bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual stigma and discrimination as barriers to seeking appropriate healthcare among men who have sex with men in Swaziland
Authors: Risher Kathryn , Adams Darrin , Sithole Bhekie , Ketende Sosthenes , Kennedy Caitlin , Mnisi Zandile , Mabusa Xolile , Baral Stefan D 
Published: November 2013

IntroductionSame‐sex practices and orientation are both stigmatized and criminalized in many countries across sub‐Saharan Africa. This study aimed to assess the relationship of fear of seeking healthcare and disclosure of same‐sex practices among a sample of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Swaziland with demographic, socio‐economic and behavioural determinants.MethodsThree hundred and twenty‐three men who reported having had anal sex with a man in the past year were recruited using respondent‐driven sampling and administered a structured survey instrument. Asymptotically unbiased estimates of prevalence of stigma and human rights abuses generated using the RDSII estimator are reported with bootstrapped confidence intervals (CIs). Weighted simple and multiple logistic regressions of fear of seeking healthcare and disclosure of same‐sex practices to a healthcare provider with demographic, social and behavioural variables are reported.ResultsStigma was common, including 61.7% (95% CI=54.0–69.0%) reporting fear of seeking healthcare, 44.1% (95% CI=36.2–51.3%) any enacted stigma and 73.9% (95% CI=67.7–80.1%) any perceived social stigma (family, friends). Ever disclosing sexual practices with other men to healthcare providers was low (25.6%, 95% CI=19.2–32.1%). In multiple logistic regression, fear of seeking healthcare was significantly associated with: having experienced legal discrimination as a result of sexual orientation or practice (aOR=1.9, 95% CI=1.1–3.4), having felt like you wanted to end your life (aOR=2.0, 95% CI=1.2–3.4), having been raped (aOR=11.0, 95% CI=1.4–84.4), finding it very difficult to insist on condom use when a male partner does not want to use a condom (aOR=2.1, 95% CI=1.0–4.1) and having a non‐Swazi nationality at birth (aOR=0.18, 95% CI=0.05–0.68). In multiple logistic regression, disclosure of same‐sex practices to a healthcare provider was significantly associated with: having completed secondary education or more (aOR=5.1, 95% CI=2.5–10.3), having used a condom with last casual male sexual partner (aOR=2.4, 95% CI=1.0–5.7) and having felt like you wanted to end your life (aOR=2.1, 95% CI=1.2–3.8).ConclusionsMSM in Swaziland report high levels of stigma and discrimination. The observed associations can inform structural interventions to increase healthcare seeking and disclosure of sexual practices to healthcare workers, facilitating enhanced behavioural and biomedical HIV‐prevention approaches among MSM in Swaziland.
Prevalence and drivers of HIV stigma among health providers in urban India: implications for interventions
Authors: Ekstrand Maria L , Ramakrishna Jayashree , Bharat Shalini , Heylen Elsa 
Published: November 2013

IntroductionHIV stigma inflicts hardship and suffering on people living with HIV (PLHIV) and interferes with both prevention and treatment efforts. Health professionals are often named by PLHIV as an important source of stigma. This study was designed to examine rates and drivers of stigma and discrimination among doctors, nurses and ward staff in different urban healthcare settings in high HIV prevalence states in India.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study enrolled 305 doctors, 369 nurses and 346 ward staff in both governmental and non‐governmental healthcare settings in Mumbai and Bengaluru, India. The approximately one‐hour long interviews focused on knowledge related to HIV transmission, personal and professional experiences with PLHIV, instrumental and symbolic stigma, endorsement of coercive policies, and intent to discriminate in professional and personal situations that involve high and low risk of fluid exposure.ResultsHigh levels of stigma were reported by all groups. This included a willingness to prohibit female PLHIV from having children (55 to 80%), endorsement of mandatory testing for female sex workers (94 to 97%) and surgery patients (90 to 99%), and stating that people who acquired HIV through sex or drugs “got what they deserved” (50 to 83%). In addition, 89% of doctors, 88% of nurses and 73% of ward staff stated that they would discriminate against PLHIV in professional situations that involved high likelihood of fluid exposure, and 57% doctors, 40% nurses and 71% ward staff stated that they would do so in low‐risk situations as well. Significant and modifiable drivers of stigma and discrimination included having less frequent contact with PLHIV, and a greater number of transmission misconceptions, blame, instrumental and symbolic stigma. Participants in all three groups reported high rates of endorsement of coercive measures and intent to discriminate against PLHIV. Stigma and discrimination were associated with multiple modifiable drivers, which are consistent with previous research, and which need to be targeted in future interventions.ConclusionsStigma reduction intervention programmes targeting healthcare providers in urban India need to address fear of transmission, improve universal precaution skills, and involve PLHIV at all stages of the intervention to reduce symbolic stigma and ensure that relevant patient interaction skills are taught.
