bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Titanate nanotubes: preparation, characterization and application in adsorption of strontium ion from aqueous solution
Authors: Kasap S. , Piskin S. , Tel Huseyin 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The adsorptive removal potential of Sr2+ ions with titanate nanotubes (TNT) was investigated. Titanate nanotubes were synthesized via hydrothermal treatment of anatase titania powders and concentrated NaOH solution. Morphological and structural properties of titanate nanotubes were determined by XRD, BET and HRTEM. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) showed that uniform nanotubes with inner diameters of ≈ 4 nm and outer diameters of ≈ 12 nm were obtained. The adsorption behaviors of Sr2+ ions on the TNT were also investigated. As a result of the experimental data, it was concluded that TNT are good adsorbents for the removal of Sr2+ ions from aqueous solutions with an adsorption capacity reaching of 66.72 mg/g. The adsorption mechanisms of Sr2+ ions from aqueous solutions onto TNT were examined with aid of model analyses of the adsorption equilibrium and kinetic data of Sr2+ ions. The rate constant has been calculated for 288, 298, 308 and 318 K. Thermodynamic parameters for the sorption system have been determined.
Mixed calcium-magnesium pre-nucleation clusters enrich calcium
Authors: Verch Andreas , Antonietti Markus , Cölfen Helmut 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
It is demonstrated that magnesium and carbonate ions can form pre-nucleation clusters in analogy to calcium carbonate. If a mixed calcium and magnesium solution is brought in contact with carbonate ions, mixed pre-nucleation clusters form. The equilibrium constants for their formation are reported revealing that over the entire range of possible cation mixing ratios, calcium gets enriched over magnesium in the pre-nucleation clusters. This can explain high magnesium contents in amorphous calcium carbonate. However, this enrichment alone is not sufficient to explain the magnesium content of less than 41 mol% which is found in magnesium calcite biominerals nucleated from seawater.
The multiple effects of amino acids on the early stages of calcium carbonate crystallization
Authors: Picker Andreas , Kellermeier Matthias , Seto Jong , Gebauer Denis , Cölfen Helmut 
Published: October 2012

AbstractProteins have found their way into many of Nature’s structures due to their structural stability, diversity in function and composition, and ability to be regulated as well as be regulators themselves. In this study, we investigate the constitutive amino acids that make up some of these proteins which are involved in CaCO3mineralization – either in nucleation, crystal growth, or inhibition processes. By assaying all 20 amino acids with vapor diffusion and in situ potentiometric titration, we have found specific amino acids having multiple effects on the early stages of CaCO3crystallization. These same amino acids have been independently implicated as constituents in liquid-like precursors that form mineralized tissues, processes believed to be key effects of biomineralization proteins in several biological model systems.
Survivors, not invaders, control forest development following simulated hurricane
Authors: Plotkin Audrey Barker , Foster David , Carlson Joel , Magill Alison 
Published: October 2012

Wind disturbance profoundly shapes temperate forests but few studies have evaluated patterns and mechanisms of long‐term forest dynamics following major windthrows. In 1990, we initiated a large hurricane simulation experiment in a 0.8‐ha manipulation (pulldown) and 0.6‐ha control area of a maturing Quercus rubra–Acer rubrum forest in New England. We toppled 276 trees in the pulldown, using a winch and cable, in the northwesterly direction of natural treefall from major hurricanes. Eighty percent of canopy trees and two‐thirds of all trees ≥5 cm dbh (diameter at breast height) suffered direct and indirect damage. We used 20 years of measurements to evaluate the trajectory and mechanisms of forest response after intense disturbance. Based on the patch size and disturbance magnitude, we expected pioneer tree and understory species to drive succession.The first decade of analyses emphasized tree seedling establishment and sprouting by damaged trees as the dominant mechanisms of forest recovery in this extensive damaged area. However, despite 80% canopy damage and 8000‐m2 patch size, surviving overstory and advance regeneration controlled longer‐term forest development. Residual oaks make up 42% of stand basal area after 20 years. The new cohort of trees, dominated by black birch advance regeneration, contributes 30% of stand basal area. There were shifts in understory vegetation composition and cover, but few species were gained or lost after 20 years. Stand productivity rebounded quickly (litterfall recovered to pre‐disturbance levels in six years), but we predict that basal area in the pulldown will lag behind the control (which gained 6 m2/ha over 20 years) for decades to come. This controlled experiment showed that although the scale and intensity of damage were great, abundant advance regeneration, understory vegetation, and damaged trees remained, allowing the forest to resist changes in ecosystem processes and invasion by new species.
Opportunities and Challenges for Biosimilars: What's on the Horizon in the Global Insulin Market?
Authors: Rotenstein Lisa S. , Ran Nina , Shivers Joseph P. , Yarchoan Mark , Close Kelly L. 
Published: October 2012

