bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL-12p35-Deficient Mice Are Susceptible to Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Evidence for Redundancy in the IL-12 System in the Induction of Central Nervous System Autoimmune Demyelination
Authors: Gran Bruno , Zhang Guang-Xian , Yu Shuo , Li Jifen , Chen Xiao-Han , Ventura Elvira S. , Kamoun Malek , Rostami Abdolmohamad 
Published: April 2014

AbstractExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) serves as a model for multiple sclerosis and is considered a CD4+, Th1 cell-mediated autoimmune disease. IL-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine, composed of a p40 and a p35 subunit, which is thought to play an important role in the development of Th1 cells and can exacerbate EAE. We induced EAE with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35–55 (MOG35–55) in C57BL/6 mice and found that while IL-12p40-deficient (−/−) mice are resistant to EAE, IL-12p35−/− mice are susceptible. Typical spinal cord mononuclear cell infiltration and demyelination were observed in wild-type and IL-12p35−/− mice, whereas IL-12p40−/− mice had normal spinal cords. A Th1-type response to MOG35–55 was observed in the draining lymph node and the spleen of wild-type mice. A weaker MOG35–55-specific Th1 response was observed in IL-12p35−/− mice, with lower production of IFN-γ. By contrast, a Th2-type response to MOG35–55 correlated with disease resistance in IL-12p40−/− mice. Production of TNF-α by microglia, CNS-infiltrating macrophages, and CD4+ T cells was detected in wild-type and IL-12p35−/−, but not in IL-12p40−/−, mice. In addition, NO production was higher in IL-12p35−/− and wild-type mice than in IL-12p40−/− mice. These data demonstrate a redundancy of the IL-12 system in the induction of EAE and suggest that p40-related heterodimers, such as the recently cloned IL-23 (p40p19), may play an important role in disease pathogenesis.
Critical Requirement for Professional APCs in Eliciting T Cell Responses to Novel Fragments of Histidyl-tRNA Synthetase (Jo-1) in Jo-1 Antibody-Positive Polymyositis
Authors: Ascherman Dana P. , Oriss Timothy B. , Oddis Chester V. , Wright Timothy M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Polymyositis (PM) is an autoimmune muscle disease characterized by oligoclonal T cell infiltrates mediating myocytotoxicity. Although antigenic triggers for this process remain undefined, clinically homogeneous subsets of PM patients are characterized by autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic Ags that include histidyl-tRNA synthetase (Jo-1). Available evidence suggests that formation of anti-Jo-1 autoantibodies is Ag-driven and therefore dependent on CD4+ T cells that may also direct cytolytic CD8+ T cells involved in myocyte destruction. To assess peripheral blood T cell responses to Jo-1, we first subcloned full-length human Jo-1 as well as novel fragments of Jo-1 into the maltose-binding protein expression vector pMALc2. Expressed proteins were then used in standard proliferation assays with either PBMC or autologous DCs as sources of APCs. Although PBMC-derived APCs and DCs both supported peripheral blood T cell proliferation when primed with full-length human Jo-1, only DCs promoted proliferative responses to a unique amino-terminal fragment of Jo-1. mAb blockade of different HLA Ags revealed that these responses were MHC class II dependent. Therefore, for the first time, these studies demonstrate anti-Jo-1 T cell responses in Jo-1 Ab-positive PM patients as well as in healthy control subjects. More importantly, this work underscores the critical importance of APC type in dictating T cell responses to a novel antigenic fragment of Jo-1.
Overlapping Roles of P-Selectin and α4 Integrin to Recruit Leukocytes to the Central Nervous System in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Kerfoot Steven M. , Kubes Paul 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is mediated by inflammatory cells recruited from the circulation to the CNS. We used intravital microscopy to investigate the mechanisms of this recruitment. No leukocyte rolling and very little adhesion was observed in healthy control mice. In contrast, both rolling and adhesion was observed in brain postcapillary venules before onset of physical symptoms of EAE. Rolling and adhesion remained elevated for 2 wk and returned to near normal levels by 5 wk postsymptom onset. Consistent with a role for P-selectin in recruitment to the CNS, P-selectin protein was detected in the brains and spinal cords of EAE mice. Expression was highest before symptom onset and decreased over the next 2 wk. The importance of α4 integrin increased with time as anti-α4 integrin blocked ∼20, 50, and 60% of leukocyte rolling 2 days before disease onset, 5 days and 2 wk postonset of symptoms, respectively, and 85% of rolling 5 wk postsymptoms. Addition of anti-P-selectin to α4 integrin Ab-treated mice blocked all remaining rolling at each time point. Interestingly, however, α4 integrin-mediated rolling appeared to be entirely dependent on P-selectin as anti-P-selectin alone was able to completely block all leukocyte rolling. In the absence of rolling (with P-selectin Ab), a 70% reduction in adhesion was noted. A very similar reduction was seen when mice were treated with α4 integrin-blocking Ab. In conclusion, we describe increased leukocyte trafficking in the brains of EAE mice with important overlapping roles for both P-selectin and α4 integrin in mediating leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions.
