bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working with people with learning disabilities in varying degrees of security: nurses' perceptions of competencies
Authors: Lovell Andrew , Bailey Jan , Kingdon Anne , Gentile Domenica 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimTo identify and discuss the competencies required by learning disability nurses to work effectively with people with an offending background in low, medium, high secure and community settings.BackgroundResearch into the competencies required by nurses working with individuals with an offending background, particularly those with a learning disability, is limited. There is some uncertainty as to whether there should be differentiation according to specific setting.DesignA qualitative study addressing the perceptions of nurses on the knowledge, skills and competencies required to effectively work with people with learning disabilities and an offending background in different settings.MethodsSeven focus groups were conducted across the four settings to inform the construction of the semi‐structured interview schedule. Thirty‐nine interviews were subsequently undertaken with nurses across settings to develop a fuller understanding of the competencies and ascertain if these were influenced by the specific setting where the nurses worked. Data were collected over 1‐year in 2010 and analysed using a structured thematic analysis supported by the software package MAXqda.FindingsThe thematic analysis produced four over‐arching competencies: knowledge assimilation and application; team working; communication skills; and decision‐making. A further competency around personal attributes constitutes the basis of a future paper.ConclusionThe first three competencies combine well to inform the work of nurses and appear transferable across settings, but the fourth appears more complicated, specifically in terms of the role of risk in supporting or detracting from decision‐making capacity.
Radiation of the Drosophila nannoptera species group in Mexico
Authors: Lang M. , Polihronakis Richmond M. , Acurio A. E. , Markow T. A. , Orgogozo V. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe Drosophila nannoptera species group, a taxon of Mexican cactophilic flies, is an excellent model system to study the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on speciation, the genetic causes of ecological specialization and the evolution of unusual reproductive characters. However, the phylogenetic relationships in the nannoptera species group and its position within the virilis‐repleta phylogeny have not been thoroughly investigated. Using a multilocus data set of gene coding regions of eight nuclear and three mitochondrial genes, we found that the four described nannoptera group species diverged rapidly, with very short internodes between divergence events. Phylogenetic analysis of repleta group lineages revealed that D. inca and D. canalinea are sister to all other repleta group species, whereas the annulimana species D. aracataca and D. pseudotalamancana are sister to the nannoptera and bromeliae species groups. Our divergence time estimates suggest that the nannoptera species group radiated following important geological events in Central America. Our results indicate that a single evolutionary transition to asymmetric genitalia and to unusual sperm storage may have occurred during evolution of the nannoptera group.
When a clonal genome finds its way back to a sexual species: evidence from ongoing but rare introgression in the hybridogenetic water frog complex
Authors: Mikulíček P. , Kautman M. , Demovič B. , Janko K. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBesides several exceptions, asexual metazoans are usually viewed as ephemeral sinks for genomes, which become ‘frozen’ in clonal lineages after their emergence from ancestral sexual species. Here, we investigated whether and at what rate the asexuals are able to introgress their genomes back into the parental sexual population, thus more or less importantly affecting the gene pools of sexual species. We focused on hybridogenetic hybrids of western Palaearctic water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus), which originate through hybridization betweenP. ridibundusandP. lessonae,but transmit only clonalridibundusgenome into their gametes. Although usually mating withP. lessonae,P. esculentusmay upon mating withP. ridibundusor another hybrid produce sexually reproducingP. ridibundusoffspring with the introgressed ex‐clonal genome. We compared the rate of nuclear amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and mitochondrial introgression in two types of populations, that is, those whereP. ridibundusoccurs in isolation and those where it lives with the hybridogens. Although significant differentiation (Φpt) between sexual and clonalridibundusgenomes suggested limited gene flow between sexuals and hybridogens, a non‐negligible (~5%) proportion ofP. ridibundusbore introgressed mtDNAandAFLPmarkers. Whereas transfer of mtDNAwas exclusively unidirectional, introgression of nuclear markers was bidirectional. The proportion of introgressedP. ridibunduswas highest in syntopic populations withP. esculentus, proving an ongoing and site‐specific interspecific genetic transfer mediated by hybridogenetic hybrids. It turns out that asexual hybrids are not just a sink for genes of sexual species, but may significantly influence the genetic architecture of their sexual counterparts.
