bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of the Regulatory Reform Process on the R&D Investment of European Electricity Utilities
Authors: Schmitt Stephan , Kucsera Denes 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to provide deeper insights into the impact of regulatory reforms and privatization on the R&D spending of electricity utilities. Building on a novel panel data set including the biggest European utilities from eight EU countries over a period from 1985 to 2010, we find that the overall influence of the European regulatory reform process on R&D investment is ambiguous. The empirical evidence indicates that the approaching liberalization process, i.e., nearing competition, has a dampening effect on R&D spending. Utilities reduce their expenses due to increased uncertainties and additional risks. However, once the market and regulatory framework conditions have been set up and firms have become used to the new situation, higher levels of competition positively influence R&D and former incumbents invest more in order to “escape” from the competition. Moreover, we find no indication that (ownership) unbundling and incentive regulation directly affect the research expenditures of the utilities. In contrast, the privatization of utilities seems to have strong negative consequences for their amount of R&D spending.
Financing Muhammadiyah: The Early Economic Endeavours of a Muslim Modernist Mass Organization in Indonesia (1920s-1960s)
Authors: Njoto-Feillard Gwenaël 
Published: July 2014

Throughout its history, Indonesia’s largest Islamic reformist organization, the Muhammadiyah, has relied on funding based on the gift economy. Using the organization’s archived financial reports from the 1920s to the 1960s–a source that had yet to be exploited–this study shows how the Muhammadiyah used different shares of resources (donations, member fees, subsidies, etc.) to finance its organization. In the pre-War period, the Muhammadiyah Central Board became noticeably reliant on colonial subsidies. The reformist organization attempted to emancipate itself from this dependency and develop its own productive sector (businesses, cooperatives, banking, etc.), which raised various ethical questions as this socio-religious institution decides to operate lucrative economic endeavours. Finally, this article argues that the case of Muhammadiyah clearly shows how Indonesian Islam was, quite early on, well-informed of the ethical debates surrounding the idea of ‘Islamic economics’ long before its recent emergence as an economic initiative in the Muslim communities.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v21i1.877
The Ulama, Thought-styles, and the Islamic State Debate in Contemporary Malaysia
Authors: Saat Norshahril 
Published: July 2014

During the 1980s Islamic resurgence in Malaysia, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) championed the formation of an Islamic state, while the ruling United Malays National Organization (UMNO) retained its Malay/nationalist and secular ideology. However, in the run up to the 2008 general elections, PAS revealed its manifesto as Negara Berkebajikan Malaysia, or ‘benevolent’ state, and retained it for the 2013 elections. Conversely, some quarters within UMNO called for the implementation of shariah law. Has PAS become more moderate than UMNO? This article discusses the common threads underlying both parties’ views of the Islamic state. By examining the personal writings, publications, and religious sermons of the dominant ulama (religious scholars) of both parties, this study seeks to illuminate their attitudes towards Islam in general, and towards the idea of Islamic state in particular.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v21i1.878
Education, Identity, and Recognition: The Shi‘i Islamic Education in Indonesia
Authors: Zulkifli Zulkifli 
Published: July 2014

This article seeks to explain the role of education in relation to identity formation and the problems of recognition among Indonesian Shi’i (Shi’a) educational institutions. Despite being relatively small in numbers, the existence of the Shi’i community in Indonesia has attracted great attention from the state and religious authorities, especially since the recent sectarian violence committed against minority groups. This article follows three basic arguments: first, the issue of recognition is essential for education; second, social recognition is central to identity formation; and third, educational institution is a site of identity formation. This study shows that education is a very important vehicle for the Shi’i group to gain recognition from the Sunni majority. Education plays an important role, and the Shi’i school system adopted from Iran has provided recognitive process and recognitive space for the community to make Shi’ism a legitimate group in Indonesian Islam.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v21i1.879
Al-Islām wa al-qānūn wa al-dawlah: Dirāsah fī fikri Ki Bagus Hadikusumo wa dawrihi
Authors: Hakim Sudarnoto Abdul 
Published: July 2014

