bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No‐sedation during mechanical ventilation: impact on patient's consciousness, nursing workload and costs
Authors: Laerkner Eva , Stroem Thomas , Toft Palle 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundEvidence is growing that less or no‐sedation is possible and beneficial for patients during mechanical ventilation.AimTo investigate if there was a difference in patient consciousness and nursing workload comparing a group of patients receiving no‐sedation with a group of sedated patients with daily wake up, and also to estimate economic consequences of a no‐sedation strategy.Design and methodsData were collected during a prospective trial of 140 mechanically ventilated patients randomized to either no‐sedation or to sedation with daily wake up. From day 1 to 7 in the intensive care unit (ICU), patients were Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS) scored, nursing workload was measured with the Nursing Care Recording System (NCR11) and nurse's self‐assessment of workload was reported on a Numeric Rating Scale from 1 (low) to 10 (high).ResultsPatients from the no‐sedation group had a median RASS score of −0·029 compared with −2 in the sedated group (P < 0·00001). The NCR11 scores were higher in the sedated group compared with the no‐sedation group: 19·054 versus 17·05 (P = 0·00001). The nurses self‐reported workload was the same in both groups (P = 0·085). Because of a shorter ICU stay and shorter hospital length of stay in the no‐sedation group, we estimated that there will be no cost benefit with the use of sedation and a higher patient to nurse ratio.ConclusionPatients receiving no‐sedation were more awake with a RASS score close to zero, compared with patients receiving sedation and daily wake up. Nurses reported no difference in self‐assessed workload between the no‐sedation and sedated group of patients.Relevance to clinical practicePatients receiving no‐sedation are more awake during their stay in ICU. There might be a potential economical saving with the use of a 1:1 nurse‐patient ratio and no‐sedation compared with sedation and a 1:2 nurse‐patient ratio.
Dissecting the molecular signatures of apical cell‐type shoot meristems from two ancient land plant lineages
Authors: Frank Margaret H. , Edwards Molly B. , Schultz Eric R. , McKain Michael R. , Fei Zhangjun , Sørensen Iben , Rose Jocelyn K. C. , Scanlon Michael J. 
Published: April 2015

Summary

Shoot apical meristem (SAM) structure varies markedly within the land plants. The SAMs of many seedless vascular plants contain a conspicuous inverted, pyramidal cell called the apical cell (AC), which is unidentified in angiosperms.

In this study, we use transcriptomic sequencing with precise laser microdissections of meristem subdomains to define the molecular signatures of anatomically distinct zones from the AC‐type SAMs of a lycophyte (Selaginella moellendorffii) and a monilophyte (Equisetum arvense). The two model species for this study represent vascular plant lineages that diverged > 400 million yr ago.

Our data comprise comprehensive molecular signatures for the distinct subdomains within AC‐type SAMs, an anatomical anomaly whose functional significance has been debated in the botanical literature for over two centuries.

Moreover, our data provide molecular support for distinct gene expression programs between the AC‐type SAMs of Selaginella and Equisetum, as compared with the SAM transcriptome of the angiosperm maize. The results are discussed in light of the functional significance and evolutionary success of the AC‐type SAM within the embryophytes.
The contribution of phenotypic plasticity to complementary light capture in plant mixtures
Authors: Zhu Junqi , van der Werf Wopke , Anten Niels P. R. , Vos Jan , Evers Jochem B. 
Published: April 2015

Summary

Interspecific differences in functional traits are a key factor for explaining the positive diversity–productivity relationship in plant communities. However, the role of intraspecific variation attributable to phenotypic plasticity in diversity–productivity relationships has largely been overlooked. By taking a wheat (Triticum aestivum)–maize (Zea mays) intercrop as an elementary example of mixed vegetation, we show that plasticity in plant traits is an important factor contributing to complementary light capture in species mixtures.

We conceptually separated net biodiversity effect into the effect attributable to interspecific trait differences and species distribution (community structure effect), and the effect attributable to phenotypic plasticity. Using a novel plant architectural modelling approach, whole‐vegetation light capture was simulated for scenarios with and without plasticity based on empirical plant trait data.

