bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histopathologic and immunohistological evaluation of anaplastic large cell lymphoma with Epstein–Barr virus in an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Authors: Bak Eun‐Jung , Jho Yeonsook , Woo Gye‐Hyeong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundAn 18‐month‐old female orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) died after exhibiting fever, cough, and rapid breathing.Methods and ResultsBased on serological, virological, histopathological and immunohistochemical examination, anaplastic large cell lymphoma was confirmed.ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of anaplastic large cell lymphoma associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in an orangutan.
SignifyingWilliamson's Contribution to the Transaction Cost Approach: An Agent‐Based Simulation ofCoasean Transaction Costs and Specialization
Authors: Bylund Per L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article simulatesRonaldCoase's transaction cost approach to firm organizing using agent‐based modelling, and contextualizes and contrasts it with a division‐of‐labour/specialization view of the firm thatCoase challenged and sought to replace. The simulation tests the firm formation process based on the different implications of transaction costs and specialization as drivers of integration, focusing especially onCoase's rejection of specialization as an explanation for integration in the firm. The results show little support for, and suggest an important shortcoming to,Coase's transaction cost theory. My findings thereby indicate a potential relationship between the specialization theory andWilliamson'sTransactionCostEconomics, especially the latter's emphasis on co‐specialization through relationship‐specific investments, which helps shed light on TCE's significant influence in the theory of the firm literature.
Consensual Intercourse Resulting in an Extensive Rectovaginal Tear: An Extremely Rare Occurrence
Authors: Symeonidis Nikolaos , Ballas Konstantinos , Micha Aikaterini , Psarras Kyriakos , Pavlidis Theodoros 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Rectovaginal tears are usually associated with the insertion of foreign bodies, accidental trauma, and nonconsensual intercourse.

Aim
The aim of this study was to describe an extremely rare case of extensive rectovaginal tear as a result of consensual vaginal and anal intercourse.

Methods
A case is presented along with review of the literature.

Results
A 20-year-old woman presented with acute perineal pain and minor vaginal bleeding following consensual vaginal and anal intercourse. No insertion of sex toy or any other object was reported. Vaginal and rectal examination revealed a ruptured posterior vaginal wall with wide communication with the rectum, without involvement of the anal sphincters. Surgical treatment with primary repair of the tear and diverting colostomy was performed.

Conclusions
Although consensual intercourse is usually associated with minor genital trauma, rare but potentially serious injuries can occur. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of such injuries because failure to identify them can lead to delayed treatment and poor outcome.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dermorphin in the horse
Authors: Robinson M. A. , Guan F. , McDonnell S. , Uboh C. E. , Soma L. R. 
Published: November 2014

Dermorphin is a μ‐opioid receptor‐binding peptide that causes both central and peripheral effects following intravenous administration to rats, dogs, and humans and has been identified in postrace horse samples. Ten horses were intravenously and/or intramuscularly administered dermorphin (9.3 ± 1.0 μg/kg), and plasma concentration vs. time data were evaluated using compartmental and noncompartmental analyses. Data from intravenous administrations fit a 2‐compartment model best with distribution and elimination half‐lives (harmonic mean ± pseudo SD) of 0.09 ± 0.02 and 0.76 ± 0.22 h, respectively. Data from intramuscular administrations fit a noncompartmental model best with a terminal elimination half‐life of 0.68 ± 0.24 (h). Bioavailability following intramuscular administration was variable (47–100%, n = 3). The percentage of dermorphin excreted in urine was 5.0 (3.7–10.6) %. Excitation accompanied by an increased heart rate followed intravenous administration only and subsided after 5 min. A plot of the mean change in heart rate vs. the plasma concentration of dermorphin fit a hyperbolic equation (simple Emax model), and an EC50 of 21.1 ± 8.8 ng/mL was calculated. Dermorphin was detected in plasma for 12 h and in urine for 48 or 72 h following intravenous or intramuscular administration, respectively.
Single‐ and multiple dose pharmacokinetics and multiple dose pharmacodynamics of oral ABT‐116 (a TRPV1 antagonist) in dogs
Authors: Niyom S. , Mama K. R. , Gustafson D. L. , Rezende M. L. 
Published: November 2014

