bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing instead of assuming the importance of land use change scenarios to model species distributions under climate change
Authors: Martin Youri , Van Dyck Hans , Dendoncker Nicolas , Titeux Nicolas 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimSpecies distribution models often assume a changing climate (dynamic climate variables) but unchanged land use (static land use variables) to estimate future species distribution shifts. However, scenarios of projected land use change are available to calculate dynamic land use variables. Surprisingly, the importance of using dynamic instead of static land use variables when projecting potential future species distributions under climate change remains largely unexplored. We tested whether the joint inclusion of land use and climate change scenarios altered the projection of future species distribution compared with the classical approach assuming unchanged land use.Location EuropeMethodsWe used land use and climate change scenarios to estimate the future distribution of a butterfly species (Lycaena dispar) according to different perspectives of projected environmental change: (1) land use change (dynamic land use and static climate variables), (2) climate change (static land use and dynamic climate variables) and (3) global change (dynamic land use and climate variables). As the importance of land use variables is known to depend on the spatial resolution of the models, we built them across a range of resolutions (50 km, 10 km and 5 km) to examine the resolution‐dependent relevance of using dynamic instead of static variables.ResultsFor each resolution, the projected distribution changes were unaltered when using dynamic instead of static land use variables in the models. It was mainly due to the low thematic resolution of the land use change scenarios that include only few dynamic variables.Main conclusions Even at fine spatial resolution (5 km), the available land use change scenarios poorly represent habitat suitability for the species. Hence, they may be of limited support to estimate future species distributions. Instead of supporting the assumption of unchanged future land use, our results plea for an improvement of the thematic resolution of land use change scenarios.
The current decline of tropical marsupials inAustralia: is history repeating?
Authors: Fisher Diana O. , Johnson Chris N. , Lawes Michael J. , Fritz Susanne A. , McCallum Hamish , Blomberg Simon P. , VanDerWal Jeremy , Abbott Brett , Frank Anke , Legge Sarah , Letnic Mike , Thomas Colette R. , Fisher Alaric , Gordon Iain J. , Kutt Alex 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimA third of all modern (after 1500) mammal extinctions (24/77) are Australian species. These extinctions have been restricted to southernAustralia, predominantly in species of ‘critical weight range’ (35–5500 g) in drier climate zones. Introduced red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) that prey on species in this range are often blamed. A new wave of declines is now affecting a globally significant proportion of marsupial species (19 species) in the fox‐free northern tropics. We aim to test plausible causes of recent declines in range and determine if mechanisms differ between current tropical declines and past declines, which were in southern (non‐tropical) regions.LocationAustralian continentMethodsWe used multiple regression and random forest models to analyse traits that were associated with declines in species range, and compare variables associated with past extinctions in the southern zones with current tropical (northern) declines.ResultsThe same two key variables, body mass and habitat structure, were associated with proportion‐of‐decline in range throughout the continent, but the form of relationships differs with latitude. In the south, medium‐sized species in open habitats of lower rainfall were most likely to decline. In the tropics, small species that occupy open vegetation with moderate rainfall (savanna) are now experiencing the most severe declines. Throughout the continent, large‐bodied species and those in structurally complex habitats (rainforest) are secure.Main conclusionsOur results indicate that there is no mid‐sized ‘critical weight range’ in the north. Because foxes are absent from the tropics, we suggest that northern Australian marsupial declines are associated with predation by feral cats (Felis catus) exacerbated by reduced ground level vegetation in non‐rainforest habitats. To test this, we recommend experiments to remove cats from some locations where tropical mammals are threatened. Our results show that comparative analysis can help to diagnose potential causes of multi‐species decline.
