bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Idealized Large-Eddy Simulations of a Tropical Cyclone–like Boundary Layer
Authors: Green Benjamin W. , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The tropical cyclone (TC) boundary layer (TCBL)—featuring extreme winds over a rough ocean—is difficult to study observationally. With increasing computational power, high-resolution large-eddy simulation (LES) has become an attractive tool to advance understanding of the TCBL. Here, an idealized Cartesian-based LES is employed to investigate boundary layers driven by extreme TC-like winds. The LES includes the effects of centripetal acceleration through an “effective” Coriolis parameter f* = f + 2Vg/R, with the Earth Coriolis parameter f, gradient wind Vg, and (fixed) radius R. Multiple LES experiments are conducted to elucidate how the boundary layer develops and persists in the strongly rotating TC environment. In all simulations, an overshooting jet develops, the height of which increases with Vg, R, and surface drag. Normalized jet strength also increases with R and drag but decreases with Vg. Turbulent diffusivity Km—which must be parameterized in mesoscale and global models but can be diagnosed by LES—varies considerably both within and among simulations. Also evident is a pseudo-inertial oscillation with a period close to the theoretical 2π/f* and an amplitude that decreases exponentially with time. The LES simulations agree with the linear theory for partial-slip Ekman spirals, except when the effects of Km overwhelmingly counter the effects of Vg.
Monsoon-Induced Biases of Climate Models over the Tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Li Gen , Xie Shang-Ping , Du Yan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLong-standing biases of climate models limit the skills of climate prediction and projection. Overlooked are tropical Indian Ocean (IO) errors. Based on the phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) multimodel ensemble, the present study identifies a common error pattern in climate models that resembles the IO dipole (IOD) mode of interannual variability in nature, with a strong equatorial easterly wind bias during boreal autumn accompanied by physically consistent biases in precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST), and subsurface ocean temperature. The analyses show that such IOD-like biases can be traced back to errors in the South Asian summer monsoon. A southwest summer monsoon that is too weak over the Arabian Sea generates a warm SST bias over the western equatorial IO. In boreal autumn, Bjerknes feedback helps amplify the error into an IOD-like bias pattern in wind, precipitation, SST, and subsurface ocean temperature. Such mean state biases result in an interannual IOD variability that is too strong. Most models project an IOD-like future change for the boreal autumn mean state in the global warming scenario, which would result in more frequent occurrences of extreme positive IOD events in the future with important consequences to Indonesia and East Africa. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) characterizes this future IOD-like projection in the mean state as robust based on consistency among models, but the authors’ results cast doubts on this conclusion since models with larger IOD amplitude biases tend to produce stronger IOD-like projected changes in the future.
Incidence of eating disorders in Danish psychiatric secondary healthcare 1970–2008
Authors: Gammelmark Carina , Jensen Signe OW , Plessen Kerstin J , Skadhede Søren , Larsen Janne Tidselbak , Munk-Jørgensen Povl 
Published: February 2015

Objective: Is an increased focus on eating disorders during the past few decades reflected by increasing occurrence in the psychiatric health service system. Method: All first-time diagnoses of eating disorders identified in the Danish Central Psychiatric Research Register 1970–2008 constitute the present research database. Age-standardized rates per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated and autoregressive models were fitted for males and females separately as well as for in- and outpatients. Results: The incidence of eating disorders diagnosed in Danish psychiatric secondary healthcare has increased considerably during a nearly 40-year period of observation both within the general category of eating disorders and also specifically for anorexia nervosa. The steepest increase is seen within females aged 15–19 years, where the highest incidences are also found. Anorexia nervosa constitutes the vast majority of all eating disorders. Throughout the time interval investigated, the number of males, however, is negligible compared to females. Most patients are seen in outpatient services, increasing towards recent years. However, the number of patients being treated as inpatients has increased linearly through the entire four decenniums investigated. Conclusions: Changes in registration principles, public awareness and higher acceptance of mental disorders in the public is the most obvious explanation for the incidence increase of anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. This study does not answer whether there has been an increase in true incidence in the population.
