bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Studies of Pb1-x
Mn
x
Te(In, Ga) Systems
Authors: Radisavljević Ivana , Novaković Nikola , Mahnke Heinz-Eberhard , Romčević Nebojša , Medić Mirjana , Paskaš-Mamula Bojana , Ivanović Nenad 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The X-ray absorption near edge structure technique was employed for studies of coordination environments and valence states of impurity atoms (Mn, In and Ga) in a series of narrow band gap PbTe-based semiconductors. Impurity atoms' absorption data were analysed with the help of the Real Space Full Multiple Scattering FEFF8.2 code. These results are complemented with band structure calculations using the full potential augmented plane waves method extended by local orbitals using WIEN2k code. Impurity atoms are found to be off-centred from the regular lattice positions each in a specific manner, which leads to formation of significantly different local structures from that expected in host PbTe. Observed structural modifications are accompanied by the change in the impurity atoms' valence states. These findings support and extend our previous results obtained with various techniques on this class of materials.
Reconnaissance of freshwater conditions in a coastal aquifer: synthesis of 1D geoelectric resistivity inversion and geohydrological analysis
Authors: Khalil Mohamed H. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTDespite the saltwater intrusion of the Gulf of Suez, a Quaternary alluvial aquifer constitutes the main source of freshwater in the coastal city of El‐Tor, the administrative capital of South Sinai, Egypt. A conceptual technique synthesizing one‐dimension (1D) Schlumberger geoelectric resistivity inversion, geohydrological analysis, borehole data, pumping tests and hydrochemical analysis is conducted to reconnaissance the freshwater aquifer condition in the study area. Aquifer qualitative and quantitative properties in terms of electric and hydraulic conditions were investigated. Furthermore, aquifer loss in relation to a pumping regime was analysed as well. The freshwater aquifer is effectively demarcated with true resistivity and thickness ranges of 71~110 ohm‐m and 22~83 m, respectively. The eastern part of the freshwater aquifer reveals better conditions characterized by increased values of thickness (83 m), tortuosity (1.306), hydraulic conductivity (53 m/day), transmissivity (4399 m2/day), formation resistivity factor (4.4), storativity (0.267) and grain size. Whereas, it characterizes by decreased values of electrical conductivity (1.2 ~ 7.5 mS/m), electric anisotropy (1.08), mean resistivity (285.5 ohm‐m), porosity (38.7%) and total dissolved solid (TDS) (530 ppm).
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Regulates the Innate Immunity Critical Transcription Factor IRF3
Authors: Liu Yi-Ping , Zeng Ling , Tian Austin , Bomkamp Ashley , Rivera Daniel , Gutman Delia , Barber Glen N. , Olson Julie K. , Smith Judith A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) regulates early type I IFNs and other genes involved in innate immunity. We have previously shown that cells undergoing an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response called the unfolded protein response produce synergistically augmented IFN-β when stimulated with pattern recognition receptor agonists such as LPS. Concomitant ER stress and LPS stimulation resulted in greater recruitment of the IRF3 transcription factor to ifnb1 gene regulatory elements. In this study, we used murine cells to demonstrate that both oxygen–glucose deprivation and pharmacologic unfolded protein response inducers trigger phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3, even in the absence of exogenous LPS. Different ER stressors used distinct mechanisms to activate IRF3: IRF3 phosphorylation due to calcium-mobilizing ER stress (thapsigargin treatment, oxygen–glucose deprivation) critically depended upon stimulator of IFN gene, an ER-resident nucleic acid-responsive molecule. However, calcium mobilization alone by ionomycin was insufficient for IRF3 phosphorylation. In contrast, other forms of ER stress (e.g., tunicamycin treatment) promote IRF3 phosphorylation independently of stimulator of IFN gene and TANK-binding kinase 1. Rather, IRF3 activation by tunicamycin and 2-deoxyglucose was inhibited by 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride, a serine protease inhibitor that blocks activating transcription factor 6 processing. Interfering with ER stress-induced IRF3 activation abrogated IFN-β synergy. Together, these data suggest ER stress primes cells to respond to innate immune stimuli by activating the IRF3 transcription factor. Our results also suggest certain types of ER stress accomplish IRF3 phosphorylation by co-opting existing innate immune pathogen response pathways. These data have implications for diseases involving ER stress and type I IFN.
