bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Biobehavioral Family Model: Testing Social Support as an Additional Exogenous Variable
Authors: Woods Sarah B. , Priest Jacob B. , Roush Tara 
Published: July 2014

This study tests the inclusion of social support as a distinct exogenous variable in the Biobehavioral Family Model (BBFM). TheBBFMis a biopsychosocial approach to health that proposes that biobehavioral reactivity (anxiety and depression) mediates the relationship between family emotional climate and disease activity. Data for this study included married, English‐speaking adult participants (n = 1,321; 55% female;Mage = 45.2 years) from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, a nationally representative epidemiological study of the frequency of mental disorders in the United States. Participants reported their demographics, marital functioning, social support from friends and relatives, anxiety and depression (biobehavioral reactivity), number of chronic health conditions, and number of prescription medications. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the items used in the measures of negative marital interactions, social support, and biobehavioral reactivity, as well as the use of negative marital interactions, friends' social support, and relatives' social support as distinct factors in the model. Structural equation modeling indicated a good fit of the data to the hypothesized model (χ2 = 846.04,p = .000,SRMR = .039,CFI = .924,TLI = .914,RMSEA = .043). Negative marital interactions predicted biobehavioral reactivity (β = .38,p < .001), as did relatives' social support, inversely (β = −.16,p < .001). Biobehavioral reactivity predicted disease activity (β = .40,p < .001) and was demonstrated to be a significant mediator through tests of indirect effects. Findings are consistent with previous tests of theBBFMwith adult samples, and suggest the important addition of family social support as a predicting factor in the model.
Looking for Solutions: Gender Differences in Relationship and Parenting Challenges Among Low‐Income, Young Parents
Authors: Albritton Tashuna , Angley Meghan , Grandelski Valen , Hansen Nathan , Kershaw Trace 
Published: July 2014

The need for parenting and relationship strengthening programs is important among low‐income minority parents where the burden of relational and parental stressors contributes to relationship dissolution. We examine these stressors among young parents. Data were collected from four focus groups (N = 35) with young parents. Data were audio‐recorded and transcribed. Inductive coding was used to generate themes and codes, and analysis was completed using NVivo. Relationship and parenting challenges, values, and areas of need were the three major themes that emerged. Women's relationship challenges were family interference and unbalanced parenting, and men reported feeling disrespected and having limited finances. Common relationship challenges for women and men were family interference and unbalanced parenting. Both genders valued trust, communication, and honesty in relationships. Areas of need for women and men included: improving communication and understanding the impact of negative relationships on current relationships. Parenting challenges for women were unbalanced parenting, child safety, and feeling unprepared to parent; men reported limited finances. Both genders valued quality time with child to instill family morals. Areas of need for women and men included learning child discipline techniques and increasing knowledge about child development. Finally, women and men have relationship and parenting similarities and differences. Young parents are interested in learning how to improve relationships and co‐parent to reduce relationship distress, which could reduce risk behaviors and improve child outcomes.
Bone marrow cells migrate to the heart and skeletal muscle and participate in tissue repair after Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice
Authors: Souza Bruno S. d. F. , Azevedo Carine M. , Lima Ricardo S. d. , Kaneto Carla M. , Vasconcelos Juliana F. , Guimarães Elisalva T. , dos Santos Ricardo R. , Soares Milena B. P. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryInfection by Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas disease, causes an intense inflammatory reaction in several tissues, including the myocardium. We have previously shown that transplantation of bone marrow cells (BMC) ameliorates the myocarditis in a mouse model of chronic Chagas disease. We investigated the participation of BMC in lesion repair in the heart and skeletal muscle, caused by T. cruzi infection in mice. Infection with a myotropic T. cruzi strain induced an increase in the percentage of stem cells and monocytes in the peripheral blood, as well as in gene expression of chemokines SDF‐1, MCP1, 2, and 3 in the heart and skeletal muscle. To investigate the fate of BMC within the damaged tissue, chimeric mice were generated by syngeneic transplantation of green fluorescent protein (GFP+) BMC into lethally irradiated mice and infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Migration of GFP+ BMC to the heart and skeletal muscle was observed during and after the acute phase of infection. GFP+ cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells were present in heart sections of chimeric chagasic mice. GFP+ myofibres were observed in the skeletal muscle of chimeric mice at different time points following infection. In conclusion, BMC migrate and contribute to the formation of new resident cells in the heart and skeletal muscle, which can be detected both during the acute and the chronic phase of infection. These findings reinforce the role of BMC in tissue regeneration.
