bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In silico evaluation of gadofosveset pharmacokinetics in different population groups using the Simcyp® simulator platform
Authors: Spanakis Marios , Marias Kostas 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Purpose
Gadofosveset is a Gd-based contrast agent used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Gadolinium kinetic distribution models are implemented in T1-weighted dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion MRI for characterization of lesion sites in the body. Physiology changes in a disease state potentially can influence the pharmacokinetics of drugs and to this respect modify the distribution properties of contrast agents. This work focuses on the in silico modelling of pharmacokinetic properties of gadofosveset in different population groups through the application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models (PBPK) embedded in Simcyp® population pharmacokinetics platform.

Methods
Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of gadofosveset were introduced into Simcyp® simulator platform and a min-PBPK model was applied. In silico clinical trials were generated simulating the administration of the recommended dose for the contrast agent (i.v., 30 mg/kg) in population cohorts of healthy volunteers, obese, renal and liver impairment, and in a generated virtual oncology population. Results were evaluated regarding basic pharmacokinetic parameters of Cmax, AUC and systemic CL and differences were assessed through ANOVA and estimation of ratio of geometric mean between healthy volunteers and the other population groups.

Results
Simcyp® predicted a mean Cmax = 551.60 mg/l, a mean AUC = 4079.12 mg/L*h and a mean systemic CL = 0.56 L/h for the virtual population of healthy volunteers. Obese population showed a modulation in Cmax and CL, attributed to increased administered dose. In renal and liver impairment cohorts a significant modulation in Cmax, AUC and CL of gadofosveset is predicted. Oncology population exhibited statistical significant differences regarding AUC when compared with healthy volunteers.

Conclusions
This work employed Simcyp® population pharmacokinetics platform in order to compute gadofosveset’s pharmacokinetic profiles through PBPK models and in silico clinical trials and evaluate possible differences between population groups. The approach showed promising results that could provide new insights regarding administration of contrast agents in special population cohorts. In silico pharmacokinetics could further be used for evaluating of possible toxicity, interpretation of MRI PK image maps and development of novel contrast agents.
Efficient and Versatile Anion Metathesis Reaction for Ionic Liquid Preparation by Using Conjugate Acid and Ortho Ester
Authors: Takao Koichiro , Takao Shinobu 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Low melting points and very low volatility are preferable traits of an ionic liquid (IL). However, these characteristics cause difficulty in preparation and purification, and hence, preparation methods for ILs are of great interest even today. Combinatorial use of ortho ester and conjugate acid of constituent anions is proposed to effectively replace the halide ion in IL preparation. The predicted by-product in this reaction is hydrogen halide, which can be evaporated or further converted to volatile alkyl halide through the reaction with an in situ generated or intentionally added alcohol. Therefore, any desired IL can be prepared in principle. Efficiency and versatility of this method were demonstrated by synthesizing several commonly employed ILs in accordance with the protocol taking into account several chemical aspects occurring in the actual experiment. The proposed method is highly accessible and inexpensive despite the high purity of obtained ILs (98.5–99.4 mol %, Br−: 101–102 ppm).
Quality of life and self-esteem in patients with paraplegia and pressure ulcers: A controlled cross-sectional study
Authors: Lourenco L. , Blanes L. , Salomé G.M. , Ferreira L.M. 
Published: June 2014

Objective: To evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and self-esteem in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) and pressure ulcers. Method: This study was a controlled cross-sectional study. HRQoL was assessed using the generic Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem/UNIFESP-EPM Scale. A total of 120 patients with traumatic SCI were included in the sample, of which 60 had pressure ulcers and were assigned to the study group, and 60 had no pressure ulcers and were assigned to the control group. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Student's t-test. Results: Of the 60 patients in the study group, 83.3% were men and the mean age was 38.17 years (SD = 9.08 years). When compared with controls, patients in the study group reported significantly lower scores (worse health status) on all SF-36 subscales (p≤0.0013) except for general health (p=0.109). The RSE/UNIFESP-EMP scale total score indicated that patients with pressure ulcers had significantly lower self-esteem than controls (p<0.001). Conclusion: Pressure ulcers had an adverse impact on the HRQoL and self-esteem of patients with SCI. Declaration of interest: There were no external sources of funding for thist study. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Use of practice protocols
Authors: Jones Mark 
Published: June 2014

