bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Search engine and content providers: neutrality, competition and integration
Authors: Guijarro Luis , Pla Vicent , Vidal Jose R. , Martinez–Bauset Jorge 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a rising concern about the policy of major search engines. The concern comes from search bias, which refers to the ranking of the results of a keyword search on the basis of some other principle than the sheer relevance. This search bias is also named as search non‐neutrality. In this paper, we analyse one non‐neutral behaviour, that is, a behaviour that results in a search bias: the payment by content providers to the search engine (a.k.a. side payment) in order to improve the chances to be located and accessed by a user. A game theory‐based model is presented where a search engine and two content providers interact strategically, while the aggregated behaviour of users is modelled by a demand function. The utility of each stakeholder (i.e. the users, the search engine and each content provider) when the search engine is engaged in such a non‐neutral behaviour is compared with that of the neutral case, when no such side payment is present. Additionally, the paper analyses the organisation of such an industry, specifically, the search engine and content providers incentives for a partial and full merger with the content providers, and the effects of each organisation on the users. This paper concludes by identifying the circumstances under which the search bias, on the one hand, and the integration, on the other hand, will effectively result in the users being harmed. This eventual harmful situation will provide a rationale for regulatory measures to be adopted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experience of working on underground civil works contracts for strategic crude oil storage projects in India
Authors: Pillai Shri Rajan K. , Malkani Shri Suresh 
Published: April 2014

AbstractStrategic storage of crude oil in unlined underground rock caverns below the groundwater table is being constructed for the first time in India. The projects are being implemented by Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd., (ISPRL) a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) created by the Government of India. The article deals with Indian experience of working on underground civil works contracts with design consultants as well as contractors.Apart from discussing the basic principles of storage, salient design and construction aspects, it describes the implementation philosophy of the projects including a description of the awarding of contracts through a relatively new online method of procuring services called Reverse Auction.A unique combination of government agencies, private foreign and Indian consultants, private foreign and Indian contractors are collaborating on the projects and therefore an analysis has been made of the interactive experience. It is recommended that foreign agencies and Indian agencies including government agencies should learn from the feedback and improve their professional potential.
An Activin A/BMP2 Chimera, AB204, Displays Bone-Healing Properties Superior to Those of BMP2
Authors: Yoon Byung-Hak , Esquivies Luis , Ahn Chihoon , Gray Peter C , Ye Sang-kyu , Kwiatkowski Witek , Choe Senyon 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP2) has been used clinically to treat bone fractures in human patients. However, the high doses of rhBMP2 required for a therapeutic response can cause undesirable side effects. Here, we demonstrate that a novel Activin A/BMP2 (AB2) chimera, AB204, promotes osteogenesis and bone healing much more potently and effectively than rhBMP2. Remarkably, 1 month of AB204 treatment completely heals tibial and calvarial defects of critical size in mice at a concentration 10-fold lower than a dose of rhBMP2 that only partially heals the defect. We determine the structure of AB204 to 2.3 Å that reveals a distinct BMP2-like fold in which the Activin A sequence segments confer insensitivity to the BMP2 antagonist Noggin and an affinity for the Activin/BMP type II receptor ActRII that is 100-fold greater than that of BMP2. The structure also led to our identification of a single Activin A-derived amino acid residue, which, when mutated to the corresponding BMP2 residue, resulted in a significant increase in the affinity of AB204 for its type I receptor BMPRIa and a further enhancement in AB204's osteogenic potency. Together, these findings demonstrate that rationally designed AB2 chimeras can provide BMP2 substitutes with enhanced potency for treating non-union bone fractures. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Cobalt Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Electrocatalytic Study
Authors: Bagheri Samira , Chekin Fereshteh , Hamid Sharifah Bee Abd 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this work, green synthesis of cobalt doped titanium dioxide (Co‐TiO2) has been carried out in aqueous medium using gelatin. The Co‐TiO2 particles have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDAX), FT‐IR spectroscopy and voltammetry techniques. XRD results show pure Co‐TiO2 and TiO2 powders with average crystallite size about 12 nm and 15 nm, respectively. Co loaded in TiO2 hasn't influence crystalline structure. Moreover, efficient Co‐TiO2‐based anode was fabricated by casting of the Co‐TiO2 solution on glassy carbon electrode (Co‐TiO2/GCE). The electrocatalysis of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at Co‐TiO2/GCE has been examined using linear scanning voltammetry (LSV) in alkaline media. The OER is significantly enhanced at Co‐TiO2/GCE, as demonstrated by a negative shift in the LSV curve at the Co‐TiO2/GCE compared to that obtained at the unmodified one. The value of energy saving of oxygen gas at a current density of 5 mA cm−2 is 12.6 kW h kg−1. The low cost as well as the marked stability of the modified electrode make it promising candidate in industrial water electrolysis process.
