bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral health in older adults with dementia living in different environments: a propensity analysis
Authors: Chen Xi , Clark Jennifer J.J. , Naorungroj Supawadee 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis study was to compare oral health in dementia patients living in different environments. One hundred two dementia patients living in the community, assisted living facilities and nursing homes (NH) were retrospectively selected from a community‐based dental clinic. Participants’ sociodemographics, medical, dental, functional, and cognitive assessment were documented at arrival. Poisson and negative‐binomial regressions were developed to assess impacts of residential status on the number of missing teeth and number of caries/retained roots, respectively. Oral health was poor in study participants, regardless of their residential status. Nearly 30% of NH residents were edentulous, about two times higher than those in the community. Dentate participants averaged about 5.9 caries/retained roots at arrival. Forty‐four percent of community‐dwelling participants and 54% of NH residents presented with five or more caries/retained roots. Holding other factors constant, living environment was not associated with oral health measures, indicating oral health had declined in dementia patients before they were placed into NH.
Concealable Stigmatized Identities and Psychological Well‐Being
Authors: Quinn Diane M. , Earnshaw Valerie A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMany people have concealable stigmatized identities: Identities that can be hidden from others and that are socially devalued and negatively stereotyped. Understanding how these concealable stigmatized identities affect psychological well‐being is critical. We present our model of the components of concealable stigmatized identities including valenced content– internalized stigma, experienced discrimination, anticipated stigma, disclosure reactions, and counter‐stereotypic/positive information – and magnitude– centrality and salience. Research has shown that negatively valenced content is related to increased psychological distress. However, smaller identity magnitude may buffer this distress. We review the research available and discuss important areas for future work.
Meditation and Health: The Search for Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Kok Bethany E. , Waugh Christian E. , Fredrickson Barbara L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPsychological interest in the impact of mental states on biological functioning is growing rapidly, driving a need for new methods for inducing mental states that last long enough, and are sufficiently impactful, to have significant effects on physical health. The many traditions of meditative practice are one potential pathway for studying mind‐body interactions. The purpose of this review is to introduce personality and social psychologists to the field of meditation research. Beginning with a brief introduction to meditation and the heterogeneity of meditative practices, we showcase research linking meditative practice to changes in immune and cardiovascular functioning and pain perception. We then discuss theoretical and empirical evidence that meditation works by inducing changes in psychological capacities such as emotion regulation and self‐regulation or through repeated induction of specific mental states such as love or meta‐cognitive awareness. At the frontier of the science of meditation is the need to empirically test whether meditation‐driven changes in cognitive and affective processes are the cause of improvements in physical health. Emerging challenges in meditation research include a need for large studies using randomized controlled and dual‐blind designs with active control groups and an increased focus on measuring mechanisms of action as well as outcomes. Meditation represents a potentially powerful tool for generating new knowledge of mind‐body interactions.
A Closer Look Into the Multi‐Layer Structure of Motivational Intensity Theory
Authors: Richter Michael 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDrawing on the idea that humans aim to avoid wasting energy that is important for survival, motivational intensity theory postulates that task difficulty and success importance determine energy investment. Additionally, the theory makes predictions on how task characteristics moderate the relationship between task difficulty, success importance, and energy investment. In this article, I will show how the different predictions of motivational intensity theory relate to one another and to what extent they can be derived from the fundamental principle of energy conservation. I will also discuss the application of the theory to effort mobilization and cardiovascular reactivity. Specifically, I will discuss the additional assumptions and predictions that are necessary to link these applications to motivational intensity theory’s basic rationale, the energy conservation principle.
