bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Export of Salicylic Acid from the Chloroplast Requires the Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion-Like Transporter EDS5
Authors: Serrano Mario , Wang Bangjun , Aryal Bibek , Garcion Christophe , Abou-Mansour Eliane , Heck Silvia , Geisler Markus , Mauch Felix , Nawrath Christiane , Métraux Jean-Pierre 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSalicylic acid (SA) is central for the defense of plants to pathogens and abiotic stress. SA is synthesized in chloroplasts from chorismic acid by an isochorismate synthase (ICS1); SA biosynthesis is negatively regulated by autoinhibitory feedback at ICS1. Genetic studies indicated that the multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY5 (EDS5) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is necessary for SA accumulation after biotic and abiotic stress, but so far it is not understood how EDS5 controls the biosynthesis of SA. Here, we show that EDS5 colocalizes with a marker of the chloroplast envelope and that EDS5 functions as a multidrug and toxin extrusion-like transporter in the export of SA from the chloroplast to the cytoplasm in Arabidopsis, where it controls the innate immune response. The location at the chloroplast envelope supports a model of the effect of EDS5 on SA biosynthesis: in the eds5 mutant, stress-induced SA is trapped in the chloroplast and inhibits its own accumulation by autoinhibitory feedback.
Vague reliability assessment of combustion system using Petri nets and vague lambda‐tau methodology
Authors: Verma Manjit , Kumar Amit , Singh Yaduvir 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a new methodology, named vague lambda‐tau, used for reliability analysis of a combustion system, which could be used for managerial decision making and future system maintenance strategy.Design/methodology/approachThis paper involves the qualitative and quantitative analysis of a combustion system. In qualitative analysis, the Petri net model is obtained from its equivalent fault tree and in quantitative analysis, the reliability parameters are evaluated using vague lambda‐tau methodology. Further, a decision support system based on vague sets is developed to overcome the limitations of traditional risk analysis.FindingsThe reliability parameters (such as expected number of failures, mean time between failures, availability, and reliability) of the compressor system are evaluated. The proposed, vague sets‐based reliability analysis and risk analysis not only overcome the limitations associated with traditional approaches but also integrate the confidence level of domain experts and expert's experience, in a more flexible and realistic manner.Originality/valueInstead of fuzzy sets, this paper used vague sets for reliability analysis with Petri net modelling because in real life problems, there may be hesitation regarding the belongingness of an object to a set or not. In fuzzy set theory, there is no means to incorporate such type of hesitation.
Transforming nationalism into social action with teachers from Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Leticia Pérez‐Rodríguez Irma , Sánchez‐Escobedo Pedro , Hollingworth Liz 
Published: June 2013

PurposeNational basic education curriculum in Mexico emphasizes the need for the construction of a positive national identity. The purpose of this paper is to describe the perceptions, expectations and views of pre‐service Mexican teachers about Mexico as a country.Design/methodology/approachParticipants were 193 in‐training teachers in the last semester of study from the four normal schools (3 public, 1 private, Catholic) in the state of Yucatan who participated voluntarily in the study. From these, 44 (23 per cent) were men and 149 (77 per cent) were women, with a modal age of 21 years old.FindingsOpinions extracted from a paper and pencil survey administered to 193 pre‐service teachers from Yucatan showed that the new teacher training curriculum has succeeded in creating a sense of nationalism and promoting feelings of pride and positive national identity, with the construct of Mexico as a motherland.Research limitations/implicationsThis research suggests training must include activities in community service projects that effectively teach the value of actual work and involvement in the community: all this beyond existing sublime feelings of belonging. Teacher candidates seem to have an increased drive to participate in social and community projects, despite the fact it is not currently formally fostered in the national teacher training curriculum. Further research in these important aspects of traditional teacher training education is needed to better understand the role of nationalism and the values and tradition of the teaching profession in Mexico.Originality/valueThe study found a lack of criticism and reflection about the disadvantages and limitations of a unique orientation to the countries' symbols and rituals. Do teachers need to be a mere reproductive force of values and identities? Or, should teachers be expected to be reflective, critical and aware of the risks and dangers of blind loyalty to the country's policies and government dictates? Teacher training national guidelines should be revised and perhaps an effort to go beyond ideological issues should be considered, posting the concept of performance standards and other forms of accountability whilst in the schools.
Unpaid work among children currently attending school in Nigeria
Authors: Kazeem Aramide 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the associations of gender, ethnicity, urban‐rural residence, and poverty, on children's unpaid work. It examines whether the Nigerian experience parallels previous research in India and Latin America, which finds an ethnic gap in children's unpaid work.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the stated objectives, the 2004 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey EdData Survey (2004 NDES) were analyzed.FindingsThe series of logistic regression results confirm the existence of gender, urban‐rural residence, and wealth inequalities in children's unpaid work. For example, girls, children in rural areas and poor children conduct more unpaid work than boys, urban children, and non‐poor children, respectively. In addition, the series of logistic regression results indicate that an ethnic inequality persists in children's unpaid work only when religion, parental attitude on child labor and gender bias in schooling, and region of the country in which the child resides are not controlled for in the analysis.Originality/valueWhile previous research in India and Latin America finds an ethnic divide in children's unpaid work, this research contributes to knowledge by discovering that the ethnic gap in children's unpaid work that exists in Nigeria is mediated by a regional effect/variable.
China: the next ten years?
Authors: Miniesy R. , Adams J. 
Published: June 2013

