bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond remittance: Evading uselessness and seeking personhood in Fouta Djallon, Guinea
Authors: FIORATTA SUSANNA 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTRemittance networks built through transnational migration have transformed local economies as well as social lives in many parts of the world. In this article, I examine the relationship between transnational migration and local business practices for ethnic Fulɓe people of the Fouta Djallon highlands of Guinea. Although some Fouta Djallon residents have withstood poverty with the help of remittances from migrant relatives, many migrants fail to earn money abroad. Although it seldom leads to economic success, migration remains a popular undertaking, especially for young men. Meanwhile, nonmigrants engage in small business projects that yield little or no income. Analyzing informants’ critiques of “uselessness,” I argue that both risky migration quests and seemingly irrational business practices are fueled by a common desire to achieve social personhood under adverse structural conditions. Apparent striving for success mitigates failure to send or earn money even while reproducing ideals of mobility and entrepreneurship in responsible personhood.
The new communication order: Management, language, and morality in a multinational corporation
Authors: COHEN SUSANNE 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT“Communication” is central to participative management strategies associated with post‐Fordist capitalism. Although exhortations to manage via “communication” instrumentalize managerial linguistic practices, they also moralize them in reference to a larger therapeutic moral order. By drawing from fieldwork conducted in the office of a Russian factory affiliated with a U.S. multinational corporation and by attending to metadiscourses in training manuals, managerial meetings, and conversations with company staff, I examine how “communication” can serve as a touchstone for managers and professionals endeavoring to exemplify moral personhood and create moral workplaces, even as it leaves fundamental inequalities of global capitalism intact. I also highlight the substantial transformations that “communication” can undergo in its global circulation and the particular tensions between morality and instrumentality that arise in post‐Fordist overseas manufacturing. [capitalism, morality, language and political economy, language ideology, management, globalization, postsocialism]
Validation of the modified Ranson versus Glasgow score for pancreatitis in a Singaporean population
Authors: Tan Yong Hui Alvin , Rafi Shumaila , Tyebally Fang Mirriam , Hwang Stephen , Lim Ee Wen , Ngu James , Tan Su‐Ming 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe characteristics of patients with acute pancreatitis in multi‐ethnic Singapore differ from that of the populations used in formulating the modified Ranson and Glasgow scores. The use of these scoring systems has not previously been validated in the Singaporean setting. This study aims to validate and compare the prognostic use of the modified Ranson and Glasgow scores, and to determine the superiority of one score over the other in predicting the outcome for acute pancreatitis in the Singaporean population.MethodsThis is a 3‐year retrospective study of patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis at our centre. Patients with chronic pancreatitis, acute on chronic pancreatitis, iatrogenic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer as well as those with incomplete Ranson or Glasgow scores were excluded from the study. Case notes and computer records were reviewed for local complications of pancreatitis and organ failure. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves of the Ranson and Glasgow scores were plotted for the prediction of severity and mortality.ResultsBetween January 2010 and December 2012, 230 cases were diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. A majority of the patients had mild pancreatitis (n = 194, 84.3%), and the overall 30‐day mortality rate was 3.5% (n = 8). ROC of the Ranson and Glasgow scoring systems for mortality showed an area under curve (AUC) of 0.854 (P = 0.001) and 0.776 (P = 0.008), respectively. For severity, the AUC for the modified Ranson and Glasgow score was calculated to be 0.694 and 0.668, respectively.ConclusionsThe ROC curves of Ranson and Glasgow scores for mortality are comparable with that published in earlier studies. In a Singaporean population, the Ranson score is more accurate in the prediction of mortality. However, both scoring systems are poor predictors for severity of acute pancreatitis.
Effects of Mexican Immigrant Parents’ Daily Workplace Discrimination on Child Behavior and Family Functioning
Authors: Gassman‐Pines Anna 
Published: April 2015

This study investigated Mexican immigrant parents’ reports of perceived workplace discrimination and their children's behavior, parents’ moods, and parent–child interactions. Parents of one hundred and thirty‐eight 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children were asked to complete one survey daily for 2 weeks (N = 1,592 days). On days when fathers perceived discrimination, fathers and mothers reported more externalizing child behaviors, and mothers reported fewer positive child behaviors. When mothers perceived discrimination, they reported more externalizing child behaviors; fathers reported more internalizing child behaviors. Parents reported worse mood on days with perceived discrimination. Perceived discrimination was not strongly related to parent–child interactions. For fathers, but less so for mothers, those whose psychological acculturation indicated separation had more negative relations between daily perceived workplace discrimination and child and family outcomes.
Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 in overweight and obese Thai children and adolescents: its relation to glucose metabolism and its change after glucose loading
Authors: Korwutthikulrangsri Manassawee , Mahachoklertwattana Pat , Chanprasertyothin Suwannee , Pongratanakul Sarunyu , Poomthavorn Preamrudee 
Published: April 2015

SummaryObjectivesFibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been demonstrated to be beneficial for glucose metabolism in animal and in vitro studies. However, its role in humans is still unclear. This study aimed to determine serum FGF21 in relation to glucose metabolism in obese children and to evaluate serum FGF21 changes during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).Design, patients and measurementsA cross‐sectional study of 301 obese children was conducted in a tertiary hospital. All children underwent an OGTT and had their fasting serum FGF21 and adiponectin measured. A subgroup of 71 children had their serum FGF21 levels serially measured at 0, 60 and 120 min during the OGTT.ResultsSerum FGF21 levels were progressively increased in children with normal glucose tolerance without hyperinsulinaemia, normal glucose tolerance with hyperinsulinaemia and abnormal glucose tolerance [median (IQR): 72 (34–148), 96 (55–182), 122 (75–220) pg/ml, respectively, P = 0·003]. Log serum FGF21 was associated with homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (r = 0·174, P = 0·002). There was no correlation between log serum FGF21 and serum adiponectin level. During the OGTT, there were changes in serum FGF21 levels with a decrease in FGF21 at 60 min from the baseline and an increase above the baseline at 120 min.ConclusionsSerum FGF21 level was highest in obese children with the highest insulin resistance or abnormal glucose tolerance. Log serum FGF21 was not correlated with serum adiponectin. Changes in serum FGF21 levels during the OGTT were observed.
How should we use calcineurin inhibitors in myasthenia gravis?
Authors: Murai Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCalcineurin inhibitors are approved for the treatment of myasthenia gravis in Japan. Utsugisawa et al. described the use of calcineurin inhibitors and outcomes of myasthenia gravis in Japan using the data of a multicenter survey. According to the result, they argue that calcineurin inhibitors should be given more aggressively to late‐onset myasthenia gravis patients and early‐stage disease.
Intravascular NK/T‐cell lymphoma: a report of five cases with cutaneous manifestation from China
Authors: Wang Lei , Chen Siyuan , Ma Han , Shi Dongmei , Huang Changzheng , Lu Chun , Gao Tianwen , Wang Gang 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundIntravascular lymphoma is a rare type of lymphoma that frequently affects the skin and is usually of B‐cell origin. This lymphoma type is very rare and not recognized as a separate entity in the 2008 World Health Organization classification of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue tumors.MethodsWe reported five cases of intravascular NK/T cell lymphoma with cutaneous manifestation and reviewed 12 published cases involving Chinese patients with similar characteristics.ResultsAll five patients were adults who exhibited red or brown patches or plaques on the lower extremities or trunk; four cases were associated with B symptoms; one case developed subsequent to a lymphoma on the face (possibly extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type). Histopathologically, all patients exhibited abnormal, medium‐sized intravascular lymphocytes in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues. All patients were positive for CD2, CD3ϵ, CD56 and cytotoxic proteins. All cases were Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) positive. Four of FIVE patients died of lymphoma within a few months of diagnosis.ConclusionsIntravascular NK/T‐cell lymphoma is a rare highly aggressive and EBV‐associated lymphoma that is prone to develop in Chinese patients. The relationship between intravascular NK/T‐cell lymphoma and extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphoma, nasal type, requires clarification.
Impact of the 2009 AJCC staging guidelines for melanoma on the number of mitotic figures reported by dermatopathologists at one institution
Authors: Larson Allison R. , Rothschild Brian , Walls Andrew C. , Granter Scott R. , Qureshi Abrar A. , Murphy George F. , Laga Alvaro C. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundIn 2009 the revised seventh staging system for melanoma recommended the use of mitotic count to separate stage T1a from T1b. However, careful scrutiny of cases may lead to an inadvertent selection effect, with consequent increased reporting of mitotic counts.MethodsWe investigated whether there is a significant increase in mitotic counts reported since 2009 for melanomas with a Breslow thickness of 1.0 mm or less. We conducted a retrospective, case‐controlled study examining invasive melanoma cases at a large academic center. Mitotic counts were compared between pathology reports before 2009 (n = 61) and after 2009 (n = 125), with a subset of slides re‐examined in a blinded fashion.ResultsBefore the 2009 staging guidelines, 51% of cases had one or more mitosis reported compared to 38% after 2009 (p = 0.113). Blinded re‐counting did not yield a significant difference when compared with the original pathology reports in either group.ConclusionsThere was not a significant difference in the number of mitoses reported after the implementation of the new guidelines.
