bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterosis, overdominance for grain yield, and

alpha-amylase activity in F1 hybrids between

near-isogenic Rht dwarf and tall wheats
Authors: FLINTHAM J. E. , ANGUS W. J. , GALE M. D. 
Published: July 2002

The Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b and Rht-B1c alleles

for reduced height in wheat (the Norin 10 and Tom

Thumb dwarfing genes previously known as Rht1, Rht2 and

Rht3) were exploited in combinations

to generate a near-continuous range of plant heights, from 53 cm to 123
cm,

amongst near-isogenic homozygotes and F1 hybrids. Pleiotropic
yield

effects of Rht genes were measured in both

homozygous (intravarietal) and heterozygous (intervarietal) genetic backgrounds.

Heterosis due to

overdominance of Rht genes was detected among intravarietal hybrids.

The effects of heterozygosity

at other genetic loci (mean dominance) were determined, independently of

Rht effects, from

comparisons between intravarietal and intervarietal F1 hybrids.Genotypes of intermediate plant heights gave maximum yields, in agreement

with other trials of

the homozygous lines, so that heterosis (hybrid exceeding best parent)
for

Rht yield effects was

observed in crosses between tall and dwarf isogenic pairs. This heterosis

combined additively with

increased mean weight per grain in intervarietal crosses, generating the

highest overall grain yields in

hybrids with semi-dwarf stature in heterozygous genetic backgrounds. The Rht-B1c allele showed

single-gene overdominance for grain yield, also the production of

alpha-amylase in ripening grains

of Maris Huntsman was effectively inhibited in the Rht-B1a/c

intravarietal hybrid. The Rht-B1c allele

thus offers advantages for both grain yield and grain quality

in the heterozygous condition and should

be considered as an alternative to the conventional semi-dwarfing genes

Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b for F1

varieties in environments conductive to preharvest sprouting.
In vitro digestibility and neutral detergent fibre and
lignin contents of plant parts of nine forage species
Authors: WILMAN D. , REZVANI MOGHADDAM P. 
Published: July 2002

In order to understand better some of the reasons for differences

between forage plant species in
digestibility, different parts of nine plant species in either milled
or chopped (1 cm lengths) form were
examined for in vitro digestibility and in milled form for
neutral detergent fibre and lignin. The nine
species were: Trifolium repens L., Medicago sativa L.,

Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb., Brassica
napus L., Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea
Schreb.,
Chloris gayana Kunth, Cenchrus ciliaris L.
and Zea mays L. In each case early harvesting was compared with

later harvesting in each of two
years. The plants were grown in spring–summer in a heated glasshouse.The forage at the early harvest was, on average, 1–4% units
more digestible in vitro than that at
the later harvest and generally slightly lower in lignin and neutral detergent

fibre content. However, the stems of Z. mays were higher in neutral

detergent fibre at the early than at the later harvest.The leaf sheaths of L. perenne and F. arundinacea

were more digestible than the leaf blades. L.
perenne was more digestible than F. arundinacea in both
sheaths and blades. The sheaths and blades
of C. gayana and C. ciliaris were less digestible
and had a higher neutral detergent fibre content than
those of L. perenne and F. arundinacea. The leaf
blades, excluding the midribs, and the stems and leaf
sheaths of Z. mays were all rather high in digestibility
when milled and moderately low in neutral
detergent fibre and lignin; the leaf blade midribs of Z. mays

were less digestible and higher in neutral
detergent fibre than the stems and similar to the stems in lignin
content. The leaflets of T. repens had
an appreciably lower neutral detergent fibre content than the
stolons and petioles and a rather lower
lignin content in dry matter and yet were, if anything, less
digestible than the stolons and petioles.
The stolons of T. repens were much more digestible than the stems

of M. sativa and D. intortum. The
digestibility of D. intortum was low in all the plant parts
examined, leaflets, petioles and stems. In both
D. intortum and B. napus, the leaflets or leaf blades
were
much lower than the stems in neutral
detergent fibre and lignin and yet they were no more digestible than the
stems when milled.The digestibility of chopped leaflets and leaf blades was similar
to that of milled leaflets and leaf
blades, but chopping rather than milling reduced the digestibility of
stems (particularly of those of
Z. mays), petioles, the leaf blade midribs of
Z. mays, and, to some extent, leaf sheaths.
Nitrogen inputs and losses from clover/grass pastures
grazed by dairy cows, as affected by nitrogen fertilizer
application
Authors: LEDGARD S. F. , PENNO J. W. , SPROSEN M. S. 
Published: July 2002

