bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qumran as Scroll Storehouse in Times of Crisis? A Comparative Perspective on Judaean Desert Manuscript Collections
Authors: Popović Mladen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article takes a material and comparative approach to the Qumran collection. Distinctive features set the Qumran manuscripts apart from other Judaean Desert collections, suggesting a scholarly, school-like collection of predominantly literary texts. The few literary texts from other Judaean Desert sites reflect the valuable copies owned by wealthy individuals or families and are illustrative of the spread of these texts within various strata of ancient Jewish society. The historical context of most manuscript depositions in the Judaean Desert is characterized by violence and conflict, and such a context probably also typified the deposition of the Qumran manuscripts. In contrast to at least some of the other Judaean Desert sites where refugees hid with their manuscripts, the deposition evidence at Qumran may suggest an anticipation of such violence. The movement behind the Dead Sea Scrolls can be characterized as a textual community, reflecting a milieu of Jewish intellectuals who were engaged on various levels with their ancestral traditions. The collection of texts attracted people and shaped their thinking, while at the same time people shaped the collection, producing and gathering more texts. In this sense, the site of Qumran and its surrounding caves functioned like a storehouse for scrolls.
Landscapes of Iraqi Poetry: Reconfiguring the Image of Iraq in the Arabic (and American) Lyric Canon
Authors: Naaman Mara 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores the construction of Iraq as lyric object in the poetry of Badr Shākir al-Sayyāb, Maḥmūd Darwīsh, Saʿdī Yūsuf, and Sinān Anṭūn. I argue that there is a clear sense of ambivalence for these poets over how to represent Iraq; the country emerges in their verse as both an unmarred idyll and as a landscape of wretchedness and despair. In putting these Arabic works in dialogue with the anti-war poems of the American writer Brian Turner, I suggest the ways in which comparative analysis between these two canons can help us move beyond nostalgic representations of Iraq and the U.S. as civilizational others, and push us toward more constructive forms of cross-cultural exchange.
Spawning behaviour and mating success in hybrids of silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna L.) and rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus L.) in an experimental environment
Authors: Nzau Matondo Billy , Ovidio Michaël , Philippart Jean Claude , Poncin Pascal 
Published: February 2013

The egg-release, mating, courting and aggressive acts for the spawning behaviour as well as the survival rates after spawning at stages of eyed embryos, viable hatchlings, and larvae to dry food consumption for the mating success were studied in cultured silver bream Blicca bjoerkna × rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus hybrids at their first sexual maturity. Experiments were conducted in experimental environments simulating natural reproductive conditions of the parental species. Spawning behaviour was analysed over 1 day from 8.00 to 18.00 hours using a remote-controlled video. Mating success was assessed from eggs and hatched embryos collected on the spawning ground. The results showed that these hybrids exhibited all the reproductive behaviours of the parental species with significantly more courtship than mating. Each egg-release act was accompanied by mating behaviour, involving all the experimental males. A surprising aggressive behaviour was observed in one male which attacked all other experimental fish. Successful mating resulted in the presence of fertilized eggs, the production of hatched embryos in experiments, and the survival of larvae at the dry food consumption stage. However, the low viable hatchling rate observed could indicate a very low chance of survival for these hybrids in rivers in which the occurrence of post-F1 individuals may be more possible by backcrossing.
The Relevance of Religion and Religiosity in the Biographies of Single Women Estranged from the Church and Young Girls and Women Associating with the Church: Methodological Considerations on Empirical Biographical Research
Authors: Reese-Schnitker Annegret , Kaupp Angela 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEmpirical biographical research gives insights into the diversity of life designs and the individual’s faith patterns. In this article two studies are introduced in order to show the following: Firstly different investigations of women’s religiosity depending on their age and connection to church. Secondly the depiction of methodological slightly different ways of biographical research aiming at the investigation of religiosity. The results indicate a variety of connections between biographical and faith patterns. In contradiction to the assumption that narratives are most relevant in autobiographies, it was brought out, that descriptions and argumentative passages can give valuable information on the individual’s positioning in behalf of religion.
The European Union and Law of the Sea Convention at the Age of 30
Authors: Long Ronán 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Several factors that have contributed to the success of the Law of the Sea Convention as a blueprint for the regulation of oceanic activities in the European Union (EU) are outlined, including the comprehensive nature of the Convention, the role of the Working Party on the Law of the Sea (COMAR) in coordinating EU policy, as well as the EU approach to dispute settlement and to global oceanic affairs.
