bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Full and Rainfed Irrigation, Traditional and Nano NPK Fertilizers on The Productivity on Five Genotypes of Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.)
Authors: Al-Jobury Marwan Rahman , Al-Juheieshy Waleed Khalid 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out during the winter agricultural season of 2022 and 2023 in the village of Al-Abbasiya, which is about 12 kilometers north of the center of the city of Mosul in northern Iraq, with the aim of studying the effect of two levels of irrigation (full and Rainfed irrigation) and two levels of fertilization (Traditional and nano-NPK fertilizer) on the yield and quality of five Genotypes of safflower (Gilla, MUJ-36, MUJ-38, MUJ-7, MUJ-2). The experiment was implemented according to the split split-block system and in a randomized Complete block design (R.C.B.D.) with three replications. The results showed that there were significant differences between the two irrigation treatments in all the studied traits, as full irrigation recorded the highest average number of discs per plant, disc diameter, number of seeds per disc, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield, percentage of oil in seeds, and oil yield. The results showed that there were significant differences between the fertilization levels, with NPK nano fertilizer giving the highest averages. The genotypes recorded significant differences among themselves, and the Gilla formula gave the highest averages. The interaction between irrigation, fertilization, and genotypes was significant in all the studied traits. The highest seed and oil yields were obtained from the interaction of full irrigation with nano-fertilizer with the Gilla formula, with an average productivity of (403.19 and 38.61 g. m2) respectively.
The Role of Media in Achieving Sustainable Agricultural Development from the Point of View of Agricultural Employees in Salah Al-Din Governorate |1
Authors: Hammoud Wafa Saleh , Jassim Mahmood Hadis 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The research aimed to identify the role of the media in achieving sustainable agricultural development from the point of view of the respondents, as well as to identify the variation in the point of view of the respondents according to their personal variables in achieving agricultural development in Salah al-Din Governorate, which are (age, training in the field of sustainable agricultural development, sources of obtaining information, attitude towards sustainable agricultural development), A questionnaire form was prepared consisting of two sections. The first section included some independent variables related to employees, while the second section included (48) paragraph, each which represents a role for the media in achieving sustainable agricultural development, divided into four field: (the economic field, the social field, the environmental field, the field technical). The research community included all agricultural employees in the Salah al-Din Governorate Agriculture Directorate and its affiliated agricultural divisions. A simple random sample of (50%) was selected from the agricultural divisions, bringing the number of divisions included in the final research procedures to (13) agricultural divisions that include (216) employees. A percentage of (50%) of the employees of each division was selected, so that the number of respondents reached (98). The results showed that the role of the media in achieving sustainable agricultural development, from the point of view of the respondents in Salah al-Din Governorate, medium tends to be high. It also showed that there is a discrepancy in the views of the respondents regarding the role of the media in achieving sustainable agricultural development according to the personal factors of the respondents. The researchers concluded the need to activate the role of the media in achieving sustainable agricultural development through programs and publishing scientific recommendations that would achieve social and economic development for rural people through good farm management while preserving means of production. The researchers recommend paying attention to developing and diversifying programs for agricultural development in order to reach the largest number of farmers in the research area and assigning employees who have a positive attitude towards sustainable agricultural development to prepare programs and videos that explain how to apply modern technologies and preserve means of production and the environment.
