bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Down‐regulation of crambe fatty acid desaturase and elongase in Arabidopsis and crambe resulted in significantly increased oleic acid content in seed oil
Authors: Li Xueyuan , Mei Desheng , Liu Qing , Fan Jing , Singh Surinder , Green Allan , Zhou Xue‐Rong , Zhu Li‐Hua 
Published: May 2015

SummaryHigh oleic oil is an important industrial feedstock that has been one of the main targets for oil improvement in a number of oil crops. Crambe (Crambe abyssinica) is a dedicated oilseed crop, suitable for industrial oil production. In this study, we down‐regulated the crambe fatty acid desaturase (FAD) and fatty acid elongase (FAE) genes for creating high oleic seed oil. We first cloned the crambe CaFAD2, CaFAD3 and CaFAE1 genes. Multiple copies of each of these genes were isolated, and the highly homologous sequences were used to make RNAi constructs. These constructs were first tested in Arabidopsis, which led to the elevated oleic or linoleic levels depending on the genes targeted, indicating that the RNAi constructs were effective in regulating the expression of the target genes in nonidentical but closely related species. Furthermore, down‐regulation of CaFAD2 and CaFAE1 in crambe with the FAD2–FAE1 RNAi vector resulted in even more significant increase in oleic acid level in the seed oil with up to 80% compared to 13% for wild type. The high oleic trait has been stable in subsequent five generations and the GM line grew normally in greenhouse. This work has demonstrated the great potential of producing high oleic oil in crambe, thus contributing to its development into an oil crop platform for industrial oil production.
Small RNA and degradome sequencing reveals important microRNA function in Astragalus chrysochlorus response to selenium stimuli
Authors: Cakir Ozgur , Candar‐Cakir Bilgin , Zhang Baohong 
Published: May 2015

SummarySelenium (Se), an essential element, plays important roles in human health as well as environmental sustainability. Se hyperaccumulating plants are thought as an alternative selenium resource, recently. Astragalus species are known as hyperaccumulator of Se by converting it to nonaminoacid compounds. However, Se‐metabolism‐related hyperaccumulation is not elucidated in plants yet. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key molecules in many biological and metabolic processes via targeting mRNAs, which may also play an important role in Se accumulation in plants. In this study, we identified 418 known miRNAs, belonging to 380 families, and 151 novel miRNAs induced by Se exposure in Astragalus chyrsochlorus callus. Among known miRNAs, the expression of 287 families was common in both libraries, besides 71 families were expressed only in Se‐treated sample, whereas 60 conserved families were expressed in control tissue. miR1507a, miR1869 and miR2867‐3p were mostly up‐regulated, whereas miR1507‐5p and miR8781b were significantly down‐regulated by Se exposure. Computational analysis shows that the targets of miRNAs are involved in different types of biological mechanisms including 47 types of cellular component, 103 types of molecular function and 144 types of biological process. Degradome analysis shows that 1256 mRNAs were targeted by 499 miRNAs. We conclude that some known and novel miRNAs such as miR167a, miR319, miR1507a, miR4346, miR7767‐3p, miR7800, miR9748 and miR‐n93 target transcription factors, disease resistance proteins and some specific genes like cysteine synthase and might be related to plant hormone signal transduction, plant–pathogen interaction and sulphur metabolism pathways.
Venobiliary fistula related to umbilical venous catheter in a newborn
Authors: Türk Erdal , Soylar Ramazan , Akca Tulay , Serter Selim , Karaca İrfan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe present a case of venobiliary fistula due to umbilical venous catheter (UVC). UVC was inserted the day before surgery in a newborn who was scheduled for type IIIB jejunal atresia surgery. The UVC was superimposed on the liver. It was noted that the gastric drainage became chylous and increased to 790 and then 1977 mL daily. I.v. contrast tomography with 650 mL contrast showed that the opaque substance was dispersed around the catheter and a venobiliary fistula formed, with the administered fluid accumulating in the duodenum. Rapid improvement was seen in the clinical picture after the UVC was removed. Venobiliary fistula may develop in patients with UVC that is not placed appropriately, and can direct the fluid administered from the UVC to the gastrointestinal system through the choledochal duct. The importance of contrast computed tomography in the diagnosis of venobiliary fistula in the newborn is also emphasized.
