bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utopian Experimentation and Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray
Authors: Fritz Morgan 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
Oscar Wilde's only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890), has often been viewed as an extension of the escapist aestheticist doctrine of his critical essays and of his utopian vision put forth in “The Soul of Man Under Socialism.” Taking the novel as an instance of a bargain-with-the-devil tale, this essay explores the possibility that, in Dorian Gray, Wilde subjected his abstract utopianism to a concrete fictional experiment, finding it wanting in terms of its omission of the social consequences of self-development through Individualism.
The Incidence and Prevalence of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 2002–2004: The Georgia Lupus Registry
Authors: Lim S. Sam , Bayakly A. Rana , Helmick Charles G. , Gordon Caroline , Easley Kirk A. , Drenkard Cristina 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveThe Georgia Lupus Registry is a population‐based registry designed to improve our ability to estimate the incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a large population.MethodsPotential cases of SLE were identified from multiple sources during the years 2002 through 2004. Cases were defined according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for SLE or a combined definition. Age‐standardized rates were determined and stratified by race and sex. With capture–recapture analyses, we estimated the underascertainment of cases.ResultsUsing the ACR case definition, the overall crude and age‐adjusted incidence rate was 5.6 per 100,000, with capture–recapture and combined definition rates being slightly higher. The age‐adjusted incidence rate in women was >5 times higher than that for men (9.2 versus 1.8). Black women had an incidence rate nearly 3 times higher than that in white women, with a significantly higher rate in the group ages 30–59 years. The overall crude and age‐adjusted prevalence rates were 74.4 and 73 per 100,000, respectively. The age‐adjusted prevalence rate in women was nearly 9 times higher than that for men (127.6 versus 14.7). Black women had very high rates (196.2). A striking difference was seen in the proportion of prevalent cases with end‐stage renal disease, with 7‐fold greater involvement among black patients.ConclusionWith the more complete case‐finding methods we used, the incidence and prevalence rates of SLE are among the highest reported in the US. The results continue to underscore striking sex, age, and racial disparities between black patients and white patients with SLE.
A comparison of convergently evolved insect silks that share β‐sheet molecular structure
Authors: Church Jeffrey S. , Woodhead Andrea L. , Walker Andrew A. , Sutherland Tara D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRaspy crickets produce silk webs that are used to build shelters. These webs have been found to consist of both fiber and film components. Raman spectra obtained from both components were found to be very similar for a given species. The protein structure of the fibers and films produced by both species was predominately β‐sheet with lesser amounts of β‐turns, unordered and α‐helical protein also detected. The orientation of the β‐sheet backbone in the fiber was determined to be parallel to the fiber axis. Compared to cocoon and dragline silk the orientation distribution exhibits a significant randomly orientated protein component. Amino acid analysis confirmed the presence of glycine, serine, and alanine in both species, which are known to form antiparallel β‐sheet structures. Both species, although at significantly different concentrations, where found to contain proline. This amino acid is uncommon in insect silks, and likely involved in increasing fiber elasticity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 630–639, 2014.
