bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rifaximin improves thrombocytopenia in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis in association with reduction of endotoxaemia
Authors: Kalambokis Georgios N. , Mouzaki Athanasia , Rodi Maria , Tsianos Epameinondas V. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundThrombocytopenia is a major haematological disorder of cirrhosis with unclear pathogenesis. Endotoxaemia resulting from intestinal bacterial overgrowth could reduce platelet counts directly or through cytokine release.AimsTo correlate endotoxaemia with platelet counts and study the effects of intestinal decontamination with rifaximin on thrombocytopenia in relation to changes in endotoxin and cytokine concentrations in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.MethodsPlatelet counts, plasma endotoxin levels and serum interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) levels were measured in 23 thrombocytopenic cirrhotic patients (platelet count<150 000/μl) before and after 4‐week treatment with rifaximin 1200 mg/d (n = 13) or no treatment (n = 10) and at baseline in 10 cirrhotic patients without thrombocytopenia; spleen size was measured at baseline in all patients.ResultsEndotoxin and IL‐6 levels were significantly higher in patients with thrombocytopenia than in those without thrombocytopenia (2.76 ± 0.69 vs. 0.64 ± 0.09 EU/ml; P < 0.001 and 24.26 ± 3.38 vs. 2.66 ± 0.74 pg/ml; P = 0.001 respectively). Platelet counts were inversely correlated with endotoxin levels (r = −0.589; P = 0.003), Child‐Pugh score (r = −0.625; P = 0.001), IL‐6 levels (r = −0.464; P = 0.02) and spleen size (r = −0.455; P = 0.02) in patients with thrombocytopenia. Following rifaximin, platelet counts increased significantly (83 100 ± 9700 vs. 99 600 ± 11 200/μl; P = 0.006) in line with significant reductions in endotoxin (1.28 ± 0.41 vs. 2.54 ± 0.86 EU/ml; P = 0.005), IL‐1 (3.1 ± 0.5 vs. 4.4 ± 1.2 pg/ml; P = 0.04), IL‐6 (12.8 ± 2.5 vs. 21.1 ± 4.2 pg/ml; P = 0.01) and TNF‐α (3.6 ± 1.3 vs. 5.8 ± 1.7; P = 0.02) levels. Platelet count changes were correlated with the changes in endotoxin (r = 0.573; P = 0.04), TNF‐α (r = 0.554; P = 0.05) and IL‐6 (r = 0.495; P = 0.07) levels.ConclusionsRifaximin improves cirrhosis‐related thrombocytopenia and this could be related with the reduction of endotoxaemia.
A randomized, controlled, double‐blind prospective trial with a Lipido‐Colloid Technology‐Nano‐OligoSaccharide Factor wound dressing in the local management of venous leg ulcers
Authors: Meaume Sylvie , Truchetet François , Cambazard Frédéric , Lok Catherine , Debure Clélia , Dalac Sophie , Lazareth Isabelle , Sigal Michèle‐Léa , Sauvadet Anne , Bohbot Serge , Dompmartin Anne ,   the CHALLENGE Study Group
Published: October 2015

