bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methoxy and Methyl Group Rotation: Solid‐State NMR 1H Spin‐Lattice Relaxation, Electronic Structure Calculations, X‐ray Diffractometry, and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Beckmann Peter A. , Mallory Clelia W. , Mallory Frank B. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Wang Xianlong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe report solid‐state 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin‐lattice relaxation experiments, X‐ray diffractometry, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, and both single‐molecule and cluster ab initio electronic structure calculations on 1‐methoxyphenanthrene (1) and 3‐methoxyphenanthrene (2) to investigate the rotation of the methoxy groups and their constituent methyl groups. The electronic structure calculations and the 1H NMR relaxation measurements can be used together to determine barriers for the rotation of a methoxy group and its constituent methyl group and to develop models for the two coupled motions.
Oxygen Sorption and Desorption Properties of Selected Lanthanum Manganites and Lanthanum Ferrite Manganites
Authors: Nielsen Jimmi , Skou Eivind M. , Jacobsen Torben 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTemperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) with a carrier gas was used to study the oxygen sorption and desorption properties of oxidation catalysts and solid‐oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathode materials (La0.85Sr0.15)0.95MnO3+δ (LSM) and La0.60Sr0.40Fe0.80Mn0.20O3‐δ (LSFM). The powders were characterized by X‐ray diffractometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and BET surface adsorption. Sorbed oxygen could be distinguished from oxygen originating from stoichiometry changes. The results indicated that there is one main site for oxygen sorption/desorption. The amount of sorbed oxygen was monitored over time at different temperatures. Furthermore, through data analysis it was shown that the desorption peak associated with oxygen sorption is described well by second‐order desorption kinetics. This indicates that oxygen molecules dissociate upon adsorption and that the rate‐determining step for the desorption reaction is a recombination of monatomic oxygen. Typical problems with re‐adsorption in this kind of TPD setup were revealed to be insignificant by using simulations. Finally, different key parameters of sorption and desorption were determined, such as desorption activation energies, density of sorption sites, and adsorption and desorption reaction order.
Air Quality and Temperature Effects on Exercise‐Induced Bronchoconstriction
Authors: Rundell Kenneth W. , Anderson Sandra D. , Sue‐Chu Malcolm , Bougault Valerie , Boulet Louis‐Philippe 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTExercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is exaggerated constriction of the airways usually soon after cessation of exercise. This is most often a response to airway dehydration in the presence of airway inflammation in a person with a responsive bronchial smooth muscle. Severity is related to water content of inspired air and level of ventilation achieved and sustained. Repetitive hyperpnea of dry air during training is associated with airway inflammatory changes and remodeling. A response during exercise that is related to pollution or allergen is considered EIB. Ozone and particulate matter are the most widespread pollutants of concern for the exercising population; chronic exposure can lead to new‐onset asthma and EIB. Freshly generated emissions particulate matter less than 100 nm is most harmful. Evidence for acute and long‐term effects from exercise while inhaling high levels of ozone and/or particulate matter exists. Much evidence supports a relationship between development of airway disorders and exercise in the chlorinated pool. Swimmers typically do not respond in the pool; however, a large percentage responds to a dry air exercise challenge. Studies support oxidative stress mediated pathology for pollutants and a more severe acute response occurs in the asthmatic. Winter sport athletes and swimmers have a higher prevalence of EIB, asthma and airway remodeling than other athletes and the general population. Because of fossil fuel powered ice resurfacers in ice rinks, ice rink athletes have shown high rates of EIB and asthma. For the athlete training in the urban environment, training during low traffic hours and in low traffic areas is suggested. © 2015 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol5:579‐610, 2015.
Mathematical Modeling in Neuroendocrinology
Authors: Bertram Richard 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTMathematical models are commonly used in neuroscience, both as tools for integrating data and as devices for designing new experiments that test model predictions. The wide range of relevant spatial and temporal scales in the neuroendocrine system makes neuroendocrinology a branch of neuroscience with great potential for modeling. This article provides an overview of concepts that are useful for understanding mathematical models of the neuroendocrine system, as well as design principles that have been illuminated through the use of mathematical models. These principles are found over and over again in cellular dynamics, and serve as building blocks for understanding some of the complex temporal dynamics that are exhibited throughout the neuroendocrine system. © 2015 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol5:911‐927, 2015.
