bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Expression of Neurokinin-1 Receptor by Human Mucosal and Peripheral Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Goode Triona , O'Connell Joe , Ho Wen-Zhe , O'Sullivan Gerald C. , Collins J. Kevin , Douglas Steven D. , Shanahan Fergus 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTSubstance P (SP) has been implicated in peripheral and mucosal neuroimmunoregulation. However, confusion remains regarding immunocyte expression of the receptor for SP, neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), and whether there is differential NK-1R expression in the mucosal versus the peripheral immune system. In the same assay systems, we examined the expression of NK-1R in human lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), monocytes, and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Using standard reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, mRNA expression of both the long and the short isoforms of the NK-1R was evident in LPMC but not in PBMC, PBL, monocytes, or MDM. However, by using nested RT-PCR NK-1R mRNA expression was detected in PBMC, PBL, monocytes, and MDM. This level of expression was found to represent one NK-1R mRNA transcript in >1,000 cells. In contrast, by using competitive RT-PCR we demonstrate that LPMC express a more biologically significant level of eight NK-1R mRNA transcripts per cell. Flow cytometric detection of NK-1R expression at the protein level was evident in LPMC but not in PBMC. These findings illustrate the extreme sensitivity of nested RT-PCR and the advantages of competitive RT-PCR in comparative studies of receptor expression in different cell populations. This study suggests that, under normal conditions, readily detectable expression of NK-1R in human mononuclear cells occurs at the mucosal level rather than in the peripheral circulation.
Intestinal Secretory Immunoglobulin A Response to Enteroaggregative
Escherichia coli
in Travelers with Diarrhea
Authors: Sutjita Made , Bouckenooghe Alain R. , Adachi Javier A. , Jiang Zhi Dong , Mathewson John J. , Ericsson Charles D. , DuPont Herbert L. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

We examined stool samples from travelers for secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) to enteroaggregative
Escherichia coli
(EAEC) during episodes of acute diarrhea. Ten paired samples from 10 patients with diarrhea caused by EAEC were examined for the presence of specific sIgA by dot blot and Western blot immunoassays. Five samples were positive by dot blotting, and two samples were positive by Western blotting.
Serological Detection of Infection with Diverse Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses Using Consensus
env
Peptides
Authors: Masciotra Silvina , Rudolph Donna L. , van der Groen Guido , Yang Chunfu , Lal Renu B. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Cross-species transmission has been shown to play an important role in the emergence of human retroviruses. We developed a generic enzyme immunoassay using synthetic peptides from gp41 and C2V3 consensus sequences (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] type 1 [HIV-1] groups M, O, and N and the homologous region of simian immunodeficiency virus [SIV] strains from chimpanzees [SIVcpz], SIVcpzGAB1 and SIVcpzANT) to detect divergent HIV and SIV. A cocktail of peptides from gp41 and C2V3 (M-O) detected all HIV-1 group M and O sera and showed cross-reactivity with SIVcpz sera. Further, a mixture of C2V3 peptides (GAB1-ANT) failed to detect HIV-1 infections but reacted with all SIVcpz sera, allowing discrimination of SIVcpz from HIV-1 infections. Since most SIVcpz sera cross-reacted with HIV-1 peptides, we next evaluated SIVcpz serum reactivity with rapid tests for HIV-1/2. SIVcpzANT and SIVcpzUS sera reacted with the Sero-strip and Multispot assays. Both tests are sensitive in detecting group M (97 100%, respectively), although Multispot has lower sensitivity for group O detection (67%) than does Sero-strip (100%). The limited volume and time required to perform these assays make them a generic tool for field screening. The
env
peptide-based assay and rapid tests should allow for the identification of emerging variants of HIV and SIV.
