bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of Authenticity Talk and the Giving of Accounts: Conversion as Movement of the Soul in South India, ca. 1900
Authors: Viswanath Rupa 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn 2002, the Indian state of Tamil Nadu passed a law that illustrates the centrality of what may be called “authentic religious selves” to postcolonial Indian statecraft. It banned religious conversions brought about by what it termed “material allurement,” and it especially targeted those who might attempt to convert impoverished Dalits, descendants of unfree laborers who now constitute India's lowest castes. Conversion, thus conceived, is itself founded upon the idea that the self must be autonomous; religion ought to be freely chosen and not brought about by “allurement.” Philosophers like Charles Taylor have provided accounts of how selfhood of this kind became lodged in the Westernimaginaire, but how was it able to take hold in very different social configurations, and to what effect? By attending to this more specific history, this essay brings a correlated but widely overlooked question to center stage: under what distinctive circumstances areparticularselves called upon to actively demonstrate their autonomy and authenticity by divulging putatively secreted contents? In colonial South India, I will argue, the problem of authentic conversion only captured the public imagination when Dalit conversions to Christianity in colonial Madras threatened the stability of the agrarian labor regimes to which they were subject. And today, as in nineteenth-century Madras, it is Dalit selfhood that remains an object of intense public scrutiny and the target of legal interventions.
Using exploratory factor analysis of FFQ data to identify dietary patterns among Yup'ik people
Authors: Ryman Tove K , Austin Melissa A , Hopkins Scarlett , Philip Jacques , O'Brien Diane , Thummel Kenneth , Boyer Bert B 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveAn FFQ developed by the Center for Alaska Native Health Research for studies in Yup'ik people includes market foods and subsistence foods such as moose, seal, waterfowl and salmon that may be related to disease risk. Because the FFQ contains >100 food items, we sought to characterize dietary patterns more simply for use in ongoing pharmacogenomics studies.DesignExploratory factor analysis was used to derive a small number of ‘factors’ that explain a substantial amount of the variation in the Yup'ik diet. We estimated factor scores and measured associations with demographic characteristics and biomarkers.SettingSouth-west Alaska, USA.SubjectsYup'ik people (n 358) aged ≥18 years.ResultsWe identified three factors that each accounted for ≥10 % of the common variance: the first characterized by ‘processed foods’ (e.g. salty snacks, sweetened cereals); the second by ‘fruits and vegetables’ (e.g. fresh citrus, potato salad); and the third by ‘subsistence foods’ (seal or walrus soup, non-oily fish). Participants from coastal communities had higher values for the ‘subsistence’ factor, whereas participants from inland communities had higher values for the ‘fruits and vegetables’ factor. A biomarker of marine intake, δ15N, was correlated with the ‘subsistence’ factor, whereas a biomarker of corn- and sugarcane-based market food intake, δ13C, was correlated with ‘processed foods’.ConclusionsThe exploratory factor analysis identified three factors that appeared to reflect dietary patterns among Yup'ik based on associations with participant characteristics and biomarkers. These factors will be useful for chronic disease studies in this population.
The Efficacy of a Vocabulary Intervention for Dual-Language Learners With Language Impairment
Authors: Restrepo Maria Adelaida , Morgan Gareth P. , Thompson Marilyn S. 
Published: December 2012

Purpose
In this study, the authors evaluated the efficacy of a Spanish–English versus English-only vocabulary intervention for dual-language learners (DLLs) with language impairment compared to mathematics intervention groups and typically developing controls with no intervention. Further, in this study the authors also examined whether the language of instruction affected English, Spanish, and conceptual vocabulary differentially.

Method
The authors randomly assigned 202 preschool DLLs with language impairment to 1 of 4 conditions: bilingual vocabulary, English-only vocabulary, bilingual mathematics, or English-only mathematics. Fifty-four DLLs with typical development received no intervention. The vocabulary intervention consisted of a 12-week small-group dialogic reading and hands-on vocabulary instruction of 45 words. Postintervention group differences and linear growth rates were examined in conceptual, English, and Spanish receptive and expressive vocabulary for the 45 treatment words.

Results
Results indicate that the bilingual vocabulary intervention facilitated receptive and expressive Spanish and conceptual vocabulary gains in DLLs with language impairment compared with the English vocabulary intervention, mathematics intervention, and no-intervention groups. The English-only vocabulary intervention differed significantly from the mathematics condition and no-intervention groups on all measures but did not differ from the bilingual vocabulary intervention. Vocabulary growth rates postintervention slowed considerably. Results support the idea that bilingual interventions support native- and second-language vocabulary development.

