bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politicization of Communities: Communalism and Nationalism
Authors: Pernau Margrit 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores how nationalism and communalism overlap and interact. The first section examines efforts to homogenize and empower the religious community. The author argues that ambivalences in classification were tolerated less and less during the second half of the century because the more that was at stake politically, the more important it became to rely on solidarity within the group and hence the unambiguousness of identities. This is contrasted in the second section with the emergence of a national identity that demanded of every individual the utmost loyalty. The author argues that this placed it in direct rivalry to religion. The third section examines the link between communalism and nationalism in the first mass movement which mobilized the Muslim, Hindu, and national groupings against the colonial power.
How pitch and loudness shape musical space and motion
Authors: Eitan Zohar 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Musicians have traditionally referred to musical features and events in terms of spatial location or movement (e.g., high and low pitch, rising and falling melody). Current empirical research reveals that basic auditory features, like pitch or loudness, are indeed consistently mapped in perception or cognition onto aspects of physical space and bodily motion, mappings often independent of the actual motion or location of the sound sources involved. This chapter reviews research examining how auditory pitch and loudness are associated perceptually or cognitively with aspects of space and motion, such as spatial directions in three-dimensional space, speed, and physical size. While also surveying the considerable body of research that has investigated these relationships using rarified auditory and visual stimuli, the chapter emphasizes recent studies using musical or music-like contexts. These studies begin to reveal the matrix of perceived musical space—a surprisingly complex web of correspondences and interactions among auditory and spatio-kinetic features.
Music in television advertising and other persuasive media
Authors: Shevy Mark , Hung Kineta 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of theories and research on the role of music in television advertising and other persuasive media. Using Petty and Cacioppo’s Elaboration Likelihood Model as a theoretical framework for attitudinal change, the chapter examines the multiple roles music may play in advertising, either as a background element or as an integrated element in an audiovisual medium. Music may increase or decrease motivation and ability to elaborate on a persuasive message, thereby guiding a person to use a central or peripheral route to processing the content of the advertisement. Music may also provide information (e.g., affect-as-information) in the persuasive message that is processed within either route. To delineate these effects, music as a means to attract attention, facilitate recall, and construct meanings is also examined. Findings of these strands of research are applied to audio branding, understanding musical fit, enhancing implicit learning, and the creation of virtual atmospheres on the Internet.
Birth, life, and death
Authors: Cantat Isabelle , Cohen-Addad Sylvie , Elias Florence , Graner François , Höhler Reinhard , Pitois Olivier , Rouyer Florence , Saint-Jalmes Arnaud 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
We first introduce qualitatively the different mechanisms by which a foam forms, ages, rearranges, and then collapses, which collectively determine foam stability and lifetime. We explain why it is possible to form a stable foam. We first consider the effect that surfactants have on the static and dynamic properties of an interface and on a liquid film. We then discuss the relationship between the foaming capacity of a solution and the properties of the resulting foam’s interfaces and films. A bubble with few neighbours has a higher pressure than its neighbours. If the gas that it contains can diffuse through its films, the bubble shrinks and eventually disappears, giving rise to the process of coarsening. We present a description and model of liquid drainage through a foam. We show that it is comparable to the problem of liquid flow in porous media, with two significant differences between them. First, in a foam, the liquid flows through a network of pores whose diameter depends on the flow itself: the bubbles can move apart to allow liquid to pass and then move back. Second, the interfaces are fluid: they are partially entrained by the flow. The rupture of a film between two neighbouring bubbles is another process which tends to make the foam disappear. In this section we will discuss the mechanisms by which a single film can break, the collective effects at the scale of the foam, and the stimulated rupture of a film by antifoaming agents.
Rheology
Authors: Cantat Isabelle , Cohen-Addad Sylvie , Elias Florence , Graner François , Höhler Reinhard , Pitois Olivier , Rouyer Florence , Saint-Jalmes Arnaud 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Rheology is the study of the deformation and flow of “complex” fluids which exhibit both liquid and solid behaviour. Such materials are common in our everyday lives (cf. §1, chap. 1). Foams, although mostly air and water, are certainly complex fluids. A small amount of shaving foam or whipped cream doesn’t spread out under its own weight, but keeps the shape it is given, yet it can flow if sufficient force is applied. This complex behaviour forms the basis of this chapter.
Beyond Ctesiphon: Monasteries and Aristocrats in the Christian Histories
Authors: Wood Philip 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter looks at the emergence of two ‘independent’ forms of Christian historical writing within Iraq and their eventual incorporation into the central, patriarchal tradition. The first of these is the genre of monastic history, which celebrated the foundation of a new generation of monasteries in the north of Iraq from the late sixth century into the seventh. In particular, the chapter examines the ambiguous reputation of the reformer Babai within monastic circles. The second half of the chapter examines the celebration of aristocratic lineage within the histories of the late sixth century, testimony to the increasingly complex relationship between Christian institutions and secular patrons. These stories attempt to establish paradigms of proper behaviour for potential patrons, especially in cultural and religious terms.
