bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning
Authors: Hsiung Chin‐min 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundEmpirical evidence suggests that students studying cooperatively exhibit significantly better academic achievement. However, since most prior studies do not carefully monitor the time on task, it is unclear whether the observed learning benefits are due to the intrinsic superiority of cooperative learning or merely a reflection of the increased amount of time students spend on studying.Purpose (Hypothesis)This study compares the learning effectiveness of cooperative and individualistic learning. The proposed approach carefully monitors the learning method and the time on task both in regular day‐time teaching classes and out‐of‐class studies.Design/MethodA series of experiments was performed in which 42 mechanical engineering students were randomly assigned to individualistic or cooperative learning conditions, respectively, and were then formed into heterogeneous groups comprising three team members. The experiments were conducted over an 18‐week semester. In conducting the experiments, the students attended both regular classes and out‐of‐hours homework sessions.ResultsThe experimental results showed that given a sufficient period of time for the cooperative learning teams to mature, the students in the cooperative learning condition performed substantially better in both the homework and unit tests than those in the individualistic learning condition.ConclusionsSince the time on task was carefully monitored, the higher academic performance of the students in the cooperative learning condition suggests that cooperative learning is more effective than individualistic learning.
Conceptual and Procedural Approaches to Mathematics in the Engineering Curriculum: Student Conceptions and Performance
Authors: Engelbrecht Johann , Bergsten Christer , Kågesten Owe 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundDemands by engineering faculties of mathematics departments have traditionally been for teaching computational skills while also expecting analytic and creative knowledge‐based skills. We report on a project between two institutions, one in South Africa and one in Sweden, that investigated whether the emphasis in undergraduate mathematics courses for engineering students would benefit from being more conceptually oriented than the traditional more procedurally oriented way of teaching.Purpose (Hypothesis)We focus on how second‐year engineering students respond to the conceptual‐procedural distinction, comparing performance and confidence between Swedish and South African groups of students in answering conceptual and procedural mathematics problems. We also compare these students’ conceptions on the role of conceptual and procedural mathematics problems within and outside their mathematics studies.Design/MethodAn instrument consisting of procedural and conceptual items as well as items on student opinions on the roles of the different types of knowledge in their studies was conducted with groups of second‐year engineering students at two universities, one in each country.ResultsAlthough differences between the two countries are small, Swedish students see procedural items to be more common in their mathematics studies while the South African students find both conceptual and procedural items common; the latter group see the conceptually oriented items as more common in their studies outside the mathematics courses.ConclusionsStudents view mathematics as procedural. Conceptual mathematics is seen as relevant outside mathematics. The use of mathematics in other subjects within engineering education can be experienced differently by students from different institutions, indicating that the same type of education can handle the application of mathematics in different ways in different institutions.
Women in Industrial Engineering: Stereotypes, Persistence, and Perspectives
Authors: Brawner Catherine E. , Camacho Michelle M. , Lord Susan M. , Long Russell A. , Ohland Matthew W. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundIndustrial engineering (IE) draws in and graduates women at among the highest rates compared with most engineering majors in the U.S. Popular stereotypes suggest this is because IE is “easier” than other engineering majorsPurpose(Hypothesis)This research interrogates prevailing assumptions about industrial engineering to explore why undergraduate women are drawn to industrial engineering over other engineering majors.Design/MethodOur mixed method approach used three sources of data. Quantitative analyses of a large, longitudinal dataset allowed us to draw empirical generalizations about academic performance, attraction to, and persistence within industrial engineering among men and women. We triangulated this with qualitative focus group data among women majoring in IE. Finally, we used content analysis of university IE Web sites to understand context and discourse.ResultsIn our dataset, industrial engineering is the only engineering major that gains women and men from the third semester through six‐year graduation and among all race‐gender combinations (except Black men). Women in focus groups reveal that they are drawn to IE for a myriad of social factors including: warmth, flexibility, a sense it is more feminine, and career opportunities, among others. Content analysis of Web sites reveals that IE emphasizes collegiality and leadership opportunities as intrinsic to the discipline.ConclusionsUsing a social capital framework, we showed that the context of IE, including prevailing norms and possibilities for networking, promotes ideologies of success that lead to greater attraction to and persistence within the major.
