bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of CdSe Quantum Dots: A Size‐Tunable and Scalable Approach
Authors: Mirhosseini Moghaddam Mojtaba , Baghbanzadeh Mostafa , Sadeghpour Amin , Glatter Otto , Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn recent years, continuous‐flow/microreactor processing for the preparation of colloidal nanocrystals has received considerable attention. The intrinsic advantages of microfluidic reactors have opened new opportunities for the size‐controlled synthesis of nanocrystals either in the laboratory or on a large scale. Herein, an experimentally simple protocol for the size‐tunable continuous‐flow synthesis of rather monodisperse CdSe quantum dots (QDs) is presented. CdSe QDs are manufactured by using cadmium oleate as cadmium source, selenium dioxide as selenium precursor, and 1‐octadecene as solvent. Exploiting selenium dioxide as selenium source and 1‐octadecene as solvent allows execution of the complete process in open air without any requirement for air‐free manipulations using a glove box or Schlenk line. Continuous‐flow processing is performed with a stainless steel coil of 1.0 mm inner diameter pumping the combined precursor solution through the reactor by applying a standard HPLC pump. The effect of different reaction parameters, such as temperature, residence time, and flow rate, on the properties of the resulting CdSe QDs was investigated. A temperature increase from 240 to 260 °C or an extension of the residence time from 2 to 20 min affords larger nanocrystals (range 3–6 nm) whereas the size distribution does not change significantly. Longer reaction times and higher temperatures result in QDs with lower quantum yields (range 11–28 %). The quality of the synthesized CdSe QDs was confirmed by UV/Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. Finally, the potential of this protocol for large‐scale manufacturing was evaluated and by operating the continuous‐flow process for 87 min it was possible to produce 167 mg of CdSe QDs (with a mean diameter of 4 nm) with a quantum yield of 28 %.
Serotonin‐immunoreactive sensory neurons in the antenna of the cockroach Periplaneta americana
Authors: Watanabe Hidehiro , Shimohigashi Miki , Yokohari Fumio 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe antennae of insects contain a vast array of sensory neurons that process olfactory, gustatory, mechanosensory, hygrosensory, and thermosensory information. Except those with multimodal functions, most sensory neurons use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. Using immunohistochemistry combined with retrograde staining of antennal sensory neurons in the cockroach Periplaneta americana, we found serotonin‐immunoreactive sensory neurons in the antenna. These were selectively distributed in chaetic and scolopidial sensilla and in the scape, the pedicel, and first 15 segments of the flagellum. In a chaetic sensillum, A single serotonin‐immunoreactive sensory neuron cohabited with up to four serotonin‐negative sensory neurons. Based on their morphological features, serotonin‐immunopositive and ‐negative sensory neurons might process mechanosensory and contact chemosensory modalities, respectively. Scolopidial sensilla constitute the chordotonal and Johnston's organs within the pedicel and process antennal vibrations. Immunoelectron microscopy clearly revealed that serotonin‐immunoreactivities selectively localize to a specific type of mechanosensory neuron, called type 1 sensory neuron. In a chordotonal scolopidial sensillum, a serotonin‐immunoreactive type 1 neuron always paired with a serotonin‐negative type 1 neuron. Conversely, serotonin‐immunopositive and ‐negative type 1 neurons were randomly distributed in Johnston's organ. In the deutocerebrum, serotonin‐immunoreactive sensory neuron axons formed three different sensory tracts and those from distinct types of sensilla terminated in distinct brain regions. Our findings indicate that a biogenic amine, serotonin, may act as a neurotransmitter in peripheral mechanosensory neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:414–434, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parcellation of cerebellins 1, 2, and 4 among different subpopulations of dorsal horn neurons in mouse spinal cord
