bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wind Erosion Reduction by Scattered Woody Vegetation in Farmers' Fields in Northern Burkina Faso
Authors: Leenders Jakolien K. , Sterk Geert , van Boxel John H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWind erosion is an important soil degradation process on agricultural fields in the Sahel and is strongly affected by scattered woody vegetation. This paper analyses the effect of scattered vegetation on sediment transport in agricultural fields in northern Burkina Faso. A model was developed to simulate the changes in wind speed and sediment transport around shrubs and trees. The model was applied by using field measurements on wind speed, wind direction, and sediment transport, obtained from two farmers' fields during the rainy season of 2003. Vegetation characteristics and the density of vegetation elements differed per field. The model was used for scenario studies to test the effect of height, number, element type and spatial arrangement of vegetation elements on aeolian sediment transport. The local effects of vegetation elements on wind speed and sediment transport are small compared with the effects caused by the changes in the aerodynamic roughness length and changing wind speed at a larger scale. With relatively small changes in the characteristics of scattered woody vegetation, sediment transport can change considerably. An optimal arrangement of vegetation elements in an area in itself does not exist; it is an interrelation between the number of vegetation elements, the silhouette area and the type of vegetation elements present. This interrelation makes the use of scattered vegetation as a wind erosion control strategy attractive, as it fits in a variety of farming systems and can easily be adapted to specific needs of farmers. Therefore, scattered woody vegetation can be used to reduce sediment transport. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An In Situ Generated Achiral Cu(II)‐Containing Polymer Complex Sensor for Enantioselective Recognition Induced from L‐/D‐Histidine Enantiomers
Authors: Wei Guo , Meng Fandian , Wang Yuxiang , Cheng Yixiang , Zhu Chengjian 
Published: November 2014

A novel achiral polymer P‐1 is synthesized by the polymerization of (2,5‐bis(octyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylene)diboronic acid (M‐1) with pyridine‐2,6‐diylbis(methanylylidene)bis(4‐iodoaniline) (M‐2) via Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. The tridentate ligand in the main chain backbone can further coordinate with Cu2+ to afford the corresponding achiral copper‐containing polymer complex P‐2, which selectively responds to L‐/D‐histidine with significant fluorescence enhancement over other amino acids. Interestingly, P‐2 exhibits obvious CD response toward L‐ or D‐histidine compared with its model compound MC, indicating that this kind Cu(II)‐containing polymer complex sensor can be used as an effective chemosensor for enantioselective recognition of histidine enantiomers by means of CD spectroscopy.
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Flüstertüten und Besselhörner
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Verovnik Ivo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTrompeten und verwandte Blechblasinstrumente sind physikalisch gesehen einseitig geschlossene Pfeifen mit ungeraden Obertönen. Der Trichter sorgt für ein gerichtetes Abstrahlen vor allem höherer Frequenzen, was den strahlenden Klang erzeugt. Zudem hebt er Eigenfrequenzen von tieferen Tönen an, während das Mundstück diejenigen von höheren Tönen absenkt. Beide Effekte schieben die Eigenresonanzen zu einer harmonischen Obertonreihe zusammen.
Computational modeling of the mind: what role for mental representation?
Authors: Rescorla Michael 
Published: November 2014

