bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Ethanol Induced and Stabilized Hierarchical Nanorods: Hydroxyapatite Nanopeanut
Authors: Ji Xiujie , Su Penghe , Liu Chao , Song Jun , Liu Chaoya , Li Jia , Tan Hongliang , Wu Fangfang , Yang Liyun , Fu Ranran , Tang Chengchun , Cheng Bowen 
Published: April 2015

Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanopeanut, hierarchical nanorods covered with nanopits on surface, was successfully synthesized via a novel ethanol induced and stabilized route. Ca(NO3)2, H3PO4, and NaOH were used as calcium source, phosphorus source, and pH adjusting agent, respectively. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that hierarchical nanorods are well crystallized and present a pure hexagonal Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) exhibited that the nanorods are of 50–210 nm in length and 22–52 nm in width. The nanopits of 3–12 nm in diameter in the surface were also confirmed and calculated by nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, which is well consistent with TEM observation. Ethanol as the sole functional organic molecule played the roles of improving the HA crystallization, inducing the nucleation and growth of HA nanorods, as well as inducing and stablizing the nanopits in surface. The ethanol‐assisted synthesis mechanism of HA nanopeanut was proposed and discussed in thermodynamics. This novel ethanol‐assisted route is green, facile, efficient, low‐cost, and surfactant‐free and may be useful for the synthesis of other hierarchical materials.
Biogeographical patterns of rocky shore community structure in south‐east Australia: effects of oceanographic conditions and heat stress
Authors: Lathlean Justin A. , McWilliam Russell A. , Ayre David J. , Minchinton Todd E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimEnvironmental variability can be a major driver of large‐scale patterns of distribution and abundance and, within the marine environment, benthic community structure is usually thought to reflect several oceanographic processes and coastal morphological features. The aim of this study was to quantify spatial and temporal variability in large‐scale rocky intertidal community structure along the south‐east coast of Australia and ask whether these are associated with variation in sea‐surface temperatures, chlorophyll‐a concentration, heat stress and coastal geomorphology.LocationRocky intertidal shores of south‐east Australia spanning > 1750 km, 13° of latitude (26°24′23″ S to 39°07′47″ S) and known biogeographical barriers.MethodsFrom 2009 to 2011 one‐thousand and twenty photoquadrats located within the midshore region of 17 rocky shores (20 quadrats site−1 year−1) were used to estimate spatial and temporal variability in the percentage cover of dominant benthic invertebrates and macroalgae. We used satellite data to generate annual estimates of nearshore sea‐surface temperatures (SST) and chlorophyll‐a concentrations ([Chl‐a]) and a meteorological model to estimate heat stress during summer low‐tides.ResultsNon‐metric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis revealed a strong and consistent biogeographical break in rocky intertidal community structure between southern and eastern sites. Nearshore oceanographic conditions and summer heat stress did not appear to influence this discontinuity as abundances of functional groups (filter‐feeders, grazers and macroalgae) generally did not vary in response to geographical patterns of SST, [Chl‐a] or mean daily maximum air temperatures during low‐tide. At the species level, however, the distribution and abundance of several species varied with nearshore SST and [Chl‐a] including the barnacle Tesseropora rosea and limpets within the genus Patelloida, respectively.Main conclusionsWe found no evidence of strong bottom‐up effects on rocky intertidal functional group abundance. This was somewhat expected because bottom‐up effects in regions characterized by persistent downwelling are generally weak or non‐existent. Instead, broad‐scale patterns of community composition were best explained by coastal geomorphology. This study provides an important and necessary comparison for the role of broad‐scale environmental variability in structuring marine benthic communities within downwelling rather the more commonly reported upwelling systems.