Authors: Cagle Michael C. , Honig Marcia G. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe cerebellins (Cblns) are a family of secreted proteins that are widely expressed throughout the nervous system, but whose functions have been studied only in the cerebellum and striatum. Two members of the family, Cbln1 and Cbln2, bind to neurexins on presynaptic terminals and to GluRδs postsynaptically, forming trans‐synaptic triads that promote synapse formation. Cbln1 has a higher binding affinity for GluRδs and exhibits greater synaptogenic activity than Cbln2. In contrast, Cbln4 does not form such triads and its function is unknown. The different properties of the three Cblns suggest that each plays a distinct role in synapse formation. To begin to elucidate Cbln function in other neuronal systems, we used in situ hybridization to examine Cbln expression in the mouse spinal cord. We find that neurons expressing Cblns 1, 2, and 4 tend to occupy different laminar positions within the dorsal spinal cord, and that Cbln expression is limited almost exclusively to excitatory neurons. Combined in situ hybridization and immunofluorescent staining shows that Cblns 1, 2, and 4 are expressed by largely distinct neuronal subpopulations, defined in part by sensory input, although there is some overlap and some individual neurons coexpress two Cblns. Our results suggest that differences in connectivity between subpopulations of dorsal spinal cord neurons may be influenced by which Cbln each subpopulation contains. Competitive interactions between axon terminals may determine the number of synapses each forms in any given region, and thereby contribute to the development of precise patterns of connectivity in the dorsal gray matter. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:479–497, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two whisker motor areas in the rat cortex: Evidence from thalamocortical connections
Authors: Mohammed Hisham , Jain Neeraj 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTIn primates, the motor cortex consists of at least seven different areas, which are involved in movement planning, coordination, initiation, and execution. However, for rats, only the primary motor cortex has been well described. A rostrally located second motor area has been proposed, but its extent, organization, and even definitive existence remain uncertain. Only a rostral forelimb area (RFA) has been definitively described, besides few reports of a rostral hindlimb area. We have previously proposed existence of a second whisker area, which we termed the rostral whisker area (RWA), based on its differential response to intracortical microstimulation compared with the caudal whisker area (CWA) in animals under deep anesthesia (Tandon et al. [2008] Eur J Neurosci 27:228). To establish that RWA is distinct from the caudally contiguous CWA, we determined sources of thalamic inputs to the two proposed whisker areas. Sources of inputs to RFA, caudal forelimb area (CFA), and caudal hindlimb region were determined for comparison. The results show that RWA and CWA can be distinguished based on differences in their thalamic inputs. RWA receives major projections from mediodorsal and ventromedial nuclei, whereas the major projections to CWA are from the ventral anterior, ventrolateral, and posterior nuclei. Moreover, the thalamic nuclei that provide major inputs to RWA are the same as for RFA, and the nuclei projecting to CWA are same as for CFA. The results suggest that rats have a second rostrally located motor area with RWA and RFA as its constituents. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:528–545, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topographically organized projection to posterior insular cortex from the posterior portion of the ventral medial nucleus in the long‐tailed macaque monkey
Authors: (Bud) Craig A.D. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTPrior anterograde tracing work identified somatotopically organized lamina I trigemino‐ and spinothalamic terminations in a cytoarchitectonically distinct portion of posterolateral thalamus of the macaque monkey, named the posterior part of the ventral medial nucleus (VMpo; Craig [2004] J. Comp. Neurol. 477:119–148). Microelectrode recordings from clusters of selectively thermoreceptive or nociceptive neurons were used to guide precise microinjections of various tracers in VMpo. A prior report (Craig and Zhang [2006] J. Comp. Neurol. 