bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescent and Parent Use of New Technologies for Health Communication: A Study in An Urban Latino Community
Authors: Smaldone Arlene , Stockwell Melissa S. , Osborne Jennel C. , Cortes Yamnia , Bekele ElShadey , Green Nancy S. 
Published: March 2015

Background Mobile communication technologies provide novel opportunities to support clinic-based health initiatives. Adoption of technologies for daily use and for health communication can differ between communities, depending upon demographic and cultural characteristics. Design and methods A survey was administered in adolescent primary care and subspecialty clinics to assess parent-adolescent preferences in use of mobile technologies and social media to support provider-patient communication in an urban Latino community. Results Of 130 respondents (65 parent-adolescent pairs), approximately half frequently sent and received text messages but lacked agreement regarding the other's text messaging use. In contrast, adolescents only rarely used email compared to parents (15.4% versus 37.5%, P=0.006). Of social media, Facebook™/MySpace™ was most frequently used by parents and youth (60% and 55.4%, P=0.59); however, most lacked interest in using social media for health communication. Parents reported more interest than adolescents in receiving email (73.4% versus 35.9%, P<0.001) and text messages (58.5% versus 33.9%, P=0.005) for health, but had more concerns about privacy issues (26.2% versus 9.2%, P=0.01). Respondents who were American born (aOR 5.7, 95%CI 1.2-28.5) or regularly used Instant Messaging or Facebook™/MySpace™ (aOR 4.6, 95%CI 1.4-14.7) were more likely to be interested in using social media for health communication. Conclusions These findings underscore the importance of targeted assessment for planning the utilization of communication technologies and social media in clinical care or research for underserved youth.
Continuïteit van ondernemingen en pre-pack – hoe een idee een Europese richtlijn mist
Authors: Beltzer R.M. 
Published: February 2015

Continuïteit van ondernemingen en pre-pack – hoe een idee een Europese richtlijn mist
Zoals bij elk nieuw fenomeen geldt ook voor de pre-pack dat juridische onduidelijkheden bestaan. Een voor de praktijk belangrijke vraag is of er redenen zijn aan te nemen dat een voortzetting van de onderneming door middel van een zogenoemde pre-pack een overgang van onderneming zou kunnen impliceren. De auteur stelt dat, ondanks de bewoordingen van art. 7:666 BW, een categorische uitsluiting van de regels met betrekking tot overgang van onderneming in faillissement wellicht in strijd is met Europese regels.
Private enforcement van het mededingingsrecht: de toekomst van schadevergoedingsprocedures voor kartelschade in Nederland
Authors: Houdijk J. , Schäfers T. 
Published: February 2015

Private enforcement van het mededingingsrecht: de toekomst van schadevergoedingsprocedures voor kartelschade in Nederland
De handhaving c.q. afdwinging van (de normen van) het mededingingsrecht kent een duale uitwerking. Deze kenmerkt zich namelijk door een publiekrechtelijke en een privaatrechtelijke dimensie. De publiekrechtelijke handhaving is in handen van de nationale mededingingsautoriteiten, zoals de Autoriteit Consument & Markt in Nederland, en van de Europese Commissie binnen de Europese Unie. Publiekrechtelijke interventie heeft tot dusver steeds voorop gelopen binnen de Europese Unie en binnen de EU-lidstaten. Privaatrechtelijke handhaving, dan wel private enforcement, is echter aan een opkomst bezig: het betreft hier de toepassing van mededingingsrechtelijke normen in geschillen tussen private partijen, in het bijzonder in procedures die draaien om schadeverhaal ten aanzien van schade die een onderneming heeft geleden door de kartelgedragingen van andere marktpartijen. De opkomst van het fenomeen van private enforcement van het mededingingsrecht is recent kracht bij gezet door nieuwe regelgevingsinitiatieven van de Europese Commissie. In de Nederlandse rechtspraak zijn inmiddels de eerste schadevergoedingszaken vanwege (gestelde) kartelschade aanhangig. Ondanks deze initiatieven staat private enforcement van het mededingingsrecht in Nederland nog in de kinderschoenen: er zijn nog veel onduidelijkheden en nog vele stappen te zetten alvorens het is uitgegroeid tot een volwassen rechtsgebied. Denk hierbij aan de vaststelling c.q. berekening van geleden schade. Ook op het vlak van de organisatie en financiering van claim(procedure)s zijn interessante ontwikkelingen gaande in de vorm van voorstellen tot nieuwe Nederlandse wetgeving op het gebied van de ‘class action’.
