bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tapping into the endocannabinoid system to ameliorate acute inflammatory flares and associated pain in mouse knee joints
Authors: Krustev Eugene , Reid Allison , McDougall Jason J 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Introduction
During the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there are frequent but intermittent flares in which the joint becomes acutely inflamed and painful. Although a number of drug therapies are currently used to treat RA, their effectiveness is variable and side effects are common. Endocannabinoids have the potential to ameliorate joint pain and inflammation, but these beneficial effects are limited by their rapid degradation. One enzyme responsible for endocannabinoid breakdown is fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The present study examined whether URB597, a potent and selective FAAH inhibitor, could alter inflammation and pain in a mouse model of acute synovitis.

Methods
Acute joint inflammation was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by intra-articular injection of 2% kaolin/2% carrageenan. After 24 hr, articular leukocyte kinetics and blood flow were used as measures of inflammation, while hindlimb weight bearing and von Frey hair algesiometry were used as measures of joint pain. The effects of local URB597 administration were then determined in the presence or absence of either the cannabinoid (CB)1 receptor antagonist AM251, or the CB2 receptor antagonist AM630.

Results
URB597 decreased leukocyte rolling and adhesion, as well as inflammation-induced hyperaemia. However, these effects were only apparent at low doses and the effects of URB597 were absent at higher doses. In addition to the anti-inflammatory effects of URB597, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition improved both hindlimb weight bearing and von Frey hair withdrawal thresholds. The anti-inflammatory effects of URB597 on leukocyte rolling and vascular perfusion were blocked by both CB1 and CB2 antagonism, while the effect on leukocyte adherence was independent of cannabinoid receptor activation. The analgesic effects of URB597 were CB1 mediated.

Conclusions
These results suggest that the endocannabinoid system of the joint can be harnessed to decrease acute inflammatory reactions and the concomitant pain associated with these episodes.
Assessing outcomes for cost-utility analysis in depression:
comparison of five multi-attribute utility instruments with two
depression-specific outcome measures
Authors: Mihalopoulos Cathrine , Chen Gang , Iezzi Angelo , Khan Munir A. , Richardson Jeffrey 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundMany mental health surveys and clinical studies do not include a
multi-attribute utility instrument (MAUI) that produces quality-adjusted
life-years (QALYs). There is also some question about the sensitivity of
the existing utility instruments to mental health.AimsTo compare the sensitivity of five commonly used MAUIs (Assessment of
Quality of Life – Eight Dimension Scale (AQoL-8D), EuroQoL–five dimension
(EQ-5D-5L), Short Form 6D (SF-6D), Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3),
15D) with that of disease-specific depression outcome measures
(Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Kessler Psychological
Distress Scale (K10)) and develop ‘crosswalk’ transformation algorithms
between the measures.MethodIndividual data from 917 people with self-report depression collected as
part of the International Multi-Instrument Comparison Survey.ResultsAll the MAUIs discriminated between the levels of severity measured by
the K10 and the DASS-21. The AQoL-8D had the highest correlation with the
disease-specific measures and the best goodness-of-fit transformation
properties.ConclusionsThe algorithms developed in this study can be used to determine
cost-effectiveness of services or interventions where utility measures
are not collected.
Can electoral popularity be predicted using socially generated big data?
Authors: Yasseri Taha , Bright Jonathan 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Today, our more-than-ever digital lives leave significant footprints
in cyberspace. Large scale collections of these socially generated
footprints, often known as big data, could help us to re-investigate
different aspects of our social collective behaviour in a quantitative
framework. In this contribution we discuss one such possibility: the
monitoring and predicting of popularity dynamics of candidates and
parties through the analysis of socially generated data on the web
during electoral campaigns. Such data offer considerable possibility
for improving our awareness of popularity dynamics. However they also
suffer from significant drawbacks in terms of representativeness and
generalisability. In this paper we discuss potential ways around such
problems, suggesting the nature of different political systems and
contexts might lend differing levels of predictive power to certain
types of data source. We offer an initial exploratory test of these
ideas, focussing on two data streams, Wikipedia page views and Google
search queries. On the basis of this data, we present popularity
dynamics from real case examples of recent elections in three
different countries.
Tweets vs. Mendeley readers: How do these two
social media metrics differ?
Authors: Haustein Stefanie , Larivière Vincent , Thelwall Mike , Amyot Didier , Peters Isabella 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A set of 1.4 million biomedical papers was analyzed with
regards to how often articles are mentioned on Twitter or saved by users on
Mendeley. While Twitter is a microblogging platform used by a general
audience to distribute information, Mendeley is a reference manager targeted
at an academic user group to organize scholarly literature. Both platforms
are used as sources for so-called “altmetrics” to measure a new kind of
research impact. This analysis shows in how far they differ and compare to
traditional citation impact metrics based on a large set of PubMed papers.
Overcoming the Cause of Failure and the Role of Issue Salience: Toward a Comprehensive Theory for Nonprofit Activity and Competition in a Three-Sector Economy
Authors: Faulk Lewis 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper extends the theoretical framework of nonprofit activity in three-sector economies. Perspectives from existing theories on nonprofit organizations and the agenda setting literature are simultaneously considered. The nonprofit form provides one solution to the causes of market failure that are inherent to the different classes of goods discussed by previous theory. However, issue salience can lead to public policies that correct market failures. Such policies can lead to greater competition for tax-supported funding and to for-profit entry. This combined framework allows for the integration of the various theories on the existence of nonprofit organizations under one theoretical lens. It also yields a framework to empirically analyze industry dynamics and inter-organizational competition specifically within nonprofit and mixed-sector markets. The temporal variation and relative strength of issue salience in various mission areas in which nonprofits participate are particularly considered. This theoretical perspective leads to several important implications for industrial structure, nonprofit competition for resources and market share, public policy, advocacy, contracting, and public–private partnerships as the issues nonprofits address evolve over time.
The Impact of Government Funding on Competition in the Nonprofit Sector: An Integrative Model and Review of Empirical Research
Authors: Ashley Shena 
Published: September 2014

