bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postnatal Mandibular Cheek Tooth Development in the Miniature Pig Based on Two‐Dimensional and Three‐Dimensional X‐Ray Analyses
Authors: Ide Yoshiaki , Nakahara Taka , Nasu Masanori , Matsunaga Satoru , Iwanaga Takehiro , Tominaga Noriko , Tamaki Yuichi 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe miniature pig is a useful large laboratory animal model. Various tissues and organs of miniature pigs are similar to those of humans in terms of developmental, anatomical, immunological, and physiological characteristics. The oral and maxillofacial region of miniature pigs is often used in preclinical studies of regenerative dentistry. However, there is limited information on the dentition and tooth structure of miniature pigs. The purpose of this study was to examine the time‐course changes of dentition and tooth structure (especially the root) of the miniature pig mandibular cheek teeth through X‐ray analyses using soft X‐ray for two‐dimensional observations and micro‐CT for three‐dimensional observations. The mandibles of male Clawn strain miniature pigs (2 weeks and 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, and 29 months of age) were used. X‐ray analysis of the dentition of miniature pig cheek teeth showed that the eruption pattern of the miniature pig is diphyodont and that the replacement pattern is vertical. Previous definitions of deciduous and permanent teeth often varied and there has been no consensus on the number of teeth (dentition); however, we found that three molars are present in the deciduous dentition and that four premolars and three molars are present in the permanent dentition. Furthermore, we confirmed the number of tooth roots and root canals. We believe that these findings will be highly useful in future studies using miniature pig teeth. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Olfactory System and Demyelination
Authors: Garcia‐Gonzalez D. , Murcia‐Belmonte V. , Clemente D. , De Castro F. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTWithin the central nervous system, the olfactory system represents one of the most exciting scenarios since it presents relevant examples of long‐life sustained neurogenesis and continuous axonal outgrowth from the olfactory epithelium with the subsequent plasticity phenomena in the olfactory bulb. The olfactory nerve is composed of nonmyelinated axons with interesting ontogenetic interpretations. However, the centripetal projections from the olfactory bulb are myelinated axons which project to more caudal areas along the lateral olfactory tract. In consequence, demyelination has not been considered as a possible cause of the olfactory symptoms in those diseases in which this sense is impaired. One prototypical example of an olfactory disease is Kallmann syndrome, in which different mutations give rise to combined anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, together with different satellite symptoms. Anosmin‐1 is the extracellular matrix glycoprotein altered in the X‐linked form of this disease, which participates in cell adhesion and migration, and axonal outgrowth in the olfactory system and in other regions of the central nervous system. Recently, we have described a new patho‐physiological role of this protein in the absence of spontaneous remyelination in multiple sclerosis. In the present review, we hypothesize about how both main and satellite neurological symptoms of Kallmann syndrome may be explained by alterations in the myelination. We revisit the relationship between the olfactory system and myelin highlighting that minor histological changes should not be forgotten as putative causes of olfactory malfunction. Anat Rec, 296:1424‐1434, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect of the Achilles Tendon on Trabecular Structure in the Primate Calcaneus
Authors: Kuo Sharon , Desilva Jeremy M. , Devlin Maureen J. , Mcdonald Gabriel , Morgan Elise F. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTHumans possess the longest Achilles tendon relative to total muscle length of any primate, an anatomy that is beneficial for bipedal locomotion. Reconstructing the evolutionary history of the Achilles tendon has been challenging, in part because soft tissue does not fossilize. The only skeletal evidence for Achilles tendon anatomy in extinct taxa is the insertion site on the calcaneal tuber, which is rarely preserved in the fossil record and, when present, is equivocal for reconstructing tendon morphology. In this study, we used high‐resolution three‐dimensional microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) to quantify the microstructure of the trabecular bone underlying the Achilles tendon insertion site in baboons, gibbons, chimpanzees, and humans to test the hypothesis that trabecular orientation differs among primates with different tendon morphologies. Surprisingly, despite their very different Achilles tendon lengths, we were unable to find differences between the trabecular properties of chimpanzee and human calcanei in this specific region. There were regional differences within the calcaneus in the degree of anisotropy (DA) in both chimpanzees and humans, though the patterns were similar between the two species (higher DA inferiorly in the calcaneal tuber). Our results suggest that while trabecular bone within the calcaneus varies, it does not respond to the variation of Achilles tendon morphology across taxa in the way we hypothesized. These results imply that internal bone architecture may not be informative for reconstructing Achilles tendon anatomy in early hominins. Anat Rec, 296:1509–1517, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Of Pheromones and Kairomones: What Receptors Mediate Innate Emotional Responses?
