bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social, Behavioral, and Clinical Risk Factors Are Associated with Clonal Hematopoiesis
Authors: Young Corey D. , Hubbard Aubrey K. , Saint-Maurice Pedro F. , Chan Irenaeus C.C. , Cao Yin , Tran Duc , Bolton Kelly L. , Chanock Stephen J. , Matthews Charles E. , Moore Steven C. , Loftfield Erikka , Machiela Mitchell J. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background:
Risk factors including smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity (PA), and sleep patterns have been associated with cancer risk. Clonal hematopoiesis (CH), including mosaic chromosomal alterations and clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, is linked to increased hematopoietic cancer risk and could be used as common preclinical intermediates for the better understanding of associations of risk factors with rare hematologic malignancies.

Methods:
We analyzed cross-sectional data from 478,513 UK Biobank participants without hematologic malignancies using multivariable-adjusted analyses to assess the associations between lifestyle factors and CH types.

Results:
Smoking was reinforced as a potent modifiable risk factor for multiple CH types, with dose-dependent relationships persisting after cessation. Males in socially deprived areas of England had a lower risk of mosaic loss of chromosome Y (mLOY), females with moderate/high alcohol consumption (2–3 drinks/day) had increased mosaic loss of the X chromosome risk [OR = 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.09–1.25; P = 8.31 × 10−6] compared with light drinkers, active males (moderate-high PA) had elevated risks of mLOY (PA category 3: OR = 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03–1.08; P = 7.57 × 10−6), and men with high body mass index (≥40) had reduced risk of mLOY (OR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.51–0.65; P = 3.30 × 10−20). Sensitivity analyses with body mass index adjustment attenuated the effect in the mLOY–PA associations (IPAQ2: OR = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00–1.06; P = 2.13 × 10−2 and IPAQ3: OR = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.06; P = 7.77 × 10−3).

Conclusions:
Our study reveals associations between social deprivation, smoking, and alcohol consumption and CH risk, suggesting that these exposures could contribute to common types of CH and potentially rare hematologic cancers.

Impact:
This study underscores the impact of lifestyle factors on CH frequency, emphasizing social, behavioral, and clinical influences and the importance of sociobehavioral contexts when investigating CH risk factors.
Prostate Cancer Disparities in Clinical Characteristics and Survival among Black and Latino Patients Considering Nativity: Findings from the California Cancer Registry
Authors: Freedland Alexis R. , Sanchez Mendez Joel , Liu Lihua , Hamilton Ann S. , Zhang Juanjuan , Hwang Amie E. , Ballas Leslie , Abreu Andre Luis , Deapen Dennis , Stern Mariana C. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background:
We investigated clinical characteristics and prostate cancer survival patterns among Latino patients considering nativity compared with non-Latino Black (NLB) and non-Latino White (NLW) patients.

Methods:
We used data from the California Cancer Registry (1995–2021), which included 347,540 NLW, 50,032 NLB, and 75,238 Latino patients with prostate cancer. Frequencies of sociodemographic and clinical variables were assessed using χ2 tests. Multivariable regression models were fitted to evaluate determinants of treatment reception, Gleason upgrade, and survival differences. Exploratory analyses were conducted grouping Latino cases into US born and non–US born by country of origin.

Results:
Compared with NLW, NLB cases had the greatest proportion of younger patients, whereas non–US-born Latino patients had the greatest proportion of low socioeconomic status and uninsured patients. Non–US-born Latinos showed a greater proportion of diagnoses completed with &lt;6 core biopsies, Gleason &gt;8, stage IV tumors, and metastasis. Multivariable analyses showed that compared with NLW, Latino patients were as likely to receive treatment, whereas NLB cases were less likely (OR = 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.67–0.98; P = 0.029). Compared with NLW, non–US-born Latino cases were less likely to die of prostate cancer (HR = 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.64–0.94; P = 0.011), with no difference reported for NLB cases.

