bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystal growth, quality characterization and THz properties of DAST crystals
Authors: Bing Teng , Shu‐hua Wang , Ke Feng , Li‐feng Cao , De‐gao Zhong , Fei You , Xue‐jun Jiang , Lun Hao , Qing Sun 
Published: December 2014

4‐N, N‐diethylamino‐4’‐N’‐methyl‐stilbazolium tosylate (DAST) crystals were grown by slope nucleation method (SNM). The crystal structure of grown DAST crystals was characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction with demonstrating X‐ray diffraction main peaks. The crystal defects were analyzed by the synchrotron radiation X‐ray topography. It was found that the unbalanced temperature gradient, the Teflon groove and the super saturation fluctuation were primary causes of crystal defects. Furthermore, widely tunable THz waves ranging from 1.16 to 16.71 THz were generated from 1 mm‐thick DAST crystal using the optical parametric oscillator (OPO). It was obtained that the THz output energy was 27.4 nJ (peak power of 2.74 W) and the highest conversion efficiency was 1.37 × 10−5 at 3.8 THz.
Seasonal variations in the fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triacylglycerols of brown trout
Authors: Kayhan H. , Başhan M. , Kaçar S. 
Published: December 2014

Seasonal variations on phospholipid (PL) and triacylglycerol (TG) fatty acid (FA) compositions in muscles of Salmo trutta macrostigma were investigated by gas chromatography (GC) using the method described by Folch. The total lipid of the muscle was extracted using chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) and was separated into TG and PL using thin layer chromatography (TLC). A total of nineteen and sixteen different fatty acids were determined in TG and PL, respectively. The distributions of ΣSFAs (saturated fatty acids), ΣMUFAs (monounsaturated fatty acids) and ΣPUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) proportions were found to be different among PL and TG fractions in all seasons. TG contained a lower proportion of ΣPUFA, but a higher proportion of ΣMUFA and ΣSFA than PL. The major components were palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1 n‐9), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n‐3) in PL, 16:0, palmitoleic acid (16:1 n‐7), 18:1 n‐9, linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n‐6), linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n‐3), 20:5 n‐3 and 22:6 n‐3 in TG extracted from muscle of S. trutta macrostigma in all seasons. The total lipid content varied seasonally from 1.44% to 1.90% in female muscle of wet weight for S. trutta macrostigma. N‐3/n‐6 ratios of PL and TG were found to be 5.19–12.0 and 1.09–2.62, respectively.Practical applications: The information in this study will be of practical value from a health perspective for populations who consume S. trutta macrostigma and for food producers.Effect of seasonal variations on the fatty acid compositions of phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions of Salmo trutta macrostigma were investigated in view of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids by using GC.
Margarine supplemented with conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) has no effect on atherosclerosis but alleviates the liver steatosis and affects the expression of lipid metabolism genes in apoE/LDLR‐/‐ mice
Authors: Franczyk‐Żarów Magdalena , Czyżyńska Izabela , Drahun Anna , Maślak Edyta , Chłopicki Stefan , Kostogrys Renata B. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of margarine supplemented with punicic acid (cis‐9,trans‐11,cis‐13 C18:3) (CLnA) compared to CLA and linolenic acid (LnA) in apoE/LDLR‐/‐ mice in two independent experiments: LONG (18 weeks) and SHORT (10 weeks). Liver weight was increased in CLA group in both studies. Hepatic steatosis was found in animals fed CLA and margarine diets but less signs of the steatosis were observed in mice fed LnA and CLnA diets. In LONG, TC was significantly increased in animals fed LnA, whereas LDL + VLDL, HDL and TAG levels were unchanged. In mice fed CLnA the upregulated expression of PPARα and ACO was reported, however, SREBP‐1 was 7‐fold increased. Punicic acid and CLA isomers were determined both in adipose tissue and liver in CLnA fed mice. No effects of treatments on the area of atherosclerotic plaque were recognized. In conclusion margarine supplemented with CLA significantly increased liver weight and induced steatosis in mice in both studies. Our results did not support the notion that CLnA supplementation to the margarine possesses anti‐atheroclerotic effect but it alleviated the liver steatosis and affected the expression of lipid metabolism genes.Practical applications: It has been reported that conjugated linolenic acid isomers (CLnA) have several health‐related effects. Margarine with omega‐3 fatty acids is commonly used as a functional food product. Therefore, the effect of margarine supplemented with CLnA compared to CLA and linolenic acid (LnA) in apoE/LDLR‐/‐ mice was evaluated. CLA supplementation increased liver weight and lead to steatosis, but CLnA alleviated the liver steatosis in mice. No effects of treatments on the area of atherosclerotic plaque were recognized. The up‐regulated expression of PPARα and SREBP‐1 and their target genes ACO and FAS was reported for studied fatty acids. More research is warranted to assess the potential health‐related properties of conjugated linolenic acids as bioactive compounds in the context of production of functional foods.Effect of margarine supplemented with pomegranate seed oil as a source of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) on development of atherosclerotic plaque, liver steatosis, lipid profile and expression of lipid metabolism genes in apoE/LDLR‐/‐ mice.
