bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The meaning of the experience of anticipating falling
Authors: SHAW JAMES A. , CONNELLY DENISE M. , MCWILLIAM CAROL L. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTFalling in later life continues to be a critical issue in gerontology research, health professional practice and ageing health policy. However, much research in the area of fall risk and fall prevention neglects the meaning of the experiences of older people themselves. This humanistic interpretive phenomenological study explored the meaning of the experience of anticipating falling from the perspective of older people in order to foster a more person-focused approach to fall risk assessment and fall prevention. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine participants over the age of 65 living independently in the community. Follow-up interviews with two key informants were completed to inform the emerging interpretations. For older participants residing in the community, the experience of anticipating falling meant confronting their embodied lived-identity in the context of ageing. Experiential learning shaped how participants understood the meaning of falling, which constituted tacit, pathic knowledge of vulnerability and anxiety with respect to falling. Findings emphasise the importance of critically reflecting on the social experience of anticipating falling to develop effective and relevant fall prevention interventions, programmes and policies. A lifeworld-led approach to fall risk assessment and fall prevention resonates with these findings, and may encourage health-care providers to adopt a sustained focus on embodied lived-identity and quality of life when engaging older people in fall prevention activities.
A geometric approach for the workspace analysis of two symmetric planar parallel manipulators
Authors: Bihari Banke , Kumar Dhiraj , Jha Chandan , Rathore Vijay S. , Dash Anjan Kumar 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYThe workspace is often a critical parameter for optimum design of parallel manipulators. Workspace shape and area are two important considerations under this. In this paper, 5-R and 3-RRR planar parallel manipulators having symmetric link lengths are considered for workspace analysis. Here, symmetric means that the lengths of the first and second links of the legs are the same in all branches. Workspace analysis for such manipulators is normally done in a nondimensional way. The determination of the workspace area is one of the important parameters in the optimum design of a manipulator, and the determination of the area in terms of nondimensional parameters is extremely difficult in the case of 3-DOF and higher-DOF manipulators. In this paper, a geometric method is presented to determine different workspace shapes and areas. Based on this, all possible shapes of workspace are presented for both 5-R and 3-RRR planar parallel manipulators. For each case, a geometrical relationship between the link lengths is determined. The geometric approach gives a closed-form expression for the area calculation, which is not possible when adopting a nondimensional approach. In addition, this approach provides relationships between workspace shape and area and link lengths.
Optimal cooperative path planning of unmanned aerial vehicles by a parallel genetic algorithm
Authors: Shorakaei Hamed , Vahdani Mojtaba , Imani Babak , Gholami Ali. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYThe current paper presents a path planning method based on probability maps and uses a new genetic algorithm for a group of UAVs. The probability map consists of cells that display the probability which the UAV will not encounter a hostile threat. The probability map is defined by three events. The obstacles are modeled in the probability map, as well. The cost function is defined such that all cells are surveyed in the path track. The simple formula based on the unique vector is presented to find this cell position. Generally, the cost function is formed by two parts; one part for optimizing the path of each UAV and the other for preventing UAVs from collision. The first part is a combination of safety and length of path and the second part is formed by an exponential function. Then, the optimal paths of each UAV are obtained by the genetic algorithm in a parallel form. According to the dimensions of path planning, genetic encoding has two or three indices. A new genetic operator is introduced to select an appropriate pair of chromosome for crossover operation. The effectiveness of the method is shown by several simulations.
On the generalized same N-type conjecture
Authors: LEE DAE-WOONG 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this paper we prove the generalized version of the same n-type conjecture posed by McGibbon and Møller in [15, page 287]: it is shown that the set of all the same homotopy n-types of the suspension of the smash products of the Eilenberg-MacLane spaces is the one element set consisting of a single homotopy type.
Locating Nature: Making and Unmaking International Law
Authors: NATARAJAN USHA , KHODAY KISHAN 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between international law and the natural environment. We contend that international environmental law and general international law are structured in ways that systemically reinforce ecological harm. Through exploring the cultural milieu from which international environmental law emerged, we argue it produced an impoverished understanding of nature that is incapable of responding adequately to ecological crises. We maintain that environmental issues should not be confined to a disciplinary specialization because humanity's relationship with nature has been central to making international law. Foundational concepts such as sovereignty, development, property, economy, human rights, and so on, have evolved through understanding nature in ways that are unsuited to perceiving or observing ecological limits. International law primarily sees nature as a resource for wealth generation to enable societies to continually develop, and environmental degradation is treated as an economic externality to be managed by special regimes. Through tracing the co-evolution of these assumptions about nature alongside seminal disciplinary concepts, it becomes evident that such understandings are central to shaping international law and that the discipline helps universalize and normalize them. By comprehending more broadly the relationship between nature and international law, it is possible to see beyond law's potential to correct environmental harm and identify the disciplinary role in driving ecological degradation. Venturing beyond the purview of international environmental lawyers, this article considers the role of all international lawyers in augmenting and mitigating ecological crises. It concludes that disciplinary solutions to environmental problems require radical departures from existing disciplinary tenets, necessitating new formulations that encapsulate rich and diverse understandings of nature.