A defined co‐culture of Geobacter sulfurreducens and Escherichia coli in a membrane‐less microbial fuel cell
Authors: Bourdakos Nicholas , Marsili Enrico , Mahadevan Radhakrishnan 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTWastewater‐fed microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a promising technology to treat low‐organic carbon wastewater and recover part of the chemical energy in wastewater as electrical power. However, the interactions between electrochemically active and fermentative microorganisms cannot be easily studied in wastewater‐fed MFCs because of their complex microbial communities. Defined co‐culture MFCs provide a detailed understanding of such interactions. In this study, we characterize the extracellular metabolites in laboratory‐scale membrane‐less MFCs inoculated with Geobacter sulfurreducens and Escherichia coli co‐culture and compare them with pure culture MFCs. G. sulfurreducens MFCs are sparged to maintain anaerobic conditions, while co‐culture MFCs rely on E. coli for oxygen removal. G. sulfurreducens MFCs have a power output of 128 mW m−2, compared to 63 mW m−2 from the co‐culture MFCs. Analysis of metabolites shows that succinate production in co‐culture MFCs decreases current production by G. sulfurreducens and that the removal of succinate is responsible for the increased current density in the late co‐culture MFCs. Interestingly, pH adjustment is not required for co‐culture MFCs but a base addition is necessary for E. coli MFCs and cultures in vials. Our results show that defined co‐culture MFCs provide clear insights into metabolic interactions among bacteria while maintaining a low operational complexity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 709–718. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CloudMon: a resource‐efficient IaaS cloud monitoring system based on networked intrusion detection system virtual appliances
Authors: Li Bo , Li Jianxin , Liu Lu 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe networked intrusion detection system virtual appliance (NIDS‐VA), also known as virtualized NIDS, plays an important role in the protection and safeguard of IaaS cloud environments. However, it is nontrivial to guarantee both of the performance of NIDS‐VA and the resource efficiency of cloud applications because both are sharing computing resources in the same cloud environment. To overcome this challenge and trade‐off, we propose a novel system, named CloudMon, which enables dynamic resource provision and live placement for NIDS‐VAs in IaaS cloud environments. CloudMon provides two techniques to maintain high resource efficiency of IaaS cloud environments without degrading the performance of NIDS‐VAs and other virtual machines (VMs). The first technique is a virtual machine monitor based resource provision mechanism, which can minimize the resource usage of a NIDS‐VA with given performance guarantee. It uses a fuzzy model to characterize the complex relationship between performance and resource demands of a NIDS‐VA and develops an online fuzzy controller to adaptively control the resource allocation for NIDS‐VAs under varying network traffic. The second one is a global resource scheduling approach for optimizing the resource efficiency of the entire cloud environments. It leverages VM migration to dynamically place NIDS‐VAs and VMs. An online VM mapping algorithm is designed to maximize the resource utilization of the entire cloud environment. Our virtual machine monitor based resource provision mechanism has been evaluated by conducting comprehensive experiments based on Xen hypervisor and Snort NIDS in a real cloud environment. The results show that the proposed mechanism can allocate resources for a NIDS‐VA on demand while still satisfying its performance requirements. We also verify the effectiveness of our global resource scheduling approach by comparing it with two classic vector packing algorithms, and the results show that our approach improved the resource utilization of cloud environments and reduced the number of in‐use NIDS‐VAs and physical hosts. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UV radiation is the primary factor driving the variation in leaf phenolics across Chinese grasslands
Authors: Chen Litong , Niu Kechang , Wu Yi , Geng Yan , Mi Zhaorong , Flynn Dan F.B. , He Jin‐Sheng 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDue to the role leaf phenolics in defending against ultraviolet B (UVB) under previously controlled conditions, we hypothesize that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) could be a primary factor driving the variation in leaf phenolics in plants over a large geographic scale. We measured leaf total phenolics, ultraviolet‐absorbing compounds (UVAC), and corresponding leaf N, P, and specific leaf area (SLA) in 151 common species. These species were from 84 sites across the Tibetan Plateau and Inner Mongolian grasslands of China with contrasting UVR (354 vs. 161 mW/cm2 on average). Overall, leaf phenolics and UVAC were all significantly higher on the Tibetan Plateau than in the Inner Mongolian grasslands, independent of phylogenetic relationships between species. Regression analyses showed that the variation in leaf phenolics was strongly affected by climatic factors, particularly UVR, and soil attributes across all sites. Structural equation modeling (SEM) identified the primary role of UVR in determining leaf phenolic concentrations, after accounting for colinearities with altitude, climatic, and edaphic factors. In addition, phenolics correlated positively with UVAC and SLA, and negatively with leaf N and N: P. These relationships were steeper in the lower‐elevation Inner Mongolian than on the Tibetan Plateau grasslands. Our data support that the variation in leaf phenolics is controlled mainly by UV radiation, implying high leaf phenolics facilitates the adaptation of plants to strong irradiation via its UV‐screening and/or antioxidation functions, particularly on the Tibetan Plateau. Importantly, our results also suggest that leaf phenolics may influence on vegetation attributes and indirectly affect ecosystem processes by covarying with leaf functional traits.
