bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutation V111I in HIV-2 Reverse Transcriptase Increases the Fitness of the Nucleoside Analogue-Resistant K65R and Q151M Viruses
Authors: Deuzing Ilona P. , Charpentier Charlotte , Wright David W. , Matheron Sophie , Paton Jack , Frentz Dineke , van de Vijver David A. , Coveney Peter V. , Descamps Diane ,   the ANRS CO5 HIV-2 Cohort, Boucher Charles A. B. , Beerens Nancy 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTInfection with HIV-2 can ultimately lead to AIDS, although disease progression is much slower than with HIV-1. HIV-2 patients are mostly treated with a combination of nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors designed for HIV-1. Many studies have described the development of HIV-1 resistance to NRTIs and identified mutations in the polymerase domain of RT. Recent studies have shown that mutations in the connection and RNase H domains of HIV-1 RT may also contribute to resistance. However, only limited information exists regarding the resistance of HIV-2 to NRTIs. In this study, therefore, we analyzed the polymerase, connection, and RNase H domains of RT in HIV-2 patients failing NRTI-containing therapies. Besides the key resistance mutations K65R, Q151M, and M184V, we identified a novel mutation, V111I, in the polymerase domain. This mutation was significantly associated with mutations K65R and Q151M. Sequencing of the connection and RNase H domains of the HIV-2 patients did not reveal any of the mutations that were reported to contribute to NRTI resistance in HIV-1. We show that V111I does not strongly affect drug susceptibility but increases the replication capacity of the K65R and Q151M viruses. Biochemical assays demonstrate that V111I restores the polymerization defects of the K65R and Q151M viruses but negatively affects the fidelity of the HIV-2 RT enzyme. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to analyze the structural changes mediated by V111I. This showed that V111I changed the flexibility of the 110-to-115 loop region, which may affect deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) binding and polymerase activity.IMPORTANCEMutation V111I in the HIV-2 reverse transcriptase enzyme was identified in patients failing therapies containing nucleoside analogues. We show that the V111I change does not strongly affect the sensitivity of HIV-2 to nucleoside analogues but increases the fitness of viruses with drug resistance mutations K65R and Q151M.
The safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation for the ablation of prostate cancer: a multicentre prospective human in vivo pilot study protocol
Authors: van den Bos W , de Bruin D M , Muller B G , Varkarakis I M , Karagiannis A A , Zondervan P J , Laguna Pes M P , Veelo D P , Savci Heijink C D , Engelbrecht M R W , Wijkstra H , de Reijke T M , de la Rosette J J M C H 
Published: October 2014

IntroductionCurrent surgical and ablative treatment options for prostate cancer have a relatively high incidence of side effects, which may diminish the quality of life. The side effects are a consequence of procedure-related damage of the blood vessels, bowel, urethra or neurovascular bundle. Ablation with irreversible electroporation (IRE) has shown to be effective in destroying tumour cells and harbours the advantage of sparing surrounding tissue and vital structures. The aim of the study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy and to acquire data on patient experience of minimally invasive, transperineally image-guided IRE for the focal ablation of prostate cancer.Methods and analysisIn this multicentre pilot study, 16 patients with prostate cancer who are scheduled for a radical prostatectomy will undergo an IRE procedure, approximately 30 days prior to the radical prostatectomy. Data as adverse events, side effects, functional outcomes, pain and quality of life will be collected and patients will be controlled at 1 and 2 weeks post-IRE, 1 day preprostatectomy and postprostatectomy. Prior to the IRE procedure and the radical prostatectomy, all patients will undergo a multiparametric MRI and contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the prostate. The efficacy of ablation will be determined by whole mount histopathological examination, which will be correlated with the imaging of the ablation zone.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol is approved by the ethics committee at the coordinating centre (Academic Medical Center (AMC) Amsterdam) and by the local Institutional Review Board at the participating centres. Data will be presented at international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.ConclusionsThis pilot study will determine the safety and efficacy of IRE in the prostate. It will show the radiological and histopathological effects of IRE ablations and it will provide data to construct an accurate treatment planning tool for IRE in prostate tissue.Trial registration numberClinicaltrials.gov database:NCT01790451.
Selenoproteins and cardiovascular stress
Authors: Rose Aaron H. , Hoffmann Peter 
Published: October 2014

SummaryDietary selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient that exerts its biological effects through its incorporation into selenoproteins. This family of proteins contains several antioxidant enzymes such as the glutathione peroxidases, redox-regulating enzymes such as thioredoxin reductases, a methionine sulfoxide reductase, and others. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of the roles these seleno proteins play in protecting the cardiovascular system from different types of stress including ischaemia-reperfusion, homocysteine dysregulation, myocardial hypertrophy, doxirubicin toxicity, Keshan disease, and others.
A prospective, randomized comparative study of monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate versus photoselective vaporization of the prostate with GreenLight 120-W laser, in prostates less than 80 cc
Authors: Telli Onur , Okutucu Tolga Muharrem , Suer Evren , Burgu Berk , Gulpinar Omer , Yaman Onder , Bozkurt Selen 
Published: October 2014

