bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Purge Air Designs for Aeroengine Based Optical Pyrometers
Authors: Kerr Clive I. , Ivey Paul C. 
Published: July 2014

With the advent of “power by the hour” type agreements within the civil aeroengine market, the application of engine monitoring system data has reached the level of strategic use for informed decision making in not only the aftermarket but increasingly in the contract negotiation stage. One of the key cost drivers in these dollar-per-hour contracts for the OEMs to analyze is the life and maintenance requirements of the turbine blades leading ultimately to blade life management. Such life management of key components is of critical importance to ensure that the economic and technical risks to both service provider and customer are minimized.
The optical pyrometer, through providing a direct temperature measurement of the turbine blades, is a primary input for providing a more realistic assessment of the component’s operating history associated with the use of life usage/remaining algorithms. However, the greatest concern with the in-service use of pyrometry is the issue of fouling since the pyrometer’s lens is exposed to the turbine environment. The level of optical contamination is usually minimized by introducing purge air, bled from the compressor, down the sight tube to prevent both the build-up of contaminants on the exposed system optics and particles in the gas stream from coming in contact with the lens. This paper provides a review of purge air designs and the key methodologies for engine designers to be acquainted with when seeking to integrate the use of optical pyrometry systems in new engine concepts.
Gas Turbine Intake Systems-High Velocity Filtration for Marine Gas Turbine Installations
Authors: Mudge R. K. , Hiner S. D. 
Published: July 2014

