bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMBINING MODELING WITH RESPONSE IN POTENTIAL DEEP WELL BLOWOUT: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THUNDER HORSE1
Authors: Beegle-Krause CJ , Lynch Walton (Tad) 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In May of 2003 a drilling riser break at a BP development well in 6015 feet (1875 m) of water in the Gulf of Mexico initiated a dialog between BP responders and NOAA/HAZMAT modelers about the potential consequences of a deep well blowout.
Human health and safety issues were the key concern for BP responders, particularly those planning potential on water operations. Where might the gas surface? Would the natural gas (propane and methane) at the water's surface pose an explosion or asphyxiation hazard? Was there a potential for the gas bubbles to sink any of the response vessels? These discussions did not have as cut-and-dry answers as either BP or NOAA would have preferred.
During the planning for BP's attempt to bring the well back into operation, the General NOAA Oil Modeling Environment (GNOME) with the Clarkson Deep Oil and Gas model (CDOG, Zheng et al 2003, Chen and Yapa 2003 and Yapa and Cheng 2004) were run. The data required for modeling a deep spill is more extensive then for a surface oil trajectory and was the subject of much discussion between BP responders and NOAA/HAZMAT. As a result, NOAA/HAZMAT created a data summary request sheet (Appendix 1) to guide the BP responders in what data was needed, and provided a point of discussion for implications of missing data.
SPILLVIEW: A SUPPORT TO DECISION-MAKING SOFTWARE IN EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO MARINE OIL SPILL
Authors: Boulé Michel , Blouin Martin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the event of a marine oil spill, it is necessary to quickly and clearly assess the situation and estimate the extent of the area potentially impacted by oil. This software combines the following features integrated in a Geographical Information System: Geo-referenced digital aerial survey; Access to trajectory forecast model results; charts with marine and terrestrial data. These features allows a better planning of the emergency response in terms of deployment of personnel and equipment, because it helps to document clearly the observed spill and to give rapidly the length of the coastline at risk and the forecasted time at which the oil spill will start reaching the coast.
Aerial surveys are one of the main tools used towards these ends. Aerial observations support the planning of oil cleanup and recovery work, and can also provide accurate data for oil spill fate and trajectory models.
Aerial surveyors traditionally use paper maps to record their observations. This way of doing things presents some limits. These include: 1) the difficulty to evaluate the exact location of observed features on the map; 2) the difficulty to record all the necessary information on a fixed-scale map and; 3) the issue of transferring the recorded observations to spill managers, which takes time, requires explanations from the observer and can be subject to interpretation mistakes.
These are the reasons why the Canadian Coast Guard, in partnership with Cogeni Technologie Inc., developed the SpillView software system. SpillView, which runs under the Windows XP operating sytem, is designed to operate on a pressure sensitive tablet PC equipped with a GPS and electronic maps. The system displays the real time location and trajectory of the aircraft. The observer can record different types of observations (such as oil location, environmental resources, and shorelines contamination) on georeferenced layers that can be individually exported to formats compatible with other Geographical Information Systems. The observer can also use the system to electronically transfer the observed oil location to a spill modeling center, and display the modeling results within minutes.
Spillview proved to be a good tool to support training and exercises, as it can be used to portray different spill scenarios on electronic maps. The software could also be used for other aerial survey needs, such as national security or forest fires. SpillView is presently being enhanced in order to provide operational support by enabling real time access to equipment inventory databases and fieldwork description forms.
