bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postmortem Diagnosis of Unsuspected Diabetes Mellitus Established by Determination of Decedent's Hemoglobin A1c Level
Authors: Khuu HM , Robinson CA , Brissie RM , Konrad RJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although approximately 15.7 million Americans have diabetes mellitus, with the vast majority having type 2 diabetes, it is estimated that as many as 5.4 million are undiagnosed. The present case illustrates that undiagnosed diabetes can be a factor in otherwise unexplained deaths. A 39-year-old white male with no significant past medical history other than alcohol abuse was found deceased at his residence. The manner of death appeared to be natural, but no anatomic cause was found. Toxicological analysis revealed a blood ethanol level of 0.02 g/dL and was negative for drugs of abuse. Analysis of the vitreous fluid revealed a glucose level of 502 mg/dL. The blood glucose level was 499 mg/dL, and the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level was 10.6%. Only trace urine ketones were detected, suggesting that the death was the result of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketosis (HHNK) from unsuspected diabetes. The postmortem HbA1c value serves as a definitive indicator of prolonged hyperglycemia. In order to aid the interpretation of the clinical data, this case is discussed in conjunction with a similar case of a known diabetic patient.
Three Fatalities Involving Phosphine Gas, Produced as a Result of Methamphetamine Manufacturing
Authors: Willers-Russo LJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In August of 1996, Sheriff's deputies investigated the deaths of three individuals suspected to have been overcome by phosphine gas. Phosphine is an extremely toxic gas, and is generally seen in the farming industry where it is used as a grain fumigant. It can also be generated as a by-product during the manufacturing of methamphetamine. Chemicals and equipment consistent with the manufacturing of methamphetamine were noted at the location, as well as an apparent reaction mixture heated to near dryness. Dräger tubes detected an atmospheric phosphine concentration in excess of 0.3 parts per million (ppm), the Threshold Limit Value. Deputies had initially assessed the scene with no protective equipment, raising concerns about phosphine toxicity and the effects of exposure.
The objectives of this paper are to describe how phosphine is formed during the manufacture of methamphetamine, to review the toxicity, health effects and symptoms of exposure, to address the safety concerns regarding potential exposure to law enforcement personnel, and to describe the protective equipment available for personnel who respond to clandestine laboratories.
Maples Symposium Introduction
Authors: Falsetti AB , Austin-Smith D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The passing of a friend, mentor, and colleague forces us to evaluate not only our own mortality, but to try and understand the effect the deceased had upon the living. When that individual is an educator, the effect is perhaps felt even greater. For nearly thirty years William R. Maples was one of the most respected forensic anthropologists in the country. He taught and mentored students at the University of Florida, assisted local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies, and served the Physical Anthropology section and the Academy by performing various administrative duties and working as a member of special committees. This loss, though felt greatest by his family, is one that has affected us all in ways both large and small.
The Life and Career of William R. Maples, Ph.D.
Authors: Buikstra JE , Maples MK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to develop an overview of William R. Maples' distinguished career in forensic anthropology. Influences central to his career choice and the historical development of his professional life are described. A discussion of his key contributions to the fields of primatology and forensic anthropology are then summarized. Included in this discussion is a chronological survey of citations of Maples' works derived from the Social Sciences Citation Index. Integral to this summary of Maples' life are his varied and intriguing case studies.
A Thousand Tales of Dead Men: The Forensic Anthropology Cases of William R. Maples, Ph.D.
Authors: Falsetti AB 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper examines the nearly 1000 forensic anthropology case reports authored by the late William R. Maples during his 28 year career at the University of Florida, Gainesville. The types of case files reviewed include C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory reports; 999, US ARMY-CILHI reviews; 226, and historical or prominent persons. Although Dr. Maples performed private casework, these files were not available for examination. A demographic profile for the C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory sample is presented.
William R. Maples and the Development of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Willey P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
If a person's death is marked by the good he has done, then William R. Maples's passing will be remembered long and well. One of Bill's professional bestowal's was serving on many forensic sciences committees and boards. This paper examines his contribution to forensic anthropology through his activities in the American Board of Forensic Anthropology as a diplomate, director, treasurer, and president.
Dr. William R. Maples and the Role of the Consultants at the U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, Hawaii
Authors: Hoshower LM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper discusses the history and role of the consultants at the U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory. Hawaii (CILHI) and the many contributions made by Dr. William R. Maples as a CILHI consultant. For over eleven years Dr. Maples was a prominent and integral force at the CILHI. His involvement with the CILHI as a senior forensic anthropologist began in 1985. In 1986 Dr. Maples signed a contract with the U.S. Army to conduct on-going reviews of the CILHI. He was one of the original consultants and maintained this responsibility until his death. For a significant portion of his professional career Dr. Maples was dedicated to first improving and then maintaining the scientific integrity of the CILHI. The uncompromising ethical and scientific standards by which the Central Identification Laboratory operates today is a direct reflection of the years of input by Dr. William R. Maples.
