bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A baseline climatology of sounding‐derived parameters associated with heavy rainfall over Gauteng, South Africa
Authors: Dyson Liesl L. , van Heerden Johan , Sumner Paul D. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTIrene weather office sounding data are considered a proximity sounding for the Gauteng province of South Africa. Sounding‐derived parameters are analysed for 35 austral summers from 1977 to 2012. The goal of this study is to provide a climatology of sounding‐derived parameters commonly used as ingredients to forecast heavy rainfall. The emphasis is placed on identifying those variables that distinguish between climatology and heavy rainfall events. Special attention is given to how the critical values associated with heavy rainfall change from early to late summer.During early summer (October to December), the atmospheric circulation over Gauteng is markedly extra‐tropical in nature. Heavy rainfall occurs in a conditionally unstable atmosphere and is associated with conditions conducive to the development of severe storms, such as large wind shear and convective available potential energy (CAPE) values, strong upper tropospheric winds and large temperature lapse rates. In late summer (January to March), the atmosphere takes on distinct tropical characteristics and becomes increasingly convectively unstable. During this time of year there is abundant moisture in circulation and the storms that develop are highly efficient in producing precipitation. Forecasting heavy rainfall in early summer requires different techniques than in late summer.Sounding parameters, which provide information about the moisture content of the atmosphere, are capable of distinguishing between climatology and heavy rainfall during all summer months. The only other variables capable of doing this are the average meridionial wind direction in the 800 to 600 hPa layer, the mean layer equivalent potential temperature, the Showalter Index (SI), the K‐index (KI) and the elevated K‐index (EKI). However, critical values associated with heavy rainfall for all these parameters change month by month.
In Situ Doped Polyaniline Nanotubes for Applications in Flexible Conductive Coatings
Authors: Gumfekar Sarang P. , Wang Wenjie , Zhao Boxin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn‐situ doped polyaniline nanotubes were fabricated and investigated in term of their morphological, thermal and electrical properties at varied doping levels. Different from the common post‐doping of polyaniline base to form its emeraldine salt, the aniline monomers were directly converted into conductive emeraldine salt during synthesis by dropwise addition of the dopant and oxidants. This process resulted in a uniform and stable protonation of the polyaniline with good electrical conductivity. Furthermore, it was found that the crystalline conductive polyaniline nanotubes have a good flexibility when amalgamated with polyvinyl alcohol, showing their potential as flexible conductive coating materials.
Improving chemical shift encoded water–fat separation using object‐based information of the magnetic field inhomogeneity
Authors: Sharma Samir D. , Artz Nathan S. , Hernando Diego , Horng Debra E. , Reeder Scott B. 
Published: March 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this work was to improve the robustness of existing chemical shift encoded water–fat separation methods by incorporating object‐based information of the B0 field inhomogeneity.TheoryThe primary challenge in water–fat separation is the estimation of phase shifts that arise from B0 field inhomogeneity, which is composed of the background field and susceptibility‐induced field. The susceptibility‐induced field can be estimated if the susceptibility distribution is known or can be approximated. In this work, the susceptibility distribution is approximated from the source images using the known susceptibility values of water, fat, and air. The field estimate is then demodulated from the source images before water–fat separation.MethodsChemical shift encoded source images were acquired in anatomical regions that are prone to water–fat swaps. The images were processed using algorithms from the ISMRM Fat‐Water Toolbox, with and without the object‐based field map information. The estimates were compared to examine the benefit of using the object‐based field map information.ResultsMultiple cases are shown in which water–fat swaps were avoided by using the object‐based information of the B0 field map.ConclusionObject‐based information of the B0 field may improve the robustness of existing chemical shift encoded water–fat separation methods. Magn Reson Med 73:597–604, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solid–fluid transition modelling in geomaterials and application to a mudflow interacting with an obstacle
