bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal lobe epileptiform activity following systemic administration of 4‐aminopyridine in rats
Authors: Lévesque Maxime , Salami Pariya , Behr Charles , Avoli Massimo 
Published: November 2012

SummaryPurpose:  The K+ channel blocker 4‐aminopyridine (4AP) induces epileptiform synchronization in brain slices maintained in vitro without interfering with γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor–mediated inhibition and, actually, even enhancing it. The hypothesis that similar electrographic epileptiform patterns occur in vivo following systemic 4AP injection was tested here.Methods:  Sprague‐Dawley rats (n = 13) were implanted with bipolar electrodes aimed at the hippocampal CA3 region, entorhinal cortex, subiculum, dentate gyrus, and amygdala. They were then injected with a single dose of 4AP (4–5 mg/kg, i.p.), and video‐monitoring/electroencephalography (EEG) recordings were performed.Key Findings:  4AP induced convulsive or nonconvulsive seizures in 12 of 13 rats, along with generalized fascicular twitching, wet‐dog shakes, and myoclonic jerks. On EEG, we observed in 7 (58.3%) of 12 animals long‐lasting interictal spikes from the subiculum before the occurrence of the first seizure. Once seizures had started, interictal spikes occurred in all areas with no fixed site of origin. Most seizures (41/60, 68.3%) were characterized by a low‐voltage fast‐activity onset pattern and were convulsive (48/60, 80%). 4AP also induced highly rhythmic theta (6–11 Hz) oscillations in CA3 and entorhinal cortex before seizure occurrence.Significance:  Our study shows that systemic 4AP administration in vivo can enhance theta oscillations and induce slow interictal spikes and low‐voltage fast‐onset seizures similar to those reported in brain slices. We propose that these effects may reflect, at least in part, enhanced GABAA receptor–mediated inhibition as reported in in vitro studies.
An aberrant parasympathetic response: a new perspective linking chronic stress and itch
Authors: Kim Hei Sung , Yosipovitch Gil 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPerceived stress has long been known to alter the dynamic equilibrium established between the nervous, endocrine and immune system and is widely recognised to trigger or enhance pruritus. However, the exact mechanism of how the major stress response systems, such as the hypothalamus‐pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system induce or aggravate chronic itch, has not been elucidated. The limbic regions of the brain such as the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus are deeply involved in the regulation of the stress response and intersect with circuits that are responsible for memory and reward. According to the ‘Polyvagal Theory’, certain limbic structures that serve as a ‘higher brain equivalent of the parasympathetic nervous system’ play a foremost role in maintaining body homoeostasis by functioning as an active vagal brake. In addition, the limbic system has been postulated to regulate two distinct, yet related aspects of itch: (i) the sensory‐discriminative aspect; and (ii) the affective‐cognitive aspect. Chronic stress‐induced itch is hypothesised to be caused by stress‐related changes in limbic structure with subsequent rewiring of both the peripheral and central pruriceptive circuits. Herein, we review data suggesting that a dysfunctional parasympathetic nervous system associated with chronic stress may play a critical role in the regulatory control of key candidate molecules, receptors and brain structures involved in chronic itch.
Regulation of insulin and type 1 insulin‐like growth factor signaling and action by the Grb10/14 and SH2B1/B2 adaptor proteins
Authors: Desbuquois Bernard , Carré Nadège , Burnol Anne‐Françoise 
Published: November 2012

The effects of insulin and type 1 insulin‐like growth factor (IGF–1) on metabolism, growth and survival are mediated by their association with specific receptor tyrosine kinases, which results in both receptor and substrate phosphorylation. Phosphotyrosine residues on receptors and substrates provide docking sites for signaling proteins containing SH2 (Src homology 2) domains, including molecular adaptors. This review focuses on the regulation of insulin/IGF–1 signaling and action by two adaptor families with a similar domain organization: the growth factor receptor‐bound proteins Grb7/10/14 and the SH2B proteins. Both Grb10/14 and SH2B1/B2 associate with the activation loop of insulin/IGF–1 receptors through their SH2 domains, but association of Grb10/14 also involves their unique BPS domain. Consistent with Grb14 binding as a pseudosubstrate to the kinase active site, insulin/IGF‐induced activation of receptors and downstream signaling pathways in cultured cells is inhibited by Grb10/14 adaptors, but is potentiated by SH2B1/B2 adaptors. Accordingly, Grb10 and Grb14 knockout mice show improved insulin/IGF sensitivity in vivo, and, for Grb10, overgrowth and increased skeketal muscle and pancreatic β–cell mass. Conversely, SH2B1‐depleted mice display insulin and IGF–1 resistance, with peripheral depletion leading to reduced adiposity and neuronal depletion leading to obesity through associated leptin resistance. Grb10/14 and SH2B1 adaptors also modulate insulin/IGF–1 action by interacting with signaling components downstream of receptors and exert several tissue‐specific effects. The identification of Grb10/14 and SH2B1 as physiological regulators of insulin signaling and action, together with observations that variants at their gene loci are associated with obesity and/or insulin resistance, highlight them as potential therapeutic targets for these conditions.