Peripheral Chemoreception and Arterial Pressure Responses to Intermittent Hypoxia
Authors: Prabhakar Nanduri R. , Peng Ying‐Jie , Kumar Ganesh K. , Nanduri Jayasri 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT

Carotid bodies are the principal peripheral chemoreceptors for detecting changes in arterial blood oxygen levels, and the resulting chemoreflex is a potent regulator of blood pressure. Recurrent apnea with intermittent hypoxia (IH) is a major clinical problem in adult humans and infants born preterm. Adult patients with recurrent apnea exhibit heightened sympathetic nerve activity and hypertension. Adults born preterm are predisposed to early onset of hypertension. Available evidence suggests that carotid body chemoreflex contributes to hypertension caused by IH in both adults and neonates. Experimental models of IH provided important insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying carotid body chemoreflex‐mediated hypertension. This article provides a comprehensive appraisal of how IH affects carotid body function, underlying cellular, molecular, and epigenetic mechanisms, and the contribution of chemoreflex to the hypertension. © 2015 American Physiological Society.
Compr Physiol
5:561‐577, 2015.
Intracellular Signaling of Cardiac Fibroblasts
Authors: Roche Patricia L. , Filomeno Krista L. , Bagchi Rushita A. , Czubryt Michael P. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTLong regarded as a mere accessory cell for the cardiomyocyte, the cardiac fibroblast is now recognized as a critical determinant of cardiac function in health and disease. A recent renaissance in fibroblast‐centered research has fostered a better understanding than ever before of the biology of fibroblasts and their contractile counterparts, myofibroblasts. While advanced methodological approaches, including transgenics, lineage fate mapping, and improved cell marker identification have helped to facilitate this new work, the primary driver is arguably the contribution of myofibroblasts to cardiac pathophysiology including fibrosis and arrhythmogenesis. Fibrosis is a natural sequel to numerous common cardiac pathologies including myocardial infarction and hypertension, and typically exacerbates cardiovascular disease and progression to heart failure, yet no therapies currently exist to specifically target fibrosis. The regulatory processes and intracellular signaling pathways governing fibroblast and myofibroblast behavior thus represent important points of inquiry for the development of antifibrotic treatments. While steady progress is being made in uncovering the signaling pathways specific for cardiac fibroblast function (including proliferation, phenotype conversion, and matrix synthesis), much of what is currently known of fibroblast signaling mechanisms is derived from noncardiac fibroblast populations. Given the heterogeneity of fibroblasts across tissues, this dearth of information further underscores the need for progress in cardiac fibroblast biological research. © 2015 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol5:721‐760, 2015.
Alcohol Effects on Cardiac Function
Authors: Gardner Jason D. , Mouton Alan J. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe consumption of ethanol can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on the function of the heart and cardiovascular system, depending on the amount consumed. Low‐to‐moderate amounts of ethanol intake are associated with improvements in cardiac function and vascular health. On the other hand, ethanol chronically consumed in large amounts acts as a toxin to the heart and vasculature. The cardiac injury produced by chronic alcohol abuse can progress to heart failure and eventual death. Furthermore, alcohol abuse may exacerbate preexisting heart conditions, such as hypertension and cardiomyopathy. This article focuses on the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of both the beneficial and detrimental cardiac effects of alcohol. © 2015 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol5:791‐802, 2015.
Cardiac Fibroblast Physiology and Pathology
Authors: Dostal David , Glaser Shannon , Baudino Troy A. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTCardiac function is mediated by interactions between the cellular constituents of the heart, as well as the extracellular matrix. The major cell types of the heart include cardiac fibroblasts, myocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition, there are also resident stem cells and transient cell types, such as immune cells. Interactions in the heart include chemical, mechanical, and electrical signals, which vary depending on the developmental stage, disease state, and specific cell type. Understanding how these different signals interact at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels is important for better understanding cardiac function under a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Cardiac fibroblasts play key roles in maintaining normal cardiac form and function, as well as in the cardiac remodeling process during pathological conditions, such as myocardial infarction and hypertension. Regardless of normal or pathological status of the heart, fibroblasts have multiple functions, such as synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix and cell‐cell communication with other cardiac cells, including myocytes and endothelial cells. Interactions with other cell types can affect multiple cell signaling pathways (e.g., ERK, JNK, and p38), the expression and secretion of numerous growth factors and cytokines, microRNA exchange, gene and protein expression, and angiogenesis. In this review, we provide insight into the cardiac fibroblast under normal and pathological conditions to illustrate their importance in maintaining proper cardiac function. © 2015 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol5:887‐909, 2015.
