bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Roles of Two miRNAs in Regulating the Immune Response of Sea Cucumber
Authors: Zhang Pengjuan , Li Chenghua , Zhang Ran , Zhang Weiwei , Jin Chunhua , Wang Lingling , Song Linsheng 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators in many pathological processes by suppressing the transcriptional and post-transcriptional expression of target genes. MiR-2008 was previously found to be significantly up-regulated in diseased sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus by high-through sequencing, whereas the reads of miR-137, a well-documented tumor repressor, displayed no significant change. In the present study, we found that miR-137 expression was slightly attenuated and miR-2008 was significantly enhanced after Vibrio splendidus infection or Lipopolysaccharides application. Further target screening and dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that the two important miRNAs shared a common target gene of betaine–homocysteine S-methyltransferase (AjBHMT), which exhibited noncorrelated messenger RNA and protein expression patterns after bacterial challenge. In order to fully understand their regulatory mechanisms, we conducted the functional experiments in vitro and in vivo. The overexpression of miR-137 in sea cucumber or primary coelomocytes significantly decreased, whereas the inhibition of miR-137 increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of AjBHMT. In contrast, miR-2008 overexpression and inhibition showed no effect on AjBHMT mRNA levels, but the concentration of AjBHMT protein displayed significant changes both in vitro and in vivo. Consistently, the homocysteine (Hcy) contents were also accordingly altered in the aberrant expression analysis of both miRNAs, consistent with the results of the AjBHMT silencing assay in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, small interfering RNA mediated AjBHMT knockdown and Hcy exposure analyses both significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decreased the number of surviving invasive pathogen in sea cucumber coelomocytes. Taken together, these findings confirmed the differential roles of sea cucumber miR-137 and miR-2008 in regulating the common target AjBHMT to promote ROS production and the clearance of pathogenic microorganisms through Hcy accumulation.
Genome-Wide Scan for Adaptive Divergence and Association with Population-Specific Covariates
Authors: Gautier Mathieu 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
In population genomics studies, accounting for the neutral covariance structure across population allele frequencies is critical to improve the robustness of genome-wide scan approaches. Elaborating on the BayEnv model, this study investigates several modeling extensions (i) to improve the estimation accuracy of the population covariance matrix and all the related measures, (ii) to identify significantly overly differentiated SNPs based on a calibration procedure of the XtX statistics, and (iii) to consider alternative covariate models for analyses of association with population-specific covariables. In particular, the auxiliary variable model allows one to deal with multiple testing issues and, providing the relative marker positions are available, to capture some linkage disequilibrium information. A comprehensive simulation study was carried out to evaluate the performances of these different models. Also, when compared in terms of power, robustness, and computational efficiency to five other state-of-the-art genome-scan methods (BayEnv2, BayScEnv, BayScan, flk, and lfmm), the proposed approaches proved highly effective. For illustration purposes, genotyping data on 18 French cattle breeds were analyzed, leading to the identification of 13 strong signatures of selection. Among these, four (surrounding the KITLG, KIT, EDN3, and ALB genes) contained SNPs strongly associated with the piebald coloration pattern while a fifth (surrounding PLAG1) could be associated to morphological differences across the populations. Finally, analysis of Pool-Seq data from 12 populations of Littorina saxatilis living in two different ecotypes illustrates how the proposed framework might help in addressing relevant ecological issues in nonmodel species. Overall, the proposed methods define a robust Bayesian framework to characterize adaptive genetic differentiation across populations. The BayPass program implementing the different models is available at http://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/software/baypass/.
