bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is clinical stage T2c prostate cancer an intermediate‐ or high‐risk disease?
Authors: Klaassen Zachary , Singh Abhay A. , Howard Lauren E. , Feng Zhaoyong , Trock Bruce , Terris Martha K. , Aronson William J. , Cooperberg Matthew R. , Amling Christopher L. , Kane Christopher J. , Partin Alan , Han Misop , Freedland Stephen J. 
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUNDClinical stage T2c (cT2c) is an indeterminate factor in prostate cancer (PC) risk stratification. According to the D'Amico grouping and American Urological Association guidelines, cT2c is a high risk, whereas the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the European Urological Association classify cT2c as an intermediate risk. This study assessed whether cT2c tumors without other high‐risk factors (clinical stage T2c, not otherwise specified [cT2c‐NOS]) behaved as an intermediate or high risk through an analysis of biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy.METHODSTwo thousand seven hundred fifty‐nine men from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) Database and 12,900 men from Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) from 1988‐2011 and 1982‐2012, respectively, were analyzed. Patients were grouped into low‐risk (prostate‐specific antigen [PSA] < 10 ng/mL, Gleason sum ≤ 6, and cT1‐T2a), intermediate‐risk (PSA = 10‐20 ng/mL, Gleason sum = 7, or cT2b), and high‐risk PC categories (PSA > 20 ng/mL, Gleason sum = 8‐10, or cT3). Men with cT2c tumors who were not otherwise at high risk (ie, PSA< 20 ng/mL and Gleason sum < 8) were placed into a separate category termed cT2c‐NOS. Associations between cT2c‐NOS and intermediate‐ and high‐risk patients and BCR were tested with the log‐rank test and Cox proportional analysis models.RESULTSNinety‐nine men (4%) from SEARCH and 202 men (2%) from JHH had tumors classified as cT2c‐NOS. The cT2c‐NOS patients had a BCR risk similar to that of the intermediate‐risk patients (SEARCH, P = .27; JHH, P = .23) but a significantly lower BCR risk in comparison with the high‐risk patients (SEARCH, P < .001; JHH, P < .001). When they were specifically compared with intermediate‐ and high‐risk patients, after adjustments for year and center, cT2c‐NOS patients had outcomes comparable to those of intermediate‐risk patients (SEARCH, P = .53; JHH, P = .54) but significantly better than those of high‐risk patients (SEARCH, P = .003; JHH, P < .001).CONCLUSIONSPatients with cT2c disease without other high‐risk features had outcomes similar to the outcomes of patients with intermediate‐risk PC and significantly better than the outcomes of patients with high‐risk PC. These findings suggest that men with cT2c disease should be considered to be at intermediate risk. Cancer 2015;121:1414–1421. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Which are more correctly diagnosed: Conventional Papanicolaou smears or Thinprep samples? A comparative study of 9 years of external quality‐assurance testing
Authors: Cummings Margaret C. , Marquart Louise , Pelecanos Anita M. , Perkins Gail , Papadimos David , O'Rourke Peter , Ross Jennifer A. 
