bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identity in Physics
Authors: Krause Décio , Arenhart Jonas R. B. 
Published: February 2014

Traditionally, the problem of identity is closely associated with the problem of individuality: What is it that makes something being what it is? Approaches to the problem may be classified into two classes: reductionism and transcendental identity. The first group tries to reduce identity to some qualitative feature of the entities dealt with, while the second either grounds identity on some feature other than qualitative properties or else take it to be primitive. The debate is generally centred on the validity of the Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles (PII), which states that qualitative indiscernibility amounts to numerical identity. If PII is valid, then reductionism concerning identity is at least viable; if PII is invalid, then reductionism seems less plausible and some form of transcendental identity seems required. It is common to say that objects in classical mechanics are individuals. This fact is exhibited by postulating that physical objects obey Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics; if we have containers A and B to accommodate two objects a and b, there are four equiprobable situations: (1) both objects in A, (2) both in B, (3) a in A and b in B, and finally (4) a in B and b in A. Since situations (3) and (4) differ, there may be something that makes the difference—a transcendental individuality or some quality. In quantum mechanics, assuming that we have two containers A and B to accommodate objects a and b, there are just three equiprobable situations for bosons: (1) both objects in A, (2) both in B, (3) one object in A and one in B. It makes no sense to say that it is a or b that is in A: Switching them makes no difference. For fermions we have only one possibility due to the exclusion principle: (1) one object in A and one in B. Again, switching them makes no difference whatsoever. The dispute in quantum mechanics concerns non-individuality on the one side and individuality (be it reductionism or transcendental individuality) on the other. That distinction was grounded on the fact that quantum particles may be qualitatively indiscernible, and, as the statistics show, permutations are unobservable. The actual debate concerns whether some form of reductionism may survive in quantum mechanics or whether some form of transcendental identity should be adopted on the one hand and whether non-individuality is a viable option. Furthermore, a third option, Ontic Structural Realism (OSR), proposes that we transcend the debate and choose a metaphysics of structures and relations, leaving the controversial topic individuals × non-individuals behind.
Masculinity in Film
Authors: Gallagher Mark 
Published: February 2014

In film studies as in other disciplines and in cultures at large, masculinity remains a contested category, tied not only to dominant social values but also to marginal groups and practices, somehow understood as monolithic and stable but always multiple and fluctuating. Formative work on masculinity in film and cultural studies has sought both to establish the patterns involved in cinematic representation of men (usually adult men, and often with classical Hollywood cinema as the area of study) and also to disentangle cultural categories of masculinity and femininity from biological categories of male and female. (We can leave aside here the semantic problem that, in film studies as in English-language usage generally, the term “gender” has come to mean male or female, with “sex” designating only sexual activity.) As an outgrowth of 1970s feminist film studies, studies of film masculinity were initially (and often remain) concerned with the politics of representation, linking screen images and narratives to conditions in historical reality while often simultaneously theorizing men and masculinity in terms of psychoanalytic models derived from Sigmund Freud (b. 1856–d. 1939), Jacques Lacan (b. 1901–d. 1981), Louis Althusser (b. 1918–d. 1990), and others. Relatedly, Marxism, poststructuralism, and other models of ideological critique have been used to understand film masculinity’s position in political and social structures of power. Much scholarship on film masculinity approaches the subject from multiple vantage points. Considerations of the body routinely involve discussions of sexuality or race, for example, and approaches to masculinity in genre films often involve claims about cultural contexts. Section commentaries here thus include considerable if not exhaustive cross-referencing. The plurality of categories considered in individual works reflects the emerging nature of masculinity studies in film. Some consensus has arisen about what terms and categories deserve attention, and the area of scholarship has not yet fragmented into discrete subspecializations focused narrowly on single categories. Indeed, masculinity is tied into so many other categories—gender at large; the practices and politics of representation; myriad cultural and historical contexts; questions of sexuality, psychology, anthropology, and sociology; and more—that efforts to limit the scope of masculinity studies would invariably close off essential contexts. Studies of film masculinity began in part as a way to extend feminist film studies’ fruitful investigations of spectatorship and representation. Work in the subject has subsequently illuminated virtually all areas of cinema and media scholarship.
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
Authors: Cali Elizabeth , Moody Joycelyn K. 
Published: February 2014