Association of TNFSF15 polymorphisms in Korean children with Crohn's disease
Authors: Lee Yeoun Joo , Kim Kyung Mo , Jang Joo Young , Song Kyuyoung 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundGenome‐wide association studies have identified tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15) as a Crohn's disease (CD)‐related gene. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between five TNFSF15 polymorphisms and CD in Korean children and analyze their genotypes in relation to phenotype.MethodsFive single‐nucleotide polymorphisms of TNFSF15 (rs3810936, rs6478108, rs6478109, rs7848647, rs7865494) were genotyped in 108 CD patients and in 599 healthy controls. Risk allele, genotype, and haplotype were analyzed in CD patients and controls, and genotype–phenotype relationships were studied.ResultsThere were significant associations of rs3810936, rs6478108, rs6478109, rs7848647 with CD in Korean pediatric patients (P = 6.5×10‐8, P = 1.3×10‐8, P = 3.7×10‐8, P = 2.9×10‐8, respectively). The adjusted OR (aOR) for the homozygous risk allele genotype was significantly higher than that for the homozygous genotype for the opposite allele: rs3810936, aOR, 5.36 (95%CI: 2.61–10.98, P = 4.6×10‐6); rs6478108, aOR, 6.62 (95%CI: 3.03–14.46, P = 2.2×10‐6); rs6478109, aOR, 6.24 (95%CI: 2.85–13.66, P = 4.6×10‐6); rs7848647, aOR, 6.32 (95%CI: 2.89–13.81, P = 3.8×10‐6). The risk allele of rs3810936 was associated with later symptom onset, later diagnosis, and the presence of perianal lesion (P = 0.013, P = 0.016 and P = 0.029).ConclusionThere was a significant association of TNFSF15 with pediatric CD in Korean patients.
Oxidant and antioxidant status in neonatal proven and clinical sepsis according to selenium status
Authors: Asci Ali , Surmeli‐Onay Ozge , Erkekoglu Pinar , Yigit Sule , Yurdakok Murat , Kocer‐Gumusel Belma 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundSelenium is a trace element required for the functioning of the immune system. Neonatal sepsis is a serious condition leading to morbidity and mortality in neonates worldwide. The purpose of this study was to measure selenium and plasma selenoprotein P (SePP), selenoenzyme activity, and alterations in oxidant/antioxidant status with immune biomarkers in neonates with clinical (n = 27) and proven neonatal sepsis (n = 25).MethodsErythrocyte selenium and SePP; plasma lipid peroxidation (LP), protein oxidation and total antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte total glutathione (GSH) concentration; erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), catalase (CAT) and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured spectrophotometrically/spectrofluorometrically. Plasma interleukin 2 and 6 were also measured.ResultsErythrocyte selenium and SePP were markedly lower both in the clinical and proven sepsis groups versus control. Erythrocyte GPx activity was higher only in the clinical sepsis group. TrxR activity was markedly lower in proven sepsis. SOD activity and GSH were markedly higher both in clinical sepsis and in proven sepsis. CAT activity was significantly higher both in clinical sepsis and in proven sepsis. LP and protein oxidation were significantly higher in both of the sepsis groups.ConclusionsBoth selenium‐dependent and selenium‐independent blood redox systems were altered in sepsis, suggesting that sepsis causes an imbalance between cellular antioxidant and oxidant states.
The Homophobic Sexual Harassment Claim and Sexuality Discrimination
Authors: Rocha James 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn sexual harassment law scholarship, it is often argued that the reasonable person standard should give way to a reasonable victim (woman) standard. Yet, this latter standard may unintentionally invite homophobic employees to attempt to use a reasonable homophobe standard to charge gay supervisors with harassment merely for being openly gay at work. In response, I argue that we currently act on an unjustifiable distinction whereby we treat sexuality behavior (behavior that indicates one's sexuality) as necessarily sexualized only for GLBTQ behavior. By disallowing this discriminatory treatment, we can preserve the reasonable victim standard and undermine the homophobe's warrantless charges.
Niccolò Machiavelli: Father of Modern Constitutionalism
Authors: Sellers Mortimer N. S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNiccolò Machiavelli is the father of modern constitutionalism. Constitutionalism began anew in the modern world with the study of the ancient republics and it was Machiavelli who inaugurated this revived science of politics. Five hundred years after the composition of Il Principe and the Discorsi we are still working out the implications of applying reason to the structures of law and government in pursuit of justice and the common good. Modern constitutionalism and ancient republicanism share three central beliefs: first, that government should serve justice and the common good; second, that government should do so through known and stable laws; third, that these will best be secured through the checks and balances of a well‐designed constitution. Machiavelli took the theories and experiences of republican Rome and applied them to his own era. This application of reason to constitutional design transformed the politics of emergent modernity and reconfigured government throughout the world.
