bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humanity as End in Itself
Authors: Wood Allen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter comments on the author's interpretation of Immanuel Kant's demand that we treat humanity as an end in itself. It considers Kant's idea in relation to issues surrounding hypothetically rational consent, along with the author's previous remarks about the relation of possible rational consent to actual consent and how each bears on the morality of actions. It also examines what the author calls a ‘value-based’ theory of reasons; a rejection of ‘desire-based’ theories; a thesis that ‘no reasons are provided by our desires and aims’; and a method in ethical theory. Finally, it discusses the system of moral philosophy, following the Kantian conception, and the claim that the ‘humanity’ which has dignity cannot refer to non-moral rationality.
A Mismatch of Methods
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter talks about the book's hybrid theory of morality, or at least of the part of morality that tells us which acts are wrong. The theory is elaborated by way of an extended and inventive critical reconstruction of Immanuel Kant's ethics as a kind of contractualism. What makes it hybrid is the conjunction of the contractualist framework with an account of value that is for the most part concerned with outcome effects on well-being. This chapter comments on the hybrid methodological approach to understanding the ambitions of Kant's moral theory, which it argues is anything but hybrid. Given that the defining feature of Kant's theory is that goodness is a function of — and not independent of — moral principle, it challenges the book's revisionary interpretive project, which aims to elicit the best in Kant's ethics by evaluating and revising its claims in terms of non-moral good outcomes. More specifically, the chapter argues that the project does not capture what is most distinctive about Kant's theory; the mismatch of methods is too profound.
On Hiking the Range
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter illustrates the notion of actual and possible consent based on Immanuel Kant's views. According to Kant's Consent Principle, we ought to treat people only in ways to which they could rationally consent. The chapter responds to Susan Wolf's suggestion that interpreting Kant in this way means abandoning the Kantian idea of respect for autonomy, which often requires us to treat people only in ways to which they actually consent. But the Consent Principle does not abandon this idea, since people could seldom rationally consent to being treated in some way without their actual consent. And when such treatment would be wrong, this principle would not require such acts. The chapter also examines Kant's Rule Consequentialism, Wolf's claim that it is wrong to harm people if we are treating them merely as a means, and her rejection of the idea that everyone could rationally choose certain non-optimific autonomy-protecting principles. Finally, it agrees with Wolf's argument that it would not be a tragedy if there is no single supreme moral principle, but asserts that it would be a tragedy if there is no single true morality.
On Humanity as an End in itself
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter outlines a philosophical discussion of Immanuel Kant's insistence that we should treat humanity as an end in itself. It responds to Allen Wood's claim that the ‘most definitive form’ of Kant's supreme principle is his Formula of Autonomy, which becomes another version of Derek Parfit's proposed Kantian Contractualist Formula. It also considers Wood's suggestion that humanity or rational nature has the supreme value that both grounds morality and gives us our reason to obey the moral law, arguing that the supreme value of rational beings is not a kind of goodness but a kind of moral status. This moral status could not be what grounds morality and gives us our reason to obey the moral law. Nor could such a ground be provided by the value of non-moral rationality. But Kant sometimes uses ‘humanity’ to refer to our capacity for morality and for having good wills. The supreme goodness of good wills might be the value that grounds morality. The chapter concludes by analysing Wood's contention that our acts are wrong when and because they fail to respect the value of non-moral rationality.
On a Mismatch of Methods
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter talks about Immanuel Kant's Formula of Universal Law, which says it is wrong to act on any maxim that we could not rationally will to be universal. It argues that this formula fails because there are many maxims on which it is sometimes but not always wrong to act, citing as examples the Egoistic maxim ‘Do whatever would be best for me’ and the maxim ‘Never lie’, which it claims cannot be rationally willed to be universal. The imagined Egoist does not act wrongly when he acts on his maxim by keeping his promises, paying his debts, and saving a drowning child. Nor would it be wrong to act on the maxim ‘Never lie’ by telling someone the correct time. The chapter also comments on Barbara Herman's suggestion that Kant's Formula of Universal Law cannot provide a criterion of wrongness and that the Egoist acts wrongly. Finally, it considers Herman's objections to Kantian Contractualism.
