bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dreams and the Temporality of Consciousness
Authors: MACDUFFIE KATHERINE , MASHOUR GEORGE A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Understanding dreams has long been considered fundamental to the development of a theory of consciousness. Evidence from neurobiology and neuroimaging research has paved the way for new theories of dreaming that are empirically supported. In this article we argue that dreaming is a unique state of consciousness that incorporates 3 temporal dimensions: experience of the present, processing of the past, and preparation for the future. The temporal complexity of dreams is made possible in part by the unique neurobiological environment of sleep, in which stimuli are internally generated and many of the restrictions associated with waking thought are absent. Because dream consciousness is not determined by sensory stimuli, a flexible integration of past experiences and the forging of novel connections are possible. We argue that disparate dream theories may not be mutually exclusive but rather relate to different temporal domains of the dream state.
Individual Differences in Musical Taste
Authors: NORTH ADRIAN C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSeveral studies have investigated the relationship between (usually a narrow set of) personality dimensions and liking for a small number of individual musical styles. To date there has been no attempt to investigate, within a single methodology, the extent to which personality factors correlate with liking for a very wide range of musical styles. To address this, 36,518 participants rated their liking for 104 musical styles, completed a short form of the Big 5 personality inventory, and provided other data about their favorite musical styles. Personality factors were related to both liking for the musical styles and participants’ reasons for listening to this music. However, on the whole these latter variables were related more closely to participants’ age, sex, and income than to Big 5 scores. Thus, personality is related to musical taste, but other individual differences are arguably related more closely.
Does exposure to ambient odors influence the emotional content of memories?
Authors: CASTELLANOS KENIA M. , HUDSON JUDITH A. , HAVILAND-JONES JEANNETTE , WILSON PATRICIA J. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This study examined the effects of implicitly presented odors on the emotional content of memory narratives. Participants were exposed to low levels of perfumes or no odors while they reconstructed a memory from childhood and a recurrent dream. Narratives were analyzed for emotional content using the Linguistic and Inquiry Word Count program. Exposure to perfumes increased the percentage of positive emotion words used by participants in recalling both dreams and childhood memories. In addition, exposure to odors decreased the percentage of negative emotion words that men used in their narratives, whereas the opposite effect was found for women. Discussion focuses on gender differences in written emotional expression, possible ways by which perfumes may exert their effects, and the usefulness of using ambient odors and objective content analysis when studying emotions in memories.
Memes and their themata
Authors: MIRANKER WILLARD L. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
When it is instantiated as a neuronal state, a meme is characterized as a phenotype in a novel neuronal sense. A thema is an instantiation of a meme as a conscious experience (a thought-meme). It is a primitive to which no location may be attributed, and it serves as a canonical representative of a class of memes. Memes in such a class may have physical or ideal (Platonic) instantiations. Pairing of this memetic phenotype characterization with the ideal thematic primitive is an example of other pairings in nature that are identified, and in particular it informs a description of the pairing of the unconscious mind and manifestations of consciousness. Interrela-tionship of these pairings is what illuminates aspects of each of them. These constructs support introduction of a consciousness thesis and then a notion of a dynamic self-referential grammar that generates a growing repertoire of consciousness manifestations. A method showing how a neuronal state generates a specific concept (thema) is introduced, and a sample of a class of examples is given. Pointers to experiments relevant to development of the thesis are given.
Cross-modal congruency benefits for combined tactile and visual signaling
Authors: MERLO JAMES L. , DULEY AARON R. , HANCOCK PETER A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This series of experiments tested the assimilation and efficacy of tactile messages that were created based on five common military arm and hand signals. We compared the response times and accuracy rates for these tactile representations against responses to equivalent visual representations of the same messages. Experimentally, such messages were displayed in either tactile or visual forms alone, or using both modalities in combination. There was a performance benefit for concurrent message presentations, which showed superior response times and improved accuracy rates when compared with individual presentations in either modality alone. Such improvement was due largely to a reduction in premotor response time. These improvements occurred equally in military and nonmilitary samples. Potential reasons for this multimodal facilitation are discussed. On a practical level, these results confirm the utility of tactile messaging to augment visual messaging, especially in challenging and stressful environments where visual messaging is not feasible or effective.
