bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural controls and origin of gold–silver mineralization in the Grampian Terrane of Scotland and Ireland
Authors: TANNER P. W. GEOFF 
Published: February 2014

AbstractGold-bearing mineral deposits occur over a strike distance of >300 km within the Grampian Terrane of Scotland and Ireland. This terrane consists of Neoproterozoic–Lower Ordovician rocks of the Dalradian Supergroup that were polyphase deformed and metamorphosed during the c. 470 Ma Grampian Orogeny. Sulphide-rich Au–Ag deposits occur in Scotland at Calliachar–Urlar Burn, Tombuie, Tyndrum and Cononish, and in Ireland at Curraghinalt (Omagh), Cavanacaw, Croagh Patrick, Cregganbaun and Bohaun. They are hosted by 0.1–6 m thick quartz veins and have a similar overall mineralogy, including native gold, As, Cu, Fe, Pb and Sn sulphides, with hessite, tetrahedrite and electrum present in the first six localities above. The mineralized quartz veins, which are characterized by open-space textures, crystallized at c. 3–5 km depth in the crust. All of the deposits were structurally controlled and, apart from Curraghinalt, occur within second-order Riedel R, R′ and T fractures resulting from a regional N–S-trending maximum principal stress. These deposits are of Upper Silurian to Lower Devonian (post-Scandian) age, and are inferred to have crystallized from hot, silica-rich metamorphic fluids derived from dehydration reactions at the greenschist/amphibolite-facies boundary. Curraghinalt is an older, Grampian, thrust-related deposit. Plutonic igneous rocks (mainly granitoid) contributed in part to the fluids, which were channelled into major orogen-parallel, strike-slip faults, to be injected by fault-valve pumping into the damage zones and fault breccias of newly formed Riedel fractures. Any residual fluid probably percolated to the ground surface to form Rhynie chert-type hot-springs.
Acoustic shock controversies
Authors: Hooper R E 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackground:The diagnosis ‘acoustic shock’ has been made increasingly in the health care industry in recent years. This paper aims to question the validity of acoustic shock as an organic pathological entity.Methods:The experiences of 16 individuals diagnosed as having acoustic shock, within a medico-legal practice, are reviewed.Results:The commonest symptom was otalgia, followed by noise sensitivity, tinnitus, hearing disturbance and dizziness.Conclusion:The presence of noise-limiting technology in the workplace, the variation in the nature of the acoustic incident involved (ranging from a shriek, through feedback noise, to a male voice), and the marked variation in the time of symptom onset (following the acoustic incident) all suggest that the condition termed acoustic shock is predominantly psychogenic. Cases of pseudohypacusis indicate that malingering is a factor in some cases. Clusters of acoustic shock events occurring in the same call centres suggest that hysteria may play a part. The condition is usually only seen when work-related issues are apparent.
Lifecourses, pensions and poverty among elderly women in Belgium: interactions between family history, work history and pension regulations
Authors: PEETERS HANS , DE TAVERNIER WOUTER 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe precarious financial situation of many elderly women in developed countries is well established. Nevertheless, in-depth insight into the persistent vulnerability of this group remains largely absent. In this article, we demonstrate how a specific focus on the interaction between work history, family history and pension regulations can provide greater insight into the mechanisms that produce poverty among elderly women in Belgium. To that end, we make use of register data on some 9,000 women aged 65–71. Data on the poverty risk of these women is linked to career and family data, spanning over 45 years. We find that pension policy can indeed account for the higher poverty risk of some groups of elderly women (e.g.divorcees) as compared to others (e.g.widows). Similarly, pension policy can, to a large extent, directly or indirectly explain how previous lifecourse events, such as marital dissolution or childbirth, affect old-age poverty risk. However, our study also reveals some unexpected findings. Most notably, pension regulations fail to account for the beneficial situation of married women. Indeed, our analyses suggest that capital (income) may prove more decisive than pension rights in explaining the low poverty risk of married women when compared to other marital groups. Drawing from our findings, we conclude with some suggestions as to where pension policy should go from here.
Casting Materials and their Application in Research and Teaching