The Puzzle of Double Referendums in the European Union
Authors: Atikcan Ece Özlem 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIf voters are asked to vote twice on the same issue in a single year, why might they initially reject the proposal but then vote to approve it the second time? This has happened three times in EU referendums (Denmark on the Maastricht Treaty in 1992–93 and Ireland on the Nice Treaty in 2001–02 and the Lisbon Treaty in 2008–09). No work has yet compared all six of these referendum campaigns. I focus on the campaign strategies of the Yes and No sides and investigate whether campaigners act differently in the second campaigns. Based on fieldwork in Denmark and Ireland, 38 in‐depth interviews with campaigners and public opinion data, I show that the Yes campaigners learned from their mistakes and changed their campaign strategies in the second rounds. Not only did they secure guarantees from the EU to neutralize the No side's arguments; they also used more emotional campaign arguments in the second campaigns.
Historical thinking in clinical medicine: lessons fromR.G.Collingwood's philosophy of history
Authors: Chin‐Yee Benjamin H. , Upshur Ross E.G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe aim of this article is to create a space for historical thinking in medical practice. To this end, we draw on the ideas ofR.G.Collingwood (1889–1943), the renownedBritish philosopher of history, and explore the implications of his philosophy for clinical medicine. We show howCollingwood's philosophy provides a compelling argument for the re‐centring of medical practice around the patient history as a means of restoring to the clinical encounter the human meaning that is too often lost in modern medicine. Furthermore, we examine howCollingwood's historical thinking offers a patient‐centred epistemology and a more pluralistic concept of evidence that includes the qualitative, narrative evidence necessary for human understanding. We suggest that clinical medicine can benefit fromCollingwood's historical thinking, and, more generally, illustrates how a philosophy of medicine that draws on diverse sources from the humanities offers a richer, more empathetic clinical practice.
Cochliopodium arabianum n. sp. (Amorphea, Amoebozoa)
Authors: Tekle Yonas I. , Gorfu Lydia A. , Anderson O. Roger 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA new species of Cochliopodium isolated from freshwater at Arabia Lake in Lithonia, GA, USA is described based on light microscopic morphology, fine structure, and molecular genetic evidence. Cochliopodium arabianum n. sp., previously labeled as “isolate Con1” in prior publications, has been shown to group within the genus Cochliopodium in our molecular phylogenetic analysis. Light microscopy and fine structure evidence indicates the new isolate not only shares characters of the genus but also unique distinctive features. Cochliopodium arabianum n. sp. is typically round when stationary; or oval to sometimes broadly flabellate or triangular in shape during locomotion, with average length of 35 μm and breadth of 51 μm. Fine structure evidence indicates C. arabianum n. sp. has tower‐like scales, lacking a terminal spine, sharing high similarity with its closest relative C. actinophorum. However, the scales of C. arabianum n. sp. are unique in height and the breadth of the base plate. Both morphological and molecular data, including SSU‐rDNA and COI, indicate that this new species falls in a clade sufficiently different from other species to suggest that it is a valid new species.
The Uptake of GABA in Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Galvez Rojas Robert L. , Ahn Il‐Young , Suárez Mantilla Brian , Sant'Anna Celso , Pral Elizabeth Mieko Furusho , Silber Ariel Mariano 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is widely known as a neurotransmitter and signal transduction molecule found in vertebrates, plants, and some protozoan organisms. However, the presence of GABA and its role in trypanosomatids is unknown. Here, we report the presence of intracellular GABA and the biochemical characterization of its uptake in Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. Kinetic parameters indicated that GABA is taken up by a single transport system in pathogenic and nonpathogenic forms. Temperature dependence assays showed a profile similar to glutamate transport, but the effect of extracellular cations Na+, K+, and H+ on GABA uptake differed, suggesting a different uptake mechanism. In contrast to reports for other amino acid transporters in T. cruzi, GABA uptake was Na+ dependent and increased with pH, with a maximum activity at pH 8.5. The sensitivity to oligomycin showed that GABA uptake is dependent on ATP synthesis. These data point to a secondary active Na+/GABA symporter energized by Na+‐exporting ATPase. Finally, we show that GABA occurs in the parasite's cytoplasm under normal culture conditions, indicating that it is regularly taken up from the culture medium or synthesized through an still undescribed metabolic pathway.