La protección juridica administrativa de la atmósfera y cambio climatico
Authors: Mejía Henry Alexander 
Published: February 2015

Para resolver el problema de la contaminación atmosférica deben articularse mecanismos que lo enfrenten de forma integral dado sus repercusiones de orden planetario. Este tipo de contaminación desbasta la capa de ozono y las emisiones producen el efecto invernadero, conllevándonos a un cambio en el clima de las estaciones planetarias, desde subidas y altas de temperatura, sequias o inundaciones. El artículo tiene el objetivo de poner en relieve las medidas que se han tomado en el marco del Derecho Internacional del medio ambiente donde se han buscado vías para su solución, y por supuesto las medidas que individuales que deben tomar cada uno de los Estados, según sus capacidades económicas.
Structural heterogeneity of the midcrust adjacent to the central Alpine Fault, New Zealand: Inferences from seismic tomography and seismicity between Harihari and Ross
Authors: Bourguignon Sandra , Bannister Stephen , Henderson C. Mark , Townend John , Zhang Haijiang 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDetermining the rates and distributions of microseismicity near major faults at different points in the seismic cycle is a crucial step toward understanding plate boundary seismogenesis. We analyze data from temporary seismic arrays spanning the central section of the Alpine Fault, New Zealand, using double‐difference seismic tomography. This portion of the fault last ruptured in a large earthquake in 1717 AD and is now late in its typical 330 year cycle of Mw∼8 earthquakes. Seismicity varies systematically with distance from the Alpine Fault: (1) directly beneath the fault trace, earthquakes are sparse and largely confined to the footwall at depths of 4–11 km; (2) at distances of 0–9 km southeast of the trace, seismicity is similarly sparse and shallower than 8 km; (3) at distances of 9–20 km southeast of the fault trace, earthquakes are much more prevalent and shallower than 7 km. Hypocenter lineations here are subparallel to faults mapped near the Main Divide of the Southern Alps, confirming that those faults are active. The region of enhanced seismicity is associated with the highest topography and a high‐velocity tongue doming at 3–5 km depth. The low‐seismicity zone adjacent to the Alpine Fault trace is associated with Vp and Vs values at midcrustal depths about 8 and 6% lower than further southeast. We interpret lateral variations in seismicity rate to reflect patterns of horizontal strain rate superimposed on heterogeneous crustal structure, and the variations in seismicity cutoff depth to be controlled by temperature and permeability structure variations.
Analysis of the effectiveness of ground‐based VLF wave observations for predicting or nowcasting relativistic electron flux at geostationary orbit
Authors: Simms Laura E. , Engebretson Mark J. , Smith A. J. , Clilverd Mark , Pilipenko Viacheslav , Reeves Geoffrey D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPoststorm relativistic electron flux enhancement at geosynchronous orbit has shown correlation with very low frequency (VLF) waves measured by satellite in situ. However, our previous study found little correlation between electron flux and VLF measured by a ground‐based instrument at Halley, Antarctica. Here we explore several possible explanations for this low correlation. Using 220 storms (1992–2002), our previous work developed a predictive model of the poststorm flux at geosynchronous orbit based on explanatory variables measured a day or two before the flux increase. In a nowcast model, we use averages of variables from the time period when flux is rising during the recovery phase of geomagnetic storms and limit the VLF (1.0 kHz) measure to the dawn period at Halley (09:00–12:00 UT). This improves the simple correlation of VLF wave intensity with flux, although the VLF effect in an overall multiple regression is still much less than that of other factors. When analyses are performed separately for season and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz orientation, VLF outweighs the influence of other factors only during winter months when IMF Bz is in an average northward orientation.
