bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute hospital admissions from nursing homes: some may be avoidable
Authors: Bowman C E , Elford J , Dovey J , Campbell S , Barrowclough H 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A retrospective survey of acute hospital admissions from nursing homes over a year to a district hospital revealed high overall hospital admission rates and wide variations of admission rates from similar homes. Medical admissions dominated, infections and poorly controlled heart failure being notably common. A significant proportion of admissions may have been avoided by active chronic disease management, together with better information for doctors responding to emergency calls and specialist support programmes facilitating in situ treatment.
Laparoscopic excision of splenic hydatid cyst
Authors: Gharaibeh K I A 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Hydatid disease of the spleen is a rare condition. The standard treatment is open total or partial splenectomy. Recently hand assisted laparoscopic total splenectomy for splenic hydatid cyst has been reported. A case is described of splenic hydatid cyst in a 45 year old man that was excised laparoscopically; the related literature is reviewed.
Mutagen sensitivity and p53 expression in colorectal cancer in China
Authors: Shao L , Lai M , Huang Q 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
This study was designed to investigate DNA damage and/or repair capability, non-random chromatid breakage, and p53 expression in patients with colorectal cancer.

METHODS
The bleomycin sensitivity assay was used in a case-control study to compare the DNA damage repair system between colorectal cancer patients and controls. G-banding was used to search for non-random chromatid breaks. Immunocytochemistry was used to investigate p53 expression in tumour tissues and adjacent normal tissues.

Results
It was found that cases typically had a higher number of chromosome breaks than controls (0.84v 0.69 breaks/cell, p&lt;0.01). After correction by sex and age, the difference was still significant (F=4.38, p&lt;0.05). The correlation coefficient between mutagen sensitivity and age was 0.31(p&lt;0.05) in controls and 0.18 (p&gt;0.05) in cases. The ratio of odds ratios among bleomycin resistant, sensitive, and hypersensitive classes was 1:2.31:3.85. Overexpression of p53 was detected in 25 of 47 tumour tissues independent of tumour stage. Cases who had a family history of cancer were susceptible to the p53 aberration (p&lt;0.05). Chromosomes 1p, 5q, and 14q were susceptible to breakage in patients with colorectal cancer.

Conclusion
Patients with colorectal cancer show increased bleomycin induced chromatid breaks and may have minor DNA repair deficiencies. p53 aberration is an early event in the development of colorectal cancer, but no definite correlation is found between p53 overexpression and mutagen sensitivity.
Prognosis for fertility and ovarian function after treatment with radioiodine for thyroid cancer
Authors: Vini L , Hyer S , Al-Saadi A , Pratt B , Harmer C 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The aim of this study was to review the outcome of ablative radioiodine treatment on ovarian function in young women treated for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Of 1398 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, 496 were women under the age of 40 at the time of diagnosis who had received radioiodine therapy. Of these, 322 received a single 3 GBq ablation dose of radioiodine while the remainder received subsequent treatment with 131I with a cumulative activity of 8.5–59 GBq for residual, recurrent, or metastatic disease. Transient amenorrhoea or menstrual irregularities lasting up to 10 months were experienced in 83 patients (17%). No cases of permanent ovarian failure were recorded. There were 427 children born to 276 women; only one patient wishing to achieve a successful pregnancy outcome has been unsuccessful. Four premature births and 14 miscarriages occurred but no congenital abnormalities were reported. The risk of permanent damage to the ovaries after ablative radioiodine treatment appears to be low and patients can be reassured they can have normal pregnancies after this treatment.
A prospective investigation of the impact of smoking bans on tobacco cessation and relapse
Authors: Longo Daniel R , Johnson Jane C , Kruse Robin L , Brownson Ross C , Hewett John E 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESTo examine the long term impact of workplace smoking bans on employee smoking cessation and relapse. Over three years we studied a total of 1033 current or former smokers (intervention group) employed in smoke-free hospitals and 816 current or former smokers (comparison group) employed in non-smoke-free workplaces. The design of this natural experiment is a prospective cohort study. We randomly selected both hospitals and employees from 12 strata based on hospital size and state tobacco regulations, and sampled employees in the same communities. Main outcome measures were post-ban quit ratio and relapse rate.RESEARCH DESIGNBetween groups comparisons were conducted using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistic for general association, stratified Cox proportional hazards models, and the CMH analysis of variance statistic based on ranks. McNemar's test and the sign test were used to test for changes over time within each group.RESULTSDifferences in the post-ban quit ratio were observed between intervention and comparison groups (p ⩽ 0.02). For employees whose bans were implemented at least seven years before survey, the post-ban quit ratio was estimated at 0.256, compared with 0.142 for employees in non-smoke-free workplaces (p = 0.02). After controlling for a variety of factors, time to quit smoking was shorter for the hospital employees (p < 0.001), with an overall relative risk of quitting of 2.3. Contrary to expectations, relapse rates were similar between the groups.CONCLUSIONEmployees in workplaces with smoking bans have higher rates of smoking cessation than employees where smoking is permitted, but relapse is similar between these two groups of employees. The results of this investigation have international applicability for policy makers, clinicians, employers, and employees. Countries should review smoking policies in workplaces in light of their own smoking patterns and efforts to deal with environmental tobacco smoke.
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND EXCHANGE IN Li2VOSiO4
Authors: ROSNER H. , SINGH R. R. P. , PICKETT W. E. , ZHENG W. H. , OITMAA J. 
Published: July 2002