Cycle de vie, attitude et comportement en matière d’épargne-retraite : Le cas des travailleurs québécois âgés de 24 à 44 ans
Authors: Bernier Gilles , Fallu Jean-Mathieu , Khoury Nabil 
Published: April 2014

Cette étude présente une analyse approfondie des résultats du sondage de Question Retraite de 2011 auprès d’un échantillon de 1605 Québécois âgés de 24 à 44 ans afin de connaître leur comportement et leur attitude envers la planification de la retraite. La méthodologie se base sur une analyse de regroupements (cluster analysis) afin d’établir une segmentation du profil et des comportements des participants à l’enquête selon certaines variables. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats de l’étude sont conformes avec la logique de l’hypothèse de l’évolution de l’épargne sur le cycle de vie. Il s’ensuit qu’environ 40 % des travailleurs de ce groupe d’âge risquent de devenir dépendants des régimes publics de rente pour leurs revenus à la retraite.
Multiple Sclerosis Symptom Recrudescence at the End of the Natalizumab Dosing Cycle
Authors: Ratchford John N. , Brock-Simmons Regina , Augsburger Amanda , Steele Sonya U. , Mohn Kristie , Rhone Mandi , Bo Jinyan , Costello Kathleen 
Published: April 2014

Background: This study was undertaken to determine how frequently patients receiving natalizumab for multiple sclerosis (MS) experience recrudescence of their MS symptoms at the end of the dosing cycle.
Methods: One hundred consecutive MS patients receiving natalizumab completed a survey evaluating changes in symptoms during the natalizumab dosing cycle. Ninety-one patients also completed questionnaires at two time points: the first week after natalizumab infusion and the last week of the dosing cycle. These included the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life–54 (MSQOL-54), Fatigue Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), and Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI-II).
Results: End of dosing interval (EDI) symptoms were reported as currently being experienced by 57% of respondents. An additional 10% reported that they previously experienced that phenomenon, but not currently, and 33% reported never experiencing this. In those with EDI symptoms, they began to occur a median of 21 days after infusion and improved again a median of 1 day after infusion. The most common symptoms reported were fatigue, weakness, walking impairment, and cognitive difficulties. No specific demographic or disease characteristics were associated with this phenomenon. In the subgroup with EDI symptoms, the MSQOL-54, Fatigue VAS, FSS, and BDI-II scores were all significantly worse in the last week of the dosing cycle when compared with the first week. No difference was seen in these scores between first and last week in the subgroup not experiencing symptom recrudescence.
Conclusions: Recrudescence of fatigue, weakness, walking impairment, or cognitive difficulties at the end of the dosing cycle occurs in about two-thirds of MS patients receiving natalizumab.
Revisitando la perspectiva biográfica en clave educativa: un estudio de caso de la formación de posgrado en Argentina a partir de programas curriculares
Authors: Muñiz Terra Leticia Magalí , Roberti Eugenia 
Published: April 2014

La utilización de la perspectiva biográfica en Argentina ha idocreciendo en los últimos años de manera considerable. Numerosos estudiose investigaciones adscribieron a esta perspectiva teórico-metodológica desdedistintas disciplinas de las ciencias sociales, reconstruyendo y analizando ensus trabajos historias de vida de diversos actores sociales. En este artículonos preocupamos por esta problemática analizando de qué manera las materiassobre la perspectiva biográfica se inscriben en los planes de estudios de las carreras de posgrado públicas. Más específicamente, nos centramosen las particularidades que presentan estos programas de formación de posgrado,abordando los siguientes interrogantes: ¿cómo están organizados losprogramas? ¿Cuáles son sus objetivos explícitos? ¿Qué contenidos cubreny cómo están éstos organizados? ¿Qué bibliografía utilizan? ¿Qué tipo deevaluación prevén? Con el objeto de responder a estas preguntas, realizamosuna investigación cualitativa documental, utilizando fundamentalmente archivosinstitucionales, programas de seminarios sobre el campo biográfico,páginas web y entrevistas. Para abordar los programas identificados y elresto del material escrito recurrimos a la técnica de análisis de documentos.El análisis de los programas consistió en una clasificación basada en unadiferenciación respecto de los contenidos incluidos en los mismos: 1) losprogramas que abordan el campo biográfico desde miradas generales, esdecir, que buscan transmitir lo biográfico en tanto perspectiva teórico-metodológica;2) los programas que parten de miradas específicas sobre temasdiversos, incluyendo lo biográfico como una técnica para su comprensión.Estos últimos abordan así distintas problemáticas sociales incluyendo en suinterior, en alguna de sus unidades, la enseñanza de la técnica.
