bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN ISCHÆMIC SHOCK
Authors: Threlfall C. J. , Stoner H. B. 
Published: December 2014

1. The “total carbohydrate” (glucose, glycogen, glucose‐l‐phosphate, fructose‐6‐phosphate and hexose diphosphate) content of normal fasting rats falls during the course of the day and the rate of this fall is increased in ischæmic shock. The effect of limb ischæmia is more marked at an environmental temperature of 30° C. than at one of 22° C.2. Rats with a high “total carbohydrate” level at the time of injury survive longer than those with a low initial level.3. In rats dying after hind limb ischæmia, the glucose‐6‐phosphate content of the uninjured muscle is raised whilst the concentration of hexose diphosphate is unaltered.4. These results are discussed from the point of view that injury increases the demand on the carbohydrate stores.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFUSED LIVING ANIMAL (DOG) USING HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS BLOOD
Authors: de Burgh Daly I. , Eggleton P. , Hebb Catherine , Linzell J. L. , Trowell O. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. An examination of the condition of the perfused living animal preparation has included measurements of vascular resistance, pulmonary ventilation, responsiveness of the heart auricles, blood vessels, bronchi and respiratory muscles to direct and reflex stimulation, and persistence of respiratory centre activity.2. These measurements and measurements of blood levels of sugar, lactate and pH, supplemented by post‐mortem histological examination, showed that the condition of the animal during perfusion is in all its main signs that of peripheral circulatory shock, and that the condition becomes progressively worse in the later stages of perfusion.3. There was nevertheless often an initial period of relative stability which might continue for as long as 5 or even 7 hours, during which the circulating blood volume remained constant, vascular and respiratory reflexes were present, respiratory centre discharge was regular, and when pulmonary vasomotor nerve responses were constant and reproducible.4. Acidæmia, due to a high lactic acid production, was present in all the experiments; over the range of blood values found only pulmonary vasoconstrictor responses were observed. Biochemical changes in the blood, the physiological responses to stimulation and the degree of shock and/or tissue damage were not significantly different if horse instead of dog blood were mixed with the recipient's blood for the purpose of perfusion.5. The effects, which may be primarily due to traumatic shock and anæsthesia, were undoubtedly potentiated—if not initiated—by the vasoconstriction due to vasotonins in the circulating blood. The elimination of vasotonins is thought to be the most important technical problem in the improvement of the preparation.
THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF THE FROG SCIATIC NERVE
Authors: Krnjević K. 
Published: December 2014

1. The endoneurium in a frog nerve is less abundant than in a mammalian nerve, but as in the latter it consists of an inner and an outer endoneurium. There is no evidence that either of these forms a complete envelope around single nerve fibres.2. The frog nerve perineurium consists of a deep, continuous layer of squamous epithelium, and a superficial, collagenous layer. It is not a lamellated structure. In addition, one or two apparently incomplete cellular layers of a different character can often be distinguished within the perineurium over the trunk and the branches of the sciatic nerve, but not over the roots.3. The frog nerve epineurium is composed of loose connective tissue of a rather indistinct nature. A layer of endothelial cells found on the surface of the nerve in the region of the roots is probably derived from the abdominal peritoneum.4. The perineurium prevents the quick penetration of silver nitrate into the nerve bundle, and behaves as an inextensible, semi‐permeable membrane when the nerve is placed into a hypotonic solution.5. A solution of methylene blue injected into the nerve bundle does not escape to the surface rapidly unless a very high pressure is applied.6. Effective desheathing involves removal of all the components of the perineurium. Cleaning of the nerve surface which removes all traces of epineural tissue does not affect the rate of penetration of electrolytes into the nerve. If the perineural epithelium is removed as well, there is a great increase in the apparent permeability of the nerve surface.7. These facts confirm the hypothesis that the perineurium is a diffusion barrier which insulates and protects the nervous elements from the surrounding mesodermal tissues: this is in accordance with embryological evidence that the perineurium is ectodermal in origin.
REMOVAL OF THE CLIP ON THE RENAL ARTERY IN RABBITS WITH EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC HYPERTENSION
Authors: Daniel P. M. , Prichard Marjorie M. L. , Ward‐McQuaid J. N. 
Published: December 2014

