bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chlorhexidine Cleansing of the Umbilical Cord and Separation Time: A Cluster-Randomized Trial
Authors: Mullany Luke C. , Shah Rasheduzzaman , El Arifeen Shams , Mannan Ishtiaq , Winch Peter J. , Hill Amber , Darmstadt Gary L. , Baqui Abdullah H. 
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE:
Cord cleansing with chlorhexidine reduces neonatal mortality. We aimed to quantify the impact of this intervention on cord separation time and the implications of such an increase on maternal and other caretaker’s acceptance of chlorhexidine in future scaled up programs.

METHODS:
Between June 2007 and September 2009, 29 760 newborns were randomly assigned within communities in Bangladesh to receive 1 of 3 cord regimens: dry and clean cord care (comparison), single-cleansing, or multiple-cleansing with 4.0% chlorhexidine. Workers recorded separation status during home visits. Mothers of 380 infants in randomly selected clusters reported age at separation and satisfaction with cord regimen.

RESULTS:
Compared with dry and clean care (mean 4.78 days), separation time was longer in the single (mean 6.90 days, difference = 2.10; 95% confidence interval: 1.85–2.35) and multiple (mean 7.49 days, difference = 2.69; 95% confidence interval: 2.44–2.95) cleansing groups. Increased separation time was not associated with omphalitis. Mothers in these groups more frequently reported “longer than usual” separation times and dissatisfaction with the separation time (11.1% and 17.6%, respectively) versus the comparison group (2.5%). Overall satisfaction with the received cord care regimen was high (96.2%).

CONCLUSIONS:
Topical chlorhexidine increased cord separation time by ∼50%. Caretakers are likely to detect this increase and might express dissatisfaction but still accept the intervention overall. When scaling up chlorhexidine cord cleansing, inclusion of appropriate messaging on expectation and nonrisks of increased cord separation time, in addition to the benefits of reduced infection and improved survival, might improve compliance.
A New Approach for Mammogram Image Classification Using Fractal Properties
Authors: Don S. , Chung Duckwon , Revathy K. , Choi Eunmi , Min Dugki 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Accurate classification of images is essential for the analysis of mammograms in computer aided diagnosis of breast cancer. We propose a new approach to classify mammogram images based on fractal features. Given a mammogram image, we first eliminate all the artifacts and extract the salient features such as Fractal Dimension (FD) and Fractal Signature (FS). These features provide good descriptive values of the region. Second, a trainable multilayer feed forward neural network has been designed for the classification purposes and we compared the classification test results with K-Means. The result reveals that the proposed approach can classify with a good performance rate of 98%.
Alleviation of drought stress by silicon supplementation in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) plants
Authors: Habibi Ghader , Hajiboland Roghieh 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT
The effect of silicon (Si) supplementation (0.35 g Na2SiO3 kg-1 soil, 2.73 mmol Si kg-1 soil) was studied in drought-stressed pistachio (Pistacia vera L. ‘Ahmadaghaii’) plants under field conditions. Silicon treatment significantly increased plant dry weight and relative water content under drought stress. The application of Si for drought-stressed plants improved the maximum quantum yield of PSII. A reduction in the net assimilation rate due to drought stress was alleviated by Si application, accompanied by an increase in stomatal conductance. Silicon treatment resulted in higher catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and lower lipid peroxidation in the leaves of drought-stressed plants. The results suggest that supplementation of water-deficient pistachio plants with Si alleviates the adverse effects of drought due to its enhancement of photochemical efficiency and photosynthetic gas exchange, as well as an activation of the antioxidant defence capacity in this species.
Current conditions and forecasts of natural gas application in the production of electricity
Authors: Rychlicki Stanisław , Siemek Jakub 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
In times of global crisis, there is a dynamic change in the European gas market. This leads to:
- decline or stagnation in demand for gas in the industrial sector;
- growing importance of unconventional natural gas;
- LNGmarket development especially in terminal condensing due to the availability of rawmaterials derived from unconventional gas deposits (USA, Canada);
- development of regasification terminals in Europe due to the possibility of receiving additionalmaterial;
- development of gas exchanges;
- development of cross-border gas pipeline connections leading to a progressive increase in the integration and linkages between markets;
- emergence of unconventional gas in particular shale gas and coal bed methane; in Poland the potential benefits from shale gas exploitation offering opportunities for its wider use in the energy sector;
- attention drawn to the role of unconventional gas, particularly shale gas;
- periodic surplus raw materials for the European market;
- renegotiation of long-term contracts for European customers;
- changes in contracts, which include the introduction of partial indexation to the exchange of gas markets, modification of TorP clauses, contract volume shift to later years;
- stronger bargaining position for the buyer of raw materials;
- possible long-term changes in the valuation of raw material in Europe;
- growing importance of short and medium-term contracts;
- changes in distributor relations - [client on national markets (meaning unclear)];
- activity of new entrants to the gas markets.
This paper presents the existing situation in the energy market in Poland in terms of the types of fuels used especially natural gas in the generation of electricity. It references Poland’s current energy relations with European countries, particularly with respect to the European Union. The analysis includes the size of unit energy consumption in selected EU countries. In addition, it reviews plans to build a major gas plant in Poland.
Optimal site selection for heap leaching structures by the analytic hierarchy process (case study: taft heap leaching structure, Iran)
Authors: Soltani-Mohammadi Saeed , Amini Mehdi 
Published: March 2013

