bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double side multicrystalline silicon passivation by one step stain etching‐based porous silicon
Authors: Mohamed Seifeddine Belhadj , Ben Rabha Mohamed , Bessais Brahim 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the effect of stain etching‐based porous silicon on the double side multicrystalline silicon. Special attention is given to the use of the stain etched PS as an antireflection coating as well as for surface passivating capabilities. Stain etching of double side multicrystalline silicon leads to the formation of PS nanostructures, that dramatically decrease the surface reflectivity from 30% to about 7% and increase the effective lifetime from 1 µs to 10 µs at a minority carrier density (Δn) of 1015 cm–3. These results let us correlate the rise of the lifetime values to the photoluminescence intensity to the hydrogen and oxide passivation as shown by FTIR analysis. This low‐cost PS formation process can be applied in the photovoltaic cell technology as a standard procedure (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Non‐polar group‐III nitride semiconductor surfaces
Authors: Eisele Holger , Ebert Philipp 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe intrinsic structural and electronic properties of a surface are important for any further study or application of the material, especially when a high surface‐to‐volume ratio is obtained or the surface gets functionalized, as e.g. during growth. Due to increasing material quality over recent years, the first experimental results are now available for the non‐polar group‐III nitride semiconductor surface, which can be compared with previously reported theoretical calculations. While the reports on AlN and InN surfaces are still small in number, for GaN quite a lot of experimental results on the non‐polar surfaces were published on the intrinsic geometric and electronic properties, the defects, the decomposition, and the effect of impurities. Furthermore, the growth on non‐polar group‐III nitride surfaces is a new concept to reduce undesirable piezoelectric polarization in heterostructures and the side walls of wurtzite‐structured nano‐wires are formed mostly by non‐polar facets. Hence, we review the existing intrinsic structural and electronic properties of non‐polar surfaces of group‐III nitride semiconductors in this contribution.magnified imageThe three different non‐polar surfaces of III–V semiconductors with filled (bright green) and empty (bright red) dangling bonds: left (red) the (10\bar 10) surface of the wurtzite crystal structure, middle (blue) the (11\bar 20) surface of the wurtzite crystal structure, and right (green) the ({110}) surface of the zincblende structure. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Buffer gas modifiers effect resolution in ion mobility spectrometry through selective ion‐molecule clustering reactions
Authors: Fernández‐Maestre Roberto , Wu Ching , Hill Herbert H. 
Published: September 2012

RATIONALEWhen polar molecules (modifiers) are introduced into the buffer gas of an ion mobility spectrometer, most ion mobilities decrease due to the formation of ion‐modifier clusters.METHODSWe used ethyl lactate, nitrobenzene, 2‐butanol, and tetrahydrofuran‐2‐carbonitrile as buffer gas modifiers and electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry. Ethyl lactate, nitrobenzene, and tetrahydrofuran‐2‐carbonitrile had not been tested as buffer gas modifiers and 2‐butanol had not been used with basic amino acids.RESULTSThe ion mobilities of several diamines (arginine, histidine, lysine, and atenolol) were not affected or only slightly reduced when these modifiers were introduced into the buffer gas (3.4% average reduction in an analyte's mobility for the three modifiers). Intramolecular bridges caused limited change in the ion mobilities of diamines when modifiers were added to the buffer gas; these bridges hindered the attachment of modifier molecules to the positive charge of ions and delocalized the charge, which deterred clustering. There was also a tendency towards large changes in ion mobility when the mass of the analyte decreased; ethanolamine, the smallest compound tested, had the largest reduction in ion mobility with the introduction of modifiers into the buffer gas (61%). These differences in mobilities, together with the lack of shift in bridge‐forming ions, were used to separate ions that overlapped in IMS, such as isoleucine and lysine, and arginine and phenylalanine, and made possible the prediction of separation or not of overlapping ions.CONCLUSIONSThe introduction of modifiers into the buffer gas in IMS can selectively alter the mobilities of analytes to aid in compound identification and/or enable the separation of overlapping analyte peaks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined inverse and gradient iterative learning control: performance, monotonicity, robustness and non‐minimum‐phase zeros
Authors: Owens David H. , Chu Bing 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYBased on recent papers that have demonstrated that robust iterative learning control can be based on parameter optimization using either the inverse plant or gradient concepts, this paper presents a unification of these ideas for discrete‐time systems that not only retains the convergence properties and the robustness properties derived in previous papers but also permits the inclusion of filters in the input update formula and a detailed analysis of the effect of non‐minimum‐phase dynamics on algorithm performance in terms of a ‘plateauing’ or ‘flat‐lining’ effect in the error norm evolution. Although the analysis is in the time domain, the robustness conditions are expressed as frequency domain inequalities. The special case of a version of the inverse algorithm that can be used to construct a robust stable anti‐causal inverse non‐minimum‐phase plant is presented and analysed in detail. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Identification of Inner Tube Defects in Double‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Allen Christopher S. , Robertson Alex W. , Kirkland Angus I. , Warner Jamie H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe precise atomic structure and relative atomic conformation of the individual carbon nanotubes comprising a double wall carbon nanotube (DWCNT) is determined. The DWCNTs are imaged using an aberration corrected high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) operating at 80 kV. Using processing in Fourier space images of the inner and outer tube of a double‐wall carbon nanotube (DWCNT) are analysed. Comparisons of these results with simulated HRTEM images enable the chiral indices and relative atomic correlation of the component tubes of non‐commensurate DWCNTs to be determined. This technique is used to reveal the presence of a defect in the inner tube of a (6, 6)@(18, 2) DWCNT.
