bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Anti‐Hapten Antibody Response by Chemically Modified Carrier Antigen Preferentially Provoking Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity (DTH)
Authors: Machida Atsuhiko , Kumazawa Yoshio , Mizunoe Kimifusa 
Published: November 2013

AbstractExperiments were carried out to determine whether or not the cell populations involved in DTH and in the suppression of antibody response are identical. The effects of four treatments, i.e., adult thymectomy (ATx), X‐irradiation, anti‐mouse thymocyte serum (ATS) and hydrocortisone (HC) on the induction of DTH and on the carrier‐specific suppression of antibody response were observed in mice immunized with chemically modified antigen, dodecanoyl‐BSA (d‐BSA), emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), with the following results: 1) DTH induced by immunization with D‐BSA remained constant in adult thymectomized mice, whereas the suppression of antibody response was not inducible in these animals. 2) Injection of low doses of ATS caused the depression of DTH in mice primed with D‐BSA, but did not affect the suppressive activities of their spleen cells. 3) Sublethal X‐irradiation 1 week prior to D‐BSA priming inhibited the generation of suppressor cells but did not affect the generation of cells mediating DTH. The suppressive effect was also abrogated by sublethal X‐irradiation given 2 days after immunization with DNP‐BSA (14 days after priming with D‐BSA). 4) The treatment of animals with HC 2 days before the footpad challenge or immunization with DNP‐BSA depressed the ability of animals to induce both DTH and the suppression of antibody response. However, the latter was more sensitive to HC than the former.In addition to these results, it was also found that D‐BSA‐primed spleen cells were capable of suppressing anti‐DNP response, but not of inducing DTH‐reactivity upon transfer to recipient mice. These results suggest that DTH‐reactivity and the carrier‐specific suppression of anti‐hapten antibody response induced by injection of D‐BSA are mediated by different cell populations.
Reduction of Population Levels of Some Indigenous Bacteria by Lactobacilli in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Gnotobiotic Rats
Authors: Watanabe Tsugio , Morotomi Masami , Kawai Yasuo , Mutai Masahiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEffects of each of three indigenous Lactobacillus groups on other bacterial populations were separately investigated in gnotobiotic rats. In the wall of the non‐glandular part of the stomach, contents of the stomach and contents of the upper part of the small intestine, some pre‐associated indigenous bacteria were reduced to conventional population levels by introducing three groups of lactobacilli: Group I (Lactobacillus acidophilus and related strains), Group II (L. fermentum) and the groups mixed. However, no obvious reduction in cell numbers of the pre‐associated bacteria occurred in the case of Group III (L. murini).
Macrophage Dependency of T‐lymphocyte Mitogenesis by Nocardia rubra Cell‐Wall Skeleton
Authors: Sugimura Kazuhisa , Uemiya Masanao , Azuma Ichiro , Yamawaki Mikio , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe mitogenic activity of the cell‐wall skeleton (CWS) of Nocardia rubra on purified splenic T‐cells (thymus‐derived lymphocytes) was investigated. N. rubra CWS showed remarkable mitogenic activity on normal spleen cells of C57BL/6J mice at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μg per milliliter of culture medium, while, on purified splenic T‐cells, N. rubra CWS did not act as a mitogen at any concentration. However, mitogenic activity of N. rubra CWS on T‐cells was restored if purified splenic T‐cells were reconstituted with X‐irradiated peritoneal exudate cells (macrophages). The above results suggest the necessity of macrophages for T‐lymphocyte activation by N. rubra CWS as well as PHA‐P or Con A.
Mechanism of Defective Lysogenization by Phage P1 in a lon− Mutant of Escherichia coli K‐12
Authors: Takano Toshiya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPhage P1 cannot lysogenize a lon– mutant of Escherichia coli K‐12, which is defective in the regulation of cellular division cycle to result in snake formation (14). P1 mutants, called P1pla, can lysogenize the lon– host. These mutations have been classified into two complementation groups: one is cis‐dominant; the other is trans‐dominant. A temperature‐sensitive lon– mutant was isolated, which exhibited the lon– phenotype at 42 C but not at 33 C. A temperature‐shift experiment of the P1‐lysogenic derivative of the lon– ts mutant showed lysis of the culture and induction of the phage production. It is proposed that P1 plasmid may be under a certain regulatory circuit of the division cycle of the host bacterium by indirectly regulating the production of P1 immune repressor, or alternatively by directly derepressing the functions of P1 prophage.