Nitrogen (N) inputs and outputs were measured over 3 years in a
trial with four farmlets (each with
16 randomly-allocated 0·4 ha paddocks) on permanent white clover/ryegrass
pastures which were
grazed throughout the year by dairy cows near Hamilton, New Zealand. Three
farmlets were stocked
at 3·3 cows/ha and received nominal rates of N fertilizer (urea
in 8–10 split applications) of 0, 200
or 400 kg N/ha per year. A fourth farmlet with 4·4 cows/ha
received 400 kg N/ha per year and was
supplemented with maize grain during the first two years.Nitrogen balances were calculated, with [sum ]N inputs[ape ][sum ]N outputs.
Annual inputs from N2 fixation
were 99–231 kg N/ha in the 0 N farmlet, but declined to 15–44
kg N/ha in the 400 N farmlets. The
main N outputs (in kg N/ha per year) were in milk (72–126), nitrate
leaching (20–204), and transfer
of N via cow excreta from pastures to lanes and milking shed (54–92).
Gaseous losses by
denitrification (3–34) and volatilization (15–78) were smaller
than the other N outputs but increased
significantly with N fertilizer application. In the maize-supplemented
farmlet, N outputs in milk were
31% higher than in the corresponding non-supplemented 400 N farmlet, whereas
leaching losses
averaged 17% lower during the 2 years of supplementation.In the N-fertilized farmlets, estimated N balances were influenced by
inclusion of the transitional
N processes of immobilization of fertilizer N into the soil organic N pool
(estimated using
15N at
42–94 kg N/ha per year) and the contribution from mineralization
of residual clover-fixed N in soil
not accounted for in the current estimates of N2 fixation (estimated
at up to 70% of measured N2
fixation or 46 kg N/ha per year). However, these processes were counteracting
and together were
calculated to have only a small net effect on total N balances.The output of N in products (milk, meat and feed) relative to the total
N input averaged 26% in
the 400 N farmlets, and is compared to that measured for commercial intensively-managed
dairy
farms in England and the Netherlands (14–20%). The 0 N farmlet, which
was reliant on N2 fixation
as the sole N input, was relatively very N-efficient with the milk production
being 83% of that in the
400 N farmlet (at 3·3 cows/ha) and the N output in products
relative to total N input averaging 52%.
Preaching the Last Crusade:
Thomas Cranmer and the ‘Devotion’
Money of 1543
Authors: AYRIS PAUL 
Published: July 2002

In the summer of 1543 King Henry VIII promised that he would send

40,000 ducats, the equivalent of £10,000, to Ferdinand, king of the
Romans and of Hungary, archduke of Austria, to help his brother,
Emperor Charles V, in his defence of Christendom against the Turk.

Europe witnessed a strange alliance between Henry, himself a schismatic

monarch, and Charles, who had effectively blocked Henry's attempts
to
have the pope annul his first marriage. The coalition of opposing forces

was equally remarkable, comprising the Most Christian King of France
and his non-Christian ally, the Turk. Francis's support for the Turks
was
contrasted by some with the king's attitude to Protestant reform.
Francis
seems to have regretted the presence in 1543–4 of a Turkish colony
at
Toulon, which appears to have possessed a slave market and mosque. The

alliance between Charles V and Henry VIII attests to
the persistence of the
medieval concept of Christendom (Christianitas), groups of nations
which
shared basic religious and cultural values despite the religious divides