Detection of platelet associated IgG in immune thrombocytopenia: A new assay employing protein a and peroxidase anti‐peroxidase (PROA‐PAP)
Authors: Tate Douglas Y. , Carlton Gregory T. , Nesbit Mark E. , White James G. , Krivit William , Sorenson Robert L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractImmune thrombocytopenia is frequently encountered in medical practice and is generally accepted as being caused by an IgG antibody. The capability of detecting platelet‐bound IgG as a diagnostic and therapeutic modality is critical for appropriate care and management of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), as well as other immune thrombocytopenias We have modified our previous assay (Br J Haematol 37:265, 1977) by employing protein A and PAP as a labeled antibody. Surface bound platelet IgG was quantitated by phase contrast microscopy after incubation with PAP, graded per 100 platelets and expressed as a reactive index (RI). Controls (n=13) had RIs ranging from 0.49 to 0.72 (mean 0.63 ± 0.02 SE). The nonimmune thrombocytopenic group (n=7) had an RI ranging from 0.58 to 0.72 (mean 0.64 ± 0.01 SE). In contrast, the immune thrombocytopenic group (n=28) had RIs ranging from 1.04 to 1.75 (mean 1.43 ± 0.03 SE). Platelet‐associated IgG was evaluated further by absorbing representative sera samples from each group against washed granulocytes, red cells and platelets Only when sera from the immune thrombocytopenic group were absorbed against platelets did the reactive indices of pre‐ and postabsorption samples change significantly. These findings suggest that our assay is clinically applicable in detecting platelet‐associated IgG in immune thrombocytopenia and has the advantage of being rapid, reproducible and easy to perform in a clinical laboratory.
In vitro steroid sensitivity testing: A possible means to predict response to therapy in primary hypoproliferative anemia
Authors: Dainiak Nicholas , Hoffman Ronald , Ritchey A. Kim , Floyd Victoria , Callahan Maureen 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe investigated the effects of various steroids on erythroid colony formation by normal human bone marrow and peripheral blood, and by marrow and peripheral blood from 18 patients with primary hypoproliferative anemia. These agents were variously found to enhance both CFU‐E and BFU‐E derived colony growth by normal human cells. Fluoxymesterone and dexamethasone were the most active inducers of CFU‐E proliferation, and etiocholanolone and dexamethasone were the most potent burst augmenters. Androsterone did not significantly influence BFU‐E proliferation in 66% of the marrow cultures from hematologically normal donors.Colony formation by erythroid progenitor cells of the patients with hypoproliferative anemia was reduce (20 ± 10 CFU‐E derived colonies/6 × 104 marrow cells; 12 ± 5 BFU‐E derived colonies/1 × 105 blood cells) when compared to growth by normal cells (65 ± 14 CFU‐E derived colonies/6 × 104 marrow cells; 21 ± 9 BFU‐E derived colonies/1 × 105 blood cells). Colony formation by marrow or peripheral blood cells of eight patients with steroid‐responsive anemia was only moderately reduced (26 ± 11 CFU‐E derived colonies/6 ± 104 marrow cells; 17 ± 3 BFU‐E derived colonies/1 × 105 blood cells) when compared to growth by marrow cells of three steroid‐unresponsive patients (3 ± 1.5 CFU‐E derived colonies/6 × 104 cells). Whereas the addition of steroids of the same class to marrow and peripheral blood cultures of the steroid‐responsive patients enhanced colony growth by 60–300%, their addition to marrow cultures of the steroid‐unresponsive patients increased colony growth by less than 60%. It appears that further investigations using in vitro culture techniques as predictors of response to steroid therapy in patients with hypoproliferative anemia may be warranted.