The Effect of the DNA‐Suppressing Factor (DSF) on Host DNA Synthesis in Synchronized Cell Cultures
Authors: Minagawa Tomonori , Fujii Nobuhiro , Yamamoto Tomoko K. , Iida Hiroo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPurified host DNA‐suppressing factor (DSF) produced into culture fluid of HeLa C‐9 cells infected with measles virus inhibited cellular DNA synthesis in HeLa cells. When purified DSF was added into cultures of synchronous HeLa cells at the early G1‐phase, cellular DNA synthesis was irreversibly inhibited. However, DSF did not affect the stability of native double‐stranded DNA nor the chain‐elongation of single‐stranded DNA in cells of the S‐phase.
Improved Reversed Passive Hemagglutination for Simple and Rapid Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A~E in Food
Authors: Yamada Sumio , Igarashi Hideo , Terayama Takeshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDetection and identification of staphylococcal enterotoxins in food or culture filtrates were performed using the reversed passive hemagglutination (RPHA) technique, with formalized sheep red blood cells (FSRBC) sensitized with immunoglobulins of anti‐A, B, C, D, and E rabbit hyperimmune sera fractionated by affinity chromatography. The FSRBC sensitized with anti‐A~E immunoglobulins showed a high level of reactivity and specificity in RPHA, against homologous types of purified enterotoxins and culture filtrates of toxin‐producing strains. No non‐specific reactions with various ingredients in foods nor cross‐reactions among enterotoxin types were observed. The minimum amount of enterotoxins in foods detected by RPHA was calculated to be 0.01 μg/g without concentration, and the recovery rate of experimentally added toxins was calculated to be about 80%.Under routine laboratory practice, detection and identification of enterotoxins from incriminated foods of five food poisoning outbreaks were performed by RPHA within 3 hr after reception of the specimens. Among them, three were determined to be enterotoxin A food poisoning, one to be toxin C and the rest to be intoxication of A and D. The concentration of the toxins was between 0.014 and 3.65 μg per gram of food.
Persistent Infection with Mouse Hepatitis Virus of Low Virulence in Nude Mice
Authors: Tamura Teruko , Taguchi Fumihiro , Ueda Katsumoto , Fujiwara KÔSaku 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA persisting type of infection with wasting syndrome was established in congenitally athymic nude mice after intraperitoneal inoculation with a mouse hepatitis virus which was not fully pathogenic for heterozygous haired littermates. From the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and brain of most infected nude mice, the virus was detected at high titers during a period from 6 to 35 days postinfection, occurrence of degenerative and necrotic lesions being correlated with virus titers in these organs. The titer of serum neutralizing antibody remained undetectable or very low in most diseased nude mice, whereas some animals resisting the infection could produce antibody at a later stage. In heterozygous haired mice, some lesions were detectable at a very early stage of infection in the spleen and liver, but they seemed to disappear with a marked elevation of the neutralizing antibody titer. Nude mice were able to resist the virus infection when they had previously received transfer of thymocytes from weanling heterozygous littermates.
Immunological Studies of Heat‐Labile Virus Inhibitors
Authors: Kitamura Takashi , Tanaka Yukie , Ogata Momoko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHeat‐labile virus inhibitor (HLI) in normal sera of various mammalian species capable of neutralizing variola (VRV) and Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) was studied immunologically. After sucrose density gradient centrifugation of guinea pig serum, the HLI activity against VRV and that against NDV were both demonstrated in the same region sedimenting fastor than IgM. Absorption with partially purified VRV or NDV removed the HLI activity on the homologous virus but not that on the other. Prior saturation of virions with specific antibody blocked the absorption of HLI, suggesting a specific competition for binding site(s) between specific antibody and HLI.The HLI level against variola virus was checked in connection with immunization with vaccinia virus. In human primary vaccination, the HLI level rose sharply within 4 weeks after vaccination, turning to decline gradually to settle at a level higher than that of the conventional neutralizing antibody (NA). In cases of human revaccination, a sharp rise of HLI started 4 days after vaccination and reached the highest level within 7 days, preceding the rise of conventional NA level which occurred about 3 days later. Three rabbits with negative HLI activity prior to vaccinia immunization obtained an HLI activity within 2 weeks, which showed a sharp rise up to 6–8 weeks. One rabbit with a positive prior HLI activity also showed a sharp rise of the HLI activity after immunization. In all rabbits the final HLI level was identical with that of conventional NA.Groups of guinea pigs were immunized with either VRV or NDV. Rises of the HLI level after immunization were observed in all animals, the activity being restricted to the homologous virus used in the immunization. Complement‐requiring NA was detected during the course of immunization but its behavior was different from that of HLI.The above observations were interpreted to suggest a ubiquitous presence of HLI as a specific reactive agent and its role at an earliest stage of immune response.
