bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preseismic ionospheric electron enhancements revisited
Authors: Heki Kosuke , Enomoto Yuji 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPossible enhancement of ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) immediately before the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake (Mw9.0) has been reported by Heki (2011). Critical responses to it often come in two stages; they first doubt the enhancement itself and attribute it to an artifact. Second (when they accept the enhancement), they doubt the significance of the enhancement among natural variability of space weather origin. For example, Kamogawa and Kakinami (2013) attributed the enhancement to an artifact falsely detected by the combined effect of the highly variable TEC under active geomagnetic condition and the occurrence of a tsunamigenic ionospheric hole. Here we closely examine the time series of vertical TEC before and after the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake. We first demonstrate that the tsunami did not make an ionospheric hole, and next confirm the reality of the enhancement using data of two other sensors, ionosonde and magnetometers. The amplitude of the preseismic TEC enhancement is within the natural variability, and its snapshot resembles to large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances. However, distinction could be made by examining their propagation properties. Similar TEC anomalies occurred before all the M ≥ 8.5 earthquakes in this century, suggesting their seismic origin.
Synoptic and dynamical analysis of subtropical cyclone Anita (2010) and its potential for tropical transition over the South Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Dias Pinto João Rafael , Reboita Michelle Simões , da Rocha Rosmeri Porfírio 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSubtropical cyclogenesis and tropical transitions (TT) over the South Atlantic Ocean only received attention after the first documented Hurricane Catarina occurred close to the southern Brazilian coast in March 2004. However, due to the lack of studies in this part of the Atlantic Ocean, it is still unclear what the main environmental conditions and dynamical processes associated with TT or even subtropical cyclogenesis are over the region. This study presents a synoptic and dynamical analysis of the subtropical cyclone Anita which occurred in March 2010 near the Brazilian coast. This system started as a pure subtropical cyclone, evolved to a condition favorable to TT, later developed into a cold‐core structure, and decayed as an extratropical cyclone. During the period favorable for TT, the turbulent heat fluxes (latent plus sensible) from the ocean decreased, and Anita started interacting with another extratropical disturbance, preventing the TT to happen. This interaction, in turn, increased the vertical wind shear, allowed the extratropical transition to occur, and promoted the westward displacement of Anita to colder waters, thus decreasing the turbulent heat fluxes. The results suggest that the combination of a dipole blocking pattern aloft, with contribution from barotropic energy conversions, and strong turbulent fluxes is an important ingredient for tropical storm development. Hybrid storms in such environmental conditions can be one form of precursors of hurricanes over the South Atlantic.
A multitower measurement network estimate of California's methane emissions
Authors: Jeong Seongeun , Hsu Ying‐Kuang , Andrews Arlyn E. , Bianco Laura , Vaca Patrick , Wilczak James M. , Fischer Marc L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe present an analysis of methane (CH4) emissions using atmospheric observations from five sites in California's Central Valley across different seasons (September 2010 to June 2011). CH4 emissions for spatial regions and source sectors are estimated by comparing measured CH4 mixing ratios with transport model (Weather Research and Forecasting and Stochastic Time‐Inverted Lagrangian Transport) predictions based on two 0.1° CH4 (seasonally varying “California‐specific” (California Greenhouse Gas Emission Measurements, CALGEM) and a static global (Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research, release version 42, EDGAR42)) prior emission models. Region‐specific Bayesian analyses indicate that for California's Central Valley, the CALGEM‐ and EDGAR42‐based inversions provide consistent annual total CH4 emissions (32.87 ± 2.09 versus 31.60 ± 2.17 Tg CO2eq yr−1; 68% confidence interval (CI), assuming uncorrelated errors between regions). Summing across all regions of California, optimized CH4 emissions are only marginally consistent between CALGEM‐ and EDGAR42‐based inversions (48.35 ± 6.47 versus 64.97 ± 11.85 Tg CO2eq), because emissions from coastal urban regions (where landfill and natural gas emissions are much higher in EDGAR than CALGEM) are not strongly constrained by the measurements. Combining our results with those from a recent study of the South Coast Air Basin narrows the range of estimates to 43–57 Tg CO2eq yr−1 (1.3–1.8 times higher than the current state inventory). These results suggest that the combination of rural and urban measurements will be necessary to verify future changes in California's total CH4 emissions.
