bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A model of Chinese central government
Authors: Gilli Mario , Li Yuan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWhy was the Chinese State able to promote economic growth during the reform era, yet has been unable to do so over the previous 30 years? In this article, we focus on a specific aspect of the question, which will contribute to the development of a more comprehensive explanation: the specific institutional arrangement that may induce the autocratic government to adopt growth‐enhancing policies. We consider a standard political‐agency model (Besley, 2006) where the incumbent leader may or may not be congruent, and where, to maintain power, both leader types need the support of the selectorate, an elite group having a say in selecting the leader, as well as associated access to special privileges. Primarily, we find that in autocracies, without electoral discipline to restrain the opportunistic behaviour of a leader, the size of the selectorate should be intermediate; if it is too small, the selectorate is captured by the leader and has no disciplinary role, but if too big, the leader's incentives are diluted.
Reduction of inflammatory slan (6‐sulfo LacNAc) dendritic cells in psoriatic skin of patients treated with etanercept
Authors: Günther Claudia , Blau Kristin , Förster Ulrike , Viehweg Antje , Wozel Gottfried , Schäkel Knut 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDermal dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the immunopathology of psoriasis. We previously identified slanDCs as pro‐inflammatory TNF‐α, IL‐23‐ and IL‐12‐producing DCs in human blood and as prominent inflammatory dermal TNF‐α secreting and CD11c‐positive DC subset in psoriasis. Here, we ask for the effects of TNF‐α‐inhibition on inflammatory slanDCs in skin and blood of 10 patients with psoriasis during 24 weeks of treatment with etanercept. Treatment with etanercept reduced the frequency of dermal slanDCs but did not induce apoptosis as determined by lack of increased active caspase‐3‐expression. In parallel, we found increased frequencies of slanDCs in blood which expressed lower levels of HLA‐DR. Stimulating slanDCs isolated from the blood of healthy donors in vitro induced a strong production of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐23 and IL‐12p70. This capacity was efficiently reduced in the presence of etanercept, thereby indicating that TNF‐α is an autocrine stimulus for maturation and pro‐inflammatory cytokine production of slanDCs. In vivo, we noticed that treatment with etanercept did reduce the number of dermal slanDCs in parallel to the overall expression of TNF‐α and IL‐23p19. However, successful treatment did not down‐regulated the percentage of dermal slanDCs that stained positive for TNF‐α and IL‐23p19 indicating that remaining slanDCs kept their pro‐inflammatory capacity. This study provides novel insights into the immune regulatory properties of etanercept at the level of inflammatory slanDCs in vivo in skin and blood as well as in vitro.
Muscle phospholipid hydrolysis by Bothrops asper Asp49 and Lys49 phospholipase A2 myotoxins – distinct mechanisms of action
Authors: Fernández Julián , Caccin Paola , Koster Grielof , Lomonte Bruno , Gutiérrez José M. , Montecucco Cesare , Postle Anthony D. 
Published: June 2013

