bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helium Microwave‐Induced Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure Generated by Okamoto Cavity for Nonmetal Analysis
Authors: Okamoto Tetsu , Okamoto Yukio 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYHelium microwave‐induced plasma (He‐MIP) for nonmetal elements analysis was generated by a 2.45 GHz microwave power (∼1 kW) with the Okamoto cavity of the surface‐wave mode at atmospheric pressure. Effects of the main parameters of the cavity such as the thickness (direction of the electric field) of the cavity, the width of the ring‐slot, and the position of the discharge tube (torch) on the excitation temperature and the analytical signals were investigated. The excitation temperature and the electron density of the plasma as a parameter of the microwave power, and the plasma and carrier gas flow rates were measured. With 600‐W input microwave power, an excitation temperature of 7000 K for the high energy part and an electron density of 2.4 were obtained. An aqueous solution of NaF was introduced into the center of the annular He‐MIP, the F I line (685 nm, 14.5 eV) signal was detected, and the effects of microwave power and the gas flow rates on the signal were studied. A detection limit of 60 ppb for fluorine was obtained.
Biomaterial properties of cholecyst‐derived scaffold recovered by a non‐detergent/enzymatic method
Authors: Anilkumar Thapasimuthu V. , Vineetha Vadavanath P. , Revi Deepa , Muhamed Jaseer , Rajan Akhila 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIsolation procedures for the recovery of extracellular matrices (ECMs) from animal organs/tissues that are useful in regenerative medicine involve multiple sequential steps/stages including collection of the source organ at slaughter, their transportation to laboratory, decellularization, decontamination, stabilization, and sterilization. Most of these steps require extensive use of chemicals/reagents/enzymes which may also adversely affect the quality of the scaffold. With an effort to minimize the use of chemicals/reagents/enzymes, while extracting biomaterial‐grade ECM from porcine cholecyst (gall bladder), we performed preisolation ex situ incubation of the organ in a stabilizing agent that also caused in situ crosslinking of tissue‐components and delaminated the collagen‐rich ECM from the tissue‐layer beneath the mucosa. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of the isolated scaffolds were similar to that of a commercially available porcine small intestinal submucosa. The cholecyst‐derived scaffold not only satisfied preclinical safety‐test procedures such as cytotoxicity, local response, and endotoxin load but also showed the potential to promote healing of full‐thickness skin wound in a rabbit model. The procedure was also suitable for isolating scaffolds from other hollow organs such as jejunum and urinary bladder. It was concluded that enzyme/detergent treatment may be an avoidable step while isolating biomaterial‐grade scaffolds from hollow organs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1506–1516, 2014.
Single‐molecule super‐resolution imaging by tryptophan‐quenching‐induced photoswitching of phalloidin‐fluorophore conjugates
Authors: Nanguneri Siddharth , Flottmann Benjamin , Herrmannsdörfer Frank , Thomas Kuner , Heilemann Mike 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTPhotophysical properties of any fluorophore are governed by the chemical nanoenvironment. In the context of imaging biological samples, this translates to different photophysical properties for different labels and probes. Here, we demonstrate that the nanoenvironment of fluorophores within a probe can be advantageously used to induce particular properties such as light‐induced photoswitching. We demonstrate efficient photoswitching and single‐molecule super‐resolution imaging for various fluorophore‐phalloidin conjugates in aqueous buffer without the addition of further chemicals. We further demonstrate the utility of two‐color imaging of fluorophore‐phalloidin and a photoactivatable fluorescent protein in presynaptic nerve terminals. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:510–516, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lipo‐Poly(L‐histidine) Hybrid Materials with pH‐Sensitivity, Intracellular Delivery Efficiency, and Intrinsic Targetability to Cancer Cells
Authors: Johnson Renjith P. , Jeong Young‐Il , John Johnson V. , Chung Chung‐Wook , Choi Seon Hee , Song Song Yi , Kang Dae Hwan , Suh Hongsuk , Kim Il 
Published: March 2014

Biocompatible lipo‐histidine hybrid materials conjugated with IR820 dye show pH‐sensitivity, efficient intracellular delivery of doxorubicin (Dox), and intrinsic targetability to cancer cells. These new materials form highly uniform Dox‐loaded nanosized vesicles via a self‐assembly process showing good stability under physiological conditions. The Dox‐loaded micelles are effective for suppressing MCF‐7 tumors, as demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. The combined mechanisms of the EPR effect, active internalization, endosomal‐triggered release, and drug escape from endosomes, and a long blood circulation time, clearly prove that the IR820 lipopeptide DDS is a safe theranostic agent for imaging‐guided cancer therapy.
