bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sirt6 regulates postnatal growth plate differentiation and proliferation via Ihh signaling
Authors: Piao Jinying , Tsuji Kunikazu , Ochi Hiroki , Iwata Munetaka , Koga Daisuke , Okawa Atsushi , Morita Sadao , Takeda Shu , Asou Yoshinori 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSirtuin 6 (Sirt6) is a mammalian homologue of NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase Sir2. Although Sirt6−/− mice exhibit growth retardation, the role of Sirt6 in cartilage metabolism is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the Sirt6 signaling pathway in cartilage metabolism. Immunohistological evaluation of the tibial growth plate in Sirt6−/− mice exhibited impaired proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, reduced expression of Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and a senescent phenotype. When Sirt6 was knocked down in chondrocytes in vitro, expression of Ihh and its downstream genes were reduced. Impaired differentiation by Sirt6 silencing was completely rescued by administration of a Hh signal agonist. When sirtuins were activated, chondrocyte differentiation was enhanced together with activation of Ihh signal and these effects were abrogated by Sirt6 silencing. ChIP assay revealed the affinity of ATF4 to the Ihh promoter was markedly decreased by Sirt6 knockdown. These data indicate Sirt6 directly controls proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes.
Single DC source three‐phase multilevel inverter using reduced number of switches
Authors: Tsang Kai‐Ming , Chan Wai‐Lok 
Published: October 2013

A novel pulse‐width modulation‐less three‐phase multilevel DC–AC inverter using only one DC source is presented in this study. The proposed approach enables multilevel output to be realised by a few cascaded H‐bridges and a three‐leg inverter using minimum number of power switches. As an illustration, a 19‐level three‐phase inverter has been implemented based on cascading four H‐bridges and a three‐leg inverter. Switching strategy has been derived for the proposed inverter such that a three‐phase power system with 19 output levels can be realised with proper capacitor voltage regulation and a single energy source. Only 22 power switches instead of 108 are required to achieve the objective. Experimental results are included to demonstrate the outstanding performance of the proposed inverter. Although only 50 Hz results are presented, the proposed inverter could be applied in aircraft systems by only changing the switching frequency.
Ethanolamide Oxylipins of Linolenic Acid Can Negatively Regulate Arabidopsis Seedling Development
Authors: Keereetaweep Jantana , Blancaflor Elison B. , Hornung Ellen , Feussner Ivo , Chapman Kent D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are fatty-acid derivatives with potent biological activities in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms. Polyunsaturated NAEs are among the most abundant NAE types in seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana, and they can be metabolized by either fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) or by lipoxygenase (LOX) to low levels during seedling establishment. Here, we identify and quantify endogenous oxylipin metabolites of N-linolenoylethanolamine (NAE 18:3) in Arabidopsis seedlings and show that their levels were higher in faah knockout seedlings. Quantification of oxylipin metabolites in lox mutants demonstrated altered partitioning of NAE 18:3 into 9- or 13-LOX pathways, and this was especially exaggerated when exogenous NAE was added to seedlings. When maintained at micromolar concentrations, NAE 18:3 specifically induced cotyledon bleaching of light-grown seedlings within a restricted stage of development. Comprehensive oxylipin profiling together with genetic and pharmacological interference with LOX activity suggested that both 9-hydroxy and 13-hydroxy linolenoylethanolamides, but not corresponding free fatty-acid metabolites, contributed to the reversible disruption of thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts of seedling cotyledons. We suggest that NAE oxylipins of linolenic acid represent a newly identified, endogenous set of bioactive compounds that may act in opposition to progression of normal seedling development and must be depleted for successful establishment.
Achieving Integration in Mixed Methods Designs—Principles and Practices
Authors: Fetters Michael D. , Curry Leslie A. , Creswell John W. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMixed methods research offers powerful tools for investigating complex processes and systems in health and health care. This article describes integration principles and practices at three levels in mixed methods research and provides illustrative examples. Integration at the study design level occurs through three basic mixed method designs—exploratory sequential, explanatory sequential, and convergent—and through four advanced frameworks—multistage, intervention, case study, and participatory. Integration at the methods level occurs through four approaches. In connecting, one database links to the other through sampling. With building, one database informs the data collection approach of the other. When merging, the two databases are brought together for analysis. With embedding, data collection and analysis link at multiple points. Integration at the interpretation and reporting level occurs through narrative, data transformation, and joint display. The fit of integration describes the extent the qualitative and quantitative findings cohere. Understanding these principles and practices of integration can help health services researchers leverage the strengths of mixed methods.
