bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurological events related to influenza A (H1N1) pdm09
Authors: Cárdenas Graciela , Soto‐Hernández José Luis , Díaz‐Alba Alexandra , Ugalde Yair , Mérida‐Puga Jorge , Rosetti Marcos , Sciutto Edda 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesTo review neurological complications after the influenza A (H1N1) pdm09, highlighting the clinical differences between patients with post‐vaccine or viral infection.DesignA search on Medline, Ovid, EMBASE, and PubMed databases using the keywords “neurological complications of Influenza AH1N1” or “post‐vaccine Influenza AH1N1.”SettingOnly papers written in English, Spanish, German, French, Portuguese, and Italian published from March 2009 to December 2012 were included.SampleWe included 104 articles presenting a total of 1636 patient cases. In addition, two cases of influenza vaccine‐related neurological events from our neurological care center, arising during the period of study, were also included.Main outcome measuresDemographic data and clinical diagnosis of neurological complications and outcomes: death, neurological sequelae or recovery after influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 vaccine or infection.ResultsThe retrieved cases were divided into two groups: the post‐vaccination group, with 287 patients, and the viral infection group, with 1349 patients. Most patients in the first group were adults. The main neurological complications were Guillain‐Barre syndrome (GBS) or polyneuropathy (125), and seizures (23). All patients survived. Pediatric patients were predominant in the viral infection group. In this group, 60 patients (4.7%) died and 52 (30.1%) developed permanent sequelae. A wide spectrum of neurological complications was observed.ConclusionsFatal cases and severe, permanent, neurological sequelae were observed in the infection group only. Clinical outcome was more favorable in the post‐vaccination group. In this context, the relevance of an accurate neurological evaluation is demonstrated for all suspicious cases, as well as the need of an appropriate long‐term clinical and imaging follow‐up of infection and post‐vaccination events related to influenza A (H1N1) pdm09, to clearly estimate the magnitude of neurological complications leading to permanent disability.
Prospectives on n‐3 fatty acids in medical research
Authors: DYERBERG J. , NORDØY A. 
Published: February 2014

