bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ins and Outs of Death in the Iron Age: Complex Funerary Treatments atBroxmouth Hillfort, East Lothian
Authors: Armit Ian , Neale Naomi , Shapland Fiona , Bosworth Hannah , Hamilton Derek , Mckenzie Jo 
Published: January 2013

SummaryEvidence for Iron Age funerary treatments remains sporadic acrossBritain and formal cemeteries are especially elusive. One important exception isBroxmouth hillfort, East Lothian, excavated during the late 1970s but not yet published. New analysis of the human remains fromBroxmouth provides evidence for three distinct populations: a formal cemetery outside the hillfort, isolated graves within the ramparts, and a scatter of disarticulated fragments from a range of domestic and midden contexts. The latter group in particular provides significant evidence for violent trauma; isotopic evidence suggests that they may be the remains of outsiders. Together the human remains shed light on complex and changing attitudes to death and the human body in Iron AgeBritain. The material fromBroxmouth is considered in the light of emerging evidence for fluid and pluralistic treatments of the dead in the Iron Age of south‐east Scotland.
Stereoacuity in mild, moderate and severe glaucoma
Authors: Lakshmanan Yamunadevi , George Ronnie J 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPurposeTo determine the association between stereoacuity and severity of glaucoma.MethodsStereoacuity was measured using the Titmus stereo test for 97 glaucoma subjects with visual acuity better than 0.3 logMAR (6/12, 20/40 Snellen) and reliable Humphrey visual fields (24‐2 SITA standard). The severity of visual fields was graded with the Hodapp‐Anderson‐Parrish (HAP) classification and visual fields index (VFI) score and the stereoacuities for different grades were compared. Presence of a significant field defect (p < 1%) in any one of the paracentral points in 10–2 SITA standard/Macular threshold was considered as a threat to fixation.ResultsMean ± SD age of the subjects was 57.28 ± 14.0 years. The median [inter‐quartile range, (IQR)] stereoacuity of the 97 subjects was 50 (40–100) arc sec with 13 subjects having stereoacuity of >3000 arc sec. Median (IQR) stereoacuity of 97 subjects classified with HAP as mild, moderate and severe were 40 (40–40), 50 (40–60) and 60 (40–400) arc sec; similarly median (IQR) stereoacuity of the subjects classified using VFI as mild, moderate and severe were 40 (40–55), 60 (40–100) and 120 (50–3000) s of arc and the difference between groups were significant (p < 0.001). Median (IQR) stereoacuity in subjects with no threat to fixation (45) and threat to fixation in at least one eye (52) were 40 (40–60) and 70 (40–800) arc sec (p < 0.001).ConclusionsDecreased stereoacuity was associated with greater glaucomatous visual field loss, although it was normal with early visual field defects. Relatively moderate defects can be associated with decreased stereoacuity and it is more pronounced in the severe stages of the disease when there is a threat to fixation.
An internet‐based health survey on the co‐morbidities of choroideremia patients
Authors: Zhou Qi , Weis Ekekiel , Ye Ming , Benjaminy Shelly , MacDonald Ian M 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPurposeTo examine the prevalence of systemic and ocular disease among choroideremia patients and carriers.MethodsA cross‐sectional analysis was performed on responses from affected males with choroideremia, female carriers, and unaffected brothers to an Internet‐based survey made available from September 2009 to November 2010. Affected males were classified into two groups, those with or without functional vision. Carrier females were classified into those with and without symptoms. Comparisons were made between these groups.ResultsThere was a higher prevalence of dry eye in our respondents than the North American population. The prevalence of dry eye, cataract, hypertension, diabetes, psychological problems and hypercholesterolemia were higher in choroideremia males without functional vision compared to those with functional vision. Likewise, statin intake was more prevalent among the affected males without functional vision than those with functional vision. After age adjustment, any differences between the two subgroups of male patients (with and without functional vision) were not significant.ConclusionAge plays an important role in determining the onset of severe visual impairment with loss of functional vision in male subjects affected by choroideremia. Although Internet surveys have limitations such as the use of self‐reported diagnoses and the possibility that the responses may not be representative of the population as a whole, this study shows that such surveys can provide data quickly and easily, and for rare diseases such as choroideremia, with relatively large numbers of responses.
Mature‐stem expression of a silencing‐resistant sucrose isomerase gene drives isomaltulose accumulation to high levels in sugarcane
Authors: Mudge Stephen R. , Basnayake Shiromi W. V. , Moyle Richard L. , Osabe Kenji , Graham Michael W. , Morgan Terence E. , Birch Robert G. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryIsomaltulose (IM) is a natural isomer of sucrose. It is widely approved as a food with properties including slower digestion, lower glycaemic index and low cariogenicity, which can benefit consumers. Availability is currently limited by the cost of fermentative conversion from sucrose. Transgenic sugarcane plants with developmentally‐controlled expression of a silencing‐resistant gene encoding a vacuole‐targeted IM synthase were tested under field conditions typical of commercial sugarcane cultivation. High yields of IM were obtained, up to 483 mm or 81% of total sugars in whole‐cane juice from plants aged 13 months. Using promoters from sugarcane to drive expression preferentially in the sugarcane stem, IM levels were consistent between stalks and stools within a transgenic line and across consecutive vegetative field generations of tested high‐isomer lines. Germination and early growth of plants from setts were unaffected by IM accumulation, up to the tested level around 500 mm in flanking stem internodes. These are the highest yields ever achieved of value‐added materials through plant metabolic engineering. The sugarcane stem promoters are promising for strategies to achieve even higher IM levels and for other applications in sugarcane molecular improvement. Silencing‐resistant transgenes are critical to deliver the potential of these promoters in practical sugarcane improvement. At the IM levels now achieved in field‐grown sugarcane, direct production of IM in plants is feasible at a cost approaching that of sucrose, which should make the benefits of IM affordable on a much wider scale.
High‐level production of human interleukin‐10 fusions in tobacco cell suspension cultures
Authors: Kaldis Angelo , Ahmad Adil , Reid Alexandra , McGarvey Brian , Brandle Jim , Ma Shengwu , Jevnikar Anthony , Kohalmi Susanne E. , Menassa Rima 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe production of pharmaceutical proteins in plants has made much progress in recent years with the development of transient expression systems, transplastomic technology and humanizing glycosylation patterns in plants. However, the first therapeutic proteins approved for administration to humans and animals were made in plant cell suspensions for reasons of containment, rapid scale‐up and lack of toxic contaminants. In this study, we have investigated the production of human interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) in tobacco BY‐2 cell suspension and evaluated the effect of an elastin‐like polypeptide tag (ELP) and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) tag on IL‐10 accumulation. We report the highest accumulation levels of hIL‐10 obtained with any stable plant expression system using the ELP fusion strategy. Although IL‐10‐ELP has cytokine activity, its activity is reduced compared to unfused IL‐10, likely caused by interference of ELP with folding of IL‐10. Green fluorescent protein has no effect on IL‐10 accumulation, but examining the trafficking of IL‐10‐GFP over the cell culture cycle revealed fluorescence in the vacuole during the stationary phase of the culture growth cycle. Analysis of isolated vacuoles indicated that GFP alone is found in vacuoles, while the full‐size fusion remains in the whole‐cell extract. This indicates that GFP is cleaved off prior to its trafficking to the vacuole. On the other hand, IL‐10‐GFP‐ELP remains mostly in the ER and accumulates to high levels. Protein bodies were observed at the end of the culture cycle and are thought to arise as a consequence of high levels of accumulation in the ER.
Dispersed Capacity and Weak Coordination: The Challenge of Climate Change Adaptation inCanada's Forest Policy Sector
Authors: Rayner Jeremy , McNutt Kathleen , Wellstead Adam 
Published: January 2013

