bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tertiary Prevention
Authors: Dodd Dorian R. , Sugarman Dawn E. , Greenfield Shelly F. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The concept of tertiary prevention comes from the traditional public health preventive services model, which classifies prevention efforts into three tiers: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Tertiary prevention addresses the treatment and management of ongoing illness. In psychiatry, efforts to improve prognosis, prevent relapse, decrease disability and functional impairment, limit morbidity and mortality, and generally decrease the negative impact of mental illness are all forms of tertiary prevention. Best practices for tertiary prevention interventions in psychiatry differ based on the specific psychiatric disorder being addressed, but generally consist of behavioral interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy or motivational interviewing, or biologically based interventions such as cognitive remediation or psychopharmacology.
Sex Therapy
Authors: McAnulty Richard D. , Milling Sandra 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Sex therapy is an approach for addressing sexual dysfunctions that has evolved since it was developed by William Masters and Virginia Johnson during the “sexual revolution.” In its early form, sex therapy principles were based on the assumption that most sexual difficulties were caused by sexual ignorance and performance anxiety. Innovative practices included a problem‐focused and time‐limited approach to helping couples overcome sexual problems without placing blame on any individual. Today, sex therapy is best understood as a multidisciplinary way of understanding and treating sexual problems. Recent influential developments include the introduction of sexual pharmacology, a growing emphasis on the role of relationship and cultural factors, and an increased awareness of the complexity of the problems that clients typically present in sex therapy.
Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Weigel Julia , Attia Evelyn 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAnorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious psychiatric illness associated with psychological symptoms, physiological disturbances, and a high mortality rate.ANis characterized by persistently low body weight, an intense fear of becoming fat, and various distorted cognitions about shape and weight. Most individuals withANare female, with the illness most commonly beginning during adolescence or young adulthood. There are two subtypes ofAN: the restricting type and the binge‐eating and purging type. There is a paucity of data regarding empirically supported treatments forAN, especially for adults. Nevertheless, there is consensus that treatment forANmust include weight restoration and may be offered in the context of various treatment settings such as outpatient, residential, or inpatient programs. Although the majority of individuals withANeither improves or fully recovers from the illness, significant numbers may relapse following treatment or may even develop chronic symptoms. Early identification and intervention are important for improving course and outcome.
Transference/Countertransference
Authors: Sharpless Brian A. , Barber Jacques P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe concepts of transference and countertransference are central to psychoanalysis and the various psychodynamic therapies. However, these terms are widely used by psychotherapists of many orientations to describe the ways in which patients and therapists both affect one another and bring their past relationship histories into the therapeutic encounter. For example, patients may experience therapists in ways not solely based on the reality of the clinical situation (i.e., transference), and therapists may have strong reactions to patients and/or view them as reminiscent of others from their own past (countertransference). After providing brief historical descriptions for these concepts in early psychoanalytic thought, the changing nature of their definitions and their utilization in clinical situations are both described. Finally, some relevant empirical findings for these important concepts are reviewed.
Anger Management Techniques
Authors: Elwood Lisa S. , Soper Jordan N. , Olatunji Bunmi O. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAnger is an emotion involving emotional, cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components. Anger leads to a variety of negative consequences, including interpersonal, physical, and mental health difficulties. Psychosocial treatments of anger can be traced to the 1970s and Raymond Novaco's adaptation of stress inoculation training to target anger symptoms. Since then, a variety of psychosocial treatments have been implemented, including skills training, relaxation‐based, multicomponent, exposure, and cognitive behavioral treatments. Several meta‐analyses examining the efficacy of anger treatments have been conducted leading to estimates of effect sizes generally in the medium to large range. However, extant research has been criticized for a dependence on self‐report measures and a lack of follow‐up assessments, active control conditions, and dismantling studies. Additional concerns, including the possibility of iatrogenic effects and poor findings in offender populations are highlighted.
Object Relations Theory
Authors: Shahar Golan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Objects relations theory is a branch of psychoanalysis that highlights the relational and interpersonal nature of the “psychodynamic unconscious.” The latter term pertains to drives, wishes, fantasies, emotions, and ideas of which people are not aware, but that shape their behavior from early childhood onward. Linked to the significant persons (“objects”) in the infant's life, mental representations of self, others, and self‐with‐others (“object relations”) are the hallmarks of personality. Object relations theory's three‐generation structure—forefathers and ‐mothers, prominent theorists and researchers, and students‐turned‐investigators—has arguably gained the school an important place within academic clinical psychology.
