bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in the effect of progesterone after controlled cortical impact in adolescent mice: a preliminary study
Authors: Mannix Rebekah , Berglass Jacqueline , Berkner Justin , Moleus Philippe , Qiu Jianhua , Jantzie Lauren L. , Meehan William P. , Stanley Rachel M. , Robinson Shenandoah 
Published: October 2014

Object
While progesterone has been well studied in experimental models of adult traumatic brain injury (TBI), it has not been evaluated in pediatric models. The study of promising interventions in pediatric TBI is important because children have the highest public health burden of such injuries. Therapies that are beneficial in adults may not necessarily be effective in the pediatric population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether progesterone treatment improves outcomes in an experimental model of pediatric TBI.

Methods
The authors determined whether progesterone administered after controlled cortical impact (CCI) improves functional and histopathological outcomes in 4-week-old mice. Both male and female mice (58 mice total) were included in this study, as the majority of prior studies have used only male and/or reproductively senescent females. Mice were randomized to treatment with progesterone or vehicle and to CCI injury or sham injury. Motor (wire grip test) and memory (Morris water maze) testing were performed to determine the effect of progesterone on TBI. Lesion volume was also assessed.

Results
Compared with their vehicle-treated counterparts, the progesterone-treated CCI-injured male mice had improved motor performance (p < 0.001). In contrast, progesterone-treated CCI-injured female mice had a worse performance than their vehicle-treated counterparts (p = 0.001). Progesterone treatment had no effect on spatial memory performance or lesion volume in injured male or female mice.

Conclusions
These data suggest a sex-specific effect of progesterone treatment after CCI in adolescent mice and could inform clinical trials in children.
Effects of granulocyte colony–stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony–stimulating factor on glial scar formation after spinal cord injury in rats
Authors: Chung Joonho , Kim Moon Hang , Yoon Yong Je , Kim Kil Hwan , Park So Ra , Choi Byung Hyune 
Published: October 2014

Object
This study investigated the effects of granulocyte colony–stimulating factor (G-CSF) on glial scar formation after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats and compared the therapeutic effects between G-CSF and granulocytemacrophage colony–stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to evaluate G-CSF as a potential substitute for GM-CSF in clinical application.

Methods
Rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: a sham-operated group (Group 1), an SCI group without treatment (Group 2), an SCI group treated with G-CSF (Group 3), and an SCI group treated with GM-CSF (Group 4). G-CSF and GM-CSF were administered via intraperitoneal injection immediately after SCI. The effects of G-CSF and GM-CSF on functional recovery, glial scar formation, and axonal regeneration were evaluated and compared.

Results
The rats in Groups 3 and 4 showed better functional recovery and more decreased cavity sizes than those in Group 2 (p < 0.05). Both G-CSF and GM-CSF suppressed intensive expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein around the cavity at 4 weeks and reduced the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (p < 0.05). Also, early administration of G-CSF and GM-CSF protected axon fibers from destructive injury and facilitated axonal regeneration. There were no significant differences in comparisons of functional recovery, glial scar formation, and axonal regeneration between G-CSF and GM-CSF.

Conclusions
G-CSF suppressed glial scar formation after SCI in rats, possibly by restricting the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, which might facilitate functional recovery from SCI. GM-CSF and G-CSF had similar effects on glial scar formation and functional recovery after SCI, suggesting that G-CSF can potentially be substituted for GM-CSF in the treatment of SCI.
Resistance Mutations are Rare among Protease Inhibitor Treatment-Naive Hepatitis C Genotype-1 Patients with or without HIV Coinfection
Authors: Lisboa-Neto Gaspar , Noble Caroline F , Pinho João R Rebello , Malta Fernanda M , Gomes-Gouvêa Michele S , Alvarado-Mora Mónica V , Da Silva Mariliza H , Leite Andrea GB , Piccoli Leonora Z , Rodrigues Flaviane K , Carrilho Flair J , Mendes-Correa Maria C 
Published: October 2014

