bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stratigraphy and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Santa Rosa basin, Baja California: Dynamic evolution of a constrictional rift basin during oblique extension in the Gulf of California
Authors: Seiler C. , Quigley M.C. , Fletcher J.M. , Phillips D. , Gleadow A.J.W. , Kohn B.P. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe Santa Rosa basin of northeastern Baja California is one of several transtensional basins that formed during Neogene oblique opening of the Gulf of California. The basin comprises Late Miocene to Pleistocene sedimentary and volcanic strata that define an asymmetric half‐graben above the Santa Rosa detachment, a low‐angle normal fault with ca. 4–5 km of SE‐directed displacement. Stratigraphic analysis reveals systematic basin‐scale facies variations both parallel and across the basin. The basin‐fill exhibits an overall fining‐upward cycle, from conglomerate and breccia at the base to alternating sandstone‐mudstone in the depocentre, which interfingers with the fault‐scarp facies of the detachment. Sediment dispersal was transverse‐dominated and occurred through coalescing alluvial fans from the immediate hanging wall and/or footwall of the detachment. Different stratigraphic sections reveal important lateral facies variations that correlate with major corrugations of the detachment fault. The latter represent extension‐parallel folds that formed largely in response to the ca. N‐S constrictional strain regime of the transtensional plate boundary. The upward vertical deflection associated with antiformal folding dampened subsidence in the northeastern Santa Rosa basin, and resulted in steep topographic gradients with a high influx of coarse conglomerate here. By contrast, the downward motion in the synform hinge resulted in increased subsidence, and led to a southwestward migration of the depocentre with time. Thus, the Santa Rosa basin represents a new type of transtensional rift basin in which oblique extension is partitioned between diffuse constriction and discrete normal faulting. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of intercalated volcanic rocks suggests that transtensional deformation began during the Late Miocene, between 9.36 ± 0.14 Ma and 6.78 ± 0.12 Ma, and confirms previous results from low‐temperature thermochronology (Seiler et al., 2011). Two other volcanic units that appear to be part of a conformable syn‐rift sequence are, in fact, duplicates of pre‐rift volcanics and represent allochthonous, gravity‐driven slide blocks that originated from the hanging wall.
Satellite tracking large numbers of individuals to infer population level dispersal and core areas for the protection of an endangered species
Authors: Schofield Gail , Dimadi Alexandra , Fossette Sabrina , Katselidis Kostas A. , Koutsoubas Drosos , Lilley Martin K. S. , Luckman Adrian , Pantis John D. , Karagouni Amalia D. , Hays Graeme C. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimTracking the dispersal patterns and habitat use of migratory species is necessary to delineate optimal areas for protection, with large sample sizes being more representative of the population. Here, we examine the dispersal patterns of a key Mediterranean loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) breeding population to identify priority foraging sites for protection.LocationZakynthos Island, Greece and the wider Mediterranean.MethodWe examined the dispersal patterns and foraging sites of 75 adult loggerheads (n = 38 males and 37 females) tracked from the breeding area of Zakynthos Island (Greece) from 2004 to 2011. We then combined our data with published sea turtle literature to identify key foraging sites for protection.ResultsWhile both males and females exhibited similar dispersal patterns, about 25% males remained < 100 km of Zakynthos, whereas all females (except one) migrated > 200 km. Integration of our data with the wider literature isolated 10 core sites in proximity to existing protected areas, which could potentially protect 64% of the Zakynthos population, while five sites support individuals from at least 10 other loggerhead breeding populations.Main conclusionsDue to the widespread availability of neritic foraging grounds across the Mediterranean, sea turtles from Zakynthos exhibit disparate dispersal patterns. However, protecting only a few objectively defined important sites can encompass a large proportion of the foraging areas used and hence have considerable conservation benefit.
Passive muscle properties are altered in children with cerebral palsy before the age of 3 years and are difficult to distinguish clinically from spasticity
Authors: Willerslev‐Olsen Maria , Lorentzen Jakob , Sinkjær Thomas , Nielsen Jens BO 
Published: March 2013

