bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Charge‐Transfer Nanostructures through Noncovalent Amphiphilic Self‐Assembly: Extended Cofacial Donor‐Acceptor Arrays
Authors: Rao K. Venkata , Jalani Krishnendu , Jayaramulu K. , Mogera Umesha , Maji Tapas Kumar , George Subi J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractCharge‐transfer (CT) assemblies with mixed‐stack (MS) arrays of donor (D) and acceptor (A) molecules are important class of functional organic materials owing to their interesting optoelectronic properties. Construction of charge‐transfer nanostructures comprising cofacially stacked perylene/tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) donors and viologen acceptors by an efficient, noncovalent, amphiphilic approach is described. Optical properties were used to probe the CT coassembly and stoichiometry of molecular D/A components, whereas 1H NMR and X‐ray diffraction studies provided insights into their face‐to‐face organization. The efficient equimolar coassembly between ionic D (perylene salt (PS) and TTF salt (TTFS)) and A (dodecylmethyl viologen (DMV) and hexadecylmethyl viologen (HDMV)) molecules in water through ground state CT interactions results in the formation of noncovalent amphiphiles. Microscopic studies provided structural insight into the hierarchical organization of these charge‐transfer D‐A amphiphiles into bilayers and one‐dimensional nanostructures. In addition, at higher concentrations PS‐HDMV amphiphiles form hydrogels due to strong hydrophobic interactions caused by the long hydrocarbon tails. Two probe devices fabricated from these CT nanostructures as channel elements showed impressive conductivity values without any external doping, thus validating the CT design for conducting organic wires.
Improve shell and tube heat exchangers design by hybrid differential evolution and ant colony optimization technique
Authors: Lahiri Sandip Kumar , Khalfe Nadeem 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTBecause of sheer large numbers of shell and tube heat exchanger in any chemical process industry, small improvement in their design strategies offers big saving opportunities. Traditional design approaches are based on iterative procedures that gradually change the design and geometric parameters until given heat duty and set of geometric and operational constraints are satisfied. Although well proven, this kind of approach is time consuming and may not explore the feasible solution space fully. The present study explores the use of non‐traditional optimization technique called hybrid differential evolution and ant colony optimization technique, for design optimization of shell and tube heat exchangers from economic point of view. The optimization procedure involves the selection of the major geometric parameters such as tube diameters, tube length, baffle spacing, number of tube passes, tube layout, type of head, baffle cut, and so on, and minimization of total annual cost is considered as design target. The methodology takes into account the geometric and operational constraints typically recommended by design codes. Three different case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of proposed algorithm. The hybrid differential evolution and ant colony optimization method lead to a design of a heat exchanger with a reduced cost of heat exchanger as compare to cost obtained by previously reported genetic algorithms approach. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A calculation method of biomass slagging rate based on crystallization theory
Authors: Niu Yanqing , Zhu Yiming , Tan Houzhang , Hui Shien , Jones Jenny M. , Liu Yuanyi 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTAiming to the vacant research on slagging rate calculation of biomass, a method based on crystallization theory is proposed here. First, KCl–K2SO4–Na2SO4 ternary eutectic system, as main inducing factor of biomass slagging, is verified by slagging sample analysis, ternary eutectic experiment, and equilibrium calculation of FACTSAGE. Second, we assume that flue gas was solvent; the KCl–K2SO4–Na2SO4 ternary eutectic system and the refractory components were two solutes supersaturated in the solution. The slagging process is approximated as the combined effect of nucleation and solidification of the KCl–K2SO4–Na2SO4 eutectic system and the conglutination of the refractory components. Third, on the basis of nucleation rate equation, a formula for the slagging rate calculation is developed as J = k(Δcmax)m, where k defined as slagging constant is the empirical function of fly ash concentration and flue gas velocity, △cmax is the concentration difference of KCl + K3Na (SO4)2 in fly ash up and downstream of heating surfaces, and m is defined as slagging order, which is an empirical parameter dependent on the concentrations of KCl and K3Na(SO4)2. Meanwhile, an example is given on the calculation of m. However, additional experiments are required in order to improve the formulation of functions k and m. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of aluminum‐coated interlayers to develop a cold‐protective fibrous assembly
