bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of triclosan and stannous fluoride dentifrices on parameters of gingival inflammation and plaque scores: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sälzer S , Slot DE , Dörfer CE , Van der Weijden GA 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo systematically review the literature to compare the efficacy of triclosan (Tcs) and stannous fluoride (SnF) dentifrices on parameters of gingivitis and plaque scores.Materials and MethodsMedline, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to March 2013 to identify appropriate studies. Studies regarding self‐performed manual brushing by adults with a minimum 4 weeks of follow‐up were included. Primary outcomes were parameters of gingivitis. Secondary outcome was plaque score.ResultsOf 55 publications, 11 met the eligibility criteria. Additionally, four unpublished papers were added after contacting the manufacturers of the leading brands. In total, 15 studies [10 medium term and five long term (>6 months)] were processed for data analysis. There was no difference in gingival index (or its modification) between the two types of dentifrice [DiffM‐0.04, 95% confidence interval CI (−0.11; 0.04); P = 0.34]. The change in the average gingival bleeding score was significantly in favour of SnF [DiffM0.02, 95% CI (0.01; 0.02); P < 0.00001]. Plaque scores demonstrated a statistical significant difference in favour of Tcs, according to Quigley–Hein Plaque Index (Q&H PI; DiffM‐0.29, 95% CI [−0.45; −0.13]; P = 0.0004), but there was no difference according to Rustogi Modified Navy Plaque Index (RMNPI) [DiffM‐0.09, 95% CI (−0.01; 0.18); P = 0.07]. Long‐term results supported these findings.ConclusionsIn the context of inconclusive results for the primary outcome variable of gingival health, it can be concluded that there was a minor and most likely clinically insignificant difference between Tcs‐ and SnF‐containing dentifrices. Meta‐analysis of plaque score reduction was also inconclusive; whereas Tcs was more effective when assessed by the Q&H PI, it was not when scored with the RMNPI.
Impact of 5‐azacytidine on rat decidual cell proliferation
Authors: Fabijanovic Dora , Serman Alan , Jezic Marin , Katusic Ana , Sincic Nino , Curkovic‐Perica Mirna , Bulic‐Jakus Floriana , Vlahovic Maja , Juric‐Lekic Gordana , Serman Ljiljana 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe DNA demethylating agent 5‐azacytidine (5‐azaC) has a teratogenic influence during rat development influencing both the embryo and the placenta. Our aim was to investigate its impact on early decidual cell proliferation before the formation of placenta. Thus, female Fischer rats received 5‐azaC (5 mg/kg, i.p.) on the 2nd, 5th or 8th day of gestation and the decidual tissues were harvested on gestation day 9. They were then analysed immunohistochemically for expression of cell proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in decidual cells and for global DNA methylation using the coupled restriction enzyme digestion, random amplification and pyrosequencing assays. We found that 5‐azaC administered on the 5th and 8th (but not on 2nd) day of gestation led to increased PCNA expression in decidual cells compared with untreated controls. No significant changes in DNA methylation were detected, with either method, in any of the treated rat groups compared with untreated controls. Thus, we conclude that 5‐azaC can stimulate decidual cell proliferation without simultaneously changing global DNA methylation level in treated cells.
The role of the adaptive immune system in regulation of gut microbiota
Authors: Kato Lucia M. , Kawamoto Shimpei , Maruya Mikako , Fagarasan Sidonia 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe gut nourishes rich bacterial communities that affect profoundly the functions of the immune system. The relationship between gut microbiota and the immune system is one of reciprocity. The microbiota contributes to nutrient processing and the development, maturation, and function of the immune system. Conversely, the immune system, particularly the adaptive immune system, plays a key role in shaping the repertoire of gut microbiota. The fitness of host immune system is reflected in the gut microbiota, and deficiencies in either innate or adaptive immunity impact on diversity and structures of bacterial communities in the gut. Here, we discuss the mechanisms that underlie this reciprocity and emphasize how the adaptive immune system via immunoglobulins (i.e. IgA) contributes to diversification and balance of gut microbiota required for immune homeostasis.
Immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes: mechanisms and myths
Authors: Grencis Richard K. , Humphreys Neil E. , Bancroft Allison J. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryImmune responses to gastrointestinal nematodes have been studied extensively for over 80 years and intensively investigated over the last 30–40 years. The use of laboratory models has led to the discovery of new mechanisms of protective immunity and made major contributions to our fundamental understanding of both innate and adaptive responses. In addition to host protection, it is clear that immunoregulatory processes are common in infected individuals and resistance often operates alongside modulation of immunity. This review aims to discuss the recent discoveries in both host protection and immunoregulation against gastrointestinal nematodes, placing the data in context of the specific life cycles imposed by the different parasites studied and the future challenges of considering the mucosal/immune axis to encompass host, parasite, and microbiome in its widest sense.
Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrograms Related to Left Atrial Wall Thickness
Authors: WI JIN , LEE HYE‐JEONG , UHM JAE‐SUN , KIM JONG‐YOUN , PAK HUI‐NAM , LEE MOONHYOUNG , KIM YOUNG JIN , JOUNG BOYOUNG 
Published: June 2014

CFAE and LA Wall ThicknessIntroductionThe mechanism of complex fractionated atrial electrogram (CFAE) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) remains controversial. This study investigated the relationship between CFAE and left atrial (LA) wall thickness.Methods and ResultsLA muscular wall thickness (excluding fat) was measured by cardiac computed tomography in 31 patients with AF (12 paroxysmal, 19 persistent) prior to catheter ablation procedures. Measurements were performed at 31 distinct LA locations: 3 at roof, 3 at floor, 9 at anterior wall, 9 at posterior wall, 3 at lateral wall, 3 at septum, and 1 at base of the anterior appendage. The range of LA wall thickness (LAWT) varied widely (average 2.4 ± 0.4 mm, range 1.5–3.1 mm) between patients. In addition, there were significant regional differences in LAWT. Each patient had an average of 7.3 ± 3.5 CFAE sites. The LA wall was thicker at CFAE sites (227 sites, 3.0 ± 1.0 mm) than at non‐CFAE sites (734 sites, 2.2 ± 0.9 mm, P < 0.001). In 23 of 31 (74%) patients, the LA wall was thicker at CFAE area than at non‐CFAE area. There was no difference in LAWT between sites where CFAE vanished and those where CFAE persisted after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) among sites with CFAE before PVI. The LAWT > 2.5 mm predicted CFAE with a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 70%.ConclusionThe LAWT correlates well with CFAE areas, suggesting that one of the mechanisms of CFAE might be related to LAWT.
Differential impact of methylphenidate and atomoxetine on sustained attention in youth with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Bédard Anne‐Claude V. , Stein Mark A. , Halperin Jeffrey M. , Krone Beth , Rajwan Estrella , Newcorn Jeffrey H. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundThis study examined the effects of atomoxetine (ATX) and OROS methylphenidate (MPH) on laboratory measures of inhibitory control and attention in youth with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It was hypothesized that performance would be improved by both treatments, but response profiles would differ because the medications work via different mechanisms.MethodsOne hundred and two youth (77 male; mean age = 10.5 ± 2.7 years) with ADHD received ATX (1.4 ± 0.5 mg/kg) and MPH (52.4 ± 16.6 mg) in a randomized, double‐blind, crossover design. Medication was titrated in 4–6‐week blocks separated by a 2‐week placebo washout. Inhibitory control and attention measures were obtained at baseline, following washout, and at the end of each treatment using Conners' Continuous Performance Test II (CPT‐II), which provided age‐adjusted T‐scores for reaction time (RT), reaction time variability (RT variability), and errors. Repeated‐measures analyses of variance were performed, with Time (premedication, postmedication) and Treatment type (ATX, MPH) entered as within‐subject factors. Data from the two treatment blocks were checked for order effects and combined if order effects were not present. Clinical trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00183391.ResultsMain effects for Time on RT (p = .03), RTSD (p = .001), and omission errors (p = .01) were significant. A significant Drug × Time interaction indicated that MPH improved RT, RTSD, and omission errors more than ATX (p < .05). Changes in performance with treatment did not correlate with changes in ADHD symptoms.ConclusionsMPH has greater effects than ATX on CPT measures of sustained attention in youth with ADHD. However, the dissociation of cognitive and behavioral change with treatment indicates that CPT measures cannot be considered proxies for symptomatic improvement. Further research on the dissociation of cognitive and behavioral endpoints for ADHD is indicated.
