bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonpremixed and Premixed Combustion of Mixtures of Producer Gas and Methane
Authors: Seiser Reinhard , Seshadri Kalyanasundaram , Niemann Ulrich , Cattolica Robert 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Experimental and kinetic modeling studies are carried out to
characterize nonpremixed and premixed combustion of producer gas and
mixtures of producer gas and methane. The producer gas, employed in
the study, is made up of 55.00% carbon monoxide,
2.34% hydrogen, 12.72% methane, 5.24%
ethene, and 24.7% carbon dioxide by mass. The primary focus
is on characterizing the chemical influence of addition of producer
gas on combustion of methane. The kinetic modeling studies are carried
out employing a detailed chemical-kinetic mechanism, called the San
Diego Mechanism, a skeletal mechanism, and a reduced mechanism made up
of five global steps. Experiments on nonpremixed combustion are
carried out employing the counterflow configuration. Critical
conditions of extinction are measured for producer gas, methane, and
mixtures of producer gas and methane. They are compared with
predictions obtained using the detailed, skeletal, and reduced
mechanism. Critical conditions of autoignition are measured for
producer gas and compared with the predictions obtained employing the
detailed mechanism. Experimental data and predictions show that with
increasing amounts of producer gas in the mixture, the flame is more
difficult to extinguish. Flame structures show that at a fixed value
of the strain rate, leakage of oxygen from the reaction zone decreases
with increasing amounts of producer gas in the combustible
mixture. This is attributed to enhanced consumption of oxygen in an
overall chain branching step that consumes hydrogen. Thus, the
increase in the overall reactivity of the combustible mixture is
attributed to presence of hydrogen in producer gas. Computations are
performed, using the detailed mechanism and the skeletal mechanism, to
investigate aspects of premixed combustion of stoichiometric mixtures
of producer gas, methane, oxygen, and nitrogen at fixed values of
adiabatic temperature. Burning velocities are calculated. They are
found to be less sensitive to the amount of producer gas in the
mixture. This is qualitatively different from that observed for
nonpremixed combustion. It is attributed to complete consumption of
all reactants including oxygen and combined influences of H2
and CO in producer gas on overall combustion of methane.
A third set of computations was performed on strained premixed flames
stabilized in counterflow between a stream of a stoichiometric mixture
of producer gas, methane, oxygen, and nitrogen, and a stream of
nitrogen at fixed adiabatic temperature. Critical conditions of
extinction were obtained. The strain rate at extinction increased with
increasing amounts of producer gas. The increase was comparable to
that observed for nonpremixed combustion of these fuels.
Dental Bleaching Techniques; Hydrogen-carbamide Peroxides and Light Sources for Activation, an Update. Mini Review Article
Authors: Féliz-Matos Leandro , Hernández Luis Miguel , Abreu Ninoska 
Published: January 2015

