bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Timeliness of Restatement Disclosures and Financial Reporting Credibility
Authors: Hirschey Mark , Smith Kevin R. , Wilson Wendy M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis study investigates whether prompt discovery and disclosure of earnings restatements is associated with greater post‐restatement financial reporting credibility. We measure the timeliness of restatement detection by the length of time between the end of the misstated period and the subsequent restatement announcement. We document that shorter detection periods are significantly associated with high‐quality corporate governance characteristics and executive and/or auditor turnover, but not with characteristics of restatements. We also find that firms with shorter detection periods exhibit a more moderate decline in the information content of earnings following restatement announcements relative to firms with longer detection periods, and that detection period length has an incremental effect on the information content of earnings relative to executive and/or auditor turnover alone. In addition, we find that restatement disclosures are more timely following the implementation of the SOX‐era reforms, and that only firms with shorter detection periods experience more moderate post‐restatement declines in the information content of earnings following the implementation of the SOX‐era reforms. The results from this study suggest that the timeliness of restatement detection and disclosure is associated with greater financial reporting credibility following restatements.
Land connectivity changes and global cooling shaped the colonization history and diversification of New World quail (Aves: Galliformes: Odontophoridae)
Authors: Hosner Peter A. , Braun Edward L. , Kimball Rebecca T. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimRange disjunctions are frequent in birds, but the relative roles of vicariance and long‐distance dispersal in producing them are debated. Odontophorid quail are widespread in tropical and temperate habitats in the Americas, yet recent phylogenetic studies support the view that they are sister to sub‐Saharan African Ptilopachus rather than the widespread Phasianidae as formerly believed. To understand how this 10,000 km range disjunction arose in relatively non‐vagile birds, we reconstructed colonization history and diversification of odontophorids with respect to hypothesized dry‐land connections between continents (North Atlantic, Beringian, Panamanian) that would have facilitated faunal exchange.LocationAfrica, Nearctic and Neotropics.MethodsWe inferred a fossil‐calibrated odontophorid phylogeny from DNA sequences (three mitochondrial genes and eight nuclear introns) and modelled ancestral ranges with six probabilistic biogeographical models. We used the Akaike information criterion (AIC) to select the best‐fit biogeographical model.ResultsPtilopachus and New World quail shared an Old World ancestor c. 32 Ma. During this period, Beringia connected the Nearctic and Palaearctic, and global temperatures were high, such that presence of temperate organisms at high latitudes and direct dispersal across land connections were feasible. The extant New World quail began diversifying in Central America c. 18 Ma; timing estimates and ancestral range reconstructions support the hypothesis that New World quail colonized and diversified in South America following closure of the Isthmus of Panama.Main conclusionsThe Africa/New World range disjunction between New World quail and Ptilopachus is the result of changes in Earth and climate history, combined with range expansion and diversification in the New World, and range contraction in the Old World. We find no evidence for overwater dispersal in New World quail.
Functions of Shp2 in cancer
Authors: Zhang Jie , Zhang Fei , Niu Ruifang 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDiagnostics and therapies have shown evident advances. Tumour surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the main techniques in treat cancers. Targeted therapy and drug resistance are the main focus in cancer research, but many molecular intracellular mechanisms remain unknown. Src homology region 2‐containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2) is associated with breast cancer, leukaemia, lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, laryngeal cancer, oral cancer and other cancer types. Signalling pathways involving Shp2 have also been discovered. Shp2 is related to many diseases. Mutations in the ptpn11 gene cause Noonan syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome and childhood leukaemia. Shp2 is also involved in several cancer‐related processes, including cancer cell invasion and metastasis, apoptosis, DNA damage, cell proliferation, cell cycle and drug resistance. Based on the structure and function of Shp2, scientists have investigated specific mechanisms involved in cancer. Shp2 may be a potential therapeutic target because this phosphatase is implicated in many aspects. Furthermore, Shp2 inhibitors have been used in experiments to develop treatment strategies. However, conflicting results related to Shp2 functions have been presented in the literature, and such results should be resolved in future studies.