Paradigma Hukum Berkeadilan Dalam Hak Kekayaan Intelektual Komunal
Authors: Fathoni Fathoni 
Published: October 2015

Abstract: The Paradigm of Legal Justice in the Communal Intellectual property Rights. Law and justice is a synthesis therefore inseparable. Basically, our society doesn’t recognize what is called as conflict. Conflict has been introduced by the Globalization. The regime of Intellectual property Rights was born as the effect of the free trade that adopts the equality. All the parties are the gladiator that needs to be survives in the battle (survival for the fittest). On the contrary, the traditional society doesn’t pay attention on the economic values of the culture. However, they are forced to compete in the Intellectual Property Rights battle, especially the Property Rights. This article will elaborate the law enforcement with the justice approach at the Intellectual property Conflict taken place in the Society.\Abstrak: Paradigma Hukum Berkeadilan Dalam Hak Kekayaan Intelektual Komunal. Hukum dan keadilan adalah sebuah sintesis, sehingga tidak\ terpisahkan. Pada dasarnya masyarakat Indonesia tidak mengenal konflik. Perkembangan global dalam penerapan hukum yang telah memperkenalkan kosakata “konflik” ke masyarakat Indonesia. Regim Hak Kekayaan Intelektual (HKI), misalnya, yang lahir dari perdagangan bebas tentu tidak akan jauh dari prinsip-prinsip perdagangan bebas yang menuntut persamaan. Semua pihak dianggap sebagai "gladiator" yang harus mampu bertahan dalam pertarungan (survival for the fittest). Dalam kompetisi macam ini, masyarakat tradisional yang tidak begitu mempedulikan nilai ekonomis dari suatu kebudayaan. Namunbegitu mereka, “dipaksa” bertarung dalam potensi konflik HKI, terutama hak cipta. Tulisan ini mengelaborasi pendekatan penegakan hukum yang berorientasi keadilan dalam konflik HKI yang berpotensi muncul. DOI: 10.15408/jch.v1i2.1469
Maternal Gestational and Postdelivery Weight Gain and Child Weight
Authors: van Rossem Lenie , Wijga Alet H. , Gehring Ulrike , Koppelman Gerard H. , Smit Henriette A. 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND:
Maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) is a risk factor for the development of overweight in her child. It is unknown whether GWG programs the child’s health or whether GWG indicates a shared familial lifestyle during childhood. To disentangle these influences, we studied the association of GWG and postdelivery maternal weight change simultaneously with child’s weight development.

METHODS:
We used data from 3367 children participating in a birth cohort that started in 1996 in the Netherlands. Weight and height were self-reported. GWG was categorized as “inadequate,” “adequate,” and “excessive.” Multivariable regression and mixed models were used to study maternal and child weight changes.

RESULTS:
Children of mothers with excessive GWG had a higher BMI z score and overweight prevalence (odds ratio [OR] 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99 to 1.46) throughout childhood. Children of mothers with a high (≥1 kg/year) postdelivery weight gain had a 0.14 (95% CI, −0.08 to 0.36) higher change in BMI z score between age 1 and 14 years than children of mothers with a low (&lt;0.5 kg/year) postdelivery weight gain. Children of mothers with excessive GWG in combination with a high postdelivery weight gain had the highest BMI z score and overweight risk at age 14 years (OR 3.53; 95% CI, 1.70 to 7.33).

CONCLUSIONS:
Maternal GWG and postdelivery weight gain contribute to child’s weight development up to adolescence independently.
Atypical Cutaneous Blastomycosis in a Child With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis on Infliximab
Authors: Smith Robert J. , Boos Markus D. , Burnham Jon M. , McKay Eileen M. , Kim Jason , Jen Melinda 
Published: October 2015

Blastomyces dermatitidis is a dimorphic fungus endemic to much of North America, particularly the soils of the midwestern and southeastern United States. Human infection typically occurs through inhalation of airborne conidia, which can be followed occasionally by dissemination to the skin, bone, genitourinary system, and central nervous system. A hallmark of the pathogen is that it can cause disease in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed populations. Blastomycosis is rare in pediatric patients, with cutaneous manifestations occurring even less frequently. Here, we report the case of a 9-year-old boy on iatrogenic immunosuppression with infliximab and methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis who presented with a nonhealing, indurated plaque of his right ear with significant superficial yellow crusting in the absence of constitutional symptoms. After failing a prolonged course of topical and oral antibiotic therapy, biopsy and tissue culture revealed Blastomyces dermatitidis infection. The area cleared after treatment with oral fluconazole and withdrawal of infliximab. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a pediatric patient developing an infection with B dermatitidis after initiation of therapy with a tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor. This case also highlights an unusual morphology of cutaneous blastomycosis in an iatrogenically immunosuppressed child.