Authors: Prime Noémie , Dufour Frédéric , Darve Félix 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYGiven the contrasting behaviour observed for geomaterials, for example, during landslides of the flow type, this contribution proposes an original constitutive model, which associates both an elasto‐plastic relation and a Bingham viscous law linked by a mechanical transition criterion. This last is defined as the second‐order work sign for each material point, which is a general criterion for divergence instabilities. Finite element method with Lagrangian integration points is chosen as a framework for implementing the new model because of its well‐known ability to deal with both solid and fluid behaviours in large deformation processes. A first boundary model considering a sample of initially stable soil, a slope and an obstacle is performed. The results show the power of the constitutive model because the consistent evolution of initiation, propagation and arrest of the mudflow is described. A parametric study is led on various plastic and viscous parameters to determine their influence on the flow development and arrest. Finally, forces against the obstacle are compared with good agreement with those of other authors for the same geometry and a pure viscous behaviour. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A two‐dimensional ordinary, state‐based peridynamic model for linearly elastic solids
Authors: Le Q.V. , Chan W.K. , Schwartz J. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYPeridynamics is a non‐local mechanics theory that uses integral equations to include discontinuities directly in the constitutive equations. A three‐dimensional, state‐based peridynamics model has been developed previously for linearly elastic solids with a customizable Poisson's ratio. For plane stress and plane strain conditions, however, a two‐dimensional model is more efficient computationally. Here, such a two‐dimensional state‐based peridynamics model is presented. For verification, a 2D rectangular plate with a round hole in the middle is simulated under constant tensile stress. Dynamic relaxation and energy minimization methods are used to find the steady‐state solution. The model shows m‐convergence and δ‐convergence behaviors when m increases and δ decreases. Simulation results show a close quantitative matching of the displacement and stress obtained from the 2D peridynamics and a finite element model used for comparison. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety analysis of Ziagen® (abacavir sulfate) in postmarketing surveillance in Japan
Authors: Kurita Tomoko , Kitaichi Tomomi , Nagao Takako , Miura Toshiyuki , Kitazono Yoshifumi 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeAbacavir is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor indicated for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In Japan, Ziagen® (300‐mg abacavir sulfate) has been marketed since 1999. To obtain safety data on Ziagen, a mandatory postmarketing surveillance was conducted between September 1999 and September 2009.MethodsA joint survey [HIV‐related Drug Surveys (HRD)] has been conducted involving manufacturers of drugs for HIV treatment in Japan. Safety data from total 643 cases (1345.7 person‐years) registered to the HRD surveys and received Ziagen were obtained. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) was defined as adverse event of which association with abacavir could not be “ruled out.”ResultsIt was found that the overall frequency of ADR was 47.6% (306/643); the common ADRs were “hyperlipidemia,” “nausea,” “increased γ‐glutamyltransferase level,” “increased blood triglycerides,” “abnormal hepatic function,” and so on. Serious adverse events were reported in 65 subjects; however, none of the three fatal cases were clearly associated with Ziagen use. The survey‐defined hypersensitivity has been infrequently reported in 15 subjects (2.3%). Although some studies had indicated of the association between abacavir and myocardial infarction, no ischemic heart diseases were reported in the present survey. Two of the three pregnant cases delivered normal neonates (one induced abortion).ConclusionsDuring the mandatory postmarketing survey of Ziagen, there were no cases of ischemic heart diseases, and the incidence of hypersensitivity was considerably low. These indicated that abacavir can be safely used in Japanese HIV+ population. However, the safety profile of Ziagen should be continued to be monitored through pharmacovigilance. © 2014 The Authors. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Edge‐functionalized graphene nanoplatelets with polystyrene by atom transfer radical polymerization: grafting through carboxyl groups