Synthesis of Planar Metal Complexes and the Stacking Abilities of Naphthalenediol‐Based Acyclic and Macrocyclic Salen‐Type Ligands
Authors: Akine Shigehisa , Varadi Zoltan , Nabeshima Tatsuya 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA salen‐type ligand, H4L1, having two 1,8‐naphthalenediol moieties, was designed and synthesized to obtain planar metal complexes in which the naphthalene π surface was expected to increase the stacking ability. Spectroscopic and crystallographic investigations revealed that the uncomplexed H4L1ligand existed exclusively in the keto/keto form and adopted a nonplanar structure. Upon complexation with divalent metal sources M (Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd), the H4L1ligand gave the corresponding mononuclear complexes [H2L1M] (M = Ni, Cu, Pd) or [H2L1Zn(dmso)], in which the metal ion occupies the salen‐type N2O2coordination site. In particular, [H2L1Ni] and [H2L1Pd] adopted a highly planar structure, allowing the formation of well‐organized stacking structures in the crystalline state as well as self‐association in solution. The corresponding macrocyclic ligand, H4L2, was also designed to obtain a more organized stacking structure due to the higher π surface area. Although the [2+2] macrocyclization without a template did not efficiently give the ligand H4L2, the metal‐templates of Ni2+and Cu2+significantly increased the [2+2] macrocyclization efficiency to produce the dinuclear [L2Ni2] and [L2Cu2] species. The [L2Ni2] molecule had a highly planar structure incorporating two nickel(II) ions in an almost ideal square‐planar geometry. In the crystalline state, the [L2Ni2] molecules formed a parallel stacking structure with a brick‐wall arrangement. The central O4site of the [L2Ni2] complex was found to be capable of binding a third metal ion such as Ni2+, Cu2+or Zn2+.
Linker Effects on Amino Acid and Peptide Recognition by Molecular Tweezers
Authors: Dutt Som , Wilch Constanze , Gersthagen Thomas , Wölper Christoph , Sowislok Andrea Anna , Klärner Frank‐Gerrit , Schrader Thomas 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTransition from monotopic symmetrical to ditopic unsymmetrical molecular recognition frequently occurs when a general, powerful, but unspecific receptor molecule is transformed into a specific ditopic host. Especially in water, this endeavor is accompanied by great challenges, comprising, among other things, host–guest orientation, orthogonal recognition modes, and the nature of the linker unit. This work presents a case study on a powerful general host for basic amino acids and peptides. The symmetrical molecular tweezer skeleton was systematically desymmetrized and modified with various common linker units, and the profound influence of these changes on the molecular recognition profile was studied in detail by NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence titrations, X‐ray crystallography, and molecular simulations. A number of diverse effects were revealed that could be attributed to the chemical nature of the different linkers. In general, long alkyl tethers block the cavity of the tweezers by van der Waals contacts to CH groups around its entrance; alkoxyalkyl tethers likewise lower tweezer affinities for basic amino acids by competing self‐inclusion. As a general trend, affinities for linkers with ester and carboxylate moieties were substantially higher than those for tethers with ethers and alcohols, likely because the electron‐rich carbonyl group keeps the cavity open. Additional hydrogen bonds between the linker unit and suitable amino acid or peptide guests greatly support the complexation process; finally, high solvent polarity and salt load shift the binding equilibrium from external ion pairing to guest inclusion.
Distribution of molecules locally delivered from bone cement
Authors: Giers Morgan B. , McLaren Alex C. , Schmidt Kenneth J. , Caplan Michael R. , McLemore Ryan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRevision of infected orthopedic implants is successful in most cases when antimicrobials are delivered locally (mixed with bone cement or bone graft which is placed in the site from which the infected tissue was removed); however, there is still a substantial rate of recurrence most likely due to the antimicrobials not achieving a therapeutic dose at all locations in the tissue. To study transport within this environment, gadolinium chelated in diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (Gd‐DTPA), a MRI contrast agent with size and solubility similar to two common antimicrobials (gentamicin and vancomycin), was mixed with bone cement, implanted in vivo into two models of orthopedic surgical wounds, and imaged using MRI 5.5 h after implantation. Image thresholding was used to create two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional representations of areas/volumes containing detectable concentrations of Gd‐DTPA. Distribution is found to be anisotropic with Gd‐DTPA transporting preferentially anterior of the implant toward the skin. When fascia is not closed over the implant site, Gd‐DTPA transports to the skin and along the subcutaneous plane. The distance transported indicates that transport is likely driven by convection. Finally, the tissue concentration of Gd‐DTPA is much less than the concentration loaded into the bone cement. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 806–814, 2014.
