bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calculating the burden of disease of avian-origin H7N9 infections in China
Authors: Qi Xiaopeng , Jiang Dong , Wang Hongliang , Zhuang Dafang , Ma Jiaqi , Fu Jingying , Qu Jingdong , Sun Yan , Yu Shicheng , Meng Yujie , Huang Yaohuan , Xia Lanfang , Li Yingying , Wang Yong , Wang Guohua , Xu Ke , Zhang Qun , Wan Ming , Su Xuemei , Fu Gang , Gao George F 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveA total of 131 cases of avian-originated H7N9 infection have been confirmed in China mainland from February 2013 to May 2013. We calculated the overall burden of H7N9 cases in China as of 31 May 2013 to provide an example of comprehensive burden of disease in the 21st century from an acute animal-borne emerging infectious disease.DesignWe present an accurate and operable method for estimating the burden of H7N9 cases in China. The main drivers of economic loss were identified. Costs were broken down into direct (outpatient and inpatient examination and treatment) and indirect costs (cost of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and losses in the poultry industry), which were estimated based on field surveys and China statistical year book.SettingModels were applied to estimate the overall burden of H7N9 cases in China.Participants131 laboratory-confirmed H7N9 cases by 31 May 2013.Outcome measureBurden of H7N9 cases including direct and indirect losses.ResultsThe total direct medical cost was ¥16 422 535 (US$2 627 606). The mean cost for each patient was ¥10 117 (US$1619) for mild patients, ¥139 323 (US$22 292) for severe cases without death and ¥205 976 (US$32 956) for severe cases with death. The total cost of DALYs was ¥17 356 561 (US$2 777 050). The poultry industry losses amounted to ¥7.75 billion (US$1.24 billion) in 10 affected provinces and ¥3.68 billion (USD$0.59 billion) in eight non-affected adjacent provinces.ConclusionsThe huge poultry industry losses followed live poultry markets closing down and poultry slaughtering in some areas. Though the proportion of direct medical losses and DALYs losses in the estimate of H7N9 burden was small, the medical costs per case were extremely high (particularly for addressing the use of modern medical devices). A cost-effectiveness assessment for the intervention should be conducted in a future study.
Identification of Culicoides obsoletus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as a vector of bluetongue virus in central Italy
Authors: De Liberato C. , Scavia G. , Lorenzetti R. , Scaramozzino P. , Amaddeo D. , Cardeti G. , Scicluna M. , Ferrari G. , Autorino G. L. 
Published: October 2014

In 2001 and 2002, 235 outbreaks of bluetongue were observed in the Lazio and Tuscany regions of central Italy. During entomological surveillance Culicoides imicola, the main vector of bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean region, was detected in only 14 of 28 municipalities affected by outbreaks; Culicoides obsoletus was the most abundant species, contributing 83 per cent of individuals in catches, whereas C imicola contributed only 2 per cent. In affected municipalities the maximum catch of C obsoletus was 18,000 specimens, compared with 54 of C imicola. In October 2002 bluetongue virus serotype 2 was isolated from a single pool of wild‐caught, non‐blood‐engorged parous C obsoletus inoculated on to BHK‐21 cells. Its identity was confirmed by reverse transcriptase‐PCR.
Doppler sonography of the medial arterial blood supply to the coxofemoral joints of 36 medium to large breed dogs and its relationship with radiographic signs of joint disease
Authors: Rademacher N. , Ohlerth S. , Doherr M. G. , Gaschen L. , Stoffel M. H. , Lang J. 
Published: October 2014

The medial arterial supply to 68 of the 72 coxofemoral joints of 36 medium to large breed dogs was examined ultrasonographically. The medial circumflex femoral artery and three branches were identified; the artery and its transverse branch were identified in all 68 joints, and the deep branch was identified in 61 joints, and the ascending branch was identified in 63. However, the acetabular and obturator branches were not identified. The pulsatility index, the mean velocity and the peak systolic velocity of the medial circumflex femoral artery were determined and associated with a radiographic score of degenerative coxofemoral joint disease and a lath distraction index (LDI). In joints with a LDI greater than 0·35, the pulsatility index was significantly lower (P=0·023) and its mean velocity was higher (P=0·005). However, no significant associations were observed in individual dogs when the measurements in both joints were taken into account.
Pathogenesis of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy: preclinical infectivity in tonsil and observations on the distribution of lingual tonsil in slaughtered cattle
Authors: Wells G. A. H. , Spiropoulos J. , Hawkins S. A. C. , Ryder S. J. 
Published: October 2014

