bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of pralidoxime in organophosphorus poisoning
Authors: Banerjee I. , Tripathi SK , Roy Sinha A 
Published: March 2014

Context:
Poisoning with organophosphorus (OP) compounds constitutes a global public health problem. Standard treatment of OP poisoning involves use of atropine and pralidoxime. While efficacy of atropine is well-established, clinical experience with pralidoxime in management of OP poisoning is controversial.

Aims:
To explore the efficacy of add-on pralidoxime with atropine over atropine alone in the management of OP poisoning.

Settings and Design:
An open-label, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial was conducted in a tertiary care district hospital in West Bengal.

Materials and Methods:
Patients presenting with features of OP poisoning were randomly allocated to receive atropine or atropine-plus-pralidoxime. Efficacy was assessed by analyzing mortality, requirement for ventilator support and the duration of stay in hospital.

Statistical analysis:
Chi-square test was done to compare the efficacy parameters between the two groups. A two-tailed P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results:
During the study period, 150 patients were screened following which 120 patients were randomized to either of the treatment arms. Add-on pralidoxime therapy did not offer any appreciable benefit over atropine alone in terms of reducing mortality (18.33% (11/60) versus 13.33% (8/60)) and ventilator requirement (5% (3/60) versus 8.33% (5/60)). However, patients randomized in the add-on pralidoxime arm experienced longer duration of hospital stay (7.02 ± 1.12 days) than those receiving atropine-alone therapy (5.68 ± 1.87 days) (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
The present study suggested that add-on pralidoxime with atropine therapy did not offer any appreciable benefit over atropine alone in management of OP poisoning. However, further trials are needed to explore different dosing regimens of pralidoxime in order to determine its efficacy in OP poisoning.
Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D profile after single large oral doses of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in medical staff in North India
Authors: Priyambada L , Bhatia V , Singh N , Bhatia E 
Published: March 2014

Background:
Vitamin D deficiency is widely prevalent in India and subjects who have almost no exposure to sunlight are severely deficient. Daily oral doses of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) are costly as compared to stoss doses and further, take a long time for the serum levels to reach a plateau. Compliance to supplementation may also be better if a regimen involves single oral doses of vitamin D at specified intervals rather than daily doses. Evidence-based guidelines regarding the dosing and the frequency of dosing for prophylactic intermittent supplementation (stoss doses) in severely-deficient subjects are few.

Materials and Methods:
In a prospective intervention study, we serially assessed 30 asymptomatic healthy medical staff for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and parathyroid hormone (PTH); (a) at baseline; (b) monthly for 3 months after single oral 60,000 units (U) cholecalciferol; (c) monthly for 3 months after 120,000 (or 180,000 for those with elevated alkaline phosphatase) U cholecalciferol; and, (d) subsequently, at 3 months after a repeat dose of 60,000 U cholecalciferol by repeated measures analysis of variance.

Results:
The baseline serum 25(OH)D was 7.1 ± 5.4 ng/mL (< 10 ng/mL in 85% subjects) which increased to 18.7 ± 8.9 ng/mL at 1 month after 60,000 U of cholecalciferol (P < 0.001) and decreased to 11.1 ± 5.3 ng/mL by the 3 rd month. The higher dose of 120,000 (or 180,000) U increased mean 25(OH)D to 28.9 ± 9.9 ng/mL at the end of 1 st month, declining to 17.9 ± 4.9 ng/mL (P < 0.001) at 3 months. With the subsequent 60,000 U the serum 25(OH)D was 18.4 ± 3.9 ng/mL at 3 months. PTH showed a corresponding negative trend. No hypercalcemia was observed.

