bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Search Difficulty on the Selection, Maintenance, and Learning of Attentional Templates
Authors: Gunseli Eren , Olivers Christian N. L. , Meeter Martijn 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Prominent theories of attention claim that visual search is guided through attentional templates stored in working memory. Recently, the contralateral delay activity (CDA), an electrophysiological index of working memory storage, has been found to rapidly decrease when participants repeatedly search for the same target, suggesting that, with learning, the template moves out of working memory. However, this has only been investigated with pop-out search for distinct targets, for which a strong attentional template may not be necessary. More effortful search tasks might rely more on an active attentional template in working memory, leading to a slower handoff to long-term memory and thus a slower decline of the CDA. Using ERPs, we compared the rate of learning of attentional templates in pop-out and effortful search tasks. In two experiments, the rate of decrease in the CDA was the same for both search tasks. Similar results were found for a second component indexing working memory effort, the late positive complex. However, the late positive complex was also sensitive to anticipated search difficulty, as was expressed in a greater amplitude before the harder search task. We conclude that the amount of working memory effort invested in maintaining an attentional template, but not the rate of learning, depends on search difficulty.
Moving Mirrors: A High-density EEG Study Investigating the Effect of Camera Movements on Motor Cortex Activation during Action Observation
Authors: Heimann Katrin , Umiltà Maria Alessandra , Guerra Michele , Gallese Vittorio 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Action execution–perception links (mirror mechanism) have been repeatedly suggested to play crucial roles in social cognition. Remarkably, the designs of most studies exploring this topic so far excluded even the simplest traces of social interaction, such as a movement of the observer toward another individual. This study introduces a new design by investigating the effects of camera movements, possibly simulating the observer's own approaching movement toward the scene. We conducted a combined high-density EEG and behavioral study investigating motor cortex activation during action observation measured by event-related desynchronization and resynchronization (ERD/ERS) of the mu rhythm. Stimuli were videos showing a goal-related hand action filmed while using the camera in four different ways: filming from a fixed position, zooming in on the scene, approaching the scene by means of a dolly, and approaching the scene by means of a steadycam. Results demonstrated a consistently stronger ERD of the mu rhythm for videos that were filmed while approaching the scene with a steadycam. Furthermore, videos in which the zoom was applied reliably demonstrated a stronger rebound. A rating task showed that videos in which the camera approached the scene were felt as more involving and the steadycam was most able to produce a visual experience close to the one of a human approaching the scene. These results suggest that filming technique predicts time course specifics of ERD/ERS during action observation with only videos simulating the natural vision of a walking human observer eliciting a stronger ERD than videos filmed from a fixed position. This demonstrates the utility of ecologically designed studies for exploring social cognition.
Mapping the Semantic Structure of Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Beam Elizabeth , Appelbaum L. Gregory , Jack Jordynn , Moody James , Huettel Scott A. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience, as a discipline, links the biological systems studied by neuroscience to the processing constructs studied by psychology. By mapping these relations throughout the literature of cognitive neuroscience, we visualize the semantic structure of the discipline and point to directions for future research that will advance its integrative goal. For this purpose, network text analyses were applied to an exhaustive corpus of abstracts collected from five major journals over a 30-month period, including every study that used fMRI to investigate psychological processes. From this, we generate network maps that illustrate the relationships among psychological and anatomical terms, along with centrality statistics that guide inferences about network structure. Three terms—prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex—dominate the network structure with their high frequency in the literature and the density of their connections with other neuroanatomical terms. From network statistics, we identify terms that are understudied compared with their importance in the network (e.g., insula and thalamus), are underspecified in the language of the discipline (e.g., terms associated with executive function), or are imperfectly integrated with other concepts (e.g., subdisciplines like decision neuroscience that are disconnected from the main network). Taking these results as the basis for prescriptive recommendations, we conclude that semantic analyses provide useful guidance for cognitive neuroscience as a discipline, both by illustrating systematic biases in the conduct and presentation of research and by identifying directions that may be most productive for future research.
The Impact of Childhood Experience on Amygdala Response to Perceptually Familiar Black and White Faces
Authors: Cloutier Jasmin , Li Tianyi , Correll Joshua 
Published: March 2014