Prediction of Recanalization in Acute Stroke Patients Receiving Intravenous and Endovascular Revascularization Therapy
Authors: Zhu Guangming , Michel Patrik , Jovin Tudor , Patrie James T. , Xin Wenjun , Eskandari Ashraf , Zhang Weiwei , Wintermark Max 
Published: July 2014

Background and purpose The study aims to assess the recanalization rate in acute ischemic stroke patients who received no revascularization therapy, intravenous thrombolysis, and endovascular treatment, respectively, and to identify best clinical and imaging predictors of recanalization in each treatment group. Methods Clinical and imaging data were collected in 103 patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by anterior circulation arterial occlusion. We recorded demographics and vascular risk factors. We reviewed the noncontrast head computed tomographies to assess for hyperdense middle cerebral artery and its computed tomography density. We reviewed the computed tomography angiograms and the raw images to determine the site and degree of arterial occlusion, collateral score, clot burden score, and the density of the clot. Recanalization status was assessed on recanalization imaging using Thrombolysis in Myocardial Ischemia. Multivariate logistic regressions were utilized to determine the best predictors of outcome in each treatment group. Results Among the 103 study patients, 43 (42%) received intravenous thrombolysis, 34 (33%) received endovascular thrombolysis, and 26 (25%) did not receive any revascularization therapy. In the patients with intravenous thrombolysis or no revascularization therapy, recanalization of the vessel was more likely with intravenous thrombolysis ( P = 0·046) and when M1/A1 was occluded ( P = 0·001). In this subgroup of patients, clot burden score, cervical degree of stenosis (North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial), and hyperlipidemia status added information to the aforementioned likelihood of recanalization at the patient level ( P < 0·001). In patients with endovascular thrombolysis, recanalization of the vessel was more likely in the case of a higher computed tomography angiogram clot density ( P = 0·012), and in this subgroup of patients gender added information to the likelihood of recanalization at the patient level ( P = 0·044). Conclusion The overall likelihood of recanalization was the highest in the endovascular group, and higher for intravenous thrombolysis compared with no revascularization therapy. However, our statistical models of recanalization for each individual patient indicate significant variability between treatment options, suggesting the need to include this prediction in the personalized treatment selection.
Fifty Years of Classification and Regression Trees
Authors: Loh Wei‐Yin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFifty years have passed since the publication of the first regression tree algorithm. New techniques have added capabilities that far surpass those of the early methods. Modern classification trees can partition the data with linear splits on subsets of variables and fit nearest neighbor, kernel density, and other models in the partitions. Regression trees can fit almost every kind of traditional statistical model, including least‐squares, quantile, logistic, Poisson, and proportional hazards models, as well as models for longitudinal and multiresponse data. Greater availability and affordability of software (much of which is free) have played a significant role in helping the techniques gain acceptance and popularity in the broader scientific community. This article surveys the developments and briefly reviews the key ideas behind some of the major algorithms.
Microcirculatory Changes and General Responses to 5‐Hydroxytryptamine in Normothermic and Hypothermic Mice
Authors: Svanes Knut 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSvanes, K. Microcirculatory changes and general responses to 5‐Hydroxytryptamine in Normothermic and hypothermic mice. Acta physiol. scand. 1968. 72. 404–411.5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) was injected i.v. into unanesthetized, anesthetized normothermic and hypothermic (21–22° C) mice, and the general effects of the injections were observed. In addition, conjunctival microscopy and hematocrit determinations were performed. 5‐HT was found to cause a syndrome characterized by exophtalmus, respiratory distress, cyanosis, edema, evacuation of bowels, salivation, lethargy, constriction and slow blood flow in the metarterioles, dilatation and stasis in the venules, and hemoconcentration. In general the reaction to 5‐HT was relatively mild in unanesthetized mice, moderate in anesthetized normothermic mice and severe in hypothermic mice. The marked reaction to 5‐HT under hypothermia might be due to retarded elimination of 5‐HT from the blood.
