bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Permafrost thaw affects boreal deciduous plant transpiration through increased soil water, deeper thaw, and warmer soils
Authors: Cable Jessica M. , Ogle Kiona , Bolton W. Robert , Bentley Lisa P. , Romanovsky Vladimir , Iwata Hiroki , Harazono Yoshinobu , Welker Jeffrey 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe effect of thawing permafrost on boreal ecosystem water cycling represents a significant knowledge gap of how climate change will affect northern landscapes. Evapotranspiration, particularly transpiration, may be changing in response to changes in permafrost conditions, vegetation, and climate. This study focuses on the effect of permafrost thaw on boreal plant transpiration over two summers with contrasting weather conditions. We quantified the response of stomatal conductance (gs), from which transpiration was calculated, of deciduous and evergreen plants to soil environmental factors that permafrost thaw affects: soil water content (S), depth of seasonal thaw (D), and soil temperature (T). We found that gs was least sensitive to T compared with S and D at both sites and across both years. At the thawing site, gs was more sensitive to S in a dry year (2009) and to D in a wet year (2010). In the wet year, S of ~50 cm represented a threshold wherein the sensitivity of gs to T and D switched between positive (S < 50 cm) and negative (S > 50 cm). However, the sensitivities to T and D were negative when S was consistently less than 50 cm in the dry year. This is one of the first studies to explore the effect of permafrost thaw on boreal plant gs and transpiration, and our model predicted higher transpiration rates from deciduous plants located on thawing permafrost. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forest ecohydrological response to bimodal precipitation during contrasting winter to summer transitions
Authors: Mahmood Taufique H. , Vivoni Enrique R. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe ecohydrological response of forested landscapes in the Southwestern United States depends on the relative magnitude of precipitation during the winter and summer seasons. Prior climate studies have identified an inverse relation in the bimodal regime such that wet winter periods are followed by dry summers and vice versa. Despite this key prediction, the impact of contrasting winter to summer transitions on hillslope hydrology has not been investigated. In this study, we use the Triangulated Irregular Network‐based Real‐time Integrated Basin Simulator distributed hydrologic model with modifications in the snow module to generate a consistent set of high‐resolution hydrologic estimates in a ponderosa pine hillslope in northern New Mexico, United States. The model is evaluated against available observations of snow depth, soil moisture and runoff over two water years yielding reliable spatial distributions during the winter to summer transitions. We find that a wet winter followed by a dry summer promotes evapotranspiration losses that gradually dry the soil and disconnect lateral fluxes in the forested hillslope, leading to soil moisture patterns resembling vegetation patches. Conversely, a dry winter prior to a wet summer results in soil moisture increases that promote lateral connectivity and soil moisture patterns with the signature of terrain curvature. An opposing temporal switch between infiltration and saturation excess runoff is also identified. These contrasting responses indicate that the inverse relation has significant consequences on hillslope water availability and its spatial distribution with implications on other ecohydrological processes including vegetation phenology, groundwater recharge and geomorphic development. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ni Dithiolenes – A Theoretical Study on Structure–Property Relationships
Authors: Avramopoulos Aggelos , Reis Heribert , Mousdis George A. , Papadopoulos Manthos G. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe linear and nonlinear optical (L&NLO) properties, the energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO gap), the first excitation energy (Eexc), and four indices for the evaluation of the diradical character (DC) of a series of Ni dithiolene derivatives have been computed by employing density functional theory (DFT). The selected DFT functionals provide reliable results for several properties [e.g., excitation energies and (hyper)polarizabilities]. An Atoms in Molecules analysis has been performed and several related properties have been reported (e.g., the average delocalization index, charge density, and its Laplacian). The selected derivatives with regular structural changes allow us to trace correlations between the (hyper)polarizabilities and some of the computed properties (e.g.,Eexcand the DC indices). A small change in the structure may lead to a very large change of the diradical character and the L&NLO properties. Several of the studied derivatives have an exceptionally large second hyperpolarizability. Thus, the considered set of Ni dithiolene derivatives is likely to have applications in the development of photonic devices.