Stomatin-like Protein 2 Deficiency in T Cells Is Associated with Altered Mitochondrial Respiration and Defective CD4+ T Cell Responses
Authors: Christie Darah A. , Mitsopoulos Panagiotis , Blagih Julianna , Dunn Stanley D. , St-Pierre Julie , Jones Russell G. , Hatch Grant M. , Madrenas Joaquín 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Stomatin-like protein 2 (SLP-2) is a mostly mitochondrial protein that regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and function and modulates T cell activation. To determine the mechanism of action of SLP-2, we generated T cell-specific SLP-2–deficient mice. These mice had normal numbers of thymocytes and T cells in the periphery. However, conventional SLP-2–deficient T cells had a posttranscriptional defect in IL-2 production in response to TCR ligation, and this translated into reduced CD4+ T cell responses. SLP-2 deficiency was associated with impaired cardiolipin compartmentalization in mitochondrial membranes, decreased levels of the NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) iron-sulfur protein 3, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1β subcomplex subunit 8, and NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1α subcomplex subunit 9 of respiratory complex I, and decreased activity of this complex as well as of complex II plus III of the respiratory chain. In addition, SLP-2–deficient T cells showed a significant increase in uncoupled mitochondrial respiration and a greater reliance on glycolysis. Based on these results, we propose that SLP-2 organizes the mitochondrial membrane compartmentalization of cardiolipin, which is required for optimal assembly and function of respiratory chain complexes. This function, in T cells, helps to ensure proper metabolic response during activation.
Ras Oncoproteins Transfer from Melanoma Cells to T Cells and Modulate Their Effector Functions
Authors: Vernitsky Helly , Rechavi Oded , Rainy Nir , Besser Michal J. , Nagar Meital , Schachter Jacob , Lerenthal Yaniv , Ehrlich Marcelo , Kloog Yoel , Goldstein Itamar 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Lymphocytes establish dynamic cell–cell interactions with the cells they scan. Previous studies show that upon cell contact, various membrane-associated proteins, such as Ras-family proteins, transfer from B to T and NK lymphocytes. Mutations in RAS genes that encode constitutively active, GTP-bound, oncoproteins are rather common in human cancers; for instance, melanoma. Cancer immunoediting has been postulated to contribute to the elimination of malignant melanoma. Thus, we asked whether Ras oncoproteins can transfer from melanoma to T cells, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and subsequently induce functional effects in the adopting T cells. To explore this issue, we genetically engineered an HLA-A2+ melanoma cell line, MEL526, to express GFP or GFP-tagged H-Ras mutants stably. In this study, we show by an in vitro coculture system that GFP-tagged H-Ras, but not GFP, transfers from MEL526 to T cells and localizes to the inner aspect of their plasma membrane. This cell-contact-dependent process was increased by TCR stimulation and did not require strict Ag specificity. Importantly, we found a positive correlation between the levels of the acquired constitutively active H-RasG12V and ERK1/2 phosphorylation within the adopting TILs. We also show a significant increase in IFN-γ production and cytotoxic activity in TILs that acquired H-RasG12V compared to TILs that acquired a different H-Ras mutant. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate a hitherto unknown phenomenon of intercellular transfer of Ras oncoproteins from melanoma to TILs that consequently augments their effector functions.
The Alternative Complement Pathway Propagates Inflammation and Injury in Murine Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Elvington Andrew , Atkinson Carl , Zhu Hong , Yu Jin , Takahashi Kazue , Stahl Gregory L. , Kindy Mark S. , Tomlinson Stephen 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
There is mounting evidence indicating an important role for complement in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, or ischemic stroke. The role of the alternative complement pathway in ischemic stroke has not been investigated, and there is conflicting data on the role of the terminal pathway. In this study, we show that compared with wild-type mice, mice deficient in the alternative pathway protein factor B or mice treated with the alternative pathway inhibitor CR2-fH have improved outcomes after 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion and 24-h reperfusion. Factor B-deficient or CR2-fH–treated mice were protected in terms of improved neurologic function and reduced cerebral infarct, demyelination, P-selectin expression, neutrophil infiltration, and microthrombi formation. Mice deficient in both the classical and lectin pathways (C1q/MBL deficient) were also protected from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and there was no detectable C3d deposition in the ipsilateral brain of these mice. These data demonstrate that the alternative pathway is not alone sufficient to initiate complement activation and indicate that the alternative pathway propagates cerebral injury via amplification of the cascade. Deficiency of C6, a component of the terminal cytolytic membrane attack complex, had no effect on outcome after ischemic stroke, indicating that the membrane attack complex is not involved in mediating injury in this model. We additionally show that the protective effect of factor B deficiency and CR2-fH treatment is sustained in the subacute stage of infarct development, adding to the clinical relevance of these findings.