Authors: Wang Xin , Fan Jintu 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTIn this article, we report on an experimental investigation of the thermal insulation and moisture vapor resistance of a thermal insulation assembly consisting of polyester battings and metal‐coated thin nonwoven interlayers. Because of the blocking of radiation by the coated metal nanoparticles, the thermal radiative conductivity of the interlayer decreased from 0.0249 to 0.0194 W/m K after coating. We found that the thermal insulation of the fibrous assembly could be greatly improved without any significant effect on the moisture transfer through the incorporation of metal‐coated interlayers between the fibrous battings in appropriate patterns. The thermal resistance of the assembly increased gradually with increasing number of incorporated interlayers until it reached a plateau. The presence of more metal‐coated interlayers closer to the hot (heat‐source) side was beneficial to higher thermal insulation. The moisture vapor resistance of the assembly showed no significant changes with increasing number of interlayers. The incorporation of three interlayers showed the best thermal insulation properties with little effect on the moisture transmission. This kind of thermal insulation assembly will have significant advantages in cold‐protective clothing because of its high insulation properties and breathability. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40205.
Fabrication and properties of carbon nanotube/styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene composites via a sequential process of (electrostatic adsorption aided dispersion)‐plus‐(melt mixing)
Authors: Wu Zhaofeng , Wang Hua , Tian Xingyou , Ding Xin , Zhou Haifeng , Ye Xianzhu 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTCarbon nanotube (CNT)/styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) composites were prepared via a sequential process of (electrostatic adsorption assisted dispersion)‐plus‐(melt mixing). It was found that CNTs were uniformly embedded in SEBS matrix and a low percolation threshold was achieved at the CNT concentration of 0.186 vol %. According to thermal gravimetric analysis, the temperatures of 20% and 50% weight loss were improved from 316°C and 352°C of pure SEBS to 439°C and 463°C of the 3 wt % CNT/SEBS composites, respectively. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and elastic modulus were improved by about 75% and 181.2% from 24 and 1.6 MPa of pure SEBS to 42 and 4.5 MPa of the 3 wt % CNT/SEBS composite based on the tensile tests, respectively. Importantly, this simple and low‐cost method shows the potential for the preparation of CNT/polymer composite materials with enhanced electrical, mechanical properties, and thermal stability for industrial applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40227.
Fully Automated Weighing of Liquid Substances with a Laboratory Robot
Authors: Werner Albert , Blaschke Tim , von Harbou Erik , Hasse Hans 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTaking the mass of a sample is a routine operation in laboratories which is frequently repeated during data collection. In chemical industries, this operation is often done manually. A procedure for fully automatic weighing of liquid substances with a laboratory robot is presented. To demonstrate its functionality and a possible application, the laboratory robot was used to create test samples for calibration of a gas chromatograph. The achieved accuracy is greater than that of careful manual weighing. The presented method facilitates the handling of most liquids commonly used in laboratories.
ChemInform Abstract: Single‐Composition Trichromatic White‐Emitting Ca9MgNa (PO4)7:Ce3+/Tb3+/Mn2+ Phosphors — Soft Chemical Synthesis, Luminescence, and Energy‐Transfer Properties.
Authors: Zhang Yang , Geng Dongling , Shang Mengmeng , Wu Yuan , Li Xuejiao , Lian Hongzhou , Cheng Ziyong , Lin Jun 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA Pechini‐type sol‐gel process is used for the preparation of co‐doped Ca9MgNa (PO4)7:Ce3+/Tb3+/Mn2+ phosphors involving aqueous solutions of Ce(NO3)3, Tb(NO3)3, MnCl2, Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)3, and NaNO3 in stoichiometric amounts together with citric acid and stoichiometric (NH4)2HPO4 followed by gelation in PEG and calcination (850 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A Redox‐Triggered Structural Rearrangement in an Iodate‐Templated Polyoxotungstate Cluster Cage.
