bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power output characterization assessment of thermoelectric generation in machine spindles for wireless sensor driving
Authors: Li Sheng , Yao Xinhua , Fu Jianzhong 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– For using wireless sensors to monitor spindle units without opening the spindle shell to replace the battery, harvesting the waste heat from spindle units of machine tools for thermoelectric generation to drive wireless sensors is studied in this paper. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– In this paper, the thermal network method and the analogies between electrical and thermal domains are used in the simulation of power output performance of thermoelectric generation on a rotating spindle. After that, experiments are done to obtain the real power output performance of the generation and evaluate the feasibility to drive wireless sensors.

Findings
– The paper provides that the output voltage of the thermoelectric generations was nearly linear with the rotating speed of the spindle, the output voltage was sensitive to the fixed position of the generations, and the thermoelectric system could drive the wireless sensor well most of the time during continuous operation of the spindle.

Research limitations/implications
– It is found that the thermoelectric generation could not provide enough power in the early start-up stage of the spindle rotation, so a high-efficiency power manage system, which will be studied in the future research, is needed to handle this problem.

Practical implications
– The paper includes implications for the development of self-powered wireless sensors in the spindle unit for machine tool monitoring.

Originality/value
– The paper develops a model of the power output performance of thermoelectric generation on a rotating spindle and tests the feasibility to drive wireless sensors with this power.
The relevance of ecological status to ecosystem functions and services in a large boreal lake
Authors: Tolonen Kimmo T. , Hämäläinen Heikki , Lensu Anssi , Meriläinen Jarmo J. , Palomäki Arja , Karjalainen Juha 
Published: March 2014

Summary

Environmental conventions aim to protect ecosystem structures and functions to provide goods and services for mankind. The degree of aquatic ecosystem naturalness, or ecological status as it is defined in the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union, is notionally linked to supplies of ecosystem services. In practice, these links have rarely been documented or even investigated, and to justify conservation and management objectives based on the status indicators, it is essential to demonstrate their relationships to ecosystem functions and services.

The WFD requires member states to classify their surface waters aiming to achieve good ecological status of water bodies. However, an implicit assumption of the WFD, that the ecosystem functions and services targeted to be protected and maintained are related to the measured status, remains uncertain.

Using a time‐series data set covering almost 50 years, we examined the development of ecological status of eight sub‐basins of a large boreal lake in response to improved wastewater management and decreasing pollution. We particularly evaluated whether the observed descriptors of biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services were associated with the judgements of ecological status, and hence whether the ecological status is a relevant proxy for ecosystem values to be protected.

The ecological status of the polluted sub‐basins responded consistently to the decreased nutrient and organic loading. Temporal trends in the biological quality elements and water quality were mostly parallel and showed good status roughly simultaneously. Combined ecological status also appeared to predict some features of taxon diversity (profundal macroinvertebrate and phytoplankton richness), ecosystem functions (primary and bacterial production) and ecosystem services (fish catch and reproductive potential of coregonids).

