bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genotypic prediction of HIV‐1 subtype CRF01‐AE tropism
Authors: Raymond S , Delobel P , Rogez S , Encinas S , Bruel P , Pasquier C , Saune K , Marchou B , Massip P , Izopet J 
Published: November 2012

Purpose of the studyDetermination of HIV‐1 coreceptor usage is crucial for the clinical management of HIV‐infected patients and for optimizing patient selection prior to coreceptor antagonist use. HIV‐1 subtype CRF01‐AE predominates in south and south‐east Asia and has spread all around the world. As for other subtypes, the HIV‐1 subtype CRF01‐AE tropism must be assessed before CCR5 antagonists’ usage. Genotypic methods would be useful for tropism determination but their correlation with the phenotypic approach has not been assessed.MethodsWe determined the HIV‐1 coreceptor usage in 44 subjects infected with subtype CRF01‐AE by both a recombinant phenotypic entry assay and sequencing of the V3 region to determine the correlation between them.Summary of resultsWe first used genotypic algorithms currently used for subtype B HIV‐1. The sensitivity of the Geno2pheno10 genotypic algorithm was 75% but the specificity was poor (46%). In contrast, the sensitivity of the combined 11/25 and net charge rule was poor (50%) but the specificity was 96%. We used a GenBank clonal data set of 69 CRF01‐AE V3 sequences of viruses with known phenotype to identify subtype CRF01‐AE determinants in the V3 region associated with CXCR4 use and built a new simple genotypic rule for optimizing the genotypic prediction of CRF01‐AE tropism. The data showed that loss of the N‐linked glycosylation site at the beginning of V3 was an independent determinant of CXCR4 use by the CRF01‐AE virus clones. The new genotypic tool based on the 11/25, net charge and glycosylation site mutation criteria was 96% concordant with the phenotype on the GenBank clonal data set. Lastly, this algorithm has been validated using our patients’ data set in which the sensitivity was 70% and the specificity was 96% for predicting CXCR4 use.ConclusionsThe concordance between genotype and phenotype was 84% when using the CRF01‐AE genotypic tool, approaching the concordance obtained for the tropism prediction of HIV‐1 subtype B. The genotypic prediction of HIV‐1 subtype CRF01‐AE coreceptor usage requires an optimized genotypic tool for a safely use of CCR5 antagonists.
Use of age and CD4 cell count as criteria for identification of recent HIV infection in resource‐limited countries
Authors: Lodi S , Penazzato M , Jordan M , Bertagnolio S 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundIdentification of recent HIV infection is crucial for estimating HIV incidence and transmitted drug resistance (TDR) prevalence. Due to limited availability of diagnostic assays, WHO TDR surveys use age <25 yrs and/or CD4 >500 cells/mm3 at HIV diagnosis as epidemiological criteria to maximize inclusion of recently infected (within 3 yrs) and ARV‐naïve individuals. Accuracy of these criteria and variation by geographical region is unknown.MethodsA literature review of studies on HIV seroconverters (SC) published through March 2012 was performed. Age at SC and CD4 decline in absence of treatment were abstracted. Accuracy of alternative TDR survey criteria was explored.Results11 studies provided age at SC: 7 in Africa, 2 in Latin America, 2 in Asia. Median age at SC ranged between 24 and 33 years in studies in Kenya and Zambia, respectively and was 29 [interquantile range (IQR) 24, 34] in a large cohort study from Africa. Median age at SC was 29 years in studies on MSM in Brazil and China. 7 studies reported CD4 count decline: 5 in Africa, 1 in Latin America and 1 in Asia. Studies used ordinary least square regression or mixed models. None described median CD4 count 3 yrs after SC. The estimated mean CD4 count 3 yrs after SC ranged from 350–420 cells/mm3 in Africa and was 237 and 282 cells/mm3 in Asia and Latin America, respectively.ConclusionHIV SC occurs at all ages (median 29 yrs) in the assessed geographical regions. Enhancing feasibility of TDR survey implementation by including individuals >25 yrs decreases specificity, particularly in low HIV prevalence settings (Table).Use of age <25 yrs can maximized specificity to detect recent infection, but misses almost 75% of recent infections thus limiting feasibility of TDR survey implementation, particularly in low HIV prevalence settings. Lower mean CD4 count 3 yrs after SC was observed in Asia and Latin America compared to Africa. Regional differences may be explained by heterogeneity in eligibility criteria and statistical methods as well as contextual factors such as HIV subtypes or co‐morbidities. Confirmed CD4 >500 cells/mm3 would maximize specificity but greatly reduce the number of individuals included in TDR surveys. This review highlights the limitations of using age and CD4 count at HIV diagnosis as criteria to identify recent infections. These criteria should be revised when results of well‐designed studies to calibrate misclassification errors become available.

