bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
<b>Escribir en la Universidad</b>
Authors: Beraza Miguel Zabalza 
Published: January 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464446251 Escribir en la Universidad constituye tanto una necesidad básica como un propósito formativo de largo alcance. Una de las características básicas de la institución universitaria es que precisa de la escritura como herramienta comunicacional y como recurso de estimulación intelectual. Tras establecer los rasgos básicos de la naturaleza y tipologías de escritura académica, el artículo analizar el papel que juega la escritura tanto para los estudiantes universitarios (escribir para aprender) como para el profesorado (escribir para planificar, para reflexionar, para documentar lo que se hace) y para ambos colectivos, profesores y estudiantes, conjuntamente (escribir para investigar). Finalmente, yendo más allá de lo que la escritura tiene de herramienta académica, se concluye con una visión más lúdica y creativa: la escritura como placer y disfrute personal. Palabras clave: enseñanza universitaria; escritura académica; competencia de expresión escrita; diarios de clase; documentación e investigación docente.
Are integrated HIV services less stigmatizing than stand‐alone models of care? A comparative case study from Swaziland
Authors: Church Kathryn , Wringe Alison , Fakudze Phelele , Kikuvi Joshua , Simelane Dudu , Mayhew Susannah H ,   The Integra Initiative
Published: January 2013

IntroductionIntegrating HIV with primary health services has the potential to reduce HIV‐related stigma through delivering care in settings disassociated with HIV. This study investigated the relationship between integrated care and felt stigma. The study design was a comparative case study of four models of HIV care in Swaziland, ranging from fully integrated to fully stand‐alone HIV care.MethodsAn exit survey (N=602) measured differences in felt stigma across model of care; the primary outcome “perception of HIV status exposure through clinic attendance” was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. In‐depth interviews (N=22) explored whether and how measured differences in stigma experiences were related to service integration.ResultsThere were significant differences in perceived status exposure across models of care. After adjustment for potential confounding between sites, those at a partially integrated site and a partially stand‐alone site had greater odds of perceived status exposure than those at the fully stand‐alone site (aOR 3.33, 95% CI 1.98–5.60; and aOR 11.84, 95% CI 6.89–20.36, respectively). There was no difference between the fully stand‐alone and the fully integrated clinic. Qualitative data suggested that many clients at HIV‐only sites felt greater confidentiality knowing that those around them were positive, and support was gained from other HIV care clients. Confidentiality was maintained in various ways, even in stand‐alone sites, through separate waiting areas for HIV testing and HIV treatment, and careful clinic and room labelling.ConclusionsThe relationship between model of care and stigma was complex, and the hypothesis that stigma is higher at stand‐alone sites did not hold true in this high prevalence setting. Policy‐makers should ensure that service integration does not increase stigma, in particular within partially integrated models of care.
Electrophysiology Tool Construction
Authors: Ide David 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis protocol documents the construction of a custom microscope stage system currently in widespread use by a wide variety of investigators. The current design and construction of this stage is the result of multiple iterations, integrating input from a number of electrophysiologists working with a variety of preparations. Thus, this tool is a generally applicable solution, suitable for a wide array of end‐user requirements; its flexible design facilitates rapid and easy configuration, making it useful for multi‐user microscopes, as individual researchers can reconfigure the stage system or have their own readily replaceable stage plates. Furthermore, the stage can be manufactured using equipment typically found in small research machine shops, and by keeping the various parts on hand, machinists can quickly satisfy new requests and/or modifications for a wide variety of applications. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 62:6.26.1‐6.26.11. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Blast Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat Using a Blast Overpressure Model
