bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND N-USE OF FIBRE SORGHUM UNDER DIFFERENT COVER CROPPING MANAGEMENT, NITROGEN INFLUXES AND SOIL TYPES IN CENTRAL GREECE
Authors: BESLEMES D. F. , TIGKA E. L. , EFTHIMIADIS P. , DANALATOS N. G. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYField experiments were carried out over a period of three years to evaluate the effect of cover cropping faba bean with fibre sorghum, compared to mono-crop cultivation, on yield (dry matter), nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) and N fertilizer recovery fraction of sorghum. Experimental sites were located in central Greece on a fertile, clayey to loamy textured soil, and on a sandy soil of moderate fertility. A factorial combination of four nitrogen application rates (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha−1) and three legume treatments (incorporated into the topsoil or harvested before the sowing of sorghum and mono-cropping) were tested in a split plot design in three blocks. The results showed importance of legume cover crops for both soil types as sorghum total dry biomass yield for clayey soil fluctuated from 23 to 27 t ha−1for control plots, from 25.2 to 30.9 t ha−1when faba bean was harvested and from 26.3 to 32.5 t ha−1when incorporated, and for sandy soil the yield fluctuated from 18.1 to 22.1 t ha−1for control plots, from 22 to 27 t ha−1when faba bean was harvested and from 23.1 to 28.1 t ha−1when incorporated. The NUE was estimated at 62 kg kg−1and 60 kg kg−1for clayey and sandy soils respectively. The N recovery fraction was doubled after incorporating faba bean as green manure, reaching large amounts for both soil types.
Effect of farming strategies on environmental impact of intensive dairy farms in Italy
Authors: Guerci Matteo , Bava Luciana , Zucali Maddalena , Sandrucci Anna , Penati Chiara , Tamburini Alberto 
Published: July 2013

Agriculture and animal husbandry are important contributors to global emissions of greenhouse (GHG) and acidifying gases. Moreover, they contribute to water pollution and to consumption of non-renewable natural resources such as land and energy. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology allows evaluation of the environmental impact of a process from the production of inputs to the final product and to assess simultaneously several environmental impact categories among which GHG emissions, acidification, eutrophication, land use and energy use. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate, using the LCA methodology, the environmental impact of milk production in a sample of 41 intensive Italian dairy farms and to identify, among different farming strategies, those associated with the best environmental performances. The functional unit was 1 kg Fat and Protein Corrected Milk (FPCM). Farms showed characteristics of high production intensity: FPCM, expressed as tonnes per hectare, was 30·8±15·1. Total GHG emission per kg FPCM at farm gate was 1·30±0·19 kg CO2 eq. The main contributors to climate change potential were emissions from barns and manure storage (50·1%) and emissions for production and transportation of purchased feeds (21·2%). Average emission of gases causing acidification to produce 1 kg FPCM was 19·7±3·6 g of SO2 eq. Eutrophication potential was 9·01±1·78 ${\rm PO}_{\rm 4}^{{\rm 3} -} {\rm eq}.$ per kg FPCM on average. Farms from this study needed on average 5·97±1·32 MJ per kg FPCM from non-renewable energy sources. Energy consumption was mainly due to off-farm activities (58%) associated with purchased factors. Land use was 1·51±0·25 m2 per kg FPCM. The farming strategy based on high conversion efficiency at animal level was identified as the most effective to mitigate the environmental impact per kg milk at farm gate, especially in terms of GHG production and non-renewable energy use per kg FPCM.