Social Effects of Facial Blushing: Influence of Context and Actor Versus Observer Perspective
Authors: de Jong Peter J. , Dijk Corine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBlushing is restricted to the facial area that is uncovered and in the center of social attention. Together with the observation that blushing typically occurs in interpersonal situations, it has been proposed that the blush might have acquired signaling properties with relevant social implications. Following such a functional perspective, this article evaluates the signal value and social effects of the blush. First, it is argued that the blush fulfils all criteria for being a reliable social signal. It seems impossible to fake or to suppress, and it seems to co‐occur with a specific mental state: The acute awareness that one’s goal of esteem before others is at stake. Second, it is illustrated that the social effects of the blush may greatly vary as a function of context. In contexts that clearly imply some kind of misbehavior, the blush has face‐saving properties. Yet, in many other contexts, such as merely being the center of attention or situations that are ambiguous with regard to the blushing actors’ antecedent behaviors, the blush may have undesirable effects. Third, it is illustrated that the signal value of the blush not only affects the observers but also the blushing actors. It is shown that the anticipated influence of one’s blushing on other people’s judgments may help explain why actors often consider blushing as a highly undesirable response, and why some people may even develop a phobic fear of blushing.
Adaptation of a general primary care package for HIV‐infected adults to an HIV centre setting in Gaborone, Botswana
Authors: Davis Stephanie , Patel Premal , Sheikh Abid , Anabwani Gabriel , Tolle Michael A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundAs life expectancy of HIV‐infected patients improves due to antiretroviral treatment (ART) and the importance of associated co‐morbidities and chronic diseases increases, preventive care will become increasingly important. Adaptation of existing preventive guidelines to local environments will become a priority for HIV treatment programmes.MethodsGuidance from the World Health Organization, a focused evidenced‐based literature review, Botswana national guidelines, Botswana‐specific morbidity and mortality data and centre‐specific data were used to adapt a published general primary care package for limited‐resource areas to our centre's specific setting.ResultsThe preventive care package contains recommendations on tuberculosis prevention, malnutrition, depression, cervical and breast cancer, hepatitis B coinfection, cardiovascular risk factors, external injury prevention, domestic violence screening, tobacco and substance‐abuse counselling, contraception and screening and treatment of sexually transmitted infections.ConclusionThis preventive care package addresses the comprehensive health needs of HIV‐infected adults in the FMC in an evidence‐based manner. The process of combining clinic‐specific prevalence data, national guidelines, regional literature and assessment of public‐sector resources to adapt an existing general package could be utilised to develop similar guidelines in other resource‐limited locales.
Review: Addressing the challenge of neonatal mortality
Authors: Blencowe H. , Cousens S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractReducing neonatal mortality remains a challenge with an estimated 3.0 million neonatal deaths in 2011, three‐quarters of these in sub‐Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. The leading causes of neonatal death globally are complications of preterm birth, intrapartum‐related causes and infections. While post‐neonatal, under‐5 deaths fell by 47% between 1990 and 2011, neonatal deaths only fell by 32% and they now account for 43% of all under‐5 child deaths. This article reviews the progress in reducing neonatal deaths in high‐burden countries and presents an overview of known effective interventions to reduce neonatal mortality and the challenges faced in implementing these in high‐burden settings. Effective action is possible to reduce neonatal mortality, but innovative approaches to implementation will be required if these preventable deaths are to be avoided.
Long‐term clinical and immunologic outcomes of HIV‐infected women with and without previous exposure to nevirapine
Authors: Mudiope Peter K. , Kim Soyeon , Wabwire Deo , Nyende Louis , Bagenda Danstan , Mubiru Mike , Mulira Robinah , Elbireer Sawsan , Namukwaya Zikulah , Fowler Mary Glenn , Musoke Philippa 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo determine and compare the clinical and immunologic outcomes for HIV‐infected women initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART), with and without previous exposure to single‐dose nevirapine in the MTCT‐Plus programme – Kampala, Uganda, from 2003 to 2011.MethodsRetrospective comparison of prospectively collected programmatic data of clinical and immunologic treatment outcomes among HIV‐infected Ugandan women, with and without prior exposure to sdNVP, who received NNRTI‐based ART for a median follow‐up of 6 years.ResultsOf the 408 women in the programme, 289 (70.8%) were started on ART, of whom 205 (70.9%) had prior exposure to sdNVP. Clinical, immunologic and combined (clinical and or immunologic) treatment failure occurred in 29 (10.0%), 132 (45.7%) and 142 (49.1%) women, respectively. There was no significant difference in the distribution of time to immunologic failure for women by exposure to sdNVP (log‐rank P = 0.98). In Cox proportional hazard modelling, exposure to sdNVP was not associated with immunologic failure [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.61–1.30]. CD4 count >100 cells/mm3 at initiation was associated with reduced incidence of immunologic failure in adjusted analyses (HR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.22–0.48).ConclusionsHIV‐infected Ugandan women initiated on an NVP‐based ART regimen had similar immunologic treatment outcomes irrespective of previous NVP exposure. CD4 cell count prior to initiating HAART was a key prognostic factor for successful long‐term immunologic treatment outcomes. In poor settings, regular follow‐up of patients on HAART with adequate counselling to promote adherence and safe disclosure may promote low clinical failure rates.
