bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impromptu Speaking
Authors: Hudson-Williams H. LL. 
Published: December 2012

A Striking development in recent years has been the rapidly increasing popularity of extempore addresses and discussions of various kinds. Although by no means confined to broadcasting, these are particularly prominent in the programmes of the B.B.C. Well-known men and women deliver impromptu speeches or improvise answers to questions on various points of political, ethical, social, literary, or scientific interest. Their audiences are generally large and appreciative, far larger than those commanded by the lecturer who has carefully prepared beforehand the substance and style of his address.This cult of the impromptu speech has a close parallel in Greece of the sophistic era. A prominent member of the ‘Brains Trust’ in ancient Greece, had one existed, would undoubtedly have been Hippias of Elis. Aided by his vast knowledge, covering, it would seem, every branch of human activity, he used to appear before large audiences, such as the great Panhellenic Festival at Olympia, claiming to answer any question his hearers might put to him. He apparently fulfilled his promise, for he told Socrates that no one had yet got the better of him. However, his system of improvising answers broke down when confronted by Socrates’ inexorable cross-questioning on the nature of Beauty, and he had to ask Socrates for a few moments’ grace in order to think the question over quietly by himself.A close rival of Hippias for ‘Brains Trust’ honours would have been Gorgias of Leontini. He, also, used to appear before large audiences professing his readiness to answer any questions, and once told Socrates it was many years since anyone had asked him anything new.
Reconstructing phonological change: duration and syllable structure in Latin vowel reduction
Authors: Sen Ranjan 
Published: December 2012

During the fixed initial-stress period of Latin (sixth to fifth centuries BC), internal open syllable vowels were totally neutralised, usually raising to /i/ (*per.fa.ki.oː>perficiō‘I complete’), whereas in closed syllables /a/ was raised to /e/, but the other vowels remained distinct (*per.fak.tos>perfectus‘completed’). Miller (1972) explains closed syllable resistance by positing internal secondary stress on closed syllables. However, evidence from vowel reduction and syncope suggest that internal syllables never bore stress in early archaic times. A typologically unusual alternative is proposed: contrary to the pattern normally found (Maddieson 1985), vowels had longer duration in closed syllables than in open syllables, as in Turkish and Finnish, thus permitting speakers to attain the targets for non-high vowels in closed syllables. This durational pattern is manifested not only in vowel reduction, but also in the quantitative changes seen in ‘classical’ and ‘inverse’ compensatory lengthenings, the development CVːCV > CVC and ‘superheavy’ degemination (VːCCV > VːCV).
Nutrient intakes from complementary foods consumed by young children (aged 12–23 months) from North Wollo, northern Ethiopia: the need for agro-ecologically adapted interventions
Authors: Baye Kaleab , Guyot Jean-Pierre , Icard-Vernière Christèle , Mouquet-Rivier Claire 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize current feeding practices and to evaluate the adequacy of energy and nutrient intakes of young children in subsistence farming rural households in North Wollo, Ethiopia.DesignA cross-sectional study examining sociodemographic status, anthropometry, breast-feeding and complementary feeding practices using two in-home non-consecutive 24 h recalls.SettingsTwo rural villages in the highlands and lowlands of Gobalafto district, North Wollo.SubjectsSeventy-six young children aged 12–23 months, thirty-nine from the lowlands and thirty-seven from the highlands.ResultsAbout 33 % of the children, ∼46 % in the highlands and 24 % in the lowlands (P = 0·05), were stunted. Complementary diets were low in animal products, fruits and vegetables. Cereals and legumes were the major sources of energy, protein, Ca, Fe, Zn and vitamin A. Legumes with potentially toxic components (grass pea, broad beans) and low nutrient-dense beverages such as tea were frequently consumed. Intakes of energy, Ca, Zn, vitamin A and vitamin C from complementary foods were below WHO recommendations assuming average breast-milk intakes. In contrast, Fe and protein intakes and densities met WHO recommendations. Although vitamin C intakes and densities were higher (P < 0·05) for the lowlands, they remained far below WHO recommendations.ConclusionsInterventions promoting the WHO guiding principles for complementary feeding practices and behaviours that take the agro-ecological contexts into account are needed here. Furthermore, specific recommendations should be formulated to discourage the consumption of grass pea, broad beans and low nutrient-dense beverages such as tea.
