bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Avoiding split attention in computer‐based testing: Is neglecting additional information facilitative?
Authors: Jarodzka Halszka , Janssen Noortje , Kirschner Paul A. , Erkens Gijsbert 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis study investigated whether design guidelines for computer‐based learning can be applied to computer‐based testing (CBT). Twenty‐two students completed a CBT exam with half of the questions presented in a split‐screen format that was analogous to the original paper‐and‐pencil version and half in an integrated format. Results show that students attended to all information in the integrated format while ignoring information in the split format. Interestingly, and contrary to expectations, they worked more efficiently in the split format. A content analysis of the ignored information revealed that it was mostly not relevant to answering the questions, unnecessarily taxed students' cognitive capacity and inefficiently increased the mental effort they expended. Further comparisons of different mental effort measures indicate that mental effort had an explicit (ie, self‐reports, explicit utterances) and an implicit component (ie, silent pauses in thinking‐aloud, eye tracking parameters). Consequently, when designing CBT environments, not only the design of the tasks but also the content of the given information and their effect on the different aspects of mental effort must be considered.
Land claim and treaty negotiations in British Columbia, Canada: Implications for First Nations land and self‐governance
Authors: Curry John , Donker Han , Krehbiel Richard 
Published: June 2014

AbstractUnlike the historic settlement of the rest of Canada, treaties with the First Nations originally occupying most of present‐day British Columbia have never been finalized. Since 1993, the federal government of Canada, the provincial government of British Columbia, and approximately two‐thirds of the First Nations in British Columbia have been engaged in treaty and land claim negotiations under a unique British Columbia treaty process. To date the process has produced only five agreements, three of which are fully ratified, one of which is in the ratification process, and one of which was rejected by the First Nations membership. This article reviews the history of treaties in British Columbia and uses exploratory illustrative case studies to examine two of these recent treaty negotiations—the Lheidli T'enneh First Nations and the Tsawwassen First Nations. These case studies demonstrate that treaty negotiations are very complex processes and do not always achieve mutual agreement, yet features of governance and land ownership included in these agreements have implications for land use policy and planning that affect all First Nations people in British Columbia, in Canada, and around the world.
The effect of marginal bone level changes on the stability of dental implants in a short‐term evaluation
Authors: Dias Danilo R. , Leles Cláudio R. , Lindh Christina , Ribeiro‐Rotta Rejane F. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate whether changes in marginal bone level (MBL) around implants, in sites with different bone types, affect the over time implant stability measured by resonance frequency analysis (RFA).Material and methodsSeventy‐eight implants were inserted into jawbones of 32 patients using a two‐stage surgical protocol, and implant bone sites were grouped according to the Lekholm and Zarb bone classification. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) was measured by RFA at four time points: implant placement, uncovering, rehabilitation, and at 1‐year follow‐up after loading. The MBL was measured on periapical radiographs at uncovering and at 1‐year follow‐up. Percent change in bone level was calculated based on the difference between the implant length and height from the crestal bone level to the implant apex. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and repeated‐measures ANOVA were used for data analysis.ResultsSignificant improvement of ISQ was found between implant insertion and uncovering surgery (P < 0.001), while no significant changes were detected throughout the remaining follow‐up period. The greatest improvement of ISQ was observed for bone type 4, compared with the other groups (P < 0.001). Percent change in bone level had no effect on longitudinal measures of ISQ (P = 0.337). The ISQ difference between uncovering and 1 year after loading was not correlated with percent change in bone level (r = 0.16; P = 0.157).ConclusionThere was increased implant stability after implant placement, but it was not affected by changes in marginal bone level during the first year of loading.
Resolving Human‐Bear Conflict: A Global Survey of Countries, Experts, and Key Factors
Authors: Can Özgün Emre , D'Cruze Neil , Garshelis David L. , Beecham John , Macdonald David W. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHuman‐bear conflicts cause annoyance, financial losses, injuries, and even death to people. In poorer parts of the world, conflicts with bears can affect local economies. Retaliation against bears may threaten the future of small, isolated populations. Our survey of the world's bear experts revealed that the problem is worsening in terms of severity of conflicts and their impact on bear conservation on all four continents inhabited by bears. However, the main drivers of conflict, and its manifestations, differ among bear species. We reviewed human‐bear conflict management plans from which we identified 10 categories of mitigating interventions that together comprise a ubiquitous bear conflict management toolbox. Within this toolbox, the peer‐reviewed literature indicates heavy reliance on education and physical barriers for conflict mitigation. In customizing these general approaches to local circumstances, it is important to be mindful of starkly varying geopolitical and social circumstances. There is a pressing need to improve transfer of knowledge from places with active empirical research on mitigation (especially North America), and adapting methodologies to other parts of the world. We saw little evidence of evaluation and adaptive management in the conflict plans. Failure to mitigate conflicts may reduce society's tolerance of bears and diminish conservation efforts.
