bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voices Less Heard
Authors: Pence Alan 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed unparalleled international interest regarding the development of policies and programs for young children. This chapter places the contemporary discourse into the historical and sociophilosophical contexts that have shaped it. Although the current discourse is impressive, the relative absence of literatures led from the majority (developing) world, and those that utilize critical lenses, restrict the generalizability of the findings. To develop a literature that is more relevant and useful for populations globally, other voices and perspectives must be supported and heard. After introducing examples of such other perspectives that can help broaden and deepen the literature, the chapter identifies policies, programs, research, and training approaches that have opened up to diverse perspectives and promoted local participation and decision making. Such means of opening to other views and becoming more truly global in nature are considered critically important for the future of ECD in international development.
Capacity Building for Early Childhood Development
Authors: Hommel Sara L. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The success of sustained expansion of quality ECD programming depends critically on the capacity in practice and the capacity in knowledge among all relevant stakeholders, including designers, planners, trainers, managers, practitioners, monitors and evaluators, funders, and parents. Capacity in practice refers to the skills of direct practitioners, such as preschool teachers, nurses, and social workers. Equally essential is the capacity in knowledge of policymakers, program designers, training institutions, implementing managers, funders and donors, and, ultimately, parents and community members. All of these must have enough knowledge of the larger system and their place in it to play their roles successfully. For this purpose, capacity building strategies for both practice and knowledge must be developed in advance and remain in place after completion of the scaling process to ensure quality sustainability at scale.
Effective Financing
Authors: Valerio Alexandria , Garcia Marito H. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Early childhood development (ECD) is a fundamental building block in the formation of human capital. A wide body of research demonstrates the economic and social returns to investing in ECD. Although the benefits of investing in ECD are well established, competing demands for funding often pit these investments against other social and economic priorities. As a result, countries face critical ECD finance shortfalls, which impact the quality, comprehensiveness, and coverage of ECD services. This chapter seeks to present policymakers and researchers with a conceptual framework that provides a set of normative elements of effective ECD finance. In the absence of a single ideal and replicable model for effective ECD finance, we set forth three elements to serve as normative elements for evaluating the effectiveness of an ECD finance strategy: sustainability, equity, and administrative simplicity. We argue that policymakers must effectively balance these three interrelated elements within their unique contexts in order to adequately support their ECD objectives.
Institutional Problems Require Institutional Solutions
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses four ways to create new periods, none of which requires abandoning the basic premises of period-based history. While the projects emerging from these new periods are easy enough to imagine, what we need most are examples of how to do them, which requires an openness to experimental forms of scholarship. This book aims to provide one example of what experimentation in literary history would look like. The notion of aesthetic worldedness, as well as the variables that govern it, both developed in Part 1 of the book, are essentially transhistorical or even ahistorical analytic categories designed to draw attention to a feature of the artwork (its “world”) and some ways that we can observe its alterations. The system of modes that appears in Part 2 tracks the system or structure governing the actual shapes of aesthetic worldedness in a single social mode (which overlaps, obviously, with the historical period that bears its name). Among the effects on the literary institution of an imaginary, wholescale adoption of the terms in the first two parts of this book would be the development of some new kinds of scholarship.
Ẓafar-Nāmah, Fatḥ-Nāmah, Ḥikāyats, and the Dasam Granth
Authors: Fenech Louis E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Provides the literary context of the Ẓafar-Nāmah, its situation within the Dasam Granth, and its place among other texts with which it is generally associated in early and contemporary Sikh historiography such as the little-known Fatḥ -nāmah (Letter of Victory) attributed to the tenth Guru and the Ḥikāyats (Stories), which some scholars believe form the epistle’s appendix.