Historical tension between the holistic and dualistic view of man in the church
Authors: Zandman Herm 
Published: October 2012

Dualism has continually plagued the Church, especially from the time when Greek philosophers articulated the dualistic view of man in an excellent, scholarly way. Even when the Reformers militated against this phenomenon theologically, it still dominated life in general and Christian living in particular. This article considered the historical tension between the holistic and dualistic view of man in the church. It strove to do this by setting forth certain examples from history, showing how the Church wrestled with this tension. Furthermore, the author attempted to point out in which way the dualistic view of man was damaging to godly living, and why a holistic view of man was conducive to life under God in an ethically meaningful manner. Die historiese spanning tussen die holistiese en dualistiese beeld van die mens in die kerk. Dualisme het die Kerk nog altyd beinvloed, veral sedert die era toe Griekse filosowe die dualistiese siening van die mens op ‘n uitstekende akademiese wyse bekendgestel het. Selfs toe die Reformeerders teologies te velde getrek het teen hierdie fenomeen, het dit die lewe in die algemeen en die Christelike lewe in die besonder aangetas. Hierdie artikel oorweeg die historiese spanning tussen die holistiese en dualistiese sienings in die kerk. Sekere voorbeelde uit die geskiedenis sal voorgehou word ter illustrasie van hoe die Kerk met hierdie spanning geworstel het. Die outeur sal verder poog om aan te toon hoe die dualistiese siening van die mens skadelik is vir ‘n goddelike lewe, en waarom ‘n holistiese siening van die mens bevorderlik is vir ‘n eties betekenisvolle lewe onder God.
Not fully harmonized: Differences in biotechnology patenting between Europe and the United States
Authors: Dorn Brian R , Birtle ZoÃ« 
Published: October 2012

There has been a trend of worldwide harmonization of patent laws. Due to the continuing harmonization, examination of patents in Europe and the United States are very similar.Â However, examination standards between the two patent offices can differ. Thus, applicants should be aware of the differences between examination standards since both standards need to be addressed in the single patent application.Â This paper will review some of these differences, both major and subtle, that should be considered when drafting a biotech patent for filing in both the U.S. and Europe.
Étude du tourisme auprès des autochtones
Authors: Stewart Emma J. , Draper Dianne 
Published: October 2012

Cet article se penche sur la relation entre le chercheur et les communautés autochtones étudiées dans le cadre d’une étude sur la perception, par les populations locales, du développement du tourisme. De façon plus spécifique, l’article s’attarde sur la communication des résultats de travaux de recherche auprès de trois communautés du Nord canadien (Churchill, au Manitoba, ainsi que Cambridge Bay et Pond Inlet, au Nunavut). Dans l’optique de garantir la pertinence des résultats d’un point de vue local, la communication des conclusions initiales faisait partie intégrante du travail de recherche. Diverses méthodes classiques ont été utilisées (rapports et débats, par exemple), mais aussi des outils plus modernes de compte rendu (comme des blogues sur Internet). Dans chacune de ces communautés, la communication des conclusions de recherche a suscité un profond étonnement et un vif intérêt (car un chercheur s’est donné la peine de revenir vers elles). Le blogue sur Internet s’est avéré être un outil de recherche précieux pour faciliter la communication entre des groupes hétérogènes. Nous allons voir comment ce processus de compte rendu a : (a) permis de confirmer les conclusions des travaux de recherche ; (b) débouché sur différents résultats pratiques recherchés ; et (c) permis de démystifier le processus de recherche. Nous entendons démontrer que la communication en retour des résultats de recherche est une facette clé de tout travail avec et au sein des communautés (autochtones), et est absolument essentielle pour développer et préserver des relations riches dans ce domaine, dans le Nord canadien comme ailleurs.
