bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Avaliação do conhecimento de adolescentes gestantes sobre saúde bucal do bebê
Authors: Marín Constanza , Pereira Cibele Cristina , Koneski Kelin , Andrades Kesly Mary Ribeiro , Miguel Luiz Carlos Machado , Ávila Lúcia Fátima de Castro 
Published: January 2014

Objetivo: Verificar o conhecimento de adolescentes gestantes sobre saúde bucal dos bebês. Materiais e Métodos: Foram entrevistadas 80 adolescentes gestantes (13 -18 anos) que realizaram consultas pré-nataisna cidade de Joinville SC, no período de Setembro/2011 até Junho/2012. Os dados obtidos foram analisados para a obtenção dos resultados em forma de estatística descritiva. Aplicou-se o teste do qui-quadrado comsignificância s p<0,05 para o cruzamento do nível socioeconômico com a transmissibilidade da cárie, momento da erupção dental, inicio da higiene bucal e momento da primeira consulta odontológica do bebê. Resultados:Constatou-se que a idade média das entrevistadas foi 15,5 anos. Dentre elas 47,5% moravam com o pai do bebê; 18,75% eram solteiras e 33,75% casadas, todas de nível socioeconômico baixo, com renda entre 2 a 3 saláriosmínimos, com média de 4,25 pessoas morando na casa. Quanto ao conhecimento sobre a saúde bucal dos bebês, a maioria desconhecia o que é cárie precoce da infância (96,25%); a sua transmissibilidade (63,75%);o momento da erupção dental do bebê (58,75%). A maioria, 95% das gestantes, pretendia amamentar, e dentre estas, 78,75% deram alguma importância à amamentação. A condição socioeconômica apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante no conhecimento sobre transmissibilidade da cárie, momento ideal para realizar a primeira visita ao dentista e erupção dos dentes. Conclusão: As adolescentes gestantes desconhecem sobre a saúde bucal do bebê indicando necessidade de um programa de saúde bucal na instituição avaliada.Descritores: Gestantes. Adolescente. Saúde bucal.
Imaging mGluR5 Dynamics in Astrocytes Using Quantum Dots
Authors: Arizono Misa , Bannai Hiroko , Mikoshiba Katsuhiko 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis unit describes the method that we have developed to clarify endogenous mGluR5 (etabotropic tamate eceptors 5) dynamics in astrocytes by single‐particle tracking using quantum dots (QD‐SPT). QD‐SPT has been a powerful tool to examine the contribution of neurotransmitter receptor dynamics to synaptic plasticity. Neurotransmitter receptors are also expressed in astrocytes, the most abundant form of glial cell in the brain. mGluR5s, which evoke intracellular Ca2+ signals upon receiving glutamate, contribute to the modulation of synaptic transmission efficacy and local blood flow by astrocytes. QD‐SPT has previously revealed that the regulation of the lateral diffusion of mGluR5 on the plasma membrane is important for local Ca2+ signaling in astrocytes. Determining how mGluR5 dynamics are regulated in response to neuronal input would enable a better understanding of neuron‐astrocyte communication in future studies. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 66:2.21.1‐2.21.18. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optical Clearing of Fixed Brain Samples Using SeeDB
Authors: Ke Meng‐Tsen , Imai Takeshi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractLarge‐scale three‐dimensional fluorescence imaging is essential for comprehensive and quantitative understanding of neuronal circuitry. We describe a water‐based optical clearing agent, SeeDB, which clears fixed brain samples in a few days leaving many types of fluorescent dyes unquenched, including fluorescent proteins and lipophilic neuronal tracers. This method maintains a constant sample volume during the clearing procedure, an important factor to keep cellular morphology intact. After optical clearing with SeeDB, we can reach a depth of >1000 µm with confocal microscopy. When combined with two‐photon microscopy, SeeDB allows us to image fixed mouse brains at millimeter‐scale level. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 66:2.22.1‐2.22.19. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
First satellite‐detected perturbations of outgoing longwave radiation associated with blowing snow events over Antarctica
Authors: Yang Yuekui , Palm Stephen P. , Marshak Alexander , Wu Dong L. , Yu Hongbin , Fu Qiang 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe present the first satellite‐detected perturbations of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) associated with blowing snow events over the Antarctic ice sheet using data from Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System. Significant cloud‐free OLR differences are observed between the clear and blowing snow sky, with the sign and magnitude depending on season and time of the day. During nighttime, OLRs are usually larger when blowing snow is present; the average difference in OLRs between without and with blowing snow over the East Antarctic Ice Sheet is about −5.2 W/m2 for the winter months of 2009. During daytime, in contrast, the OLR perturbation is usually smaller or even has the opposite sign. The observed seasonal variations and day‐night differences in the OLR perturbation are consistent with theoretical calculations of the influence of blowing snow on OLR. Detailed atmospheric profiles are needed to quantify the radiative effect of blowing snow from the satellite observations.