Changes in the Amount of Adrenergic Transmitter in the Female Genital Tract of Rabbit During Pregnancy
Authors: Rosengren E. , Sjöberg N.‐O. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRosengren, E. and N.‐O. Sjöberg. Changes in the amount of adrenergic transmitter in the female genital tract of rabbit during pregnancy. Acta physiol. scand. 1968. 72. 412–424.The noradrenaline present in the female reproductive organs — ovary, oviduct, uterus, and vagina — of the rabbit is stored in adrenergic nerves. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that these nerves are related to the vascular bed and the smooth muscle walls; besides the vascular nerves the ovary also contains adrenergic nerves unrelated to the vessels. The adrenergic innervation of the genital organs originates from sympathetic ganglia located near the effector organs, as well as from pre‐ and paravertebral ganglia. During the former half of pregnancy a marked increase in neuronal noradrenaline occurs in the reproductive organs, except in the ovary. In the uterus and the vagina this increase is followed by a dramatic decrease in total noradrenaline during the latter half of pregnancy; by the end of pregnancy the uterus is almost completely devoid of noradrenaline‐containing sympathetic nerves. The findings are discussed in terms of an humoral influence on the adrenergic neurons supplying the female reproductive tract.
Position and Velocity Sensitivity of Muscle Spindles in the Cat. I. Primary and Secondary Endings Deprived of Fusimotor Activation
Authors: Lennerstrand Gunnar 
Published: July 2014

AbstractResponses of primary and secondary muscle spindle endings of the ankle extensor and flexor muscles in the cat were studied in the absence of fusimotor activation by applying length changes of triangular form over a large range of velocities. Both position and velocity responses were determined. No differences were obtained in these responses between endings in extensor and flexor muscles or between endings in fast and slow muscles. It was found necessary to subdivide the velocity responses into two different components based on the great difference in time course of their transients. Mathematical expressions for the two components are given in an Appendix. They were denoted the ‘quick’ and the ‘slow’ velocity responses respectively. Primary and secondary endings differed both with respect to the ‘quick’ and the ‘slow’ components of the velocity response. Endings with response characteristics typical of both primary and secondary endings were distinguished as a special group. They have been referred to as endings of intermediate type. Some possible spindle mechanisms responsible for the observed properties of the spindle endings are discussed.
Metabolism of Dopamine and Noradrenaline in Rabbit Caudate Nucleus in vitro
Authors: Jonason Jan , Rutledge Charles O. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSlices of rabbit caudate nuclei were incubated with labeled dopamine or noradrenaline. It was found that the catabolism of dopamine proceeded at a rate higher than that of noradrenaline. Deamination of both amines was the major pathway of catabolism with O‐methylation playing a relatively minor role. This was detected by isolating and quantitating each of the known deaminated and O‐methylated products of each amine. Pretreatment of rabbits with protriptyline did not inhibit the amount of catabolites formed or the amount of amines retained by the tissue. Synthesis of noradrenaline from dopamine could not be detected in this preparation. The results of this study indicate that the dopamine containing neurons of the caudate nucleus differ in some of their properties from the noradrenaline containing neurons in the cerebral cortex.
