bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eye movements and on-line comprehension processes
Authors: Staub Adrian , Rayner Keith 
Published: February 2013

AbstractReading is a rather complex process, in which comprehension at a number of levels is essential. This article provides an overview of how different kinds of variable influence eye movements. Because eye movements are a natural part of the reading process, secondary tasks are not needed to make inferences about reading comprehension. Rather, information about where readers fixate in the text and how long they look at different parts of the text provides remarkably reliable data about comprehension at a number of levels. This article first examines the characteristics of eye movements during reading, and then looks at the different eye movement measures that are typically employed in reading research. It also examines the effects of lexical processing, syntactic processing, and discourse processing on eye movements. Thus, the focus is on comprehension at the word level, at the level of syntax, and at the level of higher-level discourse.
Inference processing in discourse comprehension
Authors: Singer Murray 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDiscourse understanding has been systematically studied within the framework of modern cognitive psychology for fewer than forty years. The inferences that accompany discourse comprehension have been a central focus of this field. One reason for this is that virtually every aspect of language comprehension is inferential. This article describes inferential phenomena that involve augmenting explicitly stated discourse ideas with implied concepts and relations. The term “discourse” refers to coherent messages in either of these modalities. In practice, however, a majority of the research has scrutinised reading comprehension. It is also noted that researchers have inspected numerous genres of discourse, including narratives, expositions, recipes, instruction lists, and poetry. The article first discusses the construction-integration model of inference processing in discourse comprehension, coherence and its impact on inference processing, and elaborative inferences.
Neuroimaging studies of sentence and discourse comprehension
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Friederici Angela D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe neural implementation of language and, by extension, the postulated existence of particular “language centers” in the brain has exerted a continuing fascination upon scientists and non-scientists alike for thousands of years. With the advent of neuroimaging methods—and particularly of functional magnetic resonance imaging—during the last decade of the twentieth century, the possibilities of scientific inquiry within this domain have taken on a new dimension. First, neuroimaging techniques allow for a systematic and fine-grained probing of the functional neuroanatomy of language in healthy individuals. Moreover, they provide new avenues of exploration with respect to classical psycholinguistic questions in sentence comprehension, such as the modularity vs. interactivity debate. Neuroimaging studies of language comprehension are thus suited to provide further information not only about the neural substrate of language comprehension but also with respect to its internal organisation. In view of the fact that the overall neural networks subserving language comprehension have, by now, been documented in a large number of studies, this article considers only direct contrasts between language conditions.
Grammatical Encoding
Authors: Ferreira Victor S. , Slevc L. Robert 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article describes the state of the field since the most recent prominent reviews of grammatical encoding were published about a dozen years ago. It discusses a consensus view of the general architecture of grammatical encoding. This consensus holds that grammatical encoding consists of two component sets of sub-processes, one which deals with content and another which deals with structure. Each set of sub-processes proceeds through two phases or stages, the first involving selection and the second involving retrieval. The article also examines the “incrementality” or “scope” of grammatical encoding, as well as the factors that influence syntactic choice. Finally, it looks forward to emerging debates in the field that are likely to receive increased attention in the coming years, largely due to the confluence of their central questions with other prominent and topical issues in cognitive science. These debates concern the relationship between grammatical encoding and eye movements, working memory, language disorders, and dialogue.
The perceptual foundations of phonological development
Authors: Curtin Suzanne , Werker Janet F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPhonological development involves learning the organisation of the individual sound units, the syllable structure, the rhythm, and the phonotactics of the native language, and utilising these in both productive and receptive language. The initial work in phonological development focused exclusively on production, with detailed description of the onset of babbling and first words. This article examines how infant speech perception provides a foundation for acquiring the phonological system, and how production data and perception studies together can provide a more complete picture of the course of phonological development. The discussion begins with a review of key empirical findings that show how speech perception provides the foundation for phonological development. It then looks at language-general speech perception capabilities as evident in infants from birth through the first few months of life. The discussion also considers the ways in which the ambient language modifies infant speech perception; phonological and phonetic factors in word segmentation and word form recognition; the role of phonology in early lexical comprehension; and theories and models of phonological development.
