bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous sodium hydroxide‐catalyzed pretreatment of empty fruit bunches (EFB) by continuous twin‐screw‐driven reactor (CTSR)
Authors: Choi Won‐Il , Oh Kyeong‐Keun , Park Ji‐Yeon , Lee Jin‐Suk 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDSince extrusion has many desirable characteristics such as high shear, rapid mixing, short residence time, controllable barrel temperature, and adaptability to process modification, the technology has been applied as a viable continuous pretreatment method for empty fruit bunches (EFB).RESULTSOptimized conditions for a continuous twin‐screw‐driven reactor (CTSR) were determined to be 170°C barrel temperature, 1.6% (w/v) sodium hydroxide, 1:8 solid to liquid ratio, and 5 rpm screw rotational speed. Under these operating conditions, 56.55% of lignin and 39.18% of hemicellulose fractions were solubilized from raw EFB, which increases the glucan content in pretreated EFB from 39.25% to 53.60%. After subsequent 48‐h enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated EFB, the highest digestibility of 92.4% was achieved with an enzyme loading of 30 FPU g−1‐glucan for cellulase and 70 pNPG g−1‐glucan for β‐glucosidase.CONCLUSIONCTSR processing has great potential for increasing the efficiency of EFB pretreatment compared with batch pretreatments. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Gravity wave variations during elevated stratopause events using SABER observations
Authors: Yamashita Chihoko , England Scott L. , Immel Thomas J. , Chang Loren C. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractElevated stratopauses formed at ~80–90 km altitude during the recovery phase of stratospheric sudden warmings in February 2006 and 2009. These likely occurred in response to changes in the downward circulation due to gravity waves (GWs) and/or planetary waves in the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere (MLT). However, the physical mechanisms are not fully understood, due in part to the lack of global GW observations in the MLT. This study presents global‐scale GW observations in the MLT during elevated stratopause events using Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics (TIMED)‐Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) temperature observation, which provide a better insight into the formation of an elevated stratopause. During the downward movement of elevated stratopause events in 2006 and 2009, GWs were suppressed below ~60 km and enhanced above ~60 km at high latitudes compared to non‐elevated stratopause years (2005 and 2007). Global SABER GW observations indicate that the regions of GW enhancement propagate from low‐mid latitudes to high latitudes in association with the equatorward shift of the polar night jet during elevated stratopause events. Ray‐tracing simulations show enhancements of the poleward propagation of GWs during elevated stratopause events as well as continuous propagation of non‐orographic GWs within high latitudes. Therefore, our results suggest that meridional propagation of GWs from lower to higher latitudes, which is typically not included in global‐scale models, plays an important role in determining GW variations and thus the downward movement of an elevated stratopause, in addition to non‐orographic GWs originating at high latitudes.
Dynamic biomass burning emission factors and their impact on atmospheric CO mixing ratios
Authors: van Leeuwen T. T. , Peters W. , Krol M. C. , van der Werf G. R. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBiomass burning is a major source of trace gases and aerosols, influencing atmospheric chemistry and climate. To quantitatively assess its impact, an accurate representation of fire emissions is crucial for the atmospheric modeling community. So far, most studies rely on static emission factors (EF) which convert estimates of dry matter burned to trace gas and aerosol emissions. These EFs are often based on the arithmetic mean of field measurements stratified by biome, neglecting the variability in time and space. Here we present global carbon monoxide (CO) emission estimates from fires based on six EF scenarios with different spatial and temporal variability, using dry matter emission estimates from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED). We used the TM5 model to transport these different bottom‐up estimates in the atmosphere and found that including spatial and temporal variability in EFs impacted CO mixing ratios substantially. Most scenarios estimated higher CO mixing ratios (up to 40% more CO from fires during the burning season) over boreal regions compared to the GFED standard run, while a decrease (~15%) was estimated over the continent of Africa. A comparison to atmospheric CO observations showed differences of 10–20 ppb between the scenarios and systematic deviations from local observations. Although temporal correlations of specific EF scenarios improved for certain regions, an overall “best” set of EFs could not be selected. Our results provide a new set of emission estimates that can be used for sensitivity analyses and highlight the importance of better understanding spatial and temporal variability in EFs for atmospheric studies in general and specifically when using CO or aerosols concentration measurements to top‐down constrain fire carbon emissions.
