bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Metoprolol CR/ZOK More Selective Than Conventional Metoprolol and Atenolol?
Authors: Kendall Martin , Akhlaghi Shirin , Hughes Beverly , Lewis Helen 
Published: March 2013

An alternative, simple method to assess beta1‐selectivity is to establish the impact of the beta blocker on beta2‐stimulated increases in plasma glucose and decreases in plasma potassium during an intravenous infusion of terbutaline. In the present study the effects of metoprolol CR/ZOK 100 mg, conventional metoprolol 100 mg, atenolol 100 mg, and placebo on these biochemical changes have been compared.In 12 healthy volunteers, terbutaline infusion of 6 μg/kg was administered intravenously over 1 hour. Three and a half hours before the infusion they were given a single dose of each of the four treatments in random order, single‐blind. The maximum increase in plasma above baseline occurred at the end of a 60‐minute terbutaline infusion. All three beta blockers decreased the peak plasma glucose level achieved compared with placebo (P < .01) but this reduction was significantly less with metoprolol CR/ZOK pretreatment than with atenolol (P < .05). Similar results were seen for the AUC values for the curves obtained from the increments over the 60 minutes of the infusion and the subsequent 120 minutes after the infusion. In addition, both the AUC values and the maximum fall in potassium were significantly reduced by all treatments (P < .05). The metoprolol CR/ZOK preparation produced significantly less effect than atenolol with respect to both AUC (P < .05) and maximum fall (P < .01) and significantly less effect than conventional metoprolol tablets in maximum fall (P < .01). In conclusion, the metoprolol CR/ZOK formulation produces lower plasma concentrations and results in less effect on potassium and glucose compared to conventional metoprolol and atenolol. This can be interpreted as an indication that it behaves as a more beta1‐selective agent.
Beta‐Adrenoceptor Blockade and CNS‐Related Subjective Symptoms: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Comparison of Metoprolol CR/ZOK, Atenolol and Propranolol LA in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Dimenäs Elof , Kerr David , Macdonald Ian 
Published: March 2013

The effect of once daily treatment with atenolol (100 mg), metoprolol CR/ZOK (100 mg) and propranolol LA (160 mg) for one week on CNS‐related subjective symptoms was compared with that of placebo using a randomised, double‐blind cross‐over design in 12 healthy volunteers. The symptoms were recorded using a previously documented self‐administered questionnaire (MSE‐profile), which included three dimensions: Contentment, Vitality and Sleep.Compared to placebo, all three beta‐adrenoceptor antagonists reduced the exercise heart rate at 24 hours but a somewhat more pronounced effect was found with propranolol LA.No significant difference in any of the dimensions was detected between placebo and either metoprolol CR/ZOK or atenolol tablets. Following propranolol LA treatment a deterioration in the dimensions Vitality and Sleep was observed compared with both placebo and the beta1‐selective drugs.Difference in lipophilicity between the beta1‐selective agents metoprolol and atenolol has little bearing on the occurrence of the CNS‐related symptoms, in comparison to the marked effects of the lipophilic and nonselective compound propranolol.
Drug Delivery Systems 4. Implants in Drug Delivery
Authors: Ranade Vasant V. 
Published: March 2013

In comparison with many of the other drug delivery systems, implantable pumps and implants for variable rate delivery are at a crude stage of development. Although exceptions exist, the typical implantable pump consists of an electromechanically complex mechanism to regulate drug delivery from a percutaneous refillable reservoir, while power to drive the system comes from a transcutaneous energy transmission system. The potential for electrical or mechanical failure is high, and the systems are not yet sufficiently convenient or easy to use to recommend in a routine therapy. Problems with refilling of an apparently well designed implanted reservoir have been observed while, at the same time, cutaneous energy transmission systems are not well established.In most instances, the development of an elementary osmotic pump system dosage form follows a well defined path of physical—chemical formulation and clinical testing. The benefits most often provided by the dosage form are expected to be (1) increase in selectivity of drug action achieved by the system's zero‐order release rate, and (2) decrease in frequency of administration.The success in achieving these values is quantifiable from the pharmacology of the drug substance and its pharmacokinetics. Osmotic and other technical approaches to producing economical, rate‐controlled dosage forms will make it possible for all new parmaeceutical products to carry kinetic specification of rate as well as static specification of content. This review considers the characteristics of the ideal implantable pump, the clinical situations which require pumps, the limitations of portable pumps, and the detailed characteristics of existing implantable pumps and implants. Most of the review, however, focuses on insulin delivery because of the importance of this subject.
Pharmacokinetics of Oral and Transdermal Triprolidine
Authors: Miles Michael V. , Balasubramanian Ramadas , Pittman A. Wayne , Grossman Steven H. , Pappa Keith A. , Smith Mary Faye , Wargin Willam A. , Findlay John W. A. , Poust Rolland I. , Frosolono Michael F. 
Published: March 2013

