bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A Van Leusen Deprotection—Cyclization Strategy as a Fast Entry into Two Imidazoquinoxaline Families.
Authors: De Moliner Fabio , Hulme Christopher 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMicrowave‐assisted van Leussen three‐component condensation of amines with aldehydes and TosMic′s is followed by deprotection and cyclization to afford imidazoquinoxaline derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of Related Substances of Vardenafil, an Erectile Dysfunction Drug
Authors: Reddy Vajrala Venkata , Naga Mandava Venkata , Rao Brahmeswara , Reddy Ghanta Mahesh , Mukkanti Khagga , Reddy Ganta Madhusudhan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract6 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Tertiary α‐Hydroxy Phosphonates Catalyzed by Carbohydrate/Cinchona Alkaloid Thiourea Organocatalysts.
Authors: Kong Shasha , Fan Weidong , Wu Guiping , Miao Zhiwei 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe cyanation of β‐ketophosphonates with TmsCN in the presence of organocatalyst CCT and p‐nitrophenol as additive affords α‐trimethylsilyloxy‐α‐cyanophosphonates, which under acidic hydrolysis are quantitatively converted into the desired alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Cytotoxic Alcyonolide Congeners from an Okinawan Soft Coral Cespitularia sp.
Authors: Roy Prodip Kumar , Maarisit Wilmar , Roy Sona Rani , Taira Junsei , Ueda Katsuhiro 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe four new diterpenes (I)‐(IV) and a known alcyonolide are isolated from the title plant.
ChemInform Abstract: Acid‐Catalyzed Ether Rearrangement: Total Synthesis of Isomimosifoliol and (.+‐.)‐Dihydromimosifoliol.
Authors: Arava Veera Reddy , Malreddy Sashibhushan , Thummala Sreenivasulu Reddy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA new route for the total synthesis of isomimosifoliol (VII) and dihydromimosifoliol (IX) is developed involving the acid‐catalyzed rearrangement of ether (II) to phenols (III) and (IV) as the key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Fe3O4 Micron‐Spheres and Their Application in Removing Toxic Cr Ions from Polluted Water.
Authors: Liu Gang , Deng Quan , Wang Huimin , Kang Shenghong , Yang Yong , Ng Dickon H. L. , Cai Weiping , Wang Guozhong 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe title particles are prepared from aqueous solutions of FeCl3, ascorbic acid, and urea (autoclave, 160 °C, 4 h) followed by annealing of the as‐obtained precursor at 400 °C for 4 h in argon.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Ammonium‐, Pyridinium‐, and Pyrrolidinium‐Based Sulfonamido Functionalized Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Saravanamurugan Shunmugavel , Fehrmann Rasmus , Riisager Anders 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNew ionic liquids (I)—(IV) are synthesized and their thermal characteristics are evaluated by DSC and thermogravimetric analysis.
Assessing the utility of cancer‐registry–processed cause of death in calculating cancer‐specific survival
Authors: Hu Chung‐Yuan , Xing Yan , Cormier Janice. N. , Chang George J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBACKGROUND:Cancer registries use algorithms to process cause of death (COD) data from death certificates, but uncertainties remain regarding the accuracy and utility of those data in calculating cancer‐specific survival (CSS). Because it is impractical to reconfirm the COD through meticulous review of the primary medical records, the observed cancer deaths could be compared with the number of attributed deaths, as estimated by using a relative survival (RS) approach, to determine utility in CSS estimation.METHODS:Six major cancer types were evaluated using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data (1988‐1999 cohort). The COD utility was quantified by using the observed‐to‐expected ratio (O/E ratio) approach, which was calculated as the SEER‐documented observed number of cancer‐specific deaths divided by the number of expected deaths attributed to the malignancies as estimated using a RS approach. Favorable utility would have an O/E ratio close to 1.RESULTS:In total, 338,445 patients were identified; and their O/E ratios were 0.97, 0.98, 0.90, 1.07, 1.02, and 0.92 for