Diurnal cycle of summer rainfall in Shandong of eastern China
Authors: Zhuo Hong , Zhao Ping , Zhou Tianjun 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTUsing the hourly precipitation data at 123 gauge stations of Shandong province in eastern China during 1996–2008, the authors examine the spatial distribution of summer (June–July–August) precipitation amount (PA), precipitation intensity (PI), and precipitation frequency (PF) and their diurnal cycles. The results show that the diurnal peak of PA decreases from the southeastern to northwestern Shandong and mainly appears in the early morning and afternoon. The large diurnal peak of PA mainly appears in a large area from the hilly areas of southern Shandong to the eastern coasts. Large diurnal peak of PI mainly appears along the lower reaches of the Yellow River in northern Shandong. The diurnal peak of PF also decreases from southeastern to northwestern Shandong. The diurnal cycles of PA and PI have two peaks and they occur in the early morning and the afternoon, respectively. The diurnal cycle of PF has one peak in the morning. Large PA values show a southwestward time delay over northwestern Shandong, a northeastward time delay over central and southeastern Shandong in the afternoon, and a southeastward time delay over central and southeastern Shandong in the morning. Moreover, they also show a time delay from the central mountains of Shandong to its adjacent areas in the afternoon. When hourly precipitation is weaker, the diurnal cycles of PA and PF show a two‐peak feature. With following the increase of hourly precipitation, the diurnal peak number also tends to increase. © 2013 The Authors. International Journal of Climatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society.
Deglaciation chronology of the Galloway Hills Ice Centre, southwest Scotland
Authors: BALLANTYNE COLIN K. , RINTERKNECHT VINCENT , GHEORGHIU DELIA M. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTDuring the last glacial maximum, the Galloway Hills in southwest Scotland acted as a major centre of ice dispersion within the last British–Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS). Six new or recalibrated 10Be exposure ages for samples obtained from boulders near the former ice divide yielded uncertainty‐weighted mean ages of 15.15 ± 0.72 ka (Lm scaling), or 15.33 ± 0.74 ka (Du scaling). These ages indicate that the former ice dome centred over the Galloway Hills had almost (or completely) disappeared by ca. 15 ka, imply prior deglaciation of all of southwest Scotland and refute suggestions that ice cover persisted in this area during the Lateglacial Interstade. They strongly support recent models advocating extensive deglaciation of all areas occupied by the last BIIS (apart from the Scottish Highlands) prior to warming at the onset of the Lateglacial Interstade (ca. 14.7 ka). Three samples obtained from boulders on a large latero‐terminal moraine (Tauchers moraine) near the former ice divide yielded a weighted mean age of 11.91 ± 0.77 ka (Lm scaling) or 12.01 ± 0.78 ka (Du scaling), confirming that the moraine is of Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial age, and suggesting that the moraine was deposited 200–500 years before the end of the stade. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a novel biodegradable drug‐eluting Ventilation tube for chronic otitis media with effusion
Authors: Gan Chee Wee , Chooi Wai Hon , Ng Herr Cheun Anthony , Wong Yee Shan , Venkatraman Subbu S. , Lim Lynne Hsueh Yee 
Published: May 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo develop a novel drug‐eluting biodegradable ventilation tube (VT), to evaluate in vitro sustained release and antibacterial adherence of ofloxacin‐loaded biodegradable VT on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and to evaluate in vivo biodegradation of VT in guinea pig ears.Study DesignA randomized animal study.MethodsIn vitro drug release and degradation of ofloxacin‐loaded VT were studied in water for 3 months. Bacterial adherence was evaluated by inoculating the VT with P aeruginosa suspension for 6 days. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for morphologic analysis. Guinea pigs were assigned to three groups: commercial Mini Shah VT, biodegradable unloaded VT, and biodegradable ofloxacin‐loaded VT. Myringotomy and VT insertion were performed. SEM of VTs and histology were performed at 2, 4, 10, and 18 weeks.ResultsA total of 81.7% of ofloxacin in VT was eluted over 3 months. Biodegradable VTs had smoother surfaces and less bacteria adherence compared to Mini Shah VTs. VTs with ofloxacin had the least bacteria adherence. VTs resulted in neither inflammation nor otorrhea 18 weeks postinsertion in guinea pigs. Histology showed the new VTs were biocompatible. The VTs were still functioning and patent after 18 weeks postinsertion but had started degrading.ConclusionsThe first novel biodegradable ofloxacin‐loaded VT with sustainable drug release technology and antibacterial adherence property was studied. Patency beyond 4.5 months allowed an adequate period of ventilation. The complete degradation of the VT warrants further studies to evaluate the duration of VT resorption in situ and healing of the ear drum.
