bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of surgery in the treatment of invasive fungal infection in paediatric haematology patients: a retrospective single‐centre survey
Authors: Cesaro Simone , Pegoraro Anna , Tridello Gloria , Pillon Marta , Cannata Elisa , Faggin Stefano , Cecchetto Giovanni 
Published: January 2014

SummarySurgery may improve the control of fungal disease and patient survival. The aim of this study was to report a single‐centre experience in using surgery for the treatment of paediatric invasive fungal infection (IFI). From 2001 to 2009, 18 paediatric onco‐haematology patients underwent 24 surgical procedures as treatment of IFI. At surgery, severe thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were present in four and one episodes respectively. Complications were one pleural effusion, one pleural effusion and surgical wound infection, one pneumothorax with wound dehiscence and one wound dehiscence. None of them required repeat surgery. The median duration of hospitalisation for four complicated procedures was 11 days, range 3–16, and 7 days, range 2–13, for the 20 uncomplicated procedures. No surgery‐related deaths occurred. Fourteen patients resumed chemotherapy after a median of 26 days, range 9–77, whereas nine patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after a median of 42 days, range 27–110. At 3 months from IFI, 17 patients were alive (94%) and one patient (6%) died from mycosis; the 3‐month overall survival (OS) being 94.4%, CI 66.6–99.2. After a median follow‐up of 7.1 years (CI 2.8–7.5), the OS was 54.5%, CI 29.2–74.2. Surgery is a feasible and valuable option in paediatric patients because it is associated with a low incidence of complications and an acceptable delay in resuming the chemotherapeutic plan.
Barriers to Transforming Hostile Relations: Why Friendly Gestures Can Backfire
Authors: Menon Tanya , Sheldon Oliver J. , Galinsky Adam D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFriendly gestures (e.g., smiles, flattery, favors) typically build trust and earn good will. However, we propose that people feel unsettled when enemies initiate friendly gestures. To resolve these sensemaking difficulties, people find order through superstitious reasoning about friendly enemies. Supporting this theorizing, friendly enemies created sensemaking difficulty, which in turn mediated people's tendencies to blame them for coincidental negative outcomes (Experiment 1). Further implicating these processes, individuals high in need for structure were especially prone to make these attributions (Experiment 2). Finally, we explored consequences of such blame, showing that blame mediates people's beliefs that mere contact with friendly enemies is unlucky and should be avoided (Experiment 3). Taken together, these results suggest that, rather than transforming hostile relationships, an enemy's friendliness can be so unnerving that it sometimes leads people down blind alleys of superstitious reasoning.
Reaching a Mutual Agreement: Readiness Theory and Coalition Building in the Aceh Peace Process
Authors: Schiff Amira 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe study presents an analysis of the conflict resolution process in the Aceh conflict between the Government of Indonesia (GoI) and the Free Aceh Movement (Gerekan Aceh Merdeka or GAM). Starting with unofficial efforts by the Indonesian side from mid‐2003, which eventually led the parties to the negotiation table and to the signing of the MoU in August 2005, the peace process put an end to the 30‐year conflict over the independence of Aceh. The peaceful resolution of the Aceh conflict will be examined using readiness theory, which posits the factors that lead parties to negotiate, and the theory's hypotheses will be applied to understand the factors that contribute to success in negotiating a peace agreement. The study also examines the Aceh peace process from the perspective of central coalition theory, which relates to the readiness of the actors in the internal political debate to negotiate and reach an agreement.
Ghrelin and motilin receptor agonists: time to introduce bias into drug design
Authors: Sanger G. J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractGhrelin and motilin receptor agonists increase gastric motility and are attractive drug targets. However, 14 years after the receptors were described (18–24 years since ligands became available) the inactivity of the ghrelin agonist TZP‐102 in patients with gastroparesis joins the list of unsuccessful motilin agonists. Fundamental questions must be asked. Pustovit et al., have now shown that the ghrelin agonist ulimorelin evokes prolonged increases in rat colorectal propulsion yet responses to other ghrelin agonists fade. Similarly, different motilin agonists induce short‐ or long‐lasting effects in a cell‐dependent manner. Together, these and other data create the hypothesis that the receptors can be induced to preferentially signal (‘biased agonism’) via particular pathways to evoke different responses with therapeutic advantages/disadvantages. Biased agonism has been demonstrated for ghrelin. Are motilin agonists which cause long‐lasting facilitation of human stomach cholinergic function (compared with motilin) biased agonists (e.g., camicinal, under development for patients with gastric hypo‐motility)? For ghrelin, additional complications exist because the therapeutic aims/mechanisms of action are uncertain, making it difficult to select the best (biased) agonist. Will ghrelin agonists be useful treatments of nausea and/or as suggested by Pustovit et al., chronic constipation? How does ghrelin increase gastric motility? As gastroparesis symptoms poorly correlate with delayed gastric emptying (yet gastro‐prokinetic drugs can provide relief: e.g., low‐dose erythromycin), would low doses of ghrelin and motilin agonists relieve symptoms simply by restoring neuromuscular rhythm? These questions on design and functions need addressing if ghrelin and motilin agonists are to reach patients as drugs.
