bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method of assessment determines prevalence of suicidal ideation among patients with depression
Authors: Vuorilehto M. , Valtonen H.M. , Melartin T. , Sokero P. , Suominen K. , Isometsä E.T. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundHow different ways of assessing suicidal ideation influence its prevalence, correlates and predictive validity among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) remains unclear.MethodsWithin the Vantaa Primary Care Depression Study (PC-VDS, 91 patients) and the Vantaa Depression Study (VDS, 153 psychiatric out-and 41 inpatients), suicidal ideation was assessed with the Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) item 3 and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) item 9, and by asking whether patients had seriously considered suicide during the episode. The positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) for suicide attempts during a six-month follow-up were investigated.ResultsDepending on the setting, 56–88% of patients had suicidal ideation in some of the assessments, but only 8–44% in all of them. Agreement ranged from negligible to moderate (kappa 0.06–0.64), being lowest among primary care patients. The correlates of suicidal ideation overlapped. No assessment had optimal sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV. Nevertheless, PPVs ranged up to 43%.ConclusionsWhich MDD patient is classified as having suicidal ideation depends strongly on the method of assessment, with the greatest variation likely in primary care. Differences in assessments may cause inconsistency in risk factors. Predicting suicide attempts is difficult, but not futile.
The Bonebridge semi-implantable bone conduction hearing device: experience in an Asian patient
Authors: Tsang W S S , Yu J K Y , Bhatia K S S , Wong T K C , Tong M C F 
Published: October 2013

AbstractFor over three decades, bone conduction hearing aids have been changing the lives of patients with impaired hearing. The size, appearance and fitting discomfort of early generations of bone conduction hearing aids made them unpopular. The advent of bone-anchored hearing aids in the 1970s offered patients improved sound quality and fitting comfort, due to the application of osseointegration. However, the issue of post-operative peri-abutment pin tract wound infection persisted. The Bonebridge system incorporates the first active bone conduction device, and aims to resolve peri-abutment issues. Implantation of this system in an Asian patient is presented.
Posterior orbital cellulitis: case report and literature review
Authors: Allan K , Atkinson H , Agada F 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIntroduction:It is rare for isolated sphenoid sinusitis to cause orbital cellulitis. We present a rare case of posterior orbital cellulitis, so caused, together with a review of the relevant literature.Case report:A 29-year-old woman presented with a 6-week history of progressive, unilateral, retro-orbital and periorbital right eye pain. On examination, the only finding was reduced visual acuity in the right eye. A computed tomography scan demonstrated right frontal and sphenoid sinus opacification. Sphenoidotomy and frontal sinus trephination were subsequently performed, following failure to respond to intravenous antibiotics. After surgery, the patient's vision returned to normal.Conclusion:Isolated sphenoid sinusitis is rare but can cause significant visual disturbance and permanent loss of vision. Vague symptoms unsupported by clinical signs at presentation are a feature of posterior orbital cellulitis. The presented case highlights the problem, and the need for a high index of clinical suspicion even in the absence of firm clinical signs, in order to prevent permanent visual loss.
Principled instrumentalism: a theory of transnational NGO behaviour
Authors: MITCHELL GEORGE E. , SCHMITZ HANS PETER 
Published: October 2013

AbstractScholarship has traditionally portrayed transnational NGOs (TNGOs) as ‘principled’ actors animated by global norms to advance human rights, sustainable development, humanitarian relief, environmental stewardship, and conflict resolution. However, scholarship has also identified instances in which TNGOs appear to act ‘instrumentally’ by engaging in resource-maximising behaviour seemingly inconsistent with their principled nature. Moreover, prior scholarship addressing this puzzle has been constrained by the limitations of small-n case studies examining relatively narrow subsectors of the TNGO community. Addressing these limitations, we reexamine the logic of TNGO behaviour in light of findings from an interdisciplinary, mixed-method research initiative consisting of in-depth, face-to-face interviews with a diverse sample of 152 top organisational leaders from all major sectors of TNGO activity. Using an inductive approach to discover how TNGO leaders understand their own behaviour, we introduce the heuristic of ‘principled instrumentalism’ and specify our framework with a formal model.
The Flint Implements Of Sub-Crag Man
Authors: Moir J. Reid 
Published: October 2013