Authors: Long De‐Liang , Yan Jun , Ruiz de la Oliva Andreu , Busche Christoph , Miras Haralampos N. , Errington R. John , Cronin Leroy 
Published: December 2013

Abstract(TEAH)5Na [H5W18O59(IO3)] ·5H2O (I; TEAH: (HO‐CH2‐CH2)3NH+), the first example of a polyoxometalate with encapsulated IO3‐, is synthesized from an aqueous solution of Na2WO4, H5IO6, and TEAHCl (pH 1.3 adjusted with 6M HCl, reflux, 1 h; yield given in g).
ChemInform Abstract: Heterometallic Clusters with a New {Re3Mo3S8} Core: Direct Synthesis, Properties and DFT Calculations.
Authors: Gayfulin Yakov M. , Naumov Nikolay G. , Rizhikov Maxim R. , Smolentsev Anton I. , Nadolinny Vladimir A. , Mironov Yuri V. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe crystal structures of compounds (IV) and (VI) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Multicatalytic Synthesis of α‐Benzyl‐β‐hydroxyindan‐1‐ones.
Authors: Suzuki Takeyuki , Ishizaka Yuka , Ghozati Kazem , Zhou Da‐Yang , Asano Kaori , Sasai Hiroaki 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAsymmetric tandem coupling of meso‐diols (I) with aldehydes is achieved using a chiral Ir‐catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot, Catalyst‐Free, Facile, and Efficient Sulfenylation of Electron‐Rich Substrates with a Mild Sulfenium Carrier Azobenzene‐2‐sulfenyl Bromide.
Authors: Ahmed Nizamuddin , Bhattacharjee Tirtha , Barman Pranjit , Bhattacharjee Saibal Kanti 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMild reaction conditions, simple work‐up, good yields and short reaction times make this method a convenient and practical alternative to existing methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymeric Bimetallic Catalyst‐Promoted In‐Water Dehydrative Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines with Alcohols.
Authors: Yamada Yoichi M. A. , Ohta Hidetoshi , Yuyama Yoshinari , Uozumi Yasuhiro 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA polymeric heterobimetallic catalyst is prepared by ionic convolution of a poly(catechol borate) and iridium‐NHC complexes.
ChemInform Abstract: ortho‐Perfluoroalkylation and Ethoxycarbonyldifluoromethylation of Aromatic Triazenes.
Authors: Hafner Andreas , Bihlmeier Angela , Nieger Martin , Klopper Wim , Braese Stefan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAgF‐mediated coupling of aromatic triazenes with the silanes (I) and (IV) provides a new, simple, and regioselective approach to ortho‐perfluoroalkylated products.
ChemInform Abstract: Water‐Assisted Organocatalysis: An Enantioselective Green Protocol for the Henry Reaction.
Authors: Thorat Prashant B. , Goswami Santosh V. , Jadhav Wamanrao N. , Bhusare Sudhakar R. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA novel and eco‐friendly method for the asymmetric Henry reaction of aldehydes is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple One‐Pot Conversion of Alcohols into Nitriles.
Authors: Shimojo Hiroyuki , Moriyama Katsuhiko , Togo Hideo 
Published: December 2013

AbstractVarious benzylic and primary alcohols including those containing olefinic groups are converted into the corresponding nitriles by oxidation with tBuOCl, iodine or diiodohydantoin in the presence of TEMPO, followed by treatment with iodine and aqueous ammonia.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Carbenes from Substituted Propargyl Acetates: Intramolecular Ene‐Type Reactions to 2‐Acetoxynaphthalene Derivatives.