Angiomatöses fibröses Histiozytom – Fallserie mit Schwerpunkt auf der späten fibrotischen Variante
Authors: Wilk Michael , Zelger Bettina G. , Debiec‐Rychter Maria , Sciot Raf , Zelger Bernhard 
Published: April 2015

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDas angiomatöse fibröse Histiozytom (AFH) ist eine seltene, geringgradig maligne, subkutane Neoplasie bei Kindern oder jungen Erwachsenen.MethodikAFH in verschiedenen Krankheitsstadien wurden histologisch, teilweise auch immunhistologisch, sowie mittels Fluoreszenz‐in‐situ‐Hybridisierung untersucht.ErgebnisseAbhängig vom Grad der Fibrosklerose wurden neun AFH in folgende Kategorien eingeteilt: klassischer Typ (n = 3): umschriebene subkutane Läsion, bestehend aus multinodulären Spindel‐ bis epitheloiden (histiozytoiden) Zellen, die einen pseudoangiomatösen, mit Blut gefüllten Raum umgeben. Peripher befinden sich eine fibröse Pseudokapsel sowie ein entzündliches Infiltrat. Früher sklerotischer Typ (n = 4): die fibröse Kapsel dehnt sich mehr zum inneren Bereich der Läsion aus und ersetzt fokal den zellulären, neoplastischen Bestandteil und die pseudoangiomatösen Räume. Später sklerotischer Typ (n = 2): die Architektur des AFH mit seiner zonenartigen Anordnung eines äußeren fibrösen und inneren zellulären Bestandteils wird größtenteils durch die Fibrose ersetzt, die den pseudovaskulären Raum im Zentrum der Läsion verschließt. Eine Immunhistochemie war in 5 von 9 Fällen möglich, mit einer Positivität für EMA (5/5), Desmin (3/5), Caldesmon (1/2) und CD99 (2/5). Einer der beiden getesteten Fälle zeigte eine EWSR1‐Umlagerung.SchlussfolgerungEin AFH im Spätstadium kann mit deutlicher Fibrose einhergehen, die die wahre Natur der Läsion verschleiert und so als harmloses fibrotisches Geschehen fehlinterpretiert werden.
Wirksamkeit von niedrig‐dosiertem 5‐Fluorouracil/Salizylsäure in Abhängigkeit von der Behandlungsdauer bei aktinischen Keratosen
Authors: Szeimies Rolf‐Markus , Dirschka Thomas , Prechtl Andreas , Melzer Antje 
Published: April 2015

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDer Anteil der in Deutschland diagnostizierten und dermatologisch behandelten aktinischen Keratosen (AK) ist in den letzten Jahren kontinuierlich angestiegen. Da die AK einer frühen Form des Plattenepithelkarzinoms entspricht, ist eine frühzeitige Therapie notwendig. Ziel dieser nicht‐interventionellen Studie (NIS) war es, die Wirksamkeit einer niedrig‐dosierten (0,5 %) 5‐Fluorouracil‐Lösung in Kombination mit 10 % Salizylsäure (Low‐Dose 5‐FU/SA) bei der Behandlung der AK (klinischer Grad I und II nach Olsen) in Abhängigkeit von der Anwendungsdauer zu untersuchen.Patienten und MethodikIm Rahmen dieser NIS wurden 1 051 Patienten mit AK an 212 Zentren mit Low‐Dose 5‐FU/SA behandelt. Die Dokumentation fand bei Therapiebeginn, optional während einer Zwischenuntersuchung, bei Therapieende und bei einer Abschlussbeurteilung statt.ErgebnisseIm Beobachtungszeitraum reduzierten sich die durchschnittliche Anzahl der Läsionen um ca. 70 % und die durchschnittliche Ausdehnung der Läsionen um ca. 80 %, wobei der Behandlungszeitraum bei etwa der Hälfte dieser Patienten weniger als 6 Wochen betrug. Die Wirksamkeit wurde bei etwa 89 % und die Verträglichkeit bei etwa 87 % der Patienten im globalen Abschlussurteil mit sehr gut oder gut bewertet.SchlussfolgerungenDie Anwendung von Low‐Dose 5‐FU/SA unter Routinebedingungen in der dermatologischen Praxis führte zur effektiven Reduktion der AK‐Läsionen auch bei kurzer Therapiedauer und guter Verträglichkeit. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigten die Resultate der klinischen Phase‐III‐Zulassungsstudie.