Conclusions:
Considering sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, non–US-born Latino patients with prostate cancer had better survival than NLW. This highlights the need to identify key determinants of these survival differences and the importance of sociodemographic and clinical determinants in survival disparities.

Impact:
Our study emphasizes the importance of considering nativity among Latino patients to understand prostate cancer disparities and outcomes in this population.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Suffering Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock
Authors: Kyriakopoulos Christos P. , Sideris Konstantinos , Taleb Iosif , Maneta Eleni , Hamouche Rana , Tseliou Eleni , Zhang Chong , Presson Angela P. , Dranow Elizabeth , Shah Kevin S. , Jones Tara L. , Fang James C. , Stehlik Josef , Selzman Craig H. , Goodwin Matthew L. , Tonna Joseph E. , Hanff Thomas C. , Drakos Stavros G. 
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND:
Cardiogenic shock (CS) can stem from multiple causes and portends poor prognosis. Prior studies have focused on acute myocardial infarction-CS; however, acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF)-CS accounts for most cases. We studied patients suffering ADHF-CS to identify clinical factors, early in their trajectory, associated with a higher probability of successful outcomes.

METHODS:
Consecutive patients with CS were evaluated (N=1162). We studied patients who developed ADHF-CS at our hospital (N=562). Primary end point was native heart survival (NHS), defined as survival to discharge without receiving advanced HF therapies. Secondary end points were adverse events, survival, major cardiac interventions, and hospital readmissions within 1 year following index hospitalization discharge. Association of clinical data with NHS was analyzed using logistic regression.

RESULTS:

Overall, 357 (63.5%) patients achieved NHS, 165 (29.2%) died, and 41 (7.3%) were discharged post advanced HF therapies. Of 398 discharged patients (70.8%), 303 (53.9%) were alive at 1 year. Patients with NHS less commonly suffered cardiac arrest, underwent intubation or pulmonary artery catheter placement, or received temporary mechanical circulatory support, had better hemodynamic and echocardiographic profiles, and had a lower vasoactive-inotropic score at shock onset. Bleeding, hemorrhagic stroke, hemolysis in patients with mechanical circulatory support, and acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy were less common compared with patients who died or received advanced HF therapies. After multivariable adjustments, clinical variables associated with NHS likelihood included younger age, history of systemic hypertension, absence of cardiac arrest or acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy, lower pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and vasoactive-inotropic score, and higher tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion at shock onset (all
P
<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:
By studying contemporary patients with ADHF-CS, we identified clinical factors that can inform clinical management and provide future research targets. Right ventricular function, renal function, pulmonary artery catheter placement, and type and timing of temporary mechanical circulatory support warrant further investigation to improve outcomes of this devastating condition.
Proteomics Identify Clinical Phenotypes and Predict Functional Outcomes in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Insights From VITALITY-HFpEF
Authors: deFilippi Christopher R. , Shah Palak , Shah Sanjiv J. , Alemayehu Wendimagegn , Lam Carolyn S.P. , Butler Javed , Roessig Lothar , O’Connor Christopher M. , Westerhout Cynthia M. , Armstrong Paul W. ,   for the VITALITY-HFpEF Study Group
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND:
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a heterogeneous syndrome that may emerge from overlapping systemic processes associated with comorbidities. We assessed whether unique clusters of circulating proteins are associated with specific clinical characteristics and functional status at baseline and follow-up in a well-phenotyped cohort of patients with HFpEF.

METHODS:
We evaluated 368 proteins associated with cardiovascular disease and inflammation in prerandomization blood samples from 763 VITALITY-HFpEF (Vericiguat to Improve Physical Functioning in Daily Living Activities of Patients With HFpEF) participants who had a left ventricular ejection fraction ≥45% and a heart failure decompensation event within 6 months. Proteins were clustered, and their associations with clinical characteristics, baseline, and 24-week functional outcomes (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Physical Limitation Score, 6-minute walk distance [6MWD], and Fried frailty phenotype) were estimated with linear regression. Elastic net regression was used to derive a proteomic summary composite to predict changes in 24-week functional outcomes.

