bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legal Geography: Becoming Spatial Detectives
Authors: Bennett Luke , Layard Antonia 
Published: July 2015

AbstractLegal geography investigates the co‐constitutive relationship of people, place and law. This essay provides an overview of how the law and geography cross‐disciplinary project emerged from a context of mutual curiosity and explores how legal practice, in all its discretionary and rule‐bound variety, co‐produces places through an attentiveness to, and sometimes an apparent dismissal of, spatiality. The essay notes the formative importance of studies on power and inequality within urban governance in this predominantly critical field. However, it also considers how the cross‐discipline is increasingly embracing legal geographic scholarship from within cultural, material and post‐human geographies. Adopting the metaphor of the ‘spatial detective’, the essay situates legal geography as a way of examining law's materialisation within space, considering the field's methods, core concepts and the potential directions in which they may evolve.
Perspectives of Open Borders and No Border
Authors: Bauder Harald 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWith globalization, the flows of goods, capital, and information across international borders have liberalized. However, the mobility of people across these same borders is still highly controlled. In fact, borders remain a main source not only of labour inefficiencies, but also of human suffering and injustices. These circumstances have prompted scholars to call for open borders for people and for no border. In this article, I review the various philosophical and empirical perspectives based on which scholars have argued for open borders and no border. These perspectives include liberal political‐theory, market‐economy, political‐economy, and other perspectives. In addition, I discuss the relationships between these perspectives, the role of recent border scholarship in open‐borders and no‐border debates, and the importance of the open‐borders and no‐border concepts as critiques of current border policies and practices.
Reactive transport and thermo‐hydro‐mechanical coupling in deep sedimentary basins affected by glaciation cycles: model development, verification, and illustrative example
Authors: Bea S. A. , Mayer U. K. , MacQuarrie K. T. B. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDeep sedimentary basins are complex systems that over long time scales may be affected by numerous interacting processes including groundwater flow, heat and mass transport, water–rock interactions, and mechanical loads induced by ice sheets. Understanding the interactions among these processes is important for the evaluation of the hydrodynamic and geochemical stability of geological CO2 disposal sites and is equally relevant to the safety evaluation of deep geologic repositories for nuclear waste. We present a reactive transport formulation coupled to thermo‐hydrodynamic and simplified mechanical processes. The formulation determines solution density and ion activities for ionic strengths ranging from freshwater to dense brines based on solution composition and simultaneously accounts for the hydro‐mechanical effects caused by long‐term surface loading during a glaciation cycle. The formulation was implemented into the existing MIN3P reactive transport code (MIN3P‐THCm) and was used to illustrate the processes occurring in a two‐dimensional cross section of a sedimentary basin subjected to a simplified glaciation scenario consisting of a single cycle of ice‐sheet advance and retreat over a time period of 32 500 years. Although the sedimentary basin simulation is illustrative in nature, it captures the key geological features of deep Paleozoic sedimentary basins in North America, including interbedded sandstones, shales, evaporites, and carbonates in the presence of dense brines. Simulated fluid pressures are shown to increase in low hydraulic conductivity units during ice‐sheet advance due to hydro‐mechanical coupling. During the period of deglaciation, Darcy velocities increase in the shallow aquifers and to a lesser extent in deeper high‐hydraulic conductivity units (e.g., sandstones) as a result of the infiltration of glacial meltwater below the warm‐based ice sheet. Dedolomitization is predicted to be the most widespread geochemical process, focused near the freshwater/brine interface. For the illustrative sedimentary basin, the results suggest a high degree of hydrodynamic and geochemical stability.
Overpressure in the Malay Basin and prediction methods
Authors: Ahmed Satti I. , Wan Yusoff W. I. , Ghosh D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPredrill overpressure prediction is important for well planning and migration modeling for prospect evaluation. The Eaton (Journal of Petroleum Technology, 24, 1972, 929) and Bowers (SPE Drilling & Completion, 10, 1995, 89) methods are used worldwide for postdrill overpressure prediction using sonic log and predrill overpressure prediction using seismic interval velocity. In this research, these two methods were used for overpressure prediction using 3D anisotropic prestack depth‐migrated seismic interval velocity in a field of the Malay Basin. In the shallow overpressured zone, where the mechanism of overpressure is undercompaction, the onset of overpressure was predicted reasonably well using the Eaton and Bowers methods with their standard parameters (i.e., Eaton exponent 3 and Bowers loading curve) for seismic velocity. However, in the deep overpressured zone, where fluid expansion is the cause of overpressure generation, these methods underpredicted the high overpressure. In the deep overpressured zone, the overpressures were better predicted by applying a correction to the Eaton method. On the other hand, the Bowers unloading parameters for the fluid expansion mechanisms did not show any significant effect on overpressure prediction. Hence, in the study area, the Bowers method is not effective for 3D overpressure prediction using seismic velocity, whereas the Eaton method is more robust and can be used for 3D overpressure prediction from seismic velocity.
Validity of the Kihon Checklist for assessing frailty status
Authors: Satake Shosuke , Senda Kazuyoshi , Hong Young‐Jae , Miura Hisayuki , Endo Hidetoshi , Sakurai Takashi , Kondo Izumi , Toba Kenji 
Published: July 2015