Background HCV has a high replication rate and a lack of proofreading activity, leading to a greatly diverse viral population. This diversity may lead to emergence of resistant strains in direct-acting antiviral therapy. The frequency of naturally occurring HCV protease inhibitor (PI) mutations has been addressed in many countries, but there are few data on the prevalence of these mutations in Brazilian patients. Methods We evaluated the sequence of HCV NS3 protease gene in 247 patients (135 HCV-monoinfected and 112 HIV–HCV-coinfected patients). HCV RNA was extracted from plasma and a fragment of 765 base pairs from the NS3 region was amplified and sequenced with Sanger-based technology. Results HIV–HCV-coinfected patients were more likely to be older than 40 years and have an HCV subtype-1a infection. Overall, 21.9% of patients had at least one amino acid substitution in the NS3 region; 14 patients (5.7%) harboured at least one resistance mutation (T54S, V55A, Q80R) and the Q80K mutation was not found in our case series. There was no difference between monoinfected and coinfected patients regarding the frequency of natural polymorphisms and resistance mutations. Conclusions Baseline HCV NS3 amino acid substitutions identified herein are considered mostly natural polymorphisms with no clinical impact on PI-based therapy. The identified resistance mutations may be associated with low-level resistance to PIs in vitro. Q80K substitution seems to be a rare event in Brazil. HIV coinfection was not associated with a greater frequency of such substitutions in the studied sample.
L' Attribut de l' objet, une complémentation nucléaire ?
Authors: Pierrard Michel , Havu Eva 
Published: October 2014

Certains identifient une fonction attributive étendue, une fonction syntaxique sui generis pouvant se rattacher tant à l’objet direct qu’au sujet, qui engloberait les attributs du sujet (AS), les divers types d’attributs de l’objet (AO) ou encore des AS de verbes intransitifs (ASS). Notre étude veut spécifier le statut syntaxique des AO et des ASS en examinant les aspects suivants : (1) le degré d’homologie syntaxique de ces tours avec les AS d’une part ou avec les adjoints adjectivaux et participiaux d’autre part ; (2) leur rapport avec la complémentation nucléaire, dans la mesure où ils semblent établir une prédication seconde située au-delà de la complémentation verbale. L’approche proposée caractérise et délimite la fonction des AO et des ASS sans fonder celle-ci sur un rapport être -copule, aléatoire sur le plan syntaxique, et en distinguant ainsi ces tours de la construction AS. Elle inscrit le fonctionnement des constructions AO et ASS dans la co-prédication adjectivante et positionne les différentes constructions étudiées sur un axe allant de la macro- à la micro-syntaxe.
Pseudo-interrogatives satellisées
Authors: Corminboeuf Gilles 
Published: October 2014

On étudie des constructions binaires juxtaposées de type {P inv , Q} qui comportent une inversion de pronom clitique sujet dans leur partie initiale, comme cet exemple de presse écrite [ Est-ce l’effet du printemps ? ] P [ Les esprits qui veulent réformer nos institutions s’échauffent .] Q . Après une comparaison avec les constructions articulées par toujours est-il que et une analyse des indices récurrents dans la structure, on montre au plan argumentatif qu’en quelque sorte l’affirmation du fait Q donne rétroactivement un peu de crédit à une de ses causes possibles exprimée dans P.
Radiographie d'une dent creuse
Authors: Pagès Yves 
Published: October 2014

Résumé On connaît de réputation le despotisme éclairé de Catherine II la Grande (1729-1796). Elle fut tout autant protectrice des philosophes des Lumières et défenderesse jalouse des privilèges de la Noblesse russe ; confidente épistolaire de Diderot et ennemie jurée d’une paysannerie réduite au pire asservissement. Veuve plus ou moins homicide - sur la personne de son mari, le germanophile Pierre III -, elle lui préféra le prince Grigori Alexandrovitch Potemkine, amant de la nouvelle impératrice et éminence (...)
Saudade et révolution
Authors: Renouard Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2014

Résumé « Il nous est difficile de distinguer si c’est notre passé qui est notre futur, ou notre futur notre passé. »Fernando PessoaEduardo Lourenço est l’une des figures intellectuelles majeures du Portugal actuel, auteur de nombreux essais consacrés à Cam’es, Montaigne, Pessoa. Quatre ans après la Révolution des œillets, il fait paraître Psychanalyse mythique du destin portugais, long article repris en 1997 dans Mythologie de la Saudade, où il stigmatise « l’irréalisme permanent de l’image que les Portugais (...)
Geneviève Berkeley, enseignante au camp de réfugiés palestiniens de Qalendaya
Authors: Zaoui Pierre 
Published: October 2014