Light capture was 23% higher in the intercrop with plasticity than the expected value from monocultures, of which 36% was attributable to community structure and 64% was attributable to plasticity. For wheat, plasticity in tillering was the main reason for increased light capture, whereas for intercropped maize, plasticity induced a major reduction in light capture.

The results illustrate the potential of plasticity for enhancing resource acquisition in mixed stands, and indicate the importance of plasticity in the performance of species‐diverse plant communities.
Global convergence in leaf respiration from estimates of thermal acclimation across time and space
Authors: Vanderwel Mark C. , Slot Martijn , Lichstein Jeremy W. , Reich Peter B. , Kattge Jens , Atkin Owen K. , Bloomfield Keith J. , Tjoelker Mark G. , Kitajima Kaoru 
Published: April 2015

Summary

Recent compilations of experimental and observational data have documented global temperature‐dependent patterns of variation in leaf dark respiration (R), but it remains unclear whether local adjustments in respiration over time (through thermal acclimation) are consistent with the patterns in R found across geographical temperature gradients.

We integrated results from two global empirical syntheses into a simple temperature‐dependent respiration framework to compare the measured effects of respiration acclimation‐over‐time and variation‐across‐space to one another, and to a null model in which acclimation is ignored. Using these models, we projected the influence of thermal acclimation on: seasonal variation in R; spatial variation in mean annual R across a global temperature gradient; and future increases in R under climate change.

The measured strength of acclimation‐over‐time produces differences in annual R across spatial temperature gradients that agree well with global variation‐across‐space. Our models further project that acclimation effects could potentially halve increases in R (compared with the null model) as the climate warms over the 21st Century.

Convergence in global temperature‐dependent patterns of R indicates that physiological adjustments arising from thermal acclimation are capable of explaining observed variation in leaf respiration at ambient growth temperatures across the globe.
Host genotype is an important determinant of the cereal phyllosphere mycobiome
Authors: Sapkota Rumakanta , Knorr Kamilla , Jørgensen Lise Nistrup , O'Hanlon Karen A. , Nicolaisen Mogens 
Published: April 2015

Summary

The phyllosphere mycobiome in cereals is an important determinant of crop health. However, an understanding of the factors shaping this community is lacking.

Fungal diversity in leaves from a range of cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), winter and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and a smaller number of samples from oat (Avena sativa), rye (Secale cereale) and triticale (Triticum × Secale) was studied using next‐generation sequencing. The effects of host genotype, fungicide treatment and location on fungal communities were explored.

In total, 635 251 fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) reads were obtained from 210 leaf samples. Visual disease assessments and relative read abundance of Zymoseptoria tritici and Ramularia collo‐cygni were strongly positively related. Crop genotype at the species level explained 43% of the variance in the total dataset, followed by fungicide treatment (13%) and location (4%). Indicator species, including plant pathogens, responding to factors such as crop species, location and treatment were identified.

Host genotype at both the species and cultivar level is important in shaping phyllosphere fungal communities, whereas fungicide treatment and location have minor effects. We found many host‐specific fungal pathogens, but also a large diversity of fungi that were relatively insensitive to host genetic background, indicating that host‐specific pathogens live in a ‘sea’ of nonspecific fungi.
Integrating movement in academic classrooms: understanding, applying and advancing the knowledge base
Authors: Webster C. A. , Russ L. , Vazou S. , Goh T. L. , Erwin H. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryIn the context of comprehensive and coordinated approaches to school health, academic classrooms have gained attention as a promising setting for increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary time among children. The aims of this paper are to review the rationale and knowledge base related to movement integration in academic classrooms, consider the practical applications of current knowledge to interventions and teacher education, and suggest directions for future research. Specifically, this paper (i) situates movement integration amid policy and research related to children's health and the school as a health‐promoting environment; (ii) highlights the benefits of movement integration; (iii) summarizes movement integration programs and interventions; (iv) examines factors associated with classroom teachers’ movement integration; (v) offers strategies for translating research to practice and (vi) forwards recommendations for future inquiry related to the effectiveness and sustainability of efforts to integrate movement into classroom routines. This paper provides a comprehensive resource for developing state‐of‐the‐art initiatives to maximize children's movement in academic classrooms as a key strategy for important goals in both education and public health.
Citizen Participation in Budgeting: A Trade‐Off between Knowledge and Inclusiveness?
Authors: Hong Sounman 
Published: April 2015