Complement‐Dependent Cytotoxicity of Sera Obtained from Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Patients
Authors: Kuwajima Shigeru , Minagawa Tomonori , Fujii Nobuhiro , Iida Hiroo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHuman lymphoid cells (NC‐37) persistently infected with either measles virus (Schwarz and TYCSA strains) or subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus (Halle and Mantooth strains) were destroyed in the presence of complement by anti‐measles sera as well as by sera from SSPE patients. The cytotoxic activity was demonstrated in both IgG and IgM fractions of measles convalescent sera, but only in IgG fraction of SSPE sera. Measles convalescent sera completely lost the cytotoxic activity to all the cell lines, when absorbed with any one of the cell lines, indicating that the viral surface antigens of these cell lines infected with measles or SSPE virus are identical. On the other hand, the cytotoxic activity of SSPE sera could not be readily absorbed with these cells. Thus, the affinity of SSPE sera for the viral surface antigens might be lower than that of measles convalescent sera.
Studies on the Neutralization of Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo , Isono Noriko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEarly and late sera of rabbits immunized with herpes simplex virus were fractionated into IgG and IgM, and the minimal concentration of complement (C) required for full enhancement of neutralizing activity was determined for each by the plaque reduction method. In tests employing simultaneous mixing of virus, antibody and C, C‐requiring neutralizing (CRN) antibody in IgM required 2–8 times more C than that in IgG. When virus‐antibody mixtures were incubated at 0 C overnight before addition of C, a marked enhancement of CRN endopoint especially of late IgG and IgM was exhibited, in contrast to materially unchanged titers of the ordinary neutralizing antibody. This result suggested an abundance of slow‐reacting CRN‐virus complexes. The CRN antibody so detected required about 4 times more C than that detectable by the usual test in the case of late IgG and IgM. When virus sensitized with late IgG at 0 C overnight was further incubated at 37 C for 1 hr, the C requirement changed but slightly without showing any more increase of the endpoint, whereas sensitization at 0 C for 2 to 3 days further increased the CRN antibody endpoint but the C requirement was equal to that after 1 day's sensitization at 0 C. Based on these and earlier findings, a hypothesis is proposed that binding of a single antibody molecule with virus may cause a series of changes of the virus particle or part of those changes depending on the nature of antibody and on the sensitization condition, and C added to such complexes at an appropriate stage of the changes can accelerate the procession of the changes leading eventually to inactivation.
Nature of Antigenic Determinant of Serovar‐Specific Antigen of Leptospira interrogans Serovar hebdomadis
Authors: Adachi Yoshikazu , Yanagawa Ryo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe nondialyzable delipidized serovar‐specific main antigen (NDTM antigen) of Leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis strain Hebdomadis (a variant which can grow in a synthetic medium) showed a strong inhibition of the complement fixation between the serovar‐specific main (TM) antigen of this strain and the homologous antiserum. The inhibitory effect of the NDTM antigen was completely lost by treating the antigen with proteolytic enzymes, and the fractions of TM antigen containing amino sugar, neutral sugars, and lipids did not show any inhibition of complement fixation, indicating that the antigenic determinant of this strain is related to proteins. NDTM antigen contained more hydrophilic amino acids than hydrophobic amino acids, whereas TM antigen contained more hydrophobic amino acids than hydrophilic amino acids. The amino acid compositions of NDTM antigens of hebdomadis strain Hebdomadis (variant) and kremastos strain Kyoto, which belonged to the same serogroup, were considerably similar. Difference was found in the amounts of methionine, arginine, lysine and glutamic acid.