Transmitted Drug Resistance Survery Criteria
Evidence of Recent Infection
Feasibility in Low‐Prevalence Settings
Feasibility in High‐Prevalence Settings

Age < 22 years
STRONG
POOR
FAIR

Age < 25 years
INTERMEDIATE
FAIR
FAIR

Age < 30 years
WEAK
GOOD
GOOD

Confirmed* CD4 > 500 cells/mm3
STRONG
VERY POOR
VERY POOR

Confirmed* CD4 > 350 cells/mm3
INTERMEDIATE
POOR
POOR

CD4 > 500 cells/mm3
INTERMEDIATE
FAIR
FAIR

CD4 > 350 cells/mm3
WEAK
GOOD
GOOD

Confirmed = At least two consecutive CD4 counts
Analysis of regulatory T‐cells and of their naïve and memory‐like subsets in long‐term treated aviremic HIV+ patients and untreated viremic patients
Authors: Quiros‐Roldan E , Serana F , Chiarini M , Gotti D , Zanotti C , Sottini A , Caimi L , Castelli F , Imberti L 
Published: November 2012

Purpose of the studyAlthough HIV infection impacts the proportion and phenotype of regulatory T‐cells (Tregs), discrepant results have been reported depending on the surface markers employed to characterize them and on the patient populations. In addition, the effects of a long‐term combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) on Treg cells have not been thoroughly documented. Our study investigated the frequency and number of Tregs and their phenotype in two different groups of HIV‐infected patients: one aviremic undergoing long‐term cART and one viremic naïve to cART showing a similar CD4+ cell count.MethodsThirty‐six HIV+ patients with sustained suppression of plasma viremia (<37 copies/mL) on effective cART for more than 6 years and 22 HIV+patients naïve to cART and without clinical signs of opportunistic infections or tumors at the time of study (untreated group) were included in the study. Healthy donors (HD) were used as control. Flow cytometry on fresh whole blood was used to quantify total Tregs (defined as CD25+CD127low/‐CD4+ cells) and the following Treg subsets: naïve (CD45RA+CCR7+) Tregs, central‐memory like Tregs (CD45RA‐CCR7+, TregCM), effector‐memory like Tregs (CD45RA‐CCR7−, TregEM) Statistical comparisons of the percentages and number of Tregs and Treg subpopulations were performed by ANOVA or Kruskal‐Wallis test. Analysis of covariance was employed in order to adjust for the effect of the age. The Spearman's test was used to assess correlations.Summary of resultsIn viremic untreated and aviremic long‐term cART‐treated patients the percentage and number of the total Treg cells were not different from those of HD. However, the analysis of Treg phenotype showed a marked redistribution of the Treg subpopulations: in the untreated viremic patients, both the percentage and number of the TregCM subset decreased compared to HD and cART‐treated patients, whereas only the percentage of naïve Tregs increased. In particular, the percentage of TregCM was inversely correlated with the viral load (r=−0.51; p=0.016).ConclusionsIn our aviremic long‐term cART‐treated and viremic untreated patients, the total Treg cell population seems to be unaffected by HIV infection. However, our results showed that the analysis of the naïve and memory‐like Treg subsets may provide a better understanding of the real contribution of Tregs in HIV disease and therapy.
Severe Cutaneous Reactions Requiring Hospitalization in Allopurinol Initiators: A Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Kim Seoyoung C. , Newcomb Craig , Margolis David , Roy Jason , Hennessy Sean 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveRare but potentially life‐threatening cutaneous adverse reactions have been associated with allopurinol, but population‐based data on the incidence and mortality of such reactions are scarce.MethodsWe conducted a propensity score–matched cohort study to evaluate the incidence rate (IR) and in‐hospital mortality of hospitalization for severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) in allopurinol initiators compared to non–allopurinol users, using data from 5 large Medicaid programs. The primary outcome was identified by the principal discharge diagnosis code 695.1. A Cox proportional hazards model evaluated the relative risk of SCARs associated with the use of allopurinol and determined the relative risk of SCARs associated with allopurinol dose.ResultsDuring a followup period of 65,625 person‐years for allopurinol initiators, 45 were hospitalized with SCARs. The crude IR was 0.69 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.50–0.92) per 1,000 person‐years. All 45 cases occurred within 365 days and 41 (91.1%) occurred within 180 days after initiating treatment with allopurinol. Twelve patients (26.7%) died during the hospitalization. The crude IR in non–allopurinol users was 0.04 (95% CI 0.02–0.08) per 1,000 person‐years. The risk of SCARs was increased in allopurinol initiators versus nonusers (hazard ratio [HR] 9.68, 95% CI 4.55–20.57). Among allopurinol initiators, the HR for high‐dosage (>300 mg/day) versus low‐dosage allopurinol was 1.30 (95% CI 0.31–5.36) after adjusting for age, comorbidities, and recent diuretic use.ConclusionAmong allopurinol initiators, SCARs were found to be rare but often fatal, and occurred mostly in the first 180 days of treatment. The risk of SCARs was 10 times as high in allopurinol initiators as compared to allopurinol nonusers.