An Immunoblot Assay for Detection of Immunoglobulin M Antibody to Human Herpesvirus 6
Authors: LaCroix Steve , Stewart John A. , Thouless Margaret E. , Black Jodi B. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
We identified the human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)-dominant immunoglobulin M (IgM)-reactive virion protein as being the same 101-kDa protein (101K) previously identified as the major IgG immunoreactive protein and a specific serologic marker of HHV-6 infection. An immunoblot assay (IB) to detect HHV-6-specific IgM antibodies against the 101K protein in human serum samples was developed. The assay was validated by using acute- and convalescent-phase serum collected from children under 2 years of age in which we previously detected IgG seroconversion to the HHV-6 101K protein. Of 32 serum pairs which previously demonstrated IgG seroconversion to the 101K protein, 29 had IgM reactivity to the same protein in the acute-phase sample and the remaining 3 had reactivity in the convalescent-phase sample. We also detected HHV-6 IgM activity in sera collected from individuals ≥4 years of age who were also IgM seropositive to measles or rubella. Results of cross-adsorption studies using measles virus-, rubella virus-, and HHV-6-infected cells as the adsorbing antigen indicated no cross-reactivity between measles or rubella IgM and HHV-6 IgM in human serum samples. The IgM IB detected HHV-6-specific IgM antibody to the 101K protein in 78% (63 of 81) of tested acute-phase serum collected from young children with an undifferentiated rash illness by using a single serum dilution.
Inhibition of Human Peripheral Blood Neutrophil Respiratory Burst by Alcohol-Based Venipuncture Site Disinfection
Authors: Reinisch Norbert , Wiedermann Christian J. , Ricevuti Giovanni 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Ethanol inhibits the respiratory burst of neutrophils. Therefore, the effects of alcohol-based skin disinfection on oxygen metabolism in neutrophils were tested using 70% ethanol or an ethanol–isopropanol–
n
-propanol mixture. Neutrophil respiratory burst activity as assessed fluorometrically by oxidation of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate increased at 10 min after disinfection with 70% ethanol compared to the activity at 30 s. The increase was significant for triggering oxidative burst with formylpeptide but not with phorbol myristate acetate.
Multicenter Evaluation of a Rapid and Convenient Method for Determination of Cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin G Avidity
Authors: Baccard-Longere Monique , Freymuth Francois , Cointe Denis , Seigneurin Jean Marie , Grangeot-Keros Liliane 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
An easy, rapid, and reproducible test to distinguish residual cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies from antibodies produced in primary infection could be useful, especially for pregnant women. The CMV avidity of IgG antibodies with the VIDAS automated enzyme-linked fluorescent assay and 6 M urea was evaluated in a multicenter study to differentiate between primary CMV infections and past infections or reactivations. A total of 416 serum specimens were tested: 159 specimens were from follow-up of primary infections, and 257 were from past infections. All of the specimens from primary infections collected within 4 months (17 weeks) after the onset of the infection had an avidity index lower than 0.8. An avidity index higher than 0.8 excludes a recent primary infection of less than 4 months. However, an avidity index higher than 0.8 cannot confirm all past infections, since 48 specimens (18%) from past infections had an avidity index lower than 0.8 (between 0.5 and 0.8). The exclusion capacity could be improved (96.9%) by using a cutoff of 0.7, but this index would decrease the specificity of the technique, since the avidity index was found to be between 0.7 and 0.8 in two patients with recent primary infection. All specimens from primary infections obtained more than 4 months after the onset of infection had an avidity index more than 0.2. In this study, an avidity index less than 0.2 confirms the presence of a recent primary infection of less than 4 months. The VIDAS CMV IgG avidity test is a rapid, reproducible test with very good performance.
Cytokine Expression in the Mouse Brain in Response to Immune Activation by
Corynebacterium parvum
Authors: Sheng W. S. , Hu S. , Ding J. M. , Chao C. C. , Peterson P. K. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Cytokine expression in the brain has been suggested to mediate various sickness behaviors. Here we report that intraperitoneal injection of a
Corynebacterium parvum
antigen in C57BL/6 mice was followed by prolonged upregulation of cytokines in the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures in a time course that coincided with reduced spontaneous running activity.
Pathogenic Potential of Canine Parvovirus Types 2a and 2c in Domestic Cats
Authors: Nakamura Kazuya , Sakamoto Maki , Ikeda Yasuhiro , Sato Eiji , Kawakami Kazuo , Miyazawa Takayuki , Tohya Yukinobu , Takahashi Eiji , Mikami Takeshi , Mochizuki Masami 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
The in vivo pathogenicity of canine parvovirus (CPV) type 2c (strain V203) and of CPV type 2a (strain V154) against cats was investigated. Our results indicate that both types of CPV have the potential to induce disease in cats.