A simulation study on the impact of altitudinal dependent vertical plasma drift on the equatorial ionosphere in the evening
Authors: Qian Cheng , Lei Jiuhou , Wang Wenbin 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe carry out a simulation study on the impact of altitudinal dependent plasma drift on the equatorial ionosphere in the evening, under geomagnetically quiet conditions. Our study used the vertical plasma drift velocity data measured by an incoherent scatter radar at Jicamarca (11.95°S, 76.87°W). The data covered the local sunset period on 15 and 16 November 2004. The plasma drift had significant altitudinal variations in the vertical component, which is perpendicular to the magnetic field. We employed SAMI2 (SAMI2 is another model of the ionosphere) to evaluate the effect of the altitude‐dependent ion drift on the equatorial ionosphere. Three types of plasma drift velocity inputs were used in our simulations. The first input is calculated from an empirical model, the second is a height‐averaged drift obtained from the observed drift velocity, and the third one corresponds to the observed altitudinal dependent drift data. A strong equatorial ionization anomaly occurred in the results of all numerical experiments. Additional layers (F3 layers) in electron densities over the equatorial F region and “arch” latitudinal structures extending to lower middle latitudes were seen in the simulations driven by the observed altitudinal dependent drift. We further show that neutral winds do not have a significant effect on the simulated F3 layers. The results of our numerical experiments suggest that the simulated additional ionospheric layers and arch structures are associated with the altitudinal gradients in the vertical plasma drift velocity.
Comprehensive survey of energetic electron events in Mercury's magnetosphere with data from the MESSENGER Gamma‐Ray and Neutron Spectrometer
Authors: Lawrence David J. , Anderson Brian J. , Baker Daniel N. , Feldman William C. , Ho George C. , Korth Haje , McNutt Ralph L. , Peplowski Patrick N. , Solomon Sean C. , Starr Richard D. , Vandegriff Jon D. , Winslow Reka M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractData from the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) Gamma‐Ray and Neutron Spectrometer have been used to detect and characterize energetic electron (EE) events in Mercury's magnetosphere. This instrument detects EE events indirectly via bremsstrahlung photons that are emitted when instrument and spacecraft materials stop electrons having energies of tens to hundreds of keV. From Neutron Spectrometer data taken between 18 March 2011 and 31 December 2013 we have identified 2711 EE events. EE event amplitudes versus energy are distributed as a power law and have a dynamic range of a factor of 400. The duration of the EE events ranges from tens of seconds to nearly 20 min. EE events may be classified as bursty (large variation with time over an event) or smooth (small variation). Almost all EE events are detected inside Mercury's magnetosphere on closed field lines. The precise occurrence times of EE events are stochastic, but the events are located in well‐defined regions with clear boundaries that persist in time and form what we call “quasi‐permanent structures.” Bursty events occur closer to dawn and at higher latitudes than smooth events, which are seen near noon‐to‐dusk local times at lower latitudes. A subset of EE events shows strong periodicities that range from hundreds of seconds to tens of milliseconds. The few‐minute periodicities are consistent with the Dungey cycle timescale for the magnetosphere and the occurrence of substorm events in Mercury's magnetotail region. Shorter periods may be related to phenomena such as north‐south bounce processes for the energetic electrons.
Ionospheric loop currents and associated ULF oscillations at geosynchronous altitudes during preonset intervals of substorm aurora
Authors: Saka O. , Hayashi K. , Leonovich A. S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA substorm aurora was observed at 04:52 UT on 27 January 1986 by an all‐sky imager installed at Shamattawa (66.3°N, 336.0° in corrected geomagnetic coordinates) and a magnetometer on board a conjugate satellite (GOES 6) at geosynchronous altitudes. In the preonset intervals lasting for approximately 50 min prior to the expansion onset, an equatorward drift of the auroras beginning from 71°N to 64°N was observed. Meanwhile, GOES 6 observed ULF oscillations in 25–200 s periods at geosynchronous altitudes after about 10 min following the start of the equatorward drift. During the equatorward drift of the arc, the flow reversal occurred, where the auroral arc propagating eastward was replaced by a westward propagation. Simultaneously, the major axes of the ULF oscillations rotated clockwise by ~90° in the equatorial plane. We conclude that the ULF oscillations are azimuthally small‐scale Alfvén waves excited in the magnetosphere by field‐aligned currents associated with ionospheric loop currents.