The infectivity in tissues from cattle exposed orally to the agent of BSE was assayed by the intracerebral inoculation of cattle. In addition to the infectivity in the central nervous system and distal ileum at stages of pathogenesis previously indicated by mouse bioassay, traces of infectivity were found in the palatine tonsil of cattle killed 10 months after exposure. Because the infectivity may therefore be present throughout the tonsils in cattle infected with BSE, observations were made of the anatomical and histological distribution of lingual tonsil in the root of the tongue of cattle. Examinations of tongues derived from abattoirs in Britain and intended for human consumption showed that macroscopically identifiable tonsillar tissue was present in more than 75 per cent of them, and even in the tongues in which no visible tonsillar tissue remained, histological examination revealed lymphoid tissue in more than 90 per cent. Variations in the distribution of the lingual tonsil suggested that even after the most rigorous trimming of the root of the tongue, traces of tonsillar tissue may remain.
Safety, efficacy and cross‐protectivity of a live intranasal aerosol haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine
Authors: Myint A. , Nyunt H. H. , Jones T.O. 
Published: October 2014

The safety, efficacy and cross‐protectivity of a live intranasal aerosol haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine containing Pasteurella multocida serotype B:3,4 were tested in young cattle and buffaloes in Myanmar, where more than 1·5 million animals had been inoculated with this vaccine between 1989 and 1999. A recommended dose of 2 × 107 viable organisms was used for the efficacy test. The administration of 100 times the recommended dose to 50 cattle and 39 buffalo calves was innocuous. Seven months after they were vaccinated, three of three buffaloes were protected and 12 months after they were vaccinated, three of four buffaloes were protected against a subcutaneous challenge with serotype B:2 which killed three of three unvaccinated buffaloes. Twelve months after they were vaccinated, eight of eight cattle survived a serotype B:2 challenge, which killed four of four unvaccinated controls. The vaccinated cattle had developed serum antibodies detectable by the passive mouse protection test. Indirect haemagglutination tests on sera taken from cattle 10 days and five weeks after they were vaccinated showed high titres of antibodies. The serum of vaccinated cattle cross‐protected passively immunised mice against infection with P multocida serotypes E:2, F:3,4 and A:3,4.
International disease monitoring, January to March 2005
Authors: Sabirovic M. , Raw L. , Hall S. , Coulson N. 
Published: October 2014

African swine fever in Namibia, Tanzania and Italy (Sardinia)
Bluetongue in previously affected regions of Portugal, Spain and France (Corsica)
Classical swine fever in Russia
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Kenya
Foot‐and‐mouth disease in Colombia and Hong Kong
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) in south‐east Asia; Malaysia free of H5N1; outbreak caused by H7 virus (of unknown subtype) in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
New haemagglutinin type (H16) of avian influenza in black‐headed gulls in Sweden
Newcastle disease in Bulgaria, Greece and Cyprus
Peste des petits ruminants in Israel
Quarantine restrictions for vesicular stomatitis lifted in the USA; outbreaks reported in Bolivia and Belize; serological presence confirmed in cattle in Colombia
Swine vesicular disease in endemic areas in Italy
New case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Canada; French caprine isolate likely to contain the BSE strain
– These are among matters discussed in the international disease monitoring report for January to March 2005, prepared by DEFRA ’s International Animal Health Division
Clinical investigation of remifentanil and propofol for the total intravenous anaesthesia of dogs
Authors: Murrell J. C. , Wesselink van Notten R. , Hellebrekers L. J. 
Published: October 2014

Fifteen adult dogs underwent elective ovariectomy. They were premedicated with 0·5 mg/kg methadone and 0·05 mg/kg‐1 atropine administered intramuscularly, and anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with intravenous infusions of remifentanil at 0·6 µg/kg/minute and propofol; the mean (sd) rate of infusion of propofol throughout the period of anaesthesia was 0·33 (0·03) mg/kg/minute. The dogs were ventilated continuously with oxygen while they were anaesthetised. Their haemodynamic parameters were clinically acceptable during the period of anaesthesia. Two dogs received additional atropine to correct bradycardias of less than 60 bpm and several dogs received additional boluses of remifentanil or propofol to maintain an adequate depth of anaesthesia, as determined by a clinical assessment. The mean (range) time to the return of spontaneous respiration after stopping the remifentanil infusion was 11·1 (6·0 to 17·0) minutes, and the mean (range) time to the dogs standing was 38·0 (20·0 to 80·0) minutes. The quality of recovery was good in 12 of the dogs, two showed mild excitation in the immediate postoperative period and the other dog required additional analgesia with methadone.
Control of endoparasites in horses with a gel containing moxidectin and praziquantel
Authors: Holm‐Martin M. , Levot G. W. , Dawson K. L. 
Published: October 2014

