bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can ChatGPT-4o really pass medical science exams? A pragmatic analysis using novel questions
Authors: Newton Philip M. , Summers Christopher J. , Zaheer Uzman , Xiromeriti Maira , Stokes Jemima R. , Bhangu Jaskaran Singh , Roome Elis G. , Roberts-Phillips Alanna , Mazaheri-Asadi Darius , Jones Cameron D. , Hughes Stuart , Gilbert Dominic , Jones Ewan , Essex Keioni , Ellis Emily C. , Davey Ross , Cox Adrienne A. , Bassett Jessica A. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractChatGPT apparently shows excellent performance on high level professional exams such as those involved in medical assessment and licensing. This has raised concerns that ChatGPT could be used for academic misconduct, especially in unproctored online exams. However, ChatGPT has also shown weaker performance on questions with pictures, and there have been concerns that ChatGPT’s performance may be artificially inflated by the public nature of the sample questions tested, meaning they likely formed part of the training materials for ChatGPT. This led to suggestions that cheating could be mitigated by using novel questions for every sitting of an exam and making extensive use of picture-based questions. These approaches remain untested.Here we tested the performance of ChatGPT-4o on existing medical licensing exams in the UK and USA, and on novel questions based on those exams.ChatGPT-4o scored 94% on the United Kingdom Medical Licensing Exam Applied Knowledge Test, and 89.9% on the United States Medical Licensing Exam Step 1. Performance was not diminished when the questions were rewritten into novel versions, or on completely novel questions which were not based on any existing questions. ChatGPT did show a slightly reduced performance on questions containing images, particularly when the answer options were added to an image as text labels.These data demonstrate that the performance of ChatGPT continues to improve and that online unproctored exams are an invalid form of assessment of the foundational knowledge needed for higher order learning.
Integrator dynamics in the cortico-basal ganglia loop underlie flexible motor timing
Authors: Yang Zidan , Inagaki Miho , Gerfen Charles R. , Fontolan Lorenzo , Inagaki Hidehiko K. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractFlexible control of motor timing is crucial for behavior. Before volitional movement begins, the frontal cortex and striatum exhibit ramping spiking activity, with variable ramp slopes anticipating movement onsets. This activity in the cortico-basal ganglia loop may function as an adjustable ‘timer,’ triggering actions at the desired timing. However, because the frontal cortex and striatum share similar ramping dynamics and are both necessary for timing behaviors, distinguishing their individual roles in this timer function remains challenging. To address this, we conducted perturbation experiments combined with multi-regional electrophysiology in mice performing a flexible lick-timing task. Following transient silencing of the frontal cortex, cortical and striatal activity swiftly returned to pre-silencing levels and resumed ramping, leading to a shift in lick timing close to the silencing duration. Conversely, briefly inhibiting the striatum caused a gradual decrease in ramping activity in both regions, with ramping resuming from post-inhibition levels, shifting lick timing beyond the inhibition duration. Thus, inhibiting the frontal cortex and striatum effectively paused and rewound the timer, respectively. These findings suggest the striatum is a part of the network that temporally integrates input from the frontal cortex and generates ramping activity that regulates motor timing.
Break-induced replication is activated to repair R-loop-associated double-strand breaks in SETX-deficient cells
Authors: Wu Tong , Li Youhang , Shi Linda Z. , Wu Xiaohua 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe primary role of break-induced replication (BIR) is to repair single-ended double strand breaks (seDSBs) generated at broken replication forks and eroding telomeres. In this study, we demonstrated that when senataxin (SETX), an RNA/DNA helicase, is defective, hyperrecombination using the BIR mechanism is induced at R-loops/hybrids-accumulated double-ended DNA double strand breaks (deDSBs), suggesting a potential role of BIR in repair of R-loops/hybrids-associated deDSBs. Intriguingly, while loss of SETX initiates a non-canonical hyper end resection pathway requiring RAD52 and XPF, it also causes collisions of DNA repair synthesis with R-loops/hybrids, leading to ubiquitination of PCNA and recruitment of PIF1 to establish BIR at R-loops/hybrids-associated deDSBs. Strikingly, SETX-deficiency does not only induce hyper BIR but also leads to a drastic increase in template switching during BIR, uncovering an important mechanism causing genome instability through replicative chromosomal rearrangements due to SETX deficiency. Furthermore, SETX is synthetic lethal with PIF1, RAD52 and XPF. Collectively, our study sheds light on how R- loops/hybrids influence the utilization and fidelity of DSB repair pathways and offers new strategies for targeted treatment of SETX-deficient tumors.Significance statementR-loops are widespread, occupying 5-10 % of the human genome, and thus understanding the DSB repair mechanisms associated with R-loops is of great importance. Defect in senataxin (SETX), an RNA-DNA helicase, is associated with neurodegenerative disorders and tumorigenesis. Our study reveals that R-loop accumulation at DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) due to SETX deficiency triggers hyperrecombination through break-induced replication (BIR), accompanied by a drastic increase in template switching during BIR. This uncovers a significant source of replication-associated complex genome rearrangements (CGRs) linked to prevalent R-loops, providing new insights into cancer-associated genome instability. Furthermore, this work not only uncovers the repair mechanisms utilized at DSBs in the context of dynamic R-loop formation, but also opens new therapeutic opportunities for targeting SETX-deficient tumors.
Longitudinal trajectories of brain development from infancy to school age and their relationship to literacy development
Authors: Turesky Ted K. , Escalante Elizabeth , Loh Megan , Gaab Nadine 
Published: July 2024