Two in vitro methods for screening potential parasiticides against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis using Tetrahymena thermophila
Authors: Xu D‐H , Zhang Q‐Z , Zhang D 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIchthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) is a ciliate parasite that infects many species of freshwater fishes worldwide and causes heavy economic losses in aquaculture. Currently, parasiticides for controlling this parasite are limited, and few pond‐practical chemical therapies exist. Hence, the search for new parasiticides is urgently needed. One challenge confronting the screening of potential parasiticides is the difficulty in raising enough parasite for efficacy testing as Ich is an obligate parasite. This study used species of Tetrahymena, Ich‐related and cultivable ciliate protozoa, to evaluate two in vitro methods to test parasiticides. Plate counting and MTS assays (CellTiter 96® AQueous Non‐Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay) were used to compare lethal concentrations or median lethal concentrations (LC50) of copper sulphate, formalin and malachite green between T. thermophila and Ich theronts or between T. thermophila and Ich tomonts. The parasiticides that killed T. thermophila have been demonstrated to kill theronts or tomonts. These in vitro methods using T. thermophila can be used to screen novel parasiticides against Ich.
Appraising the methodological quality of cadaveric studies: validation of the QUACS scale
Authors: Wilke J. , Krause F. , Niederer D. , Engeroff T. , Nürnberger F. , Vogt L. , Banzer W. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAlthough systematic reviews are conducted in the field of anatomical research, no instruments exist for the assessment of study quality. Thus, our objective was to develop a valid tool that reliably assesses the methodological quality of observational cadaveric studies. The QUACS scale (QUality Appraisal for Cadaveric Studies) was developed using an expert consensus process. It consists of a 13‐item checklist addressing the design, conduct and report of cadaveric dissection studies. To evaluate inter‐rater reliability, a blinded investigator obtained an initial pool of 120 observational cadaveric studies. Sixty‐eight of them were selected randomly according to sample size calculations. Three independent researchers rated each publication by means of the QUACS scale. The reliability of the total score was estimated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). To assess agreement among individual items, margin‐free kappa values were calculated. For construct validity, two experts (an anatomist and an experienced physician) categorized the quality of 15 randomly selected studies as ‘excellent’ (4 points), ‘moderate to good’ (3 points), poor to moderate’ (2 points) or ‘poor’ (1 point). Kendall's tau rank correlation was used to compare the expert ratings with the scores on the QUACS scale. An evaluation of feasibility was carried out during the reliability analysis. All three raters recorded the duration of quality appraisal for each article. Means were used to describe average time exposure. The ICC for the total score was 0.87 (95% confidence interval: 0.82–0.92; P < 0.0001). For individual items, margin‐free kappa values ranged between 0.56 and 0.96 with an agreement of 69–97% among the three raters. Kendall's tau B coefficient of the association between expert ratings and the results obtained with the QUACS scale was 0.69 (P < 0.01). Required rating time per article was 5.4 ± 1.6 min. The QUACS scale is highly reliable and exhibits strong construct validity. Thus, it can confidently be applied in assessing the methodological quality of observational dissection studies.
Designing for military pararescue: Naturalistic decision‐making perspective, methods, and frameworks
Authors: Militello Laura G. , Sushereba Christen E. , Branlat Matthieu , Bean Robert , Finomore Victor 
Published: April 2015

Naturalistic decision‐making (NDM) research offers important guidance for designing information technology to be used by people who conduct extreme activities in extreme environments, such as military special operators. Recent advances in technology make it possible to deploy information technology in extreme environments (e.g., desert, arctic, high altitude, underwater) to support people who engage in complex and dangerous activities. This practitioner case integrates and operationalizes relevant NDM research including an NDM perspective, methods (cognitive task analysis, staged world exercise, and functional analysis), and frameworks (macrocognition, Laws that Govern Cognitive Work in Action, and Cognitive Performance Indicators) to inform design and identify the potential pitfalls associated with introducing information technology into extreme environments. A project conducted with the United States Air Force pararescue jumpers illustrates the complexity and relevance of NDM research in this challenging design space. Pararescue jumpers are military personnel who specialize in recovering personnel and administering life‐saving medical treatment in a wide variety of operational environments.Practitioner points

Recent technological advances make it possible to introduce information technology into domains requiring extreme activities in extreme environments.

