bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A haplotype block associated with thousand‐kernel weight on chromosome 5DS in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Wang Yuquan , Hao Chenyang , Zheng Jun , Ge Hongmei , Zhou Yang , Ma Zhengqiang , Zhang Xueyong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSpike number per unit area, number of grains per spike, and thousand‐kernel weight (TKW) are important yield components for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). TKW has the highest heritability among the three components. We validated 27 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci associated with TKW in an F2:5 breeding population grown in four environments. A cfd78265bp marker on chromosome 5DS showed the strongest association with TKW and had a significantly positive effect on TKW compared to allele cfd78259bp, with mean increases of 5.17, 3.63, 4.11, and 5.16 g in the four environments. Markers cfd67 and cfd40 flanking cfd78 also showed significantly positive associations with TKW with increases of 5.11, 3.29, 4.31, and 4.50 g for cfd67205, and 4.98, 3.49, 4.06, and 4.84 g for cfd40187 compared with cfd67203 and cfd40190 in the four environments, respectively. A major quantitative trait locus for TKW spanning 2.94 cM on chromosome 5DS was detected by association mapping. Strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) (r2 > 0.2) was detected among the three linked markers, which formed three haplotype blocks in the F2:5 breeding population. Mean TKW differences between HapB‐I and HapB‐II were 5.80, 4.41, 4.02, and 5.06 g in the four environments, respectively. Moreover, significant LD was detected only between cfd78 and cfd67 and between cfd67 and cfd40 in a germplasm collection. This study provides a base for cloning genes related to TKW on chromosome 5DS.
The endoplasmic reticulum: A dynamic and well‐connected organelle
Authors: Hawes Chris , Kiviniemi Petra , Kriechbaumer Verena 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum forms the first compartment in a series of organelles which comprise the secretory pathway. It takes the form of an extremely dynamic and pleomorphic membrane‐bounded network of tubules and cisternae which have numerous different cellular functions. In this review, we discuss the nature of endoplasmic reticulum structure and dynamics, its relationship with closely associated organelles, and its possible function as a highway for the distribution and delivery of a diverse range of structures from metabolic complexes to viral particles.Chris Hawes
The number of cardiac myocytes in the hypertrophic and hypotrophic left ventricle of the obese and calorie‐restricted mouse heart
Authors: Schipke Julia , Banmann Ewgenija , Nikam Sandeep , Voswinckel Robert , Kohlstedt Karin , Loot Annemarieke E. , Fleming Ingrid , Mühlfeld Christian 
Published: October 2014

AbstractChanges in body mass due to varying amounts of calorie intake occur frequently with obesity and anorexia/cachexia being at opposite sides of the scale. Here, we tested whether a high‐fat diet or calorie restriction (CR) decreases the number of cardiac myocytes and affects their volume. Ten 6–8‐week‐old mice were randomly assigned to a normal (control group, n = 5) or high‐fat diet (obesity group, n = 5) for 28 weeks. Ten 8‐week‐old mice were randomly assigned to a normal (control group, n = 5) or CR diet (CR group, n = 5) for 7 days. The left ventricles of the hearts were prepared for light and electron microscopy, and analysed by design‐based stereology. In CR, neither the number of cardiac myocytes, the relationship between one‐ and multinucleate myocytes nor their mean volume were significantly different between the groups. In contrast, in the obese mice we observed a significant increase in cell size combined with a lower number of cardiomyocytes (P < 0.05 in the one‐sided U‐test) and an increase in the mean number of nuclei per myocyte. The mean volume of myofibrils and mitochondria per cardiac myocyte reflected the hypertrophic and hypotrophic remodelling in obesity and CR, respectively, but were only significant in the obese mice, indicating a more profound effect of the obesity protocol than in the CR experiments. Taken together, our data indicate that long‐lasting obesity is associated with a loss of cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle, but that short‐term CR does not alter the number of cardiomyocytes.
The lived experience of men with advanced cancer in relation to their perceptions of masculinity: a qualitative phenomenological study
Authors: Stapleton Sarah , Pattison Natalie 
Published: October 2014

Aims and objectivesThe aim of this exploratory research was to understand how men experience their advanced cancer in relation to their perceptions of masculinity.BackgroundThere are differences in the way men and women experience illness and health care. There are inequalities in incidence and morbidities of many diseases as well as differences in rates of help‐seeking behaviours. Theories on masculinity offer some explanation towards this. Men's experiences of advanced cancer in relation to masculinity are under reported, published literature suggests that there are certain issues or men dealing with advanced disease that justify investigation.DesignA Qualitative approach using a Husserlian Phenomenological design was conducted.SampleEight men (aged 26–68) all with advanced cancer, defined as advanced or metastatic disease for which the patient had exhausted all standard therapeutic options.MethodsIn‐depth interviews were conducted to capture narratives of the experiences of men. Data were analysed using Colaizzi's seven stage framework.ResultsThemes included thwarted ambition, changing expectations, protection and provision, stoicism and coping, images of illness versus images of masculinity, importance of being a fighter and loss.ConclusionFindings showed that the experiences of these men were complex and should be handled sensitively. Ideas for gender‐specific interventions and further research were developed from the findings in relation to current literature.Relevance to clinical practiceA better understanding and awareness of this in this context will help nurses to consider more subtle challenges that these patients may be dealing with that in turn could affect how they cope with the burden of cancer.
