bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescents’ Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: A Pathway in Reducing Overweight and Obesity: The PRALIMAP 2-Year Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Omorou Abdou Y. , Langlois Johanne , Lecomte Edith , Vuillemin Anne , Briançon Serge , _ _ 
Published: November 2014

Background:explaining why and how overweight prevention programs were effective was a real need; especially the potential role of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) should be highlighted. This study aimed to evaluate the 2-year effectiveness of a screening and care strategy in adolescents’ weight reduction with regards to PA and SB change.Methods:1745 adolescents aged 15.1 years from PRALIMAP trial was included (n = 840 for screening and care group and n = 905 for control group). PA and SB time (international physical activity questionnaire: IPAQ), body mass index (BMI), and BMI z-score were assessed at inclusion and after 2-year intervention. Hierarchical mixed models were applied.Results:Compared with the control group, screening and care strategy was associated with an increase in global PA (58 min/week), a moderate PA (43 min/week), the adherence to the French PA guidelines (OR = 1.3), and a decrease in SB (−198 min/week). The 2-year weight change decreased when adjusted for PA and SB suggesting that the effect of screening and care strategy was partly mediated by PA and SB.Conclusion:Screening and care intervention seemed to be effective in increasing PA and decreasing SB. The induced PA and SB modifications contributed to the observed weight change.
Using the Transtheoretical Model to Examine the Effects of Exergaming on Physical Activity Among Children
Authors: Pope Zachary C. , Lewis Beth A. , Gao Zan 
Published: November 2014

Background:The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) has been widely used to understand individuals’ physical activity (PA) correlates and behavior. However, the theory’s application among children in exergaming remains unknown.Purpose:Investigate the effects of an exergaming program on children’s TTM-based PA correlates and PA levels.Methods:At pretest and posttest, 212 upper elementary children (mean age = 11.17 years) from the greater Mountain West Region were administered measures regarding stages of change (SOC) for PA behavior, decisional balance for PA behaviors, PA self-efficacy, and self-reported PA levels. Following the pretest, a weekly 30-minute, 18-week Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) program was implemented. Children were classified into 3 SOC groups: progressive children (ie, progressed to a higher SOC stage); stable children (ie, remained at the same SOC stage); and regressive children (ie, regressed to a lower SOC stage).Results:Progressive children had greater increased PA levels than regressive children (P < .01) from pretest to posttest. Similarly, progressive children had greater increased self-efficacy (P < .05) and decision balance (P < .05) than regressive children.Conclusions:The findings indicate that progressive children had more improvements on self-efficacy, decisional balance, and PA levels than regressive children over time. Implications of findings are discussed.
Characterization of Alpha-Toxin
hla
Gene Variants, Alpha-Toxin Expression Levels, and Levels of Antibody to Alpha-Toxin in Hemodialysis and Postsurgical Patients with Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
Authors: Sharma-Kuinkel Batu K. , Wu Yuling , Tabor David E. , Mok Hoyin , Sellman Bret R. , Jenkins Amy , Yu Li , Jafri Hasan S. , Rude Thomas H. , Ruffin Felicia , Schell Wiley A. , Park Lawrence P. , Yan Qin , Thaden Joshua T. , Messina Julia A. , Fowler Vance G. , Esser Mark T. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Alpha-toxin is a major
Staphylococcus aureus
virulence factor. This study evaluated potential relationships between
in vitro
alpha-toxin expression of
S. aureus
bloodstream isolates, anti-alpha-toxin antibody in serum of patients with
S. aureus
bacteremia (SAB), and clinical outcomes in 100 hemodialysis and 100 postsurgical SAB patients. Isolates underwent
spa
typing and
hla
sequencing. Serum anti-alpha-toxin IgG and neutralizing antibody levels were measured by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a red blood cell (RBC)-based hemolysis neutralization assay. Neutralization of alpha-toxin by an anti-alpha-toxin monoclonal antibody (MAb MEDI4893) was tested in an RBC-based lysis assay. Most isolates encoded
hla
(197/200; 98.5%) and expressed alpha-toxin (173/200; 86.5%).
