bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing Interventions for Children’s Exercise (DICE): A Pilot Evaluation of School-Based Exercise Interventions for Primary School Children Aged 7 to 8 Years
Authors: Hind Karen , Torgerson David , McKenna Jim , Ashby Rebecca , Daly-Smith Andy , Truscott John , MacKay Heather , Jennings Andrew 
Published: July 2014

Background:Developing Interventions for Children’s Exercise (DICE) is an initiative aimed at determining effective schoolbased exercise programs. To assess feasibility, we conducted a pilot study of exercise sessions which varied in duration and frequency.Methods:Exercise interventions were delivered to Year 3 pupils (age 7–8 years; n = 73) in primary schools within Yorkshire, UK. Evaluations were conducted using focus group sessions, questionnaires and observations.Results:The study revealed positive aspects of all interventions, including favorable effects on children’s concentration during lessons and identified the value of incorporation of the DICE concept into curriculum lessons. Children appeared enthused and reported well-being and enjoyment. Areas requiring attention were the need for appropriate timetabling of sessions and ensuring the availability of space.Conclusion:The concept and sessions were well-accepted by teachers who confirmed their full support of any future implementation There appears to be potential for the encouragement and empowerment of teachers to support physical activity and healthy school environments, and to take an interest in the health of their pupils. Ultimately, these findings should assist in the design of successful exercise interventions in the school setting.
Prevalence of Regular Exercise Among Iranian Adults: A Study in Northern Iran
Authors: Maddah Mohsen , Akbarian Zahra , Shoyooie Solmaz , Rostamnejad Maryam , Soleimani Mehdi 
Published: July 2014

Background:Regular exercise is an important aspect of physical activity for people living in urban areas. We examined prevalence of regular exercise in leisure times and some related factors in middle aged men and women in northern Iran.Method:A cross-sectional survey was undertaken on 1425 women and 676 men in 2 main cities in northern Iran. Information on exercise habits was collected using a self-administrated questionnaire. Regular exercise was defined as any kind of recreational or sport physical activity other than walking performed three or more days per week for at least 20 minutes. Questions on perceived barriers on regular exercise and walking habit were also included in the questionnaire.Results:Findings showed that 11.2% of the participants (9% in women and 12.8% in men P < .05) did exercise regularly. Prevalence of doing regular exercise was inversely related to age in women but not in men. Educated women were more likely to do regular exercise. The most common perceived barrier for regular exercise was time insufficiency.Conclusion:Only a small proportion of the study men and women had sustainable regular exercise for 1 year. Regular exercise was more common among young and well educated women than older women and the men.
Predictors of Children’s Active Commuting to School: An Observational Evaluation in 5 U.S. Communities
Authors: Mendoza Jason A. , Cowan David , Liu Yan 
Published: July 2014