Tradition, Authority, and Immanent Critique in Comparative Ethics
Authors: Kellison Rosemary B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDrawing on resources from pragmatist thought allows religious ethicists to take account of the central role traditions play in the formation and development of moral concepts without thereby espousing moral relativism or becoming traditionalists. After giving an account of this understanding of the concept of tradition, I examine the ways in which understandings of tradition play out in two contemporary examples of tradition‐based ethics: works in comparative ethics of war by James Turner Johnson and John Kelsay. I argue that a pragmatist approach to tradition‐based ethics allows for a nuanced and flexible understanding of moral traditions, and one that holds great promise for international consensus‐building around shared ethical norms for the use of armed force.
Creaturely Solidarity
Authors: Kao Grace Y. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis essay examines several recent contributions to the growing literature on animal ethics from Christian perspectives. I categorize the four books under review in one of three ways depending on the scholars' methodological points of departure: (1) a reconstruction of the place of other animals in Christian history through a selective retrieval of texts and practices; (2) an identification of a key Christian ethical principle; and (3) a reconsideration of foundational doctrines of systematic theology. On the premise that social ethicists are interested in not only understanding the world, but also changing it, I observe that these authors have offered different answers to the following three questions: (1) whether the theoretical basis for reform is ultimately grounded upon notions of human sameness or difference with other animals; (2) whether scholar‐activists should emphasize logic over passion or values over interests (or vice versa) in their calls for transformation; and (3) whether moral motivation for their targeted audiences is best served by reliance upon secular argumentation and interdisciplinary research or upon the distinctive claims of revelation and other tradition‐specific norms. I conclude by offering my own thoughts about which approaches might prove more effective than others.
Should Inherent Human Dignity Be Considered Intrinsically Heuristic?
Authors: Ranganathan Bharat 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWhat are “human rights” supposed to protect? According to most human rights doctrines, including most notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), human rights aim to protect “human dignity.” But what this concept amounts to and what its source is remain unclear. According to Glenn Hughes (2011), human rights theorists ought to consider human dignity as an “intrinsically heuristic concept,” whose content is partially understood but is not fully determined. In this comment, I criticize Hughes's account. On my view, understanding inherent human dignity as an intrinsically heuristic concept tethers it to an “indeterminateness of sense,” which leaves it open to exploitation from theorists unsympathetic to the moral salience of rights and what rights are supposed to protect.
Zonate Leaf Spot of Prunus mandshurica Caused by Hinomyces pruni in Korea
Authors: Cho Sung‐Eun , Park Ji‐Hyun , Lee Sang‐Hyun , Lee Chong‐Kyu , Shin Hyeon‐Dong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractZonate leaf spots and severe defoliation were observed on Manchurian apricot (Prunus mandshurica) growing in a humid location in Korea from 2011 through 2013. The main symptoms included greyish green to brownish grey and zonate leaf spots without border lines, which mostly led to premature defoliation. The morphological characteristics of the causal agent were consistent with Hinomyces pruni. Identification was supported by analysing the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA from an isolate. The pathogenicity of the isolate was confirmed by artificial inoculation. This is the first report of zonate leaf spot caused by H. pruni on Manchurian apricot globally as well as in Korea.
Toward an inordinate fondness for stars, beetles and Lobophora? Species diversity of the genus Lobophora (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) in New Caledonia
Authors: Vieira Christophe , D'hondt Sofie , De Clerck Olivier , Payri Claude E 
Published: October 2014

Until the recent use of molecular markers, species diversity of Lobophora, an ecologically important brown algal genus with a worldwide distribution in temperate and tropical seas, has been critically underestimated. Using a DNA‐based taxonomic approach, we re‐examined diversity of the genus from New Caledonia in the Southwest Pacific Ocean. First, species were delineated using general mixed Yule coalescent‐based and barcoding gap approaches applied to a mitochondrial cox3 data set. Results were subsequently confirmed using chloroplast psbA and rbcL data sets. Species delimitation analyses agreed well across markers and delimitation algorithms, with the barcoding gap approach being slightly more conservative. Analyses of the cox3 data set resulted in 31–39 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs), four of which are previously described species (L. asiatica, L. crassa, L. nigrescens s.l., L. pachyventera). Of the remaining MOTUs for which we obtained a representative number of sequences and results are corroborated across analyses and genes, we described 10 species de novo: L. abaculusa, L. abscondita, L. densa, L. dimorpha, L. gibbera, L. hederacea, L. monticola, L. petila, L. rosacea, and L. undulata. Our study presents an excellent case of how a traditional morphology‐based taxonomy fails to provide accurate estimates of algal diversity. Furthermore, the level of Lobophora diversity unveiled from a single locality in the Pacific Ocean raises important questions with respect to the global diversity of the genus, the distributions and range sizes of the individual species, as well as the mechanisms facilitating coexistence.