Authors: Haenssgen Kati , Makanya Andrew N. , Djonov Valentin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractFrom a biological point of view, casting refers to filling of anatomical and/or pathological spaces with extraneous material that reproduces a three-dimensional replica of the space. Casting may be accompanied by additional procedures such as corrosion, in which the soft tissue is digested out, leaving a clean cast, or the material may be mixed with radiopaque substances to allow x-ray photography or micro computed topography (µCT) scanning. Alternatively, clearing of the surrounding soft tissue increases transparency and allows visualization of the casted cavities. Combination of casting with tissue fixation allows anatomical dissection and didactic surgical procedures on the tissue. Casting materials fall into three categories namely, aqueous substances (India ink, Prussian blue ink), pliable materials (gelatins, latex, and silicone rubber), or hard materials (methyl methacrylates, polyurethanes, polyesters, and epoxy resins). Casting has proved invaluable in both teaching and research and many phenomenal biological processes have been discovered through casting. The choice of a particular material depends inter alia on the targeted use and the intended subsequent investigative procedures, such as dissection, microscopy, orµCT. The casting material needs to be pliable where anatomical and surgical manipulations are intended, and capillary-passable for ultrastructural investigations.
X-ray Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry During In Situ Liquid Cell Studies Using an Analytical Electron Microscope
Authors: Zaluzec Nestor J. , Burke M. Grace , Haigh Sarah J. , Kulzick Matthew A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe use of analytical spectroscopies during scanning/transmission electron microscope (S/TEM) investigations of micro- and nano-scale structures has become a routine technique in the arsenal of tools available to today’s materials researchers. Essential to implementation and successful application of spectroscopy to characterization is the integration of numerous technologies, which include electron optics, specimen holders, and associated detectors. While this combination has been achieved in many instrument configurations, the integration of X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy and in situ liquid environmental cells in the S/TEM has to date been elusive. In this work we present the successful incorporation/modifications to a system that achieves this functionality for analytical electron microscopy.
Novel Method for Visualizing Water Transport Through Phase-Separated Polymer Films
Authors: Jansson Anna , Boissier Catherine , Marucci Mariagrazia , Nicholas Mark , Gustafsson Stefan , Hermansson Anne-Marie , Olsson Eva 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDrug release from oral pharmaceutical formulations can be modified by applying a polymeric coating film with controlled mass transport properties. Interaction of the coating film with water may crucially influence its composition and permeability to both water and drug. Understanding this interaction between film microstructure, wetting, and mass transport is important for the development of new coatings. We present a novel method for controlled wetting of polymer coating films in an environmental scanning electron microscope, providing direct visual information about the processes occurring as the film goes from dry to wet. Free films made of phase-separated blends of water-insoluble ethyl cellulose (EC) and water-soluble hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) were used as a model system, and the blend ratio was varied to study the effect on the water transport properties. Local variations in water transport through the EC/HPC films were directly observed, enabling the immediate analysis of the structure–mass transport relationships. The leaching of HPC could be studied by evaporating water from the films in situ. Significant differences were observed between films of varying composition. The method provides a valuable complement to the current approach of making distinct diffusion and microscopy experiments for studying the dynamic interaction of polymer films with water.
ABSOLUTE CONTRADICTION, DIALETHEISM, AND REVENGE
Authors: BERTO FRANCESCO 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIs there a notion ofcontradiction—let us call it, for dramatic effect, “absolute”—makingallcontradictions, so understood, unacceptable also for dialetheists? It is argued in this paper that there is, and that spelling it out brings some theoretical benefits. First it gives us a foothold on undisputed ground in the methodologically difficult debate on dialetheism. Second, we can use it to express, without begging questions, the disagreement between dialetheists and their rivals on the nature of truth. Third, dialetheism has an operator allowing it, against the opinion of many critics, to rule things out and manifest disagreement: for unlike other proposed exclusion-expressing-devices (for instance, the entailment of triviality), the operator used to formulate the notion of absolute contradiction appears to be immune both from crippling expressive limitations and from revenge paradoxes—pendinga rigorous nontriviality proof for a formal dialetheic theory including it.
Opamp gain compensation technique for continuous‐time ΣΔ modulators
Authors: Gonzalez‐Diaz V.R. , Peña‐Perez A. , Maloberti F. 
Published: February 2014

