bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Targeted Near-Infrared Imaging Agents for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Wang Xinning , Huang Steve S. , Heston Warren D.W. , Guo Hong , Wang Bing-Cheng , Basilion James P. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy affecting men in North America. Radical prostatectomy remains a definitive treatment for prostate cancer. However, prostate surgeries are still performed “blindly” with the extent of tumor infiltration past the margins of the surgery only being determined postoperatively. An imaging modality that can be used during surgery is needed to help define the tumor margins. With its abundant expression in prostate cancer, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an ideal target for detection of prostate cancer. The purpose of this study was to develop PSMA-targeted near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging probes for intraoperative visualization of prostate cancer. We synthesized a high-affinity PSMA ligand (PSMA-1) with low molecular weight and further labeled it with commercially available NIR dyes IRDy800 and Cy5.5. PSMA-1 and PSMA-1–NIR conjugates had binding affinities better than the parent ligand Cys-CO-Glu. Selective binding was measured for each of the probes in both in vitro and in vivo studies using competitive binding and uptake studies. Interestingly, the results indicated that the pharmacokinetics of the probes was dependent of the fluorophore conjugated to the PSMA-1 ligand and varied widely. These data suggest that PSMA-targeted probes have the potential to be further developed as contrast agents for clinical intraoperative fluorescence-guided surgery. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(11); 2595–606. ©2014 AACR.
Reversal of Hypoxia in Murine Atherosclerosis Prevents Necrotic Core Expansion by Enhancing Efferocytosis
Authors: Marsch Elke , Theelen Thomas L. , Demandt Jasper A.F. , Jeurissen Mike , van Gink Mathijs , Verjans Robin , Janssen Anique , Cleutjens Jack P. , Meex Steven J.R. , Donners Marjo M. , Haenen Guido R. , Schalkwijk Casper G. , Dubois Ludwig J. , Lambin Philippe , Mallat Ziad , Gijbels Marion J. , Heemskerk Johan W.M. , Fisher Edward A. , Biessen Erik A.L. , Janssen Ben J. , Daemen Mat J.A.P. , Sluimer Judith C. 
Published: September 2014

Objective—
Advanced murine and human plaques are hypoxic, but it remains unclear whether plaque hypoxia is causally related to atherogenesis. Here, we test the hypothesis that reversal of hypoxia in atherosclerotic plaques by breathing hyperoxic carbogen gas will prevent atherosclerosis.

Approach and Results—

Low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient mice (LDLR
-/-
) were fed a Western-type diet, exposed to carbogen (95% O
2
, 5% CO
2
) or air, and the effect on plaque hypoxia, size, and phenotype was studied. First, the hypoxic marker pimonidazole was detected in murine LDLR
-/-
plaque macrophages from plaque initiation onwards. Second, the efficacy of breathing carbogen (90 minutes, single exposure) was studied. Compared with air, carbogen increased arterial blood pO
2
5-fold in LDLR
-/-
mice and reduced plaque hypoxia in advanced plaques of the aortic root (−32%) and arch (−84%). Finally, the effect of repeated carbogen exposure on progression of atherosclerosis was studied in LDLR
-/-
mice fed a Western-type diet for an initial 4 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of diet and carbogen or air (both 90 min/d). Carbogen reduced plaque hypoxia (−40%), necrotic core size (−37%), and TUNEL
+
(terminal uridine nick-end labeling positive) apoptotic cell content (−50%) and increased efferocytosis of apoptotic cells by cluster of differentiation 107b
+
(CD107b, MAC3) macrophages (+36%) in advanced plaques of the aortic root. Plaque size, plasma cholesterol, hematopoiesis, and systemic inflammation were unchanged. In vitro, hypoxia hampered efferocytosis by bone marrow–derived macrophages, which was dependent on the receptor Mer tyrosine kinase.

Conclusions—
Carbogen restored murine plaque oxygenation and prevented necrotic core expansion by enhancing efferocytosis, likely via Mer tyrosine kinase. Thus, plaque hypoxia is causally related to necrotic core expansion.
Characterization of Contact Force During Endocardial and Epicardial Ventricular Mapping
Authors: Jesel Laurence , Sacher Frédéric , Komatsu Yuki , Daly Matthew , Zellerhoff Stephan , Lim Han S. , Derval Nicolas , Denis Arnaud , Ambri Wislane , Ramoul Khaled , Aurillac Valérie , Hocini Mélèze , Haïssaguerre Michel , Jaïs Pierre 
Published: September 2014

Background—
The optimal contact force (CF) for ventricular mapping and ablation remains unvalidated. We assessed CF in different endocardial and epicardial regions during ventricular tachycardia substrate mapping using a CF-sensing catheter (Smartouch; Biosense-Webster) and compared the transseptal versus retroaortic approach.

