bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total Body-Glucose Turnover in Normal and Intra-Uterine Growth-Retarded Neonatal Piglets
Authors: Flecknell P. A. , Wootton R. , John Muriel 
Published: August 2015

1. Because studies of the metabolic problems of the human intra-uterine growth-retarded neonate are limited by ethical considerations we have used the intra-uterine growth-retarded piglet as an animal model. Total body-glucose kinetics were measured in 16 intra-uterine growth-retarded and 11 normal piglets from the same litters with [3H]glucose as a tracer.
2. The intra-uterine growth-retarded animals had marginally smaller brains than their normal littermates, but substantially smaller livers. Liver weight was reduced in proportion to body weight.
3. Total body-glucose turnover rate was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) in the intra-uterine growth-retarded animals in comparison with their normal littermates, but was appropriate for their smaller body and liver weights. Brain weight was only slightly reduced in the intra-uterine growth-retarded group so that glucose turnover adjusted to a common brain weight was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) in these animals.
4. Total body-glucose pool size was lower in the intra-uterine growth-retarded animals (P &lt; 0.01), but was appropriate for their body and liver weights. It was significantly reduced in relation to brain weight (P &lt; 0.001).
5. Resting plasma glucose concentration was lower in the intra-uterine growth-retarded animals (P &lt; 0.001). There was no relationship between concentration and turnover in either group.
6. It is suggested that the observed differences in total body-glucose turnover may be associated with profound differences in cerebral metabolism in the intra-uterine growth-retarded animals.
Liver Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption during Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis in the Greyhound
Authors: Hughes R. L. , Mathie R. T. , Fitch W. , Campbell D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flow and hepatic oxygen consumption were measured in two groups of greyhounds anaesthetized with pentobarbitone. Flows were measured with electromagnetic flowmeters.
2. In the first group the effects of metabolic acidosis produced by the infusion of a molar solution of lactic acid were studied. In the second group the effects of metabolic alkalosis produced by the infusion of a molar solution of sodium bicarbonate were studied.
3. In the acidotic group hepatic arterial blood flow decreased from 35.2 to 9.6 ml min− 100 g− of liver whereas portal venous blood flow increased from 94.2 to 126.1 ml min− 100 g− of liver. Total liver blood flow was unchanged. Hepatic oxygen consumption increased, but not significantly, while hepatic venous oxygen content decreased significantly. Hepatic arterial resistance increased from 1.18 to 2.77 mmHg min− ml− while peripheral resistance was virtually unchanged. Portal venous pressure increased from 7.08 to 11.6 mmHg.
4. In the alkalotic group portal venous blood flow increased from 112 to 137 ml min− 100 g− of liver. Hepatic arterial blood flow increased, but not significantly. Total liver blood flow increased from 151 to 185, ml min− 100 mg− of liver. There were no significant changes in hepatic oxygen consumption.
5. It is concluded that metabolic acidosis reduces the supply of oxygen to the liver owing to the reduction in hepatic arterial blood flow and is therefore potentially harmful, whereas metabolic alkalosis probably has no biologically significant effect on liver blood flow.
Effect of Parathyroidc Hormone on Bicarbonate Secretion in the Guinea-Pig Stomach and the Amphibian Isolated Gastric Mucosa
Authors: Flemström G. , Garner A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of parathyroid hormone on gastric bicarbonate secretion was determined in the anaesthetized guinea pig. Subcutaneous injections of bovine parathyroid hormone (75 U.S.P units day−1 kg−) for 7 days caused a significant increase in HCO3− output. There was also a rise in K+ output and a slight elevation of H+ secretion. A similar increase in HCO3− output occurred after acute intravenous injection of the hormone (75 U.S.P. units/kg).
2. Both chronic and acute administration of parathyroid hormone caused a significant increase in serum calcium concentration and it is likely that the changes in gastric ion outputs reflect raised calcium levels. Given alone intravenous calcium (1.5 mg/kg body wt.) stimulated gastric secretion of both HCO3− and H+.
