bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dominant fault plane orientations of intermediate‐depth earthquakes beneath South America
Authors: Warren Linda M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe South American subduction zone exhibits considerable variation: the subduction angle alternates between flat and steep; the subducting plate has complex structures; and arc volcanism in the overlying plate has gaps. I investigate the effect of these differences in incoming plate structure and slab geometry on intermediate‐depth earthquakes, specifically their fault orientations and rupture characteristics, and find that slab geometry has the largest impact on fault orientation. I use rupture directivity to estimate rupture direction and rupture velocity and to distinguish the fault plane from the auxiliary plane of the focal mechanism. From analysis of 163 large (Mw≥5.7) intermediate‐depth (60–360 km depth) earthquakes from along the length of South America, estimated rupture azimuths and plunges show no trends, appearing to be randomly distributed on the determined population of fault plane orientations, and a majority of earthquakes are made up of multiple subevents. As seen in other subduction zones, subduction segments descending at normal angles have predominantly subhorizontal faults. Flat slab segments also have a dominant fault orientation, but those earthquakes slip along the conjugate nodal plane of the focal mechanism. In strongly curved slab segments, such as at the downdip edge of flat segments where the slab resubducts, earthquakes may slip along either nodal plane orientation. While both fault orientations could be consistent with the reactivation of fossil outer rise faults, the fault orientations are also consistent with expectations for newly created faults in agreement with the ambient stress field. Fault reactivation alone does not explain why different fault orientations are active in segments with different geometries, so the preferred explanation for having regionally consistent fault orientations is that they minimize the total work of the system. The previously observed predominance of subhorizontal faults appears to be a consequence of slab geometry.
Top‐of‐atmosphere radiative contribution to unforced decadal global temperature variability in climate models
Authors: Brown Patrick T. , Li Wenhong , Li Laifang , Ming Yi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMuch recent work has focused on unforced global mean surface air temperature (T) variability associated with the efficiency of heat transport into the deep ocean. Here the relationship between unforced variability in T and the Earth's top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) energy balance is explored in preindustrial control runs of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 multimodel ensemble. It is found that large decadal scale variations in T tend to be significantly enhanced by the net energy flux at the TOA. This indicates that unforced decadal variability in T is not only caused by a redistribution of heat within the climate system but can also be associated with unforced changes in the total amount of heat in the climate system. It is found that the net TOA radiation imbalances result mostly from changes in albedo associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation that temporarily counteracts the climate system's outgoing longwave (i.e., Stefan‐Boltzmann) response to T change.
Electron Delocalization in a Rigid Cofacial Naphthalene‐1,8:4,5‐bis(dicarboximide) Dimer
Authors: Wu Yilei , Frasconi Marco , Gardner Daniel M. , McGonigal Paul R. , Schneebeli Severin T. , Wasielewski Michael R. , Stoddart J. Fraser 
Published: July 2014

AbstractInvestigating through‐space electronic communication between discrete cofacially oriented aromatic π‐systems is fundamental to understanding assemblies as diverse as double‐stranded DNA, organic photovoltaics and thin‐film transistors. A detailed understanding of the electronic interactions involved rests on making the appropriate molecular compounds with rigid covalent scaffolds and π–π distances in the range of ca. 3.5 Å. Reported herein is an enantiomeric pair of doubly‐bridged naphthalene‐1,8:4,5‐bis(dicarboximide) (NDI) cyclophanes and the characterization of four of their electronic states, namely 1) the ground state, 2) the exciton coupled singlet excited state, 3) the radical anion with strong through‐space interactions between the redox‐active NDI molecules, and 4) the diamagnetic diradical dianion using UV/Vis/NIR, EPR and ENDOR spectroscopies in addition to X‐ray crystallography. Despite the unfavorable Coulombic repulsion, the singlet diradical dianion dimer of NDI shows a more pronounced intramolecular π–π stacking interaction when compared with its neutral analog.
Organic Chemistry as a Language and the Implications of Chemical Linguistics for Structural and Retrosynthetic Analyses
Authors: Cadeddu Andrea , Wylie Elizabeth K. , Jurczak Janusz , Wampler‐Doty Matthew , Grzybowski Bartosz A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMethods of computational linguistics are used to demonstrate that a natural language such as English and organic chemistry have the same structure in terms of the frequency of, respectively, text fragments and molecular fragments. This quantitative correspondence suggests that it is possible to extend the methods of computational corpus linguistics to the analysis of organic molecules. It is shown that within organic molecules bonds that have highest information content are the ones that 1) define repeat/symmetry subunits and 2) in asymmetric molecules, define the loci of potential retrosynthetic disconnections. Linguistics‐based analysis appears well‐suited to the analysis of complex structural and reactivity patterns within organic molecules.