1. Twelve rabbits were made hypertensive by the application of a clip to the renal artery of a sole remaining kidney. From 119 to 222 days after its application the clip was removed. The effect of this procedure on the blood pressure and on the circulation through the kidney was studied for varying periods up to 240 days after removal of the clip.2. Eight of the 12 rabbits maintained their hypertension.3. Rapid serial angiograms showed no obvious change in the intrarenal circulation of any of the animals. The only abnormality seen was a deformity of the renal artery at the site where the clip had been.4. Histologically, the renal artery at the site of the clip showed fibrosis and a great loss of elastic tissue, but no arterial changes were found in the kidney itself or in other organs. Neoprene casts of the renal blood vessels showed no significant degeneration of the juxtamedullary glomeruli, a finding in keeping with the normal picture of the renal circulation seen in the angiograms.5. The factor, renal or extrarenal, which was responsible for the maintenance of the hypertension is not known.
THE EFFECT OF FAT ABSORPTION ON THE INTERACTION OF CHYLE AND PLASMA IN THE RAT
Authors: Jeffries G. H. 
Published: December 2014

1. During the absorption of olive oil in the rat there is a transient development of clearing activity in the plasma.2. In rats given a fat‐free diet there is a complete absence of plasma clearing activity; the slight activity which may occur in plasma from animals on a normal diet disappears.3. The clearing activity of plasma during fat absorption is destroyed by incubation at 37° C. for 2 hours.
STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION OF CHYLE AND PLASMA IN THE RAT
Authors: Robinson D. S. , Jeffries G. H. , French J. E. 
Published: December 2014

1. It has been confirmed that during the absorption of olive oil in the rat there is an increase in the ability of the animal's plasma to clear chyle in vitro. The conditions whereby this post‐absorption clearing can best be demonstrated have been described.2. A comparison has been made between the clearing of chyle by a post‐absorption plasma and by a plasma withdrawn 15 minutes after the injection of 5 units of heparin per kg. of body weight. The two clearing systems have been shown to behave similarly with regard to temperature, pH, and inhibitors such as Triton derivatives, sodium tauroglycocholate and protamine. In both systems, as clearing of the chyle proceeds, fatty acid is released with the subsequent formation of a soluble fatty acid‐albumin complex in the plasma.3. In normal plasma a 0·85 per cent sodium chloride extract of rat pancreas has been shown to clear added chyle slowly. This clearing is markedly accelerated in the presence of sodium tauroglycocholate.4. The similarity between the post‐absorption and heparinized plasma‐clearing systems is discussed. It is suggested that the post‐absorption clearing reaction may represent the physiological mechanism for the dissolution of chylomicrons in the blood. If this is the case, it is shown that plasma albumin can play only a transient role as an acceptor of the dissolved lipid.
PULMONARY VASOMOTOR RESPONSES AND ACID‐BASE BALANCE IN PERFUSED EVISCERATED DOG PREPARATIONS
Authors: De Burgh Daly I. , Linzell J. L. , Mount L. E. , Waites G. M. H. 
Published: December 2014

1. In three eviscerated dog preparations perfused with horse blood, the upper thoracic sympathetic chains and cervical vagosympathetic nerve trunks were stimulated at levels of blood pH ranging from 6·8 to 7·75, and total blood CO2 from 21 to 99 volumes per cent.2. Pulmonary vasoconstriction was the invariable response.
A STUDY OF CROSSED INNERVATION OF THE LUNGS IN CHRONIC PNEUMONECTOMIZED DOGS
Authors: De Burgh Daly I. , Hebb Catherine O. 
Published: December 2014

