bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Intracellular Ions by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Posey, Avery D. , Kawalekar Omkar U. , June Carl H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractUsing flow cytometry, single‐cell measurements of calcium can be made on isolated populations identified by one or more phenotypic characteristics. Most earlier techniques for measuring cellular activation parameters determined the mean value for a population of cells, which did not permit optimal resolution of the responses. The flow cytometer is particularly useful for this purpose because it can measure ion concentrations in large numbers of single cells and thereby allows ion concentration to be correlated with other parameters such as immunophenotype and cell cycle stage. A limitation of flow cytometry, however, is that it does not permit resolution of certain complex kinetic responses such as cellular oscillatory responses. This unit describes the preparation of cells, including labeling with antibodies and with calcium probes, and discusses the principles of data analysis and interpretation. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An analytic model of toroidal half‐wave oscillations: Implication on plasma density estimates
Authors: Bulusu Jayashree , Sinha A. K. , Vichare Geeta 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe developed analytic model for toroidal oscillations under infinitely conducting ionosphere (“Rigid‐end”) has been extended to “Free‐end” case when the conjugate ionospheres are infinitely resistive. The present direct analytic model (DAM) is the only analytic model that provides the field line structures of electric and magnetic field oscillations associated with the “Free‐end” toroidal wave for generalized plasma distribution characterized by the power law ρ = ρo(ro/r)m, where m is the density index and r is the geocentric distance to the position of interest on the field line. This is important because different regions in the magnetosphere are characterized by different m. Significant improvement over standard WKB solution and an excellent agreement with the numerical exact solution (NES) affirms validity and advancement of DAM. In addition, we estimate the equatorial ion number density (assuming H+ atom as the only species) using DAM, NES, and standard WKB for Rigid‐end as well as Free‐end case and illustrate their respective implications in computing ion number density. It is seen that WKB method overestimates the equatorial ion density under Rigid‐end condition and underestimates the same under Free‐end condition. The density estimates through DAM are far more accurate than those computed through WKB. The earlier analytic estimates of ion number density were restricted to m = 6, whereas DAM can account for generalized m while reproducing the density for m = 6 as envisaged by earlier models.
Determining crustal structure beneath seismic stations overlying a low‐velocity sedimentary layer using receiver functions
Authors: Yu Youqiang , Song Jianguo , Liu Kelly H. , Gao Stephen S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe receiver function (RF) technique has been widely applied to investigate crustal and mantle layered structures using P‐to‐S converted (Ps) phases from velocity discontinuities. However, the presence of low‐velocity (relative to that of the bedrock) sediments can give rise to strong reverberations in the resulting RFs, frequently masking the Ps phases from crustal and mantle boundaries. Such reverberations are caused by P‐to‐S conversions and their multiples associated with the strong impedance contrast across the bottom of the low‐velocity sedimentary layer. Here we propose and test an approach to effectively remove the near‐surface reverberations and decipher the Ps phases associated with the Moho discontinuity. Autocorrelation is first applied on the observed RFs to determine the strength and two‐way traveltime of the reverberations, which are then used to construct a resonance removal filter in the frequency domain to remove or significantly reduce the reverberations. The filtered RFs are time corrected to eliminate the delay effects of the sedimentary layer and applied to estimate the subsediment crustal thickness and VP/VSusing a H‐k stacking procedure. The resulting subsediment crustal parameters (thickness and VP/VS) are subsequently used to determine the thickness and VP/VS of the sedimentary layer, using a revised version of the H‐k stacking procedure. Testing using both synthetic and real data suggests that this computationally inexpensive technique is efficient in resolving subsediment crustal properties beneath stations sitting on a low‐velocity sedimentary layer and can also satisfactorily determine the thickness and VP/VS of the sedimentary layer.
