bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Olfactory ensheathing cells are the main phagocytic cells that remove axon debris during early development of the olfactory system
Authors: Nazareth Lynnmaria , Lineburg Katie E. , Chuah Meng Inn , Tello Velasquez Johana , Chehrehasa Fatemeh , St John James A. , Ekberg Jenny A.K. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTDuring development of the primary olfactory system, axon targeting is inaccurate and axons inappropriately project within the target layer or overproject into the deeper layers of the olfactory bulb. As a consequence there is considerable apoptosis of primary olfactory neurons during embryonic and postnatal development and axons of the degraded neurons need to be removed. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are the glia of the primary olfactory nerve and are known to phagocytose axon debris in the adult and postnatal animal. However, it is unclear when phagocytosis by OECs first commences. We investigated the onset of phagocytosis by OECs in the developing mouse olfactory system by utilizing two transgenic reporter lines: OMP‐ZsGreen mice which express bright green fluorescent protein in primary olfactory neurons, and S100β‐DsRed mice which express red fluorescent protein in OECs. In crosses of these mice, the fate of the degraded axon debris is easily visualized. We found evidence of axon degradation at embryonic day (E)13.5. Phagocytosis of the primary olfactory axon debris by OECs was first detected at E14.5. Phagocytosis of axon debris continued into the postnatal animal during the period when there was extensive mistargeting of olfactory axons. Macrophages were often present in close proximity to OECs but they contributed only a minor role to clearing the axon debris, even after widespread degeneration of olfactory neurons by unilateral bulbectomy and methimazole treatment. These results demonstrate that from early in embryonic development OECs are the primary phagocytic cells of the primary olfactory nerve. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:479–494, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐Assembly of Imidazolium‐Based Surfactants in Magnetic Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquids: Binary Mixtures
Authors: Klee Andreas , Prevost Sylvain , Gradzielski Michael 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe phase behaviour of binary mixtures of ionic surfactants (1‐alkyl‐3‐imidazolium chloride, CnmimCl with n=14, 16 and 18) and imidazolium‐based ionic liquids (1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate, CnmimFeCl4, with n=2 and 4) over a broad temperature range and the complete range of compositions is described. By using many complementary methods including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarised microscopy, small‐angle neutron and X‐ray scattering (SANS/SAXS), and surface tension, the ability of this model system to support self‐assembly is described quantitatively and this behaviour is compared with common water systems. The existence of micelles swollen by the solvent can be deduced from SANS experiments and represent a possible model for aggregates, which has barely been considered for ionic‐liquid systems until now, and can be ascribed to the rather low solvophobicity of the surfactants. Our investigation shows that, in general, CnmimCl is a rather weak amphiphile in these ionic liquids. The amphiphilic strength increases systematically with the length of the alkyl chain, as seen from the phase behaviour, the critical micelle concentration, and also the level of definition of the aggregates formed.
Promotion of Selective Pathways in Isomerizing Functionalization of Plant Oils by Rigid Framework Substituents
Authors: Christl Josefine T. , Roesle Philipp , Stempfle Florian , Müller Gerhard , Caporaso Lucia , Cavallo Luigi , Mecking Stefan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe 1,2‐(CH2P(1‐adamantyl)2)2C6H4 (dadpx) coordinated palladium complex [(dadpx)Pd(OTf)2] (1) is a catalyst precursor for the isomerizing methoxycarbonylation of the internal double bond of methyl oleate, with an unprecedented selectivity (96 %) for the linear diester 1,19‐dimethyl nonadecanedioate. Rapid formation of the catalytically active solvent‐coordinated hydride species [(dadpx)PdH(MeOH)]+ (3‐MeOH) is evidenced by NMR spectroscopy, and further isolation and X‐ray crystal structure analysis of [(dadpx)PdH(PPh3)]+ (3‐PPh3). DFT calculations of key steps of the catalytic cycle unravel methanolysis as the decisive step for enhanced selectivity and the influence of the rigid adamantyl framework on this step by destabilization of transition states of unselective pathways.
