bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of three‐dimensional morphological characteristics of the calcaneus using CT image post‐processing
Authors: Qiang Minfei , Chen Yanxi , Zhang Kun , Li Haobo , Dai Hao 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundAlthough computed tomography (CT) with three‐dimensional (3D) rendering of the calcaneus is used for diagnostic evaluation of disorders, morphological measurements for the calcaneus are mostly based on a two‐dimensional plane. The purposes of this study were to design a method for 3D morphological measurements of the normal calcaneus based on CT post‐processing techniques, to measure morphological parameters in the male and female groups and describe gender differences of the parameters, and to investigate the reliability of such measurements.MethodsOne hundred and seventy‐nine patients (83 men and 96 women) with a mean age of 40.6 (range, 21 to 59) years who underwent CT scans for their feet were reviewed retrospectively. The 3D structure of a normal calcaneus after shaded surface display reconstruction was extracted by interactive and automatic segmentation. Morphological measurements were achieved by means of a 3D measurement method based on CT image post‐processing. Lengths and heights of the main parts of the calcaneus, Gissane's angle, Böhler's angle and the area of articular facet were worked out in 3D space. Gender‐related size differences of parameters were compared using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), adjusting for body height. Intra‐observer and inter‐observer reliabilities were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and the root mean square standard deviation (RMS‐SD) for precision study.ResultsA large range of measurement values was found. Only the length of the anterior process was without gender difference (p > 0.05). The other parameters in the male group were greater than those in the female group (p < 0.01 for each, ANCOVA). All parameters had excellent reliability and reproducibility (ICC > 0.8). Precision was acceptable for intra‐observer RMS‐SD (linear, angular and areal measurements no more than 0.6 mm, 1.2° and 0.25 mm2, respectively). Inter‐observer RMS‐SD ranged from 0.4 to 1.6 mm for linear measurements, 1.2 to 2.5° for angles and 0.24 to 0.40 mm2 for areas.ConclusionsThree‐dimensional morphological measurement based on a CT post‐processing technique was highly reliable and repeatable for calcaneal anatomic morphological measurement. The current data will be helpful for anatomic reduction of calcaneal fractures and calcaneal malunion.
The use of combination of zeolites to pursue integrated refined pyrolysis oil from kraft lignin
Authors: Huang Fang , Ben Haoxi , Pan Shaobo , Pu Yunqiao , Ragauskas Arthur 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA mixture of Y and M type zeolites were applied to pyrolyze kraft softwood (SW) lignin with the objective of studying the combination effect of different types of zeolite on pyrolysis. The chemical structures of the subsequent pyrolysis oils were examined. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy including13C,31P of phosphitylated bio-oils, Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation (HSQC)-NMR, and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) were used to characterize the pyrolysis oils. The yields of pyrolysis products (light oil, heavy oil and char) from the zeolites combination ‘Y + M’ catalyzed pyrolysis ranged between the pyrolysis oil yields from zeolite Y or M catalyzed pyrolysis.31P NMR analysis of the phosphitylated bio-oils revealed that the mixture of ‘Y + M’ during pyrolysis could decrease the carboxyl groups by 84%, which is close to the effect of the M zeolite. The yields of hydroxyl groups and other functional groups in the ‘Y + M’ generated bio-oil was between the individual Y and M generated oils. The molecular weight of the pyrolysis oil using a zeolite mixture of ‘Y + M’ was similar to the individual zeolite Y assisted pyrolysis. These results show that the zeolite mixture of ‘Y + M’ manifests additive characteristics for pyrolysis.