Authors: Yarnell Angela M. , Shaughness Michael C. , Barry Erin S. , Ahlers Stephen T. , McCarron Richard M. , Grunberg Neil E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious health concern for civilians and military populations, and blast‐induced TBI (bTBI) has become an increasing problem for military personnel over the past 10 years. To understand the biological and psychological effects of blast‐induced injuries and to examine potential interventions that may help to prevent, attenuate, and treat effects of bTBI, it is valuable to conduct controlled animal experiments. This unit discusses available paradigms to model traumatic brain injury in animals, with an emphasis on the relevance of these various models to study blast‐induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI). This paper describes the detailed methods of a blast overpressure (BOP) paradigm that has been used to conduct experiments with rats to model blast exposure. This particular paradigm models the pressure wave created by explosions, including improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 62:9.41.1‐9.41.14. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Admixture Mapping
Authors: Shriner Daniel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAdmixture mapping is a powerful method of gene mapping for diseases or traits that show differential risk by ancestry. Admixture mapping has been applied most often to African Americans who trace ancestry to Europeans and West Africans. Recent developments in admixture mapping include improvements in methods to take advantage of higher densities of genetic variants, as well as extensions to admixed populations with three or more ancestral populations, such as Latino Americans. In this unit, the author outlines the key concepts of admixture mapping. The author describes several approaches for inferring local ancestry and provides strategies for performing admixture mapping depending on the study design. Finally, the author compares and contrasts linkage analysis, association analysis, and admixture mapping, with an emphasis on integrating admixture mapping and association testing. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 76:1.23.1‐1.23.8. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Highly Ordered Helical Nanofilament Assembly Aligned by a Nematic Director Field
Authors: Araoka Fumito , Sugiyama Go , Ishikawa Ken , Takezoe Hideo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSuccessful alignment control of the B4 helical nanofilament assembly in a binary mixture system of bent‐shaped and rod‐shaped liquid crystals is demonstrated. The aligned nanofilament domains appear as extremely smooth and uniform stripes over millimeters. The interferometric second‐harmonic generation microscopy technique is developed and applied to these aligned domains. It is found that not only chirality, but also polarity, are preserved in a single domain formed from a single nucleus. Such an easily processed uniform bulk of the spontaneously symmetry‐broken material is intriguing in functional materials science.
Nanoindentation in Crystal Engineering: Quantifying Mechanical Properties of Molecular Crystals
Authors: Varughese Sunil , Kiran M. S. R. N. , Ramamurty Upadrasta , Desiraju Gautam R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNanoindentation is a technique for measuring the elastic modulus and hardness of small amounts of materials. This method, which has been used extensively for characterizing metallic and inorganic solids, is now being applied to organic and metal–organic crystals, and has also become relevant to the subject of crystal engineering, which is concerned with the design of molecular solids with desired properties and functions. Through nanoindentation it is possible to correlate molecular‐level properties such as crystal packing, interaction characteristics, and the inherent anisotropy with micro/macroscopic events such as desolvation, domain coexistence, layer migration, polymorphism, and solid‐state reactivity. Recent developments and exciting opportunities in this area are highlighted in this Minireview.
Function, diversity, and application of insect juvenile hormone epoxidases (CYP15)
Authors: Daimon Takaaki , Shinoda Tetsuro 
Published: January 2013

AbstractJuvenile hormones (JHs) represent a family of sesquiterpenoid hormones in insects, and they play a key role in regulating development, metamorphosis, and reproduction. The last two steps of the JH biosynthetic pathway, epoxidation and methyl esterification of farnesoic acid to JH, are insect specific, and thus have long been considered a promising target for biorational insecticides. Recently, the enzymes involved in the last two steps have been molecularly identified: JH acid methyltransferase catalyzes the esterification step and the cytochrome P450 CYP15 enzyme catalyzes the epoxidation step. In this review, we describe the recent progress on the characterization of JH biosynthetic enzymes, with special focus on the function and diversity of the CYP15 family. CYP15 genes have evolved lineage‐specific substrate specificity and regulatory mechanisms in insects, which appear to be associated with the lineage‐specific acquisition of unique JH structure and function. In addition, the lack of CYP15 genes in crustacean (Daphnia pulex) and arachnid (Tetranychus urticae) species, whose genomes have been fully sequenced, may imply that CYP15 enzymes are an evolutionary innovation in insects to use the epoxide forms of methylated farnesoid molecules as their principal JHs. Molecular identification and characterization of CYP15 genes from broad taxa of insects have paved the way to the design of target‐specific, biorational anti‐JH agents.
