bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Advanced Compressor Airfoils for Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines: Part II — Experimental and Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Küsters Bernhard , Schreiber Helnz-Adolf , Köller Ulf D. , Mönig Reinhard 
Published: December 2014

In Part I of this paper a family of numerically optimized subsonic compressor airfoils for heavy-duty gas turbines, covering a wide range of flow properties, is presented. The objective of the optimization was 10 create profiles with a wide low loss incidence range. Therefore, design point and off-design performance had to be considered in an objective function. The special flow conditions in large scale gas turbines have been taken into account by performing the numerical optimization procedure at high Reynolds numbers and high turbulence levels. The objective of Part II is to examine some of the characteristics describing the new airfoils, as well as to prove the reliability of the design process and the flow solver applied.
Therefore, some characteristic members of the new airfoil series have been extensively investigated in the cascade windtunnel of DLR Cologne. Experimental and numerical results show profile Mach number distributions, total pressure losses, flow turning and static pressure rise for the entire incidence range. The design goal with low losses and especially a wide operating range could be confirmed, as well as a mild stall behavior. Boundary layer development, particularly near stall condition, is discussed using surface flow visualization and the results of boundary layer calculations. An additional experimental study, using liquid crystal coating, provides necessary information on suction surface boundary-layer transition at high Reynolds numbers.
Finally, results of Navier-Stokes simulations are presented which enlighten the total pressure loss development and flow turning behavior especially at high incidence in relation to the results of the design tool.
Genome Instability Mediates the Loss of Key Traits by Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 during Laboratory Evolution
Authors: Renda Brian A. , Dasgupta Aurko , Leon Dacia , Barrick Jeffrey E. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Acinetobacter baylyi
ADP1 has the potential to be a versatile bacterial host for synthetic biology because it is naturally transformable. To examine the genetic reliability of this desirable trait and to understand the potential stability of other engineered capabilities, we propagated ADP1 for 1,000 generations of growth in rich nutrient broth and analyzed the genetic changes that evolved by whole-genome sequencing. Substantially reduced transformability and increased cellular aggregation evolved during the experiment. New insertions of IS
1236
transposable elements and IS
1236
-mediated deletions led to these phenotypes in most cases and were common overall among the selected mutations. We also observed a 49-kb deletion of a prophage region that removed an integration site, which has been used for genome engineering, from every evolved genome. The comparatively low rates of these three classes of mutations in lineages that were propagated with reduced selection for 7,500 generations indicate that they increase ADP1 fitness under common laboratory growth conditions. Our results suggest that eliminating transposable elements and other genetic failure modes that affect key organismal traits is essential for improving the reliability of metabolic engineering and genome editing in undomesticated microbial hosts, such as
Acinetobacter baylyi
ADP1.
Acute Atrial Stretch Results in Conduction Slowing and Complex Signals at the Pulmonary Vein to Left Atrial Junction
Authors: Walters Tomos E. , Lee Geoffrey , Spence Steven , Larobina Marco , Atkinson Victoria , Antippa Phillip , Goldblatt John , O’Keefe Michael , Sanders Prashanthan , Kistler Peter M. , Kalman Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2014

Background—
The pulmonary vein–left atrial (PV–LA) junction is key in pathogenesis of AF, and acute stretch is an important stimulus to AF. We aimed to characterize the response of the junction to acute stretch, hypothesizing that stretch would result in electrophysiological changes predisposing to re-entry.