Diazonium Exchange and Migration of Pivaloyl Group upon Azo Coupling of β‐Enaminones
Authors: Šimůnek Petr , Bertolasi Valerio , Macháček Vladimír 
Published: July 2013

Abstract4,4‐Dimethyl‐1‐methylamino‐1‐phenyl‐2‐(substituted phenyldiazenyl)pent‐1‐en‐3‐ones (prepared upon azo coupling of 4,4‐dimethyl‐1‐methylamino‐1‐phenylpent‐1‐en‐3‐one 6a with the corresponding benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborates) react with another molecule of substituted benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate (in dichloromethane in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate) to form substituted 4,4‐bis(substituted phenyldiazenyl) derivatives 8. The second azo coupling is reversible. Derivatives 8 undergo either reverse cleavage of a diazonium ion or [1,3] sigmatropic rearrangement forming substituted formazane 9. In the case of the sequential use of two different diazonium tetrafluoroborates, the less electrophilic group splits off more easily. The structures of the products 9 were studied by means of X‐ray, 1H, 13C, 19F and 15N NMR and MALDI HRMS analyses. The formazans 9 exhibit a reduced mobility of the phenyl group adjacent to the pivaloyl group, giving rise to anisochronism of proton and carbon atoms, to eventually form conformers. The reduced mobility was observed by means of NMR spectroscopy. A temperature dependence of the spectral behaviour was also studied.
NADH Electrocatalytic Oxidation on Gold Nanoparticle‐Modified PVC/TTF‐TCNQ Composite Electrode. Application as Amperometric Sensor
Authors: García‐Pineda Inmaculada , Mayén Manuel , Rodríguez‐Mellado José Miguel , Rodríguez‐Amaro Rafael 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe herein report on the electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of NADH of a PVC/TTF‐TCNQ composite electrode modified with gold nanoparticles. This electrocatalytic property allows proposing this system as a new alternative for amperometric determination of NADH, without need to add another mediator. The sensor shows a linear response to NADH over a concentration range from 5.0×10−6 M up to 5.0×10−4 M, with a sensitivity of 11.22±0.5 mA M−1 and a detection limit (S/N=3) of 4.0×10−6 M for measurements in batch and similar data in FIA.
Effects of low levels of herbicides on prairie species of the Willamette Valley, Oregon
Authors: Olszyk David , Blakeley-Smith Matthew , Pfleeger Thomas , Lee E. Henry , Plocher Milton 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

The relative sensitivity of 17 noncrop plant species from Oregon's Willamette Valley was determined in response to glyphosate, tribenuron methyl (tribenuron), and fluazifop-p-butyl (fluazifop) herbicides. For glyphosate, Elymus trachycaulus, Festuca arundinacea, Madia elegans, Potentilla gracilis, and Ranunculus occidentalis were the most sensitive species, based on a concentration calculated to reduce shoot dry weight by 25% (IC25 values) of 0.02 to 0.04 × a field application rate of 1112 g active ingredient (a.i.) per hectare. Clarkia amoena and Lupinus albicaulis were the most tolerant to glyphosate, with IC25 values near the field application rate. Clarkia amoena, Prunella vulgaris, and R. occidentalis were the most sensitive to tribenuron, with IC25 values of 0.001 to 0.004 × a field application rate of 8.7 g a.i. ha−1 for shoot dry weight. Five grass species were tolerant to tribenuron with no significant IC25 values. For fluazifop, 2 native grasses, E. trachycaulus and Danthonia californica, were the most sensitive species, with IC25 values of 0.007 and 0.010 × a field application rate of 210 g a.i. ha−1, respectively, for shoot dry weight, while a native grass, Festuca roemeri, and nearly all forbs showed little or no response. These results also indicated that the 3 introduced species used in the present study may be controlled with 1 of the tested herbicides: glyphosate (F. arundinacea), tribenuron (Leucanthemum vulgare), and fluazifop (Cynosurus echinatus). Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2542–2551. © 2013 SETAC
Fully computable a posteriori error bounds for stabilised FEM approximations of convection–reaction–diffusion problems in three dimensions
Authors: Ainsworth Mark , Allendes Alejandro , Barrenechea Gabriel R. , Rankin Richard 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYFully computable upper bounds are developed for the discretisation error measured in the natural (energy) norm for convection–reaction–diffusion problems in three dimensions. The upper bounds are genuine upper bounds in the sense that the numerical value of the estimated error exceeds the actual numerical value of the true error regardless of the coarseness of the mesh or the nature of the data for the problem. All constants appearing in the bounds are fully specified. Examples show the estimator to be reliable and accurate even in the case of complicated three‐dimensional problems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective Preparation of Functionalized Dienes from Allylic Phosphonium Salts through the Wittig Reaction
Authors: Sá Marcus M. , Meier Lidiane 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA convenient and general method for the synthesis of stereochemically defined dienes from allylic phosphonium salts under simple conditions is described. Selective preparation of trisubstituted dienes was performed with good‐to‐excellent yields in mild basic aqueous medium. Preparation of 3‐deuterated products was also readily achieved when H2O was replaced with D2O as the solvent.
