bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Introduction to Executive Protection
Authors: Uzych L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Author Dale June is a former Secret Service agent. In his instructive book, Introduction to Executive Protection, he assiduously mines rich lodes of knowledge and practical insights about “executive protection,” or close personal security, drawing upon his extensive, firsthand knowledge of the business. The core purpose of the book is to provide a beginning beyond “policing” for the neophyte executive protection specialist. The book, additionally, is intended to serve as a refresher for veteran executive protection specialists. More generally, all persons who potentially may need the professional services of an executive protection specialist may be informed and enlightened by the book.
Application of DNA Fingerprinting to Enforcement of Hunting Regulations in Ontario
Authors: Guglich EA , Wilson PJ , White BN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
DNA fingerprinting has been used in investigations of 40 cases of infractions of hunting regulations involving white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and moose (Alces alces) in Ontario. In most of these cases, individual-specific DNA fingerprints obtained with the Jeffrey's 33.15 multilocus probe were used to link the animal remains found at the illegal kill site to blood and tissue samples of the dead animal associated with a suspect. DNA fingerprints from 27 white-tailed deer and 19 moose were obtained in order to establish the level of band-sharing in DNA fingerprints among unrelated individuals in each species. We also determined the levels of band-sharing among animals from the same region and calculated the probability of two individuals sharing the same DNA fingerprint. Details are presented from cases in which the evidence was presented and accepted by Ontario courts.
Extraction, Evaluation, and Amplification of DNA from Decalcified and Undecalcified United States Civil War Bone
Authors: Fisher DL , Holland MM , Mitchell L , Sledzik PS , Wilcox AW , Wadhams M , Weedn VW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from documented skeletal specimens of U.S. Civil War soldiers to determine the need for decalcification prior to extraction. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to determine if the calcification state had an effect on the ability to amplify the extracts and to determine how successful amplification would be with these aged specimens. Bone samples were pulverized to a fine powder and divided into two sets. One set of samples was decalcified and the other set left undecalcified. Both sets were extracted using an organic procedure. The results demonstrate that decalcification is not a necessary step in the extraction process and that the yield of DNA is generally two times greater when decalcification is omitted. Furthermore, the calcification state had no effect on the ability to perform the PCR. Although the extracted DNA was very degraded, a 410 base pair (bp) segment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region was amplified. These results suggest that DNA can be extracted and amplified from 125 year old bone without decalcification, which may assist in the identity of modern and historic forensic specimens.
Multiple Analysis of Fire Debris Samples Using Passive Headspace Concentration
Authors: Waters LV , Palmer LA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recent advances in the field of fire debris analysis have resulted in the development of the passive headspace concentration method for the separation of flammable and combustible liquid residues from debris. Not only is this method applicable to most sample matrices, but because it is essentially nondestructive, multiple passive separations can be performed on a given sample yielding the same results.
Preliminary Observations of the Effects of Amitriptyline in Decomposing Tissues on the Development of Parasarcophaga ruficornis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and Implications of This Effect to Estimation of Postmortem Interval
Authors: Goff ML , Brown WA , Omori AI , LaPointe DA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Larvae of Parasarcophaga ruficornis (Fabricius) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) were reared on tissues from rabbits administered different dosages of amitriptyline to study the effects of this drug on the development of this insect species. The rabbits were given 300, 600, and 1000 mg of amitriptyline via ear vein infusion. No significant differences in rates of larval growth were observed among the colonies. Durations of the larval stage were significantly longer for larvae fed on tissues from rabbits receiving amitriptyline. Larval mortality was observed to be 5.5% for the control colony, but ranged from 40.5 to 57.5% for the test colonies. Durations of the puparial stage were significantly longer for the colonies fed on tissues from the rabbits receiving the 600 and 1000 mg dosages of amitriptyline than for the control and colony fed on tissues from the rabbit receiving the 300 mg dosage. Observed differences in the durations of the larval and pupal stages from the test colonies were sufficient to alter a postmortem interval estimate by up to 77 h, if based on normal developmental patterns for this species at 26°C. Presence of amitriptyline and nortriptyline could be detected in larvae from all colonies fed on tissues from the rabbits receiving amitriptyline using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Forgery I—Simulation
Authors: Leung SC , Cheng YS , Fung HT , Poon NL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A total of 189 volunteers were asked to simulate 21 isolated handwriting symbols consisting of single strokes, geometric figures, printed English alphabet letters, simple Chinese characters, and a plain signature, each of which contained one or two designated target features. The study shows that the simulators concentrate on the more eye-catching characteristics, neglecting the inconspicuous—and very often fundamental and therefore more useful—diagnostic features of handwriting. The experiment confirms the empirical information contained in authoritative texts of handwriting examination.
