bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les Américains et leurs migrants
Authors: Anderson George 
Published: September 2012

Resumé Il a fallu de la ténacité à une poignée d’acteurs et d’intellectuels pour faire accepter l’idée de la Cité nationale de l’histoire de l’immigration. Aux Etats-Unis, le peuple est l’héritier de migrants, l’histoire les a intégrés, rejettera-t-elle ceux d’aujourd’hui ?
Transepithelial Phototherapeutic Keratectomy for Recurrent Corneal Erosions in a Patient With Previous Corneal Collagen Cross-linking
Authors: Kymionis George D. , Grentzelos Michael A. , Mikropoulos Dimitrios G. , Rallis Konstantinos I. 
Published: September 2012

PURPOSE:
To report the significant visual and topographic improvement of a patient who had corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) performed and was subsequently treated with transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy (t-PTK) for recurrent corneal erosions.

METHODS:
A 36-year-old woman presented with recurrent corneal erosions in the right eye due to foreign body corneal trauma 1 month prior to presentation. The patient had undergone CXL treatment for keratoconus on the same eye 1 year prior to presentation. After failed conservative treatment consisting of epithelial debridement and lubrication with artificial tears, the patient underwent t-PTK.

RESULTS:
Four months after t-PTK, corneal erosions did not recur and the patient remained asymptomatic. Slit-lamp examination revealed a clear cornea. The patient showed significant visual and topographic improvement after t-PTK.

CONCLUSIONS:
Transepithelial PTK for recurrent corneal erosions in a postoperative CXL patient successfully treated the corneal pathology, and visual and topographic improvement were observed.
The Importance of the Erk Pathway in the Development of Linker for Activation of T Cells-Mediated Autoimmunity
Authors: Fuller Deirdre M. , Zhu Minghua , Koonpaew Surapong , Nelson Mariana I. , Zhang Weiguo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe ability of the transmembrane adaptor protein linker for activation of T cells (LAT) to regulate T cell development, activation, survival, and homeostasis depends upon phosphorylation of its multiple tyrosine residues. The mutation of tyrosine 136 on LAT abrogates its interaction with phospholipase C-γ1, causing severe ramifications on TCR-mediated signaling. Mice harboring this mutation, LATY136F mice, have significantly impaired thymocyte development; however, they rapidly develop a fatal lymphoproliferative disease marked by the uncontrolled expansion of Th2-skewed CD4+ T cells, high levels of IgE and IgG1, and autoantibody production. In this study, we assessed the contribution of multiple signaling pathways in LATY136F disease development. The deletion of the critical signaling proteins Gads and RasGRP1 caused a further block in thymocyte development, but, over time, could not prevent CD4+ T cell hyperproliferation. Also, restoring signaling through the NF-κB and NFAT pathways was unable to halt the development of disease. However, expression of a constitutively active Raf transgene enhanced lymphoproliferation, indicating a role for the Ras–MAPK pathway in LAT-mediated disease.
A Comparative Analysis of Farmers' Suicides in Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Chindarkar Namrata 
Published: September 2012

The agrarian distress in the Indian countryside has become a subject of major policy concern in view of the recent spate of suicides by farmers in a number of states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. Most literature surrounding the analysis of farmers' suicides has been restricted to the immediate causes. However, to dismiss the agrarian crisis as being a result of purely economic factors would oversimplify the complex scenario. “Suicide is an individual phenomenon the causes of which are essentially social in nature” Durkheim (1952:13). There are many factors at the micro level such as the class and caste system, and gender relations in a rural set-up. The aim of this paper is thus twofold. First, it reviews the literature on farmers' suicides in Andhra Pradesh. I offer a socialized and a more holistic approach to involve the farmer as the ‘self‘ to explore the socio-cultural factors. This is illustrated using a transdisciplinary Mandala analysis tool. And second, the paper brings in a critical realist approach to understanding farmers' suicides by considering how “comparative case-oriented analysis” would view the suicide cases. A switch from economics for the men's suicides to psychology for the women's suicides is observed in the empirical data collected in one in-depth qualitative research project about the suicides. It should be noted that this empirical data was sourced from the National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD), Hyderabad, India, and no direct field study was conducted. The aim therefore is to use an interdisciplinary analytical framework which would encompass the macro and micro factors in understanding social phenomena and enable in doing a more nuanced analysis of the NIRD data from a livelihoods and gendered perspective. Using a mixed-methods approach I categorize the cases into a typology on the basis of gender, caste, cause of suicide, age and the mode used for committing suicide. This provides a greater understanding of the causes behind the suicides. A critical realist exploration of men's and women's suicides, and the ‘reasons' for them as well as their real causes thus helps in bringing out the direct (economic, political and ecological) as well as the proximate (socio-cultural) causes behind the farmers' suicides.
The Effect of Phosphatidylcholine and Deoxycholate Compound Injections to the Localized Adipose Tissue: An Experimental Study with a Murine Model
Authors: Noh Yongjoon , Heo Chan-Yeong 
Published: September 2012

