bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elements of Sound Oil Spill Prevention Programs
Authors: Subsits Joe 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The author inspects oil-handling facilities for the Washington Department of Ecology and therefore has the opportunity to observe Washington's oil handling facilities. This experience allows for observation of a wide range of facilities. Based on this experience, he has derived a list of characteristics which companies with top spill prevention programs possess. These characteristics are support, awareness, effective implementation, visibility, and the right attitude.
Support is the degree to which management and staff buy into the program. Support is critical towards any program's success and is strengthened by leadership, establishing credibility, and adequate resources.
Awareness means continually developing familiarity with spill prevention issues. Awareness is solidified as one understands facility operations, regulations, available technologies, spill cause, and risk assessments.
Implementation is doing the core activities that will prevent spills. These include maintenance, inspection, and testing of equipment. Evaluating prevention program needs and providing internal communication avenues are other implementation activities.
Visibility is involvement with the community outside the facility. It involves sound public participation strategies, being involved in regulatory procedures, and having effective risk communication procedures.
The right attitude is the general mindset that appears to accompany strong spill prevention programs. The mindset is described as individual traits or virtues which when combined collectively strengthen spill prevention efforts.
This paper will further describe these characteristics. Though this list does not claim to be all-inclusive it does offer strategies which are characteristic of companies with effective spill prevention programs. This list will evolve and can hopefully provide a foundation for effective spill prevention in the twenty-first century.
The Cost of Oil Spills from Tankers: An Analysis of IOPC Fund Incidents
Authors: Grey Catherine J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The 1971 and 1992 International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC Funds) provide compensation to the victims of oil spills from tankers in countries which have ratified the 1971 and 1992 Fund Conventions. Since 1978, they have dealt with more than 100 incidents, paying compensation in 68 of these. Details of the individual incidents are given together with the total cost for each, expressed in US$. The numbers, sizes and costs of the incidents are analysed in detail and compared with the incidence of all tanker spills in Fund countries, using data from the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation's (ITOPF) Oil Spill Database. This analysis reveals a number of trends relating to the size of tankers; the amount and type of oil spilled; and the geographical location.
The 1971 IOPC Fund has undoubtedly proved highly effective, but recent incidents have tested the limits of compensation available. The 1992 Fund Convention entered into force in May 1996, providing both higher limits and a broader scope. However, the threshold at which it comes into effect is also higher, thereby excluding many of the less expensive spills which would previously have been covered by the 1971 Fund Convention. The significance of this for the numbers and costs of incidents likely to be dealt with by both the 1971 and the 1992 IOPC Funds is examined.
Industrial Business Continuity
Authors: Smith Gerard W. , Epler Glenn F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper and presentation will focus on the importance of developing a comprehensive emergency management plan and how it could be integrated with your corporate crisis management plan along with federal, state, and local response agencies. Industrial Business Continuity represents a comprehensive planning process that includes everything from risk assessment and response operations through recovery.
The trend over the past few years has been to move from a corporate profit structure to strategic business units with plant managers increasingly responsible for overall business development. Traditionally, business continuity focuses on systems and data recovery, while regulatory requirements tend to focus on emergency response and compliance. Industrial Business Continuity goes a step beyond both of those. It focuses on quality and critical business functions as well as the more traditional risk assessment and emergency response procedures that are found in most plans. In today's world, a measure of quality for the plant manager is how quickly and efficiently the plant can resume normal operations and circumstances after a major incident. This process includes such areas as community relations and risk communications., those areas that are usually associated with recovery.
An Industrial Business Continuity plan that is developed to enhance a facility's response and recovery capability and is developed solely within facility boundaries does not accurately reflect its actual capability. Companies must integrate their crisis and emergency management programs within their corporation and with pertinent external response agencies. The benefits of integrating these plans far surpass the costs of program development.
