bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous cerebral spinal fluid drainage associated with complications in patients admitted with subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Olson DaiWai M. , Zomorodi Meg , Britz Gavin W. , Zomorodi Ali R. , Amato Anthony , Graffagnino Carmelo 
Published: August 2013

Object
Cerebral artery vasospasm is a major cause of death and disability in patients recovering from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Although the exact cause of vasospasm is unknown, one body of research suggests that clearing blood products by CSF drainage is associated with a lower frequency and severity of vasospasm. There are multiple approaches to facilitating CSF drainage, but there is inadequate evidence to determine the best practice. The purpose of this study was to explore whether continuous or intermittent CSF drainage was superior for reducing vasospasm.

Methods
The authors performed a randomized clinical trial. Within 72 hours of admission for SAH, patients with an external ventricular drain (EVD) were randomized to undergo continuous CSF drainage with intermittent intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring (open-EVD group) or continuous ICP monitoring with intermittent CSF drainage (monitor-ICP group).

Results
After 60 patients completed the study, an interim analysis was performed. The complication rate of 52.9% for the open-EVD group was significantly higher than the 23.1% complication rate for the monitor-ICP group (OR 3.75, 95% CI 1.21–11.66, p = 0.022). These results were reported to the Data Safety and Monitoring Board and enrollment was terminated. The odds ratio of vasospasm for the open-EVD versus monitor-ICP group was not significant (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.13–1.45, p = 0.177).

Conclusions
Continuous CSF drainage with intermittent ICP monitoring is associated with a higher rate of complications than continuous ICP monitoring with intermittent CSF drainage, but there is no difference between the two types of monitoring in vasospasm. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT01169454 (clinicaltrials.gov).
Le paradoxe rural ou les enjeux de la ruralité et de la néoruralité aux États-Unis
Authors: Allmang Cedrick 
Published: August 2013

Bien qu’il ne représente qu’un cinquième de la population des États-Unis, l’espace rural est essentiel à la composition de la nation américaine. Ses grands espaces, ses paysages, ses ressources, l’histoire de sa colonisation et son rôle dans la constitution politique des États-Unis, enfin son homogénéité « ethnique », constituent les repères essentiels d’une société américaine en perpétuelle transformation. Cependant, les facteurs structurants de ce monde rural, notamment l’existence de l’exploitation agricole familiale blanche et indépendante, sont fortement remis en cause par la transformation économique des espaces ruraux. Celle-ci qui s’accompagne d’un bouleversement dans leur composition sociale. Ce phénomène se produit alors même qu’une grande partie de la population urbaine américaine, en plein questionnement identitaire face à la mondialisation et aux défis du xxi e siècle, se tourne de plus en plus vers les espaces ruraux pour y trouver, dans une représentation très idéalisée, les piliers de son identité. Ce double mouvement crée un véritable paradoxe dans l’organisation des espaces ruraux et constitue aujourd’hui la principale dynamique de leur transformation.
L'eau, ses ingénieurs et ses tuyaux au Mexique
Authors: Bataillon Claude 
Published: August 2013

Pays dont la majorité du territoire est aride, le Mexique s’est bâti sur trois systèmes de maîtrise de l’eau : l’empire aztèque, la Nouvelle Espagne, la technologie moderne nord-américaine. La préoccupation agricole, prédominante jusqu’aux années 1960, a été relayée par les besoins urbains, d’adduction d’eau mais aussi d’égouts, besoins particulièrement spectaculaires dans le bassin endoréique de la ville de Mexico.
Le process de construction de l'esprit malade et de sa maintenance à l'ère de l' Evidence-Based Mental Medicine
Authors: Briffault Xavier 
Published: August 2013

Peu d’attention a été portée à l’extension de l’EBM à la médecine mentale (EBMM) et aux contraintes logiques qu’elle impose sur la relation thérapeutique. C’est ce à quoi s’intéresse cet article dont les objectifs sont d’expliciter le dispositif (épistémo et socio) logique de l’EBM ; d’en examiner l’instanciation à l’EBMM ; de mettre en évidence ce qu’il permet et ce qu’il empêche , ce comment il façonne et ce vers quoi il oriente, tout particulièrement s’agissant des processus diagnostiques ; d’examiner les conséquences de ce dispositif sur les approches possibles du sujet.
Sur certains enjeux du diagnostic de « catatonie »
Authors: Dimitriadis Yorgos 
Published: August 2013