Adversity, cannabis use and psychotic experiences: evidence of cumulative and synergistic effects
Authors: Morgan Craig , Reininghaus Ulrich , Reichenberg Abraham , Frissa Souci ,   SELCoH study team, Hotopf Matthew , Hatch Stephani L. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThere is robust evidence that childhood adversity is associated with an increased risk of psychosis. There is, however, little research on intervening factors that might increase or decrease risk following childhood adversity.AimsTo investigate main effects of, and synergy between, childhood abuse and life events and cannabis use on odds of psychotic experiences.MethodData on psychotic experiences and childhood abuse, life events and cannabis use were collected from 1680 individuals as part of the South East London Community Health Study (SELCoH), a population-based household survey.ResultsThere was strong evidence that childhood abuse and number of life events combined synergistically to increase odds of psychotic experiences beyond the effects of each individually. There was similar, but weaker, evidence for cannabis use (past year).ConclusionsOur findings are consistent with the hypothesis that childhood abuse creates an enduring vulnerability to psychosis that is realised in the event of exposure to further stressors and risk factors.
Intracellular pH and its response to CO2-driven seawater acidification in symbiotic versus non-symbiotic coral cells
Authors: Gibbin Emma M. , Putnam Hollie M. , Davy Simon K. , Gates Ruth D. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Regulating intracellular pH (pHi) is critical for optimising the metabolic activity of corals, yet mechanisms involved in pH regulation and the buffering capacity within coral cells are not well understood. Our study investigated how the presence of symbiotic dinoflagellates affects the response of pHi to pCO2-driven seawater acidification in cells isolated from Pocillopora damicornis. Using the fluorescent dye BCECF-AM, in conjunction with confocal microscopy, we simultaneously characterised the response of pHi in host coral cells and their dinoflagellate symbionts, in symbiotic and non-symbiotic states under saturating light, with and without the photosynthetic inhibitor DCMU. Each treatment was run under control (pH 7.8) and CO2 acidified seawater conditions (decreasing pH from 7.8 - 6.8). After two hours of CO2 addition, by which time the external pH (pHe) had declined to 6.8, the dinoflagellate symbionts had increased their pHi by 0.5 pH units above control levels. In contrast, in both symbiotic and non-symbiotic host coral cells, 15 min of CO2 addition (0.2 pH unit drop in pHe) led to cytoplasmic acidosis equivalent to 0.4 pH units. Despite further seawater acidification over the duration of the experiment, the pHi of non-symbiotic coral cells did not change, though in host cells containing a symbiont cell the pHi recovered to control levels. This recovery was negated when cells were incubated with DCMU. Our results reveal that photosynthetic activity of the endosymbiont is tightly coupled with the ability of the host cell to recover from cellular acidosis after exposure to high CO2 / low pH.
Design and Evaluation of Efficient Router Architecture for Triplet-Based Network-on-Chip Topology
Authors: Zhang Yang 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
A network-on-chip (NoC) router serves an important function in network communication performance. A high-performance router will help build a high-throughput, power-efficient, and low-latency NoC. However, the existing baseline router of a triplet-based NoC topology cannot fully optimize the potential performance, because it does not consider the characteristics of triplet-based NoC topology. This paper presents the topology-related router architecture for a triplet-based topology, called X Router. The baseline router architecture is optimized using four measures, namely, simplified crossbar switch, express virtual channel, group-priority scheme, and shared buffer organization. Simulation results using the cycle-accurate simulator Noxim show that the X Router cannot only decrease traffic latency and energy consumption, but also improve throughput over the baseline router architecture.
Genetic Diversity Analysis of Highly Incomplete SNP Genotype Data with Imputations: An Empirical Assessment
Authors: Fu Yong-Bi 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) recently has emerged as a promising genomic approach for assessing genetic diversity on a genome-wide scale. However, concerns are not lacking about the uniquely large unbalance in GBS genotype data. Although some genotype imputation has been proposed to infer missing observations, little is known about the reliability of a genetic diversity analysis of GBS data, with up to 90% of observations missing. Here we performed an empirical assessment of accuracy in genetic diversity analysis of highly incomplete single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes with imputations. Three large single-nucleotide polymorphism genotype data sets for corn, wheat, and rice were acquired, and missing data with up to 90% of missing observations were randomly generated and then imputed for missing genotypes with three map-independent imputation methods. Estimating heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient from original, missing, and imputed data revealed variable patterns of bias from assessed levels of missingness and genotype imputation, but the estimation biases were smaller for missing data without genotype imputation. The estimates of genetic differentiation were rather robust up to 90% of missing observations but became substantially biased when missing genotypes were imputed. The estimates of topology accuracy for four representative samples of interested groups generally were reduced with increased levels of missing genotypes. Probabilistic principal component analysis based imputation performed better in terms of topology accuracy than those analyses of missing data without genotype imputation. These findings are not only significant for understanding the reliability of the genetic diversity analysis with respect to large missing data and genotype imputation but also are instructive for performing a proper genetic diversity analysis of highly incomplete GBS or other genotype data.