The Principle ofNon-RefoulementAnd the De-Territorialization of Border Control at Sea
Authors: TREVISANUT SELINE 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDestination states of irregular migration aim to prevent arrivals by controlling their borders outside their territory, specifically on the high seas. This practice may best be described as the de-territorialization of border control at sea. The de-territorialization impacts the applicable legal framework, in particular the safeguards to which individuals submitted to the control activities are entitled. This article posits that the principle ofnon-refoulementis a fundamental yardstick for the de-territorialization of border control and applies wherever competent state authorities perform border control measures. The argument develops in four steps. After outlining the content of the principle ofnon-refoulement, this article defines maritime borders and elucidates their functional nature. It then outlines how the principle ofnon-refoulementapplies at sea and translates into a ‘principle of non-rejection at the maritime frontier’. The article finally highlights the principle's legal and practical consequences in the context of de-territorialized border control.
Seven Canons of ICC Treaty Interpretation: Making Sense of Article 25's Rorschach Blot
Authors: SADAT LEILA NADYA , JOLLY JARROD M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article draws on well-established understandings of international treaty interpretation and the role of the judicial function to propose seven canons of treaty construction that may serve as the basis of a principled interpretation of the substantive law of the Rome Statute. This interpretative framework is then applied to the seemingly intractable debate within the Court and among scholars over the correct interpretation of Article 25, on modes of liability. The seven canons provide guidelines that may enable the ‘Rorschach blot’ of Article 25, capable of many divergent interpretations, to become uniformly and consistently understood and interpreted.
Diastereodivergent organocatalytic asymmetric vinylogous Michael reactions
Authors: Li Xin , Lu Min , Dong Yun , Wu Wenbin , Qian Qingqing , Ye Jinxing , Dixon Darren J 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOne of the major challenges of modern asymmetric catalysis is the ability to selectively control the formation of all diastereoisomers of reaction products possessing multiple stereocenters. Pioneers of such diastereodivergent catalytic asymmetric processes have focused on reactions where the newly formed stereogenic centres are proximal to the active carbonyl group. To date, however, diastereodivergent reactions at remote positions remain an unmet challenge. Herein, we describe a catalyst-controlled diastereodivergence in the formation of remote stereocenters in the direct vinylogous Michael reactions of β, γ-unsaturated butenolides to α, β-unsaturated ketones. The reactions are enabled by two complementary, non-enantiomeric multifunctional catalysts, which mutually activate and organise both reactants, affording either the syn- or anti-adduct with high diastereo- and enantioselectivity. These two catalytic systems are also applicable in the Mukaiyama–Michael reactions and tandem Michael–Michael reactions.
Preparation and characterisation of carbon‐modified TiO2 composite
Authors: Deng Qin , Han Yue , Liu Yan , Deng Shihuai , Yang Gang , Shen Fei , Peng Hong , Wang Lilin , Zhang Yanzong 
Published: July 2014

Carbon‐modified TiO2 composite was synthesised via the template method and multi‐step calcinations by using a tinfoil package. The carbon‐coated TiO2 (C–TiO2) composite was characterised via X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and N2 sorption and thermogravimetry. TiO2 was wrapped up in a carbon layer with a thickness of less than 1 nm. The specific surface area and pore volume of C–TiO2 were 95.6 m2 g−1 and 0.247 cm3 g−1, respectively. The C–TiO2 composite exhibited mesopore structures, showed preferable adsorption capacity for methyl orange and had a higher photocatalytic activity than its unmodified counterpart.
