bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Fluorometric Fullerenol Sensor for Rapid Detection of Ionic and Non-Ionic Surfactants
Authors: Härmä H. , Laakso S. , Pihlasalo S. , Hänninen P. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A fullerenol sensor utilizing fluorescence quenching of a labeled protein was developed for rapid detection and quantification of ionic (cetyltriammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulphate, (SDS)) and non-ionic (Tween 20 and Triton X-100) surfactants in solution. The sensor is based on the competitive adsorption of the surfactants and the fluorescently labeled protein to fullerenols – hydroxylated buckminsterfullerenes. The fluorescence quenching between fullerenols and the fluorochrome-labeled protein was detected and related to the replacement of the labeled protein by the surfactants. The non-ionic surfactants could be measured at sub to low micromolar concentrations whereas significantly higher concentration of ionic surfactants was required to efficiently cover the fullerenol surface. The combination of the novel fullerenol sensor with existing micro titer plate fluorometric instrumentation can find use as a versatile and rapid probe for tracing various types of surface active molecules.
The Micelle-to-Vesicle Phase Transition in Dilute Aqueous Solution from Undecylamine Induced by Metal(II) ion (Cu2+)
Authors: Wang G. , Li G. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA metal(II) ion (Cu2+)-induced vesicle phase was prepared from a mixture of n-undecylamine and CuCl2in aqueous solution. Cu2+-ligand coordination with n-undecylamine results in the formation of molecular bilayers because Cu2+can firmly bind to the amine groups of n-undecylamine which reduced the area of the head-group. In this system, no counterions in aqueous solution exist because of the Cu2+-ligand coordination, and the bilayer membranes are not shielded by salts. The vesicles were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements.
Synthesis and Performance of 2,3-Bis(stearoloxy)-propyltrimethylamine Quaternary
Authors: Jiang Z.-Z. , Li Q.-X. , Geng T. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In this study, an attempt has been made to synthesize esterquat by esterification of stearic acid and 3-dimethylamino-1,2-propanediol (DMAPD) followed by quaternization with dimethyl sulfate, resulted in new quaternary useful as biodegradable fabric softener (2,3-bis(stearoloxy)-propyltrimethylamine [DMAPDEQDMS]). The softening property, biodegradation of DMAPDEQDMS were investigated, and compared with distearyl dimethylammonium chloride (D1821) and other ester quaternary. The results showed that DMAPDEQDMS's biodegradation was better than that of D1821, and its softening property was comparable with D1821. It is a new style softener with excellent properties, which can replace D1821.
Surface Activity and Adsorption Properties of New Perfluorinated Carbohydrate Surfactants
Authors: Nowicki J. , Sokolowski A. , Reksa D. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This paper presents the results from the research on the synthesis of new perfluorinated carbohydrate surfactants. Surface active properties were studied for new surfactants and their wettability was evaluated on selected solid surfaces.
Preparation and Characterization of a Phosphorous Free and Non-Nitrogen Antiscalant in Industrial Cooling Systems
Authors: Fu C. , Zhou Y. , Huang J. , Xie H. , Liu G. , Wu W. , Sun W. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A novel nonpolluting type of calcium phosphate and iron(III) antiscalant MCn was synthesized. The observation shows that MCn causes a disordered calcium phosphate. Furthermore, both calcium phosphate and iron(III) inhibition increase with increasing degree of polymerization of MCn from 5 to 13, and the dosage of MCn plays an important role on calcium phosphate and iron(III) inhibition. Inhibition mechanism is proposed the interactions between calcium or iron ions and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are the fundamental impetus to restrain the formation of the scale in cooling water systems.
Syntheses and Properties of New Double-tail Trisiloxane Surfactants with Both Hydrolysis Resistance and High Spreading Ability
Authors: Peng Z. , Liufu Y. , Zhang L. , Chen J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
New double-tail trisiloxane surfactants of the general formula R1NR2CH2CH(OH)CH2O(CH2CH2O)xCH3 (R1 = Me3SiOSiMe(CH2)3 · OSiMe3; R2 = Me3SiOSiMe((CH2)3OCH2CH(OH)CH2)OSiMe3; x = 8.4, 12.9, 17.5, 22) have been synthesized. The spreading ability (SA) values of the double-tail trisiloxane surfactants solutions (1.0 × 10−3 mol/L) with average ethoxy units of 8.4, 12.9 and 17.5 on ficus microcarpa leave surface are more than 9 within 3 minutes, and their SA values on the parafilm surface are over 15 within 10 minutes at a concentration of 5.0 × 10−3 mol/L. In alkaline environment (pH = 10.0) the hydrolysis resistant ability (HRA) of the double-tail trisiloxane surfactant containing average ethoxy units of 8.4 with the surface tension of aqueous solution (1.0 × 10−3 mol/L) of less than 23 mN/m over 170 days, is far better than the others’. It is suggested that a more flexible spacer between hydrophobic groups and hydrophilic groups in double-tail trisiloxane surfactants molecules, not only can improve their SA on low-energy solid surfaces, but also improve their HRA.