As discussed by Fennessy in the accompanying article, the term protocol is often used to describe a guideline to practice and/or a systematic framework in which a particular aspect of practice takes place. When we speak of protocols in general practice, we are generally referring to a pre-agreed approach to a particular aspect of patient care which assists all of those involved in the care process in doing their work thoroughly, competently and consistently. In the second of this series, Mark Jones discusses the pros and cons of using protocols.
Anaemia: Treating the cause
Authors: Parker NE 
Published: June 2014

Anaemia may be defined as a deficiency of haemoglobin, the oxygen carrying protein. Anaemia is an indicator of a problem and not a final diagnosis, there are many possible causes and it is important to investigate these appropriately. Members of the public may self-prescribe iron when told that they are anaemic, this may treat the anaemia but, as will be shown, this is never good practice and may be harmful. It is important that patients should understand this. Anaemia is a symptom of many conditions, but the cause needs to be identified to treat it effectively.
Clinical governance within primary care
Authors: Baker Nicola 
Published: June 2014

Clinical governance is a term being used in reference to health care quality. Is it yet more NHS jargon? Emerging from the Government White Paper The New NHS: Modern. Dependable (DOH, 1997), it has the potential to make an impact on health care at all levels. Some guidance has already been incorporated in the more recent White Paper A First Class Service: Quality in the new NHS (DOH, 1998), but health professionals, particularly in primary care groups (PCGs) are awaiting further information.
How To… Venepuncture
Authors: Griffiths Elizabeth 
Published: June 2014

Venepuncture is a procedure which is frequently practised by primary care nurses, whether it be in GP surgeries, in clinics or in patients' own homes. Venepuncture is the term applied to the procedure of entering a vein with a needle (Pritchard & Mallett, 1992). Elizabeth Griffiths offers a step by step guide for nurses in how to take blood.
How to…Take a cervical smear
Authors: Paniagua Hilary 
Published: June 2014

Cervical smears can serve to reduce the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer by identifying the disease in an asymptomatic precancerous stage, facilitating early intervention and potential curability. Central to this is the ability to take smears accurately, as poor sampling can result in missing 20% or more of precancerous abnormalities (Paniagua, 1997). The effectiveness of the cervical screening programme and the saving of lives, therefore, lies in the quality of smears taken. Hilary Paniagua provides a step-by-step explanation of the process of taking a cervical smear
Walk-in Clinic: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Johnson Wendy , Johnson Stephen 
Published: June 2014

Gastro-oesophageal reflex disease affects 7% of the population, a figure which is increasing. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is the abnormal reflux of gastroduodenal contents into oesophagus, through an incompetent gastro-oesophageal junction (Galmiche et al, 1998), which may lead to oesophageal inflammation. Typical symptoms are heartburn, a burning retrosternal pain, which may radiate to the throat, and regurgitation. It is a common problem, affecting 7% of the adult population at any one time (Jones et al, 1990), and its incidence is increasing. The average GP sees at least one new case per week. Wendy and Stephen Johnson describe its causes, symptoms and management
Primary care in the real world
Authors: Watkins Jean 
Published: June 2014

In a recent defence of his decision to push ahead with the expansion of walk-in centres and NHS Direct, Tony Blair has maintained that GPs will then ‘gain more time for serious cases’. As such one must assume that he is talking about the undoubted problems of acute physical and mental illness, cardiovascular disease, cancer and other long-term problems of such as rheumatoid or osteoarthritis. Jean Watkins warns of the dangers of the rush to embrace walk-in centres and NHS Direct in favour of traditional general practice
Prescribing and practice nursing
Authors: Baird Anne 
Published: June 2014

