bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Iron Impurity in Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Complexes with Chitosan that Biomimics the Heme‐Peroxidase Function
Authors: Gayathri Prakasam , Kumar Annamalai Senthil 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA new biomimetic functional system having an impure multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT‐Fe)–chitosan biopolymer (H2N–CHIT) chemically modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/[MWCNT‐Fe:H2N‐CHIT]) has been developed and demonstrated efficient hydrogen peroxide electrocatalytic and electrochemical sensing applications in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The hybrid system showed a stable and well‐defined surface confined redox peak at an apparent electrode potential, E°′=−0.22 V versus Ag/AgCl with surface excess value 13.63 nmol cm−2. Physicochemical characterizations of the hybrid by using FESEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, and various control electrochemical experiments revealed that the iron impurity in the MWCNT interacted with the amino functional group of the chitosan polymer and thereby formed an unique complex‐like structure ([MWCNT‐FeIII/II:NH2‐CHIT]), similar to heme peroxidase with a central FeIII/II‐redox‐active site. The biomimetic system followed Michaelis–Menten‐type reaction kinetics for the H2O2 reduction reaction with a KM value of 0.23 mM. At pH 7, amperometric i–t sensing and flow‐injection analysis of H2O2 on the biomimetic system showed calibration plots in windows 5–500 and 50–2500 μM, with detection‐limit values of 2.3 and 9.7 μM, respectively. Unlike most of the previously reported systems that undergo serious interferences in physiological pH, the biomimetic system displayed a remarkable tolerance to other co‐existing interferants (such as cysteine, ascorbic acid, uric acid, nitrate, and nitrite), at a H2O2 detection potential similar to the peroxidase enzyme. The ability of the biosensor system to perform routine analyses was demonstrated by the detection of H2O2 present in simulated milk and clinical and cosmetic samples with appreciable recovery values.
Pharmacokinetics of darunavir after administration of an oral suspension with low‐dose ritonavir and with or without food
Authors: Kakuda Thomas N. , Sekar Vanitha , Lavreys Ludo , De Paepe Els , Stevens Tanja , Vanstockem Marc , Vangeneugden Tony , Hoetelmans Richard M.W. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis 2‐part, phase 1, open‐label, randomized, crossover study (NCT00752310) assessed ritonavir‐boosted darunavir bioavailability (oral suspension vs. tablets), and steady‐state darunavir pharmacokinetics (suspension). Part 1: 20 healthy adults randomly received 3 treatments with a ≥7‐day washout between treatments; twice‐daily ritonavir (100 mg, days 1–5) with darunavir (600 mg, day 3) as 2 × 300‐mg tablets (fed, reference), or 6 mL of a 100‐mg/mL suspension (fed or fasted, test). Part 2: 18 healthy volunteers received twice‐daily darunavir (suspension, 600 mg days 1–6, one dose day 7) with twice‐daily ritonavir (100 mg, days 1–9). Darunavir pharmacokinetics were evaluated (part 1 day 3; part 2 day 7). Safety/tolerability were assessed. In part 1, 90% confidence intervals for darunavir Cmax and AUC were all within 80–125% for suspension (fed or fasted) versus tablets (fed). Steady‐state darunavir (suspension) pharmacokinetics in part 2 were similar to historic controls (tablets). No clinically relevant differences in adverse events or laboratory abnormalities occurred between treatments. Darunavir administered as an oral suspension or tablets (both with low‐dose ritonavir) showed comparable bioavailability in healthy adults after a single dose. Steady‐state darunavir pharmacokinetics (suspension, 600/100 mg twice daily) were consistent with historic controls; this formulation is considered suitable for pediatric use and for adults who cannot swallow tablets.
