bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION FOR PREDICTING DISPERSION EFFECTIVENESS DUE TO WAVES
Authors: Boufadel Michel C. , Wickley-Olsen Erik , King Tom , Li Zhengkai , Lee Ken , Venosa Albert D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The studies of dispersion of oil in wave tanks have reached their maturity in terms of analytical techniques for measuring and quantifying dispersion. However, there does not seem to be a theoretical framework for predicting or even interpreting the results based on the physics of the problem. One of the reasons is that the oil breakup studies were based on chemical reactors where the energy input is constant with time whereas the energy input to droplets varies with time under waves. For this reason, we present a holistic approach that accounts for the duration over which the oil is subjected to various intensities along with a droplet kinetics model that uses a variable energy dissipation rate function. A salient advantage of the droplet model is that it accounts for the effects of scale of problem, because it has been observed that large systems produce smaller droplets than smaller systems with the same average kinetic energy dissipation rate. We illustrate the usage of the model using simulated wave data.
DISPERSED OIL TRANSPORT MODELING CALIBRATED BY FIELD-COLLECTED DATA MEASURING FLUORESCEIN DYE DISPERSION
Authors: French-McCay Deborah P. , Mueller Christopher , Payne James , Terrill Eric , Otero Mark , Kim Sung Yong , Carter Melissa , Nordhausen Walter , Lampinen Mark , Ohlmann Carter 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil-spill fate and transport modeling may be used to evaluate water column hydrocarbon concentrations, potential exposure to organisms, and impacts of oil spills with and without dispersant use. Important inputs to transport modeling for such analyses are current velocities and turbulent dispersion coefficients. Fluorescein dye studies off San Diego, California, were used to calibrate an oil transport model by hindcasting movement and dispersion of dye. The oil spill model was then used to predict subsurface hydrocarbon concentrations and potential water column impacts if oil were to be dispersed into the water column under similar conditions. Field-collected data included surface currents calculated from high-frequency radar data (HF-Radar), near-surface currents from drifter measurements drogued at several depths (1m, 2m, 4m or 5m), dye concentrations measured by fluorescence, spreading and dye intensity measurements based on aerial photography, and water density profiles from CTD casts. As the dye plume quickly extended throughout an upper mixed layer (7–15m), the horizontal dye movements were better indicated by the drifters drogued to a depth near the middle of that layer than the HF-Radar, which measured surface (∼top 50 cm) currents (including wind drift). Diffusion rates were estimated based on dye spreading measured by aerial photography and fluorescence-depth profiles. The model used these data as inputs, modeling of wind-forced surface water turbulence and drift as a function of wind speed and direction (based on published results of fluid dynamics studies), and Stokes law for droplet rise/sinking rates, to predict oil transport and dispersion rates within the water column. Use of such diffusion rate data in an oil fate model can provide estimates of likely dispersed oil concentrations under similar conditions, which may be used to evaluate potential impacts on water column biota. However, other conditions with different patterns of current shear (due to background currents, tidal currents, and wind stress) should be examined before these results can be generalized.
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS TO USE IN-SITUBURNING TO RESTORE AN OILED INTERMEDIATE MARSH FOLLOWING HURRICANES KATRINA AND RITA
Authors: Merten Amy A. , Henry C. B. , Michel Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In-situ burning was used to remove approximately 100–200 barrels (bbls) of Louisiana Sweet Crude (API 33.8) from an intermediate marsh of the Mississippi River delta oiled during the 2005 hurricanes. The marsh was heavily and moderately oiled (approximately 1.6–2.46 hectares and 5–6.5 hectares, respectively). Chevron conducted two burns on October 12 and 13, 2005, 6 weeks after the initial spill. A cooperative monitoring effort was established to quantitatively evaluate recovery in three areas:Oiled and burned;Oiled and unburned; andUnoiled and unburned.
Chemical analyses demonstrated that marsh surface soil concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons declined at similar rates after eight and five months, respectively. A variety of operational and environmental requirements were needed for a successful burn. This paper will:Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the site for conducting a burn;Discuss the rapid decision-making process to approve the burn during significant post-hurricane response activities;Describe pre-, during- and post-burn operations and observations;Report lessons learned; andHighlight recovery endpoints measured during the monitoring study.
This site represents a successful case study for using in-situ burn safely, effectively, and strategically.
MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION FLOW IN COMPLEX SHORELINE CLEAN-UP OPERATIONS THOUGH A COMMON SYSTEM FOR SITUATION OVERVIEW AND REPORTING IN THE “M/S SERVER” Incident
Authors: Spikkerud Cathrine S. , Skeie Geir M. , Hansen Tom W. , Hansen Ole , Jensen Stale 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Clean-up operations following coastal oil spills may become complex with respect to handling the information necessary to keep all parts of the organisation updated on the situation and in line with recent developments. After the “M/S Server” struck aground off the island of Fedje, Norway on Friday 12th. of January 2007, and initially spilling 290 tonnes of bunker oil, the weather conditions caused the oil to break up into many small slicks and polluting a high number of shoreline segments. The weather conditions continued to prevent the safe survey of several polluted positions, further complicating the task of creating a full overview of the situation. The 201 positions of the polluted segments involved 13 municipalities, 2 counties and 3 different Regional Pollution Combat Groups as well as the overall management by the Norwegian Coastal Authorities.
Surveying of segments, prioritisation, and follow-up of progress involves both practical operational and scientific judgements, and creates paperwork. Both expert groups and on-site operative personnel will carry out surveys and report, and also need information for making decisions. Finding the right amount of data and level of detail to collect requires a common understanding of information needs, as well as the use of common forms. With the goal of reducing the overall time spent on reporting by collecting data centrally and providing a common site to stay informed, a data-based system for handling of information from shoreline clean-up operations was developed in the early days of the operation, as part of a cooperation project between The Norwegian Coastal Authority and NOFO on experience sharing and standardisation of information flow. An internet map service provided a common map of the positions and access to web-reports. Field equipment using semi-rugged PCs and mobile solutions was tried out. This paper focuses on the operational benefits and challenges of updating and coordinating information flow using a common web-based system, in an area where several different reporting procedures and forms had been previously used. Experience is shared with respect to making the system work as a useful true-time tool and not only as a hind-sight database.
ESTIMATING THE RESPONSE GAP FOR TWO OPERATING AREAS IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, ALASKA
Authors: Robertson Tim L. , Kumar S. Anil 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Technological advancements in oil spill response systems have contributed to more proficient oil spill response operations. Yet, there are still times when oil is being shipped but environmental conditions, such as wind, waves, temperature, and visibility, preclude effective spill response operations. The Response Gap is this window between the point of maximum mechanical response capacity and the weather-based limits of oil transportation.
To quantify the Response Gap for two operating areas in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, historical datasets of the environmental factors known to affect the open-water mechanical response system were assembled. Each dataset contained observations related to four environmental factors: wind, sea state, temperature, and visibility. These datasets were used in a “hind-cast” to evaluate how often environmental conditions exceed the response operating limits.
Response operating limits were determined based on a thorough review of the published literature, existing contingency plans, regulatory standards, and after-action reports, with the objective of establishing realistic limits for the existing open-water response system. Response limits were then coded using the colors red (response not possible), yellow (response possible but impaired), and green (response possible) for a particular environmental factor during each operational period.
A Response Gap Index (RGI) was calculated to incorporate the interactions between environmental factors. Once the RGI was computed for each observational period, the dataset was summarized to produce an estimate of the amount of time that the Response Gap existed. The met-ocean climatology is characterized using histograms and joint-probability distribution plots, with the RGI superimposed.
At Hinchinbrook Entrance, sea state exceeded the operating limits 19.2% of the time and wind exceeded the limits 2.9% of the time. When the environmental factors were considered together, the response limitations were exceeded 37.7% of the time. Not surprisingly, the response limits were exceeded more often in winter (65.4% of the time) than in summer (15.6% of the time). Results for Central PWS indicated that the response limitations were exceeded only 12.6% of the time.
The paper discusses ways to improve the present subjective quantification of response limits, particularly through additional field trials and modeling of mechanical recovery systems.
EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL DISPERSANT ON OIL SEDIMENTATION DUE TO OIL-SPM FLOCCULATION: EXPERIMENTS WITH THE NIST STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL 1941?