Relative contributions of secondary organic aerosol formation from toluene, xylenes, isoprene, and monoterpenes in Hong Kong and Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta, China: an emission‐based box modeling study
Authors: Wang Siyuan , Wu Dongwei , Wang Xin‐Ming , Fung Jimmy Chi‐Hung , Yu Jian Zhen 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSecondary organic aerosols (SOA) formed from common anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) account for a significant portion of organic particulate matter in the ambient atmosphere. The Pearl River Delta (PRD) in southern China, located in the subtropics and as a region with intensive manufacturing industries, has significant emissions of both anthropogenic and biogenic VOCs. Two recent SOA tracer‐based measurement studies, one in Hong Kong (located at the mouth of the PRD) and the other at a site 20 to 50 km downwind of urban Guangzhou districts in the middle of the PRD, show a rather considerable difference in the relative SOA contributions from one group of two biogenic VOCs (isoprene and monoterpenes) and one group of anthropogenic VOCs, namely, toluene + xylenes. In Hong Kong, more SOA was formed from isoprene and monoterpenes than from toluene and xylenes, although the relative contributions of the two groups of VOCs were reversed at the site downwind of Guangzhou. An emission‐based 0‐D box model has been developed to investigate this issue. The emission inputs of major inorganic pollutants and VOCs are generated using the programs Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions and Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature for this region. Toluene/xylene emissions in Guangzhou are more than twice that in Hong Kong whereas isoprene and monoterpenes emissions were similar at the two locations. The model incorporates a CB05 chemical mechanism and gas–particle partitioning of condensable VOC oxidation products to simulate SOA formation from major VOCs including isoprene, monoterpenes, toluene, and xylenes. The model‐simulated VOCs fall within the range of ambient observations, demonstrating reasonable representation of emissions and oxidation of VOCs. The model simulates the sum of the SOA formation from isoprene, monoterpenes, and toluene + xylenes. In Hong Kong, monoterpenes are the major contributor (up to 70%), followed by isoprene (14%–48%) and toluene + xylenes (15%–43%). In Guangzhou, toluene + xylenes contribute more to SOA than isoprene and monoterpenes (up to 76% from toluene + xylenes vs. 13%–44% from isoprene and 10%–45% from monoterpenes). The reasonable agreement between the simulated SOA for the target VOCs and the tracer‐based measurements suggests that the significantly larger toluene + xylene emissions in Guangzhou could explain the substantial difference in relative SOA contributions by the two groups of VOCs in the two cities. This work has also identified a lack of good measurements of monoterpenes and their SOA tracers to be an important data deficiency in assessing the relative contributions of biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs to SOA in this region.
Numerical modeling of lava‐regolith heat transfer on the Moon and implications for the preservation of implanted volatiles
Authors: Rumpf M. Elise , Fagents Sarah A. , Crawford Ian A. , Joy Katherine H. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe have performed a series of numerical simulations of heat transfer between lunar lava flows and the underlying regolith with the goal of determining the depths in the substrate beneath which implanted extralunar volatiles would survive outgassing by the downward‐propagating heat pulse. Exogenous materials of interest include solar wind and solar flare particles, and the cosmogenic products of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) particles emplaced in the lunar regolith early in Solar System history. Extraction and analysis during future lunar missions would yield information about the evolution of the Sun and inner Solar System environment. Particles implanted in regolith deposits may be protected from gardening and saturation if buried by a lava flow, but must be sufficiently deep in the regolith to survive the consequent heating. Our simulations include detailed treatments of lava and regolith thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity), which vary widely over the temperature range relevant to lava flows in the lunar environment (~200 to >1500 K). Simulations adopting temperature‐dependent properties, together with a treatment of latent heat of lava crystallization, indicate that implanted volatiles would be fully preserved at depths greater than 20 cm beneath 1 m thick lava flows, ~60% deeper than predicted by simulations employing constant properties. These results highlight the necessity of appropriate prescription of material properties. Consideration of the range of lunar lava flow thicknesses allows us to determine the range of depths from which pristine samples may be recovered.
Global biogeography of highly diverse protistan communities in soil
Authors: Bates Scott T , Clemente Jose C , Flores Gilberto E , Walters William Anthony , Parfrey Laura Wegener , Knight Rob , Fierer Noah 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Protists are ubiquitous members of soil microbial communities, but the structure of these communities, and the factors that influence their diversity, are poorly understood. We used barcoded pyrosequencing to survey comprehensively the diversity of soil protists from 40 sites across a broad geographic range that represent a variety of biome types, from tropical forests to deserts. In addition to taxa known to be dominant in soil, including Cercozoa and Ciliophora, we found high relative abundances of groups such as Apicomplexa and Dinophyceae that have not previously been recognized as being important components of soil microbial communities. Soil protistan communities were highly diverse, approaching the extreme diversity of their bacterial counterparts across the same sites. Like bacterial taxa, protistan taxa were not globally distributed, and the composition of these communities diverged considerably across large geographic distances. However, soil protistan and bacterial communities exhibit very different global-scale biogeographical patterns, with protistan communities strongly structured by climatic conditions that regulate annual soil moisture availability.