AbstractConstitutional and institutional legacies were combined to create a very decentralized forest policy sector inCanada. Where coherent policy requires a national response—as is the case with adaptation to climate change—the critical challenge is to locate the relevant decentralized policy capacity and steer it toward meeting national objectives. While there is some evidence that significant policy capacity exists in provincial forest and resource management departments, climate change adaptation has led to an expansion of departmental mandates that is not being addressed by better coordination of the available policy capacity. The relevant federal agencies are not well represented in information networks and forest policy workers report lower levels of internal and external networking than workers in related policy subsectors.
Tumour Immunomodulation: Mucins in Resistance to Initiation and Maturation of Immune Response Against Tumours
Authors: AnandKumar A. , Devaraj H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins designed for cellular protection and sensing the external environment. Aberrant glycosylation and altered mucin expression seen in cancers are implicated in mucin‐dependent refraction to immunosurveilance and immunosuppressive induction around the tumour. Although mucins provide molecular targets for immune system's tumour recognition, their characteristics dictate that the nature of immune response required for recognition and lyses of mucin‐expressing tumours needs to follow predominantly a MHC‐unrestricted αβ TCR‐mediated effector cell response. Frequent loss of dendritic cells maturation and elimination of reactive lymphocytes altered adhesive and anti‐adhesive properties of the mucins, promote tumour survival and escape from the immune response.
The Prevalence of and Psychosocial Risks for Suicide Attempts in Male and Female College Students in Taiwan
Authors: Chou Cheng Hsiang , Ko Huei Chen , Wu Jo Yung‐Wei , Cheng Chung‐Ping 
Published: January 2013

