bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syntheses, Characterization, and Crystal Structures of a Dinuclear Complex and Coordination Polymer of Mercury(II) with Schiff Base Ligands containing N3 and N4 Donors
Authors: Abedi Marjan , Khandar Ali Akbar , Gargari Masoumeh Servati , Gurbanov Atash V. , Hosseini Seyed Ali , Mahmoudi Ghodrat 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTwo dinuclear mercury(II) iodide compounds, [Hg2(L)(I)4] (1) and [(L′)Hg(μ‐I)2HgI2]n (2) [L = N,N′‐bis(phenyl(pyridin‐2‐yl)methylene)propane‐1,2‐diamine and L′ = N‐(phenyl(pyridin‐2‐yl)methylene)propane‐1,2‐diamine] were synthesized and characterized. The molecular structures of [Hg2(L)(I)4] (1) and [(L′)Hg(μ‐I)2HgI2]n (2), which were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, indicate that each HgII in 1 has a distorted tetrahedral environment around the metal atom with a HgN2I2 chromophore, whereas in 2 one mercury(II) atom adopts a distorted tetrahedral arrangement with a HgI4 chromophore and the other has a distorted square pyramidal environment with HgN3I2 chromophore. In the solid state, compound 2 consists of a 1D coordination polymer structure.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Novel Copper(I) Clusters with Bridging Silyl Amide Ligands
Authors: Wagner Christoph , Merzweiler Kurt 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTreatment of copper(I) chloride with R2Si(NLiPh)2 (R = Me, Ph) in thf led to the formation of the octanuclear cluster compounds [Cu8{(R2Si(NPh)2}4] [R = Me (1), Ph (2).] Compound 1 crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4/n, with a = 1505.41(5) and c = 1911.32(7) pm. The X‐ray crystal structure determination revealed a cube shaped Cu8 cluster core with μ4 bridging Me2Si(NPh)22– ligands. The copper atoms display an almost linear coordination with Cu–N distances in the range of 191.1(3)–191.4(3) pm. The Cu–Cu distances are 265.7(1)–267.3(1) pm. Compound 2 forms monoclinic crystals, space group P21/n, with a = 1461.87(4), b = 2483.77(6), c = 2725.49(8) pm, β = 100.77(1)°. The cluster core of compound 2 consists formally of two mutually perpendicular arranged trigonal prisms, which share a common square face. Like in the case of compound 1 the square faces of the cluster core are capped by μ4 bridging Ph2Si(NPh)22– ligands. The copper atoms adopt a nearly linear N–Cu–N coordination with Cu–N distances of 190.0(4)–195.1(4) pm. The Cu–Cu distances are 252.3(1)–305.6(1) pm.
Does egg dispersal occur via the ocean in the stick insect Megacrania tsudai (Phasmida: Phasmatidae)?
Authors: Kobayashi Shun , Usui Ryota , Nomoto Kouta , Ushirokita Mineyuki , Denda Tetsuo , Izawa Masako 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAlthough insects expand their distribution by various ways, generally only the adult phase has been taken into consideration in research on dispersal. In Megacrania tsudai, it has been proposed that eggs are dispersed through seawater. To test this hypothesis, eggs were treated under normal condition (NC) on wet cotton swabs, and marine condition (MC), floating on salt water for 30, 60, 90, and 365 days. In addition, eggs in the NC and MC treatment groups were dissected every 10 days to verify the developmental stage. The hatching rates in the NC and MC treatment groups were not significantly different among the five treatment groups. However, the egg period, time from laying to hatching, in the MC treatment group was significantly longer than that in any other treatment groups. The egg period was lengthened when the floating period on seawater was longer. The time of the start of egg development was similar in the NC and MC treatment groups, but the developmental speed was slower in the MC treatment group. These results support that M. tsudai can expand its distribution by dispersing its eggs through seawater, probably thanks to specific characteristics of eggs that allow their survival when they float in the sea.
The pronunciation of TH in word-initial position in Malaysian English
Authors: Yamaguchi Toshiko 
Published: August 2014

