bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legislative Reallocation: How Compliance with Federal Legislative Initiatives Can Redistribute Water Resources
Authors: Benson Melinda Harm 
Published: October 2015

Abstract:Water allocation in the United States generally occurs through state administrative processes. Compliance with Federal legislative initiatives, however, can require the reallocation of water resources. Laws enacted to achieve protection of environmental, wildland and wildlife resources have increasingly played a role in the allocation of water, particularly in the West. This Article examines Washington's Methow Valley as a case study in which efforts to recover threatened and endangered aquatic species have achieved reallocations of water resources to protect environmental values. After a brief outline of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and its requirements, it examines how the ESA's consultation process requires private irrigators to limit water withdrawal to meet the biological and reproductive needs of ESA listed species. Constitutional constraints on legislative reallocation stemming from the U.S. Constitution's “Takings” clause are also discussed as an important limit on this power.
Selling City Futures: The Financialization of Urban Redevelopment Policy
Authors: Weber Rachel 
Published: October 2015

abstractThis article examines the specific mechanisms that have allowed global financial markets to penetrate deeply into the activities of U.S. cities. A flood of yield‐seeking capital poured into municipal debt instruments in the late 1990s, but not all cities or instruments were equally successful in attracting it. Capital gravitated toward those local governments that could readily convert the income streams of public assets into new financial instruments and that could minimize the risk of nonpayment due to the actions of nonfinancial claimants. This article follows the case of Chicago from 1996 through 2007 as the city government subsidized development projects with borrowed money using a once‐obscure instrument called Tax Increment Financing (TIF). TIF allows municipalities to bundle and sell off the rights to future property tax revenues from designated parts of the city. The City of Chicago improved the appearance of these speculative instruments by segmenting and sequencing TIF debt instruments in ways that made them look less idiosyncratic and by exerting strong political control over the processes of development and property tax assessment. In doing so, Chicago not only attracted billions of dollars in global capital but also contributed to a dangerous oversupply of commercial real estate.
Financial Institutions and Non‐Governmental Organizations: An Advocacy Partnership for Sustainable Capital Markets?
Authors: Waygood Steve 
Published: October 2015