Ein metallorganischer Inhibitor des humanen Reparaturenzyms 7,8‐Dihydro‐8‐oxoguanosin‐Triphosphatase
Authors: Streib Manuel , Kräling Katja , Richter Kristin , Xie Xiulan , Steuber Holger , Meggers Eric 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDie Verwendung einer metallorganischen Sonde zur Entwicklung des ersten niedermolekularen Inhibitors des Reparaturenzyms 8‐Oxo‐dGTPase wird beschrieben. Dabei handelt es sich um einen unkonventionellen cyclometallierten Ruthenium‐Halbsandwichkomplex. Der niedrig nanomolare metallorganische Inhibitor weist eine erstaunliche Spezifität auf, was durch Tests in umfangreichen Kinase‐ und ATPase‐Panels verifiziert wird. Die Bindung des metallorganischen Inhibitors an MTH1 wird durch Proteinkristallographie untersucht.
Synthesis and Application of Hydride Silica Composites for Rapid and Facile Removal of Aqueous Mercury
Authors: Katok Kseniia V. , Whitby Raymond L. D. , Fayon Franck , Bonnamy Sylvie , Mikhalovsky Sergey V. , Cundy Andrew B. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe adsorption of ionic mercury(II) from aqueous solution on functionalized hydride silicon materials was investigated. The adsorbents were prepared by modification of mesoporous silica C‐120 with triethoxysilane or by converting alkoxysilane into siloxanes by reaction with acetic acid. Mercury adsorption isotherms at 20 °C are reported, and maximum mercury loadings were determined by Langmuir fitting. Adsorbents exhibited efficient and rapid removal of ionic mercury from aqueous solution, with a maximum mercury loading of approximately 0.22 and 0.43 mmol of Hg g−1 of silica C‐120 and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) xerogel, respectively. Adsorption efficiency remained almost constant from pH 2.7 to 7. These inexpensive adsorbents exhibiting rapid assembly, low pH sensitivity, and high reactivity and capacity, are potential candidates as effective materials for mercury decontamination in natural waters and industrial effluents.
Development of a Partial Discharge Inception Calculation Model of a Nonuniform Air Gap Considering the Effect of Humidity
Authors: Yanagita Norihito , Kato Tatsuro , Rokunohe Toshiaki , Iwata Takeshi , Kojima Hiroki , Hayakawa Naoki , Okubo Hitoshi 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYInsulation design employing discharge simulation based on physics phenomena is used in designing electrical instruments to facilitate their miniaturization and obtain high insulation reliability. We developed a partial discharge inception calculation model for a nonuniform air gap based on the theories of electron avalanche and streamer phenomena. The calculated and experimental PDIVs (Partial Discharge Inception Voltages) were compared under conditions of constant humidity, and we confirmed that these agreed well with each other to within about 10%. Furthermore, we incorporated a relationship between negative ions and humidity into the model and confirmed that the calculated and experimental PDIVs agreed to within about 15%. Therefore, this model was judged to be an effective method for predicting changes in the PDIV when the humidity changes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(3): 1–9, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22351
Development of Motor Model of Rotor Slot Harmonics for Speed Sensorless Control of Induction Motor
Authors: Okubo Tatsuya , Ishida Muneaki , Doki Shinji 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a novel mathematical dynamic model to represent the steady‐state and transient‐state characteristics of rotor slot harmonics of an induction motor for sensorless control. Although it is well known that the rotor slot harmonics originate from the mechanical structure of the induction motor, a mathematical model that describes the relationship between the stator/rotor currents of the induction motor and the slot harmonics has not yet been proposed. Therefore, in this paper, a three‐phase model of the induction motor that depicts the rotor slot harmonics is developed by taking into consideration the magnetomotive force harmonics and the change in the magnetic air gap caused by the rotor slots. The validity of the proposed model is verified by comparing the experimental results and the calculated values. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(3): 63–74, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22478
Model Studies for a Ring‐Closing Metathesis Approach to the Bafilomycin Macrolactone Core from a 2,2‐Dimethoxy Tetraenic Ester Precursor
Authors: Chevalley Alice , Prunet Joëlle , Mauduit Marc , Férézou Jean‐Pierre 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA ring‐closing metathesis strategy is reported for the construction of the 16‐membered macrolactone core of the bafilomycins. One decisive key feature is the presence of a 2,2‐dimethoxyketal functionality at C‐2 that provides the required flexibility to the tetraenic ester precursor, allowing the ring‐closing metathesis reaction to take place. Three different model esters of increasing complexity were successfully subjected to the 1,3‐diene‐ene ring‐closing metathesis reaction. The best promoter for the simplest esters was the Grubbs first‐generation precatalyst. A Hoveyda–Grubbs‐type trifluoromethylamido‐containing precatalyst developed by Mauduit's group gave satisfactory results for the most complex ester. In all experiments, the 12‐Z‐configured isomer was obtained as the major product. Subsequent microwave‐promoted methanol elimination was achieved on the simplest model compound using camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) as a catalyst. Under these conditions, a E to Z isomerization of the double bond at C‐4, as well as ca. 50 % isomerization of the 12‐Z double bond into the corresponding 12‐E isomer, were observed.