On the spatial structure and temporal variability of poleward transport between Scotland and Greenland
Authors: Chafik L. , Rossby T. , Schrum C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe flow north of warm subtropical water though the northeastern Atlantic is known to have many pathways that vary over time. Here we use a combination of upper ocean current measurements between Greenland and Scotland near 60°N and satellite altimetry to examine the space‐time variability of poleward transport. The high‐resolution scans of currents in the top 400 m show that the Reykjanes Ridge serves as a very effective separator of flow toward the Nordic and Labrador Seas, respectively. Whereas the Labrador Sea branch exhibits two mean flows to the north on the western slope of the Reykjanes Ridge, the eastern branch flows north in roughly equal amounts over the deep Maury channel and east of Hatton Bank including the Slope Current. There is also a well‐defined southward flow along the eastern slope of the Reykjanes Ridge. The satellite altimetric sea surface height (SSH) data show good overall agreement with geostrophically determined ‐level difference from the repeat ADCP sections (1999–2002), but are unable to resolve the fine structure of the topographically defined mean circulation. The altimetric data show that variations in poleward flow west and east of the Reykjanes Ridge are strongly anticorrelated. They further reveal that the two eastern subbranches also exhibit anticorrelated variability, but offset in time with respect to the Labrador Sea branch. Remarkably, all these variations cancel out for the entire Greenland‐Scotland section leaving a gradual decrease in sea‐level difference of about 0.06 m over the 1993 to the end of 2010 observation period.
An exceptional anticyclonic eddy in the South China Sea in 2010
Authors: Chu Xiaoqing , Xue Huijie , Qi Yiquan , Chen Gengxin , Mao Qingwen , Wang Dongxiao , Chai Fei 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe highest sea level near the Xisha Islands in recent 20 years occurred during August 2010. Satellite altimeter data indicated that the extreme event was largely due to an anticyclonic eddy, whose amplitude exceeded 20 cm and size exceeded 400 km on 11 August 2010. Cruise observations showed the eddy raised the center temperature by 7.7°C at 75 m and vertically extended to 500 m. Eddy tracking showed it had a life span of more than 8 months and propagated far from the south of Xisha Islands. Such strong and long‐lasting eddy that moved northward for such a long distance was observed for the first time in the South China Sea (SCS). Observational data from CTD/XBT and the reconstructed three‐dimensional temperature and salinity were used to explore the eddy's features and vertical structure. Our analyses show the 2010 summer monsoon and current in the western boundary of the SCS were largely altered after the 09/10 El Niño event. From May onward, the wind blew northward and strengthened over the northwestern SCS. Such wind drove a strong northward current along the western boundary, which carried the eddy northward by advection from May to July. Energy budget showed, during the eddy northward propagation, the boundary current passed energy to the eddy, which led to the continuing growth of the eddy in both strength and size.
Finite volume integrated surface‐subsurface flow modeling on nonorthogonal grids
Authors: An Hyunuk , Yu Soonyoung 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we present an innovative finite volume surface‐subsurface integrated flow model on nonorthogonal grids. The shallow water equation with diffusion wave approximation is used to formulate the surface flow system, while the Richards' equation is used to formulate the saturated‐unsaturated subsurface flow system. These two flow systems are discretized using a finite volume method and are then coupled by enforcing the continuity of pressure and flux at the surface‐subsurface interface, which does not require unphysical parameters such as the interface permeability and thickness. The numerical instability caused by enforcing the continuity of pressure and flux at the interface is resolved using a cell‐centered finite volume discretization. The coupled systems are solved simultaneously by the Newton iterative method. A battery of benchmark analyses and laboratory experiments verify the proposed model's superior performance relative to existing models. Two numerical experiments over irregular terrain show that the nonorthogonal grids and diffusive wave approximation used in the proposed model accurately represent the interaction between surface and subsurface flows for irregular topographies. In particular, they capture the significant topographical effects on runoff discharges, especially where gentle slopes are involved.
Neuronal Migration: An Overview of Modes, Molecular Mechanisms and Model Systems
Authors: Icha Jaroslav , Norden Caren 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

