bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Catalytic and Mechanistic Investigation of Optically Active Helical Poly[3-(9-alkylfluoren-9-yl)propylene oxide]s in the Enantioselective Addition of Ethylmagnesium Bromide to Aldehydes
Authors: Zhang Anlin , Yang Nianfa , Yang Liwen , Peng Dan 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Optically active helical poly[(S)-3-(9-alkylfluoren-9-yl)propylene oxide]s (poly-(S)-AFPOs) without additional stereogenic units were used to induce the enantioselective addition of ethylmagnesium bromide to aldehydes, giving up to 53% ee of the products. It is the helically chiral environment rather than the point chirality that governs the enantioselective inducement of the addition reaction. Poly-(S)-AFPOs could be recovered simply, post-treated conveniently and used repeatedly.
Two-photon Absorption (TPA) Spectra of Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)metal(II) Perchlorate: Drastic Effects of Central Metal(II) Ions on TPA Cross Section
Authors: Moritomo Hiroki , Nakagawa Kenta , Sugihara Hiroyuki , Suzuki Yasutaka , Kawamata Jun 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Two-photon absorption (TPA) spectra were measured on a dimethyl sulfoxide solution of [M(dpphen)3](ClO4)2 (dpphen: 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline; M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Ru). The TPA cross section depended drastically on the central metal(II) ions, in the order Ru- Co- &gt; Ni- &gt; Mn- &gt; Cu- &gt; Zn complexes. The effects were rationalized in terms of the resonance of photons used for two-photon transition with one-photon absorption band.
ESSENCE, SIGNIFICANCE, ASPECTS OF RECOGNITION IN ECONOMICS
Authors: Волочиенко Владимир , Volochienko Vladimir 
Published: December 2013

The essence of the recognition of objects, phenomena,
situations, conditions, processes, and other items is reviewed. The
list of areas of effective use of the methods and systems of recognition
is provided. Advantages are disclosed and promising areas are
listed of the possible effective use of methods and systems of recognition
in the economy, organizational and socio-economic systems.
THE HISTORY OF NATIONAL DOCTRINE OF INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW: ALEXANDR ALEXANDROVICH PILENKO (1873‒1956). DEDICATED TO THE 140th ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH
Authors: Комнатная Юлия , Komnatnaya Yuliya 
Published: December 2013

The article reveals basic life stages of a scientist and a journalist
Alexandr A. Pilenko, who can be named one of the most
widely known international lawyers of the end of 19th — the middle
of 20th century. Unfortunately, he was practically forgotten by
soviet legal science. This article also determines his contribution to
the formation of the Russian international private law science and
the importance of his scientifi c works for the development of the international
law science. Furthermore, the article shows A.A. Pilenko&#96;
s activity during his emigration period.
RESTRICTIONS ON USE OF FOREST DOMAIN AND LEGAL REGIME OF HUNTING IN RUSSIA IN THE SECOND PART OF 18th — EARLY 20th CENTURIES
Authors: Ларина Ольга , Larina Olga 
Published: December 2013

This article investigates stages of the forest regalia regulation.
The author makes a conclusion that the fi rst stage of the forest
regalia substantially had a political nature conditioned by the
necessity to strengthening of Russian international naval strategic
positions. Wood was used in shipbuilding, for factories construction,
ports and courts.
The message is the mode: Modes in digital media and media theory
Authors: Jenkins Eric 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This article develops the concept of ‘modes’ through a survey of media theory and examples from digital media. Theorists who employ the concept offers three insights: modes are changes to perception affected by media, are the ways humans link with media to produce desire, and are liminal forms shared by producers and consumers. Examples from digital media also provide three lessons: modes direct media interfacing, constituting a software of perception that operates via a ‘perceiving as’ similar to metaphor. Media scholars should study modes because the digital environment capitalizes on modes, with the potential for dark clouds and silver linings.
Locative Communication: Place as a medium?
