bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Poison Detection in Human Organs
Authors: McBay AJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is the third edition of an excellent textbook on analytical toxicology. Those of us who have used the first edition (1963), 150 pages, and the second edition (1969), 280 pages, will be pleased with this enlarged and revised edition. About half the book is devoted to general toxicological information including emergency hospital toxicology, drug abuse screening, and analysis of blood, urine, liver, gastric content, brain, and kidney. The last half of the book is devoted to monographs on the analysis of specific substances. There are over 500 references; most are very recent. Of particular value are the interpretations of results.
A Review of Medico-Legal Investigation of Gunshot Wounds
Authors: DiMaio VJM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
There are a number of major defects in this book. They all stem from the author's lack of knowledge of the subject. He is obviously unfamiliar with weapons and ammunition. His handling of the wounding effects of firearms is superficial. There is no in-depth treatment of any important subject. What the author has done is to compile a number of well-known facts—and some errors—from many forensic sources. To this he has added generous padding, consisting of information only tenuously related to the subject of the book, and photographs of poor quality.
Forensic Toxicology of Some Deaths Associated with the Combined Use of Propoxyphene and Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Authors: Robinson AE , Sattar H , McDowall RD , Holder AT , Powell R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
For many years the most commonly encountered mild analgesic in cases of poisoning in the United Kingdom and particularly in London was aspirin. Often aspirin was formulated with phenacetin and codeine and sometimes with caffeine. Chronic use of phenacetin was found to cause renal damage, but, though acetaminophen is a metabolite of phenacetin, there is no evidence that it does harm to the kidney. Acetaminophen is itself a mild analgesic that has gained favor as an alternative to both phenacetin and aspirin since it does not cause gastric ulceration and hemorrhage when taken orally.
Detection of Gunshot Residue Particles from the Hands of a Shooter
Authors: Matricardi VR , Kilty JW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The identification of gunshot residue (GSR) is a topic of great interest to the police officer and prosecutor and a problem for the criminalist. The police officer and prosecutor want a test that will demonstrate the existence of GSR on a subject's hands. The difficulty for the criminalist is in associating the quantitative amounts of the GSR-indicating elements (barium, antimony, and lead) exclusively with GSR. In this paper a technique is described that tries to identify as GSR the individual particles which are part of the components of the smoke emanating from the discharge of a firearm.
Application of Allergy Diagnosis in Forensic Serology
Authors: Werrett DJ , King LA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The general approach to the characterization of bloodstains by “antibody profiling” has been described earlier [1]. Antibodies are produced by an individual against foreign organic matter (antigens). As each antibody is designed to react with a specific antigen, a study of the types of antibody present in a person's blood may provide information about that individual's past health record. The use of the Radio-Allergo-Sorbent-Test (RAST®) to measure allergy-associated antibodies in dried blood has also been described earlier [2,3]. These IgE antibodies are detected by incubation of bloodstain extracts with purified allergen coupled to small paper disks. It has been shown that at least three different allergen disks could be incubated simultaneously in a bloodstain extract made from less than 50 μl of whole blood [3].
Phosphoglucomutase Typing of Vaginal Swabs
Authors: Eastwood ME 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The phosphoglucomutase (PGM) isoenzymes present in blood are also known to occur in semen. Culliford [1] and Rees and Rothwell [2] found no discrepancy between the PGM pattern of blood and the corresponding semen samples. Rees and Rothwell warned of possible interferences from vaginal secretions when typing semen from a vaginal swab. Thus, if the female is heterozygous for PGM the enzyme type of the semen cannot be established.
A Review of Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science
Authors: Thornton JI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The really good textbooks on criminalistics may be counted on the fingers on any typical one-handed person; this text would have to be included in that group. The text attempts, and achieves, a presentation of the major areas of physical evidence as well as a brief history of forensic science and defines the scope of the criminalistics enterprise.
The Use of Buffered Celite Columns in Drug Extraction Techniques and Their Proposed Application in Forensic Toxicology
Authors: Hackett LP , Dusci LJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although forensic toxicology as a science has been with us for many years, problems are still encountered with quantitative drug extraction techniques from tissues. These techniques are important for, after death, tissue drug levels must be quantitated and interpretations made that may have important legal aspects.
Incidence of Drugs and Alcohol in Fatally Injured Motor Vehicle Drivers
Authors: Garriott JC , DiMaio VJM , Zumwalt RE , Petty CS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Previous studies have implicated drugs as a significant factor in intoxicated motor vehicle drivers [1,2]. Little has yet been published on the incidence and role of drugs in motor vehicle crash fatalities, however. A comprehensive study by the Midwest Research Institute on specimens from victims of motor vehicle crashes procured from a number of geographic locations has indicated an incidence of positive drug findings of 13.09% in the urine of fatally injured drivers [3]. In only about 4% were drugs detected in the blood of victims, however.