Role of augmented transferrin during the retraining for undeveloped left ventricle
Authors: Wei Wei , Wu Yihe , Ying Yongquan , Li Shoujun , Hu Shengshou , Zhang Hao 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTransposition of great arteries (TGA) is a common congenital heart disease. Left ventricle (LV) is rapidly regressing and pulmonary artery banding (PAB) is utilized to retrain the undeveloped LV. Hence, it offered a unique human disease model to investigate the process of LV hypertrophy under pressure overload. Eight late referred children with TGA were enrolled. The plasma was collected at the 30 min. before and 48 hrs after PAB, and 25 proteins were identified as having significant change in proteomic analysis. Transferrin (TF) and ceruloplasmin were then confirmed. After 48 hrs incubation with TF, the size of human induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes increased by two times as large as control. Meanwhile, protein synthesis and the expression of natriuretic peptide precursor A and B were significantly enhanced. TF treatment also activated both extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and activated protein kinase singling pathways. Our data provided a link to molecular components and pathways that might be involved in LV retraining. TF severed as the carrier to delivery irons, and could directly stimulate cardiomyocytes hypertrophy. TF administration may hold therapeutic potential for the biological LV retraining.
Assessment of unanticipated unintended effects of genetically modified plants on non‐target organisms: a controversy worthy of pursuit?
Authors: Devos Y. , Álvarez‐Alfageme F. , Gennaro A. , Mestdagh S. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA typical risk hypothesis addressed during the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified (GM) plants for cultivation is that the novel traits intentionally introduced into GM plants do not adversely affect non‐target organisms (NTOs). However, genetic modification may potentially also lead to unintended changes in the GM plant which could raise safety concerns. Therefore, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) advocates the characterization of ecological interactions between the GM plant and representative NTOs as part of the ERA of GM plants for cultivation in the European Union. Yet, this requirement is not unanimously accepted by stakeholders. Here, we present EFSA's approach to assess potential adverse effects on NTOs and summarize some of the stakeholders' views, mostly opposing EFSA's position on scientific grounds.
Long‐term course of Crohn's disease in Japan: Incidence of complications, cumulative rate of initial surgery, and risk factors at diagnosis for initial surgery
Authors: Sato Yuho , Matsui Toshiyuki , Yano Yutaka , Tsurumi Kozue , Okado Yuki , Matsushima Yu , Koga Akihiro , Takahashi Haruhiko , Ninomiya Kazeo , Ono Yoichiro , Takatsu Noritaka , Beppu Takahiro , Nagahama Takashi , Hisabe Takashi , Takaki Yasuhiro , Hirai Fumihito , Yao Kenshi , Higashi Daijiro , Futami Kitaro , Washio Masakazu 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground and Aims:Intestinal complications of stenosis or fistula may occur during the course of Crohn's disease (CD), and surgery is performed in a fair number of patients. The risk factors for initial surgery in a Japanese hospital‐based cohort of CD patients were evaluated.Methods:This study was a single‐center, retrospective, cohort study. The subjects were 520 patients who underwent inpatient and outpatient treatment at our hospital, had a definitive diagnosis of CD, and no previous surgery. Three parameters were investigated: (i) cumulative incidence of stenosis and fistula; (ii) cumulative rate of initial surgery for each disease type; and (iii) risk factors at diagnosis for initial surgery.Results:(i) Stenosis and fistula increased with time, with stenosis or fistula appearing in about half of the patients after 5 years. (ii) The cumulative rate of initial surgery was about 50% after 10 years. (iii) The patient factors at diagnosis of current smoker, upper gastrointestinal disease, stricturing, penetrating, moderate to severe stenosis of the jejunum, moderate to severe stenosis of the ileum, and moderate to severe stenosis of the terminal ileum were risk factors for initial surgery.Conclusions:Stenosis or fistula appeared in about half of the patients after 5 years from diagnosis. When upper gastrointestinal disease or complicated small intestinal lesions are seen at the time of diagnosis, the cumulative rate of initial surgery is significantly higher.