AbstractVenous leg ulcers (VLUs) are the most prevalent chronic wounds in western countries with a heavy socioeconomic impact. Compression therapy is the etiologic treatment of VLU but until now no wound dressing has been shown to be more effective than another. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a new dressing in the management of VLU. Adult patients presenting a noninfected VLU and receiving effective compression therapy were enrolled in this randomized, controlled, double‐blind trial. The VLUs were assessed every 2 weeks for 8 weeks. The primary study outcome was the relative Wound Area Reduction (WAR, in %), and the secondary objectives were absolute WAR, healing rate, and percentage of wounds with >40% surface area reduction. One hundred eighty‐seven patients were randomly allocated to treatment groups. Median WAR was 58.3% in the Lipido‐Colloid Technology‐Nano‐OligoSaccharide Factor (TLC‐NOSF) dressing group (test group) and 31.6% in the TLC dressing group (control group) (difference: −26.7%; 95% confidence interval: −38.3 to −15.1%; p = 0.002). All other efficacy outcomes were also significant in favor of the TLC‐NOSF dressing group. Clinical outcomes for patients treated with the new dressing are superior to those patients treated with the TLC dressing (without NOSF compound), suggesting a strong promotion of the VLU healing process.
From Militancy to Clientelism: Labor Union Strategies and Membership Trajectories in Contemporary Chile
Authors: Palacios-Valladares Indira 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFor the past 30 years, Chilean unionism has been shrinking. Through a comparison of the membership trajectories of 26 unions in two firms between 1990 and 2004, this article explains why some unions defied this trend and how their success affected overall union density in their firms. It argues that the unions that experienced the most favorable membership outcomes were those that, at key junctures of firm restructuring, earliest or most aggressively established a partnership relationship with management. However, in a context of great labor weakness, these cases of union accommodation took the form of exclusive patron-client exchanges, which exacerbated collective action problems and further eroded union density.
Patch testing and contact allergens in Ethiopia – results of 514 contact dermatitis patients using the European baseline series
Authors: Bilcha Kassahun Desalegn , Ayele Adane , Shibeshi Dagnachew , Lovell Christopher 
Published: October 2015

Background: Patch testing is essential to diagnose allergic contact dermatitis. Dermatologists in many countries use a baseline (standard) series covering the major allergens responsible for allergic contact dermatitis in their population, with the addition of relevant allergens for the individual patient. However, a baseline series has not yet been developed for Ethiopia. Our objective in this study is to identify common contact allergens to form the basis of a future baseline series in Ethiopia. Methodology: We patch tested 514 subjects with dermatitis according to the recommended procedure using the European baseline series for 1 year. Results: 52.7% of the tested subjects showed positive reaction for at least one allergen tested. The top five contact allergens identified were nickel sulfate, fragrance mix I, cobalt chloride, p‐tert‐butylphenolformaldehyde (PTBP) resin and potassium dichromate. Positive reactions to nickel and PTBP were commoner in females. PTBP positivity was strongly associated with foot eczema. Positive test reactions were commoner in cement workers, notably to potassium dichromate, which was also a commoner allergen in patients presenting with hand dermatitis. There were no reactions to several allergens, including neomycin, benzocaine, budesonide, primin and quaternium‐15. Conclusion: Comparable patch test results with other countries have been shown and the European baseline series can be used as a baseline series in Ethiopia with some modification.
“Regrettable but Necessary?” A Historical and Theoretical Study of the Rise of the U.K. Immigration Detention Estate and Its Opposition
Authors: Silverman Stephanie J. 
Published: October 2015

This article explores both the official history of immigration detention in the United Kingdom as well as a lesser‐known narrative of challenges to the practice. After outlining the legislative development of the U.K. detention estate, the study uses original research to demonstrate that Parliament, the courts, and civil society have historically been the sites of disagreement with both the supposedly benign nature of immigration detention as well as its promulgation as an ancillary tool to immigration control. The article also employs explanatory and normative theories to make sense of the continuing expansion of immigration detention across liberal states despite the moral outcry. The primary finding is that the U.K. government's attempts to normalize immigration detention have not been wholly successful.Related Articles
Jenkins‐Smith, Hank C., and Kerry G. Herron. 2009. “.” Politics & Policy 37 (): 1095‐1129. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00215.x/abstract