Objective: In this study we aimed to compare photoselective vaporization (PVP) with the GreenLight 120-W Laser and monopolar transurethral resection as surgical treatments of prostates less than 80 cc in men with obstructive benign prostatic hyperplasia. Methods: From February 2009 to March 2012 we allocated 101 patients with a prostate glands of less than 80 cc; patients were randomly assigned for surgical treatment with monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) ( n = 62) or PVP ( n = 39). Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM), maximum flow rate (Qmax) postmicturition residual (PMR), transrectal ultrasound volumes (TRUS), postvoid urine residual (PVR), complications, re-operations and hospitalization time were collected. The patients were seen in the follow up at 6, 12 and 24 months. Results: Median age was 69 (56–87) years old in the TURP group and 67 (51–87) years old in the PVP group. Mean preoperative prostate volume was 55 cc (40–72) and 60 cc (41–75) cc in the TURP group versus the PVP group. There was no statistically difference in subjectively (IPSS, SHIM) and objectively (Qmax-PMR) parameters and postoperatively complication rates between the two groups ( p > 0.05). A significant difference was observed in the PVP group with a 2 (1–4) days hospital stay compared with 5 (3–9) days for the TURP group ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: Prostate PVP and TURP are effective surgical treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Postoperative functional improvements were durable and equivalent in the two groups. The two techniques have a similar complication rate.
Mediation in David Milch’s John from Cincinnati
Authors: Goodwin Jonathan 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
David Milch’s short-lived HBO series John from Cincinnati (2007) has an unexpected political premise that was largely ignored or misunderstood when the show aired: that the American population has been conditioned by the logic of television serials to expect closure to political events and thus will demand genocidal retribution for the next terror attack after 9/11. This article explores how Milch explains his intent with reference to the concept of mediation and compares Milch’s use of the concept to Richard Grusin’s premediation.
Book Reviews
Authors: Calvert Bronwen , Adams Mark Richard , Medhurst Jamie , Dvorak Ken 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Joss Whedon: A Creative Portrait, David Lavery (2013) London: I. B. Tauris, 272 pp., ISBN: 9781848850309, p/bk, £10.99.
Doctor Who: The Eleventh Hour – A Critical Celebration of the Matt Smith and Steven Moffat Era, Andrew O’Day (ed.) (2013) London: I. B. Taurus, 288 pp. ISBN: 9781780760193, p/bk, £12.99
Transnational Television History: A Comparative Approach, Andreas Fickers and Catherine Johnson (Eds) (2012) London: Routledge, 176 pp., ISBN: 0145698603, h/bk, £85.00
Transnational Television Drama: Special Relations and Mutual Influence between the US and the UK, Elke Weissmann (2012) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 240 pp., ISBN: 0230297753, h/bk, £50.00
The Triumph of Reality TV: The Revolution in American Television, Leigh H. Edwards (2013) California: Praeger, pp.199., ISBN: 9780313399015, h/bk, $37.00
‘And then we summarise in English for the others’: The lived experience of the multilingual workplace
Authors: Angouri Jo , Miglbauer Marlene 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn multinational corporate companies, multilingualism is often a daily reality for employees and the negotiation of language practices for work and social purposes, a routine. Despite the role of English as a lingua franca, the linguistic ecology of modern workplaces is dynamic, rich and diverse. While English is often used for communication between a company’s headquarters and its subsidiaries, language choice is dynamically negotiated between the interactants in informal meetings and everyday interactions in the workplace. Against this backdrop, the article discusses the lived experience of the multinational workplace. We draw on interview data with 40 employees in senior and junior management posts in 12 companies situated in Croatia, Greece, Italy, Serbia, Sweden and the UK where English is the official corporate language. Special attention is paid to the employees’ perceptions of the role of languages in their daily work life. We focus here on three discourses that have emerged from the analysis of our data: multilingualism and the use of English, multilingualism and cosmpolitanism, and challenges and expectations of multilingualism. Our findings show that the employees draw on a range of linguistic resources in order to manage their work-related interactions, and dominant ideologies in relation to language use come to the fore. We close the article by focusing on the profile of the ‘global’ employee and the impact of the ‘modern’ workplace on the working realities of the participants.
Multifunktionale Forstwirtschaft zwischen Inklusion und Extinktion (Essay)
Authors: Suda Michael , Pukall Klaus 
Published: October 2014

