bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of storage conditions on the stability of β-lapachone in solid state and in solution
Authors: Cunha-Filho Marcílio S S , Martínez-Pacheco Ramón , Landin Mariana 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Objectives
In this work, the effects of several technological factors on the stability of β-lapachone (βLAP) in solution and in the solid state were investigated.

Methods
The effects of relative humidity and light on the stability of βLAP in the solid state were studied. Samples were characterized by liquid chromatography, thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction and optical microscopy. In solution, the effects of light conditions and additives (cyclodextrins) were also evaluated. Molecular modelling was used to support the degradation mechanism involved. Additionally, the pH stability profile of βLAP was established.

Key findings
The synergism of relative humidity and light promoted degradation of βLAP in the solid state, with important consequences for the physical and chemical characteristics of the drug after storage. Random methyl-β-cyclodextrin was able to protect the drug against the hydrolytic process in darkness. However, it accelerated the drug decomposition by photolysis in light conditions. According to the pH stability profile, βLAP undergoes an alkaline hydrolysis, its maximum stability pH being over the range 2–4.

Conclusions
These studies provide useful information regarding the optimal storage conditions and formulations of βLAP.
Effects of eccentric exercise on branched‐chain amino acid profiles in rat serum and skeletal muscle
Authors: Qun Z. , Xinkai Y. , Jing W. 
Published: March 2013

SummarySupplementation of branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA) is often used to attenuate exercise‐induced skeletal muscle damage and promote adaptation, but no definitive conclusion on the benefits of BCAA on muscle recovery after injurious exercise can be drawn. Exploration of the systematic BCAA alteration in muscular injury‐repair stage per se without any BCAA supplement should provide some useful information in favour of BCAA application in muscle regeneration after injury. One bout of 90‐min downhill‐running exercise was performed to cause rat skeletal muscle injury. After exercise, myofibrillar BCAA concentrations showed minor changes compared with exercise before, while serum concentrations of BCAA were lower after exercise. Especially, serum leucine, isoleucine and total BCAA concentrations 2 weeks post‐run were significantly lower than normal values of exercise before (p = 0.008, p = 0.041, p = 0.015). The data demonstrate that a single eccentric exercise can significantly decrease the serum BCAA concentrations, which mean high utilization of BCAA for myogenesis after injurious exercise.
Renal Replacement Therapy in Healthy Adult Horses
Authors: Wong D.M. , Witty D. , Alcott C.J. , Sponseller B.A. , Wang C. , Hepworth K. 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundRenal replacement therapy (RRT) has been implemented extensively in people to facilitate recovery from acute renal failure (ARF).RRThas not been explored in horses, but might provide a further treatment option in horses withARF.ObjectiveTo investigate efficacy and safety ofRRTin horses.AnimalsFive healthy adult horses.MethodsA prospective study was performed on horses restrained in stocks and intravenously connected to a commercialRRTmachine to allow continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration to be performed for 6 hours. The RRT machine was set at the following flow rates: blood flow rate 250 mL/min; dialysate rate 3,000 mL/h; prefilter replacement pump 3,000 mL/h; and postfilter replacement pump rate 2,000 mL/h. Balanced electrolyte solution was used as dialysate and replacement fluid. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, direct arterial blood pressure, urine output, and various clinicopathologic parameters were measured over the study period.ResultsRenal replacement therapy was successfully performed in horses, resulting in a mean creatinine clearance of 0.127 mL/kg/min (68.9 mL/min) and urea reduction ratio of 24%. No adverse effects were detected although a significant decrease in rectal temperature was observed (P ≤ .007). A significant increase in serum phosphorus (P ≤ .001) and decrease in BUN (P < .001) were also noted. A significant prolongation of prothrombin (P < .01) and partial thromboplastin time (P < .0001) were observed along with a decrease in platelet count (P ≤ .04).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceRenal replacement therapy can safely and effectively be used in adult horses.
