bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Winter home range and habitat use by porcupines in Alaska
Authors: Coltrane Jessica A. , Sinnott Rick 
Published: October 2012

AbstractHabitat selection results from trade‐offs between availability and use of resources under constraints of predation, competition, or other threats, which can vary spatially and temporally. For northern herbivores, winter food availability and quality can limit population size and may drive habitat preference. North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) are widespread generalist herbivores that range from Mexico to the northern reaches of Alaska. During the long Alaskan winter, porcupines deal with high energetic demands resulting from low ambient temperatures while subsisting on low quality forage. We tracked free‐ranging porcupines over 3 winters in southcentral Alaska to determine habitat selection and home range size in relation to diet. Porcupines maintained larger than expected home ranges, and selected for conifer‐hardwood forests at the home range level. Individual variation among porcupines was too large to determine a pattern of microhabitat selection among trees. Regardless, direct observations revealed that porcupines used only white spruce and paper birch trees for foraging. White spruce may provide some nutritional and thermoregulatory advantage over paper birch; however, porcupines did feed on paper birch cambium, suggesting some nutritional requirement is met by eating paper birch. Porcupines most likely feed on paper birch cambium when detoxification pathways used to process plant toxins in white spruce needles are saturated. Maintaining mixed conifer‐hardwood forests in southcentral Alaska would provide suitable winter habitat for porcupines and may alleviate damage to single species stands of conifers or hardwoods that are preferred by commercial forestry operations. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Polymer‐Grafted Silicon Nanoparticles Obtained Either via Peptide Bonding or Click Chemistry
Authors: Maurice Vincent , Slostowski Cedric , Herlin‐Boime Nathalie , Carrot Geraldine 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPegylated silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) are of great interest for applications in bio‐imaging as fluorescent tracers. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) covalently attached to SiNPs may improve the (bio)compatibility, solubility in water and stability of SiNPs, without inhibiting their optical properties. SiNPs are first coated with silica followed by a silanization of the surface. Then, two versatile “grafting to” methods are used to provide pegylated SiNPs. Both peptide type coupling and copper(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) are conducted and compared to graft PEG of different chain lengths. Infra‐red spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy prove that theses methodologies are simple and efficient for the preparation of functional inorganic nanoparticles with luminescent properties.
Thalamic noradrenaline in Parkinson's disease: Deficits suggest role in motor and non‐motor symptoms
Authors: Pifl Christian , Kish Stephen J. , Hornykiewicz Oleh 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe thalamus occupies a pivotal position within the corticobasal ganglia‐cortical circuits. In Parkinson's disease (PD), the thalamus exhibits pathological neuronal discharge patterns, foremost increased bursting and oscillatory activity, which are thought to perturb the faithful transfer of basal ganglia impulse flow to the cortex. Analogous abnormal thalamic discharge patterns develop in animals with experimentally reduced thalamic noradrenaline; conversely, added to thalamic neuronal preparations, noradrenaline exhibits marked antioscillatory and antibursting activity. Our study is based on this experimentally established link between noradrenaline and the quality of thalamic neuronal discharges. We analyzed 14 thalamic nuclei from all functionally relevant territories of 9 patients with PD and 8 controls, and measured noradrenaline with high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In PD, noradrenaline was profoundly reduced in all nuclei of the motor (pallidonigral and cerebellar) thalamus (ventroanterior: −86%, P = .0011; ventrolateral oral: −87%, P = .0010; ventrolateral caudal: −89%, P = .0014): Also, marked noradrenaline losses, ranging from 68% to 91% of controls, were found in other thalamic territories, including associative, limbic and intralaminar regions; the primary sensory regions were only mildly affected. The marked noradrenergic deafferentiation of the thalamus discloses a strategically located noradrenergic component in the overall pathophysiology of PD, suggesting a role in the complex mechanisms involved with the genesis of the motor and non‐motor symptoms. Our study thus significantly contributes to the knowledge of the extrastriatal nondopaminergic mechanisms of PD with direct relevance to treatment of this disorder. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for generalized dystonia after bilateral pallidotomy