This article discusses the intellectual and political biography of Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, a prominent Muslim leader in Indonesia. He was born in Yogyakarta where he grew up in a Muslim priyayi family of Kauman in the city. This study explains that the Sufi tradition of Pesantren Wonokromo in Yogyakarta deeply influenced his religious thoughts. Later, he was noted as one of the first students of K.H. Ahmad Dahlan, the founder of Muhammadiyah. It is clear that he was under a strong intellectual, ideological and religious influence of Dahlan. He published works on Islamic theology, Fiqh, Sufism, and also on Islam and state. During the Japanese occupation, he became the Chairman of Muhammadiyah organization . Ki Bagus was also known as a prominent leader of political parties, i.e. PII, MIAI, Masyumi and then a prominent member of BPUPKI, an important element of Indonesian independence in 1945. Representing a nationalist-Islamist wing, he greatly contributed to the politics of early modern Indonesia by (1) preparing the Indonesian constitution, and (2) providing solid arguments for Muslims to accept Pancasila as the nation’s state ideology.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v21i1.881
Kartosuwiryo dan NII: Kajian Ulang
Authors: Azra Azyumardi 
Published: July 2014

Formichi, Kiara, Islam in The Making of The Nation: Kartosuwiryo and Political Islam in 20th Century Indonesia. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 282, Leiden: KITLV Press, 2012, xvii, 244 pp. (map), USD 49.00, paper, ISBN 978-90-6718-386-4Chiara Formichi’s book, Islam and the Making of the Nation: Kartosuwiryo and Political Islam in 20th Century Indonesia (2012), is the most recent work on Kartosuwiryo and Negara Islam Indonesia (NII). Formichi perceives Kartosuwiryo and NII as Islamic political movement while discussing the place of Islam and Indonesian Muslims in the nation-state building. She argues that Kartosuwiryo movement and NII is the true expression of political Islam which aims at establishing ‘a federal Islamic state of Indonesia’ by collapsing the Indonesian state with Pancasila as its philosophical foundation. In her opinion, the roots of NII’s political Islam could be traced to the works and political activism of Kartosuwiryo in Sarekat Islam (SI), the first Islamic national movement in Indonesia, established in 1911. However, Formichi does not explain why the ideas, movement, struggle as well as the trial of establishing an Islamic state in Indonesia failed as confirmed by the experience of Kartosuwiryo and NII.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v21i1.883
Law, Women, and Property in Contemporary Indonesia
Authors: Salim Arskal 
Published: July 2014

