bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of atomoxetine on heart rhythm in children and adolescents
Authors: Tanidir Ibrahim Cansaran , Tanidir Canan , Ozturk Erkut , Bahali Kayhan , Gunes Hatice , Ergul Yakup , Uneri Ozden Sukran , Akdeniz Celal , Tuzcu Volkan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of atomoxetine on heart rhythm using 12‐lead electrocardiography (ECG) and 24 h Holter monitoring.MethodsChildren and adolescents who were diagnosed with attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder according to DSM‐IV‐TR were referred to a pediatric cardiology clinic for cardiologic examination before and after 4 or 5 weeks of atomoxetine treatment. Cardiac examination, complete blood count, biochemistry, thyroid function tests, 12‐lead ECG and 24 h Holter monitoring were performed routinely in all patients. Each subject underwent 24 h Holter ECG monitoring before atomoxetine was started and after 4 or 5 weeks of effective dose atomoxetine treatment.ResultsForty‐one patients were included in this prospective study. No statistically significant change was found in QT, QTc or QT interval dispersion or blood pressure before and after 4 or 5 weeks of atomoxetine treatment. There was a statistically significant increase in heart rate (both during the day and at night) and QRS duration, and a statistically significant decrease in P wave dispersion. Three patients had rhythm disturbances. All of these three patients were asymptomatic and none of these arrhythmias reached clinical significance.ConclusionAtomoxetine did not cause significant changes in ECG or Holter variables. In two patients, who had undiagnosed subclinical extrasystoles, extra beats were increased after 4th week of treatment, but still remained clinically insignificant. Before and after atomoxetine treatment, listening to the heart sounds for a longer time, may help clinicians to notice an extra beat. If an extra beat is identified then 24 Holter monitoring is recommended.
Shame proneness and intimate relations in Mainland China
Authors: JOHNSON MATTHEW D. , NGUYEN LINH , ANDERSON JARED R. , LIU WENLI , VENNUM AMBER 
Published: June 2015

AbstractUsing dyadic data from 200 young adult couples (aged 18–31 years) in Mainland China, this study evaluated associations between shame proneness, intimate partner attachment, adaptive interactions, and relationship satisfaction. Results demonstrated that shame proneness was directly associated with more insecure attachment to the partner (anxious and avoidant dimensions) and less adaptive interactions (operationalized by variables assessing constructive problem solving and negative interactions) and indirectly with lower relationship satisfaction for male and female partners. While shame is a highly valued emotion in Confucian cultures, shame proneness may be a liability for modern‐day intimate relations.
The effect of MMF dose and trough levels on adverse effects in pediatric heart transplant recipients
Authors: Siddiqi Nida , Lamour Jacqueline M. , Hsu Daphne T. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLimited pharmacokinetic and safety data exist for MMF in pediatric HTR. Previously targeted MPA‐TL are 1.5–3.0 μg/mL. The objective of this study was to assess the outcomes targeting MPA‐TL of 0.8–2.0 μg/mL in pediatric HTR. MPA‐TL were retrospectively collected 2–12 months post‐transplant. Acute rejection, infection, leukopenia, and GI complaints were then correlated with MPA‐TL. A total of 355 MPA‐TL from 22 HTR were included. Median age was 2.5 yr. Primary indication for transplant was dilated cardiomyopathy (64%). Mean MPA‐TL was 1.7 ± 0.9 μg/mL. African American patients received significantly higher doses (702 ± 235 mg/m2) compared with other races (p = 0.035). Leukopenia was less common in patients with SUB MPA vs. others (p = 0.01). MMF was discontinued for GI complaints in one patient and leukopenia in two patients. One SUB patient had acute rejection, and one SUP patient had infection. One‐yr survival was 100%. Targeting a lower range for MPA‐TL was not associated with significant rejection or infection. Despite lower MPA‐TL, MMF was discontinued in 3/22 patients for adverse effects.