AimClinical determination of spasticity is confounded by the difficulty in distinguishing reflex from passive contributions to muscle stiffness. There is, therefore, a risk that children with cerebral palsy (CP) receive antispasticity treatment unnecessarily. To investigate this, we aimed to determine the contribution of reflex mechanisms to changes in the passive elastic properties of muscles and tendons in children with CP.MethodBiomechanical and electrophysiological measures were used to determine the relative contribution of reflex and passive mechanisms to ankle muscle stiffness in 35 children with spastic CP (21 males, 14 females; mean age 9y, SD 3y 4mo; range 3–15y) and 28 control children without CP (19 males, nine females; mean age 8y 11mo, SD 2y 10mo; range 3–15y). Twenty‐seven children were diagnosed as having spastic hemiplegia, six with spastic diplegia, and two with spastic tetraplegia. According to the Gross Motor Function Classification System, 31 children were classified in level I, two in level II, and two in level III.ResultsOnly seven children with spastic CP showed reflex stiffness outside the range of the control children. In contrast, 20 children with spastic CP showed abnormal passive muscle stiffness (p<0.001). No correlation between increased reflex or increased passive muscle stiffness and age was observed within the age range studied.InterpretationThese data suggest that increased reflex‐mediated muscle stiffness is difficult to distinguish clinically from changes in passive muscle stiffness and that signs of changes in muscle properties are already present from the age of 3 years in children with CP. This emphasizes the importance of accurately distinguishing different contributions to muscle stiffness to avoid unnecessary antispasticity treatment.
Objectively measured patterns of physical activity in primary school children in Coventry: the influence of ethnicity
Authors: Eyre E. L. J. , Duncan M. J. , Smith E. C. , Matyka K. A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimsThe aetiology of increased metabolic risk in South Asians is incompletely understood, but may include modifiable factors such as physical activity. This study assessed patterns of physical activity in UK primary school children and examined the influence of ethnicity.MethodsWe studied a community sample of children aged 8–9 years attending primary schools in Coventry, UK. One hundred and sixty‐one children wore combined physical activity and heart rate monitors for 7 days. Levels of activity and energy expenditure were compared between White European (n = 96) and South Asian children (n = 65). Patterns of physical activity during the school week were also described.ResultsSeventy‐three per cent of White Europeans compared with only 35% of South Asians achieved international recommendations of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily (P < 0.0000). South Asians were less active during the week (106 ± 28 vs. 120 ± 32 counts/min, respectively, P = 0.0054) and at weekends (92 ± 34 vs. 108 ± 54 counts/min, P = 0.0118) compared with White Europeans. There were differences in energy expenditure with lower physical activity levels in South Asians (daily average 1.68 ± 0.13 vs. 1.76 ± 0.17, P < 0.0001). Differences were attributable to less activity after school in South Asians (97 ± 29 vs. 120 ± 43 counts/min, P < 0.0000) as daytime activity was comparable between groups (120 ± 41 vs. 124 ± 39 counts/min, P > 0.05).ConclusionSouth Asian children in Coventry do significantly less physical activity than White Europeans, mainly attributable to differences in after‐school activity. Ethnically tailored interventions should explore whether physical activity can be increased in South Asian children and, if so, whether this increased physical activity improves metabolic health.
Liver enzymes, race, gender and diabetes risk: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
Authors: Schneider A. L. C. , Lazo M. , Ndumele C. E. , Pankow J. S. , Coresh J. , Clark J. M. , Selvin E. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimsTo examine the associations of the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), and gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) with diabetes risk and to determine whether associations differ by race and/or gender. We hypothesized that all liver enzymes would be associated with diabetes risk and that associations would differ by race and gender.MethodsProspective cohort of 7495 white and 1842 black participants without diabetes in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Poisson and Cox models adjusted for demographic, socio‐behavioural, and metabolic and health‐related factors were used.ResultsDuring a median of 12 years of follow‐up, 2182 incident cases of diabetes occurred. Higher liver enzyme levels were independently associated with diabetes risk: adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.68 (1.49–1.89), 1.16 (1.02–1.31) and 1.95 (1.70–2.24) comparing the highest with the lowest quartiles of ALT, AST, and GGT, respectively. Gamma‐Glutamyl transferase was most strongly related to diabetes risk, even at levels considered within the normal range (≤ 60 U/l) in clinical practice. Adjusted incidence rates by quartiles of liver enzymes were similar by gender but higher in black versus white participants. Nonetheless, relative associations of ALT, AST, and GGT with diabetes were similar by race (P for interactions > 0.05).ConclusionsCompared with ALT and AST, GGT was more strongly associated with diabetes risk. Our findings suggest that abnormalities in liver enzymes precede the diagnosis of diabetes by many years and that individuals with elevated liver enzymes, even within the normal range as defined in clinical practice, are at high risk for diabetes.
Dissociations between the horizontal and dorsoventral axes in body‐size perception
Authors: Hashimoto Teruo , Iriki Atsushi 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBody size can vary throughout a person's lifetime, inducing plasticity of the internal body representation. Changes in horizontal width accompany those in dorsal‐to‐ventral thickness. To examine differences in the perception of different body axes, neural correlates of own‐body‐size perception in the horizontal and dorsoventral directions were compared using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Original and distorted (−30, −10, +10 and +30%) images of the neck‐down region of their own body were presented to healthy female participants, who were then asked whether the images were of their own body or not based explicitly on body size. Participants perceived body images distorted by −10% as their own, whereas those distorted by +30% as belonging to others. Horizontal width images yielded slightly more subjective own‐body perceptions than dorsoventral thickness images did. Subjective perception of own‐body size was associated with bilateral inferior parietal activity. In contrast, other‐body judgments showed pre‐supplementary motor and superior parietal activity. Expansion in the dorsoventral direction was associated with the left fusiform gyrus and the right inferior parietal lobule, whereas horizontal expansions were associated with activity in the bilateral somatosensory area. These results suggest neural dissociations between the two body axes: dorsoventral images of thickness may require visual processing, whereas bodily sensations are involved in horizontal body‐size perception. Somatosensory rather than visual processes can be critical for the assessment of frontal own‐body appearance. Visual body thickness and somatosensory body width may be integrated to construct a whole‐body representation.
The acute effects of light on murine sleep during the dark phase: importance of melanopsin for maintenance of light‐induced sleep
Authors: Muindi Fanuel , Zeitzer Jamie M. , Colas Damien , Heller H. Craig 
Published: March 2013