breast, colorectal, lung, melanoma, prostate, and pancreas cancer, respectively. O/E ratios varied slightly with patients' age, race, and tumor stage, but not by sex. CSS for patients with lung cancer appeared to be overestimated considerably. Patients with multiple cancer diagnoses had poor O/E ratios compared with those who had only 1 cancer.CONCLUSIONS:The utility of COD in calculating CSS depended variously on the risk of cancer‐related mortality and nontumor factors. However, the impact of this variation on CSS generally was small. The current results indicated that the COD assigned by cancer registries has acceptable validity, and CSS is considered an acceptable surrogate for RS in most circumstances. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Carbohydrate‐Based Molecules for Molecular Imaging in Nuclear Medicine
Authors: Ribeiro Morais Goreti , Falconer Robert A. , Santos Isabel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis review covers published literature describing the synthesis of labeled carbohydrates for use in molecular imaging, with a particular focus on the use of nuclear techniques (PET, SPECT). Recent advances in the radiosynthesis of [18F]FDG (electrophilic vs. nucleophilic radiofluorinations), a PET radiotracer based on glucose and the most widely PET tracer currently in use for cancer and inflammatory disease diagnosis, is considered. The powerful impact of [18F]FDG in the clinic has prompted intensive research efforts into glucose‐based radiotracers for PET and SPECT imaging. These achievements are also reviewed, along with the use of glycopeptides for nuclear molecular imaging. Finally, recent work on the radionuclide labeling of nucleosides and glycoconjugates is discussed.
Chromosome numbers of Turkish Crocus (Liliiflorae, Iridaceae) and their geographical distribution
Authors: Schneider Ingo , Kerndorff Helmut , Pasche Erich 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe genus Crocus is known for its widely varying chromosome numbers (from 2n = 6 to 2n = 70) with varying numbers occurring even within species, as it is the case for Crocus biflorus Miller (2n = 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24). After we found morphological diverse C. biflorus populations in Turkey doubts arose about their rank of being subspecies of the Italian C. biflorus (2n = 8). Here we publish the chromosome numbers for 76 populations of C. biflorus sensu lato distributed all over Turkey. The chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 8 to 2n = 36, with the higher numbers occurring in the mountain ranges of the Anatolian Diagonal and east of it, while lower numbers were found only southwest of these mountains. Closely related taxa with similar distribution mostly differ in their chromosome numbers. This led us to assume that chromosomal changes influence speciation processes in the genus. Therefore, chromosome numbers may represent an important character for the establishment of a new taxonomic treatment of the Crocus species, especially within section Nudiscapus. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Origins of heat and freshwater anomalies underlying regional decadal sea level trends
Authors: Fukumori Ichiro , Wang Ou 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRegional sea level changes often differ from global mean changes due to geographic variations in surface fluxes and to changes in ocean circulation. Here we study such regional sea level trends from 1993 to 2004 using a synthesis of observations and an ocean general circulation model. Unlike the global mean, steric changes dominate regional trends with negligible contributions from column‐integrated mass variations. Regional heat and freshwater anomalies underlying steric changes are in turn distinguished between redistribution of pre‐existing anomalies within the ocean and contributions from additional surface fluxes external to the ocean. Internal redistribution accounts for most regional trends but exceptions are found, most notably in the western tropical Pacific Ocean where a warming of external origin dominates the trend. On average, external thermosteric sea level trends are found to be positive in temperate regions while negative at higher latitudes with opposite trends found in halosteric anomalies of external origin.
