bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colorants for Ceramics
Authors: Eppler Richard A. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: July 2013

AbstractMany ceramic products such as tile, sanitary ware, glasses, porcelain enameled appliances, are improved by the use of color. There are a number of ways to obtain color in a ceramic product. Transition‐metals ions can be melted into the glass or dispersed in a ceramic body when it is made. Color can also be obtained by inducing the precipitation of a colored matrix into a transparent matrix. The principal way is dispersal of a ceramic pigment into a vitreous matrix. The addition of oxides and ceramics has been known since antiquity. Several colors in bulk glass can be produced by precipitation. Most of the crystals used for ceramic pigments are complex oxides owing to their great stability in molten silicate glasses. Blues, yellows, browns, pinks, blacks, and grays are available in high purity. Greens and purples are available in fair purity; the purity of orange and red is very poor. All of the pigment colors are discussed. The various factors that must be addressed before selecting a pigment include processing stability, uniformity and reproducibilty, particle size, dispersibility, and compatibility
Strontium and Strontium Compounds
Authors: Hibbins Stephen G. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Strontium is a hard white metal. Strontium forms 0.02–0.03% of the earth's crust. The principal strontium mineral is celestite, naturally occurring sodium sulfate. The leading producing countries of celestite are China, Mexico, and Spain. World resources are thought to be 1 billion tons. Nearly all strontium metal is produced commercially by the thermal reduction process in alloy steel retorts. The strontium ion has a low order of toxicity and most compounds have a low order of toxicity. Compounds containing the isotope Sr‐90 are the most toxic. The main uses for strontium is in the form of compounds. End uses include in pyrotechnics, and signals, ferrite ceramic magnets, master alloys, pigments and fillers, and the electrolytic production of zinc. Strontium compounds discussed are acetate, carbonate, hexaferrite, halides, nitrate, oxide, hydroxide, peroxide, sulfate, and titanate.
Thallium and Thallium Compounds
Authors: Blumenthal Bob , Sellers Kelly , Koval Matthew ,   Updated by Staff
Published: July 2013

AbstractThallium resides on the periodic table in Group IIIA along with aluminum, gallium, and indium. The abundance of thallium in the earth's crust is estimated at 0.7 mg/kg (ppm). Thallium is a grayish white metal, similar to tin in appearance. It occurs in nature as two stable isotopes, Tl‐203 and Tl‐205. Radioisotopes have been used in medicine in cardiovascular imaging. Commercial thallium is obtained as a byproduct in the processing of zinc, copper, and lead ores.Thallium is considered more toxic to mammals than cadmium, lead, and mercury and has been implicated in many types of poisonings. The toxicity of thallium compounds depends on their solubility. Thallium has limited application due to its toxic nature. It readily forms alloys. Tl‐201 is used in medical imaging, as an activator in gamma radiation detection, alloys are used in superconductors, in lenses, prisms, and windows for infrared detection, and transmission, as an additive for glass, as a catalyst for light diffraction in acousto‐optical measuring devices. Thallium compounds discussed include the carbonates, carboxylates, halides, hydrides, oxides and hydroxides, nitrates, sulfates, and organometallics
Triphenylmethane and Related Dyes
Authors: Thetford Dean ,   Updated by Staff
Published: July 2013

AbstractTriphenylmethane dyes are one of the oldest classes of synthetic dyes. They are brilliant blue, exhibit high tinctorial strength, relatively inexpensive, and may be applied to a large number of substrates. Triphenylmethane dyes are readily absorbed onto polyacrylonitrile fibers. These fibers, however, are durable and a high degree of lightfastness is required. Modifications of the dyes to improve lightfastness met with limited success. Most of these dyes are now used in non‐textile applications.The triphenylmethanes dyes are broadly classified into triphenylmethanes, diphenylnaphthylmethanes, and miscellaneous derivatives. The preparation of these dyes involves several stages. The various methods of manufacture are discussed. Malachite green is of environmental note because of the risk of fish contamination and the food supply. Triphenylmethane dyes are used in printing inks,inks for typewriter ribbons (still in use), and in inks for ball point pens. Specialty applications include tinting of automobile antifreeze and toilet sanitary products. They are also used in coloring paper, glass, ceramics,and in photoduplicating and photoimaging systems. Related dyes discussed are the diphenyarylmethane dyes, phthaleins, heteroarylmethane dyes, and the dyes of this class with near‐infrared adsorption.
