bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative thermal perception thresholds relative to exposure to vibration
Authors: Nilsson T , Lundström R 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo assess the risk of disturbed thermal perception relative to exposure to vibration, to investigate a possible exposure-response relation and to analyse a possible relation between thermal perception and sensory symptoms.METHODSThe study was based on a cross section of 123 male workers exposed to vibration and 62 male workers who were not exposed. Thermal perception of cold, warmth, and heat pain was bilaterally determined from the thenar eminence by the method of limits. Perception of cold and warmth were also tested in the second digit. Personal energy equivalent exposure to vibration was measured for all subjects. Vibration was measured in accordance with International Standards Organisation (ISO) 5349 and assessed separately for the left and right hand.RESULTSCombining exposure times and intensities gave the left hand an 0.80 exposure to vibration compared with the right. The risk of having contracted reduced thermal perception was increased at all test sites. The risk was higher for the thenar measurements than the finger measurements. A yearly extra contribution of 4000 mh/s2in cumulative exposure increases the risk of contracting a wider neutral zone by 18% (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.06 to 1.32) for the right and 18% (1.05 to 1.32) for the left hand side. Subjects with symptoms of nocturnal paraesthesia had a rate ratio (95% CI) of 2.80 (1.17 to 6.67) for the right hand and 2.72 (1.12 to 6.63) for the left hand for increased neutral zones at the thenar eminence.CONCLUSIONSThe results indicate thermal sensory impairment related to cumulative exposure to vibration. The effect appeared at vibration levels below the current guiding standard. Quantitative sensory testing of thermal perception offers the chance to assess this specific hazard to the peripheral sensorineural system associated with hand intensive work entailing vibration.
Nasal, eye, and skin irritation in dockyard painters: Table 1
Authors: Chen R , Semple S , Dick F , Seaton A 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo determine whether the risk of irritant symptoms in painters is related to their exposure to paint.METHODSThe prevalences of skin, eye and nasal symptoms were compared in 260 United Kingdom and 109 Chinese dockyard painters, 539 British community controls, and 255 Chinese dockyard controls, relative to their exposure to paints.RESULTSPainters showed an excess of irritant symptoms compared with controls. Adjusted relative risks (RRs) (95% confidence interval (95% CI) were: for skin irritation 1.58 (1.19 to 2.08) in British painters and 2.68 (1.73 to 4.09) in Chinese painters; for eye irritation, 1.41 (0.98 to 2.05) and 3.01 (1.90 to 4.76); and for nasal irritation, 1.53 (1.10 to 2.14) and 6.73 (3.53 to 12.82), respectively. Exposure duration-response relations were found for these symptoms; the risks decreased with time after exposure ended.CONCLUSIONSIrritant symptoms occur more often in dockyard painters than in controls, and this is likely to be a response to exposure to paint.
Survey of solvent related chronic encephalopathy as an occupational disease in European countries
Authors: Triebig G , Hallermann J 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo obtain information about solvent related chronic encephalopathy (SRCE) in the countries of the European Union (EU).METHODA survey was conducted in 1998 and 1999 among medical experts, authorities for health and safety, and social security institutions.RESULTSSRCE is an acknowledged occupational disease in most of the participating countries. However, the numbers of compensated cases differ considerably. This is mainly a consequence of national social law rather than of differences in the criteria of diagnosis. In countries with relatively high reported incidences—such as Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden—the number of acknowledged cases has declined over the past 5–10 years, although the most important criteria of diagnosis and causality, according to expert opinion, equivalent diagnostic procedures, and measures for prevention within the EU are not comparable.CONCLUSIONSThere is a need for common guidelines for early diagnosis and the evaluation of causality. Actual figures of SRCE are not suitable to estimate prospective numbers of cases. For this reason a multicentre study in EU states is necessary after a consensus of diagnostic procedure. It is likely that the number of cases will decrease as a result of changes in legislation and preventive measures—such as substitution or reduction of solvents in the products, improvement of technical equipment, and regular health surveillance. Future research activities should focus on follow up studies of prognosis, randomised clinical trials of treatment, investigation of neurotoxic mechanisms, and of the interaction of solvent mixtures.