On the 3rd of October, 1909, I found on a stone heap in Messrs. Bolton and Laughlin's brickfield near Ipswich a large flint implement fashioned from a cylindrical nodule and flaked to a cutting edge at one end. This implement, which is obviously very massive, weight 8¾lbs., is deeply patinated on its worked surfaces a yellowish-brown colour, and has a very hard ferruginous deposit attached to portions of its crust.Following on this discovery I commenced, searching for others, and eventually found them lying on the London Clay under a seam of decalcified crag, and associated with many bones and phosphatic nodules such as are met with at other ordinary bases of the Red Crag. This decalcified crag occurs in two basin-shaped hollows, one 56 yards wide and the other 45 yards, in the London Clay. The general arrangement of the beds (Plate I.) in the hollows is as follows:—1. Top sand and gravel, in places up to 9 feet in thickness.2. Middle Glacial Sands, with sarsen stones, maximum thickness 12 feet to 15 feet.3. Decalcified crag, with casts of shells up to 3 feet. This is very hard in the eastern hollow, and rests upon an uneven floor of London Clay, containing pockets filled with pebbles, and boulders of flint and micaceous sandstone.
The Bearing of the Drayson Theory on the Problems Presented by Striated Neolithic Flints
Authors: Sturge W. Allen 
Published: October 2013

I propose in this address to give you some account of my work during the past two or three years bearing on the difficult problems of prehistoric chronology. You may remember that to the first number of the “Proceedings” I contributed a paper on this subject. Since that time I have been continuously occupied with it, and I believe I have made some advance, both as regards facts and as regards theory.It will be within the recollection of you all, that in the paper alluded to, the fact round which everything else pivoted was the striation of certain classes of neolithic flints. The cardinal fact to which I would call attention to-day is the occurrence of other classes of presumably neolithic flints which show the striking peculiarity of being patinated on one side only, or if both sides are patinated, one side is very much more so than the other. My attention was drawn to the peculiarity in this way: For some time past large numbers of flint implements and flakes have been brought to me by the labourers on an estate a few miles from Icklingham.
Some Barnham Palæoliths
Authors: Clarke W. G. 
Published: October 2013

The parish of Barnham, in North-West Suffolk, a little over two miles from Thetford, has never been noted for its flint implements, and the few found there have for the most part gone unrecorded. The finding of some implements there in the early part of 1912 induced me to trace as many previous specimens as I could, and by the kindness of Mr. H. Muller (Eltham), Mr. G. J. Buscall Fox (Upper Tooting), Mr. C. F. Newton (Saham Toney), and Mr. H. Dixon Hewitt (Thetford), I have examined a series of implements of more than usual interest on account of the succession of periods which they represent.Chellean.—In 1882, Mr. A. G. Wright obtained “two flint implements from the gravel near Barnham” (Geological Memoir of Ely, Mildenhall, Thetford,” p. 80). These are now in the possession of Mr. G. J. Buscall Fox. One is the broad end of an ochreous pear-shaped implement (2¾ in. by 2 in.)—apparently Chellean—and probably found in the gravel-pit east of the village.
A Late Palæolithic Site on Wretham Heath, near Thetford
Authors: Marr J. E. 
Published: October 2013

The discovery of late Palæolithic relics in East Anglia has aroused the interest of students of prehistoric remains, and the paper by Dr. A. Sturge in Vol. I., Part II., of the Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia may be regarded as the starting-point from which much will be done in the near future.I have for some time held on theoretical grounds that Late Palæolithic relics should occur in East Anglia, and collected specimens from Wretham Heath in support of that view: it was, therefore, with peculiar interest that I learned of Dr. Sturge's discoveries. I wish to thank Dr. Sturge and the Abbé Breuil for their kindness in examining my specimens, and Mr. W. B. R. King, B.A., of Jesus College, Cambridge, for much help in collecting.
The Fractured Flints of the Eocene “Bull-head” Bed at Coe's Pit, Bramford near Ipswich
Authors: Moir J. Reid 
Published: October 2013