Estimation of Stature in Children from Radiographically Determined Metacarpal Length
Authors: Himes JH , Yarbrough C , Martorell R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic scientists and anthropologists have for a long time been concerned with practicable and reliable methods for estimating stature from bone dimensions. There are several rather reliable equations and tables for the estimation of adult stature, mostly from long limb bone lengths [1]; notable in this regard are those of Telkka [2], Trotter and Gleser [3,4], and Dupertuis and Hadden [5].
The “Nuts and Bolts” of Testifying as a Forensic Scientist
Authors: Philipps KA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
When the forensic scientist leaves the laboratory and enters the courtroom anticipating presentation of the results of his long and detailed scientific analysis to a judge and jury, he may be shocked in confronting a defense lawyer not only versed in the skills of the courtroom, but also possessing substantial expertise in the scientific field about which the expert witness is testifying. More and more lawyers are becoming knowledgeable in the varied fields of forensic science. Many have been prosecutors who have “switched sides” and take with them the knowledge that they have gained from professional association with forensic scientists. Others are attending seminars and symposiums or engaging in independent research with the assistance of a retained scientific expert. A review of any professional legal magazine will show a battery of experts in all fields of science for hire. Lawyers are also being encouraged by state and local bar associations to attend continuing education programs.
Studies in the Epidemiology of Murder—A Proposed Classification System
Authors: Wright RK , Davis JH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Medical Examiner's Office of Dade County has investigated 3282 homicides during the years 1956 through 1975. Forty-one percent (1340) of the homicides occurred in the last five years, 25% of the time period. The overall homicide rate has risen from 11.2 per 100 000 population during 1956–1960 to 20.0 per 100 000 population during 1970–1975. The 1975 homicide rate was 20.9 per 100 000 population.
A Review of Autopsy
Authors: Thompson RL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book discusses the performance of an autopsy with the range of techniques varying from those appropriate for a death resulting from carcinoma of the lung to those appropriate for examination of the intact arterial system from the heart to the brain. The most unique aspect of the book is the use of numerous photographs to illustrate the techniques described in the text. There are 178 black and white photographs with the vast majority of these being of excellent quality.
Analytical Problems with Putrefaction in a Fatal Case Involving Ergotamine and Pentazocine
Authors: de Zeeuw RA , van Mansvelt FJW , Greving JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A drug addict was found dead under suspicious circumstances, but an investigation immediately afterwards did not reveal any drugs in the blood or any pathological indication to explain the cause of death. Six weeks after death a toxicological reinvestigation was requested because of new evidence. By that time, blood decomposition had already started and interfered heavily with normal extraction procedures. This necessitated the use of an acid hydrolysis procedure which revealed the presence of pentazocine and ergotamine, the latter in the form of specific degradation products. This case is of interest as it emphasizes the problems related to the binding of basic drugs to blood proteins or cells, thus rendering them unavailable for solvent extraction procedures. In addition, a search of the literature failed to reveal any other fatal case in which ergotamine was reported to be detectable in postmortem blood.
Haptoglobin Phenotyping of Bloodstains by Nongradient Polyacrylamide Electrophoresis
Authors: Felix RT , Boenisch T , Giese RW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Haptoglobin is a plasma glycoprotein with α2: electrophoretic mobility which plays a role in hemoglobin catabolism. It is of interest to the forensic scientist because it exhibits polymorphism. The three most common phenotypes are designated Hp 2-1 (the heterozygous state), Hp 2-2, and Hp 1-1.
Techniques for Extraction of Spermatozoa from Stained Clothing: A Critical Review
Authors: Hueske EE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The location of spermatozoa on the clothing of rape victims is of primary concern to the criminalist seeking evidence of sexual assault. The identification of acid phosphatase, spermine, and choline is of secondary importance relative to finding intact spermatozoa. A number of techniques for extraction of spermatozoa are available. In this study these techniques have been compared in an effort to determine their relative merits.
Splenectomy and Sudden Death
Authors: Jindrich EJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Splenectomy has become a relatively common surgical procedure, most frequently performed subsequent to traumatic rupture, incidentally in the course of other surgical procedures, or in the staging or therapy of lymphomas. Occasionally it is a therapeutic modality in a hematologic disorder. Although initially considered to be associated with few serious sequelae, the recent medical literature contains numerous reports of fulminant death from bacteremia (usually Streptococcus pneumoniae) in splenectomized or hyposplenic patients. The following case reports exemplify some aspects of this clinical syndrome.
