorporating a coordinated and a cost-effective response mechanism among the various government agencies. The incorporation of the Petroleum Industry of Malaysia Mutual Aid Group (PIMMAG), which enables the oil industry to pool its oil spill response resources, reflects the industry's commitment to strengthen the NOSCP. Since the mid 1970s, a number of regional plans have been instituted including the Traffic Separation Scheme for the Strait of Malacca, the Strait of Malacca and Singapore Revolving Fund, the Lombok-Macassar Oil Spill Contingency Plan, the Brunei Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan, the ASEAN Oil Spill Response Plan, and the proposed ASCOPE Oil Spill Contingency Plan.
LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE NATIONAL PREPAREDNESS FOR RESPONSE EXERCISE PROGRAM1
Authors: Kurgan W. Michael , Laney Karen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The National Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP) was developed to meet the intent of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). PREP is a unified federal effort and incorporates the exercise requirements of the Coast Guard; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA), Office of Pipeline Safety; and the Minerals Management Service. (MMS).
Each year 20 PREP area exercises are held: six led by the federal government and 14 led by the industry. Five of the six government-led exercises are conducted in coastal areas where the Coast Guard is designated as the federal on-scene coordinator (FOSC). One is held in an inland region where the EPA is the FOSC.
Each government-led pollution simulation typically involves more than 40 agencies and more than 400 participants. The PREP simulations focus on a geographical community response to a pollution incident with a unified command structure. The unified command is supported by the four basic elements of an incident command system: planning, operations, logistics, and finance.
Area PREP exercises create realistic situations focusing on specific objectives. Emphasis is placed on the realism and decision-making process throughout the entire 30 weeks it takes to prepare an exercise. The National Strike Force Coordination Center collects data from critiques and other aspects of the exercise to help create and develop a standard for exercise evaluation. Data collected and lessons learned at each exercise are disseminated throughout the oil spill industry.
RECOVERY OF SUBMERGED OIL AT SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO 1994
Authors: Burns George H. , Benson C.A. “Ben” , Eason Tom , Michel Jacqueline , Kelly Steve , Benggio Bradford , Ploen Mark 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The January 1994 grounding and discharge of over 800,000 gallons (3,028,000 liters/3,028 m3) of low API gravity No. 6 oil from the tank barge Morris J. Berman at San Juan, Puerto Rico was one of those infrequent but typically major events that set in motion a massive skimming and shoreline cleanup operation. As these actions proceeded effectively along the northern coast of Puerto Rico, it quickly became apparent that significant quantities of oil from the Berman had submerged and continued to recontaminate economic, historic, and environmentally sensitive coastal areas after the leaking barge and floating oil had been removed. Recognizing the unique nature of the problem and general lack of Coast Guard or industry-wide experience in the emerging field of submerged oil recovery, the federal on-scene coordinator (FOSC) formed a group within the overall organization to respond to the situation. The methods implemented by this group recovered approximately 145,000 gallons of oil from the seabed at an estimated cost of $8 million.
EVALUATING OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY AND PREVENTION PLANS USING MEASURES OF QUALITY, NOT QUANTITY1
Authors: Abordaif Faisal , Harrald John R. , Mazzuchi Thomas A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 has led to a dramatic increase in the number and volume of formal plans intended to mitigate the impacts of spilled oil. The U.S. Coast Guard and state regulatory offices have not developed evaluation methodologies that will ensure that contingency planners capture essential information rather than simply mass-producing documentation for bureaucratic review. This paper reports on a methodology for evaluating contingency and prevention plans based on a structured representation of the plan and assignment of relative importance weights by experts using a commercially available decision support aid. The methodology is tested using two examples: a comparison of the plans used during the Exxon Valdez response, and the development of a prevention plan evaluation tool for the State of Washington. The evaluations show that the elements of a plan are typically of very unequal importance. The elements evaluated as least important by the experts, however, are typically the easiest to provide. The evaluation methodology proposed will help focus reviewers and planners on those elements critical to pollution prevention and response.
