bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brief communication (Original). Development and validation of a scale for “attitudes towards calcium consumption”
Authors: Sriring Pennapa , Kanjanarach Tipaporn 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Background: Attitude is recognized as a key determinant of health-related behaviors, including calcium intake for prevention of osteoporosis. Most existing instruments that measure attitudes towards calcium consumption are not appropriate for use in the Thai population because they focus on attitudes towards the consumption of dairy products, which are not a common source of calcium for Thais.
Objectives: To develop and validate an instrument for measuring attitudes towards calcium consumption among Thai adults.
Methods: An initial attitudinal scale (25 items) was developed and administered to 250 Thais (age ≥20 years) living in Khon Kaen, the largest province in the northeast Thailand, to assess its dimensions using exploratory factor analysis. Three factors were identified. The scale was reduced to 15 items and administered to 733 subjects to validate the identified factor structure and optimize the length of the scale.
Results: A three-factor model (10 items) was validated and interpreted as (1) a negative effect of calcium consumption on the body (4 items, reliability = 0.90), (2) the health benefits of calcium consumption for the body (3 items, reliability = 0.78), and (3) the need to take calcium on a regular basis (3 items, reliability = 0.86). The model fitted the data well (relative χ2 = 1.43, adjusted goodness-of-fit index = 0.98, confirmatory fit index = 0.997, root mean square error of approximation = 0.024).
Conclusion: The developed scale is a reliable and useful instrument for measuring attitudes towards calcium consumption. Further research is needed to validate the scale in different populations.
Brief communication (Original). Predictive factors for postoperative complications in radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Wongvittavas Non , Panumatrassamee Kamol , Opanuraks Julin , Usawachintachit Manint , Ratchanon Supoj , Tantiwongse Kavirach , Bunyaratavej Chanatee , Santi-ngamkun Apirak , Prasopsanti Kriangsak 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Background: Radical nephrectomy is the treatment of choice for large renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
Objectives: To describe the complications after radical nephrectomy for suspected or proven RCC and analyze the risk factors.
Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records from 110 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for RCC in our institution between January 2007 and December 2013. The clinicopathological data of all patients were recorded and complications were graded using modified Clavien classification. Univariate and multivariate analysis was made of the predictive factors for complications.
Results: Fifty postoperative complications occurred in 34 patients (31%) within 30 days, including 11% transfusion related complications. There were 22% minor complications (6% grade 1, 16% grade 2) and 9% major complication (5% grade 3, 2% grade 4, and 2% grade 5). The most common complications were transfusion-related, re-laparotomy because of bleeding, and prolong ileus. In univariate analysis, pathological T-stage (P = 0.001), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (P = 0.007), tumor size (P = 0.01), and tumor diameter >4 cm (P = 0.03) were significant predicting factors. Major Charlson comorbidity index (CCI >2) was the only significant factor for major complications (P = 0.04). In multivariate analysis, ASA score was a significant independent predictor for overall complications (odds ratio 4.83, P = 0.01).
Conclusions: ASA score was a significant predictive factor for overall postoperative complications. Comorbidities was also a predictor for major complications in radical nephrectomy. Preoperative risk stratification for complications should be considered during decision-making and for proper counseling of patients.
Faux Your Entertainment: Amazon.com Product Reviews as a Locus of Digital Performance
Authors: Blank Trevor J. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Over the last couple of years, numerous product pages on Amazon.com have been intentionally and collaboratively overrun with humorous fake customer reviews aimed at mocking the items for sale or what they symbolize. In doing so, participants have managed to carve out a vernacular niche within the institutional confines of Amazon, establishing a vibrant digital venue for performative discourse and play. This essay examines how and why these commandeered product pages on Amazon proliferate, and analyzes how individuals interact with the digital space in pursuit of meaningful interaction online. So doing, this essay demonstrates how individuals collaborate through performative humor and narrative-smithery online to further turn the tables on institutional forces.
