bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying whole grain foods: a comparison of different approaches for selecting more healthful whole grain products
Authors: Mozaffarian Rebecca S , Lee Rebekka M , Kennedy Mary A , Ludwig David S , Mozaffarian Dariush , Gortmaker Steven L 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveEating whole grains (WG) is recommended for health, but multiple conflicting definitions exist for identifying whole grain (WG) products, limiting the ability of consumers and organizations to select such products. We investigated how five recommended WG criteria relate to healthfulness and price of grain products.DesignWe categorized grain products by different WG criteria including: the industry-sponsored Whole Grain stamp (WG-Stamp); WG as the first ingredient (WG-first); WG as the first ingredient without added sugars (WG-first-no-added-sugars); the word ‘whole’ before any grain in the ingredients (‘whole’-anywhere); and a content of total carbohydrate to fibre of ≤10:1 (10:1-ratio). We investigated associations of each criterion with health-related characteristics including fibre, sugars, sodium, energy, trans-fats and price.SettingTwo major grocery store chains.SubjectsFive hundred and forty-five grain products.ResultsEach WG criterion identified products with higher fibre than products considered non-WG; the 10:1-ratio exhibited the largest differences (+3·15 g/serving, P < 0·0001). Products achieving the 10:1-ratio also contained lower sugar (−1·28 g/serving, P = 0·01), sodium (−15·4 mg/serving, P = 0·04) and likelihood of trans-fats (OR = 0·14, P < 0·0001), without energy differences. WG-first-no-added-sugars performed similarly, but identified many fewer products as WG and also not a lower likelihood of containing trans-fats. The WG-Stamp, WG-first and ‘whole’-anywhere criteria identified products with a lower likelihood of trans-fats, but also significantly more sugars and energy (P < 0·05 each). Products meeting the WG-Stamp or 10:1-ratio criterion were more expensive than products that did not (+$US 0·04/serving, P = 0·009 and +$US 0·05/serving, P = 0·003, respectively).ConclusionsAmong proposed WG criteria, the 10:1-ratio identified the most healthful WG products. Other criteria performed less well, including the industry-supported WG-Stamp which identified products with higher fibre and lower trans-fats, but also higher sugars and energy. These findings inform efforts by consumers, organizations and policy makers to identify healthful WG products.
p-Sulfonato-calix[n]arenes inhibit staphylococcal bicomponent leukotoxins by supramolecular interactions
Authors: Laventie Benoît-Joseph , Potrich Cristina , Atmanène Cédric , Saleh Maher , Joubert Olivier , Viero Gabriella , Bachmeyer Christoph , Antonini Valeria , Mancini Ines , Cianferani-Sanglier Sarah , Keller Daniel , Colin Didier A. , Bourcier Tristan , Anderluh Gregor , van Dorsselaer Alain , Dalla Serra Mauro , Prévost Gilles 
Published: January 2013

PVL (Panton–Valentine leukocidin) and other Staphylococcus aureus β-stranded pore-forming toxins are important virulence factors involved in various pathologies that are often necrotizing. The present study characterized leukotoxin inhibition by selected SCns (p-sulfonato-calix[n]arenes): SC4, SC6 and SC8. These chemicals have no toxic effects on human erythrocytes or neutrophils, and some are able to inhibit both the activity of and the cell lysis by leukotoxins in a dose-dependent manner. Depending on the type of leukotoxins and SCns, flow cytometry revealed IC50 values of 6–22 μM for Ca2+ activation and of 2–50 μM for cell lysis. SCns were observed to affect membrane binding of class S proteins responsible for cell specificity. Electrospray MS and surface plasmon resonance established supramolecular interactions (1:1 stoichiometry) between SCns and class S proteins in solution, but not class F proteins. The membrane-binding affinity of S proteins was Kd=0.07–6.2 nM. The binding ability was completely abolished by SCns at different concentrations according to the number of benzenes (30–300 μM; SC8&gt;SC6≫SC4). The inhibitory properties of SCns were also observed in vivo in a rabbit model of PVL-induced endophthalmitis. These calixarenes may represent new therapeutic avenues aimed at minimizing inflammatory reactions and necrosis due to certain virulence factors.