Authors: Fonoff Erich Talamoni , Campos Wuilker Knoner , Mandel Maurício , Alho Eduardo Joaquim Lopes , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground:Thalamotomies and pallidotomies were commonly performed before the deep brain stimulation (DBS) era. Although ablative procedures can lead to significant dystonia improvement, longer periods of analysis reveal disease progression and functional deterioration. Today, the same patients seek additional treatment possibilities.Methods:Four patients with generalized dystonia who previously had undergone bilateral pallidotomy came to our service seeking additional treatment because of dystonic symptom progression. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus DBS (B‐STN‐DBS) was the treatment of choice. The patients were evaluated with the Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) and the Unified Dystonia Rating Scale (UDRS) before and 2 years after surgery.Results:All patients showed significant functional improvement, averaging 65.3% in BFMDRS (P = .014) and 69.2% in UDRS (P = .025).Conclusions:These results suggest that B‐STN‐DBS may be an interesting treatment option for generalized dystonia, even for patients who have already undergone bilateral pallidotomy. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Surgical treatment for secondary dystonia
Authors: Tierney Travis S. , Lozano Andres M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSurgical therapy for the secondary dystonias is generally perceived to be less effective than for primary disease. However, a number of case reports and small open series have recently appeared describing quite favorable outcomes following surgery for some nonprimary dystonias. We discuss surgical treatment options for this group of diverse conditions, including tardive dystonia, dystonic cerebral palsy, and certain heredodegenerative diseases in which deep brain stimulation and ablative lesions of the posteroventral pallidum have been shown to be effective. Other types of secondary dystonia respond less well to pallidal surgery, particularly when anatomical lesions of the basal ganglia are prominent on preoperative imaging. For these conditions, central baclofen delivery and botulinum toxin denervation may be considered. With optimal medical and surgical care, some patients with secondary dystonia have achieved reductions in disability and pain that approach those documented for primary dystonia. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Purification and characterization of an antitumor protein with deoxyribonuclease activity from edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita
Authors: Chen Yijie , Jiang Shuai , Jin Yanxia , Yin Yalin , Yu Guojun , Lan Xianqing , Cui Mingyao , Liang Yi , Wong Barry Hon Cheung , Guo Lin , Sun Hui 
Published: October 2012

ScopeMushrooms are well known for their nutritional and medicinal value. Agrocybe aegerita has been used as a nutritious food around the world and for its herbal medicinal properties in Asia. In recent years, several antitumor proteins have been identified from A. aegerita. The objective of this study was to purify a novel antitumor protein from A. aegerita.Methods and resultsA novel antitumor protein A. aegerita deoxyribonuclease (AAD) was purified through a two‐step chromatographic procedure and was shown to possess antitumor activity against different cancer cell lines. Cells treated with AAD produced typical apoptotic morphological changes, which include chromatin condensation, the accumulation of sub‐G1 cells and caspase‐8 cleavage. Biochemical characterization of AAD showed that it was a member of the DNase I family and that it possessed divalent metal ion‐dependent endonuclease activity. The optimal temperature for AAD activity was 50°C and its optimal pH was 8.5. The MS‐identified peptides of AAD were found to match to Unigene3821, which has 97% homology with Aa‐Pri1, in our A. aegerita transcriptome.ConclusionWe have identified a novel antitumor protein from A. aegerita. This fuller understanding of A. aegerita would help us to enhance its use in nutritional and medical applications.
Bottom‐up zu molekularen Nanostrukturen
Authors: Gille Marie , Grill Leonhard , Hecht Stefan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractKonventionelle Verfahren der Top‐down‐Nanofabrikation stoßen an ihre Grenzen — die Zeit ist reif für Alternativen. Durch Polymerisationen auf Oberflächen gelangt man bottom‐up zu ein‐ und zweidimensionalen molekularen Nanostrukturen.
Wenn Kunst‐Stoff verrottet
Authors: Osterath Brigitte 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDer Zahn der Zeit nagt an Kunststoffen stärker als an Metall, Holz oder Glas. Viele Museen bekommen das schmerzlich zu spüren: Ihre Ausstellungsobjekte lösen sich an Licht und Luft einfach auf.