In this article, the Chief Responsibility Officer for Aviva Investors examines the potential for financial institutions (FIs) to work in partnership with non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) in advocating changes to public policy that promote sustainable capital markets. Many NGOs have argued that the current form of global economic growth is unsustainable—and they routinely engage in public policy advocacy. However, such advocacy has generally proved ineffective, in large part because most NGOs have a very limited understanding of how capital markets function.Investors, for their part, are increasingly recognizing that key aspects of the global economy are on an unsustainable footing. And some are concerned about the negative implications for the long‐term value of their assets. But with a few notable exceptions, they have not made systematic efforts to work with governments to correct the market failures.NGO‐FI advocacy partnerships could identify specific cases of systemic or sectoral market failures, and recommend long‐term changes to the sectoral operating environment that would affect the cash flows and values of companies operating within that sector in ways designed to “internalize” the effects of negative social and environmental externalities. To foster the development of such partnerships, there is a need for academia to develop learning forums that stimulate the exchange of ideas between the executives within NGOs and FIs in an environment of mutual trust and respect.
Causes and Consequences of Disaggregating Earnings Guidance
Authors: Lansford Benjamin , Lev Baruch , Wu Tucker Jennifer 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWhether managers should provide earnings guidance, especially quarterly guidance, has been a hotly debated policy issue. Influential organizations have urged firms to stop providing earnings guidance to reduce earnings fixation and short‐termism in the capital markets. Little attention has been paid to an alternative proposal: instead of ceasing earnings guidance, companies could provide disaggregated earnings guidance. No archival evidence exists regarding the determinants of disaggregated earnings guidance and its effects on the firm and its information environment. We find that once managers provide guidance, the decision to disaggregate this guidance is primarily driven by demand‐and‐supply factors that exhibit little change from year to year rather than by strategic factors. We find more timely analyst forecast revisions (with no compromise of forecast accuracy), a greater magnitude of revisions, and a larger reduction in analyst disagreement for disaggregating firms than for non‐disaggregating firms. These findings suggest that disaggregation enriches a firm's information environment. We also find that disaggregation helps managers align analyst expectations with their own, but firms are punished by investors for providing multiple performance targets but missing them.
Bankruptcy Litigation and Relationship Banking
Authors: Marini François 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper analyzes how bankruptcy litigation affects the value of relationship banking. In our model, bankruptcy courts may make type 1 errors, i.e., they may declare that an insolvent firm is solvent; and they may make type 2 errors, i.e., they may declare that a solvent firm is insolvent. Our model provides four results. First, the cost of bank debt decreases when the probability that bankruptcy courts make type 2 errors increases. Second, the value of relationship banking increases when the probability that bankruptcy courts make type 1 errors increases. Third, the cost of credit intermediation decreases when the probability that bankruptcy courts make type 2 errors increases. Fourth, the diversification mechanism does not fully solve the delegated monitoring problem.
Financial Reporting Quality, Structural Problems and the Informativeness of Mandated Disclosures on Internal Controls
Authors: Ghosh Aloke (Al) , Lee Yong Gyu 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEven before firms report internal control weaknesses under the Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX), they are characterized by structural problems, are prone to internal control weaknesses, and have low financial reporting quality. If the stock market incorporates much of this information during the pre‐disclosure years, investors are less surprised when firms subsequently report internal control weaknesses under SOX. We find that for the pre‐disclosure period, firms reporting internal control weaknesses under SOX, (1) had structural problems, (2) were prone to internal control problems, and (3) had low financial reporting quality. Further, we provide direct evidence that stock prices during pre‐disclosure years incorporate much of the information about structural problems, the likelihood of internal control weaknesses, and low reporting quality. Finally, we find that many of these value‐relevant factors are not related to announcement period returns when firms eventually disclose such problems under SOX and that limited new information about structural problems is generated around this date. Our results provide a compelling explanation for the muted stock price reaction around the mandatory disclosure date.
Analysts’ Momentum Recommendations
Authors: Muslu Volkan , Xue Yanfeng 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe document that the likelihood of analyst recommendations following past stock returns decreased abruptly in 2003, coinciding with the Global Settlement and other regulatory changes designed to restrain analysts’ conflicts of interest. We also document that the likelihood of recommendations following past stock returns is abnormally high for recommendations issued after negative stock returns (but not for those issued after positive stock returns), among inexperienced and inaccurate analysts, among large brokerage houses, and for companies with high share turnover. Moreover, the recommendations that are more likely to follow past stock returns are accompanied by earnings forecast revisions that are larger in magnitude and less accurate ex post. Overall, our findings suggest that analysts with conflicts of interest and limited ability are more likely to base their recommendations on past stock returns. Finally, we document that the recommendations that are more likely to follow past stock returns (especially those that were issued before 2003 and those that are issued after negative stock returns) contribute to existing price momentum by generating incrementally stronger short‐term and long‐term stock returns.
Palifermin for the protection and regeneration of epithelial tissues following injury: new findings in basic research and pre‐clinical models
Authors: Finch Paul W. , Mark Cross Lawrence J. , McAuley Daniel F. , Farrell Catherine L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractKeratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a paracrine‐acting epithelial mitogen produced by cells of mesenchymal origin, that plays an important role in protecting and repairing epithelial tissues. Pre‐clinical data initially demonstrated that a recombinant truncated KGF (palifermin) could reduce gastrointestinal injury and mortality resulting from a variety of toxic exposures. Furthermore, the use of palifermin in patients with hematological malignancies reduced the incidence and duration of severe oral mucositis experienced after intensive chemoradiotherapy. Based upon these findings, as well as the observation that KGF receptors are expressed in many, if not all, epithelial tissues, pre‐clinical studies have been conducted to determine the efficacy of palifermin in protecting different epithelial tissues from toxic injury in an attempt to model various clinical situations in which it might prove to be of benefit in limiting tissue damage. In this article, we review these studies to provide the pre‐clinical background for clinical trials that are described in the accompanying article and the rationale for additional clinical applications of palifermin.
A Primer on Criminal Child Abuse and Neglect Law
Authors: Abrams Douglas E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article surveys major aspects of criminal child abuse and neglect law encountered by judges, prosecutors and defense lawyers, child advocates, and child care professionals. The author, whose casebook, Children and the Law: Doctrine, Policy and Practice (West 4th ed. 2010) (with Sarah H. Ramsey), is required reading in law schools throughout the United States, analyzes both constitutional and statutory law.
Adapted Tango Improves Mobility, Motor–Cognitive Function, and Gait but Not Cognition in Older Adults in Independent Living
Authors: Hackney Madeleine E. , Byers Colleen , Butler Gail , Sweeney Morgan , Rossbach Lauren , Bozzorg Aaron 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesTo determine the efficacy of adapted tango for improving mobility, motor–cognitive function, and gait; to determine whether former dance experience was associated with improvements; and to evaluate participant satisfaction, changes in depression, and quality of life.DesignQuasi‐experimental, two‐group, repeated‐measures preintervention, postintervention, and 3‐month postintervention study.SettingDiverse senior independent living communities in an urban metropolitan area.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 59 to 95 (73% aged 80 and older; 31% nonwhite, 72% female) (N = 74).InterventionParticipants were assigned to 20 sessions of 90‐minute tango (n = 62) or health education (n = 12) classes over 12 weeks.MeasurementsMobility, motor–cognitive function, gait, cognition, and psychosocial function were evaluated before, immediately after, and 3 months after the intervention. Two (groups) by two (before and after) repeated‐measures analyses of variance with post hoc comparisons were used to evaluate differences in primary analyses. Secondary analyses from immediately after to 3 months after were used to examine the data for retention of any gains.ResultsForty‐four tango and 10 education participants completed 20 sessions. Significant group by time interactions revealed that tango improved mobility (P = .006), backward and fast gait speeds (P < .001), and motor–cognitive function (P = .03). Education improved depression (P = .001). No relationship was noted between previous dance experience and improvements. Gains were maintained 3 months after the intervention.ConclusionAdapted tango may improve mobility, gait and motor–cognitive function more than health education classes in older adults. Further research is necessary to confirm these findings.
Nursing Job Rotation Stress Scale development and psychometric evaluation
Authors: Huang Shan , Lin Yu‐Hua , Kao Chia‐Chan , Yang Hsing‐Yu , Anne Ya‐Li , Wang Cheng‐Hua 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to develop and assess the reliability and validity of the Nurse Job Rotation Stress Scale (NJRS).MethodsA convenience sampling method was utilized to recruit two groups of nurses (n = 150 and 253) from a 2751 bed medical center in southern Taiwan. The NJRS scale was developed and used to evaluate the NJRS.ResultsExplorative factor analysis revealed that three factors accounted for 74.11% of the explained variance. Confirmatory factor analysis validity testing supported the three factor structure and the construct validity. Cronbach's alpha for the 10 item model was 0.87 and had high linearity.ConclusionThe NJRS can be considered a reliable and valid scale for the measurement of nurse job rotation stress for nursing management and research purposes.
Big Bad Data: Law, Public Health, and Biomedical Databases
Authors: Hoffman Sharona , Podgurski Andy 
Published: October 2015