Mesthrie & Bhatt (2008: 125) note that ‘all New Englishes varieties treat [θ] or [ð] as something other than an interdental fricative’. Malaysian English, as a variety of New English, constitutes an interesting case study. In Malaysian English, what Mesthrie & Bhatt (2008: 125) call ‘something other than an interdental fricative’ is realized as the dental stop [t] (e.g. thought), which in this paper is dubbed ‘a new [t]’ or presented orthographically as [th > t], whose acoustic quality is strikingly different from the ordinary alveolar stop [t] (e.g. taught).
Language policies and English worldwide
Authors: Bolton Kingsley 
Published: August 2014

This is a weighty volume, and one which provides a very useful addition to the Cambridge Handbook series, which previously has covered such topics as phonology, code-switching, child language, endangered languages, sociolinguistics and pragmatics. The volume comprises a total of 30 chapters, which in turn are grouped into five constituent parts. Part I sets out ‘Definition and principles’, Part II deals with ‘Language policy at the macrolevel’, Part III discusses language policies in ‘Non-governmental domains’, Part IV tackles ‘Globalization and modernization’, and, finally, Part V focuses on ‘Regional and thematic issues’. Bernard Spolsky's opening chapter on ‘What is language policy?’ clears the discursive and theoretical space for much that follows, with Spolsky cogently resolving the often confusing issue of where language ‘policy’ ends and ‘planning’ begins thus:
I find it appropriate then to name the field as a whole ‘language policy’, and see it as made up of three inter-related but independent components [...] The first of these is the actual language practices of the members of the speech community […] The second component, formed in large measure by the first and confirming its influence, is made up of the values assigned by members of a speech community to each variety and variant and their beliefs about the importance of these values. […] The third component is what used to be called ‘planning’ and what I prefer to call ‘management’, efforts by some members of a speech community who have or believe they have authority over other members to modify their language practice, such as by forcing or encouraging them to use a different variety or even a different variant. (5)
IBN SĪNĀ’S APPROACH TO EQUALITY AND UNITY
Authors: Rahman Shahid , Granström Johan Georg , Salloum Zaynab 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAristotle did not develop the quantification of the predicate, but, as shown in a recent paper by Hasnawi, Ibn Sīnā did. In fact, assuming the Aristotelian subject-predicate structure, Ibn Sīnā qualifies those propositions that carry a quantified predicate as deviating (muḥarrafa) propositions. A consequence of Ibn Sīnā’s approach is that the second quantification is absorbed by the predicate term. The clear differentiation between a quantified subject, that settles the domain of quantification, and a predicative part, that builds a proposition over this domain, corresponds structurally to the distinction, made in constructive type theory, between the type of sets and the type of propositions.Neither did Aristotle combine his logical analysis of quantification with his ontological theory of relations or equality. But Ibn Sīnā makes use of syllogisms that require a logic of equality, and considered cases where quantification combines via equality with singular terms. Moreover these reflections provide the basis for his theory of numbers that is based on the interplay between the One and the Many. If we combine Ibn Sīnā’s metaphysical theory of equality with his work on the quantification of the predicate, a logic of equality comes out naturally. Indeed, the interaction between quantification of the predicate and equality can be applied to Ibn Sīnā’s own examples of syllogisms involving these notions. By using the formal instruments provided Martin-Löf's constructive type theory, the present paper establishes links between Ibn Sīnā’s metaphysics and his logical work: links that have been discussed in relation to other topics by Thom and Street. Ibn Sīnā did not develop a logic of identity, but he did develop the conceptual means to do so.
Ronald Coase's impact on economics
Authors: SHIRLEY MARY M. , WANG NING , MÉNARD CLAUDE 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRonald Coase had a profound impact on scholarship worldwide, and not for his ideas alone. Coase's ideas about transaction costs, the nature of the firm, the role of government, and the problem of social cost have been hugely influential. Throughout his long life, he also worked to change the conduct of economics, urging economists to ground their conclusions in careful study of empirical reality rather than theories that work only on the blackboard. Less well known, perhaps, is his work to nurture and shape the emerging fields of law and economics and new institutional economics, or his support to young scholars studying institutional issues around the world. In his final years, he was preoccupied by the rapid transformation of China and the institutional structure of production. This article summarizes Coase's significant intellectual contributions to economics, pointing out along the way some of the traits that made him such a powerful thinker and exceptionally influential scholar.
Quench in the 1D Bose-Hubbard model: Topological defects and excitations from the Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition dynamics
Authors: Dziarmaga Jacek , Zurek Wojciech H. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractKibble-Zurek mechanism (KZM) uses critical scaling to predict density of topological defects and other excitations created in second order phase transitions. We point out that simply inserting asymptotic critical exponents deduced from the immediate vicinity of the critical point to obtain predictions can lead to results that are inconsistent with a more careful KZM analysis based on causality – on the comparison of the relaxation time of the order parameter with the “time distance” from the critical point. As a result, scaling of quench-generated excitations with quench rates can exhibit behavior that is locally (i.e., in the neighborhood of any given quench rate) well approximated by the power law, but with exponents that depend on that rate and that are quite different from the naive prediction based on the critical exponents relevant for asymptotically long quench times. Kosterlitz-Thouless scaling (that governs e.g. Mott insulator to superfluid transition in the Bose-Hubbard model in one dimension) is investigated as an example of this phenomenon.
Kinetic characterization of human butyrylcholinesterase mutants for the hydrolysis of cocaethylene
Authors: Hou Shurong , Zhan Max , Zheng Xirong , Zhan Chang-Guo , Zheng Fang 
Published: August 2014

