bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of plant arrangement pattern and irrigation on efficiency of maize (Zea mays) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) intercropping system
Authors: OLJACA S. , CVETKOVIC R. , KOVACEVIC D. , VASIC G. , MOMIROVIC N. 
Published: July 2002

A field study was conducted on an experimental field of the Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje-
Belgrade (latitude: 44° 49′ N), Yugoslavia over a 3 year period (1994–1996). The objective of this
study was to find the optimal spatial arrangement of a maize–beans intercrop in irrigated and rainfed
farming systems.Plant arrangement patterns in an intercropping system did not significantly affect LAI values in
maize compared with a sole crop, while irrigation had a greater positive influence on it. Leaf area
values of beans were more sensitive to the same treatments. Microenvironmental conditions in
maize–bean mixtures were more favourable for bean crop than for sole beans.An intercropping system had a greater influence on yield components of maize. Component
combination 1/2[ratio ]1/2 (maize[ratio ]bean) was most effective in all yield components of maize. Intraspecific
competition appears to be more intense than interspecific competition in both crops. Yield
component of bean was more sensitive to water regime of the site than to planting pattern in an
intercrop. Irrigation increased all yield components of bean (especially pod number). The
intercropping system decreased harvest index in both crops compared with monocrops. Maximum
total grain yield was in 1994 in irrigated maize–bean intercrop 1/2[ratio ]1/2, with highest efficiency being
in an intercrop in irrigation in 1995. The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), based on grain yield, was
consistently greater than 1·0 in an irrigation water regime in 1995. Proportion of maize[ratio ]bean
= 1/2[ratio ]1/2 gave the highest increase of yield (LER = 1·54). Under conditions of chernozem soil type in
Zemun Polje, with often-expressed dry periods, irrigation is a very important measure for increasing
maize–beans intercrop productivity.
Race and Representation in the
United States: the Constitutional
Validity of Majority–Minority
Congressional Districts
Authors: McKEEVER ROBERT J. 
Published: July 2002

In an effort to maximize the representation of African Americans and
Hispanics in the United States House of Representatives, many state
legislatures have consciously sought to create so-called
“majority–minority” congressional districts.
This involves carving out districts in
which African Americans or Hispanics constitute more than 50 per cent
of the voting age population. The expectation is that such districts will
elect a minority member of the House, which in turn will lead to a
Congress that is more sensitive and responsive to the needs and interests
of America's two largest ethnic minorities. Indeed, this expectation has
become an article of faith for the mainstream civil rights movement and
its white sympathizers.However, like other forms of affirmative action, majority–minority
districting sits rather uncomfortably alongside the Constitutional principle
of race-neutrality. In a series of recent cases, the United States Supreme
Court has declared that, by subordinating traditional districting principles
to the overriding need to draw boundaries along racial lines, states have
violated the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Multiple forms of lactadherin (breast antigen BA46) and
butyrophilin are secreted into human milk as major components of
milk fat globule membrane
Authors: CAVALETTO MARIA , GIUFFRIDA MARIA G. , GIUNTA CARLO , VELLANO CAMILLO , FABRIS CLAUDIO , BERTINO ENRICO , GODOVAC-ZIMMERMANN JASMINKA , CONTI AMEDEO 
Published: July 2002

