bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large‐Scale Atomistic Simulations of Magnesium Oxide Exsolution Driven by Machine Learning Potentials: Implications for the Early Geodynamo
Authors: Deng Jie 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe precipitation of magnesium oxide (MgO) from the Earth's core has been proposed as a potential energy source to power the geodynamo prior to the inner core solidification. Yet, the stable phase and exact amount of MgO exsolution remain elusive. Here we utilize an iterative learning scheme to develop a unified deep learning interatomic potential for the Mg‐Fe‐O system valid over a wide pressure‐temperature range. This potential enables direct, large‐scale simulations of MgO exsolution processes at the Earth's core‐mantle boundary. Our results suggest that Mg exsolve in the form of crystalline Fe‐poor ferropericlase as opposed to a liquid MgO component presumed previously. The solubility of Mg in the core is limited, and the present‐day core is nearly Mg‐free. The resulting exsolution rate is small yet nonnegligible, suggesting that MgO exsolution may provide a potentially important energy source, although it alone may be difficult to drive an early geodynamo.
Detecting Vegetation Stress in Mixed Forest Ecosystems Through the Joint Use of Tree‐Water Monitoring and Land Surface Modeling
Authors: Jiménez‐Rodríguez C. D. , Fabiani G. , Schoppach R. , Mallick K. , Schymanski S. J. , Sulis M. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractRecent European heatwaves have significantly impacted forest ecosystems, leading to increased plant water stress. Advances in land surface models aim to improve the representation of vegetation drought responses by incorporating plant hydraulics into the plant functional type (PFT) classification system. However, reliance on PFTs may inadequately capture the diverse plant hydraulic traits (PHTs), potentially biasing transpiration and vegetation water stress representations. The detection of vegetation drought stress is further complicated by the mixing of different tree species and forest patches. This study uses the Community Land Model version 5.0 to simulate an experimental mixed‐forest catchment with configurations representing standalone, patched mixed, and fully‐mixed forests. Biome‐generic, PFT‐specific, or species‐specific PHTs are employed. Results emphasize the crucial role of accurately representing mixed forests in reproducing observed vegetation water stress and transpiration fluxes for both broadleaf and needleleaf tree species. The dominant vegetation fraction is a key determinant, influencing aggregated vegetation response patterns. Segregation level in PHT parameterizations shapes differences between observed and simulated transpiration fluxes. Simulated root water potential emerges as a potential metric for detecting vegetation stress periods. However, the model's plant hydraulic system has limitations in reproducing the long‐term effects of extreme weather events on needleleaf tree species. These findings highlight the complexity of modeling mixed forests and underscore the need for improved representation of plant diversity in land surface models to enhance the understanding of vegetation water stress under changing climate conditions.
Single 5-nm quantum dot detection via microtoroid optical resonator photothermal microscopy
Authors: Hao Shuang , Suebka Sartanee , Su Judith 
Published: August 2024

AbstractLabel-free detection techniques for single particles and molecules play an important role in basic science, disease diagnostics, and nanomaterial investigations. While fluorescence-based methods are tools for single molecule detection and imaging, they are limited by available molecular probes and photoblinking and photobleaching. Photothermal microscopy has emerged as a label-free imaging technique capable of detecting individual nanoabsorbers with high sensitivity. Whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonators can confine light in a small volume for enhanced light-matter interaction and thus are a promising ultra-sensitive photothermal microscopy platform. Previously, microtoroid optical resonators were combined with photothermal microscopy to detect 250 nm long gold nanorods and 100 nm long polymers. Here, we combine microtoroids with photothermal microscopy to spatially detect single 5 nm diameter quantum dots (QDs) with a signal-to-noise ratio exceeding 104. Photothermal images were generated by point-by-point scanning of the pump laser. Single particle detection was confirmed for 18 nm QDs by high sensitivity fluorescence imaging and for 5 nm QDs via comparison with theory. Our system demonstrates the capability to detect a minimum heat dissipation of 0.75 pW. To achieve this, we integrated our microtoroid based photothermal microscopy setup with a low amplitude modulated pump laser and utilized the proportional-integral-derivative controller output as the photothermal signal source to reduce noise and enhance signal stability. The heat dissipation of these QDs is below that from single dye molecules. We anticipate that our work will have application in a wide variety of fields, including the biological sciences, nanotechnology, materials science, chemistry, and medicine.
SIRPα engagement regulates ILC2 effector function and alleviates airway hyperreactivity via modulating energy metabolism
Authors: Sakano Yoshihiro , Sakano Kei , Hurrell Benjamin P. , Shafiei-Jahani Pedram , Kazemi Mohammad Hossein , Li Xin , Shen Stephen , Barbers Richard , Akbari Omid 
Published: August 2024

