bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autonomous Robot for Gas and Oil Sites
Authors: Kydd Kris , Macrez Serge , Pourcel Pascal 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Robotics has the potential to transform the way operations in the Oil & Gas (O&G) industry are performed in the future. The launch of an international robotics competition called the ARGOS (Autonomous Robot for Gas and Oil Sites) challenge, based on a selective contest between world class robotics consortiums is a bold way of pushing the emergence of technological solutions. In return the robotics community will become more aware of the specificities and safety requirements of the O&G industry. Having various teams competing allows different designs to be tested, fostering strong innovation and collaboration between individual consortiums.
Surface robotics presents two potential major impacts:
Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) (reduction of risk to personnel, environment and installation) In emergency situations: be deployed much sooner than a human to interrogate sources of leak from remote locations, therefore reducing or eliminating human intervention In high risk areas: faster detection of leaks leading to a minimization of exposure to operators. Operational (cost reduction, efficiency increase and production) In harsh and hostile environments: ability to perform tasks where operators have limited capacity to intervene In difficult access locations: primary investigation without human presence could lead to gains in availability, time savings, and transport resources.
During a series of three competitions, teams will be evaluated through the capacity of their robot to move around a human engineered competition site, representative of a typical onshore/offshore production facility, performing reporting tasks in different scenarios (routine inspection and emergency) using different autonomy levels. The technical solutions will be adapted to O&G industry specific safety requirements on practical grounds: mobility on production sites and potentially explosive atmospheres.
Due to the nature of the O&G Industry and geographical locations, constraints are forced upon production installations such as tough atmospheric and stringent operating conditions. O&G operators have only recently begun researching surface robotics including the SENSABOT application, (NREC/CMU, 2012), a mobile inspection robot developed by Carnegie Mellon University. Building upon research already carried out and technology already developed, the ARGOS challenge aims to expand on this to create the next generation of autonomous robots for the O&G industry.
The Implementation of an Effective Development Program for Graduate Engineers in the North Sea
Authors: dos Santos Edgar Murphy , Robertson Ranald , Florio Francesco , Milford Amanda , Ekwue Ann-Marie 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A new program for the development of graduate engineers has been implemented in Denmark on a stimulation vessel in the North Sea. It is designed to provide graduate engineers with a three-year period of extensive experience in offshore operations, knowledge of equipment and designing effective stimulation jobs. There are many components to the program that address training, skills, demonstration of capabilities and evidence of competence. These are essential components that ultimately lead to improved operational performance and highlights.
The North Sea oil and gas industry requires a constant effort to maintain the engineering skills of its offshore workers so vital to continued success. Paradoxically, there are numerous factors that hinder on site development of young engineering talent in the North Sea. There is a lack of offshore accommodation that often restricts onsite time for trainees. This is exacerbated by a low frequency of many operations compared to other provinces in the industry. A further barrier arises from the costs associated with the extensive obligatory HSE (Health, Safety and Environment) training requirements before going offshore. In general, these factors are getting more difficult to manage with time.
The North Sea vessel provides an excellent environment for the program with a number of aspects that are very important to graduate engineers. Firstly, the vessel has a design life of 30 years and so provides confidence in the prospect of a long term career. Secondly, the vessel has the newest technology and a large number of experienced personnel on board to act as mentors. Thirdly, the vessel performs operations regularly and fourthly, it has plenty of bed space. In addition, the vessel boasts excellent welfare. Each person benefits from a single occupancy bedroom which has natural light and is en-suite. It has a first class free restaurant and great recreational facilities.
Participation in the development program provides the opportunity to work and study at the sharp end of the industry, overcome exciting tough technical challenges and most importantly a vehicle to developing a meaningful long term career.