Conclusion
English-only intervention supports only English. Use of repeated dialogic reading and hands-on activities facilitates vocabulary acquisition.
The Effects of Data Reduction in Determining the Schedule of Voicing Acquisition in Young Children
Authors: Hitchcock Elaine R. , Koenig Laura L. 
Published: December 2012

Purpose
In this study, multiple measures of voicing acquisition were used to evaluate the extent to which developmental patterns based on voice onset time (VOT) mean data differed from those based on token-by-token analyses in typically developing 2-year-olds.

Method
Multiple repetitions of words containing initial /b p d t/ were elicited from 10 English-speaking children biweekly for 4 months. VOT was measured for each stop. For each child, consonant, and recording session, means and ranges were obtained, as were measures of accuracy, discreteness, and overshoot calculated for session means and for individual tokens.

Results
The token-by-token analyses suggested lower accuracy and more category overlap than the session means and revealed an overshoot phase for all children. They also showed examples of both abrupt and gradual changes that were not always evident in the means. Measures of range, accuracy, discreteness, and overshoot all continued to change after statistically significant VOT differences were observed.

Conclusions
The findings suggest that some aspects of voicing development may not be evident in analyses that rely on VOT mean data and patterns of statistical significance. Token-by-token measures provide a more complete picture of stages of voicing development than those based solely on mean VOT values.
Auditory Temporal-Organization Abilities in School-Age Children With Peripheral Hearing Loss
Authors: Koravand Amineh , Jutras Benoît 
Published: December 2012

Purpose
The objective was to assess auditory sequential organization (ASO) ability in children with and without hearing loss.

Method
Forty children 9 to 12 years old participated in the study: 12 with sensory hearing loss (HL), 12 with central auditory processing disorder (CAPD), and 16 with normal hearing. They performed an ASO task in which they were asked to recall 2, 3, and 5 verbal and nonverbal stimuli with an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 425 ms as well as sequences of 2 elements with an ISI of 20 or 1,000 ms.

Results
No significant difference was found between the group of children with HL and the 2 other groups on nonverbal stimuli in all testing conditions. Regardless of ISI duration or number of elements in the sequence, children with HL had significantly fewer correct responses than children with normal hearing and children with CAPD for the verbal stimuli /ba/–/da/. Children with HL had significantly better performance than children with CAPD for the verbal a/–/da/ when the number of elements in the sequence varied.

Conclusions
Children with sensory HL showed impaired ASO ability when recalling verbal /ba/–/da/. Results suggest that hearing loss can induce a specific signature when processing these verbal stimuli.
Consonant Accuracy After Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Campbell Thomas F. , Dollaghan Christine , Janosky Janine , Rusiewicz Heather Leavy , Small Steven L. , Dick Frederic , Vick Jennell , Adelson P. David 
Published: December 2012

PurposeThe authors sought to describe longitudinal changes in Percentage of Consonants Correct—Revised (PCC–R) after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), to compare the odds of normal-range PCC–R in children injured at older and younger ages, and to correlate predictor variables and PCC–R outcomes.MethodIn 56 children injured between age 1 month and 11 years, PCC–R was calculated over 12 monthly sessions beginning when the child produced ≥ 10 words. At each session, the authors compared odds of normal-range PCC–R in children injured at younger (≤ 60 months) and older (> 60 months) ages. Correlations were calculated between final PCC–R and age at injury, injury mechanism, gender, maternal education, residence, treatment, Glasgow Coma Score, and intact brain volume.ResultsPCC–Rs varied within and between children. Odds of normal-range PCC–R were significantly higher for the older than for the younger group at all sessions but the first; odds of normal-range PCC–R were 9 to 33 times higher in the older group in sessions 3 to 12. Age at injury was significantly correlated with final PCC–R.ConclusionOver a 12-month period, severe TBI had more adverse effects for children whose ages placed them in the most intensive phase of PCC–R development than for children injured later.
Cross-Linguistic and Cross-Cultural Effects on Verbal Working Memory and Vocabulary: Testing Language-Minority Children With an Immigrant Background
Authors: de Abreu Pascale M. J. Engel , Baldassi Martine , Puglisi Marina L. , Befi-Lopes Debora M. 
Published: December 2012

Purpose
In this study, the authors explored the impact of test language and cultural status on vocabulary and working memory performance in multilingual language-minority children.

Method
Twenty 7-year-old Portuguese-speaking immigrant children living in Luxembourg completed several assessments of first (L1)- and second-language (L2) vocabulary (comprehension and production), executive-loaded working memory (counting recall and backward digit recall), and verbal short-term memory (digit recall and nonword repetition). Cross-linguistic task performance was compared within individuals. The language-minority children were also compared with multilingual language-majority children from Luxembourg and Portuguese-speaking monolinguals from Brazil without an immigrant background matched on age, sex, socioeconomic status, and nonverbal reasoning.

