bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La brecha educativa de género. ¿Hacia una mayor participación laboral de madres, esposas y mujeres en general?
Authors: GANGULI Ina , HAUSMANN Ricardo , VIARENGO Martina 
Published: August 2014

ResumenLa brecha educativa de género se ha cerrado, o incluso invertido, en muchos países, pero ¿qué hay de otras desigualdades en el empleo? A partir de microdatos censales de 40 países, los autores examinan la brecha de participación laboral entre hombres y mujeres, así como entre mujeres casadas y solteras, y entre madres y mujeres sin hijos. Existe mucha heterogeneidad en cuanto al tamaño de esas brechas, su ritmo de evolución y su relación con la brecha educativa. Un análisis contrafáctico muestra que gran parte de la brecha de participación laboral entre hombres y mujeres no se explica por las otras.
Trabajadores domésticos en Europa. Hablemos de cifras
Authors: ABRANTES Manuel 
Published: August 2014

ResumenLos datos de la Encuesta de Población Activa Europea (EU‐15, 2000–2010) confirman el aumento del sector doméstico. Hay más mujeres activas, pero también trabajan con más frecuencia en dicho sector, mayoritariamente femenino. El autor cuestiona el sentido de estas cifras en términos de igualdad. Analiza las diferencias entre los países del norte y los del sur de Europa interrelacionando distintos aspectos. El futuro del sector vendrá marcado por factores muy diversos como el envejecimiento de la población, la evolución de las culturas de género, la situación económica, el grado de flexibilidad del mercado de trabajo y la dinámica laboral del propio sector.
El empleo a tiempo parcial femenino. «Flexirriesgo» en cinco países europeos
Authors: BLÁZQUEZ CUESTA Maite , MORAL CARCEDO Julián 
Published: August 2014

ResumenEuropa tiene mercados de trabajo segmentados con empleos flexibles pero inseguros, que generan gran desigualdad entre trabajadores. El empleo a tiempo parcial puede ayudar a conciliar trabajo y vida familiar y aumentar la tasa de actividad femenina, pero también puede generar nuevas formas de desigualdad. Analizando empíricamente las transiciones laborales en Dinamarca, España, Francia, Italia y Países Bajos, este artículo muestra que los trabajadores a tiempo parcial —en su mayoría mujeres— corren un riesgo mayor de desocupación y recomienda aumentar la igualdad entre los trabajadores a tiempo parcial y a tiempo completo en relación con la estabilidad del empleo.
Las mujeres y el trabajo a tiempo parcial en los países europeos
Authors: SALLADARRÉ Frédéric , HLAIMI Stéphane Boubaker 
Published: August 2014

ResumenLos autores analizan el trabajo a tiempo parcial femenino en 23 países europeos distinguiendo entre dos categorías (breve y largo) en función del número de horas trabajadas. El trabajo a tiempo parcial breve se asocia a franjas etarias extremas, discapacidad leve, un número mayor de hijos y menor nivel de instrucción, así como al sector de los servicios colectivos, sociales y personales. Se observa mucha variación entre países, pero en general el tiempo parcial largo es más frecuente que el corto y ambos tipos parecen complementarios.
Segregación ocupacional por género en España: ¿exclusión o confinamiento?
Authors: DUEÑAS FERNÁNDEZ Diego , IGLESIAS FERNÁNDEZ Carlos , LLORENTE HERAS Raquel 
Published: August 2014

ResumenEl nivel de segregación ocupacional por género en España es de los más altos de Europa. Con datos de la Encuesta de Calidad de Vida en el Trabajo española, este artículo investiga las probabilidades de empleo para hombres y mujeres en ocupaciones mayoritariamente masculinas o femeninas. Combinando una descomposición de Oaxaca‐Blinder con un análisis contrafáctico, los autores concluyen que las características personales, familiares y laborales explican un porcentaje muy pequeño de la diferencia de probabilidades, y que la segregación ocupacional en España en detrimento de las mujeres se produce más por su confinamiento en ocupaciones consideradas femeninas que por su exclusión de las consideradas masculinas.
La influencia de la familia y de los hijos en el trabajo independiente femenino en Noruega
Authors: RØNSEN Marit 
Published: August 2014

