bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fundamentals of infection control
Authors: Nazarko Linda 
Published: July 2014

At the beginning of the 21st century, the UK had one of the highest rates of healthcare-associated infection (HCAI) in Europe ( National Audit Office (NAO), 2000 ; NAO, 2004 ). Recent changes in health-care practice, including an increased emphasis on hand washing, have led to a major decline in HCAIs—from 9.2% of patients in 1980, to 6.7–6.4 % in 2011 ( Walker and Fowler, 2011 ; Health Protection Agency (HPA), 2012 ). HPA data (2012) show that the rate of HCAI fell from 8.2% to 6.4% in 5 years. There has been a 69% reduction in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia rates and a 59% reduction in clostridium difficile infections over the past 5 years ( Public Health England, 2013 ). Although much has been achieved, rising levels of antimicrobial resistance mean ‘we could be close to reaching a point where we may not be able to prevent or treat everyday infections or diseases’ ( Department of Health (DH), 2013 ). Every health-care practitioner has an important part to play in working to prevent infection and to stem the tide of antimicrobial resistance. This article aims to enable readers to understand the fundamentals of infection control.
Linoleic and linolenic acids analysis of soybean tofu with Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus oligosporus as coagulant
Authors: SUDARYATININGSIH CICIK , SUPYANI SUPYANI 
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Sudaryatiningsih C, Supyani. 2009. Linoleic and linolenic acids analysis of soybean tofu with Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus oligosporus as coagulant. Nusantara Bioscience 1: 110-116. The aims of this research are to know the potency of Rhizopus oligosporus and Rhizopus oryzae as a coagulant in tofu processing for increasing the amount of linoleic and linolenic acids, and to know the time that needed by R. oligosporus and R. oryzae for increasing the amount of linoleic and linolenic acids. It uses PDA for inoculating fungi, and it is done at Sub-Lab Chemistry, Central Laboratory for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. The tofu making was done in “Dele Emas” Tofu Factory, Surakarta. Analysis of linoleic and linolenic acids was done by Gas Chromatography, in LPPT-UGM Yogyakarta. The conclusion of this research is R. oligosporus dan R. oryzae having a potency as a coagulant in tofu processing for increasing the amount of linoleic and linolenic acids. R. oryzae needs 18 hours to coagulate the tofu, and R. oligosporus requires 12 hours for the same process. R. oryzae obtained the highest amount of linoleic and linolenic acids. R. oryzae at 6 hours of fermentation (0.26% and 0.14%), and 24 hours of fermentation by R. oligosporus (0.06% and 0.04%).
Slaughter weight and carcass of male New Zealand White rabbits after rationing with koro bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis)
Authors: SANTOSO URIP , SUTARNO SUTARNO 
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Santoso U, Sutarno. 2009. Slaughter weight and carcass of male New Zealand White rabbits after rationing with koro bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis). Nusantara Bioscience 1: 117-122. The objectives of the research were to know the effects of koro bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis) present on slaughter weight and carcass of rabbits and to know the optimum dosage that resulted in the best slaughter weight and carcass. The research used Randomized Block Design whereas 25 heads of six weeks old rabbits with 450-1270 g of body weight were divided into five groups according to the body weight. Each group was treated with different treatment. The treatment was unpresent of M. pruriens as a control (R0) and various percentage of M. pruriens as much as 21.5%, in the ration with treatment as follows: R1 (raw), R2 (heating), R3 (boiling), and R4 (fermentation). The parameters observed were slaughter weight, carcass weight, meat weight, bone weight, and adipose tissue weight. The data analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The presence of processed M. pruriens could increase production of slaughter weight better than the presence of unprocessed M. pruriens. The additional of 21.5% of fermented M. pruriens resulted in the best production of slaughter weight and carcass of rabbits.
