bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties of Microemulsions with Mixed Nonionic Surfactants and Mint Oil
Authors: Fanun M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In this study we used electrical conductivity, dynamic viscosity, dynamic light scattering, and small angle X-ray scattering for the characterization of the water + propylene glycol/sucrose laurate/ethoxylated mono-di-glyceride/peppermint oil microemulsion systems. The maximum water solubilization in the peppermint oil was found to be dependent on the surfactants mixing ratio (w/w). A Static percolation threshold was determined. The activation energy of conductive flow depends on the surfactants mixing ratio. The hydrodynamic diameter of the diluted microemulsions decreases with the increase in temperature. The periodicity d of the microemulsions increases with the increase in the aqueous phase content. The correlation length ξ increases and decreases with the increase in the aqueous phase content indicating the onset of structural transitions.
Concentrations of Endocrine Disrupting Alkylphenols and Their Mono- and Diethoxylates in Sediments and Water from Artificial Lake Malta in Poland
Authors: Zgoła-Grześkowiak A. , Grześkowiak T. , Rydlichowski R. , Łukaszewski Z. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In the present paper analysis of alkylphenols and their short-chained ethoxylates was presented. The analytes were determined in sediments from Lake Malta as well as in water incoming to and outgoing from the lake. Sonication-assisted extraction was used for isolation of the analytes from the sediment samples. Solid-phase extraction with polytetrafluoroethylene sorbent was used for both clean-up of extracts and isolation of analytes from the water samples. Alkylphenols and their ethoxylates were quantitatively analysed with the use of HPLC with fluorescence detection. The analytes were determined in the sediment samples at relatively low concentrations with the maximum concentration of 168 μg kg−1 for nonylphenol monoethoxylate, which can be ascribed to periodic removal of sediments from Lake Malta. Maximum concentration in water samples was noted for nonylphenol at 0.56 μg L−1. No octylphenol nor its ethoxylates were found in the water samples.
Synergistic Effect of Cationic-Nonionic Surfactants on Simultaneous Separation of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine
Authors: Mohammad A. , Haq N. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A new thin layer chromatographic system comprising of silica gel impregnated with 0.1% aqueous solution (below CMC) of nonionic surfactant Brij-35 as stationary phase and 0.1% aqueous solution (below CMC) of cationic surfactant (cetrimide) as eluent has been found most suitable for the separation of closely related amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine) from their mixture. Effect of substitution of Brij-35 by cetrimide and sodium cholate has been examined to assess the impact of charge of impregnant on the chromatographic behavior of analytes. The changes brought about by the impregnation in the structure and homogeneity of silica gel have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Optimizations of concentration of Brij-35 and cetrimide in the stationary and mobile phases respectively and the effect of bed height on the separation have also been examined. Chromatographic parameters like ΔRF, separation factor (α) and resolution (RS) were calculated for the separation of tyrosine from phenylalanine and separation mechanism have been proposed. The limits of detection for phenylalanine and tyrosine were found to be 0.25 and 0.23 μg respectively. The proposed method studied is simple, rapid and free from the use of volatile organic solvents.
Photosynthesis-inhibiting Effects of Cationic Biodegradable Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Král'ová K. , Šeršeň F. , Devínsky F. , Lacko I. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Cationic biodegradable gemini surfactants 3,8-diaza-4,7-dioxodecane-1,10-diylbis(alkyldimethylammonium bromide) (I) with R = C9H19–C18H37 inhibited photosynthetic electron transport (PET) in spinach chloroplasts and reduced chlorophyll (Chl) content in Chlorella vulgaris. The inhibitory effects of I intensively depended on the length of alkyl chain showing quasi-parabolic (Chlorella vulgaris) or bilinear (PET) course. IC50 value related to reduction of Chl content in C. vulgaris for dodecyl derivative was 0.6 × 10−6 mol dm−3 indicating its strong anti-algal effect. Using EPR spectroscopy as the site of inhibitory action of I in the photosynthetic apparatus the intermediates Z∗ and D∗ or their close surroundings were determined. As a further target of I inhibitory action the manganese cluster occurring on the donor side of photosystem II was estimated.