An Exploratory Investigation of the Ethical Behavior of Engineering Undergraduates
Authors: Harding Trevor S. , Carpenter Donald D. , Finelli Cynthia J. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundRecent national reports have indicated the need for an increased emphasis on the ethical development of engineering undergraduates. Despite this call for increased focus on ethical development, little is known about how engineering students make ethical decisions or how these decisions are related to personal differences and environmental influences.Purpose (Hypothesis)This is an exploratory investigation to determine which demographic, academic, moral reasoning, and decision‐making variables are predictive of the extent of test cheating among engineering undergraduates. Rather than beginning with a particular hypothesis, the study investigates predictive relationships between the variables described above and self‐reported rates of test cheating among engineering undergraduates.Design/MethodThree hundred and eighty eight engineering undergraduates from three Midwestern U.S. institutions completed a survey based on a modified version of the theory of planned behavior as a conceptual framework. The three institutions are of different Carnegie classifications, sizes, missions, and institutional cultures.ResultsResults indicate that our proposed model of ethical decision‐making was successful in predicting the behavioral outcome with regard to college test cheating and there were observed significant differences in the level of cheating between institutions. However, institution as a variable was not a predictive of behavior.ConclusionsThe effect of institution on cheating was mitigated through other measured variables including past high school cheating, involvement in Pan‐Hellenic groups, moral obligation, and perceived behavioral control. It is these underlying predictive variables that need to be addressed when engineering educators and student affairs staff consider the issue of unethical undergraduate behavior.
“Asians are Good at Math. What an Awful Stereotype” The Model Minority Stereotype's Impact on Asian American Engineering Students
Authors: Trytten Deborah A. , Lowe Anna Wong , Walden Susan E. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundThe Model Minority Stereotype (MMS) describes Asians and Asian Americans (As/AsAm) as the epitome of assimilation into U.S. society using hard work, intelligence, high educational attainment, and economic success to overcome the challenges of discrimination and recent immigration. Certain facets of the MMS intersect with qualities often perceived as desirable in engineering education.Purpose (Hypothesis)Our research questions are: To what degree do academic data support the assertion that AsAm engineering students conform to the MMS? How do AsAm engineering students express the impact of the facets of the MMS on their lived experiences? What facets of the MMS are more often reported than others among AsAm engineering students? How do AsAm engineering students perceive their fellow racial/ethnic peers fit within the MMS?Design/MethodThe research uses a mixed methods approach including analysis of academic transcript data, surveys and semi‐structured interviews.ResultsThe academic record of AsAm participants was not significantly different from participants in other racial/ethnic groups. Although the AsAm participants were not found to conform to the MMS academically, they discussed their perceptions of many facets of the MMS including: being hardworking, uncomplaining and extremely intelligent, and seeking both economic attainment and educational prestige. Interestingly, many students who denied that the stereotype applied to them projected this stereotype on other AsAms.ConclusionsDocumentation of the existence of the MMS on our campus shows that, although AsAm students are not underrepresented, they face stereotyping and discrimination. We present specific recommendations for institutions to address equity and parity challenges.
