bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geography and Venture Capital Investment in the United States, 1995–2009
Authors: Shachmurove Emanuel , Shachmurove Yochanan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the investment activity of venture capital in the United States, stratified by both geography and choice of industries, and evaluates the effects of certain key macroeconomic variables. The entire period covered extends from 1995 until Quarter 1 of 2009. In addition, the data set is split into four subperiods: the boom years of 1995Q1 to 2000Q1, the bust period of 2000Q2 to 2003Q4, the boom years of 2004Q1 to 2007Q3, and the bust period of 2007Q4 to 2009Q1. For the entire period as well as the subperiods, the statistical results confirm the importance of both region and industry in explaining investment in venture capital in the United States. These are valid for all subperiods; even when faced with a multitude of effects caused by the current recession, industry and region are still the dominating causes of venture capital investment activity.
Stress and Immunity in Pregnancy
Authors: Coussons-Read Mary E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe last decade has seen a dramatic increase in research on the effects of environment and behavior on pregnancy and infant development. A key aspect of these efforts has been to examine how prenatal stress affects pregnancy and maternal and child health and to identify candidate mechanisms for these effects. This chapter describes research addressing how prenatal stress can alter the course of pregnancy and affect infant development and the potential role of neural-immune interactions in mediating these effects. Background research in psychoneuroimmunology, discussion of the role of the immune and endocrine systems in normal and complicated pregnancy, and foundational and ongoing research on how neural-immune interactions are involved in stress-related pregnancy outcomes are presented. The chapter concludes by identifying key future directions and ongoing challenges for research in this field with an eye toward affecting clinical practice.
Social Regulation of Gene Expression in the Immune System
Authors: Cole Steven W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSocial factors influence health in part by altering the expression of genes in diseased tissue and immune cells. This chapter surveys the emerging field of social genomics, which has begun to identify the types of genes subject to social regulation, the biological signaling pathways mediating those effects, and the genetic polymorphisms that moderate socioenvironmental influences on human gene expression. After highlighting the implications of these dynamics for immune response and host defense, this chapter considers the evolutionary basis for the deep functional connections between social behavior and immune response.
Design and Evaluation of Prevention Programs
Authors: Davis Marsha , Orpinas Pamela , Horne Arthur M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAbstract Evaluation is the application of social science methods to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of prevention programs. Evaluation is critical for determining the worth, need, and effectiveness of a program. This chapter presents an overview of the principles, methods, and practices for designing and evaluating prevention programs. The design and evaluation process is outlined in 10 steps: setting up the evaluation team and engaging stakeholders, determining the budget, using a logic model to define the program, determining the evaluation question, determining the outcome variables and measurement, selecting a sample, collecting the data, analyzing and interpreting the data, reporting, and using the data for program improvement. In each step, the authors provide examples of real world applications. Challenges and future directions for evaluation are discussed.
Prevention of Conduct Disorder
Authors: Daly Brian P. , Buchanan Cindy , Dasch Kimberly , Eichen Dawn , Lenhart Clare 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAbstract The cluster of behavior problems known as the disruptive behavior disorders, including oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, represent the most common reason for referral among all childhood mental health problems. Without early preventive and intervention services, these behaviors may escalate over time, becoming more frequent, severe, and maladaptive in nature, resulting in significant and long-lasting negative consequences that affect individuals, families, schools, communities, and society in general. Historically, disruptive behavior disorders were perceived to be some of the most difficult disorders with which to intervene and ameliorate symptoms. Fortunately, evidence-based preventive and early intervention programs delivered across various settings have been developed that improve outcomes for these children and adolescents and their families.
Promoting Well-Being and Mental Health in Refugees
Authors: Loncar Larisa Buhin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Abstract The chapter primarily focuses on interventions that have the potential to promote well-being by facilitating and fostering successful acculturation through acquisition of new life skills in refugees and by increasing multicultural competencies of individuals and changing public policies in receiving cultures. Berry’s (1997 ) work on the acculturation process is utilized in considering possible interventions aimed not exclusively at refugee populations but also at increasing the readiness of receiving cultures to promote well-being of refugees. Prilleltensky and Nelson’s (2002) theory of well-being, particularly with regard to relational and collective well-being, also provides a theoretical framework for proposed interventions.