Physical ecology of hypolithic communities in the central Namib Desert: The role of fog, rain, rock habitat, and light
Authors: Warren‐Rhodes Kimberley A. , McKay Christopher P. , Boyle Linda Ng , Wing Michael R. , Kiekebusch Elsita M. , Cowan Don A. , Stomeo Francesca , Pointing Stephen B. , Kaseke Kudzai F. , Eckardt Frank , Henschel Joh R. , Anisfeld Ari , Seely Mary , Rhodes Kevin L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHypolithic microbial communities are productive niches in deserts worldwide, but many facets of their basic ecology remain unknown. The Namib Desert is an important site for hypolith study because it has abundant quartz rocks suitable for colonization and extends west to east across a transition from fog‐ to rain‐dominated moisture sources. We show that fog sustains and impacts hypolithic ecology in several ways, as follows: (1) fog effectively replaces rainfall in the western zone of the central Namib to enable high (≥95%) hypolithic abundance at landscape (1–10 km) and larger scales; and (2) high water availability, through fog (western zone) and/or rainfall (eastern zone), results in smaller size‐class rocks being colonized (mean 6.3 ± 1.2 cm) at higher proportions (e.g., 98% versus approximately 3%) than in previously studied hyperarid deserts. We measured 0.1% of incident sunlight as the lower limit for hypolithic growth on quartz rocks in the Namib and found that uncolonized ventral rock surfaces were limited by light rather than moisture. In situ monitoring showed that although rainfall supplied more liquid water (36 h) per event than fog (mean 4 h), on an equivalent annual basis, fog provided nearly twice as much liquid water as rainfall to the hypolithic zone. Hypolithic abundance reaches 100% at a mean annual precipitation (MAP) of approximately 40–60 mm, but at a much lower MAP (approximately 25 mm) when moisture from fog is available.
30‐Arcsecond monthly climate surfaces with global land coverage
Authors: Mosier Thomas M. , Hill David F. , Sharp Kendra V. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTMonthly total precipitation and mean temperature climate surfaces, gridded to 30‐arcseconds (≈1 km at the equator) and available for all global land areas, are presented. These datasets are generated with a Delta downscaling method, using the 30‐arcsecond WorldClim climatologies to scale monthly anomaly grids. For monthly mean temperature, the anomalies are constructed from both the Climate Research Unit (CRU) and Willmott & Matsuura (W&M) 0.5 degree time‐series datasets, whereas for monthly precipitation Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) data are also used. The 0.5 degree anomalies are then interpolated to the 30‐arcsecond resolution. Use of piecewise cubic Hermite interpolating polynomials (PCHIP) to interpolate the anomaly grids results in more physically representative Delta downscaled surfaces, compared to bilinear and cubic spline interpolation. The Delta downscaled products are compared to Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) station records for six test regions distributed globally. In this analysis, the Delta grids produced using the W&M time‐series dataset perform better than grids produced using GPCC or CRU. Using Oregon, USA as a test region, the Delta downscaled datasets are compared to the Parameter‐elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) datasets. For monthly precipitation, PRISM performs better than each of the three Delta downscaled datasets, but for mean temperature both Delta downscaled datasets outperform PRISM. Through computing the Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient between GHCN station delineated errors in the WorldClim climatologies and the Delta downscaled W&M data, it is shown that performance of the Delta grids corresponds strongly to performance of the reference climatologies. Therefore, future improvement of the 30‐arcsecond Delta grids described in this article is strongly tied to advances in the high‐resolution climatological data for all global land surfaces. The Delta downscaled datasets discussed herein are open‐source and freely distributed at http://www.globalclimatedata.org.
