bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using qualitative methods in developing an instrument to identify barriers to self‐care among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Caro‐Bautista Jorge , Martín‐Santos Francisco Javier , Villa‐Estrada Francisca , Morilla‐Herrera Juan Carlos , Cuevas‐Fernández‐Gallego Magdalena , Morales‐Asencio José Miguel 
Published: December 2014

Aims and objectivesTo develop a questionnaire to address barriers and self‐care behaviour among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus.BackgroundSeveral instruments are available in the literature to measure barriers to self‐care in this population, but many of them present limitations in its psychometric validation process, and lack of theoretical background.DesignContent validation study using multiple qualitative methods.MethodsA systematic review was conducted, and two focus groups with fifteen participants (n = 15) were analysed to identify key topics and categories concerning barriers and self‐care behaviour. These categories were used to generate items that were subjected to expert scrutiny, using the Delphi technique. The resulting list of items was tested for readability and comprehension by nine diabetic patients (n = 9), through cognitive interviews. The whole process was conducted in accordance with the Theory of Planned Behaviour.ResultsThe mean age (standard deviation) of participants in the focus groups and cognitive interviews was 66·05 (8·47) and 63·11 (6·13) years, respectively. 46·7% of the members of the focus groups and 44·4% of those interviewed were female, and the mean duration (standard deviation) of their diabetes was 6·53 (3·17) and 4·89 (3·84) years, respectively. After the qualitative analysis, 27 codes were obtained. Thereafter, items were generated in accordance with the dimensions of this theory: attitudes towards the behaviour (n = 23), social norms (n = 13), perceived behavioural control (n = 17) and behavioural intention (n = 15).ConclusionsA rigorous process of content validation with multiple methods was implemented to obtain an instrument aimed at addressing barriers and self‐care behaviour of patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Relevance to clinical practiceAn instrument theoretically rooted and supported on professional and patients' views is available to assess self‐care behaviours in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The evaluation of its reliability and construct validity will determine the instrument's value and practical application in the clinical context.
The Politics of Emigration and Expatriation: Ethnicisation of Citizenship in Imperial Germany and China
Authors: Low Choo Chin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn the era of perpetual allegiance, the nationality regimes of Germany and China were characterised by restricted, instead of voluntary, expatriation. Although this policy reflected the two states' perceptions of overseas Germans and Chinese as sources of national strength, it also resulted in widespread dual nationality practices. Using case studies of Germany and China, this article analyses the right to expatriation in the aforementioned era. This study suggests that both the imperial regimes adopted strict expatriation rules with knowledge of the possibility of dual allegiance but remained indifferent to its consequences. Dual nationality practices were the accidental result of strict expatriation rather than a deliberate outcome.
“Mostly we are White and Alone”: Identity, Anxiety and the Past in Some White Zimbabwean Memoirs
Authors: Law Kate 
Published: December 2014

