bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination II: Curating the interstellar dust collector, picokeystones, and sources of impact tracks
Authors: Frank David R. , Westphal Andrew J. , Zolensky Michael E. , Gainsforth Zack , Butterworth Anna L. , Bastien Ronald K. , Allen Carlton , Anderson David , Ansari Asna , Bajt Sasa , Bassim Nabil , Bechtel Hans A. , Borg Janet , Brenker Frank E. , Bridges John , Brownlee Donald E. , Burchell Mark , Burghammer Manfred , Changela Hitesh , Cloetens Peter , Davis Andrew M. , Doll Ryan , Floss Christine , Flynn George , Grün Eberhard , Heck Philipp R. , Hillier Jon K. , Hoppe Peter , Hudson Bruce , Huth Joachim , Hvide Brit , Kearsley Anton , King Ashley J. , Lai Barry , Leitner Jan , Lemelle Laurence , Leroux Hugues , Leonard Ariel , Lettieri Robert , Marchant William , Nittler Larry R. , Ogliore Ryan , Ong Wei Ja , Postberg Frank , Price Mark C. , Sandford Scott A. , Tresseras Juan‐Angel Sans , Schmitz Sylvia , Schoonjans Tom , Silversmit Geert , Simionovici Alexandre S. , Solé Vicente A. , Srama Ralf , Stephan Thomas , Sterken Veerle J. , Stodolna Julien , Stroud Rhonda M. , Sutton Steven , Trieloff Mario , Tsou Peter , Tsuchiyama Akira , Tyliszczak Tolek , Vekemans Bart , Vincze Laszlo , Korff Joshua Von , Wordsworth Naomi , Zevin Daniel ,   >30,000 Stardust@home dusters
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe discuss the inherent difficulties that arise during “ground truth” characterization of the Stardust interstellar dust collector. The challenge of identifying contemporary interstellar dust impact tracks in aerogel is described within the context of background spacecraft secondaries and possible interplanetary dust particles and β‐meteoroids. In addition, the extraction of microscopic dust embedded in aerogel is technically challenging. Specifically, we provide a detailed description of the sample preparation techniques developed to address the unique goals and restrictions of the Interstellar Preliminary Exam. These sample preparation requirements and the scarcity of candidate interstellar impact tracks exacerbate the difficulties. We also illustrate the role of initial optical imaging with critically important examples, and summarize the overall processing of the collection to date.
Anscombe, Zygotes, and Coming‐to‐be
Authors: Rohrbaugh Guy 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn some quarters, it is held that Anscombe proved that a zygote is not a human being on the basis of an argument involving the possibility of identical twins, but there is surprisingly little agreement on what her argument is supposed to be. I criticize several extant interpretations, both as interpretations of Anscombe and as self‐standing arguments, and offer a different understanding of her conclusion on which the non‐specificity of creation processes and their goals is at issue.
The in vitro apoptotic effects of A248 and A1659, newly synthetic histone deacetylase inhibitors in oral cancer cells
Authors: Shin J‐A , Han G , Park S‐K , Lee K , Kim H‐J , Cho S‐D , Kim HM 
Published: July 2013