Machiavelli and the Problem of Dictatorship
Authors: Geuna Marco 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMachiavelli is the first modern political thinker who pays great attention to the magistracy of dictatorship. “Dictatorial authority,” as he puts it, is fundamental to the survival and prosperity of republics: It is the magistracy, the “ordinary mode,” to which they turn to deal with “extraordinary accidents,” political and military emergencies. Machiavelli's gaze is cast both on the Ancient and the Modern world: Although he concentrates on the Roman magistracy, he also pays attention to magistracies of the modern world that were in some way similar, such as the Council of the Ten in the Republic of Venice. In my paper, I will attempt to reconstruct the essential points of Machiavelli's discussion on dictatorship; in the concluding remarks, I will briefly tackle the more general question of the relationship between politics and law in his work as a whole.
Machiavelli at 500: From Cynic to Vigilant Supporter of International Law
Authors: Follesdal Andreas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMachiavelli's 500‐year‐old treatiseThe Princeoutlined the central features of the realist tradition in international relations. His premises led him to question the likelihood of efficacious and stable international law and international courts, a skepticism that has present‐day proponents.Machiavelli's reluctance was due to a combination of features ofhuman natureand a focus on anarchic features of therelations among states. This article challenges these assumptions and implications: Other interpretations of human nature are closer toMachiavelli's text, and current relations among states are significantly different. The revised assumptions should makeMachiavelli's followers more optimistic about international law and international courts.
Machiavelli, Guicciardini and the “Governo Largo”
Authors: Pinelli Cesare 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNiccolò Machiavelli's support for what he calls governo largo, or popular government, is usually contrasted with the diffidence towards it of Francesco Guicciardini, the Florentine aristocrat. The article argues that both these authors grounded their vision on Polybius' theory of “mixed government,” though adapting it in different directions. In examining this difference, the article reaches the conclusion that it concerns far less the degree of popular participation in political decision‐making and government than the value that Machiavelli and Guicciardini respectively ascribe to it in comparison with that of safety‐liberty (or legal certainty). In this respect, their theories may be viewed as anticipating the tensions between democracy and the rule of law, the co‐presence of which provides the essential foundation of the structure of present‐day constitutional democracies.
Histopathology of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP): A review
Authors: Tabaj Gabriela C. , Fernandez Cristina F. , Sabbagh Eduardo , Leslie Kevin O. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe 2013 American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society consensus classification update of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP) included several important modifications to the organization and spectrum of the diseases that were proposed in an earlier multidisciplinary consensus document in 2002. The histopathology of the now ‘major’ and ‘rare’ IIP is presented here with exposition of the newly included entity of a distinctive upper lobe fibrotic lung disease referred to as idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis. The ‘rare histological patterns’ of acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia and bronchiolocentric patterns of interstitial pneumonia are illustrated and discussed.
Accuracy of PaO2/FiO2 calculated from SpO2 for severity assessment in ED patients with pneumonia
Authors: Sanz Francisco , Dean Nathan , Dickerson Justin , Jones Barbara , Knox Daniel , Fernández‐Fabrellas Estrella , Chiner Eusebi , Briones María Luisa , Cervera Ángela , Aguar María Carmen , Blanquer José 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackground and objectiveAssessment of oxygenation in patients with community‐acquired pneumonia is critical for treatment. The accuracy of percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) determined by pulse oximetry is uncertain, and it has limited value in patients receiving supplemental oxygen. We hypothesized that calculation of partial arterial oxygen concentration/inspired oxygen faction (PaO2/FiO2) from SpO2 by the Ellis or Rice equations might adequately correlate with PaO2/FiO2 measured by arterial blood gases.MethodsWe studied 1004 patients with pneumonia in the emergency department with simultaneous measurement of SpO2 and PaO2 from two cohorts from Valencia, Spain and Utah, USA. We compared SpO2 with measured SaO2, compared the equations' accuracy in calculating PaO2/FiO2 and determined how often patients would be misclassified at clinically important thresholds. We compared estimated PaO2/FiO2 to measured PaO2/FiO2 using the Spearman correlation.ResultsPairwise correlation of SpO2 with SaO2 was moderate (rho = 0.66; P < 0.01). Both equations performed similarly among patients with lower PaO2/FiO2 ratios. The Ellis equation estimated PaO2/FiO2 from SpO2 more accurately than the Rice equation in patients with PaO2/FiO2 ≥200. Simple agreement between calculated and measured P/F was 91% and 92%, respectively.ConclusionsThe Ellis equation was more accurate than the Rice equation for estimating PaO2/FiO2, especially at higher levels of P/F ratio. Estimation of PaO2/FiO2 from SpO2 is accurate enough for initial oxygenation assessment. Ellis and Rice equations could misclassify 20% and 30% of patients, respectively, at higher levels of PaO2/FiO2. For patients with abnormal oxygenation falling near thresholds for clinical decision making, arterial blood gas measurement preferably on room air is more accurate.