Scanlonian Contractualism
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter looks at Thomas M. Scanlon's Contractualist theory and his claim that his Contractualism gives an account of wrongness itself, or what it is for acts to be wrong. Scanlon should claim instead that, when acts are wrong in his Contractualist sense, that makes these acts wrong in other, non-Contractualist senses. He might, for example, claim that, when some act is disallowed by some principle that no one could reasonably reject, this fact makes this act unjustifiable to others, blameworthy, and an act that gives its agent reasons for remorse, and gives others reasons for indignation. Scanlon now accepts that his Contractualist theory should take some such form. According to him Impersonalist Restriction, in rejecting some moral principle, we cannot appeal to claims about which outcomes would be impersonally better or worse, in the impartial reason involving sense. This chapter also considers the Non-Identity Problem, the No Difference View, and the Two-Tier View, along with the implications of Scanlon's present view for future people. Finally, it explains why Scanlonian Contractualism should allow us to appeal to impartial reasons.
Non-Analytical Naturalism
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter presents Non-Analytical Naturalism. According to Non-Analytical Naturalists, we use some words to express concepts and make claims that are irreducibly normative, in the sense that these concepts and claims cannot be defined or restated in non-normative terms. When we turn to facts, however, there is no such deep distinction. All facts are natural, but some of these facts are also normative, since we can also state these facts by making irreducibly normative claims. Most of these Naturalists make claims that are not about reasons, but about morality. This chapter examines such claims, with particular emphasis on Normative Naturalism, Metaphysical Naturalism, Moral Naturalism, and the Co-extensiveness Argument. It also considers whether, as Non-Analytical Naturalists believe, irreducibly normative claims might state natural facts.
Naturalism and Nihilism
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter looks in detail at Naturalism and Nihilism, first by applying the Triviality Objection to Non-Analytical Naturalism about reasons. If normativity is best conceived as involving reasons or apparent reasons, the main question is whether facts about reasons might be natural facts. And the Triviality Objection takes a simpler, clearer form. In his defence of Subjectivism, Mark Schroeder claims that when some fact explains why some act would fulfil one of our present desires, this fact is a reason for us to act in this way. The chapter also explains natural facts based on two opposing views, Soft Naturalism and Hard Naturalism, along with the Soft Naturalist's Dilemma and its Further Information version.
Normativity and Truth
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter looks at the philosophical dimensions of normativity and truth. It first considers Allan Gibbard's Expressivist account of rationality. According to Gibbard, his aim is to explain ‘what rational means’. But Gibbard does not directly answer this question. There is, he claims, no such property as that of being rational. Since that is so, we cannot explain the word ‘rational’ by describing what it is for something to be rational. Like Naturalism, Gibbard's Expressivism makes it impossible to ask certain important questions. In his account of the word ‘matters’, Richard Hare denies that anything could matter. According to a third argument for Non-Cognitivism, normative truths would not really be normative, since no truth could answer a normative question. That is not so. Only truths could answer such questions.
Normative Truths
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter looks in detail at normative truths. It first considers disagreements; when we disagree with other people, we cannot rationally keep our beliefs unless we can justifiably assume that there is some asymmetry between us and these other people, making us more likely to be right. In Plato's Republic, Socrates asks: How should we live? Socrates is asking which kind of life is intrinsically best, by being the life that we have most reason to want to live. Bernard Williams denies that some ways of living could be, in this sense, intrinsically better than others. Rather than asking Socrates's question, Williams claims that we should ask ‘What do I basically want?’ When Williams makes claims about reasons, these claims are about what might motivate us. That is why he rejects the view that some lives are intrinsically better than others. Since Williams uses the phrase ‘a reason’ in a motivational sense, and he assumes that normativity involves reasons, his normative claims are all psychological claims, which are at most weakly normative.
Agreement
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter presents a philosophical discussion of agreement. It is often argued that we cannot rationally believe that there are moral truths, given the facts of deep and widespread moral disagreement, and the cultural origin of many moral beliefs. To introduce this argument, the chapter considers the following claims: there are some irreducibly normative reason-involving truths, some of which are moral truths; since these truths are not about natural properties, our knowledge of these truths cannot be based on perception, or on evidence provided by empirical facts; positive substantive normative truths cannot be analytic, in the sense that their truth follows from their meaning; our normative beliefs cannot be therefore justified unless we are able to recognise in some other way that these beliefs are true. The chapter then examines the Convergence Claim, Metaphysical Naturalism, Error Theories, and the double badness of suffering.