Exchange couplings are calculated for Li2VOSiO4 using local density approximation (LDA). From a two band tight-binding model fitted to the LDA band structure and mapped to a Heisenberg model, the in-plane and inter-plane exchange integrals are obtained. While the sum of in-plane couplings J1+J2=9.5±1.5 K and the inter-plane coupling J⊥ ~ 0.2-0.3 K agree with recent experimental data, the ratio J2/J1 ~ 12 exceeds the reported value by an order of magnitude. Using geometrical considerations, high temperature expansions and perturbative mean field theory, we show that the LDA derived exchange constants lead to a remarkably accurate description of the properties of these materials including specific heat, susceptibility and Neél temperatures.
X-RAY ABSORPTION STUDY OF Mg1-xAlxB2 AT B K-EDGE
Authors: TSUEI K.-D. , LIN H.-J. , LIN L.-C. , HOU T.-Y. , HSIEH H.-H. , CHEN C. T. , SAINI N. L. , BIANCONI A. , SACCONE A. 
Published: July 2002

We have measured B K-edge X-ray absorption spectra of Mg 1-x Al x B 2 (x=0.0 ~ 0.4) using bulk-sensitive total fluorescence yield (TFY) at room temperature and 30 K. In contrast to previous reports no peaks near 192 eV and 194 eV could be observed after repeated scraping, indicating their origin being due to surface contamination. These clean spectra show a peak right above the absorption threshold, anticipated from transition to the unoccupied B 2p states. Except in the intermediate Al doping range of x ~ 0.1 to 0.28 the threshold peak intensity decreases, consistent with pσ-hole filling. The increase of peak intensity in the intermediate range is correlated with structural phase transition.
A PROBABILISTIC SYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION SCHEME FOR VERY FAST SECURE COMMUNICATION BASED ON CHAOTIC SYSTEMS OF DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS
Authors: PAPADIMITRIOU S. , BOUNTIS T. , MAVROUDI S. , BEZERIANOS A. 
Published: July 2002