A Byzantine interpretation of D. 12,1,32 and similar Digest fragments
Authors: de Jong Hylkje 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the middle of the 6th century A.D. the antecessor Stephanus taught the codification of Emperor Justinian, explaining the Latin text of the Digest in Greek. In particular, he discussed the condictiones from D. 12,1. Stephanus introduced a specific name for the condictio from D. 12,1,32, namely ó κονδικτικιο&sigmav; &alpha;&pi;ο κ&alpha;&lambda;ον κ&alpha;ι δικ&alpha;ιον (condictio ex bono et aequo). This name refers to the facts of the casus. Only the plaintiff as former owner can apply ó κονδικτικιο&sigmav; &alpha;&pi;ο κ&alpha;&lambda;ον κ&alpha;ι δικ&alpha;ιον against a possessor in good faith who has acquired ownership. It always concerns an enrichment of a third person with whom the plaintiff has not any juridical relation. It appears that in other Digest fragments this specific condictio is also recognized on the basis of substantive grounds. Stephanus used the condictio ex bono et aequo from D. 12,6,66 as technical juridical term and gave it a forensic meaning.
The Dialectics of Objectivity
Authors: Axtell Guy 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper develops under-recognized connections between moderate historicist methodology and character (or virtue) epistemology, and goes on to argue that their combination supports a “dialectical” conception of objectivity. Considerations stemming from underdetermination problems motivate our claim that historicism requires agent-focused rather than merely belief-focused epistemology; embracing this point helps historicists avoid the charge of relativism. Considerations stemming from the genealogy of epistemic virtue concepts motivate our claim that character epistemologies are strengthened by moderate historicism about the epistemic virtues and values at work in communities of inquiry; embracing this point helps character epistemologists avoid the charge of objectivism.
Beyond the domestication of Islam in Europe: A reflection on past and future research on Islam in European societies
Authors: Sunier Thijl 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWithin two decades Islam in European societies has developed from an issue of minor academic interest into one of the fastest growing research fields. The main reason for this is no doubt the emergence of new regimes of governmentality in most countries in Europe that emanate from the complex relationship between integration, and political priorities of security and national identity, the ‘domestication of Islam’. The narrowing down of research foci in the field of Islam in Europe has caused a serious academic neglect particularly where it concerns the entanglement of Islamic practices with everyday life, the religious engagements, expressions and experiences among young people, and the transformation and reconfiguration of Islamic authority. These three fields are of course closely connected, but also have their specific features and dynamics. The article explores these fields of research beyond the domestication paradigm.
Big Army Groups, Standardization, and Assaulting Fortified Positions: Chinese “Ways of War” and the Transition from Guerrilla to Conventional War in China’s Northeast, 1945-1948
Authors: Tanner Harold M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Western military historians often describe the Chinese “way of war” as emphasizing a gradualist military strategy, tending to avoid battle except when victory was assured, and preferring to use subterfuge, maneuver, or psychological means to defeat the enemy without actually fighting. The roots of this understanding of the Chinese way of war lie in selective readings of Sunzi’s Art of War and Mao Zedong’s writings on guerrilla warfare. The record of Chinese Communist operations in China’s Northeast (Manchuria) from 1945 through 1948 instead suggests a Chinese approach to war that is characterized not only by close attention to strategy and maneuver, but also by a preference for offensive operations leading to the ultimate destruction of the enemy in battles of annihilation. In the Northeast theater of China’s civil war we also see that the Communist forces had to go through a process of transformation before they were able to carry out large-scale maneuvers, deploy overwhelming firepower, and conduct large-scale operations or campaigns of annihilation. In order to gain victory, the Chinese Communist forces in the Northeast under Lin Biao’s command had to make the transition from guerrilla to conventional warfare, including the ability to attack cities. This transformation was achieved through a combination of factors: critical assessment of battlefield performance, incorporation of new weapons and equipment, and techniques of staff work. This suggests that any workable understanding of Chinese ways of war must go beyond cultural determinism to take account of the Chinese military’s flexibility and capacity for learning.
Understanding the Regeneration Stage Undergone by Surface Cyclones Crossing a Midlatitude Jet in a Two-Layer Model
Authors: Rivière Gwendal , Gilet Jean-Baptiste , Oruba Ludivine 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The present paper provides a rationale for the regeneration stage undergone by surface cyclones when they cross a baroclinic jet from its anticyclonic-shear (warm) side to its cyclonic-shear (cold) side in a two-layer quasigeostrophic model. To do so, the evolution of finite-amplitude synoptic cyclones in various baroclinic zonal flows is analyzed.
Baroclinic zonal flows with uniform horizontal shears are first considered. While the anticyclonic shear allows a much more efficient and sustainable extraction of potential energy than the cyclonic shear, the growth of the lower-layer eddy kinetic energy (EKE) is shown to be highly dependent on the choice of the parameter values. An increased vertical shear leads to a more rapid EKE increase in the anticyclonic shear than in the cyclonic shear whereas increasing the vertically averaged potential vorticity gradient or the barotropic shear stabilizes the EKE more in the former shear than in the latter. Finally, vertical velocities arising from the nonlinear interaction between synoptic cyclones are shown to favor EKE growth in the cyclonic shear rather than in the anticyclonic one.
