bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in hemispheric warm and cold anomalies
Authors: Robeson Scott M. , Willmott Cort J. , Jones Phil D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUsing a spatial percentile approach, we explore the magnitude of temperature anomalies across the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Linear trends in spatial percentile series are estimated for 1881–2013, the most recent 30 year period (1984–2013), and 1998–2013. All spatial percentiles in both hemispheres show increases from 1881 to 2013, but warming occurred unevenly via modification of cold anomalies, producing a reduction in spatial dispersion. In the most recent 30 year period, trends also were consistently positive, with warm anomalies having much larger warming rates than those of cold anomalies in both hemispheres. This recent trend has largely reversed the decrease in spatial dispersion that occurred during the twentieth century. While the period associated with the recent slowdown of global warming, 1998–2013, is too brief to estimate trends reliably, cooling was evident in NH warm and cold anomalies during January and February while other months in the NH continued to warm.
Terminal velocities and kinetic energies of natural hailstones
Authors: Heymsfield Andrew J. , Giammanco Ian M. , Wright Robert 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe physical properties of 2295 hailstones that developed in Great Plains (US) storms were measured, including their maximum dimension, mass, and cross‐sectional area. Using these data, size‐dependent relationships for their terminal velocities and kinetic energies are developed. These relationships can be used in weather forecast modeling and hail damage prediction and assessment. When hailstones are assumed to be spherical, their terminal velocities and kinetic energies are in agreement with what has been reported in previous studies. When non‐sphericity is considered, which is the case for natural hail, the terminal velocities and kinetic energies are, on average, lower than those of spheres of the same maximum diameter, but can be larger.
Topside ionospheric electron temperature and density along the Weddell Sea latitude
Authors: Liu J. Y. , Chang F. Y. , Oyama K. I. , Kakinami Y. , Yeh H. C. , Yeh T. L. , Jiang S. B. , Parrot M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIt has been well known that the ionospheric electron density Ne is greater in the summer nighttime than daytime around the Weddell Sea region, which is named Weddell Sea Anomaly (WSA). This paper for the first time reports unusual increases (decreases) of the daytime (nighttime) electron temperature Te at about 830 km altitude over the WSA latitudes probed by Tatiana‐2 during December 2009 to January 2010. Concurrent measurements at 660–830 km altitude observed by Tatiana‐2, Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER), and Formosa Satellite 3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (F3/C) reveal the anticorrelation between Te and Ne along the WSA latitudes in the daytime and nighttime. Based on F3/C Ne along the WSA latitudes observed at various local times, the associated Te values are computed. The Tatiana‐2 and DEMETER observations as well as the computed results show that Te yield the maximum values over the WSA region during daytime and over the Indian and Atlantic Ocean area during nighttime. The maxima or minima in F3/C Ne and the computed Te reveal eastward phase shifts.
Extended‐range high‐resolution dynamical downscaling over a continental‐scale spatial domain with atmospheric and surface nudging
Authors: Husain S. Z. , Separovic L. , Yu W. , Fernig D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractExtended‐range high‐resolution mesoscale simulations with limited‐area atmospheric models when applied to downscale regional analysis fields over large spatial domains can provide valuable information for many applications including the weather‐dependent renewable energy industry. Long‐term simulations over a continental‐scale spatial domain, however, require mechanisms to control the large‐scale deviations in the high‐resolution simulated fields from the coarse‐resolution driving fields. As enforcement of the lateral boundary conditions is insufficient to restrict such deviations, large scales in the simulated high‐resolution meteorological fields are therefore spectrally nudged toward the driving fields. Different spectral nudging approaches, including the appropriate nudging length scales as well as the vertical profiles and temporal relaxations for nudging, have been investigated to propose an optimal nudging strategy. Impacts of time‐varying nudging and generation of hourly analysis estimates are explored to circumvent problems arising from the coarse temporal resolution of the regional analysis fields. Although controlling the evolution of the atmospheric large scales generally improves the outputs of high‐resolution mesoscale simulations within the surface layer, the prognostically evolving surface fields can nevertheless deviate from their expected values leading to significant inaccuracies in the predicted surface layer meteorology. A forcing strategy based on grid nudging of the different surface fields, including surface temperature, soil moisture, and snow conditions, toward their expected values obtained from a high‐resolution offline surface scheme is therefore proposed to limit any considerable deviation. Finally, wind speed and temperature at wind turbine hub height predicted by different spectrally nudged extended‐range simulations are compared against observations to demonstrate possible improvements achievable using higher spatiotemporal resolution.