Multifunctional forestry between inclusion and extinction (essay)
Within forestry, there is a battle between integrative and segregative concepts especially regarding nature conservation. However, the terms of integration and segregation are not sufficient to describe the management of the multifold interests in forests. The history of forestry is for example shaped by the exclusion and extinction of agricultural interests. Power-related questions on the discourse level have to be considered in addition to expert questions, such as how different interests could be integrated within a certain area.
A comparison of empirical and physically based glacier surface melt models for long-term simulations of glacier response
Authors: Gabbi Jeannette , Carenzo Marco , Pellicciotti Francesca , Bauder Andreas , Funk Martin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe investigate the performance of five glacier melt models over a multi-decadal period in order to assess their ability to model future glacier response. The models range from a simple degree-day model, based solely on air temperature, to more-sophisticated models, including the full shortwave radiation balance. In addition to the empirical models, the performance of a physically based energy-balance (EB) model is examined. The melt models are coupled to an accumulation and a surface evolution model and applied in a distributed manner to Rhonegletscher, Switzerland, over the period 1929–2012 at hourly resolution. For calibration, seasonal mass-balance measurements (2006–12) are used. Decadal ice volume changes for six periods in the years 1929–2012 serve for model validation. Over the period 2006–12, there are almost no differences in performance between the models, except for EB, which is less consistent with observations, likely due to lack of meteorological in situ data. However, simulations over the long term (1929–2012) reveal that models which include a separate term for shortwave radiation agree best with the observed ice volume changes, indicating that their melt relationships are robust in time and thus suitable for long-term modelling, in contrast to more empirical approaches that are oversensitive to temperature fluctuations.
A case for examining pre-service teacher preparation for inquiry teaching science with technology
Authors: Shively Chris T. , Yerrick Randy 
Published: October 2014

Inquiry has been the framework for guiding reform-based science instruction. All too often, the role of technology is treated tacitly without contributions to this framework. This case study examines a collection of pre-service teachers enrolling in two educational technology courses and the role these experiences play in promoting inquiry teaching. Interviews, field notes, surveys, reflective digital narratives and student-generated exhibits served as the data informing the analysis of inquiry experiences which shaped the enacted lessons of science teachers. Implications for research and practices are discussed.Keywords: teacher reflection; science education; technologyCitation: Research in Learning Technology 2014, 22: 21691 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v22.21691
Annotations and the Ancient Greek Hero: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Muellner Leonard 
Published: October 2014

Evidence for annotating Homeric poetry in Ancient Greece is as old as the 5th Century BCE, when the «Iliad» and «Odyssey» were performed by professional singers/composers who also performed annotations to the poetry in answer to questions from their audiences. As the long transition from a song culture into a literate society took place in Ancient Greece from the 8th to the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, annotations were gradually incorporated into written poetic texts. By the 10th Century CE, the quantity of written annotations in the margins of medieval manuscripts has become huge. For the first two versions of «The Ancient Hero», a HarvardX MOOC, it was not possible to implement the set of annotation tools that we requested as a vehicle for close reading and assessment. Using a partial system, we were able to create a semblance of annotations in close reading self-assessment exercises. For the anticipated third version, we expect to have a complete set of textual and video annotation tools developed for HarvardX, including semantic tagging and full sharing of annotations. Such a system, which promises to make the educational experience more effective, will also inaugurate a digital phase in the long history of Homeric annotation.Las evidencias de anotaciones en la poesía homérica de la Antigua Grecia se remontan al siglo V (a.C.), cuando ya la «Ilíada» y la «Odisea» eran representadas por cantantes profesionales/compositores, que hacían anotaciones en la poesía para responder a los interrogantes de su público. A medida que la transición, desde una cultura de la canción a una sociedad alfabetizada, aconteció en este período de la Antigua Grecia, entre el siglo VIII al I y II (a.C.), las anotaciones se incorporaron poco a poco en los escritos poéticos. La cantidad de anotaciones escritas en los márgenes de los manuscritos medievales se volvió enorme hacia el siglo X. En las dos primeras versiones de «The Ancient Hero» en el MOOC de HarvardX no fue posible utilizar el conjunto de herramientas de anotación solicitadas como medio para una atenta evaluación de las lecturas. Utilizando un sistema parcial, hemos sido capaces de crear aparentes anotaciones en los primeros ejercicios de autoevaluación de lectura. En la tercera versión, disponemos ya de un conjunto completo de herramientas de anotaciones de texto y de vídeo, desarrollados para HarvardX, incluyendo etiquetado semántico y anotaciones compartidas. Dicho sistema nos permitirá una experiencia educativa más eficaz, inaugurando también una fase digital en la larga historia de la anotación homérica.
Usability and Satisfaction in Multimedia Annotation Tools for MOOCs
Authors: Monedero-Moya Juan José , Cebrián-Robles Daniel , Desenne Philip 
Published: October 2014