Approximate expressions for lightning electromagnetic fields at near and far ranges: Influence of return‐stroke speed
Authors: Chen Yazhou , Wang Xiaojia , Rakov Vladimir A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe waveforms of lightning return‐stroke electromagnetic fields on ground are studied using the transmission line model. Approximate expressions to calculate lightning electromagnetic fields at near and far ranges are presented. It is found that the waveforms of lightning electric and magnetic fields in the time domain at both near and far ranges can be expressed approximately as the channel‐base current waveform multiplied by a factor which is a function of the return‐stroke speed v and the horizontal distance r between the return‐stroke channel and the observation point on ground. The ranges at which the approximate expressions are valid are determined. The ranges of validity increase with increasing the return‐stroke speed, and the near and far field approximate expressions converge to the exact formula as the return‐stroke speed approaches the speed of light.
Optics for Digital Imaging
Authors: Catrysse Peter B. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDigital imaging has become the predominant way to capture, process, store, and share images and photographs. The images in digital imaging systems are formed by an optical system composed of two equally important subsystems: the imaging optics and the pixel optics. In this chapter, I introduce, describe, and analyze these systems in detail since they both contribute in forming the optical images and are part of any digital imaging system, whether used for consumer, professional, industrial, and even scientific applications. By placing them on equal footing, I will illustrate the intricate interplay between them in accomplishing the goal of the optical system in digital imaging. I start by introducing the entire optical system in Section 1 by defining the imaging and pixel optics subsystems in terms of their optical components. In Section 2, I establish the optics fundamentals as they apply to digital imaging by reviewing the different languages used in the description of the imaging optics and pixel optics. This section provides the foundation for the remainder of the chapter. The concepts, therefore, apply to current and any future systems. Specifically, I describe the use of geometrical optics, radiometry, physical optics, and electromagnetic field optics. The first three are used in the analysis and design of the imaging optics subsystem, while the last is necessary to design, analyze, and optimize the pixel optics subsystem. Next, I apply these optical languages to the design and analysis of the optical system in digital imaging in Section 3. Here, I cover established practices and methods in light of the fact that the subsystems serve different purposes. The purpose of the imaging optics is to create beautiful images, while the pixel optics are engineered in an attempt to waste as little as possible of the photons incident on the pixels of the solid‐state image sensor. The design and the metrics used to assess their performance reflect these differing goals. In Section 4, I briefly touch on digital imaging system simulation and prediction, which is described in greater detail in Image Simulation on Image Simulation, before moving on to design considerations for optical systems in Section 5. Here, I discuss the role that pixel scaling has on imaging and pixel optics design, which is a very timely aspect of optical system design for digital imaging. In this context, I stress the important of capturing every photon incident on a pixel, which in turn motivates the concept of flux‐invariant or photon‐invariant scaling. This sets the stage for an analysis of the microlens performance limits, a study of optical confinement methods for light inside pixels, and a review of backside illumination technology. Finally, I highlight the emerging trends in optical systems for digital imaging in Section 6. As specific illustrations, I point to a few key developments in nanophotonics and computational imaging that have the potential for a significant impact on the future of optical systems.