Controlling Nozzle Clogging by Secondary Steelmaking Without Reheating
Authors: Harcsik Bela , Karoly Gyula 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEver since continuous casting was introduced, nozzle clogging has been a recurring subject of metallurgical research and publications. Nozzle clogging is caused by the deposition of non‐metallic inclusions – on the casting equipment – which are solid at the temperature of casting. Calcium treatment already represents a possible solution to eliminate this phenomenon, but there are special steel grades which do not allow its application either because they are price sensitive or for certain other reasons.3 Cleaning the steel melt by agitation is an alternative solution, but it has time constraints due to the cooling of the melt. Over extensive cooling can be prevented by heating the melt (in ladle), but its introduction and operational costs per heat are often too high for an individual steelmaking plant to afford. The goal of our research is to find metallurgical solution to reduce the rate of nozzle clogging in plants which do not possess a ladle furnace and the time devoted to treatment or the price of the product do not allow Ca‐treatment to be applied.
Effect of Dynamic Transformation on the Mean Flow Stress
Authors: Jonas John J. , Ghosh Chiradeep , Basabe Vladimir V. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFlow curves were determined in torsion at a series of temperatures on four plain C steels and a Nb microalloyed steel of increasing C concentration. The mean flow stresses (MFSs) pertaining to each experimental condition were calculated from the flow curves by integration. These are plotted against inverse absolute temperature in the form of Boratto diagrams. The stress drop temperatures, normally defined as the upper critical temperature $A_{{\rm r3}}^{{\rm *}} $, were determined from these diagrams. These are shown to be about 40°C above the paraequilibrium and about 20°C above the orthoequilibrium temperatures. This type of behavior is ascribed to the occurrence of dynamic transformation (DT) during deformation. The general characteristics of the DT of austenite to ferrite are reviewed. It is suggested that some of the unexpected load drops that have been reported to take place above the Ae3 temperature in strip mills may be attributable to this phenomenon.
Yarrowia lipolytica
Authors: Nicaud Jean‐Marc 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe yeast Yarrowia lipolytica presents specific physiological, metabolic and genomic characteristics, which differentiate it from the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These properties have led several research groups to use this yeast as a model for basic knowledge. Thanks to the development of advanced genetic tools and ‐omic approaches, significant progress has been achieved in the understanding of specific biological processes. This review, after a short presentation of this model yeast, will briefly highlight the different use of Y. lipolytica for basic knowledge and the advantages gained by exploiting this non‐conventional yeast. Future perspectives in employing this yeast for basic knowledge in the field of RNA splicing and genome evolution, and for the study of lipid metabolism, are also discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal Structure of FePb4Sb6Se14 and its Structural Relationship with FePb3Sb4Se10
Authors: Poudeu Pierre F. P. , Djieutedjeu Honore , Sahoo Pranati 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSingle crystals of FePb4Sb6Se14, were obtained from solid‐state combination of high purity elemental powders at 873K for three days. Single crystal X‐ray structure determination revealed that the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (no. 14) and adopts the structure of Jamesonite (FePb4Sb6S14). The structure contains two crystallographically independent lead atoms with monocapped and bicapped trigonal prismatic coordinations, three antimony atoms located in a distorted octahedral environment and one iron atom occupying a flattened octahedral coordination. Neighboring monocapped and bicapped trigonal prims around lead atoms share faces and edges to build a corrugated layer parallel to the ac plane. Octahedrally coordinated antimony atoms share edges to form one‐dimensional (1D) {SbSe}∞ ribbons connecting adjacent corrugated layers. The distortion of the octahedral coordination around antimony atoms within the {SbSe}∞ ribbons with the longest bond pointing towards the center of the ribbon, suggests the stereochemical activity of antimony lone‐pairs with their electron clouds pointing towards the center of the {SbSe}∞ ribbon. The three dimensional framework resulting from the connectivity between the corrugated layers and the {SbSe}∞ ribbons, contains isolated cylindrical voids parallel to [100] which are filled by a 1D FenSe4n+2 straight chain of edge‐sharing FeSe6 octahedra. The crystal structure of FePb4Sb6Se14 is closely related to that of FePb3Sb4Se10 as they are formed by similar building units with different sizes.