Molecular phylogenetics of the burrowing crayfish genus Fallicambarus (Decapoda: Cambaridae)
Authors: Ainscough Benjamin J. , Breinholt Jesse W. , Robison Henry W. , Crandall Keith A. 
Published: January 2013

Ainscough, B.J., Breinholt, J.W., Robison, H.W. & Crandall, K.A. (2013). Molecular phylogenetics of the burrowing crayfish genus Fallicambarus (Decapoda: Cambaridae). —Zoologica Scripta, 42, 306–316.The crayfish genus Fallicambarus contains 19 species of primary burrowing freshwater crayfish divided into two distinct subgenera. We test current hypotheses of the phylogenetic relationships among species within the genus as well as the monophyly of the genus. Our study samples all 19 species for five gene regions (both nuclear and mitochondrial) to estimate a robust phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus. We show that the genus is not a monophyletic group. The subgenus Creaserinus does fall out as a monophyletic group, but distinct from the subgenus Fallicambarus. The subgenus Fallicambarus appears to be monophyletic with the exception of the species Procambarus (Tenuicambarus) tenuis, which falls in the midst of this subgenus suggesting that it might be better classified as a Fallicambarus species. We also show that the species Fallicambarus fodiens is a species complex with distinct evolutionary lineages that are regionalized to different geographic areas.
ACOUSTICAL STANDARDS NEWS
Authors: Blaeser Susan B. , Schomer Paul D. 
Published: January 2013

American National Standards (ANSI Standards) developed by Accredited Standards Committees S1, S2, S3, and S12 in the areas of acoustics, mechanical vibration and shock, bioacoustics, and noise, respectively, are published by the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). In addition to these standards, ASA publishes catalogs of Acoustical Standards, both National and International. To receive copies of the latest Standards catalogs, please contact Susan B. Blaeser.
Comments are welcomed on all material in Acoustical Standards News.
This Acoustical Standards News section in JASA, as well as the National and International Catalogs of Acoustical Standards, and other information on the Standards Program of the Acoustical Society of America, are available via the ASA home page: http://acousticalsociety.org.
Outcomes of faecal occult blood tests requested outside the UK National Bowel Cancer Screening Programme
Authors: McDonald Rosie , Tomlins Abigail , Smith Steve , Harmston Christopher 
Published: January 2013

Background and aimsFaecal occult blood test (FOBt) is commonly requested by clinicians in both primary and secondary care. The aim of this study was to examine the use and outcomes of clinician-requested FOB testing in a single Trust taking part in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Programme pilots.MethodsData from a single Trust was used. The Trust's pathology reporting system was searched retrospectively for all FOBt study requests in 1 year. In patients with a positive test, the Trust's clinical results reporting system was searched to determine the type and outcome of any investigations. Patients with positive tests were cross-matched with the Trust's colorectal cancer database to detect interval cancers.Results1363 FOB tests were requested during the calendar year. 715 (52.5%) were completed. Mean age was 60.6 years, 30.7% of patients were in the screening age group. 60 (4.4%) patients were FOBt positive. Total colonic imaging was performed in only 22% of those who were FOBt positive. Significant pathology was detected in five patients (0.4%) including three colonic carcinomas. There were no interval cancers in the FOBt-positive group.ConclusionsThe number of FOBt requests has increased with the introduction of a colorectal cancer screening programme. The FOBt completion rate and colonic imaging rate in FOBt-positive patients outside the national screening programme was low. Guidelines for the use of FOBt outside of screening are needed.