The possible involvement of genetic variants of NET1 in the etiology of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder
Authors: Liu Lu , Cheng Jia , Li Haimei , Yang Li , Qian Qiujin , Wang Yufeng 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundAttention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) often coexist and shared some genetic influences. Evidence from the existing literature indicated that comorbid with ODD may increase the heterogeneity of ADHD genetics. Our present study sought to investigate the role of norepinephrine transporter gene (NET1) for ADHD comorbid with ODD.MethodsSix single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of NET1 were genotyped for a total of 1,815 ADHD cases, including 587 subjects (32.3%) with ODD. Chi‐square tests were conducted for pseudo case–control study comparing allelic and genotypic distributions between ADHD with and without ODD. Among them, there were 1,249 probands together with their parents composing trios for family‐based association studies using transmission disequilibrium tests (TDTs). In addition, 1,337 ADHD probands have detailed information of ODD symptoms and were included for quantitative analyses with genotypes using analyses of covariance (ANCOVA). To consider the overlap and correlation of other comorbidities with ODD and eliminate their potential confounding effect, we further repeated above analyses for ‘pure ADHD+ODD’ versus ‘ADHD‐only’ after excluding other comorbidities except for ODD.ResultsThe pseudo case–control study showed different allelic and genotypic distributions of SNP rs3785143 between ADHD with ODD and those without ODD. Family‐based association tests indicated overtransmission of the T allele of rs3785143 in ADHD with ODD trios, but no biased transmission in those without ODD. ANCOVA showed association between genotypes of rs3785143 with ODD symptoms in ADHD probands, especially with ‘Argumentative/Defiant Behavior (ADB)’ dimension after controlling gender, age, clinical subtypes and intelligence. Above association still existed after removing the samples with other comorbidities.ConclusionNET1 was associated with comorbidity of ODD and ODD symptoms in ADHD probands. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering the comorbidity of ODD in ADHD genetic studies, especially ADHD with ADB. However, further replication in independent sample or different populations is still needed.
Infections of nervous necrosis virus in wild and cage‐reared marine fish from South China Sea with unexpected wide host ranges
Authors: Liu X D , Huang J N , Weng S P , Hu X Q , Chen W J , Qin Z D , Dong X X , Liu X L , Zhou Y , Asim M , Wang W M , He J G , Lin L 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe concerns about the impact of the nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infections in wild fish have been raised. This paper presents the results of quarterly surveys of NNV in wild and cage‐reared marine fish from South China Sea. Samples of 892 wild fish belonging to 69 species and 381 cage‐reared fish belonging to 11 species were collected and were detected by seminested PCR and nested PCR. In the case of seminested PCR, the positive signal was detected in 3.0% and 3.1% samples of wild and cage‐reared fish, respectively. However, by nested RT‐PCR, the positive signal was observed in 42.3% and 63.0% samples of wild and cage‐reared fish, respectively. If the fish species were considered, the positive signal was detected in 21.7% and 72.7% species of wild and cage‐reared fish by seminested PCR assay, respectively. However, by nested RT‐PCR, the positive signal was observed in 65.2% and 100% species of wild and cage‐reared fish, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of the nested PCR products were determined. Phylogenetic tree showed that all the obtained viral isolates belonged to the red‐spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) genotype. Thirty‐five species of the marine fish were the new hosts of NNV.
