bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Contention between Han “Civilizers” and Yi “Civilizees” over Environmental Governance: A Case Study of Liangshan Prefecture in Sichuan
Authors: Heberer Thomas 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDuring field research on environmental governance in the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in 2012, the author studied the Chinese state's efforts to promote its agenda and “civilizing mission,” the resistance of local Yi people to both, and the resulting clash of discourses on environmental protection. To understand the nature and mechanisms involved in this conflict, the author focuses on the state's “civilizing mission” in light of Foucault's power concept. The article examines two issues: 1) the strategies by which the central state exerts power and asserts its policies in a minority area, i.e. how it attempts to steer the behaviour of local cadres in order to implement its modernization concept, and 2) whether and to what degree it makes a difference that the researched area is a “minority” (Yi) area. To answer these questions, one county in the prefecture was taken as a case study. Furthermore, this article continuously refers to the policy field of environmental governance to substantiate the thesis of a civilizing project conducted by the centre.
Frailty in relation to sedentary behaviours and moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity
Authors: Blodgett Joanna , Theou Olga , Kirkland Susan , Andreou Pantelis , Rockwood Kenneth 
Published: August 2014

SummaryAs the mean life expectancy of the population continues to increase, the challenge for individuals is to remain healthy and fit throughout their life span. This review examines the relationships between moderate-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behaviour in relation to the fitness-frailty continuum. The association between increased physical activity and decreased adverse health outcomes is firmly established. A direct association between frailty and moderate-vigorous physical activity has been established to a lesser degree. What has some potential to undermine even these gains is the increasingly recognized relationship between sedentary behaviour and poor health. It now seems likely that sedentary behaviour can have a negative impact on an individual's health, over and above that of meeting the recommendations of moderate-vigorous physical activity. Individuals must consider both increasing their level of moderate-vigorous physical activity and minimizing their level of sedentary behaviour during all aspects of daily life.
Living with CHD: quality of life (QOL) in early adult life
Authors: Areias Maria E. G. , Pinto Catarina I. , Vieira Patrícia F. , Castro Marta , Freitas Isabela , Sarmento Sofia , Matos Samantha , Viana Victor , Areias José C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to assess the quality of life, psychiatric morbidity, and the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents and young adults with CHD, and determine which variables play a role in buffering stress and promoting resilience and which ones have a detrimental effect; and to investigate the situation on school performance and failures, social and family support, physical limitations, and body image of these patients.MethodsThe study enrolled 137 CHD patients (79 male), with age ranging from 12 to 26 years old (M=17.60±3.450 years). The patients were interviewed regarding social support, family educational style, self-image, demographic information, and physical limitations. They responded to questions in a standardised psychiatric interview (SADS-L) and completed self-reported questionnaires for the assessment of quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) and psychosocial adjustment (YSR/ASR).ResultsWe found a 19.7% lifetime prevalence of psychopathology in our patients (27.6% in female and 13.9% in male). Of them, 48% had retentions in school (M=1.61 year±0.82). The perception of quality of life in CHD patients is better compared with the Portuguese population in the social relationships and environmental dimensions. However, it is worse in complex forms of CHD than in moderate-to-mild ones, in cyanotic versus acyanotic patients, in moderate-to-severe versus mild residual lesions, in patients submitted versus those not submitted to surgery, in patients with versus without physical limitations, and patients who have need for medication versus those who do not. Social support is very important in improving quality of life of patients in all dimensions as well as academic performance.ConclusionsFemale patients and patients with poor academic performance and poor social support have worse psychosocial adjustment and perception of quality of life.