AbstractLight exerts a direct effect on sleep and wakefulness in nocturnal and diurnal animals, with a light pulse during the dark phase suppressing locomotor activity and promoting sleep in the former. In the present study, we investigated this direct effect of light on various sleep parameters by exposing mice to a broad range of illuminances (0.2–200 μW/cm2; equivalent to 1–1000 lux) for 1 h during the dark phase (zeitgeber time 13–14). Fitting the data with a three‐parameter log model indicated that ∼0.1 μW/cm2 can generate half the sleep response observed at 200 μW/cm2. We observed decreases in total sleep time during the 1 h following the end of the light pulse. Light reduced the latency to sleep from ~30 min in darkness (baseline) to ~10 min at the highest intensity, although this effect was invariant across the light intensities used. We then assessed the role of melanopsin during the rapid transition from wakefulness to sleep at the onset of a light pulse and the maintenance of sleep with a 6‐h 20 μW/cm2 light pulse. Even though the melanopsin knockout mice had robust induction of sleep (~35 min) during the first hour of the pulse, it was not maintained. Total sleep decreased by almost 65% by the third hour in comparison with the first hour of the pulse in mice lacking melanopsin, whereas only an 8% decrease was observed in wild‐type mice. Collectively, our findings highlight the selective effects of light on murine sleep, and suggest that melanopsin‐based photoreception is primarily involved in sustaining light‐induced sleep.
Identification of an essential active‐site residue in the α‐d‐phosphohexomutase enzyme superfamily
Authors: Lee Yingying , Mehra‐Chaudhary Ritcha , Furdui Cristina , Beamer Lesa J. 
Published: March 2013