A Comparative Study of Membrane Properties of Innervated and Chronically Denervated Fast and Slow Skeletal Muscles of the Rat
Authors: Albuquerque E. X. , Thesleff S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe electrophysiological properties of the innervated extensor and soleus muscles are in most aspects similar. In low [Na]o, however, the rate of rise and the amplitude of the action potential were lower in the soleus than in the extensor muscle. The ACh sensitivity in the innervated extensor muscle is limited to the end‐plate region, while in the soleus the sensitivity extends beyond the end‐plate towards the tendon. Denervation brought a marked change in membrane properties. The electrical time constant of the membrane increased in both muscles almost threefold, and the calculated transverse resistance of unit are of the membrane in the extensor from 372 Σ cm2 to 759 Σ cm2, while in the soleus the values were 393 Σ cm2 to 458 Σ cm2. Denervation increased the threshold for action potential generation and reduced significantly the rate of rise and the amplitude of the spike. These changes were more apparent in the soleus. It is suggested that the decrease in excitability may reflect the lengthening of the time constant and possibly a reduction in the number of membrane sites connected with the passive ionic transport. The ACh sensitivity of denervated muscles covered the entire membrane surface and was similar in both muscles.
Pulse and Respiratory Grouping of Sympathetic Impulses in Human Muscle Nerves
Authors: Hagbarth K.‐E. , Vallbo Å. B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA characteristic type of spontaneous activity consisting of grouped discharges of impulses was detected when recording with a tungsten semi‐microelectrode from peripheral nerve bundles innervating human skeletal muscles. An analysis of this phenomenon shows that the grouped discharges are due to volleys of impulses in efferent nerve fibres which are not skeletomotor. Some findings suggest that the efferent conduction velocity is very low (about 1 m/sec). The bursts were often “pulse‐synchronous” and they tended to appear periodically during certain phases of the respiratory cycle. They were not accompanied by any significant changes in the intensity of the afferent responses to phasic or sustained muscle stretch. In some experiments, repeated noxious stimuli triggered showers of impulses in the muscle nerves, similar to the spontaneous bursts. The findings lead to the conclusion that the phenomenon is due to rhythmic outbursts of impulses in sympathetic nerve fibres.
The Mechanisms behind the Rapid Blood Volume Restoration after Hemorrhage in Birds
Authors: Djojosugito Ahmad M. , Folkow Björn , Kovách Arisztid G. B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe mechanisms responsible for the more efficient volume restoration after hemorrhage in birds as compared with mammals were studied in experiments on ducks. The results suggest that qualitatively similar mechanisms operate to mobilize tissue fluid in ducks as in cats (see Öberg 1964). The most important factor seems to be a strong reflex vasoconstriction in the skeletal muscles, increasing considerably the pre‐ to postcapillary resistance ratio with a fall in capillary pressure as a result. In this way net fluid absorption is reflexly initiated in the tissue which contains the largest tissue fluid reservoir in the body. At the same time the precapillary sphincters become secondarily relaxed, increasing the capillary surface area available for absorption. When in the course of a large blood loss arterial and venous pressures become reduced as well, this will further lower capillary pressure and do so in all tissues, thus enhancing fluid absorption. The results indicate that, from a quantitative point of view, considerable differences exist between ducks and cats. First, the reflex vasoconstriction and the subsequent capillary pressure fall are more pronounced in duck skeletal muscle. Second, the capillary surface area is approximately three times larger in duck muscle. These circumstances imply especially favourable conditions for rapid fluid absorption. It is probable that the greater resistance to blood loss and shock of most bird species as compared with mammals is directly related to their much greater capacity for fluid mobilization from the skeletal muscles.
The Effect of Mannitol, Sucrose, Raffinose and Dextran on Posthypertonic Hemolysis
Authors: Zade‐Oppen A. M. M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractInhibition of the hemolysis that occurs after first increasing and then decreasing the concentration of solutes in the surrounding medium of human red blood cells (posthypertonic hemolysis) was studied in in vitro experiments with regard to its possible importance for blood preservation by freezing procedures; hemolysis after freezing and thawing is considered to be mainly due to such variations in solute concentrations (Lovelock 1953). All the tested substances, viz. mannitol, sucrose, raffinose and dextran, gave a substantial decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) liberation. The effect of such substances when used as additives in studies of blood preservation by freezing may thus have found an additional explanation. The low molecular weight substances decreased Hb liberation mainly by reducing the number of hemolysed cells. Dextran, however, decreased the amount of Hb liberated from the individual cell without an apparent decrease in the number of damaged cells. Thus when Hb liberation is decreased by the use of dextran, this reduction may not be a good measure of the damage to the cell population. The consistency of the results with a hypothesis for the mechanism of posthypertonic hemolysis is discussed. Assuming this hypothesis to be correct, the inhibitory effects of non‐penetrating additives seem, at least partially, to be also explicable.
