bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In-vitro transdermal penetration of cytarabine and its N4-alkylamide derivatives
Authors: Legoabe Lesetja J , Breytenbach Jaco C , N'Da David D , Breytenbach J Wilma 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to synthesise and determine the transdermal penetration of cytarabine alkylamide derivatives and assess the correlation of flux with physicochemical properties.

Methods
The alkylamide derivatives of cytarabine were synthesised by acylation at the N4-amino group by the mixed anhydride method. The in-vitro permeation studies were performed using the Franz diffusion cell methodology. Furthermore, partition coefficients (n-octanol–water) and aqueous solubility of the N4-alkylamide derivatives of cytarabine were determined in order to obtain information about their lipophilicity and hydrophilicity.

Key findings
The N4-alkylamides of cytarabine (acetyl, butanoyl, hexanoyl, octanoyl, and decanoyl derivatives) showed decreased hydrophilicity and increased lipophilicity. The log D values of the alkylamides were higher than that of the parent compound and increased linearly as the alkyl chain lengthened. N4-hexanoyl-4-amino-1-[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl] pyrimidin-2-one) showed the highest median steady-state flux (Jss) of 89.0 nmol/cm2 per h in the series, which shows a high statistical difference with the parent compound flux value (3.70 nmol/cm2 per h).

Conclusions
The prodrug approach appears to be a promising strategy for the enhancement of transdermal penetration of cytarabine.
Stability of sodium valproate tablets repackaged into dose administration aids
Authors: Llewelyn Victoria K , Mangan Martina F , Glass Beverley D 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Objectives
Since sodium valproate, a commonly used antiepileptic drug, has been reported to be unstable in the presence of moisture, our objective was to investigate the effect of repackaging into dose administration aids.

Methods
Sodium valproate 100 mg immediate-release tablets were repackaged and stored for 56 days at accelerated conditions (40°C/75% relative humidity), room temperature (25°C) and under refrigeration (2–8°C). Samples were analysed at 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 35, 49 and 56 days to determine chemical stability using high-performance liquid chromatography, while physical testing included assessment of weight changes and dissolution behaviour.

Key findings
The results revealed that the sodium valproate content in the tablets remained within the acceptable range of 90–110% under all storage conditions for 56 days. Physical stability, however, was not maintained, with a total weight gain of 12.36% under accelerated conditions over the 56 days. Samples stored under all conditions showed variable dissolution compared to the controls, with the amount of sodium valproate in solution following 45 min of dissolution testing below 75% for half of all the intervals determined.

Conclusions
Repackaging sodium valproate tablets into dose administration aids results in unacceptable weight variation and changes in the dissolution profiles.
Effects of myricetin, an antioxidant, on the pharmacokinetics of losartan and its active metabolite, EXP-3174, in rats: possible role of cytochrome P450 3A4, cytochrome P450 2C9 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by myricetin
Authors: Choi Dong-Hyun , Li Cheng , Choi Jun-Shik 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Objectives
The effects of myricetin, a natural flavonoid, on the pharmacokinetics of losartan and its active metabolite, EXP-3174, were investigated in rats. Losartan and myricetin interact with cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and P-glycoprotein, and the increase in the use of health supplements may result in myricetin being taken concomitantly with losartan as a combination therapy to treat or prevent cardiovascular diseases.

Methods
The pharmacokinetic parameters of losartan and EXP-3174 were determined after oral administration of losartan (9 mg/kg) to rats in the presence or absence of myricetin (0.4, 2 and 8 mg/kg). The effects of myricetin on P-glycoprotein as well as CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 activity were also evaluated.