Authors: Roghani‐Mamaqani Hossein , Haddadi‐Asl Vahid , Khezri Khezrollah , Salami‐Kalajahi Mehdi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe surface modifier 3‐((4‐hydroxybutoxy)dimethylsilyl)propyl methacrylate (CD), which contains a double bond and a hydroxyl group, was synthesized through a coupling reaction of 1,4‐butanediol and (3‐methacryloxypropyl)dimethylchlorosilane. Subsequently, graphene oxide (GO) was functionalized with different amounts of CD from its edge carboxyl groups. Then, grafting through atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of various amounts of the edge‐functionalized GO was carried out to evaluate the effect of graphene loading along with graft density. A peak at 3.8 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum of CD associated with the methylene adjacent to the Si–O group indicated a successful coupling reaction. Attachment of CD on the edges of GO was evaluated using X‐ray photoelectron and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. Expansion of GO interlayer spacing by functionalization was evaluated using X‐ray diffraction. The ordered and disordered crystal structure of carbon was studied using Raman spectroscopy. The close ID/IG values for GO and various kinds of functionalized graphenes show the preserved graphitic crystallite size. Relaxation behaviour of polystyrene chains in the presence of graphene nanoplatelets and also the effect of graft content on chain confinement were studied using differential scanning calorimetry. High‐graft‐density nanocomposites show higher glass transition temperatures. Morphology of graphene nanoplatelets was studied using scanning electron and transmission electron microscopies. The flat and smooth morphology of graphene nanoplatelets is disturbed and also the transparency of the nanoplatelets decreases during the oxidation and functionalization processes. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The potential use of electrospun polylactic acid nanofibers as alternative reinforcements in an epoxy composite system
Authors: Dong Yu , Mosaval Tariq , Haroosh Hazim J. , Umer Rehan , Takagi Hitoshi , Lau Kin‐Tak 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThis pilot study elaborates the development of novel epoxy/electrospun polylactic acid (PLA) nanofiber composites at the fiber contents of 3, 5, and 10 wt % to evaluate their mechanical and thermal properties using flexural tests and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The flexural moduli of composites increase remarkably by 50.8 and 24.0% for 5 and 10 wt % fiber contents, respectively, relative to that of neat epoxy. Furthermore, a similar trend is also shown for corresponding flexural strengths being enhanced by 31.6 and 4.8%. Fractured surface morphology with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms a full permeation of cured epoxy matrix into nanofiber structures and existence of nondestructive fibrous networks inside large void cavities. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of composites increases up to 54–60 °C due to embedded electrospun nanofibers compared to 50 °C for that of epoxy, indicating that fibrous networks may further restrict the intermolecular mobility of matrix in thermal effects. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 618–623
Contribution of hydrogen bonds to protein stability
Authors: Pace C. Nick , Fu Hailong , Lee Fryar Katrina , Landua John , Trevino Saul R. , Schell David , Thurlkill Richard L. , Imura Satoshi , Scholtz J. Martin , Gajiwala Ketan , Sevcik Jozef , Urbanikova Lubica , Myers Jeffery K. , Takano Kazufumi , Hebert Eric J. , Shirley Bret A. , Grimsley Gerald R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractOur goal was to gain a better understanding of the contribution of the burial of polar groups and their hydrogen bonds to the conformational stability of proteins. We measured the change in stability, Δ(ΔG), for a series of hydrogen bonding mutants in four proteins: villin headpiece subdomain (VHP) containing 36 residues, a surface protein from Borrelia burgdorferi (VlsE) containing 341 residues, and two proteins previously studied in our laboratory, ribonucleases Sa (RNase Sa) and T1 (RNase T1). Crystal structures were determined for three of the hydrogen bonding mutants of RNase Sa: S24A, Y51F, and T95A. The structures are very similar to wild type RNase Sa and the hydrogen bonding partners form intermolecular hydrogen bonds to water in all three mutants. We compare our results with previous studies of similar mutants in other proteins and reach the following conclusions. (1) Hydrogen bonds contribute favorably to protein stability. (2) The contribution of hydrogen bonds to protein stability is strongly context dependent. (3) Hydrogen bonds by side chains and peptide groups make similar contributions to protein stability. (4) Polar group burial can make a favorable contribution to protein stability even if the polar groups are not hydrogen bonded. (5) The contribution of hydrogen bonds to protein stability is similar for VHP, a small protein, and VlsE, a large protein.