499:953–964) described retrograde tracing results, which confirmed the selective lamina I input to VMpo and the anteroposterior (head to foot) topography. The present report describes the results of microinjections of anterograde tracers placed at different levels in VMpo, based on the anteroposterior topographic organization of selectively nociceptive units and clusters over nearly the entire extent of VMpo. Each injection produced dense, patchy terminal labeling in a single coherent field within a distinct granular cortical area centered in the fundus of the superior limiting sulcus. The terminations were distributed with a consistent anteroposterior topography over the posterior half of the superior limiting sulcus. These observations demonstrate a specific VMpo projection area in dorsal posterior insular cortex that provides the basis for a somatotopic representation of selectively nociceptive lamina I spinothalamic activity. These results also identify the VMpo terminal area as the posterior half of interoceptive cortex; the anterior half receives input from the vagal‐responsive and gustatory neurons in the basal part of the ventral medial nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:36–63, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Corticocortical projections to representations of the teeth, tongue, and face in somatosensory area 3b of macaques
Authors: Cerkevich Christina M. , Qi Hui‐Xin , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTWe placed injections of anatomical tracers into representations of the tongue, teeth, and face in the primary somatosensory cortex (area 3b) of macaque monkeys. Our injections revealed strong projections to representations of the tongue and teeth from other parts of the oral cavity responsive region in 3b. The 3b face also provided input to the representations of the intraoral structures. The primary representation of the face showed a pattern of intrinsic connections similar to that of the mouth. The area 3b hand representation provided little to no input to either the mouth or the face representations. The mouth and face representations of area 3b received projections from the presumptive oral cavity and face regions of other somatosensory areas in the anterior parietal cortex and the lateral sulcus, including areas 3a, 1, 2, the second somatosensory area (S2), the parietal ventral area (PV), and cortex that may include the parietal rostral (PR) and ventral somatosensory (VS) areas. Additional inputs came from primary motor (M1) and ventral premotor (PMv) areas. This areal pattern of projections is similar to the well‐studied pattern revealed by tracer injections in regions of 3b representing the hand. The tongue representation appeared to be unique in area 3b in that it also received inputs from areas in the anterior upper bank of the lateral sulcus and anterior insula that may include the primary gustatory area (area G) and other cortical taste‐processing areas, as well as a region of lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) lining the principal sulcus. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:546–572, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural in the Absence and Presence of Glucose
Authors: Kwon Youngkook , de Jong Ed , Raoufmoghaddam Saeed , Koper Marc T. M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractElectrocatalytic hydrogenation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5‐dihydroxymethylfuran (DHMF) or other species, such as 2,5‐dimethylfuran, on solid metal electrodes in neutral media is addressed, both in the absence and in the presence of glucose. The reaction is studied by combining voltammetry with on‐line product analysis by using HPLC, which provides both qualitative and quantitative information about the reaction products as a function of electrode potential. Three groups of catalysts show different selectivity towards: (1) DHMF (Fe, Ni, Ag, Zn, Cd, and In), (2) DHMF and other products (Pd, Al, Bi, and Pb), depending on the applied potential, and (3) other products (Co, Au, Cu, Sn, and Sb) through HMF hydrogenolysis. The rate of electrocatalytic HMF hydrogenation is not strongly catalyst‐dependent because all catalysts show similar onset potentials (−0.5±0.2 V) in the presence of HMF. However, the intrinsic properties of the catalysts determine the reaction pathway towards DHMF or other products. Ag showed the highest activity towards DHMF formation (up to 13.1 mM cm−2 with high selectivity> 85 %). HMF hydrogenation is faster than glucose hydrogenation on all metals. For transition metals, the presence of glucose enhances the formation of DHMF and suppresses the hydrogenolysis of HMF. On poor metals such as Zn, Cd, and In, glucose enhances DHMF formation; however, its contribution in the presence of Bi, Pb, Sn, and Sb is limited. Remarkably, in the presence of HMF, glucose hydrogenation itself is largely suppressed or even absent. The first electron‐transfer step during HMF reduction is not metal‐dependent, suggesting a non‐catalytic reaction with proton transfer directly from water in the electrolyte.
