bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Rima Glottidis Area and Lack of Laryngeal Epiglottic–Glottic Seal After Unilateral Cricoarytenoid Lateralization Ex Vivo
Authors: Guillemot Alexandre , Rouvre Gérald , Autefage André , Etchepareborde Sébastien 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate variation in rima glottidis (RG) area and lack of epiglottic–glottic seal (LEGS) of the canine larynx associated with different suture anchor points in the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages, dissection of the cricoarytenoid joint capsule, section of the interarytenoid band, and disarticulation of the cricothyroid joint.Study DesignExperimental study.AnimalsCadaveric canine larynges (n = 18).MethodsLarynges were assigned to 2 groups: group 1 = intact cricothyroid articulation and group 2 = cricothyroid articulation sharply sectioned. In each group, the arytenoid cartilage was lateralized successively as follows: (a) intact cricoarytenoid articulation, (b) cricoarytenoid articulation sharply sectioned, and (c) division of the interarytenoid band. Each variation was performed initially with the suture passed dorsally into the cricoid cartilage then with the suture passed laterally. Each time, the increase of rima glottis area (%) and the LEGS (mm2) were measured.ResultsRima glottis area (RGA): when the suture was placed dorsally, division of the interarytenoid band resulted in a significant increase in RGA compared with groups with an intact band. Laryngeal distortion: when the suture through the cricoid cartilage was dorsal, LEGS increased with section of the cricothyroid articulation, dissection of cricoarytenoid articulation, and division of the interarytenoid band.ConclusionUnilateral arytenoid lateralization results in some degree of LEGS with a misalignment of the epiglottis over the RG. Our results revealed that the optimal RGA associated with the minimal LEGS was obtained with dorsal placement of a cricoarytenoid suture when the cricothyroid joint and the interarytenoid band were intact.
Community‐level assessment of freezing tolerance: frost dictates the biome boundary between Albany subtropical thicket and Nama‐Karoo in South Africa
Authors: Duker Robbert , Cowling Richard M. , du Preez Derek R. , van der Vyver Marius L. , Weatherall‐Thomas Clayton R. , Potts Alastair J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimThe sub‐escarpment coastal plains of South Africa provide remarkable opportunities to study the determinants of biome boundaries as numerous biomes are found closely juxtaposed, including the Nama‐Karoo semi‐desert shrubland and Albany subtropical thicket. The Nama‐Karoo shrubland is centred on the semi‐arid and frosty high‐elevation interior plateau of South Africa, whereas the Albany subtropical thicket inhabits the comparatively warmer sub‐escarpment coastal plains. We examined the role of winter frosts in determining the boundaries between these two biomes on the coastal plain.LocationKaboega, Eastern Cape, South Africa.MethodsWe determined the relative freezing tolerance of thicket and Nama‐Karoo communities by sampling dominant species from each biome in a small study site (c. 50 ha) spanning a clear vegetation and minimum temperature boundary. Freezing‐induced stress on leaf photosynthesis was measured using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging across a range of subzero treatments.ResultsIn general, largely irrespective of any possible effects of temperature acclimation, freezing exposure significantly reduced photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) values in thicket species relative to those from the Nama‐Karoo shrubland across all treatments.Main conclusionsAs reduced photosynthetic efficiency is generally associated with leaf damage, and species from both these biomes are largely evergreen, we interpreted our results in terms of species‐level frost resistance. Therefore, our results support the hypothesis that frost occurrence is a primary driver of the boundary between the subtropical thicket and Nama‐Karoo shrubland in South Africa. This has implications for both regional‐ and landscape‐level planning of restoration efforts and predicting boundary shifts under altered climates of the past and future.
