bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vaccine Financing From the Perspective of Primary Care Physicians
Authors: O’Leary Sean T. , Allison Mandy A. , Lindley Megan C. , Crane Lori A. , Hurley Laura P. , Brtnikova Michaela , Beaty Brenda L. , Babbel Christine I. , Jimenez-Zambrano Andrea , Berman Stephen , Kempe Allison 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVES:
Because of high purchase costs of newer vaccines, financial risk to private vaccination providers has increased. We assessed among pediatricians and family physicians satisfaction with insurance payment for vaccine purchase and administration by payer type, the proportion who have considered discontinuing provision of all childhood vaccines for financial reasons, and strategies used for handling uncertainty about insurance coverage when new vaccines first become available.

METHODS:
A national survey among private pediatricians and family physicians April to September 2011.

RESULTS:
Response rates were 69% (190/277) for pediatricians and 70% (181/260) for family physicians. Level of dissatisfaction varied significantly by payer type for payment for vaccine administration (Medicaid, 63%; Children’s Health Insurance Program, 56%; managed care organizations, 48%; preferred provider organizations, 38%; fee for service, 37%; P &lt; .001), but not for payment for vaccine purchase (health maintenance organization or managed care organization, 52%; Child Health Insurance Program, 47%; preferred provider organization, 45%; fee for service, 41%; P = .11). Ten percent of physicians had seriously considered discontinuing providing all childhood vaccines to privately insured patients because of cost issues. The most commonly used strategy for handling uncertainty about insurance coverage for new vaccines was to inform parents that they may be billed for the vaccine; 67% of physicians reported using 3 or more strategies to handle this uncertainty.

CONCLUSIONS:
Many primary care physicians are dissatisfied with payment for vaccine purchase and administration from third-party payers, particularly public insurance for vaccine administration. Physicians report a variety of strategies for dealing with the uncertainty of insurance coverage for new vaccines.
Clinical Utility of PCR for Common Viruses in Acute Respiratory Illness
Authors: Rhedin Samuel , Lindstrand Ann , Rotzén-Östlund Maria , Tolfvenstam Thomas , Öhrmalm Lars , Rinder Malin Ryd , Zweygberg-Wirgart Benita , Ortqvist Ake , Henriques-Normark Birgitta , Broliden Kristina , Naucler Pontus 
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND:
Acute respiratory illness (ARI) accounts for a large proportion of all visits to pediatric health facilities. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses allow sensitive detection of viral nucleic acids, but it is not clear to what extent specific viruses contribute to disease because many viruses have been detected in asymptomatic children. Better understanding of how to interpret viral findings is important to reduce unnecessary use of antibiotics.

OBJECTIVE:
To compare viral qPCR findings from children with ARI versus asymptomatic control subjects.

METHODS:
Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children aged ≤5 years with ARI and from individually matched, asymptomatic, population-based control subjects during a noninfluenza season. Samples were analyzed by using qPCR for 16 viruses.

RESULTS:
Respiratory viruses were detected in 72.3% of the case patients (n = 151) and 35.4% of the control subjects (n = 74) (P = .001). Rhinovirus was the most common finding in both case patients and control subjects (47.9% and 21.5%, respectively), with a population-attributable proportion of 0.39 (95% confidence interval: 0.01 to 0.62). Metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus were highly overrepresented in case patients. Bocavirus was associated with ARI even after adjustment for coinfections with other viruses and was associated with severe disease. Enterovirus and coronavirus were equally common in case patients and control subjects.