Results
Results showed that (a) verbal working memory measures involving numerical memoranda were relatively independent of test language and cultural status; (b) language status had an impact on the repetition of high- but not on low-wordlike L2 nonwords; (c) large cross-linguistic and cross-cultural effects emerged for productive vocabulary; (d) cross-cultural effects were less pronounced for vocabulary comprehension with no differences between groups if only L1 words relevant to the home context were considered.

Conclusion
The study indicates that linguistic and cognitive assessments for language-minority children require careful choice among measures to ensure valid results. Implications for testing culturally and linguistically diverse children are discussed.
A Motor Speech Assessment for Children With Severe Speech Disorders: Reliability and Validity Evidence
Authors: Strand Edythe A. , McCauley Rebecca J. , Weigand Stephen D. , Stoeckel Ruth E. , Baas Becky S. 
Published: December 2012

PurposeIn this article, the authors report reliability and validity evidence for the Dynamic Evaluation of Motor Speech Skill (DEMSS), a new test that uses dynamic assessment to aid in the differential diagnosis of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS).MethodParticipants were 81 children between 36 and 79 months of age who were referred to the Mayo Clinic for diagnosis of speech sound disorders. Children were given the DEMSS and a standard speech and language test battery as part of routine evaluations. Subsequently, intrajudge, interjudge, and test–retest reliability were evaluated for a subset of participants. Construct validity was explored for all 81 participants through the use of agglomerative cluster analysis, sensitivity measures, and likelihood ratios.ResultsThe mean percentage of agreement for 171 judgments was 89% for test–retest reliability, 89% for intrajudge reliability, and 91% for interjudge reliability. Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis showed that total DEMSS scores largely differentiated clusters of children with CAS vs. mild CAS vs. other speech disorders. Positive and negative likelihood ratios and measures of sensitivity and specificity suggested that the DEMSS does not overdiagnose CAS but sometimes fails to identify children with CAS.ConclusionsThe value of the DEMSS in differential diagnosis of severe speech impairments was supported on the basis of evidence of reliability and validity.
A Systematic Review of Assessments for Identifying Executive Function Impairment in Adults With Acquired Brain Injury
Authors: Mueller Jana A. , Dollaghan Christine 
Published: December 2012

Purpose
To synthesize quantitative findings concerning measures of executive function (EF) in adults with acquired brain injury (ABI).

Method

Electronic databases were searched for studies of EF assessments in adults with ABI that reported any of 3 values: likelihood ratios (LRs), standardized group mean comparisons (
d
s), or correlations (
r
s) among EF tests. Forest plots were constructed for each value.

Results

Searches yielded 1,417 unique citations. Full texts of 129 articles were reviewed; 34 reported at least 1 value of interest. Nineteen positive and negative LRs were calculated from 8 studies of 8 EF measures; some point estimates were in the clinically informative range, but all confidence intervals extended beyond it. From 24 studies of 14 measures, 114
d
values were calculated;
d
values for only 11 measures had lower bounds > 0.80. From 8 studies involving 10 EF measures, 104 correlations were reported; in only 5 cases were
r
2
values > .5.

Conclusions
Strong evidence concerning diagnostic accuracy and concurrent validity of EF measures for adults with ABI is lacking. Better specification of the construct of EF as well as research aimed at improving the quality of evidence concerning EF tests are needed.
Speech Impairment in Down Syndrome: A Review
Authors: Kent Ray D. , Vorperian Houri K. 
Published: December 2012

PurposeThis review summarizes research on disorders of speech production in Down syndrome (DS) for the purposes of informing clinical services and guiding future research.MethodReview of the literature was based on searches using MEDLINE, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, and HighWire Press, as well as consideration of reference lists in retrieved documents (including online sources). Search terms emphasized functions related to voice, articulation, phonology, prosody, fluency, and intelligibility.ConclusionsThe following conclusions pertain to four major areas of review: voice, speech sounds, fluency and prosody, and intelligibility. The first major area is voice. Although a number of studies have reported on vocal abnormalities in DS, major questions remain about the nature and frequency of the phonatory disorder. Results of perceptual and acoustic studies have been mixed, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions or even to identify sensitive measures for future study. The second major area is speech sounds. Articulatory and phonological studies show that speech patterns in DS are a combination of delayed development and errors not seen in typical development. Delayed (i.e., developmental) and disordered (i.e., nondevelopmental) patterns are evident by the age of about 3 years, although DS-related abnormalities possibly appear earlier, even in infant babbling. The third major area is fluency and prosody. Stuttering and/or cluttering occur in DS at rates of 10%–45%, compared with about 1% in the general population. Research also points to significant disturbances in prosody. The fourth major area is intelligibility. Studies consistently show marked limitations in this area, but only recently has the research gone beyond simple rating scales.
Shared Etiology of Phonological Memory and Vocabulary Deficits in School-Age Children
Authors: Peterson Robin L. , Pennington Bruce F. , Samuelsson Stefan , Byrne Brian , Olson Richard K. 
Published: December 2012

Purpose
The goal of this study was to investigate the etiologic basis for the association between deficits in phonological memory (PM) and vocabulary in school-age children.

