bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D Seismic Spectral Decomposition: An Emerging Tool for Deepwater Geohazard Assessment
Authors: Cauquil Eric Charles 
Published: May 2013

Introduction
Spectral Decomposition refers to any method that produces a continuous time/frequency analysis at each time sample of a seismic trace. This allows the interpreter to see amplitude and phase tuned to specific wavelengths. This tool is based on the fact that a reflection from a specific geological thin body (levee, channel, debris flows …) has a characteristic signature in the frequency domain. Thus, spectral decomposition is able to separate features with subtle petrophysical differences. It allows to quantify amplitude variation with frequency, thereby gaining insights into the distribution of sedimentary bodies, faults and fractures. Since the high-frequency response of a reflector can be attenuated by the presence of compressible fluids, spectral decomposition can also assist in the direct detection of shallow gas accumulations. Spectral decomposition, to date, has been a conventional approach for lithological interpretation of thin reservoirs. With the high-frequency content in the shallow part of a seismic cube, it may provide an additional tool for geohazard assessment at or near seabed.
This paper will review the additional value of spectral decomposition for the geohazard assessment of deep-water seabed areas.
A New Approach to Pipeline Inspection Using Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Courbot Anne , Nasr Amin , Gilmour William , Biedermann Caitlin 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) have successfully been introduced into Oil and Gas operations for Geophysical and Environmental surveys, replacing the traditional vessel based and towed system approaches. AUV development continues to advance rapidly, with the majority of the technology growth stemming from the defense industry's requirements. Total and Chevron have been working collaboratively to understand, influence, and adopt these advances in technology to enable sonar and visual pipeline inspections using AUVs. Together, the companies are developing a comprehensive approach to AUV pipeline inspection.
AUVs have advantages and disadvantages compared to more conventional towed systems and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) systems with respect to pipeline inspection approach. In order to take full advantage of AUV attributes while minimizing the effect of AUV drawbacks, a change in the current pipeline inspection philosophy will need to be adopted. This change will require improvement of sensors, autonomy software, and data processing and management, as well as further development of technology gaps such as AUV navigation, real time 3D mapping, feature recognition, and communications between the AUV and intelligent sensors.
The deliverables for the Total/Chevron collaboration effort will be new specifications for AUV pipeline inspection surveys that will help guide AUV suppliers and operators as they enhance their current capabilities to meet both companies' requirements for pipeline inspection. Included in the deliverables will be an in-depth analysis of the current AUV technology gaps in relation to internal integrity management systems for both companies.
The new AUV-specific approach to pipeline inspection will provide better data quality and result in improved integrity management of subsea pipeline assets. The ability of AUVs to successfully perform pipeline inspections will also provide a stepping stone toward acceptance of AUVs as capable tools for additional inspection and light intervention programs, and will eventually lead to the development of field resident AUV systems.

