bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychotropic drugs and risk of motor vehicle accidents: a population‐based case‐control study
Authors: Chang Chia‐Ming , Wu Erin Chia‐Hsuan , Chen Chuan‐Yu , Wu Kuan‐Yi , Liang Hsin‐Yi , Chau Yeuk‐Lun , Wu Chi‐Shin , Lin Keh‐Ming , Tsai Hui‐Ju 
Published: September 2012

AimTo examine comprehensively the relationship between exposure to four classes of psychotropic drugs including antipsychotics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines (BZDs) and Z‐drugs, and motor vehicle accidents (MVAs).MethodThe authors conducted a matched case‐control study of 5183 subjects with MVAs and 31 093 matched controls, identified from the claims records of outpatient service visits during the period from 2000 to 2009. Inclusion criteria were defined as subjects aged equal to or more than 18 years and involved in MVAs. Conditional logistic regressions with covariates adjustment (including urbanity, psychiatric and non‐psychiatric outpatient visits and Charlson comorbidity score) were applied to examine the effect of four classes of psychotropic drugs on MVAs.ResultsSignificant increased risk of MVAs was found in subjects taking antidepressants within 1 month (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34, 2.22), 1 week (AOR 1.71, 95% CI 1.29, 2.26), and 1 day (AOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.26, 2.29) before MVAs occurred. Similar results were observed in subjects taking benzodiazepines (BZDs) (AOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.38, 1.75 for 1 month; AOR 1.64, 95% CI 1.43, 1.88 for 1 week, and AOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.39, 1.88 for 1 day) and Z‐drugs (AOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.14, 1.76 for 1 month, AOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.06, 1.75 for 1 week, AOR 1.34, 95% CI 1.03, 1.75 for 1 day), but not antipsychotics. Moreover, significant dose effects of antidepressants (equal to or more than 0.6–1.0 DDD), BZDs (equal to or more than 0.1–0.5 DDD) and Z‐drugs (more than 1 DDD) were observed, respectively, on the risk of experiencing an MVA.ConclusionTaken together, subjects taking antidepressants, BZDs and Z‐drugs, separately, should be particularly cautioned for their increasing risk of MVAs.
Parameter and uncertainty estimation for process‐oriented population and distribution models: data, statistics and the niche
Authors: Marion Glenn , McInerny Greg J. , Pagel Jörn , Catterall Stephen , Cook Alex R. , Hartig Florian , O'Hara Robert B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe spatial distribution of a species is determined by dynamic processes such as reproduction, mortality and dispersal. Conventional static species distribution models (SDMs) do not incorporate these processes explicitly. This limits their applicability, particularly for non‐equilibrium situations such as invasions or climate change. In this paper we show how dynamic SDMs can be formulated and fitted to data within a Bayesian framework. Our focus is on discrete state‐space Markov process models which provide a flexible framework to account for stochasticity in key demographic processes, including dispersal, growth and competition. We show how to construct likelihood functions for such models (both discrete and continuous time versions) and how these can be combined with suitable observation models to conduct Bayesian parameter inference using computational techniques such as Markov chain Monte Carlo. We illustrate the current state‐of‐the‐art with three contrasting examples using both simulated and empirical data. The use of simulated data allows the robustness of the methods to be tested with respect to deficiencies in both data and model. These examples show how mechanistic understanding of the processes that determine distribution and abundance can be combined with different sources of information at a range of spatial and temporal scales. Application of such techniques will enable more reliable inference and projections, e.g. under future climate change scenarios than is possible with purely correlative approaches. Conversely, confronting such process‐oriented niche models with abundance and distribution data will test current understanding and may ultimately feedback to improve underlying ecological theory.
Modelling salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, reproduction on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L
Authors: Stormoen M , Skjerve E , Aunsmo A 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to model sea lice levels and the effect on reproduction by a stochastic simulation model and to evaluate the uncertainty of lice estimates based upon counts. Two empirical data sets were examined to parameterize the models. An overall fit of the data to the Poisson distribution was found and thus was used as the base of the stochastic models. In the model, salmon lice reproduction is not linear with the number of adult females and at low lice loads a smaller proportion of the adult female lice will reproduce. Depending on the variance structure, it was estimated that between 40% and 60% of the adult female lice will reproduce at an abundance of 0.5 adult females per fish. Lice counts, especially when examining few fish at low lice loads, are uncertain and at a true abundance of 0.1 one may count between 0 and 5 lice when examining 10 fish. Understanding the dynamics of sea lice reproduction is a key factor in the development of sustainable control strategies.