Bothrops snakes are the major cause of ophidian envenomings in Latin America. Their venom contains myotoxins that cause prominent muscle damage, which may lead to permanent disability. These toxins include myotoxins Mt‐I and Mt‐II, which share the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) fold, but Mt‐II lacks enzymatic activity because the essential active site Asp49 is replaced by Lys. Both myotoxins cause sarcolemma alterations, with Ca2+ entry and loss of ATP and K+ from muscle cells, but the molecular lesions at the basis of their cellular action are not known, particularly the role of phospholipid hydrolysis. Here we tested their PLA2 activity in vivo, and evaluated the hypothesis that Ca2+‐activated endogenous PLA2s may be involved in the action of Mt‐II. The time course of phospholipid hydrolysis by Mt‐I and Mt‐II in myotubes in culture and in tibialis anterior mouse muscles was determined. Mt‐I rapidly hydrolyzed phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine but not phosphatidylserine, but no phospho‐lipids were hydrolyzed in the presence of Mt‐II. Whole Bothrops asper venom induced a higher extent of phospholipid hydrolysis than Mt‐I alone. These results demonstrate in vivo PLA2 activity of Mt‐I for the first time, and indicate that it acts only on the external monolayer of the sarcolemma. They also exclude activation of endogenous PLA2s in the action of Mt‐II, implying that plasma membrane disruption by this toxin does not depend on phospholipid hydrolysis. Therefore, both Bothrops myotoxins induce Ca2+ entry and release of ATP and cause myonecrosis, but through different biochemical mechanisms.
Carbon dioxide emissions through oxidative peat decomposition on a burnt tropical peatland
Authors: Hirano Takashi , Kusin Kitso , Limin Suwido , Osaki Mitsuru 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn Southeast Asia, a huge amount of peat has accumulated under swamp forests over millennia. Fires have been widely used for land clearing after timber extraction, thus land conversion and land management with logging and drainage are strongly associated with fire activity. During recent El Niño years, tropical peatlands have been severely fire‐affected and peatland fires enlarged. To investigate the impact of peat fires on the regional and global carbon balances, it is crucial to assess not only direct carbon emissions through peat combustion but also oxidative peat decomposition after fires. However, there is little information on the carbon dynamics of tropical peat damaged by fires. Therefore, we continuously measured soil CO2 efflux [peat respiration (RP)] through oxidative peat decomposition using six automated chambers on a burnt peat area, from which about 0.7 m of the upper peat had been lost during two fires, in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The RP showed a clear seasonal variation with higher values in the dry season. The RP increased logarithmically as groundwater level (GWL) lowered. Temperature sensitivity or Q10 of RP decreased as GWL lowered, mainly because the vertical distribution of RP would shift downward with the expansion of an unsaturated soil zone. Although soil temperature at the burnt open area was higher than that in a near peat swamp forest, model simulation suggests that the effect of temperature rise on RP is small. Annual gap‐filled RP was 382 ± 82 (the mean ± 1 SD of six chambers) and 362 ± 74 gC m−2 yr−1 during 2004–2005 and during 2005–2006 years, respectively. Simulated RP showed a significant negative relationship with GWL on an annual basis, which suggests that every GWL lowering by 0.1 m causes additional RP of 89 gC m−2 yr−1. The RP accounted for 21–24% of ecosystem respiration on an annual basis.
Validation of the Portuguese version of the Stanford Presenteeism Scale in nurses
Authors: Laranjeira Carlos António 
Published: June 2013

The SPS‐6 is a tool that is widely used to test the characteristic of presenteeism, which is the ability to concentrate and work despite health problems. This concept refers to the phenomenon of people—despite complaining and being ill—going to work instead of resting and taking sick leave.The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the SPS‐6.Internal consistency was examined by Cronbach's α. The Perceived Stress Scale was selected to determine the external validity of the SPS‐6. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate construct validity.The reliability analysis of all 126 registered nurses entered in the study showed satisfactory results (Cronbach's α = 0.83). External validity was evidenced by the significant negative correlation between the SPS‐6 and the perceived stress scores. The factor analysis resulted in a two‐component solution that conjointly accounted for 52.4% of the variance. A confirmatory factor analysis showed an adequate model fit.The Portuguese version of the SPS‐6 displays the appropriate structure to measure the active employee's engagement at work.
Proactive clinical pharmacist interventions in critical care: effect of unit speciality and other factors
Authors: Bourne Richard S , Choo Chui Lynn , Dorward Ben J 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background
Clinical pharmacists working in critical-care areas have a beneficial effect on a range of medication-related therapies including improving medication safety, patient outcomes and reducing medicines' expenditure. However, there remains a lack of data on specific factors that affect the reason for and type of interventions made by clinical pharmacists, such as unit speciality.

Objective
To compare the type of proactive medicines-related interventions made by clinical pharmacists on different critical-care units within the same institution.