Synthesis and applications. We observed that some ecosystem service supplies and taxon diversity increased with increasing ecological status of the lake. Therefore, our results suggest that ecological status estimates based on simple structural characters are relevant to the ultimate management goals of maintaining biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services and hence might suffice for extensive assessment and monitoring of lake ecosystems.
Variation in Surgical Quality Measure Adherence within Hospital Referral Regions: Do Publicly Reported Surgical Quality Measures Distinguish among Hospitals That Patients Are Likely to Compare?
Authors: Safavi Kyan C. , Dai Feng , Gilbertsen Todd A. , Schonberger Robert B. 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo determine whether surgical quality measures that Medicare publicly reports provide a basis for patients to choose a hospital from within their geographic region.Data SourceThe Department of Health and Human Services' public reporting website, http://www.medicare.gov/hospitalcompare.Study DesignWe identified hospitals (n = 2,953) reporting adherence rates to the quality measures intended to reduce surgical site infections (Surgical Care Improvement Project, 1–3) in 2012. We defined regions within which patients were likely to compare hospitals using the hospital referral regions (HRRs) from the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care Project. We described distributions of reported SCIP adherence within each HRR, including medians, interquartile ranges (IQRs), skewness, and outliers.Principal FindingsNinety‐seven percent of HRRs had median SCIP‐1 scores ≥95 percent. In 93 percent of HRRs, half of the hospitals in the HRR were within 5 percent of the median hospital's score. In 62 percent of HRRs, hospitals were skewed toward the higher rates (negative skewness). Seven percent of HRRs demonstrated positive skewness. Only 1 percent had a positive outlier. SCIP‐2 and SCIP‐3 demonstrated similar distributions.ConclusionsPublicly reported quality measures for surgical site infection prevention do not distinguish the majority of hospitals that patients are likely to choose from when selecting a surgical provider. More studies are needed to improve public reporting's ability to positively impact patient decision making.
The Association between Long‐Term Care Setting and Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations among Older Dual Eligibles
Authors: Wysocki Andrea , Kane Robert L. , Golberstein Ezra , Dowd Bryan , Lum Terry , Shippee Tetyana 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo compare the probability of experiencing a potentially preventable hospitalization (PPH) between older dual eligible Medicaid home and community‐based service (HCBS) users and nursing home residents.Data SourcesThree years of Medicaid and Medicare claims data (2003–2005) from seven states, linked to area characteristics from the Area Resource File.Study DesignA primary diagnosis of an ambulatory care sensitive condition on the inpatient hospital claim was used to identify PPHs. We used inverse probability of treatment weighting to mitigate the potential selection of HCBS versus nursing home use.Principal FindingsThe most frequent conditions accounting for PPHs were the same among the HCBS users and nursing home residents and included congestive heart failure, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, urinary tract infection, and dehydration. Compared to nursing home residents, elderly HCBS users had an increased probability of experiencing both a PPH and a non‐PPH.ConclusionsHCBS users’ increased probability for potentially and non‐PPHs suggests a need for more proactive integration of medical and long‐term care.
Computer Simulations to Investigate the Consequence of Blunt Head Impact
Authors: Baumgartner Laura , Schmitt Kai‐Uwe 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBlunt head impact as sustained in falls or punches against the head can result in rupture of bridging veins. Computer simulations were performed to simulate three different types of falls and punches against the head. The relative brain‐skull motion was recorded. The falls resulted in impact on the backside of the head, whereas the punches struck the face. The maximum resultant translational and rotational acceleration, the Head Injury Criterion (HIC), and the characteristics of the relative brain‐skull motion, as well as the coup and contre‐coup regions were determined. The maximum resultant translational acceleration was found to be between 2982 and 3541 m/s² for falls and between 814 and 942 m/s² for punches. The maximum resultant rotational acceleration reached 632–1000 rad/s² for falls and 252–620 rad/s² for punches. The HIC for falls was found to be at least 1357 and at most 130 for punches. The major brain‐skull displacement calculated for falls and punches was 6.6 and 4.2 mm, respectively. The results of this study suggest that falls are associated with a higher risk for bridging vein ruptures than punches and that cerebral contusions at the contre‐coup side are more serious.
Identification of putative orthologous genes for the phylogenetic reconstruction of temperate woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)
Authors: Zhang Li‐Na , Zhang Xian‐Zhi , Zhang Yu‐Xiao , Zeng Chun‐Xia , Ma Peng‐Fei , Zhao Lei , Guo Zhen‐Hua , Li De‐Zhu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe temperate woody bamboos (Arundinarieae) are highly diverse in morphology but lack a substantial amount of genetic variation. The taxonomy of this lineage is intractable, and the relationships within the tribe have not been well resolved. Recent studies indicated that this tribe could have a complex evolutionary history. Although phylogenetic studies of the tribe have been carried out, most of these phylogenetic reconstructions were based on plastid data, which provide lower phylogenetic resolution compared with nuclear data. In this study, we intended to identify a set of desirable nuclear genes for resolving the phylogeny of the temperate woody bamboos. Using two different methodologies, we identified 209 and 916 genes, respectively, as putative single copy orthologous genes. A total of 112 genes was successfully amplified and sequenced by next‐generation sequencing technologies in five species sampled from the tribe. As most of the genes exhibited intra‐individual allele heterozygotes, we investigated phylogenetic utility by reconstructing the phylogeny based on individual genes. Discordance among gene trees was observed and, to resolve the conflict, we performed a range of analyses using BUCKy and HybTree. While caution should be taken when inferring a phylogeny from multiple conflicting genes, our analysis indicated that 74 of the 112 investigated genes are potential markers for resolving the phylogeny of the temperate woody bamboos.
Primary pulmonary collision tumor with three components in the underlying interstitial lung disease
Authors: Suzuki Shigeki , Ohtsuka Takashi , Hato Tai , Kamiyama Ikuo , Goto Taichiro , Kohno Mitsutomo , Emoto Katsura , Hayashi Yuichiro 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA collision tumor of the lung is relatively rare. We report a case of a 72‐year‐old man with a collision tumor consisting of three neoplastic components in the underlying interstitial lung disease. Computed tomography showed a parenchymal lesion with an air bronchogram. Transthoracic needle lung biopsy showed chronic inflammation, however, a malignant pulmonary tumor was clinically suspected. The patient underwent a right lower lobectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection. The histological features of the surgical specimen showed lung cancer with three neoplastic components, which were squamous cell carcinoma, invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma, and invasive non‐mucinous adenocarcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documentation of a collision lung tumor with three components.
New orthotopic implantation model of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in athymic nude mice
Authors: Song Shuai , Chang Dong , Cui Yong , Hu Jian , Gong Min , Ma Kai , Ding Fang , Liu Zhi‐Hua , Wang Tian‐You 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundSubcutaneous xenograft is a common method to establish animal models of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the growth microenvironment of transplanted tumors is different from primary tumors. Orthotopic implantation models can provide more biologically relevant context in which to study the disease. So far, an orthotopic implantation model of ESCC has rarely been reported.MethodsThe human ESCC cell line KYSE30 was transfected with pLVX‐Luciferase plasmids. KYSE30‐Luciferase cells were isolated and injected into the flanks of nude mice to develop a subcutaneous tumor. An orthotopic implantation model was established using the fragments derived from the subcutaneous tumor. Fluorescence imaging was used to observe the development of the orthotopic implanted tumor. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to evaluate the invasion and metastasis of the tumor.ResultsKYSE30 cells were successfully transfected with pLVX‐Luciferase plasmids. A primary tumor was developed in all mice. The mice experienced body weight loss. The implanted tumor infiltrated into the esophageal muscularis propria. However, neither distant organ nor lymph node metastasis was found. The progression of the primary tumor was monitored by in vivo fluorescence imaging.ConclusionThe orthotopic implantation model can be established by sewing the fragments of human ESCC to the abdominal esophagus of a nude mouse. The progression of an orthotopic implantation tumor can be monitored in real time by in vivo fluorescence imaging.
A new frontier in biodiversity inventory: a proposal for estimators of phylogenetic and functional diversity
Authors: Cardoso Pedro , Rigal François , Borges Paulo A. V. , Carvalho José C. 
Published: March 2014

