bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strenge Aufmerksamkeit im 18. Jahrhundert. Ihre Ausdehnung von der Rhetorik zur Ästhetik
Authors: Asmuth Bernhard 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn order to convince someone, you need to get their attention first. In Rhetorics, that usually ought to happen right at the beginning of a speech, as already Aristotle suggested. But that notion changed in the 18th century. With the onset of Aesthetics, attention, or attentiveness, became even more important. The focus shifted to a continuing attentiveness of the speaking and writing subject. Originally, Baumgarten established his theory of Aesthetics as the science of sensual cognition (scientia cognitionis sensitivae). His main objective was the intensity (intensio) or effort (»Anstrengung«) of attention, referencing Quintilian’s idea of fierce attentiveness (acris intentio). Baumgarten also mentions other variations, such as its extent (extensio) and its duration (protensio). But it was his disciple Meier who made the concept more comprehensible translating it from Latin into German. About 1770 the now famous notion of suspense (»Spannung«) was introduced as a by-product of attentiveness. Other aesthetic ideas connected to a heightened sense of attention are: the interesting, strength, and enthusiasm.
Gradatio / Crescendo – Eine Geschichte der Steigerung. Transformationen rhetorischer und musikalischer Gradationsfiguren im 18. Jahrhundert
Authors: Firges Janine 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe rhetorical figure gradatio (or gr. climax) is generally understood as climactic or cumulative figure of speech. On the contrary, early usages lack this semantics of augmentation (or diminution in the case of an anti-climax). This article investigates the transformations of the figure which can not only be traced back to a semantic change but also to a general systematic change within the rhetorical system. A comparable transformation can be observed in music. The introduction of the crescendo-technique into 18th-century symphonic music is strikingly similar in terms of its dynamics, impact and effect and can be regarded as a ›transgression‹ of the musical-rhetorical figure of gradatio as it expresses the idea of climax with non-verbal means.
Das Gespräch in seiner Inszenierung und Darstellung. Emotionales Sprechen im Briefroman zwischen rhetorischer und poetischer Praxis
Authors: Lange Stella Marie 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWith regard to the historical »quarrel« between rhetoric and poetic concepts, this essay, firstly, reports the linguistic, literary and social innovations in letter-writing during the 18th-century. The letter writer’s fictitious role-play between the addressee and himself leads to a detailed description of body language as to further emotionalizing strategies. Thus, literary concepts linked to the letter are in demand which bring the epistolary novel into play. In a comparison of Johann Wolfgang Goethe’s The Sorrows of Young Werther (1787) and Ugo Foscolo’s Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis (1817) it will be shown that the staged conversation between letter writer and addressee and the represented conversation between the letter writer and another character follow the same conversational attitude for each novel: either the principle of sympathy or the principle of divergence. This can be partly explained by a different historical development of aesthetic concepts in Germany and Italy. Besides, the different way of communicating emotions can be also attributed to the epistemic presuppositions: a mimesis which refers to naturalness is in opposition with an autonomous mimesis that breaks with the former tradition.
Risk Factors for Exclusive E-Cigarette Use and Dual E-Cigarette Use and Tobacco Use in Adolescents
Authors: Wills Thomas A. , Knight Rebecca , Williams Rebecca J. , Pagano Ian , Sargent James D. 
Published: December 2014

OBJECTIVE:
To describe electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and cigarette use among adolescents and determine whether established risk factors for smoking discriminate user categories.

METHODS:
School-based survey of 1941 high school students (mean age 14.6 years) in Hawaii; data collected in 2013. The survey assessed e-cigarette use and cigarette use, alcohol and marijuana use, and psychosocial risk and protective variables (eg, parental support, academic involvement, smoking expectancies, peer smoking, sensation seeking). Analysis of variance and multinomial regression examined variation in risk and protective variables across the following categories of ever-use: e-cigarette only, cigarette only, dual use (use of both products), and nonuser (never used either product).

RESULTS:
Prevalence for the categories was 17% (e-cigarettes only), 12% (dual use), 3% (cigarettes only), and 68% (nonusers). Dual users and cigarette-only users were highest on risk status (elevated on risk factors and lower on protective factors) compared with other groups. E-cigarette only users were higher on risk status than nonusers but lower than dual users. E-cigarette only users and dual users more often perceived e-cigarettes as healthier than cigarettes compared with nonusers.