Physicochemical Properties of Cetyltributylphosphonium Bromide in the Presence of Additives
Authors: Tikariha D. , Ghosh K. K. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPhysicochemical behavior of cetyltributylphosphonium bromide (CTBuPB) surfactant in presence of additives (urea, thiourea and sucrose) has been studied by conductometric measurement at 303–320 K. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and degree of micellar ionization (α), increases with increasing concentration of additives (urea, thiourea and sucrose). The standard Gibbs free energy of micellization (ΔGom), enthalpy of micellization (ΔHom) and entropy of micellization, (ΔSom), have been obtained by applying the mass action model. The free energy and enthalpy of micellization have found to be negative in all the systems.
Adsorption Studies of Basic Green 4 from Aqueous Solution on Ca2+ Exchanged Clay
Authors: Bangash F. K. , Alam S. , Khan M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The adsorption of basic green 4 from aqueous solution on calcium exchanged clay (Attock-Ca and Swat-Ca) was studied. Clays were first purified and activated with H2SO4 and then exchanged with Ca2+ ions. Clay was characterized by BET surface area, XRD and SEM/EDS. The adsorption kinetic at 298 K and 306 K showed that the first order models were applied to the data. The rate constant increased with the rise in temperature of adsorption/activation. Thermodynamic properties (ΔE≠, ΔH≠, ΔS≠ and ΔG≠) for the adsorption process were calculated. Positive values of ΔH≠ showed that the adsorption of basic green 4 is endothermic. Positive values of ΔS≠ reflected the increase in the disorder of the system at the solid-solution interface during adsorption. The Gibbs free energy, which is the driving force for adsorption is negative indicating spontaneous adsorption. Freundlich's and Langmuir's models described the equilibrium adsorption study and found to fit the experimental data.
Evaluation of Physico-Chemical Interactions between Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) and Alcohol Ethoxylates
Authors: Malihi F. B. , Khaani A. , Changizi N. , Adeeb B. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is the most widely used surfactant in household products. The dominance of LAS is particularly apparent in laundry detergents, dishwashing liquids, household cleaners, and institutional/industrial cleaners, where it accounts for over 3 million tons per year worldwide consumption. However, detergency performance of LAS is decreased in hard water due to lower solubility and surfactant loss in the presence of calcium and magnesium ions. In this study behavior of an aqueous binary surfactant mixture composed LAS and nonionic surfactants was investigated. Ethoxylated alcohols (C12–C14) with 7 EO and 2 EO units were mixed with LAS in laundry detergent formulations, and performance factors including detergency, solubility, and efficiency and effectiveness of surface tension reduction were examined. Analysis of surface tension data indicated strong molecular interaction between LAS and nonionic surfactant. The results indicated that the addition of low amounts of the nonionic surfactant lowers significantly CMC of the mixed surfactant system, and causes the formation of mixed micelles containing predominantly nonionic molecules which provide water hardness protection for LAS. The overall improvement in detergency appears to be due to: lower CMC of the mixed surfactant system which improves soil solubilization, solubilization of Ca(LAS)2, and reduction of free calcium ions which frees up soluble LAS in solution to adsorb at fabric-soil interfaces for enhanced soil removal.
Influence of Heat Treatment on the Performance of Polymers as Gypsum (CaSO4· 2H2O) Scale Inhibitors for Industrial Water Applications
Authors: Amjad Zahid 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe inhibition of gypsum precipitation by homo-, co-, and terpolymers has been examined in aqueous solution. It has been found that polymer performance as gypsum inhibitor depends upon polymer composition, type of comonomer, and functional groups. Results on the evaluation of polymers suggest that compared to co- and terpolymers, homopolymers containing carboxyl group are effective gypsum inhibitors. The impact of heat treatment (150°C to 240°C) on the performance of various homo-, co-, and teropolymers as gypsum inhibitors has also been investigated. It has been observed that all polymers lose performance to a varying degree when exposed to thermal treatment. Performance data on co- and terpolymers containing amido group show improved performance after heat treatment suggesting the formation of carboxyl group. Scanning electron microscopic investigations of gypsum crystals grown in the presence of polymers show that structures of these crystals are highly modified.