Six dogs were used to determine single and multiple oral dose pharmacokinetics of ABT‐116. Blood was collected for subsequent analysis prior to and at 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after administration of a single 30 mg/kg dose of ABT‐116. Results showed a half‐life of 6.9 h, kel of 0.1/h, AUC of 56.5 μg·h/mL, Tmax of 3.7 h, and Cmax of 3.8 μg/mL. Based on data from this initial phase, a dose of 10 mg/kg of ABT‐116 (no placebo control) was selected and administered to the same six dogs once daily for five consecutive days. Behavioral observations, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, thermal and mechanical (proximal and distal limb) nociceptive thresholds, and blood collection were performed prior to and 4, 8, and 16 h after drug administration each day. The majority of plasma concentrations were above the efficacious concentration (0.23 μg/mL previously determined for rodents) for analgesia during the 24‐h sampling period. Thermal and distal limb mechanical thresholds were increased at 4 and 8 h, and at 4, 8, and 16 h respectively, postdosing. Body temperature increased on the first day of dosing. Results suggest adequate exposure and antinociceptive effects of 10 mg/kg ABT‐116 following oral delivery in dogs.
Bats jamming bats: Food competition through sonar interference
Authors: Corcoran Aaron J. , Conner William E. 
Published: November 2014

Competing bats jam one another's signal
Animals that live in large social colonies may benefit from many aspects of group living, but also have to contend with many of the downsides of living and foraging, with countless neighbors. Corcoran and Conner show that Mexican free-tailed bats, which live in colonies that can number in the hundreds of thousands, deal with this high level of competition for food by actively jamming competitors' echolocation. The interfering bats produce an ultrasonic signal just as the foraging bat produces its feeding call, effectively jamming the echolocation signal and causing the forager to miss its target.

Science
, this issue p.
745
Performance of a diagnostic algorithm based on a prediction rule, D-dimer and CT-scan for pulmonary embolism in patients with previous venous thromboembolism
Authors: den Exter Paul L. , Mos Inge C. M. , Huisman Menno V. , Klok Frederikus A. , Valls Maria José Fabiá , Hulle Tom van der 
Published: November 2014