Training Community-Engaged Culture Workers at a Public University
Authors: Fenn John , Blandy Douglas , Arnold T. J. , Lorbach Johanna , Moore Stephanie , Shepherd Jay , Silberman Lauren 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An ambitious program to develop partnerships between the University of Oregon (UO) and small-to mid-sized Oregon cities forms the backdrop for a critical discussion of ways in which graduate students from one UO degree program develop community-engaged projects. Across two such projects, the authors explore how approaches to arts and culture participation can inform ideas of sustainability and community development by offering opportunities for neighborhoods to engage in self-definition through the process of cultural mapping. The authors contend that this process also facilitates reciprocal communication between community members and civic institutions, especially in situations where such communication has been absent historically. Ultimately, this paper proposes that the model for partnerships and experiential work outlined illustrates potential for sustaining graduate education, communities, and collaborative infrastructure.
Climate extremes dominating seasonal and interannual variations in carbon export from the Mississippi River Basin
Authors: Tian Hanqin , Ren Wei , Yang Jia , Tao Bo , Cai Wei‐Jun , Lohrenz Steven E. , Hopkinson Charles S. , Liu Mingliang , Yang Qichun , Lu Chaoqun , Zhang Bowen , Banger Kamaljit , Pan Shufen , He Ruoying , Xue Zuo 
Published: August 2015

AbstractKnowledge about the annual and seasonal patterns of organic and inorganic carbon (C) exports from the major rivers of the world to the coastal ocean is essential for our understanding and potential management of the global C budget so as to limit anthropogenic modification of global climate. Unfortunately our predictive understanding of what controls the timing, magnitude, and quality of C export is still rudimentary. Here we use a process‐based coupled hydrologic/ecosystem biogeochemistry model (the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model) to examine how climate variability and extreme events, changing land use, and atmospheric chemistry have affected the annual and seasonal patterns of C exports from the Mississippi River basin to the Gulf of Mexico. Our process‐based simulations estimate that the average annual exports of dissolved organic C (DOC), particulate organic C (POC), and dissolved inorganic C (DIC) in the 2000s were 2.6 ± 0.4 Tg C yr−1, 3.4 ± 0.3 Tg C yr−1, and 18.8 ± 3.4 Tg C yr−1, respectively. Although land use change was the most important agent of change in C export over the past century, climate variability and extreme events (such as flooding and drought) were primarily responsible for seasonal and interannual variations in C export from the basin. The maximum seasonal export of DIC occurred in summer while for DOC and POC the maximum occurred in winter. Relative to the 10 year average (2001–2010), our modeling analysis indicates that the years of maximal and minimal C export cooccurred with wet and dry years (2008: 32% above average and 2006: 32% below average). Given Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change‐predicted changes in climate variability and the severity of rain events and droughts of wet and dry years for the remainder of the 21st century, our modeling results suggest major changes in the riverine link between the terrestrial and oceanic realms, which are likely to have a major impact on C delivery to the coastal ocean.
On the mechanisms of decadal variability of the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation over the 20th century
Authors: Yi Daling Li , Zhang Liping , Wu Lixin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe decadal variability of the North Pacific gyre oscillation (NPGO) over the 20th century is examined from a long‐term integration of the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) reanalysis. The NPGO is reflected by the second dominant pattern of sea surface height (SSH) variability in SODA, with a north‐south dipole structure over the northeast Pacific. SSH anomalies in this region exhibit distinct decadal variability with a significant spectrum peak at approximately 18 years. The upper‐ocean heat budget reveals that this dipole structure associated with the NPGO is predominantly due to the anomalous Ekman pumping and Ekman advection induced by the surface wind. The NPGO mode in SODA reanalysis originates from atmosphere stochastic noise (North Pacific Oscillation) which has a meridional dipole pattern but no preferred time scale. The oceanic planetary wave, particularly the advective baroclinic mode, integration of atmospheric stochastic noise leads to a spatial resonance with preferred decadal time scale. The limitation of current study is also discussed.
