bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endemic characteristics of infantile visceral leishmaniasis in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Fu Qing , Li Shi-Zhu , Wu Wei-Ping , Hou Yan-Yan , Zhang Song , Feng Yu , Zhang Li-Ping , Tang Lin-Hua 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was once a severe parasitic disease in China. Thanks to the great efforts of integrated control, VL was eliminated in most epidemic areas, except for certain western provinces (autonomous region) at the end of 1950s. From then on, VL gained less attention and has seemed to spread, especially in the last 15 years. Infants are the most important population threatened by VL. However, there have been few studies on the endemic characteristics of infantile VL in China.

Methods
Infantile VL cases were collected from the online National Infectious Diseases Reporting System (NIDRS). Statistical description and inference was used to reveal the endemic characteristics in gender, age group, time and regionalism. Spatial analysis was carried out to explore the high risk area for infantile VL in China.

Results
A total of 1093 infantile VL cases were reported from 2006 to 2012. There was no statistically significant difference in gender over time. The minimum, maximum and mean age of these cases was 1.1, 35.9 and 13.8 months, respectively. Among them 86.92% were under 2 years of age, and there was a statistically significant difference among age groups over time. An incidence peak appeared in 2008-2009, most cases were distributed in the months September to December, and there was a tail-raising effect in the coming two months of the next year. More than 98% of cases were reported in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Gansu Province and Sichuan Province, accounting for 61.02%, 32.75% and 4.57%, respectively. A total of 56 counties reported infantile VL cases, with the cumulative incidence ranging from 0.02 to 24.57%. There were two main zones of high endemicity for infantile VL in China. The monthly incidence clearly coincides with the number of towns where infantile VL cases were reported. Three fatalities were reported during the study period, the case fatality rate was 2.75‰.

Conclusions
The endemic situation of infantile VL is serious, and there are several active foci of infantile VL prevalence in China. VL has emerged as a severe threat to infants of endemic regions in China.
Attitudes of young adults from the UK towards organ donation and transplantation
Authors: Coad Laura , Carter Noel , Ling Jonathan 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
This study examines the attitudes of young British adults towards donating their own organs and those of their family members.

Methods
An opportunity sample of 119 participants (65 female) completed an attitude questionnaire.

Results
Most participants were in favour of donation though substantially fewer had signed up to the organ donation register. A minority of participants was aware of the proposed opt-out system for donation.

Conclusions
The results from this study corroborate and extend previous work in that more participants were prepared to receive an organ than donate one. Knowing someone who had donated an organ was associated with a more positive attitude towards donation. Implications for policy are discussed.
Development and validation of stability-indicating UPLC method for the determination of lafutidine and its impurities in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form
Authors: Joshi Aniket S , Warghude Nilesh , Deshmukh Sanjay , Jadhav Sanjay A , Bembalkar Saroj R 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
A simple and rapid stability-indicating, reversed phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was developed for the quantitative determination of lafutidine and its four potential impurities.

Results
Separation was achieved on Acquity BEH-shield RP18 UPLC column (3.0 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) under the gradient mode of elution by using mobile phase A (0.02M diammonium hydrogen phosphate/acetonitrile, 80:20 v/v) and mobile phase B (0.02M diammonium hydrogen phosphate/acetonitrile, 30:70 v/v). The flow rate was maintained at 0.5 mL min−1. UV detection was carried out at 276 nm.