Spectroscopy of Rare Earth-Ruhemann's Purple Complexes
Authors: Ismail Mekkaoui A , Roland Menzel E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The complexes Ruhemann's Purples form with europium or terbium salts are suitable for fingerprint development on strongly fluorescent surfaces because they show enhancement of the lanthanide luminescence via intramolecular energy transfer and because the lifetime of the luminescence is much longer than that of the usual background fluorescence. They are therefore suitable for time-resolved luminescence imaging. The complexes are useful for fingerprint staining on smooth surfaces, since they are readily prepared in solution, as well as for fingerprint detection on porous surfaces, such as paper, where the procedure is similar to the by now routine ninhydrin/zinc chloride treatment, except that the nitrate or acetate are used in many instances, instead of the chloride, in the rare earth case, depending on paper type.
Death Investigation in the United States, 1990: A Survey of Statutes, Systems, and Educational Requirements
Authors: Hanzlick R , Combs D , Parrish RG , Ing RT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We conducted a survey to summarize the status of medicolegal death investigation in the United States in terms of system type, language in state statutes, and terms of service and educational requirements for coroners and medical examiners (death investigators). Certain types of deaths are often mentioned in statutes while others are inconsistently investigated in the various states. The majority of the U.S. population is served by death investigation that is organized on a local or district level, but often administered by a nonmedical branch of government. Many more jurisdictions have elected coroners than appointed medical examiners, but the majority of the population is served by a medical examiner. One-fourth of the population is served by death investigators who are not required to have a medical background or training or experience in death investigation. We recommend that all States adopt policies and minimum educational and training requirements for their death investigators that emphasize medical investigation of death, ongoing continuity and experience, and medically oriented administration. We also recommend that each state address in their statutes certain types of deaths that are inconsistently investigated, including fetal deaths, anesthetic and intra-operative deaths, peri-therapeutic or peri-diagnostic deaths, requested cremations, deaths of institutionalized individuals, suspected cases of sudden infant death syndrome, and deaths occurring shortly after arrival or admission to hospitals.
Confirmation of Human Identification Using Computerized Tomography (CT)
Authors: Haglund WD , Fligner CL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Computerized tomography (CT) was used to assist in confirming a human identification. The potential utility of comparing lateral scout views and lateral skull X-rays for identification purposes is proposed. Antemortem CT scans with scout views of the human skull are useful for comparison with postmortem radiographs and should be considered as a potential modality for establishing definitive identification when antemortem radiographs are not available.
Evaluation of Fatal Dog Bites: The View of the Medical Examiner and Animal Behaviorist
Authors: Lauridson JR , Myers L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The multidisciplinary evaluation of fatal dog bites in the context of a case is discussed. This approach emphasizes detailed examination of the animals including matching of bite marks, autopsy, and canine behavioral analysis. It further provides details such as contributory medical conditions, past animal behavior and physical evidence linking the dogs to the attack. Such information is important in the legal proceedings that usually accompany these events.
Sudden Death Due to Ruptured Hydatid Cyst of the Liver
Authors: Kök AN , Yurtman T , Aydin NE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The cyst stage of Echinococcus granulosus is commonly located in the liver, which frequently results in a long symptomless period. We present a sudden death due to a freshly hemorrhagic hydatid cyst following blunt trauma to the liver in a 19-year-old boy. The possible mechanism was thought to be an anaphylactoid reaction to the leakage of the cyst fluid.
Blows to the Maternal Abdomen Causing Fetál Demise: Report of Three Cases and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Ribe JK , Teggatz JR , Harvey CM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Traumatic abruption results in 6% of third-trimester gravidas who are hit or kicked in the abdomen during assaults. Three cases are presented in which blows inflicted to the abdomen of pregnant women in their third trimester resulted in the death of the fetus due to abruptio placentae. Two cases were domestic altercations while one was a third-party criminal assault. In all cases the gravida herself escaped significant intra-abdominal injury, and external abdominal findings were minimal. The clinical signs were a history of loss of fetal movements shortly after the assault and loss of fetal heart tones within hours after the assault. One patient had vaginal bleeding; one had uterine contractions. In the cases of domestic abuse, both women initially gave false histories of how the injury occurred.
Simultaneous Analysis of Codeine, Morphine, and Heroin After B-Glucuronidase Hydrolysis
Authors: Zezulak M , Snyder JJ , Needleman SB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Analysis of the opiates, morphine and codeine, often proceeds by way of acid hydrolysis for release of the parent morphine from its glucuronide formed during metabolism. Following use, heroin is rapidly deacetylated to 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), which can be detected in the urine for a short time following injection of heroin. Only a small amount of 6-MAM may be further metabolized to morphine glucuronide. Thus, in general, the urine specimen has not been hydrolyzed prior to analysis for heroin, using a separate procedure from morphine and codeine.
Simultaneous analysis of morphine, codeine, 6-MAM and heroin would be complicated by loss of identity between morphine and heroin when heroin converts to morphine following acid hydrolysis for removal of the glucuronide moiety from morphine glucuronide. Another significant problem in simultaneous analysis is the relative disparity in concentration between morphine/codeine and 6-MAM/heroin (which might be present in the urine specimen).
In the proposed method of analysis, free morphine resulting from B-glucuronidase rather than acid hydrolysis of morphine glucuronide is derivatized with propionic anhydride to form dipropionylmorphine. Heroin that does not react with B-glucuronidase remains unhydrolyzed as the diacetylmorphine derivative. Some of the more exacting steps for the acid procedure are eliminated altogether making overall costs for the enzyme procedure comparable to those of the acid hydrolysis method. The enzyme reaction mixture is purified through a solid phase column system.
The optimal conditions for concentration of enzyme, temperature of hydrolysis and pH are individually characterized for B-glucuronidase hydrolysis and the ions which identify the propionyl derivatives are characterized for the simultaneous analysis of morphine, codeine, 6-MAM and heroin.
The Application of Capillary Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detection in the Comparative Analyses of Illicit Cocaine Samples
Authors: Moore JM , Cooper DA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The gas chromatographic detection of manufacturing impurities in illicit cocaine can be enhanced by chemical derivatization and the use of an electron-capture detector. After derivatization of illicit cocaine hydrochloride samples with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, the isolated heptafluorobutyryl derivatives of the cocaine impurities were subjected to capillary gas chromatography-electron capture detection analysis. The on-column detection of cocaine impurities at low picogram levels was possible for compounds such as N-norcocaine and other N-demethylated impurities, amidic by-products, including N-benzoylnorecgonine methyl ester and tertiary amines possessing hydroxy functions. The latter compounds include the so-called hydroxycocaine impurities, believed to be new coca leaf alkaloids. This methodology is especially suited for sample comparison analyses.