It is known that the majority of cocaine users also consume alcohol. Alcohol can react with cocaine to produce a significantly more cytotoxic compound, cocaethylene. Hence a truly valuable cocaine-metabolizing enzyme as treatment for cocaine abuse/overdose should be efficient for not only cocaine itself, but also cocaethylene. The catalytic parameters (kcat and KM) of human BChE (butyrylcholinesterase) and two mutants (known as cocaine hydrolases E14-3 and E12-7) for cocaethylene are characterized in the present study, for the first time, in comparison with those for cocaine. On the basis of the obtained kinetic data, wild-type human BChE has a lower catalytic activity for cocaethylene (kcat=3.3 min−1, KM=7.5 μM and kcat/KM=4.40×105 M−1·min−1) compared with its catalytic activity for (−)-cocaine. E14-3 and E12-7 have a considerably improved catalytic activity against cocaethylene compared with the wild-type BChE. E12-7 is identified as the most efficient enzyme for hydrolysing cocaethylene in addition to its high activity for (−)-cocaine. E12-7 has an 861-fold improved catalytic efficiency for cocaethylene (kcat=3600 min−1, KM=9.5 μM and kcat/KM=3.79×108 M−1·min−1). It has been demonstrated that E12-7 as an exogenous enzyme can indeed rapidly metabolize cocaethylene in rats. Further kinetic modelling has suggested that E12-7 with an identical concentration as that of the endogenous BChE in human plasma can effectively eliminate (−)-cocaine, cocaethylene and norcocaine in simplified kinetic models of cocaine abuse and overdose associated with the concurrent use of cocaine and alcohol.
Speech Abilities in Preschool Children With Speech Sound Disorder With and Without Co-Occurring Language Impairment
Authors: Macrae Toby , Tyler Ann A. 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
The authors compared preschool children with co-occurring speech sound disorder (SSD) and language impairment (LI) to children with SSD only in their numbers and types of speech sound errors.

Method

In this post hoc quasi-experimental study, independent samples
t
tests were used to compare the groups in the standard score from different tests of articulation/phonology, percent consonants correct, and the number of omission, substitution, distortion, typical, and atypical error patterns used in the production of different wordlists that had similar levels of phonetic and structural complexity.

Results

In comparison with children with SSD only, children with SSD and LI used similar numbers but different types of errors, including more omission patterns (
p
< .001,
d
= 1.55) and fewer distortion patterns (
p
= .022,
d
= 1.03). There were no significant differences in substitution, typical, and atypical error pattern use.