Chiral Ligands for Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Athan Alexandra A. , Li Wei , Lin Chi‐Feng , Ojima Iwao 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This article focuses on the design and development of novel phosphite, phosphoramidite, and diphosphonite ligands with fine‐tuning capability and their successful applications to catalytic asymmetric synthesis.
A library of chiral biphenol‐based phosphorus ligands have been designed, synthesized and applied to a wide range of transition metal‐catalyzed asymmetric catalytic reactions. These reactions include asymmetric hydrogenation, hydroformylation, conjugate addition, allylic amination, allylic alkylation, and allylic etherification. These reactions have also provided enantioselective routes to the syntheses of key intermediates in the total syntheses of bioactive natural products.
The fine‐tuning capability of these ligands is proven critical in achieving excellent enantioselectivity and catalytic activity for specific reactions and processes.
Click Reactions: Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition
Authors: Jung N. , Bräse S. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The term “Click‐chemistry” is a general concept that describes reactions of enormous interest because of their unique characteristics for the synthetic chemistry. Many typical Click‐reactions –among them the Diels Alder reaction and 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions– have been known for a long time. The most famous amongst them is the copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) which opens up outstanding opportunities in various fields of science and technology. Since the development of the CuAAC by Meldal and Sharpless it gained enormous attention not only in the field of chemistry, but also in biology and materials sciences. In parallel to the development of new applications of the CuAAC, the need for further adaption of the original Click‐procedure e.g. for bioorthogonal approaches got obvious. Nowadays, the broader scope of the CuAAC‐reaction is often paid for with the abandoning of at least one of the mandatory Click requirements and the modified procedures do not stand the general criteria any more. This review will give an overview of the current progress of the famous CuAAC‐(Click)‐reaction, including postulated mechanisms and importance of additives. It will sum up the challenges that have been mastered under critical consideration of the fulfillment of the original Click‐criteria.
Gold‐Based Core/Shell and Hollow Nanoparticles
Authors: Chaudhuri Rajib Ghosh , Paria Santanu 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe progress of research advancement on the Au‐based core/shell, hollow, and rattle‐type nanoparticles is reviewed here. The main emphasis of this article is on classification of these three types of nanoparticles based on the location of Au in the particle, such as either core or shell. Although many full or partial articles are available on gold nanoparticles, this article is solely dedicated to Au‐based core/shell, hollow, and rattles‐type nanoparticles. It has been found that Au‐based bi‐functional materials are of more interest because of their excellent dual properties, which in turn make these particles useful in catalysis, surface‐enhanced Raman spectra (SERS), biomedical, and sensor applications versus that of simple Au nanoparticles. In particular, Au‐based bimetallic and Au/metal oxide core/shell nanoparticles are more useful for their optical and catalytic properties. Similarly, hollow Au nanoparticles are also important in recent scenarios because of their excellent SERS and catalytic properties. The synthesis routes of all these types of nanoparticles along with their detailed mechanisms of formation are also discussed. Finally, a few important applications out of several others are also discussed to show the importance of these nanoparticles.
Patents or Trade Secrets? Introduction for Chemical Professionals
Authors: Waller Francis J. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Scientists are often faced with the choice of keep their invention as a trade secret or file a patent application. This review is not an in‐depth study of Patent Law; rather, the intent is to give background information to help make that choice. Topics covered include patents and their intended uses, financial value of a patent, cost to secure your patent rights, as well as trade secrets and their violations.