Effect of chloride on nitrite‐induced methaemoglobinemia in Atlantic sturgeon,Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus(Mitchill)
Authors: Matsche M A , Markin E , Donaldson E , Hengst A , Lazur A 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe evaluated the effects of chloride concentration on the clinical pathology in juvenile Atlantic sturgeon,Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus(Mitchill),following semi‐static exposures to 1 mg L−1nitrite for 96 h. In spring water naturally low in chloride (5 mg L−1), plasma nitrite concentrated to more than 40× environmental levels resulting in a severe methaemoglobinemia characterized by torpid behaviour, 30‐fold increase in methaemoglobin fraction, anaemia, leucopenia and hyperkalaemia. Loss of intracellular water and potassium to extracellular space may have resulted in hyperkalaemia and haemodilution. Fish survived nitrite exposure, but 60% of torpid fish died following capture and tissue sampling. Fish acclimated to 10‐fold higher chloride content (55 mg L−1) did not concentrate nitrite in the plasma above environmental levels or develop methaemoglobinemia, but did exhibit similar haematology and plasma chemistry changes. Plasma nitrite returned to preexposure levels by 14 days following nitrite exposures, but severity of clinical pathology changes persisted or increased, suggesting that Atlantic sturgeon have reduced capacity to recover from methaemoglobinemia. Fish that survive methaemoglobinemia may be susceptible to mortality from the cumulative effects of intoxication, handling and other stresses for two or more weeks following nitrite remediation. Chloride buffering in aquaculture systems reduces the toxic effects of nitrite accumulation.
Biocontrol and population dynamics of Fusarium spp. on wheat stubble in Argentina
Authors: Palazzini J. M. , Groenenboom‐de Haas B. H. , Torres A. M. , Köhl J. , Chulze S. N. 
Published: September 2012

The biocontrol effect of Clonostachys rosea (strains 016 and 1457) on Fusarium graminearum, F. avenaceum, F. verticillioides, F. langsethiae, F. poae, F. sporotrichioides, F. culmorum and Microdochium nivale was evaluated on naturally infected wheat stalks exposed to field conditions for 180 days. Experiments were conducted at two locations in Argentina, Marcos Juarez and Río Cuarto. Antagonists were applied as conidial suspensions at two inoculum levels. Pathogens were quantified by TaqMan real‐time qPCR. During the first year at Marcos Juarez, biocontrol was observed in one antagonist treatment for F. graminearum after 90 days (73% reduction) but after 180 days, the pathogen decreased to undetectable levels. During the second year, biocontrol was observed in three antagonist treatments for F. graminearum and F. avenaceum (68·3% and 98·9% DNA reduction, respectively, after 90 days). Fusarium verticillioides was not controlled at Marcos Juarez. At Río Cuarto, biocontrol effects were observed in several treatments at different intervals, with a mean DNA reduction of 88·7% for F. graminearum and F. avenaceum, and 100% reduction for F. verticillioides in two treatments after 180 days. Populations of F. avenaceum and F. verticillioides were stable; meanwhile, F. graminearum population levels varied during the first 90 days, and low levels were observed after 180 days. The other pathogens were not detected. The study showed that wheat stalks were important reservoirs for F. avenaceum and F. verticillioides populations but less favourable for F. graminearum survival. Clonostachys rosea (strain 1457) showed potential to reduce the Fusarium spp. on wheat stalks.