High Abundances of Species in Protected Areas in Parts of their Geographic Distributions Colonized during a Recent Period of Climatic Change
Authors: Gillingham Phillipa K. , Alison Jamie , Roy David B. , Fox Richard , Thomas Chris D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIt is uncertain whether Protected Areas (PAs) will conserve high abundances of species as their distributions and abundances shift in response to climate change. We analyzed large datasets for 57 butterfly and 42 odonate species (including four that have recently colonized Britain). We found that 73 of 94 species with sufficient data for analysis were more abundant inside than outside PAs in the historical parts of their British distributions, showing that PAs have retained high conservation value. A significant majority (61 of 99 species) was also more abundant inside PAs in regions they have colonized during the last 30–40 years of climate warming. Species with relatively high abundances inside PAs in long‐established parts of their distributions were also disproportionately associated with PAs in recently colonized regions, revealing a set of relatively PA‐reliant species. Pas, therefore, play a vital role in the conservation of biodiversity as species’ ranges become more dynamic.
Corporate Governance in Microfinance Institutions: Board Composition and the Ability to Face Institutional Voids
Authors: Chakrabarty Subrata , Bass A. Erin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueWe utilize institutional theory to examine corporate governance in microfinance institutions (MFIs). Many MFIs operate at the bottom of the economic pyramid (BOP), which is usually agrarian, impoverished, and plagued with institutional voids. We investigate the link between the composition of the boards of MFIs and the ability of the MFIs to face institutional voids to ensure organizational viability.Research Findings/InsightsWe find that MFIs with boards that have more socio‐economic expertise and female representation are better able to lower the MFI's costs of operating at the BOP. However, this relationship weakens when the effectiveness of agrarian institutions at the BOP is low. When agrarian institutions are ineffective, the board of the MFI may have difficulty in helping the MFI reduce its costs of operating at the BOP. Agrarian crises arising from ineffective agrarian institutions tend to aggravate the various institutional voids present at the BOP, making it harder for the board to guide the MFI around the institutional voids.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWe extend institutional theory to understand how boards direct and control firms operating at the BOP to face institutional voids. In some cases, a firm can fill an institutional void. However, because other institutional voids exist, the board must also help the firm develop workarounds to ensure organizational viability. We extend existing literature on board composition to highlight how human capital and gender diversity of boards can help improve the viability of firms operating at the BOP.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsMFIs with high operating costs may benefit from electing a board with socio‐economic expertise and female representatives. Governments and policy makers can work toward building effective social, economic, and political institutions to help create contexts that are favorable to firms (such as MFIs) that often find it difficult to operate at the BOP.
Long‐term dosing patterns of enteric‐coated mycophenolate sodium or mycophenolate mofetil with tacrolimus after renal transplantation
Authors: Langone Anthony , Shihab Fuad , Pankewycz Oleh , Doria Cataldo , Wiland Anne , McCague Kevin , Chan Laurence 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMORE was a four‐yr, prospective, observational study at 40 transplant centers in the US. Data were analyzed to evaluate changes in mycophenolic acid (MPA) dosing over time in 904 de novo kidney transplant recipients receiving enteric‐coated mycophenolate sodium (EC‐MPS, n = 616) or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, n = 288) with tacrolimus. Induction therapy and steroid treatment were similar in the two subpopulations. The proportion of patients receiving the maximal recommended MPA dose was 80.5%, 43.9%, 39.2%, 34.6%, and 30.1% at baseline and years 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. More patients received the maximal recommended MPA dose with EC‐MPS vs. MMF at month 1 (79.2% vs. 71.7%, p = 0.016), month 3 (68.5% vs. 56.9%, p = 0.001), and month 6 (52.9% vs. 44.0%, p = 0.028). Multivariate analysis showed the risk of biopsy‐proven acute rejection, graft loss or death to be similar for EC‐MPS vs. MMF. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was similar with EC‐MPS vs. MMF at all time points. There were no significant differences in any category of adverse event between the EC‐MPS and MMF cohorts during follow‐up, including gastrointestinal events. In conclusion, MPA dose was maintained more effectively in the first six months after kidney transplantation using EC‐MPS vs. MMF, without an increase in adverse events.
