bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Veno‐Occlusion within and outside the Canine Corpus Cavernosum Penis Using a Pressure‐Flow Technique and Cavernoso‐Venography
Authors: Matsuzaka Junichi , Aoki Hikaru , Fujioka Tomoaki , Kubo Takashi , Yasuda Naoki 
Published: December 2013

Background: Physiological erection of the penis requires multiple mechanisms causing an increase in the arterial blood influx into, and decrease in the venous drainage out of the cavernous space.Methods: We investigated the extent and location of the venous occlusion that occurs with penile erection within (intrinsic mechanism) and outside (extrinsic mechanism) the corpus cavernosum penis, using 15 adult male mongrel dogs. Under controlled flows produced by a combination of aortic ligation and constant infusion of saline into the corpus cavernosum penis, or into the deep dorsal vein, pressures within the cavernous space or deep dorsal vein were measured before and after electrical stimulation of the pelvic splanchnic (pelvic nerve), the hypogastric, and pudendal nerve. An increase in pressure following nerve stimulations represented an increase in outflow resistance due to occlusion of the venous system. Pre‐ and post‐stimulation radiologic evaluations were performed to determine the site(s) of venous occlusion.Results: Unilateral stimulation of the pelvic nerve caused leftward shift of the corporeal pressure‐flow curve. Bilateral stimulation of the pudendal nerve caused a marked rise in deep dorsal vein pressure.Conclusions: Both intrinsic and extrinsic venous occlusion mechanisms exist and that the former is activated primarily by unilateral stimulation of the pelvic nerve and the latter by bilateral stimulation of the pudendal nerve. The occlusion site for the extrinsic mechanism was localized to where the dorsal vein penetrates the muscles at the base of the pelvis, whereas the precise site for the intrinsic mechanism could not be determined.
Herniation of the gravid uterus through a mesoduodenal defect and concurrent omental hernia in a cow
Authors: Muggli Evelyne , Lesser Maren , Braun Ueli , Nuss Karl 
Published: December 2013

