bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Network analysis in the identification of special mechanisms between small cell lung cancer and non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhang Weisan , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Mingpeng , Zhang Yun , Li Fengtan , Lei Ping 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundTo explore the similar and different pathogenesis between non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).MethodsThis study used bioinformatics methods, including functional enrichment analysis, compared the topological features of SCLC and NSCLC in the human protein interaction network in a system aspect, and analyzed the highly intense modules from an integrated network.ResultsThis study included 5082 and 2781 significantly different expression genes for NSCLC and SCLC, respectively. The differently expressed genes of NSCLC are mainly distributed in the extracellular region and synapse. By contrast, the genes of SCLC are located in the organelle, macromolecular complex, membrane‐enclosed lumen, cell part, envelope, and synapse. Compared with SCLC, the differently expressed genes of NSCLC act in the biological regulation, multicellular organismal process, and viral reproduction and locomotion, which show that NSCLC is more likely to cause a wide range of cancer cell proliferation and virus infection than SCLC. The network topological properties of SCLC and NSCLC are similar, except the average shortest path length, which indicates that most of the genes of the two lung cancers play a similar function in the entire body. The commonly expressed genes show that all of the genes in the module may also cause NSCLC and SCLC, simultaneously.ConclusionsThe proteins in module will involve the same or similar biological functions and the interactions among them induce the occurrence of lung cancer. Moreover, a potential biomarker of SCLC is the interaction between APIP and apoptotic protease activating factor (APAF)1, which share a common module.
Preattentive dysfunction in patients with bipolar disorder as revealed by the pitch‐mismatch negativity: a magnetoencephalography (MEG) study
Authors: Shimano Satomi , Onitsuka Toshiaki , Oribe Naoya , Maekawa Toshihiko , Tsuchimoto Rikako , Hirano Shogo , Ueno Takefumi , Hirano Yoji , Miura Tomofumi , Kanba Shigenobu 
Published: May 2014

ObjectivesMismatch negativity (MMN) and its magnetic counterpart (MMNm) are thought to reflect an automatic process that detects a difference between an incoming stimulus and the sensory memory trace of preceding stimuli. In patients with schizophrenia, an attenuation of the MMN/MMNm amplitude has been repeatedly reported. Heschl's gyrus (HG) is one of the major generators of MMN and the functional alteration of HG has been reported in patients with bipolar disorder. The present study investigated the pitch‐MMNm in patients with bipolar disorder using whole‐head 306‐ch magnetoencephalography (MEG).MethodsTwenty‐two patients and 22 healthy controls participated in this study. Subjects were presented with two types of auditory stimulus sequences. One consisted of 1,000 Hz standards (probability = 90%) and 1,200 Hz deviants (probability = 10%), and the other consisted of 1,000 Hz standards (90%) and 1,200 Hz deviants (10%). These two tasks were each performed twice. Event‐related brain responses to standard tones were subtracted from responses to deviant tones.ResultsPatients with bipolar disorder showed a significant bilateral reduction in magnetic global field power (mGFP) amplitudes (p = 0.02) and dipole moments of the MMNm (p = 0.04) compared with healthy controls. Patients with admission experience showed significantly reduced mGFP amplitudes of MMNm compared with patients without admission experience (p = 0.004). Additionally, patients with more severe manic symptoms had smaller mGFP amplitudes of MMNm (ρ = −0.50, p = 0.05).ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that patients with bipolar disorder may exhibit preattentive auditory dysfunction indexed by reduced pitch‐MMNm responses. Pitch‐MMNm could be a potential trait marker reflecting the global severity of bipolar disorder.
The Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Interview and Scale–Prospective (BPSS‐P): description and validation in a psychiatric sample and healthy controls
Authors: Correll Christoph U , Olvet Doreen M , Auther Andrea M , Hauser Marta , Kishimoto Taishiro , Carrión Ricardo E , Snyder Stephanie , Cornblatt Barbara A 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Interview and Scale–Prospective (BPSS‐P), the first specific interview for emerging bipolar disorder (BD) symptoms.MethodsA total of 205 youth aged 12–23 years and/or their caregivers underwent BPSS‐P interviews: 129 patients with mood spectrum disorders [depression spectrum disorder (n = 77), mood disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) (n = 27), BD‐NOS (n = 14), bipolar I disorder (BD‐I)/bipolar II disorder (BD‐II)/cyclothymia (n = 11), 34 with non‐mood spectrum disorders, and 42 healthy controls (HCs)]. We used Cronbach's α to assess internal consistency; intra‐class correlation (ICC) for inter‐rater reliability; Spearman's rho for convergent validity with the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), General Behavior Inventory–10‐item Mania Form (GBI‐M‐10), and Cyclothymic–Hypersensitive Temperament (CHT) scale; and analysis of variance for discriminatory power between diagnostic groups.ResultsInternal consistency was good to very good for the BPSS‐P Mania (Cronbach's α = 0.87), Depression (Cronbach's α = 0.89), and General Symptom indices (Cronbach's α = 0.74). Inter‐rater reliability was high for the BPSS‐P Total score (ICC = 0.939), and BPSS‐P Mania (ICC = 0.934), Depression (ICC = 0.985), and General (ICC = 0.981) indices. Convergent validity was large (ρ ≥ 0.50) between the BPSS‐P Mania Index and YMRS, GBI‐M‐10, and CHT; BPSS‐P Depression Index and Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and CHT; and BPSS‐P General Index and GBI‐M‐10 and CHT. Expectedly, convergent validity was small (ρ = 0.10 to < 0.30) between the BPSS‐P Mania Index and MADRS, and BPSS‐P Depression Index and YMRS. Furthermore, the BPSS‐P and its subscales discriminated each patient group from HCs and from non‐mood spectrum patients (except for the BPSS‐P General Index). Moreover, the BPSS‐P Total score discriminated BD‐I/BD‐II/cyclothymia from depression spectrum patients, and the BPSS‐Mania Index differentiated all three bipolar spectrum groups from depression spectrum patients.ConclusionsThe BPSS‐P has good to excellent psychometric properties. Its use across multiple settings and predictive validity requires further investigation.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPORT STATUS AND PRODUCTIVITY IN SERVICES: A FIRM‐LEVEL ANALYSIS FOR SPAIN
Authors: Minondo Asier 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the relationship between export status and productivity in a major service exporter, Spain, during 2001–07. I find that exporters in the services sector are 45 percent more productive than non‐exporters. This productivity premium is larger for firms that supply non‐internet‐related services than for firms that supply internet‐related services. The results show that exporters were more productive than non‐exporters before beginning to export, and also that exporting increases productivity growth; however, this positive shock vanishes quickly.
WHO WANTS PATERNALISM?
Authors: Pedersen Sofie Kragh , Koch Alexander K. , Nafziger Julia 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTLittle is known about the demand side of paternalism. We investigate attitudes towards paternalism among Danish students. The main question is whether demand for paternalism is related to self‐control, either because people with self‐control problems seek commitment devices to overcome these problems, or because people with good self‐control want those who lack it to change their behaviours. We find no evidence linking self‐control to attitudes towards weak forms of paternalism (e.g., nudges or information about health consequences). But respondents with good self‐control are significantly more favourable towards strong paternalism (e.g., restricting choices or sin taxes) than those struggling with self‐control.
