bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spin echo measurements of the extravasation and tumor cell uptake of hyperpolarized [1‐13C]lactate and [1‐13C]pyruvate
Authors: Kettunen Mikko I. , Kennedy Brett W. C. , Hu De‐en , Brindle Kevin M. 
Published: December 2012

PurposeTo assess the blood‐tissue distribution of hyperpolarized 13C‐labeled molecules in vivo.MethodsSpin‐echo experiments with simultaneous acquisition of the free induction decay (FID) signal following the excitation pulse and the spin‐echo signal, were used to monitor hyperpolarized [1‐13C]lactate, [1‐13C]pyruvate, and the perfusion marker, [13C]HP001, following their intravenous injection into tumor‐bearing mice. Apparent T2 relaxation times and diffusion coefficients were also measured.ResultsAn increasing tumor echo/FID ratio was observed for all three molecules, which could be explained by their extravasation into the tumor interstitial space, where T2 relaxation times were longer and diffusion coefficients smaller. Inhibition of the monocarboxylate transporter, which decreased by 40% the label exchange between pyruvate and lactate, reduced the increase in the echo/FID ratio for pyruvate and lactate, but not for HP001, demonstrating that some of the increase in the echo/FID ratio was due to cell uptake of lactate and pyruvate. The different relaxation and diffusion behavior of the intravascular and extravascular signals affected measurements of the apparent label exchange rate constants.ConclusionSimultaneous collection of both FID and echo signals can provide information on cell uptake thus giving further insight into the kinetics of hyperpolarized 13C label exchange. Care is needed when comparing exchange rate constants determined in spin‐echo‐based studies. Magn Reson Med 70:1200–1209, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A trial of proficiency of nerve conduction: Greater standardization still needed
Authors: Dyck Peter J. , Albers James W. , Wolfe James , Bolton Charles F. , Walsh Nancy , Klein Christopher J. , Zafft Andrew J. , Russell James W. , Thomas Karen , Davies Jenny L. , Carter Rickey E. , Melton L. Joseph , Litchy William J. ,   the Clinical vs. Neurophysiology Trial 3 Investigators
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe aim of this study was to test the proficiency (accuracy among evaluators) of measured attributes of nerve conduction (NC).MethodsExpert clinical neurophysiologists, without instruction or consensus development, from 4 different medical centers, independently assessed 8 attributes of NC in 24 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) on consecutive days.ResultsNo significant intraobserver differences between days 1 and 2 were found, but significant interobserver differences were seen. Use of standard reference values did not correct for these observed differences.ConclusionsInterobserver variability was attributed to differences in performance of NC. It was of sufficient magnitude that it is of concern for the conduct of therapeutic trials. To deal with interrater variability in therapeutic trials, the same electromyographers should perform all NC assessments of individual patients or, preferably, NC procedures should be more standardized. A further trial is needed to test whether such standardization would eliminate interobserver variability. Muscle Nerve 48: 369–374, 2013
A finite difference method for the wide‐angle “parabolic” equation in a waveguide with downsloping bottom
Authors: Antonopoulou Dimitra C. , Dougalis Vassilios A. , Zouraris Georgios E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe consider the third‐order wide‐angle “parabolic” equation of underwater acoustics in a cylindrically symmetric fluid medium over a bottom of range‐dependent bathymetry. It is known that the initial‐boundary‐value problem for this equation may not be well posed in the case of (smooth) bottom profiles of arbitrary shape, if it is just posed e.g. with a homogeneous Dirichlet bottom boundary condition. In this article, we concentrate on downsloping bottom profiles and propose an additional boundary condition that yields a well‐posed problem, in fact making it L2 ‐conservative in the case of appropriate real parameters. We solve the problem numerically by a Crank–Nicolson‐type finite difference scheme, which is proved to be unconditionally stable and second‐order accurate and simulates accurately realistic underwater acoustic problems. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013
Mechanical behavior, structure, and reinforcement processes of TEMPO‐oxidized cellulose reinforced poly(lactic) acid
Authors: Bulota Mindaugas , Vesterinen Arja‐Helena , Hughes Mark , Seppälä Jukka 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPoly(lactic) acid (PLA) was reinforced with acetylated TEMPO‐oxidized fibrillated cellulose (TOFC) prepared from birch pulp. Composite films were studied using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), as well as static mechanical testing. The storage modulus as well as tensile strength of PLA was improved on the addition of 30 wt% of TOFC by approximately 50% and 40%, respectively. Thermal stability as well as strength properties in moist environments (up to 90% relative humidity) was significantly improved at 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt% of TOFC. DSC showed that crystallization from solution took place during preparation of the composite films and was much greater than melt crystallization. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Novel polymer‐ceramic composites for protection against ballistic fragments