The prevalence of and psychosocial risks for suicide attempts was investigated in college students in Taiwan by gender, after controlling for depressive symptoms. Self‐reported data were collected from a nationally representative sample of 2,835 college students; 11.90% of females and 8.87% of males reported they had attempted suicide in the preceding 12 months. After controlling for depression, suicidal ideations were associated with suicide attempts in females, whereas there were fewer positive expectations toward the future associated with suicide attempts in males. Several explanations for the high prevalence of suicide attempts among college students in Taiwan were discussed. In the future, further verification of the findings is necessary.
The use of high frequency ultrasound imaging in skin moisturization measurement
Authors: Mlosek Robert K. , Malinowska Sylwia , Sikora Magdalena , Dębowska Renata , Stępień Anna , Czekaj Karolina , Dąbrowska Anna 
Published: January 2013

IntroductionThe appropriate skin hydration level enables its normal function and healthy appearance.PurposeThe purpose of present research was to assess the applicability of high frequency ultrasound (HFU) to the monitoring of skin moisturization treatments.Material and MethodsThe study sample encompassed 27 women, aged 20–67 y.o. (mean age of 45.48 y.o.) with dry skin. All women applied a strong moisturizing cream on their facial skin for 14 days. The course of treatment was monitored using the HFU. The following parameters were subjected to the ultrasound evaluation: epidermal echo thickness, dermis thickness, and separately the thickness of the superior and inferior layer of dermis. The measurements were taken on the participants' chins and cheeks. In addition, skin hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were determined.ResultsStatistically significant differences were obtained between the echogenicity of the superior layer of the dermis on the chin and cheek. After treatment, the statistically significant values of TEWL decrease and hydration increase were obtained on the cheek skin. No statistically significant differences between the TEWL or hydration levels were found on the chin. No statistically significant differences between the epidermal echo and dermis thickness values for the two measurement points were observed.ConclusionThe HFU is a useful method for the monitoring of skin moisturization treatments.
That's Outrageous
Authors: Turri John 
Published: January 2013