IN BRIEF
Biosimilar insulins are likely to enter the insulin landscape as patents for major branded insulin products start to expire in the next few years. Biosimilar insulins have the potential to reduce diabetes treatment costs, increase the accessibility of insulin treatment, and expand the number of insulin brands available for those with diabetes. However, they will have to overcome numerous regulatory hurdles, meet a variety of commercial demands, and effectively confront competition from both established and next-generation branded insulin products before they can succeed on the global market.
The Role of the Kidney and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibition in Diabetes Management
Authors: Valentine Virginia 
Published: October 2012

IN BRIEF
The kidney plays an important role in glucose homeostasis and has become a target for the treatment of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. This review discusses the role of the kidney in glucose homeostasis and how inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption may become a novel treatment option for type 2 diabetes.
Advances in oncologic imaging
Authors: Akin Oguz , Brennan Sandra B. , Dershaw D. David , Ginsberg Michelle S. , Gollub Marc J. , Schöder Heiko , Panicek David M. , Hricak Hedvig 
Published: October 2012

AbstractImaging has become a pivotal component throughout a patient's encounter with cancer, from initial disease detection and characterization through treatment response assessment and posttreatment follow‐up. Recent progress in imaging technology has presented new opportunities for improving clinical care. This article provides updates on the latest approaches to imaging of 5 common cancers: breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancers, and lymphoma. CA Cancer J Clin 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Cidadania e migração: da integração nacional à participação local
Authors: Mattiazzi Giulio 
Published: October 2012

O artigo apresenta uma breve reflexão acerca das profundas transformações da noção de cidadania na modernidade e na pós-modernidade, tanto à luz da crítica pós-colonial quanto em função dos desafios políticos que estas mudanças apresentam. Uma atenção crítica é reservada ao uso do dispositivo da concessão da cidadania como forma de integração dos migrantes na Europa.
Determining the Characteristics of Sodium Benzoate (E211) Production Using Mathematical Method
Authors: Kovac Kralj Anita 
Published: October 2012

The productivity of a particular product is highly effective if we know the chemical kinetics. Determining chemical kinetics requires a fundamental knowledge of reactants' declining concentrations or the formation of product concentration. Concentration can be determined by double-linear extrapolation, using the conductivity measurement of strong electrolytes. This method is based on two linear sloped-lines from which the linear constants from different diagrams can be read:
1) The first diagram represents linear time dependence regarding difference in conductivity2) The second diagram represents linear difference in conductivity dependence regarding concentration.
Sodium benzoate (NaC6H5CO2) is a preservative. It is produced by the neutralization of benzoic acid (C7H6O2) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in a stirred batch reactor under different room temperatures:
NaOHÂ + C7H6O2 <--> NaC6H5CO2 + H2O
The kinetic parameters and characteristics of sodium benzoate production (activated energy, reaction rate constant, rate order) were determined.
Common Concepts in Materials Characterization, Introduction
Authors: Kaufmann Elton N. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
One may view this chapter as a preparatory entrance to subsequent chapters of Characterization of Materials. We expect that each article of this chapter will be separately valuable to readers as they refer to it for concepts and procedures underlying many of those covered in articles about specific measurement methods in subsequent chapters.
Of course, not every topic covered by an article in this chapter will be relevant to every measurement method covered later. However, the concepts in this chapter are sufficiently common to appear repeatedly in a materials research context.
Thermometry
Authors: Dollimore David , Samuels Alan C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThermometry is the science of measuring temperature, and thermometers are the instruments used to measure temperature. Temperature must be regarded as the scientific measure of “hotness” or “coldness.” This article is concerned with the measurement of temperatures in materials of interest to materials science, and the notion of temperature is thus limited in this discussion to that which applies to materials in the solid, liquid, or gas state (as opposed to the so‐called temperature associated with ion gases and plasmas, which is no longer limited to a measure of the internal kinetic energy of the constituent atoms).A brief excursion into the history of temperature measurement will reveal that measurement of temperature actually preceded the modern definition of temperature and a temperature scale.The simple expedient of sealing the instrument so that the liquid and gas were contained in the tube really marks the invention of a glass thermometer. By making the diameter of the tube small, so that the volume of the gas was considerably reduced, the liquid dilation in these sealed instruments could be used to indicate the temperature. Fahrenheit eventually substituted mercury for the “spirits of wine” earlier used as the working liquid fluid, because mercury's thermal expansion with temperature is more nearly linear. Temperature scales were then invented using two selected fixed points—usually the ice point and the blood point or the ice point and the boiling point.The starting point for the thermodynamic treatment of temperature is to state that it is a property that determines in which direction energy will flow when it is in contact with another object. Heat flows from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature object. When two objects have the same temperature, there is no flow of heat between them and the objects are said to be in thermal equilibrium. Heat transfer is an important consideration for many materials engineering applications, and thermal conductivity measurements rely on accurate and precise temperature measurement and control. Development of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 is detailed. Various types of thermometer are discussed as well as the need, sometimes, to control the temperature. Recent developments in the measurement of temperature and thermal properties at the microscopic scale are also reviewed.
Symmetry in Crystallography
Authors: Steinfink Hugo , Peterca Mihai 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The study of crystals has fascinated humanity for centuries, with motivations ranging from scientific curiosity to the belief that they had magical powers. Early crystal science was devoted to descriptive efforts, limited to measuring interfacial angles and determining optical properties. Some investigators such as Haüy attempted to deduce the underlying atomic structure from the external morphology. These efforts were successful in determining the symmetry operations relating crystal faces and led to the theory of point groups, the assignment of all known crystals to only seven crystal systems, and extensive compilations of axial ratios and optical indices. Roentgen's discovery of x‐rays and Laue's subsequent discovery of the scattering of x‐rays by crystals revolutionized the study of crystallography: crystal structures—that is, the relative location of atoms in space—could now be determined unequivocally. Shechtman's finding of quasicrystals in 1984 expanded further the family of crystal structures and led to a revised definition of the term crystal. The benefits derived from these advances have enhanced fundamental science, technology, and medicine ever since and have directly contributed to the welfare of human society
This article introduces basic symmetry operators, space groups, and crystallographic notation, and concludes with two examples from each category of materials with long‐range order: crystalline and quasicrystalline.
Introduction to Computation
Authors: Stan Marius 
Published: October 2012