Brief communication: Evolution of a specific O allele (O1vG542A) supports unique ancestry of Native Americans
Authors: Villanea Fernando A. , Bolnick Deborah A. , Monroe Cara , Worl Rosita , Cambra Rosemary , Leventhal Alan , Kemp Brian M. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, we explore the geographic and temporal distribution of a unique variant of the O blood group allele called O1vG542A, which has been shown to be shared among Native Americans but is rare in other populations. O1vG542Awas previously reported in Native American populations in Mesoamerica and South America, and has been proposed as an ancestry informative marker. We investigated whether this allele is also found in the Tlingit and Haida, two contemporary indigenous populations from Alaska, and a pre‐Columbian population from California. If O1vG542Ais present in Na‐Dene speakers (i.e., Tlingits), it would indicate that Na‐Dene speaking groups share close ancestry with other Native American groups and support a Beringian origin of the allele, consistent with the Beringian Incubation Model. If O1vG542Ais found in pre‐Columbian populations, it would further support a Beringian origin of the allele, rather than a more recent introduction of the allele into the Americas via gene flow from one or more populations which have admixed with Native Americans over the past five centuries. We identified this allele in one Na‐Dene population at a frequency of 0.11, and one ancient California population at a frequency of 0.20. Our results support a Beringian origin of O1vG542A, which is distributed today among all Native American groups that have been genotyped in appreciable numbers at this locus. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that Na‐Dene and other Native American populations primarily derive their ancestry from a single source population. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:649–657, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diet and social status on Taumako, a Polynesian outlier in the Southeastern Solomon Islands
Authors: Kinaston Rebecca L. , Buckley Hallie R. , Gray Andrew 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTStable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S) are used to characterize the diet of the adult individuals (n = 99) interred in the Namu burial ground located on the Polynesian outlier of Taumako (∼300–750 BP). Polynesian outliers are islands on the fringe of Remote Oceania that were inhabited by a back migration of populations from Polynesia during prehistory. As a result of admixture with nearby island communities, little is known about the social structure and social diversity of the prehistoric inhabitants of Taumako. The distribution of prestige grave goods within the Namu cemetery has been used as evidence to support the premise that Taumakoan social structure was stratified like Polynesian societies. Here we test the hypothesis that “wealthy” individuals and males will display isotopic ratios indicative of the consumption of “high status” foods in the Pacific islands such as pork, chicken, sea turtle, and pelagic fish. The isotope results suggest the δ34S values were diagenetically altered, possibly an effect of volcanism. The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios indicate that the diet of all the individuals included a mixture of C3 terrestrial plant foods (likely starchy staples such as yam, taro, and breadfruit, in addition to nuts) and a variety of marine resources, including reef and pelagic fish. The stable isotope results indicate that wealthy individuals and males were eating more foods from higher trophic levels, interpreted as being high status animal foods. The socially differentiated food consumption patterns are discussed within a Pacific island context. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:589–603, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technical note: Quantification of neurocranial shape variation using the shortest paths connecting pairs of anatomical landmarks
Authors: Morita Yusuke , Ogihara Naomichi , Kanai Takashi , Suzuki Hiromasa 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThree‐dimensional geometric morphometric techniques have been widely used in quantitative comparisons of craniofacial morphology in humans and nonhuman primates. However, few anatomical landmarks can actually be defined on the neurocranium. In this study, an alternative method is proposed for defining semi‐landmarks on neurocranial surfaces for use in detailed analysis of cranial shape. Specifically, midsagittal, nuchal, and temporal lines were approximated using Bezier curves and equally spaced points along each of the curves were defined as semi‐landmarks. The shortest paths connecting pairs of anatomical landmarks as well as semi‐landmarks were then calculated in order to represent the surface morphology between landmarks using equally spaced points along the paths. To evaluate the efficacy of this method, the previously outlined technique was used in morphological analysis of sexual dimorphism in modern Japanese crania. The study sample comprised 22 specimens that were used to generate 110 anatomical semi‐landmarks, which were used in geometric morphometric analysis. Although variations due to sexual dimorphism in human crania are very small, differences could be identified using the proposed landmark placement, which demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed method. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:658–666, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postnatal temporal bone ontogeny in Pan, Gorilla, and Homo, and the implications for temporal bone ontogeny in Australopithecus afarensis
Authors: Terhune Claire E. , Kimbel William H. , Lockwood Charles A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTAssessments of temporal bone morphology have played an important role in taxonomic and phylogenetic evaluations of fossil taxa, and recent three‐dimensional analyses of this region have supported the utility of the temporal bone for testing taxonomic and phylogenetic hypotheses. But while clinical analyses have examined aspects of temporal bone ontogeny in humans, the ontogeny of the temporal bone in non‐human taxa is less well documented. This study examines ontogenetic allometry of the temporal bone in order to address several research questions related to the pattern and trajectory of temporal bone shape change during ontogeny in the African apes and humans. We further apply these data to a preliminary analysis of temporal bone ontogeny in Australopithecus afarensis. Three‐dimensional landmarks were digitized on an ontogenetic series of specimens of Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, and Gorilla gorilla. Data were analyzed using geometric morphometric methods, and shape changes throughout ontogeny in relation to size were compared. Results of these analyses indicate that, despite broadly similar patterns, African apes and humans show marked differences in development of the mandibular fossa and tympanic portions of the temporal bone. These findings indicate divergent, rather than parallel, postnatal ontogenetic allometric trajectories for temporal bone shape in these taxa. The pattern of temporal bone shape change with size exhibited by A. afarensis showed some affinities to that of humans, but was most similar to extant African apes, particularly Gorilla. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:630–642, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Ternary K2Zn5As4‐Type Pnictides Rb2Cd5As4 and Rb2Zn5Sb4, and the Solid Solution Rb2Cd5(As,Sb)4.