Theclassical computational theory of mind(CTM) holds that many important mental processes are computations similar to those executed by Turing machines. This article compares two alternative frameworks through which one can developCTM:formal‐syntactic computationalismandcontent‐involving computationalism. According to formal‐syntactic computationalism, computation is sensitive to syntax but not semantics. Mental computation manipulates formal‐syntactic items without regard to any representational properties those items may have. According to content‐involving computationalism, certain computational descriptions characterize mental states through their representational properties rather than any alleged formal‐syntactic properties. The article examines strengths and weaknesses of each framework.WIREs Cogn Sci2015, 6:65–73. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1325This article is categorized under:Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive SciencePhilosophy > Representation
Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity of the Compound [Cu(C7H7NH2)Cl]4 derived from CuCl and Benzylamine (C7H7NH2)
Authors: Becker Sabine , Behrens Ulrich , Schindler Siegfried 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe facile synthesis, molecular structure, and reactivity of [Cu(C7H7NH2)Cl]4 (1) towards dioxygen and derivatives is reported. The compound could easily be prepared in good yields by mixing CuCl and benzylamine under inert conditions in dichloromethane. Surprisingly this copper(I) compound, a copper(I) tetramer with CuI···CuI interactions of 2.89 Å, was formed instead of an expected cubane cluster. Oxidation reactions led to formation of μ‐oxido‐species as intermediates, however 1 did not show any catalytic activity in the activation of CH bonds. In contrast it turned out that 1 was quite stable towards oxidation. Analogous reactions with CuBr or CuI were different and neither cluster units or polynuclear copper(I) complexes were obtained.
A Study of the Influence of Charged Residues on β-Hairpin Formation by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Makowska Joanna , Żmudzińska Wioletta , Uber Dorota , Chmurzyński Lech 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Chain reversals are often nucleation sites in protein folding. The β-hairpins of FBP28 WW domain and IgG are stable and have been proved to initiate the folding and are, therefore, suitable for studying the influence of charged residues on β-hairpin conformation. In this paper, we carried out NMR examination of the conformations in solution of two fragments from the FPB28 protein (PDB code: 1E0L) (N-terminal part) namely KTADGKT-NH2 (1E0L 12–18, D7) and YKTADGKTY-NH2 (1E0L 11–19, D9), one from the B3 domain of the protein G (PDB code: 1IGD), namely DDATKT-NH2 (1IGD 51–56) (Dag1), and three variants of Dag1 peptide: DVATKT-NH2 (Dag2), OVATKT-NH2 (Dag3) and KVATKT-NH2 (Dag4), respectively, in which the original charged residue were replaced with non-polar residues or modified charged residues. It was found that both the D7 and D9 peptides form a large fraction bent conformations. However, no hydrophobic contacts between the terminal Tyr residues of D9 occur, which suggests that the presence of a pair of like-charged residues stabilizes chain reversal. Conversely, only the Dag1 and Dag2 peptides exhibit some chain reversal; replacing the second aspartic-acid residue with a valine and the first one with a basic residue results in a nearly extended conformation. These results suggest that basic residues farther away in sequence can result in stabilization of chain reversal owing to screening of the non-polar core. Conversely, smaller distance in sequence prohibits this screening, while the presence oppositely-charged residues can stabilize a turn because of salt-bridge formation.
Enzymatic Degumming of Crude Jatropha Oil: Evaluation of Impact Factors on the Removal of Phospholipids
Authors: Gofferjé G. , Motulewicz J. , Stäbler A. , Herfellner T. , Schweiggert‐Weisz U. , Flöter E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractJatropha curcas seeds are rich in non‐edible oil, and this plant has received much interest in recent years, especially with respect to biodiesel production. Owing to the high content of phospholipids, crude jatropha oil has to be refined before further use. Conventional refining processes have several environmental and energetic shortcomings. Thus, the search for alternative degumming methods has become relevant. This study compares the enzymatic degumming of screw‐pressed crude jatropha oil with Lecitase Ultra (phospholipase A1) and LysoMax (phospholipase A2). Degumming with phospholipase A2 was less effective that degumming with phospholipase A1. Phospholipase A1 showed the highest reaction rate at 50 °C, 700 rpm stirring, 3 mL of water per 100 g of oil, and with 75 ppm of added phospholipase. To ensure optimum enzyme activity, the pH was adjusted to 5. The phosphorus content was reduced continuously for reaction times up to 3 h. The residual phosphorus content was found to be independent of its initial level. Laboratory experiments showed that enzymatic degumming of jatropha oil with phospholipase A1 at the adapted parameters enables the phosphorus content to be reduced to levels below 4 ppm.
Mosaikbefunde in der Microarray-Diagnostik bei prä- und postnatalen Untersuchungen
Authors: Fiedler Eveline 
Published: November 2014

Zusammenfassung
Die molekulare Karyotypisierung mithilfe der „Array“-basierten genomischen Hybridisierung (Microarrays) ermöglicht nicht nur den genomweiten, hochauflösenden Nachweis von Kopienzahlveränderungen, -zugewinnen und -verlusten, sondern auch die Detektion bestimmter Mosaike. Der Beitrag gibt eine Übersicht über Einflussgrößen beim Nachweis von Mosaiken mit Microarrays und über verschiedene Mosaikfälle, die sowohl mit Array-CGH (CGH: „comparative genomic hybridization“) als auch mit SNP-Arrays (SNP: „single nucleotide polymorphism“) erhoben wurden. Dabei wird anhand der Array-CGH eine Möglichkeit aufgezeigt, wie der Prozentsatz eines Mosaiks bestimmt werden kann.
The Clinical Outcome of Management of Periprosthetic Infection in Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Siu-Hei Tse Michael , Hing-Cheong Wong , Wai-Lam Chan , Siu-Bon Woo 
Published: November 2014