Beyond Being and Becoming
Authors: PRIGOGINE ILYA 
Published: January 2014

If the 20th Century was the century of physics, the 21st Century is the century of cybernetics, biology and ecology. Technological advance has both crossed new frontiers and discovered old limits.Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine broke new ground with his understanding that nature, including its human component, seeks to establish order out of chaos by “self‐organizing,” not only according to pre‐determined laws, but through random creative choices as well that are responsible for the endless novelty and potentiality of being.The technologically‐armed purposive role of humans in the Anthropocentric Age thus takes on a new significance: “What we do today depends on our image of the future rather than the future depending on what we do today” as Prigogine puts it. “The equations of the future are written in our actions as well as in nature. Time becomes construction.”Nowhere is this truer than in the new science of genomics, which touches the soul, and in the effort to preserve the ecological balance that has enabled humanity to flourish within the narrow band of earth's livable climate.In this section we bring together leading thinkers, scientists and technologists of our age to address these issues of mankind's fate.
Anthropo‐Technology
Authors: SLOTERDIJK PETER 
Published: January 2014

If the 20th Century was the century of physics, the 21st Century is the century of cybernetics, biology and ecology. Technological advance has both crossed new frontiers and discovered old limits.Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine broke new ground with his understanding that nature, including its human component, seeks to establish order out of chaos by “self‐organizing,” not only according to pre‐determined laws, but through random creative choices as well that are responsible for the endless novelty and potentiality of being.The technologically‐armed purposive role of humans in the Anthropocentric Age thus takes on a new significance: “What we do today depends on our image of the future rather than the future depending on what we do today” as Prigogine puts it. “The equations of the future are written in our actions as well as in nature. Time becomes construction.”Nowhere is this truer than in the new science of genomics, which touches the soul, and in the effort to preserve the ecological balance that has enabled humanity to flourish within the narrow band of earth's livable climate.In this section we bring together leading thinkers, scientists and technologists of our age to address these issues of mankind's fate.
Neural Darwinism
Authors: EDELMAN GERALD 
Published: January 2014

If the 20th Century was the century of physics, the 21st Century is the century of cybernetics, biology and ecology. Technological advance has both crossed new frontiers and discovered old limits.Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine broke new ground with his understanding that nature, including its human component, seeks to establish order out of chaos by “self‐organizing,” not only according to pre‐determined laws, but through random creative choices as well that are responsible for the endless novelty and potentiality of being.The technologically‐armed purposive role of humans in the Anthropocentric Age thus takes on a new significance: “What we do today depends on our image of the future rather than the future depending on what we do today” as Prigogine puts it. “The equations of the future are written in our actions as well as in nature. Time becomes construction.”Nowhere is this truer than in the new science of genomics, which touches the soul, and in the effort to preserve the ecological balance that has enabled humanity to flourish within the narrow band of earth's livable climate.In this section we bring together leading thinkers, scientists and technologists of our age to address these issues of mankind's fate.
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: A severe allergic eye disease with remodeling changes
Authors: Vichyanond Pakit , Pacharn Punchama , Pleyer Uwe , Leonardi Andrea 
Published: January 2014

AbstractVernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is an unusually severe sight‐threatening allergic eye disease, occurring mainly in children. Conventional therapy for allergic conjunctivitis is generally not adequate for VKC. Pediatricians and allergists are often not familiar with the severe clinical symptoms and signs of VKC. As untreated VKC can lead to permanent visual loss, pediatric allergists should be aware of the management and therapeutic options for this disease to allow patients to enter clinical remission with the least side effects and sequelae. Children with VKC present with severe ocular symptoms, that is, severe eye itching and irritation, constant tearing, red eye, eye discharge, and photophobia. On examination, giant papillae are frequently observed on the upper tarsal conjunctiva (cobblestoning appearance), with some developing gelatinous infiltrations around the limbus surrounding the cornea (Horner‐Trantas dot). Conjunctival injections are mostly severe with thick mucus ropy discharge. Eosinophils are the predominant cells found in the tears and eye discharge. Common therapies include topical antihistamines and dual‐acting agents, such as lodoxamide and olopatadine. These are infrequently sufficient and topical corticosteroids are often required for the treatment of flare ups. Ocular surface remodeling leads to severe suffering and complications, such as corneal ulcers/scars. Other complications include side effects from chronic topical steroids use, such as increased intraocular pressure, glaucoma, cataract and infections. Alternative therapies for VKC include immunomodulators, such as cyclosporine A and tacrolimus. Surgery is reserved for those with complications and should be handled by ophthalmologists with special expertise. Newer research on the pathogenesis of VKC is reviewed in this article. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is a very important allergic eye disease in children. Complications and remodeling changes are unique and can lead to blindness. Understanding of pathogenesis of VKC may lead to better therapy for these unfortunate patients.