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (b. 24 September 1825–d. 22 February 1911) is one of the most studied African American women writers in print scholarship. Her first published short story “The Two Offers” and her masterpiece Iola Leroy were for nearly a century the most widely known fictions by a 19th-century black woman. Nevertheless, critical attention to Harper remains grossly limited, especially in comparison to such canonical 19th-century US male authors as Herman Melville. The dearth of Harper scholarship ensues partly from a lack of autobiographical detail within her extant writings. Moreover, some of her professional papers were destroyed in a fire in the offices of the Philadelphia printers of Ferguson and Company. That noted, critics have situated Harper amid both 19th-century sentimentalist and realist writers. Scholarship devoted to Harper has accumulated since black arts–era critics Filler, Hill, and Robinson and black feminist critics Christian, Foster, and M. H. Washington studiously recovered Harper’s writings, staking out places for them within various (African) American literary traditions. Also, even before Graham called for “immediate and critical attention” to Harper’s works (Harper 1988, p. xxxvi, cited under Anthologies), Sherman and Ammons began recentering Harper in US poetry and women’s studies. Raised by her uncle, William Watkins, Harper worked as a teenage domestic for a Baltimore bookseller named Armstrong before becoming the first female faculty member (teaching sewing) at the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Union Seminary near Columbus, Ohio, in 1850. Harper’s work in the Armstrong bookstore and home provided her with access to the family’s library and determined her long literary career. She published at least ten volumes of poetry between 1846 and 1891, three serialized novels, magazine fiction especially notable for its racially ambiguous characters, and the novel Iola Leroy. She earned her living as an acclaimed writer and lecturer, educator, antislavery and temperance activist, orator, suffragist, and leader in various black and women’s rights organizations and Christian institutions. Across the 19th century, thousands of Americans heard or read her speeches decrying gender, race, and class inequities; her published works appeared in every major independent black publication of her long life and in numerous white venues as well. Hers was a fiercely moral rhetoric, often balanced with political or folk wit. Throughout her life, Harper suffered periodic illness; images of sickness and death recur in her work. Harper’s writings alternately critique injustice and exuberantly celebrate abolition, emancipation, and the promises of civil liberties for all.
Nella Larsen
Authors: Stringer Dorothy 
Published: February 2014

Nella Larsen (b. 1891–d. 1963) was born in Chicago to a white, Danish immigrant mother and a Black Virgin Islander father. Her father’s early death, and her mother’s remarriage to a white man, meant isolation and rejection in childhood, and limited contact with her natal family as an adult. Larsen visited Denmark in childhood, and again in her late teens, and was educated at Fisk University briefly, at Lincoln Hospital’s nursing school in the Bronx, and at the Library School of the New York Public Library. She married Elmer Imes, an African American physicist, in 1919, and the couple developed a Harlem-based circle of writers, performers, artists, and intellectuals. Larsen’s earliest known works are two 1926 pulp stories about presumptively white characters. However, in response to the cultural ferment of post–Great Migration Harlem, and with the encouragement of her friend Carl Van Vechten—a white, gay critic, novelist, and saloniste interested in Black culture—Larsen wrote an autobiographical first novel, Quicksand (1928). This story of a biracial young woman unable to find a place among Southern Blacks, Black Harlemites, or white Danish relatives appeared with Van Vechten’s publisher Knopf and was well received by African American and white reviewers alike. Passing (1929), a short, expressionistic novel about phenotypically ambiguous African American women, also received positive notices, and in 1930 Larsen became the first Black woman awarded a Guggenheim fellowship. Her success was fragile, though; earlier the same year, a short story brought accusations of plagiarism, and in 1931 Knopf rejected the Guggenheim manuscript. Her marriage also ended in the mid-1930s, and Larsen withdrew from literary friendships and networks. She never published again, and all her manuscripts have been lost. From the mid-1940s almost to her death, she worked as a nurse. Larsen’s fiction was neglected for decades, but interest revived as feminist and African Americanist scholars gained places in the academy during the 1970s and 1980s. After a 1986 reissue of her novels by Rutgers University Press, she became the subject of a new, intense vogue across many sectors of literary study, including not only US and African American literary fields and women’s studies, but also literary theory and queer studies. Readers today emphasize Larsen’s formal polish, intellectual range, psychological depth, and ironic subtlety and have often employed the novels as tools for examining the relationships among class, gender, sexuality, and racial identification in African American literature.
Alfred Russel Wallace
Authors: Fichman Martin 
Published: February 2014