Depuis les années 50 plusieurs auteurs ont signalé une raréfaction de la catatonie en tant que sous-catégorie de la schizophrénie. Après les années 70 la catatonie a commencé à être mise plus en rapport avec les troubles de l’humeur et certaines conditions médicales. Ce déplacement tient probablement à la tendance actuelle à privilégier la sémiologie qui concerne le comportement au détriment de la subjectivité. Néanmoins vue sous l’angle de la psychopathologie psychanalytique la catatonie est une manifestation du négativisme psychotique vis-à-vis, du désir de l’Autre.
Hepatitis C Virus–Infected Cells Downregulate NKp30 and Inhibit Ex Vivo NK Cell Functions
Authors: Holder Kayla A. , Stapleton Staci N. , Gallant Maureen E. , Russell Rodney S. , Grant Michael D. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) successfully evades the immune system and establishes chronic infection in ∼80% of cases. Immune evasion may involve modulating NK cell functions. Therefore, we developed a short-term assay to assess immediate effects of HCV-infected cells on ex vivo NK cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Natural cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cell–mediated cytotoxicity, IFN-γ production, and TNF-α production were all significantly inhibited by short-term direct exposure to HCV-infected hepatoma–derived Huh-7.5 cells. Inhibition required cell-to-cell contact and increased together with multiplicity of infection and HCV protein levels. Blocking potential interaction between HCV E2 and NK CD81 did not abrogate NK cell inhibition mediated by HCV-infected cells. We observed no change in expression levels of NKG2D, NKG2A, NKp46, or CD16 on NK cells exposed to HCV-infected Huh-7.5 cells for 5 h or of human histocompatibility-linked leukocyte Ag E on HCV-infected compared with uninfected Huh-7.5 cells. Inhibition of ex vivo NK functions did correspond with reduced surface expression of the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp30, and downregulation of NKp30 was functionally reflected in reduced anti-NKp30 redirected lysis of P815 cells. Infection of Huh-7.5 cells with HCV JFH1T increased surface binding of an NKp30-IgG1 Fcγ fusion protein, suggesting upregulation of an antagonistic NKp30 ligand on HCV-infected cells. Our assay demonstrates rapid inhibition of critical NK cell functions by HCV-infected cells. Similar localized effects in vivo may contribute to establishment of chronic HCV infection and associated phenotypic and functional changes in the NK population.
Cutting Edge: Ly49C/I− Neonatal NK Cells Predispose Newborns to Autoimmune Ovarian Disease Induced by Maternal Autoantibody
Authors: Rival Claudia , Samy Eileen , Setiady Yulius , Tung Kenneth 
Published: August 2013

AbstractNK cells are critical in immune responses against pathogens. However, their role in autoimmunity is still controversial. In this study, we demonstrate that neonatal NK cells render newborns more susceptible to neonatal autoimmunity induced by maternal autoantibodies (neonatal autoimmune ovarian disease); thus, neonatal but not adult NK cells are pathogenic after transfer into NK cell–deficient pups. The inhibitory receptors Ly49C/I are expressed in ∼5% of neonatal and ∼50% of adult NK cells. In this study, we show that the presence of Ly49C/I+ adult NK cells inhibits neonatal autoimmune ovarian disease induction. Thus, the ontogenetic regulation of Ly49C/I expression determines the propensity to autoantibody-induced autoimmunity. In summary, this study provides definitive evidence of a pathogenic role of NK cells in neonatal autoimmunity and also elucidates a novel mechanism by which neonatal NK cells render newborns more susceptible to autoantibody-induced autoimmunity.
General Principles of EU Law: The Ghost in the Platonic Heaven in Need of Conceptual Clarification
Authors: Semmelmann Constanze 
Published: August 2013

General principles are en vogue in EU law – and in need of conceptual clarification. A closer look at several concepts of principle in legal philosophy and legal theory sheds light upon the concept of general principles in EU law. A distinction between an aprioristic model of principle and a model of principle informed by legal positivism may contribute to clarifying the genesis of a (general) principle in EU law, as well as its nature and functions. This paper demonstrates that an evolution has taken place from a reliance on seemingly natural law inspired reflections of general principles via the desperate search to ground general principles in various kinds of sources based on a more or less sound methodology towards an increasing reliance on strictly positivistic approaches. Against this backdrop, general principles are likely to lose significance where there are other norms while retaining an important yet uncontrollable role where the traditional canon of sources is silent.
Minorités majoritaires et majorités minoritaires : des oxymorons ?
Authors: Laur Elke 
Published: August 2013