The recommendation that certain groups of nurses should be granted limited prescribing rights was first proposed in the Neighbourhood Nursing Review, (DHSS, 1986).The review team noted that district nurses in particular wasted much time requesting prescriptions from GPs, and proposed that a limited list of items which could be prescribed by nurses should be devised. This suggestion was taken forward in the Report of the Advisory Group on Nurse Prescribing (DoH, 1989), which examined the circumstances in which nurses should be able to prescribe. Anne Baird gives an overview of the nurse prescribing situation to date
What is hypertension?
Authors: Cowley Nigel 
Published: June 2014

Hypertension is a common condition affecting about 18% of the population. With the rare exception of malignant hypertension (diastolic >140mmHg), there are no symptoms, hence it is known as the silent killer. It is a major risk factor for heart disease, the commonest form of death in the developed world. Dr Nigel Cowley provides an overview of this common problem
Treatment of hypertension
Authors: Chapman John , Bent Marie 
Published: June 2014

Nurses are increasingly taking on responsibilities previously undertaken by doctors. Hypertension is an example of a therapy where nurse intervention could be of benefit. Over 25% of elderly people become hypertensive, as do more than 50% of type 2 diabetics, and recent evidence suggests that these groups of people benefit from being managed more aggressively than was previously recognized. Dr John Chapman and Mary Bent look at the treatments available
Taking an accurate blood pressure
Authors: Ilves Peter 
Published: June 2014

Over the past few years there have been many minor and major changes in the management of hypertension. At times it is difficult for us to keep up with these and translate this into appropriate patient care. We are all now aware that tight control across all age groups shows positive outcomes in morbidity and mortality. We are also aware that managing other risk factors such as smoking, obesity, hyperchloesterolemia, salt intake and diabetes, to name a few, is vital. Dr Peter Ilves provides an overview of the current guidelines
Walk-in Clinic Amenorrhoea
Authors: Johnson Wendy , Johnson Stephen 
Published: June 2014

Amenorrhoea is defined as the absence of menstrual periods and is classified as primary — the failure of occurrence of the first menstrual period by age 16 — and secondary — when a woman with previously regular menses misses six or more periods (Gupta and Fergusson, 1997). It is very common — a Swedish study showed 1.8% of women experienced 6months or more of amenorrhoea, occurring most often in those aged under 24 (Guillebaud, 1993). Wendy and Stephen Johnson examine the causes and treatment of this alarming condition
Tight contact structures on the Brieskorn spheres -Σ(2,3,6n-1) and contact invariants
Authors: Ghiggini Paolo , Van Horn-Morris Jeremy 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
We compute the Ozsváth–Szabó contact invariants for all tight
contact structures on the manifolds

-

Σ
⁢

(
2
,
3
,

6
⁢
n

-
1

)

{-\Sigma(2,3,6n-1)}

using twisted coefficients
and a previous computation by the first author and Ko Honda. This computation
completes the classification of the tight contact structures in this family of 3-manifolds.
A complete solution of P. Samuel’s problem
Authors: Dajczer Marcos , Tojeiro Ruy 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
We give a complete solution of a problem in submanifold theory posed and
partially solved by the eminent algebraic geometer Pierre Samuel in 1947.
Namely, to determine all pairs of immersions

f
,
g

:

M
n

→

ℝ
N

${f,g\colon M^{n}\to\mathbb{R}^{N}}$

into Euclidean space that have the
same Gauss map and induce conformal metrics on the manifold

M
n

${M^{n}}$

.
The case of isometric induced metrics was solved in 1985 by the first author and D. Gromoll.
Spans of special cycles of codimension less than 5
Authors: Raum Martin 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
We show that the span of special cycles in the r-th Chow group of a Shimura variety of orthogonal type is finite dimensional, if

r
<
5

{r<5}

. As our main tool, we develop the theory of Jacobi forms with rational index

M
∈

Mat
N

⁢

(
ℚ
)

