bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Aspects of High Pressures in the D-7 Zone of the Ventura Avenue Field
Authors: Watts E.V. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The D-7 zone of the Ventura Avenue field is of special interest because theinitial reservoir pressure at 9200'Ft nearly equaled the pressure exerted bythe overburden. While the phenomenon has been observed elsewhere in the world, there is no record of a previous case in California. Such high pressures havebeen attributed to sealing of the reservoir, followed either by emergence ofthe beds or by compaction of the sediments in various ways. Oil in the D-7 zoneis undersaturated. At pressures above the bubble point, oil is recovered by theslight expansibility of the reservoir framework and its liquid contents. Morethan 40 pct as much oil probably will be recovered by this mechanism as will berecovered by internal gas drive after pressures pass below the bubble point.Operations are handicapped by sand and pipe troubles.

Introduction
The Ventura Avenue field has been under development since 1915. It has longbeen considered a "high-pressure" field, but interest was heightened bythe extreme conditions encountered in the recent development of the so-calledD-7 zone. The original reservoir pressure in this pool is estimated to havebeen 8300 psi at a depth of 9000'Ft below sea level, or 9200 ? ft below thesurface.
A fluid pressure approaching that exerted by the overlying sediments has beenencountered in other parts of the world, but never before in California to thedegree observed in the D-7 pool.
With few exceptions, the original pressure in California fields is aboutequivalent to the static head of water below the water table in theoutcrop.

Structure
The Ventura anticline is a prominent feature of the Ventura basin, beingtraceable on the surface about 17 miles. The Ventura Avenue field is at theapex.of the anticline. It is about one mile wide and five miles long, themajor axis lying in an east-west direction. The productive limits cover an areaof about 2300 acres.
The entire anticline has been severely folded and faulted. The productiveportions in particular are broken up by three major thrust faults having ageneral east-west strike. The resultant four fault blocks are termed the A, B, C, and D blocks, respectively. Certain electric-log intervals are assignednumbers. Fig 1 is a diagrammatic north-south section of the field near thecrest, looking west, and shows three of the four fault blocks. To the west, theupper fault divides into two branches, which define the B block.
Wells penetrating a fault may duplicate over 1000'Ft of formation. However, thegreater fault movement is the strike shift, which is believed to exceed 2500'Ftboth between the A and C blocks and between the C and D blocks.
The location of water is irregular and unpredictable. A few intermediate watersexist, while some strata have more than 2000'Ft of productive closure.
T.P. 2204
Diamond Coring in the Rangely Field, Colorado
Authors: Christensen Carl  J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper presents the development of diamond coring of the Weber sand sectionin the Rangely Field, Colorado. The description and operation of thediamond-coring equipment is included as well as the economics and resultsobtained by its use. Diamond coring is compared with the other methods used fordrilling the Weber sand. Two types of diamond coring are discussed. The firstand the one used most extensively is the regular 6 1/8 X 3 ?:-in. diamond bitand bottom hole 50'Ft barrel. The second type, which has also been usedsuccessfully by Stanolind, consists of a 4 13/16 X 2 11/32 in. cutting bit andreverse circulation coring equipment. The first type will be referred to asregular or conventional diamond coring while the latter type will be referredto as reverse circulation diamond coring.