Phylogenetic conservatism of functional traits in microorganisms
Authors: Martiny Adam C , Treseder Kathleen , Pusch Gordon 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
A central question in biology is how biodiversity influences ecosystem functioning. Underlying this is the relationship between organismal phylogeny and the presence of specific functional traits. The relationship is complicated by gene loss and convergent evolution, resulting in the polyphyletic distribution of many traits. In microorganisms, lateral gene transfer can further distort the linkage between phylogeny and the presence of specific functional traits. To identify the phylogenetic conservation of specific traits in microorganisms, we developed a new phylogenetic metric—consenTRAIT—to estimate the clade depth where organisms share a trait. We then analyzed the distribution of 89 functional traits across a broad range of Bacteria and Archaea using genotypic and phenotypic data. A total of 93% of the traits were significantly non-randomly distributed, which suggested that vertical inheritance was generally important for the phylogenetic dispersion of functional traits in microorganisms. Further, traits in microbes were associated with a continuum of trait depths (τD), ranging from a few deep to many shallow clades (average τD: 0.101–0.0011 rRNA sequence dissimilarity). Next, we demonstrated that the dispersion and the depth of clades that contain a trait is correlated with the trait’s complexity. Specifically, complex traits encoded by many genes like photosynthesis and methanogenesis were found in a few deep clusters, whereas the ability to use simple carbon substrates was highly phylogenetically dispersed. On the basis of these results, we propose a framework for predicting the phylogenetic conservatism of functional traits depending on the complexity of the trait. This framework enables predicting how variation in microbial composition may affect microbially-mediated ecosystem processes as well as linking phylogenetic and trait-based patterns of biogeography.
In situ substrate preferences of abundant bacterioplankton populations in a prealpine freshwater lake
Authors: Salcher Michaela M , Posch Thomas , Pernthaler Jakob 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The substrate partitioning of sympatric populations of freshwater bacterioplankton was studied via microautoradiography and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Fourteen radiolabeled tracers were used to assess microbial acquisition spectra of low-molecular-weight (LMW) organic compounds. The most abundant group, ac1 Actinobacteria, were highly active in leucine, thymidine and glucose assimilation, whereas Alphaproteobacteria from the LD12 lineage (the freshwater sister clade of SAR11) only weakly incorporated these tracers, but exhibited a distinct preference for glutamine and glutamate. Different Bacteroidetes showed contrasting uptake patterns: Flavobacteriales did not incorporate significant amounts of any LMW compound, and Cyclobacteriaceae were clearly specialized on leucine, glucose and arginine. Betaproteobacteria represented the most active and versatile bacterioplankton fraction and &gt;90% of them could be assigned to eight species- to genus-like populations with contrasting substrate specialization. Limnohabitans sp. were the most abundant and active Betaproteobacteria, incorporating almost all tracers. While three closely related betaproteobacterial populations substantially differed in their uptake spectra, two more distantly related lineages had very similar preferences, and one population did not incorporate any tracer. The dominant phototrophic microorganism, the filamentous cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens, assimilated several substrates, whereas other (pico)cyanobacteria had no heterotrophic activity. The variable extent of specialization by the studied bacterial taxa on subsets of LMW compounds contrasts theoretical considerations about non-selective microbial substrate assimilation at oligotrophic conditions. This physiological niche separation might be one explanation for the coexistence of freshwater bacterioplankton species in a seemingly uniform environment.
Autoimmune disorder phenotypes in Hvcn1-deficient mice
Authors: Sasaki Mari , Tojo Akihiro , Okochi Yoshifumi , Miyawaki Nana , Kamimura Daisuke , Yamaguchi Akihito , Murakami Masaaki , Okamura Yasushi 
Published: December 2012

Hv channels (voltage-gated proton channels) are expressed in blood cells, microglia and some types of epithelial cells. In neutrophils Hv channels regulate the production of reactive oxygen species through regulation of membrane potential and intracellular pH. Hv channels have also been suggested to play a role in sperm physiology in the human. However, the functions of the Hv channel at the whole-body level are not fully understood. In the present paper we show that Hvcn1 (voltage-gated hydrogen channel 1)-knockout mice show splenomegaly, autoantibodies and nephritis, that are reminiscent of human autoimmune diseases phenotypes. The number of activated T-cells was larger in Hvcn1-deficient mice than in the wild-type mice. Upon viral infection this was remarkably enhanced in Hvcn1-deficient mice. The production of superoxide anion in T-cells upon stimulation with PMA was significantly attenuated in the Hvcn1-deficient mice. These results suggest that Hv channels regulate T-cell homoeostasis in vivo.
Distribution of Pathogens in Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections among Patients with and without Neutropenia following Chemotherapy Evidence for a Proposed Modification to the Current Surveillance Definition
Authors: Steinberg James P. , Robichaux Chad , Tejedor Sheri Chernetsky , Reyes Mary Dent , Jacob Jesse T. 
