bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Taxonomy of Mycobacterium fortuitum
Authors: Tsukamura Michio , Tsukamura Sumio , Mizuno Shoji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTForty‐nine strains of Mycobacterium fortuitum, three strains named M. runyonii and three rapid‐growers from sputa of patients with pulmonary disease were subjected to numerical classification based upon 101 characters. Fifty strains formed a large cluster and were considered to belong to M. fortuitum. Within this cluster, two subclusters could be differentiated. One subcluster consisted of three strains identified as M. runyonii, three rapid‐growers and eight strains identified as M. fortuitum. This subcluster, which was partially connected with the other subcluster, was named M. fortuitum subsp. runyonii. The other subcluster was considered to be typical M. fortuitum; M. fortuitum subsp. fortuitum. The subspecies runyonii could be differentiated from the typical M. fortuitum by the following characteristics: The strains often (i) were unable to reduce nitrate; (ii) lacked allantoinase; (iii) did not utilize ethanol, propanol, propylene glycol and 1,3‐butylene glycol as sole carbon sources; (iv) did not utilize acetamide as the sole, simultaneous nitrogen and carbon sources. A variety of M. fortuitum capable of growing at 45 C could also be differentiated from the usual strains that did not grow at 45 C by other characters. This variety utilized neither mannitol nor sorbitol as sole carbon sources, formed no acid from trehalose and mannitol, and usually did not utilize propylene glycol as a sole carbon source. Biochemical characters of the typical M. fortuitum (M. fortuitum subsp. fortuitum) are described in detail.
Enumeration of Mycobacterium lepraemurium by the Microspot Method
Authors: Matsuo Yoshiyasu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTKnown numbers of Mycobacterium lepraemurium were inoculated into the foot‐pads of 10 mice. Thirty minutes after inoculation, the bacteria were harvested from each mouse and counted by the microspot method. The per cent of the original inoculum recovered ranged from 82.5 to 105.4 among the 10 mice. The difference between the number of bacilli inoculated into a mouse and the number recovered was analyzed statistically. Of the 10 samples, this difference was not significant in 7, and significant in the remaining 3. The facility with which M. lepraemurium can be counted by the microspot method should eliminate much of the laboriousness from experimental leprosy research.
Primary Rabbit Embryo Cell Culture for Isolation of Rubella Virus
Authors: Kawana Rinji , Kaneko Masaru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPrimary cultures of rabbit embryo (RE) cells were compared with that of African green monkey kidney (GMK) cells for sensitivity in the isolation of rubella virus from clinical materials. Virus was recovered in either or both RE or GMK cells from one or more sites in 82% of 38 children clinically diagnosed as having rubella. Virus was isolated from 50% of 32 throat swabs in RE cells, and from 53% of 38 throat swabs in GMK cells. Of 32 throat swabs inoculated into both cell systems, 24 yielded virus; 10 of these were positive in both cell systems, 8 were positive only in GMK cells, and 6 were positive only in RE cells. None of 19 blood specimens yielded virus in GMK cells, whereas of 18 of these same 19 specimens tested in RE cells, 10 (56%) yielded positive results. These results indicate that RE cells are more sensitive than GMK cells. Recognition of rubella virus in RE cells is achieved by direct observation of cytopathic effect, instead of the cumbersome interference technique as employed in GMK cells or certain other cell systems. RE cells are practically free of latent viruses, readily available, and easy to cultivate. All this indicates that the RE cells provides not only a highly sensitive but also a practical host system for the isolation of rubella virus from clinical materials.