AbstractGiven the well-documented involvement of the amygdala in race perception, the current study aimed to investigate how interracial contact during childhood shapes amygdala response to racial outgroup members in adulthood. Of particular interest was the impact of childhood experience on amygdala response to familiar, compared with novel, Black faces. Controlling for a number of well-established individual difference measures related to interracial attitudes, the results reveal that perceivers with greater childhood exposure to racial outgroup members display greater relative reduction in amygdala response to familiar Black faces. The implications of such findings are discussed in the context of previous investigations into the neural substrates of race perception and in consideration of potential mechanisms by which childhood experience may shape race perception.
The Current State of Civil Society and Volunteering in the World, the USA, and China
Authors: Smith David Horton 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of the statistics on Civil Society and the Voluntary Nonprofit Sector (vnps) in the world, with special attention to theusaand China. The central foci are numbers of Nonprofit Groups, especially associations, and numbers of volunteers in associations. The paper draws on various research documents, as well as estimates by the author, based on extensive prior research.
Evaluation of Gamma Raindrop Size Distribution Assumption through Comparison of Rain Rates of Measured and Radar-Equivalent Gamma DSD
Authors: Adirosi Elisa , Gorgucci Eugenio , Baldini Luca , Tokay Ali 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTo date, one of the most widely used parametric forms for modeling raindrop size distribution (DSD) is the three-parameter gamma. The aim of this paper is to analyze the error of assuming such parametric form to model the natural DSDs. To achieve this goal, a methodology is set up to compare the rain rate obtained from a disdrometer-measured drop size distribution with the rain rate of a gamma drop size distribution that produces the same triplets of dual-polarization radar measurements, namely reflectivity factor, differential reflectivity, and specific differential phase shift. In such a way, any differences between the values of the two rain rates will provide information about how well the gamma distribution fits the measured precipitation. The difference between rain rates is analyzed in terms of normalized standard error and normalized bias using different radar frequencies, drop shape–size relations, and disdrometer integration time. The study is performed using four datasets of DSDs collected by two-dimensional video disdrometers deployed in Huntsville (Alabama) and in three different prelaunch campaigns of the NASA–Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) ground validation program including the Hydrological Cycle in Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) special observation period (SOP) 1 field campaign in Rome. The results show that differences in rain rates of the disdrometer DSD and the gamma DSD determining the same dual-polarization radar measurements exist and exceed those related to the methodology itself and to the disdrometer sampling error, supporting the finding that there is an error associated with the gamma DSD assumption.
Synoptic Control of Heavy-Rain-Producing Convective Training Episodes
Authors: Peters John M. , Roebber Paul J. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This study examines the degree to which the downscale cascade of information from synoptic-scale motions constrains error growth in simulations of a particular type of heavy-rain-producing mesoscale convective system known as training lines. A total of 21 cases of training convection over a 7-yr period from 2000 to 2006 that produced extreme rainfall were dynamically downscaled from reanalysis data using a high-resolution convection-permitting configuration of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. The NCEP/Department of Energy (DOE)-II and Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), representing lower- and higher-resolution datasets, respectively, were used for this purpose. In most cases the model simulations were able to reproduce qualitative aspects of observed storm structure, including subjectively classified mesoscale convective system archetype and training characteristics, despite the absence of mesoscale features in the reanalysis datasets used to provide initial conditions and lateral boundary conditions to the simulations. Furthermore, models were capable of predicting that a heavy-precipitation event would occur in nearly every case. Increasing the horizontal resolution of the reanalysis dataset used for initial conditions and lateral boundary conditions did not result in measurable improvement in simulated precipitation placement skill relative to observations. A quantitative relationship between a measure of synoptic-scale uncertainty in the atmospheric state and error in the model forecast accumulated precipitation was established, with larger synoptic-scale uncertainty tending to be associated with larger model error. This result suggests that synoptic-scale uncertainty in numerical weather prediction model simulations partially controls error in the placement of heavy convective precipitation.
A Dynamic Inversion Model of the Beijing Local Climate
Authors: Luo Huming , Lin Zhenshan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA nonautonomous dynamic inverse model based on the autonomous dynamic inverse model is presented in this paper. By introducing the extrinsic cycle driving force and the surrounding environment driving force, the Beijing local climatic model is established via the nonautonomous dynamic inverse method. The model not only has a certain ability to predict but can relatively accurately reveal the inherent dynamic mechanisms among the monthly average atmospheric pressure, temperature, and precipitation. The model also applies to describing the dynamic characteristics of the departure from the annual cycle. The nonautonomous inversion dynamic model has broad application potential, which provides a new method for understanding and predicting local climate.
Skin Biomechanical Changes after Injection of Onabotulinum Toxin A: Prospective Assessment of Elasticity and Pliability
Authors: Bonaparte James P. , Ellis David 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveThis study aimed to test the hypothesis that the administration of onabotulinum toxin A will result in an increase in skin pliability and elasticity.Study DesignA prospective case series with planned data collection in which patients were treated with onabotulinum toxin and assessed at baseline, 2 weeks post‐injection, and 2 months post‐injection.SettingA private cosmetic surgery clinic associated with a tertiary academic hospital.Subjects and MethodsForty women were prospectively enrolled to receive onabotulinum toxin A into their glabella, forehead, and lateral orbit. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks posttreatment, and 2 months posttreatment using the Cutometer MPA 580. Skin pliability (Uf) and the elastic recoil (Ua/Uf) were recorded as the 2 primary outcome measures.ResultsThere was a significant effect of onabotulinum toxin on skin elasticity (f = 47.8, P =. 001) with a mean (+/– SE) increase in elastic recoil of 20% (4.4%) for the glabellar region (P <. 001) and 18% (4.0%) for the lateral orbit (P <. 0001). There was a significant effect of the treatment on skin pliability (f = 46.9, P <. 001) with a mean (+/– SE) increase of 26% (5.4%) for the lateral orbit (P =. 001) and 52% (8.3%) for the glabellar region (P <. 001).ConclusionInjection of onabotulinum toxin into the lateral orbital, forehead, and glabellar regions results in skin that has increased pliability as well as increased elastic recoil. Although this study demonstrates the positive effect of onabotulinum toxin on biomechanical parameters, it is unclear what specific histological changes are occurring within the skin.
Treatment of Full-Thickness Chondral Defects With Hyalograft C in the Knee
Authors: Brix Martin O. , Stelzeneder David , Chiari Catharina , Koller Ulrich , Nehrer Stefan , Dorotka Ronald , Windhager Reinhard , Domayer Stephan E. 
Published: March 2014

