bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of hepatitis B surface antigen and E antigen: correlation between Elecsys and Architect assays
Authors: Zhou B. , Liu M. , Lv G. , Zheng H. , Wang Y. , Sun J. , Hou J. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryQuantification of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and their change model during treatment are emerging as a useful tool for assessing the outcome of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and predicting the efficacy of antiviral therapy. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the Elecsys and Architect assays for HBsAg and HBeAg quantification. Quantification of HBsAg and HBeAg, determined by these two assays, were assessed in 1292 sera from patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB). HBeAg quantification in serum was performed by calibrating the results through HBeAg Paul‐Ehrlich international (PEI) reference standard. The HBV genotype was determined by direct sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Of 1292 samples, the distribution of genotype was 514 (39.78%) genotype B, 776 (60.06%) genotype C, 2 (0.16%) genotype D. The results of HBsAg and HBeAg quantification between the Architect and Elecsys assays were significantly correlated (HBsAg: r = 0.939; HBeAg: r = 0.987), independent of HBV genotype and treatment phase. The mean differences between the two methods (the log10 [Elecsys] ‐ the log10 [Architect]) were 0.075 log10 IU/mL and −0.149 log10PE IU/mL in quantifying HBsAg and HBeAg, respectively. This study demonstrates a high correlation between the Elecsys and the Architect assays in quantifying HBsAg and HBeAg, regardless of HBV genotype. Both the two assays can be used to monitor the HBsAg and HBeAg levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
Pharmacokinetics of tobramycin following intravenous, intramuscular, and intra‐articular administration in healthy horses
Authors: Newman J. C. , Prange T. , Jennings S. , Barlow B. M. , Davis J. L. 
Published: March 2013

The objectives of this study were to examine the pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in the horse following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and intra‐articular (IA) administration. Six mares received 4 mg/kg tobramycin IV, IM, and IV with concurrent IA administration (IV+IA) in a randomized 3‐way crossover design. A washout period of at least 7 days was allotted between experiments. After IV administration, the volume of distribution, clearance, and half‐life were 0.18 ± 0.04 L/kg, 1.18 ± 0.32 mL·kg/min, and 4.61 ± 1.10 h, respectively. Concurrent IA administration could not be demonstrated to influence IV pharmacokinetics. The mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) after IM administration was 18.24 ± 9.23 μg/mL at 1.0 h (range 1.0–2.0 h), with a mean bioavailability of 81.22 ± 44.05%. Intramuscular administration was well tolerated, despite the high volume of drug administered (50 mL per 500 kg horse). Trough concentrations at 24 h were below 2 μg/mL in all horses after all routes of administration. Specifically, trough concentrations at 24 h were 0.04 ± 0.01 μg/mL for the IV route, 0.04 ± 0.02 μg/mL for the IV/IA route, and 0.02 ± 0.02 for the IM route. An additional six mares received IA administration of 240 mg tobramycin. Synovial fluid concentrations were 3056.47 ± 1310.89 μg/mL at 30 min after administration, and they persisted for up to 48 h with concentrations of 14.80 ± 7.47 μg/mL. Tobramycin IA resulted in a mild chemical synovitis as evidenced by an increase in synovial fluid cell count and total protein, but appeared to be safe for administration. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that tobramycin would be effective against bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 μg/mL for IV administration and 1 μg/mL for IM administration based onCmax:MIC of 10.
Stakeholder participation in lake management in Wisconsin (USA)
Authors: Thornton Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe State of Wisconsin (USA) has 15 000 natural lakes. Many of these lakes are managed by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources pursuant to their mandate as the State's natural resources conservation agency. This level of management is primarily focused on issuance of hunting and fishing licences, boating licences and administration of relevant State regulations. Supporting this governmental function is a network of stakeholders who are organized under the auspices of various statewide programmes, such as the Citizen Lake Monitoring Network, or formed into local community‐based organizations. These organizations include special purpose units of government, principally public inland lake protection and rehabilitation districts, as well as private associations, some of which might be incorporated under Wisconsin law and/or granted federal non‐profit status. This article describes the various organizational options open to lake stakeholders and outlines the types of activities in which they engage. Lessons learned through this active programme of stakeholder participation are used to illustrate the value of this range of organizations.