During the past few years discoveries of flaked flints of various kinds have been made in certain pre-river-valley deposits in Suffolk and Norfolk, and the discoverers of these specimens have had to meet, from some quarters, a very determined opposition to the view that these stones have been fashioned by man at periods long anterior to those in which the earliest Palæolithic implements were made. The details of the discovery of these flaked flints have already been made public in various scientific publications, and papers have been published giving the discoverers' reasons for believing them to be of human manufacture, and their opponents' reasons for looking upon them as purely natural productions.In the last part of our Proceedings I gave an account of the series of experiments I had carried through with flints subjected to natural pressure and percussion, and endeavoured to show how the flaking produced by these experiments differed from that seen upon undoubted examples of human handiwork. The chief objection brought against my conclusions was that it is impossible to imitate the forces of Nature which act upon flints by shaking stones in a sack and fracturing them by pressure in a screw-press, and I confess that at first sight this appears to be a very weighty argument and one difficult to refute. But a close and searching examination of these “mighty forces of Nature,” a phrase often used with marked effect upon an uncritical audience, will, I think, show that they are largely inoperative upon flints, and that if they are too “mighty” the flint succumbs and is shattered to fragments.
Implements from a Station at Cranwich, Norfolk
Authors: Halls H. H. 
Published: October 2013

During the last year or two I have obtained some 1262 flint implements of varying types and patinas from a small area of the parish of Cranwich in South-West Norfolk. The implements may with comparative ease be divided into three groups according to patina, white, blue, and black, the last-named including those having miscellaneous colourings that are neither blue nor white, or with no appreciable patina. According to these divisions I have 351 white, 268 blue, 604 black and 12 implements with totally different patinas on the two sides.The white patinated implements are found on a rich loam on which water rests in wet weather. This is only from four to eight inches thick, and the subsoil is locally known as “cobbles chalk,” that is, chalk broken into small lumps by glacial action. These lumps are about the size of plums quite white, and in a foot or so pass into undisturbed chalk. The blue patinated implements are mainly found on a sandy area resting on chalk, and the black on a sand and gravel area with chalk as the subsoil, though a few hollows are filled with chalky boulder clay. On the sandy area the surface soil is somewhat deeper, averaging from nine inches to a foot.
A Cave Site at Nettlebed, S. Oxon
Authors: Peake A. E. 
Published: October 2013

At the present time, when the old classification of Prehistoric implements is being considerably modified, and superficial “floors,” “stations,” and surface finds are no longer collectively referred to the Neolithic period, it will be of interest to record a site which has never been described, and which I shall hope to show in the present paper contains a number of forms which correspond with those of cave sites and which, moreover, have not hitherto been found on a Neolithic one. At the end of this paper some reasons are given in support of the above conclusions.I have known Nettlebed for about 15 years, and for more than half that time the Common was a waste. Now a large portion of it, over which presumably the “floor” extended, is levelled for a recreation-ground. It will always be a matter of regret to me that it was only in 1913 I happened to examine the pit, as no doubt a large number of implements are permanently buried beneath the recreation-ground. The large sand-pit is some 300 yards in length. On the talus of this I picked up in 1913 a number of fresh-looking flakes with such sharp edges that I thought at first they were recent.
An Ancient Interment at Mannington
Authors: Tomes Charles S. 
Published: October 2013