Channelopathies of Skeletal Muscle Excitability
Authors: Cannon Stephen C. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTFamilial disorders of skeletal muscle excitability were initially described early in the last century and are now known to be caused by mutations of voltage‐gated ion channels. The clinical manifestations are often striking, with an inability to relax after voluntary contraction (myotonia) or transient attacks of severe weakness (periodic paralysis). An essential feature of these disorders is fluctuation of symptoms that are strongly impacted by environmental triggers such as exercise, temperature, or serum K+levels. These phenomena have intrigued physiologists for decades, and in the past 25 years the molecular lesions underlying these disorders have been identified and mechanistic studies are providing insights for therapeutic strategies of disease modification. These familial disorders of muscle fiber excitability are “channelopathies” caused by mutations of a chloride channel (ClC‐1), sodium channel (NaV1.4), calcium channel (CaV1.1), and several potassium channels (Kir2.1, Kir2.6, and Kir3.4). This review provides a synthesis of the mechanistic connections between functional defects of mutant ion channels, their impact on muscle excitability, how these changes cause clinical phenotypes, and approaches toward therapeutics. © 2015 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol5:761‐790, 2015.
First Pinacol Coupling in Emulsified Water: Key Role of Surfactant and Impact of Alternative Activation Technologies
Authors: Billamboz Muriel , Len Christophe 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFor the first time, the influence of surfactants on the radical pinacol coupling reaction is investigated. The rate and selectivity of this reductive C‐C coupling are compared under three different activation technologies: thermal activation, microwave irradiation, and sonication. The use of IgepalCO520, a neutral surfactant, led to the successful conversion of aromatic or α,β‐unsaturated aliphatic carbonyl compounds in moderate to excellent yield (55‐90 %). An insight on the potential mechanism involved in the reaction is also proposed, based on microscopic observations and particle size measurement.
Sparse deployment scheme in mobile sensor networks with prioritized event area
Authors: Liu Jun , Cheng Lianglun , Wang Tao , Wang Jianhua 
Published: March 2015

SummarySensor deployment is a fundamental issue in Internet of things. In this paper, It addressed the problem of how to effective deployment for prioritized event area in mobile sensor networks with low density sensors, which coverage completely cannot be realized. When event areas have been detected, the problem how to make mobile nodes moved to a suitable place with effective deployment is studied. Firstly, a coverage weight by priority function of event area is defined. It deduced conclusion that coverage effectiveness have maximization as if all of nodes coverage weight are identical. A nodes deployed strategy have presented that combined coverage weight and virtual force. Finally, some simulations shown that the proposed deployment algorithm are accurate and effective. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studying the movement behavior of benthic macroinvertebrates with automated video tracking
Authors: Augusiak Jacqueline , Van den Brink Paul J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractQuantifying and understanding movement is critical for a wide range of questions in basic and applied ecology. Movement ecology is also fostered by technological advances that allow automated tracking for a wide range of animal species. However, for aquatic macroinvertebrates, such detailed methods do not yet exist. We developed a video tracking method for two different species of benthic macroinvertebrates, the crawling isopod Asellus aquaticus and the swimming fresh water amphipod Gammarus pulex. We tested the effects of different light sources and marking techniques on their movement behavior to establish the possibilities and limitations of the experimental protocol and to ensure that the basic handling of test specimens would not bias conclusions drawn from movement path analyses. To demonstrate the versatility of our method, we studied the influence of varying population densities on different movement parameters related to resting behavior, directionality, and step lengths. We found that our method allows studying species with different modes of dispersal and under different conditions. For example, we found that gammarids spend more time moving at higher population densities, while asellids rest more under similar conditions. At the same time, in response to higher densities, gammarids mostly decreased average step lengths, whereas asellids did not. Gammarids, however, were also more sensitive to general handling and marking than asellids. Our protocol for marking and video tracking can be easily adopted for other species of aquatic macroinvertebrates or testing conditions, for example, presence or absence of food sources, shelter, or predator cues. Nevertheless, limitations with regard to the marking protocol, material, and a species’ physical build need to be considered and tested before a wider application, particularly for swimming species. Data obtained with this approach can deepen the understanding of population dynamics on larger spatial scales and of the effects of different management strategies on a species’ dispersal potential.