The Iceman Murder: One of a Series of Contract Murders
Authors: Zugibe FT , Costello JT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A body with a gunshot wound to the head was discovered in a wooded area in mid September 1983 wrapped with about 20 consecutive layers of plastic garbage bags and rope. Examination of the body revealed a bullet hole in the occipital-parietal region and a peculiar decomposition of the body. Following a forensic reconstruction of our autopsy findings, microscopic studies and other ancillary factors, we concluded that the body had been frozen for about 2 and one-quarter years prior to its being dumped along a mountain road here in Rockland County. The means by which we concluded that the victim had been frozen for about 2 and one-quarter years and other important aspects of this case are fully discussed.
Gunshot Fatalities in Stockholm, Sweden with Special Reference to the Use of Illegal Weapons
Authors: Karlsson T , Isaksson B , Ormstad K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
During the years 1980–1992 the Swedish legislation regarding possession and use of firearms has remained fairly unchanged. Simultaneously the reported incidence of both stolen firearms and confiscation of illegally possessed handguns has increased significantly. In order to determine the impact of this trend on gunshot mortality, all victims of firearm fatalities subjected to medicolegal autopsy in the Stockholm area 1980–81 and 1990–91 were studied.
The overall two-year rate increased from 50 to 65, homicides and suicides contributing seven new cases each; accidents and “not determined” comprising only 0 to 2 cases in each period. Suicides were four times as common as homicides in the former period; ca. three times as common in the latter. Thus, a 70% increase in homicidal shooting has occurred (from 10 to 17), and the fatal use of illegal firearms increased from 50% to 93%.
As expected, there was a definite male dominance (96%) among perpetrators as well as among victims (85%). Concerning suicides, the rate in the latter period was 18% above that in the former; illegal guns were used in 30% in 1990–91 as compared to 20% 1980–81.
The pattern of wounding in suicides was similar to that reported in earlier studies; confirming that entrance wounds in the back, extremities and lower abdomen are indicative of homicide. Thus, common sense knowledge of firearm fatalities are confirmed:
• More widespread access to illegal weapons conveys a higher rate of gunshot fatalities.
• The perpetrator is likely to be male.
• Suicidal shots are usually aimed at the head (mouth, temple, forehead) or precordium.
• Most gunshot suicides are committed by means of legally possessed firearms.
Fatal Excited Delirium Following Cocaine Use: Epidemiologic Findings Provide New Evidence for Mechanisms of Cocaine Toxicity
Authors: Ruttenber AJ , Lawler-Heavner J , Yin M , Wetli CV , Hearn WL , Mash DC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We describe an outbreak of deaths from cocaine-induced excited delirium (EDDs) in Dade County, Florida between 1979 and 1990. From a registry of all cocaine-related deaths in Dade County, Florida, from 1969–1990, 58 EDDs were compared with 125 victims of accidental cocaine overdose without excited delirium. Compared with controls, EDDs were more frequently black, male, and younger. They were less likely to have a low body mass index, and more likely to have died in police custody, to have received medical treatment immediately before death, to have survived for a longer period, to have developed hyperthermia, and to have died in summer months. EDDs had concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in autopsy blood that were similar to those for controls. The epidemiologic findings are most consistent with the hypothesis that chronic cocaine use disrupts dopaminergic function and, when coupled with recent cocaine use, may precipitate agitation, delirium, aberrant thermoregulation, rhabdomyolysis, and sudden death.