Mycology – an update Part 3: Dermatomycoses: topical and systemic therapy
Authors: Nenoff Pietro , Krüger Constanze , Paasch Uwe , Ginter‐Hanselmayer Gabriele 
Published: April 2015

SummaryTreatment of dermatophyte infections is based on the clinical picture and mycological detection of the causative pathogen. Based on the appropriate indication, onychomycosis can be treated topically using an antimycotic nail lacquer. Atraumatic nail abrasion with 40 % urea ointment has a beneficial effect on healing. Continuous treatment of onychomycosis with terbinafine represents the most effective systemic therapy. Terbinafine or itraconazole are the safest and most effective antimycotic agents for the treatment of onychomycosis in children. For laser therapy of onychomycosis, only a few studies on clinical efficacy are available. Regarding tinea capitis, targeted species‐specific therapy of dermatophytosis of the scalp is currently recommended. Terbinafine, yet also itraconazole and fluconazole, are effective in tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton species. Microsporum infections of the scalp are preferably treated with griseofulvin, alternatively with itraconazole or fluconazole. Terbinafine is less effective.Candidal intertrigo are topically treated with nystatin, but azoles or ciclopirox olamine are also suitable candidates. Systemically, fluconazole or itraconazole are used. Topical and systemic antimycotics are equivalent forms of therapy in acute vulvovaginal mycosis. Fluconazole is the drug of choice in chronic recurrent vulvovaginal mycosis caused by Candida albicans. Ketoconazole shows very good efficacy in tinea versicolor. With respect to systemic treatment of severe and widespread tinea versicolor, itraconazole is the drug of choice.
A Business Model Innovation Typology
Authors: Taran Yariv , Boer Harry , Lindgren Peter 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTAn effective business model is the core enabler of any company's performance. Business model innovation is not only becoming more and more important due to increasing and globalizing competition, but also an enormous challenge, both theoretically and practically. Although many managers are eager to consider more disruptive changes to their business model, they often do not know how to articulate their existing or desired business model and, even less so, understand the possibilities for innovating it. One of the steps toward developing more theoretical insight and practical guidelines is the identification of types and the development of a typology of business model innovations.Ten retrospective case studies of business model innovations undertaken by two industrial companies provide the empirical basis for this article. We analyzed the characteristics of these innovations as well as their success rates. The findings suggest that there are indeed various business model innovation types, each with its own characteristics and challenges.
Life‐history evolution in the anthropocene: effects of increasing nutrients on traits and trade‐offs
Authors: Snell‐Rood Emilie , Cothran Rickey , Espeset Anne , Jeyasingh Punidan , Hobbie Sarah , Morehouse Nathan I. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractVariation in life‐history traits can have major impacts on the ecological and evolutionary responses of populations to environmental change. Life‐history variation often results from trade‐offs that arise because individuals have a limited pool of resources to allocate among traits. However, human activities are increasing the availability of many once‐limited resources, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, with potentially major implications for the expression and evolution of life‐history trade‐offs. In this review, we synthesize contemporary life history and sexual selection literature with current research on ecosystem nutrient cycling to highlight novel opportunities presented by anthropogenic environmental change for investigating life‐history trait development and evolution. Specifically, we review four areas where nutrition plays a pivotal role in life‐history evolution and explore possible implications in the face of rapid, human‐induced change in nutrient availability. For example, increases in the availability of nutrients may relax historical life‐history trade‐offs and reduce the honesty of signaling systems. We argue that ecosystems experiencing anthropogenic nutrient inputs present a powerful yet underexplored arena for testing novel and longstanding questions in organismal life‐history evolution.