Herbicide resistance modelling: past, present and future
Authors: Renton Michael , Busi Roberto , Neve Paul , Thornby David , Vila‐Aiub Martin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractComputer simulation modelling is an essential aid in building an integrated understanding of how different factors interact to affect the evolutionary and population dynamics of herbicide resistance, and thus in helping to predict and manage how agricultural systems will be affected. In this review, we first discuss why computer simulation modelling is such an important tool and framework for dealing with herbicide resistance. We then explain what questions related to herbicide resistance have been addressed to date using simulation modelling, and discuss the modelling approaches that have been used, focusing first on the earlier, more general approaches, and then on some newer, more innovative approaches. We then consider how these approaches could be further developed in the future, by drawing on modelling techniques that are already employed in other areas, such as individual‐based and spatially explicit modelling approaches, as well as the possibility of better representing genetics, competition and economics, and finally the questions and issues of importance to herbicide resistance research and management that could be addressed using these new approaches are discussed. We conclude that it is necessary to proceed with caution when increasing the complexity of models by adding new details, but, with appropriate care, more detailed models will make it possible to integrate more current knowledge in order better to understand, predict and ultimately manage the evolution of herbicide resistance. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Weighing the importance of surface forcing on sea ice: a September 2007 modelling study
Authors: Hunke E. C. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe sea ice minimum of September 2007 is represented in a 50‐year simulation using the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model, CICE, in spite of the fact that only four atmospheric forcing fields vary interannually in the model simulation; all other atmospheric and oceanic forcing data are monthly mean climatologies. Simulation results support prior conclusions that an anomalous pressure pattern, ice‐ocean albedo feedback effects on sea surface temperature, and the long‐term sea ice thinning trend are primarily responsible for the sea ice minimum of 2007. In addition, the simulation indicates that cloudiness, precipitation, and other forcing quantities were of secondary importance.Here we explore the importance of applied atmospheric and oceanic surface forcing for the 2007 sea ice minimum event, along with a group of model parameterizations that control the surface radiation budget in sea ice (melt ponds). Of the oceanic forcing fields acting on sea ice, only the sea surface temperature varied interannually for simulating the 2007 event. Interannual variations of temperature and humidity play a role in the radiation balance applied at the snow and ice surface, and they both have the potential to significantly affect the ice edge. However, humidity (exclusive of clouds) is far less influential on ice volume than is air temperature. The inclusion of albedo changes due to melt ponding is also crucial for determining the radiation forcing experienced by the ice. We compare the effects of four different pond parameterizations now available in CICE for the September 2007 case, and find that while details may differ, they all are able to represent the 2007 event. The impact of feedbacks associated with the radiation balance differs among the pond simulations, presenting a key topic for future study.
Optimized trajectory recovery of on‐road vehicles from monocular videos with multiple constraints
Authors: Zheng Yali , Cheng Hong , Tang Yuan Yan , Fang Bin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we propose an optimized trajectory recovery algorithm for on‐road vehicles from monocular videos, which considers multiple constraints between frames in a sliding window. We build a linear system to optimally estimate the camera rotation matrix corresponding to the first frame in each sliding window, and calculate the camera center estimation. The camera centers are determined by the estimation and prediction eventually. The whole process is applied to the sequential video frames by sliding the window. The advantage of the proposed algorithm is that it is able to reduce the drift error, which is a challenge for the existing algorithms, since multiple constraints in a sliding window are used to optimize the camera poses. We test the algorithm both on synthetic data and real data, and compare it with existing algorithms. It shows a higher accuracy of reconstruction and is suitable to recover a better trajectory of on‐road vehicles from monocular videos. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CCSS‐ELA Suggestions and Cautions for Addressing Text Complexity
Authors: Wixson Karen K. , Valencia Sheila W. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to provide guidance on the implementation of the Common Core State Standards for English language arts (CCSS‐ELA). Toward this end, suggestions and cautions are provided that focus on understanding the vision, understanding the anchor and grade‐level standards, and understanding the implications for instruction. In general, this article stresses the importance of attending to the various “parts” of the standards within the context of the larger vision as a means of avoiding missteps in implementation.