In the lactating mammary gland, epithelial cells secrete triacylglycerols in the
form of droplets enveloped by an apical surface membrane. This membrane is known
as the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM; Mather & Keenan, 1983). MFGM-associated
proteins have been studied and employed in developing antibodies against
surface antigens of breast epithelial cells, which are used in breast cancer
immunodiagnosis and histopathology (Salinas et al. 1987; Larocca et al. 1991;
Peterson et al. 1995). So far, only a small number of proteins have been analysed and
their sequence identified in bovine, murine and human MFGM; among them are
butyrophilin (Jack & Mather, 1990; Ishii et al. 1995;
Taylor et al. 1996), MFG-E8 (Stubbs et al. 1990),
PAS 6/7 (Hvarregaard et al. 1996) and lactadherin or breast
antigen BA46 (Couto et al. 1996; Taylor et al. 1997).
Several minor proteins have yet
to be characterized, since it is not easy to isolate them in large quantities from the
membrane. SDS gel patterns give useful information about MFGM proteins, such as
concentration, relative molecular mass and presence of carbohydrate. Over forty
membrane components have been separated by electrophoretic techniques from
bovine MFGM (Mather et al. 1980).The research reported here combined SDS-PAGE with sequencing analysis and
describes the composition of human MFGM, with the exception of high molecular
mass mucin, which only penetrates an acrylamide gel of 40 g/l. Mucins have been
extensively studied and the sequence predicted from cDNA (Gendler et al. 1990).
Surprisingly, identification of the protein bands in the present study revealed that
three proteins alone constituted the major components of human MFGM: xanthine
oxidase (EC 1.1.3.22), butyrophilin and lactadherin. Lactadherin belongs to a family
of proteins possessing epidermal growth factor-like and factor V/VIII C1/C2-like
domains, including bovine PAS 6/7, guinea pig GP55 (Hvarregaard et al. 1996) and
murine MFG-E8 (Stubbs et al. 1990). In a previous investigation, we characterized
lactadherin (formerly breast antigen BA46) and its truncated 30 kDa form as
components of healthy human MFGM (Giuffrida et al. 1998). Human butyrophilin
has recently been cloned and sequenced (Taylor et al. 1996); the presence of two
extracellular immunoglobulin superfamily domains suggested a potential cell surface
receptor function. This study was aimed at identifying and characterizing the
multiple forms of the major proteins of MFGM.
Direct numerical simulation of a supersonic turbulent boundary layer at Mach 2.5
Authors: GUARINI STEPHEN E. , MOSER ROBERT D. , SHARIFF KARIM , WRAY ALAN 
Published: July 2002

A direct numerical simulation of a supersonic turbulent boundary layer has been
performed. We take advantage of a technique developed by Spalart for incompressible
flow. In this technique, it is assumed that the boundary layer grows so slowly
in the streamwise direction that the turbulence can be treated as approximately
homogeneous in this direction. The slow growth is accounted for by a coordinate
transformation and a multiple-scale analysis. The result is a modified system of
equations, in which the flow is homogeneous in both the streamwise and spanwise
directions, and which represents the state of the boundary layer at a given streamwise
location. The equations are solved using a mixed Fourier and B-spline Galerkin
method.Results are presented for a case having an adiabatic wall, a Mach number of
M = 2.5, and a Reynolds number, based on momentum integral thickness and wall
viscosity, of Reθ′ = 849. The Reynolds number based on momentum integral thickness
and free-stream viscosity is Reθ = 1577. The results indicate that the Van Driest
transformed velocity satisfies the incompressible scalings and a small logarithmic
region is obtained. Both turbulence intensities and the Reynolds shear stress compare
well with the incompressible simulations of Spalart when scaled by mean density.
Pressure fluctuations are higher than in incompressible flow. Morkovin's prediction
that streamwise velocity and temperature fluctuations should be anti-correlated, which
happens to be supported by compressible experiments, does not hold in the simulation.
Instead, a relationship is found between the rates of turbulent heat and momentum
transfer. The turbulent kinetic energy budget is computed and compared with the
budgets from Spalart's incompressible simulations.
Spin-up of stratified rotating flows at large
Schmidt number: experiment and theory
Authors: HEWITT R. E. , DAVIES P. A. , DUCK P. W. , FOSTER M. R. 
Published: July 2002