Key findings
Myricetin inhibited CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 enzyme activity with a 50% inhibition concentration of 7.8 and 13.5 µm, respectively. In addition, myricetin significantly enhanced the cellular accumulation of rhodamine 123 in MCF-7/ADR cells overexpressing P-glycoprotein in a concentration-dependent manner. The pharmacokinetic parameters of losartan were significantly altered by myricetin compared with the control. The presence of myricetin (2 or 8 mg/kg) increased the area under the plasma concentration–time curve of losartan by 31.4–61.1% and peak plasma concentration of losartan by 31.8–50.2%. Consequently, the absolute bioavailability of losartan in the presence of myricetin increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05, 2 mg/kg; P &lt; 0.01, 8 mg/kg) compared with the control. There was no significant change in the time to reach the peak plasma concentration, apparent volume of distribution at steady state or terminal half-life of losartan in the presence of myricetin. Furthermore, concurrent use of myricetin (8 mg/kg) significantly decreased the metabolite–parent area under the plasma concentration–time curve ratio by 20%, implying that myricetin may inhibit the CYP-mediated metabolism of losartan to its active metabolite, EXP-3174.

Conclusions
The enhanced bioavailability of losartan may be mainly due to inhibition of the CYP3A4- and CYP2C9-mediated metabolism of losartan in the small intestine or in the liver, and the P-glycoprotein efflux pump in the small intestine by myricetin.
Selective Direct N-Alkylation of Amines with Alcohols using Iron(III) Phthalocyanine Chloride under Solvent-Free Conditions
Authors: Minakawa Maki , Okubo Masataka , Kawatsura Motoi 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Direct N-alkylation of amines with alcohols in the presence of iron(III) phthalocyanine chloride as a catalyst in solvent-free conditions under microwave irradiation afforded the corresponding N-alkylamines in moderate to high yield with excellent selectivity.
Kinetic Study on Solid-Phase Reduction of Silica-Supported Nickel Oxide Species
Authors: Yamashita Shohei , Yamamoto Yusaku , Katayama Misaki , Inada Yasuhiro 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical state conversion of the Ni species in SiO2-supported Ni catalysts which were prepared by the impregnation method with various Ni loadings. The in situ XAFS measurements revealed that the calcined NiO species was quantitatively reduced by H2 to Ni(0) at around 580 K, and the formed Ni(0) species was reversibly and gradually oxidized by O2 up to 873 K. The transmission electron microscopy observation clarified that the Ni(0) particle size was dependent on the Ni loading. The dynamic observations using the time-resolved dispersive XAFS technique showed that the reduction process could be described by the first-order kinetics on the Ni species, which was different from the reduction kinetics of supported PdO species, which is a divalent metal oxide for the same family element. The different reduction kinetics is ascribed by the different atomic arrangement in the crystal structure between NiO and PdO.
Key Elements Supporting Goal Attainment for Transition-Age Young Adults: A Case Study Illustration From Project TEAM
Authors: Levin Melissa R. , Kramer Jessica M. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Project TEAM empowers trainees with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) to identify and respond to environmental barriers and includes an individualized component in which trainees work towards a goal. During individualized planning sessions and a community-based outing, the licensed professional follows a 5-step process to scaffold support. This case study explores how 2 transition-age trainees (male, age 19, ID; and female, age 18, Asperger's syndrome) progressed through Project TEAM's individualized component and identifies key elements that supported their achievement of community participation and postsecondary education goals. The 5-step process and the incorporation of universally designed materials appear to support goal attainment. Additional elements that may contribute to success include peer mentors, experiential learning opportunities, and individualized supports from the licensed professional.
On Volterra functions and Ramanujan integrals
Authors: Garrappa Roberto , Mainardi Francesco 
Published: September 2015

