bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Microwave Treatment on Carbon Electrode for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Cho Yong Il , Park Se Jun , Hwang Ho Jung , Lee Jin Goo , Jeon Yu Kwon , Chu Young Hwan , Shul Yong‐gun 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) is an attractive energy storage technology due to its great advantages such as high energy efficiency and long life cycle. A carbon electrode has been commonly used as the electrode material for the VRB system. In this study, the effects of microwave treatment on the carbon electrode for the VRB are investigated under different microwave powers (0, 500, and 650 W). The microwave‐treated carbon electrode is about twice as large as the pristine carbon electrode in specific surface area, showing about 2.72, 4.46, and 4.63 m2 g−1 at 0, 500, and 650 W, respectively. The oxygen‐containing functional groups such as CO, CO, and OCO, which can promote the redox reactions in the VRB system, are also increased by the microwave treatment. When the microwave‐treated carbon electrode is applied as the positive electrode for the VRB system, the coulomb, voltage, and energy efficiencies are enhanced. Thus, the microwave treatment can be a simple and effective method to prepare the carbon electrode for the VRB system.
Synthesis of a Double Helicene by a Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction: Structure and Physical Properties
Authors: Kashihara Hitoshi , Asada Toshio , Kamikawa Ken 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFor this study, twisted π‐extended helicene 1 and double helicene 2 with a helicene framework were synthesized through palladium‐catalyzed CH arylation or Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. X‐ray crystallography revealed grossly twisted structures that were soluble in various conventional organic solvents. Optical properties based on UV/Vis and fluorescence spectra were measured. Electrochemical properties were also studied by measurements of cyclic voltammetry in 1 and 2, which revealed their HOMO and the LUMO energies. Theoretical calculation supports their HOMO and LUMO energies and molecular orbitals. Furthermore, a racemization process of 2 predicted that the activation free energy at 300 K would be 31.8 kcal mol−1 by DFT calculation, which indicated the static helicity at 300 K.
Lanthanide Complexes of Azidophenacyl‐DO3A as New Synthons for Click Chemistry and the Synthesis of Heterometallic Lanthanide Arrays
Authors: Tropiano Manuel , Kenwright Alan M. , Faulkner Stephen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLanthanide complexes of azidophenacyl DO3A are effective substrates for click reactions with ethyne derivatives, giving rise to aryl triazole appended lanthanide complexes, in which the aryl triazole acts as an effective sensitising chromophore for lanthanide luminescence. They also undergo click chemistry with propargylDO3A derivatives, giving rise to heterometallic complexes.
ChemInform Abstract: Semiconducting Properties and Phase‐Matching Nonlinear Optical Response of the One‐Dimensional Selenophosphates ANb2PSe10 (A: K, Rb, and Cs).
Authors: Syrigos Jonathan C. , Clark Daniel J. , Saouma Felix O. , Clarke Samantha M. , Fang Lei , Jang Joon I. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractANb2PSe10 (A: K, Rb, Cs) are prepared by polyselenophosphate flux reactions using a mixture of K2Se or A2Se2 (A: Rb, Cs), Nb, P2Se5, and Se (evacuated silica tube, 600 °C, 3 d) followed by flux removal with N2 degassed DMF.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I) Oxide Nanoparticles in Glycerol: A Convenient Catalyst for Cross‐Coupling and Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition Processes.
Authors: Chahdoura Faouzi , Pradel Christian , Gomez Montserrat 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCopper(I) oxide nanoparticles stabilized by polyvinylpyrrolidone are synthesized and applied to C—heteroatom coupling and azide—alkyne Huisgen type cycloaddition reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Desymmetrization of 2‐Substituted and 2,2‐Disubstituted 1,3‐Diols via Oxidative Cleavage of Benzylidene Acetals.
Authors: Meng Shan‐Shui , Liang Yong , Cao Kou‐Sen , Zou Lufeng , Lin Xing‐Bang , Yang Hui , Houk K. N. , Zheng Wen‐Hua 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis highly enantioselective reaction proceeds through formation of an “ortho ester” intermediate via oxidation of the 1,3‐diol benzylidene acetal by dimethyldioxirane and a subsequent proton transfer catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acids (CPA).
ChemInform Abstract: Aerobic Oxygenative Cleavage of Electron Deficient C—C Triple Bonds in the Gold‐Catalyzed Cyclization of 1,6‐Enynes.
