bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large-Eddy Simulation of Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layers above a Spectrum of Moving Waves
Authors: Sullivan Peter P. , McWilliams James C. , Patton Edward G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Momentum and scalar transport in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) is driven by a turbulent mix of winds, buoyancy, and surface gravity waves. To investigate the interaction between these processes, a large-eddy simulation (LES) model is developed with the capability to impose a broadband spectrum of time-varying finite-amplitude surface waves at its lower boundary. The LES model adopts a Boussinesq flow model and integrates the governing equations on a time-varying, surface-fitted, nonorthogonal mesh using cell-centered variables with special attention paid to the solution of the pressure Poisson equation near the wavy boundary. Weakly unstable MABLs are simulated with geostrophic winds increasing from 5 to 25 m s−1 and wave age varying from swell-dominated to wind-wave equilibrium. The simulations illustrate cross-scale coupling as wave-impacted near-surface turbulence transitions into shear-convective rolls with increasing distance from the water. In a regime with swell, low winds, and weak heating, wave-induced vertical velocity and pressure signals are readily observed well above the standard reference height ζa = 10 m. At wind-wave equilibrium, the small-scale wave-induced signals are detectable only near the water surface. Below ζa, a nearly-constant-flux layer is observed where the momentum flux carried by turbulence, form stress, and subgrid-scale motions shifts with varying wave age and distance above the water. The spectral content of the surface form stress is wave-age dependent, especially at low wavenumbers. The LES wind profiles deviate from Monin–Obukhov similarity theory in nonequilibrium wind-wave conditions, and entrainment is greatly enhanced by shear-induced engulfment events.
The Anomalous Merging of the African and North Atlantic Jet Streams during the Northern Hemisphere Winter of 2010
Authors: Harnik N. , Galanti E. , Martius O. , Adam O. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The North Atlantic jet stream during winter 2010 was unusually zonal, so the typically separated Atlantic and African jets were merged into one zonal jet. Moreover, the latitude–height structure and temporal variability of the North Atlantic jet during this winter were more characteristic of the North Pacific. This work examines the possibility of a flow regime change from an eddy-driven to a mixed eddy–thermally driven jet. A monthly jet zonality index is defined, which shows that a persistent merged jet state has occurred in the past, both at the end of the 1960s and during a few sporadic months. The anomalously zonal jet is found to be associated with anomalous tropical Pacific diabatic heating and eddy anomalies similar to those found during a negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) state. A Lagrangian back-trajectory diagnosis of eight winters suggests the tropical Pacific is a source of momentum to the Atlantic and African jets and that this source was stronger during the winter of 2010. The results suggest that the combination of weak eddy variance and fluxes in the North Atlantic, along with strong tropical heating, act to push the jet toward a merged eddy–thermally driven state. The authors also find significant SST anomalies in the North Atlantic, which reinforce the anomalous zonal winds, particularly in the eastern Atlantic.
Effects of Large Volcanic Eruptions on Global Summer Climate and East Asian Monsoon Changes during the Last Millennium: Analysis of MPI-ESM Simulations
Authors: Man Wenmin , Zhou Tianjun , Jungclaus Johann H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Responses of summer [June–August (JJA)] temperature and precipitation to large volcanic eruptions are analyzed using the millennial simulations of the earth system model developed at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. The model was driven by up-to-date reconstructions of external forcing, including natural forcing (solar and volcanic) and anthropogenic forcing (land-cover change and greenhouse gases). Cooling anomalies after large volcanic eruptions are seen on a nearly global scale. The cooling in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) is stronger than in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), and cooling is stronger over the continents than over the oceans. The precipitation decreases in the tropical and subtropical regions in the first summer after large volcanic eruptions. The cooling, with amplitudes of up to −0.6°C, is also seen over eastern China. East Asia is dominated by northerly wind anomalies, and the corresponding summer rainfall exhibits a coherent reduction over the entirety of eastern China. The tropospheric mean temperature anomalies indicate that there is coherent cooling over East Asia and the tropical ocean after large volcanic eruptions. The cooling over the middle-to-high latitudes of East Asia is stronger than over the tropical ocean. This temperature anomaly pattern suggests a reduced land–sea thermal contrast and favors a weaker East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulation. Analysis of the radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) suggests that the reduction in shortwave radiation after large volcanic eruptions is nearly twice as large as the reduction in emitted longwave radiation, a net loss of radiative energy that cools the surface and lower troposphere.
The effect of fiber type, yarn structure and fabric structure on the frictional characteristics of sock fabrics
Authors: Van Amber Rebecca R , Lowe Bronwyn J , Niven Brian E , Laing Raechel M , Wilson Cheryl A , Collie Stewart 
Published: July 2014

