bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Change or Decay? An interpretation of late Holocene archaeological evidence from the Hamersley Plateau, Western Australia
Authors: MARWICK BEN 
Published: January 2013

AbstractData collected from the Hamersley Plateau over the last four decades are examined for patterns in the archaeological record. Data relating to the timing of the archaeological appearance of backed artefacts, seed‐grinding technology and rock art are currently too few to indicate major cultural changes with certainty. Increases in numbers of radiocarbon dates from archaeological sites on the Hamersley Plateau are evident in the late Holocene. This can be interpreted as a pattern of cultural change or natural decay in datable material. I conclude that taphonomic bias is the most important variable in the distribution of the radiocarbon date sample from the Hamersley Plateau. That said, further accumulation of dates and data may show archaeological changes in the Hamersley Plateau that represent local expressions of broader trends in the Australian semi‐arid and arid zones.
Aboriginal Settlement during the LGM at Brockman, Pilbara Region, Western Australia
Authors: SLACK MICHAEL , FILLIOS MELANIE , FULLAGAR RICHARD 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper describes the results and implications of recent excavations on the Hamersley Iron Brockman 4 tenement, near Tom Price, Western Australia. Results concentrate on two rock shelters with Aboriginal occupation starting at least 32,000 years ago and extending throughout the Last Glacial period. Preliminary observations are proposed concerning the nature of Aboriginal foraging patterns as displayed in the flaked stone and faunal records for the Brockman region.
Dampier Archipelago petroglyphs: archaeology, scientific values and National Heritage Listing
Authors: McDONALD JO , VETH PETER 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn 2007 the Dampier Archipelago petroglyph province was included on the National Heritage List. This paper outlines the process of determining the province's scientific values. We briefly describe our findings, which are based on all existing site data lodged with regulatory authorities. We synthesize published and unpublished systematic survey and rock art recording data collected over three decades for research and environmental impact assessment. Based on this synthesis we provide the first thorough analysis and contextualisation of petroglyph sites across the Archipelago. We compare this art province with other art style provinces in the Pilbara.
The archaeology of the Port Hedland coastal plain and implications for understanding the prehistory of shell mounds and middens in northwestern Australia
Authors: HARRISON RODNEY 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper reports the archaeological salvage, radiocarbon dating and analysis of seven shell midden sites located south of Port Hedland, and makes observations regarding the archaeology of the Port Hedland region and the Abydos coastal plain. The excavations revealed an almost continuous sequence of archaeological sites dating between 5250calBP and 50calBP years. These include some of the earliest and latest radiocarbon ages associated with Anadara granosa dominated middens, shell mounds and earth mounds from northwestern Australia. Where earlier researchers had suggested that Anadara exploitation in northwestern Australia, and particularly on the Abydos plain and Burrup Peninsula, was limited to between 4200 and 1600 BP, these excavations demonstrate that the exploitation of Anadara shell in the Port Hedland region was continuous from at least 4400calBP (and possibly as early as 5350calBP) until the early twentieth century. Based on a consideration of their contents and ages, it is suggested that the various forms of shell accumulations in the study area, including shell mounds, earth mounds, surface scatters and stratified lenses of shell midden, are likely to vary more as a result of site formation processes than Aboriginal people's past gathering practices. This finding has broader implications for understanding the place of Anadara shell mounds and middens in the prehistoric regional economy of northwestern Australia.
Radiocarbon and linguistic dates for occupation of the South Wellesley Islands, Northern Australia
Authors: ULM SEAN , EVANS NICHOLAS , ROSENDAHL DANIEL , MEMMOTT PAUL , PETCHEY FIONA 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRadiocarbon dates from three Kaiadilt Aboriginal sites on the South Wellesley Islands, southern Gulf of Carpentaria, demonstrate occupation dating to c. 1600 years ago. These results are at odds with published linguistic models for colonisation of the South Wellesley archipelago suggesting initial occupation in the last 1000 years, but are consonant with archaeological evidence for post‐4200 BP occupation of islands across northern Australia, particularly in the last 2000 years.
Middle and late Holocene skin‐working tools in Melanesia: Tattooing and scarification?
Authors: KONONEN NINA 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUse‐wear/residue analysis of small flakes and stemmed tools made of obsidian and quartz, from middle and late Holocene archaeological sites in Melanesia, indicates their use in piercing and cutting soft skin. This skin‐working activity was possibly associated with occasional manufacture of items from animal skins but it is more likely these tools were used for tattooing, scarification or medical treatment of the human body. Tattooing by cutting and piercing and scarification are an integral aspect of social behaviour among peoples in the Pacific region. I argue that the practice of tattooing by cutting and piercing were both used in Melanesia in the middle Holocene, but tattooing by piercing became more common in the late Holocene.
