bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regioselective Metal‐Free Click Polymerization of Azides and Alkynes
Authors: Qin Anjun , Liu Yong , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: February 2015

The Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne click polymerization is well developed and broadly applied to the preparation of functional polymers. The removal of copper residues from the resultant polymers is, however, difficult. One way to completely circumvent this difficulty is to develop click polymerization without the use of metallic catalysts, i.e., metal‐free click polymerization (MFCP). Herein, recent efforts towards developing MFCP of activated alkynes and azides, and of activated azides and alkynes, to produce regioregular polytriazoles are summarized, and the properties and applications of the resultant polymers are also briefly discussed.
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Chemical Cross‐linking of Polypropylenes Towards New Shape Memory Polymers
Authors: Raidt Thomas , Hoeher Robin , Katzenberg Frank , Tiller Joerg C. 
Published: February 2015

In this work, syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) as well as isotactic polypropylene (iPP) are cross‐linked to gain a shape memory effect. Both prepared PP networks exhibit maximum strains of 700%, stored strains of up to 680%, and recoveries of nearly 100%. While x‐iPP is stable for many cycles, x‐sPP ruptures after the first shape‐memory cycle. It is shown by wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) experiments that cross‐linked iPP exhibits homoepitaxy in the temporary, stretched shape but in contrast to previous reports it contains a higher amount of daughter than mother crystals.
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From History to Microscopy
Authors: Charlet Bertrand , Gallagher Joseph 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAdaptive optics (AO) is a technology that optical designers are looking to more and more. AO can look like a magical solution: A completely blurred image can be restored to diffraction limited quality. In the beginning, this technology was developed for astronomical telescopes. It was soon transferred to vision science, and it is quickly becoming an essential technique in optical microscopy to compensate for specimen‐induced optical aberrations to acquire high resolution images.
Face Recognition and Head Tracking in Embedded Systems
Authors: Ivantysynova Lenka , Scheffer Tobias 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNew, efficient algorithms make it possible to embed head tracking and face recognition with high frame rates in devices with simple, mobile CPUs. This provides an unintrusive basis for personalization of cars, TV sets, and many other devices. Head‐tracking enables the creation of simple and intuitive user interfaces that are sensitive to the user's gaze point.
Doing the Waltz with Light
Authors: Ritsch‐Marte Monika 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLight with orbital angular momentum can be compared to a bundle of spaghetti held together firmly and twisted in the middle. Such optical spiral waves have numerous applications. For example, they can be used to selectively sort particles with optical tweezers. In microscopy, they enable edge enhancement, and in quantum cryptography, spiral waves allow for more information to be entangled.
Competitive retro‐cycloaddition reactions in heterocyclic fullerene bis‐adducts ions: selective removal of the heterocyclic moieties
Authors: Suárez Margarita , Maroto Enrique E. , Filippone Salvatore , Martín Nazario , Martínez‐Álvarez Roberto 
Published: February 2015

RATIONALEWe have investigated the fragmentation reactions of ions from bis‐adducts containing isoxazolino‐, pyrrolidino‐ and methanofullerene moieties.METHODSThe fragmentation reactions induced by collision‐induced dissociation (CID) of ions generated under electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive and negative modes of detection using an ion‐trap spectrometer have been investigated.RESULTSThe competitive retro‐cycloaddition process between isoxazoline and pyrrolidine rings fused to [60]fullerene reveals that it is strongly dependent on the experimental negative or positive ESI experimental conditions. Thus, whereas retro‐cycloaddition reaction is favored in the pyrrolidine ring under negative conditions, the protonation occurring on the nitrogen atom of the pyrrolidine ring under positive conditions precludes its retro‐cycloaddition and, therefore, only the isoxazoline ring undergoes the retro‐cycloaddition process. The obtained experimental results are different from those reported when the reaction is carried out under thermal conditions. Competitive retro‐cycloaddition reactions of isoxazolino‐ and methanofullerenes show that the heterocyclic ring undergoes cycloelimination, leaving the methanofullerene moiety unchanged. In this case, the same selectivity is observed under thermal and gas‐phase conditions.CONCLUSIONSThe observed selectivity in the heterocyclic removal in these [60]fullerene derivatives is reversed from negative conditions (radical anions) to positive conditions (protonated molecules). Moreover, the retro‐cycloaddition reaction behaves differently under spectrometric and thermal conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Of wood and rivers: bridging the perception gap
Authors: Wohl Ellen 
Published: February 2015