Peri‐articular Histiocytic Sarcoma and Previous Joint Disease in Bernese Mountain Dogs
Authors: van Kuijk L. , van Ginkel K. , de Vos J.P. , Brearley M.J. , Butinar J. , Gielen I. , van Garderen E. , Chiers K. , Verhoeven P.S. 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundPeri‐articular histiocytic sarcoma (PAHS) occurs in dogs, including Bernese Mountain Dogs (BMD). An etiologic relationship with previous joint disease has not been documented.HypothesisPeri‐articular histiocytic sarcoma in BMD will be more frequently encountered around previously diseased joints compared with normal joints.Animals920 European BMD.MethodsA retrospective study, in which data were obtained through an Internet questionnaire and from 2 veterinary pathology laboratories. Archived samples of hematoxylin‐eosin (H&E) staining diagnosed PAHS and synovial cell sarcoma (SCS) were immunolabeled with CD18 and pancytokeratin. Descriptive, comparative, and actuarial statistics comprise the data analysis.ResultsAll primary synovial tumors were identified as PAHS based on their morphology, positive CD18, and negative pancytokeratin labeling. Joint disease was diagnosed in 226 BMD, of which 15 developed PAHS in a previously diseased joint and 3 in a nondiseased joint. Of the remaining 694 BMD without joint disease, 9 developed PAHS. The odds ratio for a dog with previous joint disease developing PAHS is calculated as 5.4 (95% CI: 2.3–12.5; P < .0001) compared with no previous joint problem. A significant association between previous joint disease and PAHS in the same joint was demonstrated for the left elbow (P = .016), right elbow (P = .006), right shoulder (P = .047), left and right stifle (P < .001), and left carpal joint (P = .010).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe results of this study suggest a relation between previous joint disease and the development of PAHS in the same joint of European BMD. Owners of BMD should monitor dogs for peri‐articular swellings, particularly around previously diseased joints.
Women’s Speech in the Age of Shakespeare
Authors: Smith Kathleen Kalpin 
Published: March 2013

AbstractExaminations of the representations of women’s speech in early modern England aim to understand more fully the various ways in which speaking women were categorized into appropriate and inappropriate, licit and illicit categories. Scholarship in the field reveals that early modern texts, including Shakespeare’s plays, record for us depictions of women negotiating these boundaries. At the same time, understanding the operation of these prescriptions against women’s speech in early modern society and the examples of women’s responses to these expectations enriches our understanding of the cultural contexts for Shakespeare’s plays today.
Royalism and Social Change: The Case of James Howell
Authors: Goldstone Dawn 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe suggestion of a politically contingent and successfully adaptable royalist identity is at the forefront of current debates in Royalist Studies and this essay is an intervention in these discussions. The essay begins by offering a brief overview of the way new research has attempted to re‐evaluate the royalist experience during the civil wars and interregnum. It follows with an examination of selected popular writings by the royalist pamphleteer James Howell (1594–1666). The essay argues that Howell’s writings provide an opportunity to observe the crisis of royalist identity and it questions the extent to which Howell productively negotiated changes in the social fabric. By situating Howell within current developments within the field the essay seeks to understand how royalist identities functioned in the context of ideological struggle. Popular discourses during this period drew on humoral physiology to attempt to make sense of civil disruption and account for social and political changes. The essay traces Howell’s contribution to these discussions by following his discourses on commercial society and that of the holistic body politic. The essay suggests that this juncture would prove a productive site for further investigations into the royalist experience and concludes with suggestion that Howell’s writings produce a discordant, rather than successfully adaptable subject position.
Victorian Literature, Religion, and Secularization
Authors: LaPorte Charles 
Published: March 2013

AbstractRecent debates about secularization are transforming Victorian literary studies. Earlier consensus about how to understand the relationship between religion, modernity, and secularization has given way to a variety of new models that no longer take for granted religion’s modern decline. Historical and literary studies now often emphasize the robust state of nineteenth‐century religion in particular, and this emphasis should alter our view of that period’s representative texts. Finally, revisionist ideas about secularization also permit us to see an internal critique of our prior secularization narrative from within the nineteenth century itself.
