bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizational Structures and Exchange Processes
Authors: Hummon Norman P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFormal organizations have a division of labor and some form of co‐ordination. This paper explores how these social structures could be generated by an exchange process that governs work flow through an organization. Specifically, the exchange process controls how work tasks are assigned and carried out, and how members receive rewards for participating in a work group of the organization. A discrete‐event simulation model is used to explore how the exchange process generates division of labor and co‐ordination networks. The model contains members, called bureaucrats, with two kinds of skills: skill at referring work to others; and skill in completing work tasks. Both kinds of skills are distributed differentially across bureaucrats. Two types of rational exchange are explored: independent exchange and pooled exchange. For independent exchange, rewards go the bureaucrat who completes the task; in pooled exchange rewards are shared with the bureaucrat who referred the task. Both exchange processes generate a division of labor in a work group, with pooled exchange exhibiting the most pronounced division of labor. Also, pooled exchange leads to more efficient processing of work than independent exchange.
Tasks and Organizations: A Signal Detection Model of Organizational Decision Making
Authors: Pete Andras , Kleinman David L. , Pattipati Krishna R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper presents a mathematical model to study the joint impact of organizational design and of the task environment on the decision performance of hierarchical organizations with limited internal communication. The problem context is a special class of distributed situation assessment problems, where possible patterns of binary variables are to be classified on the basis of partial and noise‐corrupted information. Structural properties of tasks and organizations are described using a graph formalism, and optimal decision strategies at all decision makers are determined. Organizational expertise is characterized in the form of a Team Relative Operating Characteristic (TROC) curve, thereby replacing the organization by an equivalent single decision maker. Implementing the model, issues of task decomposition and the process of matching organizations with tasks are discussed.
PLANET: An Expert System for Audit Risk Assessment and Planning
Authors: Delisio Jeff , McGowan Maureen , Hamscher Walter 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPLANET is an expert system for audit risk assessment and audit test selection. At present it is undergoing worldwide field testing by Price Waterhouse audit teams. As a case study, PLANET illustrates a complex interplay of audit methodology issues and expert systems development techniques, and reinforces the validity of many of the widely reported lessons learned about successful expert systems development during the 1980s. However, the experience also challenges elements of this received wisdom while exposing special issues arising in the development of expert systems in the field of auditing.
Applying Case‐Based Reasoning to the Accounting Domain
Authors: Brown Carol E. , Gupta Uma G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCase‐Based Reasoning (CBR) is rapidly emerging as a rich and powerful artificial intelligence approach that can overcome some inherent weaknesses of traditional expert system technology. Several successful CBR systems have been developed in a variety of fields and CBR applications are beginning to emerge in accounting research and practice as well. As sophisticated and user‐friendly CBR shells emerge, CBR is more likely to be used to solve complex, real‐world problems. This paper provides a broad overview of case‐based systems and the principles on which the field is founded. Accounting applications of case‐based reasoning and future research issues are identified.
FRA: Teaching Financial Accounting with a Goal‐Based Scenario
Authors: Foster David A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper reports on the development of FRA (Financial Report Analyst), an intelligent, multimedia educational software system which is designed to teach financial statement analysis to business students and professional trainees. FRA is based on a new kind of teaching architecture called a goal‐based scenario, a “learning by doing” environment in which the student acts in a realistic role and obtains helpful coaching while performing assigned tasks. In FRA, the student plays the role of a lending analyst at a bank who must make important commercial lending decisions. Usability tests of FRA have been conducted with students in the Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University. The paper discusses: theoretical advantages of goal‐based scenarios; the architecture of FRA; and ongoing and future research.
