bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AZD5213: a novel histamine H3 receptor antagonist permitting high daytime and low nocturnal H3 receptor occupancy, a PET study in human subjects
Authors: Jucaite Aurelija , Takano Akihiro , Boström Emma , Jostell Karl-Gustav , Stenkrona Per , Halldin Christer , Segerdahl Märta , Nyberg Svante 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe histamine H3 receptor represents an appealing central nervous system drug target due to its important role in the neurobiology of cognition and wake-sleep regulation. The therapeutic benefit of H3 antagonists/inverse agonists may be hampered by disruption of sleep that has been observed in humans with prolonged high H3 receptor occupancy (H3RO), extending into night-time. AZD5213 is a highly selective H3 antagonist (in vitro inverse agonist) developed to achieve a pharmacokinetic profile permitting circadian fluctuations of H3RO. Its efficacy has been demonstrated in rodent behavioural models of cognition. In human subjects, AZD5213 was safe and well tolerated following repeated doses (1–14 mg/d) and demonstrated a short (∼5 h) half-life. In this PET study H3RO was measured using the radioligand [11C]GSK189254 ([11C]AZ12807110) in seven young male volunteers following single doses of AZD5213 (0.05–30 mg). H3RO was calculated using the Lassen plot method. The plasma concentrations and the affinity constant (Ki,pl 1.14 nmol/l, corresponding to the plasma concentration required to occupy 50% of available receptors) were used to estimate the H3RO time-course. AZD5213 showed dose and concentration dependent H3RO ranging from 16 to 90%. These binding characteristics and the pharmacokinetic profile of AZD5213 indicate that high daytime and low night-time H3RO could be achieved following once daily oral dosing of AZD5213. Fluctuations of H3RO following circadian rhythm of the histamine system may be expected to reduce the risk of sleep disruption while maintaining daytime efficacy. AZD5213 may thus be an optimal compound to evaluate the clinical benefit of selective H3 antagonism in cognitive disorders.
A core‐top study of dissolution effect on B/Ca in Globigerinoides sacculifer from the tropical Atlantic: Potential bias for paleo‐reconstruction of seawater carbonate chemistry
Authors: Coadic R. , Bassinot F. , Dissard D. , Douville E. , Greaves M. , Michel E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIt has been recently shown that B/Ca in planktonic foraminiferal calcite can be used as a proxy for seawater pH. Based on the study of surface sediments (multi‐cores) retrieved along a depth transect on the Sierra Leone Rise (Eastern Equatorial Atlantic), we document the decrease of B/Ca and Mg/Ca of Globigerinoides sacculifer shells with increasing water depth and dissolution. This effect of dissolution on B/Ca may potentially represent a severe bias for paleo‐pH reconstructions using this species. Samples of G. sacculifer were analyzed independently at two laboratories for B/Ca and Mg/Ca. Both sets of results show a systematic decrease of B/Ca and Mg/Ca along the depth transect, with an overall loss of ~14 µmol/mol (~15%) for B/Ca and of ~0.7 mmol/mol (~21%) for Mg/Ca between the shallowest (2640 m) and the deepest (4950 m) sites. Because of this dissolution effect, surface water pH reconstructed from B/Ca of G. sacculifer decreases by ~0.11 units between the shallowest site and the deepest site, a magnitude similar to the expected glacial/interglacial surface water pH changes.
What’s Hecuba to Shakespeare?*
Authors: Pollard Tanya 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWhen Hamlet reflects on the charged power of the tragic theater, the figure who haunts his imagination is Hecuba, Queen of Troy, whose tragedy came to define the genre in sixteenth-century Europe. As a bereaved mourner who seeks revenge, Hecuba offers a female version of Hamlet. Yet even while underscoring her tragic power, Shakespeare simultaneously establishes a new model of tragic protagonist, challenging the period’s longstanding identification of tragedy with women. In exploring why both Hamlet and Shakespeare are preoccupied with Hecuba, this article argues that ignoring the impact of Greek plays in sixteenth-century England has left a gap in our understanding of early modern tragedy. Attending to Hecuba highlights Shakespeare’s innovations to a genre conventionally centered on female grief. In invoking Hecuba as an icon of tragedy, Shakespeare both reflects on and transforms women’s place in the genre.