Authors: Naebe Minoo , Sandlin James , Crouch Ian , Fox Bronwyn 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFor the first time, internally reinforced aggregate polymer ceramic composites were evaluated against fragment simulating projectiles (FSPs) of various calibers to investigate their ballistic impact response. Samples were prepared by mechanically mixing B4C and cBN over a range of ratios and combinations with either thermosetting phenolic or epoxy resin and aramid pulp. Dry mixtures were then molded in a closed die using a heated platen press. The resulting tiles were then mounted as “strike faces” to an aramid backing material using an epoxy resin. Backed targets were tested in a fully instrumented firing range against 5.56 mm FSPs to test ballistic limit. A further series of tests using 7.62, 12.5, and 20 mm FSPs was conducted to examine round deformation across a range of fragments calibers. Round deformations were measured after impact and plotted against shot velocity. It was found that the polymer ceramic composite materials were effective round deformers and, like sintered ceramic strike faces, demonstrated improved ballistic performance at an equivalent areal density and impressive multihit capability. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Copolymerization of a dendronized monomer with styrene and different acrylates: Determination of reactivity ratios
Authors: Krebs Anke , Bruchmann Bernd , Müller‐Cristadoro Anna , Al‐Hellani Rabie , Schlüter A. Dieter 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe reactivity ratios for the copolymerization of a first‐generation dendronized monomer with styrene and different acrylates are determined. The obtained ratios as well as the copolymer compositions that can be expected are discussed in detail. The influence of the dendron on the polymerization potential of the monomer is estimated by comparing its reactivity to those of linear systems as well as using higher generations of the dendronized monomer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Swelling of ultrathin crosslinked polyamide water desalination membranes
Authors: Chan Edwin P. , Young Allison P. , Lee Jung‐Hyun , Chung Jun Young , Stafford Christopher M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe study the water swelling behavior of semiaromatic crosslinked polyamide (PA) ultrathin films to characterize the network properties of the polymer. Specifically, we use X‐ray reflectivity to measure film thickness increase and polymer density decrease of the PA films due to swelling. With the aid of a modified Flory–Rehner theory used to describe the constrained swelling behavior of polymer networks, we are able to extract the Flory interaction parameter and the monomer units between crosslinks by performing the swelling experiments at different levels of hydration. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Enhanced mechanical property of chitosan via blending with functional poly(ε‐caprolactone)
Authors: Gu Chunhua , Shi Weibin , Lang Meidong 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBlends of chitosan and poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐2‐oxepane‐1,5‐dione) (PCO) were fabricated by solvent casting technique using 77% acetic acid as the cosolvent. The interactions between chitosan and PCO were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and differential scanning calorimetry. The miscibility became poorer with increase of PCO from 50% to 75%, which was supported by the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter and crystallinity of PCO. According to X‐ray pattern, crystallinity of CS became weaker when PCO content was improved. Results indicated that there existed stronger interactions in comparison with PCL/CS blends. Therefore, the addition of functional polyester PCO made the brittle chitosan ductile. The elongation was significantly prolonged to 21.60 ± 4.92% with the break stress maintaining about 32 MPa, better than that of PCL blends. The degradation behavior showed slower degradation rate compared with pure CS and the morphology was illustrated by scanning electron microscopy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Functioning and Quality of Life in Adults with Mild‐to‐Moderate Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Balkefors Veronica , Mattsson Eva , Pernow Ylva , Sääf Maria 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to describe physical activity, quality of and satisfaction with life, pain, joint mobility and muscle function in adults with mild‐to‐moderate osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) to form the basis of improved clinical care and