Hydrogen and carbamide peroxides have been successfully used for many years; in the past century the dental bleaching technique suffered several changes and almost 10 years before new millennium the technique was finally recognized by the international agencies of regulation.
It is important that Dentists handle the peroxides with the essential knowledge, because it is demonstrated that satisfactory final results of this technique depend on the correct diagnosis of stains, management of the substrates (enamel and dentin) and as well sensitivity.
Dentists are exposed to several dental bleaching techniques, products and brands, and in the last 2 decades the devices for light activation of the peroxides have become an extensive catalog. Today, the technique is also suffering changes based on the effectiveness of the different light sources for peroxide activation and its relation to satisfactory final results of the technique.
The purpose of this literature review is to explain the determinant factors that influence satisfactory final results of the techniques and provide a general overview, in order to achieve a treatment decision based on evidence.
Artificial Neural Network Modeling of the Water Quality Index Using Land Use Areas as Predictors
Authors: Gazzaz Nabeel M. , Yusoff Mohd Kamil , Ramli Mohammad Firuz , Juahir Hafizan , Aris Ahmad Zaharin 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the design of an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the water quality index (WQI) using land use areas as predictors. Ten‐year records of land use statistics and water quality data for Kinta River (Malaysia) were employed in the modeling process. The most accurate WQI predictions were obtained with the network architecture 7‐23‐1; the back propagation training algorithm; and a learning rate of 0.02. The WQI forecasts of this model had significant (p < 0.01), positive, very high correlation (ρS = 0.882) with the measured WQI values. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the relative importance of the land use classes to WQI predictions followed the order: mining > rubber > forest > logging > urban areas > agriculture > oil palm. These findings show that the ANNs are highly reliable means of relating water quality to land use, thus integrating land use development with river water quality management.
Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Prediction of Photocatalytic Reactor
Authors: Delnavaz Mohammad 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT: In this paper, forecasting of kinetic constant and efficiency of photocatalytic process of TiO2 nano powder immobilized on light expanded clay aggregates (LECA) was investigated. Synthetic phenolic wastewater, which is toxic and not easily biodegradable, was selected as the pollutant. The efficiency of the process in various operation conditions, including initial phenol concentration, pH, TiO2 concentration, retention time, and UV lamp intensity, was then measured. The TiO2 nano powder was immobilized on LECA using slurry and sol‐gel methods. Kinetics of photocatalytic reactions has been proposed to follow the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model in different initial phenol concentration and pH. Several steps of training and testing of the models were used to determine the appropriate architecture of the artificial neural network models (ANNs). The ANN‐based models were found to provide an efficient and robust tool in predicting photocatalytic reactor efficiency and kinetic constant for treating phenolic compounds.
Recognition versus Disclosure of Fair Values
Authors: Müller Maximilian A. , Riedl Edward J. , Sellhorn Thorsten 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT
This paper examines pricing differences across recognized and disclosed fair values. We build on prior literature by examining two theoretical causes of such differences: lower reliability of the disclosed information, and/or investors' higher related information processing costs. We examine European real estate firms reporting under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which require that fair values for investment properties, our sample firms' key operating asset, either be recognized on the balance sheet or disclosed in the footnotes. Consistent with prior research, we predict and find a lower association between equity prices and disclosed relative to recognized investment property fair values, reflecting a discount applied to disclosed fair values. We then predict and find that this discount is mitigated by lower information processing costs (proxied via high analyst following), and some support that it is also mitigated by higher reliability (proxied via use of external appraisals). These latter results are documented using subsample analyses to test one attribute (either information processing costs or reliability) while holding the other constant. Overall, these findings are consistent with fair value reliability and information processing costs providing complementary explanations for observed pricing discounts assessed on disclosed accounting amounts.
Data Availability: Data are available from public sources identified in the manuscript.
Strategic Corporate Tax Lobbying
Authors: Meade Janet A. , Li Shihong 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT
We investigate the motivation for and outcome of corporate participation in shaping tax policy via lobbying. We posit that generally tax-sophisticated firms lobby on tax issues and that their motives for doing so are either to obtain a tax benefit or to avoid losing one. We label these motives as strategic and defensive tax lobbying, respectively, and we empirically investigate whether strategic lobbying yields a measurable reduction in future tax rates. Using a proxy measure of strategic tax lobbying, we find a significant and negative relation between our measure and future cash ETRs. Alternative specifications of our primary model produce similar results.
Glucose Effectiveness in Obese Children: Relation to Degree of Obesity and Dysglycemia
Authors: Weiss Ram , Magge Sheela N. , Santoro Nicola , Giannini Cosimo , Boston Raymond , Holder Tara , Shaw Melissa , Duran Elvira , Hershkop Karen J. , Caprio Sonia 
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVE
Impaired glucose effectiveness (GE) plays a role in the deterioration of glucose metabolism. Our aim was to validate a surrogate of GE derived from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and to assess the impact of degrees of obesity and of glucose tolerance on it.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The OGTT-derived surrogate of GE (oGE) was validated in obese adolescents who underwent an OGTT and an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). We then evaluated anthropometric determinants of the oGE and its impact on the dynamics of glucose tolerance in a cohort of children with varying degrees of obesity.

RESULTS
The correlation of oGE and IVGTT-derived GE in 98 obese adolescents was r = 0.35 (P &lt; 0.001) as a whole and r = 0.51 (P &lt; 0.001) in subjects with normal glucose tolerance. In a cohort of 1,418 children, the adjusted GE was associated with increasing obesity (P &lt; 0.001 for each category of obesity). Quartiles of oGE and the oral disposition index were associated with 2-h glucose levels (P &lt; 0.001 for both). Among 421 nondiabetic obese subjects (276 subjects with normal glucose tolerance/145 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance who repeated their OGTT after a mean time of 28 ± 16 months), oGE changes were tightly associated with weight (r = 0.83, P &lt; 0.001) and waist circumference changes (r = 0.67, P &lt; 0.001). Baseline oGE and changes in oGE over time emerged as significant predictors of the change in 2-h glucose levels (standardized B = −0.76 and B = −0.98 respectively, P &lt; 0.001 for both).

CONCLUSIONS
The oGE is associated with the degree of and changes in weight and waist circumference and is an independent predictor of glucose tolerance dynamics.
Initial Combination of Empagliflozin and Linagliptin in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Lewin Andrew , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Patel Sanjay , Liu Dacheng , Kaste Renee , Woerle Hans J. , Broedl Uli C. 
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of empagliflozin/linagliptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Subjects not receiving antidiabetes therapy for ≥12 weeks were randomized to empagliflozin 25 mg/linagliptin 5 mg (n = 137), empagliflozin 10 mg/linagliptin 5 mg (n = 136), empagliflozin 25 mg (n = 135), empagliflozin 10 mg (n = 134), or linagliptin 5 mg (n = 135) for 52 weeks. The primary end point was change from baseline in HbA1c at week 24.

