bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of depression and validation of the Beck Depression Inventory‐II and the Children's Depression Inventory‐Short amongst HIV‐positive adolescents in Malawi
Authors: Kim Maria H , Mazenga Alick C , Devandra Akash , Ahmed Saeed , Kazembe Peter N , Yu Xiaoying , Nguyen Chi , Sharp Carla 
Published: July 2014

IntroductionThere is a remarkable dearth of evidence on mental illness in adolescents living with HIV/AIDS, particularly in the African setting. Furthermore, there are few studies in sub‐Saharan Africa validating the psychometric properties of diagnostic and screening tools for depression amongst adolescents. The primary aim of this cross‐sectional study was to estimate the prevalence of depression amongst a sample of HIV‐positive adolescents in Malawi. The secondary aim was to develop culturally adapted Chichewa versions of the Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II) and Children's Depression Inventory‐II‐Short (CDI‐II‐S) and conduct a psychometric evaluation of these measures by evaluating their performance against a structured depression assessment using the Children's Rating Scale, Revised (CDRS‐R).Study designCross‐sectional study.MethodsWe enrolled 562 adolescents, 12–18 years of age from two large public HIV clinics in central and southern Malawi. Participants completed two self‐reports, the BDI‐II and CDI‐II‐S, followed by administration of the CDRS‐R by trained clinicians. Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values for various BDI‐II and CDI‐II‐S cut‐off scores were calculated with receiver operating characteristics analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) was also calculated. Internal consistency was measured by standardized Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and correlation between self‐reports and CDRS‐R by Spearman's correlation.ResultsPrevalence of depression as measured by the CDRS‐R was 18.9%. Suicidal ideation was expressed by 7.1% (40) using the BDI‐II. The AUC for the BDI‐II was 0.82 (95% CI 0.78–0.89) and for the CDI‐II‐S was 0.75 (95% CI 0.70–0.80). A score of ≥13 in BDI‐II achieved sensitivity of >80%, and a score of ≥17 had a specificity of >80%. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.80 (BDI‐II) and 0.66 (CDI‐II‐S). The correlation between the BDI‐II and CDRS‐R was 0.42 (p<0.001) and between the CDI‐II‐S and CDRS‐R was 0.37 (p<0.001).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the BDI‐II has sound psychometric properties in an outpatient setting among HIV‐positive adolescents in Malawi. The high prevalence of depression amongst HIV‐positive Malawian adolescents noted in this study underscores the need for the development of comprehensive services for HIV‐positive adolescents.
The Subtalar Joint Axis Palpation Technique
Authors: Van Alsenoy Ken K. , D'Août Kristiaan , Vereecke Evie E. , De Schepper Joris , Santos Derek 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundClinically locating the point of no rotation to determine the subtalar joint axis location by applying pressure on the plantar surface of the foot was described by Kirby in 1987 but was never validated. We sought to extend a previously validated mechanical model to cadaver feet and to examine the intratester and intertester reliability.MethodsFour testers with different levels of experience determined the subtalar joint axis location and moved the subtalar joint through its range of motion, capturing the movement using kinematic analysis. The comparison of the spatial subtalar joint axis location as determined by palpation between and within testers determined the intertester and intratester reliability. The helical axis method was performed to validate the model.ResultsThe intrarater reliability varied from a high of α = 0.96 to a low of α = 0.26 for the slope and was, in general, high (α = 0.78–0.95) for the intersection. The interrater reliability scored moderate to high, depending on the specific cadaver specimen. Concerning the exact location of the subtalar joint axis, no significant difference was found between the results determined by different testers and the helical axis method.ConclusionsThe palpation technique as part of the subtalar joint axis location and rotational equilibrium theory proposed by Kirby is a reliable and valid clinical tool. Experience in performing the palpation technique has a positive influence on the accuracy of the results. In the context of evidence-based practice, this technique could be a standard tool in the examination of patients with lower-limb–related pathologic disorders.