Effect of maghemization on the magnetic properties of nonstoichiometric pseudo‐single‐domain magnetite particles
Authors: Almeida Trevor P. , Muxworthy Adrian R. , Kasama Takeshi , Williams Wyn , Damsgaard Christian , Frandsen Cathrine , Pennycook Timothy J. , Dunin‐Borkowski Rafal E. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe effect of maghemization on the magnetic properties of magnetite (Fe3O4) grains in the pseudo‐single‐domain (PSD) size range is investigated as a function of annealing temperature. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirm the precursor grains as Fe3O4 ranging from ∼150 to ∼250 nm in diameter, whilst Mössbauer spectrometry suggests the grains are initially near‐stoichiometric. The Fe3O4 grains are heated to increasing reaction temperatures of 120–220°C to investigate their oxidation to maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3). High‐angle annular dark field imaging and localized electron‐energy loss spectroscopy reveal slightly oxidized Fe3O4 grains, heated to 140°C, exhibit higher oxygen content at the surface. Off‐axis electron holography allows for construction of magnetic induction maps of individual Fe3O4 and γ‐Fe2O3 grains, revealing their PSD (vortex) nature, which is supported by magnetic hysteresis measurements, including first‐order reversal curve analysis. The coercivity of the grains is shown to increase with reaction temperature up to 180°C, but subsequently decreases after heating above 200°C; this magnetic behavior is attributed to the growth of a γ‐Fe2O3 shell with magnetic properties distinct from the Fe3O4 core. It is suggested there is exchange coupling between these separate components that results in a vortex state with reduced vorticity. Once fully oxidized to γ‐Fe2O3, the domain states revert back to vortices with slightly reduced coercivity. It is argued that due to a core/shell coupling mechanism during maghemization, the directional magnetic information will still be correct; however, the intensity information will not be retained.
S‐wave splitting in the offshore South Island, New Zealand: Insights into plate‐boundary deformation
Authors: Karalliyadda S. C. , Savage M. K. , Sheehan A. , Collins J. , Zietlow D. , Shelley A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractLocal and regional S‐wave splitting in the offshore South Island of the New Zealand plate‐boundary zone provides constraints on the spatial and depth extent of the anisotropic structure with an enhanced resolution relative to land‐based and SKS studies. The combined analysis of offshore and land measurements using splitting tomography suggests plate‐boundary shear dominates in the central and northern South Island. The width of this shear zone in the central South Island is about 200 km, but is complicated by stress‐controlled anisotropy at shallow levels. In northern South Island, a broader (>200 km) zone of plate‐boundary parallel anisotropy is associated with the transitional faulting between the Alpine fault and Hikurangi subduction and the Hikurangi subduction zone itself. These results suggest S‐phases of deep events (∼90 km) in the central South Island are sensitive to plate‐boundary derived NE‐SW aligned anisotropic media in the upper‐lithosphere, supporting a “thin viscous sheet” deformation model.
Wettability measurement under high P‐T conditions using X‐ray imaging with application to the brine‐supercritical CO2 system
Authors: Chaudhary Kuldeep , Guiltinan Eric J. , Cardenas M. Bayani , Maisano Jessica A. , Ketcham Richard A. , Bennett Philip C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe present a new method for measuring wettability or contact angle of minerals at reservoir pressure‐temperature conditions using high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography (HRXCT) and radiography. In this method, a capillary or a narrow slot is constructed from a mineral or a rock sample of interest wherein two fluids are allowed to form an interface that is imaged using X‐rays. After some validation measurements at room pressure‐temperature conditions, we illustrate this method by measuring the contact angle of CO2‐brine on quartz, muscovite, shale, borosilicate glass, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or Teflon), and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) surfaces at 60–71°C and 13.8–22.8 MPa. At reservoir conditions, PTFE and PEEK surfaces were found to be CO2‐wet with contact angles of 140° and 127°, respectively. Quartz and muscovite were found to be water‐wet with contact angles of 26° and 58°, respectively, under similar conditions. Borosilicate glass‐air‐brine at room conditions showed strong water‐wet characteristics with a contact angle of 9°, whereas borosilicate glass‐CO2‐brine at 13.8 MPa and 60°C showed a decrease in its water‐wetness with contact angle of 54°. This method provides a new application for X‐ray imaging and an alternative to other methods.