Endoscopic ultrasonography for staging depth of invasion in early gastric cancer: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Pei Qingshan , Wang Lei , Pan Jianmei , Ling Tingsheng , Lv Ying , Zou Xiaoping 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground and Aim:Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a widely used imaging modality for detecting the depth of early gastric cancer (EGC) invasion. However, the studies pertaining to EUS for staging early gastric cancer have reported widely varied sensitivities and specificities. This study was conducted to estimate the overall diagnostic accuracy of EUS for staging the depth in EGCs.Methods:The literatures were identified by searching in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Knowledge databases. Two reviewers independently extracted the information from the literatures for constructing 2 × 2 table. A random‐effect model or a fixed‐effect model was used to estimate the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio. A summary receiver operating characteristic curve also was constructed. Meta‐regression and subgroup analysis were used to explore the sources of heterogeneity.Results:The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of EUS for M staging were 76% (95% confidence interval [CI], 74–78%), 72% (95% CI, 69–75%), 3.67 (95% CI, 2.48–5.44), and 0.31 (95% CI, 0.24–0.40), respectively. For SM staging, these results were 62% (95% CI, 59–66%), 78% (95% CI, 76–80%), 2.99 (95% CI, 2.26–3.96), and 0.43 (95% CI, 0.32–0.57), respectively. For M/SM1 staging, they were 90% (95% CI, 88–92%), 67% (95% CI, 61–72%), 3.14 (95% CI, 2.08–4.73), and 0.12 (95% CI, 0.07–0.22), respectively. The area under the curve for mucosal, submucosal, and mucosal/minimal submucosal invasion staging were 0.85, 0.82, and 0.81, respectively.Conclusions:Endoscopic ultrasonography only has a relatively low accuracy for staging the depth of invasion in EGCs. Accordingly, EUS may be not indispensable in the staging of EGCs.
Poor predictive value of breath hydrogen response for probiotic effects in IBS
Authors: Yao Chu K , Barrett Jacqueline S , Philpott Hamish , Chung Alvin R T , van Langenberg Daniel , Garg Mayur , Gibson Peter R 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground and Aims:Previous observations suggested that an early rise in breath hydrogen after lactulose (ERBHAL) may identify patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) likely to respond to probiotics. Therefore, we aimed to (i) investigate whether treatment with a probiotic changes breath hydrogen response in patients with ERBHAL and (ii) whether these changes identify patients who may benefit symptomatically from probiotics.Methods:In a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, patients with IBS (Rome III) were randomized to either 65 mL/day fermented milk product containing probiotic (FMPP) or placebo for 6 weeks, followed by 6 weeks' open‐label treatment and 6 weeks' withdrawal. Breath hydrogen responses to lactulose (15 g) and liquid‐gastric emptying time were evaluated before and at the end of each treatment period. Symptoms were measured using a 100‐mm visual analog scale.Results:Loss of ERBHAL occurred in 36% of 23 patients receiving FMPP and 41% of 22 receiving placebo (P = 1.00). Amongst 40 patients who completed open‐label FMPP treatment, ERBHAL was lost in a further 38%, continued in 25%, and regained in 10%. Similar variability occurred in the withdrawal phase. Variability was unrelated to changes in gastric emptying. No differences in symptom response were seen between treatment groups nor in relation to the loss or retention of ERBHAL.Conclusions:Breath hydrogen patterns after lactulose are poorly reproducible. No FMPP‐specific effects on fermentation patterns or symptoms were observed. The presence of ERBHAL is not useful to predict symptomatic response to probiotic therapy in patients with IBS.