Mapping Saltwater Intrusion in the Biscayne Aquifer, Miami-Dade County, Florida using Transient Electromagnetic Sounding
Authors: Fitterman David V 
Published: March 2014

Saltwater intrusion in southern Florida poses a potential threat to the public drinking-water supply that is typically monitored using water samples and electromagnetic induction logs collected from a network of wells. Transient electromagnetic (TEM) soundings are a complementary addition to the monitoring program because of their ease of use, low cost, and ability to fill in data gaps between wells. TEM soundings have been used to map saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne aquifer over a large part of south Florida including eastern Miami-Dade County and the Everglades. These two areas are very different with one being urban and the other undeveloped. Each poses different conditions that affect data collection and data quality. In the developed areas, finding sites large enough to make soundings is difficult. The presence of underground pipes further restricts useable locations. Electromagnetic noise, which reduces data quality, is also an issue. In the Everglades, access to field sites is difficult and working in water-covered terrain is challenging. Nonetheless, TEM soundings are an effective tool for mapping saltwater intrusion. Direct estimates of water quality can be obtained from the inverted TEM data using a formation factor determined for the Biscayne aquifer. This formation factor is remarkably constant over Miami-Dade County owing to the uniformity of the aquifer and the absence of clay. Thirty-six TEM soundings were collected in the Model Land area of southeast Miami-Dade County to aid in calibration of a helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) survey. The soundings and HEM survey revealed an area of saltwater intrusion aligned with canals and drainage ditches along U.S. Highway 1 and the Card Sound Road. These canals and ditches likely reduced freshwater levels through unregulated drainage and provided pathways for seawater to flow at least 12.4 km inland.
Insights from Academic Participation in the FAF's Initial PIR: The PIR of FIN 48
Authors: Blouin Jennifer L. , Robinson Leslie A. 
Published: March 2014

SYNOPSIS
In 2009, the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) determined that the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) standard setting process required a formal review to monitor and address issues that can arise after the implementation of accounting standards. The FAF selected FASB Interpretation No. 48 (FIN 48), Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, as the initial post-implementation review (PIR) standard. This paper informs the academic community about the PIR process and provides an academic perspective on the initial PIR of FIN 48. In particular, we demonstrate the role of the academic literature using the FIN 48 literature review prepared as part of the PIR process.
A principal component analysis (PCA) method for predicting the correlation between some fabric parameters and the drape
Authors: Hamdi Thouraya , Ghith Adel , Fayala Faten 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

A new method for predicting correlation between fabric parameters and the drape is developed. This method utilises
a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of intercorrelated influencing parameters (bending rigidity, weight, thickness)
and the drape parameters (drape coefficient and the node number). This paper describes the PCA procedure and
presents the similarities and contrasts between variables.