The nonconvective/convective structural transition in stochastic scaling of atmospheric fields
Authors: Nogueira M. , Barros A. P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHigh‐resolution numerical weather prediction simulations are able to reproduce observed stochastic scale invariant behavior of atmospheric wind and water fields down to the effective model resolution, which is shown to be a process‐dependent transient property that varies with the underlying dynamics. The effective resolution gain in dynamical downscaling of convective regimes is substantially smaller than the grid size decrease indicating that improvements in the model's capacity to resolve small‐scale processes require consistent adjustments including both numerical formulation and physical parameterizations. Instantaneous realizations of simulated atmospheric wind and water fields exhibit robust multifractal properties with intrinsically transient scaling behavior depending on the underlying atmospheric state. In particular, a sharp transition in the scaling parameters between nonconvective and convective conditions is found, which explains different scaling regimes reported in the literature for atmospheric wind, temperature, and moisture observations. Spectral slopes around 2–2.3 arise under nonconvective or very weak convective conditions, tightly related to the scaling behavior of the underlying topography. In convective situations the transient scaling exponents remain under 5/3 in agreement with the Kolmogorov turbulent regime accounting for the intermittency correction. These findings have important implications for stochastic downscaling and the implementation of stochastic subgrid scale parameterizations using fractal methods. Specifically, it is shown that, based on scaling arguments, subgrid scale probability distributions of atmospheric moisture can be obtained from the coarse resolution information alone. Our results suggest that fractal methods can be used for estimating temporally and spatially varying regime‐based subgrid scale statistics (and realizations of moisture fields) in real time and in a computationally efficient manner that could be useful in climate models.
Sustained‐release properties of cotton fabrics impregnated with nanotuberose fragrance
Authors: Hu Jing , Chen Meixia , Xiao Zuobing , Zhang Jia 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTTuberose‐fragrance (TF) loaded polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles were successfully prepared via emulsion polymerization. The nanotuberose fragrance (Nano‐TF) was directly impregnated into the cotton fabrics as an aromatic reagent. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy showed that the average size of the spherical Nano‐TF was 202.4 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that TF was encapsulated into the BCA nanoparticles and that the Nano‐TF was in existence in the cotton fabrics. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the loading TF content of the Nano‐TF was 50.9% and that 10.02% Nano‐TF had been impregnated into the fabrics. A lot of Nano‐TF was adhered onto the surface of the cotton fabrics after 50 washings, as shown by scanning electron microscopy and gas chromatography/hydrogen flame ionization detection (GC–FID). In addition, GC–FID demonstrated that most aroma compounds of the cotton fabrics impregnated with Nano‐TF only lost less than 20% of their aroma after 60 days of deposition and around 75% of their aroma after 6 h of deposition at 120°C, so they showed better sustained‐release properties than those with TF. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41678.
Minimum Ultimate Band Design of Discrete Sliding Mode Control
Authors: Chakrabarty S. , Bandyopadhyay B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe paper presents a generalized understanding on the dynamics of the sliding variable for discrete time sliding mode control systems via a fresh approach involving several bands in the space of the sliding variable. Using this analysis, controller parameters can be obtained once the ultimate band is chosen. It is shown that on choosing the least ultimate band, the control becomes non‐switching and Gao's reaching law becomes identical to Utkin's reaching law. On other occasions, the ultimate band obtained using this approach is clearly less than that obtained in previous works using Gao's reaching law. The analysis is presented for both state feedback and multirate output feedback cases.
Reliable Dissipative Control for a Class of Uncertain Singular Markovian Jump Systems via Hybrid Impulsive Control
Authors: Lv Hui , Zhang Qingling , Ren Junchao 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this paper, the problem of robust normalization and reliable dissipative control is investigated for a class of uncertain singular Markovian jump systems with actuator failures. The uncertainties exhibit in both system matrices and transition rate matrix of the Markovian chain. A new impulsive and proportional–derivative control strategy is presented. The gain matrices of the impulsive control part can be obtained together with the design approach. Moreover, the dissipative control results obtained in this paper include the results of H‐infinity and passive control as special cases. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed methods.
