bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proposta Metodológica para Identificação de vilas e povoados mineiros localizados mais próximos das sedes municipais de outros municípios vizinhos / Methodological proposal for identification of (...)
Authors: De Oliveira Gabriel Luís Nogueira , Baeta Aliane Maria Motta , Rodrigues Brenner Henrique Maia , Nunes Marcos Antônio , Matos Ralfo Edmundo Da Silva 
Published: July 2015

Esta pesquisa é o resultado de estudos realizados para o projeto “Implantação do Laboratório de Atendimento às Demandas de Limites Municipais e Distritais de Minas Gerais”, executado pelo Instituto de Geoinformação e Tecnologia (IGTEC), da Secretaria de Estado de Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior do Governo de Minas Gerais. O projeto demandou o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia através da qual pudesse identificar os casos de ocorrência das vilas (sedes distritais) e dos povoados dos municípios mineiros que se encontram a distâncias inferiores às das sedes de municípios vizinhos em relação às suas respectivas sedes municipais. A metodologia se pautou pelas distâncias em linha reta, obtidas a partir dos centroides dos setores censitários dos municípios mineiros. O levantamento desses casos é importante para a compreensão do transbordamento de serviços intermunicipais e subsidiar a organização territorial do estado de Minas Gerais.Palavras-chave: Sedes Municipais; Vilas e Povoados; Setores censitários; Minas Gerais. AbstractThis research is the result of studies for the project “Implantação do Laboratório de Atendimento às Demandas de Limites Municipais e Distritais de Minas Gerais", executed by Instituto de Geoinformação e Tecnologia (IGTEC), part of the State Secretariat of Science, Tecnology and Superior Education of Minas Gerais government. The project required the development of a methodology to identify cases of occurrence of villages (districtal headquarters) and hamlets of Minas Gerais’ municipalities which are located closer to the other municipality headquarter instead of the own headquarter. The methodology was based by the distances in a straight line, obtained from the census sectors’ centroids. The survey of these cases is important to understand the overflow of intercity services and to support the territorial organization of the state of Minas Gerais.Keywords: Municipal headquarters; Villages and hamlets; Census sectors; Minas Gerais.
A Cidade pensada teoricamente / The City considered theoretically
Authors: Ramos Edivaldo Fernandes 
Published: July 2015

ResumoToda teoria tem a sua contribuição que pode responder ou não às necessidades interpretativas de um dado momento histórico, mas que sempre provoca a discussão e a reflexão sobre o tema, o que a torna importante. É pensando nesta questão que o objetivo do presente texto é discutir o conceito de cidade a partir da literatura sobre o tema, analisando os principais aspectos a serem considerados na sua interpretação. Buscar-se-á aqui realizar uma discussão teórica sobre a cidade, tentando relacionar as contribuições das principais correntes de pensamento sobre a temática e os pontos de divergência e convergência entre eles.Palavras chave: Cidade, Teoria, Urbano.AbstractEvery theory has its contribution that can respond or not interpretative needs of a given historical moment, but that always provokes discussion and reflection on the theme, which makes it important. Is thinking about this question that the goal of this paper is to discuss the concept of city from the literature on the subject, analyzing the main aspects to be considered in its interpretation.Get yourself here carry a theoretical discussion about the city, trying to relate the contributions of the main currents of thought on the subject and the points of divergence and convergence between them. Keywords: City, Theory, Urban.
A popularização do Centro / The popularization of the center
Authors: Jesus Cláudio Roberto de 
Published: July 2015

O objetivo deste artigo é problematizar e recolocar em debate o processo de transformação das áreas centrais das metrópoles brasileiras na passagem do século XX para o XXI, com especial atenção para as transformações ocorridas em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Pretende-se questionar a ideia de degradação das áreas centrais, apontando o caráter ideológico de tal termo e sua insuficiência como componente de explicação de processos múltiplos e complexos.Palavras-chave: popularização; Belo Horizonte; degradação. AbstractThe purpose of this article is to discuss and debate replacing the transformation process of the central areas of Brazilian cities in the passage of the twentieth century to century, with special attention to the changes occurring in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. It is intended to question the idea of degradation of the core areas, pointing out the ideological character of such term and its failure as a component of explanation of multiple and complex processes.Keywords: popularization; Belo Horizonte; degradation.