ResumenLa escasa representación de las mujeres en el empresariado y el empleo independiente es común a culturas y países diversos, pero todavía no se sabe por qué. El presente estudio sobre Noruega examina la influencia de ciertas características familiares: los hijos y sus edades, el cónyuge y los activos financieros del hogar. Según los resultados, los hijos no obstaculizan el empleo femenino por cuenta propia, y la probabilidad de este correlaciona negativamente con el número de horas de trabajo del cónyuge y positivamente con el hecho de que este también sea un trabajador independiente. La relación causal de estas correlaciones es difícil de establecer.
Comparative Assessment of Grassland NPP Dynamics in Response to Climate Change in China, North America, Europe and Australia from 1981 to 2010
Authors: Gang C. , Zhou W. , Wang Z. , Chen Y. , Li J. , Chen J. , Qi J. , Odeh I. , Groisman P. Y. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAlthough climate change has been modifying grassland ecosystems for a long time, few studies on grassland ecosystems have focused on large‐scale responses to climate change. Hence, grassland net primary productivity (NPP) from 1981 to 2010, as well as its variations in China, North America, Europe and Australia, was assessed and compared using a synthetic model in this study. Subsequently, the correlations between the NPP of each grassland type and climate factors were evaluated to reveal the responses of grassland eco‐systems to climate change. The results showed that North America, which has the largest area of grassland ecosystems, exhibits maximum grassland NPP of 4225.30 ± 215.43 Tg DW year−1, whereas Europe, which has the least area of grassland ecosystems among the four regions, exhibits minimum grassland NPP of 928.95 ± 24.68 Tg DW year−1. Grassland NPP presented an increasing trend in China and Australia, but decreasing in Europe and North America from 1981 to 2010. In addition, grassland NPP is positively correlated with mean annual precipitation, but demonstrates notable differences with mean annual temperature. In conclusion, climate change has a significant role in explaining the spatiotemporal patterns of and the variations in grassland NPP in the four regions.
Wheat Rht‐B1 Dwarfs Exhibit Better Photosynthetic Response to Water Deficit at Seedling Stage Compared to the Wild Type
Authors: Nenova V. R. , Kocheva K. V. , Petrov P. I. , Georgiev G. I. , Karceva T. V. , Börner A. , Landjeva S. P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWheat reduced height (Rht) genes encode modified DELLA proteins, which are gibberellin insensitive, accumulate under stress, restrain growth and affect plant stress response. The seedling reaction to soil water deficit regarding leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence was compared in near‐isogenic lines carrying the alleles Rht‐B1a (tall), Rht‐B1b (semi‐dwarfing) and Rht‐B1c (dwarfing) and was related to leaf water content and anatomy. Under drought, Rht‐B1c line was characterized by less decreased CO2 assimilation, delayed non‐stomatal limitation of photosynthesis and higher instantaneous water use efficiency. The functional state of its photosynthetic apparatus was better preserved as evidenced by the less decreased actual quantum yield (ΦPSII) and potential maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of PSII, and the less increased quantum yield of non‐regulated energy dissipation (ΦNO). Rht‐B1b line also tended to perform better than Rht‐B1a, but differences were less pronounced. Although the leaves of both dwarf lines were smaller, thicker and more pubescent, their water content was not higher in comparison with the tall line. Nevertheless, in Rht‐B1c, leaf thickness was less decreased and mesophyll cells were less shrunk under drought. The more effective performance of the photosynthetic machinery of dwarf lines under water deficit could be explained by a combination of morpho‐anatomical and metabolic characteristics.
Mechanism‐Specific Effects of Adenosine on Ventricular Tachycardia
Authors: LERMAN BRUCE B. , IP JAMES E. , SHAH BINDI K. , THOMAS GEORGE , LIU CHRISTOPHER F. , CIACCIO EDWARD J. , WIT ANDREW L. , CHEUNG JIM W. , MARKOWITZ STEVEN M. 
Published: August 2014