Hydraulic Fracture Spacing Optimisation for Shale Gas-Condensate Reservoirs Development
Authors: Labed Ismail , Oyeneyin Babs , Oluyemi Gbenga 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Condensate banking is one of the most challenging problems in shale gas exploitation as it acts as flow choke around hydraulic fractures reducing the drainage of shale matrix. Thus, fracture spacing optimisation is a key element of shale gas and condensate field development. For shale gas reservoirs, more accurate models are needed to describe the gas-condensate flow in the shale matrix where the flow mechanism and phase behaviour are different from those of conventional reservoirs.
In this paper, new models developed for flow behaviour and phase behaviour to estimate well productivity as function of time are presented. The Knudsen flow was used to model apparent gas permeability in shale matrix as a function of pressure and pore size distribution. A modified Peng-Robinson EOS was used to evaluate the condensate saturation in the matrix under capillary pressure effect. A semi-analytical well model was also developed to evaluate well productivity under constant pressure.
The results show substantial difference and impact with the application of Knudsen flow when compared with conventional Darcy law. Using conventional Darcy flow instead of Knudsen flow for gas-condensate reservoir development can lead to a underestimation of well production up to 30%. Although capillary pressure has an effect on phase behaviour its impact on well production is insignidficant.
This study shows the importance of using flow behaviour deviation model in well completion optimisation for shale gas-condensate fields. Using conventional flow models can undermine the economic viability of gas-condensate shale reservoirs by underestimation of optimum fracture spacing.
Isothermal Oxidation for Wellsite Near-Real-Time Assessment of Organic Matter Concentration of Source Rocks.
Authors: Karoum R. , Bondabou K. , De Santo I. , Strapoc D. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Direct combustion of cuttings collected at the rig site can help identifying the presence and assess the variation of organic matter into a drilled rock, with minimum sample preparation and signal processing. This near-real-time data provides key information to optimize and de-risk critical decisions such as selection of sidewall coring points, wireline logging programs and sweet spots identification. The method is based on the isothermal oxidation of the sample, done directly at the wellsite and with field deployable equipment. Extensive lab tests have been done to validate both the measurement and the full workflow. Samples have been measured both with this wellsite dedicated equipment and with advanced lab devices. The results between the different methods have been compared and showed good agreement. The workflow has been applied several times to actual wellsite analysis. The results of one of these cases have been illustrated in this paper, together with the integration of the well site TOC with different datastream (i.e. advanced surface fluid logging and continuous isotope logging).
Learning from Other Industrial Sectors in Addressing Cost Escalation in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Vlassopoulos Tassos , Ahmad Faraz , Phebus Chris , Noera Federico 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Oil and gas reserves are in abundance, yet turning these into production cost-effectively is proving a challenge. The status quo is challenged and parties across the value chain are looking to bring best practices from other industrial sectors that have embraced innovation differently. Returns have been falling and the number of large capital projects is stretching operator capabilities beyond their limits.
Despite several peripheral cost-cutting efforts, the industry continues to suffer from major cost escalation and schedule delays. Over the past years, the oil and gas industry has experienced a significant increase in upstream development capex and costs have more than doubled in the 2005-2013 time frame. The recent sharp oil price fall has exacerbated challenges and the need to execute differently.
This paper will summarise the causes of this escalation, also focusing on what best practices can be applied from other mission-critical industries. Topics discussed include how to optimise and improve specifications, standards and qualifications, supplier ecosystems and project execution. Description and contrasts will be given on: How industry participants collaborate and manage major projects in other industrial sectorsHow these practices can be applied to an oil and gas context to improve project delivery and cost
The scope includes the entire upstream oil and gas sector, but examples will be taken from other industrial sectors. This paper studies specific practices that other industries have adopted and to attempt to understand how the oil and gas industry could internalise them.
Online Monitoring of Safety Critical Elements
Authors: Halvorsrød Sverre Oliver , Sundvor Borghild , Wiese Hanne , Hilmen Katrine 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Norwegian petroleum safety regulatory authority requires that operators have overview and control of active, inactive and reduced safety critical elements on the installation in order to meet HSE requirement as well as asset integrity standards. As a minimum, personnel shall be aware of which barriers are not functioning or that have been impaired.