Interpreting and Combining Heterogeneous Survey Forecasts
Authors: Manski Charles F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines forecasts reported in surveys, expositing several logical issues that arise when interpreting and combining heterogeneous forecasts. Understanding these issues is a prerequisite for meaningful use of the data collected in existing surveys, and it may enable design of more informative surveys. The article is organized as follows. Section 2 considers the proper interpretation of point predictions of uncertain events. Section 3 explains the simple, but underappreciated, logical basis for a pervasive empirical finding on the performance of consensus forecasts of real-valued events, while Section 4 calls attention to the problem of assessing the temporal variation of forecasts made by panels of forecasters.
Social Texts and Poetic Texts
Authors: DuPlessis Rachel Blau 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores critical intersections between cultural studies and the poetic text. In thinking about a poetic text, one cannot be limited to the social information about it, to the social information it appears to present, or to the surface attitudes it seems to convey. A critic must focus on articulating the complex relationships that may be constructed among statement and mode. So the problem of interpretation becomes one of articulating the dynamic variables, making adequate readings of social texts, rhetorics, and poetics; the problem is actually riding those waves and pulses of dialectical flux. The segregation of poetry from the social may be attributable to poetry's formalist and stylized condensations, constituting more acute barriers to a relatively innocent reader than parallel conventions in novels (or even films), which may well be consumed almost as if “the real” itself.
Economics and Gender in Mina Loy, Lola Ridge, and Marianne Moore
Authors: Kinnahan Linda A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article puts early modern poetry by women in dialogue with economic theory and thus opens unacknowledged intersections for discussion. In looking at the early poetry of Mina Loy, Lola Ridge, and Marianne Moore in relation to economics, it is important to recognize not only that economic theory mattered to a wide public in the early years of the twentieth century but that the economic field was itself a gendered site of contention as it transitioned into a centrally defining system of modernity. Not only did these three poets circulate in the same avant-garde crowds in New York during the late teens and publish in many of the same little magazines, they also shared feminist sentiments concurrent with the first-wave movement, including challenges to male-dominated economies and institutions. Within their work, economic arrangements of gender are not only challenged but connected to modern ideas of value, work, desire, and need; subsequently, the tension between an economy of consumption and an economy of social provisioning finds expression in a distinctively feminist poetics concerned with capitalism's degradation of both work and human need.
Out with the Crowd
Authors: Newcomb John Timberman 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the interactions of modern American poetry with mass culture. Mass culture is considered in two senses: first as collective spectacle or performance experienced in spaces of commodified amusement, then as semiotic and textual phenomena, advertisements above all, that interpellate modern subjects for the ideological project of corporate capitalism. It surveys work by a variety of poets in order to show that this engagement with mass culture was no tangent limited to the work of a few oddballs or specialists, but was a pervasive dimension of American poetry during these decades. The entire careers of several significant poets—not only Williams and Fearing but Carl Sandburg, Vachel Lindsay, Langston Hughes, and Muriel Rukeyser—can be framed as attempts to articulate a productive relationship with the forms and meanings of modern mass culture. The same could be said for significant parts of other careers, including those of Eliot, Pound, Edna St. Vincent Millay, and Archibald MacLeish, whose turns toward and away from radio at particular historical and personal junctures reveal the inescapable role mass culture played in their poetics. Still others, particularly Lindsay, Sandburg, Millay, and Robert Frost, created iconic public personae that challenged the boundaries between literary art and mass culture.
Exquisite Corpse
Authors: Rosenbaum Susan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article makes the case for a sustained and growing interest in surrealism on the American poetry scene from the 1920s to the early 1960s, chiefly through a focus on the little magazines involved in adapting and publicizing surrealist work and ideals. Although surrealism's influence on American poetry from the 1960s forward has been widely recognized, its early history and influence in the United States have been just as widely overlooked, despite Dickran Tashjian's foundational work on this topic. For instance, the poet Dana Gioia comments that “one of the provocative ironies of twentieth-century literature is that during the Thirties and Forties when surrealism was transforming the landscape of European and Latin American poetry, it never took root in the United States.” It is shown that surrealism profoundly transformed the landscape of American poetry in the 1930s and 1940s, and that these surrealist roots gave vital shape and direction to the subsequent history of American poetry.
Material Concerns
Authors: Chasar Mike 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article argues for the importance of the “vest-pocket masterpiece” and the individual poetry clipping in understanding the situation of poetry in twentieth-century American popular culture and in the lives of ordinary readers. It accesses the culture of incidental poetry in two major ways, each of which taps—via the individual clipping and its carriage—in to a different point along the communications circuit of poetry's social lives. First, it traces the international circulation of a single poem—V. M. Rodebaugh's Depression-era “Rejected,” a piece of political satire first printed in 1938—as it made its way not only into Paul Fox's portfolio in Ashland, Ohio, but also into the footlockers and albums of World War II soldiers, onto the desk of Eleanor Roosevelt, and into the hands and rocket bombs of propagandists in Nazi Germany. Then, it examines the political and aesthetic dimensions that individual poetry clippings like “Rejected” acquired as they were collected, read, edited, and saved in poetry scrapbooks. Many noteworthy authors kept scrapbooks themselves; by focusing primarily on anthologies edited by less credentialed individuals, however, it is shown how such albums became engines for critical reading processes in the hands of readers who would have encountered poetry largely in incidental ways.