Substitutional potential of mephedrone: an analysis of the subjective effects
Authors: Kapitány‐Fövény Máté , Kertész Máté , Winstock Adam , Deluca Paolo , Corazza Ornella , Farkas Judit , Zacher Gábor , Urbán Róbert , Demetrovics Zsolt 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveIn the past 25–30 years, a large number of synthetic and non‐synthetic drugs have appeared on the recreational scene, but with the exception of 4‐methylmethcathinone (mephedrone), none of these substances reached the popularity of ecstasy [3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐methylamphetamine, (MDMA)]. Authors aimed to determine the subjective effects of mephedrone in order to understand how mephedrone can serve as a potential substitute for entactogens, such as MDMA.MethodsOne hundred forty‐five mephedrone users—recruited by snowball method—filled out a questionnaire on their patterns of use and experienced subjective effects of mephedrone.ResultsFactor analysis revealed six factors of mephedrone‐induced subjective effects: positive emotions, sensibility, adverse somatic effects, adverse psychological effects, stimulant effects, and psychedelic effects. A preference list of subjective effects indicates that mephedrone is popular primarily for its psychostimulant and entactogen effects. Latent class analysis identified two classes of mephedrone users, with closely parallel profiles. The two classes differed in severity of subjective experience in a way that was consistent across the six dimensions.ConclusionsBy having similar subjective effects as MDMA and other entactogens, mephedrone seems able to substitute other enactogenic stimulants. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel psychoactive substances as a novel challenge for health professionals: results from an Italian survey
Authors: Simonato Pierluigi , Corazza Ornella , Santonastaso Paolo , Corkery John , Deluca Paolo , Davey Zoe , Blaszko Ursula , Schifano Fabrizio 
Published: July 2013

IntroductionNovel psychoactive substances (NPS; a.k.a. ‘legal highs’ or ‘smart drugs’) are advertised online as ‘safe’ and ‘legal’ natural/synthetic analogues of controlled illicit drugs. However, only little research has been carried out in identifying the health professionals' knowledge and expertise relating to the intake of these compounds.MethodsData presented here refer to the Italian component of the European Union‐wide, European Commission‐funded, ReDNet project survey. An ad‐hoc questionnaire was administered to professionals from the departments of Addiction, Psychiatry, Paediatrics and Emergency Room Services in Italy.ResultsThe interviewees' sample included 243 professionals, mostly from the departments of Addiction (35%) and Psychiatry (28.4%). Overall, interviewees self‐reported a poor technical knowledge relating to NPS; some 27% of respondents confirmed of not being aware if their patients presented with a previous history of NPS misuse.DiscussionNovel psychoactive substances prevalence of misuse was not considered to be an unusual phenomenon in Italy, and most health professionals appeared to have concerns relating to associated medical and psychopathological risks, especially in terms of aggression/psychomotor agitation. Overall, most respondents reported the need to have better access to NPS‐related reliable sources of information. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumption of new psychoactive substances in a Spanish sample of research chemical users