Sendai virus transgene in a novel gene therapy for laryngotracheal disease
Authors: Mizokami Daisuke , Araki Koji , Tanaka Nobuaki , Suzuki Hiroshi , Tomifuji Masayuki , Yamashita Taku , Inoue Makoto , Hasegawa Mamoru , Shiotani Akihiro 
Published: May 2013

Objectives/HypothesisVocal cord scar formation and laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) are challenging problems for otolaryngologists. Sendai virus (SeV) vectors have been shown to transduce airway epithelium efficiently, and are thus ideal for modulating airway wound‐healing therapy. To assess the potential utility of SeV gene therapy for laryngotracheal diseases, we established a novel LTS model and examined the transduction efficiency of SeV vectors in normal and LTS model tissue.Study DesignBasic science.MethodsFusion (F) gene‐deleted, nontransmissible SeV vectors were used. First, the route dependency and transduction efficiency of SeV vectors for normal mucosa in the larynx were examined. Next, the novel LTS rat model was established and evaluated. Finally, the transduction efficiency of SeV vectors in injured mucosa of the LTS model was evaluated.ResultsSimple spray delivery of the SeV vector resulted in significant and persistent expression of the reporter gene in normal laryngotracheal epithelium. Transgenic SeV‐mediated expression was maximal at 3 days, decreased over time, but remained detectable for 14 days after administration. No serious side effects were observed in the larynx or trachea. The model achieved an average of 60% tracheal stenosis in the cross‐sectional area. Efficient SeV‐mediated transgene expression was observed in the injured mucosa at the levels of the trachea, cricoid cartilage, and vocal cord.ConclusionA novel animal model for LTS was established. We successfully demonstrated SeV‐mediated transgene expression in normal tissue and in the injured mucosa of the LTS model. SeV might be a promising strategy for gene therapy in laryngotracheal diseases.Level of EvidenceN/A.
Facial artery musculomucosal flap for reconstruction of skull base defects: A cadaveric study
Authors: Xie Liyue , Lavigne François , Rahal Akram , Moubayed Sami Pierre , Ayad Tareck 
Published: May 2013

Objectives/HypothesisFailure in skull base defects reconstruction following tumor resection can have serious consequences such as ascending meningitis and pneumocephaly. The nasoseptal flap showed a very low incidence of cerebrospinal fluid leak but is not always available. The superiorly pedicled facial artery musculomucosal (FAMM) flap has been successfully used for reconstruction of head and neck defects. Our objective is to show that the FAMM flap can be used as a new alternative in skull base reconstruction.Study DesignCadaveric study. Feasibility.MethodsThirteen specimens underwent bilateral FAMM flap dissection. Two new modifications of the traditional FAMM flap have been developed. Feasibility in FAMM flap transfer to the skull base was investigated through endoscopic skull base dissection and maxillectomy in four specimens. Measurements were recorded for each harvested flap.ResultsThe mean surface area of the modified FAMM flap efficient for reconstruction was 15.90 cm2. The flaps easily covered the simulated defects of the frontal sinus and the fovea ethmoidalis areas. Modifications of the traditional FAMM flap were necessary for a tension‐free coverage of the planum sphenoidale and sella turcica.ConclusionThe FAMM flap holds high potential as a new alternative vascular flap in skull base reconstruction. However, it has not been used in patients yet and should be considered only when other options are not available. New modifications developed in this article can elongate the traditional FAMM flap, potentially contributing to a tighter seal of the skull base defect than FAMM flap alone.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 123:1854–1861, 2013
Completeness, Compactness, Effective Dimensions
Authors: Binns Stephen 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe investigate a directed metric on the space of infinite binary sequences defined by

where C(X↾n‖Y↾n) is the Kolmogorov complexity of X↾n given Y↾n. In particular we focus on the topological aspects of the associated metric space—proving that it is complete though very far from being compact. This is a continuation of earlier work investigating other geometrical and toplogical aspects of this metric.