Background: Matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT) has become an established articular cartilage repair technique. It provides good short-term and midterm results; however, long-term results are lacking. Purpose: To prospectively assess the clinical outcome after MACT in the knee to report long-term results. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Fifty-three subjects (females/males, 22/31; mean age, 32 ± 12 years) were treated between 2000 and 2006 with a hyaluronan-based MACT product and were followed prospectively. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.5 ± 3.8 kg/m2 and the mean defect size was 4.4 ± 1.9 cm2. Fifty patients had single defects and 3 had multiple defects (41 medial femoral condyle, 6 lateral femoral condyle, 2 patella, 1 tibia). Two patients had 2 defects (medial femoral condyle [MFC]/lateral femoral condyle and tibial/MFC), and in 1 case, multiple defects on the MFC were treated. The patients were stratified into 23 “simple,” 22 “complex,” and 8 “salvage” cases. Instability or malalignment was treated before or at the time of graft implantation. For 6 patients with small defects (<2 cm2), microfracturing was used as first-line treatment before MACT. Clinical assessment was performed once a year with the subjective and objective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, Lysholm score, and a modified Cincinnati Knee Rating System. Results: The mean follow-up time was 9.07 ± 2.9 years (range, 5-12 years). Treatment failure occurred in 12 of 53 cases (22.6%) an average of 2.99 ± 1.40 years after surgery. There was 1 failure (4.3%) among the simple cases, 4 failures (18.2%) in complex cases, and 7 failures (87.5%) in salvage cases. Statistically significant increases were observed in all scores at all time points compared with presurgery levels ( P < .05). The subjective IKDC score improved from median 40.4 preoperatively to 74.7 at 10-year follow-up (n = 13 patients; P < .05). Conclusion: MACT is an excellent surgical therapy for full-thickness cartilage defects of the knee, with good long-term results for simple defects. However, it should not be used in salvage cases.
Erasing Epilepsy Stigma
Authors: England Mary Jane , Austin Joan K. , Beck Vicki , Escoffery Cam , Hesdorffer Dale C. 
Published: March 2014

Historically, epilepsy has been ignored by the public health community, despite the fact that there are more than 2 million people with epilepsy in the United States. Although epilepsy affects 1 in 26 people during their lifetime, the general public lacks basic knowledge and holds misperceptions about epilepsy that contribute to its associated stigma. Consequently, people with epilepsy continue to fare poorly, with lower physical, mental, and social well-being. Recently, the 2012 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding inspired a new sense of enthusiasm in the epilepsy community that can serve as a catalyst to change public perceptions about epilepsy. To erase stigma, the IOM committee made recommendations in two areas: (a) informing the media and (b) coordinating public awareness. The committee also identified eight key messages about epilepsy that the public should know. Health promotion and education professionals can play a critical role in disseminating these messages to the general public in their local communities and supporting interventions and policies to change the face of epilepsy.
Tachyarrhythmia Following Norwood Operation
Authors: Gist Katja M. , Schuchardt Eleanor L. , Moroze Meghan K. , Kaufman Jonathan , Cruz Eduardo da , Campbell David N. , Mitchell Max B. , Jaggers James , Collins Kathryn K. , McCanta Anthony C. 
Published: March 2014