Alternative supplementary biochemic food for growing up the fresh water lobster (Cherax quadricarinatus)
Authors: PRIYONO EDI , ASTIRIN OKID PARAMA , SETYONO PRABANG 
Published: July 2014

Priyono E, Astirin OP, Setyono P. 2009. Alternative supplementary biochemic food for growing up the fresh water lobsterÂ (Cherax quadricarinatus). Nusantara Bioscience 1: 123-130. This research denotes to know the influence of biochemic composition toÂ the rapid grow of fresh water lobster on the stadium of post larva (PL) of 60 within three months. This research used the completeÂ random planning dealing with 4 treatments and each treatment would get 3 times cycle. The treatments cover, group K tested animalÂ was treted with 100% mill food containing 30% of protein. Group A is given with food and biochemic food containing 13,34% ofÂ protein. Group B is the treated with mill food which is mixed with biochemic food containing 10,7% of protein. While group C wasÂ tested by treating them with mill food and biochemic food containing 13,58%. After all the above mentioned would be set up within 3:1 comparation. The variable of this research were the length of the abdomen, cephalothorax, total length, and the wet weight. The dataÂ analysis is using ANOVA system on 95% power test completed by of SPSS version 13. The result of the research shows that mentionedÂ treatments give us the same influence toward the growth of fresh water lobster. The composition of biochemic food with the containingÂ protein around 10,7%,13.34% and 13,38% has given the same effect to the lobster growth on post larva 60 level. There is strongÂ correlation between abdomen and cephalothorax and between the total length and the lobsters weight.
Variation of morphology, isozymic and vitamin C content of dragon fruit varieties
Authors: RAHMAWATI BANATI , MAHAJOENO EDWI 
Published: July 2014

Rahmawati B, Mahajoeno E. 2009. Variation of morphology, isozymic and vitamin C content of dragon fruit varieties.Â Nusantara Bioscience 1: 131-137. The aims of the research was to study the variation of morphology, the band pattern of isozyme, andÂ vitamin C content of dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) varieties such as super red, red and white from Pasuruan (East Java), Sukoharjo andÂ Klaten (Central Java), and Bantul districts (Yogyakarta). Morphological character were carried include fruit, stem, and flowers of eachÂ variety of dragon fruit. The isozymic pattern was analyzed using NTSYS 2.02i. The data matrix was counted based on the DICEÂ coefficient. The clustering was done by applying UPGMA which counted through SHAN. Vitamin C content measured by titrationÂ method then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the higher vitamin C content was found from super red of Pasuruan (6.00) and then followed by red color (5.376) and super red (5.113) both from Bantul. The morphological variation on the stem and petalÂ colors, and fruits were also shown by the isozymic data of three varieties of dragon fruits collected from four separated locations.Â Esterase (EST) showed 18 bands and forming four (4) groups based on 75% genetic similarity index. The specific band occurred on RfÂ 0.633 of red varieties of dragon fruit from Bantul and on Rf 0.755 from Pasuruan. The specific band also occurs on Rf 0.347 of whiteÂ variety from Bantul and on Rf 0.510 and on Rf 0.633 from Klaten. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) enzyme shows 12 bandsÂ and also forming four groups with a little difference for member in the fourth group. The specific band occurs on Rf 0.321 of red colorÂ fruit from Pasuruan. The specific band also occurs on the white from Pasuruan on Rf 0.446 and on Rf 0.482. The variation of dragonÂ fruits were also supported by isozymic data indicated that the morphological character were in accordance with the genetics data.
Effect of various sugar solution concentrations on characteristics of dried candy tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum)
Authors: BUNTARAN WAWAN , ASTIRIN OKID PARAMA , MAHAJOENO EDWI 
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Buntaran W, Astirin PA, Mahajoeno M. 2009. Effect of various sugar solution concentrations on characteristics of dried candy tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Nusantara Bioscience 2: 55-61. The aims of the research were to study the effects of sugar syrup concentration on dried candy tomato characteristics and to determine the proper sugar solution concentration that gives the best characteristics of dry candy tomatoes. The research used Randomized Block Design Method with four treatments and six times repetitions. The treatment that be used was immersing the tomato in sugar solution, with concentration of A (40%), B (50%), C (60%), and D (70%) group in 18 hours. The variables measured were water content, ash, vitamin C and organoleptic tests include flavor, color, flavor and texture test. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test (Analysis of Variance) followed by DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test). The result showed that sugar solution concentration had different effect on water content, ash content, vitamin C content, texture, and organoleptic test for color, taste, and flavor of the dry candy tomato. The best characteristics of dry tomato candy was obtained on A (40%) group, with water content of 24.20%, ash content of 0.62%, and vitamin C content of 31.15 mg/100 g. Standard quality of water content for dry fruit candy was maximal 25% (SII No.0718-2003) and maximally allowed ash content for food materials was 1.0% (SII 0272.90). Vitamin C content was not much decreased compared with ripe tomato, i.e. 30-40 mg/100. Organoleptic tets result indicated that A (40%) group get the highest score, i.e. 3,98 for taste, 3,89 for flavor, and 3,98 for color.
