bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Method for Determining Fluid Compositions in the H2O‐NaCl‐CaCl2 System with Cryogenic Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: CHI Guoxiang , CHU Haixia , SCOTT Ryan , CHOU I‐Ming 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRaman peaks of various hydrates in the H2O‐NaCl‐CaCl2 system have been previously identified, but a quantitative relationship between the Raman peaks and XNaCl (i.e., NaCl/(NaCl+CaCl2)) has not been established, mainly due to the difficulty to freeze the solutions. This problem was solved by adding alumina powder to the solutions to facilitate nucleation of crystals. Cryogenic (−185°C) Raman spectroscopic studies of alumina‐spiced solutions indicate that XNaCl is linearly correlated with the total peak area fraction of hydrohalite. Capsules of solutions made from silica capillary were prepared to simulate fluid inclusions. Most of these artificial fluid inclusions could not be totally frozen even at temperatures as low as −185°C, and the total peak area fraction of hydrohalite is not correlated linearly with XNaCl. However, the degree of deviation (ΔXNacl) from the linear correlation established earlier is related to the amount of residual solution, which is reflected by the ratio (r) of the baseline “bump” area, resulting from the interstitial unfrozen brine near 3435 cm−1, and the total hydrate peak area between 3350 and 3600 cm−1. A linear correlation between ΔXNaCl and r is established to estimate XNaCl from cryogenic Raman spectroscopic analysis for fluid inclusions.
A Review on the Taxonomic, Evolutionary and Phytogeographic Studies of the Lotus Plant (Nelumbonaceae: Nelumbo)
Authors: LI Ya , SVETLANA Popova , YAO Jianxin , LI Chengsen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNelumbo Adans. (Nelumbonaceae) is an important member of the early‐diverging eudicots. It contains two extant species: N. nucifera Gaertn. (the Sacred lotus), distributed in Asia and Australia and N. lutea Willd. (the American lotus), occurring in North America. This paper reviews the taxonomic, evolutionary and phytogeographic studies of the genus Nelumbo, and also raises scientific questions about it in further paleobotanic research. There are about 30 fossil species of Nelumbo established since the Early Cretaceous. Based on fossil studies, the ancestors of the extant N. nucifera and N. lutea are respectively considered to be N. protospeciosa from the Eocene to Miocene of Eurasia, and N. protolutea from the Eocene of North American. However, molecular systematic studies indicate that N. nucifera and N. lutea are probably split from a common ancestor during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, or even the Pleistocene, rather than separate relicts from extinct species on different continents. The characters of lotus stomatal development, seedling morphology as well as its flowering, pollination and fertilization in air reveal that it evolves from the land plants. Fossil data of Nelumbo indicates that the genus first occurs in mid‐latitude area of Laurasia in the Early Cretaceous, then becomes widespread in North America and Eurasia and expands into Africa and South America during the Late Cretaceous; the genus probably colonizes the Indian Subcontinent from Asia during the Early Eocene after the collision of India and the Asian plates; the genus becomes extinct in Europe, but survives in Asia and North America during the Quaternary Ice Age, and later forms the present East Asia and North Australia‐North America disjunctive distribution.
On theYangtzeconus Priscus‐Archaeospira OrnataAssemblage (Mollusca) of the Earliest Cambrian of China
Authors: YU Wen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractYangtzeconus priscus‐Archaeospira ornata, an important earliest Cambrian benthonic Assemblage of the Yangtze micromolluscan fauna, occurs mainly in the Lower Cambrian Zhongyicun and Dahai Members of the Yuhucun Formation in E Yunnan, the Tianzhushan Member (=Huangshandong Member) of the Dengying Formation in W Hubei and the Maidiping Member of the Hungchunping Formation in C Sichuan, China. About 90% of the genera of this Assemblage are unknown from the Nemakit‐Daldynian and Tommotian molluscan Assemblages of the Siberian Platform, Russia. About 90% of the Siberian molluscan genera do not occur in the Zhongyicun and Dahai Members in the Meishucun section and in the corresponding beds of the Yangtze Platform, because the Tommotian molluscan Assemblage is characterizedly abundant archaeocyathids. It is clearly indicated that the Yangtze and Siberian molluscan Assemblages represent different bio‐ and lithofacies and ages. The age of the pre‐trilobiticYangtzeconus priscus‐Archaeospira ornataAssemblage is older than that of the Nemakit‐Daldynian and Tommotian molluscan Assemblages and referable to the Earliest Cambrian. Two new generaMcnamaraconus and Zhangwentangoconusare herein proposed.