Effect of Oil Cleanup Methods on Ecological Recovery and Oil Degradation of Phragmites Marshes
Authors: Lin Qianxin , Mendelssohn Irving A. , Hester Mark W. , Webb Eric C. , Henry Charles B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill cleanup operations in wetlands remain a critical issue. Oil spills in four Phragmites marshes provided an excellent opportunity to document the effect of spilled oil and different intensities of cleanup activity on ecological recovery and oil degradation in wetlands. Results showed that the intensity of oil spill cleanup and initial oiling differentially affected marsh vegetation and oil removal. Neither intensive nor light cleanup adversely affected the plant stem density, shoot height, and aboveground biomass of the dominant marsh plant, Phragmites australis. In contrast, these parameters in the oiled marsh that did not receive cleanup (no-cleanup site) were significantly lower than that for the reference marshes and the intensive and light cleanup sites. A thick floating oil layer on the surface was most likely the primary cause of mortality of the marsh vegetation at the no-cleanup site. Soil petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations were a function of the initial volume of oil spilled and the intensity of the cleanup. Although the intensive cleanup obviously removed floating and surface oil (as evidenced by the visual absence of surface oil at the beginning of this investigation), this cleanup activity may initially increase the oil incorporated into the sediment. Overall, oil concentration in the sediment of the intensive cleanup site decreased with time; however, sediment oil concentration increased slightly at light cleanup sites and increased substantially at the no-cleanup site. Containment of spilled oil within booms at the light and no-cleanup sites appeared to be the primary cause for increased oil incorporation into the sediment because the floating oil inside the boom likely served as an oil source for incorporation into the sediment. The authors conclude that a no-response option in heavily oiled Phragmites wetlands where oil pools cannot naturally dissipate is not a satisfactory option.
Fire-Resistant Booms: From Testing to Operations1
Authors: Hiltabrand Robert R. , Roderick Gail S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A great deal of concern and effort has gone into testing various fire resistant booms since the 1993 Newfoundland Offshore Burn Experiment (NOBE), when it became apparent that there were potential limitations in the performance of commercially manufactured fire booms. One of the major questions that arose after this experiment was the capability of fire booms to adequately support real in situ burn operations. Towing experiments on selected booms both at sea and in test tanks, coupled with data from burn tests based on proposed ASTM-F20 Standards, have begun to new reveal facts about the performance of these booms. Results of the at-sea towing tests indicate that, in general, booms with higher buoyancy-to-weight ratios attained higher critical tow speeds, sustained higher towing tensions, and maintained better wave conformance. Results of towing tests of booms containing oil at the OHMSETT test tank facility suggest that fire booms should perform successfully when tow speeds of less than 1.0 knot is maintained. Burn tests at the U.S. Coast Guard Fire and Test Detachment revealed that fire booms could be expected to maintain some structural stability and freeboard for at least three 1-hour burns during a deployment.
Adding Realism to Tabletop Exercises
Authors: Leonard Joseph J. , Roberson Melissia G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Tabletop exercises are among the most widely conducted exercises. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to introduce realism into these kinds of exercises. Some attempts have been made to enhance these exercises with overhead displays or computer imagery. Overhead displays still document the incident in only two dimensions, while computer imagery can be quite costly. A cost-effective alternative may be the three-dimensional tabletop exercise. With a 3-D tabletop exercise, many of the benefits of a full-scale deployment exercise are gained, while minimizing costs to almost the same level as the old-fashioned tabletop exercise. Response managers can still test their plans or refine their operations, while at the same time deploying resources and personnel during a simulated incident. Even cost accounting and maintenance problems can be easily inserted into the exercise, enabling personnel from the Logistics and Finance/Administration Sections to be active participants. The scale that is chosen is entirely up to the organization wishing to be exercised, but HO scale (approximately 1/72 scale) seems to work the best because of the availability of response resources that can be found in most toy or hobby stores. Resources, such as skimmers, vacuum trucks, boats, and personnel can be easily modeled with minimal cost, enabling exercise personnel to direct and employ the very same resources they would use in an actual response operation. In addition, this type of exercise can prove very valuable prior to executing a full-scale drill, as many of the drill problems—especially logistical issues—can be resolved before resources are actually deployed to a field environment. Response managers will become more familiar with their resources, thus making them more effective in an actual response operation and lowering overall costs for the responsible party. This type of drill prepared response managers and supervisors of the M/V Stolt Spirit fire, the M/V Katania fire and hazardous materials response, and the 1998 World Energy Conference to better plan and employ resources during these lengthy operations.
Preliminary Evaluation of Potential Impacts of Non-Petroleum Oils on the Aquatic Environment
Authors: Calanog Steven A. , Chen Jimmy Y. , Toia Robert F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Non-petroleum oils—specifically crude and refined corn and safflower oils, and refined sunflower and soybean oils—have been shown to form stable emulsions, with the amount of emulsion being proportional to the initial oil/water ratio and the severity of the mixing. These oils have also shown to deplete dissolved oxygen (DO) from freshwater, and the depletion occurred whether the oil was mixed into or simply layered onto the water. The rate and level of depletion was dependent on the specific oil. Crude corn oil caused the most rapid and significant depletion; the final DO concentration is less than the current U.S. regulatory minimum. Water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of the oils showed varying levels of toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia, a freshwater test organism, and to freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates (BMI); leachate from crude corn oil was the most toxic. Since BMI evaluations were carried out with continuous aeration of the test water samples, toxicity is not solely due to oxygen depletion. These preliminary data suggest that in a spill situation non-petroleum oils are not environmentally benign, and they support the current federal oil spill prevention and response regulations.