‘Rebecca will you marry me? Tim’: inscriptions as objects of biography at the North Head Quarantine Station, Manly, New South Wales
Authors: CLARKE ANNE , FREDERICK URSULA 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this paper we explore the historical inscriptions at the North Head Quarantine Station, Manly through the lens of biography to examine what the archaeological record can tell us about some of the people who found themselves in quarantine and who chose to mark their presence in the landscape. In particular we focus on two inscriptions located in the Wharf area of the Quarantine Station to illustrate how the archaeological record in this instance provides a mechanism for investigating and exploring the personal and social histories of migration and quarantine. Half of all the inscriptions at the Quarantine Station contain some biographical information about people, place and passage. They provide a material portal through which we can access something of the stories of the ordinary men, women and children who migrated to Australia. The archaeological record of names and lists of passengers and crew does not simply map onto the shipping registers in the archives, as the Samuel Plimsoll and John Howie examples illustrate. The material characteristics of the inscriptions set up a discursive interaction between the archaeological and historical records that allows us to interrogate them as objects with a biography and as objects as biography.
Terrestrial food production and land use in prehistoric Samoa: an example from Olosega Island, Manu'a, American Samoa
Authors: QUINTUS SETH J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSamoan terrestrial production is vastly under researched archaeologically and few projects explicitly explore such a topic. This paper reports a food production system found in the interior of Olosega Island, one of three islands within the Manu'a group of American Samoa. This production system was part of a divided landscape, in which the residential was separated from the non‐residential. This division was created by a large ditch that cuts across the landscape that was likely used for water diversion. Swidden horticulture was a key component in this production system, practiced upslope of the large ditch. Arboriculture occurred within the residential area downslope of the ditch. Such a production system illustrates the multiple paths cultures can take to increase production while staying resilient in their unique environment. The human population of Olosega utilized numerous ecological niches in order to minimize variance while also creating a productive food exploitation system.
Identification of Fergusson Island obsidian on the Sepik coast of northern Papua New Guinea
Authors: GOLITKO MARK , SCHAUER MATTHEW , TERRELL JOHN EDWARD 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDuring PXRF analysis of obsidian recovered from sites on the Sepik coast of northern Papua New Guinea, seven pieces were identified exhibiting a chemical signature inconsistent with sources in the Bismarck Archipelago previously identified on the coast. Comparative chemical analysis of obsidian from sources in the western Pacific confirms that these pieces originated on western Fergusson Island in the D'Entrecasteaux group. Our results represent the first identification of this source material on the north side of the New Guinea mainland beyond the Massim region.
New radiocarbon ages for the Lower Murray River, South Australia
Authors: WILSON CHRISTOPHER , FALLON STEWART , TREVORROW TOM 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper presents the initial radiocarbon ages from the Lower Murray Archaeological Project developed in conjunction with the Ngarrindjeri Heritage Committee in South Australia. As part of this community based research program, a total of 59 shell (V. ambiguus) and charcoal samples were selected for radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon ages varied significantly between sites within the region and ranged from 150–490 calBP at Pomberuk (Hume Reserve Midden and Historic Campsite) to 8190–8390 calBP at Glen Lossie Midden and Burial Site (GLMBS). These results will contribute to developing a more comprehensive understanding of human occupation in Ngarrindjeri ruwe (lands and waters) and assist in developing a local chronology for the region.
Mekeo Chiefs and Sorcerers: Metaphor, Ideology and Practice
Authors: Jones Alan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT This paper evaluates two English expressions used by Michelle Stephen to translate the Mekeo terms lopia and ungaunga, traditionally rendered as “chief” (or “peace chief”) and “sorcerer” (Seligman 1910; Hau'ofa 1971, 1981; Mosko 1985). Stephen suggests that more “literal” translations are “man of kindness” and “man of sorrow”. I argue that the expressions proposed are only literal if we accept postulated etymologies based on Stephen's reading of the Desnoës Mekeo‐French Dictionary (1941) and a grammatical analysis Stephen puts forward as unproblematic. I use authentic texts from Desnoës and my own grammar of Mekeo to challenge Stephen's suggested translations, and suggest that the use of conventional labels for key cultural terms is preferable to searching for non‐existent “literal” meanings. More generally, I discuss the use of etymologies that are unverifiable, and often from a linguistic viewpoint unlikely, in ethnographies of the Mekeo and to some extent elsewhere.I outline linguistic processes whereby metaphors and other associative tropes rapidly become conventionalized, and lexical items become grammaticalized. I evaluate the role of metaphor and metonymy in the formation of concepts and belief systems, and sketch an interpretative framework capable of accounting for the different effects and uses of polysemy and homonymy.