Methods and Results—

In total, 8979 mapping points with CF, and force vector orientation (VO) were recorded in 21 patients, comprising 13 epicardial, 12 left ventricular (6 transseptal and 6 retroaortic approach), and 12 right ventricular endocardial maps. VO was defined as adequate when the vector was directed toward the myocardium. During epicardial mapping, 46% of the points showed an adequate VO and a median CF of 8 (4–13) g, however, with significant differences among the 8 regions. When VO was inadequate, median CF was higher at 16 (10–24) g (
P
<0.0001). During left ventricular and right ventricular endocardial mapping, 94% of VO were adequate. Median CF of adequate VO was higher in the left ventricular and right ventricular endocardium than in the epicardium (15 [8–25] and 13 [7–22] g versus 8 [4–13] g, respectively; both
P
<0.001). Global median left ventricular CF with transseptal approach was not statistically different from retroaortic approach, but CF in the apicoinferior and apicoseptal regions was higher with transseptal approach (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—
Ventricular mapping demonstrates important regional variations in CF, but in general, CF is higher endocardially than epicardially where poor catheter orientation is associated with higher CF. A transseptal approach may lead to improved contact particularly in the apicoseptal and inferior regions.
Advanced Heart Failure With Preserved Systolic Function in Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Rowin Ethan J. , Maron Barry J. , Kiernan Michael S. , Casey Susan A. , Feldman David S. , Hryniewicz Katarzyna M. , Chan Raymond H. , Harris Kevin M. , Udelson James E. , DeNofrio David , Roberts William C. , Maron Martin S. 
Published: September 2014

Background—
In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), heart transplant has been predominantly confined to patients with systolic dysfunction. An underappreciated HCM subset comprises patients with preserved left ventricular (LV) systolic function who may also require consideration for transplantation. Therefore, we sought to define the clinical profile and occurrence of advanced heart failure among patients with nonobstructive HCM and preserved systolic function.

Methods and Results—

Databases from 2 referral centers comprising 2100 HCM patients were interrogated. Forty-six nonobstructive HCM patients (2.2%) either received or were listed for heart transplant, including 20 with normal systolic function (ejection fraction ≥50%). At transplant listing, these 20 patients were 42±13 years old, each in New York Heart Association functional class III/IV with ejection fraction of 62±7%. LV was hypertrophied with maximum wall thickness of 22±4 mm and nondilated (end-diastolic dimension, 39±7 mm). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in 10 (of 15) patients showed no or minimal fibrosis (≤5% LV mass). Elevated LV end-diastolic or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, consistent with diastolic dysfunction, was present in 15 patients (75%). LV filling was impaired by echocardiographic measures in all patients, including a restrictive inflow pattern in 8 (40%). In 2 patients, traditional criteria for transplant were absent, including peak V
O
2
>14 mL/kg/min. Heart transplantation was performed in 12 patients with each alive and without cardiovascular symptoms, 2.3±1.7 years later.

Conclusions—
A previously under-recognized segment of the broad HCM clinical spectrum consists of nonobstructive patients with advanced heart failure, in the presence of preserved systolic function, for whom heart transplant is the sole definitive therapeutic option.
Assessment of Atherosclerosis in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Authors: Sibley Christopher T. , Estwick Tyra , Zavodni Anna , Huang Chiung-Yu , Kwan Alan C. , Soule Benjamin P. , Long Priel Debra A. , Remaley Alan T. , Rudman Spergel Amanda K. , Turkbey Evrim B. , Kuhns Douglas B. , Holland Steven M. , Malech Harry L. , Zarember Kol A. , Bluemke David A. , Gallin John I. 
Published: September 2014

Background—
Patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) experience immunodeficiency because of defects in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase and the concomitant reduction in reactive oxygen intermediates. This may result in a reduction in atherosclerotic injury.