being caused by the Reformation.Henry made elaborate plans to furnish Charles with the promised
£10,000 to support military action on the continent. The money,
available either as cash or as bills of exchange, was released in two halves,

the first on 16 August 1543 and the second on 18 September. In his usual

way, the imperial ambassador in England, Eustace Chapuys, made things
worse by harrying the Privy Council for speedy payment of the funds. The

crown, none the less, hit on an interesting solution to the problem of

recovering its money. Henry issued an appeal to every diocese in England

to organise voluntary contributions from parishioners to recover the
amount of money he disbursed abroad. Working from the financial
returns among the exchequer subsidy rolls at the Public Record Office,

Dr Kitching has calculated that such collections raised no more than
£1,903 8s. 3d., less than a fifth of the
money advanced to Charles V. The
English parishes reimbursed the crown in late 1543 and early 1544.As Dr Kitching himself has indicated, the background to the whole
episode is poorly documented. Previously unknown to historians, however,

important material concerning the king's plan survives in the diocesan

archives of London and Westminster. The episcopal registers of Edmund
Bonner, bishop of London, and Thomas Thirlby, bishop of the short-lived

see of Westminster, both shed valuable light on this scheme. Diocesan
bishops recorded their formal administrative acts in registers, the
compilation of which was supervised by the diocesan registrar.
Unfortunately, the archiepiscopal archives at Lambeth are silent on the

collections of 1543. The registers for the dioceses of London and
Westminster, however, are particularly informative for the opening years

of the Reformation. It is my purpose to consider the nature of the new

evidence and to offer a transcript of the more important documents.
The effects of a favourable pressure gradient and
of the Reynolds number on an incompressible
axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer. Part 1. The turbulent boundary layer
Authors: FERNHOLZ H. H. , WARNACK D. 
Published: July 2002

The effects of a favourable pressure gradient
(K[les ]4×10−6) and of the Reynolds number

(862[les ]Reδ2[les ]5800) on the mean

and fluctuating quantities of four turbulent
boundary layers were studied experimentally and are presented in this paper
and a
companion paper (Part 2). The measurements consist of extensive hot-wire
and skin-friction
data. The former comprise mean and fluctuating velocities, their correlations

and spectra, the latter wall-shear stress measurements obtained by four
different
techniques which allow testing of calibrations in both laminar-like and
turbulent
flows for the first time. The measurements provide complete data sets,
obtained in
an axisymmetric test section, which can serve as test cases as specified
by the 1981
Stanford conference.Two different types of accelerated boundary layers were investigated
and are
described: in this paper (Part 1) the fully turbulent, accelerated boundary
layer
(sometimes denoted laminarescent) with approximately local equilibrium
between
the production and dissipation of the turbulent energy and with relaxation
to a zero
pressure gradient flow (cases 1 and 3); and in Part 2 the strongly accelerated
boundary
layer with ‘inactive’ turbulence, laminar-like mean flow behaviour
(relaminarized),
and reversion to the turbulent state (cases 2 and 4). In all four cases
the standard
logarithmic law fails but there is no single parametric criterion which
denotes the
beginning or the end of this breakdown. However, it can be demonstrated
that the
departure of the mean-velocity profile is accompanied by characteristic
changes of
turbulent quantities, such as the maxima of the Reynolds stresses or the
fluctuating
value of the skin friction.The boundary layers described here are maintained in the laminarescent
state just
up to the beginning of relaminarization and then relaxed to the turbulent
state in a
zero pressure gradient. The relaxation of the turbulence structure occurs
much faster
than in an adverse pressure gradient. In the accelerating boundary layer
absolute
values of the Reynolds stresses remain more or less constant in the outer
region of
the boundary layer in accordance with the results of Blackwelder &
Kovasznay (1972),
and rise both in the vincinity of the wall in conjunction with the rising
wall shear
stress and in the centre region of the boundary layer with the increase
of production.
Competition between distributed and localized buoyancy fluxes in
a confined volume
Authors: WELLS M. G. , GRIFFITHS R. W. , TURNER J. S. 
Published: July 2002