Response of gene expression to LPS challenge manifests the ontogeny and maturation of the complement system in zebrafish larvae
Authors: Wang Zhiping , Han Yanjun 
Published: July 2013

Information on the ontogeny of complement system might help us better understand the anti-infection mechanism in the early fish life. The ontogenic expression of the representative complement genes and their response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) challenge in zebrafish larvae are reported here. The expression of C1r/s, C3, C4, C6 and MBL steadily increased before 21 days post-fertilization (dpf) and a decrease was detected thereafter. MASP expression elevated and peaked on 14 dpf and a decline followed. Bf expression fluctuated during the experimental period. Moreover, Bf (involved in alternative pathway, AP) expressed at higher levels than C1r/s (involved in classical pathway, CP), MASP (involved in lectin pathway, LP) and C4 (involved in both CP and LP) in the normal adult fish and larvae, suggesting the more significance of AP than CP and LP during the development of zebrafish. LPS challenge induced up-regulation of all the genes at 12 h in the adult fish. For the larvae, Bf, C3 (key complement component) and C6 (involved in lytic pathway) responded to LPS challenge at earlier stages than the other complement genes, with the up-regulation detected since 14, 14 and 7 dpf, respectively. In the larvae at 28 dpf, all the above three genes responded to LPS challenge by up-regulating their expression in a fashion similar to that of the adult fish, hinting that complement operating via AP develops earlier and plays a key role in protecting the larvae; it showed effective responses to LPS challenge from 14 dpf and might mature before 28 dpf.
Diplomacy As Theatre: Staging the Bandung Conference of 1955
Authors: SHIMAZU NAOKO 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAs a significant ‘moment’ in twentieth-century international diplomacy, the rise of post-colonial Afro-Asia at the Bandung Conference of 1955 is replete with symbolic meanings. This paper proposes a conceptual approach to understanding the symbolic dimension of international diplomacy, and does so by ruminating on the newly unearthed Indonesian material on the Bandung Conference. To this end, ‘diplomacy as theatre’ is introduced as an interpretive framework to re-cast the conference as a theatrical performance, in which actors performed on the stage to audiences. Focusing on the city of Bandung, this paper reconstructs some examples of the ‘performative’ dimensions of international diplomacy, and elaborates on the notion of ‘staging’ the city and the role played by the people of Bandung, including the significance of conference venues, as well as the impromptu creation of a ritual citation that contributed to an iconic ‘performative act’ during the conference. Sukarno, Nehru, Zhou Enlai and Nasser all understood the importance as performers in their role as new international statesmen, representing the esprit de corps of the newly emergent post-colonial world. In deconstructing the symbolic, it will become evident that the role played by Indonesia significantly influenced the underlying script of the diplomatic theatre which unfolded at Bandung.
Crop-raiding deterrents around Budongo Forest Reserve: an evaluation through farmer actions and perceptions
Authors: Hsiao Sara S. , Ross Caroline , Hill Catherine M. , Wallace Graham E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCrop-raiding by primates and bushpigsPotamochoerus porcusis a major cause of human–wildlife conflict around Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. In 2006–2007 a project was initiated, with farmer participation, to investigate the efficacy of on-farm techniques to reduce crop-raiding, including guarding and early-warning techniques, fences, plant barriers, trenches, lights and nets. Here, farmers' perceptions of the effectiveness and sustainability of these deterrents were evaluated using semi-structured interviews and direct observations. Factors important to farmers in effective, sustainable and locally appropriate crop-raiding mitigation are that deterrents be cost-effective, easily manipulated, improve guarding efficiency and require minimal labour inputs. Farmers reported paid guards, guard dogs, wire fences, lights and bells/alarms as most effective. This differs from observations that farmers independently maintained certain deterrents that they presumably considered valuable, namely wire fences, guard dogs, bells/alarms, trenches, lights and nets. This evaluation demonstrates the importance of farmers' participation and perceptions in the viability and uptake of crop-raiding deterrents, and the importance of assessing conflict mitigation trials over the long term.
Attachment strategies across sex, ontogeny, and relationship type
Authors: Goetz Cari D. , Perilloux Carin , Buss David M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe propose that middle childhood female ambivalent attachment, given the adaptive problem of uncertainty of future investment, is designed to evoke immediate investment from current caregivers, rather than new investment sources. We suggest greater specificity of strategic attachment solutions to adaptive problems that differ by sex, time, and relationship type.
Co-regulation of stress in uterus and during early infancy mediates early programming of gender differences in attachment styles: Evolutionary, genetic, and endocrinal perspectives
Authors: Goldstein Ferber Sari 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAccording to evolutionary, genetic, and endocrinal perspectives, gender differences are modulated by the interaction between intra-uterine stress, genetic equipments, and the availability of the facilitating environment during the newborn period. The social message of fitness over obstacles during socialization and the discussion of secure/non-secure attachment styles should take into consideration the brain functions, which are altered differently in response to intra- and extra-uterine stress in each gender.
