bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distal Radius Fractures and the Volar Lunate Facet Fragment: Kirschner Wire Fixation in Addition to Volar-Locked Plating
Authors: Moore Amy M. , Dennison David G. 
Published: December 2013

Background The volar lunate facet fragment of a distal radius fracture may not be stabilized with volar-locked plating alone due to the small size and distal location of the fragment. Identification and stabilization of this small fragment is critical as unstable fixation may result in radiocarpal and radioulnar joint subluxation. The addition of spring wire fixation with volar plating can provide stable internal fixation of this critical fracture fragment. Methods A retrospective review (2006–2011) identified nine patients with distal radius fractures with an associated volar lunate facet fragment that were treated with volar-locked plating and spring wire fixation of the volar lunate facet fragment. Radiographic indices, range of motion, grip strength, and postoperative Patient-related wrist evaluation (PRWE) scores were obtained to assess pain and function. Results All distal radius fractures healed, and the volar lunate facet fragment reduction was maintained. The mean follow-up was 54 weeks. Mean active range of motion was 46° wrist flexion, 51° wrist extension, 80° pronation, and 68° supination. The mean grip strength was 21 Kg, achieving 66 % of the uninjured limb. The average PRWE score was 17. No patient required removal of hardware or had evidence of tendon irritation. Conclusions The addition of spring wire fixation to volar-locked plating provided stable fixation of the volar lunate facet fragment of distal radius fractures without complication. This technique addresses a limitation of volar-locked plating to control the small volar lunate facet fragment in distal radius fractures otherwise amenable to volar plating. Level of Evidence A retrospective case series, Level IV.
Carcass Provisioning to Support Scavengers: Evaluating a Controversial Nature Conservation Practice
Authors: Fielding Debbie , Newey Scott , van der Wal René , Irvine R. Justin 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA number of scavenger species have suffered population declines across Europe. In attempts to reverse their decline, some land and wildlife managers have adopted the practice of leaving or placing out carcasses of wild or domestic herbivores to provide a source of carrion. However, this can be a controversial practice, with as yet unclear outcomes for many target species and the ecosystems they are part of. Here we bring out the key aspects of this increasingly common conservation practice illustrated using three contrasting cases studies. We show that the provision of carcasses is often motivated by a desire to benefit charismatic species or to facilitate nutrient cycling throughout an ecosystem. Evidence for the effectiveness of this practice in achieving these objectives, however, is mostly lacking, with ecologists studying “easier” species groups such as beetles and therefore not providing relevant insights. Moreover, conflicts between environmental policies that carcass provisioning is aimed at and other social and economic objectives do occur but these projects are often designed without taking into account this broader context. We conclude that expecting carcasses to simply be “good for biodiversity” may be too naïve a view. A greater knowledge of the impact of carcass provisioning and placement on ecosystems and society at large is required before it can become a more effective conservation tool at a wider scale.
Back to Basics: Surgical Attire and Cleanliness
Authors: Spruce Lisa 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA clean perioperative environment is beneficial for both patients and perioperative team members, and surgical attire is the foundation of cleanliness. Perioperative personnel should adhere to general hygiene and wear clean, facility‐laundered surgical attire in the health care facility. Implementing a surgical attire policy can be challenging because attire is linked to personal preference and image. There are ways to achieve compliance with attire recommendations as well as to implement an attire policy. To help ensure success, perioperative nurses should be prepared to help educate other team members and participate in monitoring and compliance efforts.