Competitive Product Development in the Financial Services Industry—A Knowledge‐Based Approach
Authors: Stickel Eberhard 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe development of innovative products and the ability to quickly adapt to changes is important for financial institutions in today's highly competitive environment. The information system department has to create the required information technology support (IT support) for these tasks. A model that allows the characterization of bank products by means of parameter sets and integrity constraints that in most cases may be viewed as business rules will be presented. Based on this parameter model a prototype system was developed to verify the approach used. This system also provides support for the areas of risk and yield management and may be used as a basis for systems providing counselling services. The prototype was implemented by coupling PROLOG and a relational database system. Arguments will be presented against the use of object‐oriented database systems and in favour of the currently less popular deductive database approach. The approach presented may be extended such that products related to the life insurance business may also be covered.
Modeling of time dependent localized flow shear stress and its impact on cellular growth within additive manufactured titanium implants
Authors: Zhang Ziyu , Yuan Lang , Lee Peter D. , Jones Eric , Jones Julian R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBone augmentation implants are porous to allow cellular growth, bone formation and fixation. However, the design of the pores is currently based on simple empirical rules, such as minimum pore and interconnects sizes. We present a three‐dimensional (3D) transient model of cellular growth based on the Navier–Stokes equations that simulates the body fluid flow and stimulation of bone precursor cellular growth, attachment, and proliferation as a function of local flow shear stress. The model's effectiveness is demonstrated for two additive manufactured (AM) titanium scaffold architectures. The results demonstrate that there is a complex interaction of flow rate and strut architecture, resulting in partially randomized structures having a preferential impact on stimulating cell migration in 3D porous structures for higher flow rates. This novel result demonstrates the potential new insights that can be gained via the modeling tool developed, and how the model can be used to perform what‐if simulations to design AM structures to specific functional requirements. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1689–1699, 2014.
Heavy Metal Immobilization in Contaminated Soils using Phosphogypsum and Rice Straw Compost
Authors: Mahmoud Esawy , Abd El‐Kader Nasser 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe application of soil amendments to immobilize heavy metals is a promising technology to meet the requirements for environmentally sound and cost‐effective remediation. The present study was carried out to evaluate the result of phosphogypsum (PG) used alone and in combination with compost (CP) at a mix ratio of 1:1 wet weight ratio (PG + CP) at 10 and 20 g dry weight kg−1dry soil, on heavy metal immobilization in contaminated soil and on canola growth. The results revealed that the Pb, Cd and Zn uptake of canola plants was reduced by the application of PG alone and when it was mixed with CP as compared with untreated soil. At an application rate of 10 g dry weight kg−1dry soil of (PG + CP) the dry weight of canola plants increased by 66·8% was increased in comparison with its weight in the untreated soil. The addition of PG alone resulted in more pronounced immobilization of heavy metal as compared with PG mixed with CP. Plant growth was improved with CP addition, but heavy metals immobilization was the greatest in PG alone treatments. Results suggest that PG may be useful for the immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Donor–Acceptor Polymer Containing 4,7‐Bis(thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole for Polymer Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiency of 6.21%
Authors: Han Liangliang , Bao Xichang , Hu Tong , Du Zhengkun , Chen Weichao , Zhu Dangqiang , Liu Qian , Sun Mingliang , Yang Renqiang 
Published: March 2014

In order to improve the solution processability of 4,7‐bis(thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (DTBT)‐based polymers, novel donor–acceptor polymer PTOBDTDTBT containing DTBT and benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT) with conjugated side chain is designed and synthesized with narrow band gap 1.67 eV and low lying HOMO energy level −5.4 eV. The blend film of PTOBDTDTBT and PC71BM exhibits uniform and smooth film with root‐mean‐square (RMS) surface roughness 1.15 nm because of the excellent solubility of PTOBDTDTBT when six octyloxy side chains are introduced. The hole mobility of the blend film is measured to be 4.4 × 10−5 cm2 V−1s−1 by the space‐charge‐limited current (SCLC) model. The optimized polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on PTOBDTDTBT/PC71BM exhibits an improved PCE of 6.21% with Voc = 0.80 V, Jsc = 11.94 mA cm−2 and FF = 65.10%, one of the highest PCE in DTBT containing polymers.