Clinical Characteristics of the Inhabitants of an Internally Displaced Persons Camp in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo After the Arms Dump Blast on March 4, 2012
Authors: Roggen Inge , van Berlaer Gerlant , Gijs Geert , Hubloue Ives 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundOn March 4, 2012, an arms dump exploded in a densely populated area in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo. At least 250 people were killed, 2,500 wounded, and 13,800 left homeless, of which 5,000 were relocated to a newly constructed internally displaced person (IDP) camp.AimTo describe the medical complaints of persons presenting to the IDP camp for medical evaluation.Patients and MethodsAll patients seen and treated by the Belgian First Aid and Support Team (B-FAST) in the IDP camp on March 10 and 11, 2012 were included. A unique number, age, gender, and inventory of complaints were registered on standard World Health Organization (WHO) forms.ResultsOut of 245 presenting patients, 242 files were processed. One in two patients were minors (<18 years-old), the male/female ratio was 50/50 in minors and 28/72 in adults; median (range) age in minors was three years (0-17) and for adults was 32.5 years (18-68). Twenty percent of the children were determined to be malnourished. Signs and symptoms related to infectious diseases were present in 75% of minors and 53% of adults. Trauma was present in 12% of minors and 21% of adults.ConclusionsOne week following the disaster event, after people had relocated to IDP camps, infectious diseases became the predominate reason for seeking medical evaluation. Less than one in five people presenting to the medical post had injuries directly related to the event. Demographic data showed that around 50% of people in the IDP camp presenting for medical care were children, of which one in five was malnourished.RoggenI,van BerlaerG,GijsG,HubloueI.Clinical characteristics of the inhabitants of an internally displaced persons camp in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo after the arms dump blast on March 4, 2012.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(5):1-5.
Dietary n-6 PUFA, carbohydrate:protein ratio and change in body weight and waist circumference: a follow-up study
Authors: Jakobsen Marianne U , Madsen Lise , Dethlefsen Claus , Due Karen M , Halkjær Jytte , Sørensen Thorkild IA , Kristiansen Karsten , Overvad Kim 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the association between the intake of n-6 PUFA and subsequent change in body weight and waist circumference at different levels of the carbohydrate:protein ratio.DesignFollow-up study with anthropometric measurements at recruitment and on average 5·3 years later. Dietary intake was determined at recruitment by using an FFQ that was designed for the study and validated. We applied linear regression models with 5-year change in weight or waist circumference as outcome and including a two-way interaction term between n-6 PUFA and carbohydrate intakes, lower-order terms, protein intake, long-chain n-3 PUFA intake and other potential confounders. Due to adjustment for intake of protein, levels of carbohydrate indirectly reflect levels of the carbohydrate:protein ratio.SettingDiet, Cancer and Health follow-up study, Denmark.SubjectsWomen and men (n 29 152) aged 55 years.ResultsFor a high intake of n-6 PUFA (6·9 % of energy) v. a low intake of n-6 PUFA (3·4 % of energy), the difference in 5-year weight change was −189·7 g (95 % CI −636·8, 257·4 g) at a low carbohydrate:protein ratio and −86·7 g (95 % CI −502·9, 329·6 g) at a high carbohydrate:protein ratio; the differences in 5-year waist circumference change were 0·26 cm (95 % CI −0·47, 0·98 cm) and −0·52 cm (95 % CI −1·19, 0·15 cm), respectively. Inclusion of the dietary glycaemic index did not change the results.ConclusionsNo consistent associations between the intake of n-6 PUFA and change in body weight or waist circumference at different levels of the carbohydrate:protein ratio were observed.
