bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The nonlinear relationship between albedo and cloud fraction on near‐global, monthly mean scale in observations and in the CMIP5 model ensemble
Authors: Engström A. , Bender F. A.‐M. , Charlson R. J. , Wood R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe study the relation between monthly mean albedo and cloud fraction over ocean, 60°S–60°N. Satellite observations indicate that these clouds all fall on the same near‐exponential curve, with a monotonic distribution over the ranges of cloud fractions and albedo. Using these observational data as a reference, we examine the degree to which 26 climate models capture this feature of the near‐global marine cloud population. Models show a general increase in albedo with increasing cloud fraction, but none of them display a relation that is as well defined as that characterizing the observations. Models typically display larger albedo variability at a given cloud fraction, larger sensitivity in albedo to changes in cloud fraction, and lower cloud fractions. Several models also show branched distributions, contrasting with the smooth observational relation. In the models the present‐day cloud scenes are more reflective than the preindustrial, demonstrating the simulated impact of anthropogenic aerosols on planetary albedo.
A comet engulfs Mars: MAVEN observations of comet Siding Spring's influence on the Martian magnetosphere
Authors: Espley Jared R. , DiBraccio Gina A. , Connerney John E. P. , Brain David , Gruesbeck Jacob , Soobiah Yasir , Halekas Jasper , Combi Michael , Luhmann Janet , Ma Yingjuan , Jia Yingdong , Jakosky Bruce 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe nucleus of comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) passed within 141,000 km of Mars on 19 October 2014. Thus, the cometary coma and the plasma it produces washed over Mars for several hours producing significant effects in the Martian magnetosphere and upper atmosphere. We present observations from Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN's (MAVEN's) particles and field's instruments that show the Martian magnetosphere was severely distorted during the comet's passage. We note four specific major effects: (1) a variable induced magnetospheric boundary, (2) a strong rotation of the magnetic field as the comet approached, (3) severely distorted and disordered ionospheric magnetic fields during the comet's closest approach, and (4) unusually strong magnetosheath turbulence lasting hours after the comet left. We argue that the comet produced effects comparable to that of a large solar storm (in terms of incident energy) and that our results are therefore important for future studies of atmospheric escape, MAVEN's primary science objective.
First detection of the supersonic upward plasma flow structures in the early morning sector
Authors: Astafyeva Elvira , Zakharenkova Irina 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe present the first observations of the supersonic updrafting plasma drifts in the predawn sector. Two DMSP satellites quasi‐simultaneously detected two fast‐speed events: one of ~385 km spatial extension and with the maximum upward velocity of 1683 m/s appeared at ~3 LT, and the other of ~1500 km large with maximum speed of 1770 m/s occurred at ~5 LT. Both supersonic structures were observed above the eastern Pacific region, separated by ~35° of longitude in space and by 45 min in time. The events occurred at the recovery phase of the geomagnetic storm of 19 February 2014, during rapid oscillations of the interplanetary magnetic field Bz and the interplanetary electric field Ey components, which increased the eastward electric field in the equatorial nighttime ionosphere and triggered the generation of plasma irregularities. The storm time penetration electric fields seem to be the principal driver of the observed supersonic events.
Origin of variability in Northern Hemisphere winter blocking on interannual to decadal timescales
Authors: Gollan Gereon , Greatbatch Richard J. , Jung Thomas 
Published: November 2015

AbstractVariability of midlatitude blocking in the boreal winter Northern Hemisphere is investigated for the period 1960/1961 to 2001/2002 by means of relaxation experiments with the model of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. It is shown that there is pronounced interannual and decadal variability in blocking, especially over the Eurasian continent, consistent with previous studies. The relaxation experiments show that realistic variability in the tropics can account for a significant part of observed interannual blocking variability but also that about half of the observed variability can only be explained by extratropical tropospheric variability. On the quasi‐decadal timescale, extratropical sea surface temperature and sea ice, in addition to tropical variability, play a more important role. The stratosphere, which has been shown to influence interannual variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation in previous studies, has no significant influence on blocking according to our analysis.