English as a foreign language—teachers’ perspectives on implementing online instruction in the Iranian EFL context
Authors: Dashtestani Reza 
Published: March 2014

This study set out to explore Iranian English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ perceptions on the implementation of online EFL instruction. A mixed-methods design, including semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, was employed for the specific purposes of this study. A total of 242 EFL teachers participated in the questionnaire phase of the study. In addition, 46 EFL teachers participated in the interview phase of the study. The teachers worked at a number of universities, schools and language-teaching institutions in Iran. Results suggest that although the Iranian EFL teachers adopted moderately positive attitudes towards the implementation of online instruction, the majority of them preferred blended instruction to online instruction. At the same time, the study revealed that the implementation of online EFL instruction in Iran is challenging due to a number of perceived impediments and obstacles. The most considerable perceived challenges to the implementation of online EFL instruction comprise lack of online facilities and resources, lack of interaction in online instruction, cultural resistances to online instruction and teachers’ limited knowledge of online instruction. The findings of this study provided crucial insights into teachers’ perspectives on a number of measures that can be adopted to facilitate the integration of online instruction in the EFL context of Iran. The findings would provide valuable insights for educational authorities and course designers to integrate online instruction into the EFL curriculum.Keywords: online instruction; blended instruction; teachers' attitudes; challenges; English as a foreign language(Published: 14 March 2014)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2014, 22: 20142 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v22.20142
Luciferase Reporter Assay in Drosophila and Mammalian Tissue Culture Cells
Authors: Yun Chi , DasGupta Ramanuj 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLuciferase reporter gene assays are one of the most common methods for monitoring gene activity. Because of their sensitivity, dynamic range, and lack of endogenous activity, luciferase assays have been particularly useful for functional genomics in cell‐based assays, such as RNAi screening. This unit describes delivery of two luciferase reporters with other nucleic acids (siRNA/dsRNA), measurement of the dual luciferase activities, and analysis of data generated. The systematic query of gene function (RNAi) combined with the advances in luminescent technology have made it possible to design powerful whole genome screens to address diverse and significant biological questions. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 6:7‐23. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Halides: Solid‐State Chemistry
Authors: Köhler J. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This article on binary metal halides demonstrates their enormous richness of structural topologies and compositions. It emphasizes thermodynamic stabilities, influences of size and electronegativity effects, the intricate balance of ionic and covalent metal–halide and metal–metal interactions, and effects of excess valence electrons of atoms with nonclosed shells, in order to outline relationships of structure and bonding. The most important structure types of the main‐group metal halides are given and pressure effects are discussed. Selected examples show the influence of the stereochemical activity of lone pairs of electrons in reduced halides. Halides of the transition elements are discussed according to their empirical formulas in order to correlate structures and properties with d electron concentration at the metal atoms, which are based on typical Jahn–Teller distortions or the formation of metal–metal bonded units. Finally, a summary of the structures and some structure–property relationships of the rare‐earth element halides is given.
Lanthanide Amides
Authors: Cotton Simon A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLanthanides form a wide (and increasing) variety of alkyl‐ and arylamides. Most are in the (+3) oxidation state, but simple alkylamides of Sm(II), Eu(II), Yb(II), and Ce(IV) are known. The largest and best characterized group are three coordinate tris(bis(trimethylsilyl)amide) compounds, [Ln(N(SiMe3)2)3], which have unusual pyramidal structures in the solid state. These compounds find application in organic and organometallic syntheses, and form adducts with many Lewis bases, both four and five coordinates. Mono and bis trimethylsilyl)amide derivatives are also known. Other tris(amide) compounds with other amide groups have also been synthesized; these compounds with low coordination numbers form a fertile area for the study of agostic interactions. A recent interesting development has been the interaction of certain amides with small molecules under reducing conditions, notably in the isolation of dinitrogen complexes.