An online daily diary study of alcohol use using Amazon's Mechanical Turk
Authors: Boynton Marcella H. , Richman Laura Smart 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsIn recent years, unprecedented levels of Internet access and the widespread growth of emergent communication technologies have resulted in significantly greater population access for substance use researchers. Despite the research potential of such technologies, the use of the Internet to recruit individuals for participation in event‐level research has been limited. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief account of the methods and results from an online daily diary study of alcohol use.Design and MethodsParticipants were recruited using Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Eligible participants completed a brief screener assessing demographics and health behaviours, with a subset of individuals subsequently recruited to participate in a 2 week daily diary study of alcohol use.ResultsMultilevel models of the daily alcohol data derived from the Mechanical Turk sample (n = 369) replicated several findings commonly reported in daily diary studies of alcohol use.Discussion and ConclusionsResults demonstrate that online participant recruitment and survey administration can be a fruitful method for conducting daily diary alcohol research. [Boynton MH, Richman LS. An online daily diary study of alcohol use using Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:456–461]
Situational and mood factors associated with smoking in young adult light and heavy smokers
Authors: Thrul Johannes , Bühler Anneke , Ferguson Stuart G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsAntecedents of smoking have been widely researched in studies with older adults. However, less is known about the smoking patterns and antecedents of smoking in young adult smokers.Design and MethodsIn this study, we used ecological momentary assessment collected with an Internet‐based survey instrument and used the participants' own mobile phones to contrast the smoking patterns of young adult light and intermittent smokers (n = 23) with heavy smokers (n = 18). Overall, 1543 smoking and non‐smoking situations were analysed. By means of generalised estimating equations, we used a range of situational characteristics to predict smoking in both groups.ResultsCraving and smoking of others increased the odds of smoking, and smoking bans were associated with a decreased probability of smoking among both light and intermittent smokers and heavy smokers. Situational antecedents differed between both groups. Cue‐associated smoking played a bigger role for light and intermittent smokers than for heavy smokers. Situational antecedents, such as craving, being at the home of others, drinking alcohol and smoking by others, were more strongly associated with the smoking of light and intermittent smokers compared with heavy smokers.Discussion and ConclusionsSmoking among young adults is associated with both internal and external situational characteristics. Compared with heavy smokers, light and intermittent smoking seems to be under more stimulus control and more characterised by social smoking. These results are consistent with several findings from previous studies and provide further information on different subgroups of smokers in early adulthood. [Thrul J, Bühler A, Ferguson SG. Situational and mood factors associated with smoking in young adult light and heavy smokers. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:420–427]
Pathway model of parental help seeking for adolescents experiencing first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Chen Fang‐pei , Gearing Robin E. , DeVylder Jordan E. , Oh Hans Y. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimParents and caregivers are confronted with many challenges when caring for adolescents experiencing first‐episode psychosis (FEP). Understanding and support for parental help‐seeking process is essential for adolescents' timely access to treatment. The study aimed to develop a pathway model of parental help seeking for adolescents experiencing FEP and identify crucial time points for intervention.MethodsDirected content analysis was conducted on semi‐structured qualitative interviews of 16 parents whose children had experienced FEP and focused on parents' experiences prior to and during FEP until first hospitalization.ResultsThe resultant parental help seeking for FEP model included two stages and six phases. The contemplation stage is composed of phases of initial awareness, recognizing severity and considering options. The action stage entailed help‐seeking intention, securing help and service appraisal. All parents promptly began help seeking after recognizing severe symptoms and sought advice from professional and community supports, although parents' lack of initial awareness was common. Further analysis on individual parents' help‐seeking trajectories showed that among the 50% parents who reported pre‐existing childhood conditions, 87.5% did not report initial awareness of psychotic symptoms.ConclusionsFindings recommend intervention at three specific periods of help seeking. First, psychoeducation is needed when parents first engage with health care for their children's disabling conditions. Professionals treating childhood conditions need training to vigilantly monitor the overall mental health of the children over time. Second, it is important to enhance the roles of formal and informal community resources in facilitating parental help seeking. Finally, family‐focused interventions are essential in supporting the family for securing needed treatment.
Does mindfulness have potential in eating disorders prevention? A preliminary controlled trial with young adult women
Authors: Atkinson Melissa J. , Wade Tracey D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimThis preliminary randomized controlled trial assessed the feasibility of a pilot mindfulness‐based intervention with respect to reducing the risk of eating disorders in young women.MethodsForty‐four young adult women with body image concerns (Mage = 20.57, SD = 3.22) were randomly allocated to a mindfulness‐based or a dissonance‐based intervention (3 × 1 h weekly sessions), or to assessment‐only control. Self‐report measures of eating disorder risk factors, symptoms and related psychosocial impairment were compared at baseline, post‐intervention, and at 1‐ and 6‐month follow up.ResultsAt post‐intervention, acceptability ratings for both interventions were high. Mindfulness participants demonstrated statistically significant improvements relative to control at post‐intervention for weight and shape concern, dietary restraint, thin ideal internalization, eating disorder symptoms and related psychosocial impairment; however, these gains were largely lost over follow up. Dissonance participants did not show statistically significant improvements relative to control on any outcomes, despite small to moderate effect sizes.ConclusionsThese preliminary findings demonstrate the acceptability and short‐term efficacy of a mindfulness‐based approach to reducing the risk of disordered eating in young women. This provides support for the continued evaluation of mindfulness in the prevention and early intervention of eating disorders, with increased efforts to produce maintenance of intervention gains.