Introduction
The goal of the TOTAL/Chevron Technology Co-operation agreement for global AUV pipeline inspection is to gain alignment in our global requirements for AUV pipeline inspection and to define these requirements in an AUV pipeline specification document. This pipeline specification document considers the limitations of AUV's compared to ROV's and towed platforms, without compromising the key requirement to assess the integrity of our offshore pipeline assets.
The specification covers periodic inspection of pipelines and is categorized into sonar or visual inspection or a combination of both approaches. This specification provides a basis to discuss a business case for introducing AUV pipeline inspection to each of our different business units in order to fully comply with existing regulatory standards and industry best practices.
Interstitial Light Hydrocarbon Gases in Jumbo Piston Cores Offshore Indonesia: Thermogenic or Biogenic?
Authors: Bernard Bernie Boyd , Orange Daniel L. , Brooks James M. , Decker John 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Interstitial light hydrocarbon gases were measured to 12 m below seabed in two Jumbo piston cores acquired in deepwater sediments offshore Indonesia. Determinations were made for dissolved methane, ethene, ethane, propene, propane, iso-butane, n-butane, iso-pentane, and n-pentane, as well as for carbon dioxide. Stable carbon isotopic ratios of methane and ethane were also measured. Such gas measurements are typically performed in deepwaters around the world as elements of surface geochemical exploration programs for the purpose of distinguishing biogenic from thermogenic sources in seep gases. Various gas source models have been developed in the literature to aid in accurate interpretation for systems that have been biodegraded, fractionated, and/or mixed during migration. In these models, assumptions are made about the ranges of composition of the end-member gas types and maturities. The compositional ranges of the thermogenic and biogenic end members have been empirically derived from a large database of drilled-hole gas data and various theoretical considerations. In addition to this literature base, tens of thousands of near-surface marine sediment cores have been acquired worldwide and analyzed for interstitial gases on a proprietary SGE basis over the last 35–40 years. Interpretation of these results has helped to fine-tune the accepted end-member compositions of the source models. However, essentially all of the SGE sediment cores have reached a maximum 5 m below the seabed. Our acquisition and analysis of cores down to 12 m has revealed information about gas compositions not apparent from the former SGE coring efforts. In particular, ethane concentrations are in the accepted thermogenic range, but their stable carbon isotopic compositions are not. Near-surface gases formerly interpreted to have an unambiguous thermogenic component are here shown to be purely biogenic. Our conclusions may change the boundaries of the biogenic end member used for the indication of thermogenic gas traces in near-surface sediments.
BOP MUX Control System: Comparing Embedded Computer Based Versus PLC Hybrid System for Maximum Reliability
Authors: Sacco John , Tinney Lynn , Whitney Charles , Johnigan Robert , Shanks Earl F , Boyle Greg 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Description of the Proposed Paper:
Deepwater BOP Control Systems are typically a Multiplexed Electro-Hydraulic (MUX) System for water depths greater than 5,000 ft. There are currently two dominate hardware philosophies in the industry; Embedded Computers (EC) and Hybrid Personal Computer (PC) and Programmed Logic Controllers (PLC) based systems. This paper presents Oceaneering International's Embedded Computer technology, and compares it to PLC/PC Hybrid Systems.

Application:
There are several different EC based and Hybrid PC/PLC based OEM systems in the market today, each somewhat different. Each must be evaluated individually, based on its unique hardware and software design and implementation. Information in this paper will explain the system architecture and philosophy of the EC based system and gives a comparison with Hybrid PC/PLC based systems. This system information can be used by interested parties to perform a more detailed comparison of other OEM systems.

Results, Observations, and Conclusions:
It has been found beneficial to use components that comply with MIL Specifications whenever possible. The electronics which are not purchased are designed in-house and built to IPC Class 3 requirements (Electronics for Life Support and Safety Critical Systems).
This strategy gives maximum reliability and allows flexibility in form factor to develop optimal subsea electronic packaging.
The EC system allows programming in an object oriented language which allows creating software objects once and reuse them in many places without copying the code.
An EC based system has high data rates between surface and subsea for very high bandwidth for solenoid control, status readback, and diagnostic capabilities when using Fiber Optic Communication. The EC type system also allows for more robust and flexible communications options than other types of system architecture.