William R. Maples, Forensic Historian: Four Men, Four Centuries, Four Countries
Authors: Goza WM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Prior to 1984, William R. Maples, Ph.D. worked primarily with Medical Examiners in the State of Florida in investigation of and testimony in criminal cases. In 1984 the Republic of Peru requested him to identify skeletal remains thought to be those of Francisco Pizarro, conqueror of Peru and the Incas in the early 16th Century. Dr. Maples made a positive identification of those remains as Pizarro, resulting in their substitution in a glass-sided coffin in the Cathedral of Lima, where other remains had been displayed as those of Pizarro for a hundred years. In addition, it was proved that the remains removed could not have been those of Pizarro.
In 1988, Dr. Maples examined the skeletal remains of Joseph Merrick (“The Elephant Man”) at Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, and made photographic studies of them for comparison with death casts of limbs and skull to ascertain depth of tissue by video-superimposition. In 1991, Dr. Maples, headed a team which removed President Zachary Taylor (1779–1842) from his tomb in Louisville, Kentucky. The purpose was to determine if he had been poisoned, as had been proposed by some at the time. Test results showed that he had not been. In 1992, Dr. Maples and a team of forensic specialists went by invitation to Ekaterinburg, Russia to study skeletal remains which the Russians had tentatively identified as the Russian Royal Family, and entourage, murdered in 1918. The American team identified them as Tsar Nicholas II, his wife, three of his children, his physician, and three of his servants.
William Ross Maples died in Gainesville, Florida, 27 February 1997.
Video Superimposition at the C.A. Pound Laboratory 1987 to 1992
Authors: Austin D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
William R. Maples practiced many aspects of human identification using simple and relatively inexpensive video superimposition equipment. Identification of skulls by comparison to known photographs was a primary concern. Clear, smiling photographs revealing the spatial relationships of the teeth to one another led to uncomplicated positive identifications. However, without benefit of dentition, how accurate was an identification based on the alignment of soft tissues with the underlying skull? Most importantly, how often would a false positive result when anterior dentition were not available?
A study conducted by this author and Dr. Maples used three human heads and 98 profile and full-face photographs. A 0.6% incidence of false match resulted when both views of the face were used. Lateral view and frontal view superimpositions were identified incorrectly in 9.6% and 8.5% of the sample respectively. As a result, multiple photographs from varying angles were requested for superimposition identity cases.
Additional applications in laboratory case work were developed for the equipment. Light boxes under the television cameras allowed radiographic comparisons. Video taped comparisons of antemortem and postmortem radiographs were shown to medical examiners and families as proof of identification.
Dr. Maples and this author were also involved in several cases in which photographs taken by a surveillance or ATM camera were compared to court ordered photographs of an alleged perpetrator. One case, which went to trial, led to the conviction of a habitual criminal under Florida statute. This individual had a condition known as Stahl's ear, a deformation of the cartilaginous structure. The ear was seen clearly in many of the ATM camera photographs and was aligned easily with the known photographic sample.
Anterior Femoral Curvature Revisited: Race Assessment from the Femur
Authors: Trudell MB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The increasing need for accurate race assessment from postcranial skeletal remains has emphasized the lack of simple, replicable methods by which to accomplish the task. Several techniques have been proposed, but without adequate results. Anterior femoral curvature was first suggested and researched by T. Dale Stewart in 1962 (6). The technique used in that study was subjective at best. He provided no substantial discrimination between whites or blacks. Two later studies only reused Stewart's technique and/or data. This study was assumed to address these issues and provide an improved technique.
Skeletal collections at the Smithsonian, as well as the forensic collections at the University of Florida and the University of Tennessee, provided the specimens for this study. The historical collection of the First African Baptist Church of Philadelphia, PA, and the modern forensic collection at Louisiana State University provided the test samples. Only black and white individuals were used, and those were selected based on previous soft tissue or positive identification. Thirteen measurements were taken, including six newly developed measures. Age, race, and sex were also documented.
Discriminant analysis was used to develop functions for race assessment. After analyzing the data through SPSSx using Discriminant, the variables selected provided an accuracy of 88.15% using the right femur and 86.10% with the left femur. Age was divided into two groups: under 30 and over 30. Most skeletons can be easily aged into these categories.