Personalized Orthoses as a Good Treatment Option for Charcot Neuro-osteoarthropathy of the Foot
Authors: Fernández Maria Luz González , Lozano Rosario Morales , Rincón Carmen Martínez , Hernández David Martínez 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundWe sought to assess the biomechanical characteristics of the feet of patients with Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy and to determine reulceration rates before and after personalized conservative orthotic treatment.MethodsA longitudinal prospective study was performed in 35 patients with Charcot's foot. Although some patients had a history of ulcers, at the study outset no patient had ulcers. All of the patients underwent biomechanical testing and a radiographic study. A radiophotopodogram was prepared by superimposing an imprint of the sole on a plantar radiograph. Based on the results of these tests, an orthopedic insole was prepared and therapeutic footwear prescribed for each foot. The following variables were compared between the Charcot and unaffected feet: previous ulcers and ulcer sites, reulcerations produced after treatment, type of foot (neuropathic/neuroischemic), ankle mobility, first-ray mobility, and relaxed calcaneal stance position. Treatment efficacy was determined by comparing ulcers presenting in patients in the year leading up to the study period and the year in which treatment was received.ResultsIn a 1-year period, 70 feet received orthotic treatment, of which 41 were Charcot's feet. Ulceration rates before the study were 73.2% in feet with Charcot's and 31.0% in those without. After 1 year of wearing the customized orthoses, rates fell significantly to 9.8% in the Charcot feet and 0% in the feet without this condition.ConclusionsConservative customized orthotic treatment was effective at preventing ulcers and the complications that often lead these patients to surgery.
Diel variability of the beam attenuation and backscattering coefficients in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site)
Authors: Kheireddine Malika , Antoine David 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe diel variability of the particulate beam attenuation coefficient, cp, and of the particulate backscattering coefficient, bbp, were investigated during five seasonal cycles at an oceanic site in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, covering contrasting physical and trophic situations. We observed a diel cycle in cp and bbp, related to changes in phytoplankton properties (i.e., size and refractive index) induced by the accumulation of carbon within phytoplankton cells associated with photosynthetic processes, during the winter mixing of the water column, the development of the spring phytoplankton bloom, its decline, and during the summer oligotrophy. The relative amplitude of the cp diel variability was much larger during the spring bloom (20–50%) than during other seasons (10–20%), whereas that of bbp is steadily around 20% and does not show significant seasonal variability. The minimal cp and bbp occurred at sunrise and are synchronized, whereas maximum bbp values are often reached 3–6 h before those for cp (except during bloom conditions), which occur near sunset. These different amplitudes and timing are tentatively explained using Mie computations, which allow discerning the respective roles of changes in the particle size distribution and refractive index. The differences observed here in the diel cycles of cp and bbp show that they cannot be used interchangeably to determine the daily increase of the particle pool. This result has implications on the feasibility to determine net community production from the bbp diel changes, when only bbp is measured in situ or available from ocean color observations.
Characterizing the radiative impacts of precipitating snow in the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System global model
Authors: Li J.‐L. F. , Forbes R. M. , Waliser D. E. , Stephens G. , Lee Seungwon 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGlobal weather and climate models often exclude the effects of precipitating hydrometeors and convective core mass on radiative fluxes. In particular, many models split the ice phase into separate “cloud ice” and “snow” categories representing the smaller and larger ice particles, respectively; a separation that is generally not well defined in observations. A version of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) global numerical weather prediction model which includes the radiative effects of cloud liquid, cloud ice, and precipitating snow is used to investigate the impact of including and excluding the radiative effects of the precipitating snow category. The results show that exclusion of precipitating snow in the radiation calculations leads to differences in the shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes of 5–15 W m−2 in strongly precipitating and convective areas. These differences are of the same order of magnitude as the systematic errors in the model compared to satellite observations. Corresponding biases in the radiative heating profiles are on the order of 0.15 K d−1. The results imply that precipitating snow should be included in the radiative calculations in all weather and climate models in the context of improving model fidelity and reducing compensating errors.
Scattering properties of modeled complex snowflakes and mixed‐phase particles at microwave and millimeter frequencies
Authors: Ori D. , Maestri T. , Rizzi R. , Cimini D. , Montopoli M. , Marzano F. S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA microphysically based algorithm (named Snow Aggregation and Melting (SAM)) that models snowflakes composed of a collection of hexagonal columns by simulating a random aggregation process is presented. SAM combines together pristine columns with multiple dimensions to derive complex aggregates constrained to size‐mass relationship obtained by data collected from in situ measurements. The model also simulates the melting processes occurring for environmental temperatures above 0°C and thus define the mixed‐phase particles structure. The single‐scattering properties of the modeled snowflakes (dry and mixed phased) are computed by using a discrete dipole approximation (DDA) algorithm which allows to model irregularly shaped targets. In case of mixed‐phased particles, realistic radiative properties are obtained by assuming snow aggregates with a 10% of melted fraction. The single‐scattering properties are compared with those calculated through Mie theory together with Maxwell‐Garnett effective medium approximation using both a homogeneous sphere and a layered‐sphere models. The results show that for large‐size parameters there are significant differences between the radiative properties calculated using complex microphysical and optical algorithms (i.e., SAM and DDA) and those obtained from simplified assumptions as the layered‐sphere models (even when the radial ice density distribution of the aggregated snowflakes is perfectly matched). Finally, some applications to quantitative precipitation estimation using radar data are presented to show how the resulting differences in the basic optical properties would propagate into radar measurable. Large discrepancies in the derivation of the equivalent water content and snowfall rate from radar measurements could be observed when large‐size parameters are accounted for.