Proposal for generating new beta cells in a muted immune environment for type 1 diabetes
Authors: Levetan Claresa , Pozzilli Paolo , Jovanovic Lois , Schatz Desmond 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundOver the past decade, many immune tolerance agents have shown promise in the non‐obese diabetic mouse model for prevention and reversal of type 1 diabetes but have not been successful in clinical trials among recently diagnosed type 1 patients. The trials from decades ago using Cyclosporine A in significantly lower dosages than used for organ transplantation and in similar dosages that have increased T regulatory cell populations in conditions such as atopic dermatitis, demonstrated very high initial insulin‐free remission rates when administered immediately after diagnosis. Over time, all newly diagnosed type 1 patients given Cyclosporine A required insulin. Human trials with immune tolerance agents suggest that in addition to an immune tolerance agent, a beta cell regeneration agent may also be necessary to induce long‐lasting remission among patients with recent onset type 1 diabetes.MethodsA randomized, double‐blind prospective trial among recent onset type 1 diabetes patients has been designed using Cyclosporine A and a proton‐pump inhibitor, which increases gastrin levels and has been shown to work through the Reg receptor to transform pancreatic duct cells into islets. © 2013 The Authors. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local gene expression in nerve endings
Authors: Crispino Marianna , Chun Jong Tai , Cefaliello Carolina , Perrone Capano Carla , Giuditta Antonio 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTAt the Nobel lecture for physiology in 1906, Ramón y Cajal famously stated that “the nerve elements possess reciprocal relationships in contiguity but not in continuity,” summing up the neuron doctrine. Sixty years later, by the time the central dogma of molecular biology formulated the axis of genetic information flow from DNA to mRNA, and then to protein, it became obvious that neurons with extensive ramifications and long axons inevitably incur an innate problem: how can the effect of gene expression be extended from the nucleus to the remote and specific sites of the cell periphery? The most straightforward solution would be to deliver soma‐produced proteins to the target sites. The influential discovery of axoplasmic flow has supported this scheme of protein supply. Alternatively, mRNAs can be dispatched instead of protein, and translated locally at the strategic target sites. Over the past decades, such a local system of protein synthesis has been demonstrated in dendrites, axons, and presynaptic terminals. Moreover, the local protein synthesis in neurons might even involve intercellular trafficking of molecules. The innovative concept of glia‐neuron unit suggests that the local protein synthesis in the axonal and presynaptic domain of mature neurons is sustained by a local supply of RNAs synthesized in the surrounding glial cells and transferred to these domains. Here, we have reviewed some of the evidence indicating the presence of a local system of protein synthesis in axon terminals, and have examined its regulation in various model systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 279–291, 2014
Identifying novel phenotypes of vulnerability and resistance to activity‐based anorexia in adolescent female rats
Authors: Barbarich‐Marsteller Nicole C. , Underwood Mark D. , Foltin Richard W. , Myers Michael M. , Walsh B. Timothy , Barrett Jeffrey S. , Marsteller Douglas A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveActivity‐based anorexia is a translational rodent model that results in severe weight loss, hyperactivity, and voluntary self‐starvation. The goal of our investigation was to identify vulnerable and resistant phenotypes of activity‐based anorexia in adolescent female rats.MethodSprague‐Dawley rats were maintained under conditions of restricted access to food (N = 64; or unlimited access, N = 16) until experimental exit, predefined as a target weight loss of 30–35% or meeting predefined criteria for animal health. Nonlinear mixed effects statistical modeling was used to describe wheel running behavior, time to event analysis was used to assess experimental exit, and a regressive partitioning algorithm was used to classify phenotypes.ResultsObjective criteria were identified for distinguishing novel phenotypes of activity‐based anorexia, including a vulnerable phenotype that conferred maximal hyperactivity, minimal food intake, and the shortest time to experimental exit, and a resistant phenotype that conferred minimal activity and the longest time to experimental exit.DiscussionThe identification of objective criteria for defining vulnerable and resistant phenotypes of activity‐based anorexia in adolescent female rats provides an important framework for studying the neural mechanisms that promote vulnerability to or protection against the development of self‐starvation and hyperactivity during adolescence. Ultimately, future studies using these novel phenotypes may provide important translational insights into the mechanisms that promote these maladaptive behaviors characteristic of anorexia nervosa. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:737–746)
