bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canadian Arctic Oil Shale Resources: A Re-assessment of Potential Ordovician to Carboniferous Oil Shale Deposits
Authors: Goodarzi Fariborz , Ardakani Omid Haeri , Pedersen Per-Kent , Sanei Hamed 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Canada has vast oil shale resources (estimated at 180 billion barrels proved recoverable oil shale reserve) similar to the estimated Canadian oil reserve of 179 billion barrels. These deposits consist of various oil shale types deposited in terrestrial, lake, and marine environments.
These Canadian oil shale deposits are assessed under auspices of Canada/Israel Industrial Research and Development Program and Geological Survey of Canada for their possible use for extraction of hydrocarbon. The organic rich oil shale deposit with thickness of &gt;60m are suitable for this purpose. This paper reviews the oil shale deposits of Arctic Canada from Ordovician to Carboniferous age. Ordovician shale of Baffin Island, Southampton Island, and Akpatok Islands consist of organic lean, calcareous deposits with variable thickness. The Devonian cannel and canneloid deposit of Melville Island, Arctic Canada are liptinitic rich, but are thin and therefore have low mining potential. The Lower Carboniferous Emma Fjord oil shale deposit is the only promising deposit for in-situ extraction of hydrocarbon from Arctic Canada at present.
Gas Bearing Prospect Identification by Integrated Seismic and Petrophysical Interpretation Using Effective Pore Space Approach
Authors: Nooraiepour Mohammad , Aali Masoud , Kovalenko Kazimir V. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Traditional absolute pore space concept considers the whole pore volume within the reservoir rock. Total porosity accounts for the entire pore space, so the maximum fluid saturation in rock related to this value. The structural complexity of pores in rocks especially in carbonates frequently results in isolated pores creation. These stagnant pores contribute to the absolute porosity of the rock, but are not involved in the flow of fluids through the rock. The intercommunicating pore spaces that maintain the flow of fluids make up the effective porosity. As fluid transport in porous media is controlled by the available amount of pores for flow, so this is the effective pore space not absolute one, in which real reservoir flow process occurs. In this study, play based hydrocarbon exploration procedure for an area followed. This region is surrounded by the gas discoveries in different reservoir horizons on the adjacent blocks. Complexity of geological structures and sequence of terrigenous-carbonates facies' change had led to drilling of seventeen dry wildcats. Aiming to reinvestigate the hydrocarbon potential, integrated petrophysical and seismic interpretation designed to identify hydrocarbon accumulation on the basis of regional studies. By analysis of core and well log data, static petrophysical properties calculated, reservoir horizons characterized and afterward the effective porosity was estimated using adaptive well log interpretation. The effective porosity estimations imported as an input for genetic inversion procedure to determine its distribution over the targeted formation. The effective porosity cube presented anomalies in areas where seismic attenuation attribute confirms possibility of gas accumulation. Successful implementation of shared-earth model using close interpretation of seismic and well data led to identifying a stratigraphic prospect with an acceptable probability of success.
Design Concept for Steel GBS with Crude Storage in Arctic and Cold Regions
Authors: Bandi Deepti , Paulin Mike , Georghiou Andreas , Dontula Nagavaishnavi 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
As the demand for energy resources continues to grow, the oil and gas industry is looking north to the Arctic for discovery and extraction of offshore hydrocarbon resources. In seasonal ice covered waters and regions frequented by icebergs where ice loads are significant; the Gravity Based Structure (GBS) has been shown, in cases, to be the preferred technically feasible solution (e.g. Hibernia, Hebron, Sakhalin 1, and Sakhalin 2). In remote locations, where there may be no pipeline infrastructure or the cost of such infrastructure may be too high, the GBS can be designed to offer storage at a reasonable cost. In some circumstances, a ballasted steel structure might have advantages over traditional steel reinforced concrete structures, as outlined in this paper.
In these areas where ice loads are significant, the majority of installed Gravity Based Structures are comprised of steel reinforced concrete. This paper presents the concept of a steel GBS with a storage option for remote Arctic regions. The proposed structural design of the steel GBS is based on the study of ice loads and associated stability. The sizing, advantages and limitations of the unique hull structure are discussed in this paper. The paper discusses about the design and construction of a steel hull GBS capable of withstanding both first year ice and multi-year ice loads in an Arctic setting, where there is future proposed route for ice-class shuttle tankers. For the purpose of this paper, water depths between 30m and 50m are considered for the design of the structure. Optimized sizing of the GBS for various water depths, in order to achieve an approximate storage of six to eight days of crude oil production, is discussed.
