bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Existence problems for the p-Laplacian
Authors: Edward Julian , Hudson Steve , Leckband Mark 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
We consider a number of boundary value
problems involving the p-Laplacian. The model case is

-

Δ
p

u
=
V

|
u
|

p
-
2

u

${-\Delta _p u = V|u|^{p-2}u}$

for

u
∈

W
0

1
,
p

(
D
)

${u\in W_0^{1,p}(D)}$

with
D a bounded domain in ℝ
n
. We derive necessary conditions for the existence of
nontrivial solutions. These conditions usually involve a lower bound
for a product of powers of the norm of V, the measure of D, and
a sharp Sobolev constant. In most cases, these inequalities are best
possible. Applications to non-linear
eigenvalue problems
are also discussed.
A fascinating decade for the synthesis of 1,2-azoles
Authors: Chakroborty Subhendu , Bhanja Chittaranjan , Jena Satyaban 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
1,2-Azoles comprising pyrazoles, isoxazoles, and isothiazoles have occupied a distinctive position in the design and synthesis of novel biologically active compounds that exert remarkable pharmaceutical activities as medicines and agrochemicals. As a consequence, there has been an increasing interest among synthetic organic/medicinal chemists in the development of methodologies for the rapid access to these heterocycles. In this review, we have summarized the most significant advances in the construction of functionalized pyrazoles, isoxazoles, and isothiazoles reported in the literature up to 2012.
An approach to C-glycosidic conjugates of isoflavones
Authors: Szeja Wiesław , Świerk Piotr , Grynkiewicz Grzegorz , Rusin Aleksandra , Papaj Katarzyna 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
A novel approach to isoflavone glycoconjugates, designed as less biodegradable congeners of natural glycosides, is presented on example of daidzein linkage to a C-glycosidic synthon derived from l-rhamnose. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition was employed for chemical ligation of daidzein 7-O-propargyl ester and alkyl azide containing 2,3-unsaturated pyranoside moiety. The obtained constructs with opposite anomeric configuration both exhibited a considerable increase in cytotoxic activity against the HTC 116 cell line, in comparison to the parent isoflavone.
Substituted benzothiazoles: synthesis and medicinal characteristics
Authors: Henary Maged , Paranjpe Shirish , Owens Eric A. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The attractiveness of heterocyclic compounds in medicinal chemistry has increased significantly in the past few decades as they have been proven to be highly active for a number of purposes. More specifically, the benzothiazole-containing heterocyclic compounds have shown great promise in the pharmaceutical industry. As continuation of our first review article of the synthesis and specific applications of various benzothiazole cyanine dyes (Henary, M.; Paranjpe, S.; Owens, E. A. Synthesis and application of benzothiazole containing cyanine dyes. Heterocycl. Commun. 2013, 19, 1–11), we will focus in this review on the synthesis and medical applications of alternate compounds that utilize the benzothiazole scaffold as a part of their molecular structure. Benzothiazole derivatives encompass an attractive heterocyclic class that exhibits exciting medicinal properties. The applicability of these heterocyclic structures includes positron emission tomography probes for monitoring Alzheimer’s disease progression; furthermore, these compounds exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-HIV activity. Benzothiazole-containing heterocyclic structures are prominent throughout the literature and it is very important to acknowledge their efficacy and applicability. Herein, we review the recent developments covering the past few years concerning the advancements in synthetic methodology for the preparation of medicinally relevant benzothiazole-containing heterocyclic structures.
Elaboration of multilayered thin films based on cellulose nanocrystals and cationic xylans: application to xylanase activity detection
Authors: Dammak Abir , Moreau Céline , Beury Nadège , Schwikal Katrin , Winter Heiko T. , Bonnin Estelle , Saake Bodo , Cathala Bernard 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Multilayered thin films have been prepared by means of the “spin-assisted electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly” method, in which cellulose nanocrystals (CN) and cationic xylans (CX) are alternatively deposited up to 10 times on a rotating silicon wafer. The film growth process was studied and the thickness increment was found to be equal to 23 nm per bilayer. This value is relatively high in comparison with that of previous studies. Atomic force microscopy revealed that the surface of the films consists of thick layers of CX, which are deposited as a compact network of aggregates on the CN layers. After a few deposition cycles, structural color appears. When the film is submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis of xylans, the thickness of the film decreases and a visible color change is induced. The sensitivity of the test was evaluated in comparison with a usual colorimetric measurement, which relies on the detection of reducing sugars set free by enzymatic hydrolysis. The assay sensitivity was found to be similar to that of the colorimetric method. The presented new method is simple, fast, and easy to use. These findings show that the method based on multilayer thin films might open new opportunities to optimize the screening assays for xylanase discovery.
