bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of ghrelin and its analogues, BIM‐28131 and BIM‐28125, on the expression of myostatin in a rat heart failure model
Authors: Lenk Karsten , Palus Sandra , Schur Robert , Datta Rakesh , Dong Jesse , Culler Michael D. , Anker Stefan , Springer Jochen , Schuler Gerhard , Adams Volker 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundIn chronic heart failure (CHF), cachexia is a hallmark of the terminal stage of this disease and is associated with a severely reduced quality of life and poor prognosis. Therapeutic options are currently not available. Ghrelin and its analogues BIM‐28125 and BIM‐28131 (now known as RM‐131) have been shown to increase weight in a rat model of CHF. It has been further demonstrated that the expression of myostatin, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass, is increased in CHF. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of ghrelin or its analogues on myostatin in CHF.MethodsIn an animal model of CHF, Sprague–Dawley rats received either ghrelin or two ghrelin analogues BIM‐28125 and BIM‐28131 in two different concentrations (50 and 500 nmol/kg/day) compared to placebo. The compounds were delivered using osmotic mini pumps. The expression of myostatin was analyzed in skeletal muscle by RT‐PCR and Western blot, and muscle mass of gastrocnemius muscle was measured. The plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) were measured.ResultsThe relative weight of the gastrocnemius muscle of the sham‐operated group was significantly increased compared to placebo‐treated CHF rats. The application of ghrelin analogue BIM‐28125 and BIM‐28131 in their higher concentrations led to a significant reduction in myostatin mRNA expression in comparison to placebo. Myostatin protein expression was significantly reduced in both concentrations of ghrelin and BIM‐28131 and in the lower concentration of BIM‐28125. The increase of TNF‐α plasma concentration in the CHF‐animals could be abolished by all used substances.ConclusionsIn an animal model of CHF, the expression of myostatin is significantly reduced in the skeletal muscle after application of ghrelin and most concentrations of its analogues BIM‐28125 and BIM‐28131 possibly due to anti‐inflammatory effects.
CRITERIA FOR THE SEQUENCE OF DIFFERENCES OF A BOUNDED SEQUENCE TO BE NULL
Authors: BORWEIN DAVID 
Published: September 2012

AbstractConditions are established for the sequence of differences $\{a_n-a_{n-1}\}$ of a bounded sequence $\{a_n\}$ of complex terms to converge to zero when a certain linear nonhomogeneous difference expression of the form $k_0 a_n+k_1a_{n-1}+\cdots +k_na_0$tends to zero as$n\to \infty .$
‘It might not be a nuisance in a country cottage’: Sanitary Conditions and Images of Health in Victorian Rural Wales
Authors: WADDINGTON KEIR 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAlthough historians have become increasingly sensitive to the contested nature of public health and the limitations of sanitary reform, studies have concentrated on the urban. In focusing on rural Wales in the period from the creation of rural sanitary authorities in 1872 to the end of the nineteenth century, the essay shifts the focus to ask questions about what the rural means in the context of public health. By making connections between ideas about the Welsh landscape, nationhood and health, and the nature of sanitary problems facing rural communities and how rural sanitary practices came to be viewed, the essay shows how enduring representations of rural healthiness masked a ‘long tale of filth, neglect, carelessness and disease’ in rural Wales. The essay demonstrates how a bifurcated view of rural Wales as healthy and unhealthy reflected ideas about nationhood and the nature of rural conditions that rendered sanitary problems less visible when they occurred in a rural environment.
Paternalistic Consumer Co-operatives in Rural England, 1870–1930
Authors: MANSFIELD NICK 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe British co-operative movement is associated mainly with industrial areas. Where consumer co-operatives existed in the countryside they were located in market towns and formed by rural trade unions, especially railwaymen, occasionally quarrymen or farmworkers. Yet the Co-operative Union membership encompassed a significant number of small single village societies founded by paternalistic gentry.This paper draws on examples in Shropshire, East Yorkshire, Berkshire and Oxfordshire, to offer an account and explanation of the never before studied, paternalistic co-operatives. Recruiting estate workers and farm labourers, individual country squires showed themselves capable of using a co-operative ideology and framework, usually associated with the labour movement, to achieve very different and paternalistic goals. The relationship between these paternalistic village societies and the wider co-operative movement, both locally and nationally, is discussed, including the company paternalism of the Co-operative Wholesale Society's own farming operations. A comparison with the ‘Blue co-ops’ of the Lancashire Conservative dominated cotton spinners’ union is also made. The paper concludes that the failure of paternalistic co-operatives was part of the post Great War revival of rural cultural conservatism, linked to the effects of agricultural depression.
Ethical Considerations in Embedding a Surgeon in a Military or Civilian Tactical Team
Authors: Kaplan Lewis J. , Siegel Mark D. , Eastman Alexander L. , Flynn Lisa M. , Rosenbaum Stanley H. , Cone David C. , Blake David P. , Mulhern Jonathan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTactical emergency medical services (TEMS) bring immediate medical support to the inner perimeter of special weapons and tactics team activations. While initially envisioned as a role for an individual dually trained as a police officer and paramedic, TEMS is increasingly undertaken by physicians and paramedics who are not police officers. This report explores the ethical underpinnings of embedding a surgeon within a military or civilian tactical team with regard to identity, ethically acceptable actions, triage, responsibility set, training, certification, and potential future refinements of the role of the tactical police surgeon.KaplanLJ, SiegelMD, EastmanAL, FlynnLM, RosenbaumSH, ConeDC, BlakeDP, MulhernJ. Ethical considerations in embedding a surgeon in a military or civilian tactical team. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(6):1-6.
CONFORMAL SLIT MAPS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS
Authors: CROWDY DARREN 
Published: September 2012