Pharmacokinetic interaction between simvastatin and fenofibrate with staggered and simultaneous dosing: Does it matter?
Authors: Winsemius Anneke , Ansquer Jean‐Claude , Olbrich Matthias , van Amsterdam Peter , Aubonnet Patrick , Beckmann Katrin , Driessen Stefan , van Assche Hanneke , Piskol Gabi , Lehnick Dirk , Mihara Katsuhiro 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSimvastatin and fenofibrate are frequently co‐prescribed at staggered intervals for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Since a drug–drug interaction has been reported when the two drugs are given simultaneously, it is of clinical interest to know whether the interaction differs between simultaneous and staggered combinations. A study, assessing the impact of both combinations on the interaction, was conducted with 7‐day treatment regimens using simvastatin 40 mg and fenofibrate 145 mg: (A) simvastatin only (evening), (B) simvastatin and fenofibrate (both in evening), and (C) simvastatin (evening) and fenofibrate (morning). Eighty‐five healthy subjects received the respective treatments in a randomized, 3‐way cross‐over study. The pharmacokinetics of simvastatin and the active metabolite simvastatin acid were determined. There was a limited reduction in the AUC0–24h of simvastatin acid of 21 and 29% for simultaneous and staggered combination, respectively. The geometric mean AUC0–24h ratio of simvastatin acid for the two combined dosing regimens (B/C) and 90% confidence interval were 111% (102–121). The interaction apparently had no impact on lipid markers. The findings imply that the observed pharmacokinetic interaction is unlikely clinically relevant, and support the combined use of simvastatin and fenofibrate not only given at staggered interval but also given simultaneously.
Synthesis and evaluation of a new 99mTc(I)‐tricarbonyl complex bearing the 5‐nitroimidazol‐1‐yl moiety as potential hypoxia imaging agent
Authors: Giglio J. , Dematteis S. , Fernández S. , Cerecetto H. , Rey A. 
Published: April 2014

The objective of this work was to develop a novel 99mTc complex bearing the 5‐nitroimidazol‐1‐yl moiety with recognised selectivity towards hypoxic tissue, as a potential radiopharmaceutical for imaging tumour hypoxia.The new metronidazole derivative (2‐amine‐3‐[2‐(2‐methyl‐5‐nitro‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)ethylthio]propanoic acid) (L) containing adequate groups to coordinate technetium through the formation of a Tc(I)‐tricarbonyl complex was synthesised with adequate yield (33%) and characterised by spectroscopy.Labelling was performed by substitution of three labile water molecules of the technetium tricarbonyl precursor, fac‐[99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ with the ligand. A radiochemical purity higher than 90% was achieved and remained unchanged for more than 4 h. The complex has a high stability in plasma, a moderate plasma protein binding and a moderate hydrophilicity.In vitro cell uptake studies showed a ratio between the activity taken up by cells in hypoxia/normoxia of 1.6 ± 0.4 (p < 0.5).Biodistribution in normal mice showed rapid depuration and low uptake in all organs and tissues except liver. Biodistribution in mice bearing induced tumours showed a low tumour uptake, but tumour/muscle ratio was favourable thanks to depuration. Comparison with biological results of other metronidazole derivatives clearly shows that modifications of the chelator are very important and contribute to improve the biological behaviour.
