bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Home, please: A conjoint analysis of patient preferences after a bad hip fracture
Authors: Robinson Stephanie M , Ní Bhuachalla Bláthin , Ní Mhaille Bairbre , Cotter Paul E , O'Connor Michael , O'Keeffe Shaun T 
Published: November 2014

AimAn Australian study of older, community‐dwelling women found that 80% would rather be dead than experience loss of independence and nursing home admission after a bad hip fracture. We re‐examined this issue using a conjoint analysis approach.MethodsWe asked older hospital patients with a history of falls, fracture or osteoporosis to imagine they had a hip fracture resulting in significant residual disability. Subjects were asked to rank in order of preference an orthogonal array of nine out of 36 potential outcome scenarios reporting risk of falls, life expectancy, discharge home with support or to a nursing home and family agreement or disagreement with discharge location.ResultsOf 192 patients satisfying inclusion criteria, 183 agreed to participate and 97 completed the study. Those who failed to complete the study were older and had lower Mini‐Mental State Examination scores than those who completed the study. For the group as a whole, averaged importance scores were: discharge residence 31.3%, length of life 27%, fall risk 26.4% and family preference 15.5%. On average, subjects would be willing to sacrifice approximately 9 months of life in order to return home rather than go to a nursing home.ConclusionsIn the present study, older people at high risk for fracture judged that after a bad hip fracture their main priority would be to remain at home. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 1165–1170.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour of the urinary bladder: the role of immunoglobulin G4 and the comparison of two immunohistochemical antibodies and fluorescence in‐situ hybridization for the detection of anaplastic lymphoma kinase alterations
Authors: Choi Euna , Williamson Sean R , Montironi Rodolfo , Zhang Shaobo , Wang Mingsheng , Eble John N , Grignon David J , Lopez‐Beltran Antonio , Idrees Muhammad T , Baldridge Lee Ann , Scarpelli Marina , Jones Carol L , Wang Lisha , MacLennan Gregory T , Osunkoya Adeboye O , Cheng Liang 
Published: November 2014

AimsWe examined gene rearrangement and the expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in urinary bladder inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT) using fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) and two immunohistochemical antibodies to ALK. We also investigated whether IMT represents an immunoglobulin (Ig)G4‐related disease.Methods and resultsThe performance of the Dako FLEX ALK monoclonal antibody (CD246) and the Cell Signaling Technology ALK (D5F3) XP monoclonal antibody were compared. Overall, 11 of 16 tumours showed ALK expression by immunohistochemistry (69%). Ten demonstrated ALK expression with both stains and one was positive with D5F3 but not CD246 (91% correlation). The D5F3 antibody yielded a stronger staining intensity and a higher sensitivity. Nine tumours demonstrated ALK rearrangements (56%) by FISH. Three were ALK+ by immunohistochemistry but negative for rearrangement by FISH, whereas one showed rearrangement by FISH but was negative by immunohistochemistry. In total, 12 tumours were positive for ALK abnormalities (75%). Using current criteria, no cases were classified as an IgG4‐related disease.ConclusionsThe ALK D5F3 immunohistochemical stain showed superior staining characteristics compared with ALK CD246. Discrepancies in the results between FISH and immunohistochemistry for ALK abnormalities may have causes that are multifactorial. By current criteria, IMT does not represent an IgG4‐related disease.
Introduction: InterpretingBritishEuropean Policy
Authors: Bevir Mark , Daddow Oliver , Schnapper Pauline 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBritain has had particular problems reconciling itself to the idea of being a ‘European’ actor and a wholehearted member of theEEC/EUsince 1973. Now, potentially, the ‘awkward partner’ is edging towards the exit door of theEUbecause a membership a referendum gauging the opinion of a sullenly Eurosceptical UK public is a likely prospect in the coming years. The aim of this special issue ofJCMSis to consider how one can account for the present state of affairs by adopting an interpretivist perspective onBritishEuropean policy over the past four decades. The article begins with a comprehensive review of the extant literature onBritain andEurope and an elaboration of the ‘traditions and dilemmas’ framework within which the contributors have studied the empirical material in their articles. It then explains the major themes that connect the articles and suggests how future research might build on the agenda proposed in this special issue.