Background: The purpose of this study was to characterize tachyarrhythmias in children following the Norwood procedure. Methods: This is a single-center retrospective study including all children who underwent stage I Norwood procedure (n = 98; January 2003-September 2011). The primary outcome measure is the development of tachyarrhythmia during hospitalization after the Norwood procedure. Secondary aims include quantification of mortality in patients with tachyarrhythmias and evaluation of potential risk factors for the development of tachyarrhythmia. Results: Tachyarrhythmia occurred in 33 (34%) of 98 patients. The median time to onset of tachyarrhythmia was ten days (0-47 days). Tachyarrhythmia conferred no increase in overall mortality ( P = .45), including operative mortality ( P = .37) or interstage mortality ( P = 1.00). There was no significant difference in the incidence of arrhythmia based on demographic, anatomic, or surgical variables, including shunt type ( P = .23) except that patients with tachyarrhythmias were slightly larger (median weight 3.2 kg) at the time of stage I than those without tachyarrhythmia (median weight 2.93 kg; P = .02]. The odds of arrhythmia in males were 8.7 times higher than that in females (95% confidence interval 2.9-31.3; P < .0001). Conclusions: Postoperative tachyarrhythmia is common, occurring in 34% of patients after the Norwood operation. Onset of tachyarrhythmia occurred later after the Norwood operation than reported previously, and male gender is a risk factor. Further studies to elucidate the etiology and the timing of tachyarrhythmias after the Norwood procedure are necessary.
Influenza virus H1N1 activates platelets through FcγRIIA signaling and thrombin generation
Authors: Boilard Eric , Paré Guillaume , Rousseau Matthieu , Cloutier Nathalie , Dubuc Isabelle , Lévesque Tania , Borgeat Pierre , Flamand Louis 
Published: March 2014

Key PointsIn influenza-immune subjects, H1N1 influenza virus–containing immune complexes can activate platelets through FcγRIIA. H1N1 can also activate platelets through thrombin, independently of FcγRIIA, pointing to a role of coagulation in influenza infection.
Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of microcytic anemias due to genetic disorders of iron metabolism or heme synthesis
Authors: Donker Albertine E. , Raymakers Reinier A. P. , Vlasveld L. Thom , van Barneveld Teus , Terink Rieneke , Dors Natasja , Brons Paul P. T. , Knoers Nine V. A. M. , Swinkels Dorine W. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDuring recent years, our understanding of the pathogenesis of inherited microcytic anemias has gained from the identification of several genes and proteins involved in systemic and cellular iron metabolism and heme syntheses. Numerous case reports illustrate that the implementation of these novel molecular discoveries in clinical practice has increased our understanding of the presentation, diagnosis, and management of these diseases. Integration of these insights into daily clinical practice will reduce delays in establishing a proper diagnosis, invasive and/or costly diagnostic tests, and unnecessary or even detrimental treatments. To assist the clinician, we developed evidence-based multidisciplinary guidelines on the management of rare microcytic anemias due to genetic disorders of iron metabolism and heme synthesis. These genetic disorders may present at all ages, and therefore these guidelines are relevant for pediatricians as well as clinicians who treat adults. This article summarizes these clinical practice guidelines and includes background on pathogenesis, conclusions, and recommendations and a diagnostic flowchart to facilitate using these guidelines in the clinical setting.
Bioinformatics analysis of transcriptional regulation of circadian genes in rat liver
Authors: Nguyen Tung T , Mattick John SA , Yang Qian , Orman Mehmet A , Ierapetritou Marianthi G , Berthiaume Francois , Androulakis Ioannis P 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
The circadian clock is a critical regulator of biological functions controlling behavioral, physiological and biochemical processes. Because the liver is the primary regulator of metabolites within the mammalian body and the disruption of circadian rhythms in liver is associated with severe illness, circadian regulators would play a strong role in maintaining liver function. However, the regulatory structure that governs circadian dynamics within the liver at a transcriptional level remains unknown. To explore this aspect, we analyzed hepatic transcriptional dynamics in Sprague-Dawley rats over a period of 24 hours to assess the genome-wide responses.

Results
Using an unsupervised consensus clustering method, we identified four major gene expression clusters, corresponding to central carbon and nitrogen metabolism, membrane integrity, immune function, and DNA repair, all of which have dynamics which suggest regulation in a circadian manner. With the assumption that transcription factors (TFs) that are differentially expressed and contain CLOCK:BMAL1 binding sites on their proximal promoters are likely to be clock-controlled TFs, we were able to use promoter analysis to putatively identify additional clock-controlled TFs besides PARF and RORA families. These TFs are both functionally and temporally related to the clusters they regulate. Furthermore, we also identified significant sets of clock TFs that are potentially transcriptional regulators of gene clusters.

Conclusions
All together, we were able to propose a regulatory structure for circadian regulation which represents alternative paths for circadian control of different functions within the liver. Our prediction has been affirmed by functional and temporal analyses which are able to extend for similar studies.