Streszczenie
Lokalizacja składowiska odpadów z procesów hydrometalurgicznych ma bardzo duży wpływ na koszty jego budowy i ryzyka związane ze środowiskiem. Wybór miejsc ługowania hałdy zależy od różnych parametrów technicznych (topograficznych, hydrologicznych, hydrogeologicznych i innych) oraz od uwarunkowań ekono­micznych i ekologicznych. W wielu przypadkach wybór optymalnych miejsc ługowania hałdy dokonywany jest z uwzględnieniem szeregu kryteriów za pomocą metod ELECTRE, TOPSIS i AHP. W artykule, w pierwszej kolejności określono kryteria do lokalizacji miejsc ługowania (o charakterze technicznym, finansowym i środo­ wiskowym) i zbadano ich wpływ na wybór lokalizacji miejsc ługowania. Następnie korzystając z metody AHP problem decyzyjny rozpatrywano na trzech poziomach, wykorzystując oprogramowanie „Expert Choice". W celu sprawdzenia metody wybrano hałdę w okolicy Taft, prowincji Yazd w Iranie. Analiza wrażliwości, która bada reakcję całego przedsięwzięcia została przeprowadzona dla głównych kryteriów technicznych, ekono­micznych i środowiskowych.
The role of corporate bonds in financing mining sector companies during an economic downturn
Authors: Sierpińska Maria , Bąk Patrycja 
Published: March 2013

Streszczenie
W artykule zawarte zostały problemy emisji obligacji w Polsce jako źródła finansowania działalności przedsiębiorstw górniczych. Poziom emisji nie jest imponujący ani w relacji do nakładów inwestycyjnych ani do PKB. Kraje wysoko rozwinięte znacznie szerzej korzystają z tej formy długu. Emisja obligacji wykazuje wiele zalet w relacji do pozyskania kapitału z emisji akcji czy z kredytów banków. Koszty pozyskania kapitału z emisji mogą być niższe niż z kredytów bankowych i emisji akcji. Jednak ciągle wiele barier utrudnia pozyskanie kapitału z tej formy długu. Największą barierą wydaje się być niedobór rodzimego kapitału na rynku długu w Polsce.
Poszukując źródeł finansowania inwestycji rozwojowych spółki coraz częściej wykorzystują emisję obligacji korporacyjnych. W krajach wysoko rozwiniętych zakres korzystania z emisji obligacji jest znacznie szerszy niż w Polsce. Wskazują na to zamieszczone w artykule relacje emisji obligacji do PKB, do nakładów inwestycyjnych czy do kredytów. Szeroko z emisji obligacji korzystają duże firmy górnicze ze względu na elastyczność tej formy długu i relatywnie niższe koszty pozyskania kapitału niż z emisji akcji czy z kredytów. W Polsce z emisji obligacji skorzystał dotychczas Katowicki Holding Węglowy. Kolejne spółki węglowe (JSW, Kompania Węglowa) przy­gotowują programy emisji obligacji korporacyjnych, zamierzając pozyskane środki przeznaczyć na inwestycje. Jednak wiele barier utrudnia pozyskanie kapitału z tej formy długu. Największą barierą wydaje się być niedobór rodzimego kapitału na rynku długu w Polsce.
Rationale of screening for early kidney damage in patients with high cardiovascular risk: nephrologist’s point of view
Authors: Rimševičius Laurynas , Aksionova Diana , Miglinas Marius , Badarienė Jolita , Ryliškytė Ligita , Čypienė Alma , Kasiulevičius Vytautas , Barzdenytė Mantė , Tracevičiūtė Justina , Laucevičius Aleksandras 
Published: March 2013