AbstractUsing the space created by the land invasions, over the last ten years or so there has been a proliferation of exile memoirs written by white Zimbabweans living in the diaspora, which foreground colonial nostalgia and postcolonial anxiety. This article profiles elements of this latest wave of “white (female) writing”, arguing that writers such as Alexandra Fuller construct their own personal narratives based on an extremely teleological and narrow interpretation of the history of Zimbabwe. It is argued that memoirs are used as a mechanism to uphold an idealised (i.e. powerful) white identity, because whites' current “destabilised” identity has resulted in them clinging to a seemingly utopian version of both what it meant to be white and the past. The article also examines some aspects of whiteness studies, utilising Peter McLaren's framework to argue that these memoirs are beset by a whiteness of social amnesia.
Changes in Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life in Elderly Edentulous Patients after Complete Denture Therapy and Possible Role of their Initial Expectation: A Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Sivakumar Indumathi , Sajjan Suresh , Ramaraju Alluri Venkata , Rao Bheemaligeshwara 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPurposeAn edentulous patient's psychosocial attributes that may have influence on the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) are given little consideration in therapeutic care. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of complete denture therapy on overall OHRQoL in elderly edentulous patients. The possible role of the patient's initial expectation toward OHRQoL was also evaluated.Methods and MaterialsOHRQoL was assessed using the OHIP‐EDENT psychometric instrument, and 56 patients participated in the study. The assessment was done at three time points including pretreatment, after 1 month, and after 6 months. Significant differences in the OHIP‐EDENT scores between pretreatment to after 1 month and pretreatment to after 6 months were calculated using Wilcoxon Signed Rank test (p < 0.05). Mann‐Whitney test was used to analyze the association of patient expectations with OHIP‐EDENT scores.ResultStatistically significant improvement in OHRQoL after complete denture therapy at both 1 and 6 months postinsertion was evident. Statistically significant difference in the mean scores between the genders was observed after 6 months. There was no statistically significant difference in the levels of dysfunction, discomfort, and disability associated with oral problems between moderate and high expectation group at any time point.ConclusionElderly edentulous patients had an improved overall OHRQoL after complete denture therapy, and female patients had appreciably better OHRQoL than their male counterparts. A patient's initial expectation did not have significant influence on overall OHRQoL.
Randomised controlled trial of daily versus stoss vitamin D therapy in Aboriginal children
Authors: Tan Jason KG , Kearns Paula , Martin Andrew C , Siafarikas Aris 
Published: December 2014

AimThe prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has risen in countries with a high ultraviolet index and sunny environment such as Australia. There is lack of information on vitamin D status and best possible therapy in Australian Aboriginal children. We aim to (i) describe the vitamin D status in an opportunistic sample of Aboriginal children in Western Australia and (ii) compare the efficacy of oral daily vitamin D with oral stoss vitamin D therapy in this sample.MethodParticipants were recruited from a metropolitan area (31′ S) and a rural area (17′ S). Those with a 25(OH)D level less than 78 nmol/L were randomised to receive daily or stoss vitamin D therapy with follow‐up at 4–6 months and 9–12 months. Biochemical and clinical parameters such as 25(OH)D, alkaline phosphatase, calcium and sun exposure were collected.ResultsSeventy‐three participants were enrolled (61 from a metropolitan and 12 from a rural area). 25(OH)D levels were greater than 78 nmol/L in 9/12 (75%) participants in the rural group and 21/61 (34%) in the metropolitan group. 25(OH)D levels were less than 78 nmol/L in 43/73 (59%) participants. Of these, 34/43 (79%) were insufficient (50–78 nmol/L), 8/43 (19%) mildly deficient (27.5–50 nmol/L) and 1/43 (2%) deficient (<27.5 nmol/L). Daily vitamin D therapy had a higher average increase in 25(OH)D levels from baseline than stoss therapy; however, this was not significant.ConclusionVitamin D insufficiency is common in Aboriginal children of Western Australia and stoss therapy is a safe alternative to daily vitamin D therapy but requires further evaluation of timing and doses.
Infection Process of Botrytis cinerea on Eucalypt Leaves
Authors: Caires Nilmara P. , Rodrigues Fabrício A. , Furtado Gleiber Q. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis study aimed to elucidate the infection process of Botrytis cinerea on eucalypt leaves. Tests were conducted to evaluate the influence of leaf side (adaxial or abaxial), leaf age and luminosity on conidial germination, appressorium formation and grey mould (GM) severity. The adaxial and abaxial surfaces of detached eucalypt leaves were inoculated with a conidial suspension of B. cinerea and kept under constant light or dark. Subsequently, the adaxial surface of young and old leaves was inoculated and kept in the dark. To evaluate the percentage of conidia germination and appressorium formation, leaf samples were collected 6 hours after inoculation (hai), clarified (alcohol and chloral hydrate) and evaluated under a light microscope. The severity of GM was assessed 10 days after inoculation. For scanning electron microscopy analysis, samples were collected from 2 to 168 hai. A higher percentage of conidia germination (92%) and GM severity (21%) occurred on the adaxial surfaces of leaves kept in the dark. There was no statistical difference between the surfaces of young and old leaves for conidia germination. No appressorium was formed by B. cinerea. The GM severity on young leaves (17.3%) was 34 times higher than on old leaves (0.5%). The micrographs showed germinating conidia emitting 1–4 germ tubes in samples at 4 hai. The fungus penetration occurred through intact leaf surfaces, and both extra‐ and intracellular colonization of the mesophyll cells by the hyphae of the pathogen were observed at 120 hai. Sporulation occurred on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces (macronematous conidiophores) and below the epidermis (micronematous conidiophores).
Survey of an Australian general emergency department: estimated prevalence of mental health disorders
Authors: Fulbrook P. , Lawrence P. 
Published: December 2014