Methods
A retrospective evaluation of proactive clinical pharmacist recommendations, made in three separate critical-care areas. Intervention data were analysed over 18 months (general units) and 2 weeks for the cardiac and neurological units. Assessment of potential patient harm related to the medication interventions were made in the neurological and cardiac units.

Key findings
Overall, 5623, 211 and 156 proactive recommendations were made; on average 2.2, 3.8 and 4.6 per patient from the general, neurological and cardiac units respectively. The recommendations acceptance rate by medical staff was approximately 90% for each unit. The median potential severity of patient harm averted by the interventions were 3.6 (3; 4.2) and 4 (3.2; 4.4) for the neurological and cardiac units (P = 0.059). The reasons for, types and drug classification of the medication recommendations demonstrated some significant differences between the units.

Conclusions
Clinical pharmacists with critical-care training make important medication recommendations across general and specialist critical-care units. The patient case mix and admitting speciality have some bearing on the types of medication interventions made. Moreover, severity of patient illness, scope of regular/routine specialist pharmacist service and support systems provided also probably affect the reason for these interventions.
The Formation of Morocco's Policy Towards Irregular Migration (2000–2007): Political Rationale and Policy Processes
Authors: Natter Katharina 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe factors that influence the formation of transit states' policies towards irregular migration have been insufficiently analysed. The case study in this article therefore investigates why and how Morocco, at the interface of Euro‐African migration flows, created a policy towards irregular migration at the beginning of the twenty‐first century. This article shows that Morocco's policy, rather than being a by‐product of European migration policies, was the authorities' strategic response to the country's complex geopolitical environment that aimed at restoring Morocco's pivotal role in the region via irregular migration control. By retracing the three‐phase inverted agenda‐setting process that occurred between 2000 and 2007, this article shows why and how irregular (transit) migration was set on Morocco's political agenda, transformed into a new area of public intervention and progressively framed as a national public problem.
Policy Implications

Morocco's irregular migration policy, unlike that of receiving states, is less guided by national‐electoral than by geopolitical considerations. Migratory flows considerably impact Morocco's regional negotiation capital; but while strengthening relations with Europe remains a top priority, Morocco's cooperation with African states is increasingly important.

Framing irregular migration as an exterior threat by stigmatizing sub‐Saharan transit migration and concealing irregular national emigration is crucial for Moroccan authorities to assure popular adherence to restrictive policies.

