bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane hybrid co‐crosslinked poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) hydrogels
Authors: Chen Yi , Xiong Yuanqin , Peng Chang , Liu Wenyong , Peng Yue , Xu Weijian 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTPolyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane hybrid temperature and pH double‐responsive hydrogels with organic–inorganic co‐crosslinked networks are synthesized by in situ, free‐radical polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate in the presence of both organic crosslinker N,N′‐methylenebis(acrylamide) (BIS) and inorganic crosslinker octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OvPOSS) in tetrahydrofuran media. The resulting hydrogels (OR‐OvP gels) display obvious temperature and pH double responsiveness, OvPOSS particles dispersed in polymer make a dominant effect on the properties of gels. With the increase of OvPOSS, the aggregation of particles on nano‐ or microscale happens and causes a considerable change on the properties of gels, such as the lower critical solution temperature and better compression strength. Specially, the interconnected microporous structure of gels ascribed to the microphase separation results in faster deswelling rate, which makes the gel become attractive. Besides, the crosslink by BIS intensifies the heterogeneity of gels significantly, which could also be used to adjust the properties of gels. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1494–1504
Day‐to‐day variability of foEs in the equatorial ionosphere
Authors: Somoye E. O. , Akala A. O. , Adeniji‐Adele R. A. , Onori E. O. , Ogwala A. , Karimu A. O. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDiurnal, seasonal, and solar cycle effects of the variability (VR) of the critical frequency of sporadic E layer (foEsq) are investigated at Ibadan (7.4°N, 3.9°E, 6°S dip) in the African sector during high solar activity (HSA) year of 1958 (Rz = 181), moderate solar activity (MSA) year of 1973 (Rz = 30), and low solar activity (LSA) year of 1965 (Rz = 17). The diurnal variation of foEsq VR is characterized by post‐midnight (32%–78%) and pre‐midnight (20%–84%) peaks during high solar activity (HSA), the only epoch of the three showing these peaks and a diurnal trend. While the daytime foEsq VRs of the three epochs show no seasonal trend, pre‐midnight and post‐midnight, the foEsq VRs during HSA and LSA show seasonal trends. Similarity is observed in the curve of reciprocal of percentage occurrence of Esq and that of foEsq VR, indicating inverse variation of percentage occurrence and foEsq VR. Longitudinal influence is observed in the diurnal variation of HSA and MSA July foEsq VR of Ibadan (7.4°N, 3.9°E, 6°S dip) in the African sector, which is in the neighborhood of the Greenwich Meridian (GM); Singapore (1.3°N, 108.3°E, 17.6°S dip) in the Asian sector, east of GM; and Huancayo (12°S, 284.7°E, 1.90 dip) in the American sector, west of GM.
Fluorinated dendrimers as imaging agents for 19F MRI
Authors: Yu Yihua Bruce 
Published: August 2013

19F is the second most sensitive stable nucleus for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Because there is no endogenous 19F signal, 19F MRI is much more suited for quantification and tracking than 1H MRI. However, 19F MRI is not in clinical use because in spite of more than three decades of research, there are no approved 19F imaging agents. New approaches and new methodologies are needed to move the field forward. Water‐soluble fluorinated dendrimers present a promising alternative to conventional perfluorocarbon emulsions. This article outlines recent development of fluorinated dendrimers as 19F imaging agents. This is not meant to be a comprehensive review of 19F imaging agents, for which there is an excellent recent review by Knight et al. Rather, the article aims to give an insider's account on research efforts in this exciting and challenging field. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:646–661. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1227This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Diurnal bottom feeding of predator fish strengthens trophic cascades to benthic algae in experimental flow‐through pools
Authors: Katano O. , Natsumeda T. , Suguro N. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMechanisms that determine the strength of trophic cascades from fish to benthic algae via algivorous invertebrates in stream communities have not been clarified. Using seven fish species, we tested the hypothesis that the interspecific variation of predatory behavior of fishes affects the strength of trophic cascades in experimental streams. One or two species of fish were introduced into flow‐through pools of 2.5 m2 and the abundances of benthic invertebrates and algae were monitored. Pike gudgeon, a diurnal benthic feeder, triggered a strong trophic cascade but masu salmon, a diurnal drift feeder, did not have a cascading effect. Japanese dace, which is both a diurnal benthic and drift feeder, increased the algal biomass, but the nocturnal benthic feeder cut‐tailed bullhead had little cascading effect. The diurnal benthic feeder silver crucian carp also had a cascading effect, but no trophic cascade was triggered either by Asian pond loach or by Japanese common catfish, both of which are nocturnal benthic feeders. Thus, diurnal benthic fish exerted a stronger cascading effect than diurnal drift feeders or nocturnal fish. The combination of two fish species enhanced the per‐capita strength of trophic cascades, probably because one of the two species, the benthic feeder, preyed on more invertebrates than in the single‐species pools.