SummaryDiagnostic management of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with a history of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is complicateddue to persistent abnormal D-dimer levels, residual embolic obstruction and higher clinical prediction rule (CPR) scores. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficiency of the standard diagnostic algorithm consisting of a CPR, D-dimer test and computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in this specific patient category. We performed a systematic literature search for prospective studies evaluating a diagnostic algorithm in consecutive patients with clinically suspected PE and a history of VTE. The VTE incidence rates during three-month follow-up and the number of indicated CTPAs were pooled using random effect models. Four studies concerning 1,286 patients were included with a pooled baseline PE prevalence of 36 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 30–42). In only 217 patients (15 %; 95 %CI 11–20) PE could be excluded without CTPA. The three-month VTE incidence rate was 0.8 % (95 %CI 0.06–2.4) in patients managed without CTPA, 1.6 % (95 %CI 0.3–4.0) in patients in whom PE was excluded by CTPA and 1.4 % (95 %CI 0.6–2.7) overall. In the pooled studies, PE was safely excluded in patients with a history of VTE based on a CPR followed by a D-dimer test and/or CTPA, although the efficiency of the algorithm is relatively low compared to patients without a history of VTE.
Idealized Study of Ocean Impacts on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasts
Authors: Halliwell G. R. , Gopalakrishnan S. , Marks F. , Willey D. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Idealized coupled tropical cyclone (TC) simulations are conducted to isolate ocean impacts on intensity forecasts. A one-dimensional ocean model is embedded into the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) mesoscale atmospheric forecast model. By inserting an initial vortex into a horizontally uniform atmosphere above a horizontally uniform ocean, the SST cooling rate becomes the dominant large-scale process controlling intensity evolution. Westward storm translation is introduced by bodily advecting ocean fields toward the east. The ocean model produces a realistic cold wake structure allowing the sensitivity of quasi-equilibrium intensity to storm (translation speed, size) and ocean (heat potential) parameters to be quantified. The atmosphere provides feedback through adjustments in 10-m temperature and humidity that reduce SST cooling impact on quasi-equilibrium intensity by up to 40%. When storms encounter an oceanic region with different heat potential, enthalpy flux adjustment is governed primarily by changes in air–sea temperature and humidity differences that respond within 2–4 h in the inner-core region, and secondarily by wind speed changes occurring over a time interval up to 18 h after the transition. Atmospheric feedback always acts to limit the change in enthalpy flux and intensity through adjustments in 10-m temperature and humidity. Intensity change is asymmetric, with a substantially smaller increase for storms encountering larger heat potential compared to the decrease for storms encountering smaller potential. The smaller increase results initially from the smaller wind speed present at the transition time plus stronger limiting atmospheric feedback. The smaller wind speed increase resulting from these two factors further enhances the asymmetry.
High day 28 ST2 levels predict for acute graft-versus-host disease and transplant-related mortality after cord blood transplantation
Authors: Ponce Doris M. , Hilden Patrick , Mumaw Christen , Devlin Sean M. , Lubin Marissa , Giralt Sergio , Goldberg Jenna D. , Hanash Alan , Hsu Katharine , Jenq Robert , Perales Miguel-Angel , Sauter Craig , van den Brink Marcel R. M. , Young James W. , Brentjens Renier , Kernan Nancy A. , Prockop Susan E. , O’Reilly Richard J. , Scaradavou Andromachi , Paczesny Sophie , Barker Juliet N. 
Published: November 2014

Key Points
ST2 is independently associated with aGVHD after day 28 in cord blood transplantation recipients. High ST2 levels predict for increased TRM in cord blood transplantation recipients.
A methodology for stochastic analysis of share prices as Markov chains with finite states
Authors: Mettle Felix Okoe , Quaye Enoch Nii Boi , Laryea Ravenhill Adjetey 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Price volatilities make stock investments risky, leaving investors in critical position when uncertain decision is made. To improve investor evaluation confidence on exchange markets, while not using time series methodology, we specify equity price change as a stochastic process assumed to possess Markov dependency with respective state transition probabilities matrices following the identified state pace (i.e. decrease, stable or increase). We established that identified states communicate, and that the chains are aperiodic and ergodic thus possessing limiting distributions. We developed a methodology for determining expected mean return time for stock price increases and also establish criteria for improving investment decision based on highest transition probabilities, lowest mean return time and highest limiting distributions. We further developed an R algorithm for running the methodology introduced. The established methodology is applied to selected equities from Ghana Stock Exchange weekly trading data.
Case report on the recurrence of tuberculosis of hip after 40 years
Authors: Jeddo Salim , Huang Chuan Wang , Li Ming 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Tuberculosis of joints is relatively rare condition and. is associated with varied degree of immobility as well as other limitations. Tuberculosis of hip joint results in a remarkable decline in the living standard of the patients since hip joint has a wide range of function in daily movements apart from being the pivotal weight bearing joint in human body. The degeneration of hip joint culminates into long term morbidity for the patient. In this case report we present a patient who had suffered from the tuberculosis of hip joint 40 years before and had received the standard anti-tuberculosis chemotherapeutic regimen with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. After treatment, the patient had some degree of relief from the pain however the movement of the hip joint was restricted; the restriction increasing progressively since. On diagnostic testing he was found to have a recurrence of tuberculosis along with the old scar tissue left by the primary condition. The patient was assessed thoroughly after which total hip replacement surgery was performed along with the adhesiolysis. The patient made a remarkable recovery after the surgery with a considerable increased range of movement in his hip joint.
Evolution of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosisfrom a susceptible ancestor in a single patient
Authors: Eldholm Vegard , Norheim Gunnstein , von der Lippe Bent , Kinander Wibeke , Dahle Ulf R , Caugant Dominique A , Mannsåker Turid , Mengshoel Anne Torunn , Dyrhol-Riise Anne Ma , Balloux Francois 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Background
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is characterized by a low mutation rate and a lack of genetic recombination. Yet, the rise of extensively resistant strains paints a picture of a microbe with an impressive adaptive potential. Here we describe the first documented case of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis evolved from a susceptible ancestor within a single patient.

