bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Winter Lightning Threatening Wind Turbines in Coastal Area of the Sea of Japan
Authors: Fujii Fumiyuki , Ishii Masaru , Saito Mikihisa , Matsui Michihiro , Natsuno Daisuke 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWind turbines on the coast of the Sea of Japan have been damaged by lightning in winter. This is due to the frequent occurrence of upward lightning from wind turbines in winter. Occurrence of upward lightning proves to be closely related to the temperature distribution at high altitudes. In this paper, the correlation between lightning hits of wind turbines and the height of the—10 °C layer is analyzed. When an upward lightning hits a wind turbine in winter, the height of the—10 °C layer is lower than 2000 m in most cases. Moreover, winter lightning is classified into two types, namely, the storm type and the inactive type, and it is found that the parameters of lightning currents observed by LLS differ depending on the type of lightning storm. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(2): 44–50, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22357
Analysis of Lightning Electromagnetic Field on Large‐Scale Terrain Model Using Three‐Dimensional MW‐FDTD Parallel Computation
Authors: Oikawa Takaaki , Sonoda Jun , Sato Motoyuki , Honma Noriyasu , Ikegawa Yutaka 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThere have recently been analyses of lightning electromagnetic fields using the FDTD method. However, large‐scale three‐dimensional analyses of a real environment have not been considered, because the FDTD method has a huge computational cost in large‐scale analysis. Thus, we have proposed a three‐dimensional moving window FDTD (MW‐FDTD) method with parallel computation. Our method has a lower computational cost than the conventional FDTD method and the original MW‐FDTD method. In this paper, we study the computational performance of MW‐FDTD parallel computation and large‐scale three‐dimensional analysis of lightning electromagnetic fields on a real terrain model using our MW‐FDTD with parallel computation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(2): 20–27, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22368
A Study of Reallocation Planning for Section Switches Considering Employment Cost and Intermittent Renewable Energy
Authors: Kurihara Kazunori , Sasaki Yutaka , Zoka Yoshifumi , Yorino Naoto 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe power market will be in a highly competitive environment because of power deregulation. The electric power companies have raised business efficiency to reduce the number of employees and centralize business establishments. Furthermore, the installation of photovoltaic generation will increase because of energy policy. However, the electric power companies must maintain power supply reliability. Therefore, to reinforce reliability in distribution systems is a significant problem. In this paper, we propose the optimal placement of distribution section switches to maintain power supply reliability in such a situation, and we present simulation results obtained for the original distribution system using a genetic algorithm. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(2): 36–43, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22375
Novel Core Structure and Iron‐Loss Modeling for Contactless Power Transfer System of Electric Vehicle
Authors: Chigira Masato , Nagatsuka Yuichi , Kaneko Yasuyoshi , Abe Shigeru , Yasuda Tomio , Suzuki Akira 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA contactless power transfer system for electric vehicles must have high efficiency, a large air gap, good tolerance to misalignment in the lateral direction, compactness, and light weight. In this paper, a new 1.5‐kW transformer has been developed using a novel H‐shaped core which is more efficient, more robust to misalignment, and lighter than previous rectangular cores, to satisfy these criteria, and its characteristics are described. An efficiency of 95% was achieved across a 70‐mm mechanical gap. Iron‐loss modeling of the equivalent circuit is also presented. The calculated efficiency using this model shows good agreement with experimental results. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(2): 61–70, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22377
A New Water Electrode Method for Short‐Time Testing of Water Treeing and Consideration of Temperature Effects of Water Tree Initiation and Propagation