{M\in\mathrm{Mat}_{N}(\mathbb{Q})}

.
“I’M NOT ANTI-MUSLIM, I’M ANTI-ISLAM”. ISLAMOPHOBIA AS A MEMBERS’ ACCOMPLISHMENT IN POLITICAL DEBATE ON TALK RADIO
Authors: Clifton Jonathan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSince 9/11, Islamophobia has been gaining the attention of scholars, and, increasingly, it is perceived to be an integral part of the emerging zeitgeist of the 21st century. However, the term itself is much debated and little consensus exists as to what it means. Using data drawn from political debate on talk radio between Nick Griffin, Chairman of the British National Party, and Abdul, a Muslim from Manchester and membership categorisation analysis as a methodology, this paper aims to reveal the category-work by which Islamophobia is achieved as a members’ accomplishment. Findings indicate that two versions of Islamophobia are talked into being. On the one hand, Griffin “does” Islamophobia through the operation of an adversarial standard relational pair Islam/West which operates within a membership categorisation device “worlds”, and so he achieves exclusion through cultural incompatibility. On the other hand, Abdul uses the membership categorisation device “race” within which the adversarial standard relational pair Muslim/Asian-White British is operative, and so he ascribes overt racist attitudes to Islamophobes.
Interplay of Interlocus Gene Conversion and Crossover in Segmental Duplications Under a Neutral Scenario
Authors: Hartasánchez Diego A , Vallès-Codina Oriol , Brasó-Vives Marina , Navarro Arcadi 
Published: June 2014

AbstractInterlocus gene conversion is a major evolutionary force that drives the concerted evolution of duplicated genomic regions. Theoretical models successfully have addressed the effects of interlocus gene conversion and the importance of crossover in the evolutionary fate of gene families and duplications but have not considered complex recombination scenarios, such as the presence of hotspots. To study the interplay between interlocus gene conversion and crossover, we have developed a forward-time simulator that allows the exploration of a wide range of interlocus gene conversion rates under different crossover models. Using it, we have analyzed patterns of nucleotide variation and linkage disequilibrium within and between duplicate regions, focusing on a neutral scenario with constant population size and validating our results with the existing theoretical models. We show that the interaction of gene conversion and crossover is nontrivial and that the location of crossover junctions is a fundamental determinant of levels of variation and linkage disequilibrium in duplicated regions. We also show that if crossover activity between duplications is strong enough, recurrent interlocus gene conversion events can break linkage disequilibrium within duplicates. Given the complex nature of interlocus gene conversion and crossover, we provide a framework to explore their interplay to help increase knowledge on molecular evolution within segmental duplications under more complex scenarios, such as demographic changes or natural selection.
Колонизация ризопланы корней огурцов микроорганизмами, входящими в состав микробного препарата «Эмбико®»
Authors: Rzhevskaya V.S. , Teplitskaya L.M. , Oturina I.P. 
Published: June 2014