Mechanism Specific Effects of Adenosine on VTIntroductionThere is no universally accepted method by which to diagnose clinical ventricular tachycardia (VT) due to cAMP‐mediated triggered activity. Based on cellular and clinical data, adenosine termination of VT is thought to be consistent with a diagnosis of triggered activity. However, a major gap in evidence mitigates the validity of this proposal, namely, defining the specificity of adenosine response in well‐delineated reentrant VT circuits. To this end, we systematically studied the effects of adenosine in a model of canine reentrant VT and in human reentrant VT, confirmed by 3‐dimensional, pace‐ and substrate mapping.Methods and ResultsAdenosine (12 mg [IQR 12–24]) failed to terminate VT in 31 of 31 patients with reentrant VT due to structural heart disease, and had no effect on VT cycle length (age, 67 years [IQR 53–74]); ejection fraction, 35% [IQR 20–55]). In contrast, adenosine terminated VT in 45 of 50 (90%) patients with sustained focal right or left outflow tract tachycardia. The sensitivity of adenosine for identifying VT due to triggered activity was 90% (95% CI, 0.78–0.97) and its specificity was 100% (95% CI, 0.89–1.0). Additionally, reentrant circuits were mapped in the epicardial border zone of 4‐day‐old infarcts in mongrel dogs. Adenosine (300–400 μg/kg) did not terminate sustained VT or have any effect on VT cycle length.ConclusionThese data support the concept that adenosine's effects on ventricular myocardium are mechanism specific, such that termination of VT in response to adenosine is diagnostic of cAMP‐mediated triggered activity.
Prehypertension in Rural Northeastern China: Results From the Northeast China Rural Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Li Zhao , Guo Xiaofan , Zheng Liqiang , Sun Zhaoqing , Yang Hongmei , Sun Guozhe , Yu Shasha , Li Wenna , Zou Lu , Wang Jun , Hu Wenyu , Sun Yingxian 
Published: August 2014

This study aimed to determine the present status of prehypertension in rural China. It was conducted between January and August 2013, using a multistage clustering method to select a representative sample of individuals (≥35 years old), resulting in a study population of 11,576 adults. Prehypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure (BP) in the range of 120 mm Hg to 139 mm Hg and/or a diastolic BP between 80 mm Hg and 89 mm Hg according to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7). The results showed that the mean±standard deviation systolic and diastolic BP values for the entire population were 141.8±23.5 mm Hg and 82.1±11.8 mm Hg, respectively. Among the whole population, 35.1% of men and 32.5% of women were prehypertensive. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that high body mass index, advanced age, alcohol consumption, diabetes, high triglyceride and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and elevated diet score were risk factors for prehypertension. This study indicates that there is a high prevalence of prehypertension in rural China and confirms the importance of healthy lifestyles—including the control of obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia—to decrease the incidence of prehypertension.
Commentary: G × E in child psychiatry and psychology: a broadening of the scope of enquiry as prompted by Munafò et al. (2014)
Authors: Rutter Michael 
Published: August 2014