Comparison of anesthesia protocols for intravenous glucose tolerance testing in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Vaughan Kelli L. , Szarowicz Mark D. , Herbert Richard L. , Mattison Julie A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundDrugs commonly used to sedate non‐human primates for physiological sample collection can affect the metabolic system and alter rates of glucose metabolism. This study was designed to compare the physiological and metabolic effects of ketamine/diazepam, telazol, and ketamine/dexmedetomidine.MethodsSeven female rhesus monkeys underwent intravenous glucose tolerance testing under each of three anesthesia conditions. Blood glucose, insulin, physiological parameters, and sedation characteristics were measured and recorded.ResultsGlucose and insulin values were both significantly impacted by ketamine/dexmedetomidine sedation while remaining consistent during ketamine and telazol sedation. Heart rate was also significantly lowered during ketamine/dexmedetomidine anesthesia. Though, ketamine/dexmedetomidine resulted in a longer time between induction of anesthesia and need for a supplemental dose of anesthesia drug.ConclusionsTelazol and ketamine have minimal cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects compared to ketamine/dexmedetomidine. Although practicably interchangeable, telazol appears to be the most efficient for intravenous glucose tolerance testings with non‐human primates.
In vivo brain macromolecule signals in healthy and glioblastoma mouse models: 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, post‐processing and metabolite quantification at 14.1 T
Authors: Craveiro Mélanie , Clément‐Schatlo Virginie , Marino Denis , Gruetter Rolf , Cudalbu Cristina 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, macromolecule signals underlay metabolite signals, and knowing their contribution is necessary for reliable metabolite quantification. When macromolecule signals are measured using an inversion‐recovery pulse sequence, special care needs to be taken to correctly remove residual metabolite signals to obtain a pure macromolecule spectrum. Furthermore, since a single spectrum is commonly used for quantification in multiple experiments, the impact of potential macromolecule signal variability, because of regional differences or pathologies, on metabolite quantification has to be assessed. In this study, we introduced a novel method to post‐process measured macromolecule signals that offers a flexible and robust way of removing residual metabolite signals. This method was applied to investigate regional differences in the mouse brain macromolecule signals that may affect metabolite quantification when not taken into account. However, since no significant differences in metabolite quantification were detected, it was concluded that a single macromolecule spectrum can be generally used for the quantification of healthy mouse brain spectra. Alternatively, the study of a mouse model of human glioma showed several alterations of the macromolecule spectrum, including, but not limited to, increased mobile lipid signals, which had to be taken into account to avoid significant metabolite quantification errors.
Induction of phosphorylated c‐Jun in neonatal spinal motoneurons after axonal injury is coincident with both motoneuron death and regeneration
Authors: Yuan Qiuju , Su Huanxing , Guo Jiasong , Wu Wutian , Lin Zhi‐Xiu 
Published: February 2014

Abstractc‐Jun activation has been implicated not only in neuronal degeneration, but also in survival and regeneration. Here, we investigated c‐Jun activation in injured motoneurons by using a nerve crush model in neonatal rats. We identified two distinct subpopulations of motoneurons: about 60% underwent degeneration following injury whereas the remaining 40% survived and induced a regeneration response at 3 weeks post injury. However, all motoneurons examined expressed phosphorylated‐c‐Jun‐immunoreactivity (p‐c‐Jun‐IR) at the early stage of 3 days following injury. These results suggest that active c‐Jun was induced in all neonatal motoneurons following nerve crush injury, regardless of whether they were destined to degenerate or undergo successful regeneration at a later stage. Our findings therefore support the hypothesis that active c‐Jun is involved in both neuronal degeneration and regeneration.