Enzymes in the α‐d‐phosphohexomutase superfamily catalyze the conversion of 1‐phosphosugars to their 6‐phospho counterparts. Their phosphoryl transfer reaction has long been proposed to require general acid–base catalysts, but candidate residues for these key roles have not been identified. In this study, we show through mutagenesis and kinetic studies that a histidine (His329) in the active site is critical for enzyme activity in a well‐studied member of the superfamily, phosphomannomutase/phosphoglucomutase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Crystallographic characterization of an H329A mutant protein showed no significant changes from the wild‐type enzyme, excluding structural disruption as the source of its compromised activity. Mutation of the structurally analogous lysine residue in a related protein, phosphoglucomutase from Salmonella typhimurium, also results in significant catalytic impairment. Analyses of protein–ligand complexes of the P. aeruginosa enzyme show that His329 is appropriately positioned to abstract a proton from the O1/O6 hydroxyl of the phosphosugar substrates, and thus may serve as the general base in the reaction. Histidine is strongly conserved at this position in many proteins in the superfamily, and lysine is also often conserved at a structurally corresponding position, particularly in the phosphoglucomutase enzyme sub‐group. These studies shed light on the mechanism of this important enzyme superfamily, and may facilitate the design of mechanism‐based inhibitors.DatabaseStructural data have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with accession number 4IL8.
A review of the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes in a rural Australian primary care cohort
Authors: Kellow Nicole , Khalil Hanan 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Objectives
Multiple drug combination therapy aimed at controlling glucose, blood pressure, lipids and fibrinolysis significantly reduces micro- and macrovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aims of this study were to (1) identify gaps between current medication management and evidence-based treatment targets in a rural cohort of Australian adults with type 2 diabetes and (2) determine patient factors associated with the prescribing of medications to patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods
Two hundred and seventy-two medical records were randomly selected from a regional health service type 2 diabetes database. Demographic, biochemical, anthropometric, pharmacological, co-morbidity and lifestyle data during the initial 5 years post diagnosis were collected and analysed.

Key findings
Five years post type 2 diabetes diagnosis only 12% of the cohort were meeting optimal targets for glucose, blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and triglyceride. Younger age (odds ratio, OR 0.96; 95% confidence interval, CI 0.94–0.99; P &lt; 0.05) and elevated urinary microalbumin (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01–1.03; P &lt; 0.05) were significantly associated with anti-diabetic medication treatment. The only independent factor associated with pharmacological treatment for hypertension was elevated HbA1c (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.0–2.0; P &lt; 0.05). Patient factors associated with prescription of lipid-lowering agents were a past history of cardiovascular disease (OR 5.0; 95% CI 2.0–12.5; P &lt; 0.001), concurrent use of anti-hypertensive agents (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.2–5.8; P &lt; 0.05) and elevated triglyceride (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2–3.1; P &lt; 0.01).

Conclusion
Treatment targets were not being translated into clinical practice in this cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients with acceptable HbA1c levels, with no history of cardiovascular disease and those taking few medications were at risk of being overlooked for the pharmacotherapy they required.
Consumer–pharmacist interactions around complementary medicines: agreement between pharmacist and consumer expectations, satisfaction and pharmacist influence
Authors: Tran Sophia , Calabretto Jean-Pierre , Sorich Michael 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Objective
To explore pharmacist–consumer interactions around the use of complementary medicines (CMs), with specific focus on consumer expectations, perceptions and satisfaction.

Methods
Twenty pharmacists and 20 healthcare consumers were recruited across 16 metropolitan community pharmacies in Adelaide, Australia, from June to August 2011. Semi-structured interviews containing comparable questions for both study groups were used. Data was transcribed and analysed with the aid of AutoMap®.