Antifungal treatment in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with and without cystic fibrosis: a systematic review
Authors: Moreira A. S. , Silva D. , Ferreira A. Reis , Delgado L. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryAllergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a rare disease that affects patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis. Its debilitating course has led to the search for new treatments, including antifungals and monoclonal antibodies. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of antifungal treatments in patients with ABPA and either asthma or cystic fibrosis, we performed a systematic review of the literature on the effects of antifungal agents in ABPA using three biomedical databases. Quality assessment was performed using the GRADE methodology and, where appropriate, studies with comparable outcomes were pooled for meta‐analysis. Thirty‐eight studies – four randomized controlled trials and 34 observational studies – met the eligibility criteria. The antifungal interventions described were itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, ketoconazole, natamycin, nystatin and amphotericin B. An improvement in symptoms, frequency of exacerbations and lung function was reported in most of the studies and was more common with oral azoles. Antifungals also had a positive impact on biomarkers and radiological pulmonary infiltrates, but adverse effects were also common. The quality of the evidence supporting these results was low or very low due to a shortage of controlled studies, heterogeneity between studies and potential bias. Antifungal interventions in ABPA improved patient and disease outcomes in both asthma and cystic fibrosis. However, the recommendation for their use is weak and clinicians should therefore weigh up desirable and undesirable effects on a case‐by‐case basis. More studies with a better methodology are needed, especially in cystic fibrosis, to increase confidence in the effects of antifungal treatments in ABPA.
Maternal body mass index in early pregnancy and offspring asthma, rhinitis and eczema up to 16 years of age
Authors: Ekström S. , Magnusson J. , Kull I. , Lind T. , Almqvist C. , Melén E. , Bergström A. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryBackgroundMaternal obesity has been linked to offspring asthma; however, other allergy‐related diseases, as well as the association beyond early school age, are largely unstudied.ObjectiveTo examine the associations between maternal body mass index (BMI) in pregnancy and offspring asthma, rhinitis, eczema and sensitization up to 16 years of age.MethodsA total of 3294 children from the Swedish birth cohort BAMSE were included in the analyses. Maternal BMI was assessed around week 10 in pregnancy. Information on asthma, rhinitis, eczema, lifestyle factors and environmental exposures was obtained by parental questionnaires at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 years. Sensitization was defined from IgE levels of inhalant allergens at 4, 8 and 16 years in a subsample of 2850 children. Generalized estimated equation models were used to analyse the associations between maternal BMI and the outcomes at 1–16 years.ResultsMaternal BMI was positively associated with overall risk of asthma up to age of 16 years (adj OR per 5 kg/m2 increase: 1.23; 95% CI 1.07–1.40 for prevalent asthma) excluding underweight mothers. In contrast, no significant associations were found for rhinitis, eczema or sensitization. The association with asthma was restricted to obese, rather than overweight mothers, but was attenuated when adjusting for overweight in the offspring. A causal inference test at 16 years further indicated that the child's own overweight is a mediator in the suggested association between maternal BMI and offspring asthma at 16 years.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceMaternal BMI is associated with an increased risk of asthma, but not rhinitis, eczema or sensitization; however, overweight in the offspring seems to have a mediating role. Prevention strategies of maternal pre‐pregnancy and childhood obesity might be important to reduce the prevalence of childhood asthma.
Institutional Investors on Boards and Audit Committees and Their Effects on Financial Reporting Quality
Authors: Pucheta‐Martínez María Consuelo , García‐Meca Emma 
Published: May 2014

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueThis study examines how the presence of representatives of institutional investors as directors on boards or on audit committees enhances financial reporting quality, reducing the probability that the firm receives qualified audit reports. We focus on directors who maintain business relations with the firm on whose board or committee they sit (pressure‐sensitive directors). We also investigate the specific role of bank directors and examine their effects on financial reporting quality when they act as shareholders and directors.Research Findings/InsightsOur results suggest that institutional directors are effective monitors, which leads to higher quality financial reporting and, therefore, a lower likelihood that the firm receives a qualified audit report. Consistent with the relevant role of business relations with the firm, we find that directors appointed to both boards and audit committees by pressure‐sensitive investors have a larger effect on financial reporting quality as it is more likely that the auditor issues an unqualified audit opinion. Nevertheless, when analyzed separately, only savings bank representatives on the board increase financial reporting quality.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThe results confirm that board characteristics have an important influence on financial reporting quality, in line with the views that have been expressed by several international bodies. The findings also suggest that both researchers and policy makers should no longer consider institutional investors as a whole, given than directors appointed by different types of institutional investors have various implications on financial reporting quality, measured by the type of audit opinion.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThis study makes its core contribution by empirically showing that directors appointed by different types of institutional investors have diverse implications on financial reporting quality. This evidence can be potentially helpful in providing a basis for regulatory actions, namely those aiming to influence the structure of the board of directors. The results have important implications for supervisors and regulators, who will benefit from an understanding of how the presence of directors on boards of savings and commercial banks in nonfinancial firms affects financial reporting quality in a bank‐based system.