physical therapy treatment.MethodA total of 40 men and women aged between 21 and 71 years were identified and a prospective, cross‐sectional study was performed on 29 (18 women) included participants. The participants had to be able to walk and to have a diagnosis of mild‐to‐moderate OI. Self‐administered questionnaires and clinical examinations were used.ResultsDifficulties were found in all domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Activity and Health. Pain was reported in 25 of 29 participants and scoliosis was found in 23 participants. Difficulty to run was estimated in 18 participants. A total of 19 of 27 participants reported reaching the recommendations of 30 min of moderate‐intensity activity preferably every day. Life satisfaction was high even though health‐related quality of life, assessed with the Short Form 36, was significantly lower than the Swedish norm.ConclusionImpairments and activity limitations involved pain, scoliosis, contractures as well as trouble with running, heavy lifting, heavy work and sports. This study show that individuals with mild‐to‐moderate OI perceive themselves as having decreased health‐related quality of life and this seems to depend on decreased physical functioning. Despite that, as a group, they estimated high life satisfaction and 19 participants reported adhering to the general recommendation of 30 min of moderate‐intensity activity preferably every day. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applicability of green fluorescence protein in the study of endothelin converting enzyme‐1c trafficking
Authors: Kuruppu Sanjaya , Tochon‐Danguy Nathalie , Ian Smith A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEndothelin‐1 (ET‐1) is one of the most potent peptide vasoconstrictors known. It is produced upon the cleavage of its precursor big endothelin‐1 by endothelin converting enzyme‐1 (ECE‐1). Production of ET‐1 is thought to be dependent upon the expression of ECE‐1 at the cell surface. Therefore, mechanisms inducing the trafficking of ECE‐1 to the cell surface have been the focus of recent research. This research has identified phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic region of ECE‐1 as a main cellular signal inducing its trafficking to the cell surface. Previous studies have used green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged ECE‐1 to monitor phosphorylation induced trafficking of ECE‐1 to the cell surface. However, it has been speculated that the addition of the GFP tag can itself alter enzyme activity and phosphorylation of ECE‐1, and hence the suitability of GFP or any other protein tag in studying ECE‐1 distribution and trafficking. ECE‐1c is the most widely expressed isoform in endothelial cells. We therefore expressed ECE‐1c with a GFP tag either at the N or C‐terminus of ECE‐1c. Catalytic activity and effect on protein kinase C (PKC) induced phosphorylation was compared between the two chimeras and wild‐type ECE‐1c. Our results indicate that positioning of the GFP tag on the C‐terminus abrogates activity without effecting PKC‐induced phosphorylation. However, GFP tag on the N‐terminus has the opposite effect. Results of this study shed light on the applicability of GFP or perhaps other protein tags in studying ECE‐1c distribution and trafficking.
Orographic precipitation across an island in southern Norway: model evaluation of time‐step precipitation
Authors: Barstad Idar , Caroletti Giulio N. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObservations of high spatio‐temporal resolution from a precipitation network across Stord Island, located off the west coast of southern Norway, are compared to state‐of‐the‐art numerical model simulations. The 12 week long observation period shows a clear orographic precipitation signal across the 10–15 km wide island (peak elevation 750 m). The model experiment designed to capture this signal is run with 9–3–1 km nested grid and results are compared with observations at different accumulation intervals. The total amount of precipitation over the 12 week period is underpredicted, even for the 1 km grid. The maximum precipitation intensity, however, is slightly overpredicted. Time‐step (5 s) precipitation from the model is also compared with observed intensities at the highest possible temporal resolution permitted by the rain collection method. The observations indicate that most of the precipitation is formed at intensities from 5 to 20 mm h−1. A smaller fraction of the precipitation is formed with intensities >20 mm h−1. The simulated precipitation at the 3 km grid did not reproduce at the correct intensities. The 1 km grid showed an improved tendency to produce the precipitation at the right intensities, but had too high maximum intensities. A test simulation where the intermediate grid had no cumulus parametrization was performed. Even though effects such as undercatchment and unresolved terrain influenced, it was concluded that the test run performed better than the control run. The investigation concluded that, in general, a 1 km grid is sufficient for capturing the most intensive precipitation event in a satisfying way.