AbstractI show how non‐presentists ought to respond to a popular objection originally due to Arthur Prior and lately updated by Dean Zimmerman. Prior and Zimmerman say that non‐presentism cannot account for the fittingness of certain emotional responses to things past. But presentism gains no advantage here, because it is equally incapable of accounting for the fittingness of certain other emotional responses to things past, in particular moral outrage.
The New Age of Virus Discovery: Genomic Analysis of a Novel Human Betacoronavirus Isolated from a Fatal Case of Pneumonia
Authors: Holmes Kathryn V. , Dominguez Samuel R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A new human betacoronavirus in lineage c, tentatively called HCoV-EMC, was isolated from a patient from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia who died from acute severe pneumonia and renal failure. The viral RNA has been detected in eight additional cases. Sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of the viral genomic RNA showed that it is a novel virus not previously detected in any other species and that its closest relatives are two Asian bat coronaviruses. HCoV-EMC may represent a sporadic spillover to humans from an unknown animal reservoir. In a recent article, van Boheemen et al. demonstrated how state-of-the-art sequencing technology and bioinformatic analysis can quickly provide critical insight into the viral genome sequence, phylogeny, replication strategy, and potential drug and vaccine targets and generate tools to evaluate the possible epidemic risk associated with this novel human virus.
Exercise for anxiety disorders: systematic review
Authors: Jayakody Kaushadh , Gunadasa Shalmini , Hosker Christian 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundAnxiety disorders are commonly treated with antidepressants and psychological treatments. Some patients may prefer alternative approaches such as exercise.ObjectiveTo investigate the treatment effects of exercise compared with other treatments for anxiety disorders.Data sourcesRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise interventions for anxiety disorders were identified by searching six online databases (July 2011). A number of journals were also hand searched.Main resultsEight RCTs were included. For panic disorder: exercise appears to reduce anxiety symptoms but it is less effective than antidepressant medication (1 RCT); exercise combined with antidepressant medication improves the Clinical Global Impression outcomes (1 RCT, p<0.05); exercise combined with occupational therapy and lifestyle changes reduces Beck Anxiety Inventory outcomes (1 RCT, p=0.0002). For social phobias, added benefits of exercise when combined with group cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) were shown (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between aerobic and anaerobic exercise groups (1 RCT, p>0.1) with both seeming to reduce anxiety symptoms (1 RCT, p<0.001). It remains unclear as to which type of exercise; moderate to hard or very light to light, is more effective in anxiety reduction (2 RCTs).ConclusionsExercise seems to be effective as an adjunctive treatment for anxiety disorders but it is less effective compared with antidepressant treatment. Both aerobic and non-aerobic exercise seems to reduce anxiety symptoms. Social phobics may benefit from exercise when combined with group CBT. Further well-conducted RCTs are needed.
Are children carrying the burden of broad-spectrum antibiotics in general practice? Prescription pattern for paediatric outpatients with respiratory tract infections in Norway
Authors: Fossum Guro Haugen , Lindbæk Morten , Gjelstad Svein , Dalen Ingvild , Kværner Kari J 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesTo investigate the antibiotic prescription pattern and factors that influence the physicians’ choice of antibiotic.DesignObservational study.SettingPrimary healthcare in Norway, December 2004 through November 2005.Participants426 general practitioners, GPs, in Norway, giving 24 888 respiratory tract infection episodes with 19 938 children aged 0–6 years.Outcome measuresAssess antibiotic prescription details and patient and GP characteristics associated with broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum antibiotic use.ResultsOf the 24 888 episodes in the study, 26.2% (95% CI 25.7% to 26.8%) included an antibiotic prescription. Penicillin V accounted for 42% and macrolide antibiotics for 30%. The prescription rate varied among the physicians, with a mean of 25.5% (95% CI 24.2% to 26.7%). Acute tonsillitis gave the highest odds for a prescription, OR 33.6 (95% CI 25.7% to 43.9%), compared to ‘acute respiratory tract infections and symptoms’ as a reference group. GPs with a prescription rate of 33.3% or higher had the larger probability for broad-spectrum antibiotic prescriptions, OR 3.33 (95% CI 2.01% to 5.54%). Antibiotic prescriptions increased with increasing patient age.ConclusionsWe found a low antibiotic prescription rate for childhood respiratory tract infections. However, our figures indicate an overuse of macrolide antibiotics and penicillins with extended spectrum, more so than in the corresponding study including the adult population. Palatability of antibiotic suspensions and other administrative challenges affect medication compliance in children. To help combat antibiotic resistance, guidelines need to be followed, in particular for our youngest patients.Trial registration number (clinicaltrials.org)NCT00272155.
Factors affecting recruitment to an observational multicentre palliative care study
Authors: Stone Patrick C , Gwilliam Bridget , Keeley Vaughan , Todd Chris , Kelly Laura C , Barclay Stephen 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesTo identify those factors which adversely affected recruitment to a large multicentre palliative care study.MethodsPatient accrual to a multicentre, observational, palliative care study was monitored at three critical junctures in the research process. (1) Eligibility—did the patient fulfil the study entry criteria? (2) Accessibility—was it possible to access the patient to be able to inform them about the study? (3) Consent—did the patient agree to participate in the study? The reasons why patients were ineligible, inaccessible or refused consent were recorded.Results12 412 consecutive referrals to participating clinical services were screened for study inclusion of whom 5394 (43%) were deemed to be ineligible. Of the remaining patients 4617/7018 (66%) were inaccessible to the research team. The most common reasons being precipitous death, ‘gatekeeping’ by clinical staff or rapid discharge. Of the 2410 patients who were visited by the research team and asked to participate in the study 1378 (57%) declined. Overall 8.2% (1018/12 412) of patients screened participated in the study. There were significant differences in recruitment patterns between hospice inpatient units, hospital support and community palliative care teams.ConclusionsSystematic monitoring and analysis of patient flows through the clinical trial accrual process provided valuable insights about the reasons for failure to recruit patients to a clinical trial and may help to improve recruitment in future studies.
Rupture of aneurysms in the immediate post-coiling period
Authors: Dmytriw Adam Andrew , Pickett Gwynedd Elaine , Shankar Jai J S 
Published: January 2013