Using Music to Combat AIDS and Other Public Health Issues in Malawi
Authors: Allison E. Jackson , Brown Lawrence H. , Wilson Susan E. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter, written by a Peace Corps volunteer, explores the use of music to combat HIV/AIDS and other public health issues in Malawi. The author first got involved in health education as a trainee with the United States Peace Corps in 1966. She wrote her first song in Malawi in 1967, and has since composed more than 100 songs, recording over seventy of them. Here the chapter presents the results of a visual and participatory HIV literacy exercise that the author herself helped to develop. It describes “body mapping” projects that brought an artistic modality into the HIV educational process, encouraging community health workers, treatment literacy educators/trainers, and HIV-positive mothers to understand through their own drawings how human biology relates to the mechanics of HIV. The complementary creative and educational aspects of the body map project led participants to incorporate knowledge about HIV in ways more effectively suited to their own needs.
Visual Approaches to HIV Literacy in South Africa
Authors: Wienand Annabelle 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores the use of visual approaches to HIV literacy in South Africa. More specifically, it describes a visually oriented and participatory HIV-literacy workshop aimed at creating life-size drawings based on tracing around a human body which provided a template for a series of participatory exercises. These “body map drawings” enabled the participants to develop their knowledge of human biology in relation to HIV prevention, care and treatment. The chapter shows how the visual medium enabled many participants to find a comfortable place for exchanging their personal stories and experiences with HIV. It also considers the collaborative and experiential theories of Brazilian-born scholar Paulo Freire regarding adult education; Freire’s techniques naturally seem to incorporate the creative arts. The chapter concludes by assessing the efficacy of visual learning as an approach to HIV literacy.
Ngoma Dialogue Circles (Ngoma-Dice)
Authors: Majalia Mjomba 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter draws on its author’s experience as a head teacher and community organizer among the Taita people of Kenya to provide an account of HIV education through drama. The chapter notes how modern health outreach programs typically overlook relevant local sites of communication, especially as found in local schools. It consequently describes the author’s attempts to establish a forum for educational outreach and “candid dialogue” among primary and secondary school students. Through experiential ingoma (local cultural performances in Kenya that include song, dance, poetry, talk-singing and proverbs) grassroots events, the author pilots a forum intended to spur young people to represent their own needs in the fight against HIV/AIDS in Kenya. The chapter also demonstrates the rhetorical agency of local cultural performances and their tremendous potential to organize and mobilize for social change within grassroots communities in Africa.
“We Are the Loudmouthed HIV-Positive People”
Authors: Hodes Rebecca 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the long-running television show Beat It!—a creation of South Africa’s Treatment Action Campaign, and reported to be the first television show produced by the HIV-positive community for wide dissemination. It describes the discursive strategies used by Beat It!, with particular emphasis on the show’s role in the 2000–2002 activist campaign for prevention of mother-to-child transmission treatment programs. It demonstrates how Beat It! harnessed television’s ability to demystify complex issues relating to HIV and how, under the rubric of “positive living,” it presented the many ways in which HIV-positive people could maintain a healthy lifestyle. Beat It! captures and conveys the most significant developments relating to HIV in South Africa between 1999 and 2006—during which the show’s first six series were broadcast. The program’s mirroring of the political campaigns of HIV activist organizations provides an important record of the contemporary history of HIV politics during this time.
Aesthetics and Activism
Authors: Godby Michael 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores the politics of photographing the HIV/AIDS pandemic in South Africa by focusing on Gideon Mendel, a photojournalist entirely committed to biomedical treatment of the pandemic. Mendel has spent much of his career documenting the impact of HIV/AIDS on the people of South Africa, his native country. More than merely documenting, however, Mendel has served for many as a prototypical model for artist-as-activist, using his photography to effect social change in arenas such as advocacy for access to antiretroviral therapies, and contributing to or fostering broader political campaigns (such as those related to the Treatment Action Campaign). This chapter considers Mendel’s attempt to change the balance of power that exists between photographers and their subjects.