An optimal proportion of mixing broad‐leaved forest for enhancing the effective productivity of moso bamboo
Authors: Cheng Xiao‐Fei , Shi Pei‐Jian , Hui Cang , Wang Fu‐Sheng , Liu Guo‐Hua , Li Bai‐Lian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMoso bamboos (Phyllostachys edulis) are important forestry plants in southern China, with substantial roles to play in regional economic and ecological systems. Mixing broad‐leaved forests and moso bamboos is a common management practice in China, and it is fundamental to elucidate the interactions between broad‐leaved trees and moso bamboos for ensuring the sustainable provision of ecosystem services. We examine how the proportion of broad‐leaved forest in a mixed managed zone, topology, and soil profile affects the effective productivity of moso bamboos (i.e., those with significant economic value), using linear regression and generalized additive models. Bamboo's diameter at breast height follows a Weibull distribution. The importance of these variables to bamboo productivity is, respectively, slope (25.9%), the proportion of broad‐leaved forest (24.8%), elevation (23.3%), gravel content by volume (16.6%), slope location (8.3%), and soil layer thickness (1.2%). Highest productivity is found on the 25° slope, with a 600‐m elevation, and 30% broad‐leaved forest. As such, broad‐leaved forest in the upper slope can have a strong influence on the effective productivity of moso bamboo, ranking only after slope and before elevation. These factors can be considered in future management practice.
Investment in sensory structures, testis size, and wing coloration in males of a diurnal moth species: trade‐offs or correlated growth?
Authors: Shiel Brett P. , Sherman Craig D. H. , Elgar Mark A. , Johnson Tamara L. , Symonds Matthew R. E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFor dioecious animals, reproductive success typically involves an exchange between the sexes of signals that provide information about mate location and quality. Typically, the elaborate, secondary sexual ornaments of males signal their quality, while females may signal their location and receptivity. In theory, the receptor structures that receive the latter signals may also become elaborate or enlarged in a way that ultimately functions to enhance mating success through improved mate location. The large, elaborate antennae of many male moths are one such sensory structure, and eye size may also be important in diurnal moths. Investment in these traits may be costly, resulting in trade‐offs among different traits associated with mate location. For polyandrous species, such trade‐offs may also include traits associated with paternity success, such as larger testes. Conversely, we would not expect this to be the case for monandrous species, where sperm competition is unlikely. We investigated these ideas by evaluating the relationship between investment in sensory structures (antennae, eye), testis, and a putative warning signal (orange hindwing patch) in field‐caught males of the monandrous diurnal painted apple moth Teia anartoides (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in southeastern Australia. As predicted for a monandrous species, we found no evidence that male moths with larger sensory structures had reduced investment in testis size. However, contrary to expectation, investment in sensory structures was correlated: males with relatively larger antennae also had relatively larger eyes. Intriguingly, also, the size of male orange hindwing patches was positively correlated with testis size.
Political Trust and Perceptions of the Quality of Institutional Arrangements – how do they influence the public's acceptance of environmental rules
Authors: Zannakis Mathias , Wallin Are , Johansson Lars‐Olof 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between political trust and the acceptability of government regulations in the environmental field. We hypothesise that trust in particular authorities and perceptions of the quality of institutional arrangements are important predictors of rule acceptance, which we assume is important for the long‐term legitimacy of the regulatory system. We explore the validity of this hypothesis using the case of homeowners with on‐site sewage systems (OSSs), i.e. small‐scale systems treating sewage from one or a few households that contribute to eutrophication and data was gathered through a questionnaire sent to randomly selected homeowners with OSS in Sweden. The results support propositions that political trust indeed is an important factor explaining homeowners' acceptability of governmental regulations. Political trust is in turn influenced by homeowners' perceptions of authorities being environmentally effective and impartial when enforcing rules, as well as by positive experiences of authority contacts. Policy makers and officials should thus use trust‐building approaches and factors underpinning trust such as those investigated in this study to increase rule acceptance and, in the longer‐run, pro‐environmental behaviour. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Provision of Climate Advice as a Mechanism for Environmental Governance in Swedish Agriculture
Authors: Stål Herman I. , Bonnedahl Karl J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractClimate mitigation is both a pressing and complex task, and one that frequently requires both participation, to involve stakeholders, and capacity building to enable them to change their practices. This paper considers whether the provision of climate advice to affected parties could be an effective policy activity in both respects. The article investigates the feasibility and potential influence of providing climate advice by examining the role that such advice has played in the discursive activities of agriculture extension consultants in Sweden. This case demonstrates that rather than promoting substantial change in practices, the climate issue is used to support conventional efficiency‐increasing measures and to change the descriptions of prevailing agricultural activities. We find that the embedding of climate‐related discourse within agricultural extension, and the lack of clear climate mitigation goals for the agricultural sector, reduced and adapted the climate issue, accommodating it to the narratives prevailing among farmers, which are well aligned with conventional economic rather than climate policy goals. This lock‐in could be addressed by establishing clear and radical reduction targets and through the broader involvement of a wider range of stakeholders. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment