bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’action syndicale à l’international vue du Sud : du global au local ou du local au global?
Authors: Adanhounme Armel Brice , Lévesque Christian 
Published: June 2013

Ce texte propose une relecture du débat sur l’action syndicale à l’international entre la construction de coalitions globales et le développement de réseaux locaux. Il se base sur le récit des représentants syndicaux du secteur minier au Ghana et au Mexique. Les stratégies syndicales sont saisies sous les trois dimensions analytiques que sont les espaces de l’action syndicale à l’international, les modes d’interaction et le cadre de référence. L’objectif de l’article vise à comprendre comment les syndicats nationaux naviguent entre le local et le global, et les facteurs qui les poussent et les attirent vers les espaces transnationaux.Alors que les deux syndicats sont engagés dans un processus de renouvellement de leur action, leur stratégie transnationale diffère : les Ghanéens sont engagés dans le développement de nouvelles aptitudes et de nouveaux savoir-faire et les Mexicains dans la construction des coalitions. Ces constats suggèrent que l’action syndicale à l’international est fonction des contingences nationales. Primo, le syndicat ghanéen intervient surtout au niveau continental africain et privilégie le développement des compétences locales et nationales. De son côté, le syndicat mexicain est présent aussi bien au niveau continental nord-américain que transnational, notamment dans des campagnes de solidarité. Secundo, les Ghanéens entretiennent de faibles liens avec les autres syndicats. De l’autre, les Mexicains sont engagés dans un large répertoire d’action avec les syndicats nord-américains et les fédérations internationales. Tertio, les Ghanéens conçoivent leurs intérêts sur la base d’une forte identité clanique et définissent leur engagement international en termes de ressources. Pour leur part, les Mexicains bâtissent des coalitions transnationales sur la base d’une identité de classe.Allant au-delà de la dichotomie entre le local et le global, les stratégies syndicales à l’international sont socialement construites et localement enracinées. Elles s’expliquent par la dynamique de l’économie politique dans laquelle se trouvent insérés ces syndicats et les structures d’opportunité transnationale à leur portée.
Globalization, Restructuring and Unions: Transnational Co-ordination and Varieties of Labour Engagement
Authors: Pulignano Valeria , Lucio Miguel Martínez , Walker Steve 
Published: June 2013

This paper considers the various ways in which unions respond to transnational restructuring in their longer-term planning and at different levels of action. To this extent, it avoids simply falling into a workplace-based view of mobilizing, or a national and state level view of union lobbying and mobilizing, but instead looks at how different (multi) levels of union action develop (or otherwise) a portfolio of sustainable longer term planning approaches. More concretely, it examines the way that unions activate their learning capacity at various levels in order to develop and use coordination and networking to respond to transnational restructuring. We approach restructuring not only from the point of view of unions’ external organizational relations (employers, members, community, etc.), but also their internal organizational requirements and relations that build a more proactive union response.
To reframe the context in which union coordination capability is built up, transnational restructuring should be examined. We start from a conceptual distinction between “influencing” (external) and “communication” (internal) union strategies. Specifically, four different strategies, which take place at different levels of union action, are identified and presented in the paper. They reflect different dimensions of coordination as a feature of long term union learning and preparation in relation to restructuring: (1) lobbying and campaigning to influence the macro-level regulatory environment; (2) organizing and coordinating action in relation to influencing micro-level change; (3) developing informational and learning strategies about skills and training development to prepare individuals for negotiating change at the micro-level; and (4) developing communication and exchange of information with each other to create greater levels of awareness and focus in relation to restructuring at the macro-level.
Conclusions identify that the structure and content of union coordination in the context of cross-border restructuring is a complex issue that cannot be reduced to simple historical binaries of bureaucracy-activist or employer facing versus membership facing. Our findings demonstrate that coordination works across various sets of dimensions (i.e. “influencing” and “communicating”), relations (internal and external) and levels (i.e. micro and macro). Therefore, it requires complex sets of organization and agendas.