A review of mercury concentrations in freshwater fishes of Africa: Patterns and predictors
Authors: Hanna Dalal E.L. , Solomon Christopher T. , Poste Amanda E. , Buck David G. , Chapman Lauren J. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

The methylated form of mercury (methylmercury) is a potent neurotoxic chemical and a contaminant of concern for fisheries because of its potential effects on ecosystem and human health. In Africa, inland fisheries are a crucial component of food and economic security, yet little information is available on mercury (Hg) contamination trends. The authors compiled published data on Hg contamination in African freshwater fishes, invertebrates, and plankton, as well as on potential drivers of Hg concentrations in these organisms. From 30 identified studies the authors assembled 407 total Hg concentrations from 166 fish species, 10 types of invertebrates, and various plankton, distributed across 31 water bodies in 12 countries. In fishes, total Hg concentrations, expressed as mean (± standard deviation) per location, averaged 156.0 ± 328.0 ng/g wet weight and ranged from 5.5 ng/g wet weight to 1865.0 ng/g wet weight. Only locations with nearby artisanal and small-scale gold mining operations had mean Hg concentrations above the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization's recommended guideline for fish (500 ng/g wet wt). The authors used mixed models to detect relationships between fish Hg concentrations and trophic level, mass, latitude, and chlorophyll a. Mass, trophic level, and latitude were all positive predictors of Hg concentration, confirming the presence of Hg bioaccumulation and biomagnification in African fishes. Although strong trends in Hg concentrations were evident, the present study also highlights limited availability of Hg data in Africa. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;9999:1–9. © 2014 SETAC
Is the hospital decision to seek accreditation an effective one?
Authors: Grepperud Sverre 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThe rapid expansion in the number of accredited hospitals justifies inquiry into the motives of hospitals in seeking accreditation and its social effectiveness. This paper presents a simple decision‐theoretic framework where cost reductions and improved quality of care represent the endpoint benefits from accreditation. We argue that hospital accreditation, although acting as a market‐signaling device, might be a socially inefficient institution. First, there is at present no convincing evidence for accreditation causing output quality improvements. Second, hospitals could seek accreditation, even though doing so is socially inefficient, because of moral hazard, consumer misperceptions, and nonprofit motivations. Finally, hospitals that seek accreditation need not themselves believe in output quality improvements from accreditation. Consequently, while awaiting additional evidence on accreditation, policy makers and third‐party payers should exercise caution in encouraging such programs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electro‐induced Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers by Using Ionic Liquid 1‐Butyl‐3‐methy­limidazolium Tetrafluoroborate as Initiator
Authors: Yang Feng , Yang Jinliang , Zheng Kaijing , Stansbury Jeffrey W. , Nie Jun 
Published: December 2014

Ionic liquids are used widely as solvents or electrolytes for electrochemical synthesis and applications due to their wide electrochemical windows, good electrical conductivity, and their excellent solubility to both organic and inorganic compounds. Until now, no papers have reported the use of ionic liquids as initiators in polymerization. In most cases, the kinetics of electro‐induced polymerization are studied by gas chromatography (GC), NMR, or the gravimetric method, which are complicated and time consuming. In this paper, the kinetics of electro‐induced polymerization of vinyl ethers using ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4) as initiator are investigated by real‐time Fourier transform near‐IR (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy. The results show that the ionic liquid BMIMBF4 is an efficient initiator for electro‐induced polymerization of vinyl ethers. The final double‐bond conversion and polymerization rate can be adjusted by the electric‐field intensity and the concentration of the ionic liquid BMIMBF4. Moreover, the post‐curing, as well as the obvious inhibition effects of KOH, indicate that the electro‐induced polymerization goes through a cationic process. The possible mechanism is also postulated.
