bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Writing Funding Proposals for Speech-Language Staff Development Projects
Authors: Esterreicher Carol A. , Haws Ralph J. 
Published: August 2014

Speech-language pathologists providing services to handicapped children have pointed out that special education in-service programs in their public school environments frequently do not satisfy the need for updating specific diagnostic and therapy skills. It is the purpose of this article to alert speech-language pathologists to PL 94-142 regulations providing for personnel development, and to inform them of ways to seek state funding for projects to meet their specialized in-service needs.
Although a brief project summary is included, primarily the article outlines a procedure whereby the project manager (a speech-language pathologist) and the project director (an administrator in charge of special programs in a Utah school district) collaborated successfully to propose a staff development project which was funded.
Future Watch
Authors: Montgomery Judith K. , Herer Gilbert R. 
Published: August 2014

Past trends leading to the present can be studied systematically to determine where a society may be in the future. Such an assessment of social, technological, economic, environmental, and political trends also allows alternative futures to be considered and pursued. This article reviews major trends that have an impact on everyone in the United States and, specifically, relates this larger perspective to the practices of speech-language pathologists and audiologists in our schools.
Speech-language pathologists and audiologists are provided with trend information to help them understand the forces that soon will bear upon us, including social trends involving the elderly, baby boomers, women in the workforce, health care, and education; technology trends of genetic/molecular biology, computers, and virtual reality; economic trends of a global economy and an information-based society; and political trends of decentralization and modes of participation by people. From such an overview, many may wish to consider developing alternative futures to pursue within their practices.
A Clinical Screening Procedure for Assessing Consonant Cluster Production
Authors: Powell Thomas W. 
Published: August 2014

This paper describes a 64-item clinical screening task designed to assess the accuracy of children's consonant cluster productions. This procedure is designed to help speech-language pathologists develop intervention programs to improve children's production of clusters by facilitating the identification of error patterns. Once such patterns have been identified, individualized treatment programs designed to maximize generalization may be developed.
The task was administered to 100 4- and 5-year-old subjects to assess the technical adequacy of the procedure. Internal consistency reliability of the task was high, and the procedure was also shown to assess an appropriately diverse array of word-initial and word-final consonant clusters. Finally, the construct validity of the task was supported by factor analytic procedures.
The Speech-Language Pathologist
Authors: Carneol Susan Oliff , Marks Susan M. , Weik LuAnn 
Published: August 2014

Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCF) is a genetic condition involving palate abnormalities, cardiac anomalies, characteristic facies, and learning disabilities. This autosomal dominant malformation pattern is one of the most common syndromes associated with clefting (Shprintzen, Goldberg, Young, & Wolford, 1981), yet it can easily go undiagnosed. Velopharyngeal inadequacy is one of the key features. Because of the high incidence of speech, voice, and language disorders found in this population, the speech-language pathologist plays an integral role in the diagnosis of the syndrome and assists in management decisions related to medical and/or educational issues.The purposes of this paper are to: (a) inform the reader of the expanding phenotype of velocardiofacial syndrome, (b) inform the reader of the ramifications of an accurate and early diagnosis, and (c) highlight the role the speech-language pathologist plays in the diagnosis of this genetic syndrome. This will be accomplished with a review of current literature and a case study presentation of a family with VCF who was evaluated at the Masters Family Speech and Hearing Center and Cleft Palate Center at Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin.
Changes in Hearing Sensitivity Following Portable Stereo System Use
Authors: Pugsley Steven , Stuart Andrew , Kalinowski Joseph , Armson Joy 
Published: August 2014

Changes in hearing sensitivity following portable stereo system (PSS; Sony Walkman Model WM-AF605 with Sony Semiaural Headphones Model MDR-A21L) use were investigated. Test-retest differences (TRDs) in audiometric thresholds at eight frequencies (250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000, & 8000 Hz) were obtained from 15 young adults before and after one hour of PSS exposure at their preferred listening levels.
Values for the 95% confidence levels representing critical differences in test-retest auditory thresholds for the eight test frequencies were generated from a control group of 15 young adults. Experimental subjects' TRDs, when compared to the critical TRDs, failed to display a decrease in hearing sensitivity after one hour of PSS use. It is suggested that PSS use at preferred listening levels, following an exposure time of one hour, may not contribute to a significant impairment in hearing sensitivity.
Cephalometric and Cineradiographic Study of Deviant Resonance in Hearing-Impaired Speakers
Authors: Subtelny Joanne , Li Walter , Whitehead Robert , Subtelny J. Daniel 
Published: August 2014