ObjectivesHistone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors represent potential therapeutic agents against various cancers. In this study, we attempt to identify whether newly synthesized HDAC inhibitors, A248 and A1659, can be effective anti‐cancer drug candidates for oral cancer.Materials and MethodsThe anti‐cancer activities of A248 and A1659 in MC‐3 and HN22 human oral cancer cells were evaluated by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐20yl)‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulphophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium (MTS) assay, 4′‐6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) staining, Western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry, and small interference RNA (siRNA) technology.ResultsA248 and A1659 enhanced histone acetylation and decreased the viability of MC‐3 and HN22 cells. A248 and A1659 also induced apoptosis, as evidenced by altered nuclear features and poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase (PARP) cleavage. A248 and A1659 markedly decreased Sp1 expression in a concentration‐ or time‐dependent manner and blocked nuclear translocation of Sp1 protein from the cytosol, which contributed to an increase in p27 expression and a decrease in cyclin D1 expression. Furthermore, the knockdown of Sp1 protein with siRNA caused marked alteration of p27 and cyclin D1 expression to induce apoptosis. The most popular HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA) also induced apoptosis and reduced the expression level of Sp1 protein.ConclusionThese results suggest that A248 and A1659, two new HDAC inhibitors, may be attractive therapeutic drug candidates for targeting Sp1 in human oral cancer cells.
The Foundation of Roman London: Examining the Claudian Fort Hypothesis
Authors: Wallace Lacey 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThis article addresses the problems with the theory that London was founded as a Claudian fort, recently reiterated by D. Perring (2011). The main issues addressed are the chronological and functional assumptions of ditches, as well as the significance of military artefacts necessary to consider Perring's argument. Additionally, isolating a small number of features from the pre‐Boudican period can be misleading, and this article briefly contextualizes the ditches cited within all known contemporaneous large ditches from Claudian/Neronian London. An assessment of Perring's interpretation of the character of the early settlement and an alternative portrayal based on the author's research are presented briefly.
White and Coloured Marbles of the Roman Town of Urbs Salvia (Urbisaglia, Macerata, Marche, Italy)
Authors: Antonelli Fabrizio , Lazzarini Lorenzo 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe results of an archaeometric study concerning the coloured stones and 14 white marble sculptures found in the ancient city of Urbs Salvia (Urbisaglia, Macerata) – one of the main Roman archaeological sites of the Marche region (east central Italy) – are presented here. Data show the presence of the most important decorative stones used by the Romans, originating in all of the Mediterranean provinces, from Egypt and North Africa to Asia Minor, Greece, Gallia, Iberia and Italy. Thirty‐one different coloured lithotypes have been identified, including red and green porphyries as well as marmor phrygium and numidicum, namely the four most expensive stones cited in Diocletian's edict. Crustae of marmor chium, taenarium, chalcidicum, scyreticum, lucullaeum and sagarium also feature. Another significant presence is that of coloured stones that are generally rare, even in Rome and Ostia, such as cipollino mandolato (which is very abundant at Urbs Salvia, more than anywhere outside Gallia), broccatello di Spagna, alabastro a pecorella, lapis ophytes, brecciated facies of marmor iassene and cottanello antico. Worthy of mention, too, is the abundant presence of so‐called Roman breccia from Lez (Upper Garonne valley, French Pyrenees), a stone never reported outside Gallia. The 14 marble sculptures analysed come from public and private buildings of the Roman city and are now exhibited at the Archaeological Museum of Urbisaglia. Our petrographic and isotopic analyses show that they are made of Lunense (five), Pentelic (three), Parian lychnites (three), Thasian (three) and Proconnesian (one Corinthian capital) marbles. The quality of the coloured stones identified, together with the presence of sculptures made of precious imported white marble varieties, reveals an opulent town and a local patronage wishing to decorate public buildings and rich houses with the most sought‐after marbles of Rome.
Horses for Courses? Religious Change and Dietary Shifts InAnglo‐SaxonEngland
Authors: Poole Kristopher 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe evidence for horse consumption inAnglo‐SaxonEngland is examined with regards to the spread ofChristianity from the late sixth century onwards. It is argued that the negative attitudes of Church leaders to hippophagy relate largely to the perceived links of this practice with pagan beliefs and were closely allied to attempts at establishing greater religious orthodoxy. In considering the effects of such attitudes, previous studies have made little attempt to relate textual sources to the physical remnants of such activities – horse bones themselves. By combining these sources, this paper suggests that horses were probably eaten by at least some people before, during and after the Conversion period, but thatChristianity may have had some effect on these practices. However, the impact varied according to social identity and perhaps also regions of the country.
Adult attachment and psychotic phenomenology in clinical and non‐clinical samples: A systematic review
Authors: Korver‐Nieberg Nikie , Berry Katherine , Meijer Carin J. , de Haan Lieuwe 
Published: July 2013