Synthesis and Properties of Dissymmetric Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Kang Peng , Xu Hujun 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA series of novel dissymmetric gemini surfactants, [CmH2m+1COOC2H4(CH3)2N(CH2)3N(CH3)2C2H4OOCCnH2n+1]Br2 was synthesized and symbolized as m‐s–n. The Krafft temperatures and surface tension curves of the dissymmetric gemini surfactants were measured using an electrical conductivity method and a drop volume method. The low Krafft temperatures indicate very good solubility of these esterquat gemini surfactants. With the increasing numbers of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic alkyl chain, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the minimum surface area (Amin) decrease, and the efficiency of surface tension reduction (pc20) increases. With the same numbers of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic alkyl chain, the dissymmetric gemini surfactant has a lower CMC and a smaller Amin than the corresponding symmetric gemini surfactant due to the enhanced hydrophobic interactions.
Identification of TAG and DAG and their FA Constituents in Lesquerella (Physaria fendleri) Oil by HPLC and MS
Authors: Lin Jiann‐Tsyh , Chen Grace Q. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCastor oil has many industrial uses because of its high content (90 %) of the hydroxy fatty acid, ricinoleic acid (OH1218:19). Lesquerella oil containing lesquerolic acid (Ls, OH1420:111) is potentially useful in industry. Ten molecular species of diacylglycerols and 74 molecular species of triacylglycerols in lesquerella (Physaria fendleri) oil were identified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry as lithium adducts of acylglycerols in the HPLC fractions of lesquerella oil. Among them were: LsLsO, LsLsLn, LsLsL, LsLn–OH20:2, LsO–OH20:2 and LsL–OH20:2. The structures of the four new hydroxy fatty acid constituents of acylglycerols were proposed by the MS of the lithium adducts of fatty acids as (comparing to those in castor oil): OH1218:29,14 (OH1218:29,13 in castor oil), OH1218:39,14,16 (OH18:3 not detected in castor oil), diOH12,1318:29,14 (diOH11,1218:29,13 in castor oil) and diOH13,1420:111 (diOH20:1 not detected in castor oil, diOH11,1218:19 in castor oil). Trihydroxy fatty acids were not detected in lesquerella oil. The differences in the structures of these C18 hydroxy fatty acids between lesquerella and castor oils indicated that the polyhydroxy fatty acids were biosynthesized and were not the result of autoxidation products.
Junior doctors in their first year: mental health, quality of life, burnout and
heart rate variability
Authors: Henning Marcus A. , Sollers John , Strom Joanna M. , Hill Andrew G. , Lyndon Mataroria P. , Cumin David , Hawken Susan J. 
Published: August 2013

There is a burgeoning interest in, and evidence of, quality of life and burnout
issues among doctors. It was hypothesized that the junior doctors in this study would
experience psychosocial and physiological changes over time, and that the obtained
measures would indicate psychosocial and physiological anomalies. In addition, it was
hypothesized that their psychosocial perceptions would be significantly associated with
their physiological measures. A total sample of 17 junior doctors in their first year of
training volunteered for this study. Over four time periods separated by 6 week phases,
the doctors completed a set of quality of life and psychosocial inventories and wore a
Polar RS800 Heart Rate Monitor over a day and night time interval. The findings showed
that this sample of doctors did not report any problems associated with depression,
anxiety, stress, burnout or quality of life (psychosocial measures). In addition, their
heart rate variability scores (physiological measures) did not show any significant
fluctuations. Furthermore, the responses from the self-report instruments measuring
stress, anxiety, depression, quality of life and burnout did not consistently correlate
with the HRV information suggesting a mind–body disconnection. More work needs to be
done on larger samples to investigate these findings further given that the literature
shows that junior doctors are likely to be stressed and working in stress-provoking
environments.
Impact of birth weight and gender on early postnatal hypothalamic energy balance regulatory gene expression in the young lamb
Authors: Adam C.L. , Bake T. , Findlay P.A. , Milne J.S. , Aitken R.P. , Wallace J.M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIntra‐uterine growth restriction (IUGR) is involved in developmental metabolic programming and here we test the hypothesis that IUGR affects the developing hypothalamic energy balance regulatory pathways in a sex‐specific manner. This experiment investigated early postnatal hypothalamic gene expression for six primary leptin‐ and insulin‐sensitive neuropeptides and receptors in male and female IUGR (n = 8 and 9, respectively) and normal (N) birth weight lambs (n = 8 per gender) gestated and suckled by overnourished mothers. IUGR lambs were smaller at birth, had increased fractional growth rates (FGR), lower final body weight (11 weeks) and similar body fat content compared with N lambs, while males had higher final body weight and insulinemia but lower body fat and leptinemia than females. In situ hybridization revealed greater gene expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus at 11 weeks for anorexigenic genes in females and orexigenic genes in males, with no effect of IUGR. Leptinemia correlated with gene expression for neuropeptide Y (NPY, negatively) in both sexes and pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC, positively) in females but with leptin receptor (negatively) only in males. Current FGR for girth correlated negatively with gene expression for NPY in males and POMC in females. Neither IUGR nor gender affected suckling activity (proxy for appetite) assessed at 3 weeks, but final NPY gene expression correlated with suckling weight gain in males. This study has revealed no effect of IUGR on early postnatal hypothalamic energy balance gene expression but a major effect of gender associated with major sex differences in adiposity and leptinemia.