Methods and Results—

Fifteen participants undergoing cardiac surgery underwent evaluation of the right superior PV–LA junction using an epicardial mapping plaque. In 10, this was performed before and after atrial stretch imposed by rapid volume expansion, and in 5, it was performed with an intervening observation period. Activation was characterized by conduction slowing and electrogram fractionation transversely across the PV–LA junction, with lines of block also demonstrated perpendicular to the junction. Conduction was decremental (plaque activation time 135.8±46.8 ms with programmed extra stimuli at 10 ms above effective refractory period versus 66.1±22.9 ms with pacing at 400 ms;
P
<0.001) and percentage fractionation was greater with programmed extra stimuli at 10 ms above (33.5%±15.3% versus 20.7%±14.0%,
P
=0.001). Right atrial pressure increased by 2.5±1.8 mm Hg (
P
=0.002) with volume expansion. Stretch resulted in conduction slowing across the PV–LA junction (increase in activation time 10.9±14.6 ms in acute stretch group versus −0.1±4.5 ms in control group;
P
=0.002). Conduction slowing was more marked with programmed extra stimuli at 10 ms above effective refractory period than with stable pacing (13.4±16.5 ms versus 1.7±5.4 ms;
P
=0.003). Stretch resulted in a significant increase in fractionated electrograms (7.9%±7.0% versus −0.4±3.3;
P
=0.004).

Conclusions—
Acute stretch results in conduction slowing across the PV–LA junction, with a greater degree of signal complexity. This substrate may be important in AF initiation and maintenance by promoting re-entry.
Presentation of a benign fibroepithelial polyp with frank haematuria: an unusual diagnosis
Authors: Dolan R , Morton S , Granitsiotis P 
Published: December 2014

Introduction Fibroepithelial polyps are rare benign lesions which can mimic malignant disease symptomatically and radiologically. They should form part of the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with frank haematuria but they can present a diagnostic dilemma for clinicians. Case presentation This is a case of a 30-year-old female who initially presented with a small palpable urethral lump, thought to be a urethral caruncle by her general practitioner, obstructive voiding and intermittent frank painless haematuria. A rigid cystoscopy identified a polypoid lesion protruding out of the left ureteric orifice. This was resected and pathology showed it to be a fibroepithelial polyp. A post-operative computerized tomography scan showed no hydronephrosis on either side and no lymphadenopathy was identified but the distal left ureter could not be visualised. Further resection with a flexible ureteroscopy confirmed the presence of a benign fibroepithelial polyp and the stalk remnant was ablated with a laser. Conclusion Fibroepithelial polyps mimic malignant disease symptomatically and radiologically and need to be considered in the differential diagnosis of frank haematuria.
Socioeconomic influence on orofacial cleft patient care
Authors: Smillie I , Yong K , Harris K , Wynne DM , Russell CJH 
Published: December 2014

Background Cleft lip and palate is the most common craniofacial birth defect in the UK. Orofacial clefts have functional and aesthetic implications requiring intensive multi-disciplinary follow-up to optimise development. Failure to attend follow-up is likely to have a negative impact on patient outcomes. The aim of this retrospective audit is to establish if socioeconomic status influences attendance, DNA and cancellation rates in cleft patients. Methods and results A retrospective audit of 74 orofacial cleft patients born and operated on at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children Glasgow between 2006 and 2007. There was higher rate of DNA in more deprived social groups−21% (SIMD 1) against 10% (SIMD 5). A higher rate of DNA in cleft lip and palate patients was noted. This group of patients showed a marked difference in attendance between SIMD 1 (38%) and SIMD 5 (78%). Conclusion More deprived areas have a higher outpatient DNA rate for cleft patients resulting in suboptimal follow-up. Ultimately, causation of poorer outcomes in this group is likely to be multi-factorial but the financial implication of travelling to multiple clinics should be considered and it may be that resource reallocation is the answer to address the current inequality of health care provision.
Human papillomavirus knowledge, vaccine acceptance, and vaccine series completion among female entertainment and sex workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: the Young Women’s Health Study
Authors: Wadhera Priya , Evans Jennifer L , Stein Ellen , Gandhi Monica , Couture Marie-Claude , Sansothy Neth , Sichan Keo , Maher Lisa , Kaldor John , Page Kimberly ,   on behalf of the YWHS Collaborative, Kaldor John , Kien Serey Phal , Page Kimberly , Palefsky Joel M , Saphonn Vonthanak , Vun Mean Chhi 
Published: December 2014