Production of furans from hemicellulosic saccharides in biphasic reaction systems
Authors: Rivas Sandra , González-Muñoz María Jesús , Santos Valentín , Parajó Juan Carlos 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Furans (furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural) are the results of dehydration of monosaccharides, which can be obtained by acid hydrolysis of wood or other lignocellulosic materials. In this work, Pinus pinaster wood was subjected to aqueous autohydrolysis processing to obtain dissolved hemicellulose-derived polymeric or oligomeric saccharides made up of mannosyl, glucosyl, galactosyl, xylosyl, and arabinosyl structural units. The aqueous liquors were then heated in the presence of sulfuric acid and methyl isobutyl ketone to obtain furans. The effects of selected operational variables, such as the ratio of organic to aqueous phase, temperature, and reaction time, were assessed by empirical modeling in terms of the conversion into furans and levulinic acid. The maximum furfural conversion (71.4%) was predicted to occur operating at 165°C and a ratio of organic to aqueous phase of 2 for 68.5 min. In additional experiments, dimethyl sulfoxide and/or 1-butanol were added to the aqueous phase and the change in furan conversion rates was observed.
Galectins: new agonists of platelet activation
Authors: Schattner Mirta , Rabinovich Gabriel A. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Platelet activation at sites of vascular injury leads to the formation of a hemostatic plug and is crucial for hemostasis. However, uncontrolled platelet activation may lead to the formation of occlusive thrombi. Several soluble or matricellular proteins can activate platelets. In this article, we review recent advances in knowledge of the role of galectins in platelet physiology. In soluble or immobilized form, these endogenous glycan-binding proteins trigger platelet activation through the modulation of discrete signaling pathways. We discuss the role of platelet–galectin interactions not only in hemostasis, but also in chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis and cancer.
Antitumor effects of energy restriction-mimetic agents: thiazolidinediones
Authors: Omar Hany A. , Salama Samir A. , Arafa El-Shaimaa A. , Weng Jing-Ru 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Distinct metabolic strategies used by cancer cells to gain growth advantages, such as shifting from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, constitute a basis for their selective targeting as a novel approach for cancer therapy. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are ligands for the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and they are clinically used as oral hypoglycemic agents. Accumulating evidence suggests that the ability of TZDs to suppress cancer cell proliferation through the interplay between apoptosis and autophagy was, at least in part, mediated through PPARγ-independent mechanisms. This review highlights recent advances in the pharmacological exploitation of the PPARγ-independent anticancer effects of TZDs to develop novel agents targeting tumor metabolism, including glucose transporter inhibitors and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, which have translational potential as cancer therapeutic agents.
Thermal Fatigue Crack Initiation of Laser Deposited High-temperature Titanium Alloy Ti60A in 20–700 °C
Authors: Zhang A.L. , Liu D. , Wang H.M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThermal fatigue damage of high-temperature titanium alloys is of great concern for severe temperature-fluctuating environment, and the thermal fatigue crack initiation stage plays a crucial role in thermal fatigue life. In present study, thermal fatigue tests keeping 55 seconds at 700 °C followed by water cooling 15 seconds at 20 °C were performed for the laser deposited high-temperature titanium alloy Ti60A (Ti5.54Al3.38Sn3.34Zr0.37Mo0.46Si). Thermal fatigue cracks initiate after 800 thermal fatigue cycles with a length of 20 µm. Subsequently numerous cracks grow to 500 µm and cause severe degradation after 1000 cycles. To investigate the crack initiation behavior, microstructural changes during thermal fatigue process were examined by OM, SEM, EPMA and TEM. Thermal fatigue cracks initiate preferably at grain boundaries, α/β interfaces, microvoids, and abnormal coarsened α produced by oxygen interstitial solution. Mechanisms of thermal fatigue crack initiation are related to compatibility of local deformation and microstructural changes during thermal fatigue process.
Temperature Dependencies of the Permittivities and Microwave Shielding Effectiveness of a Carbon-containing Electrically Conductive Concrete
Authors: Chambers B. , Pickles C. A. , Tumidajski P. J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractConductive concrete is a construction material that can be utilized for a number of applications: in particular, electromagnetic shielding. In this research, the microwave shielding effectiveness of a carbon containing electrically conductive concrete was determined from both the real and the imaginary permittivities. Also, the permittivities and the shielding effectiveness of a normal concrete were determined for comparison purposes. It was shown that the permittivities of the conductive concrete were significantly higher than those of the normal concrete. The shielding abilities of both of the concretes were determined as a function of concrete thickness and temperature, and the conductive concrete had a superior shielding effectiveness. For the normal concrete, at room temperature and a frequency of 912 MHz, a shielding effectiveness of 30 dB was achieved for a thickness of about 400 cm. For the conductive concrete, under the same conditions, a thickness of only about 3 cm was required to achieve the same shielding effectiveness.