AbstractResearch on citizen participation has noted a tension between fostering an inclusive policy‐making process and simultaneously maintaining a competent pool of participating citizens. This article investigates the implications of this trade‐off by testing the impact of measured levels of inclusiveness and participating citizens’ knowledgeability on two performance metrics: citizen engagement and process efficiency. Results indicate that although inclusiveness may be negatively associated with the level of engagement, both knowledgeability and inclusiveness are positively associated with process efficiency. Overall, the findings suggest that policy makers can pursue the democratic ideal of opening policy making to the citizenry while still maintaining an efficient process.
Empowering Local Action through Neo‐Endogenous Development; The Case of LEADER in England
Authors: Bosworth Gary , Annibal Ivan , Carroll Terry , Price Liz , Sellick Jessica , Shepherd John 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNeo‐endogenous rural development depends on ‘bottom‐up’ activities that integrate external influences to increase local potential. This local focus calls for local knowledge, local resources and the engagement of local people to be central to development processes. Based on data from an evaluation of LEADER in England, we explore the scope for local control and the effective means of creating local empowerment within the neo‐endogenous model. Interviews were held with policy actors and beneficiaries of funding across 20 of the 64 Local Action Groups in England. These highlighted a great diversity of projects generating an equally diverse range of outcomes. However, capturing their full value was problematic, suggesting that new approaches to evaluation should be explored to increase local control of the development process. Findings also indicate that the negotiation between top‐down and bottom‐up, and local and external influences is an ongoing process. Through this process, local learning has empowered local actors to develop flexible approaches tailored to their localities, but local empowerment is more effective when top‐down parameters are clearly established.
Estimating Slavery Reparations: Present Value Comparisons of Historical Multigenerational Reparations Policies
Authors: Craemer Thomas 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveI investigate two problems regarding multigenerational reparations: legal obstacles caused by the passage of time and economic difficulties in obtaining realistic present value estimates.MethodsTo investigate legal precedents, I trace the French spoliation claims, which were paid over a period of 123 years, and Haiti's independence debt, which was paid over 156 years. To investigate present value estimation, I compare existing slavery reparations estimates based on slave prices as expected future income to alternative estimates based on the number of unremunerated work hours multiplied with historical free labor market wages.ResultsI estimate the present value of U.S. slave labor in 2009 dollars to range from $5.9 to $14.2 trillion. Historical precedents suggest that political rather than narrowly legal processes will determine any ultimate claims.ConclusionsNeither problems nor solutions associated with multigenerational reparations are new. New is the estimation method and the resulting upward correction of reparations estimates.
Rational Use of Cognitive Resources: Levels of Analysis Between the Computational and the Algorithmic
Authors: Griffiths Thomas L. , Lieder Falk , Goodman Noah D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMarr's levels of analysis—computational, algorithmic, and implementation—have served cognitive science well over the last 30 years. But the recent increase in the popularity of the computational level raises a new challenge: How do we begin to relate models at different levels of analysis? We propose that it is possible to define levels of analysis that lie between the computational and the algorithmic, providing a way to build a bridge between computational‐ and algorithmic‐level models. The key idea is to push the notion of rationality, often used in defining computational‐level models, deeper toward the algorithmic level. We offer a simple recipe for reverse‐engineering the mind's cognitive strategies by deriving optimal algorithms for a series of increasingly more realistic abstract computational architectures, which we call “resource‐rational analysis.”
Identification by real‐timePCRwithSYBRGreen ofLeishmaniaspp. andSerratia marcescensin canine ‘sterile’ cutaneous nodular lesions
Authors: Cornegliani Luisa , Corona Antonio , Vercelli Antonella , Roccabianca Paola 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundNoninfectious, non‐neoplastic, nodular to diffuse, so‐called ‘sterile’ granulomatous/pyogranulomatous skin lesions (SGPSLs) are infrequently identified in dogs and may represent a diagnostic challenge. Their correct identification is based on history, histopathology and absence of intralesional foreign bodies and micro‐organisms.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the presence ofLeishmaniaspp.,Mycobacteriumspp.,Serratia marcescensandNocardiaspp. by real‐timePCRin canine nodular skin lesions histologically diagnosed as putatively sterile.MethodsFormalin‐fixed skin biopsies were collected from 40 dogs. All samples were associated with anSGPSLdiagnosis characterized by multifocal, nodular to diffuse, periadnexal and perifollicular pyogranulomas/granulomas. Neither micro‐organisms nor foreign bodies were detected with haematoxylin and eosin staining, under polarized light. Further analyses included periodic acidSchiff,Ziehl–Neelsen,FiteFaraco,Giemsa andGram histochemical stains; anti‐BacillusCalmette–Guérin (BCG) andLeishmaniaspp. immunohistochemistry; and real‐timePCRanalysis forLeishmaniaspp.,Mycobacteriumspp.,S. marcescensandNocardiaspp.ResultsSpecial stains andBCG/immunohistochemistry were negative in all samples. Real‐timePCRwas positive forLeishmaniaspp. in four of 40 biopsies and forS. marcescensin two of 40 samples. Real‐timePCRforMycobacteriumspp. andNocardiaspp. was negative. No correlation between real‐timePCRpositivity and a specific histological pattern was identified.Conclusions and clinical importanceLeishmaniaspp. have been previously identified as possible agents of certainSGPSLs, while the involvement ofS. marcescenshas not been investigated previously. According to our findings,Serratiaspp. should be included in the list of agents possibly associated with a subgroup of granulomatous/pyogranulomatous skin lesions in dogs.
Retrospective evaluation of ProcalAmine administration in a population of hospitalized ICU dogs: 36 cases (2010–2013)
Authors: Olan Natasha V. , Prittie Jennifer 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the use of ProcalAmine as a source of parenteral nutrition in hospitalized dogs and to report complications possibly referable to its use.DesignRetrospective study.SettingsPrivate veterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsThirty‐six dogs hospitalized in ICU receiving ProcalAmine between October 2010 and March 2013.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsThe most common underlying disease process in this population of dogs was trauma (n = 8). Median duration of administration was 4 days and median resting energy requirement provided via ProcalAmine was 33%. ProcalAmine was administered via central catheters in 86% of cases and via peripheral catheters in 14% of cases. The overall mechanical complication rate was 19%. Metabolic complications possibly associated with ProcalAmine administration were documented in 12/36 dogs. Hyponatremia was most commonly identified (n = 6) followed by hyperglycemia (n = 4), hypochloremia (n = 2), azotemia (n = 2), metabolic alkalosis (n = 2), hyperchloremia (n = 1), and metabolic acidosis (n = 1).ConclusionProcalAmine appears to be relatively safe and a viable option for parenteral nutrition in ill and injured dogs. Due to the potential for electrolyte derangements and other metabolic complications, daily monitoring of these parameters is advisable.
Chronic vitamin A‐enriched diet feeding induces body weight gain and adiposity in lean and glucose‐intolerant obese rats of WNIN/GR‐Ob strain
Authors: Jeyakumar Shanmugam M. , Sheril Alex , Vajreswari Ayyalasomayajula 
Published: April 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Previously, we reported that chronic feeding of a vitamin A‐enriched diet to euglycaemic obese rats (WNIN/Ob) ameliorated obesity. Does this diet exert similar effects even with a different genetic background, i.e. obese rats of the WNIN/GR‐Ob strain with impaired glucose tolerance?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Vitamin A‐enriched diet aggravated weight gain and adiposity/obesity in both lean and glucose‐intolerant obese rats of the WNIN/GR‐Ob strain. Therefore, the role of genetic factors and their regulation by nutrients in determining health and disease conditions assumes greater significance in experimental and clinical research.