Quality of anaesthesia for Caesarean sections: a cross‐sectional study of a university hospital in a low‐income country
Authors: Eriksson Jesper , Baker Tim , Jörnvall Henrik , Irestedt Lars , Mulungu Moses , Larsson Emma 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the quality of anaesthesia for Caesarean sections at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.MethodWe developed an instrument consisting of 40 quality indicators using an expert group process based on the existing literature. Using the instrument, we observed 50 Caesarean sections. Twenty‐eight of the indicators were structural indicators, such as essential drugs, oxygen supply and anaesthetic equipment. Twelve were process indicators such as evaluation of airway, blood pressure assessment or insertion of an intravenous line.ResultsThe median patient age was 28.5 years. A total of 75% (range 61–82%) of the structural indicators were present in the operating theatres, and 55% (range 33–83%) of the process indicators were performed. The neonates’ median Apgar score was 9 (range 3–10). Seven babies required ventilation, four babies were stillborn, and all others were alive at follow‐up 2 days after partus. All mothers were alive 2 days post‐surgery.ConclusionThe low process score suggests that quality improvement initiatives should focus on the processes of anaesthesia for Caesarean sections rather than new drugs and equipment.
Crystal structure of the effector AvrLm4–7 of Leptosphaeria maculans reveals insights into its translocation into plant cells and recognition by resistance proteins
Authors: Blondeau Karine , Blaise Françoise , Graille Marc , Kale Shiv D. , Linglin Juliette , Ollivier Bénédicte , Labarde Audrey , Lazar Noureddine , Daverdin Guillaume , Balesdent Marie‐Hélène , Choi Danielle H.Y. , Tyler Brett M. , Rouxel Thierry , van Tilbeurgh Herman , Fudal Isabelle 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe avirulence gene AvrLm4–7 of Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of stem canker in Brassica napus (oilseed rape), confers a dual specificity of recognition by two resistance genes (Rlm4 and Rlm7) and is strongly involved in fungal fitness. In order to elucidate the biological function of AvrLm4–7 and understand the specificity of recognition by Rlm4 and Rlm7, the AvrLm4–7 protein was produced in Pichia pastoris and its crystal structure was determined. It revealed the presence of four disulfide bridges, but no close structural analogs could be identified. A short stretch of amino acids in the C terminus of the protein, (R/N)(Y/F)(R/S)E(F/W), was well‐conserved among AvrLm4–7 homologs. Loss of recognition of AvrLm4–7 by Rlm4 is caused by the mutation of a single glycine to an arginine residue located in a loop of the protein. Loss of recognition by Rlm7 is governed by more complex mutational patterns, including gene loss or drastic modifications of the protein structure. Three point mutations altered residues in the well‐conserved C–terminal motif or close to the glycine involved in Rlm4‐mediated recognition, resulting in the loss of Rlm7‐mediated recognition. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco) and particle bombardment experiments on leaves from oilseed rape suggested that AvrLm4–7 interacts with its cognate R proteins inside the plant cell, and can be translocated into plant cells in the absence of the pathogen. Translocation of AvrLm4–7 into oilseed rape leaves is likely to require the (R/N)(Y/F)(R/S)E(F/W) motif as well as an RAWG motif located in a nearby loop that together form a positively charged region.
Single Incision, Laparoscopic‐Assisted Ovariohysterectomy for Mucometra and Pyometra in Dogs
Authors: Wallace Mandy L. , Case J. Brad , Singh Ameet , Ellison Gary W. , Monnet Eric 
Published: June 2015

ObjectiveTo describe a single‐incision, laparoscopic‐assisted technique for ovariohysterectomy and its application for treatment of mucometra and pyometra in dogs.Study DesignProspective case series.AnimalsSeven dogs.MethodsDogs were included if they had an open or closed pyometra or mucometra and an approximate uterine body diameter of less than 5 cm based on ultrasound or abdominal radiographs. Each dog underwent a laparoscopic‐assisted ovariohysterectomy through a single‐incision laparoscopic port.ResultsThe procedure was performed in 6 dogs with pyometra and 1 dog with mucometra. Conversion to an open procedure was necessary in 1 dog with uterine rupture. A 2nd port was necessary in 1 dog to exteriorize the uterine body. Median uterine body diameter was 2.2 cm (range 2–3.9). The median surgical time was 85 minutes (range 40–110). Six of 7 dogs were released from the hospital at 1 day postoperative. Follow up ranged from 7 to 421 days and no complications were reported.ConclusionA single‐incision, laparoscopic‐assisted technique for pyometra was feasible in dogs, given restricted case selection and experience with single‐incision laparoscopy.
Novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer‐based reporter reveals differential calcineurin activation in neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes
Authors: Bazzazi Hojjat , Sang Lingjie , Dick Ivy E. , Joshi‐Mukherjee Rosy , Yang Wanjun , Yue David T. 
Published: June 2015

Key points
Novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer‐based genetically encoded reporters of calcineurin are constructed by fusing the two subunits of calcineurin with P2A‐based linkers retaining the expected native conformation of calcineurin.
Calcineurin reporters display robust responses to calcium transients in HEK293 cells. The sensor responses are correlated with NFATc1 translocation dynamics in HEK293 cells.
The sensors are uniformly distributed in neonatal myocytes and respond efficiently to single electrically evoked calcium transients and show cumulative activation at frequencies of 0.5 and 1 Hz.
In adult myocytes, the calcineurin sensors appear to be localized to the cardiac z‐lines, and respond to cumulative calcium transients at frequencies of 0.5 and 1 Hz.
AbstractThe phosphatase calcineurin is a central component of many calcium signalling pathways, relaying calcium signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. It has critical functions in a multitude of systems, including immune, cardiac and neuronal. Given the widespread importance of calcineurin in both normal and pathological conditions, new tools that elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of calcineurin activity would be invaluable. Here we develop two separate genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)‐based sensors of calcineurin activation, DuoCaN and UniCaN. Both sensors showcase a large dynamic range and rapid response kinetics, differing primarily in the linker structure between the FRET pairs. Both sensors were calibrated in HEK293 cells and their responses correlated well with NFAT translocation to the nucleus, validating the biological relevance of the sensor readout. The sensors were subsequently expressed in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes and acutely isolated adult guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Both sensors demonstrated robust responses in myocytes and revealed kinetic differences in calcineurin activation during changes in pacing rate for neonatal versus adult myocytes. Finally, mathematical modelling combined with quantitative FRET measurements provided novel insights into the kinetics and integration of calcineurin activation in response to myocyte Ca transients. In all, DuoCaN and UniCaN stand as valuable new tools for understanding the role of calcineurin in normal and pathological signalling.
Reduced blood flow to contracting skeletal muscle in ageing humans: is it all an effect of sand through the hourglass?
Authors: Nyberg Michael , Hellsten Ylva 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe ability to sustain a given absolute submaximal workload declines with advancing age, likely to be due to a lower level of blood flow and O2 delivery to the exercising muscles. Given that physical inactivity mimics many of the physiological changes associated with ageing, separating the physiological consequences of ageing and physical inactivity can be challenging; yet, observations from cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies on the effects of physical activity have provided some insight. Physical activity has the potential to offset the age‐related decline in blood flow to contracting skeletal muscle during exercise where systemic blood flow is not limited by cardiac output, thereby improving O2 delivery and allowing for an enhanced energy production from oxidative metabolism. The mechanisms underlying the increase in blood flow with regular physical activity include improved endothelial function and the ability for functional sympatholysis – an attenuation of the vasoconstrictor effect of sympathetic nervous activity. These vascular adaptations with physical activity are likely to be an effect of improved nitric oxide and ATP signalling. Collectively, precise matching of blood flow and O2 delivery to meet the O2 demand of the active skeletal muscle of aged individuals during conditions where systemic blood flow is not limited by cardiac output seems to a large extent to be related to the level of physical activity.