Out-of-phase evolution between summer and winter East Asian monsoons during the Holocene as recorded by Chinese loess deposits
Authors: Xia Dunsheng , Jia Jia , Li Guanhua , Zhao Shuang , Wei Haitao , Chen Fahu 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe analyzed climate proxies from loessic-soil sections of the southern Chinese Loess Plateau. The early Holocene paleosol, S0, is 3.2 m thick and contains six sub-soil units. Co-eval soils from the central Loess Plateau are thinner (~ 1 m). Consequently higher-resolution stratigraphic analyses can be made on our new sections and provide more insight into Holocene temporal variation of the East Asian monsoon. Both summer and winter monsoon evolution signals are recorded in the same sections, enabling the study of phase relationships between the signals. Our analyses consist of (i) measurements of magnetic properties sensitive to the production of fine-grained magnetic minerals which reflect precipitation intensity and summer monsoon strength; and (ii) grain-size analyses which reflect winter monsoon strength. Our results indicate that the Holocene precipitation maximum occurred in the mid-Holocene, ~ 7.8–3.5 cal ka BP, with an arid interval at 6.3–5.3 cal ka BP. The winter monsoon intensity declined to a minimum during 5.0–3.4 cal ka BP. These results suggest that the East Asian summer and winter monsoons were out of phase during the Holocene, possibly due to their different sensitivities to ice and snow coverage at high latitudes and to sea-surface temperature at low latitudes.
Inertial confinement fusion driven by long wavelength electromagnetic pulses
Authors: Shen Baifei , Zhao Xueyan , Yi Longqing , Yu Wei , Xu Zhizhan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA method for inertial confinement fusion driven by powerful long wavelength electromagnetic pulses (EMPs), such as ${\rm CO}_{2}$ laser pulses or high power microwave pulses, is proposed. Due to the high efficiency of generating such long wavelength electromagnetic pulses, this method is especially important for the future fusion electricity power Special fuel targets are designed to overcome the shortcomings of the long wavelength electromagnetic pulses.
On invariants in grid turbulence at moderate Reynolds numbers
Authors: Kitamura T. , Nagata K. , Sakai Y. , Sasoh A. , Terashima O. , Saito H. , Harasaki T. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe decay characteristics and invariants of grid turbulence were investigated by means of laboratory experiments conducted in a wind tunnel. A turbulence-generating grid was installed at the entrance of the test section for generating nearly isotropic turbulence. Five grids (square bars of mesh sizes $M= 15$, 25 and 50 mm and cylindrical bars of mesh sizes $M= 10$ and 25 mm) were used. The solidity of all grids is $\sigma = 0. 36$. The instantaneous streamwise and vertical (cross-stream) velocities were measured by hot-wire anemometry. The mesh Reynolds numbers were adjusted to $R{e}_{M} = 6700$, 9600, 16 000 and 33 000. The Reynolds numbers based on the Taylor microscale $R{e}_{\lambda } $ in the decay region ranged from 27 to 112. In each case, the result shows that the decay exponent of turbulence intensity is close to the theoretical value of ${- }6/ 5$ (for the $M= 10~\mathrm{mm} $ grid, ${- }6(1+ p)/ 5\sim - 1. 32$) for Saffman turbulence. Here, $p$ is the power of the dimensionless energy dissipation coefficient, $A(t)\sim {t}^{p} $. Furthermore, each case shows that streamwise variations in the integral length scales, ${L}_{uu} $ and ${L}_{vv} $, and the Taylor microscale $\lambda $ grow according to ${L}_{uu} \sim 2{L}_{vv} \propto {(x/ M- {x}_{0} / M)}^{2/ 5} $ (for the $M= 10~\mathrm{mm} $ grid, ${L}_{uu} \propto {(x/ M- {x}_{0} / M)}^{2(1+ p)/ 5} \sim {(x/ M- {x}_{0} / M)}^{0. 44} $) and $\lambda \propto {(x/ M- {x}_{0} / M)}^{1/ 2} $, respectively, at $x/ M\gt 40{\unicode{x2013}} 60$ (depending on the experimental conditions, including grid geometry), where $x$ is the streamwise distance from the grid and ${x}_{0} $ is the virtual origin. We demonstrated that in the decay region of grid turbulence, ${ u}_{\mathit{rms}}^{2} { L}_{uu}^{3} $ and ${ v}_{\mathit{rms}}^{2} { L}_{vv}^{3} $, which correspond to Saffman’s integral, are constant for all grids and examined $R{e}_{M} $ values. However, ${ u}_{\mathit{rms}}^{2} { L}_{uu}^{5} $ and ${ v}_{\mathit{rms}}^{2} { L}_{vv}^{5} $, which correspond to Loitsianskii’s integral, and ${ u}_{\mathit{rms}}^{2} { L}_{uu}^{2} $ and ${ v}_{\mathit{rms}}^{2} { L}_{vv}^{2} $, which correspond to the complete self-similarity of energy spectrum and $\langle {\boldsymbol{u}}^{2} \rangle \sim {t}^{- 1} $, are not constant. Consequently, we conclude that grid turbulence is a type of Saffman turbulence for the examined $R{e}_{M} $ range of 6700–33 000 ($R{e}_{\lambda } = 27{\unicode{x2013}} 112$) regardless of grid geometry.