Background Phosphatidylcholine (PPC) and deoxycholate (DCA) compound has been recently used for the purpose of partial lipolysis and is valued for its efficacy and lower invasiveness compared to liposuction and dermolipectomy used previously. In this article, the authors discuss the efficacy of the PPC dissolved in DCA via an experimental rat study model, along with suggesting a useful animal experimental model for the study of adipose tissue and lipolysis.
Methods Bilateral inguinal fat pads of an experimental rat were elevated with the deep inferior epigastric vessel as the sole vascular pedicle. Normal saline was injected on one side as a control group and a PPC and DCA compound was injected on the other side. After 4 days, the rats were euthanized for microscopic tissue examination. The pathology was scored by a semiquantitative system in 4 categories: normal fat amount, fat necrosis, inflammatory activity, and stage of fibrosis. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test powered by SPSS packet program was used for statistical analysis and to determine significance.
Results Microscopic examination was performed on the obtained samples, and the experimental data of all four categories showed significant histologic differences compared to the control group. All of the data also showed statistical significance by the Wilcoxon signedrank test (P<0.01).
Conclusions In the inguinal fat pad rat model, the control group and the experimental group had a differed significantly in the amount of normal fat tissue, inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis. We recommend the rat inguinal fat pad model used in this study, as it is likely to be useful in related research.
Prognosis of Full-Thickness Skin Defects in Premature Infants
Authors: Moon Hyung Suk , Burm Jin Sik , Yang Won Yong , Kang Sang Yoon 
Published: September 2012

Background In the extremities of premature infants, the skin and subcutaneous tissue are very pliable due to immaturity and have a greater degree of skin laxity and mobility. Thus, we can expect wounds to heal rapidly by wound contraction. This study investigates wound healing of full-thickness defects in premature infant extremities.
Methods The study consisted of 13 premature infants who had a total of 14 cases of full-thickness skin defects of the extremities due to extravasation after total parenteral nutrition. The wound was managed with intensive moist dressings with antibiotic and anti-inflammatory agents. After wound closure, moisturization and mild compression were performed.
Results Most of the full-thickness defects in the premature infants were closed by wound contraction without granulation tissue formation on the wound bed. The defects resulted in 3 pinpoint scars, 9 linear scars, and 2 round hypertrophic scars. The wounds with less granulation tissue were healed by contraction and resulted in linear scars parallel to the relaxed skin tension line. The wounds with more granulation tissue resulted in round scars. There was mild contracture without functional abnormality in 3 cases with a defect over two thirds of the longitudinal length of the dorsum of the hand or foot. The patients' parents were satisfied with the outcomes in 12 of 14 cases.
Conclusions Full-thickness skin defects in premature infants typically heal by wound contraction with minimal granulation tissue and scar formation probably due to excellent skin mobility.
Surgical Correction of Whistle Deformity Using Cross-Muscle Flap in Secondary Cleft Lip
Authors: Choi Woo Young , Yang Jeong Yeol , Kim Gyu Bo , Han Yun Ju 
Published: September 2012