Published: December 2012

Objective.Many bloodstream infections (BSIs) occurring in patients with febrile neutropenia following cytotoxic chemotherapy are due to translocation of intestinal microbiota. However, these infections meet the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definition of central line-associated BSIs (CLABSIs). We sought to determine the differences in the microbiology of NHSN-defined CLABSIs in patients with and without neutropenia and, using these data, to propose a modification of the CLABSI definition.Design.Retrospective review.Setting.Two large university hospitals over 18 months.Methods.All hospital-acquired BSIs occurring in patients with central venous catheters in place were classified using the NHSN CLABSI definition. Patients with postchemotherapy neutropenia (500 neutrophils/mm3or lower) at the time of blood culture were considered neutropenic. Pathogens overrepresented in the neutropenic group were identified to inform development of a modified CLABSI definition.Results.Organisms that were more commonly observed in the neutropenic group compared with the nonneutropenic group includedEscherichia coli(22.7% vs 2.5%;P< .001) but not other Enterobacteriaceae,Enterococcus faecium(18.2% vs 6.1%;P= .002), and streptococci (18.2% vs 0%;P< .001). Application of a modified CLABSI definition (removing BSI with enterococci, streptococci, orE. coli) excluded 33 of 66 neutropenic CLABSIs and decreased the CLABSI rate in one study hospital with large transplant and oncology populations from 2.12 to 1.79 cases per 1,000 line-days.Conclusions.Common gastrointestinal organisms were more common in the neutropenia group, suggesting that many BSIs meeting the NHSN criteria for CLABSI in the setting of neutropenia may represent translocation of gut organisms. These findings support modification of the NHSN CLABSI definition.
A novel link prediction algorithm for reconstructing protein–protein interaction networks by topological similarity
Authors: Lei Chengwei , Ruan Jianhua 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Recent advances in technology have dramatically increased the availability of protein–protein interaction (PPI) data and stimulated the development of many methods for improving the systems level understanding the cell. However, those efforts have been significantly hindered by the high level of noise, sparseness and highly skewed degree distribution of PPI networks. Here, we present a novel algorithm to reduce the noise present in PPI networks. The key idea of our algorithm is that two proteins sharing some higher-order topological similarities, measured by a novel random walk-based procedure, are likely interacting with each other and may belong to the same protein complex.
Results: Applying our algorithm to a yeast PPI network, we found that the edges in the reconstructed network have higher biological relevance than in the original network, assessed by multiple types of information, including gene ontology, gene expression, essentiality, conservation between species and known protein complexes. Comparison with existing methods shows that the network reconstructed by our method has the highest quality. Using two independent graph clustering algorithms, we found that the reconstructed network has resulted in significantly improved prediction accuracy of protein complexes. Furthermore, our method is applicable to PPI networks obtained with different experimental systems, such as affinity purification, yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and protein-fragment complementation assay (PCA), and evidence shows that the predicted edges are likely bona fide physical interactions. Finally, an application to a human PPI network increased the coverage of the network by at least 100%.
Availability: www.cs.utsa.edu/∼jruan/RWS/.
Contact: Jianhua.Ruan@utsa.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Consistent joint elastic‐electrical differential effective‐medium modelling of compacting reservoir sandstones
Authors: Jensen Erling Hugo , Gelius Leiv‐J. , Johansen Tor Arne , Wang Zhong 
Published: December 2012

AbstractImproved reservoir characterization and monitoring can be achieved by combining seismic and controlled‐source electromagnetic techniques. This requires developing coherent rock physics descriptions. In this paper we demonstrate consistent joint elastic‐electrical modelling according to the differential effective‐medium theory. We test our modelling against data from a compaction experiment on a set of 11 sandstone core samples from the same quarry location. The presented approach is analogous to calibrating a rock physics model to a particular reservoir based on data from possible well logs and core samples. For simplicity we choose to use multivariable non‐linear regression in the inversion. It shows that this technique is able to identify solutions that are physically sound. However, a more rigorous inversion method might be considered in future implementations. To identify the critical parameters we test the elastic‐electrical sensitivity of the various unknown variables involved. The most sensitive parameters identified are then perturbed during the modelling. The mineralogy consists mainly of quartz, which we assume to be spherical and kaolinite. We use the resistivity to calibrate the aspect ratio of the clay grains and estimate the porosity reduction due to compaction. These values are in turn used in inverse modelling of the bulk and shear moduli. The solid minerals make up the inclusion material in the differential effective‐ medium modelling for both the elastic and electrical properties. Hence, this formulation constitutes a consistent joint elastic‐electrical modelling scheme. We achieve good fits between the model results and the laboratory measurements for most of the samples. The reason for the less good fit with some of the samples might be due to measurement errors in the laboratory. This is supported by the observed abnormal stiffness compaction trends associated with those samples.