Methods and Results—

We prospectively assessed the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, biomarkers of inflammation and neutrophil activation, and the presence of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography quantified subclinical atherosclerosis in the carotid and coronary arteries of 41 patients with CGD and 25 healthy controls in the same age range. Univariable and multivariable associations among risk factors, inflammatory markers, and atherosclerosis burden were assessed. Patients with CGD had significant elevations in traditional risk factors and inflammatory markers compared with control subjects, including hypertension, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and low high-density lipoprotein. Despite this, patients with CGD had a 22% lower internal carotid artery wall volume compared with control subjects (361.3±76.4 mm
3
versus 463.5±104.7 mm
3
;
P
<0.001). This difference was comparable in p47
phox
- and gp91
phox
-deficient subtypes of CGD and independent of risk factors in multivariate regression analysis. In contrast, the prevalence of coronary arterial calcification was similar between patients with CGD and control subjects (14.6%, CGD; 6.3%, controls;
P
=0.39).

Conclusions—
The observation by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography of reduced carotid but not coronary artery atherosclerosis in patients with CGD despite the high prevalence of traditional risk factors raises questions about the role of NADPH oxidase in the pathogenesis of clinically significant atherosclerosis. Additional high-resolution studies in multiple vascular beds are required to address the therapeutic potential of NADPH oxidase inhibition in cardiovascular diseases.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01063309.
Thrombin Receptor Protease-Activated Receptor 4 Is a Key Regulator of Exaggerated Intimal Thickening in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Pavic Goran , Grandoch Maria , Dangwal Seema , Jobi Klaus , Rauch Bernhard H. , Doller Anke , Oberhuber Alexander , Akhyari Payam , Schrör Karsten , Fischer Jens W. , Fender Anke C. 
Published: September 2014

Background—
Diabetes mellitus predisposes to thrombotic and proliferative vascular remodeling, to which thrombin contributes via activation of protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1. However, the use of PAR-1 inhibitors to suppress remodeling may be limited by severe bleeding. We recently reported upregulation of an additional thrombin receptor, PAR-4, in human vascular smooth muscle cells exposed to high glucose and have now examined PAR-4 as a novel mediator linking hyperglycemia, hypercoagulation, and vascular remodeling in diabetes mellitus.

Methods and Results—

PAR-4 expression was increased in carotid atherectomies and saphenous vein specimens from diabetic versus nondiabetic patients and in aorta and carotid arteries from streptozotocin-diabetic versus nondiabetic C57BL/6 mice. Vascular PAR-1 mRNA was not increased in diabetic mice. Ligated carotid arteries from diabetic mice developed more extensive neointimal hyperplasia and showed greater proliferation than arteries from nondiabetic mice. The augmented remodeling response was absent in diabetic mice deficient in PAR-4. At the cellular level, PAR-4 expression was controlled via the mRNA stabilizing actions of human antigen R, which accounted for the stimulatory actions of high glucose, angiotensin II, and H
2
O
2
on PAR-4 expression, whereas cicaprost via protein kinase A activation counteracted this effect.

Conclusions—
PAR-4 appears to play a hitherto unsuspected role in diabetic vasculopathy. The development of PAR-4 inhibitors might serve to limit mainly proliferative processes in restenosis-prone diabetic patients, particularly those patients in whom severe bleeding attributed to selective PAR-1 blockade or complete thrombin inhibition must be avoided or those who do not require anticoagulation.
Acute Kidney Injury After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and Long-Term Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Rydén Linda , Sartipy Ulrik , Evans Marie , Holzmann Martin J. 
Published: September 2014

Background—
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and is associated with adverse outcomes. However, the relationship between AKI after CABG and the long-term risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is unknown.

Methods and Results—
This study included 29 330 patients who underwent primary isolated CABG in Sweden between 2000 and 2008. AKI was classified according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) classification: stage 1, >0.3 mg/dL (>26 μmol/L) or 50% to 100% increase; stage 2, 100% to 200% increase; and stage 3, >200% increase from the preoperative to postoperative serum creatinine level. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to calculate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for ESRD in AKIN stage 1 and stage 2 to 3. Postoperative AKI occurred in 13% of patients. During a mean follow-up of 4.3±2.4 years, 123 patients (0.4%) developed ESRD, including 50 (1.6%) in AKIN stage 1, 29 (5.2%) in AKIN stage 2 to 3, and 44 (0.2%) without AKI after CABG. After multivariable adjustment, the hazard ratio for ESRD was 2.92 (95% confidence interval, 1.87–4.55) for AKIN stage 1 and 3.81 (95% confidence interval, 2.14–6.79) for AKIN stage 2 to 3.