Percutaneous transvenous embolization for portosystemic shunts associated with encephalopathy: Long‐term outcomes in 14 patients
Authors: Naeshiro Noriaki , Kakizawa Hideaki , Aikata Hiroshi , Kan Hiromi , Fujino Hatsue , Fukuhara Takayuki , Kobayashi Tomoki , Honda Yohji , Miyaki Daisuke , Kawaoka Tomokazu , Tsuge Masataka , Hiramatsu Akira , Imamura Michio , Kawakami Yoshiiku , Hyogo Hideyuki , Ishikawa Masaki , Awai Kazuo , Chayama Kazuaki 
Published: June 2013

AimTo evaluate the clinical outcomes of percutaneous transvenous embolization (PTE) for portosystemic shunt (PSS) associated with encephalopathyMethodsFourteen patients with portosystemic encephalopathy (PSE) were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. We evaluated technical success, clinical success, complication and outcomes.ResultsIn cases in which PSS was one of main causes of PSE, three also had splenorenal shunts, four gastrorenal shunts, four superior mesenteric vein systemic shunts, one inferior mesenteric vein systemic shunt and two main trunk of portal vein inferior vena cava shunts. We used only ethanolamine oleate (EO) in five; EO and coils in five; EO, coils and n‐butyl 2‐cyanoacrylate (NBCA) in two; and coils and NBCA in two patients as embolic materials. The rate of primary and secondary technical success was 93% (13/14 patients) and 100%, respectively. No major complications were encountered related to PTE. Follow‐up period was a median of 27 months (range, 12–79). All patients had sustained disappearance of PSE. PSE recurred in one patient because of another PSS development. Thus, clinical success was achieved in 93% (13/14 patients). The ammonia levels 1 year after PTE were significantly improved compared with pre‐PTE (median, 102 vs 41 μmol/L) and maintained lower levels 2 and 3 years later. Child–Pugh scores did not change significantly. Esophageal varices were aggravated in 29% (4/14 patients). Five patients died, but no death of hepatic failure related to PTE was encountered.ConclusionPTE could be one of the useful treatment options for PSE.
Effect of QMix irrigant on bond strength of glass fibre posts to root dentine
Authors: Elnaghy A. M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimTo investigate the effect of QMix irrigant compared with several other irrigating solutions on the bond strength of glass fibre posts to root dentine and on smear layer removal after post space preparation.MethodologyOne hundred and fifty single‐rooted teeth were used. The specimens were divided into six groups in each test according to the irrigation regimen used: group 1, distilled water; group 2, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); group 3, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX); group 4, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); group 5, 17% EDTA followed by 2% CHX; and group 6, QMix. Dual‐cure self‐adhesive resin cement (i CEM; Heraeus Kulzer, Hanau, Germany) was used for testing the adhesion of glass fibre post (Reblida; VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany) to root dentine using a micropush‐out test. Debonding specimens were examined with a scanning electron microscope. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to examine and score the treated specimens for debris removal and dentinal tubule opening. Micropush‐out data were analysed using anova and Tukey's test. Debris and dentinal tubule opening scores were analysed with the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U‐tests.ResultsQMix and 17% EDTA/2% CHX demonstrated the highest mean bond strength values in all root levels amongst the groups. Most failure modes were adhesive type of failures between post and luting material (42.6%). QMix, 17% EDTA and 17% EDTA/2% CHX performed significantly better than the other groups on smear layer removal and dentinal tubule opening.ConclusionQMix is an effective irrigant that can remove smear layer, open dentinal tubules and simplify the irrigation protocol, without compromising the bonding strength of glass fibre posts cemented with a self‐adhesive resin cement to root dentine.