AbstractChanges in the scope and structure of public sector funding over the past few decades have had significant effects on the organizational environment in which nonprofit organizations operate. This article presents an integrative model within which the empirical literature regarding government funding effects on nonprofits is reviewed. This model conceptualizes the effects as deriving from two discrete forces – supply dynamics that have immediate population-level influences and a set of implementation dynamics that shape competition via organizational effects. This integrated model provides coherence to the literature and supplies a framework for future research.
Effect of process parameters on the electrical discharge machining of aluminum metal matrix composites through a response surface methodology approach
Authors: Balasubramaniam V. , Baskar N. , Narayanan Chinnaiyan Sathiya 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis work presents the multiobjective optimization of machining parameters during the electrical discharge machining (EDM) of aluminum (Al)-silicon carbide (SiC) metal matrix composites (MMC). The process parameters considered were current, pulse on-time, dielectric flushing pressure, and SiC particles. A copper rod was used as an electrode. An Al-SiC MMC with Al 6061 as matrix and SiC particles having three different sizes (i.e., 15, 25, and 40 μm) were used as workpieces. The experiments were planned using design of experiments through response surface methodology (RSM). The mathematical models were developed to predict the better performance measures such as the material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear rate (EWR), surface roughness (SR), and cylindricity (CY). The desirability approach in RSM was performed for optimization. It was found that the MRR increases with increasing peak current, pulse on-time, flushing pressure, and particle size. The EDM parameters are to be analyzed for the MRR, EWR, SR, and CY. The best one is proposed for validation.
Comparison of V̇o 2peak and Achievement of V̇o 2peak Criteria in Three Modes of Exercise in Female Triathletes
Authors: Snoza Colleen T. , Berg Kris E. , Slivka Dustin R. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Snoza, CT, Berg, KE, and Slivka, DR. Comparison of V̇o
2peak and achievement of V̇o
2peak criteria in three modes of exercise in female triathletes. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2816–2822, 2016—The purpose of this study was to compare peak aerobic capacity in female triathletes in 3 modes of exercise: treadmill, cycle, and arm ergometer. A second purpose was to determine the extent that physiologic criteria for achieving V̇o
2peak were reached in each mode of exercise. Six criteria were examined: V̇o
2 plateau, heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLC), respiratory exchange ratio, oxygen saturation, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Twelve recreational level female triathletes completed maximal tests on the treadmill, stationary bike, and arm ergometer. Results indicated V̇o
2peak (ml·kg−1·min−1) is highest on a treadmill (46.8 ± 2.1), intermediate in cycling (40.7 ± 5.0), and lowest in arm ergometry (28.2 ± 3.3) with mean differences being significant (p ≤ 0.05). Blood lactate concentration and RPE criteria were met by the highest number of subjects across the 3 modes of testing while the HR criterion was not achieved in any participant in arm ergometry and only 2 in cycling. It was concluded that in moderately trained recreational level triathletes, V̇o
2peak is highest in running and lowest in arm ergometry. Criteria for achieving V̇o
2peak most frequently were blood lactate level and RPE. Coaches and researchers should appreciate that V̇o
2peak values of moderately trained triathletes differ considerably in contrast to elite triathletes and tend to be highest on the treadmill and lowest in arm ergometry. Also, criteria used to determine achievement of V̇o
2peak should be carefully selected and seem to be best achieved using BLC and RPE.
Experimental Investigation on the Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest of Silty Sands: Effect of Fines
Authors: Lee Junhwan , Lee Dongyeol , Park Donggyu 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest (K0) is an important state variable of soils and is often estimated using Jaky's K0 equation, which is based on the internal friction angle (φ′). When fines are contained in sand, the effect of the fines content needs to be properly taken into account for the φ′-based estimation of K0, as the strength characteristics change because of changes in particle interlocking and contact conditions. In this study, an experimental testing program was established to measure and analyze K0 and its correlation to shear strength characteristics of sand–silt mixtures focusing on the effect of silt content. Thin-wall oedometer tests, triaxial tests, and other property tests were conducted to obtain K0 values and characterize the test materials. The values of K0 became higher as the relative density and silt content decreased, which was found because of decreasing particle interlocking and friction angle. Jaky's K0 equation using the peak strength tended to underestimate K0 at lower relative densities, whereas the K0 matched closely to measured values for higher relative densities. The K0 correlation based on the mobilized inter-particle strength was proposed and was applicable to various sand conditions. The calculated results using the proposed K0 correlation matched the measured results well, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method.