Climatology and trends of tropical cyclone high wind in mainland China: 1959–2011
Authors: Ni Xiang , Zhang Qinghong , Ma Ding , Wu Liguang , Ren Fumin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe climatology and trends of tropical cyclone (TC) high wind (TCHW; wind speeds ≥10.8 m s−1) in mainland China during 1959–2011 were studied based on a comprehensive series of surface wind observations from 574 stations. Of these stations, 41 were affected by TCHW more than once per year and were mainly located along the southeast coastline or at some inland mountain locations. The contribution of TCHW frequency to high wind (HW; wind speeds ≥10.8 m s−1) frequency was highest along the southeast coastline of China and decreased rapidly at inland locations. Both the TCHW frequency (intensity) and HW frequency (intensity) displayed significant downward (weakened) trends after the 1980s. The proportion of HW events accounted for by TCHW decreased, although the trend was not significant. The changes in TCHW frequency and intensity were associated with variations in the number of influencing TCs (ITC: a TC that causes at least one TCHW event), ITCTs (ITC time: an observation time with ITCs), the range of ITC influence, and ITC intensity and track. The annual number of ITCs and ITCTs declined consistently during the study period. The range of ITC influence as related to the TC size in 1983–2011 was smaller than in 1959–1982. The variation of the percentiles of ITC intensity showed an increasing (decreasing) trend of weaker (stronger) ITCs. Years with the maximum TCHW frequency had more ITCs and ITCTs than those with the minimum TCHW frequency.
The deformation record of olivine in mylonitic peridotites from the Finero Complex, Ivrea Zone: Separate deformation cycles during exhumation
Authors: Matysiak Agnes K. , Trepmann Claudia A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMylonitic peridotites from the Finero complex are investigated to detect characteristic olivine microfabrics that can resolve separate deformation cycles at different metamorphic conditions. The heterogeneous olivine microstructures are characterized by deformed porphyroclasts surrounded by varying amounts of recrystallized grains. A well‐developed but only locally preserved foam structure is present in recrystallized grain aggregates. This indicates an early stage of dynamic recrystallization and subsequent recovery and recrystallization at quasi‐static stress conditions, where the strain energy was reduced such that a reduction in surface energy controlled grain boundary migration. Ultramylonites record a renewed stage of localized deformation and recrystallization by a second generation of recrystallized grains that do not show a foam structure. This second generation of recrystallized grains as well as sutured grain and kink band boundaries of porphyroclasts indicate that these microstructures developed during a stage of localized deformation after development of the foam structure. The heterogeneity of the microfabrics is interpreted to represent several (at least two) cycles of localized deformation separated by a marked hiatus with quasi‐static recrystallization and recovery and eventually grain growth. The second deformation cycle did not only result in reactivation of preexisting shear zones but instead also locally affected the host rock that was not deformed in the first stage. Such stress cycles can result from sudden increases in differential stress imposed by seismic events, i.e., high stress‐loading rates, during exhumation of the Finero complex.
Influence of dynamic factors on nonwetting fluid snap‐off in pores
Authors: Deng Wen , Balhoff Matthew , Cardenas M. Bayani 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSnap‐off is an important dynamic multiphase flow phenomenon which occurs in porous media. It plays a dominant role in the residual trapping and mobilization/immobilization of nonwetting fluids such as hydrocarbons or CO2. Current studies, applications, and threshold criteria of snap‐off are mostly based on static or equilibrium conditions. Thus, the dynamics of snap‐off which is relevant for many real world applications has rarely been systematically studied. While a static criterion indicates the snap‐off potential for nonwetting fluids, the competition between the time required for snap‐off and the local pore throat capillary number determines whether snap‐off actually occurs. Using a theoretical model to couple the wetting film thickness to the local capillary number at the pore throat, we analyzed the dynamics of the wetting/nonwetting interface instability in sinusoidally constricted capillary tubes. The influence of dynamic factors as encapsulated by the effect of local capillary number on nonwetting fluid snap‐off time were investigated for varying pore throat to pore body aspect ratio and pore body distances. The analysis showed that snap‐off can be inhibited by a sufficiently large local capillary number even in cases where the static snap‐off criterion has been met.