3. To determine whether parathyroid hormone had a direct action on gastric ion transport experiments were performed in the amphibian isolated mucosa. Antrum transports HCO3− spontaneously while HCO3− transport in fundus was studied after inhibition of the greater H+ secretion by the histamine H2-receptor antagonist metiamide. Parathyroid hormone at a concentration of 0.2 United States Pharmacopea (U.S.P.) unit/ml in the nutrient-side bathing solution inhibited both antral and fundic HCO3− transport. A higher concentration (2.0 units/ml) had no effect on fundic H+ secretion.
4. The inhibitory effect in vitro was greater in the antrum and parathyroid hormone may almost abolish the active component of HCO3− transport in this tissue. It is likely that any similar inhibition of gastric HCO3− secretion by parathyroid hormone in vivo is masked by the stimulatory effects of released calcium.
Analytical fractionation of human liver microsomal fractions: Localization of cholesterol and of the enzymes relevant to its metabolism
Authors: Balasubramaniam S. , Mitropoulos K. A. , Venkatesan S. , Myant N. B. , Peters T. J. , Postiglione A. , Mancini M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The submicrosomal distribution of three enzymes concerned in cholesterol metabolism, and of free and esterified cholesterol, was determined in human liver by analytical isopycnic centrifugation on sucrose gradients.
2. The distribution profile and median density of acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase was similar to that of RNA, showing that this enzyme is confined largely to the ribosome-rich membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. The distribution profiles and median densities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7α-mono-oxygenase showed that both enzymes are confined to the smooth, ribosome-poor, endoplasmic reticulum.
3. Most of the free cholesterol in the microsomal preparations was present in smooth membranes from the Golgi apparatus and in vesicles from plasma-membrane fragments. The distribution of esterified cholesterol was multimodal and extended throughout the whole gradient.
Caffeine: Its Effect on Catecholamines and Metabolism in Lean and Obese Humans
Authors: Jung R. T. , Shetty P. S. , James W. P. T. , Barrand M. A. , Callingham B. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The metabolic response of lean and obese women to caffeine was studied to see if caffeine could be used to demonstrate the subnormal thermogenesis in obesity previously shown after standard meals or intravenous infusions of noradrenaline.
2. The rise in resting metabolic rate with caffeine was similar in the lean and obese groups and β-adrenoceptor blockade did not reduce the increment in metabolic rate in either group. These responses did not, therefore, correspond with the other subnormal thermogenic responses of the constitutionally obese.
3. In a post-obese group, i.e. previously obese women who were now of normal weight, there was a reduced response of the resting metabolic rate to caffeine.
4. Monitoring plasma substrate concentrations showed that the change in oxygen uptake corresponded to changes in plasma free fatty acids, so that in adults the metabolic effects of caffeine seem to be mediated by increases in adipocyte lipolysis. This effect seems to be mainly independent of the adrenergic system.
The Effect of Combined Ischaemia and Acidosis on Lactate Uptake and Gluconeogenesis in the Perfused Rat Liver
Authors: Iles R. A. , Cohen R. D. , Baron P. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Perfused rat livers were subjected to an acid perfusate and varying degrees of ischaemia in an attempt to simulate the conditions of strenuous exercise or shock.
2. Lactate uptake and glucose output from the liver decreased during moderate ischaemia alone and more so when, in addition, the perfusate was made acidic.
3. Hepatic ATP and ADP content increased in the presence of an acid perfusate.
4. It is concluded that both ischaemia and acidosis may contribute to the diminished hepatic uptake of lactic acid in strenuous exercise and shock.
The Effect of Adrenaline on Hepatic Lactate Uptake in the Acidotic Partially Ischaemic Rat Liver
Authors: Iles R. A. , Cohen R. D. , Baron P. G. , Smith J. A. , Henderson R. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of adrenaline (7 × 10−8 and 7 × 10−7 mol/l) on lactate uptake and glucose output was studied in the perfused liver of starved rats under conditions of reduced flow and acid perfusate.
2. Adrenaline largely prevented the decrease in hepatic lactate uptake which would otherwise occur owing to reduced blood flow and acidosis and may, therefore, have a protective effect in strenuous exercise and shock.
Airway and Metabolic Responsiveness to Intravenous Salbutamol in Asthma: Effect of Regular Inhaled Salbutamol
Authors: Harvey J. E. , Baldwin C. J. , Wood P. J. , Alberti K. G. M. M. , Tattersfield A. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. Airway, metabolic and cyclic nucleotide responses to intravenous salbutamol were measured in five patients with mild asthma who had taken no medication in the week before the study. The studies were repeated after the patient had taken regular inhaled salbutamol for 4 weeks, in doses increasing to 2000 μg daily in week 4.