New Multi-Stage Triaxial Compression Test to Investigate the Loading-Rate Dependence of Rock Strength
Authors: Hashiba K. , Fukui K. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Compression tests for investigating the time-dependence of rock under confining pressures are time consuming and require more specimens than do uniaxial compression tests. In this study, a new testing method combining multi-stage confining pressure and alternating loading rate is proposed to investigate the loading-rate dependence of triaxial compressive strength from a small amount of rock sample. In the test, a small-size rock specimen 10 mm in diameter and 20 mm in height was loaded under a strain rate alternating between slow and fast and under a confining pressure increased once just after reaching the peak strength. Strengths corresponding to two strain rates and two confining pressures could be obtained from one specimen. The cohesion, angle of internal friction, and loading-rate dependence of strength from the data were consistent with those from the commonly used triaxial compression tests under a constant strain rate or constant confining pressure. The proposed test with a small amount of rock sample can reduce not only the time and cost but also the environmental load of sampling in situ.
Production of Austempered Gray Iron (AGI) Using Forced Air Cooling
Authors: Olawale J. O. , Oluwaseguun K. M. , Ezemenaka D. I. , Adisa S. B. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This paper presents the outcome of the production of austempered gray iron (AGI) using forced air cooling as the quenching medium. Samples from Class 20 gray cast iron were prepared for micrographic analysis, x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and mechanical testing. The prepared samples were austenitized at 920°C, soaked for 1 h, force air-cooled to the austempering temperature range of 250°C to 400°C (at 25°C intervals), held for another hour at the austempered temperature to allow for complete phase transformation, and then air-cooled to room temperature. The optical micrograph revealed a unique microstructure consisting of ferrite (α) and high carbon austenite (γHC) called ausferrite, the coarseness of which increases as the austempering temperatures increases. XRD analysis revealed only the peak of the α phase. The estimated effective particle size dα of this phase increases with an increase in austempering temperature. The results of mechanical tests showed significant increases in the tensile strength, hardness, toughness, and ductility of austempered samples of Class-20 grade gray cast iron. Conclusively, AGI has a unique combination of high strength and ductility that makes it suitable for the manufacture of parts in which high strength, high wear resistance, and high ductility are required.
A Foundation for Provitamin A Biofortification of Maize: Genome-Wide Association and Genomic Prediction Models of Carotenoid Levels
Authors: Owens Brenda F , Lipka Alexander E , Magallanes-Lundback Maria , Tiede Tyler , Diepenbrock Christine H , Kandianis Catherine B , Kim Eunha , Cepela Jason , Mateos-Hernandez Maria , Buell C Robin , Buckler Edward S , DellaPenna Dean , Gore Michael A , Rocheford Torbert 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEfforts are underway for development of crops with improved levels of provitamin A carotenoids to help combat dietary vitamin A deficiency. As a global staple crop with considerable variation in kernel carotenoid composition, maize (Zea mays L.) could have a widespread impact. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of quantified seed carotenoids across a panel of maize inbreds ranging from light yellow to dark orange in grain color to identify some of the key genes controlling maize grain carotenoid composition. Significant associations at the genome-wide level were detected within the coding regions of zep1 and lut1, carotenoid biosynthetic genes not previously shown to impact grain carotenoid composition in association studies, as well as within previously associated lcyE and crtRB1 genes. We leveraged existing biochemical and genomic information to identify 58 a priori candidate genes relevant to the biosynthesis and retention of carotenoids in maize to test in a pathway-level analysis. This revealed dxs2 and lut5, genes not previously associated with kernel carotenoids. In genomic prediction models, use of markers that targeted a small set of quantitative trait loci associated with carotenoid levels in prior linkage studies were as effective as genome-wide markers for predicting carotenoid traits. Based on GWAS, pathway-level analysis, and genomic prediction studies, we outline a flexible strategy involving use of a small number of genes that can be selected for rapid conversion of elite white grain germplasm, with minimal amounts of carotenoids, to orange grain versions containing high levels of provitamin A.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Velar Muscle Tissue Distribution in Healthy Adults
Authors: Bae Youkyung , Kuehn David P. , Sutton Bradley P. 
Published: September 2014