The topic of this paper is a description of a practical implementation of a barrier panel indicating if barriers have been imparied, and how such a panel can contribute to reach these safety requirements and standards. We describe the development process, the resulting solution and, work processes, the challenges related to the data integration and dependency of the asset design and construction.
The barrier panel presents the current health and state of the safety barriers by combining real-time data sources such as data from field equipment diagnostics, work process data sources (ERP) and events from the safety system. It supports the daily operations by visualizing relationships between hazards and barrier functions on the critical path from hazard to disaster. The information made available to all personnel, both onshore and offshore works as the main tool for anyone with responsibility for onboard safety.
The solution presented and the approach taken is a practical way of implementing new requirements from the Norwegian regulatory bodies, and forms a basis that will evolve with the gradual maturity of the industry practice. The work involved range from data-integration between the asset critical safety elements and office environment to combination of regulations, safety management competencies and software development.
An implementation process with a stepwise increase in the richness of the functionality was chosen to achieve a practical and pragmatic application. The combined competencies of a specific set of contributors have been paramount for the end-result: safety experts, regulatory advisors, IT systems engineers, software and industrial designers. Early involvement, prototyping, testing and deployment contributes to onboarding and trust as well as assure the existence of core functionality before adding extensions and enhancements.
To the authors knowledge this is the first practical implementation of a barrier panel that embrace the total combination of asset integrity information, work process data sources (ERP) and the modus operandi of the organizational setup at an offshore asset.
Searching for Well Integrity Issues - Automated Generation of Annulus Pressure Trends
Authors: Donders Remco , Connon Stuart , Day Robert , My Lucie 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Abnormal annulus behaviour is an indication of a well integrity problem. Monitoring annulus pressure trends is a method of identifying abnormal behaviour, thus highlighting potential integrity issues.
When a well is confirmed as having an annulus integrity issue one mitigating measure that may be put in place is to increase the pressure monitoring requirements associated with the well for possible escalation. It is recognized that the sooner an integrity issue is spotted the more opportunity there is to respond in an adequate manner by putting mitigating measures in place. For this reason the review of wells that do not have known integrity issues is equally important as any deviation from a normal or expected pressure trend may indicate the onset of an issue that could otherwise go unnoticed for some time.
Therefore systematically analyzing all annulus pressures from the entire well stock is a powerful tool in the well integrity management toolbox. Carrying out the generation of annulus pressure plots for performing these analyses can be a laborious and time-consuming task, especially when the well stock contains more than say 50 or 100 wells. Therefore to carry out systematic reviews of all wells can a challenge.
To aid in overcoming this challenge a tool was developed to automate the generation of annulus pressure trends, either by selected well or by selected asset. For each well a set of three plots is generated as standard. Each plot has a time axis and a pressure / temperature axis with scales that can easily be modified to zoom in for a detailed picture or to zoom out to get a good overview.
Implementation of the tool has resulted in an increased surveillance of the annulus pressure trends. Depending on the asset, weekly or even daily reviews of all wells are now done. As a result the understanding of the integrity status of the entire well stock has increased considerably. New well integrity issues that result in a change in annulus behaviour are now detected much earlier than before. It has also resulted in the discovery of some integrity anomalies that were previously not recognized as such.
100 4D Surveys: Adventures and Misadventures
Authors: Davies D. M. , Campbell S. , Ibram M. , Milne R. , Mathieson A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Dynamic reservoir monitoring using seismic data is now a common practice, but when BP North Sea first embarked on this in 1992 using streamer data over Magnus streamer, it was very much stepping into the unknown, with a hope of meeting our pioneering objective of monitoring a significant pressure signal; and if successful, understand what levels of change we could monitor. This was followed up in 1995 with the first permanent array over Foinaven (FARM - Foinaven Active Reservoir Monitoring) which acquired a monitor survey in 1998. A streamer survey soon followed in 1999 which matched the existing 3D of 1993 and resulted in the first large at scale 4D project to investigate.
