bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Concept of smṛti in the Yogasūtra: Memory or Mindfulness?
Authors: DITRICH Tamara 
Published: March 2014

One of the key concepts in Buddhist meditation is mindfulness which has recently been introduced into new environments, including contemporary yoga. This paper identifies some of the parameters involved in the rather seamless integration of Buddhist mindfulness and yoga and explores whether this synthesis is an ancient one, already found in the oldest recorded text on yoga, the Yogasūtra, by investigating if the word smṛti, usually translated as “memory”, can refer to mindfulness. This would imply that mindfulness may have been a component of ancient Yogic practices, although perhaps lost at some stage in the transmission only to be reintroduced recently by the syncretistic new trends in the globalised spiritual movements. IzvlečekEden od osnovnih konceptov budistične meditacije je pozornost ali čuječnost. V zadnjih desetletjih se je praksa meditacijske pozornosti razširila na številna nova področja, med drugim tudi v sodobne jogijske prakse. Prispevek poskuša identificirati nekaj glavnih parametrov, ki pogojujejo integracijo budistične meditacije in joge in raziskuje, ali je koncept pozornosti morda bil prisoten že v najstarejšem poznanem besedilu o jogi, v Yogasūtri. V tem besedilu se večkrat pojavi koncept smṛti, ki je ponavadi preveden kot “spomin”. Prispevek predlaga novo intepretacijo tega koncepta in ga prevaja kot “meditacijska pozornost”. Nova interpretacija odpira vprašanje, ali je praksa pozornosti bila prisotna že v starodavnih jogijskih praksah, a se je pri prenosu jogijskih tradicij izgubila in se šele danes ponovno pojavila v jogi kot odsev sinkretističnih duhovnih gibanj 21. stoletja.Ključne besede: Yogasūtra, Patañjali, sodobna yoga, pozornost, sodobni budizem
Evaluations of atmospheric downward longwave radiation from 44 coupled general circulation models of CMIP5
Authors: Ma Qian , Wang Kaicun , Wild Martin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAtmospheric downward longwave radiation at the surface (Ld) quantifies the atmospheric greenhouse effect. This study evaluated Ld simulations from 44 general circulation models (GCMs) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) with a comprehensive data set of Ld observations at 156 global‐distributed sites from 1992 to 2005. Compared with the Baseline Surface Radiation Network data that are of the highest quality among the available Ld data sets, CMIP5 GCM Ld has a negligible bias, much better than CMIP3 GCMs, likely because of the improvement of low cloud simulations in CMIP5 models. However, the selection of validation data has an important impact on the evaluation results. The global mean Ld inferred from different bias‐removing methods are nearly the same, approximately 341 W m−2 globally averaged from 1992 to 2005. CMIP5 GCMs showed that global Ld increased at a rate of 1.54 W m−2 per decade (p < 0.01) from 1979 to 2005, which is consistent with available reanalyses. This good agreement in long‐term trends of Ld is likely because both reanalyses and CMIP5 models reproduced the observed warming and the associated increase of water vapor content in the lower atmosphere. However, CMIP5 GCMs are still poor in producing monthly anomalies of Ld.
Many‐objective reservoir policy identification and refinement to reduce policy inertia and myopia in water management
Authors: Giuliani M. , Herman J. D. , Castelletti A. , Reed P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study contributes a decision analytic framework to overcome policy inertia and myopia in complex river basin management contexts. The framework combines reservoir policy identification, many‐objective optimization under uncertainty, and visual analytics to characterize current operations and discover key trade‐offs between alternative policies for balancing competing demands and system uncertainties. The approach is demonstrated on the Conowingo Dam, located within the Lower Susquehanna River, USA. The Lower Susquehanna River is an interstate water body that has been subject to intensive water management efforts due to competing demands from urban water supply, atomic power plant cooling, hydropower production, and federally regulated environmental flows. We have identified a baseline operating policy for the Conowingo Dam that closely reproduces the dynamics of current releases and flows for the Lower Susquehanna and thus can be used to represent the preferences structure guiding current operations. Starting from this baseline policy, our proposed decision analytic framework then combines evolutionary many‐objective optimization with visual analytics to discover new operating policies that better balance the trade‐offs within the Lower Susquehanna. Our results confirm that the baseline operating policy, which only considers deterministic historical inflows, significantly overestimates the system's reliability in meeting the reservoir's competing demands. Our proposed framework removes this bias by successfully identifying alternative reservoir policies that are more robust to hydroclimatic uncertainties while also better addressing the trade‐offs across the Conowingo Dam's multisector services.