Modal analysis of pile‐supported structures during seismic liquefaction
Authors: Lombardi Domenico , Bhattacharya Subhamoy 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of liquefaction on modal parameters (frequency and damping) of pile‐supported structures. Four physical models, consisting of two single piles and two 2 × 2 pile groups, were tested in a shaking table where the soil surrounding the pile liquefied because of seismic shaking. The experimental results showed that the natural frequency of pile‐supported structures may decrease considerably owing to the loss of lateral support offered by the soil to the pile. On the other hand, the damping ratio of structure may increase to values in excess of 20%. These findings have important design consequences: (a) for low‐period structures, substantial reduction of spectral acceleration is expected; (b) during and after liquefaction, the response of the system may be dictated by the interactions of multiple loadings, that is, horizontal, axial and overturning moment, which were negligible prior to liquefaction; and (c) with the onset of liquefaction due to increased flexibility of pile‐supported structure, larger spectral displacement may be expected, which in turn may enhance P‐delta effects and consequently amplification of overturning moment. Practical implications for pile design are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic evaluation of the shear behavior in reinforced concrete bridge columns including effect of vertical accelerations
Authors: Lee Hyerin , Mosalam Khalid M. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYThe effect of vertical excitation on shear capacity of reinforced concrete columns is important. Field evidences, analytical studies and static or hybrid simulations suggested that excessive tension or tensile strain of the column may lead to shear strength degradation, and therefore vertical excitation can be one of the causes of shear failure. This paper describes an experimental study consisting of shaking table tests on reduced‐scale bridge columns. Results of the tests indicate that tension in the columns has the potential to degrade the shear capacity, which is mainly due to the degradation of the concrete contribution to this capacity. The presented computational results and code evaluations also support this shear strength degradation. The presented dynamic tests contribute to better understanding of the effect of vertical excitation on the shear failure, which is one of the most critical brittle failure mechanisms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Impact of Co‐Location of Securities Exchanges' and Traders' Computer Servers on Market Liquidity
Authors: Frino Alex , Mollica Vito , Webb Robert I. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis study examines the impact of allowing traders to co‐locate their servers near exchange servers on the liquidity of futures contracts traded on the Australian Securities Exchange. It provides evidence of an increase in proxies for high‐frequency trading activity following the introduction of co‐location. There is strong evidence of a decrease in bid–ask spreads and an increase in market depth after the introduction of co‐location. We conclude that the introduction of co‐location enhances liquidity. We conjecture that co‐location improves the efficiency with which liquidity providers (including market maker high‐frequency traders) are able to make markets. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:20–33, 2014
Estimation of atmospheric nutrient inputs to the Atlantic Ocean from 50°N to 50°S based on large‐scale field sampling: Iron and other dust‐associated elements
Authors: Baker A. R. , Adams C. , Bell T. G. , Jickells T. D. , Ganzeveld L. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAtmospheric inputs of mineral dust supply iron and other trace metals to the remote ocean and can influence the marine carbon cycle due to iron's role as a potentially limiting micronutrient. Dust generation, transport, and deposition are highly heterogeneous, and there are very few remote marine locations where dust concentrations and chemistry (e.g., iron solubility) are routinely monitored. Here we use aerosol and rainwater samples collected during 10 large‐scale research cruises to estimate the atmospheric input of iron, aluminum, and manganese to four broad regions of the Atlantic Ocean over two 3 month periods for the years 2001–2005. We estimate total inputs of these metals to our study regions to be 4.2, 17, and 0.27 Gmol in April–June and 4.9, 14, and 0.19 Gmol in September–November, respectively. Inputs were highest in regions of high rainfall (the intertropical convergence zone and South Atlantic storm track), and rainfall contributed higher proportions of total input to wetter regions. By combining input estimates for total and soluble metals for these time periods, we calculated overall percentage solubilities for each metal that account for the contributions from both wet and dry depositions and the relative contributions from different aerosol types. Calculated solubilities were in the range 2.4%–9.1% for iron, 6.1%–15% for aluminum, and 54%–73% for manganese. We discuss sources of uncertainty in our estimates and compare our results to some recent estimates of atmospheric iron input to the Atlantic.