SummaryIncreased awareness of chronic kidney disease stimulates an interest towards early detection and prevention. The true prevalence of kidney injury varies from 10 to 40%, mostly depending on the methodology of the study and the population enrolled. A screening strategy targeting the highest risk groups, those with diabetes or hypertension, family history of diabetes, hypertension, or kidney disease, is likely to be most efficient and cost effective. Quantification for albuminuria should be performed using laboratorymethods or albumin to creatinine ratio and should be monitored at regular intervals. The most correct equations calculating glomerular filtration rate differ in separate populations, and the most accurate equations in patients with high cardiovascular risk are MDRD and CKD-EPI. Markers of early kidney damage have association with other target organs damage, even in subclinical or preclinical mode. Individuals at stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease, with higher levels of proteinuria, proteinuria together with haematuria, rapidly declining glomerular filtration rate, or poorly controlled hypertension should be referred to a nephrologist in order to identify the cause, provide recommendations, slow progression, or treat complications.
Determinants of badger Meles meles sett location in Białowieża Primeval Forest, northeastern Poland
Authors: Obidziński Artur , Pabjanek Piotr , Mędrzycki Piotr 
Published: March 2013

The aim of our research was to investigate the relative importance of food supply, geological conditions, human activity and neighbouring badger Meles meles territories for location of badger setts in Białowieża Primeval Forest (BPF) within the boundaries of Poland (595 km2). In our study, we included 67 badger setts surveyed in the field as well as 7,563 pseudo‐absence points located randomly in each subcompartment of the forest. For each point, 18 habitat and landscape variables were assessed. The data were analysed using the Random Forest model in two stages, i.e. feature selection and variable importance assessment. Our results indicate that the human‐related variables for location of badger setts in BPF (strong avoidance of main roads, bimodal reaction to open and built‐up areas) were of highest importance. The second most important variable was the distance to neighbouring active main setts (preference of the distance of 2 km from the nearest active main sett). The least important variables were habitat conditions affecting digging possibility and food availability, such as the presence of cambisols or fresh entic podzols made of loamy sands on ablation moraine or aeolian dunes with potential vegetation of thermophilous oak Quercus robur‐hornbeam Carpinus begulus forest of fresh pine Pinus sylvestris‐oak mixed forest. We conclude that large intact forest complexes function as refuge areas for badger populations if badger mortality is high in open areas relative to the benefits of wide food availability in open areas.
Identifying bobcat Lynx rufus kill sites using a global positioning system
Authors: Svoboda Nathan J. , Belant Jerrold L. , Beyer Dean E. , Duquette Jared F. , Martin James A. 
Published: March 2013

The role of predation in ecological systems has received considerable attention in scientific literature and is one of the most important, yet least understood aspects of carnivore ecology. Knowledge of factors that improve our ability to detect predation events using animal telemetry data could be used to develop strategies to reduce time and resources required to obtain reliable kill estimates. Using Global Positioning System telemetry‐collars, we investigated 246 bobcat Lynx rufus location clusters to identify white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus kill sites in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA, during May‐August, 2009‐2011. We documented kills of white‐tailed deer at 42 location clusters. We used logistic regression and Akaike Information Criterion for small samples to identify factors (i.e. number of locations in cluster, time from cluster formation to investigation, time of day and land cover) that may influence bobcat behaviour and our ability to detect white‐tailed deer kill sites. Clusters with more locations and the search of clusters within 14 days after cluster formation increased odds of detecting bobcat kill sites. The best‐performing model was 67% accurate overall and identified 34% of kill sites and 75% of non‐kill sites. Applying our best‐performing model with the optimal cut‐off value would result in a twofold increase in the identification of white‐tailed deer kill sites reducing time and effort to find a similar number of kill sites without models by half. Identifying factors that improve our ability to identify bobcat kill sites can reduce field effort and search time.
Seasonal and daily activity patterns of free‐living Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in relation to availability of kills
Authors: Podolski Iris , Belotti Elisa , Bufka Luděk , Reulen Holger , Heurich Marco 
Published: March 2013