Performance of an empirical bias‐correction of a high‐resolution climate dataset
Authors: Bennett James C. , Grose Michael R. , Corney Stuart P. , White Christopher J. , Holz Gregory K. , Katzfey Jack J. , Post David A. , Bindoff Nathaniel L. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTWe describe the method and performance of a bias‐correction applied to high‐resolution (˜10 km) simulations from a stretched‐grid Regional Climate Model (RCM) over Tasmania, Australia. The bias‐correction is a quantile mapping of empirical cumulative frequency distributions. Corrections are applied at a daily time step to five variables: rainfall, potential evaporation (PE), solar radiation, maximum temperature and minimum temperature. Corrections are calculated independently for each season.We show that quantile mapping of empirical distributions can be highly effective in correcting biases in RCM outputs. Cross‐validation shows biases are effectively reduced across the range of cumulative frequency distributions, with few exceptions. The bias‐correction is not as effective at correcting biases for values at or near zero (e.g. in rainfall simulations), although even here the bias‐correction improves biases evident in the uncorrected simulations. In addition, the bias‐correction improves frequency characteristics of variables such as the number of rain days.We use a detrending technique to apply the bias‐correction to 140‐year time series of RCM variables. We show that the bias‐correction effectively preserves long‐term changes (e.g. to the mean and variance) to variables projected by the uncorrected RCM simulations. Correlations between key variables are also largely preserved, thus the bias‐corrected outputs reflect the dynamics of the underlying RCM. However, the bias‐corrected simulations still exhibit some of the deficiencies of the RCM simulations, e.g. the tendency to underestimate the magnitude and duration of large, multi‐day rain events, and the tendency to underestimate the duration of dry spells.The bias‐corrected simulations for six downscaled GCMs for the A2 and B1 emissions scenarios are available to researchers from http://www.tpac.org.au.
Endogenous versus exogenous growth factor regulation of articular chondrocytes
Authors: Shi Shuiliang , Chan Albert G. , Mercer Scott , Eckert George J. , Trippel Stephen B. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAnabolic growth factors that regulate the function of articular chondrocytes are candidates for articular cartilage repair. Such factors may be delivered by pharmacotherapy in the form of exogenous proteins, or by gene therapy as endogenous proteins. It is unknown whether delivery method influences growth factor effectiveness in regulating articular chondrocyte reparative functions. We treated adult bovine articular chondrocytes with exogenous recombinant insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and transforming growth factor‐beta1 (TGF‐β1), or with the genes encoding these growth factors for endogenous production. Treatment effects were measured as change in chondrocyte DNA content, glycosaminoglycan production, and aggrecan gene expression. We found that IGF‐I stimulated chondrocyte biosynthesis similarly when delivered by either exogenous or endogenous means. In contrast, exogenous TGF‐β1 stimulated these reparative functions, while endogenous TGF‐β1 had little effect. Endogenous TGF‐β1 became more bioactive following activation of the transgene protein product. These data indicate that effective mechanisms of growth factor delivery for articular cartilage repair may differ for different growth factors. In the case of IGF‐I, gene therapy or protein therapy appear to be viable options. In contrast, TGF‐β1 gene therapy may be constrained by a limited ability of chondrocytes to convert latent complexes to an active form. Published 2013 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 32:54–60, 2014.
