bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Health Education in US Pediatric Residency Programs
Authors: Butteris Sabrina M. , Schubert Charles J. , Batra Maneesh , Coller Ryan J. , Garfunkel Lynn C. , Monticalvo David , Moore Molly , Arora Gitanjli , Moore Melissa A. , Condurache Tania , Sweet Leigh R. , Hoyos Catalina , Suchdev Parminder S. 
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Despite the growing importance of global health (GH) training for pediatric residents, few mechanisms have cataloged GH educational opportunities offered by US pediatric residency programs. We sought to characterize GH education opportunities across pediatric residency programs and identify program characteristics associated with key GH education elements.

METHODS:
Data on program and GH training characteristics were sought from program directors or their delegates of all US pediatric residency programs during 2013 to 2014. These data were used to compare programs with and without a GH track as well as across small, medium, and large programs. Program characteristics associated with the presence of key educational elements were identified by using bivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS:
Data were collected from 198 of 199 active US pediatric residency programs (99.5%). Seven percent of pediatric trainees went abroad during 2013 to 2014. Forty-nine programs (24.7%) reported having a GH track, 66.1% had a faculty lead, 58.1% offered international field experiences, and 48.5% offered domestic field experiences. Forty-two percent of programs reported international partnerships across 153 countries. Larger programs, those with lead faculty, GH tracks, or partnerships had significantly increased odds of having each GH educational element, including pretravel preparation.

CONCLUSIONS:
The number of pediatric residency programs offering GH training opportunities continues to rise. However, smaller programs and those without tracks, lead faculty, or formal partnerships lag behind with organized GH curricula. As GH becomes an integral component of pediatric training, a heightened commitment is needed to ensure consistency of training experiences that encompass best practices in all programs.
Reseña de Dónde está la Educación: actividad común interna y elementos estructurales de la intervención || Review of Where’s Education: common internal activity and structural elements of intervention
Authors: Touriñán-Morandeira Laura 
Published: August 2015

Reseña de: Touriñan, J.M. (2014). Dónde está la educación: actividad común interna y elementos estructurales de la intervención. Santiago de Compostela: Netbiblo. 860 pp. ISBN: 978-84-9745-995-2. Depósito legal: C-277-2014La pregunta “Dónde está la educación” tiene una respuesta directa en este libro: donde está la actividad común interna de las personas y donde están los elementos estructurales de la intervención. Porque todos realizamos actividad común interna: pensamos, sentimos, queremos, elegimos obrar, decidimos proyectos y creamos. Y porque todas esas actividades las utilizamos para educar, bajo condiciones específicas ajustadas a los elementos estructurales de la intervención. Esto es así, porque cualquier tipo de influencia no es educación, pero cualquier tipo de influencia puede ser transformado en una influencia educativa. El reto de la Pedagogía es transformar la información en conocimiento y el conocimiento en educación. La pedagogía se hace, de este modo, según el autor del libro, mesoaxiológica.
Resenha Balanço da política educacional brasileira
Authors: Bhering Mariana Cunha 
Published: August 2015

Resenha sobre o livro <em>Balanço da política educacional brasileira (1999- 2009): ações e programas</em> foi lançado em 2013, pela editora Mercado das Letras, e organizado por Débora Cristina Jefrey e Luis Enrique Aguilar. A obra retrata a política educacional brasileira das últimas décadas, no período de 1999 a 2009, contexto de grandes mudanças administrativas e pedagógicas, com relação à educação escolar
FORMAÇÃO NA LICENCIATURA: REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS DE ESTUDANTES
Authors: Machado Laeda Bezerra , Cordeiro Gomes Viviane 
Published: August 2015

