bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antidysrhythmic drug therapy for the termination of stable, monomorphic ventricular tachycardia: a systematic review
Authors: deSouza Ian S , Martindale Jennifer L , Sinert Richard 
Published: September 2013

ObjectiveWe performed a systematic review of the literature to compare the efficacy of different drug therapies for the termination of stable, monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT).MethodsWe searched EMBASE, MEDLINE and Cochrane for trials from 1965 through July 2013 using a search strategy derived from the following clinical question in PICO format:Patients: Adults (≥18 years) with stable monomorphic VT;Intervention: Intravenous antidysrhythmic drug;Comparator: Intravenous lidocaine or amiodarone;Outcome: Termination of VT. For all drug comparisons, we calculated relative risks (RR; 95% CI) and number needed to treat (NNT, 95% CI) between drugs. We also evaluated the methodological quality of the studies.ResultsOur search yielded 219 articles by PubMed and 390 articles by EMBASE. 3 prospective studies (n=93 patients) and 2 retrospective studies (n=173 patients) met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. From the prospective studies, RR of VT termination of procainamide versus lidocaine was 3.7 (1.3–10.5); ajmaline versus lidocaine, RR=5.3 (1.4–20.5); and sotalol versus lidocaine, RR=3.9 (1.3–11.5). From the retrospective studies: procainamide versus lidocaine, RR=2.2 (1.2–4.0); and procainamide versus amiodarone RR=4.3 (0.8–23.6). All 5 reviewed studies had quality issues, including potential bias for randomisation and concealment.ConclusionsBased on limited available evidence from small heterogeneous human studies, for the treatment of stable, monomorphic VT, procainamide, ajmaline and sotalol were all superior to lidocaine; amiodarone was not more effective than procainamide.
A national survey of hereditary colorectal cancer services in the UK
Authors: Monahan Kevin J , Clark Susan K ,   on behalf of the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) Cancer Group
Published: September 2013

ObjectivesThe British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) Cancer Group designed a survey to determine how we might understand and improve the service for patients at elevated risk of hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC).Design and SettingUnited Kingdom (UK) gastroenterologists, colorectal surgeons, and oncologists were invited by email to complete a 10 point questionnaire. This was cascaded to 1,793 members of the Royal College of Radiologists (RCR), Association of Cancer Physicians (ACP), the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI), as well as BSG members.ResultsThree hundred and eighty-two members responded to the survey, an overall response rate of 21.3%. Although 69% of respondents felt there was an adequate service for these higher risk patients, 64% believed that another clinician was undertaking this work. There was no apparent formal patient pathway in 52% of centres, and only 33% of centres maintain a registry of these patients. Tumour block testing for Lynch Syndrome is not usual practice. Many appeared to be unaware of the BSG/ACPGBI UK guidelines for the management of these patients.ConclusionsThere is wide variability in local management and in subsequent clinical pathways for hereditary CRC patients. There is a perception that they are being managed by 'another', unspecified clinician. National guidelines are not adhered to. We therefore recommend improved education, well defined pathways and cyclical audit in order to improve care of patients with hereditary CRC risk.
Clinical performance evaluation of the CellaVision Image Capture System in the white blood cell differential on peripheral blood smears
Authors: Smits Simone M , Leyte Anja 
Published: September 2013

IntroductionDifferential counting and morphological analysis of peripheral blood smears is of great diagnostic importance to the clinician. For economic and time-saving reasons, automated imaging processes have been successfully introduced over the years. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a new morphology system, the CellaVision Image Capture System (CICS), can be used to perform a white blood cell (WBC) differential on peripheral blood smears.MethodsWBCs in 200 peripheral blood smears were analysed with the CICS method and compared with the DM96 method to establish accuracy, short-term imprecision and clinical sensitivity and specificity for morphology. For establishing long-term imprecision, two blood smears were analysed for 20 days with the CICS method.ResultsEvaluation of accuracy in 199 samples demonstrated a good correlation for the CICS when compared with the postclassification on the DM96. Regression coefficients ranged from 0.97 for monocyte counts to 0.99 for neutrophil counts. All regression lines showed slopes with 1 and intercepts with 0 within the 95% CI. Long-term imprecision was less than 5% for neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Comparison of the short-term imprecision demonstrated that the SD did not differ by more than 1.1% between the DM96 method and the CICS method. Clinical sensitivity of the CICS was 93.5% and specificity was 97.8%. Specificity and sensitivity for blasts was 100%.ConclusionsThe CICS has proven to be a reliable and accurate tool in the differential WBC count on peripheral blood smears and provides small laboratories with a 24 h available real-time digital differential WBC count on peripheral blood smears and consultation for patients in remote locations.
Anomaly-based bug prediction, isolation, and validation
Authors: Dimitrov Martin , Zhou Huiyang 
Published: September 2013