An Economic Study of Crop Structure in Salah Al-Din Province Using Linear Programming
Authors: Bulqader Muna A. , Ali Eskander H. , Baker Yusrah T. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The research aimed to use quantitative methods in making decisions by using linear programming by drawing an optimal crop structure that achieves economic efficiency using resources. Thereafter, three optimal strategies that maximized the net return of the water unit, minimized expenses, and optimised net income were formulated. The plans included 14 summer and winter crops, and the restrictions included three restrictions on area, 12 restrictions on water, 4 restrictions on human labor, and one restriction on mechanical labor, in addition to restrictions on non-negativity and crop composition. The mortgager achieved a net income of 178 billion, with a profit margin per dunum of 218 thousand dinars, while the optimal crop structure that maximizes net income achieved a profit greater than the actual one by 13%, at 202 thousand dinars per dunum, while the optimal plan with the lowest cost had costs of 56.6 billion dinars, while the actual cost was 150.1 billion dinars, returning water alone. It increased from 372 dinars to 403 dinars. The research recommends the necessity of implementing optimal plans and improving the efficiency of irrigation use by relying on modern methods of irrigation
Evaluation of the Efficiency of the Algae Chroccoccus turgidus and Calothrix fusca in Absorbing Phosphate and Nitrite from Water
Authors: Al-Rajab Ibrahim Hamad I. , Al-Shandah Bashar Tareq 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted in the Department of Life Sciences, College of Sciences, Tikrit University, using two species of algae from the Division Cyanophycophyta, isolated, purified, and identified from freshwater spring water in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, namely Chroccoccus turgidus and Calothrix fusca. They were activated by re-cultivating them several times using liquid and solid algae culture media prepared in the laboratory. The study included estimating the effect of the following factors on the efficiency of the algae (C. turgidus and C. fusca) in reducing the concentrations of phosphate (µg/L) and nitrate (µg/L): growth period (0, 7, 14), temperature (20, 24.5, and 30 °C), light intensity (400 and 1960 Lux), type of culture medium (Chu-10 and BG-11), and pH (8 and 8.5). The results were as follows: C. turgidus recorded the lowest concentrations of phosphate and nitrate, 3.47 and 0.516 µg/L, respectively. Cyanobacteria algae reduced the concentrations of phosphate and nitrate with the progression of the experimental time by 11.49% and 18.59%, respectively. The high temperature of 30 °C reduced the concentration of phosphate by 9.56%. Increasing the light intensity to 1960 Lux resulted in the lowest average concentration of phosphate, which was 3.396 µg/L. The Chu-10 medium contributed to a significant reduction in the concentrations of phosphate and nitrate by 16.37% and 12.72%, respectively. Raising the pH value from 8 to 8.5 reduced the concentrations of phosphate and nitrate by 10.45% and 7.89%, respectively.
Spatiotemporal Distribution of the Monthly and Seasonal Mean of High Vegetation Cover, Total Precipitation, and Temperature in Iraq for the Period (1950-2022)
Authors: Hashim Shiemaa A. , Tawfeek Yasmin Q. , Al-Taai Osama T. , Abbood Zainab M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Droughts are generally considered to be a long-term climate risk, where persistent lack of rainfall dries up soil and vegetation, followed by lower water levels in rivers and lakes. Drought may worsen and continue for years in large areas, leaving negative consequences for people and nature. Data are taken by High Vegetation Cover (HVC) Total Precipitation (TP) and Temperature (T) from satellites recorded by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The choice years (1950-2022) over Iraqi stations extend between two latitudes (29.55°-37.225°) North of the equator and between two longitudes (38.455°-48.548°) East of the Corniche line. Otherwise, was studied the seasonal means of HVC, TP, and T also the monthly means of HVC, TP, and T, as well as the relationship between HVC, TP, and T. The results showed the largest amount of HVC occurred at Mosul station of the period (1950-2022) and less amount of HVC occurred in stations (Sinjar, Makhmour, Qaim, Anah, Haditha, Ramadi, Kerbela, Nukhib, Najaf, Diwaniyah, Amara, Samawah, Basrah and Kalis). It turns out that vegetation cover is present in all months. The largest amount of TP occurred at Amadiyah station and a smaller amount of HVC occurred at Najaf station in all months. The highest amount of rain was in March and the lowest amount of rain was in July and August. The largest of T occurred at Nasiriya station and less amount of T occurred at Amadiyah station. The highest temperature was in July and August, the lowest temperature was in January and February.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Commercial Catch of Marine Fish
Authors: Al-Shamary Ahmed Chasib , Ramadan Ismail Ahmed , Othman Moataz Hikmat 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the present study, the commercial catch was studied and the catch was compared before and after the Corona pandemic by catching the catch by selecting three stations for the study, the first in the mouth of the Shatt al-Arab, Two station in the mouth of the Shatt al-Arab and marine waters, and three station in the See waters, within Lang Anwar 2 and for the period between December 2017 and 2021 And depending on periods and a questionnaire method for fishermen working in the fishing sector, the results show that the commercial fish catch was greatly affected by Covid 19, and the highest catch was for shrimp, then commercial fish such as Tenulosa ilisha, and E.coioides. also A fisherman and the results were that the catch was also affected in terms of bringing it for sale or marketing the catch.