Interlude
Authors: Callen Jeffrey 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of the arts in AIDS activism in Morocco, with particular emphasis on grassroots organizing and celebrity campaigns. AIDS activism began in Morocco in 1988 with the formation of Association de Lutte contre le Sida (ALCS). In 2005, with the support of King Mohammed VI, ALCS dramatically increased its visibility with a two-week campaign known as Sidaction, which included the participation of the country’s major radio and television networks. In the last few years, the use of celebrities from the world of entertainment to raise public awareness of HIV/AIDS has become an integral component of AIDS work in Morocco. ALCS, with the support of the state, has continued to stage Sidaction telethons, but the primary focus of its work remains grassroots organizing and education work. A newer organization, Ruban Rouge, bases its educational work on the participation of celebrity entertainers in publicity campaigns.
Kwaito and the Culture of AIDS in South Africa
Authors: Steingo Gavin 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores the triangular relationship between sexuality, HIV/AIDS, and popular music in South Africa by focusing on the musical genre known as kwaito. Kwaito is a form of electronic dance music that emerged together with South Africa’s democracy in the early 1990s. Appearing in tandem with the demise of apartheid, kwaito music became the soundtrack of liberation as well as other struggles still to be fought, particularly poverty, crime, unemployment, and HIV/AIDS. This chapter considers the social implications of kwaito performance as they relate to discourses of sexual violence and rape. The chapter also looks at the lives and careers of artists such as Zola and Khabzela, as well as the ways that kwaito implicitly parallels the sexual and social power structures associated with AIDS among South Africa’s youth.
Positive Disturbance
Authors: Barz Gregory , Liu Gerald C. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter draws on an ethnographic “experimental moment” in research with female MCs in Uganda, during which the authors of this chapter consciously engaged in what could be understood as a manipulation of popular musicians. The authors asked Ugandan hip hop artists known for their socially conscious rap music to record music responding to their own self-described inability to achieve commercial airtime. The tracks that emerged highlight social concerns related to rape, HIV/AIDS, and specific gender issues such as pregnancy, spousal abuse, and education—issues that speak directly to youth in Uganda in ways heretofore unachieved through other popular media. By analyzing the HIV-related lyrics of MCs Tafash and Twig through the lens of each rapper’s spiritual grounding, the authors show how understandings of the disease contribute to a sense of dialogic theology and personal struggle within Ugandan hip hop society.
Before the Singing
Authors: Tagg Barbara 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
All children must have an opportunity to share the joy of choral music participation—whether in school, church, or community choirs. What happens before the singing begins is critical to supporting, sustaining, and nurturing choirs to give every child the opportunity to experience the wonder of choral singing. Based on years of experience conducting and teaching, this book brings practical information about ways of organizing choirs. From classroom choirs, to mission statements, boards of directors, commissioning, auditioning, and repertoire, the book aims to inspire new ways of thinking about how choirs organize their daily tasks. The collaborative community that surrounds a choir includes conductors, music educators, church choir directors, board members, volunteers, staff, administrators, and university students in music education and nonprofit arts management degree programs.
Beyond the Board
Authors: Tagg Barbara M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter assesses matters beyond the initial framework of the choral organization. These include creating a mission statement, beliefs, and values; the challenges of a growing program; staffing; strategic planning, and other organizational matters. Striving for excellence in musical matters and striving for excellence in organizational matters are equally important at every stage of development, whether the chorus is a newly formed or a growing organization. The structure of the chorus is critical in supporting the artistry and sustaining the choir. Staying true to its mission and striving for excellence in all aspects of the organization encourage sustainability.
Leadership Transition
Authors: Tagg Barbara M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of leadership transition on the choral organization, specifically community children’s choirs and youth choirs. It provides a guide for seeking new artistic leadership. This includes the preparation of the board of directors; appointing a search committee; creating a job description; developing a timeline; candidate reviews, interviews, auditions, and evaluations, and orientation for the new director. Successful navigation of transition and succession is necessary to maintain children’s choirs.
Performing with Professionals
Authors: Tagg Barbara M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the collaboration of children’s choirs with other musicians. Once there is interest in collaboration, there will be other matters to confirm, the most important of which is the selection of the repertoire. The chapter then discusses how to prepare choristers for collaborations with symphony orchestras, operas, ballet companies, adult choirs, ethnic music ensembles, and chamber ensembles; and with small ensembles, such as string quartets, woodwind quintets, or brass ensembles. The opportunities for young singers to collaborate with adult musicians enable them to share their artistry and expand their horizons beyond what they know.