Beyond response output: More logical than we think
Authors: De Neys Wim 
Published: July 2013

AbstractOaksford & Chater (O&C) rely on a data fitting approach to show that a Bayesian model captures the core reasoning data better than its logicist rivals. The problem is that O&C's modeling has focused exclusively on response output data. I argue that this exclusive focus is biasing their conclusions. Recent studies that focused on the processes that resulted in the response selection are more positive for the role of logic.
Naïve optimality: Subjects' heuristics can be better motivated than experimenters' optimal models
Authors: Nelson Jonathan D. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIs human cognition best described by optimal models, or by adaptive but suboptimal heuristic strategies? It is frequently hard to identify which theoretical model is normatively best justified. In the context of information search, naïve subjects' heuristic strategies are better motivated than some “optimal” models.
On is an ought: Levels of analysis and the descriptive versus normative analysis of human reasoning
Authors: Schroyens Walter 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAlgorithmic-level specifications carry part of the explanatory burden in most psychological theories. It is, thus, inappropriate to limit a comparison and evaluation of theories to the computational level. A rational analysis considers people's goal-directed and environmentally adaptive rationality; it is not normative. Adaptive rationality is by definition non-absolute; hence, neither deductive logic nor Bayesian probability theory has absolute normative status.
p-adic L-functions over the false Tate curve extensions
Authors: KIM DOHYEONG 
Published: July 2013

AbstractLet f be a primitive modular form of CM type of weight k and level Γ0(N). Let p be an odd prime which does not divide N, and for which f is ordinary. Our aim is to p-adically interpolate suitably normalized versions of the critical values L(f, ρχ,n), where n=1,2,. . .,k − 1, ρ is a fixed self-dual Artin representation of M∞ defined by (1.1) below, and χ runs over the irreducible Artin representations of the Galois group of the cyclotomic $\mathbb{Z}_p$-extension of $\mathbb{Q}$. As an application, if k ≥ 4, we will show that there are only finitely many χ such that L(f, ρχ,k/2)=0, generalizing a result of David Rohrlich. Also, we conditionally establish a congruence predicted by non-commutative Iwasawa theory and give numerical evidence for it.
Education and Training of Hospital Workers: Who Are Essential Personnel during a Disaster?
Authors: Reilly Michael , Markenson David S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractHospital plans often vary when it comes to the specific functional roles that are included in emergency and incident management positions.Bioterrorism coordinators and emergency managers for 31 hospitals in a seven-county region outside of a major metropolitan area, with urban, suburban, and rural demographics were surveyed to determine which specific functional roles were considered “essential” to their hospital's emergency operations plans. Furthermore, they were asked to estimate the percentage of their “essential” staff trained to perform the functional roles delineated in the hospital's plan. Responses were entered into a database and descriptive statistical computations were performed. Only three categories of hospital personnel were reported to be “essential” by all hospitals to their emergency preparedness plans: emergency department physicians, nurse, and support staff. Training for overall “essential” staff ranged by hospital 73.6–83.3%. Some hospitals reported that these staff members have received no training in their anticipated role based on the hospital emergency response plan. Allied health professionals and emergency medical technicians/paramedics (that are employed by hospitals) had the least amount of training on their role in the hospital preparedness and response plan, 33.3% and 22.2% respectively.Without improved guidance on benchmarks for preparedness from regulators and professional organizations, hospitals will continue to lack the capacity to effectively respond to disasters and public health emergencies.
Curious Lexicographic Relic of the Cultural Revolution
Authors: BRANNER DAVID PRAGER , MENG YUAN-YUAN 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis paper considers the fact that many verbal Chinese idioms are defined in recent Chinese-English dictionaries with misleading parts of speech — they are generally described only as being nouns. This situation originates in the 1978 Hàn-Yīng cídiǎn 汉英词典 of Wú Jǐngróng 吴景荣, whose definitions have exerted overwhelming influence on the field since then. We document Wú's principal sources and the viewpoints that motivated him, including the heavy political pressure to which his lexicographic team were subjected in the late Cultural Revolution. In addition, we consider Wú's anomalous misreading of the purpose of the influential Giles and Mathews dictionaries, which had been to document the many senses of each character with multi-character words, rather than to document multi-character words per se.