The objective of this study was to measure the combined effects of fiber type (fine wool, mid-micron wool, acrylic), yarn type (high twist, low twist, single) and fabric structure (single jersey, half-terry, terry) on friction between sock fabrics and a synthetic skin using the horizontal platform method. The effect of weight of a hypothetical wearer and moisture content of a sock fabric were also investigated. Differences among fabrics were analyzed using frictional force traces. Data compared included the static and dynamic friction and coefficients of friction, as well as three new descriptive parameters. All variables investigated affected the frictional characteristics between a sock fabric and a synthetic skin. Single jersey fabrics had the lowest coefficient of static and dynamic friction. Friction between fabric and a synthetic skin was affected most by the applied weight, with the simulated adult weight resulting in a greater frictional force, and higher coefficients of static and dynamic friction. The most important effect of fiber was on the static frictional force and coefficient of static friction of damp fabrics, with fabrics composed of fine wool exhibiting lowest friction, and acrylic fabrics the highest.
A cohort study using pulmonary function tests and x-ray examination in toner-handling workers
Authors: Kitamura H , Terunuma N , Kurosaki S , Hata K , Masuda M , Kochi T , Yanagi N , Murase T , Ogami A , Higashi T 
Published: July 2014

Objectives: This study uses pulmonary function tests and chest x-ray examinations to examine the relationship between toner-handling work and its health effects. Methods: The subjects were 1504 male workers in a Japanese toner and photocopier manufacturing company, in the age range from 19 to 50 years in 2003. Personal exposure measurements, pulmonary function tests, chest x-ray examinations, biomarker measurements, and a questionnaire about respiratory symptoms were conducted. The present study reports the results of pulmonary function tests and chest x-ray examinations conducted in the subjects, which includes a cross-sectional study on the toner handling and non-handling workers and a longitudinal study from 2003 to 2008. Results: Few significant findings were suspected to be caused by toner exposure found in pulmonary function indices in both the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Any obvious fibrotic findings in chest x-ray findings related to the toner exposure could not be found out. Conclusion: No evidence of adverse effects on pulmonary function indices and chest x-rays was present in the toner-handling workers as compared to the nonspecifically exposed workers. Although the toner exposure concentration is quite low in the current well-controlled working environment, even among the toner-handling workers, we would like to continue this study in the future to verify the toner exposure health effects.
Preclinical efficacy of the synthetic retinoid ST1926 for treating adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
Authors: El Hajj Hiba , Khalil Bariaa , Ghandour Botheina , Nasr Rihab , Shahine Sharif , Ghantous Akram , Abdel-Samad Rana , Sinjab Ansam , Hasegawa Hideki , Jabbour Mark , Hall William W. , Zaatari Ghazi , Dbaibo Ghassan , Pisano Claudio , Bazarbachi Ali , Darwiche Nadine 
Published: July 2014

Key Points
The synthetic retinoid ST1926 induces apoptosis of ATL cells and prolongs survival of ATL mice. At the molecular level, ST1926 causes early DNA damage, upregulates p53, and downregulates Tax expression.
Lung cancer in never-smokers: a case–control study in a radon-prone area (Galicia, Spain)
Authors: Torres-Durán María , Ruano-Ravina Alberto , Parente-Lamelas Isaura , Leiro-Fernández Virginia , Abal-Arca José , Montero-Martínez Carmen , Pena-Álvarez Carolina , González-Barcala Francisco Javier , Castro-Añón Olalla , Golpe-Gómez Antonio , Martínez Cristina , Mejuto-Martí María José , Fernández-Villar Alberto , Barros-Dios Juan Miguel 
Published: July 2014

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of residential radon exposure on the risk of lung cancer in never-smokers and to ascertain if environmental tobacco smoke modifies the effect of residential radon.We designed a multicentre hospital-based case–control study in a radon-prone area (Galicia, Spain). All participants were never-smokers. Cases had an anatomopathologically confirmed primary lung cancer and controls were recruited from individuals undergoing minor, non-oncological surgery. Residential radon was measured using alpha track detectors.We included 521 individuals, 192 cases and 329 controls, 21% were males. We observed an odds ratio of 2.42 (95% CI 1.45–4.06) for individuals exposed to ≥200 Bq·m−3compared with those exposed to <100 Bq·m−3. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure at home increased lung cancer risk in individuals with radon exposure >200 Bq·m−3. Individuals exposed to environmental tobacco smoke and to radon concentrations >200 Bq·m−3had higher lung cancer risk than those exposed to lower radon concentrations and exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.Residential radon increases lung cancer risk in never-smokers. An association between residential radon exposure and environmental tobacco smoke on the risk of lung cancer might exist.
Identification of treatment goals in paediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Ploegstra Mark-Jan , Douwes Johannes M. , Roofthooft Marcus T.R. , Zijlstra Willemijn M.H. , Hillege Hans L. , Berger Rolf M.F. 
Published: July 2014