Wood and beaver dams were historically much more abundant along river corridors from the tropics to the boreal zone. An extensive scientific literature documents the physical and ecological functions created by instream and floodplain wood. By enhancing physical diversity, wood mediates fluxes of water, solutes, organic matter, and sediment; enhances habitat abundance and diversity; promotes retention and biogeochemical uptake of nutrients; and increases biodiversity. Perceptions of wood in rivers, however, remain largely negative and wood is seldom incorporated in river management and restoration plans outside of the U.S. Pacific Northwest. People are unused to seeing wood in river corridors as a result of a long history of deliberate wood removal from rivers, combined with altered land cover and river engineering that reduced quantities of wood in rivers. Negative perceptions of wood in rivers may also reflect hazards, including damage to infrastructure from mobile wood or wood accumulations at bridges that enhance flood damages. People are also unused to seeing beavers in river corridors because of a long history of beaver trapping and substantially reduced beaver populations throughout Eurasia and North America. Extensive and sustained removal of wood and beavers from river corridors has created substantial changes in the appearance and function of rivers. As river restoration increasingly emphasizes re‐creation of processes rather than static forms, the river science community has an opportunity to increase public recognition of the vital role played by wood and beavers in sustaining physically and biologically diverse and resilient river ecosystems. WIREs Water 2015, 2:167–176. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1076This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
Science of Water > Water Extremes
Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
Dysbindin (DTNBP1) variants are associated with hallucinations in schizophrenia
Authors: Cheah S.-Y. , Lawford B.R. , Young R.M. , Morris C.P. , Voisey J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackground:Dystrobrevin binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) is a schizophrenia susceptibility gene involved with neurotransmission regulation (especially dopamine and glutamate) and neurodevelopment. The gene is known to be associated with cognitive deficit phenotypes within schizophrenia. In our previous studies,DTNBP1was found associated not only with schizophrenia but with other psychiatric disorders including psychotic depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, nicotine dependence and opiate dependence. These findings suggest thatDNTBP1may be involved in pathways that lead to multiple psychiatric phenotypes. In this study, we explored the association betweenDTNBP1SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and multiple psychiatric phenotypes included in the Diagnostic Interview of Psychosis (DIP).Methods:FiveDTNBP1SNPs, rs17470454, rs1997679, rs4236167, rs9370822 and rs9370823, were genotyped in 235 schizophrenia subjects screened for various phenotypes in the domains of depression, mania, hallucinations, delusions, subjective thought disorder, behaviour and affect, and speech disorder. SNP-phenotype association was determined with ANOVA under general, dominant/recessive and over-dominance models.Results:Post hoc tests determined that SNP rs1997679 was associated with visual hallucination; SNP rs4236167 was associated with general auditory hallucination as well as specific features including non-verbal, abusive and third-person form auditory hallucinations; and SNP rs9370822 was associated with visual and olfactory hallucinations. SNPs that survived correction for multiple testing were rs4236167 for third-person and abusive form auditory hallucinations; and rs9370822 for olfactory hallucinations.Conclusion:These data suggest thatDTNBP1is likely to play a role in development of auditory related, visual and olfactory hallucinations which is consistent with evidence ofDTNBP1activity in the auditory processing regions, in visual processing and in the regulation of glutamate and dopamine activity.
Usefulness of a wearable cardioverter defibrillator combined with catheter ablation for ventricular tachyarrhythmia storms after a myocardial infarction: A case report
Authors: Yoshikawa Yusuke , Kaitani Kazuaki , Onishi Naoaki , Tamura Toshihiro , Izumi Chisato , Nakagawa Yoshihisa 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe report a case of a 60‐year‐old man with recurrent poly‐ and monomorphic ventricular tachycardia related to a recent myocardial infarction. Due to drug‐refractory ventricular tachycardia despite complete revascularization, he underwent catheter ablation. Afterwards, he was fitted with a wearable cardioverter defibrillator. Three months later, no ventricular tachycardia had been recorded and an electrophysiologic study failed to induce an episode. Thus, wearable cardioverter defibrillators are useful bridging devices pending a final decision to implant a cardioverter defibrillator.
Determination of Risk Factors for Recurrent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in a Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Population
Authors: Albertson Justin , McDanel Jennifer S. , Carnahan Ryan , Chrischilles Elizabeth , Perencevich Eli N. , Goto Michihiko , Jiang Lan , Alexander Bruce , Schweizer Marin L. 