Vitamin A and its metabolites are key regulators of the development of adipose tissue and its associated metabolic complications. Here, we tested, in a glucose‐intolerant obese rat model (the WNIN/GR‐Ob stain), whether feeding a vitamin A‐enriched diet alters adiposity and its associated changes. For this purpose, 30‐week‐old male lean and obese rats were divided into two groups and received either stock diet or vitamin A‐enriched diet [2.6 or 129 mg vitamin A (kg diet)−1, respectively] for 14 weeks. At the end, feeding of the vitamin A‐enriched diet resulted in increased body weight gain/obesity and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (RPWAT) in both lean and obese rats of the WNIN/GR‐Ob strain, when compared with their respective control animals receiving stock diet, without affecting food intake. An improvement in hypertriglyceridaemia and circulatory non‐esterified fatty acid levels and unaltered hepatic fatty acid oxidative and triglyceride secretory pathway proteins with vitamin A‐enriched diet feeding are suggestive of enhanced hepatic clearance of circulatory lipids, resulting in increased hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Transcriptional analysis of RPWAT showed that feeding the vitamin A‐enriched diet augmented the expression of adipogenic/adipose tissue‐specific genes; peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ, stearoyl CoA desaturase 1, retinol saturase, leptin and lipoprotein lipase and vitamin A metabolic pathway genes; retinoic acid receptors, retinoid X receptors and cytochrome P450 26B1. Besides, RPWAT–lipoprotein lipase‐mediated clearance of triglyceride could also have contributed to increased adiposity and improved hypertriglyceridaemia. In conclusion, chronic feeding of vitamin A‐enriched diet induces weight gain and adiposity in both lean and obese rats of the WNIN/GR‐Ob strain, possibly through transcriptional regulation of key adipogenic pathway genes of RPWAT, but improves dyslipidaemia.
Student ability and learning experience in assessing peers alongside supervisors in the long case
Authors: Burgess Annette , Roberts Chris , Black Kirsten , Mellis Craig 
Published: April 2015