Traumatic Stress Disorders: Historical Context and Current Focus
Authors: Beck J. Gayle , Sloan Denise M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction and overview to this handbook, focusing on the historical context that underlies current issues within the trauma literature. This handbook contains eight parts, focusing on classification and phenomenology, epidemiology and special populations, contributions from theory, assessment, prevention and early intervention, and treatment. The historical underpinnings of each area are delineated, with attention to their linkage with current research.
Defining Traumatic Events: Research Findings and Controversies
Authors: Cougle Jesse R. , Kilpatrick Dean G. , Resnick Heidi S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSince the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis was introduced in the DSM-III (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1980) controversy has existed over what constitutes a Criterion A stressor, or a potentially traumatic event. Such definitions have considerable research, clinical, and legal implications. In this chapter, we review the history of Criterion A, conditional risk of PTSD associated with specific stressors, and situational and demographic variables likely to increase risk of PTSD. Significant attention is given to the controversies surrounding Criterion A, as well as limitations of extant research. We conclude with specific recommendations for future inquiry with particular emphasis on the importance of comprehensive assessment of Criterion A stressor exposure and PTSD assessment that captures the effects of exposure to more than one Criterion A stressor.
The Epidemiology of Acute Stress Disorder and Other Early Responses to Trauma in Adults
Authors: Biggs Quinn M. , Guimond Jennifer M. , Fullerton Carol S. , Ursano Robert J. , Gray Christine , Goldenberg Matthew , Reissman Dori , McCarroll James E. , Santiago Patcho , Tyler Mary P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAcute stress disorder (ASD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by exposure to a traumatic event followed by symptoms of re-experiencing, avoidance, hyper-arousal, peritraumatic dissociation, and impairment in functioning. ASD's time-limited duration (two days to one month) makes it distinct from but related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is diagnosed after one month. ASD's brief duration has contributed to a dearth of large-scale, population-based studies. Smaller studies have sought to determine rates of ASD after specific events in select populations; others have focused on ASD's role in predicting PTSD. Much can be learned from existing epidemiological studies. ASD's prevalence varies from 3% in a population of accident victims to 59% in female sexual assault victims. Female gender is a key risk factor; marital status, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status have also been associated with ASD in some studies. Comorbidities include depressive and anxiety disorders and substance use disorders.
Traumatic Stress in Older Adults
Authors: Cook Joan M. , Biyanova Tatyana , Elmore Diane L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter focuses on older adult trauma survivors. Information is presented on prevalence of acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); course, functional impairment, suicide risk, and health care utilization in older adults with PTSD; and the impact of demographic factors such as gender, ethnicity, and race on PTSD in older individuals. In general, rates of ASD and PTSD are lower in older adults compared to other age groups. PTSD in older adults has been linked to suicidal ideation and attempts, functional impairment, physical health, and increased healthcare utilization. Although delayed onset of PTSD has been empirically verified in some military samples with World War II veterans and younger adult civilians, it is rare in the absence of any prior symptoms and might more accurately be labeled “delayed recognition.” More information on trauma and PTSD in diverse populations of older adults is needed, such as racial and ethnic minorities, those with severe physical or mental impairment, noncommunity-residing groups, and those from nonindustrialized countries.
Biological Contributions to PTSD: Differentiating Normative from Pathological Response
Authors: Yehuda Rachel , Pratchett Laura , Pelcovitz Michelle 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAlthough the majority of the population will be exposed to trauma, only a small minority will subsequently develop either acute stress disorder (ASD) or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Efforts to distinguish those at risk for a pathological response have identified certain peritraumatic responses and neuroanatomical and biological variables as candidate indicators. This chapter reviews what is currently known about biological and neuroendocrine features that have been found to correlate with PTSD in efforts to determine whether PTSD is simply a continuation of a normative, acute response to trauma exposure. In particular, the neuroendocrine literature suggests HPA axis alterations in PTSD that are complex and may reflect preexisting risk factors or pathophysiology of the disorder.
