bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Drugs Using XAD-2 Resin. I: Choice of Resin, Chromatographic Conditions, and Recovery Studies
Authors: Stajić M , Caplan YH , Backer RC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In 1969 Fujimoto and Wang [1] introduced a new drug extraction technique when they applied Amberlite®XAD-2 a nonionic polystyrene divinylbenzene resin, to the analysis of narcotic analgesics in urine. The resin was prepared by washing it with water and methanol, and after the urine sample was poured through a column containing the resin the adsorbed drugs were eluted with methanol and subsequently analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Morphine, meperidine, codeine, methadone, levorphanol, pentazocine, and dihydromorphinone were detected in therapeutic concentrations. Many modifications of the original procedure successfully applied XAD-2 and other similar resins to the extraction of drugs from urine and, more recently, other biological fluids and tissues.
Detection of Drugs Using XAD-2 Resin. III: A Routine Screening Procedure for Bile
Authors: Caplan YH , Backer RC , Stajić M , Thompson BC 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA number of biological specimens may be routinely examined in medical examiner's cases. A useful specimen for toxicologic analysis is one that by its physiological nature concentrates drugs in easily detectable amounts, is readily available in sufficient quantity, does not require extensive preparation, and is applicable to simple screening techniques. Urine has been particularly amenable to XAD-2 resin screening [1–11]. However, in postmortem cases urine is often unavailable and bile becomes the sample of choice. Simple hydrolysis alters the consistency of bile so that it can be readily extracted by the XAD-2 resin methods [12,13]. In addition, the disposition and biotransformation of many drugs causes significant quantities of parent drugs and metabolites to be found in bile, often in concentrations higher than those in other biological specimens.
Toxicological Analyses in Cases of Sudden Infant Death: A National Feasibility Study
Authors: Finkle BS , McCloskey KL , Kopjak L , Carroll JM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is associated with more infant deaths, ages two weeks to twelve months, in the United States than any other single, definable cause. It is associated with approximately 10 000 deaths per year and is second only to the general category of accidental deaths for all children under the age of 15 years [1]. Unlike many disease entities, the diagnosis of SIDS is made not by an attending physician, but at postmortem examination; the determination is based not on firm definitive findings, but only on the exclusion of all other possible causes. Indeed, very few histological, biochemical, or physiological changes that might be considered pathologically diagnostic in these infants have been observed [1,2]. Although SIDS-associated deaths represent a major proportion of all infant fatalities, their frequency is such that even in jurisdictions of greater than one million population medical examiners and coroners encounter relatively few of these cases, typically 40 to 60 cases a year [2]. In an attempt to overcome the limitation of the small number of SIDS cases available for study in any one area, the Office for Maternal and Child Health, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, is studying the feasibility of a national SIDS registry [2]. Such a registry could draw on the case experiences of many investigators so that statistically valid correlations and conclusions would be possible; both biomedical and sociological information, drawn from a variety of sources, could be gathered and analyzed. To establish such a data center, it would also be necessary to have strong guidelines specifically designed to control the quality of the data and the methods used in their collection. The formulation of a standard protocol for the investigation of sudden infant deaths that could be used at all sites contributing information would be a first essential task.
The Rapid Determination of Cocaine and Other Local Anesthetics Using Field Tests and Chromatography
Authors: Baker PB , Gough TA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Cocaine, which is obtained from the leaves of plants of the genus Erythroxylon, either directly or by chemical transformation, has been used throughout recorded history because of its local anesthetic activity [1]. As a result of its undesirable side effects its use is now controlled almost worldwide. The search for alternative compounds having topical or local anesthetic properties without the inherent disadvantage in using cocaine resulted in the synthesis of a number of satisfactory alternatives to cocaine.