Sabia, Debra. 2010. “?” Politics & Policy 38 (): 53‐80. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00228.x/abstract
Related MediaReport: by Silverman, Stephanie J., and Ruchi Hajela. 2012. “.” . http://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/briefings/immigration‐detention‐uk
Podcast: by Flynn, Michael. 2010. “.” . http://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/immigration‐detention‐and‐aesthetics‐incarceration‐audio
Este artículo explora la historia oficial de la detención de inmigrantes en el Reino Unido así como la menos conocida narrativa de los retos que se han visto en la práctica. Luego una breve exposición del desarrollo legislativo de las detenciones en el Reino Unido, este artículo muestra una investigación original para demostrar que el Parlamento, las cortes y la sociedad civil históricamente han sido lugares de desacuerdo con la supuesta naturaleza benigna de la detención de inmigrantes así como con su promulgación como una herramienta auxiliar para el control de la inmigración. El artículo también hace uso de teorías explicativas y normativas para comprender la continua expansión de la detención de inmigrantes en los estados liberales, a pesar de la indignación moral. El resultado principal es que los intentos del gobierno del Reino Unido para normalizar la detención de inmigrantes no ha sido del todo exitosa.
Optimization and its discontents in regulatory design: Bank regulation as an example
Authors: Simon William H. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEconomists and lawyers trained in economics tend to speak about regulation from a perspective organized around the basic norm of optimization. In contrast, an important managerial literature espouses a perspective organized around the basic norm of reliability. The perspectives are not logically inconsistent, but the economist's view sometimes leads in practice to a preoccupation with decisional simplicity and cost minimization at the expense of complex judgment and learning. Drawing on a literature often ignored by economists and lawyers, I elaborate the contrast between the optimization and reliability perspectives. I then show how the contrast illuminates current discussions of the reform of bank regulation.
The role of inspection sequence in compliance with the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) standards: Interpretations and implications
Authors: Ko Kilkon , Mendeloff John , Gray Wayne 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe examined the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) inspections in the US to identify the effects of repeated inspections and the time between inspections on non‐compliance. Our sample included 549,398 inspections conducted from 1972 through 2006 in manufacturing plants in the 29 states where federal OSHA enforces the law. We controlled for inspection type, industry, establishment size, and year. The number of total violations cited fell by 28%–48% from the first to the second inspection; after that, the numbers declined much more slowly. These effects were found in every one of the four sub‐periods examined. The number of violations cited increased with each additional year since the prior inspection after controlling for other variables; however, the increases were small, totaling approximately 15% over five years. OSHA should probably give higher priority to first time inspections than to repeated inspections. The current requirement that at least two years elapse between planned inspections should probably be lengthened.
Do Physicians/Researchers Trade Stock Based on Privileged Information? A Closer Look at Trading Patterns Surrounding the Annual ASCO Conference
Authors: Mark Elie Donath , Eisenberg J. 
Published: October 2015

There is a concern that physicians/researchers are inappropriately profiting (by buying or selling stock) from information derived from advance copies of high-impact clinical trial data distributed by medical conferences or journals. Despite these concerns, it has never been systematically evaluated, and little is known about the degree to which it exists. This is largely due to difficulties associated with directly verifying whether or not such activities have taken place and, furthermore, many medical conferences/journals today have taken the necessary actions to guard against this. One medical association in particular, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO responsible for conducting the largest annual oncology-related medical conference), only began responding to such concerns several years ago. Their actions during that time serve as a compelling case study, with wide-ranging ramifications, and provide the unique opportunity to delve into this phenomenon.Up until 2008, ASCO selectively and discreetly distributed abstracts from all forthcoming presentations (at the ASCO Conference) to ASCO members two weeks prior to it becoming publicly accessible during the conference.
What's So Special about China's Producer Services? An Input–output Analysis
Authors: Cheng Dazhong , Daniels Peter W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn the present study, five stylized facts about China's producer services are established through international, intersectoral and intertemporal comparisons based on input–output tables. First, the overall service input ratio is the lowest in all the sample economies. Second, most producer services are supplied by the traditional labor‐intensive sectors. Third, manufacturing is the biggest user of producer services, and service industry is the second, while the opposite is true for most of the other sample economies. Fourth, unlike other economies, China's “R&D” is characterized more by consumer services than producer services. Fifth, China has fairly lower service input ratios in almost all the industries. The backward and forward linkages coefficients are both smaller for “real estate activities” and “finance and insurance.” Policy reform should focus not only on specific producer services but also on reducing obstacles that are inhibiting the balanced development of diverse producer services that will help China to optimize its economic structure.
Sex Differences in Normal Fetuses and Infants: A Commentary
Authors: Moore David S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSex differences in infants warrant attention, not because they clarify the extent to which such differences reflect nature or nurture, but because studying them is likely to illuminate the origins of sex differences later in life and thereby yield manipulations that could influence the development of important competences. It is not yet clear how male and female infants come to differ. Testosterone is influential, but because of the complexity of the developmental systems in which it operates, its effects are not straightforward: Testosterone does different things in different contexts. Simple explanations invoking hormone exposure should not be expected to satisfactorily answer questions about the origins of sex differences, but standardizing protocols to allow meaningful meta‐analyses would help bring coherence to the research literature in this domain.
A New Sexual Revolution? Critical Theory, Pornography, and the Internet
Authors: GARLICK STEVE 
Published: October 2015

