bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Method for the Analysis of the Military Explosive Composition C-4
Authors: Keto RO 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A procedure for the separation and identification of the major components of the military plastic explosive composition C-4 is described. The explosive (RDX), plasticizer, and rubber binder are separated by selective solvent extraction and filtration, and the extracts are analyzed by multiple internal reflection infrared spectroscopy.
Enhancement of the Luminol Test by Means of Light Amplification
Authors: Thornton JI , Guarino K , Rios FG , Cashman PJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The type of device commonly referred to as a “starlight scope” will amplify available light by a factor of approximately 17 000. The use of this device will permit an image to be formed by exceedingly small amounts of blood when reacted with luminol reagent. Modification of the apparatus is necessary to permit focusing at short distances.
The Palatal Ruga Pattern in Possible Paternity Determination
Authors: Thomas CJ , Kotze TJvW , Nash JM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The use of a genetic marker in paternity determination has been successful with the ABO blood group system but unsuccessful in dermatoglyphics and palatal rugae because the genetic mechanism is polygenic. The palatal rugae of 17 families (34 parents and 49 children) were classified and recorded, and the data used to construct a statistical analysis system (SAS) cluster map. A positive result would have meant a father clustering with all his children at Level 83, where, in fact, the best result achieved was at Level 5. The best cluster occurred at Level 82 between the ten-year-old boy of Family 7 and the eleven-year-old girl of Family 3. It is thus clear that the palatal rugae cannot be used in a practical procedure to determine paternity.
Howard Hughes and Melvin Dummar: Forensic Science Fact Versus Film Fiction
Authors: Freese PL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Publicity about the death of Howard Hughes and the search for his will stimulated the imaginations of many forgers. A purported will naming Melvin Dummar, a service station operator whose previous fame involved multiple appearances on game shows, became the feature attraction in forensic science as well as film presentations of the willful or unwillful ways of Howard Hughes. An award winning film depiction of Melvin Dummar's purported Good Samaritan association with Hughes and Melvin's loss of Cinderella status as a beneficiary of the so-called Mormon Will suggested strongly that Hughes had drafted a handwritten will and that Melvin was the victim of establishment bias. In this article, the forensic science record of a seven-month trial involving multiple, adaptive versions of Melvin Dummar's story and abundant proof of forgery is contrasted with the fanciful and sympathetic film portrayal of Melvin Dummar as a victim of a suppressive society.
The Document Evidence and Some Other Observations About the Howard R. Hughes “Mormon Will” Contest
Authors: Harris JJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Let's set the scene. On 26 April 1976, a sad looking three-page document, handwritten on yellow legal tablet paper with the top edges torn off, along with two envelopes and a short note, were delivered to the County Clerk at Las Vegas by an official of the Mormon Church. These papers had been mysteriously left at Church headquarters in Salt Lake City a few days earlier. They purported to be the Last Will and Testament of Howard R. Hughes written under date of 19 March 1968 (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5).
A Method for the Description of Minutia Pairs in Epidermal Ridge Patterns
Authors: Stoney DA , Thornton JI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A descriptive method is presented that allows documentation of minutia configurations in epidermal ridge patterns. The method incorporates the basic features relevant to fingerprint comparison: minutia types, orientations, and relative positions. Provision is also made for the ambiguities in minutia type which are an inevitable feature of any fingerprint comparison process. A descriptive method incorporating these features is needed to study systematically the variation of epidermal ridge minutiae and to test the existing hypotheses regarding the frequencies of occurrence of specific minutia configurations.
Detection of Cocaine Metabolite in Perspiration Stain, Menstrual Bloodstain, and Hair
Authors: Smith FP , Liu RH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Low nanogram and picogram quantities of cocaine metabolite equivalents were detected in extracts from perspiration stains, menstrual bloodstains, and hair using radioimmunoassay. The theory of drug inclusion in hair and its significance are discussed.
