bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empoderamiento en mujeres mexicanas: Experiencias de mujeres líderes de México
Authors: Hernández Sánchez Julita Elemí , García Falconi Renan 
Published: June 2015

<p>En artículo analiza el término de empoderamiento, y las experiencias en la vida de mujeres líderes políticas mexicanas, con el fin de determinar cuáles de estas experiencias influyeron en el proceso de empoderamiento. Se analiza como las mujeres mismas vivieron ese proceso y que sucesos fueron comunes a ellas, en especial desde los ejes de análisis de educación, crianza, ambiente familiar, religión, entre otras. De acuerdo a lo esperado, se encontró que las mujeres entrevistadas, a pesar de ser de diversos orígenes comparten experiencias que las ayudaron o bien dificultaron su proceso de empoderamiento.</p>
¿Qué presumo?
Authors: Sarabia Rios Cecilia 
Published: June 2015

La importancia de dar voz a las mujeres en los diversos grupos y áreas en que se desarrollan da como resultado una polifonia de lexicos en donde se pueden palpar los avances de la equidad e igualdad en el día a día. Los relatos de 30 mujeres que se dedican a la investigación y a la educación permiten conocer la actitud perosnal, los retos y las visicitudes en sus vidas.
Ciudadanía, género y poder: La paridad como principio constitucional
Authors: Salazar Benítez Octavio 
Published: June 2015

<p>La introducción por la Ley Orgánica 3/2007, de 22 de marzo de acciones positivas en la ley electoral no sólo provocó una intensa polémica en cuanto a su legitimidad constitucional sino que también, y paradójicamente, no ha contribuido al aumento del número de diputadas en el Congreso. Ello nos obliga a reflexionar sobre los argumentos jurídicos que se oponen a ellas y los políticos que explican su relativa virtualidad práctica. De esta manera, planteamos una reflexión sobre el concepto de “democracia paritaria”, desde su conexión con los dos ejes fundamentales de un sistema constitucional: el poder y la ciudadanía. Una reflexión urgente y necesaria ante la perspectiva de una reforma de nuestra Constitución.</p><p> </p>
The Grammaticalization of done in Non-Standard English
Authors: Larroque Patrice 
Published: June 2015

Il semble que d’une manière générale l’emploi de done en anglais non-standard dans des schémas tels que DONE + V-ed/-en ou DONE + V passe par la grammaticalisation du participe passé du verbe do dans les constructions perfectives. Cette étude examine la fonction syntaxique et sémantique de done en position préverbale en se fondant sur l’hypothèse d’Antoine Meillet (1912 : 140) selon laquelle les mots les plus fréquemment utilisés s’affaiblissent et évoluent vers des formes plus intenses. On peut, en effet, se demander si, dans ce type de construction, done doit être considéré comme un adverbe dont le sens se rapprocherait de celui de already ou comme un modal renvoyant à une attitude prise à l’égard du contenu propositionnel. Entre ces deux valeurs on observe une ré-analyse du verbe en auxiliaire qui met en évidence l’engagement de l’énonciateur.
La figure du tout intégré et les noms discrets collectifs
Authors: Arigne Viviane 
Published: June 2015

This article assesses the role of the model of the integrated whole in the linguistics of collective nouns and, more particularly, collective discrete nouns. The cognitive dimension of the integrated whole whose prototype is given by the discrete noun body is twofold and concerns both metalinguistic and linguistic referential constructions. A number of features are isolated in the prototypical integrated whole, such as meronomical features, tri-dimensional object-reference, token-reference as well as position in the hierarchy of integrated wholes. Collective discrete nouns are analysed along the same lines as less prototypical integrated wholes. Isomorphism between a discrete whole and similarly discrete homeomerous parts accounts for the fascination collective discrete nouns hold for scholars, be it in English or French linguistics. The features pertaining to prototypical or collective integrated wholes help explain how collective mass-nouns are very frequently excluded from the class of collective nouns and how a number of collective discrete nouns are hardly ever mentioned in linguistic or grammatical works. Lastly, the noun body is analysed as a semantically derived collective noun: the prototypical integrated whole is used as a collective, less prototypical, integrated whole to unite and interlock the most independent discrete entities, human animates.