Conclusions
Stability-indicating capability of the developed method is established by analyzing forced degradation samples in which the spectral purity of lafutidine is ascertained along with the separation of degradation products from analyte peak. The developed UPLC method is validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines with respect to system suitability, specificity, precision, sensitivity, accuracy, linearity, and robustness.
Influence of Supporting Electrolyte on the Electrochemical Oxidation of Formic Acid on Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes
Authors: Fierro Stéphane , Honda Yuki , Einaga Yasuaki 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The influence of support electrolyte on the electrochemical degradation of formic acid was studied on boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Experimental data are compared with a theoretical model, which is based on organic degradation via hydroxyl radicals under current or mass transport controlled regimes depending on the difference between the applied and limiting current. The kinetics of the different reactions involved in the process is also briefly studied. It is shown that when sulfuric acid is used as support electrolyte, the reactions involving electro-generated peroxodisulfate anions during the degradation of formic acid are highly dependent on temperature. For this reason, the influence on the overall process of the chemical reaction between these anions and formic acid tends to increase with increasing temperatures and when the electrolysis becomes controlled by mass transport. However, it is proven that degradation of formic acid in the bulk occurs under current controlled regime as well. Furthermore, it is shown that the use of sulfuric acid as support electrolyte enhances the degradation of formic acid at high temperatures and when the process is controlled by mass transfer compared to other inert support electrolytes.
Successive Formation of Two Amide Linkages between Two Benzene Rings
Authors: Yokoyama Akihiro , Karasawa Makoto , Taniguchi Masahisa , Yokozawa Tsutomu 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
To successively construct two amide bonds between two benzene rings, the reaction of methyl N-alkylanthranilate and N-alkylisatoic anhydride in the presence of a base was studied. When the reaction was carried out with lithium hexamethyldisilazide and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine in THF at 70 °C under reduced pressure, a cyclic diamide was obtained in high yield.
Synthesis of 1,6′-Bi- and 1,6′:3,6′′-Terazulenes from 1-Pyridyl- and 1,3-Di(pyridyl)azulenes by the Ziegler–Hafner Method
Authors: Shoji Taku , Yamamoto Atsuyo , Shimomura Erika , Maruyama Mitsuhisa , Ito Shunji , Okujima Tetsuo , Toyota Kozo , Morita Noboru 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The synthesis of 1,6′-biazulenes 3a and 3b and 1,6′:3,6′′-terazulenes 7a and 7b was established by one-pot reactions via the Zincke-type ring-opening of the corresponding pyridinium salts with diethylamine, followed by the reaction with cyclopentadiene in the presence of sodium methoxide. The intramolecular charge-transfer characters between azulene rings were investigated by UV–vis spectroscopy and theoretical calculations.
Redetermination of the structure of 1,4-diethoxybenzene, C10H14O2
Authors: Islor Arun M. , Garudachari B. , Gerber Thomas , Hosten Eric , Betz Richard 
Published: May 2013

Abstract C10H14O2, monoclinic, P21 (no. 4), a = 7.0647(2) Å, b = 7.4686(3) Å, c = 9.4212(3) Å, β = 110.615(2)°, V = 465.3 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0332, wRref(F2) = 0.0898, T = 200 K.
Redetermination of the crystal structure of (1R,2S)-2-((dimethylphenyl)- carbamoyl)-1-propylpiperidin-1-ium chloride monohydrate, C17H29ClN2O2
Authors: Dayananda Alaloor S. , Yathirajan Hemmige S. , Gerber Thomas , Hosten Eric , Betz Richard 
Published: May 2013

Abstract C17H29ClN2O2, monoclinic, P21 (no. 4), a = 9.5140(5) Å, b = 7.2916(4) Å, c = 13.0720(8) Å, β = 97.658(2)°, V = 898.8 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0343, wRref(F2) = 0.0957, T = 200 K.
Crystal structure of trans-1,4-di-(2-(allyloxyethyl)-cyclohexa-2,5-diene- 1,4-dicarboxylic acid, C18H24O6
Authors: Linker Torsten , Bramborg Andrea , Kelling Alexandra , Schilde Uwe 
Published: May 2013

Abstract C18H24O6, triclinic, P1¯ (no. 2), a = 5.726(1) Å, b = 8.845(2) Å, c = 9.557(2) Å, α = 105.27(1)°, β = 102.76(1)°, γ = 103.49(1)°, V = 433.0 Å3, Z = 1, Rgt(F) = 0.0412, wRref(F2) = 0.1075, T = 210 K.
Crystal structure of dibromidobis(3-phenylpyridine-κN)palladium(II), C22H18Br2N2Pd
Authors: Ha Kwang 
Published: May 2013

Abstract C22H18Br2N2Pd, triclinic, P1¯ (no. 2), a = 6.620(1) Å, b = 7.223(2) Å, c = 11.181(2) Å, α = 71.273(4)°, β = 89.765(4)°, γ = 76.928(4)°, V = 491.8 Å3, Z = 1, Rgt(F) = 0.0306, wRref(F2) = 0.0868, T = 200 K.
Crystal structure of trans-diiodidobis(4-phenylpyridine-κN)palladium(II), C22H18I2N2Pd
Authors: Ha Kwang 
Published: May 2013

Abstract C22H18I2N2Pd, orthorhombic, Pnnm (no. 58), a = 5.403(1) Å, b = 7.772(1) Å, c = 24.757(4) Å, V = 1039.6 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0352, wRref(F2) = 0.0829, T = 200 K.
Crystal structure of cis-tetrabromidobis(4-phenylpyridine-κN) platinum(IV), C22H18Br4N2Pt
Authors: Ha Kwang 
Published: May 2013