Disrupted Functional Connectivity in Dorsal and Ventral Attention Networks During Attention Orienting in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Fitzgerald Jacqueline , Johnson Katherine , Kehoe Elizabeth , Bokde Arun L.W. , Garavan Hugh , Gallagher Louise , McGrath Jane 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundAttention orienting is a cognitive process that facilitates the movement of attention focus from one location to another: this may be impaired in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Dorsal and ventral attention networks (DAN and VAN) sub‐serve the process of attention orienting. This study investigated the functional connectivity of attention orienting in these networks in ASD using the Posner Cueing Task.MethodTwenty‐one adolescents with ASD and 21 age and IQ matched controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. A psychophysical interaction (PPI) analysis was implemented to investigate task‐dependent functional connectivity, measuring synchronicity of brain regions during the task. Regions of interest (ROI) were selected to explore functional connectivity in the DAN during cue‐only conditions and in the VAN during invalid and valid trials.ResultsBehaviourally, the ASD and control groups performed the task in a similar manner. Functional MRI results indicated that the ASD and control groups activated similar brain regions. During invalid trials (VAN), the ASD group showed significant positive functional connectivity to multiple brain regions, whilst the control group demonstrated negative connectivity. During valid trials (VAN), the two groups also showed contrasting patterns of connectivity. In the cue‐only conditions (DAN), the ASD group showed weaker functional connectivity.ConclusionThe DAN analysis suggests that the ASD group has weaker coherence between brain areas involved in goal‐driven, endogenous attention control. The strong positive functional connectivity exhibited by the ASD group in the VAN during the invalid trials suggests that individuals with ASD may generate compensatory mechanisms to achieve neurotypical behaviour. These results support the theory of abnormal cortical connectivity in autism. Autism Res 2015, 8: 136–152. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring the interaction of the photodynamic therapeutic agent thionine with bovine serum albumin: multispectroscopic and molecular docking studies
Authors: Manivel Perumal , Anandakumar Shanmugam , Ilanchelian Malaichamy 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis study explores the binding interaction of thionine (TH) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) under physiological conditions (pH 7.40) using absorption, emission, synchronous emission, circular dichroism (CD) and three‐dimensional (3D) emission spectral studies. The results of emission titration experiments revealed that TH strongly quenches the intrinsic emission of BSA via a static quenching mechanism. The apparent binding constant (K) and number of binding sites (n) were calculated as 2.09 × 105 dm3/mol and n~1, respectively. The negative free energy change value for the BSA–TH system suggested that the binding interaction was spontaneous and energetically favourable. The results from absorption, synchronous emission, CD and 3D emission spectral studies demonstrated that TH induces changes in the microenvironment and secondary structure in BSA. Site marker competitive binding experiments revealed that the binding site of TH was located in subdomain IIA (Sudlow site I) of BSA. The molecular docking study further substantiates Sudlow site I as the preferable binding site of TH in BSA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploiting the Hydrophobic Terrain in Fucosidases with Aryl‐Substituted Pyrrolidine Iminosugars
Authors: Hottin Audrey , Wright Daniel W. , Davies Gideon J. , Behr Jean‐Bernard 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFucosidase inhibition shows potential in numerous therapeutic contexts. Substitution of fucose‐like iminosugars with hydrophobic “aglycons” yields significant improvements in potency of fucosidase inhibition. Here we have prepared three new 2‐aryl‐3,4‐dihydroxy‐5‐methylpyrrolidines featuring phenyl substituents in variable orientations with respect to the iminocyclitol core and at various distances from it to explore the key binding interactions that stabilise the enzyme–inhibitor complex. The presence of a triazole linker in one structure resulted in nanomolar inhibition of the fucosidase from bovine kidney (Ki=4.8 nM), thus giving rise to one of the most potent pyrrolidine‐type inhibitors of this enzyme known to date.
Perforating the atretic pulmonary valve with CTO hardware: Technical aspects
Authors: Patil Nilkanth C. , Saxena Anita , Gupta Saurabh K. , Juneja Rajnish , Mishra Sundeep , Ramakrishnan Sivasubramanian , Kothari Shyam S. 