Possible Markers for Postmortem Drug Redistribution
Authors: Langford AM , Pounder DJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The possibility that postmortem biochemical changes in blood might parallel drug redistribution and thus serve as markers was explored in a detailed case study. Eighteen blood and 14 tissue and fluid samples were taken at autopsy 16 h after the death of a 34-year-old female from amitriptyline overdose. Ranges of drug concentrations in blood were amitriptyline 1.8 to 20.2 μg/mL, nortriptyline 0.6 to 7.3 μg/mL, levels were lowest in femoral vein and highest in pulmonary vein blood. Corresponding levels of 17 amino acids showed markedly different patterns of site-to-site variability. There was a strong positive correlation between individual amino acid and drug concentrations in pulmonary blood samples (n = 5), particularly for glycine, leucine, methionine, serine, and valine. In blood samples from the great veins and right heart (n = 10), the correlation was less strong (r = 0.6 to 0.7). Methionine showed a strong positive correlation in pulmonary samples (r = 0.93), and negative correlation in great veing samples (r = −0.68). Lactic acid showed a strong negative correlation in pulmonary samples (r = −0.93) but a positive correlation in great vein samples (r = 0.71). Alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase, glucose, and bilirubin had a weak positive correlation with drug levels in great vein samples but not pulmonary samples. The results suggest that hepatic enzymes are relatively poor markers for postmortem hepatic drug shifts but that amino acids, particularly methionine, may be useful markers for pulmonary drug shifts.
Contribution of Microscopic Plant Anatomy to Postmortem Bone Dating
Authors: Quatrehomme G , Lacoste A , Bailet P , Grévin G , Ollier A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors describe a microscopical method of studying plant anatomy for estimating the age of vegetal organs which can help to date bones. This procedure was not based on counting the number of annual rings, as usually, but on demonstrating a completely primary structure without development of secondary formations; this material was considered as a part of a young root system whose development would correspond to about one year. The usefulness and limits of this procedure are discussed.
Sexual Determination of the Femur Using Discriminant Functions. Analysis of a Spanish Population of Known Sex and Age
Authors: Trancho GJ , Robledo B , López-Bueis I , Sánchez JA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Until present, functions for sexual discrimination of a Spanish population from series of known sex and age were not available. In this work, we present a sample of 132 femora (72 females and 60 males) belonging to a Spanish population of adult individuals of known filiation deposited in the Complutense University of Madrid. The ten mathematical functions which yield a higher sexual discrimination in each part of the femur, were selected. The resulting percentages of correspondence varied between 84 and 97% when each variable was considered independently, and a 99% is obtained with two variables of the epiphyses combined.
Interpreting DNA Mixtures
Authors: Weir BS , Triggs CM , Starling L , Stowell LI , Walsh KAJ , Buckleton J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The interpretation of mixed DNA stains is explained in the context of likelihood ratios. The probabilities for the mixed-stain profile are evaluated under alternative explanations that specify the numbers of contributors and the profiles of any known contributors. Interpretations based simply on the frequencies with which random members of a population would not be excluded from a mixed-stain profile do not make use of all the information, and may overstate the strength of the evidence against included people. The effects of the numbers of contributors depends on whether all the alleles at a locus are present in the mixed stain. A general equation is given to allow likelihood ratios to be calculated, and includes the “2p” modification suggested by the 1996 NRC report. This modification is not always conservative. A computer program to perform calculations is available.
Using a Graphical Method to Assist the Evaluation of Complicated Patterns of Evidence
Authors: Philip Dawid A , Evett IW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The forensic scientist often faces the task of interpreting patterns of evidence which involve many variables. Combining different items of evidence within a complex framework of circumstances requires logical powers of reasoning and this can be assisted by formal methods. We discuss one such method which, as has already been pointed out by Aitken and Gammerman (1), offers considerable potential for creating probabilistic expert systems to assist in evidence interpretation. In particular, we show how the method, which is based on a directed acyclic graph, enables dependencies between different aspects of the evidence to be considered. The discussion is based on an imaginary case example.
Comparison of the Eluting Efficiency of Carbon Disulfide with Diethyl Ether: The Case for Laboratory Safety
Authors: Lentini JJ , Armstrong AT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Carbon disulfide is the solvent of choice for eluting adsorption packages prior to analysis by GC/FID. In laboratories which utilize mass selective detectors instead of flame ionization detectors, diethyl ether, a much friendlier solvent, can be used in place of the CS2. No loss of sensitivity occurs, and there is a salutary impact on bench workers' health as well as on the aroma of the fire debris laboratory.