On 27-28 August, 2013, the School of Graduate Studies of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta organised a two day conference on Law, Women and Property in Contemporary Indonesia. The conference was aimed to enhance understanding of recent socio-legal changes that affect Indonesian Muslim women and their access to property in the past few decades. In particular, it sought to investigate changing patterns in marriage and post-divorce payments, property transfers and the implications they are having upon women, children and legal processes in Indonesia.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v21i1.884
Analysis of Lead Carboxylates and Lead-Containing Pigments in Oil Paintings by Solid- State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Catalano Jaclyn , Yao Yao , Murphy Anna , Zumbulyadis Nicholas , Centeno Silvia A. , Dybowski Cecil 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTSoap formation in traditional oil paintings occurs when heavy-metal-containing pigments, such as lead white, 2Pb(CO3)2·Pb(OH)2, and lead-tin yellow type I, Pb2SnO4, react with fatty acids in the binding medium. These soaps may form aggregates that can be 100-200 μm in diameter, which swell and protrude through the paint surface, resulting in the degradation of the paint film and damage to the integrity of the artwork. In addition, soap formation has been reported to play a role in the increased transparency of paint films that allows the painting support, the preparatory drawing, and the artists’ alterations to become visible to the naked eye. The factors that trigger soap formation and the mechanism(s) of the process are not yet well understood. To elucidate these issues, chemical and structural information is necessary which can be obtained by solid-state 207Pb, 119Sn, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In the present study, a combination of 207Pb NMR pulse sequences was used to determine accurately the NMR parameters of lead-containing pigments and lead carboxylates known to be involved in soap formation, such as lead palmitate, lead stearate, and lead azelate. These results show that the local coordination environment of lead azelate is different from lead palmitate or lead stearate and therefore it is unlikely that lead azelate would be incorporated into an ordered structure containing lead palmitate and lead stearate. In addition, the chemical shifts of the pigments obtained are different from those of the soaps, demonstrating that 207Pb NMR is useful in characterizing the components when present in a mixture, such as a paint film. The NMR methods discussed can also be applied to other Pb-containing cultural heritage materials, electronic and optoelectronic materials, superconducting materials, and environmentally contaminated materials.
TECHNOLOGY OF EGYPTIAN CORE GLASS VESSELS
Authors: McCarthy Blythe , Vandiver Pamela , Nagel Alexander , Dussubieux Laure 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTOur knowledge of glass production in ancient Egypt has been well augmented not only by the publication of recently excavated materials and glass workshops, but also by more recent materials analysis, and experiments of modern glass-makers attempting to reconstruct the production process of thin-walled core-formed glass vessels. The small but well preserved glass collection of the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. was used to examine and study the technology and production of ancient Egyptian core-formed glass vessels. Previous study suggests that most of these vessels were produced in the 18th Dynasty in the 15th and 14th centuries BCE, while others date from the Hellenistic period and later. In an ongoing project we conducted computed radiography, x-ray fluorescence analysis and scanning electron microscopy on a selected group of vessels to understand further aspects of the ancient production process. This paper will provide an overview of our recent research.
Enhanced Forward Bias Operation of 4H-SiC PiN Diodes Using High Temperature Oxidation
Authors: Fisher Craig A. , Jennings Michael R. , Sharma Yogesh K. , Hamilton Dean P. , Thomas Stephen M. , Li Fan , Gammon Peter M. , Pérez-Tomás Amador , Burrows Susan E. , Mawby Philip A. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTIn this paper, high temperature (>1400°C) thermal oxidation has been applied, for the first time, to 4H-SiC PiN diodes with thick (110 μm) drift regions, for the purpose of increasing the carrier lifetime in the semiconductor. PiN diodes were fabricated using 4H-SiC material that had undergone thermal oxidation performed at 1400°C, 1500°C and 1600°C, then were electrically characterized. Forward current-voltage (I-V) measurements showed that thermally oxidized PiN diodes exhibited considerably improved electrical characteristics, with devices oxidized at 1500°C having a forward voltage drop (VF) of 4.15 V and a differential on-resistance (Ron,diff) of 8.9 mΩ-cm2 at 100 A/cm2 and 25°C. Compared to typical control sample PiN diode characteristics, this equated to an improvement of 8% and 23% for VF and Ron,diff, respectively. From analysis of the reverse recovery characteristics, the carrier lifetime of the PiN diodes oxidized at 1500°C was found to be 1.05 μs, which was an improvement of around 30% compared to the control sample PiN diodes.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a Pullout Test on a Carbon Nanotube in a Polymer Matrix
Authors: Ingvason Guttormur Arnar , Rollin Virginie 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTAdding single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) to a polymer matrix can improve the delamination properties of the composite. Due to the complexity of polymer molecules and the curing process, few 3-D Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of a polymer-SWCNT composite have been run. Our model runs on the Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS), with a COMPASS (Condensed phase Optimized Molecular Potential for Atomistic Simulations Studies) potential. This potential includes non-bonded interactions, as well as bonds, angles and dihedrals to create a MD model for a SWCNT and EPON 862/DETDA (Diethyltoluenediamine) polymer matrix. Two simulations were performed in order to test the implementation of the COMPASS parameters. The first one was a tensile test on a SWCNT, leading to a Young’s modulus of 1.4 TPa at 300K. The second one was a pull-out test of a SWCNT from an originally uncured EPON 862/DETDA matrix.
A Pilot Study on the Diagnostic Accuracy of
Proadrenomedullin and Proatrial Natriuretic
Peptide in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Ruiz-González Agustín , Esquerda Aureli , Porcel José M , Bielsa Silvia , Valencia Horacio , Cao Gonzalo , Falguera Miquel 
Published: July 2014

Background :
Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among infectious diseases in developed countries. However, the severity of pneumonia requiring hospitalization often makes the initial diagnosis difficult because of an equivocal clinical picture or interpretation of the chest film. The objective of the present study was to assess the usefulness of the plasma levels of mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) and mid-regional proatrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP) in differentiating pneumonia from other lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs).