To be able to design goal-oriented treatment strategies in paediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), we aimed to identify treatment goals by investigating the prognostic value of treatment-induced changes in noninvasive predictors of transplant-free survival.66 consecutive, treatment-naïve paediatric PAH patients in the Dutch National Network for Paediatric Pulmonary Hypertension who started taking PAH-targeted drugs between January 2000 and April 2013 underwent prospective, standardised follow-up. Clinical, biochemical and echocardiographic measures were longitudinally collected at treatment initiation and follow-up, and their respective predictive values for transplant-free survival were assessed. Furthermore, the predictive values of treatment-induced changes were assessed.From the identified set of baseline predictors, the variables World Health Organization functional class (WHO-FC), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) were identified as follow-up predictors in which treatment-induced changes were associated with survival. Patients in whom these variables improved after treatment showed better survival (p<0.002).Therefore, WHO-FC, NT-proBNP and TAPSE are not only predictors of transplant-free survival in paediatric PAH but can also be used as treatment goals, as treatment-induced improvements in these variables are associated with improved survival. The identification of these variables allows for the introduction of goal-oriented treatment strategies in paediatric PAH.
Mortality risk prediction in COPD by a prognostic biomarker panel
Authors: Stolz Daiana , Meyer Anja , Rakic Janko , Boeck Lucas , Scherr Andreas , Tamm Michael 
Published: July 2014

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease with various phenotypes. The simultaneous determination of multiple biomarkers reflecting different pathobiological pathways could be useful in identifying individuals with an increased risk of death.We derived and validated a combination of three biomarkers (adrenomedullin, arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide), assessed in plasma samples of 385 patients, to estimate mortality risk in stable COPD. Biomarkers were analysed in combination and defined as high or low.In the derivation cohort (n = 142), there were 73 deaths during the 5-year follow-up. Crude hazard ratios for mortality were 3.0 (95% CI 1.8–5.1) for one high biomarker, 4.8 (95% CI 2.4–9.5) for two biomarkers and 9.6 (95% CI 3.3–28.3) for three high biomarkers compared with no elevated biomarkers. In the validation cohort (n = 243), 87 individuals died. Corresponding hazard ratios were 1.9 (95% CI 1.1–3.3), 3.1 (95% CI 1.8–5.4) and 5.4 (95% CI 2.5–11.4). Multivariable adjustment for clinical variables as well as the BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea, exercise capacity) index and stratification by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stages provided consistent results. The addition of the panel of three biomarkers to the BODE index generated a net reclassification improvement of 57.9% (95% CI 21.7–92.4%) and 45.9% (95% CI 13.9–75.7%) at 3 and 5 years, respectively.Simultaneously elevated levels of adrenomedullin, arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide are associated with increased risk of death in patients with stable COPD.
Development and validation of the RAND Asthma Control Measure
Authors: Lara Marielena , Edelen Maria Orlando , Eberhart Nicole K. , Stucky Brian D. , Sherbourne Cathy D. 
Published: July 2014

Patient-based measures for asthma control are important in assessing the worldwide impact of this highly prevalent chronic illness.We sought to refine an asthma symptom scale that RAND had previously developed to shorten it and validate it further, as well as reflect updated international expert definitions of asthma control. We conducted rigorous psychometric testing of new and adapted self-administered survey items in a sample of 2032 adults with asthma.The reliability and preliminary validity of the resulting measure, henceforth referred to as the RAND Asthma Control Measure (RAND-ACM), matched or exceeded that of the original RAND measure and others in the literature. RAND-ACM scores for worse asthma control were significantly associated with worse asthma-related quality of life, increased asthma-related healthcare use, Hispanic ethnicity and lower educational level. Evidence for internal consistency was strong with a Cronbach’s α of 0.84. We also found adequate concordance between the RAND-ACM and the Global Initiative for Asthma categories of “uncontrolled”, “partly controlled” and “controlled” asthma.The RAND-ACM, a five-item self-reported asthma control survey measure, performs well in a large ethnically-diverse sample of US adults with asthma and provides a cost-free alternative to other asthma control measures currently available.
Existence and approximations of fixed points for contractive mappings of integral type
Authors: Liu Zeqing , Li Xiaozhu , Kang Shin Min 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The existence, uniqueness, and iterative approximations of fixed points for four classes of contractive mappings of integral type in complete metric spaces are established. The results presented in this paper generalize indeed several results of Branciari (J. Math. Math. Sci. 29(9):531-536, 2002), Rhoades (Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 2003(63):4007-4013, 2003) and Liu et al. (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2011:64, 2011). Four illustrative examples with uncountably many points are also included.