A century ago, Santiago Ramón y Cajal had already postulated that neurons born in specific proliferative zones have to migrate to ensure correct neocortical layering. Today we know that neuronal migration is a common phenomenon in many brain regions and that neurons are often born micrometres to centimetres away from the place they fulfil their function. Mutations that lead to defects in neuronal migration can have devastating consequences like lissencephaly, autism and schizophrenia in humans. With these conditions in mind, neuronal migration has been an area of intense research for more than 50 years. Additionally, neuronal migration phenomena are outstanding models to understand basic themes in cell biology.

The rodent neocortex has been a very popular system to study different modes of neuronal migration. More recently, additional model tissues and organisms have been examined, which help to further expand our knowledge.

The authors provide an overview on different migratory modes and then focus on the cell biology that enables migration in different contexts. They further discuss some experimental challenges that need to be overcome in order to understand neuronal migration in even more depth.

Key Concepts:

Actomyosin and microtubules play active roles in neuronal migration. Their exact roles depend on cellular context.

Endo‐ and exocytosis of adhesion molecules are crucial for cell–cell and cell–substrate adhesion during migration.

Extracellular matrix proteins are important guidance cues for neuronal migration.

Neuronal migration is a widespread phenomenon in the central nervous system.

The advancement of modern light microscopy should be embraced to observe neuronal migration modes in intact developing organism.

Two basic modes of migration exist: radial and tangential migration.
Headache
Authors: Silberstein Stephen D 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Headache can be described as a throbbing, pulsating or dull ache, at times worsened by movement and varying in intensity. Headache can be a disorder unto itself, such as migraine, or a symptom of another disorder ranging from a head injury to a brain tumour. Migraine is a primary episodic headache disorder characterised by various combinations of neurological, gastrointestinal and autonomic changes. Tension‐type headache (TTH) is usually bilateral. The approach to the treatment of episodic headache, whether TTH or migraine, is similar, and consists of psychophysiological therapy, physical therapy and pharmacotherapy. Cluster headache is a rare, distinct, primary headache characterised by devastating pain.

Key Concepts:

Headache can be a disorder unto itself, such as migraine, or a symptom of another disorder.

Migraine has an enormous impact on society.

In evaluating a patient with headache, secondary causes of headache, such as a mass lesion, subarachnoid haemorrhage or subdural haematoma, need to be identified or excluded.

TTH varies in frequency as well as in severity, from rare, brief episodes to frequent, often continuous, disabling headaches.

What we call migraine may be the upper end of a normal distribution of painful episodic headaches.

Prophylactic treatment, designed to reduce the frequency and severity of headache attacks, should be considered if the frequency (more than two per week), duration (>3–4 h) and severity might lead to the overuse of abortive medication or significant disability.

The migraine attack can be divided into four phases: the prodrome, which occurs hours or days before the headache; the aura, which immediately precedes the headache; the headache itself and the headache resolution phase.

The pharmacological treatment of migraine may be acute (abortive) or preventive (prophylactic), and patients who are experiencing frequent severe headaches often require both the approaches.

Cluster headache is a rare, distinct, primary headache characterised by devastating pain.

