bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Delayed Hypersensitivity to Protein Antigen: Antigen‐specific Suppression of Delayed Hypersensitivity by Chemically Modified Antigen
Authors: Nakashima Shoichi , Sakai Yasuo , Umeda Yukio , Takatsu Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn extensively modified protein antigen (methylated bacterial α‐amylase, M‐BαA) which was neither reactive with anti‐BαA antibody nor able to induce a humoral anti‐BαA response, retained the ability to prime native BαA‐specific T cells which were responsible for the enhanced anti‐BαA response to subsequent immunization with BαA and delayed hypersensitivity (DH). The splenic T cell‐rich fraction from mice primed with M‐BαA collaborated with a native BαA‐primed B cell‐rich fraction to give a good adoptive IgG anti‐BαA response in syngeneic irradiated mice, whereas M‐BαA‐primed B cell fractions failed to cooperate with native BαA‐primed T cell fractions. Splenic T cells from mice given a subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of M‐BαA in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) exhibited DH in syngeneic cyclophosphamide‐treated mice. In the present study, native and methylated BαA were tested for their ability to generate suppressor T cells capable of inhibiting the development of DH.An intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of either native or methylated BαA in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) interferred with the development of DH to M‐BαA by an s.c. injection of the same antigen in CFA. Transfer of spleen cells from mice given an i.p. injection of either of these antigens 5 days previously, suppressed antigen‐specifically induction and expression of DH in the syngeneic recipient mice. The suppressive activity was sensitive to treatment with anti‐θ antiserum plus complement. These results indicate that the early phase of inhibition of DH after an i.p. injection is in part mediated by suppressor T cells and that M‐BαA cross‐reacts with native BαA at the suppressor T cell level as well as the level of effector T cells in DH.
Pathogenesis of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection: The Role of Nasal Epithelial Cells as a Primary Target of Low‐Virulence Virus, MHV‐S
Authors: Taguchi Fumihiro , Goto Yoshitaka , Aiuchi Masamine , Hayashi Toshiharu , Fujiwara Kôsaku 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe pathogenesis of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV‐S) infection in suckling and weanling mice was comparatively studied after intranasal inoculation. In sucklings, infectious virus as well as specific antigen was first detected in the nasal mucosa at 12 hr, then in the nerve cells of the olfactory bulbs. At this stage viral particles were demonstrated both in the supporting cells and olfactory cells of the nasal mucosa. In the posterior part of the brain and spinal cord, virus was detected on days 3 to 4 postinoculation when viral growth was clearly demonstrable in the liver, spleen and intestines. In weanlings too, infection was first established in the nasal mucosa, shedding infectious virus in the nasal washing until day 6 postinoculation, and later infection spread to the brain and spinal cord. In weanling mice, however, neither infectious virus nor viral antigen was detected in the liver or other visceral organs, while serum neutralizing antibody became detectable on day 5 postinoculation, increasing in titer thereafter. Histopathologically degenerative and necrotic changes were observed in the nasal mucosa and central nervous system of both age groups of animals coincidentally with the presence of viral specific antigen, while inflammatory response was much less prominent in sucklings. In the liver, spleen and intestines, however, some lesions were observed only in sucklings.
Induction of Pre‐Early Nuclear Antigen(s) in HEL Cells Infected with Human Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Tanaka Shigeaki , Otsuka Masahiro , Ihara Seiji , Maeda Fumiko , Watanabe Yasushi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV)‐specific nuclear antigen could be detected within 1 hr after infection in human embryo lung cells by the anticomplement immunofluorescence (ACIF) test. This antigen has been named the pre‐early nuclear antigen (PENA) in this paper. Serum absorption tests suggested that PENA is immunologically different from the early antigen and the major nuclear inclusion antigens detected by the indirect immunofluorescence test before and after viral DNA replication, respectively. PENA‐forming ability of the virus corresponded to its plaque forming ability. PENA formation was not affected by phosphonoacetate but was inhibited by the addition of inhibitors of RNA and protein syntheses or by UV‐irradiation of infecting virus, suggesting that the formation of PENA depends on the expression of infecting virus gene functions. Virus‐specific proteins were isolated by indirect immunoprecipitation from HCMV‐infected cells exposed to 35S‐methionine. SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitate showed that at least two species of virus‐specific polypeptides with molecular weights of 70,000 and 30,000 were synthesized de novo within 3 hr after infection.