Distinct and opposing roles for Rab27a/Mlph/MyoVa and Rab27b/Munc13‐4 in mast cell secretion
Authors: Singh Rajesh K. , Mizuno Koichi , Wasmeier Christina , Wavre‐Shapton Silene T. , Recchi Chiara , Catz Sergio D. , Futter Clare , Tolmachova Tanya , Hume Alistair N. , Seabra Miguel C. 
Published: November 2012

Mediator release from mast cells is a critical step in allergic and inflammatory disease. However, the processes regulating the latter stages of granule release are yet to be fully understood. Rab27 small GTPases regulate release of secretory lysosomes in a variety of cells, including mast cell granules. In the present study, using murine bone marrow‐derived mast cells (BMMC) from Rab27‐deficient mutant mice, we found that, in contrast to Rab27b, Rab27a primarily plays an inhibitory role in regulating degranulation. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that resting Rab27a‐deficient (ashen) BMMCs display abnormal cortical F‐actin distribution. Actin disassembly prior to IgE cross‐linking increased wild‐type BMMC secretion to ashen levels, suggesting that changes in the integrity of cortical F‐actin underlie the ashen phenotype. Comparison of the secretory impairment of Rab27b knockout and Rab27a/b double knockout BMMCs highlighted a secondary positive role for Rab27a in enhancing degranulation. Rab27 is known to interact with actin via its effectors melanophilin (Mlph) and myosin Va (MyoVa) in other cell types. To better understand the differing roles of Rab27 proteins, we analysed the secretory phenotype of BMMCs derived from mice lacking Rab27 effector proteins. These experiments revealed that the phenotype of BMMCs deficient in Mlph (leaden) and BMMCs deficient in MyoVa (dilute) resembles the hyper‐secretion of ashen BMMCs, while Munc13‐4‐deficient (jinx) BMMCs phenocopy the Rab27b knockout and double Rab27a/b knockout secretory impairment. We conclude that Rab27a and Rab27b regulate distinct steps in the BMMC degranulation pathway, with Rab27a/Mlph/MyoVa regulating cortical actin stability upstream of Rab27a/b/Munc13‐4‐dependent granule exocytosis.
Resilient recreational fisheries or prone to collapse? A decade of research on the science and management of recreational fisheries
Authors: Post J. R. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAre recreational fisheries resilient to harvest or prone to collapse? This paper reviews research published since that question was posed by Post et al. (2002, Fisheries 27, 6–17). A number of patterns and processes have been identified that suggest understanding the risk of collapse requires knowledge of the fishing effort response, degree of depensation in the fishery and the life history of the harvested species. Processes involving the behaviour of fish, behaviour of anglers and management responses to declining quality can all impact the degree of resilience of recreational fisheries and their risk of collapse. The spatial context of an individual fishery can be important as they are often embedded in lake districts and joined by mobile anglers so their local dynamics are not independent from other fisheries. Typical regulations that restrict the behaviour of individual anglers in open‐access fisheries can provide some resilience but cannot prevent collapse if the fishing effort is too high. Many uncertainties remain related to the occurrence and intensity of the key processes and therefore adopting an adaptive experimental management approach might be the most useful approach to minimise the risk of collapse in recreational fisheries.