The Royal Navy (RN) has operated marinised industrial and aero-derivative propulsion gas turbines since the late 1940’s. In order to safeguard the gas turbines (principally from foreign object damage (FOD) and salt ingestion) the RN places a high degree of importance on the gas turbine intake system, a principal element within which is the intake filtration equipment.
Since the introduction of marine gas turbines the RN have witnessed and participated in the development of intake filtration systems from knitmesh filters to highly efficient 3 stage (vane- coalescer-vane) separators (spray eliminators).
The requirements for RN gas turbine intake systems are described in Naval Engineering Standard (NES 312), and have been brought about by long standing operational experience of these systems and commercial best practice.
This paper will briefly outline the RN design criteria for gas turbine intake systems and how this has been modified by field experience. It will then go on to look at intake separators, giving their design criteria and describe from inception, a study into the possible adoption of next generation high velocity spray eliminators describing initial specification, the product design process and development testing. The potential benefits afforded by such a high velocity system will also be discussed.
In addition the paper will describe the initial fit of a trial unit onto HMS Coventry, for back to back testing with a unit of conventional design.
It is intended to present Part 2 of this paper at ASME 2002 Amsterdam, which will contain a précis of the design, presentation of the data from the sea trial and the results and conclusions from the engine inspections, including an assessment by Rolls Royce the engine Design Authority.
At this time the sutability of the equipment for the intakes of the WR21 will be considered.
Antigen Export during Liver Infection of the Malaria Parasite Augments Protective Immunity
Authors: Montagna Georgina N. , Beigier-Bompadre Macarena , Becker Martina , Kroczek Richard A. , Kaufmann Stefan H. E. , Matuschewski Kai 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTProtective immunity against preerythrocytic malaria parasite infection is difficult to achieve. IntracellularPlasmodiumparasites likely minimize antigen presentation by surface-expressed major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules on infected cells, yet they actively remodel their host cells by export of parasite factors. Whether exported liver-stage proteins constitute better candidates for MHC-I antigen presentation to CD8+T lymphocytes remains unknown. Here, we systematically characterized the contribution of protein export to the magnitude of antigen-specific T-cell responses againstPlasmodium bergheiliver-stage parasites in C57BL/6 mice. We generated transgenic sporozoites that secrete a truncated ovalbumin (OVA) surrogate antigen only in the presence of an amino-terminal protein export element. Immunization with live attenuated transgenic sporozoites revealed that antigen export was not critical for CD8+T-cell priming but enhanced CD8+T-cell proliferation in the liver. Upon transfer of antigen-specific CD8+T cells, liver-stage parasites secreting the target protein were eliminated more efficiently. We conclude thatPlasmodiumparasites strictly control protein export during liver infection to minimize immune recognition. Strategies that enhance the discharge of parasite proteins into infected hepatocytes could improve the efficacy of candidate preerythrocytic malaria vaccines.IMPORTANCEVaccine development againstPlasmodiumparasites remains a priority in malaria research. The most advanced malaria subunit vaccine candidates containPlasmodiumsurface proteins with important roles for parasite vital functions. A fundamental question is whether recognition by effector CD8+T cells is restricted to sporozoite surface antigens or extends to parasite proteins that are synthesized during the extensive parasite expansion phase in the liver. Using a surrogate model antigen, we found that a cytoplasmic antigen is able to induce robust protective CD8+T-cell responses, but protein export further enhances immunogenicity and protection. Our results show that a cytoplasmic localization does not exclude a protein’s candidacy for malaria subunit vaccines and that protein secretion can enhance protective immunity.
Temporal and other factors that influence the time doctors take to prescribe using an electronic prescribing system
Authors: Coleman Jamie J , Hodson James , Thomas Sarah K , Brooks Hannah L , Ferner Robin E 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Background A computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system with embedded clinical decision support can reduce medication errors in hospitals, but might increase the time taken to generate orders.
Aims We aimed to quantify the effects of temporal (month, day of week, hour of shift) and other factors (grade of doctor, prior experience with the system, alert characteristics, and shift type) on the time taken to generate a prescription order.
Setting A large university teaching hospital using a locally developed CPOE system with an extensive audit database.
Design We retrospectively analyzed prescription orders from the audit database between August 2011 and July 2012.
Results The geometric mean time taken to generate a prescription order within the CPOE system was 11.75 s (95% CI 11.72 to 11.78). Time to prescribe was most affected by the display of high-level (24.59 s (24.43 to 24.76); p&lt;0.001) or previously unseen (18.87 s (18.78 to 18.96); p&lt;0.001) alerts. Prescribers took significantly less time at weekends (11.29 s (11.23 to 11.35)) than on weekdays (11.88 s (11.84 to 11.91); p&lt;0.001), in the first (11.25 s (11.16 to 11.34); p&lt;0.001) and final (11.56 s (11.47 to 11.66); p&lt;0.001) hour of their shifts, and after the first month of using the system.
Conclusions The display of alerts, prescribing experience, system familiarity, and environment all affect the time taken to generate a prescription order. Our study reinforces the need for appropriate alerts to be presented to individuals at an appropriate place in the workflow, in order to improve prescribing efficiency.
The relationship between labour market categories and alcohol use trajectories in midlife
Authors: Colell Esther , Bell Steven , Britton Annie 
Published: July 2014

Background and aimsStudies on the role of labour market position and change in alcohol use during midlife are scarce and their results are inconclusive mainly due to their failure to define comprehensive and distinct labour market groups and the short periods of time studied. In this study we used different activity categories for men and women to examine alcohol use trajectories in midlife covering a period of 17 years.MethodsUsing data from four sweeps of the National Child Development Study covering ages 33–50 (N=9960), we used multilevel growth models to study the association between labour market categories and longitudinal changes in weekly units of alcohol consumed.ResultsIn the reference group of full-time employed men alcohol trajectory decreased over the follow-up period (β=−0.14; 95% CI −0.18 to −0.11) while in the reference group of employed women it increased (β=0.06; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.08). Men and women who were ‘mainly sick’ had significantly steeper declines in their alcohol consumption trajectory. Women who became employed after being homemakers had the steepest increase in alcohol use (β=0.05; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.09).ConclusionsBeing employed is a strong determinant of alcohol use for men and women in midlife, making the workplace a good target for health promotion programmes and policies aimed at reducing alcohol use. Caution is needed when interpreting the health effects of alcohol consumption as low alcohol users may have previously been heavy drinkers.
Global Regularization of a Restricted Four-Body Problem
Authors: Alvarez-Ramírez Martha , Delgado Joaquín , Vidal Claudio 
Published: July 2014