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUNDThe Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Cytopathology Quality Assurance Program offers external testing in gynecologic cytology to Australasian and international laboratories. Laboratory interpretation of conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) smears is compared with interpretation of liquid‐based cervical cytologic (ThinPrep) samples.METHODSConventional Pap smears and ThinPrep samples were distributed to participating laboratories annually over 9 years (from 2004 to 2012), and a range of entities was tested. Target responses and major error rates and diagnostic trends over time were explored.RESULTSIn total, 23,373 conventional Pap smears and 14,104 ThinPrep samples were reported. Both Australasian (P = .003) and international (P < .001) laboratories achieved a higher percentage of the target diagnosis of squamous dysplasia with ThinPrep samples. Australasian laboratories more accurately diagnosed endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ with conventional smears (P = .036), whereas international laboratories performed better with ThinPrep samples (P = .006). Sampling of the lower uterine segment was more accurately diagnosed by both Australasian (P < .001) and international (P = .001) laboratories using conventional Pap smears. Significant improvements in achieving the target diagnosis over time for squamous dysplasias using both modalities were observed for Australasian and international laboratories (P < .001 for both). There was improvement in diagnosing high sampling using ThinPrep for both groups (P = .001 and P = .015, respectively). Australasian performance declined over time in reaching the target of normal (no infections) for both conventional (P = .001) and ThinPrep (P < .001) techniques and for international laboratories with the ThinPrep technique (P < .001).CONCLUSIONSParticipation in external proficiency testing in cervical cytology allows an analysis of performance, the identification of areas of diagnostic difficulty, a review of trends over time, and the highlighting of topics for ongoing education. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:108–116. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Ionic Fragmentation Mechanisms of 2,2,2‐Trifluoroethanol Following Excitation with Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Bava Yanina B. , Berrueta Martínez Yanina , Moreno Betancourt Angélica , Erben Mauricio F. , Cavasso Filho Reinaldo L. , Della Védova Carlos O. , Romano Rosana M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractGaseous 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol (TFE) is excited with synchrotron radiation between 10 and 1000 eV and the ejected electrons and positive ions are detected in coincidence. In the valence‐electron energy region, the most abundant species is CH2OH+. Other fragments, including ions produced by atomic rearrangements, are also detected; the most abundant are COH+, CFH2+ and CF2H2+. The energies of electronic transitions from C 1 s, O 1 s and F 1 s orbitals to vacant molecular orbitals are determined. A site‐specific C 1 s excitation is observed. The photofragmentation mechanisms after the excitation of core‐shell electrons are inferred from analysis of the shape and slope of the coincidence between two charged fragments in the bi‐dimensional coincidence spectra. The spectra are dominated by islands that correspond to the coincidence of H+ with several charged fragments. One of the most important channels leads to the formation of CH2OH+ and CF3+ in a concerted mechanism.
Controlled Tautomeric Switching in Azonaphthols Tuned by Substituents on the Phenyl Ring
Authors: Antonov Liudmil , Deneva Vera , Simeonov Svilen , Kurteva Vanya , Crochet Aurelien , Fromm Katharina M. , Shivachev Boris , Nikolova Rositsa , Savarese Marika , Adamo Carlo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA series of new tautomeric azonaphthols are synthesized and the possibilities for molecular switching are investigated using molecular spectroscopy, X‐ray analysis and density functional theory quantum chemical calculations. Two opposite effects that influence switching are studied: attaching a piperidine sidearm, and adding substituents to the phenyl ring. On the one hand, the attached piperidine moiety stabilizes the enol form leading to a controlled shift of the equilibrium upon protonation. On the other hand, the relative stability of the azonaphthol tautomers strongly depends on the effects of the substituents on the phenyl ring: electron donors tend to stabilize the enol tautomer, whereas electron acceptors lead to stabilization of the keto form. However, these effects do not shift fully the equilibrium towards either of the tautomers. Nevertheless, the effect of the substituents can be an additional tool to affect the switching between “on” and “off” states. Electron‐withdrawing substituents stabilize the keto form and impede switching to the off state, whereas electron donors stabilize the enol form. The effect of the piperidine unit is dominant overall, and with strongly electron‐withdrawing substituents at the phenyl ring, the enol form exists as a zwitterion.