On the Convent Threshold: Poetry for New Nuns in Early Modern Italy*
Authors: Brundin Abigail 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn early modern Italy the entry of a woman into a nunnery was celebrated with lyric poems composed by male friends and would-be friends of the woman’s family, and, on occasion, by the woman herself. This genre of occasional verse marking nuns’ vestition and profession ceremonies has generally been overlooked by scholars, despite the considerable attention paid to early modern nuns in recent decades. Many of these poems were printed and served a public function, demonstrating how convents were embedded within early modern cultural networks. The poems, replete with Petrarchan tropes, anagrams, and play on the women’s names, illustrate the adaptability of secular literary modes in the wake of the Council of Trent. Rare poems by the women themselves — generally more private works that survive only in manuscript — go beyond the limits of the genre and offer a sometimes surprisingly intimate glimpse of how these women artfully responded to their own experiences.
Direct observation of ozone formation on SiO2 surfaces in O2 discharges
Authors: Marinov D , Guaitella O , Booth J P , Rousseau A 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Ozone production is studied in a pulsed O2 discharge at pressures in the range 1.3–6.7 mbar. Time-resolved absolute concentrations of O3 and O are measured in the post-discharge using UV absorption spectroscopy and two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence. In a bare silica discharge tube ozone is formed mainly by three-body gas-phase recombination. When the tube surface is covered by a high specific surface silica catalyst heterogeneous formation becomes the main source of ozone. The efficiency of this surface process increases with O2 pressure and is favoured by the presence of OH groups and adsorbed H2O on the surface. At p = 6.7 mbar ozone production accounts for up to 25% of the atomic oxygen losses on the surface.
Reduction of critical current density in a spin valve with a perpendicular polarizer and a planar biaxial free layer
Authors: Chang Jui-Hang , Chen Hao-Hsuan , Chang Ching-Ray 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Ultrafast magnetization switching of a spin valve consisting of a perpendicularly magnetized polarizer and an in-plane magnetized free layer with uniaxial and higher order anisotropy is studied. Here we report the analytical results in which a modified asteroid and current–field state diagram are derived from an effective one-dimensional free energy for higher order anisotropy. Because additional crystalline axes provide an additional nutation channel, the critical current density for the biaxial case is smaller than that commonly observed for quadratic anisotropy. This will be of importance for the design of spin-torque-transfer magnetic random access memories and nano-oscillators.
Drift and clustering of daughter negative ions of H2O in parent gas
Authors: de Urquijo J , Bekstein A , Ruiz-Vargas G , Gordillo-Vázquez F J 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The mobility of daughter negative ions of H2O in parent gas has been measured with a pulsed Townsend technique over the density-reduced field strength, E/N, range 9–100 Td and a pressure range 2–16 Torr. It has been found that the mobility of the anions is dependent on the gas pressure. Using a transport theory considering the influence of the permanent dipole field of H2O, we have found that the pressure-dependent mobilities can be associated with a series of cluster ions of the type OH−(H2O)
n
(n = 1–3), with the mass of the cluster species increasing with the total gas pressure. Also, the mobility of H− and OH− could be estimated. Using a Townsend avalanche simulator we have been able to explain the measured ionic currents in terms of an ion–molecule reaction scheme with a single set of swarm and reaction coefficients for each value of the density-reduced field strength, E/N, at several pressures. Regarding the positive ions, the only drifting ion is H3O+, the mobility of which could be estimated. The rate constants relative to the formation of the OH−(H2O)
n
(n = 1–3) species were also derived from this study.