Identifying populations at risk from environmental contamination from point sources
Authors: Williams F L R , Ogston S A 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To compare methods for defining the population at risk from a point source of air pollution. A major challenge for environmental epidemiology lies in correctly identifying populations at risk from exposure to environmental pollutants. The complexity of today's environment makes it essential that the methods chosen are accurate and sensitive.Methods: Environmental and mathematical methods were used to identify the population potentially exposed to a point source of airborne pollution emanating from a waste incinerator. Soil sampling was undertaken at 83 sites throughout the city and environs. The concentrations of arsenic and copper were measured at each site. Computer software produced smoothed contour plots of the distribution of arsenic and copper in the soil based on the information derived from the sampling sites. The population at risk was also identified using concentric rings of varying radii, with the source of pollution at the centre. Lastly, we used the sites that had previously been selected and measured the frequency of wind direction, speed and distance from the source of pollution at each site. Theoretical contour plots were constructed using the distance from the source of pollution at each site, with and without incorporating wind frequency as a function of direction.Results: Each method identified different populations at risk from airborne pollution. The use of circles was a very imprecise way of identifying exposed populations. Mathematical modelling that incorporated wind direction was better. Soil sampling at many sites was accurate, as the method is direct; but it is very costly and the close proximity of high and low concentrations hindered interpretation. The smoothed contour plots derived from the soil sampling sites identified an exposed population that was similar to that derived from the spot sampling.Conclusions: Using circles as the only means of identifying the exposed population leads to dilution of the potential health effect. The best approach is to use local knowledge about wind direction and speed to estimate the population likely to be at risk; to back up this estimate by judicious use of soil sampling; to use contour mapping to guide the final selection of exposed and non-exposed populations; and finally, to interpret the populations identified as being at risk by incorporating information about other potential sources of pollution (past and present) in the area.
TRACE FORMULAS AND CONSERVATION LAWS FOR NONLINEAR EVOLUTION EQUATIONS
Authors: GESZTESY F. , HOLDEN H. 
Published: July 2002

New trace formulas for linear operators associated with Lax pairs or zero-curvature representations of completely integrable nonlinear evolution equations and their relation to (polynomial) conservation laws are established. We particularly study the Korteweg–de Vries equation, the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the sine–Gordon equation, and the infinite Toda lattice though our methods apply to any element of the AKNS–ZS class. In the KdV context, we especially extend the range of validity of the infinite sequence of conservation laws to certain long-range situations in which the underlying one-dimensional Schrödinger operator has infinitely many (negative) eigenvalues accumulating at zero. We also generalize inequalities on moments of the eigenvalues of Schrödinger operators to this long-range setting. Moreover, our contour integration approach naturally leads to higher-order Levinson-type theorems for Schrödinger operators on the line.
TOPOLOGICAL QUANTUM DOUBLE
Authors: BONNEAU PHILIPPE 
Published: July 2002

Following a preceding paper showing how the introduction of a t.v.s. topology on quantum groups led to a remarkable unification and rigidification of the different definitions, we adapt here, in the same way, the definition of quantum double. This topological double is dualizable and reflexive (even for infinite dimensional algebras). In a simple case we show, considering the double as the "zero class" of an extension theory, the uniqueness of the double structure as a quasi-Hopf algebra. A la suite d'un précédent article montrant comment l'introduction d'une topologie d'e.v.t. sur les groupes quantiques permet une unification et une rigidification remarquables des différentes définitions, on adapte ici de la même manière la définition du double quantique. Ce double topologique est alors dualisable et reflexif (même pour des algèbres de dimension infinie). Dans un cas simple on montre, en considérant le double comme la "classe zéro" d'une théorie d'extensions, l'unicité de cette structure comme algèbre quasi-Hopf.