An Appraisal of Plastic Reconstruction of the External Nose
Authors: Macho GA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The association between the morphometric dimensions of the external nose, including the thickness of the soft tissues, and various craniometric measurements has been examined on a sample of lateral radiographs of 154 males and 199 females from Vienna, Austria. In addition, the influence of age on morphometric dimensions and the soft tissue cover was tested. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that nasal height and nasal length are best predicted by the dimensions of the skull, whereas nasal depth and the thickness of the soft tissues is greatly influenced by age. In males, over 50% of the variance of nasal height and nasal length were accounted for by the height of the bony nose and the prominence of the ossa nasalia, and in females it was about 40%. Although the thickness of the soft tissue is dependent on exogenous factors, such as nutrition, mimicry, and so forth, the dimensions of the bony nose apparently also influence the skin depths to some extent. High and prominent noses were found to have a thinner layer of soft tissue over the nasal bones than short and less prominent ones. It thus seems as if there is a tendency of the soft tissue cover to adjust to disharmonies of the bony profile.
Reassembling Scattered and Mixed Human Bones by Trace Element Ratios
Authors: Fulton BA , Meloan CE , Finnegan M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Trace metal ratios in human bones were examined to determine if there were ratios that were sufficiently consistent within an individual yet varying sufficiently from the bones of another individual so that bones in a mixed grave could be reassembled. The concentrations of 21 elements sampled at 54 places on 30 human bones in each of 5 skeletons indicated that the magnesium/zinc ratio was the most reliable and that the zinc/sodium, magnesium/sodium, and chromium/sodium ratios could be used as supplements to help reassemble human bones belonging to the same individual after all standard techniques had been used.
Dicyclomine in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)—A Cause of Death or an Incidental Finding?
Authors: Randall B , Gerry G , Rance F 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We report a case of a small infant apparently dying of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) with a postmortem blood dicyclomine level of 200 ng/mL. Review of the literature and the comparison with blood dicyclomine values from four rabbits given equivalent doses suggests that a blood dicyclomine value of 200 ng/mL probably is in the therapeutic range for infants. Although safely used for years for infantile colic, recently, the administration of dicyclomine has been related to acute episodes of apnea, seizures, and coma. In the absence of those acute reactions, we feel that a 200-ng/mL blood dicyclomine level in a child dying of apparent SIDS should not prevent categorization of the death as SIDS.
Bullet or Bite—A Contribution to the Morphogenesis of Gunshot Dermal Injury
Authors: Adelson L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Histopathologic studies of dermal dog bites revealed changes identical with those observed in distant gunshot skin entrance wounds and in a presternal skin stab wound made by a screwdriver. The similarity of the epithelial and collagen changes produced by these three totally different traumatizing, perforating agencies indicate that it is the bullet's penetrating and crushing power, and not its caloric content, that is responsible for the characteristic dermal collagen changes noted in these common injuries.
The Investigation of Alleged Insecticide Toxicity: A Case Involving Chlordane Exposure, Multiple Sclerosis, and Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Blisard KS , Kornfeld M , McFeeley PJ , Smialek JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A man with no previous medical problems had two documented exposures to an insecticide containing the organophosphorous compounds chlordane and heptachlor. Six months to one year later, he began to experience neurological symptoms which progressed until his death. At autopsy, his brain showed classic findings of multiple sclerosis, and he had a severe peripheral neuropathy. Review of the literature indicates that the findings are not compatible with chlordane toxicity. Some of the factors to be used in determining the casual relationship between toxic exposure and disease processes are discussed.
A Review of Critical Issues in American Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 2
Authors: Drucker F 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
I like this book. In 1983, reviewing the first volume of this series [1] prepared for the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (Tri-State Chapter), I groused a great deal. I complained that papers were uneven in quality, and that many had been prepared for oral presentation rather than reading. While it might be an excellent textbook on forensic psychiatric problems, I felt this book would probably be of far less value to attorneys or to psychiatrists seeking information for specific cases.
