bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetic ketoacidosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Puttanna A , Padinjakara RNK 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDiabetic ketoacidosis is usually associated with type 1 diabetes; however, it is increasingly being recognised in type 2 diabetes. The three main mechanisms suggested are: insulinopaenia, elevation in counter‐regulatory hormones as a stress response, and increase in free fatty acids. This review aims to highlight the mechanism of diabetic ketoacidosis in type 2 diabetes, the difference compared to its occurrence in type 1 diabetes, the main triggers and its management.The most common mechanism is relative insulin deficiency (insulinopaenia) and usual triggers are non‐concordance or infection. Treatment is exactly the same as in type 1 diabetes with intravenous fluid resuscitation and insulin, though the duration of treatment may not be as long. These patients are able to stop insulin following resolution of ketoacidosis and can be managed on oral hypoglycaemic agents. It is important for clinicians to be aware of this condition due to the increasing burden of type 2 diabetes and to avoid unnecessary treatment with insulin in the long term.
‘Just do it, ’cos I've got your back!’ Diabetes care: the West Cheshire Way
Authors: Joseph Frank 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAs the incidence of diabetes reaches epidemic proportions and the NHS is faced with increasingly limited resources, innovation, adaptation and change are essential for the maintenance of excellent care. The energy and strengths of all health and allied health care professionals as well as carers involved in looking after people with diabetes must be harnessed in ways that are optimal for any given population and locality. We believe that the future lies in integrated care – care that is guided by and based upon the needs and preferences of people with diabetes, commissioned by clinical commissioning groups and delivered by specialists, and primary care, community and ambulance services working collaboratively, with a strong focus on research and development. Integrated care must be multi‐faceted to encompass the complex needs of people with diabetes in this day and age, and must be based on strong relationships with teams that transcend institutional barriers and on communication that is open, honest and in real time.There are great examples of innovative care around the country, and the West Cheshire Way of delivering diabetes care described in this article is just one such example, that has worked for us as a community. The imperative, however, is that we continue to share ideas, experiences and good practice to keep improving and enhancing care for people with diabetes.
Synthesis of chitosan‐graft‐poly[2‐cyano‐1‐(pyridin‐3‐yl)allyl acrylate] copolymer from a novel monomer, prepared using a Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction, and characterization of its antimicrobial activity
Authors: Khalil Khaled D , Ibrahim Enas I , Al‐Sagheer Fakhreia A 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA novel method has been developed to modify the natural polymer chitosan. The process utilizes a monomer prepared by employing a Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reaction. Specifically, the vinyl monomer 2‐[hydroxy(pyridin‐3‐yl)methyl]acrylonitrile (HPA) was synthesized using a high‐yielding MBH reaction of acrylonitrile with pyridine‐3‐carboxaldehyde in the presence of 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Conversion of HPA to 2‐cyano‐1‐(pyridin‐3‐yl)allyl acrylate (CPA) was then carried out by reaction of acryloyl chloride. The highly functionalized monomer CPA was grafted onto chitosan through a reaction in 2% acetic acid containing a persulfate and a sulfite (K2S2O8/Na2SO3) as redox promoter. An optimal grafting percentage of 123% is obtained when the grafting process is conducted at 60 °C for 4 h employing a 1:0.5 ratio of K2S2O8 and Na2SO3 at a concentration of 2.5 × 10−3 mol L−1. Chitosan‐graft‐poly[2‐cyano‐1‐(pyridin‐3‐yl)allyl acrylate] graft copolymers, having various grafting percentages, were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the results of studies probing the antimicrobial activities of the polymers against selected microorganisms show that the graft copolymers display higher growth inhibition activities against bacteria and fungi than does chitosan. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
In–Ga–Zn–O MESFET with transparent amorphous Ru–Si–O Schottky barrier