A machine learning approach for the prediction of settling velocity
Authors: Goldstein Evan B. , Coco Giovanni 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe use a machine learning approach based on genetic programming to predict noncohesive particle settling velocity. The genetic programming routine is coupled to a novel selection algorithm that determines training data from a collected database of published experiments (985 measurements). While varying the training data set size and retaining an invariant validation set we perform multiple iterations of genetic programming to determine the least data needed to train the algorithm. This method retains a maximum quantity of data for testing against published predictors. The machine learning predictor for settling velocity performs better than two common predictors in the literature and indicates that particle settling velocity is a nonlinear function of all the provided independent variables: nominal diameter of the settling particle, kinematic viscosity of the fluid, and submerged specific gravity of the particle.
A Bifunctional Perovskite Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution
Authors: Jung Jae‐Il , Jeong Hu Young , Lee Jang‐Soo , Kim Min Gyu , Cho Jaephil 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLa0.3(Ba0.5Sr0.5)0.7Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ is a promising bifunctional perovskite catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction and the oxygen evolution reaction. This catalyst has circa 10 nm‐scale rhombohedral LaCoO3 cobaltite particles distributed on the surface. The dynamic microstructure phenomena are attributed to the charge imbalance from the replacement of A‐site cations with La3+ and local stress on Co‐site sub‐lattice with the cubic perovskite structure.
Modellierung von Wärmedissipation auf der Nanoskala: ein Einbettungsansatz für chemische Reaktionen auf Metalloberflächen
Authors: Meyer Jörg , Reuter Karsten 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWir präsentieren eine Einbettungstechnik für metallische Systeme, die es ermöglicht, Energiedissipation in Substratphononen während chemischer Reaktionen ausgehend von ersten Prinzipien zu modellieren. Die Trennung von chemischen und elastischen Beiträgen zum Wechselwirkungspotential liefert eine quantitative Beschreibung von elektronischer und phononischer Bandstruktur. Eine Anwendung auf O2‐Dissoziation auf Pd(100) sagt in ihren Translationsfreiheitsgraden “heiße” Sauerstoffadatome als eine Folge der dabei freigesetzten Energie (rund 2.6 eV) voraus. Dies stellt die instantane Thermalisierung von Reaktionsenthalpien in Frage, die sonst in der Modellierung von heterogener Katalyse angenommen wird.
High‐Quality Three‐Dimensional Nanoporous Graphene
Authors: Ito Yoshikazu , Tanabe Yoichi , Qiu H.‐J. , Sugawara Katsuaki , Heguri Satoshi , Tu Ngoc Han , Huynh Khuong Kim , Fujita Takeshi , Takahashi Takashi , Tanigaki Katsumi , Chen Mingwei 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe report three‐dimensional (3D) nanoporous graphene with preserved 2D electronic properties, tunable pore sizes, and high electron mobility for electronic applications. The complex 3D network comprised of interconnected graphene retains a 2D coherent electron system of massless Dirac fermions. The transport properties of the nanoporous graphene show a semiconducting behavior and strong pore‐size dependence, together with unique angular independence. The free‐standing, large‐scale nanoporous graphene with 2D electronic properties and high electron mobility holds great promise for practical applications in 3D electronic devices.
Pigment–Acceptor–Catalyst Triads for Photochemical Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Kitamoto Kyoji , Sakai Ken 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn order to solve the problems of global warming and shortage of fossil fuels, researchers have been endeavoring to achieve artificial photosynthesis: splitting water into H2 and O2 under solar light illumination. Our group has recently invented a unique system that drives photoinduced water reduction through “Z‐scheme” photosynthetic pathways. Nevertheless, that system still suffered from a low turnover number (TON) of the photocatalytic cycle (TON=4.1). We have now found and describe herein a new methodology to make significant improvements in the TON, up to around TON=14–27. For the new model systems reported herein, the quantum efficiency of the second photoinduced step in the Z‐scheme photosynthesis is dramatically improved by introducing multiviologen tethers to temporarily collect the high‐energy electron generated in the first photoinduced step. These are unique examples of “pigment–acceptor–catalyst triads”, which demonstrate a new effective type of artificial photosynthesis.