The start of the transplant journey: Referral for pediatric solid organ transplantation
Authors: Shellmer Diana , Brosig Cheryl , Wray Jo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe focus of the majority of the psychosocial transplant literature is on post‐transplant outcomes, but the transplant journey starts much earlier than this, at the point when transplantation is first considered and a referral for transplant evaluation is made. In this review, we cover information regarding the meaning of the referral process for solid organ transplantation. We discuss various factors of the referral for transplantation including the impact of referral on the pediatric patient and the family, potential expectations and misconceptions held by pediatric patients and parents, the role of health literacy, decision‐making factors, and the informational needs of pediatric patients and parents. We elucidate steps that providers can take to enhance transplant referral and provide suggestions for much needed research within this area.
Stent Strut Protrusion – An Uncommon Complication of Stent Placement in a Fistula
Authors: Sequeira Adrian , Artikov Shukhrat , Abreo Kenneth 
Published: January 2014

AbstractStent strut protrusion through the skin is a rare and a potentially dangerous complication from the cannulation of stents placed within arterio‐venous fistulas and grafts. Such cases are usually managed surgically. We present a case wherein strut penetration of an arterio‐venous fistula was noted at the distal (uncovered) end of a Fluency Plus® tracheo bronchial stent graft. After analyzing the various reasons why this may have happened, a nonsurgical approach was taken to preserve the access and manage strut protrusion.
Exploring aberrant bivalve shell ultrastructure and geochemistry as proxies for past sea water acidification
Authors: Hahn Sabine , Griesshaber Erika , Schmahl Wolfgang W. , Neuser Rolf D. , Ritter Ann‐Christine , Hoffmann Rene , Buhl Dieter , Niedermayr Andrea , Geske Anna , Immenhauser Adrian 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThroughout much of Earth's history, marine carbonates have represented one of the most important geological archives of environmental change. Several pivotal events during the Phanerozoic, such as mass extinctions or hyperthermal events have recently been associated with ocean acidification. Nevertheless, well‐defined geological proxies for past ocean acidification events are, at best, scarce. Here, experimental work explores the response of bivalve shell ultrastructure and isotope geochemistry (δ13C, δ18O and δ26Mg) to stressful environments, in particular to sea water acidification. In this study, the common blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, was cultured (from early juvenile stages to one year of age) at four pH regimes (pHNBS 7·2 to pH 8·0). Shell growth rate and ultrastructure of mainly the calcitic portion of the shells were compared between experimental treatments. Specimens exposed to low‐pH environments show patches of disordered calcitic fibre orientation in otherwise well‐structured shells. Furthermore, the electron backscattered diffraction analyses reveal that, under acidified conditions, the c‐axis of the calcite prisms exhibits a bimodal or multi‐modal distribution pattern. Similar shell disorder patterns have been reported from mytilids kept under naturally acidified sea water conditions. In contrast, this study found no evidence that different pH regimes affect shell carbon, oxygen or magnesium isotope ratios. Based on these observations, it is proposed that: (i) stressful environments, in this case low sea water pH, predictably affect bivalve biomineralization patterns; and (ii) these findings bear potential as a novel (petrographic) proxy for ancient sea water acidification. An assessment of the applicability of these data to well‐preserved fossil shell material from selected time intervals requires additional work.
News‐Media and Terrorism: Changing Relationship, Changing Definitions
Authors: Kampf Zohar 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article discusses two aspects that are important for understanding the relationship between Western news media and terrorism: the changing representation of terrorists and terrorist attacks in the media and, with it, the changing definition of terrorism. By calling attention to evolving news media practices in times of terrorism, I argue that advanced communication technologies and the emergence of global media ecology since the 1990s has made terrorism more visible in both national and international media landscapes. One result is that the more the news media expose terrorism to global audiences via the “front door,” the more controversial the use of the terms “terrorism” and “terrorist” become in social, political, and scholarly discourses. The paper addresses the evolving journalistic practices and their consequences as documented in previous studies on media reporting of terrorism in several national contexts, mostly the UK, the United States, and Israel.