SCAT SURVEYS OF PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND BEACHES – 1989 TO 2002
Authors: Taylor Elliott , Reimer Doug 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A SCAT survey in 2002 documented conditions at 39 selected survey sites where EVOS oil persisted in 1992, at the time the Federal and State On-Scene Coordinators determined that further cleanup activities would provide no net environmental benefit. The 2002 field survey found isolated occurrences of residual EVOS surface oil (SO) in the form of weathered asphalt pavement at 15 of the 39 sites. SO, expressed as a continuous oil cover, was less 0.2% of the surface area surveyed. Seven of the 39 sites and 815 (68%) of the total 1182 pits contained no residual SSO. SSO was found primarily in middle to upper intertidal locations, where it occurred in discontinuous ∼3cm thick bands 5–10 cm below the boulder/cobble or pebble/gravel veneer. Despite evidence of continued oil weathering, both at the surface and in the subsurface, it is clear that the natural cleaning processes at these particular locations are slow. The continued but slow weathering rates are a consequence of the oil being sequestered from the environment because it occurs in mixed (coarse and fine) sediments on beaches where boulders and outcrops, shallow bedrock asperities, or boulder-armoring limit effective physical weathering action.
APPLIED USE OF HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGERY FOR HUMAN SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA
Authors: Terry Sarah , Soofi Khalid A. , Kwenandar Yuli , Mcintosh Bill 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The availability of extremely high resolution images offers an unprecedented opportunity to use such images to monitor, maintain and ultimately preserve and rehabilitate the natural environment throughout the life cycle of oil and gas projects. The variety of images available range from optical images such as Landsat ETM1 imagery (14.25 meter/pixel), IKONOS2 imagery (1 meter/pixel) and QuickBird3 imagery (0.6 meter/pixel). These optical images have sufficient spatial and spectral resolution to detect different vegetation types (e.g. old growth vs. new plantations), cleared vegetation caused by logging or human habitat expansion, burned areas due to fire and vegetation stress caused by spills from oil pipelines or storage vessels. These images are also useful for identifying potential pollutant sources such as abandoned wells, old drilling pits or other remediation targets, as well as potential pollutant receptors. Areas which have perpetual cloud cover, such as South Sumatra, of Indonesia, can be monitored using Synthetic Aperture Radar (e.g. European Space Agency's Synthetic Aperture Radar and RadarSat International of Canada). Although a typical SAR does not have the spectral resolution of optical sensors, it does have the advantage of seeing through clouds. The radar backscatter is sensitive to surface roughness and Dielectric Constant which can be used quite effectively to discriminate major vegetation types.
These images, when combined with normal GIS tools, take us beyond simple monitoring, to generating predictive tools for planning future sites for drilling wells and placement of facilities such as pipelines and roads. This paper will focus on the use of these techniques for oil spill response planning in South Sumatra, while taking note of other applications of remote sensing and GIS to oil and gas operations in the regional environment.
A METHOD TO CHARACTERIZE MATERIALS TO BE USED ON OLEOPHILIC SKIMMERS1
Authors: Broje Victoria A. , Keller Arturo A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A significant amount of effort is being devoted by scientists and industry in order to increase the efficiency of oil spill recovery equipment as it determines the impact of oil spills on coastal ecosystems as well as the time and cost of cleanup operations. One way to increase the efficiency of adhesion skimmers is to replace traditional recovery materials with polymeric materials that have the highest affinity for oil. The research conducted at the University of California Santa Barbara has shown that modern scientific equipment such as a Dynamic Contact Angle Analyzer can be used for evaluation of candidate materials and selection of materials that can be most efficiently used for oil spill cleanup. The study found that the contact angle formed between oil and test surface can be used to characterize the affinity of material to oil. The contact angle correlates well with the mass of recovered oil. For a given oil, the lower the contact angle the higher the recovered mass. The study also showed that surface roughness and oil composition have a significant effect on the results of the adhesion tests. Higher roughness results in lower contact angle and larger recovered mass, for the same oil-polymer pair.