System identification techniques based on support vector machines without bias term
Authors: Vogt Michael 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYThe intention of this article is to utilize support vector machines (SVMs) as process models, which are the basis for most controller designs as well as simulation and monitoring tasks. SVMs are data‐driven models comparable with regularization networks, which merge elements from robust statistics, statistical learning, and kernel theory. The presentation is focused on the ‘no‐bias‐term’ variant, accounts for several peculiarities specific to SVM regression and derives an active‐set algorithm to solve the resulting large‐scale quadratic programming problem. For linear systems, SVMs are combined with multi‐stage methods for estimating output error and ARMAX models. Finally, two real‐world processes serve as test cases to evaluate the SVMs’ properties as nonlinear dynamic models. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct Evidence of Cation Disorder in Thermoelectric Lead Chalcogenides PbTe and PbS
Authors: Kastbjerg Sofie , Bindzus Niels , Søndergaard Martin , Johnsen Simon , Lock Nina , Christensen Mogens , Takata Masaki , Spackman Mark A. , Brummerstedt Iversen Bo 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe extraordinary thermoelectric properties of lead chalcogenides have attracted huge interest in part due to their unexpected low thermal conductivity. Here, it is shown that anharmonicity and large cation disorder are present in both PbTe and PbS, based on elaborate charge density visualization using synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction (SPXRD) data analyzed with the maximum entropy method (MEM). In both systems, the cation disorder increases with increasing temperature, whereas the Te/S anions appear to be centered on the expected lattice positions. Even at the lowest temperatures of 105 K, the lead ion is on average displaced by ≈0.2 Å from the rock‐salt lattice position, creating a strong phonon scattering mechanism. These findings provide a clue to understanding the excellent thermoelectric performance of crystals with atomic disorder. The SPXRD–MEM approach can be applied in general opening up for widespread characterization of subtle structural features in crystals with unusual properties.
Towards an Improved anti‐HIV Activity of NRTI via Metal–Organic Frameworks Nanoparticles
Authors: Agostoni Valentina , Chalati Tamim , Horcajada Patricia , Willaime Hervé , Anand Resmi , Semiramoth Nicolas , Baati Tarek , Hall Shaun , Maurin Guillaume , Chacun Hélène , Bouchemal Kawthar , Martineau Charlotte , Taulelle Francis , Couvreur Patrick , Rogez‐Kreuz Christine , Clayette Pascal , Monti Sandra , Serre Christian , Gref Ruxandra 
Published: June 2013

AbstractNanoscale mesoporous iron carboxylates metal–organic frameworks (nanoMOFs) have recently emerged as promising platforms for drug delivery, showing biodegradability, biocompatibility and important loading capability of challenging highly water‐soluble drugs such as azidothymidine tryphosphate (AZT‐TP). In this study, nanoMOFs made of iron trimesate (MIL‐100) were able to act as efficient molecular sponges, quickly adsorbing up to 24 wt% AZT‐TP with entrapment efficiencies close to 100%, without perturbation of the supramolecular crystalline organization. These data are in agreement with molecular modelling predictions, indicating maximal loadings of 33 wt% and preferential location of the drug in the large cages. Spectrophotometry, isothermal titration calorimetry, and solid state NMR investigations enable to gain insight on the mechanism of interaction of AZT and AZT‐TP with the nanoMOFs, pointing out the crucial role of phosphates strongly coordinating with the unsaturated iron(III) sites. Finally, contrarily to the free AZT‐TP, the loaded nanoparticles efficiently penetrate and release their cargo of active triphosphorylated AZT inside major HIV target cells, efficiently protecting against HIV infection.
