bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Accounting Frauds and the Timing of Analyst Coverage Decisions and Recommendation Revisions: Evidence from the US
Authors: Young Susan M. , Peng Emma Y. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the types of accounting fraud committed by firms over the period 1995–2009. Using detailed data from US SEC Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases (AAER), we examine the likelihood and timing of analyst coverage decisions and recommendation revisions related to fraud firms versus firms without accounting fraud. We find that analysts have a higher probability of taking the more severe action of dropping coverage rather than only revising down recommendations for firms with any type of accounting fraud and also for specific egregious types of accounting fraud. Through the use of competing hazards models, we also find that accounting frauds and their egregiousness are positively (negatively) associated with the timeliness of the analysts’ action to drop coverage (revise only). Overall, we find that analysts’ actions may be useful in determining the occurrence of accounting fraud prior to the public announcement of the fraud.
Estimation of accuracies and expected genetic change from selection for selection indexes that use multiple‐trait predictions of breeding values
Authors: Barwick S.A. , Tier B. , Swan A.A. , Henzell A.L. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryProcedures are described for estimating selection index accuracies for individual animals and expected genetic change from selection for the general case where indexes of EBVs predict an aggregate breeding objective of traits that may or may not have been measured. Index accuracies for the breeding objective are shown to take an important general form, being able to be expressed as the product of the accuracy of the index function of true breeding values and the accuracy with which that function predicts the breeding objective. When the accuracies of the individual EBVs of the index are known, prediction error variances (PEVs) and covariances (PECs) for the EBVs within animal are able to be well approximated, and index accuracies and expected genetic change from selection estimated with high accuracy. The procedures are suited to routine use in estimating index accuracies in genetic evaluation, and for providing important information, without additional modelling, on the directions in which a population will move under selection.
Initial Experience With Ultra High‐Density Mapping of Human Right Atria
Authors: BOLLMANN ANDREAS , HILBERT SEBASTIAN , JOHN SILKE , KOSIUK JEDRZEJ , HINDRICKS GERHARD 
Published: October 2015

Ultra High‐Density Mapping of the Right AtriaIntroductionRecently, an automatic, high‐resolution mapping system has been presented to accurately and quickly identify right atrial geometry and activation patterns in animals, but human data are lacking. This study aims to assess the clinical feasibility and accuracy of high‐density electroanatomical mapping of various RA arrhythmias.Methods and ResultsElectroanatomical maps of the RA (35 partial and 24 complete) were created in 23 patients using a novel mini‐basket catheter with 64 electrodes and automatic electrogram annotation. Median acquisition time was 6:43 minutes (0:39–23:05 minutes) with shorter times for partial (4.03 ± 4.13 minutes) than for complete maps (9.41 ± 4.92 minutes). During mapping 3,236 (710–16,306) data points were automatically annotated without manual correction. Maps obtained during sinus rhythm created geometry consistent with CT imaging and demonstrated activation originating at the middle to superior crista terminalis, while maps during CS pacing showed right atrial activation beginning at the infero‐septal region. Activation patterns were consistent with cavotricuspid isthmus‐dependent atrial flutter (n = 4), complex reentry tachycardia (n = 1), or ectopic atrial tachycardia (n = 2). His bundle and fractionated potentials in the slow pathway region were automatically detected in all patients. Ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus (n = 9), the atrio‐ventricular node (n = 2), atrial ectopy (n = 2), and the slow pathway (n = 3) was successfully and safely performed.ConclusionsRA mapping with this automatic high‐density mapping system is fast, feasible, and safe. It is possible to reproducibly identify propagation of atrial activation during sinus rhythm, various tachycardias, and also complex reentrant arrhythmias.
‘Heavy Fog in the Channel. Continent Cut Off’? British Diplomatic Relations in Brussels after 2010
Authors: Rasmussen Maja Kluger 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWhat happens when a Member State challenges the unwritten rule of consensual decision‐making in the Council of the EU? Are their diplomats marginalized, or do other countries make an extra effort to attempt to get them on board? In this article, I use the UK (United Kingdom) in the area of financial and economic EU co‐operation as a case study to explore these questions. The British government has been unwilling to sign up for a range of recent EU crisis‐management measures and has not been afraid of utilizing its veto. Based on 33 interviews with diplomats from 20 countries, this article demonstrates that British diplomats have not become marginalized, but changes have occurred; other countries no longer go the extra mile to get the UK on board and they are worried that they will be seen as obstructive if they align themselves with the UK.
Effectiveness of educational nursing home visits on quality of life, functional status and care dependency in older adults with mobility impairments: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Buss Arne , Wolf‐Ostermann Karin , Dassen Theo , Lahmann Nils , Strupeit Steve 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesFacilitating and maintaining functional status (FS) and quality of life (QoL) and avoiding care dependency (CD) are and will increasingly become major tasks of nursing. Educational nursing home visits may have positive effects on FS and QoL in older adults. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of educational home visits on FS, QoL and CD in older adults with mobility impairments.MethodWe performed a randomized controlled trial. The study was conducted in the living environments of 123 participants with functional impairments living in Hamburg, Germany. The intervention group received an additional nursing education intervention on mobility and QoL; the control group received care as usual. Data were collected from August 2011 to December 2012 at baseline, 6 months and 12 months of follow‐up. The main outcomes were FS (Barthel Index), QoL (WHOQOL‐BREF) and CD (Care Dependency Scale). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and generalized linear models.ResultsIn total, 113 participants (57 in the intervention and 56 in the control group) were included in the study. The intervention had no statistical significant effect on FS, QoL and CD.ConclusionsThe intervention did not show the benefits that we assumed. Further studies on the effects of educational nursing interventions should be performed using different concepts and rigorous research methods.
Are There Differences in Treatment and Survival Between Poor, Older Black and White Women with Breast Cancer?
Authors: Aggarwal Himani , Callahan Christopher M. , Miller Kathy D. , Tu Wanzhu , Loehrer Patrick J. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesTo explore differences in treatment and survival outcome between poor, older black and white women with breast cancer.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingPublic safety net hospital.ParticipantsWomen aged 65 and older diagnosed with breast cancer from 1999 to 2008 (n = 1,000).MeasurementsBreast cancer treatments that black and white women sought were compared using the Pearson chi‐square test. All‐cause mortality of black and white women was compared using hazard ratios derived from a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsThere was no significant difference between older black and white women in surgical treatment, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy over the study period. Race was not a significant predictor of survival in the Cox proportional hazards model that controlled for stage of cancer, age at diagnosis, dual‐eligibility status, comorbid conditions, body mass index, smoking history, mammogram screening, and treatment for breast cancer.ConclusionRace did not appear to affect treatment or mortality in a cohort of older women with low socioeconomic status. This may be associated with similar healthcare delivery and equivalent access to health care for the older black and white women in this study.
The Concept of City Carbon Maps: A Case Study of Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Wiedmann Thomas O. , Chen Guangwu , Barrett John 
Published: October 2015