<p>As representações sociais de formação na licenciatura construídas por estudantes de uma instituição pública federal são o objeto de discussão deste artigo, resulta de uma pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida com estudantes de cursos de licenciatura da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), em Recife. Realizamos dois grupos focais, dos quais participaram estudantes das áreas de Ciências Humanas, Exatas e Saúde. Os resultados apontaram representações sociais centradas em alguns pontos, a saber: descoberta do aluno como sujeito de saber e lugar da aprendizagem técnica ou transposição do conteúdo específico, instrumentalização do docente. Admitimos que as representações sociais evidenciadas neste artigo possam contribuir para se (re)pensar o processo formativo dos futuros professores da educação básica.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave</strong>: Representações sociais. Estudantes. Licenciaturas.<strong></strong></p><p> </p>
The Pragmatics of Word Meaning
Authors: Lascarides Alex , Copestake Ann 
Published: August 2015

In this paper, we explore the interaction between lexical semantics and pragmat­ics. Linguistic processing is nformationally encapsulated and utilises relatively simple 'taxonomic' lexical semantic knowledge. On this basis, defeasible lexical generalisations deliver defeasible parts of logical form. In contrast, pragmatics is open-ended and involves arbitrary knowledge. Two axioms specify when pragmatic defaults override lexical ones. We demonstrate that modelling this interaction al­lows us to achieve a more refined interpretation of words in a discourse context than either the lexicon or pragmatics could do on their own.
New distribution records for the critically endangered frog Indirana gundia (Dubois, 1986) from Kerala part of Western Ghats, India
Authors: Jesmina Abdulrasheed , George Sanil 
Published: August 2015

Indirana gundia is one of the critically endangered frog species of Western Ghats, India, and known only from the type locality (Gundya in Karnataka State, India) at an elevation of 200 m Mean Sea Level. We provide data on the geographical distribution of this species using molecular tools.
Our results expand the geographical distribution range of this species about 111 km south up to the northern part of Kerala State and recorded at an elevation ranging from 115 m to 200 m asl.
SUR LA STABILITÉ POUR L’ÉQUATION MONODIMENSIONNELLE D’UN GAZ VISQUEUX ET CALORIFÈRE AVEC LA FRONTIÈRE VARIABLE
Authors: Benabidallah Rachid 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe consider the equation of a one-dimensional viscous heat-conducting compressible gas in the variable domain with the appropriate boundary conditions. We study the large-time behaviour of the solution in the particular case where the displacement of the variable boundary is given by $L(t)=L_0(1+at)^\alpha$ with $0lt\alphalt1$, where $a$ is a positive constant and $L_0$ is the initial amplitude of our domain.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 35B40; 76N15
POLITICAL STYLES AND SITES OF POWER IN
ANCIEN RÉGIME FRANCE
Authors: JONES COLIN 
Published: July 2002

Power and politics in old régime France, 1720–1745.

By Peter R. Campbell. London:
Routledge, 1996. Pp. xii+420. ISBN 0-415-06333-7. £50.Antoine Lavoisier: science, administration, revolution. By
A. Donovan. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xvi+351.
ISBN 0-521-56218-x. £40. 0-521-56672-x. £14.95 (pb).Officers, nobles and revolutionaries: essays on eighteenth-century

France. By W. Doyle. London:
Hambledon Press, 1995. Pp. xii+238. ISBN 1-85285-121-x. £35.Venality: the sale of offices in eighteenth-century France.

By W. Doyle. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1996. Pp. xviii+343. ISBN 0-19-820536-8. £45.The bakers of Paris and the bread question, 1700–1775.

By S. L. Kaplan. Durham, NC, and
London: Duke University Press, 1996. Pp. xviii+261. ISBN 08223-1706-0.
£47.50.Montesquieu and the Parlement of Bordeaux. By R. Kingston.

Geneva: Droz, 1996. Pp. 329.
ISBN 2-600-00161-1. £30.Class and state in ancien régime France: the road to modernity?

By David Parker. London:
Routledge, 1996. Pp. xvii+349. ISBN 0-415-13647-4. £40.The books analysed in this review bear witness in different ways to
a revival of
historians' interest in the political history of ancien
régime France which was highlighted
by Peter Campbell in a recent review article in this journal. Campbell
speculated that
what Fernand Braudel all-so-dismissively called
‘event history’ (l'histoire événementielle)

was making a comeback at the expense of Annaliste
geo-historical analysis in the longue
durée mode or mid-term conjunctural history rooted in social
and economic change. A
complementary way of looking at the phenomenon, which strikes the reader
on
engaging with the present crop of works, is to see current historiographical
interests in
political history as the revenge of Alfred Cobban, progenitor in the 1950s
and 1960s of
famous revisionist attacks on the socio-economic analyses of the Jacobino–Marxist

school of French Revolutionary historiography adorned by Mathiez, Lefebvre,
and
Soboul. Cobban's broadsides were aimed not simply at some of the conceptual

apparatus of the ‘Marxists’, but also sought to highlight empirical
research as a
corrosive solvent of what he viewed as the deterministic hyperbole of politically-influenced left-wing history.
STRUCTURING AND INTERPRETING THE EXPERIENCE OF EARLY MODERN EUROPEANS
Authors: MENTZER RAYMOND A. 
Published: July 2002

Archives of the scientific revolution: the formation and exchange of ideas in seventeenth-century
Europe. Edited by Michael Hunter. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1998. Pp. xii + 216.
ISBN 0–8511–553–7. £45.00.The peasantries of Europe from the fourteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Edited by Tom Scott.
London: Longman, 1998. Pp. xi + 416. ISBN 0–582–10131-X. £19.99.Civil society and fanaticism: conjoined histories. By Dominique Colas. Translated by
Amy Jacobs. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997. Pp. xxx + 480. ISBN
0–8047–2736–8. £14.95.The quest for compromise: peacemakers in Counter-Reformation Vienna. By Howard Louthan.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xvi + 185. ISBN 0–531–58082-X.
£35.00.Each of the four volumes at hand examines a different yet vital aspect of European
society between the late middle ages and the beginnings of industrialization. The field
is far too diverse and the approaches too complex to expect a commonality among these
works, excepting a shared temporal and geographic concentration. Still, the themes and
subjects reveal some of the issues that have captured recent attention and show how
scholars propose to go about exploring them. They suggest the interests of historians of
early modern Europe, their distinctive perspectives, and varying methodologies. The
collective reach extends from deciphering the papers and manuscripts left by
participants in the scientific revolution to an exploration of the immense yet largely
reticent peasant world, an attempt to establish the origins and trace the development of
today's ongoing discussion over civil society and fanaticism, and finally a study of four
peacemakers who urged religious moderation at the imperial court of Counter-Reformation Vienna. Put slightly differently, these studies raise fundamental questions
about the sources upon which scholars depend, the nature and utility of historical
models, and the relationship between contemporary concerns and our collective past,
whether they be issues of civil society or irenic accommodation.
Closing Ranks: Montgomery Jews and Civil Rights, 1954–1960
Authors: WEBB CLIVE 
Published: July 2002

The arrest of Rosa Parks on 1 December 1955 provided the spark
which
ignited the long smouldering resentments of black Montgomerians. For
381 days they waged a boycott of the city bus lines, frustrating the
opposition of white authorities and financially crippling the local transit

company. More profoundly it resulted in a Supreme Court decision
outlawing segregation on public transportation. Equally momentous was
the emergence of the man who would serve as the spiritual figurehead of

the civil rights movement: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.In the wake of the Montgomery bus boycott, one national black
newspaper acclaimed King as “Alabama's Modern Moses.”
Since the
darkest days of slavery African-Americans had sought spiritual salvation

by comparing their own condition to that of God's Chosen People, the

Israelites of the Old Testament. Throughout their years of enslavement

they prayed for the Moses who would deliver them from their suffering
unto the Promised Land. During the boycott, the black citizens of
Montgomery had similarly sustained their morale by singing the old slave

spirituals, raising their voices at the nightly mass meetings in rousing

renditions of “Go Down Moses, Way Down in Egypt Land.” “As
sure
as Moses got the children of Israel across the Red Sea,” King exhorted
the
black community, “we can stick together and win.” Others too
drew the
analogy between the historical experience of Jews and the contemporary

predicament of African-Americans. Looking back on the boycott, white
liberal activist Virginia Durr evoked the spectre of Nazi Germany in
describing the strength of racist opposition.
Stability and bifurcations in stratified Taylor–Couette flow
Authors: CATON F. , JANIAUD B. , HOPFINGER E. J. 
Published: July 2002

