bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Amazonian subsidence and magmatism of Olympus Mons, Mars
Authors: Chadwick John , McGovern Patrick , Simpson Mariel , Reeves Ashleigh 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMeasurements of the flow directions of 80 long lava flows in the flexural basin that surrounds Olympus Mons reveal that most are no longer aligned with the regional downslope direction but diverge by an average of 15.4° ± 9.8° in the counterclockwise direction. This misalignment is consistent with topographic change in the basin after the flows were emplaced due to subsidence centered on nearby Olympus Mons. The observed tilting indicates subsidence of 0.62 to 2.13 km at the center of Olympus Mons induced by the addition of 1.33 × 105 to 1.35 × 106 km3 of volcanic material or about 1–10% of the total volume of the present‐day edifice. New crater size‐frequency measurements for selected areas within the flexural basin indicate that the subsidence took place in the past 210 ± 40 Ma. These findings indicate that previously recognized Late Amazonian volcanic and tectonic events at Olympus Mons signify an important period of magmatic activity during which a substantial portion of the present‐day edifice may have been added.
Diverse Applications of Nitrones for the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Anderson Laura L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAlthough best known for their [3+2]‐dipolar cycloaddition reactivity and use in the preparation of isoxazolines and isoxazolidines, nitrones are versatile reagents that undergo a variety of transformations for the synthesis of a diverse array of heterocyclic compounds. The breadth of heterocycle synthesis using nitrone reagents includes: 1) stepwise [3+3]‐cycloaddition reactions of nitrones with vinyl diazoacetates, transition‐metal‐coordinated cycloisomerization intermediates, trimethylene methanes, and cyclopropane diesters to form dihydro‐ and tetrahydro‐1,2‐oxazines; 2) internal redox cyclization reactions of alkyne‐tethered nitrones to provide access to azabicyclooctanes, isoindoles, aminoindanones, and isoquinolones; 3) electrocyclizations of in situ generated N‐allenylnitrones to form pyridines and azetidine‐N‐oxides, as well as metal‐catalyzed cyclizations and rearrangements of nitrones to form azepine‐N‐oxides, spirocyclic isoxazolines, and α,β‐epoxyimines; and 4) the use of [3+2]‐cycloaddition reactions of nitrones to trigger cascade reactions for the formation of tetrahydrooxazepines, dihydrocarbazoles, and benzoindolizines. This Focus Review aims to highlight these diverse applications of nitrones for the synthesis of heterocycles to emphasize the broad utility of these reactive intermediates and to inspire their further development as important synthons beyond the scope of traditional [3+2]‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions.
In situ study of the Gravettian individual from Cussac cave, locus 2 (Dordogne, France)
Authors: Villotte Sébastien , Santos Frédéric , Courtaud Patrice 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesCussac cave, discovered in 2000, is characterized by the exceptional presence of monumental engravings and human remains deposited in bear nests. Both the style of the art and a direct radiocarbon date indicate a Gravettian age. As the cave is protected as a national heritage site, only very limited access to and restricted direct interventions involving the human remains are possible. Here, we present the results of observations and measurements of Cussac L2A, represented by a virtually complete skeleton covered with a layer of clay.Materials and MethodsA portion of the clay that covered some bones was removed in order to undertake a study of the skeleton in situ. The age‐at‐death was assessed using several indicators, especially changes on the auricular surface of the ilium. The sex was assessed using the morphology and morphometrics of the coxal bones. Cussac L2A stature, humero‐femoral index, and crural index were also estimated. The dimensions of the Cussac L2A skeletal remains are compared with the other European Gravettian and Late Upper Paleolithic human remains using adjusted Z‐Scores.ResultsThe analysis indicates that Cussac L2A is probably a male who died aged between 20 and 50 years. If the sex assessment is correct, with an averaged estimated stature of 1.64 m, Cussac L2A would be one of the shorter Gravettian males.DiscussionThese results raise the importance of the new discoveries to better understand the variability of Upper Paleolithic skeletal morphology and stress the difficulties in marrying heritage preservation and scientific investigations. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:759–768, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allometry, merism, and tooth shape of the lower second deciduous molar and first permanent molar