Introduction
Diamond coring has been used for many years in mines, quarries, surface coringat dam sites, laboratory work, and so on, but, until recently, had never beenused very extensively in coring oil sands and other oil-bearing strata. It wasdemonstrated early in its development that hard formations could be cut rapidlyand that core recoveries far exceeded those obtained with conventional hardrock bits and quite often 100 pct recovery was obtained. However, the poorlyconstructed diamond-coring equipment and resulting high costs of early diamondcoring slowed down its progress.
Early in the development of the Rangely Weber field, Rio Blanco County, Colorado, the Rangely Engineering Committee selected key wells that were tocore the Weber section in its entirety. These cores were to be analyzed andvarious sections tested to gather sufficient information so that accuratereservoir studies could be made. The number of wells selected were kept at aminimum inasmuch as the productive Weber section, which is found at anapproximate depth of 6000'Ft, is thick, being as much as 600 to 700'Ft on topof the structure. The Weber section is also comparatively hard to drill. Forinstance, one well took 60 days to core 490'Ft of Weber sand with conventionalcoring equipment. It was noticed, however, that Core Laboratories diamond plugcutter could quickly cut a plug from one of these hard cores. This fact led tothe serious consideration of diamond coring the Weber sand.
The first diamond coring at Rangely was performed by Stanolind in August 1946and, although we experienced some difficulties, the results definitelyindicated that diamond coring would be successful at Rangely for coring theWeber sand. As more wells were cored and the equipment improved somewhat, diamond coring became less expensive than drilling the Weber sand with theconventional rock bit. In less than one year diamond coring has definitelyproved its usefulness in oil-field drilling operations in the Rocky Mountainarea where formations quite often drill very hard. The practice of spot coringin hard oil-bearing formations with conventional coring equipment is giving wayto diamond coring of the entire sections, thus giving an operator the completepicture.
T.P. 2301
Cathodic Protection of Steel Tank Bottoms by the Use of Magnesium Anodes
Authors: James J.R. , Featherly R.L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The replacement or reconditioning of oil storage tank bottoms due to externalcorrosion is an expensive maintenance item to the oil industry.
Cathodic protection as a means of mitigating this problem has proved verysuccessful in the past few years.
One pipe-line company recently used magnesium anodes to cathodically protecttwo 55,000 bbl and two 20,000 bbl tanks. The tank bottoms were protected asindividual units with considerable factual data being taken on one of the20,000 bbl tanks. Twelve 60-lb anodes were installed about 2~ ft from the tankon approximately 17-~ft centers around the tank.
Previous installations and tests have shown that sufficient protection isprovided when the tank-to-soil potential using a copper-copper sulphatehalf-cell as a reference electrode is -0.90 volts at the edge of tank.
Potential measurements taken a few months after completing the installationindicated that the potentials were higher than were needed for protection.Resistors were then inserted in the individual anode circuits which increasedthe life of the anode installation and still provided adequate protection forthe structure.
All connecting pipe lines were then insulated from the tank. This limited theanode current strictly to the tank resulting in a greater degree of protectionwith a still longer anticipated anode installation life.
The corrosion of metallic structures in contact with soil or water has been avery serious and costly problem for centuries. The annual loss to our nation'spipelines alone is estimated at $200,000,000. Mitigation of this problem byvarious methods has been carried on quite successfully for a number of years.An electrical method called cathodic protection has been used with considerablesuccess to control corrosive influences on pipelines, tank bottoms, cablesheathing and other buried metal structures.
Corrosion of oil storage tank bottoms has been a serious problem among the oilindustries for years. In addition to damage costs and loss of oil, thereplacement of one tank alone represents several thousand dollars. Areconditioning program at periodic intervals was instituted by severalorganizations and found to be a very expensive process.
A few years ago two of the pipeline companies installed cathodic protectionunits at their tank farms the average current required for protection of thetank bottoms varied from 0.7 to 1.0 milliampere per square foot. The resultsindicated that adequate protection was obtained at a cost of approximately 10pct of the previous reconditioning program.
The total installation cost for this tank was less than $300 which amounts to$20 per year based on an expected installation life of 15 years. This figurerepresents an annual cost of one per cent compared to the cost of replacing thetank bottom.
T.P. 2202
An Improved Water-input Profile Instrument
Authors: Pfister R.J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The development of a water-input profile instrument based on the introductionof brine and fresh water into an input well with the electrical location of theboundary developed between them is reported. Two methods are available in theuse of this instrument to measure the foot by foot water-intake rates of thevarious sand strata: the moving boundary method in which variable well borediameters can be determined and/or cancelled out and the constant boundarymethod. The type of results obtained and the relative advantages of each ofthese methods are described in detail.
Representative data are included covering the use of this instrument inexperiments involving selective acidizing, selective plugging, and selectiveshooting. In such experiments, this instrument has been used to diagnose theunfavorable distribution of water intake in input wells and also to determinethe effectiveness of the resultant treatments. The data included also serve toillustrate the type of problems which can be studied with this technique.

