bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
White matter integrity in alcohol-naive youth with a family history of alcohol use disorders
Authors: Squeglia L. M. , Jacobus J. , Brumback T. , Meloy M. J. , Tapert S. F. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundUnderstanding pre-existing neural vulnerabilities found in youth who are family history positive (FHP) for alcohol use disorders could help inform preventative interventions created to delay initiation age and escalation of heavy drinking. The goal of this study was to compare indices of white matter integrity using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) between FHP and family history negative (FHN) youth using a sample of 94 alcohol-naive adolescents and to examine if differences were associated with global and domain-specific cognitive functioning.MethodParticipants were 48 FHP and 46 FHN demographically matched, healthy, substance-naive 12- to 14-year-olds (54% female) recruited from local middle schools. Participants completed a neuropsychological test battery and magnetic resonance imaging session, including DTI.ResultsFHP youth had higher fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity, and lower radial and mean diffusivity, than FHN youth in 19 clusters spanning projection, association and interhemispheric white matter tracts. Findings were replicated after controlling for age, gender, socio-economic status, grade and pubertal development. Groups did not differ significantly on global or domain-specific neuropsychological test scores.ConclusionsFHP teens showed higher white matter integrity, but similar cognitive functioning, to FHN youth. More mature neural features could be related to more precocious behaviors, such as substance use initiation, in FHP youth. Future research exploring white matter maturation before and after substance use initiation will help elucidate the neurodevelopmental trajectories in youth at risk for substance use disorders, to inform preventive efforts and better understand the sequelae of adolescent alcohol and drug use.
Long-term mortality of persons with severe mental illness and diabetes: a population-based cohort study in Denmark
Authors: Ribe A. R. , Laursen T. M. , Sandbaek A. , Charles M. , Nordentoft M. , Vestergaard M. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundPersons with severe mental illness (SMI) have excess mortality, which may partly be explained by their high prevalence of diabetes.MethodWe compared the overall and cause-specific mortality in persons with SMI and diabetes with that of the general Danish population between 1997 and 2009 by linking data from Danish national registries.ResultsThe cohort counted 4 734 703 persons, and during follow-up 651 080 persons died of whom 1083 persons had SMI and diabetes. Compared with the background population, the overall mortality rate ratios (MRRs) for persons with SMI and diabetes were 4.14 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.81–4.51] for men and 3.13 (95% CI 2.88–3.40) for women. The cause-specific MRRs for persons with SMI and diabetes were lowest for malignant neoplasms (women: MRR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.64–2.39; men: MRR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.69–2.56) and highest for unnatural causes of death (women: MRR = 12.31, 95% CI 6.80–22.28; men: MRR = 7.89, 95% CI 5.51–11.29). The cumulative risks of death within 7 years of diabetes diagnosis for persons with SMI and diabetes were 15.0% (95% CI 12.4–17.6%) for those younger than 50 years, 30.7% (95% CI 27.8–33.4%) for those aged 50–69 years, and 63.8% (95% CI 58.9–68.2%) for those aged 70 years or older. Among persons suffering from both diseases, 33.4% of natural deaths were attributed to diabetes and 14% of natural deaths were attributed to the interaction between diabetes and SMI.ConclusionsLong-term mortality is high for persons with SMI and diabetes. This calls for effective intervention from a coordinated and collaborating healthcare system.
Migrant Labor and Global Commons: Transnational Subjects, Visions, and Methods
Authors: Peck Gunther 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDespite the prominence of both migrant workers and “global commons” as protagonists in recent meetings of the World Social Forum, few activists or scholars have successfully linked their historical agency or significance. In the following essay, I locate conceptual starting points for linking migrant workers and global commons by analyzing the work of the transnational and the commons in political conversation at the WSF and in the historiographies of immigration and the environment in North America. I argue that the transnational and global commons are best understood as analytical vantages rather than as utopian visions of nation-state transcendence. Using research into the history of human trafficking, I explore the analytical advantages of linking migrant workers to global commons. As inevitable trespassers of both national sovereignty and property claims, migrant workers' journeys help reveal a global commons that is, like them, migratory, fleeting, and often illegible to the state authorities. Such commons are not pristine wildernesses, but polyglots of weedy hybrids. Migrant workers' transnational vantages illuminate the limits of enclosure and the enduring adaptability of nonhuman nature across national boundaries.
300 GHz InP HBT amplifier with 10 mW output power
Authors: Yu H.G. , Choi S.H. , Jeon S. , Kim M. 
Published: March 2014

A high‐power terahertz solid‐state amplifier fabricated using 0.25 μm InP heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technology is reported. This amplifier utilies a novel defective‐ground four‐way balun to combine differential amplifier chains for a total output device periphery of 40 μm. A significant amount of power of ∼10 mW is obtained at 305 GHz with better than 20 dB small‐signal gain.
Reflection imaging with terahertz quantum‐cascade laser and quantum‐well photodetector
Authors: Tan Z.Y. , Zhou Tao , Fu Z.L. , Cao J.C. 
Published: March 2014