Microscopic image segmentation based on pixel classification and dimensionality reduction
Authors: Benazzouz Mourtada , Baghli Ismahan , Chikh Med Amine 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPathological image analysis plays a significant role in effective disease diagnostics. In this article, a tool for diagnosis assistance by automatic segmentation of bone marrow images is introduced. The aim of our segmentation is to demarcate cell's component: nucleus, cytoplasm, red cells, and background. Different color spaces were used to extract color's features to profit of their complementarity. We introduce several dimensionality reduction techniques. These techniques are exemplified on a support vector machine pixel‐based bone marrow image segmentation problem in which it is shown that it may give significant improvement in segmentation accuracy and time consuming. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 23, 22–28, 2013
BMD changes and predictors of increased bone loss in postmenopausal women after a 5-year course of alendronate
Authors: McNabb Brian Louis , Vittinghoff Eric , Schwartz Ann V , Eastell Richard , Bauer Douglas C , Ensrud Kristine , Rosenberg Elizabeth , Santora Arthur , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Black Dennis M 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

Management of women discontinuing bisphosphonates after 3 to 5 years of treatment is controversial. Little is known about how much bone mineral density (BMD) is lost after discontinuation or whether there are risk factors for greater rates of bone loss post-discontinuation. We report patterns of change in BMD and prediction models for the changes in BMD in postmenopausal women during a 5-year treatment-free period after alendronate (ALN) therapy. We studied 406 women enrolled in the Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT) who had taken ALN for a mean of 5 years and were then enrolled in the placebo arm of the FIT Long-Term Extension (FLEX) trial for an additional 5 years, describing 5-year percent changes in total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine BMD over the treatment-free period. Prediction models of 5-year percent changes in BMD considered all linear combinations of candidate risk factors for bone loss such as BMD at the start of the treatment-free period, the change in BMD on ALN, age, and fracture history. Serum for three markers of bone turnover was available in 76 women, and these bone turnover markers were included as candidate predictors for these 76 women. Mean 5-year BMD changes were –3.6% at the total hip, –1.7% at the femoral neck, and 1.3% at the lumbar spine. Five-year BMD losses of &gt;5% were experienced by 29% of subjects at the total hip, 11% of subjects at the femoral neck, and 1% of subjects at the lumbar spine. Several risk factors such as age and BMI were associated with greater bone loss, but no models based on these risk factors predicted bone loss rates. Although about one-third of women who discontinued ALN after 5 years experienced &gt;5% bone loss at the total hip, predicting which women will lose at a higher rate was not possible.
Matrix Metalloproteinase–Driven Endochondral Fracture Union Proceeds Independently of Osteoclast Activity
Authors: McDonald Michelle M , Morse Alyson , Mikulec Kathy , Peacock Lauren , Baldock Paul A , Kostenuik Paul J , Little David G 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

As new insights into the complexities of endochondral fracture repair emerge, the temporal role of osteoclast activity remains ambiguous. With numerous antiresorptive agents available to treat bone disease, understanding their impact on bone repair is vital. Further, in light of recent work suggesting osteoclast activity may not be necessary during early endochondral fracture union, we hypothesize instead a pivotal role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secreting cells in driving this process. Although the role of MMPs in fracture healing has been examined, no directly comparative experiments exist. We examined a number of antiresorptive treatments to either block osteoclast activity, including the potent bisphosphonates zoledronic acid (ZA) and clodronate (CLOD), which work via differing mechanisms, or antagonize osteoclastogenesis with recombinant OPG (HuOPG-Fc), comparing these directly to an inhibitor of MMP activity (MMI270). Endochondral ossification to union occurred normally in all antiresorptive groups. In contrast, MMP inhibition greatly impaired endochondral union, significantly delaying cartilage callus removal. MMP inhibition also produced smaller, denser hard calluses. Hard callus remodeling was, as expected, delayed with ZA, CLOD, and OPG treatment at 4 and 6 weeks, resulting in larger, more mineralized calluses at 6 weeks. As a result of reduced hard callus turnover, bone formation was reduced with antiresorptive agents at these time points. These results confirm that the achievement of endochondral fracture union occurs independently of osteoclast activity. Alternatively, MMP secretion by invading cells is obligatory to endochondral union. This study provides new insight into cellular contributions to bone repair and may abate concerns regarding antiresorptive therapies impeding initial fracture union.