The evolution of cyclones initialized on the warm side of a meridionally confined baroclinic jet is then investigated. The lower-layer cyclone crosses the jet axis and undergoes two distinct growth stages. The first growth stage results from the classical baroclinic interaction and is mainly driven by linear interaction between the cyclones and the jet. The second growth stage is mainly a nonlinear process. It is triggered by the vertical velocities created by the three-dimensional structure of the cyclonic disturbances when they reach the cyclonic side of the jet.
Incorporating NASA Spaceborne Radar Data into NOAA National Mosaic QPE System for Improved Precipitation Measurement: A Physically Based VPR Identification and Enhancement Method
Authors: Wen Yixin , Cao Qing , Kirstetter Pierre-Emmanuel , Hong Yang , Gourley Jonathan J. , Zhang Jian , Zhang Guifu , Yong Bin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis study proposes an approach that identifies and corrects for the vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) by using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) measurements in the region of Arizona and southern California, where the ground-based Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) finds difficulties in making reliable estimations of surface precipitation amounts because of complex terrain and limited radar coverage. A VPR identification and enhancement (VPR-IE) method based on the modeling of the vertical variations of the equivalent reflectivity factor using a physically based parameterization is employed to obtain a representative VPR at S band from the TRMM PR measurement at Ku band. Then the representative VPR is convolved with ground radar beam sampling properties to compute apparent VPRs for enhancing NEXRAD quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE). The VPR-IE methodology is evaluated with several stratiform precipitation events during the cold season and is compared to two other statistically based correction methods, that is, the TRMM PR–based rainfall calibration and a range ring–based adjustment scheme. The results show that the VPR-IE has the best overall performance and provides much more accurate surface rainfall estimates than the original ground-based radar QPE. The potential of the VPR-IE method could be further exploited and better utilized when the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission's dual-frequency PR is launched in 2014, with anticipated accuracy improvements and expanded latitude coverage.
Investigating the Applicability of Error Correction Ensembles of Satellite Rainfall Products in River Flow Simulations
Authors: Maggioni Viviana , Vergara Humberto J. , Anagnostou Emmanouil N. , Gourley Jonathan J. , Hong Yang , Stampoulis Dimitrios 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This study uses a stochastic ensemble-based representation of satellite rainfall error to predict the propagation in flood simulation of three quasi-global-scale satellite rainfall products across a range of basin scales. The study is conducted on the Tar-Pamlico River basin in the southeastern United States based on 2 years of data (2004 and 2006). The NWS Multisensor Precipitation Estimator (MPE) dataset is used as the reference for evaluating three satellite rainfall products: the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) real-time 3B42 product (3B42RT), the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Imagery Using Artificial Neural Networks–Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN-CCS). Both ground-measured runoff and streamflow simulations, derived from the NWS Research Distributed Hydrologic Model forced with the MPE dataset, are used as benchmarks to evaluate ensemble streamflow simulations obtained by forcing the model with satellite rainfall corrected using stochastic error simulations from a two-dimensional satellite rainfall error model (SREM2D). The ability of the SREM2D ensemble error corrections to improve satellite rainfall-driven runoff simulations and to characterize the error variability of those simulations is evaluated. It is shown that by applying the SREM2D error ensemble to satellite rainfall, the simulated runoff ensemble is able to envelope both the reference runoff simulation and observed streamflow. The best (uncorrected) product is 3B42RT, but after applying SREM2D, CMORPH becomes the most accurate of the three products in the prediction of runoff variability. The impact of spatial resolution on the rainfall-to-runoff error propagation is also evaluated for a cascade of basin scales (500–5000 km2). Results show a doubling in the bias from rainfall to runoff at all basin scales. Significant dependency to catchment area is exhibited for the random error propagation component.