Developmental and androgenic regulation of chromatin regulators EZH2 and ANCCA/ATAD2 in the prostate Via MLL histone methylase complex
Authors: Duan Zhijian , Zou June X. , Yang Ping , Wang Yuzhuo , Borowsky Alexander D. , Gao Allen C. , Chen Hong‐Wu 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDChromatin regulators ANCCA and EZH2 are overexpressed in prostate cancer and play crucial roles in androgen‐stimulated and castration‐refractory prostate tumor growth and survival. However, how their expression is regulated in the tumors and whether they play a role in prostate development remains unclear.METHODSProstate tissue from different developmental stages of mouse and human were examined by IHC, qRT‐PCR and Western for expression of ANCCA, EZH2, and Ki‐67. Animals were castrated and T‐implanted for the expression response in normal prostate and tumors. siRNA knockdown and ChIP were performed for the mechanism of ANCCA regulation of EZH2.RESULTSIn contrast to their very low level expression in adult prostate, ANCCA and EZH2 are strongly expressed in the epithelium and mesenchyme of mouse and human UGS. Their expression becomes more restricted to epithelial cells during later development and displays a second peak during puberty, which correlates with the proliferative status of the epithelium. Importantly, their expression in normal prostate and tumors is strongly suppressed by castration and markedly induced by testosterone replacement. While androgen suppresses EZH2 in CRPC cells, in LNCaP cells, physiological concentrations of androgen stimulate expression of PRC2 genes (EZH2, SUZ12, and EED), which is mediated by androgen‐induced ANCCA and involves E2F and histone H3K4me3 methylase MLL1 complex.CONCLUSIONEZH2 and ANCCA are androgen regulated and strongly expressed in early prostate morphogenesis and during puberty, suggesting their important role in prostate development. Regulation of EZH2 by ANCCA emphasizes bromodomain protein ANCCA as a potential therapeutic target against prostate cancer. Prostate 73: 455–466, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential expression of VEGF ligands and receptors in prostate cancer
Authors: Woollard David J. , Opeskin Kenneth , Coso Sanja , Wu Di , Baldwin Megan E. , Williams Elizabeth D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDProstate cancer disseminates to regional lymph nodes, however the molecular mechanisms responsible for lymph node metastasis are poorly understood. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ligand and receptor family have been implicated in the growth and spread of prostate cancer via activation of the blood vasculature and lymphatic systems. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively examine the expression pattern of VEGF ligands and receptors in the glandular epithelium, stroma, lymphatic vasculature and blood vessels in prostate cancer.METHODSThe localization of VEGF‐A, VEGF‐C, VEGF‐D, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)‐1, VEGFR‐2, and VEGFR‐3 was examined in cancerous and adjacent benign prostate tissue from 52 subjects representing various grades of prostate cancer.RESULTSExcept for VEGFR‐2, extensive staining was observed for all ligands and receptors in the prostate specimens. In epithelial cells, VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐1 expression was higher in tumor tissue compared to benign tissue. VEGF‐D and VEGFR‐3 expression was significantly higher in benign tissue compared to tumor in the stroma and the endothelium of lymphatic and blood vessels. In addition, the frequency of lymphatic vessels, but not blood vessels, was lower in tumor tissue compared with benign tissue.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that activation of VEGFR‐1 by VEGF‐A within the carcinoma, and activation of lymphatic endothelial cell VEGFR‐3 by VEGF‐D within the adjacent benign stroma may be important signaling mechanisms involved in the progression and subsequent metastatic spread of prostate cancer. Thus inhibition of these pathways may contribute to therapeutic strategies for the management of prostate cancer. Prostate 73: 563–572, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of In vivo behavior of polymer tube nerve grafts simultaneously with the peripheral nerve regeneration process using scanning electron microscopy technique
Authors: Szarek Dariusz , Marycz Krzysztof , Laska Jadwiga , Bednarz Paulina , Jarmundowicz Włodzimierz 
Published: October 2012

SummaryIn this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been applied for instantaneous assessment of processes occurring at the site of regenerating nerve. The technique proved to be especially useful when an artificial implant should have been observed but have not yet been extensively investigated before for assessment of nerve tissue. For in vivo studies, evaluation of implant's morphology and its neuroregenerative properties is of great importance when new prototype is developed. However, the usually applied histological techniques require separate and differently prepared samples, and therefore, the results are never a 100% comparable. In our research, we found SEM as a technique providing detailed data both on an implant behavior and the nerve regeneration process inside the implant. Observations were carried out during 12‐week period on rat sciatic nerve injury model reconstructed with nerve autografts and different tube nerve grafts. Samples were analyzed with haematoxylin‐eosin (HE), immunocytochemical staining for neurofillament and S‐100 protein, SEM, TEM, and the results were compared. SEM studies enabled to obtain characteristic pictures of the regeneration process similarly to TEM and histological studies. Schwann cell transformation and communication as well as axonal outgrowth were identified, newly created and matured axons could be recognized. Concurrent analysis of biomaterial changes in the implant (degradation, collapsing of the tube wall, migration of alginate gel) was possible. This study provides the groundwork for further use of the described technique in the nerve regeneration studies. SCANNING 35: 232‐245, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Transparent Nanowire‐Based Cell Impalement Device Suitable for Detailed Cell–Nanowire Interaction Studies
Authors: Mumm Florian , Beckwith Kai M. , Bonde Sara , Martinez Karen L. , Sikorski Pawel 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA method to fabricate inexpensive and transparent nanowire impalement devices is invented based on CuO nanowire arrays grown by thermal oxidation. By employing a novel process the nanowires are transferred to a transparent, cell‐compatible epoxy membrane. Cargo delivery and detailed cell‐nanowire interaction studies are performed, revealing that the cell plasma membrane tightly wraps the nanowires, while cell membrane penetration is not observed. The presented device offers an efficient investigation platform for further optimization, leading towards a simple and versatile impalement delivery system.