2. The pretreatment airway, metabolic and cyclic nucleotide responses to salbutamol were similar to those previously reported in normal subjects. These patients therefore did not show evidence of partial β-adrenoceptor blockade.
3. After 4 weeks' salbutamol therapy the airway response to intravenous salbutamol was unchanged.
4. The glucose, pyruvate and adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) responses to intravenous salbutamol were depressed after regular salbutamol administration. The dose-response curve for non-esterified fatty acids and insulin, though displaced downwards, did not indicate an impaired response to salbutamol since the shape was unchanged. There was no significant change in the lactate, glycerol and total ketone response.
5. This study confirms that tissues differ in the ease with which they develop resistance to β-adrenoceptor agonists. Asthmatic airways appear to be relatively protected from developing resistance when compared with other tissues in asthmatic patients and when compared with the airways of normal subjects.
Effect of Haemorrhage on Renin Concentration in Superficial and Deep Venous Outflows of the Cat Kidney
Authors: Jones Susan M. , Torretti J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma renin concentration is significantly higher in the subcapsular venous outflow, which drains the superficial cortex, than in the deep venous outflow, which drains the inner half of the cortex and medulla of the cat kidney. The purpose of these experiments was to observe whether this pattern is preserved or disrupted by a stimulus to renin release.
2. Plasma renin concentration in arterial samples and in the superficial and deep renal venous outflows was measured before and after haemorrhage which produced a 24 ± 6.7% drop in mean blood pressure in 13 cats.
3. After haemorrhage, total kidney plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) did not change significantly. There was a rise in arterial plasma renin concentration. Venous minus arterial plasma renin concentration increased significantly in the deep venous outflow, but not in the superficial outflow.
4. The results suggest that both superficial and deep cortical venous drainage of the cat kidney should be considered when measuring renal renin release. In addition, they suggest that there may be differences in the response of superficial and deep juxtaglomerular apparatuses to haemorrhage.
Differential Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics of Sodium and Tris Salts of 5-fluorouracil in the Rat
Authors: Plumb Jane A. , Gardner M. L. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Rats injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with the Tris salt of 5-fluorouracil (1.44 mmol/kg) showed severe toxic symptoms and a 15% mortality. No mortality and no obvious toxicity, apart from intestinal toxicity, resulted after injection of the sodium salt at equimolar dosage.
2. The plasma pharmacokinetics of the two salts of 5-fluorouracil (1.44 mmol/kg) were different after i.p. injection: higher plasma levels were achieved and were sustained for longer after the Tris salt than after the sodium salt.
3. No differences in plasma pharmacokinetics were observed after intra-arterial (i.a.) injection of the two salts of 5-fluorouracil (6.576 mmol/kg).
4. Thus there are fundamental (and potentially important) differences between the biological properties of the sodium and Tris salts of 5-fluorouracil. These cannot be explained at present.
Glycogen-Depletion Patterns with Isometric and Isokinetic Exercise in Patients after Leg Injury
Authors: Hultén B. , Renström P. , Grimby G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The glycogen-depletion patterns were studied as a measure of muscle-fibre recruitment in patients after leg injuries (fractures, ligament injuries). Intermittent isometric and dynamic isokinetic knee extension were performed with 30 and 50% of the maximal isometric torque of the injured leg. In a third group isokinetic and dynamic exercise with weights were compared by using maximal effort procedures.
2. The 30% maximal voluntary contraction programme, which corresponded to 16% of maximal voluntary contraction of the non-injured leg, resulted in glycogen depletion of type I fibres, which was significant only in the isometric exercise. In the 50% maximal voluntary contraction programme (41% of maximal voluntary contraction of the non-injured leg) depletion of type II fibres dominated and was significant with isometric exercises. In the maximal effort programmes there was a significant depletion of type II fibres.
3. Subjects with a relatively large reduction in strength or a small number of type I fibres demonstrated more depletion of these fibres than other subjects.
4. In patients with moderately reduced muscle strength and muscle fibre atrophy static or dynamic exercises using at least 50% of the actual maximal voluntary contraction can thus be used to recruit and train type II fibres.