A gel formulation containing moxidectin (20 g/kg) and praziquantel (125 g/kg) reduced the geometric mean faecal strongyle egg count in horses to below 100 eggs per gram of faeces (epg) for at least 12 weeks despite their being exposed continuously to reinfection from pasture grazed by treated and untreated horses. The geometric mean egg count of horses treated with a proprietary paste containing abamectin (3·7 g/kg) and praziquantel (46·2 g/kg) increased steadily from six weeks after the treatment, peaking at over 820 epg after 12 weeks. Relative to the efficacy of the abamectin/praziquantel treatment, the reduction in mean faecal egg count compared with the pretreatment counts was significantly (P<0·05) better in the horses treated with moxidectin and praziquantel from eight weeks after the treatment. Both products eliminated tapeworms from horses in a non‐invasive modified critical trial.
Suspected venous air embolism in a horse
Authors: Bradbury L. A. , Archer D. C. , Dugdale A. H. A. , Senior J. M. , Edwards G. B. 
Published: October 2014

A horse which had had a caecal impaction for 10 days was treated by means of an ileocaecostomy but failed to respond satisfactorily. Before a second laparotomy was performed it was observed to have dislodged the extension set from a jugular catheter and air was heard being sucked into the vein. It became very agitated but was anaesthetised again and the impaction was removed through an incision in the apex of the caecum. After recovering from the anaesthesia it developed severe signs of pruritus which subsided only after 12 hours. These signs were considered most likely to have resulted from a venous air embolism.
Tissue distribution of bovine spongiform encephalopathy infectivity in Romney sheep up to the onset of clinical disease after oral challenge
Authors: Bellworthy S. J. , Hawkins S. A. C. , Green R. B. , Blamire I. , Dexter G. , Dexter I. , Lockey R. , Ryder S. , Berthelin‐Baker C. , Simmons M. M. , Jeffrey M. 
Published: October 2014

Sixty Romney sheep of three prion protein genotypes were dosed orally at six months of age with an inoculum prepared from the brains of cattle clinically affected with BSE, and 15 sheep were left undosed as controls. They were randomly assigned within genotype to groups and were sequentially euthanased and examined postmortem at intervals of six or 12 months, depending on their predicted susceptibility. Tissue pools prepared from the three, four or five dosed animals in each group were inoculated into groups of 20 RIII mice as a bioassay for infectivity. Separate inocula were prepared from the matched control sheep killed at each time. In the ARQ/ARQ sheep killed four months after inoculation, infectivity was detected in the Peyer's patch tissue pool, and at 10 months it was detected in the spleen pool; from 16 months, infectivity was detected in a range of nervous and lymphoreticular tissues, including the spinal cord pool, distal ileum excluding Peyer's patches, liver, Peyer's patches, mesenteric and prescapular lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil and cervical thymus. No infectivity was detected in the tissue pools from the ARQ/ARR and ARR/ARR sheep killed 10 months or 22 months after infection.
Conservative treatment for thoroughbred racehorses with intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate
Authors: Barakzai S. Z. , Dixon P. M. 
Published: October 2014

Race records were obtained for 31 thoroughbred racehorses that were treated conservatively (rest, improvement of fitness and/or use of a tongue tie) for dorsal displacement of the soft palate, and for 62 matched control horses. Their racing performance, based on prize money won, was compared for three races run before and after the disorder was diagnosed. Nineteen (61 per cent) of the conservatively treated horses had higher earnings after conservative treatment than before treatment, compared with 27 (43·5 per cent) of the controls. There was a significant (P=0·049) increase in the earnings of the horses treated conservatively, but there was no significant difference in the earnings of the control group.
Ultrasonographic assessment and ultrasound‐guided biopsy of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
Authors: Hildebrandt T. B. , Hermes R. , Ratanakorn P. , Rietschel W. , Fickel J. , Frey R. , Wibbelt G. , Reid C. , Göritz F. 
Published: October 2014