Résumé Geneviève est une amie gréco-canadienne. Depuis octobre, après deux ans au Liban, elle est chargée par l’UNRWA (l’agence des Nations Unies pour l’aide aux réfugiés en Cisjordanie) de la formation des institutrices palestiniennes du camp de Qalendaya, en Cisjordanie, entre Jérusalem et Ramallah. Plus tard, dans un restaurant juif de Jaffa donnant sur toute la baie de Tel-Aviv, elle éclatera en larmes : « Mais ce n’est pas possible, comment peuvent-ils vivre comme ça, comme si de rien n’était ? À 80 kilomètres c’est la guerre, tous les jours des gamins se font tuer ou blesser ! Ce sont tous des fascistes ou quoi ? »
Différence et indifférence : l'Afrique et la passivité des intellectuels
Authors: Franche Dominique 
Published: October 2014

Résumé À en croire certains nostalgiques, l’Afrique noire serait une « passion française ». Pourtant, son devenir intéresse aussi peu les Français que ceux qu’il est convenu de nommer les « intellectuels ».
Agreement of Urine Specific Gravity Measurements Between Manual and Digital Refractometers
Authors: Minton Dawn M. , O'Neal Eric Kyle , Torres-McGehee Toni Marie 
Published: October 2014

Context:
Urine specific gravity (Usg), measured by a handheld manual refractometer (MAN), has been recognized as a valid and practical means of assessing hydration status. Newer, digital refractometers are faster and more user friendly but have not been validated against the traditional MAN.

Objective:
To compare the reliability and validity of 2 digital refractometer models and a MAN.

Design:
Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting:
Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Sample of convenience was recruited from the local university and surrounding community (n = 82).

Intervention(s):
Participants provided multiple urine samples (n = 124) over a 5-month period under various hydration conditions.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Urine specific gravity was compared among a MAN, a digital refractometer requiring the prism to be dipped (DIP) into a urine sample, and a digital refractometer that requires urine to be pipetted (PIP) onto its prism for analysis.

Results:
The MAN measurements were strongly correlated with the DIP (r = 0.99, P &lt; .001) and PIP (r = 0.97, P &lt; .001) measurements. Bland-Altman analyses revealed slight mean underestimation (95% upper and lower levels of agreement) between MAN and DIP (−0.0012 [0.0028] and PIP −0.0011 [0.0035], respectively) and trends toward increased underestimation at higher Usg. Measurement error ≥ .005 was greater for PIP (4/124, 3.2%) than for DIP (2/124, 1.6%).