Budget of shallow magma plumbing system at Asama Volcano, Japan, revealed by ground deformation and volcanic gas studies
Authors: Kazahaya Ryunosuke , Aoki Yosuke , Shinohara Hiroshi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMultiple cycles of the intensive volcanic gas discharge and ground deformation (inflation and deflation) were observed at Asama Volcano, Japan, from 2000 to 2011. Magma budget of the shallow magma plumbing system was estimated on the basis of the volcanic gas emission rates and ground deformation data. Recent inflations observed in 2004 and 2008 were modeled as a dike intrusion to 2–3 km west of Asama Volcano. Previous studies proposed that magma ascends from a midcrustal magma reservoir to the dike and reaches the surface via a sinuous conduit which connects the dike to the summit. The intensive volcanic sulfur dioxide discharge of up to 4600 t/d at the volcano was modeled by magma convective degassing through this magma pathway. The volcano deflates as shrinkage of the magma in a reservoir by volcanic gas discharge. We estimated the volume change of the dike modeled based on the GPS observations, the volume decrease of the magma by the volcanic gas discharge, and the amount of degassed magma produced to calculate the magma budget. The results show that the volume decrease of the magma by the volcanic gas discharge was larger than the volume change of the dike during the inflation periods. This indicates that a significant volume of magma at least more than 2 times larger than the volume change of the dike was supplied from the midcrustal magma reservoir to the dike. The volume decrease of the dike was comparable with the volume decrease of the magma by the volcanic gas discharge during the deflation periods. The long‐term deflation trend of the dike and the volume of degassed magma (108–9 m3) suggest that the degassed magma produced is not stored in the dike and the magma is mainly supplied from the midcrustal magma reservoir. In both periods, the volume of degassed magma produced was 1 order of magnitude larger than the volume change of the dike. This indicates that the actual volume of the magma supplied from the midcrustal magma reservoir is up to 1 order of magnitude larger than the volume change of the dike. These results strongly suggest that an amount of magma moved through a magma reservoir is possible to be significantly larger than volume change of the magma reservoir estimated by the geodetic observations.
Understanding coastal morphodynamic patterns from depth‐averaged sediment concentration
Authors: Ribas F. , Falqués A. , de Swart H. E. , Dodd N. , Garnier R. , Calvete D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis review highlights the important role of the depth‐averaged sediment concentration (DASC) to understand the formation of a number of coastal morphodynamic features that have an alongshore rhythmic pattern: beach cusps, surf zone transverse and crescentic bars, and shoreface‐connected sand ridges. We present a formulation and methodology, based on the knowledge of the DASC (which equals the sediment load divided by the water depth), that has been successfully used to understand the characteristics of these features. These sand bodies, relevant for coastal engineering and other disciplines, are located in different parts of the coastal zone and are characterized by different spatial and temporal scales, but the same technique can be used to understand them. Since the sand bodies occur in the presence of depth‐averaged currents, the sediment transport approximately equals a sediment load times the current. Moreover, it is assumed that waves essentially mobilize the sediment, and the current increases this mobilization and advects the sediment. In such conditions, knowing the spatial distribution of the DASC and the depth‐averaged currents induced by the forcing (waves, wind, and pressure gradients) over the patterns allows inferring the convergence/divergence of sediment transport. Deposition (erosion) occurs where the current flows from areas of high to low (low to high) values of DASC. The formulation and methodology are especially useful to understand the positive feedback mechanisms between flow and morphology leading to the formation of those morphological features, but the physical mechanisms for their migration, their finite‐amplitude behavior and their decay can also be explored.
Electrical conductivity of the Earth's mantle from the first Swarm magnetic field measurements
Authors: Civet F. , Thébault E. , Verhoeven O. , Langlais B. , Saturnino D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe present a 1‐D electrical conductivity profile of the Earth's mantle down to 2000 km derived from L1b Swarm satellite magnetic field measurements from November 2013 to September 2014. We first derive a model for the main magnetic field, correct the data for a lithospheric field model, and additionally select the data to reduce the contributions of the ionospheric field. We then model the primary and induced magnetospheric fields for periods between 2 and 256 days and perform a Bayesian inversion to obtain the probability density function for the electrical conductivity as function of depth. The conductivity increases by 3 orders of magnitude in the 400–900 km depth range. Assuming a pyrolitic mantle composition, this profile is interpreted in terms of temperature variations leading to a temperature gradient in the lower mantle that is close to adiabatic.