Interleukin‐33 Triggers B1 Cell Expansion and Its Release of Monocyte/Macrophage Chemoattractants and Growth Factors
Authors: Ahmed Ammad , Koma Mousa Komai 
Published: May 2015

AbstractB1 B lymphocytes are natural IgM‐producing cells primarily found in peritoneum and mucosal sites. They perform vital functions during the early defence against viral and bacterial infections. Murine B1 cells express IL‐33 receptor complex on activation. IL‐33 is a new addition to the IL‐1 family with a strong role in Th2 immunity. B1 cells have been recognized to exacerbate contact sensitivity by producing IgM and IL‐5 in response to interleukin‐33. However, the exact response of IL‐33/ST2 signalling in B1 cells is not completely understood. In this study, we report that murine B1 cells respond directly to IL‐33 in a ST2‐dependent manner. This interaction instigates B1b cell proliferation in a time‐dependent manner in vivo. Furthermore, it also mediates monocyte/macrophage and granulocyte recruitment via B1 cell release of chemokines (MCP‐1 and MIP‐1 alpha). It was noted that upon stimulation, B1b cells additionally release an angiogenic inducer vascular endothelial growth factor and granulocyte–monocyte colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF). Our findings suggest that these IL‐33‐mediated B1 cells might be able to play a vital role in the recruitment and growth of monocytes and granulocytes.
A Conversation with Cohn on the Activation of CD4 T Cells
Authors: Bretscher P. A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDespite an agreement on most issues surrounding models for how lymphocytes are activated and inactivated, and arising out of the 1970 Two Signal Model of lymphocyte activation, Cohn and I have different perspectives on two critical issues concerning the activation of CD4 T cells. One issue is the origin of the first effector T helper (eTh) cells, postulated by both of us to be required to optimally activate precursor Th (pTh), that is naïve CD4 T cells, to further generate eTh cells. The second issue arises from our agreement that the antigen‐dependent CD4 T cell cooperation, that we both postulate is required to activate naïve CD4 T (pTh) cells, most likely is mediated by the operational recognition of linked epitopes. Although agreeing on the centrality of this operational mechanism, we disagree about how it might be realized at the molecular/cellular level. I respond here to issues raised by Cohn concerning these two mechanistic questions, in his response to my recent article on the activation and inactivation of mature CD4 T cells.
Ex Vivo Evaluation of Skin Staples for Typhlotomy Closure in Cattle
Authors: Caramello Vittorio , Comino Francesco , Giusto Gessica , Gandini Marco 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveTo compare 2 sutured techniques with a skin stapled technique for typhlotomy closure in bovines.Study DesignEx‐vivo study.Sample PopulationBovine fresh cadaveric ceca (n = 27).MethodsTyphlotomies (4 cm in length) were made on the cecal apex and closed with 1 of the following techniques: hand‐sewn, 2‐layer suture consisting of a continuous, full‐thickness layer oversewn with a Cushing layer (Group FC); hand‐sewn, double inverting suture consisting of a 1st Cushing layer oversewn with an additional Cushing layer (Group CC); skin staples (Group S). Closure time, bursting pressure, and related costs of each technique were calculated and compared.ResultsMedian (range) construction time for group S was 1.12 (0.49–1.3) min and was significantly shorter than for group FC 5.14 min (3.45–7.44), and for group CC 4.26 min (2.3–5.52) (95% CI 3.342–4.851), (P = .007). There was no significant difference between bursting pressures of group S (91.67 ± 15.41 mmHg, 95% CI 79.82–103.5) compared with group FC (119.4 ± 40.03 mmHg, 95% CI 88.67–150.2) (P = .160) and compared with group CC (103.3 ± 32.31 mmHg, 95% CI 78.5–128.2) (P = .707)ConclusionHand‐sewn techniques are effective but fairly demanding in terms of time. Skin staples are less time‐consuming, and resist pressures comparable to those resisted by handsewn techniques. For this reason, an SKS technique may be a valid option for typhlotomy closure in cattle.
