bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of fluoride and silicate ions on the coprecipitation of gadolinium with calcium in phosphoric and sulpho-phosphoric media
Authors: Bouhlassa S. , Salhamen F. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This work was carried out with the aim to establish the effect of some impurities on the coprecipitation of gadolinium with calcium phosphate and gypsum. The tests were performed using the radioactive tracer technique to monitor the fate of gadolinium in various phosphoric and sulpho-phosphoric media containing fluoride and silicate ions as impurities. In 10−2 to 10−1 M NH4H2PO4 solution, the Gd(III) at a concentration of 10−4 M is almost entirely precipitated as amorphous phosphate. However, the presence of H2SO4 at C
H2SO4
≥ 0.1 M, reduces the coprecipitation to less than 8 at. %, on average. The fluoride ions in solution, even at C
HF ≤ 0.1 M, induce a reduction of coprecipitation of 10 to 30% according to HF concentration. In the media containing 10−2 to 10−1 M NH4H2PO4 and 10−1 M H2SO4, the effect of HF is almost negligible in the absence of Si(IV); nevertheless, the presence of fluorosilicate in solution may contribute to the enhancement of the coprecipitation of the REE. The sulphuric acid (0.1 M) in phosphoric media (0.74 ≤ CH3PO4
≤ 4.44 M), leads to a significant coprecipitation of the REE (1.3 ± 0.2 ≤ D
Gd ≤ 3.1 ± 0.5), whilst the addition of HF (0.1 M) to these media enhances the solubility of the REE (〈D
Gd〉= 0.06 ± 0.01).
XRD, IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses of the solid phases in conjunction with the variation of the distribution coefficient D indicate that the coprecipitation of the REE is likely controlled by heterovalent substitution of REE in gypsum and its precipitation as phosphate or fluorosilicate.
Some Thoughts on Language Diversity, UG and the Importance of Language Typology: Scrambling and Non-Monotonic Merge of Adjuncts and Specifiers in Czech and German
Authors: Kosta Peter , Krivochen Diego Gabriel 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The following article is concerned with the problem of language diversity within the framework of Radical Minimalism (Krivochen 2011, 2012). How can the diversity and variation of languages be explained? For Noam Chomsky, language faculty in the narrow sense (FLN) is nothing but an “‘organ of the body,’ along with other cognitive systems. Our analysis of human language builds on Chomsky’s (1995, 2005, 2010) minimalist assumption that the design of language is grounded in conceptual necessity. Adopting this idea, we expect to find three factors that interact to determine (I-) languages attained: genetic endowment (the topic of Universal Grammar), experience, and principles that are language- or even organism-independent.” (Chomsky 2005:1). In the present article we provide some ideas about how generative research based on Radical Minimalism can contribute on a par with the typology of languages to a more profound and sound exploration of language variation. The scope of the paper is to compare the distribution of adverbs within the three domains of the clause in Czech and German. The aim of this paper is to show that the feature-based theory of adverb licensing is not able to handle the problem of adverb order variation. Instead, a more parsimonious approach based on the Theory of Radical Minimalism will be chosen. The paper is organized as follows: After some remarks on the role of Universal Grammar, Variation and Typology in section 1, section 2 introduces the theoretical background by introducing the principles and the core of Radical Minimalism, e.g. free unbounded merge, asymmetric c-command and the restrictions within the clause structure composition. In section 3, the distribution of adverbs in the middle field is discussed for Czech and German. In the last part, we introduce the so-called Late Adjunction Hypothesis that results in similar effects to the Early Spell-Out model argued for in our paper.
Die Zeitschrift „Reč“: ein möglicher Blick auf die serbische Prosa der 1990er Jahre
Authors: Barać Stanislava 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The establishment of the journal Word that would be the core of the dynamics of Serbian fiction during the 1990’s, was initiated by the ideological polarization at the Serbian cultural and literary scene of the time. The analysis of fiction texts, within the particular context (19941999), indicates that the official ideology, especially nationalism, marked one significant strand of Serbian literature in the last decade of the 20th century, the one which, from the present point of view, does not seem to be the most dynamic and vital. Although mainstream in the 1990’s, postmodern fiction exists nowadays in texts that parody postmodern poetics, thus giving a new life to the exhausted narrative paradigm. In analogy with this process, some young and female authors produce different fiction which could be named new mimetic fiction: texts are written in the confessional and realistic mode, in the form of diaries or notes, introducing various topics connected to the process of postsocialist changes.