TAMPA BAY SPILL: COMMAND AND CONTROL ISSUES
Authors: Harbert Richard W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A three-vessel collision in the Tampa Bay entrance channel on August 10, 1993, caused a huge explosion and fire, major damage to all vessels, and spills of 330,000 gallons of No. 6 oil and 32,000 gallons of a mixture of light petroleum products. A dynamic team was forged to respond to a complex series of problems. Functional command centers and forward command posts were established, a unified command system was implemented, and federal, state, and local governments and the multiple responsible parties coordinated efficiently. The unified command dealt effectively with considerations such as vessel control, fire fighting, lightering, salvage, pollution cleanup, and impacted wildlife. An active approach to the media resulted in critical information being relayed to the public and the response effort being portrayed accurately. The development of trust with multiple local governments enabled the response team to meet local needs while gaining their support. The unified command dealt with difficulties such as communicating effectively with the field and ensuring safety for large number of responders involved in a variety of hazardous activities.
OIL SPILL CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM FOR FIXED FACILITIES
Authors: James Jeffrey R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Mobil's oil spill capability assessment program is used to determine improvements needed in oil spill prevention and response in Mobil's worldwide terminals, blend plants, and offshore facilities. The rationale for this program and its development, including the protocol and methodology used during the assessments, are presented here.
The assessment process includes two to five days to conduct the survey, depending on the size of the facility, and three to five days of preparation and follow-up work. A detailed checklist, personnel interviews, records review, and walk-around surveys of the facility and its equipment and local cooperatives are used in conducting an assessment. To date, 163 assessments have been completed—the majority outside the United States, with most, 85, conducted in Asia and the Pacific Rim.
The process of conducting an assessment and the general types of findings and recommendations is discussed. Recommendations are divided into five categories: facility, equipment, procedures, training, and other (including issues, such as local cooperatives and contractors, environmental sensitivity, and national contingency plans).
EFFECTIVELY MANAGING LEVEL OF EFFORT IN OIL SPILL CLEANUP: RESOLVING THE “HOW CLEAN IS CLEAN” ISSUE
Authors: Tebeau Peter A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Successful oil spill response requires effectively managing the level of effort devoted to response operations. This includes choosing appropriate technologies and implementing them to achieve optimal environmental benefit, while controlling costs. At the end of the response, effective management requires resolving the “how clean is clean” issue to ensure a smooth termination of the response effort. Various approaches to making these management decisions are reviewed, based on experience in the Exxon Valdez, American Trader, and Morris J. Berman spills. The advantages and constraints of these approaches are summarized, along with suggestions about how the process might be facilitated.
PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS IN ARGENTINA: GOVERNMENT-INDUSTRY COOPERATION
Authors: Rolón José Manuel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Argentine Coast Guard is a security force acting as police coast guard and providing within its broad scope other outstanding services related to navigation safety and environmental protection. It is an institution with a deep historical background, which finds its roots in the colonial office of Captain of the Port, established by Spain January 8, 1756. This office was regulated by the Spanish Colonial Code until March 8, 1793, when King Charles V enacted the General Ordinances which outlined the main principles that rule the institution today.
Those regulations have covered water pollution since 1937, but only in 1977 did the institution start work on the principles laid down by the International Maritime Organization, through the efforts of the Marine Environmental Protection Committee. The first principle is prevention. The second is that anyone who causes pollution is required to pay. In 1979, by Maritime Ordinance 4/79, vessels were allowed a 10-year period (1981–1991) to adjust to these new rules. These developments took place in accordance with MARPOL 73/78, an agreement endorsed by Argentina in 1993. This information was disseminated in Latin America through free courses and technical advisory services.