Abstract C22H18Br4N2Pt, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.039(1) Å, b = 18.009(3) Å, c = 14.807(2) Å, β = 104.659(3)°, V = 2331.9 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0432, wRref(F2) = 0.1124, T = 200 K.
Crystal structure of 1-(diphenylmethylene)-2-(thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridin- 2(3H)-ylidene)hydrazine, C19H14N4S
Authors: Ma Teng , Zhang Jun , Miao Shao-Bin 
Published: May 2013

Abstract C19H14N4S, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 35.98(1) Å, b = 5.671(2) Å, c = 17.658(7) Å, β = 115.608(4)°, V = 3249 Å3, Z = 8, Rgt(F) = 0.0403, wRref(F2) = 0.1462, T = 296 K.
Nowhere Man
Authors: Frey Emily 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In the opera that bears his name, Evgeny Onegin often seems remarkably inconsequential, a “superfluous man” among Russian society and nearly such in his own tale. Critics from Hermann Laroche to Catherine Clément have lamented not only the triviality of Evgeny's character but the flavorlessness of his music—a deficiency cast into relief by the compelling and pervasive musical presence of Tatiana, the too-eventual object of Evgeny's affections. This imbalance, a departure from Pushkin (whose Tatiana is ever sketchily drawn, and indeed almost mute), has often been attributed to Chaikovsky's well-publicized emotional identification with his heroine. Onegin's blankness thus becomes the product of a composerly flaw: Chaikovsky's inability to portray convincingly in music a character dissimilar to his own.
But the Evgeny Onegin Chaikovsky inherited was not only Pushkin's. It was a cultural palimpsest, a text written on and written over by virtually every major intellectual figure in nineteenth-century Russia. By the time Chaikovsky got his hands on them, Pushkin's heroes were entangled in some of the century's most urgent debates: about the ethics of action versus reflection, the slippage between public and private identities. This article traces the constructions of Evgeny and Tatiana in a series of nineteenth- century readings of Evgeny Onegin, examining the ways in which the opera responds to and transforms key questions from the reception history of the novel. Among the texts considered are works by Herzen, Belinsky, and Dostoevsky, whose (in)famous “Pushkin Speech” was the opera's nearexact contemporary. From these readings, and the myriad images of Evgeny and Tatiana they present, emerge insights into a broader discourse about the nature of subjectivity in Europe's only autocracy.
Bone quality, as measured by trabecular bone score, in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Eller-Vainicher Cristina , Filopanti Marcello , Palmieri Serena , Ulivieri Fabio Massimo , Morelli Valentina , Zhukouskaya Volha V , Cairoli Elisa , Pino Rosa , Naccarato Antonella , Verga Uberta , Scillitani Alfredo , Beck-Peccoz Paolo , Chiodini Iacopo 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveIn primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), vertebral fractures (VFx) occur regardless of bone mineral density (BMD) and may depend on decreased bone quality. Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a texture measurement acquired during a spinal dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Recently, TBS has been proposed as an index of bone micro-architecture.DesignWe studied 92 PHPT patients (74 females, age 62.1±9.7 years) and 98 control subjects. In all patients at baseline, in 20 surgically treated patients and in 10 conservatively treated patients after 24 months, TBS, spinal (lumbar spine (LS)) and femoral (total hip (TH) and femoral neck (FN)) BMD were assessed by DXA and VFx by spinal radiograph.ResultsPHPT patients had lower TBS (−2.39±1.8) and higher VFx prevalence (43.5%) than controls (−0.98±1.07 and 8.2% respectively, bothP<0.0001). TBS was associated with VFx (odds ratio 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.9,P=0.02), regardless of LS-BMD, age, BMI and gender, and showed a better compromise between sensitivity (75%) and specificity (61.5%) for detecting VFx than LS-BMD, TH-BMD and FN-BMD (31 and 75%, 72 and 44.2%, and 64 and 65% respectively). In surgically treated patients, TBS, LS-BMD, TH-BMD and FN-BMD increased (+47±44.8,+29.2±34.1,+49.4±48.7 and +30.2±39.3% respectively, allP<0.0001). Among patients treated conservatively, TBS decreased significantly in those (n=3) with incident VFx (−1.3±0.3) compared with those without (−0.01±0.9,P=0.048), while BMD changes were not statistically different (LS 0.3±1.2 vs −0.8±0.9 respectively,P=0.19; TH 0.4±0.8 vs −0.8±1.4 respectively,P=0.13 and FN 0.4±0.9 vs −0.8±1.4 respectively,P=0.14).ConclusionsIn PHPT, bone quality, as measured by TBS, is reduced and associated with VFx and improves after surgery.
Fresh Properties of Mortar made with Pozzolanic Cement and Water Reducers