Can a questionnaire predict vitamin D status in postmenopausal women?
Authors: Nabak Andrea C , Johnson Rachael Erin , Keuler Nicholas S , Hansen Karen E 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectiveOur objective was to determine whether a questionnaire can identify individuals with vitamin D insufficiency (VDI).DesignWomen completed the Vitamin D & Sun (VIDSUN) questionnaire and we measured their serum 25-hydrocyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaire to identify VDI (25(OH)D level <50 nmol/l).SettingClinical Research Unit, University of Wisconsin–Madison.SubjectsPostmenopausal women.ResultsWe recruited 609 postmenopausal women with a mean age of 61 (sd 6 years), of whom 113 (19 %) had VDI. Women with VDI were more likely to be black (17 % v. 2 %, P < 0·001), heavier (BMI 33·0 (sd 7) kg/m2v. 29·0 (sd 7) kg/m2, P < 0·001) and less likely to tan in the past year (49 % v. 72 %, P < 0·001), use sunscreen (57 % v. 72 %, P < 0·001) or report sun exposure in the last 3 months. They consumed less vitamin D from supplements (2·15 (sd 5·24) μg/d (86 (sd 210) IU/d) v. 4·55 (sd 8·48) μg/d (188 (sd 344) IU/d), P = 0·003). In logistic regression models, black race, BMI, suntan within the past year, sun exposure in the past 3 months, sunscreen use and supplemental vitamin D intake were the most useful questions to identify VDI. From these six items, a composite score of ≤2·25 demonstrated ≥89 % sensitivity but ≤35 % specificity for VDI.ConclusionsThe VIDSUN questionnaire provides an initial tool to identify postmenopausal women at high or low risk of VDI. Existing studies suggest that inclusion of physical activity and TAG levels might improve the performance of the VIDSUN questionnaire.
AN ARGUMENT FOR CONJUNCTION CONDITIONALIZATION
Authors: WALTERS LEE , WILLIAMS J. ROBERT G. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAre counterfactuals with true antecedents and consequents automatically true? That is, is Conjunction Conditionalization: (X ∧ Y) ⊃ (X > Y) valid? Stalnaker and Lewis think so, but many others disagree. We note here that the extant arguments for Conjunction Conditionalization are unpersuasive, before presenting a family of more compelling arguments. These arguments rely on some standard theorems of the logic of counterfactuals as well as a plausible and popular semantic claim about certain semifactuals. Denying Conjunction Conditionalization, then, requires rejecting other aspects of the standard logic of counterfactuals or else our intuitive picture of semifactuals.
The potential role of the Antarctic Ice Sheet in global biogeochemical cycles
Authors: Wadham J. L. , De'ath R. , Monteiro F. M. , Tranter M. , Ridgwell A. , Raiswell R. , Tulaczyk S. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTOnce thought to be devoid of life, the Antarctic Ice Sheet is now known to be a dynamic reservoir of organic carbon and metabolically active microbial cells. At the ice-bed interface, subglacial lake and sedimentary environments support low diversity microbial populations, adapted to perennial cold, anoxia and lack of light. The dynamic exchange of water between these shallow environments conveys meltwaters and associated sediments into the coastal ocean. This, together with the release of iceberg-rafted debris to more distal coastal environments, could be important for sustaining primary productivity in the iron-limited Southern Ocean, via the release of associated nutrients and bioavailable iron. We estimate the magnitude and review the wider impacts of the potential export of nutrients (N, P, C, Si and bioavailable Fe) dissolved and associated with suspended sediments in Antarctic runoff and entombed in iceberg rafted debris. Located beneath subglacial lakes and the subglacial till complex are deep sedimentary basins up to 14 km thick, located largely around the Antarctic periphery. These sedimentary basins are largely hydrologically decoupled from shallower lake and till environments by the presence of highly consolidated sediments which limit the penetration of glacial meltwaters to depth. They provide extensive habitats for sustained microbial activity over Ma timescales, and are likely to be a focal point for the anaerobic cycling of organic carbon and other elements in the deep sub-surface. Organic carbon buried in these basins during ice sheet formation is thought to be microbially cycled to methane gas, and the methane largely stored as hydrate within sediments, stabilised by the high pressure/low temperature conditions. We conclude that the export of nutrients and biogenic gases from deep and shallow subglacial Antarctic environments designates Antarctica as a potentially important component of the Earth's carbon cycle, and highlight the importance of evaluating these potential impacts further via global and regional-scale biogeochemical modelling.