Significance of Subject Matter
What makes a system reliable is the complete understanding and control of the hardware/firmware/software design, manufacturing process, and testing procedures.
AUVs and ROVs: Supporting Offshore Renewable Technologies
Authors: O'Halloran William , Elvander Joshua 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The presentation will show how Bluefin Robotics' capabilities in the ROV and AUV space provide effective survey, observation and light-work technologies that will support marine renewable technologies markets by enabling a wide variety of both broad area survey and underwater intervention tasks in the high-current, low-visibility environments associated with marine renewable installations. In addition, the ROVs and AUVs provide a cost-effective footprint, low infrastructure support and operational flexibility.
Installation of marine renewable energy structures such as offshore wind turbines and marine hydrokinetic devices will require a variety of visualization and monitoring equipment to properly survey the sea floor for initial installation, cable lay, and post-installation, monitoring, and maintenance tasks. Such activities can be challenging due to the shallow water environments where these installations are located, with high ocean currents and tides necessitating remote systems that can execute station-keeping in water flows above five knots. In addition, the visibility is such that traditional optical solutions such as divers or cameras are not feasible, necessitating forward-looking sonars, laser imaging or similar tools.
Bluefin Robotics recently acquired Hawkes Remotes, Inc. (HRI), a spinoff of Hawkes Ocean Technologies that develops advanced Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs). The Hawkes ROV designs offer scalable, modular solutions including a thin, armored fiber-optic tether and on-board high-energy-density batteries that will reduce the total cost of ownership and operating costs while simultaneously outperforming existing ROV technology. The rollout vehicle is the U-4000, a hydrodynamic light-work-class ROV designed for the inspection, repair and maintenance (IRM) market and capable of speeds of two to six knots. Bluefin is leveraging their autonomy and subsea experience to add hybrid capabilities to the Hawkes ROVs and offer them as an extension of their current autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) product line. AUVs and ROVs fill different niches within the underwater intervention task spectrum: while workclass ROVs such as the Hawkes vehicles can provide inspection, repair and maintenance capabilities in high-current environments, AUVs provide the capability for subsea inspection and survey on a variety of range scales and with multiple sensors, including sidescan and synthetic aperture sonar, sub-bottom profiling, multi-beam echosounding, and still and video photography.
Introduction to FLNG FEED Study
Authors: Kim Jae Shin , Nam Kiil , Park Jinsang , Kim Tae Jin , Kim Yoon Choon 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
With depletion of conventional oil and gas fields, offshore installations have become complex and capital extensive, requiring the development of new processes that should be able to operate satisfactorily and economically even for nonconventional environments. The FLNG (Floating Liquefied Natural Gas) is introduced to develop stranded gas fields that have been considered as uneconomical in the past. The FLNG enables natural gas to be produced and liquefied on a floating vessel and offloaded directly onto a carrier without touching onshore facilities. However, there are many challenges that have interrupted the realization of the FLNG project. The installation needs gas purification and liquefaction processes which are completely new in the offshore industry though they are proven technology in the onshore LNG sector. During the conceptual design of such a new process, the selection of the best among the candidates is a formidable task due to the intrinsic features of offshore plants which are characterized by being uncertain, safety-critical, independent and motional. This study proposed a new economic evaluation with the production availability expenditure taken into account for comparative evaluation of offshore process options at their conceptual design stage. The production availability expenditure accounted for the production loss and the maintenance expense due to equipment failures. It was demonstrated that the new economic evaluation was capable of playing the role of a process selection basis in choosing the best of the liquefaction process options including the power generation systems for the FLNG. In addition, the study represented the design basis, the layout-safety study and the findings & observations from FEED study of 2.5 MTPA (Million Ton Per Annum) for generic design approach.
Shape Memory Alloy: Low-Cost Manufacturing for the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Lewis Peter , Vasquez Myrone 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Tube to tube joining and tube to fitting assembly are among the most time consuming aspects of the manufacturing cycle for offshore equipment due to the large number of tube connections the equipment requires. Conventional methods of performing these tasks are costly and frequently constitute a manufacturing bottleneck. For these reasons alternative methods of manufacturing are being sought.
One such option for tube joining uses a Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) coupling which has been in use in the aerospace industry for over 40 years. SMA couplings, unlike other mechanical couplings, have a metal-to-metal seal which exerts a continuous high force on the tubing being joined, effectively " following" any movement from flexure, vibration or thermal cycling. As the product has been developed for medical, telecommunications, marine and nuclear applications it has become evident that the greatest cost benefits of Shape-Memory-Alloy Technology are to be gained on small diameter tubes such as instrumentation and hydraulic lines.
SMA couplings require no tooling or training investment, no additional manufacturing space and are quicker and less costly to install than traditional welding methods of pipe joining. Installation of an SMA coupling can be easily and swiftly achieved, in densely packed, tight access areas due to the unique tool-less package. Not only is the installation phase much quicker than welding, but the inherent properties of SMA make radiographic inspection redundant. The fact that the preparation, installation, and inspection of an SMA joint takes only seconds has the potential for dramatic reduction in cycle times and increased production throughput for any facility manufacturing instrumentation or fluid tube assemblies in the Oil & Gas industries.