AbstractReading is one of the most complex skills that we utilize daily, and it involves the early development and interaction of various lower-level subskills, including phonological processing and oral language. These subskills recruit brain structures, which begin to develop long before the skill manifests and exhibit rapid development during infancy. However, how longitudinal trajectories of early brain development in these structures support long-term acquisition of literacy subskills and subsequent reading is unclear. Children underwent structural and diffusion MRI scanning at multiple timepoints between infancy and second grade and were tested for literacy subskills in preschool and decoding and word reading in early elementary school. We developed and implemented a reproducible pipeline to generate longitudinal trajectories of early brain development to examine associations between these trajectories and literacy (sub)skills. Furthermore, we examined whether familial risk of reading difficulty and children’s home literacy environments, two common literacy-related covariates, influenced those trajectories. Results showed that individual differences in curve features (e.g., intercepts and slopes) for longitudinal trajectories of volumetric, surface-based, and white matter organization measures were linked directly to phonological processing and indirectly to first-grade decoding and word reading skills via phonological processing. Altogether, these findings suggest that the brain bases of phonological processing, previously identified as the strongest behavioral predictor of reading and decoding skills, may already begin to develop by birth but undergo further refinement between infancy and preschool. The present study underscores the importance of considering academic skill acquisition from the very beginning of life.Significance StatementReading is crucial for academic, vocational, and health outcomes, but acquiring proficient reading skills is a protracted developmental process involving lower-level subskills and brain structures that undergo rapid development starting in infancy. We examined how longitudinal trajectories of early brain development support long-term acquisition of reading using a reproducible pipeline we developed specifically for infant-to-school-age longitudinal MRI data. Findings suggest that the brain bases of reading-related skills begin to develop by birth but continue building between infancy and preschool. This study emphasizes the importance of considering academic skill acquisition as a dynamic process preceding the emergence of the skill, and it offers a roadmap for future studies to examine relationships between early brain development and academic skill acquisition.
Human Accelerated Regions regulate gene networks implicated in apical-to-basal neural progenitor fate transitions
Authors: Noble Mark Alan , Ji Yu , Yim Kristina M. , Yang Je Won , Morales Matheo , Abu-Shamma Reem , Pal Atreyo , Poulsen Ryan , Baumgartner Marybeth , Noonan James P. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe evolution of the human cerebral cortex involved modifications in the composition and proliferative potential of the neural stem cell (NSC) niche during brain development. Human Accelerated Regions (HARs) exhibit a significant excess of human-specific sequence changes and have been implicated in human brain evolution. Multiple studies support that HARs include neurodevelopmental enhancers with novel activities in humans, but their biological functions in NSCs have not been empirically assessed at scale. Here we conducted a direct-capture Perturb-seq screen repressing 180 neurodevelopmentally active HARs in human iPSC-derived NSCs with single-cell transcriptional readout. After profiling >188,000 NSCs, we identified a set of HAR perturbations with convergent transcriptional effects on gene networks involved in NSC apicobasal polarity, a cellular process whose precise regulation is critical to the developmental emergence of basal radial glia (bRG), a progenitor population that is expanded in humans. Across multiple HAR perturbations, we found convergent dysregulation of specific apicobasal polarity and adherens junction regulators, includingPARD3, ABI2, SETD2, andPCM1. We found that the repression of one candidate from the screen, HAR181, as well as its target geneCADM1, disrupted apical PARD3 localization and NSC rosette formation. Our findings reveal interconnected roles for HARs in NSC biology and cortical development and link specific HARs to processes implicated in human cortical expansion.
Phonon softening and atomic modulations in
EuAl4
Authors: Korshunov A. N. , Sukhanov A. S. , Gebel S. , Pavlovskii M. S. , Andriushin N. D. , Gao Y. , Moya J. M. , Morosan E. , Rahn M. C. 
Published: July 2024