Fatigue in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib on an intermittent versus continuous dosing schedule in a randomized phase II trial
Authors: Cella David , Jensen Sally E. , Hahn Elizabeth A. , Beaumont Jennifer L. , Korytowsky Beata , Bhattacharyya Helen , Motzer Robert 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA phase II trial in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) found no benefit in efficacy or safety between patients receiving oral sunitinib 50 mg/day for 4 weeks followed by 2‐week off‐treatment (Schedule 4/2) and those receiving 37.5 mg continuous daily sunitinib. We hypothesized that fatigue would have a more variable “on‐off” effect with the 4/2 schedule. A total of 292 patients completed two fatigue‐related items on Days 1 and 29 of each treatment cycle. Mean absolute slopes were compared across treatments. A planned analysis of item “I feel fatigued” demonstrated that the mean absolute slope was greater in Schedule 4/2 compared to continuous dosing (0.042 vs. 0.032, P = 0.003), and analysis based on the change from Day 1 to Day 29 (0.52 vs. 0.21, P = 0.002) and, separately, Day 29 to the next Day 1 (−0.38 vs. −0.05, P < 0.001) showed the changes to be significantly larger in Schedule 4/2 than continuous dosing. “I have a lack of energy” showed a similar pattern graphically, however, the planned analysis was not statistically significant based on the absolute slopes but was when Day 1 to Day 29 and Day 29 to Day 1 changes were analyzed separately. The 4/2 arm was associated with a greater degree of variability in fatigue reflecting a possible “on‐off” effect whereby patients receiving the 4/2 schedule reported less fatigue at the beginning of each cycle compared to Day 29. The findings can inform care for individuals with advanced RCC receiving intermittent dosing of sunitinib.
Roles of histamine on the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 in endometrioid adenocarcinoma cell line
Authors: Wang Yi , Jiang Yang , Ikeda Jun‐ichiro , Tian Tian , Sato Atsushi , Ohtsu Hiroshi , Morii Eiichi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCancer‐initiating cells (CICs) are a limited number of cells that are essential for maintenance, recurrence, and metastasis of tumors. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) has been recognized as a marker of CICs. We previously reported that ALDH1‐high cases of uterine endometrioid adenocarcinoma showed poor prognosis, and that ALDH1 high population was more tumorigenic, invasive, and resistant to apoptosis than ALDH1 low population. Histamine plays a critical role in cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Here, we examined the effect of histamine on ALDH1 expression in endometrioid adenocarcinoma cell line. The addition of histamine increased ALDH1 high population, which was consistent with the result that histamine enhanced the invasive ability and the resistance to anticancer drug. Among 4 types of histamine receptors, histamine H1 and H2 receptor (H1R and H2R) were expressed in endometrioid adenocarcinoma cell line. The addition of H1R agonist but not H2R agonist increased ALDH1. The antagonist H1R but not H2R inhibited the effect of histamine on ALDH1 expression. These results indicated that histamine increased the expression of ALDH1 via H1R but not H2R. These findings may provide the evidence for exploring a new strategy to suppress CICs by inhibiting ALDH1 expression with histamine.