A disposition-based process-theory of causation
Authors: Hüttemann Andreas 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGiven certain well-known observations by Mach and Russell the question arises what place there is for causation in the physical world. The aim in this chapter is to understand under what conditions we can use causal terminology and how it fits in with what physics has to say. The chapter will ultimately argue for a disposition-based process-theory of causation. After addressing Mach’s and Russell’s concerns the chapter will outline the kind of problem the disposition-based process-theory of causation is meant to solve. In a second step there will be a discussion of the nature of those dispositions that are relevant for our question. In section three existing dispositional accounts of causation will be addressed before a novel account is presented (sections four to six). Finally, the account presented will be contrasted with traditional process theories (section seven).
Nonlinearity and metaphysical emergence
Authors: Wilson Jessica 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe nonlinearity of a composite system, whereby certain of its features (including powers and behaviours) cannot be seen as linear or other broadly additive combinations of features of the system’s composing entities, has been frequently seen as a mark of metaphysical emergence, coupling the dependence of a composite system on an underlying system of composing entities with the composite system’s ontological autonomy from its underlying system. But why think that nonlinearity is a mark of emergence, and moreover, of metaphysical rather than merely epistemological emergence? Are there diverse ways in which nonlinearity might enter into an account of properly metaphysical emergence? And what are the prospects for there actually being phenomena that are metaphysically emergent in any available sense? This chapter explores the mutual bearing of nonlinearity and metaphysical emergence, with an eye towards answering these and related questions.
Introduction
Authors: Insole Christopher J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe chapter introduces the central exegetical claim of the book, that Kant struggles with a problem that is irreducibly theological: how can it be said that human beings are free, given that they are created by God? Kant’s claimed solution to this problem is in turn the object of the book’s theological and philosophical analysis. The problem is theological in that it concerns the relationship between divine and human action. The problem is irreducible, in that it arises from a reflection on the unique metaphysical properties of the creator, given certain doctrinal assumptions, rather than from more general philosophical concerns. The introduction relates the contribution of the book to an extensive secondary literature, and explains the scope and methodology of the book. The aim is to offer a new interpretation of a strand of Kant’s work, and to set out an alternative perspective on the significance of Kant for theology.
Concluding remarks
Authors: Ringström Hans 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Chapter 6 contains a description, intended for physicists, of a mathematical statement of stability of the universe. Moreover, it contains a discussion of the cosmological principle in view of all the observations made in the prologue. Finally, it contains a description of models of the universe, different from the standard ones, which are nonetheless consistent with observations. These models indicate that the standard restrictions on the topology are unnatural.
The initial value problem
Authors: Ringström Hans 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In Chapter 22, we turn to the geometric formulation of the initial value problem for the Einstein–Vlasov equations. In particular, we prove, given initial data, that there is a globally hyperbolic development. Moreover, we prove that two globally hyperbolic developments of the same data are extensions of a common globally hyperbolic development of the initial data. The last statement can be interpreted as a geometric version of local uniqueness.
Spatially homogeneous metrics, symmetry reductions
Authors: Ringström Hans 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
One of the main results of the book is the future stability of a large class of spatially locally homogeneous solutions. However, in order to obtain such a result, we first need to analyse the spatially homogeneous solutions. In Chapter 25, we begin this analysis by formulating a symmetry reduced version of the equations in the spatially homogeneous setting. We also provide a first continuation criterion.
Logic in Grammar
Authors: Chierchia Gennaro 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis book explores the relation between language and logic through an analysis of polarity sensitivity and free choice effects. A wide variety of items are considered, with the intent of identifying the common core of the Polarity System as well as the choices that determine the stunningly diverse array of its manifestations. Sensitivity to polarity and freedom of choice are analyzed as a form of grammaticized Scalar Implicature. This requires a reassessment of how the different components of language (i.e. syntax, semantics and pragmatics) interact. But perhaps the most surprising outcome of t Logical Syntax of Language his book concers the relation of syntax to logic. In his classic, Carnap defines syntax as a lexicon and a set of formation rule and logic proper as a set of inference rules. Modern linguistics in the generative tradition has maintained a similar modular set up: a combinatorial apparatus generates structures over which semantic/pragmatic relations (like entailment, presuppositions and implicatures) are defined. This book argues that a wide array of structures that are typically perceived and analyzed as syntactically deviant owe in fact their status to their logical properties, i.e. whether they are contradictory/analytically true in specific ways (‘G-trivial’). This alters the Carnapian view, as the characterization of ‘grammatical structure’ now requires a more direct role of logical inferences. The functional lexicon of grammar comes with a set of inference rules that crucially and directly determine grammaticality patterns. Logic in Grammar presents the results of a decade’s work on semantics, pragmatics and syntax. It extends the author’s long-term project on how humans categorize the world and how they reason. It is, in sum, a mind-opening contribution to the understanding of the fundamental operations of language and thought, a book that will interest linguists, philosophers, and cognitive scientists alike.