RESULTS
Mean HbA1c at baseline was 7.99–8.05% (64 mmol/mol). At week 24, adjusted mean (SE) changes from baseline in HbA1c with empagliflozin 25 mg/linagliptin 5 mg, empagliflozin 10 mg/linagliptin 5 mg, empagliflozin 25 mg, empagliflozin 10 mg, and linagliptin 5 mg were −1.08 (0.06)% (−11.8 [0.7] mmol/mol), −1.24 (0.06)% (−13.6 [0.7] mmol/mol), −0.95 (0.06)% (−10.4 [0.7] mmol/mol), −0.83 (0.06)% (−9.1 [0.7] mmol/mol), and −0.67 (0.06)% (−7.3 [0.7] mmol/mol), respectively. Reductions in HbA1c were significantly greater for empagliflozin 25 mg/linagliptin 5 mg compared with linagliptin 5 mg (P &lt; 0.001) but not compared with empagliflozin 25 mg and were significantly greater for empagliflozin 10 mg/linagliptin 5 mg compared with the individual components (P &lt; 0.001 for both). At week 24, 55.4%, 62.3%, 41.5%, 38.8%, and 32.3% of subjects with baseline HbA1c ≥7% (≥53 mmol/mol) reached HbA1c &lt;7% with empagliflozin 25 mg/linagliptin 5 mg, empagliflozin 10 mg/linagliptin 5 mg, empagliflozin 25 mg, empagliflozin 10 mg, and linagliptin 5 mg, respectively. Efficacy was maintained at week 52. The proportion of subjects with adverse events (AEs) over 52 weeks was similar across groups (68.9–81.5%), with no confirmed hypoglycemic AEs.

CONCLUSIONS
Reductions from baseline in HbA1c with empagliflozin/linagliptin were significantly different versus linagliptin and empagliflozin 10 mg but not versus empagliflozin 25 mg. Empagliflozin/linagliptin was well tolerated.
Potential of High-Resolution Satellite Imagery for Mapping Distribution and Evaluating Ecological Characteristics of Tree Species at the Angkor Monument, Cambodia
Authors: Tomita Mizuki , Hirabuki Yoshihiko , Araki Yuji , Tsukawaki Shinji , Ly Bora , hang Peou 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Large trees play several vital roles in the Angkor monuments landscape. They protect biodiversity, enhance the tourism experience, and provide various ecosystem services to local residents. A clear understanding of forest composition and distribution of individual species, as well as timely monitoring of changes, is necessary for conservation of these trees. using traditional field work, obtaining this sort of data is time-consuming and labour-intensive. This research investigates classification of very high resolution remote sensing data as a tool for efficient analyses. QuickBird satellite imagery was used to clarify the tree species community in and around Preah Khan temple, to elucidate differences in ecological traits among the three dominant species (Dipterocarpus alatus, Lagerstroemia calyculata and Tetrameles nudiflora), and to identify crowns of the dominant species.
Population structures of trees were determined using a 14.26ha study plot. Species name, DBH, height, height under the crown and crown area were recorded for all trees over 40 cm in DBH. Tree locations were also recorded so as to provide references for the imagery analysis. Ecological traits of the dominant species were estimated using regressions by an expanded allometric equation for both large and small trees, based on DBH, height, height under the crown and crown width.
The total number of species in the study plot was 45. From a spatial perspective, the three dominant species over 100 cm in DBH were segregated from each other. D. alatus, L. calyculata and T. nudiflora were concentrated, respectively, along the approach to the temple, near the centre of the complex, and on the walls of the monument. Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) conducted using QuickBird satellite imagery, showed that crowns of D. alatus were largely determined by maximum of NIR layer and mean of digital number in panchromatic layer. Differences in the parameters for both asymptotic height and spatial distribution among the dominant species, result from differences in ecological traits, and enhance the value of the tourism resource by providing a dramatic shift of forest scenery that can be enjoyed by visitors to the monument.
Demography and Etiology of Congenital Cataract in a Tertiary Eye Centre of Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Sharma Ananda Kumar , Shah D N , Upadhyay M P , Thapa M , Shrestha G. S. 
Published: January 2015