A new method that compensates for the low DC gain of nanometre operational amplifiers (opamps) used for high‐speed continuous‐time (CT) ΣΔ modulators is described. The proposed solution compensates for the integrator's phase error which is a main limitation produced by the low opamp's gain. The method uses a simple auxiliary gain stage and a resistor. Simulations of a second‐order CT ΣΔ modulator utilising fast single‐stage opamps with gain as low as 25 dB verify the effectiveness of the method.
Stress dependent oxidation of sputtered niobium and effects on superconductivity
Authors: David Henry M. , Wolfley Steve , Monson Todd , Clark Blythe G. , Shaner Eric , Jarecki Robert 
Published: February 2014

We report on the suppression of room temperature oxidation of DC sputtered niobium films and the effects upon the superconductive transition temperature, Tc. Niobium was sputter-deposited on silicon dioxide coated 150 mm wafers and permitted to oxidize at room temperature and pressure for up to two years. Resistivity and stress measurements indicate that tensile films greater than 400 MPa resist bulk oxidation with measurements using transmission electron microscope, electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectric spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry confirming this result. Although a surface oxide, Nb2O5, consumed the top 6–10 nm, we measure less than 1 at. % oxygen and nitrogen in the bulk of the films after the oxidation period. Tc measurements using a SQUID magnetometer indicate that the tensile films maintained a Tc approaching the dirty superconductive limit of 8.4 K after two years of oxidation while maintaining room temperature sheet resistance. This work demonstrates that control over niobium film stress during deposition can prevent bulk oxidation by limiting the vertical grain boundaries ability to oxidize, prolonging the superconductive properties of sputtered niobium when exposed to atmosphere.
Climate change mitigation through livestock system transitions
Authors: Havlík Petr , Valin Hugo , Herrero Mario , Obersteiner Michael , Schmid Erwin , Rufino Mariana C. , Mosnier Aline , Thornton Philip K. , Böttcher Hannes , Conant Richard T. , Frank Stefan , Fritz Steffen , Fuss Sabine , Kraxner Florian , Notenbaert An 
Published: February 2014

Significance
The livestock sector contributes significantly to global warming through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. At the same time, livestock is an invaluable source of nutrition and livelihood for millions of poor people. Therefore, climate mitigation policies involving livestock must be designed with extreme care. Here we demonstrate the large mitigation potential inherent in the heterogeneity of livestock production systems. We find that even within existing systems, autonomous transitions from extensive to more productive systems would decrease GHG emissions and improve food availability. Most effective climate policies involving livestock would be those targeting emissions from land-use change. To minimize the economic and social cost, policies should target emissions at their source—on the supply side—rather than on the demand side.
Radiation dose rates now and in the future for residents neighboring restricted areas of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Harada Kouji H. , Niisoe Tamon , Imanaka Mie , Takahashi Tomoyuki , Amako Katsumi , Fujii Yukiko , Kanameishi Masatoshi , Ohse Kenji , Nakai Yasumichi , Nishikawa Tamami , Saito Yuuichi , Sakamoto Hiroko , Ueyama Keiko , Hisaki Kumiko , Ohara Eiji , Inoue Tokiko , Yamamoto Kanako , Matsuoka Yukiyo , Ohata Hitomi , Toshima Kazue , Okada Ayumi , Sato Hitomi , Kuwamori Toyomi , Tani Hiroko , Suzuki Reiko , Kashikura Mai , Nezu Michiko , Miyachi Yoko , Arai Fusako , Kuwamori Masanori , Harada Sumiko , Ohmori Akira , Ishikawa Hirohiko , Koizumi Akio 
Published: February 2014