Inhibition of Ca2+/Calmodulin–Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase 2 Stimulates Osteoblast Formation and Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation
Authors: Cary Rachel L , Waddell Seid , Racioppi Luigi , Long Fanxin , Novack Deborah V , Voor Michael J , Sankar Uma 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

Bone remodeling, a physiological process characterized by bone formation by osteoblasts (OBs) and resorption of preexisting bone matrix by osteoclasts (OCs), is vital for the maintenance of healthy bone tissue in adult humans. Imbalances in this vital process result in pathological conditions including osteoporosis. Owing to its initial asymptomatic nature, osteoporosis is often detected only after the patient has sustained significant bone loss or a fracture. Hence, anabolic therapeutics that stimulate bone accrual is in high clinical demand. Here we identify Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) as a potential target for such therapeutics because its inhibition enhances OB differentiation and bone growth and suppresses OC differentiation. Mice null for CaMKK2 possess higher trabecular bone mass in their long bones, along with significantly more OBs and fewer multinuclear OCs. In vitro, although Camkk2−/− mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) yield significantly higher numbers of OBs, bone marrow cells from Camkk2−/− mice produce fewer multinuclear OCs. Acute inhibition of CaMKK2 by its selective, cell-permeable pharmacological inhibitor STO-609 also results in increased OB and diminished OC formation. Further, we find phospho-protein kinase A (PKA) and Ser133 phosphorylated form of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (pCREB) to be markedly elevated in OB progenitors deficient in CaMKK2. On the other hand, genetic ablation of CaMKK2 or its pharmacological inhibition in OC progenitors results in reduced pCREB as well as significantly reduced levels of its transcriptional target, nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic (NFATc1). Moreover, in vivo administration of STO-609 results in increased OBs and diminished OCs, conferring significant protection from ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis in adult mice. Overall, our findings reveal a novel function for CaMKK2 in bone remodeling and highlight the potential for its therapeutic inhibition as a valuable bone anabolic strategy that also inhibits OC differentiation in the treatment of osteoporosis.
Bisphosphonates and risk of subtrochanteric, femoral shaft, and atypical femur fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gedmintas Lydia , Solomon Daniel H , Kim Seoyoung C 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

Although there is strong evidence that bisphosphonates prevent certain types of osteoporotic fractures, there are concerns that these medications may be associated with rare atypical femoral fractures (AFF). Recent published studies examining this potential association are conflicting regarding the existence and strength of this association. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies examining the association of bisphosphonates with subtrochanteric, femoral shaft, and AFF. The random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled estimates of adjusted risk ratios (RR). Subgroup analysis was performed by study design, for studies that used validated outcome definitions for AFF, and for studies reporting on duration of bisphosphonate use. Eleven studies were included in the meta-analysis: five case-control and six cohort studies. Bisphosphonate exposure was associated with an increased risk of subtrochanteric, femoral shaft, and AFF, with adjusted RR of 1.70 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22–2.37). Subgroup analysis of studies using the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research criteria to define AFF suggests a higher risk of AFF, with bisphosphonate use with RR of 11.78 (95% CI, 0.39–359.69) as compared to studies using mainly diagnosis codes (RR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.18–2.22), although there is a wide confidence interval and severe heterogeneity (I2 = 96.15%) in this subgroup analysis. Subgroup analysis of studies examining at least 5 years of bisphosphonate use showed adjusted RR of 1.62 (95% CI, 1.29–2.04). This meta-analysis suggests there is an increased risk of subtrochanteric, femoral shaft, and AFF among bisphosphonate users. Further research examining the risk of AFF with long-term use of bisphosphonates is indicated as there was limited data in this subgroup. The public health implication of this observed increase in AFF risk is not clear.
A DERIVED TRANSFER OF ELICITING EMOTIONAL FUNCTIONS USING DIFFERENCES AMONG ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMS AS A DEPENDENT MEASURE
Authors: Amd Micah , Barnes‐Holmes Dermot , Ivanoff Jason 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEmotional responses have specific electroencephalographic (EEG) signatures that arise within a few hundred milliseconds post‐stimulus onset. In this experiment, EEG measures were employed to assess for transfer of emotional functions across three 3‐member equivalence classes in an extension of Dougher, Auguston, Markham, Greenway, & Wulfert's (1994) seminal work on the transfer of arousal functions. Specifically, 12 human participants were trained in the following match‐to‐sample performances A1 = B1, A2 = B2, A3 = B3 and B1 = C1, B2 = C2, B3 = C3. After successfully testing for the emergence of symmetry relations (B1 = A1, B2 = A2, B3 = A3 and C1 = B1, C2 = B2, C3 = B3), visual images depicting emotionally positive and emotionally negative content were presented with A1 and A3, respectively, using a mixed stimulus pairing–compounding procedure. A2 was paired with emotionally neutral images. Next, EEG data were recorded as participants were exposed to a forced‐choice recognition task with stimuli A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, C2, A3, B3, C3 and three novel stimuli A4, B4 and C4. Results yielded differential EEG effects for stimuli paired directly with emotional versus neutral images. Critically, differential EEG effects were also recorded across the C stimuli that were equivalently related to the A stimulus set. The EEG data coincide with previous reports of emotion‐specific EEG effects, indicating that the initial emotional impact of a stimulus may emerge based on direct stimulus pairing and derived stimulus relations.