To study the physiological basis for deviant resonance in hearing-impaired speakers, cephalometric roentgenography and cineradiography were applied to analyze oral/pharyngeal relationships during vowels produced in isolation and within a sentence context. The films, synchronized with sound recording, were traced and measured for 10 normal hearing and 4 hearing-impaired women with deviant resonance. Vocal tract conformations and dimensions were defined by measures of the lips, tongue, mandible, velum, hyoid bone, epiglottis, and laryngeal sinus. Means, standard deviations, and analyses of variance were applied to facilitate descriptions and comparisons between the groups.
The hearing-impaired speakers had near normal lip openings for/i/and/u/but more open positions for//. The tongue tended to retract for the front vowel and front for the back vowel/u/. For high vowels, most of the hearing-impaired speakers had an elevated hyoid, an unusually large vertical dimension between hyoid and laryngeal sinus, and a retracted tongue root, which was associated with a marked retraction or deflection of the epiglottis toward the pharyngeal wall.
The cine analysis of the normal hearing speakers showed rather well defined and consistent shifts in tongue position for the front vowels produced in the sentence context. The hearing-impaired speakers with deviant resonance showed greater variation among speakers in tongue body position and a significant retrusion of the dorsum of the tongue at a site significantly lower than observed in hearing speakers. The consistent tongue root retraction during static as well as dynamic speech production is interpreted as support for Boone's hypothesized cause of pharyngeal resonance in speech of the hearing impaired.
The Interplay of Communication Device Output Mode and Interaction Style between Nonspeaking Persons and their Speaking Partners
Authors: Higginbotham D. Jeffery 
Published: August 2014

This study sought to determine how augmentative communication device output modes differentially affected various aspects of interactions between nonspeaking persons (NSPs) and their speaking partners (SPs). It was hypothesized that when an electronic output display (EOD) was added to a communication board, the semipermanent display of information would lessen the dyad's need to adopt specialized turn and message formulation conventions, permitting the NSP to construct more complex messages with fewer communication breakdowns. A series of 10 interactional teaching tasks were recorded for two adult male nonhandicapped dyads performing under the two output conditions (±EOD). Interaction transcripts were analyzed with regard to quantitative differences within and between dyads with respect to turn taking, message formulation, propositional content, and several types of insertion sequences (guessing, confirmation queries, message reformulations).
With the exception of message reformulation, changes due to output mode were nonexistent or inconsistent for the variables measured within and across dyads. The addition of the EOD significantly lowered the rate of message reformulation and the total number of reformulation-related turns. Results are discussed with regard to research and clinical implications for augmentative communication.
Speech Analyses of Four Children with Repaired Cleft Palates
Authors: Powers Gene R. , Dunn Carla , Erickson Cathy B. 
Published: August 2014

Four males with surgically repaired cleft palates, between 3 years 2 months and 3 years 11 months of age, served as subjects. Speech samples were collected and subjected to a number of analyses, including phonetic inventories and analysis of phonological processes. Frequency counts of error types, including gross or compensatory substitutions, were also tallied.
The results revealed that the subjects were similar to one another with respect to their phonetic inventories. They differed considerably, however, in the frequency and types of phonological processes used. Those differences may be attributed to variations in language skills. The data strongly suggest that not all of the articulatory problems among the children can be explained solely on the basis of present or past structural deficits.
Loci of Disfluencies in the Speech of Nonstutterers During Oral Reading
Authors: Silverman Franklin H. , Williams Dean E. 
Published: August 2014

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether “disfluencies” in the speech of nonstutterers occur most frequently on words possessing the four linguistic attributes which Brown (1945) reported were related to the occurrence of “stutterings” in the speech of his stutterers. A group of 24 male nonstutterers, ranging in age from 18 to 34 years, read the same 1000-word passage used by Brown. All words judged to have been spoken disfluently, a total of 226, were analyzed for the presence of Brown’s four word characteristics, i.e., initial phoneme, grammatical function, sentence position, and word length.
Disfluencies were not randomly distributed in the speech of these nonstutterers. Disfluencies occurred most frequently on words possessing the same attributes (except sentence position) as the words on which Brown reported his stutterers stuttered. The findings of this study demonstrate the essential similarity of the loci of the normal speaker’s disfluencies and the stutterer’s “stutterings.”
Event-Related Brain Potentials Preceding Speech and Nonspeech Oral Movements of Varying Complexity
Authors: Wohlert Amy B. 
Published: August 2014