Voltage‐Driven Reversible Insertion into and Leaving from a Lipid Bilayer: Tuning Transmembrane Transport of Artificial Channels
Authors: Si Wen , Li Zhan‐Ting , Hou Jun‐Li 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThree new artificial transmembrane channel molecules have been designed and synthesized by attaching positively charged Arg‐incorporated tripeptide chains to pillar[5]arene. Fluorescent and patch‐clamp experiments revealed that voltage can drive the molecules to insert into and leave from a lipid bilayer and thus switch on and off the transport of K+ions. One of the molecules was found to display antimicrobial activity towardBacillus subtiliswith half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 10 μMwhich is comparable to that of natural channel‐forming peptide alamethicin.
Bio‐Inspired Photonic‐Crystal Microchip for Fluorescent Ultratrace Detection
Authors: Hou Jue , Zhang Huacheng , Yang Qiang , Li Mingzhu , Song Yanlin , Jiang Lei 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUltratrace detection attracts great interest because it is still a challenge to the early diagnosis and drug testing. Enriching the targets from highly diluted solutions to the sensitive area is a promising method. Inspired by the fog‐collecting structure on Stenocara beetle’s back, a photonic‐crystal (PC) microchip with hydrophilic–hydrophobic micropattern was fabricated by inkjet printing. This device was used to realize high‐sensitive ultratrace detection of fluorescence analytes and fluorophore‐based assays. Coupled with the fluorescence enhancement effect of a PC, detection down to 10−16 mol L−1 was achieved. This design can be combined with biophotonic devices for the detection of drugs, diseases, and pollutions of the ecosystem.
The Compressibility of pH‐Sensitive Microgels at the Oil–Water Interface: Higher Charge Leads to Less Repulsion
Authors: Geisel Karen , Isa Lucio , Richtering Walter 
Published: March 2014

AbstractpH‐responsive microgels are unique stabilizers for stimuli‐sensitive emulsions that can be broken on demand by changing the pH value. However, recent experiments have indicated that electrostatic interactions play a different role to that in conventional Pickering emulsions. The influence of charges on the interactions between microgels at the oil–water interface is now described. Compression isotherms of microgels with different charge density and architecture were determined in a Langmuir trough, and counter‐intuitive results were obtained: Charged microgels can be compressed more easily than uncharged microgels. The compressibility of microgels is thus not determined by direct Coulomb repulsion. Instead, the different swelling of the microgels in the charged and the uncharged states is proposed to be the key parameter.
Controlled Electropolymerization of Ruthenium(II) Vinylbipyridyl Complexes in Mesoporous Nanoparticle Films of TiO2
Authors: Fang Zhen , Keinan Shahar , Alibabaei Leila , Luo Hanlin , Ito Akitaka , Meyer Thomas J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSurface‐initiated, oligomeric assemblies of ruthenium(II) vinylpolypyridyl complexes have been grown within the cavities of mesoporous nanoparticle films of TiO2 by electrochemically controlled radical polymerization. Surface growth was monitored by cyclic voltammetry as well as UV/Vis and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Polymerization occurs by a radical chain mechanism following cyclic voltammetry scans to negative potentials where reduction occurs at the π* levels of the polypyridyl ligands. Oligomeric growth within the cavities of the TiO2 films occurs until an average of six repeat units are added to the surface‐bound initiator site, which is in agreement with estimates of the internal volumes of the pores in the nanoparticle films.
Mass transfer aspects of 3D cell cultures in tissue engineering
Authors: Mekala Naveen Kumar , Baadhe Rama Raju , Potumarthi Ravichandra 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTTissue engineering strategies involving in vitro growth of cells over three‐dimensional scaffolds before implantation into the damaged portions represents a significant alternative to current clinical treatment methods. In order to improve this in vitro cell culture system, we need to focus on various engineering aspects, and each aspect has its own advantages and limitations. Undoubtedly, these engineering factors are critical for the successful development of tissues and organ products and the tissue engineering industry as well. These issues include elements of mass transport, biomaterials, biomechanics, and so on. Our focus in this review paper is to discuss the alternative strategies to overcome the mass transfer limitations in the three‐dimensional constructs, which have been widely researched for the tissue engineering purposes. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A convenient crosslinking method for sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes via friedel–crafts reaction using 1,6‐dibromohexane and aluminum trichloride
Authors: Han Sanghee , Zhang Mei‐Shan , Shin Junhwa , Lee Youn‐Sik 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) was very efficiently crosslinked via a Friedel–Craft reaction using 1,6‐dibromohexane and AlCl3. The resulting crosslinked SPEEK (c‐SPEEK) membranes exhibited improved dimensional stability, thermal and chemical stability, and mechanical strength with slight reduction in the elongation. The methanol permeability was reduced by approximately two orders of magnitude by the crosslinking reaction. The proton conductivities of c‐SPEEK membranes were greater than Nafion‐212 in the temperature range of 30–90°C. Overall, this new crosslinking method can be conveniently and efficiently applicable to most aromatic hydrocarbon polymer membranes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40695.