We consider the nonlinear spin-up/down of a rotating stratified fluid in a conical
container. An analysis of axisymmetric similarity-type solutions to the relevant
boundary-layer problem, Duck, Foster & Hewitt (1997), has revealed three types of
behaviour for this geometry. In general, the boundary layer evolves to either a steady
state, or a gradually thickening boundary layer, or a finite-time singularity depending
on the Schmidt number, the ratio of initial to final rotation rates, and the relative
importance of rotation and stratification.In this paper we emphasize the experimental aspects of an investigation into the
initial readjustment process. We make comparisons with the previously presented
boundary-layer theory, showing good quantitative agreement for positive changes
in the rotation rate of the container (relative to the initial rotation sense). The
boundary-layer analysis is shown to be less successful in predicting the flow evolution
for nonlinear decelerations of the container. We discuss the qualitative features of
the spin-down experiments, which, in general, are dominated by non-axisymmetric
effects. The experiments are conducted using salt-stratified solutions, which have a
Schmidt number of approximately 700.The latter sections of the paper present some stability results for the steady
boundary-layer states. A high degree of non-uniqueness is possible for the system
of steady governing equations; however the experimental results are repeatable and
stability calculations suggest that ‘higher branch’
solutions are, in general, unstable.
The eigenvalue spectrum arising from the linear stability analysis is shown to have
both continuous and discrete components. Some analytical results concerning the
continuous spectrum are presented in an appendix.A brief appendix completes the previous analysis of Duck, Foster & Hewitt (1997),
presenting numerical evidence of a different form of finite-time singularity available
for a more general boundary-layer problem.
Are there sex differences in the reliability of a lifetime history of major depression and its predictors?
Authors: KENDLER K. S. , GARDNER C. O. , PRESCOTT C. A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Although lifetime major depression (LTMD) is assessed with only moderate reliability in community samples, some predictors have emerged for ‘reliable’ LTMD. Given the large impact of sex on risk for LTMD, it is of interest to know if there are sex differences in the reliability of LTMD and its predictors.Methods. A total of 5603 members of male–male and male–female twin pairs from a population-based registry were interviewed twice with a mean inter-interview interval of 19 months. LTMD was assessed on each occasion using DSM-III-R criteria. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used, combining forward and back-prediction.Results. The long-term test–retest reliability of LTMD was moderate (κ = +0·48) and did not differ significantly between males and females. In a multivariate model, the significant predictors of a stable diagnosis of LTMD, none of which differed across sex, were younger age at onset, older current age, history of treatment, increasing number of symptoms, level of impairment or level of distress, longer duration of episodes, higher current level of depression and the presence during the depressive episode of sad mood, weight loss, hypersomnia or fatigue. Using these variables, it was not possible to predict ‘stably diagnosed’ LTMD with both high sensitivity and high specificity.Conclusion. In community samples, LTMD is diagnosed with moderate reliability. Although diagnostic stability can be predicted by variables related to severity, distress and treatment-seeking (probably acting to make depressive episodes more ‘memorable’), highly accurate prediction of stably diagnosed cases is not possible. Long-term recall is also significantly influenced by current symptoms. Neither the stability of LTMD nor its predictors differ in men and women.
Cultural influences on the prevalence of common mental disorder, general practitioners' assessments and help-seeking among Punjabi and English people visiting their general practitioner
Authors: BHUI K. , BHUGRA D. , GOLDBERG D. , DUNN G. , DESAI M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Culture influences symptom presentation and help-seeking and may influence the general practitioner's assessment.Methods. We recruited Punjabi and English GP attenders to a two-phase survey in London (UK) using the Amritsar Depression Inventory and the General Health Questionnaire as screening instruments. The Clinical Interview Schedule was the criterion measure. General practitioners completed Likert assessments.Results. The second phase was completed by 209 Punjabi and 180 English subjects. The prevalence of common mental disorders was not influenced by culture. Punjabi cases more often had ‘poor concentration and memory’ and ‘depressive ideas’ but were not more likely to have somatic symptoms. General practitioners were more likely to assess Punjabis with common mental disorder as having ‘physical and somatic’ symptoms or ‘sub-clinical disorders’. Punjabi cases with depressive ideas were less likely to be detected compared with English ones. In comparison to English men, English women were under-detected by Asian general practitioners. Help-seeking English subjects were more likely to be correctly identified as cases.Conclusions. The prevalence of common mental disorders and somatic symptoms does not differ across cultures. Among English subjects, general practitioners were more likely to identify correctly pure psychiatric illness and mixed pathology; but Punjabi subjects with common mental disorders were more often assessed as having ‘sub-clinical disorders’ and ‘physical and somatic’ disorders. English women were less well detected than English men. English help-seeking cases were more likely to be detected.
The relationship between smooth pursuit
performance, motion perception and sustained visual
attention in patients with schizophrenia and normal controls
Authors: STUVE T. A. , FRIEDMAN L. , JESBERGER J. A. , GILMORE G. C. , STRAUSS M. E. , MELTZER H. Y. 
Published: July 2002