Optimization and validation of immunocytochemical detection of oestrogen receptors on cytospins prepared from fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples of breast cancer
Authors: Srebotnik Kirbiš I. , Us Krašovec M. , Pogačnik A. , Strojan Fležar M. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo optimize and validate immunocytochemical (ICC) assessment of oestrogen receptors (ERs) on cytospins prepared from fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples.MethodsOptimal conditions and variability in ICC detection of ERs were established on cytospins prepared from the human breast cancer cell line MCF‐7. Protocols that yielded adequate results were further validated on 52 FNA samples of resected breast cancer tumours using analysis of concordance with the ER status, determined by standard immunohistochemistry on corresponding formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue (FFPET). On 37 diagnostic FNA samples, manual immunostaining with antibody 1D5 was compared with automated immunostaining with antibody 6F11.ResultsThe highest percentage of ER‐positive MCF‐7 cells with lowest variability was obtained on methanol‐fixed cytospins with or without microwave pre‐treatment: 72 ± 5% and 75 ± 7%, respectively. Microwave pre‐treatment was mandatory for Papanicolaou‐stained cytospins in order to achieve between 63 ± 14% and 67 ± 9% of ER‐positive MCF‐7 cells. The concordance between ICC assessment of ERs on FNA samples and corresponding FFPET sections was complete for methanol‐fixed cytospins (100%, kappa = 1) and adequate for Papanicolaou‐stained cytospins (94%, kappa = 0.84) and Papanicolaou‐stained smears (92%, kappa = 0.75). Complete agreement in ICC detection of ERs was obtained for manual immunostaining with antibody 1D5 and automated immunostaining with antibody 6F11.ConclusionsMethanol‐fixed cytospins prepared from FNA samples ensure highly reliable ICC assessment of ERs, whereas Papanicolaou‐stained cytospins or smears are conditionally suitable because of the small risk of false negative results.
Can't stop believing: inhibitory control and resistance to misleading testimony
Authors: Jaswal Vikram K. , Pérez‐Edgar Koraly , Kondrad Robyn L. , Palmquist Carolyn M. , Cole Caitlin A. , Cole Claire E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWhy are some young children consistently willing to believe what they are told even when it conflicts with first‐hand experience? In this study, we investigated the possibility that this deference reflects an inability to inhibit a prepotent response. Over the course of several trials, 2.5‐ to 3.5‐year‐olds (N= 58) heard an adult contradict their report of a simple event they had both witnessed, and children were asked to resolve this discrepancy. Those who repeatedly deferred to the adult's misleading testimony had more difficulty on an inhibitory control task involving spatial conflict than those who responded more skeptically. These results suggest that responding skeptically to testimony that conflicts with first‐hand experience may be challenging for some young children because it requires inhibiting a normally appropriate bias to believe testimony.
Functions of gamma‐band synchronization in cognition: from single circuits to functional diversity across cortical and subcortical systems
Authors: Bosman Conrado A. , Lansink Carien S. , Pennartz Cyriel M. A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractGamma‐band activity (30–90 Hz) and the synchronization of neural activity in the gamma‐frequency range have been observed in different cortical and subcortical structures and have been associated with different cognitive functions. However, it is still unknown whether gamma‐band synchronization subserves a single universal function or a diversity of functions across the full spectrum of cognitive processes. Here, we address this question reviewing the mechanisms of gamma‐band oscillation generation and the functions associated with gamma‐band activity across several cortical and subcortical structures. Additionally, we raise a plausible explanation of why gamma rhythms are found so ubiquitously across brain structures. Gamma band activity originates from the interplay between inhibition and excitation. We stress that gamma oscillations, associated with this interplay, originate from basic functional motifs that conferred advantages for low‐level system processing and multiple cognitive functions throughout evolution. We illustrate the multifunctionality of gamma‐band activity by considering its role in neural systems for perception, selective attention, memory, motivation and behavioral control. We conclude that gamma‐band oscillations support multiple cognitive processes, rather than a single one, which, however, can be traced back to a limited set of circuit motifs which are found universally across species and brain structures.