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Validation of a claims‐based antipsychotic polypharmacy measure
Authors: Leckman‐Westin Emily , Kealey Edith , Gupta Nitin , Chen Qingxian , Gerhard Tobias , Crystal Stephen , Olfson Mark , Finnerty Molly 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeGiven the metabolic and neurologic side effects of antipsychotics and concerns about the increased risks associated with concomitant use, antipsychotic polypharmacy is a quality concern. This study assessed the operating characteristics of a Medicaid claims‐based measure of antipsychotic polypharmacy.MethodsA random sample from 10 public mental health clinics and 312 patients met criteria for this study. Medical record extractors were blind to measure status. We examined the prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) in Medicaid claims, testing nine different definitions of antipsychotic polypharmacy, including >14, >60, or >90 days concurrent use of ≥2 antipsychotic agents, each with allowable gaps of up to 0, 14, or 32 days in days' supply of antipsychotic medications.ResultsAll Medicaid claims measure definitions tested had excellent specificity and PPV (>91%). Good to excellent sensitivity was dependent upon use of a 32‐day gap allowance, particularly as duration of concurrent antipsychotic use increased. The proposed claims‐based measure (90‐day concurrent use of ≥2 or more antipsychotics, allowing for a 32‐day gap) had excellent specificity (99.1%, 95%CI: 98.2–99.6) and PPV (90.9%, 95%CI: 83.1–95.7) with good sensitivity (79.4%, 95%CI: 70.4–86.6). The overall level of concordance between claims and medical record‐based categorization of antipsychotic polypharmacy was high (96.4%, n = 301/312 clients, Cohen's K = 84.7, 95%CI: 75.9–93.5). Discrepant cases were reviewed, and implications are discussed.ConclusionsAdministrative claims data can be used to construct valid measures of antipsychotic polypharmacy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐step synthesis of poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone)‐b‐poly(l‐lactide) block copolymers using a dual initiator for RAFT polymerization and ROP
Authors: Shin Sang Jin , Yu Young Chang , Seo Ja Deok , Cho Sung Ju , Youk Ji Ho 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTAmphiphilic, biocompatible poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone)‐b‐poly(l‐lactide) (PVP‐b‐PLLA) block polymers were synthesized at 60 °C using a hydroxyl‐functionalized N,N‐diphenyldithiocarbamate reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent, 2‐hydroxyethyl 2‐(N,N‐diphenylcarbamothioylthio)propanoate (HDPCP), as a dual initiator for RAFT polymerization and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) in a one‐step procedure. 4‐Dimethylamino pyridine was used as the ROP catalyst for l‐lactide. The two polymerization reactions proceeded in a controlled manner, but their polymerization rates were affected by the other polymerization process. This one‐step procedure is believed to be the most convenient method for synthesizing PVP‐b‐PLLA block copolymers. HDPCP can also be used for the one‐step synthesis of poly(N‐vinylcarbazole)‐b‐PLLA block copolymers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1607–1613
Copolymerizations of tetraethyl vinylidene phosphonate. Bisphosphonate units in the main polymer chain. II
Authors: Pretula Julia , Kaluzynski Krzysztof , Penczek Stanislaw 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThis is the second part of the article with a subtitle “… The First Synthesis” published by us previously. For this, second part, we have chosen copolymers with low proportion of (‐b‐) units, as well as random copolymers with substantial proportions of (‐b‐) units. This is in contrast to the part I, in which we mostly described alternating copolymerization. In this article, radical copolymerization of tetraethyl vinylidene phosphonate (B) with several vinyl/ethylenic monomers (M2), namely acrylamide, methacrylamide, methyl methacrylate, n‐butyl acrylate, n‐butyl methacrylate, and styrene has been described and reactivity ratios of monomers as well as the average length of the comonomer blocks (n) have been determined (r1 = 0). It has been found, that (as it should be) there is a proportionality between r2 (=km2M2/km2B) and n. Moreover, there is a proportionality between r2 (or n) and the comonomer (M2) “reactivity,” defined as the rate constant of M2 addition to the styrene radical. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1614–1621