Authors: Khelifa Ali , Fieldhouse Ben , Wang Zhendi , Yang Chun , Landriault Mike , Brown Carl E. , Fingas Merv 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As it is well established that application of chemical dispersant to oil slicks enhances the concentration of oil droplets and reduces their size, chemical dispersants are expected to enhance oil sedimentation if applied in coastal waters rich in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and if flocculation between chemically dispersed oil and SPM, which leads to formation of oil-SPM aggregates (OSAs), occurs readily. New laboratory experiments were conducted to establish a quantitative understanding of the process and to verify this hypothesis. This paper presents findings from experiments conducted using Standard Reference Material 1941b prepared by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Arabian Medium, Alaska North Slope and South Louisiana crude oils, and Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 chemical dispersants. Results showed that OSAs do form with chemically dispersed oil. Oil sedimentation increases with sediment concentration and reach a maximum at a sediment-to-oil ratio of approximately 2:1 for most of the oils used. No obvious effect of chemical dispersant on oil sedimentation was measured for sediment concentration of 100 mg/L and higher. However, measured oil sedimentation was 3 to 5 times higher with chemical dispersant than with physically dispersed oil at low sediment concentration of 25 and 50 mg/L. UV epi-fluorescence microscopy showed that OSAs formed with chemically dispersed oil contain many oil droplets that are smaller than those trapped in OSAs formed with physically dispersed oil.
ULTRAVIOLET FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY (UVFS): A NEW MEANS OF DETERMINING THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL DISPERSANTS ON OIL SPILLS
Authors: Kepkay P. E. , Yeung C. W. , Bugden J. B. C. , Li Z. , Lee K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Crude oils dispersed in seawater produce distinct emission spectra when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. The spectra can be used to estimate how effectively oil is dispersed by chemical methods. Oil dispersants (such as Corexit 9500) have a pronounced effect on water-based UV spectra, strongly enhancing emission at 445 nm. This enhancement of fluorescence over the 455 nm bandwidth is the result of dispersant breaking up higher molecular weight (&gt;3 ring) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into stable suspensions of small droplets. Ultraviolet fluorescence spectroscopy (UVFS) has been tested as a rapid analytical tool in the laboratory and in a wave tank designed to investigate the response of crude oils to dispersants and a range of energy dissipation rates. The results obtained with UVFS are consistent with standard chemical analyses, confirming that the method can be employed as a rapid, quantitative measure of dispersed oil concentration. Given that higher molecular weight PAHs are associated with many of the persistent toxic effects of crude oils on marine organisms, UVFS may also prove to be a useful tool for tracking these fractions during dispersed oil toxicity assays.
OIL SPILL DISPERSION STABILITY AND OIL RE-SURFACING
Authors: Fingas Merv 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes the data and the theory of oil-in-water emulsion stability resulting in oil spill dispersion re-surfacing. There is an extensive body of literature on surfactants and interfacial chemistry, including experimental data on emulsion stability. The phenomenon of resurfacing oil is the result of two separate processes: de stabilization of an oil-in-water emulsion and desorption of surfactant from the oil-water interface which leads to further de stabilization.
The de stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions such as chemical oil dispersions is a consequence of the fact that no emulsions are thermodynamically stable. Ultimately, natural forces move the emulsions to a stable state, which consists of separated oil and water. What is important is the rate at which this occurs. An emulsion is said to be kinetically stable when significant separation (usually considered to be half or 50% of the dispersed phase) occurs outside of the usable time.
There are several forces and processes that result in the destabilization and resurfacing of oil-in-water emulsions such as chemically dispersed oils. These include gravitational forces, surfactant interchange with water and subsequent loss of surfactant to the water column, creaming, coalescence, flocculation, Ostwald ripening, and sedimentation.
Gravitational separation is the most important force in the resurfacing of oil droplets from crude oil-in-water emulsions such as dispersions. Droplets in an emulsion tend to move upwards when their density is lower than that of water. Creaming is the de stabilization process that is simply described by the appearance of the starting dispersed phase at the surface. Coalescence is another important de stabilization process. Two droplets that interact as a result of close proximity or collision can form a new larger droplet. The result is to increase the droplet size and the rise rate, resulting in accelerated de stabilization of the emulsion. Studies show that coalescence increases with increasing turbidity as collisions between particles become more frequent.
Another important phenomenon when considering the stability of dispersed oil, is the absorption/desorption of surfactant from the oil/water interface. In dilute solutions, much of the surfactant in the dispersed droplets ultimately partitions to the water column and thus is lost to the dispersion process.
This paper provides a summary of the processes and data from some experiments relevant to oil spill dispersions.
HERDING AGENTS THICKEN OIL SPILLS IN DRIFT ICE TO FACILITATE IN SITU BURNING: A NEW TRICK FOR AN OLD DOG1
Authors: Buist Ian , Nedwed Tim , Mullin Joe 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In situ burning is an oil spill response option particularly suited to remote ice-covered waters. The key to effective in situ burning is thick oil slicks. In loose drift ice conditions oil spills can rapidly spread to become too thin to ignite. Fire booms can collect and keep slicks thick in open water; however, even light ice conditions make using booms challenging. A multi-year joint industry project was initiated to study oil-herding agents as an alternative to booms for thickening slicks in light ice conditions for in situ burning.