Published: November 2014

ObjectivesTo review the success and technical aspects of pulmonary valve (PV) perforation using chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware in patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum (PA‐IVS).BackgroundInterventional therapy is possible in selected patients with PA‐IVS. Among the various interventional options available, radiofrequency and laser assisted perforation may be more successful, but require expertise and may be substantially costly.MethodsWe describe the technique of mechanical catheter PV perforation using currently available coronary hardware meant for coronary CTO in nine cases with PA‐IVS. After complete echocardiographic evaluation and informed parental consent was obtained, patients were electively intubated, mechanically ventilated, adequately heparinized and were placed on intravenous prostaglandin infusion. Basic steps involved were—localizing the atretic segment and accomplishing coaxial alignment of catheters using biplane fluoroscopy, crossing the atretic segment with the soft end of perforating guidewire, stabilizing the assembly and performing graded balloon dilatation with the balloon size never exceeding 130% of pulmonary annulus diameter. For crossing the atretic PV, a retrograde approach was used in one patient where the antegrade approach was not possible.ResultsThe procedure was successful in 8/9 cases (89%). Valve opening was achieved in all eight patients with immediate fall in right ventricular (RV) systolic pressures. One neonate died following surgery after catheter induced RV perforation. All surviving cases were discharged from the hospital in good general condition with no evidence of heart failure and a room air oxygen saturation of >85%. No patient required an additional pulmonary irrigation procedure.ConclusionWith appropriate patient and hardware selection, PV perforation using readily available coronary hardware is feasible in PA‐IVS. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanism of Flue Gas Desulfurization with Sodium Phosphate Solution
Authors: Yuan Zhiguo , Song Wei , Liu Youzhi , Kang Xiaofeng , Peng Bo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTo provide theoretical instructions for experiments and industrial application of regenerative flue gas desulfurization by sodium phosphate solution, the properties of phosphate solution and multiple buffer solution system of phosphoric acid‐sulfurous acid‐sodium salts formed from the desulfurization process were analyzed using the theory of multiple buffer solution combined with the chemical equilibrium principle and computer numerical calculation methods. The influence of pH and phosphate concentration on the distribution coefficient and buffer capacity was calculated and validated by experiments. Results indicate that the distribution coefficient of the species in buffer solution only varied with the solution pH value. The experimental buffer performance was similar to the theoretical value.
Solubility and Crystallizability: Facile Access to Functionalized π‐Conjugated Compounds with Chlorendylimide Protecting Groups
Authors: Gebers Jan , Rolland Damien , Marty Roman , Suàrez Stéphane , Cervini Luca , Scopelliti Rosario , Brauer Jan Cornelius , Frauenrath Holger 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFunctional π‐conjugated molecules are relevant for the preparation of new organic electronic materials with improved performance. However, their synthesis is often rendered difficult by their inherently low solubility, and the permanent attachment of solubilizing groups may change the properties of the material. Here, we introduced the chlorendylimidyl moiety as a new temporary protecting group for the straightforward large‐scale synthesis of protected quarter‐, sexi‐, octathiophene, and perylene bisimide diamine and dicarboxylic acid derivatives. The obtained chlorendylimides and chlorendylimidyl active esters were highly soluble in organic solvents, and optical spectroscopy confirmed the low tendency of the compounds to aggregate in solution. At the same time, they could be conveniently purified by recrystallization or precipitation. Single‐crystal X‐ray structures obtained for most compounds showed supramolecular motifs highlighting the role of the rigid, polychlorinated chlorendyl moieties in their crystallization. The obtained protected diamine and dicarboxylic acid derivatives were easily deprotected and converted into various amide‐substituted oligothiophenes and perylene bisimides that are of interest as new functional materials for organic electronic thin film or nanowire devices.
Variations in retinal photoreceptor topography and the organization of the rod‐free zone reflect behavioral diversity in Australian passerines
Authors: Coimbra João Paulo , Collin Shaun P. , Hart Nathan S. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe avian retina possesses one of the most diverse complements of photoreceptor types among vertebrates but little is known about their spatial distribution. Here we used retinal wholemounts and stereological methods to present the first complete maps of the topographic distribution of rods and cones in four species of Australian passerines with diverse trophic specializations. All species studied have one central and one temporal rod‐free zone. In the insectivorous yellow‐rumped thornbill, the central rod‐free zone is unusually large, occupying ∼17% (56°) of the retinal area (angular subtense), whereas in nectarivorous and frugivorous species it represents only ∼0.1% (5–7°) to 0.3% (10°) of the retinal area (angular subtense). In contrast, the temporal rod‐free zone varies little between species (∼0.02–0.4%; 2–10°). In all species, rods follow a pronounced dorsoventral gradient with highest densities in the ventral retina. The topographic distribution of cones is concentric and reveals a central fovea and a temporal area. In the yellow‐rumped thornbill, cone densities form an extended plateau surrounding the fovea, beyond which densities fall rapidly towards the retinal periphery. For the other species, cone densities decline gradually along a foveal to peripheral gradient. Estimates of spatial resolving power calculated using cone peak densities are higher in the central fovea (19–41 cycles/degree) than in the temporal area (9–15 cycles/degree). In conclusion, we suggest that the unusual organization of the rod‐free zone and the distinct topographic distribution of rods and cones correlate with specific ecological needs for enhanced visual sensitivity and spatial resolution in these birds. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1073–1094, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.