Authors: He Hua , Stoyko Stanislav S. , Mar Arthur , Bobev Svilen 
Published: July 2013

AbstractRb2Cd5As4 (I), Rb2Zn5Sb4 (II) and the solid solution Rb2Cd5(As,Sb)4 (III) are prepared by melting of the elements (Nb tubes in evacuated silica ampule; (I): 923 K, 7 d, ice quenching, (II): 823 K, 10 d, cooling rate 3 K/h).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Oxyfluorotellurate(IV), InTe2O5F.
Authors: Boukharrata Nefla Jennene , Duclere Jean‐Rene , Laval Jean‐Paul , Thomas Philippe 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSingle crystals of InTe2O5F are prepared by solid state reaction of a mixture of InF3 and TeO2 in the molar ratio of 1:2.5 (Pt tube, 673 K, 2 d, stepwise (20 K) cooling to 573 K, 2 d per step).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures and Stability of K2ThF6 and K7Th6F31 on Compression.
Authors: Grzechnik Andrzej , Underwood Christopher C. , Kolis Joseph W. , Friese Karen 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSingle crystals of K2ThF6 (I) and K7Th6F31 (II) are prepared hydrothermally from a mixture of ThF4, KF, and KHF2 (Ag ampoules, autoclave, 575 °C, 3 d).
ChemInform Abstract: X‐Ray Single‐Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of KMn(H2O)5Ru2 (CO3)4·5H2O: A Layered Soft Magnet.
Authors: Wang Dan , Liu Bin , Jin Jin , Liu Xue‐Mei , Jia Yan‐Yan , Xue Gang‐Lin 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe title compound is obtained from an aqueous solution of K3Ru2(CO3)4 and MnSO4 (10 °C, several weeks, 34% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Magnetism and Resistivity of Orthorhombic Perovskite Manganates Y1‐xCaxMnO3 (x = 0, 0.07, 0.55, 0.65).
Authors: Zhou Zhiqiang , Guo Li , Ye Feng 
Published: July 2013

AbstractOrthorhombic Y1‐xCaxMnO3 (x = 0, 0.07, 0.55, 0.65) crystals are prepared by mild hydrothermal synthesis (autoclave, 240 °C, 3 d) starting with MnCl2 and a precursor precipitated with KOH from an aqueous solutions of KMnO4, Y(NO3)3, and Ca(NO3)2.
ChemInform Abstract: The Bonding Nature and Low‐Dimensional Magnetic Properties of Layered Mixed Cu(II)—Ni(II) Hydroxy Double Salts.
Authors: Park Seong‐Hun , Huh Young‐Duk 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe compounds (Cu0.75Ni0.25)2 (OH)3NO3 (I) and Cu2(OH)3NO3 (II) are prepared by slow hydrolysis of CuO with aqueous solutions of Ni(NO3)2 and Cu(NO3)2, resp.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Li3V2 (PO4)3—LiMnPO4 Composite Cathode Material for Lithium‐ion Batteries.
Authors: Yun Jin‐Shik , Kim Soo , Cho Byung‐Won , Lee Kwan‐Young , Chung Kyung Yoon , Chang Wonyoung 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCarbon coated title composite cathodes for lithium ion batteries are mechanochemically prepared from mixtures of Mn2V2O7, Li2CO3, (NH4)2PO4, and sucrose, followed by firing at 800 °C for 10 h in a flowing 5% H2/Ar gas stream.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of Palladium Nanoparticles Supported on Nickel Hexacyanoferrate for Fuel Cell Application.
Authors: Choi Kwang‐Hyun , Shokouhimehr Mohammadreza , Kang Yun Sik , Chung Dong Young , Chung Young‐Hoon , Ahn Minjeh , Sung Yung‐Eun 
Published: July 2013

AbstractNickel hexacyanoferrate supported palladium nanoparticles are synthesized from mixtures of nickel hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles, L‐ascorbic acid, and Pd(NO3)2 in EtOH (Ar, 80 °C, 3 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Zirconia Based Catalysts.
