bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Population of Late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Britain
Authors: Smith Christopher 
Published: February 2014

In the absence of direct evidence, archaeologists interested in the demography of stone age hunter-gatherer societies are forced to turn their attention to sites as the unit of analysis. The distribution of sites and their varying density across space and through time have been considered to be acceptable, proxy, population records (see for example Constandse-Westermann & Newell 1984,158–64). This note is a contribution to these studies, but one which is not based on the site as a unit of analysis.Smith & Openshaw (1989) have argued that the conventional archaeological site is a poor unit of analysis in considering regional settlement patterns. It is poorly defined and the recorded distribution of sites is potentially subject to too much distortion by post-depositional factors such as geomorphological processes and landuse practices, and biases inherent in archaeological method.
Long-Handled ‘Weaving Combs’ in the Netherlands
Authors: Tuohy Christina 
Published: February 2014

Long-handled combs, predominantly made of antler — although some are of bone or perhaps whalebone — and traditionally associated with weaving, have been thought to be an almost exclusively British phenomenon (Hodson 1964, 103). They are first found in middle or later Bronze Age contexts, but are more usually associated with the Iron Age and go out of use in the later 1st century AD. Although dating of these tools is imprecise, on some sites such as Glastonbury (Bullied & Gray 1911) and Maiden Castle (Wheeler 1943, 298) one can say that the earlier ones are plain and later ones decorated, often with dot and circle and linear patterns. However evidence from Danebury shows the reverse to be the case (Cunliffe & Poole 1991). The combs measure between 80 to 222 mm with an average length of 150 mm. They are mostly dentated only at one end, although some are double-ended. There are usually between 8 and 13 teeth and at the other end the shape of the butts can be plain or they may have squared or rounded ends with or without perforations.Anna Roes (1963) drew attention to a comb from the Frisian terps in the Netherlands (fig. 1, no. 1), housed in the Fries Museum, Leeuwarden. She considered that it may well have been imported from Britain. The comb is undecorated but polished. Its length is 141 mm and width at teeth 37 mm and at the butt end 18 mm. The comb is very concave at the dentated end. There had originally been 12 teeth of which only one outer tooth remained and this is worn on its inner side. Recently two further combs have been found in the Netherlands on two domestic sites of the pre-Roman Iron Age (sites 15.04 and 16.59). Both were excavated by A. Abbink from the Institute of Prehistory of the University of Leiden in 1989 and 1990 respectively (Abbink 1989; 1991).
Fürstensitze, Celts and the Mediterranean World: Developments in the West Hallstatt Culture in the 6th and 5th Centuries BC
Authors: Pare Christopher 
Published: February 2014

The traditional definition of a Fürstensitz, outlined in 1969 by W. Kimmig, is in need of modification. Greater precision is needed in the interpretation of imported and imitated Mediterranean pottery and élite burials. From our discussion, it becomes clear that both rich settlements and burials underwent crucial changes within the late Hallstatt period: the élite burial rite was becoming increasingly exclusive, and imported or imitated Mediterranean pottery generally appeared on hillforts only after the end of Hallstatt D1. Clearly, a model for the West Hallstatt culture should take account of its dynamic nature. Some important trends are described: (1) the spread of élite burial practices, (2) the foundation of the Fürstensitze, and (3) the ‘concentration of power’ in the late Hallstatt culture north-west of the Alps.The emergence of an élite during the Hallstatt period had an internal logic which did not necessarily require a Mediterranean instigator. The foundation of Massalia in 600 BC has traditionally been seen as providing the impulse for the emergence of the ‘princely’ culture of Hallstatt D. But neither the internal developments of the Hallstatt culture, nor the degree of contact with the Greek colonies in Hallstatt D1, can support this view.Previous emphasis on influence from the Greek colonies in the South of France has obscured the effects of contacts and trade with Italy, although it is certain that the increasing acquaintance with the civilized neighbours across the Alps led to events of historic importance: the Celtic invasion of Italy and the start of the Celtic diaspora. This process of acquaintance must be assigned to the late Hallstatt period (Hallstatt D2/3), when Italic imports became frequent north of the Alps. In fact, the transalpine areas which in the late Hallstatt period had especially close trading relations with Italy (particularly east central France) seem to have been the origin of most of the important contingents of Celtic invaders. The imported or imitated Italic objects in Hallstatt D2/3 and La Tène A reflect the changed political situation before and after the Celtic invasion. Whereas in both phases the Celts imported luxurious feasting equipment, only in the Early La Tène period is Italic influence apparent in Celtic weaponry.
Pleistocene Images outside Europe.
Authors: Bahn Paul G. 
Published: February 2014