Background The whistle deformity is one of the common sequelae of secondary cleft lip deformities. Santos reported using a crossed-denuded flap for primary cleft lip repair to prevent a vermilion notching. The authors modified this technique to correct the whistle deformity, calling their version the cross-muscle flap.
Methods From May 2005 to January 2011, 14 secondary unilateral cleft lip patients were treated. All suffered from a whistle deformity, which is characterized by the deficiency of the central tubercle, notching in the upper lip, and bulging on the lateral segment. The mean age of the patients was 13.8 years and the mean follow-up period was 21.8 weeks. After elevation from the lateral vermilion and medial tubercle, two muscle flaps were crossed and turned over. The authors measured the three vertical heights and compared the two height ratios before and after surgery for evaluation of the postoperative results.
Results None of the patients had any notable complications and the whistle deformity was corrected in all cases. The vertical height ratios at the midline on the upper lip and the affected Cupid's bow point were increased (P<0.05). The motion of the upper lip was acceptable.
Conclusions A cross muscle flap is simple and it leaves a minimal scar on the lip. We were able to reconstruct the whistle deformity in secondary unilateral cleft lip patients with a single state procedure using a cross-muscle flap.
Effects of Preoperative Biopsies on Recurrence in Head and Neck Skin Cancer
Authors: Jung Ji Eun , Rah Dong Kyun , Kim Yong Oock 
Published: September 2012

Background Skin cancer is the most common malignant tumor in humans. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the two most common types of skin cancers. When skin cancer is clinically suspected, preoperative biopsies are recommended for a definite diagnosis. However, despite a concern over potential increased risk of metastasis associated with mechanical manipulation, there have been few investigations into whether a preoperative biopsy affected the recurrence of BCC and SCC.
Methods Primary BCC or SCC patients who underwent standard surgical excision from 1991 to 2010 were reviewed and a retrospective analysis was performed. Ultimately, 45 BCC patients and 54 SCC patients, who did not meet the exclusion criteria, were analyzed. To identify whether a preoperative biopsy affected the recurrence of BCC and SCC, the recurrence rates of each with and without biopsy were compared.
Results Preoperative biopsy had no statistically significant effect on recurrence (BCC, P=0.8680; SCC, P=0.7520). Also, there was no statistical significance between the interval from initial biopsy to first operation and recurrence (BCC, P=0.2329; SCC, P=0.7140). Even though there was no statistical significance, the mean interval from the biopsy to the operation among the BCC patients who underwent preoperative biopsy was 9.2 months in those who had recurrence and 2.0 months in those who had no recurrence.
Conclusions There was no statistically significant relationship between preoperative biopsy and recurrence of BCC and SCC. However, there was a tendency toward recurrence in patients with a longer interval between the biopsy and the corrective operation in BCC.
Thickness of Rectus Abdominis Muscle and Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Tissue in Adult Women: Correlation with Age, Pregnancy, Laparotomy, and Body Mass Index
Authors: Kim Jungmin , Lim Hyoseob , Lee Se Il , Kim Yu Jin 
Published: September 2012

Background Rectus abdominis muscle and abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue are useful for reconstruction of the chest wall, and abdominal, vaginal, and perianal defects. Thus, preoperative evaluation of rectus abdominis muscle and abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue is important. This is a retrospective study that measured the thickness of rectus abdominis muscle and abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue using computed tomography (CT) and analyzed the correlation with the patients' age, gestational history, history of laparotomy, and body mass index (BMI).
Methods A total of 545 adult women were studied. Rectus abdominis muscle and abdominal subcutaneous fat thicknesses were measured with abdominopelvic CT. The results were analyzed to determine if the thickness of the rectus abdominis muscle or subcutaneous fat tissue was significantly correlated with age, number of pregnancies, history of laparotomy, and BMI.
Results Rectus abdominis muscle thicknesses were 9.58 mm (right) and 9.73 mm (left) at the xiphoid level and 10.26 mm (right) and 10.26 mm (left) at the umbilicus level. Subcutaneous fat thicknesses were 24.31 mm (right) and 23.39 mm (left). Rectus abdominismuscle thickness decreased with age and pregnancy. History of laparotomy had a significant negative correlation with rectus abdominis muscle thickness at the xiphoid level. Abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness had no correlation with age, number of pregnancies, or history of laparotomy.
Conclusions Age, gestational history, and history of laparotomy influenced rectus abdominis muscle thickness but did not influence abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness. These results are clinically valuable for planning a rectus abdominis muscle flap and safe elevation of muscle flap.
Supramolecular Polymers
Authors: Aparicio Fátima , García Fátima , Sánchez Luis 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