Sequencing and Graphic Novels With Primary‐Grade Students
Authors: Chase Maggie , Son Eun Hye , Steiner Stan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe authors discuss the burgeoning number of graphic novels being published for young readers (approximately PK‐3) and suggest a new term for identifying this format and audience: primary graphic novels (PGNs), for primary level students. They go on to describe a series of lessons they conducted with a class of 1st and 2nd graders to capitalize on the children's curiosity for and interest in the graphic novel format in which sequencing was the primary skill addressed.
Evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zum Management einer undifferenzierten peripheren entzündlichen Arthritis (UPIA)
Authors: Tarner I.H. , Albrecht K. , Fleck M. , Gromnica-Ihle E. , Keyßer G. , Köhler L. , Kötter I. , Krüger K. , Kuipers J. , Nüßlein H. , Rubbert-Roth A. , Wollenhaupt J. , Schneider M. , Manger B. , Müller-Ladner U. 
Published: March 2014

Zusammenfassung

Einleitung
Arthritiden der peripheren Gelenke sind der häufigste Vorstellungsgrund in der Rheumatologie. Gerade in frühen Erkrankungsstadien gelingt dabei nicht immer eine eindeutige differenzialdiagnostische Zuordnung zu einer definierten Entität, so dass das Krankheitsbild zunächst als undifferenzierte periphere inflammatorische Arthritis (UPIA) bezeichnet werden muss. Für das klinische Management der UPIA fehlte es bisher an evidenzbasierten Empfehlungen. Die Entwicklung entsprechender Empfehlungen unter Mitarbeit von 697 Rheumatologen aus 17 Ländern war daher das Ziel dieser 3e-Initiative.

Methoden
Auf der Basis einer systematischen Literaturrecherche in Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library und den ACR/EULAR-Abstracts von 2007/2008 wurden in 3 Diskussionsrunden mit Delphi-Abstimmungen 10 multinationale Empfehlungen erarbeitet. Innerhalb eines nationalen Arbeitskreises in Deutschland wurden mit gleicher Methodik 3 weitere Fragestellungen bearbeitet. Die Empfehlungen wurden jeweils im Plenum diskutiert und der Grad der Zustimmung der Teilnehmer sowie der potenzielle Einfluss der Empfehlungen auf den klinischen Alltag erfasst.

Ergebnisse
Für die 10 internationalen Fragestellungen zur Differenzialdiagnose, Wertigkeit klinischer, laborchemischer und bildgebender Untersuchungen, Verlaufsprädiktion sowie zum Monitoring erbrachte die Literaturrecherche insgesamt 39.756 Publikationen, von denen 250 für eine systematische Auswertung geeignet waren. Für die deutschen Fragestellungen wurden unter 5542 Arbeiten 35 Publikationen identifiziert, die als Grundlage für Empfehlungen zur diagnostischen und prognostischen Wertigkeit des Ansprechens auf antientzündliche Therapien, zur synovialen Flüssigkeitsanalyse und zur Enthesitis geeignet waren.

Schlussfolgerung
Die vorliegende Arbeit übersetzt die im Jahr 2011 publizierten, bisher in Deutschland wenig beachteten Ergebnisse der internationalen 3e-Initiative in die deutsche Sprache und ergänzt sie um die Abstimmungsergebnisse der deutschen Teilnehmer sowie 3 zusätzliche Empfehlungen.