The accelerating adoption of electronic health record (EHR) systems will have profound impacts on clinical care. It will also have far-reaching implications for public health research and surveillance, which in turn could lead to changes in public policy, statutes, and regulations. The public health benefits of EHR use can be significant. However, researchers and analysts who rely on EHR data must proceed with caution and understand the potential limitations of EHRs.Much has been written about the risk of EHR privacy breaches. This paper focuses on a different set of concerns, those relating to data quality. Unlike clinical trial data, EHR data is not recorded primarily to meet the needs of researchers. Because of clinicians’ workloads, poor user-interface design, and other factors, EHR data is surprisingly likely to be erroneous, miscoded, fragmented, and incomplete. Although EHRs eliminate the problem of cryptic handwriting, other kinds of errors are more common with EHRs than with paper records.
Carrying Guns in Public: Legal and Public Health Implications
Authors: Vernick Jon S. 
Published: October 2015

The Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states: “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” Until recently, no federal appellate court had ever struck down any gun law as a violation of the Second Amendment. In fact, even laws outlawing most handgun possession, or restricting other types of firearms, had been upheld, in part, because the laws did not interfere with the functioning of state militias.Then, in 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court — for the first time in nearly 70 years — decided a case squarely addressing the meaning of the Second Amendment. In District of Columbia v. Heller, the Supreme Court concluded that the Second Amendment protected an individual right to own handguns in the home, invalidating a Washington, D.C. law.But Heller left many issues undecided, including the precise scope of the Second Amendment.
Advance Directives, Dementia, and Physician-Assisted Death
Authors: Menzel Paul T. , Steinbock Bonnie 
Published: October 2015

Almost all jurisdictions where physician-assisted death (PAD) is legal require that the requesting individual be competent to make medical decisions at time of assistance. The requirement of contemporary competence is intended to ensure that PAD is limited to people who really want to die and have the cognitive ability to make a final choice of such enormous import. Along with terminal illness, defined as prognosis of death within six months, contemporary competence is regarded as an important safeguard against mistake and abuse, arguably the strongest objections to legalizing PAD.The insistence on contemporary competence is problematic. It means that someone who has dementia is ruled out as a candidate for PAD, even if she is terminally ill and suffering terrible and unrelievable pain. It also rules out individuals with strong and unwavering desires not to end their life in dementia.
The State's Interest in Potential Life
Authors: Fox Dov 
Published: October 2015