Acylsilanes in Iridium‐Catalyzed Directed Amidation Reactions and Formation of Heterocycles via Siloxycarbenes
Authors: Becker Peter , Pirwerdjan Ramona , Bolm Carsten 
Published: November 2015

AbstractExposing ortho‐amido aroylsilanes to visible light or heat leads to cyclization reactions that provide N‐heterocyclic compounds via siloxycarbenes as key intermediates. The previously unreported starting materials have been prepared by directed amidations of aromatic acylsilanes in the presence of an iridium catalyst followed by N‐alkylation.
Fluorescent microspheres of poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(lactic acid)–fluorescein copolymers synthesized by Ugi four‐component condensation
Authors: Icart Luis P. , Fernandes Edson , Agüero Lissette , Ramón Jose , Zaldivar Dionisio , Dias Marcos L. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTMicroparticles formed by poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diblock copolymers containing fluorescein grafted to the polymer chain were synthesized by a Ugi four‐component condensation (UFCC) reaction. To synthesize these copolymers, lactide was first polymerized by a ring‐opening polymerization with alcohol initiators containing functional groups to give carboxyl‐ and aldehyde‐end‐functionalized PLA. Two different fluorescent block copolymers (FCPs) of PEG–PLA conjugated to fluorescein (FCP 1 and FCP 2) were then synthesized by UFCC; they gave yields in the range 65–75%. These copolymers were characterized well according their chemical structures and thermal properties, and we prepared fluorescent microspheres (FMSs) from them with the single emulsion–solvent evaporation method (FMS 1 and FMS 2). A new application of UFCC in the preparation of biomasked drug‐delivery systems is proposed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42994.
Preparation and properties of novel, flexible, lead‐free X‐ray‐shielding materials containing tungsten and bismuth(III) oxide
Authors: Chai Hao , Tang Xiaobin , Ni Minxuan , Chen Feida , Zhang Yun , Chen Da , Qiu Yunlong 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTNovel, flexible, lead‐free X‐ray‐shielding composites were prepared with a high‐functional methyl vinyl silicone rubber (VMQ) matrix with W and Bi2O3 as filler materials. To verify the advanced properties of the lead‐free material, composites with the same mass fraction of PbO were compared. With the X‐ray energy ranging from 48 to 185 keV, the W/Bi2O3/VMQ composites exhibited higher X‐ray‐shielding properties. As the filler volume fraction decreased, the tensile strength, elongation, tear strength, and flexibility of the W/Bi2O3/VMQ composites increased. The Shore hardness of the W/Bi2O3/VMQ composites had a maximum value of 46.6 HA and was still very flexible. With decreasing filler volume fraction, the water‐vapor transmission performances of the W/Bi2O3/VMQ composites increased, and the W/Bi2O3/VMQ composites also showed better water‐vapor permeability. The heat‐transfer properties of the W/Bi2O3/VMQ composites increased with increasing W content, and when the W content exceeded 70 wt %, the thermal conductivity of the W/Bi2O3/VMQ material was about 70.45% higher than that of the PbO/VMQ composite. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43012.
Effect of the melting temperature on the crystallization behavior of a poly(l‐lactide)/poly(d‐lactide) equimolar mixture
Authors: Yin Yongai , Song Yan , Xiong Zujiang , Zhang Xiuqin , de Vos Sicco , Wang Ruyin , Joziasse Cornelis A. P. , Liu Guoming , Wang Dujin 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe effect of the final melting temperature (Tf) on the crystallization of poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA)/poly(d‐lactide) (PDLA) was studied via a combination of differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, polarized optical microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. We observed that a residual stereocomplex (SC) crystal induced the formation of SC crystals during cooling from a Tf (230°C) just above the melting peak of the SC crystals. On cooling from a Tf (240°C) just above the endset temperature of SC crystal melting [Tm(S)(E)], the possible order structure and the strong interchain interaction promoted the preferential crystallization of SC crystals; this enhanced the formation of α crystals. During cooling from a Tf (≥250°C) far above Tm(S)(E), the crystallization peaks of α and SC crystals converged. The FTIR results indicated that the residual SC crystals, possible ordered structure, and interchain interactions in the melt might have been the key factors for the different crystallization of PLLA/PDLA. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43015.