THE M/C HAVEN OIL SPILL: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURE PATHWAYS AND RESOURCE INJURY
Authors: Martinelli Massimo , Luise Anna , Tromellini Elisabetta , Sauer Theodor C. , Neff Jerry M. , Douglas Gregory S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On April 11, 1991, an explosion on the M/C Haven resulted in a fire and the release of approximately 145,500 metric tons (t) of heavy Iranian crude oil near Genoa, Italy, in the industrialized coastal region of the northern Ligurian Sea. Approximately 30,000 t of cargo oil was released to the sea, of which only one-tenth reached the shoreline beaches along the Italian Riviera. An environmental assessment of the affected region indicated injury from the spilled oil to subtidal Posidonia/Cymodocea (seagrass) beds and the deep-sea benthic community and associated commercial fisheries. This was one of the first oil spills in which it was documented that oiled, shallow subtidal sediments (&lt;10 m) were efficiently cleaned and large amounts of residual oil reached the deep sea bottom (100 to 400 m) as a result of burning cargo.
OIL POLLUTION ACT OF 1990: CURE, CATALYST, OR CATASTROPHE1
Authors: Holt Mary G. , Johnson Lindy S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Congress departed from the international community to unilaterally enact comprehensive oil spill legislation, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA). OPA legislates in several areas not covered by the international liability scheme for oil spills, including requirements for double-hull vessels, manning standards for foreign vessels, vessel response plans, and detailed and extensive provisions for liability for natural resource damages. Thus, it clearly provides better protection for the U.S. marine environment than would the international liability scheme. While OPA has encouraged the international community to take certain steps to provide greater protection, significant differences remain between OPA and the applicable international rules and standards. Protection of the marine environment on a global scale would be increased if the United States and the international community could bridge these differences.
THE BRAER: LEGAL ASPECTS OF A MAJOR OIL SPILL
Authors: Jacobsson Måns 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC Fund), an intergovernmental organization with 58 member states, has recently been involved in a major oil spill of great interest both legally and technically, namely, the Braer incident, which occurred in January 1993 in the United Kingdom. The Braer was laden with approximately 84,000 metric tons (t) of crude oil when it grounded off the Shetland Islands. The ship broke up and the entire cargo escaped into the sea. The United Kingdom Government and Shetland Islands Council incurred expenses for cleanup operations, but these costs were fairly limited, estimated at not greater than US$6 million. The incident resulted in a very large number of claims from small businesses and individuals who suffered economic losses. A local claims office was set up on Shetland to handle these claims. So far, over 1,000 claims have been settled and paid for, representing a total of almost US$45 million. These claims cover losses suffered by fishermen, salmon farmers, crofters, and owners of houses that became polluted by wind-blown oil spray. Many of these claims have given rise to difficult legal problems regarding the admissibility of claims for compensation, in particular those concerning so-called pure economic losses. This paper addresses the practical problems that have arisen in handling the claims and analyzes some of the legal problems encountered.
AN INTEGRATED PROGRAM FOR SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENT MAPPING
Authors: Pavia Robert , Michel Jacqueline , Petersen Jill , Birk-Risheim Lt. Stacy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The objective of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) national sensitive environment mapping program is to publish a comprehensive series of standard maps and databases for coastal areas that provide the basis for sensitive environment plans.
Sensitive environment maps have been an integral component of oil spill contingency planning and response since 1979, when the first maps were prepared in advance of oil arriving from the Ixtoc I well blowout. Since then, NOAA has undertaken a nationwide sensitive environment mapping effort that covers most U.S. coastlines, including Alaska, Hawaii, and the Great Lakes.
As part of cooperative efforts with federal agencies, states, and industry, NOAA is now undertaking a program to achieve three goals: map new areas and update existing maps, provide means for broadly distributing sensitive environment data in paper and electronic forms, and extend sensitivity mapping methods to new environments.
In 1994, sensitive environment maps were jointly produced with the states of Texas, California, and Alaska. The Great Lakes materials were completed as part of a cooperative project between the U.S. Coast Guard and Environment Canada. With cooperation from the Marine Spill Response Corporation, NOAA is embarking on a program to format sensitive environment maps for computer-based information systems that help implement requirements of the 1990 Oil Pollution Act (OPA 90). NOAA, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Office of Pipeline Safety are cooperating to extend sensitive environment mapping approaches to inland waters and terrestrial habitats.