CONCLUSIONS:
qPCR detection of respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, or parainfluenza viruses in children with ARI is likely to be causative of disease; detection of several other respiratory viruses must be interpreted with caution due to high detection rates in asymptomatic children.
Systematic Review and Meta-analyses: Fever in Pregnancy and Health Impacts in the Offspring
Authors: Dreier Julie Werenberg , Andersen Anne-Marie Nybo , Berg-Beckhoff Gabriele 
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Fever during pregnancy has been suspected to harm the developing fetus. However, until now, no systematic analysis of the available evidence has been undertaken to assess the impact of maternal fever on health outcomes in the child. The goal of this study was to systematically review evidence from epidemiologic studies on adverse health outcomes of the offspring in relation to exposure to maternal fever during pregnancy.METHODS:Systematic searches in PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were performed by using Medical Subject Headings, Boolean operators, and truncation, and references of references were reviewed. Cohort and case-control studies addressing health outcomes of prenatal fever exposure in humans were eligible for inclusion. Studies with no direct reference to fever, studies in selected populations (eg, preterm births), and studies published before 1990 were excluded.RESULTS:The available literature supported an increased risk of adverse offspring health in association with fever during pregnancy. The strongest evidence was available for neural tube defects, congenital heart defects, and oral clefts, in which meta-analyses suggested between a 1.5- and nearly 3-fold increased risk with fever exposure in the first trimester. We did not find strong evidence of a dose–response relationship, but there was some evidence that antipyretic medications may have a protective effect when used in relation to febrile episodes.CONCLUSIONS:We found substantial evidence to support the contention that maternal fever during pregnancy may negatively affect offspring health. The harmful effects seemed to cover both short- and longer-term health outcomes; however, for several outcomes, the evidence was insufficient to judge any association.
Psychosocial Support for Youth Living With HIV
Authors: Martinez Jaime , Chakraborty Rana ,   the COMMITTEE ON PEDIATRIC AIDS, Chakraborty Rana , Aldrovandi Grace M. , Chadwick Ellen Gould , Cooper Ellen Rae , Kourtis Athena , Martinez Jaime , Collins Elizabeth Montgomery 
Published: February 2014

This Clinical Report was reaffirmed July 2021.
This clinical report provides guidance for the pediatrician in addressing the psychosocial needs of adolescents and young adults living with HIV, which can improve linkage to care and adherence to life-saving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Recent national case surveillance data for youth (defined here as adolescents and young adults 13 to 24 years of age) revealed that the burden of HIV/AIDS fell most heavily and disproportionately on African American youth, particularly males having sex with males. To effectively increase linkage to care and sustain adherence to therapy, interventions should address the immediate drivers of ARV compliance and also address factors that provide broader social and structural support for HIV-infected adolescents and young adults. Interventions should address psychosocial development, including lack of future orientation, inadequate educational attainment and limited health literacy, failure to focus on the long-term consequences of near-term risk behaviors, and coping ability. Associated challenges are closely linked to the structural environment. Individual case management is essential to linkage to and retention in care, ARV adherence, and management of associated comorbidities. Integrating these skills into pediatric and adolescent HIV practice in a medical home setting is critical, given the alarming increase in new HIV infections in youth in the United States.
Charge-transport in Organic Semiconductors: Probing High Mobility with Light
Authors: da Silva Filho Demetrio A , de Oliveira Neto Pedro Henrique , Ruiz Delgado M. Carmen , Lopez Navarrete Juan T. , Casado Juan 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTEfficient charge transport is key to the operation of the various devices based on organic semiconductors, such as OLEDs, OPVs and OFETs. Both academia and industry are investing heavily in the development of new organic materials and processing techniques to improve device performance. An important parameter to tweak is the mobility of charge carriers. Triggered by an experimental result, here we investigate whether this parameter can be probed indirectly using UV-VIS spectroscopy. This would simplify the process of characterization and optimization of the mobility in amorphous molecular films, for example.
Clinical Features, Management, and Prognosis of an International Series of 161 Patients With Limited-Stage Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Bone (the IELSG-14 Study)
Authors: Bruno Ventre Marta , Ferreri Andrés J.M. , Gospodarowicz Mary , Govi Silvia , Messina Carlo , Porter David , Radford John , Heo Dae Seog , Park Yeon , Martinelli Giovanni , Taylor Emma , Lucraft Helen , Hong Angela , Scarfò Lydia , Zucca Emanuele , Christie David ,   on behalf of the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (IELSG)
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Learning Objectives
Compare outcomes in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the bone treated with different modalities. Compare relapse rates and relapse sites in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the bone treated with different modalities.