High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Cu-Si-Y Alloys
Authors: Liu Qun , Fu Guangyan , Su Yong , Zhang Zhigang , Xiong Qi 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe effect of rare-earth element Y on high-temperature oxidation behavior of Cu-Si alloys at 973 and 1073 K in 0.1 MPa flowing pure O2 has been investigated. Results show at the two temperatures the mass gain of the alloys with different compositions follows the following sequence, Cu-3Si-1.0Y > Cu-3Si-0Y > Cu-3Si-0.5Y alloy. As the Y content increases, the grain size of the alloys decreases, which accelerates the diffusion rate of the alloying elements in the alloys and oxygen under the experimental conditions, increases the ratio of short-path diffusion, and promotes the formation of SiO2 and Y2O3. The three alloys do not form continuous oxide scales of SiO2 or Y2O3, but their rapid formation and dispersed distribution due to the grain-size reduction may also hinder the diffusion of alloying elements and oxygen, which is beneficial to improve the oxidation resistance of the Y-containing alloys. Thereby, the Cu-3Si-0.5Y alloy has good oxidation resistance. The Cu-3Si-1.0Y alloy exhibits largest mass gain among the three alloys, which is due to the fact that in the alloy with higher Y contend and finer grain size, more amount of Y2O3 is more quickly formed, whose mass occupy a more proportion in the whole mass gain of the alloy.
Determination of Direct Reduction Conditions of Mill Scale
Authors: Yucel Onuralp , Demirci Fahri , Turan Ahmet , Alkan Murat 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this study, experiments were conducted to understand the optimum direct reduction conditions of mill scale which is formed on the surface of the materials produced by continuous casting and which contains iron (II) and iron (III) oxides. Experiments were performed in a rotary kiln and anthracite and metallurgical coke were used as carbon source. The eligible parameters like process temperature, process duration, reductant type and quantity were tried to determine. Obtained reduced iron pellets were characterized by using EPMA, XRD and chemical analysis techniques. The highest metallization degrees were observed as 97.4% for the stoichiometrically 200% anthracite added experiments and as 95.5% for the stoichiometrically 200% metallurgical coke added experiments at 1423 K.
The disability gap in happiness across welfare regimes
Authors: Penner Anna 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article uses data from the 2008 International Social Survey Programme to examine the disability gap in happiness in 14 countries. This study builds on previous research linking disability to depression by exploring whether there are significant differences in the gap between disabled and non-disabled people’s happiness internationally and if differences in happiness systematically vary across welfare state regimes. Disabled respondents were found to be significantly less happy than non-disabled respondents from the same nation in all 14 countries and that the levels of happiness between disabled people and unemployed people were similar by welfare regime except in the conservative welfare regime. The disability gap in happiness varied across welfare state regimes, and social democratic countries generally had significantly smaller disability gaps than countries with conservative welfare regimes. These findings highlight the international scope of the disability gap and underscore the important role that welfare regimes have in shaping these differences.
Estimation of Panel Data Regression Models with Two-Sided Censoring or Truncation
Authors: Alan Sule , Honoré Bo E. , Hu Luojia , Leth-Petersen Søren 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This paper constructs estimators for panel data regression models with individual specific heterogeneity and two-sided censoring and truncation. Following Powell the estimation strategy is based on moment conditions constructed from re-censored or re-truncated residuals. While these moment conditions do not identify the parameter of interest, they can be used to motivate objective functions that do. We apply one of the estimators to study the effect of a Danish tax reform on household portfolio choice. The idea behind the estimators can also be used in a cross sectional setting.
Tony Weir and the Law of Tort
Authors: Giliker Paula 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTony Weir was a leading figure in UK tort law who sadly passed away in December 2011. This paper examines his lasting contribution to English tort law as a scholar unafraid to speak his mind and whose incisive commentaries continue to be read by students and Supreme Court justices alike. It will focus on two areas in which Weir’s contribution was particularly significant: the treatment of claims for negligently-incurred pure economic loss and the degree to which tort law should provide a remedy for injuries resulting from risks which individuals have freely incurred. Weir’s contribution was distinctive and forcefully argued, encouraging his audience to reflect on the policy choices underlying any system of tort law.
Degenerate first-order differential equations via projections
Authors: Al Horani Mohammed 
Published: April 2013