Chemical Composition of Streptococcus mutans Cell Walls and Their Susceptibility to Flavobacterium L‐11 Enzyme
Authors: Inoue Masakazu , Hamada Shigeyuki , Ooshima Takashi , Kotani Shozo , Kato Keijiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe susceptibility to a cell wall lytic L‐11 enzyme from Flavobacterium sp. and the quantitative and/or qualitative composition of the cell walls of some strains of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans and a non‐cariogenic strain of Streptococcus mitis were determined. The purified cell walls of S. mutans strains HS‐1 (serotype a), BHT (b), NCTC10449 (c), C67–1 (c), C67–25 (c), OMZ 176 (d), MT703 (e), MT557 (f), OMZ65 (g), and AHT (g), and S. mitis CHT contained glutamic acid, alanine, and lysine as well as muramic acid and glucosamine as a peptidoglycan component. Besides these amino acids, significant amounts of threonine were detected in strains HS‐1, OMZ65, and AHT cell walls, and considerable amounts of aspartic acid and/or threonine as well as several other amino acids in OMZ 176, OMZ65, and CHT cell walls. Rhamnose was a common special component of the cell walls of S. mutans strains BHT, NCTC10449, MT703, B2 (e), MT557, and AHT, and S. mitis CHT. An additional sugar component, glucose, was detected in the cell walls of all of these strains except BHT, and galactose was found in BHT, AHT, and CHT cell walls. Galactosamine was present in S. mitis CHT cell walls. Varying amounts of phosphorus were detected in the cell walls of all the strains examined. The cell walls of all these streptococcal strains except MT703, 6715, and AHT were susceptible to the lytic action of the L‐11 enzyme to various extents. No consistent relationship was observed between the amino acid and sugar composition of these cell walls and their susceptibility to the L‐11 enzyme. The chemical composition of these cell walls is discussed in terms of the serological classification of S. mutans.
Seroconversion to Human‐Cytomegalovirus‐Specific Pre‐Early Nuclear Antigens in Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Ohtsuka Masahiro , Tanaka Shigeaki , Saitho Hiroshi , Hashimoto Kazuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSeroconversion to human cytomegalovirus (H‐CMV)‐specific antigens was observed in 8 out of 9 renal transplant recipients. In 7 of the 8 recipients antibody to “pre‐early nuclear antigens” (PENA), which are detectable in human embryonic lung cells within 1 hr of H‐CMV infection by anti‐complement immunofluorescence staining, developed concomitantly with the increase in other antibodies including anti‐early antigens (EA), anti‐nuclear inclusions (NI), and complement‐fixing (CF) antibody in 1–2 months after transplantation. About 1 year later, anti‐PENA and anti‐EA titers were concomitantly decreased in 2 recipients, whereas anti‐NI and CF antibody titers were maintained at elevated levels in all the seroconverted recipients. These results support the idea that the development of antibody to PENA, like antibody to EA, may represent a current or recent infection with (or reactivation of) H‐CMV. In one patient, antibody to PENA did not develop through the observation period despite increases in antibody to EA and other antibodies; this lends support to immunological distinctness of PENA from EA.
