bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The nascent Kuroshio of Lamon Bay
Authors: Gordon Arnold L. , Flament Pierre , Villanoy Cesar , Centurioni Luca 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA northward flowing current, emanating from the North Equatorial Current (NEC) bifurcation at the Philippine margin, enters Lamon Bay along Luzon's eastern coast. There the NEC tropical water masses merge with subtropical water of the western North Pacific to form the Kuroshio. A northward flowing western boundary current is first observed near 16.5°N, marking the initiation of the Kuroshio. The current feeding into the nascent Kuroshio of Lamon Bay is bracketed by an anticyclonic dipole to its northeast and a cyclonic dipole to its southwest. Ship‐based observational programs in the spring seasons of 2011 and 2012 detect a shift of the Lamon Bay thermohaline stratification with marked enrichment of NEC tropical thermocline water in 2012 relative to a dominant western North Pacific subtropical stratification of 2011. Temperature‐salinity time series from moorings spanning the two ship‐based observations identify the timing of the transition as December 2011. The NEC bifurcation was further south in May 2012 than in May 2011. We suggest that the more southern bifurcation in May 2012 induced increased NEC thermocline water injection into Lamon Bay and nascent Kuroshio, increasing the linkage of the western North Pacific subtropical and tropical thermoclines. This connection was reduced in May 2011 as the NEC bifurcation shifted into a more northerly position and western North Pacific subtropical thermocline dominated Lamon Bay stratification.
Data assimilative modeling investigation of Gulf Stream Warm Core Ring interaction with continental shelf and slope circulation
Authors: Chen Ke , He Ruoying , Powell Brian S. , Gawarkiewicz Glen G. , Moore Andrew M. , Arango Hernan G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA data assimilative ocean circulation model is used to hindcast the interaction between a large Gulf Stream Warm Core Ring (WCR) with the Mid‐Atlantic Bight (MAB) shelf and slope circulation. Using the recently developed Incremental Strong constraint 4D Variational (I4D‐Var) data assimilation algorithm, the model assimilates mapped satellite sea surface height (SSH), sea surface temperature (SST), in situ temperature, and salinity profiles measured by expendable bathythermograph, Argo floats, shipboard CTD casts, and glider transects. Model validations against independent hydrographic data show 60% and 57% error reductions in temperature and salinity, respectively. The WCR significantly changed MAB continental slope and shelf circulation. The mean cross‐shelf transport induced by the WCR is estimated to be 0.28 Sv offshore, balancing the mean along‐shelf transport by the shelfbreak jet. Large heat/salt fluxes with peak values of 8900 W m−2/4 × 10−4 kg m−2 s−1 are found when the WCR was impinging upon the shelfbreak. Vorticity analysis reveals the nonlinear advection term, as well as the residual of joint effect of baroclinicity and bottom relief (JEBAR) and advection of potential vorticity (APV) play important roles in controlling the variability of the eddy vorticity.
Pathways of the Agulhas waters poleward of 29°S
Authors: Wang Jinbo , Mazloff Matthew R. , Gille Sarah T. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPassive tracers are advected in a Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) to map the pathways of Agulhas waters, with a focus on determining where the Agulhas waters intrude into the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Results show that Agulhas waters spread into all three ocean basins within 3 years of release. After leaving the African continent, the mean Agulhas water pathway tilts northwest toward the South Atlantic and southeast toward the ACC. The majority (from 60% to 100% depending on specific water mass) of the Agulhas waters stay in the South Indian Ocean north of the Sub‐Antarctic Front. From 10 to 28% enters the South Atlantic Ocean through the boundary current along the southern tip of South Africa and via Agulhas rings in the retroflection region. Up to 12% of intermediate depth Agulhas waters enter the ACC. Most of the tracer transport into the ACC occurs just downstream of the Kerguelen Plateau, which clearly demonstrates the importance of topography in elevating cross‐frontal exchange. Agulhas waters also contribute to Sub‐Antarctic Mode Water formation in the Southeast Indian Ocean by lateral advection. The surface Agulhas waters are preconditioned by strong surface buoyancy loss before turning into mode water, while the intermediate Agulhas waters are advected to the mode water formation region along isopycnals before being drawn into the mixed layer.
Residual shear strength variability as a primary control on movement of landslides reactivated by earthquake‐induced ground motion: Implications for coastal Oregon, U.S.