Curcumin ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy in type 1 diabetic mice by inhibiting protein ubiquitination
Authors: Ono Taisuke , Takada Shingo , Kinugawa Shintaro , Tsutsui Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
We sought to examine whether curcumin could ameliorate skeletal muscle atrophy in diabetic mice by inhibiting protein ubiquitination, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress.

What is the main finding and its importance?
We found that curcumin ameliorated skeletal muscle atrophy in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice by inhibiting protein ubiquitination without affecting protein synthesis. This favourable effect of curcumin was possibly due to the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Curcumin may be beneficial for the treatment of muscle atrophy in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Skeletal muscle atrophy develops in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), especially in type 1 DM, which is associated with chronic inflammation. Curcumin, the active ingredient of turmeric, has various biological actions, including anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We hypothesized that curcumin could ameliorate skeletal muscle atrophy in mice with streptozotocin‐induced type 1 DM. C57BL/6 J mice were injected with streptozotocin (200 mg kg−1
i.p.; DM group) or vehicle (control group). Each group of mice was randomly subdivided into two groups of 10 mice each and fed a diet with or without curcumin (1500 mg kg−1 day−1) for 2 weeks. There were significant decreases in body weight, skeletal muscle weight and cellular cross‐sectional area of the skeletal muscle in DM mice compared with control mice, and these changes were significantly attenuated in DM+Curcumin mice without affecting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Ubiquitination of protein was increased in skeletal muscle from DM mice and decreased in DM+Curcumin mice. Gene expressions of muscle‐specific ubiquitin E3 ligase atrogin‐1/MAFbx and MuRF1 were increased in DM and inhibited in DM+Curcumin mice. Moreover, nuclear factor‐κB activation, concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1β and oxidative stress were increased in the skeletal muscle from DM mice and inhibited in DM+Curcumin mice. Curcumin ameliorated skeletal muscle atrophy in DM mice by inhibiting protein ubiquitination, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Curcumin may be beneficial for the treatment of muscle atrophy in type 1 DM.
Genome Sequence of
Penicillium capsulatum
Strain ATCC 48735, a Rare
Penicillium
Species Used in Paper Manufactories but That Recently Caused Invasive Infection
Authors: Yang Ying , Chen Min , Li Zongwei , Al-Hatmi Abdullah M. S. , Ye Qiang , Chen Huipeng , Wang Shengqi , Liao Wanqing , Wang Junzhi 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

The genus
Penicillium
phylogenetically belongs to
Trichocomaceae
, with approximately 300 reported species. The majority of these species are saprobic and commonly occur in soil. This paper reports the genome sequence of
Penicillium capsulatum
strain ATCC 48735, a rare
Penicillium
species used in paper manufactories and that was recently reported as a human-invasive opportunist.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Rhodococcus
sp. Strain 311R
Authors: Ehsani Elham , Jauregui Ruy , Geffers Robert , Jareck Michael , Boon Nico , Pieper Dietmar H. , Vilchez-Vargas Ramiro 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Rhodococcus
sp. strain 311R, which was isolated from a site contaminated with alkanes and aromatic compounds. Strain 311R shares 90% of the genome of
Rhodococcus erythropolis
SK121, which is the closest related bacteria.
Genome Sequence of
Leucobacter
sp
.
4J7B1, a Plant-Osmoprotectant Soil Microorganism
Authors: Manzanera M. , Vílchez J. I. , García-Fontana C. , Calvo C. , González-López J. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

We report the first genome sequence for
Leucobacter
sp. 4J7B1, a newly described desiccation-tolerant strain. The complete genome sequence of
Leucobacter
sp. 4J7B1 has been sequenced and is estimated to be around 3.5 Mb in size, with an average GC content of 62.18%. We predict 2,953 protein-coding sequences.