bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A wheat 1‐FEH w3 variant underlies enzyme activity for stem WSC remobilization to grain under drought
Authors: Zhang Jingjuan , Xu Yunji , Chen Wei , Dell Bernard , Vergauwen Rudy , Biddulph Ben , Khan Nusrat , Luo Hao , Appels Rudi , Van den Ende Wim 
Published: September 2014

Summary

In wheat stems, the levels of fructan‐dominated water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) do not always correlate well with grain yield.

Field drought experiments were carried out to further explain this lack of correlation. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties, Westonia, Kauz and c. 20 genetically diverse double haploid (DH) lines derived from them were investigated.

Substantial genotypic differences in fructan remobilization were found and the 1‐FEH w3 gene was shown to be the major contributor in the stem fructan remobilization process based on enzyme activity and gene expression results. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was detected in an auxin response element in the 1‐FEH w3 promoter region, therefore we speculated that the mutated Westonia allele might affect gene expression and enzyme activity levels. A cleaved amplified polymorphic (CAP) marker was generated from the SNP. The harvested results showed that the mutated Westonia 1‐FEH w3 allele was associated with a higher thousand grain weight (TGW) under drought conditions in 2011 and 2012.

These results indicated that higher gene expression of 1‐FEH w3 and 1‐FEH w3 mediated enzyme activities that favoured stem WSC remobilization to the grains. The CAP marker residing in the 1‐FEH w3 promoter region may facilitate wheat breeding by selecting lines with high stem fructan remobilization capacity under terminal drought.
ALL THE (MANY, MANY) THINGS WE KNOW: EXTENDED KNOWLEDGE*
Authors: Bjerring Jens Christian , Pedersen Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this paper we explore the potential bearing of the extended mind thesis—the thesis that the mind extends into the world—on epistemology. We do three things. First, we argue that the combination of the extended mind thesis and reliabilism about knowledge entails that ordinary subjects can easily come to enjoy various forms of restricted omniscience. Second, we discuss the conceptual foundations of the extended mind and knowledge debate. We suggest that the theses of extended mind and extended knowledge lead to a bifurcation with respect to the concepts of belief and knowledge. We suggest that this conceptual bifurcation supports a form of pluralism about these concepts. Third, we discuss whether something similar can be said at the metaphysical level.
VARIETIES OF EXTERNALISM
Authors: Carter J. Adam , Kallestrup Jesper , Palermos S. Orestis , Pritchard Duncan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractOur aim is to provide a topography of the relevant philosophical terrain with regard to the possible ways in which knowledge can be conceived of as extended. We begin by charting the different types of internalist and externalist proposals within epistemology, and we critically examine the different formulations of the epistemic internalism/externalism debate they lead to. Next, we turn to the internalism/externalism distinction within philosophy of mind and cognitive science. In light of the above dividing lines, we then examine first the extent to which content externalism is compatible with epistemic externalism; second, whether active externalism entails epistemic externalism; and third whether there are varieties of epistemic externalism that are better suited to accommodate active externalism. Finally, we examine whether the combination of epistemic and cognitive externalism is necessary for epistemology and we comment on the potential ramifications of this move for social epistemology and philosophy of science.
OUTSOURCED COGNITION
Authors: Gerken Mikkel 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRecent developments in technologically enabled social cognition call for a rethinking of many aspects of human cognition. According to the hypothesis of extended cognition, we must revise our psychological categories by eliminating allegedly superficial distinctions between internal cognition and external processes. As an alternative to this proposal, I outline a hypothesis of outsourced cognition which seeks to respect distinctions that are operative in both folk psychology and the social and cognitive sciences. According to this hypothesis, the cognitive states and processes of the individual are substantially and explanatorily distinct from the relevant external states and processes. In consequence, the individual remains a cognitive unit that is both central and indispensable in the explanations of cognitive science. As a case study, I consider the epistemology of testimony. I will argue that important epistemological categories may be preserved by adopting the hypothesis of outsourced cognition over the hypothesis of extended cognition. Moreover, I will argue that the outsourced cognition hypothesis deepens the problems that beset an extended epistemology of testimony.
EVALUATING THE EXTENDED MIND
Authors: Jarvis Benjamin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAccording to proponents of radically extended cognition, some cognition is located outside the boundaries of biological organisms. In this paper, I offer a new argument for a modest version of this view according to which some cognitiveprocessesare radically extended. I do so by showing that features of a subject's environment—in particular, the pen and paper that a subject uses to solve complex mathematical problems—can haveepistemicroles that are indicative ofcognitiveroles. I end the paper by discussing how epistemology might play a significant role in diagnosing alleged cases of radically extended cognition.
EPISTEMOLOGY EXTENDED
Authors: Kelp Christoph 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA common presupposition in epistemology is that the processes contributing to the generation of knowledge do not extend beyond the knower's skin. This paper challenges this presupposition. I adduce a novel kind case that causes trouble for a number of even the most promising accounts of knowledge in current literature (virtue epistemological and modal accounts), at least so long as the presupposition is in place. I then look at a couple of recent accounts of knowledge that drop the presupposition and expressly allow the relevant processes to extended beyond the knower's skin. While these accounts can handle the problem case, they encounter difficulties elsewhere: extension occurs too easily and so the accounts predict knowledge where they ought not. Finally, I offer a novel way of extending epistemology and argue that it can steer clear of the problems on both sides.
Interleukin‐17 Mediated Inflammatory Responses Are Required for Ultraviolet Radiation‐Induced Immune Suppression
Authors: Li Hui , Prasad Ram , Katiyar Santosh K. , Yusuf Nabiha , Elmets Craig A. , Xu Hui 
Published: September 2014