Background:Few reports examined long term predictors of children’s active commuting to school (walking or cycling to school, ACS).Purpose:To identify predictors of ACS over 1 school year among a sample of children with relatively high rates of ACS.Methods:Parents were surveyed in September 2010 (Time 1) and April 2011 (Time 2). The dependent variable was children’s commuting mode to school (active versus passive). Independent variables included: 1) parents’ outcome expectations (from Social Cognitive Theory: the expected risks/benefits for their child doing ACS), 2) distance to school, 3) participation in an adult-led walk to school group, 4) temperature, and 5) child demographics. Generalized mixed-models estimated odds ratios for ACS (n = 369 or 49.7% of Time 1 respondents).Results:Males (OR = 2.59, 95% CI [1.57–4.30]), adult-led walk to school group participation (OR = 1.80, 95% CI [1.14–2.86]), parents’ outcome expectations (OR = 1.26, 95% CI [1.14–1.39]), temperature (OR = 1.03, 95% CI [1.01–1.07), distance to school (OR = 0.23, 95% CI [0.14–0.37]), and Latino ethnicity (OR = 0.28, 95% CI [0.12–0.65]) were associated with ACS.Conclusions:Programs and policies sensitive to parents’ concerns (eg, adult-led walk to school groups) and targeting Latinos and girls appear promising for increasing ACS.
Partial Activation of Natural Killer and γδ T Cells by Classical Swine Fever Viruses Is Associated with Type I Interferon Elicited from Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
Authors: Franzoni Giulia , Edwards Jane C. , Kurkure Nitin V. , Edgar Daniel S. , Sanchez-Cordon Pedro J. , Haines Felicity J. , Salguero Francisco J. , Everett Helen E. , Bodman-Smith Kikki B. , Crooke Helen R. , Graham Simon P. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Vaccination with live attenuated classical swine fever virus (CSFV) vaccines can rapidly confer protection in the absence of neutralizing antibodies. With an aim of providing information on the cellular mechanisms that may mediate this protection, we explored the interaction of porcine natural killer (NK) cells and γδ T cells with CSFV. Both NK and γδ T cells were refractory to infection with attenuated or virulent CSFV, and no stimulatory effects, as assessed by the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (MHC-II), perforin, and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), were observed when the cells were cultured in the presence of CSFV. Coculture with CSFV and myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) or plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) showed that pDCs led to a partial activation of both NK and γδ T cells, with upregulation of MHC-II being observed. An analysis of cytokine expression by infected DC subsets suggested that this effect was due to IFN-α secreted by infected pDCs. These results were supported by
ex vivo
analyses of NK and γδ T cells in the tonsils and retropharyngeal lymph nodes from pigs that had been vaccinated with live attenuated CSFV and/or virulent CSFV. At 5 days postchallenge, there was evidence of significant upregulation of MHC-II but not perforin on NK and γδ T cells, which was observed only following a challenge of the unvaccinated pigs and correlated with increased CSFV replication and IFN-α expression in both the tonsils and serum. Together, these data suggest that it is unlikely that NK or γδ T cells contribute to the cellular effector mechanisms induced by live attenuated CSFV.
Multi-Virulence-Locus Sequence Typing of Staphylococcus lugdunensis Generates Results Consistent with a Clonal Population Structure and Is Reliable for Epidemiological Typing
Authors: Didi Jennifer , Lemée Ludovic , Gibert Laure , Pons Jean-Louis , Pestel-Caron Martine 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus lugdunensis
is an emergent virulent coagulase-negative staphylococcus responsible for severe infections similar to those caused by
Staphylococcus aureus
. To understand its potentially pathogenic capacity and have further detailed knowledge of the molecular traits of this organism, 93 isolates from various geographic origins were analyzed by multi-virulence-locus sequence typing (MVLST), targeting seven known or putative virulence-associated loci (

atlL
R2

,

atlL
R3

,
hlb
,
isdJ
, SLUG_09050, SLUG_16930, and
vwbl
). The polymorphisms of the putative virulence-associated loci were moderate and comparable to those of the housekeeping genes analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). However, the MVLST scheme generated 43 virulence types (VTs) compared to 20 sequence types (STs) based on MLST, indicating that MVLST was significantly more discriminating (Simpson's index [
D
], 0.943). No hypervirulent lineage or cluster specific to carriage strains was defined. The results of multilocus sequence analysis of known and putative virulence-associated loci are consistent with a clonal population structure for
S. lugdunensis
, suggesting a coevolution of these genes with housekeeping genes. Indeed, the nonsynonymous to synonymous evolutionary substitutions (

d
N

/

d
S

) ratio, the Tajima's D test, and Single-likelihood ancestor counting (SLAC) analysis suggest that all virulence-associated loci were under negative selection, even

atlL
R2

(AtlL protein) and SLUG_16930 (FbpA homologue), for which the

d
N

/

d
S

ratios were higher. In addition, this analysis of virulence-associated loci allowed us to propose a trilocus sequence typing scheme based on the intragenic regions of