Twinning in GaAsSb grown on (1 1 1)B GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Chen Y R , Chou L C , Yang Y J , Lin H H 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Twinning in GaAsSb thin film grown on (1 1 1)B GaAs substrate has been investigated using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and x-ray diffractometer (XRD). We observed twins and double twins in samples grown at a temperature lower than 525 °C with (2 × 2) surface reconstruction. Lattice image of cross-sectional TEM shows strong disorders existing at the interfaces where the double twin, formed in the primary twin with respect to (1 1 1)B mirror plane, joins the bulk or twins with respect to the other {1 1 1} plane. The disorder resulting from the latter joint is able to extend to the surface, leading to pyramid surface structure. Phi-scan XRD was used to quantify the twin density by measuring the additional (2 2 0) peaks resulting from the twins. As the growth temperature increases to 550 °C with

surface reconstruction, twin density drastically decreases. Cross-sectional TEM shows only misfit dislocations along the growth plane.
Heating and current drive by ion cyclotron waves in the activated phase of ITER
Authors: Dumont R.J. , Zarzoso D. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) are expected to play a central role in the heating of ITER plasmas during deuterium (D)–tritium (T) operation. These waves can also be used to drive current by direct electron damping of the fast wave, provided an appropriate antenna phasing is used. The corresponding current profile is peaked near the magnetic axis, and can have a beneficial effect on the discharge stability and performance. In this paper, two scenarios applicable during the activated phase of ITER operation are compared: second harmonic tritium heating and minority helium-3 heating, which differ in the addition of a small fraction of 3He ions (2%) in the DT mixture for the latter. The resulting change of the dominant ICRF heating scheme causes the discharge properties to differ appreciably. In this paper, a full-wave code is coupled to a Fokker–Planck solver and a current drive module to investigate in detail the effect of ICRF waves on the discharge. The impact of phasing on the scenario in terms of plasma heating and current drive efficiency is studied by simulating ICRF heating with various antenna toroidal spectra. It is found that despite a lower current drive efficiency, the addition of 3He in the discharge increases the single-pass absorption rate, the ion heating fraction, and makes the scenario essentially immune to details in the toroidal phasing and fast ion properties.
A model for microinstability destabilization and enhanced transport in the presence of shielded 3D magnetic perturbations
Authors: Bird T M , Hegna C C 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
A mechanism is presented that suggests shielded 3D magnetic perturbations can destabilize microinstabilities and enhance the associated anomalous transport. Using local 3D equilibrium theory, shaped tokamak equilibria with small 3D deformations are constructed. In the vicinity of rational magnetic surfaces, the infinite-n ideal MHD ballooning stability boundary is strongly perturbed by the 3D modulations of the local magnetic shear associated with the presence of near-resonant Pfirsch–Schlüter currents. These currents are driven by 3D components of the magnetic field spectrum even when there is no resonant radial component. The infinite-n ideal ballooning stability boundary is often used as a proxy for the onset of virulent kinetic ballooning modes and associated stiff transport. These results suggest that the achievable pressure gradient may be lowered in the vicinity of low order rational surfaces when 3D magnetic perturbations are applied. This mechanism may provide an explanation for the observed reduction in the peak pressure gradient at the top of the edge pedestal during experiments where edge localized modes have been completely suppressed by applied 3D magnetic fields.
Executive Summary: Diagnosis and Management of Prosthetic Joint Infection: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of Americaa
Authors: Osmon Douglas R. , Berbari Elie F. , Berendt Anthony R. , Lew Daniel , Zimmerli Werner , Steckelberg James M. , Rao Nalini , Hanssen Arlen , Wilson Walter R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
These guidelines are intended for use by infectious disease specialists, orthopedists, and other healthcare professionals who care for patients with prosthetic joint infection (PJI). They include evidence-based and opinion-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of patients with PJI treated with debridement and retention of the prosthesis, resection arthroplasty with or without subsequent staged reimplantation, 1-stage reimplantation, and amputation.