Genetic analysis in 418 index patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: overview of 10 years' experience
Authors: van Spaendonck‐Zwarts Karin Y. , van Rijsingen Ingrid A.W. , van den Berg Maarten P. , Lekanne Deprez Ronald H. , Post Jan G. , van Mil Anneke M. , Asselbergs Folkert W. , Christiaans Imke , van Langen Irene M. , Wilde Arthur A.M. , de Boer Rudolf A. , Jongbloed Jan D.H. , Pinto Yigal M. , van Tintelen J. Peter 
Published: January 2013

AimsWith more than 40 dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)‐related genes known, genetic analysis of patients with idiopathic DCM is costly and time‐consuming. We describe the yield from genetic analysis in DCM patients in a large Dutch cohort.Methods and resultsWe collected cardiological and neurological evaluations, family screenings, and genetic analyses for 418 index patients with idiopathic DCM. We identified 35 (putative) pathogenic mutations in 82 index patients (20%). The type of DCM influenced the yield, with mutations found in 25% of familial DCM cases, compared with 8% of sporadic DCM cases and 62% of cases where DCM was accompanied by neuromuscular disease. A PLN founder mutation (43 cases) and LMNA mutations (19 cases, 16 different mutations) were most prevalent and often demonstrated a specific phenotype. Other mutations were found in: MYH7, DES, TNNT2, DMD, TPM1, DMPK, SCN5A, SGCB (homozygous), and TNNI3. After a median follow‐up of 40 months, the combined outcome of death from any cause, heart transplantation, or malignant ventricular arrhythmias in patients with a mutation was worse than in those without an identified mutation (hazard ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.4–3.0). This seems to be mainly attributable to a high prevalence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and end‐stage heart failure in LMNA and PLN mutation carriers.ConclusionThe yield of identified mutations in DCM index patients with clinical clues, such as associated neuromuscular disease or familial occurrence, is higher compared with those without these clues. For sporadic DCM, specific clinical characteristics may be used to select cases for DNA analysis.
Hyperemesis gravidarum and risks of placental dysfunction disorders: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Bolin M , Åkerud H , Cnattingius S , Stephansson O , Wikström AK 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo study whether pregnancies complicated by hyperemesis gravidarum in the first (<12 weeks) or second (12–21 weeks) trimester are associated with placental dysfunction disorders.DesignPopulation‐based cohort study.SettingSweden.PopulationAll pregnancies in the Swedish Medical Birth Register estimated to have started on 1 January 1997 or later and ended in a single birth on 31 December 2009 or earlier (n = 1 156 050).MethodsOdds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were estimated for placental dysfunction disorders in women with an inpatient diagnosis of hyperemesis gravidarum, using women without inpatient diagnosis of hyperemesis gravidarum as reference. Risks were adjusted for maternal age, parity, body mass index, height, smoking, cohabitation with the infant's father, infant's sex, mother's country of birth, education, presence of hyperthyreosis, pregestational diabetes mellitus, chronic hypertension and year of infant birth.Main outcome measuresPlacental dysfunction disorders, i.e. pre‐eclampsia, placental abruption, stillbirth and small for gestational age (SGA).ResultsWomen with hyperemesis gravidarum in the first trimester had only a slightly increased risk of pre‐eclampsia. Women with hyperemesis gravidarum with first admission in the second trimester had a more than doubled risk of preterm (<37 weeks) pre‐eclampsia, a threefold increased risk of placental abruption and a 39% increased risk of an SGA birth (adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] were: 2.09 [1.38–3.16], 3.07 [1.88–5.00] and 1.39 [1.06–1.83], respectively).ConclusionsThere is an association between hyperemesis gravidarum and placental dysfunction disorders, which is especially strong for women with hyperemesis gravidarum in the second trimester.
Mitochondrial genome primers for Lake Malawi cichlids
Authors: Darrin Hulsey C. , Keck Benjamin P. , Alamillo Hugo , O'Meara Brian C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractResolving the evolutionary history of rapidly diversifying lineages like the Lake Malawi Cichlid Flock demands powerful phylogenetic tools. Although this clade of over 500 species of fish likely diversified in less than two million years, the availability of extensive sequence data sets, such as complete mitochondrial genomes, could help resolve evolutionary patterns in this group. Using a large number of newly developed primers, we generated whole mitochondrial genome sequences for 14 Lake Malawi cichlids. We compared sequence divergence across protein‐coding regions of the mitochondrial genome and also compared divergence in the mitochondrial loci to divergence at two nuclear protein‐coding loci, Mitfb and Dlx2. Despite the widespread sharing of haplotypes of identical sequences at individual loci, the combined use of all protein‐coding mitochondrial loci provided a bifurcating phylogenetic hypothesis for the exemplars of major lineages within the Lake Malawi cichlid radiation. The primers presented here could have substantial utility for evolutionary analyses of mitochondrial evolution and hybridization within this diverse clade.