AimThe Kihon Checklist is extensively used in Japan to identify elderly persons who are at risk of requiring support/care. We aimed to determine whether or not the Kihon Checklist can estimate frailty status defined by the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study evaluated the Kihon Checklist and activities of daily living based on self‐records maintained with the assistance of nurses in a convenience sample of 164 elderly outpatients who lived without care or support. Body composition was measured using dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Physical functions, nutritional status, cognitive function and depressive mood were assessed using standardized evaluations. Frailty status was evaluated using the Cardiovascular Health Study frailty criteria.ResultsThe total Kihon Checklist score closely correlated with validated assessments of physical functions, nutritional state, cognitive function, depressive mood and the number of frailty phenotypes defined by the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria (ρ = 0.655, P < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curves for the evaluation of frailty status was 0.81 for prefrailty and 0.92 for frailty. The sensitivity and the specificity were 70.3% and 78.3% for prefrailty, and 89.5% and 80.7% for frailty at total Kihon Checklist scores of 3/4 and 7/8, respectively.ConclusionThe Kihon Checklist is a useful tool for frailty screening. Analyzing the results of this self‐reporting questionnaire, together with other more high‐tech screening modalities, will cost‐effectively improve the quality of life for many elderly individuals in a timely manner. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; ●●: ●●–●●.
Neuroanatomical correlates of error types on the Clock Drawing Test in Alzheimer's disease patients
Authors: Nakashima Hirotaka , Umegaki Hiroyuki , Makino Taeko , Kato Katsuhiko , Abe Shinji , Suzuki Yusuke , Kuzuya Masahumi 
Published: July 2015