ObjectivesIt has been argued that attachment theory could enhance our knowledge and understanding of psychotic phenomenology.DesignWe systematically reviewed and critically appraised research investigating attachment and psychotic phenomenology in clinical and non‐clinical samples.MethodsWe searched databases Pub Med, PsycINFO, Medline and Web of Science using the keywords. Attachment, Adult Attachment, Psychosis, Schizotypy and Schizophrenia and identified 29 studies assessing adult attachment in combination with psychotic phenomenology.ResultThe findings indicated that both insecure anxious and insecure avoidant attachment are associated with psychotic phenomenology. Insecurely attached individuals are more vulnerable to developing maladaptive coping strategies in recovering from psychosis. The importance of attachment experiences for processing social information, mentalization skills and developing social relationships, including therapeutic relationships, in samples with psychosis is also highlighted.ConclusionAttachment style is a clinically relevant construct in relation to development, course and treatment of psychosis.Practitioner points

Understanding the role of attachment in symptoms may help to gain insight into the development or persistence of symptoms.

Associations between attachment and recovery style suggest that it may be helpful to improve attachment security in a context of therapeutic relationships or other social relationships before encouraging people to explore their experiences of psychosis.

Associations between insecure attachment and impaired mentalization skills may help in understanding interpersonal difficulties and this knowledge can be used to improve recovery.
Links between Schwann cells and melanocytes in development and disease
Authors: Van Raamsdonk Catherine D. , Deo Mugdha 
Published: July 2013

SummaryMelanocytes are pigment‐producing cells that reside in the skin, eyes, ears, heart, and central nervous system meninges of mammals. Schwann cells are glial cells, which closely associate with peripheral nerves, myelinating, and sheathing them. Melanocytes and Schwann cells both arise from the neural crest during development, and some melanocytes arise directly from Schwann cell precursors lining developing spinal nerves. In this review, we explore the connections between melanocytes and Schwann cells in development and transformation.
A case of generalized lichen nitidus successfully treated with narrow‐band ultraviolet B treatment
Authors: Bilgili Serap Gunes , Karadag Ayse Serap , Calka Omer , Ozdemir Serhat , Kosem Mustafa 
Published: July 2013

SummaryLichen nitidus (LN) is a rare skin disorder presenting with multiple, small and bright papules located on the chest, abdomen, penis glans and upper extremities. It usually presents with limited involvement; however, it can present as generalized involvement. There is no consensus on treatment. Corticosteroid, astemizole, phototherapy has been used; however, the results are controversial. A 15‐year‐old male with clinical and histopathological diagnosis of LN was treated with narrow‐band ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB). The lesions completely regressed with post‐inflammatory hypopigmentation on the second month of the therapy (25 sessions). We believe that NB‐UVB is an effective treatment on generalized LN.
Pain during topical photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses with 5‐aminolevulinic acid and red light source: randomized controlled trial
Authors: Buinauskaite Evelina , Zalinkevicius Rimantas , Buinauskiene Jurate , Valiukeviciene Skaidra 
Published: July 2013

SummaryBackgroundPain is the major drawback of photodynamic therapy (PDT), an otherwise effective treatment for actinic keratoses (AKs).ObjectiveTo determine pain intensity and its dependence upon various factors during PDT with 5‐aminolevulinic acid for face/scalp AKs.MethodsA prospective, randomized, within‐patient comparison study was performed. Thirty‐eight patients with at least two clearly definable, mild or moderate AKs were randomized to receive either a red light dose of 70 or 100 J/cm2 as a first or second split face/scalp treatment. They were blinded to the light dose administered. Pain during treatment was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS).ResultsThe mean intensity of pain during the first treatment session was 5.00 (± 1.78), while during the follow‐up VAS score was 4.50 (± 1.51). Bigger AKs (> 130 mm2) were more painful than the smaller ones (P = 0.003) and AKs on the face were twice more painful than the ones on the scalp (P = 0.002). Gender and patient age were poor pain predictors. Pain was independent of the patient's Fitzpatrick skin type, AK clinical grade, pretreatment fluorescence intensity, and the light dose during PDT.ConclusionPain during PDT is associated with AK location and size. Treatment of bigger lesions (> 130 mm2) results in more pain than smaller ones and treatment of the face is more painful than the scalp area.
Predicting the ultraviolet radiation protection by polyester–cotton blended woven fabrics using nonlinear regression and artificial neural network models
Authors: Hatua Piyali , Majumdar Abhijit , Das Apurba 
Published: July 2013