Dual stimuli‐responsive microgels based on photolabile crosslinker: Temperature sensitivity and light‐induced degradation
Authors: Bian Shanshan , Zheng Jin , Yang Wuli 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe synthesis and characterization of a new photocleavable crosslinker is presented here. Dual stimuli‐responsive P(VCL‐co‐NHMA) microgels were prepared by precipitation polymerization of vinylcaprolactam (VCL) with N‐hydroxymethyl acrylamide (NHMA) and the new crosslinker. The microgels had distinct temperature sensitivity as observed in the case of PVCL‐based particles and their volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) shifted to higher temperature with increasing NHMA content. Photolytic degradation experiments were investigated by irradiation with UV light, which led to microgel disintegration caused by cleavage of the photolabile crosslinking points. The degradation behavior of the microgels was conducted with respect to degradation rates by means of the relative turbidity changes. Hence, the microgels could totally degrade into short linear polymers by UV light, thus representing a great potential as new light and temperature dual responsive nanoscale materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1676–1685
Energy relaxation process in exciton transfer between (Zn, Cd, Mn)Se and (Zn, Cd)Se quantum wells
Authors: Matsumoto Takashi , Iwasaki Fumiaki , Konaka Shuhei , Hishikawa Masao , Fukasawa Sakyo , Muranaka Tsutomu , Nabetani Yoichi , Ishikawa Akira , Uchiyama Kazuharu , Kobayashi Kiyoshi , Hori Hirokazu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractExcitation transfer in semiconductor nanostructure is an elemental process of next generation optoelectronic devices. Energy relaxation process in exciton transfer from the lowest state of a quantum well to the lowest state of the next well was studied. The energy relaxation process is essential for the completion of the transfer. Longitudinal optical (LO) phonon assisted energy relaxation was found to be most effective for exciton injection into the lowest state of very thin quantum wells on the basis of PLE measurements. A three‐quantum‐well structure including a 0.6‐nm thick (Zn, Cd, Mn)Se well and a 1.2‐nm thick (Zn, Cd)Se well separated by a 15‐nm ZnSe barrier was prepared. Energy difference of exciton in the two wells was close to the LO phonon energy. The exciton transfer efficiency between the two wells was measured as a function of external magnetic field. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Silicone oxidation for a‐Si:H passivation of wafers bonded to glass
Authors: Granata Stefano Nicola , Bearda Twan , Beaucarne Guy , Abdulraheem Yaser , Gordon Ivan , Poortmans Jef , Mertens Robert 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA possible scenario for wafer‐based silicon photovoltaics is the processing of solar modules starting from thin silicon wafers bonded to glass. However, interactions between the adhesive used for bonding and the solar cell processing can affect the surface passivation of the bonded wafer and decrease cell performances. A method that suppresses these interactions and leads to state‐of‐the‐art a‐Si:H surface passivation is presented in this Letter. The method is based on an increase of the surface cross‐linking of a silicone adhesive by means of an O2 plasma and it is successfully tested on three different silicones. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Calibration plots for risk prediction models in the presence of competing risks