Iceberg Ice Constitutive Modeling and FEA Validation
Authors: Derradji-Aouat Ahmed , Sarzynski Melanie , Cordes Roger 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
A constitutive model for iceberg ice is implemented into an explicit finite element analysis. The focus of this effort was to establish a validated model for high-speed impact events in which the ice strength undergoes a transition from a ductile to brittle mode of failure at strain rates around 10-3 s-1. The proposed iceberg ice response is linear elastic prior to the stress state reaching the ice failure envelope. The ice failure envelope is represented by a set of concentric ellipses in the octahedral shear stress (t) and hydrostatic pressure (P) plane, where the size of each envelope reflects a specific strain rate and temperature; increasing strain rate and decreasing temperature contribute to increased strength in the proposed failure envelope. Upon reaching the specified envelope, a brittle failure mode is simulated using exponential degradation of material stiffness.
To demonstrate the predictive capabilities of the proposed iceberg ice model, small-scale finite element models of a variety of experimental ice tests were used for validation. Published experimental parameters were used to develop constants for the material model. The work examined finite element predictions for the following laboratory tests: Triaxial compressionUniaxial compressionUniaxial tensionFlexureIndentation
The natural variability inherent in iceberg ice influences several ice properties, including strength and associated failure modes, with a particular sensitivity to temperature and strain rate. Overall, the proposed constitutive model for iceberg ice response predicts failure with reasonable agreement based on triaxial compression tests but tends to over-predict the strength of the ice in uniaxial tension and compression. When implemented with material damage and exponential degradation of material stiffness after the stress state exceeds the ice failure envelope, the proposed model is believed to conservatively capture linear elastic response followed by a brittle failure mode and can be used to simulate an iceberg impacting a structure at strain rates &gt; 10-3 s-1.
Co-variability of North Atlantic Oscillation and Maximum Sea Ice Extent in the Baltic Sea in CMIP5 Climate Models
Authors: Seitola Teija , Ukkonen Peter , Karpechko Alexey , Ruosteenoja Kimmo , Gregow Hilppa 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the variability of the maximum ice extent over the Baltic Sea (MIB) is investigated in a set of CMIP5 climate models following the RCP4.5 scenario. The study shows that the annual correlations of the winter NAO and the MIB are moderate or fairly strong (0.3-0.6) and a majority of the models also indicate significant correlations on inter-annual to multi-decadal time scales. Our results based on 12 state-of-the-art climate models indicate that the winter NAO has no significant trend or considerable changes in its future variability. However, this remains a subject to debate, as the results of earlier studies are somewhat conflicting. The variability of MIB is projected to become much smaller in the future as a consequence of the warming climate and the related decrease in the MIB.
Icebreaking Trimaran Development Project
Authors: Heikkilä T. , Mård A. , Valtonen V. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Icebreaking trimaran is a new, promising vessel concept, which is under development at Aker Arctic. Goal of the development project is to create a product family of icebreaking trimarans suitable for icebreaking in light ice conditions in ports, escorting large merchant vessels in Baltic Sea traffic during winter and a heavy duty version for arctic seas. During the development project various aspects affecting the icebreaking capability of the trimaran have been studied, such as the optimal distance of the side hulls considering the icebreaking performance, proper cross-deck dimensioning for ice loads and various oil spill recovery functions. Also the open water characteristics of the trimaran hull have been studied in model tests.
The trimaran concepts for light icebreaking in harbours and Baltic escort icecbreaker duties have been developed as separate conceptual cases. These cases are presented considering the operational benefits the trimaran concept can offer for these vessel types.
Real-time Arctic Pipeline Integrity and Leak Monitoring
Authors: Thodi P. , Paulin M. , DeGeer D. , Squires M. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Real-time integrity monitoring is a sensor-based monitoring system aimed at enhancing the productivity of Arctic pipelines. The intent of pipeline integrity monitoring is to assess operating conditions and performance, improve performance and pipeline throughput, extend life and inform the operator if pipeline integrity is compromised. The other purpose of the monitoring is to provide the necessary information to perform optimal Inspection and Maintenance (IM) activities. Real-time integrity monitoring provides warning when something is starting to go wrong, and provides instantaneous information when things have gone wrong. Without monitoring, the condition would continue to degrade the pipeline integrity until failure.
Due to Arctic pipeline design and operational challenges, like ice gouging, strudel scour, upheaval buckling, frost heave and permafrost thaw settlement, along with seasonal ice cover and remote location, real-time integrity monitoring is a challenge. With real-time monitoring systems that predict failures and maintenance requirements, the operator can schedule IM activities in an optimal manner. Real-time integrity monitoring balances the cost of monitoring with the benefits of early detection and subsequent warning of abnormal conditions to ensure reliability is maintained throughout the entire life of the pipeline. Arctic pipeline integrity monitoring solutions consist of different technologies, ranging from flow, pressure and temperature gauges, sand and H2S monitors, usage of in-line inspection tools and ROV, external continuous Fiber Optic Cable (FOC) temperature and strain sensors, satellite surveillance and overflight by helicopters.