Radiographic Determination of Developmental Age in Fetuses and Stillborns
Authors: Warren MW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The gestational age and/or viability of a fetus can become an important forensic issue. Several investigators have produced linear regression formulas based on crown-heel length (CHL), crown-rump length, or body diameters to determine gestational age. This study re-examines the relationship between fetal long bone length and CHL and tests a method of estimating CHL, and therefore gestational age, from radiographic measurements of the major long bone diaphyses. The results are compared with data based on dry bone measurements.
Data from 252 cases confirm a strong correlation between all long bone lengths and CHL (≥r = .9063; p &lt; 0.01). Long bone length means for each CHL group are presented, as well as regression formulas for estimating CHL from radiographic measurements of the long bone diaphyses. The findings correspond closely with results based on a European sample, thereby validating that reference population as a normative sample for fetal analysis in the United States. The radiographic method can be used in instances where skeletal preparation is impossible or undesirable.
Briefly Unidentified: A Study of a Peculiar Source of Identification
Authors: O'Connor WG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In May of 1992, unidentified human remains were received at the C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville. Florida for identification. The decedent was identified as a white female in her early sixties between 62 and 63 in. in stature. Significant trauma was observed at various skeletal sites. The identity of the decedent was meant to be obscured due to the decapitation of the head and removal of the lower arms including the hands. Examination of the clothing revealed that the first initial and last name of the decedent had been written in ink inside the label of the underpants. Subsequently, this information was matched with missing persons reports. Identification of the decedent was confirmed by comparison of antemortem and postmortem radiographs.
Homicide or Accident Off the Coast of Florida: Trauma Analysis of Multilated Human Remains
Authors: Stubblefield PR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the many years Dr. William R. Maples served as a forensic anthropologist, he saw diverse sources of trauma presented in the victims of violent crime, accident and suicide in the state of Florida. In 1996 the District 18 Medical Examiner's Office of Florida requested the assistance of Dr. Maples in the analysis of human remains recovered by the U.S. Coast Guard. The deceased was in an advanced state of decomposition characterized by skin slippage and discoloration. The torso bore multiple lacerations, including nearly parallel lacerations in the skin of the back. Specimens were carefully macerated and the fractures reconstructed. The skeletal trauma was caused by a device capable of delivering robust cuts and blunt trauma in linear paths, as is consistent with propeller trauma. Unusual in this case were blows to the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the body. Based on the anthropological analysis and interviews with the family of the deceased, the F.B.I. proceeded with the case as a homicide investigation.
Sharp-Force Trauma Analysis and the Forensic Anthropologist: Techniques Advocated by William R. Maples, Ph.D.
Authors: Walsh-Haney HA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
forensic anthropological tenets supported by William R. Maples, Ph.D. provide the bases for a case study from the C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory. Using a multidisciplinary team that included police investigators, pathologists, odontologists. entomologists, and anthrpologists, a biological profile and trauma analysis was constructed. Our analysis determined that the decedent was a middle-aged Hispanic male, approximately 5′6″–5′7″ in stature, who had died a minimum of three months before the discovery of his remains. Gross and microscopic analysis revealed 11 areas of sharp trauma to the skull and cervical vertebrae. To aid with analysis of the trauma, nonhuman trauma exemplars were created using a Tiger® rear flail mower of the make known to have been used at the scene where the remains were recovered. This use of nonhuman trauma exemplars proved to be essential in the effort to exclude the rear flail mower as the possible trauma agent.
Aleš Hrdlička's Role in the History of Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Ubelaker DH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although Aleš Hrdlička (1869–1943) is widely recognized as a central figure in the development of American physical anthropology, his contributions to forensic anthropology are not well known. The record shows he: 1) had training in legal medicine; 2) researched and published on issues of broad medico-legal interest; 3) reported on autopsies; 4) analyzed skeletal cases; 5) researched and testified on ancestry issues; and 6) maintained contact with FBI officials on medico-legal matters. His efforts in research and building collections helped to build the foundation for modern forensic anthropology.
The Pedagogy of Dr. William R. Maples
Authors: Albert AM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to convey an appreciation of the teaching and training style of Dr. William R. Maples, and recognize his contributions in educating his graduate students in forensic anthropology. In a time when university learning is often characterized by large introductory, undergraduate lecture courses, with the occasional senior seminar course, the opportunity to study one-on-one with Dr. Maples as a graduate student was stimulating. It was also a rare event, since Dr. Maples was not one to accumulate numerous students. This paper discusses Dr. Maples' unique teaching style. His methods were akin to the days of the apprentice's acquisition of the technical skills and theoretical knowledge of a master.
Examples of Dr. Maples' rigorous yet highly effective teaching approach will be shared through a presentation of some of his daily oral teachings, and anecdotes of past human identification cases. While Dr. Maples made many significant contributions to the field of forensic anthropology through his research and phenomenal service, it is his teachings that will be most remembered, as the knowledge he passed on is his true legacy.