Bioconversion of resveratrol using resting cells of non–genetically modified Alternaria sp.
Authors: Zhang Jinhua , Shi Junling , Liu Yanlin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBioconversion of resveratrol is mainly achieved using plant cells and genetically modified microorganisms. We proposed a reaction system for resveratrol production using resting cells of a non–genetically modified strain, Alternaria sp. MG1, a resveratrol‐producing endophytic fungus isolated from the grape. Effects of phenylalanine concentration, inoculum size, resting time, bioconversion medium, cell age, and pH on resveratrol production in the bioconversion process were investigated and their levels were optimized. The resulting optimal bioconversion medium was 0.2 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), 0.1 g/L MgSO4, 0.2 g/L CaSO4, and 4.66 mM phenylalanine. Resting cells obtained from cultures of liquid potato‐glucose medium after 4 days proved to be at the most suitable cell age for the bioconversion process with high resveratrol production and nonobvious cell growth. Highest resveratrol production (1.376 µg/L) was observed under the obtained optimal conditions of inoculum size, 12.16% (wet cell weight in 100 mL medium), and resting time, 21.3 H. The study provides a new way to produce resveratrol and establishes an essential reaction system for further study of the biosynthesis pathway of resveratrol in microorganisms, especially fungi.
Cytochrome P450 of wood‐rotting basidiomycetes and biotechnological applications
Authors: Ichinose Hirofumi 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWood‐rotting basidiomycetes possess superior metabolic functions to degrade woody biomass, and these activities are indispensable for the carbon cycle of the biosphere. As well as basic studies of the biochemistry of basidiomycetes, many researchers have been focusing on utilizing basidiomycetes and/or their enzymes in the biotechnology sector; therefore, the unique activities of their extracellular and intracellular enzymes have been widely demonstrated. A rich history of applied study has established that basidiomycetes are capable of metabolizing a series of endogeneous and exogeneous compounds using cytochrome P450s (P450s). Recently, whole genome sequence analyses have revealed large‐scale divergences in basidiomycetous P450s. The tremendous variation in P450s implies that basidiomycetes have vigorously diversified monooxygenase functions to acquire metabolic adaptations such as lignin degradation, secondary metabolite production, and xenobiotics detoxification. However, fungal P450s discovered from genome projects are often categorized into novel families and subfamilies, making it difficult to predict catalytic functions by sequence comparison. Experimental screening therefore remains essential to elucidate the catalytic potential of individual P450s, even in this postgenomic era. This paper archives the known metabolic capabilities of basidiomycetes, focusing on their P450s, outlines the molecular diversity of basidiomycetous P450s, and introduces new functions revealed by functionomic studies using a recently developed, rapid, functional screening system.
Exposure assessment of mobile phone base station radiation in an outdoor environment using sequential surrogate modeling
Authors: Aerts Sam , Deschrijver Dirk , Joseph Wout , Verloock Leen , Goeminne Francis , Martens Luc , Dhaene Tom 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHuman exposure to background radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF‐EMF) has been increasing with the introduction of new technologies. There is a definite need for the quantification of RF‐EMF exposure but a robust exposure assessment is not yet possible, mainly due to the lack of a fast and efficient measurement procedure. In this article, a new procedure is proposed for accurately mapping the exposure to base station radiation in an outdoor environment based on surrogate modeling and sequential design, an entirely new approach in the domain of dosimetry for human RF exposure. We tested our procedure in an urban area of about 0.04 km2 for Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology at 900 MHz (GSM900) using a personal exposimeter. Fifty measurement locations were sufficient to obtain a coarse street exposure map, locating regions of high and low exposure; 70 measurement locations were sufficient to characterize the electric field distribution in the area and build an accurate predictive interpolation model. Hence, accurate GSM900 downlink outdoor exposure maps (for use in, e.g., governmental risk communication and epidemiological studies) are developed by combining the proven efficiency of sequential design with the speed of exposimeter measurements and their ease of handling. Bioelectromagnetics 34:300–311, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Aqueous Ca2+ System, in Comparison with Zn2+, Fe3 +, and Al3 +: An Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Bogatko Stuart , Cauët Emilie , Bylaska Eric , Schenter Gregory , Fulton John , Weare John 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHerein, we report on the structure and dynamics of the aqueous Ca2+ system studied by using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Our detailed study revealed the formation of well‐formed hydration shells with characteristics that were significantly different to those of bulk water. To facilitate a robust comparison with state‐of‐the‐art X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) data, we employ a 1st principles MD‐XAFS procedure and directly compare simulated and experimental XAFS spectra. A comparison of the data for the aqueous Ca2+ system with those of the recently reported Zn2+, Fe3+, and Al3+ species showed that many of their structural characteristics correlated well with charge density on the cation. Some very important exceptions were found, which indicated a strong sensitivity of the solvent structure towards the cation′s valence electronic structure. Average dipole moments for the 2nd shell of all cations were suppressed relative to bulk water.