A Rare Case of Multiregional Spinal Stenosis: Clinical Description, Surgical Complication, and Management Concept Review
Authors: Hong Choon Chiet , Liu Ka Po Gabriel 
Published: July 2014

Study Design Case report and literature review. Objective Multiregional spinal stenosis (MRSS) has not been described in the English literature, although a few studies report the concept of tandem spinal stenosis. Due to the concurrent spinal stenosis occurring in three separate regions of the spine, clinical presentation of MRSS may be less distinct, and its surgical treatment priorities and challenges differ from single-region spinal stenosis. The purpose of this article is to describe a new concept and a rare case of MRSS as separated segments of spinal stenosis in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. Methods A retrospective case description of MRSS and surgical strategies used in managing such extensive multiregional stenosis and its potential complications. Results A novel surgical strategy using a combination of laminectomies with fusion and laminoplasty without fusion to treat this patient with such extensive cervical to thoracic myelopathic cord compression is described. Initial good recovery after cervical cord decompression was followed by a delayed recurrence of symptoms from thoracic cord compression. The subsequent thoracic surgical decompression, its complications and management, and patient recovery are discussed with a literature review highlighting the possible mechanisms for postoperative loss of neurologic function after thoracic decompression. Conclusion MRSS is a rare cause of extensive compression of multiple regions of the spinal cord. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this report is the first to use the term multiregional spinal stenosis to describe this new emergent clinical entity, surgical management strategies, and potential complications.
Migratory Intradural Disk Herniation and a Strategy for Intraoperative Localization
Authors: Daffner Scott D. , Sedney Cara L. , Rosen Charles L. 
Published: July 2014

Study Design Case report. Objective Describe a case of intradural disk herniation and a method for intraoperative localization. Methods Intradural disk herniations are uncommon but well described. The diagnosis of these lesions is often difficult, and sometimes they may be diagnosed only through an intradural exploration after an expected disk fragment cannot be located. We report the case of an intradural disk herniation with an additional diagnostic difficulty—a migrated intradural disk. Results We present the first intraoperative imaging evidence of disk migration and propose a strategy to locate intradural disk fragments prior to durotomy. Conclusion Intradural disk herniations should be suspected when intraoperative findings are not congruent with imaging findings. An intraoperative myelogram may be helpful.
Single-particle tracking reveals that free ribosomal subunits are not excluded from the
Escherichia coli
nucleoid
Authors: Sanamrad Arash , Persson Fredrik , Lundius Ebba G. , Fange David , Gynnå Arvid H. , Elf Johan 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Single-particle tracking in living cells provides a way to identify a particle's binding state based on how it moves. In this work, we track fluorescently labeled ribosomal subunits in bacterial cells. We show that translating ribosomes move much slower than free subunits. More importantly, we show that it is only translating ribosomes that are excluded from the bacterial nucleoid, whereas free subunits have full access to the nucleoid. This finding is important because several gene-regulation mechanisms require that ribosomes are able to initiate translation as soon as the RNA polymerase has initiated transcription, and it has been difficult to reconcile such a requirement with the observation that ribosomes are nucleoid-excluded.
Transcriptional regulation of the sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT2) by 17β-estradiol
Authors: Velázquez-Villegas Laura A. , Ortíz Víctor , Ström Anders , Torres Nimbe , Engler David A. , Matsunami Risë , Ordaz-Rosado David , García-Becerra Rocío , López-Barradas Adriana M. , Larrea Fernando , Gustafsson Jan-Åke , Tovar Armando R. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
During gestation, several metabolic adaptations occur to prepare the mammary gland for lactation, a process essential to sustain the nutritional needs of the newborn. Thus, the capacity of the gland to actively synthesize proteins is dependent on the supply of amino acids regulated by specific amino acid transporters, including the sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2). Our findings reveal that 17β-estradiol activates the expression of SNAT2 during gestation via an estrogen response element in the SNAT2 promoter that binds to a specific complex containing poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, Lupus Ku autoantigen protein p70, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) proteins in the presence of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α). Accordingly, estrogens regulate the expression of SNAT2 via ER-α, utilizing a transcriptional mechanism in which GAPDH, a metabolic enzyme associated with carbohydrate metabolism, is a coactivator.
Une écriture retorse: la réponse de Genet à ses juges
Authors: Hanrahan Mairéad 
Published: July 2014

Résumé

Dans ses textes, Jean Genet s'adresse violemment à son ennemi, en particulier à ses juges. Cet article explore comment l'écriture lui permet d'échapper à un rapport spéculaire à ses juges. Cette approche conteste des lectures récentes selon lesquelles les fantasmes de l'écrivain l'auraient fait s'identifier aux nazis, en raison d'une angoisse à l'égard de la castration. Je propose au contraire que Genet s'intéresse plus à tordre qu'à inverser (et donc respecter) la structure hiérarchique du pouvoir. Par le biais d'une lecture de
Pompes funèbres
, j'examine le rapport de l'écriture au mal, notamment l'idée que la cruauté d'un jeune milicien est équivalente à la poésie. L'article montre que le meurtre et l'écriture sont présentés comme des alternatives entre lesquelles le narrateur refuse de juger. S'il y a irresponsabilité à refuser de condamner le tortionnaire, il y aussi responsabilité à reconnaître la valeur inconditionnelle de tout être vivant, même le plus vil. Genet répond ainsi à une exigence éthique en refusant d'agir en juge.
