bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guardianship
Authors: Drogin Eric Y. , Barrett Curtis L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Guardianship is a legal process that accommodates society's need to substitute its judgment for that of persons who cannot care for themselves. It differs from other living wills, powers of attorney, and advance directives because it is only applied when persons lack sufficient insight and judgment to assign their care to a responsible third party. Rights affected by guardianship include those related to determining where one will live, determining how one will spend one's money, making out a will, driving, voting, and others. Clinical psychologists evaluate the need for guardianship with a combination of interviews, traditional cognitive and personality testing, specialized forensic testing, and collateral inquiry.
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients
Authors: Xu Joy H. , Shrout Patrick E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIntraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) have many uses in psychology and related disciplines. They are often used to assess reliability, to deduce heritability, and to quantify similarity in group‐randomized trials. Different estimates of ICCs are appropriate depending on the particular study in question and the interpretation of ICC estimates in different contexts vary as well. This entry discusses the appropriate use of three basic forms of ICCs for rater reliability and one additional form that is equivalent to Cronbach's alpha. Examples of calculations and interpretations of these ICCs are given in the context of reliability and extended to multilevel group analyses, and population genetics studies.
Bereavement/Grief Interventions
Authors: Silverman Phyllis R. , Rubin Simon Shimshon 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBereavement is a universal life cycle experience. It involves a process of transition accompanied by strong emotions. Intervention begins with the mourners' support system and their community. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), Eric Lindemann (1900–74), John Bowlby (1907–90), and Elizabeth Kubler‐Ross (1926–2004) were influential figures in the field. Thecontinuing bondsparadigm underscores ongoing emotional connections to persons who have died. Loss initiates disruption in biopsychosocial functioning, but it is also intimately rooted in the relationship to the deceased. The thoughts and feelings, as well as the relationship to the deceased and the story of the death, are very important in the bereavement response and outcome. The two track model of bereavement and the dual process model of coping with loss reflect this perspective. Bereavement is also a catalyst for meaning making, personal growth, and life revision. Although most bereaved are resilient, maladaptive variants of the grief response are estimated at 15–20%. The diagnosis of grief‐related difficulty is controversial. Clinical interventions are effective for complications of grief, but their value for unselected populations is unproven. Mutual and self‐help programs are an important component of assistance for the bereaved.
Third‐Party Information
Authors: Hunt Elizabeth , Kimonis Eva R. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Third‐party information (TPI) is defined as a type of collateral source that is not obtained directly from the individual being evaluated. It serves an essential role in forensic mental health assessment for three primary reasons: greater need for accuracy, issues with response style, and the greater scrutiny that the evaluator's conclusions may receive. TPI may be obtained through interviews with personal and professional collateral informants or through reviews of various forms of written documentation. TPI may be used to help detect response styles and malingering, making it vital to evaluation of the validity of the examinees self‐report and to ensure that an accurate opinion has been formed and communicated to the courts.
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Authors: Alden Lynn E. , Fung Klint 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Avoidant personality disorder (
AvPD
) is a prevalent, moderately stable, dysfunctional pattern of personality traits marked by social inhibition, chronic feelings of inadequacy, and fear of negative evaluation.
AvPD
is associated with substantial social, financial, and educational impairment, as well as lowered quality of life. Topics of current research interest include the clinical course of the disorder; its relationship to other psychiatric disorders, most notably social anxiety disorder and schizophrenia; and the effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatment regimens in modifying its harmful effects.
Wallin,J.E.Wallace (1876–1969)
Authors: Farreras Ingrid G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractJ. E. Wallace Wallin (1876–1969) was a pioneer in the fields of clinical psychology, special education, and mental hygiene. During the second decade of the twentieth century Wallin proposed the first training models for clinical psychology by specifying the ideal personal qualities as well as academic background and practical work that would be necessary to become expert mental examiners of children with developmental disabilities, the prime occupation of clinical psychologists of the time. Wallin also paved the way for the establishment of the first professional organization to represent clinical psychologists: the American Association of Clinical Psychologists. Wallin believed strongly that public schools should provide education for developmentally disabled children. Through his affiliation with more than 25 institutions of higher education and as director of eight psychoeducational clinics, and as the author of over 30 books and 350 articles, Wallin staunchly advocated for programs, policies, and regulations that ensured that developmentally disabled children received this education.