atlL
R3

,
isdJ
, and SLUG_16930, which is more discriminant than MLST for studying short-term epidemiology and further characterizing the lineages of the rare but highly pathogenic
S. lugdunensis
.
Commutability of the Epstein-Barr Virus WHO International Standard across Two Quantitative PCR Methods
Authors: Abeynayake Janaki , Johnson Ryan , Libiran Paolo , Sahoo Malaya K. , Cao Hongbin , Bowen Raffick , Chan K. C. Allen , Le Quynh-Thu , Pinsky Benjamin A. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
The commutability of international reference standards is critical for ensuring quantitative agreement across different viral load assays. Here, we demonstrate the commutability of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) WHO international standard for the BamHI-W and artus EBV assays.
Clinical Validation of the Lyra Direct HSV 1+2/VZV Assay for Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of Three Herpesviruses in Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Lesions
Authors: Fan Feinan , Stiles Jeffrey , Mikhlina Albina , Lu Xuedong , Babady N. Esther , Tang Yi-Wei 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
We evaluated the Lyra Direct HSV 1+2/VZV multiplex real-time PCR assay for the detection and differentiation of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) on 695 consecutive cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesion specimens. The intra-assay and interassay coefficient of variation values for the Lyra assay were 0.29 to 1.30% and 2.33 to 2.61%, respectively. The sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values were 93.4 to 95.0%, 96.1 to 96.8%, 78.0 to 80.3%, and 99.0 to 99.1%, respectively, in comparison to those of viral culture. The values were further improved when a resolution analysis was performed with a laboratory-developed PCR assay.
Combined Effects of the Structural Heterogeneity and Dynamics of Flaviviruses on Antibody Recognition
Authors: Dowd Kimberly A. , Mukherjee Swati , Kuhn Richard J. , Pierson Theodore C. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Flaviviruses are thought to sample an ensemble of structures at equilibrium. One consequence of a structurally dynamic virion is the observed time-dependent increases in neutralization sensitivity that can occur after prolonged incubation with antibody. Differences in how virus strains “breathe” may affect epitope exposure and contribute to the underlying mechanisms of strain-dependent neutralization sensitivity. Beyond the contribution of structural dynamics, flaviviruses exist as a structurally heterogeneous population due to an inefficient virion maturation process. Here, we investigate the interplay between virion maturation and structural dynamics that contributes to antibody-mediated neutralization. Using West Nile (WNV) and dengue (DENV) viruses produced under conditions that modify the extent of virion maturation, we investigated time-dependent changes in neutralization sensitivity associated with structural dynamics. Our results identify distinct patterns of neutralization against viruses that vary markedly with respect to the extent of virion maturation. Reducing the efficiency of virion maturation resulted in greater time-dependent changes in neutralization potency and a marked reduction in the stability of the particle at 37°C compared to more mature virus. The fact that the neutralization sensitivity of WNV and DENV did not increase after prolonged incubation in the absence of antibody, regardless of virion maturation, suggests that the dynamic processes that govern epitope accessibility on infectious viruses are reversible. Against the backdrop of heterogeneous flavivirus structures, differences in the pathways by which viruses “breathe” represent an additional layer of complexity in understanding maturation state-dependent patterns of antibody recognition.