Quantifying the P–T–t conditions of north–south Lhasa terrane accretion: new insight into the pre‐Himalayan architecture of the Tibetan plateau
Authors: Weller O. M. , St‐Onge M. R. , Searle M. P. , Waters D. J. , Rayner N. , Chen S. , Chung S.‐L. , Palin R. M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn integrated field, petrological and geochronological study of the Basong Tso region of south‐eastern Tibet has constrained the timing and P–T conditions of north–south Lhasa terrane accretion and provides new insight into the tectonothermal evolution of the Tibetan plateau. Two distinct high‐grade metamorphic belts are recognized in the region: a southern belt (the Basong Tso complex) that consists of sheared schist and orthogneiss; and a northern belt (the Zhala complex) that comprises paragneiss and granite. Combined pseudosection modelling and U–Pb geochronology of monazite and zircon indicates that the Basong Tso complex records peak metamorphic conditions of 9 ± 0.5 kbar and 690 ± 25 °C at c. 204–201 Ma, whereas the Zhala complex experienced peak metamorphic conditions of 5.0 ± 1.0 kbar and 740 ± 40 °C at c. 198–192 Ma. Microstructural analysis suggests that the two belts share a common early prograde history, after which the Basong Tso complex attained peak conditions following rapid burial, and the Zhala complex approached peak conditions along an isobaric path. Overall it is inferred that the Basong Tso and Zhala complexes represent the lower and upper structural levels of an evolving orogen that underwent Barrovian‐type metamorphism following collision (M1), followed by Buchan‐style overprinting at higher structural levels due to heat advection by syn‐tectonic granites (M2). Mylonitization (sensu lato) of the Basong Tso complex and juxtaposition of the two units occurred after attainment of peak conditions. The dominance of Mesozoic regional metamorphism across most of the Tibetan plateau indicates that Cenozoic crustal thickening processes, where present, are only manifested at depth.
Case‐Based Learning and Simulation: Useful Tools to Enhance Nurses’ Education? Nonrandomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Raurell‐Torredà Marta , Olivet‐Pujol Josep , Romero‐Collado Àngel , Malagon‐Aguilera Maria Carmen , Patiño‐Masó Josefina , Baltasar‐Bagué Alícia 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPurposeTo compare skills acquired by undergraduate nursing students enrolled in a medical‐surgical course. To compare skills demonstrated by students with no previous clinical practice (undergraduates) and nurses with clinical experience enrolled in continuing professional education (CPE).DesignIn a nonrandomized clinical trial, 101 undergraduates enrolled in the “Adult Patients 1” course were assigned to the traditional lecture and discussion (n = 66) or lecture and discussion plus case‐based learning (n = 35) arm of the study; 59 CPE nurses constituted a comparison group to assess the effects of previous clinical experience on learning outcomes.MethodsScores on an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), using a human patient simulator and cases validated by the National League for Nursing, were compared for the undergraduate control and intervention groups, and for CPE nurses (Student's t test).FindingsControls scored lower than the intervention group on patient assessment (6.3 ± 2.3 vs 7.5 ± 1.4, p = .04, mean difference, ‐1.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) ‐2.4 to ‐0.03]) but the intervention group did not differ from CPE nurses (7.5 ± 1.4 vs 8.8 ± 1.5, p = .06, mean difference, ‐1.3 [95% CI ‐2.6 to 0.04]). The CPE nurses committed more “rules‐based errors” than did undergraduates, specifically patient identifications (77.2% vs 55%, p = .7) and checking allergies before administering medication (68.2% vs 60%, p = .1).ConclusionsThe intervention group developed better patient assessment skills than the control group. Case‐based learning helps to standardize the process, which can contribute to quality and consistency in practice: It is essential to correctly identify a problem in order to treat it. Clinical experience of CPE nurses was not associated with better adherence to safety protocols.Clinical RelevanceCase‐based learning improves the patient assessment skills of undergraduate nursing students, thereby preparing them for clinical practice.