Authors: Gerds Thomas A. , Andersen Per K. , Kattan Michael W. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA predicted risk of 17% can be called reliable if it can be expected that the event will occur to about 17 of 100 patients who all received a predicted risk of 17%. Statistical models can predict the absolute risk of an event such as cardiovascular death in the presence of competing risks such as death due to other causes. For personalized medicine and patient counseling, it is necessary to check that the model is calibrated in the sense that it provides reliable predictions for all subjects. There are three often encountered practical problems when the aim is to display or test if a risk prediction model is well calibrated. The first is lack of independent validation data, the second is right censoring, and the third is that when the risk scale is continuous, the estimation problem is as difficult as density estimation. To deal with these problems, we propose to estimate calibration curves for competing risks models based on jackknife pseudo‐values that are combined with a nearest neighborhood smoother and a cross‐validation approach to deal with all three problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Crystalline Hybrid of Paddlewheel Copper(II) Dimers and Molecular Rotors: Singlet‐triplet Dynamics Revealed by Variable‐temperature Proton Spin‐lattice Relaxation
Authors: Bastien Guillaume , Lemouchi Cyprien , Wzietek Pawel , Simonov Sergey , Zorina Leokadiya , Rodríguez‐Fortea Antonio , Canadell Enric , Batail Patrick 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe report on the synthesis and application of a 2 nm long, curved ditopic biscarboxylic ligand with a 1,4‐bis(ethynyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane rotator core and an helical twist to the construction of an extended single‐crystalline framework solid with paddlewheel hinges, [CuII]2[1,4‐bis(carboxyphenyl ethynyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane]2(H2O)2 or [CuII]2(bbcbco)2(H2O)2. The interconnection of interpenetrated square lattices involves short rotor–rotor H···H interactions (1.9 to 2.4 Å) such that the moving parts are expected to rub onto each other in the lattice in a Brownian rotational motion with a calculated rotational barrier of 3.7 kcal·mol–1. Variable‐temperature 1H spin‐lattice relaxation (T1) experiments carried out on a static crystalline sample did not provide however a value of this rotational barrier because the relaxation proved to be dominated by the coupling of the moving protons to the electronic spins of the CuII dimers. Remarkably, we reveal how the singlet‐triplet spin dynamics of non‐interacting CuII dimers is elegantly characterized by solid state NMR spectroscopic experiments yielding an exchange coupling constant, Jexp = –365 K = –254 cm–1, in good agreement with theoretical estimations and experimental data on related CuII dimer systems.
Assembly of Interpenetration and Polycatenation Structures with a V‐shape Ligand Benzophenone‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Sun Chang‐Yan , Dong Bin , Li Wen‐Jun 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTwo complexes with formulas [Ni(bpndc)(bpe)]n·4nH2O (1) and [Co(bpndc) (bpy)1.5]n·0.25n(bpy)·0.25nH2O (2) (H2bpndc = benzophenone‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid, bpe = 4,4′‐bipyridinediethene, bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine) were synthesized and characterized. In complex 1, each bpndc ligands adopt bis(monodentate) modes, and NiII ions are bridged by bpndc and bpe ligands into a 3D CdSO4‐like porous metal‐organic framework with channels. But triple interpenetration occurs. In complex 2, each bpndc ligands adopt tridentate modes, and CoII ions are linked by bpndc and bpy ligands into 2D bilayer structures with the Schläfli symbol of (48.62). Each bilayer is bicatenated in a parallel fashion by two other bilayers, which results in the formation of a 2D→3D polycatenation network.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Cs2Ga2Se5
Authors: Friedrich Daniel , Schlosser Marc , Pfitzner Arno 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCs2Ga2Se5 was obtained by the reaction of CsN3 with stoichiometric amounts of GaSe and Se at elevated temperature. It forms yellow crystals embedded in a pure orange microcrystalline powder. The crystal structure of Cs2Ga2Se5 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction at 123 K. The compound crystallizes monoclinically in the space group C2/c (No. 15) with a = 15.3911(5) Å, b = 7.3577(2) Å, c = 12.9219(3) Å, β = 126.395(3)°, V = 1177.89(7) Å3, and Z = 4. The structure features one‐dimensional chains 1∞[Ga2Se3(Se2)2–], consisting of edge‐ and corner sharing GaSe4 tetrahedra. Raman spectroscopic measurements reveal vibrational bands of the Se22– units at 236 cm–1, and the bands of Ga–Se vibrations at 254 and 273 cm–1. UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy shows the bandgap at about 1.95 eV.