Differences in size spectra of electrified storms over land and ocean
Authors: Bang Sarah D. , Zipser Edward J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractNumerous studies demonstrate the marked difference in intensity of land and ocean convection, the most pronounced being the higher frequency of intense convection and lightning over land. This study contributes to the ongoing debate of the physical reasons for this difference, through the use of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Feature (PF) database. We demonstrate that tropical oceanic PFs with lightning tend to be over 10 times larger and more mature than those over land. This relationship is most pronounced in archetypal land and ocean regimes (Congo and Central Pacific) and is also manifested throughout the entire (35°S to 35°N) TRMM domain, to varying extents. This relationship holds true when we select for PFs with 40 dBZ echo tops over at least 5.5 km in height, which continues to be an effective proxy for convective intensity and probability of lightning.
Three‐dimensional Hall MHD simulation of lunar minimagnetosphere: General characteristics and comparison with Chang'E‐2 observations
Authors: Xie Lianghai , Li Lei , Zhang Yiteng , Feng Yongyong , Wang Xinyue , Zhang Aibing , Kong Linggao 
Published: August 2015

AbstractLunar minimagnetosphere formed by the interaction between the solar wind and a local crustal field often has a scale size comparable to the ion inertia length, in which the Hall effect is very important. In this paper, the general characteristics of lunar minimagnetosphere are investigated by three‐dimensional Hall MHD simulations. It is found that the solar wind ions can penetrate across the magnetopause to reduce the density depletion and cause the merging of the shock and magnetopause, but the electrons are still blocked at the boundary. Besides, asymmetric convection occurs, resulting in the magnetic field piles up on one side while the plasma gathers on the other side. The size of the minimagnetosphere is determined by both the solar zenith angle and the magnetosonic Mach number, while the Hall effect is determined by the ratio of the pressure balance distance to the ion inertia length. When the ratio gets small, the shock may disappear. Finally, we present a global Hall MHD simulation for comparison with the observation from Chang'E‐2 satellite on 11 October 2010 and confirm that Chang'E‐2 flew across compression regions of two separate minimagnetospheres.
Two decades of temporal change of Earth's inner core boundary
Authors: Yao Jiayuan , Sun Li , Wen Lianxing 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe report two decades of changing behavior of the Earth's inner core boundary (ICB), which provides the simplest explanation for the observed temporal change of the compressional seismic waves that are reflected from the ICB (PKiKP) and refracted in the inner core (PKIKP), from earthquake doublets occurring in South Sandwich Islands between 1993 and 2013. In the early period (before 2003), the ICB is enlarged beneath the western coast of Gabon, Republic of Congo, and southwest Tanzania in the reflected points of the PKiKP observed at seismic stations OBN, AAK, and ARU, while it experiences little change beneath Zimbabwe or/and Kenya, and beneath west Angola or/and north Central African Republic, in the PKIKP entry or/and exit points of AAK and ARU observations, respectively. In the later period (after 1998), the ICB regions beneath the western coast of Gabon, Republic of Congo, and southwest Tanzania either shrink or remain unchanged, and the temporal change migrates to beneath Zimbabwe or/and Kenya, and beneath west Angola or/and north Central African Republic, with a decrease of inner core surface by 5.59 km between 1998 and 2009 beneath Zimbabwe or Kenya and by 1.73 km beneath west Angola or north Central African Republic between 1998 and 2013. These results indicate that ICB temporal change occurs in localized regions and is episodic, rapidly migrating, and alternately enlarged and shrunk.