The first part of this paper will focus on Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) and Distributed Strain Sensing (DSS) systems to detect integrity threats arising from the unique Arctic design and operational challenges. The failure to detect pipeline leaks in a timely manner could have severe safety, environmental, and economic consequences in the Arctic. Large leaks can easily be detected, but small chronic leaks may go undetected for a period of time, especially when pipelines are buried in remote locations or under seasonal ice cover. Technology evaluation based on regulatory requirements and functional criteria suggests that Fiber Optic Cable (FOC) distributed sensing systems have a high potential to be used for Arctic pipelines to detect and locate leakages. Pipeline leakage would generate a local change in temperature. These thermal anomalies can be captured by FOC DTS systems with good spatial and temporal resolution. Similarly, the acoustic signature generated by leaking fluid could be detected using FOC Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) systems. The second part of this paper covers the operating principles and technology status of FOC leak monitoring system for Arctic pipelines.
Projected Regulatory Governance for Offshore Hydrocarbon Development in the the Kara Sea
Authors: Skinner Jon A. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Increasing seasonal ice free Arctic waters and market demand to expand hydrocarbon extraction to previously undeveloped Arctic offshore regions has accelerated an Arctic priority in national strategies and international forums. In this context, hydrocarbon development in the Kara Sea region lends itself to interdisciplinary study. The proposed paper will be based on current specific research on state and corporate compliance to international environmental standards in Arctic offshore hydrocarbon development, to contribute and support a larger project, an Interdisciplinary PhD dissertation currently in progress with the University of Alaska Fairbanks titled Russian Capacity to Develop Offshore Oil Reserves in the Kara Sea: Geopolitical and Regional Implications. The proposed paper will be based on a focused analysis for the Kara Sea region through 2030. It is hoped such a study will have contributing value for industry, policy makers as well as the broader international community with an interest in transparent international environmental standards for oil and gas development in the Arctic littoral. It is further proposed that the sheer size of the Kara Sea hydrocarbon reserves, particularly of oil, and the effort and resources required to bring them into production, warrants this assessment as to the nature of the governance regime which is, or may evolve, and contribute to secure, stable and environmentally sound Arctic development.
A Triple Stain of Reticulin, Glypican-3, and Glutamine Synthetase: A Useful Aid in the Diagnosis of Liver Lesions
Authors: Swanson Benjamin J. , Yearsley Martha M. , Marsh William , Frankel Wendy L. 
Published: March 2015

ContextThe correct histologic diagnosis of mass lesions of the liver can be difficult, especially in biopsy samples. Reticulin, glypican-3, and glutamine synthetae are stains that can help distinguish hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic adenoma, and focal nodular hyperplasia.ObjectiveTo evaluate the utility of a triple stain of reticulin, glypican-3, and glutamine synthetae in distinguishing hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic adenoma, and focal nodular hyperplasia.DesignWhole tissue sections and tissue microarrays were evaluated with a triple stain of reticulin, followed by glutamine synthetae (diaminobenzidine, brown chromogen) and glypican-3 (alkaline phosphatase, red chromogen). The 109 cases evaluated included whole tissue section hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 16), tissue microarray hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 19), whole tissue section hepatic adenoma (n = 15), tissue microarray hepatic adenoma (n = 13), whole tissue section focal nodular hyperplasia (n = 13; 12%), tissue microarray focal nodular hyperplasia (n = 13), as well as nonmalignant liver parenchyma adjacent to hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 20). All cases were scored for reticulin being intact or lost, positive or negative staining for glypican-3, and diffuse, maplike, perivenular, or negative staining for glutamine synthetae.ResultsThe combination of intact reticulin with either glypican-3 negativity or negative glutamine synthetae was 92% sensitive and 95% specific in the distinction of tissue microarray hepatic adenoma from hepatocellular carcinoma. For the distinction of tissue microarray focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma, maplike glutamine synthetae was most useful and was 85% sensitive and 100% specific.ConclusionsThe triple stain of reticulin, glypican-3, and glutamine synthetae is useful in the differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic adenoma, and focal nodular hyperplasia on biopsy specimens. Furthermore, this triple stain is advantageous to single stains and can help when aberrant staining patterns are observed.
Diagnostic Utility of PHOX2B in Primary and Treated Neuroblastoma and in Neuroblastoma Metastatic to the Bone Marrow
Authors: Hata Jessica L. , Correa Hernan , Krishnan Chandra , Esbenshade Adam J. , Black Jennifer O. , Chung Dai H. , Mobley Bret C. 