Huygens' headache
Authors: Koehler Peter J 
Published: February 2015

Background Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) was a Dutch mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. He became well-known as inventor of the pendulum clock and described light as a wave phenomenon. He became Fellow of the Royal Society (London) and member of the Académie des Sciences (Paris). From the correspondence with family members and famous scientists, we learn that he suffered from frequent headaches. Aim To study Huygens' 22-volume Oeuvres Complètes (1888–1950) to find letters in which his headaches are mentioned and translate pertinent sections into English. Conclusions Although a posthumous diagnosis of Huygens' headaches is somewhat hazardous, the recurrent episodes with incapacitating headache and family history over two generations are suggestive for migraine. It becomes clear that it impeded his writing, reading, and research. From the letters we get an impression of the impact of the headache upon his life and the treatments that were applied in the 17th century.
Length Change Behavior of Virtual Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Fibers During In Vivo Knee Flexion
Authors: Song Si Young , Pang Chae-Hyun , Kim Chan Hyoek , Kim Jeehyoung , Choi Mi Lim , Seo Young-Jin 
Published: February 2015

Background: In vivo length change behavior of native medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) fibers throughout the range of knee motion has not been reported in vivo. Purpose: To measure the length changes of various fibers of the MPFL and to determine their length change patterns during in vivo passive knee flexion. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: The right knees of 11 living subjects were scanned with a high-resolution computed tomography scanner at 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° of knee flexion, and 3-dimensional (3D) models were constructed using customized software. Five patellar points were determined: 20% (point 20), 30% (point 30), 40% (point 40), 50% (point 50), and 60% (point 60) from the superior pole of the patella. The Schöttle femoral point (point F) was marked on a translucent 3D model of a true lateral view. Five virtual fibers connecting these points on the 3D knee model were created, and the lengths of various fibers were digitally measured. Results: The average length changes were 9.1 ± 2.5 mm in F20, 9.1 ± 2.5 mm in F30, 8.1 ± 2.6 mm in F40, 6.9 ± 2.4 mm in F50, and 6.9 ± 1.7 mm in F60. There were significant differences in length changes of these 5 fibers ( P < .001). The lengths of 2 superior fibers (F20 and F30) increased as the knee flexed from 0° to 30° and decreased as the knee flexed over 30°. The lengths of a middle fiber (F40) and an inferior fiber (F50) increased from 0° to 30°, reached a plateau from 30° to 60°, and then decreased from 60° to 120°. F60 showed an increase from 0° to 30°, and then a plateau pattern from 30° to 90°, followed by a decrease during further flexion. Conclusion: Superior fibers exhibited their maximum lengths at low flexion angles, and inferior fibers exhibited their maximum lengths at midflexion angles. The MPFL is a complex of functionally various fibers with some taut and others slack over the whole range of knee motion. Clinical Relevance: The results for lengths and length change patterns of various MPFL fibers are expected to serve as a theoretical background for anatomic double-bundle MPFL reconstruction.
Vitamin D Profile in National Football League Players
Authors: Maroon Joseph C. , Mathyssek Christina M. , Bost Jeffrey W. , Amos Austin , Winkelman Robert , Yates Anthony P. , Duca Mark A. , Norwig John A. 