Adult cancer patients satisfaction of nursing care: a cross‐national evaluation of two Southeastern European countries
Authors: Charalambous Andreas , Efstathiou George , Adamakidou Theodoula , Tsangari Haritini 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYObjectiveTo assess and compare the perceived patient satisfaction with the nursing care in two European countries.MethodsThis was a multicenter cross‐national descriptive study. The study included various centers both specialized and general that provide cancer care. The data were collected from hospitalized cancer patients in Greece and Cyprus with the Greek version of the Risser Patient Satisfaction Scale. The scale assessed patients' satisfaction on three distinct dimensions namely “Technical‐professional”, “Interpersonal‐educational” and “Interpersonal‐trusting”.ResultsThe analyses revealed that there are significant differences in the total scale (p < 0.05) and the interpersonal‐trusting subscale (p < 0.001) between the two countries. In order to gain an in‐depth understanding of these findings, the qualitative analysis revealed that the following main themes contributed to the way the patients experienced their hospitalisation: ‘safety’, ‘fear’, ‘lack of information’ and ‘continuity of the care’. The patients attributed increased importance to the interpersonal‐trusting aspects' influence on their satisfaction. Based on the qualitative data, this was attributed to two main themes namely ‘individuality’ and ‘humane care’.ConclusionsThe European environment offers an ideal setting to examine satisfaction variations among patients. Although the findings demonstrated a positively skewed attitude by the patients towards the care provided by the nurses in both countries, these findings also revealed significant differences. The patients' experiences were explored in light of variations in culture, health systems and the actual differences in quality as perceived by patients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Debittering and Darkening of Olives
Authors: Shasha B. , Leibowitz J. , Ilany‐Feigenbaum J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOleuropein‐the bitter tasting substance of green olives was isolated and identified by the authors. In this paper, the assumption that the debittering and darkening of green olives is due to oxidative changes induced in the orthodiphenol nucleus of the oleuropein is discussed.Findings indicate that the debittering and darkening could be carried out by a method other than by the conventional alkali process. Thus, it would be possible to produce, higher quality, and more oil‐containing canned olives.
Oxygen‐Induced Inactivation of NADH‐Oxidase in Lyophilized Cells of Escherichia Coli
Authors: Lion M. B. , Avi‐Dor Y. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNADH‐oxidase of Escherichia coli was inactivated when freeze‐dried cells were exposed to oxygen (air). A similar loss in the activity of the enzyme occurred also when a cell‐free extract was lyophilized and then exposed to oxygen. Inactivation of the enzyme was accompanied by liberation of a substance showing flavin‐like fluorescence. Addition of KNO2 to the medium before lyophilization suppressed the adverse effect of oxygen both on the viability of the bacteria and on the NADH‐oxidase activity. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
Well‐ and Mis Coupled Purine‐Pyrimidine Pairs
Authors: Pullman B. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe previous quantum‐mechanical calculations by the author on the electronic structure of the purine‐pyrimidine complementary pairs of DNA, in which the bases are in their usual, stable, keto or amino, tautomeric forms, have been extended to miscoupled pairs involving bases in their less usual, enol or imino, tautomeric forms. The involvement of such forms and miscouplings may play a role in the production of mutations. The calculations of the relative resonance stabilization of the miscoupled pairs enables to predict the probability of their involvement in mutagenesis and the modifications in the distribution of the electronic charges may be used to determine the changes in the chemical potentialities of the nucleic acids associated with the mispairings.
The Crystalline Phases of Fired Local Flint‐Clay
Authors: Fischer Rodica , Ratner Rahel 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFour samples of Negev flint‐clay containing various amounts of Al2O3 were fired at different temperatures and their crystalline phases were determined by the X‐ray diffraction method. The quantitative analyses showed that at 1400° nearly theoretical amounts of mullite were formed. The percentage of other phases obtained are also given.