Exploring Spatial Relationships between Material Culture and Language in the Upper Sepik and Central New Guinea
Authors: Fyfe Andrew 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT New Guinea is the most linguistically diverse region in the world. Over 1,000 languages are found there. Unsurprisingly, controversy exists concerning the degree to which this diversity has been shaped by migration or interaction. At the centre of this controversy is the putative origin and migration path of Austronesian speakers. The advent of Lapita ceramic ware in Melanesia around 3,000 years ago is seen by some as important evidence for their arrival; nevertheless the validity of using Lapita as a marker for Austronesian populations remains in question.The Upper Sepik is one of New Guinea's most linguistically heterogeneous regions. Because it is not marked by far‐reaching exchange systems the region's language and material culture distributions provide potential for exploring such issues. This paper discusses these in the context of an analysis of important ethnographic collections from the region. It is shown that when material culture is assessed technologically and stylistically it is easier to determine an effect for important variables such as language and distance. Additionally, it is demonstrated that as men and women often have different levels of mobility and sociality, classes of material culture belonging to each may differentially reflect important socio‐historical processes.
‘Becoming Beautiful in the Dance’: On the Formation of Ethical Modalities of Being in Yap, Federated States of Micronesia1
Authors: Throop C. Jason 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis article examines how the ideals of self‐monitoring, self‐reflexivity, self‐restraint, and self‐governance, as well as assumptions pertaining to the mastery of the body, its movements, and forms of expressivity, lie at the heart of one of Yap's (Federated States of Micronesia) most important aesthetic institutions ‐ the dance. In so doing, it suggests that Yapese dancing and the forms of self‐vigilance that are associated with it can be understood as implicated in the formation of a distinctly Yapese moral modality of being. That is, Yapese dancing ‐ including its performance and appreciation ‐ plays a role in helping individuals craft particular forms of feeling, thinking, appreciating, judging, imagining, and behaving that are consonant with local understandings of the good person, the good life, and right action.A polite and agreeable exterior was maintained at all times to reveal nothing of internal mental states. Yapese frequently played games testing each other's abilities to keep their concentration and sense of restraint. Spectators at a Yapese dance who had forgotten themselves and had become enthralled by a particular dancer were singled out and reminded to chew their wad of betel (mu ko bu'), much to the delight of all present.
Borderwork in Indigenous South‐Eastern Australia1
Authors: Morris Barry 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT This article provides some reflections on borderwork derived from social anthropological research with Indigenous people in south‐eastern Australia (S.E. Australia). In post‐settler states, borderwork traverses a range of fields—employment, health, education and politics. It engages both Indigenous and the non‐Indigenous who grapple with the issues associated with socially and culturally liminal spaces. Borderwork provides a focus on the way boundaries are continually constructed as well as dismantled and reconstructed as a result of historical, political and social change. The article draws upon the work of Bourdieu (2000) to interrogate the ‘naturalisation’ of conditions that give rise to particular interpretive frameworks and the specific relations of power that legitimate one interpretive framework over others.‘First Nations people are border workers by the nature of their aboriginal claims and their persisting marginalization…’ (Celia Haig‐Brown, 1992:230)
The ‘Society’ at Bora Ceremonies: A Manifestation of a Body of Traditional Law and Custom in Aboriginal Australia relevant to Native Title Case Law
Authors: Kenny Anna 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTAnthropologists working on native title cases in Australia are commonly asked to identify the Aboriginal ‘society’ that holds the body of laws and customs that confer land ownership rights on certain groups of people. In this paper I investigate how the early documentation of bora initiation ceremonies is relevant to understanding contemporary Aboriginal societies and the normative laws and customs that give rise to rights and interests in land. The vast ethnographic oeuvre of R.H. Mathews (1841–1918) includes detailed documentation of bora gatherings, which allows the reconstruction of the wider social reaches of people's networks in the lower Darling Downs of eastern Australia, and can in turn be understood as the ‘society’ so often sought in current native title case law.
Risk and the Sacred: Environment, Media and Public Opinion in Bali
Authors: Warren Carol 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis exploration of controversies over environmental regulation in the Indonesian province of Bali traces the relationship between the media, environmental attitudes and Balinese identity, focusing on the religious dimension of that identity and the ways in which this has become bound up with conceptions of environmental imbalance and a popular critique of capitalist development on the island. The fusion of cultural and environmental metaphors of ‘erosion’ and ‘preservation’ in public discourse is striking in the Balinese case, since sites of great spiritual significance are also attractive to investors for their aesthetic appeal and heritage value (Verschuuren et al. 2010). From the earliest emergence of environmental conflict on the island, the emotive power of cultural identity became intimately connected with environmental politics. This article traces several of the pervasive and interconnected dichotomies ‐ sacred and profane, cultural value and economic interest, environmental preservation and use (exploitation), certainty and uncertainty (risk) ‐ that characterise debates surrounding environmental regulation and development on the island.