Zein‐based micro‐ and nano‐particles for drug and nutrient delivery: A review
Authors: Luo Yangchao , Wang Qin 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTZein is the major storage protein from corn with strong hydrophobicity and unique solubility and has been considered as a versatile food biopolymer. Due to the special tertiary structures, zein can self‐assemble to form micro‐ and nano‐particles through liquid–liquid dispersion or solvent evaporation approaches. Zein‐based delivery systems have been particularly investigated for hydrophobic drugs and nutrients. Recently, increasing attention has been drawn to fabricate zein‐based advanced drug delivery systems for various applications. In this review, the molecular models of zein tertiary structure and possible mechanisms involved in zein self‐assembly micro‐ and nano‐particles are briefly introduced. Then, a state‐of‐the‐art introduction and discussion are given in terms of preparation, characterization, and application of zein‐based particles as delivery systems in the fields of food science, pharmaceutics, and biomedicine. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40696.
Toughening effects of nucleating agent on impact polypropylene copolymer
Authors: Sun Miaomiao , Gao Dali , Zhang Hongbo , Zou Hao , Xu Meng , Zhang Shijun , Li Jie , Liu Jianye 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, the impact polypropylene copolymer (IPC) blended with the sorbitol‐based nucleating agent (NA) NX8000 was prepared and then characterized using a wide range of instrumentations. The results showed that the NA formed a fibril network which resulted in the increased viscosity of system and the decreased size of ethylene–propylene random copolymer (EPR) phase. The results of mechanical tests revealed “the brittle–ductile transition (BDT)” occurred while the ethylene content was between 3.5 wt % and 6 wt % and indicated that the impact strength of IPC was greatly improved by the addition of NX8000 when the EPR content was right over the critical value of BDT. The investigations provided valuable information for the further development of IPC materials and boarded its potential industrial applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40705.
The B(C6F5)3 Boron Lewis Acid Route to Arene‐Annulated Pentalenes
Authors: Chen Chao , Harhausen Marcel , Fukazawa Aiko , Yamaguchi Shigehiro , Fröhlich Roland , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Petersen Jeffrey L. , Kehr Gerald , Erker Gerhard 
Published: March 2014

Abstract4,5‐Dimethyl‐1,2‐bis(1‐naphthylethynyl)benzene (12) undergoes a rapid multiple ring‐closure reaction upon treatment with the strong boron Lewis acid B(C6F5)3 to yield the multiply annulated, planar conjugated π‐system 13 (50 % yield). In the course of this reaction, a C6F5 group was transferred from boron to carbon. Treatment of 12 with CH3B(C6F5)2 proceeded similarly, giving a mixture of 13 (C6F5‐transfer) and the product 15, which was formed by CH3‐group transfer. 1,2‐Bis(phenylethynyl)benzene (8 a) reacts similarly with CH3B(C6F5)2 to yield a mixture of the respective C6F5‐ and CH3‐substituted dibenzopentalenes 10 a and 16. The reaction is thought to proceed through zwitterionic intermediates that exhibit vinyl cation reactivities. Some B(C6F5)3‐substituted species (26, 27) consequently formed by in situ deprotonation upon treatment of the respective 1,2‐bis(alkynyl)benzene starting materials (24, 8) with the frustrated Lewis pair B(C6F5)3/P(o‐tolyl)3. The overall formation of the C6F5‐substituted products formally require HB(C6F5)2 cleavage in an intermediate dehydroboration step. This was confirmed in the reaction of a thienylethynyl‐containing starting material 21 with B(C6F5)3, which gave the respective annulated pentalene product 23 that had the HB(C6F5)2 moiety 1,4‐added to its thiophene ring. Compounds 12–14, 23, and 26 were characterized by X‐ray diffraction.