Analysis and Characterization of Military-Grade Trinitrotoluene by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Basch A , Kraus S 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Military grade trinitrotoluene (TNT), manufactured by complex nitration and purification procedures [1], contains over 99% α-2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and trace amounts of precursors, isomers, and oxidation by-products. The detection and determination of TNT and other explosives by gas chromatography (GC) has been reported by a number of authors and summarized in a recent review [2]. Impurities in TNT have been identified by thin-layer chromatography [3], nuclear magnetic resonance [4], and GC [5–7]. The major impurities in commercial TNT were found to be 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT); 2,3,4-TNT; 2,3,5-TNT; and 2,4,5-TNT in reported concentrations of 0.1 to 0.4%, with traces of other DNT isomers detected. A novel method for characterizing TNT origins by means by variation in 13C/12C ratios has been reported [8].
Educating the Forensic Psychiatrist
Authors: Dietz PE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Historically, the forensic psychiatrist has been a physician with a special interest in medicolegal aspects of psychiatry, sometimes but not necessarily supplemented by individual study, specialized training, and appropriate experience. Even today, any physician is free to declare himself a forensic psychiatrist and to deliver forensic psychiatric services with no specialized training or supervision, though few non-psychiatrists would do so, and most psychiatrists would at least read a few books on what they believe to be the subject.
A Tribute to the French Forensic Anthropologist Georges Fully (1926–1973)
Authors: Stewart TD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Five years ago, when Clyde Snow read a paper at the Dallas meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences on the Fully-Pineau method of stature estimation [1], none of those present was aware that Georges Fully had been dead for eight months. His death was still unknown to those at last year's Academy meeting in St. Louis who heard Gary Tibbetts talk about the application of the Fully-Pineau method of stature estimation to American blacks [2]. I received the sad news of Fully's death in a letter from Professor Georges Olivier of the University of Paris a month after the St. Louis meeting, and did not learn about the tragic circumstances of the event until last June, almost exactly five years after their occurrence. At the time of his death Fully was only 47 years old.
Sex Offenders: A Descriptive Analysis of Cases Studied at a Forensic Psychiatry Clinic
Authors: Bonheur H , Rosner R 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This is a report on a descriptive study made of defendants charged with at least one count of sexual assault who were examined at the Forensic Psychiatry Clinic of the Supreme Court of the State of New York for the Borough of Manhattan during the calendar year 1974.
Caffeine Poisoning in a 19-Year-Old Female
Authors: McGee MB 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A case report is given of a fatality resulting from caffeine intoxication associated with ingestion of an over-the-counter appetite suppressant. Caffeine is one of the drugs most readily available to the general public. Present in many beverages and over-the-counter compounds, caffeine has a relatively low toxicity. Fatalities from caffeine intoxication are rare, with seven cases previously reported in the English language literature.
The Glaser Safety Slug and the Velex/Velet Exploding Bullet
Authors: Menzies RC , Anderson LE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The Glaser Safety Slug and the Velex/Velet Exploding Bullet are both designed to fragment on impact with their targets. Recognition of these rounds after firing is possible by the use of roentgenography and wound tract examination, and the characteristic appearances are described and illustrated. Despite the degree of physical disruption of the bullets recovery of the copper jackets will permit useful comparison microscope examination. In the case of the Velex/Velet Exploding Bullet recovery of the percussion cap may also provide useful information.
Light Filaments of Incandescent Lamps Studied by Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Authors: Hagström AL , Söder S 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The use of Auger electron spectroscopy as a method in forensic science investigations of fractured incandescent lamps is described. Special emphasis is given to the oxidation of the tungsten filament. The method makes possible an identification of filaments that have been fractured under various conditions.
Laser Detection of Latent Fingerprints: Preparation of Fluorescent Dusting Powders and the Feasibility of a Portable System
Authors: Menzel ER , Fox KE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A simple procedure for the preparation of dusting powders with a variety of fluorescent colors is described. Such powders permit detection of latent prints by laser even when the surfaces holding the latent prints luminesce strongly. A possible portable laser detection system is also suggested.