A sensitive and specific multiplex PCR approach for sex identification of ursine and tremarctine bears suitable for non‐invasive samples
Authors: Bidon Tobias , Frosch Christiane , Eiken Hans G. , Kutschera Verena E. , Hagen Snorre B. , Aarnes Siv G. , Fain Steven R. , Janke Axel , Hailer Frank 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe report a new approach for molecular sex identification of extant Ursinae and Tremarctinae bears. Two Y‐specific fragments (SMCY and 318.2) and one X‐specific fragment (ZFX) are amplified in a multiplex PCR, yielding a double test for male‐specific amplification and an internal positive control. The primers were designed and tested to be bear‐specific, thereby minimizing the risk of cross‐amplification in other species including humans. The high sensitivity and small amplicon sizes (100, 124, 160 base pairs) facilitate analysis of non‐invasively obtained DNA material. DNA from tissue and blood as well as from 30 non‐invasively collected hair and faeces yielded clear and easily interpretable results. The fragments were detected both by standard gel electrophoresis and automated capillary electrophoresis.
geomorph: anrpackage for the collection and analysis of geometric morphometric shape data
Authors: Adams Dean C. , Otárola‐Castillo Erik 
Published: January 2013

SummaryMany ecological and evolutionary studies seek to explain patterns of shape variation and its covariation with other variables. Geometric morphometrics is often used for this purpose, where a set of shape variables are obtained from landmark coordinates following aProcrustes superimposition.We introduce geomorph: a software package for performing geometric morphometric shape analysis in therstatistical computing environment.Geomorph provides routines for all stages of landmark‐based geometric morphometric analyses in two and three‐dimensions. It is an open source package to read, manipulate, and digitize landmark data, generate shape variables viaProcrustes analysis for points, curves and surfaces, perform statistical analyses of shape variation and covariation, and to provide graphical depictions of shapes and patterns of shape variation. An important contribution of geomorph is the ability to performProcrustes superimposition on landmark points, as well as semilandmarks from curves and surfaces.A wide range of statistical methods germane to testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses of shape variation are provided. These include standard multivariate methods such as principal components analysis, and approaches for multivariate regression and group comparison. Methods for more specialized analyses, such as for assessing shape allometry, comparing shape trajectories, examining morphological integration, and for assessing phylogenetic signal, are also included.Several functions are provided to graphically visualize results, including routines for examining variation in shape space, visualizing allometric trajectories, comparing specific shapes to one another and for plotting phylogenetic changes in morphospace.Finally, geomorph participates to make available advanced geometric morphometric analyses through therstatistical computing platform.
Individual differences in cocaine addiction: maladaptive behavioural traits
Authors: Homberg Judith R. , Karel Peter , Verheij Michel M. M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCocaine use leads to addiction in only a subset of individuals. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these individual differences in the transition from cocaine use to cocaine abuse is important to develop treatment strategies. There is agreement that specific behavioural traits increase the risk for addiction. As such, both high impulsivity and high anxiety have been reported to predict (compulsive) cocaine self‐administration behaviour. Here, we set out a new view explaining how these two behavioural traits may affect addictive behaviour. According to psychological and psychiatric evolutionary views, organisms flourish well when they fit (match) their environment by trait and genotype. However, under non‐fit conditions, the need to compensate the failure to deal with this environment increases, and, as a consequence, the functional use of rewarding drugs like cocaine may also increase. It suggests that neither impulsivity nor anxiety are bad per se, but that the increased risk to develop cocaine addiction is dependent on whether behavioural traits are adaptive or maladaptive in the environment to which the animals are exposed. This ‘behavioural (mal)adaptation view’ on individual differences in vulnerability to cocaine addiction may help to improve therapies for addiction.
Paediatric oral peanut challenges: a comparison of practice in London and Western Switzerland
Authors: Ludman S. , Wassenberg J. , Du Toit G. , Fox A. T. , Lack G. , Eigenmann P. A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundThere are guidelines on how to develop a food challenge protocol, but at present there is no gold standard guidance on method, and separate units produce differing protocols.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of 200 patients’ data from the paediatric allergy units in Lausanne and Geneva, Western Switzerland, and St Thomas’ Hospital (STH), UK.ResultsSt Thomas’ Hospital has a younger cohort with a lower overall mean spIgE (2.36 kU/l vs 8.00 kU/l, P = 0.004). The target peanut protein volumes differed: Switzerland 4.4 g vs STH 8.4 g. Despite this, the dose actually achieved in positive challenges was not significantly different (2.33 g vs 1.49 g, P = 0.16). 26% of challenges reacted at 4 g or more of peanut protein.ConclusionsThe differences in results highlight how the variation in reasoning behind food challenge alters the outcome. Standardization of food challenges would allow easy comparison between hospitals and geographical areas for research purposes.