Angiodysplasia and bleeding in the small intestine treated by balloon‐assisted enteroscopy
Authors: Fan Guin Wei , Chen Tsung‐Hsing , Lin Wei‐Pin , Su Ming‐Yao , Sung Chang‐Mung , Hsu Chen‐Ming , Chi Cheng‐Tang 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the outcomes in patients undergoing balloon‐assisted enteroscopy (BAE) with heat probe or argon plasma coagulation and to identify risk factors for recurrent bleeding.MethodsData of the patients who were consecutively referred to our institution with angiodysplastic bleeding of the small intestine between August 2005 and February 2010 were reviewed. These 39 patients underwent BAE and were followed up for 6 months.ResultsIn all, 31 patients had melena and 8 had hematochezia. On BAE, 26 patients received endoscopic therapy, 3 underwent surgical intervention due to endoscopic therapy failure, and 10 underwent observation because a definite source of bleeding was not identified. Ten patients (25.6%) had recurrent bleeding during follow‐up, including eight patients in the endoscopic therapy group and two in the observation group. Higher rates of recurrent bleeding were observed in association with the presence of melena initially (P = 0.028), but there were no significant differences in the rate of recurrence between patients who did and did not receive endoscopic therapy (P = 0.470). Age greater than 65 years (P = 0.058) and jejunal bleeding (P = 0.050) tended to increase the risk of recurrent bleeding compared with other factors.ConclusionsBAE may be a beneficial approach to treat angiodysplastic bleeding in the small intestine. Elderly patients and those with melena or jejunal bleeding should be closely monitored for recurrent bleeding.
Clinical and histological features of autoantibody‐negative autoimmune hepatitis in Chinese patients: A single center experience
Authors: Wang Qi Xia , Jiang Wei Jun , Miao Qi , Xiao Xiao , Zhang Hai Yan , Huang Shan Shan , Shen Lei , Hua Jing , Li Hai , Li Shen , Qiu De Kai , Ma Xiong 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveThis study aimed to define the clinical features of Chinese patients with autoantibody‐negative autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and to refine the diagnosis and management of these atypical patients in a single Chinese center.Methods A retrospective evaluation of 167 Chinese patients with AIH was performed. Patients meeting comprehensive criteria with the absence of antinuclear antibodies, smooth muscle antibodies, liver‐kidney microsomal‐1 antibodies and antimitochondrial antibodies were defined as autoantibody‐negative patients.Results In total, 17 (10.2%) of the 167 patients with AIH were autoantibody‐negative. The general status and biochemical tests between the classical and autoantibody‐negative patients were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Serum immunoglobulin G levels of the autoantibody‐negative AIH patients were lower than those of the classical AIH ones (P = 0.004). There was no significant difference in the histological inflammatory grades between the two groups; however, advanced histological stages were more common in the autoantibody‐negative AIH group (P < 0.001). In the autoantibody‐negative AIH patients, 11 (64.7%) had a possible diagnosis and 6 (35.3%) had a definite diagnosis according to the comprehensive criteria. While with the simplified criteria only 3 patients (17.6%) had a possible diagnosis, and none had a definite diagnosis of AIH. The complete biochemical remission rate was 86% within 24 months of immunosuppressive therapy, which was comparable to classical AIH (P = 0.658).ConclusionAutoantibody‐negative AIH is not uncommon in Chinese AIH patients, and has a good response to immunosuppressive treatment comparable to classical patients.