ObjectivesTo describe surgical treatment of herniation of the gravid uterus through the mesoduodenum, displacement of the descending duodenum around the gravid uterus, and concurrent herniation of the small and large intestines into the omental bursa in a cow.Study DesignClinical report.AnimalThree‐year‐old, five‐month‐pregnant Swiss Braunvieh cow.MethodsRepositioning of the displaced uterus and descending duodenum without transection and anastomosis of the duodenum was performed through a right flank laparotomy. Concurrent displacement of a large portion of the small and large intestines into the omental bursa was not associated with intestinal strangulation and was corrected manually. The defects in the omentum and mesoduodenum were sutured.ResultsThere were no postoperative complications, and the cow was healthy at discharge from the clinic 1 week after surgery. Telephone follow‐up revealed that the cow had delivered a live calf and was producing a normal amount of milk. The cow was slaughtered 14 months after the surgery because of an udder problem.ConclusionsHerniation of the gravid uterus through a tear in the mesoduodenum with subsequent displacement of the descending duodenum around the uterus combined with internal omental herniation caused nonspecific clinical signs and no ileus. Exploratory laparotomy in an early stage of pregnancy facilitated reduction of the displaced uterus without transection of the descending duodenum.
Living on the “edge of the suburbs” of Vancouver: A case study of the housing experiences and coping strategies of recent immigrants in Surrey and Richmond
Authors: Teixeira Carlos 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis study examines the housing experiences and coping strategies of low‐income recent immigrants in Richmond and Surrey, two fast‐growing outer suburbs of Vancouver where the immigrant population has increased rapidly in the last two decades and where there is a limited supply of affordable rental housing, including public and social housing. The study draws on data from seven focus groups with 88 recent immigrant renters and interviews with 15 key stakeholders, conducted in Vancouver, Richmond, and Surrey in 2010. The evidence indicates that these newly arrived immigrants face numerous difficulties in the rental housing market, such as high rents, overcrowding, and poor‐quality housing. Most of these immigrants were spending more than half of their monthly household income on housing, putting them at risk of homelessness. The study's findings suggest that the housing crisis affecting Surrey and Richmond—due to a limited supply of affordable rental housing and high housing costs—makes these two cities challenging regions of Vancouver for newcomers to settle in.
Shifting ranges of two tree weta species (Hemideinaspp.): competitive exclusion and changing climate
Authors: Bulgarella Mariana , Trewick Steven A. , Minards Niki A. , Jacobson Melissa J. , Morgan‐Richards Mary 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimSpecies' responses to climate change are likely to depend on their ability to overcome abiotic constraints as well as on the suite of species with which they interact. Responses to past climate change leave genetic signatures of range expansions and shifts, allowing inferences to be made about species' distributions in the past, which can improve our ability to predict the future. We tested a hypothesis of ongoing range shifting associated with climate change and involving interactions of two species inferred to exclude each other via competition.LocationNewZealand.MethodsThe distributions of two tree weta species (Hemideina crassidensandH. thoracica) were mapped using locality records. We inferred the likely modern distribution of each species in the absence of congeneric competitors with the softwareMaxent. Range interaction between the two species on an elevational gradient was quantified by transect sampling. Patterns of genetic diversity were investigated using mitochondrialDNA, and hypotheses of range shifts were tested with population genetic metrics.ResultsThe realized ranges ofH. thoracicaandH. crassidenswere narrower than their potential ranges, probably due to competitive interactions. Upper and lower elevational limits onMountTaranaki over 15 years revealed expansion up the mountain forH. thoracicaand a matching contraction of the low elevation limits of the range ofH. crassidens. The observed nucleotide diversity inH. thoracicawas consistent with a species that persisted in northern areas during Pleistocene glacial periods, from where it expanded at warmer times. In contrast, a two‐tailed distribution of nucleotide diversity inH. crassidenswas as expected for a species that expanded northwards during glacials and southwards during interglacials.Main conclusionsRange shifts resulting from climate change involve complex species interactions. Competition among related species is an important factor limiting realized ranges. InNewZealand,H. thoracicais likely to continue to displaceH. crassidensas human‐induced global warming proceeds.
Up and Down or Down and Up? The Process of Change in Constructive Couple Behavior during Traditional and Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy
Authors: Sevier Mia , Atkins David C. , Doss Brian D. , Christensen Andrew 
Published: December 2013

Observed positive and negative spouse behavior during sessions of Traditional (TBCT) and Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy (IBCT) were compared for couples with successful outcomes and their unsuccessful counterparts. One hundred and thirty‐four married chronically and seriously distressed couples (on average in their forties and 80% Caucasian) were randomly assigned toTBCTorIBCT. Trained observers made ratings of 1224 segments from approximately 956 sessions sampled from the course of up to 26 sessions. Multilevel modeling was used to examine change over time.TBCTtreatment responders demonstrated a boost‐drop pattern, increasing in constructive behaviors early (more positive behaviors and less negative behaviors) but decreasing later.IBCTresponders demonstrated an opposite, drop‐boost pattern, decreasing in constructive behaviors early and increasing later. Patterns were significant for positive behaviors (p < .05) and approached significance for negative behaviors (p = .05). In both treatments, nonresponders showed a significant pattern of decline in positive and increase in negative behaviors over time, although a trend (p = .05) indicates thatTBCTnonresponders initially declined in negative behaviors. This study helps clarify the different process of change in two behavioral couple therapies, which may assist in treatment development and provide a guide for therapists in considering behavioral markers of change during treatment.
Honey in dermatology and skin care: a review
Authors: Burlando Bruno , Cornara Laura 
Published: December 2013