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Estimating the effects of time‐varying exposures in observational studies using Cox models with stabilized weights adjustment
Authors: Xu Stanley , Shetterly Susan , Raebel Marsha A. , Ho P. Michael , Tsai Thomas T. , Magid David 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeAssessing the safety and effectiveness of medical products with observational electronic medical record data is challenging when the treatment is time‐varying. The objective of this paper is to develop a Cox model stratified by event times with stabilized weights (SWs) adjustment to examine the effect of time‐varying treatment in observational studies.MethodsTime‐varying SWs are calculated at unique event times and are used in a Cox model stratified by event times to estimate the effect of time‐varying treatment. We applied this method in examining the effect of an antiplatelet agent, clopidogrel, on events, including bleeding, myocardial infarction, and death after a drug‐eluting stent was implanted in coronary artery. Clopidogrel use may change over time on the basis of patients' behavior (e.g., non‐adherence) and physicians' recommendations (e.g., end of duration of therapy). We also compared the results with those from a Cox model for counting processes adjusting for all covariates used in creating SWs.ResultsWe demonstrate that the (i) results from the stratified Cox model without SWs adjustment and the Cox model for counting processes without covariate adjustment are identical in analyzing the clopidogrel data; and (ii) the effects of clopidogrel on bleeding, myocardial infarction, and death are larger in the stratified Cox model with SWs adjustment compared with those from the Cox model for counting processes with covariate adjustment.ConclusionsThe Cox model stratified by event times with time‐varying SWs adjustment is useful in estimating the effect of time‐varying treatments in observational studies while balancing for known confounders. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrinsic energy band alignment of functional oxides
Authors: Li Shunyi , Chen Feng , Schafranek Robert , Bayer Thorsten J. M. , Rachut Karsten , Fuchs Anne , Siol Sebastian , Weidner Mirko , Hohmann Mareike , Pfeifer Verena , Morasch Jan , Ghinea Cosmina , Arveux Emmanuel , Günzler Richard , Gassmann Jürgen , Körber Christoph , Gassenbauer Yvonne , Säuberlich Frank , Rao Gutlapalli Venkata , Payan Sandrine , Maglione Mario , Chirila Cristina , Pintilie Lucian , Jia Lichao , Ellmer Klaus , Naderer Michael , Reichmann Klaus , Böttger Ulrich , Schmelzer Sebastian , Frunza Raluca C. , Uršič Hana , Malič Barbara , Wu Wen‐Bin , Erhart Paul , Klein Andreas 
Published: March 2014

Abstractmagnified imageThe energy band alignment at interfaces between different materials is a key factor, which determines the function of electronic devices. While the energy band alignment of conventional semiconductors is quite well understood, systematic experimental studies on oxides are still missing. This work presents an extensive study on the intrinsic energy band alignment of a wide range of functional oxides using photoelectron spectroscopy with in‐situ sample preparation. The studied materials have particular technological importance in diverse fields as solar cells, piezotronics, multiferroics, photo‐electrochemistry and oxide electronics. Particular efforts have been made to verify the validity of transitivity, in order to confirm the intrinsic nature of the obtained band alignment and to understand the underlying principles. Valence band offsets up to 1.6 eV are observed. The large variation of valence band maximum energy can be explained by the different orbital contributions to the density of states in the valence band. The framework provided by this work enables the general understanding and prediction of energy band alignment at oxide interfaces, and furthermore the tailoring of energy level matching for charge transfer in functional oxides. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An application of neural networks to three‐dimensional interpretation of an image
Authors: Kakusho Koh , Dan Seiichiro , Abe Norihiro , Kitahashi Tadahiro , Miyake Sei 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe problem of recovering a three‐dimensional (3‐D) shape from a monocular image is called “quantitative image interpretation.” This is a kind of ill‐posed problem in which some constraints about the 3‐D world are necessary to obtain an unambiguous solution.Recently, new methods of solving this problem have been proposed. These methods can be applied to various kinds of worlds, employing the constraints as a set of hypotheses and revising the hypotheses according to the resultant shape. There are two significant problems to be solved for the implementation of these methods: the first is how the consistent shape which meets all the assigned constraints can be recovered considering the error and noises; and the other is how the assignment of constraints should be revised if the consistent shape cannot be recovered.To solve these problems, the optimization method and the concept called “line process” are used, and both have often been applied to the early vision problems. These methods are effective in solving these problems because they can be implemented in parallel to the energy minimization by neural networks.This paper proposes first the method of recovering the consistent shape based on the assigned hypotheses in parallel in terms of the energy minimization by the neural network. Second, applying the line process to the problem herein, the neural network which can perform recovery of shape and assignment of appropriate s hypotheses simultaneously is proposed. The experimental results also are presented.