SummaryCities are thought to be associated with most of humanity's consumption of natural resources and impacts on the environment. Cities not only constitute major centers of economic activity, knowledge, innovation, and governance—they are also said to be linked to approximately 70% to 80% of global carbon dioxide emissions. This makes cities primary agents of change in a resource‐ and carbon‐constraint world. In order to set meaningful targets, design successful policies, and implement effective mitigation strategies, it is important that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions accounting for cities is accurate, comparable, comprehensive, and complete. Despite recent developments in the standardization of city GHG accounting, there is still a lack of consistent guidelines regarding out‐of‐boundary emissions, thus hampering efforts to identify mitigation priorities and responsibilities. We introduce a new conceptual framework—based on environmental input‐output analysis—that allows for a consistent and complete reconciliation of direct and indirect GHG emissions from a city. The “city carbon map” shows local, regional, national, and global origins and destinations of flows of embodied emissions. We test the carbon map concept by applying it to the greater metropolitan area of Melbourne, Australia. We discuss the results and limitations of the approach in the light of possible mitigation strategies and policies by different urban stakeholders.
Improving crop nutrient efficiency through root architecture modifications
Authors: Li Xinxin , Zeng Rensen , Liao Hong 
Published: October 2015

AbstractImproving crop nutrient efficiency becomes an essential consideration for environmentally friendly and sustainable agriculture. Plant growth and development is dependent on 17 essential nutrient elements, among them, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the two most important mineral nutrients. Hence it is not surprising that low N and/or low P availability in soils severely constrains crop growth and productivity, and thereby have become high priority targets for improving nutrient efficiency in crops. Root exploration largely determines the ability of plants to acquire mineral nutrients from soils. Therefore, root architecture, the 3‐dimensional configuration of the plant's root system in the soil, is of great importance for improving crop nutrient efficiency. Furthermore, the symbiotic associations between host plants and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi/rhizobial bacteria, are additional important strategies to enhance nutrient acquisition. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the current understanding of crop species control of root architecture alterations in response to nutrient availability and root/microbe symbioses, through gene or QTL regulation, which results in enhanced nutrient acquisition.
Thanking Those Who Made it Happen
Authors: Stier Daniel D. 
Published: October 2015

