bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precise Structural Development and its Correlation to Function in Conjugated Polymer: Fullerene Thin Films by Controlled Solvent Annealing
Authors: Chen Huipeng , Hu Sheng , Zang Huidong , Hu Bin , Dadmun Mark 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe impact of controlled solvent vapor exposure on the morphology, structural evolution, and function of solvent‐processed poly(3‐hexylthiophene):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) bilayers is presented. Grazing incident wide angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) shows that the crystallization of P3HT increases with solvent exposure, while neutron reflectivity shows that P3HT simultaneously diffuses into PCBM, indicating that an initial bilayer structure evolves into a bulk heterojunction structure. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) shows the agglomeration of PCBM and the formation of a PCBM pure phase when solvent annealing for 90 min. The structural evolution can be described as occurring in two stages: the first stage combines the enhanced crystallization of P3HT and diffusion of PCBM into P3HT, while the second stage entails the agglomeration of PCBM and formation of a PCBM pure phase. The phase separation of PCBM from P3HT is not driven by P3HT crystallinity, but is due to the concentration of PCBM exceeding the miscibility limit of PCBM in P3HT. Correlation of the morphology to photovoltaic activity shows that device performance significantly improves with solvent annealing for 90 min, indicating that both sufficient P3HT crystallization and formation of a PCBM pure phase are crucial in the optimization of the morphology of the active layer.
The benefits and limitations of using ultrasonography to supplement anatomical understanding
Authors: Sweetman Greg M. , Crawford Gail , Hird Kathryn , Fear Mark W. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAnatomical understanding is critical to medical education. With reduced teaching time and limited cadaver availability, it is important to investigate how best to utilize in vivo imaging to supplement anatomical understanding and better prepare medical graduates for the proliferation of point‐of‐care imaging in the future. To investigate whether using short sessions of in vivo imaging using ultrasonography could benefit students' anatomical knowledge and clinical application, we conducted a 2‐hour session on abdominal anatomy using ultrasonography in small groups of five to six students, for both first‐ and second‐year student cohorts. Individual feedback was collected to assess student perceptions. To measure retention and understanding, a short examination containing ultrasound images and questions and performance of a clinical skill (gastrointestinal' tract examination) were assessed. Ultrasonography sessions were highly valued by the students, with 90% of the students reporting their understanding was improved, and over 70% reporting increased confidence in their anatomical knowledge. However, the assessments showed no appreciable impact on skills or understanding related to abdominal anatomy and examination. We conclude that the risk associated with limited exposure increasing confidence without increasing skills remains real and that in vivo imaging is not effective when used as a short adjunct teaching tool. The widespread use of ultrasonography means finding the best way to incorporate ultrasound into medical education remains important. To this end, we are currently implementing an extended program including echocardiography and multiple anatomical sessions that will determine if frequency and repetition of use can positively impact on student performance and understanding. Anat Sci Educ. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
Fetal axillary cystic hygroma: A novel association with triple X syndrome
Authors: Iskender Cantekin , Tarım Ebru , Çok Tayfun , Yalcinkaya Cem , Kalaycı Hakan , Sahin Feride 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDTriple X syndrome is a relatively common sex chromosomal aneuploidy with an estimated incidence of one in every 1000 female births. There is considerable diversity in phenotypes among patients with triple X syndrome. Triple X syndrome has been shown to have associated abnormalities, with genitourinary malformations being the most consistent. Cystic hygroma (CH) is a lymphatic malformation that occurs because of the lack of development of communication between the lymphatic and the venous systems. CH has an incidence of 1 in every 6000–10,000 live births. CH is associated with a variety of conditions, including chromosomal aneuploidies and fetal malformations.CASEWe report a case of prenatally detected triple X syndrome with axillary CH as an isolated finding. The patient was referred because of a fetal cystic mass at the right axillary region. Amniocentesis revealed 47,XXX karyotype, and no additional abnormalities were detected prenatally or after abortion.CONCLUSIONThis is a novel description of axillary CH associated with triple X syndrome. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adaptive Response of Low Linear Energy Transfer X‐rays for Protection Against High Linear Energy Transfer Accelerated Heavy Ion‐Induced Teratogenesis
Authors: Wang Bing , Ninomiya Yasuharu , Tanaka Kaoru , Maruyama Kouichi , Varès Guillaume , Eguchi‐Kasai Kiyomi , Nenoi Mitsuru 
Published: October 2012

BACKGROUNDAdaptive response (AR) of low linear energy transfer (LET) irradiations for protection against teratogenesis induced by high LET irradiations is not well documented. In this study, induction of AR by X‐rays against teratogenesis induced by accelerated heavy ions was examined in fetal mice.METHODSIrradiations of pregnant C57BL/6J mice were performed by delivering a priming low dose from X‐rays at 0.05 or 0.30 Gy on gestation day 11 followed one day later by a challenge high dose from either X‐rays or accelerated heavy ions. Monoenergetic beams of carbon, neon, silicon, and iron with the LET values of about 15, 30, 55, and 200 keV/μm, respectively, were examined. Significant suppression of teratogenic effects (fetal death, malformation of live fetuses, or low body weight) was used as the endpoint for judgment of a successful AR induction.RESULTSExistence of AR induced by low‐LET X‐rays against teratogenic effect induced by high‐LET accelerated heavy ions was demonstrated. The priming low dose of X‐rays significantly reduced the occurrence of prenatal fetal death, malformation, and/or low body weight induced by the challenge high dose from either X‐rays or accelerated heavy ions of carbon, neon or silicon but not iron particles.CONCLUSIONSSuccessful AR induction appears to be a radiation quality event, depending on the LET value and/or the particle species of the challenge irradiations. These findings would provide a new insight into the study on radiation‐induced AR in utero.