We present a new probabilistic symmetric key encryption scheme based on the chaotic dynamics of properly designed chaotic systems. This technique exploits the concept of virtual attractors, which are not real attractors of the underlying chaotic dynamics but are created and maintained artificially. Each virtual attractor represents a symbol of the alphabet used to encode messages. The state space is partitioned over the virtual attractors creating clusters of states. The enciphering process randomizes over the set of states mapped to a virtual attractor in order to construct the ciphertext for the transmited symbol. The receiver can reconstruct perfectly this virtual state space, given the possession of the same chaotic system of difference equations with parameters tuned perfectly to those of the transmitter. Therefore, from the ciphertext chunk corresponding to a state, the virtual attractor can be derived from the details of the virtual state space. The knowledge of the virtual attractor leads to the recovery of the transmitted symbol. We demonstrate that the new algorithm is secure, reliable and very fast. It uses discrete time chaotic recurrent systems and is simple, flexible and modular. These systems can be constructed easily dynamically from an alphanumeric encryption key. The cryptographic security of the algorithm is evaluated with combinatorial arguments.
A MODEL FOR HUMAN VIBRATION STUDIES AND FOR PREDICTING RESPONSE TO JOLTING AND JARRING
Authors: HUANG SHYH-CHOUR , HUSTON RONALD L. 
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a finite-segment, human-body model for studying whole body vibration and for studying human response to jarring and jolting (impulses). The model is a multibody system based upon previously developed models for simulating vehicle occupant response in crashes. The model has 17 bodies representing the various limbs of the human body. Nonlinear springs and dampers are used at the joints to represent soft tissue restraint forces. The model is tested and validated with experimental data. It is then illustrated with application with random whole-body vibration and impulsive loading simulating jarring and jolting.
Errata for "Trace-Driven Memory Simulation: A Survey" by Richard Uhlig and Trevor N. Mudge, June 1997 Computing Surveys
Authors: Errata  
Published: July 2002

The corrected versions of the figure and table captions for "Trace-Driven Memory Simulation: A Survey" by Richard Uhlig and Trevor N. Mudge, June 1997 Computing Surveys, can be found in the online version of the article.
The title of the article by T. Thorn, as it appears on the front cover of the September 1997 issue, is incorrect. The correct title is "Programming Languages for Mobile Code."
Databsse system approach the management decision support
Authors: Donovan John J. 
Published: July 2002

Traditional intuitive methods of decision-making are no longer adequate to deal with the complex problems faced by the modern policymaker. Thus systems must be developed to provide the information and analysis necessary for the decisions which must be made. These systems are called decision support systems. Although database systems provide a key ingredient to decision support systems, the problems now facing the policymaker are different from those problems to which database systems have been applied in the past. The problems are usually not known in advance, they are constantly changing, and answers are needed quickly. Hence additional technologies, methodologies, and approaches must expand the traditional areas of database and operating systems research (as well as other software and hardware research) in order for them to become truly effective in supporting policymakers.
This paper describes recent work in this area and indicates where future work is needed. Specifically the paper discusses: (1) why there exists a vital need for decision support systems; (2) examples from work in the field of energy which make explicit the characteristics which distinguish these decision support systems from traditional operational and managerial systems; (3) how an awareness of decision support systems has evolved, including a brief review of work done by others and a statement of the computational needs of decision support systems which are consistent with contemporary technology; (4) an approach which has been made to meet many of these computational needs through the development and implementation of a computational facility, the Generalized Management Information System (GMIS); and (5) the application of this computational facility to a complex and important energy problem facing New England in a typical study within the New England Energy Management Information System (NEEMIS) Project.
Reliability mechanisms for SDD-1
Authors: Hammer Micael , Shipman David 
Published: July 2002

This paper presents the reliability mechanisms of SDD-1, a prototype distributed database system being developed by the Computer Corporation of America. Reliability algorithms in SDD-1 center around the concept of the Reliable Network (RelNet). The RelNet is a communications medium incorporating facilities for site status monitoring, event timestamping, multiply buffered message delivery, and the atomic control of distributed transactions.
This paper is one of a series of companion papers on SDD-1 [3, 4, 6, 13].
The LRLTRAN compiler
Authors: Mendicino Sam F. , Hughes Robert A. , Martin Jeanne T. , McMahon Frank H. , Ranelletti John E. , Zwakenberg Richard G. 
Published: July 2002