High arsenic in rice is associated with elevated genotoxic effects in humans
Authors: Banerjee Mayukh , Banerjee Nilanjana , Bhattacharjee Pritha , Mondal Debapriya , Lythgoe Paul R. , Martínez Mario , Pan Jianxin , Polya David A. , Giri Ashok K. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractArsenic in drinking water may cause major deleterious health impacts including death. Although arsenic in rice has recently been demonstrated to be a potential exposure route for humans, there has been to date no direct evidence for the impact of such exposure on human health. Here we show for the first time, through a cohort study in West Bengal, India, involving over 400 human subjects not otherwise significantly exposed to arsenic through drinking water, elevated genotoxic effects, as measured by micronuclei (MN) in urothelial cells, associated with the staple consumption of cooked rice with >200 μg/kg arsenic. Further work is required to determine the applicability to populations with different dietary and genetic characteristics, but with over 3 billion people in the world consuming rice as a staple food and several percent of this rice containing such elevated arsenic concentrations, this study raises considerable concerns over the threat to human health.
Time-resolved dynamics of granular matter by random laser emission
Authors: Folli Viola , Ghofraniha Neda , Puglisi Andrea , Leuzzi Luca , Conti Claudio 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBecause of the huge commercial importance of granular systems, the second-most used material in industry after water, intersecting the industry in multiple trades, like pharmacy and agriculture, fundamental research on grain-like materials has received an increasing amount of attention in the last decades. In photonics, the applications of granular materials have been only marginally investigated. We report the first phase-diagram of a granular as obtained by laser emission. The dynamics of vertically-oscillated granular in a liquid solution in a three-dimensional container is investigated by employing its random laser emission. The granular motion is function of the frequency and amplitude of the mechanical solicitation, we show how the laser emission allows to distinguish two phases in the granular and analyze its spectral distribution. This constitutes a fundamental step in the field of granulars and gives a clear evidence of the possible control on light-matter interaction achievable in grain-like system.
Precision Analysis of Three Aging Structures for Amphidromous Dolly Varden from Alaskan Arctic Rivers
Authors: Stolarski Jason T. , Sutton Trent M. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The accuracy of population statistics and the validity of management actions they motivate are in part dependent on the acquisition of quality age determinations. Such data for northern-form Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma have been traditionally garnered using otoliths, despite little research investigating the consistency of this or alternative nonlethal techniques. To address these gaps, the precision of age determinations generated from scales, otoliths, and fin rays was examined for 126 amphidromous Dolly Varden collected from two Arctic rivers. Three independent readers, age-bias plots, coefficients of variation (CVs), and percent agreement (PA) were used to estimate bias and precision for among-reader, within-structure comparisons and within-reader, among-structure comparisons. Among-reader, within-structure tests of CVs suggested that otoliths produced more precise age determinations than fin rays. Furthermore, the CV for scales was intermediate to and not significantly different from those for otoliths and fin rays. Age-bias plots suggested that, scales consistently underestimated age relative to otolithsbeginning at age 6. Underestimation was also apparent, but less distinct, within fin ray–otolith and scale–fin ray comparisons. Potential sources of error and management implications are discussed. Because scale and otolith ages exhibited little bias within cohorts younger than age 6, age may be determined nonlethally in these cohorts using scales; otoliths should be used otherwise.
Received April 27, 2012; accepted May 13, 2013