Learning to read
Authors: Treiman Rebecca , Kessler Brett 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA six-year-old child knows the meanings of many spoken words; 10,000 by one estimate. He or she can understand oral questions, commands, and stories. Yet if this same information is presented in written form, the child is hard pressed to decipher it. How do children learn to read, and how do they reach a point at which reading seems as easy and natural as listening? This article considers the development of reading ability, focusing on the development of single-word reading in alphabetic writing systems. It examines how children grasp the idea that writing is related to language, and how they learn about the links between the letters in printed words and the sounds in the corresponding spoken words. First, the article discusses written language and spoken language in children, and then focuses on early learning about relations between writing and language. It also looks at the dual-route model, the single-route model, and the teaching of decoding.
The Case Tier
Authors: Maling Joan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents a theory of case assignment based on a hierarchy of grammatical functions. It focuses on the assignment of the syntactic cases nominative and accusative, singling out two phenomena: nominative objects and case alternations on adverbials of duration. A hierarchical as opposed to a structural analysis of nominative case provides a simple account for the occurrence of nominative objects with dyadic verbs which take oblique subjects, a phenomenon found in many genetically unrelated languages including Icelandic, Finnish, and Korean. Less common are languages in which adverbial noun phrases exhibit case alternations. This article reviews a complex array of case patterns focusing on certain adverbials which are sometimes marked accusative, sometimes nominative, depending on other properties of the clauses in which they occur.
Case in Cognitive Grammar
Authors: Luraghi Silvia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn cognitive approaches, language is viewed as an integral part in the whole of human cognitive capacities, rather than a separate module. Furthermore, it is assumed that language can be externally motivated. A consequence of this assumption is that meaning is viewed as being pervasive. According to cognitive approaches, grammatical forms are meaningful elements. This assumption is not new to linguistics: historical linguists of the nineteenth century have devoted long discussions to topics such as the meaning of the accusative, etc. This article summarises some assumptions that must be kept in mind in order to understand the CG analysis of case meaning. First, it considers views on grammatical forms common to various cognitive approaches in the framework of earlier research on the same topic, and then looks at the context out of which CG originated. It also discusses relevant assumptions within the CG framework and provides some diachronic evidence for the CG approach to cases. The article considers radial categories, polysemy versus homonymy, trajector-landmark asymmetry, diachrony, and relative markedness.
Syntactic Effects of Morphological Case
Authors: Neeleman Ad , Weerman Fred 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt is a long-standing though controversial claim that morphological case has syntactic effects. In particular, word order freedom has been argued to be dependent on the presence of overt case markers. Thus, Latin and Classical Greek have both a rich case system and very free word order, while languages like Dutch and English lack both. If there is a connection between morphological case and syntax, this does not only make typological and diachronic predictions of the sort discussed here, but also predictions about language acquisition. This article explores a number of potential effects of morphological case that have to be encoded in grammar. Alongside word order effects, it also considers generalisations that have to do with the form of constituents with particular grammatical functions. For example, quirky subjects (overt subjects that fail to agree with the finite verb in a structure that otherwise has subject-verb agreement) are found exclusively in languages with morphological case.
Case Marking and Alignment
Authors: Bickel Balthasar , Nichols Johanna 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAlignment is standardly illustrated with ergative vs. accusative coding of subjects as in Basque and Russian. It is the identical versus distinct coding or treatment or behaviour of argument roles that are different at some other level or in some other part of the grammar. Alignment of case marking can be seen as a generalised version of morphological syncretism: the same marker covers different argument roles but, unlike classical syncretism, it does so across all, or nearly all, paradigms. Split-S, or stative-active (or similar terms), is generally taken to be an alignment type on a par with accusative, ergative, etc. This article first considers case marking in the broad sense: morphological cases (whether marked by affixes, clitics, separate case words, ablaut, tone changes, etc.) and adpositions. It also looks at all alignment types involving arguments, including those where arguments are coded as adjuncts or possessors, along with compound verbs and non-lexical conditions.
Case and Voice
Authors: Shibatani Masayoshi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractVoice refers to the pattern of the form-function correlation along the parameters pertaining to the evolutionary properties of an action. Hence, there are marked voice categories pertaining to the origin of an action, for example, the nature of the agent (spontaneous, passive, causative); those pertaining to the nature of the development of an action, for example, the affectedness of the patient (middle, antipassive); as well as those pertaining to the termination of an action, for example, the affectedness of other entities than the patient (applicatives, external possession). In addition to these conceptual dimensions, voice phenomena are also controlled by the pragmatic factor of discourse relevance (such as inherent and contextual discourse topicality) of the event participants. The notion of transitivity in grammar and discourse is integral to the study of voice. This article examines case and voice, focusing on case in derived constructions. It discusses spontaneous voice, passive and antipassive, antipassive in accusative languages, passive in ergative languages, case hierarchy and verbal voice morphology, and applicative voice.