Plaque Formation and Initial Virus‐Cell Interaction of Measles Virus
Authors: Arita Mineo , Matumoto Minora 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe Sugiyama strain of measles virus adapted to FL cells produces plaques heterogeneous in size and morphology on FL and other stable human cell line monolayers making it difficult to assay by the plaque technique. A virus clone producing homogeneous clear plaques was established by repeated cloning of the strain. A practical reliable plaque assay method was established for this cloned line. FL cells were found to be well suited for this purpose, but Vero cells, a stable line of African green monkey kidney cells, were shown to be more sensitive than FL cells. HeLa cells could be used for the assay, but were less sensitive than the Vero or FL cell line. The initial step of measles virus adsorption onto host cells was shown to be reversible, dependent on electrolytes and almost temperature‐independent, strongly suggesting adsorption is electrostatic in nature. At 36 C the initial stage of adsorption quickly passed into the next irreversible stage involving a temperature‐dependent reaction; virus adsorbed at 36 C soon became resistant to the action of measles antibody, whereas little virus adsorbed at 4 C or 12 C became antibody‐resistant. The time required for the adsorbed virus to move into the irreversible, antibody‐resistant stage seems very short.
Bovine Adenovirus
Authors: Tanaka Yoshio , Inaba Yuji , Ito Yasuichiro , Omori Tuneyoshi , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTwo adenovirus strains were isolated in calf testicle cell cultures from blood specimens of cattle in Japan. This is the first isolation of bovine adenovirus reported in Japan. The isolates were antigenically similar to each other and distinct from the hitherto described serotypes 1, 2 and 3 of bovine adenovirus. Unfortunately, bovine adenovirus types 4 and 5 were not available for comparison, and hence, until the matter is settled, the virus will be called “Bovine adenovirus type Nagano”. Nagano virus was identified as adenovirus on the bases of the inhibitory effect of 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine on virus replication, ether‐resistance, effect of temperature and pH on infectivity, and fine structure of the virus particle. The virus grew and formed intranuclear inclusion bodies, a characteristic of adenovirus, in bovine testicle cells but not in bovine kidney cells. The virus agglutinated rat erythrocytes very poorly, but not sheep, goat, cattle, horse, guinea pig, hamster, chicken, and mouse cells. The virus produced adenovirus group‐specific antigen in cell cultures. Sero‐negative calves were readily infected with the virus by the intravenous, subcutaneous, oral or intranasal routes of inoculation. The infected animals produced antibodies and showed a mild clinical reaction comprised of rhinorrhea, diarrhea and a degree of pyrexia; low‐titered viremia of short duration and leukopenia were also observed. A serologic survey indicated wide‐spread dissemination of the virus among Japanese cattle, but further studies are needed to determine the etiologic significance of the virus in the natural disease in cattle.
Bacteremia in Experimental Tyzzer's Disease of Mice
Authors: Takagaki Yoshio , Fujiwara Kôsaku 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTBacteremia was observed during the late stage of experimental Tyzzer's disease in mice. The number of organisms in the blood in mice treated with cortisone increased markedly in the infection with highly virulent organisms, whereas bacteremia was of low incidence and less severe in infections with low virulence organisms. The number of organisms in the blood stream was shown to increase linearly during the course of fatal infection attaining a maximum level of 107 organisms per ml blood. The number of organisms in the blood was found to be closely related to the number in the liver when bacteremia was observed. In the peripheral blood, organisms were first detectable when the number of organisms in the liver gained a level of 107 per g tissue, and the subsequent increase in the number of bacteria in the blood was approximately 3 times more rapid than in the liver. The organisms in the blood were comparable to those in the liver morphologically as well as in pathogenicity. Histopathological examination frequently revealed liberation of organisms from liver cells into sinusoids. There was no evidence of significant multiplication of the organisms in organs other than the liver.
Subgroups in Group III of RNA Phages
Authors: Miyake Tadashi , Shiba Tadayoshi , Watanabe Itaru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn our previous studies, RNA phage strains were separated into 3 major groups on the basis of filtration efficiency through Millipore filters. In the present study, the strains of group III were shown to be further divided into 3 subgroups: (a) Qβ, NH, SG; (b) VK, SO; (c) ST. This subgrouping was found to be compatible with the serological grouping and pronase sensitivity with the exception of strain NM. Strain NM was classified in subgroup (a) by the Millipore filtration and in subgroup (b) by the other two methods.