Prevalence and Incidence
Authors: Nadorff Michael R. , Chaney Leland , Samuel Winer E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Prevalence is an epidemiological statistic used for determining how common a disorder is in a particular population at a certain point in time. It is often presented as a percentage of the population, but may also be presented as the number of cases out of 10,000 individuals, or 100,000 for rare disorders. Incidence is a similar metric, but examines only the new cases of a disorder over a certain period of time (often a year). Since incidence only includes new cases, as opposed to prevalence, which accounts for all cases, the incidence for a disorder should never exceed its prevalence. Incidence is useful for determining how quickly new cases of a disorder are being identified, something that is often not apparent from prevalence data alone.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Instruments
Authors: Tarescavage Anthony M. , Ben‐Porath Yossef S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), developed by Starke Hathaway (1903–87) and J. CharnleyMcKinley(1891–1950), was published in 1943 to assist with the differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. Since its initial release, the inventory has undergone two major revisions, and it has been the subject of continual empirical research published in thousands of books, book chapters, and journal articles. The first revision, completed in 1989, focused on updating the test norms and produced theMMPI‐2. An effort to modernize theMMPIscales began in the early 1990s and culminated in 2008 with publication of theMMPI‐2 Restructured Form (MMPI‐2‐RF). In this entry, the development and evolution of theMMPIinstruments are described first, followed by information regarding administration, scoring, and interpretation of the current version of the inventory. Finally, research that supports use of theMMPI‐2‐RFin various settings is described briefly.
Behavior Therapies
Authors: Shikatani (née Gee) Bethany , Fracalanza Katie , Antony Martin M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBehavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing problematic behaviors through the use of techniques based on learning principles. It includes a wide range of strategies, including relaxation‐based techniques, operant conditioning–based strategies, and exposure‐based strategies, among many others. Behavioral techniques are often combined with other treatment strategies, such as with cognitive therapy techniques, in order to most effectively treat psychological difficulties. A thorough behavioral assessment is an important first step before implementing behavioral strategies, and traditional behavioral therapists often conduct a functional analysis of the problem behavior in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of it. This entry discusses the general principles of behavior therapy, provides a brief historical overview, and describes a variety of approaches, including functional analysis, operant conditioning–based strategies, behavioral activation, applied relaxation, and social skills training.
Clinical Supervision
Authors: Falender Carol A. , Shafranske Edward P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractClinical supervision is the primary means of transmitting the psychology profession to future generations and may be considered a distinct professional competency in its own right. Although the development of supervisee clinical competence constitutes the primary focus, the supervisor's first obligation is to ensure client welfare. Essential components of effective clinical supervision are described. This entry also discusses the transformation to a competency‐based framework for clinical supervision that is based on standards of accountability and processes to evaluate clinical and supervisory competencies. Specific knowledge, skills, attitudes/values that constitute the clinical competency of supervision are identified and provide the focus of evaluation and training. Formative feedback is regularly given throughout the course of supervision based on live or video session review, enhancing the training process. Future developments are also described.
Prototypes and Exemplars
Authors: Farshid Arash , Goodman Adam M. , Daniel Thomas A. , Thompkins Andrea M. , Katz Jeffrey S. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The ability to categorize stimuli is a vital and adaptive process for humans. The cognitive and biological processes that underlie categorization, however, remain unclear. The structure of this entry follows a historical progression of the literature exploring different approaches to categorization as they pertain to exemplars and prototypes. The entry concludes with a discussion of present and future directions and the implications for categorization in psychiatric classification.
Single‐Case Experimental Designs
Authors: Kratochwill Thomas R. , Mission Paige , Hagermoser Elizabeth 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Single‐case design research has gained recognition as a credible scientific methodology across a variety of fields of study. Uniquely suited to support research on topics related to rare disorders or in instances where access to large sample sizes is unfeasible, single‐case designs have served to advance evidence‐based practices and assessment technologies. In applied settings single‐case designs provide opportunities for practitioners and researchers to be involved in advancing both the practice and research enterprise. Frequently used to examine issues in the areas of special education and applied behavior analysis, single‐case research has the potential to widely advance the field of clinical psychology. The What Works Clearinghouse of the Institute for Education Sciences has recently developed design standards and evidence criteria that can more specifically guide single‐case design research. In this chapter we review the major classes of single‐case design research (i.e.,
ABAB
, alternating treatment design, multiple baseline design) and provide specific examples of the application of this quantitative methodology. Future directions and implications are discussed.
