bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bureaucratic Representation and Responsiveness
Authors: Meier Kenneth J. , Melton Erin K. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The theory of representative bureaucracy considers how the sharing of demographic characteristics between public administrators and service populations translates into improved service delivery and links to broader themes of democracy and equality. While much scholarship has addressed the theory and tested it in a variety of public settings, further study is necessary given the contextualization of bureaucratic identity, political applications of the theory to lawmakers, strategic choice in the assumption of bureaucratic role, and practice of the theory in comparative settings. This chapter explores the wealth of past research on representative bureaucracy and presents a framework that introduces opportunities for additional investigation.
A Theory of Magnitude
Authors: Walsh Vincent 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In this chapter, I review the evidence that has tested A Theory of Magnitude (ATOM) and extend the idea to build a bridge between ATOM and metaphorical theories of time and space perception. There is now substantial evidence to support the idea of common processing mechanisms for time, space, and number, but this is constrained by the evidence largely coming from perceptual or psychophysical studies. The chapter ends by outlining a series of outstanding problems in understanding magnitude representation. Key amongst these problems are the links between sensory and metaphorical processing, the links between prelinguistic and linguistic associations, and a clearer understanding of the developmental processes involved in the construction of magnitude representations.
Reflexives
Authors: Reuland Eric 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This article analyzes the factors determining the use of dedicated reflexives in natural language. It addresses the very diverse ways in which reflexivity is expressed and shows how to find the unity in this diversity. It takes as a starting point the fact that natural languages avoid expressions of the type Subject Verb Pronominal where the subject binds the object (and cases of co-argument binding in general) and then addresses the question of why this would be so. One factor concerns properties of predicates. A second factor concerns the syntactic representation of dependences between arguments. The article puts these factors into a general perspective and surveys a number of puzzling cases, such as languages with apparently locally bound pronominals. It then shows how superficially similar expressions may actually have rather different structures, putting them outside the scope of the factors discussed. Thus the observed diversity in fact reflects uniform principles.
Nones by Many Other Names
Authors: Drescher Elizabeth 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This essay deals with news media coverage of the religiously unaffiliated—people who have no preferences when it comes to institutional religion. Also known by many other names such as “unbelievers,” “unchurched,” “churchless,” “unsaved,” “heathens,” “pagans,” “atheists,” “agnostics,” “spiritual but not religious,” and, most recently, “nones,” the religiously unaffiliated are a reflection of America’s religiosity and spirituality. Drawing primarily on resources available from the print media age, especially newspapers and general audience news magazines, this essay examines news media interest in the religiously unaffiliated from the late 1800s to the 1970s until the present day. Finally, it also outlines recurring and emerging themes in news media coverage of the religiously unaffiliated.
Single-stage Transpedicular Vertebrectomy and Expandable Cage Placement for Treatment of Unstable Mid and Lower Lumbar Burst Fractures
Authors: Choi Jong-Il , Kim Bum-Joon , Ha Sung-Kon , Kim Sang-Dae , Lim Dong-Jun , Kim Se-Hoon 
Published: December 2014

Study Design:
Retrospective clinical and radiographic study.

Objective:
To examine the efficacy and safety of vertebrectomy and expandable cage placement by a single-stage posterior approach for unstable mid and lower lumbar burst fractures (below the L3).

Summary of Background Data:
Patients with unstable mid and lower lumbar burst fractures require surgical treatment to relieve pain, address paralysis, and stabilize the spine to prevent further segmental deformity. However, controversy remains regarding the optimal surgical treatment.

Materials and Methods:
Eleven patients underwent single-stage posterior-only vertebral column resection and vertebral body reconstruction using an expandable cage. Neurological status was classified using the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale, whereas functional outcome was analyzed using a visual analog scale for back pain. Segmental Cobb angles were measured above and below the fractured vertebral body preoperatively, immediate postoperatively, and at the last follow-up.