Single‐nucleotide polymorphism discovery in Leptographium longiclavatum, a mountain pine beetle‐associated symbiotic fungus, using whole‐genome resequencing
Authors: Ojeda Dario I. , Dhillon Braham , Tsui Clement K. M. , Hamelin Richard C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSingle‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are rapidly becoming the standard markers in population genomics studies; however, their use in nonmodel organisms is limited due to the lack of cost‐effective approaches to uncover genome‐wide variation, and the large number of individuals needed in the screening process to reduce ascertainment bias. To discover SNPs for population genomics studies in the fungal symbionts of the mountain pine beetle (MPB), we developed a road map to discover SNPs and to produce a genotyping platform. We undertook a whole‐genome sequencing approach of Leptographium longiclavatum in combination with available genomics resources of another MPB symbiont, Grosmannia clavigera. We sequenced 71 individuals pooled into four groups using the Illumina sequencing technology. We generated between 27 and 30 million reads of 75 bp that resulted in a total of 1, 181 contigs longer than 2 kb and an assembled genome size of 28.9 Mb (N50 = 48 kb, average depth = 125x). A total of 9052 proteins were annotated, and between 9531 and 17 266 SNPs were identified in the four pools. A subset of 206 genes (containing 574 SNPs, 11% false positives) was used to develop a genotyping platform for this species. Using this roadmap, we developed a genotyping assay with a total of 147 SNPs located in 121 genes using the Illumina® Sequenom iPLEX Gold. Our preliminary genotyping (success rate = 85%) of 304 individuals from 36 populations supports the utility of this approach for population genomics studies in other MPB fungal symbionts and other fungal nonmodel species.
Impacts of bioturbation on temporal variation in bacterial and archaeal nitrogen‐cycling gene abundance in coastal sediments
Authors: Laverock B. , Tait K. , Gilbert J. A. , Osborn A. M. , Widdicombe S. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryIn marine environments, macrofauna living in or on the sediment surface may alter the structure, diversity and function of benthic microbial communities. In particular, microbial nitrogen (N)‐cycling processes may be enhanced by the activity of large bioturbating organisms. Here, we study the effect of the burrowing mud shrimp Upogebia deltaura upon temporal variation in the abundance of genes representing key N‐cycling functional guilds. The abundance of bacterial genes representing different N‐cycling guilds displayed different temporal patterns in burrow sediments in comparison with surface sediments, suggesting that the burrow provides a unique environment where bacterial gene abundances are influenced directly by macrofaunal activity. In contrast, the abundances of archaeal ammonia oxidizers varied temporally but were not affected by bioturbation, indicating differential responses between bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers to environmental physicochemical controls. This study highlights the importance of bioturbation as a control over the temporal variation in nitrogen‐cycling microbial community dynamics within coastal sediments.
Transepithelial elimination in sarcoidosis: a frequent finding
Authors: Ismail Aimen , Beckum Kathleen , McKay Kristopher 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundTransepithelial elimination is a process by which dermal materials are expelled through an active epithelial‐dermal connective tissue interaction. It has been described as a regular or sporadic occurrence in a variety of dermatologic conditions, including sarcoidosis.ObservationOur patient demonstrated a rare presentation of sarcoidosis involving the genital region, with histopathologic evidence of transepithelial elimination of granulomas. This prompted us to conduct the first case series documenting the frequency of transepithelial elimination in sarcoidosis.MethodsSlides of skin biopsies from patients (n = 50) with cutaneous sarcoidosis from the University of Alabama at Birmingham were evaluated for transepithelial elimination. Transepithelial elimination was defined as epithelial channel formation with a sarcoidal‐type granuloma completely surrounded by squamous epithelium on the section examined.ResultsTransepithelial elimination was found in 9 of 50 cases (18%).ConclusionThis is the first report of transepithelial elimination in a lesion of sarcoidosis localized to the vulvar area, and one of only six reports in the English literature documenting cutaneous sarcoidosis with histopathologic evidence of transepithelial elimination. These reports are reviewed herein. Surprisingly, the results from this case series indicate that transepithelial elimination is more common in cutaneous sarcoidosis than one may surmise from the current literature.
The EU in the Horn of Africa: Building Resilience as a Distant Form of Governance
Authors: Joseph Jonathan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe EU has recently got involved in resilience building. This article concentrates on the SHARE project relating to resilience building in the Horn of Africa. It suggests that resilience is best understood as part of a particular approach to governance. By employing the concept of governmentality it is suggested that the resilience project is part of a broader strategy that seeks to govern from a distance. It is argued that this is consistent with two other developments. First it fits with new approaches to development and global governance, something that is shown through a comparison with the work of USAID. And it fits with the EU's own internal processes both in the field of risk and disaster preparedness, and in relation to things like the open method of co‐ordination. Resilience has emerged as an important new approach and this will be at the heart of internal and external EU relations.