Bovine Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Tanaka Yoshio , Inaba Yuji , Omori Tuneyoshi , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTVirus strain No. 12, one of the new isolates from Japanese cattle described previously, was studied for its physicochemical properties. The new isolate was shown to be very small in size by centrifugation and filtration, being filtrable through Millipore filters of 50 mμ pore size. It appears to be an RNA virus as its replication was not inhibited by 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine. The virus was readily inactivated by ether and deoxycholate, and partially by trypsin; was labile at pH 3, not stabilized by 1 m MgCl2 at 50 C, was inactivated by ultraviolet, and withstood repeated freeze‐thawing. Further it was readily inactivated at 56 C but more slowly at 37 C, and was stable at lower temperatures. These findings support the identification of the isolated virus as the bovine diarrhea (BD) virus. The properties of BD virus, i.e. size, type of nucleic acid, ether, chloroform and deoxycholate sensitivities, and acid lability, appear to be similar to those of arboviruses. The trypsin sensitivity of BD virus is similar to the B group of arboviruses, which, unlike the A group, sensitive to trypsin. For the classification of BD virus as well as hog cholera virus, which is closely related, further elucidation of properties, fine structure of the virion, etc., is needed.
Isolation of Polyribosome from Tobacco Plants Infected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Kiho Yukio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPolyribosomes have been isolated from tobacco leaves. Upon infection with TMV, a new polyribosome has appeared which is specific for infection, and TMV‐antigenic protein is formed on this polyribosome. This new polyribosome has an S‐value of 360–380. From these results, it is suggested that this TMV specific polyribosome is an aggregate of 60–80 ribosomes which is bound by TMV‐RNA as messenger, and that TMV‐RNA is translated polycistronically.
Transfer Agent of Immunity
Authors: Mitsuhashi Susumu , Kurashige Satonori , Kawakami Masaya , Nojima Tokukichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTDetection of the cells which contain antibody was accomplished by a method of immune adherence of human erythrocytes to a single cell, termed SCIA (single cell immune adherence) reaction. Peritoneal exudate cells were collected from mice immunized with flagella of either Salmonella enteritidis or S. tennessee. Serologically specific antibody was detectable in some of the peritoneal exudate cells of such mice. An immune ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from the peritoneal exudate cells of mice immunized with salmonella flagella. When mice were injected intraperitoneally with this preparation, serologically specific antibody was found in some of their peritoneal exudate cells by the SCIA method. This preparation was inactivated by treatment with ribonuclease, but was resistant to proteinases, deoxyribonuclease and anti‐flagella antibody, suggesting that this agent is of RNA nature and does not contain antigen or fragment thereof.
Drug Resistance of Staphylococci
Authors: Kasuga Tokuhiko , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIt was reported that resistance to tetracycline (TC) in some staphylococcal strains was lost irreversibly without loss of resistance to other drugs when cultured at high temperature, and that the determinant for TC resistance exists on a plasmid. According to the transductional analysis of TC resistance in Staphylococcus aureus E169 it was found that the genes which govern resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin are located close together on a single genetic element. When TC resistance in MS146, one of our stock cultures, was transduced to E169S which had lost TC resistance, TC resistance in transductants was found to be unstable at elevated temperatures. By contrast, TC resistance in transductants MS353 TCr, to which TC resistance was transduced from E169, was indicated to be stable even when cultured at high temperature. From these results, it is strongly suggested that instability of TC resistance in E169 is not accounted for by the genetic properties of the genes which govern TC resistance but those of host cell (E169) itself.
