bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post mortem crisis analysis: dissecting the London bombings of July 2005
Authors: K. Stern Eric , Deverell Edward , Fors Fredrik , Newlove-Eriksson Lindy 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– Taming the complexity of crisis and integrating diverse narratives and sources regarding crisis events is a serious challenge. The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for reconstructing, dissecting, and thematically comparing crisis experiences, using the 7/7 London bombings of 2005 as an illustrative empirical application.

Design/methodology/approach
– A cognitive-institutional process-tracing methodology suitable compatible with structured focussed comparison of crisis cases (Stern and Sundelius, 2002; cf. George and Bennett, 2005) is used. This cognitive-institutional process tracing and analysis strategy consists of four steps: contextualization, development of a synthetic chronological narrative, identification and reconstruction of decision occasions, and (comparative) thematic analysis.

Findings
– The paper demonstrates the feasibility of applying the methodology to real-world cases in the UK and concludes with reflections about the need for contextualized, systematic post mortem crisis analysis taking into account problem and process complexity, differential crisis performances of individuals and organizations under adverse conditions, and the increasing importance of social media and personal communications devices for crisis research and practice.

Practical implications
– The methodology used in this paper has the potential to improve the effectiveness of organizational learning and reform efforts in the wake of crisis experiences.

Social implications
– Insights associated with the application of this methodology can lead to improved post-crisis learning and fairer accountability processes, and thus contribute to enhancing societal resilience.

Originality/value
– The study not only presents an original methodology developed by one of the authors, but also provides a systematic, relatively comprehensive and theoretically informed analysis of the July 7 London bombings based not only upon the documentary record, but also upon a substantial number of interviews.
Individual variation in the oxidative costs of personality traits
Authors: Arnold Kathryn E. , Herborn Katherine A. , Adam Aileen , Alexander Lucille 
Published: November 2014

Summary

‘Personality traits’ are behavioural differences between individuals that are stable within individuals. Different combinations of personality traits can correlate with fitness variation but the mechanisms remain unclear. There is the suggestion that personality reflects variation in physiology. For example, ‘fast’ (bold, active, fast exploring) individuals are predicted to maintain a higher metabolic rate than ‘slow’ animals. A raised metabolic rate can result in a proliferation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which, if unchecked, cause oxidative stress. Thus, the ‘extended pace of life theory’ predicts that ‘fast’ individuals will pay higher oxidative costs than ‘slow’ ones. Alternatively, stress hormones, which are often relatively high in ‘slow’ individuals, can also cause proliferation of ROS and subsequent oxidative damage. Here, we assessed co‐variation between personality and oxidative profile in wild blue tits.

The personality traits neophobia (latency to approach food near novel objects), activity level in a novel environment and exploratory tendency (controlling for differences in activity) assayed in captivity were repeatable within individuals but were uncorrelated with each other. Reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs an index of pro‐oxidant status) and OXY (antioxidant capacity) were also uncorrelated with each other and did not vary with age or sex. Blood sampling birds within three minutes of capture from their familiar cage vs. after 15 min of exposure to a standardized stressor did not affect ROMs or OXY.

Wintering blue tits that were both highly neophobic and exploratory had low OXY defences and individuals that showed low neophobia and low exploration had high OXY defences. Variation in ROMs was not explained by any personality trait. High exploratory tendency also correlated with a reduction in body condition in captivity, but body condition did not predict ROMs or OXY. Activity level in the exploration trial did not vary with oxidative profile or change in body condition.