The temperature dependence of the Raman spectra of chromium‐doped titanite (CaTiOSiO4)
Authors: Heyns Anton M. , Harden Peter M. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe temperature dependence of the Raman bands of Cr4+ modes which show enhanced intensities due to pre‐resonance effects is reported from 293 to 673 K in chromium‐doped titanite (CaTiOSiO4). Some aspects of the temperature dependence of Raman bands in pure, synthetic titanite which have not been previously published are also included in this study. Two Raman‐active components of Ag and Bg symmetry, respectively, of the symmetric Si–O mode in titanite are predicted under P21/a symmetry and also been identified in this phase for the first time. The one component of Bg symmetry disappears just above the antiferroelectric–paraelectric transition at ~500 K in accordance with the predictions under A2/a symmetry for the high‐temperature phase. Two resonance‐enhanced components of the Cr4+–O stretch are also evident in the P21/a phase and only one could be identified in the A2/a phase, again in accordance with group‐theoretical predictions. These observations can be used to characterize the P21/a and A2/a phases of pure synthetic and chromium‐doped titanite. The temperature dependence of the Cr4+–O modes can be approximated by two‐dimensional Ising behavior with the critical exponent β ≈ 1/8 below 450 K. Between 450 and 498 K, anomalous behavior is observed and this could be due to the appearance of mobile anti‐phase boundaries (APBs). Anomalous behavior also persists to temperatures above 500 K. The half‐width of the Ti–O stretching mode reflects the influence of the order parameter (Ti–O displacements) as well as mobile anti‐phase boundaries. No evidence could be found of the existence of other ions such as Cr4+‐ions in Ti‐sites and/or Cr3+‐ions also in Ti‐positions in Cr‐doped titanite in the Raman spectra using different laser lines to excite the spectra. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant changes during domestic food processing of the white shaft and green leaves of leek (Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum)
Authors: Bernaert Nathalie , De Loose Marc , Van Bockstaele Erik , Van Droogenbroeck Bart 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDEvaluating the effect of domestic cooking on the health benefits of vegetables has great practical importance. However, only a limited number of reports provide information on the effect of these treatments on the antioxidant capacity, polyphenol and S‐alk(en)yl‐l‐cysteine sulfoxide (ACSO, e.g. isoalliin and methiin) content of the white shaft and green leaves of leek (Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum).RESULTSIn the present study, the antioxidant capacity of leek was highly influenced by cooking (blanching, boiling and steaming). Boiling had a negative effect on total phenolic content in the white shaft and green leaves. An obvious increase could be observed in the antioxidant capacity of the steamed green leaves, while steaming did not influence the polyphenolic content. Remarkably, blanching resulted in a slight increase in the ACSO content. Subjecting leek samples to a longer thermal treatment appeared to have a negative influence on the ACSO content in leek. Steaming was also responsible for a decrease in ACSOs. Methiin was less susceptible to heat treatment than isoalliin.CONCLUSIONIn general, steaming appeared to be responsible for better retention of the bioactive compounds present in leek compared with boiling. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Is early surveillance with CT scan necessary in patients with stage II/III colorectal cancer: A retrospective study
Authors: Liu Guo‐Chen , Tang Jing‐Hua , Wen Shu‐Juan , Cao Hua‐Xiang , An Xin , Cai Pei‐Qiang , Kong Ling‐Heng , Lin Jun‐Zhong , Li Li‐Ren , Pan Zhi‐Zhong , Ding Pei‐Rong 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThis analysis aims to evaluate the value of early surveillance within 6 months after resection for stage II/III colorectal cancer (CRC).MethodsPatients with stage II/III CRC who received surgery with curative intent for CRC were included. CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis performed within 6 months after surgery were evaluated.ResultsAmong 150 patients included in the study, 10 patients (1 occurred in stage II disease and 9 occurred in stage III) were diagnosed as recurrence within 6 months after surgery. The proportion of patients diagnosed as recurrence was significantly higher in stage III disease than in stage II disease (P = 0.01). The likelihood of recurrence within 6 months was associated with the extent of lymph node metastases (r = 0.205, P = 0.012). Three patients with recurrent disease underwent salvage resection with curative intent.ConclusionsEarly surveillance with CT scan within 6 months after curative resection may not be necessary for stage II disease. Although, the strategy may be helpful for stage III disease considering the high incidence of salvage surgery for recurrence disease, the early detection of recurrence could not be translated into survival benefit. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013; 108:568–571. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Splenectomy to treat splenic lesions: An analysis of 148 cases at a cancer center