Authors: Uehara Hiroaki , Kudo Katsutoshi , Ishikawa Yoshihiro , Kanekawa Teruo , Tsuboi Yuichi , Ushiwata Kodai , Yoshimitsu Tetsuo 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWater treeing occurs when an AC voltage is applied to an electrical insulation system such as those in power cables and power apparatus. From a practical viewpoint, research on water treeing has mostly been performed under high‐frequency AC voltage application. However, power cables and power apparatus are also used under DC voltage application owing to progress in inverter technology. Inverter drive of rotating electrical machines has spread and expanded for global warming prevention and maintenance improvement. Underwater motors are used in water. In an underwater motor driven by the voltage of an inverter, it is necessary to consider water treeing of the motor insulation and cable insulation connected with a drive board. Thus far, a water electrode method that utilizes an AC voltage of high frequency has been used in the accelerated water treeing experimental method for a long time. On the other hand, an inverter with a surge voltage generates an equivalent AC frequency by the application of a multifrequency pulse voltage similar to a pulse width modulation (PWM) control wave. Therefore, there is a possibility of mistakes in real‐machine reliability evaluation because the initiation and propagation mechanisms are different from those in a real machine, even if we can reproduce water treeing by increasing the basic frequency. This paper reports our investigation of a new water electrode method and of temperature effects on water tree initiation and propagation. We also compare experimental results between 500 Hz and 50 Hz using the new water electrode method from the viewpoint of temperature. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(2): 1–9, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22422
Ring‐Rearrangement Metathesis of 7‐Aza­norbornenes as an Entry to 1‐Azabicyclo[n.3.0]alkenones
Authors: Rojas Víctor , Carreras Javier , Avenoza Alberto , Busto Jesús H. , Peregrina Jesús M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPyrrolizidine, indolizidine, and pyrrolo[1,2‐a]azepine substructures are present in a large number of naturally occurring azabicyclic compounds, which are currently of special interest because of their biological activities. To obtain this class of compounds, we envisioned a ring‐rearrangement metathesis (RRM) process of 7‐azanorbornene systems that incorporates several exocyclic olefin patterns at the nitrogen position. By using this methodology, we have synthesized a set of new 1‐azabicyclo[n.3.0]alkenones, which include derivatives of pyrrolam. In all cases, only one regioisomer was obtained. Moreover, new spiro compounds with tricyclic structures have been synthesized by using a domino metathesis process that involves a ring‐opening/ring‐closing/ring‐closing metathesis (ROM/RCM/RCM) sequence.
Synthetic Uses of Ammonia in Transition‐Metal Catalysis
Authors: Kim Jinho , Kim Hyun Jin , Chang Sukbok 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAmmonia (NH3) is a cheap, abundant, and readily available nitrogen source, being one of the chemicals produced in the greatest quantities. Whereas ammonia is utilized mainly as a feedstock for the production of fertilizers, it is also employed in industry as a component of various nitrogen‐containing compounds. In metal catalysis, in contrast, ammonia has been used only with limited success, due to several difficulties such as generation of stable Lewis acid‐base adducts, facile ligand exchange for ammonia in active metal complexes, a propensity towards undesired second transformations of initially formed species, and the requirement for special equipment to run the reactions. Despite these obstacles, the direct use of ammonia in catalysis has continuously attracted great interest, leading recently to significant progress. Whereas liquid or gaseous ammonia were most commonly employed in the past, under harsh conditions, notable catalytic reactions using easy‐to‐handle ammonium salts under milder and more convenient conditions have now been developed. In this review we briefly describe the most recent examples of transition‐metal‐catalyzed reactions using ammonia or ammonium salts.
Capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection applied to the quantitation and to the determination of physical–chemical properties of peroxycarboxylates in aqueous medium
Authors: Vidal Denis T. R. , do Lago Claudimir L. 
Published: April 2013

CE with C4D (CE‐C4D) was successfully applied to the investigation of performate, peracetate, and perpropionate in aqueous medium. Ionic mobilities, diffusion coefficients, and hydrodynamic radii were obtained for the first time for these species. CE‐C4D was also used to estimate the pKa values of the peroxycarboxylic acids. Because the peroxycarboxylates (POCs) undergoes hydrolysis while migrating, a simple calibration curve cannot be used for quantitation. Thus, an indirect calibration approach was used. The new method was used to monitor the formation of peroxycarboxylic acids from hydrogen peroxide and the carboxylic acid as well as to the quantitation of peracetic acid in a commercial sample. The CE‐C4D method compares favorably with the conventional titration method because of the possibility of speciation of the POC, the low sample consumption, and the low LOD (14, 8, and 24 μmol/L for performate, peracetate, and perpropionate, respectively). Although POCs are structural isomers of monoalkyl carbonates, they have greater hydrodynamic radii, which suggests that the positions of the oxygen atoms in the molecules have a direct impact in the charge density and consequently on the hydration atmosphere.