River Basin Organization development in southeastern Wisconsin
Authors: Slawski Thomas M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis report summarizes the role and function of river organizations in the southeast region of the State of Wisconsin (USA) by comparing the history of lake and river organization formation within the State and aspects of successful public involvement/engagement as examples in protecting and enhancing water resources in the southeastern region of the State. Review of the history of lake organization vs. river organization formation from years 1895 to 2011 demonstrates that Wisconsin has a long and stable history of stakeholder participation in watershed‐based resource management activities. The changes over time also demonstrate that lake association formation became consistent on an annual basis by about the mid‐1930s, followed by lake districts (special purpose units of government) in the early 1970s and river organization formation by the mid 1980s. Hence, the emergence of stream‐based watershed groups as partners in stream‐based watershed protection and management is a relatively new phenomenon statewide, as well as in the southeastern region, especially in the period since the year 1990 when these organizations exhibited the greatest increase in their rate of formation. Comparison of lake organization vs. river organization formation over time also exhibited similarities amongst the timing of formation, rates of development and peaks of formation at the State level that seems to be associated with, or partially explained by, ongoing state programmes and funding. This recent timing of increase in river group popularity in the southeastern region is coupled with an increase in understanding and importance of expanding the focus of management issues, beyond the specific surface water lake or river itself, to the watershed scale. This has set‐up an interesting dilemma amongst river and lake organizations, particularly within the Fox (Illinois) River watershed, as they attempt to identify their respective roles and work together to meet stakeholder demands into the future.
Local institutions and lake management
Authors: Snell Margaret , Bell Kathleen P. , Leahy Jessica 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe emergence and behaviour of local institutions are of increasing interest as managers, policy‐makers and communities assess the potential for these institutions to supplement conventional resource management approaches. Lake associations are local organizations that address management issues using informal and voluntary strategies and stress stakeholder participation. Insights from theInstitutionalAnalysis andDevelopment (IAD)Framework are applied to advance our understanding of the capacity of these local institutions to contribute to lake management. The lake associations ofMaine,USA, are the focus of our empirical work. A database describing natural and human features of 2602Maine lakes was assembled to support a probit model of lake association presence/absence. The lake database was combined with a survey‐based database to develop ordered probit models of success at managing five issues. Lake association presence was positively correlated with resource characteristics, including prior lake impairment, presence of public boat launches and recreational fisheries, and lower levels of surrounding forest and agricultural land cover; and institutional characteristics, including multiple political jurisdictions and organized territories and participation in collaborative lake monitoring programs. Across multiple issues, lake association management success was positively correlated with the level of attention given to a specific issue. These results offer guidance on how to better integrate the informal approaches of local institutions with more formal, regional government‐based management approaches and reveal the need for further research of what issues these stakeholder‐engaged institutions are best suited to address.
Protecting in partnership: the Mukwonago River Basin Protection Plan
Authors: Thornton Jeffrey A. , Slawski Thomas M. , Olson Eric 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe Wisconsin (USA) Lakes Partnership is a coalition of academic, advocacy and regulatory entities focused on ensuring effective conservation of the State's natural and water resources. This report summarizes a successful application of the Partnership concept through a case study describing the process that led to the development and implementation of a River Protection Plan for the Mukwonago River Watershed. In addition to the actions of individual landowners, a planning programme sponsored by special purpose units of government, funded in part by the State of Wisconsin and in part by non‐governmental organizations, and conducted by a regional planning authority in partnership with local universities and governmental agencies led to the development of the Mukwonago River Watershed Protection Plan, the contents of which were validated and guided by stakeholders through a Watershed Team and ad hoc Advisory Group. The Watershed Team secured and provided in part the necessary financial support for the conduct of the planning programme, while the Advisory Group identified concerns and validated recommended responses to address the shared issues of concern. The resulting watershed protection plan sets forth a strategy for the maintenance and protection of the high‐quality water resources of the Mukwonago River Basin.
Steep clines within a highly permeable genome across a hybrid zone between two subspecies of theEuropean rabbit
Authors: Carneiro Miguel , Baird Stuart J. E. , Afonso Sandra , Ramirez Esther , Tarroso Pedro , Teotónio Henrique , Villafuerte Rafael , Nachman Michael W. , Ferrand Nuno 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMaintenance of genetic distinction in the face of gene flow is an important aspect of the speciation process. Here, we provide a detailed spatial and genetic characterization of a hybrid zone between two subspecies of the European rabbit. We examined patterns of allele frequency change for 22 markers located on the autosomes,X‐chromosome,Y‐chromosome and mtDNAin 1078 individuals sampled across the hybrid zone. While some loci revealed extremely wide clines (w ≥ 300 km) relative to an estimated dispersal of 1.95–4.22 km/generation, others showed abrupt transitions (w ≈ 10 km), indicating localized genomic regions of strong selection against introgression. The subset of loci showing steep clines had largely coincident centers and stepped changes in allele frequency that did not co‐localize with any physical barrier or ecotone, suggesting that the rabbit hybrid zone is a tension zone. The steepest clines were forX‐ andY‐chromosome markers. Our results are consistent with previous inference based onDNAsequence variation of individuals sampled in allopatry in suggesting that a large proportion of each genome has escaped the overall barrier to gene flow in the middle of the hybrid zone. These results imply an old history of hybridization and high effective gene flow and anticipate that isolation factors should often localize to small genomic regions.