We investigate the convection and density stratification that form when buoyancy
fluxes are simultaneously applied to a finite volume in both a turbulent buoyant
plume from a small source and as a uniform heat flux from a horizontal boundary.
The turbulent plume tends to produce a stable density stratification, whereas the
distributed flux from a boundary tends to force vigorous overturning and vertical
mixing. Experiments show that steady, partially mixed and partially stratified states
can exist when the plume buoyancy flux is greater than the distributed flux.When the two fluxes originate from the same boundary, the steady state involves
a balance between the rate at which the mixed layer deepens due to encroachment
and vertical advection of the stratified water far from the plume due to the plume
volume flux acquired by entrainment. There is a monotonic relationship between
the normalized mixed layer depth and flux ratio R (boundary flux/plume flux) for
0<R<1, and the whole tank overturns for R>1. The stable density gradient in the
stratified region is primarily due to the buoyancy from the plume but is strengthened
by a stabilizing temperature gradient resulting from entrainment of heat into the
plume from the mixed layer. This result may be relevant to the upper oceans of high
latitude where there is commonly a destabilizing heat flux from the sea surface as
well as more localized and intense deep convection from the surface.For the case of fluxes from a plume on one boundary and a uniform heat flux from
the opposite boundary the shape of the density profile is that given by the Baines &
Turner (1969) ‘filling-box’ mechanism, with the gradient reduced by a factor
(1 + R) due to the heating. Thus, when R<−1 there is no stratified region and
the whole water column overturns. When 0>R>−1, the constant depth of the
convecting layer is determined by a balance between buoyancy and turbulent kinetic energy in
the outflow layer from the plume.
Dedication
Authors: Baus Marc 
Published: July 2002

This issue of the Journal of Plasma Physics is dedicated
to
Radu Balescu on the occasion of his 65th birthday.Of the more than 170 articles published worldwide by Professor Balescu
to
date, more than 25 have been published in this journal. Readers of the
Journal
of Plasma Physics will thus be well acquainted with his contributions
to the
study of the interplay between plasma turbulence and the theory of transport

phenomena in magnetically confined plasmas. A vast community of students,

teachers and researchers will also have read or consulted the many monographs,

five to date, written by Balescu and world-famous for their clarity. In
his first
monograph, Statistical Mechanics of Charged Particles (Interscience,
New York),
published in 1963, the whole of plasma physics, including the transport

equation to which his name will remain attached, was put into the broader

context of statistical physics. The monograph Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium

Statistical Mechanics (Wiley-Interscience, New York) followed in 1975,
and still
inspires many teachers today.
Tribute to Renford Bambrough (1926–1999)
Authors: Brearley Michael 
Published: July 2002

As we reported in the April issue of Philosophy, Renford Bambrough, the editor of Philosophy from 1972 to 1994, died on January 17th, 1999. During the memorial service at St John's College, Cambridge, on the 24th of April, 1999, the following extract from Renford Bambrough's Sermon at the Commemoration of Benefactors, 1968, was read:I know that you know all this, or you would not be here. But I also know, from some things that some of you and some others have said and written, that some of you need to be reminded of what you know.
Hypochondriacal concerns in a community population
Authors: LOOPER KARL J. , KIRMAYER LAURENCE J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Hypochondriasis is recognized as an important disorder in clinical populations, associated with increased health care utilization, disability and psychiatric co-morbidity. Few studies have investigated hypochondriasis in the community. We report on the broader concept of illness worry in a community population.Methods. Five hundred and seventy-six subjects from an ethnically diverse urban setting were surveyed. Information was gathered on sociodemographic variables, medical and psychiatric status, health care utilization and disability. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to compare groups with illness worry (with and without the medical condition) to those without illness worry.Results. Only one subject of 533 (0·2 %) met criteria for hypochondriasis and seven (1·3 %) fulfilled abridged criteria. However, 33 (6 %) of the sample had illness worry. Of these, 17 had the illness about which they worried. Compared with controls, both illness worry groups had elevated levels of medical illness, psychiatric symptoms, help-seeking, health care use and disability. In multiple regression analyses, illness worry was an independent predictor of somatic symptoms, help-seeking, and disability, when sociodemographic and medical variables were controlled.Conclusions. Hypochondriasis appears to be a rare disorder in the community while illness worry is relatively common. Illness worry was present in equal numbers of subjects with the illness of concern, as those without. Illness worry was an independent factor contributing to increased levels of distress, health care utilization, and disability, even when medical status was controlled, suggesting that it is an important issue for further research.
A general population comparison of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN)
Authors: BRUGHA T. S. , JENKINS R. , TAUB N. , MELTZER H. , BEBBINGTON P. E. 
Published: July 2002