The association between DRD2/ANKK1 and genetically informed measures of alcohol use and problems
Authors: Meyers Jacquelyn L. , Nyman Emma , Loukola Anu , Rose Richard J. , Kaprio Jaakko , Dick Danielle M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn 1990, Blum and colleagues first reported an association between DRD2 and alcoholism. While there have been subsequent replications of this genetic association, there have also been numerous studies that failed to detect an association between DRD2 and alcohol dependence. We propose that one aspect contributing to this inconsistency is the variation in alcohol phenotype used across studies. Within the population‐based Finnish twin sample, FinnTwin16, we previously performed multivariate twin analyses to extract latent genetic factors, which account for the variation across seven measures of alcohol consumption (frequency of drinking, frequency × quantity, frequency of heavy drinking, frequency of intoxication and maximum drinks in a 24‐hour period) and problems (the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index—RAPI and the Mälmö‐modified Michigan Alcohol Screen Test—MmMAST) in 3065 twins. In the present study, we examined the association between 31 DRD2/ANKK1 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the genetic factor scores generated by twin analyses in a subset of FinnTwin16 (n = 602). We focus on two of the genetic factors: a general alcohol consumption and problems factor score, which represents shared genetic variance across alcohol measures, and a alcohol problems genetic factor score, which loads onto the two indices of problematic drinking (MAST and RAPI). After correction for multiple testing across SNPs and phenotypes, of the 31 SNPs genotyped across DRD2/ANKK1, one SNP (rs10891549) showed significant association with the general alcohol consumption and problems factor score (P = 0.004), and four SNPs (rs10891549, rs1554929, rs6275, rs6279), representing two independent signals after accounting for linkage disequilibrium, showed significant association with the alcohol problems genetic factor score (P = 0.005, P = 0.005, P = 0.003, P = 0.003). In this study, we provide additional positive evidence for the association between DRD2/ANKK1 and alcohol outcomes, including frequency of drinking and drinking problems. Additionally, post hoc analyses indicate stronger association signals using genetic factor scores than individual measures, which suggest that accounting for the genetic architecture of the alcohol measures reduces genetic heterogeneity in alcohol dependence outcomes in this sample and enhances the ability to detect association.
Time course of cocaine‐induced behavioral and neurochemical plasticity
Authors: Lutgen Victoria , Kong Linghai , Kau Kristen S. , Madayag Aric , Mantsch John R. , Baker David A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFactors that result in augmented reinstatement, including increased withdrawal period duration and high levels of cocaine consumption, may provide insight into relapse vulnerability. The neural basis of augmented reinstatement may arise from more pronounced changes in plasticity required for reinstatement and/or the emergence of plasticity expressed only during a specific withdrawal period or under specific intake conditions. In this study, we examined the impact of withdrawal period duration and cocaine intake on the magnitude of cocaine‐primed reinstatement and extracellular glutamate in the nucleus accumbens, which has been shown to be required for cocaine‐primed reinstatement. Rats were assigned to self‐administer under conditions resulting in low (2 hours/day; 0.5 mg/kg/infusion, IV) or high (6 hours/day; 1.0 mg/kg/infusion, IV) levels of cocaine intake. After 1, 21 or 60 days of withdrawal, drug seeking and extracellular glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens were measured before and after a cocaine injection. Cocaine‐reinstated lever pressing and elevated extracellular glutamate at every withdrawal time point tested, which is consistent with the conclusion that increased glutamatergic signaling in the nucleus accumbens, is required for cocaine‐induced reinstatement. Interestingly, high‐intake rats exhibited augmented reinstatement at every time point tested, yet failed to exhibit higher levels of cocaine‐induced increases in extracellular glutamate relative to low‐intake rats. Our current data indicate that augmented reinstatement in high‐intake rats is not due to relative differences in extracellular levels of glutamate in the nucleus accumbens, but rather may stem from intake‐dependent plasticity.
Turn and face the strange – ch..ch..ch..changes to neonatal resuscitation guidelines in the past decade
Authors: O'Donnell Colm PF 
Published: September 2012

AbstractResuscitation of newborns has been described since ancient times and is among the most commonly performed emergency medical interventions. The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation first made recommendations on resuscitation in newborns in 1999. Over the last decade, new research and careful review of the available evidence have resulted in substantial changes to these recommendations – in particular, regarding the assessment of colour, giving supplemental oxygen, suctioning infants born through meconium‐stained liquor, confirming endotracheal tube position, the use of pulse oximetry, giving CPAP to premature infants, keeping preterm infants warm using polyethylene wrapping and cooling term infants with encephalopathy. This process has also highlighted the paucity of evidence to support much of the care given to infants in the delivery room and the need for research to refine our techniques.