Diet quality is associated with measures of body fat in adolescents from Otago, New Zealand
Authors: Wong Jyh Eiin , Parnell Winsome R , Howe Anna S , Lubransky Alexandra C , Black Katherine E , Skidmore Paula ML 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the potential associations between diet quality and multiple measures of body composition in a sample of New Zealand adolescents aged 14–18 years.DesignCross-sectional survey of eleven high schools in Otago, New Zealand. Each participant completed an online FFQ and a New Zealand Diet Quality Index for Adolescents (NZDQI-A) score was calculated based on variety and adequacy of intake for five major food groups. Besides height and waist circumference measurements, body composition was assessed using segmental bio-impedance analysis. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine associations between diet quality and body composition in models adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity and socio-economic status.SettingHigh schools in Otago, New Zealand.SubjectsHigh-school students (n 681, 56 % male, mean age 16·1 (sd 1·5) years) participating in the Otago School Students Lifestyle Survey Two.ResultsHigher NZDQI-A scores were significantly associated with lower body fat percentage (β=−0·19; 95 % CI −0·35, −0·04; P=0·014), fat-to-lean mass ratio (β=−0·26; 95 % CI −0·46, −0·05; P=0·016) and lower fat mass index (β=−0·23; 95 % CI −0·45, −0·004; P=0·046) after multivariate adjustment. No association was found between NZDQI-A and BMI, waist circumference or waist-to-height ratio.ConclusionsDiet quality, as measured by NZDQI-A, was associated only with measures of body fat, not measures of overall body size. Measures specific to body fat should be used for more accurate ascertainment of body composition in examining the diet–body composition associations in this age group.
Professional Indemnity Insurance
Authors: Hooker N. D. , Pryor L. M. 
Published: August 2014

Recent years have seen many changes affecting the market for professional indemnity insurance. The law is changing, widening the scope of liability. The insurance market is changing, with more mutuals and captives being formed. The price and availability of insurance are changing, too.The internationalization of professional firms has introduced new problems, with claims being brought in the jurisdiction perceived as most favourable to the claimant. The broadening range of services offered by individual firms, and the consequent growth of truly multidisciplinary firms, can only make the situation more complex.Like many other insurance markets, the market for professional indemnity insurance is cyclical. In the two or three years following 1984 most premiums more than doubled in real terms, and deductibles rose significantly. At the same time capacity fell. The result of all this change is that professionals are considering their indemnity insurance needs in a new light. The main reason for buying insurance is to provide a smooth cash flow. This need has not been met in the recent past.We therefore believe that now is an appropriate time for the attention of actuaries to be drawn to professional indemnity insurance.
Isolation of an Antifungal Pathogenesis‐Related Protein from Naked Oat (Avena nuda) Seeds
Authors: Shi Yawei , Jian Liu , Han Deping , Ren Yemei 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA novel antifungal protein was isolated from naked oat (Avena nuda) seeds by acetone fractionation, (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, Q‐Sepharose ion‐exchange chromatography, chitin affinity chromatography, and Sephacryl S‐200 gel filtration chromatography. The antifungal protein exhibited a molecular mass of 23,760, as measured by gel filtration and SDS‐PAGE. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight MS analysis indicated that the protein was homologous with a permatin precursor from A. sativa. The protein from naked oats exhibited antifungal activity against Trametes sp. SQ01 (half‐maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 5.68μM), Trichoderma spp. (IC50 = 0.83μM), and Chaetomium sp. R01.
Estimating survival of patients receiving radiosurgery alone for cerebral metastasis from melanoma
Authors: Sehmisch Lena , Huttenlocher Stefan , Schild Steven E. , Rades Dirk 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis study aimed to identify clinical factors associated with survival and to develop a prognostic tool in patients receiving radiosurgery alone for very few cerebral metastases from melanoma. Ten characteristics of 69 patients treated with radiosurgery alone for 1–3 cerebral metastases from melanoma were retrospectively analyzed for survival. Serum lactate dehydrogenase levels before radiosurgery, Karnofsky performance score, maximum diameter of all irradiated cerebral lesions, and extracranial lesions were significantly associated with survival and included in the tool. Twelve‐month survival rate (in %) divided by 10 was calculated for each of these four factors. The four scores were summed resulting in total scores ranging 9–22 points. Based on the 12‐month survival rates, three groups were formed: less than 15 points (group I, n = 25); 15–20 points (group II, n = 34); and more than 20 points (group III, n = 10). Corresponding 12‐month survival rates were 10 ± 6%, 51 ± 9% and 90 ± 9%, respectively (P < 0.001). In group I, death within 12 months following radiosurgery occurred mostly due to extracranial progression, whereas cerebral progression was the major cause of death in group II. In group III, only one of 10 patients died within 1 year. This new prognostic tool helps predict the survival time following radiosurgery of very few cerebral metastases from melanoma. An individual treatment approach should consider a patient's survival time and the most likely cause of death (cerebral or extracranial progression).