Introduction
For ten years or perhaps longer a number of progressive water-flood operatorshave felt the need for some method to measure the foot by foot water-intakerates of various strata in water-injection wells. The primary need is todiagnose unfavorable water distribution in various strata and to evaluate theeffectiveness of the corrective measures such as selective acidizing, selectiveplugging, and selective shooting. Previously described methods for obtainingthis type of data were not considered entirely adequate. The profile equipmentdescribed in this paper embodies the separate introduction of brine and freshwater into the well at carefully measured and controlled rates and theelectrical location of a sharp boundary developed between these fluids.
At present this instrument is a research tool of value in determining theeffect of various well treatments on an individual sand strata. Its primary usehas been on wells in which different sections require different treatments(e.g., wells with an open sand to be plugged and a tight sand to be acidized).It has, thus, made possible the determination of a rearrangement of the waterintake of a well. The instrument can also be used to direct the treatingmaterial into a given zone. In completing a well the less permeable sands areshot more heavily with nitroglycerine in order to equalize the water intakebetween the permeable and less permeable sands. The extent to which suchcorrective shooting has been successful can be determined by a water-inputprofile. The combined profile and well-bore diameters should also provide amethod for determining the direction and effect of various selective shootingtechniques.
T.P.2315
Location of Points of Water Entry in Oil Wells
Authors: Silverman D. , Brown A.R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Equipment and methods for locating the points of entry of salt water into oilwells are described. These techniques make it possible to delineate accuratelythe top and bottom boundaries of water zones whether bottom water orintermediate zones of production. Data are given on tests by this survey methodon a number of producing wells. Complete results were obtained on wells showingwater percentages ranging from high values to as little as 10 pct salt water. Anumber of the wells tested were plugged back and the results are reported indetail. While not all the work-overs were successful, evidence, including theresults of reruns by this survey method, points to failure of the plug-backoperations. The data provided in the tests discussed show, contrary to generalopinion, that a large percentage approaching 50 pct of the wells showedintermediate water instead of bottom water. Furthermore, approximately a thirdof the wells tested showed multiple zones of water production. The equipmentcomprises a long pipelike assembly carrying 10 pairs of electrodes spaced aparta distance of 4 ft. A surface- controlled solenoid-operated switch is providedto connect each of the individual pairs of electrodes in turn to asingle-conductor steel-armored cable by means of which the conductivity of thefluid in the vicinity of each of the electrode pairs can be continuouslyrecorded at the surface. Any number of electrode pairs and any spacing can beused. This assembly is lowered on tubing and placed in position opposite thesection of the well to be studied. A conventional rod pump is used to producethe well for the survey. The pump inlet is placed below the lowest electrodepair. The well is conditioned by pumping out the salt water normally standingin the well and introducing fresh water into the annulus at the surface. Whenthe resistivity of the water standing in the well has been increased to asufficiently high value, the in flowing fresh water is stopped and the drawdown operation of the survey is started. As the fluid head is lowered bypumping, fluids flow into the well and the entry of salt water is indicated bythe change in resistivity of the fresh water opposite the zones of waterentry.
The process can be repeated as often as necessary with little effort andwithout moving any well equipment to be sure that the fluids produced from eachzone are representative of the true reservoir content.

Introduction
The oil industry has been concerned from its inception with the control offluids entering its wells. In order to effect the greatest economy of operationand to get the greatest economy of operation and to get the greatest totalproduction of petroleum liquids out of the ground, the flow of gas and watermust be controlled and often extensive workovers are planned and carried outfor this purpose. This has become even more important in recent years becauseof the need for the conservation of natural resources.
T.P. 2316
Wave Action on Structures
Authors: Munk Walter H. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Generation of waves by storms, and the transformation of waves in shallowwater by local bottom topography are briefly reviewed. A detailed descriptionof water motion in waves explains the nature and distribution of wave forces. Anumerical example dealing with forces and moments against vertical pilessummarizes the principles involved.

Introduction
The oil industry is moving into the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Thedesign and construction of offshore drilling rigs present a number of difficultproblems, among them problems involving the action of waves on fixed andfloating structures. This paper deals with our present knowledge of ocean wavesas it pertains to these problems, and the principles involved in computing waveforces against fixed structures. It is hoped that the more difficult casepertaining to floating structures can be discussed at a later time. None of theengineering aspects of the problem are entered upon in this paper, yet anunderstanding of the principles presented here should be helpful in thesolution of practical problems.

Nature of Wave Forces
Waves are capable of exerting almost unbelievable forces. During a gale, waves at the harbor entrance of Amsterdam Canal in Holland lifted a 20-tonconcrete block, which was resting on the bottom in 12ft of water, and depositedit on top of a pier which was 5 ft above the high water mark. At WickBreakwater in Scotland, a mass of large stones in cement and bound togetherwith iron rods, weighing 1350 tons, was broken loose and moved bodily! But oneneed not go to Holland or Scotland to find evidence of damage that waves arecapable of inflicting (Fig I and 2).
What is the mechanism by which waves are capable of exerting such enormousforces? To answer this, we must consider briefly the nature of wave motion.When a wind blows over a wheat field, waves appear to travel across the field, whereas the wheat itself remains rooted, slowly swinging back and forth.Similarly, in the case of water waves, the wave form travels swiftly over thewater surface, whereas the water particles oscillate back and forth, butscarcely advance. The speed of the wave form is called wave velocity, the speedof the water particles is called orbital velocity. This fundamental differencebetween wave velocity and orbital velocity was already recognized by Leonardoda Vinci. Orbital velocity is generally much slower than wave velocity exceptfor a breaking wave, a case which is of particular importance in theapplication to engineering problems.
T.P. 2322
Important Considerations in Marine Construction
Authors: Harris F.R. , Knox Harry Gard 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper covers some of the problems presented to the oil industry in thedrilling of oil wells in the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico. The hazards, delays and relative costs of offshore drilling are reviewed and various formsof drilling platforms discussed.
The requirements of the offshore drilling rig are summarized together withthe principal items affecting the cost of construction. Sea waves and theirsize and characteristics as affecting offshore platforms are reviewed.
Drilling platforms are classified as fixed, or fixed and floating. Fixedplatforms of the conventional cofferdam and pile-supported type are discussedtogether with their good points and their limitations. The desirability ispointed out of eliminating as much offshore work as possible where operationsare subjected to constant and expensive delay and substituting therefor theprefabrication of structures ashore or in sheltered waters. Marked economy willcome with the standardization of offshore rigs and special means oftransporting them to the site.
Several types of structure which are partly pile-supported and partlybuoyancy-supported are discussed and their possibilities of future usefulnesscommented upon.