SummaryHoney is a bee‐derived, supersaturated solution composed mainly of fructose and glucose, and containing proteins and amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, minerals, and other minor components. Historical records of honey skin uses date back to the earliest civilizations, showing that honey has been frequently used as a binder or vehicle, but also for its therapeutic virtues. Antimicrobial properties are pivotal in dermatological applications, owing to enzymaticH2O2release or the presence of active components, like methylglyoxal in manuka, while medical‐grade honey is also available. Honey is particularly suitable as a dressing for wounds and burns and has also been included in treatments against pityriasis, tinea, seborrhea, dandruff, diaper dermatitis, psoriasis, hemorrhoids, and anal fissure. In cosmetic formulations, it exerts emollient, humectant, soothing, and hair conditioning effects, keeps the skin juvenile and retards wrinkle formation, regulates pHand prevents pathogen infections. Honey‐based cosmetic products include lip ointments, cleansing milks, hydrating creams, after sun, tonic lotions, shampoos, and conditioners. The used amounts range between 1 and 10%, but concentrations up to 70% can be reached by mixing with oils, gel, and emulsifiers, or polymer entrapment. Intermediate‐moisture, dried, and chemically modified honeys are also used. Mechanisms of action on skin cells are deeply conditioned by the botanical sources and include antioxidant activity, the induction of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase expression, as well as epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in wounded epidermis. Future achievements, throwing light on honey chemistry and pharmacological traits, will open the way to new therapeutic approaches and add considerable market value to the product.
A promising split‐lesion technique for rapid tattoo removal using a novel sequential approach of a single sitting of pulsed CO2 followed by Q‐switched Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm)
Authors: Sardana Kabir , Garg Vijay K , Bansal Shivani , Goel Khushbu 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundLaser tattoo removal conventionally uses Q‐switched (QS) lasers, but they require multiple sittings, and the end results depend largely on the type of tattoo treated. In pigmented skin, due to the competing epidermal pigment results, laser results in tattoo are slow and inadequate.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of a combined use of ultrapulse CO2 and QS Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser in the treatment of tattoos in Indian skin.Materials and MethodsA split‐lesion trial was carried out in five patients, with the left side of tattoos receiving the QS Nd:YAG (1064 nm) and the right side, a sequential combination of Up CO2 and QS Nd: YAG at 6 weeks interval with a maximum of six sittings. Outcome assessment was carried out by a blinded assessor using standardized photography. An assessment of physician improvement score, side‐effects score, and patient satisfaction score was taken during and at the end of the study.ResultsThere was a statistically significant improvement on the combination side(physician improvement score ‐3.7 vs. 1.87: P = 0.0019) which occurred earlier with fewer sittings (1.7 vs. 6). There was no statistically significant difference in the side effects.ConclusionA combination of an Up CO2 laser with QS Nd: YAG laser is a promising tool for rapid and effective removal of blue–black/blue amateur tattoo in pigmented skin.
Next‐generation sequencing for molecular ecology: a caveat regarding pooled samples
Authors: Anderson Eric C. , Skaug Hans J. , Barshis Daniel J. 
Published: December 2013