Key findings
There was high consumer satisfaction with pharmacists as CM providers, which was in agreement with pharmacist's perceptions of consumer satisfaction. However, this was against a background of low consumer expectations and pharmacists' dissatisfaction with their own role in the interaction. Consumers often perceived pharmacy-stocked CMs to be more effective and safer compared to those in supermarkets or health food shops, but this perception was not shared by pharmacists. Pharmacists believed they had significant influence around recommendation and use of CMs, whereas consumers perceived a more limited influence. Both pharmacists and consumers shared similar perceptions of CM safety and similar expectations regarding business influence and professional pressures on information provision.

Conclusion
Behind a perception of high satisfaction, consumers have low expectations of pharmacists around provision of CM-related information. Further work is required to improve pharmacists' knowledge and confidence around CM use and to address barriers such as the tension between potentially competing business pressures and professional responsibilities.
Opciones de cuidados alternativos y elección de políticas para apoyar a los huérfanos: el caso de Mozambique en el contexto de la Comunidad de Desarrollo del África Meridional
Authors: Shibuya Tomoko , Taylor Viviene 
Published: March 2013

ResumenContextualizando la situación de los huérfanos en la región del África Meridional y basándose en la investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa, el presente artículo analiza las opciones de cuidados y las políticas de protección social para los huérfanos en Mozambique, focalizándose en los niños que se encuentran en los centros de apoyo a los huérfanos. En la búsqueda orientada a brindar nuevas perspectivas y una mayor comprensión de las experiencias de los niños que reciben cuidados y de la protección social de que éstos disponen, la investigación pone de relieve la mayor probabilidad de que los niños huérfanos que viven en instituciones informales de cuidados experimenten abusos, abandono y malos tratos respecto de aquellos que viven en instituciones de cuidados no gubernamentales. La investigación pone el acento en que se requiere una selección más cuidadosa de las familias adoptivas que acogen a los niños. Las recomendaciones incluyen la necesidad de centrarse en el desarrollo de capacidades y en unas reformas institucionales dirigidas a implementar políticas de protección social para los niños huérfanos, como parte de un piso de protección social general. La supervisión y la evaluación de las organizaciones que brindan cuidados a los niños huérfanos se consideran una prioridad.
MARKET MICRSOTRUCTURE CHANGES AROUND ACCELERATED SHARE REPURCHASE ANNOUNCEMENTS
Authors: Kulchania Manoj 
Published: March 2013

AbstractI investigate the impact on trading characteristics of firms announcing share repurchases using a relatively new buyback method—accelerated share repurchases (ASRs). I find that trading costs decrease and market quality improves following an ASR announcement. The improvement in liquidity is not accompanied by significant changes in information asymmetry or price volatility. Multivariate tests show that the change in volatility and the presence of price constraints in the ASR agreement are significant in explaining the changes in spreads, but the reasons given by firms for conducting the ASRs are not. Thus, in the case of ASRs, the announced involvement of an investment bank buying shares on behalf of the firm improves liquidity without significantly affecting the level of information asymmetry.
Inequality in Intergenerational Mobility of Education in China
Authors: Golley Jane , Kong Sherry Tao 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis paper investigates trends in intergenerational patterns of educational attainment of those born in China between 1941 and 1990. Employing the 2008 Rural–Urban Migration in China and Indonesia Survey, we find that intergenerational correlation is lower in rural and migrant than in urban populations. The higher mobility observed in rural and migrant populations stems from the fact that the majority of these children complete only junior high school, with some children in the youngest cohorts moving down the education ladder relative to their parents. In contrast, urban children seem to at least maintain their parents’ education level. The persistence of intergenerational transmission of education at high levels in urban areas combined with some mobility, upward or downward, in rural areas is likely to aggravate China's rural–urban disparity. Policies should focus more on the underlying gaps in education opportunities and the improvement in education of the rural and migrant populations.