AbstractUnderstanding and controlling materials requires coupled experimental andcomputational characterization methods. The paper reviews the main characteristics of computational methods and the benefits of using them for materials characterization. Several concepts such as models, simulations, predictability, verification and validation are briefly discussed in the context of materials characterization at various scales: atomistic, meso‐scale and continuum. New developments in high performance computing are also mentioned, as they pertain to improving the computational tools for materials characterization. The author predicts that in a few years, the concept of materials characterization will be defined as a strongly coupled experimental and computational methodology.
Prediction of Phase Diagrams
Authors: de Fontaine Didier 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA phase diagram is a graphical object, usually determined experimentally, indicating phase relationships in thermodynamic space. Usually, one coordinate axis represents temperature; the others may represent pressure, volume, concentrations of various components, and so on. This unit is concerned only with temperature‐concentration diagrams, limited to binary (two‐component) and ternary (three‐component) systems. Since more than one component is considered, the relevant thermodynamic systems are alloys, by definition, of metallic, ceramic, or semiconductor materials. The emphasis here is placed primarily on metallic alloys.Phase diagrams can be classified broadly into two main categories: experimentally and theoretically determined. The object of the present unit is the theoretical determination—i.e., the calculation of phase diagrams, meaning ultimately their prediction. But calculation of phase diagrams can mean different things: there are prototype, fitted, and first‐principles approaches. Prototype diagrams are calculated under the assumption that energy parameters are knowna priorior given arbitrarily. Fitted diagrams are those whose energy parameters are fitted to known, experimentally determined diagrams or to empirical thermodynamic data. First‐principles diagrams are calculated on the basis of energy parameters calculated from essentially only the knowledge of the atomic numbers of the constituents, hence by actually solving the relevant Schrödinger equation.Theory also enters in the experimental determination of phase diagrams, as these diagrams not only indicate the location in thermodynamic space of existing phases but also must conform to rigorous rules of thermodynamic equilibrium (stable or metastable). The fundamental rule of equality of chemical potentials imposes severe constraints on the graphical representation of phase diagrams, while also permitting an extraordinary variety of forms and shapes of phase diagrams to exist, even for binary systems.That is one of the attractions of the study of phase diagrams, experimental or theoretical: their great topological diversity subject to strict thermodynamic constraints. In addition, phase diagrams provide essential information for the understanding and designing of materials, and so are of vital importance to materials scientists. For theoreticians, first‐principles (orab initio) calculations of phase diagrams provide enormous challenges, requiring the use of advanced techniques of quantum and statistical mechanics.
Simulating Microstructural Evolution using the Phase Field Method
Authors: Wang Y. , Chen L.‐Q. , Zhou N. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe key to predict material properties is the state of microstructure. Because microstructural evolution is a typical nonlinear, nonlocal, and multiparticle dynamic problem, computer simulations play an ever increasingly important role in predicting key microstructural features and their time evolution during various processes such as phase transformations, domain coarsening, and plastic deformation. A plethora of computational methods and algorithms have been developed in recent years to complement theoretical and experimental studies to explore the high dimensional material‐ and processing‐parameter space, which would not only lower the cost but also increase the efficiency of optimizing existing materials and developing new ones. In this article, a brief account of the basic features of each method, including the conventional front‐tracking methods and techniques without front‐tracking (such as Continuum/Microscopic/Coarse‐Grained Phase Field Method; Mesoscopic/Atomistic Monte Carlo; Cellular Automata; Discrete Lattice Model; Phase Field Crystal Model; Diffusive Molecular Dynamics; Microscopic Master Equations; Inhomogeneous Path Probability Method; and Molecular Dynamics) will be presented first, followed by detailed descriptions of the fundamentals of various phase‐field methods at different length scales and their model formulations. The applications of the phase field methods will be demonstrated by examples of coherent precipitation, grain growth, ferroelectric domain structure formation, dislocation core structures, and dislocation‐precipitate interactions. Existing challenges and future trends of the phase‐field methods are discussed at the end of the article.