La situation du Canada est unique au monde : deux minorités et deux majorités linguistiques se servent mutuellement de raison d’être. Les communautés de langue française et celles de langue anglaise se retrouvent officiellement minoritaires ou majoritaires selon qu’elles sont situées au Québec ou ailleurs. La démolinguistique reste centrale pour les définir. Simple de prime abord, le critère numérique se révèle des plus périlleux puisque très élastique selon les variables retenues. De plus, il fait abstraction de tout critère sociolinguistique. L’article préconise la nécessité d’un modèle plus complexe pour cerner le statut de minorité ou de majorité linguistique.
Effect of plasticizer and curing system on freezing resistance of rubbers
Authors: Oh Jaeho , Yoo Yong Hwan , Yoo Il‐Sou , Huh Yang‐Il , Chaki Tapan Kumar , Nah Changwoon 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTAt glass transition temperature, Tg the rubber compound becomes stiff and brittle and it loses all its rubbery characteristics. This article deals with the changes in Tg of rubber blends based on natural rubber and polybutadiene rubber of varying vinyl content having different types and content of plasticizers, different curing systems and its effect on physico‐mechanical properties to improve its freezing resistance. The plasticizers used were dioctylphthalate (DOP), tricrecylphosphate (TCP), dioctyladipate (DOA), and oil type plasticizers like parafinic oil (P#2) and aromatic oil (A#2). Among the plasticizers, when DOP and DOA content was high, an appreciable decrease of Tg was found compared to TCP. Moreover, there was a remarkable decrease of Tg using DOA plasticizer, which shows more effective on freezing resistance. However, there was not much change in Tg with oil‐type plasticizers with high oil content compared to TCP plasticizer. The effect of cross‐linking systems such as conventional sulfur vulcanization (CV), efficient sulfur vulcanization (EV), and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and rubber blends with varying vinyl content in polybutadiene rubber were also carried out. It was found that Tg in different cross‐linking system decreased in this order: CV < EV < DCP. It reveals that DCP cross‐linking system affect more for improving freezing resistance. Physico‐mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, hardness were also measured. The ratio of initial slope (M0) to steady‐state slope (M1), M0/M1 in tensile curves of different blends were verified, which in turn related to the physico‐mechanical properties and freezing resistance of rubber compounds. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39795.
BAY 87‐2243, a highly potent and selective inhibitor of hypoxia‐induced gene activation has antitumor activities by inhibition of mitochondrial complex I
Authors: Ellinghaus Peter , Heisler Iring , Unterschemmann Kerstin , Haerter Michael , Beck Hartmut , Greschat Susanne , Ehrmann Alexander , Summer Holger , Flamme Ingo , Oehme Felix , Thierauch Karlheinz , Michels Martin , Hess‐Stumpp Holger , Ziegelbauer Karl 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe activation of the transcription factor hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) plays an essential role in tumor development, tumor progression, and resistance to chemo‐ and radiotherapy. In order to identify compounds targeting the HIF pathway, a small molecule library was screened using a luciferase‐driven HIF‐1 reporter cell line under hypoxia. The high‐throughput screening led to the identification of a class of aminoalkyl‐substituted compounds that inhibited hypoxia‐induced HIF‐1 target gene expression in human lung cancer cell lines at low nanomolar concentrations. Lead structure BAY 87‐2243 was found to inhibit HIF‐1α and HIF‐2α protein accumulation under hypoxic conditions in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line H460 but had no effect on HIF‐1α protein levels induced by the hypoxia mimetics desferrioxamine or cobalt chloride. BAY 87‐2243 had no effect on HIF target gene expression levels in RCC4 cells lacking Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) activity nor did the compound affect the activity of HIF prolyl hydroxylase‐2. Antitumor activity of BAY 87‐2243, suppression of HIF‐1α protein levels, and reduction of HIF‐1 target gene expression in vivo were demonstrated in a H460 xenograft model. BAY 87‐2243 did not inhibit cell proliferation under standard conditions. However under glucose depletion, a condition favoring mitochondrial ATP generation as energy source, BAY 87‐2243 inhibited cell proliferation in the nanomolar range. Further experiments revealed that BAY 87‐2243 inhibits mitochondrial complex I activity but has no effect on complex III activity. Interference with mitochondrial function to reduce hypoxia‐induced HIF‐1 activity in tumors might be an interesting therapeutic approach to overcome chemo‐ and radiotherapy‐resistance of hypoxic tumors.
Low‐Pt Loaded on a Vanadium Nitride/Graphitic Carbon Composite as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yin Jie , Wang Lei , Tian Chungui , Tan Taixing , Mu Guang , Zhao Lu , Fu Honggang 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe high cost of platinum electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has hindered the commercialization of fuel cells. An effective support can reduce the usage of Pt and improve the reactivity of Pt through synergistic effects. Herein, the vanadium nitride/graphitic carbon (VN/GC) nanocomposites, which act as an enhanced carrier of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) towards ORR, have been synthesized for the first time. In the synthesis, the VN/GC composite could be obtained by introducing VO3− and [Fe(CN)6]4− ions into the polyacrylic weak‐acid anion‐exchanged resin (PWAR) through an in‐situ anion‐exchanged route, followed by carbonization and a subsequent nitridation process. After loading only 10 % Pt NPs, the resulting Pt‐VN/GC catalyst demonstrates a more positive onset potential (1.01 V), higher mass activity (137.2 mA mg−1), and better cyclic stability (99 % electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) retention after 2000 cycles) towards ORR than the commercial 20 % Pt/C. Importantly, the Pt‐VN/GC catalyst mainly exhibits a 4 e−‐transfer mechanism and a low yield of peroxide species, suggesting its potential application as a low‐cost and highly efficient ORR catalyst in fuel cells.