Impact of oral mucositis on oral‐health‐related quality of life of patients diagnosed with cancer
Authors: Barkokebas Andreza , Silva Igor Henrique Morais , de Andrade Samantha Cardoso , Carvalho Alessandra Albuquerque Tavares , Gueiros Luiz Alcino Monteiro , Paiva Saul Martins , Leão Jair Carneiro 
Published: October 2014

IntroductionOral mucositis (OM) has been described as the oral complication most frequently associated with antineoplastic therapy. However, the influence on the quality of life of affected patients is still unclear.ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of OM on the oral‐health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of patients diagnosed with cancer, who developed chemotherapy‐ and/or radiotherapy‐induced OM.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional evaluation of QoL using oral health impact profile‐14 (OHIP‐14). The study group comprised a sample of 60 patients diagnosed with cancer, who developed OM during the treatment. The instrument (OHIP‐14) composed of seven dimensions was used: functional limitation, physical pain, psychological discomfort, physical deficiency, psychological deficiency, social incapacity, and deficiency.ResultsThe internal consistency of OHIP‐14 measured by the Cronbach's α coefficient was of 0.76. Physical pain attained the highest score (worst quality of life) among the studied dimensions 60.8% (292/480), followed by physical limitation 52.7% (253/480), and psychological discomfort 50.8% (244/480). The dimension ‘social limitation’ obtained the lowest score 27.2% (131/480). There was statistically significant difference as regards gender (P = 0.021) for physical pain, with greater impact among patients of the male gender.ConclusionOral‐health‐related quality of life is significantly affected by OM in individuals diagnosed with cancer.
Samaras of Ventilago (Rhamnaceae) from the upper Miocene of Lincang, Yunnan, China and their phytogeographic implications
Authors: Liu Ke‐Nan , Xie San‐Ping , Manchester Steven R. , Wang Yun‐Feng , Shao Yang , Li Bin‐Ke 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe genus Ventilago Gaertn. usually occurs in hot, dry, and low‐altitude tropical environments. The fossil record of this genus is meager, so its origin and geographic history are still poorly understood. We describe a fossil winged fruit species—Ventilago lincangensis K. N. Liu & S. P. Xie sp. nov. from the upper Miocene Bangmai Formation of Lincang city, Yunnan Province, China. The fossil conforms to the modern genus Ventilago in architecture of the prominent fruit wing including a prominent midvein, a set of minor longitudinally secondary veins extending the full length of the fruit and reticulate higher order venation. The elliptical fruit body at the base of the wing shows an equatorial rim and has a short pedicel. This is the first report of Ventilago fruits in China, and is significant for the investigation of the origin and evolutionary history of this genus.
Effect of oxygen on coral fanning by mutualistic fish
Authors: Berenshtein Igal , Reuben Yaela , Genin Amatzia 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCoral branches partially block the flow of water through the colony, creating an inner zone of reduced water exchange where hypoxic conditions can develop during the night. Previous studies have shown that this oxygen deficiency is alleviated by the fanning behavior of mutualistic damselfish that spend the night between the coral branches, constantly moving their fins. Our findings show that fin‐stroking frequency during fanning by the damselfish Dascyllus marginatus is moderately plastic, with lower frequency under higher oxygen concentration, and vice versa. The inter‐play between oxygen concentration and fin motion maintains nearly steady oxygen concentration between the coral branches during the night.
Variation in the post‐copulatory guarding behavior of Neohelice granulata (Brachyura, Grapsoidea, Varunidae) in two different habitats
Authors: Sal Moyano María P. , Gavio María A. , McLay Colin L. , Luppi Tomás 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCrab guarding behaviors are influenced by the biological and physical characteristics that each population experiences in a particular habitat. We studied post‐copulatory guarding behavior and the factors affecting it, such as the presence of burrows, female receptivity duration, operational sex ratio (OSR) and male size, in two different populations of Neohelice granulata: Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (MCL) and San Antonio Oeste (SAO). Laboratory experiments showed that post‐copulatory guarding duration varied between the study areas. In MCL, it depended upon the presence of burrows and female receptivity duration, whereas it was independent of the OSR and male size. In SAO, it was dependent upon the OSR and female receptivity duration, whereas it was independent of the presence of burrows and male size. Thus, N. granulata males display different reproductive strategies related to their post‐copulatory guarding behavior pattern in different habitats. These strategies are related to the fact that this species constructs and defends a burrow that provides shelter and a place to mate, something that other varunids do not have.