Naturalistic decision‐making research offers perspective, methods, and frameworks relevant to designing for extreme activities in extreme environments.

Naturalistic decision‐making research provides guidance for anticipating potential pitfalls in introducing information technology.
Doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer is driven by light at night‐induced disruption of the circadian melatonin signal
Authors: Xiang Shulin , Dauchy Robert T. , Hauch Adam , Mao Lulu , Yuan Lin , Wren Melissa A. , Belancio Victoria P. , Mondal Debasis , Frasch Tripp , Blask David E. , Hill Steven M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractChemotherapeutic resistance, particularly to doxorubicin (Dox), represents a major impediment to successfully treating breast cancer and is linked to elevated tumor metabolism and tumor over‐expression and/or activation of various families of receptor‐ and non‐receptor‐associated tyrosine kinases. Disruption of circadian time structure and suppression of nocturnal melatonin production by dim light exposure at night (dLEN), as occurs with shift work, and/or disturbed sleep–wake cycles, is associated with a significantly increased risk of an array of diseases, including breast cancer. Melatonin inhibits human breast cancer growth via mechanisms that include the suppression of tumor metabolism and inhibition of expression or phospho‐activation of the receptor kinases AKT and ERK1/2 and various other kinases and transcription factors. We demonstrate in tissue‐isolated estrogen receptor alpha‐positive (ERα+) MCF‐7 human breast cancer xenografts, grown in nude rats maintained on a light/dark cycle of LD 12:12 in which dLEN is present during the dark phase (suppressed endogenous nocturnal melatonin), a significant shortening of tumor latency‐to‐onset, increased tumor metabolism and growth, and complete intrinsic resistance to Dox therapy. Conversely, a LD 12:12 dLEN environment incorporating nocturnal melatonin replacement resulted in significantly lengthened tumor latency‐to‐onset, tumor regression, suppression of nighttime tumor metabolism, and kinase and transcription factor phosphorylation, while Dox sensitivity was completely restored. Melatonin acts as both a tumor metabolic inhibitor and circadian‐regulated kinase inhibitor to reestablish the sensitivity of breast tumors to Dox and drive tumor regression, indicating that dLEN‐induced circadian disruption of nocturnal melatonin production contributes to a complete loss of tumor sensitivity to Dox chemotherapy.
Study of a cognitive effects model in Dohsa‐hou for the elderly
Authors: Adachi Masaki 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis study investigates the primary factors responsible for cognitive performance improvements as a result of dohsa‐hou (Japanese body‐oriented psychotherapy) for the elderly. The study divided participants into two homogeneous groups: an experimental group that attempted to improve upright balance by performing dohsa‐hou, and a control group to establish the drop‐off period for the effect of performing the given activities. The task processing time of Stroop Test and body sway and the situational anxiety during task processing of Stroop Tests were measured before and after the dohsa‐hou and drop‐off period. The results confirm that only the experimental group improved in body sway, had a shorter Stroop Color Test processing time and lower situational anxiety. From this study, it has been identified that: (a) information‐processing capacities spared for posture control are affected by distribution of processing resources towards solving other cognitive tasks; and (b) the effect of the release of attention from threat‐related information due to a decrease in attentional bias, which accompanied the decrease in situational anxiety, are primary factors in improving cognitive task performance.