Bone mineral density following surgical oophorectomy and tamoxifen adjuvant therapy for breast cancer
Authors: Love Richard R. , Young Gregory S. , Laudico Adriano V. , Van Dinh Nguyen , Uy Gemma B. , Quang Le Hong , De La Peña Arturo S. , Dofitas Rodney B. , Bisquera Orlino C. , Siguan Stephen S. S. , Salvador Jonathan D. S. , Mirasol‐Lumague Maria Rica , Navarro Narciso S. , Linh Nguyen Dieu , Jarjoura David 
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUNDIn premenopausal women treated for breast cancer, loss of bone mineral density (BMD) follows from menopause induced by chemotherapy or loss of ovarian function biochemically or by surgical oophorectomy. The impact on BMD of surgical oophorectomy plus tamoxifen therapy has not been described.METHODSIn 270 Filipino and Vietnamese premenopausal patients participating in a clinical trial assessing the impact of the timing in the menstrual cycle of adjuvant surgical oophorectomy on breast cancer outcomes, BMD was measured at the lumbar spine and femoral neck before this treatment, and at 6, 12, and 24 months after surgical and tamoxifen therapies.RESULTSIn women with a pretreatment BMD assessment and at least 1 other subsequent BMD assessment, no significant change in femoral neck BMD was observed over the 2‐year period (−0.006 g/cm2, −0.8%, P = .19), whereas in the lumbar spine, BMD fell by 0.045 g/cm2 (4.7%) in the first 12 months (P < .0001) and then began to stabilize.CONCLUSIONSSurgically induced menopause with tamoxifen treatment is associated with loss of BMD at a rate that lessens over 2 years in the lumbar spine and no significant change of BMD in the femoral neck. Cancer 2013;119:3746–3752. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Incidence and prognosis of gastroesophageal cancer in rural, urban, and metropolitan areas of the United States
Authors: Wang Zhensheng , Goodman Michael , Saba Nabil , El‐Rayes Bassel F. 
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was assess differences in the incidence, late‐stage diagnosis, and prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE), adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (AE), and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia (AGC) in metropolitan, urban, and rural areas in the United States.METHODSThe authors identified 29,527 patients with SCCE, AE, or AGC who were reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program between 2004 and 2009. Incidence estimates for each malignancy were compared across metropolitan, urban, and rural areas. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the association between residential setting and late (distant‐stage) diagnosis, and the results were reported as adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between residential setting and cause‐specific survival.RESULTSWhen residential setting was analyzed using metropolitan population centers as the reference category, the incidence of AE was higher in urban areas (rate ratio [RR], 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06‐1.20) and rural areas (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05‐1.25), whereas the incidence of SCCE was lower in rural areas (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.70‐0.91). Rural patients were less likely to be diagnosed with stage IV AE compared with patients residing in metropolitan areas (odds ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65‐0.97). No differences in prognosis were observed when patients from large metropolitan centers were compared with their rural counterparts.CONCLUSIONSThe current findings indicated that preconceptions regarding disparities in the time of diagnosis and survival between patients from metropolitan and rural areas in the United States are either unwarranted or out of date, at least with respect to gastroesophageal cancers. Cancer 2013;119:4020–4027. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
The cumulative risk of false‐positive results in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program: Updated results
Authors: Roman Marta , Hubbard Rebecca A. , Sebuodegard Sofie , Miglioretti Diana L. , Castells Xavier , Hofvind Solveig 
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUNDSome false‐positive results are inevitable in mammographic screening, but the impact of false‐positive findings on the program and the participants is a disadvantage of screening. The objective of the current study was to estimate the cumulative risk of a false‐positive result over 10 biennial screening examinations and the cumulative risk of undergoing an invasive procedure with a benign outcome in women screened between the ages of 50 years to 69 years.METHODSA retrospective cohort study was performed in 231,310 women aged 50 years to 51 years at the time of first mammography screening who underwent 715,311 screening mammograms in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program from 1996 through 2010. Generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate the probability of a false‐positive screening result and to compute the cumulative false‐positive risk for up to 10 biennial screening examinations.RESULTSThe cumulative false‐positive risk after 20 years of biennial screening for women who initiated screening aged 50 years to 51 years was 20.0% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 19.7%‐20.4%). The cumulative risk of undergoing an invasive procedure with a benign outcome for the same group of women was 4.1% (95% CI, 3.9%‐4.3%). The cumulative risk of undergoing a fine‐needle aspiration cytology, core needle biopsy, or open biopsy with a benign outcome was 1.4% (95% CI, 1.3%‐1.5%), 2.0% (95% CI, 1.9%‐2.1%), and 0.16% (95% CI, 0.13%‐0.19%), respectively.CONCLUSIONSOne in every 5 women will be recalled for further assessment with a negative outcome if they attend biennial mammographic screening between ages 50 years to 69 years. The risk of an invasive procedure with a benign outcome is approximately 4%. It is important to communicate the existence and extent of this risk to the target group and to reduce to a minimum the waiting times between screening and further assessment. Cancer 2013;119:3952–3958. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Level Anti‐Crossings are a Key Factor for Understanding para‐Hydrogen‐Induced Hyperpolarization in SABRE Experiments
Authors: Pravdivtsev Andrey N. , Yurkovskaya Alexandra V. , Vieth Hans‐Martin , Ivanov Konstantin L. , Kaptein Robert 
Published: August 2013