Results:
The preoperative neurological status was ASIA grade E in 2 patients, grade D in 5 patients, grade C in 2 patients, and grade B in 2 patients. Postoperatively, neurological stability was demonstrated in 3 patients (27%), and 8 (73%) showed improvement in the ASIA grade. The mean preoperative visual analog scale score was 8.3, which decreased to 4.5 postoperatively, and to 1.8 at the final follow-up. The mean preoperative segmental lordotic angle was 9.2 degrees, which increased to 16.9 degrees postoperatively, and decreased to 15.1 degrees at the last follow-up. The mean operating time was 208.8 minutes, and the mean blood loss was 1006.3 mL. Regarding surgical complications, 1 patient experienced a dural tear and 1 patient demonstrated cage subsidence.

Conclusions:
The results of this small series suggest the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of this surgical option for unstable mid and lower lumbar burst fractures. This technique from a single posterior approach offers several advantages over traditional anterior or combined approaches using strut graft or nonexpandable implants.
Switching from rivaroxaban to warfarin: an open label pharmacodynamic study in healthy subjects
Authors: Moore Kenneth Todd , Byra William , Vaidyanathan Seema , Natarajan Jaya , Ariyawansa Jay , Salih Hiba , Turner Kenneth C. 
Published: December 2014

AimsThe primary objective was to explore the pharmacodynamic changes during transition from rivaroxaban to warfarin in healthy subjects. Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics were assessed as secondary objectives.MethodsAn open label, non‐randomized, sequential two period study. In treatment period 1 (TP1), subjects received rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily (5 days), followed by co‐administration with a warfarin loading dose regimen of 5 or 10 mg (for the 10 mg regimen, the dose could be uptitrated to attain target international normalized ratio [INR] ≥2.0) once daily (2–4 days). When trough INR values ≥2.0 were attained, rivaroxaban was discontinued and warfarin treatment continued as monotherapy (INR 2.0–3.0). During treatment period 2, subjects received the same warfarin regimen as in TP1, but without rivaroxaban.ResultsDuring co‐administration, maximum INR and prothrombin time (PT) values were higher than with rivaroxaban or warfarin monotherapy. The mean maximum effect (Emax) for INR after co‐administration was 2.79–4.15 (mean PT Emax 41.0–62.7 s), compared with 1.41–1.74 (mean PT Emax 20.1–25.2 s) for warfarin alone. However, rivaroxaban had the smallest effect on INR at trough rivaroxaban concentrations. Neither rivaroxaban nor warfarin significantly affected maximum plasma concentrations of the other drug.ConclusionsThe combined pharmacodynamic effects during co‐administration of rivaroxaban and warfarin were greater than additive, but the pharmacokinetics of both drugs were unaffected. Co‐administration was well tolerated. When transitioning from rivaroxaban to warfarin, INR monitoring during co‐administration should be performed at the trough rivaroxaban concentration to minimize the effect of rivaroxaban on INR.
Determinants of foreign direct investment
Authors: Blonigen Bruce A. , Piger Jeremy 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEmpirical studies of bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI) activity show substantial differences in specifications with little agreement on the set of included covariates. We use Bayesian statistical techniques that allow one to select from a large set of candidates those variables most likely to be determinants of FDI activity. The variables with consistently high inclusion probabilities include traditional gravity variables, cultural distance factors, relative labour endowments and trade agreements. There is little support for multilateral trade openness, most host‐country business costs, host‐country infrastructure and host‐country institutions. Our results suggest that many covariates found significant by previous studies are not robust.
The impact of product market competition on training provision: Evidence from Canada
Authors: Lai Tat‐kei , Ng Travis 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWhile standard models of training focus on how input market affects firms' training decisions, this paper investigates the impact of product market competition on training provision. Using the longitudinal data from Statistics Canada's Workplace and Employee Survey, we find that increased competition is strongly associated with more training provision. This association is unlikely to be driven by unobserved heterogeneity, specific measures used and other relevant factors. To the extent that training is a significant source of human capital and industry competitiveness, our results suggest that increasing training is an important channel through which competition raises productivity.
Anti‐tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) as an Effective Therapy of Neonatal Hypoxia–Ischemia with and without Inflammation
Authors: Yang Dianer , Kuan Chia‐Yi 
Published: December 2014