Regulation of 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D-1α-Hydroxylase in Chick Isolated Renal Tubules: Effects of Prostaglandin E2, Frusemide and Acetylsalicylic Acid
Authors: Wark J. D. , Larkins R. G. , Eisman J. A. , Wilson K. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. Isolated renal tubules were prepared from vitamin D-deficient chicks. The effects of added prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and agents which modify prostaglandin metabolism on the metabolism of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 were studied.
2. Frusemide (0.1 mmol/l) raised the prostaglandin E (PGE) content of the tubule incubation medium; it significantly increased 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] production from 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 [25-(OH)D3] and significantly inhibited the net production of 24,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [24,25-(OH)2D3].
3. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin; 0.1 mmol/l) decreased the PGE content of the tubule incubation medium and significantly inhibited 1,25-(OH)2D3 production.
4. In the presence of 1,25-(OH)2D3, 4 h exposure of tubules from vitamin D-deficient chicks to concentrations of PGE2 between 2.8 × 10−6 and 2.8 × 10−8 mol/l significantly enhanced 1,25-(OH)2D3 production.
5. It is concluded that, in view of the effects of modulation of endogenous prostaglandin levels by frusemide in aspirin, and the stimulatory effect of exogenous PGE2, prostaglandins should be considered potential regulators of the renal 25-hydroxy-vitamin D-1α-hydroxylase [25-(OH)D-1α-hydroxylase] enzyme.
The Influence of a Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill and Menstrual Cycle Phase on Digital Microvascular Haemodynamics
Authors: Tooke J. E. , Tindall H. , McNicol G. P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Nailfold capillary pressure, digital blood flow and skin temperature have been measured on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of the menstrual cycle in 10 women on a combined oral contraceptive pill and 10 control subjects with normal menstrual cycles.
2. Capillary pressure and digital blood flow were statistically significantly higher in the group taking an oral contraceptive pill compared with control subjects.
3. Capillary pressure values for women failed to show the same positive correlation with skin temperature previously described in normal men.
4. The results are interpreted as evidence for a powerful modulating influence of sex steroids on digital microvascular haemodynamics.
Urinary Ligandin and Glutathione-S-Transferase in Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in the Rat
Authors: Feinfeld D. A. , Fleischner G. M. , Arias I. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Eight rats developed detectable glutathione-S-transferase activity in their urine after three daily injections of toxic doses of gentamicin.
2. Seven of the eight rats had immunodetectable ligandin in their urine at this time.
3. The level of enzyme activity correlated well with the degree of elevation of serum creatinine.
4. This confirms ligandinuria and urinary glutathione-S-transferase as markers of acute renal proximal tubular injury.
Total-Body Protein Turnover in Human Premature Neonates: Effects of Birth Weight, Intra-Uterine Nutritional Status and Diet
Authors: Pencharz P. B. , Masson M. , Desgranges F. , Papageorgiou A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of birth weight, intra-uterine nutritional status and protein and energy intake on whole-body protein turnover, and skeletal muscle protein breakdown were examined in 40 premature infants.
2. Total-body nitrogen flux was 26% higher in the small-for-gestational-age compared with appropriate-for-gestation-age infants; similarly, whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown were increased by 26 and 35% respectively (P &lt; 0.01).
3. The lower-birth-weight neonates (&lt; 1500 g) had higher rates of skeletal muscle protein breakdown; 1.23 ± 1.12 g day−1 kg−1, as compared with 0.54 ± 0.28 g for the high-birth-weight group (P &lt; 0.05).
4. Protein intake was inversely correlated with the fraction of nitrogen flux coming from endogenous protein breakdown (P &lt; 0.05) and with skeletal muscle protein breakdown (P &lt; 0.05). There were no significant relationships found between energy intake and the parameters of protein metabolism.
5. On the basis of the turnover data, evidence is presented that the protein requirements for milk-protein fed premature neonates is less than 4.3 g day−1 kg−1.
Effects of a Meal on Plasma Clearance of [14C]Glycocholic Acid and Indocyanine Green in Man
Authors: Marigold J. H. , Gilmore I. T. , Thompson R. P. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The fasting plasma disappearance curve of [14C]glycocholic acid after intravenous injection was compared in nine normal subjects with that obtained 100 min after a standard liquid test meal.