The Effect of Two Types of Pesticides, Chemocis ULV and Chemocis D, on the Development, and Hatching of Eggs and Larvae of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (L.)
Authors: Al-Zaidy Faleh M. , Younis Kadhim H. , Al-Najare Ghasan A. , Jabir Amer A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the effects of two aquatic pollutants, Chemocis ULV and Chemocis D, on the hatching rates and embryonic development of common carp eggs. The experiment employed three different concentrations (5, 10, and 15 ppm) of each compound, along with a control treatment, using the air-hatching technique. The results revealed a significant decrease in hatching rates at concentrations of 10 ppm for both pesticides, reaching 20% and 25%, respectively. The control treatment exhibited the highest hatching percentage, with 96% and 95% for each experiment. Conversely, hatching percentages declined with increasing pollutant concentrations, reaching zero hatching at 15%. The study identified an inverse relationship between egg-hatching time and pesticide concentration for both compounds. Furthermore, the analysis of distortions indicated that the lowest percentage occurred at a concentration of 5 ppm, while the highest was observed at a concentration of 10 ppm. This research contributes valuable insights into the adverse effects of Chemocis ULV and Chemocis D on common carp embryonic development and emphasizes the importance of monitoring and mitigating the impact of such pollutants on aquatic ecosystems.
Assessment of Water Quality of the Marsh of Dalmaj Based on some Physico-Chemical Parameters
Authors: Jabbar Sattar Nadhim , Abed Alasady Raid Kadhim 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
As a result of entrenched industries, human causes, urban habitats, water pollution and sewage discharges into the waters have contributed to the decline of animal populations in Dalmage Marsh, which is home to thousands of species. We use procedures approved by the World Health Organization to evaluate physical and chemical properties in three different sites of the marsh of Dalmaj, which may pose a significant risk to public health and to all aquatic organisms. The rates of physical and chemical properties for the months studied were as follows: pH (7.708), temperature (19.15) °C, and dissolved oxygen (DO) (5.611) mg/L, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (2.126) mg/L, Electrical Conductivity (EC)(28719) μS/cm, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)(21767) mg/L, Turbidity(18.39) NTU, Total Hardness (TH)(11304) mg/L, Calcium(397.7) mg/L, Magnesium (2330) mg/L, NO3 (7.759) mg/L, and chloride (5407) mg/L. The results also showed fluctuations in physical and chemical parameters at each of the sites during the study months, which indicates an increase in water pollution due to human activities in the waters of the Dalmaj. We recommend conducting more studies every year to monitor pollution in Dalmaj water that changes the values of chemical and physical properties.
Study of the physicochemical parameters of groundwater in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate/Iraq
Authors: Abd Al-Khader Asaad Razzaq , Hussein Haider Mashkoor 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify some physical and chemical characteristics, as well as the concentrations of nutritional salts such as phosphates nitrates and nitrites in the groundwater of ten wells selected in various locations in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate from July to September 2023. The temperatures of the wells’ water were somewhat similar between Wells values ranged between 18-21 degrees Celsius. The pH values ranged between (7.1-7.5). EC values were (1345-18460) μs/cm. TDS values were between (13840-1084) mg/l. total hardness values were (500-4006) mg/l, Chloride ion values were between (138-4960) mg/l. and Sulfates (SO4) values were (288-952) mg/l. Nitrate, Nitrite and Phosphate values were between (12.64 - 0.75) mg/l, (0.002-0.384) mg/l and (0.024-4.128) mg/l, respectively.