The Return of ‘Englishness’ inBritish Political Culture – The End of the Unions?
Authors: Kenny Michael 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article approaches the interpretation of elite and popular attitudes towards theUnitedKingdom's membership of theEuropeanUnion through analysis of some of the rival perspectives on the national identity of theEnglish that have become increasingly salient during the last two decades. It highlights their role as sources of some of the most influential ideas about nationhood, governance and state now shaping public discourse on theUK's membership of theEU. These include radical‐democratic, restorationist andAnglo‐British forms of patriotic discourse, which have prompted and responded to the growing prevalence of England as ‘an imagined community’ – a trend which has rendered other circles of attachment to theUKand Europe more tenuous and distant. A central conclusion of the article is that these emerging perspectives have spawned webs of belief that connect new and old ideas of nationhood to the political judgements that different actors are making about theEU.
Interpreting the Outsider Tradition inBritishEuropean Policy Speeches fromThatcher toCameron
Authors: Daddow Oliver 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article investigates howBritishEuropean policy thinking has been informed by what it identifies as an ‘outsider’ tradition of thinking about ‘Europe’ inBritish foreign policy dating from imperial times to the present. The article begins by delineating five phases in the evolution of the outsider tradition back to 1815 through a survey of the relevant historiography. The article then examines how prime ministers fromMargaretThatcher toDavidCameron have looked to various inflections of the outsider tradition to inform theirEuropean discourses. The focus in the speech data sections is onBritish identity, history and the realist appreciation of international politics that informed the leaders' suggestions forEEC/EUreform. The central argument is that historically informed narratives such as those making up the outsider tradition do not determine opinion‐formers' outlooks, but that they can be deeply impervious to rapid change. We can therefore understand why Britain has come to hover near the EU exit door because British leaders have consistently drawn upon ‘outsider’ narratives as the organizing frame for their European policy discourses.
Molecular characterization, virulence and horizontal transmission of Beauveria pseudobassiana from Dendroctonus micans (Kug.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Kocacevik S. , Sevim A. , Eroglu M. , Demirbag Z. , Demir I. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), has been a potential threat for Turkey and the entire Eurasian spruce forests for many years. Control strategies which have been applied so far are still insufficient to prevent its damage. A previous study has shown that a Beauveria isolate (ARSEF 9271) proved to be an efficient microbial control agent against the great spruce bark beetle. In this study, this isolate was identified as B. pseudobassiana based on the partial sequence of EF1‐α and ITS sequence. A conidial suspension (1 × 108/ml) of this fungus caused 100% mortality on both larvae and adults of D. micans within 5 and 6 days, respectively. Also, it caused 100% mycosis value on both larvae and adults. Mortality values of horizontal transmission experiments between larvae and adults which were contaminated with 1 × 106/ml spore suspension at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% rates were determined as 100% after 15 days at 20°C under the laboratory conditions. We also determined the decrease of the damage in spruce wood block (15 × 25 cm) when the contamination rate of the larvae was increased. Our results indicate that B. pseudobassiana ARSEF 9271 seems to be a very promising biocontrol agent against D. micans.
Particularism in health care: challenging the authority of the aggregate
Authors: Tanenbaum Sandra J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn health care, particularism asserts the primacy of the individual case. Moral particularists, such asJonsen andToulmin, reject deduction from universal moral principles and instead seek warrants for action from the multiple sources unique to a given patient. Another kind of health care particularism, here referred to as the knowledge of particulars, is offered as a corrective to evidence‐based medicine (EBM), its influence on health care practice and policy, and specifically toEBM's reliance on the aggregate. This paper describes the knowledge of particulars and identifies strategies for its legitimation in health care policy and practice. First, the paper documents the ascendancy of the aggregate throughEBM's definition of ‘what works’ in health care. Second, it delineates the limits of health care knowledge based on the analysis of aggregates, not only for the care of individual patients but for the formulation of policies about patient care. Third, the paper analyses prominent rejections of the particular in contemporary health policy discourse and relates them to larger political purposes. Finally, it depicts the knowledge of particulars as the basis for clinical prudence and offers three potential strategies for promoting particularism as essential to high‐quality care.
