bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can Change in Prolonged Walking Be Inferred From a Short Test of Gait Speed Among Older Adults Who Are Initially Well-Functioning?
Authors: White Daniel K. , Neogi Tuhina , King Wendy C. , LaValley Michael P. , Kritchevsky Stephen B. , Nevitt Michael C. , Harris Tamara B. , Ferrucci Luigi , Simonsick Eleanor M. , Satterfield Suzanne , Strotmeyer Elsa S. , Zhang Yuqing 
Published: May 2014

Background
The ability to walk for short and prolonged periods of time is often measured with separate walking tests. It is unclear whether decline in the 2-minute walk coincides with decline in a shorter 20-m walk among older adults.

Objective
The aim of this study was to describe patterns of change in the 20-m walk and 2-minute walk over 8 years among a large cohort of older adults. Should change be similar between tests of walking ability, separate retesting of prolonged walking may need to be reconsidered.

Design
A longitudinal, observational cohort study was conducted.

Methods
Data were from 1,893 older adults who were well-functioning (≥70 years of age). The 20-m walk and 2-minute walk were repeatedly measured over 8 years to measure change during short and prolonged periods of walking, respectively. Change was examined using a dual group-based trajectory model (dual model), and agreement between walking trajectories was quantified with a weighted kappa statistic.

Results
Three trajectory groups for the 20-m walk and 2-minute walk were identified. More than 86% of the participants were in similar trajectory groups for both tests from the dual model. There was high chance-corrected agreement (kappa=.84; 95% confidence interval=.82, .86) between the 20-m walk and 2-minute walk trajectory groups.

Limitations
One-third of the original Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) study cohort was excluded from analysis due to missing clinic visits, followed by being excluded for health reasons for performing the 2-minute walk, limiting generalizability to healthy older adults.

Conclusions
Patterns of change in the 2-minute walk are similar to those in the 20-m walk. Thus, separate retesting of the 2-minute walk may need to be reconsidered to gauge change in prolonged walking.
Complications and intercenter variability of three-column osteotomies for spinal deformity surgery: a retrospective review of 423 patients
Authors: Bianco Kristina , Norton Robert , Schwab Frank , Smith Justin S. , Klineberg Eric , Obeid Ibrahim , Mundis Gregory , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Kebaish Khaled , Hostin Richard , Hart Robert , Gupta Munish C. , Burton Douglas , Ames Christopher , Boachie-Adjei Oheneba , Protopsaltis Themistocles S. , Lafage Virginie 
Published: May 2014

Object
Three-column resection osteotomies (3COs) are commonly performed for sagittal deformity but have high rates of reported complications. Authors of this study aimed to examine the incidence of and intercenter variability in major intraoperative complications (IOCs), major postoperative complications (POCs) up to 6 weeks postsurgery, and overall complications (that is, both IOCs and POCs). They also aimed to investigate the incidence of and intercenter variability in blood loss during 3CO procedures.

Methods
The incidence of IOCs, POCs, and overall complications associated with 3COs were retrospectively determined for the study population and for each of 8 participating surgical centers. The incidence of major blood loss (MBL) over 4 L and the percentage of total blood volume lost were also determined for the study population and each surgical center. Complication rates and blood loss were compared between patients with one and those with two osteotomies, as well as between patients with one thoracic osteotomy (ThO) and those with one lumbar or sacral osteotomy (LSO). Risk factors for developing complications were determined.

Results
Retrospective review of prospectively acquired data for 423 consecutive patients who had undergone 3CO at 8 surgical centers was performed. The incidence of major IOCs, POCs, and overall complications was 7%, 39%, and 42%, respectively, for the study population overall. The most common IOC was spinal cord deficit (2.6%) and the most common POC was unplanned return to the operating room (19.4%). Patients with two osteotomies had more POCs (56% vs 38%, p = 0.04) than the patients with one osteotomy. Those with ThO had more IOCs (16% vs 6%, p = 0.03), POCs (58% vs 34%, p < 0.01), and overall complications (67% vs 37%, p < 0.01) than the patients with LSO. There was significant variation in the incidence of IOCs, POCs, and overall complications among the 8 sites (p < 0.01). The incidence of MBL was 24% for the study population, which varied significantly between sites (p < 0.01). Patients with MBL had a higher risk of IOCs, POCs, and overall complications (OR 2.15, 1.76, and 2.01, respectively). The average percentage of total blood volume lost was 55% for the study population, which also varied among sites (p < 0.01).