« You little zit! » ou quand une sitcom américaine est génératrice d’insultes
Authors: Hugou Vincent 
Published: June 2015

This study focuses on two productive constructions of insults in English: the vocative and the imperative. The corpus consists of the 261 episodes of an American sitcom, Married with Children (1987-1997), where innovative insults can be found in great quantity. Our main goal is to determine how readily the speaker comprehends an innovative insult. We assume that there are syntactic, semantic, morphological and phonological « hints » in the newly-formed insult which better enable the retrieval of the construction on which the new form is modelled, and which thereby facilitate comprehension. We asked informants to evaluate the degree of prototypicality of these innovative insults, outside of their context of origin, in order to determine which hints are more relevant than others and if comprehension is still possible below a quantitative threshold. Results indicate that some hints are more relevant than others and that the number of hints is not a necessary condition to decode the new insult. They also often point to the insufficiency of the construction, which cannot alone convey meaning: full understanding requires recourse to context and suprasegmental factors.
A cognitive rhetoric approach to two political speeches
Authors: Bonnefille Stéphanie 
Published: June 2015

Cet article se propose d’étudier les applications possibles du cadre théorique de la rhétorique cognitive, en comparant deux discours politiques, l’un prononcé par le Président Obama et l’autre par le Président Sarkozy, en septembre 2009 lors du « Sommet sur les changements climatiques » qui s’est déroulé au siège des Nations Unies, à New York. L’objectif premier de cette réunion internationale consistait à préparer les négociations qui auraient lieu lors de la conférence de Copenhague sur le climat, en décembre 2009.Cette étude fait suite à deux articles (Bonnefille 2008, 2009) inscrits dans le cadre théorique de la linguistique cognitive et consacrés à l’analyse des outils rhétoriques les plus fréquemment déployés pour parler du changement climatique sur la scène politique. Dans la même veine, le présent article met en lumière les moyens rhétoriques mis en oeuvre dans ces deux discours, afin de permettre aux deux présidents de façonner leurs réponses face à la crise environnementale.
Modality in debate
Authors: Rouveyrol Laurent 
Published: June 2015

Cette étude poursuit deux objectifs. Le premier est de montrer comment l’analyse de discours peut remettre en question certaines visions traditionnelles concernant la modalité. Le second est d’explorer la façon dont l’auxiliaire modal CAN est utilisé par différents locuteurs dans un corpus de débats télévisés britanniques : le débat-panel Question Time. La fréquence d’emploi de l’auxililaire modal CAN dans le corpus est le double (0,46 %) de ce que l’on trouve dans un corpus non marqué (0,23-0,25 %). Comment donc expliquer cette fréquence surprenante dans le débat télévisé considéré ?Le genre du débat politique télévisé impose tout d’abord une approche intégrative et pluridimensionnelle de la modalité : si les personalités invitées sur le plateau doivent exprimer leur opinion sur l’actualité de la semaine, tout énoncé renvoie de près ou de loin à une forme de subjectivité quels que soient les marqueurs apparaissant. Il faut donc distinguer le niveau des modalités, concernant les choix de marqueurs tels que les déterminants, de celui des modalisations, correspondant aux marqueurs explicites de subjectivité : les adjectifs axiologiques, les complétives de type « I think that » et les auxiliaires modaux dont CAN fait partie. L’analyse statistique laisse apparaître que les énoncés contenant CAN concernent les ordres de discours politique, ainsi que celui de la vie quotidienne. Les gloses méta-énonciatives ayant pour fonction de demander la parole sont nombreuses. Par ailleurs, les notions d’argumentation, d’opposition et la valeur d’actualité les caractérisent principalement.L’analyse qualitative montre que dans le cadre d’une argumentation, CAN permet de faire référence à un savoir implicite, présupposé, venant appuyer la thèse défendue. Ce type d’emploi correspond à l’étymologie de CAN : Cunnan signifiait Connaître en Vieil et Moyen Anglais. On défendra donc l’idée que l’auxiliaire modal CAN incarne l’activité cognitivo-discusive du débat argumenté, tout d’abord parce qu’il correspond au jeu interactionnel à l’œuvre et ensuite parce qu’il opère une médiation entre un savoir implicite possédé par un locuteur donné, et un discours médiatisé necessairement polémique, dans une situation de communication mettant des locuteurs/idéologies face à face. De la médiation du savoir à la médiatisation du discours, tel est le processus marqué par CAN dans le cadre du débat Question-Time.