Conclusions:
Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent amongst medical staff in Northern India. An initial dose of 120,000-180,000 U of cholecalciferol is required to elevate 25(OH)D out of the deficiency range. Maintenance dose is needed at 2 months.
Prevalence and Pattern of Smoking among Bus Drivers of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Goon Shatabdi , Bipasha Munmun S. 
Published: March 2014

Background Smoking is an increasingly prevalent habit in Bangladesh, particularly among men with low socioeconomic status. Aim The aim of this study was determining the prevalence and pattern of smoking among bus drivers of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out from 15 to 26 March 2013 among four hundred bus drivers of Dhaka city, Bangladesh aged between 18 and 50 determining the prevalence, pattern, and socioeconomic determinants of smoking. Data were input into a pre-designed access database with data management and analysis using standard statistical tools (SPSS-15) to assess significance through cross-tabulation. Results The overall prevalence of smoking among bus drivers was 93%, and 20% of their daily income was spent on smoking. Though most (32.3%) of the drivers started smoking before involving in driving profession, but excessive smoking had been promoted by occupational and environmental stress experiencing hectic work schedule. Individuals with no education were three times (odds ratio (OR) 2.8; 95% CI 1.2–6.13) more likely to be smoker. Smoking was detected among 53.2% of smokers aged 26 or above (χ 2 = 8.30, P < 0.05), and they showed significantly high prevalence. The reasons behind smoking were almost exclusively habit (38.1%), peer influence (26.8%), and thinking of stress relief (25.3%). Smoking can also worsen poverty among users and their families because most of the drivers reported chest pain (34.4%), heart disease (25.8%), and other health complications caused by smoking depriving families of much-needed income and imposing additional costs of health care. Conclusion Interventions and preventions by policy makers, public health experts, and other stakeholders should be introduced considering high prevalence of smoking among Bangladeshi bus drivers with detrimental health sequel.
Molecular Characteristics of Rotavirus Isolated from a Diarrhea Outbreak in October 2008 in Bintuni Bay, Papua, Indonesia
Authors: Pratiwi Eka , Setiawaty Vivi , Putranto Rudi Hendro 
Published: March 2014

Background Viral diarrhea continues to be a health problem in Indonesia that often causes outbreaks; in particular, acute viral diarrhea in young children. Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children under two years of age. This study aimed to determine the genotypes of rotavirus in Bintuni Bay, Papua. Methods Stool specimens from 15 patients were collected and analyzed for rotavirus using an enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Subsequently, we sequenced the genetic material of rotavirus positive samples by RT-PCR and analyzed the results using Mega-4 software. Results Two rotavirus serotypes were identified from the diarrhea outbreak in Bintuni, Papua in October 2008: serotype G1 with G1P[6] (50%) and G1P[8] (16.7%) strains, and serotype G2 with G2P[4] (23.3%) strain. Phylogenetic tree analyses of VP7 protein showed that rotavirus-infected diarrhea in Bintuni Bay, Papua at that time was dominated by the G1 serotype (83%). Conclusion The laboratory results showed that G1 serotype rotavirus was a cause of the outbreak of diarrhea in October 2008 in Bintuni, Papua.
Formação de educadores de jovens e adultos do campo: quase tudo por fazer
Authors: Ribeiro Marlene 
Published: March 2014