Improved Sensitivity for Imaging Spin Trapped Hydroxyl Radical at 250 MHz
Authors: Biller Joshua R. , Tseitlin Mark , Mitchell Deborah G. , Yu Zhelin , Buchanan Laura A. , Elajaili Hanan , Rosen Gerald M. , Kao Joseph P. Y. , Eaton Sandra S. , Eaton Gareth R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRadicals, including hydroxyl, superoxide, and nitric oxide, play key signaling roles in vivo. Reaction of these free radicals with a spin trap affords more stable paramagnetic nitroxides, but concentrations in vivo still are so low that detection by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is challenging. Three innovative enabling technologies have been combined to substantially improve sensitivity for imaging spin‐trapped radicals at 250 MHz. 1) Spin‐trapped adducts of BMPO have lifetimes that are long enough to make imaging by EPR at 250 MHz feasible. 2) The signal‐to‐noise ratio of rapid‐scan EPR is substantially higher than for conventional continuous‐wave EPR. 3) An improved algorithm permits image reconstruction with a spectral dimension that encompasses the full 50 G spectrum of the BMPO–OH spin adduct without requiring the wide sweeps that would be needed for filtered backprojection. A 2D spectral–spatial image is shown for a phantom containing ca. 5 μM BMPO–OH.
Analysis and design of a high‐compliance ultra‐high output resistance current mirror employing positive shunt feedback
Authors: Maghami Mohammad Hossein , Sodagar Amir M. , Sawan Mohamad 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYThis paper reports a novel high‐compliance, very accurate and ultra‐high output resistance current mirror. These features are achieved by employing a combination of negative and positive feedbacks in the proposed circuit. This makes the proposed current mirror unique in gathering ultra‐high output resistance, high compliance, and high accuracy ever demanded merits. The principle of operation of this structure is discussed, its main formulas are derived and its outstanding performance is verified by Cadence post‐layout simulations. Designed in the IBM 130‐nm standard CMOS process, the circuit consumes 230 × 110 µm2 of silicon area. Post‐layout simulation results indicate that with a 3.3‐V power supply, output voltage compliance of 0.93VSupply is achieved at a maximum output current of 96 μA. Moreover, an extremely ultra‐high output resistance of 320 GΩ is achieved, which is one of the highest reported values of output resistance for current mirrors implemented using regular CMOS technology. The −3 dB upper cut‐off frequency of the proposed circuit is 100 MHz and the output/input current transfer error is 0.1%. The whole circuit, including bias circuitry, consumes 0.57 mW when delivering 96 μA to the load. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microfluidic device for a rapid immobilization of Zebrafish larvae in environmental scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Akagi Jin , Zhu Feng , Skommer Joanna , Hall Chris J. , Crosier Philip S. , Cialkowski Michal , Wlodkowic Donald 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSmall vertebrate model organisms have recently gained popularity as attractive experimental models that enhance our understanding of human tissue and organ development. Despite a large body of evidence using optical spectroscopy for the characterization of small model organism on chip‐based devices, no attempts have been so far made to interface microfabricated technologies with environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Conventional scanning electron microscopy requires high vacuum environments and biological samples must be, therefore, submitted to many preparative procedures to dehydrate, fix, and subsequently stain the sample with gold–palladium deposition. This process is inherently low‐throughput and can introduce many analytical artifacts. This work describes a proof‐of‐concept microfluidic chip‐based system for immobilizing zebrafish larvae for ESEM imaging that is performed in a gaseous atmosphere, under low vacuum mode and without any need for sample staining protocols. The microfabricated technology provides a user‐friendly and simple interface to perform ESEM imaging on zebrafish larvae. Presented lab‐on‐a‐chip device was fabricated using a high‐speed infrared laser micromachining in a biocompatible poly(methyl methacrylate) thermoplastic. It consisted of a reservoir with multiple semispherical microwells designed to hold the yolk of dechorionated zebrafish larvae. Immobilization of the larvae was achieved by a gentle suction generated during blotting of the medium. Trapping region allowed for multiple specimens to be conveniently positioned on the chip‐based device within few minutes for ESEM imaging. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Spatiotemporal integration of developmental cues in neural development