Summary
Complete sampling of all dimensions of biodiversity is a formidable task, even for small areas. Undersampling is the norm, and the underquantification of diversity is a common outcome. Estimators of taxon diversity (TD) are widely used to correct for undersampling. Yet, no similar strategy has been developed for phylogenetic (PD) or functional (FD) diversity.
We propose three ways of estimating PD and FD, building on estimators originally developed for TD: (i) correcting PD and FD values based on the completeness of TD; (ii) fitting asymptotic functions to accumulation curves of PD and FD; and (iii) adapting nonparametric estimators to PD and FD data.
Using trees as a common framework for the estimation of PD and FD, we tested the approach with European mammal and Azores Islands arthropod data. We demonstrated that different methods were able to considerably reduce the undersampling bias and often correctly estimated true diversity using a fraction of the samples necessary to reach complete sampling.
Besides the utility of knowing the true diversity of an assemblage from incomplete samples, the use of estimators may present further advantages. For instance, comparisons between sites or time periods are possible only if either sampling is complete or sampling effort is equivalent and sufficient to allow sensible comparisons. Also, as PD and FD asymptote faster than TD, comparisons between these different dimensions may require unbiased values. The framework now proposed combines taxon, phylogenetic and functional diversity into a single framework, offering a tool for future developments involving these different facets of biological diversity.
A new statistical framework for the quantification of covariate associations with species distributions
Authors: Beale Colin M. , Brewer Mark J. , Lennon Jack J. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryIdentifying processes that shape species geographical ranges is a prerequisite for understanding environmental change. Currently, species distribution modelling methods do not offer credible statistical tests of the relative influence of climate factors and typically ignore other processes (e.g. biotic interactions and dispersal limitation).We use a hierarchical model fitted with Markov Chain Monte Carlo to combine ecologically plausible niche structures using regression splines to describe unimodal but potentially skewed response terms. We apply spatially explicit error terms that account for (and may help identify) missing variables.Using three example distributions ofEuropean bird species, we map model results to show sensitivity to change in each covariate. We show that the overall strength of climatic association differs between species and that each species has considerable spatial variation in both the strength of the climatic association and the sensitivity to climate change.Our methods are widely applicable to many species distribution modelling problems and enable accurate assessment of the statistical importance of biotic and abiotic influences on distributions.
Studying phenology by flexible modelling of seasonal detectability peaks
Authors: Strebel Nicolas , Kéry Marc , Schaub Michael , Schmid Hans 
Published: March 2014

Summary

Many animals and plant species have advanced spring phenology in response to climate warming. The majority of avian phenological studies are based on arrival dates. Consequently, knowledge on bird phenology is mainly based on migratory species. In addition, arrival dates of migratory birds may be substantially affected by en route climate conditions, thus failing to provide good indicators for spring phenology on the breeding grounds. Correlating arrival dates with other phenological data or with environmental covariates may be meaningless in these cases.