Laser Excited Luminescence of Inclusions and Fibers in Paper Matches
Authors: von Bremen UG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Luminescing inclusions and fibers were located in paper matches by means of two lasers. The size, color, and intensity of luminescence varied from match to match. Paper matches could quickly be compared to each other. Forty-one match books were collected. They were illuminated with a 5-W argon laser operated in the broad band mode or a dye laser set at 593 nm. All matches were examined visually with optical equipment and some with infrared film. The argon laser revealed more luminescing inclusions, whereas the dye laser excited more fibers. Since only a small number of inclusions and fibers luminesced, they stood out from the mass of fibers constituting paper matches.
Examination of U.S. Automotive Paints: I. Make and Model Determination of Hit-and-Run Vehicles by Reflectance Microspectrophotometry
Authors: Nowicki J , Patten R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The feasibility of using the Nanometrics DocuSpec I microspectrophotometer for paint analysis was investigated. The reflectance spectra of 15 paint panels of visually similar color from the Reference Collection of Automotive Paints were stored in the DocuSpec computer's memory. Paint samples taken from salvage yard vehicles were compared against this reference library, and in eight out of eleven instances the DocuSpec correctly identified the right panel as a possible source of the paint fragment. The DocuSpec I can be used as a rapid and discriminating screening tool in the determination of the make and model of a hit-and-run vehicle from a paint chip found at the scene.
Preliminary Examination of Machine Copier Toners by Infrared Spectrophotometry and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography
Authors: Zimmerman J , Mooney D , Kimmett MJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Thirty-five photocopy toners and copies processed from machines using the respective toners were collected from five manufacturers. Through infrared spectrophotometry. a spectral match between the standard toner powder and the toner extracted from the respective copied document was achieved. Also toners were categorized into 18 different groups, of which 7 included more than 1 toner. Further specificity was achieved using pyrolysis gas chromatography, in which the toners in the seven different groups were distinguished from all others. Application is foreseen in an infrared spectrophotometer library search for peak match or functional groups or both to identify the toner of a questioned document, or matching or eliminating the toner from a questioned document with standards from suspect machines with pyrolysis gas chromatography.
Identification of Fentanyl Derivatives
Authors: Cooper D , Jacob M , Allen A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An interpretative approach to the identification of fentanyl homologs and analogs is presented. The techniques employed are liquid/liquid extractions; capillary gas chromatography; and infrared, mass, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral characterization. Spectral data are presented for eight fentanyl derivatives of clandestine origin.
Hemolysis and Hyperkalemia Complicate Malignant Hyperpyrexia During Anesthetic Death
Authors: Ward RJ , Eisele JW , Reay DT , Horton WG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A healthy, 15-year-old male received a thiopental, nitrous oxide, oxygen, enflurane anesthetic for appendectomy. Cardiac arrest, following succinylcholine administration, was associated with marked hyperkalemia (potassium levels 8.7 to 11.6 meq), hemolysis (hematocrit fall from 41.7 to 26.6%, plasma hemoglobin 27 mg/dL), and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) elevation (8900 units). Vigorous resuscitative therapy including dantrolene was unsuccessful.
The diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia was made by the marked CPK elevation on blood samples drawn during resuscitation and analyzed by the Medical Examiner's Office.
Bilateral Asymmetry of Long Arm Bones and Jugular Foramen: Implications for Handedness
Authors: Glassman DM , Bass WM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The analysis of asymmetry of the arm long bones and of the cranial jugular foramen has been used to suggest handedness in humans. However, because of the unavailability of documented skeletal material, neither criterion has been systematically tested. If both criteria are associated with handedness, they should also be intercorrelated within individuals. Data were collected from skeletal material of 125 males and 57 females to test whether this intercorrelation exists. According to Chi-square analysis, no statistically significant association was identified. After examining several hypotheses, it was concluded that until further substantiation, neither criterion is related to handedness to a degree appropriate for forensic science identification from skeletal remains.