Mutations of NOTCH3 in childhood pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Chida Ayako , Shintani Masaki , Matsushita Yoshihisa , Sato Hiroki , Eitoku Takahiro , Nakayama Tomotaka , Furutani Yoshiyuki , Hayama Emiko , Kawamura Yoichi , Inai Kei , Ohtsuki Shinichi , Saji Tsutomu , Nonoyama Shigeaki , Nakanishi Toshio 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMutations of BMPR2 and other TGF‐β superfamily genes have been reported in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, 60–90% of idiopathic PAH cases have no mutations in these genes. Recently, the expression of NOTCH3 was shown to be increased in the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells of PAH patients. We sought to investigate NOTCH3 and its target genes in PAH patients and clarify the role of NOTCH3 signaling. We screened for mutations in NOTCH3, HES1, and HES5 in 41 PAH patients who had no mutations in BMPR2, ALK1, endoglin, SMAD1/4/8, BMPR1B, or Caveolin‐1. Two novel missense mutations (c.2519 G>A p.G840E, c.2698 A>C p.T900P) in NOTCH3 were identified in two PAH patients. We performed functional analysis using stable cell lines expressing either wild‐type or mutant NOTCH3. The protein‐folding chaperone GRP78/BiP was colocalized with wild‐type NOTCH3 in the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas the majority of GRP78/BiP was translocated into the nuclei of cells expressing mutant NOTCH3. Cell proliferation and viability were higher for cells expressing mutant NOTCH3 than for those expressing wild‐type NOTCH3. We identified novel NOTCH3 mutations in PAH patients and revealed that these mutations were involved in cell proliferation and viability. NOTCH3 mutants induced an impairment in NOTCH3‐HES5 signaling. The results may contribute to the elucidation of PAH pathogenesis.
Contractile properties of slow and fast skeletal muscles from protease activated receptor‐1 null mice
Authors: Sitparan Paran K. , Pagel Charles N. , Pinniger Gavin J. , Yoo H.J. , Mackie Eleanor J. , Bakker Anthony J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Protease‐activated receptors (PARs) may play a role in skeletal muscle development. We compared the contractile properties of slow‐twitch soleus muscles and fast‐twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from PAR‐1 null and littermate control mice. Methods: Contractile function was measured using a force transducer system. Fiber type proportions were determined using immunohistochemistry. Results: Soleus muscles from PAR‐1 null mice exhibited longer contraction times, a leftward shift in the force–stimulation frequency relationship, and decreased fatiguability compared with controls. PAR‐1 null soleus muscles also had increased type 1 and decreased type IIb/x fiber numbers compared with controls. In PAR‐1 null EDL muscles, no differences were found, except for a slower rate of fatigue compared with controls. Conclusions: The absence of PAR‐1 results in a slower skeletal muscle contractile phenotype, likely due to an increase in type I and a decrease in type IIb/x fiber numbers. Muscle Nerve 50: 991–998, 2014
A novel low‐bandgap conjugated polymer based on Ru(II) bis(acetylide) complex and BODIPY moieties
Authors: Zhang Shuwei , Sheng Yuan , Wei Guo , Quan Yiwu , Cheng Yixiang , Zhu Chengjian 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA novel conjugated polymer P‐1 incorporating Ru(II) bis(acetylide) complex and borondipyrromethene (BODIPY) moieties in the main chain was synthesized by Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reaction of diethynyl substituted BODIPY derivative (M‐1) and Ru(II) bis(acetylide) complex (M‐2), and the reference polymer P‐2 was obtained from the same method as preparation of P‐1. Compared with P‐2, Ru(II)‐containing polymer P‐1 shows low‐bandgap as 0.87 eV from cyclic voltammetry, and obvious redshifts in both UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectra. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1686–1692
Lectures on non‐perturbative effects in large N gauge theories, matrix models and strings
Authors: Mariño M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn these lectures I present a review of non‐perturbative instanton effects in quantum theories, with a focus on large N gauge theories and matrix models. I first consider the structure of these effects in the case of ordinary differential equations, which provide a model for more complicated theories, and I introduce in a pedagogical way some technology from resurgent analysis, like trans‐series and the resurgent version of the Stokes phenomenon. After reviewing instanton effects in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, I address general aspects of large N instantons, and then present a detailed review of non‐perturbative effects in matrix models. Finally, I consider two applications of these techniques in string theory.