CONCLUSIONS:
This study reports a US adolescent sample with one of the largest prevalence rates of e-cigarette only use in the existing literature. Dual use also had a substantial prevalence. The fact that e-cigarette only users were intermediate in risk status between nonusers and dual users raises the possibility that e-cigarettes are recruiting medium-risk adolescents, who otherwise would be less susceptible to tobacco product use.
Anaerobic Antimicrobial Therapy After Necrotizing Enterocolitis in VLBW Infants
Authors: Autmizguine Julie , Hornik Christoph P. , Benjamin Daniel K. , Laughon Matthew M. , Clark Reese H. , Cotten C. Michael , Cohen-Wolkowiez Michael , Benjamin Daniel K. , Smith P. Brian 
Published: December 2014

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effect of anaerobic antimicrobial therapy for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) on clinical outcomes in very low birth weight (≤1500 g) infants.METHODS:We identified very low birth weight infants with NEC from 348 US NICUs from 1997 to 2012. Anaerobic antimicrobial therapy was defined by antibiotic exposure on the first day of NEC. We matched (1:1) infants exposed to anaerobic antimicrobial therapy with infants who were not exposed by using a propensity score stratified by NEC severity (medical and surgical). The primary composite outcome was in-hospital death or intestinal stricture. We assessed the relationship between anaerobic antimicrobial therapy and outcome by using a conditional logistic regression on the matched cohort.RESULTS:A total of 1390 infants exposed to anaerobic antimicrobial therapy were matched with 1390 infants not exposed. Mean gestational age and birth weight were 27 weeks and 946 g, respectively, and were similar in both groups. We found no significant difference in the combined outcome of death or strictures, but strictures as a single outcome were more common in the anaerobic antimicrobial therapy group (odds ratio 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–2.72). Among infants with surgical NEC, mortality was less common with anaerobic antimicrobial therapy (odds ratio 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.52–0.95).CONCLUSIONS:Anaerobic antimicrobial therapy was not associated with the composite outcome of death or strictures but was associated with an increase in intestinal strictures. This higher incidence of intestinal strictures may be explained by the fact that death is a competing outcome for intestinal strictures, and mortality was slightly lower in the anaerobic cohort. Infants with surgical NEC who received anaerobic antimicrobial therapy had lower mortality.
VAIKŲ SUNKIOS EIGOS PNEUMONIJA: KLINIKINIS ATVEJIS
Authors: Kalibatas Paulius , Radžiūnienė Violeta , Ėmužytė Regina , Dumčius Sigitas 
Published: December 2014