Tension Testing
Authors: Antolovich Stephen D. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Of all mechanical properties, perhaps the most fundamental are related to what happens when a material is subjected to simple uniaxial tension. In its essence, a tensile test is carried out by attaching a specimen to a load‐measuring device, applying a load (or imposing a given deformation), and measuring the load and corresponding deformation.
The result obtained from a tensile test is a so‐called stress/strain curve, a plot of stress (force/unit area) versus strain. The results of such a test (along with the results of other tests, to be sure) are basic to determination of the suitability of a given material for a particular load‐bearing application. In this regard the results obtained from such a test are of great engineering significance. Tensile‐test results also provide a great deal of information relative to the fundamental mechanisms of deformation that occur in the specimen. Coupled with microscopic examination, tensile test results are used to develop theories of hardening and to develop new alloys with improved properties. Tensile tests can be used to obtain information on the following types of properties: elastic properties, plastic properties, toughness.
Thermogravimetric Analysis
Authors: Vyazovkin Sergey 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is an analytical technique for measuring changes in the mass of a material that occur in response to programmed temperature changes. The changes in the mass can be caused by a variety processes such as decomposition, degradation, sublimation, vaporization, adsorption, desorption, oxidation, and reduction. The article explains the principles of TGA and practical aspects of the method that include description of the apparatus, discussion of experimental variables, and applications. Among practical applications, a particular attention is paid to determining composition and thermal stability of materials, evaluating the kinetics of thermally stimulated processes, predicting lifetimes, and studying reactions of materials with gases. The article also addresses the issues of sample preparation as well as of basic analysis and interpretation of data. A special consideration is given to the sources of errors in the mass and temperature measurements as well as to the methods of calibrating both values.
Capacitance–Voltage (
C
–
V
) Characterization of Semiconductors
Authors: Barnes Peter A. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Hillibrand and Gold first described the use of capacitance ‐voltage (C–V) methods to determine the majority carrier concentration in semiconductors. C–V measurements are capable of yielding quantitative information about the diffusion potential and doping concentration in semiconductor materials. The technique employs p‐n junctions, metal‐semiconductor (MS) junctions (Schottky barriers), electrolyte‐semiconductor junctions, metal‐insulator‐semiconductor (MIS) capacitors, and MIS field effect transistors (MISFETSs). The discussions to follow will emphasize p‐n junctions and Schottky barrier techniques.
C–V measurements yield accurate information about doping concentrations of majority carriers as a function of distance (depth) from the junction. The major competing technique to C–V measurements is the Hall effect, which, while yielding added information about the carrier mobility, requires difficult, time‐consuming procedures to determine carrier‐depth profiles. In fact, C–V profiling and Hall measurements can be considered complementary techniques.
In concert with deep‐level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), C–V measurements can quantitatively describe the free carrier concentrations together with information about traps. Defects appearing as traps at energies deep within the forbidden gap of a semiconductor can add or remove free carriers. The same Schottky diode can be used for both C–V measurements and DLTS measurements. The C–V apparatus and the DLTS apparatus are often a “bundled” setup.
C–V profiling to determine the doping profile of the mobile majority carriers in a semiconductor is a powerful quantitative technique. Some precautions must be taken, especially in dealing with multiple‐layered structures such as high‐to‐low doping levels, quantum wells, and the presence of traps. However, most of the problems encountered have been addressed in the literature. Major considerations and precautions to be taken in dealing with C–V profiling data acquisition and reduction are also covered in the ASTM standard. The cost of assembling a C–V profiling apparatus will range between six thousand dollars for a simple, single temperature, manual apparatus to sixty thousand dollars for a fully automated apparatus. C–V profiling used in concert with deep‐level transient spectroscopy to identify traps, as well as with Hall effect, to address transport mechanisms, provides a powerful set of tools at reasonable cost.