bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health and safety risks associated with public injecting among people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Leung Leslie Tze Fung , Ti Lianping , Hayashi Kanna , Suwannawong Paisan , Kaplan Karyn , Wood Evan , Kerr Thomas 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe injection of illicit drugs in public spaces is known to pose significant health risks to people who inject drugs (IDU). However, to our knowledge this practice has not been explored in the Asian context. Therefore, we sought to characterise the prevalence of and factors associated with public injecting among a community‐recruited sample of IDU in Bangkok, Thailand.Design and MethodsData were derived from the Mitsampan Community Research Project between July and October 2011. Using multivariate logistic regression, this cross‐sectional study examined the prevalence and correlates of public injecting within the past six months among 437 IDU participants.ResultsIn total, 121 (27.7%) participants reported injecting drugs in a public space within the past six months. In multivariate analyses, public drug injection was independently associated with male gender [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.51, 95% confidence interval (CI)) 1.29–5.22], weekly heroin injection (AOR 2.19, 95% CI 1.27–3.77), assisted injection (AOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.06–3.49), rushed injection (AOR 4.36, 95% CI 2.65–7.24), incarceration (AOR 2.27, 95% CI 1.01–5.04) and noticing police presence where drugs are bought or used (AOR 1.83, 95% CI 1.06–3.19).Discussion and ConclusionA substantial proportion of Thai IDU in our sample reported recent public drug injection. This behaviour was independently associated with a wide range of individual and contextual factors that pose significant health and safety risks to the IDU. These findings highlight the importance of addressing the broader social and physical risk environment surrounding IDU as a means of preventing negative health outcomes among this population. [Leung LTF, Ti L, Hayashi K, Suwannawong P, Kaplan K, Wood E, Kerr T. Health and safety risks associated with public injecting among people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand. Drug Alcohol Rev 2013;32:582–587]
Associations of fish with various types of littoral habitats in reservoirs
Authors: Šmejkal Marek , Prchalová Marie , Čech Martin , Vašek Mojmír , Říha Milan , Jůza Tomáš , Blabolil Petr , Kubečka Jan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFish associations with different types of littoral habitats were studied in four canyon‐shaped reservoirs in the Czech Republic in years 2010 and 2011 by gillnets. Two to three habitats per reservoir–beaches (former meadows), stump fields (former forest) and rubble slopes–were defined and sampled along the longitudinal axis of reservoirs. Effects of reservoir, habitat and locality (position along longitudinal axis) on fish biomass, abundance and species structure were tested for juvenile and adult fish separately. Hierarchical analysis of variance revealed that habitats differed significantly in fish biomass and abundance. Redundancy analysis showed that analysed environmental variables had significant influence on fish community structure. Most variability in community structure was explained by reservoir and then by combination of habitat and slope steepness. Locality position had the smallest influence on community structure. For both adult and juvenile fish total abundance and biomass, the most inhabited habitat was beaches; rubble slopes were the least inhabited. Habitat associations differed among species. Among adults, bream Abramis brama, white bream Blicca bjoerkna and roach Rutilus rutilus were associated with beaches and stump fields, whereas perch Perca fluviatilis, ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, asp Aspius aspius and pike Esox lucius were associated with rubble slopes. Bream, white bream, bleak Alburnus alburnus, roach, ruffe and pikeperch Sander lucioperca were associated with beaches among juveniles, whereas the only juvenile associated with rubble slopes was perch. We showed that most common species are associated with distinct habitats and also that utilisation of various littoral habitats differs in general.
Epithelial inclusion cysts of the frontal bones in three horses
Authors: Gunnarsdottir H. , Chiers K. , Praet M. , Saunders J. , Schauvliege S. , Vlaminck L. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryIn this article, development of a fluctuating swelling in the middle of the frontal region is reported in 3 horses. Clinical and radiological examinations showed them to be palpably soft, nonpainful, well circumscribed and homogeneous. The diagnosis of a cyst‐like lesion is based on centesis and histology. This report describes the clinical features, surgical treatment, outcome and histological findings in all 3 cases.