Expérimenter et innover pour tendre vers l’excellence « durable » dans une destination
Authors: Frick Axel , Van der Yeught Corinne 
Published: October 2012

L’objet de cet article est de comprendre comment une destination touristique peut expérimenter une forme d’excellence « durable » compte tenu de la variété des acteurs (publics et privés) qui composent la chaîne de valeur touristique et de la complexité des processus décisionnels. L’article procède en deux temps. Dans un premier temps, les concepts d’excellence, de développement durable des territoires et de responsabilité sociale des entreprises sont examinés, et les difficultés rencontrées par les organisations poursuivant des objectifs de durabilité sont identifiées. Dans un second temps, l’article présente les premiers résultats d’une recherche intervention menée au sein d’un projet pilote de développement touristique durable en phase d’expansion dans le sud de la France : la démarche EVEIL-Tourisme. L’intérêt de cette démarche réside dans l’accompagnement qu’elle propose aux professionnels du tourisme souhaitant progresser vers des pratiques responsables, et dans son approche systémique et transversale qui concourt au développement durable du territoire.
Le carnet de voyage audiovisuel ou cinématographique
Authors: Argod Pascale 
Published: October 2012

Compte rendu du témoignage vécu du voyageur, le carnet de voyage se déclinerait aussi sous diverses formes audiovisuelles : l’émergence des arts graphiques dans l’oeuvre cinématographique, des séries télévisuelles de carnets de voyage, du documentaire de création d’un périple à la quête ethnographique ou encore du reportage d’expéditions naturalistes à visée « scientifique ». Par son regard sensible sur le monde et le voyage, le carnet de voyage interroge le réel dans son ambivalence entre documentaire de création et fiction. Autobiographie filmée d’un périple original, le carnet de voyage cinématographique est emprunt de l’héritage du cinéma ethnographique de Jean Rouch et de la transgression des frontières entre documentaire et fiction. Il serait un documentaire de création sur le thème d’un périple à la quête ethnographique ou de l’anthropologie du voyage, voire une fiction dans le style des road movies à la quête de l’errance et de soi. Ce médium pourrait-il promouvoir un « tourisme authentique » ? À travers un corpus d’une quarantaine d’exemples, nous allons essayer de dresser les facettes du « carnet de voyage », puis de définir ce genre hybride comme un ciné-tourisme tourné vers le voyage authentique.
Le patrimoine mondial est-il un mirage économique ?
Authors: Prigent Lionel 
Published: October 2012

La Liste du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO est réputée reposer sur des principes d’universalité. Cependant, ses contempteurs observent que la multiplication des sites inscrits, puis l’élargissement des catégories de patrimoine, s’accompagnent d’une spécialisation de plus en plus forte vers le tourisme et d’une prétention, davantage exprimée, à contribuer au développement local. Les études sur l’impact économique des sites patrimoniaux traduisent pourtant une réalité plus équivoque. Ces réserves ne suffisent pas à modérer l’inflation de sites inscrits et les espérances placées dans la valorisation patrimoniale. Quelle est la motivation d’une telle obstination collective ? La complexité de la nature patrimoniale ne saurait se réduire à une dimension marchande. Même l’analyse économique du patrimoine traduit les limites d’une approche purement utilitaire et mercantile. Bien que les questions de mise en valeur et d’utilisation du patrimoine restent plus que jamais posées, l’élargissement de la définition économique permet peut-être de mieux percevoir les enjeux et les limites de l’extension patrimoniale et de ses conséquences.
Le rôle des syndicats d’initiative dans la mise en valeur du patrimoine
Authors: Manfredini Julie 
Published: October 2012

Les années 1890 sont marquées par la naissance des syndicats d’initiative (SI), organismes privés qui veulent participer à la mise en tourisme de leur localité. Ils utilisent pour cela tous les atouts de leur ville et de leur région afin de créer une offre touristique entretenue par les guides et les affiches. Durant cette période où l’organisation du tourisme n’est pas ou peu centralisée, les SI sont devenus les atouts majeurs du tourisme français et de la modernisation des villes. Le SI de la ville d’Hyères illustre le rôle de ces associations. Sa politique touristique, menée entre 1890 et 1939, voit son apogée survenir dans les années 1930 avec l’arrivée de Félix Descroix, historien de formation et publiciste. Grâce à lui, le SI se révèle être un atout pour le tourisme local et pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine hyérois. Il contribue ainsi à la création d’une identité composée d’un patrimoine matériel et immatériel propre à cette « petite patrie ». Cet article propose d’étudier le fonctionnement de cette structure touristique et la façon dont elle définit et gère son patrimoine. Il permet de comprendre comment un syndicat d’initiative, structure touristique privée, permet de développer l’identité locale d’une société.