Personality types differed in antioxidant defences, and it was the combination of an individual's personality traits that proved important. ROS production and antioxidant defences will vary due to many processes for example resource allocation, not just metabolic rate and stress responsiveness. Consequently, the costs of personality traits and thus the predictions regarding fitness are complex.
Climatic conditions cause complex patterns of covariation between demographic traits in a long‐lived raptor
Authors: Herfindal Ivar , van de Pol Martijn , Nielsen Jan T. , Sæther Bernt‐Erik , Møller Anders P. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryEnvironmental variation can induce life‐history changes that can last over a large part of the lifetime of an organism. If multiple demographic traits are affected, expected changes in climate may influence environmental covariances among traits in a complex manner. Thus, examining the consequences of environmental fluctuations requires that individual information at multiple life stages is available, which is particularly challenging in long‐lived species.Here, we analyse how variation in climatic conditions occurring in the year of hatching of female goshawksAccipiter gentilis(L.) affects age‐specific variation in demographic traits and lifetime reproductive success (LRS).LRSdecreased with increasing temperature inApril in the year of hatching, due to lower breeding frequency and shorter reproductive life span. In contrast, the probability for a female to successfully breed was higher in years with a warmApril, but lowerLRSof the offspring in these years generated a negative covariance among fecundity rates among generations.The mechanism by which climatic conditions generated cohort effects was likely through influencing the quality of the breeding segment of the population in a given year, as the proportion of pigeons in the diet during the breeding period was positively related to annual andLRS, and the diet of adult females that hatched in warm years contained fewer pigeons.Climatic conditions experienced during different stages of individual life histories caused complex patterns of environmental covariance among demographic traits even across generations. Such environmental covariances may either buffer or amplify impacts of climate change on population growth, emphasizing the importance of considering demographic changes during the complete life history of individuals when predicting the effect of climatic change on population dynamics of long‐lived species.
Inhibition of protein kinase (PK) Cδ attenuates methamphetamine‐induced dopaminergic toxicity via upregulation of phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at Ser40 by modulation of protein phosphatase 2A and PKA
Authors: Dang Duy‐Khanh , Duong Chu X , Nam Yunsung , Shin Eun‐Joo , Lim Yong Kwang , Jeong Ji Hoon , Jang Choon‐Gon , Nah Seung‐Yeol , Nabeshima Toshitaka , Kim Hyoung‐Chun 
Published: November 2014