Introns in UTRs: Why we should stop ignoring them
Authors: Bicknell Alicia A. , Cenik Can , Chua Hon N. , Roth Frederick P. , Moore Melissa J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAlthough introns in 5′‐ and 3′‐untranslated regions (UTRs) are found in many protein coding genes, rarely are they considered distinctive entities with specific functions. Indeed, mammalian transcripts with 3′‐UTR introns are often assumed nonfunctional because they are subject to elimination by nonsense‐mediated decay (NMD). Nonetheless, recent findings indicate that 5′‐ and 3′‐UTR intron status is of significant functional consequence for the regulation of mammalian genes. Therefore these features should be ignored no longer.
How did bacterial ancestors reproduce? Lessons from L‐form cells and giant lipid vesicles
Authors: Briers Yves , Walde Peter , Schuppler Markus , Loessner Martin J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn possible scenarios on the origin of life, protocells represent the precursors of the first living cells. To study such hypothetical protocells, giant vesicles are being widely used as a simple model. Lipid vesicles can undergo complex morphological changes enabling self‐reproduction such as growth, fission, and extra‐ and intravesicular budding. These properties of vesicular systems may in some way reflect the mechanism of reproduction used by protocells. Moreover, remarkable similarities exist between the morphological changes observed in giant vesicles and bacterial L‐form cells, which represent bacteria that have lost their rigid cell wall, but retain the ability to reproduce. L‐forms feature a dismantled cellular structure and are unable to carry out classical binary fission. We propose that the striking similarities in morphological transitions of L‐forms and giant lipid vesicles may provide insights into primitive reproductive mechanisms and contribute to a better understanding of the origin and evolution of mechanisms of cell reproduction.Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays Synthesizing artificial cells from giant unilamellar vesicles: State‐of‐the art in the development of microfluidic technology Abstract
Spelunking in the archives: Or how I learned to love the art of the unexpected
Authors: La Barre Kathryn 
Published: October 2012

AbstractEDITOR'S SUMMARYDrawing on her archival research skills, the author took the opportunity to dig into the American Society for Information Science records (1939–1990), a special collection housed at the University of Michigan. The exploration was prompted by ASIS&T's 75th anniversary and Special Interest Group/History and Foundations of Information Science (SIG/HFIS). The archives represent the evolution of the society, starting as the American Documentation Institute. The material retrieved on the author's first visit did not correspond to the online finding aid, but subsequent inquiry found a new finding aid, which was not online, describing the collection, including expanded holdings. The ASIS&T historical records collection is open for additional deposits, including documents, personal papers, presentations, oral histories and images, with the goal of placing all materials online. It is hoped this adventure will prompt ASIS&T to become an example for implementing best practices in organizational records preservation and management.
A Single‐Stage Water–Gas Shift Reaction over Highly Active and Stable Si‐ and Al‐Substituted Pt/CeO2 Catalysts
Authors: Shinde Vijay M. , Madras Giridhar 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCe0.88Si0.1Pt0.02O2−δ and Ce0.88Al0.1Pt0.02O2−δ catalysts were synthesized by using a low‐temperature sonochemical method and characterized by using XRD, TEM, XPS, FTIR, and BET surface analyzer. The catalytic activities of these compounds were investigated for the water–gas shift reaction in the temperature range of 140–440 °C. The substitution of Si in Ce0.98Pt0.02O2−δ increased the releasing capacity of lattice oxygen, whereas the substitution of Al decreased the reducibility of Ce0.98Pt0.02O2−δ, as evidenced by hydrogen temperature‐programmed reduction studies. However, both the catalysts showed a considerable improvement in terms of activity and stability compared to Ce0.98Pt0.02O2−δ. The combined activity measurement and characterization results suggest that the increase in the oxygen vacancy, which acts as a dissociation center for water, is the primary reason for the improvement in the activity of modified Ce0.98Pt0.02O2−δ. Both the catalysts are 100 % selective toward H2 production, and approximately 99 % conversion of CO to CO2 was observed at 260 and 270 °C for Ce0.88Si0.1Pt0.02O2−δ and Ce0.88Al0.1Pt0.02O2−δ, respectively. These catalysts do not deactivate during the daily startup/shutdown operations and are sustainable even after prolonged reaction. Notably, these catalysts do not require any pretreatment or activation during startup/shutdown operations.