AimWe sought to identify the relationship between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and error types on the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodThe CDT was administered to 142 patients with AD. We used the Mendez scoring method. Their rCBF values were measured by single‐photon emission computed tomography. The correlation between the CDT total score and rCBF was examined on a voxel‐by‐voxel basis. After we excluded 37 patients whose drawings were inappropriate for assessing the CDT error types, we examined the relationships between each error type on the CDT and rCBF.ResultsTotal score on the CDT was positively correlated with rCBF in the left posterior middle temporal lobe. We also found relationships between the error “non‐existence of number 2, or not pointing toward number 2” and the left frontal lobe; the error “uneven number spacing” and the bilateral frontal lobe; “deviation of the clock center” and the left frontal lobe; “missing numbers” and the right parietal lobe; “uneven number distance from edge” and the right parietal and the temporal lobes; “same length hands” and the bilateral temporal lobe; and “unclosed circle” and the left temporal lobe.ConclusionsEach error type on the CDT appears to relate to a different brain region. These findings will be useful in the understanding of CDT performances and the underlying neuropsychological pathology. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 777–784.
Evaluation of resistance to Pythium root rot by Pythium arrhenomanes in corn by using a toothpick inoculation method
Authors: Mitsuhashi Shohei , Masunaka Akira , Kikawada Tomohiro , Sugawara Koya , Tsukiboshi Takao , Tamaki Hiroyuki , Sato Hisashi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA toothpick inoculation method was applied for evaluating the disease severity and infection frequency of Pythium root rot, which seriously restricts forage corn production in Japan. Seven corn hybrids were inoculated with toothpicks infested with Pythium arrhenomanes, the causal pathogen of the disease. Between 2011 and 2013, toothpicks were inserted into holes of the bottom stalks of corn plants just above the ground at the silking stage. At the inoculation plots throughout the experimental years, the infection frequencies of highly susceptible hybrids were stable even under suboptimal climate conditions. Therefore, we have concluded that the toothpick method is useful especially for discarding highly susceptible hybrids based on the data obtained from a single year. Further experiments will be required to overcome such problems as the low correlation between hybrids and their parental inbreds, and the development of more accurate screening systems for selecting resistant genotypes.
Bone health in persons with haemophilia
Authors: Kempton C. L. , Antoniucci D. M. , Rodriguez‐Merchan E. C. 
Published: July 2015

IntroductionAs the population of patients with haemophilia (PWH) ages, healthcare providers are required to direct greater attention to age‐related co‐morbidities. Low bone mineral density (BMD) is one such co‐morbidity where the incidence not only increases with age, but also occurs with greater frequency in PWH.AimTo review risk factors for low BMD, and strategies to promote bone health and identify patients who would benefit from screening for osteoporosis and subsequent treatment.MethodsA narrative review of the literature was performed in MEDLINE with keywords haemophilia, bone density, osteoporosis and fracture. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed.ResultsLow BMD occurs more commonly in PWH than the general population and is most likely the result of a combination of risk factors. Steps to promote bone health include preventing haemarthrosis, encouraging regular exercise, adequate vitamin D and calcium intake, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol intake. Adults 50 years of age and older with haemophilia and those younger than 50 years with a fragility fracture or increased fracture risk based on FRAX (The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool), regardless of haemophilia severity, should be screened for low BMD using dual x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Once osteoporosis is diagnosed based on DXA, fracture risk should guide treatment. Currently, treatment is similar to those without haemophilia and most commonly includes bisphosphonates.ConclusionHaemophilia care providers should promote adequate bone formation during childhood and reduce bone loss during adulthood as well as identify patients with low BMD that would benefit from therapy.
Triptans for Acute Migraine: Drug Class Review to Help Inform Policy Decisions
Authors: Knowles Sandra , Oh Paul , Gomes Tara ,   Ontario Drug Policy Research Network
Published: July 2015