Surface topography and bond strengths of feldspathic porcelain prepared using various sandblasting pressures
Authors: Moravej‐Salehi Elham , Moravej‐Salehi Elahe , Valian Azam 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the bond strength of composite resin to feldspathic porcelain and its surface topography after sandblasting at different pressures.MethodsIn this in vitro study, 68 porcelain disks were fabricated and randomly divided into four groups of 17. The porcelain surface in group 1 was etched with hydrofluoric acid. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were sandblasted at 2, 3 and 4 bars pressure, respectively. Surface topography of seven samples in each of the four groups was examined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The remaining 40 samples received the same silane agent, bonding agent, and composite resin and they were then subjected to 5000 thermal cycles and evaluated for shear bond strength. Data were analyzed using one‐way anova. The mode of failure was determined using stereomicroscope and SEM.ResultsThe highest shear bond strength was seen in group 4. however, statistically significant differences were not seen between the groups (P = 0.780). The most common mode of failure was cohesive in porcelain. The SEM showed different patterns of hydrofluoric acid etching and sandblasting.ConclusionIncreasing the sandblasting pressure increased the surface roughness of feldspathic porcelain but no difference in bond strength occurred.
Tissue transglutaminase‐catalysed cross‐linking induces Apolipoprotein E multimers inhibiting Apolipoprotein E's protective effects towards amyloid‐beta‐induced toxicity
Authors: de Jager Mieke , Drukarch Benjamin , Hofstee Marloes , Brevé John , Jongenelen Cornelis A. M. , Bol John G. J. M. , Wilhelmus Micha M. M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and characterized by deposition of amyloid‐β (Aβ) protein and smooth muscle cell (SMC) death in cerebral vessel walls. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is of importance in both Aβ accumulation and Aβ‐mediated toxicity towards SMCs in the cerebral vessel wall, although its exact role in CAA pathogenesis remains unclear. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is an enzyme capable of inducing both protein complexes and altered protein bioactivity via post‐translational cross‐linking. In CAA, tTG and its catalytic activity are associated with deposited Aβ. Furthermore, several apolipoproteins are known substrates of tTG. We therefore investigated whether ApoE is a substrate for tTG and if this affects ApoE's bioactivity. We found strong binding of different ApoE isoforms with tTG and demonstrated tTG‐catalysed ApoE multimers. In post‐mortem human AD cases, ApoE colocalized with in situ active tTG in CAA. Moreover, human brain SMCs treated with Aβ demonstrated enhanced secretion of both ApoE and tTG, and of TG cross‐links in the extracellular matrix. Interestingly, tTG‐catalysed cross‐linked ApoE failed to protect SMCs against Aβ‐mediated cytotoxicity. Together, our data demonstrate a novel tTG‐driven post‐translational modification of ApoE that might play an important role in CAA.
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Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and characterized by amyloid‐β (Aβ) protein deposition and cerebral smooth muscle cell (SMC) death. We found that, in contrast to normal vessels, in CAA apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is cross‐linked by tissue transglutaminase (tTG) resulting in stable ApoE complexes. These complexes no longer protect cerebral SMC from Aβ‐mediated toxicity. Our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism explaining the Aβ‐mediated cerebral SMC cell death characteristic of CAA in AD cases.
Speech, eating and saliva control in rare diseases – a database study
Authors: Sjögreen L. , Mogren Å. , Andersson‐Norinder J. , Bratel J. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe aim was to study the background to and the manifestations of affected intelligibility of speech and reported difficulty with eating and saliva control in rare diseases. In Sweden, a disease or disorder is defined as rare when it affects no more than 100 individuals per million population and leads to a marked degree of disability. In 1996–2008, 1703 individuals with 169 rare diseases (3–67 years) answered a questionnaire about oral health and oro‐facial function and 1614 participated in a clinical examination. A control group of 135 healthy children was included. Oromotor impairment was a frequent finding (43%) and was absent among the controls. Half the children in the youngest age group (3–6 years) had moderate/severely affected intelligibility or no speech compared with one‐third in the other age groups. The most frequent eating difficulties were related to chewing and were found in approximately 20% of the individuals in the study group. Artificial nutrition was most common in children aged 3–6 years (9·2%), followed by children aged 7–12 years (4·9%), adolescents aged 13–19 years (3·3%) and adults (1·4%). Impaired saliva control was common (31·2%) and strongly and significantly correlated with oromotor dysfunction, intellectual disability, open mouth at rest and epilepsy. In conclusion, oromotor impairment and oro‐facial dysfunctions, such as affected intelligibility, eating difficulties and impaired saliva control, are frequent in individuals with rare diseases. There is a strong correlation between oromotor impairment and affected intelligibility, eating difficulties and impaired saliva control in individuals with rare diseases.