Differentiation of calcified regions and iron deposits in the ageing brain on conventional structural MR images
Authors: del C. Valdés Hernández Maria , Glatz Andreas , Kiker Alexander J. , Dickie David Alexander , Aribisala Benjamin S. , Royle Natalie A. , Muñoz Maniega Susana , Bastin Mark E. , Deary Ian J. , Wardlaw Joanna M. 
Published: October 2013

PurposeIn the human brain, minerals such as iron and calcium accumulate increasingly with age. They typically appear hypointense on T2*‐weighted MRI sequences. This study aims to explore the differentiation and association between calcified regions and noncalcified iron deposits on clinical brain MRI in elderly, otherwise healthy subjects.Materials and MethodsMineral deposits were segmented on co‐registered T1‐ and T2*‐weighted sequences from 100 1.5 Tesla MRI datasets of community‐dwelling individuals in their 70s. To differentiate calcified regions from noncalcified iron deposits we developed a method based on their appearance on T1‐weighted images, which was validated with a purpose‐designed phantom. Joint T1‐ and T2*‐weighted intensity histograms were constructed to measure the similarity between the calcified and noncalcified iron deposits using a Euclidean distance based metric.ResultsWe found distinct distributions for calcified regions and noncalcified iron deposits in the cumulative joint T1‐ and T2*‐weighted intensity histograms across all subjects (correlations ranging from 0.02 to 0.86; mean = 0.26 ± 0.16; t = 16.93; P < 0.001) consistent with differences in iron and calcium signal in the phantom. The mean volumes of affected tissue per subject for calcified and noncalcified deposits were 236.74 ± 309.70 mm3 and 283.76 ± 581.51 mm3; respectively. There was a positive association between the mineral depositions (β = 0.32, P < 0.005), consistent with existing literature reports.ConclusionCalcified mineral deposits and noncalcified iron deposits can be distinguished from each other by signal intensity changes on conventional 1.5T T1‐weighted MRI and are significantly associated in brains of elderly, otherwise healthy subjects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:324–333 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MR diffusion tensor imaging of normal kidneys
Authors: Wang Wen‐juan , Pui Margaret H. , Guo Yan , Hu Xiao‐shu , Wang Huan‐jun , Yang Dong 
Published: October 2013

PurposeTo assess the feasibility of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of normal kidneys and the influence of hydration state.Materials and MethodsTen healthy volunteers underwent renal DTI after fasting for 12 hours and 4 hours, without fasting, and following water diuresis. Medullary and cortical apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values were measured and compared in the four different states of hydration. DTI was performed with a 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system using fat‐saturated single‐shot spin‐echo echo planar imaging sequence.ResultsADC of normal cortex (2.387 ± 0.081 × 10−3 mm2/s) was significantly higher (t = 20.126, P = 0) than that of medulla (1.990 ± 0.063 × 10−3 mm2/s). The FA value of normal cortex (0.282 ± 0.017) was significantly lower (t = −42.713, P = 0) than that of medulla (0.447 ± 0.022). The ADC and FA values of the left renal cortex (2.404 ± 0.082 × 10−3 mm2/s, 0.282 ± 0.017) and medulla (2.002 ± 0.081 × 10−3 mm2/s, 0.452 ± 0.024) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of right renal cortex (2.369 ± 0.080 × 10−3 mm2/s, 0.283 ± 0.018) and medulla (1.978 ± 0.039 × 10−3 mm2/s, 0.443 ± 0.019). Values for ADC (×10−3mm2/s) and FA in the 12‐hour fasting, 4‐hour fasting, nonfasting, and water diuresis states were 2.372 ± 0.095 and 0.278 ± 0.018, 2.387 ± 0.081 and 0.282 ± 0.017, 2.416 ± 0.051 and 0.279 ± 0.023, 2.421 ± 0.068, and 0.270 ± 0.021, respectively, in cortex, 1.972 ± 0.084 and 0.438 ± 0.014, 1.990 ± 0.063 and 0.447 ± 0.022, 2.021 ± 0.081 and 0.450 ± 0.031, 2.016 ± 0.076 and 0.449 ± 0.028, respectively, in medulla. The ADC and FA values in different hydration states were not significantly different (P > 0.05).ConclusionDTI of normal kidneys is feasible with reproducible ADC and FA values independent of hydration states. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:1099–1102. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PTEN regulates matrix synthesis in adult human chondrocytes under oxidative stress