Feldspathic rocks on Mars: Compositional constraints from infrared spectroscopy and possible formation mechanisms
Authors: Rogers A. Deanne , Nekvasil Hanna 
Published: April 2015

AbstractRare feldspar‐dominated surfaces on Mars were previously reported based on near‐infrared (NIR) spectral data and were interpreted to consist of anorthosite or felsic rocks. Using thermal infrared (TIR) data over the feldspar detections with the largest areal extent in Nili Patera and Noachis Terra, we rule out felsic interpretations. Basaltic or anorthositic compositions are consistent with TIR measurements, but the geologic contexts for these regions do not support a plutonic origin. Laboratory NIR spectral measurements demonstrate that large plagioclase crystals (>~840 µm) can be detected in mixtures with as much as 50 vol % mafics, which is higher than the previously stated requirement of no more than 15% mafics. Thus, anorthositic or felsic interpretations need not be invoked for all NIR‐based feldspar detections. Plagioclase‐enriched basaltic eruptive products can be formed from Martian basalts through partial crystallization at the base of a thick crust, followed by low‐pressure crystallization of the residual liquids.
Particle mobilization in porous media: Temperature effects on competing electrostatic and drag forces
Authors: You Zhenjiang , Bedrikovetsky Pavel , Badalyan Alexander , Hand Martin 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe fluid flow in natural reservoirs mobilizes fine particles. Subsequent migration and straining of the mobilized particles in rocks greatly reduce reservoir permeability and well productivity. This chain of events typically occurs over the temperature ranges of 20–40°C for aquifers and 120–300°C for geothermal reservoirs. However, the present study might be the first to present a quantitative analysis of temperature effects on the forces exerted on particles and of the resultant fines migration. Based on torque balance between electrostatic and drag forces acting on attached fine particles, we derived a model for the maximum retention concentration and used it to characterize the detachment of multisized particles from rock surfaces. Results showed that electrostatic force is far more affected than water viscosity by temperature variation. An analytical model for flow toward wellbore that is subject to fines migration was derived. The experiment‐based predictive modeling of the well impedance for a field case showed high agreement with field historical data (coefficient of determination R2 = 0.99). It was found that the geothermal reservoirs are more susceptible to fine particle migration than are conventional oilfields and aquifers.
Drivetrain Noise, Vibration, and Harshness
Authors: Rahnejat H. , Theodossiades S. , Kelly P. , Menday M.T. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis chapter describes the plethora of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) concerns in vehicular drivetrain systems. With a trend toward compact lightweight lightly damped drivetrain systems, such phenomena are likely to exacerbate. SignificantNVHconcerns such as transmission rattle, driveline clonk, and clutch in‐cycle whoop are described and methods of measurement and modeling are described. TheseNVHphenomena are regarded as refinement quality issues by vehicle customers, thus a concern to the automobile industry. Various methods of palliation are also discussed.
Intake Boosting
Authors: Baines Nick 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIntake boosting is an important feature of modern engines, directly benefiting the specific power output and indirectly responsible for improvements in efficiency. It is also essential to compensate for the loss of power brought about by combustion systems that are designed to limit engine emissions. Intake boosting is done by superchargers and turbochargers. By far, the most common method of boosting is by turbocharging, which is the main focus of this chapter, but supercharging and charge air cooling also feature. The principal components of the turbocharger are the compressor and turbine, and their performance parameters and maps are described. The operational characteristics of a turbocharged engine are largely determined by the match between the engine and the turbocharger. The performance characteristics of each component and the ways in which they interact in automotive engines are discussed in detail. From this, the need for boost control devices such as wastegates and variable geometry turbines becomes apparent. Other intake boosting systems, including series turbochargers, turbocompounding, electric assist, and pressure wave superchargers, are also described.