In this article we present new experimental and theoretical results which were obtained
for the flow between two concentric cylinders, with the inner one rotating and in the
presence of an axial, stable density stratification. This system is characterized by two
control parameters: one destabilizing, the rotation rate of the inner cylinder; and the
other stabilizing, the stratification.Two oscillatory linear stability analyses assuming axisymmetric flow conditions
are presented. First an eigenmode linear stability analysis is performed, using the
small-gap approximation. The solutions obtained give insight into the instability
mechanisms and indicate the existence of a confined internal gravity wave mode at
the onset of instability. In the second stability analysis, only diffusion is neglected,
predicting accurately the instability threshold as well as the critical pulsation for all
the stratifications used in the experiments.Experiments show that the basic, purely azimuthal flow (circular Couette flow) is
destabilized through a supercritical Hopf bifurcation to an oscillatory flow of confined
internal gravity waves, in excellent agreement with the linear stability analysis. The
secondary bifurcation, which takes the system to a pattern of drifting non-axisymmetric
vortices, is a saddle-node bifurcation. The proposed bifurcation diagram shows a
global bifurcation, and explains the discrepancies between previous experimental and
numerical results. For slightly larger values of the rotation rate, weakly turbulent
spectra are obtained, indicating an early appearance of weak turbulence: stationary
structures and defects coexist. Moreover, in this regime, there is a large distribution
of structure sizes. Visualizations of the next regime exhibit constant-wavelength
structures and fluid exchange between neighbouring cells, similar to wavy vortices. Their
existence is explained by a simple energy argument.The generalization of the bifurcation diagram to hydrodynamic systems with one
destabilizing and one stabilizing control parameter is discussed. A qualitative argument
is derived to discriminate between oscillatory and stationary onset of instability
in the general case.
Frame-indifferent and positive-definite Reynolds

stress–strain relation
Authors: WANG LIQIU 
Published: July 2002

Both necessary and sufficient conditions are derived in

a systematic, rigorous way

for a Reynolds stress model to preserve both frame indifference and positive

semi-definiteness of the Reynolds stresses and to satisfy the principle
of

material frame

indifference (PMFI). Also developed are two approximate theories, a linear
theory

and a quadratic theory, to simplify the work of developing models satisfying
such

conditions. The results are also valid for the higher-order correlations
and the SGS

Reynolds stresses. This leads to the results either confirming the previous
intuitive

arguments or offering new insights into turbulence modelling, and is of
significance

in clarifying some controversies in the literature, examining how well

existing models preserve the physics, and developing new models.An examination of various existing models with respect to the necessary
and

sufficient conditions obtained in the present work shows that no one model
can

simultaneously satisfy the invariance, the realizability and the PMFI.
This offers

answers to some fundamental questions regarding the existing models, such
as the

reason why k−ε and k−l models
fail

to give accurate predictions for the normal Reynolds stresses.
On the baroclinic instability of axisymmetric
rotating gravity currents with bottom slope
Authors: CHOBOTER PAUL F. , SWATERS GORDON E. 
Published: July 2002