Ion Extractant as Cosurfactant at the Water-Oil Interface in Microemulsions
Authors: Bauer C. , Bauduin P. , Diat O. , Zemb T. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Bicontinuous microemulsions are investigated as a model system for the specific adsorption phenomena of metal ions at the water-oil interface. Mixing an extremely hydrophobic ion extractant – tributyl phosphate (TBP) used here as co-surfactant – with an extremely hydrophilic sugar-based surfactant, we describe a new type of functionalized microemulsions that shows the classical Winsor phases, by varying the surfactant/extractant ratio. We focus on the Winsor III-type microemulsions by determining the phase diagrams whereas the microstructures were accessed by performing small angle neutron scattering experiments. Ultimately, these microemulsions may pave the way for the design of new selective ion extraction processes.
Study of Glycerol Residue as a Carbon Source for Production of Rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145)
Authors: Wadekar S. D. , Patil S. V. , Kale S. B. , Lali A. M. , Bhowmick D. N. , Pratap A. P. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Rhamnolipid is the simplest class of biosurfactants with a well defined structure. The main obstacle in commercialization of biosurfactant especially rhamnolipids is the higher cost of the production. The production cost can be reduced by using economical carbon sources. Glycerol residue is available from glycerin distillation plant at low cost. It can be used as carbon source for rhamnolipid production using Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145). The optimum concentration of glycerol residue was 5% weight by volume (w/v) yielding maximum rhamnolipids at 2.50 g/L in the broth. From batch monitoring of polyglycerol and monoglycerol consumption, it appeared that polyglycerols were first hydrolyzed to monoglycerol in the broth itself and consumed as carbon source. The product had components similar to rhamnolipids synthesized on pure glycerol under the same conditions. This indicated the potential of glycerol residue as economic substrate for production of rhamnolipids.
Effects of Alkaline Cations on Self-assembly of Cetylpyridinium Surfactants
Authors: Müller W. , Déjugnat Ch. , Diat O. , Zemb Th. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Here we study the influence of alkaline cations on the self-assembly of cetylpyridinium chloride and cetylpyridinium nitrate. It is known that the anionic counterions have a strong influence on the solubility and self-assembly properties of cationic surfactants. However, in this paper we will show that monovalent cations have also an influence which is weaker but detectable. Scattering techniques (X-Ray, light) were used to obtain structural information about the aggregation as a function of the temperature and the ionic strength. The results are interpreted in terms of ion pair adsorption at the micellar interface, depending on the ionic strength.
Preparation and Characterization of Pillared Derivatives from δ-Layered Sodium Disilicate and their Tribological Properties in Liquid Paraffin
Authors: Fu Y. , Wang Y. , Xu H. , Li J. P. , Dong J. X. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe pillared derivatives from δ-layered sodium disilicate were investigated by intercalation of bisoctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. The influence of various parameters such as water content, pH of the mixture, and time were examined. The resultant samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and thermal gravimetric observation. The experimental results showed that δ-layered sodium disilicate was first transformed to kanemite (NaHSi2O4(OH)2· 2H2O), and subsequently kanemite was pillared with bisoctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. The tribological properties of typical samples then were investigated by point contact test. The results show that the pillared derivatives have good load-carrying capacity and friction-reducing property.
Alkyl Polyglycoside/1-Naphthol Formulations: A Case Study of Surfactant Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Iglauer S. , Wu Y. , Shuler P. , Tang Y. , Goddard W. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
We present a case study of surfactant enhanced oil recovery using Alkyl polyglucoside/1-naphthol formulations. Alkyl polyglucosides are a green, non-toxic and renewable surfactant class synthesized out of agricultural raw materials. We measured interfacial tensions versus n-octane and viscosities of these formulations and conducted one coreflood enhanced oil recovery (EOR) experiment where we recovered 82.6 % of initial oil in place demonstrating that these formulations are efficient EOR agents.