SummaryIntroductionUltraviolet protection factor (UPF) of fabric is mainly influenced by fabric cover which is dependent on the primary fabric construction parameters like yarn count and thread density. UPF can be modeled by using these primary fabric parameters as inputs by the help of nonlinear regression as well as artificial neural network (ANN).ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to develop prediction models for fabric UPF using nonlinear regression and ANN techniques and compare their relative efficacy.MethodsThirty‐six woven fabric samples were produced by varying weft related parameters like proportion of polyester, weft count and pick density. Nonlinear regression and ANN models were developed from same experimental data sets. Prediction accuracy of both the models was evaluated and compared. Trend analysis was performed to check the generalization ability of the ANN model.ResultsUPF was well estimated from the three primary fabric parameters by both the nonlinear regression and ANN models. However, ANN model demonstrated better prediction accuracy than the nonlinear regression model.ConclusionsFabric UPF can be predicted with high degree of accuracy using ANN and nonlinear regression models. These models can be used to estimate the UPF of woven fabrics without spectrophotometer based test.
Good agreement between minimal erythema dose test reactions and objective measurements: an in vivo study of human skin
Authors: Bodekær Mette , Philipsen Peter Alshede , Karlsmark Tonny , Wulf Hans Christian 
Published: July 2013

SummaryBackground/PurposeThe erythema resulting from the minimal erythema dose (MED) test is subjectively assessed. The evaluator visually grades erythema on an ordinal scale. Both intra‐ and interobserver variation have been found for this erythema assessment. We wanted to examine if objective measurements could be used to confirm the subjective finding.MethodsOne hundred two ultraviolet radiation (UVR)‐exposed skin sites on the backs of 17 healthy volunteers were assessed. Erythema was visually graded according to a 5‐point scale [0, (+), 1+, 2+, 3+] and objectively measured by a skin reflectance meter. Skin water content was objectively measured by tissue dielectric constant measurements.ResultsThe relationship between subjective assessments and objective measurements of erythema was found to be linear (R2 = 0.482, P < 0.0001). A positive correlation was found between subjective assessments of erythema and objective measurements of water content (Spearman's Rho = 0.414, P < 0.0001). Water content in categories 2+ and 3+ of the subjective erythema assessments differed significantly from the lesser categories (P < 0.0001). A linear relationship was found between the objective measurements of erythema and water content (R2 = 0.241, P < 0.0001).ConclusionObjective measurements of skin erythema and water content after UV exposure were in good agreement with the subjective assessments of erythema, but showed considerable interpersonal variation.
Increased prevalence of cigarette smoking in Japanese patients with sarcoidosis
Authors: Hattori Takeshi , Konno Satoshi , Shijubo Noriharu , Ohmichi Mitsuhide , Nishimura Masaharu 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveSeveral studies have shown that individuals with sarcoidosis in Western populations are less likely to have smoked before diagnosis. Epidemiological characteristics of sarcoidosis are known to differ between Japanese and Westerners. Therefore, the relationship between cigarette smoking and sarcoidosis in a Japanese population was investigated.MethodsThree hundred eighty‐eight patients newly diagnosed with sarcoidosis between 2000 and 2008 were retrospectively identified. The results of two large surveys of smoking prevalence in Japan provided reference data. Specific clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis were compared between current smokers and never‐smokers, after excluding former smokers.ResultsThe prevalence of current smokers at the time of the diagnosis of sarcoidosis was 59.6% in men and 27.9% in women. With the exception of men in their 30s, the prevalence was higher in all age groups compared with the general Japanese population. The prevalence of lung parenchymal involvement tended to be higher in current smokers than in never‐smokers (odds ratio = 1.33 (0.99–1.77), P = 0.054).ConclusionsThis retrospective cohort study suggests that smoking prevalence is higher in Japanese sarcoidosis patients than that reported in Western sarcoidosis patients and that there could be different relationships between smoking and the development of sarcoidosis in these populations.
The World Bank as Knowledge Bank: Analyzing the Limits of a Legitimate Global Knowledge Actor
Authors: Kramarz Teresa , Momani Bessma 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe World Bank has always sold ideas, not just loans. Starting in 1996, then president James Wolfensohn rebranded the Bank by articulating a formal vision of a “Knowledge Bank”—a provider of state‐of‐the‐art expertise on development. After a number of internal changes and assessments, the Bank is acknowledging that it needs to be more humble, pluralistic, and practical. Why do some regard the Bank as a legitimate knowledge actor, whereas others contest that authority? We offer an analytical framework that can explain stakeholders' uneven recognition of the Bank's knowledge role.When stakeholders define knowledge as products, the Bank generally obtains recognition for the quality and quantity of the information it generates. This is the output dimension of legitimacy. On the other hand, when knowledge only counts as such to users who have been part of the process of creating it, the Bank finds itself with limited recognition.
On Recognizing ‘Shades‐of‐Gray’ (Self–Nonself Discrimination) or ‘Colour’ (Integrity Model) by The Immune System
Authors: Dembic Z. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe aim is to discuss Cohn's T‐cell receptor (TCR) Tritope model of recognition, propose a novel suggestion for prior‐to‐positive selection of thymocytes contributing to inherent major histocompatibility complex (MHC) reactivity of a T‐cell repertoire and clarify the Integrity model about the function of the immune system. If we compare the perception of light with the recognition of nonself, we could imagine that the opacity might be a measure of docking interaction between specific receptors for antigen on T or B cells (TCR / peptide–MHC or BCR / antigen). From this viewpoint, the self–nonself discrimination (S‐NS) metaphor would be perception of black (self) versus white (nonself). However, whereas detection of shades‐of‐gray suffices to describe S‐NS discrimination principle, colour vision of the antigenic world portrays best the Integrity model. In concert with recognition of opacity, the Integrity model proposes detection of at least three colours (signals): red (harmful), blue (useful) and yellow (the rest, including homoeostatic ones). As a result, recognition of nonself is transferred into communication within self while deciding on type of the immune response. Hence, the S‐NS discrimination model seems to be an oversimplification, because it fails to see colours and consequently lacks the need for suppressor/regulatory function. Similarly, the Danger model stops short of detecting being useful signals that confer immune asylum to helpful micro‐organisms like commensals. I suggest that the immune system's repertoire for recognition, in general, has evolved by a novel drive called ‘natural integrity’ alongside natural selection, thus facilitating communication between cells of the immune system.
EFFECT OF VENTILATION TECHNIQUE AND AIRWAY DIAMETER ON BRONCHIAL LUMEN TO PULMONARY ARTERY DIAMETER RATIOS IN CLINICALLY NORMAL BEAGLE DOGS
Authors: Makara Mariano , Dennler Matthias , Schnyder Manuela , Bektas Rima , Kircher Patrick , Hall Evelyn , Glaus Tony 
Published: July 2013