At first sight it may seem a pointless exercise to produce a survey of late Pleistocene ‘artistic activity’ around the world, but there are two specific aims involved here: first, to show that human beings in different parts of the world were producing ‘art’ at roughly the same time, i.e. from about 40,000 BC onward, and particularly at the end of the Pleistocene, from about 12,0000 BC, and second, to show that the well known Ice Age art of Europe is no longer unique, but part of a far more widespread phenomenon (Bahn 1987; Bahn and Vertut 1988, 26–32). The European art remains supreme in its quantity and its ‘quality’ (i.e. its realism and its wide range of techniques), but that situation may well alter in the next decade or two as new discoveries are made elsewhere and new dating methods are refined and extended.Ironically, the first clue to Pleistocene art outside Europe was found as long ago as 1870, only a few years after Edouard Lartet's and Henry Christy's discoveries in southern France were authenticated. Unfortunately, the object in question was badly published, and dis-appeared from 1895 until its rediscovery in 1956, and consequently very few works on Pleistocene art mention it. This mineralized sacrum of an extinct fossil camelid was found at Tequixquiac in the northern part of the central basin of Mexico. The bone is carved and engraved (two nostrils have been cut into the end) so as to represent the head of a pig-like or dog-like animal (pl. 18a). The circumstances of its discovery are unclear, but it is thought to be from a late Pleistocene bone bed, and to be at least 11,000 or 12,000 years old (Aveleyra 1965; Messmacher 1981,94). At present it is on exhibit in Mexico's National Museum of Anthropology.
Palaeolithic Parietal Art and its Topographical Context.
Authors: Michael  , Eastham Anne 
Published: February 2014

Our purpose is to examine the hypothesis that Palaeolithic parietal image sites in south-west Europe model or map a specific area of the terrain around them in so far as that terrain was useful to the people who made the images. So far as we are aware the hypothesis has not received wide attention (Eastham 1979; Kehoe 1990). Maps were made by some hunter-gatherer peoples. There are Amerindian maps (Brody 1981; Leacock 1969), and maps have been used as an explanation of some Australian parietal figures (Mountford 1956; 1961). There has been, however, little systematic application of the hypothesis to Palaeolithic images.The images under discussion are the recognizable representations of animals painted, engraved or carved on the walls, floors and roofs of caves and rock shelters during the last glaciation. They are recognizable because the marks of which they are composed make redundant reference to known species. They may be accompanied by others which can be interpreted as representations of human beings and ambiguous configurations of animals.
Trends in the Hunter-Gatherer Rock Art of Western Europe and Australia.
Authors: Layton Robert 
Published: February 2014

Rock art associated with modern human populations has a comparable antiquity in Western Europe and Australia (table 1). In Western Europe personal adornment, human and animal statuettes and some carved stone blocks date from the early Aurignacian. In Australia a date of 30,000 BP has been claimed for the origin of the geometric art tradition of the Olary Province of Southern Australia, a date which would make it contemporary with the modern human community at Lake Mungo 150 miles to the east, who were practising deliberate burial (Bowler and Thome 1976, 129,138). This date, however, depends on the cation ratio method, whose calibration is still open to question (Nobbs and Dorn 1988; Clarke 1989; Watchman 1989).Secure dates based on C14 measurements show that both geometric motifs and engraved animal silhouettes in northern Australia are contemporary with the flowering of European Palaeolithic art during the Magdalenian (for Dampier, see Lorblanchet 1988, 286; for Laura, see Rosenfeld 1981, 12, 53).
Bones in Africa Presidential Address 1989
Authors: Shaw Thurstan 
Published: February 2014