Using Fabric Softeners, Drying and Ironing in Germany
Authors: Braun V. , Stamminger R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
During the annually arranged Action Day Sustainable Washing on May 10th, 5284 questionnaires about laundry treatment were collected from private people in Germany with the aim of obtaining information about consumer behaviour and attitudes towards sustainability. This is a non-representative census as only 15% of all respondents were male. Nevertheless, relative distribution and correlation provide a relevant insight into consumers’ behaviour towards washing, drying and ironing. The most important results of the analysis can be summed up as follows:
– Nearly 50% of the respondents own a laundry-dryer.
– Nearly one third of all respondents never use fabric softeners. The prevention of ecological damage was the reason for not using fabric softeners for 30% of the respondents.
– About one fourth of all respondents always use fabric softeners, with younger people having a significantly higher attitude towards using them.
– Under good weather conditions, about 90% of the respondents choose energy-saving alternatives to dry their laundry.
– The average weekly time spent on ironing is about two hours on average of all respondents who gave information.
The analysis shows that laundry treatment beyond the pure washing process is a multi-faceted process with several starting points of improvement in favour of sustainable handling.
Colloid and Interfacial Chemistry at Stuttgart University
Authors: Baum R. , Boos J. , Carey E. , Catanoiu G. , Engelskirchen S. , Feucht B. , Laupheimer M. , Porada J. , Schüler F. , Szymanski L. , Zauser D. , Stubenrauch C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe research work carried out in our group can be referred to as “Colloid and Interfacial Chemistry”. We subdivide this rather broad research area into four main topics which are covered by the projects presented in this overview. The surfaces we study are surfactant-loaden water-air surfaces, the films are mainly free-standing thin foam films of less than 100 nm thickness, and the foams are 3D aqueous foams whose stability and drainage we investigate. As regards the topic “Complex Fluids” we study lyotropic liquid crystalline phases and microemulsions. In the past, we were able to establish two new tuning parameters for the formation and destruction of lyotropic liquid crystals, while current research focuses on the lyotropic mesomorphism of new surfactants and of surfactant mixtures. Apart from lyotropic liquid crystals microemulsions are a central theme in the group. Due to their unique properties and fascinating structure variety microemulsions offer a great potential as templates for the synthesis of new functional materials, which is a further research topic in our group. These studies involve the gelation of and the polymerisation in microemulsions preserving their nanostructure to create high surface area polymers. Currently, we also use microemulsions as tailor-made nano-compartmented reaction media. The studied reactions are either enzyme-catalysed conversions of substrates or the reduction of metal salts to synthesize mono- or bimetallic nanoparticles. In this context we focus on bicontinuous and water-in-oil droplet microemulsions. Last but not least we also synthesize new surfactant structures such as inositol-based surfactants and explore the properties.
Synthesis of Dodecyl Lauroyl Benzene Sulfonate and its Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Cui Z. , Wu L. , Sun M. , Jiang J. , Wang F. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A new hydrophobic surfactant, dodecyl lauroyl benzene sulfonate (DLBS), was synthesized and its application in enhanced oil recovery by alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding was studied. The results show that DLBS can be synthesized by reaction of industrial dodecyl benzene with lauroyl chloride in the presence of AlCl3, followed by sulfonation with ClSO3H and neutralization with NaOH. The lauroyl-group is confirmed to be connected to the para-position of the alkylbenzene by 1HNMR spectrum. The synthesized DLBS is well soluble in pure water and reservoir (connate) water at 45°C. It is highly surface active which is indicated by its low CMC of 1.1 · 10−5 mol/L, and its low surface tension, γcmc of 28.6 mN m−1. By mixing with heavy alkylbenzene sulfonates of relatively low average molar mass (387 g mol−1) at a total surfactant concentration of 5 mM, DLBS can reduce the interfacial tension of Daqing crude oil/connate water to an order of 10−3 mN/m at 45°C in the presence of 0.5–1.0 wt.% NaOH and 1000 mg L−1 of polymer. If the NaOH was replaced by a gentle alkaline salt, Na2CO3, certain amounts of dodecyl dimethyl carboxy betaine were added and the concentration of Na2CO3 was increased to 1.2–2.0 wt.%, the interfacial tension of Daqing crude oil/connate water can also be reduced to an ultralow value. Therefore DLBS is a good hydrophobic surfactant applicable in ASP flooding with either NaOH or Na2CO3 as alkaline agents.