A system for computer music performance
Authors: Anderson David P. , Kuivila Ron 
Published: July 2002

A computer music performance system (CMPS) is a computer system connected to input devices (including musical keyboards or other instruments) and to graphic and audio output devices. A human performer generates input events using the input devices. The CMPS responds to these events by computing and performing sequences of output actions whose intended timing is determined algorithmically. Because of the need for accurate timing of output actions, the scheduling requirements of a CMPS differ from those of general-purpose or conventional real-time systems.
This paper describes the scheduling facilities of FORMULA, a CMPS used by many musicians. In addition to providing accurate timing of output action sequences, FORMULA provides other basic functions useful in musical applications: (1) per-process virtual time systems with independent relationships to real time; (2) process grouping mechanisms and language-level control structures with time-related semantics, and (3) integrated scheduling of tasks (such as compiling and editing) whose real-time constraints are less stringent than those of output action computations.
INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS: Literature and Taxonomy
Authors: Chertow Marian R. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Industrial symbiosis, as part of the emerging field of industrial ecology, demands resolute attention to the flow of materials and energy through local and regional economies. Industrial symbiosis engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and/or by-products. The keys to industrial symbiosis are collaboration and the synergistic possibilities offered by geographic proximity. This paper reviews the small industrial symbiosis literature and some antecedents, as well as early efforts to develop eco-industrial parks as concrete realizations of the industrial symbiosis concept. Review of the projects is organized around a taxonomy of five different material exchange types. Input-output matching, stakeholder processes, and materials budgeting appear to be useful tools in advancing eco-industrial park development. Evolutionary approaches to industrial symbosis are found to be important in creating the level of cooperation needed for multi-party exchanges.
Water Vapor Feedback and Global Warming
Authors: Held Isaac M. , Soden Brian J. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Water vapor is the dominant greenhouse gas, the most important gaseous source of infrared opacity in the atmosphere. As the concentrations of other greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, increase because of human activity, it is centrally important to predict how the water vapor distribution will be affected. To the extent that water vapor concentrations increase in a warmer world, the climatic effects of the other greenhouse gases will be amplified. Models of the Earth's climate indicate that this is an important positive feedback that increases the sensitivity of surface temperatures to carbon dioxide by nearly a factor of two when considered in isolation from other feedbacks, and possibly by as much as a factor of three or more when interactions with other feedbacks are considered. Critics of this consensus have attempted to provide reasons why modeling results are overestimating the strength of this feedback. Our uncertainty concerning climate sensitivity is disturbing. The range most often quoted for the equilibrium global mean surface temperature response to a doubling of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere is 1.5°C to 4.5°C. If the Earth lies near the upper bound of this sensitivity range, climate changes in the twenty-first century will be profound. The range in sensitivity is primarily due to differing assumptions about how the Earth's cloud distribution is maintained; all the models on which these estimates are based possess strong water vapor feedback. If this feedback is, in fact, substantially weaker than predicted in current models, sensitivities in the upper half of this range would be much less likely, a conclusion that would clearly have important policy implications. In this review, we describe the background behind the prevailing view on water vapor feedback and some of the arguments raised by its critics, and attempt to explain why these arguments have not modified the consensus within the climate research community.
IN MY TIME: Scenes of Scientific Life
Authors: Leach Sydney 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text]▪ Abstract  A narrative account of the ingredients in the making of a young scientist, his wartime science in England, and subsequent career in France, where, starting in molecular electronic spectroscopy, he has grown older and has expanded his horizons to address problems of astrophysical, nonlinear optical, and biological interest, using, with the aid of many good scientists, a variety of techniques, mainly of optical and mass spectroscopies and with synchrotron radiation as an important excitation source. He has plans to continue….
Learning Methods to Combine Linguistic Indicators: Improving Aspectual Classification and Revealing Linguistic Insights
Authors: Siegel Eric V. , McKeown Kathleen R. 