Psychiatric Aspects of Arsonists
Authors: Ritchie EC , Huff TG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Arson is a major source of property damage, injury and death in the United States. Many people who commit arson have extensive psychiatric histories and symptoms at the time of their fire-setting. However, traditionally the law enforcement community and the mental health community have not shared information about the characteristics of people who set fires.
This study examined mental health records and/or prison files from 283 arsonists. 90% of arsonists had recorded mental health histories, and of those 36% had the major mental illness of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. 64% were abusing alcohol or drugs at the time of their firesetting. Pyromania was only diagnosed in three of the 283 cases.
Different motives for setting fires are discussed: many patients were both angry and delusional. A survey instrument, which captures both psychiatric and legal data, is included. Suggestions are made for gathering future “profiling” information. A matrix approach to coding diagnosis and behavior is presented.
Neonaticide in the City of Rio de Janeiro: Forensic and Psycholegal Perspectives
Authors: Mendlowicz MV , Jean-Louis G , Gekker M , Rapaport MH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is a retrospective study of mothers charged with killing their children within 24 h of birth in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Characteristics of the mothers and the victims, the circumstances surrounding the offense, the mothers' motivation and state of mind at the time of the offense, the legal process, and follow-up data were investigated. We analyzed our cohort as two subgroups: 26 offenses that occurred between 1900 and 1939 and were dealt with under the Brazilian Penal Code of 1890, and 27 offenses that were committed between 1940 and 1995 and were dealt with under the Penal Code of 1940. The mothers were young (mean 22.5 ± 5.3 years), unmarried (88.2%), non-Caucasian (73.8%), and had limited formal education. They usually kept the pregnancy a secret (94.1%) and gave birth in a classified way (100%). Most victims were killed through wounding violence (77.4%). Offenders identified between the years of 1940–1995 had increased rates of literacy (χ2 = 6.80, d.f. = 1, p = .009), a higher incidence of reported psychiatric symptoms (χ2 = 11.82, d.f. = 1, p &lt; .001), increased referral for psychiatric assessment (χ2 = 3.85, d.f. = 1, p = .05), and greater frequency of cases where statute of limitations was expired (χ2 = 3.88, d.f. = 1, p = .049).
Adolescent Sexual Matricide Following Repetitive Mother-Son Incest
Authors: Schlesinger LB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case of a 16-year-old male who committed a sexual matricide following years of mother-son incest is reported. After murdering his mother by strangulation, which itself was sexually arousing, the youngster engaged in both vaginal and anal necrophilia. The homicide occurred while the perpetrator was in a dissociative state and experiencing what has been referred to as a catathymic crisis: the sudden release of emotionally charged psychic conflict and tension, resulting in extreme violence within an interpersonal bond. Discussion of maternal image and maternal sexual conduct in relationship to the psychosexual development of adolescent males offers insight into the motivation in this extremely rare case.
Sampling—How Big a Sample?
Authors: Aitken CGG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
It is thought that, in a consignment of discrete units, a certain propotion of the units contain illegal material. A sample of the consignment is to be inspected. Various methods for the determination of the sample size are compared. The consignment will be considered as a random sample from some super-population of units, a certain proportion of which contain drugs.
For large consignments, a probability distribution, known as the beta distribution, for the proportion of the consignment which contains illegal material is obtained. This distribution is based on prior beliefs about the proportion. Under certain specific conditions the beta distribution gives the same numerical results as an approach based on the binomial distribution. The binomial distribution provides a probability for the number of units in a sample which contain illegal material, conditional on knowing the proportion of the consignment which contains illegal material. This is in contrast to the beta distribution which provides probabilities for the proportion of a consignment which contains illegal material, conditional on knowing the number of units in the sample which contain illegal material. The interpretation when the beta distribution is used is much more intuitively satisfactory. It is also much more flexible in its ability to cater for prior beliefs which may vary given the different circumstances of different crimes.
For small consignments, a distribution, known as the beta-binomial distribution, for the number of units in the consignment which are found to contain illegal material, is obtained, based on prior beliefs about the number of units in the consignment which are thought to contain illegal material. As with the beta and binomial distributions for large samples, it is shown that, in certain specific conditions, the beta-binomial and hypergeometric distributions give the same numerical results. However, the beta-binomial distribution, as with the beta distribution, has a more intuitively satisfactory interpretation and greater flexibility. The beta and the beta-binomial distributions provide methods for the determination of the minimum sample size to be taken from a consignment in order to satisfy a certain criterion. The criterion requires the specification of a proportion and a probability.