Severe supracondylar lysis of the third metatarsal bone due to intra‐articular haemorrhage with similarities to human pigmented villonodular synovitis: A differential diagnosis to intra‐articular neoplasia
Authors: Hinnigan G. J. , Papoula‐Pereira R. , Hetzel U. , Singer E. R. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThis report describes a case of severe supracondylar lysis of the third metatarsal bone of a mature Cob gelding. The gelding presented with moderate to severe lameness and soft tissue swelling in the distal metatarsal region. A mass was present plantar to the third metatarsal bone and dorsal to the suspensory ligament branches. The mass was removed surgically, and was found to be a large blood coagulum within an enlargement of the plantar pouch of the metatarsophalangeal joint. The mass was pedunculated and attached to a region of abnormal synovium. This synovium was identified histologically as being an area of villonodular synovitis. The lesion had similarities with human pigmented villonodular synovitis. Removal of the abnormal tissue resulted in resolution of the lameness and of the lysis of the third metatarsal bone. Haemarthrosis should be considered in the list of differential diagnoses for focally mineralised soft tissue masses found within an articulation, and may be associated with pigmented villonodular synovitis.
Lifetime Prevalence and Correlates of Migraine Among Women in a Pacific Northwest Pregnancy Cohort Study
Authors: Frederick Ihunnaya O. , Qiu Chunfang , Enquobahrie Daniel A. , Aurora Sheena K. , Peterlin B. Lee , Gelaye Bizu , Williams Michelle A. 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundMigraine is a common neurological disorder, ranked among the world's leading causes of years lived with disability by the World Health Organization. The burden of migraine is highest in women of reproductive age.MethodsWe characterized the prevalence, symptoms, and correlates of migraine and other headaches among 500 women enrolled in a pregnancy cohort study. Migraine diagnoses (eg, definitive migraine and probable migraine) were based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders‐II criteria. Headache‐related disability, before and during early pregnancy, was determined using the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of definitive migraine was 20.0% (95% confidence interval 16.6‐23.8%). When probable migraine was included, the lifetime prevalence of any migraine (definitive migraine plus probable migraine) increased to 29.8% (95% confidence interval 25.9‐34.0%). An additional 16.6% (95% confidence interval 13.5‐20.2%) of women in the cohort were classified as having non‐migraine headaches. Over 26% of migraineurs experienced moderate or severe headache‐related disability during early pregnancy. Migraine headaches were associated with a family history of headache or migraine (odds ratio = 3.47; 95% confidence interval 2.14‐5.63), childhood car sickness (odds ratio = 8.02; 95% confidence interval 4.49‐14.35), pre‐pregnancy obesity status (odds ratio = 3.83; 95% confidence interval 1.77‐8.26), and a high frequency of fatigue (odds ratio = 2.01; 95% confidence interval 1.09‐3.70).ConclusionMigraine‐ and headache‐related disability are prevalent conditions among pregnant women. Diagnosing and treating migraine and headaches during pregnancy are essential.
BCN Checkpoint, a community‐based centre for men who have sex with men in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, shows high efficiency in HIV detection and linkage to care
Authors: Meulbroek M , Ditzel E , Saz J , Taboada H , Pérez F , Pérez A , Carrillo A , Font G , Marazzi G , Uya J , Cabrero J , Ingrami M , Marín R , Coll J , Pujol F 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesWe assessed the efficiency of BCN Checkpoint in detecting new cases of HIV infection and efficiently linking newly diagnosed individuals to care.MethodsThis study analysed during 2007‐2012 the number of tests performed and the number of persons tested in BCN Checkpoint, the HIV prevalence, global and in first visits, the capacity of HIV detection compared to the reported cases in MSM in Catalonia, and the linkage to care rate.ResultsDuring the six years a total of 17.319 tests were performed and 618 HIV‐positive cases were detected. Median prevalence of clients who visited the centre for the first time was 5.4% (4.1‐5.8). BCN Checkpoint detected 36.3% (35.0‐40.4) of all reported cases in MSM during 2009‐2011. Linkage to care was achieved directly in 90.5% of the cases and only 2.4% of cases were lost to follow‐up.ConclusionsA community‐based centre, addressed to a key population at risk, can be less effort consuming (time and funding) and show high efficiency in HIV detection and linkage to care.