Reactivity of MEST-1 (Antigalactofuranose) with
Trypanosoma cruzi
Glycosylinositol Phosphorylceramides (GIPCs): Immunolocalization of GIPCs in Acidic Vesicles of Epimastigotes
Authors: Suzuki Erika , Mortara Renato A. , Takahashi Helio K. , Straus Anita H. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Using confocal microscopy, MEST-1-positive immunofluorescence was observed within various
Trypanosoma cruzi
forms, except in cell-derived trypomastigotes. Glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides were identified by thin-layer chromatography immunostaining as the antigens recognized by MEST-1 in these parasites. In epimastigotes, labeling of MEST-1 coincided with acidic vesicles, indicating an internal localization of these glycoconjugates.
Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7 Do Not Cross-React with Each Other, and Maternal Neutralizing Antibodies Contribute to Sequential Infection with These Viruses in Childhood
Authors: Yoshida Mariko , Torigoe Sadayoshi , Ikeue Kumiko , Yamada Masao 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and HHV-7 infections is very high throughout the world, and almost all people are exposed first to HHV-6 and second to HHV-7 in their childhood. However, it is not clear whether the neutralizing (NT) antibody response between each virus is cross-reactive or not. To elucidate the NT antibody response between each virus, 55 serum samples from an adult group (subjects 22 to 88 years old) and 60 serum samples from a young group (subjects 2 to 18 years old) were examined by a dot blot method for detecting viral late antigen. Thirty-nine serum samples obtained from cord bloods and a few serum samples obtained from pediatric patients with exanthem subitum were also examined to assess the maternal transferred NT antibodies against each virus. The NT antibody titers against HHV-7 in the adult group remained high throughout all the individuals, and none were negative. Those against HHV-6 were high values in the young group but low values, including negative values (three samples), in the adult group. These results suggested that the NT antibody response to either HHV-6 or HHV-7 in each individual was specific to each virus and did not cross-react with each other. In the adult group, the NT antibody response to HHV-6 decreased, while that to HHV-7 remained high throughout all the individuals. Maternal transferred NT antibody titers against HHV-7 were higher and remained longer after birth than those of HHV-6, and these findings were in accord with the clinical observation that HHV-6 infection usually occurs earlier than HHV-7 infection.
Ross River Virus Transmission, Infection, and Disease: a Cross-Disciplinary Review
Authors: Harley David , Sleigh Adrian , Ritchie Scott 
Published: July 2002

SUMMARYRoss River virus (RRV) is a fascinating, important arbovirus that is endemic and enzootic in Australia and Papua New Guinea and was epidemic in the South Pacific in 1979 and 1980. Infection with RRV may cause disease in humans, typically presenting as peripheral polyarthralgia or arthritis, sometimes with fever and rash. RRV disease notifications in Australia average 5,000 per year. The first well-described outbreak occurred in 1928. During World War II there were more outbreaks, and the name epidemic polyarthritis was applied. During a 1956 outbreak, epidemic polyarthritis was linked serologically to a group A arbovirus (Alphavirus). The virus was subsequently isolated from Aedes vigilax mosquitoes in 1963 and then from epidemic polyarthritis patients. We review the literature on the evolutionary biology of RRV, immune response to infection, pathogenesis, serologic diagnosis, disease manifestations, the extraordinary variety of vertebrate hosts, mosquito vectors, and transmission cycles, antibody prevalence, epidemiology of asymptomatic and symptomatic human infection, infection risks, and public health impact. RRV arthritis is due to joint infection, and treatment is currently based on empirical anti-inflammatory regimens. Further research on pathogenesis may improve understanding of the natural history of this disease and lead to new treatment strategies. The burden of morbidity is considerable, and the virus could spread to other countries. To justify and design preventive programs, we need accurate data on economic costs and better understanding of transmission and behavioral and environmental risks.