Double Solids, Categories and Non-Rationality
Authors: Iliev Atanas , Katzarkov Ludmil , Przyjalkowski Victor 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis paper suggests a new approach to questions of rationality of 3-folds based on category theory. Following work by Ballard et al., we enhance constructions of Kuznetsov by introducing Noether–Lefschetz spectra: an interplay between Orlov spectra and Hochschild homology. The main goal of this paper is to suggest a series of interesting examples where the above techniques might apply. We start by constructing a sextic double solid X with 35 nodes and torsion in H3(X, ℤ). This is a novelty: after the classical example of Artin and Mumford, this is the second example of a Fano 3-fold with a torsion in the third integer homology group. In particular, X is non-rational. We consider other examples as well: V10 with 10 singular points, and the double covering of a quadric ramified in an octic with 20 nodal singular points. After analysing the geometry of their Landau–Ginzburg models, we suggest a general non-rationality picture based on homological mirror symmetry and category theory.
Psychosis prevalence and physical, metabolic and cognitive co-morbidity: data from the second Australian national survey of psychosis
Authors: Morgan V. A. , McGrath J. J. , Jablensky A. , Badcock J. C. , Waterreus A. , Bush R. , Carr V. , Castle D. , Cohen M. , Galletly C. , Harvey C. , Hocking B. , McGorry P. , Neil A. L. , Saw S. , Shah S. , Stain H. J. , Mackinnon A. 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundThere are insufficient data from nationwide surveys on the prevalence of specific psychotic disorders and associated co-morbidities.MethodThe 2010 Australian national psychosis survey used a two-phase design to draw a representative sample of adults aged 18–64 years with psychotic disorders in contact with public treatment services from an estimated resident population of 1 464 923 adults. This paper is based on data from 1642 participants with an International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 psychotic disorder. Its aim is to present estimates of treated prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of psychosis, and to describe the cognitive, physical health and substance use profiles of participants.ResultsThe 1-month treated prevalence of psychotic disorders was 3.10 cases per 1000 population aged 18–64 years, not accounting for people solely accessing primary care services; lifetime morbid risk was 3.45 per 1000. Mean premorbid intelligence quotient was approximately 0.5 s.d.s below the population mean; current cognitive ability (measured with a digit symbol coding task) was 1.6 s.d.s below the population mean. For both cognitive tests, higher scores were significantly associated with better independent functioning. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was high, affecting 60.8% of participants, and pervasive across diagnostic groups. Of the participants, two-thirds (65.9%) were current smokers, 47.4% were obese and 32.4% were sedentary. Of the participants, half (49.8%) had a lifetime history of alcohol abuse/dependence and 50.8% lifetime cannabis abuse/dependence.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the need for comprehensive, integrative models of recovery to maximize the potential for good health and quality of life for people with psychotic illness.
Use of Tissue Adhesive as a Field Expedient Barrier Dressing for Hand Wounds in Disaster Responders
Authors: Levy Matthew J. , Tang Nelson 
Published: December 2013

AbstractInjuries sustained by disaster responders can impede the affected individuals’ ability to perform critical functions and often require the redirection of already scarce resources. Soft-tissue injuries to the hand are commonly experienced by disaster workers and even seemingly mild lacerations can pose the potential for significant complications in such hazard-filled environments. In this report, the authors describe their experience utilizing tissue adhesive to create a functional and effective barrier dressing for a hand injury sustained by a responder at the West, Texas USA fertilizer plant explosion. This technique of wound management allowed the patient to continue performing essential onsite functions for a sustained period following the explosion and the subsequent investigative processes. At the 30-day follow-up, the wound was well healed and without complications. This technique proved to be a valuable method of field expedient wound management and is worthy of consideration in similar future circumstances.LevyMJ, TangN. Use of tissue adhesive as a field expedient barrier dressing for hand wounds in disaster responders. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(1):1-3.