A quantitative approach to static sensor network design
Authors: Pedersen Martin W. , Burgess Greg , Weng Kevin C. 
Published: August 2014

Summary

Static sensor networks to observe animals are widely used in ecological, management and conservation research, but quantitative methods for designing these networks are underdeveloped.

In the context of aquatic systems, we present a method for quasi‐optimal network design, which accounts for blocking of detections by obstacles, horizontal and vertical movement behaviour of the target animals, and type of research question (is the network intended for estimation of detailed movement or home range?). Optimal design is defined as the sensor configuration that maximizes the expected number of unique animal detections. As finding the global optimum is generally time consuming, we use a greedy algorithm instead, which places sensors optimally relative to already placed sensors. The design method requires access to topographic data of the study site and knowledge of the sensor detection range.

We illustrate the method with real topographic data from a rugose coral reef where network performance is highly influenced by detection shadowing. Network performance is visualized by a coverage map indicating the probability of detection at any location in the study area. The reported unique recovery rate summarizes the expected ability of the network to collect data given the design constraints. Because sensors are placed sequentially, the information gain per sensor can be evaluated and used as a proxy for sensor value.

The presented method formalizes important considerations, when designing sensor networks, that were previously often based on heuristics and intuition. The method provides a guide to maximizing the information potential of future monitoring studies as well as a means to improve existing networks. The method is available as an R package and can be tested via an online web tool.
Ability of Nursing Students to Recognize Signs of Violence Against Women
Authors: Tambağ Hatice , Turan Zekiye 
Published: August 2014

PurposeThis study was conducted to evaluate the ability of nursing students in a Turkish school of health science to recognize signs of violence against women.MethodsThis was a descriptive study. Data were collected via a personal information questionnaire and the Scale for Recognizing the Signs of Violence against Women by Nurses and Midwives. Two hundred fifty‐nine students were included.ResultsThe students’ total mean score on the Scale for Recognizing the Signs of Violence against Women by Nurses and Midwives was 17.79 ± 3.54.ConclusionIn general, nursing students are unable to recognize signs of violence against women.Implications for Nursing PracticeThe development and integration of courses on violence against women into the nursing curriculum are recommended. It is also recommended that the courses are offered every year of nursing education.
Systemic Inflammation in the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn Following Maternal Genitourinary Infections
Authors: Fichorova Raina N. , Beatty Noah , Sassi Rita R. S. , Yamamoto Hidemi S. , Allred Elizabeth N. , Leviton Alan 
Published: August 2014

ProblemGestational genitourinary infections are associated with lifelong disabilities, but it is unknown if neonatal inflammation is involved.MethodMothers of 914 infants born before 28th gestation week reported cervical/vaginal infection (CVI), and/or urine/bladder/kidney infection (UTI), or neither. Inflammation proteins measured in baby's blood on postnatal days 1, 7, and 14 were considered elevated if in the top quartile for gestational age. Logistic regression models adjusting for potential confounders assessed odds ratios.ResultsCompared to mothers with neither UTI/CVI, those with CVI were more likely to have infants with elevated CRP, SAA, MPO, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐6R, TNF‐α, RANTES, ICAM‐3, E‐selectin, and VEGF‐R2 on day 1; those with UTI were more likely to have infants with elevated MPO, IL‐6R, TNF‐R1, TNF‐R2, and RANTES on day 7. Placental anaerobes and genital mycoplasma were more common in pregnancies with CVI.ConclusionGestational UTI/CVI should be targeted for preventing systemic inflammation in the very preterm newborn.