Method
Children with deficits in PM or vocabulary were identified within the International Longitudinal Twin Study (ILTS; Samuelsson et al., 2005). The ILTS includes 1,045 twin pairs (between the ages of 5 and 8 years) from the United States, Australia, and Scandinavia. The authors applied the DeFries-Fulker (DeFries & Fulker, 1985, 1988) regression method to determine whether problems in PM and vocabulary tend to co-occur because of overlapping genes, overlapping environmental risk factors, or both.

Results
Among children with isolated PM deficits, the authors found significant bivariate heritability of PM and vocabulary weaknesses both within and across time. However, when probands were selected for a vocabulary deficit, there was no evidence for bivariate heritability. In this case, it appears that the PM–vocabulary relationship is caused by common shared environmental experiences.

Conclusions
The findings are consistent with previous research on the heritability of specific language impairment and suggest that there are etiologic subgroups of children with low vocabulary for different reasons, 1 being more influenced by genes and another being more influenced by environment.
Paced QRS duration as a predictor for clinical heart failure events during right ventricular apical pacing in patients with idiopathic complete atrioventricular block: results from an observational cohort study (PREDICT‐HF)
Authors: Chen Shaojie , Yin Yuehui , Lan Xianbin , Liu Zengzhang , Ling Zhiyu , Su Li , Kiuchi Márcio Galindo , Li Xiaoli , Zhong Bin , Krucoff Mitchell W. ,   The PREDICT‐Heart Failure study international group
Published: December 2012

AimsThe aim of this study was to investigate the predictive ability of paced QRS duration (pQRSd) for heart failure events among patients receiving right ventricular apical pacing (RVAP).Methods and resultsA total of 194 patients with complete atrioventricular block receiving pacemaker treatment were enrolled and stratified to group 1, pQRSd < 160 ms, n = 53; group 2, 160 ≤ pQRSd < 190 ms, n = 97; and group 3, pQRSd ≥ 190 ms, n = 44. Study outcomes were heart failure events, changes in pQRSd, and changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). During the 3‐year follow‐up, the incidence of heart failure events was 9.4, 27.8, and 56.8% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P < 0.001). Among the patients without heart failure events, the pQRSd at 3 years remained longer than that at baseline (162.1 ± 22.6 vs. 160.9 ± 22.1 ms, P < 0.05), whereas among patients who experienced heart failure events, the prolonged pQRSd at 3 years seemed more pronounced as compared with baseline (184.1 ± 21.1 vs. 179.8 ± 21 ms, P < 0.001). Linear regression demonstrated that a decrease in LVEF was positively correlated with pQRSd over time (relative risk 0.423; P < 0.05). The receiver operating charactersitic curve showed that the cut‐off value of pQRSd was 165 ms with a sensitivity of 0.789.ConclusionA prolonged pQRSd has a detrimental effect on long‐term cardiac function during RVAP in patients with complete atrioventricular block. pQRSd could be a useful predictor to identify patients who are at risk for heart failure events during RVAP.
Quantitative genetics
Authors: Thapar Anita , McGuffin Peter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this chapter the authors consider the theoretical basis of inheritance and possible sources of phenotypic variation and familial resemblance. The investigation of the genetic basis of psychiatric disorders first requires us to examine to what extent genes and environment contribute to a given disorder or trait. Secondly, we need to know how genes and environmental influences exert their risk effects and finally we have to investigate the genetic basis of disorders at a molecular level. Traditional methods in psychiatric genetics research include family, twin, and adoption studies. Family studies enable us to examine to what extent a disorder or trait aggregates in families. Familiality of a disorder can of course by explained by shared environmental influences as well as by shared genes. Twin and adoption studies allow us to disentangle the effects of genes and shared environment. The statistical methods used in quantitative genetics may seem complex, the principles are straightforward. Here the authors consider the methods of analyses that are most commonly used for examining the contribution of genetic and environmental factors, to psychiatric disorders and traits. Finally, they discuss gene mapping, and molecular genetic studies investigating gene–environment interplay and intermediate phenotypes.