TEC prediction performance of IRI‐2012 model during a very low and a high solar activity phase over equatorial regions, Uganda
Authors: Tariku Yekoye Asmare 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper examines the capacity of the latest version of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI‐2012) model in predicting the vertical total electron content (VTEC) variation over Uganda during a very low solar activity phase (2009) and a high solar activity (2012) phase. This has been carried out by comparing the ground‐based Global Positioning System (GPS) VTEC inferred from dual‐frequency GPS receivers installed at Entebbe (geographic latitude 0.038°N and longitude 32.44°E; geomagnetic latitude −9.53°N and longitude 104.06°E) and Mbarara (geographic latitude −0.60°N and longitude 30.74°E; geomagnetic latitude −10.02°N and longitude 102.36°E). In this work, the diurnal, monthly, and seasonal variations in the measured VTEC have been analyzed and compared with the VTEC derived from IRI‐2012 model. It has been shown that the lowest diurnal peak GPS‐VTEC values are observed in the June solstice months during both the low and the high solar activity phases. Similarly, the highest diurnal peak IRI‐2012 VTEC values are observed in equinoctial months during both phases. The variability of the VTEC in both the experimental and model is minimal nearly at 03:00 UT (06:00 LT) and maximal mostly between 10:00 and 13:00 UT (13:00–16:00 LT) during both phases. The diurnal highest peak modeled VTEC value observed during the high solar activity phase is almost twice larger than the diurnal highest peak modeled VTEC value depicted during the low solar activity phase. Moreover, the highest monthly mean hourly measured VTEC value observed in October during the high solar activity phase is larger by more than twice the corresponding highest monthly mean hourly measured VTEC value observed in November during the low solar activity phase. Similarly, the lowest monthly measured VTEC value observed in July during the high solar activity phase is larger by more than twice the corresponding lowest measured monthly VTEC value observed in the same month during the low solar activity phase. It has also been shown that the highest measured seasonal mean hourly VTEC values are observed in the December solstice and the March equinox, respectively, during the low and the high solar activity phases, while the corresponding lowest measured VTEC values are observed in the June solstice during both phases. The model prediction generally follows the monthly and seasonal variations of measured VTEC, with the highest and the lowest monthly values being observed in equinoctial and solstice months, respectively, during both phases. The overall results show that the modeled diurnal, monthly, and seasonal VTEC values are generally larger than those corresponding measured VTEC values observed during both the low and the high solar activity phases, with the largest deviations being observed during the low solar activity phase. Moreover, the model does not respond to the effects resulting from the storm. Hence, unlike the measured VTEC values, the modeled VTEC values are unaffected by the storm.
Dynamics of glide avalanches and snow gliding
Authors: Ancey Christophe , Bain Vincent 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn recent years, due to warmer snow cover, there has been a significant increase in the number of cases of damage caused by gliding snowpacks and glide avalanches. On most occasions, these have been full‐depth, wet‐snow avalanches, and this led some people to express their surprise: how could low‐speed masses of wet snow exert sufficiently high levels of pressure to severely damage engineered structures designed to carry heavy loads? This paper reviews the current state of knowledge about the formation of glide avalanches and the forces exerted on simple structures by a gliding mass of snow. One particular difficulty in reviewing the existing literature on gliding snow and on force calculations is that much of the theoretical and phenomenological analyses were presented in technical reports that date back to the earliest developments of avalanche science in the 1930s. Returning to these primary sources and attempting to put them into a contemporary perspective are vital. A detailed, modern analysis of them shows that the order of magnitude of the forces exerted by gliding snow can indeed be estimated correctly. The precise physical mechanisms remain elusive, however. We comment on the existing approaches in light of the most recent findings about related topics, including the physics of granular and plastic flows, and from field surveys of snow and avalanches (as well as glaciers and debris flows). Methods of calculating the forces exerted by glide avalanches are compared quantitatively on the basis of two case studies. This paper shows that if snow depth and density are known, then certain approaches can indeed predict the forces exerted on simple obstacles in the event of glide avalanches or gliding snow cover.