Background. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that low smooth pursuit gain in
schizophrenia is related to an abnormality in motion perception.Methods. The subjects were 19 schizophrenics treated with clozapine and 19 controls. In addition
to smooth pursuit and motion perception paradigms, sustained attention was also assessed
using a continuous performance task (CPT).Results. In the patient group, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between
smooth pursuit gain and motion perception threshold (r =−0·60, P<0·01). This relationship
was not secondary to attention deficits as assessed by the CPT.Conclusions. Our results are consistent with the notion that the smooth pursuit gain deficit is
related to a deficit in motion perception rather than in attention. Brain area V5 (also referred to
as ‘MT’ in macaque), located in the parieto-occipital region, is known to be critically important
both for motion perception and gain. Thus, our results point to an abnormality in this area in
schizophrenia.
Attributions about common bodily sensations: their associations

with hypochondriasis and anxiety
Authors: MacLEOD A. K. , HAYNES C. , SENSKY T. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Causal attributions about bodily sensations may

determine help-seeking and influence

patients' demands for medical treatment. The present study aimed

to differentiate the causal

attributions associated with health-related and non-health-related

anxiety.Methods. Anxious hypochondriacal, generally anxious, and

non-anxious general practice attenders

were compared on their propensity to give somatic, psychological or

normalizing attributions for

common bodily sensations, measured by number of each type of

attribution in a given time period

and the frequency of first response of each type.Results. The groups differed in all three types of

attributions. Giving more psychological and fewer

normalizing attributions was related to general anxiety whereas

giving more somatic attributions

was related specifically to hypochondriasis.Conclusions. Anxiety and hypochondriasis can be

distinguished in terms of their associated patterns

of attributions for bodily sensations, reinforcing the importance

of attributional processes and

interventions which use reattributional training.
General practitioners' attitudes to psychiatric and medical illness
Authors: LAWRIE S. M. , MARTIN K. , McNEILL G. , DRIFE J. , CHRYSTIE P. , REID A. , WU P. , NAMMARY S. , BALL J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. General practitioners are increasingly involved
in the care of patients with long-term
psychiatric disorders. We have previously reported that general practitioners
are less willing to treat
patients with schizophrenia than those without such a diagnosis, but this
may have been attributable
to a reluctance to treat patients with any psychiatric or chronic illness.
We, therefore, examined
general practitioners' attitudes to patients with chronic psychiatric
or medical illnesses.Methods. A random sample of 260 local general practitioners
were each sent one of our case
vignettes which were identical apart from mention of a previous diagnosis
of schizophrenia,
depression, diabetes or no illness. The general practitioners were asked
to indicate their level of
agreement with 13 attitudinal statements based on the vignette.Results. One hundred and sixty-six (66%) of the general practitioners
responded to the case
vignettes. Those responding to the vignette about the patient with schizophrenia
were less happy to
have that patient on their practice list and were more concerned about
the risk of violence and the
child's welfare. Those responding to the depression vignette were
more likely to offer the patient
antidepressants or counselling; and those who replied to the diabetes case
were most likely to refer
the patient to a hospital specialist. These differences were not attributable
to the personal or practice
characteristics of the general practitioners.Conclusions. Patients with schizophrenia arouse concerns in
general practitioners that are not
simply due to those patients suffering from a psychiatric or chronic illness.
Our results suggest that
some patients with schizophrenia may find it difficult to register with
a general practitioner and
receive the integrated community-based health care service they require.
Psychiatrists should
provide education and support to general practitioners who look after patients
with schizophrenia.
Sadness in older persons: 13-year follow-up of a
community sample in Baltimore, Maryland
Authors: GALLO J. J. , RABINS P. V. , ANTHONY J. C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Our prior psychometric work suggested that
older adults interviewed in 1981 in a
community survey were less likely than younger adults to report dysphoria.
We hypothesized that
this would also be true of older adults interviewed 13 years later.Methods. This study is a population-based 13-year follow-up
survey of community-dwelling adults
living in East Baltimore in 1981. Subjects were the continuing participants
of the Baltimore
Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. After excluding 269 adults who were
65 years of age and
older at initial interview in 1981, 1651 adults remained (347 aged 65 years
and older and 1304 who
were 30–64 years-old at follow-up).We applied structural equations with a measurement model for dichotomous
data (the MIMIC
– multiple indicators, multiple causes – model) to compare
symptoms between adults who were 65
years and older at follow-up with younger adults, in relation to the nine
symptom groups
comprising the diagnostic criteria for major depression, adjusting for
several potentially influential
characteristics (namely, gender, self-reported ethnicity, educational attainment,
cognitive
impairment, marital status and employment).Results. Older adults were less likely to endorse sadness as
evidenced by a direct effect coefficient
of −0·335 (95% Confidence Interval −0·643, −0·027).