Effect of Capsular Polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on Host Resistance to Bacterial Infections
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Kato Osamu , Nakashima Izumi , Naito Setsuko , Asai Junpei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe mechanism for the infection‐promoting effect of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS‐K) was investigated using the experimental system in which mice were infected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a virulent strain of Salmonella enteritidis immediately after i.p. injection of CPS‐K. In the peritoneal phagocytes of CPS‐K‐untreated control mice, approximately 70, 3, and 10% of phagocytized bacteria survived 6, 12, and 24 hr after challenge, respectively, when calculated from the ratio of the number of cell‐associated viable bacteria, which was estimated by direct plate count, to the number of phagocytized bacteria, which was estimated by microscopic observation of stained smears. In contrast, almost all of the phagocytized bacteria were viable throughout the experimental period in mice treated with CPS‐K. The electron microscopical findings of the phagocytes obtained 12 hr after challenge showed that in the cells of mice treated with CPS‐K almost all of phagocytized bacteria were morphologically intact, with some of them in the stages of cell division, whereas in those of untreated control mice, almost all of the phagocytized bacteria underwent digestive changes. When the reaction product of acid phosphatase was examined by electron microscopy in the phagocytes obtained 12 hr after challenge, the enzyme activity in the phagosomes was very low in mice treated with CPS‐K in comparison with that in untreated control mice. Enzyme assays of the lysosomal and extralysosomal fractions of peritoneal cells obtained at various times after challenge also showed that release of acid phosphatase from the lysosomal fraction to the extralysosomal fraction after bacterial challenge was inhibited in peritoneal cells of mice treated with CPS‐K.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of Exosporium from Spores of a Highly Sporogenic Mutant of Clostridium botulinum Type A
Authors: Takumi Kenji , Kinouchi Takemi , Kawata Tomio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHomogeneous fragments of exosporium were isolated and purified from mature spores of a highly sporogenic mutant derived from Clostridium botulinum type A strain 190L. The exosporium was composed of three lamellae and showed a hexagonal array when negatively stained. The hexagonal array of isolated exosporium was resistant to sodium dodecyl sulfate, urea, dithiothreitol, and proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin, pronase, and nagarse, except for pepsin. The hexagonal array was partially disintegrated with 5 M guanidine‐HCl and almost completely disrupted with 8 M urea in combination with 1 % mercaptoethanol under alkaline conditions. The purified exosporium fraction was composed mainly of protein (69.1 %) and lipids (13.8%). A small amount of amino sugars (2.5%) was present, but neutral sugars could not be detected. The exosporium protein had a predominantly acidic amino acid composition accompanied by low levels of cystine, methionine, and histidine.
Thymus‐Independent Anti‐DNP Antibody Responses to DNP‐Casein and DNP‐Gelatin
Authors: Ishizaka Shigeaki , Otani Shuzo , Morisawa Seiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAlthough studies on the molecular nature of thymus‐independent antigens suggested that the polymeric structure with repeated antigenic determinants and slow metabolism are responsible for thymus‐independence, we found that anti‐DNP antibody responses to DNP‐casein and DNP‐gelatin were thymus‐independent as well as macrophage‐independent. These antibody responses were not affected by in vivo treatment with carrageenan or anti‐thymocyte serum. In addition, responses of athymic nude mice to both antigens did not show any significant differences when compared with heterologous nu/+ mice. These findings were confirmed by in vitro experiments; non‐adherent spleen cells or T cell‐depleted spleen cells responded well to both antigens to the same extent as normal spleen cells. Since both casein and gelatin are polyclonal B cell activators and are not presumed to be high polymer or slow‐metabolizing substances, we suggest that thymus‐independence in many kinds of antibody response should be reconsidered.
Accumulation of Eosinophils and Monocytes in Lymphoid Organs of Chick‐Embryos
Authors: Moriya Osamu , Ighikawa Yoichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe mitogen effect on migration of eosinophils and monocytes was studied in embryonic chickens. On the 13th embryonic day, chickens were injected with mitogens, such as concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin‐P (PHA‐P), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), into the allantoic cavity, and the mitogenic effect was estimated from the relative frequencies of eosinophils and monocytes by enumerating the number of oxidase positive cells (OPC) in the spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius. Splenic frequencies of OPC increased in the embryos treated with mitogens. Similar influences were also detected in the thymic OPC. Higher responses were seen on the 18th embryonic day in the number of splenic OPC when embryos were treated with Con A or PHA‐P than with LPS. These findings suggest that Con A and PHA‐P are preferential OPC accumulation promoters. However, bursal frequencies of OPC in the cortex were low after mitogenic stimulations when compared with controls, although appreciable responses were detected in the bursal medulla after LPS stimulation. These results suggest that the migration pattern in the population of eosinophils and monocytes is affected not only by T cell mitogens but is also derived from LPS stimulation.