From my title, you might think that this was to be a discourse on human origins and the story of early Man — about the fossil and genetic evidence for regarding Africa as the cradle of mankind such as the lecture to our Society by Mary Leakey four years ago. However, such is not my intention. My title is taken from a poem by A. E. Housman, the relevant portion of which reads:‘Oh I will sit me down and weep For bones in Africa‘.Housman (1956, 123) was uttering a threnody for a soldier who died in Africa, but I utter my lament on behalf of others.But first, a brief look at aspects of the Prehistoric Society which show that it continues to flourish and grow. In these days of falling memberships, the Society has actually grown. We have made a modest increase in our Research Fund. TheProceedingsand the maintenance of their high standard remain the Society's greatest contribution to prehistoric archaeology and justify the large proportion of our resources which we devote to them. This is in the realm of scholarship and research. In addition, we are moving into archaeological policy, with the intention of making the Society's voice heard in the councils of the nation as they affect prehistoric archaeology.
Palaeoenvironments in the Vale of Pickering. Part 3: Environmental History at Star Carr
Authors: Cloutman E. W. , Smith A. G. 
Published: February 2014

Detailed boring records and surface levels, combined with knowledge of the rate of extension of organic deposits in the lake basin (Part 1), allow the production of a computer-generated contour map and isometric drawings of the microtopography of the area around the Star Carr site of Clark (1954) (figs 1 and 2). The site was at the mouth of a shallow gully on the southern face of a hillock of glacial till which could be reached from the higher ground to the N over dry ground. The hillock extended into the lake basin as a low peninsula ending in a spit, at the entrance to its relatively narrow outflow channel. The occupation area was at a point where the open water most closely approached the shore and extended from the marginal wetland on to the dry slopes of the hillock.Pollen and lithological analysis, combined with extensive C14 dating, is described at four closely spaced points along a section through the basin deposits close to the Star Carr site. Dated sequences of local vegetation development are established. The results are used to reconstruct pictorially the environmental changes through a period of occupation contemporaneous with, and presumably an extension of, the occupation of the Star Carr site (fig. 9). The dry ground supported birch wood throughout, but natural successional changes in the wetland, on a nominal timescale, were as follows:(a) At 9800 BP the open water of the lake lapped the shore save for a narrow zone of reeds, sedges and water plants.(b) By 9650 BP immediately before the occupation, reedswamp dominated by the great reed (Phragmites) had extended well into the basin. There was a narrow drier zone at the landward side of the reedswamp with abundant ferns enclosing a damper patch with fen plants.(c) At the time of the occupation, around 9600 BP, the inshore reedswamp had largely been replaced by fen dominated by the saw sedge (Cladium). The marginal environment, where artefacts were found, was still dominated by ferns but a wood layer occupied the former damp fen area, presumably having been deliberately emplaced to consolidate the ground. Cladium fen and fringing reedswamp formed an extensive tract to the E of the occupation area behind the spit mentioned above, and probably also to the W.(d) By 9300 BP (on the nominal timescale used for the reconstruction) the occupation was over and the wood layer and an associated ‘brown layer’ were covered by Cladium deposits on which willows were now growing.Attention is drawn to the need for detailed work on the taphonomy of artefacts as a component of any further excavation in the organic deposits of the Vale of Pickering.
A Late Bronze Age Enclosure at Lofts Farm, Essex
Authors: Brown N. , Holgate R. , Major H. , Murphy P. 
Published: February 2014

A double-ditched sub-rectangular enclosure measuring c.42 by 48 m was excavated. It was shown to have been a Late Bronze Age settlement, with a single central roundhouse opposite the only entrance, and with a rectangular structure in one corner. The site produced a typical range of Late Bronze Age artefacts. The site is low-lying, and environmental data from the waterlogged fills of a well indicate an open landscape of damp grassland. These factors together with the absence of waste from the earliest stages of crop-cleaning among carbonized plant remains from the enclosure, point to a primarily pastoral economy.A few Neolithic features and artefacts were also found but these are not considered to represent permanent settlement.
The Invention of Words for the Idea of ‘Prehistory’
Authors: Chippindale Christopher 
Published: February 2014