Pacifier use does not alter sleep and spontaneous arousal patterns in healthy term‐born infants
Authors: Odoi Alexsandria , Andrew Shanelle , Wong Flora Y , Yiallourou Stephanie R , Horne Rosemary S C 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimImpaired arousal from sleep has been implicated in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Sleeping in the prone position is a major risk factor for SIDS. Epidemiological studies have shown that pacifier use decreases the risk of SIDS, even when infants sleep prone. We examined spontaneous arousability in infants slept prone and supine over the first 6 months of life and hypothesised that spontaneous arousals would be increased in pacifier users, particularly in the prone position.MethodsHealthy term infants (n = 30) were studied on three occasions over the first 6 months after birth. Spontaneous cortical arousals and subcortical activations were scored and converted into frequency per hour of sleep.ResultsThere was no effect of pacifier use on total time spent sleeping or awake or the number of spontaneous awakenings at any age. There was also no effect of pacifier use on the frequency or duration of the total number of spontaneous arousals or on cortical arousals and subcortical activations.ConclusionPacifier use did not alter infant spontaneous arousability at any of the three ages studied, in either the prone or supine sleeping position. Any preventative effect of pacifiers for SIDS may be through physiological mechanisms other than increased arousability.
Systematic review: identifying patients with chronic hepatitis C in need of early treatment and intensive monitoring – predictors and predictive models of disease progression
Authors: Konerman M. A. , Yapali S. , Lok A. S. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryBackgroundAdvances in hepatitis C therapies have led to increasing numbers of patients seeking treatment. As a result, logistical and financial concerns regarding how treatment can be provided to all patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) have emerged.AimTo evaluate predictors and predictive models of histological progression and clinical outcomes for patients with CHC.MethodsMEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus were searched for studies published between January 2003 and June 2014. Two authors independently reviewed articles to select eligible studies and performed data abstraction.ResultsTwenty‐nine studies representing 5817 patients from 20 unique cohorts were included. The outcome incidence rates were widely variable: 16–61% during median follow‐up of 2.5–10 years for fibrosis progression; 13–40% over 2.3–14.4 years for hepatic decompensation and 8–47% over 3.9–14.4 years for overall mortality. Multivariate analyses showed that baseline steatosis and baseline fibrosis score were the most consistent predictors of fibrosis progression (significant in 6/21 and 5/21, studies, respectively) while baseline platelet count (significant in 6/13 studies), aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio, albumin, bilirubin and age (each significant in 4/13 studies) were the most consistent predictors of clinical outcomes. Five studies developed predictive models but none were externally validated.ConclusionsOur review identified the variables that most consistently predict outcomes of patients with chronic hepatitis C allowing the application of risk based approaches to identify patients in need of early treatment and intensive monitoring. This approach maximises effective use of resources and costly new direct‐acting anti‐viral agents.
Browsing preference and ecological carrying capacity of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor brookei) on secondary vegetation in forest plantation
Authors: Ismail Dahlan , Jiwan Dawend 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe browsing preference and ecological carrying capacity (ECC) of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor brookei) in acacia plantations for management and conservation of the ecosystem were investigated at Sabal Forest Reserve in Sarawak, Malaysia. The identification of the species browsed by the sambar deer was based on an observation of the plant parts consumed. ECC estimation was based on body weight (BW) and the physiological stages of animals browsed in six fenced 4‐ha paddocks. Sambar deer were found foraging on only 29 out of 42 species of secondary vegetation in the acacia plantation. The remaining species are too high for the deer to reach. Planted species, Shorea macrophylla are not palatable to the deer. This augurs well for the integration of sambar deer into shorea plantations. The most frequently exploited plants were Ficus spp. Sambar deer preferred woody species more than non‐woody species and they are browser animals. By producing metabolizable energy of 19 000 to 27 000 MJ/ha, the ECC was five head/ha to 5.25 head/ha. Given its contribution to the conservation of wildlife and its capacity to sustain the ecosystem, the sambar deer integrated farming system offers a promising strategy for the future of tropical forestry management.