The research on n‐3 fatty acids is not any longer sufficiently supported by a few philanthropic funds. The area covers the whole spectrum of medical research, from biochemistry and biology to experimental and clinical medicine, and to pharmacy and nutrition. This necessitates a ranking in priority for the funding bodies. The series of scientific front edge papers included in this volume, is a tool for those who have to consider priority.At present, there is an increasing demand for well‐conducted clinical trials to explore the effects of these fatty acids on a variety of diseases. Irrespective of the need for basic research and animal studies, the question of whether or not n‐3 fatty acids have a role in the prevention and cure of diseases can be answered only by human studies. If, and hopefully when, such studies provide definite evidence for beneficial effects of dietary n‐3 fatty acids, then a preferential investment by granting institutions to perform basic n‐3 lipid research in the broad spectrum of lipid nutrition may be justified. If not, this research should be judged by its appropriate relation to other pressing and important areas of medical research and not be the subject of special solicitations [4].
The gastric H+,K+‐ATPase
Authors: WALLMARK B. , LORENTZON P. , SACHS G. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Mammalian extramitochondrial pumps can be divided into two different classes: the vacuolar H+‐ATPases, which are responsible for acidification of intracellular compartments, and the E1E2‐type of ATPases, which are represented by the Na+,K+‐ATPase, the Ca2+‐ATPase and the gastric H+,K+‐ATPase. The latter enzyme is confined to the tubulovesicles and to the secretory membranes of the parietal cell and has been shown to be the proton pump of the gastric mucosa. The H+,K+‐ATPase carries out the electroneutral exchange of H+ and K+ and thereby generates a pH of less than 1 in the secretory canaliculus. For this process to occur, the enzyme must be activated by extracytosolic potassium ions. These ions reach the parietal cell luminal space by a secretagogue‐induced stimulation of a KCl pathway in the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. Kinetic studies in isolated ion‐tight and ion‐permeable gastric vesicles have shown that intravesicular K+ stimulates the ATPase activity and accelerates the breakdown of the phosphorylenzyme intermediate formed during the catalytic cycle of the H+,K+‐ATPase.Thus the stimulation of the ATPase activity by K+ is due to an increased rate of hydrolysis of phosphoenzyme. When the ATPase activity was analysed in permeable vesicles and at high K+ concentrations, the ATPase activity was inhibited. In contrast, when the overall ATPase activity was analysed in ion‐tight vesicles, which developed an intravesicular positive potential in the presence of valinomycin, no inhibition of the ATPase activity was observed. This finding was interpreted as being due to the presence of a potential sensitive step in the K+‐limb of the enzyme cycle, as dissipation of the potential by the protonophore 3,3,4,5‐tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) reinduced the K+ inhibition. This observation indicated that, although the overall H+,K+‐ATPase transport cycle is electroneutral, intermediary steps such as the hydrogen and the potassium ion transport limbs are sensitive to potential, and are therefore charge carrying.
The adherent gastric mucus gel barrier in man and changes in peptic ulceration
Authors: ALLEN A. , CUNLIFFE W. J. , PEARSON J. P. , VENABLES C. W. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The mucus barrier is a layer of water‐insoluble gel adherent to the gastroduodenal epithelium. In man most previous studies have focused on luminal mucus or histological assessment of presecreted, intracellular mucus—neither of which can be directly correlated with the protective capacity of the adherent mucus barrier. We here describe direct observation of adherent mucus thickness in man, and changes in peptic ulceration.Adherent mucus gel on human antral mucosa is a continuous homogeneous layer of variable thickness, in the range 50–450 μm (median 180 μm), comprising 67% polymeric mucin. In gastric ulcer patients, adherent antral mucus is significantly increased in thickness (median 240 μm), but is very heterogeneous and structurally a substantially weaker gel, comprising only 35% polymeric mucin. Adherent antral mucus from duodenal ulcer patients is homogeneous, significantly thinner (median 110 μm), and structurally a weaker gel, comprising 50% polymeric mucin. The adherent mucus layer from patients with gastric carcinoma resembled that from subjects with gastric ulcer in that it was very heterogeneous, of significantly increased thickness (median 240 μm) and structurally a very weak gel (23% polymeric mucin). These results are discussed in the context of gastroduodenal mucosal protection against acid and pepsin in the gastric juice.
Systematic review of diet quality indices and their associations with health‐related outcomes in children and adolescents
Authors: Marshall S. , Burrows T. , Collins C. E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundDiet quality indices add an important dimension to dietary assessment. The aim of this systematic review was to: (i) identify and describe the attributes and applications of diet quality indices developed for use or used in paediatric populations; (ii) describe associations between these diet quality indices and health‐related variables in paediatric populations; and (iii) identify factors that are associated with diet quality in paediatric populations worldwide.MethodsStudies were identified by searching electronic databases for relevant papers from 1980 to October 2013 using keywords. Inclusion criteria were original studies that utilised a quantitative measure of diet quality in children and adolescents aged 0–18 years.ResultsOne hundred and nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria, from which 80 different diet quality indices were identified. The majority of studies had >1000 participants and were of acceptable quality. Of the 56 studies that investigated health‐related outcomes, weight status was the most researched. Europe produced the most number of diet quality indices (n = 27 indices). Of the 119 studies, seven intervention studies were identified. Paediatric diet quality indices were found to be associated with environmental, behavioural and maternal factors.ConclusionsThe use of diet quality indices in paediatric populations is a rapidly expanding area of research in diverse populations internationally. In economically disadvantaged countries, diet quality indices may be predictive of child growth. However, prospective cohort, intervention and validation studies are required to draw stronger conclusions concerning risk of future disease in paediatric populations in general.
Comparison of computed tomography pulmonary angiography and point‐of‐care tests for pulmonary thromboembolism diagnosis in dogs
Authors: Goggs R. , Chan D. L. , Benigni L. , Hirst C. , Kellett‐Gregory L. , Fuentes V. L. 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate the feasibility of CT pulmonary angiography for identification of naturally occurring pulmonary thromboembolism in dogs using predefined diagnostic criteria and to assess the ability of echocardiography, cardiac troponins, D‐dimers and kaolin‐activated thromboelastography to predict the presence of pulmonary thromboembolism in dogs.MethodsTwelve dogs with immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia and evidence of respiratory distress were prospectively evaluated. Dogs were sedated immediately before CT pulmonary angiography using intravenous butorphanol. Spiral CT pulmonary angiography was performed with a 16 detector‐row CT scanner using a pressure injector to infuse contrast media through peripheral intravenous catheters. Pulmonary thromboembolism was diagnosed using predefined criteria. Contemporaneous tests included echocardiography, arterial blood gas analysis, kaolin‐activated thromboelastography, D‐dimers and cardiac troponins.ResultsBased on predefined criteria, four dogs were classified as pulmonary thromboembolism positive, three dogs were suspected to have pulmonary thromboembolism and the remaining five dogs had negative scans. The four dogs identified with pulmonary thromboembolism all had discrete filling defects in main or lobar pulmonary arteries. None of the contemporaneous tests was discriminant for pulmonary thromboembolism diagnosis, although the small sample size was limiting.Clinical SignificanceCT pulmonary angiography can be successfully performed in dogs under sedation, even in at‐risk patients with respiratory distress and can both confirm and rule out pulmonary thromboembolism in dogs.
Women's Use and Perceptions of Commercial Lubricants: Prevalence and Characteristics in a Nationally Representative Sample of American Adults
Authors: Herbenick Debby , Reece Michael , Schick Vanessa , Sanders Stephanie A. , Fortenberry J. Dennis 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Use of commercial lubricant is common in the United States among adult women. However, little is known about the sexual behaviors for which women use lubricant, women's perceptions of lubricant, or reasons for use, particularly in a nationally representative sample.