Transmetallierung in der Suzuki‐Miyaura‐Kupplung: Gabelung des Reaktionsverlaufs
Authors: Lennox Alastair J. J. , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDie Suzuki‐Miyaura‐Kupplung ist eine der wenigen übergangsmetallkatalysierten Reaktionen zur C‐C‐Bindungsbildung, die eine weite Verbreitung in der Forschungs‐ und industriellen Chemie gefunden haben. Obwohl die Kupplung über die allgemeine dreistufige Abfolge von oxidativer Addition, Transmetallierung und reduktiver Eliminierung abläuft, gibt es eine Reihe von Merkmalen, in denen sich das Suzuki‐Miyaura‐Verfahren von anderen übergangsmetallkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungen unterscheidet. Dies betrifft vor allem die Aktivierung des Borreagens für die Transmetallierung, die über zwei unterschiedliche Wege verlaufen kann. In diesem Kurzaufsatz fassen wir die Ergebnisse bezüglich dieser beiden charakteristischen Mechanismen zusammen und beschreiben das Potenzial, das ein solcher mechanistischer Einblick für die Gestaltung der Reaktionsbedingungen hat.
Ethylene vinyl acetate/nanoclay‐based pigment composites: Morphology, rheology, and mechanical, thermal, and colorimetric properties
Authors: Marchante Veronica , Benavente Veronica , Marcilla Antonio , Martínez‐Verdú Francisco Miguel , Beltrán Maria Isabel 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, a new type of nanopigment, obtained from a nanoclay (NC) and a dye, was synthesized in the laboratory, and these nanopigments were used to color an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer. Several of these nanoclay‐based pigments (NCPs) were obtained through variations in the cation exchange capacity (CEC) percentage of the NC exchanged with the dye and also including an ammonium salt. Composites of EVA and different amounts of the as‐synthesized nanopigments were prepared in a melt‐intercalation process. Then, the morphological, mechanical, thermal, rheological, and colorimetric properties of the samples were assessed. The EVA/NCP composites developed much better color properties than the samples containing only the dye, especially when both the dye and the ammonium salt were exchanged with NC. Their other properties were similar to those of more conventional EVA/NC composites. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2987–2994, 2013
Negligible recovery in Chagos holothurians (sea cucumbers)
Authors: Price A.R.G. , Evans L.E. , Rowlands N. , Hawkins J.P. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT

Extensive sampling in 2006 quantified variations in shallow‐water holothurian abundance across the Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Ocean Territory, and revealed negative effects of illegal poaching. Median abundance in Diego Garcia, where exploitation is absent, was significantly higher than in three exploited atolls.
Repeat surveys undertaken along 64 comparable 100 m × 2 m transects during February 2010 revealed highest median abundance in the Great Chagos Bank, and also significant decline in abundance at Diego Garcia since 2006.
Comparison of surveys in 2010 and 2006 with an investigation in 2002 reveals an overall decline in populations of Stichopus chloronotus, Holothuria atra and Holothuria nobilis over 8 years in the exploited atolls of Salomon and Peros Banhos, despite evidence of reduced fishing since 2005/2006 in these and other exploited atolls.
A complete census of a large transect, 19 km × 4 m, encircling Salomon atoll, revealed lower total holothurian abundance in 2010 (1661 individuals) than 2006 (2142 individuals).
Although information on fishing pressure at different northern islands is not available for 2010, the significant decline in holothurian abundance between 2006 and 2010 observed in Diego Garcia, where poaching is absent, suggests that factors besides fishing also drive populations in Chagos.