Endotheliotropic herpesvirus causes a fatal disease in young Asian elephants, but there are no methods for identifying latent carriers of the virus. During the postmortem study of one female African elephant and three male and two female Asian elephants, a lymph node located bilaterally caudoventral to the parotid gland, approximately 1·5 to 5 cm below the skin, was identified as suitable for transcutaneous ultrasound‐guided biopsy. An ultrasonographic assessment and two biopsies were performed on 39 Asian elephants, and these lymph nodes were classified ultrasonographically as active, inactive or chronically active. The calculated mean (se) volume of 10 active lymph nodes was 17·4 (6·9) cm3, and that of three chronically active lymph nodes was 10·6 (1·0) cm3, whereas the mean volume of 17 inactive lymph nodes was 3·1 (0·6) cm3. The presence of lymph node tissue in samples obtained by ultrasound‐guided biopsy from three animals that were maintained under conditions that allowed for additional sampling was confirmed histologically. The DNA extracted from the lymphoid tissue and the whole blood of all the elephants was negative for endotheliotropic herpesvirus by PCR.
Field evaluation of the efficacy of fenbendazole in captive wild ruminants
Authors: Goossens E. , Dorny P. , Vercammen F. , Vercruysse J. 
Published: October 2014

The efficacy of in‐feed fenbendazole at a dose rate of 7·5 mg/kg bodyweight for three consecutive days was assessed in five Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), six scimitar‐horned oryx (Oryx dammah), 14 slender‐horned gazelles (Gazella leptoceros), eight Soay sheep (Ovis aries aries soay), 13 alpine ibex (Capra ibex ibex), six red deer (Cervus elaphus hippelaphus) and 11 Nelson’s elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) kept in five herds in a zoo. The efficacy was assessed by means of repeated faecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests and in vitro egg hatch assays. Fenbendazole was highly effective against nematodes in five of the seven species, consistently reducing egg shedding by more than 90 per cent. In the egg hatch assays of the five herds, 50 per cent inhibition of hatching (LD50) was observed at a concentration of thiabendazole below 0·1 μg/ml. In the Arabian oryx and alpine ibex the efficacy of fenbendazole was less than 90 per cent, and the LD50 in the egg hatch assays was between 0·1 and 0·2 μg/ml thiabendazole.
Spread of Coxiella burnetii infection in a flock of sheep after an episode of Q fever
Authors: Berri M. , Crochet D. , Santiago S. , Rodolakis A. 
Published: October 2014

In October 1998, two abortions associated with Coxiella burnetii occurred in a group of 34 pregnant ewes in the sheep flock belonging to INRA Tours‐Nouzilly. The flock was kept in groups of approximately 40 ewes, which were housed together in the same accommodation. The prevalence of C burnetii infection in the groups was investigated by using ELISA and PCR tests, which revealed a high prevalence of C burnetii. The ewes were treated with oxytetracycline to reduce the shedding of C burnetii and to prevent further abortions. Nevertheless, five abortions attributed to C burnetii occurred in January and March 1999 in three groups of ewes, and 24 of the ewes still shed the bacteria into their vaginal tracts. In addition, a serological study was carried out during the first year of life of the female lambs born in 1999 and 2000; 12 per cent of 113 lambs born in 1999 were seropositive for C burnetii by ELISA, and half of the ELISA ‐positive lambs were born either to serologically positive ewes or to dams that excreted the pathogen into their vaginal tracts. However, all the 150 lambs born in 2000 were ELISA ‐negative, suggesting that the preventive measures undertaken had suppressed both the abortions and the shedding of C burnetii, and reduced the transmission of the agent.
Clinical and pathological responses of weaned pigs to atmospheric ammonia and dust
Authors: Done S. H. , Chennells D. J. , Gresham A. C. J. , Williamson S. , Hunt B. , Taylor L. L. , Bland V. , Jones P. , Armstrong D. , White R. P. , Demmers T. G. M. , Teer N. , Wathes C. M. 
Published: October 2014