Time Evolution Of Beach Tar, Oil Slicks, And Seeps In The Coal Oil Point Seep Field, Santa Barbara Channel, California
Authors: Leifer Ira , Sontro Tonya Del , Luyendyk Bruce , Broderick Kris 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Linking beach tar with sources in a complex natural marine seepage area presents numerous challenges. Efforts at Coal Oil Point (COP), CA included beach tar distribution surveys, oil slick tracking, sampling, and chemical analysis, underwater scuba surveys, aerial surveys, and numerical modeling. Despite a wind from the east and current to the west, a slick was tracked initially north from its source, presumably due to spreading, then it drifted east, ending in a kelp bed off COP. Sample chromatograms showed mixing with another oil slick by the appearance of a heavier series of n-alkane peaks where the trajectory changed direction. Trajectory simulations suggested that interface currents were poorly described by parameterizations of wind and surface currents, and/or the existence of small-scale circulations not resolved by CODAR or the drift buoy.
Detailed tar accumulation surveys covered 175-m (4400 m2) of COP beach where tar accumulation generally is greatest. Maximum total beach tar observed was 1.5 kg, with significant variability. Modeling suggested a similar source location for the three analyzed surveys. Analysis also suggested kelp canopies can play a significant roll in the arrival time and location of beach tar by blocking onshore transport. However, wind, current, and kelp conditions were such that much of the variability in tar accumulation for these surveys probably was from source emission variability.
Natural Recovery Of Salt Marshes From The 1991 Oil Spill On The Saudi Arabian Gulf Coast
Authors: Getter Chuck , Michel Jacqui , Hayes Miles 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Our team completed a broad multidisciplinary survey in 2003 characterizing several thousand transects along 850 km of oil-impacted shoreline to determine the impacts of the 1991 oil spill on the Saudi Arabian Gulf from the western end of Abu Ali Island to the Kuwait border. Salt marshes and tidal flats there form a very significant portion of the oil-impacted coastline. These habitats were heavily oiled in 1991 and significant loss of biological communities was reported then. Although a large scale response effort followed the spill, the size of the spill overwhelmed it. The overwhelming majority of the spill site is remote and will likely receive little or no cleanup and/or restoration effort.
After completing the survey, we conducted an ecological survey at two selected salt marsh transects using line-intercept and quadrat counts counting macrovegetation and intertidal macroepibenthos within one impacted (recovering) and one unoiled (comparison) transect. The objective of our paper is to present useful highlights regarding the nature of the recovery of intertidal macroepibenthos and the vegetation associated with salt marshes. A continuing impact to key species and their assemblages is documented and discussed. We conclude that while recovery has progressed from initial reports of significant damages in 1991–1993 the overall recovery of the salt marshes is far from complete. Some areas of considerable size and importance show little or no sign of recovery. In summary, the oil spill of 1991 was arguably the largest coastal spill in history. Long-term effects are widespread, appear to be profoundly large-scale, and in some cases salt marshes show little sign of natural recovery.
A COMPREHENSIVE NUMERICAL APPROACH TO PREDICT OIL-MINERAL AGGREGATE (OMA) FORMATION FOLLOWING OIL SPILLS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Khelifa Ali , Hill Paul S. , Lee Kenneth 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Aggregation between suspended sediment grains and oil droplets, which leads to the formation of agglomerates commonly referred to as Oil-Mineral Aggregates (OMA), is widely acknowledged as a natural process that enhances dispersion of spilled oil in aquatic environments. A comprehensive numerical approach is developed to predict the contribution of OMA formation to the dispersal of spilled oil. The model comprises four modules to calculate maximum size of oil droplets, to predict formation of oil droplets from a slick, to predict formation of sediment floc, and to calculate density of oil-sediment flocs. The inputs of the model are environmental conditions, oil properties and concentration and grain-size distribution of suspended sediments. Sensitivity analysis performed using five crude oils covering a range of viscosities from 8 10−3 to 68 10−3 kg/ms, a kinetic energy dissipation rate from 10−3 to 102 m2/s3, a sediment grain size of 3 μm and a sediment concentration of 250 mg/l showed that formation of OMA is strongly dependent on the oil-water interfacial tension and the kinetic energy dissipation rate. Under breaking wave conditions, the contribution of OMA formation to the dispersal of spilled oil varies between 31 and 97 % depending on characteristics of the individual test oils, in particular oil-water interfacial tension. Results show also that OMA formation is enhanced when the Weber number approaches a value of 0.05.