Ethical Concerns Expressed by Forensic Psychiatrists
Authors: Weinstock R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A survey was made of American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) forensic psychiatrists to evaluate whether there is concern among them about potential ethical problems in criminal justice work. Of the respondents, 93.8% had encountered such problems. The main concerns indicated were about those psychiatrists who become a “hired gun,” become an advocate, do not give an honest opinion, or have problems with confidentiality. The need for ethical guidelines and further debate about ethical issues is presented.
Relationship Security: The Dynamics of Keepers and Kept
Authors: Maier GJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Hiring, training and supervising treatment staff who work closely with forensic patients at all levels of security requires careful planning. In particular, staff must identify and share feelings like fear and anger that are always generated when patients threaten or attack staff. Approaches to dealing with staff countertransference to patients are suggested in this article, and aids to breaking the aggression cycle are discussed. Relationship security is a working through of dynamics that are always in operation where there are keepers and kept.
Pedophile Types and Treatment Perspectives
Authors: Travin S , Bluestone H , Coleman E , Cullen K , Melella J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Pedophiles constitute a heterogeneous group of sex offenders. Direct physiological assessment of sexual arousal has significantly increased our diagnostic skill and capability of monitoring treatment response. Erectile response studies have indicated that the majority of pedophiles and incest offenders show arousal to other paraphilias and frequently to appropriate adult sexual stimuli. Many sexual offenders deny or minimize their problem during initial interviews, but when confronted with laboratory results indicating deviant sexual arousal, they often acknowledge and elaborate on the paraphilia(s). Complete data and diagnoses are crucial in integrating treatment in the cognitive-behavioral paradigm.
Spectral Differentiation and Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Analysis of the Lacrimators 2-Chloroacetophenone and o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile
Authors: Ferslew KE , Orcutt RH , Hagardorn AN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
2-Chloroacetophenone (CN) and o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) are the most common chemical agents used as lacrimators in the United States. There is a lack of complete spectral data on these compounds in the literature. Spectral data (ultraviolet, fluorescence, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared) and a gas-liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric method are presented that differentiate and identify CN and CS. These methods and data were used to identify a forensic science specimen from an accidental intoxication.
Three-Dimensional Presentation of Glass Density Versus Refractive Index Data
Authors: Espinoza EO , Thornton JI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Graphical representations of glass density versus refractive index data have classically been in the form of two-dimensional scattergrams. For the purpose of illustrating how common or uncommon a particular glass sample is, a three-dimensional projection graph has been found to be useful.
Profiles of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Metabolites in Urine of Marijuana Users: Preliminary Observations by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Alburges ME , Peat MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Metabolic profiles of 11-nor-9-carboxylic acid-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (COOH-THC) and other THC metabolites were determined in an infrequent and a frequent marijuana user by high performance liquid chromatography-radioimmunoassay (HPLC-RIA). In the infrequent user, no unconjugated COOH-THC was detected in urine samples for the first 8 h following smoking, whereas this metabolite was detected in the urine samples from a frequent user. A metabolite was also detected in the frequent user, which was not present in the urine sample from the infrequent user.
Screening for Barbiturates in Vitreous Humor by the EMIT®-st Serum Enzyme Immunoassay
Authors: Ojanperä I , Vuori E , Nieminen R , Penttilä A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In 16 medical examiner's cases, which were found to be barbiturate-positive by thin-layer chromatographic screening of the liver, blood barbiturate concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. The corresponding vitreous humor samples were screened by the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique, the EMIT®-st serum barbiturate assay. By using the recommended dilution for detecting serum barbiturates, it was possible to detect barbiturates in vitreous humor at a toxic concentration. By using one fourth the amount of diluent, the barbiturates could be detected also at a therapeutic concentration. The EMIT-st assay proved to be useful in the screening for barbiturates in vitreous humor, a material that is readily available in forensic toxicology.