Acceptability, feasibility and costs of universal offer of rapid point of care testing for HIV in an acute admissions unit: results of the RAPID project
Authors: Burns F , Edwards SG , Woods J , Haidari G , Calderon Y , Leider J , Morris S , Tobin R , Cartledge J , Brown M 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesUK guidance recommends that acute medical admissions are offered an HIV test. Our aim was to determine whether a dedicated staff member using a multimedia tool, a model found effective in the USA, is an acceptable, feasible, and cost‐effective model when translated to a UK setting.MethodsOver 4 months in 2010, a health advisor (HA) approached 19–65‐year‐olds at a central London acute medical admissions unit and offered a rapid HIV point of care test (POCT) with the aid of an educational video. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed through surveys and uptake rates. Costs per case of HIV infection identified were established.ResultsOf the 606 eligible people admitted during the pilot, 324 (53.5%) could not be approached or were individuals for whom testing was deemed inappropriate. In total, 23.0% of eligible admissions had an HIV POCT. Of the patients who watched the video and had not recently been tested for HIV, 93.6% (131 of 140) agreed to an HIV test; four further patients had an HIV test but did not watch the video. Three tests (2.2%; three of 135) were reactive and all were confirmed HIV positive on laboratory testing. HIV testing in this setting was felt to be appropriate by 97.5% of individuals. The cost per patient was £21, and the cost per case of HIV identified was £1083.ConclusionsUniversal POCT HIV testing in an acute medical setting, facilitated by an educational video and dedicated staff, appears acceptable, feasible, effective, and low cost. These findings support the recommendation of HIV testing for all medical admissions in high‐prevalence settings, although with this model a significant proportion remained untested.
Comparison of two HIV testing strategies in primary care centres: indicator‐condition‐guided testing vs. testing of those with non‐indicator conditions
Authors: Menacho I , Sequeira E , Muns M , Barba O , Leal L , Clusa T , Fernandez E , Moreno L , Raben D , Lundgren J , Gatell JM , Garcia F , Cayuelas L , Aragunde V , Vergara M , Catalan M , Moreno MA , Hormigo G , Siso A , Herreras Z , Sebastian L , Benito L , Picas A , Hoyo J , Giner MJ , Cararach D , Moles E , Moro ML , Arrabal P , Roca D , Prego S , Ferrer X , Egido A , Ventosa C , Garcia S , Muñoz S , Massana A , Sole J , Curiel M , Heras F , Leon A 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to compare prospectively indicator‐condition (IC)‐guided testing versus testing of those with non‐indicator conditions (NICs) in four primary care centres (PCCs) in Barcelona, Spain.MethodsFrom October 2009 to February 2011, patients aged from 18 to 65 years old who attended a PCC for a new herpes zoster infection, seborrhoeic eczema, mononucleosis syndrome or leucopenia/thrombopenia were included in the IC group, and one in every 10 randomly selected patients consulting for other reasons were included in the NIC group. A proportion of patients in each group were offered an HIV test; those who agreed to be tested were given a rapid finger‐stick HIV test (€6 per test). Epidemiological and clinical data were collected and analysed.ResultsDuring the study period, 775 patients attended with one of the four selected ICs, while 66 043 patients presented with an NIC. HIV screening was offered to 89 patients with ICs (offer rate 11.5%), of whom 85 agreed to and completed testing (94.4 and 100% acceptance and completion rates, respectively). In the NIC group, an HIV test was offered to 344 persons (offer rate 5.2%), of whom 313 accepted (90.9%) and 304 completed (97.1%) testing. HIV tests were positive in four persons [prevalence 4.7%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–11.6%] in the IC group and in one person in the NIC group (prevalence 0.3%; 95% CI 0.01–1.82%; P < 0.009). If every eligible person had taken an HIV test, we would have spent €4650 in the IC group and €396 258 in the NIC group, and an estimated 36 (95% CI 25–49) and 198 persons (95% CI 171–227), respectively, would have been diagnosed with HIV infection. The estimated cost per new HIV diagnosis would have been €129 (95% CI €107–153) in the IC group and €2001 (95% CI €1913–2088) in the NIC group.ConclusionsAlthough the number of patients included in the study was small and the results should be treated with caution, IC‐guided HIV testing, based on four selected ICs, in PCCs seems to be a more feasible and less expensive strategy to improve diagnosis of HIV infection in Spain than a nontargeted HIV testing strategy.