Income, income inequality and youth smoking in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Li David X. , Guindon G. Emmanuel 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimsTo examine the relationships between income, income inequality and current smoking among youth in low‐ and middle‐income countries.DesignPooled cross‐sectional data from the Global Youth Tobacco Surveys, conducted in low‐ and middle‐income countries, were used to conduct multi‐level logistic analyses that accounted for the nesting of students in schools and of schools in countries.ParticipantsA total of 169 283 students aged 13–15 from 63 low‐ and middle‐income countries.MeasurementsCurrent smoking was defined as having smoked at least one cigarette in the past 30 days. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was our measure of absolute income. Contemporaneous and lagged (10‐year) Gini coefficients, as well as the income share ratio of the top decile of incomes to the bottom decile, were our measures of income inequality.FindingsOur analyses reveal a significant positive association between levels of income and youth smoking. We find that a 10% increase in GDP per capita increases the odds of being a current smoker by at least 2.5%, and potentially considerably more. Our analyses also suggest a relationship between the distribution of incomes and youth smoking: youth from countries with more unequal distributions of income tend to have higher odds of currently smoking.ConclusionsThere is a positive association between gross domestic product and the odds of a young person in a low‐ and middle‐income country being a current smoker. Given the causal links between smoking and a wide range of youth morbidities, the association between smoking and income inequality may underlie a substantial portion of the health disparities observed that are currently experiencing rapid economic growth.
A randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing to prevent risk for an alcohol‐exposed pregnancy in the Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Rendall‐Mkosi Kirstie , Morojele Neo , London Leslie , Moodley Saiendhra , Singh Chitra , Girdler‐Brown Brendan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimTo test the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) to reduce the risk of an alcohol exposed pregnancy (AEP) in a high‐risk population.DesignRandomized controlled trial.SettingRural population in the Western Cape, South Africa.ParticipantsA total of 165 women aged 18–44 years at risk of AEP.InterventionFive‐session MI intervention.MeasurementsStructured questionnaires were administered pre‐intervention and at 3 and 12 months follow‐up. The primary outcome measure was AEP at 12 months. Secondary outcomes were AEP at 3 months, and alcohol use and effective contraception at 3 and 12 months.FindingsThere was a significant difference in the decline in the proportion of women at risk for an AEP in the MI group at 3 months (50 versus 24.59%; P = 0.004), maintained at 12 months (50.82 versus 28.12%; P = 0.009). In an intention‐to‐treat analysis these differences were also significant (32.93 versus 18.07%; P = 0.029; and 37.80 versus 21.69%; P = 0.024, respectively). The odds ratio for no longer being at risk of an AEP (MI versus control) at 12 months was 2.64 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.18–5.94]. In the intention‐to‐treat analysis this ratio was 2.19 (95% CI: 1.05–4.65).ConclusionsA five‐session motivational interviewing intervention was found to be effective with women at risk of an alcohol‐exposed pregnancy, and could be implemented as part of routine primary care clinic services in similar populations. The message of ‘no alcohol in pregnancy’ should be adapted to include better family planning and early recognition of pregnancy.
Investigating the impact of nicotine on executive functions using a novel virtual reality assessment
Authors: Jansari Ashok S. , Froggatt Daniel , Edginton Trudi , Dawkins Lynne 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimsNicotine is known to enhance aspects of cognitive functioning in abstinent smokers, but the effects on specific areas of executive functions and in non‐smokers are inconclusive. This may be due in part to the poor sensitivity of tests used to assess executive functions. This study used a new virtual reality assessment of executive functions known as JEF (the Jansari assessment of Executive Functions) to address this issue.DesignA 2 × 2 design manipulating group (smokers and never‐smokers) and drug [nicotine (4 mg for smokers; 2 mg for never smokers) versus placebo gum].SettingSchool of Psychology; University of East LondonParticipantsSeventy‐two participants (aged 18–54 years): 36 minimally deprived (2 hours) smokers and 36 never‐smokers.MeasurementsComponents of executive function were measured using the virtual reality paradigm JEF, which assesses eight cognitive constructs simultaneously as well as providing an overall performance measure.FindingsUnivariate analyses of variance revealed that nicotine improved overall JEF performance, time‐based prospective memory and event‐based prospective memory in smokers (P < 0.01), but not in never‐smokers. Action‐based prospective memory was enhanced in both groups (P < 0.01) and never‐smokers out‐performed smokers on selective thinking and adaptive thinking (P < 0.01).ConclusionsExecutive functioning and prospective memory as aspects of cognitive performance can be enhanced by nicotine gum in smokers who have abstained for as little as 2 hours.