Psychosocial Interventions for Child Disruptive Behaviors: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Epstein Richard A. , Fonnesbeck Christopher , Potter Shannon , Rizzone Katherine H. , McPheeters Melissa 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND:Disruptive behavior disorders are among the most common child and adolescent psychiatric disorders and associated with significant impairment.OBJECTIVE:Systematically review studies of psychosocial interventions for children with disruptive behavior disorders.METHODS:We searched Medline (via PubMed), Embase, and PsycINFO. Two reviewers assessed studies against predetermined inclusion criteria. Data were extracted by 1 team member and reviewed by a second. We categorized interventions as having only a child component, only a parent component, or as multicomponent interventions.RESULTS:Sixty-six studies were included. Twenty-eight met criteria for inclusion in our meta-analysis. The effect size for the multicomponent interventions and interventions with only a parent component had the same estimated value, with a median of −1.2 SD reduction in outcome score (95% credible interval, −1.6 to −0.9). The estimate for interventions with only a child component was −1.0 SD (95% credible interval, −1.6 to −0.4).LIMITATIONS:Methodologic limitations of the available evidence (eg, inconsistent or incomplete outcome reporting, inadequate blinding or allocation concealment) may compromise the strength of the evidence. Population and intervention inclusion criteria and selected outcome measures eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis may limit applicability of the results.CONCLUSIONS:The 3 intervention categories were more effective than the control conditions. Interventions with a parent component, either alone or in combination with other components, were likely to have the largest effect. Although additional research is needed in the community setting, our findings suggest that the parent component is critical to successful intervention.
Cost-Effectiveness of a Biopsy-Based 8-Protein Prostate Cancer Prognostic Assay to Optimize Treatment Decision Making in Gleason 3 + 3 and 3 + 4 Early Stage Prostate Cancer
Authors: Roth Joshua A. , Ramsey Scott D. , Carlson Josh J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackground.Many patients with Gleason 3 + 3 and 3 + 4 early stage prostate cancer receive invasive treatment but likely derive little or no benefit. A novel 8-protein prognostic assay generates a risk score at time of biopsy that is predictive of prostate cancer aggressiveness and can inform treatment decisions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using the assay to inform treatment decisions compared with usual care.Patients and Methods.We developed a simulation model to estimate quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) and cost outcomes for the 8-protein assay and usual care strategies. Risk classification outcomes, treatment distributions, costs, health state utilities, and mortality rates were derived from the assay's validation study and the peer-reviewed literature. Outcomes included incremental QALYs, costs, and cost-effectiveness ratios. We conducted one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses to evaluate the most influential inputs and to explore joint uncertainty in outcomes, respectively.Results.The 8-protein assay strategy resulted in 0.04 more QALY and $700 less in costs compared with usual care (and thus was “dominant”). The cost-effectiveness of the assay strategy was most sensitive to the assay cost, the active surveillance health state utility, and the proportion of low-risk patients receiving active surveillance (vs. treatment) in usual care. In the probabilistic sensitivity analyses, the assay strategy decreased cost and increased QALYs in 86.9% and 58.3% of simulations, respectively.Conclusion.Assuming that ongoing prospective studies support the results of retrospective validation studies, the 8-protein prognostic assay strategy for prostate cancer is likely to be a cost-effective alternative to usual guideline-based care in biopsy Gleason 3 + 3 and 3 + 4 early stage prostate cancer.
Motivations for Mergers and Acquisitions in E&P
Authors: Rogers Doug 
Published: October 2015

Economist’s Corner
Corporate mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in the US exploration and production (E&P) space have occurred at a pace of about three to four public company mergers per year for the past decade. This pace does not appear correlated to commodity price swings. Despite the two recent episodes of severe price declines, one in late 2008 and another in late 2014, it does not appear that companies are choosing to take advantage of “cheap” valuations as a result of commodity price, and the resulting stock price, declines.