AbstractVarious hyperpolarization methods are able to enhance the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by several orders of magnitude. Among these methods are para‐hydrogen‐induced polarization (PHIP) and signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE), which exploit the strong nuclear alignment of para‐hydrogen. Several SABRE experiments have been reported but, so far, it has not been possible to account for the experimentally observed sign and magnetic‐field dependence of substrate polarization. Herein, we present an analysis based on level anti‐crossings (LACs), which provides a complete understanding of the SABRE effect. The field‐dependence of both net and anti‐phase polarization is measured for several ligands, which can be reproduced by the theory. The similar SABRE field‐dependence for different ligands is also explained. In general, the LAC concept allows complex spin dynamics to be unraveled, and is crucial for optimizing the performance of novel hyperpolarization methods in NMR and MRI techniques.
Letter to the Editor ‐ responses to Weisntein D, Simon M, Yehezkel E, Laron Z, Werner H. Insulin analogues display IGF‐I‐like mitogenic and antiactivity in cultured cancer cells
Authors: Weinstein Doron , Simon Meital , Yehezkel Einat , Laron Zvi , Werner Haim 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTWe thank the team of Eli Lilly and Company for their critical appraisal of our study and for giving us the opportunity to clarify a number of points [1]. We agree with Kazda et al. that randomized clinical trials will best address any direct relationship between insulin analogues and cancer in man. We do not question the fact that tight control of blood glucose has dramatically advanced the lives of patients with diabetes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.