Actual treatments for out‐of‐hospital ventricular fibrillation at critical care medical centers in Osaka: a pilot descriptive study
Authors: Sakai Tomohiko , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Iwami Taku , Hayashi Yasuyuki , Rinka Hiroshi , Ohishi Yasuo , Mohri Tomoyoshi , Kishimoto Masafumi , Kawaguchi Ryosuke , Kajino Kentaro , Yumoto Tetsuya , Uejima Toshifumi , Nitta Masahiko , Nishiuchi Tatsuya , Shiokawa Chizuka , Irisawa Taro , Tasaki Osamu , Ogura Hiroshi , Kuwagata Yasuyuki , Shimazu Takeshi 
Published: March 2014

AimAlthough advanced treatments are provided to improve outcomes after out‐of‐hospital ventricular fibrillation, including shock‐resistant ventricular fibrillation, the actual treatments in clinical settings have been insufficiently investigated. The aim of the current study is to describe the actual treatments carried out for out‐of‐hospital ventricular fibrillation patients, including shock‐resistant ventricular fibrillation patients, at critical care medical centers.MethodsWe registered consecutive adult patients suffering bystander‐witnessed out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin, for whom resuscitation was attempted by emergency medical service personnel, who had ventricular fibrillation as an initial rhythm, and who were transported to critical care medical centers in Osaka from March 2008 to December 2008. This study merged data on treatments after transportation, collected from 11 critical care medical centers in Osaka with the prehospital Utstein‐style database.ResultsDuring the study period, there were 260 bystander‐witnessed ventricular fibrillation arrests of cardiac origin. Of them, 252 received defibrillations before hospital arrival, 112 (44.4%) were transported to critical care medical centers, and 35 had shock‐resistant ventricular fibrillation. At the critical care medical centers, 54% (19/35), 40% (14/35), and 46% (16/35) of shock‐resistant ventricular fibrillation patients were treated with extracorporeal life support, percutaneous coronary interventions, and therapeutic hypothermia, respectively, but their treatments differed among institutions. Some patients with prolonged arrest without prehospital return of spontaneous circulation who received advanced treatments had neurologically favorable survival, whereas approximately two‐thirds of shock‐resistant ventricular fibrillation patients with advanced treatments did not.ConclusionThis pilot descriptive study suggested that actual treatments for prehospital ventricular fibrillation patients differed between critical care medical centers. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the effectiveness of in‐hospital advanced treatments for ventricular fibrillation including shock‐resistant ventricular fibrillation.
Optimal formulation of rice husk reinforced polyethylene composites for mechanical performance: A mixture design approach
Authors: Bilal Ahmad , Lin Richard J. T. , Jayaraman Krishnan 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTRice husk (RH) and linear medium density polyethylene (LMDPE) were used along with maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) to study the effects of component composition on the mechanical properties of the composites. Ten different blends along with four replicated blends were prepared with different selected percentages of RH, MAPE and LMDPE using mixture design approach. Trace and contour plots were used to examine the effects of RH, MAPE and LMDPE on the mechanical properties of the manufactured composites. Regression coefficients were also estimated for each fitted response (mechanical property). The results show that tensile and flexural properties of the composites improved with an increase in amount of RH, whereas Charpy impact strength decreased with increasing fibre loading. Tensile strength, flexural strength and Charpy impact strength increased with an increase in MAPE loading up to a certain percentage of MAPE, beyond which any further increase decreased these properties. The effect of MAPE on tensile and flexural modulus was not significant. The fitted models were used to optimise formulation of RH, MAPE and LMDPE for multiple responses for overall “best” mechanical properties. The optimal formulation for the overall “best” mechanical properties were found to be 50 wt% for RH, 4.1 wt% for MAPE and 45.9 wt% for LMDPE. The mechanical properties of the composite manufactured with this formulation closely matched the values predicted by the models. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40647.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines via Copper‐Catalyzed Process.
Authors: Huang Aiping , Chen Yimu , Zhou Yige , Guo Wei , Wu Xiaodong , Ma Chen 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAn efficient domino process for the synthesis of the title compounds from N‐tosyl‐O‐halogenoanilines and 2‐chlormethylbenzimidazoles is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: An Approach to 2,4‐Substituted Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines and Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]azepines by Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Fustero Santos , Roman Raquel , Asensio Amparo , Maestro Miguel A. , Acena Jose L. , Simon‐Fuentes Antonio 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBased on the title approach, the diastereoselective synthesis of potential peptidomimetics [(XI) and (XIV)] is described.