Summary Human papillomavirus is a common sexually transmitted infection and the causative agent for cervical cancer, a frequently occurring malignant disease among women in developing countries. We assessed human papillomavirus awareness prior to the delivery of a brief information and education intervention, and human papillomavirus vaccine provision to female entertainment and sex workers (N = 220). At baseline, only 23.6% of women had heard of human papillomavirus. Following the educational intervention, 90% answered all the human papillomavirus knowledge questions correctly. Of 192 participants attending the first quarterly cohort visit where vaccine was offered, 149 (78%) were eligible for vaccination; HIV-positive (n = 32) and pregnant (n = 11) women were excluded. Acceptance of vaccine among eligible women was universal, and 79.2% completed the three-dose vaccination series. Women who reported use of amphetamine-type stimulants had significantly and independently lower odds of vaccine completion (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.08, 0.69). New pregnancies also had an impact on vaccine completion: 5.4% (8/149 5.4%) who started the series had to stop due to new pregnancy. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of a simple education intervention designed to increase human papillomavirus knowledge and the feasibility of successful human papillomavirus vaccine in a population that is often difficult to engage in preventive health care.
Interferon-gamma gene polymorphism influences the frequency of a Chlamydia trachomatis cervical infection in young women
Authors: Eleutério José , Teles Rosiane A , Linhares Iara M , Normand Neil , Witkin Steven S 
Published: December 2014

Summary Cervicitis associated with Chlamydia trachomatis is frequent worldwide, but the factors determining susceptibility to infection remain incompletely determined. We evaluated whether a functional single nucleotide polymorphism at position +874 in the gene coding for interferon gamma (rs2430561) influenced the likelihood of having a cervical C. trachomatis infection. This was a cross-sectional study of 142 sexually-active women attending a general gynaecology service on the outskirts of the city of Fortaleza in northeastern Brazil between August 2011 and August 2012. Endocervical swabs were evaluated for C. trachomatis DNA using hybrid capture. DNA from buccal swabs was utilised for detection of the interferon gamma 874 T/A single nucleotide polymorphism by gene amplification, endonuclease digestion and gel electrophoresis. Nineteen women (13.4%) were positive for C. trachomatis in their cervix. Positivity was 21.7% in women with the A,A genotype versus 7.0% in women with one or two T alleles (p = 0.0227). The variant T allele frequency, associated with elevated interferon gamma production, was 36.2% in women who were negative for C. trachomatis as opposed to 18.4% in women who were positive for a cervical infection with this organism (p = 0.0415). Possession of the T allele at position +874 in the gene coding for interferon gamma is associated with a reduced likelihood of a C. trachomatis cervical infection.
Virologic suppression among HIV-infected US Air Force members in a highly-structured programme with free access to care
Authors: Matthews PE , Le T , Delmar J , Okulicz JF 
Published: December 2014

Summary The United States Air Force HIV programme has several features that may enhance antiretroviral therapy outcomes, including free access to healthcare and mandatory clinical visits every six months at a single centre. We evaluated viral load suppression (<50 copies/ml) after 12 months of initial antiretroviral therapy, with extension to 18 and 24 months. Active duty Air Force members were categorised by year of antiretroviral therapy initiation: 2000–2005 (n = 95, 36.1%) and 2006–2011 (n = 168, 63.9%). The median months from HIV diagnosis to initial antiretroviral therapy were shorter in the 2000–2005 group (2.4, IQR 1.2–5.9) compared with the 2006–2011 group (12.6, IQR 2.6–29.0; p < 0.001). Viral load suppression was greater in the 2006–2011 group compared with the 2000–2005 group at 12 months (93.2% versus 78.6%, p = 0.002) and 18 months (91.8% versus 80.3%, p = 0.03), and trended higher at 24 months (90.8% versus 82.5%; p = 0.15). Factors associated with viral load suppression at 12 months in multivariate models included antiretroviral therapy initiation during 2006–2011 (OR 5.22, 95% CI 1.50–18.18) and CD4 count at antiretroviral therapy initiation (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.19–14.43 per 100 cells/µl increase). Structured programmes that minimise traditional barriers to care combined with the use of contemporary antiretroviral therapy regimens can achieve clinic-wide viral load suppression in >90% of patients.
A Survey of Malocclusion and the Need for Orthodontic Treatment in a Shropshire School Population
Authors: Foster T. D. , Walpole Day A. J. 
Published: December 2014