Evaluation of the effect of ruxolitinib on cardiac repolarization: A thorough QT study
Authors: Punwani Naresh , Yeleswaram Swamy , Chen Xuejun , Bowman Jill , Soloviev Maxim , Williams William 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis was a randomized, four‐way crossover study that evaluated the effects of placebo, single doses of ruxolitinib 25 and 200 mg, and a single dose of moxifloxacin 400 mg on heart rate‐corrected QT interval in healthy subjects. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) and pharmacokinetic samples were obtained on each dosing day; baseline ECGs were taken pre‐dose. The primary endpoint was placebo‐subtracted change from baseline heart rate‐corrected QT (Fridericia formula [ΔΔQTcF]). The ΔΔQTcF for either dose of ruxolitinib ranged from −3.09 to 3.28 milliseconds (1‐sided 95% confidence interval of 0.06–6.62 milliseconds). The ΔΔQTcF for moxifloxacin (lower confidence interval) was significantly >5 milliseconds at 1, 2, and 3 hours post‐dose. Individual QTcF >450 milliseconds and QTcF from baseline >30 milliseconds following ruxolitinib were similar to placebo. Based on the International Conference on Harmonization E14 guidance, the study results were considered negative for QTc prolongation. In conclusion, ruxolitinib did not have a clinically significant effect on QT interval.
The Mechanism of Hydrocarbon Oxygenate Reforming: CC Bond Scission, Carbon Formation, and Noble‐Metal‐Free Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Lykhach Yaroslava , Neitzel Armin , Ševčíková Klára , Johánek Viktor , Tsud Nataliya , Skála Tomáš , Prince Kevin C. , Matolín Vladimír , Libuda Jörg 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTowards a molecular understanding of the mechanism behind catalytic reforming of bioderived hydrocarbon oxygenates, we explore the CC bond scission of C2 model compounds (acetic acid, ethanol, ethylene glycol) on ceria model catalysts of different complexity, with and without platinum. Synchrotron photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the reaction pathway depends very specifically on both the reactant molecule and the catalyst surface. Whereas CC bond scission on Pt sites and on oxygen vacancies involves intermittent surface carbon species, the reaction occurs without any carbon formation and deposition for ethylene glycol on CeO2(111).
Structure, nonlinearity, and system theory
Authors: Gluskin Emanuel 
Published: November 2013

SummaryThe suggestion of writing, for some problems, nonlinear state equations not as dx/dt = F(x,u,t), but as dx/dt = [A(t,x)]x + [B(t,x)]u(t), which is more ‘constructive’ as re system perception and possible structural generalizations, is considered, supported by arguments related to the classification of switched circuits as linear and nonlinear. The point of the distinction is mainly that when solving dx/dt = F(x,u,t), one immediately dwells into the analytical problems related to pure mathematics, whereas for dx/dt = [A(t,x)]x + [B(t,x)]u(t), considering first a constant matrix [A], one introduces the system's physical structure and considering then [A(x)] sees the nonlinearity of the system as a dependence of the structure on the processes in it or on system's input. (This might be named structural response). The thinking in terms of structure better observes the engineering and physical degrees of freedom, which are relevant regarding applications. Some electronic systems and physical systems (e.g., hydrodynamic) are considered in these terms. The logical side is always the focus, and the pedagogical (even philosophical) side is not ignored. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐Temperature MOCVD of Crystalline Ga2O3 Nanowires using tBu3Ga
Authors: Schulz Stephan , Bendt Georg , Assenmacher Wilfried , Sager Daniel , Bacher Gerd 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCrystalline Ga2O3 nanowires are synthesized via an Au‐catalyzed, as well as a self‐catalyzed, growth by a low‐temperature metal‐organic (MO)CVD process using tBu3Ga as a novel Ga source. Morphology, elemental composition, and crystallinity of the resulting nanowires are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the Ga2O3 nanowires show efficient defect‐luminescence in the visible and UV ranges with blue and green emission peaks at 430 nm and 512 nm, respectively, at room temperature.