After those initial experiments, no one could have envisaged the level to which the industry has now applied the technology. Since that time BP has acquired over 100 4D monitor surveys over a variety of fields in the North Sea. The 4D experience covers a wide variety of geological settings, from a hard concrete like sea bottom at Clair, to a relatively soft sea bottom at Valhall, from flat sea floor to dipping (Schiehallion) or even rugose (Skarv).
We have gained a great deal of experience of both towed streamer and OBS 4D, in some areas it has worked particularly well, and in others, less so, from strong to weak signals, amplitudes and time shifts. In this paper we give an overview of our experiences and where we see the direction of future applications.
Effect of Bleaching Agents on the Nanohardness of Tooth Enamel, Composite Resin, and the Tooth-Restoration Interface
Authors: Abe AT , Youssef MN , Turbino ML 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARYThis in vitro study aimed to evaluate the nanohardness of tooth enamel, composite resin, dental adhesive, and enamel hybrid layer exposed to 35% hydrogen peroxide-based bleaching agents and analyze the tooth-restoration interface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study used 40 crowns of bovine incisors, which were embedded in epoxy resin. A 2 × 2 × 2-mm cavity was prepared in the medial third of the flattened buccal surface of each tooth and restored (two-step etch-and-rinse Adper Single Bond 2 + nanocomposite resin Filtek Z350 XT). The specimens were polished and divided into four groups (n=10), corresponding to each bleaching agent used (TB: Total Blanc Office, pH=7.22–6.33; HPB: Whiteness HP Blue, pH=8.89–8.85; HP: Whiteness HP, pH=6.65–6.04; PO: Pola Office, pH=3.56–3.8), applied in accordance with manufacturer protocols. The nanohardness of the substrates was measured before and immediately after the bleaching procedure and after 7-day storage in artificial saliva with an Ultra-Microhardness Tester (DUH-211S, Shimadzu). Loads used were 100 mN for tooth enamel and composite resin and 10 mN for adhesive and enamel hybrid layer. For SEM analysis, epoxy replicas were prepared through high-precision impressions of the specimens. For nanohardness, the statistical tests two-way analysis of variance and Tukey (p&lt;0.05) revealed that the agent with the lowest pH value (PO) was the only one to decrease the nanohardness of enamel and the enamel hybrid layer immediately after its application; however, after 7-day storage in artificial saliva, the nanohardness levels of these substrates returned to their original values. SEM analysis revealed small gaps between tooth enamel and adhesive after the exposure to all bleaching agents; however, the most evident gap in the tooth-restoration interface was observed immediately after application of agent PO. No bleaching agent used changed the nanohardness of the composite resin and adhesive layer.
Marginal Integrity of Bulk Versus Incremental Fill Class II Composite Restorations
Authors: Al-Harbi F , Kaisarly D , Bader D , El Gezawi M 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARY
Bulk-fill composites have been introduced to facilitate the placement of deep direct resin composite restorations. This study aimed at analyzing the cervical marginal integrity of bulk-fill vs incremental and open-sandwich class II resin composite restorations after thermomechanical cycling using replica scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ranking according to the World Dental Federation (FDI) criteria.
Box-only class II cavities were prepared in 91 maxillary premolars with the gingival margin placed 1 mm above and below the cemento-enamel junction. Eighty-four premolars were divided into self-etch and total-etch groups, then subdivided into six restorative subgroups (n=7): 1-Tetric Ceram HB (TC) was used incrementally and in the open-sandwich technique with 2-Tetric EvoFlow (EF) and 3-Smart Dentin Replacement (SD). Bulk-fill restoratives were 4-SonicFill (SF), 5-Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TN), and 6-Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (TE). In subgroups 1-5, Tetric N-Bond self-etch and Tetric N-Bond total-etch adhesives were used, whereas in subgroup 6, AdheSE self-etch and ExciTE F total etch were used. One more group (n=7) was restored with Filtek P90 Low Shrink Posterior Restorative (P9) only in combination with its self-etch P90 System Adhesive. Materials were manipulated and light cured (20 seconds, 1600 mW/cm2), and restorations were artificially aged by thermo-occlusal load cycling. Polyvinyl-siloxane impressions were taken and poured with epoxy resin. Resin replicas were examined by SEM (200×) for marginal sealing, and percentages of perfect margins were analyzed. Moreover, samples were examined using loupes (3.5×) and explorers and categorized according to the FDI criteria.