1. The crossing of vagosympathetic bronchomotor fibres in the body has been investigated in dogs subjected to pneumonectomy to prevent passive effects on one lung due to activity of the other lung. The lungs were perfused at constant blood inflow to eliminate passive changes in tidal air due to alterations in lung blood volume caused by vagal effects on the heart.2. Cervical vagosympathetic nerve stimulation on either side of the body generally gave rise to bronchoconstriction, more rarely broncho‐dilatation. Stimulation of the ipsilateral nerve caused a greater broncho‐constriction than that of the contralateral nerve.3. In the same experiments, without the addition of atropine and in the absence of significant bronchomotor effects, pulmonary vasoconstrictor and ‐dilator fibres in the cervical and thoracic vagosym‐pathetic nerves have been shown to supply the lung on the opposite side of the body.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ON INFLAMMATION AND MUCIN REGENERATION IN THE COLON
Authors: Jennings M. A. , Florey H. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. The administration of cortisone does not alter the histological picture of inflammation and emptying of goblet cells in the colon irritated by mustard oil.2. As judged by histological criteria, cortisone has no effect upon the regeneration of mucin by the goblet cells after removal of the irritant. This contrasts with the impairment which it is reported to cause in the synthesis of mesenchymal mucins.3. As early as two hours after removal of the irritant regeneration of mucin can be detected histologically.
CONTINUOUS GASTRIC SECRETION IN THE RUMINANT
Authors: Hill K. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. When goats and sheep are starved for periods up to 48 hrs., gastric juice of high acidity continues to be secreted by abomasal pouches, although the volume and acidity may be less than under normal conditions.2. This continuous secretion is probably due to stimulation of the gastric glands by food material, since ingesta can be collected from the abomasal fistulæ in sheep and goats during starvation periods up to 48 hrs.3. In unanæsthetized animals, if ingesta are prevented from entering the abomasum by emptying the fore‐stomachs, secretion of acid gastric juice ceases.4. Similarly, when ingesta are prevented from entering the abomasum of anæsthetized lambs by ligating the omasum, the abomasal secretion is small in volume and appears to consist largely of mucus.5. It is concluded that the continuous secretion of gastric juice which occurs in ruminants is not due to the innate ability of the gastric glands to secrete spontaneously but to specific stimuli, the most important of which is the continuous passage of ingesta from the rumen to the abomasum.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CHYLOMICRA IN THE RAT
Authors: Robinson D. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. It has been shown that lipid particles prepared from rat chyle, and free from soluble lymph proteins, contain neutral fat, phospholipid and cholesterol but no ether‐insoluble nitrogen.2. Such a preparation resembles whole chyle in its state of dispersion, emulsion stability and resistance to immediate clearing by pancreatic lipase preparations.3. The preincubation of such a preparation or of whole chyle with Clostridium welchii lecithinase destroys the emulsion stability and renders both preparations immediately susceptible to clearing by pancreatic lipase.4. When the lipid particles recovered from rat chyle are incubated with normal plasma for 12 hours and subsequently recovered free from the soluble plasma proteins, the stability of the particle emulsion is destroyed. The preparation is immediately susceptible to clearing by pancreatic lipase.5. On analysis, such preparations contain neutral fat, phospholipid and nitrogen. The phospholipid is not ether‐extractable and is present in smaller concentrations than before incubation with normal plasma.6. The conclusion is drawn that the lipid particles in chyle depend for their stability on a phospholipid surface layer. The change which has been observed to occur in normal plasma is not easily related to physiological conditions.
THE PROTEIN AND LIPID COMPOSITION OF THE PLASMA OF DIFFERENT ANIMAL SPECIES DETERMINED BY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Morris Bede , Courtice F. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. The electrophoretic patterns and chemical composition of the plasma proteins and lipids of different animal species have been examined by zone electrophoresis on filter paper and by chemical analysis.2. Significant differences have been found in the absolute amount and relative distribution of both the protein and lipid constituents of different animal plasmas.3. Dog and cat plasma showed high levels of an alpha‐type lipoprotein which contained most of the plasma cholesterol, whereas in human plasma cholesterol was mainly present in the large betalipoprotein fraction.4. The herbivora in general had low levels of plasma lipoprotein and the concentration of alpha‐type lipoprotein was relatively high. The horse had the highest concentrations of plasma lipids and lipoproteins of these animals.5. The mouse constantly, and the rat and guinea‐pig in some samples, showed the presence of a rapidly migrating fraction termed a pre‐albumin lipoprotein. In the mouse this lipoprotein had a high proportion of lipid to protein and contained a large percentage of the plasma lipids.
A STUDY OF SOME ASPECTS OF NERVOUS AND MUSCULAR ACTIVITY DURING EXPERIMENTAL HUMAN SALT DEFICIENCY
Authors: Krnjević K. , Kilpatrick R. , Aungle P. G. 
Published: December 2014