We develop a model based on the Dirichlet‐compound multinomial distribution (CMD) and Ewens sampling formula to predict the fraction of SNP loci that will appear fixed for alternate alleles between two pooled samples drawn from the same underlying population. We apply this model to next‐generation sequencing (NGS) data from Baltic Sea herring recently published by (Corander et al., , Molecular Ecology, 2931–2940), and show that there are many more fixed loci than expected in the absence of genetic structure. However, we show through coalescent simulations that the degree of population structure required to explain the fraction of alternatively fixed SNPs is extraordinarily high and that the surplus of fixed loci is more likely a consequence of limited representation of individual gene copies in the pooled samples, than it is of population structure. Our analysis signals that the use of NGS on pooled samples to identify divergent SNPs warrants caution. With pooled samples, it is hard to diagnose when an NGS experiment has gone awry; especially when NGS data on pooled samples are of low read depth with a limited number of individuals, it may be worthwhile to temper claims of unexpected population differentiation from pooled samples, pending verification with more reliable methods or stricter adherence to recommended sampling designs for pooled sequencing e.g. Futschik & Schlötterer , Genetics, 186, 207; Gautier et al., , Molecular Ecology, 3766–3779). Analysis of the data and diagnosis of problems is easier and more reliable (and can be less costly) with individually barcoded samples. Consequently, for some scenarios, individual barcoding may be preferable to pooling of samples.
Hell and Hope for Salvation
Authors: Grisez Germain , Ryan Peter F. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This article supplements Ralph Martin's recent book, Will
Many Be Saved? Our primary thesis is that those who hold
double predestination or universalism cannot, if consistent, hope as
Christians should for their own and others’ salvation, and therefore can
neither live their own lives with a view to reaching the heavenly kingdom
nor promote others’ salvation. We also contend that the same disabilities
are likely to subvert those who hold certain views that approximate
universalism. We go on to set out some positions regarding damnation and
salvation that, we believe, all Christians ought to hold and hand on. God
wills everyone to be saved, and those who are saved are saved by God's
grace. Entirely through their own fault, more than a few people will end in
hell. But no one still alive and able to repent need end in hell. While
created persons cannot build God's kingdom, insofar as Christians do the
Father's will in this world, they prepare materials, beginning with
themselves and their interpersonal relationships, for that kingdom.
Quantifying esophagogastric junction contractility with a novel HRM topographic metric, the EGJ‐Contractile Integral: normative values and preliminary evaluation in PPI non‐responders
Authors: Nicodème F. , Pipa‐Muniz M. , Khanna K. , Kahrilas P. J. , Pandolfino J. E. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundDespite its obvious pathophysiological relevance, the clinical utility of measures of esophagogastric junction (EGJ) contractility is unsubstantiated. High‐resolution manometry (HRM) may improve upon this with its inherent ability to integrate the magnitude of contractility over time and length of the EGJ. This study aimed to develop a novel HRM metric summarizing EGJ contractility and test its ability distinguish among subgroups of proton pump inhibitor non‐responders (PPI‐NRs).Methods75 normal controls and 88 PPI‐NRs were studied. All underwent HRM. PPI‐NRs underwent pH‐impedance monitoring on PPI therapy scored in terms of acid exposure, number of reflux events, and reflux‐symptom correlation and grouped as meeting all criteria, some criteria, or no criteria of abnormality. Control HRM studies were used to establish normal values for candidate EGJ contractility metrics, which were then compared in their ability to differentiate among PPI‐NR subgroups.Key ResultsThe EGJ contractile integral (EGJ‐CI), a metric integrating contractility across the EGJ for three respiratory cycles, best distinguished the All Criteria PPI‐NR subgroup from controls and other PPI‐NR subgroups. Normal values (median, [IQR]) for this measure were 39 mmHg‐cm [25–55 mmHg‐cm]. The correlation between the EGJ‐CI and a previously proposed metric, the lower esophageal sphincter‐pressure integral, that used a fixed 10 s time frame and an atmospheric as opposed to gastric pressure reference was weak.Conclusions & InferencesAmong HRM metrics tested, the EGJ‐CI was best in distinguishing PPI‐NRs meeting all criteria of abnormality on pH‐impedance testing. Future prospective studies are required to explore its utility in management of broader groups of gastroesophageal reflux disease patients.
Major quantitative trait loci control divergence in critical photoperiod for flowering between selfing and outcrossing species of monkeyflower (Mimulus)
Authors: Fishman Lila , Sweigart Andrea L. , Kenney Amanda M. , Campbell Samantha 
Published: December 2013

Summary

Divergence in flowering time is a key contributor to reproductive isolation between incipient species, as it enforces habitat specialization and causes assortative mating even in sympatry. Understanding the genetic basis of flowering time divergence illuminates the origins and maintenance of species barriers.

We investigated the genetics of divergence in critical photoperiod for flowering between yellow monkeyflowers Mimulus guttatus (outcrosser, summer flowering) and Mimulus nasutus (selfer, spring flowering). We used quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of F2 hybrids and fine‐mapping in nearly isogenic lines to characterize the genomic regions underlying a > 2 h critical photoperiod difference between allopatric populations, and then tested whether the same QTLs control flowering time in sympatry.

We identified two major QTLs that almost completely explain M. nasutus's ability to flower in early spring; they are shared by allopatric and sympatric population pairs. The smaller QTL is coincident with one that differentiates ecotypes within M. guttatus, but the larger effect QTL appears unique to M. nasutus.