Conclusions
Given the complexity of 3COs for spinal deformity, it is important for spine surgeons to understand the risk factors and complication rates associated with these procedures. In this study, the overall incidence of major complications following 3CO procedures was 42%. Risks for developing complications included an older age (> 60 years), two osteotomies, ThO, and MBL.
Long fusion from sacrum to thoracic spine for adult spinal deformity with sagittal imbalance: upper versus lower thoracic spine as site of upper instrumented vertebra
Authors: Fujimori Takahito , Inoue Shinichi , Le Hai , Schairer William W. , Berven Sigurd H. , Tay Bobby K. , Deviren Vedat , Burch Shane , Iwasaki Motoki , Hu Serena S. 
Published: May 2014

Object
Despite increasing numbers of patients with adult spinal deformity, it is unclear how to select the optimal upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) in long fusion surgery for these patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of vertebrae in the upper thoracic (UT) versus lower thoracic (LT) spine as the upper instrumented vertebra in long fusion surgery for adult spinal deformity.

Methods
Patients who underwent fusion from the sacrum to the thoracic spine for adult spinal deformity with sagittal imbalance at a single medical center were studied. The patients with a sagittal vertical axis (SVA) ≥ 40 mm who had radiographs and completed the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) preoperatively and at final follow-up (≥ 2 years postoperatively) were included.

Results
Eighty patients (mean age of 61.1 ± 10.9 years; 69 women and 11 men) met the inclusion criteria. There were 31 patients in the UT group and 49 patients in the LT group. The mean follow-up period was 3.6 ± 1.6 years. The physical component summary (PCS) score of the SF-12 significantly improved from the preoperative assessment to final follow-up in each group (UT, 34 to 41; LT, 29 to 37; p = 0.001). This improvement reached the minimum clinically important difference in both groups. There was no significant difference in PCS score improvement between the 2 groups (p = 0.8). The UT group had significantly greater preoperative lumbar lordosis (28° vs 18°, p = 0.03) and greater thoracic kyphosis (36° vs 18°, p = 0.001). After surgery, there was no significant difference in lumbar lordosis or thoracic kyphosis. The UT group had significantly greater postoperative cervicothoracic kyphosis (20° vs 11°, p = 0.009). The UT group tended to maintain a smaller positive SVA (51 vs 73 mm, p = 0.08) and smaller T-1 spinopelvic inclination (−2.6° vs 0.6°, p = 0.06). The LT group tended to have more proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK), although the difference did not reach statistical significance. Radiographic PJK was 32% in the UT group and 41% in the LT group (p = 0.4). Surgical PJK was 6.4% in the UT group and 10% in the LT group (p = 0.6).

Conclusions
Both the UT and LT groups demonstrated significant improvement in clinical and radiographic outcomes. A significant difference was not observed in improvement of clinical outcomes between the 2 groups.
The minimally invasive spinal deformity surgery algorithm: a reproducible rational framework for decision making in minimally invasive spinal deformity surgery
Authors: Mummaneni Praveen V. , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Lenke Lawrence G. , Park Paul , Wang Michael Y. , La Marca Frank , Smith Justin S. , Mundis Gregory M. , Okonkwo David O. , Moal Bertrand , Fessler Richard G. , Anand Neel , Uribe Juan S. , Kanter Adam S. , Akbarnia Behrooz , Fu Kai-Ming G. 
Published: May 2014

Object
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is an alternative to open deformity surgery for the treatment of patients with adult spinal deformity. However, at this time MIS techniques are not as versatile as open deformity techniques, and MIS techniques have been reported to result in suboptimal sagittal plane correction or pseudarthrosis when used for severe deformities. The minimally invasive spinal deformity surgery (MISDEF) algorithm was created to provide a framework for rational decision making for surgeons who are considering MIS versus open spine surgery.