Variables affecting the inter‐ and intra‐examiner reliability of ICDAS for occlusal caries diagnosis in permanent molars
Authors: Qudeimat Muawia A. , Alomari Qasem D. , Altarakemah Yacoub , Alshawaf Nour , Honkala Eino J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe aims of this study were to assess the validity and reproducibility of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) in detecting occlusal caries in permanent molars and to investigate variables that can affect the reproducibility of ICDAS.MethodsFive experienced, trained, and calibrated investigators examined the occlusal surfaces of 142 extracted permanent molars, ranging from sound to cavitated dentine caries. All visual examinations were conducted under standard conditions. Examinations were repeated after a period of 1 and 3 months from the initial examination. After all examinations were completed, teeth were sectioned and histologic validation was undertaken. Maximum kappa statistics were used to assess bias among examiners and linear weighted kappa was used to assess inter‐ and intra‐examiners' reproducibility. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were obtained at D3 threshold.ResultsDifferences in the marginal homogeneity were observed for the general dentist. Kappa for intra‐examiner reproducibility ranged between 0.66 and 0.81 and the inter‐examiner reproducibility ranged between 0.42 and 0.75. ICDAS score of ≥3 presented the best Spearman's correlation coefficient (0.69) at Downer's histologic classification D3. Corresponding sensitivity and specificity values at that level were 0.73 and 0.95, respectively. While variables like the interval of time between teeth examinations did not affect the intra‐examiner reproducibility, examiners' specialty influenced inter‐examiner's reproducibility over time.ConclusionsICDAS presented acceptable intra‐examiners reproducibility in detecting occlusal caries over time. However, there was a clear effect for examiner's specialty and clinical experience on the inter‐examiner's reproducibility of the ICDAS system at different time intervals.
Oxidative stress‐induced methemoglobinemia is the silent killer during snakebite: a novel and strategic neutralization by melatonin
Authors: Sharma Rachana D. , Katkar Gajanan D. , Sundaram Mahalingam S. , Paul Manoj , NaveenKumar Somanathapura K. , Swethakumar Basavarajaiah , Hemshekhar Mahadevappa , Girish Kesturu S. , Kemparaju Kempaiah 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOxidative stress‐induced methemoglobinemia remained an untouched area in venom pharmacology till date. This study for the first time explored the potential of animal venoms to oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin. In in vitro whole‐blood assay, methemoglobin forming ability of venoms varied as Naja naja > Ophiophagus hannah > Echis carinatus > Daboia russellii > Apis mellifera > Mesobuthus tamulus > Hippasa partita. Being highly potential, N. naja venom was further studied to observe methemoglobin formation in RBCs and in combinations with PMNs and PBMCs, where maximum effect was observed in RBCs + PMNs combination. Naja naja venom/externally added methemoglobin‐induced methemoglobin formation was in parallel with ROS generation in whole blood/RBCs/RBCs + PMNs/RBCs + PBMCs. In in vivo studies, the lethal dose (1 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) of N. naja venom readily induced methemoglobin formation, ROS generation, expression of inflammatory markers, and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐3α. Although the mice administered with three effective doses of antivenom recorded zero mortality; the methemoglobin and ROS levels remained high. However, one effective dose of antivenom when administered along with melatonin (1:50; venom/melatonin, w/w), not only offered 100% survival of experimental mice, but also significantly reduced methemoglobin level, and oxidative stress markers including hypoxia‐inducible factor‐3α. This study provides strong drive that, complementing melatonin would not only reduce the antivenom load, but for sure greatly increase the success rate of antivenom therapy and drastically minimize the global incidence of snakebite deaths. However, further detailed investigations are needed before translating the combined therapy towards the bed side.