Authors: Iwasa Kenjiro , Hayashi Shinya , Fujishiro Takaaki , Kanzaki Noriyuki , Hashimoto Shingo , Sakata Shuhei , Chinzei Nobuaki , Nishiyama Takayuki , Kuroda Ryosuke , Kurosaka Masahiro 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTPhosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) was identified as an important tumor suppressor gene. PTEN functions as a negative regulator of phosphoinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K)‐Akt and MEK/ERK signaling. The PI3K‐Akt pathway is critical for cell survival, differentiation, and matrix synthesis. Oxidative stress is considered a critical factor in the onset and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, we investigated the function of PTEN in OA chondrocytes under oxidative stress. Chondrocytes were treated with insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) and/or tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP), which causes oxidative stress. The expression levels of type2 collagen (Col2a1) and aggrecan were analyzed by real‐time PCR, and phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 was analyzed by Western blotting. Chondrocytes were treated with PTEN‐specific small interfering RNA (siRNA), as well as IGF‐1 and/or tBHP. PTEN and IGF‐1 expressions in OA chondrocytes were increased. The downregulation of PTEN expression increased the expression levels of Col2a1 and aggrecan, and increased proteoglycan synthesis under oxidative stress. Oxidative stress decreased the phosphorylation of Akt and increased that of ERK1/2. The downregulation of PTEN expression increased Akt phosphorylation, but did not increase that of ERK 1/2. Our results suggest that PTEN regulates matrix synthesis via the PI3K‐Akt pathway under oxidative stress. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:231–237, 2014.
Drug‐induced sleep endoscopy in sleep‐disordered breathing: Report on 1,249 cases
Authors: Vroegop Anneclaire V. , Vanderveken Olivier M. , Boudewyns An N. , Scholman Joost , Saldien Vera , Wouters Kristien , Braem Marc J. , Van de Heyning Paul H. , Hamans Evert 
Published: October 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo describe upper airway (UA) collapse patterns during drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) in a large cohort of patients with sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) and to assess associations with anthropometric and polysomnographic parameters.Study DesignObservational study.MethodsA total of 1,249 patients [age 47 ± 10 y; apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) 18.9 ± 15.3/h; body mass index (BMI) 27.2 ± 3.7 kg/m2] underwent polysomnography and DISE. DISE findings were categorized to the following UA levels: palate, oropharynx, tongue base, and hypopharynx. The degree of collapse was reported as complete, partial, or none. The pattern of the obstruction was described as anteroposterior, lateral, or concentric. Associations between DISE findings and anthropometric and polysomnographic parameters were analyzed.ResultsPalatal collapse was seen most frequently (81%). Multilevel collapse was noted in 68.2% of all patients. The most frequently observed multilevel collapse pattern was a combination of palatal and tongue base collapse (25.5%). Palatal collapse was seen most frequently (81%). The prevalence of complete collapse, multilevel collapse, and hypopharyngeal collapse increased with increasing severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Multilevel and complete collapse were more prevalent in obese patients and in those with more severe OSA. Both higher BMI and AHI values were associated with a higher probability of complete concentric palatal collapse.ConclusionThe current study provides an overview of UA collapse patterns in a large cohort of SDB patients who underwent DISE. The associations found in this study may indicate that UA collapse patterns observed during DISE cannot be fully explained by selected baseline polysomnographic and anthropometric characteristics.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 124:797–802, 2014