Software defects, commonly known as bugs, present a serious challenge for system reliability and dependability. Once a program failure is observed, the debugging activities to locate the defects are typically nontrivial and time consuming. In this paper, we propose a novel automated approach to pin-point the root-causes of software failures.
Our proposed approach consists of three steps. The first step is bug prediction, which leverages the existing work on anomaly-based bug detection as exceptional behavior during program execution has been shown to frequently point to the root cause of a software failure. The second step is bug isolation, which eliminates false-positive bug predictions by checking whether the dynamic forward slices of bug predictions lead to the observed program failure. The last step is bug validation, in which the isolated anomalies are validated by dynamically nullifying their effects and observing if the program still fails. The whole bug prediction, isolation and validation process is fully automated and can be implemented with efficient architectural support. Our experiments with 6 programs and 7 bugs, including a real bug in the gcc 2.95.2 compiler, show that our approach is highly effective at isolating only the relevant anomalies. Compared to state-of-art debugging techniques, our proposed approach pinpoints the defect locations more accurately and presents the user with a much smaller code set to analyze.
Phantom-BTB
Authors: Burcea Ioana , Moshovos Andreas 
Published: September 2013

Modern processors use branch target buffers (BTBs) to predict the target address of branches such that they can fetch ahead in the instruction stream increasing concurrency and performance. Ideally, BTBs would be sufficiently large to capture the entire working set of the application and sufficiently small for fast access and practical on-chip dedicated storage. Depending on the application, these requirements are at odds.
This work introduces a BTB design that accommodates large instruction footprints without dedicating expensive onchip resources. In the proposed Phantom-BTB (PBTB) design, a conventional BTB is augmented with a virtual table that collects branch target information as the application runs. The virtual table does not have fixed dedicated storage. Instead, it is transparently allocated, on demand, in the on-chip caches, at cache line granularity. The entries in the virtual table are proactively prefetched and installed in the dedicated conventional BTB, thus, increasing its perceived capacity. Experimental results with commercial workloads under full-system simulation demonstrate that PBTB improves IPC performance over a 1K-entry BTB by 6.9% on average and up to 12.7%, with a storage overhead of only 8%. Overall, the virtualized design performs within 1% of a conventional 4K-entry, single-cycle access BTB, while the dedicated storage is 3.6 times smaller.
StreamRay
Authors: Ramani Karthik , Gribble Christiaan P. , Davis Al 
Published: September 2013