Authors: Pugalenthi Amudhan , Bradley Ciaran , Gonen Mithat , Do Kinh Gian , Strong Vivian , Jarnagin William , Coit Daniel , Kingham T. Peter 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSolid and cystic splenic masses discovered on imaging studies often pose diagnostic and management dilemmas. This study analyses a large series of splenectomies to identify preoperative factors associated with malignant splenic masses.MethodsPathology records at a single institution were reviewed for all splenectomies. Those performed as a component of a larger resection, such as staging or debulking were excluded. Demographic and clinicopathologic factors were obtained. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified factors associated with an increased risk of malignancy.ResultsBetween 1986 and 2012, 2,743 patients underwent a splenectomy, 148 of which were performed for lesions identified on imaging. The indications were suspicion of malignancy (120, 81%), growth over time (28, 19%), or symptoms (39, 26%). Resected splenic lesions were malignant in 93 patients (63%); the most common pathologies included ovarian cancer (n = 39), melanoma (n = 14), and colorectal cancer (n = 9). On multivariate analysis of clinicopathologic factors, a previous history of cancer was the only independent predictor of malignancy in the splenic lesion (odds ratio 6.3; 95% CI, 2.32–16.97; P = 0.001).ConclusionWhile the spleen is an uncommon site of metastatic disease, in patients with a history of cancer, splenic masses selected for resection are frequently malignant. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013; 108:521–525. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transoral anatomy of the tonsillar fossa and lateral pharyngeal wall: Anatomic dissection with radiographic and clinical correlation
Authors: Lim Chwee Ming , Mehta Vikas , Chai Raymond , Pinheiro Carlos‐Neto D. , Rath Tanya , Snyderman Carl , Duvvuri Umamaheswar 
Published: October 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate the transoral anatomy of the tonsillar fossa and lateral pharyngeal wall and to correlate these findings with radiographic measurements and transoral robotic surgery (TORS) of patients with early tonsillar tumor.Study DesignPreclinical cadaveric study and patient cohort.MethodsSix complete cadaveric dissections were performed to identify key anatomic landmarks, and these landmarks were validated in two consecutive patients with T1 human papillomavirus–positive squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil treated by TORS. For radiographic landmark analysis, 25 patients who underwent contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the neck for a variety of endoscopic skull base procedures were selected. Measurements were taken from the lateral pharyngeal wall at C2‐C3 interspace and greater horn of hyoid (C6) to the external carotid artery (ECA).ResultsThe glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve was consistently identified deep to the superior constrictor musculature and at the intersection of the posterior tonsillar pillar with the base of tongue. The styloglossus muscle forms the deep plane medial to the ECA. The mean measurements for left C2‐C3 interspace to the ECA and right C2‐C3 interspace to ECA were 17.6 ± 0.8 mm and 18.4 ± 0.8 mm, respectively. Similarly, the mean measurements for left hyoid to ECA and right hyoid to ECA were 3.4 ± 0.8 mm and 4.3 ± 0.6 mm, respectively.ConclusionsA systematic approach to dissect the tonsillar fossa and lateral pharyngeal wall can be performed using key anatomic landmarks. CT measurements taken at the C2‐C3 interspace and greater horn of hyoid bone (C6 level) to the ECA are consistently and reliably achieved.Level of EvidenceNA. Laryngoscope, 123:3021–3025, 2013
Virtual surgical planning in endoscopic skull base surgery
Authors: Haerle Stephan K. , Daly Michael J. , Chan Harley H. L. , Vescan Allan , Kucharczyk Walter , Irish Jonathan C. 
Published: October 2013

Objectives/HypothesisSkull base surgery (SBS) involves operative tasks in close proximity to critical structures in a complex three‐dimensional (3D) anatomy. The aim was to investigate the value of virtual planning (VP) based on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for surgical planning in SBS and to compare the effects of virtual planning with 3D contours between the expert and the surgeon in training.Study DesignRetrospective analysis.MethodsTwelve patients with manually segmented anatomical structures based on preoperative MRI were evaluated by eight surgeons in a randomized order using a validated National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA‐TLX) questionnaire.ResultsMultivariate analysis revealed significant reduction of workload when using VP (P<.0001) compared to standard planning. Further, it showed that the experience level of the surgeon had a significant effect on the NASA‐TLX differences (P<.05). Additional subanalysis did not reveal any significant findings regarding which type of surgeon benefits the most (P>.05).ConclusionsPreoperative anatomical segmentation with virtual surgical planning using contours in endoscopic SBS significantly reduces the workload for the expert and the surgeon in training.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 123:2935–2939, 2013