bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consequences of employing amino acid vs. bulk‐tissue, stable isotope analysis: a laboratory trophic position experiment
Authors: Bowes R. E. , Thorp J. H. 
Published: January 2015

An important metric of environmental health is food web structure because it reflects species richness, natural history diversity, and resource availability. While bulk‐tissue stable isotope analysis has proven valuable for food web studies, field conditions may severely restrict its use and data can be quite variable. Amino acid stable isotope analysis potentially reduces this variability, in part by eliminating the need for signatures near the trophic base because a single top consumer contains both the primary producer signature (constant phenylalanine signature) and information reflecting number of trophic transfers (a progressively increasing δ15N signature of glutamic acid).To evaluate the ecological sensitivity and cost/benefits of the techniques, we conducted a laboratory food chain experiment with four trophic levels. Water fleas (Daphnia magna) were cultured on a diet of powdered algae and then fed daily to guppies (Poecilia reticulata) for three months. These invertivorous fishes were then consumed by piscivororus bluegill sunfishes (Lepomis macrochirus) for a subsequent three months. All members of the food web were analyzed for 15N values and degree of fractionation using both bulk‐tissue and amino acid stable isotope techniques.Our experiment demonstrated that the amino acid technique more accurately identified the true trophic position (TP) and food chain length (FCL = maximum TP) with significantly less variability around mean values for each consumer trophic level. Moreover, use of amino acids requires significantly fewer replicates to identify TP. We discuss here the relative advantages and disadvantages of both approaches for determining TP and FCL and recommend that investigators switch as soon as possible to the amino acid isotope technique for determining FCL.
The Furbero Oil Field, Mexico
Authors: DeGolyer E. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 52, 1916, pages 268–280.
The Furbero oil field lies in the Gulf coastal plain of Mexico between the important ports of Tampico and Vera Cruz and about one-third of the distance between the two points from the latter (Lat. 20" 22' N., 97" 30' W. Gren.). It is in the State of Vera Cruz, about 14 miles west by south of the village of Papantla in the canton of the same name, and is the most southern of the developed oil fields of the Tampico-Tuxpam region being a distance of 50 miles south by east from the Potrero del Llano field and 42 miles in the same direction from the Alamo field. The field has been developed by the Oil Fields of Mexico Co. and is in the midst of a large block of lands owned or leased by them. Communication is through the port of Tuxpam with which it is connected by a narrow- gauge railway and 6-in. pipe line some 52 miles in length.
This field is of more than ordinary interest since it represents a type of oil deposit hitherto unknown. So far as I am aware, no other commercially valuable deposit of oil is known to occur under conditions of accumulation similar to those found here. The igneous nature of the so-called ‘sand’ encountered in drilling was not recognized until a number of wells had been drilled; and it was not until recently that the geological relations of the sill or laccolith, which gives rise to the accumulation of oil, were known and the so-called ‘anticline’ was known to be, in part at least, the result of igneous intrusion.
Geological surveys in this general region were made in 1900–1901 by
W. H. Dalton and in 1907–1909 by P. C. A. Stewart, F. W. Moon, Leonard V. Dalton, and Dr. Max Muhlberg. More recent surveys have been made, however, under the direction of the author, by E. L. Ickes, B. C. Belt, B. Hartley, and Harve Loomis. Notes of the earlier examinations were not available with the exception of the report by Dr. Muhlberg who apparently first recognized the true nature of the Furbero intrusion. This paper is indebted to his work and that of the more recent surveys for much of the detail regarding stratigraphy and to Messrs.
T.P. 052–21
A Modern Rotary Drill
Authors: Hughes Howard R. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 52, 1916, pages 620–626.
In drilling for water and oil to reasonable depths through the generally soft yielding clay and sand formation of the Coastal Plain of Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, the rotating method of drilling was adopted, ' principally on account of the easy and quick penetration, and the low cost of the drilling plant.
In favorable ground, free of heavy gravel and rock strata, as much as 1,600 ft. has been drilled in less than 36 hr., although such performances were of course rare.
Hydraulic rotary drilling, or, as it is now called, rotary drilling, was used in the above States as early as 1880. The plant consisted of an ordinary derrick, a 25-h.p. boiler, a small hoist, a steam pump, and a water swivel with hose attachment, and an ordinary flat diamond-pointed bit.
The successful drilling in of a phenomenal oil well by this process on Spindletop, near Beaumont, Texas, on Jan. 10, 1901, and the ascertained impracticability of drilling subsequent wells in the same locality by other methods (owing principally to heavy quicksand under pressure from be- low), brought rotary drilling into great prominence, practically to the exclusion of any other process throughout the Coastal Plain, and later on elsewhere.