O objeto deste artigo situa-se na confl uência de três temáticas, do que decorrem as difi culdades para abordá-lo. São elas: educação de jovens e adultos, formação de educadores e educação do campo, cada uma com as suas especifi cidades que precisam ser articuladas na unidade de formação de educadores de EJA do campo, com o objetivo de promover uma análise das questões que se colocam a essa formação. A subdivisão do artigo corresponde às temáticas articuladas nessa unidade, e permitirá, ao fi nal, uma abordagem a respeito do que as une, apontando algumas conclusões. Sobre cada uma dessas temáticas há uma razoável produção de artigos, pesquisas, ensaios, documentos, mas sobre a unidade acima proposta não há registros ou, se existem, são raros. Por isso, acrescenta-se o quase tudo por fazer, que completa o título dado a esta refl exão e, ao mesmo tempo, reforça a importância da abordagem proposta.
Arteriovenous Fistula Formations: Key to Vascular Surgical Training
Authors: El-Sharkawy Ahmed M. , Morris Daniel L.J. , Grewal Balvinder S. , Quarmby John W. , Rowlands Timothy E. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose To highlight missed training opportunities in daycase surgery for trainees to acquire competency in vascular anastomosis by performing arteriovenous fistula (AVF) formations. Methods Operative Room Management Information System records were reviewed for AVF procedures in daycase and general theatres at a UK Foundation Trust between 2007 and 2012. Data collected included procedure, procedure time (PT), patient length of stay (LOS), readmissions within 30 days of procedure and lead and assistant surgeons involved. Results Of 199 daycase AVF procedures reviewed, 59.3% (n=118) were brachiocephalic formations and 34.2% (n=68) radiocephalic formations. Trainees attended 41.2% of daycase AVF procedures and were lead surgeon in 7.3% of these. Mean PT was 64 minutes for consultants compared with 56 minutes for trainees, with no significant difference (p=0.297). Median patient LOS was less than 24 hours for both groups. Six daycase AVF procedures resulted in patient readmission within 30 days; five of these were operated on by consultants and one by a staff grade. During the same period, 258 AVF procedures were performed in general theatres. Trainees attended 64.3% of AVF formations performed in general theatres and were lead surgeon in 5.8% of these. Conclusions Trainees attended and led few daycase AVF formations despite no significant difference in PT, patient LOS or readmission rate between consultant-led and trainee-led cases. Trainees attended more AVF formations performed in general theatres than daycase. However, trainees led a greater proportion of daycase AVF formations, possibly due to a less complex case mix that is more suitable for training.
Archaeology in Three Dimensions: Computer-Based Methods in Archaeological Research
Authors: Grosman Leore , Karasik Avshalom , Harush Ortal , Smilanksy Uzy 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThis article reviews the activities at the Computerized Archaeology Laboratory at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where techniques and ideas from computer science (e.g., computer graphics, machine learning, etc.) are integrated into archaeological research methodologies. The laboratory operates optical scanners which provide 3D digital models that are then analyzed by computer programs developed in-house. These programs address research issues and needs which could not be tackled without the availability of digital 3D models, thus broadening the horizons of archaeological research. To date, these methods and applications have been applied successfully to more than 30,000 pottery fragments, 3,000 stone tools, and many other archaeological finds submitted by more than 100 expeditions. This level of integration provides daily verification of the 3D approach and its intellectual and economical advantages.
Human Capital Production Function
Authors: Kesti Marko 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn many organizations the labor workforce is the single most important factor for business performance, but also the most difficult to analyze. Traditional analyzing and forecasting methods do not explain the phenomenon how human capital affects business economics, and therefore they are not too widely used in strategic management. This article introduces Human Capital Production Function (HCPF) as an analyzing method that combines the tangible and intangible assets of human capital with financial scorecards in a way that explains the meaning of human resources for business performance. Intangible assets can be measured using tacit signal method which can be connected to organization system intelligence. The article studies HCPF validity in longitudinal business case data and tests the use of HCPF in scenario-analyzing in a statistical average business services company in the Singapore region.
The Role of Ti and Lewis Acidity in Manganese Oxide Octahedral Molecular Sieves Impregnated with Titanium in Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Hayati Fitri , Chandren Sheela , Hamdan Halimaton , Nur Hadi 
Published: March 2014