Purpose
– This paper aims to be a “thought piece”. It is not based upon rigorous empirical research supported by focused economic theory. Rather it presents a view of where China is likely to see its economic expansion under a new leadership and at the same time how Egypt could be very much part of this.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors have set out a number of arguments that show the potential for stronger economic relations between these two economies over the next decade. These include arguments for a change by both countries in their traditional export market focus towards the EU and the USA.

Findings
– Specific sectors are identified as the key strategic areas in which both could and should cooperate while it is also emphasised that Egypt is now viewed as a 3G country (one of only 11) that China could benefit from due to its location at the nexus of three continents. The paper is to some extent “crystal ball” gazing but within the context of available information and a set of forecasts that are not themselves unrealistic.

Originality/value
– The paper argues that China's future growth options are in fact connected to those of Egypt in several respects and both countries can mutually benefit from the suggestions made in the paper.
Why is productivity falling in 2013? The role of leadership in creating growth during the recession
Authors: Denton Alan 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the role of leadership in business growth and productivity.Design/methodology/approachIt does this through reference to coaching activity, drawing on practical, real life experience. The productivity source is quarterly reports from the Office for National Statistics. Research from the Bank of England suggests that decreased productivity is more of a contributory factor to the recession than previously thought.Findings/researchProductivity in British industry has fallen. Thinking short‐term and cutting costs hinders long‐term growth.Practical implicationsLeaders need to evaluate their practice, asking questions of themselves and look at making more long‐term plans. They need to involve and engage key personnel now and in the future.Originality/valueThis paper examines the role of leadership in business growth and productivity, finds that productivity in British industry has fallen, and outlines what actions leaders need to take.
Adoption of sustainable retrofit in UK social housing
Authors: Swan William , Ruddock Les , Smith Luke , Fitton Richard 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe study was designed to assess the knowledge, adoption and perceived effectiveness of sustainable retrofit technologies within the UK social housing sector.Design/methodology/approachThe study was undertaken using a structured questionnaire that was completed by 130 providers of social housing.FindingsThe study showed that social housing providers were evenly split in their reliance on internal or external information for sustainable retrofit knowledge. In terms of adoption identified that this was strongly driven by government‐funded programmes, leading to widespread adoption of low technology solutions. The respondents identified that many leading edge technologies were perceived to be less effective.Research limitations/implicationsThe study represents a snap‐shot of adoption and effectiveness issues, therefore does not show the trajectory of adoption which should be addressed in a follow‐up study.Practical implicationsThe social housing sector has been viewed as a market maker for some of the newer technologies. It indicates that some of the newer technologies, such as heat pumps are viewed as less effective than more established technologies.Social implicationsThe study has implications for the adoption of technology to address fuel poverty and climate change, as well as informing future policy such as Green Deal.Originality/valueThe study includes 130 responses from the social housing stock and gives a perspective of current views on adoption and effectiveness of retrofit technologies within the social housing sector. This is useful for both other social housing providers and policy makers.
Plants are least suppressed by their frequent neighbours: the relationship between competitive ability and spatial aggregation patterns
Authors: Semchenko Marina , Abakumova Maria , Lepik Anu , Zobel Kristjan 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Previous studies have concluded that spatial aggregation of conspecifics should benefit weak competitors and put stronger competitors at a disadvantage, thus promoting plant species coexistence. However, if competitive ability is viewed as a behavioural trait, it becomes evident that traits determining spatial patterns and competitive ability could co‐evolve, resulting in greater dispersal in stronger competitors and reduced competitive ability in spatially aggregated species.

To test this prediction, we combined spatial data from a field survey of seven temperate grassland communities with the results of a common‐garden competition experiment involving 28 focal species.