Authors: Fortes‐Marco Lluis , Lanuza Enrique , Martinez‐Garcia Fernando 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTSome chemicals elicit innate emotionally laden behavioral responses. Pheromones mediate sexual attraction, parental care or agonistic confrontation, whereas predators' kairomones elicit defensive behaviors in their preys. This essay explores the hypothesis that the detection of these semiochemicals relies on highly specific olfactory and/or vomeronasal receptors. The V1R, V2R, and formyl‐peptide vomeronasal receptors bind their ligands in highly specific and sensitive way, thus being good candidates for pheromone‐ or kairomone‐detectors (e.g., secreted and excreted proteins, peptides and lipophilic volatiles). The olfactory epithelium also expresses specific receptors, for example trace amine‐associated receptors (TAAR) and guanylyl cyclase receptors (GC‐D and other types), some of which bind kairomones and putative pheromones. However, most of the olfactory neurons express canonical olfactory receptors (ORs) that bind many ligands with different affinity, being not suitable for mediating responses to pheromones and kairomones. In this respect, trimethylthiazoline (TMT) is considered a fox‐derived kairomone for mice and rats, but it seems to be detected by canonical ORs. Therefore, we have reassessed the kairomonal nature of TMT by analyzing the behavioral responses of outbred (CD1) and inbred mice (C57BL/J6) to TMT. Our results confirm that both mouse strains avoid TMT, which increases immobility in C57BL/J6, but not CD1 mice. However, mice of both strains sniff at TMT throughout the test and show no trace of TMT‐induced contextual conditioning (immobility or avoidance). This suggests that TMT is not a kairomone but, similar to a loud noise, in high concentrations it induces aversion and stress as unspecific responses to a strong olfactory stimulation. Anat Rec, 296:1346‐1363, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ontogenesis of the Extra‐Bulbar Olfactory Pathway in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Gaudin Arnaud , Lardière-Butterfield Juliette , Gascuel Jean 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough the development, anatomy, and physiology of the vertebrate olfactory system are fairly well understood, there is still no clear definition of the terminal nerve complex acknowledged by all. Among the most debated matters is whether or not the extrabulbar projections found in anamniotes should or should not be considered part of the terminal nerve complex. In this context, we investigated the early development of the extrabulbar pathway in Xenopus larvae from placodal differentiation to postmetamorphic stages. We showed that the extrabulbar fibers become visible around Stage 42 and are conserved throughout metamorphosis. We confirmed previous reports concerning their central projection patterns. In addition, we showed that these fibers originate from two types of cell bodies located in the olfactory epithelium at premetamorphic stages. Furthermore, in postmetamorphic animals, we showed that the extrabulbar axons originated from both aquatic and aerial cavities. Retrograde tracing experiment also revealed densifications evocating cell bodies along the extrabulbar axons, distributed at different positions along the olfactory nerve depending on the stages of development. These densifications were observed closer to the periphery early in development and always closer to the olfactory bulb up to the metamorphic climax. We discuss these results in light of the latest theories and more recent reports. Anat Rec, 296:1462‐1476, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Approaches to Enhance the Functional Response to Skeletal Muscle Injury
Authors: Sicari Brian M. , Dearth Christopher L. , Badylak Stephen F. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe well‐recognized ability of skeletal muscle for functional and structural regeneration following injury is severely compromised in degenerative diseases and in volumetric muscle loss. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies to support muscle reconstruction have typically been cell‐centric with approaches that involve the exogenous delivery of cells with myogenic potential. These strategies have been limited by poor cell viability and engraftment into host tissue. Alternative approaches have involved the use of biomaterial scaffolds as substrates or delivery vehicles for exogenous myogenic progenitor cells. Acellular biomaterial scaffolds composed of mammalian extracellular matrix (ECM) have also been used as an inductive niche to promote the recruitment and differentiation of endogenous myogenic progenitor cells. An acellular approach, which activates or utilizes endogenous cell sources, obviates the need for exogenous cell administration and provides an advantage for clinical translation. The present review examines the state of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine therapies directed at augmenting the skeletal muscle response to injury and presents the pros and cons of each with respect to clinical translation. Anat Rec, 297:51–64. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tissue Engineering in the Trachea
Authors: Kojima Koji , Vacanti Charles A. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis review summarizes efforts to generate an autologous tissue‐engineered trachea (TET) using various biomaterial or cell sources to make tracheal cartilage to form the structural components of a functional tracheal replacement. Biomechanical assessments of the TET showed that the cartilage stiffness was excellent in the nude models; however, the sheep autologous TET did not provide sufficient support and collapsed easily. As a result, tissue engineering technology is still far from allowing the functional recovery of patients who suffer from severe tracheal disease. On the other hand, there are several clinical reports seeding cells to decellularized tissue using tissue engineering techniques. However, the working mechanisms of the tissue‐engineered trachea remain unclear. Nevertheless, we believe that the field of tissue engineering has great potential for surmounting these obstacles and allowing us to generate functional tracheal replacements in the near future. Anat Rec, 297:44–50. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kidney Regeneration and Stem Cells