The method, as its name implies, involves the rotation of a pipe by means of machinery placed on the derrick floor. A drill bit attached to the lower end cuts a clearance for the drill pipe, with much the same motion and effect as an auger. Water forced through the drill pipe by means of a pump, and escaping through the bit, removes the cuttings and returns to-the surface outside the drill pipe. In this manner the hole is kept open, permitting the drill stem to rotate freely.
The pressure of the column of muddy water holds up the walls of the hole until it has been cased.
Practically all the wells of the Gulf coast region, numbering nearly 10,000, have been drilled with this system. During the last five years its use has been extended to many other States and countries.
T.P. 051–41
The Dehydrating Oil Plant of Nevada Petroleum Co., California
Authors: Hardison B.J. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 52, 1916, pages 627–634.
In the fall of 1912, the appearance of water in the oil of the Nevada Petroleum Co., Coalinga, Cal., made necessary the installation of a dehydrating plant to reduce the water below the 3 per cent limit prescribed by the agency.
Unlike the mining industry, technical literature of the oil industry is limited and extremely unsatisfactory. Until the recent efforts of the Petroleum and Gas Committee of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, no concerted movement has been instituted to secure publication of papers dealing with the problems of the oil business, and because of the additional fact that dehydrating of oil has not been practiced in California to any extent up to comparatively recent time, it was found necessary to experiment in order to determine the most satisfactory plan for this purpose.
It is easy to write regarding successful enterprises, but, while not so pleasant, it is equally desirable to write of failures so that others may be saved the loss incident to such investments.
The water in this oil occurs both free and as an emulsion. Free water easily settles out, but the emulsion requires treatment. So far as can be determined, the emulsion consists of globules of water surrounded and enveloped by a film of oil. Starting with this hypothesis the theory has been evolved that in order to break up this emulsion the water must be heated at least to boiling point, when an explosion takes place destroying the globule. Unfortunately, this condition was not recognized in the installation of the first plant, which was planned on the following lines:
A heater was arranged so that all the oil from the wells could be heated before reaching the shipping tanks, these being already fitted with coils for steam heating. Tanks were filled with about 4 ft. of water, live steam was turned into the coils and the water brought nearly to the boiling point, when the heated oil was run in. This for a time was partly successful, but the length of time necessary to apply this heat was too great for practical operating.
T.P. 051–42
Oil and Gas Possibilities of Kentucky
Authors: Fohs F. Julius 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 52, 1916, pages 649–656.
With portions of two coal basins within its borders and a few scattered fields already developed, the question arises: What is the future of Kentucky as an oil-producing State? Is the long list of failures due to lack of commercial pools, or unintelligent prospecting? A study of its beds and irregularities of structure points not only to a large waste of development money on unpromising areas, but also to the presence of a few structures well worthy of development.
The surface rocks of Kentucky show in succession more than 4,000 ft. of Paleozoic sediments and more than 2,000 ft. of Cretaceous, Tertiary, and more recent deposits. Folding and erosion have brought these beds to the surface, where they have been observed and studied in detail by my associate, James H. Gardner, myself, and others. This has given opportunity to observe the beds offering suitable reservoirs and having the proper impermeable covering; also the mapping of outcrops and out- crop lines, taken in conjunction with available well records, indicates that certain areas are worth testing, and with even greater definiteness shows areas which should be excluded, as devoid of possibilities. West of the Tennessee River, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary sediments occur so that all trace of ancient folding is obliterated, the sediments overlapping unconformably Mississippian rocks. This area embraces 2,000 square miles, or one-twentieth of the area of the State, the Paleozoic rocks covering the remainder. Since there is nothing upon which to base the location of tests for oil and gas in the Cretaceous- Tertiary beds of Kentucky, the Paleozoic area will be chiefly considered.
The distribution of Paleozoic rocks in Kentucky is centered about the north-northeast striking Cincinnati geanticline, bringing to the surface on the Jessamine dome the oldest rocks exposed in the State, those of the Devonian, Silurian, and Ordovician systems. On either flank of this great earth-arch are the Mississippian rocks, sloping gradually beneath the coal-measure basins to the west and to the east. West of the western coal basin, and. between it and the Cretaceous-Tertiary rocks further west, is a high area of Mississippian rocks. Crossing the State in an east-west direction is the Chestnut Ridge anticline (a disturbance recently shown by Mr. Gardner to extend from the Ozarks to the Appalachian), consisting in Kentucky of the Rough Creek uplift, the Kentucky River fault zone, and the Warfield anticline.
T.P. 051–46
Geosynclines and Petroliferous Deposits
Authors: Daly Marcel R. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 57, 1917, pages 1054–1070.
In a preceding paper the writer has pointed out some apparent relationship between the distribution, on the surface of the globe, of the known hydrocarbon deposits and the disposition of the principal zones of deformation of the earth's body (geosynclines). He wishes to present some further remarks on this subject.
Petroleum deposits, or their derivatives or descendants, are found through the whole range of sedimentary strata, from the pre-Cambrian to the Quaternary. For instance, the pre-Beltian (Shuswap) series of the Canadian Cordillera are interbedded with limestones which are some- times rich in carbonaceous matter (Sieamous limestone); and the Beltian system of the same region contains layers of argillites and dolomitic lime- stones which are equally high in carbon This carbon may be interpreted as the last remnant of hydrocarbons previously contained in the rocks. On the other hand, the actual formation of hydrocarbons under conditions that would eventually permit their deposition in modern sediments is conceded by some geologist. Between these two extreme limits, bitumens are found indifferently in all sedimentaries. They constitute a continuous series, some kind of a large family, whose individual members may be entitled to a community of origin and probably represent the different stages of evolution of the primitive, parent matter. The kinship between petroleum and such substances as asphalt, ozocerite, manjak, grahamite, albertite, etc., is well known; and E. H. Cunninggam-Craig has recently shown how intimately shale fields and oil fields are connected.
T.P. 057–53
Funnel and Anticlinal-ring Structure Associated with Igneous Intrusions in the Mexican Oil Fields
Authors: Garfias V.R. , Hawley H.J. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 57, 1917, pages 1071–1088.

Introduction
For a number of years the senior author has been interested in the various geologic and engineering problems involved in the development of the petroliferous districts of northeaster Mexico, having in a previous paper endeavored to present a summarized statement of the information relating to the geology and soil resources of this region.
Of the many interesting geologic phenomena, perhaps those which have been the object of most speculation relate to the igneous intrusions which, in place, have a controlling influence on the accumulation of oil in commercial quantities, a relationship which has been tentatively explained by various observers with as many interestingly different views.
The authors of the present paper aim to record, in the course of a general discussion of the various viewpoints, some additional data, and present further tentative conclusions with a view to rounding out an up-to-date summary of the subject.
The greater part of the area in question lies in the State of Vera Cruz, only a northwest fraction being in the State of San Luis Potosi. Vera Cruz is bounded on the north by the State of Tamaulipas, the northernmost of the Mexican States along the Gulf.
The topography of the States of Tamaulipas and Vera Cruz and of Texas and Louisiana to the north, is controlled by the Gulf costal plain which in northern Vera Cruz has an average width of about 60 miles, the transitional topography between that of the rugged flanks of the Sierra and the lowlands of the coast being made up of a series of terraces and irregular hills and valleys.

Geology and Structure
The greater part of the mainland of Mexico is made up of Tertiary and later effusive rocks and of sedimentaries of Cretaceous age.
T.P. 057–54
Principles of Natural-Gas Leasehold Valuation
Authors: Wyer Samuel S. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 57, 1917, pages 782–798.
Magnitude and Economic Importance
The magnitude and economic importance of the problem of correctly valuing natural-gas leaseholds become evident when we consider that:Natural gas is handled in 55 per cent of the gas distributing plants in the United States.Present known natural-gas acreage forms 47 per cent of the total known mineral-land acreage in the United States.Five acres of land are now required to protect and maintain continuous service to each of the 2,000,000 domestic natural-gas consumers in the United States.The cost of acquiring and maintaining this acreage of an expendible resource represents a substantial part of the cost of the natural-gas service to the consumer." The right of a citizen by means of his ownership of or his mining leases on land to draw gas from beneath its surface is property and sometimes valuable property." '
A large number of other court decisions have established the basic legal principle that the right to drill for gas within a given area constitutes an interest in the land itself, and is necessarily an exclusive property right.
Definition of Vested Interests or Rights
" Vested interests are economic interests which are legally recognized to be such that they cannot be impaired by public action, directly or indirectly, without indemnification. Vested interests are largely property interests. The recognition of an interest as a vested interest gives it some of the attributes of property, and by American courts it would be comprised in their very inclusive concept of property. Other-wise than through property, vested interests generally arise through contract."
T.P. 056–41
Petroleum Connected with the Recovery of Petroleum from Unconsolidated Sands
Authors: Kobbe William H. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 57, 1917, pages 799–830.

Introduction
The word recovery as used in this paper is applied in its broader sense and not limited to wells producing from horizons of unconsolidated sands. Certain problems connected with the winning of petroleum from such horizons present themselves while drilling is in progress and should be considered before drilling is commenced wherever unconsolidated sands are expected. Maximum recovery depends not alone upon efficient pumping methods but also upon the selection of a proper drilling system and the completion of a well especially adapted to the extraction of these oil-bearing sands.

