bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary fibre fermentability but not viscosity elicited the ‘second-meal effect’ in healthy adult dogs
Authors: Deng Ping , Beloshapka Alison N. , Vester Boler Brittany M. , Swanson Kelly S. 
Published: February 2013

The present study evaluated the effects of fibre fermentability and viscosity in a morning meal on glucose, insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses to a glucose challenge later in the day in six healthy female dogs. For this purpose, two Latin square design experiments were performed. In Expt 1, dogs were fed a low-fibre (LF; 1 % Solka-Floc (International Fiber Corporation) and 1 % soya hulls) diet, a low-fermentable fibre (LFF; 5 % Solka-Floc (International Fiber Corporation) and 3 % soya hulls) diet or a high-fermentable fibre (HFF; 5 % pectin and 3 % short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides) diet. In Expt 2, dogs were fed a low-viscosity fibre (5 % Solka-Floc (International Fiber Corporation) and 3 % soya hulls) diet, a moderate-viscosity fibre (MVF; 2 % Solka-Floc (International Fiber Corporation), 2 % soya hulls, 2 % psyllium and 2 % pectin) diet or a high-viscosity fibre (HVF; 4 % psyllium and 4 % pectin) diet. Dogs were fed at 08.00, 12.00 and 16.00 hours on days 1–6 of each period. On day 7, dogs were fed at 08.00 hours and then dosed with maltodextrin at 12.00 hours. Data were analysed to identify baseline and incremental AUC (IAUC) changes among the treatments. In Expt 1, glucose IAUC0–180min was lower (P< 0·05) in dogs fed the HFF v. LF and LFF diets. Insulin and GLP-1 IAUC0–180min were not affected. In Expt 2, baseline GLP-1 was greater (P< 0·005) and baseline insulin was lower (P< 0·05) in dogs fed the HVF v. MVF diet, but glucose, insulin and GLP-1 IAUC0–180min were not affected. In summary, HFF in a morning meal has the potential to decrease blood glucose response in a consequent meal.
Reducing methane emissions by including methane production or feed intake in genetic selection programmes for Suffolk sheep
Authors: COTTLE D. J. , CONINGTON J. 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYThe use of selective breeding to reduce methane (CH4) emissions is an option for reducing carbon emissions from livestock farming systems. The current study models UK lowland terminal sire (meat) sheep production systems to study the impacts of including CH4 emissions and/or feed intake as breeding objective and selection criteria traits in sheep breeding systems, on the predicted genetic responses of production traits. Nine breeding goal traits and 15 selection index traits were modelled in a Suffolk breeding flock with a deterministic model of trait economic values (EVs). Methane was given an EV equivalent to a carbon price varying from £0 to £538/t CO2-e. When currently used selection indices added feed intake as a breeding objective, CH4 reductions of 0·15 and 0·05 kg CO2-e/sheep/year were predicted when intake was, or was not, measured, respectively, with a zero carbon price. These reductions were relatively insensitive to carbon price. Overall economic (index) response to selection was insensitive to carbon price and increased with higher feed costs, when neither CH4 nor feed intake was measured. When CH4 and/or intake were measured, overall economic responses increased with higher carbon prices, when feed costs were zero. Methane and intake responses were only sensitive to carbon price (whether CH4 and intake were measured or not) when feed costs were zero. To achieve a desired reduction of 0·1 kg CH4/head/year (cumulative 30% reduction in 20 years) when feed costs were zero, CH4 and/or intake needed to be measured. If CH4 was measured, carbon price needed to be >£50/t CO2-e; if intake was measured carbon price needed to be >£100/t CO2-e. Including feed intake as a breeding objective trait with non-zero feed costs should assist in reducing CH4 in breeding programmes. Selective breeding of terminal sheep by index selection has the potential to contribute a reduction of up to 0·27 kg CO2-e per ewe per annum, depending on the traits measured, feed costs and carbon price. This would help meet the UK Government's greenhouse gas reduction targets for farming systems.
Sinonasal inverted papilloma involving the temporal bone via the eustachian tube: case report
Authors: Liu Z W , Walden A , Lee C A 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjective:This study reports a case of a sinonasal inverted papilloma with spread to the temporal bone via the eustachian tube and subsequent transformation to squamous cell carcinoma.Method:An 81-year-old woman presented with sinonasal inverted papilloma which subsequently spread to the ear. A literature review of inverted papilloma was carried out based on a Pubmed search of studies published between 1987 and 2011, using the key words ‘sinonasal inverted papilloma’, ‘temporal bone inverted papilloma’ and ‘squamous cell carcinoma’.Results and conclusion:Sinonasal and temporal bone inverted papillomas may sometimes be linked through direct spread via the eustachian tube. Inverted papillomas have the potential for malignant transformation; careful monitoring of both the nose and ear is therefore required for inverted papillomas found in the nasopharynx.
Attentional functioning in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: a preliminary study
Authors: Horner Michael David , Mintzer Jacobo E. , Turner Travis H. , Edmiston Keith R. , Brawman-Mintzer Olga 
Published: February 2013

ObjectiveTo compare patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to patients without psychiatric or cognitive disorders on neuropsychological measures of attention.MethodsThe sample included 19 patients with PTSD and 22 participants with no cognitive or psychiatric diagnosis. All had been referred for clinical neuropsychological evaluation at a VA Medical Center. None were diagnosed with dementia, delirium, or current substance dependence except nicotine or caffeine, and none had a history of stroke or of traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness. Patients were excluded if they failed to exert adequate effort on testing.ResultsPTSD patients performed significantly more poorly than patients without psychiatric diagnoses on Digit Span.ConclusionPTSD patients were impaired relative to participants without psychiatric diagnoses on a measure of focused attention. Several factors, including the small sample size, suggest that the results should be considered preliminary.
Human Bloodstains on Biological Materials: High-Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscope Examination Using Specimens without Previous Preparation
Authors: Hortolà Policarp 
Published: February 2013

AbstractStudies of human bloodstains on nonbiological materials have been previously carried out using a high-vacuum scanning electron microscope (HV-SEM) in secondary-electron mode without any sample treatment. To assess whether biological substrates can affect the morphology of human erythrocytes in bloodstains, three fragments of different biological material (bone, shell, and wood) were smeared with peripheral human blood. Afterward, the bloodstains were directly examined in secondary-electron mode by an HV-SEM following a procedure initially standardized to be used in uncoated human bloodstains on stone. The obtained results suggest that HV-SEM is suitable for examining untreated bloodstains on biological substrate and that the morphology of erythrocytes in human bloodstains is not affected by the biological nature of the substrate. A cautionary issue regarding bloodstains on nondehydrated biological substrates is that the waiting time required for initiating the HV-SEM examination is by far higher than when using inorganic bloodstain substrates.
Bee Venom InducedIn VivoUltrastructural Reactions of Cells Involved in the Bone Marrow Erythropoiesis and of Circulating Red Blood Cells
Authors: Florea Adrian , Crăciun Constantin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUltrastructural answer of bone marrow erythroid series and of red blood cells (RBCs) in Wistar rats to bee venom (BV) was analyzed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and corroborated with hematological data. A 5-day and a 30-day treatment with daily doses of 700 μg BV/kg and an acute-lethal treatment with a single dose of 62 mg BV/kg were performed. The 5-day treatment resulted in a reduced cellularity of the bone marrow, with necrosed proerythroblasts, polymorphous erythroblasts, and reticulocytes with cytoplasmic extensions, and a lower number of larger RBCs, with poikilocytosis (acanthocytosis) and anisocytosis, and reduced concentrations of hemoglobin. After the 30-day treatment, the bone marrow architecture was restored, but polymorphous erythroblasts and reticulocytes with thin extensions could still be observed, while the RBCs in higher number were smaller, many with abnormal shapes, especially acanthocytes. The acute treatment produced a partial depopulation of the bone marrow and ultrastructural changes of erythroblasts including abnormal mitochondrial cristae. The RBCs in lower number were bigger and crenated, with reduced concentrations of hemoglobin. Overall, BV was able to promote stress erythropoiesis in a time- and dose-related manner, mitochondrial cristae modification being a critical factor involved in the toxicity of the BV high doses.
Understanding German Idealism
Authors: Dudley Will 
Published: February 2013

Understanding German Idealism provides an accessible introduction to the philosophical movement that emerged with the publication of Kants monumental Critique of Pure Reason and ended fifty years later with Hegels death. The thinkers of this period and the themes they developed revolutionized almost every area of philosophy and had an impact that continues to be felt across the humanities and social sciences today. Notoriously complex, the central texts of German Idealism have confounded the most capable and patient interpreters for more than 200 years. Understanding German Idealism aims to convey the significance of this philosophical movement while avoiding its obscurity. Readers are given a clear understanding of the problems that motivated Kant, Fichte, Schelling and Hegel and the solutions that they proposed. Dudley outlines the main ideas of transcendental idealism and explores how the later German Idealists attempted to carry out the Kantian project more rigorously than Kant himself, striving to develop a fully self-critical and rational philosophy, in order to determine the meaning and sustain the possibility of a free and rational modern life.
Nietzsche's Genealogy of Morality
Authors: Owen David 
Published: February 2013

Combining philosophical acuity, psychological insight and a remarkably powerful prose style, On the Genealogy of Morality is a dazzling and brilliantly incisive attack on European morality. David Owen situates the Genealogy in the context of the development of Nietzsche's philosophy and offers readers a sophisticated and nuanced analysis of this great text. He provides a lucid account of Nietzsches reasons for adopting a genealogical investigation of our moral values as well as a detailed analysis of the Genealogy itself. Highlighting the key features of Nietzsches critique of morality and his call for a re-evaluation of values, Owen shows how the arguments and rhetoric of the Genealogy combine to undermine our modern understanding of moral agency. Rich in insight, Owen's book is a distinctive and significant contribution to our understanding of this landmark work of western philosophy.
The Minds of the Moderns
Authors: Thomas Janice 
Published: February 2013

Taking Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume in turn, Janice Thomas presents an authoritative and critical assessment of each of these canonical thinkers views of the notion of mind. The book examines each philosophers position on five key topics: the metaphysical character of minds and mental states; the nature and scope of introspection and self-knowledge; the nature of consciousness; the problem of mental causation and the nature of representation and intentionality. The exposition and examination of their positions is informed by present-day debates in the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of psychology so that readers get a clear sense of the importance of these philosophers ideas, many of which continue to define our current notions of the mental. Again and again, philosophers return to the great early modern rationalist and empiricist philosophers for instruction and inspiration. Their views on the philosophy of mind are no exception and as Thomas shows they have much to offer contemporary debates.
Art's Emotions
Authors: Freeman Damien 
Published: February 2013

Despite the very obvious differences between looking at Manets Woman with a Parrot and listening to Elgars Cello Concerto, both experiences provoke similar questions in the thoughtful aesthete: why does the painting seem to express reverie and the music, nostalgia? Why do we find these experiences rewarding in similar ways? Damien Freeman develops a new theory of emotion that is suitable for resolving key questions in aesthetics. He then reviews and evaluates three existing approaches to artistic expression, and proposes a new approach to the emotional experience of art that draws on the strengths of the existing approaches. Finally, he seeks to establish the ethical significance of this emotional experience of art for human flourishing. Freeman challenges the reader not only to consider how art engages with emotion, but how we should connect up our answers to questions concerning the nature and value of the experiences offered by works of art.
Theoretical studies of lithium incorporation into α-Sn(100)
Authors: Kaghazchi Payam 
Published: February 2013

Using density functional theory, we study the incorporation of Li into Sn(100). The calculations indicate that Li is more stable at interstitial sites between the topmost surface-layers of Sn(100) than at onsurface sites and bulk sites. The barrier of Li diffusion from the surface into the subsurface is very low (0.07 eV). The highest-energy barriers are for the penetration of Li from the outermost subsurface sites into deeper subsurface sites (0.22–0.25 eV). The energy barriers for the Li incorporation into the Sn(100) surface are much lower than into the surfaces of other group IV elements such as Si. Since Sn is a promising candidate to replace the currently-used graphite anodes in Li-ion batteries, the present work can help us to better understand the process of Li insertion and extraction in Sn-based anode materials for future Li-ion batteries.
Physical Factors, Personal Characteristics, and Substance Use: Associations with Obesity
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Lee Jung Yeon , Finch Stephen J. , Balka Elinor B. , Brook David W. 
Published: February 2013