Thermodynamic Analysis
Authors: Naber Jeffrey D. , Johnson Jaclyn E. , Margraves Charles H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe analysis of combustion and internal combustion (IC) engines requires consideration of thermodynamics including application of the laws of conservation coupled with determination of thermophysical properties and analysis of thermochemistry. This chapter outlines the requisite thermodynamic constitutive relationships including equations of state, and discusses real fluids, liquids, mixture relations, and intensive properties of internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Within these principles, control volumes are developed and applied to the conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy. Compressible and incompressible flows are discussed and defined in relation to engine behavior. Thermochemistry is introduced in the context of the combustion of fuel–air mixtures. In this chapter, we consider humid air coupled with residuals from the reactants in defining combustion processes. The reactant‐to‐product descriptions given by the relationships formed from the thermochemistry lead to the definition of the thermodynamic properties of enthalpies of formation and heating values of the fuel. This chapter also encompasses an introduction to the second law of thermodynamics for engines, which incorporates the properties of entropy and exergy, and further considers the role of isentropic processes and resulting efficiencies. Further discussion of the second law provides the definition of equilibrium, maximum work, and an energy and loss analysis. We conclude with a discussion on application of the developed thermodynamic principles and relationships to simplified ideal engine cycles, along with a brief introduction to more complex one‐ and two‐zone energy conversion (heat‐release) models for IC engines.
Stoichiometric Exhaust Emission Control
Authors: Kubsh Joseph E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe primary exhaust emission control technology for stoichiometric, gasoline engines is the three‐way catalytic converter. This precious metal‐based catalyst, combined with air/fuel control of the engine, provides high conversion efficiencies for all three regulated exhaust pollutants: hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen. State‐of‐the‐art stoichiometric gasoline exhaust emission systems are defined by light‐duty vehicles certified to near‐zero exhaust emission levels associated with California's Partial Zero Emission Vehicle designation or Super Ultra‐low Emission Vehicle designation. In these advanced stoichiometric emission control systems, advanced three‐way catalysts are displayed on high cell density ceramic or metallic substrates in combinations of close‐coupled and underfloor converter locations. These advanced three‐way catalysts utilize layered architectures and thermally stable oxygen storage materials, in combination with advanced engine controls, to reduce exhaust pollutants by more than 95% in both emission test cycle and real‐world driving conditions.
Cooling Systems
Authors: Bowyer Stephen F. , Triantafyllidis Haralabos , Case Mark E. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Modern automotive engines require directed cooling to manage the temperatures of the engine components that are in contact with the combustion chamber and exhaust gases. Early in the history of the automobile, engines were cooled by either air blowing over the engine or a thin liquid cooling jacket that absorbed excess heat and transferred it to an external heat exchanger where it radiated the heat to the atmosphere. As the power density of automobiles increased, liquid cooling systems became standard for their higher cooling capacity and ability to pinpoint key problem areas within the engine. While providing acceptable cooling and facilitating improved engine durability, the liquid cooling systems were simple and remained relatively unchanged for decades. With renewed focus on fuel economy, that is starting to change and cooling systems are beginning to contribute to the next wave of improvements in automotive efficiency.
Preparation of Microwave Absorbing E‐Glass/Epoxy Nanocomposites with Low Content of Binary Carbon Nanofillers
Authors: Rakha Sobia A. , Khurram A. A. , Ali Naveed , Munir Arshad , Iqbal Ahsan , Subhani T. , Gul I. H. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe nanocomposite microwave absorbers are prepared from laminates of E glass/epoxy matrix with the incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and detonation nanodiamond (DND). Nanodiamond particles are used to effectively and uniformly disperse the carbon nanotubes in the polymer matrix, leading to a very homogenous mixture. The results showed that microwave absorption of nanocomposites increases with the increase in MWCNTs concentration in 11–17 GHz frequency range. The maximum loss of –28 dB was obtained at 14 GHz. The bandwidth corresponding to the reflection loss of −10 dB is 4.5 GHz. The mechanical properties are also improved after incorporating MWCNTs and DND in the composite. The tensile strength has been increased by ∼113% after the addition of 1.0 wt% MWCNTs and 0.1 wt% DND. The morphological investigation demonstrated that coating of MWCNTs on the surface of the woven glass fibers in the presence of DND resulted in uniform dispersion of nanotubes throughout the matrix with the formation of connected networks that helps in electrical conduction and load transfer between the nanofillers and the matrix. The role of MWCNTs and DND particles in enhancing the electromagnetic absorption and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite laminates is explained.