Individuation in Forensic Science Study: Decapitation
Authors: Buikstra JE , Gordon CC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In this study we present a technique that may be useful in the individuation of remains separated through the cervical region. Using a series of measurements from young female skeletons in the Terry Collection, we have developed a model for testing congruence between adjacent elements. Emphasis has been placed on identifying those measurements most likely to minimize underestimating the true number of remains present. The use of the technique has been demonstrated in two (retrospective) forensic science examples.
The Investigation of Electrical Deaths: A Report of 220 Fatalities
Authors: Wright RK , Davis JH 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
We present the results of our investigation of 220 electrocutions. The ratio of high voltage to low voltage electrocution is found to be nearly 1:1. Further, in low voltage electrocution deaths electrical burns were absent in over 40% of the cases. Our approach to the investigation of possible electrocution, including equipment analysis, is discussed.
Shotgun Wounds: Multiple Probes and Shielding Effects as Adjuncts to Determining Position of the Deceased at Time of Injury
Authors: Brissie RM , Collum ES 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Careful and meticulous probing of sites of individual pellet injuries in distant shotgun wounds with repositioning of the body to allow parallel alignment of pellet tracts makes possible the determination of the position of a deceased at time of injury. Spared areas, or “gaps,” within the pattern may result from shielding either by body parts or by an intermediate object. The present case reports illustrate the method and its importance.
On the Mechanism of Gunshot Residue Particle Formation
Authors: Wolten GM , Nesbitt RS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The results of the present study are consistent with the hypothesis that gunshot residue is formed by the condensation of vaporized bullet and primer materials that segregate into metallic and compound particles. Some of the metallic vapors are oxidized and “scavenged” by oxygen and sulfur-rich primer compounds, among which the sulfur compounds appear to be more effective. The “bullet” particles of the residue thus originate in the bullet material, and the “primer” particles are a mixture of primer-derived and bullet-derived materials.
A Study of the Myocardial Depressant Factor and Its Relative Influence in Drug/Alcohol Mortality
Authors: Manning TJ , Williams LE , Lynch VD , Bidanset JH , Drake W , Lukash L 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A shock factor, a low molecular weight peptide, has been isolated from postmortem blood. High levels of this peptide, which depresses the myocardium, were seen in cases where drug overdose or alcoholism, or both, were the cause of death. An elevated myocardial depressant factor (MDF) level was also demonstrated in a fire victim and a patient in cardiogenic shock. The peptide analysis was accomplished by using an isolated cat papillary muscle followed by paper chromatographic confirmation. Postmortem electrolytes, alcohol, and various toxic agents were eliminated as causes of myocardial depression in the isolated cat papillary muscle assay. The presence of elevated MDF levels may be significant in the overall death process.
Examination of Petroleum Products of High Relative Molecular Mass for Forensic Science Purposes by Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy. I1: Discrimination Within an Arbitrary Set of Representative Samples
Authors: Lloyd JBF , Evett LW , Dubery JM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Synchronous fluorescence and ultraviolet absorbance spectroscopy are used in the examination of a collection of high relative molecular mass petroleum products that contains 118 samples drawn from forensic science work. Data from 22 defined spectral features of each sample are processed to show that within this sample set, and with a considerable reduction in the data finally used, the spectral patterns can be efficiently retrieved with a high level of sample discrimination and with an accompanying low level of spurious choices. The system gives results in good agreement with earlier conclusions drawn from case work on the basis of visual comparisons of spectral patterns of control samples and contact traces and will enable future evidential data to be more efficiently collected and its significance to be more precisely assessed.
Connecting a Knife or Ice Pick to a Tire in a Tire Slashing
Authors: Feldman MA , Meloan CE , Frizell C 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Small particles of rubber cling to the metal object used to slash a tire. These particles are removed by a glass capillary tube and forced out of the capillary with water onto the top of a zinc chloride density gradient column. Automobile tire sidewall rubber varies in density from about 1.06 to 1.17, small truck tires vary from 1.13 to 1.17, and the value for large truck tires is about 1.2. Other rubbers and other objects all have densities different from sidewall rubber with the exception of a few synthetic fibers that can visually be distinguished from rubber.