Anti‐amnestic properties of Ginkgo biloba extract on impaired memory function induced by aluminum in rats
Authors: Abd‐Elhady Rasha M. , Elsheikh Amira M. , Khalifa Amani E. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAluminum is the most widely used non‐ferrous metal. However, recently it is reported to be a neurotoxic agent that could induce biochemical defects in brain by affecting levels of neurotransmitters and generating reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative stress. This study aimed at evaluating neuroprotective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) (200 mg/kg for 28 days) in antagonizing aluminum‐induced neurotoxicity through investigating certain parameters such as serum aluminum level, brain aluminum content, brain regional distribution of aluminum, brain oxidative stress biomarkers’ content, and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Passive avoidance paradigm was used to assess memory retrieval of rats. Rats’ activities were studied using open field test. Results showed that administration of aluminum (10 mg/kg for 28 days) impaired rats’ memory retrieval associated with marked elevation of aluminum brain content, serum aluminum level and AChE activity. In addition, aluminum treatment induced significant elevation in its brain content in all tested regions. GBE treatment attenuated neurotoxic effects of aluminum as evidenced by improving rats’ performance in passive avoidance and lowering brain AChE activity. Moreover, marked elevation in brain content of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malonedialdehyde (MDA) as well as depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) demonstrated following aluminum administration were reversed reaching normal levels after GBE treatment. Open field test, demonstrated no changes in latency period, number of ambulation, rearing, and grooming following aluminum or other treatments. Therefore, GBE may be a promising therapy ameliorating neurotoxicity of aluminum as an environmental toxic agent.
How conditional cash transfers to promote institutional delivery can also influence postpartum contraception: Evidence from Rajasthan, India
Authors: Zavier A.J. Francis , Santhya K.G. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between the receipt of benefits from a conditional cash transfer (CCT) scheme—Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)—and postpartum contraceptive use in Rajasthan, India.MethodsData from 2920 women who had delivered in the year preceding the interview were used. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used.ResultsAdoption of postpartum contraception was limited among study participants. Even so, women who had experienced the benefits of JSY were more likely than those who had not to have received postpartum contraceptive counseling (odds ratio [OR] 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38–2.00) and to have adopted contraception within 3 months of delivery (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.02–1.68).ConclusionThe present findings make a case for special efforts to use the increased opportunity women experience to interact with the health system as a result of CCTs for promoting maternal and newborn health practices, including postpartum contraception.
Lie Symmetry and Approximate Hojman Conserved Quantity of Lagrange Equations for a Weakly Nonholonomic System
Authors: Han Y.-L. , Wang X.-X. , Zhang M.-L. , Jia L.-Q. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe Lie symmetry and Hojman conserved quantity of Lagrange equations for a weakly nonholonomic system and its first-degree approximate holonomic system are studied. The differential equations of motion for the system are established. Under the special infinitesimal transformations of group in which the time is invariable, the definition of the Lie symmetry for the weakly nonholonomic system and its first-degree approximate holonomic system are given, and the exact and approximate Hojman conserved quantities deduced directly from the Lie symmetry are obtained. Finally, an example is given to study the exact and approximate Hojman conserved quantity for the system.
Calculation of Hydrodynamic Forces for Unsteady Stokes Flows by Singularity Integral Equations Based on Fundamental Solutions
Authors: Hsiao C. H. , Young D. L. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe attractive feature of the singularity method for steady Stokes flows is that the hydrodynamic forces acting on the particle can be calculated by the total strength of distributed singularities. For unsteady Stokes flows, however we have to derive hydrodynamic forces acting on a solid body in terms of the strengths of both unsteady Stokeslets as well as unsteady potential dipoles if mass and force sources are both taken into consideration. Since the hydrodynamic force formulation results in a Volterra integral equation of the first kind, and the strengths are numerically approximated by means of the Lubich convolution quadrature method (CQM) in this study. As far as the numerical solutions of time-domain integral formulations of the unsteady Stokes equations are concerned, this paper requires only the Laplace-domain instead of the time- domain fundamental solutions of the governing equations. The stability and accuracy of the proposed method are verified through some well selected numerical examples. In total we include two examples presenting the accuracy of Lubich CQM, and another two examples for calculating general hydrody-namic forces of a sphere in oscillating or non-oscillating unsteady Stokes flows. It is concluded that this study is able to extend the unsteady Stokes flow theory to more general transient motions instead to limit to the oscillating flow assumption.