Involvement of SDF‐1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 in hydrogen peroxide‐induced extracellular matrix degradation in human dental pulp cells
Authors: Kim D.‐S. , Kang S. I. , Lee S.‐Y. , Noh K.‐T. , Kim E.‐C. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimTo determine whether chemokines such as SDF‐1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) are responsible for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐induced extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and to identify the underlying mechanism in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs).MethodHuman dental pulp cells were exposed to 0.4 mmol H2O2 for 48 h. mRNA expression and protein expression were examined by RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The mRNA expression of chemokine (SDF‐1 and MCP‐1), their receptors (CXCR4 and CXCR2) and extracellular matrix proteins was evaluated by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. The production of SDF‐1, MCP‐1, CXCR4 and CCR2 in the culture medium was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Signal transduction pathway was examined by Western blotting.ResultsHydrogen peroxide provoked the activation of MCP‐1 and SDF‐1 mRNA and their respective receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR2. H2O2treatment concomitantly downregulated the expression of ECM molecules, such as type I collagen, elastin and fibronectin, and upregulated the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1), MMP‐2, MMP‐8 and MMP‐9. Hydrogen peroxide‐induced ECM degradation and MMP upregulation were blocked by neutralizing antibodies and siRNAs directed against SDF‐1 and MCP‐1. Inhibition of SDF‐1 and MCP‐1 blocked the H2O2‐induced activation of Akt, p38, ERK and NF‐kB.ConclusionInhibition of SDF and MCP‐1 is a potent component of reducing release reactive oxygen species‐induced ECM degradation in HDPCs and may play an important role in pulpal and periapical inflammation.
Detection and measurement of artificial periapical lesions by cone‐beam computed tomography
Authors: Liang Y.‐H. , Jiang L. , Gao X.‐J. , Shemesh H. , Wesselink P. R. , Wu M.‐K. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimTo test the ability of periapical radiography (PA) and cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) to determine the presence/absence of periapical lesions and examine the reliability of volumetric measurements of periapical lesions on CBCT scans.MethodologyAfter tooth extractions in human mandibles, bone defects were cut at the base of extraction sockets to mimic periapical bone lesions. The teeth were then returned into the extraction sockets. Sixty‐three roots of anterior teeth, premolars and molars with artificial periapical lesions and 37 roots without lesions were examined with PA and CBCT. Presence/absence of periapical lesion was noted. The CBCT‐based volume of each lesion (Vct) was measured using Amira software 5.4 (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany). A replica of each lesion was created using silicone impression material, and the volume of the replica was measured using a water displacement method, representing the physical volume of the lesion (Vp). Regression analysis was used to test the correlation between the Vp and Vct values.ResultsThe positive and negative predictive values and accuracy for CBCT in diagnosing periapical lesions were all 1, compared with 1, 0.64 and 0.79 for PA diagnosis. Twenty‐one (33%) lesions were undetected by PA. The Vp (21.5 ± 11.0 mm3) and Vct (21.4 ± 11.5 mm3) values of 63 lesions were highly correlated (R2 = 96.9%, P < 0.001).ConclusionCone‐beam computed tomography is more accurate than PA in diagnosing periapical lesions associated with mandibular teeth. The volumes of artificial mandibular periapical lesions were accurately measured with CBCT data.
The sepsis model: an emerging hypothesis for the lethality of inhalation anthrax
Authors: Coggeshall Kenneth Mark , Lupu Florea , Ballard Jimmy , Metcalf Jordan P. , James Judith A. , Farris Darise , Kurosawa Shinichiro 
Published: June 2013

AbstractInhalation anthrax is often described as a toxin‐mediated disease. However, the toxaemia model does not account for the high mortality of inhalation anthrax relative to other forms of the disease or for the pathology present in inhalation anthrax. Patients with inhalation anthrax consistently show extreme bacteraemia and, in contrast to animals challenged with toxin, signs of sepsis. Rather than toxaemia, we propose that death in inhalation anthrax results from an overwhelming bacteraemia that leads to severe sepsis. According to our model, the central role of anthrax toxin is to permit the vegetative bacteria to escape immune detection. Other forms of B. anthracis infection have lower mortality because their overt symptoms early in the course of disease cause patients to seek medical care at a time when the infection and its sequelae can still be reversed by antibiotics. Thus, the sepsis model explains key features of inhalation anthrax and may offer a more complete understanding of disease pathology for researchers as well as those involved in the care of patients.