Clinical Decision Making
Authors: Webb Christopher A. , Keeley Jared W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Clinical decision making is the process by which clinicians make judgments about their clients. These judgments relate to assessment, diagnosis, and intervention. There are many factors associated with making decisions in clinical settings, including the nature of the clinicians' training and expertise, as well as how clinicians conceptualize information. In this entry the relative merits of statistical and clinical prediction are highlighted. Awareness of common cognitive errors in the decision‐making process is important to maximize the accuracy of clinical judgments.
Pain Disorder/Somatic Symptom Disorder
Authors: Accardi Michelle , Lynn Steven Jay 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPain disorder (PD), as referenced in theDSM‐IV‐TR, “is characterized by pain that is the predominant focus in the clinical presentation and is of sufficient severity to warrant clinical attention. In addition, psychological factors are judged to play an important role in pain's onset, severity, exacerbation, or maintenance.” Some authors voiced concerns and criticisms regarding theDSM‐IVcriteria for PD; specifically, that they are too broad, diagnostically unreliable, and therefore rarely used in clinical practice or research. WithDSM‐5, PD was no longer listed as a separate diagnostic entity but was designated as a specifier (i.e., for people whose somatic symptoms predominantly involve pain) in the category of somatic symptom disorder (SSD). Although there is a paucity of well‐controlled treatment studies, extant research implicates a number of psychological, behavioral, neuropsychological, and physiological factors in the genesis of PD.
Time Series Analysis
Authors: Velicer Wayne F. , Palumbo Richard , Babbin Steven F. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTime series analysis (TSA) is a statistical methodology appropriate for basic and applied research in real‐world settings. Idiographic methods such as TSA focus on time‐dependent variation within single subjects or research units, which can address research questions that nomothetic, or group‐level, methods cannot. TSA can be applied to a wide variety of longitudinal designs and can be used to investigate underlying naturalistic processes, assess patterns of change over time, evaluate the effects of an intervention, and investigate the relationship of two or more variables over time. Technological advances are providing new opportunities to use TSA in clinical settings.
Psychophysiology (Peripheral)
Authors: Zisner Aimee R. , Beauchaine Theodore P. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Peripheral psychophysiological techniques, through which autonomic nervous system activity and reactivity are measured, have been used for at least a century to make inferences about psychopathological processes. In appropriately designed experiments, cardiovascular reactivity, including heart rate and its sympathetic and parasympathetic components, provides information about general autonomic arousal, reward processing, and emotion regulation capabilities, among other constructs. Electrodermal responding provides additional information about extinction‐related processes and sensitivity to punishment. Such data may have important implications for early identification of individuals who are vulnerable to psychopathology, improving our understanding of etiology, and developing more effective prevention and intervention strategies.
Delirium
Authors: Wheaton Viva R. , Jackson James C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Delirium is a complex and multifaceted acute brain syndrome that occurs commonly in both general medical and intensive care unit (
ICU
) patients, with prevalence rates of up to 80% reported. Delirium is associated with a number of adverse outcomes including prolonged hospitalization, increased costs, higher mortality, and cognitive impairment. The pathophysiology underlying delirium remains unclear; however, research has shown that neurotransmitters, amino acids, inflammation, and impaired metabolism may be involved. Risk factors associated with delirium have implications for patient care and should be carefully evaluated. There are a number of scales that are reliable and valid measures for assessing incidence and severity of delirium. Multicomponent interventions to treat delirium are effective and should be implemented. Future studies should evaluate specific interventions, including pharmacological treatment, with the intent to prevent and treat delirium.
Mentalization‐Based Treatment
Authors: Fonagy Peter , Allison Elizabeth 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Mentalization‐based treatment (
MBT
) is a manualized, evidence‐based psychodynamic psychotherapy technique originally developed and evaluated in work with patients with borderline personality disorder (
BPD
) in a partial hospital setting, but now applied to a variety of disorders in a range of settings. Mentalizing is the capacity to understand other people's and one's own behavior in terms of mental states. The
MBT
approach assumes that the acquisition of this capacity is influenced by the quality of early relationships with caregivers, including experience of trauma, that it is vulnerable to disruption under interpersonal stress, and that core symptoms of
BPD
can be understood in terms of impaired mentalizing capacity in the context of attachment relationships.
MBT
aims to facilitate mentalizing in the context of interpersonally challenging situations.
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Authors: Anastassiou‐Hadjicharalambous Xenia , Essau Cecilia A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Social anxiety disorder is characterized by marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment could arise (e.g., public speaking), and is considered a debilitating disorder that negatively impacts many areas of the affected individual's life. This entry reviews the extant empirical literature on social anxiety disorder, beginning with a brief overview of the disorder's clinical features and diagnostic criteria. The entry describes the differential diagnoses that are often implicated in misdiagnosis of social anxiety symptomatology, followed by an overview of empirically supported assessment instruments. The next section covers the epidemiological data on the prevalence of the disorder. Coverage of the developmental considerations and clinical course of the disorder are included, following by a discussion of the evidence‐based status of treatment approaches for social anxiety disorder.