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVETo identify important risk factors for recurrent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to assist clinicians in identifying high-risk patients for continued surveillance and follow-up.METHODSIn this retrospective cohort study, we examined patients with MRSA bacteremia at 122 Veterans Affairs medical facilities from January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2010. Recurrent MRSA bacteremia was identified by a positive blood culture result from 2 to 180 days after index hospitalization discharge. Subset analyses were performed to evaluate risk factors for early-onset (2–60 days after discharge) and late-onset (61–180 days after discharge) recurrence. Risk factors were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression.RESULTSOf 18,425 patients, 1,159 (6.3%) had recurrent MRSA bacteremia. The median time to recurrence was 63 days. Longer duration of index bacteremia, increased severity of illness, receipt of only vancomycin, community-acquired infection, and several comorbidities were risk factors for recurrence. Congestive heart failure, hypertension, and rheumatoid arthritis/collagen disease were risk factors for early-onset but not late-onset recurrence. Geographic region and cardiac arrhythmias were risk factors for late-onset but not early-onset recurrence.CONCLUSIONSRisk factors for recurrent MRSA bacteremia included comorbidities, severity of illness, duration of bacteremia, and receipt of only vancomycin. Awareness of risk factors may be important at patient discharge for implementation of quality improvement initiatives including surveillance, follow-up, and education for high-risk patients.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;00(0): 1–7
Maximizing the efficiency of a flexible propulsor using experimental optimization
Authors: Quinn Daniel B. , Lauder George V. , Smits Alexander J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractExperimental gradient-based optimization is used to maximize the propulsive efficiency of a heaving and pitching flexible panel. Optimum and near-optimum conditions are studied via direct force measurements and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The net thrust and power scale predictably with the frequency and amplitude of the leading edge, but the efficiency shows a complex multimodal response. Optimum pitch and heave motions are found to produce nearly twice the efficiencies of optimum heave-only motions. Efficiency is globally optimized when (i) the Strouhal number is within an optimal range that varies weakly with amplitude and boundary conditions; (ii) the panel is actuated at a resonant frequency of the fluid–panel system; (iii) heave amplitude is tuned such that trailing-edge amplitude is maximized while the flow along the body remains attached; and (iv) the maximum pitch angle and phase lag are chosen so that the effective angle of attack is minimized. The multi-dimensionality and multi-modality of the efficiency response demonstrate that experimental optimization is well-suited for the design of flexible underwater propulsors.
Numerical simulations of three-dimensional plunging breaking waves: generation and evolution of aerated vortex filaments
Authors: Lubin P. , Glockner S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe scope of this work is to present and discuss the results obtained from simulating three-dimensional plunging breaking waves by solving the Navier–Stokes equations, in air and water. Recent progress in computational capabilities has allowed us to run fine three-dimensional simulations, giving us the opportunity to study for the first time fine vortex filaments generated during the early stage of the wave breaking phenomenon. To date, no experimental observations have been made in laboratories, and these structures have only been visualised in rare documentary footage (e.g. BBC 2009 South Pacific. Available on YouTube, 7BOhDaJH0m4). These fine coherent structures are three-dimensional streamwise vortical tubes, like vortex filaments, connecting the splash-up and the main tube of air, elongated in the main flow direction. The first part of the paper is devoted to the presentation of the model and numerical methods. The air entrainment occurring when waves break is then carefully described. Thanks to the high resolution of the grid, these fine elongated structures are simulated and explained.
On the prevalence of linear versus nonlinear thinking in undergraduate business education: A lot of rhetoric, not enough evidence
Authors: Costigan Robert D. , Brink Kyle E. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to examine the undergraduate learning goals of business programs and determine if these goals are skewed in the directions posed by critics of undergraduate business education. The underlying theme of many critiques is that nonlinear-thinking processes are underrepresented in undergraduate business curricula, whereas linear-thinking processes are overrepresented. The learning goals of 208 Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International-accredited business programs were coded into two goal categories: linear thinking and nonlinear thinking. The results support the contention that nonlinear-thinking processes have a lesser presence in the typical undergraduate business program’s curriculum. These findings are consistent across research and teaching universities.
Vulnerability and power on networks
Authors: BOZZO ENRICO , FRANCESCHET MASSIMO , RINALDI FRANCA 
Published: February 2015