Cortical preparation for movement is reflected in the readiness potential (RP) waveform preceding voluntary limb movements. In the case of oral movements, the RP may be affected by the complexity or linguistic nature of the tasks. In this experiment, EEG potentials before a nonspeech task (lip pursing), a speech-like task (lip rounding), and single word production were recorded from scalp electrodes placed at the cranial vertex (Cz) and over the left and right motor strips (C3′ and C4′). Seven right-handed female subjects produced at least 70 repetitions of the three tasks, in each of five repeated sessions. EEG records were averaged with respect to EMG onset at the lip.
The word task, as opposed to the other tasks, was associated with greater negative amplitude in the RP waveform at the vertex site. Differences between the waveforms recorded at the rightand left-hemisphere sites were insignificant. Although intersubject variability was high, individuals had relatively stable patterns of response across sessions. Results suggest that the RP recorded at the vertex site is sensitive to changes in task complexity. The RP did not reflect lateralized activity indicative of hemispheric dominance.
Estimation of Client-Assessed Hearing Aid Performance Based Upon Unaided Variables
Authors: Crowley Hilary J. , Nabelek Igor V. 
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of estimating client-assessed hearing aid performance before hearing aids are purchased. Aided performance was represented by the Profile of Hearing Aid Performance (PHAP, Cox & Gilmore, 1990). Multiple regression was applied to 16 unaided predictor variables and to 8 response variables. The response variables were the scores from the seven PHAP subscales plus the overall PHAP score, which were obtained from 46 participants. Audiologic, demographic, and psychological information was included among the 16 predictor variables.
The average widths of 95% prediction intervals showed that, with the exception of the Aversiveness of Sounds and Ease of Communication subscales, PHAP subscale scores were predicted within 15% on average. Eighty percent or more of the individual participants’ PHAP scores were predicted within 15% for all but the Aversiveness of Sounds subscale. The predictor variables appearing in regression equations for the greatest number of PHAP subscales include age, Communication Strategies and Personal Adjustment scores from the Communication Profile for the Hearing Impaired (Demorest & Erdman, 1986), Revised Speech Perception in Noise (Bilger, Neutzel, Rabinowitz, & Rzeczkowski, 1984; Kalikow, Stevens, & Elliott, 1977) test scores, comfortable loudness levels, and the difference between National Acoustic Laboratories’ target gain (Byrne & Dillon, 1986) and actual insertion gain.
Further testing of the models on additional participants would be needed to determine their clinical applicability. In addition to being potentially useful for predicting client-assessed aided performance, the equations obtained in this study identify relationships between the aided and unaided variables that can be applied in the counseling of new hearing aid users.
Developmental Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Shriberg Lawrence D. , Aram Dorothy M. , Kwiatkowski Joan 
Published: August 2014

Two prior studies in this series (Shriberg, Aram, & Kwiatkowski, 1997a, 1997b) address the premise that children with developmental apraxia of speech (DAS) can be differentiated from children with speech delay (SD) on the basis of one or more reliable differences in their speech. The first study compared segmental and prosody-voice profiles of a group of 14 children with suspected DAS to profiles of 73 children with SD. Results suggest that the only linguistic domain that differentiates some children with suspected DAS from those with SD is inappropriate stress. The second study cross-validated these findings, using retrospective data from a sample of 20 children with suspected DAS evaluated in a university phonology clinic over a 10-year period.The present study is of particular interest because it cross-validates the prior stress findings, using conversational speech samples from 19 children with suspected DAS provided by five DAS researchers at geographically diverse diagnostic facilities in North America. Summed across the three studies, 52% of 48 eligible samples from 53 children with suspected DAS had inappropriate stress, compared to 10% of 71 eligible samples from 73 age-matched children with speech delay of unknown origin.Discussion first focuses on the implications of stress findings for theories of the origin and nature of DAS. Perspectives in psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and developmental biolinguistics lead to five working hypotheses pending validation in ongoing studies: (a) inappropriate stress is a diagnostic marker for at least one subtype of DAS, (b) the psycholinguistic loci of inappropriate stress in this subtype of DAS are in phonological representational processes, (c) the proximal origin of this subtype of DAS is a neurogenically specific deficit, (d) the distal origin of this form of DAS is an inherited genetic polymorphism, and (e) significant differences between acquired apraxia of speech in adults and findings for this subtype of DAS call into question the inference that it is an apractic, motor speech disorder. Concluding discussion considers implications of these findings for research in DAS and for clinical practice.
Metabolic costs and evolutionary implications of human brain development
Authors: Kuzawa Christopher W. , Chugani Harry T. , Grossman Lawrence I. , Lipovich Leonard , Muzik Otto , Hof Patrick R. , Wildman Derek E. , Sherwood Chet C. , Leonard William R. , Lange Nicholas 
Published: August 2014