Accessible Summary
Compared to the general population, people with mental health disorders have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, and are associated with higher health‐care costs and lost societal productivity.
Evidence indicates that more people are presenting to emergency departments with mental health disorders and that this group represents a disproportionately large number of emergency department attendees.
The study results indicate that around a third of people who attended the emergency department may have had a mental health disorder, which is more than that found in the general adult Australian population. The results also suggest that the majority of emergency department attendees that have a mental health disorder are not identified at this opportunistic point of contact.
The emergency department is an ideal point of contact to screen people for mental health problems. If problems are identified early, and treatment is started early, then it is likely that more people would be helped before their mental health problem became severe. However, increased identification of mental health problems may have implications for mental health services in terms of workload and delivery.
AbstractThe aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of mental health disorders in an Australian general emergency department. A cross‐sectional survey was used to screen a sample of 708 patients, using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). The mean age of participants was 50.2 years, and their mean K10 score was 19.96 (SD 7.83), with 24% categorized as having high or very high psychological distress. Seventeen per cent self‐reported having a mental health issue. Post‐probability calculations based on observed K10 scores estimated that 37% of participants had an actual mental health disorder. The results suggest the prevalence of mental health disorder is significantly higher in emergency department attendees than Australian population norms, supporting the contention that a substantial proportion of ED attendees has a mental health disorder that, in the majority of cases, is not investigated at this point of contact. There is potential to screen all emergency department attendees for the presence of mental health disorder; early identification of mental illness would enable early referral for treatment. However, if all patients are screened, then it is likely that more mental health conditions will be picked up. The implications for mental health nursing are that this may increase workload.
Standardized ileal digestibility of proteins and amino acids in sesame expeller and soya bean meal in weaning piglets
Authors: Aguilera A. , Reis de Souza T. C. , Mariscal‐Landín G. , Escobar K. , Montaño S. , Bernal M. G. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryApparent ileal digestibility (AID) of diets containing sesame expeller (SE) and soya bean meal (SBM) was determined using 15 piglets (Genetiporc®), weaned at 17 ± 0.4 days with average body weight of 6.4 ± 0.7 kg (Fertilis 20 × G Performance, Genetiporc®, PIC México, Querétaro, México). Piglets were randomly assigned to three treatments: (i) a reference diet with casein as the sole protein source; (ii) a mixed diet of casein–SE; and (iii) a mixed diet of casein–SBM. The chemical composition of SE and SBM was determined, and AID and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AAs) were determined for each protein source. SE contained greater quantities of ether extract, neutral detergent fibre, phytic acid, methionine and arginine than SBM. Lysine and proline contents and trypsin inhibitor activity were higher in SBM than in SE. The AID and SID of CP and AA (except for lysine and proline) were similar in SE and SBM. The AID of lysine and proline was higher in SBM than in SE (p < 0.05), and the SID of proline was higher in SE than in SBM (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that SE is an appropriate alternative protein source for early weaned pigs.
Perinatal maternal feeding with an energy dense diet and/or micronutrient mixture drives offspring fat distribution depending on the sex and growth stage
Authors: Cordero P. , Gonzalez‐Muniesa P. , Milagro F. I. , Campion J. , Martinez J. A. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryMaternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation influences offspring development and health. Novel studies have described the effects on next generation obesity‐related features depending on maternal macro‐ and micro‐nutrient perinatal feeding. We hypothesized that the maternal obesogenic diet during pregnancy and lactation programs an obese phenotype, while maternal micronutrient supplementation at these stages could partially prevent these features. Thus, the aim was to assess the influence of a perinatal maternal feeding with an obesogenic diet enriched in fat and sucrose and a micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on offspring growth and obese phenotypical features during life course. Female Wistar rats were assigned to four dietary groups during pregnancy and lactation: control, control supplemented with micronutrients (choline, betaine, folic acid and vitamin B12), high‐fat sucrose (HFS) and HFS supplemented. At weaning, the offspring were transferred to a chow diet, and weight and fat mass were measured at weeks 3, 12 and 20. At birth, both male and female offspring from mothers fed the obesogenic diet showed lower body weight (−5 and −6%, respectively), while only female offspring weight decreased by maternal micronutrient supplementation (−5%). During lactation, maternal HFS diet was associated with increased body weight, while micronutrient supplementation protected against body weight gain. Whole body fat mass content increased at weeks 3, 12 and 20 (from 16 to 65%) due to maternal HFS diet. Maternal micronutrient supplementation decreased offspring fat mass content at week 3 (−8%). Male offspring showed higher adiposity than females at weeks 12 and 20. In conclusion, maternal HFS feeding during pregnancy and lactation was associated with a low offspring weight at birth and obese phenotypical features during adult life in a sex‐ and time‐dependent manner. Furthermore, maternal methyl donor supplementation protected against body weight gain in male offspring during lactation and in female offspring also during juvenile period.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi – potential organic matter decomposers, yet not saprotrophs
Authors: Lindahl Björn D. , Tunlid Anders 
Published: December 2014