Abstract.
In this paper we study an inverse problem for
a singular differential equation in a Banach space. We use two
projections to reduce the problem to a regular
abstract inverse problem. In order to solve the problem, some conditions
on the space and the operators are assumed. As a possible
application of the abstract theorems, some examples of partial
differential equations are given.
Conservation laws in differential geometry of plane curves
and for eikonal equation and inverse problems
Authors: Megrabov Alexander G. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract.
We derive the new conservation laws for a set of
arbitrary smooth plane curves. In these laws a solenoidal field is
expressed in terms of the Frenet unit vectors or in terms of the
curvature vectors. When curves are vector lines of an arbitrary
smooth vector field, these laws have identical form in terms of
this field or its field of directions. Also, a series of vector
analysis formulas as differential identities relating the modulus
and direction of a vector field is obtained. It is based on these
general formulas, the conservation laws for the kinematic seismics
(geometrical optics) for a scalar time field, i.e., for the
solutions of the eikonal equation are found. Some other formulas
relating the time field and a characteristic of a medium
(refractive index) are also given. In particular, we present the
formula for determining an integral characteristic of a medium in
the inverse problem formulation. All the formulas obtained
originate from studying the differential invariants of a Lie group
(an extension of the group of conformal transformations) which is
realized as the equivalence group admitted by the eikonal equation
and some other equations of mathematical physics.
Determinants of successful breastfeeding initiation in healthy term singletons: a Swiss university hospital observational study
Authors: Gubler Tabea , Krähenmann Franziska , Roos Malgorzata , Zimmermann Roland , Ochsenbein-Kölble Nicole 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Aims: Breastfeeding significantly benefits mothers and infants. We aimed to identify the determinants of its successful initiation.