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM)-1, But Not ICAM-2, Activates RhoA and Stimulates c-fos and rhoA Transcription in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Thompson Paul W. , Randi Anna M. , Ridley Anne J. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
ICAM-1 and -2 are integrin-binding Ig superfamily adhesion molecules that are important for leukocyte transmigration across endothelial monolayers. ICAM-1 cross-linking is known to activate the small GTPase RhoA and induce stress fiber formation in endothelial cells, but ICAM-2 signaling has not been investigated. In this study, we compare ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 signaling and localization in HUVECs. Although ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 both localize with the actin-binding protein moesin in apical microvilli, only ICAM-1 colocalizes with moesin after cross-linking. Unlike ICAM-1, ICAM-2 does not activate RhoA or alter actin cytoskeletal organization. Interestingly, ICAM-1 stimulates transcription of c-fos, a known early response gene. In addition, it up-regulates rhoA expression, suggesting that it activates a positive feedback pathway after RhoA activation. These results indicate that in endothelial cells, ICAM-1, but not ICAM-2, rapidly stimulates signaling responses involving RhoA.
Mast Cell Chymase Modifies Cell-Matrix Interactions and Inhibits Mitogen-Induced Proliferation of Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Lazaar Aili L. , Plotnick Michael I. , Kucich Umberto , Crichton Irene , Lotfi Shidan , Das Susan K. P. , Kane Sibyl , Rosenbloom Joel , Panettieri Reynold A. , Schechter Norman M. , Puré Ellen 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The hallmarks of chronic, severe asthma include prominent airway inflammation and airway smooth muscle (ASM) hypertrophy and hyperplasia. One of the factors that contribute to the injury and repair process within the airway is activation of proteases and turnover of extracellular matrix components. Mast cells, which are present in increased numbers in the asthmatic airway, are a rich source of the neutral protease chymase, which can degrade several basement membrane components. Recent data suggest that proteases also play a critical role in regulating the expression of CD44, the primary receptor for the matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan. In this study we investigated the effects of chymase treatment on human ASM cell function. We found that chymase degraded the smooth muscle cell pericellular matrix. This was accompanied by an increased release of fibronectin and soluble CD44, but not soluble ICAM-1 or soluble hyaluronan, into the conditioned medium. In addition, chymase inhibited T cell adhesion to ASM and dramatically reduced epidermal growth factor-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation. These data suggest that the local release of mast cell chymase may have profound effects on ASM cell function and airway remodeling.
Eosinophils Express Functional IL-13 in Eosinophilic Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: Schmid-Grendelmeier Peter , Altznauer Frank , Fischer Barbra , Bizer Christian , Straumann Alex , Menz Günter , Blaser Kurt , Wüthrich Brunello , Simon Hans-Uwe 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIL-13 is an immunoregulatory and effector cytokine in allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma. A variety of immune and non-immune cells are known as IL-13 producers. In this study we investigated whether and under what conditions human eosinophils generate IL-13. Freshly isolated highly purified peripheral blood eosinophils from patients with several eosinophilic inflammatory diseases and from normal control individuals were investigated. We observed that blood eosinophils from patients suffering from bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, parasitic infections, hypereosinophilic syndrome, and idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis expressed IL-13, as assessed by ELISA, ELISPOT assay, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry. By using nasal polyp tissues and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated IL-13 expression in eosinophils under in vivo conditions. In contrast, blood eosinophils from control individuals as well as blood neutrophils from both eosinophilic and control patients did not produce detectable IL-13 levels. However, when blood eosinophils from control individuals were stimulated with GM-CSF or IL-5 in vitro, they generated IL-13 mRNA and protein, suggesting that IL-13 expression by eosinophils under inflammatory conditions is a cytokine-driven process. Stimulation of blood eosinophils containing IL-13 by eotaxin resulted in a rapid release of this cytokine. Eosinophil-derived IL-13 was functional, as it increased the surface expression of the low affinity IgE receptor (CD23) on purified B cells. In conclusion, human eosinophils are able to produce and release functional IL-13 in eosinophilic inflammatory responses.