AbstractConformal slit maps play a fundamental theoretical role in analytic function theory and potential theory. A lesser-known fact is that they also have a key role to play in applied mathematics. This review article discusses several canonical conformal slit maps for multiply connected domains and gives explicit formulae for them in terms of a classical special function known as the Schottky–Klein prime function associated with a circular preimage domain. It is shown, by a series of examples, that these slit mapping functions can be used as basic building blocks to construct more complicated functions relevant to a variety of applied mathematical problems.
Gifts of Communion: Recovering an Anglican Approach to the ‘Instruments of Unity’
Authors: Pickard Stephen 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe Anglican Communion has developed ‘Instruments of Communion’ to aid communication and sharing of wisdom throughout the Communion. When the Archbishop of Canterbury invited bishops from the Communion to attend a meeting at Lambeth in 1867 to consult and seek common counsel for the good order and care of the churches of the emerging Anglican Communion the first of the Lambeth Conferences took place. In more recent decades the Anglican Consultative Council and Primates’ Meeting have developed to enable the bishops, clergy and lay people of the worldwide Anglican Communion to listen to one another, share their life and join in common mission. In recent years these four elements in international Anglicanism – the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lambeth Conference, the Anglican Consultative Council and the Primates’ Meeting – have become known as Instruments of Unity or Communion. Tensions and fractures in the Communion have raised questions about the value or use of the so-called Instruments of Unity.This article analyses the concept of ‘Instrument’ and assesses its value for understanding the nature of the Anglican Communion. It argues that the Instruments have a gift-like character and function in a quasi sacramental manner. As such they are indwelt rather than used in a tool like way. This approach to the Instruments of Communion gives high priority to the character and disposition of human agents participating in Communion structures and the importance of fostering a deeper communion among the Instruments for the sake of the Church and its witness to the gospel.
Multi‐scale dynamics and rheology of mantle flow with plates
Authors: Alisic Laura , Gurnis Michael , Stadler Georg , Burstedde Carsten , Ghattas Omar 
Published: September 2012

Fundamental issues in our understanding of plate and mantle dynamics remain unresolved, including the rheology and state of stress of plates and slabs; the coupling between plates, slabs and mantle; and the flow around slabs. To address these questions, models of global mantle flow with plates are computed using adaptive finite elements, and compared to a variety of observational constraints. The dynamically consistent instantaneous models include a composite rheology with yielding, and incorporate details of the thermal buoyancy field. Around plate boundaries, the local resolution is 1 km, which allows us to study highly detailed features in a globally consistent framework. Models that best fit plateness criteria and plate motion data have strong slabs with high stresses. We find a strong dependence of global plate motions, trench rollback, net rotation, plateness, and strain rate on the stress exponent in the nonlinear viscosity; the yield stress is found to be important only if it is smaller than the ambient convective stress. Due to strong coupling between plates, slabs, and the surrounding mantle, the presence of lower mantle anomalies affect plate motions. The flow in and around slabs, microplate motion, and trench rollback are intimately linked to the amount of yielding in the subducting slab hinge, slab morphology, and the presence of high viscosity structures in the lower mantle beneath the slab.
Aerosol profiling with lidar in the Amazon Basin during the wet and dry season
Authors: Baars H. , Ansmann A. , Althausen D. , Engelmann R. , Heese B. , Müller D. , Artaxo P. , Paixao M. , Pauliquevis T. , Souza R. 
Published: September 2012