Authors: González Débora , Ventura Mireia , Caudevilla Fernando , Torrens Marta , Farre Magi 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveTo know the pattern of use of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) in a Spanish sample of research chemical (RC) users and to deepen the RC user profile and risk reduction strategies employed.MethodsThis study is a cross‐sectional survey by means of a specific questionnaire. Recruitment was carried out at music festivals, at non‐governmental organizations (NGOs), and through announcements on an online forum. Two RC user profiles were defined, according to whether they search information through online forums.ResultsA total of 230 users participated. The most frequent RCs were hallucinogenic phenethylamines (2C‐B 80.0%, 2C‐I 39.6%) and cathinones (methylone 40.1%, mephedrone 35.2%). The most frequent combination of RC with other illegal drugs was with cannabis (68.6%) and 2C‐B with MDMA (28.3%). Subjects who are consulting drug forums (group 1) use more RC, obtain RC by Internet, and use more frequently risk prevention strategies. Regarding the risk‐reduction strategies in this group, users sought information concerning RC before consuming them (100%), used precision scales to calculate dosage (72.3%), and analyzed the contents before consumption (68.8%).ConclusionsThere is a specific RC user profile with extensive knowledge and consumption of substances, using different strategies to reduce risks associated to its consumption. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Efficiency of Bankruptcy Law: Empirical Evidence in Spain
Authors: Camacho‐Miñano María‐del‐Mar , Pascual‐Ezama David , Urquía‐Grande Elena 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe current economic crisis is showing one of the main problems that many companies in financial distress have to face, namely, the impact of bankruptcy law in relation to companies and firms. This paper aims to analyze the bankruptcy law ex‐ante efficiency when companies are in financial distress. To test it out, two research questions are submitted: (i) Is solvency, the criterion used in the Spanish law, the best one to assess the relative significance of the main indicators, which determine bankrupt firms? (ii) Is the Spanish bankruptcy law efficient according to solvency or are there better criteria? To answer them, a logistic regression model is conducted. The sample embraces 1,387 firms in Spain, the data being obtained from 12 Commercial Justice Courts complemented with financial information. The main conclusion is that the solvency criterion is adequate to classify bankrupt companies although currently Spanish Bankruptcy law is not as efficient as it could be. Additionally, the relevant companies' indicators, which explain the financial distress procedure, are presented. Copyright © 2013 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Effects of nutrient enrichment and activity of invertebrate shredders on leaf litter breakdown in low order streams
Authors: Fleituch Tadeusz 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis study compares leaf breakdown rates of two common plant species (alder and oak) in pristine and low‐to‐moderately polluted streams and investigates changes in the functioning of invertebrate consumers across the Western Carpathians (Poland). No positive effect of elevated nutrient concentration on litter breakdown rates was observed regardless of leaf species and litter bag mesh size. The litter breakdown rate was low at impacted sites, which was probably due to the combined effect of toxic compounds in waste water and oxygen depletion. Small shredders (e.g. stoneflies) were most abundant in pristine streams. In contrast, in some impacted streams larger gammarids or dipterans were more abundant. Shredder densities in the two stream types did not differ significantly but the diversity of shredders was significantly lower in impacted streams. Dipterans preferred more alder than oak litter. Feeding behavior of gammarids and dipterans in impacted streams may reflect their specific physiological adaptation of alimentary canals for food assimilation. Changes in impacted stream ecosystems were better explained by modifications in the shredder composition than by changes in litter breakdown rates.