Authors: Schulz William H. , Wang Gonghui 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMost large seismogenic landslides are reactivations of preexisting landslides with basal shear zones in the residual strength condition. Residual shear strength often varies during rapid displacement, but the response of residual shear zones to seismic loading is largely unknown. We used a ring shear apparatus to perform simulated seismic loading tests, constant displacement rate tests, and tests during which shear stress was gradually varied on specimens from two landslides to improve understanding of coseismic landslide reactivation and to identify shear strength models valid for slow gravitational failure through rapid coseismic failure. The landslides we studied represent many along the Oregon, U.S., coast. Seismic loading tests resulted in (1) catastrophic failure involving unbounded displacement when stresses represented those for the existing landslides and (2) limited to unbounded displacement when stresses represented those for hypothetical dormant landslides, suggesting that coseismic landslide reactivation may be significant during future great earthquakes occurring near the Oregon Coast. Constant displacement rate tests indicated that shear strength decreased exponentially during the first few decimeters of displacement but increased logarithmically with increasing displacement rate when sheared at 0.001 cm s−1 or greater. Dynamic shear resistance estimated from shear strength models correlated well with stresses observed during seismic loading tests, indicating that displacement rate and amount primarily controlled failure characteristics. We developed a stress‐based approach to estimate coseismic landslide displacement that utilizes the variable shear strength model. The approach produced results that compared favorably to observations made during seismic loading tests, indicating its utility for application to landslides.
Aeolian particle flux profiles and transport unsteadiness
Authors: Bauer Bernard O. , Davidson‐Arnott Robin G. D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractVertical profiles of aeolian sediment flux are commonly modeled as an exponential decay of particle (mass) transport with height above the surface. Data from field and wind‐tunnel studies provide empirical support for this parameterization, although a large degree of variation in the precise shape of the vertical flux profile has been reported. This paper explores the potential influence of wind unsteadiness and time‐varying intensity of transport on the geometry (slope, curvature) of aeolian particle flux profiles. Field evidence from a complex foredune environment demonstrates that (i) the time series of wind and sediment particle flux are often extremely variable with periods of intense transport (referred to herein as sediment “flurries”) separated by periods of weak or no transport; (ii) sediment flurries contribute the majority of transport in a minority of the time; (iii) the structure of a flurry includes a “ramp‐up” phase lasting a few seconds, a “core” phase lasting a few seconds to many tens of seconds, and a “ramp‐down” phase lasting a few seconds during which the system relaxes to a background, low‐intensity transport state; and (iv) conditional averaging of flux profiles for flurry and nonflurry periods reveals differences between the geometry of the mean profiles and hence the transport states that produce them. These results caution against the indiscriminate reliance on regression statistics derived from time‐averaged sediment flux profiles, especially those with significant flurry and nonflurry periods, when calibrating or assessing the validity of steady state models of aeolian saltation.
A slab model of the Great Salt Lake for regional climate simulation
Authors: Strong C. , Kochanski A. K. , Crosman E. T. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA slab lake model was developed for the Great Salt Lake (GSL) and coupled to a regional climate model to enable better evaluation of regional effects of projected climate change. The GSL is hypersaline with an area of approximately 4400 km2, and its notable shallowness (the deeper sections average 6.5–9 m at current lake levels) renders it highly sensitive to climate change. A time‐independent (constant) effective mixing depth of approximately 5 m was determined for the GSL by numerically optimizing model‐observation agreement, and improvement gained using a time‐dependent effective mixing depth assumption was smaller than the uncertainty in the satellite‐based observations. The slab model with constant effective mixing depth accounted for more than 97% of the variance in satellite‐based observations of GSL surface temperature for years 2001 through 2003. Using a lake surface temperature climatology in place of the lake model resulted in annual mean near‐surface air temperature differences that were small (∼10−2 K) away from the lake, but differences in annual precipitation downstream reached 3 cm (4.5%) mainly because of enhanced turbulent heat fluxes off the lake during spring. When subjected to a range of pseudo global warming scenarios, the annual mean lake surface temperature increased by 0.8°C per degree of air temperature increase.
Restoration Ecology: Principles
Authors: Cairns John 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Restoration is defined as natural resource repair of an ecosystem which has been disturbed or damaged. The ecosystem is restored as closely as possible to its condition prior to the damage or disturbance (U. S. Research Council, 1992, p. 18). Both the structure and the functions of the ecosystem are recreated. Merely recreating the form without the functions, or the functions in an artificial configuration bearing little resemblance to a natural resource, does not constitute restoration. The goal is to emulate a natural, functioning, self‐regulating system that is integrated with the ecological landscape in which it occurs.
A major new issue for restoration ecology is the increased probability that a planetary state shift is in progress or likely to occur. A planetary state shift produces major alterations in the biosphere, resulting from major shifts in physical and chemical conditions. Restoration to predisturbance condition becomes increasingly improbable on such a major scale.