Incidence and risk factors for herpes zoster following heart transplantation
Authors: Koo S. , Gagne L.S. , Lee P. , Pratibhu P.P. , James L.M. , Givertz M.M. , Marty F.M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundData on the incidence, timing, and risk factors for herpes zoster (HZ) in heart transplant (HT) recipients are limited.MethodsWe determined HZ incidence rates and actuarial estimates of time to first HZ episode in 314 HT recipients at our institution from 1995 to 2010. We developed Cox models to assess potential risk factors for HZ in HT.ResultsMedian age at HT was 54 (range, 17–71) years; 237 (76%) were male. There were 60 episodes of HZ in 51 patients, with an overall incidence rate of 31.6 cases (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.5–41.6)/1000 person‐years. Although most cases occurred during the first post‐HT year, cumulative HZ incidence was 0.078 at 1, 0.15 at 5, and 0.20 at 10 years. Many patients had substantial HZ morbidity, including 14% with HZ ophthalmicus and 45% with post‐herpetic neuralgia. Adjusting for age, gender, and acute cellular rejection episodes, exposure to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was an independent risk factor for HZ (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.18; 95% CI, 1.20–3.96; P = 0.01), while ganciclovir‐based cytomegalovirus prophylaxis reduced HZ risk (adjusted HR 0.09; 95% CI, 0.01–0.71; P = 0.02). Although age and female gender increased HZ risk, the magnitude of their effect was not statistically significant in Cox models.ConclusionsHZ is common and morbid after HT, particularly with MMF exposure. Ganciclovir prophylaxis is effective in reducing the short‐term risk of HZ, but the steady incidence of cases for years post HT makes long‐term HZ prevention challenging. Augmenting varicella zoster virus immunity post HT with vaccines warrants further exploration.
Transient Activation of Hedgehog Pathway Rescued Irradiation-Induced Hyposalivation by Preserving Salivary Stem/Progenitor Cells and Parasympathetic Innervation
Authors: Hai Bo , Qin Lizheng , Yang Zhenhua , Zhao Qingguo , Shangguan Lei , Ti Xinyu , Zhao Yanqiu , Kim Sangroh , Rangaraj Dharanipathy , Liu Fei 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Purpose: To examine the effects and mechanisms of transient activation of the Hedgehog pathway on rescuing radiotherapy-induced hyposalivation in survivors of head and neck cancer.
Experimental Design: Mouse salivary glands and cultured human salivary epithelial cells were irradiated by a single 15-Gy dose. The Hedgehog pathway was transiently activated in mouse salivary glands, by briefly overexpressing the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) transgene or administrating smoothened agonist, and in human salivary epithelial cells, by infecting with adenovirus encoding Gli1. The activity of Hedgehog signaling was examined by the expression of the Ptch1-lacZ reporter and endogenous Hedgehog target genes. The salivary flow rate was measured following pilocarpine stimulation. Salivary stem/progenitor cells (SSPC), parasympathetic innervation, and expression of related genes were examined by flow cytometry, salisphere assay, immunohistochemistry, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA.
Results: Irradiation does not activate Hedgehog signaling in mouse salivary glands. Transient Shh overexpression activated the Hedgehog pathway in ductal epithelia and, after irradiation, rescued salivary function in male mice, which is related with preservation of functional SSPCs and parasympathetic innervation. The preservation of SSPCs was likely mediated by the rescue of signaling activities of the Bmi1 and Chrm1–HB-EGF pathways. The preservation of parasympathetic innervation was associated with the rescue of the expression of neurotrophic factors such as Bdnf and Nrtn. The expression of genes related with maintenance of SSPCs and parasympathetic innervation in female salivary glands and cultured human salivary epithelial cells was similarly affected by irradiation and transient Hedgehog activation.
Conclusions: These findings suggest that transient activation of the Hedgehog pathway has the potential to restore salivary gland function after irradiation-induced dysfunction. Clin Cancer Res; 20(1); 140–50. ©2013 AACR.
Radio Occultation Observations as Anchor Observations in Numerical Weather Prediction Models and Associated Reduction of Bias Corrections in Microwave and Infrared Satellite Observations
Authors: Cucurull L. , Anthes R. A. , Tsao L.-L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSatellite radiance measurements are used daily at numerical weather prediction (NWP) centers around the world, providing a significant positive impact on weather forecast skill. Owing to the existence of systematic errors, either in the observations, instruments, and/or forward models, which can be larger than the signal, the use of infrared or microwave radiances in data assimilation systems requires significant bias corrections. As most bias-correction schemes do not correct for biases that exist in the model forecasts, the model needs to be grounded by an unbiased observing system. These reference measurements, also known as “anchor observations,” prevent a drift of the model to its own climatology and associated biases, thus avoiding a spurious drift of the observation bias corrections.This paper shows that the assimilation of global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) observations over a 3-month period in an operational NWP system results in smaller, more accurate bias corrections in infrared and microwave observations, resulting in an overall more effective use of satellite radiances and a larger number of radiance observations that pass quality control. A full version of the NCEP data assimilation system is used to evaluate the results on the bias corrections for the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder-3 (HIRS-3) on NOAA-17 and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) on NOAA-15 in an operational environment.