EvenNegative Polarity Items andOnlyNegative Polarity Items
Authors: Chierchia Gennaro 
Published: October 2013

AbstractChapter 3 presents the main thesis of the book: Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) activate obligatorily the alternatives that ordinary indefinites activate optionally (i.e. subject to relevance). Two classes of NPIs are discussed: emphatic (minimizers, even-one/some NPIs) and non emphatic (ever, NP-any, Italian alcun). Emphatic NPIs activate linearly ordered scales and are exhaustified via a covert counterpart of even, thank to a principle of ‘Optimal Fit’ (an extension of ‘Maximize Presupposition’). Non emphatic NPIs are counterparts of plain indefinites that do not admit the value ‘-‘ (‘inactive’) for their scalar and domain alternatives. Their distribution is derived from these assumptions. It is proposed that the reason why NPIs have to be weakest element on a scale is because non weakest elements in DE contexts generate positive implicatures that make exhaustification contradictory (i.e. G-trivial). Apparent counterexamples to this claim - e.g. NPIs like much (non end of scale) or at all (strongest element of a scale) are analyzed in terms of independently observable scalar principles (scale truncation, and scale reversal respectively).
Where We Stand
Authors: Chierchia Gennaro 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis chapter synthesizes and discusses the main results of the book, namely (i) the treatment of ordinary scalar terms and their implicatures, (ii) pure NPIs (emphatic, weak, strong) (iii) NPIs that double up as FCIs (existential and universal), and (iv) intervention effects of various sorts. The data seem to bear out the claim that Polarity Sensitive Items (PSIs) are indefinites whose alternatives have become obligatorily active (a case of ‘grammaticization’). The behavior of PSIs follows under these assumptions from a general view of how alternatives are factored into meaning via a process of exhaustification. A tightly regulated system of parameters paves the way to understanding both historical and typological variation in the Polarity System. Minimality effects constitute a key piece of evidence in favor of this view and a unique window on how the Polarity System works. The crucial role that logical triviality plays in this account is also discussed along with consequences of such role on the relation between syntax and logic, on the generative paradigm, and on our understanding of human cognition.
The Ethics of Fighting, Refraining from Fighting, and Peacemaking
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In addition to verses discussed in Chapter Two which have to do primarily with legitimate reasons for engaging in fighting, this chapter discusses the exegeses of verses which prescribe specific conduct during warfare, the manner of terminating hostilities, and making peace with enemies. Some of the most frequently cited verses in connection with the ethics of war and peace are discussed under the following rubrics: a) obligation to fight under justified circumstances; b) abstention from and termination of hostilities; and c) peacemaking. The survey of exegetical works undertaken in this chapter reveal that when and exactly upon whom the commandment to fight was binding and how this duty should be discharged remained subjects of lively debate through the centuries.
Modern and Contemporary Debates on Jihād and Martyrdom I
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Chapter Eight discusses how late medieval discourses on jihād in particular have been appropriated and selectively adapted for new political and ideological ends by political ideologues and radical Islamists in the contemporary period. In the first group are included Hasan al-Bannā, Abū’l-’Alā’ Mawdūdi, Sayyid Qutb, Ayatullah Khomeini, and Muhammad ’Abd al-Salām Faraj from the twentieth century. From the post-September 11 period the views of Abū Yahyāal-Lībī; Yūsuf al-Qaradāwī, and Abū Baṣīr al-Tartūsī are discussed among others. The Islamicizing rhetoric of these ideologues and radicals are subjected to a close analysis and how they use and misuse the classical and later sources to grant religious legitimacy to their various enterprises is scrutinized in detail. Attention is also paid to the views of the last three on particularly suicide bombings.
The Matrix of American Catholicism
Authors: McDonough Peter 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter and the next highlight four changes that have shaped American Catholicism since the sixties: the separation of church and state ratified by Vatican II, the revolution in sexual norms and gender roles, the Hispanicization of the Catholic population, and the attenuation of clerical control over church's outreach ministries in health, education, and welfare. Against this background, the chapter shows how issues tend to be differentially conflictual in Catholicism. Sexual matters lie at the nonnegotiable core, in large part because of their link with traditional lines of authority. The church's teachings on economic policy, and its stance on church-state matters since Vatican II, are generally less incendiary. Reform groups choose their battles in light of this escalating gradient of touchiness. They also take into account their own financial and membership resources, as well as the legal environment that may provide openings for pressuring the church.