Published: February 2015

Background: By maintaining phosphate and calcium homeostasis, vitamin D is critical for bone health and possibly physical performance. Hence, vitamin D is important to athletes. Few studies have investigated vitamin D levels in relation to fractures and performance in athletes, and no published study has included a multiracial sample of professional American football players. Purpose: To assess vitamin D levels, including the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency, in professional American football players and to evaluate the association of vitamin D levels with race, fracture history, and the ability to obtain a contract position, which may be a marker for athletic performance. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Serum vitamin D levels of 80 professional football players from a single team in the National Football League were obtained during the 2011 off-season (mean age, 26.5 ± 3.7 years; black, n = 67 [84%]). These levels were used to compare injury reports from the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 seasons. Statistical analyses were performed to test if vitamin D levels were related to race, fracture history, and the ability to obtain a contract position. Results: Mean vitamin D level was 27.4 ± 11.7 ng/mL, with significantly lower levels for black players (25.6 ± 11.3 ng/mL) versus white players (37.4 ± 8.6 ng/mL; F1,78 = 13.00, P = .001). All athletes who were vitamin D deficient were black. When controlling for number of professional years played, vitamin D levels were significantly lower in players with at least 1 bone fracture when compared with no fractures. Players who were released during the preseason because of either injury or poor performance had significantly lower vitamin D levels than did players who played in the regular season. Conclusion: Black professional football players have a higher rate of vitamin D deficiency than do white players. Furthermore, professional football players with higher vitamin D levels were more likely to obtain a contract position in the National Football League. Professional football players deficient in vitamin D levels may be at greater risk of bone fractures.
Preparation of silver colloids with improved uniformity and stable surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Meng Wei , Hu Fang , Jiang Xiaohong , Lu Lude 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Silver colloids of uniform shape and size are prepared by a two-step reduction. Small silver particles form initially by the rapid reduction of silver nitrate with sodium citrate at 100°C and then grow at 92°C. The reaction processes and resulting silver colloids are characterized by transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectrophotometry, zeta-potential measurements, and Ag+ concentration analysis. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity of the silver colloids is then investigated, using crystal violet (CV) as a SERS probe. The silver colloids exhibit uniform shape and size and stable SERS activity. The average size of the silver particles is 47 nm (14% relative standard deviation), while the average sizes of the silver colloids prepared at 100°C and 92°C are 41 (30%) and 71 nm (33%), respectively.
Contested professional role boundaries in health care: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: King Olivia , Nancarrow Susan A , Borthwick Alan M , Grace Sandra 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundAcross the Western world, demographic changes have led to healthcare policy trends in the direction of role flexibility, challenging established role boundaries and professional hierarchies. Population ageing is known to be associated with a rise in prevalence of chronic illnesses which, coupled with a reducing workforce, now places much greater demands on healthcare provision. Role flexibility within the health professions has been identified as one of the key innovative practice developments which may mitigate the effects of these demographic changes and help to ensure a sustainable health provision into the future. However, it is clear that policy drives to encourage and enable greater role flexibility among the health professions may also lead to professional resistance and inter‐professional role boundary disputes. In the foot and ankle arena, this has been evident in areas such as podiatric surgery, podiatrist prescribing and extended practice in diabetes care, but it is far from unique to podiatry.MethodsA systematic review of the literature identifying examples of disputed role boundaries in health professions was undertaken, utilising the STARLITE framework and adopting a focus on the specific characteristics and outcomes of boundary disputes. Synthesis of the data was undertaken via template analysis, employing a thematic organisation and structure.ResultsThe review highlights the range of role boundary disputes across the health professions, and a commonality of events preceding each dispute. It was notable that relatively few disputes were resolved through recourse to legal or regulatory mandates.ConclusionsWhilst there are a number of different strategies underpinning boundary disputes, some common characteristics can be identified and related to existing theory. Importantly, horizontal substitution invokes more overt role boundary disputes than other forms, with less resolution, and with clear implications for professions working within the foot and ankle arena.
Beer and wine consumption and risk of knee or hip osteoarthritis: a case control study
Authors: Muthuri Stella G , Zhang Weiya , Maciewicz Rose A , Muir Kenneth , Doherty Michael 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Introduction
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages and knee or hip osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods
We conducted a case–control study of Caucasian men and women aged 45 to 86 years of age from Nottingham, UK. Cases had clinically severe symptoms and radiographic knee or hip OA; controls had no symptoms and no radiographic knee or hip OA. Exposure information was sought using interview-based questionnaires and a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess beverage consumption at ages 21 to 50 years. Odds ratios (ORs), adjusted ORs (aORs), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and P values were estimated using logistic regression models.