AbstractVolterra functions were introduced at the beginning of the twentieth century as solutions of some integral equations of convolution type with logarithmic kernel. Since then, few authors have studied this family of functions and faced with the problem of providing a clear understanding of their asymptotic behavior for small and large arguments. This paper reviews some of the most important results on Volterra functions and in particular collects, into a quite general framework, several results on their asymptotic expansions; these results turn out to be useful not only for the full understanding of the behavior of the Volterra functions but also for their numerical computation. The connections with integrals of Ramanujan type, which have several important applications, are also discussed.
Biofortification of maize with micronutrients
by Spirulina
Authors: Tuhy Łukasz , Samoraj Mateusz , Witkowska Zuzanna , Chojnacka Katarzyna 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The aim of the present work was to examine the effect of the application of Spirulina platensis post-extraction residues enriched with Zn(II), Mn(II), Cu(II) via biosorption as micronutrient fertilizer for the biofortification of maize grains with micronutrients in field tests. As a nominal dose 2.5 kg ha-1 of zinc, 1.0 kg ha-1
of manganese and 0.5 kg ha-1 of copper were applied. The preparation was applied also in higher doses (150%, 200%) to investigate agronomic biofortification of maize grains.

In field trials, obtained grain yield (7.2 Mg ha-1 for Spirulina 100%) was higher than in control group (6.2 Mg ha-1) and commercial reference product (6.6 Mg ha-1). For the same dose of micronutrients, their bioavailability was higher for bio-preparations than for reference fertilizer. The highest content of micronutrients delivered to plants (2.15 mg kg-1 – Cu, 7.07 mg kg-1 – Mn, 29.0 mg kg-1 – Zn) was observed for maize grains fertilized with preparation of Spirulina 150%, which signifies that biofortified maize grain was obtained.
Corn grains biofortified with micronutrients can be used as staple food or feed preventing from micronutrient malnutrition. The application of micronutrient biocomponents based on Spirulina biomass allows to manufacture a valuable fertilizer with bioavailable micronutrients.
Effect of rifampicin pretreatment on the oral bioavailability of domperidone in healthy human volunteers
Authors: Devandla Adukondalu , Yamsani Shravan Kumar , Yamsani Madhusudan Rao 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Background: Increased exsorption of domperidone was observed from different parts of the small intestine of the rat after pretreatment with rifampicin by the everted sac method. Based on the in vitro studies the effect of rifampicin pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of domperidone was investigated in eight healthy male volunteers.

Methods: After an overnight fast, 20 mg domperidone was administered to the volunteers, either alone or after 6 days pretreatment with a once daily dose of 600 mg rifampicin. Serum concentrations of domperidone were estimated by reverse phase HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined based on non-compartmental model analysis using the computer program kinetica.

Results: Rifampicin pretreatment decreased Cmax, AUCo-∞, AUMC, MRT and t1/2 by 25.11%, 37.76%, 64.97%, 43.71% and 44.48%, respectively. This may be due to increased induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes and/or increased expression of P-glycoprotein.