Authors: Medeiros Macello 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This article presents the ‘Educational Totem Project’, which was implemented during March to May in 2011, in Pelourinho, the Historic Center of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The project consists of available audio files containing narratives about five tourist sites: Terreiro de Jesus (Jesus’ Courtyard), Catedral Basílica (Cathedral Basilica), Igreja de São Francisco (San Fracisco Church), Antiga Faculdade de Medicina (Former Medicine College) and Centro Cultural Solar Ferrão (Mansion Ferrão Culture Center). These sound narratives are sent to digital mobile devices through three forms: by bluetooth, QR Codes and USB driver. The principal issue discussed in this project was the relationship between communication and place. Locative Communication could be considered a different form of communication. The information about the place is being sent to the cell phone, which adds meaning, reinforcing the sense of belonging.
Telepresence and the ethics of digital cheating
Authors: Lunceford Brett 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This article considers the ethics of sexual telepresence by tracing the history of mechanical and digital sex and exploring the possibilities facilitated by current and emerging technology. My aim is to consider how people have used technology to engage in new forms of sexual expression in order to more clearly delineate exactly what constitutes cheating and the ethical lines surrounding such behaviours. As with non-digital forms of intimacy, it seems clear that there is a range of behaviours that invite different people to draw the lines in different places, ranging from flirtation to erotic talk, to physical contact. But the goal of this article is not merely to consider where the lines may lie, but rather to examine how the medium in which the interaction takes place invites individuals to make particular moral judgments concerning what lines should exist at all concerning both physical and emotional intimacy.
High Temperature Short Time Air Puffed Ready-To-Eat (RTE) Tapioca–Peanut Snack: Process Parameters Optimization
Authors: Yewale Chandrakant Ramesh , Chattopadhyay Pallab Kumar 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Tapioca contains very high starch content and therefore could be used to obtain a good quality puffed product. Tapioca powder added with roasted peanut to give nutty flavor and taste was used to develop ready-to-eat (RTE) snack utilizing high temperature short time (HTST) air puffing process with center composite rotatable design (CCRD). The effects of process parameters viz., puffing temperature (200–260 °C), puffing time (30–90 s), and raw material parameters viz., initial moisture content (30–40%) and roasted peanut proportion (10–20%) on quality attributes such as final moisture content, expansion ratio, color (L value, a value), and crispness of the products were investigated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum quality attributes of the product in terms of final moisture content (4.7%db), expansion ratio (1.67), L value (70.96), a value (1.83), and crispness (12.1) were obtained with 20% added peanut, 35% initial moisture content, 245 °C puffing temperature and 60 s puffing time. The sensory evaluation of the optimally processed snack added with spices to enhance taste, showed the product to be crisp and highly acceptable.
The disinfection efficacy of chlorine and chlorine dioxide as disinfectants of Bacillus globigii, a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis, in water networks: A comparative study
Authors: Hosni Ahmed A. , Shane William T. , Szabo Jeffery G. , Bishop Paul L. 
Published: December 2013

Intentional contamination of drinking water with anthrax spores is a concern to water utilities. The spores may become embedded in the distribution pipe corrosion and biofilm, where they will be protected from residual disinfectants. This paper compares the disinfection effectiveness of chlorine and chlorine dioxide on Bacillus globigii , a surrogate for B. anthracis . Batch experiments were performed using both disinfectants. Data was analyzed using the delayed Chick-Watson model to determine the corresponding CTlag (CT = concentration  ×  time) values and Watson plots, which indicate the dominant factors affecting disinfection kinetics. Chlorine dioxide had CTlag values almost one tenth of those observed for chlorine. However, Watson plots showed that exposure time and disinfectant concentrations have equal weights on the inactivation rate of both disinfectants.