AbstractUltraviolet radiation (UVR) induces immunosuppression and is a major factor for development of skin cancer. Numerous efforts have been made to determine mechanisms for UVR‐induced immunosuppression and to develop strategies for prevention and treatment of UVR‐induced cancers. In the current study, we use IL‐17 receptor (IL‐17R) deficient mice to examine whether IL‐17 mediated responses have a role in UVB (290–320)‐induced immunosuppression of contact hypersensitivity responses. Results demonstrate that IL‐17 mediated responses are required for UVB‐induced immunosuppression of contact hypersensitivity responses. The systemic immune suppression and development of regulatory T cells are inhibited in UVB‐treated IL‐17R deficient mice compared to wild‐type animals. The deficiency in IL‐17R inhibits the infiltration and development of a tolerogenic myeloid cell population in UVB‐treated skin, which expresses CD11b and Gr‐1 and produces reactive oxygen species. We speculate that the development of the tolerogenic myeloid cells is dependent on IL‐17‐induced chemokines and inflammatory mediators in UVB‐treated skin. The inhibition of the tolerogenic myeloid cells may be attributed to the suppression of regulatory T cells in UVR‐treated IL‐17R−/− mice. The findings may be exploited to new strategies for prevention and treatment of UVR‐induced skin diseases and cancers.
Effects of grip force on skin conductance measured from a handheld device
Authors: Tartz Robert , Vartak Aniket , King Jay , Fowles Don 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSkin conductance (SC) reflects stimulus significance and can be measured by integrating electrodes directly onto a smartphone housing such that they are naturally contacted when gripped. However, grip artifacts naturally arise during operation since grip forces can vary. We explored the effects of grip force on SC to determine feasibility and to draw guidelines on artifact mitigation. For this purpose, a prototype was built with integrated SC electrodes with colocated force sensors, and data was collected from 24 participants gripping the prototype across different grip force conditions. Our analysis showed that static forces greater than 2.0 N were associated with significant SC distortion, and artifacts induced from dynamic grip forces were buffered if the SC level was at least 1.1 microsiemens. Our findings are relevant for future applications of SC sensing on smartphones, which may enable interesting and highly contextual user experiences.
Prepubertal and Pubertal Canine Reproductive Studies: Conflicting Aspects
Authors: Gobello C 
Published: September 2014

ContentsInsufficient knowledge has been acquired regarding the prepubertal and pubertal periods of domestic canids. Until further information becomes available, a better standardization of the definitions, a careful and complete description of experimental variables and end points is necessary to diminish experimental bias in published trials. The aim of this report is therefore to discuss the definition of puberty and some of the most conflicting conditions influencing the pubertal transition (e.g. age and body weight and condition score among others) that, in turn, will be useful for the future design of reproductive studies on the domestic dog. Only trials that could be easily processed by a meta‐analysis will contribute to an improvement of our general knowledge on the reproductive physiology of this particular species.
Stochastic Ordering Under Conditional Modelling of Extreme Values: Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Authors: Papastathopoulos Ioannis , Tawn Jonathan A. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryDrug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major public health issue and of serious concern for the pharmaceutical industry. Early detection of signs of a drug's potential for DILI is vital for pharmaceutical companies’ evaluation of new drugs. A combination of extreme values of liver-specific variables indicate potential DILI (Hy's law). We estimate the probability of joint extreme elevations of laboratory variables by using the conditional approach to multivariate extremes which concerns the distribution of a random vector given an extreme component. We extend the current model to include the assumption of stochastically ordered survival curves and construct a hypothesis test for ordered tail dependence between doses, which is a pattern that is potentially triggered by DILI. The model proposed is applied to safety data from a phase 3 clinical trial of a drug that has been linked to liver toxicity.
Flexible Distributed Lags for Modelling Earthquake Data
Authors: Obermeier Viola , Scheipl Fabian , Heumann Christian , Wassermann Joachim , Küchenhoff Helmut 
Published: September 2014