The baroclinic stability characteristics of axisymmetric gravity currents in a rotating
system with a sloping bottom are determined. Laboratory studies have shown that
a relatively dense fluid released under an ambient fluid in a rotating system will
quickly respond to Coriolis effects and settle to a state of geostrophic balance. Here
we employ a subinertial two-layer model derived from the shallow-water equations to
study the stability characteristics of such a current after the stage at which geostrophy
is attained. In the model, the dynamics of the lower layer are geostrophic to leading
order, but not quasi-geostrophic, since the height deflections of that layer are not small
with respect to its scale height. The upper-layer dynamics are quasi-geostrophic, with
the Eulerian velocity field principally driven by baroclinic stretching and a background
topographic vorticity gradient.Necessary conditions for instability, a semicircle-like theorem for unstable modes,
bounds on the growth rate and phase velocity, and a sufficient condition for the
existence of a high-wavenumber cutoff are presented. The linear stability equations
are solved exactly for the case where the gravity current initially corresponds to an
annulus flow with parabolic height profile with two incroppings, i.e. a coupled front.
The dispersion relation for such a current is solved numerically, and the characteristics
of the unstable modes are described. A distinguishing feature of the spatial
structure of the perturbations is that the perturbations to the downslope incropping
are preferentially amplified compared to the upslope incropping. Predictions of the
model are compared with recent laboratory data, and good agreement is seen in
the parameter regime for which the model is valid. Direct numerical simulations of
the full model are employed to investigate the nonlinear regime. In the initial stage, the
numerical simulations agree closely with the linear stability characteristics. As the
instability develops into the finite-amplitude regime, the perturbations to the downslope
incropping continue to preferentially amplify and eventually evolve into downslope
propagating plumes. These finally reach the deepest part of the topography, at which
point no more potential energy can be released.
Ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in the marginal ice zone of the central Barents Sea during spring
Authors: Jensen Frank , Winding Hansen Benni 
Published: July 2002

Diversity and biomass of ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates were analysed at six stations on a south–north transect (mimicking a time span of months in the biological succession during the Arctic spring–summer) from open water through drift ice and into fast ice (72°30′N 76°32′N) during spring 1993 in the open Barents Sea. A pycnocline was observed beneath the sea ice at 40–50 m. A diatom spring bloom beneath the ice with chlorophyll-a maximum >10 μg l−1 and a diverse protozoan community with a peak biomass of 34 μg C l−1 was associated with this bloom. Maximum biomass of tintinnids (1 μg C l−1), athecate dinoflagellates (8 μg C l−1) and thecate dinoflagellates (26 μg C l−1) were found associated with the chlorophyll-a maximum in the upper 10 m of the water column beneath the sea ice at the northern stations. In contrast, the protozooplankton community was dominated by naked ciliates at the southern open water stations. Here chlorophyll-a was low (<1 μg l−1) and the maximum biomass of protozooplankton was 10 μg C l−1 of which naked ciliates accounted for >50%.Cell sizes and estimated carbon content of cells >11 μm, as well as depth by depth biomass of 12 species/types of naked ciliates, 12 tintinnids, 12 athecate dinoflagellates and 24 thecate dinoflagellates, are presented. The community of naked ciliates was dominated by Strombidium spp. and Strobilidium spp., the tintinnids were dominated by Parafavella spp., Ptychocylis, Leprotintinnus, Acanthostomella and Tintinnopsis. The very small gyro-/gymnodinoid cells and Gyrodinium cf. spirale dominated the athecate dinoflagellates and the thecate dinoflagellates by the heterotroph Protoperidinium spp. generally accounted for the major part of the protozooplankton biomass along the transect. The Margalef diversity index revealed lowest diversity of ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in the open water and higher at ice-associated stations. The overall diversity was coupled with prey availability in terms of food concentration, but already saturated at 0.1 μg chlorophyll-a l−1.
Records of deep water chondrichthyan fish caught on long-line in the Rockall Trough
Authors: Clarke M.W. 
Published: July 2002

A number of chondrichthyan fish species were caught on long-line in the Rockall Trough (north-east Atlantic) in 1997, which are first records for this area; Raja hyperborea, Raja kukujevi and Raja fullonica. The occurrence of R. hyperborea, usually found in colder boreal waters appears to be temperature related. The presence of the deep water squaliform shark Centrophorus uyato in the area was also confirmed and several species were caught at previously undocumented depths.The Rockall Trough is an extension of the North Atlantic deep environment (Mauchline, 1990). A long-line survey was undertaken in August 1997 on the eastern and southern slopes of the Rockall Trough (Figure 1), fishing gear and procedures are described by Connolly (1997). Identifications were undertaken by means of several texts (Compagno, 1984; Whitehead, et al., 1984; Stehmann, 1997). The specimens described below were lodged in the National Museum of Ireland (NMI) and the Hamburg University Zoological Museum, Germany (ZMH). Depth ranges, positions and catalogue numbers of the specimens described are given in Table 1.