Results
Genome sequences of nine serial M. tuberculosis isolates from the same patient uncovered a dramatic turnover of competing lineages driven by the emergence, and subsequent fixation or loss of single nucleotide polymorphisms. For most drugs, resistance arose through independent emergence of mutations in more than one clone, of which only one ultimately prevailed as the clone carrying it expanded, displacing the other clones in the process. The vast majority of mutations identified over 3.5 years were either involved in drug resistance or hitchhiking in the genetic background of these. Additionally, RNA-sequencing of isolates grown in the absence of drug challenge revealed that the efflux-associated iniBAC operon was up-regulated over time, whereas down-regulated genes include those involved in mycolic acid synthesis.

Conclusions
We observed both rapid acquisitions of resistance to antimicrobial compounds mediated by individual mutations as well as a gradual increase in fitness in the presence of antibiotics, likely driven by stable gene expression reprogramming. The rapid turnover of resistance mutations and hitchhiking neutral mutations has major implications for inferring tuberculosis transmission events in situations where drug resistance evolves within transmission chains.
Empowering African genomics for infectious disease control
Authors: Folarin Onikepe A , Happi Anise N , Happi Christian T 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAt present, African scientists can only participate minimally in the genomics revolution that is transforming the understanding, surveillance and clinical treatment of infectious diseases. We discuss new initiatives to equip African scientists with knowledge of cutting-edge genomics tools, and build a sustainable critical mass of well-trained African infectious diseases genomics scientists.
High performance green barriers based on nanocellulose
Authors: Nair Sandeep S , Zhu JY , Deng Yulin , Ragauskas Arthur J 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWith the increasing environmental concerns such as sustainability and end-of-life disposal challenges, materials derived from renewable resources such as nanocellulose have been strongly advocated as potential replacements for packaging materials. Nanocellulose can be extracted from various plant resources through mechanical and chemical ways. Nanocellulose with its nanoscale dimensions, high crystalline nature, and the ability to form hydrogen bonds resulting in strong network makes it very hard for the molecules to pass through, suggesting excellent barrier properties associated with films made from these material. This review paper aim to summarize the recent developments in various barrier films based on nanocellulose with special focus on oxygen and water vapor barrier properties.
Reconciling increasing wound care demands with available resources
Authors: Dowsett C. , Bielby A. , Searle R. 
Published: November 2014

Demographic and epidemiological data suggest that health-care demand will increase considerably in the future as a result of an ageing population and a rise in the prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes. This phenomenon has come to be referred to as the ‘health care time bomb’ in the popular press and political discourse. The authors seek to look beyond the headlines and political rhetoric to clarify the extent to which they reflect the likely future reality with a specific focus on wound management. The present-day burden that wounds and current wound management practices place upon the health-care system are detailed and clarified, and the potential future implications of increasing wound prevalence on the current picture are explored. Possible opportunities to enhance current wound management practice as identified in the analysis are discussed. Declaration of interest: Alistair Bielby is a contractor for Smith & Nephew. Richard Searle is an employee of Smith & Nephew. This project was supported by an unrestricted grant from Smith & Nephew.
Operative management of acute pavement burns: a case series
Authors: Silver A.G. , Zamboni W.A. , Baynosa R.C. 
Published: November 2014