Tocilizumab as monotherapy or in combination with nonbiologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs: Twenty‐four–week results of an open‐label, clinical practice study
Authors: Weinblatt Michael E. , Kremer Joel , Cush John , Rigby William , Teng Lichen L. , Devenport Jenny , Singh Natasha , Lepley Denise , Genovese Mark C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the safety and tolerability of tocilizumab (TCZ) as monotherapy or in combination with nonbiologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had an inadequate response at study entry to their current treatment with biologic agents or DMARDs.MethodsThis 24‐week, multicenter, open‐label, phase IIIb study conducted in the US enrolled 886 patients. Treatments were allocated to patients based on their current therapy at study entry. Patients receiving monotherapy with biologic agents were assigned to TCZ 8 mg/kg monotherapy. All other patients were randomized to either TCZ 4 mg/kg + DMARDs or TCZ 8 mg/kg + DMARDs. The primary end point was the number and percentage of patients with serious adverse events (SAEs) during 24 weeks of TCZ treatment. Efficacy assessments were evaluated as secondary outcomes. Data were analyzed descriptively.ResultsOverall, 69 patients (7.8%) reported ≥1 SAEs. The rate of SAEs per 100 person‐years was 28.3 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 23.1–34.4) overall and was similar across treatment groups: 29.1 (95% CI 21.0–39.2), 30.3 (95% CI 22.2–40.2), and 20.6 (95% CI 10.3–36.9) in the TCZ 4/8 mg/kg + DMARDs, TCZ 8 mg/kg + DMARDs, and TCZ 8 mg/kg monotherapy groups, respectively. The most common SAEs were infections (i.e., pneumonia [1.0%] and cellulitis [0.9%]). In addition, American College of Rheumatology response rates and reductions in mean Disease Activity Score based on a 28‐joint count were generally similar among treatment groups.ConclusionThe safety findings in this study were consistent with the previously identified safety profile of TCZ. TCZ had an AE profile consistent with prior randomized blinded studies and was effective when administered as either monotherapy or in combination with DMARDs for the treatment of RA.
Foot and Ankle Kinematics in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Influence of Foot and Ankle Joint and Leg Tendon Pathologies
Authors: Dubbeldam R. , Baan H. , Nene A. V. , Drossaers‐Bakker K. W. , van de Laar M. A. F. J. , Hermens H. J. , Buurke J. H. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveFrom early onset of the disease, patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experience walking impairments. Pathologic effects of RA on foot and ankle structures have been studied clinically, but little is known as to how they relate to kinematic changes during gait. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between clinically observed pathologies of foot and ankle joints and leg tendons and the corresponding gait kinematics.MethodsThe gait of 25 subjects with varying stages of RA was recorded and foot and ankle kinematics were assessed. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed for each subject: first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint, midfoot, and hindfoot synovitis, erosion scores, and leg tendon involvement were determined. The joint alignment and motion score represented daily clinical assessment. The 95% confidence intervals of the Spearman's correlation coefficient tests were used to explore the relationships between the clinical and kinematic parameters.ResultsMaximum first MTP joint dorsiflexion at preswing was related to reduced first MTP joint passive motion, first MTP joint synovitis and erosion, midfoot synovitis and erosion, and hindfoot erosion. Midfoot pronation range of motion during single stance was related to subtalar alignment and Achilles tendon involvement. Hindfoot eversion range of motion during single stance was related to subtalar alignment and peroneus longus tendon involvement. Involvement of the tibialis posterior tendon could not be identified as an independent factor influencing foot or ankle kinematics.ConclusionOur findings suggest moderate to strong relationships between foot and ankle gait kinematics and structural pathologies.