Science in Dispute: Debating the Authority of Knowledge in an Environmental Contestation
Authors: Tuckwell Erin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper is an examination of science, as it is understood and contested between conservationists and developers in an application to construct a salt mine in Western Australia. If the salt mine were to go ahead, it would have become the largest salt mine in the world, adjacent to a World Heritage Area. Thus, the application triggered significant local interest in the potential environmental impacts on surrounding ecological systems. As the only means for the public to have an impact on decision‐making is through the environmental approvals process, much of the debate revolved around the validity and legitimacy of knowledge gained through ecological science. This paper focuses on the ways in which the conservationists and developers moulded and shaped scientific knowledge to fit their opposing beliefs, values, and aims. However, rather than focus on the overtly political manipulation of science, I examine why particular interpretations of science are considered legitimate by some participants in the dispute, while others are not. In particular, I ask, what does it take for particular scientific ‘facts' to be considered legitimate? To do so, I examine how the conservationists and developers came to conceptualise and frame science within the dispute. I argue that for members of either group to consider any scientific knowledge legitimate, it is first judged on its ability to resonate with their own worldviews, experiences, and aim.
Teaching versus Research—Incompatibility or Overemphasis?
Authors: Myers Phillip S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThere is a perceived conflict between teaching and research. Is this perceived conflict the result of basic incompatibility between teaching and research or over emphasis on one or the other of the two factors? An analysis of the different audiences to which Professors profess is presented, and it is concluded that the problem is under emphasis on teaching. This under emphasis on teaching results from a lack of commitment of resources to evaluating and rewarding formal classroom teaching, the avoidance of painful decisions, and time pressures. The challenges are to develop and apply an accepted procedure for measuring the quality of teaching, to provide realistic opportunities for continued professional development, and to provide the time required to meet both research and teaching expectations, especially for probationary faculty. Suggestions for meeting these challenges are made.
The Functionary, the Citizen, and the Engineer
Authors: Bella David A. , Jenkins Chris H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractKnowledge and action rest upon a background of shared expectations. ‘Technology’ refers to a particular background of expectations. Key words are: efficiency, productivity, utility, order, control, and objectivity. If, however, such expectations are carried too far, the behavior of mere functionaries becomes established: one becomes preoccupied with the completion of assignments with no time or inclination for the asking of troublesome questions. This paper examines one of the consequences of such behavior.A model is presented illustrating how organizational systems selectively distort assessments. Within such systems, favorable information is more likely to survive and thus a distorting tendency emerges. Such systemic distortions do not require individual fraud or deceit; the ‘normal’ behaviors of functionaries suffice. We claim that these functionary practices arise from taking the technological expectations too far. Examples are presented. Suggestions on avoiding functionary behavior and systemic distortions are discussed. We suggest that greater emphasis be given to the notion of ‘citizen engineers’.
An Integrated Approach to Graduate Education in Manufacturing Systems—The U.T. Dallas Model
Authors: Cherrington Blake E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA graduate program in Manufacturing Systems has been designed by the faculty of the University of Texas at Dallas and a fourteen member industrial advisory committee using a top‐down approach. By establishing an independently administered program with it's own faculty, it was possible to design “de‐novo” a highly integrated set of new courses in a structured curriculum built around the central theme of the design of computer supported/controlled systems for engineering and manufacturing. There are nine required courses organized under the categories of manufacturing processes, process control, computer systems, product design, manufacturing systems, and business principles. A manufacturing project caps off the curriculum.
Architecture for a Successful Computer‐Integrated Manufacturing Program in a 4‐year College or University
Authors: Pardue Mark D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractComputer‐Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) has over the past decade become a key component in revitalizing U.S. manufacturing industry. To support much of this CIM activity, colleges and universities have started CIM‐related courses and programs. A major problem that these schools have had is in determining the structure of their “CIM” program. This paper will discuss the major factors to be considered in developing the overall architecture for a CIM Program in a 4‐year institution, detailing goals and objectives, participants and leadership roles, and the major components for a successful CIM Program. Curriculum issues are not discussed, as any specific curriculum will vary depending upon the degree program.
Teaching Writing in Required Undergraduate Engineering Courses: A Materials Course Example
Authors: Baren Robert 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn order to prepare engineering graduates with the communication skills required on the job, a communications center was established within the Engineering College. One of the main goals of the Center has been to develop writing skills. To achieve this goal one group of courses in Materials Science incorporates a major research paper. Significant feedback, both from the instructor and the University Writing Center is provided to the students while the paper is in preparation.