Methods
A team of experienced spinal deformity surgeons developed the MISDEF algorithm that incorporates a patient's preoperative radiographic parameters and leads to one of 3 general plans ranging from MIS direct or indirect decompression to open deformity surgery with osteotomies. The authors surveyed fellowship-trained spine surgeons experienced with spinal deformity surgery to validate the algorithm using a set of 20 cases to establish interobserver reliability. They then resurveyed the same surgeons 2 months later with the same cases presented in a different sequence to establish intraobserver reliability. Responses were collected and tabulated. Fleiss' analysis was performed using MATLAB software.

Results
Over a 3-month period, 11 surgeons completed the surveys. Responses for MISDEF algorithm case review demonstrated an interobserver kappa of 0.58 for the first round of surveys and an interobserver kappa of 0.69 for the second round of surveys, consistent with substantial agreement. In at least 10 cases there was perfect agreement between the reviewing surgeons. The mean intraobserver kappa for the 2 surveys was 0.86 ± 0.15 (± SD) and ranged from 0.62 to 1.

Conclusions
The use of the MISDEF algorithm provides consistent and straightforward guidance for surgeons who are considering either an MIS or an open approach for the treatment of patients with adult spinal deformity. The MISDEF algorithm was found to have substantial inter- and intraobserver agreement. Although further studies are needed, the application of this algorithm could provide a platform for surgeons to achieve the desired goals of surgery.
New Spectrophotometric Methods for Estimation of Perindopril Erbumine in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Unnisa A. , Raju K. V. G. , Balaji K. , Jyothi A. N. , Kumar T. S. 
Published: May 2014

Three rapid, simple, inexpensive, precise, and accurate spectrophotometric procedures were developed for the determination of Perindopril erbumine (PPE) using cobalt-thiocyanate, citric acid and 2,3- dichloro-5,6-dicyano benzoquinone in bulk sample and in dosage forms. The procedures are based on the coordination complex of the drug (electron donor) and the chromogenic reagents used. The colored products are extracted into non aqueous solvents and measured spectrophotometrically at the optimum ?maxfor each complex. Regression analysis of Beer-Lambert plots showed good correlation in the concentration range of 30-70 µg mL?1, 4-20 µg mL?1 and 20-60 µg mL?1 for cobalt-thiocyanate, citric acid and 2,3- dichloro-5,6-dicyano benzoquinone, respectively. The apparent molar absorptivity, Sandells sensitivity, detection and quantification limits were calculated. The developed methods were successfully applied for the determination of PPE in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations without any interference from common excipients and hence can be used for their routine analysis. Keywords: Perindopril erbumine; Spectrophotometry; Cobalt-thiocyanate; Citricacid-acetic anhydride. © 2014 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v6i2.16106 J. Sci. Res. 6 (2), 319-327 (2014)
Synthesis and Characterization of Some Mixed Ligand Complexes of Zn(II) with 4, 4´- Bipyridine: Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of these Complexes
Authors: Hossain M. A. , Alam M. A. , Zahan R. , Sheikh C. M. , Islam M. A. A. A. A. 
Published: May 2014

The mixed ligand complexes of Zn(II) with 4,4-bipyridine and some organic acids or amino acids were prepared in the solid form and characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity, magnetic moment measurement, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and FAB+ mass studies. To study anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of these complexes, some Swiss albino mice of 5-7 weeks old were taken. One dose of the test compounds of 10 mg/kg was selected throughout the research work. The anti-inflammatory activity of the test compounds were determined by carrageenan induced mice paw edema inhibition method. The analgesic activity was determined by acetic acid induced writhing methods. These three compounds showed positive effects as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Anti- inflammatory and analgesic activities of the test compounds at 50 mg/kg were quite comparable to those of standard drugs at 10 mg/kg. Keywords: Zinc; Organic acids; 4, 4'-Bipyridine; Anti-inflammatory; Analgesic activity. © 2014 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v6i2.16994 J. Sci. Res. 6 (2), 309-318 (2014)
Anthelmintic and Cytotoxic Activities of Two Medicinal Plants: <i>Polygonum viscosum</i> and <i>Aphanamixis polystachya</i> Growing in Bangladesh
Authors: Amin M. N. , Majumder M. S. , Moghal M. M. R. , Banik S. , Kar A. , Hossain M. M. 
Published: May 2014