Octahedral manganese oxide molecular sieves (OMS-2) was prepared by precipitation method and modified by impregnation of titanium with different titanium/manganese (Ti/Mn) ratio. It was also discovered that Ti/Mn ratio of less than 0.5 still retains the original pure cryptomelane structure of OMS-2. However, for sample with Ti/Mn ratio of more than 0.5, some rutile phases of titania (TiO2) can be detected together with the cryptomelane phase. Lewis acid sites were also observed in the titanium modified OMS-2 (Ti-OMS-2). Ti-OMS-2 was then used as catalysts for the oxidation of cyclohexane, cyclohexene and styrene, where Ti-OMS-2 with Ti/Mn ratio of 0.67 was most active in all three of the oxidation reactions as compared to TiO2 and OMS-2. The results suggest that both titanium sites in framework and non-framework and the Lewis acidity created by the impregnation of Ti, increased the activity of OMS-2 in oxidation reactions. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Lithospheric architecture of the Slave craton, northwest Canada, as determined from an interdisciplinary 3‐D model
Authors: Snyder D. B. , Hillier M. J. , Kjarsgaard B. A. , de Kemp E. A. , Craven J. A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRegional‐scale geologic structures characteristic of mantle lithosphere within cratons found in continent interiors are interpreted using geo‐registered diverse data sets from the Slave craton of northwest Canada. We developed and applied a new method for mapping seismic discontinuities in three dimensions using multiyear observations at sparse, individual broadband receivers. New, fully 3‐D conductivity models used all available magnetotelluric data. Discontinuity surfaces and conductivity models were geo‐registered with previously published P‐wave and surface‐wave velocity models to confirm first‐order structures such as a midlithosphere discontinuity. Our 3‐D model to 400 km depth was calibrated by “drill hole” observations derived from xenolith suites extracted from kimberlites. A number of new structural discontinuities emerge from direct comparison of coregistered data sets and models. Importantly, we distinguish primary mantle layers from secondary features related to younger metasomatism. Subhorizontal Slave craton layers with tapered, wedge‐shaped margins indicate construction of the craton core at 2.7 Ga by underthrusting and flat stacking of lithosphere. Mapping of conductivity and metasomatism in 3‐D, the latter inferred via mineral recrystallization and resetting of isotopic ages in xenoliths, indicates overprinting of the primary layered structures. The observed distribution of relatively conductive mantle at 100–200 km depths is consistent with pervasive metasomatism; vertical “chimneys” reaching to crustal depths in locations where kimberlites erupted or where Au mineralization is known.
Enhancing Thermostability and Organic Solvent Tolerance of ω‐Transaminase through Global Incorporation of Fluorotyrosine
Authors: Deepankumar Kanagavel , Shon Minsu , Nadarajan Saravanan Prabhu , Shin Giyoung , Mathew Sam , Ayyadurai Niraikulam , Kim Byung‐Gee , Choi Sei‐Hyun , Lee Sang‐Hyeup , Yun Hyungdon 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHere, we have utilized the incorporation of non‐canonical amino acids as a tool kit to improve enzyme properties for organic synthesis applications. The global incorporation of 3‐fluorotyrosine (FY) into ω‐transaminase (ω‐TA) to give ω‐TA[FY] enhanced the thermostability and organic solvent tolerance without altering substrate specificity and enantioselectivity. Moreover, ω‐TA[FY] was able to completely convert 25 mM of acetophenone into (S)‐1‐phenylethylamine (ee>99%) in the presence of 20% DMSO (v/v) which is ∼2‐fold higher when compared to wild‐type ω‐TA.magnified image
Proportion of dermatitis attributed to work exposures in the working population, United States, 2011 behavioral risk factor surveillance system
Authors: St. Louis Thomas , Ehrlich Emily , Bunn Terry , Kanotra Sarojini , Fussman Chris , Rosenman Kenneth D. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe US employer‐based surveillance system for work‐related health conditions underestimates the prevalence of work‐related dermatitis.ObjectiveThe authors sought to utilize information from workers to improve the accuracy of prevalence estimates for work‐related dermatitis.MethodsThree state health departments included questions in the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey designed to ascertain the prevalence of dermatitis in the working population, as well as healthcare experiences, personal perceptions of work‐relatedness, and job changes associated with dermatitis.ResultsThe percentage of working respondents who reported receiving a clinician's opinion that their dermatitis was work‐related was between 3.8% and 10.2%. When patients' perceptions were considered, the work‐related dermatitis prevalence estimate increased to between 12.9% and 17.6%.ConclusionsIncluding patients' perceptions of work‐relatedness produced a larger prevalence estimate for work‐related dermatitis than the previously published estimate of 5.6%, which included only those cases of dermatitis attributed to work by healthcare professionals. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:653–659, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Skin symptoms in the construction industry: Occurrence and determinants