In the n-body problem, a collision singularity occurs when the position of two or more bodies coincide. By understanding the dynamics of collision motion in the regularized setting, a better understanding of the dynamics of near-collision motion is achieved. In this paper, we show that any double collision of the planar equilateral restricted four-body problem can be regularized by using a Birkhoff-type transformation. This transformation has the important property to provide a simultaneous regularization of three singularities due to binary collision.We present some ejection–collision orbits after the regularization of the restricted four-body problem (RFBP) with equal masses, which were obtained by numerical integration.
Immunogenetic Studies of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Revelations and Speculations about Ontogeny and Clinical Evolution
Authors: Vardi Anna , Agathangelidis Andreas , Sutton Lesley-Ann , Ghia Paolo , Rosenquist Richard , Stamatopoulos Kostas 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Over the last decade, immunogenetic analysis of B-cell receptor immunoglobulins (BcR IG) has proved instrumental in dissecting chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis. Initially, it was the finding that the level of somatic hypermutations in rearranged IG heavy-chain genes could define two CLL subtypes associated with a different clinical course that drew attention. As the years ensued, this not only continued to hold strong, but also revealed an unprecedented BcR restriction (aptly coined as “stereotypy”), thus cementing the idea that antigenic elements select the leukemic clones. With all this in mind, in the present review, we focus on the CLL BcR IG, a molecule that clearly lies at the heart of disease pathogenesis, and attempt to distil from past and emerging biologic knowledge the most relevant aspects in the context of the immunogenetics of CLL, while at the same time provoking questions that remain unanswered. We juxtapose CLL with mutated BcR IGs against CLL with unmutated BcR IGs due to their striking clinicobiologic differences; however, when considering ontogeny, common derivation of the two mutational subtypes cannot be excluded. The issue of stereotypy is intertwined throughout and we also raise the subject of isotype-switched CLL, which, despite its rarity, contributes intriguing ontogenetic hints. Cancer Res; 74(16); 4211–6. ©2014 AACR.
Place of Residence and Outcomes of Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Bikdeli Behnood , Wayda Brian , Bao Haikun , Ross Joseph S. , Xu Xiao , Chaudhry Sarwat I. , Spertus John A. , Bernheim Susannah M. , Lindenauer Peter K. , Krumholz Harlan M. 
Published: July 2014

Background—
Recent studies show an association between neighborhood-level measures of socioeconomic status (SES) and outcomes for patients with heart failure. We do not know whether neighborhood SES has a primary effect or is a marker for individual SES.

Methods and Results—
We used the data from participants of the Telemonitoring to Improve Heart Failure Outcomes (Tele-HF) trial, recruited from 33 US internal medicine and cardiology practices and examined the association between neighborhood SES and outcomes of patients with heart failure. We used census tracts as proxies for neighborhoods and constructed summary SES scores that included information about wealth and income, education, and occupation. The primary end points were readmission and all-cause mortality at 6 months. We conducted patient interviews and medical chart reviews to obtain demographic information, clinical factors, therapies, and individual SES. We included 1557 patients: 524, 516, and 517 from low, medium, and high SES neighborhoods, respectively (mean age, 61.1±15.2 years; 42.2% women).Overall, 745 patients (47.8%) had ≥1 readmission and 179 patients (11.5%) died. When compared with patients in high SES neighborhoods, those living in low-SES neighborhoods were more likely to be readmitted (odds ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.82), but the mortality rates were not significantly different (odds ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.50–1.18). The results were consistent after multivariable adjustments for individual demographics, clinical factors, and individual SES.