Susto
Authors: Weller Susan C. , Catalina Triana A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Susto is considered a “culture‐bound” syndrome, a condition that has limited meaning outside of specific cultural contexts. It is, however, widely recognized and prevalent among many Latino groups in North and Central America and is now included in the

DSM

because of its prevalence. Susto is translated literally as “fright” or “fright sickness” and is sometimes called
espanto
(fear) or soul loss. It is thought to be caused by a traumatic experience (hence the name) and affected individuals experience a variety of symptoms, including severe anxiety, difficulty sleeping, and a loss of interest in life. Susto appears to be a cultural expression for distress and is linked to emotional stress and depressive symptoms.
Barlow,DavidH. (b. 1942)
Authors: Morris Sarah Herrick , Franklin Martin E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDavid Harrison Barlow (b. 1942) was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Barlow's work was instrumental in advancing the field's cognitive, behavioral, and biological conceptualization of panic disorder. He is known for his investigations of multiple behavioral techniques to treat anxiety disorders. His early trials tested exposure to somatic cues, cognitive therapy, and relaxation therapy and their combination. Barlow contributed to the nosology of anxiety and mood disorders during his work with the Anxiety Disorders Work Group for theDSM. He and his colleagues created the Anxiety Disorders Inventory Schedule (ADIS), which allows for differential diagnoses among anxiety and mood disorders. Barlow continues to develop and test theories in the field of clinical psychology and has more recently promoted a more unified approach to treating emotional disorders than has been typically espoused in the field.
L
azarus,
A
rnold (1932–2013)
Authors: Babeva Kalina N. , Hummer Justin F. , Davison Gerald C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Arnold A. Lazarus (1932–2013) was an acclaimed clinical psychologist, distinguished professor and author of both scholarly works and popular books. In the early stages of his career, he contributed to the development of behavior therapy at a time when psychodynamic approaches were dominant. He became widely known for his significant contributions to the movement to expand behavior therapy to include cognitive techniques, an effort culminating in the conception of a novel, flexible, eclectic approach termed multimodal therapy (
MMT
). Lazarus was also the founder of the Multimodal Therapy Institute and the cofounder of the Lazarus Institute. Through his teaching, clinical work and scholarly writing, Lazarus influenced not only his numerous students, patients and colleagues, but also the practice of psychotherapy.
F
reud,
S
igmund (1856–1939)
Authors: Mendelsohn Robert 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was an Austrian psychiatrist who developed psychoanalysis as a treatment for emotional disorders. In doing so, he provided the foundation for the field of individual “talk” psychotherapy. Freud also applied his insights to create a theory of personality. In works such as
Interpretation of Dreams
and
Three Essays on a Theory of Sexuality
, Freud applied Darwin's theory of evolution, to the development of human psychology. He observed that human development includes sexual development, both physically and psychologically, and he suggested that humans are prone to blockages in sexual development that, under certain circumstances, can lead to neurosis. Freud suggested that all behavior, cognition, and emotion (both conscious and unconscious) originate so humans can seek pleasure and avoid pain, and that neurosis is the result of the failure of mechanisms designed to block awareness of painful cognitions and emotions.
Molecular Genetics
Authors: Vrshek‐Schallhorn Suzanne 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn clinical psychology, molecular genetics research examines the relationship of specific individual differences in the genetic code to an array of constructs relevant to psychopathology. This entry provides a condensed introduction to the human genome, the genetic code, individual differences in the genetic code, molecular genetics research methods in clinical psychology, select research findings in personality and psychopathology, and several novel molecular genetics research directions. Focus is given to practical information useful for understanding the molecular genetics literature or beginning to integrate molecular genetics into a research program.
Phenomenology (Philosophical)
Authors: Vincini Stefano , Gallagher Shaun 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Phenomenology is a philosophical tradition that deals with fundamental philosophical problems but also has relevance for clinical psychology. Edmund Husserl (1859 –1938) defined phenomenological method in terms of an investigation of consciousness and intentionality. His noncausal notion of motivation, which portrays the person as a being intentionally related to her surrounding world and striving towards the realization of meaning, can serve as a premise for psychology as a human science. Later thinkers, like Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) and Jean‐Paul Sartre (1905–80), developed an existential phenomenology. Others, like Maurice Merleau‐Ponty (1908–61), shifted the focus to embodied experience and set the stage for more contemporary encounters with cognitive science. Throughout this history, psychologists and psychiatrists, like Karl Jaspers (1883–1969) and Ludwig Binswanger (1881–1966), found useful phenomenological insights and distinctions that inform clinical practice.