Campylobacter jejuniCytolethal Distending Toxin Mediates Release of Interleukin-8 from Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Hickey Thomas E. , McVeigh Annette L. , Scott Daniel A. , Michielutti Ronda E. , Bixby Alyssa , Carroll Shannon A. , Bourgeois A. Louis , Guerry Patricia 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTLive cells ofCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter colican induce release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) from INT407 cells. Additionally, membrane fractions ofC. jejuni81-176, but not membrane fractions ofC. colistrains, can also induce release of IL-8. Membrane preparations from 81-176 mutants defective in any of the three membrane-associated protein subunits of cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) were unable to induce IL-8. The presence of the threecdtgenes on a shuttle plasmid intransrestored both CDT activity and the ability to release IL-8 to membrane fractions. However, CDT mutations did not affect the ability of 81-176 to induce IL-8 during adherence to or invasion of INT407 cells. WhenC. jejuni cdtgenes were transferred on a shuttle plasmid into aC. colistrain lacking CDT, membrane preparations became positive in both CDT and IL-8 assays. Growth ofC. jejuniin physiological levels of sodium deoxycholate released all three CDT proteins, as well as CDT activity and IL-8 activity, from membranes into supernatants. Antibodies against recombinant forms of each of the three CDT subunit proteins neutralized both CDT activity and the activity responsible for IL-8 release. The data suggest thatC. jejunican induce IL-8 release from INT407 cells by two independent mechanisms, one of which requires adherence and/or invasion and the second of which requires CDT.
PersistentCryptococcus neoformansPulmonary Infection in the Rat Is Associated with Intracellular Parasitism, Decreased Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression, and Altered Antibody Responsiveness to Cryptococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Goldman David L. , Lee Sunhee C. , Mednick Aron J. , Montella Lya , Casadevall Arturo 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTFungal pathogens are notorious for causing chronic and latent infections, but the mechanism by which they evade the immune response is poorly understood. A major limitation in the study of chronic fungal infection has been the lack of suitable animal models where the infection is controlled and yet persists. PulmonaryCryptococcus neoformansinfection in rats results in a diffuse pneumonitis that resolves without dissemination or scarring except for the persistence of interstitial and subpleural granulomas that harbor viable cryptococci inside macrophages and epithelioid cells. Infected rats are asymptomatic but remain infected for as long as 18 months after inoculation withC. neoformans. Containment of infection is associated with granuloma formation that can be partially abrogated by glucocorticoid administration. Using this model, we identified several features associated with persistent infection in the rat lung, including (i) localization ofC. neoformansto discrete, well-organized granulomas; (ii) intracellular persistence ofC. neoformanswithin macrophages and epithelioid cells; (iii) reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by granulomas harboringC. neoformans; and (iv) reduced antibody responses to cryptococcal polysaccharide. The results show that maintenance of persistent infection is associated with downregulation of both cellular and humoral immune responses.
Lack of a Role of Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 Toxin fromEscherichia coliin Bacterial Pathogenicity and Host Cytokine Response in Infected Germfree Piglets
Authors: Fournout S. , Dozois C. M. , Odin M. , Desautels C. , Pérès S. , Hérault F. , Daigle F. , Segafredo C. , Laffitte J. , Oswald E. , Fairbrother J. M. , Oswald I. P. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTSomeEscherichia colistrains isolated from intestinal or extraintestinal infections in pigs produce cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1). In order to analyze the role of CNF1 in the pathogenesis of porcine colibacillosis, newborn colostrum-deprived germfree piglets were orally inoculated with a wild-type CNF1-producing strain (M623) or with an isogeniccnf1mutant (M623ΔCNF1). The two isogenic strains induced a high mortality with similar lung and serosal inflammatory lesions, indicating that both strains were pathogenic in these piglets. Bacterial counts in various organs of inoculated piglets revealed an intestinal predisposition of M623 and M623ΔCNF1 strains for the cecum and colon. Extraintestinal organs (lungs, liver, spleen, and kidney) were also colonized by both strains. Similar colonization of intestinal and extraintestinal tissues in animals inoculated with either strain was observed, except in the ileum, where M623 showed a higher colonization than M623ΔCNF1. Intestinal (ileum and colon), extraintestinal (lung and kidney), and immune (mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen) tissues were sampled at 1 day postinoculation and analyzed for cytokine expression by a reverse transcriptase PCR technique. Inoculation withE. coliM623 induced an enhanced expression of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1α [IL-1α], tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-12p40) in the intestinal organs compared to uninoculated piglets or piglets inoculated with nonpathogenic intestinalE. coli862B, which is also able to colonize the intestinal tract. There was little difference in cytokine transcript levels in the intestinal and extraintestinal organs in piglets inoculated withE. colistrains M623 or M623ΔCNF1, except in the ileum, where IL-1α and IL-8 mRNA levels correlated with bacterial colonization. Expression of regulatory cytokines (gamma interferon and IL-4) was weak in immune tissues from piglets inoculated with M623 or M623ΔCNF1. Taken together, our data indicate that the CNF1-producing strain, M623, is pathogenic and induces inflammatory cytokine expression in germfree, colostrum-deprived piglets. Nevertheless, in this model, the CNF1 toxin does not appear to be a major factor for pathogenicity or cytokine response, as demonstrated by the use of an isogeniccnf1mutant.