Underdetermination in evidence‐based medicine
Authors: Chin‐Yee Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article explores the philosophical implications of evidence‐based medicine's (EBM's) epistemology in terms of the problem of underdetermination of theory by evidence as expounded by the Duhem–Quine thesis. EBM hierarchies of evidence privilege clinical research over basic science, exacerbating the problem of underdetermination. Because of severe underdetermination, EBM is unable to meaningfully test core medical beliefs that form the basis of our understanding of disease and therapeutics. As a result, EBM adopts an epistemic attitude that is sceptical of explanations from the basic biological sciences, and is relegated to a view of disease at a population level. EBM's epistemic attitude provides a limited research heuristic by preventing the development of a theoretical framework required for understanding disease mechanism and integrating knowledge to develop new therapies. Medical epistemology should remain pluralistic and include complementary approaches of basic science and clinical research, thus avoiding the limited epistemic attitude entailed by EBM hierarchies.
Preliminary investigation on prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia: Should we tune our focus on healthy adults?
Authors: Lee Cathy Nga Yan , Lam Simon Ching , Tsang Alan Yat Kwan , Ng Bernadette Ting Yan , Leung Joyce Chung Yin , Chong Andy Chun Yin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimOsteoporosis and osteopenia are global health problems with increasing trend, particularly in developed regions. Apart from traditional well‐recognized high‐risk groups (i.e. postmenopausal women and elders), prevalence of such problems among adults should not be ignored because of the advantages of early detection and health promotion. Therefore, this preliminary study aims to investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia among adult office workers, which represented a relatively large proportion of the population in urbanized cities.MethodsAn GE‐Lunar Achilles ultrasonometer was used to screen the bone mineral density (BMD) of 80 participants.ResultsThe BMD T‐score ranged from −3 to 3.5. The majority of the participants had normal BMD result (T‐score, ≥ −1), whereas 35% was classified as abnormal (T‐score, < −1) including 31.3% osteopenia and 3.8% osteoporosis.ConclusionHigh prevalence rate of abnormal BMD among healthy adults should be further studied in this population. The findings also suggest that the current ignorance in adulthood may increase the prevalence of osteoporotic fractures in the future.
Evaluation of morphological changes in the adult skull with age and sex
Authors: Urban Jillian E. , Weaver Ashley A. , Lillie Elizabeth M. , Maldjian Joseph A. , Whitlow Christopher T. , Stitzel Joel D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe morphology of the brain and skull are important in the evaluation of the aging human; however, little is known about how the skull may change with age. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological changes of the adult skull using three‐dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of thousands of landmarks with the focus on anatomic regions that may be correlated with brain atrophy and head injury. Computed tomography data were collected between ages 20 and 100. Each scan was segmented using thresholding techniques. An atlas image of a 50th percentile skull was registered to each subject scan by computing a series of rigid, affine, and non‐linear transformations between atlas space and subject space. Landmarks on the atlas skull were transformed to each subject and partitioned into the inner and outer cranial vault and the cranial fossae. A generalized Procrustes analysis was completed for the landmark sets. The coordinate locations describing the shape of each region were regressed with age to generate a model predicting the landmark location with age. Permutation testing was performed to assess significant changes with age. For the males, all anatomic regions reveal significant changes in shape with age except for the posterior cranial fossa. For the females, only the middle cranial fossa and anterior cranial fossa were found to change significantly in shape. Results of this study are important for understanding the adult skull and how shape changes may pertain to brain atrophy, aging, and injury.