The wide availability of commodity graphics processors has made real-time graphics an intrinsic component of the human/computer interface. These graphics cores accelerate the z-buffer algorithm and provide a highly interactive experience at a relatively low cost. However, many applications in entertainment, science, and industry require high quality lighting effects such as accurate shadows, reflection, and refraction. These effects can be difficult to achieve with z-buffer algorithms but are straightforward to implement using ray tracing. Although ray tracing is computationally more complex, the algorithm exhibits excellent scaling and parallelism properties. Nevertheless, ray tracing memory access patterns are difficult to predict and the parallelism speedup promise is therefore hard to achieve.
This paper highlights a novel approach to ray tracing based on stream filtering and presents StreamRay, a multicore wide SIMD microarchitecture that delivers interactive frame rates of 15-32 frames/second for scenes of high geometric complexity and exhibits high utilization for SIMD widths ranging from eight to 16 elements. StreamRay consists of two main components: the ray engine, which is responsible for stream assembly and employs address generation units that generate addresses to form large SIMD vectors, and the filter engine, which implements the ray tracing operations with programmable accelerators. Results demonstrate that separating address and data processing reduces data movement and resource contention. Performance improves by 56% while simultaneously providing 11.63% power savings per accelerator core compared to a design which does not use separate resources for address and data computations.
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 Is a Novel Plasma Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Sun Nan , Chen Zhaoli , Tan Fengwei , Zhang Baihua , Yao Ran , Zhou Chengcheng , Li Jiagen , Gao Yibo , Liu Ziyuan , Tan Xiaogang , Zhou Fang , He Max Y.F , Shao Kang , Li Ning , Qiu Bin , Sun Jian , Yu Yue , Wang Suya , Zhao Yuda , Shi Xuejiao , He Jie 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Purpose: Effective biomarkers for the diagnosis of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are needed. We previously showed that isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is significantly increased in NSCLC tumors. This study aimed to examine the plasma levels of IDH1 in a large patient population to evaluate its effectiveness in NSCLC diagnosis.
Experimental Design: The plasma levels of IDH1, CA125, Cyfra21-1, and CEA were assayed by ELISA. Blood samples were obtained from 1,422 participants (943 patients with NSCLC and 479 healthy controls). The samples were randomly divided into a training set and a test set. Receiver operating characteristic and binary logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate diagnostic efficacy and establish diagnostic mathematical models.
Results: Plasma IDH1 levels were significantly higher in patients with NSCLCs than in healthy controls (P &lt; 0.001). The diagnostic use of IDH1 in lung adenocarcinoma [area under curve (AUC): 0.858 and 0.810; sensitivity: 77.1% and 76.2%; specificity: 82.9% and 76.6%; in the training set and test set, respectively] was significantly greater than that of CA125, Cyfra21-1, or CEA (P &lt; 0.001). The model combining IDH1 with CEA, CA125, and Cyfra21-1 was more effective for lung adenocarcinoma diagnosis than IDH1 alone (sensitivity and specificity in the training set: 75.8%, 89.6%; test set: 86.3%, 70.7%). In addition, the plasma levels of IDH1 could contribute to the diagnostic model of lung squamous cell carcinoma.
Conclusions: IDH1 can be used as a plasma biomarker for the diagnosis of NSCLCs, particularly lung adenocarcinoma, with relatively high sensitivity and specificity. Clin Cancer Res; 19(18); 5136–45. ©2013 AACR.
The Dissipation Structure of Extratropical Cyclones
Authors: Li Jiangnan , Chylek Petr , Zhang Feng 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The physical characteristics of extratropical cyclones are investigated based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics, using entropy as its main tool, has been widely used in many scientific fields. The entropy balance equation contains two parts: the internal entropy production corresponds to dissipation and the external entropy production corresponds to boundary entropy supply. It is shown that dissipation is always present in a cyclone and the dissipation center is not always coincident with the low-pressure center, especially for incipient cyclones. The different components of internal entropy production correspond to different dissipation processes. Usually the thermal dissipation due to turbulent vertical diffusion and convection lags geographically the dynamic dissipation due to wind stress. At the incipient stage, the dissipation is mainly thermal in nature. A concept of temperature shear is introduced as the result of thermal dissipation. The temperature shear provides a useful diagnostic for extratropical cyclone identification. The boundary entropy supply and the entropy advection are also strongly associated with cyclones. The entropy advection is generally positive (negative) in the leading (trailing) part of a cyclone. A regional study in the western Pacific clearly demonstrates that the surface entropy flux and temperature shear are the most reliable early signals of cyclones in the cyclogenesis stage.
The South Pacific Meridional Mode: A Mechanism for ENSO-like Variability
Authors: Zhang Honghai , Clement Amy , Di Nezio Pedro 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In this study, the authors investigate the connection between the South Pacific atmospheric variability and the tropical Pacific climate in models of different degrees of coupling between the atmosphere and ocean. A robust mode of variability, defined as the South Pacific meridional mode (SPMM), is identified in a multimodel ensemble of climate model experiments where the atmosphere is only thermodynamically coupled to a slab ocean mixed layer. The physical interpretation of the SPMM is nearly identical to the North Pacific meridional mode (NPMM) with the off-equatorial southeast trade wind variability altering the latent heat flux and sea surface temperature (SST) and initiating a wind–evaporation–SST feedback that propagates signals into the tropics. The authors also show that a positive cloud feedback plays a role in the development of this mode, but this effect is model dependent. While physically analogous to the NPMM, the SPMM has a stronger expression in the equatorial Pacific and directly perturbs the zonal gradients of SST and sea level pressure (SLP) on the equator, thus leading to ENSO-like variability despite the lack of ocean–atmosphere dynamical coupling. Further analysis suggests that the SPMM is also active in fully coupled climate models and observations. This study highlights the important role of the Southern Hemisphere in tropical climate variability and suggests that including observations from the data-poor South Pacific could improve the ENSO predictability.
A Dryline in Southeast Wyoming. Part I: Multiscale Analysis Using Observations and Modeling on 22 June 2010
Authors: Campbell Patrick C. , Geerts Bart , Bergmaier Philip T. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
A first observational and modeling study of a dryline and associated initiation of deep convection over the high plains of southeastern Wyoming is presented. Radar and station measurements show that the dryline is a well-defined convergent humidity boundary with a modest density (i.e., buoyancy) gradient. Its development, intensity, and movement are regulated by the terrain, diurnal land surface and boundary layer processes, and synoptic-scale evolution. At least one of the thunderstorms that emerged from the dryline became severe. Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) simulations accurately reproduce measured aspects of this dryline, as well as the timing and location of convection initiation. The WRF output is used further to characterize the dryline vertical and horizontal structures and to examine convection initiation processes. A dryline bulge over a local terrain ridge appears to be an essential ingredient in convection initiation on this day: just north of this bulge the surface convergence and buoyancy gradient are strongest, and deep convection is triggered. In this region especially, the WRF simulation produces horizontal convective rolls intersecting with the dryline, as well as small cyclonic vortices along the dryline. In fact, the primary storm cell initiates just downwind of one such vortex. Part II of this study describes the finescale vertical structure of this dryline using airborne Raman lidar data.
“It’s complicated”
Authors: Vennum Amber , Lindstrom Rachel , Monk J. Kale , Adams Rebekah 
Published: September 2013