Introduction
SMA Fittings & Couplings were originally developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s to fill the needs of Military Aerospace programs such as the F14 Tomcat. In the 1970s and 1980s there was some use of the technology in military marine applications, notably in UK Royal Navy nuclear submarines, and at the Ingalls shipyard in Pascagoula, MS. Some investigations into the suitability for offshore applications were also carried out at this time, although these seem to have focused on larger diameter pipe applications.
As SMA coupling technology has been developed, it has become evident that the greatest cost benefits of SMA Technology are to be gained on complex assemblies of small diameter lines such as instrumentation and hydraulic assemblies where large numbers of welded joints are typically required.
A Remark on BMW Algebra, q-Schur Algebras and Categorification
Authors: Vaz Pedro , Wagner Emmanuel 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe prove that the two-variable BMW algebra embeds into an algebra constructed from the HOMFLY-PT polynomial. We also prove that the so2N-BMW algebra embeds in the q-Schur algebra of type A. We use these results to suggest a schema providing categorifications of the 2N-BMW algebra.
Uniform local amenability
Authors: Brodzki Jacek , Niblo Graham A. , Špakula Ján , Willett Rufus , Wright Nick 
Published: May 2013

The main results of this paper show that various coarse (‘large scale’) geometric properties are closely related. In particular, we show that property A implies the operator norm localisation property, and thus that norms of operators associated to a very large class of metric spaces can be effectively estimated.
The main tool is a new property called uniform local amenability. This property is easy to negate, which we use to study some ‘bad’ spaces: specifically, expanders and graphs with large girth. We also generalise and reprove a theorem of Nowak relating amenability and asymptotic dimension in the quantitative setting.
Renal Mass with Caval Thrombous as Atypical Presentation of Xantogranulomatous Pyelonephritis. a Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Arrighi Nicola , Antonelli Alessandro , Zani Danilo , Zanotelli Tiziano , Corti Serena , Cunico Sergio Cosciani , Simeone Claudio 
Published: May 2013

Introduction Xantogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a rare, severe, chronic renal infection typically resulting in diffuse renal destruction. Enlarged kidney is typical radiological finding. In this work we describe an extremely rare case in which a clinically classified cT3b Tumor (level II IVC thrombus) was detected; at specimen analysis to be xantogranulomatous pyelonephritis with IVC extension. Material And Method U.V., female, 86 years old, we diagnosed with right renal mass, with extension to IVC. By pathological analysis, it was found that renal mass and the thrombus was not due to RCC, but by xantogranulomatus pyelonephritis. Discussion xantogranulomatous pyelonephritis with IVC thrombus is exceptional and has been described in 4 cases. Such a diagnosis could have anesthesiologic importance, in particular related to antimicrobial treatment. Xantogranulomatous pyelonephritis has its own classification, based on extension and organ involvement, but this case fall out of current classification Conclusion This possibility could be suspected and updating of disease's classification could be suggested.
Secondhand Nicotine Absorption From E-Cigarette Vapor vs Tobacco Smoke in Children
Authors: Tattan-Birch Harry , Brown Jamie , Jackson Sarah E. , Jarvis Martin J. , Shahab Lion 
Published: July 2024