Authors: Kaczmarski Jakub , Grochowski Jakub , Kaminska Eliana , Taube Andrzej , Jung Wojciech , Piotrowska Anna 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRectifying transparent amorphous Ru–Si–O Schottky contacts to In–Ga–Zn–O have been fabricated by means of reactive sputtering without any annealing processes nor semiconductor surface treatments. The ideality factor, effective Schottky barrier height and rectification ratio are equal to 1.6, 0.9 eV and 105 A/A, respectively. Ru–Si–O/In–Ga–Zn–O Schottky barriers were employed as gate electrodes for In–Ga–Zn–O metal–semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MESFETs). MESFET devices exhibiting on‐to‐off current ratio at the level of 103 A/A in a voltage range of 2 V, with subthreshold swing equal to 420 mV/dec were demonstrated. A channel mobility of 7.36 cm2/V s was achieved. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Scripture‐Based Discourses of Latter‐day Saint and Methodist Youths
Authors: Rackley Eric D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDrawing on social and cultural perspectives of literacy, conceptualizations of religious literacies, and Gee's notion of Discourses, I develop a framework for exploring 16 Latter‐day Saint and Methodist youths’ religious literacies as social and cultural practice. This work grows out of the increasingly important role that religion plays in local and global events, the large population of religious youths who demonstrate strong commitments to engaging with scripture, and the enormous cultural space occupied by religious texts. Data consisted of 59 extensive, semistructured interviews over two years and a year of observations of the youths in multiple contexts. Inductive analyses informed by constant comparative analysis and the development of key linkages indicated that participants engaged in religious literacy discourses that were informed by the religiohistorical beliefs, experiences, and values of their families and religious congregations. Two primary categories emerged: Methodist youths engaged in an active construction of meaning with scripture, situated within a culture of interpretation and discussion of religious texts. Latter‐day Saint youths privileged a passive reception of meaning from scripture, situated within a culture of listening that included reading long passages of scripture and memorizing scripture. These discourses provided ways for the youths to represent the manner in which they participated in, and made sense of, the world through language and texts. This research raises questions about the study of sacred texts, the selection and use of culturally important texts for instructional use, and the value of exploring religion as social and cultural practice.
Efficacy of three irrigation agitation techniques on bacterial elimination: A microbiologic and microscopic evaluation
Authors: Koçak Sibel , Koçak Mustafa Murat , Sağlam Baran Can , Aktaş Elif 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThe aim of this study was to compare in vitro reduction of Enterococcus faecalis by using three agitation methods. Fifty‐five mandibular premolar teeth were used. The root canals were prepared by using ProTaper instruments to size F4. Fresh bacterial suspensions were inoculated into each canal and the teeth were incubated at 37°C under aerobic conditions for 3 weeks. The specimens in negative control group were not contaminated and the teeth in positive control receive no further instrumentation or irrigation after contamination. The contaminated teeth were divided into three experimental groups and two control groups. The experimental groups were as follows according to agitation of NaOCl irrigation solution; group 1, the brush‐covered NaviTip FX needle; group 2, EndoVac apical negative pressure irrigation system; and group 3, self‐adjusting file (SAF). Following the final irrigation, samples obtained with sterile #40 H‐file from teeth and the file used were placed into sterile microcentrifuge tubes. After the incubation period, bacterial colony numbers were noted as CFU/ml. Three teeths were randomly selected from each group for scanning electron microscope evaluation. The three groups were compared with the Kruskal–Wallis test. Comparisons between three groups were made with the Mann–Whitney U‐test with Bonferroni correction. SAF was significantly effective in elimination of E. faecalis when compared to EndoVac (p < 0.05). There was no difference between NaviTip FX needle and other two methods (p > 0.05). In conclusion, agitation of NaOCl with SAF for 2 min may be an effective alternative approach. SCANNING 36:512–516, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A note on implementation of decaying product correlation structures for quasi‐least squares