All‐Polymer Bistable Resistive Memory Device Based on Nanoscale Phase‐Separated PCBM‐Ferroelectric Blends
Authors: Khan M. A. , Bhansali Unnat S. , Cha Dongkyu , Alshareef H. N. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAll polymer nonvolatile bistable memory devices are fabricated from blends of ferroelectric poly(vinylidenefluoride–trifluoroethylene (P(VDF‐TrFE)) and n‐type semiconducting [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The nanoscale phase separated films consist of PCBM domains that extend from bottom to top electrode, surrounded by a ferroelectric P(VDF‐TrFE) matrix. Highly conducting poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) polymer electrodes are used to engineer band offsets at the interfaces. The devices display resistive switching behavior due to modulation of this injection barrier. With careful optimization of the solvent and processing conditions, it is possible to spin cast very smooth blend films (Rrms ≈ 7.94 nm) and with good reproducibility. The devices exhibit high Ion/Ioff ratios (≈3 × 103), low read voltages (≈5 V), excellent dielectric response at high frequencies (ϵr ≈ 8.3 at 1 MHz), and excellent retention characteristics up to 10 000 s.
Quantitative Comparison of Chiral Catalysts Selectivity and Performance: A Generic Concept Illustrated with Cyclododecanone Monooxygenase as Baeyer–Villiger Biocatalyst
Authors: Fink Michael J. , Rial Daniela V. , Kapitanova Petra , Lengar Alenka , Rehdorf Jessica , Cheng Qiong , Rudroff Florian , Mihovilovic Marko D. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWithin this work a generic tool for chiral catalyst evaluation is established based on the application‐oriented properties activity and selectivity; the concept aims at quantitatively comparing catalyst performance in general on a multitude of substrates. It is designed and intended to serve as decision guidance for challenges in catalysis and comprehensible information extraction from already recorded but unrefined data sets. The underlying algorithm assigns function points to catalytic entities via a statistically solid model possessing high flexibility and generates a relative ranking. This is coupled to an automated iterative refinement process towards maximum information content of results employing Shannon entropy optimization. Consequently, the developed work‐flow facilitates high distinguishability between catalysts even in low‐scattering data sets. The numerical ranking is complemented by a clearly arranged graphic representation permitting facile and reliable visual interpretation of generality or niche capabilities of catalysts. Usefulness of the title concept is demonstrated by the performance evaluation of cyclododecanone monooxygenase, a highly versatile Baeyer–Villiger enzyme. To retain broad applicability, an open‐source MATLAB® script is provided in electronic form.
Ammonolyzed MoO3 Nanobelts as Novel Cathode Material of Rechargeable Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Jun , Nesper Reinhard , Villevieille Claire , Novák Petr 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThrough a moderate ammonolysis method, nanobelts of α‐MoO3 can be modified to HxMo(O, N)3. When reaction temperatures are kept between 200–300 °C, gaseous NH3 diffuses in‐between the oxide layers and reacts with terminal oxygen sites of MoO3. As a consequence, hydrogen is introduced into the layers and bonded to terminal oxygen, and together with the effect of nitradation, the unit cell volume significantly shrinks mostly along the b axis. The modified compound HxMo(O, N)3 exhibits not only better electronic conductivity, but also faster lithium ion mobility than regular MoO3. In addition, this ammonolyzed MoO3 exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance beyond MoO3. In the potential window 1.5–3.5 V, the specific capacity of HxMo(O, N)3 can reach more than 250 A h kg−1 and was cycled 300 times without fading. It can be considered as a novel candidate cathode material with high specific charge for rechargeable Li‐ion batteries.
Yael Bartana and Post‐traumatic Culture: Utopian Reversibility and the Case of Polish National Melancholia