Etifoxine stimulates allopregnanolone synthesis in the spinal cord to produce analgesia in experimental mononeuropathy
Authors: Aouad M. , Petit‐Demoulière N. , Goumon Y. , Poisbeau P. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundPathological pain states are often associated with neuronal hyperexcitability in the spinal cord. Reducing this excitability could theoretically be achieved by amplifying the existing spinal inhibitory control mediated by GABAA receptors (GABAARs). In this study, we used the non‐benzodiazepine anxiolytic etifoxine (EFX) to characterize its interest as pain killer and spinal mechanisms of action. EFX potentiates GABAAR function but can also increase its function by stimulating the local synthesis of 3α‐reduced neurosteroids (3αNS), the most potent endogenous modulators of this receptor.MethodsThe efficacy of EFX analgesia and the contribution of 3αNS were evaluated in a rat model of mononeuropathy. Spinal contribution of EFX was characterized through changes in pain symptoms after intrathecal injections, spinal content of EFX and 3αNS, and expression of FosB‐related genes, a marker of long‐term plasticity.ResultsWe found that a 2‐week treatment with EFX (>5 mg/kg, i.p.) fully suppressed neuropathic pain symptoms. This effect was fully mediated by 3αNS and probably by allopregnanolone, which was found at a high concentration in the spinal cord. In good agreement, the level of EFX analgesia after intrathecal injections confirmed that the spinal cord is a privileged target as well as the limited expression of FosB/ΔFosB gene products that are highly expressed in persistent pain states.ConclusionsThis preclinical study shows that stimulating the production of endogenous analgesics such as 3αNS represents an interesting strategy to reduce neuropathic pain symptoms. Since EFX is already prescribed as an anxiolytic in several countries, a translation to the human clinic needs to be rapidly evaluated.
Prevalence of cold‐related musculoskeletal pain according to self‐reported threshold temperature among the Finnish adult population
Authors: Pienimäki T. , Karppinen J. , Rintamäki H. , Borodulin K. , Laatikainen T. , Jousilahti P. , Hassi J. , Näyhä S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundExposure to cold reportedly increases musculoskeletal pains. We assessed the prevalence of such pain and self‐reported threshold temperature (TT) at which the pain emerges.MethodsA random sample of 6591 people in Finland, aged 25–74 years, answered a questionnaire on repeated cold‐related musculoskeletal pain (CMP) and its TT. The response rate was 64%. We used quantile regression to quantify the effects of personal characteristics and region of residence on TT at various locations of its distribution.ResultsOf the participants, 1892 (30%) experienced CMP in at least one body site and 1692 reported TT. Ten percent of the participants who perceived CMP did so at −2 °C, 50% at −14 °C and 90% at −23 °C. Residence in the South elevated TT by 1–6 °C compared with residence in the North, depending on the proportion of participants reporting CMP at various temperatures. Joint disorders increased TT at milder temperatures, at which only 10% of all participants perceived CMP, whereas back disorders did so mainly at lower temperatures, at which 70% were affected. Overweight was associated with a 2 °C lower TT, and physical inactivity with a 1 °C higher TT, and TT increased by 1 °C per 10‐year increase in age. The greatest model‐estimated difference in median TT between subgroups was 12 °C.ConclusionsPeople suffering from musculoskeletal disorders and those living in the warmer areas of Finland need special advice to protect themselves against the cold. Our study provides preliminary information to support such advice.
Differences of SiHa (Human Cancer of Cervix) andBMG‐1 (Brain Glioma) Cell Lines as 2Dand 3DCultures
Authors: Ravi Maddaly , Sah Sunil , Bhammar Rajesh 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCell cultures have seen much progress in the numbers available cell lines, their applications and culture techniques. Three dimensional cultures and co‐cultures are examples of strategies that bring in vitro conditions closer to natural in vivo systems. We describe here, the formation of cell aggregates in three‐dimensional conditions for the cell lines SiHa and BMG‐1 utilizing agarose hydrogels. The optimal conditions for best aggregate formation were identified and the culture phases for the cell lines as monolayers and as aggregates were compared. Differences in protein profiles, susceptibility to a genotoxic drug and the antigenic properties of the protein extracts of the two cell lines, as can be induced by their aggregate formation were studied. The results from the four approaches indicate the usefulness of culturing cells as aggregates. Such systems using simple material and methods offer us an efficient way of utilizing cell lines for a variety of applications. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 127–131, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.