Does discharge hemoglobin affect medium-term survival after coronary bypass?
Authors: Poullis Michael 
Published: October 2013

Background the effect of discharge hemoglobin on survival of patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting is unknown. Blood transfusion frequently confounds the issue. Methods 4682 consecutive patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass were studied. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify whether discharge hemoglobin was an independent risk factor determining survival after isolated coronary artery bypass. The analysis was complemented with a neuronal network. Results univariate analysis identified discharge hemoglobin ( p = 0.01) and blood transfusion ( p < 0.0001) as significant factors affecting survival. Multivariate analysis identified age ( p < 0.0001) ejection fraction ( p < 0.0001), dialysis ( p < 0.0001), peripheral vascular disease ( p = 0.001), preoperative hemoglobin ( p = 0.01), and blood transfusion ( p = 0.0002) as significant factors determining survival. Neuronal network analysis confirmed the lack of importance of hemoglobin on discharge as a factor determining survival. Conclusions the discharge hemoglobin level does not affect medium-term survival.
Problematic internet use in childhood and youth: evolution of a 21st century affliction
Authors: Tam Philip , Walter Garry 
Published: October 2013

Objective: To describe the emergence of, and myriad issues pertaining to, problematic internet use in childhood and youth. In this overview and appraisal of a uniquely 21st century affliction, the focus is on youth and less on young adult perspectives. Conclusions: We employed relevant literature-search methodology though EMBASE, Psychinfo and Web of Science, utilising the key terms of PIU, internet addiction and youth mental health, and present a selection of the pioneering and important research developments both nationally and internationally. We focused on the literature from the past 10 years, but we also included relevant early developments in the field going back to the 1990s. We also made reference, where appropriate, to major considerations of relevance to the general public, where these were reported in reputable international news and media organisations. The authors utilised common internet search engines to access these news reports. It was found that the complex, novel and at times controversial concept of ‘problematic internet use’ (PIU) – often popularly dubbed ‘internet addiction’ – has attracted much public, media and research interest, particularly over the past decade. In common with many other afflictions that have a prominent ‘pop-cultural’ component, often the commentary and debate has been polarising, unclear and sensationalist. At times, more light than heat appears to be generated.
Introduction to endoscopy in the cat
Authors: Robertson Elise , Lhermette Philip 
Published: October 2013

Practical relevance: For many years, endoscopy and minimally invasive surgery have been considered ‘standard’ in human healthcare. With the expansion of the used medical equipment market, and the falling cost of new equipment, veterinary practitioners are now starting to appreciate first-hand the benefits of performing endoscopic procedures: for example, vastly improved visualisation of the surgical site, reduced tissue trauma, minimal postoperative pain and faster recovery times, especially in feline patients. In addition, clients almost always choose a less invasive procedure if the capabilities are present, and will often consent to these procedures sooner than they would to conventional surgery. Aim: This article aims to guide the general feline practitioner towards a basic understanding of endoscopic and ancillary equipment, and in the direction of appropriate training required to perform routine endoscopic procedures. Evidence base: The authors draw on information provided in a combination of published texts, articles, reviews and their own clinical experience to provide a practical information guide for the clinician interested in feline endoscopy.
Gastrointestinal endoscopy in the cat
Authors: Neiger Reto , Robertson Elise , Stengel Christiane 
Published: October 2013

Practical relevance: Endoscopic examination of the feline gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a minimally invasive method for obtaining biopsy samples of the GI mucosa, which is often necessary for a diagnosis of chronic GI diseases. In addition endoscopy has several therapeutic indications including foreign body retrieval, oesophageal stricture dilation and placement of a percutaneous gastrostomy tube. Clinical challenges: Initially, practitioners must learn the subtle manipulations necessary to efficiently guide the endoscope through the GI tract to obtain biopsy samples of high diagnostic quality, and develop skills for implementing interventional procedures (eg, foreign body removal). Another challenge in mastering GI endoscopy is the ability to recognise normal from abnormal, which requires many years of practice and experience. Endoscopy is a diagnostic and interventional procedure that should be performed only in conjunction with a thorough history, physical examination, appropriate laboratory evaluation, and radiographic and/or ultrasonographic imaging. Audience: This review is intended to familiarize both the general and referral practitioner with GI endoscopy as a minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic intervention for the feline patient. Evidence base: The guidance contained within this article is based on a combination of the published literature, the authors’ personal experience and the experience of colleagues.