Syntheses of 2‐Keto‐3‐deoxy‐D‐xylonate and 2‐Keto‐3‐deoxy‐L‐arabinonate as Stereochemical Probes for Demonstrating the Metabolic Promiscuity of Sulfolobus solfataricus Towards D‐Xylose and L‐Arabinose
Authors: Archer Robert M. , Royer Sylvain F. , Mahy William , Winn Caroline L. , Danson Michael J. , Bull Steven D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPractical syntheses of 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐D‐xylonate (D‐KDX) and 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐L‐arabinonate (L‐KDA) that rely on reaction of the anion of ethyl 2‐[(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]‐2‐(dimethoxy phosphoryl) acetate with enantiopure glyceraldehyde acetonide, followed by global deprotection of the resultant O‐silyl‐enol esters, have been developed. This has enabled us to confirm that a 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐D‐gluconate aldolase from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus demonstrates good activity for catalysis of the retro‐aldol cleavage of both these enantiomers to afford pyruvate and glycolaldehyde. The stereochemical promiscuity of this aldolase towards these enantiomeric aldol substrates confirms that this organism employs a metabolically promiscuous pathway to catabolise the C5‐sugars D‐xylose and L‐arabinose.
Carbohydrate–DNA Interactions at G‐Quadruplexes: Folding and Stability Changes by Attaching Sugars at the 5′‐End
Authors: Gómez‐Pinto Irene , Vengut‐Climent Empar , Lucas Ricardo , Aviñó Anna , Eritja Ramón , González Carlos , Morales Juan Carlos 
Published: January 2013

AbstractQuadruplex DNA structures are attracting an enormous interest in many areas of chemistry, ranging from chemical biology, supramolecular chemistry to nanoscience. We have prepared carbohydrate–DNA conjugates containing the oligonucleotide sequences of G‐quadruplexes (thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) and human telomere (TEL)), measured their thermal stability and studied their structure in solution by using NMR and molecular dynamics. The solution structure of a fucose–TBA conjugate shows stacking interactions between the carbohydrate and the DNA G‐tetrad in addition to hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts. We have also shown that attaching carbohydrates at the 5′‐end of a quadruplex telomeric sequence can alter its folding topology. These results suggest the possibility of modulating the folding of the G‐quadruplex by linking carbohydrates and have clear implications in molecular recognition and the design of new G‐quadruplex ligands.