Transient Loss of Resistance to Pulmonary Tuberculosis in p47phox−/−Mice
Authors: Cooper Andrea M. , Segal Brahm H. , Frank Anthony A. , Holland Steven M. , Orme Ian M. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTMycobacterium tuberculosisis an important respiratory pathogen the growth of which is controlled primarily by cytokine-activated macrophages. One of the principal mediators of this control is nitric oxide; however, superoxide has recently been shown to be protective in systemic mycobacterial infections. To determine whether superoxide is important in controllingM. tuberculosisduring primary pulmonary infection, mice lacking the cytosolic p47phoxgene (which is essential for effective superoxide production by the NADPH oxidase) were infected aerogenically. The lack of superoxide during an aerosol infection withM. tuberculosisresulted in a significant increase in bacterial growth over the early period of infection. Once antigen-specific gamma interferon-producing lymphocytes were detected in the draining lymph nodes, however, bacterial growth in the lung stopped. One interesting consequence of the lack of superoxide was an increase in neutrophilic infiltrates within the granuloma. This may be a consequence of increased tissue damage due to more rapid bacterial growth or may reflect a role for superoxide in controlling inflammation.
Identification of a
Haemophilus influenzae
5′-Nucleotidase Protein: Cloning of the
nucA
Gene and Immunogenicity and Characterization of the NucA Protein
Authors: Zagursky Robert J. , Ooi Peggy , Jones Kevin F. , Fiske Michael J. , Smith Robert P. , Green Bruce A. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

We report on the identification of a surface-exposed, highly conserved, immunogenic nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
(NTHi) protein, which elicits cross-reactive bactericidal antibodies against NTHi. The protein was extracted from NTHi strain P860295 with KSCN and purified; it migrated as a single band on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel with an apparent molecular mass of 63 kDa. Mouse antiserum generated against the purified protein was reactive on whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with seven NTHi strains and type b Eagan and Whittier strains and exhibited bactericidal activity to homologous and heterologous NTHi strains. However, the protein is made in small amounts in NTHi as corroborated by immunoelectron microscopy. To further study this protein, we cloned, sequenced, and expressed it recombinantly in
Escherichia coli
. The recombinant protein is localized in the periplasm of
E. coli
and has been purified to homogeneity. Both the recombinant and native proteins possess 5′-nucleotidase activity; hence, the protein has been called NucA. Mouse antiserum directed against the recombinant NucA protein was reactive on Western immunoblots and whole-cell ELISA with all
H. influenzae
strains tested including Eagan and was bactericidal for two heterologous strains tested. The antiserum also resulted in a log reduction in bacteremia, in an infant-rat protection study with
H. influenzae
type b as the challenge strain. These features suggest that NucA is a potential subunit vaccine candidate against NTHi disease.
Interaction ofSalmonella entericaSerotype Typhimurium with Dendritic Cells Is Defined by Targeting to Compartments Lacking Lysosomal Membrane Glycoproteins
Authors: García-Del Portillo Francisco , Jungnitz Heidrun , Rohde Manfred , Guzmán Carlos A. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTDendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the generation of acquired immunity to infections by pathogenic microorganisms.Salmonella entericaserotype Typhimurium is known to survive and proliferate intracellularly within macrophages and nonphagocytic cells, but no data exist on how this pathogen interacts with DCs. In this report, we show the capacity of serotype Typhimurium to survive within the established mouse DC line CB1. In contrast to the case for the macrophage model, the compartments of DCs containing serotype Typhimurium are devoid of lysosomal membrane glycoproteins and the PhoPQ two-component regulatory system is not essential for pathogen intracellular survival.