Authors: Oh Chang Ho , Kim Ji Hee , Piao Lanhua , Yu Jin , Kim So Young 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe synthesis of 4‐alkyl‐naphthalen‐2‐yl acetate derivatives in a gold‐catalyzed cascade reaction is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,5‐Diarylpyrroles by Ligand‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Activation of Pyrroles in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Ehlers Peter , Petrosyan Andranik , Baumgard Jens , Jopp Stefan , Steinfeld Norbert , Ghochikyan Tariel V. , Saghyan Ashot S. , Fischer Christine , Langer Peter 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBis‐arylation of the N‐Me and N‐Ph pyrroles is achieved using aryl bromides and Pd(OPiv)2 or Pd nanoparticles as catalysts in Bu4NOAc as an ionic liquid.
ChemInform Abstract: Combined C—H Functionalization/O—H Insertion Reaction to Form Tertiary β‐Alkoxy Substituted β‐Aminophosphonates Catalyzed by [Cu(MeCN)4]PF6.
Authors: Cai Yan , Lu Yuchen , Yu Chengbin , Lyu Hairong , Miao Zhiwei 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe Cu‐catalyzed C—H functionalization/O—H insertion reaction of α‐diazophosphonates (I) with alcohols (II) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐4‐[(ethoxycarbonyl)oxy]‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxylates.
Authors: Korneev Sergei M. , Polukeev Valery A. , Jones Peter G. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAzo‐coupling of diazonium salts (II) with chloroacetoacetate, followed by intramolecular cyclization of hydrazones (III) in the presence of ethyl chloroformate (V) under basic conditions yields a novel family of pyrazoles (VI), instead of the expected hydrazone derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu(II)‐Catalyzed Domino Reaction of 2H‐Azirines with Diazotetramic and Diazotetronic Acids. Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 2H‐1,2,3‐Triazoles.
Authors: Rostovskii Nikolai V. , Novikov Mikhail S. , Khlebnikov Alexander F. , Korneev Sergei M. , Yufit Dmitry S. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe Cu‐catalyzed addition of two molecules of an arylaziridine (II) to diazotetramic (I) or diazotetronic acid (V) proceeds as a domino reaction with the formation of 1,2,3‐triazole derivatives (III)/(VI) and (IV)/(VII), resp., with ortho‐fused or spiro‐cyclic substituent in N2 position.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Synthesis of Novel 2‐Aryl‐5‐((1‐aryl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methylthio)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles Using CuI as Catalyst and Their Antimicrobial Evaluation.
Authors: Sindhu Jayant , Singh Harjinder , Khurana Jitender Mohan , Sharma Chetan , Aneja Kamal Rai 
Published: December 2013

AbstractImproved conditions utilizing CuSO4·5H2O and sodium ascorbate as the catalysts are developed for the three‐component reaction of oxadiazolyl thiols (I), propargyl bromide (II), and aryl azides (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Free Nano Copper Oxide Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Halides and Sequential One‐Pot Synthesis of 5‐Substituted‐1H‐tetrazoles.
Authors: Yapuri Umanadh , Palle Sadanandam , Gudaparthi Omprakash , Narahari Srinivasa Reddy , Rawat Dhwajbahadur K. , Mukkanti Khagga , Vantikommu Jyothi 
Published: December 2013

AbstractOne‐pot conversion of aryl iodides to nitriles and direct [2 + 3] cycloaddition with sodium azide offers a convenient synthesis of 5‐aryl‐1H‐tetrazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Cytotoxic Activity Assessment, QSAR and Docking Study of Novel Bis‐Carboxamide Derivatives of 4‐Pyrones Synthesized by Ugi Four‐Component Reaction.
Authors: Shahrisa Aziz , Esmati Somayeh , Miri Ramin , Firuzi Omidreza , Edraki Najmeh , Nejati Maryam 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe synthesized compounds are tested for their cytotoxic activity against LS180, MCF‐7, and HL‐60 cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Route to Three‐Component, One‐Pot Sequential Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclazines: 2,2a1,4‐Triazacyclopenta[cd]indenes.