The interdependent roles of Ca2+ and cAMP in axon guidance
Authors: Sutherland Daniel J. , Goodhill Geoffrey J. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAxon guidance is a fundamental process in the developing and regenerating nervous system that is necessary for accurate neuronal wiring and proper brain function. Two of the most important second messengers in axon guidance are Ca2+ and cAMP. Recently experimental and theoretical studies have uncovered a Ca2+‐ and cAMP‐dependent mechanism for switching between attraction and repulsion. Here, we review this process and related Ca2+ and cAMP interactions, the mechanisms by which necessary intracellular calcium elevations are created, and the pathways, which effect attractive and repulsive responses to the switch. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 402–410, 2015
Nonrandom dispersal drives phenotypic divergence within a bird population
Authors: Camacho Carlos , Canal David , Potti Jaime 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGene flow through dispersal has traditionally been thought to function as a force opposing evolutionary differentiation. However, directional gene flow may actually reinforce divergence of populations in close proximity. This study documents the phenotypic differentiation over more than two decades in body size (tarsus length) at a very short spatial scale (1.1 km) within a population of pied flycatchersFicedula hypoleucainhabiting deciduous and coniferous habitats. Unlike females, males breeding in the deciduous forest were consistently larger than those from the managed coniferous forest. This assortment by size is likely explained by preset habitat preferences leading to dominance of the largest males and exclusion of the smallest ones toward the nonpreferred coniferous forest coupled with directional dispersal. Movements of males between forests were nonrandom with respect to body size and flow rate, which might function to maintain the phenotypic variation in this heritable trait at such a small spatial scale. However, a deeply rooted preference for the deciduous habitat might not be in line with its quality due to the increased levels of breeding density of hole‐nesting competitors therein. These results illustrate how eco‐evolutionary scenarios can develop under directional gene flow over surprisingly small spatial scales. Our findings come on top of recent studies concerning new ways in which dispersal and gene flow can influence microevolution.
Screening of the Relaxivity of Gadolinium‐Loaded Periodic Mesoporous Silica Functionalized by Means of Soft Metalorganic Silylamide Grafting
Authors: Skår Hjørdis , Seland John G. , Liang Yucang , Frøystein Nils Å. , Törnroos Karl W. , Anwander Reiner 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSoft metalorganic grafting of periodic mesoporous silica (PMS) materials is introduced as a method for obtaining nanostructured GdIII‐loaded silica particles with relatively high 1H relaxivity. The silylamide complex Gd[N(SiHMe2)2]3(THF)2 was grafted onto MCM‐41, SBA‐15, and SBA‐1, thereby providing PMSs of distinct symmetry as well as pore size and configuration. The materials were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), N2 physisorption, and scanning as well as transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM). Relaxivities up to 15.8 mM–1 s–1 were determined at high magnetic field strength (400 MHz). The nuclear magnetic resonance dispersion (NMRD) data of a calcined Gd[N(SiHMe2)2]3(THF)2@SBA‐1 material had a shape typical for slow‐tumbling systems, with a maximum at approximately 50 MHz. Temperature‐dependence studies of the relaxivity (r1) indicated that the grafted materials were characterized by an efficient water exchange. To maintain a high relaxivity, a low (1 wt.‐%) GdIII loading and a hydrophilic surface had to be provided. Varying the topology of the silica support only resulted in small variations in r1 of the hybrid materials.
Asymmetric Carbamate Derivatives Containing Secondary Nitramine, 2,2,2‐Trinitroethyl, and 2‐Fluoro‐2,2‐dinitroethyl Moieties
Authors: Aas Bianca , Kettner Marcos A. , Klapötke Thomas M. , Sućeska Muhamed , Zoller Christoph 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this work, the syntheses of 2,2,2‐trinitroethyl‐(2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl)carbamate (5), its analogue 2‐fluoro‐2,2‐dinitroethyl(2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl)carbamate (6), and the corresponding 2,2,2‐trinitroethyl(2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl)nitrocarbamate (7) and 2‐fluoro‐2,2‐dinitroethyl(2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl)nitrocarbamate (8) are presented. The compounds were characterized thoroughly by vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry measurements and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In addition, the hitherto unknown low‐temperature crystal structures of the starting materials 2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl chloride (1) and 2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl isocyanate (2) are presented. Owing to the positive oxygen balance of the carbamate derivatives, their suitability as potential oxidizers in energetic formulations with aluminium as the fuel is investigated and discussed. Standard enthalpies of formation were calculated at the CBS‐4M level of theory. With these values and the experimental densities from room‐temperature pycnometer measurements, several detonation parameters, such as the detonation pressures and velocities of the crude materials as well as the specific impulses of their formulations with aluminium, were computed by using the EXPLO5 (V6.01) computer program and compared with those of the corresponding mixtures with ammonium perchlorate as the oxidizer. Furthermore, the sensitivities towards impact, friction and electrostatic discharge were determined by using the BAM drop‐hammer and friction tester as well as a small‐scale electrical discharge device.