Effect of Lipid Content on Saltiness Perception: A Psychophysical Study
Authors: Suzuki A.H. , Zhong H. , Lee J. , Martini S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oil addition (10, 20 and 40% of oil in water) on saltiness perception as a function of NaCl concentration. A sensory panel (n = 20) was selected from the local community and trained to taste saltiness intensity using magnitude estimation. Data obtained were fitted to the Stevens’ power law. As expected, saltiness intensity increased as [NaCl] in the aqueous phase ([NaCl]aq) increased, for a constant type of sample. All types of samples (0, 10, 20 and 40% oil‐in‐water emulsions) were well fitted to the Stevens’ power law with exponent values of 0.87, 0.76, 0.66 and 0.47 for the 0, 10, 20 and 40% oil‐in‐water emulsions, respectively. This is the first research that reports exponential values for saltiness perception in the presence of an oil phase. This research also shows that saltiness perception is driven by a combination of processes that include [NaCl]em and the presence of an oil phase.Practical ApplicationsThis research contributes to the understanding of the effect of oil addition on saltiness perception for a range of NaCl concentration. This knowledge will help food scientist in the development of foods with reduced amount of sodium while maintaining the sensory properties of their product.
Networks as Public Infrastructure: Externalities, Efficiency, and Implementation
Authors: HALLER HANS 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFirst, a noncooperative model of network formation is investigated where link formation is one‐sided and information flow is two‐way. For that model, the relationship between different notions of efficient networks is studied: Pareto‐optimal networks on the one hand and welfare‐maximizing networks on the other hand. Strategic network formation is compared with funding schemes for public goods. Second, we extend the model and review earlier findings how a preexisting network affects existence of Nash equilibria and efficiency of Nash equilibrium outcomes of the strategic network formation game. It can foster or prohibit existence of Nash equilibria. It can improve or worsen equilibrium welfare. Finally, we treat the preexisting network as public infrastructure and design and analyze a subscription game for the public provision of that infrastructure.
Pathogenic and Genetic Variation among the Isolates of Rhizoctonia solani (AG 1‐IA), the Rice Sheath Blight Pathogen
Authors: Yugander Arra , Ladhalakshmi Duraisamy , Prakasham Vellaichamy , Mangrauthia Satendra K. , Prasad Madamsetty S. , Krishnaveni Donempudi , Madhav Maganti Sheshu , Sundaram Raman M. , Laha Gouri Sankar 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSheath blight disease of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most dreaded plant diseases faced by the rice farmers all over the world. None of the commercially cultivated rice varieties have sufficient level of field resistance, and the disease is presently being managed by chemical pesticides. In this study, 40 isolates of rice sheath blight pathogen, collected from diverse rice ecosystems from 12 different states of India, were characterized for their morphological, pathological and genetic variation. The isolates showed wide morphological variation in terms of size of sclerotia and abundance of sclerotia production. The virulence of each pathogen isolate was studied on four rice varieties, that is TN1, IR 64, Tetep and Swarnadhan in glasshouse, and observations were taken by measuring the relative lesion height. The relative lesion heights produced by these isolates on four different rice varieties varied widely. Genetic variation of the isolates was analysed using ISSR markers. The primers based on AG, GA, AC and CA repeats were informative and revealed polymorphism among the isolates. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of the primers ranged from 0.80 to 0.96, while the resolving power (Rp) ranged from 3.7 to 15.35. Largely, grouping of the isolates happened based on their geographical origin. One isolate from Titabar, Assam, and another from Adialabad, Telangana, were quite distinct from rest of the isolates.