Do newcomers stick to the rules of the residents? Designing trait‐based community assembly tests
Authors: Breitschwerdt Eva , Jandt Ute , Bruelheide Helge 
Published: October 2014

AbstractQuestionsHow similar or dissimilar must a species be to the resident plant community in order to successfully colonize grassland communities that vary in land‐use intensity? Is land‐use intensity an environmental filter that affects the survival rate of newcomers? Do species that are more likely to co‐occur with the resident species show higher survival rates than those that are more similar/dissimilar to the resident community or randomly chosen species?LocationSchwäbische Alb, Hainich and Schorfheide, Germany.MethodsWe planted different species from the regional grassland species pool into extant grassland communities exposed to different levels of land‐use intensity. Species composition was recorded across 54 sites comprising meadows, mown meadows and grazed grasslands located within the ‘Biodiversity Exploratories’ project areas in three different regions of Germany. New species were selected for enrichment planting in the plots according to four different scenarios: species with highly similar or dissimilar traits, species with the highest degree of co‐occurrence (derived from vegetation records held in the German vegetation reference database) and randomly chosen species. The changes in community mean trait distances brought about by enrichment planting and the transplant survival were related to land‐use intensity.Results and ConclusionLand use was found to be an important environmental filter, as mean trait distance consistently declined with increasing land‐use intensity across all scenarios. The planted species with the highest probability of co‐occurrence with the resident species did not change the mean pair‐wise trait distances across all plots, which indicates that they reflected the same degree of environmental filtering as the resident species. Accordingly, the species that commonly co‐occur with the resident species survived best. These findings open a new avenue for using vegetation databases to assess the relative importance of environmental filtering.
How Literacy Acquisition Affects the Illiterate Mind – A Critical Examination of Theories and Evidence
Authors: Huettig Falk , Mishra Ramesh K. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAt present, more than one‐fifth of humanity is unable to read and write. We critically examine experimental evidence and theories of how (il)literacy affects the human mind. In our discussion, we show that literacy has significant cognitive consequences that go beyond the processing of written words and sentences. Thus, cultural inventions such as reading shape general cognitive processing in non‐trivial ways. We suggest that this has important implications for educational policy and guidance and research into cognitive processing and brain functioning.
Expanding our Reach and Theirs: When Linguists go to High School
Authors: Lidz Jeffrey , Kronrod Yakov 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn 2007, we began an outreach program in Linguistics with psychology students in a local majority–minority high school. In the years since, the initial collaboration has grown to include other schools and nurtured a culture of community engagement in the language sciences at the University of Maryland. The program has led to a number of benefits for both the public school students and the University researchers involved. Over the years, our efforts have developed into a multi‐faceted outreach program targeting primary and secondary school as well as the public more broadly. Through our outreach, we attempt to take a modest step toward increasing public awareness and appreciation of the importance of language science, toward the integration of research into the school curriculum, and giving potential first‐generation college students a taste of what they are capable of. In this article, we describe in detail our motivations and goals, the details of the activities, and where we can go from here.
Ernst Julius Öpik's (1916) note on the theory of explosion cratering on the Moon's surface—The complex case of a long‐overlooked benchmark paper
Authors: Racki Grzegorz , Koeberl Christian , Viik Tõnu , Jagt‐Yazykova Elena A. , Jagt John W. M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHigh‐velocity impact as a common phenomenon in planetary evolution was ignored until well into the twentieth century, mostly because of inadequate understanding of cratering processes. An eight‐page note, published in Russian by the young Ernst Julius Öpik, a great Estonian astronomer, was among the key selenological papers, but due to the language barrier, it was barely known and mostly incorrectly cited. This particular paper is here intended to serve as an explanatory supplement to an English translation of Öpik's article, but also to document an early stage in our understanding of cratering. First, we outline the historical–biographical background of this benchmark paper, and second, a comprehensive discussion of its merits is presented, from past and present perspectives alike. In his theoretical research, Öpik analyzed the explosive formation of craters numerically, albeit in a very simple way. For the first time, he approximated relationships among minimal meteorite size, impact energy, and crater diameter; this scaling focused solely on the gravitational energy of excavating the crater (a “useful” working approach). This initial physical model, with a rational mechanical basis, was developed in a series of papers up to 1961. Öpik should certainly be viewed as the founder of the numerical simulation approach in planetary sciences. In addition, the present note also briefly describes Nikolai A. Morozov as a remarkable man, a forgotten Russian scientist and, surprisingly, the true initiator of Öpik's explosive impact theory. In fact, already between 1909 and 1911, Morozov probably was the first to consider conclusively that explosion craters would be circular, bowl‐shaped depressions even when formed under different impact angles.