Ribavirin inhibits human parainfluenza virus type 2 replication in vitro
Authors: Kihira Sahoko , Uematsu Jun , Kawano Mitsuo , Itoh Ai , Ookohchi Ayumi , Satoh Saemi , Maeda Yurie , Sakai Kae , Yamamoto Hidetaka , Tsurudome Masato , O'Brien Myles , Komada Hiroshi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe antiviral activities of eight nucleoside analog antiviral drugs (ribavirin, acyclovir, lamivudine, 3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine, emtricitabine, tenofovir, penciclovir and ganciclovir) against human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV‐2) were investigated. Only ribavirin (RBV) inhibited both cell fusion and hemadsorption induced by hPIV‐2. RBV considerably reduced the number of viruses released from the cells. Virus genome synthesis was inhibited by RBV, as determined by real time PCR. An indirect immunofluorescence study showed that RBV largely inhibited viral protein synthesis. mRNAs of the proteins were not detected, indicating that inhibition of protein synthesis was caused by transcription inhibition by RBV. Using a recombinant green fluorescence protein‐expressing hPIV‐2 without matrix protein, it was found that RBV did not completely inhibit virus entry into the cells; however, it almost completely blocked multinucleated giant cell formation. RBV did not disrupt actin microfilaments and microtubules. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of RBV is caused by inhibition of both virus genome and mRNA synthesis, resulting in inhibition of virus protein synthesis, viral replication and multinucleated giant cell formation (extensive cell‐to‐cell spreading of the virus).
Community‐wide mesocarnivore response to partial ungulate migration
Authors: Henden John‐André , Stien Audun , Bårdsen Bård‐Jørgen , Yoccoz Nigel G. , Ims Rolf A. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryMesocarnivores increase in number and geographic range in human‐disturbed ecosystems with cascading negative impact on biodiversity. To mitigate such impacts, it is essential to identify the proximate causes of such mesocarnivore releases. Here, we assess to what extent increased partial migration in semi‐domesticated tundra reindeer induce a response in boreal and arctic mesocarnivores.We used a large‐scale and multiyear quasi‐experimental study design with camera traps deployed on coastal tundra peninsulas in northernNorway to estimate area occupancy of the whole carnivore community. These peninsulas represent summer pastures for separate semi‐domestic reindeer herds that, owing to different degrees of partial migration, now display spatially and temporally variable densities of year‐round resident reindeer. We estimated resident reindeer density by means of aerial surveys.Area occupancy of all the recorded carnivore species increased strongly when resident reindeer densities exceeded 1·5 deer km−2.Most of the increasing carnivore species were typical boreal forest species, implying range expansions into tundra when provided with stable food resources (prey and carrion) in terms of resident reindeer.Synthesis and applications. We found that boreal mesocarnivores, known to negatively impact the productivity of reindeer and arctic wildlife of conservation concern, steeply increased in tundra areas with many year‐round resident reindeer due to increased partial migration. To avoid such negative impacts, actions should be taken to minimize residency in tundra reindeer.
Anti‐obesity effect of feeding probiotic dahi containing Lactobacillus casei NCDC 19 in high fat diet‐induced obese mice
Authors: Rather Sarver A , Pothuraju Ramesh , Sharma Raj Kumar , De Sachinandan , Mir Nazir A , Jangra Surender 
Published: August 2014

Nowadays, studies about the anti‐obesity potential of probiotics are of growing interest. Lactobacilli are one of the well‐studied probiotics owing to their preventing effect on metabolic disorders. This study was undertaken to access the anti‐obesity effect of probiotic dahi containing Lactobacillus casei NCDC 19 on C57BL/6 mice. Feeding of probiotic dahi showed reduce body weight gain and epididymal fat weights. Moreover, blood glucose, plasma lipids and expression level of leptin were reduced and caecal bifidobacteria counts and adiponectin expression levels were significantly increased. It can be concluded that feeding of probiotic dahi containing L. casei NCDC 19 showed potential anti‐obesity effects.