Authors: Shults Justine , Guerra Matthew W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis note implements an unstructured decaying product matrix via the quasi‐least squares approach for estimation of the correlation parameters in the framework of generalized estimating equations. The structure we consider is fairly general without requiring the large number of parameters that are involved in a fully unstructured matrix. It is straightforward to show that the quasi‐least squares estimators of the correlation parameters yield feasible values for the unstructured decaying product structure. Furthermore, subject to conditions that are easily checked, the quasi‐least squares estimators are valid for longitudinal Bernoulli data. We demonstrate implementation of the structure in a longitudinal clinical trial with both a continuous and binary outcome variable. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moderne Stähle für den Bau von Offshore‐Konstruktionen – Herstellungsverfahren und Eigenschaften
Authors: Graf Tobias , Thieme Andreas , Schröter Falko 
Published: May 2014

AbstractStähle, die vor der Küste im Meer (offshore) sowohl in Bauwerken zur Öl‐ und Gasförderung als auch in Offshore‐Windanlagen verwendet werden, müssen besondere Anforderungen erfüllen. Diese sind deutlich höher als für ähnliche Bauwerke an Land. Die offshore verwendeten Stähle müssen neben den vom Konstrukteur geforderten Streckgrenzen und Festigkeiten auch sehr hohe Zähigkeiten besitzen. Gleichzeitig soll eine möglichst gute Schweißbarkeit sichergestellt sein. Erhöhte Festigkeiten werden vor allem benötigt, um durch die Verwendung dünnerer Bleche leichtere Konstruktionen, die sich besser errichten oder transportieren lassen, verwirklichen zu können. Auch wird der Umfang der Schweißarbeiten infolge der Verwendung dünnerer Bleche reduziert. Erhöhte Zähigkeit ist von Bedeutung, um Materialschäden wie sprödes Versagen zu vermeiden oder bestehende Anrisse aufzufangen und damit der Konstruktion eine größere Sicherheit zu geben.Um diese Eigenschaften einstellen zu können, werden beim Walzen des Materials mit kontrollierten thermomechanischen Walzverfahren bei bestimmten Temperaturen auftretende metallphysikalische Prozesse ausgenutzt. Ferner können der Stahlschmelze Legierungsmittel zugegeben werden. Durch ein schlankes Legierungsmittelkonzept lässt sich die Anfälligkeit gegen Risse in der Wärmeeinflusszone, die beim Schweißen entstehen können, vermindern. Aufwendige Vorwärmprozeduren können hierdurch wegfallen. Das hohe Zähigkeitsniveau des Grundwerkstoffs toleriert die in der Wärmeeinflusszone zu erwartende Abnahme der Zähigkeit, da die gesunkenen Werte nach wie vor weit oberhalb der kritischen Werte liegen werden. Bei Schweißfehlern verhält sich das Material fehlerverzeihender als dies bei früher produzierten Stählen der Fall ist.
Mononuclear Complexes Based on Pyrimidine Ring Azo Schiff‐Base Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Thermal Investigations
Authors: Gulcan Mehmet , Özdemir Sadin , Dündar Abdurrahman , İspir Esin , Kurtoğlu Mükerrem 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSix transition metal(II) complexes with the heterocyclic ligand HL (1), [CuL2]·H2O (2), [NiL2]·3H2O (3), [CoL2]·3H2O (4), [MnL2]·3H2O (5), [ZnL2]·2H2O (6), [PdLOAc]·H2O (7) [HL = 5‐benzoyl‐1‐((E)‐(2‐hydroxy‐5‐((E)‐phenyldiazenyl)benzylidene)amino)‐4‐phenylpyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one] were synthesized. The features of the azo Schiff bases were assigned from microanalytical, spectroscopic (IR, UV/Vis., 1H‐ and 13C NMR, API‐ES mass), magnetic, and molar conductivity measurements at room temperature as well as thermal analysis. The electronic absorption spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements of the complexes indicate square pyramidal arrangement for PdII and octahedral environment for all the other complexes. The azo Schiff base HL acts as a monobasic tridentate ligand, which commonly coordinates through the oxygen atoms of the phenol OH and the pyrimidine one group, and the nitrogen atom of the azomethine group. The thermal behaviors of the ligand and its metal complexes were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The metal complexes proved to be more thermally stable than the ligand; they decomposed at 10–30 °C higher temperatures. Antioxidant properties of the ligand and its metal complexes (DPPH free radical scavenging, ferrous chelating and reducing power activities) were tested. Antimicrobial activities were studied with gram‐positive bacteria, which included Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa represented gram negative bacteria.
