bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of facial fractures in the Australian Football League
Authors: Savage Jason , Winter Matthew , Orchard John , Schenberg Michael 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of facial injuries within the Australian Football League (AFL) raises concern and can cause the temporary or permanent loss of function thereby threatening a player's earning potential and length of playing career. The purpose of this study was to identify all facial fractures occurring within the AFL over a 17‐season period from 1992 to 2008. We aimed to detail injury trends and possible factors that correlate to a player's risk of sustaining a facial fracture.MethodsA case review of the AFL's prospective injury records looking at facial fractures sustained by AFL players over a 17‐year period was conducted. We analysed various parameters including frequency, distribution, player location, time of season, player recovery, fracture incidence per season and geographical location of facial fracture.Results In the recorded period, 175 total facial fractures were sustained by AFL players. A majority of fractures, 108 (62%), were sustained during season matches. Zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures (41%) and mandibular (37%) fractures were the most commonly recorded. Players missed 517 matches because of injury with an average of three matches per injury.ConclusionsThe AFL is a high‐impact, physically demanding competition resulting in significant numbers of facial fractures. There has been a trend of decreased incidence of facial fractures in the AFL from 2006 to 2008. This trend may be attributable to an AFL rule change, which occurred during the study period. Further injury recording could give a more accurate representation of the impact that future AFL rule changes have.
Pathologies of the appendix: a 10‐year review of 4670 appendicectomy specimens
Authors: Chandrasegaram Manju D. , Rothwell Lincoln A. , An Ethan I. , Miller Rose J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundDebate surrounds the management of the macroscopically normal appendix. Current literature recommends its removal given the high incidence of microscopic appendicitis, and other unusual pathologies in the normal‐looking appendix. Negative appendicectomies are reported on the decline with increased use of diagnostic radiological adjuncts.MethodsThis study analysed pathologies of the appendix over 10 years in the Pathology Department in Canberra. A positive appendicectomy was defined as acute appendicitis, faecoliths, worms, endometriosis or appendiceal tumours. We reviewed the positive appendicectomy rate over this time period.ResultsThere were 4670 appendicectomy specimens in 2386 males (51.1%) and 2284 (49%) females. The incidence of acute appendicitis was 71.3% and the positive appendicectomy rate was 76.3%. There were significantly fewer negative appendicectomies in males (16.8%) compared with females (31.0%). There was no appreciable change in this trend over the study period. Of the positive appendicectomies, there were 129 (3.6%) faecoliths. Of these, only 39.5% had concomitant appendicitis. There were 44 (1.2%) specimens identified with worms. Of these, 40.9% had concomitant appendicitis. There were 14 cases of endometriosis of the appendix of which 36% had concomitant appendicitis. There were 58/3562 (1.6%) appendiceal tumours within the positive appendicectomy group the majority of which were carcinoid tumours (65.5%).ConclusionThere is a higher incidence of negative appendicectomies in women compared with men, which is similar to other published studies. Faecoliths and worms are a known cause of appendiceal colic and in our series were identified mostly in the absence of histological evidence of appendicitis.
Lateral cervical cysts: anAustralian perspective
Authors: Veivers David , Dent James 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundCorrectly identifying the aetiology of lateral cervical cysts poses a diagnostic challenge commonly encountered by head and neck surgeons. The aim of this study was to ascertain the effectiveness of current investigatory techniques used in the diagnosis of these masses.MethodsA retrospective analysis of all patients presenting to a singleSydneyHead andNeckUnit between 2000 and 2010 with the diagnosis of a lateral cervical cyst was performed. Patients with a clinically evident primary malignancy were excluded from the study. Results of their clinical assessment and any investigations performed were compared with pathology after surgical excision.ResultsForty‐seven patients met the inclusion criteria. Twelve of the 47 masses showed squamous cell carcinoma on histology post‐operatively. The remainder of the masses (35 out of 47) were histologically diagnosed as branchial cleft cysts. Of the malignant tumours, 4 of 12 (33%) were correctly identified before cyst removal. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA)was performed in 37 of the 47 patients, with a sensitivity of 25% and a specificity of 96.6%. Notably, a false‐positive result was obtained fromFNAin a patient who had a final diagnosis of branchial cyst after modified radical neck dissection. The rate of malignancy in patients aged over 40 years (44%) was higher than that of the total group (25.5%) and significantly higher than that of patients aged below 40 years (0%).ConclusionsCurrent techniques in the investigation of cystic neck masses are suboptimal in their accuracy. Clinical evaluation and, in particular, thorough examination of the oropharynx directly and by fibre‐optic nasendoscopy will often reveal the presence of a primary cancer when present. Care must always be taken in the evaluation of such lesions to maximize the likelihood of making the correct diagnosis.
Somatostatin varicosities contain the vesicular GABA transporter and contact orexin neurons in the hypothalamus
Authors: Toossi Hanieh , Del Cid‐Pellitero Esther , Stroh Thomas , Jones Barbara E. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSomatostatin (SST) is a neuropeptide with known inhibitory actions in the hypothalamus, where it inhibits release of growth hormone‐releasing hormone (GHRH), while also influencing the sleep–wake cycle. Here we investigated in the rat whether SST neurons might additionally release GABA (gamma‐aminobutyric acid) or glutamate in different regions and whether they might contact orexin neurons that play an important role in the maintenance of wakefulness. In dual‐immunostained sections viewed by epifluorescence microscopy, we examined if SST varicosities were immunopositive for the vesicular transporter for GABA (VGAT) or glutamate (VGLUT2) in the posterolateral hypothalamus and neighboring arcuate nucleus and median eminence. Of the SST varicosities in the posterolateral hypothalamus, 18% were immunopositive for VGAT, whereas ≤ 1% were immunopositive for VGLUT2. In the arcuate and median eminence, 26 and 64% were VGAT+ and < 3% VGLUT2 + , respectively. In triple‐immunostained sections viewed by epifluorescence and confocal microscopy, SST varicosities were seen in contact with orexin somata, and of these varicosities, a significant proportion (23%) contained VGAT along with synaptophysin, the presynaptic marker for small synaptic vesicles, and a similar proportion (25%) abutted puncta that were immunostained for gephyrin, the postsynaptic marker for GABAergic synapses. Our results indicate that a significant proportion of SST varicosities in the hypothalamus have the capacity to release GABA, to form inhibitory synapses upon orexin neurons, and accordingly through their peptide and/or amino acid, to inhibit orexin neurons, as well as GHRH neurons. Thus while regulating GHRH release, SST neurons could serve to attenuate arousal and permit progression through the sleep cycle.
Facebook as a learning tool? A case study on the appropriation of social network sites from mobile phones in developing countries
Authors: Pimmer Christoph , Linxen Sebastian , Gröhbiel Urs 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis exploratory research investigates how students and professionals use social network sites (SNSs) in the setting of developing and emerging countries. Data collection included focus groups consisting of medical students and faculty as well as the analysis of a Facebook site centred on medical and clinical topics. The findings show how users, both students and professionals, appropriate SNSs from their mobile phones as rich educational tools in informal learning contexts. First, unlike in previous studies, the analysis revealed explicit forms of educational content embedded in informal learning contexts in Facebook. Quizzes, case presentations and associated deliberate (e‐)learning practices which are typically found in (more) formal educational settings were identified. Second, from a sociocultural learning perspective, it is shown how the participation in such virtual professional communities across national boundaries permits the announcement and negotiation of occupational status and professional identities.Practitioner Notes
What is already known about this topic
Social network sites (SNSs) support education‐related learning practices.