Three‐dimensional visualization of termite (Apicotermitinae) enteric valve using confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: HOST B. , TWYFFELS L. , ROISIN Y. , VANDERWINDEN J.‐M. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryHumivorous termites are dominant members of tropical rainforest soil communities. In the soil‐feeding subfamily Apicotermitinae (Termitidae), the enteric valve connecting the first section of the hindgut to the paunch often displays a complex sclerotized armature everted towards the lumen of the paunch. This structure is central in termite taxonomy but its function remains hypothetical. Here, we evaluate the potential of confocal laser scanning microscopy to provide detailed imaging of the valve of Anoplotermes parvus, by comparison with bright‐field microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. We detected a strong far‐red emission of the enteric valve armature that sharply contrasted with the surrounding tissues, providing a convenient method to highlight minute structural elements of the valve and its three‐dimensional structure. The method is easy to use and is applicable to standard archival material as demonstrated by images of enteric valves of four other Apicotermitinae species. It may represent a valuable asset for the study of termite enteric valves, for the purpose of taxonomy or functional morphology.
Factors Associated With Treatment‐Seeking Behavior for Postpartum Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Ruiz de Viñaspre Hernández Regina , Tomás Aznar Concepción , Rubio Aranda Encarnación 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPurposeTo identify the factors associated with treatment‐seeking behavior for urinary incontinence (UI) among postpartum women.DesignThis is a cross‐sectional study. A total of 142 women with postpartum UI responded a telephone interview between August of 2010 and March of 2011. The association between the treatment‐seeking and the predicting variables were measured through odds ratio and 95% confidence interval.ResultsThe treatment‐seeking percentage was 37.3% and the treatment percentage was 27.5%. The result of multiple logistic regressions indicated that: counseling about UI in pregnancy, postpartum physical exercise, and Spanish nationality predicted 47.8% of the variance in treatment‐seeking behaviorConclusionsThe lack of counseling largely determines the low rates of treatment‐seeking among Spanish mothers.Clinical RelevanceNursing counseling during pregnancy can contribute substantially to increasing the number of women treated for postpartum UI.
Factors Influencing Parents’ Decision to Donate Their Healthy Infant's DNA for Minimal‐Risk Genetic Research
Authors: Hatfield Linda A. , Pearce Margaret M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPurposeTo examine factors that influence a parent's decision to donate their healthy infant's DNA for minimal‐risk genetic research.DesignGrounded theory, using semi‐structured interviews conducted with 35 postpartum mother or mother–father dyads in an urban teaching hospital. Data were collected from July 2011 to January 2012.MethodsAudiorecorded semistructured interviews were conducted in private rooms with mothers or mother–father dyads 24 to 48 hr after the birth of their healthy, full‐term infant. Data‐driven content analysis using selected principles of grounded theory was performed.FindingsParents’ willingness to donate their healthy infant's DNA for minimal‐risk pediatric genetic research emerged as a process involving three interacting components: the parents, the scientist, and the comfort of the child embedded within the context of benefit to the child. The purpose of the study and parents’ perception of their commitment of time and resources determined their willingness to participate. The scientist's ability to communicate trust in the research process influenced parents’ decisions. Physical discomfort of the child shaped parents’ decision to donate DNA. Parental perception of a direct benefit to their child affected their willingness to discuss genetic research and its outcomes.ConclusionsSignificant gaps and misunderstandings in parental knowledge of pediatric genetic research may affect parental willingness to donate their healthy child's DNA.Clinical RelevanceNurses knowledgeable about the decision‐making process parents utilize to donate their healthy infant's DNA for minimal‐risk genetic research and the factors influencing that decision are well positioned to educate parents about the role of genetics in health and illness and reassure potential research participants of the value and safeguards in pediatric genetic research.