Authors: Patil Dilip V. , Park Hyun‐Sub , Koo Jaeyoung , Han Jin Wook , Shin Seunghoon 
Published: March 2015

Abstract19 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Propargyl and Allyl Claisen Rearrangements to Allenyl‐ and Allyl‐Substituted β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Liu Yangbin , Hu Haipeng , Zheng Haifeng , Xia Yong , Liu Xiaohua , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis is a highly efficient Ni(II)‐catalyzed Claisen rearrangement of a variety of both propargyl and allyl vinyl ethers using a chiral N,N‐dioxide as ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc(II) Hexachloroantimonate‐Catalyzed Oxidative Allylation of Glycine Derivatives.
Authors: Yoo Woo‐Jin , Tanoue Arata , Kobayashi Shu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGlycine‐derived esters and amides (I) and (IV) are chemoselectively C‐allylated in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Preparation of Chiral Carbacycles from Morita—Baylis—Hillman Carbonates by an Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation/Olefin Metathesis Sequence.
Authors: Putaj Piotr , Ticha Iveta , Cisarova Ivana , Vesely Jan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn efficient asymmetric allylic alkylation of Morita—Baylis—Hillman adducts with allyl and homoallyl malononitrile is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Decarboxylation of a Wide Range of Amino Acids with Electrogenerated Hypobromite.
Authors: Matthessen Roman , Claes Laurens , Fransaer Jan , Binnemans Koen , De Vos Dirk E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOptimized conditions for the electrogeneration of bromide allow the direct decarboxylation of natural amino acids to give nitriles in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Ynol Ethers.
Authors: Yin Jing , Bai Yihui , Mao Mengyi , Zhu Gangguo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe reaction produces (Z)‐α‐alkoxy enol esters and can be applied to a broad spectrum of ynol ethers and carboxylic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Annulation Reactions of Allenyl Esters: An Approach to Bicyclic Diones and Medium‐Sized Rings.
Authors: Bhat Bilal A. , Maki Samantha L. , St.Germain Elijah J. , Maity Pradip , Lepore Salvatore D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe addition of allenyl esters (II) to α‐sulfonyl cycloalkanes (I) leads to lactones (III), which are converted into desired bicyclic diones (IV) by a reductive intramolecular aldol cyclization and a subsequent oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Novel Chiral N,N,O‐tridentate Phenanthroline Ligands and Their Application to Enantioselective Addition of Organozinc Reagents to Aldehydes.
Authors: Naganawa Yuki , Namba Tomoya , Aoyama Tomotaka , Shoji Kentaro , Nishiyama Hisao 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDesign of the novel type of axially chiral ligand (BPT) is based on the concept of innovation utilizing phenanthroline units which has superior coordination ability with a wide range of metal ions.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,3‐Dihalo‐1‐propenes as Building Blocks in Cu(I)‐Catalyzed Domino Reactions: Efficient and Selective Synthesis of Furans.
Authors: Schmidt Dietmar , Malakar Chandi C. , Beifuss Uwe 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTrisubstituted furans are synthesized in an efficient and selective one‐pot process by reacting dibromopropenes with 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Double Carboxylation of Alkynes Employing Carbon Dioxide.
Authors: Fujihara Tetsuaki , Horimoto Yuichiro , Mizoe Taiga , Sayyed Fareed Bhasha , Tani Yosuke , Terao Jun , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Tsuji Yasushi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Ni‐catalyzed double carboxylation of internal alkynes with CO2, affording highly versatile maleic anhydrides as products is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: A Base‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of 5‐Cyano‐Pentyne Derivatives: An Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Cyano‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrroles.
Authors: Meng Jia , Li Yi‐Jin , Zhao Yu‐Long , Bu Xiu‐Bin , Liu Qun 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe title reaction involves a tandem process providing access to 3‐cyano‐pyrrolines (II) and (IV) with 1,3‐cyano migration as the key transformation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized Indoles via Palladium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cycloisomerization of o‐Allylanilines.
Authors: Nallagonda Rajender , Rehan Mohammad , Ghorai Prasanta 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA two‐step one‐pot procedure starting from aniline (IX) and allyl alcohol (X) is also presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclic Indole Aminals via 1,3‐Stereoinduction.