SummaryAlthough hypothesized for many years, the involvement of ectomycorrhizal fungi in decomposition of soil organic matter remains controversial and has not yet been fully acknowledged as an important factor in the regulation of soil carbon (C) storage. Here, we review recent findings, which support the view that some ectomycorrhizal fungi have the capacity to oxidize organic matter, either by ‘brown‐rot’ Fenton chemistry or using ‘white‐rot’ peroxidases. We propose that ectomycorrhizal fungi benefit from organic matter decomposition primarily through increased nitrogen mobilization rather than through release of metabolic C and question the view that ectomycorrhizal fungi may act as facultative saprotrophs. Finally, we discuss how mycorrhizal decomposition may influence organic matter storage in soils and mediate responses of ecosystem C sequestration to environmental changes.

Contents

Summary
1443

I.
Introduction
1443

II.
New insights from genomics, transcriptomics and spectroscopy
1444

III.
What do mycorrhizal fungi gain from decomposition?
1445

IV.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi as regulators of soil C dynamics
1446

V.
Conclusions
1446

Acknowledgements
1446

References
1447
Prophylactic versus reactive transfusion of thawed plasma in patients undergoing surgical repair of craniosynostosis: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Pieters Benjamin J. , Conley Lisa , Weiford Jennifer , Hamilton Marilyn , Wicklund Brian , Booser Adam , Striker Adam , Whitney Susan , Singhal Virender 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBackgroundSurgical repair of craniosynostosis in young children is associated with copious bleeding and often coagulopathy. Typically, a reactive transfusion strategy is used to treat coagulopathy whereby fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is given only after clinical manifestation of clotting abnormality. This prospective, randomized clinical trial was designed to test the hypothesis that prophylactic FFP during craniofacial surgery reduces blood loss and blood transfusion requirements compared to a reactive FFP transfusion strategy.MethodsEighty‐one patients less than 2 years of age requiring primary repair of craniosynostosis were randomized to receive FFP using either a prophylactic or reactive strategy. Laboratory values were measured at four standardized time points. The volume of blood products transfused, length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), hospital length of stay, and number of donor exposures were recorded for each patient.ResultsThe prophylactic FFP group received a significantly greater average volume of FFP compared to the reactive group (29.7 ml·kg−1 vs 16.1 ml·kg−1; P < 0.001), which was associated with improvement in coagulation values at multiple time points. However, there was no difference in blood transfusion requirements or blood loss between the two groups. The two transfusion strategies resulted in similar median donor exposures. There was no difference in PICU or hospital length of stay.ConclusionA reactive FFP transfusion strategy required less plasma transfusion and was associated with similar rates of blood loss and PRBC transfusion as prophylactic FFP despite improvement in coagulation values in the prophylactic FFP group.
Basic and applied problems in developmental biology and immunobiology of cestode infections: Hymenolepis,Taenia and Echinococcus
Authors: Ito A. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryDifferentiation and development of parasites, including longevity in host animals, are thought to be governed by host–parasite interactions. In this review, several topics on the developmental biology of cestode infections are discussed from immunobiological perspective with a focus on Hymenolepis, Taenia and Echinococcus infections. The basic premise of this review is that ‘differentiation and development of cestodes’ are somehow affected by host immune responses with an evolutionary history.