2. Plasma disappearance curves of indocyanine green were determined in 13 normal subjects under the same conditions.
3. Plasma clearances were significantly increased after the meal for both [14C]glycocholic acid (median 455 ml min−1 m−2, range 376–672 increased to 704, 528–1968; P &lt; 0.01) and indocyanine green (359, 227–473 increased to 435, 358–985; P &lt; 0.01).
4. Median initial volume of distribution was unaltered, but in four subjects it was greatly increased after the meal, although no alteration in plasma volume, measured with Evans blue dye, was observed.
5. The increased postprandial plasma clearance of glycocholic acid is probably due to an increase in liver blood flow, and suggests that in health this part of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids also varies with meals.
Effect of pH on Muscle Glycolysis during Exercise
Authors: Sutton J. R. , Jones N. L. , Toews C. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Five males were studied on three occasions, after oral administration of CaCO3 (control), NH4Cl (acidosis) and NaHCO3 (alkalosis), in a dose of 0.3 g/kg, taken over a 3 h period at rest. The subjects then exercised on a cycle ergometer for 20 min at 33% maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2 max.), followed by 20 min at 66% and at 95% Vo2 max. until exhaustion.
2. Endurance at 95% Vo2 max. was longest with alkalosis (5.44 ± 1.05 min), shortest with acidosis (3.13 ± 0.97 min) and intermediate in the control study (4.56 ± 1.31 min); venous blood pH at exhaustion was 7.33 ± 0.02 (mean ±1 sem), 7.13 ± 0.02 and 7.26 ± 0.02 respectively.
3. Concentrations of plasma lactate at exhaustion were 7.10 ± 0.8 mmol/l 4.0 ± 0.5 and 7.9 ± 0.9 mmol/l in the control, acidosis and alkalosis studies respectively.
4. Muscle lactate increased most from rest to exhaustion with alkalosis to 17.1 ± 2.5 μmol/g and least with acidosis to 12.2 ± 1.4 μmol/g. Muscle glycogen depletion was comparable in control and alkalosis studies.
5. The lower plasma lactate concentration during exercise in acidosis compared with control and alkalosis appears to be due to an inhibition of muscle glycolysis combined with a reduction in lactate efflux from muscle.
Water and Electrolyte Composition of Urine and Ileal Fluid and Its Relationship to Renin and Aldosterone during Dietary Sodium Deprivation in Patients with Ileostomies
Authors: Moss S. , Gordon D. , Forsling Mary L. , Peart W. S. , James V. H. T. , Roddis Shirley A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The electrolyte and water composition of urine and ileal fluid was studied in six patients with ileostomies during dietary sodium deprivation and at the same time measurements were made of plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone concentration, renal aldosterone excretion and plasma arginine vasopressin concentration.
2. In each subject there was a reduction in renal sodium excretion within 24 h of sodium deprivation. Significant rises in plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone concentration and renal aldosterone excretion occurred by day 2 of sodium deprivation.
3. There was only modest conservation of sodium by the ileum during sodium deprivation, but ileal potassium concentration rose progressively. There were significant associations between ileal-fluid potassium concentration and plasma renin activity or renal aldosterone excretion.
4. Under the conditions of the experiment a diuresis was observed in each subject during dietary sodium deprivation. This did not appear to depend on changes in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration.
Brain Lesions in the Paraventricular Nuclei and Catecholaminergic Neurons Minimize Salt Hypertension in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats
Authors: Goto Atsuo , Ikeda Toshio , Tobian Louis , Iwai Junichi , Johnson Mary A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The rise in blood pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive rats that received intracerebroventricular 6-hydroxydopamine was almost half that of the control rats throughout 20 weeks of high (8%) NaCl feeding.
2. The rise in bood pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive rats with bilateral complete electrolytic lesions of the paraventricular nuclei was almost half that of the control rats during 12 weeks of high (8%) NaCl feeding.
3. The bilateral complete electrolytic lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei enhanced the development of NaCl hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.
4. These results show that NaCl-induced hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats requires the integrity of the central nervous system catecholaminergic neurones and the paraventricular nuclei for its full expression.