Review Essay: Pluralism, Informality and Transnational Environmental Law - Beyond Constitutionalism: The Pluralist Structure of Postnational Law, by Nico Krisch Oxford University Press, 2010, 384 pp, £53.00 hb, ISBN 9780199228317 - Informal International Lawmaking, edited by Joost Pauwelyn, Ramses A. Wessel & Jan Wouters Oxford University Press, 2012, 584 pp, £80.00 hb, ISBN 9780199658589
Authors: van Asselt Harro 
Published: December 2013

AbstractOver the past years, two important challenges to traditional conceptions of international law have come to the fore: pluralism and informality. Pluralism refers to the fact that global society is characterized by multiple legal systems that frequently overlap. Informality refers to the increasing relevance of non-traditional actors, processes and outputs in the realm of international law. Two recent books provide important contributions to enhancing our understanding of these challenges. In the first book, Nico Krisch presents a powerful plea that in a ‘postnational’ context legal pluralism is to be preferred over its alternative, transferring constitutionalism to the global level. In the second book, Joost Pauwelyn, Ramses Wessel and Jan Wouters offer a collection of essays that seek to further knowledge of the concept, legal nature, impacts and accountability of ‘informal international lawmaking’. In reviewing these two books, this review essay seeks to identify avenues for further inquiry in the area of transnational environmental law.
Readmissions after Diagnosis of Surgical Site Infection Following Knee and Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Miletic Kyle G. , Taylor Thomas N. , Martin Emily T. , Vaidya Rahul , Kaye Keith S. 
Published: December 2013

Context.Surgical site infection (SSI) after total hip and knee arthroplasty is a common postoperative complication. We sought to determine readmission rates and costs for total hip and knee arthroplasty complicated by SSI.Design.The Thomson Reuters MarketScan database was searched for patients who underwent knee or hip arthroplasty in 2007. From these data, patients who received a diagnosis of SSI and were readmitted after diagnosis were identified.Setting.A population of 31 to 45 million individuals receiving insurance coverage. Patients who underwent knee or hip arthroplasty who experienced a hospitalization for SSI in the year after surgery were analyzed.Outcome Measures.Total readmission rates and costs per readmission at 30, 60, and 90 days and 1 year after diagnosis of SSI.Results.Of the 76,289 case patients with hip or knee replacement in 2007, 1,026 (1.3%) had a hospitalization for SSI within the year after surgery. Among these patients, 310 (30.2%) were subsequently rehospitalized in the year after initial hospitalization specifically due to SSI-related issues. These rehospitalizations were associated with a mean hospital stay of 7.4 ± 11.4 days and a median cost of $20,001 (interquartile range [IQR], $14,057-$30,551). A total of 517 subjects had a subsequent “all-cause” hospitalization during the year after SSI. These rehospitalizations were associated with a mean hospital stay of 6.4 ± 10.4 days and a median cost of $19,870 (IQR, $13,913-$29,728).Conclusions.Readmissions during the year after SSI diagnosis accounted for 1,072 hospital admissions and cost over $25.5 million. These readmissions are costly and might be a future target for decreased reimbursement.
Changes in the composition and behaviour of a pollinator guild with plant population size and the consequences for plant fecundity
Authors: Phillips Ryan D. , Steinmeyer Felix , Menz Myles H. M. , Erickson Todd E. , Dixon Kingsley W. 
Published: December 2013

Summary
Small population size in plants is often associated with decreased fruit set through lower pollinator visitation and reduced offspring fitness as a result of inbreeding. Whether the potentially negative impacts of small population size are realized may be potentially influenced by the behaviour and ecology of pollinators.
Here, we investigate changes in both guild composition and pollinator behaviour with plant population size in the bird‐pollinated Anigozanthos flavidus (Haemodoraceae) and the consequences for fruit set and seed germinability. We used a germination stimulant to reduce the potentially confounding affects of interpopulation variation in dormancy when quantifying seed germinability.