Autocrine Production of IFN-γ by Macrophages Controls Their Recruitment to Kidney and the Development of Glomerulonephritis in MRL/lpr Mice
Authors: Carvalho-Pinto Carla E. , García María I. , Mellado Mario , Rodríguez-Frade J. Miguel , Martín-Caballero Juan , Flores Juana , Martínez-A Carlos , Balomenos Dimitrios 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Anti-DNA autoantibody production is a key factor in lupus erythematosus development; nonetheless, the link between glomerular anti-DNA autoantibody deposition and glomerulonephritis development is not understood. To study the inflammatory and destructive processes in kidney, we used IFN-γ+/− MRL/lpr mice which produce high anti-DNA Ab levels but are protected from kidney disease. The results showed that defective macrophage recruitment to IFN-γ+/− mouse kidney was not caused by decreased levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, a chemokine that controls macrophage migration to MRL/lpr mouse kidney. To determine which IFN-γ-producing cell type orchestrates the inflammation pathway in kidney, we transferred IFN-γ+/+ monocyte/macrophages or T cells to IFN-γ−/− mice, which do not develop anti-DNA autoantibodies. The data demonstrate that IFN-γ production by infiltrating macrophages, and not by T cells, is responsible for adhesion molecule up-regulation, macrophage accumulation, and inflammation in kidney, even in the absence of autoantibody deposits. Therefore, in addition to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage-produced IFN-γ controls macrophage migration to kidney; the degree of IFN-γ production by macrophages also regulates glomerulonephritis development. Our findings establish the level of IFN-γ secretion by macrophages as a link between anti-DNA autoantibody deposition and glomerulonephritis development, outline the pathway of the inflammatory process, and suggest potential treatment for disease even after autoantibody development.
Characterization of Autoreactive T Cells to the Autoantigens Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A2 (RA33) and Filaggrin in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Fritsch Ruth , Eselböck Daniela , Skriner Karl , Jahn-Schmid Beatrice , Scheinecker Clemens , Bohle Barbara , Tohidast-Akrad Makiyeh , Hayer Silvia , Neumüller Josef , Pinol-Roma Serafin , Smolen Josef S. , Steiner Günter 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The role of autoimmune reactions in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is poorly understood. To address this issue we have investigated the spontaneous T cell response to two well-characterized humoral autoantigens in RA patients and controls: 1) the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2, i.e., the RA33 Ag (A2/RA33), and 2) filaggrin in unmodified and citrullinated forms. In stimulation assays A2/RA33 induced proliferative responses in PBMC of almost 60% of the RA patients but in only 20% of the controls (patients with osteoarthritis or psoriatic arthritis and healthy individuals), with substantially stronger responses in RA patients (p &lt; 0.00002). Furthermore, synovial T cells of seven RA patients investigated were also clearly responsive. In contrast, responses to filaggrin were rarely observed and did not differ between RA patients and controls. Analysis of A2/RA33-induced cytokine secretion revealed high IFN-γ and low IL-4 production in both RA and control PBMC, whereas IL-2 production was mainly observed in RA PBMC (p &lt; 0.03). Moreover, A2/RA33-specific T cell clones from RA patients showed a strong Th1 phenotype and secreted higher amounts of IFN-γ than Th1 clones from controls (p &lt; 0.04). Inhibition experiments performed with mAbs against MHC class II molecules showed A2/RA33-induced T cell responses to be largely HLA-DR restricted. Finally, immunohistochemical analyses revealed pronounced overexpression of A2/RA33 in synovial tissue of RA patients. Taken together, the presence of autoreactive Th1-like cells in RA patients in conjunction with synovial overexpression of A2/RA33 may indicate potential involvement of this autoantigen in the pathogenesis of RA.
