bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Application of a Hyperbranched Polyester Quaternary Ammonium Surfactant
Authors: Chen Kun , Zhou Xiangdong , Wang Xiangrong 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn the presence of the alkaline catalyst sodium hydroxide, the intermediate of hyperbranched polyester (H20Cl) was prepared by the modification of the hyperbranched polyester Boltorn H20 with epichlorohydrin. Then a new kind of quaternary ammonium functionalized hyperbranched polyester (H20C16 N) was synthesized by the reaction of H20Cl and hexadecyldimethylamine. The characteristics of H20C16 N were determined by FT‐IR, 1H NMR and TGA. The molecular and molecular weight distribution of H20C16 N were determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and the surface activities of H20C16 N including surface tension (γ) and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) were measured at 25 °C. The H20C16 N reduced the surface tension of water to 30.81 mN/m at concentration levels of 7.94 × 10−5 mol L−1 and micellization free energies of the quaternary ammonium salt in its solution showed a good tendency towards adsorption at interfaces. The H20C16 N was applied to the silk fabric. An antimicrobial test of the treated fabrics against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was carried out. SEM and XPS analysis were performed to study the dispersion of H20C16 N onto the fabric. All results exhibited excellent antibacterial properties of the hyperbranched polyester quaternary ammonium salt.
Microstructure and texture evolution in commercial-purity Zr 702 during cold rolling and annealing
Authors: Ma Min , Li Ming-he , Tan Yuan-biao , Yuan Hui , Liu Wen-chang 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Microstructure and texture evolution in commercial-purity Zr 702 during cold rolling and annealing was investigated by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that crystallographic slip was the predominant deformation mechanism in the early stage of deformation. Deformation twins started to form when the rolling reduction was larger than 38.9%; both the dislocation density and the number of twins increased with increasing rolling reduction. The initial texture of the Zr 702 plate consisted of the basal fiber component. During cold rolling the strength of the basal fiber first decreased and then increased with increasing rolling reduction. The cold-rolled sheets were fully recrystallized after being annealed at 550°C. The recrystallization temperature and the size of recrystallized grains decreased with increasing rolling reduction. A larger rolling reduction resulted in a higher grain growth rate when the annealing temperature increased from 550°C to 700°C. The recrystallization texture was characterized by a major basal fiber and a minor
$$\{ 01\bar 13\} < 2\bar 1\bar 10 >$$
component. The strength of the recrystallization texture increased with increasing rolling reduction.
Sarcopenia: describing rather than defining a condition
Authors: Alchin David Rhys 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundTraditional definitions of sarcopenia have described an aging‐associated disorder roughly defined as muscle mass two standard deviations below the young adult demographic. In an effort to clear the ambiguity pertaining to such descriptions, two international bodies have put forth working definitions of sarcopenia, namely The Society of Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders in 2011, and The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People in 2009.ReviewThis paper will look at the current zeitgeist of sarcopenia through a range of studies and will argue that what we have is an amalgamated and often conflicted description, rather than a definition, of the sarcopenic condition. Herein, we will consider whether such descriptions of sarcopenia should center on the consideration of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) rather than describing the condition more in terms of muscular pathology.ConclusionConsideration was given to studies of the NMJ to advance the idea that present notions of the sarcopenic condition are incomplete and that at its' core, sarcopenia is an age‐related disorder of the NMJ.
Optimizing enforcement and compliance in offshore marine protected areas: a case study from Cocos Island, Costa Rica
Authors: Arias Adrian , Pressey Robert L. , Jones Rhondda E. , Álvarez-Romero Jorge G. , Cinner Joshua E. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIllegal exploitation of resources is a cause of environmental degradation worldwide. The effectiveness of conservation initiatives such as marine protected areas relies on users' compliance with regulations. Although compliance can be motivated by social norms (e.g. peer pressure and legitimacy), some enforcement is commonly necessary. Enforcement is expensive, particularly in areas far from land, but costs can be reduced by optimizing enforcement. We present a case study of how enforcement could be optimized at Cocos Island National Park, Costa Rica, an offshore protected area and World Heritage Site. By analysing patrol records we determined the spatial and temporal distribution of illegal fishing and its relationship to patrol effort. Illegal fishing was concentrated on a seamount within the Park and peaked during the third year-quarter, probably as a result of oceanographic conditions. The lunar cycle in conjunction with the time of year significantly influenced the occurrence of incursions. The predictability of illegal fishing in space and time facilitates the optimization of patrol effort. Repeat offenders are common in the Park and we suggest that unenforced regulations and weak governance are partly to blame. We provide recommendations for efficient distribution of patrol effort in space and time, establishing adequate governance and policy, and designing marine protected areas to improve compliance. Our methods and recommendations are applicable to other protected areas and managed natural resources.