Synthesis of α‐Methylidene‐γ‐amino Acid Esters from Aldehydes via an Aminative Umpolung Strategy
Authors: Xu Juan , Chen Jing , Yang Qin , Ding Lei , Liu Xuliang , Xu Dongfang , Zhao Baoguo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper describes an efficient method for the synthesis of α‐methylidene‐γ‐amino acid esters from readily available aldehydes by using aminative umpolung strategy. Electrophilic aromatic aldehydes were converted to α‐imino anions via amination with 2,2‐diphenylglycine in methanol and subsequent decarboxylation in acetonitrile. The in situ generated α‐imino anions displayed high activity in the reaction with Morita‐Baylis–Hillman adducts in the presence of 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) as catalyst, to give a variety of substituted α‐methylidene‐γ‐amino acid esters in 54–96% yields with 3.2–7.1:1 diastereoselectivity. The resulting α‐methylidene‐γ‐amino acid esters can be efficiently converted into biologically important α‐exo‐methylidene‐γ‐lactams under mild conditions.magnified image
Regioselective Synthesis of β‐Aryl Enaminones and 1,4,5‐ Trisubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles from Chalcones and Benzyl Azides
Authors: Xie Yu‐Yang , Wang Ying‐Chun , Qu Hong‐En , Tan Xian‐Chun , Wang Heng‐Shan , Pan Ying‐Ming 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA highly regioselective synthesis of β‐aryl enaminones and 1,4,5‐trisubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles from chalcones and benzyl azides based on reaction solvent selection is reported. In the presence of a catalytic amount of Ce(OTf)3, reactions of chalcones with benzyl azides in DMF at 100 °C afforded densely substituted Z‐β‐aryl enaminones in good to excellent yields, whereas treatment of chalcones with benzyl azides in toluene at 100 °C selectively produced 1,4,5‐trisubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles in excellent yields.magnified image
Rapid Asymmetric Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Indanols via a Michael/Henry Organocascade with Submol% Squaramide Catalyst Loadings
Authors: Loh Charles C. J. , Chauhan Pankaj , Hack Daniel , Lehmann Christian , Enders Dieter 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn expedient asymmetric synthesis of polyfunctionalized indanols bearing four contiguous stereogenic centres, including a quarternary centre through the use of sub‐mol% amounts of a squaramide catalyst within minutes is presented. A gram‐scale experiment of this Michael/Henry organcascade pushes the frontier of catalyst loading of organocascades down to only 0.1 mol%, attaining a TON of up to 910.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct α‐Arylation of Benzyl Thioethers with Aryl Bromides
Authors: Frensch Gustavo , Hussain Nusrah , Marques Francisco A. , Walsh Patrick J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe arylation of sp3‐hybridized CH bonds is a powerful strategy to build molecular complexity and diversity. A novel and efficient palladium‐catalyzed direct sp3 CH arylation of aryl and alkyl benzyl thioether derivatives with aryl bromides is reported. The reaction involves reversible deprotonation of the benzylic CH bond of the thioether with either lithium or sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide [LiN(SiMe3)2 or NaN(SiMe3)2] and subsequent cross‐coupling to provide the functionalized products in up to 97% yield. A screen of 24 of the most successful ligands in cross‐coupling chemistry led to the identification of NiXantPhos as the only viable ligand for this challenging coupling.magnified image