What this paper adds
Learners appropriate SNSs sites from their mobiles as tools for a wide range of educational practices in informal learning contexts in developing/emerging countries.
The (e‐)learning practices identified include deliberate engagement by users with explicit forms of educational content such as quizzes and case presentations as well as participation in virtual professional communities that allows for the announcement and negotiation of occupational status and professional identities.
Such technologies permit the students' educational engagement beyond local communities and facilitate loose connections to professional networks.

Implications for practice and/or policy
Overhasty claims regarding the more systematic use or the integration of such informal (e‐)learning in formal educational settings to support education and health in developing countries should be avoided. Instead, more systematic research is needed.
Questioning the character and significance of convergence between social network and professional practices in teacher education
Authors: Turvey Keith 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper captures and characterises the interplay between a group of student teachers’ narratives of social network practice and their emergent professional practice with technologies. Teachers on an Initial Teacher Education programme in the UK spent a semester studying a module that synthesised university‐based lectures with a professional intervention using online communications technologies in a local primary school involving a class of 30 children (8–10 years). A narrative methodology was developed to capture and conceptualise the teachers’ perceptions of the experience. Teachers’ dispositions towards the appropriation of technologies were found to be as ubiquitous across social network and professional contexts as the technological tools themselves. However, the distinctly nuanced ways in which the teachers experienced the process of convergence raises questions with regard to the significance of such convergence and how we both capture and characterise convergence as a technological, cultural or agent‐centred process. The findings support the need for an agent‐centred view of convergence embedded within the wider socio‐cultural ecology that incorporates individuals’ engagement with media and social network practices.Practitioner Notes
What is already known about this topic
The development of professional practice and pedagogy with new technologies is a complex process.
Teachers’ professional learning with new technologies is mediated by wider socio‐cultural contexts and the affordances of technologies.

What this paper adds
This paper provides fine‐grained empirical evidence of some of the ways in which professionals exert user agency over the technological tools they appropriate in their professional practice.
A new narrative ecology methodology to make sense of how teachers might incorporate social networking technologies into their professional development and practice.