1. Two human subjects were made salt deficient by means of a low sodium diet and daily sweating.2. A description is given of the general and blood changes produced as a result; they were similar to those described by McCance [1936, 1937]. In one subject the plasma Na concentration had decreased by about 10 per cent of the initial value after a week, and by 6 per cent in the other.3. As tests of nervous and muscular function, the following were studied in one or both subjects in their normal state and during salt deficiency: ulnar nerve conduction velocity, reflex conduction time, refractory period and ability to conduct nervous impulses at a high frequency; maximum work performed on a fly‐wheel at different equivalent masses, time of contraction and muscle action potentials during high frequency stimulation; visual reaction time and the electroencephalogram.4. Most of the tests revealed no difference between the normal and during salt deficiency which could not be attributed to random or experimental variation. An increase in nerve refractory period, and a clear‐cut decrease in the height of the muscle action potential during high frequency stimulation, were only found in one subject, and thus no definite conclusion can be reached about these changes.5. Both subjects had electroencephalogram records taken before and during salt deficiency. The latter produced in both only a slight reduction in the mean frequency of the alpha rhythm.6. It was concluded that in experiments of this type, the quantitative changes in nervous and muscular activity are probably too small in comparison with spontaneous, random variations and the experimental error to be detected with certainty without analysing a large number of subjects.7. The rate of gastric emptying was studied radiographically in our subjects in relation to the delayed water diuresis found during salt depletion. The rate observed during salt deficiency was the same as the normal rate. Changes in the hæmatocrit estimated after the ingestion of water also suggested that there was no delay in absorption of the water.
A METHOD OF DETERMINING THE ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE OF CONSCIOUS DOGS
Authors: O'Connor W. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. A method is described in which the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the conscious dog have been determined by means of an oscillometer connected to an occluding cuff applied to the femoral artery, previously enclosed in a skin loop.2. The accuracy of the method has been confirmed by comparison with the values recorded by an optical manometer.3. The effects on blood pressure and heart rate of occlusion of the carotid arteries and of emotion have been recorded.
THE EFFECT OF SUBARACHNOID INJECTION OF FLUOROCITRATE INTO CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF RABBITS
Authors: Hastings A. B. , Peters R. A. , Wakelin R. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effect has been examined of introducing fluorocitrate (0·2— 2·0 µMol) to the brains of anæthetized rabbits by intracisternal injection and by use of an in‐lying intracranial tube.2. Under nembutal anæsthesia, after an interval of 27–54 minutes, generalized convulsions together with other signs appeared and led invariably to the death of the animals. Electromyograms showed that these were preceded by enhanced electrical activity. In all cases examined there was an increased citric acid concentration in the brain tissue.3. Death due to the convulsive state induced by fluorocitrate could not be prevented by injection of calcium ions, though in controls excitability induced by lowered Ca++ concentrations following citrate injection was reversed by Ca++ ion injections. In some cases, during the first 10 minutes after injection of fluorocitrate, Ca++ had a slight alleviating effect. These phenomena are discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF ATROPINE SULPHATE UPON HEALTHY MALE SUBJECTS
Authors: Cullumbine H. , McKee W. H. E. , Creasey N. H. 
Published: December 2014