Compliance with Recommendations on Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing for Respiratory Tract Infections: The Case of Spain
Authors: Malo Sara , Bjerrum Lars , Feja Cristina , Lallana María‐Jesús , Moliner Javier , Rabanaque María‐José 
Published: August 2014

AbstractInappropriate antibiotic use in primary care, such as in respiratory tract infections (RTIs), is an important cause of bacterial resistance. This study aimed at describing the current pattern of outpatient antibiotic use in acute RTIs in Spain and evaluating adherence to national recommendations. A retrospective observational study was performed including all the episodes of RTIs registered during a 1‐year period in a north‐eastern Spanish region. Data related to patient demography, diagnoses and antibiotic prescriptions were collected from the electronic medical history database in the region, and adherence to recommendations for antibiotic prescribing was assessed. One third of patients with a RTI were prescribed an antibiotic, with young adults (aged 15–64 years) being the most treated. High prescribing rates were observed in patients with acute otitis, sinusitis and acute tonsillitis (about 70%), whereas low rates were found in acute bronchitis (50%) and non‐specific upper RTIs (24%) episodes. A high prescription of broad‐spectrum agents and antibiotics not recommended as first choice was observed. In accordance with Spanish guidelines, there exists a potential over‐prescribing of antibiotics for all the diagnoses studied, especially in the adult population. Moreover, the choice of antibiotics is frequently based on agents with a high risk of increasing antimicrobial resistance. Multifaceted strategies should be implemented to improve the quality of antibiotic prescribing in primary care.
Pathological factors associated with survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT): a population‐based study of bladder cancer
Authors: Booth Christopher M. , Siemens D. Robert , Wei Xuejiao , Peng Yingwei , Berman David M. , Mackillop William J. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether pathological factors are associated with differential effect of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT).Patients and MethodsIn this population‐based retrospective cohort study, we linked electronic records of treatment and surgical pathology to the Ontario Cancer Registry. The study population included all patients with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer undergoing cystectomy in Ontario 1994–2008. Factors associated with overall (OS) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards. We tested for interaction between the following variables and ACT effect‐size: N‐stage, margin status, T‐stage, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI).ResultsThe study population included 2802 patients; 19% were treated with ACT. Interaction terms with ACT for OS/CSS are: N‐stage (both P < 0.001); margin status (P = 0.054/P = 0.048); T‐stage (P = 0.509/P = 0.286); and LVI (P = 0.361/P = 0.405). Magnitude of effect for ACT was greater for patients with node‐positive disease [OS: hazard ratio (HR) 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47–0.67; CSS: HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.49–0.72] than for patients with node‐negative disease (OS: HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.61–1.03; CSS: HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.59–1.07). ACT was also associated with greater effect among patients with involved margins (OS: HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.33–0.62; CSS: HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.28–0.57) compared with patients with negative margins (OS: HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.65–0.87; CSS: HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.67–0.93).ConclusionsIn this population‐based cohort study we observe evidence of interaction between ACT effect and nodal stage and surgical margin status. Our results suggest that patients at highest risk of disease recurrence may derive greatest benefit from ACT.
Retracted:Bone neo‐formation and mineral degradation of 4Bone.®PartII: histological and histomorphometric analysis in critical size defects in rabbits
Authors: Calvo‐Guirado José Luis , Maté‐Sánchez Jose E. , Delgado‐Ruiz Rafael A. , Romanos Georgios E. , De Aza‐Moya Piedad , Velázquez Pablo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo carry out the histological and histomorphometric plus radiological analysis of biphasic ceramic.Materials and methodIn this study, porousHA/βTCP(4Bone®) ceramic material was tested for the bone repairing capacity and osteoinductive potential in a New Zealand rabbit model. The ratio of the ceramic′s componentsHA/βTCPwas 60/40 (in wt%).ResultsThe 4Bone®showed significantly more bone formation in the pores and in the periphery of the graft than the control group. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that the ceramic material (66.43% ± 0.29) produced higher values of bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) percentages (higher quality, closer contact); moreover, defect closure was significative higher in relation with control group (64.15% ± 3.52).Conclusions4Bone®is a biocompatible, partially resorbable and osteoconductive grafting material. Biphasic graft material ofHA/βTCPwith a porosity of 95% without loading favors new bone formation.