Deconstructing the Hadley cell heat transport
Authors: Heaviside C. , Czaja A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe mechanisms responsible for poleward atmospheric heat transport at low latitudes are examined in the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re‐Analysis (ERA‐40) dataset. Deep meridional overturning circulations are found in regions experiencing frequent convection (i.e. the Indo‐Pacific ‘warm pool’) and it is suggested that these are the primary reason why atmospheric heat transport seems dominated by axisymmetric motions or ‘Hadley cell heat transport’. In contrast, the more complex distribution of meridional mass transport by the circulations over the ‘cold tongue’ regions (such as the eastern Atlantic area) and the presence of a pronounced minimum in moist static energy at mid‐levels constrain these regions to contribute little to poleward heat transport year round. Regions experiencing frequent convection do not, however, account for all the annual mean poleward atmospheric heat transport. At the Equator, an annual net southward transport of heat of about 0.4 PW (1 PW = 1015 W) is found, but the deep overturning cells found in the most convectively active regions contribute only 25% of this. This small contribution of ∼0.1 PW is understood to reflect a seasonal cancellation between large (∼1 PW) northward and southward heat transports in boreal winter and summer respectively. During December‐February, most of the cross‐equatorial heat transport is attributable to the convective regions, whereas in June‐August, only half is attributable to these regions. In this season, there is a significant amount of heat transport by the strong Somali jet associated with the Asian summer monsoon. Rather than attributing the net southward cross‐equatorial heat transport to asymmetries in the climatology associated with the northerly position of the intertropical convection zones throughout the year over the eastern Pacific and Atlantic oceans, our diagnostics suggest that the Somali jet is a significant contributor to the annual net southward atmospheric heat transport at the Equator.
International workshop on smalltalk technologies 2011 special issue
Authors: Plantec A. , Lagadec L. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYSmalltalk is an exciting object‐oriented language in which even primitive values are uniformly handled as normal objects described by classes that one can browse and extend. Smalltalk was born during the seventies, but the ideas behind currently available implementations are still modern and innovative.Smalltalk benefits from being a highly expressive language in which complex and powerful systems can emerge from the composition of simple building blocks. Thanks to its dynamic nature, fast prototyping and agile software development are made possible. Smalltalk also benefits from having powerful meta‐programming facilities. A program is able to query and to change its own structure and behavior. Smalltalk is not only a language but also an interactive system that is implemented in Smalltalk and that can be customized according to users needs.This special issue presents four extended versions of research papers from the third International Workshop on Smalltalk Technologies (IWST) that was organized at Edinburgh on September 2011.

Johan Fabry et al. presented Phantom, an aspect language that includes recent research results in aspect interactions and reentrancy control. Phantom is designed to be optimized and compiled where possible.
Increasing use of reflection and meta‐programming techniques in real world applications underlines the need for more dynamic approaches. New approaches have shifted to object‐specific reuse. Jorge Ressia et al. proposed a new abstraction called a talent, which models features that are shared between objects of different class hierarchies.
Martin Dias et al. presented Fuel, a general‐purpose object serializer that focuses on speed, through a compact binary format and an efficient pickling algorithm. Fuel serializes any object, thus having a full‐featured language‐specific format.