Study on floristic and plant species diversity in the Lebanon oak (Quercus libani) site, Chenareh, Marivan, Kordestan Province, western Iran
Authors: POURBABAEI HASSAN , NAVGRAN SHIVA Z. 
Published: July 2014

Pourbabaei H, Navgran SZ. 2011. Study on floristic and plant species diversity of the Lebanon oak site (Quercus libani) inChenareh, Marivan, Kordestan Province, western Iran. Nusantara Bioscience 3: 15-22. In order to study floristic and plant speciesÂ diversity, approximately 450 ha of oak forests were selected in Chenareh, Marivan of Kordestan province in western Iran. Inventory wasÂ selectively carried out in 50 m elevation range in the different aspects. Vegetation was surveyed in the four layers including: tree (dbh>5 cm), regeneration (dbh <5 cm), shrub and herb. Diversity and richness indices were used to analyze data in the different vegetationÂ layers. Results indicated that 82 plant species found in the studied site, comprise of 9 tree, 3 shrub and 70 herbaceous. The meanÂ diversities and richness measures were found to be the highest in southwestern and lowest in southeastern and northern aspects for theÂ tree layer. Whereas for the regeneration layer, the mean diversity measures were found the highest in northeastern (i.e., 1-D and Hâ€²) andÂ southern (i.e., N2 and N1) and lowest in southwestern (i.e., 1-D, Hâ€² and N1) and southeastern (i.e., N). The mean diversities were foundÂ the highest in northern (i.e. N2 and Hâ€²) and northwestern (i.e. 1-D and N1Â 2) and lowest in northeastern aspect in the shrub layer. The meanÂ diversities were also found the highest in western and lowest in northeastern aspect in the herbaceous layer. Moreover, Mean richnessÂ and diversity were found the highest in 1500 m asl and lowest in 1750 and 1800 m asl in the tree and shrub layers. Mean richness andÂ diversity were found the highest in 1500 m asl and lowest in 1750 m asl in the regeneration layer. Also, the mean diversities were foundÂ the highest in elevation 1700 m asl and lowest in elevation 1800 m asl in the herbaceous layer.
Six hitherto unreported Basidiomycetic macrofungi from Kashmir Himalayas
Authors: PALA SHAUKET AHMED , WANI ABDUL H. , BHAT MOHMAD YAQUB 
Published: July 2014

Pala SA, Wani AH, Bhat MY. 2011. Six hitherto unreported Basidiomycetic macrofungi from Kashmir Himalayas. Nusantara BioscienceÂ 3: 92-97. The Kashmir valley located in the north extreme of the India lies between 330Â 20â€™ and 340Â 54â€™ N latitude and 73Â 35â€™Â E longitude. The forests constituting more than 20% of the geographical area harbors diverse macrofungal species due to their wideÂ variability in climate altitude and nature of species constituting them. The mushroom flora of the Kashmir Valley has not beenÂ documented completely until now. In this backdrop, a systematic survey for exploration and inventorization of macrofungal species ofÂ Western Kashmir Himalaya was undertaken during the year 2009-2010. During the study six species viz. Agrocybe molesta, CoprinusÂ plicatilis, Inonotus hispidus, Paxillus involutus, Psathyrella candolleana and Russula fragilis were identified first time from theÂ Kashmir.