Objectives To examine muscle tissue distribution along the length of the velum in living individuals using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Design Using the three-dimensional MRI data acquired from 10 normal white adults, two area measures including the muscular area and the total velar area were obtained from 10 oblique slices running perpendicular to velar length. A polynomial regression analysis was performed where the proportion of the muscular to the total velar area was regressed on the slice numbers running along the length of the velum. Results The proportion of the muscular to total velar area increased from the anterior section of the velum, reaching a maximum (33.24%) in the midsection, and decreasing in the posterior section of the velum. A third-order (cubic) polynomial function that best illustrated the proportional data ( R2 = .47) was derived. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that MRI is a viable tool to examine the muscle tissue distribution of the velum in living individuals. Although the overall pattern in the muscle tissue distribution of the healthy velum was similar to that reported in previous literature based on cadaver specimens, the participants in the present study appeared to have greater muscular proportion of the velum. The muscular proportion measure derived from the healthy living individuals can be used as an additional parameter accounting for sufficient intravelar muscle mass for future studies.
Is Linear Advancement Related to Relapse in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Orthognathic Surgery?
Authors: Watts Guy D. , Antonarakis Gregory S. , Forrest Christopher R. , Tompson Bryan D. , Phillips John H. 
Published: September 2014

Objective To investigate the stability of major versus minor Le Fort I maxillary advancements in unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients. Design A retrospective longitudinal study was undertaken on 30 nonsyndromic UCLP patients treated with the same protocol at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Patients were grouped into major and minor movement groups based on planned surgical advancement. Standard lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken preoperatively (T1), immediately postoperatively (T2), and at least 1 year postoperatively (T3). Skeletal and dental variables were measured using cephalometric analysis. Stability was compared between groups using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between advancement and relapse for the entire study population. Results A mean maxillary advancement of 9.8 mm and 4.9 mm was seen for the major (n = 10) and minor (n = 20) movement groups, respectively. The mean skeletal horizontal relapse was 1.8 mm (18%) for the major advancement group and 1.5 mm (31%) for the minor advancement group. There was no significant difference in skeletal horizontal relapse between the groups ( P > .05). The correlation coefficient ( r) between linear horizontal advancement and relapse was calculated to be .31 ( P > .05). Dental horizontal relapse was not significant for either the major or minor groups, and no significant difference was found between the groups ( P > .05) Conclusion Skeletal and dental relapse was found to be unrelated to the amount of maxillary linear advancement using conventional Le Fort I osteotomies in UCLP.
Velopharyngeal Configuration Changes following Le Fort I Osteotomy with Maxillary Advancement in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Cephalometric Study
Authors: Wu Yu , Wang Xing , Ma Lian , Li Zili 
Published: September 2014

Objective To describe the morphological changes of velopharyngeal components in patients with cleft lip and palate after Le Fort I osteotomy with maxillary advancement and to clarify whether the velopharyngeal morphological changes are related to the distance of maxillary advancement. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Hospital and Stomatology Unit of Peking University, Beijing, China. Patients A total of 47 patients with maxillary hypoplasia secondary to cleft lip and palate. Interventions Le Fort I osteotomy combined with bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy and/or genioplasty for treatment of maxillofacial deformity. Main Outcome Measures The lateral cephalometric radiographs with velum at rest (n = 47) and during phonation of /i/ (n = 17) were undertaken preoperatively (T1), 1 week postoperatively (T2), and at least 6 months postoperatively (T3). Some measure indices of velopharyngeal configuration were collected and analyzed. Results The average maxillary advancement distance was 4.08 ± 1.58 mm. The velar length, velar angle, and nasopharyngeal depth increased, but velar thickness decreased. The motion of the soft palate had no significant change, but the motion of the posterior pharyngeal wall and the Passavant's ridge increased significantly. No significant linear correlation was found between maxillary advancement distance and velopharyngeal configuration changes. Conclusion Correction of maxillary hypoplasia by Le Fort I osteotomy with maxillary advancement increases the velopharyngeal cavity depth, which may impair velopharyngeal competence. The compensatory effects of the velopharyngeal soft tissue and posterior pharyngeal wall may alleviate this impairment to a certain extent.