Redesign of nontrivial software is often a challenge. Ciprian Teodorov et al. addressed physical‐design automation and presented a methodological approach relying on model‐driven engineering. Also, they summarized some lessons learned from the incremental redesign of Madeo, a toolkit that targets field‐programmable gate array design automation.The goal of the IWST workshop series is to create and foster a forum around advances or experiences in Smalltalk. Each IWST workshop is organized as a collocated event of the European Smalltalk User Group annual conference. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brief Report: Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Models of Fanconi Anemia Deficiency Reveal an Important Role for Fanconi Anemia Proteins in Cellular Reprogramming and Survival of Hematopoietic Progenitors
Authors: Yung Sun K. , Tilgner Katarzyna , Ledran Maria H. , Habibollah Saba , Neganova Irina , Singhapol Chatchawan , Saretzki Gabriele , Stojkovic Miodrag , Armstrong Lyle , Przyborski Stefan , Lako Majlinda 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genomic instability disorder caused by mutations in genes involved in replication-dependant-repair and removal of DNA cross-links. Mouse models with targeted deletions of FA genes have been developed; however, none of these exhibit the human bone marrow aplasia. Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation recapitulates many steps of embryonic hematopoietic development and is a useful model system to investigate the early events of hematopoietic progenitor specification. It is now possible to derive patient-specific human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC); however, this approach has been rather difficult to achieve in FA cells due to a requirement for activation of FA pathway during reprogramming process which can be bypassed either by genetic complementation or reprogramming under hypoxic conditions. In this study, we report that FA-C patient-specific hiPSC lines can be derived under normoxic conditions, albeit at much reduced efficiency. These disease-specific hiPSC lines and hESC with stable knockdown of FANCC display all the in vitro hallmarks of pluripotency. Nevertheless, the disease-specific hiPSCs show a much higher frequency of chromosomal abnormalities compared to parent fibroblasts and are unable to generate teratoma composed of all three germ layers in vivo, likely due to increased genomic instability. Both FANCC-deficient hESC and hiPSC lines are capable of undergoing hematopoietic differentiation, but the hematopoietic progenitors display an increased apoptosis in culture and reduced clonogenic potential. Together these data highlight the critical requirement for FA proteins in survival of hematopoietic progenitors, cellular reprogramming, and maintenance of genomic stability.
Alcam Regulates Long-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engraftment and Self-Renewal
Authors: Jeannet Robin , Cai Qi , Liu Hongjun , Vu Hieu , Kuo Ya-Huei 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in a specialized bone marrow (BM) microenvironment that supports the maintenance and functional integrity of long-term (LT)-HSCs throughout postnatal life. The objective of this work is to study the role of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (Alcam) in HSC differentiation and self-renewal using an Alcam-null (Alcam−/−) mouse model. We show here that Alcam is differentially regulated in adult hematopoiesis and is highly expressed in LT-HSCs where its level progressively increases with age. Young adult Alcam−/− mice had normal homeostatic hematopoiesis and normal numbers of phenotypic HSCs. However, Alcam−/− HSCs had reduced long-term replating capacity in vitro and reduced long-term engraftment potential upon transplantation. We show that Alcam−/− BM contain a markedly lower frequency of long-term repopulating cells than wild type. Further, the long-term repopulating potential and engraftment efficiency of Alcam−/− LT-HSCs was greatly compromised despite a progressive increase in phenotypic LT-HSC numbers during long-term serial transplantation. In addition, an age-associated increase in phenotypic LT-HSC cellularity was observed in Alcam−/− mice. This increase was predominately within the CD150hi fraction and was accompanied by significantly reduced leukocyte output. Consistent with an aging-like phenotype, older Alcam−/− LT-HSCs display myeloid-biased repopulation activity upon transplantation. Finally, Alcam−/− LT-HSCs display premature elevation of age-associated gene expression, including Selp, Clu, Cdc42, and Foxo3. Together, this study indicates that Alcam regulates functional integrity and self-renewal of LT-HSCs.