Cluster headache attacks are stereotypical. They are generally shorter than those of migraine, invariably unilateral and very severe.
Viruses
Authors: Minor Philip D 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Viruses are microbial parasites that insert information into the cell that they have infected to divert the host synthetic systems to make viral rather than cellular components. The process is absolutely dependent on living cells as viruses have no metabolic machinery themselves. The virus consists of a replicating unit or replicon, and a packaging system to deliver the virus to the cell; if either of these essential but distinct elements is missing the virus cannot multiply. All living things have their own viruses. New methods of virus discovery based on nucleic acid detection rather than infection of cells or disease in organisms are revealing more and more forms, many of which are not yet linked to any disease or disorder. The intimate connection between the cell and the virus makes it possible to study cellular processes in detail but also means that treating virus infections is not straightforward.

Key Concepts:

Viruses are intracellular parasites that require the machinery of living cells to replicate.

They consist of an informational molecule (RNA or DNA) in a delivery package that enables them to move from cell to cell.

They have been identified by the diseases they cause, their ability to infect cell cultures and increasingly by purely molecular methods such as deep sequencing.

The origin of viruses is not known.

Viruses replicate by subverting the cell machinery to the manufacture of virus by subtle means.

Some are the causative agents of devastating diseases yet equally some seem to have no ill effects.

The intimate relationship between virus and cell means that they can be used to investigate the details of cellular processes but they are difficult to attack.
Protist Systematics
Authors: Lynn Denis H 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Protist systematics is concerned with the classification of the typically microscopic organisms found in abundance nearly everywhere in the Earth's biosphere. Such organisms include the algae, the protozoa and certain lower fungi. Protists were assigned to the taxon Protista by Haeckel. However, it wasn't until the technological innovation of the electron microscope and the repopularisation by Margulis of the theory of serial endosymbiosis to explain the origin of eukaryotes that the discipline of protistology achieved a critical mass. By the end of the twentieth century, protistologists agreed that the Protista was not a natural assemblage. Data from both the ultrastructure of the flagellar/ciliary apparatuses of diverse lineages and later gene/genome sequences confirmed this. Currently, a consensus is emerging that there are possibly three major assemblages of eukaryotes into which the majority of protists can be assigned: Adl
et al.
(2012) have named these the Amorphea, Excavata and Diaphoretickes.

Key Concepts:

Protists are typically microscopic organisms, commonly called algae, protozoa and lower fungi.

The taxon Protista was established by Haeckel (1866, 1878) to include these organisms and some others, but it was not enthusiastically embraced by botanists and zoologists in the 19th Century.

Up until the mid‐twentieth century, protists were classified using significant features of their cell structure, such as plastids and storage products, their body form and their modes of locomotion. One popular classification grouped them into amoebae (i.e. Sarcodina), flagellates (i.e. Mastigophora), ciliates (i.e. Ciliophora) and spore‐formers (i.e. Sporozoa) (e.g. Manwell, 1961).

The technological innovation of the transmission electron microscope and the repopularisation by Margulis (1970, 1981) of the theory of serial endosymbiosis to explain the origin of eukaryotes refocussed attention on protists.

In the mid‐twentieth century, even though the Kingdom Protista was gaining popularity, experts recognised that it was likely not a monophyletic group.

By the late twentieth century, gene sequences of the ribosomal RNA gene and in this century, sequences of hundreds of genes confirm that the protists must be split into several different lineages, which include the animals, plants and fungi.

While there is not total agreement, an emerging consensus recognises these major groups: Archaeplastida, Sar, Excavata, Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta and a number of smaller lineages whose affinities are not yet determined.
Deep‐Ocean Ecosystems
Authors: Canganella Francesco , Kato Chiaki 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

The term ‘deep ocean’ typically describes any marine ecosystem located at depths higher than 500 m. This environment is characterised by an elevated hydrostatic pressure, an average temperature of 2–4 °C, the absence of sunlight and the scarce availability of organic food. Specific organisms are associated with the deepest areas, and pressure‐adapted animals as well as microorganisms inhabit these peculiar ecosystems. It is difficult to understand how we do not know much about deep sea compared to space environment, despite the fact that its distance from the ocean surface is relatively short. With no doubt, the deep‐sea biodiversity is still mostly unseen and important benefits to human health and industrial activities will be available in the future from more extensive studies on this fascinating environment.