Increasing rates of prematurity and epidemiology of late preterm birth
Authors: Cheong Jeanie LY , Doyle Lex W 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPreterm birth rates in Australia have risen in the last two decades, mostly accounted for by the rise in late preterm births. Late preterm births (34–36 weeks) comprise 70% of all preterm births, which translates to approximately 16 000 births annually in Australia. The precise causes for this trend are unclear; however, possible aetiologies include increasing maternal age, increased use of artificial reproductive technologies and increased multiple births. Compared with term‐born children, late preterm children not only have increased mortality and in‐hospital morbidity including respiratory difficulties, but also long‐term cognitive, school performance, behaviour and psychiatric problems. The potential public health and educational burden of late preterm birth is considerable. More research is required in this area to understand the risk factors for late preterm birth and to help identify those children at highest risk of developmental deficits.
Nasal continuous positive airway pressure for respiratory distress in non‐tertiary care centres: What is needed and where to from here?
Authors: Buckmaster Adam 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRespiratory distress is one of the commonest reasons for admission to a special care nursery (SCN) affecting between 2.5 and 5.0% of all babies born per year. While most recover with supplemental oxygen, some require transfer to a neonatal intensive care leading to significant family disruption, and financial cost. Does nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) improve outcomes in babies with respiratory distress? What are the risks of its use? Should it be used in SCNs, and, if so, what is required in order to undertake nCPAP safely? There is strong evidence to support the use of nCPAP in the treatment of babies with respiratory distress. The risk benefit ratio of providing nCPAP in SCNs depends upon many factors including the ability to maintain the skills required and the distance/time to the nearest tertiary centre. Appropriate nurseries should be identified with the aim of supporting them in the provision of nCPAP in a safe manner.
Do antenatal classes do enough to prepare parents for when things go wrong?
Authors: Gregory Eleanor 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAntenatal classes play an important role in educating expectant parents about pregnancy, labour and delivery. They cover a range of topics, but they are failing parents because they do not provide sufficient information to prepare them for abnormal labours and deliveries. They do not do enough to educate parents about what to expect when problems arise and what happens afterwards. This paper looks at whether classes do enough to make parents aware of problems and whether they should be doing more. It examines the arguments both for and against including this information in antenatal classes.
Which high‐risk infants should we follow‐up and how should we do it?
Authors: Walker Karen , Holland Andrew JA , Halliday Robert , Badawi Nadia 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEarly detection of neurodevelopmental delay and appropriate intervention has been associated with improved academic and social outcomes. Identifying those who are at high risk and might benefit is not straightforward. Approximately 2% of infants are admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit after birth and these babies are known to be at high risk of developmental impairment. While it is well recognised that the extreme preterm infant is at high risk of developmental impairment, there is increasing evidence of a risk in late preterm infants as well as those undergoing major cardiac and non‐cardiac surgery. Not all infants are enrolled in multidisciplinary follow‐up clinics with easy access to early intervention. These clinics are expensive to run with both limited and conflicting data on their long‐term value. This review will concentrate on identifying which infants are at risk, reviewing the aetiology of the risk factors and the efficacy of follow‐up clinics.
Developmental origins of health and adult disease: What should neonatologists/paediatricians be considering about the long‐term health of their patients?
Authors: Kent Alison L 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis is now strongly supported by both animal and human evidence, and as a consequence, obstetricians, neonatologists and paediatricians need to consider the impact that the in utero and early post‐natal environment can have on later renal, cardiovascular and metabolic health. Four common clinical scenarios were provided along with animal and human evidence identifying long‐term health implications. Suggestions as to how we should translate this growing body of evidence into practice are provided.