Significance
There is a potential risk of human exposure to radiation owing to the March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. In this study, we evaluated radiation dose rates from deposited radiocesium in three areas neighboring the restricted and evacuation areas in Fukushima. The mean annual radiation dose rate in 2012 associated with the accident was 0.89–2.51 mSv/y. The mean dose rate estimates in 2022 are comparable with variations of the average 2 mSv/y background radiation exposure from natural radionuclides in Japan. Furthermore, the extra lifetime integrated dose after 2012 is estimated to elevate lifetime risk of cancer incidence by a factor of 1.03 to 1.05 at most, which is unlikely to be epidemiologically detectable.
Age-dependent changes in prefrontal intrinsic connectivity
Authors: Zhou Xin , Zhu Dantong , Katsuki Fumi , Qi Xue-Lian , Lees Cynthia J. , Bennett Allyson J. , Salinas Emilio , Stanford Terrence R. , Constantinidis Christos 
Published: February 2014

Significance
The prefrontal cortex, the brain area associated with higher cognitive operations such as working memory and executive function, undergoes a protracted period of development. How the activity of prefrontal neurons changes during peri- and postpubertal cortical maturation is largely unknown. To address this question, we recorded neuronal activity from the prefrontal cortex of peripubertal and adult monkeys and compared the functional connectivity between pairs of neurons in each group. The magnitude of connectivity measured between neurons was lower overall in the prefrontal cortex of peripubertal monkeys compared with adults, as inhibitory interactions were generally stronger in young animals. Our results identify changes in intrinsic connectivity between prefrontal neurons as a possible substrate for peri- and postpubertal cognitive maturation.
Causal effect of intergroup contact on exclusionary attitudes
Authors: Enos Ryan D. 
Published: February 2014

SignificanceThere is generally conflict when members of different social groups, such as racial, ethnic, or religious groups, come in contact in the same geographic area. This phenomenon is commonly observed across a variety of settings. However, the cause of such conflict is poorly understood: Some theorists have argued that contact between groups is insufficient to cause conflict and that, under certain conditions contact may lead to improved intergroup relations. Although most theories of contact propose that repeated contact between individuals is important to the disposition of intergroup attitudes, experimenting on the effects of repeated contact has proven difficult. Here, I report a randomized controlled trial that assigns repeated intergroup contact between members of different ethnic groups. The contact results in exclusionary attitudes toward the outgroup.
Trends in structural coverage of the protein universe and the impact of the Protein Structure Initiative
Authors: Khafizov Kamil , Madrid-Aliste Carlos , Almo Steven C. , Fiser Andras 
Published: February 2014

Significance
The Protein Structure Initiative and related worldwide efforts are engaged in the large-scale structural annotation of proteins. In this work, we investigated the dynamic changes that have occurred in this complex race, where sequence databases double every 1.5 y but are becoming increasingly redundant and have exhibited profound changes in taxonomic composition over the last 5 y. Meanwhile, the number of known protein structures is approximately 200 times smaller, and the pace of discovery of new folds is slowing. Nevertheless, the overall structural coverage of proteins has increased from 30% to 40% over the last 10 y. Assuming current trends, ∼55% coverage will be achieved within 15 y, a level considered sufficient to fully characterize the metabolic network of an organism.
Human coding RNA editing is generally nonadaptive
Authors: Xu Guixia , Zhang Jianzhi 
Published: February 2014