Verlust der Heliumdichtheit
Authors: Brockmann Robert 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIm Rahmen des Fusionsexperimentes Wendelstein 7‐X wurde festgestellt, dass mehrere supraleitende Spulen während der Abkühlung auf LHe‐Temperatur ihre Heliumdichtheit bei ca. 200 Kelvin einbüßten. Die Bewertung der Dehnung im Bereich der Aluminiumschweißnähte zeigte, dass aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten des Supraleiters und der Hochspannungsisolation die Passivschicht vom Supraleiter aufreißen kann. Untersuchungen, bei denen der Supraleiter ab einer Temperatur von 200 Kelvin in einer Prüfkammer gedehnt wurde, bestätigten, dass bei einer beidseitigen Verletzung der Passivschicht des Supraleiters dieser seine Heliumdichtheit verliert. Die Untersuchungen zeigten auch, dass die mit dem UST‐Verfahren georteten Leckagen nach dem Kontakt mit Sauerstoff und Feuchtigkeit wieder verheilten, sodass der Supraleiter seine Heliumdichtheit von 10−6 auf 10−11 mbar x l/s wiedererlangte.
Nanoparticle‐based detection of cancer‐associated RNA
Authors: Elbehery Ali H. A. , Azzazy Hassan M. E. 
Published: April 2014

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer cases are expected to increase globally by 57% over the coming two decades. A critical factor in the management of cancer is early detection using highly sensitive diagnostic techniques. RNAs play a vital role in cancer pathogenesis. The detection of aberrant and/or abnormally expressed RNA has been reported in several cancers. Nanoparticle‐based assays have been shown to have enhanced specificity and sensitivity as compared with conventional methods. In addition, nanoparticles have enabled the development of new diagnostic strategies. This review covers nanoparticle‐based techniques used for the detection of mRNA and micro‐RNA associated to different cancers.This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing
Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Investigation of Some Physicochemical Properties of Mixtures of Morama Seed Oil with (C6–C9) n‐Alkanes at 298.15 and Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Yeboah S. O. , Oathotse I. , Ddamba W. A. A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDensities ρ, ultrasonic speeds u and dynamic viscosities η, of mixtures of morama, Tylosema esculentum, seed oil with n‐hexane, n‐heptane, n‐octane and n‐nonane were determined over the entire composition range at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Excess molar volumes, , excess molar free volumes , deviations in isentropic compressibility, Δκs, deviations in ultrasonic speed, Δu, deviations in viscosity, Δη, and the excess free energy of activation of viscous flow, ΔG*E, were calculated therefrom and correlated by the Redlich–Kister equation for each of the [morama seed oil + (n‐hexane or n‐heptane or n‐octane or n‐nonane)] mixtures. The results have been discussed in terms of possible intermolecular interactions and structural effects.
Laparoscopic treatment of acquired megacolon
Authors: Oliveira LH , Banci SO , Kagohara O , Simões Neto J , Reis Junior JA , Reis Neto JA 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn spite of the large experience acquired in the last 50 years with the surgical treatment of the Chagasic megacolon, the use of colorectal video laparoscopic surgery brought some controversy in several aspects of the treatment that already had been considered as resolved. One of the basic aspects to the establishment of the colorectal video laparoscopic surgery is to maintain the same procedure of the conventional surgery, since the results obtained in this operation were considered as curative. Constipation is only a symptom of a multisymptomatic disease, and the surgical treatment of acquired megacolon must be considered as definitive in the cure of this symptom; recurrence of the constipation or dilatation after a short period of time must be considered deleterious to the patient. Based in 41 years of experience with the Duhamel procedure in the treatment of 912 patients with acquired megacolon, the authors propose to apply the same technique in the surgical laparoscopic approach of acquired megacolon, including the same colon-recto-anal anastomosis. The results obtained in 56 patients operated on by laparoscopic approach showed the same curative results, but with lower morbidity.