MSC:54H25.
Differentiation with User-Generated Content
Authors: Zhang Kaifu , Sarvary Miklos 
Published: July 2014

This paper studies competition between firms whose “products” (content) are generated by their customers (users). Video sharing sites, social networks, online games, etc. all rely heavily on user-generated content and have been growing significantly in the last decade. We model a Hotelling style market in which consumers have heterogeneous tastes along a circular city. In a first step, we consider two ex ante identical firms whose offerings entirely depend on user-generated content. Consumers contribute content to the firm they join and benefit from the content provided by the others, their valuation being higher the closer the content contributor is to the content consumer (i.e., there are local network effects). In such a setting, we show that ex ante identical firms can acquire differentiated market positions that spontaneously emerge from user-generated content. Moreover, such differentiation may take interesting patterns, wherein a firm simultaneously attracts multiple distinct consumer segments that are isolated from each other. Greater segregation, measured by the number of disjoint segments in each platform, reduces consumer valuation for content, but interestingly, it intensifies firm competition. We show that this insight can help us refine the set of possible equilibria. In a second step, we consider firms that explicitly differentiate their offerings by generating some content on their own. We show that user-generated content may strengthen or defeat firms' intended positioning (i.e., firms attract consumers located opposite to their chosen positions) and consumer surplus may be higher in the latter case. Finally, we allow multihoming by consumers and show that the previous equilibrium patterns remain valid, but in most equilibria, a subset of consumers (located between rival firms' core clienteles) are multihomers. More multihoming consumers imply reduced differentiation and higher degree of platform competition. We relate these findings to anecdotal evidence and explore their strategic implications for competing firms relying on user-generated content. This paper was accepted by J. Miguel Villas-Boas, marketing.
Intravitreal Dobesilate Treatment of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration: 12-Months Results
Authors: Cuevas P. , Outeiriño L.A. , Azanza C. , Angulo J. , Giménez-Gallego G. 
Published: July 2014

Purpose: To evaluate the 12-month efficacy and safety of intravitreal Dobesilate in dry age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Patients and Methods: Thirty patients with visual impairment due to dry ARMD received a single intravitreal injection of Dobesilate in the study eye. Ophthalmic evaluation included fundoscopy, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) prior to therapy and 1 week, 1 and 12-months after treatment. Main Outcome Measures: Mean change in BCVA. Retinal anatomy. Incidence of ocular and non-ocular adverse events. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in mean BCVA at 12 months compared with baseline (0.30±0.04 vs. 0.49±0.06 SEM) (p<0.001). BCVA increased in 26 of 30 eyes (86.7%) and only 4 eyes (13.3%) didn’t show any change. Intravitreal Dobesilate injection resulted in a significant improvement of outer retinal anatomy. Visual improvement was not correlated with age. No ocular or systemic events were reported during the follow-up period. Conclusions: This study confirms the safety of Dobesilate intravitreally injected, as well as the improvement in visual acuity and retinal anatomy at 12 months follow-up. Intravitreal Dobesilate may be a promising therapeutic strategy targeting the inflammatory component of dry ARMD.
Epiphytic Plants on Stand of Schima wallichii (D.C.) Korth. at Mount Lawu
Authors: SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI 
Published: July 2014

The objectives of the research were to know: (1) the diversity of epiphyte species at the stand of puspa trees (Schimawallichii (D.C.) Korth.) in Cemoro Sewu and Cemoro Kandang of mount Lawu, and (2) the distribution and cover abundance of the species based on its location from the land surface. The research objects were all species of epiphyte plants on the stand of puspa trees. The procedures of data collection were including species collection in the field, make up herbariums, observation of epiphyte vegetation using transect method and morphology observation in the laboratory. The results show that in the south slope of the mount Lawu were found 23 species of epiphyte consisting 4 species of lichenes, 2 species of Fungi, 3 species of Bryophyte, 10 species of Pterydophyte, 2 species of Orchidaceae and 2 species of liana. The species with the highest density was Bryophyte, and the highest diversity was Pterydophyte. The height of the trees affects the distribution, diversity and density of the epiphyte plants.Â© 2000 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta
Key words: Schima wallichii (D.C.) Korth., mount Lawu, biodiversity, epiphyte plant.
Reviews
Authors: Blanco F. José , Dodd Molly , Hunt-Hurst Patricia 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Body Style, Therèsa M. Winge (2012) London: Berg, 192 pp., ISBN: 9781847880239, p/bk, $29.95
Hollywood Costume, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, Virginia, 9 November 2013–17 February 2014