Long‐term amelioration of acidity accelerates decomposition in headwater streams
Authors: Jenkins Gareth B , Woodward Guy , Hildrew Alan G 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe secondary production of culturally acidified streams is low, with a few species of generalist detritivores dominating invertebrate assemblages, while decomposition processes are impaired. In a series of lowland headwater streams in southernEngland, we measured the rate of cellulolytic decomposition and compared it with values measured three decades ago, when anthropogenic acidification was at its peak. We hypothesized that, if acidity has indeed ameliorated, the rate of decomposition will have accelerated, thus potentially supporting greater secondary production and the longer food chains that have been observed in some well‐studied recovering freshwater systems. We used celluloseShirley test cloth as a standardized bioassay to measure the rate of cellulolytic decomposition, via loss in tensile strength, for 31 streams in theAshdownForest over 7 days in summer 2011 and 49 days in winter 2012. We compared this with data from an otherwise identical study conducted in 1978 and 1979. In a secondary study, we determined whether decomposition followed a linear or logarithmic decay and, asShirley cloth is no longer available, we tested an alternative in the form of readily available calico. Overall meanpHhad increased markedly over the 32 years between the studies (from 6.0 to 6.7). In both the previous and contemporary studies, the relationship between decomposition andpHwas strongest in winter, whenpHreaches a seasonal minimum. As in the late 1970s, there was no relationship in 2011/2012 betweenpHand decay rate in summer. As postulated, decomposition in winter was significantly faster in 2011/2012 than in 1978/1979, with an average increase in decay rate of 18.1%. Recovery from acidification, due to decreased acidifying emissions and deposition, has led to an increase in the rate of cellulolytic decomposition. This response in a critical ecosystem process offers a potential explanation of one aspect of the limited biological recovery that has been observed so far, an increase in larger bodied predators including fish, which in turn leads to an increase in the length of food chains.
Climate changes influence free‐living stages of soil‐transmitted parasites of European rabbits
Authors: Hernandez Alexander D. , Poole Adam , Cattadori Isabella M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractClimate warming has been suggested to augment the risk of infectious disease outbreaks by extending the seasonal window for parasite growth and by increasing the rate of transmission. Understanding how this occurs in parasite‐host systems is important for appreciating long‐term and seasonal changes in host exposure to infection and to reduce species extinction caused by diseases. We investigated how free‐living stages of two soil‐transmitted helminths of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) responded to experimental changes in temperature by performing laboratory experiments with environmental chambers and field manipulations using open‐top‐chambers. This study was motivated by our previous observations that air temperature has increased over the last 30 years in our field site and that during this period intensity of infection of Graphidium strigosum but not Trichostrongylus retortaeformis was positively associated with this temperature increase. Laboratory and field experiments showed that both parasites accelerated egg development and increased hatching rate and larval survival in response to accumulating thermal energy. Both parasites behaved similarly when exposed to diverse temperature regimes, decadal trends, and monthly fluctuations, however, T. retortaeformis was more successful than G. strigosum by showing higher rates of egg hatching and larval survival. Across the months, the first day of hatching occurred earlier in warmer conditions suggesting that climate warming can lengthen the period of parasite growth and host exposure to infective stages. Also, T. retortaeformis hatched earlier than G. strigosum. These findings showed that seasonal changes in intensity, frequency, and duration of daily temperature are important causes of variability in egg hatching and larva survival. Overall, this study emphasizes the important role of climate warming and seasonality on the dynamics of free‐living stages in soil‐transmitted helminths and their contribution to enhance host exposure to parasitic infections. Yet, the ability to infect might ultimately depend on how hosts interact with parasites.