EuAl4 is a rare-earth intermetallic in which competing itinerant and/or indirect exchange mechanisms give rise to a complex magnetic phase diagram, including a centrosymmetric skyrmion lattice. These phenomena arise not in the tetragonal parent structure but in the presence of a charge-density wave (CDW), which lowers the crystal symmetry and renormalizes the electronic structure. Microscopic knowledge of the corresponding atomic modulations and their driving mechanism is a prerequisite for a deeper understanding of the resulting equilibrium of electronic correlations and how it might be manipulated. Here, we use synchrotron single-crystal x-ray diffraction, inelastic x-ray scattering, and lattice-dynamics calculations to clarify the origin of the CDW in EuAl4. We observe a broad softening of a transverse acoustic phonon mode that sets in well above room temperature and, at TCDW=142 K, freezes out in an atomic displacement mode described by the superspace group Immm(00γ)s00. In the context of previous work, our observation is a clear confirmation that the CDW in EuAl4 is driven by electron-phonon coupling. This result is relevant for a wider family of BaAl4 and ThCr2Si2-type rare-earth intermetallics known to combine CDW instabilities and complex magnetism.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Barriers and facilitators to social participation in people with mental health and substance use disorders: a formative qualitative study
Authors: Aasen Jan , Nilsson Fredrik , Sørensen Torgeir , Lien Lars , Leonhardt Marja 
Published: July 2024

Purpose
This study aims to explore how people with concurrent mental health and substance use disorders and lived experience of deep social marginalization perceived barriers and facilitators to mainstream social participation. The purpose of this study is to identify meaningful and relevant learning content for a virtual reality-based intervention to promote social participation in this group.

Design/methodology/approach
This formative qualitative study was conducted in Norway during Autumn 2022. Nine in-depth individual interviews with adults recovering from dual diagnosis were conducted, audiotaped, transcribed and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis in a collaborative analysis process.

Findings
Results indicated that social alienation, poor social skills, stigma, low self-esteem and social anxiety were key barriers to social participation in this group. This study suggests a need to learn appropriate social behaviour in mainstream society, in addition to better employability skills, civic literacy and health literacy to improve utilization of social opportunities.

Practical implications
This study implies that virtual reality-based interventions for promoting social participation in people with dual diagnosis should primarily focus on learning and practising appropriate social behaviour in shared public spaces before practising advanced social skills such as employability skills in simulated work environments. Learning and practising social skills appears decisive for using more complex social opportunities, such as in education, health, social services and work.

Originality/value
This research provides suggestions for the content of a novel virtual reality-based intervention to promote social participation among people in recovery from dual diagnosis.
Firm-level climate change risk and adoption of ESG practices: a machine learning prediction
Authors: Khan Mushtaq Hussain , Zein Alabdeen Zaid , Anupam Angesh 
Published: July 2024

PurposeBy combining the notion of prospect theory with advanced machine learning algorithms, this study aims to predict whether financial institutions (FIs) adopt a reactive stance when they perceive climate change as a risk, consequently leading to the adoption of environmental, social and governance (ESG) practices to avoid this risk. Prospect theory assumes that decision-makers react quickly when decisions are framed as a risk or threat rather than as an opportunity.Design/methodology/approachWe used a sample of 168 FIs across 27 countries and seven regions over the period 2003–2020. To conduct our empirical investigation, we compared the prediction accuracy of various machine learning algorithms.FindingsOur findings suggest that out of 12 machine learning algorithms, AdaBoost, Gradient Boosting and XGBoost have the most precision in predicting whether FIs react to climate change risk in adopting ESG practices. This study also tested the overall climate change risk and risks associated with physical, opportunity and regulatory shocks of climate change. We observed that risks associated with physical and regulatory shocks significantly impact the adoption of ESG practices, supporting prospect theory predictions.Practical implicationsThe insights of this study provide important implications for policymakers. Specifically, policymakers must take into account the risk posed by climate change in the corporate decision-making process, as it directly influences a firm’s adoption of corporate actions (ESG practices).Originality/valueTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the firm-level climate change risk and adoption of ESG practices from a prospect theory perspective using novel machine learning algorithms.
Cloud database supported virtual herbarium application
Authors: Akın Alper Tunga , Ünver Saliha , Alkiş Kamber Can 
Published: July 2024

Purpose
It requires a significant amount of time, money and effort to visit institutions containing different collections in different parts of the world, for many reasons such as transportation, visa and research permit. This study aims to develop a virtual herbarium with both mobile and browser support, which will enable access to the panoramic view of the herbarium and the visual and botanical characteristics of the herb samples in the herbarium.

Design/methodology/approach
Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Forestry (KATO) Herbarium, established in 1973 and registered in the International Herbarium Index, was chosen as the study area. The virtual herbarium (VR) KATO application was carried out in three stages: production of panorama images of the herbarium, creation-connection of the database and programming of the application. Within the scope of the study, a database containing the botanical features and herb sample images in the herbarium was also created using the MongoDB Atlas connection, and a dynamically-updatable herb library was presented to the online visitors. For a test development, 20 of 23,240 of the herb species were included in the database and will be extended to include all species. A user experience survey has also been conducted to analyze accessibility and usability of the VR herbarium.