Three‐Dimensional Seed Size and Shape QTL in Hexaploid Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Populations
Authors: Williams Keith , Sorrells Mark E. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTSeed size and shape are important traits that have been altered during domestication and are monitored in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programs because they may impact yield and milling quality. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed morphology were mapped in two doubled‐haploid (DH) wheat populations using three seed axes and elliptic Fourier descriptors of shape. In the Synthetic W7984 × Opata M85 (SynOpDH) population, 31 QTL were detected on all chromosomes except 3D, 4D, 5D, 6B, and 7B. Seed shape QTL in SynOpDH were independent of genes Q, Gpc‐B1, Ser5B, S1, S2, S3, and markers for rice (Oryza sativa L.) GW2 and GS3. Environmentally stable QTL on 1A and 2D, as well as a pleiotropic QTL on 5A were detected. QTL on chromosome 1A conditioned uniformly widened grains, 2D affected width, and 5A width and thickness. In the Cayuga × Caledonia DH population, 30 QTL affecting kernel morphology were detected on all chromosomes except 3A, 5D, 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B. The most significant QTL in this population were on 3D affecting seed length and on 1D and 3B affecting uniform widening. Marker‐assisted selection of these QTL for complex dimensions of seed shape may assist in breeding cultivars with improved yield or quality.
Contributions of Parental Inbreds and Heterosis to Morphology and Yield of Single‐Cross Maize Hybrids in China
Authors: Li Yongxiang , Li Yu , Ma Xinglin , Liu Cheng , Liu Zhizhai , Tan Xianjie , Sun Baocheng , Shi Yunsu , Song Yanchun , Wang Tianyu , Smith Stephen 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTTo measure the contributions of parental inbreds per se and heterosis to the genetic gain of single‐cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids, yield trials of 29 historically important hybrids used in China during 1964 through 2001 and their parental inbreds were conducted. Mean rate of genetic gain for single‐cross hybrids when measured across all locations was 55 kg ha−1 yr–1; heterosis contributed 37 kg ha−1 yr–1 (67%) of yield gain. Inbred yields at stressed locations were exceptionally poor and may have inflated measurements of heterosis. At unstressed locations, heterosis contributed 5 kg ha−1 yr–1 (8%) and 16 kg ha−1 yr–1 (39%) or 10 kg ha−1 yr–1 (19%) when locations were combined. For individual characteristics, the highest percent heterosis was for kernel weight per ear (58.6%), corresponding to and emphasizing the historic goal in China of increasing yield on an individual plant rather than on a unit area basis. There are opportunities to further improve the productivity of Chinese maize by increasing inbred parent yields, increasing tolerances to stresses associated with higher planting densities, and also increasing the contribution of heterosis through optimal assignation of inbreds into complementary heterotic groups.
Formation of Heterotic Groups and Understanding Genetic Effects in a Provitamin A Biofortified Maize Breeding Program
Authors: Suwarno Willy B. , Pixley Kevin V. , Palacios‐Rojas Natalia , Kaeppler Shawn M. , Babu Raman 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTDeveloping biofortified maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars is a viable approach to combating the widespread problem of vitamin A deficiency among people for whom maize is a staple food. To enhance CIMMYT's provitamin A maize breeding efforts, this study: (i) evaluated whether separation of experimental maize lines into groups based on maximizing their molecular‐marker‐based genetic distances (GD) resulted in heterosis for among‐group crosses, (ii) assessed genetic effects (general and specific combining ability, GCA and SCA) for grain yield and provitamin A concentrations in hybrids among 21 inbred lines representing the three proposed groups, and (iii) assessed the association between grain yield and provitamin A concentrations. The lines were crossed following a partial diallel design resulting in 156 hybrids that were evaluated at four environments with two replications of one‐row plots. The first plant in each plot was self‐pollinated to produce grain for provitamin A analysis. Significant but small yield advantage of among‐ versus within‐group crosses (0.47 Mg ha−1, P < 0.05) suggested that the groups identified by maximizing GD could be a practical starting point for further breeding work to develop useful heterotic groups. Furthermore, the GD‐proposed heterotic groups were improved by later revising some line assignments to groups using estimates of SCA effects. General combining ability effects were significant (P < 0.01) for all traits, whereas SCA effects were weak (P < 0.05) or not significant for provitamin A carotenoid concentrations, indicating that these were controlled primarily by additive gene action. Grain yield was not significantly correlated with provitamin A concentration, indicating that both traits could be improved simultaneously.