Larval development and emergence sites of farm‐associated Culicoides in the United Kingdom
Authors: HARRUP L. E. , PURSE B. V. , GOLDING N. , MELLOR P. S. , CARPENTER S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractCulicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are the biological vectors of internationally important arboviruses of livestock including bluetongue virus (BTV). Information on the habitats used by Culicoides for larval development is valuable for establishing targeted vector control strategies and for improving local scale models of vector abundance. This study combines emergence trap collections of adult Culicoides identified using molecular markers and physiochemical measurements of habitats to investigate larval development sites of Palaearctic Culicoides in South East England. The known range of larval habitats for several Culicoides species is extended and the potential BTV vector species C. obsoletus and C. scoticus are confirmed to co‐occur in many larval habitats. The presence of emerging C. obsoletus was favoured by increasing substrate moisture level [odds ratio (OR) 6.94 (2.30; 20.90)] and substrate pH [OR 4.80 (1.66; 13.90)] [bias‐corrected Dxy: 0.68; area under the curve (AUC): 0.86] rather than any particular larval habitat type, as expected for a species with relatively wide larval habitat preference. Of the newly emerged sub‐genus Avaritia individuals collected, 23% were observed to have a degree of abdominal pigmentation commonly inferred to indicate parity. If consistent across species and locations, this observation represents a potential source of error for age structure analyses of Culicoides populations.
Catholic, Irish and Nationalist: evaluating the importance of ethno‐national and ethno‐religious variables in determining nationalist political allegiance in Northern Ireland
Authors: Evans Jocelyn , Tonge Jonathan 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIrish national identity, political nationalism and Catholicism are the defining characteristics of the minority community in Northern Ireland. These identifiable ethno‐national and ethno‐religious characteristics have been the basis of communal solidarity that has transcended increasing socio‐economic heterogeneity within that community. Both of the Nationalist political parties in Northern Ireland, Sinn Féin and the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), draw their support almost exclusively from their community of origin. What is not known, however, is the relative importance of Irishness, Catholicism and Nationalism in shaping support for either party. Which of these ethnic identifiers is of greatest salience in identifying support for Sinn Féin or the SDLP? Drawing upon recent election survey evidence, this article attempts to rectify this information deficit, highlighting the weighting of components of ethnicity in determining intra‐bloc political allegiances.
The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus – from bench to bedside
Authors: Yap Desmond Yat Hin , Lai Kar Neng 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) entails a complex interaction between the different arms of the immune system. While autoantibodies production and immune complex deposition are cornered as hallmark features of SLE, there is growing evidence to propose the pathogenic role of cytokines in this disease. Examples of these cytokines include BLys, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐17, interleukin‐18, type I interferons and tumour necrosis factor alpha. These cytokines all assume pivotal functions to orchestrate the differentiation, maturation and activation of various cell types, which would mediate local inflammatory process and tissue injury. The knowledge on these cytokines not only fosters our understanding of the disease, but also provides insights in devising biomarkers and targeted therapies. In this review, we focus on cytokines which have substantial pathogenic significance and also highlight the possible clinical applications of these cytokines.