Implications for practice and/or policy
The need to recognise the significance of user agency in the ways in which technologies are appropriated into professional practice.
The five central psychological challenges facing effective mobile learning
Authors: Terras Melody M. , Ramsay Judith 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWeb 2.0 technology not only offers the opportunity of massively parallel interconnected networks that support the provision of information and communication anytime and anywhere but also offers immense opportunities for collaboration and sharing of user‐generated content. This information‐rich environment may support both formal and informal learning. The increasing use of mobile technology affords additional opportunities to utilise this learning potential from any location and even when on the move. In this paper, we identify five important psychological challenges learners may encounter when using mobile devices for mobile learning. We argue that mobile learning theorists, practitioners and developers alike must be aware of the five challenges and aim to address them to maximise the potential of mobile learning.Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topicThe educational potential ofWeb 2.0 technology is yet to be realised.Mobile technology is becoming increasingly widespread and offers immense opportunities for learning.Psychological theory and research has contributed to the characterisation and resolution of numerous applied problems in educational and technological contexts.What this paper addsIdentification of five important psychological challenges posed by the mobile learning experience.A characterisation of the resultant skill set required by learners to maximise the potential of mobile learning.Implications for practice and/or policyLearning tasks and materials should be sensitive to the five psychological challenges of the mobile learning experience.To maximise the learning potential ofWeb 2.0 technology, learners must possess the appropriate profile of psychological (both cognitive and psychosocial) skills.
Vogt, W Paul et al (2012) When to use what research designGuilford Press (New York, and Routledge, London) isbn978‐1‐4625‐0353‐7 378 pp £26.99http://www.guilford.com/cgi‐bin/cartscript.cgi?page=pr/vogt.htm&dir=research/res_tech&cart_id=614506.1286
Authors: Cowan John 
Published: August 2012

SummaryAs their title claims, the writers concentrate on clear advice about how and when to choose particular research methods. They do so in a scholarly and well‐ordered coverage that is extensive, thorough, useful … and, in this full detail, unusual in educational literature. Everyone contemplating research—whether undergraduate, postgraduate or experienced researcher—should obtain, consult and use their own personal copy.John Cowan
Creemers, Bert P M & Kyriakides, Leonardas (2012) Improving quality in educationRoutledge (New York & London) isbn978‐0‐415‐54874‐8 301 pp £28.99http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415548748/
Authors: Leece David I 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe aim of the book is to promote an evidence‐based and theory‐driven approach to school improvement. While it targets all professionals working in education, it could be argued that officials in education policy, academics, and school management teams would gain most from reading it. Indeed, if this book's content is likely to be relevant, you should arrange to borrow a copy for a time.David I Leece
Millis, Barbara J ed (2010) Cooperative learning in higher educationStylus (Sterling VA, & Eurospan, London) isbn978‐1‐57922‐329‐8 233 pp £20.50http://stylus.styluspub.com/books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=187885
Authors: Dettori Giuliana 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThis interesting book aims to provide tools, pedagogical support, and inspiration to enable higher education teachers to implement cooperative teaching and learning approaches effectively, so as to lead their students to engage in stimulating problem solving activities and by this means develop critical thinking and deep learning. If this book's content is likely to be relevant to what you do, I strongly suggest you borrow a copy.Giuliana Dettori
Noyce, Pendred E & Hickey, Daniel T ed (2011) New frontiers in formative assessmentHarvard Education (Cambridge MA & Eurospan, London) isbn978‐1‐61250‐117‐8 264 pp £24.50http://www.hepg.org/hep/book/151
Authors: Cowan John 
Published: August 2012