In a gravel pit not far from Mannington, Norfolk, a number of cinerary urns have been from time to time exposed. The pit, perhaps better described as a sand pit, is on the summit of a mound or low hill, which does not appear to have been artificially raised, and the fact that some urns have been found in an adjoining field, also a low hill, renders it less likely that the natural contour of the ground has been disturbed. The urns lie a very short distance beneath the present surface, not more than from six or eight inches up to a foot, as a rule, and so they are generally much broken by ploughing, etc. But they are not so much disturbed but that their contents remain in situ.The urns vary in the excellence of their workmanship, but none is very fully burnt. The accompanying photograph (Plate XXXV.) represents an exceptionally perfect one, and also some fragments of others showing the decoration. But the immediate purpose of this communication is to call attention to one in the bottom of which there was an oval hole. This had been mended by pouring molten lead into it; apparently the urn was stood upon sand and the molten lead poured into the inside, the excess running out into a feather edge. An examination of this specimen shows quite conclusively that the lead was used deliberately to mend the hole, and was not derived from some article of lead melted in the urn and accidentally running into the hole.
Flint and other Stone Implements found at Mary Tavy, Devon
Authors: Smallwood G. W. 
Published: October 2013

First of all I must express my thanks for the opportunity given me to exhibit before the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia specimens from my collection of Flint and other Stone Implements found at Mary Tavy, Devon, and for the observations made on them by Mr. Reginald Smith, F.S.A., and Mr. W. G. Clarke.My collection was commenced about twelve years ago, and an interesting series has been accumulated, the 133 specimens exhibited being representative of the various types found.Although there is no question as to the “humanity” of the flint specimens, those made of slate and other rocks seem likely to cause a diversity of opinion, and are therefore of greater interest and I hope may induce other prehistoric archæologists to make a special study of them. Both the flint and other stone implements probably belong to the same period; there seems to be some doubt as to which age they can be assigned to, but the late Neolithic or Early Bronze age appears to be the most likely.
Further Excavations at Grime's Graves
Authors: Peake A. E. 
Published: October 2013

I must apologise for again addressing you on the subject of Grime's Graves. My work, however, has kept me in a practically flintless country, and I have been unable to accumulate any fresh material except of Roman date. Although the villa we have been excavating in our spare time is very interesting it is not an appropriate subject for the Prehistoric Society.Owing to the kindness of the Trustees of the Weeting Estate, Mrs. T. S. Hall and Mr. C. Cockburn, we were able to do some fresh work at Grime's Graves in 1916, and on behalf of those who took part in it I wish to express our cordial appreciation for the permission.I was associated in the work of last year, 1916, with Mr. A. Leslie Armstrong, F.S.A. (Scot.), and Mr. and Mrs. E. T. Lingwood, and the pieces exhibited are some of the best and most interesting things which came to light during this work.
Excavations at Grime's Graves During 1917
Authors: Peake A. E. 
Published: October 2013

In 1917 the work at Grime's Graves was carried out by Mr. and Mrs. E. T. Lingwood and myself, and was limited to sections and floors, as the war prevented us from obtaining outside labour. For permission to excavate, we are again much indebted to the Trustees of the Weeting Estate, Mrs. T. S. Hall and Mr. C. Cockburn. The following paper gives the results of the work, and in it are figured some of the new implements.The Grime's Graves culture shows a wide variety of forms, and I think it is important to illustrate as many of these as possible. This vast factory must have sent out implements far beyond the present boundaries of Britain, and no doubt many implements found on the Continent will be traced to this source. Very few industries have been sufficiently illustrated in the past, and this has led to erroneous conclusions when collections are not accessible.
Implements from Beer Head, S.E. Devon
Authors: Powell J. Allman 
Published: October 2013

These implements and flakes were collected during the past two years from the ploughed fields of Beer Head and the immediate vicinity.The white cliffs at Beer Head, S.E. Devon, are the last of the Chalk Cliffs to westward on the South Coast, but cretaceous beds appear inland further west at Haldon and Bovey Tracy.The cliff section shows greensand at the base, and chalk, with a thin capping of “clay with flints and chert,” above.The highest point of the Head is 475 ft. O.D. Early in last century gun-flints were made on this site. Occasional flakes from this factory are met with and are easily distinguished by their dull surface. The fields in which the implements were found are near the coastguard station, and from about 200 to 600 yards from the cliffs.
Classification of Burins or Gravers
Authors: Burkitt Miles C. 
Published: October 2013