Determination of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Domestic, Commercial and Industrial soot samples
Authors: Iqbal Yousaf , Sohail Syed Muhammad , Ahmad Imtiaz , Saeed Khalid 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in domestic, commercial and industrial soot samples via HPLC. The study showed that benzo[a]pyrene (bap) was not present in most of the samples. The highest quantity of BaP was found in Pakistan Particle Board where its concentration was 259.12 mg/kg. The high quantity of other PAHs such as chrysene (CHR), anthracene (ANT), fluorene (FL), naphthalene (NAP), phenanthrene (PHE), acenaphthylene (ACP) and flouranthene (FTH) were found in tandoor, kabab karayi, tabakhee, brick kiln and motor car soot samples. The low concentration of most of the PAH compounds in most of the samples might be due to their photooxidative, biological and microbial degradation.
Effect of Microbubble Mixtures on the Washing Rate of Surfactant Solutions in a Swirling Flow and an Alternating Flow
Authors: Ushida Akiomi , Hasegawa Tomiichi , Amaki Keiko , Narumi Takatsune 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Wastewater from laundry cleaning contributes to water pollution, and the amount of detergent used needs to be reduced. In the present study, water, four types of surfactants, and their microbubble mixtures were used, and washing rates were measured in swirling flows and alternating flows. The microbubble/water mixtures (average particle diameter: 25 μm; mixed with air at 1.5 vol % in water) achieved washing rates higher than those of water alone. Furthermore, microbubbles mixed with an aqueous surfactant solution had a washing rate that depended on the ionization of the surfactant: the mixtures with microbubbles and non-ionic and anionic surfactants had a washing rate that was higher than that of aqueous non-ionic and anionic surfactant solutions without microbubbles. The surface tensions of microbubble/water mixtures and mixtures of microbubbles with non-ionic and anionic surfactants were lower than those without microbubbles. These results provide evidence of an enhanced washing effect for microbubble mixtures in laundry cleaning.
Synthesis and Properties of Cationic Ester-Containing Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Xu Hujun , Kang Peng , Wang Zhongcai , Ye Kang 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A series of cationic Ester-containing Gemini surfactants, alkanediyl-α- and ω-bis(dimethyl acyloxyethylammonium bromide), were synthesized and symbolized as II-m-n (m = 12; n = 3, 4, 6). The surfactants were characterized by 1H-NMR. The surface active properties and thermodynamic properties of these surfactants at different temperatures were studied by the measurement of surface tension and electric conductivity. The esterquat Geminis surfactants of this work were found to have strong formation capacity of micellization, and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of these surfactants are about 2.63 × 10−4 to 4.17 × 10−4 mol L−1, which is one order of magnitude smaller than that of the corresponding esterquat monomer. The Gibbs free energy of surface adsorption (ΔGad

0) and micellization (ΔGm

0) are all negative (−74.73 kJ mol−1 to −82.11 kJ mol−1 and −42.87 kJ mol−1 to −49.38 kJ mol−1). The thermodynamic parameters of these surfactants indicate that the surface adsorption and micellization are all enthalpy driven.
Fatigue behaviour of railway wheels at different temperatures
Authors: Walther Frank , Eifler Dietmar 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This paper aims at a better understanding of the fatigue behaviour of highly loaded railway wheel materials under special consideration of the microstructural gradients in the wheels/tires due to the industrial heat treatments and elevated temperatures developing in the wheel/rail contact area during service loading. The experiments with specimens machined from original components were performed with servohydraulic testing systems. In addition to mechanical hysteresis measurements, the change of the specimen temperature and the electrical potential (voltage) due to plastic deformation processes were recorded in ambient temperature tests. Besides characteristic cyclic softening and hardening processes, dynamic strain ageing effects were observed in a defined temperature range in constant amplitude tests. The microstructural characterisation of the different material conditions was done by light (LM), scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy together with digital image processing.