For the first time, multiwavelength polarization Raman lidar observations of optical and microphysical particle properties over the Amazon Basin are presented. The fully automated advanced Raman lidar was deployed 60 km north of Manaus, Brazil (2.5°S, 60°W) in the Amazon rain forest from January to November 2008. The measurements thus cover both the wet season (Dec–June) and the dry or burning season (July–Nov). Two cases studies of young and aged smoke plumes are discussed in terms of spectrally resolved optical properties (355, 532, and 1064 nm) and further lidar products such as particle effective radius and single‐scattering albedo. These measurement examples confirm that biomass burning aerosols show a broad spectrum of optical, microphysical, and chemical properties. The statistical analysis of the entire measurement period revealed strong differences between the pristine wet and the polluted dry season. African smoke and dust advection frequently interrupt the pristine phases during the wet season. Compared to pristine wet season conditions, the particle scattering coefficients in the lowermost 2 km of the atmosphere were found to be enhanced, on average, by a factor of 4 during periods of African aerosol intrusion and by a factor of 6 during the dry (burning) season. Under pristine conditions, the particle extinction coefficients and optical depth for 532 nm wavelength were frequently as low as 10–30 Mm−1 and <0.05, respectively. During the dry season, biomass burning smoke plumes reached to 3–5 km height and caused a mean optical depth at 532 nm of 0.26. On average during that season, particle extinction coefficients (532 nm) were of the order of 100 Mm−1 in the main pollution layer (up to 2 km height). Ångström exponents were mainly between 1.0 and 1.5, and the majority of the observed lidar ratios were between 50–80 sr.
Modeling supraglacial water routing and lake filling on the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Banwell Alison F. , Arnold Neil S. , Willis Ian C. , Tedesco Marco , Ahlstrøm Andreas P. 
Published: September 2012

During more intense melt years, supraglacial lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet are found to fill more rapidly and to drain earlier in the melt season. They also develop at higher latitudes and elevations. Since the rapid drainage of lakes has been shown to enhance basal sliding and since the lake volume can play an important role in determining if and when it drains, understanding and modeling the processes which control lake filling rates forms a key development in successfully modeling the possible impacts of lake drainage events on ice motion. We have developed a surface water routing and lake filling model and applied it to a 100 km2area of the Paakitsoq region, west Greenland. The model takes the time series of calculated runoff (melt minus refreezing) over the area and calculates flow paths and water velocities over the snow‐/ice‐covered surface, routing the water into topographic depressions which can fill to form lakes. Runoff is calculated from a distributed, surface energy‐balance model coupled to a subsurface model, which calculates changes in temperature, density and water content in the snow, firn and upper ice layers, and hence refreezing and therefore net runoff. The model is calibrated against field measurements of a filling lake in our study area during June 2011 and can be used to calculate the filling rate of the instrumented lake with a high degree of accuracy. The filling rate of the instrumented/modeled lake depends on melt and routing from the immediate lake catchment and from overflowing lakes in upstream catchments.
X-ray diffraction study on size effects in epitaxial magnetite thin films on MgO(0 0 1)
Authors: Bertram F , Deiter C , Hoefert O , Schemme T , Timmer F , Suendorf M , Zimmermann B , Wollschläger J 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Epitaxial ultrathin iron oxide films of different thicknesses were grown by reactive molecular beam epitaxy in 10−6 mbar oxygen atmosphere on MgO(0 0 1) single crystal substrates at room temperature. Afterwards, the films were studied by x-ray diffraction, x-ray reflectivity and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to provide information regarding film structure as well as chemical composition of the films. Except for a very thin interface layer of subnanometre thickness, the iron oxide films have magnetite stoichiometry and structure and Mg does not diffuse from the substrate into the iron oxide film. The interface layer has a wuestite structure as determined by kinematic diffraction analysis. The magnetite films exhibit very homogeneous thickness while the vertical lattice constant decreases gradually towards its bulk value.
Specific immunotherapy can greatly reduce the need for systemic steroids in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Aasbjerg K. , Torp‐Pedersen C. , Backer V. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundWorldwide, more than 400 million individuals have allergic rhinitis, which has a significant impact on the individual's general health. Most patients self‐medicate with over‐the‐counter drugs, but severe cases need treatment with topical corticosteroids and/or immunotherapy (SCIT). Although the ARIA guidelines discourage the use of systemic corticosteroids, this treatment is often used by general practitioners.AimsTo investigate the use of systemic steroids to treat allergic rhinitis in Denmark and the role of SCIT as an alternative.MethodsA retrospective study based on Danish National Registry databases 1995–2009. Steroid use was defined as a minimum of one steroid injection during April–July for at least three consecutive years. SCIT treatment against grass (Phleum pratense), birch (Betula verrucosa) or both was included.ResultsOverall, 39 173 individuals were treated with either SCIT or steroids; 93.1% received only steroids, and 6.9% received SCIT and/or steroids. The steroid‐to‐SCIT ratio was 14 : 1 (P < 0.0001). The mean annual steroid injections were 1.6 in the steroid‐only group and 1.0 in the SCIT group (P < 0.0001). Of the SCIT‐treated individuals, 84% did not need steroids after SCIT treatment (P < 0.0001). The hazard ratios of receiving steroids after SCIT against grass, birch or both were 0.65, 0.83 and 0.72, respectively (P < 0.0001), when compared with the steroids‐only group. The maximum hazard reduction was obtained if patients responded well to SCIT treatment after one to 3 years.ConclusionsSystemic steroid injections are still widely used to treat pollen allergy. Specific immunotherapy can greatly reduce the need for steroids.
Stability and change – a 7‐ to 8‐year follow‐up study of mental health problems in Norwegian children in long‐term out‐of‐home care
Authors: Havnen Karen Skaale , Breivik Kyrre , Jakobsen Reidar 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe aim of the study was to explore stability and change in mental health problems in Norwegian children aged 6–12 years old (n = 70) in long‐term out‐of‐home care. The children's mental health problems were assessed shortly after the placement and 7–8 years later by the caregivers and the teachers on the Revised Rutter Scales. Information on pre‐placement and placement factors were collected from the child welfare workers. At a group level the children's mental health problems had improved significantly over time according to the teachers' reports. According to the caregivers' reports, however, the children's problems were high and stable across time. Analyses aimed at detecting individual changes revealed a great variability in development according to both informants, indicating that treating the placed children as a homogenous group could be misleading. Several pre‐placement and placement variables were associated with the change in the children's mental health problems from the time of placement to the follow‐up time according to both informants' reports. However, all the predictors were accounted for by the strong effect of the children's problem scores when entering care.
An unusual cribriform variant of salivary basal cell tumours: a clinicopathological study of 22 cases
Authors: Tian Zhen , Hu Yuhua , Wang Lizhen , Li Lei , Zhang Chunye , Li Jiang 
Published: September 2012