In this open, nonrandomized, three‐way crossover study, six healthy male volunteers received single doses of triprolidine (TPL) hydrochloride syrup orally (2.5 mg) and wore transdermal TPL patches (5 mg and 10 mg doses) to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles and dose tolerance of the two formulations. A washout period of at least 1 week was scheduled between the three dosing periods. Blood samples were collected at defined times, and plasma concentrations were determined using a radioimmunoassay. Maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) decreased from 5.6 ± 2.9 ng/mL (mean ± SD) with oral dosing to 2.0 ± 1.0 ng/mL and 4.2 ± 2.0 ng/mL following 5 mg and 10 mg transdermal doses, respectively. Time to reach peak concentration (tmax) increased from 2.0 ± 1.2 hours with oral dosing to 12.0 ± 5.9 and 14.3 ± 9.9 hours following 5 mg and 10 mg transdermal doses, respectively. The differences between AUC0‐α values with the oral syrup and the 5 mg and 10 mg transdermal doses were not significant when normalized to 2.09 mg (TPL base). The bioavailabilities of the 5 mg and 10 mg transdermal doses relative to the oral 2.09 mg doses were 0.89 ± 0.32 and 1.04 ± 0.33, respectively.Mild erythema and pruritus were the most common adverse effects secondary to TPL transdermal application. Drowsiness observed following oral TPL, was not evident following either transdermal dose.The results of this study, therefore, indicate that TPL can be absorbed transdermally, providing consistent plasma concentrations.
Book Reviews
Authors: Maggio Beth 
Published: March 2013

Pharmacology: A Review with Questions and Explanations Ebadi M, Editor. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1993, 534 pages, $25.50The Pharmacology of Cell Differentiation Proceedings of the Esteve Foundation Symposium V, Rifkind RA, Editor. Elsevier: New York, 1993, 299 pages, $140.00Drug Prescribing for the Elderly Bloom HG, Schlom EA, Editors. Raven Press: New York, 1993, 299 pages, softcover, $32.00.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Maggio Beth 
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:EKG and EEG Multiphase Information Analysis. KC Feng.Individualized Therapy of Hypertension. NM Kaplan, CVS Ram, Editors.Neurochemistry in Clinical Application: Proceedings of the International Neuropharmacology Symposium, November 9–11, 1992, Guangzhou, China. LC Tang, SJ Tang, EditorsBurger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, 5th Edition, Volume 1: Principles and Practice. Manfred E Wolff, Editor.Contributions to Nephrology: Cyclosporine in the Therapy of Renal Disease, Volume 114. A Teiani, Editor.Reproductive Toxicology, Second Edition (Target Organ Series). RJ Witorsch, Editor.Planning Pharmaceutical Clinical Trials: Basic Statistical Principles. WM Wooding, Editor.Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine: Psychotropic Drug Use in the Medically Ill, Volume 21. PA Silver, Editor.
Experience‐Based Teaching of Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology of Antiepileptic Drugs. Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy: Do Antiepileptic Drugs Have a Role?
Authors: Lathers Claire M. , Schraeder Paul L. 
Published: March 2013