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A Chiral Supramolecular Polymer Membrane with no Chiral Substituents by Highly Selective Photocyclic Aromatization of a One‐Handed Helical Cis‐cisoidal Polyphenylacetylene
Authors: Liu Lijia , Long Qing , Aoki Toshiki , Namikoshi Takeshi , Abe Yunosuke , Miyata Mari , Teraguchi Masahiro , Kaneko Takashi , Wang Yudan , Zhang Chunhong 
Published: December 2014

A one‐handed helical cis‐cisoidal polyphenylacetylene (P) is successfully synthesized by an asymmetric‐induced polymerization of a chiral‐substituted phenylacetylene having two hydroxymethyl groups. Quantitative photocyclic aromatization of P in a membrane‐state followed by in situ removal of the chiral substituents affords a one‐handed helical supramolecular polymer membrane of the corresponding cyclic trimer (T) with no chiral substituents. The original one‐handed helicity of the precursor P is successfully transmitted to the resulting supra­molecular helicity of de‐T. Both the hydrogen bonds and the π–π stacking are thought to contribute to the retention of the chirality during the two‐step reaction in the membrane state.
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Recentralizing groundwater governmentality: rendering groundwater and its users visible and governable
Authors: Birkenholtz Trevor L. 
Published: December 2014

Groundwater use, particularly for agricultural purposes, has exploded globally. This was driven by the advent of deep tubewell groundwater lifting technology, state‐led incentives for its adoption and de facto groundwater regulatory regimes around the world that by and large gave landowners the right to pump unlimited amounts of groundwater. As a result, many parts of the world are now facing severe groundwater overdraft. This has prompted calls for new forms of decentralized governance specific to groundwater, which has been dominated historically by institutions and policies created to manage surface water. This article makes three interrelated arguments about this regulatory shift. First, the rapid growth of energized groundwater extraction has created an unstable configuration of state actors, groundwater users, abstraction technologies, and flows of water and power. Second, given this heterogeneous assemblage, the dispersed character of groundwater extraction, and its rapid decline, attempts to craft groundwater specific governance are leading to innovations in rendering groundwater and hence its users visible and governable. In turn, this is setting in motion new kinds of groundwater governmentalities as state and civil society institutions attempt to rein in this system. So that third, rather than this leading to truly decentralized groundwater governance, we instead are witnessing a resurgence of the ‘resource‐state’ and the recentralization of policies and institutions that attempt to control decentralized groundwater users and ecologies. These are working to dispossess existing users rather than engage them in the policy‐making process. The article concludes with avenues for future research on understanding specific ‘groundwater governmentalities’. WIREs Water 2015, 2:21–30. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1058This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Water Governance
A Century of Powder Diffraction: a Brief History
Authors: Etter Martin , Dinnebier Robert E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAlmost a century has passed since the pioneering work ofDebye,Scherrer, andHulland their first powder X‐ray diffraction experiments in 1916/17. Although these pioneers and many others discovered most of the fundamental concepts in the field of powder diffraction within the first few years, nobody at that time could foresee the development of the computer and its calculating power in the 21st century. The general availability of computing power changed the field of powder diffraction, asHugo Rietveldshowed with his computer‐assisted whole powder pattern fitting concept around fifty years after the first powder diffraction patterns were observed. Nowadays, much more complex algorithms are used to solve and identify crystal structures from powders. The intention of this historical review is to show some of the most important developments from the viewpoint of the authors in the field of powder diffraction in the last century, from the beginnings of the first transmission experiments and the determination of simple cubic crystal structures to the techniques of today allowing for the refinement of thousands of atoms within one unit cell.