AbstractGroup-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are part of a growing family of innate lymphocytes known for their crucial role in both the development and exacerbation of allergic asthma. The activation and function of ILC2s are regulated by various activating and inhibitory molecules, with their balance determining the severity of allergic responses. In this study, we aim to elucidate the critical role of the suppressor molecule signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), which interacts with CD47, in controlling ILC2-mediated airway hyperreactivity (AHR). Our data indicate that activated ILC2s upregulate the expression of SIRPα, and the interaction between SIRPα and CD47 effectively suppresses both ILC2 proliferation and effector function. To evaluate the function of SIRPα in ILC2-mediated AHR, we combined multiple approaches including genetically modified mouse models and adoptive transfer experiments in murine models of allergen-induced AHR. Our findings suggest that the absence of SIRPα leads to the overactivation of ILC2s. Conversely, engagement of SIRPα with CD47 reduces ILC2 cytokine production and effectively regulates ILC2-dependent AHR. Furthermore, the SIRPα-CD47 axis modulates mitochondrial metabolism through the JAK/STAT and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways, thereby regulating NF-κB activity and the production of type 2 cytokines. Additionally, our studies have revealed that SIRPα is inducible and expressed on human ILC2s, and administration of human CD47-Fc effectively suppresses the effector function and cytokine production. Moreover, administering human CD47-Fc to humanized ILC2 mice effectively alleviates AHR and lung inflammation. These findings highlight the promising therapeutic potential of targeting the SIRPα-CD47 axis in the treatment of ILC2-dependent allergic asthma.
How urban form impacts flooding
Authors: Balaian Sarah K. , Sanders Brett F. , Abdolhosseini Qomi Mohammad Javad 
Published: August 2024

AbstractUrbanization and climate change are contributing to severe flooding globally, damaging infrastructure, disrupting economies, and undermining human well-being. Approaches to make cities more resilient to floods are emerging, notably with the design of flood-resilient structures, but relatively little is known about the role of urban form and its complexity in the concentration of flooding. We leverage statistical mechanics to reduce the complexity of urban flooding and develop a mean-flow theory that relates flood hazards to urban form characterized by the ground slope, urban porosity, and the Mermin order parameter which measures symmetry in building arrangements. The mean-flow theory presents a dimensionless flood depth that scales linearly with the urban porosity and the order parameter, with different scaling for disordered square- and hexagon-like forms. A universal scaling is obtained by introducing an effective mean chord length representative of the unobstructed downslope travel distance for flood water, yielding an analytical model for neighborhood-scale flood hazards globally. The proposed mean-flow theory is applied to probe city-to-city variations in flood hazards, and shows promising results linking recorded flood losses to urban form and observed rainfall extremes.
Spin-Peierls instability of the U(1) Dirac spin liquid
Authors: Seifert Urban F. P. , Willsher Josef , Drescher Markus , Pollmann Frank , Knolle Johannes 
Published: August 2024

AbstractQuantum fluctuations can inhibit long-range ordering in frustrated magnets and potentially lead to quantum spin liquid (QSL) phases. A prime example are gapless QSLs with emergent U(1) gauge fields, which have been understood to be described in terms of quantum electrodynamics in 2+1 dimension (QED3). Despite several promising candidate materials, however, a complicating factor for their realisation is the presence of other degrees of freedom. In particular lattice distortions can act to relieve magnetic frustration, precipitating conventionally ordered states. In this work, we use field-theoretic arguments as well as extensive numerical simulations to show that the U(1) Dirac QSL on the triangular and kagome lattices exhibits a weak-coupling instability due to the coupling of monopoles of the emergent gauge field to lattice distortions, leading to valence-bond solid ordering. This generalises the spin-Peierls instability of one-dimensional quantum critical spin chains to two-dimensional algebraic QSLs. We study static distortions as well as quantum-mechanical phonons. Even in regimes where the QSL is stable, the singular spin-lattice coupling leads to marked temperature-dependent corrections to the phonon spectrum, which provide salient experimental signatures of spin fractionalisation. We discuss the coupling of QSLs to the lattice as a general tool for their discovery and characterisation.
Automatic rehabilitation exercise task assessment of stroke patients based on wearable sensors with a lightweight multichannel 1D-CNN model
Authors: Wang Jiping , Li Chengqi , Zhang Bochao , Zhang Yunpeng , Shi Lei , Wang Xiaojun , Zhou Linfu , Xiong Daxi 
Published: August 2024