Thiamethoxam Behaviour Modelling in the Clay Soil
Authors: Odah Al-Waeli Wissam Mansour , Al-Farttoosy Alaa Hassan , Omran Iman Mussa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Because all pesticides are poisons that are intentionally released into the environment, pesticide behaviour is significant. It is necessary to consider the chemical and physical properties of pesticides in order to comprehend the causes of poorly executed pest management. The results showed that the equilibrium constant of Thiamethoxam was achieved between 60 to 180 minutes. The kinetic reaction explained that Thiamethoxam is subjected to the second order with a rate constant of 0.0017 mg mimute-1. Moreover it is more fitting to the Freundlich model compared to the Langmuir model. The bF was recorded 0.02 with the correlation coefficient 0.9999, indicating that Thiamethoxam mobiles on non-ideal surfaces. As long as it was subjected to the second reaction kinetic order, the half-life was 566.4 minutes (0.39 day). In terms of Thiamethoxam distribution in the soil, the distribution coefficient Kd was 0.22 mL g-1, suggesting that Thiamethoxam tends to be less mobile in the soil.
The Effect of Five Types of Storage Bags on the Infestation of Wheat and Barley Grains with khapra Beetle Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera : Dermestidae)
Authors: Abbas Al-Hayali Tareq Saadi , Qader Fadel Abbas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Six types of packing bags with two thicknesses (15 and 25) micron were prepared, and then 10 grams of sterilized, sound wheat seed, free of any previous insect infestation, was added to each bag of (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, cellophane and Canvas.) with two thickness (15 and 25) microns. Then the bags were completely sealed. The experiment was carried out using three replicates for each treatment, and all the bags were placed inside a three-dimensional glass box (50 x 59 x 80 cm). The top of the box was covered with a piece of tulle cloth, and then 50 pairs of Khapra beetle, Trogodrma granarium adults were released inside the aforementioned box space. The experiment was carried out by placing the box inside the laboratory at a temperature (28-35) and 45-55 % relative humidity in order to be able to penetrate the larvae and adults of Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium. After more than 30 days after the appearance of the first generation individuals, penetration was evaluated by studying the number of larvae and adults penetrating the bags and the percentage of loss in seed weight inside the bags. The results of the study showed that Canvas, cloth, and cellophane bags were the worst types of bags due to their ease of penetration by insects, while it became clear that the most resistant types to insect penetration were both P.V.C, Polyvinyl chloride and P.P, Polypropylene storage bags.
Isolation and Identification of Cucumber Root Rot-Associated Fungi and Assessment of Their Pathogenicity
Authors: Ibrahim Ibrahim Ali , Al-Juboory Hurria Hussein 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted at the Laboratories of the Crop Protection Directorate / Ministry of Agriculture – Iraq for isolating the causative agents of cucumber root rot disease from various sites in Baghdad, Salah al-Din, Sulaymaniyah, and Basra provinces in Iraq, and testing their pathogenicity on cucumber seeds in the laboratory Results of isolation and diagnosis revealed the presence of several plant-associated fungi that varied in appearance across different regions The fungus Rhizoctonia solani was the most prevalent, as it appeared in the majority of the isolated samples, totaling fifteen isolates, while the isolates of Fusarium spp and Macrophomina phaseolina reached 5 and 2 isolates, respectively The results of pathogenicity assessment for 22 fungal isolates indicated that all tested fungi significantly reduced the germination rate of cucumber seeds Germination rates in their treatments ranged from 0-43.3% compared to 100% in the control Isolates R7 to R15 of R. solani, 1F to F5 of Fusarium. spp, and isolates M1 and M2 of M. phaseolina exhibited significant superiority over other isolates, which completely inhibiting seeds germination, while the germination rates for isolate treatments R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 reached 43.3, 36.6, 20, 10, 30, 6.6%, respectively
The Effect of Ten Plant Powders on Lesser Grain Borer, Rhizopertha dominica During Different Storage Periods
Authors: Saber Najdat Ghazi , Mansor Mohammed Shakir , Qader Fadel Abbas 
Published: July 2024