ImportanceWith the prevalence of e-cigarette use (vaping) increasing worldwide, there are concerns about children’s exposure to secondhand vapor.ObjectiveTo compare nicotine absorption among children who are (1) exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke only or (2) exposed to secondhand vapor only with (3) those exposed to neither.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThe US Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a repeat cross-sectional survey. Participants are interviewed in their homes and, several days after, visit a mobile examination center to provide biological specimens. This study uses data from a nationally representative sample of US households from 2017 to 2020. Participants were children aged 3 to 11 years with serum cotinine levels incompatible with current firsthand nicotine use (ie, &amp;lt;15 μg/L). The final analysis was conducted on January 9, 2024.ExposuresReported exposure to secondhand smoke or vapor indoors in the past 7 days (only secondhand smoke, only secondhand vapor, or neither). Covariates included age, sex, ethnicity, family income, body weight, and height.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was serum cotinine concentration, an objective biomarker of nicotine absorption. Geometric mean cotinine levels and 95% CIs were calculated using log-normal tobit regression, accounting for the complex survey design and weights.ResultsThe mean (SD) age of the 1777 children surveyed was 7.4 (2.6) years, 882 (49.6%) were female, and 531 (29.9%) had family incomes below the poverty level. Nicotine absorption, as indexed by serum cotinine level, was highest among children only exposed to secondhand smoke (0.494 μg/L μg/L; 95% CI, 0.386-0.633 μg/L), followed by those exposed only to secondhand vapor (0.081 μg/L; 95% CI, 0.048-0.137 μg/L), equating to 83.6% (95% CI, 71.5%-90.5%; P &amp;lt; .001) lower nicotine absorption. Among children with no reported secondhand exposure, the geometric mean cotinine level was 0.016 μg/L (95% CI, 0.013-0.021 μg/L), or 96.7% (95% CI, 95.6%-97.6%; P &amp;lt; .001) lower than for those with exposure to secondhand smoke. Results were similar after covariate adjustment.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of US children, nicotine absorption was much lower in children who were exposed to secondhand vapor vs secondhand smoke, but higher than in those exposed to neither. These findings suggest that switching from smoking to vaping indoors may substantially reduce, but not eliminate, children’s secondhand exposure to nicotine and other noxious substances.
The Tetrapyrollic Motif in Nitrogen Doped Carbons and M‐N‐C Electrocatalysts as Active Site in the Outer‐Sphere Mechanism of the Alkaline Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Menga Davide , Low Jian Liang , Buzanich Ana Guilherme , Paulus Beate , Fellinger Tim‐Patrick 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDevelopment and fundamental understanding of precious‐group‐metal‐free electrocatalysts is hampered by limitations in the quantification of the intrinsic activity of different catalytic sites and understanding the different reaction mechanisms. Comparing isomorphic nitrogen‐doped carbons, Zn‐N‐Cs and Fe‐N‐Cs with the common tetrapyrrolic motif, a catalyst‐independent outer‐sphere rate‐determining step in the alkaline oxygen reduction reaction is observed. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations on tetrapyrrolic model structures indicate the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level as a good descriptor for the catalytic activity. Contour plots suggest that the electron transfer occurs directly from the tetrapyrrolic coordination site, rather than from the metal center. Metal‐free tetrapyrrolic N4 sites are discovered to be highly active oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) active sites in alkaline that reach turnover frequencies (TOF) of 0.33 and 1.84 s−1 at 0.80 and 0.75 VRHE in the order of magnitude of tetrapyrrolic Fe–N4 sites in the acidic ORR. While Zn‐coordination lowers the HOMO level and therefore the catalytic activity, Fe‐coordination lifts the HOMO level resulting in TOF values of 0.4 and 4 s−1 for tetrapyrrolic Fe–N4 sites at 0.90 and 0.85 VRHE, respectively. At higher mass activities, the peroxide reduction becomes rate‐limiting, where highest peroxide production rates are observed for the nitrogen‐doped carbon.