Analysis of Some Acetylated Sugars
Authors: Frohwein Y. Z. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMethods have been elaborated to determine the course of the enzymatic hydrolyses of some acetylated carbohydrates.The determination of total fructose, reducing sugar and ester bond, according to the methods of Roe, Somogyi‐Nelson and Hestrin respectively, apply without correction to acetyl esters (but not to phosphate esters).Acetyl derivatives of glucose were estimated by glucose oxidation following deacetylation. Progressive acetylation of sucrose makes the glycoside bond more resistant to acid hydrolysis.Chromatographic techniques applying to acetylated sugars are described. These include a new sensitive spray for esters.
X‐Ray Diffraction and Atomic Dipole Moments
Authors: Coppens P. , Hirshfeld F. L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWhen an atom contains one or more lone pairs of electrons in orbitals that are not centrosymmetric, the centroid of the electron cloud does not coincide with the atomic nucleus. An atomic dipole moment arises, which may cause an observable discrepancy between atomic positions in the crystal as revealed by X‐ray and by neutron diffraction. A few crystal structures have been determined by both methods with a positional accuracy of ∼ 0.02 Å; these have not shown the effect. The only positive evidence reported concerns hexamethylene tetramine, for which refined X‐ray and neutron studies have yielded nitrogen positions differing by 0.019 Å, which compares reasonably with the known dipole moment of ammonia. For quantitative determination of the orbital asymmetry, interpretation of X‐ray diffraction data should be based on a model that takes explicit account of such parameters as orbital exponents and hybridization ratios.
The Reaction of Bromoacetylene with Vinyl Acetate and Styrene
Authors: Oppenheim Wanda , Shorr L. M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBromoacetylene was synthesized from acetylene dibromide and molten, moist potassium hydroxide. It was copolymerized with vinyl acetate and styrene yielding, in the latter instance, products of composition[(C6H5CHCH2)x(CHCBr)]n.
The Autoxidation of I− in Ice
Authors: Eyal Y. , Maydan D. , Treinin A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe rate of the autoxidation of I− is largely enhanced in ice as compared to the liquid state. A peculiar effect of acidity on the rate has been observed. Remarkable inhibition is caused by doping the ice with some foreign substances. The rate in H2O‐ice is 2–3 times larger than in D2O‐ice. The frozen system displays a high photochemical sensitivity.
Solvent Extraction from Molten Salts. III [1, 2]. Formation of Anionic Mercury (II) Mixed‐Halide Complexes
Authors: Zangen M. , Marcus Y. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn distribution experiments of mercury (II) halides between a polyphenyl eutectic mixture and molten LiNO3 ‐ KNO3 eutectic at 150°, various amounts of mixed potassium halide were added to the salt melt, in large excess over the mercury halide. From radiometric measurements of the overall distribution ratio D for mercury (II) species we calculated: the overall complex formation constants

and the “ligand mixing” constants

with A− and B− representing chloride‐bromide, chloride‐iodide or bromide‐iodide. The results show enhanced stability of Cl‐Br, but not of Cl‐I and Br‐I mixed complexes and point to the existence, in the molten salt phase, of only those species of mercury (II) which have a −2 charge (tetrahalide, trihalide‐mononitrate and dihalide‐dinitrate).
Studies on Mono‐ and Polynitro‐Alkanes. I. Michael Reaction with Gem‐Dinitroalkyl α,β‐Unsaturated Esters
Authors: Solomonovici A. , Blumberg S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMichael reactions of gem ‐dinitroalkanes and nitroform have been carried out successfully with gem ‐dinitroalkyl acrylates, methacrylates and crotonates. Mononitroalkanes did not add normally to these acceptors under the conditions, under which the reactions described here took place.
On the Demethylation of 3‐Methyl‐6‐Methylmercaptopurines with Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: Neiman Z. , Bergmann F. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract3‐Methyl‐6‐methylmercaptopurines, which contain a quinonoid form of the imidazole ring, readily undergo thiohydrolysis in aqueous solution to yield the corresponding 3‐methyl‐6‐thiopurines.
The Michael Addition of Mononitroparaffins to Nitrochalcones
Authors: Seter (Strumza) J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMononitroparaffins add, in the presence of piperidine, to 3‐nitro‐, 3′‐nitro‐, 3, 3′dinitro‐and 3,4′‐dinitrochalcones. The nitroparaffins also serve as solvents for these reactions. The infrared spectra of the addition products are discussed.