Genomic reconstruction to improve bioethanol and ergosterol production of industrial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Zhang Ke , Tong Mengmeng , Gao Kehui , Di Yanan , Wang Pinmei , Zhang Chunfang , Wu Xuechang , Zheng Daoqiong 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is the common yeast used in the fields of bread making, brewing, and bioethanol production. Growth rate, stress tolerance, ethanol titer, and byproducts yields are some of the most important agronomic traits of S. cerevisiae for industrial applications. Here, we developed a novel method of constructing S. cerevisiae strains for co-producing bioethanol and ergosterol. The genome of an industrial S. cerevisiae strain, ZTW1, was first reconstructed through treatment with an antimitotic drug followed by sporulation and hybridization. A total of 140 mutants were selected for ethanol fermentation testing, and a significant positive correlation between ergosterol content and ethanol production was observed. The highest performing mutant, ZG27, produced 7.9 % more ethanol and 43.2 % more ergosterol than ZTW1 at the end of fermentation. Chromosomal karyotyping and proteome analysis of ZG27 and ZTW1 suggested that this breeding strategy caused large-scale genome structural variations and global gene expression diversities in the mutants. Genetic manipulation further demonstrated that the altered expression activity of some genes (such as ERG1, ERG9, and ERG11) involved in ergosterol synthesis partly explained the trait improvement in ZG27.
Effects of parental vigilant care and feedback on novice driver risk
Authors: Shimshoni Yaara , Farah Haneen , Lotan Tsippy , Grimberg Einat , Dritter Oren , Musicant Oren , Toledo Tomer , Omer Haim 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTVigilant care aims at reducing adolescent risk behaviors while matching parental involvement to the level of alarm signs. This study examined the effect of parent training in vigilant care and technological feedback on driving risk of novice male drivers. A sample of 217 Israeli families was divided into four conditions: a) no‐feedback, b) individual feedback, c) family feedback, and d) family feedback plus parent training in vigilant care. Feedback and risk assessment were conducted through in‐vehicle data recorders. A significant difference was found in favor of the vigilant care group compared to the no feedback group. When only the drivers in the high risk percentiles were considered, the vigilant care group was found superior to the family feedback group. The findings suggest that parental training in vigilant care may help reduce driving risk.
Risk factors associated with abnormal glucose tolerance in the early postpartum period among Japanese women with gestational diabetes
Authors: Kugishima Yukari , Yasuhi Ichiro , Yamashita Hiroshi , Fukuda Masashi , Kuzume Akiko , Sugimi So , Umezaki Yasushi , Suga Sachie , Kusuda Nobuko 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the risk factors associated with abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) on the first postpartum oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) among Japanese women with gestational diabetes (GDM).MethodsIn a retrospective study, data were analyzed from women with GDM who underwent their first postpartum OGTT 6–8 weeks post partum at a center in Omura, Japan, between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2011. Women with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance were deemed to have postpartum AGT. The association between postpartum AGT and various risk factors was analyzed.ResultsAmong 169 women who underwent a postpartum OGTT, 58 (34.3%) had AGT. The significant risk factors associated with postpartum AGT in univariate analysis were pre‐pregnancy body mass index (P = 0.096), 1‐hour plasma glucose (P = 0.006), hemoglobin A1c (P < 0.001), insulinogenic index (P = 0.05), an insulinogenic index of less than 0.4 (P = 0.006), and insulin therapy during pregnancy (P < 0.001). Independent risk factors identified by multivariate logistic regression models were insulinogenic index (odds ratio [OR] 0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01–0.74; P = 0.002), an insulinogenic index of less than 0.4 (OR 5.70, 95% CI 1.69–21.66; P = 0.005), and insulin therapy during pregnancy (OR 3.43, 95% CI 1.03–12.55; P = 0.044).ConclusionAmong Japanese women with GDM, a lower insulinogenic index and use of insulin therapy during pregnancy are associated with early postpartum AGT.