All populations were visited in small numbers by western spinebills, while the behaviourally dominant New Holland honeyeaters only visited large populations. Fruit set was extremely high (mean = 96·4 ± 0·6%) regardless of population size.
The percentage of foraging bouts interrupted by aggressive interactions tended to be less in small plant populations. The percentage of interrupted foraging bouts was as high as 31% in some populations, suggesting that aggression may frequently promote pollen movement. Western spinebills tended to visit fewer stems per plant than New Holland honeyeaters, a behaviour that potentially favours greater outcrossing.
There was no relationship between seed germinability or seeds produced per capsule and plant population size, suggesting that the foraging behaviour of western spinebills provides sufficient pollinator services in small populations to mitigate the potential reduction in seed production and germinability.
Our findings highlight that, even within a pollinator guild, differences in behaviour can have important implications for the fitness of plants in small populations, with the potential for some pollinators to provide unexpected levels of resilience.
Determination of temperate bird–flower interactions as entangled mutualistic and antagonistic sub‐networks: characterization at the network and species levels
Authors: Yoshikawa Tetsuro , Isagi Yuji 
Published: December 2013

SummaryMost network studies on biological interactions consider only a single interaction type. However, individual species are simultaneously positioned in various types of interactions. The ways in which different network types are merged and entangled, and the variations in network structures between different sympatric networks, require full elucidation. Incorporating interaction types and disentangling complex networks is crucial, because the integration of various network architectures has the potential to alter the stability and co‐evolutionary dynamics of the whole network.To reveal how different types of interaction networks are entangled, we focused on the interaction between birds and flowers of temperate plants in Japan, where flower‐feeding birds are mainly generalist passerines, acting as pollinators and predators of flowers.Using long‐term monitoring data, we investigated the flower‐feeding episodes of birds. We constructed the whole network (WN) between birds and plants, separating the network into mutualistic and antagonistic sub‐networks (MSandAS, respectively). We investigated structural properties of the three quantified networks and species‐level characteristics of the main bird species. For bird species, we evaluated dietary similarity, dietary specialization and shifts of feeding behaviour relative to plant traits.Our results indicate thatWNcomprises entangledMSandAS, sharing considerable proportions of bird and plant assemblages. We observed distinctive differences in the network structural properties between the two sub‐networks. In comparison withAS,MShad lower numbers of bird and plant species, showed lower specialization and modularity and exhibited higher nestedness. At the species level, the Japanese white‐eye acted as pollinator, while the brown‐eared bulbul acted as both pollinator and predator for large numbers of flowers, based on its behavioural plasticity. Overall, the pattern of avian feeding behaviour was influenced by flower size and plant origin. Birds showed nectarivory for plants with medium‐sized flowers and exotic origins.Our results highlight the complex patterns of interactions between birds and the flowers of plants in temperate regions. They also indicate that understanding the interaction type for each species pair and consideration of the behavioural plasticity of animal species are important for elucidating integrated network structures.
Environmental justice and health practices: understanding how health inequities arise at the local level
Authors: Frohlich Katherine L. , Abel Thomas 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWhile empirical evidence continues to show that people living in low socio‐economic status neighbourhoods are less likely to engage in health‐enhancing behaviour, our understanding of why this is so remains less than clear. We suggest that two changes could take place to move from description to understanding in this field; (i) a move away from the established concept of individual health behaviour to a contextualised understanding of health practices; and (ii) a switch from focusing on health inequalities in outcomes to health inequities in conditions. We apply Pierre Bourdieu's theory on capital interaction but find it insufficient with regard to the role of agency for structural change. We therefore introduce Amartya Sen's capability approach as a useful link between capital interaction theory and action to reduce social inequities in health‐related practices. Sen's capability theory also elucidates the importance of discussing unequal chances in terms of inequity, rather than inequality, in order to underscore the moral nature of inequalities. We draw on the discussion in social geography on environmental injustice, which also underscores the moral nature of the spatial distribution of opportunities. The article ends by applying this approach to the ‘Interdisciplinary study of inequalities in smoking’ framework.