Results were statistically analyzed (SEM by Kruskal-Wallis test and FDI by chi-square test) without significant differences in either the replica SEM groups (p=0.848) or the FDI criteria groups (p&gt;0.05). The best SEM results at the enamel margin were in TC+EF/total-etch and SF/total-etch and at the cementum margins were in SF/total-etch and TE/self-etch, while the worst were in TC/self-etch at both margins. According to FDI criteria, the best was TE/total-etch at the enamel margin, and the poorest was P9/self-etch at the cementum margin.
Groups did not differ significantly, and there was a strong correlation in results between replica SEM and FDI ranking.
Treatment of Enamel Surfaces After Bracket Debonding: Case Reports and Long-term Follow-ups
Authors: Sundfeld RH , Franco LM , Machado LS , Pini NIP , Salomao FM , Anchieta RB , Sundfeld D 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARY
After bracket debonding, residual bonded material may be observed on the enamel surface. When not properly removed, this residual material can interfere with the surface smoothness of the enamel, potentially resulting in staining at the resin/enamel interface and contributing to biofilm accumulation. Clinical case reports demonstrate clinical procedures to remove residual bonded material after bracket debonding. A water-cooled fine tapered 3195 FF diamond bur was used to remove the residual bonded material. Subsequently, the enamel surface was treated with Opalustre microabrasive compound. After one week, overnight dental bleaching was initiated using 10% carbamide peroxide in custom-formed trays for four weeks. The enamel microabrasion technique was found to be effective for polishing the enamel surface and for reestablishing the dental esthetics associated with dental bleaching. Longitudinal clinical controls of other clinical cases are presented.
Resin Bonding to a Hybrid Ceramic: Effects of Surface Treatments and Aging
Authors: Campos F , Almeida CS , Rippe MP , de Melo RM , Valandro LF , Bottino MA 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARY
The aim of this study was to verify the effects of different surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength between resin cement and a hybrid ceramic. Thirty-two hybrid ceramic slices (8 × 10 × 3 mm) were produced and allocated among four groups according to the surface treatment: Cont = no treatment, HA = 10% hydrofluoric acid applied for 60 seconds, PA = 37% phosphoric acid applied for 60 seconds and CJ = air abrasion with silica particle coated alumina (Cojet Sand, 3M ESPE, 30 μm/2.8 bar). As a control group, eight blocks of feldspathic ceramic (8 × 10 × 3 mm) were etched by hydrofluoric acid for 60 seconds (VMII). After the surface treatments, the ceramic slices were silanized (except the Cont group) and adhesively cemented to composite resin blocks (8 × 10 × 3 mm ) with a load of 750 g (polymerized for 40 seconds each side). The cemented blocks were cut into beams (bonded surface area of ∼1 mm2). Half of the beams were aged (thermocycling of 5°C-55°C/6000 cycles + water storage at 37°C/60 days), and the other half were tested immediately after being cut. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (non-aged groups) and by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (aged groups; α=0.05%). The mode of failure was classified by stereomicroscopy. The surface treatment significantly affected the bond strength in each set of groups: non-aged (p=0.001) and aged (p=0.001). Before being aged, samples in the CJ, HA, and PA groups achieved the highest bond strength values. However, after being aged, only those in the HA group remained with the highest bond strength values. Adhesive failure was found most often. In conclusion, hydrofluoric acid etching should be used for surface conditioning of the studied hybrid ceramic.