The Thermodynamic Mechanism of Peptide–MHC Class II Complex Formation Is a Determinant of Susceptibility to HLA-DM
Authors: Ferrante Andrea , Templeton Megan , Hoffman Megan , Castellini Margaret J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPeptides bind MHC class II molecules through a thermodynamically nonadditive process consequent to the flexibility of the reactants. Currently, how the specific outcome of this binding process affects the ensuing epitope selection needs resolution. Calorimetric assessment of binding thermodynamics for hemagglutinin 306–319 peptide variants to the human MHC class II HLA-DR1 (DR1) and a mutant DR1 reveals that peptide/DR1 complexes can be formed with different enthalpic and entropic contributions. Complexes formed with a smaller entropic penalty feature circular dichroism spectra consistent with a non–compact form, and molecular dynamics simulation shows a more flexible structure. The opposite binding mode, compact and less flexible, is associated with greater entropic penalty. These structural variations are associated with rearrangements of residues known to be involved in HLA-DR (DM) binding, affinity of DM for the complex, and complex susceptibility to DM-mediated peptide exchange. Thus, the thermodynamic mechanism of peptide binding to DR1 correlates with the structural rigidity of the complex, and DM mediates peptide exchange by “sensing” flexible complexes in which the aforementioned residues are rearranged at a higher frequency than in more rigid ones.
P2X7 Receptor Regulates Internalization of Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 by Human Macrophages That Promotes Intracellular Pathogen Clearance
Authors: Tang Xiao , Basavarajappa Devaraj , Haeggström Jesper Z. , Wan Min 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Bioactive peptide LL-37/hCAP18, the only human member of the cathelicidin family, plays important roles in killing various pathogens, as well as in immune modulation. We demonstrate that LL-37 is internalized by human macrophages in a time-, dose-, temperature-, and peptide sequence–dependent endocytotic process. Both clathrin- and caveolae/lipid raft–mediated endocytosis pathways are involved in LL-37 internalization. We find that the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays an important role in LL-37 internalization by human macrophages because significantly less internalized LL-37 was detected in macrophages pretreated with P2X7R antagonists or, more specifically, in differentiated THP-1 cells in which the P2X7R gene had been silenced. Furthermore, this P2X7R-mediated LL-37 internalization is primarily connected to the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. In addition, our results demonstrate that internalized LL-37 traffics to endosomes and lysosomes and contributes to intracellular clearance of bacteria by human macrophages, coinciding with increased reactive oxygen species and lysosome formation. Finally, we show that human macrophages have the potential to import LL-37 released from activated human neutrophils. In conclusion, our study unveils a novel mechanism by which human macrophages internalize antimicrobial peptides to improve their intracellular pathogen clearance.
Deficient NLRP3 and AIM2 Inflammasome Function in Autoimmune NZB Mice
Authors: Sester David P. , Sagulenko Vitaliya , Thygesen Sara J. , Cridland Jasmyn A. , Loi Yen Siew , Cridland Simon O. , Masters Seth L. , Genske Ulrich , Hornung Veit , Andoniou Christopher E. , Sweet Matthew J. , Degli-Esposti Mariapia A. , Schroder Kate , Stacey Katryn J. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Inflammasomes are protein complexes that promote caspase activation, resulting in processing of IL-1β and cell death, in response to infection and cellular stresses. Inflammasomes have been anticipated to contribute to autoimmunity. The New Zealand Black (NZB) mouse develops anti-erythrocyte Abs and is a model of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. These mice also develop anti-nuclear Abs typical of lupus. In this article, we show that NZB macrophages have deficient inflammasome responses to a DNA virus and fungal infection. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome responses are compromised in NZB by high expression of the AIM 2 antagonist protein p202, and consequently NZB cells had low IL-1β output in response to both transfected DNA and mouse CMV infection. Surprisingly, we also found that a second inflammasome system, mediated by the NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) initiating protein, was completely lacking in NZB cells. This was due to a point mutation in an intron of the Nlrp3 gene in NZB mice, which generates a novel splice acceptor site. This leads to incorporation of a pseudoexon with a premature stop codon. The lack of full-length NLRP3 protein results in NZB being effectively null for Nlrp3, with no production of bioactive IL-1β in response to NLRP3 stimuli, including infection with Candida albicans. Thus, this autoimmune strain harbors two inflammasome deficiencies, mediated through quite distinct mechanisms. We hypothesize that the inflammasome deficiencies in NZB alter the interaction of the host with both microflora and pathogens, promoting prolonged production of cytokines that contribute to development of autoantibodies.