Given previous research on the risks associated with cycling in young adult dating relationships, the present study examines the frequency with which cyclical dating relationships (relationships that end and renew) persist into cohabitation and marriage, the characteristics of these relationships, and the constraints associated with cycling during these stages using a nationally representative sample of cohabiting ( n = 323) and married ( n = 752) couples. Using retrospective accounts, results suggest that over one-third of cohabiters and one-fifth of spouses have experienced a breakup and renewal in their current relationship. Additionally, partners who have experienced cycling are at greater risk for further cycling and experiencing greater constraints to permanently ending the relationship, greater uncertainty in their relationship’s future, and lower satisfaction.
Diffusion tensor imaging of cysts, hemangiomas, and metastases of the liver
Authors: Erturk Sukru Mehmet , Ichikawa Tomoaki , Kaya Emel , Yapici Ozge , Ozel Alper , Mahmutoglu Abdullah Soydan , Basak Muzaffer 
Published: September 2013

Background Although diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging imaging (DW-MRI) is commonly used to characterize hepatic lesions, the literature is sparse about the use of MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in this regard. By using DTI, one is able to obtain not only apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) but also fractional anisotropy (Fa) values. Purpose To evaluate DTI using ADC and Fa values in the imaging of hepatic cysts, hemangiomas, and metastases. Material and Methods Sixty-six patients with 77 lesions were examined with DTI. There were 32 metastases, 13 cysts, and 32 hemangiomas. Two radiologists performed ADC and Fa measurements. Inter-observer agreement was evaluated using Bland-Altman plots. ADCs and Fa values were correlated using Pearson correlation. The differences were compared using ANOVA and Tukey tests. A ROC analysis was applied; sensitivities and specificities were calculated. Results The inter-observer agreement was very good. The correlation between ADC and Fa was negative, weak, and significant ( r = −0.36). The mean ADC value of cysts (3.30 ± 0.8 × 10−3 mm2/s) was significantly higher than that of hemangiomas (2.23 ± 0.5 × 10−3 mm2/s) and metastases (1.62 ± 0.4 × 10−3 mm2/s). The mean Fa value of cysts (0.2 ± 0.05) was significantly lower than hemangiomas (0.37 ± 0.1) and metastases (0.46 ± 0.1). The Az values for discriminating metastases from benign hepatic lesions for ADC and Fa value were 0.885 and 0.731, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of ADC and Fa were 87.5% and 84.4%, and 78.1% and 57.8%, respectively. The Az value for discriminating cysts from hemangiomas for Fa was 0.96. The sensitivity and specificity were 90.6% and 92.3%, respectively. Conclusion Fa values may play a supportive role in the imaging of liver lesions. Whereas metastases tend to have low ADCs and high Fa values, cysts have high ADCs and low Fa values and hemangiomas have high ADCs and high Fa values.
The diagnostic sensitivity of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and breast-specific gamma imaging in women with calcified and non-calcified DCIS
Authors: Kim Jin Sil , Lee Sang Min , Cha Eun Suk 
Published: September 2013

Background Early detection of breast cancer reduces mortality. Therefore, diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is important. Purpose To compare the sensitivities of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and breast-specific gamma imaging (BSGI) in pathologically proven calcified and non-calcified DCIS. Material and Methods Thirty-five patients with pathologically diagnosed DCIS from 1 June 2009 through 31 December 2011, underwent a protocol involving both breast MRI and BSGI. Each image was assessed by a separate dedicated breast radiologist. All lesions were divided into two groups; with or without microcalcifications on mammograms. In cases without microcalcifications, we recorded the mass, asymmetry, or negative findings on mammography. On MRI, the enhancement pattern was categorized as mass or non-mass-like enhancement. On BSGI, the uptake pattern was analyzed. The histopathological features of the lesions were obtained. Statistical analysis of the sensitivity of each modality was performed using McNemar’s test. Results Thirty-five women with a mean age of 48 years (range, 26–69 years) were enrolled in the study. The total sensitivities of MRI and BSGI in the 35 cases were 91.4% (32 of 35 DCIS) and 68.6% (24 of 35 DCIS), respectively. Eighteen cases with DCIS displayed microcalcifications on mammography, while 17 cases did not. Of these 17 cases without microcalcifications on mammography, 88.2% (15 of 17 DCIS) were detected by MRI and 52.9% (9 of 17 DCIS) by BSGI. Of 18 cases with microcalcifications on mammography, 94.4% (17 of 18 DCIS) were detected by MRI and 83.3% (15 of 19 DCIS) by BSGI. Conclusion MRI showed a higher sensitivity for the detection of calcified and non-calcified DCIS and is more helpful than BSGI in cases without microcalcifications on mammography.