An examination of potential seasonal predictability in recent reanalyses
Authors: Feng Xia , Houser Paul 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study examined potential seasonal predictability of precipitation and 2‐m temperature in the recent global reanalyses from 1979 to 2012. The reanalyses being investigated are R1, R2, ERA‐40, JRA25, ERA‐I, MERRA, CFSR and 20CR. When compared against Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) precipitation, ERA‐I and CFSR provide the best estimates of potential predictability, MERRA, R1 and R2 overestimate predictability and ERA‐40 and JRA25 are unrealistic in the tropics. Predictability estimates of 2‐m temperature from 20CR, JRA25, R1, MERRA, CFSR and R2 exhibit better agreement with the reanalysis ensemble mean than ERA‐40 and ERA‐I, which identify less predictability.
Modulation by metformin of molecular and histopathological alterations in the lung of cigarette smoke‐exposed mice
Authors: Izzotti Alberto , Balansky Roumen , D'Agostini Francesco , Longobardi Mariagrazia , Cartiglia Cristina , Micale Rosanna T. , La Maestra Sebastiano , Camoirano Anna , Ganchev Gancho , Iltcheva Marietta , Steele Vernon E. , De Flora Silvio 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe anti‐diabetic drug metformin is endowed with anti‐cancer properties. Epidemiological and experimental studies, however, did not provide univocal results regarding its role in pulmonary carcinogenesis. We used Swiss H mice of both genders in order to detect early molecular alterations and tumors induced by mainstream cigarette smoke. Based on a subchronic toxicity study, oral metformin was used at a dose of 800 mg/kg diet, which is 3.2 times higher than the therapeutic dose in humans. Exposure of mice to smoke for 4 months, starting at birth, induced a systemic clastogenic damage, formation of DNA adducts, oxidative DNA damage, and extensive downregulation of microRNAs in lung after 10 weeks. Preneoplastic lesions were detectable after 7.5 months in both lung and urinary tract along with lung tumors, both benign and malignant. Modulation by metformin of 42 of 1281 pulmonary microRNAs in smoke‐free mice highlighted a variety of mechanisms, including modulation of AMPK, stress response, inflammation, NFκB, Tlr9, Tgf, p53, cell cycle, apoptosis, antioxidant pathways, Ras, Myc, Dicer, angiogenesis, stem cell recruitment, and angiogenesis. In smoke‐exposed mice, metformin considerably decreased DNA adduct levels and oxidative DNA damage, and normalized the expression of several microRNAs. It did not prevent smoke‐induced lung tumors but inhibited preneoplastic lesions in both lung and kidney. In conclusion, metformin was able to protect the mouse lung from smoke‐induced DNA and microRNA alterations and to inhibit preneoplastic lesions in lung and kidney but failed to prevent lung adenomas and malignant tumors induced by this complex mixture.
CH Bond Activation during and after the Reactions of a Metallacyclic Amide with Silanes: Formation of a μ‐Alkylidene Hydride Complex, Its H–D Exchange, and β‐H Abstraction by a Hydride Ligand
Authors: Wang Li , Hunter Seth C. , Song Zhimin , Steren Carlos A. , Chen Tianniu , Wei Zhenhong , Cai Hu , Xue Zi‐Ling 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMetallacyclic complex [(Me2N)3Ta(η2‐CH2SiMe2NSiMe3)] (3) undergoes CH activation in its reaction with H3SiPh to afford a Ta/μ‐alkylidene/hydride complex, [(Me2N)2{(Me3Si)2N}Ta(μ‐H)2(μ‐C‐η2‐CHSiMe2NSiMe3)Ta(NMe2)2] (4). Deuterium‐labeling studies with [D3]SiPh show H–D exchange between the TaDTa unit and all methyl groups in [(Me2N)2{(Me3Si)2N}Ta(μ‐D)2(μ‐C‐η2‐CHSiMe2NSiMe3)Ta(NMe2)2] ([D2]‐4) to give the partially deuterated complex [Dn]‐4. In addition, 4 undergoes β‐H abstraction between a hydride and an NMe2 ligand and forms a new complex [(Me2N){(Me3Si)2N}Ta(μ‐H)(μ‐N‐η2‐C,N‐CH2NMe)(μ‐C‐η2‐C,N‐CHSiMe2NSiMe3)Ta(NMe2)2] (5) with a cyclometalated, η2‐imine ligand. These results indicate that there are two simultaneous processes in [Dn]‐4: 1) H–D exchange through σ‐bond metathesis, and 2) HD elimination through β‐H abstraction (to give [Dn]‐5). Both 4 and 5 have been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies.