bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of light on growth, levels of anthocyanin, concentration of metabolites in Fagopyrum tataricum sprout cultures
Authors: Peng Lian‐Xin , Zou Liang , Su Yan‐Mei , Fan Yi , Zhao Gang 
Published: April 2015

SumamyTartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) sprouts are a popular healthy product around the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of light on growth, levels of anthocyanin, metabolite concentration in tartary buckwheat sprouts. To investigate the metabolites and accumulation of anthocyanin in tartary buckwheat sprouts, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were conducted. The levels of Cyanidin 3‐O‐glucoside and Cyanidin 3‐O‐rutinoside were higher under light/dark condition than that under dark condition. A total of fifty‐five metabolites, including nineteen amino acids, fifteen organic acids, eight sugars, four amines, two sugar alcohols, seven other kinds were detected in tartary buckwheat sprouts. Multivariate statistical methods were used to fully distinguish between light/dark and dark condition, and eleven compounds were defined as deferentially expressed metabolites using these methods. Our results may be helpful for practical application in the production of nutritional buckwheat sprouts in the future.
Introduction: What future for industrial relations?
Authors: HAYTER Susan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn her introductory paper, the coordinator of this Special Issue puts the selection of subsequent contributions into context. Traditional industrial relations institutions, born of labour law's premise of unbalanced power relations between the worker and the employer, are being undermined by unprecedented global changes in patterns of work and forms of employment. This trend, compounded by the emergence of alternative forms of worker representation, poses a major challenge not only to conventional tradeunionism but also to policy and to industrial relations scholarship. This Special Issue is intended as a contribution to the ensuing, ongoing debate about the direction of future change.
Mechanism and Kinetics of Oxidation of ZrN Ceramics
Authors: Harrison Robert W. , Lee William Edward 
Published: April 2015

Oxidation of ZrN ceramics from 973–1373 K under static conditions reveals parabolic rate behavior, indicative of a diffusion‐controlled process. In‐situ high temperature powder XRD found the oxidation mechanism begins with destabilization of ZrN through formation of a ZrN1−x phase with oxide peaks initially detected at around 773 K. The zirconium oxide layer was found to be monoclinic by in‐situ XRD with no evidence of tetragonal or cubic polymorphs present to 1023 K. Bulk ceramic samples oxidized at 1173 and 1273 K underwent slower oxidation than those oxidized at 973 and 1073 K. This change in oxidation rate and hence mechanism was due to formation of a denser c‐ZrO2 polymorph stabilized by nitrogen defects. This N‐doped dense ZrO2 layer acts as a diffusion barrier to oxygen diffusion. However, at an oxidation temperature of 1373 K this layer is no longer protective due to increased diffusion through it resulting in grain boundary oxidation.
Do patients and health care professionals view the communication processes of clinical research differently? A Rasch analysis from a survey
Authors: González‐de Paz Luis , Kostov Belchin , Solans‐Julian Pilar , Navarro‐Rubio M Dolores , Sisó‐Almirall Antoni 
Published: April 2015

AbstractRationale aims and objectivesThe increasing amount of the clinical research conducted in the primary health care has enabled extending research beyond traditional settings, but this transfer has implied some trade‐offs. Health care professionals who conduct research with trusted patients require assuming the ethical standards of research and communication skills to enable patients' autonomy and freedom of choice. This study aims to measure the opinions of health professionals and patients on issues of communication in clinical research.MethodA cross‐sectional study with health care professionals and patients from primary health care centres in Barcelona (Spain). Each group completed a similar self‐administered questionnaire. A Rasch model was fitted to data. After examination of goodness‐of‐fit, differences between groups were compared using analysis of variance, and patients' measures were calibrated to professionals' measures to compare overall mean measures.ResultsProfessionals and patients found the ethical attitudes most difficult to endorse related to trust in clinical researchers and conflicts of interest. Patients' perceptions of professional ethical behaviour were significantly lower than professionals'. Different item functioning between nurses and family doctors was found in the item on seeking ethical collaboration when collaborating in clinical research. Effective knowledge of ethical norms was associated with greater perceived ethical values in clinical research and confidence in health care professionals among patients.ConclusionsDifferences in the views of the communication process between patients and professionals could alert research boards, health care institutions and researchers to the need for greater transparency, trust and ethical instruction when patients are involved in clinical research.
Saprolegnia diclina IIIA and S. parasitica employ different infection strategies when colonizing eggs of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Songe M M , Willems A , Wiik‐Nielsen J , Thoen E , Evensen Ø , van West P , Skaar I 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHere, we address the morphological changes of eyed eggs of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. infected with Saprolegnia from a commercial hatchery and after experimental infection. Eyed eggs infected with Saprolegnia spp. from 10 Atlantic salmon females were obtained. Egg pathology was investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Eggs from six of ten females were infected with S. parasitica, and two females had infections with S. diclina clade IIIA; two Saprolegnia isolates remained unidentified. Light microscopy showed S. diclina infection resulted in the chorion in some areas being completely destroyed, whereas eggs infected with S. parasitica had an apparently intact chorion with hyphae growing within or beneath the chorion. The same contrasting pathology was found in experimentally infected eggs. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that S. parasitica grew on the egg surface and hyphae were found penetrating the chorion of the egg, and re‐emerging on the surface away from the infection site. The two Saprolegnia species employ different infection strategies when colonizing salmon eggs. Saprolegnia diclina infection results in chorion destruction, while S. parasitica penetrates intact chorion. We discuss the possibility these infection mechanisms representing a necrotrophic (S. diclina) vs. a facultative biotrophic strategy (S. parasitica).
An Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Non‐audit Services on Auditor Independence in Appearance in the European Union: Evidence from Germany
Authors: Quick Reiner , Warming‐Rasmussen Bent 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe provision of non‐audit services by the statutory auditor may have a negative impact on auditor independence. Therefore, the European Union decided to prevent auditors from offering a significant extent of non‐audit services to audit clients. Prior research has revealed that different advisory services have different effects on perceived auditor independence. This could be caused by differences in number and intensity of independence threats (self‐interest, familiarity, self‐review, advocacy). Therefore, this experimental study investigates the effect of such threats on independence perceptions in the case of German individual investors. Multivariate analyses indicate that a high self‐interest and a high‐familiarity threat may impair auditor independence in appearance. On the other hand, our findings do not reveal a significant effect of an existing advocacy threat on investors’ trust in auditor independence. A negative effect of a self‐review threat is not directly confirmed. However, the provision of services with regard to internal controls, and thus the self‐review threat, interacts with the self‐interest threat. They potentially impact perceived auditor independence negatively when non‐audit fees are high. In contrast, no significant interactions with familiarity are found. Based on these findings, a general prohibition of non‐audit services does not seem to be necessary. On the other hand, a non‐audit fees cap might be reasonable.
Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in captive non‐human primates of twenty‐four zoological gardens in China
Authors: Li Mei , Zhao Bo , Li Bo , Wang Qiang , Niu Lili , Deng Jiabo , Gu Xiaobin , Peng Xuerong , Wang Tao , Yang Guangyou 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCaptive primates are susceptible to gastrointestinal (GIT) parasitic infections, which are often zoonotic and can contribute to morbidity and mortality. Fecal samples were examined by the means of direct smear, fecal flotation, fecal sedimentation, and fecal cultures. Of 26.51% (317/1196) of the captive primates were diagnosed gastrointestinal parasitic infections. Trichuris spp. were the most predominant in the primates, while Entamoeba spp. were the most prevalent in Old World monkeys (P < 0.05). These preliminary data will improve the management of captive primates and the safety of animal keepers and visitors.
Expression of Secreted Aspartyl Proteinases in an Experimental Model of Candida albicans‐Associated Denture Stomatitis
Authors: Lie Tobouti Priscila , Casaroto Ana Regina , de Almeida Ricardo Sérgio Couto , de Paula Ramos Solange , Dionísio Thiago José , Porto Vinicius Carvalho , Santos Carlos Ferreira , Lara Vanessa Soares 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPurposeCandida albicans is known to produce secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAPs) to aid adhesion, invasion, and host tissue destruction. SAPs may contribute to denture stomatitis (DS) pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to develop an in vivo experimental model for Candida‐associated DS that allows the analysis of SAP2, SAP5, and SAP9 expression by C. albicans from biofilm induced on the denture surface.Materials and MethodsThirty‐five male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, denture, and denture/Candida group. The last two groups remained with dentures for 2, 4, and 6 days, with or without induced biofilm. SAP expression was concomitant with leukocyte counts as well as clinical and histological changes shown by animal palate.ResultsThe signs observed at 4 days in the denture/Candida group were clinically closer to the Candida‐associated DS, showing a significant increase of neutrophils and decrease of lymphocytes in peripheral blood, presence of inflammation signs on the palate similar to DS Newton type I, and fungal invasion in the epithelial layer. Accordingly, the denture/Candida group at 4 days presented the highest relative expression of all SAPs studied.ConclusionThe results showed a coincidence between SAP expression and clinical, microscopic, and blood data. Finally, the molecular findings were consistent with the virulence capacities of C. albicans from biofilm formed on the denture resin, which possibly allowed epithelial invasion by the fungus.
Effects of cyclodextrins on GM1-gangliosides in fibroblasts from GM1-gangliosidosis patients
Authors: Maeda Yuki , Motoyama Keiichi , Higashi Taishi , Horikoshi Yuka , Takeo Toru , Nakagata Naomi , Kurauchi Yuki , Katsuki Hiroshi , Ishitsuka Yoichi , Kondo Yuki , Irie Tetsumi , Furuya Hirokazu , Era Takumi , Arima Hidetoshi 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Objectives
GM1-gangliosidosis is an inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of GM1-gangliosides in many tissues and organs, particularly in the brain. Currently, there is no treatment available for patients with ganglioside storage diseases. Therefore, we investigated the effects of cyclodextrins (CyDs) on the GM1-ganglioside level in EA1 cells, fibroblasts from patients with GM1-gangliosidosis.

Methods
The concentrations of cholesterol and phospholipids in supernatants were determined by Cholesterol E-test Wako and Phospholipid C-test Wako, respectively. The effects of CyDs on GM1-ganglioside levels in EA1 cells using fluorescence-labelled cholera toxin B-subunit, which can bind to GM1-gangliosides specifically, were investigated by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Key findings
The treatment with methylated CyDs, hydroxypropylated CyDs and branched CyDs decreased GM1-ganglioside levels in EA1 cells at 1 mm for 24 h. Unexpectedly, there was no significant change in the efflux of cholesterol or phospholipids from the cells after treatment with CyDs under the same experimental conditions, indicating that the efflux of membrane components is not associated with down-regulation of GM1-ganglioside levels in EA1 cells upon CyDs treatment.

Conclusions
CyDs may have the potential as drugs for GM1-gangliosidosis, although the mechanism should be thereafter clarified.
Genetic and morphological differentiation in Populus nigra L.: isolation by colonization or isolation by adaptation?
Authors: DeWoody Jennifer , Trewin Harriet , Taylor Gail 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIdentifying processes underlying the genetic and morphological differences among populations is a central question of evolutionary biology. Forest trees typically contain high levels of neutral genetic variation, and genetic differences are often correlated with geographic distance between populations [isolation by distance (IBD)] or are due to historic vicariance events [isolation by colonization (IBC)]. In contrast, morphological differences are largely due to local adaptation. Here, we examined genetic (microsatellite) and morphological (from a common garden experiment) variation in Populus nigra L., European black poplar, collected from 13 sites across western Europe and grown in a common garden in Belgium. Significant genetic differentiation was observed, with populations from France displaying greater admixture than the distinct Spanish and central European gene pools, consistent with previously described glacial refugia (IBC). Many quantitative traits displayed a bimodal distribution, approximately corresponding to small‐leaf and large‐leaf ecotypes. Examination of nine climatic variables revealed the sampling locations to have diverse climates, and although the correlation between morphological and climatic differences was significant, the pattern was not consistent with strict local adaptation. Partial Mantel tests based on multivariate summary statistics identified significant residual correlation in comparisons of small‐leaf to large‐leaf ecotypes, and within the small‐leaf samples, but not within large‐leaf ecotypes, indicating that variation within the small‐leaf morphotype in particular may be adaptive. Some small‐leaf populations experience climates very similar to those in large‐leaf sites. We conclude that adaptive differentiation and persistent IBC acted in combination to produce the genetic and morphological patterns observed in P. nigra.
Good, but Not Perfect: Parental Knowledge About Risk Factors for Skin Cancer and the Necessity of Sun Protection in Southern Germany
Authors: Gefeller Olaf , Uter Wolfgang , Pfahlberg Annette B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe level of knowledge and awareness of skin cancer risks in parents of young children is largely unknown. The Erlangen Kindergarten study, which enrolled 3,129 parents of 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children in southern Germany, addressed this. The population‐based survey found an overall high level of knowledge about skin cancer risks and strong support for the necessity of sun protection but identified two areas (role of intermittent sun exposure, sun protection on cloudy summer days) offering a target for improvement in future public health campaigns.
Association between regional white and gray matter volume and ambiguity tolerance: Evidence from voxel‐based morphometry
Authors: Tong Dandan , Yang Wenjing , Zhang Qinglin , Li Wenfu , Wei Dongtao , Che Xianwei , Zhang Meng , Hitchman Glenn , Qiu Jiang , Liu Yijun , Cao Guikang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe concept of tolerance of ambiguity (AT) is defined as the way in which an individual tends to perceive and deal with confusing, vague, and unclear situations. AT is generally considered as an important personality trait, but the neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in AT have never been investigated. Using voxel‐based morphometry and MSTAT‐II scale, we investigated the correlations between AT and regional white matter volume (rWMV) and regional gray matter volume (rGMV) in 351 young healthy subjects. We found AT to be positively correlated with rGMV in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and negatively correlated with rGMV in the precuneus. These results indicate that increased rGMV in the left DLPFC may lead to characteristics of ambiguous stimuli consideration from multiple contexts and risk taking. Decreased rGMV in the left precuneus may be associated with a high tolerance for ambiguity, which attributes uncertainty to self‐related factors.
Macroeconomics of Natural Disasters: Strengths and Weaknesses of Meta‐Analysis Versus Review of Literature
Authors: A. G. van Bergeijk Peter , Lazzaroni Sara 
Published: April 2015

We use the case of the macroeconomic impact of natural disasters to analyze strengths and weaknesses of meta‐analysis in an emerging research field. Macroeconomists have published on this issue since 2002 (we identified 60 studies to date). The results of the studies are contradictory and therefore the need to synthesize the available research is evident. Meta‐analysis is a useful method in this field. An important aim of our article is to show how one can use the identified methodological characteristics to better understand the robustness and importance of new findings.To provide a comparative perspective, we contrast our meta‐analysis and its findings with the major influential research synthesis in the field: the IPCC's 2012 special report Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. We show that the IPCC could have been more confident about the negative economic impact of disasters and more transparent on inclusion and qualification of studies, if it had been complemented by a meta‐analysis.Our meta‐analysis shows that, controlling for modeling strategies and data set, the impact of disasters is significantly negative. The evidence is strongest for direct costs studies where we see no difference between our larger sample and the studies included in the IPCC report. Direct cost studies and indirect cost studies differ significantly, both in terms of the confidence that can be attached to a negative impact of natural disasters and in terms of the sources of heterogeneity of the findings reported in the primary studies.