Manual Direct Two-Phase Titration Method for Anionic Surface Active Agents Determination with Use of Solvatochromic Dye. The Modification Towards Toxicity Abatement
Authors: Gąsiorowska Monika , Wróblewska Elwira Katarzyna 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The modification of the manual direct two-phase titration method for anionic surface active agent determination is presented. The purpose was to find such organic solvent which can replace solvents applied in the method i. e. chloroform or dichloromethane since both are harmful, exhibiting carcinogenic, mutagenic and, embryotoxic properties. As a new solvent 1-butanol or isobutyl alcohol was used. The reaction in the examined alcohols caused to be acidic during the titration process. Thus the solvatochromic dye (1) i. e. 5-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-7H-indolo[1,2-a]quinolinium perchlorate has been replaced with 1-phenyl-2-[2-(3-nitro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-3,3-dimethyl-3H-indolium perchlorate (2). The pKa (3.51) of (2) facilitates its dissociation, and has the same color change at the titration endpoint. The modified method was tested on three different concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate solution, and the results are in good agreement with the real ones.
Removal of Crystal Violet from Water by Adsorbent Prepared from Turkish Coffee Residue
Authors: Zahoor Muhammad 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Carbon prepared from Turkish coffee residue was used to remove crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was characterized by surface analyzer, infra red (IR) spectroscopy, Boehm titration and mass titration. Adsorption was studied as a function of pH, dye concentration and contact time. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models were used to describe the kinetic data. The adsorption of crystal violet dye on prepared adsorbent followed pseudo second order kinetic model rather than pseudo first order kinetic model. The adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms model. The pH of the solution affects the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent. An increase in the adsorption capacity of the dye was observed with increase in pH. However, this was up to pH 6.5. The increase was insignificant from pH 6.5 to 10. The desorption experiments showed the possibility of regeneration of the adsorbent. Equilibrium was attained within 4 hour for 30 mg L−1 of dye concentration, while for 25 mg L1 and 15 mg L−1 it was less than 4 hour.
Adsorption of n-Alkyl Alcohols by Polyurethane Foam Powder: Kinetics, Isotherms, and Thermodynamics
Authors: El-Aila Hesham Juma'a yousef , Elsousy Khaled M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAdsorption of different n-alkyl alcohols (hexanol, pentanol, butanol, propanol, ethanol and methanol) out of aqueous media by polyurethane foam, an insulation waste powder, (PUF) was investigated using batch system under controlled conditions. Kinetic data followed more closely to the pseudo-first-order model. The adsorption rate and the related parameters, such as the PUF dosage, n-alkyl alcohol initial concentration, pH, temperature, and ionic strength were studied. The saturation equilibrium was also studied as a function of the related parameters (PUF dose, alcohol initial concentration, temperature, pH and ionic strength). The adsorption isotherm was established for the adsorption of different alcohols on PUF. Linearized Langmuir, Freundlich and Frumkin models were applied to estimate the adsorption constants. It was estimated that the adsorption rate is positively affected by increasing PUF dose, adsorbent concentration, acidity and temperature. The adsorption equilibrium was shifted toward higher adsorption capacity by increasing the PUF dose, substrate concentration, temperature and acidity in the order of: n-hexanol > n-pentanol > n-butanol > n-propanol > ethanol > methanol. It was not affected by ionic strength. The adsorption data fit to Freundlich, Langmuir and Frumkin models, but attained a better correlation to models in the order of as Langmuir > Freundlich > Frumkin. In addition to the Freundlich, Langmuir und Frumkin constants the thermodynamic parameters of activation and adsorption were determined.