IMPORTANCE
Flaviviruses exist as a group of related structures at equilibrium that arise from the dynamic motion of E proteins that comprise the antigenic surface of the mature virion. This process has been characterized for numerous viruses and is referred to as viral “breathing.” Additionally, flaviviruses are structurally heterogeneous due to an inefficient maturation process responsible for cleaving prM on the virion surface. Both of these mechanisms vary the exposure of antigenic sites available for antibody binding and impact the ability of antibodies to neutralize infection. We demonstrate that virions with inefficient prM cleavage “breathe” differently than their more mature counterparts, resulting in distinct patterns of neutralization sensitivity. Additionally, the maturation state was found to impact virus stability in solution. Our findings provide insight into the complex flavivirus structures that contribute to infection with the potential to impact antibody recognition.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Counteracts Viperin via Its Virion Host Shutoff Protein UL41
Authors: Shen Guanghui , Wang Kezhen , Wang Shuai , Cai Mingsheng , Li Mei-li , Zheng Chunfu 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
The interferon (IFN)-inducible viperin protein restricts a broad range of viruses. However, whether viperin plays a role during herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection is poorly understood. In the present study, it was shown for the first time that wild-type (WT) HSV-1 infection couldn't induce viperin production, and ectopically expressed viperin inhibited the replication of UL41-null HSV-1 but not WT viruses. The underlying molecular mechanism is that UL41 counteracts viperin's antiviral activity by reducing its mRNA accumulation.
Reemergence of Chikungunya Virus
Authors: Morrison Thomas E. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes acute fever and acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain in humans. Since 2004, CHIKV has caused millions of cases of disease in the Indian Ocean region and has emerged in new areas, including Europe, the Middle East, and the Pacific region. The mosquito vectors for this virus are globally distributed in tropical and temperate zones, providing the opportunity for CHIKV to continue to expand into new geographic regions. In October 2013, locally acquired cases of CHIKV infection were identified on the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, signaling the arrival of the virus in the Western Hemisphere. In just 9 months, CHIKV has spread to 22 countries in the Caribbean and Central and South America, resulting in hundreds of thousands of cases. CHIKV disease can be highly debilitating, and large epidemics have severe economic consequences. Thus, there is an urgent need for continued research into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of these infections.
A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Novel H7N9 Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Increases CPSF30 Binding and Virulence
Authors: Ayllon Juan , Domingues Patricia , Rajsbaum Ricardo , Miorin Lisa , Schmolke Mirco , Hale Benjamin G. , García-Sastre Adolfo 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Although an effective interferon antagonist in human and avian cells, the novel H7N9 influenza virus NS1 protein is defective at inhibiting CPSF30. An I106M substitution in H7N9 NS1 can restore CPSF30 binding together with the ability to block host gene expression. Furthermore, a recombinant virus expressing H7N9 NS1-I106M replicates to higher titers
in vivo
, and is subtly more virulent, than the parental virus. Natural polymorphisms in H7N9 NS1 that enhance CPSF30 binding may be cause for concern.
Immunodominant CD4+T-Cell Responses to Influenza A Virus in Healthy Individuals Focus on Matrix 1 and Nucleoprotein
Authors: Chen Li , Zanker Damien , Xiao Kun , Wu Chao , Zou Quanming , Chen Weisan 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTAntigen-specific CD4+T cells are essential for effective virus-specific host responses, with recent human challenge studies (in volunteers) establishing their importance for influenza A virus (IAV)-specific immunity. However, while many IAV CD4+T cell epitopes have been identified, few are known to stimulate immunodominant CD4+T cell responses. Moreover, much remains unclear concerning the major antigen(s) responded to by the human CD4+T cells and the extents and magnitudes of these responses. We initiated a systematic screen of immunodominant CD4+T cell responses to IAV in healthy individuals. Usingin vitroexpanded-multispecificity IAV-specific T cell lines and individual IAV protein antigens produced by recombinant vaccinia viruses, we found that the internal matrix protein 1 (M1) and nucleoprotein (NP) were the immunodominant targets of CD4+T cell responses. Ten epitopes derived from M1 and NP were definitively characterized. Furthermore, epitope sequence conservation analysis established that immunodominance correlated with an increased frequency of mutations, reflecting the fact that these prominent epitopes are under greater selective pressure. Such evidence that particular CD4+T cells are important for protection/recovery is of value for the development of novel IAV vaccines and for our understanding of different profiles of susceptibility to these major pathogens.IMPORTANCEInfluenza virus causes half a million deaths annually. CD4+T cell responses have been shown to be important for protection against influenza and for recovery. CD4+T cell responses are also critical for efficient CD8+T cell response and antibody response. As immunodominant T cells generally play a more important role, characterizing these immunodominant responses is critical for influenza vaccine development. We show here that the internal matrix protein 1 (M1) and nucleoprotein (NP), rather than the surface proteins reported previously, are the immunodominant targets of CD4+T cell responses. Interestingly, these immunodominant epitope regions accumulated many mutations over time, which likely indicates increased immune pressure. These findings have significant implications for the design of T cell-based influenza vaccines.
Classic Nuclear Localization Signals and a Novel Nuclear Localization Motif Are Required for Nuclear Transport of Porcine Parvovirus Capsid Proteins
Authors: Boisvert Maude , Bouchard-Lévesque Véronique , Fernandes Sandra , Tijssen Peter 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Nuclear targeting of capsid proteins (VPs) is important for genome delivery and precedes assembly in the replication cycle of porcine parvovirus (PPV). Clusters of basic amino acids, corresponding to potential nuclear localization signals (NLS), were found only in the unique region of VP1 (VP1up, for VP1 unique part). Of the five identified basic regions (BR), three were important for nuclear localization of VP1up: BR1 was a classic Pat7 NLS, and the combination of BR4 and BR5 was a classic bipartite NLS. These NLS were essential for viral replication. VP2, the major capsid protein, lacked these NLS and contained no region with more than two basic amino acids in proximity. However, three regions of basic clusters were identified in the folded protein, assembled into a trimeric structure. Mutagenesis experiments showed that only one of these three regions was involved in VP2 transport to the nucleus. This structural NLS, termed the nuclear localization motif (NLM), is located inside the assembled capsid and thus can be used to transport trimers to the nucleus in late steps of infection but not for virions in initial infection steps. The two NLS of VP1up are located in the N-terminal part of the protein, externalized from the capsid during endosomal transit, exposing them for nuclear targeting during early steps of infection. Globally, the determinants of nuclear transport of structural proteins of PPV were different from those of closely related parvoviruses.