Background: Peer assessment can provide a valuable method of enriching students’ learning experience, particularly when students act as the assessors, which provides a highly effective enquiry-based learning experience and is increasingly being utilised in medical schools internationally. In preparation for their summative examinations, senior medical students at the Sydney Medical School are required to assess their peers, alongside an academic co-examiner, in the formative long case examinations. This study sought to assess the level of agreement in marking and decision making between student peer and academic assessors, to evaluate the impact of peer assessment on examination performance and to investigate students’ perception of their experience as assessors. Methods: Medical students examined their peers, alongside an academic co-examiner. We randomly allocated half of the student participants to examine a peer, alongside an academic assessor, prior to being examined themselves. The level of agreement in marking was determined by comparing the independent marking sheets of student and academic co-examiners. Data on whether the student was examined before or after assessing a peer (order of examination) were collected and compared to measure whether prior participation as a peer assessor improved student examination performance. Questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to evaluate student peer assessor perceptions. Results: Over a 3-year period (2010 to 2012), 197 students participated as co- examiners and were also examined by their peers, with students marking significantly more leniently than their academic co-examiners. Order of examination had no significant bearing on student examination performance. Students identified several benefits of acting as an examiner, including better insight into examination technique, opportunities for self-reflection and knowledge acquisition, and development of some of the attributes of professionalism. However, students identified difficulty in providing critical feedback to peers.Conclusion: Engagement as an assessor alongside an academic supervisor provides a rich learning experience for students. Additional training in both peer assessment and feedback may increase students’ professional and educational outcomes for future iterations of the activity.