Authors: Yang Anjiang , Jiang Ruwei , Khorev Oleg , Yu Ting , Zhang Yongliang , Ma Lanping , Chen Guohua , Shen Jingkang , Meng Tao 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe synthesis of cyclazines involves initial three‐component condensation and a Pd‐catalyzed intramolecular α‐arylation of an α‐aminocarbonyl functionality.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acidic Ionic Liquid Catalysis: An Efficient and Eco‐Friendly Synthesis of Novel Fused Pyrano Pyrimidinones (III) and Their Antimicrobial Activity.
Authors: Banothu Janardhan , Gali Rajitha , Velpula Ravibabu , Bavantula Rajitha 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe synthesized compounds are screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid and Convenient Synthesis of N‐Arylmorpholines under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Li Hong bo , Liang Wu , Ma Chang Peng , Kai Yong Mao , Li Lei , Zhang Yong Gang 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis green way to N‐arylmorpholines is performed without any phase‐transfer or transition‐metal catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Phyllanflexoid C: First Example of Phenylacetylene‐Bearing 18‐Nor‐Diterpenoid Glycoside from the Roots of Phyllanthus flexuosus.
Authors: Zhao Jian‐Qiang , Lv Jun‐Jiang , Wang Yan‐Ming , Xu Min , Zhu Hong‐Tao , Wang Dong , Yang Chong‐Ren , Wang Yi‐Fei , Zhang Ying‐Jun 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThree new diterpenoids ‐ phyllanflexoids A‐C (I), (II), and (III) ‐ are isolated from roots of Phyllanthus flexuosus.
Enantiomerization and Enantioselective Bioaccumulation of Metalaxyl in Tenebrio molitor Larvae
Authors: Gao Yongxin , Wang Huili , Qin Fang , Xu Peng , Lv Xiaotian , Li Jianzhong , Guo Baoyuan 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe enantiomerization and enantioselective bioaccumulation of metalaxyl by a single dose of exposure to Tenebrio molitor larvae under laboratory condition were studied by high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (HPLC‐MS/MS) based on a ChiralcelOD‐3R [cellulosetris‐tris‐(3, 5‐dichlorophenyl‐carbamate)] column. Exposure of enantiopure R‐metalaxyl and S‐metalaxyl in Tenebrio molitor larvae exhibited significant enantiomerization, with formation of the R enantiomers from the S enantiomers, and vice versa, which might be attributed to the chiral pesticide catalyzed by a certain enzyme in Tenebrio molitor larvae. Enantiomerization was not observed in wheat bran during the period of 21 d. In addition, bioaccumulation of rac‐metalaxyl in Tenebrio molitor larvae was enantioselective with a preferential accumulation of S‐metalaxyl. These results showed that enantioselectivity was caused not only by actual degradation and metabolism but also by enantiomerization, which was an important process in the environmental fate and behavior of metalaxyl enantiomers. Chirality 26:88–94, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Axillary lymph node dissection versus no dissection in patients with T1N0 breast cancer: A randomized clinical trial (INT09/98)
Authors: Agresti Roberto , Martelli Gabriele , Sandri Marco , Tagliabue Elda , Carcangiu Maria Luisa , Maugeri Ilaria , Pellitteri Cristina , Ferraris Cristina , Capri Giuseppe , Moliterni Angela , Bianchi Giulia , Mariani Gabriella , Trecate Giovanna , Lozza Laura , Langer Martin , Rampa Mario , Gennaro Massimiliano , Greco Marco , Menard Sylvie , Pierotti Marco A. 