The Origin of a Descending Pathway with Monosynaptic Action on Flexor Motoneurones
Authors: Grillner S. , Lund S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe postsynaptic effects evoked in lumbar motoneurones were studied following electrical stimulation of the brain stem in the cat. The spinal cord was transected at the lower thoracic level leaving only the ipsilateral ventral quadrant intact. With a stereotactical method a low threshold focus was found in the medial brain stem from which monosynaptic EPSPs could be evoked in flexor motoneurones. It is concluded that this effect is mediated by fibres descending in the ipsilateral medial longitudinal fascicle and it is tentatively suggested that these fibres originate from the ipsilateral upper medullary or lower pontine reticular formation. Monosynaptic EPSPs were also evoked in some extensor motoneurones from this medial brain stem region and at such a strength of stimulation that stimulus escape to the lateral vestibulospinal tract is excluded.
Effect of Direct Tetanization on Twitch Tension in Developing Cat Leg Muscles
Authors: Nyström Bo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe effect of tetanization, using both indirect and direct stimulation, on the twitch response to post‐tetanic single shocks and on the tension response to a second tetanization has been studied in the gastrocnemius, soleus and extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) muscles of kittens ranging in age from 3–140 days, and in adult cats. Direct stimulation was applied in completely curarized animals. Nembutal® anaesthesia was used.Equal tension was found to be produced by a first tetanization and a second one, the latter elicited during the period of twitch potentiation following the first. The second tetanization was, however, found to give a steeper rise in tension than the first.In each animal, the maximal post‐tetanic potentiation (PTP) of twitch tension obtained was of about equal magnitude following tetanization by indirect and direct stimulation. In newborn kittens, practically no PTP occurred in the gastrocnemius, whereas in the soleus there was a PTP of about 50 %. With age, the PTP produced by direct stimulation was found to increase in the gastrocnemius and decrease in the soleus, as after stimulation through the motor nerve. The time course of the effects produced by the two types of stimulation was also similar. After tetanization by both types of stimulation, potentiated twitches showed a steeper rise in tension than pre‐tetanic control twitches, and in the gastrocnemius they also showed a marked lengthening of half relaxation time. In the kitten soleus, little change took place in the latter. Non‐potentiated twitches of adult cat soleus muscle showed shortening of contraction and half relaxation time.It is concluded that the main mechanism of twitch potentiation in the neuromuscular system of kittens and cats is located within the muscle fibres.
Development of squamous cell carcinoma into basal cell carcinoma under treatment with Vismodegib
Authors: Saintes C. , Saint‐Jean M. , Brocard A. , Peuvrel L. , Renaut J.J. , Khammari A. , Quéreux G. , Dréno B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundBasal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer in humans. Vismodegib, a Hedgehog pathway inhibitor, has proved its effectiveness in treating non‐resectable advanced BCC.AimHowever, its action on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is unknown. We present three SCC cases developed into BCC in vismodegib‐treated patients.Material and methodsWe have described three cases of patients developing SCC during treatment by vismodegib for BCC.ResultsPatient 1 was treated with vismodegib for five facial BCC. Due to the progression of one of the lesions at month 3 (M3), a biopsy was performed and showed SCC. Patient 2 was treated with vismodegib for a large facial BCC. A biopsy was performed at M2 on a BCC area not responding to treatment and showed SCC. Patient 3 was treated with vismodegib for a BCC on the nose. Due to vismodegib ineffectiveness, a biopsy was performed and showed SCC.DiscussionTwo similar cases have been described in the literature. This could be due to the appearance of the squamous contingent of a metatypical BCC or to the squamous differentiation of stem cells through inhibition of the hedgehog pathway.ConclusionIn practice, any dissociated response of a BCC to vismodegib should be biopsied.