AbstractA study examined three concentrations (2.0, 4.0, and 6.0g plant powder/10g wheat grain) of ten plant powders Anise, Pimpinella anisum, Black pepper, Piper nigrum, Ginger, Zingiber officinale, lamb’s ear, Stachys byzantine and Red pepper, Capsicum annuum. Coriander, Coriandrum sativum Fenugreek, Trigonella foenum, Cumin, Cuminum cyminum. Cinnamon, Cinnamomum cassi and Turmeric, Curcuma longa on the lesser. Grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, larvae and adults, the percentage of wheat grain weight losses during 1,2, and 3 storage months. The results of the study showed that the highest rate of larvae was 35.25 larvae for fenugreek plant, while the number of larvae limited to 3.80 larvae, for black pepper after one month of storage. Thus, the results also showed that the highest rate of Lesser grain borer adult number is 45.25 adults, was recorded for Fenugreek plant after 3 months of storage, while the lowest rate of adult number is 4.75 adults, was recorded for black pepper plant after one month of storage. Thus, the results also indicated that the concentrations of powders have a large and clear effect on the insect. The highest rate of larvae number is 18.46 larvae at 2.0 g/100 gm concentration, while the lowest rate of larvae is 3.60 larvae was recorded for a concentration of 6.0 g/100 gm seeds. The results also showed that the highest rate of the insect adult number is, 29.23 adults was recorded for a concentration of 2 g/10g grains, after 3 storage months, while the lowest rate of adult is 4.63 adults recorded for a concentration of 6.0 gm/10 gm seeds. The results also showed that the highest rate of grain losses is 5.59 grams, recorded for Coriander plant after 3 months of storage, while the lowest rate of grain weight losses, 0.69 g, was recorded for black pepper powder after 1 month of storage.
Study of the Food Preference of Rusty Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Laboratory
Authors: Shweil Thekra Habib , Al-Jubouri Raghad Khalaf 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A laboratory experiment was applied to evaluate the effect of wheat flour, wheat groats, and rice grains on the growth and development of the red rusty flour beetle Tribolium castaneum in terms of number (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults) and percentages (hatching, pupation, and adult emergence). The results showed the highest number (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults) on wheat flour were 70.00 eggs, 58.33 larvae, 44.66 pupae, and 39.66 adults, respectively. The highest percentages of (hatching, pupation, and emergence of adults) on wheat flour were 83.56%, 77.35%, and 88.28% respectively.
Antagonistic Potential of Ascorbic Acid and SiO2 Against Fusarium oxysporium, the Causative of Damping–off Disease in Melon Seedlings
Authors: Abdulsatar Ebtehal S. , Ibade Khalid W. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The results of the isolate detection of the fungus causing melon damping–off disease caused by the fungus (Fusarium spp.), revealed that all isolates were pathogenic. Isolate HF4 (with the highest infection percentage) had a pathogenicity in PDA media, exhibiting an infection percentage of 93% in the laboratory and 93.3% in the pots compared to the control treatment with no pathogen. The results of the antagonistic potential experiment against the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporium showed inhibition of fungal growth. The normal ascorbic acid at the concentration of 3000 mg.L-1 and ascorbic acid nanoparticles at the concentration of 1500 mg.L-1 achieved an inhibition percentage of 94.4% and 72.2%, respectively. Normal silicon dioxide (SiO2), at the concentration of 600 mg L-1, and silicon dioxide nanoparticles, at the concentration of 300 mg.L-1 inhibited the fungus by 30% and 29%, respectively. At the same time, the fungicide Beltanol showed 100% inhibition at a concentration of 1ml L-1.
Morphological Diagnosis of Heterodera avenae in Iraq and Their Pathogenicity on Three Wheat Varieties
Authors: Aldarraji Mohammed H. , Alwaily Dhia S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Wheat is one of the dominant crops in many countries being used by human and livestock. Cereal Cyst nematodes one of very important pest that reduce yield up to 50% worldwide. In this study, the survey was conducted across seven Governorate the Heterodera type appeared in three of them (Misan, Baghdad, Al-Najaf) chosen based from their wide area of small grain production and geographical position in 2020. Cyst were identified by morphological methods. Species identification has been validated by molecular method. As a result of the study, that the wheat variety Buhooth 22 was less affected by the infection and the infection rate was 40% and a significant difference was recorded between it and the other two varieties, Ibaa 99 and Rashid. The infection rate was high and reached 53.3 and 60% respectively. This is first study in Iraq in terms of morphometric nematode identification in case of Cyst nematodes. These results can be of signifigance for improving strategies to control Cereal Cyst nematode affecting wheat production in Iraq.