Activity patterns of predators are influenced by several factors including season and temperature as well as the availability of prey species. We investigated the activity of six free‐living Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx (four males and two females without kittens) in the Bohemian Forest along the border between Germany and the Czech Republic. The lynx were tagged with GPS‐collars with acceleration sensors in 2005, 2010 and 2011. Activity was measured every 5 minutes on 1,360 days (403,467 measurements) to detect circadian activity patterns. All lynx were predominantly crepuscular, with an average activity of 8.9 hours/day and with the lowest activity at midday. The activity patterns of male and female lynx did not differ significantly. With each 10°C increase in the mean air temperature per day, the lynx decreased their daily activity by 30 minutes. In winter, activity was concentrated at dusk. We also investigated whether lynx activity was influenced by the availability of freshly killed roe deer Capreolus capreolus, red deer Cervus elaphus or European hare Lepus europaeus. We compared the activity data of 357 days with a kill (109 recorded kills) and 316 days without a kill and calculated generalised additive mixed models. On days with a kill, the lynx were 3.3 hours/ day less active than on days without a kill. The activity on consecutive days with a killed prey did not differ. The pattern of activity on days with a kill differed little from the pattern of activity on days without a kill.
Reviews
Authors: de J. Jackson  , Sprinchorn Evert 
Published: March 2013

M.H. Abrams, Natural Supernaturalism, Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature, reviewed by J.R. de J. Jackson Frederick J. Marker, Hans Christian Andersen and the Romantic Theatre: A Study of Stage Practices in the Prenaturalistic Scandinavian Theatre, reviewed by Evert Sprinchorn
Reviews
Authors: Asals  , Beardsley Monroe , Hosek Chaviva , Allen Peter 
Published: March 2013

Nina Baym, The Shape of Hawthorne's Career, reviewed by F. J. Asals Edgar A. Dryden, Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Poetics of Enchantment, reviewed by F. J. Asals Richard H. Brodhead, Hawthorne, Melville, and the Novel, reviewed by F. J. Asals William B. Dillingham, Melville's Short Fiction 1853–1856, reviewed by F. J. Asals Paul Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning in Language, reviewed by Monroe C. Beardsley Ivan Marki, The Trial of the Poet: An Interpretation of The First Edition of Leaves of Grass, reviewed by Chaviva Hosek Stephen A. Black, Whitman's Journeys into Chaos: A Psychoanalytic Study of the Poetic Process, reviewed by Chaviva Hosek Ben Knights, The Idea of the Clerisy in the Nineteenth Century, reviewed by Peter Allen
EVpedia: an integrated database of high‐throughput data for systemic analyses of extracellular vesicles
Authors: Kim Dae‐Kyum , Kang Byeongsoo , Kim Oh Youn , Choi Dong‐sic , Lee Jaewook , Kim Sae Rom , Go Gyeongyun , Yoon Yae Jin , Kim Ji Hyun , Jang Su Chul , Park Kyong‐Su , Choi Eun‐Jeong , Kim Kwang Pyo , Desiderio Dominic M. , Kim Yoon‐Keun , Lötvall Jan , Hwang Daehee , Gho Yong Song 
Published: March 2013

Secretion of extracellular vesicles is a general cellular activity that spans the range from simple unicellular organisms (e.g. archaea; Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria) to complex multicellular ones, suggesting that this extracellular vesicle‐mediated communication is evolutionarily conserved. Extracellular vesicles are spherical bilayered proteolipids with a mean diameter of 20–1,000 nm, which are known to contain various bioactive molecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Here, we present EVpedia, which is an integrated database of high‐throughput datasets from prokaryotic and eukaryotic extracellular vesicles. EVpedia provides high‐throughput datasets of vesicular components (proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, and lipids) present on prokaryotic, non‐mammalian eukaryotic, and mammalian extracellular vesicles. In addition, EVpedia also provides an array of tools, such as the search and browse of vesicular components, Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, network analysis of vesicular proteins and mRNAs, and a comparison of vesicular datasets by ortholog identification. Moreover, publications on extracellular vesicle studies are listed in the database. This free web‐based database of EVpedia (http://evpedia.info) might serve as a fundamental repository to stimulate the advancement of extracellular vesicle studies and to elucidate the novel functions of these complex extracellular organelles.
Multilocus approach to species recognition in the Cladonia humilis complex (Cladoniaceae, Ascomycota)
Authors: Pino‐Bodas Raquel , Ahti Teuvo , Stenroos Soili , Martín María P. , Burgaz Ana R. 
Published: March 2013