Impacts of evaporation on subsurface flow and salt accumulation in a tidally influenced beach
Authors: Geng Xiaolong , Boufadel Michel C. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe coupled a mass‐transfer formulation of evaporation to the density‐dependent variably saturated finite element model MARUN to predict the salinity under realistic conditions in a beach in the Gulf of Mexico. The results showed that evaporation almost doubled the pore water salt concentration in the intertidal zone in comparison to the case with no evaporation. The results also showed that for the relatively wet atmospheric conditions, the maximum evaporation did not occur from the supratidal zone, rather from the intertidal zone, and it was due to the difference in moisture between pore water and atmosphere. The highest salinity occurred during the spring tide period, and extended into the neap tide period. When the atmospheric condition was assumed to be constant and conducive to large evaporation (high temperature and low air humidity), the maximum salinity region shifted to the supratidal zone and persisted there due to low mixing. The maximum salinity value in the intertidal zone for this case was not larger than that of the variable atmospheric condition case. However, the maximum was more landward than the (more realistic) variable atmospheric condition case, which suggests that accurate characterization of pore water salinity in tidally influenced beaches requires accurate knowledge of atmospheric conditions in addition to beach and hydraulic properties. The constant atmospheric condition simulations suggest that antecedent extreme conditions greatly affect the salinity in the supratidal zone but they are dampened in the intertidal zone.
Enhancement of plume dilution in two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional porous media by flow focusing in high‐permeability inclusions
Authors: Ye Yu , Chiogna Gabriele , Cirpka Olaf A. , Grathwohl Peter , Rolle Massimo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn porous media, lateral mass exchange exerts a significant influence on the dilution of solute plumes in quasi steady state. This process is one of the main mechanisms controlling transport of continuously emitted conservative tracers in groundwater and is fundamental for the understanding of many degradation processes. We investigate the effects of high‐permeability inclusions on transverse mixing in three‐dimensional versus two‐dimensional systems by experimental, theoretical, and numerical analyses. Our results show that mixing enhancement strongly depends on the system dimensionality and on the parameterization used to model transverse dispersion. In particular, no enhancement of transverse mixing would occur in three‐dimensional media if the local transverse dispersion coefficient was uniform and flow focusing in both transverse directions was identical, which is fundamentally different from the two‐dimensional case. However, the velocity and grain size dependence of the transverse dispersion coefficient and the correlation between hydraulic conductivity and grain size lead to prevailing mixing enhancement within the inclusions, regardless of dimensionality. We perform steady state bench‐scale experiments with multiple tracers in three‐dimensional and quasi two‐dimensional flow‐through systems at two different velocities (1 and 5 m/d). We quantify transverse mixing by the flux‐related dilution index and compare the experimental results with model simulations. The experiments confirm that, although dilution is larger in three‐dimensional systems, the enhancement of transverse mixing due to flow focusing is less effective than in two‐dimensional systems. The spatial arrangement of the high‐permeability inclusions significantly affects the degree of mixing enhancement. We also observe more pronounced compound‐specific effects in the dilution of solute plumes in three‐dimensional porous media than in two‐dimensional ones.
The future of water resources systems analysis: Toward a scientific framework for sustainable water management
Authors: Brown Casey M. , Lund Jay R. , Cai Ximing , Reed Patrick M. , Zagona Edith A. , Ostfeld Avi , Hall Jim , Characklis Gregory W. , Yu Winston , Brekke Levi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper presents a short history of water resources systems analysis from its beginnings in the Harvard Water Program, through its continuing evolution toward a general field of water resources systems science. Current systems analysis practice is widespread and addresses the most challenging water issues of our times, including water scarcity and drought, climate change, providing water for food and energy production, decision making amid competing objectives, and bringing economic incentives to bear on water use. The emergence of public recognition and concern for the state of water resources provides an opportune moment for the field to reorient to meet the complex, interdependent, interdisciplinary, and global nature of today's water challenges. At present, water resources systems analysis is limited by low scientific and academic visibility relative to its influence in practice and bridled by localized findings that are difficult to generalize. The evident success of water resource systems analysis in practice (which is set out in this paper) needs in future to be strengthened by substantiating the field as the science of water resources that seeks to predict the water resources variables and outcomes that are important to governments, industries, and the public the world over. Doing so promotes the scientific credibility of the field, provides understanding of the state of water resources and furnishes the basis for predicting the impacts of our water choices.