A reflection imaging system based on the terahertz quantum‐well photodetector is presented. Reflected terahertz imaging of a logo on a universal serial bus (USB) flash disk is demonstrated. A spatial resolution better than 0.4 mm is achieved. This experiment demonstrates that the quantum‐well photodetector is potentially useful for reflection imaging applications.
Determination of optimal nanotube radius for single‐strand deoxyribonucleic acid encapsulation
Authors: Alshehri Mansoor H. , Cox Barry J. , Hill James M. 
Published: March 2014

The molecular interactions between a single‐strand deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) molecule and a carbon nanotube (CNT) are modelled to determine the suction force experienced by the DNA which is assumed to be located on the axis near the open end of a single‐walled CNT (SWCNT). They determine the optimal nanotube radius for encapsulation, that is, the radius of the nanotube with the lowest interaction energy. The expression for the molecular interaction energy is derived from the 6–12 Lennard‐Jones potential together with the continuum approach, which assumes that a discrete atomic structure can be replaced by a line or a surface with constant average atomic density. It was found that an ssDNA can be encapsulated inside a SWCNT with a radius larger than 8.2 Å, and it is shown that the optimal SWCNT needed to fully enclose the DNA molecule has a radius of 8.8 Å, which approximately corresponds to the chiral vector numbers (13, 13). This means that if it is wished to encapsulate the ssDNA into a CNT, an ideal SWCNT to do this is (13, 13) which has the required radius of 8.8 Å.
Fabrication of size controllable SU‐8 nanochannels using nanoimprint lithography and low‐pressure thermal bonding methods
Authors: Li Xiaojun , You Hui , Jiang Hai , Lin Ronghui , Kong Deyi , Jiang Rui , Zhu Likai , Gao Jun , Tang Min , Wang Xudi , Fu Shaojun 
Published: March 2014

A new and simple method is demonstrated to achieve size controllable nanochannels by using nanoimprint lithography and low‐pressure thermal bonding methods. The flexible free‐standing SU‐8 allows the bonding of the nanochannels' pattern features at such a low pressure primarily because of ‘sequential’ bonding made possible by the bonding layer flexibility and the conformal contact made between the bonding layer and the structure layer in a large area. The simple geometrical argument shows that the height of the enclosed nanochannel can be determined by the depth of the cross‐linked SU‐8 trenches as well as by the initial thickness of the thin unexposed SU‐8 layer. The height of the nanochannels can also be controlled by adjusting the ratio of the ridge width to the trench width on the SU‐8 trenches. These simple relationships can serve as a guideline in choosing the parameters for SU‐8 nanochannel fabrication.
Francisco de Miranda, intercultural forerunner
Authors: Bastin Georges L. 
Published: March 2014

Latin America as a whole is a translation continent, a continent with a transcultural history in which translation has a place of honour. It is not surprising therefore that there have been so many important figures who have translated, encouraged translations and publications of translated books, or reflected on the ways of translating and its impact on the construction of a genuine culture and identity.
This paper highlights the trajectory of the major player and agent of translation during the so-called emancipation period, that is, from the end of the 18th century to the first decades of the 19th century, namely Francisco de Miranda (1750–1816).
The hypothesis of this study is that the real role played by translation in the Hispano-American subcontinent, described and interpreted by a detailed examination of translation content and the acts of translation performed by the ‘agent’ studied here, is that of having contributed to the emancipation movement, to the creation of a national and continental identity, and to the construction of a new culture in the region. The study goes through Miranda’s biographical data and intellectual life and examines Miranda’s translation of Viscardo’sLettre aux Espagnols-américains. It then looks into Miranda’s influence on Latin American intellectuals and revolutionary leaders from his home in London and especially into his role as an agent of propaganda through sponsoring newspapers and books.
Embassy networks: Translating post-war Bosnian poetry into English
Authors: Jones Francis 
Published: March 2014

This article is based on a web survey of on-line and print translations into English of poetry by writers from Bosnia since the 1992–1995 war. Combining insights from Actor Network Theory, Activity Theory and Goffman’s Social Game Theory, it examines the relationships between human and textual agents in the production of poetry translations. It maps these relationships onto agents’ geographic ‘positionality’. Among the findings are:
(1) Poetry translation is produced by networks of agents working across a ‘distributed’ space. This implies that it is simplistic to conceptualise literary translation in terms of one agent’s loyalty to one cultural space.
(2) Translators often carry less power in a production network than an anthology/journal editor or a living source poet.
(3) Networks involving players from source-language regions working in a target-language country are particularly effective in publication terms.
Evaluating the process and not just the product when using corpora in translator education
Authors: Rodríguez Inés Patricia 
Published: March 2014