“The Tears I Shed at the Songs of Thy Church”: Seventeenth-Century Musical Piety in the English Atlantic World
Authors: Goodman Glenda 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis essay reconsiders the role of seventeenth-century psalmody in Puritans' religious lives, drawing on a rich yet little-discussed cache of writings about music from New and Old England to show that, contrary to popular belief, Puritans were deeply invested in the affective power of psalm singing as an expression of personal piety. Importantly, treatises about music circulated transatlantically, thus imbricating psalmody in a broader Atlantic-world discourse about the significance of sacred singing. The essay first examines the nature of Puritans' personal piety, an interior and individual experience of faith and communion with God. Then it delves into the theological justification for singing psalms and the method for selecting tunes. Attuning to the importance of individual affective experience brings about a reevaluation of the significance of early American psalmody's “decline” in the early eighteenth century. By tracing the contours of puritan musical thought on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, this essay also puts forth “Atlantic musicology” as an illuminating approach to early modern music and ultimately challenges the historiographical tendency to view psalmody as the departure point for an exceptional American music history.
“An Essential Expression of the People”: Interpretations of Hasidic Song in the Composition and Performance History of Ernest Bloch's Baal Shem
Authors: Walden Joshua S. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article examines Ernest Bloch's Baal Shem: Three Pictures of Chassidic Life, considering its score, its performance history, and early recordings of the second movement, “Nigun,” by Yehudi Menuhin, Joseph Szigeti, and Mischa Elman, to investigate the idea, promoted by the composer and many of his performers and critics, that the music represented Jewish identity through the evocation of Hasidic song. Bloch's score and Menuhin's performances were described as expressing what was often characterized during the early twentieth century as a self-affirming racial feeling that linked the modern diaspora in America to Eastern European Hasidic Jewish communities. With Baal Shem, Bloch and his performers and listeners participated in a self-conscious effort to construct a modern Jewish identity that they believed could be conveyed in the sounds and structures of art music. Menuhin's lifelong friendship and collaboration with Bloch underscores the crucial roles of Bloch's performers in working with the composer to devise compositional and performance tropes for the representation of Hasidic song, and in creating his broad reputation as a composer of a definitive Jewish music, a reputation Bloch would sometimes embrace and at other times disavow.
Isolation of poliovirus shedding following vaccination in children with antibody deficiency disorders
Authors: Galal Nermeen M , Bassiouny Laila , Nasr Eman , Abdelmeguid Naglaa 
Published: December 2012

Introduction: Prolonged excretion of oral poliovirus may occur in primary antibody deficiency states. Those patients who persistently excrete the virus may pose the risk of aiding viral propagation in the environment. This study therefore aimed to identify the potential for prolonged poliovirus shedding by patients diagnosed with congenital antibody deficiency disorders. Methodology: A cohort of children later diagnosed with antibody deficiency disorders was included in the study. Patient history was taken for each participant, with emphasis on vaccination data. Laboratory investigations included immunoglobulin profiles and stool sample collection at one month intervals from each patient, with follow-up for six months. The virus isolates were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and molecular reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques. Results: On the initial sample screens, one patient revealed excretion one for Sabin-like strain 1 (SL1) and one patient revealed excretion for Sabin like strain 2 (SL2). Only one patient continued to shed the virus (SL1) on three successive samples and on follow-up. There was no correlation between the level of immunoglobulins and duration of virus shedding. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the low occurrence of prolonged vaccine polioviruses shedding in a group of children exposed to a live vaccine.
Burden of Aeromonas hydrophila –associated diarrhea among children younger than 2 years in rural Egyptian community
Authors: Mansour Adel M , Abd Elkhalek Rania , Shaheen Hind I , El Mohammady Hanan , Refaey Samir , Hassan Khaled , Riddle Mark , Sanders John W , Sebeny Peter J , Young Sylvia Y.N. , Frenck Robert 
Published: December 2012

Introduction: Between 2004 and 2007, a birth cohort of Egyptian children was analysed to evaluate the epidemiology of enteric diseases. Methodology: A stool sample was collected from the study children every two weeks as well as whenever they experienced diarrhea. Samples were tested for routine bacterial pathogens as well as enteropathogenic viruses and parasites. A secondary goal of the study was to evaluate the burden of less commonly reported pathogens including Aeromonas hydrophila. Results: Of the 348 study subjects, 79 had A. hydrophila isolated from their stool at some point during the study. Thirty-six children had exclusively symptomatic (S) infections while 33 had exclusively asymptomatic (AS) infections. However, 10 children had both S and AS infections. Among symptomatic cases, A. hydrophila was the sole pathogen isolated 36% of the time. An important aspect of A. hydrophila associated diarrhea was the high level of resistance to cephalosporins. Conclusion: Although relatively uncommon, A. hydrophila was found to be associated with diarrhea among children living in Egypt and was frequently multi-drug resistant.