Adolescent Development
Authors: Tang Selina , Modecki Kathryn L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Researchers and mental health professionals have struggled to explicate how adolescents' development shapes their decision‐making capacities across different contexts. Judicial decision makers have been reluctant to accept developmental research findings, which suggest that adolescents can be considered both mature (e.g., older adolescents are capable of making informed medical choices) and immature (e.g., youth are influenced by psychosocial factors in antisocial circumstances) across contexts that do not readily align with Supreme Court leanings. For example, research shows that adolescents are likely to face risky choices in which psychosocial maturity unduly affects their decision process. Other research suggests that younger adolescents demonstrate decreased adjudicative competencies relative to older individuals. Less research has focused on adolescent decision making in medical contexts, but there is a growing body of evidence to support the idea of different decision capacities across contexts. However, further research on adolescence competencies across decision domains is sorely needed.
F
reeman,
W
alter
J
. (1895–1972)
Authors: Collins Brianne M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Walter Jackson Freeman (1895–1972) pioneered and promoted the use of prefrontal and transorbital lobotomies in the United States. Trained as a neurologist and neuropathologist, Freeman partnered with a neurosurgeon, James Watts, to perform the first North American prefrontal lobotomy in 1936. Freeman later introduced the transorbital lobotomy in 1946. Along with proselytizing the treatment both nationally and internationally, he assisted with and conducted thousands of lobotomies over nearly four decades. Freeman advocated on behalf of lobotomies until his death in 1972. He did so despite increasing criticism, antipsychiatric sentiment, and the rise of pharmacotherapy.
H
empel,
C
arl (1905–97)
Authors: O'Donohue William , Cirlugea Olga 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Carl Hempel (1905–97) was a twentieth‐century philosopher of science who was initially associated with logical positivism but went on to do important work on scientific explanation, induction, and the structure of scientific theories, particularly regarding problems of how theoretical terms relate to observational terms. Hempel claimed that there were two kinds of scientific explanations because there were two kinds of scientific laws. Deductive nomological explanations contain at least one universal law and have the form of a deductive argument with the
explanandum
in the conclusion. Inductive statistic explanations involve a probabilistic law but also take the form of a deductive argument with the
explanandum
in the conclusion.
Forensic Testing
Authors: Dawson Casey J. , Jacquin Kristine M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Clinical psychologists with additional training and education in forensic settings may be employed by an attorney or appointed by the court to conduct a forensic evaluation utilizing various psychological tests. Forensic testing is a specific aspect of forensic psychology that provides an evidence‐based method for addressing psycholegal questions in a variety of legal domains, including criminal, civil, and family law settings. An understanding of the strengths, limits, and applications of forensic testing requires knowledge of the unique characteristics of forensic evaluations, standards of practice in the field, and a nuanced awareness of the relevant laws and ethics.
Ethical Guidelines in Forensic Psychology
Authors: Bush Shane S. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Psychologists play important roles in the assessment and treatment of individuals who are involved in civil, criminal, and administrative forensic contexts. They apply psychological knowledge, evidence, and methods to assist triers of fact in their understanding of the individuals involved in the legal system so that legal matters can be resolved most judiciously, and they provide valuable clinical services to individuals who are involved with civil, criminal, or administrative systems. In the performance of forensic roles, psychologists often confront ethical challenges that differ in important ways from the challenges commonly encountered in other professional contexts. Professional ethics, guidelines, jurisdictional laws, and related resources help psychologists prepare for and address ethical challenges. By anticipating forensic involvement and the types of ethical challenge likely to be encountered and maintaining a personal investment in high ethical standards, psychologists working in forensic contexts are well positioned to provide valuable and rewarding forensic services.
Tic Disorders
Authors: Mohatt Justin , Bennett Shannon , Walkup John T. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDiagnosis and treatment of tic disorders, including Tourette's disorder, have evolved since the first description of Tourette's disorder by Gilles de la Tourette and Jean‐Martin Charcot in the late 1800s. Current tic disorders include transient tic disorder, chronic motor or vocal tic disorder, and Tourette's disorder. Evidence‐based behavioral treatments for tics include Habit Reversal Therapy and Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics. Antipsychotics remain the most powerful medications for tic suppression but are not usually a first‐line treatment due to their side effects. Novel treatments, including psychosurgery and transcranial magnetic stimulation, remain under investigation. The definition and treatment of a subset of tic disorders believed to be secondary to pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus (PANDAS) remain controversial.