In vitro
alpha-toxin levels were inversely associated with survival (cure, 2.19 μg/ml, versus failure, 1.09 μg/ml;
P
< 0.01). Both neutralizing (hemodialysis, 1.26 IU/ml, versus postsurgical, 0.95;
P
< 0.05) and IgG (hemodialysis, 1.94 IU/ml, versus postsurgical, 1.27;
P
< 0.05) antibody levels were higher in the hemodialysis population. Antibody levels were also significantly higher in patients infected with alpha-toxin-expressing
S. aureus
isolates (
P
< 0.05). Levels of both neutralizing antibodies and IgG were similar among patients who were cured and those not cured (failures). Sequence analysis of
hla
revealed 12 distinct
hla
genotypes, and all genotypic variants were susceptible to a neutralizing monoclonal antibody in clinical development (MEDI4893). These data demonstrate that alpha-toxin is highly conserved in clinical
S. aureus
isolates. Higher
in vitro
alpha-toxin levels were associated with a positive clinical outcome. Although patients infected with alpha-toxin-producing
S. aureus
exhibited higher anti-alpha-toxin antibody levels, these levels were not associated with a better clinical outcome in this study.
Evaluation of the Aspergillus Western Blot IgG Kit for Diagnosis of Chronic Aspergillosis
Authors: Oliva A. , Flori P. , Hennequin C. , Dubus J.-C. , Reynaud-Gaubert M. , Charpin D. , Vergnon J. M. , Gay P. , Colly A. , Piarroux R. , Pelloux H. , Ranque S. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Immunoprecipitin detection (IPD) is the current reference confirmatory technique for anti-
Aspergillus
antibody detection; however, the lack of standardization is a critical drawback of this assay. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the
Aspergillus
Western blot (
Asp
-WB) IgG kit (LDBio Diagnostics, Lyon, France), a recently commercialized immunoblot assay for the diagnosis of various clinical presentations of chronic aspergillosis. Three hundred eight serum samples from 158 patients with aspergillosis
sensu lato
(s.l.) were analyzed. More specifically, 267 serum samples were derived from patients with
Aspergillus
disease, including 89 cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, 10 of aspergilloma, and 32 of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, while 41 samples were from patients with
Aspergillus
colonization, including 15 cystic fibrosis (CF) and 12 non-CF patients. For blood donor controls, the
Asp
-WB specificity was 94%, while the kit displayed a sensitivity for the aspergillosis s.l. diagnosis of 88.6%, with a diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of 119 (95% confidence interval [CI], 57 to 251). The DOR values were 185.22 (95% CI,78.79 to 435.45) and 43.74 (95% CI, 15.65 to 122.20) for the diagnosis of
Aspergillus
disease and
Aspergillus
colonization, respectively. Among the patients, the sensitivities of the
Asp
-WB in the diagnosis of
Aspergillus
colonization were 100% and 41.7% in CF and non-CF patients, respectively. The
Asp
-WB yielded fewer false-negative results than did IPD. In conclusion, the
Asp
-WB kit performed well for the diagnosis of various clinical presentations of aspergillosis in nonimmunocompromised patients, with an enhanced standardization and a higher sensitivity than with IPD, which is the current reference method.
Comparative Evaluation of a New Commercial Colorimetric Microdilution Assay (SensiQuattro Candida EU) with MIC Test Strip and EUCAST Broth Microdilution Methods for Susceptibility Testing of Invasive Candida Isolates
Authors: Koehling Hedda Luise , Willinger Birgit , Buer Jan , Rath Peter-Michael , Steinmann Joerg 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Candidemia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients.
Candida
isolates must be cultivated, identified, and tested for susceptibility. We compared the performance of a new colorimetric broth microdilution panel (SensiQuattro
Candida
EU) for antifungal susceptibility testing to that of Liofilchem's MIC test strip and the EUCAST reference broth microdilution protocol. We tested 187 blood culture isolates of 5
Candida
spp. (120
C. albicans
, 38
C. glabrata
, 10
C. parapsilosis
, 12
C. tropicalis
, and 7
C. krusei
) against seven antifungal agents (amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin) and interpreted the MICs according to the EUCAST recommendations. If applicable, the overall essential agreement (EA) of the SensiQuattro panel with the reference broth microdilution was slightly higher for
C. albicans
(87%) than for other species (85.8%). We found that SensiQuattro performed best in testing amphotericin B (EA, 100%), voriconazole (EA, 93.7%), and posaconazole (EA, 94.8%) against
C. albicans
, but its error rate for this species was high (29.6%) because of mainly major errors (26.7%) in testing anidulafungin and micafungin. Compared to the SensiQuattro panel, the MIC test strip exhibited a higher level of agreement for most isolates. SensiQuattro assays are easy to perform, but they are currently not suitable for testing echinocandins against
Candida
spp.