1. The objective and subjective responses of healthy men to atropine sulphate administered by intramuscular injection have been studied.2. After 2 and 3 mg., dryness of the mouth and throat, with difficulty in swallowing, were the most prominent symptoms. After a 5 mg. injection, dizziness, tiredness, difficulty in reading, and dysuria were also frequent complaints.3. The most marked objective finding was an increase in the pulse rate after the atropine. Less consistently, the systolic blood pressure tended to fall slightly and the diastolic pressure to rise. Changes in the character of the electrocardiogram also occurred in some subjects.4. Ventilatory function, the fasting blood sugar, blood hæmoglobin and blood white cell contents were not significantly affected. The sugar tolerance curve and the resting rectal temperature were altered by the atropine administration.5. The ventilatory response to exercise was not affected by the administration of atropine but the pulse rate response was. Speed of movement seemed to be reduced after atropine.6. The relative effectiveness of various routes of administration of the atropine was studied.
A STUDY OF VENTRICULAR PRESSURE RECEPTORS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE BEZOLD REFLEX
Authors: Paintal A. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. By recording impulses from single afferent units of the cervical vagus of the cat and localizing the receptor with certainty, it has been established that there are receptors in the right and left ventricles which respond to changes in ventricular pressure. These endings are not chemoreceptors.2. Relatively few ventricular afferent fibres were found. They were characterized by an early systolic burst of impulses, often timed during the isometric phase of ventricular contraction, and in most fibres this burst terminated before mid‐systole. Unlike other cardiovascular fibres, fluctuations in impulse activity during normal respiration were infrequent.3. These ventricular fibres belong to the A group of medullated fibres, and it is estimated that their mean conduction velocity was between 10‐20 m/sec.4. Left atrial fibres with an early systolic burst of impulses as in ventricular fibres were also encountered, but they were rare.5. All the ventricular receptors and about a third of the left atrial ones (both types A and B) were stimulated by veriloid and veratridine injected into the right atrium. From a consideration of the significant differences in the responses of the ventricular receptors to veriloid and veratridine respectively, and the parallel significant differences in the reflex cardiovascular responses, it was concluded that the ventricular receptors initiate the Bezold reflex.6. The left atrial receptors contribute to the Bezold reflex but they do not initiate it following veriloid, and are probably chiefly responsible for the prolonged bradycardia of cardiac origin produced by veratridine.7. The long delay in stimulating the left atrial receptors suggests that the veriloid alkaloids stimulate the receptors secondary to changes either in the alkaloid or in the immediate environment of the receptors.8. The right atrial receptors (types A and B) were apparently not stimulated by the drugs, and so in the cat they play no part in the Bezold reflex.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN PHOSPHATIDES AND OF CHYLOMICRA ON PLASMA COAGULATION IN THE PRESENCE OF RUSSELL'S VIPER VENOM
Authors: Poole J. C. F. , Robinson D. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. Ethanolamine phosphatide and rat chylomicra accelerate plasma coagulation in the presence of Russell's viper venom.2. Serine phosphatide and inositol phosphatide do not show this activity.3. It is suggested that the coagulant action of chylomicra may be due to their ethanolamine phosphatide content.
ON THE FIXATION OF MUCIN AND THE PREPARATION OF AUTORADIOGRAPHS
Authors: Heatley N. G. , Jerrome D. W. , Jennings M. A. , Florey H. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. Phosphomolybdic acid, a mucin precipitant, is a useful ingredient in a histological fixative designed for the preservation of intracellular mucin. By its use the mucin within goblet cells and some other mucous cells can be preserved in the form of fine, compact granules, with little distortion of the theca or other cell structures.2. This effect is enhanced by embedding in a modified ester wax mixture, which apparently penetrates and supports the tissue better than paraffin wax.3. Using sections prepared in this way, autoradiographs have been obtained in which the sites of radioactivity can be related with some degree of accuracy to the mucin within each cell.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE INCORPORATION OF 35S IN DUODENAL MUCOSUBSTANCES
Authors: Kent P. W. , Whitehouse M. W. , Jennings M. A. , Florey H. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. A method is described for preparing and collecting juice from duodenal fistule in rabbits.2. Intravenous injection of Na235SO4 into rabbits results in the rapid appearance of 35S in duodenal mucous secretion obtained from fistulæ or in acute experiments.3. Such secretion contains 35SO42‐, mucosubstances containing 35S‐sulphate ester groups, and a dialysable 35S‐sulphate ester of unknown structure.4. The proportion of ester 35SO4 to 35SO42‐ in duodenal secretion reaches a steady value 9 hours after injection of the isotope, the radioactivity of the blood having fallen to a very small value at this time. It is suggested that the mucous glands have the capacity to store 35SO42‐ in some form.5. Injection of 35S‐methionine results in the incorporation of the amino‐acid into the mucosubstances. No evidence of its conversion to 35SO42‐was found in the duodenal secretion.6. Cortisone has some slight effect on the incorporation of 35SO42‐, but none on that of 35S‐methionine, into epithelial mucosubstances of the rabbit duodenum.