Conclusions:
Negligible differences were exhibited between PIP and DIP, with both displaying acceptable reliability and validity compared with the MAN. However, the Bland-Altman analysis suggests underestimation bias for the DIP and PIP as Usg increases, with the potential for rare but substantial underestimation when using PIP that should be recognized by clinicians, particularly when used as a screening measure in weight-class sports.
Interacting components of the top‐of‐atmosphere energy balance affect changes in regional surface temperature
Authors: Merlis Timothy M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe role of interactions between components of the top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) energy balance in determining regional surface temperature changes, such as polar amplification, is examined in diffusive energy balance model (EBM) simulations. These interactions have implications for the interpretation of local feedback analyses when they are applied to regional surface temperature changes. Local feedback analysis succeeds at accounting for the EBM‐simulated temperature change given the changes in the radiative forcing, atmospheric energy transport, and radiative feedbacks. However, the inferences about the effect of individual components of the TOA energy balance on regional temperature changes do not account for EBM simulations in which individual components are prescribed or “locked.” As changes in one component of the TOA energy balance affect others, unambiguous attribution statements relating changes in regional temperature or its intermodel spread to individual terms in the TOA energy balance cannot be made.
Effects of trans‐Eurasian transport of air pollutants on surface ozone concentrations over Western China
Authors: Li Xiaoyuan , Liu Junfeng , Mauzerall Denise L. , Emmons Louisa K. , Walters Stacy , Horowitz Larry W. , Tao Shu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDue to a lack of industrialization in Western China, surface air there was, until recently, believed to be relatively unpolluted. However, recent measurements and modeling studies have found high levels of ozone (O3) there. Based on the state‐of‐the‐science global chemical transport model MOZART‐4, we identify the origin, pathway, and mechanism of trans‐Eurasian transport of air pollutants to Western China in 2000. MOZART‐4 generally simulates well the observed surface O3 over inland areas of China. Simulations find surface ozone concentrations over Western China on average to be about 10 ppbv higher than Eastern China. Using sensitivity studies, we find that anthropogenic emissions from all Eurasian regions except China contribute 10–15 ppbv surface O3 over Western China, superimposed upon a 35–40 ppbv natural background. Transport from European anthropogenic sources to Northwestern China results in 2–6 ppbv O3 enhancements in spring and summer. Indian anthropogenic sources strongly influence O3 over the Tibetan Plateau during the summer monsoon. Transport of O3 originating from emissions in the Middle East occasionally reach Western China and increase surface ozone there by about 1–4 ppbv. These influences are of similar magnitude as trans‐Pacific and transatlantic transport of O3 and its precursors, indicating the significance of trans‐Eurasian ozone transport in hemispheric transport of air pollution. Our study further indicates that mitigation of anthropogenic emissions from Europe, the Indian subcontinent, and the Middle East could benefit public health and agricultural productivity in Western China.
Modeled aerosol nitrate formation pathways during wintertime in the Great Lakes region of North America
Authors: Kim Yoo Jung , Spak Scott N. , Carmichael Gregory R. , Riemer Nicole , Stanier Charles O. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEpisodic wintertime particle pollution by ammonium nitrate is an important air quality concern across the Midwest U.S. Understanding and accurately forecasting PM2.5 episodes are complicated by multiple pathways for aerosol nitrate formation, each with uncertain rate parameters. Here, the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ) simulated regional atmospheric nitrate budgets during the 2009 LADCO Winter Nitrate Study, using integrated process rate (IPR) and integrated reaction rate (IRR) tools to quantify relevant processes. Total nitrate production contributing to PM2.5 episodes is a regional phenomenon, with peak production over the Ohio River Valley and southern Great Lakes. Total nitrate production in the lower troposphere is attributed to three pathways, with 57% from heterogeneous conversion of N2O5, 28% from the reaction of OH and NO2, and 15% from homogeneous conversion of N2O5. TNO3 formation rates varied day‐to‐day and on synoptic timescales. Rate‐limited production does not follow urban‐rural gradients and NOx emissions due, to counterbalancing of urban enhancement in daytime HNO3 production with nocturnal reductions. Concentrations of HNO3 and N2O5 and nighttime TNO3 formation rates have maxima aloft (100–500 m), leading to net total nitrate vertical flux during episodes, with substantial vertical gradients in nitrate partitioning. Uncertainties in all three pathways are relevant to wintertime aerosol modeling and highlight the importance of interacting transport and chemistry processes during ammonium nitrate episodes, as well as the need for additional constraint on the system through field and laboratory experiments.
Percentiles and regional distribution of skinfold thickness among children and adolescents in Shandong, China
Authors: Zhang Ying‐Xiu , Zhao Jin‐Shan , Chu Zun‐Hua 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveSkinfold thicknesses (SFT) have long been considered important and valid measurements of subcutaneous fat. The present study reported the percentiles and regional distribution of SFT among children and adolescents in Shandong, China.MethodsData for this study were obtained from a large cross‐sectional survey of schoolchildren. A total of 42,268 students (21,200 boys and 21,068 girls) aged 7–18 years from 16 districts participated in this study. Triceps, subscapular, and abdomen SFT of all subjects were measured.ResultsShandong children and adolescents had a high SFT level and substantial regional disparities in SFT were observed. Boys and girls resident in high socioeconomic status (SES) districts had higher SFT level than those living in moderate and low SES districts.ConclusionThe SFT level of children and adolescents is associated with regional SES in Shandong, China. This may be interpreted as a result of geographic variation between the districts in the process of urbanization, living standards, nutritional conditions, dietary patterns, and public health. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:417–420, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Charakterisierung eines Mehrkomponenten‐Lithiumlithats durch eine Kombination von Röntgenstrukturanalyse, NMR‐Spektroskopie und theoretischen Studien
Authors: Pöppler Ann‐Christin , Granitzka Markus , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Chen Yu‐Sheng , Iversen Bo B. , John Michael , Mata Ricardo A. , Stalke Dietmar 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUntersuchungen mithilfe von Röntgenstrukturanalyse, NMR‐Spektroskopie und Rechnungen ermöglichen die vollständige Charakterisierung des ungewöhnlichen Lithiumlithats [Li(diglyme)2][(diglyme)Li2(C4H3S)3] im Festkörper und in Lösung. Es setzt sich zusammen aus einem komplexen Anion, bestehend aus drei Carbanionen, zwei Lithiumkationen sowie einer Lewis‐Base, und einem separierten Lithiumkation, das von zwei Lewis‐Basen koordiniert wird. Während das Mehrkomponenten‐Lithat die einzige Spezies im Festkörper ist, konnten NMR‐Spektroskopie und theoretische Ansätze zeigen, dass in Lösung eine weitere Spezies, das Dimer [(diglyme)Li(C4H3S)]2 neben dem Lithat in einem von der Polarität des Lösungsmittels abhängigen Verhältnis vorliegt. Nur durch die Kombination der genannten Methoden gelingt eine zuverlässige Gesamtbeschreibung.
Functional Dynamics of Deuterated β2‐Adrenergic Receptor in Lipid Bilayers Revealed by NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Kofuku Yutaka , Ueda Takumi , Okude Junya , Shiraishi Yutaro , Kondo Keita , Mizumura Takuya , Suzuki Shiho , Shimada Ichio 
Published: October 2014