Gyrotaxis in uniform vorticity
Authors: Pedley T. J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAnalysis of bioconvection in dilute suspensions of bottom-heavy but randomly swimming micro-organisms is commonly based on a model introduced in 1990. This couples the Navier–Stokes equations, the cell conservation equation and the Fokker–Planck equation (FPE) for the probability density function for a cell’s swimming direction$\boldsymbol{p}$, which balances rotational diffusion against viscous and gravitational torques. The results have shown qualitative agreement with observation, but the model has not been subjected to direct quantitative testing in a controlled experiment. Here, we consider a simple configuration in which the suspension is contained in a circular cylinder of radius$R$, which rotates at angular velocity${\rm\Omega}$about a horizontal axis. We solve the FPE and calculate the cells’ mean swimming velocity, which proves to be horizontal when$B{\rm\Omega}\gg 1$, where$B$is the gyrotactic reorientation time scale. Then we compute the cell concentration distribution, which is non-uniform only in a thin boundary layer near the cylinder wall when${\it\beta}^{2}={\rm\Omega}R^{2}/D\gg 1$, where$D$is the cells’ translational diffusivity. The fact that cells are denser than water means that this concentration distribution drives a perturbation to the underlying solid-body rotational flow which can be calculated analytically. The predictions of the theory are evaluated in terms of a proposed experimental realisation of the configuration, using suspensions of the algaChlamydomonas nivalisorChlamydomonas reinhardtiior the algal colonyVolvox.
Figurative and non-figurative motion in the expression of result in English
Authors: RUIZ DE MENDOZA-IBÁÑEZ FRANCISCO , LUZONDO-OYÓN ALBA 
Published: December 2014

abstractThis paper investigates the role played by motion in the conceptualization of result in the English resultative and caused-motion constructions. We argue that there is a strong preference for the figurative use of caused motion to express a state change when the affected entity experiences a complete transformation. However, if the affected entity acquires a new property but retains its essence, an adjectival phrase is preferred. Another category encompasses figuratively exploited resultatives that formally employ the caused-motion construction, but semantically do not codify the same kind of change. The paper also discusses the motivating role of the metaphor A CHANGE OF STATE IS A CHANGE OF LOCATION to express result, and proposes the additional activity of other high-level metaphors and metonymies.
Long-chainn-3 PUFA supplementation decreases physical activity during class time in iron-deficient South African school children
Authors: Smuts Cornelius M. , Greeff Jani , Kvalsvig Jane , Zimmermann Michael B. , Baumgartner Jeannine 
Published: December 2014

Both Fe deficiency and poorn-3 fatty acid status have been associated with behavioural changes in children. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Fe and DHA+EPA supplementation, alone or in combination, on physical activity during school days and on teacher-rated behaviour in healthy Fe-deficient school children. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, children (n98, 6–11 years) were randomly assigned to receive (1) Fe (50 mg) plus DHA (420 mg)+EPA (80 mg), (2) Fe plus placebo, (3) placebo plus DHA+EPA or (4) placebo plus placebo as oral supplements (4 d/week) for 8·5 months. Physical activity was measured during four school days at baseline and endpoint using accelerometers, and data were stratified into morning class time (08.00–10.29 hours), break time (10.30–11.00 hours) and after-break class time (11.01–12.00 hours) for analysis. Classroom behaviour was assessed at endpoint using Conners’ Teacher Rating Scales. DHA+EPA supplementation decreased physical activity counts during morning class time, increased sedentary physical activity, and decreased light- and moderate-intensity physical activities. Consistently, DHA+EPA supplementation increased sedentary physical activity and decreased light-intensity physical activity during after-break class time. Even though there were no treatment effects found on teacher-rated behaviour, lower physical activity during morning class time was associated with lower levels of teacher-rated hyperactivity and oppositional behaviour at endpoint. Despite a positive association between Fe status and physical activity during break time at baseline, Fe supplementation did not affect physical activity during break time and class time. Our findings suggest that DHA+EPA supplementation may decrease physical activity levels during class time, and further indicate that accelerometry might be a useful tool to assess classroom behaviour in healthy children.