Sleep and quality of life improvements after endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Alt Jeremiah A. , Smith Timothy L. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Mace Jess C. , Soler Zachary M. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundRecent investigation has demonstrated that approximately 75% of patients with medically refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) report abnormal sleep quality, with strong correlation between worse sleep quality and more severe CRS disease severity. It remains unknown whether the treatment effect of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for CRS results in appreciable sleep quality improvements.MethodsAdult patients (aged ≥18 years) with a current diagnosis of recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), who voluntarily elected ESS as the next treatment modality (n = 301), were prospectively evaluated within 4 academic, tertiary care centers using treatment outcome instruments: the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index, the 22‐item Sinonasal Outcome Test, the 2‐item Patient Health Questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) both before and after ESS.ResultsSeventy‐two percent (72%) of patients with CRS were found to have poor sleep (PSQI > 5) at baseline with a mean (standard deviation) global PSQI score of 9.4 (4.6). Surgery improved overall mean global PSQI scores (by 2.2 points), and all 7 subdomain scores of the PSQI. Similarly, the odds of good sleep quality (PSQI ≤ 5) in patients treated with sinus surgery increased significantly (odds ratio [OR] 5.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.06 to 11.53; p < 0.001). Stepwise multivariate linear regression found that acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) intolerance (β [standard error], −1.94 [0.93]; 95% CI, −3.77 to −0.11; p = 0.038), history of prior sinus surgery (β [standard error], 1.10 (0.54); 95% CI, 0.03 to 2.16; p = 0.044), and frontal sinusotomy (β [standard error], −1.03 [0.62]; 95% CI, −2.26 to 0.20; p = 0.099) were found to significantly associate with improvement in PSQI sleep scores.ConclusionAmong patients with CRS, reduced sleep quality, poor disease‐specific quality of life, and greater disease severity were improved following ESS.
Chemie und Biologie von Theta‐Defensinen
Authors: Conibear Anne C. , Craik David J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCyclische Peptide werden in vielen verschiedenen Organismen vorgefunden und zeichnen sich durch ihre Stabilität und ihre Rolle bei Abwehrmechanismen aus. Warum wurde in Säugetieren nur eine Klasse cyclischer Peptide gefunden? Möglicherweise haben wir noch nicht gründlich genug nach ihnen geforscht, oder die für ihre Erkennung notwendigen Techniken sind noch nicht vollständig entwickelt. Wir verstehen auch ihre faszinierende Biosynthese aus zwei separaten Genprodukten noch nicht. Die Bewältigung dieser Schwierigkeiten wird die Anwendung chemischer Hilfsmittel sowie Erkenntnisse über andere Klassen cyclischer Peptide erfordern. Wir stellen hier die neuesten Entwicklungen bei der Charakterisierung von Theta‐Defensinen vor und beschreiben die wichtige Rolle, die die Chemie bei der Skizzierung ihrer Wirkmechanismen spielte. Darüber hinaus betonen wir das Potenzial von Theta‐Defensinen als antimikrobielle Substanzen und als Gerüste für Peptidwirkstoffe.
Tumorspezifische, Hypoxie‐basierte Aktivierung von EGFR‐Inhibitoren
Authors: Karnthaler‐Benbakka Claudia , Groza Diana , Kryeziu Kushtrim , Pichler Verena , Roller Alexander , Berger Walter , Heffeter Petra , Kowol Christian R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDie Entwicklung von Rezeptor‐Tyrosinkinase‐Inhibitoren (TKIs) ist ein Meilenstein in der Entwicklung neuer Tumortherapeutika. Allerdings geht die TKI‐Therapie mit starken Nebenwirkungen und Chemotherapieresistenz einher. Ziel dieser Studie war die Synthese und präklinische Entwicklung eines neuen Inhibitors des Epidermalen Wachstumsfaktorrezeptors (EGFR), der durch die spezifischen Eigenschaften des malignen Gewebes aktiviert wird. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein CoIII‐basiertes “Prodrug‐Design” verwendet, das die gezielte Freisetzung des aktiven EGFR‐Inhibitors durch den im soliden Tumor auftretenden Sauerstoffmangel (Hypoxie) ermöglicht. Hierfür wurden mehrere neue EGFR‐hemmende Liganden mit Chelateinheiten synthetisiert, und derjenige mit dem größten EGFR‐hemmenden Potenzial wurde für die Komplexierung mit CoIII ausgewählt. Anschließend wurden hypoxische Aktivierung und Hemmung des EGFR‐Signalwegs nachgewiesen, und eine vielversprechende Aktivität des neuen Komplexes in vivo wurde gezeigt.