Digit ratio (2D:4D) does not correlate with daily 17β‐estradiol and progesterone concentrations in healthy women of reproductive age
Authors: Klimek Magdalena , Galbarczyk Andrzej , Colleran Heidi , Thune Inger , Ellison Peter T. , Ziomkiewicz Anna , Jasienska Grazyna 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesSecond‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is proposed as a proxy for the prenatal balance of sex hormones, is related to hormone‐dependent characteristics in adult life, and is a possible predictor of disease later in life. Here, we studied the relationship between 2D:4D and ovarian steroid hormones (17β‐estradiol and progesterone) among women of reproductive age.MethodsFrom 186 healthy premenopausal women, aged 24–37 years, we collected saliva samples daily during the entire menstrual cycle. Data on reproductive and lifestyle characteristics were collected via questionnaires, and anthropometric measurements were performed.ResultsNo statistically significant relationships were detected between adult women's sex hormone concentrations (17β‐estradiol and progesterone) during the menstrual cycle and 2D:4D, in either left or right hand, when controlling for size at birth, body mass index, and physical activity.ConclusionsThis study shows, for the first time in a large sample of women of reproductive age, that 2D:4D is not a predictor of adult women's sex hormone concentration. The lack of relationship may be because 2D:4D might be genetically determined and is not related to maternal nutritional environment during fetal development. These results support the hypothesis that, in contrast to the nutritional quality of the fetal environment, the fetal hormonal environment (reflected by 2D:4D) does not determine reproductive physiology in later life. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:666–673, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anderson localization of Bogoliubov excitations on quasi‐1D strips
Authors: Gaul Christopher , Lugan Pierre , Müller Cord A. 
Published: April 2015

Anderson localization of Bogoliubov excitations is studied for disordered lattice Bose gases in planar quasi–one‐dimensional geometries. The inverse localization length is computed as function of energy by a numerical transfer‐matrix scheme, for strips of different widths. These results are described accurately by analytical formulas based on a weak‐disorder expansion of backscattering mean free paths.
image
Bildung drei‐ und vierkerniger Titanacyclen durch [Cp*2Ti]‐vermittelte intermolekulare C‐C‐Kupplung von Dinitrilen
Authors: Becker Lisanne , Arndt Perdita , Spannenberg Anke , Jiao Haijun , Rosenthal Uwe 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDie Reaktionen von [Cp*2Ti(η2‐Me3SiC2SiMe3)] mit verschiedenen Dicyanverbindungen wurden untersucht. Hierbei traten Nitril‐Nitril‐C‐C‐Kupplungen auf, die wegen der Bifunktionalität der Substrate zu mehrkernigen Komplexen führten. Im Falle von 1,3‐ und 1,4‐Dicyanbenzol bildeten sich drei‐ und vierkernige Varianten der seltenen 1‐Metalla‐2,5‐diazacyclopenta‐2,4‐diene. Diese werden als mögliche Katalysatoren angesehen und wurden daher in der Ringöffnungspolymerisation von ε‐Caprolacton getestet. Bei der Umsetzung mit dem Alkyldinitril Adiponitril entstand durch eine zusätzliche Protonierung der Ringstickstoffatome eine dreikernige Variante eines 1‐Metalla‐2,5‐diazacyclopent‐3‐ens. Für ein besseres Verständnis der molekularen Organisation der Produkte wurden die Strukturen und Bindungssituationen mit Röntgenkristallographie und DFT‐Analyse untersucht.