Objective: Acute burns suffered from contact with environmentally heated roadways and walkways are a rare entity. The aim of this report is to assess the information gained from the treatment of a series of patients. Method: A retrospective review of a consecutive series of cases, where operative treatment was necessary, that occurred during July 2010 in southern Arizona. Results: Seven patients were included, with an average total body surface area burn of 10.2%. Direct fascial excision and tangential excision were carried out on three and four patients, respectively. Although tangential excision was carried out to normal endpoints, there was commonly a need for repetitive debridement. The total hospital costs were over $4,400,000 (£2,730,000). Conclusion: Burns suffered from contact with roadways/walkways are often deeper than suggested by their appearance. Direct fascial excision minimises the number of debridement sessions. We hypothesise that the failure to offload pressure on these wounds may be a causative factor in their observed deepening. Declaration of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest. No funding was received for this work.
Bolzano on Necessary Existence
Authors: Roski Stefan , Rusnock Paul 
Published: November 2014

Abstract:This paper is devoted to an examination of Bolzano’s notion of necessary existence, which has so far received relatively little attention in the literature. We situate Bolzano’s ideas in their historical context and show how he proposed to correct various flaws of his predecessors’ definitions. Further, we relate Bolzano’s conception to his metaphysical and theological assumptions, arguing that some consequences of his definition which have been deemed counterintuitive by some of his interpreters turn out to be more reasonable given the broadly Leibnizian background of his metaphysics. Finally, we consider some difficulties that arise from Bolzano’s evolving views on freedom, which, at least in his early thought, was intimately linked with contingency. In an appendix, we discuss a recent debate on Bolzano’s notion of necessary
Advocatus, et non Latro? Testing the Excess of Litigation in the Italian Courts of Justice
Authors: Buonanno Paolo , Galizzi Matteo M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe explore the causality relationship between litigation rates and the number of lawyers, drawing on an original panel dataset for the 169 Italian first-instance courts of justice between 2000 and 2007. In this time period, both the number of lawyers and the civil litigation rate sharply increased, and a mandatory minimum fee was in place for lawyers’ services. We first document that the number of lawyers is positively correlated with different measures of the litigation rate. Then, using an instrumental variables strategy, we find that a 10% increase in lawyers over population is associated with an increase between 1.6 and 6% in civil litigation rates. Our empirical analysis supports the supplier-induced demand (SID) hypothesis for Italian lawyers: following a sharp increase in the number of lawyers, and in the impossibility of competing on price because of the minimum fee regulation, some lawyers may have opportunistically used their informational advantage to induce their clients to bring lawsuits into court more often than would have been optimal if they were acting in the exclusive interest of their clients.
ANÁLISIS DEL PRECIO DEL CARBÓN MEDIANTE REDES NEURONALES ARTIFICIALES (RNA)
Authors: Franco-Sepúlveda Giovanni , Velilla-Avilez Danilo Arturo , Velez-Jaramillo Ingrid Estafania 
Published: November 2014

En el presente artículo se desarrolla el análisis aproximado para el precio FOB (Free on Board) del carbón térmico de Colombia para el periodo 2012-2020. Para la estimación se hizo uso del modelo de redes neuronales artificiales como fundamento metodológico del trabajo. Con el fin de comprender como se afecta el precio del commodity según la situación económica, política y social propia de cada espacio temporal, se realizó una revisión del comportamiento histórico del precio del carbón en el ámbito internacional y el contexto geopolítico en que se enmarcaron estos, identificando un ciclo de 32 años aproximadamente. Así mismo, se realizó un análisis del comportamiento del precio haciendo uso del Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) y su relación con los precios nominales del carbón, y los precios reales deflactados a valor presente del año 2012. Posteriormente se obtiene la predicción de los precios usando el modelo predictivo generado por el algoritmo de redes neuronales utilizado, finalizando con las conclusiones obtenidas de acuerdo a los resultados arrojados.