Reikšminiai žodžiai: pneumonija, komplikacijos, vaikai. Pneumonija yra ūminis infekcinis plaučių audinio uždegimas, kai plaučių alveolės užsipildo uždegiminiu infiltratu bei skys- čiais ir yra sutrikdoma kraujo oksigenacija. Lietuvoje vaikų pneumonijų dažnis 2013 metais siekė 34,7 atvejo 1 000 gyventojų. Dauguma šių vaikų sėkmingai gydomi namuose. Ligoninėje gydomų vaikų visuomenėje įgytos pneumonijos dažnis yra labai skirtingas įvairiose šalyse – jis svyruoja nuo 9,5 iki 42 procentų, 2003 m. Lietuvoje šis skaičius siekė 37,3 proc. Šiaurės Europoje dėl bendruomenėje įgytos pneumonijos hospitalizuojama 14,4–14,7 atvejo iš 10 000 vaikų, o jaunesni iki 5 metų pacientai dėl šios ligos hospitalizuojami dvigubai dažniau – iki 32,8–33,8 atvejo 10 000 vaikų. Dažniausiai bakterinę pneumoniją reikėtų įtarti, kai vaikas daugiau nei parą karščiuoja > 38,5 °C ir kartu yra tachipnėja, dažnai kvėpavime dalyvauja pagalbiniai raumenys. Norint išvengti bakterinės infekcijos komplikacijų, visi vaikai su aiškia klinikine diagnoze turėtų gauti antibakterinį gydymą, nes nėra patikimų metodų, kuriais galima būtų atskirti virusinę pneumoniją nuo bakterinės. Straipsnyje pateikiamas sunkios eigos vaikų pneumonijos klinikinis atvejis, nagrinėjami šios ligos laboratorinės ir instrumentinės diagnostikos ryšiai. Šiuo konkrečiu atveju sunki ligos klinika ir ryškūs uždegiminiai pakitimai kraujyje mažai koreliavo su radiologinio tyrimo rezultatais. Santrumpos: VĮP – visuomenėje įgyta pneumonija, BKT – bendrasis kraujo tyrimas, CRB – C-reaktyvusis baltymas, CRBhs – C-reaktyvusis baltymas „high sensitivity“, HUS – hemolizinis ureminis sindromas, PCT – prokalcitoninas, ANG – ausų, nosies, gerklės
First Cavernicolous Population of Crumomyia Parentela (Séguy, 1963) and a Review of Cave-Dwelling Fauna of Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) in the Czech Republic
Authors: Roháček Jindřich 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Crumomyia parentela (Séguy, 1963) (Sphaeroceridae) is recorded from the Czech Republic for the first time, based on specimens collected in the cave Cyrilka in the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts. They are affiliated to subspecies C. p. alpicola (Roháček, 1980) but because of more reduced eyes and shorter wings than have other specimens known from the Alps and Carpathians this population is concluded to have survived as a glacial relict in the cave habitat for a long time. The cavernicolous fauna of Sphaeroceridae in the Czech Republic is surveyed and its members (15 species) are classified according to their affiliation to the cave milieu. No trogloxenous or troglobiont species were found; most species (12) are hemitroglophilous and only 3 are troglophilous, viz. Crumomyia p. alpicola, Herniosina bequaerti (Villeneuve, 1917) and Terrilimosina racovitzai (Bezzi, 1911). It is presupposed that some additional hemitroglophilous, possibly one more troglophilous but no troglobiont species could be found in cave systems in the Czech Republic in the future.
Employees’ Exposure to Carbon Monoxide in Pakistan Steel Mills
Authors: Abid Kanza , Shams Zafar Iqbal 
Published: December 2014

Many processes in the iron and steel making industries emit carbon monoxide, which causes a variety of toxic effects on human health, such as fatigue, impaired memory, headache, and nausea. At elevated exposure, carbon monoxide poisoning may lead to loss of consciousness and death. Therefore, the current study has been carried out to investigate the occupational exposure of randomly selected fifty-eight employees of Pakistan Steel Mills to the carbon monoxide. The selected employees were from 10 different facilities of the Pakistan Steel Mills, who were working in two different shifts viz. nightshift and dayshift, each of twelve hours. Thirty employees from nightshift and twenty-eight employees from dayshift were monitored for their exposure to carbon monoxide. The instrument was logged to measure the employee’s exposure to carbon monoxide with 1-minute interval. The study reveals that the employees, working in the Raw Materials Production Plant during nightshift were exposed to the highest mean concentration of carbon monoxide while those working in Oxygen Plant during nightshift were exposed to the lowest mean concentration of carbon monoxide. According to study, the highest recorded exposure was found near Blast Furnace during dayshift. The employees’ exposure to 98th percentile concentration of carbon monoxide in different facilities of the steel mills has also been analyzed. The employees’ exposure to carbon monoxide during commuting from home to their workplace has also been investigated.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i4.11730 International Journal of EnvironmentVolume-3, Issue-4, Sep-Nov 2014Page: 44-56
Ecological niche differentiation of polyploidization is not supported by environmental differences among species in a cosmopolitan grass genus
Authors: Visser Vernon , Molofsky Jane 
Published: December 2014

•Premise of the study:Polyploidization frequently results in the creation of new plant species, the establishment of which is thought to often be facilitated by ecological niche differentiation from the diploid species. We tested this hypothesis using the cosmopolitan grass genusPhalaris(Poaceae), consisting of 19 species that range from diploid to tetraploid to hexaploid. Specifically, we tested whether (1) polyploids occupy more extreme environments and/or (2) have broader niche breadths and/or (3) whether the polyploid species’ distributions indicate a niche shift from diploid species.•Methods:We employed a bootstrapping approach using distribution data for each species and eight environmental variables to investigate differences between species in the means, extremes, and breadths of each environmental variable. We used a kernel smoothing technique to quantify niche overlap between species.•Key results:Although we found some support for the three hypotheses for a few diploid–polyploid pairs and for specific environmental variables, none of these hypotheses were generally supported.•Conclusions:Our results suggest that these commonly held hypotheses about the effects of polyploidization on ecological distributions are not universally applicable. Correlative biogeographic studies like ours provide a necessary first step for suggesting specific hypotheses that require experimental verification. A combination of genetic, physiological, and ecological studies will be required to achieve a better understanding of the role of polyploidization in niche evolution.
Cartilage Thickness of the Knee Joint in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Comparative Assessment by Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Pradsgaard Dan Østergaard , Fiirgaard Bente , Spannow Anne Helen , Heuck Carsten , Herlin Troels 
Published: December 2014