Unzipping of small diameter stents: An in vitro study
Authors: Sathanandam Shyam K. , Haddad Lauren M. , Subramanian Saradha , Wright Dena , Philip Ranjit , Waller Benjamin Rush 
Published: July 2014

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine if small‐diameter stents can be unzipped in vitro.BackgroundSmall‐diameter stents can relieve stenosis in infant blood vessels. As the child grows, refractory stenosis may result. If an implanted stent can be intentionally fractured along its length‐“unzipped,” it can be redilated to the eventual adult vessel diameter.MethodsStents of diameters ≤6 mm were dilated using angioplasty balloons until they fractured. The change in length‐diameter (dL/dD ratio), and the yield‐point‐force (σy) for each stent was calculated.ResultsThirty‐four coronary (CS), 11 biliary, and 10 nitinol peripheral stents (median diameter = 4, 5, and 6 mm; range = 2.75–4.5, 4–6, 6 mm, respectively) were tested. Stainless‐steel (SS) CS unzipped predictably at twice their nominal diameter with minimal shortening (n = 24, median dL/dD = 0.4). Nitinol stents fractured in a disorganized fashion. The remaining stents unzipped, had disorganized fractures, and shortened significantly (dL/dD>1). A dL/dD ratio of<1 had a strong, positive correlation with the ability to unzip (Pearson rho = 0.94). By multivariate regression analysis, SS alloy, and closed‐cell design were found to be significant predictors (P < 0.05) for unzipping. Optimal cut‐off points for stents to unzip included, strut‐thickness = 112 µm, alloy‐density = 7.7 g/cm3, dL/dD ratio = 0.12 and σy = 108Mpa (Youden's index = 0.8, 0.4, 0.8, and 0.5, respectively).ConclusionsStainless‐steel, coronary stents of a closed‐cell design unzip at twice their nominal diameter without significant shortening when serially dilated. This study may encourage the implantation of small stents in infant blood vessels and aid in selection of appropriate stent type. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Doping Technique that Suppresses Undesirable H2 Evolution Derived from Overall Water Splitting in the Highly Selective Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 in and by Water
Authors: Teramura Kentaro , Wang Zheng , Hosokawa Saburo , Sakata Yoshihisa , Tanaka Tsunehiro 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPhotocatalytic conversion of CO2 to reduction products, such as CO, HCOOH, HCHO, CH3OH, and CH4, is one of the most attractive propositions for producing green energy by artificial photosynthesis. Herein, we found that Ga2O3 photocatalysts exhibit high conversion of CO2. Doping of Zn species into Ga2O3 suppresses the H2 evolution derived from overall water splitting and, consequently, Zn‐doped, Ag‐modified Ga2O3 exhibits higher selectivity toward CO evolution than bare, Ag‐modified Ga2O3. We observed stoichiometric amounts of evolved O2 together with CO. Mass spectrometry clarified that the carbon source of the evolved CO is not the residual carbon species on the photocatalyst surface, but the CO2 introduced in the gas phase. Doping of the photocatalyst with Zn is expected to ease the adsorption of CO2 on the catalyst surface.
Structure–Performance Correlations of Organic Dyes with an Electron‐Deficient Diphenylquinoxaline Moiety for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Li Sie‐Rong , Lee Chuan‐Pei , Yang Po‐Fan , Liao Chia‐Wei , Lee Mandy M. , Su Wei‐Lin , Li Chun‐Ting , Lin Hao‐Wu , Ho Kuo‐Chuan , Sun Shih‐Sheng 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe high performances of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on seven new dyes are disclosed. Herein, the synthesis and electrochemical and photophysical properties of a series of intentionally designed dipolar organic dyes and their application in DSSCs are reported. The molecular structures of the seven organic dyes are composed of a triphenylamine group as an electron donor, a cyanoacrylic acid as an electron acceptor, and an electron‐deficient diphenylquinoxaline moiety integrated in the π‐conjugated spacer between the electron donor and acceptor moieties. The DSSCs based on the dye DJ104 gave the best overall cell performance of 8.06 %; the efficiency of the DSSC based on the standard N719 dye under the same experimental conditions was 8.82 %. The spectral coverage of incident photon‐to‐electron conversion efficiencies extends to the onset at the near‐infrared region due to strong internal charge‐transfer transition as well as the effect of electron‐deficient diphenylquinoxaline to lower the energy gap in these organic dyes. A combined tetraphenyl segment as a hydrophobic barrier in these organic dyes effectively slows down the charge recombination from TiO2 to the electrolyte and boosts the photovoltage, comparable to their RuII counterparts. Detailed spectroscopic studies have revealed the dye structure–cell performance correlations, to allow future design of efficient light‐harvesting organic dyes.
Relationship between Molecular Stacking and Optical Properties of 9,10‐Bis((4‐N,N‐dialkylamino)styryl) Anthracene Crystals: The Cooperation of Excitonic and Dipolar Coupling
Authors: Li Feng , Gao Na , Xu Hai , Liu Wei , Shang Hui , Yang Wenjun , Zhang Ming 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFive 9,10‐bis((4‐N,N‐dialkylamino)styryl) anthracene derivatives (DSA‐C1–DSA‐C7) with different length alkyl chains were synthesized. They showed the same color in dilute solutions but different colors in crystals. The absorption, photoluminescence, and fluorescence decay indicate that there exist both excitonic and dipolar coupling in crystals of DSA‐C1–DSA‐C7. X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed that all the crystals belong to the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with one molecule per unit cell and that the molecules in every crystal have the identical orientation. This offers ideal samples to investigate the impact of the molecular stacking on the optical properties of the crystals. For the first time, the cooperation of excitonic and dipolar coupling has been comprehensively studied, and the contribution to the spectral shift from the excitonic and dipolar couplings quantitatively obtained. The experiments of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) together with measurements of the quantum efficiency further confirmed this interpretation. The results suggest that the excitonic and dipolar couplings between the adjacent molecules are both important and jointly induce the spectral shifts of the crystals.