La “révolution sexuelle” fut un élément central de la culture nord‐américaine durant les années 1960. Aujourd'hui, en grande partie suite à l'avènement de l'Internet, la sexualité occupe un place de plus en plus centrale dans la culture populaire, ce qui pose la question, à savoir si l'on vit présentement une période de l'histoire sexuelle semblable aux années 1960. Au cours de cet article, je discuterai les travaux de Herbert Marcuse, considéré comme le premier à théoriser la révolution sexuelle, afin de mesurer l'ampleur de leur contribution au développement d'une théorie critique de la sexualitéà l'âge numérique. Je rappellerai d'abord les grandes lignes de la théorie Marcusienne du rôle de l'éros dans la vie sociale. Une discussion suivra de deux sites web pornographiques qui combinent érotisme et critique sociale. Le travail de Marcuse prend toute son importance par la façon dont il fait ressortir l'intersection entre le sexe, la technologie et l'économie capitaliste. Cet article vise à compléter ce travail par une analyse de la masculinité et du corps masculin dans la pornographie sur Internet.The “sexual revolution” was a central element of North American culture in the 1960s. Today, sex is increasingly central to mainstream culture, in large part due to the Internet, and we might wonder whether we are living through a comparable period of sexual history. In this article, I revisit the work of Herbert Marcuse—the original theorist of the sexual revolution—to ask whether it can contribute to a critical theory of sexuality in the era of digital technology. After outlining Marcuse's theory of the role of Eros in social life, I discuss two pornographic Web sites that combine eroticism and social critique. I argue that Marcuse's work is valuable for its emphasis on the intersection of sex, technology, and capitalist economy, but that it needs to be supplemented by a focus on masculinity and the male body in Internet pornography.
Safe Spaces: Gay‐Straight Alliances in High Schools
Authors: Fetner Tina , Elafros Athena , Bortolin Sandra , Drechsler Coralee 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTDans les groupes militants comme dans la pratique sociologique, l’idée d’un espace sécuritaire («safe space») a été utilisée pour décrire une multitude de programmes, d’organisations et de pratiques. Malheureusement, trop peu d’études ont défini clairement les caractéristiques de ces espaces sécuritaires et la manière dont ils soutiennent ceux qui les occupent. Nous examinerons ici une organisation universellement reconnue pour sa promotion du concept d’espace sécuritaire: les groupes d’alliance homosexuelle‐hétérosexuelle («Gay‐Straight Alliance») implantés dans les écoles secondaires. Au travers d’entretiens approfondis avec des adolescents Canadiens et Américains ayant participé à ce type d’organisations, nous examinerons comment certains facteurs peuvent modifier les contours de cet espace sécuritaire. Les entretiens avec les participants nous ont permis d’identifier trois caractéristiques interreliéesà l’idée d’espace sécuritaire: le contexte social, l’appartenance et l’action.
Kinship Paths to and from the New Europe: A Unified Analysis of Peruvian Adoption and Migration
Authors: Leinaweaver Jessaca B. 
Published: October 2015