Corrosion of New, Fired, 0.22-Caliber, Long-Rifle Brass Cartridge Cases Buried in Soil
Authors: Shanahan R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An important exhibit at a double murder trial was a 0.22-caliber, long-rifle, rim-fire cartridge case, which was found on microscopic examination to have been fired in the 0.22 pump-action rifle belonging to the accused. It was found at the scene, more than 18 weeks after the murders, buried approximately 50 mm below the surface of a garden.
Interpretation of Vehicle Globe Failures: The Unlit Condition
Authors: Powell GLF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
There is little published information on the procedures which should be adopted in examining globes from a vehicle to determine whether they were lit or unlit at the time of an accident. The few which are available (for example, Ref 1) rely heavily on the chemical and physical changes of the components of a globe. None discusses, in terms of microstructure, the reaction of the components to the stress imposed by the accident. The technique of using chemical changes involves, inter alia, noting oxidation of the tungsten filament and adhesion of glass particles to the filament. These changes are sought as evidence for globes being lit at the time of the accident. These results used in isolation can lead to errors. This paper discusses the microstructure of components in new vehicle globes, how the microstructure changes with use, and the difference in reaction of the microstructure to stress as a function of the globe being lit or unlit at the time of the accident. It is suggested that this information used in conjunction with chemical and physical changes leads to a more reliable conclusion, especially when the globe is unlit.
A Review of Self-Assessment of Current Knowledge in Forensic Pathology and Legal Medicine
Authors: Gantner GE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book follows the time-honored and useful technique of challenging the reader with pertinent multiple-choice questions in a variety of formats and styles such as might be expected in Board certification or other objective examinations. They are grouped according to whether they fall into such forensic subjects as ballistics, neuropathology, anthropology, serology, toxicology and toxicopathology, jurisprudence, and general forensic pathology. This facilitates the self-assessment process after review of a single subject, if desired. The multiple alternatives offered to each question are thoughtfully chosen to instruct the student in reviewing erroneous as well as correct answers, especially if time is available to consult the reference material, The references properly emphasize the more recent texts and monographs that are still in print and available. A few of the classical references are perhaps unavailable to some readers, but these are few in number and involve reasonable questions that are also answered in the other resources which quote the original texts. The list of references would constitute the nucleus of an excellent professional library in forensic pathology and related fields.
Simultaneous Determination of Nicotine and Cotinine in Human Plasma by Nitrogen Detection Gas-Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Kogan MJ , Verebey K , Jaffee JH , Mulé SJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Human plasma levels of nicotine and its principal metabolite, cotinine, were simultaneously quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography combined with nitrogen selective detection. Nicotine, cotinine, and the added internal standard ketamine are extracted from plasma at basic pH into methylene chloride, back-extracted into acid, and then re-extracted into methylene chloride. Analysis is carried out on a packed glass column of 3% SE-30 while column temperature is programmed from 150 to 200°C. Detector response is linear over the range of 2 to 50 ng/mL nicotine and 50 to 500 ng/mL cotinine. The method was validated on 150 plasma samples obtained from habitual smokers. Mean levels of 19.5 and 219 ng/mL were found for nicotine and cotinine, respectively. Both the mean and the range of the levels were in agreement with previously reported plasma levels for nicotine and cotinine.
Freeze Marking and Other Techniques for Identifying Horses
Authors: Farrell RK , Johnson TA , Buckley WG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Detection and prevention of certain criminal activities within the horse industry would be facilitated if a permanent, unalterable, visible means of identification is used on the animal at a very young age. Techniques formerly accepted by the industry do not meet the test of adequate identification today. Freeze marking with unalterable symbols meets the modern needs of the horse industry and is acceptable in the National Crime Information Center computer network. “Trichoglyphs” and blood type are unalterable natural characteristics that augment the program.
An Overview of Firearms Identification Evidence for Attorneys. III: Qualifying and Using the Firearms Examiner as a Witness
Authors: Joling RJ , Stern WW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article attempts to broaden the perspective of attorneys, but it should be of value to all forensic scientists. Although the subject matter is directed to attorneys, it nevertheless is applicable to the professional understanding of members of all professional disciplines. It covers methods of utilizing and qualifying witnesses, and the cited court decisions and rules of evidence should enable the reader to find a base from which to begin additional research.
A Review of Medicolegal Investigation of Death (Second Edition)
Authors: Froede RC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The second edition of Medicolegal Investigation of Death will continue to provide the forensic scientist, the attorney, and the law enforcement officer with a basic practical textbook for the application of pathology to crime investigation. The text retains its comprehensive nature without being too technical yet includes the obviously technical materials including up-to-date references. The original list of 14 authors has been expanded to 16 to include new developments in death investigation.