Authors: Borodinsky Laura N. , Belgacem Yesser H. , Swapna Immani , Visina Olesya , Balashova Olga A. , Sequerra Eduardo B. , Tu Michelle K. , Levin Jacqueline B. , Spencer Kira A. , Castro Patricio A. , Hamilton Andrew M. , Shim Sangwoo 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTNervous system development relies on the generation of neurons, their differentiation and establishment of synaptic connections. These events exhibit remarkable plasticity and are regulated by many developmental cues. Here, we review the mechanisms of three classes of these cues: morphogenetic proteins, electrical activity, and the environment. We focus on second messenger dynamics and their role as integrators of the action of diverse cues, enabling plasticity in the process of neural development. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 349–359, 2015
MitochondrialDNAanalysis reveals hidden genetic diversity in captive populations of the threatened American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) in Colombia
Authors: Bloor Paul , Ibáñez Carolina , Viloria‐Lagares Thomas A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIdentification of units within species worthy of separate management consideration is an important area within conservation. MitochondrialDNA(mtDNA) surveys can potentially contribute to this by identifying phylogenetic and population structure below the species level. The American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is broadly distributed throughout the Neotropics. Its numbers have been reduced severely with the species threatened throughout much of its distribution. In Colombia, the release of individuals from commercial captive populations has emerged as a possible conservation strategy that could contribute to species recovery. However, no studies have addressed levels of genetic differentiation or diversity withinC. acutusin Colombia, thus complicating conservation and management decisions. Here, sequence variation was studied in mtDNAcytochromeband cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences in three Colombian captive populations ofC. acutus. Two distinct lineages were identified:C. acutus‐I, corresponding to haplotypes from Colombia and closely related Central American haplotypes; andC. acutus‐II, corresponding to all remaining haplotypes from Colombia. Comparison with findings from other studies indicates the presence of a single “northern” lineage (corresponding toC. acutus‐I) distributed from North America (southern Florida), through Central America and into northern South America. The absence ofC. acutus‐IIhaplotypes from North and Central America indicates that theC. acutus‐IIlineage probably represents a separate South American lineage. There appears to be sufficient divergence between lineages to suggest that they could represent two distinct evolutionary units. We suggest that this differentiation needs to be recognized for conservation purposes because it clearly contributes to the overall genetic diversity of the species. All Colombian captive populations included in this study contained a mixture of representatives of both lineages. As such, we recommend against the use of captive‐bred individuals for conservation strategies until further genetic information is available.
Vegetation changes associated with a population irruption by Roosevelt elk
Authors: Starns Heath D. , Weckerly Floyd W. , Ricca Mark A. , Duarte Adam 
Published: December 2014

AbstractInteractions between large herbivores and their food supply are central to the study of population dynamics. We assessed temporal and spatial patterns in meadow plant biomass over a 23‐year period for meadow complexes that were spatially linked to three distinct populations of Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) in northwestern California. Our objectives were to determine whether the plant community exhibited a tolerant or resistant response when elk population growth became irruptive. Plant biomass for the three meadow complexes inhabited by the elk populations was measured using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which was derived from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper imagery. Elk populations exhibited different patterns of growth through the time series, whereby one population underwent a complete four‐stage irruptive growth pattern while the other two did not. Temporal changes in NDVI for the meadow complex used by the irruptive population suggested a decline in forage biomass during the end of the dry season and a temporal decline in spatial variation of NDVI at the peak of plant biomass in May. Conversely, no such patterns were detected in the meadow complexes inhabited by the nonirruptive populations. Our findings suggest that the meadow complex used by the irruptive elk population may have undergone changes in plant community composition favoring plants that were resistant to elk grazing.