We found that species exhibiting strong conspecific aggregation and infrequent heterospecific encounters in the field maintained greater growth in competition with conspecifics than with heterospecifics. In contrast, species that mostly encountered heterospecific neighbours in the field achieved greater growth when surrounded by heterospecific than conspecific neighbours, indicating greater competitive ability. The observed patterns of conspecific aggregation were related to variation in clonal dispersal characteristics and there was a direct positive relationship between clonal dispersal distance and competitive ability.

Synthesis. Our study demonstrates that viewing competitive ability as a behavioural trait that imposes different costs and benefits on an individual depending on the identity of its neighbours can provide new insights into the long‐debated topic of mechanisms promoting plant species coexistence.
Functional group dominance and identity effects influence the magnitude of grassland invasion
Authors: Longo Grisel , Seidler Tristram G. , Garibaldi Lucas A. , Tognetti Pedro M. , Chaneton Enrique J. 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Variation in functional community composition is expected to influence the extent of exotic species invasions. Yet, whether resident functional groups control invasion through their relative biomass (mass ratio hypothesis) or by traits other than biomass (identity hypothesis) remains poorly understood.

We performed a 6‐year experiment to determine the effects of removing different functional groups on exotic species biomass in a Flooding Pampa grassland, Argentina. Functional groups were defined by life‐form (grasses or forbs), phenology (winter or summer) and origin (native or exotic). Removal of each functional group was compared against the removal of an equivalent amount of random biomass. Exotic group responses were monitored over 4 years of continuous removals, and after 2 years of recovery without manipulations.

Removal of dominant native summer grasses caused the greatest impact on exotic species and overall community composition. Native summer‐grass removal significantly increased exotic grass (120%) and forb (730%) biomass beyond the level (46% and 180%, respectively) expected from deleting a similar amount of biomass at random. Exotic annual grasses showed only a transient increase, whereas exotic forb invasion persisted even after 2 years without removals.

Removing subordinate, native or exotic winter grasses, and rare native forbs significantly promoted exotic forbs, but to the same level (300%) as random biomass removals. Total grass removal increased exotic forbs to half the extent expected from adding the effects of single grass group removals. Dispersal limitation and harsh abiotic conditions may constrain exotic forb spread into such heavily grass‐depleted patches.

Synthesis. The impact of losing a functional group on the magnitude and persistence of invasion reflected its relative contribution to community biomass. Identity attributes other than biomass (e.g. phenological niche) further enhanced the biotic control that dominant native grasses exerted on established exotic species. Our findings highlight the community legacies of past disturbances to dominant functional groups.
Root and shoot competition: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Kiær Lars Pødenphant , Weisbach Anne Nygaard , Weiner Jacob 
Published: June 2013

Summary

We review the effects of root and shoot competition on plant biomass by meta‐analysis of 38 published studies, each reporting on the factorial effects of root‐competition and shoot‐competition on herbaceous plants.

There were significant differences in the overall effects of root, shoot and full competition. Root competition generally resulted in larger biomass reduction than shoot competition, particularly among the smaller of the two competitors. An interaction between root and shoot competition was observed in some experiments but was generally not significant.

While root competition was generally stronger than shoot competition at lower nutrient levels, there was no overall difference at higher nutrient levels due to much lower levels of root competition. In contrast, the overall effect of full competition increased considerably with nutrient level.

Root competition was generally more important when the neighbour was a grass as compared with a herb or a legume, and when domesticated plants competed with wild neighbours, suggesting that wild genotypes are stronger competitors for below‐ground resources than are crop plants.

Effects of competition were generally stronger in experiments with additive designs than in those with substitutive designs. Also, experiments using single target individuals showed stronger effects of competition, root competition in particular, than did experiments using groups targets.

Synthesis. Despite large variation among experiments, some general patterns were supported: effects of root competition are generally stronger than shoot competition, particularly (i) for smaller competitors, (ii) at low fertility levels, (iii) when the competitor is a grass rather than an herb, (iv) when the competitor is a wild rather than a domesticated species, and (v) in additive design experiments. The effects of root and shoot competition appear to be additive under many conditions. Whereas root competition may often be the primary limitation on mean plant performance, shoot competition will influence the variation around this mean and may determine which individuals or species dominate.
Old Norse as anNPLanguage: With Observations on the Common Norse and Northwest Germanic Runic Inscriptions
Authors: Lander Eric T. , Haegeman Liliane 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe differences between languages with definite determiners and those without definite determiners have been the object of much research. Recently, Bošković has uncovered a number of one‐ and two‐way syntactic generalizations which serve to set these two typological groups apart. He accounts for the contrasts observed by proposing that languages with definite determiners (‘DP’ languages) have aDPlayer, while determiner‐less languages (‘NP’ languages) lack thisDPprojection altogether. Since the Old Germanic languages did not have fully grammaticalized definite articles, a reasonable hypothesis to explore might be that they wereNPlanguages in Bošković's sense. In this paper we explore this hypothesis, focusing mainly on Old Norse; where possible we also discuss Old Norse's historical predecessors Common Norse and Northwest Germanic (both of which are attested exclusively in runic inscriptions). The specificNPproperties considered in this paper are (A) the absence of a fully grammaticalized definite article, (B) syntactic discontinuities and free word order, (C) the absence of double adnominal genitives with transitive deverbal nouns, (D) the absence of clitic doubling and (E) the presence of radical argument drop. The paper's approach is guided by basic generative assumptions, but its focus is descriptive rather than theoretical.
Preservation of precut white cheese by modified atmosphere packaging
Authors: Kirkin Celale , Gunes Gurbuz , Kilic‐Akyilmaz Meral 
Published: June 2013