Background/Purpose Infection is a severe complication after total knee replacement (TKR) and creates great disability. We reviewed our 11-year experience in the management of TKR infection and its outcome. Methods Patients who had TKR infection from 2001 to 2011 in our hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Results A total of 727 TKRs were performed from 2001 to 2011 and 12 cases of post-TKR infection were identified (1.65%). In the acute group, two patients had debridement with exchange of liner and four patients had a two-stage operation. No re-infection was noted. For the chronic presentation group, four out of six patients had a two-stage operation and none of them suffered from re-infection. The remaining two patients had debridement and exchange of liner and both had re-infection with a two-stage operation performed afterwards. One patient had no re-infection thereafter. Another patient was on long-term suppressive antibiotics because of the failure to eradicate the infection. Conclusion The incidence of TKR infection in our hospital is comparable to the reported incidence in the literature. This study also showed that a two-stage operation has a higher success rate in the management of chronic TKR infection.
The True North Strong and Free Healthcare? Nationalism and Attitudes Towards Private Healthcare Options in Canada
Authors: Dufresne Yannick , Jeram Sanjay , Pelletier Alexandre 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article endeavours to explain why English Canadians and Quebeckers differ in their opinions about private healthcare options. Data indicates that respondents in the nine predominantly English-speaking provinces are more likely to oppose private hospitals than Quebeckers. No one province or region in “English Canada” drives these results: aversion to private hospitals is consistent across the nine provinces. Research on welfare states slots Canada into the “liberal” category, which is indicative of a preference for market solutions to welfare problems, which makes this finding perplexing. The argument presented here is that universal healthcare has become bound up with the national identity of English Canada, resulting in a general aversion to private healthcare initiatives outside of Quebec.
Resolving the Difference between Evolutionary Antecedents of Political Attitudes and Sources of Human Variation
Authors: Lockyer Adam , Hatemi Peter K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHumans, despite the country they inhabit, the social structures they constitute, and the forms of governments they live under, universally possess political attitudes; that is, those attitudes towards sexual norms, out-groups, resource allocation, cooperation and fairness. It has been proposed that this near universal manifestation across societies remains ingrained in the psychological architecture of humans because of human evolution. However, there is enormous variation in political attitudes within and across populations, and this variation is not merely a function of social differences but derives, in part, through neurobiological differences within human populations. Thus, there is great confusion on the difference between what has evolved as universal, and what is due to individual variation. This confusion, results, in part on the lack of integration of the theoretical mechanisms that addresses how humans vary within evolutionarily adaptive universals. Here we seek to fill this lacuna by explicating how evolutionary biology and psychology account for the universal need for humans to have political attitudes while neurobiological differences account for variation within those evolved structures.
Complexity science approaches to the application foresight
Authors: Horton Averil 
Published: November 2014

PurposeThis paper aims to present an exploration of recent work in complexity theory to explain why and how disruptive events happen in systems and how responses could be better, particularly in the policy‐making arena.Design/methodology/approachThe main method applied is critical thinking combined with a review of selected aspects of complexity theory and a general experience of applying foresight. Several new and practical implications for foresight techniques and their application are derived. Promoting variation is examined as one way to make policies more resilient in a complex system.FindingsComplexity science demonstrates that disruptive events do not need an associated trigger, as they are a normal part of a complex system. This insight implies that if we are always looking for weak signals we will certainly be caught unawares.Practical implicationsThe assumption that disruptive events can be managed by planning and forecasting is not a workable option. Instead, policy making needs to assume that unexpected disruptive events will happen even with the best horizon scanning system in place. Foresight techniques need to be developed to embrace emergence and to provide capabilities such as reframing to visualise systems from very different perspectives, including those considered impossible now.Originality/valueAlthough neither complexity theory nor the concept of reframing is new in the area of foresight, the derivation of practical implications for foresight techniques is original.
Business lessons from the soccer World Cup
Authors: Berrone Pascual 
Published: November 2014

PurposeBased on Spain's recent achievement as soccer World Cup winner, the purpose of this paper is to draw lessons for business leaders.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is a reflection, from a strategic viewpoint, on the events surrounding the championship.FindingsTen general lessons are drawn for business leaders, entrepreneurs, family business owners, and managers in how they interact with customers and employees.Originality/valueThe paper's value lies in using a high visibility sports event to draw lessons for businesses in a practice‐oriented note.
Sex‐specific effects of natural and sexual selection on the evolution of life span and ageing in Drosophila simulans
Authors: Archer C. Ruth , Duffy Eoin , Hosken David J. , Mokkonen Mikael , Okada Kensuke , Oku Keiko , Sharma Manmohan D. , Hunt John 
Published: November 2014

Summary

Variation in the strength of age‐dependent natural selection shapes differences in ageing rates across species and populations. Likewise, sexual selection can promote divergent patterns of senescence across the sexes. However, the effects of these processes on the evolution of ageing have largely been considered independently, and interactions between them are poorly understood.

