bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
« L’indépendance » en question. la construction d’une autonomie relative des organisations nucléaires face au politique en France (1986-2006)
Authors: Arnhold Valerie 
Published: July 2024

Cet article étudie l’évolution de l’organisation du contrôle public de la filière nucléaire, de la création des premières structures supervisant l’exploitation des installations nucléaires jusqu’à l’adoption de la loi sur la transparence nucléaire créant une agence formelle (1973-2006). Fondé sur un travail d’archives du ministère de l’Environnement, ainsi que sur une enquête sur entretiens, il retrace, tout particulièrement, les différents projets – réalisés ou abandonnés – de réforme organisationnelle du contrôle entrepris à la suite de l’accident de Tchernobyl en 1986. L’article montre à quel point ces projets reposent sur des modèles divergents de gouvernement du secteur et décrit les sens disparates de « l’indépendance » du régulateur qui s’affrontent, lesquels constituent une entrée heuristique dans les conceptions du rôle du politique dans les décisions nucléaires portées par divers acteurs. En partant d’un modèle « techno-politique » doté d’un fort contrôle de l’exécutif sur les décisions nucléaires, un nouveau modèle de gouvernement se construit progressivement au cours de la période, dans lequel les acteurs politiques sont mis davantage à distance des espaces de régulation du secteur, au profit d’une autonomie renforcée des organisations nucléaires (exploitantes et de contrôle). L’article interroge les conditions de possibilité de cette autonomie relative et aborde certains de ses effets, en particulier sur les modalités de contrôle des installations ainsi que sur la capacité de l’exécutif à remettre en cause les arrangements établis autour de la régulation des activités nucléaires.
Le retraitement de combustibles nucléaires par la Commission nationale à l’énergie atomique en Argentine (1962-1976) : de l’apprentissage par la pratique à la démonstration d’autonomie
Authors: Spivak L’Hoste Ana , Hubert Matthieu , Quilici Domingo 
Published: July 2024

L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser la trajectoire des projets de retraitement qui ont été lancés au sein de la Commission Nationale à l’Energie Atomique (CNEA) en Argentine, entre 1962 et 1976. Il examine les motivations, objectifs et résultats des projets successifs et montre qu’ils sont l’aboutissement de différents processus de coproduction entre une technologie particulière (le retraitement) et le contexte non seulement organisationnel, mais aussi sociopolitique et géopolitique de la CNEA à cette époque. Il étudie comment le retraitement, un projet initialement limité à sa dimension technique et au développement de compétences et de savoir-faire pour mettre en place une nouvelle installation de recherche, est devenu un projet plus politique, destiné à démontrer que l’Argentine pouvait maîtriser cette technologie et, en particulier, qu’elle pouvait retraiter du plutonium et ainsi « fermer » le « cycle du combustible » des réacteurs de puissance à une échelle industrielle.
Optimism and pessimism in nuclear technology promises : the legacies of three European EPR projects
Authors: Lehtonen Markku 
Published: July 2024

Les mégaprojets dans une série de secteurs, y compris l’énergie nucléaire, souffrent souvent de « pathologies » telles que des retards quasi chroniques, des dépassements de budget et l’incapacité à tenir leurs promesses. S’appuyant sur le concept de promesse technoscientifique et sur la controverse entre les spécialistes des mégaprojets concernant le principe dit de la main cachée, cet article remet en question la notion quelque peu simpliste de suroptimisme comme cause première des pathologies des mégaprojets dans le secteur nucléaire. Il examine la promesse de l’EPR (European Pressurised Reactor) de génération III comme exemple pour illustrer les rôles complexes de l’optimisme et du pessimisme dans la gouvernance des mégaprojets et la construction des promesses technoscientifiques, en se concentrant sur les premières phases de justification et de planification des projets. Les conclusions soulignent la nécessité et les risques de l’optimisme, la difficulté de juger - ex ante - si l’optimisme et le pessimisme produisent des impacts sociétaux souhaitables au vu des impacts à long terme des mégaprojets, et la nécessité de formes institutionnalisées de pessimisme afin de contenir l’excès d’optimisme et de garantir la robustesse des promesses technoscientifiques. Le long héritage des cycles de promesses dans le secteur nucléaire a des conséquences considérables sur la construction actuelle des promesses, comme le montre l’émergence de la promesse du petit réacteur modulaire, en partie en réaction aux difficultés considérables, façonnées par la dynamique spécifique optimisme-pessimisme, rencontrées par les projets de la Génération III, y compris ceux de l’EPR en Europe.
L’histoire comparée de la pauvreté et des inégalités : de l’importance des influences transnationales
Authors: Brodiez-Dolino Axelle 
Published: July 2024