Ecohydrographic constraints on biodiversity and distribution of phytoplankton and zooplankton in coral reefs of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Kürten Benjamin , Khomayis Hisham S. , Devassy Reny , Audritz Saskia , Sommer Ulrich , Struck Ulrich , El‐Sherbiny Mohsen M. , Al‐Aidaroos Ali M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn integral concept of ecological research is the constraint of biodiversity along latitudinal and environmental gradients. The Red Sea features a natural example of a latitudinal gradient of salinity, temperature and nutrient richness. Coral reefs along the Red Sea coasts are supported with allochthonous resources such as oceanic and neritic phytoplankton and zooplankton; however, relatively little is known about how the ecohydrography correlates with plankton biodiversity and abundance. In this article we present the biodiversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton in Red Sea coral reefs. Oceanographic data (temperature, salinity), water samples for nutrient analysis, particulate organic matter, phytoplankton and zooplankton, the latter with special reference to Copepoda (Crustacea), were collected at nine coral reefs over ~1500 km distance along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. The trophic state of ambient waters [as indicated by chlorophyll a (Chl a)] changed from strong oligotrophy in the north to mesotrophy in the south and was associated with increasing biomasses of Bacillariophyceae, picoeukaryotes and Synechococcus as indicated by pigment fingerprinting (CHEMTAX) and flow cytometry. Net‐phytoplankton microscopy revealed a Trichodesmium erythraeum (Cyanobacteria) bloom north of the Farasan Islands. Several potentially harmful algae, including Dinophysis miles and Gonyaulax spinifera (Dinophyceae), were encountered in larger numbers in the vicinity of the aquaculture facilities at Al Lith. Changes in zooplankton abundance were mainly correlated to the phytoplankton biomass following the latitudinal gradient. The largest zooplankton abundance was observed at the Farasan Archipelago, despite high abundances of copepodites, veligers (Gastropoda larvae) and Chaetognatha at Al Lith. Although the community composition changed over latitude, biodiversity indices of phytoplankton and zooplankton did not exhibit a systematic pattern. As this study constitutes the first current account of the plankton biodiversity in Red Sea coral reefs at a large spatial scale, the results will be informative for ecosystem‐based management along the coastline of Saudi Arabia.
Decadal changes in common reef coral populations and their associations with algal symbionts (Symbiodinium spp.)
Authors: McClanahan Timothy R. , Starger Craig J. , Baker Andrew C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDecadal populations changes in four coral taxa and their patterns of association with algal symbionts (Symbiodinium spp. – 10 years of sampling) were examined on Kenyan back reefs over a period of climatic disturbances (1991−2009). Some of the better surviving taxa, Pavona and Pocillopora, were associated with variable temperature regimes and >50% of sampled colonies in these taxa had some of the more thermally tolerant Symbiodinium in clade D. In contrast, only around 35% of Acropora and no branching forms of Porites contained detectable levels of clade D, and both taxa experienced high levels of thermally‐induced mortality and poor recovery. Overall, however the relationship between Symbiodinium clade and population‐level success of coral hosts was not strong, and differential success inside and outside fisheries closures suggests that other factors, such as predation on corals, were also influential. Consequently, while Symbiodinium in clade D may contribute to the success of coral hosts across thermal disturbances, multiple ecological factors and additional biological traits also influence their long‐term survival.
Evidence that clade A and clade B head lice live in sympatry and recombine in Algeria
Authors: BOUTELLIS A. , BITAM I. , FEKIR K. , MANA N. , RAOULT D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPediculus humanus L. (Psocodea: Pediculidae) can be characterized into three deeply divergent lineages (clades) based on mitochondrial DNA. Clade A consists of both head lice and clothing lice and is distributed worldwide. Clade B consists of head lice only and is mainly found in North and Central America, and in western Europe and Australia. Clade C, which consists only of head lice, is found in Ethiopia, Nepal and Senegal. Twenty‐six head lice collected from pupils at different elementary schools in two localities in Algiers (Algeria) were analysed using molecular methods for genotyping lice (cytochrome b and the multi‐spacer typing (MST) method. For the first time, we found clade B head lice in Africa living in sympatry with clade A head lice. The phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequences of these populations of head lice showed that clade A and clade B head lice had recombined, suggesting that interbreeding occurs when lice live in sympatry.