SummaryRecently, we proposed that inhibition of protein kinase (PK) Cδ may be a useful target for protection against methamphetamine (MA)‐induced dopaminergic toxicity. We demonstrated that treatment with MA resulted in a significant decrease in phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) at Ser40 in the striatum, but not in the phosphorylation of TH at Ser31. In the present study, treatment with rottlerin (1.5 or 3.0 μg, i.c.v, once a day for 5 days), a PKCδ inhibitor, or a PKCδ antisense oligonucleotide (ASO; 2.5 μg/μl, i.c.v., 3 times) significantly attenuated MA‐induced reductions in the phosphorylation of TH at Ser40 and in the expression of PKA in the striatum of mice. This attenuation was significantly counteracted by H89 (10 or 30 ng, i.c.v., 1 h after the last MA administration), a PKA inhibitor. Treatment with rottlerin or ASO significantly attenuated the MA‐induced increase in protein phosphatase (PP) 2A activity. FTY720 (1 or 5 mg/kg, i.p., 1 h after the last MA administration), a PP2A activator, significantly reversed the recovery in TH phosphorylation mediated by inhibition of PKCδ after MA treatment. Both H89 and FTY720 counteracted the recovery of MA‐induced behavioural impairments induced by PKCδ inhibition. The effects, mediated by rottlerin or ASO in MA‐treated wild‐type mice were comparable with those in MA‐treated PKCδ−/− mice. However, neither inhibition of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase subfamily (extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, p38) nor inhibition of calcium calmodulin kinase II significantly altered PKCδ inhibition‐mediated attenuation of MA‐induced impairment of TH phosphorylation. The results suggest that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of PKCδ requires modulation of PKA expression and/or PP2A activity to attenuate the impairment of TH phosphorylation at Ser40 and behavioural activity induced by MA.
Waardenburg Syndrome With Familial Unilateral Renal Agenesis: A New Syndrome Variant?
Authors: Webb Katie M , Smith Alisha J , Dansby Linda M , Diskin Charles J 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA 64‐year‐old man with Waardenburg syndrome presented with anuria and was subsequently discovered by renal ultrasound to have unilateral renal agenesis. The patient is one of three generations with incidental finding of renal agenesis also marked by the presence of Waardenburg syndrome. To our knowledge, there has been no mention elsewhere in the scientific literature of a variant of Waardenburg syndrome with associated renal agenesis.
Equity‐Based Compensation of Outside Directors and Corporate Disclosure Quality
Authors: Sengupta Partha , Zhang Suning 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe examine the relationship between a firm's disclosure quality and equity‐based compensation of independent members of the board of directors. The dimensions of disclosure quality we focus on are management's earnings guidance and information flowthrough financial analysts. Using both levels and changes specifications, we find the average ratio of equity‐based pay to total pay of independent board members to be positively related to a firm's disclosure quality. Our findings are robust to the inclusion of management's equity‐based compensation, other governance measures, and financial controls, and robust to instrumental variable tests of endogeneity. Furthermore, we find directors’ equity‐based compensation to be negatively associated with the firm's cost of equity capital. Our results are consistent with equity‐based compensation providing incentives to independent directors to push for better disclosure quality.
Comprehension of affective prosody in women with post‐traumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse
Authors: Nazarov A. , Frewen P. , Oremus C. , Schellenberg E. G. , McKinnon M. C. , Lanius R. 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveAlthough deficits in memory and cognitive processing are evident in post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), difficulties with social cognition and the impact of such difficulties on interpersonal functioning are poorly understood. Here, we examined the ability of women diagnosed with PTSD related to childhood abuse to discriminate affective prosody, a central component of social cognition.MethodWomen with PTSD and healthy controls (HCs) completed two computer‐based tasks assessing affective prosody: (i) recognition (categorizing foreign‐language excerpts as angry, fearful, sad, or happy) and (ii) discrimination (identifying whether two excerpts played consecutively had the ‘same’ or ‘different’ emotion). The association of performance with symptom presentation, trauma history, and interpersonal functioning was also explored.ResultsWomen with PTSD were slower than HCs at identifying happiness, sadness, and fear, but not anger in the speech excerpts. The presence of dissociative symptoms was related to reduced accuracy on the discrimination task. An increased severity of childhood trauma was associated with reduced accuracy on the discrimination task and with slower identification of emotional prosody.ConclusionExposure to childhood trauma is associated with long‐term, atypical development in the interpretation of prosodic cues in speech. The findings have implications for the intergenerational transmission of trauma.
How I manage sinusoidal obstruction syndrome after haematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Carreras Enric 
Published: November 2014

SummarySinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), also called veno‐occlusive disease of the liver, is one of the most relevant complications of endothelial origin that appears early after haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Despite its relatively low incidence and the fact that most cases of SOS resolve spontaneously, the cases that evolve to multi‐organ failure (MOF; severe SOS) have a mortality rate higher than 80% and represent one of the major clinical problems after HCT. For this reason, transplantation teams must have a pre‐established policy regarding preventive measures in high‐risk patients, strict daily control of weight and fluid balance during HCT, homogeneous diagnostic criteria, appropriate complementary studies for a correct differential diagnosis and measures to prevent and manage hepatorenal syndrome; in addition they must also be ready to start early treatment with defibrotide in patients with a possible severe SOS. Due to the lack of definitive evidence to enable the establishment of general recommendations in the management of SOS, this review analyses all of these aspects based on the author's personal experience.
Melanotic Tumors of the Nervous System are Characterized by Distinct Mutational, Chromosomal and Epigenomic Profiles
Authors: Koelsche Christian , Hovestadt Volker , Jones David T. W. , Capper David , Sturm Dominik , Sahm Felix , Schrimpf Daniel , Adeberg Sebastian , Böhmer Katja , Hagenlocher Christian , Mechtersheimer Gunhild , Kohlhof Patricia , Mühleisen Helmut , Beschorner Rudi , Hartmann Christian , Braczynski Anne Kristin , Mittelbronn Michel , Buslei Rolf , Becker Albert , Grote Alexander , Urbach Horst , Staszewski Ori , Prinz Marco , Hewer Ekkehard , Pfister Stefan M. , von Deimling Andreas , Reuss David E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMelanotic tumors of the nervous system show overlapping histological characteristics but differ substantially in their biological behavior. In order to achieve a better delineation of such tumors, we performed an in‐depth molecular characterization. Eighteen melanocytomas, 12 melanomas, and 14 melanotic and 14 conventional schwannomas (control group) were investigated for methylome patterns (450k array), gene mutations associated with melanotic tumors and copy number variants (CNVs). The methylome fingerprints assigned tumors to entity‐specific groups. Methylation groups also showed a substantial overlap with histology‐based diagnosis suggesting that they represent true biological entities. On the molecular level, melanotic schwannomas were characterized by a complex karyotype with recurrent monosomy of chromosome 22q and variable whole chromosomal gains and recurrent losses commonly involving chromosomes 1, 17p and 21. Melanocytomas carried GNAQ/11 mutations and presented with CNV involving chromosomes 3 and 6. Melanomas were frequently mutated in the TERT promoter, harbored additional oncogene mutations and showed recurrent chromosomal losses involving chromosomes 9, 10 and 6q, as well as gains of 22q. Together, melanotic nervous system tumors have several distinct mutational and chromosomal alterations and can reliably be distinguished by methylome profiling.
Serum Immunoglobulin G4 levels are elevated in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy
Authors: Bozkirli Emre , Bakiner Okan Sefa , Ersozlu Bozkirli Emine Duygu , Eksi Haydardedeoglu Filiz , Sizmaz Selcuk , Torun Aysenur Izol , Ertorer Melek Eda 
Published: November 2014