The nematode Pristionchus pacificus as a model system for integrative studies in evolutionary biology
Authors: Sommer Ralf J. , McGaughran Angela 
Published: March 2013

AbstractComprehensive studies of evolution have historically been hampered by the division among disciplines. Now, as biology moves towards an ‘‐omics’ era, it is more important than ever to tackle the evolution of function and form by considering all those research areas involved in the regulation of phenotypes. Here, we review recent attempts to establish the nematode Pristionchus pacificus as a model organism that allows integrative studies of development and evo‐devo, with ecology and population genetics. Originally developed for comparative study with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, P. pacificus provided insight into developmental pathways including dauer formation, vulva and gonad development, chemosensation, innate immunity and neurobiology. Its subsequent discovery across a wide geographic distribution in association with scarab beetles enabled its evaluation in a biogeographic context. Development of an evolutionary field station on La Réunion Island, where P. pacificus is present in high abundance across a number of widespread habitat types, allows examination of the microfacets of evolution – processes of natural selection, adaptation and drift among populations can now be examined in this island setting. The combination of laboratory‐based functional studies with fieldwork in P. pacificus has the long‐term prospective to provide both proximate (mechanistic) and ultimate (evolutionary and ecological) causation and might therefore help to overcome the long‐term divide between major areas in biology.
The two‐component systems PrrBA and NtrYX co‐ordinately regulate the adaptation of Brucella abortus to an oxygen‐limited environment
Authors: Carrica Mariela del Carmen , Fernandez Ignacio , Sieira Rodrigo , Paris Gastón , Goldbaum Fernando Alberto 
Published: March 2013

SummaryBrucella is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease brucellosis, which is endemic in many parts of the world. The success of Brucella as pathogen relies in its ability to adapt to the harsh environmental conditions found in mammalian hosts. One of its main adaptations is the induction of the expression of different genes involved in respiration at low oxygen tension. In this report we describe a regulatory network involved in this adaptation. We show that Brucella abortus PrrBA is a functional two‐component signal transduction system that responds to the redox status and acts as a global regulator controlling the expression of the regulatory proteins NtrY, FnrN and NnrA, which are involved in the adaptation to survive at low oxygen tension. We also show that the two‐component systems PrrBA and NtrYX co‐ordinately regulate the expression of denitrification and high‐affinity cytochrome oxidase genes. Strikingly, a double mutant strain in the prrB and ntrY genes is severely impaired in growth and virulence, while the ntrY and prrB single mutant strains are similar to wild‐type B. abortus. The proposed regulatory network may contribute to understand the mechanisms used by Brucella for a successful adaptation to its replicative niche inside mammalian cells.
The Wonder of Immanence: Merleau‐Ponty and the Problem of Creation
Authors: Nordlander Andreas 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article discusses two related concerns at the heart of Maurice Merleau‐Ponty's philosophical project, namely the belongingness of human beings within the world and their creative participation in the unfolding of meaning. Merleau‐Ponty's original development of these themes is proposed as a key resource for a theology desiring to affirm the wonder and value of immanence. It is then shown, however, that because Merleau‐Ponty understands theology to operate with a contrastive understanding of the relation between God and the world, he is led consistently to reject divine transcendence. In contrast, this article argues that the doctrine of creation ex nihilo does not in fact allow for a contrastive relation between divine transcendence and the immanence of the world, but rather ushers in an entirely different and unique distinction between them. Thus, rather than denying the wonder of immanence, as understood by Merleau‐Ponty, the doctrine of creation is seen to underwrite it.
Creation and the Glory of Creatures
Authors: Soskice Janet Martin 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article speaks in praise of the dignity of creatures. Arguing for a foundation of the nascent doctrine of creatio ex nihilo in the Psalms and inter‐testamental scriptures, Soskice points to the distinctiveness of the Jewish and Christian understanding of the Creator God, and its revolutionary entrance into the bloodstream of western metaphysics. She argues for a qualification on the over‐emphasis, when speaking of the historical origins of the doctrine, on the creation of matter. Wider principles of divine freedom and transcendence are at work as can be seen in the writings of Philo of Alexandria. The conviction that God is Being itself and the source of all being is the legacy not of ‘Greek philosophy’ simpliciter, as is often invoked by way of curt dismissal, but the product of Jewish and Christian middle‐platonic readings of the Book of Exodus. It is this elaboration of creatio ex nihilo which underscores the Christian theology of participation in which creatures are not diminished but made gloriously and truly themselves.