Aim
The aim of this study was to document the prevalence and characteristics of lubricant use among adult women in the United States and their perceptions of lubricants in relation to subjective sexual experiences.

Methods
Data are from a subset of individuals who were sampled as part of the 2012 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, which involved the administration of an online questionnaire to a nationally representative probability sample of U.S. adults ages 18 and older.

Main Outcome Measures
Sociodemographic characteristics, recent and lifetime commercial lubricant use, lubricant use during specific sexual behaviors, frequency of lubricant use, and reasons for lubricant use of participants were studied for the article.

Results
Of the women who participated in the study, 65.5% (n = 1,021) reported ever having used lubricant and 20% had used a lubricant within the past 30 days. Across age groups, lubricant was most commonly used during intercourse (58.3% of women) or partnered sexual play (49.6%). Common reasons for lubricant use included to make sex more comfortable, fun, and pleasurable and to decrease discomfort/pain.

Conclusions
Most American women have used lubricant. Also, lubricant is more common as part of partnered intercourse and sexual play or foreplay compared with other solo and partnered sexual behaviors. Clinicians may find it helpful to broaden conversations with patients to include questions about their sexual behaviors, comfort and/or pain during sex, and lubricant use and to share, particularly with younger women, that lubricant use is prevalent and commonly used for reasons related to pleasure as well as comfort.
Clitoral Size and Location in Relation to Sexual Function Using Pelvic MRI
Authors: Oakley Susan H. , Vaccaro Christine M. , Crisp Catrina C. , Estanol M. Victoria , Fellner Angela N. , Kleeman Steven D. , Pauls Rachel N. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Introduction
The female sexual response is dynamic; anatomic mechanisms may ease or enhance the intensity of orgasm.