mTOR Complex Signaling through the SEMA4A–Plexin B2 Axis Is Required for Optimal Activation and Differentiation of CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Ito Daisuke , Nojima Satoshi , Nishide Masayuki , Okuno Tatsusada , Takamatsu Hyota , Kang Sujin , Kimura Tetsuya , Yoshida Yuji , Morimoto Keiko , Maeda Yohei , Hosokawa Takashi , Toyofuku Toshihiko , Ohshima Jun , Kamimura Daisuke , Yamamoto Masahiro , Murakami Masaaki , Morii Eiichi , Rakugi Hiromi , Isaka Yoshitaka , Kumanogoh Atsushi 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays crucial roles in activation and differentiation of diverse types of immune cells. Although several lines of evidence have demonstrated the importance of mTOR-mediated signals in CD4+ T cell responses, the involvement of mTOR in CD8+ T cell responses is not fully understood. In this study, we show that a class IV semaphorin, SEMA4A, regulates CD8+ T cell activation and differentiation through activation of mTOR complex (mTORC) 1. SEMA4A−/− CD8+ T cells exhibited impairments in production of IFN-γ and TNF-α and induction of the effector molecules granzyme B, perforin, and FAS-L. Upon infection with OVA-expressing Listeria monocytogenes, pathogen-specific effector CD8+ T cell responses were significantly impaired in SEMA4A−/− mice. Furthermore, SEMA4A−/− CD8+ T cells exhibited reduced mTORC1 activity and elevated mTORC2 activity, suggesting that SEMA4A is required for optimal activation of mTORC1 in CD8+ T cells. IFN-γ production and mTORC1 activity in SEMA4A−/− CD8+ T cells were restored by administration of recombinant Sema4A protein. In addition, we show that plexin B2 is a functional receptor of SEMA4A in CD8+ T cells. Collectively, these results not only demonstrate the role of SEMA4A in CD8+ T cells, but also reveal a novel link between a semaphorin and mTOR signaling.
Codelivery of Envelope Protein in Alum with MVA Vaccine Induces CXCR3-Biased CXCR5+ and CXCR5− CD4 T Cell Responses in Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Iyer Smita S. , Gangadhara Sailaja , Victor Blandine , Gomez Rosy , Basu Rahul , Hong Jung Joo , Labranche Celia , Montefiori David C. , Villinger Francois , Moss Bernard , Amara Rama Rao 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The goal of an HIV vaccine is to generate robust and durable protective Ab. Vital to this goal is the induction of CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells. However, very little is known about the TFH response to HIV vaccination and its relative contribution to magnitude and quality of vaccine-elicited Ab titers. In this study, we investigated these questions in the context of a DNA/modified vaccinia virus Ankara SIV vaccine with and without gp140 boost in aluminum hydroxide in rhesus macaques. In addition, we determined the frequency of vaccine-induced CD4+ T cells coexpressing chemokine receptor, CXCR5 (facilitates migration to B cell follicles) in blood and whether these responses were representative of lymph node TFH responses. We show that booster modified vaccinia virus Ankara immunization induced a distinct and transient accumulation of proliferating CXCR5+ and CXCR5− CD4 T cells in blood at day 7 postimmunization, and the frequency of the former but not the latter correlated with TFH and B cell responses in germinal centers of the lymph node. Interestingly, gp140 boost induced a skewing toward CXCR3 expression on germinal center TFH cells, which was strongly associated with longevity, avidity, and neutralization potential of vaccine-elicited Ab response. However, CXCR3+ cells preferentially expressed the HIV coreceptor CCR5, and vaccine-induced CXCR3+CXCR5+ cells showed a moderate positive association with peak viremia following SIV251 infection. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that vaccine regimens that elicit CXCR3-biased TFH cell responses favor Ab persistence and avidity but may predispose to higher acute viremia in the event of breakthrough infections.