Investigations on the Structure Diversity and Thermal Degradation Behavior of CdII and ZnII Thiocyanato Coordination Compounds based on 3‐Acetylpyridine as Neutral Co‐Ligand
Authors: Werner Julia , Boeckmann Jan , Näther Christian 
Published: September 2012

AbstractReaction of CdII and ZnII thiocyanate with 3‐acetylpyridine leads to the formation of the new CdII and ZnII coordination compounds [Cd(NCS)2(3‐acetylpyridine)4] (1A), [Cd(NCS)2(3‐acetylpyridine)2]n (1B), [Cd(NCS)2(3‐acetylpyridine)]n (1C) and [Zn(NCS)2(3‐acetylpyridine)2] (2A). Compound 1A consists of discrete complexes, in which the metal centers are octahedrally coordinated by four terminal bonded N‐donor co‐ligands and two terminal N‐bonded thiocyanato anions. In compound 2A the metal centers are only tetrahedrally coordinated by two terminal bonded N‐donor co‐ligands and two terminal N‐bonded thiocyanato anions. In compound 1B the CdII cations are octahedrally coordinated by two terminal bonded N‐donor co‐ligands and four thiocyanato anions. The metal centers are linked by μ‐1, 3 bridging thiocyanato anions into chains. In compound 1C the metal cations are octahedrally coordinated by two μ‐1, 5 bridging 3‐acetyl‐pyridine ligands and four μ‐1, 3 bridging thiocyanato anions building up a three‐dimensional coordination network. Investigations on the thermal degradation behavior of all compounds using simultaneous differential thermoanalysis and thermogravimetry as well as X‐ray powder diffraction and IR spectroscopy prove that on heating compound 2A decompose without the formation of 3‐acetylpyridine‐deficient intermediates. In contrast, for compound 1A a stepwise decomposition is observed, leading to the formation of the 3‐acetylpyridine‐deficient compound [Cd(NCS)2(3‐acetylpyridine)2]n (1B) which decomposes on further heating
Non‐Corner‐Capped Discrete T4 Cluster Stabilized by a Metal‐Bipyridine Complex
Authors: Pu Ya‐Yang , Zhang Xiang , You Li‐Shen , Bian Guo‐Qing , Zhu Qin‐Yu , Dai Jie 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOur efforts have focused on the synthesis of novel chalcogenidometalates, in which M‐phen/bpy complexes are embedded (M = transition metals, phen = 1, 10‐phenanthroline, bpy = 2, 2′‐bipyridine), because the MII‐phen/bpy cations have offered extensive applications in light harvesting and energy conversion. We report herein discrete supertetrahedral Fe4In16S35 clusters (T4) co‐crystallized with [Fe(bpy)3]2+ cations, namely [Fe(bpy)3]3[Fe4H2In16S35]·4Htean·2Hbpy·5H2O. The spectroscopic properties and thermal stability of the compound are discussed. It is the first example of a non‐corner‐capped discrete M4In16S35 T4 cluster. A notable feature of the compound is the soluble discrete nanoscaled thioindiate cluster. The related 1D InS T3 chain [Fe(bpy)3]2[H2In10S19]·2Htean·8H2O is also presented herein in order to understand the effect of the reaction conditions on the formation of the Tn structures.