Persistent Mitochondrial Hyperpolarization, Increased Reactive Oxygen Intermediate Production, and Cytoplasmic Alkalinization Characterize Altered IL-10 Signaling in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Gergely Peter , Niland Brian , Gonchoroff Nick , Pullmann Rudolf , Phillips Paul E. , Perl Andras 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Abnormal death signaling in lymphocytes of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients has been associated with elevation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm) and increased production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI). The resultant ATP depletion sensitizes T cells for necrosis that may significantly contribute to inflammation in patients with SLE. In the present study, the role of mitochondrial signal processing in T cell activation was investigated. CD3/CD28 costimulation of PBL elicited transient mitochondrial hyperpolarization and intracellular pH (pHi) elevation, followed by increased ROI production. Baseline Δψm, ROI production, and pHi were elevated, while T cell activation-induced changes were blunted in 15 patients with SLE in comparison with 10 healthy donors and 10 rheumatoid arthritis patients. Similar to CD3/CD28 costimulation, treatment of control PBL with IL-3, IL-10, TGF-β1, and IFN-γ led to transient Δψm elevation. IL-10 had diametrically opposing effects on mitochondrial signaling in lupus and control donors. Unlike healthy or rheumatoid arthritis PBL, cells of lupus patients were resistant to IL-10-induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization. By contrast, IL-10 enhanced ROI production and cell death in lupus PBL without affecting ROI levels and survival of control PBL. Ab-mediated IL-10 blockade or stimulation with antagonistic lymphokine IL-12 normalized baseline and CD3/CD28-induced changes in ROI production and pHi with no impact on Δψm of lupus PBL. The results suggest that mitochondrial hyperpolarization, increased ROI production, and cytoplasmic alkalinization play crucial roles in altered IL-10 responsiveness in SLE.
Large Scale Identification of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Associated Antigens by Autoantibodies
Authors: Wang Yu , Han Ke-Jun , Pang Xue-Wen , Vaughan Hilary A. , Qu Wei , Dong Xue-Yuan , Peng Ji-Run , Zhao Hai-Tao , Rui Jing-An , Leng Xi-Sheng , Cebon Jonathan , Burgess Antony W. , Chen Wei-Feng 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Autoantibodies are often detected in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and these responses may represent recognition of tumor Ags that are associated with transformation events. The identities of these Ags, however, are less well known. Using serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries (SEREX) from four HCC patients, we identified 55 independent cDNA sequences potentially encoding HCC tumor Ags. Of these genes, 15 are novel. Two such proteins, HCA587 and HCA661, were predominantly detected in testis, but not in other normal tissues, except for a weak expression in normal pancreas. In addition to HCC, these two Ags can be found in cancers of other histological types. Therefore, they can be categorized as cancer-testis (CT) Ags. Two other Ags (HCA519 and HCA90) were highly overexpressed in HCC and also expressed in cancer cell lines of lung, prostate, and pancreas, but not in the respective normal tissues. Four other Ags were identified to be expressed in particular types of cancer cell lines (HCA520 in an ovarian cancer cell line, HCA59 and HCA67 in a colon cancer cell line, HCA58 in colon and ovarian cancer cell lines), but not in the normal tissue counterpart(s). In addition, abundant expression of complement inactivation factors was found in HCC. These results indicate a broad range expression of autoantigens in HCC patients. Our findings open an avenue for the study of autoantigens in the transformation, metastasis, and immune evasion in HCC.
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells by Macrophages Induces Novel Signaling Events Leading to Cytokine-Independent Survival and Inhibition of Proliferation: Activation of Akt and Inhibition of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1 and 2
Authors: Reddy Suman M. , Hsiao K.-H. Kevin , Abernethy Vivian Elizabeth , Fan Hanli , Longacre Angelika , Lieberthal Wilfred , Rauch Joyce , Koh Jason S. , Levine Jerrold S. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells, initially thought to be a silent event, can modulate macrophage (Mφ) function. We show in this work that phagocytic uptake of apoptotic cells or bodies, in the absence of serum or soluble survival factors, inhibits apoptosis and maintains viability of primary cultures of murine peritoneal and bone marrow Mφ with a potency approaching that of serum-supplemented medium. Apoptotic uptake also profoundly inhibits the proliferation of bone marrow Mφ stimulated to proliferate by M-CSF. While inhibition of proliferation is an unusual property for survival factors, the combination of increased survival and decreased proliferation may aid the Mφ in its role as a scavenger during resolution of inflammation. The ability of apoptotic cells to promote survival and inhibit proliferation appears to be the result of simultaneous activation of Akt and inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2). While several activators of the innate immune system, or danger signals, also inhibit apoptosis and proliferation, danger signals and necrotic cells differ from apoptotic cells in that they activate, rather than inhibit, ERK1/2. These signaling differences may underlie the opposing tendencies of apoptotic cells and danger signals in promoting tolerance vs immunity.