Authors: Timmerman Johan G. , Heederik Dick , Spee Ton , Smit Lidwien A.M. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundIn the construction industry, a relatively high hand eczema prevalence can be expected due to exposure to irritating and allergenic agents.MethodsAs part of a regular program of voluntary medical examinations, a questionnaire including items on health symptoms and working circumstances is administered to construction industry personnel. We studied 152,200 male workers (response rate 52%). Associations between possible risk factors and self‐reported skin symptoms and skin hypersensitivity were assessed using log‐binomial regression analysis.ResultsPrevalence of skin symptoms on the hands was 25.4% among construction workers, 14.6% among office personnel. Nuisance due to dust exposure was the most important work‐related determinant for skin symptoms [Prevalence Ratio (PR) 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.55–1.63]. Cross‐sectional findings were supported by longitudinal analyses in a study population subset.ConclusionsSkin symptoms are common among construction workers. Nuisance due to dust exposure was associated with higher prevalences of skin symptoms. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:660–668, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stereoselective NH Insertion‐Arylation Reactions of Nitrodiazoesters
Authors: So Sonia S. , Mattson Anita E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPhosphoric acid derivatives operate as effective catalysts for the synthesis of glycines in high yield through multicomponent coupling reactions of nitrodiazoesters, anilines, and indoles. This interesting process requires double polarity reversal, or umpolung, of the ester functionality: two nucleophiles undergo addition to the carbon alpha to an ester. Modest control over the absolute stereochemistry of the glycine products is attainable under the influence of chiral BINOL‐based phosphoric‐acid‐derived catalysis.
Brief Communication: Lumbar lordosis in extinct hominins: Implications of the pelvic incidence
Authors: Been Ella , Gómez‐Olivencia Asier , Kramer Patricia A. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTRecently, interest has peaked regarding the posture of extinct hominins. Here, we present a new method of reconstructing lordosis angles of extinct hominin specimens based on pelvic morphology, more specifically the orientation of the sacrum in relation to the acetabulum (pelvic incidence). Two regression models based on the correlation between pelvic incidence and lordosis angle in living hominoids have been developed. The mean values of the calculated lordosis angles based on these models are 36°−45° for australopithecines, 45°−47° for Homo erectus, 27°−34° for the Neandertals and the Sima de los Huesos hominins, and 49°−51° for fossil H. sapiens. The newly calculated lordosis values are consistent with previously published values of extinct hominins (Been et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 147 (2012) 64–77). If the mean values of the present nonhuman hominoids are representative of the pelvic and lumbar morphology of the last common ancestor between humans and nonhuman hominoids, then both pelvic incidence and lordosis angle dramatically increased during hominin evolution from 27° ± 5 to 22° ± 3 (respectively) in nonhuman hominoids to 54° ± 10 and 51° ± 11 in modern humans. This change to a more human‐like configuration appeared early in the hominin evolution as the pelvis and spines of both australopithecines and H. erectus show a higher pelvic incidence and lordosis angle than nonhuman hominoids. The Sima de los Huesos hominins and Neandertals show a derived configuration with a low pelvic incidence and lordosis angle. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:307–314, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The meaning of weaning in wild Phayre's leaf monkeys: Last nipple contact, survival, and independence
Authors: Borries Carola , Lu Amy , Ossi‐Lupo Kerry , Larney Eileen , Koenig Andreas 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTIn primates and other mammals, weaning is an equivocal concept, as is reflected in the numerous ways it is measured: a) first intake of solid food, b) conflict over access to the nipple, c) ability to survive without mother, d) maternal resumption of cycling, or e) the cessation of nipple contact. The lack of a consistent definition means that weaning age, although it falls between gestation (fetal growth) and age at first reproduction (most energy diverted from growth), is currently not a reliable life history variable capturing offspring independence. Using data for wild Phayre's leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus) at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand (51 offspring, four groups), we asked whether the end of nipple contact indicates offspring independence as measured by survival to 3 years. To establish a baseline for the onset of independence, we assessed the youngest age at which individuals were orphaned (15–17 months) but then survived to 3 years. Next we determined that offspring age at last nipple contact (19.0 months) was comparable to two other independently calculated measures: offspring age at mother's first postpartum ovulation (11.5 months), and age at mother's re‐conception (15.6 months). Using these separate “starting points,” we arrived at similar ages for nipple contact cessation (18.4 and 19.2 months, respectively). Overall, in wild (but not in provisioned) Asian colobines, age at last nipple contact was allometrically related to adult female body mass, supporting its designation as a life history variable. Future comparisons need to show if this holds for other taxa. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:291–301, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.