Conclusions: This interaction may have clinical significance when domperidone is co-administered with rifampicin in chronic treatment conditions, such as tuberculosis, leprosy and other infections of joints, bones, etc.
Surface characterization of trimethoxysilane-containing high-solid hydroxyl acrylic resin films
Authors: Zhu Fang , Zhang Gaoyong , Hong Xinlin , Dong Jinfeng 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
In recent years, organosilane-containing copolymers have attracted much attention in antifouling coatings, automotive coatings, fiber, composite materials, biomedical materials, and latex and protection coatings against corrosion owing to their excellent weathering and low surface energy. Trimethoxysilane-containing high-solid hydroxyl acrylic resin used for automotive coatings was prepared by in situ free radical polymerization. The surfaces of the resin film were characterized by solid surface energy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. With the increase in silicone content from 0 to 2.5 wt.%, the surface energy of trimethoxysilane-containing hydroxyl acrylic copolymer films decreased from 49 to 40 mN/N and the surface roughness (Rms) on the surface of thin films increased from 0.427 to 0.887 Å. The XPS result indicated that the surface accumulation phenomena of silicone occurred in the surface of the thin films. The phenomena can explain the reason why the incorporation of trimethoxysilane (MPS) into acrylic copolymer by in situ polymerization can decrease its surface energy and increase its outdoor weathering.
A Dual Polarized Ultra-Wideband Slot Antenna Using Stepped Microstrip Feed Structure
Authors: Ram Krishna R. V. S. , Kumar Raj 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this paper, a printed slot antenna for ultra-wideband dual polarization is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The slot is L-shape and its two arms are individually microstrip fed for producing the orthogonal polarizations. The slot arms and the microstrip feed lines are step sectioned for wideband impedance matching. For isolation purpose, a slant narrow metallic stub is inserted at the junction of the slot arms. The antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 118% (3.1–12 GHz) and isolation of around 20 dB over most of the band. The radiation patterns are nearly omnidirectional with a peak gain varying from 3 to 6 dBi. For assessing the diversity performance of the antenna, the envelope correlation coefficients are computed from the simulated and measured S-parameters and found to be within acceptable limits. With a compact, single substrate design, the antenna is expected to be useful for printed circuit ultra wideband applications requiring dual polarization features.
Pragmatics and mindreading: Forward and backward inferences in shared intentional contexts
Authors: Mazzone Marco 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe general hypothesis discussed here is that pragmatic understanding is embedded in a more general understanding of action. To this purpose I first summarize ideas from Grice, Levinson and relevance theorists, all contributing to the view that utterance understanding is based on inferential recognition of the speakers’ communicative goals, and that this process may be affected backwards by expectations about non-communicative goals. I also provide reasons to think that the double dynamic of forward and backward inferences described by relevance theorists is present in action execution and observation as well, and that we construe shared intentional contexts which automatically mesh ours and others’ goals. Finally, the suggestion is made that, in order to account for the full contribution of mindreading to utterance understanding, Relevance Theory needs to consider not only the comprehension procedure in itself, but also the way in which it interacts with other external mechanisms.
Using the Bootstrap to Account for Linkage Errors when Analysing Probabilistically Linked Categorical Data
Authors: Chipperfield James O. , Chambers Raymond L. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Record linkage is the act of bringing together records that are believed to belong to the same unit (e.g., person or business) from two or more files. Record linkage is not an error-free process and can lead to linking a pair of records that do not belong to the same unit. This occurs because linking fields on the files, which ideally would uniquely identify each unit, are often imperfect. There has been an explosion of record linkage applications, particularly involving government agencies and in the field of health, yet there has been little work on making correct inference using such linked files. Naively treating a linked file as if it were linked without errors can lead to biased inferences. This article develops a method of making inferences for cross tabulated variables when record linkage is not an error-free process. In particular, it develops a parametric bootstrap approach to estimation which can accommodate the sophisticated probabilistic record linkage techniques that are widely used in practice (e.g., 1-1 linkage). The article demonstrates the effectiveness of this method in a simulation and in a real application.
Models for Combining Aggregate-Level Administrative Data in the Absence of a Traditional Census