Dissecting CD8+ NKT Cell Responses to Listeria Infection Reveals a Component of Innate Resistance
Authors: Seregin Sergey S. , Chen Grace Y. , Laouar Yasmina 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
A small pool of NK1.1+ CD8+ T cells is harbored among the conventional CD8+ T cell compartment. Conclusions drawn from the analysis of immune responses mediated by cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are often based on the total population, which includes these contaminating NK1.1+ CD8+ T cells. An unresolved question is whether NK1.1+ CD8+ cells are conventional T cells that acquire NK1.1 expression upon activation or delineation into memory phenotype or whether they are a distinct cell population that induces immune responses in a different manner than conventional T cells. To address this question, we used the Listeria monocytogenes model of infection and followed CD8+ NK1.1+ T cells and NK1.1− CD8+ T cells during each phase of the immune response: innate, effector, and memory. Our central finding is that CD8+ NK1.1+ cells and conventional NK1.1− CD8+ T cells both contribute to the adaptive immune response to Listeria, but only CD8+ NK1.1+ cells were equipped with the ability to provide a rapid innate immune response, as demonstrated by early and Ag-independent IFN-γ production, granzyme B expression, and degranulation. More importantly, purified conventional CD8+ T cells alone, in the absence of any contaminating CD8+ NK1.1+ cells, were not sufficient to provide early protection to lethally infected mice. These results highlight the role of CD8+ NK1.1+ T cells in mounting early innate responses that are important for host defense and support the therapeutic potential of this subset to improve the effectiveness of protective immunity.
Julian of Norwich and the Sin of Forgetfulness
Authors: Tracy Kisha G. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT
This essay considers how memory is pervasive in Julian of Norwich's Revelations and why recollection and forgetfulness are essential to her experiences even from the beginning of the short version. She defines a certain type of forgetfulness, that which causes a separation between her and God, as sinful, and this perception of sin influences the analysis and composition of her visions. By recollecting in specific ways, she attempts to provide a remedy for her “sin of forgetfulness.”
Pedagogy, Devotion, and Marginalia:
Authors: Hill Gabriel 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT
This article examines manuscripts containing The Pore Caitif, a late fourteenth-century Middle English devotional manual. Whereas most studies of The Pore Caitif have focused either on the Wycliffite ideas and sources the tracts contain or on devotional material drawn from influential mystical texts, this study examines the patterns of marginalia that appear in these manuscripts in order to study what elements of the text attracted the attention of fifteenth-century users. While individuals could have used the work in a variety of ways, the marginalia indicate that many users focused on passages that teach basic catechetical details and ignored the elements that have attracted modern scholars to The Pore Caitif.
Hydraulic and sediment transport properties of autogenic avulsion cycles on submarine fans with supercritical distributaries
Authors: Hamilton Paul B. , Strom Kyle B. , Hoyal David C. J. D. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSubmarine fans, like other distributive systems, are built by repeated avulsion cycles. However, relative to deltas and alluvial fans, much less is known about avulsions in subaqueous settings. In this study, we ran a set of subaqueous fan experiments to investigate the mechanics associated with autogenic avulsion cycles of self‐formed channels and lobe deposits on steep slopes. The experiments used saline density currents with crushed plastic to emulate sustained turbidity currents and bed load transport. We collected detailed hydraulic and bathymetric measurements and made use of a 1‐D laterally expanding density current model to better understand different aspects of the avulsion cycle. Our results reveal three major components of the avulsion cycles: (1) distributary channel incision, extension, and stagnation; (2) mouth bar aggradation and hydraulic jump initiation; and (3) hydraulic jump sedimentation and upstream retreat. Interestingly, in all but one experiment, the avulsion cycles led to fans that remained perched above the basin slope break. Experimental data and hydraulic theory were used to unravel actual mechanics associated with cycles. We found that channels stopped extending into the basin due to a decay in sediment transport capacity relative to sediment supply and that the reduction in capacity was primarily an outcome of expansion‐driven velocity reduction; dilution played a secondary role. Once channel extension ceased, mouth bar deposits aggraded to a thickness approximately equal to the critical step height needed to create a choked flow condition. The choke then initiated a hydraulic jump on the upstream side of the bar. Once formed, the jump detained a majority of the incoming sediment and forced the channel‐to‐lobe transition upstream, filling the channel with steep backset bedding and capping the entire channel with a mounded lobate deposit. These intrinsic processes repeated through multiple avulsion cycles to build the fan.