Airborne Doppler Observations of the Inner-Core Structural Differences between Intensifying and Steady-State Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Rogers Robert , Reasor Paul , Lorsolo Sylvie 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Differences in the inner-core structure of intensifying [IN; intensity increase of at least 20 kt (24 h)−1, where 1 kt = 0.51 m s−1] and steady-state [SS; intensity remaining between ±10 kt (24 h)−1] tropical cyclones (TCs) are examined using composites of airborne Doppler observations collected from NOAA P-3 aircraft missions. The IN dataset contains 40 eyewall passes from 14 separate missions, while the SS dataset contains 53 eyewall passes from 14 separate missions. Intensifying TCs have a ringlike vorticity structure inside the radius of maximum wind (RMW); lower vorticity in the outer core; a deeper, stronger inflow layer; and stronger axisymmetric eyewall upward motion compared with steady-state TCs. There is little difference in the vortex tilt between 2 and 7 km, and both IN and SS TCs show an eyewall precipitation and updraft asymmetry whose maxima are located in the downshear and downshear-left region. The azimuthal coverage of eyewall and outer-core precipitation is greater for IN TCs. There is little difference in the distribution of downdrafts and weak to moderate updrafts in the eyewall. The primary difference is seen at the high end of the vertical velocity spectrum, where IN TCs have a larger number of convective bursts. These bursts accomplish more vertical mass flux, but they compose such a small portion of the total vertical velocity distribution that there is little difference in the shape of the net mass flux profile. The radial location of convective bursts for IN TCs is preferentially located inside the RMW, where the axisymmetric vorticity is generally higher, whereas for SS TCs the bursts are located outside the RMW.
Gender differences in predictors of school wellbeing?
Authors: Løhre Audhild , Moksnes Unni K , Lillefjell Monica 
Published: February 2013

Objective: Although welfare in childhood and adolescence is of great public concern, individual or other resources have not been extensively studied in relation to wellbeing in schools. In this longitudinal study, factors that may promote girls’ or boys’ school wellbeing as well as factors that may have an adverse effect were assessed. Methods: Altogether, 149 boys and 119 girls in public primary and secondary schools completed questionnaires twice, two years apart (T1 and T2). The impact of potentially promoting and potentially adverse factors at T1 were investigated in relation to school wellbeing at T2 using logistic regression. Results: No gender differences were revealed in self-rated school wellbeing whereas factors associated with school wellbeing showed substantial gender differences. Boys who experienced necessary academic help from teachers were 2–3 times more likely to report good school wellbeing compared to other boys. For girls, perceived loneliness at school demonstrated a strong and negative association with school wellbeing both in crude and multivariable analyses. Conclusions: There may be gender differences in predictors of students’ school wellbeing that health-promoting strategies need to take into account. Academic support from teachers, an example of resources in close surroundings, appears to be of great importance for boys. Among girls, perceived loneliness may indicate reduced school wellbeing. Later research must aim at identifying resources that prevent loneliness in school or ease the burdens of lonely students.
Detection of Interleukin-33 in Serum and Carcinoma Tissue from Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and its Clinical Implications
Authors: Zhang P , Liu X-K , Chu Z , Ye JC , Li K-L , Zhuang W-L , Yang D-J , Jiang Y-F 
Published: February 2013

Objective: To study the clinical significance of intercellular interleukin (IL)-33 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Using immunohisto - chemistry, this prospective study compared IL-33 protein levels in samples of HCC tissue and normal tissue adjacent to the tumour in 60 patients with HCC, and in normal liver tissue from six healthy controls. Interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ and IL-33 serum levels were also analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in HCC 30 patients and 10 healthy controls. The level of IL-33 immunohistochemical staining was compared with the rate of lymph node metastasis in HCC patients. Results: IL-33 was strongly positive in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. The median percentage of IL-33-positive tissue was higher in HCC than in normal liver tissue samples (adjacent to the tumour or fromcontrols). Serum IFN-α, IFN-γ and IL-33 levels were higher in pre- and postoperative samples from HCC patients than in control samples, and in patients with metastasis compared with those without metastasis. Conclusions: Increased IL-33 protein levels were observed in serum and liver tissue from HCC patients; IL-33 may be a useful biological marker for monitoring HCC growth and metastasis.
A Tuberculosis Outbreak Among Senior High School Students in China in 2011
Authors: Chen W , Xia Y , Li X , Zhou L , Li C , Wan K , Cheng S 
Published: February 2013

Objective: An outbreak of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) occurred in students attending Licai Training School, Gujiao City, China, in early 2011. The epidemic characteristics and possible contributory factors relating to the spread of this outbreak of PTB were studied in a field investigation and are reported here. Methods: Cases were detected by PTB symptom screening, tuberculin skin testing (TST), chest X-radiography, and examination of sputum smears and cultures for all students, school staff and close family contacts of patients with PTB. Results: Of the 287 students attending the school, 45 (15.7%) were diagnosed with PTB and two (0.7%) had a positive smear. No PTB was found among staff and close family contacts. Prevalence was high in Science Class 27 and the two floors of the dormitory building where the smear-positive TB patients studied and lived. The frequency of strong TST positivity was also high in Science Class 27 and among close contacts living in the same dormitories as the PTB patients. Conclusions: Several avoidable factors likely to have enhanced disease transmission were identified and several recommendations are made to reduce the risk of future TB outbreaks in schools.