The Application of Tetracyclines in Forensic Dentistry
Authors: Metzger Z , Buchner A 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Therapeutic administration of tetracyclines, widely used antibiotic drugs, permanently labels layers of dentin that are calcifying at the same time. A method is described for detecting and photographing these stained layers of dentin. The presence of tetracycline-labeled dentin layers in the teeth of subjects of a forensic science investigation can be used for the individualization of specimens as well as to provide information about the age of the individual. When compared to medical records, the tetracycline-labeled dentin layers can also assist in establishing the identity of the subject. The interpretation of tetracycline-labeled dentin layers and its pitfalls are discussed.
A Method for Recording X-Ray Diffraction Patterns for Trace Quantities of Crystalline Materials
Authors: Foster RL , Howell GR , Lott PF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A procedure has been developed for recording diffraction patterns of small amounts of material and has been applied to the identification of silicon carbide in lubricating oil. To use this technique for the identification of material, the sample must be crystalline and the constituent of interest must be present in 1% or greater concentration.
An Exploratory Study on the Characterization of A1 and A2 Bloodstains Using a Fluorescence Immunoassay
Authors: Liu JH , Klink FE , Nicol JD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A fluorescence immunoassay method is used in the differentiation of A1 and A2 bloodstains. Anti-A antiserum is first absorbed onto the stain. The IgM content in the eluate is then quantified by commercial Immuno-Fluor kits. The binding difference of A1 and A2 cells is retained in stains. This difference and the quantitative evaluation method provide a potential basis for blood typing or subtyping application.
3-Methylbenzthiazolinone-2-Hydrazone (MBTH) as a New Visualization Reagent for the Detection of Cannabinoids on Thin-Layer Chromatography Plates
Authors: Baggi TR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The use of 3-methylbenzthiazolinone-2-hydrazone (MBTH) for the detection of cannabinoids on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates is reported. Because MBTH is readily available in analytical-grade preparations, is fairly stable, gives characteristic, specific colors with the various cannabinoids studied, and might not be a potent carcinogenic compound, it is suggested as an alternative spray reagent for the detection of cannabinoids on TLC plates.
Thermal Degradation of Erythrocyte Acid Phosphatase Isozymes in a Case Sample
Authors: Yeshion TE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Analysis of bloodstains subjected to heat or improper collection techniques may yield expressions of erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP) phenotypes other than those originally coded. This report illustrates a case in which the deterioration of an EAP Type CB sample caused it to appear as an EAP Type C. Suggestions are offered to minimize such problems and to make the analyst aware of possible misinterpretations.
Mass Spectrometric Differentiation of Cannabinoid-Containing Samples
Authors: Liu JH , Fitzgerald MP 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A direct-inlet probe mass spectrometry/multiple regression procedure is described for the confirmation of the presence of cannabinoids and the comparison of various cannabinoid-containing samples. The relative intensities of selected mass units are first established on control cannabinoids. These standards are then regressed on mass spectra of samples of interest. High values of coefficients of determination are used to confirm the presence of cannabinoid mixtures; regression coefficients are used for sample comparisons.
Suicide with Two Guns: A Unique Case
Authors: Fatteh A , Gore SB , Mann GT , Garvin K 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A unique case of suicide using two guns fired at the same time is reported. The victim, a 27-year-old white male with a history of depression, used a pistol to fire a shot in the precordial area and a revolver to fire a shot in the right temporal area. Pertinent autopsy findings are described.