Fabrication of Graphene Sheets Intercalated with Manganese Oxide/Carbon Nanofibers: Toward High‐Capacity Energy Storage
Authors: Kwon Oh Seok , Kim Taejoon , Lee Jun Seop , Park Seon Joo , Park Hyun‐Woo , Kang Minjeong , Lee Ji Eun , Jang Jyongsik , Yoon Hyeonseok 
Published: October 2012

AbstractHerein, 3D nanohybrid architectures consisting of MnOx nanocrystals, carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and graphene sheets are fabricated. MnOx‐decorated CNFs (MCNFs) with diameters of about 50 nm are readily obtained via single‐nozzle co‐electrospinning, followed by heat treatment. The MCNFs are then intercalated between graphene sheets, yielding the ternary nanohybrid MCNF/reduced graphene oxide (RGO). This straightforward synthesis process readily affords product on a scale of tens of grams. The ultrathin CNFs, which might be a promising alternative to carbon nanotubes (CNTs), overcome the low electrical conductivity of the excellent pseudocapacitive component, MnOx. Furthermore, the graphene sheets separated by the MCNFs boost the electrochemical performance of the nanohybrid electrodes. These nanohybrid electrodes exhibit enhanced specific capacitances compared with a sheet electrode fabricated of MCNF‐only or RGO‐only. Evidently, the RGO sheet acts as a conductive channel inside the nanohybrid, while the intercalated MCNFs increase the efficiency of the ion and charge transfer in the nanohybrid. The proposed nanohybrid architectures are expected to lay the foundation for the design and fabrication of high‐performance electrodes.
Pain
Authors: Melzack Ronald , Katz Joel 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPain has many valuable functions. It often signals injury or disease, generates a wide range of adaptive behaviors, and promotes healing through rest. Despite these beneficial aspects of pain, there are negative features that challenge our understanding of the puzzle of pain, including persistent phantom limb pain after amputation or total spinal cord transection. Pain is a personal, subjective experience influenced by cultural learning, the meaning of the situation, attention, and other psychological variables. Pain processes do not begin with the stimulation of receptors. Rather, injury or disease produces neural signals that enter an active nervous system that (in the adult organism) is the substrate of past experience, culture, and a host of other environmental and personal factors. These brain processes actively participate in the selection, abstraction, and synthesis of information from the total sensory input. Pain is not simply the end product of a linear sensory transmission system; it is a dynamic process that involves continuous interactions among complex ascending and descending systems. The neuromatrix theory guides us away from the Cartesian concept of pain as a sensation produced by injury, inflammation, or other tissue pathology and toward the concept of pain as a multidimensional experience produced by multiple influences. These influences range from the existing synaptic architecture of the neuromatrix—which is determined by genetic and sensory factors—to influences from within the body and from other areas in the brain. Genetic influences on synaptic architecture may determine—or predispose toward—the development of chronic pain syndromes. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:1–15. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1201This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction
Evaluating Environmental Change Strategies: Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Pettibone Kristianna G. , Friend Karen B. , Nargiso Jessica E. , Florin Paul 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this introductory article we define environmental change strategies (ECS), summarize the primary challenges associated with evaluating ECS, and provide an overview of the methods researchers have employed to begin to address these challenges. This special issue provides a range of examples, from researchers and practitioners in the field, of different approaches for addressing these challenges. These articles present new methods to understand and test how ECS are implemented and propose methods to evaluate their implementation. The content of the articles covers multiple public health issues, including substance abuse prevention, tobacco control, HIV prevention, and obesity prevention. This special issue is intended to build the evidence base for effective ECS, generate compelling discussion, critical analyses, and spur future research that will help improve the implementation and evaluation of ECS.
A New Documentation System for Congenital Absent Digits
Authors: Jones Neil F. , Kaplan Jesse 
Published: October 2012

Background Congenital absent digits continue to be described by many confusing terms and are currently classified in categories I, V, and VI of the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand classification and seven subclassification systems. Very few classification systems provide any logical basis for surgical reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple alphanumerical documentation system to reproducibly describe the morphological or radiographic appearance of congenital absent digits and facilitate communication of these childrens' hand anomalies from one hand surgeon to another. Methods Dorsal and palmar photographs and PA radiographs of 235 hands in 204 children born with congenital absent digits over a 15-year period were analyzed to determine which digital rays were missing and their level of absence. Each hand can be described by three letters, R (radial), C (central), and U (ulnar), as well as numbers 1–5. The first letter and number designate which rays are missing and the second and third letters and numbers designate which rays remain present. Results There are 15 morphological phenotypes of congenital absent digits. The three most common phenotypes are U4R1 (a thumb but absence of all four fingers), R1U4 (absent thumb), and R5 (aplastic hand). Conclusions This new documentation system allows hand surgeons to describe the simple morphological or radiographic appearance of congenital absent digits; incorporates all the previous subclassification systems that have attempted to describe congenital absent digits in radial, central, and ulnar deficiencies, symbrachydactyly, and congenital constriction ring syndrome; and has subsequently allowed the development of an algorithm which predicts whether conventional or microsurgical reconstruction is indicated for each specific phenotype.