bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the excretion time of electronic capsules placed in the intestinal lumen of cows with cecal dilatation-dislocation, healthy control cows, and cows with left displacement of the abomasum
Authors: Devaux David J.-A. L. , Lempen Markus , Schelling Esther , Koch Volker M. , Meylan Mireille 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the transit time from various locations in the intestines of cows with cecal dilatation-dislocation (CDD), healthy control cows, and cows with left displacement of the abomasum (LDA).
ANIMALS 15 cows with naturally occurring CDD (group 1), 14 healthy control cows (group 2), and 18 cows with LDA (group 3).
PROCEDURES 5 electronic transmitters were encased in capsules and placed in the lumen of the ileum, cecum, proximal portion of the colon, and 2 locations in the spiral colon (colon 1 and colon 2) and used to measure the transit time (ie, time between placement in the lumen and excretion of the capsules from the rectum). Excretion time of the capsules from each intestinal segment was compared among groups.
RESULTS Cows recovered well from surgery, except for 1 cow with relapse of CDD 4 days after surgery and 2 cows with incisional infection. High variability in capsule excretion times was observed for all examined intestinal segments in all groups. Significant differences were detected for the excretion time from the colon (greater in cows with CDD than in healthy control cows) and cecum (less in cows with LDA than in cows of the other 2 groups).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The technique developed to measure excretion time of capsules from bovine intestines was safe and reliable; however, the large variability observed for all intestinal segments and all groups would appear to be a limitation for its use in assessment of intestinal transit time of cattle in future studies.
Determination of tonicity effects of ketoacids and lactate by use of two canine red blood cell assays
Authors: Reinhart Jennifer M. , Yancey Misty R. , Girard-Denton Jennifer D. , Schermerhorn Thomas 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the tonicity effects of β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and lactate in canine RBCs.
SAMPLE RBCs from approximately 40 dogs.
PROCEDURES 2 in vitro methods were used to conduct 4 experiments. The modified osmotic fragility assay was used to measure the ability of ketoacid salts added to serial sucrose dilutions to protect RBCs from osmotic hemolysis. In a second assay, a handheld cell counting device was used to measure changes in RBC diameter to assess the tonicity effect of solutions of ketoacid and lactate salts.
RESULTS For the modified osmotic fragility assay, all ketoacid salts had an osmoprotective effect, but the effect was determined to be completely attributable to the tonicity effect of added cations (sodium and lithium) and not the ketoacid moieties. However, both the sodium and lithium lactate salts provided osmoprotection attributable to both the cation and lactate anion. For the second assay, RBC diameter was significantly increased with the addition of urea (an ineffective osmole) but did not change with the addition of glucose (an effective osmole), which established the behaviors of ineffective and effective osmoles in this assay. The RBC diameter was significantly increased over that of control samples by the addition of sodium β-hydroxybutyrate, lithium acetoacetate, and lithium lactate but was decreased by the addition of sodium lactate.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE For both assays, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate acted as ineffective osmoles, whereas lactate acted as an effective osmole in 3 of 4 experiments.
L'interprétation des faits phonétiques : dialogue posthume entre John J. Gumperz et Yvan Fonagy
Authors: Boutet Josiane 
Published: December 2014

Dans la seconde moitié du XX e siècle deux intellectuels, Yvan Fonagy et John J. Gumperz, se sont intéressés, indépendamment l’un de l’autre, au sémantisme des sons concrets (prononciation, prosodie, voix) dans la construction du sens des dialogues. Je propose ici un dialogue posthume autour de deux de leurs concepts : celui de geste vocal et celui d’indices de contextualisation. J’en montre les similitudes ; puis j’étudie un extrait de dialogue professionnel en mobilisant ces deux concepts.