Case in Aphasia
Authors: Lamers Monique , Ruigendijk Esther 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCase provides the language user with a rich source of information for conveying meaningful messages in natural language use. Psycholinguistic research has shown that in the intact human language system, the morphologically realised case might help to distinguish the arguments, identify the syntactic function, and trigger certain parsing mechanisms, such as attachment decisions, establishing phrase boundaries, and, thus, providing essential information for comprehension. The question arises if and how a disturbance of the language system as in aphasia affects this ability to use case information. This article starts with a brief introduction to aphasiology, sketching the language problems known to characterise the different aphasic syndromes. It then discusses some important accounts for the aphasic impairment in language comprehension, either directly addressing morphological case in the impaired language system or highly related issues, such as the comprehension of canonical and non-canonical sentences. For production, the emphasis is on cross-linguistic findings on the realisation of case-marked entities such as demonstrative pronouns and pronouns.
Case Polysemy
Authors: Malchukov Andrej L. , Narrog Heiko 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt is probably true that cases which are restricted to one specific meaning are rarer than cases subsuming several meanings. The origins of these polysemies or syncretisms vary: some are conditioned by phonetic factors, especially pervasive in the situation when a case system collapses, others have a transparent semantic basis. A semantic map is a method of capturing and accounting for regular polysemies of linguistic forms. The semantic map approach has been applied to a number of different domains including case. Although semantic maps were established on the basis of cross-linguistic patterns, it is possible to come up with a plausible map for a single language, provided that this language has several markers, or that different nominals display different types of polysemies. Australian languages are representative of this type of case asymmetry. This article explores the polysemy of case markers and its representation in maps, polysemy patterns and syntactic alignment, grammaticalisation and core case marking, Croft's causal chain model, datives and related functions, comitatives and instrumentals, spatial forms, and case functions.
Spatial Cases
Authors: Creissels Denis 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA spatial case is an inflected form of nouns or noun phrases distinct from the absolute form available for the extra-syntactic function of pure designation, and apt to fulfil one of the following functions without the addition of an adposition: non-verbal predicate, or predicative complement of a copula, specifying the location of an entity; verb satellite specifying the location of an event. This article focuses on problems in separating spatial cases from spatial adpositions; spatial cases in languages devoid of case contrast between core syntactic terms; case languages devoid of spatial cases; spatial cases and semantic classes of nouns; adverbs and adpositions inflected for spatial cases; semantic distinctions expressed by spatial cases; spatial case forms of locational nouns, spatial adpositions, and spatial adverbs; syncretisms between core syntactic cases and spatial cases; and non-spatial cases derived from spatial cases.
The Vocative – An Outlier Case
Authors: Daniel Michael , Spencer Andrew 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe vocative is a form used for calling out and attracting or maintaining the addressee's attention. Forms of address widely attested in the languages of the world are vocative constructions using vocative particles, vocative prosody, and vocative forms of nominals. Sometimes, the form of address is integrated into the case paradigm of the language, and then we can say there is a vocative case. The strongest notion of ‘case’ is that in which case is cumulated with other categories and/or is marked differently in different inflectional classes (declensions). In Czech, the vocative maintains a complex morphology with a variety of allomorphs and various irregular forms, while in the mutually intelligible Slovak it has disappeared. This article discusses the vocative case and types of marking, including prosody, case forms proper, and vocative particles. It also examines the connection between the vocative case and the nominative case, the functional diversity of vocatives, the core lexical domain exhibiting vocatives, morphosyntax, and peripheral vocative functions.
Typology of Case Systems
Authors: Malchukov Andrej L. , Spencer Andrew 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe sizes of case systems vary dramatically, from the minimal (two case) systems, to the large inventories exemplified by Daghestanian. An interesting question is whether there are any constraints on the types of possible case systems in the sense that availability of one case implies availability of another. The most concrete proposal of this kind so far is Blake's case hierarchy. Another general aspect of case systems which is subject to cross-linguistic variation is the relation between morphological versus syntactic case. ‘Morphological case’ (m-case) refers to an (inflectional) case form of a nominal, what might be called a formal characterisation. On the other hand, ‘syntactic case’ refers to the case function borne by a noun phrase in a phrase, and this is defined distributionally, in terms of grammatical relations, subcategorisation, agreement, and so on. It is important to bear in mind that we are thinking of ‘syntactic case’ in a descriptive or pre-theoretic sense. This article discusses typological variation in case systems and case marking.