Conclusions—
This nationwide study of patients who underwent CABG found that a small increase in the postoperative serum creatinine level was associated with an almost 3-fold increase in the long-term risk of ESRD after adjustment for a number of confounders, including preoperative renal function.
Clinical Trials in Peripheral Vascular Disease
Authors: Subherwal Sumeet , Patel Manesh R. , Chiswell Karen , Tidemann-Miller Beth A. , Jones W. Schuyler , Conte Michael S. , White Christopher J. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Laird John R. , Hiatt William R. , Tasneem Asba , Califf Robert M. 
Published: September 2014

Background—
Tremendous advances have occurred in therapies for peripheral vascular disease (PVD); until recently, however, it has not been possible to examine the entire clinical trial portfolio of studies for the treatment of PVD (both arterial and venous disease).

Methods and Results—

We examined interventional trials registered in
ClinicalTrials.gov
from October 2007 through September 2010 (n=40 970) and identified 676 (1.7%) PVD trials (n=493 arterial only, n=170 venous only, n=13 both arterial and venous). Most arterial studies investigated lower-extremity peripheral artery disease and acute stroke (35% and 24%, respectively), whereas most venous studies examined deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolus prevention (42%) or venous ulceration (25%). A placebo-controlled trial design was used in 27% of the PVD trials, and 4% of the PVD trials excluded patients >65 years of age. Enrollment in at least 1 US site decreased from 51% of trials in 2007 to 41% in 2010. Compared with noncardiology disciplines, PVD trials were more likely to be double-blinded, to investigate the use of devices and procedures, and to have industry sponsorship and assumed funding source, and they were less likely to investigate drug and behavioral therapies. Geographic access to PVD clinical trials within the United States is limited to primarily large metropolitan areas.

Conclusions—

PVD studies represent a small group of trials registered in
ClinicalTrials.gov
, despite the high prevalence of vascular disease in the general population. This low number, compounded by the decreasing number of PVD trials in the United States, is concerning and may limit the ability to inform current clinical practice of patients with PVD.
Korea’s Soft Power as an Alternative Approach to Africa in Development Cooperation
Authors: Hwang Kyu-Deug 
Published: September 2014

* The first version of this paper was presented at the Fifth European Conference on African Studies (ecas 5), which was held on June 27-29, 2013 at iscte-iul Lisboa, Portugal. I am deeply grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments on the previous drafts. This work was supported by Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Research Fund of 2014.
The rise of China as an emergent global power in gaining access to energy and mineral resources is one of the main factors for reinforcing Korea’s aid to Africa. Although Korea recognizes the limits of searching for ways of furthering its ‘resource diplomacy’ based primarily on economic pragmatism, the Korean government has strived to utilize foreign aid as a tool for soft power. Korea’s perspective is to play a bigger role in addressing global issues as well as to aspire in becoming a middle power, in the sense that it is not regionally influential in spite of its growing powers. Given that middle power diplomacy tends to pursue a norm-based approach and also provides knowledge and/or ideas relevant to a unique niche that it finds important, it is characteristically soft power-oriented. Taking into account the non-material or ideational factors as well as material ones, constructivists in the field of international relations (ir) recognize the power of ideas, norms, institutions, and interests, which contain the core elements of what Nye calls soft power. In this context, this paper attempts to illuminate some of the important questions as to why and how Korea has endeavored to focus on developing its soft power strategy toward Africa in the new millennium.
Taxonomic review of the family Colatooeciidae Winston, 2005 (Bryozoa, heilostomata), with description of seven new species
Authors: ALMEIDA ANA C.S. , SOUZA FACELUCIA B.C. , MENEGOLA CARLA M.S. , SANNER JOANN , VIEIRA LEANDRO M. 
Published: September 2014