The worldwide boom in digital video may be one of the reasons behind the exponential growth of MOOCs. The evaluation of a MOOC requires a great degree of multimedia and collaborative interaction. Given that videos are one of the main elements in these courses, it would be interesting to work on innovations that would allow users to interact with multimedia and collaborative activities within the videos. This paper is part of a collaboration project whose main objective is «to design and develop multimedia annotation tools to improve user interaction with contents». This paper will discuss the assessment of two tools: Collaborative Annotation Tool (CaTool) and Open Video Annotation (OVA). The latter was developed by the aforementioned project and integrated into the edX MOOC. The project spanned two academic years (2012-2014) and the assessment tools were tested on different groups in the Faculty of Education, with responses from a total of 180 students. Data obtained from both tools were compared by using average contrasts. Results showed significant differences in favour of the second tool (OVA). The project concludes with a useful video annotation tool, whose design was approved by users, and which is also a quick and user-friendly instrument to evaluate any software or MOOC. A comprehensive review of video annotation tools was also carried out at the end of the project.El auge del vídeo digital a nivel mundial puede ser una de las causas del crecimiento exponencial de los MOOC. Las evaluaciones de los MOOC recomiendan una mayor interacción multimedia y colaborativa. Siendo los vídeos unos de los elementos destacados en estos cursos, será interesante trabajar en innovaciones que permitan una mayor capacidad a los usuarios para interactuar con anotaciones multimedia y colaborativas dentro de los vídeos. El presente artículo es parte del proyecto de colaboración, cuyo objetivo principal fue «El diseño y creación de herramientas de anotaciones multimedia para mejorar la interactividad de los usuarios con los contenidos». En este artículo mostraremos la evaluación de dos herramientas como fueron Collaborative Annotation Tool (CaTool) y Open Video Annotation (OVA) esta última desarrollada por el proyecto e integrada en el MOOC de edX. El proyecto abarcó dos cursos académicos (2012-14) y se aplicó un instrumento de evaluación en diferentes grupos de la Facultad de Educación a un total de 180 estudiantes. Se compararon los datos obtenidos entre ambas herramientas con contrastes de media, resultando diferencias significativas a favor de la segunda herramienta. Al concluir el proyecto se dispone de una herramienta de anotaciones de vídeo con diseño validado por los usuarios; además de un instrumento sencillo y rápido de aplicar para evaluar cualquier software y MOOC. Se realizó también una revisión amplia sobre herramientas de anotaciones de vídeos.
Categorization, Item Selection and Implementation of an Online Digital Literacy Test as Media Literacy Indicator
Authors: Dornaleteche-Ruiz Jon , Buitrago-Alonso Alejandro , Moreno-Cardenal Luisa 
Published: October 2014

This paper aims to measure a population’s level of knowledge and active use of certain digital tools that play a primary role in developing their media literacy. To achieve it, an Online Digital Literacy test was designed to measure the knowledge and active usage of 45 different online software packages. This tool works as a reliable indicator to identify a population’s media literacy development in terms of its linguistic and technological dimensions. More than 1,500 subjects of different gender, age and level of studies were tested in different cities within the autonomous community of Castilla and León in Spain, to measure their competence using these tools. The resulting data has enabled the identification of the level differences between age groups and gender and to formulate proposals in respect of digital literacy to enhance the public’s competence in terms of media education. The general results indicate that people’s Online Digital Literacy level is lower than ideal and that there is a level divide in relation to gender and age and that the average user has a social and recreational profile as a consumer of pre-existing content on the Internet rather than as manager, instigator or creator of his or her own content. This paper’s conclusions therefore raise awareness of these deficiencies and encourage academic institutions to design specific digital literacy educational programmes to help citizens become media empowered.La presente investigación nace con el objetivo de medir el grado de dominio por parte de la población de una serie de herramientas digitales que juegan un papel clave en el desarrollo de la competencia mediática. Con ese fin, se ha elaborado una categorización que intenta abarcar todas las funcionalidades que la Web 2.0 brinda al usuario. Posteriormente, se ha delimitado cada una de ellas a través de tres ítems digitales concretos de uso extendido en la sociedad mediática. La selección realizada conforma un test de alfabetización digital on-line (test ADO) que mide el grado de conocimiento y uso activo de dichas herramientas, y que, por tanto, compone un indicador significativo de la competencia mediática en sus dimensiones lingüística y tecnológica. El test ha sido administrado a una muestra de más de 1.500 sujetos de diferente edad y nivel de estudios con el fin de obtener datos que ayuden a establecer objetivos en el panorama de la alfabetización digital y contribuyan hacia el empoderamiento ciudadano en materia de educación mediática. Los resultados y conclusiones generales indican que el nivel de alfabetización digital on-line del ciudadano medio no es el deseado, que existe una brecha digital generacional y de género, y que el perfil medio del usuario de Internet es más social, recreativo y consumidor de contenidos existentes, que proactivo, gestor y creador de contenidos propios.