Historicising Activism in Late Colonial and Post‐Colonial Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Larmer Miles 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDespite Africa's reputation as a place of political repression and limited popular agency, activism and popular mobilisation have been central to political change in colonial and post‐colonial Africa. The social and cultural identity of activists has been neglected by historians, who have commonly studied activism through imposed normative frameworks (e.g. class struggle or decolonisation) that have not always been central to the motivations of activists themselves. This article identifies and analyses specific phases of popular activism. Mass mobilisation was crucial to the success of anti‐colonial nationalism, but did not commonly result in governments that addressed the aspirations or grievances of activists. From the 1970s, African governments became vulnerable to popular pressure, in the form of urban riots and uprisings, but attempts to establish more institutionalised pressure groups for change were not generally successful. The pro‐democracy movements of the early 1990s again utilised mass mobilisation to achieve their aims, but the advent of multi‐party democracy across the continent did not translate into meaningful popular reform. Since 2000, popular movements have expressed discontent with neo‐liberal economic policies and authoritarian governments. The Arab Spring has inspired new waves of activism, but it remains unclear whether this will bring about significant political change across the continent. Two underlying linked themes will be analysed in the paper. Firstly, the interaction between local activism and broader ideological movements and influences (nationalism, socialism, religious belief, etc): to what extent have these ideological frameworks, commonly introduced by external agents, assisted or hampered in the development of discourses of resistance or activism? Secondly, African activists, in contrast to their western counterparts, have commonly operated in relationship to both local state and western or international elites, including colonial governments, multinational corporations and international donors. The paper will examine the extent to which these relationships have shaped the ideas and behaviour of African movements.
Normalization of White Matter Intensity on T1‐Weighted Images of Patients with Acquired Central Nervous System Demyelination
Authors: Ghassemi Rezwan , Brown Robert , Narayanan Sridar , Banwell Brenda , Nakamura Kunio , Arnold Douglas L. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDIntensity variation between magnetic resonance images (MRI) hinders comparison of tissue intensity distributions in multicenter MRI studies of brain diseases. The available intensity normalization techniques generally work well in healthy subjects but not in the presence of pathologies that affect tissue intensity. One such disease is multiple sclerosis (MS), which is associated with lesions that prominently affect white matter (WM).OBJECTIVETo develop a T1‐weighted (T1w) image intensity normalization method that is independent of WM intensity, and to quantitatively evaluate its performance.METHODS AND SUBJECTSWe calculated median intensity of grey matter and intraconal orbital fat on T1w images. Using these two reference tissue intensities we calculated a linear normalization function and applied this to the T1w images to produce normalized T1w (NT1) images. We assessed performance of our normalization method for interscanner, interprotocol, and longitudinal normalization variability, and calculated the utility of the normalization method for lesion analyses in clinical trials.RESULTSStatistical modeling showed marked decreases in T1w intensity differences after normalization (P < .0001).CONCLUSIONSWe developed a WM‐independent T1w MRI normalization method and tested its performance. This method is suitable for longitudinal multicenter clinical studies for the assessment of the recovery or progression of disease affecting WM.
The influence of bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy on submental‐cervical aesthetics
Authors: Soydan S. S. , Uckan S. , Ustdal A. , Bayram B. , Bayrak B. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe effect of orthodontic‐surgical treatment on submental‐cervical region was evaluated in a very limited number of studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate submental‐cervical soft tissue contour changes following mandibular advancement and set‐back procedures via bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy. Sixty‐seven patients were included in this study. Group 1 consisted of 27 skeletal Class II patients who underwent mandibular advancement surgery, whereas Group 2 consisted of 40 skeletal Class III patients who underwent mandibular set‐back surgery. Various linear and angular measurements were performed on pre‐operative and sixth month post‐operative cephalometric radiographs. A new method was used to evaluate the amount of sagging at submental region. The submental length did not change in Group 1; however, it decreased significantly in Group 2 (P < 0·05). The angle between submental plane and facial plane decreased to 95·9° from 98·8° in Group 1(P < 0·05), whereas it increased to 93·1° from 88·2° in Group2 (P < 0·05). The change of submental soft tissue sag was almost stable in Group 1, while 0·34 mm increase of sag was observed in Group 2. This increase was not statistically significant (P > 0·05). Mandibular set‐back and advancement procedures do not remarkably change the submental sag following approximately 6 mm jaw movement. Although mandibular advancement did not significantly effect submental length, soft tissue followed mandibular set‐back with a ratio of 1:1 at C‐point to projection of soft tissue pogonion and 1:0·7 at C‐point to soft tissue menton distances.