Late Cenozoic geological evolution of the northern North Sea: development of a Miocene unconformity reshaped by large-scale Pleistocene sand intrusion
Authors: Løseth H. , Raulline B. , Nygård A. 
Published: January 2013

Despite hundreds of wells and extensive 3D seismic coverage, the late Cenozoic geological evolution is still not completely understood in the prolific northern North Sea hydrocarbon province. This is mainly due to post-depositional modification of sediment body geometries by injections of large volumes of sand. Using high-quality 3D seismic and well data above the Snorre and Visund Fields we propose a new late Cenozoic geological model that describes pre-injection geomorphological forms and sand injection events.
The northern North Sea was exposed during mid- and late Miocene times (10 myr), simultaneously with the regional Miocene compression phase. Subaerial and coastal cliff erosion formed escarpments, up to 100 m high. Around the Miocene–Pliocene boundary the northern North Sea subsided below sea level and a layer of glauconitic sand was deposited. During the early Pleistocene glacial period, high fluid pressures fractured the regional Hordaland Group seal. Fluidized sand either vented to the sea floor or was deposited in irregular sand bodies up to 150 m thick. Above them, the injected sand lifted the overburden and formed irregular mounds that reshaped the top Hordaland Group unconformity regionally. During the glacial period the area was tilted regionally by 0.3° towards the NNE.
Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity Impact the UV Sensitivity Syndrome Xeroderma Pigmentosum C
Authors: Stout Gerdine J. , Blasco Maria A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), a UV-sensitivity syndrome characterized by skin hyperpigmentation, premature aging, and increased skin cancer, is caused by defects in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. XP shares phenotypical characteristics with telomere-associated diseases like Dyskeratosis congenita and mouse models with dysfunctional telomeres, including mice deficient for telomerase (Terc−/− mice). Thus, we investigated a hypothesized role for telomerase and telomere dysfunction in the pathobiology of XP by comparing Xpc−/−-mutant mice and Xpc−/−G1-G3Terc−/− double-mutant mice and exposed them to UV radiation. Chronically UV-exposed Xpc−/− skin displayed shorter telomeres on an average compared with wild-type skin. Strikingly, this effect was reversed by an additional deficiency in the telomerase. Moreover, aberrantly long telomeres were observed in the double-mutant mice. Telomere lengthening in the absence of telomerase suggested activation of the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) in the UV-exposed skin of the double mutants. Mechanistic investigations revealed an elevated susceptibility for UV-induced p53 patches, known to represent precursor lesions of carcinomas, in Xpc−/−G1-G3Terc−/− mice where a high number of UV-induced skin tumors occurred that were characterized by aggressive growth. Taken together, our results establish a role for xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group C (XPC) in telomere stability, particularly upon UV exposure. In absence of telomerase, critically short telomeres in XP mutants seem to aggravate this pathology, associated with an increased tumor incidence, by activating the ALT pathway of telomere lengthening. Cancer Res; 73(6); 1844–54. ©2012 AACR.
Increased CDA Expression/Activity in Males Contributes to Decreased Cytidine Analog Half-Life and Likely Contributes to Worse Outcomes with 5-Azacytidine or Decitabine Therapy
Authors: Mahfouz Reda Z. , Jankowska Ania , Ebrahem Quteba , Gu Xiaorong , Visconte Valeria , Tabarroki Ali , Terse Pramod , Covey Joseph , Chan Kenneth , Ling Yonghua , Engelke Kory J. , Sekeres Mikkael A. , Tiu Ramon , Maciejewski Jaroslaw , Radivoyevitch Tomas , Saunthararajah Yogen 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Purpose: The cytidine analogs 5-azacytidine and decitabine, used to treat myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), produce a molecular epigenetic effect, depletion of DNA-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). This action is S-phase dependent. Hence, genetic factors that decrease the half-lives of these drugs could impact efficacy. Documentation of such impact, and elucidation of underlying mechanisms, could lead to improved clinical application.