Photoperiodic regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult male white‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus)
Authors: Walton James C. , Aubrecht Taryn G. , Weil Zachary M. , Leuner Benedetta , Nelson Randy J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPhotoperiodic organisms monitor environmental day length to engage in seasonally appropriate adaptions in physiology and behavior. Among these adaptations are changes in brain volume and neurogenesis, which have been well described in multiple species of birds, yet few studies have described such changes in the brains of adult mammals. White‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) are an excellent species in which to investigate the effects of day length on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, as males, in addition to having reduced hippocampal volume in short days (SD) with concomitant impairments in hippocampus‐mediated behaviors, have photoperiod‐dependent changes in olfactory bulb neurogenesis. We performed the current experiment to assess the effects of photoperiod on hippocampal neurogenesis longitudinally, using the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine at multiple time points across 10 weeks of SD exposure. Compared with counterparts held in long day (LD) lengths, across the first 8 weeks of SD exposure hippocampal neurogenesis was reduced. However, at 10 weeks in SD lengths neurogenic levels in the hippocampus were elevated above those levels in mice held in LD lengths. The current findings are consistent with the natural photoperiodic cycle of hippocampal function in male white‐footed mice, and may help to inform research on photoperiodic plasticity in neurogenesis and provide insight into how the complex interplay among the environment, genes and adaptive responses to changing day lengths affects brain structure, function and behavior at multiple levels.
Suprachiasmatic vasopressin and the circadian regulation of voluntary locomotor behavior
Authors: Cormier Holly C. , Della‐Maggiore Valeria , Karatsoreos Ilia N. , Koletar Margaret M. , Ralph Martin R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA role for arginine vasopressin in the circadian regulation of voluntary locomotor behavior (wheel running activity) was investigated in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. Spontaneous nocturnal running was suppressed in a dose‐dependent manner by systemic injections of vasopressin, and also in a concentration‐dependent manner by microinjections directly into the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. Pre‐injections of a vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist into the nucleus reduced the suppression of behavior by vasopressin. Ethogram analyses revealed that peripheral drug injections predominantly increased grooming, flank marking, and sleep‐related behaviors. Central injections did not induce sleep, but increased grooming and periods of ‘quiet vigilance’ (awake but not moving). Nocturnal behavioral profiles following either peripheral or central injections were similar to those shown by untreated animals in the hour prior to the onset of nocturnal wheel running. Site control vasopressin injections into the medial preoptic area or periaqueductal gray increased flank marking and grooming, but had no significant effect on locomotion, suggesting behavioral specificity of a vasopressin target near the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Both peripheral and central administration increased FOS‐like immunoreactivity in the retinorecipient core of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The distribution of FOS‐positive cells overlapped the calbindin subregion, but was more extensive, and most calbindin‐positive cells did not co‐express FOS. We propose a model of temporal behavioral regulation wherein voluntary behavior, such as nocturnal locomotor activity, is inhibited by the activity of neurons in the suprachiasmatic ventrolateral core that project to the posterior hypothalamus and are driven by rhythmic vasopressin input from the dorsomedial shell.
Across‐year social stability shapes network structure in wintering migrant sparrows
Authors: Shizuka Daizaburo , Chaine Alexis S. , Anderson Jennifer , Johnson Oscar , Laursen Inger Marie , Lyon Bruce E. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMigratory birds often form flocks on their wintering grounds, but important details of social structure such as the patterns of association between individuals are virtually unknown. We analysed networks of co‐membership in short‐term flocks for wintering golden‐crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia atricapilla) across three years and discovered social complexity unsuspected for migratory songbirds. The population was consistently clustered into distinct social communities within a relatively small area (~ 7 ha). Birds returned to the same community across years, with mortality and recruitment leading to some degree of turnover in membership. These spatiotemporal patterns were explained by the combination of space use and social preference – birds that flocked together in one year flocked together again in the subsequent year more often than were expected based on degrees of home range overlap. Our results suggest that a surprising level of social fidelity across years leads to repeatable patterns of social network structure in migratory populations.