PurposeWe present a series of cases featuring re-rupture of posterior communicating artery aneurysms in the immediate post-coiling period, where clots obscured the neck of the aneurysm during the procedure. We report on the incidence of re-rupture and discuss possible mechanisms behind this phenomenon.MethodsThis study included 462 aneurysms over a 10-year period which were treated with endovascular coiling. 137 of these were ruptured aneurysms. Radiographic and clinical information pertaining to the patients was collected. The immediate post-coiling period was defined as ≤3 days following the procedure.ResultsThe incidence of re-rupture in the immediate post-coiling period was 1.4% (2/137). Of these two, one received recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and both received acetylsalicylic acid. One patient presented with adjacent hematoma on re-rupture. In both cases, clot obscured the aneurysm neck during the procedure.ConclusionsRe-rupture of intracranial aneurysms in the immediate post-coiling period is an exceedingly rare complication, and the events leading to it have not been discussed at length. Repeat treatment, follow-up imaging and close observation are merited in the setting of re-rupture of a posterior communicating artery aneurysm.
Rifting, subsidence and continental break-up above a mantle plume in the central South Atlantic
Authors: Quirk David G. , Hertle Michael , Jeppesen Jon W. , Raven Madeleine , Mohriak Webster Ueipass , Kann Dorthe J. , Nørgaard Mette , Howe Matthew J. , Hsu Dan , Coffey Brian , Mendes Marcos P. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

New seismic and well data in the deep-water basins of Campos, Santos, South Kwanza and Benguela, supported by plate reconstructions, help answer fundamental questions on the rifting history of the central South Atlantic, specifically on the amount and effect of fault-related deformation, and on when and where sea-floor spreading started. The Paraná mantle plume played a fundamental role – dynamically raising the plate, prolonging continental rifting by heat-softening the crust and, after break-up, delaying the onset of marine conditions. Previous discrepancies in extension and subsidence have been solved, and the location and age of the continent–ocean boundary can now be determined. Rifting involved approximately 450 km of homogeneous pure shear, equivalent to a β factor (lithosphere stretching factor) of 4.5. Break-up occurred at 123 Ma (Barremian–Aptian boundary), 7–8 Ma later than the southern South Atlantic but 6 Ma before widespread salt deposition. The mid-Atlantic ridge was initially subaerial, marked by a volcanic high. Sea-floor spreading was at a rate of 24 mm year
−1
, similar to syn-rift deformation prior to break-up. Transcontinental strike-slip shear zones are not evident but a major NW–SE lithospheric lineament associated with a failed triple junction arm had a major influence on the magmatic history, both prior to and after break-up.

Supplementary material:

A4 versions of the seismic sections shown in Figures 6 & 7 are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18563
.