Objective.The functional disability experienced in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is primarily caused by joint effusion, synovial membrane hypertrophy, and periarticular soft tissue edema, leading to the degeneration of the osteocartilaginous structures because of the inflammatory process in the synovium. The ability to visualize the inflammatory changes and hence the ensuing osteocartilaginous degeneration is, therefore, of great importance in pediatric rheumatology. Ultrasonography (US) has been validated as a tool for measuring cartilage thickness in healthy children and, previously, we have found good agreement with the measures obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our aim is to validate and compare US with MRI measurements of distal femoral cartilage thickness in the knee joint at the medial condyle, lateral condyle, and intercondylar spots in children with JIA, and to locate the best spot for imaging comparisons.Methods.One knee from each of 23 children with oligoarticular JIA were investigated by both MRI and US. Outcome measures of imaging procedures were distal femoral cartilage thickness.Results.We found a high level of agreement between MRI and US measurements of mean cartilage thickness, and Rho values between modalities were high (between 0.70 and 0.86, p < 0.05 for all). We found a thinner cartilage thickness at the medial condyle in comparison to the other investigated points. Evaluation of anatomical landmarks for optimal measurement of cartilage thickness was found to be the intercondylar spot, which was easier to locate in addition to a smaller variance around the mean for that anatomical measuring point.Conclusion.US measurements of distal femoral cartilage thickness are highly correlated to MRI measurements. The intercondylar notch of the distal femoral cartilage may be the best anatomical point for cartilage thickness measurements of the knee. US is a reliant and nonexpensive, non-invasive modality for visualization of childhood femoral cartilage.
Bone Lineage Proteins in the Entheses of the Midfoot in Patients with Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Pacheco-Tena César , Pérez-Tamayo Ruy , Pineda Carlos , González-Chávez Susana A. , Quiñonez-Flores Celia , Ugalde Vitelly Antonio , Inman Robert D. , Aubin Jane E. , Vázquez-Mellado Janitzia , Burgos-Vargas Rubén 
Published: December 2014

Objective.Patients with juvenile-onset spondyloarthritis (SpA) may develop ankylosis of the midfoot resembling the spinal changes seen in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The study of the histopathology of the feet of patients with tarsitis could help us understand the pathogenesis of bone formation in affected structures in the SpA. The objective of our study was to describe the histopathologic characteristics of the midfoot in patients with tarsitis associated with SpA.Methods.We obtained synovial sheaths, entheses, and bone samples from 20 patients with SpA with midfoot pain/tenderness and swelling. Tissue samples underwent H&E staining; immunohistochemistry for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68, and CD20 cell identification; and immunofluorescence for bone lineage proteins, including osteocalcin, osteopontin, parathyroid hormone-related protein, bone sialoprotein, and alkaline phosphatase.Results.Slight edema and hyalinization were found in some tendon sheaths, and few inflammatory cells were detected in the entheses. In bones, we found some changes suggesting osteoproliferation, including endochondral and intramembranous ossification, but no inflammatory cells. In entheses showing bone proliferation, we detected osteocalcin and osteopontin in cells with a fibroblast-mesenchymal phenotype, suggesting the induction of entheseal cells toward an osteoblast phenotype.Conclusion.Osteoproliferation and abnormal expression of bone lineage proteins, but no inflammatory infiltration, characterize midfoot involvement in patients with SpA. In this sense, tarsitis (or ankylosing tarsitis) resembles the involvement of the spine in patients with AS. Ossification may be in part explained by the differentiation of mesenchymal entheseal cells toward the osteoblastic lineage.
Historical Evolution of the Social Dimension of the European Integration : Issues and Future Prospects of the European Social Model
Authors: Dodo Mahamat K. 
Published: December 2014