Immunological Multimetal Deposition for Rapid Visualization of Sweat Fingerprints
Authors: He Yayun , Xu Linru , Zhu Yu , Wei Qianhui , Zhang Meiqin , Su Bin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA simple method termed immunological multimetal deposition (iMMD) was developed for rapid visualization of sweat fingerprints with bare eyes, by combining the conventional MMD with the immunoassay technique. In this approach, antibody‐conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used to specifically interact with the corresponding antigens in the fingerprint residue. The AuNPs serve as the nucleation sites for autometallographic deposition of silver particles from the silver staining solution, generating a dark ridge pattern for visual detection. Using fingerprints inked with human immunoglobulin G (hIgG), we obtained the optimal formulation of iMMD, which was then successfully applied to visualize sweat fingerprints through the detection of two secreted polypeptides, epidermal growth factor and lysozyme. In comparison with the conventional MMD, iMMD is faster and can provide additional information than just identification. Moreover, iMMD is facile and does not need expensive instruments.
Paenilamicin – Struktur und Biosynthese eines hybriden Polyketid‐/nichtribosomalen Peptidantibiotikums des bienenpathogenen Bakteriums Paenibacillus larvae
Authors: Müller Sebastian , Garcia‐Gonzalez Eva , Mainz Andi , Hertlein Gillian , Heid Nina C. , Mösker Eva , van den Elst Hans , Overkleeft Herman S. , Genersch Elke , Süssmuth Roderich D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDas sporenbildende Bakterium Paenibacillus larvae ist der Erreger der Amerikanischen Faulbrut, einer weltweit auftretenden, hochpathogenen Bienenkrankheit. Wir konnten ein komplexes Hybrid‐Gencluster aus nichtribosomalen Peptidsynthetasen (NRPS) und Polyketidsynthasen (PKS) im Genom von P. larvae aufklären. Hier präsentieren wir die Isolierung und die Strukturaufklärung der antibakteriellen und antifungalen Produkte dieses Genclusters, die Paenilamicine genannt wurden. Die einzigartigen Strukturen der Paenilamicine geben tiefe Einblicke in die zugrunde liegende, komplexe Biosynthese‐Maschinerie. Bienenlarven‐Koinfektionstests zeigten, dass die Paenilamicine von P. larvae für den Kampf um seine ökologische Nische benötigt werden und nicht direkt für das Sterben der Bienenlarven verantwortlich sind. Ihre antibakterielle und antimykotische Aktivität machen die Paenilamicine zu vielversprechenden Kandidaten für die Wirkstoffentwicklung.
Synthesis of α,α‐Difluoromethylene Alkynes by Palladium‐Catalyzed gem‐Difluoropropargylation of Aryl and Alkenyl Boron Reagents
Authors: Yu Yan‐Bo , He Guo‐Zhen , Zhang Xingang 
Published: July 2014

Abstractgem‐Difluoropropargyl bromides are versatile intermediates in organic synthesis, but have rarely been employed in transition‐metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. The first palladium‐catalyzed gem‐difluoropropargylation of organoboron reagents with gem‐difluoropropargyl bromides is now reported. The reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions with high regioselectivity; it features a broad substrate scope and excellent functional‐group compatibility and thus provides an attractive approach for the synthesis of complex fluorinated molecules, in particular for drug discovery and development.
π‐Conjugated Carbon Radicals at Graphene Oxide to Initiate Ultrastrong Chemiluminescence
Authors: Yang Liang , Zhang Ruilong , Liu Bianhua , Wang Jianping , Wang Suhua , Han Ming‐Yong , Zhang Zhongping 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGraphene oxide has widely been employed in various fields, but its structure and composition has still not been fully understood. Here we report that freshly prepared graphene oxide exhibits a large number of π‐conjugated carbon radicals at its π‐network plane, which result from the addition reaction of hydroxyl radicals from H2O2 onto the conjugated double bonds of graphene oxide. The π‐conjugated carbon radicals can directly initiate the long‐lasting visible chemiluminescence of luminol, which is even stronger than that obtained when horseradish peroxidase and H2O2 are used. Previously, graphene oxide was mainly reported to be a quencher of chemiluminescence instead. Remarkably, the reacted radicals can be regenerated, thereby enabling the repetitive initiation of chemiluminescence by re‐treatment of graphene oxide. The results reported here provide a new understanding of the structure, properties, and applications of graphene oxide.