Published: July 2002

Aspectual classification maps verbs to a small set of primitive categories in order to reason about time. This classification is necessary for interpreting temporal modifiers and assessing temporal relationships, and is therefore a required component for many natural language applications. A verb's aspectual category can be predicted by co-occurrence frequencies between the verb and certain linguistic modifiers. These frequency measures, called linguistic indicators, are chosen by linguistic insights. However, linguistic indicators used in isolation are predictively incomplete, and are therefore insufficient when used individually. In this article, we compare three supervised machine learning methods for combining multiple linguistic indicators for aspectual classification: decision trees, genetic programming, and logistic regression. A set of 14 indicators are combined for classification according to two aspectual distinctions. This approach improves the classification performance for both distinctions, as evaluated over unrestricted sets of verbs occurring across two corpora. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the linguistic indicators and provides a much-needed full-scale method for automatic aspectual classification. Moreover, the models resulting from learning reveal several linguistic insights that are relevant to aspectual classification. We also compare supervised learning methods with an unsupervised method for this task.
Estimating the Support of a High-Dimensional Distribution
Authors: Schölkopf Bernhard , Platt John C. , Shawe-Taylor John , Smola Alex J. , Williamson Robert C. 
Published: July 2002

Suppose you are given some data set drawn from an underlying probability distribution P and you want to estimate a “simple” subset S of input space such that the probability that a test point drawn from P lies outside of S equals some a priori specified value between 0 and 1. We propose a method to approach this problem by trying to estimate a function f that is positive on S and negative on the complement. The functional form of f is given by a kernel expansion in terms of a potentially small subset of the training data; it is regularized by controlling the length of the weight vector in an associated feature space. The expansion coefficients are found by solving a quadratic programming problem, which we do by carrying out sequential optimization over pairs of input patterns. We also provide a theoretical analysis of the statistical performance of our algorithm. The algorithm is a natural extension of the support vector algorithm to the case of unlabeled data.
THE DAUGHTER, THE SINGING-GIRL, AND THE SEDUCTION OF SUICIDE
Authors: Carlitz Katherine 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper examines how the suicides of singing-girls and young gentry women were commemorated by the poets Kang Hai (1475-1541) and Wang Jiusi (1468- 1551) whose devotion to wine, women, and song were, and still are, legendary. Witnessing the suicides of mutually-related female family members as well as a concubine of a mutual friend, these two poets valorized these deaths in terms of qing (passion). The girls of good family defy their elders in order to consummate their suicides, and Wang's songs for the concubine singing-girl are filled with evocations of sensual satisfaction. Thus, in the writings of Kang and Wang we see how the norms of the chastity cult were made not restrictive but alluring; the author suggests that this helped the poets to conquer the imagination of the governing class, with the ultimate results that they were able to diffuse these images throughout the whole of society.
CHARTING CULTURAL VARIATION IN CHIMPANZEES
Authors: Whiten  , Goodall  , McGrew W.C. , Nishida  , Reynolds  , Sugiyama  , Tutin C.E.G. , Wrangham R.W. , Boesch  
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Cultural variation among chimpanzee communities or unit-groups at nine long-term study sites was charted through a systematic, collaborative procedure in which the directors of the sites first agreed a candidate list of 65 behaviour patterns (here fully defined), then classified each pattern in relation to its local frequency of occurrence. Thirty-nine of the candidate behaviour patterns were discriminated as cultural variants, sufficiently frequent at one or more sites to be consistent with social transmission, yet absent at one or more others where environmental explanations were rejected. Each community exhibited a unique and substantial profile of such variants, far exceeding cultural variation reported before for any other non-human species. Evaluation of these pan-African distributions against three models for the diffusion of traditions identified multiple cases consistent with cultural evolution involving differentiation in form, function and targets of behaviour patterns.