Systematische Schadensanalyse
Authors: Wolf Karl 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Zunehmende Anforderungen an Geräte bzw. Bauteile auf den Gebieten der Luft- und Raumfahrt, der Wehrtechnik und anderen Bereichen der Technik erfordern den Einsatz optimierter Werkstoffe hinsichtlich der Zuverlässigkeit und Leistungsfähigkeit. Um Konstruktionen technisch-wirtschaftlich optimal auslegen zu können, müssen zuverlässige Kenntnisse über das Beanspruchungsspektrum in der Praxis vorliegen. Dies ist jedoch wegen Unsicherheiten in den zu erwartenden Betriebsbedingungen in den meisten Fällen schwierig. Diese Kenntnislücke kann durch systematische Schadensanalyse insbesondere durch Aussagen zum Werkstoffverhalten bei Grenzbeanspruchungen weitestgehend geschlossen werden.
CFK-Piezokeramik-Verbunde zerstörungsfrei charakterisieren
Authors: Pohl Jürgen 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Adaptive Strukturen sollen sich selbstregelnd unterschiedlichen Betriebs- bzw. Umgebungsbedingungen anpassen. Komposite aus kohlenstofffaserverstärktem Kunststoff (CFK) mit integrierten oder applizierten Piezokeramiken sind hierfür attraktive Werkstoffsysteme. Es werden Beispiele der zerstörungsfreien Charakterisierung bis zur Nutzung strukturinhärenter Möglichkeiten hierfür (health monitoring) vorgestellt.
Wolframkarbideinschlüsse in Flugtriebwerksrotoren
Authors: Mook Gerhard , Feist Wolf-Dieter , Hinken Johann 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Fertigungsinduzierte Anomalien in hoch beanspruchten Bauteilen sind trotz ihres seltenen Auftretens zur häufigsten Ursache für das Versagen von Turbinenscheiben in Flugtriebwerken geworden. Dazu gehören Wolframkarbidpartikel, die während der spanenden Bearbeitung von Nickelbasis- oder Titanlegierungen durch Bruch des Hartmetallwerkzeuges in das Werkstück eingelagert werden können. Da diese Partikel zu Startpunkten von Rissen werden können, müssen sie sicher detektiert und lokalisiert werden. Der Beitrag beschreibt elektromagnetische Verfahren zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe.
Oberflächenmodifikation von Biomaterialien durch Mikrostrukturierung*
Authors: Rota Astrid , Schlüter Claudia , Salk Natalie 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden mikrostrukturierte Oberflächen aus möglichen Implantatmaterialien gefertigt. Als Design dienten verschiedene Oberflächenprofile sowie Säulenstrukturen variiert im Durchmesser und Abstand. Biologische Untersuchungen zeigten den Einfluss der strukturierten Flächen auf die Adhäsion von Bakterien und Zellen. Humane Fibroblasten, HeLa-Zellen und das Bakterium staphylococcus epidermidis wurden eingesetzt, um das Adhäsions- und Aufwachsverhalten auf den jeweiligen Strukturen zu bestimmen. Im Allgemeinen kann sowohl die Optimierung als auch die Verhinderung von Zellwachstum und Zelladhäsion betrachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeiten können auf andere Biomaterialien übertragen werden und eröffnen neue Möglichkeiten für die Entwicklung von medizinischen Implantaten und Instrumenten sowie Zellkulturgefäßen.
Erhöhung des Range of Motion durch große Keramikköpfe und ein spezielles Design des Keramikinlays*
Authors: Oberbach Thomas , Salomon Dirk , Glien Wilfried 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Es wurde nach Möglichkeiten gesucht, durch konstruktive Maßnahmen das Range of Motion keramischer Gleitpaarungen zu erhöhen und die Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Auftreten von Impingement- und damit verbundenen Subluxationsvorgängen weiter zu verringern. Als konstruktive Lösungen wurden der Einsatz keramischer Gleitpaarungen größer 28 mm Durchmesser und eine Abflachung der Keramikinlays in Betracht gezogen. Die Ermittlung des Range of Motion bei Flexion und Extension erfolgte mittels einer CAD-Simulation.