Civil society activism on migration is an important democratization vector in Morocco. However, selective state responses create a labour division between a state‐run border‐control and civil society‐run integration measures.
Time‐Varying Credit Risk Discovery in the Stock and CDS Markets: Evidence from Quiet and Crisis Times
Authors: Forte Santiago , Lovreta Lidija 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe analyse the dynamic relationship between the stock and the CDS market during the period 2002–2008. We document that the stock market's informational dominance reported in previous studies holds only in times of financial crisis. During tranquil times, the CDS market's contribution to price discovery is equal or higher than that of the stock market. Moreover, the credit risk level of the company has a positive effect on the information share of its stocks beyond the effect of the overall state of the economy. We show that these conclusions do not contradict the argument of insider trading in credit derivatives.
Factors influencing self‐management in patients with type 2 diabetes: a quantitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Bagnasco Annamaria , Di Giacomo Patrizia , Da Rin Della Mora Roberta , Catania Gianluca , Turci Carlo , Rocco Gennaro , Sasso Loredana 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimTo describe a protocol for a quantitative systematic review, to identify critique and summarize factors that influence self‐management education.BackgroundSelf‐management education enables patients to manage their condition successfully and it is associated with better self‐care, good control over lifestyle and leading the best possible quality of life, notwithstanding the presence of a chronic disease. Type II Diabetes is a chronic disease that requires lifestyle adjustments and disease management to keep glycaemia and long‐term complications under control. Education has to be customized and based on an assessment that includes factors influencing self‐management, such as personal characteristics that can optimize the educational intervention.DesignThe protocol for the systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines of the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, York (UK).MethodThe review question was defined in terms of population, interventions, comparators, outcomes and study designs. The protocol included decisions about the review question, inclusion criteria, search strategy, study selection, data extraction, quality assessment, data synthesis and plans for dissemination. Funding for the review was confirmed on January 2011 by the Centre of Excellence for Nursing Scholarship in Rome.DiscussionAn initial summary will be made by tabulating the data; the review will be reported in a narrative style and be developed according to the PRISMA guidelines. The protocol for the systematic review will allow us to identify, among the factors influencing self‐management in people with Type II diabetes, the personal characteristics most relevant to the factors of motivation and empowerment. In addition, the systematic review will also identify an appropriate self‐management model.
Generic reflective feedback: An effective approach to developing clinical reasoning skills
Authors: Wojcikowski K. , Brownie S. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractProblem‐based learning can be an effective tool to develop clinical reasoning skills. However, it traditionally takes place in tutorial groups, giving students little flexibility in how and when they learn. This pilot study compared the effectiveness of generic reflective feedback (GRF) with tutorial‐based reflective feedback on the development of students' clinical reasoning skills. Case studies were placed in an interactive software package, with GRF for the nine patient cases (36 GRF forms in total). The GRF contained information about common mistakes and omissions made by students in previous years. By design, the GRF left some clinical questions unanswered in order to prompt student reflection, enhance the development of their clinical reasoning skills and give the 2010 students (n = 53) greater control over the way in which they engaged with the unit. Clinical reasoning skills development, assessed by responses to the 36 parts across the 9 cases and in the relevant section of the final exam, was compared with the 2009 tutorial cohort (n = 47 students). GRF enabled student progression through each of the nine online cases with minimal tutor intervention. The cohort receiving GRF performed as well as those students engaging in tutorials with individualized feedback. GRF was associated with a significant increase in student satisfaction and flexibility in how and when they learned. We conclude that GRF enabled online enhancement of a case‐based clinical reasoning unit. Further research on how GRF can optimize learning in different online settings is warranted.
Interdisciplinary Treatment of a Class III Patient with Congenitally Absent Maxillary Lateral Incisors
Authors: Oliveira Dauro Douglas , de Oliveira Bruno Franco , da Mata Cid Pinto Larissa Salgado , Figueiredo Daniel Santos Fonseca , Pithon Matheus Melo , Seraidarian Paulo Isaías 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present a case report of an adult Class III patient presenting bilateral congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors that compromised occlusal function as well as smile and facial esthetics. After the interdisciplinary diagnosis, spaces for prosthetic substitution were opened with the help of miniscrews. The orthodontic therapy achieved a better dental relationship, and the final interdisciplinary treatment results represented a significant improvement in function and both dental and facial esthetics.Clinical SignificanceThe interdisciplinary treatment of orthodontics and restorative dentistry is very important because the two complement each other in search of the best for the patient. This case demonstrates very well that where orthodontics provided the best tooth position prior to implant placement and restorations.