Modelling distribution in European stream macroinvertebrates under future climates
Authors: Domisch Sami , Araújo Miguel B. , Bonada Núria , Pauls Steffen U. , Jähnig Sonja C. , Haase Peter 
Published: November 2012

AbstractClimate change is predicted to have profound effects on freshwater organisms due to rising temperatures and altered precipitation regimes. Using an ensemble of bioclimatic envelope models (BEMs), we modelled the climatic suitability of 191 stream macroinvertebrate species from 12 orders across Europe under two climate change scenarios for 2080 on a spatial resolution of 5 arc minutes. Analyses included assessments of relative changes in species’ climatically suitable areas as well as their potential shifts in latitude and longitude with respect to species’ thermal preferences. Climate‐change effects were also analysed regarding species’ ecological and biological groupings, namely (1) endemicity and (2) rarity within European ecoregions, (3) life cycle, (4) stream zonation preference and (5) current preference. The BEMs projected that suitable climate conditions would persist in Europe in the year 2080 for nearly 99% of the modelled species regardless of the climate scenario. Nevertheless, a decrease in the amount of climatically suitable areas was projected for 57–59% of the species. Depending on the scenario, losses could be of 38–44% on average. The suitable areas for species were projected to shift, on average, 4.7–6.6° north and 3.9–5.4° east. Cold‐adapted species were projected to lose climatically suitable areas, while gains were expected for warm‐adapted species. When projections were analysed for different species groupings, only endemics stood out as a particular group. That is, endemics were projected to lose significantly larger amounts of suitable climatic areas than nonendemic species. Despite the uncertainties involved in modelling exercises such as this, the extent of projected distributional changes reveals further the vulnerability of freshwater organisms to climate change and implies a need to understand the consequences for ecological function and biodiversity conservation.
Impact of tumor size, number of tumors and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio in liver transplantation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Ikegami Toru , Yoshiya Shohei , Motomura Takashi , Mano Yohei , Muto Jun , Ikeda Tetsuo , Soejima Yuji , Shirabe Ken , Maehara Yoshihiko 
Published: November 2012

AimHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is primarily treated with hepatic resection and/or locoregional therapy. When HCC recurs and further treatment is no longer possible owing to poor liver function, liver transplantation (LT) or living‐donor LT (LDLT) is considered. The aim of this study was to clarify risk factors for tumor recurrence after LDLT in patients with recurrent HCC.MethodsThe study comprised 104 patients who had undergone LDLT because of end‐stage liver disease with recurrent HCC. The recurrence‐free survival rates after the LDLT were calculated. Risk factors for tumor recurrence were identified.ResultsThe 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year recurrence‐free survival rates were 89.6%, 80.3% and 78.4%, respectively. By univariate analysis, the factors affecting recurrence‐free survival were the sum of the largest tumor size and number of tumors of 8 or more (P < 0.0001), des‐γ‐carboxy prothrombin of more than 300 mAU/mL (P = 0.0001), and a neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) of 4 or more (P = 0.0002), α‐fetoprotein of more than 400 ng/mL (P = 0.0001) and bilobar tumor distribution (P = 0.046). A multivariate analysis identified independent risk factors for post‐LDLT tumor recurrence including the sum of tumor size and number of tumors of 8 or more (P = 0.0004) and an NLR of 4 or more (P = 0.01). The 1‐ and 3‐ year recurrence‐free survival rates in the recipients who had both risk factors were 30.0% and 15.0%, respectively.ConclusionLDLT should not be performed for patients who have both independent risk factors after any treatments for HCC.
Randomized controlled trial of a new procedure of radiofrequency ablation using an expandable needle for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hirakawa Miharu , Ikeda Kenji , Kobayashi Masahiro , Kawamura Yusuke , Hosaka Tetsuya , Sezaki Hitomi , Akuta Norio , Suzuki Fumitaka , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Saitoh Satoshi , Arase Yasuji , Kumada Hiromitsu 
Published: November 2012

AimTo evaluate the efficacy of a new ablation procedure for the stepwise hook extension technique using a SuperSlim needle for radiofrequency ablation (RFA) treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a randomized controlled trial was performed.MethodsThirty patients with HCC measuring 20 mm or less were randomly treated with a conventional four stepwise expansion technique (group 1) and the new stepwise expansion technique (group 2; the electrode was closed in the shaft after the same three steps of the conventional procedure and then fully extended). All patients underwent the RFA procedure using a 10‐hook expandable electrode of 17‐G diameter (LeVeen SuperSlim 30 mm). We compared the ablation time, required energy and ablated lesions in the two groups.ResultsThe long and short diameters of RFA‐induced necrosis were significantly larger in group 2 (37 and 28 mm) than group 1 (30 and 26 mm, P = 0.001 and =0.045, respectively). Irregular and small needle expansion resulting in the parachute‐like or irregularly shaped ablated zone was observed in more cases in group 1 than in group 2. The new technique made all tines expand uniformly and largely, which produced a near‐oval ablated zone of which the long axis is perpendicular to the needle shaft.ConclusionThe two kinds of stepwise procedures allow the selection of a more suitable procedure according to the tumor size and shape in each RFA.