General Considerations
The predominant attribute of offshore drilling equipment is that it must beequal to the job in hand. We therefore give first thought to the matter ofadequacy.
In view of the probable depth of drilling, the investment involved and theper diem labor costs, it is assumed heavy modern drilling equipment will beemployed. In order to use such equipment efficiently, the working deck must beample in size and strength and supported so as to be relatively free frommotion and from green seas even in heavy storms. These requirements necessitatea high and rigid land-based support for the drilling rig and machinery withplenty of space for supplies, such as pipe, mud, water and fuel, with reservesfor days when transportation from shore is impracticable. In offshore rigs thecrew will be housed on board in comfortable quarters, probably air conditionedand equipped with a galley and refrigerated food storage.
An important consideration will be the ability to transfer stores and crewto and from the rig in all but the heaviest weather and the platforms must beprotected from the impact of supply vessels when alongside. It will beessential to maintain continuous communication with shore by radio or cable, not forgetting the possibility of a helicopter landing space for the transferof crew and light stores as well as a means of general communication. Whateverstructure is constructed must be secure from storms of hurricane force and asafe place for the operating crew to work. If the well comes in, the drillingrig will presumably be removed and a small but rugged pile-supported platformwill remain to carry the Christmas tree with safe working space around it. Itwill be protected from damage on all sides by buffer piles or dolphins.
It is assumed that the flowing oil will be piped to storage tanks in thevicinity of the well.
T.P. 2324
The Theory of Potentiometric Models
Authors: Muskat Morris 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The detailed analogy between flow systems in porous media and thecorresponding potentiometric model systems is developed under conditions whereit may be desirable to take into account variable pay thickness, variableporosity, and permeability, and also the dependence of the fluid density onpressure. It is shown that in such models it is only necessary that theelectrolyte thickness be made everywhere proportional to the millidarcy-feet ofthe formation. In contrast to the iso-vol type model, previously suggested as abasis for the analogy, the porosity does not enter directly in the constructionof the model. It is introduced only in translating the electrical voltagegradient measurements into the equivalent fluid travel times. A discussion ofthis procedure is given.

Introduction
It is now some 50 years since it was pointed out that on the basis ofDarcy's law Laplace's equation must govern the steady state flow of homogeneousfluids through porous media. It is 16 years since the obvious implication ofthis fact, namely, that such steady state homogeneous flow systems in porousmedia could be simulated by electrical analogies, was first applied to problemsof practical interest with respect to oil production. In these initial studiesmajor emphasis was placed on the use of electrolytic models, made of blottingpaper, to give a direct and graphic history of the fluid particle motion inregular and infinite well networks. However, it was also noted there that thebasic requirement of the model was that it give a potential distributionsimilar to the pressure distribution in the flow system, and that from theelectrical measurement of the potential distribution the fluid particle motioncould be graphically or numerically determined. This was demonstrated byapplication to the fivespot infinite network, for which a conducting metallicsheet was used to establish the equipotential contours. As anticipated, thefluid particle motion computed from these contours agreed well with that givendirectly by the blotting paper model.
For irregular well distributions it was found more convenient to useelectrolytic bath analogs rather than metallic sheets. Several investigations, as applied specifically to cycling well patterns, have been reported with thesemodels, which have become known as "potentiometric models." However, the extremely laborious nature of both the electrical measurements by directprobing and the associated interpretive computations retarded the widespreaduse of these procedures. The electrical measurements can be accelerated byusing a four-probe electrode, which provides a means for simultaneouslydetermining the streamline paths along which the fluid particles must move andthe voltage gradients along these paths which are proportional to the fluidvelocities. With the increasing frequency of discovery of condensate pools, asdrilling depths are becoming greater, the applicability of the potentiometricmodel to production problems, and especially to the study of well patterns forcycling, has been given a fresh impetus.
T.P. 2490