We propose the date of highest singing activity, quantified by detection probability, as a powerful proxy for breeding phenology that is applicable to migratory and sedentary bird species alike. In contrast to arrival dates, breeding phenology is mainly (non‐migrants) or at least partially (migrants) influenced by conditions experienced within the breeding area.

We developed a new method for flexible estimation of peak detectability date in spring by combining multiseason site occupancy with semi‐parametric regression modelling (thin‐plate splines). We applied our approach to opportunistic observations of 27 bird species (mostly passerines) in Switzerland.

We found substantial differences among species in the date of spring peak detectability: late February to mid‐April in sedentary and short‐distance migratory species and mid‐April to late May in long‐distance migrants. Among 10 species with data for >9 years, five showed a trend in detectability peaks towards an earlier spring phenology by nine to 17 days within 10 years. The mean shift over all species was c. 3·5 days per 10 years.

Our approach is widely applicable, especially for temporally and spatially large‐scale data from monitoring or citizen‐science programmes. Besides using the detectability peak as measure of phenology, the estimated seasonal pattern in detectability can help designing monitoring programmes for improved efficiency. Our approach may be applied to any species with pronounced acoustic displays or other behavioural traits strongly influencing detectability during the breeding period. We believe that it can contribute substantially to unravelling how species and communities respond to environmental change.
Non‐Markovian maximum likelihood estimation of autocorrelated movement processes
Authors: Fleming Christen H. , Calabrese Justin M. , Mueller Thomas , Olson Kirk A. , Leimgruber Peter , Fagan William F. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryBy viewing animal movement paths as realizations of a continuous stochastic process, we introduce a rigorous likelihood method for estimating the statistical parameters of movement processes. This method makes no assumption of a hidden Markov property, places no special emphasis on the sampling rate, is insensitive to irregular sampling and data gaps, can produce reasonable estimates with limited sample sizes and can be used to assignAICvalues to a vast array of qualitatively different models of animal movement at the individual and population levels.To develop our approach, we consider the likelihood of the first two cumulants of stochastic processes, the mean and autocorrelation functions. Together, these measures provide a considerable degree of information regarding searching, foraging, migration and other aspects of animal movement. As a specific example, we develop the likelihood analyses necessary to contrast performance of animal movement models based on Brownian motion, the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process and a generalization of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process that includes ballistic bouts.We then show how our framework also provides a new and more accurate approach to home‐range estimation when compared to estimators that neglect autocorrelation in the movement path.We apply our methods to a data set on Mongolian gazelles (Procapra gutturosa) to identify the movement behaviours and their associated time and length scales that characterize the movement of each individual. Additionally, we show that gazelle annual ranges are vastly larger than those of other non‐migratory ungulates.
Arboreal camera trapping: taking a proven method to new heights
Authors: Gregory Tremaine , Carrasco Rueda Farah , Deichmann Jessica , Kolowski Joseph , Alonso Alfonso 
Published: March 2014

SummaryAlthough camera trapping has been shown to be a highly effective non‐invasive tool for wildlife monitoring, the technique has not yet been widely applied to studies of arboreal species. Despite the unique challenges that camera trapping in the canopy poses, its versatility and relatively non‐invasive nature, combined with recent technological improvements on the cameras themselves, make camera trapping a highly useful tool for arboreal research.We present data on the methodology and effectiveness of arboreal camera trapping during the first 6 months of a year‐long study in the Lower Urubamba Region of Peru investigating animal use of natural crossing points (i.e. branches) over a natural gas pipeline clearing. We placed ReconyxPC800 Hyperfire cameras in 25 crossing points of 13 distinct natural canopy ‘bridges’ at a mean height of 26·8 m.After 6 months of data collection, we logged 1522 photoevents, recording 20 mammal, 23 bird and four reptile species. An analysis of animal passing events in front of the cameras over time did not suggest any negative response to camera presence. While we found that cameras in the canopy are triggered more frequently by non‐target stimuli (e.g. leaves) than cameras on the ground, we demonstrated significantly reduced false triggering following leaf removal within 1·5 m of the camera.Our results suggest that arboreal camera trapping can provide robust documentation of a diversity of vertebrate species engaged in a variety of activities, and we provide recommendations for other researchers interested in using in this method. This is the most extensive arboreal camera trapping study to date in terms of the length of the study period, the number of cameras being used and the height of the cameras in the trees. Therefore, lessons provided from this experience can be used to improve the design of future arboreal camera trap studies.