The designation in April 2010 of Chagos as the world's largest marine protected area may help accelerate recovery of holothurian populations, as has occurred in marine reserves in the Seychelles. However, this requires increased monitoring, control and surveillance capacity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brief Report: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Axial Psoriatic Arthritis: Extent of Disease Relates to HLA–B27
Authors: Castillo‐Gallego Concepción , Aydin Sibel Z. , Emery Paul , McGonagle Dennis G. , Marzo‐Ortega Helena 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence, on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), of bone marrow edema lesions in symptomatic axial psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and to compare this prevalence with that in nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and its relationship to HLA–B27 status.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional audit of MRI scans of lumbar spine (L‐spine) and sacroiliac (SI) joints. Using the semiquantitative Leeds Scoring System in which bone marrow edema is graded from 0 to 3 according to severity of the lesions, MRI scans were scored independently by 2 expert readers who were blinded to the clinical characteristics of the patients. Concordant data from the 2 readers were used to report on definite lesions.ResultsMRIs from 76 patients with comparable age ranges were categorized into 3 groups: those from PsA patients, those from patients with nonradiographic axial SpA, and those from AS patients. HLA–B27 positivity was similar in PsA patients (10 of 33) and patients with nonradiographic axial SpA (10 of 24) and higher in AS patients (18 of 19). Total MRI scores (L‐spine plus SI joints) were higher in AS patients than in PsA patients (P = 0.025) or in patients with nonradiographic axial SpA (P = 0.007). A relationship was seen between the severity and extent of disease and HLA–B27 positivity in PsA patients, which was comparable to that in AS patients. HLA–B27–negative PsA patients had lower MRI scores than HLA–B27–positive PsA patients (P = 0.03) and AS patients (P = 0.006), whereas scores were similar in HLA–B27–positive PsA patients and AS patients. Similarly, MRI scores of HLA–B27–negative patients with nonradiographic axial SpA were lower than those of AS patients (P = 0.01).ConclusionHLA–B27 positivity defines a group of patients with more severe axial bone marrow edema that is likely related to the classic AS phenotype. Clinically, HLA–B27–negative PsA is more likely to be reported as a “negative” MRI examination result.
2,3,17,18‐Tetrahalohexaphyrins and the First Phlorin‐type Hexaphyrins
Authors: Higashino Tomohiro , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: June 2013

Abstract1‐(Triisopropylsilyl)‐3,4‐dichloropyrrole and 1‐(triisopropylsilyl)‐3,4‐difluoropyrrole were conveniently prepared from the corresponding 3,4‐dibromopyrrole by lithiation followed by halogenation. 2,3,17,18‐Tetrahalogeno [26]‐ and [28]hexaphyrins have been prepared by condensation of 3,4‐dihalopyrroles and a dipyrromethane‐dicarbinol. 2,3,17,18‐Tetrahalogenated hexaphyrins display variable structural and electronic properties depending upon the halogen atom and the number of π‐electrons. Tetrabromo[28]hexaphyrin and tetrachloro[28]hexaphyrin were further reduced with excess NaBH4 to furnish meso‐reduced hexaphyrins as the first example of phlorin‐type meso‐aryl‐substituted hexaphyrins.
One‐Pot Multistep Cascade Reactions over Multifunctional Nanocomposites with Pd Nanoparticles Supported on Amine‐Modified Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Li Ping , Liu Hua , Yu Yu , Cao Chang‐Yan , Song Wei‐Guo 
Published: June 2013

AbstractTwo kinds of multifunctional nanocomposites, SBA‐15‐NH2/Pd‐p and SBA‐15‐NH2/Pd‐f, with platelet‐like and fiber‐like morphologies, respectively, were fabricated by immobilizing Pd NPs onto amine‐functionalized SBA‐15. Some of the amino groups acted as anchoring sites for Pd NPs, whilst the remaining groups acted as Brønsted basic sites. As a result, the composites served as excellent multifunctional heterogeneous catalysts for one‐pot multistep cascade reaction sequences. Moreover, when diffusion was the rate‐determine step, SBA‐15‐NH2/Pd‐p, with small mesopores, was superior to the fiber‐like control sample, owing to its short diffusion length, a lower possibility of pore clogging, and better mass transportation for the reaction species during the catalysis.