Optimal Total Planning for Incinerator Plants in an Urban Area
Authors: Sugahara Hideo , Arai Kenta , Kamata Naoki , Kato Masakazu 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYThis paper proposes optimal total planning for incinerator plants (IPs) in a typical urban area, which includes a method of determining the number of plants and the capacities of the IPs. Burnable municipal refuse is disposed of sanitarily by high‐temperature incineration at the IPs. At the same time, power generation from waste (PGW) is being performed at many IPs to recover energy. At present, the amount of energy generated by PGW is greater than that of wind power or photovoltaic power generation. However, PGW has a limited generation efficiency and low generation output due to the smaller capacity of IPs. To overcome the above weakness, highly efficient PGW is necessary with total integration and scaling up of IPs. Regarding total integration and scaling up, operation in larger areas is favorable from the point of view of refuse volume and collection. In the planning stage, both the cost of IPs and refuse collection, which is important for refuse disposal, should be taken into account comprehensively. Optimal total planing for IPs can be performed in two stages. First, the disposal capacity Gk of an IP versus the number of plants K is decided by constraints. Gk is about the same for all K because of maintenance and refuse collection, and is greater than 300 tons per day in steps of 100 tons per day. Gk should be decided not only by refuse volume but also by cessation of operation at plants due to maintenance or faults. Second, the cost of each value of K is calculated based on the construction and operating costs of the IPs, income from selling the energy of PGW, and refuse collection costs. Therefore, the value of K with the minimum cost is selected as the optimal number of IPs. A numerical simulation of an area with a population of 3 million indicates that the optimal plant number is 4. At present there are eight or nine IPs in cities of 3 million people. The above cost reduction effect will be about 15% from the present value. Considering the situation of aging IPs, a decreasing trend in refuse volume, and the stringent financial conditions of local governments, the proposed method is very effective and realistic.
On the Preparation and Structure of Caesium Aluminium Tetrahydride
Authors: Krech Daniel , Zibrowius Bodo , Weidenthaler Claudia , Felderhoff Michael 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA new tetragonal phase of CsAlH4 was observed after the precipitation of CsAlH4 from a diglyme solution with an inert solvent. This new phase and the previously described orthorhombic phase were characterized by a combination of X‐ray powder diffraction analysis and 27Al and 133Cs solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. The transformation of the tetragonal CsAlH4 phase into the orthorhombic CsAlH4 phase can be induced by thermal treatment, whereas the opposite process can be stimulated by mechanical treatment. The phase transformation processes are almost completely reversible and can be performed several times without any observable decomposition of CsAlH4. The structure of the tetragonal CsAlH4 phase (space group I41/a) was solved from X‐ray powder diffraction data, and the lattice parameters were determined to be a = 5.6732(4) and c = 14.2795(11) Å.
Chiroptical Signatures of Planar and Central Chirality in [2]Paracyclo[2](5,8)quinolinophane Derivatives
Authors: Mazzeo Giuseppe , Longhi Giovanna , Abbate Sergio , Buonerba Federica , Ruzziconi Renzo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractElectronic and vibrational circular dichroism (ECD and VCD) spectra and specific optical rotation measurements at the sodium D‐line (OR) have been taken for thirteen chiral [2]paracyclo[2](5,8)quinolinophane derivatives and calculated by density functional theory. Besides the planar chirality from the paracyclophane moiety in all molecules, some of the investigated compounds also exhibit central chirality due to an asymmetric carbon atom in the side‐chain bound at C‐2 of the heterocyclic ring. Characteristic bands for each type of chirality were clearly identified in the VCD spectra in the CH‐stretching and mid‐IR regions, allowing assignment of absolute and relative configurations. ECD was found to be sensitive mostly, if not exclusively, to planar chirality, whereas OR was also very sensitive to central chirality. Configurational assignment of the different diastereomers by the present method provided results that are in agreement with those inferred from NOE‐NMR experiments.