Key Concepts:

Ecological restoration to predisturbance condition, or an approximation thereof, is possible.

Restoration should include both structure and function.

At present, ecological damage markedly exceeds ecological repair.

The goal of restoration is to emulate a natural, functioning, self‐regulating system that is integrated with the ecological landscape in which it occurs.

Biological, physical and chemical monitoring are essential to determine if pre‐existing quality conditions have been met.

A team qualified to take remedial action must be in place to take action if monitoring shows that quality control conditions are not being met.

A restoration project must include a specific project mission, goals and objectives and a schematic restoration scenario.

Restoring to predisturbance condition may not be possible due to climate change, so a constructed ecosystem may be the alternative.

If a self‐maintaining system cannot be achieved, subsidies may be essential.

Restoration projects are never risk free, so attention should be given to the reasons that projects fail.
Evolution of Skin Pigmentation Differences in Humans
Authors: López Saioa , Alonso Santos 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Human skin pigmentation is a complex trait that evolved as an adaptation to local environmental conditions. The distribution of human skin colour is highly correlated with the intensity of incident ultraviolet radiation. Several hypotheses that assign a key role to natural selection have been proposed to explain the global distribution of human skin pigmentation, such as photoprotection, protection against low vitamin D levels and protection against folate deficiency. The genetics underlying skin colour variability is also being deeply investigated. A handful of genes have already been reported to be associated with the normal pigmentation variability and/or to be under the action of natural selection:
TYR, TYRP1, TYRP2, OCA2, SLC45A2, SLC24A5, MC1R, ASIP, MITF, KITLG
and, recently, β‐defensins. Genome‐wide scans have suggested many other candidate genes with a role in pigmentation variability. However, functional studies should be carried out in order to ascertain the significance of these findings.

Key Concepts:

Human skin colour evolved as an adaptation to local environmental conditions.

Dark skin probably originated after the loss of fur by our ancestors in Africa.

A highly pigmented skin reduces the damaging effects of UV radiation, such as skin cancer, sunburn or folic acid photolysis.

Light skin probably originated after the Out‐of‐Africa exodus, of modern Homo sapiens into Eurasia, approximately 100 000 years ago.

Skin depigmentation at higher latitudes occurred independently in Asia and Europe.

Lighter skins allow UV radiation to penetrate the skin to catalyse the synthesis of vitamin D.
Population Biology of Plant Pathogens
Authors: Shaw Michael W 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Population change in plant pathogens is driven by environmental factors, especially wetness and temperature, and by intrinsic and induced host resistance. For pathogens except those of woody tissue, turnover of host tissue, and decline in pathogen population during periods when the host is absent or conditions unsuitable for infection produce intrinsic fluctuations in populations. Movement of propagules to new hosts is much more efficient in denser host stands, introducing density dependence at a larger scale. The reduction of host populations by a successful pathogen both allows space for other plants to grow, and introduces selective forces increasing resistance in the host. This gives rise to a coevolutionary race between host and pathogen, resulting in both diversity and turnover of genetic elements involved in defence signalling. Rare movement of pathogens between subpopulations of a metapopulation introduces a further birth–death process causing fluctuations in disease and selection pressures on relevant genetic elements.

Key Concepts:

Population densities of plant pathogens are set by the balance between pathogen infection and host turnover.

Populations of plant pathogens are rarely stable, but cycle from high to low across seasons.

Environmental factors modulate or limit but do not regulate pathogen abundance.

Asexual reproduction is often associated with shorter distance dispersal mechanisms and sexual reproduction with longer distance mechanisms.

Density‐dependence acts at the level of the individual host, the host population and within metapopulations.

Pathogens increase biodiversity by disadvantaging common hosts.

Coevolution between host and pathogen leads to continuing change and diversity in pathogenesis related parts of the genome.

When a pathogen encounters a susceptible host not coevolved with it – for example, through trade – a dramatic drop in host density may occur.
Molecular Genetics of Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Mestroni Luisa , Tharp Charles A , Sweet Mary E , Graw Sharon L , Taylor Matthew RG 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an autosomal dominant disease characterised by dilation of the left ventricle and reduced systolic function. Although hundreds of mutations in more than 40 genes have been attributed to DCM, affecting a wide variety of structural proteins, conduction pathways and contraction mechanisms, this accounts for approximately 40% of familial genetic causes. Additionally, due to low prevalence of any particular single gene mutation in the population, as well as genetic overlap with other cardiomyopathies and diagnostic technology limitations, the diagnosis of DCM remains difficult. The introduction of high‐throughput
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
sequencing through multigene testing panels has improved diagnostic sensitivity. Furthermore, functional studies have provided innovative approaches to advance collective understanding of DCM aetiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis.

Key Concepts:

DCM is an autosomal dominant disease affecting 1 in 2500 individuals with up to 50% of cases attributed to genetic causes.

Approximately 40 genes have been discovered as part of DCM aetiology, but this accounts for only 40% of genetic cases.

Mutations causing DCM have been discovered in multiple cardiomyocyte proteins and pathways, with most mutations representing a rare cause of DCM and each contributing a low frequency of DCM cases.