Engineering Students' Beliefs About Research: Sex Differences, Personality, and Career Plans
Authors: Woodcock Anna , Graziano William G. , Branch Sara E. , Ngambeki Ida , Evangelou Demetra 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundUndergraduate research is a gateway to academic careers. Understanding student perceptions of research, and links to sex differences and personality, may shed light on the small proportion of women in undergraduate engineering programs and academia.Purpose (Hypothesis)How do personality variables and beliefs about research influence men and women's intentions to pursue a research‐related career in engineering? Specifically, we test the hypotheses that: (1) Thing Orientation will be a significant predictor of intention to pursue a research career in engineering, and will be a stronger predictor of research career intentions for women than men; (2) Engineering students' beliefs and expectations about the research enterprise and researchers themselves will be associated with their desire to pursue a research career; (3) Thing Orientation will influence students' beliefs and expectancies about research.Design/MethodUndergraduates majoring in science, technology, engineering, or math (STEM) fields from a large research‐intensive university in the USA (N = 544) reported perceptions and beliefs in a survey.ResultsSeven core beliefs about research and researchers emerge, two of which predicted interest in researchrelated careers. Thing Orientation influenced students' beliefs and expectancies about research and researchers, which in turn were related to intentions to pursue a research‐related career. Thing Orientation was a better predictor of intentions to pursue a research‐related engineering career for women than men.ConclusionsStudents' expectancies, beliefs, and Thing Orientation were predictors of planning research careers in engineering, especially for women. Future directions include understanding the malleability of research beliefs and Thing Orientation and applying it to intervention programs.
On the strength of Ramsey's theorem without Σ1‐induction
Authors: Yokoyama Keita 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we show that\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}${\mathsf {\mathrm {WKL_0}^{*}}}+{\mathrm{RT}}^{n}_{k}$\end{document}is a\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\Pi ^{0}_{2}$\end{document}‐conservative extension of BΣ1+ exp, thus it does not imply IΣ1.
Kraftvolle Eleganz
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Thaller Sigrid 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBeim Geräteturnen können enorm hohe Kräfte auftreten, trotzdem sollen die Bewegungen elegant und flüssig sein, und die Athleten müssen unangestrengt wirken. Die Kräfte auf Hände und Arme sind bei Schwüngen an Reck und Ringen besonders hoch. Die unteren Extremitäten werden bei der Landung nach einem Abgang so hoch belastet wie in keiner anderen Sportart. Das liegt an der im Turnen geforderten stabilen Landung. Übungen auf dem Schwebebalken benötigen eine ausgefeilte Balanciertechnik.
Das Putt‐putt‐Boot als Wärmekraftmaschine
Authors: Schlichting Hans Joachim , Ucke Christian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDas Dampfjetboot nutzt den periodischen Wechsel von Verdampfung und Kondensation von Wasser, der durch die Konstruktion des Boots selbst organisiert wird. Indem das eine Ende des wassergefüllten Rohres erhitzt und das andere gekühlt wird, werden eine Temperaturdifferenz und damit ein Energiestrom aufrecht erhalten. Die Begleitumstände dieses Energiestroms, das Ausstoßen und Einsaugen des Wassers, sorgen für einen Vortrieb des Boots.
Das Entropierad
Authors: Naue Ingo F.C. , Wilhelm Manfred 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEine spezielle Konstruktion eines Entropiemotors besteht aus zwei exzentrisch angeordneten Rädern deren einer Teil in einem warmen Wasserbad liegt. Auf diese Weise können Elastomerfilamente benutzt werden, um aus thermischer Energie bei niedriger Temperatur mechanische Energie zu gewinnen. Dabei durchlaufen die Elastomerfilamente eine reversible Änderung ihrer molekularen Konformation.
Physik mit Smartphones und Tablet‐PCs
Authors: Kuhn Jochen , Wilhelm Thomas , Lück Stephan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSmartphones ermöglichen einen Zugang zum Internet und besitzen eine gewisse Computerfunktionalität. Zusätzlich installierbare Anwendungsprogramme, sogenannte Apps (von engl. Applications), erweitern diese Möglichkeiten um ein Vielfaches. In unserer neuen Reihe stellen wir Apps für Smartphones und Tablet‐PCs vor, mit denen man Physik betreiben kann. Einige eignen sich auch für den Einsatz im Unterricht.