Determinants of dynamic changes in serum creatinine in acute decompensated heart failure: the importance of blood pressure reduction during treatment
Authors: Dupont Matthias , Mullens Wilfried , Finucan Michael , Taylor David O. , Starling Randall C. , Tang W.H. Wilson 
Published: January 2013

Aims‘Worsening renal function’ (WRF) and ‘improvement in renal function’ (IRF) monitored by changes in serum creatinine are frequently encountered during treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). We sought to establish the important haemodynamic determinants of alterations in serum creatinine.Methods and resultsWe reviewed data from 443 patients treated for ADHF with haemodynamic guidance in a single centre. WRF and IRF were defined as a 25% increase or decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from time of admission to pulmonary artery catheter removal, respectively. Of the 443 patients, 46 (10%) experienced WRF and 127 (29%) had IRF. Baseline eGFR was lower in patients with IRF when compared with stable patients or those with WRF (45 ± 25 vs. 63 ± 30 vs. 68 ± 27 mL/min/m2, respectively, P < 0.0001). In contrast, the relative decrease in mean blood pressure (BP) was more pronounced in patients with WRF when compared with stable patients or those with IRF (15 ± 15 vs. 9 ± 17 vs. 4 ± 15%, respectively, P = 0.003). With larger decreases in mean BP, there was greater likelihood of experiencing WRF (P = 0.04) but less likelihood of experiencing IRF (P = 0.01). In contrast, the degree of changes in right atrial pressure or cardiac index did not affect the propensity for developing WRF or IRF. There was no difference in adverse clinical outcomes (death, heart transplantation, LV assist device implantation, or readmission) between the three groups (P = 0.56).ConclusionBlood pressure decrease, rather than alterations in cardiac output or central venous pressure, were associated with changes in serum creatinine during treatment of ADHF.
Levosimendan in acute heart failure following primary percutaneous coronary intervention‐treated acute ST‐elevation myocardial infarction. Results from the LEAF trial: a randomized, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Husebye Trygve , Eritsland Jan , Müller Carl , Sandvik Leiv , Arnesen Harald , Seljeflot Ingebjørg , Mangschau Arild , Bjørnerheim Reidar , Andersen Geir Øystein 
Published: January 2013

AimsThe calcium sensitizer levosimendan may counteract stunning after reperfusion of ischaemic myocardium, but no randomized placebo‐controlled trials exist regarding its use in PCI‐treated ST‐segment elevation infarction (STEMI). We evaluated the efficacy and safety of levosimendan in patients with a primary PCI‐treated STEMI complicated by symptomatic heart failure (HF).Methods and resultsA total of 61 patients developing clinical signs of HF within 48 h after a primary PCI‐treated STEMI (including cardiogenic shock) were randomized double‐blind to a 25 h infusion of levosimendan or placebo. The primary endpoint was change in wall motion score index (WMSI) from baseline to day 5 measured by echocardiography. There was a significantly larger improvement in WMSI from baseline to day 5 in the levosimendan group compared with placebo (from 1.94 ± 0.20 to 1.66 ± 0.31 vs. 1.99 ± 0.22 to 1.83 ± 0.26, respectively, P = 0.031). There were significantly more episodes of hypotension during study drug infusion in the levosimendan group (67% vs. 36%, P = 0.029), but no significant difference in blood pressure at the end of infusion or in use of vasopressors. No significant between‐group differences in changes in NT‐proBNP levels, clinical composite score, frequency of atrial fibrillation or ventricular arrhythmia, infarct size at 6 weeks, or new clinical events up to 6 months were found. One and four patients died in the levosimendan and placebo group, respectively.ConclusionsLevosimendan treatment improved contractility in post‐ischaemic myocardium in patients with PCI‐treated STEMI complicated by HF. The treatment was well tolerated, without any increase in arrhythmias.Trial registration: NCT00324766
Multiple Sclerosis Care - A Practical Manual
Authors: Zajicek John , Freeman Jennifer , Porter Bernadette 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis Care - A Practical Manual is a concise and easy to use reference source for all aspects of care in the management and understanding of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Teams of doctors, nurses, physio and occupational therapists, social workers and other care workers will find it an accessible, useful and handy resource.