Authors: Takaori Koji , Yanagita Motoko 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe kidney has the capacity to recover from ischemic and toxic insults. Although there has been debate about the origin of cells that replace injured epithelial cells, it is now widely recognized that intrinsic surviving tubular cells are responsible for the repair. On the other hand, the cells, which have stem cell–like characteristics, have been isolated in the kidney using various methods, but it remains unknown if these stem cells actually exist in the adult kidney and if they are involved in kidney regeneration. This review will focus on the pathophysiology of kidney regeneration and the contribution of renal stem cells. We also discuss possible therapeutic applications to kidney disease. Anat Rec, 297:129–136. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crucial Roles for Olfactory Ensheathing Cells and Olfactory Mucosal Cells in the Repair of Damaged Neural Tracts
Authors: Ekberg Jenny A.K. , St john James A. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTOlfactory ensheathing cells, the glial cells of the olfactory nervous system, exhibit unique growth‐promoting and migratory properties that make them interesting candidates for cell therapies targeting neuronal injuries such as spinal cord injury. Transplantation of olfactory cells is feasible and safe in humans; however, functional outcomes are highly variable with some studies showing dramatic improvements and some no improvements at all. We propose that the reason for this is that the identity and purity of the cells is different in each individual study. We have shown that olfactory ensheathing cells are not a uniform cell population and that individual subpopulations of OECs are present in different regions of the olfactory nervous system, with strikingly different behaviors. Furthermore, the presence of fibroblasts and other cell types in the transplant can dramatically alter the behavior of the transplanted glial cells. Thus, a thorough characterization of the differences between olfactory ensheathing cell subpopulations and how the behavior of these cells is affected by the presence of other cell types is highly warranted. Anat Rec, 297:121–128, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human Immature Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hIDPSCs), Their Application to Cell Therapy and Bioengineering: An Analysis by Systematic Revision of the Last Decade of Literature
Authors: De Souza Priscilla Vianna , Alves Fabiana Bucholdz Teixeira , Costa Ayub Cristina Lucia Sant'Ana , De Miranda Soares Maria Albertina , Gomes Jose Rosa 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTDuring recent years, attention has been given to the potential of therapeutic approaches using stem cells obtained from dental pulp tissue. The aim of this study, therefore, was to give an overview of the papers produced during the last 10 years that have described the use of stem cells obtained from human deciduous teeth in cell therapy or bioengineering. The PubMed database was investigated from January 2002 until July 2011 and the papers published during this period were analyzed according to criteria previously established, using the methodology of systematic review. The measurements were done using “stem cell” as the primary keyword, and “human deciduous teeth dental pulp cell” and “human exfoliated deciduous teeth” as the secondary keywords. Four hundred and seventy‐five papers were found. The first screening resulted in 276 papers, from which 84 papers were selected. However, only 11 of them attained the aim proposed in our approach. There were few scientific studies related to direct therapeutic application using stem cells of human deciduous teeth and none of them had been applied to humans. However, the results indicated important and promising applications of the pulp stem‐cells in cell therapy and bioengineering as demonstrated by studies in animal models of muscular dystrophy, Parkison's disease, and lupus erythematosus. Anat Rec, 296:1923–1928, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distinct Types of Lipofuscin Pigment in the Hippocampus and Cerebellum of Aged Cheirogaleid Primates
Authors: Gilissen Emmanuel P. , Staneva‐Dobrovski Ludmilla 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe formation of autofluorescent lipopigment or lipofuscin is a highly consistent and reliable cytological change that correlates with cellular aging in postmitotic cells. One causal factor of lipofuscinogenesis involves free radical‐induced lipid peroxidation. In mammals, dentate gyrus neurons and Purkinje cells are usually affected widely. In this study, we investigated the ultrastructure of lipofuscin deposits in large neurons of the dentate gyrus and in Purkinje cells of aged fat‐tailed dwarf lemurs (Cheirogaleus medius Geoffroy, 1812) with electron and confocal microscopy and compared it with previous observations in other species. Cheirogaleid primates such as mouse and dwarf lemurs are archaic primates that provide interesting nonhuman models of aging. Our study revealed region‐specific as well as species‐specific characteristics of lipofuscin ultrastructure. This suggests differences in cellular metabolism and/or in organelles involved in lipofuscin production in cerebellar Purkinje cells and in hippocampal dentate gyrus neurons. Anat Rec, 296:1895–1906, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Involvement of Nuclear JAK2 Signaling in AG490‐Induced Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer Cells