Authors: Li Hongmei , Chen Cheng‐yi , Nguyen Hoa , Cohen Ryan , Maligres Peter E. , Yasuda Nobuyoshi , Mangion Ian , Zavialov Ilia , Reibarkh Mikhail , Chung John Y. L. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCyclic indole aminals are efficiently prepared through a highly stereoselective, dynamic crystallization‐driven cyclocondensation followed by dehydrogenation of the primary indoline aminals.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Michael/Hemiketalization of 5‐Hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one to β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Ketoesters Catalyzed by a Bifunctional Rosin—Indane Amine Thiourea Catalyst.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Swain Manisha , Reddy S. Madhusudana , Yadav J. S. , Sridhar B. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTitle reaction provides Michael adducts in high yields and excellent enantiomeric excess.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of Polysubstituted Furo[3,2‐c]chromen‐4‐ones and 7,8,9,10‐Tetrahydro‐6H‐benzofuro[3,2‐c]chromen‐6‐ones.
Authors: Zhang Rongrong , Xu Zichao , Yin Wenzheng , Liu Pin , Zhang Weihua 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMost of the new compounds (III) and (V) show potent antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea, Collecterichum capsica, Alternaria solani, Gibberella zeae, and Rhizoctorzia solani.
ChemInform Abstract: Ru(II)‐Catalyzed Selective C—H Amination of Xanthones and Chromones with Sulfonyl Azides: Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation.
Authors: Shin Youngmi , Han Sangil , De Umasankar , Park Jihye , Sharma Satyasheel , Mishra Neeraj Kumar , Lee Eui‐Kyung , Lee Youngil , Kim Hyung Sik , Kim In Su 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSome of the 1‐sulfonaminoxanthones synthesized such as (IIIg), and (IXa) show a promising growth‐inhibition activity against human breast cancer MCF‐7 cells.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Efficient Route to 7‐Aryl‐6‐fluoro‐8‐nitroquinolones as Potent Antibacterial Agents.
Authors: Al‐Trawneh Salah A. , El‐Abadelah Mustafa M. , Al‐Abadleh Mohammad M. , Zani Franca , Incerti Matteo , Vicini Paola 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAll new quinolone derivatives (IV) show antibacterial activities higher than the reference drug ciprofloxacin, both towards Gram positive Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram negative Haemophilus influenza strains.
ChemInform Abstract: Eco‐Efficient Synthesis of Cyclic Carbamates/Dithiocarbonimidates from Cyclic Carbonates/Trithiocarbonate and Aromatic Amines Catalyzed by Ionic Liquid BmimOAc.
Authors: Wang Binshen , Yang Sijuan , Min Lijun , Gu Yanlong , Zhang Yongya , Wu Xiaopei , Zhang Lifeng , Elageed Elnazeer H. M. , Wu Shi , Gao Guohua 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe reaction of cyclic carbonates with a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic amines is advantageously achieved in [bmim]OAc as catalytic solvent to yield cyclic carbamates.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Catalyzed Intramolecular Ring‐Opening of Triazole‐Substituted Methylenecyclopropanes: An Approach to 4H‐[1,2,3]Triazolopyrazines and 4H‐[1,2,3]Triazolo[1,4]diazepines.
Authors: Sun Run , Zhang Di‐Han , Shi Min 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe same products are obtained regardless whether the substrates are applied as their (E)‐ or (Z)‐isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed 1,2‐Acyloxy Migration/Intramolecular [3 + 2] 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddtion Cascade Reaction: An Efficient Strategy for Syntheses of Medium‐Sized‐Ring Ethers and Amines.
Authors: Zhao Changgui , Xie Xingang , Duan Shuangshuang , Li Huilin , Fang Ran , She Xuegong 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA facile protocol is developed for the cyclization reaction of ether and amine substrates to form 8‐ and 9‐membered ring products in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Sunlight‐Driven Copper‐Catalyst Activation Applied to Photolatent Click Chemistry.
Authors: Beniazza Redouane , Lambert Romain , Harmand Lydie , Molton Florian , Duboc Carole , Denisov Sergey , Jonusauskas Gedeminas , McClenaghan Nathan D. , Lastecoueres Dominique , Vincent Jean‐Marc 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe copper‐catalyst CUA can be activated by irradiation with daylight or light of 365 nm.
ChemInform Abstract: Palmarumycins from the Endophytic Fungus Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae XSZ‐3.
Authors: Lue Xiaojing , Chen Gang , Li Zhanlin , Zhang Yuhong , Wang Zaiying , Rong Weiwei , Pei Yuehu , Pan Huaqi , Hua Huiming , Bai Jiao 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOne new compound, palmarumycin LP1 (I), is isolated together with three known spiro‐dioxynaphthalene compounds, related to palmarumycins.