Cet article cherche à montrer l’évolution de la politique sociale européenne et sa contribution au processus d’intégration européenne. Il introduit les perspectives historiques de la dimension sociale de l’intégration à partir du traité de Rome jusqu’au traité de Lisbonne. Il couvre les principales politiques sociales européennes et leurs objectifs, et montre en quoi les États membres de l’Union n’ont jamais eu une vision uniforme de comment il fallait établir la dimension sociale de l’intégration. L’article présente les principaux changements des politiques sociales européennes du traité de Lisbonne et étudie leur impact dans la crise d’après 2 009. Il conclut en présentant les principaux défis auxquels les politiques sociales de l’Union européenne sont confrontées dans ce temps de crise, et présente les nouvelles questions de recherche sur l’avenir du modèle social européen.
Competing Narratives on the European Social Model : the Birth of a Rhetorical Alliance
Authors: Niklasson Lars 
Published: December 2014

Le concept d’un modèle social européen est extrêmement complexe et controversé. De nombreuses tentatives ont été faites pour construire une coalition à même de convaincre les États membres de l’UE d’établir un modèle social commun à mettre en place au niveau européen. Il existe désormais une nouvelle figure rhétorique construite en termes d’« État-providence d’investissement social ». Des auteurs comme Bruno Palier (France) et Joakim Palme (Suède) font valoir que la protection sociale doit être considérée comme un investissement dans une population saine, de manière à augmenter la compétitivité. Ce concept peut être en fait une tentative pour aligner les sociaux-démocrates avec les conservateurs sur une position mercantiliste, c’est-à-dire qui croit en un rôle fort de l’État pour développer les ressources de la nation. La coalition rhétorique est perçue plus clairement si elle est opposée à une autre coalition possible, une coalition des sociaux-démocrates et des libéraux, autour de l’idée de fournir un soutien aux personnes plutôt qu’aux entreprises.
Le système de retraite en France :
Authors: Lavigne Anne 
Published: December 2014

À la différence de nombreux pays développés, la France n’a pas modifié son système de retraite public en profondeur depuis sa création à la Libération. Plusieurs lois se sont succédé depuis une vingtaine d’années, procédant par petites touches à des ajustements des paramètres de la répartition. Si cette méthode incrémentale rend l’acceptation sociale des ajustements moins douloureuse, se pose la question d’une réforme plus structurelle, assurant la pérennité à long terme de notre système de retraite. Mais quels sont les enjeux démographiques et économiques de la retraite, ceux des réformes récentes et des voies possibles de réformes futures ?
Enhancing Midwives’ Scope of Practice: An Innovative Educational Program for Delivery Suite Operating Rooms
Authors: Brown Janie A. , Dunning Caroline F. , Cavanagh Debra , Cross Leonie A. 
Published: December 2014

Background:
This retrospective study examined the enhancement of practice, knowledge, and skill of delivery suite midwives undertaking the circulating and instrument roles during emergent caesarean sections following a tailored educational program implemented to the benchmark standard.

Method:

All midwives who attended the educational program were invited to participate (
N
= 48); a total of 20 responses were received. Descriptive data analysis of the bivariate nominal data was performed.

Results:
Clinically significant outcomes were noted across all theme areas: knowledge of the Australian College of Operating Room Nurses standards, competence and knowledge of the main roles during a caesarean section, knowledge of policies and procedures, and patient safety. An improved working relationship between the perioperative and delivery ward staff also was identified.

Conclusion:
An educational program for midwives on the instrument and circulating roles for caesarean sections provides the knowledge and skill development required for clinically safe practice.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2015;46(2):89–96.
Transformative Choices: A Review of 70 Years of FCC Decisions
Authors: Ismail Sherille 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
What lessons does history offer about telecommunications regulation in a time of fundamental change? Sherille Ismail, in his historical review essay, examines seven historic FCC policy choices over 70 years that were “transformative,” including television, radio, telephony, cable television, satellite TV, mobile phones, and HDTV, with special attention to the issue of favoring new entrants over incumbents to promote competition. In the long view, the results are mixed. He finds “there are no neat formulas” for deciding when governmental intervention is appropriate, as every case involved unique trade-offs. He offers some relevant factors for guidance as new situations develop.