HIV testing uptake among female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Tbilisi, Georgia
Authors: Tsereteli N , Chikovani I , Chkhaidze N , Goguadze K , Shengelia N , Rukhadze N 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to investigate HIV testing practice among female sex workers (FSWs) and men who have sex with men (MSM) in Tbilisi, Georgia and to identify determinants of never testing behaviour among MSM.MethodsData obtained in two rounds of bio‐behavioural surveys among FSWs (2006 and 2009) and MSM (2007 and 2010) were analysed. Determinants of never testing behaviour among MSM were investigated among 278 respondents recruited in 2010 through respondent‐driven sampling.ResultsKnowledge about the availability of HIV testing and never testing behaviour did not show changes among FSWs and MSM. Every third FSW and every second MSM had never been tested for HIV according to the latest surveys in 2010. In bivariate analysis among MSM, consistent condom use during anal intercourse with a male partner in the last year, awareness of HIV testing locations and preventive programme coverage were negatively associated with never testing behaviour, while those who considered themselves at no risk of HIV transmission were more likely to have never been tested. In multivariate analysis, lower odds of never testing for HIV remained for those who were aware of HIV testing locations [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04–0.32] and who reported being covered by HIV prevention programmes (AOR 0.26; 95% CI 0.12–0.56).ConclusionsIn view of the concentrated HIV epidemic among MSM in Georgia and the low rate of HIV testing uptake, interventions in this key population should take into consideration the factors associated with testing behaviour. The barriers to HIV testing and counselling uptake should be further investigated.
Human embryonic stem cell differentiation into odontoblastic lineage: an in vitro study
Authors: Kidwai F. K. , Movahednia M. M. , Iqbal K. , Jokhun D. S. , Cao T. , Fawzy A. S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to differentiate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into odontoblastic lineage in an optimized culture milieu.MethodologyIn Phase 1, hESCs were differentiated into mesenchymal stem cells (H9‐MSCs). In Phase 2, H9‐MSCs were then differentiated into odontoblast‐like cells (H9‐Odont) under the stimulation of FGF‐8 and BMP‐4. Alternatively, H9‐MSCs were differentiated into osteogenic lineage (H9‐Osteo). In Phase 3, H9‐Odont were seeded on 17% EDTA‐treated dentine substrates in the presence of FGF‐8 and BMP‐4 for further differentiation. All experiments were performed in triplicate (n = 3). One‐way anova was used to test hESC differentiation into different cell types. Post hoc Tukey's test was used to compare between groups. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsH9‐Odont expressed the odontoblastic marker DSPP gene 125.47 ± 0.1 (SD)‐folds higher compared with H9‐MSCs at mRNA level (real‐time RT‐PCR). Additionally, the flow cytometry results revealed 53.1 ± 3.4 (SD) % of DSP (+) cells in H9‐Odont. Alternatively, H9‐Osteo expressed 5.9 ± 2.2 (SD) % of DSP (+) cells. Moreover, the SEM results demonstrated that H9‐Odont were found to undergo morphological changes from a fibroblast‐like shape into more rounded shapes with cytoplasmic extensions into the dentinal tubules when seeded on 17% EDTA‐treated dentine substrate in the presence of FGF‐8 and BMP‐4. However, H9‐Osteo and H9‐MSCs did not show similar morphological changes under similar culture milieu.ConclusionThis study supports the potential of hESCs as a stable, consistent, unlimited and ‘off‐the‐shelf’ cell source to obtain odontoblastic cells for future clinical and research applications.