IMPORTANCE
Most DNA viruses use the nucleus for their replication cycle. Thus, structural proteins need to be targeted to this cellular compartment at two distinct steps of the infection: in early steps to deliver viral genomes to the nucleus and in late steps to assemble new viruses. Nuclear targeting of proteins depends on the recognition of a stretch of basic amino acids by cellular transport proteins. This study reports the identification of two classic nuclear localization signals in the minor capsid protein (VP1) of porcine parvovirus. The major protein (VP2) nuclear localization was shown to depend on a complex structural motif. This motif can be used as a strategy by the virus to avoid transport of incorrectly folded proteins and to selectively import assembled trimers into the nucleus. Structural nuclear localization motifs can also be important for nuclear proteins without a classic basic amino acid stretch, including multimeric cellular proteins.
Rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP do not predict progressive joint damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with prednisolone: a randomised study
Authors: Hafström Ingiäld , Engvall Inga-Lill , Rönnelid Johan , Boonen Annelies , van der Heijde Désirée , Svensson Björn ,   on behalf of the BARFOT study group
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveTo analyse if predictors of radiographic progression differ between patients treated with or without prednisolone in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Radiographs of hands and feet were assessed using the modified Sharp/van der Heijde score and radiographic progression was defined as an increase in the total Sharp score above 5.8 (the smallest detectable change).DesignProspective, randomised study of patients with early RA.SettingSecondary level of care; six participating centres from southern Sweden; both urban and rural populations.ParticipantsIn all, 225 patients, 64% women, with a diagnosis of RA according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria, were included if they were between 18 and 80 years of age and had a disease duration of less than 1 year.InterventionThe patients were randomised to 7.5 mg prednisolone daily for 2 years (P-group; n=108) or no prednisolone (NoP-group; n=117) when they started with their first disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug and were prospectively followed for 2 years.ResultsThe frequency of patients with radiographic progression after 2 years was 26% in the P-group and 39% in the NoP-group (p=0.033). Relevant interactions between treatment and rheumatoid factor (RF) (p=0.061) and between treatment and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide 2 (anti-CCP) (p=0.096) were found. RF and anti-CCP independently predicted radiographic progression only in the NoP-group, OR (95% CI) 9.4 (2.5 to 35.2), p=0.001 and OR (95% CI) 8.7 (2.5 to 31.3), p=0.001, respectively.ConclusionsThe presence of RF and anti-CCP predicted radiographic progression in patients not treated with prednisolone but failed to predict progression in patients treated with this drug. The data suggest that early treatment with prednisolone may modulate not only inflammation but also autoimmunity-associated pathogenetic mechanisms.Trial registration numberISRCTN20612367.