The present study was designed to investigate in vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities of crude methanolic extract of two plants(Polygonum viscosum and Aphanamixis polystachya) grown in Bangladesh. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity was done using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The crude methanolic extract of Polygonum viscosum showed significant cytotoxic potential (LC50 value of 6.34 ?g/ml) among all the fractions comparing with that of standard vincristine sulphate (0.825 ?g/ml). Besides, the LC50 values of crude methanolic extract, pet ether and chloroform extracts of Aphanamixis polystachya showed good cytotoxic activities 11, 10.36, and 16.45 µg/ml, respectively. The other study was undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity (using Pheretima posthuma model) where piperazine was used as reference standard. The crude methanolic extract of Polygonum viscosum leaves produced a significant anthelmintic activity in dose dependent manner and the activity of crude extract was comparable with that of standard drugs. Besides, the Aphanamixis polystachya extract revealed moderate anthelmintic activity. Here, the anova testing was done with the P < 0.05. Further studies are suggested to determine the active compounds responsible for the anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities of these two plant extracts. Keywords: Anthelmintic; Cytotoxic; Medicinal plant; Aphanamixis polystachya; Polygonum viscosu. © 2014 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v6i2.17299 J. Sci. Res. 6 (2), 339-345 (2014)
Investigation and Synthesis of Some Novel Spiro Heterocycles Related to Indoline Moiety
Authors: El-Ossaily Y. A. B. , Zaki R. M. , Metwally S. A. 
Published: May 2014

Reactions of indole-2,3-dione 1 with 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, o-phenylenediamine, 2-aminophenol, 2-aminobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzimidazole and 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one were carried out to give compounds spiroindolethiazetobenzimidazole 2, spirobenzimidazole(oxazole)indoline 3a,b, benzothiazol(imidazol) iminoindolinone 4a,b and methyloxoindolylidenepyrazolone 5 respectively. Compound 5 was reacted with 2-aminophenol as well as o-phenylenediamine to give new spirooxazepine and diazepine derivatives 6a,b respectively. Reaction of 5 with nitrogen nucleophiles as well as carbon nucleophiles was investigated to furnish new spiro heterocycles 7-11. The reaction of 2-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydroindol-3-ylidene)malononitrile compound 12 with 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one was carried out to give spiroindolopyranopyrazolo derivative 13. Compounds 4a,b was reacted with thioglycolic acid to give thiazolidinone derivatives 14a,b. Epoxidation of 5 using monoperoxyphthalic acid magnesium salt hexahydrate and hydrogen peroxide were executed to afford the novel dispiro (2-pyrazolin oxiraneindoline)dione compound 15. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were well established by elemental and spectral analyses. Keywords: Spiroheterocycles; Epoxidation; Diazapines, Oxazepines; Spirothiazolidinone. © 2014 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v6i2.17590 J. Sci. Res. 6 (2), 303-317 (2014)
Discovery of Unexpected Pain in Intubated and Sedated Patients
Authors: Clukey By Lory , Weyant Ruth A. , Roberts Melanie , Henderson Ann 
Published: May 2014

Background
The perceptions of patients who are restrained and sedated while being treated with mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit are not well understood. The effectiveness of sedation used to aid in recovery and enhance comfort during intubation is unknown.

Objective
To explore the perceptions of patients who were intubated and receiving pain medication while sedated and restrained in the intensive care unit, in particular, their experience and their memories of the experience.

Methods
In a phenomenological study, 14 patients who were intubated and receiving pain medication while sedated and restrained were interviewed at the bedside. A semistructured interview guide was used. Data were analyzed by using an inductive method consistent with qualitative research.

Results
Three major themes were identified from the data: lack of memory of being restrained; a perception of being intubated as horrific; nursing behaviors that were helpful and comforting. An unexpected discovery was that sedation may be interfering with pain assessment and management.