Conclusions—
Among patients with heart failure, neighborhood SES was significantly associated with 6-month all-cause readmission even after adjusting for other patient-level factors, including individual SES. Greater number of events and longer follow-up is required to ascertain the potential effect of neighborhood SES on mortality.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://clinicaltrials.gov/
. Unique identifier: NCT00303212.
Nesiritide, Renal Function, and Associated Outcomes During Hospitalization for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: van Deursen Vincent M. , Hernandez Adrian F. , Stebbins Amanda , Hasselblad Vic , Ezekowitz Justin A. , Califf Robert M. , Gottlieb Stephen S. , O’Connor Christopher M. , Starling Randall C. , Tang W.H. Wilson , McMurray John J. , Dickstein Kenneth , Voors Adriaan A. 
Published: July 2014

Background—
Contradictory results have been reported on the effects of nesiritide on renal function in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. We studied the effects of nesiritide on renal function during hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure and associated outcomes.

Methods and Results—

A total of 7141 patients were randomized to receive either nesiritide or placebo and creatinine was recorded in 5702 patients at baseline, after infusion, discharge, peak/nadir levels until day 30. Worsening renal function was defined as an increase of serum creatinine >0.3 mg/dL and a change of ≥25%. Median (25
th
–75
th
percentile) baseline creatinine was 1.2 (1.0–1.6) mg/dL and median baseline blood urea nitrogen was 25 (18–39) mmol/L. Changes in both serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were similar in nesiritide-treated and placebo-treated patients (
P
=0.20 and
P
=0.41) from baseline to discharge. In a multivariable model, independent predictors of change from randomization to hospital discharge in serum creatinine were a lower baseline blood urea nitrogen, higher systolic blood pressure, lower diastolic blood pressure, previous weight gain, and lower baseline potassium (all
P
<0.0001). The frequency of worsening renal function during hospitalization was similar in the nesiritide and placebo group (14.1% and 12.8%, respectively; odds ratio with nesiritide 1.12; confidence interval, 0.95–1.32;
P
=0.19) and was not associated with death alone and death or rehospitalization at 30 days. However, baseline, discharge, and change in creatinine were associated with death alone and death or rehospitalization for heart failure (all tests,
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions—
Nesiritide did not affect renal function in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Baseline, discharge, and change in renal function were associated with 30-day mortality or rehospitalization for heart failure.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00475852.
Evolution of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Sjöblom Johanna , Muhrbeck Josephine , Witt Nils , Alam Mahbubul , Frykman-Kull Viveka 
Published: July 2014

Background—
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy improves survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Although the risk of sudden cardiac death is highest in the first month after AMI, there is no survival benefit of early implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, and the optimal time frame has yet to be established. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate what proportion of post-AMI patients had improved LV function to such an extent that the indication for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was no longer present.

Methods and Results—
Patients admitted for AMI with reduced LVEF (≤40%) were eligible for inclusion. Repeat echocardiographic examinations were performed 5 days, 1 month, and 3 months after the AMI. We prospectively included 100 patients with LVEF of 31±5.8% after AMI. At the 1-month follow-up, 55% had an LVEF >35%. The main improvement in LVEF had occurred by 1 month. The mean difference in LVEF over the next 2 months was small, 1.9 percentage units. During the first 9 weeks, 10% of the patients suffered from life-threatening arrhythmias.

Conclusions—
Most patients have improved LVEF after AMI, and in the majority, the improvement can be confirmed after 1 month, implying that further delay of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation may not be warranted. Life-threatening arrhythmias occurred in 10% of the patients, illustrating the high risk for sudden cardiac death in this population.
Health‐Related Quality of Life in Premature Acute Coronary Syndrome: Does Patient Sex or Gender Really Matter?
Authors: Leung Yinko Sylvie S. L. , Pelletier Roxanne , Behlouli Hassan , Norris Colleen M. , Humphries Karin H. , Pilote Louise ,   the GENESIS‐PRAXY investigators
Published: July 2014

Background

Limited data exist as to the relative contribution of sex and gender on health‐related quality of life (
HRQL
) among patients with acute coronary syndrome (
ACS
). This study aims to evaluate the effect of sex and gender‐related variables on long‐term
HRQL
among young adults with
ACS
.