Physiological Responses of Rice Plants Supplied with Silicon to Monographella albescens Infection
Authors: Tatagiba Sandro D. , Rodrigues Fabrício A. , Filippi Marta Cristina C. , Silva Gisele B. , Silva Leandro C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of silicon (Si) on the resistance of rice plants of the cv. ‘Primavera’ cultivar that were grown in a nutrient solution with 0 (−Si) or 2 mm (+Si) Si to leaf scald, which is caused by Monographella albescens. The leaf Si concentration increased in the +Si plants (4.8 decag/kg) compared to the −Si plants (0.9 decag/kg), contributing to a reduced expansion of the leaf scald lesions. The extent of the cellular damage that was caused by the oxidative burst in response to the infection by M. albescens was reduced in the +Si plants, as evidenced by the reduced concentration of malondialdehyde. Higher concentrations of total soluble phenolics and lignin‐thioglycolic acid derivatives and greater activities of peroxidases (POX), polyphenoloxidases (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia‐lyases (PAL) and lipoxygenases (LOX) in the leaves of the +Si plants also contributed to the increased rice resistance to leaf scald. In contrast, the activities of chitinases and β‐1,3‐glucanases were higher in the leaves of the −Si plants probably due to the unlimited M. albescens growth in the leaf tissues, as indicated by the larger lesions. The results of this study highlight the potential of Si in decreasing the expansion of the leaf scald lesions concomitantly with the potentiation of phenolic and lignin production, and the greater activities of POX, PPO, PAL and LOX rather than simply acting only as a physical barrier to avoid M. albescens penetration.
Climate, physiological tolerance and sex‐biased dispersal shape genetic structure of Neotropical orchid bees
Authors: López‐Uribe Margarita M. , Zamudio Kelly R. , Cardoso Carolina F. , Danforth Bryan N. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the impact of past climatic events on the demographic history of extant species is critical for predicting species' responses to future climate change. Palaeoclimatic instability is a major mechanism of lineage diversification in taxa with low dispersal and small geographical ranges in tropical ecosystems. However, the impact of these climatic events remains questionable for the diversification of species with high levels of gene flow and large geographical distributions. In this study, we investigate the impact of Pleistocene climate change on three Neotropical orchid bee species (Eulaema bombiformis, E. meriana and E. cingulata) with transcontinental distributions and different physiological tolerances. We first generated ecological niche models to identify species‐specific climatically stable areas during Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Using a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear markers, we inferred calibrated phylogenies and estimated historical demographic parameters to reconstruct the phylogeographical history of each species. Our results indicate species with narrower physiological tolerance experienced less suitable habitat during glaciations and currently exhibit strong population structure in the mitochondrial genome. However, nuclear markers with low and high mutation rates show lack of association with geography. These results combined with lower migration rate estimates from the mitochondrial than the nuclear genome suggest male‐biased dispersal. We conclude that despite large effective population sizes and capacity for long‐distance dispersal, climatic instability is an important mechanism of maternal lineage diversification in orchid bees. Thus, these Neotropical pollinators are susceptible to disruption of genetic connectivity in the event of large‐scale climatic changes.