A structural equation model of pre‐service teachers' perceptions of future goals and current course‐related motivation
Authors: Lee Jumi , Turner Jeannine E. , Thomson Margareta Maria 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis study examined relationships between pre‐service teachers' perceptions of future goals and motivation to complete current tasks required in teacher education courses. Using 351 pre‐service teachers' survey responses from two southern universities in the USA, a full‐structural modeling was conducted. Results showed pre‐service teachers' perceived endogenous instrumentality (value of the current course “content” to attain future goals) had a direct effect on their intrinsic motivation, and their perceived exogenous instrumentality (value of the current “grade” to attain future goals) had a direct effect on their extrinsic motivation. This research suggests students' understanding of a relationship between their course content and future goal encourages their motivation to learn for enjoyment. Furthermore, students' understanding of a relationship between the course grade of the current course and their future goal encourages their motivation to get a high course grade, not necessarily because they enjoyed the course content. This study contributes to understanding pre‐service teachers' cognitive/motivational characteristics and to developing appropriate learning environments of teacher education that align with pre‐service teachers' learning characteristics to promote their effective learning.
Potential of polymerase chain reaction and galactomannan for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with febrile neutropenia
Authors: Aslan Muge , Oz Yasemin , Aksit Filiz , Akay Olga M. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe incidence of invasive aspergillosis (IA) has increased over the last years, especially in immuncompromised patients with high mortality rates. Because of difficulties about the diagnosis; serological methods [galactomannan (GM) antigen test] and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) developed in recent years. MycAssay Aspergillus PCR performance in the diagnosis of IA was evaluated and compared with the GM and in‐house PCR. This study was conducted with 358 serum samples obtained from 99 patient with febrile neutropenic episodes who were followed in haematology and bone marrow transplantation units. Patients were classified by the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group criteria, 18 of them is proven and probable IA. GM antigen test and two different real‐time PCR; one of them is fist commercial PCR for IA; Mycassay Aspergillus and the other one is in‐house real‐time PCR performed. Sensitivity values were Mycassay Aspergillus PCR, in‐house PCR, and GM 65.38%, 11.53% and 23.07%, respectively. The high sensitivity obtained from Mycassay Aspergillus PCR and sensitivity is increased by using a combination of diagnostic methods. GM antigen test and real‐time PCR could be beneficial for early diagnosis and treatment of IA. For routine usage of PCR as diagnostic assay more studies needed in future.
Persistence of Phrenic Nerve Palsy Following 28‐mm Cryoballoon Ablation: A Four‐Year Single Center Experience
Authors: SAITOH YUKIO , IRFAN GHAZALA , CICONTE GIUSEPPE , MUGNAI GIACOMO , SIEIRA JUAN , DI GIOVANNI GIACOMO , BALTOGIANNIS GIANNIS , CONTE GIULIO , HÜNÜK BURAK , STRÖKER ERWIN , VELAGIĆ VEDRAN , OVEREINDER INGRID , DE ASMUNDIS CARLO , CHIERCHIA GIAN‐BATTISTA , BRUGADA PEDRO 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundPhrenic nerve palsy (PNP) is the most frequently observed complication in the setting of cryoballoon (CB) ablation (Arctic Front, Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). Although, usually transient, resolving before the end of the procedure, persistent PNP (not resolving before the end of procedure) can occur. Literature on persistent PNP after second generation CB ablation is relatively sparse.MethodsA total of 316 consecutive patients having undergone large 28‐mm CB ablation as index procedure in the Heart Rhythm Management Center, UZ Brussels, Belgium, from January 2009 to December 2013 were retrospectively reviewed for the study. Of these 117 patients were treated with the first generation CB (CB1) and 199 patients with the second generation CB (CB2).ResultsPNP occurred in 10% of the total population. Persistent PNP was only observed following CB2 ablation which occurred in 4.5% of the group. At a mean follow‐up of 11 months, diaphragmatic contraction in persistent PNP patients resumed in 78% (7/9) of the patients. In a final follow‐up at 5 and 20 months, PNP persisted in two patients, respectively. PNP during ablation in the right inferior pulmonary vein was only observed in the CB2 group. No predictors of persistency of PNP were observed.ConclusionPersistence of PNP only occurred in the CB2 group in 4.5% of patients. The majority of patients with persistent PNP were asymptomatic. In most of the patients having persistent PNP after ablation, complete phrenic nerve function resumed during follow‐up (78%).