HIV and HCV Medications in End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Greenberg Keiko I. , Perazella Mark A. , Atta Mohamed G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affect populations worldwide. With the availability of over 35 Food and Drug Administration approved medications for treatment of HIV, the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV has greatly improved. On the other hand, treatment options for HCV have been limited until very recently. While the use of protease inhibitors (such as boceprevir and telaprevir) has become standard of care for treatment of hepatitis C in the general population, data for individuals with impaired kidney function, particularly those on dialysis, are extremely limited. Use of medications in dialysis patients can be challenging given the dose adjustments that must be made for renally cleared molecules, and potentially increased impact of adverse effects such as anemia. Recommendations for dosing of marketed therapies for HIV and HCV are reviewed.
Revisiting the Brain Drain Literature with Insights from a Dynamic General Equilibrium World Model
Authors: Lodigiani Elisabetta , Marchiori Luca , Shen I‐Ling 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe existing brain drain literature has found various mechanisms through which the high‐skilled South‐to‐North migration affects developing economies. However, some of the new‐found effects remain disputable due to limited evidence. This study aims to provide suggestive guidelines for future research by identifying the mechanisms that can generate larger economic impacts at the aggregate. The analysis is based on a dynamic general equilibrium world model that is calibrated to published statistics and incorporates empirical estimates on the effects of brain drain. It simulates short‐ and long‐run impacts of increased brain drain on GDP per capita, GNI per capita, and income inequality. The results suggest that more studies should be conducted to further examine how the brain drain influences human capital formation and technology spillovers. Both have significant impacts on domestic production and national income. A better understanding of different remitting patterns is also desirable to understand how to reduce inequality and promote recipients’ investment in productive assets.
Sediment and discharge yields within a minimally disturbed, headwater watershed in North Central Pennsylvania, USA, with an emphasis on Superstorm Sandy
Authors: Maloney Kelly O. , Shull Dustin R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe estimated discharge and suspended sediment (SS) yield in a minimally disturbed watershed in North Central Pennsylvania, USA, and compared a typical storm (September storm, 4.80 cm) to a large storm (Superstorm Sandy, 7.47 cm rainfall). Depending on branch, Sandy contributed 9.7–19.9 times more discharge and 11.5–37.4 times more SS than the September storm. During the September storm, the upper two branches accounted for 60.6% of discharge and 88.8% of SS at Lower Branch; during Sandy these percentages dropped to 36.1% for discharge and 30.1% for SS. The branch with close proximity roads had over two‐three times per area SS yield than the branch without such roads. Hysteresis loops showed typical clockwise patterns for the September storm and more complicated patterns for Sandy, reflecting the multipeak event. Estimates of SS and hysteresis in minimally disturbed watersheds provide useful information that can be compared spatially and temporally to facilitate management.
Self‐synthesized extracellular matrix contributes to mature adipose tissue regeneration in a tissue engineering chamber
Authors: Zhan Weiqing , Chang Qiang , Xiao Xiaolian , Dong Ziqing , Zeng Zhaowei , Gao Jianhua , Lu Feng 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe development of an engineered adipose tissue substitute capable of supporting reliable, predictable, and complete fat tissue regeneration would be of value in plastic and reconstructive surgery. For adipogenesis, a tissue engineering chamber provides an optimized microenvironment that is both efficacious and reproducible; however, for reasons that remain unclear, tissues regenerated in a tissue engineering chamber consist mostly of connective rather than adipose tissue. Here, we describe a chamber‐based system for improving the yield of mature adipose tissue and discuss the potential mechanism of adipogenesis in tissue‐chamber models. Adipose tissue flaps with independent vascular pedicles placed in chambers were implanted into rabbits. Adipose volume increased significantly during the observation period (week 1, 2, 3, 4, 16). Histomorphometry revealed mature adipose tissue with signs of adipose tissue remolding. The induced engineered constructs showed high‐level expression of adipogenic (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ), chemotactic (stromal cell‐derived factor 1a), and inflammatory (interleukin 1 and 6) genes. In our system, the extracellular matrix may have served as a scaffold for cell migration and proliferation, allowing mature adipose tissue to be obtained in a chamber microenvironment without the need for an exogenous scaffold. Our results provide new insights into key elements involved in the early development of adipose tissue regeneration.