Most people identifyRoe v. Wadewith a single landmark judgment. It extended the constitutional right of individual privacy to a woman’s decision about whether to terminate a pregnancy. Indeed, political, judicial, and scholarly debates about the case have focused on the origin, content, and balancing of that substantive due process right to abortion.Largely missing from these debates isRoe’sdistinct holding, on the other side of the constitutional ledger, that the government has a valid reason to regulate reproductive conduct in the name of “potential life.” Despite decades of intensive litigation and academic commentary on the metes and bounds of reproductive privacy, scholars have paid little attention to the state’s interest in potential life that it is routinely found to implicate.
Empowering Peer Group Leaders for HIV Prevention in Malawi
Authors: McCreary Linda L. , Kaponda Chrissie P. N. , Davis Kristina , Kalengamaliro Mary , Norr Kathleen F. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposeBehavioral change interventions using peer group leaders are effective and widely used, but few studies have examined how being a peer group leader affects the leaders. This study describes how participants felt being a peer group leader affected their lives.DesignThis descriptive qualitative study interviewed 18 experienced peer group leaders who had conducted a multisession human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention peer group intervention in rural Malawi.MethodsWe used inductive content analysis and comparisons within and between cases.FindingsThree major themes were identified. All leaders said they experienced personal changes in their knowledge, attitudes, or HIV prevention behaviors. They described interacting with family, neighbors, and friends, and speaking at church or community meetings, to discuss HIV prevention issues. They increased their self‐efficacy to engage others in sensitive HIV prevention issues, developed a self‐identity as a change agent, and came to be recognized in their community as trustworthy advisors about HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. These three themes, taken together, form the meta‐theme of psychological empowerment.ConclusionBeing a peer group leader empowered the leaders as change agents for HIV prevention and had impacts in the community after the intervention ended, potentially increasing the long‐term effectiveness and cost effectiveness of peer group interventions.Clinical RelevanceHealthcare workers and community volunteers who led HIV prevention sessions continued HIV prevention activities in the community and workplace after the program ended. Training health workers as volunteer HIV prevention leaders offers a strategy to bring HIV prevention to limited‐resource settings, despite health worker shortages.
Can Markets Discipline Government Agencies? Evidence from the Weather Derivatives Market
Authors: PURNANANDAM AMIYATOSH , WEAGLEY DANIEL 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTWe analyze the role of financial markets in shaping the incentives of government agencies using a unique empirical setting: the weather derivatives market. We show that the introduction of weather derivative contracts on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) improves the accuracy of temperature measurement by 13% to 20% at the underlying weather stations. We argue that temperature‐based financial markets generate additional scrutiny of the temperature data measured by the National Weather Service, which motivates the agency to minimize measurement errors. Our results have broader implications: the visibility and scrutiny generated by financial markets can potentially improve the efficiency of government agencies.
Short Selling and Earnings Management: A Controlled Experiment
Authors: FANG VIVIAN W. , HUANG ALLEN H. , KARPOFF JONATHAN M. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTDuring 2005 to 2007, the SEC ordered a pilot program in which one‐third of the Russell 3000 index were arbitrarily chosen as pilot stocks and exempted from short‐sale price tests. Pilot firms’ discretionary accruals and likelihood of marginally beating earnings targets decrease during this period, and revert to pre‐experiment levels when the program ends. After the program starts, pilot firms are more likely to be caught for fraud initiated before the program, and their stock returns better incorporate earnings information. These results indicate that short selling, or its prospect, curbs earnings management, helps detect fraud, and improves price efficiency.
Using narrow‐band imaging with conventional hysteroscopy increases the detection of chronic endometritis in abnormal uterine bleeding and postmenopausal bleeding
Authors: Ozturk Mustafa , Ulubay Mustafa , Alanbay Ibrahim , Keskin Uğur , Karasahin Emre , Yenen Müfit Cemal 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimA preliminary study was designed to evaluate whether a narrow‐band imaging (NBI) endoscopic light source could detect chronic endometritis that was not identifiable with a white light hysteroscope.Material and MethodsA total of 86 patients with endometrial pathology (71 abnormal uterine bleeding and 15 postmenopausal bleeding) were examined by NBI endoscopy and white light hysteroscopy between February 2010 and February 2011. The surgeon initially observed the uterine cavity using white light hysteroscopy and made a diagnostic impression, which was recorded. Subsequently, after pressing a button on the telescope, NBI was used to reevaluate the endometrial mucosa.ResultsThe median age of the patients was 40 years (range: 30–60 years). Endometritis was diagnosed histologically. Six cases of abnormal uterine bleeding (6/71, 8.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03–0.17) and one case of postmenopausal bleeding (1/15, 6%, 95%CI 0.01–0.29) were only diagnosed with chronic endometritis by NBI (7/86, 8.1%, 95%CI 0.04–0.15).ConclusionCapillary patterns of the endometrium can be observed by NBI and this method can be used to assess chronic endometritis.