Mg4.85Rh6Si13, a Magnesium Rhodium Silicide with Silicon Clusters Si4 and Si18
Authors: Kessens Heike , Schnelle Walter , Jung Walter 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMg4.85Rh6Si13 was obtained from a mixture of the elements in an alumina crucible enclosed in a tantalum ampoule at 950 °C. The crystal structure was solved and refined from single crystal diffraction data [space group P63/mmc; a = 8.709(1) Å, c = 22.240(1) Å]. The new structure type displays a three‐dimensional [Rh6Si13] framework, which contains Si4 tetrahedra and Mg2@Si18 polyhedra consisting of two magnesium centered truncated tetrahedra connected by a hexagonal face. The compound is a Pauli‐paramagnetic metal with a high electrical resistivity.
Dynamic of neurochemical alterations in striatum, hippocampus and cortex after the 6‐OHDA mesostriatal lesion
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Gui Xue‐Hong , Xue Zhong‐Feng , Huang Li‐Ping , Fang Ruo‐Ming , Ke Xue‐Hong , Li Ling , Fang Yong‐Qi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractImmediate neurochemical alterations produced by 6‐OHDA could explain the general toxic pattern in the central nervous system. However, no evidences describe the effects of 6‐OHDA on early changes of neurotransmitters in rats' striatum, cortex and hippocampus. In our study, unilateral 6‐OHDA injection into medial forebrain bundle (MFB) was used in rats, then five neurotransmitters were analyzed at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Results showed that 6‐OHDA injection caused a sharp decline of striatal dopamine (DA) levels in the first 12 h followed by a further reduction between 12 and 48 h. However, striatal levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) were stable in the first 12 h and showed a marked reduction between 12 and 24 h. Striatal levels of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) decreased linearly for 72 h, whereas levels of norepinephrine (NE) showed a slight reduction in the first 48 h, and returned back to normal afterwards. Striatal HVA/DA ratio increased significantly in the first 12 h, but 5‐HIAA/5‐HT ratio showed a sharp increase between 12 and 72 h. Besides, neurochemical alterations were also found in hippocampus and cortex, and the correlations of neurotransmitters were analyzed. Our study indicated that NE system had little influence in the early phase of 6‐OHDA injection, moreover, early neurochemical alterations were involved with striatum, hippocampus and cortex.
Molecular mechanisms of heart failure progression associated with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator shocks for ventricular tachyarrhythmias
Authors: Tsuji Yukiomi , Ishikawa Taisuke , Makita Naomasa 
Published: May 2014

AbstractImplantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) are highly effective in reducing mortality related to ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTAs). Despite this benefit, the occurrence of ICD shocks for VTAs in patients with heart failure (HF) and depressed left ventricular function has been associated with adverse outcomes. Patients with shocked VTAs are at an elevated risk of HF and death. While VTAs may be markers for high‐risk patients, it is possible that the harmful effects of electrical shocks and VTAs are involved in HF progression and associated mortality. Some investigators have speculated that shocked VTAs may activate signaling pathways in the molecular cascade of HF. We recently reported in an experimental model of ventricular fibrillation storm that multiple ICD shocks for recurrent ventricular fibrillation caused striking activation of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II, a validated signaling molecule for HF. This review article describes the harmful effects of shocks and VTAs and proposes that Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II could connect shocked VTAs to adverse outcomes.
Unraveling rift margin evolution and escarpment development ages along the Dead Sea fault using cosmogenic burial ages
Authors: Matmon A. , Fink D. , Davis M. , Niedermann S. , Rood D. , Frumkin A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe Dead Sea fault (DSF) is one of the most active plate boundaries in the world. Understanding the Quaternary history and sediments of the DSF requires investigation into the Neogene development of this plate boundary. DSF lateral motion preceded significant extension and rift morphology by ~10 Ma. Sediments of the Sedom Formation, dated here between 5.0 ± 0.5 Ma and 6.2−2.1+inf Ma, yielded extremely low 10Be concentrations and 26Al is absent. These reflect the antiquity of the sediments, deposited in the Sedom Lagoon, which evolved in a subdued landscape and was connected to the Mediterranean Sea. The base of the overlying Amora Formation, deposited in the terminal Amora Lake which developed under increasing relief that promoted escarpment incision, was dated at 3.3−0.8+0.9 Ma. Burial ages of fluvial sediments within caves (3.4 ± 0.2 Ma and 3.6 ± 0.4 Ma) represent the timing of initial incision. Initial DSF topography coincides with the earliest Red Sea MORB's and the East Anatolian fault initiation. These suggest a change in the relative Arabian–African plate motion. This change introduced the rifting component to the DSF followed by a significant subsidence, margin uplift, and a reorganization of relief and drainage pattern in the region resulting in the topographic framework observed today.