The Dynamics of Tradition
Authors: McDonough Peter 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter lays out the options adopted by proponents of change and tradition. The groups include neoconservative Catholics aligned with the periodical First Things, advocates such as Survivors Networks of those Abused by Priests (SNAP), moderate progressives joined with Voice of the Faithful (VOTF), business leaders and philanthropists associated with the National Leadership Roundtable for Church Management, and FutureChurch, a group that promotes women's ordination to the priesthood. Lay interests have usually followed one of two strategies since John Courtney Murray, the Jesuit theologian, succeeded in expanding tolerance for religious freedom and political pluralism at Vatican II. One path is doctrinally confrontational, pitting traditionalists against reformers favoring women's rights. Another is legalistic-combative or administrative-collaborative. SNAP focuses on curbing the church's “immunity” from civil and criminal prosecution in cases of sexual abuse. The Roundtable counts on administrative reform from within to upgrade the ministries of the church.
Welfare Reform, American Values, and the Triumph of Catholic Neoconservatism
Authors: McDonough Peter 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter wraps up the analysis of Catholic neoconservatism with the ratification of the Welfare Reform Act of 1996 under Bill Clinton. The bill, ending “welfare as we know it,” reflected a convergence between Protestant evangelicals, Catholic conservatives, business interests, and political managers who tried to undo what they saw as the harmful effects of welfare dependency on family life and economic progress. The chapter compares the views of the liberal Catholic Mary Jo Bane, who quit the Clinton administration over her boss's signing of the bill, and Larry Mead, a Protestant who provided much of the rationale behind the reform. The chapter concludes with an evaluation of the triumphs and limitations of Catholic neoconservatism, inside and outside the church, as well as an assessment of the plight of Catholic progressivism.
Conciliarism and Other Dormant Traditions
Authors: McDonough Peter 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter reviews the development of lesser-known traditions in Catholicism. One is conciliarism, a movement promoting collegiality between the papacy and bishops, that virtually disappeared with the Counter-Reformation. Another goes under the label “corporatism” or “trusteeism.” This is a system of low-key collaboration between laity and priests in the management of the finances and other “temporalities.” In modern times the practice shows up prominently in the administration and fund-raising operations for the church's ministries in health care and higher education. Still another tradition, common though all but nameless, is a culture that prizes discretion, deception, and behind-the-scenes wheeling-and-dealing in the everyday activities of the church. This practice, crystallized by the seventeenth-century Spanish Jesuit Baltasar Gracián, has bequeathed a legacy of surreptitious individualism that discourages collective action in the internal politics of the church.
The Safety and Strength of a Novel Medial, Partial Nonthreaded Pedicle Screw
Authors: Kwan Mun Keong , Chan Chris Yin Wei , Saw Lim Beng , Rukmanikanthan Shanmugam , Lenke Lawrence G. 
Published: October 2013

Study Design:
Cadaveric and biomechanical study.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to assess the safety and pullout strength of medial, partial nonthreaded thoracic pedicle screws compared with conventional screws.

Summary of Background Data:
The perforation rate of the pedicle screws has been reported as high as 41%. Nerve injury and irritation can result from the compression of malpositioned screw on neural structures.

Methods:
Ten fresh cadavers were studied. Screws, 5.0 and 6.0 mm, were inserted from T1 to T6 and T7 to T12, respectively. Pedicle perforations and fractures were recorded upon screw insertion and final positioning (nonthreaded portion facing medially) after a wide laminectomy. Pullout strength of novel and conventional screws were then tested using an Instron machine in an artificial bone substitute.

Results:
A total of 240 thoracic pedicle screws were inserted. Of them, 88.8% (213 screws) were fully contained during screw insertion. There were 5.0% (12 screws) grade 1 medial perforations and 6.2% (15 screws) grade 1 lateral perforations during screw insertion. Upon final positioning, 93.8% (225 screws) were fully contained. All grade 1 medial perforations, which occurred during insertion, were converted to grade 0. No dural or nerve root injuries occurred. Pedicle split fractures were noted in 6.7% (16 screws). The use of medial, partial nonthreaded screws reduced the overall perforation rate from 11.2% to 6.2%. The mean pullout load for the 5 mm fully threaded screw versus medial, partial nonthreaded was 1419.3±106.1 N (1275.8–1538.8 N) and 1336.6±44.2 N (1293.0–1405.1 N) respectively, whereas 6 mm pullout load averaged 2126.0±134.8 N (1986.3–2338.3 N) and 2036.5±210.0 N (1818.4–2355.9 N). The difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions:
The use of medial, partial nonthreaded pedicle screws reduced the medial perforation rate from 5.0% to 0%; however, the pullout strength was not significantly reduced. The use of this novel screw can potentially reduce the incidence of nerve injury or irritation after medial pedicle perforations.