Social Stratification in Jaffna: A Survey of Recent Research on Caste
Authors: Kuganathan Prashanth 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSince 1983, war has dominated the perception of Sri Lanka. This has affected scholarship on the country, such that the subjects of an overwhelming number of research proposals and publications have been on the war and the prospects and prescriptions for peace. This survey paper is an attempt to locate the system of caste in transition in the Jaffna Peninsula by reviewing recent literature written after the commencement of the war. While detailed ethnographies of caste in Jaffna may have temporarily come to a halt, caste practices have not and remain a salient part of everyday life among the Tamils in Sri Lanka. As the war ended in 2009, it is therefore important that social scientists on Sri Lanka revisit the topic of caste, that is an integral part of not just Tamil culture or society, but being Tamil itself. As the study of caste is dominated by research in India, a microanalysis of Jaffna and Sri Lanka, particularly the nuances of this system in transition due to war and militancy, could contribute to the macro‐study of caste at a sub‐continental perspective.
At the Intersection of Urban Sociology and Criminology: Fear Of Crime and the Postindustrial City
Authors: Benz Terressa A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis essay examines the intersections between urban sociology and criminology in relation to fear of crime. I argue that there is a disconnect between theory and practice when it comes to reducing fear of crime that needs to be resolved in order for the postindustrial city to attract the new middle‐class demographic that is known for embracing and seeking out diversity. Despite the contributions made by environmental criminologists and new urbanists, the most popular explanation of fear of crime and crime reduction, offered by the field of criminology, focuses on reducing quality‐of‐life offenses and incivilities. Yet, these strategies are not known to significantly reduce fear of crime, but rather for purging the urban landscape of its diversity through exclusion.
Google Insights and U.S. Senate Elections: Does Search Traffic Provide a Valid Measure of Public Attention to Political Candidates?
Authors: Swearingen C. Douglas , Ripberger Joseph T. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo propose a new indicator of public attention to electoral candidates based on the relative pattern of Internet queries for opposing candidates.MethodsTo demonstrate the validity of this measure, we use ordinary least squares regression and an F‐ratio test.ResultsWe find that this measure, based on Google Insights data, behaves in a manner consistent with a valid measure of public attention. Moreover, this finding holds when the measure is included in a standard model used to explain U.S. Senate election outcomes.ConclusionThe Google Insights measure of relative public attention shows the shifts in public attention as the campaign is waged and is consistent with how we would expect to see such a measure behave. This research opens numerous avenues for research in the campaigns and elections subfield.
The Economic Crisis and Medical Care Use: Comparative Evidence from Five High‐Income Countries
Authors: Lusardi Annamaria , Schneider Daniel , Tufano Peter 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveWe examine how the economic crisis has affected individuals’ use of routine medical care and assess the extent to which the impact varies depending on national context.MethodsData from a new cross‐national survey fielded in the United States, Great Britain, Canada, France, and Germany are used to estimate the effects of employment and wealth shocks and financial fragility on the use of routine care.ResultsWe document reductions in individuals’ use of routine nonemergency medical care in the midst of the economic crisis. Americans reduced care more than individuals in Great Britain, Canada, France, and Germany. At the national level, reductions in care are related to the degree to which individuals must pay for it, and within countries, reductions are linked to shocks to wealth and employment and to financial fragility.ConclusionsThe economic crisis has led to reductions in the use of routine medical care, and systems of national insurance provide some protection against these effects.
Varicella zoster reactivation after hematopoietic stem cell transplant in children is strongly correlated with leukemia treatment and suppression of host T‐lymphocyte immunity
Authors: Vermont C.L. , Jol‐van der Zijde E.C.M. , Hissink Muller P. , Ball L.M. , Bredius R.G.M. , Vossen A.C. , Lankester A.C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackground and aimsVaricella zoster virus (VZV) reactivation following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) may cause significant morbidity and mortality. We undertook a retrospective study to determine the frequency and risk factors associated with VZV reactivation, including underlying disease, the use of fludarabine in high‐risk leukemia chemotherapy protocols, and immune status before HSCT.Patients and methodsWe studied 163 children who underwent a first HSCT between 2002 and 2008, before introduction of routine VZV prophylaxis on our unit. VZV diagnosis was based on clinical features and supported by polymerase chain reaction on plasma and/or vesical fluid. Patient data and possible risk factors pre‐ and post HSCT were recorded and compared using a multivariate regression analysis.ResultsWithin this cohort, 41 (25%) patients developed VZV reactivation during the first year after transplantation at a median of 60 days post HSCT. VZV reactivation occurred more often within the subgroup of patients with acute leukemia compared with the remainder of patients (38% vs. 15%, P < 0.01). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that, besides positive VZV serology in patients pre‐HSCT (P = 0.03), acute leukemia as the indication for HSCT remained the only independent risk factor for VZV reactivation (P = 0.025, odds ratio 2.5, 95% confidence interval 1.1–5.6). This was associated with low pre‐transplant T‐cell counts, especially in the CD4+ subset. No differences were found in relation to donor type, age, or use of serotherapy.ConclusionVZV reactivation after HSCT predominates in acute leukemia patients and is associated with low T CD4+ lymphocyte counts. This finding demonstrates the impact of pre‐HSCT host immune suppression on VZV reactivation patterns after HSCT.