AbstractApproximately 75% of stroke survivors have movement dysfunction. Rehabilitation exercises are capable of improving physical coordination. They are mostly conducted in the home environment without guidance from therapists. It is impossible to provide timely feedback on exercises without suitable devices or therapists. Human action quality assessment in the home setting is a challenging topic for current research. In this paper, a low-cost HREA system in which wearable sensors are used to collect upper limb exercise data and a multichannel 1D-CNN framework is used to automatically assess action quality. The proposed 1D-CNN model is first pretrained on the UCI-HAR dataset, and it achieves a performance of 91.96%. Then, five typical actions were selected from the Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale for the experiment, wearable sensors were used to collect the participants’ exercise data, and experienced therapists were employed to assess participants’ exercise at the same time. Following the above process, a dataset was built based on the Fugl-Meyer scale. Based on the 1D-CNN model, a multichannel 1D-CNN model was built, and the model using the Naive Bayes fusion had the best performance (precision: 97.26%, recall: 97.22%, F1-score: 97.23%) on the dataset. This shows that the HREA system provides accurate and timely assessment, which can provide real-time feedback for stroke survivors’ home rehabilitation.
Quality by design approach of apocynin loaded clove oil based nanostructured lipid carrier as a prophylactic regimen in hemorrhagic cystitis in vitro and in vivo comprehensive study
Authors: Maghrabia Amir Elsayed , Boughdady Mariza Fouad , Khater Sherry Mohamed , ِِAbu Hashim Irhan Ibrahim , Meshali Mahasen Mohammed 
Published: August 2024

AbstractApocynin (APO) is a naturally occurring acetophenone with eminent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant peculiarities. It suffers from poor bioavailability due to low aqueous solubility. Herein, APO was loaded in a Clove oil (CO) based Nanostructured lipid carrier (NSLC) system using a simple method (ultrasonic emulsification) guided by a quality-by-design approach (23 full factorial design) to optimize the formulated NSLCs. The prepared NSLCs were evaluated regarding particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and entrapment efficiency (EE%). The optimal formula (F2) was extensively investigated through transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), in vitro release, and stability studies. Cytotoxicity against human urinary bladder carcinoma (T24) cell line and in vivo activity studies in rats with induced cystitis were also assessed. The results disclosed that the optimal formula (F2) had PS of 214.8 ± 5.8 nm with EE% of 79.3 ± 0.9%. F2 also exhibited a strong cytotoxic effect toward the T24 cancer cells expressed by IC50 value of 5.8 ± 1.3 µg/mL. Pretreatment with the optimal formula (orally) hinted uroprotective effect against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in rat models, emphasized by histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical investigations. In consideration of the simple fabrication process, APO-loaded CO-based NSLCs can hold prospective potential in the prophylaxis of oncologic and urologic diseases.
Fabric soft pneumatic actuators with programmable turing pattern textures
Authors: Tanaka Masato , Song Yuyang , Nomura Tsuyoshi 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis paper presents a novel computational design and fabrication method for fabric-based soft pneumatic actuators (FSPAs) that use Turing patterns, inspired by Alan Turing’s morphogenesis theory. These inflatable structures can adapt their shapes with simple pressure changes and are applicable in areas like soft robotics, airbags, and temporary shelters. Traditionally, the design of such structures relies on isotropic materials and the designer’s expertise, often requiring a trial-and-error approach. The present study introduces a method to automate this process using advanced numerical optimization to design and manufacture fabric-based inflatable structures with programmable shape-morphing capabilities. Initially, an optimized distribution of the material orientation field on the surface membrane is achieved through gradient-based orientation optimization. This involves a comprehensive physical deployment simulation using the nonlinear shell finite element method, which is integrated into the inner loop of the optimization algorithm. This continuous adjustment of material orientations enhances the design objectives. These material orientation fields are transformed into discretized texture patterns that replicate the same anisotropic deformations. Anisotropic reaction-diffusion equations, using diffusion coefficients determined by local orientations from the optimization step, are then utilized to create space-filling Turing pattern textures. Furthermore, the fabrication methods of these optimized Turing pattern textures are explored using fabrics through heat bonding and embroidery. The performance of the fabricated FSPAs is evaluated through three different deformation shapes: C-shaped bending, S-shaped bending, and twisting.
Meta-analysis of variance in tDCS effects on response inhibition
Authors: Lasogga Luca , Gramegna Chiara , Müller Dario , Habel Ute , Mehler David M. A. , Gur Ruben C. , Weidler Carmen 
Published: August 2024