In dogs, a mean broncho‐arterial ratio of 1.45 ± 0.21 has been previously defined as normal. These values were obtained in dogs under general inhalational anesthesia using a single breath‐hold technique. The purpose of the study was to determine whether ventilation technique and bronchial diameter have an effect on broncho‐arterial ratios. Four healthy Beagle dogs were scanned twice, each time with positive‐pressure inspiration and end expiration. For each ventilation technique, broncho‐arterial ratios were grouped into those obtained from small or large bronchi using the median diameter of the bronchi as the cutoff value. Mean broncho‐arterial ratios obtained using positive‐pressure inspiration (1.24 ± 0.23) were statistically greater than those obtained at end expiration (1.11 ± 0.20) P = 0.005. There was a strong positive correlation between bronchial diameter and broncho‐arterial ratios for both ventilation techniques (positive‐pressure inspiration rs = .786, P < 0.0005 and end expiration rs = .709, P < 0.0005). Mean broncho‐arterial ratio for the large bronchi obtained applying positive‐pressure inspiration was 1.39 cm ± 0.20 and during end expiration was 1.22 cm ± 0.20. Mean broncho‐arterial ratio for the small bronchi obtained during positive‐pressure inspiration was 1.08 cm ± 0.13 and during end expiration was 1.01 cm ± 0.13. There was a statistically significant difference between these groups (F = 248.60, P = 0.005). Findings indicated that reference values obtained using positive‐pressure inspiration or from the larger bronchi may not be applicable to dogs scanned during end expiration or to the smaller bronchi.