In actuality, Fig. 1 shows M&A activity tends to slow down when commodity prices move dramatically (high or low) and resumes after a period of sustained prices. So what motivates companies to make corporate acquisitions?
In most industries, M&A is driven by financial rationales such as accretion to cash flow per share or earnings per share. In addition to long-term financial value, E&P companies have other motivations that drive the mergers. Certainly there are corporate synergies and general and administrative (G&A) cost reductions that are likely, as in any other industry, but the rationale extends to unique situations within the E&P space: companies often use mergers to gain scale and efficiencies, enter locked-up plays, add technical expertise, or add low-risk proved reserves. While no deal falls into only one category, specific ones can be instructive in seeing these motivations at play.
Synergies and Scale
M&A deals allow a reduction in G&A costs because a combined organization leads to reduced administrative fees and more production being operated with fewer personnel. For example, when Breitburn acquired Quantum Resources in July 2014, there was significant asset overlap and management estimated USD 23 million in synergies in the first year. When assessing G&A synergies, it is common to start with the assumption that cash G&A costs will be reduced by 50% as a result of the M&A activity. Much of that reduction is derived from eliminating the administrative cost burden associated with being a publicly traded company.
Larger, more financially sound companies tend to receive better treatment in the public markets, especially in the face of declining prices. The announcement of Whiting Petroleum’s acquisition of Kodiak Oil & Gas listed synergies and scale as reasons, but also said that the combination of companies will improve its financial strength.
A Young Professional’s Guide to Lucky No.7: A Tale of Oil in the Saudi Arabian Desert
Authors: Weyand Kristin , Haider Batool Arhamna , Zhang Li 
Published: October 2015

A Young Professional’s Guide
Welcome to the Kingdom
In March of 1938, on the heels of six commercial failures, wildcatters drilled a new well that heralded the arrival of the most prolific oil field yet discovered. The fabled Dammam No.7 well established the existence of the supergiant Ghawar field in the desert kingdom of Saudi Arabia and ushered in a new age of petroleum wealth and power for a land that had comprised mostly nomadic tribes.
With 71 billion barrels of estimated oil in place, Ghawar takes the prize as the largest conventional oil field ever discovered. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists has identified more than 500 oil fields as world-class “giants” - those with proven oil reserves of 500 million barrels of oil or natural gas reserves exceeding 3 Tcf. A supergiant field is one containing more than 5 billion BOE in reserves. More than 200 of these giant oil and gas fields are concentrated in the Persian Gulf region - meaning that Saudi Arabia drew a lucky hand, indeed.
Less than 10 miles south of the prolific Dammam Dome sits Dhahran, a city closely linked to the Saudi oil industry. Initially established as a camp for wildcatters, and then permanently settled after the delivery of commercial oil production, Dhahran has been Saudi Aramco’s headquarters for nearly 80 years.
Weaving Together the Threads of Saudi Aramco
Synonymous with the Saudi Arabian oil industry, the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (colloquially, Saudi Aramco or just Aramco) has emerged as a key player in the global petroleum scene. Saudi Aramco has exerted its hefty influence on the global crude supply several times in its long history.
In the 1990s, the company quickly scaled up production to meet supply shortages caused by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. More recently, Saudi Aramco solicited support from the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries to maintain production in an effort to reduce global oil prices, the reasons of which could be attributed to geopolitics and other strategic supply and demand initiatives, and is a topic for another article.
Much of the history of Saudi Aramco can be found in Daniel Yergin’s award-winning book The Prize. The company originated in 1929 as the Bahrain Petroleum Company, a project backed by Chevron (then Standard Oil of California or Socal) to extend its reach outside of America. Socal was granted a 440,000-sq-mile oil concession in eastern Saudi Arabia, but after several years without a commercially viable well, half of the concession was given to Texaco in exchange for marketing infrastructure. Success came in 1938, when the company drilled the 1,500-B/D No. 7 well on the Dammam Dome. Six years later, the company’s name was changed to the Arabian-American Oil Company - Aramco, and oil production had risen to 20,000 B/D.