Pour comparer des modèles de lutte contre la pauvreté en prenant en compte les dimensions territoriale et historique, cet article propose une analyse des circulations entre pays - qui, de fait, ne cessent de s’influencer mutuellement, donnant lieu à de perpétuelles recompositions, dont émergent cependant des lignes-force. Trois temps sont dégagés : la lutte contre la pauvreté avant la protection sociale, l’apparition de modèles de protection sociale, et enfin les années 1980, entre extensions et durcissements.
Quand l’empire prend le large  : les boys à bord des paquebots des Messageries Maritimes (1851-années 1930)
Authors: Soubrier Stéphanie 
Published: July 2024

Dans la deuxième moitié du xixe siècle, l’ouverture du canal de Suez et le perfectionnement de la navigation à vapeur bouleversent les conditions du voyage en mer, seul moyen de relier les métropoles européennes et les territoires coloniaux. À partir des archives de la compagnie des Messageries Maritimes, première grande compagnie française de navigation à vapeur, cet article se propose d’étudier une catégorie de travailleurs masculins essentiels au fonctionnement de paquebots qui deviennent des hôtels flottants de luxe  : les «  boys  ». Recrutés dans les colonies françaises, les «  boys  » sont chargés à bord des tâches subalternes de service. Les archives des Messageries Maritimes permettent de retracer les expériences de ces acteurs majeurs – et pourtant oubliés – de la mondialisation. Cet article envisage les paquebots comme des microcosmes impériaux qui permettent d’observer la construction de masculinités distinctes, à la frontière de la race, du genre et de la classe, masculinités qui entretiennent entre elles des relations de domination et de concurrence. Il décrit les processus conjoints de racialisation, de féminisation et de déqualification du travail des «  boys  », travailleurs subalternes par excellence, dévirilisés et infantilisés par le personnel et les passagers européens. Enfin, il rend compte de la manière dont ces travailleurs utilisent la mobilité géographique inhérente à leur métier pour atteindre divers objectifs économiques et professionnels. Les stratégies des «  boys  », que les Messageries Maritimes et les autorités françaises tentent d’enrayer, constituent autant de manières de contester la domination européenne et de réaffirmer une forme de masculinité qui leur est généralement refusée par leurs employeurs et leurs collègues.
Émile Combes ministre de l’Instruction publique (1895-1896)  : un réformateur radical
Authors: Verneuil Yves 
Published: July 2024