This symposium issue of the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics is devoted to the convening of the national public health law conference, Practical Approaches to Critical Challenges, on October 10-12, 2012, in Atlanta, Georgia. The conference was co-sponsored by the Network for Public Health Law and the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics (ASLME) with generous support provided by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, de Beaumont Foundation, California Endowment, and Healthcare Georgia Foundation.With the support of those organizations and the dedicated efforts of the individuals mentioned below, the conference focused on building effective interactions between attorneys and public health practitioners in order to:•examine practical legal approaches to address priority public health issues;•learn about helpful public health law resources and evidence-based research;•discuss public health legal questions and answers; and•build partnerships to accomplish public health objectives and foster innovation.
Privacy and Anonymity Challenges When Collecting Data for Public Health Purposes
Authors: Emam Khaled El , Moher Ester 
Published: October 2015

Even though health care provider reporting of diseases to public health authorities is common, often there is under-reporting by providers, including for notifiable diseases; frequently, under-reporting occurs by wide margins. Two causal factors for this under-reporting by providers have been that: (1) disclosing data may violate their patients’ privacy, and (2) disclosed data may be used to evaluate their performance. A reluctance to disclose information due to privacy concerns exists despite the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule permitting disclosures of personal health information (PHI) for public health purposes without patient authorization. On the other hand, such patient privacy concerns are somewhat justified: there have been documented breaches of patient information from public health data custodians.A common way to address this privacy issue is to de-identify patient data before it is disclosed to public health.
Implications of the Supreme Court's ACA Medicaid Decision
Authors: Perkins Jane 
Published: October 2015

Congress implemented the Medicaid Act in 1965, acting pursuant to its Spending Clause authority to “provide for the…general Welfare.” Over time, the Act has been amended more than 50 times. Most recently, as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), Congress required participating states to extend Medicaid eligibility to childless, non-disabled, and non-elderly adults with incomes below roughly 133% of the federal poverty level (referred to as childless adults).Within hours of President Obama signing the ACA into law, four lawsuits were filed challenging the con-stitutionality of the ACA, including a case in Florida that eventually made its way to the Supreme Court as National Federal of Independent Business v. Sebelius (NFIB). As part of this case, officials from 26 states argued that Congress was improperly coercing them into participating in the Medicaid expansion.
Legal Responses to Communal Rejection in Emergencies
Authors: Hodge James G. , Orenstein Daniel G. , Weidenaar Kim , Meza Nick , Van Buren Laura , Wearne Nick , Penunuri Kristin 
Published: October 2015

Major disasters and public health emergencies constantly test the nation's resolve to rally and recover from tragedy. Public health crises stemming from prolonged threats like the 2009/2010 H1N1 influenza pandemic require sustained preparedness and response over many months. Even shorter-duration events, like tornados, earthquakes, or hurricanes, leave lasting impacts for which full recovery may take years. Telling examples include the displacement of thousands of persons across the Gulf Coast states following Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and difficulties obtaining basic housing and services that persisted in the Northeast months after Hurricane Sandy in 2012. Whether the result of natural disasters, infectious disease outbreaks, bioterrorism, or other causes, these events can change the societal landscape in affected regions.Despite the challenges of recovery across populations stemming from national or regional emergencies, Americans have consistently supported those directly affected.
Physicians under the Influence: Social Psychology and Industry Marketing Strategies
Authors: Sah Sunita , Fugh-Berman Adriane 
Published: October 2015

It is easier to resist at the beginning than at the end.– Leonardo da VinciPhysicians often believe that a conscious commitment to ethical behavior and professionalism will protect them from industry influence. Despite increasing concern over the extent of physician-industry relationships, physicians usually fail to recognize the nature and impact of subconscious and unintentional biases on therapeutic decision-making. Pharmaceutical and medical device companies, however, routinely demonstrate their knowledge of social psychology processes on behavior and apply these principles to their marketing. To illustrate how pharmaceutical marketing strategies use psychological techniques to promote targeted therapies, we draw on the relevant social psychology literature on conflicts of interest and on the six principles of influence articulated by the eminent social psychologist Robert Cialdini. Hospitals, professional organizations, medical educators, and other stakeholders must also draw on social psychology to respond effectively to commercial activities that compromise good medical practice.
Ethical Quandaries in Gamete-Embryo Cryopreservation Related to Oncofertility
Authors: Ayensu-Coker Leslie , Essig Ellen , Breech Lesley L. , Lindheim Steven 
Published: October 2015