The principles of clinical assessment in general psychiatry
Authors: Cooper John E. , Oates Margaret 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter is focused on the needs of the clinician in a service for general adult psychiatry, who has to carry-out the initial assessment of the patient and family, working either in the context of a multi-disciplinary team or independently. Within this quite wide remit, the discussion is limited to general principles that guide the practice of all types of psychiatry. The chapter does not include the special procedures and techniques also needed for assessment of children and adolescents, the elderly, persons with mental retardation, persons with forensic problems, and persons requiring assessment for suitability for special types of psychotherapy. It is assumed that the reader has already had significant experience of clinical psychiatry and has completed the first stages of a postgraduate psychiatric training programme. Therefore details of the basic methods recommended in commonly used textbooks or manuals of instruction for obtaining and recording information on essentials such as the history, personal development, mental state, and behaviour of the patient are not included in this chapter. Three topics have been given special attention. These are assessment by means of a multi-disciplinary team, the trio of concepts diseases, illness, and sickness, and the development of structured interviewing and rating schedules. The first two have a special connection that justifies emphasis in view of the recent increase in multi-disciplinary styles of assessment. For instance, when different members of the team appear to be in disagreement about what should be done, it is usually a good idea to ask the question: ‘What is being discussed—is it the patient's possible physical disease, the patient's personal experience of symptoms and distress, or the interference of these with social activities?’ It will then often become apparent that the issues in question are legitimate differences in emphasis and priority of interest, rather than disagreements. The third topic is given prominence in order to illustrate some aspects of the background of the large number of such schedules (or ‘instruments’) that are now available. They are usually given the shortest possible mention in research reports, but since most advances in clinical methods and service developments come from studies in which an assessment instrument has been used, clinicians should know something about them. The aim of the initial clinical assessment is to allow the clinician and team to arrive at a comprehensive plan for treatment and management that has both short-term and longer-term components. The achievement of this will be discussed under the following headings. ♦ Concepts underlying the procedures of assessment ♦ Contextual influences on assessment procedures ♦ Assessment as a multi-disciplinary activity ♦ Instruments for assessment ♦ The condensation and recording of information ♦ Making a prognosis ♦ Reviews ♦ Writing reports
Diagnosis and classification
Authors: First Michael B. , Pincus Harold Alan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn Psychiatry, as in all of medicine, diagnosis is a key function and central to developing a plan of treatment for patients. Psychiatry, however, faces special challenges. The etiopathogenesis of most psychiatric disorders is not known. For the most part, a clinician must rely on reports from, and direct observation of patients to gather the necessary information to determine a diagnosis. Until very recently, laboratory tests had little relevance. Even diagnostic information found in medical records may not be useful, since the clinician cannot ascertain whether the historically recorded diagnoses of previous clinicians were based on reliable observations, the application of similar diagnostic approaches, or even the same system of classification. These special challenges faced by the field have ensured that diagnosis and classification in psychiatry has a long and rich history.
Neuropathology
Authors: Falkai Peter , Bogerts Bernhard 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe traditional domains of neuropathology are well-defined organic brain diseases with an obvious pathology, such as tumours, infections, vascular diseases, trauma, or toxic and hypoxemic changes, as well as degenerative brain diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's chorea). Neuropathological investigations of these brain disorders have been rewarding, because patients with any of these conditions can be expected to have gross morphological or more or less specific neurohistological anomalies related to the clinical symptoms of the disorders. Moreover, the type of brain pathology of these well-defined disease entities is quite homogenous. For example, it is highly unlikely that a patient with Parkinson's disease would not exhibit morphological changes and Lewy bodies in the nigrostriatal system, just as much a person with Huntington's chorea would have a normal striatum, or a patient with Pick'sor Alzheimer's disease would have no changes in the cerebralcortex. In contrast, the history of the neuropathology of psychiatric disorders outside primary degenerative diseases is much more controversial, because no such obvious and homogenous types of brain pathology (as seen in neurological disorders) have yet been detected for the major psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, affective disorders, substance-related disorders, or personality disorders. The scope of this chapter is to summarize the neuropathological findings in schizophrenia, affective disorders, and alcoholism. Tables 2.3.5.1, 2.3.5.2, 2.3.5.3, and 2.3.5.4 highlight the significant findings. It goes beyond the scope of this chapter to review thelarge body of literature on the dementias, including specifically Alzheimer's disease. Concerning this matter, the reader is referred to several comprehensive reviews (e.g. Jellinger and Bancher 1998).
Functional positron emission tomography in psychiatry
Authors: Grasby P. M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSo far, the PET and SPET radiotracer techniques have been immediately valuable in assessing the receptor occupancy effects of antipsychotic drugs and of mapping the neural correlates of dysfunctional cognitive processes and psychiatric symptoms. Although the applications described have not yielded a diagnostic test, the techniques are undoubtedly providing unique informa-tion about the pathophysiology of psychiatric illnesses. Such information is likely to be key for the development of truly novel treatments.