Karyotype and reproduction mode of the rodent parasite Strongyloides venezuelensis
Authors: HINO AKINA , TANAKA TERUHISA , TAKAISHI MAHO , FUJII YUMIKO , PALOMARES-RIUS JUAN E. , HASEGAWA KOICHI , MARUYAMA HARUHIKO , KIKUCHI TAISEI 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYStrongyloides venezuelensis is a parasitic nematode that infects rodents. Although Strongyloides species described to date are known to exhibit parthenogenetic reproduction in the parasitic stage of their life cycle and sexual reproduction in the free-living stage, we did not observe any free-living males in S. venezuelensis in our strain, suggesting that the nematode is likely to depend on parthenogenetic reproduction. We confirmed by cytological analysis that S. venezuelensis produces eggs by parthenogenesis during the parasitic stage of its life cycle. Phylogenetic analysis using nearly the full length of 18S and D3 region of 28S ribosomal RNA gene suggested that S. venezuelensis is distantly related to another rodent parasite, namely Strongyloides ratti, but more closely related to a ruminant parasite, Strongyloides papillosus. Karyotype analysis revealed S. venezuelensis reproduces with mitotic parthenogenesis, and has the same number of chromosomes as S. papillosus (2n = 4), but differs from S. ratti (2n = 6) in this regard. These results, taken together, suggest that S. venezuelensis evolved its parasitism for rodents independently from S. ratti and, therefore, is likely to have a different reproductive strategy.
John Rae to be honoured in Westminster Abbey–but not for discovering the northwest passage
Authors: Barr William 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSince at least 2001 Ken McGoogan has been claiming that in discovering Rae Strait in 1854 John Rae also discovered the final link in the northwest passage. This claim is false, in that a substantial section of the passage further north, some 240 km in length (between Bellot Strait and where James Clark Ross had found the north magnetic pole) was still undiscovered in 1854. On the basis of McGoogan's false claim Mr. Alistair Carmichael, MP for Orkney and Shetland, has been pursuing a campaign to have a corrective plaque installed near the Franklin cenotaph in Westminster Abbey to the effect that Rae, and not Franklin, discovered the northwest passage. The Dean of Westminster and the Abbey authorities have decided that a simple tablet with the words ‘John Rae; arctic explorer’ but with no further elaboration, will be installed in the Abbey near the Franklin cenotaph.
Shared white-matter dysconnectivity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychosis
Authors: Kumar J. , Iwabuchi S. , Oowise S. , Balain V. , Palaniyappan L. , Liddle P. F. 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundThere is an appreciable overlap in the clinical presentation, epidemiology and treatment response of the two major psychotic disorders – schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, the shared neurobiological correlates of these two disorders are still elusive. Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), we sought to identify brain regions which share altered white-matter connectivity across a clinical spectrum of psychotic disorders.MethodA sample of 41 healthy controls, 62 patients in a clinically stable state of an established psychotic disorder (40 with schizophrenia, 22 with bipolar disorder) were studied using DTI. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was used in order to study group differences between patients with psychosis and healthy controls using fractional anisotropy (FA). Probabilistic tractography was used in order to visualize the clusters that showed significant differences between these two groups.ResultsThe TBSS analysis revealed five clusters (callosal, posterior thalamic/optic, paralimbic, fronto-occipital) with reduced FA in psychosis. This reduction in FA was associated with an increase in radial diffusivity and a decrease in mode of anisotropy. Factor analysis revealed a single white-matter integrity factor that predicted social and occupational functioning scores in patients irrespective of the diagnostic categorization.ConclusionsOur results show that a shared white-matter dysconnectivity links the two major psychotic disorders. These microstructural abnormalities predict functional outcome better than symptom-based diagnostic boundaries during a clinically stable phase of illness, highlighting the importance of seeking shared neurobiological factors that underlie the clinical spectrum of psychosis.
IDENTIFICATION AND REVIEW OF COST-EFFECTIVENESS MODEL PARAMETERS: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
Authors: Kaltenthaler Eva , Essat Munira , Tappenden Paul , Paisley Suzy 
Published: August 2014

Objectives: Health economic models are developed as part of the health technology assessment process to determine whether health interventions represent good value for money. These models are often used to directly inform healthcare decision making and policy. The information needs for the model require the use of other types of information beyond clinical effectiveness evidence to populate the model's parameters. The purpose of this research study was to explore issues concerned with the identification and use of information for the development of such models.Methods: Three focus groups were held in February 2011 at the University of Sheffield with thirteen UK HTA experts. Attendees included health economic modelers, information specialists and systematic reviewers. Qualitative framework analysis was used to analyze the focus group data.Results: Six key themes, with related sub-themes, were identified dealing with decisions and judgments; searching methods; selection and rapid review of evidence; team communication; modeler experience and clinical input and reporting methods. There was considerable overlap between themes.Conclusions: Key issues raised by the respondents included the need for effective communication and teamwork throughout the model development process, the importance of using clinical experts as well as the need for transparent reporting of methods and decisions.