COOPERATIVE NATURAL RESOURCES DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND RESTORATION WORKSHOP: WORKING TOGETHER TO RESTORE INJURED NATURAL RESOURCES
Authors: Reinharz Eli , Rorick Robin , Young Dale , Pelstring Lisa 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When natural resources and their services are injured by hazardous substances or oil, how can affected stakeholders expeditiously and effectively restore these resources and services? How can the damage assessment and restoration process be streamlined? What does it take to bring affected interests to the table—and keep them at the table—to resolve liabilities and ensure development of a common restoration vision?
These questions and more were the focus of a workshop on Cooperative Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration held on June 9 and 10, 2004, in San Diego, California. The workshop included participants from federal and state government, industry, American Indian tribes, and environmental groups. Workshop planners included the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Department of the Interior, the Association of State and Territorial Solid Waste Management Officials, the American Petroleum Institute American Chemistry Council, the Environmental Law Institute, the Center for Public Environmental Oversight, and Scenic Hudson.
This paper and presentation presents innovative and creative ideas and solutions discussed at the workshop that may serve to facilitate and further promote the cooperative damage assessment process.
INTENTIONAL SCUTTLING OF VESSELS AS A RESPONSE ALTERNATIVE1
Authors: Helton Douglas 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The intentional scuttling of vessels is infrequently conducted as part of a pollution response. Notable exceptions include the M/V New Carissa in Oregon and the TIB Morris J. Berman in Puerto Rico. The decision to scuttle a vessel is usually complicated and controversial, and hopefully is made only after thorough consideration of the environmental trade-offs. This paper summarizes recent case histories of intentional sinkings and outlines the typical environmental considerations and trade-offs. The paper also summarizes the applicable policies, laws and regulations for both planned and emergency scuttling2. This summary of issues may be useful to both spill responders and resource managers dealing with derelict vessels if scuttling is under consideration as a response or disposal method. Finally, the paper discusses the relationship between scuttling and “places of refuge” and concludes that emergency scuttling should be considered as a component of refuge planning and may be a potential consequence if an appropriate place of refuge can't be found.
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF SAFETY SUCCESS
Authors: Knutsen Gregg E. , Wladkowski Henry , Shassetz David L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since 1995, through 2002 the Combined OSHA recordable rate for Alyeska Pipeline Service Company and its contractors working on the Trans Alaskan Pipeline System (TAPS) has ranged between 1.66 and 2.12 recordable accidents per 200,000 labor hours. (The eight year average is 1.95.) This recorded rate ranked the TAPS workforce near the bottom-third in safety performance of liquid pipeline carries in the nation. In 2002 Alyeska Pipeline Service Company developed a safety training course for managers and supervisors. As a part of their performance measure, Alyeska required all of its managers and supervisors to attend this training in 2003.
The Fundamentals of Safety for Supervisors and Managers provides a base philosophy and concepts to the key fundamentals required to understand and manage Safety on TAPS. The course is comprised of 18 modules. Each module covers a particular aspect of safety management and provides supervisors and managers with the skills, knowledge, and desire to lead their workforce in achieving an injury-free environment. This is done through developing strong leadership, promoting Alyeska's core values and safety culture in all parts of the company and striving to continuously improve our safety performance. Fundamentals of Safety modules focus on making Safety Management practical for Supervisors and Managers; focusing more on the why than the how.
In 2003, the combined OSHA recordable rate for TAPS was cut in half, resulting in 0.86 accidents per 200,000 labor hours. This paper will discuss how the principles taught in the Fundamentals of Safety training can help response organizations prepare their workforces—especially the managers and supervisors—in advance of an emergency response.