Effects of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on storage stability and quality of precut fresh and aged white cheese were investigated. Fresh or aged white cheese was cut into small cubes and packaged in five different atmospheres [0% O2 + 0% CO2 + 100% N2 (MAP1), 10% O2 + 0% CO2 + 90% N2 (MAP2), 0% O2 + 75% CO2 + 25% N2 (MAP3), 10% O2 + 75% CO2 + 15% N2 (MAP4) and aerobic (air)]. Control samples were packaged in brine and vacuum for fresh and aged white cheese, respectively. Changes in gas composition, total plate count, lactococci, lactobacilli, yeast and mould counts, proteolysis, lipolysis, pH, colour, texture and sensory properties were investigated during refrigerated storage. The best packaging treatment for the fresh cheese was MAP3, as it inhibited mould growth and protected the hardness. MAP2 can be recommended for the packaging of the aged cheese, as it decreased lipolysis.
Identification of Bioactive Peptides from Cereal Storage Proteins and Their Potential Role in Prevention of Chronic Diseases
Authors: Cavazos Ariel , Gonzalez de Mejia Elvira 
Published: June 2013

Abstract Cereal grains, such as wheat, barley, rice, rye, oat, millet, sorghum, and corn, have been staples in human diets since ancient times. At present, there is a significant body of scientific evidence showing the health benefits of consuming whole grains in chronic disease prevention, particularly in regards to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The objective was to determine bioactive peptides in cereal grains that may prevent cardiovascular disease, cancer, inflammation, and diabetes. Bioactive peptides that may be obtained from cereal grains, particularly wheat, oat, barley, and rice, were identified. Bioactive peptides that play a role in chronic disease prevention have been found primarily in legumes and dairy products; although research connecting cereal grains with potential bioactive peptide activity is limited. In this review, 4 cereal grains, wheat, oat, barley, and rice, were evaluated for bioactive peptide potential using the BIOPEP database. In addition, research information was compiled for each grain regarding evidence about the effect of their proteins in prevention of chronic diseases. All 4 grains showed high occurrence frequencies of angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐inhibitor peptides (A = 0.239 to 0.511), as well as of dipeptidyl peptidase‐inhibitor and antithrombotic, antioxidant, hypotensive, and opioid activity. Wheat and rice proteins had anticancer sequences present. Wheat and barley showed the greatest diversity and abundance of potential biological activity among the cereal proteins. Further research needs to be conducted to learn how these biologically active peptide sequences are released from cereal grains. This study supports the notion that cereal grains are a nutritious part of a healthy diet by preventing chronic diseases.
Nutritional Components of Amaranth Seeds and Vegetables: A Review on Composition, Properties, and Uses
Authors: Venskutonis Petras R. , Kraujalis Paulius 
Published: June 2013

Abstract A few decades agoAmaranthuswas rediscovered as a most promising plant genus that may provide high‐quality protein, unsaturated oil, and various other valuable constituents. Since then research has focused on variousAmaranthusspp. and has been rapidly expanding, and a large number of reports have been published. Several review articles focusing on different aspects, such as botanical, agrotechnological, compositional, biological, chemical, and technological properties, as well as applications and health effects, have also been published since then. This comprehensive review is focused on amaranth composition, antioxidant properties, applications, and processing. The composition includes macrocomponets (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and dietary fiber) and other important constituents, such as squalene, tocopherols, phenolic compounds, phytates, and vitamins. These aspects of amaranth studies have not been comprehensively reviewed for a long time.
Duboisia ingestion: An unusual cause of anticholinergic poisoning
Authors: Pellowe Elizabeth , Poncia Hugo DM 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA male landscaper presented with an acute confusional state following intentional ingestion of Duboisia myoporoides. With supportive care, he made an uneventful recovery after 24 h. Clinical features, investigation and management of Duboisia poisoning are discussed.