Eilat Virus Host Range Restriction Is Present at Multiple Levels of the Virus Life Cycle
Authors: Nasar Farooq , Gorchakov Rodion V. , Tesh Robert B. , Weaver Scott C. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT
Most alphaviruses are mosquito-borne and exhibit a broad host range, infecting many different vertebrates, including birds, rodents, equids, humans, and nonhuman primates. This ability of most alphaviruses to infect arthropods and vertebrates is essential for their maintenance in nature. Recently, a new alphavirus, Eilat virus (EILV), was described, and in contrast to all other mosquito-borne viruses, it is unable to replicate in vertebrate cell lines. Investigations into the nature of its host range restriction showed the inability of genomic EILV RNA to replicate in vertebrate cells. Here, we investigated whether the EILV host range restriction is present at the entry level and further explored the viral factors responsible for the lack of genomic RNA replication. Utilizing Sindbis virus (SINV) and EILV chimeras, we show that the EILV vertebrate host range restriction is also manifested at the entry level. Furthermore, the EILV RNA replication restriction is independent of the 3′ untranslated genome region (UTR). Complementation experiments with SINV suggested that RNA replication is restricted by the inability of the EILV nonstructural proteins to form functional replicative complexes. These data demonstrate that the EILV host range restriction is multigenic, involving at least one gene from both nonstructural protein (nsP) and structural protein (sP) open reading frames (ORFs). As EILV groups phylogenetically within the mosquito-borne virus clade of pathogenic alphaviruses, our findings have important evolutionary implications for arboviruses.

IMPORTANCE
Our work explores the nature of host range restriction of the first “mosquito-only alphavirus,” EILV. EILV is related to pathogenic mosquito-borne viruses (Eastern equine encephalitis virus [EEEV], Western equine encephalitis virus [WEEV], Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus [VEEV], and Chikungunya virus [CHIKV]) that cause severe disease in humans. Our data demonstrate that EILV is restricted both at entry and genomic RNA replication levels in vertebrate cells. These findings have important implications for arbovirus evolution and will help elucidate the viral factors responsible for the broad host range of pathogenic mosquito-borne alphaviruses, facilitate vaccine development, and inform potential strategies to reduce/prevent alphavirus transmission.
Wongabel Rhabdovirus Accessory Protein U3 Targets the SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Complex
Authors: Joubert D. Albert , Rodriguez-Andres Julio , Monaghan Paul , Cummins Michelle , McKinstry William J. , Paradkar Prasad N. , Moseley Gregory W. , Walker Peter J. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTWongabel virus (WONV) is an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus that infects birds. It is one of the growing array of rhabdoviruses with complex genomes that encode multiple accessory proteins of unknown function. In addition to the five canonical rhabdovirus structural protein genes (N, P, M, G, and L), the 13.2-kb negative-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) WONV genome contains five uncharacterized accessory genes, one overlapping the N gene (Nx or U4), three located between the P and M genes (U1 to U3), and a fifth one overlapping the G gene (Gx or U5). Here we show that WONV U3 is expressed during infection in insect and mammalian cells and is required for efficient viral replication. A yeast two-hybrid screen against a mosquito cell cDNA library identified that WONV U3 interacts with the 83-amino-acid (aa) C-terminal domain of SNF5, a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. The interaction was confirmed by affinity chromatography, and nuclear colocalization was established by confocal microscopy. Gene expression studies showed that SNF5 transcripts are upregulated during infection of mosquito cells with WONV, as well as West Nile virus (Flaviviridae) and bovine ephemeral fever virus (Rhabdoviridae), and that SNF5 knockdown results in increased WONV replication. WONV U3 also inhibits SNF5-regulated expression of the cytokine geneCSF1. The data suggest that WONV U3 targets the SWI/SNF complex to block the host response to infection.IMPORTANCEThe rhabdoviruses comprise a large family of RNA viruses infecting plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates. In addition to the major structural proteins (N, P, M, G, and L), many rhabdoviruses encode a diverse array of accessory proteins of largely unknown function. Understanding the role of these proteins may reveal much about host-pathogen interactions in infected cells. Here we examine accessory protein U3 of Wongabel virus, an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus that infects birds. We show that U3 enters the nucleus and interacts with SNF5, a component of the chromatin remodeling complex that is upregulated in response to infection and restricts viral replication. We also show that U3 inhibits SNF5-regulated expression of the cytokine colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), suggesting that it targets the chromatin remodeling complex to block the host response to infection. This study appears to provide the first evidence of a virus targeting SNF5 to inhibit host gene expression.