AbstractG‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) exist in conformational equilibrium between active and inactive states, and the former population determines the efficacy of signaling. However, the conformational equilibrium of GPCRs in lipid bilayers is unknown owing to the low sensitivities of their NMR signals. To increase the signal intensities, a deuteration method was developed for GPCRs expressed in an insect cell/baculovirus expression system. The NMR sensitivities of the methionine methyl resonances from the β2‐adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in lipid bilayers of reconstituted high‐density lipoprotein (rHDL) increased by approximately 5‐fold upon deuteration. NMR analyses revealed that the exchange rates for the conformational equilibrium of β2AR in rHDLs were remarkably different from those measured in detergents. The timescales of GPCR signaling, calculated from the exchange rates, are faster than those of receptor tyrosine kinases and thus enable rapid neurotransmission and sensory perception.
Characterization of a Multicomponent Lithium Lithiate from a Combined X‐Ray Diffraction, NMR Spectroscopy, and Computational Approach
Authors: Pöppler Ann‐Christin , Granitzka Markus , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Chen Yu‐Sheng , Iversen Bo B. , John Michael , Mata Ricardo A. , Stalke Dietmar 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn unusual lithium lithiate [Li(diglyme)2][(diglyme)Li2(C4H3S)3], made up from three carbanions, two lithium cations, and a single donor base molecule in the anion and a single lithium cation, coordinated by two donor base molecules, is investigated in a combined study including X‐ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy and computational approaches in solution and the solid state. While the multicomponent lithiate is the only species present in the solid state, solution NMR spectroscopy and computational methods were employed to identify a second species in solution. The dimer [(diglyme)Li(C4H3S)]2 coexists with the lithiate in solution in a 1:1 ratio, the more the higher the polarity of the solvent is. Only the combination of this multitude of methods provides a firm picture of the whole.
Reading Polymers: Sequencing of Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules
Authors: Mutlu Hatice , Lutz Jean‐François 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe sequencing of biopolymers such as proteins and DNA is among the most significant scientific achievements of the 20th century. Indeed, modern chemical methods for sequence analysis allow reading and understanding the codes of life. Thus, sequencing methods currently play a major role in applications as diverse as genomics, gene therapy, biotechnology, and data storage. However, in terms of fundamental science, sequencing is not really a question of molecular biology but rather a more general topic in macromolecular chemistry. Broadly speaking, it can be defined as the analysis of comonomer sequences in copolymers. However, relatively different approaches have been used in the past to study monomer sequences in biological and manmade polymers. Yet, these “cultural” differences are slowly fading away with the recent development of synthetic sequence‐controlled polymers. In this context, the aim of this Minireview is to present an overview of the tools that are currently available for sequence analysis in macromolecular science.
“Kronecker Basis” Based Average Consensus Analyses for High‐Order Linear Multi‐Agent Systems with Multiple Time Delays
Authors: Zhu Huangyong , Cong Yirui , Wang Xiangke , Zhang Daibing , Zhang Qingjie 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates the average consensus for multi‐agent systems governed by high‐order linear dynamics with multiple time delays. Necessary and sufficient conditions for high‐order average consensus under balanced communication topology are provided by using a newly defined mathematical concept – the Kronecker basis. Furthermore, previous studies for average consensus governed by first‐order, or high‐order integrator can be regarded as special cases of our results. Simulation results are employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of our results for high‐order average consensus.