A tale of two hands: children's early gesture use in narrative production predicts later narrative structure in speech
Authors: DEMIR ÖZLEM ECE , LEVINE SUSAN C. , GOLDIN-MEADOW SUSAN 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSpeakers of all ages spontaneously gesture as they talk. These gestures predict children's milestones in vocabulary and sentence structure. We ask whether gesture serves a similar role in the development of narrative skill. Children were asked to retell a story conveyed in a wordless cartoon at age five and then again at six, seven, and eight. Children's narrative structure in speech improved across these ages. At age five, many of the children expressed a character's viewpoint in gesture, and these children were more likely to tell better-structured stories at the later ages than children who did not produce character-viewpoint gestures at age five. In contrast, framing narratives from a character's perspective in speech at age five did not predict later narrative structure in speech. Gesture thus continues to act as a harbinger of change even as it assumes new roles in relation to discourse.
Policing Postmodern Canada
Authors: Murphy Christopher 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis article describes current changes in long established policing structures, ideologies and operational practices and links them to changes in the economy and culture of governing and policing late modern societies like Canada. This transition from modern to postmodern policing is marked by the following core changes: (a) the restructuring and relocation of policing authority and responsibility, (b) the re-conceptualization of public policing, and (c) the rationalization and commodification of public and private policing services. These key shifts in policing structure and ideology suggest the declining importance of modern policing assumptions and the emergence of a distinctive postmodern model of public policing in Canada. The social and political implications of this policing transition for citizens, governments and governance are also discussed.
Virtual Citizenship
Authors: Downes Daniel M. , Janda Richard 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the importance of metaphor and media to the ideas of citizenship, nation, and place. In particular, the authors explore the relationship between citizenship and the double metaphor of the “nation-state”. If this double metaphor were to lose its hold on the collective imagination, what metaphor could take its place and be represented through modern media of communication? The authors use the example of deterritorialization, discussing first the emergence of the phenomenon particularly given the role of contemporary media of communication, and noting how it bears upon community, place and citizenship to suggest that such an erosion is taking place. They suggest that the “global market” metaphor is gaining ascendancy, and is represented in simulacrum through contemporary information technologies. The third part of this paper conducts a thought experiment implementing a deterritorialized, global market for citizenship, asking to what degree such a market already characterizes contemporary citizenship and assessing what is attractive and unattractive about it. The paper concludes with a caution against either ignoring or embracing this emerging normative construction.
“The Other Woman: Lizzie Cyr and the Origins of the ‘Persons Case’”
Authors: Bright David 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn 1929, the British Privy Council reversed an earlier ruling by Canada's Supreme Court that Canadian women did not, under the British North America Act, qualify as persons. Historians have long heralded this so-called ‘Persons Case’ as a turning point in the recognition of Canadian women's rights. However, little attention has been paid to the case's origins, which date back to the trial of an alleged prostitute in Calgary in 1917. That case successfully tested the right of women to hold high public office in Alberta – in this case, Calgary Police Magistrate Alice Jamieson – and began the subsequent twelve-year battle. However, this victory was achieved only at the expense of the rights of another woman: the alleged prostitute Lizzie Cyr. At best, then, the ‘Persons Case’ should be regarded as a tainted victory.
The Secession Reference and National Reconciliation: A Critical Note
Authors: Millard Gregory 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn its judgement on the constitutionality of a unilateral declaration of independence by Quebec, the Supreme Court claimed to be guided by the implicit or explicit constitutional principles of democracy, federalism, rule of law, and respect for minorities. French-English duality, as part of a “multination” conception of Canada, was not among these, despite being crucially implicit in the Court's reasoning. Had the principle of duality been articulated, it would have enhanced the theoretical cohesion of the judgement; more importantly, it would have furthered a necessary dialogue outside Quebec, insofar as national reconciliation requires the recognition of Quebec's distinctiveness by the rest of Canada. The secession reference was therefore a significant opportunity missed.