Authors: Sosa María E. , Villagrán-Zaccardi Yury A. , Zega Claudio J. , Juan P.Peralta 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTNatural pozzolans are supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) that may be used to improve the properties of mortar and concrete, through the formation of additional hydration products by pozzolanic action. Water reducers (WR) play a main role in high performance concrete in terms of durability, strength and surface finishing. A first optimization of constituent proportions in paste and/or mortar is convenient to assess the compatibility between the WR and the cementitious materials. The compatibility between cement and WR may be affected by SCMs, as they can also interact with the molecules of the admixture. However, the practical implication may be variable. This paper deals with the influence of different types and dosages of WRs in mortars made with pozzolanic Portland cement. Both medium and high ranges WRs have been used. Mortar fluidity has been tested by the spread and the slump tests. Results show different fluidizing capacities of WRs, among which polycarboxylate-based WR was the most compatible with the pozzolanic cement.
On the Symmetry and Composition of Complex Intermetallics
Authors: Dshemuchadse Julia , Steurer Walter 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTComplex intermetallic structures can be found in many intermetallic systems and exhibit giant unit cells. They feature quite a number of peculiar structural and physical properties and have, until now, barely been treated in a unifying matter. We are following an integrated approach towards their description and categorization and are thereby formulating a fundamental definition of these very interesting and rather diverse compounds.
Tunning the Elastic Properties of Wrinkled Janus Particles
Authors: Trindade Ana Catarina , Canejo João Paulo , Godinho Maria Helena 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThe main objective of this work was to control and manipulate tuneable equilibrium structures in elastomeric spherical particles. The cross-linked urethane/urea polymeric spheres with two soft segments, polypropylene oxide and polybutadiene, were prepared by reacting a poly(propyleneoxide)-based triisocyanate-terminated prepolymer (PU) with poly(butadienediol) (PBDO), with different weight ratio. Wrinkling on elastomeric Janus spheres is induced by UV irradiation (λ=254 nm) and permanently imprinted by swelling the particles in an appropriate solvent, followed by drying. The surface tailoring of the Janus elastomeric spheres, found by SEM, is dependent on the PU/PBDO ratio and on the elastic properties of the particles.
Synthesis of new hybrid material based on copolymer and Pd-nanoparticles.
Authors: Ugalde M. , Chavira E. , Ochoa-Lara M. T. , Canseco M. A. , Zaragoza-Contreras E.A. , Quintanar C. , Gutiérrez-Nava M. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTIn this work, the synthesis of new hybrid material based on a poly (buthyl acrylate –co- vinyl formamide) copolymer using the emulsion polymerization and doped with Pd, is discussed. The copolymer structure was confirmed by FT-IR. Afterwards, Pd nanocrystals previously synthesized, resulting on a spherical shape of ~ 5 nm, as measured by High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), were deposited on the structure of the organic material. The films were analyzed using AFM and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), giving rise to a hybrid material that could be applied in areas such as nanolithography, catalysis, and sensors.
Optical Switching and Photoluminescence in Erbium Implanted Vanadium Dioxide Thin Films
Authors: Lim Herianto , Stavrias Nikolas , McCallum Jeffrey C. , Marvel Robert E. , Haglund Richard F. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTVanadium dioxide (VO2) is a promising material for an optical switch due to the ultrafast and reversible transition between its two phases with contrasting optical, as well as electronic, properties. Meanwhile, erbium (Er3+) has been a standard optical amplifier for the current fiber-optic communication system. Hence, a combination of the two could be expected to make an optical switch capable of simultaneous optical amplification. In the present work, the optical switching and photoluminescence of Er-implanted VO2 were successfully demonstrated. Post-implantation annealing at 800°C or above was seen crucial for the activation of the Er centers in the VO2 crystals.
Non radiative recombination centers in ZnO nanorods
Authors: Montenegro D. , Hortelano V. , Martínez O. , Martínez-Tomas M. C. , Sallet V. , Muñoz V. , Jiménez J. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTNowadays, the nature of the non radiative recombination centres in ZnO is a matter of controversy; they have been related to extended defects, zinc vacancy complexes, and surface defects, among other possible candidates. We present herein the optical characterization of catalyst free ZnO nanorods grown by atmospheric MOCVD by microRaman and cathodoluminescence spectroscopies. The correlation between the defect related Raman modes and the cathodoluminescence emission along the nanorods permits to establish a relation between the non radiative recombination centers and the defects responsible for the local Raman modes, which have been related to Zn interstitial complexes.
Rate of Shattercane × Sorghum Hybridization In Situ