RESULTS:

Four unique protein clusters were identified, containing 24, 66, 197, and 81 proteins. At baseline, 2 protein clusters with the hub proteins caspase-3 and Dickkopf-related protein 1 were associated with increased frailty, whereas the cluster with tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 as a hub protein was associated with lower Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Physical Limitation Score and shorter 6MWD. By contrast, the cluster with protein C as a hub protein was associated with less frailty and longer a 6MWD. The 24-week increase in 6MWD was negatively correlated with the protein cluster with caspase-3; the protein C cluster was correlated with less frailty at 24 weeks. The baseline proteomic summary composite predicted observed changes in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Physical Limitation Score and 6MWD at 24 weeks (r=0.42 and 0.30;
P
<0.001 for both).

CONCLUSIONS:
Proteomics differentiate specific baseline functional traits associated with HFpEF and may facilitate phenotyping in a heterogeneous disease. These proteins also provide insights into the diverse pathophysiology of HFpEF and which patients may improve functional status during follow-up.

REGISTRATION:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT03547583.
Use of Palliative Care Among Adults With Newly Diagnosed Heart Failure: Insights From a US National Insured Patient Sample
Authors: Zhang Zidong , Subramaniam Divya S. , Howard Steven W. , Johnston Kenton J. , Frick William H. , Enard Kimberly , Hinyard Leslie 
Published: August 2024

Background
Despite the known benefits for individuals with heart failure (HF), incomplete data suggest a low use of palliative care (PC) for HF in the United States. We aimed to investigate the national PC use for adults with HF by determining when they received their first PC consultation (PCC) and the associations with clinical factors following diagnosis of HF.

Methods and Results
We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a national all‐payer electronic health record database to identify adults (aged ≥18 years) with newly diagnosed HF between 2011 and 2018. The proportion of those who received PCC within 5 years following a diagnosis of HF, and associations of time to first PCC with patient characteristics and HF‐specific clinical markers were determined. We followed 127 712 patients for a median of 792 days, of whom 18.3% received PCC in 5 years. Shorter time to receive PCC was associated with diagnoses of HF in 2016 to 2018 (compared with 2010–2015: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.421 [95% CI, 1.370–1.475]), advanced HF (aHR, 2.065 [95% CI, 1.940–2.198]), cardiogenic shock (aHR, 2.587 [95% CI, 2.414–2.773]), implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (aHR, 5.718 [95% CI, 5.327–6.138]), and visits at academic medical centers (aHR, 1.439 [95% CI, 1.381–1.500]).

Conclusions
Despite an expanded definition of PC and recommendations by professional societies, PC for HF remains low in the United States. Racial and geographic variations in access and use of PC exist for patients with HF. Future studies should interrogate the mechanisms of PC underusage, especially before advanced stages, and address barriers to PC services across the health care system.
Associations of Placental Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers with Glucolipid Metabolism in Children: A Birth Cohort Study in China
Authors: Zhou Jixing , Teng Yuzhu , Ouyang Jiajun , Wu Penggui , Tong Juan , Gao Guopeng , Yan Shuangqin , Tao Fangbiao , Huang Kun 
Published: August 2024

Background
The maternal intrauterine immune environment may affect offspring long‐term health. We aimed to investigate the association between the intrauterine placental immunological milieu and glycolipid metabolic health in children.

Methods and Results
This study enrolled 1803 mother–child pairs from the Ma'anshan birth cohort (2013–2014). Placental mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin‐1β [IL‐1β], IL‐10, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, tumor necrosis factor‐α, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, C‐reactive protein, and interferon‐γ) and oxidative stress biomarkers (heme oxygenase‐1, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1alpha, and glucose‐related protein 78) was quantified using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol were assessed at 5 to 6 years old. Statistical analyses included multiple linear regression, binary logistic regression, restricted cubic spline model, and the Bayesian kernel machine regression model. Placental inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, C‐reactive protein, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10) and oxidative stress biomarkers (heme oxygenase‐1, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1alpha, glucose‐related protein 78) showed positive associations with children's fasting blood glucose levels. Heme oxygenase‐1 and glucose‐related protein 78 exhibited negative correlations with children's fasting insulin levels. Elevated IL‐6, heme oxygenase‐1, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1alpha, and glucose‐related protein 78 were associated with increased risk of prediabetes in children. Overall upregulation of placental proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress factors mRNA expression correlated with higher prediabetes risk in children. Bayesian kernel machine regression analysis indicated a joint positive effect of the 12 placental inflammation and oxidative stress mixtures on children's risk of high fasting blood glucose.