Aerodynamic Analysis of a Passenger Car at Yaw Angle and Two-Vehicle
Platoon
Authors: Altinisik Armagan , Yemenici Onur , Umur Habib 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Experimental and computational studies were performed to study the drag forces and the pressure distributions of a one-fifth scale model FIAT Linea at increasing yaw angle and two-vehicle platoon. Experiments were performed in the Uludag University Wind Tunnel (UURT) only for the yaw angles of 0 deg, 5 deg, and 10 deg due to the test section dimensional restriction. Supplementary tests were performed in the Ankara Wind Tunnel (ART) to evaluate the aerodynamic coefficients up to yaw angle of 40 deg. The test section blockage ratios were 20% and 1%, respectively, in the UURT and ART tunnels. The blockage effects for the yaw angles up to 10 deg were studied by the comparison of two wind tunnel results. The aerodynamic tests of two-vehicle platoon were performed in the ART tunnel at spacings of “x/L” 0, 0.5, and 1. Static pressure distributions were obtained from the model centerline and three vertical sections. In the numerical study, three-dimensional, incompressible, and steady governing equations were solved by star-ccm+ code with realizable k-ɛ two-layer turbulence model. Experimental and numerical Cp distributions and Cd values were found in good agreement for considered yaw angles and two-vehicle platoon. Maximum drag coefficient was obtained at yaw angle of 35 deg for both experimental and numerical calculations. The two-vehicle platoon analysis resulted with the significant drag coefficient improvement for the leading car at spacings of x/L  = 0 and 0.5, while for the tail car drag coefficient remained slightly above the vehicle in isolation.
Park Access among School-Age Youth in the United States
Authors: Harris Carmen D. , Paul Prabasaj , Zhang Xingyou , Fulton Janet E. 
Published: June 2015

Background:Fewer than 30% of U.S. youth meet the recommendation to be active > 60 minutes/day. Access to parks may encourage higher levels of physical activity.Purpose:To examine differences in park access among U.S. school-age youth, by demographic characteristics and urbanicity of block group.Methods:Park data from 2012 were obtained from TomTom, Incorporated. Population data were obtained from the 2010 U.S. Census and American Community Survey 2006–2010. Using a park access score for each block group based on the number of national, state or local parks within one-half mile, we examined park access among youth by majority race/ethnicity, median household income, median education, and urbanicity of block groups.Results:Overall, 61.3% of school-age youth had park access—64.3% in urban, 36.5% in large rural, 37.8% in small rural, and 35.8% in isolated block groups. Park access was higher among youth in block groups with higher median household income and higher median education.Conclusion:Urban youth are more likely to have park access. However, park access also varies by race/ethnicity, median education, and median household. Considering both the demographics and urbanicity may lead to better characterization of park access and its association with physical activity among youth.
Complete Genome Sequences of Four European Subtype Strains of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus from Eastern Siberia, Russia
Authors: Adelshin Renat V. , Melnikova Olga V. , Karan Ludmila S. , Andaev Evgeny I. , Balakhonov Sergey V. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Three tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strains were isolated from
Ixodes persulcatus
ticks, and one was isolated from a shrew in the territory of eastern Siberia (Russia). The level of sequence identity compared to Neudoerfl (the European prototype strain) is 97.2 to 97.3%.
Complete Genome Sequencing of a Multidrug-Resistant and Human-Invasive Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strain of the Emerging Sequence Type 213 Genotype
Authors: Calva Edmundo , Silva Claudia , Zaidi Mussaret B. , Sanchez-Flores Alejandro , Estrada Karel , Silva Genivaldo G. Z. , Soto-Jiménez Luz M. , Wiesner Magdalena , Fernández-Mora Marcos , Edwards Robert A. , Vinuesa Pablo 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Typhimurium strain YU39 was isolated in 2005 in the state of Yucatán, Mexico, from a human systemic infection. The YU39 strain is representative of the multidrug-resistant emergent sequence type 213 (ST213) genotype. The YU39 complete genome is composed of a chromosome and seven plasmids.