État social, services publics, légitimité
Authors: Leduc Sacha 
Published: December 2014

Les changements actuellement justifiés par la crise économique tirent leur origine dans l’évolution du système de légitimité du secteur public, qui se transforme dès la fin des années 1960 en France. Dans les contenus idéologiques et les éléments moteurs de ces transformations, on peut distinguer deux champs d’analyses : la légitimité de l’action de l’État et des services publics d’un côté, et la légitimité de l’organisation de l’État et des services publics de l’autre. Dans la construction de la légitimité du pouvoir étatique, derrière la rationalité abstraite de la loi se cachent souvent des catégories normatives et des idéologies faisant porter la responsabilité des situations difficiles sur les individus et non plus sur les structures.
Occupational methamphetamine manufacturing toxin exposure: An exposure example
Authors: Pecina Carrie , Washington Nicole B. , Kelly-Rehm Merry C. , Brahm Nancy C. 
Published: December 2014

Purpose
To illustrate opportunities for pharmacists as resources for community-based healthcare professionals that may be at-risk for occupational exposure to toxins of illicit methamphetamine (METH) manufacturing while providing case management services to community-based patients.
Summary
Pharmacists can serve as a resource with education and protocol development for minimizing the hazards of healthcare professionals, including pharmacists, at-risk for exposure to the toxins of METH manufacturing while providing community-based case management. The illicit production of METH requires solvents for extraction and purification and often results in the release of a number of harmful, and potentially deadly, chemicals and gases. For community-based healthcare professionals, risk factors include direct contact and inhalation. Community-based healthcare professionals providing case management services to patients involved in the production of METH are at-risk for exposure. Examples of an occupational exposure and how the pharmacist can serve as a resource to these providers are provided.
Conclusions
When conducting home- or community-based services, healthcare professionals may inadvertently experience health-related consequences and injuries because of exposure to hazardous wastes created by and used in the production of METH. The pharmacist can provide education and protocol development to help healthcare professionals identify hazards of exposure to the toxins of the manufacturing of METH, identify signs and symptoms of METH use, and identify signs and symptoms of toxin exposure.
Natural variability of CO2 and O2 fluxes: What can we learn from centuries‐long climate models simulations?
Authors: Resplandy L. , Séférian R. , Bopp L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractOcean carbon uptake and oxygen content estimates over the past decades suggest that the anthropogenic carbon sink has changed and that the oxygen concentration in the ocean interior has decreased. Although these detected changes appear consistent with those expected from anthropogenic forced climate change, large uncertainties remain in the contribution of natural variability. Using century‐long simulations (500–1000 years) of unforced natural variability from six Earth System Models (ESMs), we examine the internally driven natural variability of carbon and oxygen fluxes from interannual to multidecadal time scales. The intensity of natural variability differs between the ESMs, in particular, decadal variability locally accounts for 10–50% of the total variance. Although the variability is higher in all regions with strong climate modes (North Atlantic, North Pacific, etc.), we find that only the Southern Ocean and the tropical Pacific significantly modulate the global fluxes. On (multi)decadal time scales, deep convective events along the Antarctic shelf drive the global fluxes variability by transporting deep carbon‐rich/oxygen‐depleted waters to the surface and by reducing the sea‐ice coverage. On interannual time scales, the global flux is modulated by (1) variations of the upwelling of circumpolar deep waters associated with the southern annular mode in the subpolar Southern Ocean and (2) variations of the equatorial/costal upwelling combined with changes in the solubility‐driven fluxes in response to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropical Pacific. We discuss the challenges of measuring and detecting long‐term trends from a few decade‐long records influenced by internal variability.
Oxidative Alkenylation/Annulation of Benzimidates via Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed CH Activation to Generate 3‐Methyleneisoindolin‐1‐ones
Authors: Li Xing Guang , Sun Min , Liu Kai , Liu Pei Nian 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA novel ruthenium‐catalyzed oxidative alkenylation/annulation cascade reaction is described for synthesizing 3‐methyleneisoindolin‐1‐ones. In the protocol, the NH imidate is applied efficiently as a directing group in ruthenium‐catalyzed CH activation, generating various 3‐methyleneisoindolin‐1‐ones with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity in moderate to good yields.magnified image
Cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas: 2015 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Wilcox Ryan A. 