Tumor-Infiltrating CD4+ T Lymphocytes Express APO2 Ligand (APO2L)/TRAIL upon Specific Stimulation with Autologous Lung Carcinoma Cells: Role of IFN-α on APO2L/TRAIL Expression and -Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: Dorothée Guillaume , Vergnon Isabelle , Menez Jeanne , Echchakir Hamid , Grunenwald Dominique , Kubin Marek , Chouaib Salem , Mami-Chouaib Fathia 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In the present report, we have investigated TRAIL/APO2 ligand (APO2L) expression, regulation, and function in human lung carcinoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Using a panel of non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines, we first showed that most of them expressed TRAIL-R1/DR4, TRAIL-R2/DR5, but not TRAIL-R3/DcR1 and TRAIL-R4/DcR2, and were susceptible to APO2L/TRAIL-induced cell death. Two APO2L/TRAIL-sensitive tumor cell lines (MHC class I+/II+ or I+/II−) were selected and specific CD4+ HLA-DR- or CD8+ HLA-A2-restricted CTL clones were respectively isolated from autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Interestingly, although the established T cell clones did not constitutively express detectable levels of APO2L/TRAIL, engagement of their TCR via activation with specific tumor cells selectively induced profound APO2L/TRAIL expression on the CD4+, but not on the CD8+, CTL clones. Furthermore, as opposed to the CD8+ CTL clone which mainly used granule exocytosis pathway, the CD4+ CTL clone lysed the specific target via both perforin/granzymes and APO2L/TRAIL-mediated mechanisms. The latter cytotoxicity correlated with APO2L/TRAIL expression and was significantly enhanced in the presence of IFN-α. More interestingly, in vivo studies performed in SCID/nonobese diabetic mice transplanted with autologous tumor and transferred with the specific CD4+ CTL clone in combination with IFN-α resulted in an important APO2L/TRAIL-mediated tumor growth inhibition, which was prohibited by soluble TRAIL-R2. Our findings suggest that APO2L/TRAIL, specifically induced by autologous tumor and up-regulated by IFN-α, may be a key mediator of tumor-specific CD4+ CTL-mediated cell death and point to a potent role of this T cell subset in tumor growth control.
IFN-β Pretreatment Sensitizes Human Melanoma Cells to TRAIL/Apo2 Ligand-Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Chawla-Sarkar Mamta , Leaman Douglas W. , Jacobs Barbara S. , Borden Ernest C. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
All human melanoma cell lines (assessed by annexin V and TUNEL assays) were resistant to apoptosis induction by TRAIL/Apo2L protein. TRAIL/Apo2L activated caspase-8 and caspase-3, but subsequent apoptotic events such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and DNA fragmentation were not observed. To probe the molecular mechanisms of cellular resistance to apoptosis, melanoma cell lines were analyzed for expression of apoptosis regulators (apoptotic protease-associated factor-1, FLIP, caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-3, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis, Bcl-2, or Bax); no correlation was observed. TRAIL/Apo2L was induced in melanoma cell lines by IFN-β and had been correlated with apoptosis induction. Because IFN-β induced other gene products that have been associated with apoptosis, it was postulated that one or more IFN-stimulated genes might sensitize cells to TRAIL/Apo2L. Melanoma cell lines were treated with IFN-β for 16–24 h before treatment with TRAIL/Apo2L. Regardless of their sensitivity to either cytokine alone, &gt;30% of cells underwent apoptosis in response to the combined treatment. Induction of apoptosis by IFN-β and TRAIL/Apo2L in combination correlated with synergistic activation of caspase-9, a decrease in mitochondrial potential, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Cleavage of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis following IFN-β and TRAIL/Apo2L treatment was observed in sensitive WM9, A375, or WM3211 cells but not in resistant WM35 or WM164 cells. Thus, in vitro IFN-β and TRAIL/Apo2L combination treatment had more potent apoptotic and anti-growth effects when compared with either cytokine alone in melanoma cells lines.