Synthesis of Short Oligodeoxyribonucleotides by Phosphotriester Chemistry on a Precipitative Tetrapodal Support
Authors: Kungurtsev Vyacheslav , Virta Pasi , Lönnberg Harri 
Published: November 2013

AbstractShort oligodeoxyribonucleotides have been assembled from appropriately protected nucleoside 3′‐(benzotriazol‐1‐yl 2‐chlorophenyl phosphate) derivatives on hundred‐milligram scales on a soluble tetrakis‐O‐(4‐azidomethylphenyl)pentaerythritol support bearing four 3′‐O‐(4‐pentynoyl)thymidines. Small‐molecule reagents and waste were removed by two precipitations of the support‐bound growing oligonucleotides with methanol, the first after removal of the 5′‐protecting group and the second after coupling. The building blocks were obtained by one‐step phosphorylation of commercially available protected nucleosides with bis(benzotriazol‐1‐yl) 2‐chlorophenyl phosphate. Removal of the phosphate protecting groups from the completed chain with (E)‐2‐nitrobenzaldoxime followed by conventional ammonolysis allowed precipitation of the oligonucleotide as the sodium salt with ethanol.
A Ready‐to‐Use Electrochemical Kit Design for the Diagnosis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Authors: Kayran Yasin Ugur , Ozkan‐Ariksoysal Dilsat , Tezcanli Burcin , Kosova Buket , Ozsoz Mehmet 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this study, for the first time a model electrochemical kit was constructed for the detection of a functional polymorphism in catechol‐O‐methyl transferase (COMT) gene which is important for diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders as Alzheimer disease. The disposable pencil graphite electrode (PGE) is designed as a “kit” and the probe DNA covered PGE can detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from real samples based on the guanine oxidation signal even after 5 months of kit preparation (150 days durability).The detection limit (S/N=3) of the biosensor was calculated as 1.18 pmol of synthetic target sequence and 6.09×105 molecules of real samples in 30 min detection time.
Tip speed ratio control of a 200 kW VAWT with synchronous generator and variable DC voltage
Authors: Eriksson Sandra , Kjellin Jon , Bernhoff Hans 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA novel control method for a fixed‐pitch variable speed wind turbine is introduced and experimental results are presented. The measured absorbed power and rotational speed, together with a look‐up table for the aerodynamic efficiency, are used to estimate the wind speed reaching the turbine as well as the tip speed ratio. Thereby, the control is independent on wind speed measurements and the wind turbine itself is used as an anemometer. Tip speed ratio control is implemented by comparing the estimated tip speed ratio to a reference value and adjusting the DC voltage level accordingly. Tip speed ratio control benefits from that the aerodynamic efficiency hardly varies with changing tip speed ratio when close to its optimum value. Experimental results from a 200 kW vertical axis wind turbine are presented. The voltage from the permanent magnet generator is passively rectified and the alternating DC voltage is then inverted, filtered, transformed, and grid connected. The estimated wind speed is compared with the measured wind speed. The absorbed power when tip speed ratio control has been implemented is shown. It is concluded that the presented control method works and some future improvements are discussed.