Drilling
Determining Factors in Selection of Method
The selection of a drilling method for the development of a region in which the oil reservoir consists of unconsolidated sands is bases on the following considerations:Character of the formations overlaying the reservoir;thickness of the oil-bearing stratum or strata;thickness and character of water or gas sands;gas pressure to be encountered or expected;total depth of well.
Character of the Formations Overlaying the Reservoir
The strata overlaying the reservoir may consist of beds of shales, clays, sands and other soft materials, or they may be slates, limestones and sandstones consolidated to all degrees of hardness. Very often the overlaying strata and predominantly of soft materials but interbedded with harder formations. Likewise, soft materials but interbedded with harder formations Likewise, soft strata are encountered at different horizons in an overburden consisting almost entirely of the harder sedimentaries.
T.P. 056–42
Reservoir Gas and Oil in the Vicinity of Cleveland, Ohio
Authors: Van Horn Frank R. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 57, 1917, pages 831–842.
It is customary to ascribe two general modes of occurrence to natural gas, namely, shale gas which, as the name indicates, is found in shale, and reservoir gas, which occurs in sandstone, conglomerate and dolomitic limestone. Both of these types are found in the Cleveland district. The shale gas has been produced on a small scale for a long period of years, probably dating back as far as 1883. Shale gas is a low-pressure gas, small in volume with variable pressure, and is limited to no definite horizon. It is generally independent of oil, may last for a long time, and is not dependent to any great extent on the structure of the rocks. There are many such wells in the district which range from 400 to 1,840 ft. in depth, although most have been completed at about 800 ft. This indicates that the wells pass through the Cleveland and Chagrin shales into the Huron or Portage shale of the Upper Devonian.
During the last 2 years great interest has developed in a deeper-seated reservoir gas.
What is commonly called reservoir gas is generally a high-pressure gas occurring in large volume at a definite horizon. Oil may, or may not, be associated with the gas, and in most regions in which reservoir gas is found, the geological structure is of great importance. This type of gas occurs in all large fields such as those of West Virginia which have been supplying Cleveland until the recent discovery of local gas at great depths in commercial amounts.

Historical Outline
The oldest well producing reservoir gas in the district was drilled in 1886 in Newburg for what was then known as the Cleveland Rolling Mill Co. This well was 3,000 ft. deep, and was thought to have reached the "Clinton" formation. Two "sands" showing small amounts of oil were recorded in the Niagara limestone at depths of 2,658 and 2,686 ft. This is about the horizon of the so-called Newburg sand which has proved to be of some importance as a source of gas and oil by recent drilling operations. The rock pressure was reported to be 400 to 500 lb. per square inch, but since the volume was only 14,000 to 16,000 cu. ft. daily, the well was not only considered unsuccessful but was thought to prove the absence of high- pressure gas in commercial quantities in the Cleveland district.
T.P. 056–43
The Influence of the Movement in Shales on the Area of Oil Production
Authors: Conkling Richard A. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 57, 1917, pages 876–880.
A shale layer, buried beneath two or three thousand feet of strata, in some instances, will upon folding become thicker in the synclines and thinner on top of the anticlines.
This can be accounted for, in part, by the stretching on the crests of the fold and the compressing in the troughs; but this will by no means account for all of it, as is shown in the example herein set forth.
It is my firm belief that the rest of the thickness is due to flow. What causes the movement, however, does not concern us here, SO long as there is movement, for this article purposes to show its effect upon the producing area of different sands.
It is the author's hope, in this way, to drop a hint or two that may be valuable to the oil geologist, in making estimates of future productions and values of oil properties. An example will be given from property in the famous Gushing Pool in northeastern Oklahoma, where the author has had occasion to make a detailed study before recommending some property to his company, and has then been able to watch the results of this work.
The author never mapped the surface structure in this pool, as this had been done by Frank Buttram when he was with the Oklahoma Geological Survey. We are using, therefore, a section of his map in this article for our surface contours. The main east dip comes farther east than this section shows.
From the 10-ft. contours in Fig. 1, it will be seen that the surface folding is very slight, but in the contour map of the Bartlesville sand (Fig. 2), which was the greatest producing sand, we see much more complex folding. It seems that the folding becomes greater with the depth. Folding may have started in Middle Pennsylvanian times and continued through the Upper Pennsylvanian which is found at the surface. This may, or may not, have been the cause of the increase of folding with depth. However, the fact that mostly concerns us is the interval of shale between the Bartlesville sand and the Tucker sand. The Tucker is the next productive sand below the Bartlesville.
T.P. 056–46