After adjusting for several potentially
influential characteristics, the direct effect of age was substantially
unchanged
(−0·298 (95% CI −0·602, −0·006)).Conclusions. Older adults in 1994, like older adults in 1981,
were less likely to endorse sadness than
younger persons. This finding suggests, but does not prove, that the observed
age difference in
reporting depression does not reflect a cohort effect.
The assessment of dependence in the study of stressful life events:
validation using a twin design
Authors: KENDLER K. S. , KARKOWSKI L. M. , PRESCOTT C. A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. In the assessment of stressful life events (SLEs), researchers have often tried to evaluate
whether individual events are dependent or independent of the respondent's behaviour. We sought
to validate this evaluation using a twin methodology. We predicted that dependent SLEs would be
more heritable than independent SLEs.Methods. We explored, by twin modelling, the resemblance in two pairs of past-year personal and
network SLEs rated individually, by trained interviewers, on a four-point dependence–independence
scale. We examined results from two waves of interviews with 785 female–female twin pairs
ascertained from a population based registry.Results. Twin model-fitting found no evidence for genetic effects on personal or network
independent SLEs. However, familial–environmental factors played an important role in the
aetiology of network independent SLEs. For personal and network dependent SLEs, by contrast,
three of four analyses suggested a significant aetiological role for genetic factors with estimated
heritabilities ranging from 19 to 51%.Conclusions. Our results support the validity of interviewer assessments of dependence versus
independence of SLEs. As predicted, these assessments were relatively successful at distinguishing
SLEs that were influenced by genetic factors from those that were not.
Effects of neuroleptic medications on speech disorganization in schizophrenia: biasing associative networks towards meaning
Authors: GOLDBERG T. E. , DODGE M. , ALOIA M. , EGAN M. F. , WEINBERGER D. R. 
Published: July 2002

Background. While some cognitive accounts of disorganized speech, or thought disorder, in schizophrenia have emphasized failures in working memory/discourse planning or selective attention, we have suggested that thought disorder resides in the semantic system. In this study we assessed the effect of neuroleptic medication on thought disorder and semantic processing.Methods. Seventeen patients with schizophrenia were assessed while receiving neuroleptic medications and in crossover fashion, placebo. A number of measures were obtained: clinically rated thought disorder (using the Thought, Language and Communication Scale); working memory (letter number span); lexical integrity (naming and receptive vocabulary); and, semantic priming of intracategorical word pairs.Results. Semantic priming measures improved with neuroleptic medication, as did clinically rated thought disorder. No other measure changed significantly. Priming selectively covaried with changes in thought disorder.Conclusion. Changes in spreading semantic activation, measured in a semantic priming paradigm and presumably brought about by neuroleptics' influence on dopaminergic neuromodulatory systems, might reflect changes in the biases of pre-existing associative networks that favour or increase the accessibility of representations related by shared features. This study also has implications for the architecture of normal language in that a dissociation between the lexical and semantic levels was observed, due to the selective compromise of tasks demanding semantic processing.