Green Synthesis of Ni–Nb oxide Catalysts for Low‐Temperature Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane
Authors: Zhu Haibo , Rosenfeld Devon C. , Anjum Dalaver H. , Caps Valérie , Basset Jean‐Marie 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe straightforward solid‐state grinding of a mixture of Ni nitrate and Nb oxalate crystals led to, after mild calcination (T<400 °C), nanostructured Ni–Nb oxide composites. These new materials efficiently catalyzed the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethane to ethylene at a relatively low temperature (T<300 °C). These catalysts appear to be much more stable than the corresponding composites prepared by other chemical methods; more than 90 % of their original intrinsic activity was retained after 50 h with time on‐stream. Furthermore, the stability was much less affected by the Nb content than in composites prepared by classical “wet” syntheses. These materials, obtained in a solvent‐free way, are thus promising green and sustainable alternatives to the current Ni–Nb candidates for the low‐temperature ODH of ethane.
On multiple‐domain cooperative diversity for communications with distributed content in G.hn networks
Authors: Gacanin Haris , Ligata Amir , Chahibi Youssef 
Published: March 2015

SummaryBroadband data applications can be delivered to homes over the available home network infrastructure (i.e., mediums). Further enhancement of the network performance is possible by exploiting spatial, time, or frequency diversity. Recently, MIMO systems have been proposed for power line communication (PLC) networks. Because of the extremely diverse physical characteristics of the mediums, an implementation of MIMO systems in G.hn across different domains represents a non‐trivial task. In this paper, we present and theoretically evaluate the performance of multiple‐domain diversity mechanism in G.hn using a cross‐layer classification algorithm. In the proposed network architecture, the signal is transmitted over different mediums selected by the classification algorithm in order to meet the quality‐of‐service demands. At the receiver, joint signal combining and equalization are done to take advantage of the multiple‐domain cooperative diversity and increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio. The merit of the proposed multiple‐domain PLC network has been confirmed by analytical performance analysis and computer simulation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing Chiral Recognition of Enzyme Active Sites with Octahedral Iridium(III) Propeller Complexes
Authors: Göbel Peter , Ritterbusch Florian , Helms Melanie , Bischof Matthias , Harms Klaus , Jung Manfred , Meggers Eric 
Published: March 2015

AbstractChiral bis‐cyclometalated octahedral organoiridium(III) complexes were designed to target different classes of enzymes, namely carbonic anhydrases, histone deacetylases, and serine proteases. The stereoselective non‐racemic synthesis of selected complexes was used to study the chiral discrimination of enzyme active sites for enantiomers of propeller‐type octahedral metal complexes. Cases for negligible, modest, and significant chiral discrimination in the interaction of iridium propeller complexes with enzyme active sites were identified.
Stabilization of cod liver oil with a quaternary combination of α‐tocopherol and synergists: Method of assessment
Authors: Budilarto Elizabeth S. , Kamal‐Eldin Afaf 
Published: March 2015

This study aimed to identify the concentrations of a quaternary combination of α‐tocopherol (α‐TOH, 1200–2000 ppm), ascorbyl palmitate (AP, 100–900 ppm), phosphatidylcholine (PC, 1000–9000 ppm), and L‐lysine (1000–9000 ppm) optimum for the protection of cod liver oil against oxidation at 30°C. The control oil contained 1100 ppm α‐TOH. The evaluation of antioxidant potency considered the rates of formation of conjugated dienes (CD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and rate of loss of α‐TOH between Day 1 and Day 4 of oxidation. The trials were designed and analyzed by RSM. Mathematical models of second order polynomial with good confidence (p ≤ 0.05) fitted the formation of TBARS and loss of α‐TOH but not the length of the induction period (IP) and the rate of formation of CD. The optimal levels of the four additives (in ppm) were found to be 1200 for α‐TOH, 100 for AP, 9000 for PC, and 1000 for L‐lysine. Higher concentrations of α‐TOH and AP either did not give better protections or resulted in a loss of antioxidant efficacy compared to when these additives were added at lower levels. PC was effective at the wide range of high concentrations while L‐lysine was most protective at levels up to 5000 ppm. The rate of formation of TBARS was found to provide a very good model for evaluating the stabilizing effects of additives (R2 = 0.8187, p‐value = 0.012) while the IP and the rate of formation of CD provided unsatisfactory models (p values 0.557 and 0.112, respectively).Effect of primary antioxidants and synergists on TBARS formation in fish oil.