Pre‐stressed tunnel lining – pushing traditional concepts to new frontiers / Neue Grenzen für passiv vorgespannte Druckstollenauskleidungen
Authors: Grunicke Urs H. , Ristić Mladen 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPressure tunnels with pre‐stressed concrete linings are recognised as state‐of‐the‐art technology. Numerous pre‐stressed concrete linings, featuring diameters of up to 6 m, have been successfully implemented over the last few decades.This paper on the Niagara Tunnel Facility Project (NTFP) illustrates how the concept of passive pre‐stressing can be further developed for application in increasingly complex geometrical and geotechnical boundary conditions. The diversion tunnel with an excavation diameter of 14.4 m was advanced in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock, which are characterised by a wide range of strengths and anisotropic stiffnesses as well as by pronounced time‐dependent deformation behaviour. The in‐situ stress field is marked by an exceptionally high horizontal stress, which s several times greater than the overburden pressure. The ground has a considerable swelling potential and is highly aggressive to concrete. This combination of difficult geotechnical conditions and unusual structural dimensions poses an unprecedented challenge to the designers with respect to both the design of the pre‐stressed final lining and the planning of the grouting works. The long‐term behaviour is modelled with the help of higher‐order creep and shrinkage laws, which are calibrated based on trials and measurements.Druckstollen mit vorgespannter Betonauskleidung stellen einen anerkannten Stand der Technik dar. Für passiv vorgespannte Druckstollenauskleidungen liegt eine Vielzahl an langjährigen Erfahrungen für Durchmesser bis 6 m vor.Dieser Beitrag erläutert anhand des Beispiels des Niagara Tunnel Facility Projects (NTFP), wie das Konzept der passiven Vorspannung auf geometrisch wie geotechnisch ungewöhnliche Rahmenbedingungen erweitert werden kann. Der Umleitungstunnel mit einem Ausbruchdurchmesser von 14,4 m wurde in einer horizontalen Wechselfolge von Sedimentgesteinen vorgetrieben, die eine große Bandbreite an Festigkeiten und anisotropen Steifigkeiten sowie ein ausgeprägtes zeitabhängiges Verformungsverhalten aufweisen. Das Primärspannungsfeld ist charakterisiert durch ungewöhnlich hohe Horizontalspannungen, die ein Vielfaches des Überlagerungsdrucks betragen. Es besteht ein ausgeprägtes Quellpotenzial sowie ein stark betonaggressives Milieu. Die Kombination aus schwierigen geotechnischen Verhältnissen mit ungewöhnlichen Bauwerksdimensionen, stellt den Entwurf der vorgespannten Innenschale vor eine bislang unbekannte Herausforderung hinsichtlich Dimensionierung und Planung der Verpressarbeiten. Das Langzeitverhalten wird mithilfe höherwertiger Kriech‐ und Schwindgesetze abgebildet, die anhand von Versuchen und Messungen kalibriert wurden.
Quantifying and Imaging Engineered Nanomaterials In Vivo: Challenges and Techniques
Authors: He Xiao , Ma Yuhui , Li Meng , Zhang Peng , Li Yuanyuan , Zhang Zhiyong 
Published: October 2012

AbstractQuantifying and imaging the engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in vivo can provide information on the bio‐distribution and fate of ENMs in living systems. A necessary amount of in vivo quantitative data is indispensable to verify the extrapolation from in vitro tests, to modify the predictive models of ENM exposure, and to underpin the risk management strategy for ENMs. However, it remains a challenge to quantitatively assess the bio‐distribution of ENMs under realistic exposure, their long‐term deposition (especially in non‐targeted tissues), their passage across the natural barriers, and the impacts of nano–bio interactions on their in vivo behaviors. Some commonly used techniques for in vivo ENM quantification, such as electron microscopy, fluorescence‐based detection, atomic spectroscopy, radiotracing, and techniques basing on synchrotron radiation are reviewed, and their technical characteristics, the state of the art, limitations, and future prospects are addressed.