Authors: Qian Cuijuan , Wang Jiji , Yao Jun , Wang Lan , Xue Meng , Liu Weili , Si Jianmin 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough JAK2 inhibitors can result in antitumor activity against various tumors, some tumors have showed insensitivity or resistance to the inhibitors. To investigate the possible mechanisms underlying responses of gastric cancer (GC) cells to AG490, a specific JAK2 inhibitor, human GC cell lines SGC7901 and AGS were used. AG490 did not significantly induce apoptosis in SGC7901 cells, but it did in AGS cells. Interestingly, in SGC7901 cells, AG490 led to increased nuclear translocation of total JAK2 proteins, accompanied with initial inactivation but later reactivation of JAK2. However, in AGS cells, AG490 led to decreased nuclear localization of total JAK2 proteins, accompanied with sustained inactivation of JAK2. Moreover, silencing of human homolog of Drosophila Hairy and enhancer of split (Hes) 1 with siRNA partly blocked AG490‐induced nuclear translocation of JAK2, and enhanced AG490‐induced apoptosis in SGC7901 cells. The results collectively suggested that nuclear JAK2 signaling pathway may act as an escape way from JAK2 inhibitors in some GC cells. Anat Rec, 296:1865–1873, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect of CXCR4 Silencing on Epithelial‐Mesenchymal Transition Related Genes in Glioma U87 Cells
Authors: Zhu Yu , Yang Ping , Wang Qin , Hu Jingyi , Xue Jing , Li Guo , Zhang Guodong , Li Xu , Li Wei , Zhou Chunlei , Zhao Meng , Wang Dong 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells is deemed to be closely associated with tumor metastasis. CXCR4 has been proved to play an important role in the process of tumor metastasis. This study illustrates the function and expression of CXCR4 silencing and the EMT related genes in the human glioma cell line U87. The results showed that CXCR4 silencing could inhibit the cell invasive and adhesion potentials, expression of N‐cadherin, vimentin, β‐catenin, TGF‐β1, p‐Smad2, and p‐Akt, and the activity of transcription factors NF‐κB, AP‐1, Snail, and twist. Meanwhile, CXCR4 silencing could also up‐regulate the expression of E‐cadherin, indicating that silencing of CXCR4 expression can inhibit the expression of EMT related genes in U87 cells. The study would provide a potential theoretical basis for the further exploration of the role of CXCR4 in human glioma. Anat Rec, 296:1850–1856, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphogenesis and Three‐Dimensional Movement of the Stomach During the Human Embryonic Period
Authors: Kaigai N. , Nako A. , Yamada S. , Uwabe C. , Kose K. , Takakuwa T. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe stomach develops as the local widening of the foregut after Carnegie stage (CS) 13 that moves in a dramatic and dynamic manner during the embryonic period. Using the magnetic resonance images of 377 human embryos, we present the morphology, morphometry, and three‐dimensional movement of the stomach during CS16 and CS23. The stomach morphology revealed stage‐specific features. The angular incisura and the cardia were formed at CS18. The change in the angular incisura angle was approximately 90° during CS19 and CS20, and was <90° after CS 21. The prominent formations of the fundus and the pylorus differentiate at around CS20. Morphometry of the stomach revealed that the stomach gradually becomes “deflected” during development. The stomach may appear to move to the left laterally and caudally due to its deflection and differential growth. The track of the reference points in the stomach may reflect the visual three‐dimensional movement. The movement of point M, representing the movement of the greater curvature, was different from that of points C (cardia) and P (pyloric antrum). The P and C were located just around the midsagittal plane in all the stages observed. Point M moved in the caudal‐left lateral direction until CS22. Moreover, the vector CP does not rotate around the dorsoventral axis, as widely believed, but around the transverse axis. The plane CPM rotated mainly around the longitudinal axis. The data obtained will be useful for prenatal diagnosis in the near future. Anat Rec, 297:791–797, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Breathing in a box: Constraints on lung ventilation in giant pterosaurs
Authors: Geist Nicholas R. , Hillenius Willem J. , Frey Eberhard , Jones Terry D. , Elgin Ross A. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPterosaurs were the first vertebrates to achieve active flight, with some derived forms reaching enormous size. Accumulating fossil evidence confirms earlier indications that selection for large size in these flying forms resulted in a light, yet strong skeleton characterized by fusion of many bones of the trunk. However, this process also added mechanical constraints on the mobility of the thorax of large pterosaurs that likely limited the options available for lung ventilation. We present an alternative hypothesis to recent suggestions of an avian‐like mechanism of costosternal pumping as the primary means of aspiration. An analysis of the joints among the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and pectoral girdle of large pterosaurs indicates limited mobility of the ribcage and sternum. Comparisons with modes of lung ventilation in extant amniotes suggests that the stiffened thorax, coupled with mobile gastralia and prepubic bones, may be most consistent with an extracostal mechanism for lung ventilation in large pterodactyloids, perhaps similar to a crocodile‐like visceral displacement system Anat Rec, 297:2233–2253, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.