Phylogeography of Chinese cherry (Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA: insights into evolutionary patterns and demographic history
Authors: Chen T. , Chen Q. , Luo Y. , Huang Z.‐L. , Zhang J. , Tang H.‐R. , Pan D.‐M. , Wang X.‐R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractChinese cherry (Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.) is a commercially valuable fruit crop in China. In order to obtain new insights into its evolutionary history and provide valuable recommendations for resource conservation, phylogeographic patterns of 26 natural populations (305 total individuals) from six geographic regions were analyzed using chloroplast and nuclear DNA fragments. Low levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity were found in these populations, especially in landrace populations. It is likely that a combined effect of botanical characteristics impact the effective population size, such as inbreeding mating system, long life span, as well as vegetative reproduction. In addition, strong bottleneck effect caused by domestication, together with founder effect after dispersal and subsequent demographic expansion, might also accelerate the reduction of the genetic variation in landrace populations. Interestingly, populations from Longmen Mountain (LMM) and Daliangshan Mountain (DLSM) exhibited relatively higher levels of genetic diversity, inferring the two historical genetic diversity centers of the species. Moreover, moderate population subdivision was also detected by both chloroplast DNA (GST = 0.215; NST = 0.256) and nuclear DNA (GST = 0.146; NST = 0.342), respectively. We inferred that the episodes of efficient gene flow through seed dispersal, together with features of long generation cycle and inbreeding mating system, were likely the main contributors causing the observed phylogeographic patterns. Finally, factors that led to the present demographic patterns of populations from these regions and taxonomic varieties were also discussed.
Characterization of Hawaiian freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacteria reveals high diversity and numerous putative endemics
Authors: Sherwood Alison R. , Carlile Amy L. , Vaccarino Melissa A. , Johansen Jeffrey R. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryFifty samples of cyanobacteria were collected and characterized as part of the Hawaiian Freshwater Algal Biodiversity Survey. Fifty‐two percent of the samples originated from Oahu, while the remainder were collected from Kauai (14%), Maui (20%) and Hawaii (14%). A diversity of habitats (e.g. streams, wet walls, taro fields, terrestrial areas and ditches) was represented by the collection sites, which is reflective of the abundance of suitable non‐marine algal substrata in these isolated, humid, subtropical islands. Most samples were isolated and cultured for observation of morphological features, and all were sequenced for both the Universal Plastid Amplicon (UPA) marker (partial 23S rRNA) and 16S rRNA gene. Alignments of both markers (separately and concatenated) with additional GenBank sequences for phylogenetic representation were analyzed using Maximum Likelihood, Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony approaches. Nodal support was highest for the concatenated UPA+16S rRNA gene alignment, and phylogenetic analyses indicated a monophyletic Nostochophycidae, and monophyly, although with low support, for the Oscillatoriophycidae and Synechococcophycidae. A conservative estimate is that 11 of the taxa are putative endemics to the Hawaiian Islands, further highlighting the uniqueness of this isolated and understudied flora, and the potential for discovery of novel taxa through taxon‐focused biodiversity surveys.