SummaryHypoxic–ischemic brain injury is an important cause of neurodevelopmental deficits in neonates. Intrauterine infection and the ensuing fetal inflammatory responses augment hypoxic–ischemic brain injury and attenuate the efficacy of therapeutic hypothermia. Here, we review evidences from preclinical studies suggesting that the induction of brain parenchymal tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA) plays an important pathogenic role in these conditions. Moreover, administration of a stable‐mutant form of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 called CPAI confers potent protection against hypoxic–ischemic injury with and without inflammation via different mechanisms. Besides intracerebroventricular injection, CPAI can also be administered into the brain using a noninvasive intranasal delivery strategy, adding to its applicability in clinical use. In sum, the therapeutic potential of CPAI in neonatal care merits further investigation with large‐animal models of hypoxia–ischemia and cerebral palsy.
Optimal Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Thresholds Identifying Ischemic Penumbra and Infarct Core: A Chinese Population‐based Study
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Tang Huan , Yu Yan‐Nan , Yan Shen‐Qiang , Parsons Mark W. , Lou Min 
Published: December 2014

SummaryAimsTo validate whether the optimal magnetic resonance perfusion (MRP) thresholds for ischemic penumbra and infarct core, between voxel and volume‐based analysis, are varied greatly among Chinese acute ischemic stroke patients.Materials and methodsAcute ischemic stroke patients receiving intravenous thrombolysis within 6 h of onset that obtained acute and 24‐h MRP were reviewed. Patients with either no reperfusion (<30% reperfusion at 24 h) or successful reperfusion (>70% reperfusion at 24 h) were enrolled to investigate the ischemic penumbra and infarct core, respectively. The final infarct was assessed on 24‐h diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), which was retrospectively matched to the baseline perfusion‐weighted imaging (PWI) images by volume or voxel‐based analysis. The optimal thresholds that determined by each approach were compared.ResultsFrom June 2009 to Jan 2014, of 50 patients enrolled, 19 patients achieved no reperfusion, and 20 patients reperfused at 24 h. In patients with no reperfusion, Tmax > 6 seconds was proved of the best agreement with the final infarct in both volumetric analysis (ratio: 1.05, 95% limits of agreement:−0.23 to 2.33, P < 0.001) and voxel‐by‐voxel analysis (sensitivity: 72.3%, specificity: 74.3%). In patients with reperfusion, rMTT>225% (ratio:2.4, 95% limits of agreement: −6.5 to 11.4, P < 0.001) was found of the best volumetric agreement with the final infarct, while Tmax > 5.6 seconds (sensitivity: 76.8%, specificity: 70.3%) performed most accurately in voxel‐based analysis.ConclusionAmong Chinese acute stroke patients, volume of Tmax >6 seconds may precisely target ischemic penumbra tissue as good as voxel‐based analysis performed, albeit no concordant MRP parameter is found to accurately predict infarct core because reperfusion occurred within 24 h after thrombolysis fails to restrain the infarct growth.
Increased FOXM1 expression can stimulate DNA repair in normal hepatocytes in vivo but also increases nuclear foci associated with senescence
Authors: Baranski O. A. , Kalinichenko V. V. , Adami G. R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectivesFOXM1 is a transcription factor that has been shown to promote cell proliferation in many tissues during early development and high cell turnover tissues in adults. In a number of tumour cell lines, enrichment of FOXM1 has been shown to reduce the DNA damage response (DDR) and induction of senescence by a range of DNA‐damaging agents, suggesting a role for the protein in DNA repair. Endogenous FOXM1 is expressed at detectable levels in hepatocytes of mice up to 2 weeks of age, but not in older mice. The aim of this investigation has been to better understand the role of the protein in DDR in normal cells in vivo.Materials and methodsMice with artificially prolonged elevated FOXM1 expression in hepatocytes, were exposed to alkylating diethylnitrosamine.ResultsFOXM1‐enriched mice had dampened DDR after treatment with this alkylating agent, which was consistent with observed increase in expression of genes involved in DNA repair. Paradoxically, mice with FOXM1 expression, within weeks after exposure to the DNA‐damaging agent, had increased levels of potentially senescent hepatocytes with large nuclear foci, containing 53BP1. Similarly, spontaneous accumulation of these cells seen with normal ageing in mice was increased with FOXM1 enrichment.ConclusionDespite its known abilities to promote proliferation and DNA repair, and to reduce ROS, enrichment of FOXM1, as with other oncoproteins, may cause increased persistent DNA lesions and/or senescence in normal murine hepatocytes.