Alfred Russel Wallace (b. 1823–d. 1913) was one of the most brilliant theoretical and field biologists of the 19th century. He was a meticulous field observer, a prolific generator of ideas on a broad spectrum of issues ranging from evolutionary biology to social and political concerns, and a theoretician whose work laid some of the main foundations for the scientific study of biogeography and evolution. Wallace undertook two tropical journeys that were to transform his life and the emerging science of evolutionary biology: a four-year exploration of the Amazon basin of South America (1848–1852) and an eight-year exploration of the Malay Archipelago (1854–1862), including the islands of Java, Borneo, Celebes, New Guinea, and Bali. Wallace later generalized his findings from Southeast Asia to elaborate a global paradigm for identifying the earth’s fundamental biogeographical regions in his magisterial Geographical Distribution of Animals (1876). It was, of course, Wallace’s elucidation of the mechanism of evolution—in his 1858 “On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type”—that constitutes his greatest scientific legacy from his Malay travels. A copy of Wallace’s essay, along with extracts from an unpublished manuscript on natural selection written by Darwin in 1844, were presented together at the historic meeting of the Linnean Society (London) on 1 July 1858. This meeting—a year prior to the publication of Darwin’s On the origin of species (1859)—ensured that both Wallace and Darwin received recognition and joint priority for their momentous discovery of natural selection. Wallace spent the remainder of his long life in elucidating the implications of evolutionary theory for biogeography, sexual selection, the phenomenon of organic mimicry taxonomy, physical geography and geology, and anthropology. Although he remained an ardent selectionist in his overall analysis of evolutionary processes, Wallace considered natural selection inadequate to account completely for the origin and development of certain human characteristics, notably, consciousness and the moral sense. He insisted that certain aspects of theism and of political and social ideologies, including socialism, spiritualism, and anti-vaccinationism, were not merely compatible with the evolutionary process but essential for comprehending the full significance of human evolution. The issues Wallace confronted continue to resonate in contemporary debates on the scope, mechanism, and, ultimately, significance of evolution in both scientific and cultural domains. In the past two decades there has been a resurgence of interest in Wallace, and this article provides a scholarly guide through the thicket of materials now emerging on his life and achievements.
Evaluation of an Integrated Bipolar and Unipolar Ablation Device
Authors: Kiser Andy C. , Pappas Hayden R. , Garner Kelly C. , Pursell Irion W. , Mounsey J. Paul , Gehi Anil K. 
Published: February 2014

Objective Bipolar lesion creation is accepted as the most effective method to create transmural atrial ablations. However, the creation of an ablation pattern on the left and the right atrium with current bipolar devices is difficult on the beating heart. We have evaluated a novel integrated ablation device that creates both bipolar and unipolar lesions in a linear pattern on the beating porcine heart. Methods Using six porcine models, we evaluated the effectiveness of creating beating heart ablation lesions by transmurality and conduction block. Isolating lesions were created on the left and right atria of the beating porcine heart. After we created sequential bipolar and unipolar lesions, we confirmed conduction block and examined the lesion depth histologically. Results Linear lesions were created successfully on the surface of the beating porcine heart. Conduction block at 20 mV was confirmed at all isolated areas, and 96.4% of the lesion sections had full thickness and were transmural at histology. Conclusions This device enables unipolar and bipolar lesion creation in a linear and low-profile manner, enabling effective creation of a biatrial lesion pattern on the epicardial surface of the beating heart.
The effect of ultrasonic on the heat transfer of CaCO3 scaled water
Authors: Zheng Jiandong , Ren Xiaoguang 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– CaCO3 solution was chosen as the research environment in boiling pool heat transfer system using an automatic data collection system and scaling experiments. In this experiment, different concentrations of solution were made and ultrasonic excitation was applied under differing conditions of salt concentration and heat flux, such that the ultrasonics could reduce scale accumulation on the metal surface. The effectiveness of ultrasonics in inhabiting CaCO3 scale formation was evaluated. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– Different concentration solution was made. Under the condition of different concentration and heat flux, the ultrasonic was introduced, so that it can reduce the scale accumulation on the metal surface. Ultrasonic function in inhabiting CaCO3 scale can be evaluated.

Findings
– The results showed that the ultrasonic not only enhanced the heat transfer rate under boiling conditions but also prevented the accumulation of the scale on the metal surface.

Originality/value
– The ultrasonic can enhance the heat transfer on the heater surface both in distilled water and scaled solution. In the earlier period, the heat transfer coefficient increases with the heat flux increases.
Web-based national corrosion cost inventory system for Saudi Arabia
Authors: Rehman Shafiqur , M. Al-Hadhrami Luai 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– The present work developed a national web-based corrosion cost inventory system for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia which can be used by any nation with little bit of customization. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– The proposed system is designed to be divided into five major sectors namely, utilities, transportation, infrastructure, government, and production and manufacturing. Each of these major sectors is having further sub-sectors and then blown down to the industry and specific identity. The web-based application is developed using Dotnet on SQL server. The corrosion cost estimation procedures and corrosion rates in different sectors and sub-sectors have been adapted from the literature.