Le passage d’Émile Combes au ministère de l’Instruction publique entre le 1er novembre 1895 et le 29 avril 1896 fut marqué par un réformisme très affirmé. Furent notamment déposés un projet de loi de réforme du baccalauréat et un autre sur le Conseil supérieur de l’Instruction publique (CSIP). Ces initiatives suscitèrent d’intenses débats au sein du corps universitaire. Cet article s’interroge d’une part sur la portée du passage d’Émile Combes à la tête du ministère de la rue de Grenelle dans le cadre d’une séquence marquée, entre 1880 et 1902, par l’importance des débats relatifs à la direction à donner à l’enseignement secondaire  ; et d’autre part, dans la mesure où Émile Combes fit partie du premier cabinet radical homogène, sur la question de savoir si l’on peut discerner une adéquation entre sa politique scolaire et les idées politiques développées par les radicaux à la fin du XIXe siècle.
Comprehensive Flow Cytometric, Immunohistologic, and Molecular Assessment of Thymus Function in Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Hale Laura P , Macintyre Andrew N , Bowles Dawn E , Kwun Jean , Li Jie , Theriot Barbara , Turek Joseph W 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The critical importance of the thymus for generating new naive T cells that protect against novel infections and are tolerant to self-antigens has led to a recent revival of interest in monitoring thymic function in species other than humans and mice. Nonhuman primates such as rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) provide particularly useful animal models for translational research in immunology. In this study, we tested the performance of a 15-marker multicolor Ab panel for flow cytometric phenotyping of lymphocyte subsets directly from rhesus whole blood, with validation by thymectomy and T cell depletion. Immunohistochemical and multiplex RNA expression analysis of thymus tissue biopsies and molecular assays on PBMCs were used to further validate thymus function. Results identify Ab panels that can accurately classify rhesus naive T cells (CD3+CD45RA+CD197+ or CD3+CD28+CD95−) and recent thymic emigrants (CD8+CD28+CD95−CD103+CD197+) using just 100 µl of whole blood and commercially available fluorescent Abs. An immunohistochemical panel reactive with pan-cytokeratin (CK), CK14, CD3, Ki-67, CCL21, and TdT provides histologic evidence of thymopoiesis from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded thymus tissues. Identification of mRNAs characteristic of both functioning thymic epithelial cells and developing thymocytes and/or molecular detection of products of TCR gene rearrangement provide additional complementary methods to evaluate thymopoiesis, without requiring specific Abs. Combinations of multiparameter flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, multiplex gene expression, and TCR excision circle assays can comprehensively evaluate thymus function in rhesus macaques while requiring only minimal amounts of peripheral blood or biopsied thymus tissue.
Antioxidant and Apoptotic Effect of Edaravone on Cisplatin-Induced Brain Injury in Rats
Authors: Kara Ozlem , Kilitci Asuman 
Published: July 2024

Purpose:
This study aims to investigate the effect of edaravone in preventing cisplatin-induced brain damage.

Methods:
Forty female Wistar albino rats were included in the study. 4 groups were created. In group 1 (control group) (n=10), neither any drugs were given nor anything was performed. Group 2 (cisplatin group) (n=10), single dose 7.5 mg/kg cisplatin was given. In group 3 (edaravone group) (n=10), single dose 1 mg/kg edaravone was administered. Group 4 (cisplatin+ edaravone group) (n=10), single dose 7.5 mg/kg cisplatin and 1 mg/kg edaravone were given. Brain tissue was removed in all rats after 3 days. Blood samples taken from heart tissue were examined for malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. Brain tissue was evaluated for damage with p53, GFAP and Ki 67.

Results:
Edaravone reduced cisplatin-induced brain damage. MDA and NO levels in the cisplatin group were significantly higher than the other groups (p< 0.05). Likewise, tissue damage in the cisplatin group was significantly higher than in the other groups (p< 0.05). The immunohistochemical staining which was done by using p53, GFAP and Ki 67 was shown that tissue damage was higher in cisplatin group than cisplatin+ edaravone group and this difference was found to be statistically significant (p< 0.05).

Conclusion:
The findings of our study suggest that edaravone therapy may be effective in the prevention and treatment of cisplatin-induced brain injury.
Isolated Bilateral Triceps Weakness in Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Özenç Betül , Işık Kübra , Odabaşı Zeki 
Published: July 2024

Purpose:
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is the most common autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and can cause weakness in various muscle groups. The most commonly affected muscles are the eye, facial, and neck flexors. Focal or dominant weakness of the triceps muscle is rare. In this case, we aimed to describe a rare form of MG consisting of selective or dominant triceps muscle weakness.

Case report:
We present a 45-year-old male patient whose initial complaints were diplopia and ptosis. Acetylcholine receptor antibody was positive. After 10 years of well-being following thymectomy, bilateral triceps weakness was added to his ocular symptoms despite regular medication (pyridostigmine and prednisone). Repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) showed decremental responses in the right triceps muscles.

Conclusion:
It is important to recognize this type of myasthenia gravis to facilitate diagnosis and appropriate treatment and to avoid unnecessary investigations and treatments.
Secondary Trigeminal Neuralgia Caused by Cerebellopontine Angle Arachnoid Cyst in A 27-Year-Old Female: A Case Report
Authors: Niryana I Wayan , Tombeng Marthinson Andrew , Lauren Christopher , Maliawan Sri , Golden Nyoman , Mahadewa Tjokorda Gde Bagus , Maliawan Made Gemma Daniswara 
Published: July 2024

Purpose:
Secondary (TN) caused by an arachnoid cyst in the (CPA) region is a rare finding. Based on the reported literature, there are only 5 cases of secondary trigeminal neuralgia caused by an arachnoid cyst in the cerebellopontine angle region.