Influence of Ca and pH on the uptake and effects of Cd in Folsomia candida exposed to simplified soil solutions
Authors: Ardestani Masoud M. , Ortiz Maria Diez , van Gestel Cornelis A.M. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

The present study sought to quantify the components of a biotic ligand model (BLM) for the effects of Cd on Folsomia candida (Collembola). Assuming that soil porewater is the main route of exposure and to exclude the effects of soil particles on metal availability, animals were exposed for 7 d to different Cd concentrations between 0.1 mM and 100 mM in simplified soil solutions at different Ca concentrations (0.2 mM, 0.8 mM, 3.2 mM, and 12.8 mM) or at different pH (5.0, 6.0, and 7.0). Higher Ca concentrations decreased the toxicity of Cd (adult survival) in test solutions, whereas toxicity was slightly lower at pH 7 and 6 than at pH 5, suggesting a mitigating effect of Ca and to a lesser extent pH on Cd toxicity to F. candida. Internal Cd concentrations in the animals increased with increasing exposure level but were significantly reduced by increasing Ca concentrations and were not significantly affected by pH. By using Langmuir isotherms, binding constants for Cd, Ca, and protons and the fraction of binding sites occupied by Cd were calculated and used to predict effects of Cd on survival. Predicted toxicity showed a good agreement with measured responses when Ca and pH were used as separate factors or combined together. The present study shows indications of protective effects of Ca but less of protons on the toxicity and uptake of Cd in F. candida on exposure to simplified soil solutions, which can be described using the principles of a biotic ligand model. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1759–1767. © 2013 SETAC
Montserrat geothermal system: A 3D conceptual model
Authors: Ryan G. A. , Peacock J. R. , Shalev E. , Rugis J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe constructed a three‐dimensional conceptual model of a geothermal system on the Caribbean island of Montserrat. The model was generated using magnetotelluric resistivity data, earthquake hypocenter data, and a three‐dimensional P wave velocity model, all plotted using a shared geographical reference. The results of the study suggest a high‐temperature fracture‐controlled geothermal system at the intersection of two faults in the SW of the island. We also present a “prospectivity index” map that represents a proxy of the spatial variation in harvestable heat flux at 1500 m depth. The index is the product of relative permeability around modeled faults and a proxy for the subsurface temperature calculated using P wave velocity anomalies.
Effect of mine dewatering on the peatlands of the James Bay Lowland: the role of marine sediments on mitigating peatland drainage
Authors: Whittington Peter , Price Jonathan S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe wetlands of the James Bay Lowland comprise one of largest wetland complexes in the world, in part due to the properties (thickness and hydraulic conductivity) of the marine sediment (MS) that underlay them. Dewatering of an open‐pit diamond mine is depressurizing the surrounding Silurian bedrock below the MS. Prior to mining, it was assumed that these MS would largely isolate the overlying peatlands from the depressurized regional bedrock aquifer. To assess this isolation, we instrumented a 1.5 km long transect of wells and piezometers located within the zone of the mine's influence that crossed a sequence of bogs, fens, and bedrock outcrops (bioherms). Results were differentiated between those areas with no MS (near bioherms) and those underlain by MS (non‐bioherm) along the transect. Between 2007 and 2010 at near‐bioherm and non‐bioherm locations, average peat water tables declined 71 and 31 cm, and hydraulic head declined 66 and 32 cm, in bioherm and non‐bioherm locations, respectively. Gradients varied from near zero (−0.001) at the start of dewatering to −0.03 (after 5 years) in non‐bioherm areas and from −0.20 to −0.45 in near‐bioherm areas. These gradients corresponded to fluxes (groundwater recharge) of approximately −0.26 mm/day and −2.1 mm/day, in non‐ and near‐bioherm areas, respectively. Specific discharge (recharge) determined using the known mine dewatering rate and drawdown cone heads and areas corresponded well with measured recharge determined in the non‐bioherm transect locations. A simple rearrangement of Darcy's Law used to calculate the specific discharge highlighted how the ratio of hydraulic conductivity to the thickness of the MS can be used to assess vulnerable areas. Therefore, given the increasing development in Ontario's Far North, considerable attention must be given to both the thickness and hydraulic conductivity of MS. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MODELLING LARGE OPEN ECONOMIES WITH INTERNATIONAL LINKAGES: THE USA AND EURO AREA