Tian Z, Hu Y, Wang L, Li L, Zhang C & Li J  (2012) Histopathology 61, 921–929An unusual cribriform variant of salivary basal cell tumours: a clinicopathological study of 22 casesAims:  To clarify the clinicopathological characteristics of salivary basal cell tumours exhibiting cribriform architecture, and to discuss the differential diagnosis of these tumours with regard to adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC).Methods and results:  Eighteen basal cell adenomas (BCAs) and four basal cell adenocarcinomas (BcACs) with at least a 10% area of cribriform morphology were collected, and the histological and immunohistochemical features were evaluated. The majority of tumours showed the typical histological patterns of basal cell tumours, in addition to cribriform architecture. In some areas, the periphery of cribriform nests had a palisade arrangement. Focal capsular infiltration, but not invasion of surrounding normal tissue, was detected in 14 of 18 BCAs. The capsules were absent or incomplete and mainly accompanied by focal invasion in BcACs. Cystic degeneration was observed in 12 of 22 tumours. The Ki67 labelling index of basal cell tumours was significantly lower than that of cribriform AdCCs (P = 0.001). All patients had a good outcome after a follow‐up of 15–96 months.Conclusions:  The cribriform variant shares most of the clinicopathological features of conventional basal cell tumours. Admixtures of cribriform and trabecular or tubulo‐trabecular subtypes, peripheral palisading, cystic changes, non‐invasive or low‐grade invasive growth patterns and a low Ki67 labelling index may be useful for distinguishing basal cell tumours with a cribriform architecture from AdCCs.
Pathological significance of epidermal growth factor receptor expression and amplification in human gliomas
Authors: Zhao Li‐li , Xu Kan‐lun , Wang Shan‐wei , Hu Bai‐lai , Chen Li‐rong 
Published: September 2012

Zhao L‐l, Xu K‐l, Wang S‐w, Hu B‐l & Chen L‐r  (2012) Histopathology 61, 726–736Pathological significance of epidermal growth factor receptor expression and amplification in human gliomasAims:  To investigate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and amplification in gliomas and to assess their association with survival.Methods and results:  Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in‐situ hybridization were performed to analyse EGFR status in 158 cases of primary glioma. Kaplan–Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were performed to analyse the prognosis of patients. Overexpression of EGFR and expression of EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII) were found in 102 cases (64.6%) and 47 cases (29.7%), respectively. Overexpression of EGFR was significantly correlated with World Health Organization (WHO) grade and Karnofsky performance score (KPS) (both P < 0.05). Expression of EGFRvIII was significantly correlated with WHO grade, gender, age, and KPS (all P < 0.05). EGFR amplification was found in 46 cases (29.1%), and was significantly correlated with WHO grade, age, KPS and EGFR overexpression (all P < 0.05). Cox multifactor analysis showed that EGFR amplification was an independent unfavourable prognostic factor for human gliomas at all ages, and EGFRvIII was an independent prognostic factor in patients older than 60 years.Conclusions:  EGFR amplification and EGFRvIII expression were associated with an unfavourable prognosis for patients of all ages, and for those older than 60 years, respectively. The differing significance of EGFR status in young and old glioma patients and its impact on prognosis needs further study.