Mutated genes involved in DCM include those encoding sarcomeric, cytoskeleton, nuclear membrane and ion channel proteins; most mutations leads to a similar DCM phenotype.

DCM‐associated rare gene variants found both in research and clinical settings require confirmatory and follow‐up studies, because some of them may eventually result in benign common variations.

Functional studies model systems and animal models, such as in zebrafish, are useful for clearly observing the heart, and these studies have been successful in demonstrating distinct cardiac phenotypes for DCM‐related gene mutations.
Microspectroscopy in the Mid‐Infrared
Authors: Pollock Hubert M. , Kazarian Sergei G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe first type of infrared (IR) microscope to be developed, and still in general use, provides optical visualization plusIRspectroscopic data collection. Its essential features includereflective optics for focusing, collecting, and imaging transmitted or reflectedIRradiation from the sample onto a detector,one or more variable apertures located in an image plane of the sample, which serve to define the area to be recorded, anda visible light path, which is parfocal and collinear with theIRlight path so that the sample can be viewed and positioned.The accessory is coupled to a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer by a set of transfer optics from the interferometer into the microscope. The analyst is thus provided with the capability to performIRtransmission, absorption–reflection, specular reflection, and diffuse reflection experiments on microscopic samples. Using special microscope objectives or accessories, attenuated total reflection (ATR) and grazing angle reflection experiments can be performed as well.IRmicrospectroscopy can also be used to map a sample's heterogeneity using a motorized stage in conjunction with a standard mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detector.Alternatively, the second (more recent and more advanced) technique employs focal‐plane array (FPA) detection coupled with step‐scan interferometry forIRchemical imaging, where the image contrast is determined by the response of individual sample regions to particularIRwavelengths selected by the user. Thus, spatial and spectral information can be collected simultaneously.The superior contrast attained by functional group imaging and the selectivity found in the mid‐IRregion has been shown to be a powerful analytical tool.However, diffraction ultimately limits the quality of the spectral information obtained, and its effects may include poor spatial resolution, a reduction in photometric accuracy, and unreliable band intensities. Furthermore, unwanted optical effects from microscopic samples can also affect the quality of the spectrum, and sample preparation techniques must often consider a sample's thickness, diameter, refractive index, and shape. These limitations have to some extent been circumvented by the development of near‐field techniques such as scanning near‐field optical microscopy (SNOM), IR apertureless scattering scanning near‐field optical microscopy (s‐SNOM), photothermal microspectroscopy (PTMS), and atomic force microscopy‐infrared (AFM‐IR, alternatively known asphotothermally induced resonance, PTIR).IRmicroscopes that rely on near‐field imaging have not yet become ‘standard’ technology but are increasingly coming into use.
Brain Fingerprinting: Detection of Concealed Information
Authors: Farwell Lawrence A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBrain fingerprinting is a technique to detect concealed information stored in the brain by measuring brainwave responses noninvasively. An electroencephalographic event‐related potential brain response known as a P300‐MERMER is elicited by stimuli that are significant in the present context. Brain fingerprinting detects a P300‐MERMER response to words or pictures relevant to a crime scene, terrorist training, bomb‐making knowledge, inside knowledge of a terrorist cell or intelligence agency, and so on. It detects information stored in the brain by measuring cognitive information processing. The brain fingerprinting method computes a determination of “information present” or “information absent” and a statistical confidence for the individual determination. Brain fingerprinting is not lie detection. It does not detect lies, stress, or emotion. In the tests conducted so far, including laboratory and field tests at the FBI, CIA, US Navy, and elsewhere, there has been a 0% error rate: no false positives and no false negatives. About 3% of results have been “indeterminate”. Brain fingerprinting has been applied in criminal cases and ruled admissible in trial court. Scientific standards for brain fingerprinting tests are discussed. Meeting the brain fingerprinting scientific standards developed from the tests so far is necessary for accuracy and validity. Brain fingerprinting is highly resistant to countermeasures. Principles of applying brain fingerprinting in the laboratory and the field are discussed.
Odontology: Human Identification
Authors: Pretty Iain A. , Freeman Adam J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFor many forensic dentists the identification of found human remains will comprise most of their case work. However, there is rarely a typical dental identification. The resilience of teeth and their supporting tissues to peri‐ and postmortem assaults provides a wealth of information for those interested in the identity of the deceased. Chemical attack, burning, burial, submersion, and even severe head and neck trauma are all withstood by the dentition to an extent that may make identification possible. The lack of a tentative identification or failure to locate dental or similar antemortem records is a more common reason for an odontological investigation to fail. Herein, the techniques employed by forensic dentists to identify human remains and some recent developments in this area are described. The processes of aging, facial reconstruction, and superimposition are described as the use of dental profiling.