AbstractInspired by socio-political scenarios, like dictatorships, in which a minority of people exercise control over a majority of weakly interconnected individuals, we propose vulnerability and power measures defined on groups of actors of networks. We establish an unexpected connection between network vulnerability and graph regularizability. We use the Shapley value of coalition games to introduce fresh notions of vulnerability and power at node level defined in terms of the corresponding measures at group level. We investigate the computational complexity of computing the defined measures, both at group and node levels, and provide effective methods to quantify them. Finally we test vulnerability and power on both artificial and real networks.
An acute intake of plant stanol esters alters immune-related pathways in the jejunum of healthy volunteers
Authors: De Smet Els , Mensink Ronald P. , Boekschoten Mark V. , de Ridder Rogier , Germeraad Wilfred T. V. , Wolfs Tim G. A. M. , Plat Jogchum 
Published: February 2015

Plant sterols and stanols inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption and consequently lower serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. The underlying mechanisms are not yet known.In vitroand animal studies have suggested that changes in intestinal sterol metabolism are attributed to the LDL-C-lowering effects of plant stanol esters. However, similar studies in human subjects are lacking. Therefore, we examined the effects of an acute intake of plant stanol esters on gene expression profiles of the upper small intestine in healthy volunteers. In a double-blind cross-over design, fourteen healthy subjects (eight female and six male; age 21–55 years), with a BMI ranging from 21 to 29 kg/m2, received in random order a shake with or without plant stanol esters (4 g). At 5 h after consumption of the shake, biopsies were taken from the duodenum (around the papilla of Vater) and from the jejunum (20 cm distal from the papilla of Vater). Microarray analysis showed that the expression profiles of genes involved in sterol metabolism were not altered. Surprisingly, the pathways involved in T-cell functions were down-regulated in the jejunum. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis showed that the number of CD3 (cluster of differentiation number 3), CD4 (cluster of differentiation number 4) and Foxp3+(forkhead box P3-positive) cells was reduced in the plant stanol ester condition compared with the control condition, which is in line with the microarray data. The physiological and functional consequences of the plant stanol ester-induced reduction of intestinal T-cell-based immune activity in healthy subjects deserve further investigation.
Bioavailability of free lysine and protein-bound lysine from casein and fishmeal in juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima)
Authors: Kroeckel Saskia , Dietz Carsten , Schulz Carsten , Susenbeth Andreas 
Published: February 2015