The standard recent authorities on the history of archaeology date the invention of a specific word for prehistory to 1833, saying that Paul Tournal of Narbonne used the adjective préhistorique (‘prehistoric’ in the English translation in Heizer 1969, 91; and in Daniel 1967, 25, following Heizer 1962) or the noun préhistoire (Daniel 1981,48) in an article about French bone-caves.This is not true. The word Tournal used was antéhistorique (Tournal 1833, 175), and the mistake has arisen from working with an idiomatic translation into English, which rendered ‘anté-historique’ as ‘prehistoric’ (Tournal [1959]) instead of the original French. (Grayson 1983, 102., however, quotes Tournal's original French correctly.) The earliest use of ‘prehistoric’ seems to be Daniel Wilson's of 1851 in The Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland (1851), as the older histories of archaeology say (eg Daniel 1950, 86 (reprinted in Daniel 1975, 86); Daniel 1962, 9), before the error about Tournal began to circulate.
The Chalk Plaque Pit, Amesbury
Authors: Harding Philip 
Published: February 2014

Well-defined late Neolithic structures in lowland Britain are rare. The contents of pits with Grooved Ware have, therefore, been used to interpret both settlement patterns and economic activity in this period. Pits occur both individually and in groups, are normally circular or slightly oval in plan and rarely exceed 1 m in diam or 2 m in depth (Wainwright and Longworth 1971, 250). Most were probably for grain storage (Field et al. 1964, 367) which were later filled with refuse.The Amesbury area, 3 km E of Stonehenge, has produced several groups of pits of this type. They include five at Ratfyn (SU 15954205) N of Amesbury (Stone 1935; Warren et al. 1936, 196), four at Woodlands (SU 151431) 250 m S of Woodhenge (Stone and Young 1948; Stone 1949), a group within a henge on Coneybury Hill (SU 13434161) (Richards 1984, 183) and others on King Barrow Ridge (SU 135425) (Richards 1984).
Identification of pulsation modes from spectroscopy
Authors: Uytterhoeven Katrien 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTime-series of high-resolution spectra of massive main-sequence pulsators contain information on the degree l and azimuthal number m of a pulsation mode. I present an overview of existing mode-identification techniques that have been developed to derive l and m from spectroscopic data. I also discuss the data quality needed to perform such a study. Through some examples from the literature I show that the optimal way to identify modes in heat-driven non-radial pulsators is by 1) using multi-site campaign data, 2) combining different spectroscopic mode-identification techniques, and 3) combining results from photometric and spectroscopic mode-identification studies.
Helioseismology in the 1980s and 1990s
Authors: Goode Philip R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOver more than twenty years, Wojtek Dziembowski and I collaborated on nearly fifty papers, which were concentrated in helioseismology through the 1980s and 1990s, but extended early into the new century. In this review, I discuss the most significant results of this collaboration and some of the underlying sociology that contributed to the intensity and longevity of our collaboration. Our work began with placing limits on the Sun's buried magnetic field and ended with extracting from the solar-cycle dependent oscillation frequency changes the roles (and net result) of competing dynamical drivers of changes in the solar diameter.
Transport of angular momentum in solar-like oscillating stars
Authors: Goupil Mariejo , Deheuvels Sébastien , Marques Joao , Lebreton Yveline , Mosser Benoit , García Rafa , Belkacem Kevin , Mathis Stéphane 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOur current understanding and modeling of angular momentum transport in low-mass stars are briefly reviewed. Emphasis is set on single stars slightly younger that the Sun and on subgiants and red giants observed by the space missionsCoRoTandKepler.
Pulsations of rapidly rotating stars with compositional discontinuities
Authors: Reese Daniel R. , Lara Francisco Espinosa , Rieutord Michel 
Published: February 2014