Background/ObjectiveIn Ontario, triptans are publicly funded through the Ontario Drug Benefit's Exceptional Access Program, a prior authorization program. However, it was unclear whether this listing aligned with current evidence of safety and effectiveness for triptans in migraine. Using a comprehensive and novel drug class review framework, we describe our review of triptans for the management of acute migraine to evaluate the appropriateness of triptan listing on the public drug formulary in Ontario.MethodsThis supplement in Headache highlights four key components of the triptan drug class review, including findings from a qualitative analysis of patient and clinician perspectives, a systematic review and network meta‐analysis of clinical trial evidence, a pharmacoepidemiologic analysis comparing utilization trends across Canada, and a reimbursement‐based economic analysis.ResultsWe found that triptans were efficacious and safe for the treatment of acute migraine. However, Ontario has among the lowest rates of publically funded triptan use in Canada, which may be due to the highly restrictive nature of access to triptans in Ontario. Expanding access to triptans via a less restrictive listing (eg, Limited Use) would potentially increase use by 20‐fold, with increase in costs of approximately 220%.ConclusionBased on findings from our multi‐faceted review and after stakeholder review and input from the Citizens' Panel, two policy options for triptans were recommended for Ontario's publically funded drug program: Limited Use access or coverage via the Exceptional Access Program, both options including quantity limits of 12 units per month.
Triptans in the Acute Treatment of Migraine: A Systematic Review and Network Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Cameron Chris , Kelly Shannon , Hsieh Shu‐Ching , Murphy Meghan , Chen Li , Kotb Ahmed , Peterson Joan , Coyle Doug , Skidmore Becky , Gomes Tara , Clifford Tammy , Wells George 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundAlthough triptans are widely used in the acute management of migraine, there is uncertainty around the comparative efficacy of triptans among each other and vs non‐triptan migraine treatments. We conducted systematic reviews and network meta‐analyses to compare the relative efficacy of triptans (alone or in combination with other drugs) for acute treatment of migraines compared with other triptan agents, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), acetaminophen, ergots, opioids, or anti‐emetics.MethodsThe Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were searched for randomized controlled trials that compared triptans (alone or in combination with other drugs) with placebo‐controlled or active migraine treatments. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were completed independently by multiple reviewers. Outcome data were combined and analyzed using a Bayesian network meta‐analysis. For each outcome, odds ratios, relative risks, and absolute probability of response were calculated.ResultsA total of 133 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. Standard dose triptans relieved headaches within 2 hours in 42 to 76% of patients, and 2‐hour sustained freedom from pain was achieved for 18 to 50% of patients. Standard dose triptans provided sustained headache relief at 24 hours in 29 to 50% of patients, and sustained freedom from pain in 18 to 33% of patients. Use of rescue medications ranged from 20 to 34%. For 2‐hour headache relief, standard dose triptan achieved better outcomes (42 to 76% response) than ergots (38%); equal or better outcomes than NSAIDs, ASA, and acetaminophen (46 to 52%); and equal or slightly worse outcomes than combination therapy (62 to 80%). Among individual triptans, sumatriptan subcutaneous injection, rizatriptan ODT, zolmitriptan ODT, and eletriptan tablets were associated with the most favorable outcomes.Interpretation/ConclusionsTriptans are effective for migraine relief. Standard dose triptans are associated with better outcomes than ergots, and most triptans are associated with equal or better outcomes compared with NSAIDs, ASA, and acetaminophen. Use of triptans in combination with ASA or acetaminophen, or using alternative modes of administration such as injectables, may be associated with slightly better outcomes than standard dose triptan tablets.
Water and energy fluxes during summer in an arid‐zone passerine bird
Authors: Smit Ben , McKechnie Andrew E. 
Published: July 2015

Endothermic animals resident in hot, arid terrestrial environments are likely to face a trade‐off between their ability to obtain water and elevated thermoregulatory water requirements. We assessed whether daily water flux (DWF) is higher on hot days, reflecting increases in evaporative cooling demands, in an arid‐zone bird that obtains its water through food intake. We obtained measurements of DWF (partitioned into water influx and efflux rates) in 71 White‐browed Sparrow‐Weavers Plocepasser mahali at a desert site and a semi‐desert site, during summer in the Kalahari Desert of southern Africa. We found no evidence that DWF varied with maximum daily air temperature (Tair, range = 27.6–39.2 °C). Instead, DWF was lower during dry periods than in the wet season at the semi‐desert site. Furthermore, birds showed deficits in water balance (water influx/water efflux) during the dry periods at both sites. Our data show that DWF is low in a non‐drinking bird that obtains its water through food, and that demands for evaporative water loss on very hot days (maximum Tair of 40–44 °C) may exceed water intake rates during hot and dry periods. Species that do not have opportunities to drink will experience strong trade‐offs between thermoregulation, hydration state and activity levels as temperatures increase.
The structure and robustness of nocturnal Lepidopteran pollen‐transfer networks in a Biodiversity Hotspot
Authors: Banza Paula , Belo Anabela D. F. , Evans Darren M. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

The role of nocturnal moths within plant‐pollinator networks is poorly understood but could be important in the context of declining biodiversity and the ecosystem services they provide.