Measures of cardiorespiratory fitness in relation to measures of body size and composition among children
Authors: Tompuri Tuomo , Lintu Niina , Savonen Kai , Laitinen Tomi , Laaksonen David , Jääskeläinen Jarmo , Lakka Timo A. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryBackgroundIn the exercise testing measures of cardiorespiratory fitness need to be scaled by body size or composition to enable comparison between individuals. Traditionally used weight‐proportional measures are potentially confounded by body adiposity that hampers their interpretation and applicability in the clinical assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness.ObjectiveWe aimed to find the most appropriate measure of body size or composition for scaling of measures of cardiorespiratory fitness among children.MethodsWe assessed body weight and height, maximal workload (WMAX) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX) using cycle ergometer exercise test with respiratory gas analysis and body lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM) by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and by bioimpedance analysis among 38 children. The data were analysed using Pearson's coefficients for correlation and stepwise linear regression models.ResultsLean mass (r > 0·54) and height (r > 0·51) had stronger positive correlations with absolute WMAX and VO2MAX than weight (r > 0·30) in girls and boys. None of the measures of body size or composition correlated with LM‐proportional WMAX or VO2MAX in girls or boys. Only LM correlated positively with height‐proportional WMAX (r = 0·65) and VO2MAX (r = 0·71) in boys. FM correlated negatively with weight‐proportional WMAX (r < −0·58) and VO2MAX (r < −0·64) in girls and boys. FM was even stronger determinant of weight‐proportional WMAX (β = −0·68) and VO2MAX (β = −0·61) than exercise performance in multivariate linear regression models.ConclusionsWhile assessing cardiorespiratory fitness, LM is the most appropriate measure of body size or composition for scaling of WMAX and VO2MAX, because scaling by body weight introduces confounding by body adiposity.
‘Development’ as ifWe Have Never Been Modern: Fragments of a Latourian Development Studies
Authors: Donovan Kevin P. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe work of the French anthropologist‐cum‐philosopher Bruno Latour has influenced a wide variety of disciplines in the past three decades. Yet, Latour has had little noticeable effect within development studies, including those sub‐fields where it might be reasonable to expect affinity, such as the anthropology of development. The first half of this article outlines some core aspects of Latour's oeuvre as they relate to development and anthropology, particularly focusing on the post‐development critique. Latour's approach to constructivism and translation, his analytical commitment to ‘keeping the social flat’ and his distribution of agency offer novel ways of maintaining some of the strengths of post‐development without falling prey to some of its weaknesses. The second half of the article explores the potential for a Latour‐inspired theory of development that may provide fruitful avenues for scholarship and practice beyond post‐development, emphasizing materialism, relationality and hybridity.
Understanding the Precariat through Labour and Work
Authors: Standing Guy 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis article sets out a framework for analysing the globalizing labour process, arguing that the old dualisms of ‘capital’ versus ‘labour’ and ‘formal sector’ versus ‘informal sector’ are inadequate and unhelpful. It begins by making conceptual distinctions between work and labour and between labour and labour power, and goes on to identify a globalizing class structure in which a ‘precariat’ is emerging as a potentially transformative new mass class. Denied so‐called ‘labour rights’ and social entitlements that went with twentieth century industrial citizenship, the growing precariat needs new systems of regulation, social protection and redistribution. These should be based on work and occupation rather than subordinated labour, will require new forms of collective action and representation, and should seek to redistribute the key assets of twenty‐first century tertiary societies, including income security, control of time, financial capital and the commons.