Plasticity in functional traits in the context of climate change: a case study of the subalpine forb Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Anderson Jill T. , Gezon Zachariah J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEnvironmental variation often induces shifts in functional traits, yet we know little about whether plasticity will reduce extinction risks under climate change. As climate change proceeds, phenotypic plasticity could enable species with limited dispersal capacity to persist in situ, and migrating populations of other species to establish in new sites at higher elevations or latitudes. Alternatively, climate change could induce maladaptive plasticity, reducing fitness, and potentially stalling adaptation and migration. Here, we quantified plasticity in life history, foliar morphology, and ecophysiology in Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae), a perennial forb native to the Rocky Mountains. In this region, warming winters are reducing snowpack and warming springs are advancing the timing of snow melt. We hypothesized that traits that were historically advantageous in hot and dry, low‐elevation locations will be favored at higher elevation sites due to climate change. To test this hypothesis, we quantified trait variation in natural populations across an elevational gradient. We then estimated plasticity and genetic variation in common gardens at two elevations. Finally, we tested whether climatic manipulations induce plasticity, with the prediction that plants exposed to early snow removal would resemble individuals from lower elevation populations. In natural populations, foliar morphology and ecophysiology varied with elevation in the predicted directions. In the common gardens, trait plasticity was generally concordant with phenotypic clines from the natural populations. Experimental snow removal advanced flowering phenology by 7 days, which is similar in magnitude to flowering time shifts over 2–3 decades of climate change. Therefore, snow manipulations in this system can be used to predict eco‐evolutionary responses to global change. Snow removal also altered foliar morphology, but in unexpected ways. Extensive plasticity could buffer against immediate fitness declines due to changing climates.
Consensus guidelines for the treatment of yeast infections in the haematology, oncology and intensive care setting, 2014
Authors: Chen S. C. , Sorrell T. C. , Chang C. C. , Paige E. K. , Bryant P. A. , Slavin M. A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPathogenic yeast forms are commonly associated with invasive fungal disease in the immunocompromised host, including patients with haematological malignancies and patients of haemopoietic stem cell transplants. Yeasts include the Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., Pneumocystis jirovecii and some lesser‐known pathogens. Candida species remain the most common cause of invasive yeast infections (and the most common human pathogenic fungi). These guidelines present evidence‐based recommendations for the antifungal management of established, invasive yeast infections in adult and paediatric patients in the haematology/oncology setting. Consideration is also given to the critically ill patient in intensive care units, including the neonatal intensive care unit. Evidence for ‘pre‐emptive’ or ‘diagnostic‐driven antifungal therapy’ is also discussed. For the purposes of this paper, invasive yeast diseases are categorised under the headings of invasive candidiasis, cryptococcosis and uncommon yeast infections. Specific recommendations for the management of Pneumocystis jirovecii are presented in an accompanying article (see consensus guidelines by Cooley et al. appearing elsewhere in this supplement).
Understanding the outcomes of a home nursing programme for patients with epidermolysis bullosa: an Australian perspective