Conclusion
Being intubated can be painful and traumatic despite administration of sedatives and analgesics. Sedation may mask uncontrolled pain for intubated patients and prevent them from communicating this condition to a nurse. Nurses may need to evaluate current interventions in order to provide maximum comfort and promote optimal positive outcomes for intensive care patients who are intubated.
Double Blockade of CD14 and Complement C5 Abolishes the Cytokine Storm and Improves Morbidity and Survival in Polymicrobial Sepsis in Mice
Authors: Huber-Lang Markus , Barratt-Due Andreas , Pischke Søren E. , Sandanger Øystein , Nilsson Per H. , Nunn Miles A. , Denk Stephanie , Gaus Wilhelm , Espevik Terje , Mollnes Tom E. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock, caused by an excessive systemic host-inflammatory response, are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The complement system and TLRs provide important pattern recognition receptors initiating the cytokine storm by extensive cross-talk. We hypothesized that double blockade of complement C5 and the TLR coreceptor CD14 could improve survival of experimental polymicrobial sepsis. Mice undergoing cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)–induced sepsis were treated with neutralizing anti-CD14 Ab biG 53, complement C5 inhibitor coversin (Ornithodoros moubata C inhibitor), or a combination thereof. The inflammatory study (24-h observation) revealed statistically significant increases in 22 of 24 measured plasma biomarkers in the untreated CLP group, comprising 14 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and 8 chemokines, growth factors, and granulocyte activation markers. Single CD14 or C5 blockade significantly inhibited 20 and 19 of the 22 biomarkers, respectively. Combined CD14 and C5 inhibition significantly reduced all 22 biomarkers (mean reduction 85%; range 54–95%) compared with the untreated CLP group. Double blockade was more potent than single treatment and was required to significantly inhibit IL-6 and CXCL1. Combined inhibition significantly reduced morbidity (motility and eyelid movement) and mortality measured over 10 d. In the positive control CLP group, median survival was 36 h (range 24–48 h). Combined treatment increased median survival to 96 h (range 24–240 h) (p = 0.001), whereas survival in the single-treatment groups was not significantly increased (median and range for anti-CD14 and anti-C5 treatment were 36 h [24–48 h] and 48 h [24–96 h]). Combined with standard intervention therapy, specific blockade of CD14 and C5 might represent a promising new therapeutic strategy for treatment of polymicrobial sepsis.
Women's Awareness of Periconceptional Use of Folic Acid before and after Their Antenatal Visits
Authors: Maher Mark , Keriakos Remon 
Published: May 2014

Objective The aim of this study is to assess women's awareness of the benefit and use of folic acid during pregnancy and to assess whether their knowledge has improved following hospital visits. Method This is a prospective survey conducted in a large teaching hospital in the UK. The survey questionnaire consisted of 28 questions about demographic variables, behavioral variables, and knowledge about folic acid and neural tube defects (NTDs). Result A total of 603 women participated in this study. Some of them attended for the first time and others had more than one visit, either in their current or previous pregnancies. In about 25% of cases, the pregnancy was not planned. Between 14 and 19% of the women of First and Two+ Visit groups consulted their doctor or other healthcare professional before conception. Nearly 98% of the women stated that they had heard of folic acid, but only 42–52% knew the medical condition it protects against. The main sources of information for women who were aware of folic acid were midwives and general practitioners. Nearly 90% of women who attended their first antenatal visit were taking folic acid. However, only 40% of women knew that they should take it before pregnancy, and only between 36 and 46% knew the dietary sources of folic acid, although about 84% know the foods that should be avoided during pregnancy. This study found that attending antenatal clinic has not increased women's awareness about folic acid. Conclusion There is still a high proportion of women who do not know that folic acid should be taken before pregnancy and continued for the first three months of pregnancy. School education, primary care team, and family planning service should take the lead in providing information to women about folic acid.
Pennsylvania Credit in the Virginia Backcountry, 1746–1755
Authors: McCleskey Turk , Squire James C. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
This essay investigates economic connections between Virginia frontier settlements and Pennsylvania during the period 1746–55. We explore how frontier debtors in remote Augusta County, Virginia, acquired Pennsylvania monetary obligations, what happened when debts involving Pennsylvania money were litigated in Augusta County, and what exchange rate was used in judgments for debts denominated in Pennsylvania money. We find that fluctuations in Augusta County exchange rates correlated to the overall regional market for monetary exchanges involving pounds sterling and Pennsylvania or Virginia money. A statistical tool called the two-tailed student t-test indicates the correlation was not the result of random chance. We therefore conclude that ordinary settlers in the Virginia backcountry were thoroughly acquainted with Pennsylvania market conditions at an earlier period than previously has been recognized.