Authors: Bailey Shara E. , Benazzi Stefano , Buti Laura , Hublin J.‐J. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesThis study investigates the effect of allometry on the shape of lower dm2 (dm2) and lower M1 (M1) crown outlines and examines whether the trajectory and magnitude of allometric scaling are shared between Neandertals and Homo sapiens.MethodsOur sample included 164 specimens: 57 recent H. sapiens, 44 Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens, 17 early H. sapiens, and 46 Neandertals. Of these, 59 represent dm2/M1 pairs from the same individuals. Occlusal photographs were used to obtain crown shapes of dm2s and M1s. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the matrix of shape coordinates was used to explore the pattern of morphological variation across the dm2 and M1 samples. Allometry was investigated by means of the Pearson product‐moment correlation coefficient. Two‐block partial least squares (2B‐PLS) analysis was used to explore patterns of covariation between dm2 and M 1 crown outlines of matched individual pairs.ResultsThe PCA confirmed significant differences between Neandertal and H. sapiens dm2 and M1 shapes. Allometry accounted for a small but statistically significant proportion of the total morphological variance. The magnitude of the allometric contribution to crown shape was stronger among Neandertals than among H. sapiens. However, we could not reject the null hypothesis that the two species share the same allometric trajectory. The 2B‐PLS analysis of the pooled sample of paired individuals revealed a significant correlation in crown shape between dm2 and M1. While Procrustes distances differed significantly between dm2 and M1 in Neandertals, it did not among H. sapiens groups.ConclusionsOur results confirm several of the results obtained by a similar study of upper dm2/M1 (dm2/M1), but there are differences as well. Neandertal dm2/M1 shapes are less derived than those of the dm2/M1. Such differences may support previous studies, which have suggested that different developmental and/or epigenetic factors affect the upper and lower dentitions. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:93–105, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inferior turbinate reconstruction using porcine small intestine submucosal xenograft demonstrates improved quality of life outcomes in patients with empty nose syndrome
Authors: Velasquez Nathalia , Huang Zhenxiao , Humphreys Ian M. , Nayak Jayakar V. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundWe describe the surgical technique for use of small intestine submucosal (SIS) xenograft implant for inferior turbinate reconstruction and report our early results in a pilot case series of patients suffering from symptoms consistent with empty nose syndrome (ENS).MethodsWe report an observational prospective cohort study of ENS patients undergoing inferior turbinate reconstruction using porcine SIS xenograft. Effects of the procedure on quality of life (QOL) were assessed through serial 25‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐25) scores and analyzed by 1‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) between the initial visit and 1, 4, and 12 weeks after surgery.ResultsThree patients with ENS underwent inferior turbinate reconstruction. No unexpected complications were noted over the 12‐week follow‐up course. Despite mild partial reabsorption of the SIS implant, neoturbinates were maintained in all patients. The mean preoperative score SNOT‐25 was 77.6 (maximum 125). The mean postoperative scores were 65 at 1 week, 57 at 4 weeks, and 55 at 12 weeks (p < 0.01). Furthermore, for the “difficulty with nasal breathing” and “nose is too open” subdomains, statistically significant improvement was also noted at weeks 4 and 12 postoperatively (p < 0.05 and p <0.01, respectively).ConclusionThe use of porcine SIS xenograft for inferior turbinate reconstruction appears to be safe and effective in the treatment of patients diagnosed with ENS. This study demonstrates statistically significant improvement in global QOL metrics and nasal‐specific subdomains following inferior turbinate reconstruction/neoturbinate creation for ENS as evaluated through serial SNOT‐25 scores.