Aim
The aim of this study is to evaluate the clitoral size and location with regard to female sexual function.

Methods
This cross-sectional TriHealth Institutional Board Review approved study compared 10 sexually active women with anorgasmia to 20 orgasmic women matched by age and body mass index (BMI). Data included demographics, sexual history, serum hormone levels, Prolapse/Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire-12 (PISQ-12), Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Body Exposure during Sexual Activity Questionnaire (BESAQ), and Short Form Health Survey-12. All subjects underwent pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without contrast; measurements of the clitoris were calculated.

Main Outcome Measures
Our primary outcomes were clitoral size and location as measured by noncontrast MRI imaging in sagittal, coronal, and axial planes.

Results
Thirty premenopausal women completed the study. The mean age was 32 years (standard deviation [SD] 7), mean BMI 25 (SD 4). The majority was white (90%) and married (61%). Total PISQ-12 (P &lt; 0.001) and total FSFI (P &lt; 0.001) were higher for orgasmic subjects, indicating better sexual function. On MRI, the area of the clitoral glans in coronal view was significantly smaller for the anorgasmic group (P= 0.005). A larger distance from the clitoral glans (51 vs. 45 mm, P= 0.049) and body (29 vs. 21 mm, P= 0.008) to the vaginal lumen was found in the anorgasmic subjects. For the entire sample, larger distance between the clitoris and the vagina correlated with poorer scores on the PISQ-12 (r = −0.44, P= 0.02), FSFI (r = −0.43, P= 0.02), and BESAQ (r = −0.37, P= 0.04).

Conclusion
Women with anorgasmia possessed a smaller clitoral glans and clitoral components farther from the vaginal lumen than women with normal orgasmic function.
Erectile Hydraulics: Maximizing Inflow While Minimizing Outflow
Authors: Meldrum David R. , Burnett Arthur L. , Dorey Grace , Esposito Katherine , Ignarro Louis J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Penile rigidity depends on maximizing inflow while minimizing outflow.

Aim
The aim of this review is to describe the principal factors and mechanisms involved.

Main Outcome Measure
Erectile quality is the main outcome measure.

Methods
Data from the pertinent literature were examined to inform our conclusions.

Results
Nitric oxide (NO) is the principal factor increasing blood flow into the penis. Penile engorgement and the pelvic floor muscles maintain an adequate erection by impeding outflow of blood by exerting pressure on the penile veins from within and from outside of the penile tunica. Extrinsic pressure by the pelvic floor muscles further raises intracavernosal pressure above maximum inflow pressure to achieve full penile rigidity. Aging and poor lifestyle choices are associated with metabolic impediments to NO production. Aging is also associated with fewer smooth muscle cells and increased fibrosis within the corpora cavernosa, preventing adequate penile engorgement and pressure on the penile veins. Those same penile structural changes occur rapidly following the penile nerve injury that accompanies even “nerve-sparing” radical prostatectomy and are largely prevented in animal models by early chronic use of a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor. Pelvic floor muscles may also decrease in tone and bulk with age, and pelvic floor muscle exercises have been shown to improve erectile function to a similar degree compared with a PDE5 inhibitor in men with erectile dysfunction (ED).