Published: December 2014

Disease overview: Approximately one‐fourth of cutaneous lymphomas are B‐cell derived and are generally classified into three distinct subgroups: primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (PCFCL), primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (PCMZL), and primary cutaneous diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, leg type (PCDLBCL, LT).Diagnosis: Diagnosis and disease classification is based on histologic review and immunohistochemical staining of an appropriate skin biopsy. Pathologic review and an appropriate staging evaluation are necessary to distinguish primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas from systemic B‐cell lymphomas with secondary skin involvement.Risk‐stratification: Disease histology remains the most important prognostic determinant. Both PCFCL and PCMZL are indolent lymphomas that infrequently disseminate to extracutaneous sites and are associated with 5‐year survival rates that exceed 95%. In contrast, PCDLBCL, LT is an aggressive lymphoma with an inferior prognosis.Risk‐adapted therapy: PCFCL and PCMZL patients with solitary or relatively few skin lesions may be affectively managed with local radiation therapy. While single‐agent rituximab may be employed for patients with more widespread skin involvement, multiagent chemotherapy is rarely appropriate. In contrast, management of patients with PCDLBCL, LT is comparable to the management of patients with systemic DLBCL. Am. J. Hematol. 90:74–76, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epiphyseal fusion in Pan troglodytes relative to dental age
Authors: Brimacombe Conrad S. , Kuykendall Kevin L. , Nystrom Pia 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTPrevious studies on different aspects of chimpanzee growth and development have documented dental eruption and development, long bone and somatic growth, and to a lesser extent, skeletal fusion. Such data are useful in comparative and evolutionary studies of growth and some aspects of life history evolution in apes and early hominids. However, few studies have integrated dental development and other aspects of skeletal development, and none of these have been able to incorporate a large study sample. This study documents dental mineralization and skeletal epiphyseal fusion in a mixed‐sex sample of 155 Pan troglodytes skeletons, and aims to: a) document the pattern of dental and skeletal developmental in chimpanzees; b) compare male and female developmental patterns in chimpanzees; and c) compare these chimpanzee developmental patterns to general patterns of dental and skeletal development in published human studies. The analysis of both dental and skeletal development in this sample demonstrates clearly that dental development is complete before the fusion of the many skeletal epiphyses, in contrast to the pattern observed in humans. Age estimates for individuals were calculated using previously published regression equations for dental development and used to estimate fusion ages. These appear to be accurate in that our estimates are similar to published ranges. These data improve our understanding about chimpanzee dental and skeletal development and provide a basis for further comparison between extant apes and humans, as well as those extinct species represented by fossil partial skeletons. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:19–29, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highly Diastereoselective and Enantioselective Olefin Cyclopropanation Using Engineered Myoglobin‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Bordeaux Melanie , Tyagi Vikas , Fasan Rudi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractUsing rational design, an engineered myoglobin‐based catalyst capable of catalyzing the cyclopropanation of aryl‐substituted olefins with catalytic proficiency (up to 46 800 turnovers) and excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity (98–99.9 %) was developed. This transformation could be carried out in the presence of up to 20 g L−1 olefin substrate with no loss in diastereo‐ and/or enantioselectivity. Mutagenesis and mechanistic studies support a cyclopropanation mechanism mediated by an electrophilic, heme‐bound carbene species and a model is provided to rationalize the stereopreference of the protein catalyst. This work shows that myoglobin constitutes a promising and robust scaffold for the development of biocatalysts with carbene‐transfer reactivity.
Effects of unsteady mountain‐gap winds on eddies in the Red Sea
Authors: Farley Nicholls J. , Toumi R. , Stenchikov G. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAtmosphere and ocean simulations capture the Tokar mountain‐gap wind jet and associated eddy dipole in the Red Sea. Results suggest that, once generated by a wind event, the anticyclonic eddy is further intensified through the summer by subsequent events. An asymmetry in magnitude of the two eddies is observed with the anticyclonic eddy attaining greater magnitude. A series of simulations with idealized wind forcing show that this asymmetry is not present under steady wind forcing. This effect depends on the intermittency of the wind forcing and the presence of a background northerly wind field.