For the first time, this study examined the role of moths as pollen vectors in the Mediterranean Biodiversity Hotspot. Light traps were used to sample moths in SW Portugal in 2010. The pollen on moth head parts was collected, identified, and counted to construct a nocturnal pollen‐transfer and flower‐visitor network.

A total of 257 moths belonging to 95 species were captured in 11 trapping sessions in 2010; 196 moths (76%) carried pollen and the total number of pollen grains counted and identified was 9064.

The pollen‐transfer network exhibited a high degree of selectivity (H2′) but low robustness when the most‐to‐least connected plants were made extinct in the network. The flower‐visitor network (based on the incidences of interactions by individual moths), however, exhibited high linkage density and was generally more robust to simulated plant or moth extinction.

Including nocturnal moths in plant–pollinator networks will provide a better understanding of their robustness to species extinctions due to environmental change as well as the impacts on ecosystem structure and functioning. Nocturnal pollen–transfer networks could be developed for identifying key species for targeted conservation.
Nanoemulsion: process selection and application in cosmetics – a review
Authors: Yukuyama M. N. , Ghisleni D. D. M. , Pinto T. J. A. , Bou‐Chacra N. A. 
Published: July 2015

SynopsisIn recent decades, considerable and continuous growth in consumer demand in the cosmetics field has spurred the development of sophisticated formulations, aiming at high performance, attractive appearance, sensorial benefit and safety. Yet despite increasing demand from consumers, the formulator faces certain restrictions regarding the optimum equilibrium between the active compound concentration and the formulation base taking into account the nature of the skin structure, mainly concerning to the ideal penetration of the active compound, due to the natural skin barrier. Emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible phases, and the interest in nanoscale emulsion has been growing considerably in recent decades due to its specific attributes such as high stability, attractive appearance and drug delivery properties; therefore, performance is expected to improve using a lipid‐based nanocarrier. Nanoemulsions are generated by different approaches: the so‐called high‐energy and low‐energy methods. The global overview of these mechanisms and different alternatives for each method are presented in this paper, along with their benefits and drawbacks. As a cosmetics formulation is reflected in product delivery to consumers, nanoemulsion development with prospects for large‐scale production is one of the key attributes in the method selection process. Thus, the aim of this review was to highlight the main high‐ and low‐energy methods applicable in cosmetics and dermatological product development, their specificities, recent research on these methods in the cosmetics and consideration for the process selection optimization. The specific process with regard to inorganic nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles and nanocapsule formulation is not considered in this paper.
Comparison of ProTaper, RaCe and Safesider instruments in the induction of dentinal microcracks: a micro‐CT study
Authors: Ceyhanli K. T. , Erdilek N. , Tatar İ. , Celik D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate ex vivo the incidence of microcracks in root dentine after canal preparation with ProTaper Universal (PTU), RaCe or Safesider instrumentation systems using microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT).MethodologyThirty freshly extracted mandibular molars with two separate mesial canals and foramina were used. The roots were allocated into three similar groups according to curvature angles and radii of the canals and lengths of the roots. Distal roots were removed and mesial roots were embedded in acrylic resin and instrumented with the PTU, RaCe or Safesider systems up to size 30 (F3 for PTU, size 30, 0.04 taper for RaCe and Safesider) for all instrumentation groups. Dentinal microcracks were evaluated on micro‐CT images of the apical 10 mm of the roots with 1‐mm intervals. Two experienced observers evaluated the images twice in a blinded fashion. The presence of dentinal microcracks (complete/incomplete cracks and craze lines) was noted and analysed statistically using McNemar and chi‐square tests (P = 0.05).ResultsThere were microcracks on uninstrumented root sections. All instrumentation systems significantly increased the number of dentinal microcracks when compared to preoperative specimens (P < 0.05). There were new microcracks on the postoperative samples. The PTU system (42%) led to greater number of post‐instrumentation microcracks than Safesider (35%) and RaCe (25%) systems, respectively. The difference between PTU and RaCe system was significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionsAll instrumentation systems significantly increased the number of microcracks compared with preoperative specimens. The PTU system generated more post‐instrumentation dentinal microcracks than the RaCe system.