Nine hundred and sixty weaned pigs were exposed for five weeks to controlled concentrations of atmospheric ammonia and dust in a single, multifactorial experiment. The treatments were a mean dust concentration of either 1·2, 2·7, 5·1 or 9·9 mg/m3 (inhalable fraction) and a mean ammonia concentration of either 0·6, 10·0, 18·8 or 37·0 ppm, concentrations representative of commercial conditions. The experiment was carried out over two years and the pigs were used in eight batches, each consisting of five lots of 24 pigs. Each treatment combination was replicated once, and an additional control lot (nominally 0 mg/m3 dust and 0 ppm ammonia) was included in each batch. The dust concentration was the same in the other four lots in each batch in which the four concentrations of ammonia were used; thus, the split‐plot design was more sensitive to the effects of ammonia than dust. The groups of pigs were kept separately in five rooms in a purpose‐built facility, and the pollutants were injected continuously into the air supply. Ammonia was supplied from a pressurised cylinder, and the endogenous dust in each room was supplemented by an artificial dust manufactured from feed, barley straw and faeces, mixed by weight in the proportions 5:1:4; its ingredients were oven‐dried, milled and mixed, and then resuspended in the air supply. The health of the pigs was assessed in terms of general pathology, respiratory tract pathology, and the microbiology of the nasal cavity, trachea and lung. In each batch, postmortem examinations were carried out on 40 pigs after five weeks’ exposure to the pollutants and on 30 pigs two weeks later to test for carryover and recovery – a total of 560 pigs. These examinations revealed minimal gross pathology and widespread minor pathological changes of little significance. The pigs’ turbinate and lung scores were low and unaffected by exposure to pollutants. All the putative bacterial pathogens, with the exception of toxigenic Pasteurella multocida type D, were isolated from the respiratory tract of the pigs of both ages, but there were no differences between the effects of the different concentrations of pollutants.
Bluetongue virus isolations from midges belonging to the Obsoletus complex (Culicoides, Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Italy
Authors: Savini G. , Goffredo M. , Monaco F. , Di Gennaro A. , Cafiero M. A. , Baldi L. , de Santis P. , Meiswinkel R. , Caporale V. 
Published: October 2014

Between July and September 2002 there were outbreaks of bluetongue on three sheep holdings in the communities of San Gregorio Magno (Salerno, Campania), Laviano (Salerno, Campania) and Carpino (Foggia, Puglia), and the involvement of bluetongue virus (BTV) was confirmed serologically and virologically. The mortality rate was at least 11 per cent and involved BTV serotype 2 (BTV‐2) and serotype 9 (BTV‐9). These holdings were also surveyed for the Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) vectors; approximately 10,000 midges belonging to 15 species were captured, but they did not include a single specimen of the classical Afro‐Asiatic bluetongue vector, Culicoides imicola. Species belonging to the Obsoletus complex dominated the light‐trap collections, and Culicoides obsoletus Meigen, Culicoides scoticus Downes and Kettle and Culicoides dewulfi Goetghebuer constituted 90 per cent of all the Culicoides species captured. Fifty‐six pools of the Obsoletus complex (excluding C dewulfi), each containing 100 individual midges and containing only parous and gravid females, were assayed for virus. BTV‐2 was isolated from three pools from San Gregorio Magno and Carpino, and BTV‐9 was isolated from one pool from Laviano. These results indicate that a species other than C imicola is involved in the current re‐emergence of bluetongue in the Mediterranean Basin, but whether it is C obsoletus sensu stricto or C scoticus, or both, is uncertain.
Bioengineered Implantable Scaffolds as a Tool to Study Stromal-Derived Factors in Metastatic Cancer Models
Authors: Bersani Francesca , Lee Jungwoo , Yu Min , Morris Robert , Desai Rushil , Ramaswamy Sridhar , Toner Mehmet , Haber Daniel A. , Parekkadan Biju 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Modeling the hematogenous spread of cancer cells to distant organs poses one of the greatest challenges in the study of human metastasis. Both tumor cell–intrinsic properties as well as interactions with reactive stromal cells contribute to this process, but identification of relevant stromal signals has been hampered by the lack of models allowing characterization of the metastatic niche. Here, we describe an implantable bioengineered scaffold, amenable to in vivo imaging, ex vivo manipulation, and serial transplantation for the continuous study of human metastasis in mice. Orthotopic or systemic inoculation of tagged human cancer cells into the mouse leads to the release of circulating tumor cells into the vasculature, which seed the scaffold, initiating a metastatic tumor focus. Mouse stromal cells can be readily recovered and profiled, revealing differential expression of cytokines, such as IL1β, from tumor-bearing versus unseeded scaffolds. Finally, this platform can be used to test the effect of drugs on suppressing initiation of metastatic lesions. This generalizable model to study cancer metastasis may thus identify key stromal-derived factors with important implications for basic and translational cancer research. Cancer Res; 74(24); 7229–38. ©2014 AACR.