How Does the European Court of Justice Reason? A Review Essay on the Legal Reasoning of the European Court of Justice
Authors: Dawson Mark 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis review essay analyses two significant recent contributions to the debate over the reasoning of the Court of Justice (CJ). These contributions highlight the impossibility of a wholly scientific and deductive approach to attributing ‘correct’ outcomes to the Court's case‐law. At the same time, their analysis adds significant findings for the debate over the Court's possible ‘activist’ or political role. Following from these contributions, this essay makes two arguments: firstly, that the inability of the Court to anchor its reasoning solely in a deductive form of legal reasoning should encourage the CJ to engage in a more advanced ‘constitutional dialogue’ with the EU's political institutions; and secondly, that truly understanding the Court's reasoning involves a closer analysis of the institutional and personal dynamics influencing Court decisions. Understanding European judicial reasoning may require a closer look at the social and political—as well as doctrinal—context within which European judges act.
Oceanic and atmospheric extremes motivate a new hypothesis for variable marine survival of Fraser River sockeye salmon
Authors: McKinnell Skip , Curchitser Enrique , Groot Kees , Kaeriyama Masahide , Trudel Marc 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn spite of a relatively optimistic pre‐season forecast, the total return of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to the Fraser River (British Columbia, Canada) in 2009 was the lowest recorded since quantitative records began in the late 1940s. A plausible mechanism is proposed that links a sequence of extreme oceanic and climatic events to poor marine survival. It began with record‐setting snow packs in the coastal mountain range during the winter of 2007 that led to the development of unprecedented oceanographic conditions in the spring of 2007 from Queen Charlotte Strait in central British Columbia to Southeast Alaska. When combined with equally extreme atmospheric anomalies in the region in the spring of 2007, with a winter wind regime persisting through July, a coastal surface ocean with characteristics that are known to be associated with lower marine survival was established. Most of the sockeye salmon that were expected to return to the Fraser River as adults in 2009 passed through this atypical ocean as juveniles on their migration to the open ocean in 2007. A trophic gauntlet hypothesis is proposed as a new paradigm to describe the oceanic environment faced by sockeye salmon after they emigrate northward from the Strait of Georgia. The hypothesis identifies a new type of high nutrient low chlorophyll region that can explain how oceanographic extremes at critical locations along the migration route beyond the Strait of Georgia can reduce marine survival in some years.
Clinal variation in the morph ratio of Black Sparrowhawks Accipiter melanoleucus in South Africa and its correlation with environmental variables
Authors: Amar Arjun , Koeslag Ann , Malan Gerard , Brown Mark , Wreford Erin 
Published: May 2014

The morph ratio distribution in polymorphic species often varies clinally, with a gradual change in morph ratios across the distributional range of the species. In polymorphic bird populations, clinal variation is rarely quantified. We describe a cline in the morph ratios of Black Sparrowhawks across South Africa, which is principally driven by a higher ratio of dark morph birds in the newly colonized southwest of the country. Across the 1400 km of our cline, the probability of a bird being a dark morph declined from over 80% close to the Cape Peninsula to under 20% in the northeast. Higher frequencies of dark morphs were associated with a higher proportion of rainfall falling during the winter breeding months. Further investigation revealed relationships between the proportion of dark morphs and altitude, amount of rainfall during the breeding months, and an interaction between this variable and temperature. These results provide some support for the suggestion that the higher frequency of dark morphs in the southwest is an adaptive response, rather than the result of a founder effect or genetic drift. These findings also suggest that, in theory, polymorphic species may be better adapted to cope with the challenges of climate change or may be able to expand their ranges more quickly into novel climatic areas, since selection pressure can act on a pre‐existing trait that may be beneficial in new conditions.