Methods and Results

GENESIS
‐
PRAXY
(
GENdE
r and Sex determInantS of cardiovascular disease: from bench to beyond‐Premature Acute Coronary
SY
ndrome) is a multicenter, prospective cohort study (January 2009 to August 2013) of adults aged 18 to 55 years, hospitalized with
ACS
.
HRQL
was measured at baseline, 1, 6, and 12 months using the Short Form‐12 and Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) among 1213 patients. Median age was 49 years. Women reported worse
HRQL
than men over time post‐
ACS
, both in terms of physical and mental functioning. Gender‐related factors were more likely to be predictors of HRQL than sex. Femininity score, social support, and housework responsibility were the most common gender‐related predictors of
HRQL
at 12 months. We observed an interaction between female sex and social support (β=0.44 [95% confidence interval
,
0.01, 0.88];
P
=0.047) for the physical limitation subscale of the SAQ.

Conclusions

Young women with
ACS
report significantly poorer
HRQL
than young men. Gender appears to be more important than sex in predicting long‐term
HRQL
post‐
ACS
. Specific gender‐related factors, such as social support, may be amenable to interventions and could improve the
HRQL
of patients with premature
ACS
.
“Putting the Pieces Together … an EU Model BIT?”
Authors: Reinisch August 
Published: July 2014

Although the eu Commission as negotiation leader in the field of external trade matters which, after Lisbon, also include investment will not issue a Model Investment Treaty, a number of its statements together with reactions by the Council and the Parliament allow the observer to draw conclusions as to the likely content of such future agreements. In addition, those trade agreements with investment chapters which are already close to finalization, like the Canada-eu Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (ceta), provide telling insights concerning the main features of an eu agreement on investment protection.
This article provides a general overview of the expected content of eu treaties in the field of investment, comprising scope of protection, substantive standards, and dispute settlement. It concludes that future eu investment agreements are likely to contain the traditional short eu bit standards to which a number of specifications inspired by North-American practice will be added.
Physeterostemon gomesii (Melastomataceae): the fourth species of this endemic genus in Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Amorim André Márcio , JARDIM JOMAR GOMES , GOLDENBERG RENATO 
Published: July 2014

Physeterostemon gomesii is described and illustrated. In addition, a map and a key to all four taxa of this genus are provided. This species can be distinguished from other Physeterostemon species by its non-rhizomatous shrubby habit, 5-merous flowers, 10 stamens, and 3-locular ovary.
Evaluating Different Parameterizations for Mixed Layer Eddy Fluxes induced by Baroclinic Instability
Authors: Brüggemann Nils , Eden Carsten 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this study, the authors discuss two different parameterizations for the effect of mixed layer eddies, one based on ageostrophic linear stability analysis (ALS) and the other one based on a scaling of the potential energy release by eddies (PER). Both parameterizations contradict each other in two aspects. First, they predict different functional relationships between the magnitude of the eddy fluxes and the Richardson number (Ri) related to the background state. Second, they also predict different vertical structure functions for the horizontal eddy fluxes. Numerical simulations for two different configurations and for a large range of different background conditions are used to evaluate the parameterizations. It turns out that PER is better suited to capture the Ri dependency of the magnitude of the eddy fluxes. On the other hand, the vertical structure of the meridional eddy fluxes predicted by ALS is more accurate than that of PER, while the vertical structure of the vertical eddy fluxes is well predicted by both parameterizations. Therefore, this study suggests the use of the magnitude of PER and the vertical structure functions of ALS for an improved parameterization of mixed layer eddy fluxes.