The effect of posture on body circumferences in older adults
Authors: Sousa A. S. , de Sousa O. L. , Amaral T. F. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundStandards for anthropometrical assessment define that measurements must be carried out with the subject in the standing position, although this is not always possible. The effect of body position on girth measurement has not been evaluated, even though this issue is clinically relevant because it may bias nutritional assessment results. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of body position and symmetry on girth measurement.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted on 102 older adults aged ≥65 years from care homes and tertiary hospitals. Right and left arm, waist, hip mid‐thigh and calf girths were obtained with the subject standing or in the supine position. Mini‐Nutritional Assessment Short‐Form (MNA‐SF) score and reference data percentiles (NHANES IV) misclassification according to girths assessed in the supine position was evaluated.ResultsA high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC > 0.97) and quartiles agreement (k > 0.89) were found between girth measurements conducted on participants in the standing and supine positions. According to MNA‐SF, 23.5% of the participants were undernourished and 51% were at risk of undernutrition. A high agreement between MNA‐SF score using calf circumference measured on standing or supine position was found (k = 0.96). A relevant agreement for NHANES IV girth percentiles by sex and age was also found (ICC > 0.89).ConclusionsAgreement between girth measurements on standing and supine positions among older adults is high and differences do not have any clinically relevant impact on MNA–SF classification and reference data percentiles.
Frequency of odontogenic cysts and tumors: a systematic review
Authors: Johnson Nigel R. , Gannon Orla M. , Savage Neil W. , Batstone Martin D. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA systematic review of the literature from 1993 to 2011 was undertaken examining frequency data of the most common odontogenic cysts and tumors. Seven inclusion criteria were met for the paper to be incorporated. In the preliminary search 5231 papers were identified, of these 26 papers met the inclusion criteria. There were 18 297 odontogenic cysts reported. Of these there were 9982 (54.6%) radicular cysts, 3772 (20.6%) dentigerous cysts and 2145 (11.7%) keratocystic odontogenic tumors. With the reclassification of keratocystic odontogenic tumor in 2005 as an odontogenic tumor, there were 8129 odontogenic tumors reported with 3001 (36.9%) ameloblastomas, 1163 (14.3%) keratocystic odontogenic tumors, 533 (6.5%) odontogenic myxomas, 337 (4.1%) adenomatoid odontogenic tumors and 127 (1.6%) ameloblastic fibromas. This systematic review found that odontogenic cysts are 2.25 times more frequent than odontogenic tumors. The most frequent odontogenic cyst and tumor were the radicular cyst and ameloblastoma respectively.
Anatomical knowledge among medieval folk artists: osteological interpretation of two Dance of Death motifs
Authors: Petaros Anja , Čulina Tatjana , Šuran Andrea , Škrobonja Ante 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAnatomy has a long history that started with dissection of animals and then expanded and flourished thanks to dissections performed on human bodies. Artists had a crucial role in uncovering the secrets of human anatomy. While most studies have focused on the influence of famous Renaissance artists on human anatomy studies, the anatomical drawings by pre‐Renaissance artists and local craftsmen have remained in their shadow. One of the most popular artistic genres in which complete or parts of human skeletons appear is the Dance of Death (Danse Macabre). This article is an anthropological study of two medieval Dance of Death frescoes that are unusual in being relatively early as well as accurately datable. A comparative morphological analysis of the two late 15th century works present in Istria has been conducted. The two works were painted by two local masters and show how the artists filled the gaps in their knowledge of human anatomy mostly with insights into animal bones and imagination. Their artworks, even though only 16 years apart, demonstrate substantial differences in the representation of the skeletons. The article argues that the history of medicine and of art could make good use of osteology and physical anthropology in attempts to define and understand how anatomical knowledge developed among pre‐Renaissance and post‐Renaissance artists and local people.
The effect of rocuronium and sugammadex on neuromuscular blockade in a child with congenital myotonic dystrophy type 1
Authors: Pickard Amelia , Lobo Clinton , Stoddart Peter A. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryMyotonic dystrophy type 1 (MD1) is the commonest muscular dystrophy found in adults; however, it may present in the neonatal period with hypotonia, talipes, poor feeding, and respiratory failure. Inheritance is autosomal dominant with a defect in the DMPK gene found on the long arm of chromosome 19 with variable expansion of the cytosine–thymine–guanine (CTG) triplet repeat. A 14‐month‐old boy with congenital MD type 1 was scheduled for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) insertion, orchidopexy, and division of tongue‐tie. Following induction of anesthesia, acceleromyography was used to monitor neuromuscular function. This revealed a very rapid onset of profound neuromuscular block which lasted significantly longer than would be expected in a child without MD1. Sugammadex reversed the block rapidly. The anesthetic management of children with MD1 has been well described but not the acceleromyographic monitored use of rocuronium and its subsequent reversal with the new cyclodextrin sugammadex.