The effects of 24-h exposure to carbaryl or atrazine on the locomotor performance and overwinter growth and survival of juvenile spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum)
Authors: Mitchkash Matthew G. , McPeek Tammy , Boone Michelle D. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Understanding the effects of pesticide exposure on organisms throughout their life cycle is critical to predict population-level effects. For many taxa, including amphibians, juveniles are the main dispersal stage and are disproportionally important to population persistence when compared with other life stages. In the present study, we examined the effects of a single 24-h exposure to the insecticide carbaryl or the herbicide atrazine on locomotor performance (endurance, distance traveled, speed, and fatigue) in the laboratory and terrestrial growth and survival through overwintering in field enclosures using recent metamorphs of spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum). We found that neither atrazine nor carbaryl impacted endurance, but fatigue increased with carbaryl exposure, which could leave salamanders less able to escape repeated attacks by predators. Terrestrial growth and overwinter survival were not affected by short-term exposure to carbaryl or atrazine, suggesting that when individuals can overcome acute effects, no long-term consequences result for the endpoints measured. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:548–552. © 2013 SETAC
On the hybrid relaying protocol for time division broadcasting
Authors: Xu Youyun , Xia Xiaochen , Xu Kui , Zhang Dongmei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this paper, a new hybrid relaying protocol is investigated for the time division broadcasting protocol. Instead of simply performing amplified‐and‐forward or decode‐and‐forward on the received information of terminals, a well‐designed hybrid relaying protocol, in which network coding (i.e. the bit‐wise XOR) and superposition coding are chosen reasonably to combine the information of the terminals, is employed by the relay to forward the information of terminals. The approximate outage probability for the proposed protocol is derived in closed form, and the tightness of the expression is verified by Monte Carlo simulations. Meanwhile, the achievable diversity of the proposed protocol is analysed. Through both analytic and simulation results, we show that the proposed protocol can always achieve full diversity of two through reasonably selecting between the combining methods at the relay. The performance improvement of the proposed protocol is demonstrated through comparisons with several existing protocols in two different scenarios: (1) the transmitted power of the relay is less than the transmitted power of terminal and (2) the transmitted power of the relay is greater than or equal to the transmitted power of terminal. Finally, an optimal power allocation scheme at the relay is presented for the proposed protocol to minimise the outage probability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leaf‐morphology and leaf‐anatomy in Ephedra altissimaDesf. (Ephedraceae, Gnetales) and their evolutionary relevance
Authors: Dörken Veit Martin 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLeaves in most extant Ephedra ‐species represent only rudimentary scales without chlorophyll. Photosynthesis is completely restricted to green shoots. Only some species, e.g. Ephedra altissima, develop folious leaves even when being mature. Morphology and anatomy of cotyledons, primary leaves, and subsequent folious leaves of Ephedra altissima were examined particularly with special focus on their vasculature. The results show that the reduction of the leaves is achieved by an extreme reduction of the adaxial leaf surface. Most parts of the leaf surface are therefore developed by the abaxial side. Apart from a reduced lamina, a thick cuticle and sunken stomata are the only xerothermic adaptations in leaves of Ephedra altissima. A hypodermis and endodermis are also not developed. The anatomical results indicate that ancestors of modern Ephedra‐ species might have evolved in a more humid climate, contrasting to the arid habitats in which extant Ephedra‐ species are native today. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Heartsick: psychiatric and inflammatory implications of cerebromicrovascular disease
Authors: Nemeth Christina L. , Haroon Ebrahim , Neigh Gretchen N. 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundCerebromicrovascular disease (CMVD) strikes 87% of the population older than 65 years and is linked to an increased risk of ischemic stroke, depression, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. Despite the wealth of knowledge on the consequences to the body stemming from poor vascular health, little focus has been placed on the consequences to the brain.DesignIn this review, we present the preclinical and clinical evidence that supports the role of CMVD in behavioral dysfunction, argues for a clinical need for better recognition of the vascular depression phenotype, and calls for a more integrative translational approach to CMVD.Results and conclusionsAlthough the concept of cerebrovascular‐induced behavioral change has existed for over 100 years, the difficulty of diagnosis, the slow progression of CMVD, and the lack of causative data have led to an underestimation of the patient population and poor treatment strategies. Preclinical studies have focused on the use of microsphere embolic models and vascular inflammation models to assess the mechanisms of, and treatment options for, CMVD. Though preclinical models provide support for correlative data collected in the clinic, translational reciprocity has not been established. The lack of clinical appreciation for the role of cerebrovascular health in brain function may result in missed diagnoses and inadequate treatment of underlying cardiovascular disease. Enhanced recognition of symptoms and disease presentation will allow for earlier prevention, detection, and identification of novel targets for drug development and other intervention strategies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.