Environmental Effects of Freshwater Oil Spills
Authors: Steen Alexis , Fritz David E. , Stubblefield William , Giddings Jeffrey 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A research project was commissioned by the American Petroleum Institute (API) to summarize information on freshwater spill environmental effects. While threats to migrating fish stocks or aquatic mammals may be primary concerns following an ocean spill, adverse effects to benthic invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, waterfowl, fish hatcheries, shoreline vegetation, or public drinking water intakes may be the focus of a freshwater event. Environmental effects from spilled petroleum constituents and whole oils are discussed. Research needs are identified.
The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund: How Effective an Instrument of U.S. Public Policy Has It Been?1
Authors: Sheehan Daniel F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) was forged in the legislative cauldron of the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez casualty. However, its genesis really began with Congressional consideration and debate concerning whether to adopt an international liability and compensation regime or improve the unilateral system unique to the United States. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 significantly expanded the scope of the unique U.S. mechanism, while at the same time it urged the Administration to continue to examine the possibilities of becoming party to an international regime. Ten years after the Exxon Valdez casualty provides a convenient and appropriate time frame for reflection on how well the public has been served by the establishment and implementation of the regime of which the OSLTF is a major element. The impact on various publics served and stakeholders impacted will be analyzed and evaluated. While there are clearly differences in scope, application, and funding mechanisms between the U.S. and international regime, there are substantial similarities in terms of process, administration, areas of concern and interest.
Initial Testing and Integration of The Scanning Laser Environmental Airborne Fluorosensor
Authors: Brown Carl E. , Fingas Mervin F. , Mullin Joseph V. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The intended role of the scanning laser environmental airborne fluorosensor (SLEAF) is to detect and map oil and related petroleum products in complex marine and shoreline environments. To improve on the small footprint and nadir-looking geometry of the previous generation laser fluorosensor, the LEAF, a conical scanning mirror was included to provide the broad cross-track and along-track sampling required to detect oil in these complex environments. Laser fluorosensors have the ability to confirm or reject suspected oil contamination sites that have been targeted by other “nonspecific sensors” such as infrared, ultraviolet or visible cameras. This confirmation will free response crews from the labourious task of physically inspecting each site, and direct crews to sites that require immediate remediation.
The construction of the SLEAF system was recently completed. Following integration of the various components of the system, a systematic verification of SLEAF system functionality was initiated. The ability of the SLEAF to detect, classify, and estimate oil coverage was tested and verified. In total, 21 oils ranging from light refined, crude through to heavy refined oils were examined. The API gravities of the oils examined varied from 11.9 to 48.6, while the aromatic content varied between 13 and 52%. The SLEAF system is presently being integrated into Environment Canada's DC-3 aircraft and will undergo extensive testing to confirm its functionality in an airborne environment. This paper will report on progress with the installation of the SLEAF system.
The International Tier 3 Centres: Background and Future of Clean Caribbean Cooperative, Oil Spill Response Ltd., and East Asia Response Ltd.1
Authors: Irvine James , Higgins Alan , Harcharik Dan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Clean Caribbean Cooperative (CCC), Oil Spill Response Ltd. (OSRL), and East Asia Response Ltd. (EARL) are independent non-profit organisations established by members of the oil industry to provide 24-hour Tier 3 response resources for their members around the world. At considerable cost each maintains 24-hour access to an ADDS Pack unit, the world's largest airborne dispersant application system, as well as keeping equipment and expertise available for more conventional response techniques. Considerable experience has been gained in responding to major spills in many countries, and lessons learnt are shared among the three Centres. Their secondary activities include local Tier 2 response capability, and training and consultancy services on associated issues to members. Most of these services are also available to non-members. In this paper the chairmen of the three Centres review the common backgrounds of these activities and develop a vision of the future of this important contribution by members of the international oil industry to help minimise the impact of major oil spills around the world.