SignificanceRecent genomic studies have revealed more than 1,000 coding sites in the human genome that are subject to A-to-I editing at the RNA level, but it is unclear whether these RNA editing events, many of which are nonsynonymous, are generally advantageous. Analyzing the frequencies and levels of RNA editing at groups of coding sites with different functional importance, we provide unequivocal evidence that human coding RNA editing is generally nonadaptive. We propose that the vast majority of the observed coding RNA editing results from tolerable promiscuous targeting by RNA editing enzymes. Our finding has important implications for understanding the physiological consequences of normal and abnormal coding RNA editing.
Estrogen controls the survival of BRCA1-deficient cells via a PI3K–NRF2-regulated pathway
Authors: Gorrini Chiara , Gang Bevan P. , Bassi Christian , Wakeham Andrew , Baniasadi Shakiba Pegah , Hao Zhenyue , Li Wanda Y. , Cescon David W. , Li Yen-Ting , Molyneux Sam , Penrod Nadia , Lupien Mathieu , Schmidt Edward E. , Stambolic Vuk , Gauthier Mona L. , Mak Tak W. 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Our establishment of a connection between the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and NRF2 pathways provides the basis for the tissue specificity of BRCA1-related cancers. Because BRCA1 is a vital component of the intracellular machinery maintaining genomic stability, BRCA1 functions as a major tumor suppressor in cells of all types. However, BRCA1-related cancers occur overwhelmingly in breasts and ovaries. Our work demonstrates that estrogen (E2) acts via the PI3K–AKT pathway to regulate NRF2 activation in BRCA1-deficient cells, resulting in the induction of antioxidant genes that protect the cell from reactive oxygen species-induced death. BRCA1-deficient cells are thus allowed to survive and may accumulate mutations, such as loss of PTEN, that perpetuate NRF2 activation. Our work supports the emerging clinical strategy of treating BRCA1-related cancers with PI3K inhibitors.
Toll-like receptor 10 is involved in induction of innate immune responses to influenza virus infection
Authors: Lee Suki M. Y. , Kok Kin-Hang , Jaume Martial , Cheung Timothy K. W. , Yip Tsz-Fung , Lai Jimmy C. C. , Guan Yi , Webster Robert G. , Jin Dong-Yan , Peiris J. S. Malik 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in innate immune recognition of pathogens leading to the activation of innate host defenses and sometimes to immunopathology. In humans, there are 10 identified TLR members, designated TLRs 1–10. Of those, TLR10 remains the only one without a defined ligand or function. We now provide previously unidentified evidence that TLR10 plays a role in innate immune responses following influenza viral infection. Influenza viruses are subtyped on the hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins. Compared with seasonal influenza virus H1N1, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 is a more potent inducer of TLR10 expression. Given the importance of innate immune sensing receptors in host defense and pathogenesis, evidence of a functional role for TLR10 in influenza infection suggests that this receptor probably plays a role in a range of other viral and perhaps other microbial diseases.
A propagating ATPase gradient drives transport of surface-confined cellular cargo
Authors: Vecchiarelli Anthony G. , Neuman Keir C. , Mizuuchi Kiyoshi 
Published: February 2014

SignificanceThe process of DNA segregation is of central importance for all organisms. Although the basic mechanism of eukaryotic mitosis is relatively well established, the most common mechanism used for bacterial DNA segregation has been unclear. ParA ATPases form dynamic patterns on the bacterial nucleoid to spatially organize plasmids, chromosomes and other large cellular cargo, but the force-generating mechanism has been a source of controversy and debate. A dominant view proposes that ParA-mediated transport and cargo positioning occurs via a filament-based mechanism that resembles eukaryotic mitosis. Here, we present direct evidence against such models. Our cell-free reconstitution supports a non–filament-based mode of transport that may be as widely found in nature as filament-based mechanisms.
Discovery of two GLP-1/Notch target genes that account for the role of GLP-1/Notch signaling in stem cell maintenance
Authors: Kershner Aaron M. , Shin Heaji , Hansen Tyler J. , Kimble Judith 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Stem cells generate tissues, and they can be hijacked in cancer. A fundamental mechanism of stem cell regulation is signaling from their immediate microenvironment, or niche. Although many niches and signaling pathways have been identified, much less is known about how stem cells respond. Here, we report the discovery of two key niche signaling effector genes. These genes are activated in stem cells by Notch signaling, a conserved and clinically significant pathway, and together are essential for the stem cell state. Surprisingly, neither was previously implicated in stem cell regulation and their sequences yield few clues to their functions. We suggest that these newly discovered genes may be pioneers for a new class of stem cell regulators.
New Measures of Judges’ Caseload for the Federal District Courts, 1964–2012
Authors: Habel Philip , Scott Kevin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOver the past 30 years many observers of the federal courts have expressed concern over mounting dockets, arguing that the taxing workloads for federal judges could have a variety of negative consequences, including difficulties in judicial recruitment and retention. However, assessing the plausibility of those and similar claims requires the use of appropriate measures of judges’ workload. We introduce scholars and practitioners to new measures of caseload for the district courts available from 1964 through 2012. We detail the methodology for constructing our measures and then assess changes in caseload over time, both within and across courts. We argue that, in most cases, the preferred measure of caseload incorporates weighted filings and accounts for the service of senior status judges and vacancies. We conclude by pointing scholars toward additional research avenues that can be undertaken with our publicly available data.