Freshwater aquaculture in PR China: trends and prospects
Authors: Wang Qidong , Cheng Lin , Liu Jiashou , Li Zhongjie , Xie Shouqi , De Silva Sena S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIt is acknowledged that China is the mainstay in global aquaculture, contributing for example, 65.7 (of 76 321 310 t) and 63.6 (of 38 994 913 t) per cent to total global and freshwater aquaculture production, respectively, in 2011, significantly increasing the corresponding contributions from 36.1 and 38.5% of the global total (7 359 881 t) and global freshwater (2 342 706 t) aquaculture production in 1980. Overall, aquaculture production in China in turn has enabled to reduce our dependence on food fish supplies from a hunted to a farmed origin, like all the other staples. However, there are very few accounts on different subsectors of aquaculture in China and even less on variations in aquaculture developments within the country. This review attempts to trace the development trends in inland aquaculture in China in time and space and includes aspects on production, types and modes of culture, species cultured and marketing. It is evident that though inland aquaculture is practised in most provinces of China, the great bulk of it occurs in the area that lies approximately between 110 and 120 °E and 19 and 35 °N, in the Yangtze and Pearl River basins. The review also addresses emerging issues on freshwater aquaculture and possible ways of achieving sustainability in the long term.
Intricacies of Redoxome Function Demonstrated with a Simple In vitro Chemiluminescence Method, with Special Reference to Vitamin B12 as Antioxidant
Authors: Bøyum A. , Forstrøm R. J. , Sefland I. , Sand K. L. , Benestad H. B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe homeostatic control of the redox system (the redoxome) in mammalian cells depends upon a large number of interacting molecules, which tend to buffer the electronegativity of cells against oxidants or reductants. Some of these components kill – at high concentration – microbes and by‐stander normal cells, elaborated by professional phagocytes. We examined whether a simple, in vitro chemiluminescence set‐up, utilizing redox components from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and red blood cells (RBC), could clarify some unexplained workings of the redoxome. PMN or purified myeloperoxidase (MPO) triggers formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), quantified by light emission from oxidized luminol. Both PMN and RBC can generate abundant amounts of ROS, necessitating the presence of a high‐capacity redoxome to keep the cellular electronegativity within physiological limits. We obtained proof‐of‐principle evidence that our assay could assess redox effects, but also demonstrated the intricacies of redox reactions. Simple dose–responses were found, as for the PMN proteins S100A9 (A9) and S100A8 (A8), and the system also revealed the reducing capacity of vitamin B12 (Cbl) and lutein. However, increased concentrations of oxidants in the assay mixture could decrease the chemiluminescence. Even more remarkable, A9 and NaOCl together stimulated the MPO response, but alone they inhibited MPO chemiluminescence. Biphasic responses were also recorded for some dose–response set‐ups and are tentatively explained by a ‘balance hypothesis’ for the redoxome.
Inhibition of Human γδ T Cell Proliferation and Effector Functions by Neutrophil Serine Proteases
Authors: Fazio J. , Kalyan S. , Wesch D. , Kabelitz D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHuman peripheral blood γδ T cells expressing the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell receptor are activated by microbial or endogenous pyrophosphate antigens and indirectly by nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates. Apart from proliferation, such phosphoantigens induce proinflammatory cytokine production including TNF‐α and IFN‐γ and trigger cytotoxic effector function. Neutrophil granulocytes are known to modulate T cell activation. The neutrophil serine proteases proteinase 3, elastase and cathepsin G have multiple potential targets and promote microbial killing. In this study, we investigated the effect of the three serine proteases on the in vitro proliferation and effector functions of γδ T cells cultured in serum‐free medium. All three proteases inhibited the proliferative activity, suppressed the cytokine production and decreased the cytotoxicity of γδ T cells. Further studies indicated that proteolytic cleavage of IL‐2 and modulation of butyrophilin 3A1 (CD277) expression might contribute to the overall inhibition.