Chemische Bindungen visualisiert
Authors: Schuler Bruno , Mohn Fabian , Moll Nikolaj , Gross Leo , Meyer Gerhard 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFundamentale Eigenschaften aromatischer Moleküle wie deren Geometrie, Stabilität, Reaktivität, Leitfähigkeit und elektronische Struktur sind eng miteinander verknüpft. Sie werden maßgeblich durch den Charakter der chemischen Bindungen zwischen den Atomen im Molekül definiert. Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Bindungen in einzelnen Molekülen konnten wir kürzlich mit einem Rasterkraftmikroskop erstmals direkt abbilden.
Local distortions about Nd in NdOs4Sb12
Authors: Keiber T. , Bridges F. , Baumbach R. E. , Maple M. B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe present an extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) study of the NdOs4Sb12 system at the Nd and Os LIII edges. Nd is expected to be a “rattler” atom in this skutterudite crystal and we obtain a low Einstein temperature (61 K) as expected. However, although ultrasonic measurements have suggested a large off‐center displacement of Nd, the EXAFS data are inconsistent with such a model. An analysis of the first two Os‐Sb peaks in the Os LIII data also shows no evidence for unusual disorder.In contrast the Nd‐Os peak in the Nd LIII data and the Os‐Os peak in the Os LIII data both show significant disorder at 4 K, with the largest disorder found for the Nd‐Os pair. This suggests that a distortion of the structure that involves mainly the Os atoms is present; it is likely that this distortion ‐ which may also be dynamic ‐ also causes the anomalies in the ultrasonic data (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An application of Q‐value‐based dynamic programming with Boltzmann distribution to real‐world road networks
Authors: Yu Shanqing , Mabu Shingo , Mainali Manoj Kanta , Shimada Kaoru , Hirasawa Kotaro 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn order to alleviate traffic congestion and improve the efficiency of traffic systems from a global perspective, a dynamic traffic management model is proposed in this paper. The proposed model is applied to the large‐scale microscopic simulator SOUND/4U based on the real‐world road network of Kurosaki, Kitakyushu, Japan. All the vehicles in the simulator follow the direction from the route guidance of the dynamic traffic management model, in which the extended Q‐value‐based dynamic Programming with Boltzmann distribution (QDP‐BD) and the time‐varying traffic information are used to generate the routes from the origins to the destinations. The simulation results show that the proposed QDP‐BD can reduce traffic congestion and improve the efficiency of the whole traffic system effectively compared with the greedy method in the real‐world road network. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Examining Patterns of Political, Social Service, and Collaborative Involvement of Religious Congregations: A Latent Class and Transition Analysis
Authors: Todd Nathan R. , Houston Jaclyn D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis investigation examines typologies of congregations based on patterns of congregational political and social service activities and collaborative partners. Based on a latent class analysis of a national random sample of 2,153 congregations, results indicated four distinct types of congregations with unique patterns of political, social service, and collaborative partnerships labeled: (a) Active, (b) Not Active, (c) Social Service Not Political, and (d) Political Not Social Service. Moreover, congregational characteristics such as religious tradition and clergy characteristics predicted membership in certain types. A latent transition analysis using an additional 262 congregations revealed distinct patterns of how congregations changed types across a nine year period. Results showed both congregational continuity (e.g., Not Active congregations remained Not Active) and change (e.g., Active congregations were likely to change type membership). This study advances congregational research by examining congregational types, what predicts certain types, and how congregations change types across time. Implications for future research and partnership with religious congregations also are discussed.