Methods: A retrospective study of 1893 mothers delivering healthy term singletons at a Swiss university hospital from 1/2008 to 3/2009 determined the associations between multiple breastfeeding and early postpartum parameters by univariate and multiple regression analysis.

Results: Multiparity was associated with nursing exclusively at the breast at discharge (P<0.001), less use of maltodextrin supplement (P<0.05), bottle/cup (both P<0.001), but more pacifier use (P<0.05). Among obese mothers, nursing exclusively at the breast at discharge was less frequent, and use of all feeding aids more frequent, than among normal-weight women (both P<0.001). Neuraxial anesthesia was associated with use of maltodextrin and bottle (both P<0.05) compared to no anesthesia. Delayed first skin-to-skin contact and rooming-in for <24 h/day were each associated with maltodextrin and cup (P<0.05). Nursing exclusively at the breast at discharge was less frequent (P<0.001), and bottle use more frequent (P<0.05), in women with sore nipples than in those without.

Conclusions: Obesity is a potent inhibitor of breastfeeding initiation. Delivery without anesthesia by a multiparous normal-weight mother, followed by immediate skin-to-skin contact, rooming-in for 24 h/day, and dedicated nipple care, provides the best conditions for successful early postpartum breastfeeding without the need for feeding aids or nutritional supplements.
Habitat selection, philopatry and spatial segregation in rural Irish hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus)
Authors: Haigh Amy , O’Riordan Ruth M. , Butler Fidelma 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAs a non-territorial species with no known dispersal period, there are no obvious factors that regulate hedgehog numbers in an area. This study aimed to examine these factors and involved the radio-tracking of rural hedgehogs over a 3-year period. Males had a significantly larger mean annual home range (56 ha) than females (16.5 ha), which was at its maximum during the breeding season. Outside of the breeding season, the home range was relatively small (4–5 ha) in both sexes. The home ranges of males completely overlapped both each other and all of the females. In contrast, females occupied more exclusive areas with little overlap between one another. On a nightly basis, both sexes occupied spatially independent areas with little overlap. Compositional analysis of the data showed that habitats were not used in proportion to their availability but were selected, and this changed seasonally, with the highest preference being for garden and arable land. Hedgehogs tagged for consecutive years exhibited site philopatry and followed the same pattern of habitat selection annually. It is suggested that the spatial separation observed amongst individual hedgehogs could restrict numbers in an area and that female numbers reach a carrying capacity before that of males.
Self-assembled plasmonic metamaterials
Authors: Mühlig Stefan , Cunningham Alastair , Dintinger José , Scharf Toralf , Bürgi Thomas , Lederer Falk , Rockstuhl Carsten 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Nowadays for the sake of convenience most plasmonic nanostructures are fabricated by top-down nanofabrication technologies. This offers great degrees of freedom to tailor the geometry with unprecedented precision. However, it often causes disadvantages as well. The structures available are usually planar and periodically arranged. Therefore, bulk plasmonic structures are difficult to fabricate and the periodic arrangement causes undesired effects, e.g., strong spatial dispersion is observed in metamaterials. These limitations can be mitigated by relying on bottom-up nanofabrication technologies. There, self-assembly methods and techniques from the field of colloidal nanochemistry are used to build complex functional unit cells in solution from an ensemble of simple building blocks, i.e., in most cases plasmonic nanoparticles. Achievable structures are characterized by a high degree of nominal order only on a short-range scale. The precise spatial arrangement across larger dimensions is not possible in most cases; leading essentially to amorphous structures. Such self-assembled nanostructures require novel analytical means to describe their properties, innovative designs of functional elements that possess a desired near- and far-field response, and entail genuine nanofabrication and characterization techniques. Eventually, novel applications have to be perceived that are adapted to the specifics of the self-assembled nanostructures. This review shall document recent progress in this field of research. Emphasis is put on bottom-up amorphous metamaterials. We document the state-of-the-art but also critically assess the problems that have to be overcome.