We use experimental evolution to investigate how natural and sexual selection affect life span and ageing in Drosophila simulans.

Replicate populations were evolved under lifetime monogamy (relaxed sexual selection) or lifetime polyandry (elevated sexual selection) and at one of two temperatures, 25 °C (relaxed natural selection) or 27 °C (enhanced natural selection), in a fully factorial design. We measured longevity in 150 individually housed flies taken from each of three replicate populations per selection regime.

We found that natural and sexual selection affected the evolution of life span via sex‐specific effects on different ageing parameters (ageing rate vs. baseline mortality): natural selection reduced the rate of ageing in both sexes but increased male baseline mortality, while sexual selection elevated baseline mortality in both sexes but particularly in males.

This means that sexual and natural selection interacted to reduce male life span but acted on female life span by independently affecting particular ageing parameters. Sex‐specific effects of sexual and natural selection may help explain the diverse patterns of ageing seen in nature but complicate predictions about how ageing and life span evolve across the sexes
The House Mouse (Mus musculus L.) Exerts Strong Differential Grain Consumption Preferences among Hard Red and White Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties in a Single‐Elimination Tournament Design
Authors: Morris Craig F. , Fuerst E. Patrick , McLean Derek J. , Momont Kathleen , James Caleb P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plays a central role in the health and nutrition of humans. Yet, little is known about possible flavor differences among different varieties. We have developed a model system using the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) to determine feeding preferences as a prelude to extending results to human sensory analysis. Here, we examine the application of a single‐elimination tournament design to the analysis of consumption preferences of a set of hard red and hard white spring wheat varieties. A single‐elimination tournament design in this case pairs 2 wheat varieties and only 1 of the 2 is advanced to further tests. Preferred varieties were advanced until an overall “winner” was identified; conversely, less desirable varieties were advanced such that an overall “loser” was identified. Hollis and IDO702 were the winner and loser, respectively, for the hard red varieties, and Clear White 515 and WA8123 were the winner and loser, respectively, for the hard white varieties. When using the more powerful protocol of 14 mice and a 4‑d trial, differences in mean daily consumption preferences of 2 varieties were separated at P‐values as small as 2 × 10−8. The single‐elimination tournament design is an efficient means of identifying the most and least desirable varieties among a larger set of samples. One application for identifying the 2 extremes in preference within a group of varieties would be to use them as parents of a population to identify quantitative trait loci for preference.
How Ought War To Be Remembered in Schools?
Authors: Aldridge David 
Published: November 2014

Each year a national day of commemoration of the war dead is celebrated on 11th November in the United Kingdom. Despite public controversy about the nature and purpose of remembrance, there has been no significant discussion of the role schools should play in this event. In this centenary year of the outbreak of the First World War, with the government planning to send groups from every secondary school in Britain to tour the battlefields of the western front over the next four years, the question of how war should be remembered in schools is more pressing than ever.In this bold and rigorous pamphlet, David Aldridge takes a hard look at the reasons usually advanced for involving children and young people in commemorating the war dead, and finds many of them wanting. He critically examines the high profile in schools of charities, like the Royal British Legion, with vested interests in certain kinds of commemoration. And he argues forcefully for a justification of remembrance in schools that requires a major rethink of established rituals and practices.This is a compelling treatment of a topic high on the agenda of teachers and education policy‐makers and will be an invaluable resource for anyone involved in planning centenary commemorative events for children and young people.
The response of barley to rainfall and temperature in different tillage and crop rotation systems in semi‐arid conditions
Authors: Fernández‐Getino A.P. , Santín‐Montanyá M.I. , Zambrana E. , de Andrés E.F. , Tenorio J. L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBarley is a widespread crop of choice in the Spanish agricultural farming. A 7‐year field study was realised to examine the barley yield data. Weather conditions were analysed and taken into account when considering the influence of the tillage systems (TS) and previous crop on barley. In general, barley yield increased with tillage intensity; however the analysis of tiller‐count and thousand‐grain weight of barley did not present significant differences within the different TS. Barley monoculture presented lower yield than the barley in rotation with fallow or vetch, especially in those years characterised by a greater annual rainfall than average over the 7 years of study (290 mm). Also, we observed that the presence of weeds was strongly influenced by the combined effects of the environmental conditions, TS, and previous crop.It was observed that high rainfall during sowing period or shortly after had a high positive impact on production efficiency and yields. Unexpectedly, the study demonstrated positive correlation between high December temperatures and resulting barley yield. It would be useful to take into account these results when selecting the crop variety for conservation planning in Mediterranean areas.