Patterns of myopigenic activities with age, gender and ethnicity inSydney schoolchildren
Authors: French Amanda N , Morgan Ian G , Mitchell Paul , Rose Kathryn A 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPurposeTo examine the patterns of myopigenic activity (high near work, low time outdoors) in children growing up inSydney,Australia, by age, ethnicity and gender.MethodsTheSydney Adolescent Vascular and Eye Study (SAVES) re‐examined children from the two age cohorts (6 and 12 years at baseline) from theSydney Myopia Study (SMS). At 5–6 year follow‐up, 863 in the younger cohort and 1196 in the older cohort had complete refraction data. Cycloplegic autorefraction (cyclopentolate 1%; CanonRK‐F1) was measured at baseline and follow‐up. Children who became myopic (≤−0.50 dioptres spherical equivalent refraction) were those classified as non‐myopic at baseline and myopic at follow‐up. A detailed questionnaire was administered to measure weekly activities, including time spent outdoors and near work at both baseline and follow‐up examination.ResultsOverall, 128 (14.8%) children in the younger cohort and 210 (17.6%) in the older cohort became myopic. At follow‐up, for both cohorts, children had significantly reduced the amount of time spent outdoors (younger cohort,p = 0.001, older cohort,p < 0.0001) and increased near work time (younger cohort,p < 0.0001, older cohort,p = 0.006). Children of EastAsian ethnicity spent significantly less time outdoors by more than 7 h per week (both cohorts at baseline and follow‐up, allp < 0.0001) and more time in near work activities by close to 3 h compared toEuropean Caucasian children at all ages examined (both cohorts at baseline and follow‐up all,p < 0.03). The average pattern of activity for girls differed from that of boys in a similar way (both cohorts at baseline and follow‐up all,p < 0.0001). The two independent samples of 12 year‐old children provided by follow‐up in the younger cohort and baseline in the older cohort gave very similar answers to the questionnaire, with significant differences only evident for computer use (p = 0.001) and books read (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsAnswers to the activity questionnaire were very similar in the two cohorts of 12 year‐olds, suggesting that the questionnaire gives reproducible answers. However, further work is required for validation. Children's pattern of activities become more myopigenic with age, and differed by gender and by ethnicity at all ages, with girls having a more myopigenic activity pattern than boys, and children of EastAsian ancestry having a more myopigenic activity pattern thanEuropean Caucasian children.
Method for Differentiating Left Superior Pulmonary Vein Exit Conduction from Pseudo‐Exit Conduction
Authors: Ip JAMES E. , MARKOWITZ STEVEN M. , CHEUNG JIM W. , LIU CHRISTOPHER F. , THOMAS GEORGE , LESSNER SETH J. , LEE JOSEPH M. , LERMAN BRUCE B. 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundElectrical isolation of pulmonary vein (PV) conduction from the left atrium (LA) is the cornerstone of successful atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Exit block is confirmed by the absence of LA capture during pacing from a circular mapping catheter positioned in the PV; however, far‐field capture of the left atrial appendage (LAA) (pseudo‐pulmonary vein exit conduction) can occur. In this study, we evaluated a methodology for identifying pseudo‐exit conduction.Methods and ResultsA total of 135 consecutive AF patients undergoing PV isolation were studied. After circumferential ablation established PV entrance block, circumferential pacing (10 mA at 2.0 msec) was performed to assess exit block. In 16 (11.9%) patients, pacing the anterior poles of the left superior PV (LSPV) captured the LA. To differentiate true PV exit conduction from pseudo‐exit conduction, the ablation catheter was positioned within the LAA during PV pacing. LAA activation preceding PV capture was consistent with far‐field capture and this was confirmed by demonstrating local capture and exit block with decreasing pacing output. Using this approach, 14 patients (10.4%) were identified with pseudo‐exit conduction.ConclusionsDue to the close proximity between the LSPV and LAA, pseudo‐exit conduction is not uncommon and may lead to the erroneous conclusion that the LSPV is not isolated. Using this method to differentiate pseudo‐exit conduction from true exit conduction should prevent unnecessary ablation after achievement of complete PV isolation.