Increase in surface albedo caused by agricultural plastic film
Authors: Fan X. , Chen H. , Xia X. , Yu Y. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe area of agricultural greenhouses and cropland covered by plastic film has increased in China over the past three decades. Construction of large‐area plastic greenhouse potentially changes the physical and radiative properties of the surface and its albedo, thereby potentially affecting the surface energy budget and climate change. This study aims to investigate the effect of the plastic‐film cover on surface albedo based on computations with a simplified model and several field observation experiments. The results showed that surface albedo increased by ∼23.5 and ∼33.9% on clear and overcast days, respectively, if grassland was covered by plastic film. Surface albedo of bare soil covered by plastic film increased by ∼16.6% under clear sky conditions. A larger increase in surface albedo was derived for surface types with smaller surface albedo. Model calculations were in good agreement with field observations.
Efficacy of triplet regimen antiemetic therapy for chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in bone and soft tissue sarcoma patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy, and an efficacy comparison of single‐shot palonosetron and consecutive‐day granisetron for CINV in a randomized, single‐blinded crossover study
Authors: Kimura Hiroaki , Yamamoto Norio , Shirai Toshiharu , Nishida Hideji , Hayashi Katsuhiro , Tanzawa Yoshikazu , Takeuchi Akihiko , Igarashi Kentaro , Inatani Hiroyuki , Shimozaki Shingo , Kato Takashi , Aoki Yu , Higuchi Takashi , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe first aim of this study was to evaluate combination antiemetic therapy consisting of 5‐HT3 receptor antagonists, neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonists (NK‐1RAs), and dexamethasone for multiple high emetogenic risk (HER) anticancer agents in bone and soft tissue sarcoma. The second aim was to compare the effectiveness of single‐shot palonosetron and consecutive‐day granisetron in a randomized, single‐blinded crossover study. A single randomization method was used to assign eligible patients to the palonosetron or granisetron arm. Patients in the palonosetron arm received a palonosetron regimen during the first and third chemotherapy courses and a granisetron regimen during the second and fourth courses. All patients received NK‐1RA and dexamethasone. Patients receiving the palonosetron regimen were administered 0.75 mg palonosetron on day 1, and patients receiving the granisetron regimen were administered 3 mg granisetron twice daily on days 1 through 5. All 24 patients in this study received at least 4 chemotherapy courses. A total of 96 courses of antiemetic therapy were evaluated. Overall, the complete response CR rate (no emetic episodes and no rescue medication use) was 34%, while the total control rate (a CR plus no nausea) was 7%. No significant differences were observed between single‐shot palonosetron and consecutive‐day granisetron. Antiemetic therapy with a 3‐drug combination was not sufficient to control chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) during chemotherapy with multiple HER agents for bone and soft tissue sarcoma. This study also demonstrated that consecutive‐day granisetron was not inferior to single‐shot palonosetron for treating CINV.
Microwave Irradiation Coupled with Physically Mixed MeOx (Me=Mn, Ni) and Cu‐ZSM‐5 Catalysts for the Direct Decomposition of Nitric Oxide under Excess Oxygen
Authors: Xu Wentao , Zhou Jicheng , You Zhimin , Luo Yushang , Ou Yingpiao 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe direct catalytic decomposition of NO into N2 and O2 with high activity and N2 selectivity at low temperature under excess oxygen is a challenge. Herein, we report a new approach for the direct decomposition of NO into N2 and O2 by microwave catalysis over MeOx‐Cu‐ZSM‐5 (Me=Mn, Ni) under excess oxygen. We observed that the microwave direct catalytic decomposition of NO over MeOx‐Cu‐ZSM‐5 under excess oxygen is highly efficient, and the NO conversions are 94.3 % over MnO2‐Cu‐ZSM‐5 at 300 °C and 92.3 % over Ni2O3‐Cu‐ZSM‐5 at 350 °C. Meanwhile, the N2 selectivity remains more than 98 %. Importantly, the apparent activation energies of MnO2‐Cu‐ZSM‐5 and Ni2O3‐Cu‐ZSM‐5 are as low as 15.5 and 25.7 kJ mol−1, which suggests a significant microwave catalytic effect. Furthermore, microwave irradiation exhibits a microwave selective effect. The oxygen concentration has almost no influence on the activity of catalytic decomposition of NO over MeOx‐Cu‐ZSM‐5 under microwave irradiation.