Electronic corpora and corpus analysis tools are resources that can improve the way students acquire translation competence. If, as translator trainers, we wish to develop our students’ competence to solve translation problems, then we need to provide them with strategies to use existing resources and tools, to create new ones and to reap the maximum benefit possible from them. We advocate a type of training that facilitates the development of students’ strategies, and attempts to evaluate the acquisition of these strategies.
Our methodological approach is based on translation tasks organised around learning objectives and includes evaluation of the translation process and product. This methodology is student-centred, since it allows the student to be the focus of the learning process, and comprehensive, in that it takes into account the objectives and all aspects of the learning context in order to develop appropriate materials and evaluation.
We suggest that if one of the learning objectives within a translation course is to grasp how to use corpora, evaluation of this objective should include the process and not be limited to the overall quality of the product – the translation. Examples are given of how the use of corpora and corpus-related software can be evaluated other than by simply examining the final translation. The results of some of the students’ own evaluations of the methodology are included.
A. K. Ramanujan
Authors: Simon Sherry 
Published: March 2014

This essay explores some of the paradoxes of the vocabulary used by the poet and linguist Ramanujan to describe his practice as a translator. The image of the library is used to highlight the complexity of Ramanujan’s understandings of his position and mandate as cultural mediator. As a modernist poet, professor of South Asian language and literature, and migrant to the United States in the early 1960s, Ramanujan’s background sets him apart from the generation of postcolonial critics who wish to accentuate the differences of translation. The fact that Ramanujan placed himself, the poet, at the centre of the process of mediation makes for a combination of erudition and intimacy that perhaps most appropriately positions him in the lineage of translator-poets.
Simplification of a complex part of grammar or not?
Authors: Smith Norval 
Published: March 2014

In this article I attempt to approach the question of what effect the incorporation of a large number of KiKoongo vocabulary items by the creole languages of Surinam had vis-a-vis notions of simplification or complexification. So, we have the situation of a language lacking an extensive noun-class system with number marking having to absorb many words possessing such a system.	An examination of the KiKoongo borrowings belonging to three classes is performed: 3/4, 5/6, 7/8. Each class appears to display a different constellation of singular and plural prefixes. 3/4 appears to represent only singular forms, either with an explicit suffix, or with no suffix. 5/6, where the KiKoongo dialect which seems to be best represented in Surinam has no explicit prefix in the singular, has a large preponderance of plural prefix forms. 7/8 has mixed results, possibly indicating KiKoongo dialect mixture. Most items occur without a prefix – presumably representing singulars, while a smaller number have explicit singular or plural prefixes.	A surprisingly large number of forms display the wrong prefix. The common prefixes /ma-/ (pl.cl. 6) and /mu-/ (sg.cl. 3) seem to be involved frequently.	I hypothesize that KiKoongo speakers initially used the relevant prefix in words borrowed from KiKoongo. This is however redundant given that the definite article is marked for number. Fongbe speakers would not know the correct number agreement, but would be able to recognize KiKoongo morphemes because of word length. In class 5/6 the preferred option was for a prefixed form (plural). The next stage is the loss of knowledge that KiKoongo loans contain a prefix at all.	The loss of number distinctions, then gender distinctions, then parsability into discrete morphemes takes place in the lack of any meaningful function for the prefixes. The number distinctions presumably initially encoded by KiKoongo speakers would be redundant in any case. Gender distinctions play no role in the larger Surinam Creole lexica. And meaningless prefixes cease to have any role. The complexity that is lost in this corner of the lexicon never played a significant role in the creoles.
14. Conceptualizing the present through construal aspects
Authors: Drożdż Grzegorz 
Published: March 2014

Since the grammar of every language can divide temporal reality in a different manner, this chapter aims to present a method of arriving at the understanding of one of its dimensions – the present – encoded in the structures of English. These structures consist of eleven temporal and aspectual constructions, which are analysed by means of Cognitive Grammar tools, namely construal aspects. To be able to make detailed observations concerning temporal reality, the author proposes to operationalise the construal aspects by ascribing specific values to them. With this approach it is possible to formulate precise conclusions concerning such facets of the present as its extent and its two boundaries – the past and future.
The Case-F valuation parameter in Romance
Authors: Fernández-Salgueiro Gerardo 
Published: March 2014