Published: December 2013

BACKGROUNDAlthough axillary surgery is still considered to be a fundamental part of the management of early breast cancer, it may no longer be necessary either as treatment or as a guide to adjuvant treatment. The authors conducted a single‐center randomized trial (INT09/98) to determine the impact of avoiding axillary surgery in patients with T1N0 breast cancer and planning chemotherapy based on biological factors of the primary tumor on long‐term disease control.METHODSFrom June 1998 to June 2003, 565 patients aged 30 years to 65 years with T1N0 breast cancer were randomized to either quadrantectomy with (QUAD) or without (QU) axillary lymph node dissection; a total of 517 patients finally were evaluated. All patients received radiotherapy to the residual breast only. Chemotherapy for patients in the QUAD treatment arm was determined based on lymph node status, estrogen receptor status, and tumor grade. Chemotherapy for patients in the QU treatment arm was based on estrogen receptor status, tumor grade, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and laminin receptor status. Overall survival (OS) was the primary endpoint. Disease‐free survival (DFS) and rate and time of axillary lymph node recurrence in the QU treatment arm were the secondary endpoints.RESULTSAfter a median follow‐up of >10 years, the estimated adjusted hazards ratio of the QUAD versus QU treatment arms for OS was 1.09 (95% confidence interval, 0.59‐2.00; P = .783) and was 1.04 (95% confidence interval, 0.56‐1.94; P = .898) for DFS. Of the 245 patients in the QU treatment arm, 22 (9.0%) experienced axillary lymph node recurrence. The median time to axillary lymph node recurrence from breast surgery was 30.0 months (interquartile range, 24.2 months‐73.4 months).CONCLUSIONSPatients with T1N0 breast cancer did not appear to benefit in terms of DFS and OS from immediate axillary lymph node dissection in the current randomized trial. The biological characteristics of the primary tumor appear adequate for guiding adjuvant treatment. Cancer 2014;120:885–893. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Daily insulin doses and injection frequencies of neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) insulin, insulin detemir and insulin glargine in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a multicenter analysis of 51 964 patients from the German/Austrian DPV‐wiss database
Authors: Laubner K. , Molz K. , Kerner W. , Karges W. , Lang W. , Dapp A. , Schütt M. , Best F. , Seufert J. , Holl R. W. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundWe performed a comparative analysis of the use of long‐acting insulin (analogues) neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH), detemir (Det) and glargine (Gla), and quantified injection frequencies and daily insulin doses in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes in daily practice.MethodsA total number of 51 964 patients from 336 centres in Germany and Austria with type 1 and 2 diabetes with exclusive insulin therapy were retrospectively analysed.ResultsA total number of 42.1%/75.9% (type 1/type 2) of patients used NPH, 19.9%/6.7% Det and 38.0%/17.4% Gla, with similar glycaemic control and proportion of severe hypoglycaemia for NPH/Det/Gla in type 1 (Mean HbA1c 7.98%/7.98%/8.07%; mean proportion of severe hypoglycaemia 11.06%/11.93%/10.86%) and type 2 diabetes (Mean HbA1c 7.61%/7.78%/7.61%; mean proportion of severe hypoglycaemia 5.66%/4.48%/5.03%). In type 1 diabetes, the mean daily injection frequencies of NPH versus Det versus Gla were 1.9 vs 1.8 vs 1.1, and total daily insulin injections were 5.3 vs 5.6 vs 5.0. The adjusted mean daily basal insulin doses were 0.36, 0.39 and 0.31 IU/kg, mean daily total insulin dose was lowest for Gla (0.74IU/kg), followed by NPH (0.76IU/kg) and Det (0.81IU/kg). In type 2 diabetes patients, mean daily injection frequencies were 1.6 for NPH, 1.4 for Det and 1.1 for Gla, total daily insulin injections were 4.0 vs 4.1 vs 3.6. The mean daily basal insulin dosages were 0.30IU/kg (NPH), 0.33IU/kg (Det) and 0.29IU/kg (Gla), mean total insulin doses per day were 0.63IU/kg (NPH), 0.77IU/kg (Det) and 0.67IU/kg (Gla).ConclusionsIn a ‘real‐world’ setting, the injection frequencies and doses of basal and total insulin per day are lowest with the use of insulin glargine compared with NPH‐insulin or insulin detemir at similar glycaemic control and rates of severe hypoglycaemia. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.