Bangalore YP Workshop Discusses Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Chavan Chetan , Sahni Chanpreet 
Published: October 2015

YP Newsflash
SPE young professionals (YPs) workshop “The Future Is Now,” held in June in Bangalore, India, covered topics from geopolitics to fundamentals of management and included a session on mergers and acquisitions (M&A) titled “Mutually Beneficial Alliances.” The goal of the M&A session was to help YPs understand how M&A deals can be used to create value, improve the economical or technological standing, or survive the competitive environment. Along with insight into key aspects of the M&A activity in the energy industry, the session also covered the importance of joint ventures, which help companies overcome challenges and grow mutually. Various statistical analyses were presented, which covered the dynamics of the market.
Yashodeep Deodhar, founder and managing partner of Derrick Petroleum_Services, a publisher of databases and research for the oil and gas industry, was the first speaker. He started by citing the fact that around 3 to 10 M&A deals happen per day and explained the two types of deals: corporate and assets. He said that every buying or selling organization tries to balance its portfolio and be at a better place in the industry. Using several graphs, Deodhar summarized the status of M&A activity in the various segments of the industry and explained how they are affected by the price volatility:
In the first quarter of 2015, only 16 deals of value greater than USD 100 million have happened.
The majors are only interested in corporate deals, national oil companies (NOCs) have significantly stopped buying, and not much is happening in the midstream segment.
The oilfield services have been badly hurt by the price drop.
Downstream industry is stable as low crude prices help to increase refining margin.
With increasing development costs, sustainability becomes critical for companies. FMC Technologies’ business manager for India, Venky Gopalan, spoke next. Having seen the alliance between FMC Technologies and Technip to form Forsys Subsea, Gopalan was able to share his insight on the strategies involved in M&A activities. The alliance is based on the concept of changing the design to reduce complexity and time in order to increase field performance. He said that early involvement with operations in the concept selection phase and promoting integrated design adds value to the venture.
Evaluating Producible Hydrocarbons and Reservoir Quality in Organic Shale Reservoirs using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Factor Analysis
Authors: Jiang Tianmin , Jain Vikas , Belotserkovskaya Anna , Nwosu Nnadozie K. , Ahmad Samira 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
A novel integrated workflow based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Factor Analysis (FA) is developed to evaluate organic shale reservoirs. Current organic shale formation evaluation techniques cannot distinguish immobile hydrocarbons from producible hydrocarbons. The new workflow aims to quantify producible hydrocarbons and characterize shale reservoir quality.
The new approach incorporates NMR factor analysis technique with NMR and spectroscopy data to focus on the characterization of organic shale by: 1) identifying fluid types with associated pore size distribution; 2) computing pore fluid volumes to quantify producible hydrocarbon in place; and 3) fluid facies classification to evaluate reservoir quality and identify the sweet spot.
Understanding fluid types and volumetrics in shale reservoirs is the key to evaluate reservoir quality and estimate hydrocarbon production. The integrated workflow separates fluid hydrocarbon from kerogen with NMR and advanced spectroscopy data. In addition, it differentiates the formation fluid into individual pore fluids, including bound hydrocarbon, clay-bound water, irreducible water (capillary-bound), irreducible oil (capillary-bound), free water and producible hydrocarbon. The workflow also provides the porosity of each pore fluid and quantifies producible hydrocarbon, which is one of the most important influencing factors of shale reservoir production. The reservoir quality of fluid facies from NMR factor analysis is characterized using pore fluid porosities. Zones with high producible hydrocarbon porosity and no free water is classified to have the best reservoir quality for production.
The results from the novel workflow successfully characterize the reservoir quality and producibility, and mark the sweet spot of organic shale reservoirs.