Leaf Spot on Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Caused by Stemphylium solani, a New Disease in China
Authors: Chai A‐Li , Du Gong‐Fu , Shi Yan‐Xia , Xie Xue‐Wen , Li Bao‐Ju 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDuring 2010–2011, a severe leaf spot disease of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) was found in Haikou City, Hainan province of China. The disease is characterized with large, irregular, brown, necrotic lesions on the margin or in the centre of leaves. A species of Stemphylium was consistently recovered from pieces of symptomatic tissues on PDA. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular identification by rDNA‐ITS gene analysis, the fungal species was identified as Stemphylium solani Weber, and its pathogenicity was confirmed by Koch's postulates. This is the first report of leaf spot on sweet potato caused by S. solani in China.
Red Blood Cell Phosphate Concentration and Osmotic Resistance During Dietary Phosphate Depletion in Dairy Cows
Authors: Grünberg W. , Mol J.A. , Teske E. 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundHypophosphatemia in early lactating dairy cows has been implicated as primary cause for postparturient hemoglobinuria in cattle. Decreased availability of phosphorus has been proposed to reduce adenosine triphosphate synthesis of erythrocytes and thereby reduce osmotic resistance of these cells.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo study the effect of phosphorus depletion on the phosphate concentration ([Pi]) in plasma and erythrocytes and the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes and to determine the association between plasma [Pi] and erythrocyte [Pi].AnimalsTen healthy midlactating dairy cows in their 3rd to 5th lactation.MethodsProspective study. Dietary phosphorus depletion for 5 weeks followed by phosphorus supplementation. Plasma and erythrocyte [Pi] and erythrocyte osmotic resistance were measured. Four cows underwent continuous dextrose infusion at the end of phosphate depletion to exacerbate hypophosphatemia.ResultsDietary P depletion resulted in a marked decline of the plasma [Pi] from 4.1 ± 1.0 mg/dL to a nadir of 1.7 ± 0,5 mg/dL, but did not alter erythrocyte [Pi] or osmotic resistance. Similarly, dextrose infusion induced a decline of the plasma [Pi] from 2.4 ± 0.5 mg/dL to 1.5 ± 0.5 mg/dL, but had no effect on erythrocyte [Pi] or osmotic resistance.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIn cattle, marked hypophosphatemia induced by dietary P depletion was neither associated with a decline in erythrocyte [Pi] nor with decreased osmotic resistance of erythrocytes. Phosphorus depletion alone is therefore unlikely to cause intravascular hemolysis and the plasma [Pi] is an unreliable index for the intracellular [Pi] of erythrocytes.
Determination of Extracellular Fluid Volume in Healthy and Azotemic Cats
Authors: Finch N.C. , Heiene R. , Elliott J. , Syme H.M. , Peters A.M. 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundMethods for determining extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) are important clinically for cats. Bromide dilution has been studied in cats to estimate ECFV. Markers of GFR also distribute in ECFV and can be used for its measurement.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe primary objective was to develop a method of determining ECFV from iohexol clearance in cats and evaluate agreement with that determined using bromide dilution. Additional objectives were to compare ECFV between azotemic and nonazotemic cats and evaluate appropriate methods of standardizing ECFV.AnimalsClient‐owned cats with varying renal function.MethodsValidation of ECFV determined from slope‐intercept iohexol clearance was performed in 18 healthy nonazotemic cats. ECFV was then determined using the validated method and bromide dilution and agreement assessed. Appropriateness of standardization to body weight (BW) and body surface area (BSA) was evaluated.ResultsExtracellular fluid volume determined from slope‐intercept iohexol clearance and bromide dilution was 0.84 ± 0.32 L and 0.85 ± 0.19 L (mean ± SD), respectively. There were wide limits of agreement between the methods (−0.58 to 0.54 L) and therefore, agreement was considered to be poor. ECFV did not differ significantly between azotemic and nonazotemic cats (P = .177). BSA was found to be the best method for standardizing ECFV measurement in cats.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThis study developed a method for determining ECFV from slope‐intercept iohexol clearance which provides simultaneous assessment of renal function and an estimate of ECFV. ECFV does not differ between azotemic and nonazotemic cats, which suggests fluid volume loss or overload is not an important clinical feature in cats with mild chronic kidney disease.