1, 9‐Dihydro‐purine‐6‐thione Derivatives of the d8–d10 Metal Ions (PdII, PtII, and CuI): Synthesis, Spectroscopy, and Structures
Authors: Lobana Tarlok S. , Kaur Parminderjit , Hundal Geeta , Butcher Ray J. , Liu Chen W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractReaction of 1, 9‐dihydro‐purine‐6‐thione (puSH2) in presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide with PdCl2(PPh3)2 suspended in ethanol formed [Pd(κ2‐N7,S‐puS)(PPh3)2] (1). Similarly, complexes [Pd(κ2‐N7,S‐puS)(κ2‐P, P‐L‐L)] (2–4) {L‐L = dppm (m = 1) (2), dppp (m = 3) (3), dppb (m = 4) (4)} were prepared using precursors the [PdCl2(L‐L)] {L‐L = Ph2P–(CH2)m–PPh2}. Reaction of puSH2 suspended in benzene with platinic acid, H2PtCl6, in ethanol in the presence of triethylamine followed by the addition of PPh3 yielded the complex [Pt(κ2‐N7,S‐puS)(PPh3)2] (5). Complexes [Pt(κ2‐N7,S‐puS)(κ2‐P, P‐L‐L)] (6–8) {L‐L = dppm (6), dppp (7), dppb (8)} were prepared similarly. The 1, 9‐dihydro‐purine‐6‐thione acts as N7,S‐chelating dianion in compounds 1–8. The reaction of copper(I) chloride [or copper(I) bromide] in acetonitrile with puSH2 and the addition of PPh3 in methanol yielded the same product, [Cu(κ2‐N7,S‐puSH)(PPh3)2] (9), in which the halogen atoms are removed by uninegative N, S‐chelating puSH– anion. However, copper(I) iodide did not lose iodide and formed the tetrahedral complex, [CuI(κ1‐S‐puSH2)(PPh3)2] (10), in which the thio ligand is neutral. These complexes were characterized with the help of elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy (1H, 31P), and single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography (3, 7, 8, 9, and 10).
On the Existence of the Trimer of Gallium Trichloride in the Gaseous Phase
Authors: Tsirelnikov Viacheslav I. , Lokshin Boris V. , Melnikov Petr , Nascimento Valter A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe dependence of the gallium trichloride saturated and unsaturated vapor pressures on temperature was studied by the static method using a quartz membrane zero‐manometer and taking into account the volume of its working chamber and substance mass. Conclusions about the presence of a distinguishable amount of trimeric molecules along with dimeric and momomeric molecules in the vapor were drawn on the basis of the obtained data. The following rough thermodynamic characteristics of a gaseous trimer of gallium trichloride were calculated: ΔfH° (Ga3Cl9, gas, 298 K) = –1466 kJ·mol–1. S°(Ga3Cl9, gas, 298 K) = 654 J·mol–1·K–1. These data were used to elucidate the composition of the gaseous phase at a total pressure of 1 atm in the temperature range of 400–750 K. The suggested existence of trimeric molecules was not contradicted by vibrational spectroscopic analysis of gallium trichloride saturated vapor.
Synthesis and Structure Determination of Two Neutral Cadmium Thiophenolate Clusters
Authors: Gruber Franziska 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe polynuclear complexes [Cd8S(SPh)14(DMF)3] (1) and [Cd17S4(SH)2(SPh)24(PPh3)2] (2) were prepared by an organometallic synthesis route. X‐ray diffraction on single‐crystals revealed a hexagonal closed packing of the cluster unit in 1 in the triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$. Compound 2 crystallized in the monoclinic space group C2/c. In contrast to related cluster compounds, the ligand sphere of 1 is expanded resulting in an unusual trigonal‐bipyramidal coordination of one of the cadmium ions. The heterogeneous composition of the ligand sphere of 2 results in the formation of individual cluster molecules.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Two Succinato‐Bridged Macrocyclic Nickel(II) Complexes
Authors: Ou Guang‐Chuan , Yuan Xian‐You , Li Zhi‐Zhang 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTwo dinuclear succinato‐bridged nickel(II) complexes [Ni(RR‐L)]2(μ‐SA)(ClO4)2 (1) and [Ni(SS‐L)]2(μ‐SA)(ClO4)2 (2) (L = 5, 5, 7, 12, 12, 14‐hexamethyl‐1, 4, 8, 11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane, SA = succinic acid) were synthesized and characterized by EA, Circular dichroism (CD), as well as IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed that the NiII atoms display a distorted octahedral coordination arrangement, and the succinato ligand bridges two central NiII atoms in a bis bidentate fashion to form dimers in 1 and 2. The monomers of {[Ni(RR‐L)]2(μ‐SA)}2+ and {[Ni(SS‐L)]2(μ‐SA)}2+ are connected by O–H···O and N–H···O hydrogen bonds into a 1D right‐handed and left‐handed helical chain along the b axis, respectively. The homochiral natures of 1 and 2 are confirmed by the results of CD spectroscopy.