Key Concepts:

The deep sea is the world's largest ecosystem.

The deep‐sea biodiversity is still mostly unseen.

The less diversity of animals with increasing depths is mainly due to the hydrostatic pressure, as well as to a larger competition for food coupled with a lower basal metabolism.

Further insights into the natural traits of deep‐sea will lead to important benefits to human health and industrial applications.

Despite the fact that the distance of deep‐sea from the ocean surface is much shorter than that between Earth and space, the abyssal environment is far to be well known.
Nucleolar Dominance
Authors: Pikaard Craig S 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Nucleolar dominance is an epigenetic phenomenon that describes the formation of nucleoli, the sites of ribosome synthesis, at specific loci of chromosomes inherited from only one progenitor of a genetic hybrid. These loci, known as nucleolus organiser regions (NORs), consist of
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
genes that are repeated in hundreds of copies. The molecular basis for nucleolar dominance is the silencing of rRNA genes at some NORs, but not others, a manifestation of a dosage control system that regulates the number of active rRNA genes depending on the cellular demand for ribosomes and protein synthesis. rRNA gene silencing involves cytosine methylation, histone post‐translational modifications and noncoding RNAs, but the precise mechanisms by which specific sets of rRNA genes are chosen for silencing are unclear.

Key Concepts:

In genetic hybrids, genes inherited from the different parents, or progenitors, can be differentially expressed.

Nucleolar dominance in genetic hybrids involves the selective silencing of ribosomal RNA gene loci that span millions of base pairs on eukaryotic chromosomes.

Ribosomal RNA gene silencing involves epigenetic modifications of chromosomal chromatin, including cytosine methylation and repressive histone post‐translational modifications.

Nucleolar dominance is not a regulatory phenomenon unique to hybrids but a manifestation of a dosage control system that operates in all eukaryotes to control the number of active rRNA genes.

Nucleolar dominance may result from inactivation of entire nucleolus organiser regions (NORs) rather than silencing decisions made one rRNA gene at a time.
Sensory Rhodopsins
Authors: Tsukamoto Takashi , Sudo Yuki 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Motile organisms sense and respond to extracellular stimuli to survive in the various environments in which they live, by changing their movement to migrate towards more favourable habitats or to avoid more harmful habitats. Light is one of the most important signals that provide critical information to biological systems and therefore many organisms utilise light not only as an energy source but also as a signal. Sensory rhodopsin is a photochemically reactive membrane‐embedded protein consisting of seven transmembrane alpha‐helices, which binds the chromophore retinal (vitamin A aldehyde). Sensory rhodopsin is broadly distributed through all three biological kingdoms, eukarya, bacteria and archaea, indicating the biological significance of their light signal conversion.

Key Concepts:

Many organisms can sense and respond to light stimuli.

Photoactive retinal proteins play important roles in light signal transduction in various organisms.

The
trans
–
cis
photoisomerisation of the retinal chromophore triggers the cyclic photoreaction, leading to structural changes of the protein moiety.

Photoactivated sensory rhodopsins regulate the activity of the cognate transducer molecules, which control the motility and morphology of the organisms.

Sensory rhodopsins have become a focus of interest in part because of their importance to the general understanding of light signal conversion and because of potential application for the novel technology named ‘optogenetics’, in which retinal proteins are utilised to control biological activity with high temporal and spatial resolutions.
Young, John Zachary
Authors: De Sio Fabio 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

John Zachary Young (1907–1997) was a British zoologist and anatomist, pioneer of the experimental study of the cellular bases of learning and memory and of British brain science. He discovered the giant axon of the squid, which was to become the most successful experimental model for the study of the nerve impulse mechanism and of the physicochemical properties of neuron membranes. His work on learning and memory in

Octopus vulgaris

represents one of the earliest attempts of employing simple experimental systems in the study of complex mental functions.