SignificanceThe metabolic costs of brain development are thought to explain the evolution of humans’ exceptionally slow and protracted childhood growth; however, the costs of the human brain during development are unknown. We used existing PET and MRI data to calculate brain glucose use from birth to adulthood. We find that the brain’s metabolic requirements peak in childhood, when it uses glucose at a rate equivalent to 66% of the body’s resting metabolism and 43% of the body’s daily energy requirement, and that brain glucose demand relates inversely to body growth from infancy to puberty. Our findings support the hypothesis that the unusually high costs of human brain development require a compensatory slowing of childhood body growth.
Linking knowledge and action through mental models of sustainable agriculture
Authors: Hoffman Matthew , Lubell Mark , Hillis Vicken 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Sustainability is notoriously difficult to define and put into practice in the context of agricultural and other social-ecological systems. A crucial task within this debate is to analyze how practitioners understand the idea of sustainability. Using California winegrape growers as an example, this paper uses network science to describe the structure of farmer mental models of sustainable agriculture and link those models to behavioral aspects of sustainable agriculture. California growers have hierarchically organized mental models with more abstract goals in the center and more concrete strategies in the periphery. The concept of sustainability is a viable approach for linking knowledge to action; there are strong positive correlations between the sophistication of an individual’s beliefs about sustainability, participation in local outreach programs, and adoption of sustainable practices.
Nonlytic viral spread enhanced by autophagy components
Authors: Bird Sara Whitney , Maynard Nathaniel D. , Covert Markus W. , Kirkegaard Karla 
Published: August 2014

Significance
The cell-to-cell spread of viruses that are not surrounded by membranes was thought to occur only by destruction of the infected cell, as no obvious path for a cytoplasmic particle to penetrate the plasma membrane exists. Nonetheless, it is known that spread within tissues in human infections is not always accompanied by obvious cell death. Here we use quantitative single-cell analysis to show that poliovirus can spread to a neighboring cell prior to bursting and killing the originally infected cell. This type of spread is dependent on components of the autophagy pathway, a recycling pathway that is found in all eukaryotes. This finding identifies targets to block the spread of viruses and other toxic cytoplasmic assemblages.
Ionic liquids as a class of materials for transdermal delivery and pathogen neutralization
Authors: Zakrewsky Michael , Lovejoy Katherine S. , Kern Theresa L. , Miller Tarryn E. , Le Vivian , Nagy Amber , Goumas Andrew M. , Iyer Rashi S. , Del Sesto Rico E. , Koppisch Andrew T. , Fox David T. , Mitragotri Samir 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Effective treatment of skin-based bacterial biofilms has been identified as a serious and unmet medical need. Biofilm-protected bacteria account for ∼80% of bacterial infections in humans and are 50–1,000 times more resistant to antibiotics than their planktonic counterparts. Biofilms in skin are further protected by the outermost layer of skin, the stratum corneum, which serves as a natural barrier to most therapeutics. Here, we present compelling evidence for exploiting ionic liquids (ILs) as an arsenal of materials both in a concerted effort to combat antibiotic-resistant bacterial biofilms in skin as well as for topical transdermal drug delivery. Our comprehensive strategy resulted in the identification of ILs that are effective at disrupting biofilms, neutralizing pathogens, and enhancing delivery of antibiotic into skin. Moreover, ILs did not show skin irritation that is typically associated with topical formulations.
Age of Barrier Canyon-style rock art constrained by cross-cutting relations and luminescence dating techniques
Authors: Pederson Joel L. , Chapot Melissa S. , Simms Steven R. , Sohbati Reza , Rittenour Tammy M. , Murray Andrew S. , Cox Gary 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Key physical relations between the famous Great Gallery rock art panel in Utah, stream deposits, and a rockfall that removed some art, allow us to disprove all but a late Archaic hypothesis for the age of this type section of the Barrier Canyon style. Use of a new luminescence profile technique on the same rockfall furthermore outlines a window of time A.D. ∼1 to 1100 when the figures could have been painted, generally more recent than expected. Our study illustrates novel and widely applicable approaches for dating rock art that do not require destructive sampling, and results suggest that Barrier Canyon rock art persisted across the transition from the late Archaic into the agrarian Fremont culture in the American Southwest.
Unfolded protein response activation reduces secretion and extracellular aggregation of amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chain
Authors: Cooley Christina B. , Ryno Lisa M. , Plate Lars , Morgan Gareth J. , Hulleman John D. , Kelly Jeffery W. , Wiseman R. Luke 
Published: August 2014

SignificanceLight-chain amyloidosis (AL) is a devastating human disease involving the clonal expansion of a plasma cell and the secretion of destabilized, amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chains (LCs). Secreted amyloidogenic LCs aggregate extracellularly, leading to proteotoxicity on distal tissues. Available therapeutic strategies to treat AL specifically target the cancerous plasma cell population. While this approach is effective in ∼70% of patients, patients who present with substantial LC-related organ proteotoxicity are generally too sick to tolerate standard chemotherapeutics. Here, we show that stress-independent activation of unfolded protein response-associated transcription factors selectively reduces secretion of amyloidogenic LCs and decreases extracellular soluble LC aggregates associated with proteotoxicity in AL. These results identify a promising therapeutic strategy to treat AL patients unserved by current treatments.