Preparation and Molecular Characterization of Chitosans Obtained from Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Shells
Authors: Fernández‐Martín F. , Arancibia M. , López‐Caballero E. , Gómez‐Guillén C. , Montero P. , Fernández‐García M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFour chitosan samples were prepared from shrimp shells without deproteination and decoloration steps, by a deacetylation process at 2 reaction times (2 and 4 h) and with/without using a reducing agent (R.A.). Variations in the physicochemical properties of the final products were analyzed. Viscosity average molecular weight (Mw) determinations demonstrated the protective action of the R.A. on the molecular oxidative degradation. Oppositely, an increase on the reaction time produced samples with low Mw. Deacetylation degrees (DDs) were chemically evaluated by the nitrogen content and by spectroscopic techniques as infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance. The existing differences in crystallinity were studied by X‐ray diffraction. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry were used to demonstrate the dehydration and thermal degradation processes of the different chitosans. A novel method from calorimetric profiles is presenting for DD determinations of chitosan, which achieved highly satisfactory results (linear fit and Pearson's correlation coefficient) and is proposed to be generally extended to complex curves application.
Antiretrogradation in Cooked Starch‐Based Product Application of Tea Polyphenols
Authors: Wu Lijing , Che Liming , Chen Xiao Dong 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRetrogradation in cooked starch‐based products is a significant hindrance in extending the shelf life of these products as they become progressively hard to bite over short time periods (say 1 or 2 months). In this study, the effects of tea polyphenols (TPs) on cooked amylopectin‐rich cassava starch have been investigated. Cassava starch was mixed with TPs and then gelatinized to form starch gels. The obtained gels were stored for up to 80 d and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), hardness test, color analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The results of XRD show that the formation of long‐range ordered structure of amylopectin was retarded by the interaction of TPs with amylopectin via hydrogen bond. The results of hardness test show that the accelerating increase in the hardness of cassava starch gel was retarded by the addition of TPs. The increase in hardness versus time can be correlated well using a single‐parameter exponential equation. The increase in hardness, variations in color, and FT‐IR spectrum of the TPs treated samples during storage with TPs were relatively small, suggesting that the retrogradation of starch is inhibited by TPs. This work presents an opportunity of antiretrogradation in the related products.
Improving the genetic representation of rare taxa within complex microbial communities using DNA normalization methods
Authors: Gagic Dragana , Maclean Paul H. , Li Dong , Attwood Graeme T. , Moon Christina D. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractComplex microbial communities typically contain a large number of low abundance species, which collectively, comprise a considerable proportion of the community. This ‘rare biosphere’ has been speculated to contain keystone species and act as a repository of genomic diversity to facilitate community adaptation. Many environmental microbes are currently resistant to cultivation, and can only be accessed via culture‐independent approaches. To enhance our understanding of the role of the rare biosphere, we aimed to improve their metagenomic representation using DNA normalization methods, and assess normalization success via shotgun DNA sequencing. A synthetic metagenome was constructed from the genomic DNA of five bacterial species, pooled in a defined ratio spanning three orders of magnitude. The synthetic metagenome was fractionated and thermally renatured, allowing the most abundant sequences to hybridize. Double‐stranded DNA was removed either by hydroxyapatite chromatography, or by a duplex‐specific nuclease (DSN). The chromatographic method failed to enrich for the genomes present in low starting abundance, whereas the DSN method resulted in all genomes reaching near equimolar abundance. The representation of the rarest member was increased by approximately 450‐fold. De novo assembly of the normalized metagenome enabled up to 18.0% of genes from the rarest organism to be assembled, in contrast to the un‐normalized sample, where genes were not able to be assembled at the same sequencing depth. This study has demonstrated that the application of normalization methods to metagenomic samples is a powerful tool to enrich for sequences from rare taxa, which will shed further light on their ecological niches.