Small-scale laboratory experiments were completed in 2004 and 2005 to examine the concept of using herding agents to thicken oil slicks among loose pack ice for the purpose of in situ burning. Encouraging results prompted further mid-scale testing at the US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), the Ohmsett facility, and the Fire Training Grounds in Prudhoe Bay, AK.
The non-proprietary cold-water herder formulation used in these experiments proved effective in significantly contracting oil slicks in brash and slush ice concentrations of up to 70% ice coverage. Slicks in excess of 3 mm thick, the minimum required for ignition of weathered crude oil on water, were routinely achieved. Herded slicks were ignited, and burned equally well in both brash and slush ice conditions at air temperatures as low as −17°C. The burn efficiencies measured for the herded slicks were only slightly less than the theoretical maximums achievable for equivalent-sized, mechanically contained slicks on open water.
INTEGRATING YOUR RESPONSE ORGANIZATION INTO EVERYDAY SUPPORT ACTIVITIES – MORE BANG FOR THE BUCK
Authors: Majors Lee 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the mid 1990'S, Alaska Clean Seas transformed from a typical oil spill response organization into an organization more involved with day to day operations in member company fields. A typical oil spill response organization is a fire house type organization with a warehouse and personnel which maintain equipment and provide spill response training.
Today, ACS personnel are assigned to member company fields and provide other services such as hazardous waste handling, air opacity readings, small spill response services, environmental field sampling, environmental management program maintenance, and environmental inspections. This is combined with the spill response equipment maintenance and spill response team training.
The services provided are outline in a Customer Service Agreement which is signed with each operating area. It outlines the services the ACS technicians will provide, which training is provided by ACS, and which training is provided by the member company.
The financial obligations are outlined in the Cost Sharing Principles. These principles indicate which services are considered allocated in the normal ACS budget and which services are direct billed back to the member company operating areas. In general, response equipment maintenance and spill response training are allocated services with the remaining being direct billed.
The benefits to this type of arrangement are many. The member companies obtain services for every day type activities and build up a better working relationship with the response organization. The spill organization members become acquainted with member company personnel and resources. They also become familiar with the area and with other contract services in the area. During a spill event, this knowledge increases the efficiency of the response and increases the trust between the member company and spill response organization.
Also, on day to day spill responses, the spill response organization personnel work hand and hand with regulatory agencies which builds up the trust and familiarization for bigger events.
With this arrangement, ACS is also able to sustain a higher number of qualified personnel. This improves ACS'S capability during a spill event and assists the member companies with a higher quality of spill response services.
This paper provides information on methods that an Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO) can become more involved in member company daily activities for the benefit of both the member company and the OSRO.
REDUCING SPILL RISK FROM A CORPORATE PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Stahl Cheryl 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Spill risk information is plentiful: frequency of failure studies, fate and transport modeling, equipment inspection reports, knowledge about the surrounding environment, spill response planning, and much more. The amount of data from a single risk assessment can be staggering. However, the relevant information is often available only to silo groups. How can upper level management identify, assess, and apply the important information to prioritize risk reductions and re-allocate budgets?
As evidenced by recent events, the cost of a spill to a corporation can far exceed the cost of cleanup and remediation. The holistic business cost of spills also includes business interruption, staff effort spent on external and internal communications, causal analysis, assessment of similar facilities, concomitant property damage or business interruption, and the elusive public opinion / resultant regulatory changes. Most of these business risks can be estimated and the major contributors identified using standard tools and a few well-planned databases.
Once the frequency and business cost of spills are quantified and collected in one system (a risk database), management analysis can begin. The risk database should provide a short list of the greatest spill risks: which equipment is involved, the primary causes of the failures, the affected environment, the stakeholders, and a breakdown of the costs.
Workshops can identify a list of potential risk reduction measures. Analyzing each measure at an engineering level would require more staff than are available in a practical sense. To facilitate the process, the corporate-level costs and spill risk benefits can be estimated at a screening level for each practical measure. A screening cost-benefit analysis provides an initial cut at which measures are worthy of further consideration. Detailed engineering, selections, and budgeting follow.
Well executed, this is an effort with large payback. Cost-effective measures to reduce spill risk also improve corporate financials, reduce risk to the environment, and improve public relations. The vital tools are robust risk management systems and processes to collect and display essential information.