AbstractDeficiencies in response inhibition are associated with numerous mental health conditions, warranting innovative treatments. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, modulates cortical excitability and has shown promise in improving response inhibition. However, tDCS effects on response inhibition often yield contradictory findings. Previous research emphasized the importance of inter-individual factors that are mostly ignored in conventional meta-analyses of mean effects. We aimed to fill this gap and promote the complementary use of the coefficient of variation ratio and standardized mean effects. The systematic literature search included single-session and sham-controlled tDCS studies utilizing stop-signal task or Go-NoGo tasks, analyzing 88 effect sizes from 53 studies. Considering the impact of inter-individual factors, we hypothesized that variances increase in the active versus sham tDCS. However, the results showed that variances between both groups did not differ. Additionally, analyzing standardized mean effects supported previous research showing an improvement in the stop-signal task but not in the Go-NoGo task following active tDCS. These findings suggest that inter-individual differences do not increase variances in response inhibition, implying that the heterogeneity cannot be attributed to higher variance in response inhibition during and after active tDCS. Furthermore, methodological considerations are crucial for tDCS efficacy.
Chromosomal copy number based stratification of gastric cancer has added prognostic value to Lauren’s histological classification
Authors: Biesma H. D. , Soeratram T. T. D. , van Essen H. F. , Egthuijsen J. M. P. , Poell J. B. , van Dijk E. , Meershoek - Klein Kranenbarg E. , Hartgrink H. H. , van de Velde C. J. H. , van de Wiel M. A. , Ylstra B. , van Grieken N. C. T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Background
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) recognizes four molecular subgroups of gastric cancer: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive, microsatellite instable (MSI), genomically stable (GS), and chromosomal instable (CIN). Since a GS/CIN classifier is lacking, alternative markers such as Lauren’s histopathology or CDH1/p53 immunohistochemistry are commonly applied. Here we compared survival of gastric cancer subgroups determined by four methods.

Methods
309 EBV negative and microsatellite stable tumors were included from the Dutch D1/D2 trial and assigned to subgroups by: (i) TCGA’s specific chromosomal copy number aberrations, (ii) genome instability index (GII), (iii) Lauren’s classification, and (iv) CDH1/p53 immunohistochemistry. Subgroups were associated with cancer-related survival (CRS).

Results
Five-year CRS was 42.0% for diffuse and 49.5% for patients with intestinal type tumors, and 57.8% for GS and 41.6% for patients with CIN tumors. Classification by GII or CDH1/p53 IHC did not correlate with CRS. The combination of TCGA and Lauren classifications resulted in four distinct subgroups. Five-year CRS for GS-intestinal (n = 24), GS-diffuse (n = 57), CIN-intestinal (n = 142) and CIN-diffuse (n = 86) was 61.4%, 56.5%, 47.6%, and 31.5%, respectively.

Conclusions
TCGA’s GS and CIN subgroups have additional prognostic value to Lauren’s classification in resectable gastric cancer. GS-intestinal, GS-diffuse, CIN-intestinal and CIN-diffuse are suggested stratification variables for future studies.
Empirical mass-loss rates and clumping properties of O-type stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Hawcroft C. , Mahy L. , Sana H. , Sundqvist J. O. , Abdul-Masih M. , Brands S. A. , Decin L. , de Koter A. , Puls J. 
Published: August 2024

Context. The nature of mass-loss in massive stars is one of the most important and difficult to constrain processes in the evolution of massive stars. The largest observational uncertainties are related to the influence of metallicity and wind structure with optically thick clumps.
Aims. We aim to constrain the wind parameters of sample of 18 O-type stars in the LMC, through analysis with stellar atmosphere and wind models including the effects of optically thick clumping. This will allow us to determine the most accurate spectroscopic mass-loss and wind structure properties of massive stars at sub-solar metallicity to date. This will allow us to gain insight into the impact of metallicity on massive stellar winds.
Methods. Combining high signal to noise (S/N) ratio observations in the ultraviolet and optical wavelength ranges gives us access to diagnostics of multiple different ongoing physical processes in the stellar wind. We produce synthetic spectra using the stellar atmosphere modelling code FASTWIND, and reproduce the observed spectra using a genetic algorithm based fitting technique to optimise the input parameters.
Results. We empirically constrain 15 physical parameters associated with the stellar and wind properties of O-type stars from the dwarf, giant and supergiant luminosity classes. These include temperature, surface gravity, surface abundances, rotation, macroturbulence and wind parameters.
Conclusions. We find, on average, mass-loss rates a factor of 4–5 lower than those from theoretical predictions commonly used in stellar-evolution calculations, but in good agreement with more recent theoretical predictions. In the ‘weak-wind’ regime we find massloss rates orders of magnitude below any theoretical predictions. We find a positive correlation of clumping factors with effective temperature with an average fcl = 14 ± 8 for the full sample. It is clear that there is a difference in the porosity of the wind in velocity space, and interclump density, above and below a temperature of roughly 38 kK. Above 38 kK an average 46 ± 24% of the wind velocity span is covered by clumps and the interclump density is 10–30% of the mean wind. Below an effective temperature of roughly 38 kK there must be additional light leakage for supergiants. For dwarf stars at low temperatures there is a statistical preference for very low clump velocity spans, however it is unclear if this can be physically motivated as there are no clearly observable wind signatures in UV diagnostics.