Precipitation Amount and Intensity Trends Across Southwest Saudi Arabia
Authors: Furl Chad , Sharif H.O. , Alzahrani Muhammad , El Hassan Almoutaz , Mazari Newfel 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study examines precipitation accumulation and intensity trends across a region in southwest Saudi Arabia characterized by distinct seasonal weather patterns and mountainous terrain. The region is an example of an arid/semiarid area faced with maintaining sustainable water resources with a growing population. Annual and seasonal trends in precipitation amount were examined from 29 rain gages divided among four geographically unique regions from 1945/1946 to 2009. Two of the regions displayed significantly declining annual trends over the time series using a Mann‐Kendall test modified for autocorrelation (α < 0.05). Seasonal analysis revealed insignificant declining trends in at least two of the regions during each season. The largest and most consistent declining trends occurred during wintertime where all regions experienced negative trends. Several intensity metrics were examined in the study area from four additional stations containing daily data from 1985 to 2011. Intensity metrics included total precipitation, wet day count, simple intensity index, maximum daily annual rainfall, and upper/lower precipitation distribution changes. In general, no coherent trends were found among the daily stations suggesting precipitation is intensifying across the study area. The work represents the first of its size in the study area, and one of few in the region due to the lack of available long‐term data needed to properly examine precipitation changes.
Occupancy patterns of large mammals in the Far North of Ontario under imperfect detection and spatial autocorrelation
Authors: Poley Lucy G. , Pond Bruce A. , Schaefer James A. , Brown Glen S. , Ray Justina C. , Johnson Devin S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimAn understanding of the factors that influence species distributions in heterogeneous landscapes is important when making decisions regarding conservation. Moreover, occupancy probabilities based on detection data can reveal important species–habitat relationships. Accounting for the spatial autocorrelation of detection data increases the statistical validity of occupancy models, but is not often considered. Using novel occupancy modelling that explicitly incorporates detectability and spatial autocorrelation, we assessed the influence of habitat on occupancy patterns of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), moose (Alces alces) and wolves (Canis lupus) across a broad biogeographical extent where fire is the dominant agent of disturbance.LocationNorthern Ontario, Canada.MethodsWe aerially surveyed 3851 sampling units, each covering 100 km2, for woodland caribou, moose and wolves in February–March in 2009, 2010 and 2011, and visited 1663 units more than once to estimate detectability. We used restricted spatial regression to model occupancy probabilities of each species with respect to habitat factors in two ecozones, accounting for both imperfect detection and lack of independence of sampling units.ResultsCovariates influencing species detection varied among ecozones and species. Caribou occupancy was positively related to bogs and negatively related to disturbed areas, while moose occupancy showed opposite responses to these covariates. Wolf occupancy was related to high prey occupancy. Explicitly accounting for spatial autocorrelation in detection data reduced the chance of type I error in occupancy estimates compared with non‐spatial models.Main conclusionsHabitat relationships and occupancy patterns support the hypothesis that caribou remain spatially segregated from moose to reduce predation risk. The broad scale of analysis indicated changes in species–habitat relationships, suggesting that limiting factors vary across biogeographical gradients. The spatial pattern in caribou occupancy allowed us to identify important areas used by caribou across the region, including the ecotone between fire‐driven boreal forests and peatland complexes. The evidence for significant relationships between caribou and land cover, predators and alternate prey underscores the need for careful planning of development and infrastructure in the area.