Background. In psychiatric surveys of the general population, there has been considerable discrepancy between diagnoses obtained by fully structured interviews and those established by systematic semi-structured clinical evaluation. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) is an example of the first type of interview widely used in general population surveys. We compared its performance in diagnosing current depressive and anxiety disorders with the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN), a semi-structured diagnostic interview administered by clinically trained interviewers.Methods. Household addresses in Leicestershire, UK, were randomly sampled and 860 adults were screened with the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule. Adults with too few symptoms to fulfil diagnostic criteria for study disorders were excluded to increase the proportion re-interviewed who met such criteria. Repeat diagnostic interviews with the CIDI and SCAN, ordered randomly, were sought from eligible screen positive respondents. Recalibrated CIDI prevalence estimates were derived from the SCAN classification using Bayesian statistics.Results. Concordance ranged between ‘poor’ and ‘fair’ across almost all types of study disorders, and for co-morbidity. Concordance was somewhat better for severity of depression and when lower diagnostic thresholds were used for depression. Interview order effects were suggested with lower concordance when CIDI followed SCAN. Recalibration reduced the prevalence of depressive or anxiety disorder from 9·0 to 6·2%.Conclusions. Community psychiatric surveys using structured diagnostic interview data must be interpreted cautiously. They should include an element of clinical re-appraisal so findings can be adjusted for estimation differences between fully structured and clinical assessments.
A factor model of the functional psychoses and the
relationship of factors to clinical variables and brain
morphology
Authors: McINTOSH A. M. , FORRESTER A. , LAWRIE S. M. , BYRNE M. , HARPER A. , KESTELMAN J. N. , BEST J. J. K. , MILLER P. , JOHNSTONE E. C. , OWENS D. G. C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Despite more than 100 years of study, there remains no definitive diagnostic
validation of the functional psychoses. Factor analysis suggests the presence of three or more
psychopathological syndromes in functional psychoses as a whole. The relationship between these
factors and cerebral anatomy has been investigated in schizophrenia only. This study aimed to
address the relationship of symptom factors to clinically important variables and cerebral anatomy
in a sample of psychotic patients with a spread of diagnoses.Methods. In a sample of patients with functional psychoses, symptom data was obtained on four
consecutive admissions using the OPCRIT symptom checklist. OPCRIT data was used to generate
operational diagnoses in accordance with pre-set criteria and a principle components analysis was
performed on symptom data. Factor loadings were compared between each admission to examine
factor stability over time. Factor scores at first admission were also correlated with clinical variables
obtained from patients' case notes. From the sample of 204 patients, 64 subjects were recruited and
underwent an MRI scan of the brain. Regional anatomical volumes were compared with diagnosis
and factor loadings at first admission.Results. A principal components analysis gave a four-factor solution of ‘manic’, ‘depressive’,
‘disorganization’ and ‘reality distortion’ factors at each admission. Factors showed a high degree
of stability over the four admissions studied. The factors were significantly associated with several
clinical variables. Three of the four factors were associated with a specific pattern of cerebral
anatomy.Conclusions. This study suggests that factors may correspond to relatively specific disease processes
underlying functional psychotic illness. We propose that the use of symptom factors may facilitate
the investigation of the underlying mechanisms of psychotic illness.