Integration of Temperature‐Sensitive Nonconjugative Plasmid Carrying Kanamycin Gene into Conjugative R Plasmids
Authors: Katsumata Ryoichi , Hashimoto Hajime , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA nonconjugative R plasmid, rMS3, whose molecular weight was 2.4 × 107 daltons, possessed a kanamycin resistance gene and was thermosensitive in its maintenance in Escherichia coli strains. We mobilized rMS3 with a conjugative R plasmid, R100 or T‐tet, and obtained cointegrates carrying all the parental resistance markers. Various markers of the cointegrates were frequently deleted by P1 transduction and the deletion patterns among the different cointegrates were differed from each other. The cointegrates were thermoresistant, but the thermosensitive replicon could be segregated from the thermoresistant cointegrate by deletion. Some cointegrates between rMS3 and T‐tet showed a derepressed state of transferability because of the integration of rMS3 into the regulator gene of the transfer loci. The genome size of the cointegrate so far tested was the sum of the sizes of the parental plasmids, indicating that the whole genome of rMS3 could integrate into various sites of the conjugative plasmids R100 and T‐tet.
Changes in the Activities of Enzymes, Especially Lactate Dehydrogenase, in Endotoxin‐Poisoned Mice
Authors: Sakaguchi Osamu , Sakaguchi Shuhei , Tsunoda Nobuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCarbohydrate metabolic disorders were investigated by means of enzyme activities in mice (ddYS) injected intraperitoneally with endotoxin from Salmonella typhimurium. The mice exhibited hyperglycemia 2 hr after administration of endotoxin and hypoglycemia at 18 hr. Activity of hepatic phosphorylase in the endotoxin‐poisoned mice at 2 hr was slightly higher than that in the control mice, whereas the level of this activity was not significantly different from that in the controls after 18 hr. Glucose‐6‐phosphatase activity in the poisoned mice increased by 2 hr after injection, but decreased by 18 hr.The blood lactate level in the poisoned mice transiently decreased until 3 hr after injection, but the mice exhibited a marked lactacidemia by 8–24 hr. The time course of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in various tissues was examined in mice injected with endotoxin. The activity of hepatic LDH declined to about two‐thirds of that of the control mice after 16 hr, and was restored to the normal level by 48 hr. LDH in the cardiac muscle was markedly activated (by about 37%) in the early period (3–6 hr) after administration of endotoxin, and this activity gradually declined. However, the activity of LDH in the skeletal muscle showed a tendency similar to the rise and fall of the levels of blood lactate, and was restored to the normal value at 72 hr after injection. On the other hand, the serum LDH activity in the poisoned mice increased about 1.75‐fold by 16 hr after injection. Mice injected with endotoxin exhibited a leakage of the isozymes LDH 3 and 5, but the origin of the leakage is uncertain. Similar elevation in the activities of transaminases (GPT and GOT) and malate dehydrogenase was found in the mouse serum at 16 hr after injection of endotoxin.
Studies on the Neutralization of Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo , Isono Noriko , Tada Aiko , Urayama Mari 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA sample of late IgG from a rabbit hyperimmunized with herpes simplex virus was analyzed for neutralizing (N) and complement‐requiring neutralizing (CRN) antibodies. In a usual endpoint test, N and CRN titers were 1 : 40 and 1 : 160, respectively, but when virus‐IgG mixtures were incubated at 0 C overnight before addition of complement (C), an endpoint of 1 : 1280 was obtained. Virus sensitized at 0 C overnight required more C for inactivation than did sensitized virus formed earlier. Sensitization kinetic curve experiments employing a proper initial virus concentration, which permitted differentiation of sensitized viruses requiring different amounts of C, indicated that formation of sensitized virus detectable only with a relatively large amount of C proceeded slowly at IgG dilutions where the ordinary CRN antibody requiring a smaller amount of C was negligible. The results strongly suggested that the IgG sample contained slow‐reacting CRN (s‐CRN) antibody in excess of the hitherto known CRN antibody. As to the mechanism of formation of s‐CRN complexes, experiments failed to prove the occurrence of complexes initially insensitive to C, and it appears more likely that s‐CRN antibody has a comparatively low avidity for virus.