The accompanying Practitioner Review by Munafò et al. (2014) presents two main arguments: (1) that there are few (if any) examples of G × E in psychiatry so it cannot aid gene discovery, and (2) that genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) are already yielding important findings. With respect to the supposed weakness of G × E research, they fail to mention any of the substantial body of evidence in support of G × E – see various chapters in Dodge and Rutter (2011).
Factors associated with receiving treatment for dental decay among Medicaid‐enrolled children younger than 12 years of age in Iowa, 2010
Authors: Zilversmit Leah , Kane Debra J. , Rochat Roger , Rodgers Tracy , Russell Bob 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe Iowa Department of Public Health I‐Smile program provides dental screening and care coordination to over 23,000 low‐income and Medicaid‐enrolled children per year. The purposes of this study were to evaluate I‐Smile program effectiveness to ensure that Medicaid‐enrolled children obtained dental treatment after having been screened and to determine the factors associated with failure to receive dental care after screening through the I‐Smile program.MethodsBased on I‐Smile program priorities, we limited our sample to children younger than 12 years of age who screened positive for decay and who linked to a paid Medicaid claim for dental treatment (n = 1,816). We conducted bivariate analyses to examine associations between children's characteristics who screened positive for decay and received treatment within 6 months of their initial screening. We also performed multivariate logistic regression to assess the association of sociodemographic characteristics with receipt of treatment among children who screened positive for decay.ResultsEleven percent of children screened positive for decay. Nearly 24 percent of children with decay received treatment based on a Medicaid‐paid claim. Being 5 years or older [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.48, confidence interval (CI): 1.17, 1.88] and not having a dental home (aOR: 1.90, CI: 1.41, 2.58) were associated with higher odds of not receiving dental treatment.ConclusionsChildren 5 years and older and without a dental home were less likely to obtain dental treatment. Opportunities exist for the I‐Smile program to increase the numbers of at‐risk children with dental homes and who obtain dental care after screening.
Melatonin treatment further improves adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for acute interstitial cystitis in rat
Authors: Chen Yen‐Ta , Chiang Hsin‐Ju , Chen Chih‐Hung , Sung Pei‐Hsun , Lee Fan‐Yen , Tsai Tzu‐Hsien , Chang Chia‐Lo , Chen Hong‐Hwa , Sun Cheuk‐Kwan , Leu Steve , Chang Hsueh‐Wen , Yang Chih‐Chao , Yip Hon‐Kan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis study tests the hypothesis that combined melatonin and adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADMSC, 1.2 × 106 given intravenously) treatment offer superior protection against cyclophosphamide (CYP 150 mg/kg)‐induced acute interstitial cystitis (AIC) in rats. Male adult Sprague‐Dawley rats were treated as follows: sham controls, AIC alone, AIC + melatonin, AIC + ADMSC, and AIC + melatonin +ADMSC. When melatonin was used, it was given as follows: 20 mg/kg at 30 min after CYP and 50 mg/kg at 6 and 18 hr after CYP. Twenty‐four‐hour urine volume, urine albumin level, and severity of hematuria were highest in AIC rats and lowest in the controls; likewise urine volume was higher in AIC + melatonin rats than in AIC + ADMSC and AIC + melatonin + ADMSC treated rats; in all cases, P < 0.001. The numbers of CD14+, CD74+, CD68+, MIP+, Cox‐2+, substance P+, cells and protein expression of IL‐6, IL‐12, RANTES, TNF‐α, NF‐κB, MMP‐9, iNOS (i.e. inflammatory biomarkers), glycosaminoglycan level, expression of oxidized protein, and protein expression of reactive oxygen species (NOX‐1, NOX‐2, NOX‐4) in the bladder tissue exhibited an identical pattern compared with that of hematuria among the five groups (all P < 0.0001). The integrity of epithelial layer and area of collagen deposition displayed an opposite pattern compared to that of hematuria among all groups (P < 0.0001). The cellular expressions of antioxidants (GR, GPx, HO‐1, NQO 1) showed a significant progressive increase form controls to AIC + melatonin + ADMSC (all P < 0.0001). Combined regimen of melatonin and ADMSC was superior to either alone in protecting against CYP‐induced AIC.
Pancreatic surgical biopsy in 24 dogs and 19 cats: postoperative complications and clinical relevance of histological findings
Authors: Pratschke K. M. , Ryan J. , McAlinden A. , McLauchlan G. 
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVETo assess the immediate postoperative complications associated with pancreatic biopsy in dogs and cats and review the clinical relevance of biopsy findings.METHODSRetrospective review of clinical records from two referral institutions for cases undergoing pancreatic biopsy between 2000 and 2013.RESULTSTwenty‐four dogs and 19 cats that had surgical pancreatic biopsy had sufficient detail in their clinical records and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Postoperative complications were seen in 10 cases of which 5 were suggestive of post‐surgical pancreatitis. Two patients were euthanased within 10 days of surgery because of the underlying disease; neither suffered postoperative complications. Pancreatic pathology was found in 19 cases, 7 cases showed no change other than benign pancreatic nodular hyperplasia, and no abnormalities were seen in 18 cases.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEComplications may be encountered following surgical pancreatic biopsy, although the risk should be minimal with good surgical technique. Pancreatic biopsy may provide a useful contribution to case management but it is not clear whether a negative pancreatic biopsy should be used to rule out pancreatic disease. Dogs were more likely to have no significant pathology found on pancreatic biopsy than cats, where chronic pancreatitis was the most common finding.