In the present study, a linear regression analysis between lysine intake and lysine retention was conducted to investigate the efficiency of lysine utilisation (kLys) at marginal lysine intake of either protein-bound or free lysine sources in juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima). For this purpose, nine isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain 2·25–4·12 g lysine/100 g crude protein (CP) to ensure that lysine was the first-limiting amino acid in all diets. The basal diet contained 2·25 g lysine/100 g CP. Graded levels of casein (Cas), fishmeal (FM) and l-lysine HCl (Lys) were added to the experimental diets to achieve stepwise lysine increments. A total of 240 fish (initial weight 50·1 g) were hand-fed all the experimental diets once daily until apparent satiation over a period of 56 d. Feed intake was significantly affected by dietary lysine concentration rather than by dietary lysine source. Specific growth rate increased significantly at higher lysine concentrations (P< 0·001). CP, crude lipid and crude ash contents in the whole body were affected by the dietary treatments. The linear regression slope between lysine retention and lysine intake (kLys) was similar between all the dietary lysine sources. The kLys values for the diets supplemented with Cas, Lys or FM were 0·833, 0·857 and 0·684, respectively. The bioavailability of lysine from the respective lysine sources was determined by a slope-ratio approach. The bioavailability of lysine (relative to the reference lysine source Cas) from FM and Lys was 82·1 and 103 %, respectively. Nutrient requirement for maintenance was in the range of 16·7–23·4 mg/kg0·8 per d, and did not differ between the treatments. There were no significant differences in lysine utilisation efficiency or bioavailability of protein-bound or crystalline lysine from the respective sources observed when lysine was confirmed to be the first-limiting nutrient.
Salt influence on surface microorganisms and ripening of soft ewe cheese
Authors: Tabla Rafael , Gómez Antonia , Rebollo José E , Roa Isidro 
Published: February 2015

The effect of different brining treatments on salt uptake and diffusion during the first 30 d of ripening was determined in soft ewe cheese. Additionally, salt influence on surface microorganisms and physicochemical parameters was evaluated. Cheeses were placed into different brine solutions (14, 18 and 24°Bé) at 5 and 10 °C for 1, 2 or 3 h. Samples from rind, outer core and inner core were analysed at 0, 7, 15 and 30 d. Complete salt diffusion from rind to the inner core took about 15 d. The resulting salt gradient favoured the development of a pH gradient from the surface to the inner core. Salt concentration also had a significant effect on the growth of surface microorganisms (mesophiles, pseudomonads and halotolerants). However, mould and yeasts were not affected throughout ripening by the salt levels achieved. Brine salting by immersion for 3 h at 10 °C in 24°B brine was found to be the most suitable treatment to control pseudomonads in cheese rind, as spoilage microorganism.
Influence of milk somatic cell content on Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese yield
Authors: Summer Andrea , Franceschi Piero , Formaggioni Paolo , Malacarne Massimo 
Published: February 2015

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the somatic cell content (SCC) of milk on Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese yield, produced in commercial cheese factories under field conditions. The study was carried out following the production of 56 batches of Parmigiano-Reggiano in 13 commercial cheese factories by processing milk collected from Italian Friesian cattle herds. The vat-milk (V-milk) used for making each cheese batch was obtained by mixing evening milk (partially skimmed following spontaneous separation of fat overnight, natural creaming) and morning milk. The batches of cheese produced were divided into 5 classes according to the SCC value of the evening milk determined prior to natural creaming (class 1, from 0 to 200 000; 2, 201 000–300 000; 3, 301 000–400 000; 4, 401 000–500 000; 5, over 501 000 cells/ml). The cheese yield was calculated as the amount of 24-h cheese, expressed in kilograms, obtained from 100 kg of V-milk (24 h ACY). The values of fat, crude protein, true protein, casein and 24 h ACY of V-milk were negatively correlated with the somatic cell score (SCS) of the evening milk. Conversely, a positive correlation was observed between chloride and SCS. Fat, protein fractions (crude protein, casein and whey proteins), P and titratable acidity of V-milk were positively correlated with its 24 h ACY, while chloride, pH and SCS showed a negative correlation. A significant drop in 24 h ACY was observed in classes 3, 4 and 5, therefore when the SCC of the evening milk exceeded 300 000 cells/ml. Finally a lower recovery of milk fat in cheese was observed as SCC of evening milk increase.