Evaluation of a theory of planned behaviour–based breastfeeding intervention in Northern Irish Schools using a randomized cluster design
Authors: Giles Melanie , McClenahan Carol , Armour Cherie , Millar Samantha , Rae Gordon , Mallett John , Stewart‐Knox Barbara 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveThe aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a school‐based intervention designed to enhance young people's motivations to breastfeed.DesignA cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 50 post‐primary schools from across Northern Ireland. However, dropout and exclusion criteria utilized for the current study resulted in an effective sample size of 42 schools.MethodsThe intervention was delivered in two 35‐min classroom sessions targeting those beliefs identified by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) as significant in predicting motivation to breastfeed. Questionnaires incorporating the key components of the TPB were administered to all intervention and control schools at baseline, 1 and 6 months post‐intervention. Multi‐level modelling was used to analyse the data.ResultsFindings suggest that the intervention was effective in that it increased females' intentions to breastfeed, expanded their knowledge and led to more favourable attitudes and perceptions of subjective norms. Notably, females' knowledge increased more in secondary schools than in grammar schools irrespective of whether they were control or intervention schools.ConclusionThe research has provided evidence to support the use of the TPB in the design and evaluation of an intervention to increase females' intentions to breastfeed.Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject? The beneficial effects of breastfeeding are widely documented, and exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of an infant's life continues to be encouraged. However, Northern Ireland still has the lowest rates of breastfeeding in Europe and one of the lowest rates of breastfeeding worldwide. The school system has the potential to positively promote breastfeeding, but work here is sporadic and uncoordinated. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is a useful framework for designing and evaluating behavioural change interventions, but as yet, no study has designed and evaluated the effectiveness of an intervention specifically targeted at those beliefs identified as important in predicting uptake of a particular behaviour.What does this study add? This study provides evidence to support: The effectiveness of a randomized controlled trial in health psychology. The efficacy of the TPB as a useful framework for the design and evaluation of a behavioural change intervention. The school system as a means of promoting positive attitudes to breastfeeding.
Cognitive biases in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and depression – a pilot study
Authors: Fritzsche Anja , Watz Henrik , Magnussen Helgo , Tuinmann Gert , Löwe Bernd , von Leupoldt Andreas 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesComorbid depression is highly prevalent in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and associated with a worse course of disease; however, the exact mechanisms linking both remain unclear. In currently depressed individuals without lung disease, depression‐specific biases in information processing have been suggested as risk factors for the development and maintenance of depression. We examined whether comparable biases in cognitive information processing might underlie depression in COPD.DesignDifferent aspects of cognitive information processing were examined with computer‐based tasks measuring selective attention and memory in patients with COPD who were compared with age‐matched, currently depressed patients without lung disease and healthy control participants.MethodsThe Self‐Referential Encoding and Incidental Recall Task as well as the emotion face dot‐probe task was applied to 21 never‐depressed COPD patients, 18 currently depressed COPD patients, 20 currently depressed patients without lung disease and 19 healthy controls to examine cognitive biases.ResultsIn both patients with COPD who were never and who were currently depressed, depression‐like cognitive biases were observed for some attention‐ and memory‐related tasks, but not for all tested aspects of information processing. These biases were particularly prominent in patients with COPD and current depression and comparable to those observed in currently depressed patients without lung disease.ConclusionsThe results of this pilot study suggest that patients with COPD may potentially show depression‐like biases in some aspects of cognitive information processing. Future studies are required to examine whether these biases represent a vulnerability factor for the development of depression in patients with COPD.Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject? Depression is a highly prevalent comorbidity in patients with COPD and associated with a negative course of disease, as well as considerable social and economic burden. Cognitive biases in information processing are important aspects since they have been shown to be risk factors in the onset as well as maintenance of depression.What does this study add? Depressed COPD and lung healthy depressed patients show comparable cognitive biases. Some cognitive biases are even present in COPD without depression. This could be an explanation for vulnerability to depression in COPD.