Authors: Schmidt Jared J. , Pedersen Jeffrey F. , Bernards Mark L. , Lindquist John L. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTCultivated sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. bicolor] can interbreed with a feral weedy relative shattercane [S. bicolor nothosubsp. drummondii (Steud.) de Wet ex Davidse]. Traits introduced from cultivated sorghum could contribute to the invasiveness of a shattercane population. An experiment was conducted to determine the potential for pollen‐mediated gene flow from grain sorghum to shattercane. Shattercane with juicy midrib (dd) was planted in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields during 2 yr in concentric arcs at varying distances from a 0.39 ha sorghum pollen source with dry midrib (DD). The arcs were placed so that prevailing winds would carry sorghum pollen to the shattercane. Seven hundred twenty seeds from each of over 300 shattercane panicles in anthesis during sorghum pollen shed each year were collected. Progeny were evaluated by phenotype to determine rate of hybridization. Hybridization averaged 3.6% within the source in 2008 and 16.0% in 2009 and declined as distance increased. Hybridization as high as 2.6% for an individual panicle was measured at the farthest distance evaluated (200 m). Wind direction and speed were also measured and their product affected hybridization rate for all pollination periods. Results indicate that genes from cultivated sorghum will likely be introduced into shattercane populations at distances of at least 200 m and that rate of hybridization is dependent on weather factors such as wind. Source size is also important in determining hybridization rate but was not studied here.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in a World Collection of Brassica napus Accessions with Emphasis on South Korea, Japan, and Pakistan
Authors: Gyawali Sanjaya , Hegedus Dwayne D. , Parkin Isobel A. P. , Poon Jenny , Higgins Erin , Horner Kyla , Bekkaoui Diana , Coutu Cathy , Buchwaldt Lone 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTInformation on genetic diversity and population structure is needed for continued improvement in Brassica napus L. A total of 169 B. napus lines, collected between 1970 and 2000 in Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Japan, Pakistan, and South Korea, were genotyped with 84 simple sequence repeat markers. Nei's unbiased genetic diversity (H) and Shannon's information index (SI) showed that genetic diversity was highest among lines from Europe followed by South Korea, Japan, China, and Pakistan while lines from Australia and Canada had the lowest diversity. Pairwise comparison of the populations using Nei's genetic identity (I) and genetic distance (D) showed greater differentiation between Australia and Canada versus China and Pakistan. Accessions from South Korea and Japan were most similar, confirming an historical exchange of germplasm. The analysis of unique alleles and allele richness revealed that the Pakistani population was the richest followed by Europe and South Korea. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that 9% of the variation was accounted for by geographical region and 91% by lines. Both Structure and principal coordinate analyses indicated two subpopulations in the collection confirming separation of genotypes due to growth habit adaptation. Information on B. napus genotypes containing unique alleles is valuable for breeding programs in different parts of the world seeking to improve agronomic traits and adaptability.
Genomewide Selection to Introgress Semidwarf Maize Germplasm into U.S. Corn Belt Inbreds
Authors: Combs Emily , Bernardo Rex 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTSemidwarf maize (Zea mays L.) could be grown in new areas of production or in alternative crop rotations. Our objectives were to determine (i) if genomewide selection is useful for the rapid improvement of an exotic × adapted cross, (ii) if genomewide selection is more effective than phenotypic backcrossing for a trait with major genes, and (iii) the extent to which the high grain yield of nondwarf maize can be combined with the reduced stature and adaptability to high plant population densities of semidwarf maize. We conducted four cycles of genomewide selection in two semidwarf × adapted crosses. Phenotypic backcrossing was also done until the BC4 with selection for short plants. The accuracy of genomewide predictions in Cycle 0 was 0.67 to 0.70 for plant height and 0.57 to 0.70 for grain yield. Genomewide selection from Cycle 1 until Cycle 5 either maintained or improved on the gains from phenotypic selection achieved in Cycle 1. Observed gains generally agreed with predicted gains. Cycle 5 did not always have the best mean performance. Unfavorable genetic correlations made it difficult to select for short plants with high grain yield. Linkage disequilibrium between markers declined as selection progressed. Compared with phenotypic backcrossing, genomewide selection led to better mean performance and a higher proportion of exotic germplasm introgressed. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study on genomewide selection to improve an exotic × adapted cross.