Thermosetting Proteinaceous Plastics from Hydrolyzed Specified Risk Material
Authors: Mekonnen Tizazu , Mussone Paolo , El‐Thaher Nayef , Choi Phillip Y. K. , Bressler David C. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn response to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) outbreak in the last decade, the US, Canada and several other countries implemented an enhanced feed ban that eliminates specified risk material (SRM) from all animal feed, pet foods and fertilizer applications. The environmental risks and severe loss of profitability by the rendering industry associated with landfilling of several million tons of SRM demand immediate and economically viable solutions of converting such materials into value added applications. In this research, SRM was hydrolyzed, the protein hydrolyzates were extracted and further modified through chemical crosslinking to develop a novel protein‐based plastics. The plastics developed in this research exhibited promising thermal and solvent resistance, and tensile strength.
Comparing Leaching of Different Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Ammoniacal Copper Salt from Wood
Authors: Ding Xiaochu , Meneses Martha Barajas , Albukhari Soha M. , Richter Dana L. , Matuana Laurent M. , Heiden Patricia A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractCopper‐based nanoparticle wood preservatives typically contain a mixture of nanoparticles. We test the effect of nanoparticle size on copper leaching, and if the leachate contains nanoparticles, by treating southern pine sapwood with copper oxide nanoparticles with uniform diameters of 10 and 50 nm. Significant numbers of nanoparticles are found in the leachate from the treated wood, and trends show that size is a major factor. The 50 nm nanoparticles leach slightly less than the control (ammonium copper salt), whereas 10 nm nanoparticles leach more. Effects of polymer stabilizers are also tested and they increase nanoparticle leaching compared to unstabilized nanoparticles.
Polypeptoids by Living Ring‐Opening Polymerization of N‐Substituted N‐Carboxyanhydrides from Solid Supports
Authors: Gangloff Niklas , Fetsch Corinna , Luxenhofer Robert 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe nucleophilic living ring‐opening polymerization of N‐substituted glycine N‐carboxyanhydrides using solid‐phase synthesis resins is reported. By variation of experimental parameters, products with near Poisson distributions are obtained. As opposed to reversible deactivation radical polymerization, the living polymerization is demonstrated to be viable to high monomer conversion and through multiple monomer addition steps. Successful preparation of a multiblock copolypeptoid is proof for a highly living and robust character of the solid‐phase peptoid polymerization.magnified image
Background field removal using spherical mean value filtering and Tikhonov regularization
Authors: Sun Hongfu , Wilman Alan H. 