Sensitivity analysis to unsteady perturbations of complex flows: a discrete approach
Authors: Browne Oliver M. F. , Rubio Gonzalo , Ferrer Esteban , Valero Eusebio 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYA discrete framework for computing the global stability and sensitivity analysis to external perturbations for any set of partial differential equations is presented. In particular, a complex‐step approximation is used to achieve near analytical accuracy for the evaluation of the Jacobian matrix. Sensitivity maps for the sensitivity to base flow modifications and to a steady force are computed to identify regions of the flow field where an input could have a stabilising effect. Four test cases are presented: (1) an analytical test case to prove the theory of the discrete framework, (2) a lid‐driven cavity at low Reynolds case to show the improved accuracy in the calculation of the eigenvalues when using the complex‐step approximation, (3) the 2D flow past a circular cylinder at just below the critical Reynolds number used to validate the methodology, and finally, (4) the flow past an open cavity presented to give an example of the discrete method applied to a convectively unstable case. The latter three (2–4) of the aforementioned cases were solved with the 2D compressible Navier–Stokes equations using a Discontinuous Galerkin Spectral Element Method. Good agreement was obtained for the validation test case, (3), with appropriate results in the literature. Furthermore, it is shown that for the calculation of the direct and adjoint eigenmodes and their sensitivity maps to external perturbations, the use of complex variables is paramount for obtaining an accurate prediction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostic transitions in mild cognitive impairment by use of simple Markov models
Authors: Facal David , Guàrdia‐Olmos Joan , Juncos‐Rabadán Onésimo 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundMild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a complex entity, which can involve persistence of the symptoms, conversion to dementia or improvement. The aim was to study the transitions between normal cognitive ageing and three MCI subtypes by using Markov transition models for different intervals between baseline and the follow‐up assessment.MethodsA total of 294 participants over 50 years old attending primary care centres were assessed and diagnosed at baseline as multi‐domain amnestic MCI (22 participants), single domain amnestic MCI (44), non‐amnestic MCI (non‐amnestic MCI) (26) or controls (202). We adopted an overlapping interval strategy by constructing six different mid‐point time intervals according to the time between the baseline and the follow‐up assessment. We used Markov transition models to study diagnostic changes in the groups in the different time intervalsResultsThe rate of change was lowest in the control group. In the single domain amnestic MCI and non‐amnestic MCI groups, the same diagnosis was usually retained or changed to normal cognitive functioning. In the multi‐domain amnestic MCI group, the rate of transition to normal functioning was lowest, and the conversion to dementia was the highest of all groups. The best fit to the Markov models was found for the period between 18–21 months, whereas the worst fit was for the period between 9–15 monthsConclusionsMarkov models provide a comprehensive view of transitions between MCI and normal cognitive functioning. Time interval strategies seem to provide a good opportunity to monitor diagnostic transitions, although wider intervals including subsequent assessments are needed. The low rates of conversion to dementia are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining Matching and Nonparametric Instrumental Variable Estimation: Theory and An Application to the Evaluation of Active Labour Market Policies
Authors: Frölich Markus , Lechner Michael 
Published: October 2014

SummaryWe show how instrumental variable and matching estimators can be combined in order to identify a broader array of treatment effects. Instrumental variable (IV) estimators are known to estimate effects only for the compliers, representing a subset of the entire population. By combining IV with matching, we can estimate the treatment effects for the always‐ and never‐takers as well. Since in many cases these groups are the (endogenous) outcome of some assignment process, such estimates also help in judging the implications of such a selection process. In our application to the effects of participation in active labour market programmes in Switzerland, we find large and lasting positive employment effects for the compliers, whereas the effects for the always‐ and never‐participants are small. In addition, the compliers have worse employment outcomes without treatment than those who participate in the programme with or without the intervention under investigation. This suggests that the earlier assignment policy of the caseworkers was inefficient in that the always‐participants were neither those unemployed who would experience the highest expected treatment effects nor those unemployed who had the largest need for assistance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiresidue analysis of 59 nonallowed substances and other contaminants in cosmetics
Authors: Zhan Jia , Ni Mei‐lin , Zhao Hai‐ying , Ge Xiao‐ming , He Xiao‐yu , Yin Ju‐yi , Yu Xue‐jun , Fan Yuan‐mu , Huang Zhi‐qiang 
Published: October 2014

A method was developed for the determination of 59 glucocorticoids, sex hormones, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, and other contaminants in cosmetics simultaneously by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Acetonitrile was used to extract the sample, and the mixed sorbents were dispersed for purification. With the optimal conditions, the optimized pretreatment processes led to no significant interference on analysis from an extremely complicated sample matrix, and the linear ranges of 59 analytes were 0–480.0 μg/kg with the correlation coefficients above 0.99 and the limits of quantification (S/N≥10) were 5–40 μg/kg. Statistical evaluation revealed that the average recoveries were in the range of 61.2–131.2%, and relative standard deviations were in the range of 2.0–22.8%, meanwhile the interday precision ranged from 3.8 to 21.8%. This method is simple, fast, and credible, and it can be applied to simultaneous screening and determination of various classes of substances under investigations illegally presented in cosmetic products, covering a wide diversity of polarities, and pKa values.
Thermally Reversible Self‐Assembly of Nanoparticles via Polymer Crystallization
Authors: Kinnear Calum , Balog Sandor , Rothen‐Rutishauser Barbara , Petri‐Fink Alke 
Published: October 2014

The directed self‐assembly of gold nanoparticles through the crystallization of surface‐grafted polyethylene oxide (PEO) in ethanol–water mixtures is described. This process is fully reversible and tunable through either the size of the core or the polymeric coating. Characterization by X‐ray scattering and electron microscopy of the self‐assembled structures reveals order at the nanoscale, typically not the case for thermoresponsive gold nanoparticles coated with lower or upper critical solution temperature polymers. A further novelty is the result of selective binding of calcium ions to the PEO in the fluid state: a reversible thermoresponsive transition become irreversible.
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Association of Medicare Part D Low‐Income Cost Subsidy Program Enrollment with Increased Fill Adherence to Clopidogrel After Coronary Stent Placement
Authors: Duru O. Kenrik , Edgington Sarah , Mangione Carol , Turk Norman , Tseng Chi‐Hong , Kimbro Lindsay , Ettner Susan 
Published: October 2014

Study ObjectiveTo determine the association between enrollment in the Medicare Part D low‐income subsidy (LIS) program, which reduces out‐of‐pocket medication costs, and fill adherence to the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel after coronary stent placement.DesignRetrospective cohort study.Data SourcePharmacy claims database of a large national Medicare Part D insurer.PatientsWe selected a total of 2967 beneficiaries of a national Medicare Part D plan who had a coronary stent placed between April and December 2006 and were prescribed clopidogrel but were not preexisting users of clopidogrel. Of these patients, 504 were enrolled in the LIS program and 2463 were not.Measurements and Main ResultsWe defined LIS status as enrollment in the LIS program at any point during the 12 months after the procedure. We examined the association between LIS status and good medication fill adherence to clopidogrel, defined as proportion of days covered of 80% or more, or discontinuation of clopidogrel over the 12‐month window starting from the date of their stent placement. We also identified patients with claims‐based diagnoses of major bleeding events while taking clopidogrel. For those patients, we calculated fill adherence only for the period between medication initiation and the onset of major bleeding and/or did not classify them as having inappropriately discontinued the medication. We created a propensity score predicting the propensity of being eligible for the LIS benefit and used inverse propensity score weighting with regression adjustment to generate estimates of the effect parameters. LIS enrollment was associated with a higher predicted likelihood of good clopidogrel fill adherence after stent placement (54.8% for LIS enrollees vs 47.6% for nonenrollees; p=0.008). No significant difference was noted between the two groups in predicted risk of discontinuing clopidogrel after stent placement (18.3% for LIS enrollees vs 21.0% for nonenrollees; p=0.21).ConclusionThe LIS benefit was associated with better clopidogrel fill adherence after stent placement. Although clopidogrel is now available in generic form, our work underscores the need for efforts to identify and enroll patients in the LIS benefit who require costly antiplatelet medications for coronary heart disease.
Physicochemical, crystalline, and thermal properties of native and enzyme hydrolyzed Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi and Pueraria thomsonii Benth. starches
Authors: Xia Yuzhuo , Gao Wenyuan , Jiang Qianqian , Li Xia , Huang Luqi , Xiao Peigen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractStarches isolated from the bulbs of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (PLO) and Pueraria thomsonii Benth. (PTB) were hydrolysed by glucoamylase for different lengths of time (2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h). The hydrolysis results were compared by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray power diffractometer (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The SEM results revealed that both of the PLO and PTB starches showed the same hydrolysis mechanism, which indicated that the glucoamylase primarily attacking the exterior of starch granules and then the interior. The results of XRD revealed the crystalline type of PTB starch changed from C‐type to A‐type with crystallinity reducing from 43.5 to 20.9% during the hydrolysis. Unlike PTB starch, the PLO starch did not show marked changes in crystalline style but lower degree of crystallinity was obtained from 32.4 to 13.7% during the hydrolysis. All the XRD results demonstrated that B‐type polymorph was preferentially degraded than A‐type polymorph in the C‐type starch. The DSC results revealed that both of the PLO and PTB starches showed decreased enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔHgel) and gelatinization temperature range (R)‐value after hydrolysis, while the gelatinization temperature (Tp) indicated different tendency, initially ranging from 68.6 to 64.3°C and then increasing to 67.8°C for PLO starch. While for PTB starch, the Tp‐value showed progressive reduction from 85.4 to 74.3°C during the whole process.
Hydrolysis of native and cross‐linked corn, tapioca, and sweet potato starches at sub‐gelatinization temperature using a mixture of amylolytic enzymes
Authors: Yussof Nor Shariffa , Utra Uthumporn , Alias Abd Karim 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe objectives of this research were to investigate the capability of a new hydrolyzing enzyme to hydrolyze native and cross‐linked starches in the granular state and to examine the influence of cross‐linking on hydrolysis. Corn, tapioca, and sweet potato starches were chemically modified by cross‐linking with 1% epichlorohydrin. The native and cross‐linked starches were subjected to hydrolysis using a new commercial enzyme, STARGEN™ 001 (a blend of α‐amylase and glucoamylase), at 35°C for 24 h, and the physicochemical properties of the starches were determined at different time points. After hydrolysis, the dextrose equivalent (DE) values of corn and tapioca starch decreased significantly after being cross‐linked (from 52.5 to 48.8% and from 35.7 to 27.9%, respectively). However, the sweet potato starch underwent a minimal reduction in DE value (from 27.3 to 26.8%). Scanning electron micrographs revealed that all cross‐linked starches had less porous granules compared to native starches after being hydrolyzed. Enzymatic erosion occurred mainly on the surface of starch granules, and the pores deepened into the interior part of the granules. The swelling power and solubility of all three cross‐linked starch decreased significantly after hydrolysis. Cross‐linking had a greater effect on pasting properties but little influence on the gelatinization properties of starch. The pasting temperature of cross‐linked tapioca starch was undetectable due to high degree of cross‐linking (92.4%). This study showed that cross‐linking had a considerable impact on the hydrolysis of corn and tapioca starch in particular by reducing the swelling power and solubility of its granules.
Effects of moisture content on structural and dielectric properties of cassava starch films
Authors: Bergo Paulo , Moraes Isabel C. Freitas , Sobral Paulo J. do Amaral 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this work, it was evaluated the effect of moisture content on the structural and dielectric properties of cassava starch films by means of Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), impedancimetric, and gravimetric analysis. The film samples were equilibrated in hermetically sealed desiccators, containing different saturated salts in water in order to promote activity of water between 0.11 and 0.85. The position and amplitude of the peaks in the “fingerprint” region of the FTIR spectra were changed due to the modifications in the interactions between the polymeric chains and water molecules. These effects may be related to the formation of semi‐crystalline regions in the film structure. The dielectric properties of the films were also strongly dependent on the moisture content, showing a non‐linear and a linear region, which was attributed to the domain of bound and free water in the film, respectively. The gravimetric analyzes showed the typical sigmoidal behavior, attributed to the way the water interacts with the biopolymer. Finally, the flexibility of the films increased with water content increasing.