Abstract PR04: A melanoma transcriptional state distinction influences sensitivity to MAPK pathway inhibitors
Authors: Johannessen Cory , Konieczkowski David , Abudayyeh Omar , Kim Jong Wook , Cooper Zachary , Piris Adriano , Frederick Dennie , Barzily-Rokni Michal , Straussman Ravid , Haq Rizwan , Fisher David , Mesirov Jill , Hahn William , Flaherty Keith , Wargo Jennifer , Tamayo Pablo , Garraway Levi 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The deployment of cancer therapeutics that exploit oncogenic dependencies has yielded remarkable advances in patient treatment. However, the therapeutic benefit of these approaches is transient and the majority of patients develop resistance within several months. BRAFV600E-mutant malignant melanoma provides an illustrative example of this phenomenon: treatment with RAF and MEK inhibitors yields clinical responses in 50-80% of patients. However, 10-20% fail to respond to treatment (intrinsic resistance) and patients that do respond become drug resistant within ∼9 months (acquired resistance), presenting a formidable and unsolved clinical challenge.
It remains incompletely understood why a subset of BRAFV600-mutant melanoma patients (10-20%) fail to respond to MAPK-pathway inhibition. Here, we show that RAF inhibitor sensitive and resistant BRAFV600-mutant melanomas display distinct transcriptional profiles. RAF-inhibitor sensitive cell lines are distinguishable by expression and activity of the melanocytic lineage transcription factor MITF, whereas intrinsically drug-resistant cell lines are defined by expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL and elevated levels of NF-κB signaling. In vitro, these signatures were sufficient to predict MAPK-pathway inhibitor responsiveness in independent panels of melanoma cell lines. MITF-low, AXL/NF-κB high melanomas were resistant to single-agent RAF, MEK and ERK and combined RAF/MEK inhibition. In treatment-naïve patient biopsies, markers of the drug sensitive transcriptional states were associated with improved therapeutic responses to combined RAF/MEK inhibitors in BRAFV600-mutant melanoma. Moreover, in cell lines, NF-κB activation antagonized MITF expression and induced both resistance marker genes and drug resistance.
Thus, distinct cell states characterized by MITF and AXL/NF-κB activity can influence intrinsic resistance to MAPK pathway inhibitors in BRAFV600-mutant melanoma. More broadly, these data suggest that the transcriptional context in which an oncogenic event arises can have a profound impact on the establishment of oncogene-dependencies and associated drug susceptibilities.
Citation Format: Cory Johannessen, David Konieczkowski, Omar Abudayyeh, Jong Wook Kim, Zachary Cooper, Adriano Piris, Dennie Frederick, Michal Barzily-Rokni, Ravid Straussman, Rizwan Haq, David Fisher, Jill Mesirov, William Hahn, Keith Flaherty, Jennifer Wargo, Pablo Tamayo, Levi Garraway. A melanoma transcriptional state distinction influences sensitivity to MAPK pathway inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Drug Sensitivity and Resistance: Improving Cancer Therapy; Jun 18-21, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(4 Suppl): Abstract nr PR04.