AbstractRecent observations of rapidly rotating stars have revealed the presence of regular patterns in their pulsation spectra. This has raised the question as to their physical origin, and, in particular, whether they can be explained by an asymptotic frequency formula for low-degree acoustic modes, as recently discovered through numerical calculations and theoretical considerations. In this context, a key question is whether compositional/density gradients can adversely affect such patterns to the point of hindering their identification. To answer this question, we calculate frequency spectra using two-dimensional ESTER stellar models. These models use a multi-domain spectral approach, allowing us to easily insert a compositional discontinuity while retaining a high numerical accuracy. We analyse the effects of such discontinuities on both the frequencies and eigenfunctions of pulsation modes in the asymptotic regime. We find that although there is more scatter around the asymptotic frequency formula, the semi-large frequency separation can still be clearly identified in a spectrum of low-degree acoustic modes.
Pulsation – convection interaction
Authors: Kupka F. , Mundprecht E. , Muthsam H. J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA lot of effort has been devoted to the hydrodynamical modelling of Cepheids in one dimension. While the recovery of the most basic properties such as the pulsational instability itself has been achieved already a long time ago, properties such as the observed double-mode pulsation of some objects and the red-edge of the classical instability strip and their dependence on metallicity have remained a delicate issue. The uncertainty introduced by adjustable parameters and further physical approximations introduced in one-dimensional model equations motivate an investigation based on numerical simulations which use the full hydrodynamical equations. In this talk, results from such two-dimensional numerical simulations of a short period Cepheid are presented. The importance of a carefully designed numerical setup, in particular of sufficient resolution and domain extent, is discussed. The problematic issue of how to reliably choose fixed parameters for the one-dimensional model is illustrated. Results from an analysis of the interaction of pulsation with convection are shown concerning the large-scale structure of the He ii ionization zone. We also address the influence of convection on the atmospheric structure. Considering the potential of hydrodynamical simulations and the wealth of ever improving observational data an outlook on possible future work in this field of research is given.
Pulsations as a mass-loss trigger in evolved hot stars
Authors: Kraus Michaela , Nickeler Dieter H. , Haucke Maximiliano , Cidale Lydia , Venero Roberto , Fernandes Marcelo Borges , Tomić Sanja , Curé Michel 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDuring their post-main sequence evolution, massive stars pass through several short-lived phases, in which they experience enhanced mass loss in the form of clumped winds and mass ejection events of unclear origin. The discovery that stars populating the blue luminous part of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram can pulsate suggests that stellar pulsations might influence or trigger enhanced mass loss and eruptions. We present recent results for two objects in different phases: a B[e] star at the end of the main sequence and a B-type supergiant.
The origin and pulsations of extreme helium stars
Authors: Jeffery C. Simon 
Published: February 2014

AbstractStars consume hydrogen in their interiors but, generally speaking, their surfaces continue to contain some 70% hydrogen (by mass) throughout their lives. Nevertheless, many types of star can be found with hydrogen-deficient surfaces, in some cases with as little as one hydrogen atom in 10 000. Amongst these, the luminous B- and A-type extreme helium stars are genuinely rare; only ~15 are known within a very substantial volume of the Galaxy.Evidence from surface composition suggests a connection to the cooler R CrB variables and some of the hotter helium-rich subdwarf O stars. Arguments currently favour an origin in the merger of two white dwarfs; thus there are also connections with AM CVn variables and Type Ia supernovae. Pulsations in many extreme helium stars provide an opportune window into their interiors. These pulsations have unusual properties, some being “strange” modes, and others being driven byZ-bump opacities. They have the potential to deliver distance-independent masses and to provide a unique view of pulsation physics.We review the evolutionary origin and pulsations of these stars, and introduce recent progress and continuing challenges.
Solar-like oscillations in subgiant and red-giant stars: mixed modes
Authors: Hekker S. , Mazumdar A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThanks to significant improvements in high-resolution spectrographs and the launch of dedicated space missions MOST, CoRoT and Kepler, the number of subgiants and red-giant stars with detected oscillations has increased significantly over the last decade. The amount of detail that can now be resolved in the oscillation patterns does allow for in-depth investigations of the internal structures of these stars. One phenomenon that plays an important role in such studies are mixed modes. These are modes that carry information of the inner radiative region as well as from the convective outer part of the star allowing to probe different depths of the stars.Here, we describe mixed modes and highlight some recent results obtained using mixed modes observed in subgiants and red-giant stars.