From Synthetic to Analytic Case
Authors: Sobolev Andrej N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThere are two different classifications of South Slavic languages (Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin, Serbian, Macedonian, and Bulgarian) available which consider them within a single dialect continuum stretching from the Slovenian Alps to the Black Sea: genetic and typological. The change from synthetic case to analytic case in certain South Slavic dialects is the result of many centuries of contact with the neighbouring Balkan languages (particularly East Romanian, Albanian, and Greek). This development began in the sixth–seventh centuries ad and is known as the ‘Balkanisation’ of these languages. A detailed analysis of variations in case marking in dialects with analytic case systems reveals innovative caseless systems on the one hand and, on the other hand, extremely rare archaic systems that preserve certain elements of morphological case in certain nouns and noun groups. For dialects which are intermediate between synthetic and analytic (as, for example, Serbian Kosovo-Resava), it is syntactic variation and the hierarchy of syntactic contexts affecting the preservation of semantic role marking in nominal inflection that provides the best heuristic clues as to how the systems are organised.
Case in an Australian Language
Authors: Dench Alan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNyamal is an Australian language of the Pama-Nyungan family, originally spoken in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. In Nyamal, as in many Australian languages, nominal suffixes serve a wide range of dependency-marking functions, which include but are not restricted to traditional ‘case’. Nyamal has a very complex system of case marking. This complexity is due to its very strong tendency towards multiple case marking combined with variation in the case marking selected by arguments of different predicates, in different clause types, and by different patterns of case syncretism in different classes of nominals. Morphological coding conventions determine the distribution of case suffixes to constituents within a phrase or clause marked for case. Patterns of suffix distribution predicted by the use of case suffixes at different functional levels and by the rules of concord are modified by certain morphological sequence constraints. This article describes and exemplifies that complexity. It sets out the variables affecting the choice of case marking for arguments in clauses and describes the patterns of multiple case marking.
The Ending(s) OF Roman Britain
Authors: Cleary Simon Esmonde 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article reviews the changes in the archaeological record produced by the ‘ending(s)’ of Roman political, military, and economic systems in Britain along with the related collapse in the cultural systems which materialized in the archaeology. It theorizes the archaeological record for the mid to later fifth century using the modern category of ‘failed/collapsed state’ model. The implications of this for the incoming Germanic peoples and the ways in which they and the Britons constructed their identities are presented. The recent re-examination of the material culture of ‘final-phase’ Roman Britain suggests that settlements, structures, burials, and artefacts of the Romano-British sequence continued in use through the first third of the fifth century. In the longer term, such models were able to establish dominance over the competing war-bands of the core areas of the old Britannia, probably absorbing many of them as these replaced their ‘British’ identity with an ‘Anglo-Saxon’ one.
Migration and Endogenous Change
Authors: Brugmann Birte 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article concentrates on interpretations of material culture changes from ‘late Roman Britain’ to ‘Anglo-Saxon England’ and reviews how approaches to the archaeological material have changed over time. It then provides a few suggestions for further research. The enormous increase of archaeological finds, especially over the past thirty years, has confirmed patterns in the record that are now unlikely to change, such as the overall distribution of Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, but has also demonstrated that generalizations based on a single cemetery or settlement site can be misleading and that landscape studies and metal-detector finds do not always correspond with what excavations suggest about a particular region. Once Pandora's Box is opened, aspects of migration and assimilation appear that make Thomas et al.'s calculations of ‘intermarriage rates’ between Anglo-Saxons and Britons in the ‘apartheid-like social structure’ look tame.
Anglo‐Saxon Migration and the Molecular Evidence
Authors: Hedges Robert 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses that there are many pitfalls in evaluating the significance and reliability of molecular data that are mainly due to the uncontrolled context in which past biological events took place. Three methods addressed include: the analysis of archaeological human bone chemistry as evidence of dietary geography; the molecular analysis of archaeological human bone for genetic information as evidence of population relatedness; and the molecular statistics of living human genomes as evidence of past geographic dispersal. Ancient DNA (aDNA) studies, especially on humans, have a very chequered record, yielding results which are comparatively meagre for the effort involved, and furthermore are extremely difficult to corroborate. In contrast to aDNA studies, however, which are wholly dependent on the survival of original DNA, modern DNA studies can expect to increase in scope and power, benefiting from the extraordinary increase in molecular genetic knowledge driven by biomedical research.