SummaryHeavy long-lasting rainfall can trigger earthquake swarms. We are interested in the specific shape of lagged rain influence on the occurrence of earthquakes at different depths at Mount Hochstaufen, Bavaria. We present a novel penalty structure for interpretable and flexible estimates of lag coefficients based on spline representations. We provide an easy-to-use implementation of our flexible distributed lag approach that can be used directly in the established R package mgcv for estimation of generalized additive models. This allows our approach to be immediately included in complex additive models for generalized responses even in hierarchical or longitudinal data settings, making use of established stable and well-tested inference algorithms. The benefit of flexible distributed lag modelling is shown in a detailed simulation study.
pRPL 2.0: Improving the Parallel Raster Processing Library
Authors: Guan Qingfeng , Zeng Wen , Gong Junfang , Yun Shuo 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article presents an improved parallel Raster Processing Library – pRPL version 2.0. Since the release of version 1.0, a series of modifications has been made in pRPL to improve its usability, flexibility, and performance. While retaining some of the key features of pRPL, the new version has gained several new features: (1) a new DataManager class has been added for integrated data management, and to facilitate data decomposition, assignment mapping, data distribution, Transition execution, and load‐balancing; (2) a GDAL‐based raster data I/O mechanism has been added to support various geospatial raster data formats, and provide centralized and pseudo parallel I/O modes; and (3) a static load‐balancing mode and a dynamic load‐balancing mode using the task‐farming technique are provided. A parallel zonal statistics tool and a parallel Cellular Automata model were developed to demonstrate the usability and performance of pRPL 2.0. The experiments using the California datasets showed that the performance altered when different pRPL options (i.e. load‐balancing mode, I/O mode and writer mode) were used for different algorithms, datasets, and varying numbers of processes.
Morphing Linear Features Based on Their Entire Structures
Authors: Deng Min , Peng Dongliang 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this article, a new morphing method is proposed for two linear features at different scales, based on their entire structures (MLBES in abbreviation). First, the bend structures of the linear features are identified by using a constrained Delaunay triangulation (CDT in abbreviation) model and represented by binary bend‐structure trees. By matching the independent bends represented by the bend‐structure trees, corresponding independent bends are obtained. These corresponding independent bends are further used to match their child bends based on hierarchical bend structures so that corresponding bends are obtained. On this basis, the two linear features are split into pairs of corresponding subpolylines by the start and end points of the corresponding bends. Second, structures of the corresponding subpolylines are identified by the Douglas‐Peucker algorithm and represented by binary line generalization trees (BLG‐trees in abbreviation). The corresponding subpolylines are split into smaller corresponding subpolylines by matching the nodes of the BLG‐trees. Third, the corresponding points are identified by using the linear interpolation algorithm for every pair of corresponding subpolylines. Finally, straight‐line trajectories are employed to generate a family of intermediate‐scale linear features. By comparison with other methods, it is found that MLBES is accurate and efficient.
Gelfand–Kirillov dimension of differential difference algebras
Authors: Zhang Yang , Zhao Xiangui 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDifferential difference algebras, introduced by Mansfield and Szanto, arose naturally from differential difference equations. In this paper, we investigate the Gelfand–Kirillov dimension of differential difference algebras. We give a lower bound of the Gelfand–Kirillov dimension of a differential difference algebra and a sufficient condition under which the lower bound is reached; we also find an upper bound of this Gelfand–Kirillov dimension under some specific conditions and construct an example to show that this upper bound cannot be sharpened any further.
A Drug-Repositioning Screening Identifies Pentetic Acid as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Suppressing the Elastase-Mediated Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Gi Mia , Jeong Junhui , Lee Keehoon , Lee Kang-Mu , Toyofuku Masanori , Yong Dong Eun , Yoon Sang Sun , Choi Jae Young 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTPseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative bacterium of clinical significance, produces elastase as a predominant exoprotease. Here, we screened a library of chemical compounds currently used for human medication and identified diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA, pentetic acid) as an agent that suppresses the production of elastase. Elastase activity found in the prototypeP. aeruginosastrain PAO1 was significantly decreased when grown with a concentration as low as 20 μM DTPA. Supplementation with Zn2+or Mn2+ions restored the suppressive effect of DTPA, suggesting that the DTPA-mediated decrease in elastase activity is associated with ion-chelating activity. In DTPA-treated PAO1 cells, transcription of the elastase-encodinglasBgene and levels of thePseudomonasquinolone signal (PQS), a molecule that mediatesP. aeruginosaquorum sensing (QS), were significantly downregulated, reflecting the potential involvement of the PQS QS system in DTPA-mediated elastase suppression. Biofilm formation was also decreased by DTPA treatment. When A549 alveolar type II-like adenocarcinoma cells were infected with PAO1 cells in the presence of DTPA, A549 cell viability was substantially increased. Furthermore, the intranasal delivery of DTPA to PAO1-infected mice alleviated the pathogenic effects of PAO1 cells in the animals. Together, our results revealed a novel function for a known molecule that may help treatP. aeruginosaairway infection.
Cross-Genotypic Examination of Hepatitis C Virus Polymerase Inhibitors Reveals a Novel Mechanism of Action for Thumb Binders
Authors: Eltahla Auda A. , Tay Enoch , Douglas Mark W. , White Peter A. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT

Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) targeting proteins encoded by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome have great potential for the treatment of HCV infections. However, the efficacy of DAAs designed to target genotype 1 (G1) HCV against non-G1 viruses has not been characterized fully. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory activities of nonnucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) against the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). We examined the ability of six NNIs to inhibit G1b, G2a, and G3a subgenomic replicons in cell culture, as well as
in vitro
transcription by G1b and G3a recombinant RdRps. Of the six G1 NNIs, only the palm II binder nesbuvir demonstrated activity against G1, G2, and G3 HCV, in both replicon and recombinant enzyme models. The thumb I binder JTK-109 also inhibited G1b and G3a replicons and recombinant enzymes but was 41-fold less active against the G2a replicon. The four other NNIs, which included a palm I binder (setrobuvir), two thumb II binders (lomibuvir and filibuvir), and a palm β-hairpin binder (tegobuvir), all showed at least 40-fold decreases in potency against G2a and G3a replicons and the G3a enzyme. This antiviral resistance was largely conferred by naturally occurring amino acid residues in the G2a and G3a RdRps that are associated with G1 resistance. Lomibuvir and filibuvir (thumb II binders) inhibited primer-dependent but not
de novo
activity of the G1b polymerase. Surprisingly, these compounds instead specifically enhanced the
de novo
activity at concentrations of ≥100 nM. These findings highlight a potential differential mode of RdRp inhibition for HCV NNIs, depending on their prospective binding pockets, and also demonstrate a surprising enhancement of
de novo
activity for thumb RdRp binders. These results also provide a better understanding of the antiviral coverage for these polymerase inhibitors, which will likely be used in future combinational interferon-free therapies.
Properties of AdeABC and AdeIJK Efflux Systems of Acinetobacter baumannii Compared with Those of the AcrAB-TolC System of Escherichia coli
Authors: Sugawara Etsuko , Nikaido Hiroshi 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTAcinetobacter baumanniicontains RND-family efflux systems AdeABC and AdeIJK, which pump out a wide range of antimicrobial compounds, as judged from the MIC changes occurring upon deletion of the responsible genes. However, these studies may miss changes because of the high backgrounds generated by the remaining pumps and by β-lactamases, and it is unclear how the activities of these pumps compare quantitatively with those of the well-studied AcrAB-TolC system ofEscherichia coli. We expressedadeABCandadeIJKofA. baumannii, as well asE. coliacrAB, in anE. colihost from whichacrABwas deleted. TheA. baumanniipumps were functional inE. coli, and the MIC changes that were observed largely confirmed the substrate range already reported, with important differences. Thus, the AdeABC system pumped out all β-lactams, an activity that was often missed in deletion studies. When the expression level of the pump genes was adjusted to a similar level for a comparison with AcrAB-TolC, we found that bothA. baumanniiefflux systems pumped out a wide range of compounds, but AdeABC was less effective than AcrAB-TolC in the extrusion of lipophilic β-lactams, novobiocin, and ethidium bromide, although it was more effective at tetracycline efflux. AdeIJK was remarkably more effective than a similar level of AcrAB-TolC in the efflux of β-lactams, novobiocin, and ethidium bromide, although it was less so in the efflux of erythromycin. These results thus allow us to compare these efflux systems on a quantitative basis, if we can assume that the heterologous systems are fully functional in theE. colihost.
Administration of a Triple versus a Standard Double Antimicrobial Regimen for Human Brucellosis More Efficiently Eliminates Bacterial DNA Load
Authors: Vrioni Georgia , Bourdakis Adamantios , Pappas Georgios , Pitiriga Vassiliki , Mavrouli Maria , Pournaras Spyros , Tsakris Athanassios 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT

The effects of doxycycline-streptomycin-rifampin versus a standard doxycycline-streptomycin regimen on residual
Brucella
DNA were compared in 36 acute brucellosis patients. At admission, all patients given triple (
n
= 22) and double (
n
= 14) regimens had detectable
Brucella
DNA with similar mean loads (
P
= 0.982). At follow-up, 14 to 20 months postpresentation, significantly more patients receiving triple than double regimens had undetectable
Brucella
DNA (
P
= 0.026). The doxycycline-streptomycin-rifampin regimen eliminates
Brucella
DNA more efficiently than doxycycline-streptomycin, which may result in superior long-term clearance of
Brucella
.