Conclusions
Frequent omission error pattern use may reflect a more compromised linguistic system characterized by absent phonological representations for target sounds (see Shriberg et al., 2005). Research is required to examine the diagnostic potential of early frequent omission error pattern use in predicting later diagnoses of co-occurring SSD and LI and/or reading problems.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Spine in Children: Spinal Incidental Findings in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Ramadorai Uma E. , Hire Justin M. , DeVine John G. 
Published: August 2014

Study Design Retrospective case series. Objective To determine the rate of spinal incidental findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine in the pediatric population. Methods We reviewed MRI imaging of the neuraxial spine in patients less than 18 years of age and documented abnormal spinal findings. We then reviewed the charts of these patients to determine the reason for ordering the study. Those who presented with pain were considered symptomatic. Those who had no presenting complaint were considered asymptomatic. The data were analyzed to break down the rate of spinal incidental findings in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine, respectively. Results Thirty-one of the 99 MRIs had positive findings, with the most common being disk protrusion (51.6%). Spinal incidental findings were most common in the lumbar spine (9.4%) versus the cervical spine (8%) or thoracic spine (4.7%). In this group, Schmorl nodes and disk protrusion were the two most common findings (37.5% each). Other spinal incidental findings included a vertebral hemangioma and a Tarlov cyst. In the thoracic spine, the only spinal incidental finding was a central disk protrusion without spinal cord or nerve root compression. Conclusion MRI is a useful modality in the pediatric patient with scoliosis or complaints of pain, but the provider should remain cognizant of the potential for spinal incidental findings.
Convex lens-induced nanoscale templating
Authors: Berard Daniel J. , Michaud François , Mahshid Sara , Ahamed Mohammed Jalal , McFaul Christopher M. J. , Leith Jason S. , Bérubé Pierre , Sladek Rob , Reisner Walter , Leslie Sabrina R. 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Convex lens-induced nanoscale templating (CLINT) represents a conceptual breakthrough in nanofluidic technology for single-molecule manipulation. CLINT solves a key challenge faced by the nanofluidics field by bridging the multiple-length scales required to efficiently bring single-molecule analytes from the pipette tip to the nanofluidic channel. To do this, CLINT loads single-molecule analytes into embedded nanofeatures via dynamic control of applied vertical confinement, which we have demonstrated by loading and extending DNA within nanochannels. CLINT offers unique advantages in single-molecule DNA mapping by facilitating surface passivation, increasing loading efficiency, obviating the need for applied pressure or electric fields, and enhancing compatibility with physiological buffers and long DNA molecules extracted from complex genomes.
Multimonth controlled small molecule release from biodegradable thin films
Authors: Hsu Bryan B. , Park Myoung-Hwan , Hagerman Samantha R. , Hammond Paula T. 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Drug release from implants and coatings provides a means for local administration while minimizing systemic toxicity. Controlled release can provide a slowly eluting drug reservoir to maintain elevated therapeutic levels. Devices based on degradable polymer matrices can control drug release for multiple weeks, but longer durations typically require bulky, nondegradable devices. Using a combination of a polymer–drug conjugate and its electrostatic thin film assembly, we discovered a predictable long-term sustained release of more than 14 mo, far exceeding the duration noted in most previous reports, especially those from biodegradable matrices. Because of the substantial drug loading, nanoscale films were able to maintain significant concentrations that remained highly potent. We report a versatile, long-term drug delivery platform with broad biomedical implications.
Cross-resistance mechanism of respiratory syncytial virus against structurally diverse entry inhibitors
Authors: Yan Dan , Lee Sujin , Thakkar Vidhi D. , Luo Ming , Moore Martin L. , Plemper Richard Karl 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes major disease in pediatric and elderly patients, urging the development of efficacious therapeutics. This study establishes a recombinant RSV reporter strain for drug discovery and identifies an entry inhibitor class targeting the viral fusion (F) protein. Biochemical, structural, and functional characterization of the inhibitor spotlights two microdomains governing the conformational stability of prefusion F. Mutations in these domains cause broad cross-resistance against the compound and RSV entry inhibitors in preclinical and clinical development, without mandatory loss of in vivo pathogenicity, challenging the possible clinical benefit of current RSV entry inhibitor classes. Anti-RSV campaigns should better target postentry steps or proactively circumvent resistance to entry inhibition. The resistant RSV reporter strain developed here establishes a strategy toward this goal.
Allostery within a transcription coactivator is predominantly mediated through dissociation rate constants
Authors: Shammas Sarah L. , Travis Alexandra J. , Clarke Jane 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Various intrinsically disordered proteins form structure on binding to partner proteins. The mechanism of this process is still poorly understood, and kinetic measurements will be important in furthering understanding. Here, we have performed the first comparison of the kinetics for various different intrinsically disordered partners with a protein [CREB binding protein–kinase-inducible domain interacting (KIX)] that is key in deciding which proteins are expressed within a cell. We compare the rate constants in the presence and absence of a ligand at a second binding site on KIX, thereby providing insight into the mechanism of allostery between the two sites.
Structural investigation of ribosomally synthesized natural products by hypothetical structure enumeration and evaluation using tandem MS
Authors: Zhang Qi , Ortega Manuel , Shi Yanxiang , Wang Huan , Melby Joel O. , Tang Weixin , Mitchell Douglas A. , van der Donk Wilfred A. 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) constitute a promising repertoire of natural products with potentially useful properties. Several tools have been developed in recent years to facilitate RiPP discovery and to connect genetic information with the chemical entities produced by microorganisms. Structure elucidation remains challenging for the RiPP field and is a bottleneck for genome mining and/or synthetic biology efforts to identify and characterize new RiPP members. This study presents a method for automated structural analysis of RiPPs, which is based on enumeration of a collection of hypothetical structures predicted based on genomic information and evaluation of each structure with multiple tandem mass spectra. We show that this approach provides a powerful method for structural characterization of complex RiPPs and their biosynthetic intermediates.
Acoustic excitations and elastic heterogeneities in disordered solids
Authors: Mizuno Hideyuki , Mossa Stefano , Barrat Jean-Louis 
Published: August 2014