Authors: Sclodnick Hilary 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTMary Koszmary (2007) is one short film from a trilogy by Israeli artist Yael Bartana, which centers on the exhortations of a Polish radical politician calling for the comeback of three million Jews to Poland. This Polish trilogy focuses a lens, both artistic and psychoanalytic, on the place of the unbearable in the human psyche, reality which must be neither attended to nor acknowledged. The example of the unbearable and inassimilable which Bartana chooses is Poland's complicity and cooperation with the murder of her Jews. The Jewish genocide roughly seventy years ago involves inassimilable shame and guilt, defended against by national repression, denial and fetishistic dissociation. Bartana imagines a symptom in today's generation which both refutes and repeats the history enacted by their grandparents. Bartana assumes a deep‐set collective trauma manifesting bizarrely two generations later and conjures an unflinching picture of why failure to come to terms with and to mourn traumatic losses is relentlessly a problem in human history. The purpose of this paper is to explore the symptoms of the intergenerationally transmitted collective trauma as these symptoms translate from those of the individual traumatic condition in order to deepen our understanding of the effects of both individual and collective trauma when unresolved over time and particularly over generations. The first step toward healing is to acknowledge. Bartana's film sets up the opportunity for acknowledgment shining a clear cool light on so many modes of obfuscation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Study of Cyanotetrazole Oxides and Derivatives thereof
Authors: Boneberg Franziska , Kirchner Angie , Klapötke Thomas M. , Piercey Davin G. , Poller Maximilian J. , Stierstorfer Jörg 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this work we report on the syntheses of energetic salts of cyanotetrazolate‐1‐ and ‐2‐oxides; this offers a unique ability to compare the effects of tetrazole 1‐ versus 2‐oxidation. 5‐Cyanotetrazolate‐2‐oxide can be synthesized by oxidation of the 5‐cyanotetrazolate anion with Oxone, while the corresponding 1‐oxide was synthesized by the rearrangement of azidoaminofurazan. Both chemical (multinuclear NMR, IR, and Raman spectroscopies, mass spectrometry, etc.) as well as explosive (impact, friction, and static sensitivities) properties are reported for these energetic salts. Calculated explosive performances using the EXPLO5 computer code are also reported. We furthermore detail the chemistry of these two anions, and their ability to form tetrazole‐carboxamides, dihydrotetrazines, and tetrazines. The ability to hydrolyze cyanotetrazole oxides to their amides was demonstrated by two copper complexes. Several crystal structures of these species are presented in addition to full chemical characterization. Finally, the unique 1,4,‐bis(2‐N‐oxidotetrazolate)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine anion was characterized as an energetic material as its ammonium salt.
A Note on the Controllability and Observability for Piecewise Linear Time‐varying Impulsive Systems
Authors: Han Jing , Liu Yang , Zhao Shouwei , Yang Rongjiang 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis note studies the controllability and observability for piecewise time‐varying impulsive systems. Necessary and sufficient criteria for complete controllability and observability are established. Two numerical examples are given to illustrate the utility and advantages of our criteria.
An adaptive model for highway travel time prediction
Authors: Liu Xiaobo , Chien Steven I. , Chen Mei 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYTraffic congestion caused by either insufficient road capacity or unexpected events has been a major problem in urban transportation networks. To disseminate accurate traveler information and reduce congestion impact, it is desirable to develop an adaptive model to predict travel time. The proposed model is practically implementable to capture dynamic traffic patterns under various conditions, which integrates the features of exponential smoothing and the Kalman filter by utilizing both real‐time and historic data. The model is simple in formulation while robust in performance in terms of accuracy and stability. With a constraint or nonconstraint smoothing factor, the proposed model is tested with both real world and simulated data and demonstrated itself a sound model that outperforms others (e.g., Kalman filter and simple exponential smoothing) specifically under recurring and nonrecurring congestion. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &#38; Sons, Ltd.