Extensive software problems confront an organization which possesses a number of different computers and which frequently acquire new ones. To maintain cohesion, a system must be developed, written in a high level language, which minimizes machine dependencies and isolates those which are necessary. A language and a compiler for that language are discussed here.
The language, called LRLTRAN, is a heavily augmented FORTRAN. The three-pass compiler makes use internally of a postfix Polish notation (pass I to pass II) and a free representation referred to as a “composite blocking table” (pass I to pass III). Machine-independent optimization occurs in pass II and DO-loop and machine-dependent optimization in pass III.
The Case of Theaetetus
Authors: Adalier Gokhan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAny comprehensive interpretation of the Theaetetus has to provide answers to, among others, two very general questions concerning that dialogue: "What is Plato's relation to the problems faced in the Theaetetus?" and "What is the significance of the absence of the Forms from the discussion of the Theaetetus, given their undoubted relevance to the topic of the dialogue, i.e. knowledge?" Predominantly, the answer given to the first question in the literature has been that the problems are those that Plato is trying to tackle and the one to the second question, when it has been addressed at all, that the Forms are left out of the discussion because Plato no longer thought them relevant, either for having abandoned or seriously revised them, by the time of writing the Theaetetus. In this study of the Wax Block and the Aviary models of judgment that occur in the second part of the Theaetetus as part of its discussion of the problem of false judgment, I argue that the problems faced there actually arise because of the neglect of Forms. The discussion of the second part is, I contend, carried out on a materialist ontology, an ontology assumed because it suits the definition of knowledge as true judgment which inaugurates that part of the dialogue, an ontology in no way subscribed to by Plato. The Wax Block is, I explain, a materialist model and fails in the case of judgments about numbers for treating them on a par with material subjects, ignoring their intelligible status. In particular, it fails to distinguish judging 5 and 7 to be 11 from judging 12 to be 11 because of its neglect of Forms; Plato would distinguish those judgments by distinguishing 5 and 7 from 12 with help from his part-whole analysis, to which the Forms are essential.
Themistius on Evil
Authors: Guldentops Guy 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAlthough Themistius does not develop a theodicy, his observations on evil are fairly consistent. Both in his paraphrases of Aristotle and in his speeches, he argues that since God is the intelligent and powerful cause of all good things in the universe, evil is due to the στ ρησιsigma in matter and to the νοια of human beings. Despite some (Neo-)Platonic and Stoic influences, Themistius defends a basically Peripatetic world-view, in which evil is minimized.
TRADE OFFS IN HABITAT-SPECIFIC FORAGING EFFICIENCY AND THE NASCENT ADAPTIVE DIVERGENCE OF STICKLEBACKS IN LAKES
Authors: Robinson Beren 
Published: July 2002