El antropólogo o el «extranjero familiar» sobre el terreno. Entre comodidad, incomodidad y riesgos
Authors: Boullosa-Joly Maité 
Published: April 2014

La figura del «extranjero» descrita por Goerg Simmel puede sertransferible a la posición del etnólogo sobre el terreno, quien se vuelve progresivamenteel «extranjero familiar» para sus anfitriones (Simmel, 1999:663). A través de mi experiencia de investigación, analizaré la manera enque yo me convertí en una extranjera cada vez más familiar y como me introdujeprogresivamente en las interrelaciones locales cuyo objetivo para míera comprender. Ser extranjero puede representar una comodidad en ciertoscontextos, pero también una incomodidad, incluso un peligro a veces cuandose usa como chivo expiatorio. ¿Pariente, turista o espía? Son diferentesestatus que tuve que asumir en contextos de observación diversificados alinterior de dos pueblos del Noroeste argentino: la alta montaña, un puebloturístico y organizaciones militantes. Después de haber analizado el estatusde extranjero familiar que puede tener el antropólogo, en este artículo haréel relato de mis «inmersiones» en estos diferentes lugares y mostrar que miposición puede ser reveladora de las relaciones sociales que afectaban cadauniverso. Las imágenes fotográficas tomadas in situ, serán utilizadas comosujeto de análisis; ellas formalizan la mirada y la relación del investigador con respecto al sujeto que observa (Conord, 1992; Piette, 1992). Éstas sonsignificativas de la mirada mutua que nos dirigíamos con mis anfitriones yde la posición que me era asignada.
Variations in axial magma lens properties along the East Pacific Rise (9°30′N–10°00′N) from swath 3‐D seismic imaging and 1‐D waveform inversion
Authors: Xu Min , Pablo Canales J. , Carbotte Suzanne M. , Carton Helene , Nedimović Mladen R. , Mutter John C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe use three‐dimensional multistreamer seismic reflection data to investigate variations in axial magma lens (AML) physical properties along the East Pacific Rise between 9°30′N and 10°00′N. Using partial‐offset stacks of P‐ and S‐converted waves reflecting off the top of the AML, we image four 2–4 km long melt‐rich sections spaced 5–10 km from each other. One‐dimensional waveform inversion indicates that the AML in a melt‐rich section is best modeled with a low Vp (2.95–3.23 km/s) and Vs (0.3–1.5 km/s), indicating >70% melt fraction. In contrast, the AML in a melt‐poor section requires higher Vp (4.52–4.82 km/s) and Vs (2.0–3.0 km/s), which indicates <40% melt fraction. The thicknesses of the AML are constrained to be 8–32 m and 8–120 m at the melt‐rich and ‐poor sites, respectively. Based on the AML melt‐mush segmentation imaged in the area around the 2005–2006 eruption, we infer that the main source of this eruption was a 5 km long section of the AML between 9°48′N and 51′N. The eruption drained most of the melt in this section of the AML, leaving behind a large fraction of connected crystals. We estimate that during the 2005–2006 eruption, a total magma volume of 9–83 × 106 m3 was extracted from the AML, with a maximum of 71 × 106 m3 left unerupted in the crust as dikes. From this, we conclude that an eruption of similar dimensions to the 2005–2006, one would be needed with a frequency of years to decades in order to sustain the long‐term average seafloor spreading rate at this location.