Modification of Immune Response in Nude Mice Infected with Mouse Hepatitis Virus
Authors: Tamura Teruko , Machii Kenji , Ueda Katsumoto , Fujiwara KÔSaku 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn nude mice experimentally infected with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), the numbers of early and later plaque forming cells (PFC) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) generated in the spleen were 7 to 20 times and 2 to 163 times, respectively, greater than those in non‐infected nude mice, when SRBC were given at day 0 to day 21 postinfection. Splenic theta‐positive lymphocytes in infected nude mice were shown to increase only at day 10 or more postinfection. PFC response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a T cell‐independent antigen, was not modified in MHV‐infected nude mice.
Murine Model for Immunoprophylaxis of Cytomegalovirus Infection
Authors: Minamishima Yoichi , Eizuru Yoshito , Yoshida Aichi , Fukunishi Ryo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMurine cytomegalovirus was utilized as a model for human cytomeglovirus, which had no experimental animal, to study immunoprophylaxis of the cytomegalovirus infections.

Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) serially propagated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts had lost pathogenicity for weanling mice including neonatally thymectomized mice.
The cell culture‐adapted MCMV was effective as a “live, attenuated virus vaccine” against challenge by virulent, mouse‐passaged MCMV.
The immunization via intraperitoneal route protected mice from every parameter of MCMV infection. These included clinical signs, virus replication, histopathology and mortality.
The protective immunity was active against the virulent MCMV which was not neutralized by the rabbit anti‐attenuated MCMV serum.
Mechanism of Glucan‐Induced Agglutination in Streptococcus mutans*
Authors: Suginaka Hidekazu , Ebisu Shigeyuki , Kotani Shozo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe binding of radioactive glucan to Streptococcus mutatis cells, which are agglutinated by dextrans, was examined. The glucan was synthesized from sucrose by extracellular glucosyltransferases from S. mutans FA‐1 and was highly branched at C‐3 and C‐6 of D‐glucose residues, containing 17% of α(1→3)inter‐chain residues. Binding of glucan to whole cells of S. mutans OMZ‐176, which were agglutinated by addition of glucan or Dextran T2000, was irreversible and followed saturation type kinetics; saturation was achieved at approximately 110 ng of glucan per ml. About 14 ng of glucan were bound per mg of the cells at the saturated concentration. The heated cells of this organism, however, had a relatively low ability of glucan‐binding, compared with the freshly prepared and lyophilized cells. Binding to the heated cells was entirely of a non‐saturation type. Binding of Dextran T2000 or T10 was determined by competition between the labeled glucan and unlabeled Dextrans for the binding site(s). Both Dextrans and glucan from S. mutans FA‐1 were bound to the same site(s). Other organisms, which did not undergo glucan‐ and Dextran‐induced agglutination, had a relatively lower ability of glucan‐binding than S. mutans, which was agglutinated.
Effect of Double Infection of Cowpox Virus‐Infected Cells with Paramyxovirus (Sendai Virus) on Formation of Cowpox Virus‐Specific Cell Surface Antigen
Authors: Tanaka Junji , Ogura Hisashi , Fukuda Shizuo , Hatano Motoichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe formation of cowpox virus‐specific cell surface antigen (CPV S‐ag) was significantly enhanced by double infection with HVJ (Sendai virus). Simultaneous double infection, superinfection with HVJ and superinfection with CPV of cells persistently infected with HVJ similarly enhanced the formation of CPV S‐ag, while pre‐infection with HVJ was ineffective. To be effective, cells must be infected at a m.o.i. of ≧ 1.0 and HVJ gene functions had to be expressed.The HVJ‐infected cell extracts had an ability to accelerate uncoating (or degradation) of CPV, causing an early increase and a subsequent decrease in the infectivity of CPV. This activity reached a maximum 4–6 hr after HVJ infection, the increase paralleling enhancement of the total activity of several cellular enzymes. Addition of puromycin abolished the increase of these activities and the formation of CPV S‐ag.Thus, the double infection with HVJ of CPV‐infected cells induces an enhancement of CPV S‐ag formation presumably as a consequence of activation of cellular enzymes which in turn accelerates uncoating of CPV.