AbstractI assessed habitat-specific foraging efficiency of shallow-water and open-water forms from a morphologically variable population of threespine sticklebacks. Individuals sampled from open-water or shallow-water habitats tend to be morphologically divergent, although the morphology of the modal form is intermediate between the better-known benthic and limnetic pairs of stickleback species that coexist in other local lakes. I tested two hypotheses about this intraspecific variation. First, that heritable genetic variation in body form exists between forms. Morphological differences occurred between progeny reared under common laboratory conditions indicating that heritable genetic variation contributes to morphological variation. Second, that open-water and shallow-water forms face trade offs involving foraging on habitat-specific prey. The foraging efficiency of both forms was measured in two types of habitat (benthos and open-water) simulated in lab aquaria. Foraging efficiency was related to morphological differences between morphs. Relative morph efficiencies were reversed between habitats in a predictable fashion. More streamlined open-water forms consumed Artemia nauplii at a higher rate and with fewer bites than more robust shallow-water morphs. Conversely, shallow-water morphs required fewer bites to capture and consume more and larger amphipods than open-water forms. An asymmetry in the trade offs indicates that shallow-water types may be the more specialized form. These results are consistent with a hypothesis that trade offs in habitat use efficiency can be involved early in the adaptive divergence of sticklebacks into different lake environments. Similar trade offs exist for the coexisting pairs of stickleback species, suggesting that trade offs are more likely a cause, rather than a consequence, of speciation in sticklebacks that colonize lakes.
Patterns and processes in the evolution of animal parasitic nematodes
Authors: Ley Paul De , Dorris Mark , Blaxter Mark 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe parasitic Nematoda have traditionally been classified distinct from free-living species, and animal parasites treated separately from plant parasites. In classical concepts of phylogenetic relationships within the phylum, parasitic groups are usually afforded ordinal status and their origins are often obscure. We have been using molecular phylogenetics to examine the interrelationships of animal parasites with free-living and plant-parasitic groups, and find that a new view of the origins and radiation of animal parasites is warranted. Using sequence from the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA gene, we have constructed an alignment that allows robust phylogenetic inference. With this dataset, we place the Strongylida as a monophyletic clade nested within the Rhabditina. The Ascaridida, Oxyurida and Spirurida are closely related, but currently have no clear closest free-living sister taxon. Strongyloides spp. are rooted in a radiation of cephalobid/tylenchid species. Where available, other sequences in general confirm these relationships. Les Nematoda parasites ont été traditionnellement classifiés séparément des espèces libres, les parasites d’animaux étant traités séparément des parasites de plantes. Suivant les concepts classiques des relations phylogénétiques à l’intérieur du phylum, les groupes parasites sont habituellement traités au niveau ordinal et leurs origines sont souvent inconnues. Utilisant la phylogénie moléculaire, les interrelations des parasites animaux avec les groupes d’espèces libres et parasites de plantes ont été étudiées conduisant à la conclusion qu’une nouvelle approche des origines et de l’évolution des parasites animaux est nécessaire. Sur la base de la petite sous-unité nucléaire du gène de l’ARN ribosomal, un alignement est proposé qui permet une inférence phylogénétique solide. Avec cet ensemble de données, les Strongylida sont considérés comme un clade monophylétique emboîté au sein des Rhabditina. Les Ascaridida, Oxyurida et Spirurida sont étroitement reliés, mais jusqu’à présent sans relation étroite claire avec des taxons de nématode libre. Les Strongyloides spp. ont évolué à partir des cephalobides/tylenchides. Lorsqu’elles sont disponibles, les données issues d’autres séquences confirment le plus souvent ces relations.
Insect aggregations and entomopathogenic nematode occurrence
Authors: Bečvář Stanislav , Mráček Zdeněk 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEntomopathogenic nematodes of the family Steinernematidae may significantly reduce insect populations. They inhabit most terrestrial habitats and their prevalence can be influenced by biotic factors. Some sawfly species, the geometrid and noctuid moth complexes, and bibionid and sciarid flies characteristically aggregate as diapausing or hibernating larvae in the soil. A survey for entomopathogenic nematodes from habitats characterized by these aggregations was performed in the Czech Republic by collecting soil samples and utilizing Galleria traps in the laboratory. Steinernematids were recovered from 61 of 87 (70.1%) sampled localities. Seven Steinernema species, S. kraussei, S. feltiae, S. affine, S. intermedium, S. bicornutum and two designated as species B and F were identified. Among these, S. kraussei was prevalent in sawfly localities (77.8%) while, in winter moth localities, S. feltiae (55.6%) dominated and S. kraussei (22.2%) and S. affine (25.9%) were common. Soil-dwelling insect aggregations seem to provide an opportunity for entomopathogenic nematode multiplication.Les nématodes entomopathogènes de la famille des Steinernematidae peuvent réduire significativement les populations d'insectes. Ils occupent la plupart des habitats terrestres et leur prévalence peut être influencée par des facteurs biotiques. Quelques espèces de tenthrèdes move, des Géométrides et des aleurodes Noctuides, de même que les mouches Sciarides et Bibionides forment des aggrégats caractéristiques lorsque leurs larves sont en diapause ou hivernent dans le sol. Une enquête sur ces nématodes entomopathogènes dans des habitats caractérisés par ces aggrégations d'insectes a été réalisée en République tchèque en collectant des échantillons de sol et en utilisant au laboratoire des pièges à Galleria. Des Steinernematides ont été trouvés dans 61 des 87 (70,1%) des localités échantillonnées. Cinq espèces connues de Steinernema (S. kraussei, S. feltiae, S. affine, S. intermedium, S. bicornutum) et deux espèces désignées comme espèces B et F ont été identifiées. S. kraussei était prévalent dans les localités à tenthrèdes (77,8%) tandis que S. feltiae dominait dans les localités à arpenteuse tardive (55,6%) ou S. kraussei (22,2%) et S. affine (25,9%) apparaissaient communs. Les aggrégats d'insectes terricoles semblent ainsi offrir une situation propice à la multiplication des nématodes entomopathogènes.