Porous Dual‐Layered MoOx Nanotube Arrays with Highly Conductive TiN Cores for Supercapacitors
Authors: Peng Xiang , Huo Kaifu , Fu Jijiang , Gao Biao , Wang Lei , Hu Liangsheng , Zhang Xuming , Chu Paul K. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPorous dual‐layered molybdenum oxide (MoOx) nanotube arrays (NTAs) with highly conductive titanium nitride (TiN) cores (MoOx/TiN/MoOx NTAs) are fabricated by depositing MoOx on porous TiN NTAs produced by nitriding as‐anodized TiO2 NTAs on Ti foils. The highly conductive TiN facilitates electron transfer and the porous MoOx wall allows the electrolyte to permeate the nanotubes readily, maximizing the active sites of the MoOx electroactive material to improve the specific capacitance and rate capability. The coaxial MoOx/TiN/MoOx NTA electrode shows a high specific capacitance of 97 mF cm−2 (323 F g−1) at a current density of 1 mA cm−2, and 60 % capacitance is retained when the current density is increased 20 times. A symmetrical device based on the MoOx/TiN/MoOx NTA electrode exhibits a capacitance as high as 24 F cm−3 (based on the volume of MoOx/TiN/MoOx NTAs) and no significant decay is observed after charging/discharging for 10 000 cycles.
Molecular Size and Electronic Structure Combined Effects on the Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Sulfurated Pyrene‐Cored Dendrimers
Authors: Valenti Giovanni , Fiorani Andrea , Di Motta Simone , Bergamini Giacomo , Gingras Marc , Ceroni Paola , Negri Fabrizia , Paolucci Francesco , Marcaccio Massimo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe electrochemistry, photophysics, and electrochemically generated chemiluminescence (ECL) of a family of polysulfurated dendrimers with a pyrene core have been thoroughly investigated and complemented by theoretical calculations. The redox and luminescence properties of dendrimers are dependent on the generation number. From low to higher generation it is both easier to reduce and oxidize them and the emission efficiency increases along the family, with respect to the polysulfurated pyrene core. The analysis of such data evidences that the formation of the singlet excited state by cation–anion annihilation is an energy‐deficient process and, thus, the ECL has been justified through the triplet–triplet annihilation pathway. The study of the dynamics of the ECL emission was achieved both experimentally and theoretically by molecular mechanics and quantum chemical calculations. It has allowed rationalization of a possible mechanism and the experimental dependence of the transient ECL on the dendrimer generation. The theoretically calculated Marcus electron‐transfer rate constant compares very well with that obtained by the finite element simulation of the whole ECL mechanism. This highlights the role played by the thioether dendrons in modulating the redox and photophysical properties, responsible for the occurrence and dynamics of the electron transfer involved in the ECL. Thus, the combination of experimental and computational results allows understanding of the dendrimer size dependence of the ECL transient signal as a result of factors affecting the annihilation electron transfer.
Supramolecular Control of Spin Exchange in a Spin‐Labelled [2]Rotaxane Incorporating a Tetrathiafulvalene Unit
Authors: Romano Francesco , Manoni Roberta , Franchi Paola , Mezzina Elisabetta , Lucarini Marco 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe EPR properties of a novel triradical obtained by single‐electron oxidation of a nitroxide‐spin‐labelled rotaxane containing a tetrathiafulvalene unit and cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) ring is reported. Rotaxanation is proved to have a dramatic effect on through‐space magnetic interactions between radical fragments. Analysis of the EPR spectra by a three‐jump model, allowed us to obtain structural information on the interlocked structure.