A New Method for Softening Mummified Fingers
Authors: Zugibe FT , Costello JT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Proposed methods for softening mummified fingers have been either unsuccessful in adequately softening the fingers or have been highly destructive. A simple technique based on an entirely new concept utilizing disodium ethylenediamine tetracetic acid in a detergent solution adjusted to a pH of 7.5 has been successfully used to obtain satisfactory to good fingerprints over the past ten years in every case attempted.
Resolution of Some Enantiomeric Amines of Forensic Interest by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Taylor Noggle F , Clark CR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The high-performance liquid chromatographic resolution of the enantiomers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine is described. The sugar isothiocyanate, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate (GITC), is used as a chiral derivatizing agent, with chromatographic separations of the diastereomers formed with each amine made using a standard achiral C18 stationary phase.
The Effect of Tempered Glass on Bullet Trajectory
Authors: Thornton JI , Cashman PJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
It was determined that tempered glass automobile windows may severely influence the trajectory of .38 Special projectiles. In replicating an actual case situation, deflections as great as 26.4° were observed with jacketed hollow-point ammunition, and as high as 10.8° for lead ammunition.
Close Proximity Gunshot Residues
Authors: Thornton JI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Intuitively, a hand held in close proximity to a firearm at the instant of discharge will intercept a significant amount of gunshot residue, even though the hand did not actually come into contact with the weapon. There is, however, little information specifically described in the forensic science literature concerning the residue levels which might be encountered in such an instance. The present work confirms that antimony levels consistent with an individual having fired or handled a firearm may be intercepted by a hand held in close proximity.
A case of thyroid storm complicated by acute hepatitis due to propylthiouracil treatment
Authors: Tufton Nicola , Hashim Nazhri , Sze Candy , Waterhouse Mona 
Published: August 2015

Summary
A 57-year-old female presented 17 days after treatment with radioactive iodine (RAI) for difficult-to-control hyperthyroidism. She was febrile, had a sinus tachycardia, and was clinically thyrotoxic. Her thyroid function tests showed a suppressed TSH <0.02 mU/l, with free thyroxine (FT4) >75 pmol/l and total triiodothyronine (TT3) 6.0 nmol/l. She was diagnosed with thyroid storm and was managed with i.v. fluids, propylthiouracil (PTU) 200 mg four times a day, prednisolone 30 mg once daily and propanolol 10 mg three times a day. She gradually improved over 2 weeks and was discharged home on PTU with β blockade. On clinic review 10 days later, it was noted that, although she was starting to feel better, she had grossly abnormal liver function (alanine transaminase (ALT) 852 U/l, bilirubin 46 μmol/l, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 303 U/l, international normalized ratio (INR) 0.9, platelets 195×109/l). She was still mildly thyrotoxic (TSH <0.02 mU/l, FT4 31 pmol/l, TT3 1.3 nmol/l). She was diagnosed with acute hepatitis secondary to treatment with PTU. Ultrasound showed mild hepatic steatosis. PTU was stopped and she was managed with fluids and prednisolone 60 mg once daily and continued β blockade. Her liver function gradually improved over 10 days (bilirubin 9 μmol/l, ALT 164 U/l, ALP 195 U/l, INR 0.9, platelets 323×109/l) with conservative management and had normalised by clinic review 3 weeks later. This case highlights the potentially fatal, but rare, complications associated with both RAI and PTU, namely, thyroid storm and acute hepatitis respectively.

Learning points

Thyroid storm is an important, albeit rare, endocrinological emergency.

Thyroid storm following RAI treatment is extremely rare.

Management is with i.v. fluids, β blockade, anti-thyroid drugs and steroids.

High dose glucocorticoid steroids can block the peripheral conversion of T4 to active T3.

Liver dysfunction, acute hepatitis and potential hepatic failure are significant adverse drug reactions known to occur with PTU treatment. Supervising clinicians should be vigilant for evidence of this developing and intervene accordingly.

Clinicians need to be aware of possible interactions between regular paracetamol use and PTU in predisposing to liver impairment.