Authors: Stevens Louise J , McKenna Sue , Marty Jennifer , Cowin Allison J , Kopecki Zlatko 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEpidermolysis bullosa (EB) consists of a spectrum of genodermatoses characterised by skin fragility and various degrees of skin and mucous membrane blistering. Minimal trauma and friction can cause extensive blistering in patients with EB, resulting in a number of complications. However, wound management is the main challenge for these patients because of a high risk of infection, fluid loss and potential development of aggressive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Indeed, patients with EB have an increased risk for developing skin cancers compared to the general population. In 2012, a home nursing programme was established in Australia to provide assistance to families or patients with severe forms of EB. Nursing care was provided to patients with severe EB during dressing changes in their homes over a period of 2 years. Both families of patients and nurses were surveyed periodically using a developed questionnaire to assess the benefits of this home nursing and its impact on the patients, their families and the nurses. Key findings included a perceived improvement in quality of life, a better provision of support and improved family life management. These findings are the first to highlight the benefits of this national home nursing programme for EB patients within Australia and demonstrate the continued need and benefit of home nursing for patients with severe skin blistering disorders.
Lmax and imiquimod 3.75% in daily clinical practice
Authors: Gupta G. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundLmax, the maximum lesion count during treatment, is a new concept for evaluating the efficacy of field‐directed treatments for actinic keratosis (AK) against clinical and subclinical lesions. Imiquimod 3.75% is a field‐directed AK treatment, which can detect and clear clinical and subclinical lesions across an entire sun‐exposed field such as the full face or balding scalp.ObjectivesTo evaluate the importance of integrating Lmax into daily clinical practice by describing the clinical features and outcomes obtained in the first 10 patients who were treated with imiquimod 3.75% in a UK dermatology department.MethodsTen AK patients were treated with imiquimod 3.75% in two 2‐week treatment cycles separated by a 2‐week treatment‐free interval. Lesions were counted before, during and 2 months after treatment was completed. Patients compared the imiquimod 3.75% regimen with their previous AK therapies in terms of treatment duration and side‐effect profile.ResultsAll 10 patients in this cohort had used two or more prior AK treatments including 5‐flurouracil, diclofenac, imiquimod 5% and photodynamic therapy. The patients had a median of 10 AK lesions on clinical presentation and a median Lmax of 14. The median lesion count was zero 2 months after treatment was completed. All patients thought that imiquimod 3.75% was easy‐to‐use and that the duration of treatment was better than that of previous AK therapies. Seven of the patients considered the side‐effect profile of imiquimod 3.75% to be better than that of their prior AK treatments.ConclusionsImiquimod 3.75% in daily clinical practice enables dermatologists to detect and clear clinical and subclinical AK lesions across a large sun‐exposed area. Patients generally find imiquimod 3.75% easy‐to‐use with a better side‐effect profile than other AK treatments.
Pro‐inflammatory caspase‐1 activation during the immune response in cells from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792) challenged with pathogen‐associated molecular patterns
Authors: Rojas V , Camus‐Guerra H , Guzmán F , Mercado L 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn response to pathogens, the higher vertebrate innate immune system activates pro‐inflammatory caspase‐1 which is responsible for the processing and secretion of several important cytokines involved in the host's defence against infection. To date, caspase‐1 has been described in few teleost fish, and its activity has been demonstrated through substrate cleavage and inhibition by pharmacological agents. In this study, the detection of the active form of caspase‐1 during the immune response in salmonid fish is described, where two antibodies were produced. These antibodies differentially recognize the structural epitopes of the inactive pro‐caspase‐1 and the processed active form of the caspase. Firstly, caspase‐1 activation was demonstrated in vitro by ELISA, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry in rainbow trout macrophages exposed to different pathogen‐associated molecular patterns plus the pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. This activity was clearly abrogated by a caspase inhibitor and seems to be unrelated to IL‐1β secretion. Caspase‐1 activation was then validated in vivo in gill cells from fish challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida. These results represent the first demonstration of caspase‐1 activation in salmonids, and the first evidence of the putative regulatory role which this protease plays in inflammatory response in this fish group, as described for some other teleosts and mammals.