Methods :
A retrospective study was conducted. The plasma levels of MR-proADM and MR-proANP were measured in 85 patients hospitalized for LRTIs, 56 of whom with diagnosis of pneumonia and 29 with other LRTIs.

Results :
The patients with pneumonia had increased MR-proADM levels (median 1.46 nmol/L [IQR 25-75, 0.82-2.02 nmol/L]) compared with the patients with other LRTIs (median 0.88 nmol/mL [0.71-1.39 nmol/L]) (p= 0.04). However, the MR-proANP levels did not show differences between the groups. The optimal threshold of MR-proADM to predict pneumonia was 1.5 nmol/L, which yielded a sensitivity of 51.7% (95% CI, 38.0-65.3), a 79.3% specificity (95% CI, 60.3-92.0), and an odds ratio of 6.64 (95% CI, 1.32-32.85). The combination of this parameter with C-reactive protein in an “and” rule increased the specificity for detecting pneumonia significantly.

Conclusion :
MR-proADM levels (but not MR-proANP levels) are increased in patients with pneumonia although its discriminatory power is moderate.
Laser Cyclophotocoagulation Enhances the Regulative Capacity of Retinal Vessels in Glaucoma
Authors: Kremmer Stephan , Anastassiou Gerasimos , Schallenberg Maurice , Steuhl Klaus-Peter , W Vilser , J Michael Selbach 
Published: July 2014

Purpose:
To determine the effects of laser surgical IOP reduction by means of transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) on retinal blood flow parameters in glaucoma patients using Dynamic Vessel Analysis (DVA).

Materials and Methodology:
26 patients (average age: 70 years) with a long history of primary open angle glaucoma underwent CPC. The effect on the reactive capacity of retinal vessels was assessed before and 6-8 weeks after CPC by means of the Dynamic Vessel Analyzer (DVA) using flicker light provocation.

Results:
In our group of POAG patients, IOP was significantly reduced about approximately 20% by CPC while systemic blood pressure and heart rate were not changed.
The most obvious differences between the pre- and postoperative DVA measurements could be observed in the maximal dilation of the retinal arteries which increased from 0.75 % (+/- 0.6) to 3.17 % (+/- 0.5) with an average increase of 2.4 % (p<0.01). In addition, the ability of the arteries for constriction improved significantly (p<0.05) while the dynamic responses of the veins and the initial baseline values (MU) of the vessel diameters did not change.

Conclusions:
Our results of DVA measurements after an IOP-lowering laser surgical intervention (CPC) reveal a significant recovery of the regulative capacity of retinal arteries in glaucoma patients that has up to now neither been properly documented nor appreciated. Future studies with long-term follow-up must determine the clinical importance of these findings for the treatment of glaucoma patients.
Globalization and the African Economic Crisis: An Overview
Authors: Onimisi Timothy 
Published: July 2014

Globalization is a phenomenon that is fast sweeping through the world and of which Africa is not immune to, and it is very instrumental in molding the world from politics to economy, from religion to culture. In understanding the relationship that existing between the African economy and the wider world some economic indicators will be a useful tool in this analysis. The research focuses on how globalization has shaped the African economy, taking into cognizance the impact of the concept on African’s key sectors like Poverty, Trade Relations, and Debt Burden. Haven identified the crisis associated with globalization as it relate to Africa’s economy, the research recommend sustained and profitable engagement of Africa with the developed world and good governance is needed to strengthen the development process in African states if these recommendations are implemented the African economy will be strategically positioned in the complex theater of world economy.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i3.10477 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol.1(3) 2014: 113-119
Early Childhood and Education Development Center in Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Koirala Amit 
Published: July 2014