Findings
According to the user experience survey, participants from various professions such as students, teachers, academics and forest engineers mostly found the application easily accessible, simple, understandable and efficient. As a future plan, the application will be improved based on user feedback. This study is a pioneer with the concept of virtual reality and a distinctive example of mixed reality technologies’ usage in the forestry discipline. Besides that, the study is a unique example for different fields related to forestry, which contains different libraries such as flora, fauna, endemic species and national parks, and for other sectors.

Originality/value
This study contributes to the digital access capabilities in academic libraries or physical stores.
Did the increase in birth grants result in higher births? Evidence from the Czech demographic and population policy change
Authors: Dvouletý Ondřej 
Published: July 2024

PurposeThis research contributes to a better understanding of the effects of public demographic and population policy. The study investigates whether a considerable increase in birth grants in 2006 in the Czech Republic resulted in a higher number of births.Design/methodology/approachTo quantify the effects, we work with the administrative, statistical daily data (1993–2016) on the number of births and use time series analysis tools. In particular, we estimate a time series regression model via the ordinary least squares (OLS) technique with robust standard errors, testing placebo effects and the differences between the trend-forecasted values in the absence of the grant change.FindingsOur results, spread over several time windows covering up to a ten-year period after the intervention, show that the intervention significantly and positively affected the number of births in the post-intervention periods. The evidence obtained from the econometric analysis of the time series clearly shows that after the demographic and population policy change, there was an average increase of 17–19 births daily when the data was analysed up to 2016. Therefore, the conclusion is that the policy intervention led to expected and desired policy outcomes.Originality/valueThe study provides the stakeholders and policymakers with an experience of the public policy aiming to support fertility, which has reached its expectations.
Challenges in adopting and using online recruitment tools from employers’ perspective
Authors: Zahedi Nejad Zahra , Sabokro Mehdi , Oikarinen Eeva-Liisa 
Published: July 2024

Purpose
This paper aims to contribute to the existing literature by providing a unique exploration of the challenges in the adoption and usage of corporate websites, job aggregators, digital job boards, professional social media and artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled tools for recruitment.

Design/methodology/approach
In this exploratory study, interviews were conducted with 15 experts in digital companies with AI, recruitment or human eesources expertise.

Findings
The findings suggest three major themes, including technological, human–technology interaction and peripheral challenges. Moreover, seven sub-themes of challenges emerged from this study, namely, inefficient facilities and resources, inefficient data accumulation, resistance to change, distrust in technology, restricting regulations, toxic work culture and economic and social obstacles. Finally, this study proposes important implications and practical solutions to help professionals, companies and employers overcome challenges associated with adopting and using online recruitment tools.

Originality/value
Electronic human resource management has not studied the challenges associated with online recruitment tools in the context of Iranian digital organizations. This paper provides a unique exploration of the challenges in the adoption of AI in recruitment.
How green cultural festivals can increase environmental performance in Islamic University?: human resource perspective
Authors: Masyhuri Masyhuri , Siswanto Siswanto , Kurniawati Desi Tri 
Published: July 2024

PurposeThis study aimed to examine the role of green human resource management on environmental performance at Islamic universities, with the mediating effect of green cultural festivals and the moderating role of individual green values.Design/methodology/approachThe research employed random sampling techniques by selecting a sample of 192 students from various Islamic universities in Indonesia. The participants were selected through an online survey. In addition, data analysis was done using the structural equation modelling-partial least squares (SEM-PLS) technique with the SmartPLS 3.0.FindingsImplementing green human resource management has become a crucial factor in enhancing the environmental performance of Islamic universities. Moreover, green cultural festivals function as an intermediary variable. At the same time, individual green values exhibit a moderating variable that can enhance the influence between green human resource management and environmental performance.Practical implicationsImplementing an effective green human resource management strategy enhances environmental performance. Green human resource management has assisted universities in creating a generation of graduates with a solid commitment to ecological sustainability and raised awareness of the significance of conserving the environment. As a result, this commitment equips students to become agents of change in society upon graduation. Furthermore, campuses need to integrate environmental curriculum components into all study programs, as students need to understand the significant impact of environmental stewardship from both Islamic and scientific perspectives.Originality/valueThis research provides a novel perspective on how Islamic universities are exceptionally well-equipped to create environmental awareness and values that students can practically apply post-graduation using green cultural festivals, which are regularly held. This study is the first to introduce the concept of green cultural festivals in universities utilising the basis of combining green culture with cultural festivals with the theoretical background of resource-based theory.