Difference in Antibody Production to Heterologius Erythrocytes in Conventional, Specific‐Pathogen‐Free (SPF), Germfree and Antigen‐Free Mice
Authors: Taniguchi Tom , Suzuki Tatsuo , Miake Shunji , Nomoto Kikuo , Hashimoto Kazuo , Goda Akira , Takeya Kenji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe expression of antibody‐producing capacities against hamster erythrocytes (HRBC), known to be weakly immunogenic in mice, was compared among conventional, SPF, germfree and antigen‐free mice.ICR strain germfree and antigen‐free mice showed antibody production to HRBC comparable to that in conventional or specific‐pathogen‐free (SPF) mice.In the NC strain, some of the conventional mice produced low titers of antibody after a single injection of HRBC, but none of the germfree mice showed such a transient antibody production. In the ICR‐KIG strain, which was selected from the colony‐bred ICR strain, antibodies with high titers were produced after a single injection of HRBC under both conventional and germfree conditions. The onset of conversion from 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME) sensitive to 2‐ME resistant antibody after a single injection of HRBC was not delayed in the germfree mice when compared with the conventional or SPF mice.Antibody production to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), known to be highly immunogenic in mice, was not influenced by exogeneous stimulation from microorganisms or diet. No differences in antibody production to SRBC were detected irrespective of the maintenance conditions of the mice.Stimulation with microorganisms or diet may not be required as essential elements for the maturation of antibody‐producing capacities, but such a stimulation appears to modify the antibody response. The modifying effect was more prominent in the antibody response against weakly immunogenic antigens than against highly immunogenic ones.
Some Physicochemical Characteristics of an Immune Lymphocyte Product Which Inhibits the Multiplication of Toxoplasma within Mouse Macrophages
Authors: Shirahata Toshikazu , Shimizu Kiheiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn response to antigenic stimulation, the splenic lymphocytes from Toxoplasma‐infected mice produce a factor which is called by the authors the Toxoplasma growth inhibitory factor (Toxo‐GIF) and which inhibits the multiplication of Toxoplasma within nonimmune macrophages in vitro. In this study, partial characterization of murine Toxo‐GIF was examined using Sephadex G‐100 gel‐filtration, isoelectric focusing, zonal electrophoresis and heat and enzymatic treatment.Peak activity of Toxo‐GIF was found in a Sephadex G‐100 fraction with a similar molecular size to that of the ovalbumin. The molecular weight of Toxo‐GIF was calculated to be between 38,000 and 55,000. Toxo‐GIF was stable to heating at 56 C for 30 min but lost its activity at 80 C for 30 min or by exposure to pH values of 5 and 2. Exposure of Toxo‐GIF to water‐insoluble chymotrypsin or neuraminidase markedly decreased its ability to induce enhanced microbicidal activity of cultured macrophages, suggesting that Toxo‐GIF was a glycoprotein. Furthermore, Toxo‐GIF migrated in a region cathodal to mouse albumin on agar zone electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing of active Sephadex fractions showed a well‐defined peak of Toxo‐GIF activity with an isoelectric point of pH 4.9 to 5.9.
Alterations of Lipid Metabolism in Mice Injected with Endotoxin
Authors: Sakaguchi Osamu , Sakaguchi Shuhei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSome alterations in lipid metabolism in mice were observed by the intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin from Salmonella typhimurium. The content of serum triglyceride increased markedly in poisoned mice 16–24 hr postintoxication. The level of free fatty acid (FFA) in the serum of endotoxin‐administered mice decreased in inverse proportion to an increase in the injected dose of endotoxin. The electrophoretic analysis of the serum lipoprotein on cellulose acetate membrane showed that pre β‐lipoprotein increased markedly and that FFA fraction in the poisoned mice sera disappeared 18 hr postintoxication. The activity of hormone‐sensitive lipase in adipose tissue was elevated appreciably 2 hr after injection, but decreased more significantly after 18 hr than that in fasted control mice. On the other hand, the activity of lipoprotein lipase decreased in the post‐heparin serum and adipose tissue 3 hr postintoxication, and decreased significantly after 16 hr. There were no significant differences between changes in the formation of active glycerol (α‐GP) and in the activity of α‐glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α‐GPDH) in the mice liver with or without administration of endotoxin, and after 16 hr levels of both hepatic α‐GP content and α‐GPDH activity in poisoned mice showed a tendency to be slightly lower than those in fasted control mice.