Improving Students' Critical Thinking: Empirical Support for Explicit Instructions Combined with Practice
Authors: Heijltjes Anita , van Gog Tamara , Paas Fred 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThis experiment investigated the impact of different types of critical thinking instruction and dispositions on bias in economics students' (N = 141) reasoning performance. The following conditions were compared: (A) implicit instruction; (B) implicit instruction with practice; (C) implicit instruction with explicit instruction and practice; (D) implicit instruction with explicit instruction, practice, and self‐explanation prompts; and (E) implicit instruction with explicit instruction, practice, and activation prompts. Results showed that explicit instruction combined with practice is required to improve critical thinking (i.e., conditions A/B < C/D/E). Prompting during practice had no added performance benefits. Participants' dispositions toward actively open‐minded thinking predicted their pre‐test and post‐test scores but did not interact with instruction condition, suggesting that receiving explicit instruction combined with practice was equally effective for all students. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrile as Activating Group in the Asymmetric Bioreduction of β‐Cyanoacrylic Acids Catalyzed by Ene‐Reductases
Authors: Winkler Christoph K. , Clay Dorina , Turrini Nikolaus G. , Lechner Horst , Kroutil Wolfgang , Davies Simon , Debarge Sebastien , O'Neill Pat , Steflik Jeremy , Karmilowicz Mike , Wong John W. , Faber Kurt 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAsymmetric bioreduction of an (E)‐β‐cyano‐2,4‐dienoic acid derivative by ene‐reductases allowed a shortened access to a precursor of pregabalin [(S)‐3‐(aminomethyl)‐5‐methylhexanoic acid] possessing the desired configuration in up to 94% conversion and >99% ee. Deuterium labelling studies showed that the nitrile moiety was the preferred activating/anchor group in the active site of the enzyme over the carboxylic acid or the corresponding methyl ester.magnified image
Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative α‐Alkylation of α‐Amino Carbonyl Compounds with Ethers via Dual C(sp3)‐H Oxidative Cross‐ Coupling
Authors: Wei Wen‐Ting , Song Ren‐Jie , Li Jin‐Heng 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA novel copper‐catalyzed oxidative alkylation of α‐amino carbonyl compounds with ethers has been established for the selective synthesis of α‐etherized α‐amino carbonyl compounds. This oxidative alkylation is achieved by dual C(sp3)H bond oxidative cross‐coupling, and its scope is expanded to α‐amino ketones, α‐amino esters and α‐amino amides.magnified image
Nichtkovalente Chiralitätssensorik‐Ensembles zur Detektion und Reaktionsverfolgung von Aminosäuren, Peptiden, Proteinen und aromatischen Wirkstoffen
Authors: Biedermann Frank , Nau Werner M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTernäre Komplexe des makrocyclischen Wirts Cucurbit[8]uril mit dikationischen Farbstoffen und chiralen aromatischen Analyten zeigen starke induzierte Circulardichroismus(ICD)‐Signale im Nah‐UV‐ und sichtbaren Bereich. Dies ermöglicht eine neuartige Herangehensweise zur Chiralitätssensorik und Sequenzerkennung in Wasser mit mikromolaren Analytkonzentrationen. Chemische Reaktionen können zudem in Echtzeit verfolgt werden, da die reversible und nichtkovalente Bindung augenblicklich auf Konzentrationsänderungen anspricht. Die hier vorgestellte supramolekulare Methode eignet sich für viele bioanalytische Anwendungen, z. B. für Enzymassays, die Wirkstoffanalytik und die kontinuierliche Verfolgung enantioselektiver Reaktionen, insbesondere asymmetrischer Katalyse.
A Bio‐Inspired Switch Based on Cobalt(II) Disulfide/Cobalt(III) Thiolate Interconversion
Authors: Gennari Marcello , Gerey Bertrand , Hall Nikita , Pécaut Jacques , Collomb Marie‐Noëlle , Rouzières Mathieu , Clérac Rodolphe , Orio Maylis , Duboc Carole 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDisulfide/thiolate interconversion supported by transition‐metal ions is proposed to be implicated in fundamental biological processes, such as the transport of metal ions or the regulation of the production of reactive oxygen species. We report herein a mononuclear dithiolate CoIII complex, [CoIIILS(Cl)] (1; LS=sulfur containing ligand), that undergoes a clean, fast, quantitative and reversible CoII disulfide/CoIII thiolate interconversion mediated by a chloride anion. The removal of Cl− from the CoIII complex leads to the formation of a bis(μ‐thiolato) μ‐disulfido dicobalt(II) complex, [Co2II,IILSSL]2+ (22+). The structures of both complexes have been resolved by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction; their magnetic, spectroscopic, and redox properties investigated together with DFT calculations. This system is a unique example of metal‐based switchable Mn2‐RSSR/2 M(n+1)‐SR (M=metal ion, n=oxidation state) system that does not contain copper, acts under aerobic conditions, and involves systems with different nuclearities.