The contents of this paper have been written to be used in a teaching program specifically designed for medical postgraduate education of resident physicians and fellows in training interested in the clinical pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs and their role in the treatment of epilepsy and/or in the prevention of sudden unexpected death associated with this disease. With some modifications, such as a specific lecture to provide an overview of the numerous concepts presented in the text, the article could be used when teaching fourth‐year medical students. The format of the paper is a combination of didactic review and eight case reports in a self‐learning format. A quiz for self‐assessment is included at the end of the article (see Appendix). This material was covered in part in the 1992 Board Review Course for Clinical Pharmacology sponsored by the American College of Clinical Pharmacology.The format or setting of instruction for this material could include small learning groups composed of 10 to 15 students. When used in combination with other topics prepared in similar formats, this could become a take home course for those preparing to take the Boards in Clinical Pharmacology. Each instructor could select specific publications from the reference list for assigned readings depending upon the material emphasized by the instructor. The questions included at the end of the text could be used as either a closed or an open book quiz to assess student learning.
A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled, Dose‐Response Study of the Analgesic Effect of Lornoxicam After Surgical Removal of Mandibular Third Molars
Authors: Nørholt Sven E. , Sindet‐Pedersen Steen , Bugge Christine , Branebjerg Poul E. , Ersbøll Bjarne K. , Bastian Henning L. 
Published: March 2013

The aim of the present study was to investigate the dose‐effect relationship of single doses of 4 to 32 mg of lornoxicam (LNX), a new nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug belonging to the oxicam group, compared with placebo and 10 mg ketorolac (KET) in the treatment of pain after oral surgery. Also, it was the aim of the study to evaluate the relationship between adverse events and different doses of LNX.After the surgical removal of a mandibular third molar, test medication was taken when the patients experienced at least moderate pain. After medication, pain relief, pain intensity, and any discomfort from the medication were noted in a questionnaire. Paracetamol was used as rescue medication.A total of 278 patients completed the study according to the protocol. The primary efficacy parameter was total pain relief after 6 hours, and all active treatments showed significantly better effect than placebo, with LNX 16 and 32 mg being significantly superior to LNX 4 mg. All other efficacy parameters showed the same dose‐effect relationship.A total of 37 adverse events were reported evenly distributed in the 6 treatment groups; only 3 of these were considered severe, and all disappeared without treatment.In conclusion, the study showed a dose‐effect relationship of LNX without a rise in adverse events. The effect of 10 mg KET seemed to be at the level of 8 to 16 mg LNX.
High speed 3D overhauser‐enhanced MRI using combined b‐SSFP and compressed sensing
Authors: Sarracanie Mathieu , Armstrong Brandon D. , Stockmann Jason , Rosen Matthew S. 
Published: March 2013

PurposeOverhauser‐enhanced MRI is a promising technique for imaging the distribution and dynamics of free radicals. A key challenge for Overhauser‐enhanced MRI is attaining high spatial and temporal resolution while simultaneously limiting resonator and sample heating due to the long, high power radio‐frequency pulses needed to saturate the electron resonance.MethodsThe approach presented here embeds EPR pulses within a balanced steady state free precession sequence. Unlike other Overhauser‐enhanced MRI methods, no separate Overhauser prepolarization step is required. This steady‐state approach also eliminates the problem of time‐varying Overhauser‐enhanced signal and provides constant polarization in the sample during the acquisition. A further increase in temporal resolution was achieved by incorporating undersampled k‐space strategies and compressed sensing reconstruction.ResultsWe demonstrate 1 × 2 × 3.5 mm3 resolution at 6.5 mT across a 54 × 54 × 110 mm3 sample in 33 s while sampling 30% of k‐space.ConclusionThe work presented here overcomes the main limitations of Overhauser enhanced MRI as previously described in the literature, drastically improving speed and resolution, and enabling new opportunities for the measurement of free radicals in living organisms, and for the study of dynamic processes such as metabolism and flow. Magn Reson Med 71:735–745, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interaction of copernicium with gold: Assessment of applicability of simple density functional theories
Authors: Zaitsevskii Andréi , Titov Anatoly V. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractInteractions of Cn (element 112) atom with small Au clusters are studied using accurate ab initio scalar relativistic coupled cluster method for correlation treatment and two‐component relativistic density functional theory (RDFT) to take account of spin‐dependent relativistic effects. The results demonstrate the failure of RDFT with simple generalized‐gradient and hybrid functionals in describing Cn–Au bonds in complex systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semianalytical solutions for release of fluids from rock matrix blocks with different shapes, sizes, and depletion regimes
Authors: Ranjbar Ehsan , Hassanzadeh Hassan , Chen Zhangxin 
Published: March 2013