Case report:
A 27-year-old female presented to our neurosurgery clinic with a 2-year history of brief episodes of paroxysm pain in the left cheek. The pain was described as an electric shock-like pain triggered by simple stimuli. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a well-confined cystic lesion in the left CPA, which compresses the left pons and the cisternal segment of the left trigeminal nerve. The patient was managed operatively to fenestrate the cyst and decompress the trigeminal nerve. The histopathological result of the cyst wall was consistent with an arachnoid cyst. Six months after surgery, the patient is in good health condition and symptom-free without medication.

Conclusion:
Arachnoid cyst in the CPA region is one of the rare causes of secondary TN. Preoperative imaging with MRI is important to provide better results to differentiate the pathology. Surgical treatment to fenestrate the arachnoid cyst and decompress the trigeminal nerve have a good result and can improve the patient’s quality of life.
Effects of Crocin on Brain Neurotrophins, Cognition, Balance and Pain in Toxic-Induced Demyelination Model
Authors: Fatemi Rouholah , Moghaddam Hadi Fathi , Farbod Yaghoub , Bigtashkhani Roya 
Published: July 2024

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Crocin on brain neuroterophins, cognition, sensory and motor dysfunction and compare to fingolimod effects in toxic-induced demyelination with Ethidium Bromide (EB) in female Wistar rats.

Methods:
Animals were assigned in to 8 groups; Sham, Sham operated (ShOp), Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE), crocin treated (Cr5,10,20 mg/kg), Vehicle, Fingolompd (Fing) and fingolimod + crocin (Cr+Fing). Demyelination was induced by single dose injection of 10 μl of EB 0.1% into the fourth ventricle of the brain. Crocin and fingolimod were administered for 21 days, daily, oral gavage. BDNF, NGF1, tail flake latency, balance and behavioral variables were sampled and analyzed by paired t-test and ANOVA test with repeated post hoc measurements.

Results:
The results showed that crocin improves all studied factors, but remarkable improvements were observed in dosage of 10 mg/kg. Crocin (10mg/kg) and fingolimod (1mg/kg) significantly improved cognition variables in open field test, sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity, tail flick latency and clinical scores (p<005). In addition, applying of crocin co-administered with fingolimod led to significant increases in all assessed factors, greater than crocin or fingolimod intervention alone (α≤0.001).

Conclusion:
Based on the current findings, crocin can improve the level of brain neurotrophins, exploratory behavior, balance and pain after toxin-demyelination as close as fingolimod results.
Etiological Patterns and Clinical manifestations of Severe Anemia in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Gara Himavathy Kodandarao , Vanamali Dharma Rao 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background:
Severe anemia is a significant global health issue, particularly among hospitalized patients, with diverse etiologies and complex clinical presentations. This retrospective hospital-based study aimed to explore the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and etiological factors of severe anemia in hospitalized patients.

Materials and Methods:
Medical records of 103 patients admitted with severe anemia from February 2023 to January 2024 were analyzed. After exclusions, data from 85 patients were included in the final analysis.

Results:
The mean age of participants was 45.82 years, with a predominance of middle-aged and older individuals. Dyspnea was the most prevalent symptom, followed by giddiness and weight loss. Approximately one-fifth of patients had congestive heart failure, which was more common in older age groups. Hemoglobin levels ranged from 6.5 to 7.9 g/dL in 63% of patients, with microcytic hypochromic anemia being the most common peripheral blood smear finding. Nutritional deficiencies were the leading cause of severe anemia, followed by anemia of chronic disease (ACD), with iron deficiency anemia being the most prevalent subtype. ACD was predominantly seen in older age groups, while nutritional deficiencies were more common in younger patients and significantly higher in females. Gender disparities were evident, with males exhibiting a higher prevalence of ACD and females showing a higher prevalence of nutritional deficiency anemia.