Unlike floral traits associated with mating system divergence, large interspecific differences in flowering phenology depend on only a few loci. Major critical photoperiod QTLs may be ‘speciation genes’ and also restrict interspecific gene flow in secondary sympatry.
Geophysical subsurface imaging for ecological applications
Authors: Jayawickreme Dushmantha H. , Jobbágy Esteban G. , Jackson Robert B. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryEcologists, ecohydrologists, and biogeochemists need detailed insights into belowground properties and processes, including changes in water, salts, and other elements that can influence ecosystem productivity and functioning. Relying on traditional sampling and observation techniques for such insights can be costly, time consuming, and infeasible, especially if the spatial scales involved are large. Geophysical imaging provides an alternative or complement to traditional methods to gather subsurface variables across time and space. In this paper, we review aspects of geophysical imaging, particularly electrical and electromagnetic imaging, that may benefit ecologists seeking clearer understanding of the shallow subsurface. Using electrical resistivity imaging, for example, we have been able to successfully show the effect of land‐use conversions to agriculture on salt mobilization and leaching across kilometer‐long transects and to depths of tens of meters. Recent advances in ground‐penetrating radar and other geophysical imaging methods currently provide opportunities for subsurface imaging with sufficient detail to locate small (≥5 cm diameter) animal burrows and plant roots, observe soil‐water and vegetation spatial correlations in small watersheds, estuaries, and marshes, and quantify changes in groundwater storage at local to regional scales using geophysical data from ground‐ and space‐based platforms. Ecologists should benefit from adopting these minimally invasive, scalable imaging technologies to explore the subsurface and advance our collective research.
Salivary and serum level of CYFRA 21‐1 in oral precancer and oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Rajkumar K , Ramya R , Nandhini G , Rajashree P , Ramesh Kumar A , Nirmala Anandan S 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundCYFRA 21‐1, a constituent of the intermediate filament proteins of epithelial cells, is known to be increased in many cancers. This study was designed to estimate the levels of salivary and serum CYFRA 21‐1 in patients with oral precancer and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and compare them with healthy controls.Materials and methodsEach group comprised of 100 subjects. Saliva and blood samples were collected from patients with OSCC, premalignant subjects, and normal healthy subjects. Serum and salivary CYFRA 21‐1 levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Appropriate statistical tests were employed to assess diagnostic potency of CYFRA 21‐1.ResultsWe found a significant increase in CYFRA 21‐1 level in OSCC compared with PML and healthy subjects. Salivary CYFRA 21‐1 levels in OSCC was threefold higher when compared to serum levels. PML group showed increased salivary CYFRA 21‐1 when compared to control subjects, but it was significantly lower compared with OSCC. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed salivary CYFRA 21‐1 to have superior sensitivity in detecting OSCC compared with serum CYFRA 21‐1.ConclusionsThe outcome of this study suggests that salivary CYFRA 21‐1 can be utilized as a biomarker in early detection of oral cancer.
A rapid virulence assay for the Dutch elm disease fungus Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi by inoculation of apple (Malus × domestica ‘Golden Delicious’) fruits
Authors: Plourde K. V. , Bernier L. 
Published: December 2013

Large‐scale virulence tests using trees or saplings are expensive, time‐consuming and require a considerable amount of space. The suitability of using ‘Golden Delicious’ apples as a rapid screen for identifying Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi transformants with reduced virulence was thus evaluated. When a collection of O. novo‐ulmi field isolates belonging to subspecies novo‐ulmi or americana was inoculated to apples, members of subsp. novo‐ulmi induced, on average, larger necrotic lesions than subsp. americana isolates. The size of the lesions on apples was not correlated with mycelial growth rate of isolates on nutrient agar. Insertional mutants from O. novo‐ulmi subsp. novo‐ulmi isolate H327 were inoculated to ‘Golden Delicious’ apples and Ulmus parvifolia × U. americana saplings in parallel experiments. Results clearly indicated that the O. novo‐ulmi transformants included several exhibiting significantly altered levels of virulence. Variability among replicates within a treatment was reduced in apple inoculation data compared to elm sapling data. Overall, the ‘Golden Delicious’ apple assay was found to be an excellent means for rapidly assessing the virulence level of O. novo‐ulmi isolates.