ASCAT wind quality under high subcell wind variability conditions
Authors: Lin Wenming , Portabella Marcos , Stoffelen Ad , Vogelzang Jur , Verhoef Anton 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe assessment and validation of the quality of satellite scatterometer vector winds is challenging under increased subcell wind variability conditions, since reference wind sources such as buoy winds or model output represent very different spatial scales from those resolved by scatterometers (i.e., increased representativeness error). In this paper, moored buoy wind time series are used to assess the correlation between subcell wind variability and several Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT)‐derived parameters, such as the wind‐inversion residual, the backscatter measurement variability factor, and the singularity exponents derived from an image processing technique, called singularity analysis. It is proven that all three ASCAT parameters are sensitive to the subcell wind variability and complementary in flagging the most variable winds, which is useful for further application. A triple collocation (TC) analysis of ASCAT, buoy, and the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) model output is then performed to assess the quality of each wind data source under different variability conditions. A novel approach is used to compute the representativeness errors, a key ingredient for the TC analysis. The experimental results show that the estimated errors of each wind source increase as the subcell wind variability increases. When temporally averaged buoy winds are used instead of 10 min buoy winds, the TC analysis results in smaller buoy wind errors (notably at increased wind variability conditions) while ASCAT and ECMWF errors do not significantly change, further validating the proposed TC approach. It is concluded that at 25 km resolution, ASCAT provides the best quality winds in general.
Indian monsoon and the elevated‐heat‐pump mechanism in a coupled aerosol‐climate model
Authors: D'Errico Miriam , Cagnazzo Chiara , Fogli Pier Giuseppe , Lau William K. M. , von Hardenberg Jost , Fierli Federico , Cherchi Annalisa 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA coupled aerosol‐atmosphere‐ocean‐sea ice climate model is used to explore the interaction between aerosols and the Indian summer monsoon precipitation on seasonal‐to‐interannual time scales. Results show that when increased aerosol loading is found on the Himalayas slopes in the premonsoon period (April–May), intensification of early monsoon rainfall over India and increased low‐level westerly flow follow, in agreement with the elevated‐heat‐pump mechanism. The increase in rainfall during the early monsoon season has a cooling effect on the land surface. In the same period, enhanced surface cooling may also be amplified through solar dimming by more cloudiness and aerosol loading, via increased dust transported by low‐level westerly flow. The surface cooling causes subsequent reduction in monsoon rainfall in July–August over India. The time‐lagged nature of the reasonably realistic response of the model to aerosol forcing suggests that absorbing aerosols, besides their potential key roles in impacting monsoon water cycle and climate, may influence the seasonal variability of the Indian summer monsoon.
Evaluation of the Tenax trap in the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite on the Curiosity rover as a potential hydrocarbon source for chlorinated organics detected in Gale Crater
Authors: Miller Kristen E. , Kotrc Benjamin , Summons Roger E. , Belmahdi Imene , Buch Arnaud , Eigenbrode Jennifer L. , Freissinet Caroline , Glavin Daniel P. , Szopa Cyril 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite aboard Curiosity has detected chlorinated organic compounds in Martian sediment samples. The chlorine in these molecules is thought to derive from oxychlorine salts in Martian sediments, but the carbon source remains under investigation. To constrain possible carbon sources, we investigated how the composition and concentration of oxychlorine phases in solid samples affect organic molecules released from the Tenax traps on board SAM. We created Mars analogue soils by spiking olivine sand with calcium perchlorate, magnesium perchlorate, or ferric iron chloride and analyzed the volatiles generated during pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using commercial instruments operated under SAM‐like conditions, with and without a Tenax trap. Benzoic acid, phthalic anhydride, high molecular weight aromatics, and chlorobenzenes are produced from the trap in response to volatiles released during Cl salt pyrolysis. Changes in composition or concentration of oxychlorine phases between samples could thus potentially produce an increase in chlorobenzene, as observed between samples from Rocknest and Cumberland. However, in our experiments benzoic acid, phthalic anhydride, and chlorobenzenes increase in proportion with the amount of HCl sent to the trap, while in Cumberland samples the chlorobenzene increase showed no corresponding increase in HCl. Based on our experiments, the Tenax trap is a possible source of the traces of chlorobenzene observed at Rocknest, John Klein, and Confidence Hills. The order‐of‐magnitude higher chlorobenzene abundances observed at Cumberland cannot be attributed to the Tenax trap. Furthermore, we found no evidence of significant trap degradation after hundreds of experiments with Cl salt‐containing analogue soils.