Adjustment Disorders
Authors: Maercker Andreas , Bachem Rahel , Simmen‐Janevska Keti 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Adjustment disorder has been a diagnostic category in classification systems of mental disorders since the 1970s but has received little attention from basic or treatment research. It is particularly common in consultation liaison services. Evaluation is problematic since it may be mistaken for major depression, generalized anxiety, or nonpathological reactions to stress. Its measurement by structured interview is difficult since it is not included in many instruments and, in others, cannot be diagnosed once the threshold for another disorder is reached. There are new approaches to diagnose adjustment disorder in line with a stress‐response model of the disorder. Few evidence‐based treatments exist. Adjustment disorder generally carries a favorable prognosis, but in some individuals risk of self‐harm and suicide is elevated.
Psychotherapy Process and Outcome Research
Authors: Tompkins Kelley A. , Swift Joshua K. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Psychotherapy process and outcome research is defined as the scientific investigation of psychotherapy as a treatment for mental and behavioral health problems. This area of research examines both the effectiveness of psychotherapy as a treatment (outcome research) and the means by which psychotherapy produces its effects (process research). This area of research has important implications for clinical practice, including implications regarding what types of treatments should be used in clinical settings as well as implications about how those treatments should be provided. In this entry we review the methods that are frequently used in this field of study, its history, and future directions.
Multiple Determinants and Effect Size
Authors: Strube Michael J 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Effect sizes such as correlation coefficients and standardized mean differences gain meaning in the context of how the relevant variables are measured and the causal model in which the variables are embedded. Whether a particular effect size is judged to be
small
or
large
hinges on how much measurement error is present, whether the relevant target variables share causal variables, and the redundancy of those shared influences. Effect sizes are attenuated by measurement error and are larger when target variables share many rather than few causal determinants, especially when the causal determinants are correlated.
Jaspers,Karl (1883–1969)
Authors: Gorski Mike 
Published: January 2015

AbstractKarl Jaspers'Allgemeine psychopathologieappeared in 1913 when he was just 30 years old. Although he wrote next to nothing else on psychopathology in a long and distinguished career, his book remains one of the truly great achievements in the field. In it Jaspers sought to create a new methodology for the study of mental disorder—one that wholeheartedly embraced the human as well as the natural sciences: his approach to the description of delusion, for example, is evidence of its originality and power.
F
iske,
D
onald
W
. (1917–2003)
Authors: Shrout Patrick E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Donald W. Fiske (1916–2003) was a personality psychologist who influenced the fields of both personality and clinical psychology with his careful analysis of how psychological constructs were related to purported measures of those constructs. He insisted on using multiple methods to assess psychological variables, and discovered over the course of his career that different measurement strategies led to different inferences about global traits such as personality. His classic paper with Campbell described how a matrix of correlations among multiple measures of multiple traits could clarify personality measurement, but in fact these method revealed deep difficulty with general constructs that ignored social context, temporal sequences of behavior, and life course. In his later years he worked with collaborator Starkey Duncan to provide a rigorous foundation of behavioral measurements in the context of face‐to‐face interactions.
Therapist Adherence and Competence in Psychotherapy Research
Authors: Dinger Ulrike , Zilcha‐Mano Sigal , Dillon Justina , Barber Jacques P. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Therapist adherence
refers to the extent to which a therapist uses the specific techniques of a particular therapy approach; competence is the degree of skillfulness in their delivery. Both are essential to ensure treatment integrity, which is especially important when conducting studies on the efficacy of a specific form of psychotherapy. Although adherence and competence measures have been developed to assess treatment integrity, they are also used to test whether high levels of adherence and competence are associated with good therapeutic outcome. Across studies, however, the reported associations of both adherence and competence with therapeutic outcome are heterogeneous, which points to a complex relationship between therapeutic techniques and patient improvement. Future directions include a refinement of existing measures and research designs as well as an examination of the interdependence of technical and relationship variables in psychotherapy research.
C
attell,
J
ames
McKeen
(1860–1944)
Authors: Sokal Michael M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
James McKeen Cattell (1860–1944) helped establish the context within which clinical psychology emerged and evolved through his late‐nineteenth‐century program of mental tests, his influential 1904 programmatic statement explicitly calling for the development of a practical psychology, and his attempt (in the 1920s) to promote such a practical psychology through The Psychological Corporation, which he founded.