A New Class of Tunable Dendritic Diphosphine Ligands: Synthesis and Applications in the Ru‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Functionalized Ketones
Authors: Ma Baode , Miao Tingting , Sun Yihua , He Yanmei , Liu Ji , Feng Yu , Chen Hui , Fan Qing‐Hua 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA series of tunable G0–G3 dendritic 2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (BINAP) ligands was prepared by attaching polyaryl ether dendrons onto the four phenyl rings on the P atoms. Their ruthenium complexes were employed in the asymmetric hydrogenation of β‐ketoesters, α‐ketoesters, and α‐ketoamides to reveal the effects of dendron size on the catalytic properties. The second‐ and third‐generation catalysts exhibited excellent enantioselectivities, which are remarkably higher than those obtained from the small molecular catalysts and the first‐generation catalyst. Molecular modeling indicates that the incorporation of bulky dendritic wedges can influence the steric environments around the metal center. In addition, the ruthenium catalyst bearing a second‐generation dendritic ligand could be recycled and reused seven times without any obvious decrease in enantioselectivity.
Tetradecacobalt(II)‐Containing 36‐Niobate [Co14(OH)16(H2O)8Nb36O106]20− and Its Photocatalytic H2 Evolution Activity
Authors: Niu Jingyang , Li Fang , Zhao Junwei , Ma Pengtao , Zhang Dongdi , Bassil Bassem , Kortz Ulrich , Wang Jingping 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA gigantic Co14‐containing 36‐niobate, Na12K8[Co14(OH)16(H2O)8Nb36O106]⋅71H2O (1), has been prepared by the hydrothermal method and structurally characterized. Polyanion [Co14(OH)16(H2O)8Nb36O106]20− (1 a) comprises a central Co7 core, surrounded by another seven isolated Co2+ ions and six Lindqvist‐type (Nb6O19) hexaniobate fragments. This is the first example of a high‐nuclear cobalt‐cluster‐containing polyoxoniobate. The photocatalytic H2 evolution activity of Pt‐loaded 1 was observed in methanol solution under irradiation using a 300 W Xe lamp.
Natural Product Synthesis at the Interface of Chemistry and Biology
Authors: Hong Jiyong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNature has evolved to produce unique and diverse natural products that possess high target affinity and specificity. Natural products have been the richest sources for novel modulators of biomolecular function. Since the chemical synthesis of urea by Wöhler, organic chemists have been intrigued by natural products, leading to the evolution of the field of natural product synthesis over the past two centuries. Natural product synthesis has enabled natural products to play an essential role in drug discovery and chemical biology. With the introduction of novel, innovative concepts and strategies for synthetic efficiency, natural product synthesis in the 21st century is well poised to address the challenges and complexities faced by natural product chemistry and will remain essential to progress in biomedical sciences.
Semisynthesis of a Post‐Translationally Modified Protein by Using Chemical Cleavage and Activation of an Expressed Fusion Polypeptide
Authors: Okamoto Ryo , Kimura Motoharu , Ishimizu Takeshi , Izumi Masayuki , Kajihara Yasuhiro 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHerein, we describe a new semisynthetic strategy of a post‐translationally modified protein in which the middle region is glycosylated. We designed a single‐plasmid coding for a fusion polypeptide, which can provide both an N‐terminal α‐thioester and a C‐terminal cysteine peptide of a target glycoprotein by using chemical‐cleavage and activation methods. The use of these resultant peptide derivatives resulted in the successful synthesis of N‐glycosylated‐interleukin 13.
tert‐Butyl Nitrite Mediated Regiospecific Nitration of (E)‐Azoarenes through Palladium‐Catalyzed Directed CH Activation
Authors: Majhi Biju , Kundu Debasish , Ahammed Sabir , Ranu Brindaban C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn efficient protocol for the Pd‐catalyzed regiospecific ortho‐nitration of (E)‐azoarenes has been achieved for the first time using tBuONO as a nitrating agent under atmospheric oxygen. A series of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical azoarenes were nitrated efficiently by this procedure providing excellent chemo‐ and regioselectivity and compatibility with a broad array of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Edge Nonlinear Optics on a MoS2 Atomic Monolayer.