TRANSPORTE Y MANEJO DE GAS NATURAL LICUADO (GNL) ¿CUALES SON LOS RIESGOS A LA SALUD, SEGURIDAD Y EL MEDIO AMBIENTE?
Authors: Pertuz David 
Published: January 2013

RESUMEN
En estos últimos años el interés mundial por GNL se ha incrementado significativamente del lado de abastecimiento igualmente que por el lado de su demanda. La gran cantidad de proyectos de construcción de plantas de licuefacción, re-gasificación y transporte de GNL en todos los continentes, aunado al misterio y limitada experiencia asociada a esta fuente de energía ha creado muchas dudas y preocupaciones, particularmente sobre el potencial impacto a la salud, seguridad y el medio ambiente en esas áreas donde estos proyectos se estín llevando a cabo.
GNL no es una fuente de energía nueva, GNL es la forma liquida del gas natural. Licuefacción de gas natural se remonta al siglo 19. La primera planta de licuefacción de gas natural fue construida en los EE.UU. en el año 1912. El transporte marítimo del GNL no es algo nuevo, su primer envío por barco se efectuó a finales de los años 50.
El historial de seguridad de la industria de GNL, incluyendo los procesos de licuefacción, transporte y re-gasificación es excepcional, y uno de los mejores, sino el mejor de todas las industrias energéticas. Sin embargo, el aumento de proyectos de construcción, la introducción de esta tecnología en lugares que nunca habían manejado GNL y la velocidad en que estos proyectos estín ocurriendo, eleva la preocupación de las dependencias gubernamentales involucradas y el público en general. Sumado a estas preocupaciones debe considerarse el creíble potencial de acciones intencionales por parte de terroristas que se pudieran llevar a cabo en contra de dichos proyectos. Lo anterior presenta grandes retos de aceptación gubernamental y social para las compañías que buscan invertir en dichos proyectos, igualmente para las dependencias gubernamentales de aceptarlos.
Este articulo presenta las características del GNL, identifica los riesgos reales y percibidos a la salud, seguridad y el medio ambiente asociados con el manejo y transporte marítimo de GNL y presenta acciones que se han tomado y se pueden tomar para disminuir estos riesgos, lo cual contribuirí a mejorar el proceso de toma de decisiones.
THE NAPOLI INCIDENT
Authors: Simmons Matt 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
MSC Napoli, a United Kingdom-flagged container ship got in trouble during storms in the English Channel on January 18th 2007, whilst en route from Belgium to Portugal carrying approximately 2300 containers, some of which contained dangerous goods. Severe gale force winds caused serious damage to her hull and flooded the engine room. The 26 Man crew was evacuated and the vessel taken under tow, the vessel'S destination was Portland port near Weymouth. En route to Portland, the vessel condition worsened and a decision was made by the SOSREP (Secretary of State'S representative) to deliberately beach the vessel in Lyme bay to prevent the vessel sinking and becoming a major navigational hazard and pollution catastrophe. To counter any oil release, under direction of the environment group, preventative booming was carried out at the river Axe and the river Brit; four other sites were inspected to check the feasibility of booming. These were the estuaries of the Exe, Otter, Teign, and Sid. Removal of the oil from the ships tanks commenced on January 23rd, this operation was able to take place due to favorable winds from the North and North West. Containment and recovery vessels, as well as a vessel fitted with a dispersant spray system, were on location. This system was used on January 24th, following a release of HFO during the lightering operation. A dispersant protocol had previously been produced which gave set of guidelines and persons to contact prior to any operation.
Once given permission, a test spray was carried out and the results observed and reported back. Due to the observed results observed, permission was given to spray the slick. With the risk of containers entering the water, oil containment operations with offshore boom was not possible, but container collection plan was put forward using available vessels and anchoring points, a very different type of recovery operation. The author will recount his onsite experiences gained during his leadership of the operation. The accounts of this incident are the views of the author and OSRL EARL.