Published: May 2013

PurposeTo introduce a new method for removing background artifacts in field maps and apply it to enhance the accuracy of susceptibility mapping.MethodsA field artifact removal method is introduced that is based on the sophisticated harmonic artifact reduction for phase data (SHARP) method exploiting the harmonic mean value property. The new method uses Tikhonov regularization at the deconvolution stage and is referred to as regularization enabled SHARP (RESHARP). RESHARP was compared with SHARP in a field‐forward susceptibility simulation and in human brain experiments, considering effects on both field maps and the resulting susceptibility maps.ResultsFrom the simulation, RESHARP was able to reduce error in the field map by 17.4% as compared with SHARP, resulting in a more accurate single‐angle susceptibility map with 6.5% relative error (compared with 48.5% using SHARP). Using RESHARP in vivo, field and susceptibility maps of the brain displayed fewer artifacts particularly at the brain boundaries, and susceptibility measurements of iron‐rich deep gray matter were also more consistent than SHARP across healthy subjects of similar age.ConclusionCompared with SHARP, RESHARP removes background field artifact more effectively, leading to more accurate susceptibility measurements in iron‐rich deep gray matter. Magn Reson Med 71:1151–1157, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Associations of pericardial and intrathoracic fat with coronary calcium presence and progression in a multiethnic study
Authors: Wassel Christina L. , Laughlin Gail A. , Araneta Maria Rosario G. , Kang Eugene , Morgan Cindy M. , Barrett‐Connor Elizabeth , Allison Matthew A. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveBody mass index (BMI) may not accurately or adequately reflect body composition or its role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Ectopic adipose depots may provide a more refined representation of the role of adiposity in CVD. Thus, the association of pericardial and intra‐thoracic fat with coronary artery calcium (CAC) was examined.Design and MethodsNearly 600 white men and women, as well as Filipina women and African‐American women, all without known CVD, had abdominal and chest computed tomography (CT) scans at two time points about 4 years apart from which CAC presence, severity and progression, as well as pericardial and intrathoracic fat volumes were obtained. Logistic and linear regression models with staged adjustment were used to assess associations of pericardial and intra‐thoracic fat with CAC presence, severity, and progression.ResultsAfter adjustment for age, BMI, sex/ethnic group, ever smoking, and lipids, each standard deviation higher increment of intra‐thoracic fat, but not pericardial fat, was significantly associated with 3.84‐fold higher odds of prevalent CAC (95% CI (1.54, 9.58), P = 0.004) and a 38.4% higher CAC score (95% CI (3.5%, 90.0%), P = 0.03). Neither pericardial nor intrathoracic fat were associated with CAC progression.ConclusionsContrary to previous reports, pericardial fat was not associated with the presence, severity or progression of CAC. However, a significant association between intrathoracic fat and both the presence and severity of CAC was demonstrated. Studies measuring fat in the thoracic cavity may consider defining intrathoracic fat as a separate entity from pericardial fat.
Structural equation modeling for implementation intentions, cancer worry, and stages of mammography adoption
Authors: Hirai Kei , Harada Kazuhiro , Seki Aiko , Nagatsuka Miwa , Arai Hirokazu , Hazama Ayako , Ishikawa Yoshiki , Hamashima Chisato , Saito Hiroshi , Shibuya Daisuke 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to develop a structural model for mammography adoption in Japanese middle‐aged women by using constructs from the transtheoretical model (TTM), the theory of planned behavior (TPB), implementation intentions, and cancer worry.MethodsQuestionnaires based on items including TTM, TPB, implementation intentions, cancer worry‐related variables, and demographic variables were distributed to 1000 adult women aged 40 to 59 years, with 641 subjects being used in the final analysis (response rate = 64.1%).ResultsRegarding the stage of adoption, 79 participants (12.3%) were at the precontemplation stage, 30 (4.7%) were at the relapse stage, 142 (22.2%) were at the contemplation stage, 88 (13.7%) were at the action stage, and 302 (47.1%) were at the maintenance stage. Our model, derived from structural equation modeling, revealed that the stage of mammography adoption was significantly affected by goal intentions, implementation intentions, perceived barriers, history of breast cancer screening, and relative risk. A logistic regression analysis revealed that goal intentions and implementation intentions significantly predicted mammography uptake within 1 year.ConclusionThis study developed an integrated model constructed from TTM, TPB, implementation intentions, and cancer worry to account for mammography adoption in Japan, and also confirmed the predictive validity of the model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human Mononuclear Cell Survival and Proliferation is Modulated by Cold Atmospheric Plasma Jet
Authors: Bekeschus Sander , Masur Kai , Kolata Julia , Wende Kristian , Schmidt Anke , Bundscherer Lena , Barton Annemarie , Kramer Axel , Bröker Barbara , Weltmann Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: May 2013

AbstractCold plasma has become a promising application in the fields of biology and medicine. Its anti‐microbial effects and stimulating properties on eukaryotic cells make plasma an encouraging option in treatment of chronic wounds. Apart from fibroblasts or keratinocytes, immune cells have a major contribution in wound healing. In this study, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were tested for viability and proliferation after treatment with an atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet. In a treatment time dependent manner compromised viability of PBMC and proliferation of T cells could be shown and was assigned to induced apoptosis. Negligible cell damage was observed after short plasma exposure. Finally, plasma did not cause loss of function and treated but viable T cells retained the ability to proliferate.