Microwave Radiation Injures Microvasculature Through Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Li Yuzhen , Qu Xiaoling , Wang Xiaoreng , Liu Mi , Wang Chen , Lv Zhenrong , Li Weihong , Tao Tianqi , Song Dandan , Liu Xiuhua 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe study aimed to investigate the effect of microwave radiation on microvasculature as well as the underlying mechanisms.MethodsSprague Dawley rats were exposed to microwave radiation. Microvascular diameters, flow velocity, blood perfusion, and permeability were measured. Cultured endothelial cells from microvessels were subjected to microwave radiation. Cytoskeleton, apoptosis, protein synthesis, and the markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress including 78‐kDa glucose‐regulated protein and calreticulin in endothelial cells were examined.ResultsMicrowave radiation decreased microvascular diameters and blood perfusion, and increased the permeability of microvessles. And microwave radiation induced the formation of stress fibers, apoptosis, and LDH leakage from microvascular endothelial cells. Also, when microvascular endothelial cells were exposed to microwaves, protein synthesis was significantly elevated. We found that upon microwave radiation, the expression of 78‐kDa glucose‐regulated protein and calreticulin were greatly upregulated in microvascular endothelial cells. We also investigated possible signaling pathways for endoplasmic reticulum stress‐initiated apoptosis. C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) pathway was activated in microvascular endothelial cells exposed to microwaves.ConclusionsMicrowave radiation induces microvascular injury by triggering the apoptotic pathway of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Human prokinetic drugs promote gastrointestinal motility in zebrafish
Authors: Zhou J. , Guo S.‐Y. , Zhang Y. , Li C.‐Q. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundGastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders are highly prevalent in populations worldwide and the development of effective and safe drug treatments for GI motility disorders has proven challenging. In this study, taking advantage of the transparency of larval zebrafish, we developed a novel zebrafish GI motility model for drug screening and efficacy assessment.MethodsZebrafish at 5 days postfertilization were fed 10 μg/L Nile red for 16 h, followed by drug treatment for 6 h. Tested drugs were delivered into the zebrafish by direct soaking. Drug effect on zebrafish GI motility was quantitatively assessed using GI tract fluorescent image‐based morphometric analysis. During all the periods of the experiments, the zebrafish were not fed any food.Key ResultsAll four human prokinetic drugs (domperidone, metoclopramide, mosapride, and magnesium sulfate) increased zebrafish GI motility, whereas two drugs that inhibit human GI movement (atropine and anisodamine) and two negative control drugs (glucose and vitamin C) did not show statistically significant effect on zebrafish GI motility.Conclusions & InferencesThese results suggest that larval zebrafish motility model developed here is a useful tool for whole‐animal in vivo GI transit studies and for assessing prokinetic drugs.
Efficacy of Vapam fumigant against clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) of canola
Authors: Hwang S. F. , Ahmed H. U. , Zhou Q. , Strelkov S. E. , Gossen B. D. , Peng G. , Turnbull G. D. 
Published: February 2014

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, has become a serious threat to canola (Brassica napus) production in western Canada. Experiments were conducted under greenhouse and field conditions to assess the effect of Vapam fumigant (dithiocarbamate; sodium N‐methyldithiocarbamate) on primary and secondary infection by P. brassicae, clubroot severity, and growth parameters in canola. Preliminary trials showed a 12–16‐fold reduction in primary and secondary infection and clubroot severity at all of the Vapam application rates (0·4–1·6 mL L−1 soil) assessed. Vapam was also found to be effective in reducing clubroot severity and improving seed yield of canola under field conditions. Application of Vapam at soil moisture levels in the range of 10–30% (v:v) had a large effect on both disease severity and infection rates and plant growth parameters. The results suggest that Vapam can effectively reduce clubroot severity and may be useful for the treatment of transplant propagation beds in brassica vegetable production, and for the containment of small, localized clubroot infestations in commercial canola crops.