Conclusions
Because NO is critical for vascular health and ED is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, maximal attention should be focused on measures known to increase vascular NO production, including the use of PDE5 inhibitors. Attention should also be paid to early, regular use of PDE5 inhibition to reduce the incidence of ED following penile nerve injury and to assuring normal function of the pelvic floor muscles. These approaches to maximizing erectile function are complementary rather than competitive, as they operate on entirely different aspects of erectile hydraulics.
Urethral Plugs in Dogs
Authors: Stiller A.T. , Lulich J.P. , Furrow E. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundCrystalline‐matrix urethral plugs have not been previously reported in dogs.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo report the composition of urethral plugs in dogs, describe clinical features of the disease, and identify overrepresented breeds.MethodsRetrospective case series. A Minnesota Urolith Center (MUC) record search was performed for urethral plugs in dogs submitted during a 6‐year period. The composition of the plugs and signalment of affected dogs were recorded. Breed risk analysis was performed using a control group without plugs from the Veterinary Medical Center, University of Minnesota (VMC UMN). Breed risk was also calculated for a group of dogs with struvite (plugs and uroliths). Medical records for the subset of plug cases from the VMC UMN were reviewed and described.ResultsBetween 2006 and 2011, 42 urethral plugs from dogs were submitted to the MUC. All came from male dogs, and the mineral component of the majority (83%) was struvite. Thirty (71%) samples were from Pugs. Pugs were overrepresented in plug submissions (OR 179; CI 88–389; P < .001), and for struvite in general (OR 14.3; CI 7.9–24.4; P < .001). Nine of the dogs were treated at VMC UMN; all were castrated male Pugs. None of these cases had bacteriuria or positive urine cultures, and no underlying cause of plug formation was identified.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceWhen evaluating dogs with urethral obstruction, plugs need to be considered, especially in male Pugs. Further investigation into the underlying cause of plug formation in dogs is warranted.
Associations between women's autonomy and child nutritional status: a review of the literature
Authors: Carlson Gwen J. , Kordas Katarzyna , Murray‐Kolb Laura E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAround the world, many women continue to experience low levels of autonomy. Recent literature has reported that the health consequences of low maternal autonomy extend beyond mothers and translate into health consequences for their children, and may be an important causal factor in child malnutrition. This review summarises the current knowledge of the relationship between maternal autonomy and children's nutritional status (defined as any measure that reflects the nutritional state of the body, such as birthweight or anthropometric scores) and child‐feeding practices. The review also includes both discussion of the limitations found in the literature and directions for future research. A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Results of the studies included in the review strongly suggest that raising maternal autonomy is an important goal for improving children's nutritional status, yet gaps in the current knowledge exist, further confounded by issues with how autonomy is measured and limitations of cross‐cultural comparability. A thorough understanding of the consequences of restricting women's autonomy will inform programmes and policy worldwide, and speed progress towards both empowering women and alleviating the global burden of child malnutrition.
Functional analysis of the conserved transcriptional regulator CfWor1 in Cladosporium fulvum reveals diverse roles in the virulence of plant pathogenic fungi
Authors: Ökmen Bilal , Collemare Jérôme , Griffiths Scott , van der Burgt Ate , Cox Russell , de Wit Pierre J. G. M. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryFungal Wor1‐like proteins are conserved transcriptional regulators that are reported to regulate the virulence of several plant pathogenic fungi by affecting the expression of virulence genes. Here, we report the functional analysis of CfWor1, the homologue of Wor1 in Cladosporium fulvum. Δcfwor1 mutants produce sclerotium‐like structures and rough hyphae, which are covered with a black extracellular matrix. These mutants do not sporulate and are no longer virulent on tomato. A CE.CfWor1 transformant that constitutively expresses CfWor1 produces fewer spores with altered morphology and is also reduced in virulence. RNA‐seq and RT‐qrtPCR analyses suggest that reduced virulence of Δcfwor1 mutants is due to global downregulation of transcription, translation and mitochondrial respiratory chain. The reduced virulence of the CE.CfWor1 transformant is likely due to downregulation of effector genes. Complementation of a non‐virulent Δfosge1 (Wor1‐homologue) mutant of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici with CfWor1 restored expression of the SIX effector genes in this fungus, but not its virulence. Chimeric proteins of CfWor1/FoSge1 also only partially restored defects of the Δfosge1 mutant, suggesting that these transcriptional regulators have functionally diverged. Altogether, our results suggest that CfWor1 primarily regulates development of C. fulvum, which indirectly affects the expression of a subset of virulence genes.