Background: Congenital Cataract is the most important cause of treatable childhood blindness. Rubella is one of the major causes of preventable disease in many countries. There are scanty reports on congenital cataract in Nepal. Objective: To find out the demographic and etiological factors of congenital cataract in children. Method: In a hospital based cross sectional study, 46 children with congenital cataract were evaluated to find out morphology of cataract, laterality, associated ocular and systemic abnormality, visual status and etiology of cataract. Assessment included antenatal, birth and neonatal history, a detailed eye examination in slit lamp or the operating microscope under general anaesthesia, serum serology for TORCH infections, random blood sugar, urine reducing substance and thyroid profile. Result: Among 46 children with congenital cataract, 76.1% children presented before 5 years of age and 78.2% had bilateral onset. Male to female ratio was 1.3:1. Most of the children were legally blind (79.3%) in cataractous eye. Family history of congenital cataract was present in 15.2% cases. The most common mode of presentation was leukocoria in 91.3%. Microcornea (28.3%), resolved uveitis (13.0%), and iris atrophy (8.7%) were the most common ocular associations. Delayed developmental milestone (21.7%) and cardiac anomalies (10.9%) were the most common systemic anomalies. Lamellar cataract (51.3%) was the most common morphology of cataracts observed. The maternal infection was the major cause of congenital cataract in 17.4% cases with predominantly rubella infection in 13% cases. Conclusion: Most of the children with cataract are legally blind. Maternal infection in the antenatal period is the major cause of congenital cataract.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v12i1.11975 Health Renaissance 2014;12(1):3-10
Sin Maíz No Hay Vida: Corn, Politics, and Ethical Hemispheric Engagements in a Collaborative Performance Intervention
Authors: Batchelor Brian 
Published: January 2015

Abstract: In this article, I reflect on my own experiences as a participant in Sin Maíz No Hay Vida, a transnational multimodal performance intervention intended to raise public consciousness regarding Monsanto’s application to plant 250,000 hectares of corn seeds across northern Mexico. Facilitated by the Hemispheric Institute for Performance and Politics and the Yes Lab, Sin Maiz involved the activist-performance tactics known as “identity correction” (Bichelbaum) and “ethical spectacle” (Duncombe). Specifically, I discuss the Carnival del Maíz as a performance that works toward realizing the tenets of an ethical spectacle by being open, participatory, and democratized while also generating alternative political imaginings. I then investigate my own positionality as a Canadian visitor in San Cristóbal during this process, and how this cross-national interaction works within larger hemispheric contexts. Finally, I reflect on further hemispheric visions and considerations that ethical spectacles open up.
Urban Redevelopment and Displacement from Regent Park to El Cartucho
Authors: James Ryan K. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract: This article addresses the potential for artists and academics to partially redress the erasure of low-income communities caused by urban renewal and displacement. Its origins lie in two presentations at the panamerican ROUTES/RUTAS panamericanas international multiarts festival on human rights, held in Toronto’s Regent Park in March 2014: Mapa Teatro’s Witness to the Ruins, a performance documenting the demolition of Bogotá’s El Cartucho district; and “Urban Displacement and Renewal from Regent Park to El Cartucho,” a panel discussion which included the author of this article. Based primarily on the panel discussion, and on prior experience conducting participant-observation fieldwork in Regent Park, this article addresses how urban redevelopment can yield contingent benefits to poor and working-class city dwellers while leaving the racialized class inequality of neo-liberal capitalism entrenched. It argues that artists and academics working in such contexts would be wise to take cues from low-income residents as to how to navigate this tension between opportunity and displacement, while working to document the nuances of everyday life in communities commonly (and inaccurately) portrayed as hopeless and dangerous. The end result is an oppositional archive that “compensates for loss of urban memory” and “creates new communities of memory for readership,” in panellist Karina Vernon’s words.
Cultivating a Cross-border, Extra-theatrical Assemblage in Resistance to Femicide in the Americas
Authors: Vosters Helene 
Published: January 2015

Abstract: The panamerican ROUTES/RUTAS panamericanas international multiarts festival on human rights (RUTAS) took place at Toronto’s Daniels Spectrum from 27 February to 9 March 2014. Produced by Aluna Theatre—in partnership with Native Earth Performing Arts—the international performing arts festival brought together artists, activists, and scholars from across the Americas. The events discussed in this article—performances and a panel—took place on the final weekend of RUTAS and were part of a cluster organized around the issue of “Femicide in the Americas.” In curating theatrical productions within the context a larger assemblage of performances and conversations organized around the question of Indigenous and human rights issues in the Americas RUTAS overcame two of theatre’s primary challenges—its containment and its positioning of the audience as spectator—dangers that are amplified when staging trauma and when placing narratives of the “other” on display. Further, by extending the horizon of our collectivist accounting to a Pan-American perspective RUTAS also challenged the containment of narratives of femicide and colonialism within nationalistically inscribed borders and in the process disrupted conventionally held notions of Canadian exceptionalism and cultivated possibilities for the mobilization of transborder resistance.