Objectives: the ethnography study was undertaken to assess the situation early childhood education development centre (ECED) based on community and school as per ECED minimum standard and also to explore teaching pedagogy, infrastructure and environment of teaching at ECEDs. Similarly this study also tries to identify the challenges and issues to implement the ECED minimum standards.Method: a qualitative research design was applied for this evaluation research. The primary data were gathered through interview and observation. Conclusion: from the effectiveness perspective learning environment of early childhood development centre for children is satisfactory at home as well early childhood development (ECD) centre due to parental care. From the sustainability, ECD management committee are starting to collect fund for ECD centre (Admission and monthly fee), ECD management committee has clarity of organizational vision. ECD centers have been found to have trained and experienced ECD facilitator and are able to get Government quota for sustainability of center running cost and similarly from the equity, most of ECD parents are belong to marginal families whose children benefit from ECD center and since they cannot afford costly Montessori, children of marginal family can also afford quality education in ECD centers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i3.10585 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol.1(3) 2014: 103-107
Customers Preference Attributes in the Usage of Core Banking Services: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Giddaiah Repalle , Karamala Padmasree 
Published: July 2014

Core banking services are increasingly becoming popular because of convenience and flexibility. The study was undertaken all the banking customers of Nandyal town. The sample size of the study was 250. The present study is based on the primary as well secondary data. The primary data is collected from the bank customers who are residing in Nandyal town. Data is analyzed and presented in tables. Statistical tools like percentages and weighted average method were used with the help of SPSS packages. The paper examines to know the customer preference attributes in the usage of core banking services and factors affected them in using core banking services. The finding of the study is majority of the customer’s are preference is given by attributes convenience, availability of places, safety and security and familiarity of services followed by attributes cost of transactions, reliability, availability of time and accessibility of services. The study is useful to the corporate world to tap this area and improve the e-service standards of the banking sector. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i3.10586 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol.1(3) 2014: 108-112
Decreased Morbidity and Mortality from Intestinal Ascariasis: Experience of a Single Center
Authors: Bhuyian Md. Akbar Hossain , Farooq Md. Abdullah Al , Sajid Md. Minhajuddin , Rahman MA Mushfiqur , Hoque Md. Momtazul , Sarwar Khurshid Alam , Chowdhury Tanvir Kabir , Kabir Mahfuzul , Banu Tahmina 
Published: July 2014

Background: Ascariasis is a common gastrointestinal infestation worldwide. It affects more children who live in poor hygenic condition. Pediatric surgeons are supposed to manage related surgical complications of ascariasis.Objective: To evaluate the recent pattern of occurrence of intestinal and biliary ascariasis with morbidity and mortality related to it.Materials and Methods:Study design: Retrospective study.Period of study: Study was conducted between Jan 2006 - Dec 2011 (total 06 years).Place of study: This study was carried out in the department of Pediatric Surgery, Chittagong Medical College Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong; Bangladesh.Study Subjects: Patients admitted and diagnosed as intestinal (1591) and biliary (181) ascariasis in the department of Pediatric surgery, CMCH were evaluated.Results: A total of 1772 patients were admitted with surgical complication of ascariasis. Among them 1591 (89.78%) patients were diagnosed as intestinal ascariasis and 181 (10.22%) patients as biliary ascariasis. Age range was 6 months to 12 years with mean age of 6 years for intestinal ascariasis. Biliary ascariasis presented between 3 years to 12 years with mean age of 7 years. Male (1060) suffered more than female (531). Male to female ratio was 2:1 for intestinal ascariasis while females (120) suffered more than male(61) in biliary ascariasis ( ratio 2: 1). Total 231 surgery both elective and emergencies were done.Discussion: Most of the patients (52-81% ) were treated by endoscopic removal of worm from common bile duct. Some patients (15 - 31 %) were treated successfully by conserevative approach. Only a few patients needed open surgical procedure. No patient had died from biliary ascariasis and death from complications of intestinal ascariasis reduced from 20% to 4% over the last 6 years.Conclusion: There has been a reduced number of disease burden over the last few years from ascariatic and biliary ascariasis.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jpsb.v2i2.19551