The ability of microorganisms belonging to the microbiological preparation “Embiko®” to colonize the rhizoplanes and rhizospheres of the Competitor and Phoenix Plus types of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in vitro was investigated. The objects of study were the cultures of the lactic homofermentative streptobacteria Lactobacillus plantarum 20 and L. casei 6 and the homofermentative lactic streptococcus Lactococcus lactis 4/6, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 75 and the microbiological preparation “Embiko®” which includes the above-mentioned microorganisms. Germinated seeds were placed aseptically in biological test-tubes with starvation agar, where a suspension of the microbiological consortium of microorganisms had been added before. The ability of bacteria to colonize the root zone of plants was assessed visually by the intensity of formation of bacterial microcolonies on the surface of the roots of the seedlings and on the crushed micropreparations. The strain of S. cerevisiae colonized the entire volume of the agar along the entire length of the root, in the apical part of the root colonization was shown to be less active. With increasing duration of cultivation the intensity of colonization of the root zone by microorganisms was increased – colonies became larger. In various areas of the root the diameter of the cloud colonies S. cerevisiae was different in size. The strains of L. casei 6 and L. plantarum 20 colonized all the root zones, forming a cloud of small colonies around them. The strain of L. lactis 4/6 did not form colonies in the starvation agar and didn’t colonize the root surface of the cucumber seedlings. The microbiological preparation “Embiko®” colonized the root throughout its length, gradually narrowing in the apical zone. When inoculated with a pure culture of isolated strains the cloud was composed of monotypic colonies and looked homogeneous. When inoculated with the microbial consortium the cloud of the colonies looked heterogeneous, colonies of different sizes and colors were clearly visible. Under microscopy the preparations of the roots of the cucumber seedlings inoculated with the microbial preparation “Embiko®” yeast cells and cells of the lactic acid bacteria were found. This study of the ability of microorganisms from the preparation “Embiko®” to colonize the rhizoplanes and rhizospheres of roots of cultivated plants in vitro showed that the different strains of microorganisms form clouds of colonies around the roots which were distinct in turbidity and size: the strain of L. plantarum – almost transparent, and S. cerevisiae – very dense. The lowest growth rate of microorganisms was observed at the apex of the root, the highest – in the zone of root hair. Clearly, root exudates of plants are the main source of carbon and energy for the inoculated bacteria. The results indicate that the investigated microbial consortium has a promising potential to inoculate plants in order to stimulate their growth and development.
Мікробоценози стічних вод Львова на різних етапах очищення
Authors: Sholiak K.V. , Hnatush S.О. , Peretyatko T.B. , Gudz S.P. 
Published: June 2014

The aim of this work was to investigate some physiological groups of microorganisms which are components of wastewater microbiocenoses. Microorganisms were grown in Petri dishes containing 20–30 ml agar selective medium and in 25 ml tubes at a temperature +30 ºC. The selective media were: wort agar for microscopic fungi and yeasts, Hutchinson medium for the cellulose-destroying microorganisms, starch-ammonium medium for microorganisms that can utilize mineral nitrogen forms, Postgate B medium for sulfate-reducing bacteria, Vinogradsky medium for nitrifying bacteria, Ashby medium for the nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Chapek medium for the actinomycetes. 1 mM Cr (VI) (104 mg/l) in the form of К2Cr2О7 was added to the medium. The number of colonies was determined by the Koch method. We studied wastewater microbocenoses of Lviv city at various stages of purification. We showed that the quantitative and qualitative composition of microorganisms differed significantly in primary and secondary clarifiers, the aerotank and sludge at different stages of sewage treatment. In the initial stages of purification, in the primary sump, bacteria that reached the treatment plant with sewage were found. Nitrifying bacteria (7.1 × 106colony forming units (CFU)/ml), nitrogen-fixing bacteria (9.0 × 106CFU/ml), and fungi (3.4 × 106 CFU/ml) dominated. The qualitative composition of microorganisms in primary clarifiers and the aerotank was similar, but their number in the aerotank was significantly higher than in the primary sump: 1.5 × 107 CFU/ml of nitrifying bacteria, 1.4 × 107CFU/ml of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 6.7 × 106CFU/ml of fungi. The ratio of different physiological groups of microorganisms in the active sludge changed significantly. The predominant microorganisms were those that assimilate mineral forms of nitrogen (65%), their number was 1.6 × 108CFU/ml. In the secondary clarifier, the largest group was cellulose-destroying microorganisms (6.0 × 105CFU/ml). However, their numbers in the secondary sump were lower compared to their numbers in the aerotank and sludge (1.5–3.9 × 106CFU/ml). Among the representatives of various physiological groups of bacteria a significant number of chromium-resistant strains was detected. The largest number of chromium-resistant strains was detected in the active sludge and aerotank, which is probably due to the recirculation of microorganisms in the wastewater treatment. The highest percentage of Cr (VI) resistant microorganisms was among sulphate-reducing bacteria. An increase in the percentage of chromium-resistant microorganisms occurred together with the lowering of the total number of microorganisms of a certain physiological group. These microorganisms could prove useful for the development of biotechnological methods wastewater treatment to eliminate chromium compounds, which are highly toxic to living organisms.