Strategies of Governance and Canadian Sentencing Legislation, 1984-1997
Authors: Hatt Ken 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper examines changes in Canadian sentencing legislation between 1984 and 1997 in relation to M. Foucault's genealogy of discursive practices. Foucault suggested three regulatory practices which were associated with contemporary projects of governmentality: punishment, discipline and risk management. The legislative changes regarding sentencing in court and conditional release decisions are reviewed to assess the extent to which the various regulatory practices have been adopted. It is suggested that Canadian sentencing discourse has become increasingly bifurcated around a combination of risk management and disciplinary strategies which are presented in a context of denunciation. The character of this arrangement and several of its anomalous features are examined.
Les velléités normalisatrices de la Cour suprême en matière d'échanges économiques: Fraude et sens du risque
Authors: Bacher Jean-Luc 
Published: August 2014

RésuméCet article rend compte de la portée que confère, dans sa jurisprudence, la Cour suprême à l'article 380 du Code criminel canadien, qui définit la fraude. Il s'attache en particulier à cerner l'interprétation que fait la Cour suprême de ces éléments constitutifs de la fraude que sont la malhonnêteté et le préjudice causé à la victime. L'auteur s'efforce ensuite de dégager la logique implicite qui guide la Cour suprême dans son interprétation de cette disposition. Il se demande quelles sont les valeurs, les modèles sociaux et, ultimement, les pratiques qu'entendent promouvoir les Juges de la Cour suprême dans l'élaboration de leur politique en matière de fraude. Il oppose enfin la logique de la Cour suprême à quelques unes des thèses énoncées par la sociologie pour rendre compte des pratiques qui ont cours en matière d'échanges économiques et de prise de risque par les acteurs économiques, en particulier par les entrepreneurs. A la lumière de la sociologie, l'auteur tente notamment de comprendre en quoi consiste l'enrichissement malhonnête, quels sont les risques économiques considérés comme tolérables et quelles sont les entraves naturelles à la sécurisation des activités économiques.
Electronic Miscommunication and the Defamatory Sense
Authors: Burkell Jacquelyn , Kerr Ian R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis article examines the effect that cultural and technological changes have had on interpersonal communication and aims to provide an interdisciplinary explanation for the recent proliferation of defamation in electronic media. The authors argue that the absence of certain extra-linguistic cues and established cultural convention in the electronic environment often results in miscommunication which — if not itself defamatory — gives rise to emotional exchanges between interlocutors in a manner that provokes defamation. The authors begin their analysis with a discussion of defamation law as a recipient-oriented tort, demonstrating the importance of the context of communication in the determination of whether a particular remark carries a defamatory sense. In order to better understand how an online communication is received and understood by its recipients, the authors then investigate three differences between electronic and other media of communications: i) that the technology-mediated and text-bases character of electronic communication makes the process of communication more difficult and the incidence of miscommunication more likely; ii) that the nature of social interaction in the online setting has a tendency to increase hostile communications that might be considered defamatory; iii) that the cultural context and standards of communication that develop in online communities will reduce the significance of these hostile communications. Applying these considerations to the law of defamation, the authors conclude by rejecting the naive point of view that a libel published through the Internet ought to be dealt with in exactly the same way that a libel published in a newspaper is dealt with. The authors end by calling for further empirical research about the content that is produced as a consequence of contextual challenges in electronic communication.
Gendered Racial Violence and Spatialized Justice: The Murder Pamela George
Authors: Razack Sherene H. 
Published: August 2014

RésuméEn 1995, Pamela George a été brutalement assassinée par deux jeunes athlètes universitaires de dix-huit ans. Les deux hommes condamnés pour meurtre se virent infliger des peines légères pour leur crime. Dans cet article, j'examine le meurtre de Pamela George comme un acte de violence raciale sexuée faisant partie de la poursuite de la colonisation des Autochtones. Je suggère qu'en tant que femme autochtone travaillant dans un espace de prostitution, Pamela George représentait un corps qui pouvait être violé impunément. Les hommes blancs respectables qui s'aventurent temporairement dans une zone de dégénérescence pour s'engager dans une rencontre avec une prostituée ne sont pas tenus responsables de la violence qui se produit régulièrement dans les espaces et sur le corps de l'Autre. La relation entre les corps, l'espace et la justice, où les zones habitées par l'Autre racialisé ainsi que celles de prostitution (souvent l'une étant l'autre) sont considérées comme des espaces où la justice universelle n'opère pas, suggère que cette violence reste invisible devant la loi. Ses caractéristiques, son rôle dans la constitution de l'homme blanc et des sociétés de colonisateurs blancs, indiquent pourquoi la violence persiste et pourquoi elle est niée par le droit de façon constante. Les processus de création d'identité décrits sont essentiels à la colonisation et, dans ce cas, à celle des Autochtones du Canada.