SummaryObjectiveRecent studies have shown close association between serum Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) levels and forms of autoimmune thyroiditis. However, there are limited data about the relationship between IgG4 and Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO). In the present study, we aimed to determine the possible association between IgG4 and GO.DesignCross‐sectional study.PatientsSixty‐five patients with Graves’ disease (GD) and 25 healthy controls were recruited into the study. Thirty‐two of these patients had GO.MeasurementsSerum IgG4 levels, thyroid functions and thyroid volumes were measured in all participants. Ophthalmological examination including Hertel's exophthalmometer readings (HER), Schirmer's test (ST), ‘NO SPECS’ classification and clinical activity score evaluation (CAS) were performed to all patients with GD.ResultsIgG4 levels were significantly elevated in patients with Graves’ disease compared to controls (P = 0·0001). Also, IgG4 levels were significantly higher in patients with and without GO when compared to control subjects (P = 0·0001 and P = 0·002, respectively). Furthermore, IgG4 levels were significantly higher in the GO group compared with GD patients without GO (P = 0·024). IgG4 levels were observed to increase in parallel to CAS. Compared with other GD patients, 15 GD patients with serum IgG4 levels ≥135 mg/dl had higher CAS scores (P = 0·012). None of the factors including, TSH, T3, T4 levels, thyroid volume, HER and ST measurements, affect IgG4 levels as an independent factor.ConclusionIgG4 levels are evidently increased in patients with GD, and there is a possible relationship between IgG4 and GO. Our results suggest that IgG4 may be helpful in screening GD patients with high risk for GO and may well become a good indicator for the selection of right medication in the future.
Computing Minimum Area Homologies
Authors: Chambers Erin Wolf , Vejdemo‐Johansson Mikael 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCalculating and categorizing the similarity of curves is a fundamental problem which has generated much recent interest. However, to date there are no implementations of these algorithms for curves on surfaces with provable guarantees on the quality of the measure. In this paper, we present a similarity measure for any two cycles that are homologous, where we calculate the minimum area of any homology (or connected bounding chain) between the two cycles. The minimum area homology exists for broader classes of cycles than previous measures which are based on homotopy. It is also much easier to compute than previously defined measures, yielding an efficient implementation that is based on linear algebra tools. We demonstrate our algorithm on a range of inputs, showing examples which highlight the feasibility of this similarity measure.
Synapse formation changes the rules for desensitization of PKC translocation in Aplysia
Authors: Farah Carole A. , Naqib Faisal , Weatherill Daniel B. , Pack Christopher C. , Sossin Wayne S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractProtein kinase Cs (PKCs) are activated by translocating from the cytoplasm to the membrane. We have previously shown that serotonin‐mediated translocation of PKC to the plasma membrane in Aplysia sensory neurons was subject to desensitization, a decrease in the ability of serotonin to induce translocation after previous application of serotonin. In Aplysia, changes in the strength of the sensory–motor neuron synapse are important for behavioral sensitization and PKC regulates a number of important aspects of this form of synaptic plasticity. We have previously suggested that the desensitization of PKC translocation in Aplysia sensory neurons may partially explain the differences between spaced and massed training, as spaced applications of serotonin, a cellular analog of spaced training, cause greater desensitization of PKC translocation than one massed application of serotonin, a cellular analog of massed training. Our previous studies were performed in isolated sensory neurons. In the present study, we monitored translocation of fluorescently‐tagged PKC to the plasma membrane in living sensory neurons that were co‐cultured with motor neurons to allow for synapse formation. We show that desensitization now becomes similar during spaced and massed applications of serotonin. We had previously modeled the signaling pathways that govern desensitization in isolated sensory neurons. We now modify this mathematical model to account for the changes observed in desensitization dynamics following synapse formation. Our study shows that synapse formation leads to significant changes in the molecular signaling networks that underlie desensitization of PKC translocation.
Productivity enhances benthic species richness along an oligotrophic Indian Ocean continental margin
Authors: McCallum Anna W. , Woolley Skipton , Błażewicz‐Paszkowycz Magda , Browne Joanna , Gerken Sarah , Kloser Rudy , Poore Gary C. B. , Staples David , Syme Anna , Taylor Joanne , Walker‐Smith Genefor , Williams Alan , Wilson Robin S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimsMarine soft sediments cover much of the deep ocean and are one of the largest habitats in the world, yet much of our understanding about their diversity is based on sampling in the North Atlantic. The deep‐sea benthos provides a simplified environment in which to explore the processes which maintain species richness. Here we investigate the influence of energy and habitat complexity on benthic species richness along an oligotrophic continental margin within the Indian Ocean.LocationThe upper continental margin of western Australia (c. 13–35° S, 100–1000 m depth).MethodsWe examined the species richness of selected polychaetes (Annelida) and crustaceans in sediment grab samples. We used generalized linear models and hierarchical partitioning to examine the relationship and relative importance of temperature, productivity (particulate organic carbon flux, net primary productivity and depth) and habitat complexity (sediment particle size diversity and grain size) on species richness at 51 sites.ResultsIn contrast to benthic studies in the North Atlantic, we found that species richness was higher on the shelf than on the slope. Species richness was positively correlated with net primary productivity; this relationship was influenced by high species richness in two areas where oceanic mixing is known to enhance primary productivity. Habitat heterogeneity and temperature were less influential.Main conclusionThis study represents one of the first extensive quantitative studies of deep‐water benthos in the Indo‐West Pacific, and provides further evidence that bathymetric gradients of species richness are variable between regions, probably due to variation in local oceanography and productivity regimes. Our findings provide support for the overriding influence of productivity on species richness, even over relatively small ranges in depth and productivity. As climate change is expected to modify biogeochemical fluxes to the deep seafloor, this is likely to affect the communities of deep‐sea fauna.