Conclusions
This exploratory study underscores significant correlations between maternal intrauterine placental inflammation, oxidative stress markers, and offspring fasting blood glucose and insulin levels. These findings highlight the potential role of intrauterine holistic immunity in shaping offspring glucose metabolism health.
Kumon In: The Recent, Rapid Rise of Private Tutoring Centers
Authors: Kim Edward , Goodman Joshua , West Martin R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The increasing prevalence of private tutoring has received minimal scholarly attention in the United States. We use over 25 years of geocoded data on the universe of U.S. private tutoring centers to estimate the size and growth of this industry and to identify predictors of tutoring center locations. We document four important facts. First, from 1997 to 2022, the number of centers more than tripled, from about 3,000 to 10,000, with steady growth through 2015 before a more recent plateau. Second, the location and growth of private tutoring is heavily concentrated in areas with high income and parental education. More than half of tutoring centers are in areas in the top quintile of income. Third, even conditional on income and parental education, private tutoring centers tend to locate in areas with many Asian American families, suggesting differences in demand by ethnic or cultural identity. Fourth, we see only marginal evidence that the private tutoring market tracks K–12 school markets (i.e., charter, magnet, or private school options). The rapid rise in high-income families’ demand for this form of private educational investment mimics phenomena observed in other spheres of education and family life, with potentially important implications for inequality in student outcomes.
Turning the Tide on Remnants of War at Sea? Toward the Principles for Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts
Authors: Graham Kimberley J 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
For a long time, the full impacts of armed conflicts on the marine environment have been ill-defined and largely neglected. World War I and II-era remnants of war at sea pose increasing threats to human and marine life, particularly over the coming decade, as they contaminate, pollute, or detonate toxic and hazardous substances into coastal and benthic ecosystems. The International Law Commission’s Principles for Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts aim to enhance protections for the marine environment before, during, and after conflict. In practice, this means navigating an uncoalesced legal regime and relying on established principles of international environmental law – particularly the duty to cooperate and share information. However, considerable knowledge gaps need to be addressed to remedy the vast legacy of war in the ocean, as the majority of remnants of war at sea remain under-assessed, in part, due to financial and technical constraints.
A Success Story? Fifty Years of MARPOL
Authors: Ehlers Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) is the core of a comprehensive international legal regime for the prevention of pollution from ships. Over the past fifty years, it has developed a dynamic and comprehensive set of regulations, continuously amended and updated by sixty-six resolutions of Marine Environment Protection Committee and tacitly accepted by the Contracting Parties. In order to supplement and effectively apply the MARPOL requirements, the International Maritime Organization has produced extensive secondary legislation in the form of codes and guidelines, which by reference are incorporated into the Convention as binding law. MARPOL 73/78 has proven to be a suitable instrument for largely preventing discharges of harmful substances from ship operations and, in the event of accidents, for limiting the release quantity. However, it remains necessary to constantly adapt the regulations to new developments, in particular further reduction of CO2 emissions in shipping.
Government Recognition and the Dispute over the Venezuelan Gold Reserves in the Bank of England
Authors: Sanchez-Lasaballett Eliezer , Gonzalez T. Ybiskay 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Public international law cloaks the process of government recognition with neutrality. It does this by concealing its political, discretional nature and disregarding the far-reaching consequences for the citizens of the country concerned. The dispute over Venezuelan gold in the Bank of England provides a case study as the gold reserves or its proceeds remain out of the reach of the Venezuelan people. It presents unique features as the UK courts have to determine which of the two competing governments represents Venezuela’s legitimate interest. This article focuses on the relationship between government recognition and coloniality to illustrate how the law reproduces neocolonial rationalities under the guise of neutrality. It conceals a morally superior self-perception of those advancing an international political order dehumanising the lives of ‘the other’. Ultimately, government recognition has far-reaching implications for the international order since it risks becoming a discretionary practice to support or boycott regimes.
Airborne Observations of Highly Variable and Complex Freezing Drizzle and Mixed-Phase Environments
Authors: Faber Spencer , Bernstein Ben , Landolt Scott , Jacobson Darcy , DiVito Stephanie , Wolde Mengistu , Korolev Alexei , Heckman Ivan , Nichman Leonid , Nguyen Cuong 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Airframe icing caused by interactions with supercooled cloud droplets and precipitation can pose a risk to aviation operations and life safety. The In-Cloud Icing and Large-drop Experiment (ICICLE) was conducted in January–March 2019 to capture measurements in freezing conditions in support of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Terminal Area Icing Weather Information for NextGen (TAIWIN) program. The National Research Council of Canada’s Convair-580 research aircraft fulfilled the airborne data collection requirements for the ICICLE campaign and sampled icing clouds and atmospheric conditions over the midwestern United States. ICICLE flight 18, conducted on 17 February 2019, collected cloud and precipitation measurements during a widespread storm that generated supercooled small drops and freezing drizzle (FZDZ) within both liquid and mixed-phase regions. Supercooled liquid water content (LWC) typically ranged 0.30–0.45 g m−3 and exceeded 0.70 g m−3 in one instance. Maximum FZDZ diameters of 300–400 μm were commonly sampled near the base of clouds. Missed approaches performed at four Illinois airfields provided measurements of conditions from near ground level to above cloud top and supplied information regarding FZDZ formation and evolution. FZDZ was found to form at altitudes featuring relatively high LWC and sufficiently low droplet number concentrations. FZDZ formation zones were sometimes collocated with regions of atmospheric instability and/or wind shear. Flight through highly variable supercooled cloud droplet and FZDZ conditions resulted in significant Convair-580 airframe icing, highlighting the risk that icing conditions can pose to aircraft safety.
Prevalence of treatment-resistant schizophrenia among people with early psychosis and its clinical and demographic correlates
Authors: Detanac Mirza , Williams Chelsey , Dragovic Milan , Shymko Gordon , John Alexander Panickacheril 
Published: August 2024