Nitrogen Removal in Vegetated and Unvegetated Drainage Ditches Impacted by Diffuse and Point Sources of Pollution
Authors: Pierobon Enrica , Castaldelli Giuseppe , Mantovani Sara , Vincenzi Fabio , Fano Elisa Anna 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSecondary drainage canals have the potential to effectively mitigate excess nitrogen loads from diffuse and point sources. In vegetated (Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia) and in unvegetated canals subjected to diffuse and point pollution, nitrogen removal was evaluated by means of simple in–out mass balance and potential uptake by macrophytes was estimated from biomass data. Results suggest an elevated control of nitrogen in vegetated ditches receiving point source of pollution (average abatement of 50% of the total N load per linear km), whereas removal processes are much less effective in unvegetated ditches. The comparison between net abatement and plant uptake, highlights the presence of other unaccounted for processes responsible for a relevant percentage of total N removal. Overall, results from this study suggest the importance of actions aiming at the appropriate management of emergent vegetation, in order to improve its direct and indirect metabolic functions and maximize nitrogen removal in impacted watersheds.
Redundant roles of PRDM family members in zebrafish craniofacial development
Authors: Ding Hai‐Lei , Clouthier David E. , Artinger Kristin B. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground: PRDM proteins are evolutionary conserved Zn‐Finger transcription factors that share a characteristic protein domain organization. Previous studies have shown that prdm1a is required for the specification and differentiation of neural crest cells in the zebrafish. Results: Here we examine other members of this family, specifically prdm3, 5, and 16, in the differentiation of the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton. prdm3 and prdm16 are strongly expressed in the pharyngeal arches, while prdm5 is expressed specifically in the area of the forming neurocranium. Knockdown of prdm3 and prdm16 results in a reduction in the neural crest markers dlx2a and barx1 and defects in both the viscerocranium and the neurocranium. The knockdown of prdm3 and prdm16 in combination is additive in the neurocranium, but not in the viscerocranium. Injection of sub‐optimal doses of prdm1a with prdm3 or prdm16 Morpholinos together leads to more severe phenotypes in the viscerocranium and neurocranium. prdm5 mutants have defects in the neurocranium and prdm1a and prdm5 double mutants also show more severe phenotypes. Conclusions: Overall, our data reveal that prdm3, 5, and 16 are involved in the zebrafish craniofacial development and that prdm1a may interact with prdm3, 5, and 16 in the formation of the craniofacial skeleton in zebrafish. Developmental Dynamics 242:67–79, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vitro tendon tissue development from human fibroblasts demonstrates collagen fibril diameter growth associated with a rise in mechanical strength
Authors: Herchenhan Andreas , Bayer Monika L. , Svensson René B. , Magnusson S. Peter , Kjær Michael 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground: Collagen‐rich tendons and ligaments are important for joint stability and force transmission, but the capacity to form new tendon is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated mechanical strength, fibril size, and structure during development of tendon‐like tissue from adult human tenocytes (termed tendon constructs) in vitro over 5 weeks in 3D tissue culture. Results: The constructs displayed large elongated tendon cells aligned along the tendon axis together with collagen fibrils that increased in diameter by 50% from day 14 to 35, which approaches that observed in adult human tendon in vivo. The increase in diameter was accompanied by a 5‐fold increase in mechanical strength (0.9±0.1 MPa to 4.9±0.6 MPa) and Young's modulus (5.8±0.9 MPa to 32.3±4.2 MPa), while the maximal strain at failure (16%) remained constant throughout the 5‐week culture period. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that 3D tendon constructs can be formed by isolated human tendon fibroblasts, and when these constructs are subjected to static self‐generated tension, the fibrils will grow in size and strength approaching that of adult human tendon in vivo. Developmental Dynamics 242:2–8, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Economic evaluation of offshore storage potential in the US Exclusive Economic Zone
Authors: Eccles Jordan K , Pratson Lincoln 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDrawing upon previously published results, we evaluate the offshore potential for storing CO2 within marine sediments located inside the US Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). We then model the cost for transporting and injecting CO2 into these strata, including into deep‐marine (>3000m water depth) strata that we refer to as being ‘self‐sealing' because pressure and temperature regimes would form an overlying gravitational seal. Finally, we compare the integrated transport and injection cost estimates for self‐sealing and non‐self‐sealing offshore storage against the same integrated cost estimates for onshore storage in 15 deep‐saline sandstone aquifers located throughout the continental USA. The comparison is presented in the form of marginal abatement cost curves, which show that ocean storage is likely to be