Cyclic Avian Mass Mortality in the Northeastern United States Is Associated with a Novel Orthomyxovirus
Authors: Allison Andrew B. , Ballard Jennifer R. , Tesh Robert B. , Brown Justin D. , Ruder Mark G. , Keel M. Kevin , Munk Brandon A. , Mickley Randall M. , Gibbs Samantha E. J. , Travassos da Rosa Amelia P. A. , Ellis Julie C. , Ip Hon S. , Shearn-Bochsler Valerie I. , Rogers Matthew B. , Ghedin Elodie , Holmes Edward C. , Parrish Colin R. , Dwyer Chris 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Since 1998, cyclic mortality events in common eiders (
Somateria mollissima
), numbering in the hundreds to thousands of dead birds, have been documented along the coast of Cape Cod, MA, USA. Although longitudinal disease investigations have uncovered potential contributing factors responsible for these outbreaks, detecting a primary etiological agent has proven enigmatic. Here, we identify a novel orthomyxovirus, tentatively named Wellfleet Bay virus (WFBV), as a potential causative agent of these outbreaks. Genomic analysis of WFBV revealed that it is most closely related to members of the
Quaranjavirus
genus within the family
Orthomyxoviridae
. Similar to other members of the genus, WFBV contains an alphabaculovirus gp64-like glycoprotein that was demonstrated to have fusion activity; this also tentatively suggests that ticks (and/or insects) may vector the virus in nature. However, in addition to the six RNA segments encoding the prototypical structural proteins identified in other quaranjaviruses, a previously unknown RNA segment (segment 7) encoding a novel protein designated VP7 was discovered in WFBV. Although WFBV shows low to moderate levels of sequence similarity to
Quaranfil virus
and
Johnston Atoll
virus
, the original members of the
Quaranjavirus
genus, additional antigenic and genetic analyses demonstrated that it is closely related to the recently identified Cygnet River virus (CyRV) from South Australia, suggesting that WFBV and CyRV may be geographic variants of the same virus. Although the identification of WFBV in part may resolve the enigma of these mass mortality events, the details of the ecology and epidemiology of the virus remain to be determined.

IMPORTANCE
The emergence or reemergence of viral pathogens resulting in large-scale outbreaks of disease in humans and/or animals is one of the most important challenges facing biomedicine. For example, understanding how orthomyxoviruses such as novel influenza A virus reassortants and/or mutants emerge to cause epidemic or pandemic disease is at the forefront of current global health concerns. Here, we describe the emergence of a novel orthomyxovirus, Wellfleet Bay virus (WFBV), which has been associated with cyclic large-scale bird die-offs in the northeastern United States. This initial characterization study provides a foundation for further research into the evolution, epidemiology, and ecology of newly emerging orthomyxoviruses, such as WFBV, and their potential impacts on animal and/or human health.
Attenuated West Nile Virus Mutant NS1
130-132QQA/175A/207A
Exhibits Virus-Induced Ultrastructural Changes and Accumulation of Protein in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Authors: Whiteman Melissa C. , Popov Vsevolod , Sherman Michael B. , Wen Julie , Barrett Alan D. T. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

We have previously shown that ablation of the three N-linked glycosylation sites in the West Nile virus NS1 protein completely attenuates mouse neuroinvasiveness (≥1,000,000 PFU). Here, we compared the replication of the NS1
130-132QQA/175A/207A
mutant to that of the parental NY99 strain in monkey kidney Vero cells. The results suggest that the mechanism of attenuation is a lack of NS1 glycosylation, which blocks efficient replication, maturation, and NS1 secretion from the endoplasmic reticulum and results in changes to the virus-induced ultrastructure.