Conclusion:
This study underscores the need for targeted interventions addressing nutritional inadequacies, disease-specific treatments, and gender-sensitive healthcare strategies to optimize patient outcomes. A comprehensive understanding and management of severe anemia are essential to mitigate its impact on morbidity and mortality, particularly among hospitalized patients.
Vinegar Activity against Clinically Isolated Escherichia Coli
Authors: Hussein Hassan Mahdi , Al-Khikani Falah Hasan Obayes , Mohammed Jamal Bahaa , Hassan Baneen Haider , Hamza Tabarek Maytham , Ali Bainat Hassan , Shaalan Ban Abdulkarim , Mohammed Hassanein Jasim , Ali Hussein Jawad , Mohammed Hassan Faris 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background:
Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli) has become a worrying issue been increasingly observed worldwide in recent decades. E. coli intrinsically has a great capacity to accumulate resistance, making them difficult to treat with standard therapies. So, using alternative strategies to treat it is urgent.

Material and Methods:
The bacteria were isolated from urinary tracts and wounds, and then cultured in three media (blood agar, MacConkey agar, and eosin methylene blue agar). They were incubated for 24 h at a temperature of 37oC to grow. The well diffusion method was used to evaluate the activity of vinegar, and the disk diffusion method was used for antibiotic sensitivity test of gentamicin as a control agent after overnight incubation. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS 26 software.

Results:
Out of the 24 participants in the study, 66.6% were women, while 33.4% were men with significant differences (P < 0.05). Isolated E. coli (75%) were sensitive to vinegar, while 70.80% of isolates were sensitive to gentamycin. The mean inhibition zone for vinegar was 13 ± 6.04 mm compared to 15 ± 6.43 mm for gentamicin with no significant differences (P = 0.27).

Conclusions:
Vinegar shows 75% sensitivity to clinically isolated E. coli, and thus it can be a promising treatment option. Gentamicin with high rate of sensitivity can be used as an empirical treatment for E. coli infections. Vinegar has similar activity to gentamicin (P > 0.05).
COVID-19 and Ethnic Disparities: An Analysis of the Impact of COVID-19 on Different Ethnic Groups of Assam State in Indian Sub-Continent
Authors: Sarma Pratham B. , Baruah Manash Pratim , Bhattacharya Bhaskar 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background:
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic spread throughout the world and nearly collapsed the healthcare system worldwide. During this period, major disparities around the healthcare system were observed among the different nations. The pandemic revealed glaring disparities to COVID-19 and different outcomes across different racial and ethnic groups.

Objectives:
This research study aims to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on various ethnic groups within Assam, exploring the socioeconomic, healthcare access, and cultural factors contributing to disparities in infection rates, severity, and mortality; since the people of the Assam are an intermixture of various racial stocks such as Mongoloid, Indo-Burmese, Indo-Iranian, Austroasiatic and Aryan.

Materials and Methods:
This study employed a survey-based research approach to investigate the impact of Covid-19 on Assam's different racial and ethnic groups, exploring disparities in infection rates, severity, and mortality, along with the underlying factors contributing to these disparities. The study involved 310 participants aged 15 years and above from rural suburban and urban areas. The data was collected in the month of September’2023 and using Google Form, an easily navigable online survey platform. The survey comprised a series of multiple-choice questions; covering topics related to demographic information, experience during pandemic, observations.

Results:
321 persons responded to the questionnaire, and out of which 11 submissions were rejected because of invalid response. People from 18 ethnic groups and 5 sub-groups responded. One of the worst effected ethnic tribe appears to be the Boro tribe, where 57% of respondents were infected, 70% showed severe symptoms & 60% were hospitalized. In fact, the Boro tribe also showed the second highest percentage of infected persons who showed post-Covid complications (43%). Another ethnic tribe showing similar results was the Rabha tribe. 52% of respondents were infected, 60% showed severe symptoms & 70% were hospitalized. However, only 20% of the infected showed post-Covid complications.

Conclusions:
Assam with such a diverse and abundant ethnic pool, the disparities that was seen amongst these ethnic tribes and groups could not be completely attributed to disparity in socio-economic condition or access to primary health care. Further research is essential to look beyond socio-economic disparities and look deeper into the genetic or other factors that safeguarded many of these ethnic tribes and will be helpful in finding a right direction in minimizing the impact of future pandemics.