Authors: Caillot T. , Salama Z. , Chanut N. , Santos Aires F. J. Cadete , Bennici S. , Auroux A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe mixed oxides ZrO2/CeO2, ZrO2/TiO2, and ZrO2/La2O3 are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous mixtures of ZrOCl2, NH4OH, and TiCl4, or LaCl3, or CeCl3 (autoclave, pH 10, 220 °C, 4 h, followed by calcination at 500 °C in air for 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: SrAgZn and EuAgZn with KHg2‐Type Structure—Structure, Magnetic Properties, and 151Eu Moessbauer Spectroscopy.
Authors: Gerke Birgit , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Niehaus Oliver , Poettgen Rainer 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe new title compounds are prepared from the elements (Ta crucibles, argon, 1123—1473 K for 3—12 min and 773—1073 K for 2 h—5 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Bioinspired Construction of a Spirocyclohexadienone Moiety via Sodium Nitrite Catalyzed Aerobic Intramolecular Oxidative Phenol Coupling.
Authors: Su Bo , Deng Meng , Wang Qingmin 
Published: July 2013

AbstractResulting spiro compounds can be further transformed by Lewis acid catalyzed rearrangement reactions into phenanthryl ester (III) and (IV) as well as dibenzoazepines (VII) and (X) which are often difficult to obtain.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Olefination of N‐Allyl Sulfonamides.
Authors: Hu Shui , Wang Dongqi , Liu Jiexiang , Li Xingwei 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe Rh‐catalyzed coupling of N‐allyl sulfonamides (I) with alkyl acrylates (II) in the presence of silver acetate as an oxidant yields (Z,E)‐dienes (III) as sole reaction products.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorine‐Copper Exchange Reaction of α,β,γ,γ,γ‐Pentafluorocrotonates with Organocuprates: Generation of Cross‐Coupling Reactions of β‐Metalated α,γ,γ,γ‐Tetrafluorocrotonates.
Authors: Yamada Shigeyuki , Takahashi Toshio , Konno Tsutsomu , Ishihara Takashi 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe title compounds are readily converted to various types of β‐substituted products by treating with electrophiles, such as iodine and allylic bromides.
ChemInform Abstract: cis‐Selective Preparation of 2,2‐Difluorocyclopropyl Ketones via Non‐Metal Hydride Reduction of 2,2‐Difluorocyclopropenyl Ketones.
Authors: Zheng Zhaoyun , Dolbier William R. Jr. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe title compounds (II) are obtained using Hantzsch ester as the hydride transfer reagent under Broensted acid catalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Mediated Trifluoromethylation—Iodination of Arynes.
Authors: Zeng Yuwen , Zhang Laijun , Zhao Yanchuan , Ni Chuanfa , Zhao Jingwei , Hu Jinbo 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAn unprecedented vicinal trifluoromethylation‐iodination of arynes in a single step to give ortho‐trifluoromethyl iodoarenes is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Multiple Stereocenters by Using a Double Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Shimoda Yasushi , Kubo Tatsunori , Sugiura Masaharu , Kotani Shunsuke , Nakajima Makoto 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe reaction of alkyl methyl ketones with aromatic aldehydes under the conditions shown affords dihydroxyketones with high stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Stereocontrolled 1,2‐Addition Reaction of Tetrazoles with Alkyl Propiolates for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Enamines.
Authors: Luo Kai , Meng Lingguo , Zhang Yicheng , Zhang Xiuli , Wang Lei 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe reaction is catalyzed by Ag2O and proceeds with complete (Z)‐selectivity [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Addition of Aryloxy Ethynyl Lithium Derivatives to N‐Sulfinyl Imines.
Authors: Verrier Charlie , Carret Sebastien , Poisson Jean‐Francois 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAryloxypropargyl sulfinamides (III) are efficiently obtained, in most cases with high diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Michael Addition of 1,3‐Bis(phenylthio)propan‐2‐one to Nitroalkenes Employing Takemoto′s Thioureas Catalyst.
Authors: Ansari Samira , Raabe Gerhard , Enders Dieter 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe products (III) and (IV) are isolated as mixtures.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of Sulfoximines and Alkynes.
Authors: Wang Long , Huang He , Priebbenow Daniel L. , Pan Fang‐Fang , Bolm Carsten 
Published: July 2013

AbstractVarious yne‐sulfoximes are prepared under mild conditions using molecular oxygen as the oxidant.