Digital Versus Analog Imaging
Authors: Kriss Michael 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn nature, the only continuous image is the “true” scene made up of the point‐to‐point reflectance or emission of light from the various objects in the scene or the direct capture of light from a source such as the sun or light bulb or the translucent transmission of light. There is no limit to the fineness of the detail or the amount of light present. Before the digital age, film was considered by many to be a continuous media (to the unaided eye) even though all photograph images were either made up of very small clusters of developed silver or dye clouds that ranged from one micron to several microns in size. For color films, the dye clouds were normally formed in multiple layers (as many as nine imaging layers) and the overlap of the dye clouds gave rise to a very continuous image unless observed under the microscope. Again, before the digital age, film images were scanned by high quality graphic art scanners that created separations (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black) on black‐and‐white film that would then be used to make halftone separations for printing. The resulting halftones looked continuous if the combination of viewing distance and dot pitch was such that the human eye integrated the dots into an apparent continuous image. If the eye failed to integrate the dots, then is was seen as a halftone dot pattern with some image content. When digital cameras and scanners became available at a moderate cost, the notion of a continuous, captured image gave way to the discrete, sampled image. The sampling transformed a region of the continuous image, the pixel aperture, into a well‐defined pixel of some spatial dimension and some well‐defined value (the average over the pixel aperture). The sampling of the image introduced aliasing artifacts (low frequency banding) when the sampling distance was less than the spatial frequency content of the image. The value of the data defined by each pixel is then quantized into some well‐defined number of bits and a calibration curve. Hence a transmittance or reflectance signal between zero and one would be quantized to 8 bits or more resulting in levels between 0 and 255 or higher. In the same manner, electrical signals captured by a digital camera would be quantized, compressed, and stored in the camera storage media. The impact of this discrete sampling and quantization is covered in this chapter.
Image Compression and File Formats
Authors: Kriss Michael 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

As long as memory storage is at a premium, compression of documents and images was a necessity. While today storage is relatively inexpensive, the role of compression still plays an important part of digital imaging. While digital cameras have significant internal memory and the various memory cards can store in as much as 64 gigabytes of data, data compression is still required for the transmission of images and graphics across networks and even from the personal computer to a printer. Transmission of “movies” would be impossible without sophisticated compression algorithms. This chapter focuses on the compression methods developed for the digital still camera, but they have found considerable use in other fields of imaging where massive data sets need to be stored and retrieved for many imaging uses including medicine, graphic arts,
HD TV
, video conferencing, and digital entertainment. Here,
JPEG
, JPEG 2000, and some of the encoding techniques are demonstrated along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Plasma Display Panel (PDP)
Authors: Mikoshiba Shigeo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA plasma display panel (PDP) is basically an assembly of a top and a bottom glass plates. The simplicity of the structure makes a large area, thin, and lightweighted display possible. The display is rugged to withstand high levels of shock and vibration. Phosphor is used for visible emission with highly saturated colors. Fabrication processes unique to plasma display panels are barrier rib fabrications and phosphor coatings, to which various methods have been proposed. Unlike the semiconductor‐like plant of TFT‐LCDs, plasma displays can be manufactured in a less clean and a less precision environment. This reduces the manufacturing cost.Basic principles of ignition and steady‐state glow discharges in the plasma displays are identical to gas discharge devices, such as fluorescent lamps, but with a difference of a high speed control of millions of tiny discharge cells. The driving of PDPs also requires high voltages, to which various cares have to be taken. The large area plasma displays are suited for expressing high quality images of digital high definition TVs. Picture quality of the PDPs is excellent, especially for fast‐moving images and 3D displays. One of the important issues of the panel characteristics is to improve the luminous efficacy in order to reduce the power consumption.
Ink‐Jet Ink Technologies
Authors: Stoffel John L. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Inks are composed of colorant and vehicle. Colorants can be categorized as a dye or a pigment where dye is soluble in the vehicle and pigment in not soluble in the vehicle. The vehicle may be aqueous, solvent, solid, or monomer that can be cured by ultraviolet light. Digital ink‐jet inks have similar requirements to analog inks in terms of print quality and durability and also most need to recover quickly from an idle nonprinting state with minimal intervention. Ink‐jet inks are a critical part of the printing process and can be categorized as thermal ink‐jet, piezo ink‐jet, or continuous ink‐jet ink. Each printing process places requirements on the ink. Ink also must be designed for key substrates that will be needed by the customer. Uncoated free sheet paper, photographic ink‐jet paper, and vinyl are key substrates for ink‐jet printing.