Derivation of concurrent programs by stepwise scheduling of Event-B models
Authors: Boström Pontus , Degerlund Fredrik , Sere Kaisa , Waldén Marina 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Concurrent programs are often complex and they are not straightforward to develop and prove correct. Formal development methods based on refinement make it possible not only to derive programs gradually, but also to prove their correctness in a stepwise fashion. Event-B is a formal framework that has been shown useful for developing concurrent and distributed programs. In order to scale to large systems, models can be decomposed into sub-models that can be refined semi-independently and executed in parallel. In this paper, we show how to introduce explicit control flow for the concurrent sub-models in the form of event schedules. The purpose of these schedules is both to provide process-oriented specifications of the programs to complement the state-based approach in Event-B, as well as to facilitate more efficient implementation of the models. The schedules are introduced in a stepwise manner and should be designed to result in a correctness-preserving refinement step. In order to reduce the verification burden on the developers, we provide patterns for schedule introduction, together with their associated proof obligations. We demonstrate our method by applying it on the dining philosophers problem.
Basics and applications of stem cells in the pancreas
Authors: Sekine Keisuke , Taniguchi Hideki 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEnormous efforts have been made to establish pancreatic stem/progenitor cells as a source for regenerative medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In recent years, it has been recognized that the self‐renewal of beta cells is the dominant process involved in postnatal beta‐cell regeneration and expansion. Nevertheless, several in‐vitro studies have suggested that ductal or as yet unidentified cells are candidates for pancreatic stem/progenitor cells that can differentiate into multilineage cells, including insulin+ cells. The question remains as to whether beta cells are generated postnatally from stem/progenitor cells other than pre‐existing beta cells. Furthermore, mutated pancreatic stem cells are considered to be prospective candidates for cancer stem cells or tumor‐initiating cells. This review highlights recent progress in pancreatic stem/progenitor cell research.
Comparing new templates and atlas‐based segmentations in the volumetric analysis of brain magnetic resonance images for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Shen Qian , Zhao Weizhao , Loewenstein David A. , Potter Elizabeth , Greig Maria T. , Raj Ashok , Barker Warren , Potter Huntington , Duara Ranjan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe segmentation of brain structures on magnetic resonance imaging scans for calculating regional brain volumes, using automated anatomic labeling, requires the use of both brain atlases and templates (template sets). This study aims to improve the accuracy of volumetric analysis of hippocampus (HP) and amygdala (AMG) in the assessment of early Alzheimer's disease (AD) by developing template sets that correspond more closely to the brains of elderly individuals.MethodsTotal intracranial volume and HP and AMG volumes were calculated for elderly subjects with no cognitive impairment (n = 103), with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (n = 68), or with probable AD (n = 46) using the following: (1) a template set consisting of a standard atlas (atlas S), drawn on a young adult male brain, and the widely used Montreal Neurological Institute template (MNI template set); (2) a template set (template S set) in which the template is based on smoothing the image from which atlas S is derived; and (3) a new template set (template E set) in which the template is based on an atlas (atlas E) created from the brain of an elderly individual.ResultsCorrespondence to HP and AMG volumes derived from manual segmentation was highest with automated segmentation by template E set, intermediate with template S set, and lowest with the MNI template set. The areas under the receiver operating curve for distinguishing elderly subjects with no cognitive impairment from elderly subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or probable AD and the correlations between HP and AMG volumes and cognitive and functional scores were highest for template E set, intermediate for template S set, and lowest for the MNI template set.ConclusionsThe accuracy of automated anatomic labeling and the diagnostic value of the derived volumes are improved with template sets based on brain atlases closely resembling the anatomy of the to‐be‐segmented brain magnetic resonance imaging scans.