Chemoprophylaxis of neonatal fungal infections in very low birthweight infants: efficacy and safety of fluconazole and nystatin
Authors: Blyth Christopher C , Barzi Federica , Hale Katherine , Isaacs David 
Published: September 2012

Aim:  To review the use of antifungal chemoprophylaxis to prevent neonatal invasive fungal infections (IFI) in very low birthweight infants (VLBW <1500 g).Method:  Systematic review of randomised controlled trials.Results:  Nine trials were identified (2029 infants), with six comparing fluconazole with placebo/no treatment (840 infants), three comparing nystatin with placebo/no treatment (1200 infants) and two comparing fluconazole and nystatin (257 infants).Prophylactic fluconazole reduced the incidence of IFI in VLBW infants <1500 g to 5.1% compared with 16.0% in infants receiving placebo, relative risk (RR) = 0.36 (95% confidence interval 0.15–0.89). The mortality was 10.9% and 16.7%, respectively (RR 0.76, 0.54–1.08). Oral nystatin reduced the incidence of IFI in VLBW infants to 5.3% compared with 28.0% in infants receiving placebo (RR 0.16, 0.11–0.23). Mortality was 7.5% with nystatin and 10.9% with placebo (RR 0.86, 0.59–1.26). The incidence of IFI in studies comparing fluconazole and nystatin was 3.6% and 8.0%, respectively (RR 0.54, 0.19–1.56), and mortality was not significantly different: 4.6% versus 9.8% (RR 0.43, 0–4.31)Conclusions:  Prophylactic fluconazole and oral nystatin are both highly effective in preventing IFI in VLBW infants. Both agents are safe without significant toxicities. Antifungal prophylaxis should therefore be used in all VLBW infants. Given the paucity of data comparing fluconazole with nystatin, the choice of antifungal agent should be influenced by the incidence of IFI, local epidemiology and relative cost.
Barriers to neonatal care in developing countries: Parents' and providers' perceptions
Authors: Martinez Alma M , Khu Dung Thi Khanh , Boo Nem Yun , Neou Leakhena , Saysanasongkham Bounnack , Partridge John Colin 
Published: September 2012

Aim:  Hospital care and advanced medical technologies for sick neonates are increasingly available, but not always readily accessible, in many countries. We characterised parents' and providers' perceptions of barriers to neonatal care in developing countries.Methods:  We interviewed parents whose infant was hospitalised within the first month of life in Cambodia, Malaysia, Laos and Vietnam, asking about perceived barriers to obtaining newborn care. We also surveyed health‐care providers about perceived barriers to providing care.Results:  We interviewed 198 parents and 212 newborn care providers (physicians, nurses, midwives, paediatric and nursing trainees). Most families paid all costs of newborn care, which they reported as a hardship. Although newborn care is accessible, 39% reported that hospitals are too distant; almost 20% did not know where to obtain care. Parents cited lack of cleanliness (46%), poor availability of medications (42%) or services (36%), staff friendliness (42%), poor infant outcome (45%), poor communications with staff (44%) and costs of care (34%) as significant problems during prior newborn care. Providers cited lack of equipment (74%), lack of staff training (61%) and poor infrastructure (51%) as barriers to providing neonatal care. Providers identified distance to hospital, lack of transportation, care costs and low parental education as barriers for families.Conclusions:  Improving cleanliness, staff friendliness and communication with parents may diminish some barriers to neonatal care in developing countries. Costs of newborn care, hospital infrastructure, distance to hospital, staffing shortages, limited staff training and limited access to medications pose more difficult barriers to remedy.
Incorporating speech‐language pathology within Australian neonatal intensive care units
Authors: Mathisen Bernice A , Carey Lindsay B , O'Brien Annette 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWorking in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) is considered to be advanced practice for speech‐language pathologists (SLPs) requiring post‐graduate specialised education and ongoing clinical mentoring, not easily accessible within some countries such as Australia. This review investigated whether there was evidence to support SLPs as core NICU team members, rather than fleeting therapists. The review found that the roles and responsibilities of SLPs in NICUs included assessment and intervention of preterm infant communication, feeding and swallowing using a family‐centred approach. This approach was respectful of the cultural and linguistic diversity of the parents and the particular expertise of other NICU team members. Whilst there has been a significant and promising increase in research with regard to SLP involvement with preterm infants (especially around feeding and swallowing assessment and specific treatments), the need for high‐quality well‐designed research is essential.