Synthesis, characterizationand physiological activityof some novelisoxazoles
Authors: HUSHARE VINAYSINGH J. , RAJPUT PRITHVIRAJSINGH R. , MALPANI MANOJKUMAR O. , GHODILE NITING G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Hushare VJ, Rajput PR, Malpani MO, Ghodile NG. 2012. Synthesis, characterization and physiological activity of some novel isoxazoles. Nusantara Bioscience 4: 81-85. A series of chlorosubstituted 4-aroylisoxazoles have been synthesized by refluxing chlorosubstituted-3-aroylflavones and 3-alkoylchromone with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in dioxane medium containing 0.5 mL piperidine. Chlorosubstituted-3-aroylflavones and chlorosubstituted-3-alkoylchromone were prepared by refluxing them separately with iodine crystal in ethanol. Initially, chlorosubstituted-3-aroylflavanones and 3-alkoylchromanone were prepared by the interaction of different aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with 1-(2’-hydroxy-3’,5’-dichlorophenyl)-3-phenyl-1,3-propanedione. Constitutions of synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, UV-Visible, I.R., and 1H-NMR spectral data. The titled compounds were evaluated for their growth promoting activity on some flowering plants viz. Papaver rhoeas, Calendula officinalis, Gladiola tristis, Gaillardia aristata, Dianthus chinensis, and Iberis sp. (candytuft). The results indicate that applicated plants had higher shoots and number of leaves.
Short Communication:Comparisons of isozyme diversity in local Java cardamom (Amomum compactum) and true cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)
Authors: SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI , WIRYANTO WIRYANTO , SURANTO SURANTO , BERMAWIE NURLIANI , SUDARMONO SUDARMONO 
Published: July 2014

Setyawan AD, Wiryanto,Suranto, Bermawie N, Sudarmono. 2014. Comparisons of isozyme diversity in local Java cardamom (Amomum compactum) and true cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum). Nusantara Bioscience 6: 94-101.Fruits of Java cardamoms (Amomum compactum) and true cardamoms (Elettaria cardamomum) had long been used as spices, flavoring agent, garnishing plants etc. This research was conducted to find out: (i) variation of isozymic bands in some population of Java cardamoms and true cardamoms; and (ii) phylogenetic relationship of these cardamoms based on variation of isozymic bands. Plant material (i.e. rhizome) of Java cardamoms was collected from Bogor Botanical Garden, and plant material of true cardamoms was gathered from Indonesian Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institute, Bogor, Indonesia. Ten accessions were assayed in every population. The two isozymic systems was assayed, namely esterase (EST) and peroxidase (PER, PRX). Phylogenetic relationship was determined by UPGMA method. The results showed that esterase gave nine isozymic bands, i.e. Rf 0.15, 0.26, 0.29, 0.33, 0.38, 0.42, 0.45, 0.53, and Rf 0.58., while peroxidase gave 10 isozymic bands, i.e. Rf 0.06, 0.14, 0.18, 0.22, 0.26, 0.29, 0.32, 0.37, 0.41, and Rf 0.46. Relationship dendrogram indicated that the number of data will affect the grouping based on species similarity; and more data was increasingly apparent in groupings; within these groups there were variations among its members.
Forward with the people: A linguistic analysis of the imagined community in letters to the Daily Sun
Authors: Smith Jade , Adendorff Ralph 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In an attempt to obtain linguistic evidence for the ‘imagined community’, this article investigates the bonds that are created in twenty letters to the editor of the Daily Sun, a popular South African tabloid. A concordancer is used to establish shared concerns across the corpus, following which an appraisal analysis of these letters shows how the imagined community attempts to align its audience around common evaluations of their experiences. These evaluations represent the bonds around which community identities are constructed and are evidence of the shared feelings that unite the communities of readership. The ways in which community members view their group cohesion are revealed by inferences drawn from the appraisal information. Main findings show that the Daily Sun community values a good education for the youth, and is dissatisfied with the government and political leaders. The choices made by the writers also expose the advisory nature of the tabloid’s community.
A multiplicity result for the scalar field equation
Authors: Perera Kanishka 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We prove the existence of N - 1 distinct pairs of nontrivial solutions of the scalar field equation in ℝ
N
under a slow decay condition on the potential near infinity, without any symmetry assumptions. Our result gives more solutions than the existing results in the literature when N ≥ 6. When the ground state is the only positive solution, we also obtain the stronger result that at least N - 1 of the first N minimax levels are critical, i.e., we locate our solutions on particular energy levels with variational characterizations. Finally we prove a symmetry breaking result when the potential is radial. To overcome the difficulties arising from the lack of compactness we use the concentration compactness principle of Lions, expressed as a suitable profile decomposition for critical sequences.