Colatooeciidae includes the genera Colatooecia, Cigclisula and Trematooecia. While Colatooecia is considered a well-defined genus, the differences between Cigclisula and Trematooecia are poorly defined. This taxonomic review was undertaken to understand the morphological differences between Cigclisula and Trematooecia. The type species of Cigclisula is redescribed and the type species of Trematooecia is designated and redescribed. Diagnostic characters of both genera are redefined. Six new species of Cigclisula and one of Trematooecia are described: Cigclisula australis n. sp., Cigclisula buski n. sp., Cigclisula fistulosa n. sp., Cigclisula osburni n. sp., Cigclisula perforata n. sp., Cigclisula winstonae n. sp. and Trematooecia rotunda n. sp. Four species previously assigned to Cigclisula are transferred to Trematooecia: Trematooecia arborescens (Canu & Bassler, 1928) n. comb., Trematooecia gemmea (Winston & Woollacott, 2009) n. comb., Trematooecia hexagonalis (Canu & Bassler, 1930), and Trematooecia verticalis (Maplestone, 1910) n. comb. Two species previously assigned to Trematooecia are transferred to Cigclisula: Cigclisula turrita (Smitt, 1873) and Cigclisula psammophila(Winston & Håkansson, 1986) n. comb.
Physically Based Mountain Hydrological Modeling Using Reanalysis Data in Patagonia
Authors: Krogh Sebastian A. , Pomeroy John W. , McPhee James 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A physically based hydrological model for the upper Baker River basin (UBRB) in Patagonia was developed using the modular Cold Regions Hydrological Model (CRHM) in order to better understand the processes that drive the hydrological response of one of the largest rivers in this region. The model includes a full suite of blowing snow, intercepted snow, and energy balance snowmelt modules that can be used to describe the hydrology of this cold region. Within this watershed, snowfall, wind speed, and radiation are not measured; there are no high-elevation weather stations; and existing weather stations are sparsely distributed. The impact of atmospheric data from ECMWF interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) on improving model performance by enhancing the representation of forcing variables was evaluated. CRHM parameters were assigned for local physiographic and vegetation characteristics based on satellite land cover classification, a digital elevation model, and parameter transfer from cold region environments in western Canada. It was found that observed precipitation has almost no predictive power [Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (NS) &lt; 0.3] when used to force the hydrologic model, whereas model performance using any of the reanalysis products—after bias correction—was acceptable with very little calibration (NS &gt; 0.7). The modeled water balance shows that snowfall amounts to about 28% of the total precipitation and that 26% of total river flow stems from snowmelt. Evapotranspiration losses account for 7.2% of total precipitation, whereas sublimation and canopy interception losses represent about 1%. The soil component is the dominant modulator of runoff, with infiltration contributing as much as 73.7% to total basin outflow.
Water Balance in the Amazon Basin from a Land Surface Model Ensemble
Authors: Getirana Augusto C. V. , Dutra Emanuel , Guimberteau Matthieu , Kam Jonghun , Li Hong-Yi , Decharme Bertrand , Zhang Zhengqiu , Ducharne Agnes , Boone Aaron , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Rodell Matthew , Toure Ally M. , Xue Yongkang , Peters-Lidard Christa D. , Kumar Sujay V. , Arsenault Kristi , Drapeau Guillaume , Ruby Leung L. , Ronchail Josyane , Sheffield Justin 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Despite recent advances in land surface modeling and remote sensing, estimates of the global water budget are still fairly uncertain. This study aims to evaluate the water budget of the Amazon basin based on several state-of-the-art land surface model (LSM) outputs. Water budget variables (terrestrial water storage TWS, evapotranspiration ET, surface runoff R, and base flow B) are evaluated at the basin scale using both remote sensing and in situ data. Meteorological forcings at a 3-hourly time step and 1° spatial resolution were used to run 14 LSMs. Precipitation datasets that have been rescaled to match monthly Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) datasets and the daily Hydrologie du Bassin de l’Amazone (HYBAM) dataset were used to perform three experiments. The Hydrological Modeling and Analysis Platform (HyMAP) river routing scheme was forced with R and B and simulated discharges are compared against observations at 165 gauges. Simulated ET and TWS are compared against FLUXNET and MOD16A2 evapotranspiration datasets and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) TWS estimates in two subcatchments of main tributaries (Madeira and Negro Rivers). At the basin scale, simulated ET ranges from 2.39 to 3.26 mm day−1 and a low spatial correlation between ET and precipitation indicates that evapotranspiration does not depend on water availability over most of the basin. Results also show that other simulated water budget components vary significantly as a function of both the LSM and precipitation dataset, but simulated TWS generally agrees with GRACE estimates at the basin scale. The best water budget simulations resulted from experiments using HYBAM, mostly explained by a denser rainfall gauge network and the rescaling at a finer temporal scale.