Delirium
Authors: Meagher David , Trzepacz Paula 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDelirium is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome that occurs commonly across all age groups and healthcare settings. Significant adverse outcomes of delirium are increasingly recognized and can be reduced by a more consistent approach to detection that emphasizes disturbances of attention. Optimal management requires the collaborative efforts of carers and healthcare staff and judicious use of pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies that concurrently manage underlying physical causes and the delirium itself. Greater clarity is needed regarding the prognostic relationship to dementia, phenomenology of prodromal, subsyndromal and syndromal delirium, and how risk factors, vulnerabilities, and treatment may vary across populations and treatment settings.
Vascular dementia
Authors: Erkinjuntti Timo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractVascular dementia is the second most frequent cause of dementia. Because vascular causes of cognitive impairment are common, may be preventable, and the patients could benefit from therapy, early detection, and accurate diagnosis of vascular dementia is desirable. Vascular dementia is not only multi-infarct dementia, but is related to other vascular mechanisms and pathological changes in the brain, and has other causes and clinical manifestations. Vascular dementia is not a disease, but a syndrome. The origin of this syndrome reflects complex interactions between vascular aetiologies (cerebrovascular disorders and vascular risk factors), changes in the brain (infarcts, white-matter lesions, atrophy), host factors (age, education), and cognition. Conceptual issues related to of vascular dementia include the definition of the cognitive syndrome (type, extent, and combination of impairments in different cognitive domains), and the vascular causes (vascular aetiologies and changes in the brain). Variations in these definitions has led to different estimates of point prevalence, to different groups of patients, and to reports of different types and distribution of brain lesions. The cognitive syndrome of vascular dementia is characterized by predominate executive dysfunction rather than deficits in memory and language function. Although the course of cognitive decline may be stepwise, it is often slowly progressive, and may include periods of stability or even some improvement. The relationship between vascular lesions in the brain and cognitive impairment is important, but which type, extent, side, site, and tempo of vascular lesions in the brain relates to different types of vascular dementia is not established in detail. Current criteria for vascular dementia are based on the concept of cerebral infarcts. For example the widely used NINDS-AIREN criteria include dementia, cerebrovascular disease, and a relationship between these two disorders. The main tools for the diagnosis include detailed history, neurological examination, mental state examination, relevant laboratory examinations, and preferably magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Vascular dementia research, until recently overshadowed by that into Alzheimer's disease, is now developing rapidly. There is great promise for intervention. Developments in classification, diagnosis, and treatment are likely.
The mental health effects of cannabis use
Authors: Hall Wayne 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe major adverse acute psychological effects of cannabis use are as follows: ♦ Anxiety, dysphoria, panic, and paranoia, especially in naive users ♦ Impairment of attention, memory, and psychomotor performance while intoxicated ♦ An increased risk of accident if an intoxicated person attempts to drive a vehicle. The major psychological effects of daily heavy cannabis use over many years remain contested but probably include the following: ♦ A cannabis-dependence syndrome ♦ Subtle forms of cognitive impairment that affect attention and memory and which persist while the user remains chronically intoxicated ♦ Impaired educational achievement in adolescents with a history of poor school performance, whose achievement may be limited by the cognitive impairments produced by chronic intoxication with cannabis ♦ Among those who initiate cannabis use in the early teens, a higher risk of progressing to heavy cannabis and other illicit drug use, and becoming dependent on cannabis.
Epidemiology of mood disorders
Authors: Joyce Peter R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Global Burden of Disease, which is a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases and injuries in 1990 and projected to 2020, highlights the importance of mood disorders for the world. Using the measure of disability-adjusted life years, it was determined that unipolar major depression was the fourth leading cause of disease burden in the world. It was also projected that, in the year 2020, unipolar major depression would be the second leading cause of disease burden in the world. Disabilityadjusted life years is based on both mortality and disability. If one looks at disability alone, then unipolar major depression was the leading cause of disability in the world in 1990, and bipolar disorder was the sixth leading cause. Across the world, 10.7 per cent of disability can be attributed to unipolar major depression and, in developed countries, unipolar major depression contributes to nearly 20 per cent of disease burden in women aged from 15 to 44 years. This chapter addresses bipolar disorders and depressive disorders, covering diagnostic issues, prevalence, comorbidity, use of health services, and risk factors for both types of disorder.
Treatment of mood disorders
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Scott J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapters looks at the evidence behind the various medication and physical treatments for mood disorders, before discussing the management options themselves, including the treatment of unipolar disorder, medication, electroconvulsive therapy, treatment of non-response and resistant depression, longer-term treatment, psychological treatments, and continuation and maintenance therapy. The treatment of bipolar disorder is also covered in detail.