Ash Shutbah: A possible impact structure in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Gnos Edwin , Hofmann Beda A. , Schmieder Martin , Al‐Wagdani Khalid , Mahjoub Ayman , Al‐Solami Abdulaziz A. , Habibullah Siddiq N. , Matter Albert , Alwmark Carl 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe have investigated the Ash Shutbah circular structure in central Saudi Arabia (21°37′N 45°39′E) using satellite imagery, field mapping, thin‐section petrography, and X‐ray diffraction of collected samples. The approximately 2.1 km sized structure located in flat‐lying Jurassic Tuwaiq Mountain Limestone has been nearly peneplained by erosional processes. Satellite and structural data show a central area consisting of Dhruma Formation sandstones with steep bedding and tight folds plunging radially outward. Open folding occurs in displaced, younger Tuwaiq Mountain Limestone Formation blocks surrounding the central area, but is absent outside the circular structure. An approximately 60 cm thick, unique folded and disrupted orthoquartzitic sandstone marker bed occurring in the central area of the structure is found 140 m deeper in undisturbed escarpment outcrops located a few hundred meters west of the structure. With exception of a possible concave shatter cone found in the orthoquartzite of the central area, other diagnostic shock features are lacking. Some quartz‐rich sandstones from the central area show pervasive fracturing of quartz grains with common concussion fractures. This deformation was followed by an event of quartz dissolution and calcite precipitation consistent with local sea‐ or groundwater heating. The combination of central stratigraphic uplift of 140 m, concussion features in discolored sandstone, outward‐dipping concentric folds in the central area, deformation restricted to the rocks of the ring structure, a complex circular structure of 2.1 km diameter that appears broadly consistent with what one would expect from an impact structure in sedimentary targets, and a possible shatter cone all point to an impact origin of the Ash Shutbah structure. In fact, the Ash Shutbah structure appears to be a textbook example of an eroded, complex impact crater located in flat‐lying sedimentary rocks, where the undisturbed stratigraphic section can be studied in escarpment outcrops in the vicinity of the structure.
Single‐molecule tracking in live Vibrio cholerae reveals that ToxR recruits the membrane‐bound virulence regulator TcpP to the toxT promoter
Authors: Haas Beth L. , Matson Jyl S. , DiRita Victor J. , Biteen Julie S. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryVibrio cholerae causes the human disease cholera by producing a potent toxin. The V. cholerae virulence pathway involves an unusual transcription step: the bitopic inner‐membrane proteins TcpP and ToxR activate toxT transcription. As ToxT is the primary direct transcription activator in V. cholerae pathogenicity, its regulation by membrane‐localized activators is key in the disease process. However, the molecular mechanisms by which membrane‐localized activators engage the transcription process have yet to be uncovered in live cells. Here we report the use of super‐resolution microscopy, single‐molecule tracking, and gene knockouts to examine the dynamics of individual TcpP proteins in live V. cholerae cells with < 40 nm spatial resolution on a 50 ms timescale. Single‐molecule trajectory analysis reveals that TcpP diffusion is heterogeneous and can be described by three populations of TcpP motion: one fast, one slow, and one immobile. By comparing TcpP diffusion in wild‐type V. cholerae to that in mutant strains lacking either toxR or the toxT promoter, we determine that TcpP mobility is greater in the presence of its interaction partners than in their absence. Our findings support a mechanism in which ToxR recruits TcpP to the toxT promoter for transcription activation.
Threshold foraging by gray whales in response to fine scale variations in mysid density
Authors: Feyrer Laura J. , Duffus David A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) is a coastal species whose nearshore summer foraging grounds off the coast of British Columbia offer an opportunity to study the fine scale foraging response of baleen whales. We explore the relationship between prey density and gray whale foraging starting with regional scale (10 km) assessments of whale density (per square kilometer) and foraging effort as a response to regional mysid density (per cubic meter), between 2006 and 2007. In addition we measure prey density at a local scale (100 m), while following foraging whales during focal surveys. We found regional mysid density had a significant positive relationship with both gray whale density and foraging effort. We identify a threshold response to regional mysid density for both whale density and foraging effort. In 2008 the lowest average local prey density measured beside a foraging whale was 2,300 mysids/m3. This level was maintained even when regional prey density was found to be substantially lower. Similar to other baleen whales, the foraging behavior of gray whales suggests a threshold response to prey density and a complex appreciation of prey availability across fine scales.