Clouding and Aggregation Behavior of PPO-PEO-PPO Triblock Copolymer (Pluronic®25R4) in Surfactant Additives Environment
Authors: Sharma Rakesh , Murali Rajaraman , Murthy Chivukula N. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAqueous solutions of commercially available Pluronic®R i. e. triblock copolymer composed of polypropylene oxide(PPO)-polyethylene oxide(PEO)-polypropylene oxide(PPO), (code named 25R4, BASF) in the presence of surfactant additives viz. hydrotropes (NaTS, NaXS), anionics (SDS, SDBS) and cationics (DTAB, CTAB) were investigated by cloud point(CP), surface tension and conductance techniques. All the techniques clearly indicated that Pluronic®25R4 interacts strongly with anionic surfactants but weakly with cationic surfactants. Surfactant additives used here, produced a marked increase in the CP of the copolymer. Elevation in CP is attributed to the solubility of PPO block of the copolymer and formation of Pluronic-surfactant complex. The effect of NaCl salt on the CP of Pluronic®25R4 at added SDS and CTAB was also studied and it was decreased due to the screening effect. At the presence of 25R4 in its non-associated form, the surface tension and conductance data is discussed with binding process and indicated strong interaction of Pluronic®25R4 with SDS, showing two break points (P1and P2) in the plot and very weak interaction with CTAB observing single break point.
Spontaneous Vesicle Formation from Bulky Tetrasiloxane-tailed Dicephalic Surfactant
Authors: Qu Wenshan , Wang Guoyong 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The spontaneous vesicle formation from a novel bulky tetrasiloxane-tailed dicephalic surfactant composed of a carbohydrate and ethylene glycol ethyl ether was reported. The surface tension measurements revealed that aggregates are formed, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements suggested the aggregates are vesicles. The size and morphology were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The vesicle formation was further confirmed by dye entrapment studies.
Synthesis and Properties of Three Series Amino Acid Surfactants
Authors: Qiao Weihong , Zheng Zhibo , Peng Huan , Shi Lu 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Three series of surfactants with different amino acid moieties (glycine, glutamic acid and lysine) were synthesized with octanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid and glycine, glutamic acid, lysine respectively. The reaction conditions and their properties including surface activity, emulsibility and foamability were studied. For the surfactants with glycine moiety and glutamic acid moiety respectively, cmc (critical micelle concentration) and γcmc (surface tension at cmc) decreased and surface activity enhanced as the length of carbon chain increased. The surfactants with glycine moiety exhibited the best emulsibility and foamability in the three series. The surfactants with glutamic acid moiety showed disappointing emulsibility, but their foamability was good. The surfactants with lysine moiety did not display favorable emulsibility and foamability due to the length of their double-chain.
Determination of Heavy Metals in Domestic, Commercial and Industrial Soot Samples
Authors: Iqbal Yousaf , Muhammad Sohail Syed , Ahmad Imtiaz , Saeed Khalid 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The heavy metals such as manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) were determined in domestic, commercial and industrial soot samples via atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The vehicle soot samples showed highest concentration of investigated heavy metals as compared to other soot samples. It was also found that the concentration of Fe was high in the soot samples (range 5.75–1105 mg/Kg) followed by Cu (70–990 mg/Kg) while the concentration of Ni was lower (range 0.5–3 mg/Kg). It was also found that the concentration of Mn and Fe was decreased as decreased the size of the soot samples while the concentration of other investigated heavy metals increased as decreased the size fraction.
Micellar Catalysis on 1,10-Phenanthroline Promoted Chromic Acid Oxidation of Glycerol in Aqueous Media
Authors: Ghosh Sumanta K. , Saha Rumpa , Ghosh Aniruddha , Mukherjee Kakali , Saha Bidyut 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
On pseudo-first order conditions, the monomeric species of Cr(VI) was found to be kinetically active in the absence of phenanthroline (phen) whereas in the phen-promoted path, the Cr(VI)-phen complex undergoes a nucleophilic attack by glycerol to form a ternary complex which subsequently experience a redox decomposition leading to glyceraldehydes and Cr(III)-phen complex. The effect of the cationic surfactant, cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC); anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and nonionic surfactant, triton X-100 (TX-100) on the unpromoted and phen-promoted path have been studied. Micellar effects have been explained by considering the preferential partitioning of reactants between the micellar and aqueous phase.