Diastereoselective Hydrolysis of Asymmetric P–Cl Species and Synthesis of Optically Pure (RP)‐(–)‐Menthyl H‐Phenylphosphinate
Authors: Wang Wei‐Min , Liu Li‐Juan , Zhao Chang‐Qiu , Han Li‐Biao 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPhenyl dichlorophosphine reacted with (L)‐(–)‐menthol to afford two diastereomers of menthyl phenylphosphinate (RP)‐1a/(SP)‐1a′ in up to 89:11 dr. Compound (RP)‐1a was isolated in 58 % yield (60 g) and > 99:1 dr. An HCl‐promoted diastereoselective hydrolysis of the P–Cl species was found to be involved in the reaction. On the basis of this, a mixture of 1a/1a′ with 50:50 dr was converted to a mixture enriched in 1a with 88:12 dr by treatment with phosphorus trichloride.
Fe3+/Fe2+ Mycobactin‐Complex Electrochemistry as an Approach to Determine Mycobactin Levels in Urine
Authors: McBride Nicholas S. , Hall Elizabeth A. H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMycobacterium acquire iron by producing siderophores called mycobactins, with an extremely high affinity complexation of Fe3+. The iron complex shows distinctive electrochemistry predicting 18 orders of magnitude greater affinity of the mycobactin for Fe3+ than Fe2+. A heterogeneous standard rate constant, ks of the order of 10−5 cm s−1 confirms quasi reversible electrochemistry and based on the equilibrium in the presence of excess solution Fe3+/Fe2+ the oxidation and reduction peaks for the siderophore complex could be calibrated for ferric mycobactin J (FeMJ). FeMJ spiked urine collected from cows showed a matrix effect on the current peak height. For example, 240±15 µM FeMJ was estimated in 600 µM spiked urine. However, in the presence of excess solution Fe(acac)3 the same sample yielded an estimated 580±25 µM FeMJ.
Determination of Nitrates in Water Samples by In‐Electrode Coulometric Titration in Copper Coated Porous Vitreous Carbon Electrode
Authors: Lauko Lukas , Cacho Frantisek , Lenghartova Katarina , Sadecka Jana , Beinrohr Ernest 
Published: March 2015

AbstractNitrate in water samples was determined by in‐electrode coulometric titration in porous electrode made of vitreous carbon particles coated with copper. The sample was mixed with diluted sulfuric acid containing 1 mmol/L hydrochloric acid, the solution was filled into the cell and electrode and the nitrate ions were directly reduced by constant current to ammonium ions. The stoichiometry of the electrode reaction was found by coulometric and photometric measurements. The detection limit and precision were found to be 0.2 mg/L and 1.7 %, respectively. The interfering effect of high chloride contents was eliminated by precipitating chlorides with silver sulfate. The method was applied for the analysis of various water samples and beverages. The results were in good agreement with data from isotachophoretic and photometric measurements.
Quantile Estimation of Optimal Hedge Ratio
Authors: Lien Donald , Shrestha Keshab , Wu Jing 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this study, we analyze the dependence of hedging effectiveness on the realization of spot return by introducing the concept of a quantile hedge ratio. We estimate quantile hedge ratios for 20 different commodities at 15 quantiles. For daily data, we find that the quantile hedge ratio varies with the spot return distribution, displaying an inverted‐U relationship such that the quantile hedge ratios are generally smaller at the upper and lower tails of the spot distribution. The severity of these characteristics differs across commodities. However, for weekly and four‐weekly data, these characteristics are less prominent. Thus, the conventional hedge ratio would be appropriate for longer horizons, but not for shorter horizons. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 36:194–214, 2016
The Impervious Route to Peptide‐Based Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Gatto Emanuela , Venanzi Mariano 
Published: March 2015

AbstractElectron transfer through peptide scaffolds has been studied for a long time as a useful and simple approach to investigate the mechanisms of the ubiquitous electron‐transfer processes in biology. Here, we review our long‐standing work in the field, focused on the study of the electronic conduction properties of hybrid devices based on peptide films immobilized on metal surfaces. In particular, we describe the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical properties of peptide‐based self‐assembled monolayers chemically linked to gold substrates through a disulfide group. Very recently, this work culminated in the construction of a prototype dye‐sensitized solar cell, the photoactive element of which was constituted by a helical oligopeptide functionalized with a near‐UV‐absorbing chromophore. We also take advantage of the occasion to critically review the state of the art of the field, with suggestions for the issues needing further investigation.