Cross‐Cultural Research
Authors: Koydemir Selda , Essau Cecilia A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Cross‐cultural research is the scientific method of comparative research that is concerned with comparing cultures, and aims to explain cultural variations. It helps researchers to identify the similarities and differences between cultures, the universal and variable aspects of human cultures, and explanations for any variation. Culture has increasingly become an important variable that is known to shape behavior to a great extent. As a result, especially over the past few decades, cross‐cultural research in psychology has evolved as a field and method of investigation. It is still growing. Despite the excitement that cross‐cultural research evokes among researchers, it also brings many challenges in conducting studies.
Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire
Authors: Cain Nicole M. , Lukowitsky Mark R. , Wright Aidan G.C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (
MPQ
) is a self‐report instrument that assesses personality, and it was developed by Auke Tellegen (b. 1930) and colleagues over a period of 10 years using an exploratory approach to test construction. It consists of 276 mostly true‐false items measuring a range of dispositions via 11 primary trait scales: Wellbeing, Social Potency, Achievement, Social Closeness, Stress Reaction, Aggression, Alienation, Control, Harmavoidance, Traditionalism, and Absorption. These primary trait scales have been found to load onto four largely orthogonal higher order factors: Positive Emotionality (
PEM
), Negative Emotionality (
NEM
), Constraint (
CON
), and Absorption (
ABS
). A substantial body of research has linked
MPQ
scales and factors with overt behavior, psychopathology, and genetic factors. In this way, the
MPQ
informs our understanding of the structure of personality, as well as its genetic, neurobiological, and psychological underpinnings.
Neurosis Versus Neuroticism
Authors: Matusewicz Marlena 
Published: January 2015

AbstractNeurosis and neuroticism are related concepts that have very distinct definitions and evolutionary courses. Neurosis was utilized by neurologists throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to classify a wide range of disorders. However, a shift occurred in the late twentieth century as biologically oriented researchers challenged the field of psychiatry to develop more accurate methods of measuring and treating mental illness. Many psychoanalytic theories, including formal classifications of neurosis in the first two editions of theDSM, fell by the wayside with the introduction of personality research that eventually resulted in the development of the big five model. Neuroticism, one of the facets of this model, is thought to reflect emotional reactivity and has been shown to have substantial physiological associations. An individual's level of neuroticism can vary along a continuum and does not necessarily imply pathology.
Dementia/Neurocognitive Disorders
Authors: Gale Reagan , Rockwood Kenneth 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Dementia and the major neurocognitive disorders are syndromes of acquired global cognitive impairment of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The syndromes of mild neurocognitive disorders also present with cognitive decline, but may not affect an individual's independent functioning. Historically, the term dementia had been used to describe a decline in cognition often considered in the context of prominent memory deficits. Now it is recognized that impairment in executive function is often key. This entry describes several common types of neurodegenerative dementia and neurocognitive disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (
AD
), as well as the diagnostic challenges facing clinicians, and recognizes the move towards a multicausal view of these syndromes.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Authors: Nezu Arthur M. , Greenberg Lauren M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
(

JCCP

) is a bimonthly academic journal published by the American Psychological Association. It has a long‐standing reputation as the premier journal for the publication of research and scholarship in clinical psychology in the United States. The

JCCP

welcomes submissions on treatment and prevention in all areas of clinical and clinical health psychology and especially on topics that appeal to a broad clinical scientist and practitioner audience. It further encourages the submission of theory‐based interventions, studies that investigate mechanisms of change, and studies of the effectiveness of treatments in real‐world settings.
Battered‐Woman Syndrome
Authors: Walker Lenore E. A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Battered‐woman syndrome is the designation for the psychological effects of domestic violence on women who are the primary victims. Although sometimes used to convey the theoretical principles underlying the dynamics of domestic violence (also called
intimate partner violence
), the research on battered‐woman syndrome has found that the criteria are so similar that it is a subcategory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Similar to battered‐child syndrome and rape trauma syndrome, battered‐woman syndrome accounts for the common factors such as gender issues, abuse of power and control, high levels of re‐experiencing the traumatic event or events, hyperarousal and anxiety, and avoidance or depression. Assessment is now used in legal cases as well as treatment planning using trauma‐specific interventions.