Key Points
Semi‐analytical solutions are derived for non‐linear pressure diffusion equation
The model can be used to estimate fluid release for different geometries
The effect of block size and fracture pressure on fluid release is studied
Aggressive Treatment for Hepatic Metastases from Breast Cancer: Results from a Single Center
Authors: Polistina F. , Costantin G. , Febbraro A. , Robusto E. , Ambrosino G. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundBreast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide. It has been estimated that approximately 12–20 % of patients will develop liver metastases from breast cancer (BCLM) and that in approximately 5 % of cases the liver is the only metastatic site. Patients with isolated BCLM have the poorest prognosis with a median survival ranging from 19 to 26 months.MethodsA total of 26 women with isolated BCLM and without any sign of disease progression after a cycle of chemotherapy were retrospectively reviewed. Women were treated with hepatic resection (HR) for unilobar disease or surgical “open” RFA for bilobar disease. Data were collected on either original BC or BCLM and from patients follow‐up.ResultsOverall survival from BC diagnosis was 47.69 ± 22.25 months (range 33–84, median 45.5 months); it was 52.25 ± 14.57 months (range 33–84, median 48.5 months) for the HR patients and 43.79 ± 27.14 months (range 9–101, median 39 months) for the RFA patients. Overall survival from BCLM treatment was 21.12 ± 12.78 months (range 9–64, median 15.5 months); in detail it was 29.42 ± 14.53 months (range 12–64, median 29.5 months) for the resected patients and 14 ± 4.45 months (range 9–24, median 13.5 months) for patients treated by RFA with a strongly significant survival difference for operated patients (p = 0.001). Overall disease‐free survival from BCLM was 15.96 ± 13.16 months (range 3–64, median 12 months), disease‐free survival for resected patients was 23.22 ± 16.2 months (range 8–64, median 18.5 months), and for patients treated by RFA was 9.64 ± 4.22 months (range 3–18, median 9 months; Fig. 1). Overall 1, 2, and 5 years (actuarial) survival was respectively 80.7, 57, and 31 %. Given in details for the two groups, they were respectively 100, 66.6 and 34 % (actuarial) for the resected group patients and 64.2, 21.4, and 11.5 % (actuarial) for the RFA patients.Kaplan‐Meier analysis of survival after BC and BCLM treatment. GROUP 1 = resection; GROUP 2 = RFA. Overall survival from breast cancer treatment (months) p = 0.082 ns. Overall survival from BCLM treatment (months) p = 0.001imageConclusionsAggressive treatment on isolated BCLM may improve survival for these patients
Fast network oscillations in the hippocampus
Authors: Maier N. , Draguhn A. , Schmitz D. , Both M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractNeuronal networks often express coherent oscillatory activity. These rhythms can pro­vide a temporal reference for the activity of single neurons and allow the formation of spatiotemporal activity patterns with a de­fined phase relationship of action potentials. In a single brain nucleus, oscillations at dif­ferent frequencies might be simultaneous­ly generated, but isolated rhythms might also be characteristic for specific functional brain states. During the last two decades the mam­malian hippocampus has become an impor­tant model system for the study of neuronal network oscillations. In this brain area, cel­lular mechanisms underlying neuronal syn­chronization have been described, but also models were developed to explain the con­tribution of oscillations in encoding, con­solidation, and recall of memories. Neuro­nal rhythmic activities provide an impor­tant field of analysis bringing together cel­lular mechanisms and systemic functions of the brain. Here, we use a particularly fast type of neuronal oscillation, hippocampal “rip­ples”, as an example to outline current knowl­edge and open questions related with this re­search field.
IP-rigidity and eigenvalue groups
Authors: AARONSON JON , HOSSEINI MARYAM , LEMAŃCZYK MARIUSZ 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe examine the class of increasing sequences of natural numbers which are IP-rigidity sequences for some weakly mixing probability-preserving transformation. This property is closely related to the uncountability of the eigenvalue group of a corresponding non-singular transformation. We give examples, including a super-lacunary sequence which is not IP-rigid.
ON THE SUM OF POWERS OF THE DEGREES OF GRAPHS
Authors: XU RENYU , WU JIANLIANG , WANG GUANGHUI , ZHANG XIN 
Published: March 2013