A Review of The Uses of Psychiatry in the Law
Authors: Finney JC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the past ten years, a great number of books dealing in general and special ways with psychiatry and the law has appeared. This latest book is my favorite: the best of the lot. The author, Walter Bromberg, who was born in New York in December, 1900, is the elder statesman of forensic psychiatry. It is curious that the book was copyrighted by the author and that the publisher is not one of the major companies.
Characteristics and Wounding Effects of a Black Powder Handgun
Authors: Labowitz DI , Menzies RC , Scroggie RJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Commercial exploitation of the recent increase in interest in American history has led to an increased availability of weapons designed to use black powder (gunpowder). In some states, controls on these weapons are poor or nonexistent. In this study a .44-caliber black powder revolver is described and compared with a .45 ACP modern revolver. The kinetic energies of their missiles were very similar. In addition to the usual wound appearances determined by range and direction of fire, it was noted that the soot associated with wounds from the black powder handgun was much greater than from the control and had a characteristic sulfurous smell. Much more true tattooing was present around the black powder wounds. The spherical shape of the missile and the presence of black powder in crypts in the missile base were both characteristic of a black powder revolver. Striations were well represented on the ball but were easily destroyed during recovery because the lead was so soft. Swabs from around the wounds and from the shooter's hand revealed a large deposit of barium but little antimony. Wounds inflicted by black powder handguns may be detected more or less reliably.
Rapid Determination of Antimony, Barium, and Lead in Gunshot Residue Via Automated Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: Newton JT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A rapid yet reliable method to detect the presence of antimony, barium, and lead in gunshot residue is employed to deal with the ever-increasing use of firearms in criminal cases. Since a reduction in analysis time and operator attention is realized, a more systematic approach can be used to deal with the significance of these three elements and their relation to gunshot residue. Residues are collected with cotton swabs and 5% nitric acid and are leached overnight in nitric acid. Enhanced reproducibility is also achieved when an automatic injector system is used instead of traditional manual pipet dispenser.
A Report on the Detection and Identification of Explosives by Tagging
Authors: Peterson AA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Explosives Tagging Program was begun to help law enforcement personnel prevent crimes committed with explosives and to improve apprehension of criminals after a bombing. The detection phase of this program involves long-lived vapors in microcapsules. These vapors are perfluorocarbons that may be detected by electron capture detectors, ion mobility spectrometers, mass spectrometers, and possibly animals. In the future, computer-assisted dual-energy tomography may detect explosives not tagged. For identification after detonation, tags must survive the heat and shock of the explosion and ensuing fire and the fire-fighters' water. A multilayered particle of melamine alkyd, each layer of which may be any one of ten colors, is suitable. Combinations of colors give a code that refers to the manufacturer's production lot, which enables the explosive to be traced to the last licensed holder.
Microcrystalline Identification of Drugs of Abuse: The “White Cross Suite”
Authors: Julian EA , Plein EM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The microcrystallographic properties of the diliturate (5-nitrobarbituric acid) derivatives of the amine drugs found in the illicit street drug preparations known as “white crosses” have been determined. The crystallographic properties, such as the crystal morphology, the extinction angles, the sign of elongation, and front face refractive indices serve to identify the drugs found in the illicit preparations. These data can be used with ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopic and chromatographic evaluations as a major method for the identification of drugs of abuse.
Respirator Toxicology
Authors: Bednarczyk LR , Wetli CV , Balkon J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case of delayed death resulting from drowning was investigated. A disparity in the propoxyphene concentrations determined in antemortem and postmortem specimens appeared to exist. The disparity is apparently a product of the fact that cardiopulmonary function had been maintained artificially for 57 h, with subsequent tissue autolysis that was demonstrated microscopically. Interpretation of laboratory findings on postmortem specimens must be done with caution when the interval between drug exposure and death has been interrupted by respirator therapy.
Sudden Unexpected Death from Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Brown DL , Wetli CV , Davis JH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Five cases of sudden unexpected death from primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) are reviewed. Right ventricular myocardial hypertrophy and a dilated pulmonary conus may be the only findings at the initial gross examination. Characteristic microscopic changes in the lungs are primarily those of plexiform vascular lesions. The pathophysiology and morphologic alterations of PPH are discussed, and the association of this entity with collagen vascular diseases and mixed connective tissue disease is emphasized. It is concluded that PPH is an unusual cause of sudden unexpected death and its diagnosis may be difficult because prior signs or symptoms may be absent. The increased familial incidence of PPH underscores the necessity of considering this entity in cases of sudden unexpected death of obscure cause.
Chemical Reagents for the Development of Latent Fingerprints. IV: The Charring Process
Authors: Almog J , Marmur A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Latent fingerprints on paper were developed by baking them under controlled conditions. The quality of the charred images was found to depend strongly on the age of the latent prints. Results are discussed in terms of “donor quality” and rate of migration.