Studies on Parainfluenza Virus Infections among Infants and Children in Sendai
Authors: Numazaki Yoshio , Shigeta Shiro , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA cell line sensitive enough for the recovery of all parainfluenza viruses and free of simian virus contamination frequently occurring in monkey kidney cells was sought. The VERO cell obtained from African monkey kidney was found suitable for the initial isolation of types 1, 2 and 3 parainfluenza viruses, although the cells did not always allow the successive transfer. Mixed cultures of VERO and HEp‐2 cells were also useful in the recovery of various respiratory viruses including parainfluenza viruses. The characteristics of hemagglutinins of parainfluenza viruses were examined, and type 2 parainfluenza and SV5 viruses agglutinated both guinea pig and green monkey erythrocytes at 36 C, whereas types 1 and 3 parainfluenza viruses agglutinated only guinea pig erythrocytes. Thus parainfluenza viruses were divided into two groups by the presence or absence of hemagglutinins for green monkey erythrocytes. Identification of these parainfluenza isolates, employing HI microtechnique was simple and reliable, even with the first passage harvest, when guinea pig erythrocytes were used and the test read at 36 C. Specific standard antisera for these parainfluenza viruses were prepared by immunizing chickens intravenously and bleeding within a short period. These type‐specific antisera were useful for the identification of parainfluenza isolates by HI test.
Immunological Specificity of Soluble Polysaccharides of Candida Albicans
Authors: Fukazawa Yoshimura , Elinov Nikolay P. , Shinoda Takako , Tsuchiya Takeshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTSpecificity and immunogenicity of soluble polysaccharides of Candida albicans which were extracted with β‐naphthol, boiling water for 1 hr, and with β‐naphthol from cell residue were studied by agglutination and agglutinin absorption method. Soluble polysaccharides produced sufficient agglutinins of IgG nature. A high degree of specificity of soluble polysaccharides was proved, as specific antigen 7 of C. albicans existed in the soluble fractions. Studies on the nature of macromolecules of soluble polysaccharides performed by column chromatography on Sephadex G‐200 and DEAE‐Sephadex, indicated that molecular sizes and yields of neutral and acidic polysaccharides may vary according to methodology used. Soluble polysaccharide extracted with boiling water had a larger molecular size than that obtained with β‐naphthol. Present data on specificity of soluble polysaccharides as well as previous observations on specificity of IgG antibody suggest that IgG produced by immunization with soluble polysaccharide contains specific antibody factor capable of differentiating C. albicans from C. tropicalis.
Breaking up of Vegetative Mycelium of Nocardia and Streptomyces Cultures on Agar Film
Authors: Uesaka Ichiro 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTCultures of Nocardia and Streptomyces were grown on agar film on glass slides and the mode of breaking up of their vegetative mycelium was studied. It was found that they broke into shorter filaments by two modes: fragmentation and autolysis. There were two types of fragmentation: one is when the divided cells are separated by empty splits and the other is when the cells are not separated but connected to each other, no splits thus being formed. When autolysis occurred at small intervals along the hyphae and then the intervening cytoplasm disappeared, the interstices appeared as empty splits which could not be distinguished from those caused by fragmentation. With the progress of autolysis, parts of the vegetative mycelia became ghost‐like or beaded, which parts usually remained for a long time in Streptomyces cultures but tended to disappear in Nocardia isolates. The splits which had been caused by fragmentation or by autolysis were sometimes filled with newly developed filaments. Although both fragmentation and autolysis were found in Streptomyces as well as Nocardia, the former was more abundantly observed in Nocardia and the latter was predominant in Streptomyces.
Transfer Agent of Immunity
Authors: Kawakami Masaya , Kitamura Kouichi , Mikami Hirokazu , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAntibody formation in vitro was studied using erythrocytes (RBC) as antigen and immunocytoadhesion as the technique for detection of antibody‐forming cells. Spleen cells (SPC) of nonimmune mice gained the ability to produce antibody after treatment with ribonucleic acid (RNA) preparation extracted from allogeneic mice immunized with xenogeneic or allogeneic RBC. It was also found that a small proportion of SPC from individual mice of certain strains formed antibody against autologous RBC when the cells were treated in vitro with RNA preparation obtained from the spleen of an allogeneic mouse immunized with RBC of that individual. No converting ability was observed in the RNA preparation from spleen of nonimmune autologous or allogeneic mice. The converting activity of immune RNA preparation was shown to be sensitive to ribonuclease treatment. These evidences exclude the possible contribution of antigen or fragments thereof in the RNA preparation to the induction of antibody formation in RNA recipient cells.