Findings
– The proposed developed system will enable end-users to provide corrosion and cost-related data through web-based online system. The input information from end-users will be authenticated by a corrosion auditor before finally entering into the database tables. The system is also capable of generating reports related to corrosion cost which the nation is paying with further details of corrosion costs borne by each sector and sub-sector. These reports will be helpful in making decision to identify the sector and sub-sectors which are more prone to corrosion and consuming more money to combat corrosion. Finally, the sectors and sub-sectors that are identified through the proposed system could be put under thrust research areas to combat corrosion problem and hence reduce the corrosion cost burden in future.

Originality/value
– To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt on providing a web-based corrosion cost inventory system on national basis which could be adapted by any nation with some customization. It is flexible and can be expanded as the need may arise.
Corrosion behavior of borided AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Günen Ali , Serdar Karakaş Mustafa , Kurt Bülent , Çalık Adnan 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– The paper aims to clarify the effect of boriding on the corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel.

Design/methodology/approach
– The commercially available steel was subjected to a boriding treatment with Ekabor III powders at temperatures of 1,223-1,273 K with boriding durations of 2-4 h. Microstructural characterization of the steel was carried out with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses. Static immersion corrosion tests were made using a 10 percent H2SO4 acid solution and salt spray tests were carried out in accord with the ASTM B-117 standard.

Findings
– Grain boundary precipitation of carbides was observed in the transition zone beneath the boride layers. The corrosion resistance of the steel against the acid solution increased to about seven times its untreated value with the boriding treatment.

Research limitations/implications
– The boride coating improved the corrosion resistance of the AISI 304 stainless steel against acidic media, but suffered from spalling in the salt spray test. Future work will focus on improving the adhesion between the coating and the substrate by changing the parameters for the boriding process.

Practical implications
– Pack boriding is a simple, environmentally friendly coating process and can be recommended for use in small and medium enterprises. The boride coatings deposited have potential in further improving the wear and corrosion resistance of stainless steels.

Originality/value
– The outcome of the research is of great importance for the industry using wear- and corrosion-resistant coatings.
Drug policy: a going-over down-under?
Authors: Stothard Blaine 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to inform readers of developments in drug policy debate in Australia following the publication of the Global Commission Report. To explain the activities, discussions and findings of events organised by the Australian NGO Australia21. To provide some key contextual information and references.

Design/methodology/approach
– Overview of international situation following publication of Global Commission Report. Summary of current Australian national policy and its origins. Summary of recent national reports and their impact on policy. Account of NGO reports and recommendations.

Findings
– Civil society agencies have entered national debate on drug policy and recommended an abandonment of prohibition-based approaches, using the Global Commission Report as a catalyst. First steps have been taken to introduce this debate into the Australian parliament.

Research limitations/implications
– Incomplete knowledge of relevant national documentation.

Practical implications
– Probable delay in government developing debate and acting on recommendations in an election year.

Originality/value
– Case study of developments and debate in one jurisdiction resulting from Global Commission Report. Aligns with similar debate and moves in other nations. Adds to knowledge of developments which challenge existing international policy debate and practical approaches which reject prohibition.
Treatment of problem gambling: development, status, and future
Authors: Wynn Jesse , Hudyma Aaron , Hauptman Elizabeth , Nicole Houston Tiffani , Michael Faragher James 
Published: February 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to seek to present an overview of past, present, and future approaches to the treatment of problem gambling.Design/methodology/approach– This paper reviews the literature concerning conceptual, historical, and clinical research perspectives on the treatment of problem gambling.Findings– Perspectives on the etiology, maintenance, conceptualization, and treatment of problem gambling have evolved over time. Once seen as a failure of moral character, problem gambling is now considered to be an addictive disorder with similarities to substance abuse disorders. Empirical research into the treatment of problem gambling is progressing, but is relatively sparse compared to the body of research in other addictive disorders. Methodological issues have been identified that will need to be addressed in future research. Currently, cognitive-behavioral approaches have received the most attention and have the greatest amount of research support. Brief interventions, pharmacological interventions, family therapy, and Gamblers Anonymous are also in use. Future directions for problem gambling treatment that are being researched and implemented are mindfulness-based interventions and internet-based treatment approaches.Originality/value– This review should be useful to those seeking general information about problem gambling treatment, its development, status, and future directions.