Modulation of Multifunctional N,O,P Ligands for Enantioselective Copper‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Diethylzinc and Trapping of the Zinc Enolate
Authors: Ye Fei , Zheng Zhan‐Jiang , Deng Wen‐Hui , Zheng Long‐Sheng , Deng Yuan , Xia Chun‐Gu , Xu Li‐Wen 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this work, we have successfully synthesized a new family of chiral Schiff base–phosphine ligands derived from chiral binaphthol (BINOL) and chiral primary amine. The controllable synthesis of a novel hexadentate and tetradentate N,O,P ligand that contains both axial and sp3‐central chirality from axial BINOL and sp3‐central primary amine led to the establishment of an efficient multifunctional N,O,P ligand for copper‐catalyzed conjugate addition of an organozinc reagent. In the asymmetric conjugate reaction of organozinc reagents to enones, the polymer‐like bimetallic multinuclear CuZn complex constructed in situ was found to be substrate‐selective and a highly excellent catalyst for diethylzinc reagents in terms of enantioselectivity (up to >99 % ee). More importantly, the chirality matching between different chiral sources, C2‐axial binaphthol and sp3‐central chiral phosphine, was crucial to the enantioselective induction in this reaction. The experimental results indicated that our chiral ligand (R,S,S)‐L1‐ and (R,S)‐L4‐based bimetallic complex catalyst system exhibited the highest catalytic performance to date in terms of enantioselectivity and conversion even in the presence of 0.005 mol % of catalyst (S/C=20 000, turnover number (TON)=17 600). We also studied the tandem silylation or acylation of enantiomerically enriched zinc enolates that formed in situ from copper‐L4‐complex‐catalyzed conjugate addition, which resulted in the high‐yield synthesis of chiral silyl enol ethers and enoacetates, respectively. Furthermore, the specialized structure of the present multifunctional N,O,P ligand L1 or L4, and the corresponding mechanistic study of the copper catalyst system were investigated by 31P NMR spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and UV/Vis absorption.
Multi‐objective airport gate assignment problem in planning and operations
Authors: Prem Kumar V. , Bierlaire Michel 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYWe consider the assignment of gates to arriving and departing flights at a large hub airport. This problem is highly complex even in planning stage when all flight arrivals and departures are assumed to be known precisely in advance. There are various considerations that are involved while assigning gates to incoming and outgoing flights (such a flight pair for the same aircraft is called a turn) at an airport. Different gates have restrictions, such as adjacency, last‐in first‐out gates and towing requirements, which are known from the structure and layout of the airport. Some of the cost components in the objective function of the basic assignment model include notional penalty for not being able to assign a gate to an aircraft, penalty for the cost of towing an aircraft with a long layover, and penalty for not assigning preferred gates to certain turns.One of the major contributions of this paper is to provide mathematical model for all these complex constraints that are observed at a real airport. Further, we study the problem in both planning and operations modes simultaneously, and such an attempt is, perhaps, unique and unprecedented. For planning mode, we sequentially introduce new additional objectives to our gate assignment problem that have not been studied in the literature so far—(i) maximization of passenger connection revenues, (ii) minimization of zone usage costs, and (iii) maximization of gate plan robustness—and include them to the model along with the relevant constraints. For operations mode, the main objectives studied in this paper are recovery of schedule by minimizing schedule variations and maintaining feasibility by minimal retiming in the event of major disruptions. Additionally, the operations mode models must have very, very short run times of the order of a few seconds.These models are then applied to a functional airline at one of its most congested hubs. Implementation is carried out using Optimization Programming Language, and computational results for actual data sets are reported. For the planning mode, analyst perception of weights for the different objectives in the multi‐objective model is used wherever actual dollar value of the objective coefficient is not available. The results are also reported for large, reasonable changes in objective function coefficients. For the operations mode, flight delays are simulated, and the performance of the model is studied. The final results indicate that it is possible to apply this model to even large real‐life problems instances to optimality within short run times with clever formulation of conventional continuous time assignment model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A differential evolution approach for the vehicle routing problem with backhauls and time windows
Authors: Küçükoğlu İlker , Öztürk Nursel 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYThis paper presents a differential evolution algorithm (DEA) to solve a vehicle routing problem with backhauls and time windows (VRPBTW) and applied for a catering firm. VRPBTW is an extension of the vehicle routing problem, which includes capacity and time window constraints. In this problem, customers are divided into two subsets: linehaul and backhaul. Each vehicle starts from a depot and goods are delivered from the depot to the linehaul customers. Goods are subsequently brought back to the depot from the backhaul customers. The objective is to minimize the total distance that satisfies all of the constraints. The problem is formulated using mixed integer programming and solved using DEA. Proposed algorithm is tested with several benchmark problems to demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm and results show that our proposed algorithm can find superior solutions for most of the problems in comparison with the best known solutions. Hence, DEA was carried out for catering firm to minimize total transportation costs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.