On the Use of Crushed Recycled Glass Instead of Silica Sand in Dual‐Media Filters
Authors: Soyer Elif , Akgiray Ömer , Eldem Nursen Öz , Saatçı Ahmet Mete 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCrushed recycled glass was evaluated as an alternative to silica sand in dual‐media filters. Pilot scale inline filtration experiments were carried out using raw waters from three different water sources with turbidities between 6.0 and 14.0 NTU. Two physically identical filter columns were operated in parallel in the experiments. One filter consisted of 62.5 cm silica sand and 41.5 cm anthracite coal, whereas the other filter contained 62.5 cm crushed recycled glass plus 41.5 cm anthracite coal. The total bed depth was 104 cm for both filters. The properties of the media were as follows: Glass effective size = 0.77 mm, uniformity coefficient = 1.41. Sand effective size = 0.79 mm, uniformity coefficient = 1.33. Coal effective size = 1.45 mm, uniformity coefficient = 1.39. Experiments were repeated five times as follows: (i) Without the use of a coagulant, (ii–iii) with 5 and 10 mg/L of alum, and (iv–v) with 5 and 10 mg/L of ferric chloride. The filtration rate used was 11.5 m/h. Turbidity, particle counts, and head losses were measured and compared as functions of time. The following were observed: (i) Effluent turbidities and particle counts of the two filters were very close, i.e., essentially the same effluent quality was obtained when crushed glass was used instead of silica sand. (ii) In the majority of the tests, the filter with crushed glass generated both a smaller clean‐bed head loss and smaller clogging head losses than those of the filter containing sand. It is concluded that crushed glass may be a good alternative to silica sand in dual‐media filtration.
Extraction of Phenol and Chlorophenols Using Ionic Liquid [Bmim]+[BF4]− Dissolved in Tributyl Phosphate
Authors: Brinda Lakshmi A. , Balasubramanian A. , Venkatesan S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn the present work, experiments have been carried out with a focus to reduce the volume requirement of solvent by mixing with imidazolium based ionic liquids (ILs) for the solvent extraction of phenol, p‐chlorophenol, 2,4‐dichlorophenol, 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol from aqueous solutions. The effect of aqueous phase pH (2–12), agitation speed (100–450 rpm), solute concentration in feed (2–50 mg/L), temperature (303–333 K), treat ratio (1–11), and 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate [Bmim]+[BF4]− volume in tributyl phosphate (TBP; 0–0.7% v/v) on extraction of phenols has been studied and optimized. Parameters like strip phase pH (3–13) and stripping agent concentration (0.001–0.009 N) have also been studied for stripping of phenols from solvent phase. It has been found that 0.5% v/v of ionic liquid [Bmim]+[BF4]− in solvent TBP extracts more than 97.5% of phenol and chlorophenols from aqueous solutions with a treat ratio (aqueous to solvent phase ratio) of 5. Transport mechanism for extraction and stripping of phenol and chlorophenols using ionic liquid [Bmim]+[BF4]− has been discussed. The results show that by appropriate selection of extraction and stripping conditions, it is possible to remove nearly all phenols with a treat ratio of 5.
Structure–Activity Relationship Study Reveals ML240 and ML241 as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of p97 ATPase
Authors: Chou Tsui‐Fen , Li Kelin , Frankowski Kevin J. , Schoenen Frank J. , Deshaies Raymond J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTo discover more potent p97 inhibitors, we carried out a structure–activity relationship study of the quinazoline scaffold previously identified from our HTS campaigns. Two improved inhibitors, ML240 and ML241, inhibit p97 ATPase with IC50 values of 100 nM. Both compounds inhibited degradation of a p97‐dependent but not a p97‐independent proteasome substrate in a dual‐reporter cell line. They also impaired the endoplasmic‐reticulum‐associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Unexpectedly, ML240 potently stimulated accumulation of LC3‐II within minutes, inhibited cancer cell growth, and rapidly mobilized the executioner caspases 3 and 7, whereas ML241 did not. The behavior of ML240 suggests that disruption of the protein homeostasis function of p97 leads to more rapid activation of apoptosis than is observed with a proteasome inhibitor. Further characterization revealed that ML240 has broad antiproliferative activity toward the NCI‐60 panel of cancer cell lines, but slightly lower activity toward normal cells. ML240 also synergizes with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 to kill multiple colon cancer cell lines. Meanwhile, both probes have low off‐target activity toward a panel of protein kinases and central nervous system targets. Our results nominate ML240 as a promising starting point for the development of a novel agent for the chemotherapy of cancer, and provide a rationale for developing pathway‐specific p97 inhibitors.