Results
A total of 1,001 knee OA, 993 hip OA and 933 control participants were included in the study. Increasing beer consumption was associated with an increasing risk of OA (P for trend ≤0.001). Compared to those who did not consume beer, aORs for people who consumed 20 or more servings of beer were 1.93 (95% CI 1.26 to 2.94) and 2.15 (95% CI 1.45 to 3.19) for knee OA and hip OA, respectively. In contrast, increasing levels of wine consumption were associated with decreased likelihood of knee OA (P for trend <0.001). Compared to those who did not consume wine, aOR for knee OA among those who consumed 4 to 6 glasses of wine per week and ≥7 glasses of wine per week was 0.55 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.87) and 0.48 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.80), respectively. No association was identified between non-alcoholic beverages and knee or hip OA.

Conclusions
Beer consumption appears to be a risk factor for knee and hip OA whereas consumption of wine has a negative association with knee OA. The mechanism behind these findings is speculative but warrants further study.
Systems biology from virus to humans
Authors: Lee Youri , Kim Yu-Jin , Jung Yu-Jin , Kim Ki-Hye , Kwon Young-Man , Kim Seung Il , Kang Sang-Moo 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Natural infection and then recovery are considered to be the most effective means for hosts to build protective immunity. Thus, mimicking natural infection of pathogens, many live attenuated vaccines such as influenza virus, and yellow fever vaccine 17D were developed and have been successfully used to induce protective immunity. However, humans fail to generate long-term protective immunity to some pathogens after natural infection such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) even if they survive initial infections. Many vaccines are suboptimal since much mortality is still occurring, which is exampled by influenza and tuberculosis. It is critically important to increase our understanding on protein components of pathogens and vaccines as well as cellular and host responses to infections and vaccinations. Here, we highlight recent advances in gene transcripts and protein analysis results in the systems biology to enhance our understanding of viral pathogens, vaccines, and host cell responses.
Ca2FeMnO6: A Layered Double Perovskite with Unusual High-Valence Fe4+ in a Layered Arrangement
Authors: Hosaka Yoshiteru , Ichikawa Noriya , Saito Takashi , Haruta Mitsutaka , Kimoto Koji , Kurata Hiroki , Shimakawa Yuichi 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A new double perovskite Ca2FeMnO6 with a layered arrangement of Mn4+ and the unusually high-valence Fe4+ was obtained by oxidizing the precursor brownmillerite Ca2FeMnO5 with ozone at 200 °C. This low-temperature topotactic reaction kept the layered cation arrangement of the brownmillerite but oxidized Mn3+ to Mn4+ and Fe3+ to Fe4+. The crystal structure with a P21/c space group was revealed by detailed structure analysis with neutron powder diffraction data, and the layered arrangement of the cations was confirmed in an STEM-EELS elemental mapping image. The fully oxidized chemical composition was also confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis. Even with the two-dimensional layered arrangement, the instability of the unusually high-valence Fe4+ in Ca2FeMnO6, like that of the Fe4+ in the perovskites CaFeO3 and CaCu3Fe4O12 with three-dimensional arrangements of Fe4+, was relieved by charge disproportionation (2Fe4+ → Fe3+ + Fe5+) at a low temperature.
Efficient Adsorption of Rh(III) from HNO3 Solution on Ion-exchange Resin Bearing N,N,N-Trimethylglycine by Adding N Donor Ligands and Desorption Using Thiourea
Authors: Suzuki Tomoya , Morita Keisuke , Sasaki Yuji 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
To recover Rh(III) from HNO3 solution, adsorption experiments have been performed using an ion-exchange resin bearing an N,N,N-trimethylglycine group (AMP03). AMP03 was found to exhibit relatively high adsorption ability for Rh(III) for [HNO3]surp &lt; 0.02 M ([HNO3]surp denotes HNO3 concentration in the supernatant), and the Kd values increase significantly with the addition of triethylamine or tris(2-aminoethyl)amine to 0.12 M HNO3 solutions. In contrast, the addition of thiourea leads to a decrease in the Kd values; i.e., a masking effect on Rh(III) was observed. These results show that AMP03 has a significant potential for effectively recovering Rh from HNO3 solution.