Generation Means Analysis of Elite Ex‐Plant Variety Protection Commercial Inbreds: A New Public Maize Genetics Resource
Authors: Hauck Andrew L. , Johnson G. Richard , Mikel Mark A. , Mahone Gregory S. , Morales A. Jason , Rocheford Torbert R. , Bohn Martin O. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTMaize (Zea mays, L.) breeding research in the public sector involves identifying novel genes, alleles, and breeding procedures that have promising commercial applications, but this role is stymied due to limited access to commercial quality lines and hybrids. Use of lines recently released from Plant Variety Protection (PVP) may be a solution. Our overall goal was to investigate the extent and nature of the allelic diversity in elite maize germplasm at the molecular level and gain insight into how this allelic diversity relates to the performance of superior hybrids. The specific objectives were to (i) characterize the genetic composition of 12 selected elite inbreds, (ii) evaluate these inbreds and their 66 F1hybrids and segregating F1derived F2populations for an extensive number of leaf, tassel, and ear traits, including yield, and (iii) perform a statistical and quantitative genetic analysis to identify significant genetic variation thereof. Cluster analysis based on pedigree relationships and molecular markers indicated that the selected elite inbred parents are genetically diverse. Applying the Eberhart and Gardner general model we confirmed the presence of substantial additive, dominance, and epistatic variation in the elite germplasm selected and developed for this experiment. Experimental material derived from Ex‐PVP lines will be an important component of maize breeding research on increased productivity. In this research, hybrid mapping populations will prove to be invaluable for detection of nonadditive quantitative trait loci and association effects in yield related traits.
Cultivar Affects Field Emergence, Establishment Rate, and First‐Year Traffic Tolerance of Seeded Bermudagrasses in the Transition Zone
Authors: Deaton Michael T. , Williams David W. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTSlow field emergence and establishment rates of some seeded bermudagrasses [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] contribute to extreme competition from weeds, sometimes leading to failure of stand establishment. Previous work has also indicated significant differences in tolerance to simulated athletic traffic among some bermudagrass cultivars. This study was conducted in 2010 and 2011 in Lexington, KY, to quantify field emergence rates, establishment rates, and tolerances to simulated traffic applied during the establishment year among seeded bermudagrass cultivars. Nineteen cultivars were evaluated representing all of the seeded bermudagrasses available for purchase from commercial retailers at the beginning of the study. The effect of cultivar was highly significant (P < 0.001) for days to field emergence, days to maximum cover, and traffic tolerance in both years. ‘Riviera’ was equivalent to or very nearly the slowest for field emergence in both years. ‘Casino Royale’ was the fastest or equivalent to the fastest for field emergence in both years. ‘Yukon’ was the slowest to reach maximum cover in both years. ‘Sovereign’ reached maximum cover quickest in 2010. Riviera and Sovereign were equivalent in reaching maximum cover in 2011. Riviera and Yukon ranked highest and lowest, respectively, in tolerance to simulated athletic traffic. We conclude that there are highly significant differences in how cultivars in the upper transition zone should be expected to perform regarding successful establishment and tolerance to simulated athletic traffic applied during the establishment year.