Visual evoked potentials detect cortical processing deficits in Rett syndrome
Authors: LeBlanc Jocelyn J. , DeGregorio Geneva , Centofante Eleonora , Vogel‐Farley Vanessa K. , Barnes Katherine , Kaufmann Walter E. , Fagiolini Michela , Nelson Charles A. 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveRett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutation of the X‐linked MECP2 gene and characterized by developmental regression during the first few years of life. The objective of this study was to investigate if the visual evoked potential (VEP) could be used as an unbiased, quantitative biomarker to monitor brain function in RTT.MethodsWe recorded pattern‐reversal VEPs in Mecp2 heterozygous female mice and 34 girls with RTT. The amplitudes and latencies of VEP waveform components were quantified, and were related to disease stage, clinical severity, and MECP2 mutation type in patients. Visual acuity was also assessed in both mice and patients by modulating the spatial frequency of the stimuli.ResultsMecp2 heterozygous female mice and RTT patients exhibited a similar decrease in VEP amplitude that was most striking in the later stages of the disorder. RTT patients also displayed a slower recovery from the principal peak of the VEP response that was impacted by MECP2 mutation type. When the spatial frequency of the stimulus was increased, both patients and mice displayed a deficit in discriminating smaller patterns, indicating lower visual spatial acuity in RTT.InterpretationVEP is a method that can be used to assess brain function across species and in children with severe disabilities like RTT. Our findings support the introduction of standardized VEP analysis in clinical and research settings to probe the neurobiological mechanism underlying functional impairment and to longitudinally monitor progression of the disorder and response to treatment. Ann Neurol 2015;78:Ann Neurol 2015;78:679–696
Fluorine‐Free Anti‐Smudge Polyurethane Coatings
Authors: Rabnawaz Muhammad , Liu Guojun , Hu Heng 
Published: September 2015

AbstractConventionally, low‐surface‐tension fluorinated reagents are incorporated into anti‐smudge (oil‐ and water‐repellent) coatings for oil repellency. However, fluorinated compounds are expensive and an environmental concern because of their high stability and bioaccumulation. These factors limit their widespread application. We report herein the development of fluorine‐free anti‐smudge polyurethane coatings that are clear at thicknesses up to tens of micrometers and are able to sustain extensive surface damage. We demonstrate that these coatings can be applied readily onto a diverse range of substrates.
Monitoring of Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide in Living Cells Using Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Li Da‐Wei , Qu Lu‐Lu , Hu Kai , Long Yi‐Tao , Tian He 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important gasotransmitter in diverse physiological processes, although many aspects of its roles remain unclear, partly owing to a lack of robust analytical methods. Herein we report a novel surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanosensor, 4‐acetamidobenzenesulfonyl azide‐functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs/4‐AA), for detecting the endogenous H2S in living cells. The detection is accomplished with SERS spectrum changes of AuNPs/4‐AA resulting from the reaction of H2S with 4‐AA on AuNPs. The SERS nanosensor exhibits high selectivity toward H2S. Furthermore, AuNPs/4‐AA responds to H2S within 1 min with a 0.1 μM level of sensitivity. In particular, our SERS method can be utilized to monitor the endogenous H2S generated in living glioma cells, demonstrating its great promise in studies of pathophysiological pathways involving H2S.
Porphyrin Boxes: Rationally Designed Porous Organic Cages
Authors: Hong Soonsang , Rohman Md. Rumum , Jia Jiangtao , Kim Youngkook , Moon Dohyun , Kim Yonghwi , Ko Young Ho , Lee Eunsung , Kim Kimoon 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe porphyrin boxes (PB‐1 and PB‐2), which are rationally designed porous organic cages with a large cavity using well‐defined and rigid 3‐connected triangular and 4‐connected square shaped building units are reported. PB‐1 has a cavity as large as 1.95 nm in diameter and shows high chemical stability in a broad pH range (4.8 to 13) in aqueous media. The crystalline nature as well as cavity structure of the shape‐persistent organic cage crystals were intact even after complete removal of guest molecules, leading to one of the highest surface areas (1370 m2g−1) among the known porous organic molecular solids. The size of the cavities and windows of the porous organic cages can be modulated using different sized building units while maintaining the topology of the cages, as illustrated with PB‐2. Interestingly, PB‐2 crystals showed unusual N2 sorption isotherms as well as high selectivity for CO2 over N2 and CH4 (201 and 47.9, respectively at 273 K at 1 bar).