Assessing CO2 sink/source strength of a degraded temperate peatland: atmospheric and hydrological drivers and responses to extreme events
Authors: Evrendilek Fatih 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMonthly mean sink/source strength pattern of a degraded temperate peatland in northwestern Turkey was quantified using the eddy covariance technique between July 2010 and February 2014. Atmospheric and hydrological drivers and responses to extreme events of sink/source strength were analysed using multiple linear regression models, support vector machine, multilayer perceptron with principal component analysis and multiple comparisons following general linear models. On the basis of the three full‐year measurements, mean annual, growing season and maximum estimates of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) were −0.22 mg CO2 m−2 s−1, −0.28 mg CO2 m−2 s−1 and −0.11 mg CO2 m−2 s−1 in July, respectively. The main driver of changes in monthly mean NEE pattern was found to be latent heat flux. Independent validation results showed a similar predictive performance (r2 = 74%) of multiple linear regression and support vector machine models as a function of month, total rainfall, water table depth, relative humidity, latent heat, atmospheric water vapour, wind direction and downwelling shortwave radiation. A shift in NEE from a net sink to a net source was observed in response to the deepest and shallowest water table depths due to drought and flooding, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Root uptake under non‐uniform root‐zone salinity
Authors: Coppola Antonio , Chaali Nesrine , Dragonetti Giovanna , Lamaddalena Nicola , Comegna Alessandro 
Published: December 2014

AbstractReliable parameterizations of water uptake under osmotic stresses depend on the appropriate description of the interacting effects of root distribution and activity over the root zone. These effects should be evaluated under transient salinity conditions. To show that, a crop was irrigated with three salinity inputs using a randomized block design. Root‐zone water storage and pressure heads measured at the bottom of the root zone allowed to calculate the evapotranspiration under the different salinity levels imposed. Root densities were measured by direct sampling twice during the growth season. Transpiration was distributed along the root zone according to a Feddes‐type sink term and a reduction function accounting for osmotic stress. These data allowed evaluating the effects on the reduction function of (1) the actual salinity and root distributions under different osmotic stress and (2) discontinuous osmotic stress conditions occurring locally in the root zone because of salt leaching. When considering the space–time salinity distribution and the specific root distribution, a unique reduction curve was found, independently of the salinity level of the irrigation water. The effect of discontinuous stress was modelled by introducing (1) a hysteretic behaviour in the salinity reduction function, to be applied only to root compartments actually experiencing discontinuous stress and (2) a scaling factor acting on the whole root zone, based on the ratio of the actual (induced by salinity) to the potential root density. Results suggested that the reduction of transpiration under salinity may be partly caused by irreversible physiological adaption of the roots to saline stress and partly by reduced root density. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exercise haemodynamics may unmask the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction among patients with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Maor Elad , Grossman Yoni , Balmor Ronen Gingy , Segel Michael , Fefer Paul , Ben‐Zekry Sagit , Buber Jonathan , DiSegni Elio , Guetta Victor , Ben‐Dov Issahar , Segev Amit 
Published: December 2014

AimsHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction can lead to pulmonary hypertension. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of exercise during right heart catheterization in the unmasking of diastolic dysfunction.Methods and resultsBetween 2004 and 2012, 200 symptomatic patients with exertional dyspnoea, preserved left ventricular systolic function and suspected pulmonary hypertension, underwent right heart catheterization. Included in the study were 63 patients with resting pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) ≤15 mmHg. Patients were divided to three tertiles based on their peak exercise PAWP. Mean age was 60 ± 20 years and 29% were males. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 31 ± 14 mmHg at rest and 42 ± 18 mmHg upon exercise. Mean change in PAWP between rest and exercise was 0.0 ± 4.3, 4.6 ± 2.4, and 16.6 ± 7.1 mmHg in the lower, middle, and upper tertiles, respectively (P < 0.001). Higher exercise PAWP tertiles were associated with reduced pulmonary vascular resistance (8.3 ± 6.7, 2.9 ± 2.7, and 5.8 ± 4.6 Woods units, respectively; P = 0.004). A multivariate linear regression model demonstrated that each 5 kg/m2 increase in body mass index was associated with 2.5 ± 1.0 mmHg increase in exercise PAWP (P = 0.017). A multivariate binary logistic model showed that subjects with borderline PAWP at rest (12–15 mmHg) were 4.5 times more likely to be in the upper tertile of exercise PAWP (P = 0.011).ConclusionsIn symptomatic patients with pulmonary hypertension, preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and PAWP ≤15 mmHg, exercise during right heart catheterization may unmask diastolic dysfunction. This is especially true for obese patients and patients with borderline resting PAWP.