Noncovalent Chirality Sensing Ensembles for the Detection and Reaction Monitoring of Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins, and Aromatic Drugs
Authors: Biedermann Frank , Nau Werner M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTernary complexes between the macrocyclic host cucurbit[8]uril, dicationic dyes, and chiral aromatic analytes afford strong induced circular dichroism (ICD) signals in the near‐UV and visible regions. This allows for chirality sensing and peptide‐sequence recognition in water at low micromolar analyte concentrations. The reversible and noncovalent mode of binding ensures an immediate response to concentration changes, which allows the real‐time monitoring of chemical reactions. The introduced supramolecular method is likely to find applications in bioanalytical chemistry, especially enzyme assays, for drug‐related analytical applications, and for continuous monitoring of enantioselective reactions, particularly asymmetric catalysis.
Evidence for Extensive Single‐Electron‐Transfer Chemistry in Boryl Anions: Isolation and Reactivity of a Neutral Borole Radical
Authors: Bertermann Rüdiger , Braunschweig Holger , Dewhurst Rian D. , Hörl Christian , Kramer Thomas , Krummenacher Ivo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDespite the synthesis of a boryl anion by Yamashita et al. in 2006, compounds that show boron‐centered nucleophilicity are still rare and sought‐after synthetic goals. A number of such boryl anions have since been prepared, two of which were reported to react with methyl iodide in apparent nucleophilic substitution reactions. One of these, a borolyl anion based on the borole framework, has now been found to display single‐electron‐transfer (SET) reactivity in its reaction with triorganotetrel halides, which was confirmed by the isolation of the first neutral borole‐based radical. The radical was characterized by elemental analysis, single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, and EPR spectroscopy, and has implications for the understanding of boron‐based nucleophilic behavior and the emergent role of boron radicals in synthesis. This radical reactivity was also exploited in the synthesis of compounds with rare BSn and BPb bonds, the latter of which was the first isolated and structurally characterized compound with a “noncluster” BPb bond.
Studies on chain extension of a novel bio‐based engineering elastomer using 4,4‐diphenyl methane diisocyanate as a chain extender
Authors: Jiang Lei , Kang Hailan , Wang Zhao , Zhang Liqun , Mao Lixin , Wang Yiqing 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA novel hydroxyl‐terminated bio‐based engineering elastomer (BEE) was synthesized from four bio‐based monomers by adding excess diol. Then the BEE was chain extended in Haake torque rheometer with 4,4‐diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) as chain extender. The molar ratio of NCO/OH, reaction temperature and reaction time of the chain‐extension reaction were studied, and the optimum condition was determined by the gel permeation chromatography (GPC), soxhlet extraction, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results. After chain extension, (i) the number‐average molecular weight of BEE became about 3.5 times of the original BEE, (ii) the thermal stability was improved and the crystallization rate was lower, (iii) and the mechanical properties were significantly improved with nano‐SiO2 as reinforcing filler. The chain‐extended BEE would have potential wide applications in engineering field. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40756.
Dicistronic expression of human proinsulin–protein A fusion in tobacco chloroplast
Authors: Yarbakht Melina , Jalali‐Javaran Mokhtar , Nikkhah Maryam , Mohebodini Mehdi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDifferent expression systems such as bacteria and mammalian cells have been used to produce pharmaceutical proteins. In recent years, the use of plants as bioreactors offers efficient and economical systems in recombinant protein production. Furthermore, because of the large number of plastid copies in plants, chloroplast engineering functions as an effective method to increase recombinant protein expression. Because the commercially available insulin for treatment does not contain C‐peptide, which is of great importance for type 1 diabetic patients, the current study introduces the human proinsulin gene fused with protein A into the tobacco chloroplast genome using the biolistic method. To achieve homoplasmy, three rounds of selection and regeneration of transforming cells were performed on the medium that contained spectinomycin antibiotic and hormones. The PCR analysis indicated the presence of the proinsulin gene in transplastomic plants. The reverse‐transcription PCR analysis confirmed the expression of the proinsulin–protein A fusion at the transcription level. Immunoblot assays of leaf‐derived protein extracts confirmed that the target gene expression is up to 0.2% of the total soluble protein. Our study showed that protein A fusion is not as efficient as other reported fusions. The transplastomic plants were also confirmed for homoplasmy using Southern blot analysis.