Introduction.
The clinical features, management, and prognosis of stage I–II diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the bone (PB-DLBCL) included in an international database of 499 lymphoma patients with skeletal involvement were reviewed.

Methods.
HIV-negative patients (n = 161) with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the bone (PB-DLBCL) after complete staging workup were considered. The primary objective of this study was to identify the most effective treatment modality; the secondary objectives were to define the contribution of irradiation fields and doses and the pattern of relapse.

Results.
Median age was 55 years (range, 18–99 years), with a male/female ratio of 1:2; 141 (87%) patients had stage I, 14 (9%) had B symptoms, 37 (23%) had bulky lesion, 54 (33%) showed elevated lactate dehydrogenase serum levels, and 25 (15%) had fracture. Thirteen (8%) patients received chemotherapy alone, 23 (14%) received radiotherapy alone, and 125 (78%) received both treatments. The response to the first-line treatment was complete in 131 of 152 assessed patients (complete response rate, 86%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 81%–91%) and partial in 7, with an overall response rate of 91% (95% CI, 87%–95%). At a median follow-up of 54 months (range, 3–218), 107 (67%) patients remained relapse-free, with a 5-year progression-free survival of 68% (SE: 4). Four (2.5%) patients had meningeal relapse; 119 patients were alive (113 disease-free), with a 5-year overall survival of 75% (SE: 4). Patients managed with primary chemotherapy, whether followed by radiotherapy or not, had a significantly better outcome than patients treated with primary radiotherapy, whether followed by chemotherapy or not. The addition of consolidative radiotherapy after primary chemotherapy was not associated with improved outcome; doses &gt;36 Gy and the irradiation of the whole affected bone were not associated with better outcome.