Background Because obesity has become a major public health problem, attention to a range of its predictors is needed. This study examined the association of physical factors, personal characteristics, and substance use with obesity in a sample ( N = 815) of African American and Puerto Rican young adults with a mean age of 32. Methods Body mass index (BMI) was calculated to assess obesity. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results Bivariate analyses showed that protective factors such as physical activity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = .82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = .74–.91), healthy diet (AOR = .96, 95% CI = .93–.99), self-control (AOR = .93, 95% CI = .87–.98), and life satisfaction (AOR = .97, 95% CI = .95–.99) were associated with a reduced probability of being obese. Marijuana use was also associated with a decreased probability of obesity (AOR = .89, 95% CI = .80–.99), but was not considered a protective factor. Risk factors such as short sleep duration (AOR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.24–2.33) and depressive mood (AOR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.01–1.09) were associated with an increased probability of being obese. Conclusions For African Americans and Puerto Ricans, programs to treat obesity should focus on increasing sleep, physical activity, and life satisfaction.
Prologue
Authors: Bang Peter Fibiger , Scheidel Walter 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this book, which is about the history of state formation in ancient North Africa and western Eurasia. The book aims to bridge the disciplinary gap between the study of the ancient Near East and the study of the ancient Mediterranean, exploring various factors that influenced state formation, including ideologies, political power, cooperation, exploitation, and military power. The areas covered in this study include Egypt, the Mesopotamian Empires, and the Anatolian States.
Mesopotamian Empires
Authors: Barjamovic Gojko 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the history of state formation in ancient Mesopotamia, focusing on the Greater Mesopotamia region. It explains the role of territorially defined urban communities and kinship-based polities or tribes in state formation, and provides examples of large states that arose slowly through a cumulative process of smaller polities coalescing into larger ones. The chapter also considers the dynamic shifts between city-state culture and imperial unification during the proto-historical period, and discusses the periods of political unification and fragmentation in Greater Mesopotamia prior to the Persian conquest.
Hellenistic Empires
Authors: Ma John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter, which explores the history of state formation in ancient Greece during the Hellenistic period, describes state power during this period and discusses the narrative, genealogy, and structure of the Hellenistic state. It explains the concepts of basileia and basilikon, and argues that the importance of the Hellenistic empires in the history of the ancient state is linked to several factors. These include the reemergence of a neo-near eastern landscape of kingly polities and the integration of the Greek world of the cities within this world.
Rome
Authors: Lovano Michael 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the Roman writing on the subject of warfare, addressing Julius Caesar in his Commentaries on the Gallic War and the Commentaries on the Civil War. It also considers Velleius Paterculus in his Roman Histories and Ammianus Marcellinus in his Histories. Moreover, the chapter discusses Frontinus in his Stratagems and Vegetius in his Epitome of Military Science, as well as Sallust in his War against Jugurtha and War against Catiline, Livy in his From the Founding of the City, and Tacitus in his Annals and Agricola. Like Velleius, Ammianus gives the commanding officers credit for military success or blame for failure, and like Caesar, recognizes the critical role of flexibility in combat. In conclusion, Roman authors identified that the smarter and more careful, virtuous, courageous, and determined generals (usually Roman) always prevailed.
The Three Thousand
Authors: Heckel Waldemar 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews the infantry guard of Alexander the Great. Macedonian hypaspists were first manifested in Alexander's campaign against the so-called independent Thracians. In addition to guard-duty, they served as a police force. The most famous and notorious fighting unit in the history of Alexander's Successors are the Argyraspids, after whose dismissal from Opis, a full contingent of hypaspists had remained with Alexander at the time of his death in the following and continued to serve in the Royal Army under Perdiccas. Diodorus spoke of the rivalry of two Indian wives for the honor of performing suttee. It is observed that the idea that Argyraspids' future service in the East was meant to destroy them may be wishful thinking on Hieronymus' part.
The Rise of Rome
Authors: Sage Michael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes the rise of Rome. The end of the seventh and the first half of the sixth century were marked by the beginnings of urbanization, and by a substantial population increase in Rome. The cavalry was significant in the early regal and Republican battles. The Roman army had undergone a tactical revolution by the middle of the second century that included substantial numbers of allied forces in the Republican period. Early Roman tactics were usually aggressive and designed to break the enemy formation by a frontal assault. The growth of the semi-professional army in the late Republic allowed the development of legions of veteran soldiers, offering the commander a tactical advantage that could be especially effective against formations of new recruits.
Imperial Rome at War
Authors: Culham Phyllis 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the war in imperial Rome. The legions in the Principate were highly protected assets, even during an aggressive advance. It is observed that tactical victory on one field did not offer Romans control of the area. Few Roman opponents benefitted from the relatively infrequent battle, even when they picked the ground, often choosing hillsides for gathering momentum. Romans were only defeated by their own former auxiliaries who had broken their camp. Roman military deployment on the northern frontiers had to deal with immigration control, refugee management, river patrol, and prevention of crimes against property. Romans largely obtained resilience and avoided collapse at the strategic level after a tactical or even grand tactical defeat through a synergistic interaction of factors including a military culture of adaptability to local tasks, unit cohesion, and prior success.
The Business of War
Authors: Trundle Matthew 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter investigates the mercenaries in the Greek world. Mercenaries became stained with the brush of tyranny. The connection of tyrants and mercenaries continued into the Hellenistic age. Xenophon's Anabasis offers invaluable data on almost every aspect of Greek mercenary life, but it represents a landmark moment in Greek mercenary activity. Mercenaries were priceless in giving specialists to those in need and demonstrating the success of such specialists in war. The mercenary service was alleviated by personal relationships, guest-friendships, and friendship between ordinary Greeks and the powerful men of the eastern Mediterranean. Mercenaries in the ancient world displayed a high degree of military honor and spirit, despite their mercenary nature. It is shown that mercenaries played a central role in the Greco-Macedonian wars.
Generalship
Authors: Moore Rosemary 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter focuses on military leadership and military responsibilities. Primarily, the phalanx has been initially employed for territorial defense. Prior to the Peloponnesian Wars, generalship was not regarded in a specific and specialized sense, but had always been concerned with getting others to endanger their lives for the commander's sake, making motivation and discipline very closely intertwined. The generalship of Philip and Alexander was contended by many Greek and Roman commanders. Hellenistic generalship in large part followed the methods used by Philip and Alexander. Marius's influence on Roman generalship was successful in bridging the gap between the Roman nobility and the Italian and Roman soldiery. Real innovation in generalship certainly came from men outside the traditional ranks, namely professional soldiers with variable levels of education and outside traditional loci of power.