In this article, we first review
supramolecular polymers
from a conceptual point of view, describing the two extreme mechanisms, isodesmic or cooperative, which govern the supramolecular polymerization processes. We also review this topic from a more practical point of view, highlighting recent and remarkable examples of supramolecular polymers capable of forming highly organized structures or having interesting applications. Supramolecular polymers can exhibit the mechanical properties of plastics and elastomers, but possessing, at the same time, the ability to repair themselves due to the dynamic nature of the noncovalent interactions that join together the appropriate building blocks. The utilization of peptides, π‐electron‐rich substrates, or receptors for metals in the formation of the corresponding supramolecular polymers yields useful biological, electronic, or mechanical functions, respectively. The decoration of supramolecular polymers with stereogenic centers affords helical structures that can be utilized to investigate amplification of chirality that will shed light on the origin of homochirality. In short, supramolecular polymers integrate order and dynamics to achieve important functions such as response to stimuli, environmental adaptation, amplification of chirality, and self‐repair ability.

This video details two pathways of supramolecular polymerization:
isodesmic
(top: monomer binding constant K does not vary with the degree of polymerization) and
cooperative
(bottom: the binding constant in the nucleation and elongation stages do not vary with the degree of polymerization, however, their values are different, K
n
≠K
e
).

Supramolecular polymerizations can follow an
isodesmic
mechanism (top: monomer binding constant K does not vary with the degree of polymerization) or
cooperative
(bottom: the binding constant in the nucleation and elongation stages do not vary with the degree of polymerization, however their values are different, K
n
≠K
e
).

media object

Supramolecular polymerizations can follow an
isodesmic
mechanism (top: monomer binding constant K does not vary with the degree of polymerization) or
cooperative
(bottom: the binding constant in the nucleation and elongation stages do not vary with the degree of polymerization, however their values are different, K
n
≠K
e
).
Development and convergence analysis of new least‐mean‐square‐based algorithm equipped with exponential‐decay step size and disturbance compensation for active noise control
Authors: Lin Jong‐Yih , Ho Chia‐Ying 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYIn real‐world active noise control (ANC) applications, disturbance can be picked up by error sensors and significantly degrade the steady‐state ANC performance. This study proposes two techniques in combination with a least‐mean‐square (LMS) based ANC algorithm, named normalized filtered‐x LMS/commutation error (NFxLMS/CE) algorithm, to deal with the disturbance that is independent of a reference signal. A new stochastic method to analyze convergence properties of the NFxLMS/CE algorithm under influence of the disturbance is first established. Given that the reference signal is persistently exciting of sufficient order, exponential convergence of the algorithm is derived with a step‐size condition. An exponential‐decay step size (EDSS) is then proposed to obtain a new ANC algorithm referred to as EDSS‐NFxLMS/CE algorithm. In addition, a disturbance‐compensation (DC) technique is developed for the EDSS‐NFxLMS/CE algorithm to obtain an EDSS‐NFxLMS/CE_DC algorithm such that the influence of the disturbance can be reduced. It is shown that the EDSS‐NFxLMS/CE_DC algorithm is exponentially convergent. Moreover, computer simulations show that the EDSS‐NFxLMS/CE_DC algorithm can achieve a better ANC performance in terms of convergence rate and level of noise reduction as compared with that using the EDSS‐NFxLMS/CE algorithm without DC and that using NFxLMS/CE_DC algorithm of constant step sizes. These results support the effectiveness of the proposed techniques and EDSS‐NFxLMS/CE_DC algorithm. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Localising the Global
Authors: Park Kyong 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe received view of China and much of Southeast Asia is that it is uncritically importing Western architecture and urban design. In reality, though, urbanisation is far more complex than this. Is there more to an English‐style town in China or a Chinatown district in a US city than straight pastiche? Kyong Park looks at the level of local translation involved with appropriation in a Chinese and South Korean context.
China's Macro‐Planning Policies: Architectural Catalyst or Constraint?
Authors: Denison Edward 
Published: September 2012