Immunohistochemistry expression of TCF4 protein on carcinoma, adenoma and non neoplastic colorectal mucosa
Authors: Tauil Leonardo Huber , Mader Ana Maria Amaral , Tauil Thamires Huber , Pires Andrea , Rezende Lidia Maria Magalhães , Waisberg Jaques 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPurpose To detect and quantify the immunoreactivity of TCF4 protein in colorectal carcinoma, colorectal adenoma and non-neoplasic colorectal epithelium.Methods We studied 129 individuals: 40 with colorectal cancer, 52 with colorectal adenoma and 37 with non-neoplastic colorectal epithelium. The colorectal adenoma and carcinoma samples were obtained from patients who underwent surgical procedures, and colonoscopies and samples of non-neoplastic colorectal epithelium were taken from patients who died from cardiovascular diseases, without diseases of the large intestine. Samples of different tissues were included in paraffin blocks, and the immunohistochemical expression of protein TCF4 was analyzed using the technique of tissue microarray (TMA) with polyclonal antibody TCF4. The immunoreactivity was analyzed and classified as positive and negative.Results The immunohistochemical expression of TCF4 protein was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in colorectal carcinoma than in the non-neoplastic colorectal epithelium and adenoma. There was no difference (p = 0.76) between TCF4 protein immunohistochemical expression in colorectal adenoma and non-neoplastic colorectal tissue.Conclusions TCF4 protein showed a more intense expression in colorectal carcinoma than in non-neoplastic colorectal epithelium and adenoma, indicating that this protein is involved in colorectal carcinogenesis.
Needle knife-assisted polypectomy in hot snare-resistant fibrotic inflammatory polyps
Authors: Wu Xian-rui , Liu Xiu-li , Shen Bo 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Background Inflammatory polyps are common sequelae in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Those polyps can usually be removed with snare polypectomy. There were limited data evaluating the management of hot snare-resistant inflammatory polyps.
Methods We reported on two cases with hot snare-resistant inflammatory polyps, one was a Crohn's disease (CD) patient with the polyp at the ileo-colonic anastomosis (ICA) and the other one was an ulcerative colitis (UC) patient with polyp at the pouch inlet.
Results Sedated endoscopy was performed, which showed a large 2.5 cm pedunculated polyp at the ICA in the first patient and a large 5 cm pedunculated polyp at the pouch inlet in the second patient. Hot snare polypectomy was initially attempted, but failed in both patients. Then endoscopic needle knife polypectomy was performed, which helped complete polypectomy. Both procedures took approximately 25 minutes each. The patients tolerated the procedure well and continued to do well after the procedure. The final pathological diagnoses for both patients were inflammatory polyps with extensive fibrosis.
Conclusions Endoscopic needle knife-assisted polypectomy appeared to be an effective technique for the management of hot snare-resistant inflammatory polyps.
Functional results after treatment for rectal cancer
Authors: Emmertsen Katrine Jossing , Chen Tina Yen-Ting , Laurberg Soren 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Introduction With improving survival of rectal cancer, functional outcome has become increasingly important. Following sphincter-preserving resection many patients suffer from severe bowel dysfunction with an impact on quality of life (QoL) – referred to as low anterior resection syndrome (LARS).
Study objective To provide an overview of the current knowledge of LARS regarding symptomatology, occurrence, risk factors, pathophysiology, evaluation instruments and treatment options.
Results LARS is characterized by urgency, frequent bowel movements, emptying difficulties and incontinence, and occurs in up to 50-75% of patients on a long-term basis. Known risk factors are low anastomosis, use of radiotherapy, direct nerve injury and straight anastomosis. The pathophysiology seems to be multifactorial, with elements of anatomical, sensory and motility dysfunction. Use of validated instruments for evaluation of LARS is essential. Currently, there is a lack of evidence for treatment of LARS. Yet, transanal irrigation and sacral nerve stimulation are promising.
Conclusion LARS is a common problem following sphincter-preserving resection. All patients should be informed about the risk of LARS before surgery, and routinely be screened for LARS postoperatively. Patients with severe LARS should be offered treatment in order to improve QoL. Future focus should be on the possibilities of non-resectional treatment in order to prevent LARS.
VAAFT - Videoassisted anal fistula treatment: A new approach for anal fistula
Authors: Mendes Carlos Ramon Silveira , Ferreira Luciano Santana de Miranda , Sapucaia Ricardo Aguiar , Lima Meyline Andrade , Araujo Sergio Eduardo Alonso 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Introduction Anal fistula is an epithelised path between the rectum or anal canal and the perianal region. The use of laparoscopic surgery with a minimally invasive procedure has led to the development of video-assisted surgical treatment of anal fistula.
Objective To describe the surgical technique VAAFT as a new approach to fistula.
Conclusion This is a safe and reproducible procedure. It enables the study of the entire fistula, obtaining the identification of accessory paths, cavitations and of the inner hole. More studies should be published for a better analysis of this technique, as well as to have a long-term outcome with new publications.