Suppressing the CDC37 cochaperone in hepatocellular carcinoma cells inhibits cell cycle progression and cell growth
Authors: Wang Zhanhui , Wei Wei , Sun Chris K. , Chua Mei‐Sze , So Samuel 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsThe molecular cochaperone CDC37 regulates the activities of multiple protein kinases, and is an attractive broad‐spectrum target in many types of cancers in which it is over‐expressed. This study investigates the antitumour effects of inhibiting CDC37 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsA total of 91 patients were enrolled for CDC37 mRNA detection by using quantitative real‐time PCR. Cell proliferation, gene expression changes and tumourigenicity were determined by targeting CDC37 using RNA interference in human hepatoma cell lines.ResultsWe confirmed the significant over‐expression of CDC37 transcript and protein in HBV‐associated HCC patients. Using a CDC37‐specific small oligo‐siRNA, we silenced CDC37 expression in HepG2 and Huh7 hepatoma cell lines, and observed inhibition of in vitro cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, and enhanced apoptosis. Specifically, we found concomitant down‐regulation of Cyclin D1, CDK4, and pRB (S807/811 and S795) upon CDC37 suppression, which could mediate the arrest of cell cycle progression at the G1 phase. Gene expression profiling further identified several genes involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis that are regulated by CDC37 suppression. Huh7 cells with stable knockdown of CDC37 showed decreased in vitro colony formation ability, and significantly slowed xenograft growth in vivo.ConclusionsOn the basis of the observed antitumour effects of inhibiting CDC37 expression, we propose that CDC37 is a promising therapeutic target in HCC. Its ability to regulate multiple pathways makes it potentially valuable in treating the heterogeneous subtypes of this malignancy.
Chlorate reduction in Shewanella algae ACDC is a recently acquired metabolism characterized by gene loss, suboptimal regulation and oxidative stress
Authors: Clark Iain C. , Melnyk Ryan A. , Iavarone Anthony T. , Novichkov Pavel S. , Coates John D. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryPrevious work on respiratory chlorate reduction has biochemically identified the terminal reductase ClrABC and the chlorite detoxifying enzyme Cld. In Shewanella algae ACDC, genes encoding these enzymes reside on composite transposons whose core we refer to as the chlorate reduction composite transposon interior (CRI). To better understand this metabolism in ACDC, we used RNA‐seq and proteomics to predict carbon and electron flow during chlorate reduction and posit that formate is an important electron carrier with lactate as the electron donor, but that NADH predominates on acetate. Chlorate‐specific transcription of electron transport chain components or the CRI was not observed, but clr and cld transcription was attenuated by oxygen. The major chlorate‐specific response related to oxidative stress and was indicative of reactive chlorine species production. A genetic system based on rpsL‐streptomycin counter selection was developed to further dissect the metabolism, but ACDC readily lost the CRI via homologous recombination of the composite transposon's flanking insertion sequences. An engineered strain containing a single chromosomal CRI did not grow on chlorate, but overexpression of cld and its neighbouring cytochrome c restored growth. We postulate that the recently acquired CRI underwent copy‐number expansion to circumvent insufficient expression of key genes in the pathway.
Moonlighting proteins as virulence factors of pathogenic fungi, parasitic protozoa and multicellular parasites
Authors: Karkowska‐Kuleta J. , Kozik A. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe delicate balance between eukaryotic pathogens and their human hosts during the initiation and development of infection is a complex process involving many diverse interactions. Different infectious agents, including pathogenic fungi, parasitic protozoa and multicellular parasites, directly interact through their cell surface with epithelial or endothelial cells of the human host as well as various proteinaceous host ligands such as extracellular matrix or plasma proteins. Eukaryotic pathogens possess a number of virulence factors but a relatively recently recognized and particularly interesting group of factors capable of enhancing virulence is the set of so‐called ‘moonlighting proteins’. This term was coined for a relatively large collection of housekeeping enzymes lacking special targeting motifs that would determine their extracellular localization, but that are often present at the cell surface of pathogen. Several such enzymes with key metabolic functions in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle or other fundamental intracellular processes perform entirely new, non‐catalytic roles often associated with adhesion to host ligands. Our current study summarizes some of the current knowledge of interesting moonlighting proteins which play putative or confirmed roles as virulence factors in pathogenic fungi, parasitic protozoa and multicellular parasites.