New insights into the incorporation of natural suppressor tRNAs at stop codons in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Blanchet Sandra , Cornu David , Argentini Manuela , Namy Olivier 
Published: July 2014

AbstractStop codon readthrough may be promoted by the nucleotide environment or drugs. In such cases, ribosomes incorporate a natural suppressor tRNA at the stop codon, leading to the continuation of translation in the same reading frame until the next stop codon and resulting in the expression of a protein with a new potential function. However, the identity of the natural suppressor tRNAs involved in stop codon readthrough remains unclear, precluding identification of the amino acids incorporated at the stop position. We established an in vivo reporter system for identifying the amino acids incorporated at the stop codon, by mass spectrometry in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that glutamine, tyrosine and lysine were inserted at UAA and UAG codons, whereas tryptophan, cysteine and arginine were inserted at UGA codon. The 5′ nucleotide context of the stop codon had no impact on the identity or proportion of amino acids incorporated by readthrough. We also found that two different glutamine tRNAGln were used to insert glutamine at UAA and UAG codons. This work constitutes the first systematic analysis of the amino acids incorporated at stop codons, providing important new insights into the decoding rules used by the ribosome to read the genetic code.
Tolerance of Formulas Containing Prebiotics in Healthy, Term Infants
Authors: Williams Timberly , Choe Yong , Price Pamela , Katz Gary , Suarez Fabrizis , Paule Charles , Mackey Amy 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of the study was to compare infants' gastrointestinal tolerance of formulas supplemented with 2 different levels of galacto‐oligosaccharides (GOS) versus a control formula (CF) or human milk.Methods:Healthy, full‐term infants (n = 180) were enrolled in this 3‐group controlled, double‐blind, multicenter study, and a concurrently enrolled, nonrandomized human milk–fed group (HM) by 8 days of age. Infants were randomized to be fed formula supplemented with either 4 g (EF4) or 8 g (EF8) GOS/L or a CF until day of life (DOL) 119. Infants were to be seen at DOL 14, 35, 56, 84, and 119. Parents were to record detailed 24‐hour information about intake, tolerance to feedings, and stool patterns and consistency each day from enrollment to DOL 35, and for 3 days before DOL 56, 84, and 119. Stool consistency was scored on a 5‐point scale as watery (1), loose/mushy, soft, formed, or hard (5).Results:The mean stool consistency score was higher in the CF group throughout the study (CF > EF8 and CF > HM for all study periods and CF > EF4 from DOL 15 to 35, P < 0.05). There was a significantly higher percentage of watery stools in the EF8 versus the CF group from study day 1 (SD 1) to DOL 14 (P < 0.05), but no differences between the groups in number of stools per day. The percentage of feedings with spit up and/or vomiting within 1 hour after feeding was significantly lower for HM versus EF8 and CF from SD 1 to DOL 14 (P < 0.05).Conclusions:In this clinical study, milk‐based term infant formula (Similac Advance) with 4 g GOS/L was well‐tolerated in terms of stool consistency and additional measures of gastrointestinal tolerance by newborn infants through the first 4 months of life.
Ideal Osmotic Spaces for Chlorobionts or Cyanobionts Are Differentially Realized by Lichenized Fungi
Authors: Kosugi Makiko , Shizuma Ryoko , Moriyama Yufu , Koike Hiroyuki , Fukunaga Yuko , Takeuchi Akihisa , Uesugi Kentaro , Suzuki Yoshio , Imura Satoshi , Kudoh Sakae , Miyazawa Atsuo , Kashino Yasuhiro , Satoh Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Lichens result from symbioses between a fungus and either a green alga or a cyanobacterium. They are known to exhibit extreme desiccation tolerance. We investigated the mechanism that makes photobionts biologically active under severe desiccation using green algal lichens (chlorolichens), cyanobacterial lichens (cyanolichens), a cephalodia-possessing lichen composed of green algal and cyanobacterial parts within the same thallus, a green algal photobiont, an aerial green alga, and a terrestrial cyanobacterium. The photosynthetic response to dehydration by the cyanolichen was almost the same as that of the terrestrial cyanobacterium but was more sensitive than that of the chlorolichen or the chlorobiont. Different responses to dehydration were closely related to cellular osmolarity; osmolarity was comparable between the cyanolichen and a cyanobacterium as well as between a chlorolichen and a green alga. In the cephalodium-possessing lichen, osmolarity and the effect of dehydration on cephalodia were similar to those exhibited by cyanolichens. The green algal part response was similar to those exhibited by chlorolichens. Through the analysis of cellular osmolarity, it was clearly shown that photobionts retain their original properties as free-living organisms even after lichenization.