two or more times as expensive as onshore storage: 500 million tonnes of annual CO2 emissions from coal‐fired power plants in the USA is available for <$5/tonne in onshore DSAs, < $10/tonne in non‐self‐sealing offshore strata, and <$15/tonne in self‐sealing offshore strata, with the cost differential between onshore and offshore storage increasing further up the supply curve. The higher total offshore costs are due to a combination of increases in transport and storage costs, with transport costs dominating total costs with increasing distance from shore. This suggests that CO2 capture system operators would have to pay substantially more for offshore geologic storage over onshore options. The cost difference may be mitigated by certain advantages of offshore storage, which could include easier access to property rights, simplified regulation, and possibly lower monitoring, measurement, and verification (MMV) requirements. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Self‐reported sensory descriptors are associated with quantitative sensory testing parameters in patients with cervical radiculopathy, but not in patients with fibromyalgia
Authors: Tampin B. , Briffa N.K. , Slater H. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe painDETECT questionnaire (PD‐Q) has been used as a tool to characterize sensory abnormalities in patients with persistent pain. This study investigated whether the self‐reported sensory descriptors of patients with painful cervical radiculopathy (CxRAD) and patients with fibromyalgia (FM), as characterized by responses to verbal sensory descriptors from PD‐Q (sensitivity to light touch, cold, heat, slight pressure, feeling of numbness in the main area of pain), were associated with the corresponding sensory parameters as demonstrated by quantitative sensory testing (QST).MethodsTwenty‐three patients with CxRAD (eight women, 46.3 ± 9.6 years) and 22 patients with FM (20 women, 46.1 ± 11.5 years) completed the PD‐Q. Standardized QST of dynamic mechanical allodynia, cold and heat pain thresholds, pressure pain thresholds, mechanical and vibration detection thresholds, was recorded from the maximal pain area. Comparative QST data from 31 age‐matched healthy controls (HCs; 15 women) were obtained.ResultsPatients with CxRAD demonstrated a match between their self‐reported descriptors and QST parameters for all sensory parameters except for sensitivity to light touch, and these matches were statistically significant compared with HC data (p ≤ 0.006). The FM group demonstrated discrepancies between the PD‐Q and QST sensory phenotypes for all sensory descriptors, indicating that the self‐reported sensory descriptors did not consistently match the QST parameters (p = ≤0.017).ConclusionClinicians and researchers should be cautious about relying on PD‐Q as a stand‐alone screening tool to determine sensory abnormalities in patients with FM.
Delivering Equality and Diversity Training Within a University Setting Through Drama‐Based Training
Authors: Hayat Kez , Walton Sean 
Published: October 2012

AbstractUnited Kingdom equalities legislation places general and specific legal duties upon higher education institutions to promote equality and diversity positively. This includes an increased emphasis on training and development, especially in the context of promoting and raising awareness of equality and diversity within an organizational setting.The authors evaluate the impact and effectiveness of drama as a means of delivering equality and diversity training. The legal, business, and moral case for diversity is explored, highlighting and investigating the important role of effective equality and diversity training. Drama‐based diversity training is considered within the context of a local university initiative aimed primarily at middle management. Within this initiative, professional actors explored the effects of discrimination in the workplace. The authors frame their findings in the evaluation model proposed by Kirkpatrick (1998).The authors argue that drama‐based training is an effective tool for delivering equality and diversity training and present evidence for such training as having a positive impact. In particular, drama‐based training increases the confidence and capacity of university middle managers to challenge inappropriate behavior in the workplace.
Rising Ambulance Life‐Threatening Call Demand in High and Low Socioeconomic Areas
Authors: Portz Karl , Newell Robert , Archibong Uduak 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAmbulance service demand is increasing in the United Kingdom. A common speculative view makes a link between this rise in demand, deprivation, and certain medical conditions. This study explored factors influencing English ambulance service demand in two areas of differing socioeconomic status. Adopting a causal comparative design, the study compared the numbers of life‐threatening calls that Yorkshire Ambulance Service receives and serves in two geographical areas within the Hull and East Riding area. The area of lower socioeconomic status generated significantly more life‐threatening calls than the area of higher socioeconomic status; these calls often supported younger patients (mean age 59 years versus 71 years) for breathing difficulties (29% versus 14.5%) more commonly. Tackling inequality will require a whole‐systems approach, effective leadership, and recognition of the benefits of understanding difference. A key relationship will entail engaging with seldom heard communities.