Gas pressure gradients in unsaturated porous media and the assumption of infinite gas mobility
Authors: Hou Lili , Sleep Brent E. , Kibbey Tohren C. G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe assumption that gas is infinitely mobile, moving without viscous pressure drops, is common in studies of unsaturated flow in porous media. The objectives of this work were to use experimental measurements to examine that assumption in systems experiencing rapid drainage and to explore the extent to which observed pressure drops could be described by conventional multiphase flow simulation tracking viscous flow in both phases. Because many published studies have used vented columns in an effort to equilibrate pore gas pressures with inlet gas, an additional objective of the work was to use experimental measurements to explore the ability of column vents to equilibrate pore gas with inlet gas during dynamic drainage. Results of the work suggest that gas pressure gradients can be significant, and that the assumption of infinite gas mobility is likely to be unsatisfactory in many systems where moderately rapid saturation change occurs. While vents have the potential to influence flow by providing additional gas inlets, experimental results of this work show almost no impact on pore gas pressures from a vent similar in size to those in other published studies. An equation developed as a part of the work suggests that the spatial slope of gas pressure with distance away from the front during dynamic drainage is proportional to the ratio of outflow Darcy velocity to saturated hydraulic conductivity for vertical columns. As such, systems with more rapid saturation change also have a greater potential to exhibit experimental artifacts related to gas pressure gradients.
Physical Function, Hyperuricemia, and Gout in Older Adults
Authors: Burke Bridget Teevan , Köttgen Anna , Law Andrew , Gwen Windham Beverly , Segev Dorry , Baer Alan N. , Coresh Josef , McAdams‐DeMarco Mara A. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveGout prevalence is high in older adults and those affected are at risk of physical disability, yet it is unclear whether they have worse physical function.MethodsWe studied gout, hyperuricemia, and physical function in 5,819 older adults (age ≥65 years) attending the 2011–2013 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study visit, a prospective US population‐based cohort. Differences in lower extremity function (Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB] and 4‐meter walking speed) and upper extremity function (grip strength) by gout status and by hyperuricemia prevalence were estimated in adjusted ordinal logistic regression (SPPB) and linear regression (walking speed and grip strength) models. Lower scores or times signify worse function. The prevalence of poor physical performance (first quartile) by gout and hyperuricemia was estimated using adjusted modified Poisson regression.ResultsTen percent of participants reported a history of gout and 21% had hyperuricemia. There was no difference in grip strength by history of gout (P = 0.77). Participants with gout performed worse on the SPPB test; they had 0.77 times (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.65, 0.90, P = 0.001) the prevalence odds of a 1‐unit increase in SPPB score and were 1.18 times (95% CI 1.07, 1.32, P = 0.002) more likely to have poor SPPB performance. Participants with a history of gout had slower walking speed (mean difference −0.03; 95% CI −0.05, −0.01, P < 0.001) and were 1.19 times (95% CI 1.06, 1.34, P = 0.003) more likely to have poor walking speed. Similarly, SPPB score and walking speed, but not grip strength, were worse in participants with hyperuricemia.ConclusionOlder adults with gout and hyperuricemia are more likely to have worse lower extremity, but not upper extremity, function.