ResumenEste ensayo compara migrantes y adoptados peruanos quienes viven en Europa, enfocándose en los movimientos desde un país remitente y los movimientos hacía tal país. Primero, analiza las reagrupaciones familiares usando un marco analítico de los estudios de parentesco y adopciones. Yuxtapone las experiencias de migrantes y adoptados para mostrar que la migración también es estructurada por preocupaciones de parentesco. Luego, analiza los retornos de adoptados mayores utilizando un marco analítico de los estudios de migración, enfocándose en la centralidad de la contribución que hace el migrante. Este articulo muestra cómo los adoptados y migrantes se enfrentan con los límites de las definiciones nacionales europeas de parentesco que limitan la migración. Se basa en investigaciones con migrantes y adoptados peruanos en España y sobre migraciones y adopciones en el Perú.
Dreams, Memory, and War: An Ethnography of Night in the Peruvian Andes
Authors: Cecconi Arianna 
Published: October 2015

ResumenEl conflicto armado entre Sendero Luminoso y el Ejército que golpeó al Perú entre los años 1980 y 1990, ha marcado profundamente la vida de la población andina de la región de Ayacucho, que fue el epicentro de la violencia. Este artículo propone un acercamiento a la memoria de esta guerra y al actual proceso de reconciliación a través del “punto de vista” de los sueños de los pobladores de dos comunidades campesinas de la región de Ayacucho, y a través de los relatos oníricos encontrados en los archivos de la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación del Perú. Acercándonos a las revelaciones oníricas, a los sueños que “actúan” en los cuerpos, y a las visitas de las almas de los desaparecidos, se explorará la compleja dialéctica entre memoria y olvido que caracteriza a este contexto post‐conflicto y que asume, en la dimensión onírica, peculiares configuraciones.
Effect of the Eu3+ Addition on Photoluminescence and Microstructure of ZnO–CdO–TeO2 Glasses
Authors: Ruvalcaba‐Cornejo C. , Lozada‐Morales Rosendo , Zayas Maria E. , Rincón Jesús Ma. , Marquez Heriberto , Flores Aned de L. 
Published: October 2015

In this work, the role of europium doping of glasses formulated in the ternary system ZnO–CdO–TeO2 is described. The Eu‐doped oxide glasses were prepared by the conventional melt‐quenching method and by using three different compositions. Structural studies reveal that there exists a good affinity between Cd and some rare earth (RE) ions to form the crystalline phase. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) diagrams display that the structure of these glasses is amorphous and with the increase in CdO content and the compatibility of Eu3+, there is a tendency to form nanocrystals of CdTe2O5. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation of their microstructure confirms the presence of phase separation. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) of these glasses showed small exothermic peaks noted around 450°C for the V2 glass and 480°C for V1 and V3 glasses, which could be attributed to the formation of these crystals. The infrared spectra showed a main absorption band around 800–600 cm−1 corresponding to the Te–O stretching mode in TeO4 and TeO3 groups. By optical absorption (OA), the band gap (Eg) for each glass was determined; these values were 3.27, 3.14, and 3.3 eV for the V1–V3 glasses, respectively. Furthermore, the presence of Eu3+ was detected in the 370–470 nm short‐range wavelengths. The photoluminescence (PL) experiments of the glasses showed light emission due to the following transitions: 5D0 → 7F1, 5D0 → 7F2, 5D0 → 7F3, and 5D0 → 7F4.
Ultra‐Broad Temperature Stability Obtained with Ce‐Doped BaTiO3‐Based Ceramics
Authors: Wang Mingjing , Li Lingxia , Zhang Ning , Liu Yaran , Chen Junxiao 
Published: October 2015

Ce‐doped BaTiO3‐based ceramics were prepared and studied to satisfy ultra‐broad temperature stability (from −55°C to 300°C, capacitance variation rate based on C20°C is within ±15%). The sample with 0.6 mol% CeO2 succeeds to achieve this performance with a remarkably high ceiling temperature of 300°C. Meanwhile, the sample has good dielectric and electrical properties at room temperature (εr = 1667, tanδ = 1.478%, ρV = 5.9 × 1012 Ω·cm). Ce ion can substitute for Ti ion as Ce4+ or Ba ion as Ce3+. The substitution decreases the spontaneous polarization of BaTiO3, and then weakens the ferroelectricity of BaTiO3. As a result, the temperature stability of samples is improved obviously. Besides, CeO2 addition promotes the formation of exaggerated grains, which are consisting of Ba6Ti17O40.