Molecular diagnosis of echovirus 30 as the etiological agent in an outbreak of aseptic meningitis in Panama: May – June 2008
Authors: Martinez Alexander A , Castillo Juan , Sanchez Mirla C , Zaldivar Yamitzel , Mendoza Yaxelis , Tribaldos Maribel , Acosta Pablo , Smith Rebecca E , Pascale Juan Miguel 
Published: December 2012

Introduction: Aseptic meningitis outbreaks are commonly caused by viral pathogens with enterovirus a common etiological agent. Between May and June of 2008, an outbreak of 173 cases of aseptic meningitis occurred in the Chiriqui Province of Panama. Molecular techniques were used to identify the etiological agent. Methodology: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 75 patients were received at the Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies. RNA extraction and one-step RT-PCR were performed on each sample to determine the presence of enterovirus. Thirty-four samples which were positive for enterovirus were subject to group-specific PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis to identify the etiological agent of the outbreak. Results: The CSF of 58 subjects was found positive for the enterovirus family using RT-PCR. Thirty-four samples were found to belong to the enterovirus B group. Phylogenetic analysis of four successfully sequenced samples revealed echovirus 30 as the etiological agent. Conclusion: Echovirus 30 is reported as the likely cause of an outbreak of aseptic meningitis in Panama, the first since the 1980s.
Cleaved/Associated TLR3 Represents the Primary Form of the Signaling Receptor
Authors: Toscano Florent , Estornes Yann , Virard François , Garcia-Cattaneo Alejandra , Pierrot Audrey , Vanbervliet Béatrice , Bonnin Marc , Ciancanelli Michael J. , Zhang Shen-Ying , Funami Kenji , Seya Tsukasa , Matsumoto Misako , Pin Jean-Jacques , Casanova Jean-Laurent , Renno Toufic , Lebecque Serge 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
TLR3 belongs to the family of intracellular TLRs that recognize nucleic acids. Endolysosomal localization and cleavage of intracellular TLRs play pivotal roles in signaling and represent fail-safe mechanisms to prevent self-nucleic acid recognition. Indeed, cleavage by cathepsins is required for native TLR3 to signal in response to dsRNA. Using novel Abs generated against TLR3, we show that the conserved loop exposed in LRR12 is the single cleavage site that lies between the two dsRNA binding sites required for TLR3 dimerization and signaling. Accordingly, we found that the cleavage does not dissociate the C- and N-terminal fragments, but it generates a very stable “cleaved/associated” TLR3 present in endolysosomes that recognizes dsRNA and signals. Moreover, comparison of wild-type, noncleavable, and C-terminal–only mutants of TLR3 demonstrates that efficient signaling requires cleavage of the LRR12 loop but not dissociation of the fragments. Thus, the proteolytic cleavage of TLR3 appears to fulfill function(s) other than separating the two fragments to generate a functional receptor.
Circulating Levels of a Collagen Type V Propeptide Fragment in a Carbon Tetrachloride Reversible Model of Liver Fibrosis
Authors: Vassiliadis E. , Veidal S.S. , Hansen C. , Karsdal M.A. , Leeming D.J. 
Published: December 2012

Aim To measure levels of the collagen V formation marker CO5-1230 during liver fibrosis progression and regression. Methods Monoclonal antibodies were raised against the sequence TAALGDIMGH located at the start of the C-terminal propeptide between amino acid position 1230′ and 1239′ (CO5-1230). An assay developed using the biotin-streptavidin system was evaluated in a rat reversible model of fibrosis. Animals were treated for duration of 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Animals that were treated for 8 weeks were left to regress for a period of 14, 20 and 26 weeks. Results Mean CO5-1230 level for control animals was found to be 8.7 ng/mL. CO5-1230 marker levels, at termination points, for CCl4 treated animals was be 8.7 ng/mL at 4 weeks ( P < 0.05, ROC: 0.83), 11.4 ng/mL at 6 weeks ( P < 0.001, ROC: 0.93) and 10.8 ng/mL at 8 weeks ( P < 0.05, ROC: 0.82). During regression phase, marker levels were statistically significantly decreased when compared with the marker levels at 8 weeks of treatment. Marker levels were found to be 5.9 ng/mL ( P < 0.001, ROC: 0.8) after 14 weeks of regression, 3.9 ng/mL ( P < 0.001, ROC: 0.95) after 20 weeks and 4.5 ng/mL ( P < 0.001, ROC: 0.97) after 26 weeks of regression. Conclusions The data indicates that CO5-1230 levels are statistically significantly increased when CCl4 intoxication stimulus is applied in all treatment time points. CO5-1230 levels return back to control levels when the stimulus is removed. The above finding adds to our previous evaluation of the marker and suggests that CO5-1230 may be a promising potential marker for liver fibrosis staging and monitoring in both disease progression and regression.