Chemical probing suggests redox‐regulation of the carbonic anhydrase activity of mycobacterial Rv1284
Authors: Nienaber Lisa , Cave‐Freeman Elysia , Cross Megan , Mason Lyndel , Bailey Ulla‐Maja , Amani Parisa , A. Davis Rohan , Taylor Paul , Hofmann Andreas 
Published: April 2015

The mycobacterial enzyme Rv1284 is a member of the β‐carbonic anhydrase family that is considered essential for survival of the pathogen. The active site cavity of this dimeric protein is characterized by an exceptionally small volume and harbours a catalytic zinc ion coordinated by two cysteine and one histidine residue side chains. Using the natural products polycarpine and emodin as chemical probes in crystallographic experiments and stopped‐flow enzyme assays, we report that the catalytic activity can be reversibly inhibited by oxidation. Oxidative conditions lead to the removal of one of the active site cysteine residues from the coordination sphere of the catalytic metal ion by engagement in a disulfide bond with another cysteine residue close by. The subsequent loss of the metal ion, which is supported by crystallographic analysis, may thus render the protein catalytically inactive. The oxidative inhibition of Rv1284 can be reversed by exposing the protein to reducing conditions. Because the physical size of the chemical probes used in the present study substantially exceeds the active site volume, we hypothesized that these compounds exert their effects from a surface‐bound location and identified Tyr120 as a critical residue for oxidative inactivation. These findings link conditions of oxidative stress to pH homeostasis of the pathogen. Because oxidative stress and acidification are defence mechanisms employed by the innate immune system of the host, we suggest that Rv1284 may be a component of the mycobacterial survival strategy.DatabaseAtomic coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession numbers 4yf4, 4yf5 and 4yf6.
Open pasture, silvopasture and sward herbage maturity effects on nutritive value and fermentation characteristics of cool‐season pasture
Authors: Neel J. P. S. , Felton E. E. D. , Singh S. , Sexstone A. J. , Belesky D. P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn Appalachian USA, silvopasture offers promise of increased farm productivity. A synchronized, temporal understanding of open pasture (OP) and silvopasture (SP) nutritive characteristics is essential for grazing system development. We examined pasture‐type nutritive‐value relationships when herbage was harvested based on morphological maturity rather than calendar date. Neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre (ADF and NDF) content were greater in silvopasture, while organic matter (OM) was lower (P < 0·05). Digestibility of SP herbage dry matter (DM) and OM tended (P = 0·10) to be lower (418 vs. 471 and 437 vs. 491 g kg−1 respectively). Neutral detergent fibre digestibility was greater (P < 0·05) for OP than SP forage (538 vs. 480 g kg−1), and ADF tended to be greater (P = 0·10; 551 vs. 501). Open‐pasture forage fermentation effluent exhibited slightly higher microbial richness and Shannon diversity than SP. However, overall community composition of both bacteria and archaea did not differ between pasture types or sampling times. Pasture types show proximate analyses differences generally favourable to OP, although both have similar overall nutritive value. In addition, the SP sward exhibited a 4‐ to 6‐days delay in reaching equivalent maturity. Conversion of farm woodlots to SP would increase overall herbage production and improve pasture management flexibility.
New associations: INFG and TGFB1 genes and the inhibitor development in severe haemophilia A
Authors: de Alencar J. B. , Macedo L. C. , de Barros M. F. , Rodrigues C. , Shinzato A. H. , Pelissari C. B. , Machado J. , Sell A. M. , Visentainer J. E. L. 
Published: April 2015

IntroductionThe development of factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitor is the main complication of replacement therapy in patients with haemophilia A (HA). A ratio of 5–7% of individuals HA develops antibodies (inhibitors) against the FVIII infused during the treatment, thereby reducing their pro‐coagulant activity. The immunomodulatory cytokine genes have been related to the risk of development of alloantibodies in several studies, mainly in HA with severe form.AimWe investigated the polymorphisms in regulatory regions of cytokine genes (IL1A, IL1B, IL1R, IL1RA, IL4RA, IL12, INFG, TGFB1, TNF, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL10) that could influence the risk of developing inhibitors in patients with severe HA.MethodsThe genotyping of cytokine genes of 117 patients with HA was performed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) using the protocol recommended by the manufacturer (Invitrogen kit Cytokines®, Canoga Park, USA)ResultsFrom the cohort of 117 patients with severe HA, 35 developed inhibitors. There was a higher frequency of +874 T allele in INFG and of +869 TT and TG/TG in TGFB1 genes on patients with inhibitors.ConclusionThis suggests that polymorphisms in INFG and in TGFB1 genes are related to risk of developing inhibitor, and could contribute to a genetic profile of the individual HA for the risk of inhibitors development to FVIII.