Authors: Dungey Mardi , Osborn Denise R. 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYEmpirical modelling of the linkages between the euro area and the USA requires an open economy framework. The methodology proposed in this paper achieves identification of a structural vector error correction model by supplementing restrictions from economic theory with assumptions for the direction of causality in cross‐country contemporaneous relationships. Our baseline model assumes contemporaneous causality runs from the USA to the euro area for both output and inflation, with monetary policy domestically focused. The role of the USA as leading the euro area business cycle is reinforced by our results, but strong bidirectional cross‐country interactions are uncovered for inflation and interest rates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of an integrated optical analyzer for characterization of growth dynamics of bacterial colonies
Authors: Kim Huisung , Bai Nan , Bhunia Arun K. , King Galen B. , Hirleman E. Daniel , Bae Euiwon 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn order to understand the biophysics behind collective behavior of a bacterial colony, a confocal displacement meter was used to measure the profiles of the bacterial colonies, together with a custom built optical density circuits. The system delivered essential information related to the quantitative growth dynamics (height, diameter, aspect ratio, optical density) of the bacterial colony. For example, the aspect ratio of S. aureus was approximately two times higher than that of E. coli O157 : H7, while the OD of S. aureus was approximately 1/3 higher than that of E. coli O157 : H7. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The G60S connexin 43 mutation activates the osteoblast lineage and results in a resorption-stimulating bone matrix and abrogation of old-age–related bone loss
Authors: Zappitelli Tanya , Chen Frieda , Moreno Luisa , Zirngibl Ralph A , Grynpas Marc , Henderson Janet E , Aubin Jane E 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

We previously isolated a low bone mass mouse, Gja1Jrt/ + , with a mutation in the gap junction protein, alpha 1 gene (Gja1), encoding for a dominant negative G60S Connexin 43 (Cx43) mutant protein. Similar to other Cx43 mutant mouse models described, including a global Cx43 deletion, four skeletal cell conditional-deletion mutants, and a Cx43 missense mutant (G138R/ +), a reduction in Cx43 gap junction formation and/or function resulted in mice with early onset osteopenia. In contrast to other Cx43 mutants, however, we found that Gja1Jrt/+ mice have both higher bone marrow stromal osteoprogenitor numbers and increased appendicular skeleton osteoblast activity, leading to cell autonomous upregulation of both matrix bone sialoprotein (BSP) and membrane-bound receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (mbRANKL). In younger Gja1Jrt/+ mice, these contributed to increased osteoclast number and activity resulting in early onset osteopenia. In older animals, however, this effect was abrogated by increased osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) so that differences in mutant and wild-type (WT) bone parameters and mechanical properties lessened or disappeared with age. Our study is the first to describe a Cx43 mutation in which osteopenia is caused by increased rather than decreased osteoblast function and where activation of osteoclasts occurs not only through increased mbRANKL but an increase in a matrix protein that affects bone resorption, which together abrogate age-related bone loss in older animals. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The Dynamics of Supernumerary Tooth Development Are Differentially Regulated by Sprouty Genes