Undivide and Conquer: On Selling a Divisible and Homogeneous Good
Authors: Levy Omer , Smorodinsky Rann , Tennenholtz Moshe 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWith the prevalence of cloud computing emerges the challenges of pricing cloud computing services. There are various characteristics of cloud computing which make the problem unique. We study an abstract model which focuses on one such aspect – the sale of a homogeneous and fully divisible good. We cast onto our model the idea of bundling, studied within the context of monopolist pricing of indivisible goods. We demonstrate how selling a divisible good as an indivisible one may increase seller revenues and characterize when this phenomenon occurs, and the corresponding gain factors.
Adaptive Nonconforming Finite Element Approximation of Eigenvalue Clusters
Authors: Gallistl Dietmar 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This paper analyses an adaptive
nonconforming finite element method for eigenvalue clusters
of self-adjoint operators and proves optimal convergence
rates (with respect to the concept of nonlinear approximation
classes) for the approximation of the invariant subspace
spanned by the eigenfunctions of the eigenvalue cluster.
Applications include eigenvalues of the Laplacian and of the Stokes system.
The role of leukotriene receptor antagonists in exercise induced bronchoconstriction in children
Authors: Roche Adam , Ahmareen Oneza , Healy Fiona 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Exercise induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) may complicate childhood asthma. Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs), such as montelukast, may be beneficial in protecting against EIB. Our aim was to systematically review the role of LTRAs in the treatment of asthmas complicated by exercise induced bronchoconstriction and to assess various clinical factors which may influence the therapeutic outcome. Electronic searches were performed in the following databases: PubMed, CENTRAL, and the US National Institutes of Health Clinical Trial database. Following selection according to clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria and in accordance with the PRISMA statement; 5 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of montelukast as monotherapy or add-on therapy in childhood asthma and 2 review articles were analysed in this systematic review. Treatment with LTRAs provides protection from EIB, when used as both monotherapy and add-on therapy. However, disease variables and aetiological factors may impact on the extent of clinical improvement. Genetic variability may influence leukotriene production and subsequent response to LTRAs. This issue could be addressed in further studies.
Stability analysis of penetrative convection in anisotropic porous media with variable permeability
Authors: Harfash Akil J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this paper
we study the penetrative convection in an anisotropic porous medium, for fluids with quadratic density law with the anisotropic permeability and thermal diffusivity effects. Both linear instability and global non-linear energy stability analyses are tested using a three-dimensional simulation. Our
results show that the linear threshold accurately predicts on the onset of instability in the basic steady state. However, the required time to arrive at the steady state increases significantly as the Rayleigh number tends to the linear threshold.
Group contribution modeling of viscosity during urethane reaction
Authors: Fu Zhong , Suppes Galen J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Based on experimental viscosity data collected from single material and binary system mixtures, a group contribution method was introduced to estimate viscosities of a range of polyol oligomers and urethane polymers at temperatures from 25 to 150°C. Use of mixture rules then extends the estimation method to multi-component reacting systems. Mixture viscosity data were used to determine the Gibbs free energy (G) in the Grundberg-Nissan equation which can be used to estimate mixture viscosities with correction for some non-idealities. The resulting model is able to accurately predict mixture viscosities based on binary interaction. The goal of this work is to estimate the viscosities of urethane-forming reactions; accurate viscosity information is critical as an intermediate step to predict how successful a foam formulation would be and to ultimately estimate the final physical properties of the foam.
Wiring prior to firing: the evolutionary rise of electrical and chemical modes of synaptic transmission
Authors: Ovsepian Saak V. , Vesselkin Nikolai P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractParacrine signaling and coupling via intercellular conduits are widely utilized for cell-cell interactions from primitive eukaryotes to advanced metazoa. Here, we review the functional and molecular data suggestive of a phylogenic continuum between these primeval forms of communication with the chemical and electrical synaptic transmission of neurons. We discuss selective evidence for the essential role played by the shift of function in early cellular morphologies and protosynaptic scaffolds, with their co-optation for new functionality, which ultimately lead to the rise of the chemical synapse. It is proposed that, rather than representing a transitional element, mixed electrochemical synapses exemplify an exaptive effect. The nonadaptive model of the synaptic origin described herein supports the pluralistic hypothesis of evolutionary change.