• Premise of the study: The members of the Cladonia humilis complex are characterized by a well‐developed primary thallus and broadly scyphose podetia. In the present study, this complex was phylogenetically analyzed to test the boundaries between the species and to determine the usefulness of the phenotypic characters to distinguish them. The species C. conista, C. cyathomorpha, C. hammeri, C. humilis, C. kurokawae, C. nashii, C. pulvinella, and C. subconistea were examined.• Methods: Four DNA loci were sequenced and analyzed to test the monophyly of the species. For the phylogenetic reconstructions, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods were employed. The genealogical sorting index was used to quantify the exclusive ancestry of the nonmonophyletic species on the tree.• Key results: The performed phylogenetic analyses showed that the C. humilis complex is not monophyletic. Cladonia nashii is not closely related to the remaining taxa within the complex. Seven monophyletic lineages were identified, most of which comprise specimens belonging to more than one chemotype. Cladonia hammeri and C. pulvinella are conspecific, and this taxon is not present in Europe.• Conclusions: This study suggests that morphological characters and secondary metabolites have less taxonomical value than thought in the Cladonia humilis complex. Use of multilocus phylogeny is recommended to delimit species.
Interactions of hybridization and mating systems: A case study inLeptosiphon(Polemoniaceae)
Authors: Goodwillie Carol , Ness Jennifer M. 
Published: March 2013

•Premise of the study:The roles of hybridization and mating systems in the evolution of angiosperms have been well studied, but less work has focused on their interactions. Self‐incompatible and self‐compatible species often show asymmetry in heterospecific pollen rejection. Self‐fertilization can preempt ovules before opportunities for hybridization. In turn, hybridization might affect mating system evolution through selection for selfing to avoid production of low fitness hybrids.•Methods:AFLP and morphological analyses were used to test for hybrids in a contact zone between species with contrasting breeding systems. Crossing experiments examined the relative contributions to reproductive isolation of pollen–pistil interactions, timing of self‐fertilization, and F1viability and fertility. A diallel cross of siblings tested for an association between heterospecific incompatibility andS‐genotype in the self‐incompatible species.•Key results:A low frequency of hybrids was detected in the contact zone. Pollen–pistil interactions were partially consistent with the SI × SC rule; some individuals of the self‐incompatible species rejected heterospecific pollen, whereas the self‐compatible species was fully receptive to it. In the selfing species, individuals with early selfing produced fewer hybrid progeny than did those with delayed self‐compatibility when heterospecific pollen was applied after self‐pollen. Viability of F1s was high but fertility was low. Variability in heterospecific pollen rejection was not related toS‐genotype.•Conclusions:Both self‐fertilization and self‐incompatibility are associated with limits to hybridization at this site. The strong effect of timing of selfing on production of low fitness F1s suggests that hybridization might select for early selfing in this population.
Les formes modernes de travail indigne
Authors: Dalmasso Raphaël 
Published: March 2013

Le droit français est-il assez outillé pour pouvoir caractériser ce qui relève du travail sous la contrainte, de la servitude ou de l’esclavage ? Permet-il de lutter efficacement contre toutes les formes de travail indigne et d’indemniser justement les victimes ? Tel ne semble pas l’avis de la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme.
La Serbie, antichambre de l'Union européenne
Authors: Meh Ela 
Published: March 2013

Sous la pression de l’Europe et de sa politique d’externalisation des politiques (anti-) migratoires, la « vie » des migrants en Serbie s’est dégradée alors même que le pays est devenu une porte d’entrée dans la forteresse UE. La situation à la frontière de la Hongrie est particulièrement emblématique de tous les errements et violences d’un parcours migratoire.