Association between a rare novel TP53 variant (rs78378222) and melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck and lung cancer susceptibility in non‐Hispanic Whites
Authors: Guan Xiaoxiang , Wang Li‐E , Liu Zhensheng , Sturgis Erich M , Wei Qingyi 
Published: June 2013

AbstractRecently, several studies have investigated the association between a newly reported rare functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TP53 (rs78378222) and cancer risk, but generated inconsistent findings. The present study further investigated this association with risk of melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN) and lung cancer. Using volunteers of non‐Hispanic Whites recruited for three large case–control studies, we genotyped the TP53 rs78378222 SNP in 1329 patients with melanoma, 1096 with SCCHN, 1013 with lung cancer and 3000 cancer‐free controls. Overall, we did not observe any variant homozygotes in this study population, nor significant associations between the TP53 rs78378222AC genotype or C allele and risk for melanoma (P = 0.680 and 0.682 respectively) and lung cancer (P = 0.379 and 0.382 respectively), but a protection against SCCHN (P = 0.008 and 0.008 respectively), compared with the AA genotype or A allele. An additional meta‐analysis including 19,423 cancer patients and 54,050 controls did not support such a risk association either. Our studies did not provide statistical evidence of an association between this rare TP53 variant and increased risk of melanoma, nor of lung cancer, but a possible protection against SCCHN.
Association of the family environment with behavioural and cognitive outcomes in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Allen T. M. , Hersh J. , Schoch K. , Curtiss K. , Hooper S. R. , Shashi V. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundChildren with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) are at risk for social‐behavioural and neurocognitive sequelae throughout development. The current study examined the impact of family environmental characteristics on social‐behavioural and cognitive outcomes in this paediatric population.MethodGuardians of children with 22q11DS were recruited through two medical genetics clinics. Consenting guardians were asked to complete several questionnaires regarding their child's social, emotional and behavioural functioning, as well as family social environment and parenting styles. Children with 22q11DS were asked to undergo a cognitive assessment, including IQ and achievement testing, and measures of attention, executive function and memory.ResultsModest associations were found between aspects of the family social environment and parenting styles with social‐behavioural and cognitive/academic outcomes. Regression models indicated that physical punishment, socioeconomic status, parental control and family organisation significantly predicted social‐behavioural and cognitive outcomes in children with 22q11DS.ConclusionCharacteristics of the family social environment and parenting approaches appear to be associated with functional outcomes of children with 22q11DS. Understanding the impact of environmental variables on developmental outcomes can be useful in determining more effective targets for intervention. This will be important in order to improve the quality of life of individuals affected by 22q11DS.
A loss of social eating: the experience of individuals living with gastroparesis
Authors: Bennell Jose , Taylor Claire 
Published: June 2013

Aims and objectivesTo report the experience of patients living with gastroparesis.BackgroundThe complex illness of gastroparesis is a condition of delayed gastric emptying associated with a range of different symptoms, including nausea, vomiting and depression, resulting in altered eating patterns. Patients are often over‐investigated, treatments are not always successful, and quality of life is often impaired.DesignA descriptive phenomenology study was undertaken to examine the experience of living with gastroparesis. Nine gastroparesis patients gave in‐depth interviews. The interviews were transcribed, and framework analysis methods applied.MethodsA descriptive phenomenology study was undertaken. Nine gastroparesis patients gave in‐depth interviews. The interviews were transcribed, and framework analysis methods applied.ResultsFour main themes emerged: the first described their experiences and opinions of medical professionals, the second their understanding of mental health and mental illness, the third how they managed social settings and the fourth their identity and security. Their behaviour around food and mealtimes was often associated with feelings of loss, isolation and rejection, which influenced their reported quality of life. These factors resulted in their personal struggle to understand how this chronic, stigmatising illness affects their identity and their need for security.ConclusionsThe complex illness of gastroparesis affects every aspect of patients' lives. As treatments for gastroparesis continue to evolve, therapies to help these patients address the psychological impact and the feelings of loss they report must not be overlooked.Relevance to clinical practiceA better understanding of these patients' sense of loss of normal eating behaviour and the associated psychological distress needs to inform gastroparesis service provision with a view to developing a more holistic service for this patient group.