Authors: Yin Xiaobo , Ye Ziliang , Chenet Daniel A. , Ye Yu , O'Brien Kevin , Hone James C. , Zhang Xiang 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOne‐dimensional nonlinear optical edge states of a single atomic membrane of MoS2 epitaxially grown by chemical vapor deposition are observed by second harmonic generation measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Synthesis of LiFePO4 by Coprecipitation.
Authors: Huang Chaochao , Ai Desheng , Wang Li , He Xiangming 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLiFePO4 nanoplates as cathode material for rechargeable lithium ion batteries are prepared by coprecipitation from ethylene glycol solutions of LiOH·H2O, FeSO4·7H2O, and H3PO4 with a molar ratio of 3:1:1.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxygen Incorporation into Infinite‐Layer Structure AFeO2 (A: Sr or Ca).
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuya , Kan Daisuke , Ichikawa Noriya , Hosokawa Saburo , Kageyama Hiroshi , Shimakawa Yuichi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOxygen incorporation into the title compounds is investigated by XRD and thermogravimetry.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Tetra‐CdII‐Substituted Vanadogermanate Frameworks.
Authors: Zhou Jian , Zhao Jun‐Wei , Wei Qi , Zhang Jie , Yang Guo‐Yu 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe new compounds (IV) and (V) crystallize isotypically in the tetragonal space group P4/mnc with Z = 2 (powder and single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Cation Control of Diastereoselectivity in Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitutions. Formation of Enantioenriched Tertiary Alcohols and Thioethers by Allylation of 5H‐Oxazol‐4‐ones and 5H‐Thiazol‐4‐ones.
Authors: Chen Wenyong , Hartwig John F. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEnantioselective Ir‐catalyzed allylation of substituted oxazolones occurs with high diastereoselectivity by employing the corresponding zinc enolates.
ChemInform Abstract: Regiocontrolled Ring Opening of Monoprotected 2,3‐Epoxy‐1,4‐diols by Using Alkynyl Aluminum Reagents: Synthesis of Differentially Monoprotected Alkynyl Triol Derivatives.
Authors: Prieto Jose A. , Torres Jaileen Rentas , Rodriguez‐Berrios Raul 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe reaction of epoxy‐alcohols of type (I) and (V) with aluminum alkynes is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Orthogonality in the Cleavage Process of Closely Related Chelating Protecting Groups for Carboxylic Acids by Using Different Metal Ions.
Authors: Mundinger Stephan , Jakob Uwe , Bannwarth Willi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe novel protecting groups are developed to allow a highly chemoselective cleavage in a stepwise and orthogonal fashion by using different metal salts.
ChemInform Abstract: Continuous Flow Synthesis of α‐Halo Ketones: Essential Building Blocks of Antiretroviral Agents.
Authors: Pinho Vagner D. , Gutmann Bernhard , Miranda Leandro S. M. , de Souza Rodrigo O. M. A. , Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA highly efficient continuous flow process for the synthesis of α‐halo ketones is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Preparation of Apically Substituted Diamondoid Derivatives.
Authors: Kahl Paul , Tkachenko Boryslav A. , Novikovsky Anatoliy A. , Becker Jonathan , Dahl Jeremy E. P. , Carlson Robert M. K. , Fokin Andrey A. , Schreiner Peter R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn effective three‐step sequence for the synthesis of monohydroxy diamantane, triamantane, and [12]tetramantane derivatives via monosilylation of diols is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: A Robust, Moisture‐ and Air‐Stable Phosphine Mono‐Ylide Palladacycle Precatalyst: A Simple and Highly Efficient System for Mizoroki—Heck Reactions.
Authors: Sabounchei Seyyed Javad , Ahmadi Mohsen , Azizi Tayebeh , Panahimehr Mohammad 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe title catalyst shows high catalytic activity in cross‐coupling reactions of styrene and ethyl acrylate with aryl bromides and chlorides.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Benzannulation of 5‐Hydroxy‐3‐oxoalk‐6‐ynoate Esters to o‐Phenolic Esters.
Authors: Teo Wan Teng , Rao Weidong , Ng Charmaine Jia Huan , Koh Shaun Wei Yong , Chan Philip Wai Hong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn advantage of the reported method consists in the mild reaction conditions which do not require the exclusion of air or moisture.