SummaryContributions here display on‐going work in the US on formative assessment in schools, over a variety of discipline areas and student ages. Considerable use is reported of innovative technology to obtain and present the data to which teachers, and sometimes students, then respond. Reading this book will provide rewarding stimulus for those who value supporting student learning: therefore, borrow a copy for a while, if its content is likely to be relevant.John Cowan
SCIENCE AND THE HINDU TRADITION: COMPATIBILITY OR CONFLICT?
Authors: Gosling David L. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract While much has been written about science and the Abrahamic religious traditions, there is little about the Hindu tradition and science. We examine two recent authors who have explored the relationship between the two, in one case across the full spectrum of Indian history, and in the other with a specific focus on the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, a ninth‐ to eleventh‐century CE document centered on the Lord Krishna.These two publications are compared with a symposium of articles by scientists and scholars of the Hindu tradition that consider both science and religion heuristically in terms of “knowing the unknowable.” Each contribution explores this concept in accordance with the scientific or religious topic's internal self‐understanding, without any cross‐fertilization (“cherry picking”) across the boundaries.Finally, we consider the author's own approach, which is intermediate between the previous mentioned in that it reviews the work of Hindu scientists who shaped the course of their research in accordance with their Vedāntic beliefs. These include Satyendra Nath Bose, who collaborated with Einstein on his quest for a unified field theory, and gave his name to a class of fundamental particles called bosons.
Movement patterns and habitat selection of invasive African sharptooth catfish
Authors: Kadye W. T. , Booth A. J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractInformation on the movement behaviour and habitat use by non‐native invasive African catfish Clarias gariepinus is crucial in understanding and possibly mitigating its potential impacts. The aim of this study was to examine catfish movement and habitat selection within an invaded impoundment in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Acoustic telemetry data for 10 tagged catfish were analyzed to identify spatial patterns in home ranges and seasonal changes in habitat associations. Long‐distance movements were observed for most catfish from common central release point, whereas short‐distance movements defined their home ranges and utilization distributions that were categorized as localized within single or multiple habitats. Habitat selection was non‐random with most catfish utilizing the shallow river mouth and upper section of the reservoir that were dominated by a rocky substratum interspersed with submerged trees. These localities were likely to be preferred for spawning and/or feeding. Utilization of these habitats by catfish is likely to be associated with probable impact due to predation and interference competition for feeding and breeding grounds with other species. Although most catfish maintained their home ranges throughout the study, seasonal shifts in habitat use, which was reflected by the utilization of deep and silt‐dominated habitats, were also observed for some catfish. Non‐random habitat use and homing behaviour within single and multiple habitats by non‐native sharptooth catfish suggests that its impact within the invaded habitats may be associated with particular habitats both at broad spatial and temporal scales. Protection of habitats from catfish invasion should be considered as a management option to conserve native biota.
The tomato CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE8 (SlCCD8) regulates rhizosphere signaling, plant architecture and affects reproductive development through strigolactone biosynthesis
Authors: Kohlen Wouter , Charnikhova Tatsiana , Lammers Michiel , Pollina Tobia , Tóth Peter , Haider Imran , Pozo María J. , de Maagd Ruud A. , Ruyter‐Spira Carolien , Bouwmeester Harro J. , López‐Ráez Juan A. 
Published: August 2012

Summary

Strigolactones are plant hormones that regulate both above‐ and belowground plant architecture. Strigolactones were initially identified as rhizosphere signaling molecules. In the present work, the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 8 (SlCCD8) was cloned and its role in rhizosphere signaling and plant physiology assessed by generating knock‐down lines.

Transgenic SlCCD8 plants were generated by RNAi‐mediated silencing. Lines with different levels of strigolactone reduction – confirmed by UPLC‐MS/MS – were selected and their phenotypes investigated.

Lines exhibiting reduced SlCCD8 levels displayed increased shoot branching, reduced plant height, increased number of nodes and excessive adventitious root development. In addition, these lines exhibited reproductive phenotypes such as smaller flowers, fruits, as well as fewer and smaller seeds per fruit. Furthermore, we show that strigolactone loading to the xylem sap is possibly restricted to orobanchol.

Infestation by Phelipanche ramosa was reduced by 90% in lines with a relatively mild reduction in strigolactone biosynthesis and secretion while arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, apical dominance and fruit yield were only mildly affected. This demonstrates that reduction of strigolactone biosynthesis could be a suitable tool in parasitic weed management. Furthermore, our results suggest that strigolactones are involved in even more physiological processes than so far assumed.
Modelling terrestrial nitrous oxide emissions and implications for climate feedback
Authors: Xu‐Ri  , Prentice I. Colin , Spahni Renato , Niu Hai Shan 
Published: August 2012

Summary

Ecosystem nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions respond to changes in climate and CO2 concentration as well as anthropogenic nitrogen (N) enhancements. Here, we aimed to quantify the responses of natural ecosystem N2O emissions to multiple environmental drivers using a process‐based global vegetation model (DyN‐LPJ).

We checked that modelled annual N2O emissions from nonagricultural ecosystems could reproduce field measurements worldwide, and experimentally observed responses to step changes in environmental factors. We then simulated global N2O emissions throughout the 20th century and analysed the effects of environmental changes.

The model reproduced well the global pattern of N2O emissions and the observed responses of N cycle components to changes in environmental factors. Simulated 20th century global decadal‐average soil emissions were c. 8.2–9.5 Tg N yr−1 (or 8.3–10.3 Tg N yr−1 with N deposition). Warming and N deposition contributed 0.85 ± 0.41 and 0.80 ± 0.14 Tg N yr−1, respectively, to an overall upward trend. Rising CO2 also contributed, in part, through a positive interaction with warming.

The modelled temperature dependence of N2O emission (c. 1 Tg N yr−1 K−1) implies a positive climate feedback which, over the lifetime of N2O (114 yr), could become as important as the climate–carbon cycle feedback caused by soil CO2 release.