Molecular characterisation of 18 Pratylenchus species using rDNA Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
Authors: Waeyenberge Lieven , Ryss Alexander , Moens Maurice , Pinochet Jorge , Vrain Thierry 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe RFLP technique was used to establish a reliable diagnostic method for 18 Pratylenchus species: Pratylenchus agilis, P. bolivianus, P. brachyurus, P. coffeae, P. crenatus, P. fallax, P. goodeyi, P. loosi, P. mediterraneus, P. neglectus, P. penetrans, P. pratensis, P. pseudocoffeae, P. scribneri, P. subranjani, P. thornei, P. vulnus and P. zeae. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified the ITS regions from all species and populations examined and revealed large differences in length, ranging in size from approximately 900 to 1250 bp. The rDNA fragments were digested with five restriction enzymes (CfoI, DdeI, HindIII, HpaII, and PstI). All Pratylenchus species can be differentiated from each other by a combination of at least two enzymes. CfoI differentiated all nematode species with the exception of P. fallax, P. penetrans and P. pseudocoffeae. P. fallax was further separated by a DdeI restriction, and P. pseudocoffeae by a PstI digestion. Intraspecific RFLP were observed. Upon CfoI, DdeI, HindIII, or HpaII digestion, it was possible to separate the three P. coffeae populations studied from each other. La technique RFLP a été utilisée pour créer une méthode fiable de diagnostic pour 18 espèces de Pratylenchus: Pratylenchus agilis, P. bolivianus, P. brachyurus, P. coffeae, P. crenatus, P. fallax, P. goodeyi, P. loosi, P. mediterraneus, P. neglectus, P. penetrans, P. pratensis, P. pseudocoffeae, P. scribneri, P. subranjani, P. thornei, P. vulnus et P. zeae. La réaction de polymérisation en chaîne (PCR) a amplifié les régions de l’ITS pour toutes les espèces et populations étudiées et a mis en évidence de grandes différences dans la taille des gammes de longueur, de 900 à 1250 bp approximativement. Les fragments de rDNA ont été digérés à l’aide de cinq enzymes de restriction (CfoI, DdeI, HindIII, HpaII, and PstI). Toutes les espèces de Pratylenchus ont pu être différenciées les unes des autres par une combinaison d’au moins deux enzymes. CfoI a différencié toutes les espèces à l’exception de P. fallax, P. penetrans et P. pseudocoffeae. P. fallax a été ultérieurement séparé par une restriction DdeI, et P. pseudocoffeae par une digestion PstI. Des RFLP intraspécifiques ont été observés. Par les digestions CfoI, DdeI, HindIII, ou HpaII, il s’est révélé possible de séparer les unes des autres les trois populations étudiées de P. coffeae.
Rapid and sensitive identification of Pratylenchus spp. using reverse dot blot hybridization
Authors: Uehara Taketo , Kushida Atsuhiko , Momota Yoji 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA reverse dot blot assay for identification of Pratylenchus spp. has been developed using specific oligonucleotides designed from the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The reverse dot blot is a technique which can be especially used for the simultaneous identification of various bacteria. The target fragment was amplified, and labelled with digoxigenine by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplified fragment was hybridised with the membrane-immobilised oligonucleotide and the hybridization was detected non-radioactively. By this assay, it was possible to identify P. penetrans, P. coffeae, P. vulnus, P. loosi, P. brachyurus, P. crenatus and P. zeae in a single hybridization. Identification rapide et fiable de Pratylenchus spp. a l'aide de l'hybridation retro dot blot - Une technique retro dot blot pour l'identification de Pratylenchus spp. a ete mise au point en utilisant des oligonucleotides specifiques derives de la sequence de l'espaceur transcrit interne (ITS). La technique dot blot est une technique qui peut etre specialement utilisee pour l'identification simultanee de nombreuses bacteries. Le fragment cible a ete amplifie et marque par la digoxigenine a l'aide de la reaction de polymerisation en chaine (PCR). Le fragment amplifie a ete hybride avec l'oligonucleotide immobilise par membrane et l'hybridation detectee non-radioactivement. Grace a cette technique, il a ete possible d'identifier P. penetrans, P. coffeae, P. vulnus, P. loosi, P. brachyurus, P. crenatus et P. zeae en une seule hybridation.