Objective: The prevalence of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) among people with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) has been sub-optimally researched in Australia and internationally. We evaluated the prevalence of TRS among a cohort of FES patients and compared their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics to those with FES who were treatment responsive. Methods: Over 2 years, we collated demographic, clinical and treatment-related data of all patients with ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth revision) diagnosis of schizophrenia who were active in October 2020 at four early psychosis intervention services (EPIS) in Western Australia. We used a modified version of Suzuki et al. criteria to diagnose TRS. The data were analysed utilising descriptive statistics, the Mann–Whitney U test, Student’s t-test and the False-Discovery Rate method. Results: The prevalence of TRS among the 167 patients diagnosed with FES was 41.3%, and the rates did not differ significantly between the services ( p = 0.955). Those in the TRS group were less independent ( p = 0.011), had more prolonged unemployment ( p = 0.014) and were more likely to be on disability pension ( p = 0.011) compared to the treatment responsive group. Furthermore, they had greater severity of symptoms ( p = 0.002), longer duration of psychiatric symptoms ( p = 0.019), more hospitalisations ( p = 0.002) and longer cumulative admission durations ( p = 0.002). Conclusions: Our study revealed that treatment resistance to antipsychotics is prevalent among people with FES managed at EPIS. Notably, it establishes an association between TRS and heightened clinical severity and psychosocial and treatment burden. These findings highlight the imperative for early detection of treatment resistance and timely and specialised interventions for this condition in mental health services.