A Three-Phase Constitutive Model for Estimating the Elastic Moduli and The Strengths of Granular Composite Materials
Authors: Lin P.-J. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes a three-phase constitutive model for estimating the elastic moduli and strength of granular composite. The three-phase granular composite material containing aggregate (inclusion), matrix, and aggregate/matrix interface were investigated in this study. It was observed that significant improvement in predictive capability for three-phase granular composite materials can be achieved by using the proposed method. By using micromechanics and adopting the double-inclusion concept initiated by Hori and Nemat-Nasser and the two-phase model introduced by Yang et al.; the predicted elastic moduli for three-phase granular composite materials were evaluated. Moreover, analytical formulas were obtained to predict the strengths of three-phase granular composite materials. The potential of the proposed framework was also explored by comparing the analytical predictions in this study with other analytical methods as well as experimental data of other studies.
The nature of the land: the Dukuduku forest and the Mfolozi flats, KwaZulu-Natal
Authors: Nustad Knut G. , Sundnes Frode 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTGreen-grabbing has recently been suggested as a label for describing processes of dispossessions undertaken in the name of conservation in sub-Saharan Africa. For the case examined here, the Dukuduku forest and the Mfolozi flats in northern KwaZulu-Natal, we will argue that the label obscures more than it helps illuminate the complex processes leading up to the present-day struggle over land rights. The land in question has been subjected to a number of different land uses in the past: hunting, conservation, commercial agriculture and small-scale agriculture. We show how contestation over desirable future land use options lies at the heart of the problems raised by an ongoing land claim to the forest.
Fungal gold and firewood on the Tibetan plateau: examining access to diverse ecosystem provisioning services within a rural community
Authors: Woodhouse Emily , McGowan Philip , Milner-Gulland E.J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractProvisioning ecosystem services include wild products that form an integral part of rural economies. Using quantitative and qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with 50 households in a Tibetan community in Western Sichuan, China, we explored the relationships of households with three diverse provisioning services on the Eastern Tibetan plateau: firewood, medicinal caterpillar fungusOphiocordyceps sinensisand matsutake mushroomsTricholoma matsutake. We examined (1) how they contribute to wealth and livelihoods, (2) what determines household access, and (3) how local use has changed over time. All households were reliant on firewood, and levels extracted were explained only by household size. A more complex set of factors explained access to caterpillar fungus: younger, larger, pastoralist households with lower dependency ratios tended to collect more, and education and household size explained variation in price gained for the product. Caterpillar fungus extraction has dramatically increased over the last 20 years, providing up to 72% of household income, but poorer households have received significantly less of their income from the fungus. Matsutake contributed much less to livelihoods because of its relatively low price. The results show a contrast between subsistence and market-driven products: access to the latter is affected by competition and power relationships. Overall access to provisioning services was related to facets of wealth, especially human capital. The study contributes a household level analysis of the diverse provisioning value of an under-researched part of the world, highlighting the heterogeneity and dynamism of the relationships of households with ecosystem services.
Locke'sThoughtson Reputation
Authors: Brady Michelle E. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractLocke'sSome Thoughts Concerning Educationis designed to provide the education necessary to produce citizens guided by the obligations of natural law. A careful examination of his recommendations, however, reveals that his education does not in fact teach children to obey the law of nature directly. Instead, it teaches them to obey the law of opinion or reputation. At the same time, he encourages children to see themselves as rational and therefore free. The law of reputation provides the necessary restraint to balance the desire for liberty, and the desire for liberty ensures that citizens must respect others in order to win their esteem. Respect for others' rights, an essential element of Lockean natural law, emerges from this specific combination of the law of reputation and the love of liberty.
Returning to the Interpretive Turn: Charles Taylor and His Critics
Authors: Blakely Jason 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn skirmishes over the interpretive turn, the work of Charles Taylor is frequently cited as representing the state of the art. Yet a systematic assessment of Taylor's interpretivism in light of the most salient criticisms made against it has not been conducted. This paper argues that Taylor's interpretivism withstands the strongest criticisms made of it so far, and therefore is an essential resource for revitalizing the interpretive turn. Although it is widely acknowledged in the secondary literature that Taylor's interpretivism rests on ontological claims about human agency, this paper presents a novel justification for this thesis as derived from a Heideggerian phenomenology of moods. It also presents two novel ways in which a defense of Taylor's interpretivism helps to bridge the gap between empirical social science research and normative political and ideological critique. In the latter discussion, it draws on Taylor's most recently published work.