Cancer rates in men and women of reproductive age have continued to increase in recent years; however, therapy has dramatically decreased the mortality rates. Since 1990, the prevalence of cancer survivors in young adults increased from 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 250 patients due to more aggressive therapies. Current therapies may have profound toxic effects on gamete function with infertility as an expected consequence of cancer therapy. Depending on the site and stage of cancer, age of the patient, and the type of treatment, approximately 90% of men and women diagnosed with cancer may be at risk of permanent infertility.Fertility preservation has emerged as a discipline dedicated to improving the future reproductive potential of cancer survivors. Significant progress in the advancement of fertility preservation therapies and a heightened awareness of the availability of therapies has occurred in the past 10 years. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) have advanced these efforts by formally recognizing the importance of fertility awareness.
Autonomy, the Right Not to Know, and the Right to Know Personal Research Results: What Rights are There, and Who Should Decide about Exceptions?
Authors: Helgesson Gert 
Published: October 2015

Bioethicists have for quite some time discussed the right to know and the right not to know personal health information, such as genetic information acquired in health care and incidental health-related findings in research. Several international ethical guidelines explicitly defend these rights.My own interest in these matters stems from my participation in ethics-related research tied to a longitudinal screening study on Type I diabetes involving young children. A few of the participating parents (about 2 percent) did not want to be informed if the study revealed their child had a high risk of developing diabetes. This response was troublesome, not least since the information would concern the child's and not the parents’ health. Our inclination was that there cannot be a right not to know that should be granted without qualifications. Furthermore, other contextual factors, e.g., that parents experienced pressure to participate and felt concern about some of the personal data handled in the study, gave reason to question whether autonomous decisions were made regarding participation. The autonomy of their expressed desire not to know was therefore questionable.
The Right Not to Know and the Duty to Tell: The Case of Relatives
Authors: Juth Niklas 
Published: October 2015

This text is about obtaining and sharing genetic information when there is a potential conflict of interests between patients and their families and relatives. The patient or, in this text, the “index-person,” is someone who is considering obtaining or already has obtained genetic information about herself through genetic testing.The index-person can have several reasons to take an interest in obtaining her genetic information. She may want to know if she has a genetic predisposition for a disorder in order to take measures for preventing its development. Even if there are no preventive measures, as is the case with Huntington's disease, for instance, she may still want to know whether she has the mutation, in order to adjust her future plans. These interests that an individual may have in obtaining genetic information have been used to argue in favour of a right to know.
Some Global Policies for Antibiotic Resistance Depend on Legally Binding and Enforceable Commitments
Authors: Behdinan Asha , Hoffman Steven J. , Pearcey Mark 
Published: October 2015

This article assesses which policies for addressing antibiotic resistance (ABR) as part of a multi-pronged approach would benefit from legalization through an international legal agreement. Ten candidate policies were identified based on a review of existing literature, especially The Lancet Series on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), The Lancet Infectious Diseases Commission on AMR, and the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan for AMR. These policies were then grouped under the headings of access, conservation, and innovation.Each of the ten policies were assessed using four criteria developed by Hoffman, Røttingen, and Frenk to help consider why their legalization may be helpful, necessary and/or justified. These criteria are: (1) the problem has a significant transnational dimension; (2) the goal justifies the coercive nature of law; (3) the outcome is likely to be beneficial; and (4) legalization represents the best commitment mechanism among competing alternatives.
Validation of the Optimality Index‐US for Use in Turkey to Assess Maternity Care
Authors: Yucel Cigdem , Low Lisa Kane , Taskin Lale 
Published: October 2015

AimTo determine the validity of a translated version of the Optimality Index‐United States (OI‐US) for use in Turkey by comparing the scores for healthy and high‐risk pregnant women.BackgroundThe OI‐US is a validated instrument used in perinatal outcomes research based on the principle of using the least amount of intervention to promote maximum outcomes. It includes process and outcome items in 2 parts, the perinatal background index (PBI) and optimality index (OI) which combine as the total OI‐US. There are not validated instruments for use in Turkey that measure optimality.MethodsThe study was conducted at a women's hospital in Ankara, Turkey in April and May 2012. Laboring women (N = 300) were grouped according to their pregnancy risk status into 2 groups: 150 healthy pregnant women and 150 high‐risk pregnant women. Data were collected prospectively and were analyzed with percentages and t tests for independent samples. High scores indicate greater optimality. The total OI includes both the PBI and the OI combined.ResultsThere was a significant difference between the mean PBI scores in high‐risk and healthy pregnant women (t: 2.654; P < 0.05) and a significant difference between the mean OI scores in high‐risk and healthy pregnant women (t: –2.065; P < 0.05). Yet the total OI scores for high‐risk compared to healthy women was not significant (t: –0.084; P > 0.05).DiscussionThe results of this study indicate that while the risk status of women differs, the type of care they received is essentially the same as measured by the Turkish version of the OI‐US which is not optimal. The validity of the instrument appears to function appropriately.