An Attempt to Establish Experimental Dysenteric Bacilli Cystitis
Authors: Awataguchi Shigemi , Kawano Yoshishige , Kojima Akihiro , Sakuma Sadashige 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIt was demonstrated that transurethral inoculation of the freshly isolated strains of Shigella into guinea pigs led to an acute severe dysenteric cystitis, resulting in the death of a majority of them, whereas stock cultures of the same species did not.
Effects of Formycin B on Tobacco Mosaic Virus Multiplication
Authors: Tezuka Nobuo , Hirai Tokuzo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTFormycin B (FMB), when applied for 5–6 hr immediately after inoculation, inhibited tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) multiplication in tobacco leaf‐discs and local lesion formation on bean leaves. The inhibitory activity of FMB on local lesion formation was reversed by the addition of adenine, adenosine, and adenylic acid of 5 times in molar concentration as much as FMB, but not by hypoxanthine or uracil. FMB‐treatment did not cause significant changes in total RNA contents and in the synthetic rates in TMV‐inoculated and noninoculated tobacco leaf‐discs. However, 32P incorporation rates into TMV and the amount of TMV synthesized in leaf‐discs were remarkably reduced by FMB‐treatment. 32P‐phosphorylated FMB could not be detected either from FMB‐treated tobacco leaf RNA or from TMV‐RNA by means of column chromatography. 3H‐labeled FMB could not be detected in either TMV or in tobacco leaf RNA. The inhibitory action of FMB against TMV multiplication in tobacco leaf‐discs is discussed.
Studies on Swine Enteroviruses
Authors: Kadoi Katuyuki , Kobori Susumu , Morimoto Tomiaki 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTOf 38 new isolates of enterovirus recovered from fecal specimens of Japanese pigs, 14 isolates were found to be strains of a new serotype (represented by strain IPI) distinct from the five serotypes of swine enterovirus hitherto recognized in Japan. The remaining isolates included serotypes Teschen, T80, SF1 and V13. The two different types of cytopathic effect, which have been recently recognized in swine kidney cell cultures, were also observed with our isolates; type I is characterized by a rounding of cells followed by aggregation and destruction of affected cells, and type II by granulation and degradation of cells with poor clumping of affected cells. Of interest is the finding that the type I strains possess a higher heat stability than the type II strains when heated at 50 C for one hr.
Antigenic Determinants of Salmonella for Production of “Clearance” Factor in Mouse Typhoid
Authors: Nakano Masayasu , Saito Kazuhisa , Toyasaki Norituna 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe “clearance” factor produced in the peritoneal cavity of mice immunized with killed vaccines prepared from Salmonella typhimurium or S. enteritidis was identified as the specific antibodies elicited by the O side chain of the cell wall polysaccharides in the organisms used as immunogens. After immunization of mice with vaccines prepared from virulent Salmonella strains, complement‐dependent antibacterial antibodies in the serum and “clearance” factors in the peritoneal cavity were found to appear coincidentally, to last for more than one year, and to have the same specificity against the virulent bacterial strains. The relationship between the complement‐dependent antibacterial antibodies and “clearance” factor, and the mechanisms of bactericidal action of these antibacterial agents in experimental typhoid were discussed.
Unmasking of Growth of Dermovaccinia Strain Dairen I in L Cells by Acid Treatment of Cells after Virus Adsorption
Authors: Ando Nobuyo , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTStrain Dairen I (DI) and strain IHD‐T of neurovaccinia virus were readily inactivated in HCl‐citrate buffer solution, pH 2.2 or 2.6, at room temperature, 23 C, reaching about 10−3 or less survival in 2 min and 10−4 or less in 5 min. Treatment of L cells with the buffer solution, pH 2 to 2.5, at room temperature for 5 min after virus adsorption at 37 C effectively reduced the titer of residual active virus, and provided a simple, effective method to unmask the low‐grade replication of strain DI with little deleterious effect on the cells. The method seems useful for the analytical study on the viral replication, particularly the early virus‐cell interactions. The clonal analysis, preliminary in nature, of the viral yield of DI infected L cells provided data suggestive of selection for viruses better adapted to L cells.