The burin is one of the commonest stone tools found in the French Cave deposits of Upper Palæolithic Age. It also occurs in England, as at Paviland, etc., though, on the whole, its occurrence in this country seems to be rarer than in France.A classification of the various types of burin has been attempted already some years ago by the late M. Bourlon, who was a captain in the French Army, and the following note is to a very large extent founded on his work. A slight simplification has been introduced, however.Burins or gravers (though they probably had many uses besides that of engraving) can be readily divided into two main groups:—A. Those with a straight working edge, like that of a screwdriver.This makes a V-shaped gutter when rubbed along a surface.B. Those with a convex, gouge-like working edge.This makes a U-shaped gutter when similarly used.
Further Discoveries of Humanly-Fashioned Flints in and Beneath the Red Crag of Suffolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid 
Published: October 2013

The excavations which, with the flint implements and other relics discovered, it is the purpose of this paper to describe, commenced towards the end of February, 1919, and continued until July, 1920. The money to pay for the wages of the excavator, Baxter, was most generously supplied by the Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund, and I wish to record my thanks for their invaluable help.I have to acknowledge also, with gratitude the assistance given me in my researches by Sir Ray Lankester, K.C.B., F.R.S., Sir Arthur Keith, F.R.S., Mr. W. Whitaker, F.R.S., Professor J. E. Marr, F.R.S., Dr. Smith Woodard, F.R.S., Dr. Charles Andrews, F.R.S., Mr. Reginald Smith, and the owners of the various properties upon which the diggings were conducted.The drawings which illustrate this paper are reproduced from work executed by Mr. E. T. Lingwood, to whom the science of prehistoric archæology is greatly indebted for his continued and invaluable help in the matter of illustrations.
The Fracture of Flint. A Reply to the Criticism of Prof. A. S. Barnes
Authors: Barnes A. S. , Haward F. N. 
Published: October 2013

In his criticism in the recent Proceedings of this Society (Vol. III., Part II, page 259) of Section II. of my Paper on “The Origin of the Rostro-Carinate Implements,” Prof. Barnes wrote that my remarks ‘contain so many statements which are incorrect that in the interests of accuracy they must be corrected.”With the exception of the following three errors, I do not with draw any of my statements, and I regret that Prof. Barnes did not ask me for further explanation on points where our views differed before his attack was printed.1st. I correct a mistake of mine on page 119, par. 6, where I suggested that steel hammers had been used in his experiments by Mr. Reid Moir, who informs me that he only used hammers of stone and flint.2nd. Prof. Barnes points out a slip on page 124 of my Paper (2nd line from the end) where the following is printed, “The fracture turns towards the mass of the Core.”Of course the fracture turns away from the Core, and not towards it! The latter was one of those annoying, but obvious, “slips of the pen” which will at times creep in. (N.B.–I advised Prof. Barnes of these mistakes in February, 1920, before his Paper was printed, though he omits to mention this. I also sent a correction to the Society for the 19th January meeting, 1920).
An Animistic Implement of “Cissbury Type”
Authors: Halls H. H. 
Published: October 2013

While searching the well known “Cissbury” site at Ringland (Vide Proc. P. S. E. A., Vol. 1, pp. 340–1, Vol. 2, pp. 340–1, 145–151) in December last, I found a white Cone with a natural base 1½ inches by 1¼ inches, formed by a line of cleavage in the flint.On one side the implement has a flat face 4 inches in length by I¾ inches in width. The other face is convex, and has been formed by the removal of eight flakes, six of these extending for a distance of 2½ inches leaving I½ inches on which the cortex of the flint remains. In ordinary circumstances this portion would have been removed by a transverse blow in order to form the top of the cone, but the natural peculiarities of the flint led to its retention and further retouching in order to form a representation of an animal. A natural hole and protuberance, associated with the formation of the flint as a ventriculite, were in the proper position for an eye, and the removal of part of the cortex revealed the inner rind so as to form a pupil.