Sequelae of Foreign Bodies in the Wrist and Hand
Authors: Potini Vishnu C. , Francisco Ramces , Shamian Benhoor , Tan Virak 
Published: January 2013

Background Penetrating injuries to the hand are a common occurrence in the emergency room, and embedment of foreign bodies is suspected in many of these cases. The existing literature offers little information on retained foreign bodies. The aim of this study was to identify characteristics, determine prevalence, and observe outcomes for retained foreign bodies in the wrist and hand. Methods Four hundred thirty-seven consecutive hand and wrist radiographs in 437 patients from the emergency department of a level 1 trauma center were reviewed for the presence of retained foreign bodies. Location, size, number, and type of foreign body were recorded. Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, and treatment were obtained from medical records. All subsequent hospital and outpatient encounters were reviewed. Follow-up period was 18 months (range, 1–40). Results Of 437 cases, 65 patients (15 %) had at least one retained foreign body. Nineteen patients underwent removal of foreign body at initial presentation. The average size of foreign bodies removed was 6 mm, compared to 3 mm for those retained. Of 46 patients where the foreign body was left in situ, two (4 %) developed symptoms directly related to the retained foreign body. One of these patients underwent removal. Conclusions This study supports the safe removal of foreign bodies which are easily accessible or when part of a broader procedure to repair injured structures. Otherwise, we advocate expectant management for all other patients, as the likelihood of persistent symptoms is low and only 2 % of retained foreign bodies required removal later.
An investigation of the mechanisms of sound generation in initially laminar subsonic jets using the Goldstein acoustic analogy
Authors: Karabasov Sergey , Bogey Christophe , Hynes Tom 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe details of the sound sources within two initially laminar subsonic jets corresponding to different inflow conditions, one fully laminar and the other with nozzle boundary layer forcing, are studied using the Goldstein acoustic analogy. The statistics of the acoustic analogy equivalent sources are generated from large eddy simulations (LES) and issues associated with the range of validity of these are explored. The predicted comparative importance of various source terms confirms the results of previous studies, with the exception of one extra term that involves the longitudinal and the lateral source components. Agreement within 1 dB over the frequency range from Strouhal number $\mathit{St}= 0. 8$ to $\mathit{St}= 6$, which was shown to best correspond to the validity range of the acoustic source model for the LES data available, is found between noise predictions using the acoustic analogy model and those of a previously conducted LES–ILEE (isotropic linearized Euler equation) control surface method for the nominally laminar inflow jet case. The acoustic analogy is used to determine the source length scales which contribute to noise at different radiated angles to the jet, how they are distributed and how they change with change of inflow conditions. For the vortex pairing frequency, using a new acoustic source decomposition technique based on the correlation length scale, two types of noise sources are found. One source, which corresponds to the peak source amplitude, is located at the upstream end of the jet and is associated with the vortex pairing. The other one, which is the dominant source, is associated with jet mixing at the end of the jet potential core. It is also shown that boundary layer forcing leads to a reduction in the contribution to the noise of the large source length scales in comparison with the fully laminar case.
Trajectory and distribution of suspended non-Brownian particles moving past a fixed spherical or cylindrical obstacle
Authors: Risbud Sumedh R. , Drazer German 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe investigate the motion of a suspended non-Brownian sphere past a fixed cylindrical or spherical obstacle in the limit of zero Reynolds number for arbitrary particle–obstacle aspect ratios. We consider both a suspended sphere moving in a quiescent fluid under the action of a uniform force as well as a uniform ambient velocity field driving a freely suspended particle. We determine the distribution of particles around a single obstacle and solve for the individual particle trajectories to comment on the transport of dilute suspensions past an array of fixed obstacles. First, we obtain an expression for the probability density function governing the distribution of a dilute suspension of particles around an isolated obstacle, and we show that it is isotropic. We then present an analytical expression – derived using both Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches – for the minimum particle–obstacle separation attained during the motion, as a function of the incoming impact parameter, i.e. the initial offset between the line of motion far from the obstacle and a parallel line that goes through its centre. Further, we derive the asymptotic behaviour for small initial offsets and show that the minimum separation decays exponentially. Finally we use this analytical expression to define an effective hydrodynamic surface roughness based on the net lateral displacement experienced by a suspended sphere moving past an obstacle.