How theMarianaVolcanicArc ends in the south
Authors: Stern Robert J. , Tamura Yoshihiko , Masuda Harue , Fryer Patty , Martinez Fernando , Ishizuka Osamu , Bloomer Sherman H. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe southernMarianaArc–Trench system is rapidly deforming, resulting in unusual interactions between arc and back‐arc basin (BAB) magmatic systems. New geochemical data for volcanoes in this region are presented and explored.TraceySeamount, an extinct submarine volcano about 30 km northwest ofGuam, is the southernmost stratovolcano of theMarianaArc.Tracey is built about 125 km above the subducted slab and has erupted a bimodal suite of typical arc mafic and felsic lavas as recently as 0.527 ± 0.023 Ma (40Ar/39Ar age). An unusual cluster of small basaltic volcanoes, informally termed theAlphabetSeamountVolcanicProvince (ASVP), is found about where the next arc volcano to the southwest ofTraceySeamount should have grown. Samples from six of these volcanoes were studied here. At least twoASVPvolcanoes were recently active, as shown by hydrothermal activity. The lack of magmatic focusing to build a single stratovolcano where theASVPis situated reflects strong extension in theBAB. Construction of northernASVPvolcanoes is controlled by east–west extension accompanying opening of theMarianaTrough. In contrast, southernASVPvolcanoes are affected by north–south extension due to rapid rollback of a narrow slab ofPacific seafloor that is subducted along the east–west trendingChallengerDeep segment of theMarianaTrench to the south.ASVPlava compositions are distinct fromTraceySeamount and otherMarianaArc lavas, instead showing affinities withMarianaTroughBABbasalt (BABBs): they are mafic, tholeiitic, low‐K2O andLREE‐depleted, with low87Sr/86Sr, but show a subtle gradient from somewhat more arc‐like lavas closer to the trench toBABBs farther west. The unusual tectonic setting ofASVPprovides a unique perspective on how different arc magma batches reflect melting of mantle with strong compositional gradients which are mixed together beneath long‐lived arc volcanoes but here rise to form scattered smallASVPvolcanoes.
Optimisation of cake fat quantity and composition using response surface methodology
Authors: Ferrari Ilaria , Alamprese Cristina , Mariotti Manuela , Lucisano Mara , Rossi Margherita 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThe influence of fat quantity and composition on the characteristics of a chemically leavened baked product was investigated, applying a central composite design combined with response surface methodology. Fats were blends of palm oil and palm olein with different slip melting points (from 36.3 to 11.3 °C, in dependence of increasing olein content). Fat content (from 5.3% to 30.7% on batter) and percentage of olein in the fat blend (from 42.7% to 92.2%) were varied. The increase of fat quantity enhanced cake softness, while lowering the volume; higher olein contents also decreased cake firmness. An optimised formulation containing 19.7% fat with 92% olein in the fat blend and showing good structural properties, comparable to those of a 18% butter reference cake, was identified. The optimised and the butter cake showed specific volume of 2.25 and 2.23 cm3 g−1, respectively, and load at 25% strain of 7.68 and 5.63 N. These results demonstrated the possibility to replace butter with a liquid vegetable fat blend, thus increasing unsaturated fat content and reducing total cholesterol in the product.
Effect of heat treatment on physiochemical, colour, antioxidant and microstructural characteristics of apples during storage
Authors: Li Li , Li Xihong , Wang AiLi , Jiang Yuqian , Ban Zhaojun 
Published: November 2012

SummaryChanges in qualities of ‘Red Fuji’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples in response to different heat treatments (45 and 60 °C) following cold storage were investigated. Quality indices including firmness, titratable acidity, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, colour parameters and microstructure were measured. Results indicated heat treatment at both temperatures for 3‐h hastened loss of titratable acidity in ‘Red Fuji’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples, but maintained firmness in both cultivars. However, heat treatment at lower temperature (45 °C) best maintained total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in ‘Red Fuji’ apples throughout storage, whereas there was no difference between heat treatments in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples. Examination by scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the effect of heat treatment at different temperatures on ‘Red Fuji’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples was structurally different. Apple tissue that had been heat treated at elevated temperature (60 °C) for 3 h was associated with fractured cell walls and collapse of cells.