Dispersant Use In Alaska: An Update1
Authors: Trudel Ken , Armato Peter , Hahn Brad , Pearson Leslie , Maguire Dennis , Hillman Sharon O. , Morris Ron , Rome D.D. Buzz 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A decade ago, Alaska became the first region in the United States to implement detailed dispersant use guidelines and to develop a system for making dispersant use decisions rapidly. Currently, within the state, there exists the largest single dispersant response capability in the United States, and preparations are in place to use this capability when needed. Recognizing that there has been considerable progress in dispersant knowledge over the intervening 10 years and that certain stakeholder groups have expressed concerns over the potential effectiveness of dispersants and the environmental risks associated with their use, a group of stakeholder organizations sponsored a conference to review the new information and reassess these issues. The sponsors included the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Alyeska Pipeline Services/SERVS, Prince William Sound Regional Citizens' Advisory Council, Prince William Sound Oil Spill Recovery Institute, and the U.S. Coast Guard. From a technical perspective, the conference focused on four aspects of dispersant use in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska: (1) the potential effectiveness of available dispersant products against Alaska North Slope crude oil under the range of environmental conditions that exist in PWS; (2) the potential short- and long-term fate of chemically dispersed oil in the Sound's deep, basin-like fjord system; (3) the state of knowledge concerning environmental risks and trade-offs associated with dispersant use in PWS; and (4) the needs and methods for monitoring the effectiveness and environmental effects of dispersant operations. This paper synthesizes information concerning the major issues as identified and discussed by conference participants.
Vessel Response Plans: Measuring Effectiveness After The First 5 Years
Authors: Caplis John , Tavel Shari 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The owners or operators of tank vessels (herein referred to as “plan holders”) have clear preferences regarding the effectiveness of the vessel response plan (VRP) requirements. Surveys were used to rank the planning elements with respect to preparedness, actual usage, and quality of response. With respect to preparedness, the preferred areas of plan development are “Notification Procedures,” “List of Contacts,” “Onboard Checklists,” “Qualified Individuals,” and “Spill Management Teams.” For actual usage, the planning elements most frequently implemented during an incident are “Qualified Individuals,” “Notification Checklists,” “Shipboard Spill Mitigation Procedures,” “Oil Spill Removal Organizations,” and “Spill Management Teams.” With respect to the quality of a response, the preferred elements for enhancing a response are “Notification Information,” “Lists of Contacts,” and “Qualified Individuals.”, Survey measurements indicate that plan holders perceive the plans as being closely linked to enhancing their preparedness, but not necessarily to enhancing a response through the use of the plan itself during an incident. This highlights the fact that much of a VRP's contents is dedicated to enhancing the plan holder's preparedness and is not, in most cases, intended to be used as an operational set of tools during an incident. VRPs have been designed as planning documents and should not be viewed or used as performance documents. An analysis of the survey data reveals that the common thread or strength that ties all the “most effective” planning elements together is their involvement in creating a predetermined, rapid response structure. The true value of the plans, then, lies in their ability to create this structure and prepare the plan holder to implement it quickly, enabling the response to be set in motion without delay.
Unified Command Response To Simultaneous Oil Spills1
Authors: Austin Meredith 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
At 10:30 p.m. on January 22, 1998, Coast Guard Marine Safety Unit (MSU) Galveston, Texas received notification of a sudden pressure drop within the High Island Pipeline System (HIPS), indicating a possible break in the pipeline, approximately 55 miles from Galveston in the Gulf of Mexico. The Coast Guard, Responsible Party, and State of Texas established a Unified Command to respond to the incident. At 3:15 p.m. on January 23, the M/V Red Seagull, located approximately 60 miles from Galveston, reported oil around her hull. The Federal Incident Commander established a second Unified Command, using Coast Guard members of the HIPS response, augmented by personnel from other Coast Guard units, the second Responsible Party and the state of Texas. As the level of activity for each of the responses changed, so did the Incident Command structure. The responses were a success due to the Unified Command's understanding of the Incident Command System, and the willingness to bring in additional personnel from other sources as necessary.
The Adaptation of Mariculture Practices In Response To Spilled Oil
Authors: Wadsworth Tim , Dicks Brian , Lavigne Clément 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spills may contaminate both mariculture facilities and livestock. Prevention of oiling should therefore be afforded a high priority. Given appropriate conditions, this may be achieved by the traditional spill response measures. However, a number of self-help response options are open to mariculturalists, that may avoid or limit the effects of spilled oil. These include the relocation of cages, transfer of stock, and early harvest, although such measures are only likely to be successful if a well-prepared contingency plan exists. The advantages and drawbacks of each of these approaches in the context of oil spill response are discussed.