Molecular basis of the structural stability of hemochromatosis factor E: A combined molecular dynamic simulation and GdmCl‐induced denaturation study
Authors: Khan Parvez , Parkash Amresh , Islam Asimul , Ahmad Faizan , Hassan Md. Imtaiyaz 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTHemochromatosis factor E (HFE) is a member of class I MHC family and plays a significant role in the iron homeostasis. Denaturation of HFE induced by guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) was measured by monitoring changes in [θ]222 (mean residue ellipticity at 222 nm), intrinsic fluorescence emission intensity at 346 nm (F346) and the difference absorption coefficient at 287 nm (Δε287) at pH 8.0 and 25°C. Coincidence of denaturation curves of these optical properties suggests that GdmCl‐induced denaturation (native (N) state ↔ denatured (D) state) is a two‐state process. The GdmCl‐induced denaturation was found reversible in the entire concentration range of the denaturant. All denaturation curves were analyzed for
, Gibbs free energy change associated with the denaturation equilibrium (N state ↔ D state) in the absence of GdmCl, which is a measure of HFE stability. We further performed molecular dynamics simulation for 40 ns to see the effect of GdmCl on the structural stability of HFE. A well defined correlation was established between in vitro and in silico studies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 133–142, 2016.
Machinima: Extending brand reach
Authors: Harwood Tracy , Garry Tony , Uwins Mike 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe paper presents findings of an empirical qualitative investigation into the role of machinima (machine‐cinema) in extending the brand reach of game developers' market propositions, drawing on participation, co‐creation and immaterial labour literature. Machinima is a contemporary Internet cultural phenomenon, whereby firms' ‘super’ customers create original works from game assets beyond that of merely gameplay. Interestingly, firms' marketing strategies are evidently focussed on traditional channels with apparently little emphasis given to Internet born cultures such as machinima, which now has massive global following. Thus, the resultant user‐generated content, which may be subsequently adapted and further distributed by other customers, is harnessed by firms, effectively exploiting the prowess of the community of games players to market their endeavours as advertising and product development. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical Synthesis of GM2 Glycans, Bioconjugation with Bacteriophage Qβ, and the Induction of Anticancer Antibodies
Authors: Yin Zhaojun , Dulaney Steven , McKay Craig S. , Baniel Claire , Kaczanowska Katarzyna , Ramadan Sherif , Finn M. G. , Huang Xuefei 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe development of carbohydrate‐based antitumor vaccines is an attractive approach towards tumor prevention and treatment. Herein, we focused on the ganglioside GM2 tumor‐associated carbohydrate antigen (TACA), which is overexpressed in a wide range of tumor cells. GM2 was synthesized chemically and conjugated with a virus‐like particle derived from bacteriophage Qβ. Although the copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction efficiently introduced 237 copies of GM2 per Qβ, this construct failed to induce significant amounts of anti‐GM2 antibodies compared to the Qβ control. In contrast, GM2 immobilized on Qβ through a thiourea linker elicited high titers of IgG antibodies that recognized GM2‐positive tumor cells and effectively induced cell lysis through complement‐mediated cytotoxicity. Thus, bacteriophage Qβ is a suitable platform to boost antibody responses towards GM2, a representative member of an important class of TACA: the ganglioside.