AbstractChina is undergoing one of the most intense and rapid processes of urbanisation in the world today. It also has one of the most centralised planning systems, which is driven by a Soviet‐style, five‐year plan. Edward Denison looks at the relationship between China's highly systematised planning process and the high‐density, standardised form that urban development typically takes. Amidst this formal context, he locates a ‘whisper’ of change afoot for architects.
Make No Big Plans
Authors: Provoost Michelle , Vanstiphout Wouter 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn the face of ‘derivative architecture’, artificial commercial speculation that was a feature of the previous economic boom, Michelle Provoost and Wouter Vanstiphout of Crimson Architectural Historians call for a new understanding of the real city and its actual needs, basing interventions on observations rooted in society and spatial structures.
Parc Des Expositions (PEX), Toulouse: A Condenser for Diversity
Authors: Blanchet Clément 
Published: September 2012

AbstractResponding to a competition brief for accelerating urban development around the Parc des Expositions (PEX) exhibition centre of Toulouse, Clément Blanchet describes how the Of?ce for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) proposed an urban strategy in place of a conventional masterplan: the emphasis being on exploring and facilitating the growth of the existing urban patchwork, rather than on forced urbanism.
Energy Level Modulation of HOMO, LUMO, and Band‐Gap in Conjugated Polymers for Organic Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Kim Bong‐Gi , Ma Xiao , Chen Chelsea , Ie Yutaka , Coir Elizabeth W. , Hashemi Hossein , Aso Yoshio , Green Peter F. , Kieffer John , Kim Jinsang 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTo devise a reliable strategy for achieving specific HOMO and LUMO energy level modulation via alternating donor‐acceptor monomer units, we investigate a series of conjugated polymers (CPs) in which the electron withdrawing power of the acceptor group is varied, while maintaining the same donor group and the same conjugated chain conformation. Through experiment and DFT calculations, good correlation is identified between the withdrawing strength of the acceptor group, the HOMO and LUMO levels, and the degree of orbital localization, which allows reliable design principles for CPs. Increasing the acceptor strength results in an enhanced charge transfer upon combination with a donor monomer and a more pronounced decrease of the LUMO level. Moreover, while HOMO states remain delocalized along the polymer chain, LUMO states are strongly localized at specific bonds within the acceptor group. The degree of LUMO localization increases with increasing polymer length, which results in a further drop of the LUMO level and converges to its final value when the number of repeat units reaches the characteristic conjugation length. Based on these insights we designed PBT8PT, which exhibits 6.78% power conversion efficiency after device optimization via the additive assisted annealing, demonstrating the effectiveness of our predictive design approach.
An Ion‐Exchange Phase Transformation to ZnGa2O4 Nanocube Towards Efficient Solar Fuel Synthesis
Authors: Yan Shicheng , Wang Jiajia , Gao Honglin , Wang Nanyan , Yu He , Li Zhaosheng , Zhou Yong , Zou Zhigang 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTo realize practical applications of the photocatalysis technique, it is necessary to synthesize semiconductor photocatalysts with specific facets that induce high reactive activities and high reactive selectivity. However, a challenge lies in the synthesis of metal oxides containing more than one type of metal with specific facets. Usually, surfactants are used to control the crystal morphology, which induces surface contamination for the final products. Here, using the GaOOH nanoplate as precursor, ZnGa2O4 nanocubes with exposed {100} facets are synthesized by an hydrothermal ion‐exchange route without requiring the introduction of morphology controlling agents. These ZnGa2O4 nanocubes exhibit improved performance in the photoreduction of CO2 into CH4 or water splitting into hydrogen. Theoretical calculations indicates that the light‐hole effective mass on the {100} facets of ZnGa2O4 corresponds to the high hole mobility, which contributes to the efficient water oxidation to offer the protons for promoting CO2 photoreduction into hydrocarbon fuels.