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Analysis of Chemicals Relevant to the Chemical Weapons ConventionUpdate based on the original article by Eric R.J. Wils,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Authors: Alcaraz Armando 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMass spectrometry in combination with gas chromatography (GC/MS) is at present the most suitable technique for the analysis of chemicals related to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), as GC/MS is capable of providing the required analytical evidence needed to sustain any claim of noncompliance under the Convention.(1–3) Chemical analysis will be carried out on‐site, during an inspection using mobile GC/MS equipment, or off‐site, in at least two designated laboratories selected by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). GC/MS analysis under the Convention is focused primarily on qualitative analysis (unambiguous identification) rather than on quantitative analysis. Moreover, GC/MS analysis has to be established under a strict quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program. The two most applied techniques in verification analysis are low‐resolution electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) GC/MS under full scan conditions. EI is the oldest and still most used ionization technique for the analysis of CWC‐related chemicals. Therefore, special attention is paid in this article to the fragmentation under EI conditions of a number of chemicals belonging to the CWC Schedule list. The chemicals placed on this list are the target for verification analysis, especially the Schedule 1 chemicals, which encompass the well‐known chemical warfare agents (CWA) such as the nerve agents sarin (GB), soman (GD), tabun (GA), andO‐ethyl‐S‐2‐diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX) and the vesicants sulfur mustard (HD) and lewisite (L). Sample preparation methods for these chemicals and their degradation products in environmental, synthetic material, and biological sample matrices are described in this article.
Capillary Electrophoresis in Clinical ChemistryUpdate based on the original article by Yan Xu,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Authors: Wabuyele Simuli L. , Xu Yan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractClinical chemistry also known as chemical pathology is a discipline that is generally concerned with analysis of biological fluids for diagnosis of human diseases. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is electrophoretic separation run in narrow‐bore capillary format, which has become a highly efficient and versatile separation technique available for analysis of a wide variety of biologically active molecules. Implementation of CE in clinical laboratories will enhance the capability of the current clinical diagnostic system and improve the efficiency and quality of routine clinical testing. Owing to the nature of clinical diagnostics, the adoption of CE in clinical laboratories has been slow. However, CE has begun to replace some older and antiquated conventional techniques with unique applications in some pioneering clinical laboratories. This review covers a brief introduction to the CE technique (i.e. principle of separation, modes of operation, instrumentation, and practical considerations), and a summary of its applications in clinical chemistry (i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, drugs, and organic and inorganic ions), as well as the future prospects of this field.
Atomic Spectroscopy in Food AnalysisUpdate based on the original article by Scott A. Baker and Nancy J. Miller‐Ihli,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Authors: Baker Scott A. , Miller‐Ihli Nancy J. , Fodor Péter , Woller Ágnes 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThere are several reasons that can explain why food analysis is a topic of strong interest for a large number of institutes around the world. Consumer demands have increased toward healthier and safer food products produced in environment‐friendly conditions. Food manufacturers and food distribution companies have to improve their quality control (QC) of raw materials, manufacturing processes, and end‐products to provide safe, healthy, and high‐quality products at reasonable price. Evaluation of element (e.g. essential and toxic) contents is an important part of nutrition and health claims made on foods. The methods best suited to meet this task are atomic spectroscopic methods such as atomic absorption, atomic emission, and elemental mass spectrometry (MS). Methods commonly used in the generation of food composition data include flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP/AES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). FAAS and ICP/AES offer similar detection limits (DLs) (ng mL−1levels), whereas GFAAS and ICP/MS can provide sub‐ng mL−1detection capability. The choice of a method often depends on detection capability, but ease of use, speed of analysis, and cost must also be considered. ICP/AES, ICP/MS, and more recently GF/AAS offer the advantage of providing simultaneous multielement measurements, making them well suited for the analysis of large numbers of elements in food samples. If one or a few elements are to be determined, less expensive atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) methods might be more suitable.The most critical stage in the development of analytical methods is sample preparation. Samples can be prepared using numerous procedures, but the most useful for a wide range of analytes and sample matrices are based on wet ashing of the sample.In addition to total element determinations, speciation measurements are important to determine the exact chemical form of the element that is present in the sample. As important properties, such as the bioavailability of an element, are dependent on its chemical form (speciation), the development of reliable methods for identification and quantification of trace element species is critical. The most practical difficulty encountered in speciation is to preserve the integrity of the sample and the species of interest during sampling, storage, and sample preparation. Hyphenated techniques, such as the coupling of chromatographic separation and atomic spectroscopic detection, have proven useful for elemental speciation measurements.