Similar and distinct roles of NADPH oxidase components in the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata
Authors: Yang Siwy Ling , Chung Kuang‐Ren 
Published: March 2013

SummaryThe fungal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) complex, which has been implicated in the production of low‐level reactive oxygen species (ROS), contains mainly NoxA, NoxB (gp91phox homologues) and NoxR (p67phox homologue). Here, we report the developmental and pathological functions of NoxB and NoxR in the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata. Loss‐of‐function genetics revealed that all three Nox components are required for the accumulation of cellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Alternaria alternata strains lacking NoxA, NoxB or NoxR also displayed an increased sensitivity to H2O2 and many ROS‐generating oxidants. These phenotypes are highly similar to those previously seen for the Δyap1 mutant lacking a YAP1 transcriptional regulator and for the Δhog1 mutant lacking a HOG1 mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase, implicating a possible link among them. A fungal strain carrying a NoxA NoxB or NoxA NoxR double mutation was more sensitive to the test compounds than the strain mutated at a single gene, implicating a synergistic function among Nox components. The ΔnoxB mutant strain failed to produce any conidia; both ΔnoxA and ΔnoxR mutant strains showed a severe reduction in sporulation. Mutant strains carrying defective NoxB had higher chitin content than the wild‐type and were insensitive to calcofluor white, Congo red and the fungicides vinclozolin and fludioxonil. Virulence assays revealed that all three Nox components are required for the elaboration of the penetration process. The inability to penetrate the citrus host, observed for Δnox mutants, could be overcome by wounding and by reacquiring a dominant Nox gene. The A. alternata NoxR did not influence the expression of NoxB, but negatively regulated NoxA. Importantly, the expression of both YAP1 and HOG1 genes, whose products are involved in resistance to ROS, was down‐regulated in fungi carrying defective NoxA, NoxB or NoxR. Our results highlight the requirement of Nox in ROS resistance and provide insights into its critical role in regulating both YAP1 and HOG1 in A. alternata.
incorporating quliaqtuavut (our stories): Bering Strait Voices in Recent Exhibitions
Authors: Chan Amy E. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe rise of cultural diplomacy within Alaska Native communities has led to a renegotiation of heritage displays within mainstream museums. This article critically examines the incorporation of Bering Strait voices within two recent exhibits: Gifts from the Ancestors: Ancient Ivories of Bering Strait and Living Our Cultures, Sharing Our Heritage: The First Peoples of Alaska. Cross‐cultural collaborations of exhibit planning and implementation are assessed through the review of museum records and commentary by Alaska Native and museum advisors. The processes of including Native voices and knowledge systems are analyzed in relation to exhibit spaces, websites, catalogues, and educational programming. With mixed efficacy, the exhibits push toward a new museology in which conventional exhibit practices are deconstructed and replaced according to indigenous, intellectual self‐determination. [Alaska Native, museums, exhibits, collaboration, indigenous knowledge]
making sense of a mélange: Representing Cultural Citizenship in Singapore's Asian Civilisations Museum
Authors: Stokes‐Rees Emily 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMuseums around the globe are increasingly being employed to expand the practice and experience of cultural citizenship, interpreting cross‐cultural connections as key to civic identity and pride. This article is an ethnographic case study of how two museums represent different visions of cultural citizenship in the ethnically diverse nation of Singapore. Viewing exhibitions as texts and drawing on interviews and interactions with museum staff, visitors, and community members as well as observations made within the museum environment, this research suggests that the two branches of Singapore's Asian Civilisations Museum—the new “Peranakan Museum” and the Empress Place Museum—can be seen as tools that are central to the promotion of government agendas of nation building and cultural citizenization in Singapore. In this article, I analyze them in terms of their embodiment of “traditional” versus “post” multicultural characteristics. [national museums, identity, postcolonialism, multiculturalism, Peranakans, Singapore]
is it a sin to sell a statue? Catholic Statues and the Traffic in Antiquities in Vietnam
Authors: Kendall Laurel , Hà Vũ Thị , Tâm Vũ Thị Thanh , Huy Nguyễn Văn , Hiền Nguyễn Thị 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWhen antique wooden saints were offered for sale in a Hanoi shop window, they provoked uncomfortable responses from Catholic observers living outside Vietnam who could not imagine their co‐religionists voluntarily selling statues that had once been blessed. To explore this question—how things considered too sacred for commerce came to be sold—we bring together two usually discrete domains of research on material culture: object biographies that trace their movement from local sites of production and use into global markets, and studies on material religion that address how embodied and sensate encounters with the material world are productive of religious experiences and understandings. The social life of things collides with material religion at the place where statues and other religious paraphernalia are first transacted into artifact, art, folk art, or native handicraft. The bridge between these two domains of inquiry is the recognition that object biographies are propelled in part by notions of object agency that assume particular protocols for interactions between people and things. [Vietnam, Catholicism, material religion, circulation of goods, sacred objects, statues]