Hot cracking in the HAZ of laser-drilled turbine blades made from René 80
Authors: Neidel Andreas , Riesenbeck Susanne , Ullrich Thomas , Völker Jörg , Yao Chunming 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Advanced film cooling technologies for hot gas path components in gas turbine engines with still constantly increasing inlet temperatures require special manufacturing processes. Today, laser radiation is the preferred means of drilling a large number of small-diameter cooling holes in turbine parts made of nickel-base superalloys. Most of these materials, however, exhibit a relatively high susceptibility to hot cracking in the heat affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to the recast layer. Comprehensive metallographical examinations have been performed to optimise laser drilling parameter settings to minimize hot cracks. In the case of René 80, there seems to be a pronounced microstructural influence on hot cracking sensitivity, i.e. identical laser parameters may produce quite different crack lengths, dependent upon local microstructure in the immediate vicinity of the drilled hole. Grain size, grain boundary morphology and orientation, and primary carbide distribution apparently have a significant influence. These interdependencies should be taken into account when acceptable crack lengths are specified. As far as conventionally investment cast components are concerned, influencing local microstructural features with economically viable effort may be unrealistic.
Key Curve-Einprobenverfahren zur Ermittlung dynamischer Risswiderstandskurven
Authors: Baer Wolfram 
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung
Moderne Regelwerke zur Bewertung der Bauteilsicherheit integrieren zunehmend bruchmechanische Konzepte. Notwendige Voraussetzungen zur praktischen Anwendung dieser Regelwerke für konkrete Beanspruchungsbedingungen sind jedoch bislang nicht immer hinreichend bzw. zufrieden stellend erfüllt.
Von besonderer Bedeutung ist dabei der Sicherheitsnachweis für Unfallszenarien, bei denen im Werkstoff bzw. Bauteil infolge dynamischer Belastung schnelle Änderungen des Spannungs- und Verzerrungszustandes auftreten. Für diese Beanspruchungsbedingungen stehen zur Ermittlung von Risswiderstandskurven an Gusseisenwerkstoffen mit Kugelgraphit derzeit lediglich kosten- und werkstoffintensive Mehrprobenverfahren zur Verfügung. Aufgrund dessen ist hier die Weiterentwicklung der bruchmechanischen Prüfmethodik notwendig.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird deshalb zunächst über die Aufarbeitung und Systematisierung publizierter Key Curve-Einprobenverfahren zur Ermittlung dynamischer Risswiderstandskurven berichtet, die seit ca. 25 Jahren mit unterschiedlichem Erfolg bislang fast ausschließlich für Stähle eingesetzt wurden. Ausgehend davon wird eine Bewertung hinsichtlich ihres Anwendungspotentials für duktile Gusseisenwerkstoffe bei dynamischen Belastungsbedingungen vorgenommen. Zusammenfassend werden als fortgeschrittene und für weitere Untersuchungen Erfolg versprechende Key Curve-Verfahren ein analytischer Ansatz sowie ein numerisches Verfahren herausgestellt.
Lifetime calculation under multiaxial random loading with regard to microcrack growth*
Authors: Ahmadi Arash , Zenner Harald 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Generally, most machine parts are loaded with a combination of different variable forces and moments which often causes a state of multiaxial stress in the fatigue-critical areas of the parts. In most cases, a nonproportional cyclic multiaxial state of stress occurs. Compared to in-phase loading, multiaxial loading with a phase shift between the stress components and a load ratio of τa/τa ≈ 0.5 between tension/compression and torsion leads to a significant influence on the fatigue lifetime. The reason is the changing direction and rotation of the principal stresses during one cycle. In this paper, a model is designed to simulate the damage process based on the growth of microcracks under the influence of cyclic loading. Crack growth is initially dominated by shear stresses leading to microstructurally short cracks (stage I) and continues to grow under the influence of normal stresses (physically short cracks). The results of the lifetime estimation generated by means of the new concept based on microcrack growth are compared and verified with those experiences obtained from multiaxial fatigue testing.
A statistical measure of the non-proportionality of stresses – investigations and applications*
Authors: Gaier Christian 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In mechanical engineering, fatigue assessment based on Finite Element analysis of components, where complex non-proportional loads are acting on, plays an important role in identifying critical spots, and predicting the lifetime, till crack initiation. In this contribution the life time analysis of a dynamically loaded crankshaft of a V6 diesel engine is demonstrated. Finite Element method, multi-body system simulation and an elasto-hydrodynamic simulation of the oil film have been combined for a modal analysis in the frequency domain. Based on these results a fatigue analysis follows to identify the critical engine speed range. In notches rotating principal stresses can be found, which reduce the lifetime significantly. To quantify the non-proportionality of stresses and the resulting decrease of the fatigue limit, a statistical measure originally proposed by Chu et al. is applied. The critical plane criterion has been used in conjunction with a stress based method (concept of synthetic S/N-curves, influence parameter concept) and linear damage accumulation according to Miner's rule.