Clinical presentation and outcome in a series of 88 patients with the cblC defect
Authors: Fischer Sabine , Huemer Martina , Baumgartner Matthias , Deodato Federica , Ballhausen Diana , Boneh Avihu , Burlina Alberto B. , Cerone Roberto , Garcia Paula , Gökçay Gülden , Grünewald Stephanie , Häberle Johannes , Jaeken Jaak , Ketteridge David , Lindner Martin , Mandel Hanna , Martinelli Diego , Martins Esmeralda G. , Schwab Karl O. , Gruenert Sarah C. , Schwahn Bernd C. , Sztriha László , Tomaske Maren , Trefz Friedrich , Vilarinho Laura , Rosenblatt David S. , Fowler Brian , Dionisi‐Vici Carlo 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe cblC defect is the most common inborn error of vitamin B12 metabolism. Despite therapeutic measures, the long‐term outcome is often unsatisfactory. This retrospective multicentre study evaluates clinical, biochemical and genetic findings in 88 cblC patients. The questionnaire designed for the study evaluates clinical and biochemical features at both initial presentation and during follow up. Also the development of severity scores allows investigation of individual disease load, statistical evaluation of parameters between the different age of presentation groups, as well as a search for correlations between clinical endpoints and potential modifying factors. Results: No major differences were found between neonatal and early onset patients so that these groups were combined as an infantile‐onset group representing 88 % of all cases. Hypotonia, lethargy, feeding problems and developmental delay were predominant in this group, while late‐onset patients frequently presented with psychiatric/behaviour problems and myelopathy. Plasma total homocysteine was higher and methionine lower in infantile‐onset patients. Plasma methionine levels correlated with “overall impression” as judged by treating physicians. Physician's impression of patient's well‐being correlated with assessed disease load. We confirmed the association between homozygosity for the c.271dupA mutation and infantile‐onset but not between homozygosity for c.394C>T and late‐onset. Patients were treated with parenteral hydroxocobalamin, betaine, folate/folinic acid and carnitine resulting in improvement of biochemical abnormalities, non‐neurological signs and mortality. However the long‐term neurological and ophthalmological outcome is not significantly influenced. In summary the survey points to the need for prospective studies in a large cohort using agreed treatment modalities and monitoring criteria.
Compost amendments in agricultural ecosystems: confirmatory path analysis to clarify the effects on soil chemical and biological properties
Authors: BELLINO A. , BALDANTONI D. , DE NICOLA F. , IOVIENO P. , ZACCARDELLI M. , ALFANI A. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYCompost use is increasingly proposed as a sustainable strategy to restore the fertility of degraded agricultural soils and to reduce landfill disposal or incineration of organic wastes. The effects of compost application on many soil physico-chemical and biological properties, as well as on soil contamination, have been investigated widely, but a model for the ecological interactions among them has never been developed. The aim of the present paper was to provide an integrated view of the causal processes induced by repeated compost amendments on agricultural soil properties. For this purpose, a confirmatory path analysis was performed to enable inferences to be drawn about the causal processes involving compost amendment, soil organic matter content, nutrient concentrations, microbial activity and soil contamination. The path analysis was performed on a dataset derived from a 3-year field trial carried out by the current authors in a Mediterranean intensive agricultural system, where 0, 15, 30 or 45 t/ha of certified compost from municipal solid wastes were annually applied. A script (‘cpa’) was developed using the R programming language and used to test 13 hypothetical models, expressed as directed acyclic graphs, against the observed data. Within the above-mentioned dataset, potassium and zinc available concentrations, microbial respiration and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were selected as indicative of soil nutrient availability, microbial activity and organic contamination. The applied approach highlights that compost amendment directly influences all the other variables considered in the study and is the main determinant of the observed trends. Other important relationships are those among organic matter, nutrient availabilities, respiration and PAHs, as well as their temporal dynamics.
Effects of dietary cottonseed oil and tannin supplements on protein and fatty acid composition of bovine milk
Authors: Aprianita Aprianita , Donkor Osaana N , Moate Peter J , Williams S Richard O , Auldist Martin J , Greenwood Jae S , Hannah Murray C , Wales William J , Vasiljevic Todor 
Published: March 2014

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of diets supplemented with cottonseed oil,Acacia mearnsii-condensed tannin extract, and a combination of both on composition of bovine milk. Treatment diets included addition of cottonseed oil (800 g/d; CSO), condensed tannin fromAcacia mearnsii(400 g/d; TAN) or a combination of cottonseed oil (800 g/d) and condensed tannin (400 g/d; CPT) with a diet consisting of 6·0 kg dry matter (DM) of concentrates and alfalfa hay ad libitum, which also served as the control diet (CON). Relative to the CON diet, feeding CSO and CPT diets had a minor impact on feed intake and yield of lactose in milk. These diets increased yields of milk and protein in milk. In contrast to the TAN diet, the CSO and CPT diets significantly decreased milk fat concentration and altered milk fatty acid composition by decreasing the proportion of saturated fatty acids but increasing proportions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The CPT diet had a similar effect to the CSO diet in modifying fatty acid profile. Overall, reduction in milk fat concentration and changes in milk fatty acid profile were probably due to supplementation of linoleic acid-rich cottonseed oil. The TAN diet had no effect on feed intake, milk yield and milk protein concentration. However, a reduction in the yields of protein and lactose occurred when cows were fed this diet. Supplemented tannin had no significant effect on fat concentration and changes in fatty acid profile in milk. All supplemented diets did not affect protein concentration or composition, nitrogen concentration, or casein to total protein ratio of the resulting milk.