Occlusal features and the need for orthodontic treatment are difficult to assess objectively. Methods of assessment which have been devised for public health purposes are different from those which are needed for clinical purposes. A study was carried out on 1000 children, aged 11 to 12 years, to assess certain occlusal features and the need for orthodontic treatment in clinical terms, and to determine which occlusal features brought about the need for treatment. The criteria for assessment are defined. The population was found to have a high prevalence of dental arch crowding and of Class 2 dental arch relationship. The features were each present in more than half the population. Other findings regarding occlusal features are outlined. There was little difference between the sexes for the occlusal and aetiological features studied. No orthodontic treatment was found to be necessary in 40·1 per cent of the population. Treatment by planned extraction of teeth only was necessary in 22·0 per cent, and active tooth movement with appliances, either with or without extraction of teeth, in 37·9 per cent. Crowding of the dentition and Class 2 dental arch relationship were found to be the main cause of the need for orthodontic treatment. In this population, more than 50 per cent of the necessary appliance treatment would be involved in treating Class 2 Division 1 occlusion. There were no significant differences between the sexes in the need for orthodontic treatment.
Elastics—Their Properties and Clinical Applications in Orthodontic Fixed Appliance Therapy
Authors: Barrie W. J. McK. , Spence J. A. 
Published: December 2014

A variety of orthodontic elastics were investigated: firstly to determine any change in length and consequent loss of force of selected orthodontic elastics when subjected to intra and intermaxillary forces under a simulated intra-oral environment (creep test); and secondly, to produce and interpret average stiffness graphs for each type of elastic tested. Some types of elastic showed a considerable amount of creep and the force produced would fall off even after 1 hour of use, especially when they were employed for intermaxillary traction. An Instron testing machine was used to produce stiffness graphs. The thinner elastics gave lower stiffness figures but the forces these elastics produced in the mouth were more predictable.
The Removable Lingual Arch and its Relationship to the Universal Appliances
Authors: Yudelson Robert 
Published: December 2014

The primary purpose of this article is to outline the functions that the removable lingual arch occupies within the framework of the Universal Appliance. As it has uses for those who utilize techniques other than the Universal Technique, a step-by-step construction method is offered. Arising from the latter, is an explanation as to the uses and construction of the split-lingual mechanism, an expansion device. A brief description of the history of the lingual sheath, its placement, sizes and styles are also discussed. All of the above is accompanied by the use of photographs to enhance the understanding of this presentation.
An Investigation of Treatment Provided in the General Dental Service for Patients with Class II Division 1 Malocclusions
Authors: Elderton R. J. , Clark J. D. 
Published: December 2014

The study models of a sample of 51 cases with Class II division 1 malocclusions treated in the General Dental Service in Scotland, were investigated and analysed with respect to the changes which had taken place in the overjet, overbite and incisor alignment. Residual spacing in the arches was also measured. Occlusal Index scores were calculated at the start and finish of treatment. The results suggest that only a limited measure of success was achieved; they indicate a need to improve orthodontic treatment standards.
Localisation of Misplaced Maxillary Canines: Orthopantomograph and P.A. Skull Views Compared
Authors: Coupland M. A. 
Published: December 2014

A comparison of the radiographs of 59 subjects who had misplaced maxillary canines has been undertaken. The purpose of this study was to see if the position of the canine as seen on a P.A. skull radiograph is comparable with the position of the canine on an orthopantomogram. The results of the study show that there are similarities in the position of the canines as seen on the two radiographs. Where there is a variation between the two films, there is a tendency for the canine angulation to be increased on the orthopantomogram. The misplaced canine also appears further away from the midline on the orthopantomogram.
An Investigation into some of the Factors Influencing the Desire for Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Gosney Mary B. E. 
Published: December 2014