Authors: LAGRONOVA‐CHURAVA SVATAVA , SPOUTIL FRANTISEK , VOJTECHOVA SIMONA , LESOT HERVE , PETERKA MIROSLAV , KLEIN OPHIR D. , PETERKOVA RENATA 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTIn mice, a toothless diastema separates the single incisor from the three molars in each dental quadrant. In the prospective diastema of the embryo, small rudimentary buds are found that are presumed to be rudiments of suppressed teeth. A supernumerary tooth occurs in the diastema of adult mice carrying mutations in either Spry2 or Spry4. In the case of Spry2 mutants, the origin of the supernumerary tooth involves the revitalization of a rudimentary tooth bud (called R2), whereas its origin in the Spry4 mutants is not known. In addition to R2, another rudimentary primordium (called MS) arises more anteriorly in the prospective diastema. We investigated the participation of both rudiments (MS and R2) in supernumerary tooth development in Spry2 and Spry4 mutants by comparing morphogenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, size and Shh expression in the dental epithelium of MS and R2 rudiments. Increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis were found in MS and R2 at embryonic day (ED) 12.5 and 13.5 in Spry2−/− embryos. Apoptosis was also decreased in both rudiments in Spry4−/− embryos, but the proliferation was lower (similar to WT mice), and supernumerary tooth development was accelerated, exhibiting a cap stage by ED13.5. Compared to Spry2−/− mice, a high number of Spry4−/− supernumerary tooth primordia degenerated after ED13.5, resulting in a low percentage of supernumerary teeth in adults. We propose that Sprouty genes were implicated during evolution in reduction of the cheek teeth in Muridae, and their deletion can reveal ancestral stages of murine dental evolution. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B:307–320, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiparametric MRI of prostate cancer: An update on state‐of‐the‐art techniques and their performance in detecting and localizing prostate cancer
Authors: Hegde John V. , Mulkern Robert V. , Panych Lawrence P. , Fennessy Fiona M. , Fedorov Andriy , Maier Stephan E. , Tempany Clare M.C. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMagnetic resonance (MR) examinations of men with prostate cancer are most commonly performed for detecting, characterizing, and staging the extent of disease to best determine diagnostic or treatment strategies, which range from biopsy guidance to active surveillance to radical prostatectomy. Given both the exam's importance to individual treatment plans and the time constraints present for its operation at most institutions, it is essential to perform the study effectively and efficiently. This article reviews the most commonly employed modern techniques for prostate cancer MR examinations, exploring the relevant signal characteristics from the different methods discussed and relating them to intrinsic prostate tissue properties. Also, a review of recent articles using these methods to enhance clinical interpretation and assess clinical performance is provided. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:1035–1054. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo validation of 4D flow MRI for assessing the hemodynamics of portal hypertension
Authors: Roldán‐Alzate Alejandro , Frydrychowicz Alex , Niespodzany Eric , Landgraf Ben R. , Johnson Kevin M. , Wieben Oliver , Reeder Scott B. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPurpose:To implement and validate in vivo radial 4D flow MRI for quantification of blood flow in the hepatic arterial, portal venous, and splanchnic vasculature of healthy volunteers and patients with portal hypertension.Materials and Methods:Seventeen patients with portal hypertension and seven subjects with no liver disease were included in this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)‐compliant and Institutional Review Board (IRB)‐approved study. Exams were conducted at 3T using a 32‐channel body coil with large volumetric coverage and 1.4 mm isotropic true spatial resolution. Using postprocessing software, cut‐planes orthogonal to vessels were used to quantify flow (L/min) in the hepatic and splanchnic vasculature.Results:Flow quantification was successful in all cases. Portal vein and supraceliac aorta flow demonstrated high variability among patients. Measurements were validated indirectly using internal consistency at three different locations within the portal vein (error = 4.2 ± 3.9%) and conservation of mass at the portal confluence (error = 5.9 ± 2.5%) and portal bifurcation (error = 5.8 ± 3.1%).Conclusion:This work demonstrates the feasibility of radial 4D flow MRI to quantify flow in the hepatic and splanchnic vasculature. Flow results agreed well with data reported in the literature, and conservation of mass provided indirect validation of flow quantification. Flow in patients with portal hypertensions demonstrated high variability, with patterns and magnitude consistent with the hyperdynamic state that commonly occurs in portal hypertension. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.