Authors: Yildiz Dilek , Smith Peter W.F. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Administrative data sources are an important component of population data collection and they have been used in census data production in the Nordic countries since the 1960s. A large amount of information about the population is already collected in administrative data sources by governments. However, there are some challenges to using administrative data sources to estimate population counts by age, sex, and geographical area as well as population characteristics. The main limitation with the administrative data sources is that they only collect information from a subset of the population about specific events, and this may result in either undercoverage or overcoverage of the population. Another issue with the administrative data sources is that the information may not have the same quality for all population groups. This research aims to correct an inaccurate administrative data source by combining aggregate-level administrative data with more accurate marginal distributions or two-way marginal information from an auxiliary data source and produce accurate population estimates in the absence of a traditional census. The methodology developed is applied to estimate population counts by age, sex, and local authority area in England and Wales. The administrative data source used is the Patient Register which suffers from overcoverage, particularly for people between the ages of 20 and 50.
A Bayesian Approach to Population Estimation with Administrative Data
Authors: Bryant John R. , Graham Patrick 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The article describes a Bayesian approach to deriving population estimates from multiple administrative data sources. Coverage rates play an important role in the approach: identifying anomalies in coverage rates is a key step in the model-building process, and data sources receive more weight within the model if their coverage rates are more consistent. Random variation in population processes and measurement processes is dealt with naturally within the model, and all outputs come with measures of uncertainty. The model is applied to the problem of estimating regional populations in New Zealand. The New Zealand example illustrates the continuing importance of coverage surveys.
Perrault syndrome with growth hormone deficiency: a rare autosomal recessive disorder
Authors: Agrawala Ritesh K. , Choudhury Arun K. , Mohanty Binoy K. , Baliarsinha Anoj K. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPerrault syndrome is a rare genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive group of disorders described in 1951 by Perrault as gonadal dysgenesis with deafness. Here we present a rare case of sporadic Perrault syndrome with short stature and growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Although there was a report on partial GHD in Perrault, our case is a first of its kind with documented GHD (Nishi Y, Hamamoto K, Kajiyama M, Kawamura I. The Perrault syndrome: clinical report and review. Am J Med Genet 1988;31:623–9). We report this case because of the rarity of keeping this condition as a differential diagnosis while evaluating for short stature with amenorrhea.
Effects of adolescence-onset hypogonadism on metabolism, bone mineral density and quality of life in adulthood
Authors: Tam Friederike I.W. , Huebner Angela , Hofbauer Lorenz C. , Rohayem Julia 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn a cross-sectional study of 54 patients with adolescence-onset hypogonadism (33 females, 21 males; age range: 19–40 years), medical care, quality of life, and health status were assessed. Most patients had received adequate medical care with short cumulative periods of interruption of hormone replacement. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 27% in females and 19% in males. In comparison to the general population, females had both a lower bone mineral density (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, Z-score=−0.8, p<0.001) and a higher prevalence of obesity (age 19–29 years: study population 35%, general population 4%). The body fat percentage (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) was significantly elevated (age 19–29 years: females Z-score=+1.8, p<0.001, males Z-score=+2.4, p=0.001). Quality of life (SF-36) was normal. Despite adequate treatment, patients with early-onset hypogonadism are prone to develop signs and symptoms consistent with inadequate hormone replacement. A successful transition from pediatric to adult medicine seems important to optimize treatment outcomes.
Evaluation of measured postpartum blood loss after vaginal delivery using a collector bag in relation to postpartum hemorrhage management strategies: a prospective observational study
Authors: Bamberg Christian , Niepraschk-von Dollen Katja , Mickley Laura , Henkelmann Anne , Hinkson Larry , Kaufner Lutz , von Heymann Christian , Henrich Wolfgang , Pauly Franziska 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTo evaluate the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and severe PPH via routine use of a pelvic drape to objectively measure blood loss after vaginal delivery in connection with PPH management.This prospective observational study was undertaken at the obstetrical department of the Charité University Hospital from December 2011 to May 2013 and evaluated an unselected cohort of planned vaginal deliveries (n=1019 live singletons at term). A calibrated collecting drape was used to meassure blood loss in the third stage of labor. PPH and severe PPH were defined as blood loss ≥500 mL and ≥1000 mL, respectively. Maternal hemoglobin content was evaluated at admission to delivery and at the first day after childbirth.During the study period, 809 vaginal deliveries were analysed. Direct measurement revealed a median blood loss of 250 mL. The incidences of PPH and severe PPH were 15% and 3%, respectively. Mean maternal hemoglobin content at admission was 11.9±1.1 g/dL, with a mean decrease of 1.0±1.1 g/dL. Blood loss measured after vaginal delivery correlated significantly with maternal hemoglobin decrease.This study suggests that PPH incidence may be higher than indicated by population-based data. Underbuttocks drapes are simple, objective bedside tools to diagnose PPH. Blood loss should be quantified systematically if PPH is suspected.