A B Lymphocyte Mitogen Extracted from a Fungus Peziza vesiculosa1
Authors: Yadomae Toshiro , Suzuki Iwao , Kumazawa Yoshio , Miyazaki Toshio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA water‐soluble mitogen was extracted with hot‐water from the fruiting bodies of a fungus, Peziza vesiculosa, collected in the wild. The active substance, named vesiculogen, was able to stimulate selectively murine B cells because mitogenic activity was observed in the spleen cell cultures of congenitally athymic nude mice, but not in the thymus cell cultures. The possibility that the mitogenicity of vesiculogen was due to lipopolysaccharide was denied completely by the following evidence: 1) lipopolysaccharide in vesiculogen was undetectable (less than 0.001% in the Limulus test), 2) vesiculogen was able to stimulate strongly DNA synthesis of spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice, and 3) the mitogenic activity of vesiculogen was not inhibited by polymyxin B.Vesiculogen increased antigen‐nonspecifically the number of direct plaque forming cells to sheep erythrocytes, horse erythrocytes, and trinitrophenylated‐horse erythrocytes. This result shows that vesiculogen acts as a polyclonal B cell activator on murine spleen cells.
Purification and Some Physicochemical Properties of Slow‐Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis (SRS‐A) from Sensitized Guinea Pig Lung
Authors: Watanabe Shigekatsu , Koda Akihide 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe slow‐reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS‐A) generated by antigen challenge of sensitized guinea pig lung fragments was partially purified and the physicochemical properties of this activity were studied. The SRS‐A recovered from antigen challenged lung preparations of 600 animals was used for the purification procedure. Treatment with organic solvents, extraction with 80% ethanol, Sephadex LH‐20 chromatography with 80% ethanol, and DEAE‐Sephadex A‐25 chromatography in 60% methanol eluted with 0.0 to 0.1 M NaCl in 60% methanol was the purification sequence finally adopted. Overall recovery of SRS‐A bioactivity was 60% with a specific activity of 2.52 units/ng of dry weight. This represented a 1.67 million‐fold purification over the starting material. The DEAE‐Sephadex A‐25 step alone provided a 7600‐fold purification. This highly purified SRS‐A had an apparent molecular weight of 380 to 400 daltons. The bioactivity was acid labile and alkaline stable and was blocked by low concentrations of the SRS‐A antagonist FPL 55712. The SRS‐A was thermostable in aqueous media and displayed enhanced bioactivity after heating at 60 C for 60 min. These results indicate that we have developed a highly efficient new approach to the isolation of guinea pig SRS‐A, which also may be useful in the study of SRS‐A from other tissues or species. The physicochemical properties of guinea pig SRS‐A appear to be very similar to those of SRS‐A from other species.
Disassembly of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Membrane Lipid Isolated from Tobacco Leaves and Polyornithine
Authors: Kiho Yukio , Abe Tetsuya , Ohashi Yuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn vitro disassembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) virions occurred in the presence of both polyornithine and a lipid fraction isolated from tobacco leaf membrane. The latter could be replaced by lecithine. Disassembly of 10 μg of TMV virions was attained in the presence of a 500‐mg leaf equivalent of membrane lipid and 20 μg of polyornithine in 1 ml of 0.01 M Tris‐HCl buffer, pH 7.4 at 30 C. Similarity and dissimilarity between the in vitro disassembly and the in vivo uncoating mechanisms are discussed.
Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Mediators Assisting the Proliferative Response of C3H/HeJ Thymocytes to Concanavalin A
Authors: Tanabe Masao J. , Nakano Masayasu 
Published: November 2013

Abstract3H‐Thymidine uptake of thymocytes from LPS‐responder Balb/c mice in the presence of a submitogenic dose (0.5 μg/ml) of con A in vitro was significantly enhanced by adding LPS (0.1 to 2.5 μg/ml), while the uptake of thymocytes from LPS‐nonresponder C3H/HeJ was not enhanced by LPS. However, “endotoxin soups,” which were prepared from the supernatants of LPS‐responder murine spleen cell cultures in the presence of LPS, clearly increased the incorporation of 3H‐thymidine into C3H/HeJ thymocytes in the presence of this small amount of con A. The soup prepared from C3H/HeJ spleen cell cultures did not show any synergistic effect with con A. Even if the major histocompatibility between soup‐producer cells and responder cells to con A was different, the soups were still effective. The active substance in the “endotoxin soups” was eluted through a Sepharose CL‐4B column, and its molecular size was estimated to be about 20,000 daltons. The activity of the soups was destroyed by heating at 70 C for 30 min or at 80 C for 10 min. Digestion with trypsin destroyed the activity of the soups, but digestion with DNase or RNase did not. The role of the active substance in the soups in synergy with con A and its relation to the synergistic effect of con A and LPS are discussed.