Low‐Lanthanide‐Content CeO2/MgO Catalysts with Outstandingly Stable Oxygen Storage Capacities: An In‐Depth Structural Characterization by Advanced STEM Techniques
Authors: Tinoco Miguel , Sanchez Juan J. , Yeste María P. , Lopez‐Haro Miguel , Trasobares Susana , Hungria Ana B. , Bayle‐Guillemaud Pascale , Blanco Ginesa , Pintado José M. , Calvino José J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA novel CeO2/MgO catalyst with low ceria loading has been synthesized. This catalyst showed unique redox properties compared with conventional high and low surface area CeO2. Advanced (scanning) transmission electron microscopy techniques revealed the presence of a variety of highly dispersed ceria nanostructures: isolated CeOx entities, CeO2 clusters, as well as fairly small (<5 nm) CeO2 nanoparticles. More interestingly, this CeO2/MgO catalyst showed outstanding stability in its redox response against high temperature aging treatments. Thus, after reduction in hydrogen at 950 °C and further oxidation at 500 °C, CeO2 reduction effects took still place at low temperatures, and no significant loss of oxygen storage capacity (OSC) was detected. Unique ceria‐bilayer nanostructures were found and characterized in the aged catalyst. Their peculiar structural and chemical properties seem to be responsible for the large improvement observed in the stability of the redox response.
Site Isolation Leads to Stable Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 over a Rhenium‐Based Catalyst
Authors: Liang Weibin , Church Tamara L. , Zheng Sisi , Zhou Chenlai , Haynes Brian S. , D'Alessandro Deanna M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA porous organic polymer incorporating [(α‐diimine)Re(CO)3Cl] moieties was produced and tested in the photocatalytic reduction of CO2, with NEt3 as a sacrificial donor. The catalyst generated both H2 and CO, although the Re moiety was not required for H2 generation. After an induction period, the Re‐containing porous organic polymer produced CO at a stable rate, unless soluble [(bpy)Re(CO)3Cl] (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) was added. This provides the strongest evidence to date that [(α‐diimine)Re(CO)3Cl] catalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction decompose through a bimetallic pathway.
A Mononuclear Uranium(IV) Single‐Molecule Magnet with an Azobenzene Radical Ligand
Authors: Antunes Maria A. , Coutinho Joana T. , Santos Isabel C. , Marçalo Joaquim , Almeida Manuel , Baldoví José J. , Pereira Laura C. J. , Gaita‐Ariño Alejandro , Coronado Eugenio 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA tetravalent uranium compound with a radical azobenzene ligand, namely, [{(SiMe2NPh)3‐tacn}UIV(η2‐N2Ph2.)] (2), was obtained by one‐electron reduction of azobenzene by the trivalent uranium compound [UIII{(SiMe2NPh)3‐tacn}] (1). Compound 2 was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and 1H NMR, IR, and UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy. The magnetic properties of 2 and precursor 1 were studied by static magnetization and ac susceptibility measurements, which for the former revealed single‐molecule magnet behaviour for the first time in a mononuclear UIV compound, whereas trivalent uranium compound 1 does not exhibit slow relaxation of the magnetization at low temperatures. A first approximation to the magnetic behaviour of these compounds was attempted by combining an effective electrostatic model with a phenomenological approach using the full single‐ion Hamiltonian.
Tuning Helical Chirality in Polycyclic Ladder Systems
Authors: Rickhaus Michel , Unke Oliver T. , Mannancherry Rajesh , Bannwart Linda M. , Neuburger Markus , Häussinger Daniel , Mayor Marcel 
Published: November 2015

AbstractConceptually and experimentally, a new set of helical model compounds is presented herein that allow correlations between structural features and their expression in the secondary structure to be investigated. A cross‐linked oligomer with two strands of mismatching lengths connected in a ladder‐type fashion serves as a model system. Compensation for the dimensional mismatch leads to the adoption of a helical arrangement. A strategically placed relay ensures the continuity and uniformity of the helix. Upon exchanging the heteroatomic linkage, the helix responds by increasing or decreasing the torsion of the backbone. Inversion of the relay’s substitution pattern causes a distortion of the structure, while maintaining the directionality of the helix. Based on a short synthetic protocol with a modular precursor, four closely related “Geländer” oligomers (Geländer is the German word for bannister) were accessed and fully characterized. XRD analysis for one representative of each helical arrangement and complementary computational studies for the remaining derivatives allowed the impact of the alterations on the secondary structures to be studied. Isolation of pure enantiomers of all new Geländer oligomers provided insight into the racemization kinetics and estimation of the racemization barrier. In silico simulation of the electronic circular dichroism spectra of the model compounds enabled the helicity of the isolated samples to be assigned.