A sample of 207 patients and their respective parents were surveyed to assess the influence various occlusal anomalies and other factors had had in stimulating a desire for orthodontic treatment. From the results obtained it is thought that more attention should be given to the particular occlusal and aesthetic deviations which are causing concern to the patient: assumptions based purely upon the presenting occlusal condition should be avoided. It was shown that for the majority of patients the provision of orthodontic care was dictated largely by aesthetics but that the general dental practitioner exerted an appreciable influence on patient acceptance of treatment.
A High Pull Torquing Auxiliary for use with the Begg Appliance
Authors: Hale L. R. O. 
Published: December 2014

Treatment of the severe Class II division 2 malocclusion is difficult whatever appliance system is used. A small auxiliary, for use with the Begg appliance, is described. This enables torque and intrusive forces to be delivered to the upper central incisors, using High Pull Headgear. A case treated using this device is shown, and the changes brought about are demonstrated.
The Screening and Categorization of Patients: A Case for Natural Selection?
Authors: Robertson N. R. E. , Jones M. L. , Richmond S. , May E. 
Published: December 2014

A preliminary study was performed on the feasibility and validity of objective categorization of patients into basic ‘treatment types’. The Reflex Metrograph was used for a three-dimensional cast analysis, and an H.P. 9874 A digitizer was used for a two-dimensional radiograph analysis. In both measurement techniques the method error was found to be acceptable. Using the Ricketts 10 Factor Analysis, it was found that by means of ‘Clinical deviators’ radiographs could be used to distinguish orthognathic cases from the other treatment groups. The three-dimensional study cast analysis showed promise, distinguishing a number of statistically significant factors within the lower arch and between simple and fixed appliance cases. A number of variables which might have been expected to be significant were confounded by their range of values within the groups. Further investigation is required with an improved technique of initial categorization of patients, perhaps by means of a panel of clinicians, and more sophisticated statistical techniques.
Regional Variation in the Provision of Orthodontic Treatment by the Hospital Services in England and Wales
Authors: O'Brien Kevin , Corkill Cynthia 
Published: December 2014

The regional variation in hospital orthodontic manpower, referral rate, and hospital treatment rate for the 5–15-year-old population was calculated, a marked regional variation was evident. In addition, relevant data from the Consultant Orthodontist Survey of 1985 was also analysed on a regional basis, in order to evaluate any interactions between the above variables and the type of treatment provided, the proportion of referred patients accepted, and treatment priority of patients referred. It was found that the hospital treatment rate was related to the referral rate, no other relevant significant correlations between the variables were detected. Possible explanations are discussed.
Residual Lower First Premolar Extraction Space
Authors: Richardson Margaret E. 
Published: December 2014

Residual lower first premolar extraction space was examined in 43 subjects, 16 male and 27 female, 5 years after extraction; 16 subjects were treated mechanically, 27 had no active treatment. Forty per cent of extraction sites had residual spaces averaging 0·62 mm left and 0·71 mm right. Various parameters were measured to try to establish reasons for non-closure of spaces. These included buccal space condition and incisal space condition measured on the pre-extraction models, and alveolar atrophy assessed on final models. The angulation of second premolars and canine to the maxillary plane and molar space were measured on 60° cephalograms. Changes in these three parameters were measured after superimposing a tracing of the pre-extraction film on the final film. Angulation of lower incisors to the maxillary plane was measured on pre-extraction 90° cephalograms, and change in lower incisor angulation and position measured after superimposing a tracing on the final 90° film.
A Comparison between the Old Transcend and the New Transcend Series 2000 Bracket
Authors: Winchester L. J. 
Published: December 2014

The shear/peel and tensile/peel bond strengths of the original Transcend and the new Transcend series 2000 bracket were determined using two different light-cured composites, Prismafil (high filler) and Heliosit (low filler). Predominant sites of failure were recorded for each bracket with each cement in each mode of testing. Transcend series 2000 produced higher bond strengths than Transcend in shear/peel, but were significantly weaker in tensile/peel testing. Heliosit generally produced higher bond strengths than Prismafil. Enamel fractures were observed with Transcend in both modes of testing when bonded with Heliosit, but not with Transcend series 2000 when bonded with Heliosit. The new Transcend series 2000 brackets should only be removed in tensile/peel mode as suggested by the manufacturers, due to their very high bond strengths in shear.