Experimental design: Cytidine deaminase (CDA) rapidly inactivates 5-azacytidine/decitabine. The effect of CDA SNP A79C and gender on CDA expression, enzyme activity, and drug pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics was examined in mice and humans, and the impact on overall survival (OS) was evaluated in 5-azacytidine/decitabine-treated patients with MDS (n = 90) and cytarabine-treated patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (n = 76).
Results: By high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), plasma CDA activity was decreased as expected in individuals with the SNP A79C. Interestingly and significantly, there was an even larger decrease in females than in males. Explaining this decrease, liver CDA expression was significantly lower in female versus male mice. As expected, decitabine plasma levels, measured by mass spectrometry, were significantly higher in females. In mathematical modeling, the detrimental impact of shorter drug half-life (e.g., in males) was greater in low compared with high S-phase fraction disease (e.g., MDS vs. AML), because in high S-phase fraction disease, even a short exposure treats a major portion of cells. Accordingly, in multivariate analysis, OS was significantly worse in male versus female patients with MDS treated with 5-azacytidine/decitabine.
Conclusions: Increased CDA expression/activity in males contributes to decreased cytidine analog half-life and likely contributes to worse outcomes with 5-azacytidine or decitabine therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 19(4); 938–48. ©2012 AACR.
Targeting Activated Akt with GDC-0068, a Novel Selective Akt Inhibitor That Is Efficacious in Multiple Tumor Models
Authors: Lin Jie , Sampath Deepak , Nannini Michelle A. , Lee Brian B. , Degtyarev Michael , Oeh Jason , Savage Heidi , Guan Zhengyu , Hong Rebecca , Kassees Robert , Lee Leslie B. , Risom Tyler , Gross Stefan , Liederer Bianca M. , Koeppen Hartmut , Skelton Nicholas J. , Wallin Jeffrey J. , Belvin Marcia , Punnoose Elizabeth , Friedman Lori S. , Lin Kui 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Purpose: We describe the preclinical pharmacology and antitumor activity of GDC-0068, a novel highly selective ATP-competitive pan-Akt inhibitor currently in clinical trials for the treatment of human cancers.
Experimental Design: The effect of GDC-0068 on Akt signaling was characterized using specific biomarkers of the Akt pathway, and response to GDC-0068 was evaluated in human cancer cell lines and xenograft models with various genetic backgrounds, either as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents.
Results: GDC-0068 blocked Akt signaling both in cultured human cancer cell lines and in tumor xenograft models as evidenced by dose-dependent decrease in phosphorylation of downstream targets. Inhibition of Akt activity by GDC-0068 resulted in blockade of cell-cycle progression and reduced viability of cancer cell lines. Markers of Akt activation, including high-basal phospho-Akt levels, PTEN loss, and PIK3CA kinase domain mutations, correlate with sensitivity to GDC-0068. Isogenic PTEN knockout also sensitized MCF10A cells to GDC-0068. In multiple tumor xenograft models, oral administration of GDC-0068 resulted in antitumor activity ranging from tumor growth delay to regression. Consistent with the role of Akt in a survival pathway, GDC-0068 also enhanced antitumor activity of classic chemotherapeutic agents.
Conclusions: GDC-0068 is a highly selective, orally bioavailable Akt kinase inhibitor that shows pharmacodynamic inhibition of Akt signaling and robust antitumor activity in human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Our preclinical data provide a strong mechanistic rationale to evaluate GDC-0068 in cancers with activated Akt signaling. Clin Cancer Res; 19(7); 1760–72. ©2012 AACR.