Dexamethasone affects mouse olfactory mucosa gene expression and attenuates genes related to neurite outgrowth
Authors: Tian Jun , Pinto Jayant M. , Xin Yi , Zhang Henghui , Li Li , Sun Zhifu , Wei Yongxiang 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundOlfaction is one of the important senses for humans. Systemic glucocorticoids are the most commonly used medications for olfactory loss because of their strong anti‐inflammatory effects. However, their effect on olfactory function is still controversial and the precise mechanism is not clear. To gain a global view of the effect of systematic glucocorticoid treatment on gene expression in the olfactory mucosa (OM), we profiled these changes in a murine model of olfaction in order to identify underlying molecular mechanisms.MethodsC57BL/6 mice were injected daily for 2 weeks (WK2) with dexamethasone (DEX, intraperitoneally, 1 mg/kg body weight) vs 1 day of DEX (D1) vs controls, which received saline (Ctrl) (n = 9/group). Total RNA from the OM was used to analyze global gene expression. Genes showing changes in expression were compared using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID, v6.7) and the General Olfactory Sensitivity Database (GOSdb; http://genome.weizmann.ac.il/GOSdb).ResultsBetween the WK2 and Ctrl groups, 3351 genes were differentially expressed, of which 236 genes were related to olfactory function. Genes involved in axon guidance, cell projection, and inflammation were enriched and overlapped significantly with those in the GOSdb.ConclusionSystemic glucocorticoids exert effects on transcription of a notable number of genes in the OM and appear to orchestrate changes related to axon guidance, cell projection, and inflammation. Further examination may allow targeted therapies that lack the side effects of this category of medication.
S‐Doping of an Fe/N/C ORR Catalyst for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells with High Power Density
Authors: Wang Yu‐Cheng , Lai Yu‐Jiao , Song Lin , Zhou Zhi‐You , Liu Jian‐Guo , Wang Qiang , Yang Xiao‐Dong , Chen Chi , Shi Wei , Zheng Yan‐Ping , Rauf Muhammad , Sun Shi‐Gang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFe/N/C is a promising non‐Pt electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), but its catalytic activity is considerably inferior to that of Pt in acidic medium, the environment of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). An improved Fe/N/C catalyst (denoted as Fe/N/C‐SCN) derived from Fe(SCN)3, poly‐m‐phenylenediamine, and carbon black is presented. The advantage of using Fe(SCN)3 as iron source is that the obtained catalyst has a high level of S doping and high surface area, and thus exhibits excellent ORR activity (23 A g−1 at 0.80 V) in 0.1 M H2SO4 solution. When the Fe/N/C‐SCN was applied in a PEMFC as cathode catalyst, the maximal power density could exceed 1 W cm−2.
Aryne‐Induced Novel Tandem 1,2‐Addition/(3+2) Cycloaddition to Generate Imidazolidines and Pyrrolidines
Authors: Swain Sharada P. , Shih Yi‐Chun , Tsay Shwu‐Chen , Jacob Joby , Lin Chun‐Cheng , Hwang Kuo Chu , Horng Jia‐Cherng , Hwu Jih Ru 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA new “single‐flask” method was developed for the synthesis of imidazolidines and pyrrolidines with high stereoselectivity. First, a Schiff base was arylated with an aryne. Second, an intramolecular proton transfer took place from the methylene position to the anionic aryne ring. Third, the resultant ylide reacted with a second equivalent of the same Schiff base in situ or an electron‐deficient alkene through a (3+2) cycloaddition. These sequential tandem 1,2‐addition/(3+2) cycloaddition reactions led to the desired heterocycles in 63–88 % yields.
Curved Oligophenylenes as Donors in Shape‐Persistent Donor–Acceptor Macrocycles with Solvatofluorochromic Properties
Authors: Kuwabara Takuya , Orii Jun , Segawa Yasutomo , Itami Kenichiro 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMany optoelectronic organic materials are based on donor–acceptor (D–A) systems with heteroatom‐containing electron donors. Herein, we introduce a new molecular design for all‐carbon curved oligoparaphenylenes as donors, which results in the generation of unique shape‐persistent D–A macrocycles. Two types of acceptor‐inserted cycloparaphenylenes were synthesized. These macrocycles display positive solvatofluorochromic properties owing to their D–A characteristics, which were confirmed by theoretical and electrochemical studies.