Barriers to information exchange during older patients' transfer: nurses' experiences
Authors: Olsen Rose M , Østnor Bjørg H , Enmarker Ingela , Hellzén Ove 
Published: June 2013

Aims and objectivesTo describe nurses' experiences of barriers that influence their information exchange during the transfer of older patients between hospital and home care.BackgroundThe successful transfer of an older patient across health organisations requires good communication and coordination between providers. Despite an increased focus on the need for cooperation among providers across healthcare organisations, researchers still report problems in the exchange of information between the hospitals and the healthcare systems in the municipalities.DesignA qualitative study using focus group methodology.MethodsThree focus group interviews using topic guides were conducted and interpreted. The study included registered nurses (n = 14) from hospital and home care. The data were analysed through content analysis.ResultsThree main themes were identified: barriers associated with the nurse, barriers associated with interpersonal processes and barriers associated with the organisation. These themes included several subthemes.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the challenges that nurses encounter in ensuring a successful information exchange during older patients' transfer through the healthcare system. The barriers negatively influence the nurses' information exchange and may put the patients in a vulnerable and exposed situation. In order for nurses to conduct a successful exchange of information, it is critical that hospital and home care systems facilitate this through adequate resources, clear missions and responsibilities, and understandable policies.Relevance to clinical practiceRecognition of the barriers that affect nurses' exchange of information is important to ensure patient safety and successful transitions. The barriers described here should help both nurses in practice and their leaders to be more attentive to the prerequisites needed to achieve a satisfactory nursing information exchange and enhance informational continuity.
Child and family health nurses working with families of preschool‐aged children
Authors: Myors Karen A , Schmied Virginia , White Edward 
Published: June 2013

Aims and objectivesTo examine child and family health nurses’ perceptions of and practices related to working with families of preschool‐aged children about their child's behaviour.BackgroundEmotional and behavioural problems in young children are of increasing concern. Child and family health nurses are well placed to support parents and provide education about behavioural concerns.DesignA qualitative interpretive study informed by ethnography was used.MethodsForty‐eight nurses participated in focus groups. Of these nurses, 11 participated in observations of clinical interactions with 23 mothers. Eight managers were interviewed.ResultsThree themes and two subthemes emerged from the data: Parents as deficit and nurse as expert; Parents have strengths and nurse as partner; Shaping practice – Time pressures and Wanting respect and to be valued.ConclusionsChild and family health nurses enjoy working with preschool‐aged children; however, complex issues and tensions are evident. Nurses need support at all levels within the health service if they are to negotiate an environment of ongoing change and to be enabled to work in partnership with parents and families and thereby promote the emotional and behavioural development of preschool‐aged children.Relevance to clinical practiceThe universal role of child and family health nurses provides unique opportunities to support parents about child behaviour concerns. Without appropriate support, nurses continue to work within an expert model that may alienate parents and families from using this service.
Sovereign Force and Crime‐focused Law at the Cape Colony
Authors: Pavlich George 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis paper shows how law enables right‐based versions of the sovereign to take root by studying how British sovereignty was fashioned over the Cape of Good Hope since its occupation in 1795. Challenging notions that sovereignty is predicated on an ability to except itself from law, the analysis shows how the emerging Cape sovereign was authored into being through its active insertion into crime‐focused legal practices.
“Time Immemorial” and Indigenous Rights: A Genealogy and Three Case Studies (Calder, Van der Peet, Tsilhqot'in) from British Columbia
Authors: Weir Lorraine 
Published: June 2013

Abstract“Time immemorial” has operated as a legal fiction in the discourse of colonization, performing a genealogical function in the construction of “antiquity” and “legal memory” in English law, and repurposed in Indigenous rights cases in Canada. Beginning with a genealogical outline, this paper analyzes “time immemorial” in relation to Settler and Indigenous discourses of time, memory and the land in Calder, Van der Peet, and Tsilhqot'in.