Conductive Elastomers with Autonomic Self‐Healing Properties
Authors: Guo Kun , Zhang Da‐Li , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Zhang Jian , Ding Li‐Sheng , Li Bang‐Jing , Zhang Sheng 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHealable, electrically conductive materials are highly desirable and valuable for the development of various modern electronics. But the preparation of a material combining good mechanical elasticity, functional properties, and intrinsic self‐healing ability remains a great challenge. Here, we design composites by connecting a polymer network and single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) through host–guest interactions. The resulting materials show bulk electrical conductivity, proximity sensitivity, humidity sensitivity and are able to self‐heal without external stimulus under ambient conditions rapidly. Furthermore, they also possess elasticity comparable to commercial rubbers.
Final‐Stage Site‐Selective Acylation for the Total Syntheses of Multifidosides A–C
Authors: Ueda Yoshihiro , Furuta Takumi , Kawabata Takeo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe first total syntheses of multifidosides A–C have been achieved. The synthetic strategy is characterized by catalytic site‐selective acylation of unprotected glycoside precursors in the final stage of the synthesis. High functional‐group tolerance of the site‐selective acylation, promoted by an organocatalyst, enabled the conventionally difficult molecular transformation in a predictable and reliable manner. An advantage of this strategy is to avoid the risks of undesired side reactions during the removal of the protecting groups at the final stage of the total synthesis.
Solid‐state NMR Study of the YadA Membrane‐Anchor Domain in the Bacterial Outer Membrane
Authors: Shahid Shakeel A. , Nagaraj Madhu , Chauhan Nandini , Franks Trent W. , Bardiaux Benjamin , Habeck Michael , Orwick‐Rydmark Marcella , Linke Dirk , van Rossum Barth‐J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMAS‐NMR was used to study the structure and dynamics at ambient temperatures of the membrane‐anchor domain of YadA (YadA‐M) in a pellet of the outer membrane of E. coli in which it was expressed. YadA is an adhesin from the pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica that is involved in interactions with the host cell, and it is a model protein for studying the autotransport process. Existing assignments were sucessfully transferred to a large part of the YadA‐M protein in the E. coli lipid environment by using 13C‐13C DARR and PDSD spectra at different mixing times. The chemical shifts in most regions of YadA‐M are unchanged relative to those in microcrystalline YadA‐M preparations from which a structure has previously been solved, including the ASSA region that is proposed to be involved in transition‐state hairpin formation for transport of the soluble domain. Comparisons of the dynamics between the microcrystalline and membrane‐embedded samples indicate greater flexibility of the ASSA region in the outer‐membrane preparation at physiological temperatures. This study will pave the way towards MAS‐NMR structure determination of membrane proteins, and a better understanding of functionally important dynamic residues in native membrane environments.
Free‐radical terpolymerization of n‐butyl acrylate/butyl methacrylate/d‐limonene
Authors: Ren Shanshan , Zhang Lisha , Dubé Marc A. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTd‐Limonene (Lim) is a renewable monoterpene derived from citrus fruit peels. We investigated it for use as part of a more sustainable polymer formulation. The bulk free‐radical terpolymerization of n‐butyl acrylate (BA)/butyl methacrylate (BMA)/Lim was carried out at 80°C with benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. The terpolymerization was studied at various initial BA/BMA/Lim molar ratios, and the products were characterized for conversion, terpolymer composition, molecular weight, and glass‐transition temperature. Lim was observed to undergo a significant degradative chain‐transfer reaction, which greatly influenced the polymerization kinetics. The rate of polymerization, final conversion, and polymer molecular weight were all significantly reduced because of the presence of Lim. Nonetheless, polymers with relatively high weight‐average molecular weights (20,000–120,000 Da) were produced. The terpolymer composition was well predicted with the reactivity ratios estimated for each of the three copolymer subsystems. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42821.
Robust H∞ Tracking Control of Uncertain Robotic Systems with Periodic Disturbances
Authors: Chang Yeong‐Chan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper addresses the problem of designing robust tracking control for a large class of uncertain robotic systems. A more general model of the external disturbance is employed in the sense that the external disturbance can be expressed as the sum of a modeled disturbance and an unmodeled disturbance, for example, any periodic disturbance can be expressed in this general form. An adaptive neural network system is constructed to approximate the behavior of unknown robot dynamics. An adaptive control algorithm is designed to estimate the behavior of the modeled disturbance, and in turn the robust H∞ control algorithm is required to attenuate the effects of the unmodeled disturbance only. Consequently, an intelligent adaptive/robust tracking control scheme is constructed such that an H∞ tracking control is achieved in the sense that all the states and signals of the closed‐loop system are bounded and the effect due to the unmodeled disturbance on the tracking error can be attenuated to any preassigned level. Finally, simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed control algorithm.
Vermeidung von Schäden an Schlitzwandfugen durch den Einsatz geeigneter Qualitätssicherungssysteme
Authors: Ewald Knut , Schneider Nikolaus 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDie Schlitzwandtechnik hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten häufig als die beste Möglichkeit erwiesen, in Ballungsräumen tiefe, wasserdichte Baugruben auszuführen. Jedoch führt die Betrachtung von Schadensereignissen der letzten Jahre zu der Erkenntnis, dass die Schlitzwandfugen eine relevante Schwachstelle innerhalb einer Baugrubenumschließung darstellen.Anhand von dokumentierten Schadensereignissen werden mögliche Schadenshergänge und ‐ursachen aufgezeigt. Eine Übersicht über die gängige Fugentechnik führt zur differenzierten Betrachtung der Möglichkeiten der einzelnen Fugensysteme mit ihren Vor‐ und Nachteilen.Die einschlägigen technischen Regelwerke halten sich bei der Wahl der richtigen Fugensysteme sowie bei der Qualitätssicherung beim Einbau sehr offen. In dem Beitrag werden Qualitätssicherungssysteme für Fugen vorgestellt und anschließend vergleichend bewertet.Zur Risikominimierung an Schlitzwandbaugruben ist die integere, gerade und saubere Fuge zwingend vor der Betonage eines Sekundärelementes nachzuweisen. Dabei sollte jedoch nicht nur auf die Erfassung eventueller Schadstellen schon beim Bau Wert gelegt werden, sondern bereits in der Planung und Bauvorbereitung auf einen Fugentyp hingewirkt werden, der Schadensursachen wie etwa Umlaufbeton von vorne herein ausschließt.Avoid of damage to diaphragm wall joints through the use of appropriate quality assurance systemsIn recent decades diaphragm wall technology has proven to be the best way to carry out deep watertight pits in urban areas. The observation of execution failures of recent years has lead to the realization that the joint represents the weakest point of a diaphragm wall.On the basis of execution failures possible damage and causes of damage are shown. An overview of common joint techniques results in a differentiated consideration of the possibilities of each joint system with its advantages and disadvantages.Codes and standards give no clear guidelines for choosing the right joint system and quality assurance during installation although quality assurance systems exist for the joints which will be presented individually and will then be compared.In the future, the firm, straight, and clean joint must be implemented before concreting the secondary element to minimize the risk of diaphragm wall pits. In future, not only the detection of possible defects during construction should be taken into consideration but a joint type should be developed, which eliminates causes of damage such as circulation concrete from the very beginning.