AbstractFor positive integers $p$ and $q$, let ${ \mathcal{G} }_{p, q} $ be a class of graphs such that $\vert E(G)\vert \leq p\vert V(G)\vert - q$ for every $G\in { \mathcal{G} }_{p, q} $. In this paper, we consider the sum of the $k\mathrm{th} $ powers of the degrees of the vertices of a graph $G\in { \mathcal{G} }_{p, q} $ with $\Delta (G)\geq 2p$. We obtain an upper bound for this sum that is linear in ${\Delta }^{k- 1} $. These graphs include the planar, 1-planar, $t$-degenerate, outerplanar, and series-parallel graphs.
Fish intake during pregnancy and the risk of child asthma and allergic rhinitis – longitudinal evidence from the Danish National Birth Cohort
Authors: Maslova Ekaterina , Strøm Marin , Oken Emily , Campos Hannia , Lange Christoph , Gold Diane , Olsen Sjurdur F. 
Published: March 2013

Maternal fish intake during pregnancy may influence the risk of child asthma and allergic rhinitis, yet evidence is conflicting on its association with these outcomes. We examined the associations of maternal fish intake during pregnancy with child asthma and allergic rhinitis. Mothers in the Danish National Birth Cohort (n 28 936) reported their fish intake at 12 and 30 weeks of gestation. Using multivariate logistic regression, we examined the associations of fish intake with child wheeze, asthma and rhinitis assessed at several time points: ever wheeze, recurrent wheeze (>3 episodes), ever asthma and allergic rhinitis, and current asthma, assessed at 18 months (n approximately 22 000) and 7 years (n approximately 17 000) using self-report and registry data on hospitalisations and prescribed medications. Compared with consistently high fish intake during pregnancy (fish as a sandwich or hot meal ≥ 2–3 times/week), never eating fish was associated with a higher risk of child asthma diagnosis at 18 months (OR 1·30, 95 % CI 1·05, 1·63, P= 0·02), and ever asthma by hospitalisation (OR 1·46, 95 % CI 0·99, 2·13, P= 0·05) and medication prescription (OR 1·37, 95 % CI 1·10, 1·71, P= 0·01). A dose–response was present for asthma at 18 months only (P for trend = 0·001). We found no associations with wheeze or recurrent wheeze at 18 months or with allergic rhinitis. The results suggest that high (v. no) maternal fish intake during pregnancy is protective against both early and ever asthma in 7-year-old children.
CONTROLLING CONTRACTUAL DISCRETION
Authors: Hooley Richard 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis paper identifies the source, content and limits of the controls that might be imposed by a court on the way a party exercises discretionary powers conferred under the terms of a contract. It is argued that such controls boil down to a requirement of “good faith”, in the sense that the party exercising the discretion must do so honestly, and that this can be tested by asking whether the decision is one that no reasonable person acting reasonably could have reached in the circumstances. It is suggested that a similar requirement should apply when a contracting party exercises a right to terminate for breach, whether at common law or under a termination clause.
TAX AVOIDANCE, PRIVATE COMPANIES AND THE FAMILY
Authors: Loutzenhiser Glen 
Published: March 2013

AbstractRecent media reports have revealed a substantial number of highly-paid senior civil servants and BBC presenters have been using “off payroll” arrangements and personal services companies to reduce the tax paid on their earnings. This article examines the tax and National Insurance contribution (NIC) savings that can be had by carrying on economic activity through a company rather than as an unincorporated business or an employee. These savings derive from a combination of favourable tax and NIC rates on companies, and can be further increased through family income-splitting arrangements, as witnessed in the case of Jones v Garnett. Several possible reforms to address the distortions and inequity in the present tax and NIC regimes in favour of companies are considered, including amendments to the IR35 “disguised employment” regime and the anti-income-splitting rules known as the settlement provisions. Applying the new statutory general anti-abuse rule, which the Government plans to introduce in Finance Act 2013, is another possible approach. The preferred option, however, is to deal with the root problem and pursue closer alignment of the tax and NIC treatment of activity carried on in different legal forms.