Molecular Cloning, Tissue Distribution, and Ontogenetic Expression of Ghrelin and Regulation of Expression by Fasting and Refeeding in the Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)
Authors: FENG KE , ZHANG GUI‐RONG , WEI KAI‐JIAN , XIONG BANG‐XI 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGhrelin is a recently discovered brain–gut peptide in fish and mammals. It has two main physiological functions—stimulating growth hormone secretion and regulating appetite. To investigate the biological function of ghrelin in appetite regulation in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus, the full‐length cDNA sequence of the ghrelin gene was obtained by RT‐PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends methods. Homology analysis indicated that ghrelin cDNA sequence is conserved in teleosts. The grass carp ghrelin gene consists of four exons and three introns, which is similar to that of common carp, zebrafish and humans. Real‐time quantitative PCR was used to detect ghrelin mRNA expression in the study. In adult tissues, high levels of gene expression were found in the foregut; moderate levels in the muscle, liver, hypothalamus, white adipose tissue, midgut, heart, and pituitary; and lower levels in the three other examined tissues. During embryonic development, ghrelin mRNA expression could be detected as early as fertilized egg stage and displayed an increase in expression until heart appearance stage. After hatching, the level of ghrelin mRNA expression decreased sharply to the lowest level at 1 day post‐hatching (dph), then increased to a higher level at 7 dph and subsequently decreased to a relative stabilized level from 15 to 35 dph. The ghrelin mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in the brain and intestine during fasting and was downregulated after refeeding. The results suggest that ghrelin mRNA expression has obvious tissue specificity and may have a role in appetite regulation in grass carp. J. Exp. Zool. 319A:202–212, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mesoteloblast‐Like Mesodermal Stem Cells in the Polychaete Annelid Platynereis dumerilii (Nereididae)
Authors: Fischer Antje H.L. , Arendt Detlev 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSpiral cleavage is observed in animals that belong to the lophotrochozoa, a large group of marine invertebrates. As characteristic for spiral cleavage, the bulk of mesoderm forms from one cell, the “4d blastomere.” This process has not yet been followed in cellular detail in annelids except in the leech, where “mesoteloblasts,” a pair of mesodermal stem cells, generate two bands of mesoderm precursor cells in an iterative fashion. It is so far unknown whether such stem cell‐like lineage is a general property of 4d‐derived mesoderm in spiralian larvae. To address this, we have analyzed the cell lineage of the 4d blastomere in the polychaete annelid Platynereis dumerilii, an emerging model for lophotrochozoan and spiralian embryology (Fischer et al., 2010), by 4D microscopy, a semi‐automated cell tracking technique based on differential interference contrast serial imaging (Schnabel et al. '97). Our data reveal that the two daughter cells of the 4d cell undergo seven consecutive rounds of unequal cell divisions. They bud off smaller cells in ventral‐vegetal orientation and thus show mesoteloblast‐ and stem cell‐like behavior. Based on these findings, we suggest that mesoteloblast‐like mesodermal stem cells that form continuous mesodermal bands are part of the Errantia + Sedentaria ground pattern. In the course of annelid evolution, the number consecutive divisions of these cells would have been low initially with <10 division cycles, giving rise to larval segments only, and then increased up to 35 as observed in clitellates. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B:94–104, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.