Characterization of Nebraska Isolates of Fusarium graminearum Causing Head Blight of Wheat
Authors: Hernandez Nopsa John F. , Wegulo Stephen N. , Panthi Anita , Hallen‐Adams Heather E. , Harris Steven D. , Baenziger P. Stephen 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTFusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and other small grain cereals. The disease is caused by several species of Fusarium. This study was conducted to identify the major species of Fusarium causing FHB in Nebraska and to characterize isolates of the species for perithecia and deoxynivalenol (DON) production and for aggressiveness (quantified as disease severity and area under the disease progress curve) on spikes of two winter wheat cultivars. Isolates of Fusarium spp. obtained from wheat spikes and grain collected from FHB‐affected winter wheat fields and grain elevators, respectively, in 2007 and 2008 were identified as Fusarium graminearum. The isolates varied widely in perithecia and DON production in vitro and in aggressiveness on wheat spikes of soft red winter wheat cultivars Coker 9835 (FHB susceptible) and VA04W‐433 (moderately resistant). Fusarium head blight severity for the three most aggressive F. graminearum isolates was higher in Coker 9835 than in VA04W‐433 during the first 7 d after inoculation (DAI) but was comparable in both cultivars from 10 to 21 DAI. Deoxynivalenol concentration and aggressiveness were positively and linearly related (R2 ≥ 0.60, P < 0.05). Isolates that produced higher concentrations of DON were more aggressive than those that produced lower concentrations of the toxin regardless of wheat cultivar.
Photosynthetic Responses in Annual Rye, Perennial Wheat, and Perennial Rye Subjected to Modest Source:Sink Ratio Changes
Authors: Jaikumar Nikhil S. , Snapp Sieglinde S. , Flore James A. , Loescher Wayne 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTNewly developed perennial cereals have been developed as alternatives to annual food crops. These provide novel contexts in which to study source vs. sink limitations of plant productivity. This is one of the first investigations of source:sink effects on photosynthesis, seed size, and regrowth in perennial cereal crops as well as in the commercially important annual rye (Secale cereale L.). Through experimental manipulations of field‐grown plants, we studied the effect of manipulations of source:sink ratio (25% decreases and 100% increases) on photosynthetic rate in perennial wheat [Triticum aestivum L. × Thinopyrum elongatum (Host) D. R. Dewey], perennial rye [S. cereale × Secale strictum (C. Presl) C. Presl subsp. strictum (syn. Secale montanum Guss.)], annual wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and annual rye. We measured carbohydrate pools, seed size, and regrowth as further indices of source vs. sink limitation. Perennial wheat showed sink limitation throughout. Annual and perennial rye appeared to be colimited. Low source:sink ratios in perennial wheat and rye were associated with up to 25% higher photosynthetic rates while high source:sink ratios led to up to 20% decreases. Seed size showed more stability under source:sink manipulation in perennials than in annuals while regrowth of perennials was not affected by source sink ratio, and all three species showed more stability of seed size in response to source:sink manipulation than annual wheat. Our results are consistent with perennial cereals operating below their maximum photosynthetic capacity, in contrast to annual wheat, and following a conservative reproductive strategy. By selecting for greater sink strength in perennial wheat, breeders may be able to achieve higher rates of photosynthesis and support higher yields in this new crop.
Genomic Selection in Forage Breeding: Accuracy and Methods
Authors: Simeão Resende Rosangela Maria , Casler Michael D. , de Resende Marcos Deon Vilela 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe main benefits expected from genomic selection in forage grasses and legumes are to increase selection accuracy, reduce cycle time, and potentially reduce evaluation costs per genotype. Aiming at designing a training population and first generation of selection, deterministic equations were used to compare the gain and accuracy of six genomic selection methods implemented within the context of traditional experimental plot designs used in forage breeding. Combined use of both phenotypic and genotypic information was superior to other methods using low density markers (approximately three per cM) and for heritability lower than 0.6 but resulted in lower selection gain per year in relation to individual genomic selection using higher marker density. Initial accuracies were increased by a selection index method proposed as a procedure to improve long‐term rates of gain for advanced generations using genomic selection. Application of genomic selection methods to forage breeding is expected to be of greatest value under the following circumstances: (i) when phenotypic evaluation of individual plants is incapable of predicting performance under sward conditions, (ii) when it is difficult or impossible to apply meaningful selection pressure within families, or (iii) when time‐intensive phenotypic evaluations necessitate long cycle times, for example, 4 to 5 yr.