Genetic Stabilization of the Drug-Resistant PMEN1 Pneumococcus Lineage by Its Distinctive DpnIII Restriction-Modification System
Authors: Eutsey Rory A. , Powell Evan , Dordel Janina , Salter Susannah J. , Clark Tyson A. , Korlach Jonas , Ehrlich Garth D. , Hiller N. Luisa 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

The human pathogen
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(pneumococcus) exhibits a high degree of genomic diversity and plasticity. Isolates with high genomic similarity are grouped into lineages that undergo homologous recombination at variable rates. PMEN1 is a pandemic, multidrug-resistant lineage. Heterologous gene exchange between PMEN1 and non-PMEN1 isolates is directional, with extensive gene transfer from PMEN1 strains and only modest transfer into PMEN1 strains. Restriction-modification (R-M) systems can restrict horizontal gene transfer, yet most pneumococcal strains code for either the DpnI or DpnII R-M system and neither limits homologous recombination. Our comparative genomic analysis revealed that PMEN1 isolates code for DpnIII, a third R-M system syntenic to the other Dpn systems. Characterization of DpnIII demonstrated that the endonuclease cleaves unmethylated double-stranded DNA at the tetramer sequence 5′ GATC 3′, and the cognate methylase is a C5 cytosine-specific DNA methylase. We show that DpnIII decreases the frequency of recombination under
in vitro
conditions, such that the number of transformants is lower for strains transformed with unmethylated DNA than in those transformed with cognately methylated DNA. Furthermore, we have identified two PMEN1 isolates where the DpnIII endonuclease is disrupted, and phylogenetic work by Croucher and colleagues suggests that these strains have accumulated genomic differences at a higher rate than other PMEN1 strains. We propose that the R-M locus is a major determinant of genetic acquisition; the resident R-M system governs the extent of genome plasticity.

IMPORTANCE
Pneumococcus is one of the most important community-acquired bacterial pathogens. Pneumococcal strains can develop resistance to antibiotics and to serotype vaccines by acquiring genes from other strains or species. Thus, genomic plasticity is associated with strain adaptability and pneumococcal success. PMEN1 is a widespread and multidrug-resistant highly pathogenic pneumococcal lineage, which has evolved over the past century and displays a relatively stable genome. In this study, we characterize DpnIII, a restriction-modification (R-M) system that limits recombination. DpnIII is encountered in the PMEN1 lineage, where it replaces other R-M systems that do not decrease plasticity. Our hypothesis is that this genomic region, where different pneumococcal lineages code for variable R-M systems, plays a role in the fine-tuning of the extent of genomic plasticity. It is possible that well-adapted lineages such as PMEN1 have a mechanism to increase genomic stability, rather than foster genomic plasticity.
Toxoplasma
Actin Is Required for Efficient Host Cell Invasion
Authors: Drewry Lisa L. , Sibley L. David 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Apicomplexan parasites actively invade host cells using a mechanism predicted to be powered by a parasite actin-dependent myosin motor. In the model apicomplexan
Toxoplasma gondii
, inducible knockout of the actin gene,
ACT1
, was recently demonstrated to limit but not completely abolish invasion. This observation has led to the provocative suggestion that
T. gondii
possesses alternative, ACT1-independent invasion pathways. Here, we dissected the residual invasive ability of Δ
act1
parasites. Surprisingly, we were able to detect residual ACT1 protein in inducible Δ
act1
parasites as long as 5 days after
ACT1
deletion. We further found that the longer Δ
act1
parasites were propagated after
ACT1
deletion, the more severe an invasion defect was observed. Both findings are consistent with the quantity of residual ACT1 retained in Δ
act1
parasites being responsible for their invasive ability. Furthermore, invasion by the Δ
act1
parasites was also sensitive to the actin polymerization inhibitor cytochalasin D. Finally, there was no clear defect in attachment to host cells or moving junction formation by Δ
act1
parasites. However, Δ
act1
parasites often exhibited delayed entry into host cells, suggesting a defect specific to the penetration stage of invasion. Overall, our results support a model where residual ACT1 protein retained in inducible Δ
act1
parasites facilitates their limited invasive ability and confirm that parasite actin is essential for efficient penetration into host cells during invasion.

IMPORTANCE
The prevailing model for apicomplexan invasion has recently been suggested to require major revision, based on studies where core components of the invasion machinery were genetically disrupted using a Cre-Lox-based inducible knockout system. For the myosin component of the motor thought to power invasion, an alternative parasite myosin was recently demonstrated to functionally compensate for loss of the primary myosin involved in invasion. Here, we highlight a second mechanism that can account for the surprising ability of parasites to invade after genetic disruption of core invasion machinery. Specifically, residual actin protein present in inducible knockout parasites appears able to support their limited invasion of host cells. Our results have important implications for the interpretation of the apicomplexan invasion model and also highlight significant considerations when analyzing the phenotypes of inducible knockout parasites generated using Cre-Lox technology.