Ultrafast Diffusion of a Fluorescent Cholesterol Analog in Compartmentalized Plasma Membranes
Authors: Hiramoto‐Yamaki Nao , Tanaka Kenji A. K. , Suzuki Kenichi G. N. , Hirosawa Koichiro M. , Miyahara Manami S. H. , Kalay Ziya , Tanaka Koichiro , Kasai Rinshi S. , Kusumi Akihiro , Fujiwara Takahiro K. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCholesterol distribution and dynamics in the plasma membrane (PM) are poorly understood. The recent development of Bodipy488‐conjugated cholesterol molecule (Bdp‐Chol) allowed us to study cholesterol behavior in the PM, using single fluorescent‐molecule imaging. Surprisingly, in the intact PM, Bdp‐Chol diffused at the fastest rate ever found for any molecules in the PM, with a median diffusion coefficient (D) of 3.4 µm2/second, which was ∼10 times greater than that of non‐raft phospholipid molecules (0.33 µm2/second), despite Bdp‐Chol's probable association with raft domains. Furthermore, Bdp‐Chol exhibited no sign of entrapment in time scales longer than 0.5 milliseconds. In the blebbed PM, where actin filaments were largely depleted, Bdp‐Chol and Cy3‐conjugated dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (Cy3‐DOPE) diffused at comparable Ds (medians = 5.8 and 6.2 µm2/second, respectively), indicating that the actin‐based membrane skeleton reduces the D of Bdp‐Chol only by a factor of ∼2 from that in the blebbed PM, whereas it reduces the D of Cy3‐DOPE by a factor of ∼20. These results are consistent with the previously proposed model, in which the PM is compartmentalized by the actin‐based membrane‐skeleton fence and its associated transmembrane picket proteins for the macroscopic diffusion of all of the membrane molecules, and suggest that the probability of Bdp‐Chol passing through the compartment boundaries, once it enters the boundary, is ∼10× greater than that of Cy3‐DOPE. Since the compartment sizes are greater than those of the putative raft domains, we conclude that raft domains coexist with membrane‐skeleton‐induced compartments and are contained within them.
Design of the Essential Material Test Equipment for the Pebble Bed Effective Thermal Conductivity Measurement Experiment
Authors: Ren Cheng , Yang Xing-Tuan , Li Cong-Xin , Liu Zhi-Yong , Jiang Sheng-Yao 
Published: February 2014

High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) is a typical representation of Generation IV nuclear power system for its advantages like inherent safety, high efficiency, widely application as high-temperature heat source. The first two 250-MWt high temperature reactor pebble bed modules (HTR-PM) have be installing at the Shidaowan plant in Shandong Province, China, which have the cylindrical core structure with thousands of spherical fuel elements randomly packed inside. The values of the effective thermal conductivity of the pebble bed core under different temperatures are essential parameters for the design of HTGR, which are needed to analyze the maximum fuel temperature, temperature distribution and residual heat releasing ability in reactor core. For this purpose, Tsinghua University in China has proposed a full-scale heat transfer experiment to conduct comprehensive thermal transfer tests in packed pebble bed and to determine the effective thermal conductivity through the pebble bed under vacuum condition and helium environment with temperature up to 1600°C.
An essential material test equipment is built in advance to provide reliable materials and technical support for the design of the final experimental device aimed at measuring the effective thermal conductivity of pebble bed type reactor core of the high temperature gas-cooled reactor. The design of the essential material test equipment is introduced in detail, including the heat element, the insulation structure, the temperature detector, cooling water system, vacuum system, hydraulic lifting system, data acquisition system and so on. Several key technologies in design are described in detail. Test temperature in the equipment was elevated up to 1600°C, which covers the whole temperature range of the normal operation and accident condition of HTGR and could fully meet the test requirements of materials used in the reactor. The construction and commissioning of the test equipment shows that the test equipment has met the design requirements and verified the feasibility of the related materials and structures.
AP1000 Plant Typical Operational Transient Analysis
Authors: Liu Lixin , Zheng Limin 
Published: February 2014

According to advanced light water reactor (ALWR) Utility Requirement Document (URD), plant control systems should be designed to meet the specified design requirements for an advanced 1000 MWe class PWR nuclear power plant (NPP).
As per the plant design requirements, AP1000 control systems were simulated, and plant thermal-hydraulic performance analysis have been performed with RELAP5 thermal-hydraulic computer code under five typical operational transients, i.e. (a) a step load increase from 15% FP to 25%FP, (b) a step load decrease from 100% FP to 90%FP, (c) +5%/min ramp load increase, (d) large load rejection to house load at full power, (e) normal reactor trip at full power. Based on a preliminary plant performance analysis, it indicates that plant design requirements could be satisfied for AP1000 control systems.