NORWEGIAN POLLUTION CONTROL AUTHORITY WORK ON SHIPWRECKS
Authors: Idaas Kathrine 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Work on shipwrecks is one of the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority's (NPCA) priority areas. The basis for the “Wreck Program” was the desire to have a complete compilation of shipwrecks lying along the Norwegian coast. The project was defined in three phases: registration, priority ranking, and required action stages. A database consisting of 2,100 entries was built up from the study of archives in Norway and abroad. The search was limited to ships of over 100 tons gross weight that had gone down in Norwegian territorial waters after 1914. Wrecks were considered to be one of three types: of high pollution, possible pollution, or no pollution potential. In 1993, the NPCA commissioned the physical inspection of 15 wrecks using divers and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). Findings were compiled in reports that indicate the condition of the wrecks varies greatly. Corrosion has set in, and the quantity of oil involved is greater than anticipated. This paper covers the registration work, cooperation in planning activities, 1993 inspection reports, and further NPCA plans for Norwegian work on shipwrecks. Experiences relating to emptying wrecks are also noted.
MAJOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE PROGRAM OF THE PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION OF JAPAN
Authors: Miyazoe Nobutaka , Hashizume Yoshihiro 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Petroleum Association of Japan (PAJ) has been implementing a major oil spill response program since 1991, supported and subsidized by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), from the viewpoint of contributing to a secure, stable oil supply for Japan. PAJ's program consists of the stockpiling and lending of oil spill response equipment, and research and development related to oil spills and response techniques. In the event of major oil spill incidents, PAJ will lend the equipment stockpiled at the base, free of charge, to government agencies or parties concerned upon their request, in order to minimize damages. Those parties who borrow the equipment bear the expense of transportation, deployment, cleanup, and repair. PAJ's purpose is to support initial response operations by supplying additional equipment.
To stockpile and to release it, PAJ so far has four domestic and three overseas bases, with domestic bases in Chiba, Mizushima, Yokkaichi, and Niigata, and overseas bases in Julong East, Singapore; Port-Klang, Malaysia; and Al-Khafji, Saudi Arabia. The equipment installed includes oil skimmers (36 units), foamed flotation booms (16,000 m), inflatable booms (7,000 m) and portable tanks (56 units).
OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING IN EASTERN EUROPE: A BULGARIAN CASE STUDY
Authors: Hoagland-Grey Hilary , Archer David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The opening of Eastern Europe to western companies has created a need for international cooperation between these companies and Eastern European governments. This new relationship presents a particular challenge for the oil industry as well as an opportunity for emerging governments to benefit from western companies’ experience. In 1993, Texaco Offshore Bulgaria submitted the first western oil spill response plan for the Bulgarian Black Sea. This paper presents a case study based on Dames & Moore's preparation of this plan. The plan was prepared in cooperation with the Bulgarian government, and included public discussions. It joined the country's existing response resources with Texaco's existing international response strategy. The result was a plan combining local knowledge and support and western capability and experience. This paper outlines the issues addressed in the plan. One critical point discussed below is that of protecting tourist beaches, which are an essential part of the Bulgarian economy. The paper concludes with a discussion of how cooperation between western industry and Eastern European government can result in successful oil spill response planning and help identify key factors for both attaining and maintaining preparedness in the face of the new challenges.
IMO'S STRATEGY FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE OPRC CONVENTION1
Authors: Edwards David T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC) will enter into force May 13, 1995, less than five years after its adoption by a global diplomatic conference convened by the International Maritime Organization in December 1990. However, since then IMO has actively pursued a strategy for implementing the OPRC Convention in close cooperation with interested governments and industry. The primary objective of this strategy is to enhance the capacity of countries to effectively carry out the requirements of the convention and strengthen IMO's ability to assist countries in this process. The strategy is realized by action taken by IMO's OPRC standing working group, in which government and industry experts participate, and by IMO staff, experts, and consultants as part of a technical cooperation program for the protection of the marine environment.