Responses of the Human Skeleton to Changes in the Quality of Life
Authors: Stewart TD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Americans have been getting taller for more than a century, and within this century their life expectancy has risen markedly. Descendants of some of the immigrants who arrived from Europe early in this century have heads with shapes that differ from those of relatives back in the Old World. Before they were born head shape was assumed to be one of mankind's most stable features. These examples of population change reflect the fact that in America the quality of life has improved more rapidly and widely than elsewhere. Forensic anthropologists have been adjusting their identification techniques to compensate for these population changes. Among other things, they have used data collected in connection with the military programs to repatriate the American dead of World War II and the Korean War.
Intracranial Missile Emboli
Authors: Glass JM , Zaki SA , Rivers RL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Projectile embolization into the intracranial arterial system is an extremely rare occurrence. Vessel size restricts the entrance of foreign bodies except those of small caliber such as shotgun pellets. Several cases of cervical neck and intracranial projectile emboli resulting from penetrating wounds of the neck and head have been reported. A case of pellet embolization into the intracranial segments of both internal carotid arteries following penetrating pellet wounds of the heart and ascending aorta is presented.
A Multivariate Analysis of the Infrared Spectra of Drugs of Abuse
Authors: Moss WW , Posey FT , Peterson PC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The infrared (IR) spectra of 15 drugs of abuse were analyzed for similarity by using techniques of numerical taxonomy. The study included six barbiturates (amobarbital, barbital, butabarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and secobarbital), four amphetamine-related compounds (amphetamine, ephedrine, methamphetamine, and phentermine), and five other drugs (cocaine, heroin, phencyclidine, phendimetrazine, and diazepam). Three character sets were based on increasing numbers (10, 24, and 36) of IR peaks. The cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and nonmetric multidimensional scaling elements of the program system NT-SYS were used to structure taxonomic distances between drugs. Best results were obtained from the 36-peak data set; ordination diagrams proved to be more visually informative than phenograms. Preliminary results from our analysis of this set of drugs indicate that an expanded multivariate approach to drug classification may be useful.
Postmortem Sera and Cerebrospinal Fluid Enzymes
Authors: Schoning P , Strafuss AC 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAntemortem and postmortem sera from 60 dogs were evaluated for lipase, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltransferase, and alanine aminotransferase (AAT); cerebrospinal fluid was examined for AAT and alkaline phosphatase. The postmortem intervals were 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h at temperatures of 4, 20, and 37°C Amylase levels remained stable at 4 and 20°C and may be beneficial for diagnosing pancreatitis. Lipase levels may be useful as an adjunct to amylase values. Serum alkaline phosphatase values increased with postmortem interval; values were higher at 37°C than at 4°C Other enzymes were of little value for diagnosis.
Delayed Fatal Outcome After Possible Ru-Tuss® Overdose
Authors: Patterson FK 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Death resulted from the delayed onset of the acute respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation with left ventricular mural thrombus formation and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis approximately five days after an alleged attempted suicide by the ingestion of ten to twelve prolonged-action Ru-Tuss® tablets. Although these lesions are thought to be similar in pathogenesis, this combination has not been previously reported in association with a drug overdose. The delay in onset is also of interest because of its clinical implications.
Detection of Drugs in Bloodstains. II: Morphine
Authors: Smith FP , Shaler RC , Mortimer CE , Errichetto LT 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Picogram quantities of the opiate alkaloid, morphine, were detected in a 50-μ1 samples of dried bloodstain by using radioimmunoassay. The age of the stain versus detectability of morphine, the separation of endogenous interfering substances, and morphine extractibility by various agents were investigated.
Use of the Projectina Universal Comparison Projector in Comparing Typewriting, Photocopies, and Computer-Printed and Mechanically Produced Documents
Authors: Winchester JM 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The Projectina universal comparison projector was used to compare and examine surface detail on typewritten documents, high-speed computer printouts, photocopies, fracture matches, and mechanically produced documents. The observations made by using the side-by-side prism or the superimposition mode optical block were photographically recorded. The Projectina magnifies and projects two items so that similarities or differences can be determined.