Significance
What makes the difference when sound propagation is investigated in a crystal or in a glass? One hundred years ago, Debye rationalized the former case in terms of phonons. In contrast, years of effort have failed to provide a convincing picture for vibrations in disordered solids. We provide a contribution to this issue by reporting clear evidence that a mechanical feature, elastic heterogeneity at the nanoscale, profoundly affects the main properties and even the very nature of sound waves. Our picklock is the numerical study of a toy model that, at fixed macroscopic thermodynamical conditions, allows to investigate in a unified framework the perfect crystal, increasingly defective ordered phases, and the fully developed amorphous state.
Protective hinge in insulin opens to enable its receptor engagement
Authors: Menting John G. , Yang Yanwu , Chan Shu Jin , Phillips Nelson B. , Smith Brian J. , Whittaker Jonathan , Wickramasinghe Nalinda P. , Whittaker Linda J. , Pandyarajan Vijay , Wan Zhu-li , Yadav Satya P. , Carroll Julie M. , Strokes Natalie , Roberts Charles T. , Ismail-Beigi Faramarz , Milewski Wieslawa , Steiner Donald F. , Chauhan Virander S. , Ward Colin W. , Weiss Michael A. , Lawrence Michael C. 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Insulin provides a model for analysis of protein structure and evolution. Here we describe in detail a conformational switch that enables otherwise hidden nonpolar surfaces in the hormone to engage its receptor. Whereas the classical closed conformation of insulin enables its stable storage in pancreatic β cells, its active conformation is open and susceptible to nonnative aggregation. Our findings illuminate biophysical constraints underlying the evolution of an essential signaling system and provide a structural foundation for design of therapeutic insulin analogs.
Respiration accumulates Calvin cycle intermediates for the rapid start of photosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Authors: Shimakawa Ginga , Hasunuma Tomohisa , Kondo Akihiko , Matsuda Mami , Makino Amane , Miyake Chikahiro 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that inducing photosynthesis in cyanobacteria requires respiration. A mutant deficient in glycogen phosphorylase (∆GlgP) was prepared in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to suppress respiration. The accumulated glycogen in ΔGlgP was 250–450% of that accumulated in wild type (WT). The rate of dark respiration in ΔGlgP was 25% of that in WT. In the dark, P700+ reduction was suppressed in ΔGlgP, and the rate corresponded to that in (2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone)-treated WT, supporting a lower respiration rate in ∆GlgP. Photosynthetic O2-evolution rate reached a steady-state value much slower in ∆GlgP than in WT. This retardation was solved by addition of d-glucose. Furthermore, we found that the contents of Calvin cycle intermediates in ∆GlgP were lower than those in WT under dark conditions. These observations indicated that respiration provided the carbon source for regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate in order to drive the rapid start of photosynthesis.