The ORF012 Gene of Marek's Disease Virus Type 1 Produces a Spliced Transcript and Encodes a Novel Nuclear Phosphoprotein Essential for Virus Growth
Authors: Schippers Timo , Jarosinski Keith , Osterrieder Nikolaus 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Marek's disease virus (MDV), an alphaherpesvirus, is the causative agent of a lethal disease in chickens characterized by generalized nerve inflammation and rapid lymphoma development. The extensive colinearity of the MDV genome with those of related herpesviruses has eased functional characterization of many MDV genes. However, MDV carries a number of unique open reading frames (ORFs) that have not yet been investigated regarding their coding potentials and the functions of their products. Among these unique ORFs are two putative ORFs, ORF011 and ORF012, which are found at the extreme left end of the MDV unique long region. Using reverse transcriptase PCR, we showed that ORF011 and ORF012 are not individual genes but form a single gene through mRNA splicing of a small intron, resulting in the novel ORF012. We generated an ORF012-null virus using an infectious clone of MDV strain RB-1B. The deletion virus had a marked growth defect
in vitro
and could not be passaged in cultured cells, suggesting an essential role for the ORF012 product in virus replication. Further studies revealed that protein 012 (p012) localized to the nucleus in transfected and infected cells, and we identified by site-directed mutagenesis and green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter fusion assays a nuclear localization signal (NLS) that was mapped to a 23-amino-acid sequence at the protein's C terminus. Nuclear export was blocked using leptomycin B, suggesting a potential role for p012 as a nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling protein. Finally, p012 is phosphorylated at multiple residues, a modification that could possibly regulate its subcellular distribution.

IMPORTANCE
Marek's disease virus (MDV) causes a devastating oncogenic disease in chickens with high morbidity and mortality. The costs for disease prevention reach several billion dollars annually. The functional investigation of MDV genes is necessary to understand its complex replication cycle, which eventually could help us to interfere with MDV and herpesviral pathogenesis. We have identified a previously unidentified phosphoprotein encoded by MDV ORF012. We were able to show experimentally that predicted splicing of the gene based on bioinformatics data does indeed occur during replication. The newly identified p012 is essential for MDV replication and localizes to the nucleus due to the presence of a transferable nuclear localization signal at its C terminus. Our results also imply that p012 could constitute a nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein, a feature that could prove interesting and important.
RESPOND: a patient-centred programme to prevent secondary falls in older people presenting to the emergency department with a fall—protocol for a mixed methods programme evaluation
Authors: Morris R L , Brand C A , Hill K D , Ayton D R , Redfern J , Nyman S R , Lowthian J A , Hill A M , Etherton-Beer C D , Flicker L , Hunter P C , Barker A L 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundProgramme evaluations conducted alongside randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have potential to enhance understanding of trial outcomes. This paper describes a multi-level programme evaluation to be conducted alongside an RCT of a falls prevention programme (RESPOND).Objectives(1) To conduct a process evaluation in order to identify the degree of implementation fidelity and associated barriers and facilitators. (2) To evaluate the primary intended impact of the programme: participation in fall prevention strategies and the factors influencing participation. (3) To identify the factors influencing RESPOND RCT outcomes: falls, fall injuries and emergency department (ED) re-presentations.Methods/design528 community-dwelling adults aged 60–90 years presenting to two EDs with a fall will be recruited and randomly assigned to the intervention or standard care group. All RESPOND participants and RESPOND clinicians will be included in the evaluation. A mixed methods design will be used and a programme logic model will frame the evaluation. Data will be sourced from interviews, focus groups, questionnaires, clinician case notes, recruitment records, participant-completed calendars, hospital administrative datasets and audio-recordings of intervention contacts. Quantitative data will be analysed via descriptive and inferential statistics and qualitative data will be interpreted using thematic analysis.DiscussionThe RESPOND programme evaluation will provide information about contextual and influencing factors related to the RESPOND RCT outcomes. The results will assist researchers, clinicians and policy makers regarding decisions about future falls prevention interventions. Insights gained may be applicable to a range of chronic conditions where similar preventive intervention approaches are indicated.Trial registration numberThis programme evaluation is linked to the RESPOND RCT which is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12614000336684).