In this paper I propose that the operation of Agree (Chomsky 2000, 2001) is
parameterized with respect to the valuation of Case features. I build here on the
ideas put forward in Fernández-Salgueiro (2005), where I argued that Agree
has to be modified in certain respects in order to generate Further-Raising
constructions, i.e., A-Movement after Spec-Head agreement with ϕ-complete
Tense, which is possible in many Romance languages. If this is not done, Further
Raising constructions incur a violation of economy constraints on movement,
i.e., the principle of Last Resort. I also suggested that Case-F Valuation on subject
DPs can be delayed in most Romance languages, but not in other languages like
English. Here I develop the features of such a parametric approach in more detail,
and comment on acquisition issues and possible consequences for the general
theory of parametric variation as understood in the Minimalist Program.
Silent arguments without pro: The case of Basque
Authors: Duguine Maia 
Published: March 2014

Basque is traditionally described as a three-way pro-drop language, a
paradigmatic instance of the positive setting of the pro-drop parameter. This
article investigates the phenomenon of silent arguments in Basque and proposes
a novel account of this phonological emptiness. It is argued that Basque silent
arguments are best analyzed as elided DPs. This account avoids the shortcomings
of the pro-drop analysis with respect to the licensing and interpretation effects
of silent arguments, and its interaction with information structure allows a
straightforward explanation of the distribution of overt and silent arguments.
Case morphology and radical pro-drop
Authors: Neeleman Ad , Szendröi Kriszta 
Published: March 2014

This paper focuses on the so-called discourse pro-drop languages,
i.e., those permitting radical pro-drop, which affects not just subjects,
but other pronominal arguments too. Whereas previous attempts to
understand the properties of these languages have focused on verbal
agreement, the proposal here is that it is in fact the properties of the
pronominal paradigm that determine the availability or otherwise of
radical pro-drop. In particular, we propose that radical pro-drop will
only be possible in languages with “transparent” (i.e., non-fusional)
pronominal paradigms, since pro-drop falls out as the consequence
of the zero spell-out of regular pronouns. On the empirical front, we
show that investigation of a wide range of languages would seem to
confirm our prediction.
The macroparameter in a microparametric world
Authors: Baker Mark C. 
Published: March 2014

This paper considers the role of macroparameters in parametric theory. It
is argued that a system in which all syntactic variation is ascribed solely to
microparametric differences in the make-up of functional heads, as assumed
under the so-called Borer-Chomsky Conjecture, cannot account for actually
attested patterns of variation. In the word-order domain, for example, the facts
seem to point to the kind of bimodal distribution expected on a macroparametric
view, with microparameters accounting for the observed “noise”. A similar
scenario is also argued to obtain in the domain of agreement, once two new
macroparameters, presented here, are taken into account.
Diachronic stability and feature interpretability
Authors: Panagiotidis E. Phoevos 
Published: March 2014

This contribution examines diachronic change in the Greek nominal phrase.
It proposes an analysis to capture the diachronic stability of certain syntactic
structures in the nominal domain, suggesting that points of stability reflect
macroparametric rather than microparametric choices, which are more
vulnerable to change and loss. Macroparametric choices are assumed to involve
choices pertaining to the presence versus absence in a grammar of functional
categories, while microparametric choices relate to the presence versus absence
of uninterpretable features on otherwise identical functional categories. The
difference in diachronic stability is linked to the generally “defective” status of
uninterpretable features in the human language faculty.
Definite and bare noun contrasts in child Catalan
Authors: Gavarró Anna , Pérez-Leroux Ana Teresa , Roeper Thomas 
Published: March 2014

Thirty-three children aged 3–5 were tested for comprehension of definite and bare noun (BN) contrasts in Catalan, a language with bare nouns in direct object but not in subject position. Catalan objects have the same semantics as English subjects: BNs map to generic and definites into specific referents. Global semantic parameters cannot explain the contrast in this type of language. The test of Catalan sentences equivalent to She needs shoes/She needs the shoes showed no discrimination at 3 and sensitivity by 4 .We argue under an economy approach that BNs have a default generic reading that can be shifted into an ‘instance-of-a-kind’ interpretation. Acquisition is driven by a principle of semantic contrast that restricts the initial overextension of BNs to specific
readings.
Beyond the syntax of the Null Subject Parameter
Authors: Montrul Silvina , Rodríguez Louro Celeste 
Published: March 2014

This study investigates whether and how English-speaking L2 learners at various proficiency levels acquire the morphosyntactic and discourse-pragmatic properties of subject expression in Spanish. The crucial question is whether discourse-pragmatic properties are acquired together with syntactic features or later in the process of interlanguage development. According to the Full Transfer/Full Access Hypothesis, transfer effects should be observed at earliest stages of development and full parameter resetting at later stages. An oral production task was administered to 15 intermediate, 15 advanced and 15 near-native learners and 20 native speakers. Results indicated that the near-native speakers performed like the native speakers with the morphosyntactic and the
discourse-pragmatic properties of the Null Subject Parameter, while in intermediate and advanced learners the acquisition of these two properties were dissociated: the learners were accurate with morphosyntax and inaccurate with discourse-pragmatics.