Determination of the Bimolecular Rate Constant of Polyacrylamide and Hydroxyl Radicals
Authors: Nomi Sonia N , Higaonna Yumi , Kasaba Tomoha , Arakaki Takemitsu 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The half-lifetime of polyacrylamide (PAM) in aquatic environments was evaluated by determining the bimolecular rate constants that govern the reaction of PAM and the hydroxyl radical (OH•) in aqueous solution. Rate constants of 1.5 × 109 and 2.0 × 109 M-unit−1 s−1 were determined at 293 K using a competitive kinetics technique at pH 4 and 8, respectively. Both constants showed little dependence on temperature between 10 and 40 °C.
PAGAL - Properties and corresponding graphics of alpha helical structures in proteins
Authors: Chakraborty Sandeep , Rao Basuthkar J. , Dandekar Abhaya M. 
Published: February 2015

Alpha helices (AH) are peptide fragments characterized by regular patterns of hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl oxygen and amino nitrogen of residues regularly spaced in sequence, resulting in spiral conformations. Their preponderance in protein structures underlines their importance. Interestingly, AHs are present in most anti-microbial peptides, although they might remain in random-coil conformations depending on the solvent dielectric. For example, the cecropin component of the chimeric anti-microbial protein designed previously by our group comprises of two AHs linked by a short stretch of random coil. These anti-microbial peptides are often amphipathic (quantified by a hydrophobic moment), aligning hydrophobic residues on one surface and charged residues on the others. In the current work, we reproduce previously described computational methods to compute the hydrophobic moment of AHs - and provide open access to the source code (PAGAL). We simultaneously generated input files for TikZ (a package for creating high resolution graphics programmatically) to obtain the Edmundson wheel and showing the direction and magnitude of the hydrophobic moment, and Pymol scripts to generate color coded protein surfaces. Additionally, we have observed an empirical structural property of AHs: the distance between the Cα atoms of the ith and (i+4)th residue is equal to the distance between the carbonyl oxygens of the ith and (i+4)th residue. We validated this using 100 non-homologous high resolution structures from the PISCES database. The source code and manual is available at http://github.com/sanchak/pagal and on http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11136.
Emerging strategies to prevent heart failure after myocardial infarction
Authors: Cimato Thomas R. 
Published: February 2015

Congestive heart failure (CHF) remains a significant cause of death and disability in industrialized countries. Projections show that the prevalence of CHF will increase 46% from 2012 to 2030, resulting in over eight million adults with CHF in the United States. While substantial advances have been achieved in the treatment of CHF over the past two decades, CHF rivals cancer as a cause of mortality. Strategies focused on prevention of CHF should be emphasized to meaningfully impact the projected increase in CHF. Irrespective of the type of CHF, either systolic or diastolic, coronary artery disease has supplanted hypertension as the most prevalent cause for congestive heart failure, with a high rate of mortality and future hospitalizations. Since coronary artery disease plays a central role in the development of CHF, approaches to treat coronary artery disease and identification of patients at risk for recurrent myocardial infarction (RMI) are approaches to prevent development of CHF. Subjects who sustain recurrent MI represent a particularly high-risk group for development of CHF. Despite the evolution of therapy for MI from thrombolytic therapy to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), RMI occurs in ~ 10% of patients in the first year after first MI, and 3 years after their first MI. In this review I explore emerging approaches to prevent RMI including the rationale for recent trials of complete revascularization at the time of MI, newly emerging biomarkers that have additive predictive value for identifying patients with high risk of CHF and death when using existing biomarkers. Finally, the paradigm of hematopoietic stem cell mobilization in MI leading to monocyte expansion and acceleration of atherosclerosis is discussed as an emerging approach to identify patients at high risk of RMI, CHF, and death after MI.