Smoking impedes executive function and related prospective memory
Authors: Heffernan T. M. , Carling A. , O’Neill T. S. , Hamilton C. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveThis study assessed both executive function (EF) and prospective memory (PM) in a group of current smokers (CS) to observe whether deficits in both sets of memory processes co-existed in smokers, comparing this group with a group who had never smoked (NS).MethodAn existing-groups design was used to compare smokers with the NS group on a Reserve Digit Span Task (RDST) that measured EF and the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT) measuring PM. Age, mood, other drug use and IQ were also measured and controlled for in the study.ResultsAfter omitting anyone using an illegal substance and observing no between-group differences in age, gender, anxiety, depression, alcohol use and IQ, the CS group performed significantly worse on the RDST and recalled significantly fewer time-based and event-based tasks on CAMPROMPT, compared with the NS group.ConclusionsBoth EF and PM deficits were evident in the same cohort of CS when compared with a NS group, a finding which is novel in the current literature. Since both EF and PM are interrelated in that they share common resources in the brain, the finding that both sets of deficits co-existed in smokers suggests that persistent cigarette smoking impedes these underlying resources.
Tracking stages of transition in Couette flow analytically
Authors: Karp Michael , Cohen Jacob 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe current study focuses on a transition scenario in which the linear transient growth mechanism is initiated by four decaying normal modes. It is shown that the four modes, the initial structure of which corresponds to counter-rotating vortex pairs, are sufficient to capture the transient growth mechanism. More importantly, it is demonstrated that the kinetic energy growth of the initial disturbance is not the key parameter in this transition mechanism. Rather, it is the ability of the transient growth process to generate an inflection point in the wall-normal direction and consequently to make the flow susceptible to a three-dimensional disturbance leading to transition to turbulence. Because of the minimal number of modes participating in the transition process, it is possible to follow its earlier key stages analytically and to compare them with the results of direct numerical simulation. This procedure reveals the role of various flow parameters during the transition, such as the difference between symmetric and antisymmetric transient growth scenarios. Moreover, it is shown that the resulting modified base flow of the linear process is not sufficient to produce a significant localized maximum of the base-flow vorticity (i.e. a ‘strong’ inflection point), and it is only due to nonlinear effects that the base flow becomes unstable with respect to an infinitesimal three-dimensional disturbance. Finally, the physical mechanism during key stages of transition is well captured by the analytical expressions. Furthermore, the vortex dynamics during these stages is very similar to the model proposed by Cohen, Karp & Mehta (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 747, 2014, pp. 30–43) according to which streamwise variation of the initial counter-rotating vortex pair is required to generate concentrated spanwise vorticity, which together with the lift-up by the induced velocity and shear of the base flow generates packets of hairpins.
Effects of heat stress on the quality of Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: Wang De S. , He Yu R. , Zhang Wei , Nian Xiao G. , Lin Tao , Zhao Rui 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTrichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is an important natural enemy of many species of lepidopterous pests. The effects of heat stress temperature (33, 36, and 39 °C), duration of exposure (2, 4, 6, and 8 h), and developmental stage during exposure (embryo-first instar larvae, second instar larvae, prepupae, and pupae) on the development and reproduction of parasitoid T. bactrae were investigated in the laboratory. When exposed to 39 °C for 8 h during pupal stage, only 19.90% adults emerged from host eggs, and more than 14% were deformed (wings were folded or incomplete). Parasitoid females exposed to 39 °C for 8 h as prepupae only lived for 1.45 days and parasitized about 23.5 host eggs. Moreover, life-table parameters of T. bactrae were also influenced by exposure to heat stress temperatures during each preimaginal developmental stage. Based on these results, we propose that T. bactrae is susceptible to high temperatures, especially at 39 °C. Thus, this parasitoid may be more effectively controlling lepidopterous pests during cooler weather conditions.