Published: March 2015

ContextNeuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial tumor of childhood. Although most cases have a distinctive histology, a subset of primitive cases require immunohistochemical studies to distinguish them from other small round blue cell tumors of childhood. Immunohistochemistry is also used to detect small amounts of tumor metastatic to the bone marrow and in posttreatment samples with obscuring fibrosis, calcification, or inflammation. The transcription factor PHOX2B is essential for the differentiation and survival of sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells, and therefore is highly specific for the peripheral autonomic nervous system.ObjectiveTo determine the diagnostic utility of PHOX2B immunohistochemistry as a marker of primary, treated, and metastatic NB.DesignNeuroblastoma tissue microarrays were stained with PHOX2B, CD57, and synaptophysin. Arrays containing rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and Wilms tumor were stained with PHOX2B, and negative bone marrow samples were stained with PHOX2B and CD57.ResultsPHOX2B and CD57 were similar to synaptophysin in their ability to detect NB. PHOX2B and CD57 similarly showed robust staining in posttreatment NB and NB metastatic to the bone marrow. In contrast to the cytoplasmic staining pattern seen with synaptophysin and CD57, clear and strong nuclear PHOX2B permitted identification of individual tumor cells. PHOX2B staining was absent in all cases of rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and Wilms tumor, and in the negative bone marrow.ConclusionsPHOX2B and CD57 are useful markers of NB. PHOX2B is specific for NB in its differential diagnosis with other small round cell tumors, and its nuclear staining may be helpful for accurate bone marrow tumor quantification.
Monitoring deep‐ocean temperatures using acoustic ambient noise
Authors: Woolfe Katherine F. , Lani Shane , Sabra Karim G. , Kuperman W. A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMeasuring temperature changes of the deep oceans, important for determining the oceanic heat content and its impact on the Earth's climate evolution, is typically done using free‐drifting profiling oceanographic floats with limited global coverage. Acoustic thermometry provides an alternative and complementary remote sensing methodology for monitoring fine temperature variations of the deep ocean over long distances between a few underwater sources and receivers. We demonstrate a simpler, totally passive (i.e., without deploying any active sources) modality for acoustic thermometry of the deep oceans (for depths of ~ 500–1500 m), using only ambient noise recorded by two existing hydroacoustic stations of the International Monitoring System. We suggest that passive acoustic thermometry could improve global monitoring of deep‐ocean temperature variations through implementation using a global network of hydrophone arrays.
Identifying the role of typhoons as drought busters in South Korea based on hidden Markov chain models
Authors: Yoo Jiyoung , Kwon Hyun‐Han , So Byung‐Jin , Rajagopalan Balaji , Kim Tae‐Woong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis study proposed a hidden Markov chain model‐based drought analysis (HMM‐DA) tool to understand the beginning and ending of meteorological drought and to further characterize typhoon‐induced drought busters (TDB) by exploring spatiotemporal drought patterns in South Korea. It was found that typhoons have played a dominant role in ending drought events (EDE) during the typhoon season (July–September) over the last four decades (1974–2013). The percentage of EDEs terminated by TDBs was about 43–90% mainly along coastal regions in South Korea. Furthermore, the TDBs, mainly during summer, have a positive role in managing extreme droughts during the subsequent autumn and spring seasons. The HMM‐DA models the temporal dependencies between drought states using Markov chain, consequently capturing the dependencies between droughts and typhoons well, thus, enabling a better performance in modeling spatiotemporal drought attributes compared to traditional methods.
Effect of adhesive thickness on the stringiness of crosslinked polyacrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesives
Authors: Shitajima Kohei , Karyu Nozomi , Fujii Syuji , Nakamura Yoshinobu , Urahama Yoshiaki 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe effect of adhesive thickness on stringiness behavior during 90° peel testing was investigated for crosslinked poly(n‐butyl acrylate‐acrylic acid) (A) and poly(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate‐acrylic acid) (B) with a constant crosslinker content. The adhesive thickness was varied over the range from 15 to 60 μm. All adhesive thicknesses exhibited sawtooth‐type peeling with a front frame for B, but only the 30‐μm thickness generated a front frame‐type for A. The peel rate decreased from 15 to 45 μm and plateaued above 45 μm under a constant load test. These results indicate that the adhesion strength increases with adhesive thickness, but reaches a constant value at high thicknesses. The stringiness was also analysed for B and the sawtooth interval observed to increase with increasing thickness. This means the sawtooth number decreased. As a result, the concentrated stress per sawtooth induces easier peeling and so this factor tend to increase the peel rate. Conversely, the stringiness width increased with increasing thickness. The stress load over the stringiness region decreased with an increase in thickness, meaning that a decrease in the concentrated stress decreases the peel rate. The actual peel rate is influenced by the contributions of these two factors. The strain rates during constant peel rate tests decreased slightly with increasing thickness, due to a reduction in the apparent modulus. The molecular mobilities near the adherend and the backing surfaces were evidently restrained by these surfaces, and the relative rates of motion of such restrained molecules decrease with increased thickness. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42210.