Assessing PTSD Symptoms
Authors: Bovin Michelle J. , Weathers Frank W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious and prevalent mental disorder that poses a number of significant challenges for accurate assessment and diagnosis. In this chapter we describe some of the most widely used PTSD assessment tools for adult trauma survivors, including structured interviews, self-report measures, and psychophysiological methods. We also discuss several key issues in PTSD assessment, including identifying an index traumatic event for symptom inquiry, linking symptoms to the index event, and detecting exaggerated symptom reporting. We conclude with a brief discussion of future directions for research on PTSD assessment.
Assessing PTSD-related Functional Impairment and Quality of Life
Authors: Holowka Darren W. , Marx Brian P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPrevious research has shown that PTSD is associated with impairments in functioning across a variety of domains and decrements in quality of life. In this chapter, we review the literature on the assessment of PTSD-related impairments in functioning and quality of life. We first discuss the importance of assessing PTSD-related impairments in quality of life and functioning. We then review some important methodological concerns related to the assessment of these constructs. Finally, we review some of the most commonly used assessment tools and discuss recent efforts to develop and validate a new assessment tool to assess PTSD-related functional impairment.
Individual Approaches to Prevention and Early Intervention
Authors: Au Teresa M. , Silva Caroline , Delaney Eileen M. , Litz Brett T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of individual and small group-based approaches for prevention and early intervention of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Using the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) classification system for preventive interventions of mental disorders (universal, selective, and indicated), we describe individual and small group early interventions and review the effectiveness of these strategies. Specifically, psychological debriefing, psychological first aid, and psychoeducation have been used as selective interventions targeting individuals exposed to trauma with varying degrees of success. However, there is strong empirical support for using cognitive behavioral therapy as an indicated preventive intervention to help symptomatic individuals in the weeks or months following traumatic exposure. A review of the literature also suggests that future research should explore different modes of delivery and devote more attention to determining the best time to intervene after traumatic exposure.
Prevention and Early Intervention Programs for Older Adults
Authors: Strachan Martha , Elwood Lisa S. , Amstadter Ananda B. , Acierno Ron 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAlthough older age appears to be a protective factor against developing psychopathology subsequent to trauma exposure, factors associated with the aging process may complicate identification and treatment of PTSD in older persons. This chapter reviews the risk and protective factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorders in older adults, describes research on secondary prevention and early intervention programs for older adults exposed to potentially traumatic events, and provides recommendations for adaptation of extant early traumatic stress treatment programs to meet the needs of older adults.
PTSD Treatment Research: An Overview and Evaluation
Authors: Hamblen Jessica L. , Barnett Erin R. , Hermann Barbara A. , Schnurr Paula P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of key concepts in designing and evaluating clinical trials. Our focus is on randomized controlled trials for PTSD. In the first section we discuss design elements and how they influence the conclusions that can be drawn from a study. Examples from the trauma literature are provided when available to illustrate concepts. In the second section we explore newer developments in PTSD treatment trials. Specifically, we discuss treatment and design considerations related to common comorbid conditions of PTSD, cultural issues in PTSD, and optimizing the delivery of treatments. Our goal is to improve both clinicians and researchers ability to critically review PTSD clinical trials.
Freedom and action without causation: Noncausal theories of freedom and purposive agency
Authors: Pink Thomas 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses and defends a noncausalist approach to libertarian free agency. It begins with a brief history of accounts of action and purposiveness in the Aristotelian tradition and late medieval philosophy. The traditional picture of action, the article argues, was radically transformed in modern action theory, beginning with Hobbes. All actions came to be viewed as motivated and caused by prior pro-attitudes (e.g., wants or desires) of the will and the special nature of actions of the will itself (i.e., decisions) was lost. Because decisions, like other actions, had to be caused by prior events, Hobbes opened the door for modern determinist and compatibilist accounts of action and free will. The rest of the article develops a noncausalist account of free agency that retrieves the insights of pre-Hobbesian medieval action theory, according to which decisions of the will are explained in terms of the purposes of agents.
Free Will is not a Mystery
Authors: Ekstrom Laura Waddell 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article defends an event-causal libertarian view. To introduce the view, the first half of the article deals with another notion that has been entwined with contemporary debates about free will and has also generated a large recent literature, the notion of autonomy or self-determination. The coherence account of autonomy can be interpreted in compatibilist terms. But the article notes that free agency also requires alternative possibilities and these require indeterminism. It argues that indeterminism can be introduced into the picture of autonomous action by supposing that free actions result by “normal causal processes” from preferences that were “noncoercively formed” and were caused but not determined by the agent's considerations.