Formation of ‘Polyhedral’ Cell Cavities in Cloudy Media of Bird Feathers
Authors: Auber L. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisIn feathers of a wide variety of unrelated birds non-iridescent blue and related shades are produced by structures. In these, each colour-producing cell of a barb medulla contains a cavity whose outline tends to parallel the cell-boundaries (‘polyhedral’ cavity).This contrasts with the situation in some other birds with corresponding colour structures where each medullary cell contains a smaller ‘spheroidal’ cavity left by the pycnotized nucleus.Three different processes of moulding polyhedral cavities are described which modify the thickness of the colour-producing cloudy medium and possibly represent independent evolutionary trends.
II.—New Approaches to the Supply of Blood and Plasma
Authors: Wallace John 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisOne unit of donor blood may be used to treat several patients. Each recipient is given the appropriate blood component. Proper component therapy is more effective and less hazardous than whole blood transfusion. In addition, valuable human blood is conserved.Transfusion services require facilities to process fresh blood and separate otherwise labile components such as cryoglobulin precipitate and platelet concentrates. The production of large amounts of these components and of fractions such as plasma protein solution is facilitated by the clinical use of concentrated red cells rather than whole blood. Recurrent shortages of fresh donor blood are inevitable. Components which can be preserved for long periods should be stockpiled.Plasmapheresis, plateletpheresis and leukapheresis allow the frequent collection of selected components from individual donors. Some of these donors may be hyperimmunised by the injection of an appropriate immunogen, and a specific immunoglobulin IgG can be prepared from the donated plasma. Hazards such as wrong identification and protein depletion must be avoided by individual attention to plasmapheresis donors.Automation and modern transportation may increase the availability of blood. The importance of the blood donor to the health service and to the community should be fully recognised.
VIII.—Clinical Uses of Immunoglobulin
Authors: Gray J. A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisAlthough active immunisation against infection tends to diminish the usefulness of immunoglobulin a return to passive immunisation may well occur because of the public apathy regarding childhood immunisation schedules, the development of antibiotic resistance and the expanding proportion of patients who are infection prone because of immunosuppression. An assessment of the usefulness and likely demand for immunoglobulin is urgently needed. It does not transmit infection and it is generally free of side-effects when a single dose is injected. Human normal immunoglobulin prevents infectious hepatitis (virus A) and measles and is valuable for hypogammaglobulinaemic patients. Limited supplies of human specific immunoglobulins are available and effective in preventing Rhesushaemolytic disease, in treating the complications of smallpox vaccination, and for tetanus prophylaxis. Hyperimmune material may also become available for the prevention of serum hepatitis (virus B), chickenpox and the rubella syndrome. Problems of administration and supply could prove difficult to overcome. The principles involved in preventing Rhesus-haemolytic disease with immunoglobulin could possibly be applied in the management of auto-immune disease at some future date.
The intertidal macrofauna of Nigg Bay
Authors: Raffaelli D. , Boyle P. R. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisSurveys of the intertidal macrofauna and sediment characters of Nigg Bay, Moray Firth, were carried out between 1981 and 1985. Permanent stations were located at the intersections of a half-kilometre grid covering the entire intertidal area and sampled for infauna, using replicate cores. Estimates were also made of mussel and lugworm densities from quadrats and cast counts respectively. The biomasses of selected species that constitute important resources for higher trophic levels were also estimated. The sediment for each station was analysed for median particle diameter and silt content.The infaunal data were analysed by Detrended Correspondence Analysis. This indicated that tidal height was the most important factor governing the distribution and abundance of the intertidal communities. Sediment characters were only poorly related to distribution patterns.The bay has a rich fauna and is biologically similar to other outer bays of the Moray Firth, which, like Nigg, are important areas for wildfowl and waders. Comparisons of survey data from different years indicate that there are natural cycles in some sediment and biological characters of Nigg Bay.
Monitoring the Moray Firth environment
Authors: Davies J. M. , Pirie J. M. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThis paper describes environmental monitoring which has been carried out in the Moray Firth. Three areas of potential impact have been examined; the cryolite recovery sludge dumping ground in the inner Moray Firth, the Beatrice Oilfield, and the Nigg oil terminal. The monitoring objectives are described, some results are presented, and the scale of effects compared. In each case the effects are very localised and there was no evidence of any potential threat to fisheries.