Growth characteristics of Protoheliolites norvegicus (Tabulata; Upper Ordovician; Estonia)
Authors: Liang Kun , Lee Dong‐Jin , Elias Robert J. , Pärnaste Helje , Mõtus Mari‐Ann 
Published: March 2013

AbstractProtoheliolites is an early heliolitine coral characterized by closely spaced corallites separated in places by sparse coenenchyme. Growth characteristics in the type species, P. norvegicus, are revealed by detailed analysis based on serial peels and thin sections of coralla from the uppermost Katian of north‐western Estonia. Colonies of this species had a strong ability to recover from damage and partial mortality, resulting in various forms of rejuvenation, regeneration, fusion and reorganization of corallites; in some cases, this involved relatively large areas of undifferentiated soft parts. The shells of commensal cornulitids became enclosed in host coralla during colony growth. Coralla of P. norvegicus exhibit distinctive growth cycles due to responses to seasonal changes. The production of new corallites by coenenchymal increase usually occurred in low‐density bands, in which corallites generally display round to subrounded transverse outlines. In high‐density bands, the corallites became crenulated, their wall thickness increased, septal development was more pronounced, and the amount of coenenchyme increased. In addition to these cyclomorphic changes, there were significant astogenetic changes during growth. Compared with the early stage of colony development, distinctive characteristics in the late astogenetic stage include a decrease in the growth rate of the colony, better coordination among corallites, maximum development of corallite crenulations and septa in high‐density bands, more numerous coenenchymal tubules and a greater proportion of corallum area occupied by coenenchyme. In general, the role of polyps in determining morphological characteristics of individual corallites, such as tabularium area, corallite crenulations and wall thickness, was subordinate to the astogeny of the colony. Growth characteristics including colony‐wide coordination of polyp behaviour and subjugation of individuals to restore the colony following damage suggest a strong astogenetic control and high level of colony integration. Protoheliolites probably arose from a heliolitine genus rather than from a nonheliolitine group as some authors have proposed.
New anatomical information on Anomalocaris from the Cambrian Emu Bay Shale of South Australia and a reassessment of its inferred predatory habits
Authors: Daley Allison C. , Paterson John R. , Edgecombe Gregory D. , García‐Bellido Diego C. , Jago James B. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTwo species of Anomalocaris co‐occur in the Emu Bay Shale (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4) at Big Gully, Kangaroo Island. Frontal appendages of Anomalocaris briggsi Nedin, 1995, are more common than those of Anomalocaris cf. canadensis Whiteaves, 1892, at a quarry inland of the wave‐cut platform site from which these species were originally described. An oral cone has the three large, node‐bearing plates recently documented for Anomalocaris canadensis, confirming that Anomalocaris lacks a tetraradial ‘Peytoia’ oral cone and strengthening the case for the identity of the Australian specimens as Anomalocaris. Disarticulated anomalocaridid body flaps are more numerous in the Emu Bay Shale than in other localities, and they preserve anatomical details not recognized elsewhere. Transverse lines on the anterior part of the flaps, interpreted as strengthening rays or veins in previous descriptions of anomalocaridids, are associated with internal structures consisting of a series of well‐bounded, striated blocks or bars. Their structure is consistent with a structural function imparting strength to the body flaps. Setal structures consisting of a series of lanceolate blades are similar to those of other anomalocaridids and are found in isolation or associated with body flaps. A single specimen also preserves putative gut diverticula. The morphology of the appendages, oral cone, gut diverticula and compound eyes of Anomalocaris, along with its large size, suggests that it was an active predator, and specimens of coprolites containing trilobite fragments and trilobites with prominent injuries have been cited as evidence of anomalocaridid predation on trilobites. Based on frontal appendage morphology, Anomalocaris briggsi is inferred to have been a predator of soft‐bodied animals exclusively and only Anomalocaris cf. canadensis may have been capable of durophagous predation on trilobites, although predation (including possible cannibalism) by Redlichia could also explain the coprolites and damage to trilobite exoskeletons found in the Emu Bay Shale.
Congenital Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma with Kasabach–Merritt Phenomenon Successfully Treated with Low‐Dose Radiation Therapy
Authors: Malhotra Yogangi , Yang Catherine S. , McNamara Joseph , Antaya Richard J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractKaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) associated with Kasabach–Merritt phenomenon is a life‐threatening vasculopathy. The current mainstay treatment for KHEs is corticosteroids and chemotherapy, but these medications do not work for all patients and carry significant side effects. We report a neonate with a large congenital KHE who responded extremely well to low‐dose radiation therapy.