Conclusion.
Patients with PB-DLBCL exhibit a favorable prognosis when treated with primary anthracycline-based chemotherapy whether followed by radiotherapy or not. In patients treated with chemoradiotherapy, the use of larger radiation fields and doses is not associated with better outcome. Central nervous system dissemination is a rare event in PB-DLBCL patients.
Effects of environmental enrichment on the behavior of shelter dogs
Authors: Herron Meghan E. , Kirby-Madden Taylor M. , Lord Linda K. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effect of food-toy enrichment combined with cage-behavior training on desirable behaviors in shelter dogs and adoption rates.
Design—Randomized controlled clinical trial.
Animals—107 dogs.
Procedures—Dogs placed up for adoption in a municipal shelter were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 48) or control group (59). Experimental group subjects were exposed to an environmental enrichment and training protocol consisting of twice-daily cage-behavior training and daily provision of a food-filled toy. Cage-behavior training included operant conditioning via positive reinforcement of desirable behaviors, including approaching the front of the cage, sitting or lying, and remaining quiet when approached. Behavioral observations were performed by a blinded observer in a scan-sampling technique on day 0 (first day on adoption floor) and again on day 3 for experimental (n = 26) and control (32) dogs. Body posture, location in cage, and other behavioral parameters were recorded. Adoption information and behavioral observation data were compared between groups.
Results—Compared with the control group, the experimental group had a significantly greater percentage of dogs with an increase in desirable behaviors of sitting or lying down (17/26 [65%] vs 7/32 [22%]) and being quiet (9/26 [35%] vs 4/32 [13%]) and a significantly greater percentage of dogs with a decrease in the undesirable behavior of jumping (15/26 [57%] vs 3/32 [9%]). Location in cage, fearfulness, and eye contact were not significantly different between groups. Survival analysis revealed no significant difference in adoption rates between groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that enrichment programs improve desirable behaviors and decrease undesirable behavior in shelter dogs, which may enhance welfare.
Use of continuous electroencephalography for diagnosis and monitoring of treatment of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in a cat
Authors: Cuff Daniel E. , Bush William W. , Stecker Mark M. , Williams D. Colette 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Case Description—A 10-year-old domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of presumed seizures.
Clinical Findings—The cat had intermittent mydriasis, hyperthermia, and facial twitching. Findings of MRI and CSF sample analysis were unremarkable, and results of infectious disease testing were negative. Treatment was initiated with phenobarbital, zonisamide, and levetiracetam; however, the presumed seizure activity continued. Results of analysis of continuous electroencephalographic recording indicated the cat had nonconvulsive status epilepticus.
Treatment and Outcome—The cat was treated with phenobarbital IV (6 mg/kg [2.7 mg/lb] q 30 min during a 9-hour period; total dose, 108 mg/kg [49.1 mg/lb]); treatment was stopped when a burst-suppression electroencephalographic pattern was detected. During this high-dose phenobarbital treatment period, an endotracheal tube was placed and the cat was monitored and received fluids, hetastarch, and dopamine IV. Continuous mechanical ventilation was not required. After treatment, the cat developed unclassified cardiomyopathy, azotemia, anemia, and pneumonia. These problems resolved during a 9-month period.
Clinical Relevance—Findings for the cat of this report indicated electroencephalographic evidence of nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Administration of a high total dose of phenobarbital and monitoring of treatment by use of electroencephalography were successful for resolution of the problem, and treatment sequelae resolved.
PCR detection of Neospora caninum in water buffalo foetal tissues
Authors: Auriemma Clementina , Lucibelli Maria , Borriello Giorgia , Carlo Esterina , Martucciello Alessandra , Schiavo Lorena , Gallo Amalia , Bove Francesca , Corrado Federica , Girardi Santa , Amoroso Maria , Ďegli Uberti Barbara , Galiero Giorgio 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe seroprevalence of Neospora caninum was surveyed by an ELISA kit on two water buffalo herds of Southern Italy. Seropositive samples were detected in 47% and 59% of individuals, respectively, thus indicating high level of exposure to the parasite even if the possibility of vertical transmission cannot be excluded. Tissue samples collected from three aborted fetuses from the same herds were investigated for N. caninum presence by PCR assays targeting the 18S and the Nc5 DNA sequences, respectively. Both methods have shown the presence of N. caninum DNA in heart and brain. Sequencing of the Nc5 genomic DNA confirmed the presence of N. caninum in the samples; phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences showed high homology among the Neospora recovered from different samples. The present study suggests an important role of N. caninum as a possible abortive agent for water buffaloes.
Comparative study for the detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in milk and sera in dairy cattle in southern Romania
Authors: Enachescu Violeta , Ionita Mariana , Mitrea Ioan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe study aimed to assess the within-herd Neospora caninum exposure in dairy cattle in southern Romania, based on the detection of specific antibodies in milk and serum. A total of 104 paired samples of milk and serum were collected from four dairy farms. Individual samples were analyzed for N. caninum antibodies by ELISA: IDEXX Neospora Ab (Idx) (three farms: A, B, C; n = 60) and ID-VET Lab (Idv) (farm D; n = 44). Additionally, four pooled milk samples, one per each farm (A, B, C) and a composed one (A+B+C), were analyzed with Idx ELISA. Optimized cut-off values for milk samples were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, with serum results considered as true status. The agreement was expressed by K values. The overall seroprevalence of N. caninum infection was 45% in the farms tested by Idx ELISA and 56.8% in the farm tested by Idv ELISA. A good agreement between serum and milk was obtained for both ELISA kits (K = 0.72 and 0.77, respectively). The specificity and sensitivity at optimized cut-off of S/P>0.704 for Idx and S/P%>7.966% for Idv were 100% and 70.37% for Idx and 89.47% and 88% for Idv. Testing pooled milk samples, there were identified as N. caninum positive the dairy farms with a 15% or higher within-herd seroprevalence at the cut-off value of S/P>0.51. This is the first study in Romania in which milk samples were tested to determine the N. caninum infection status in dairy farms, providing a base for further researches.
Generation of adenosine tri-phosphate in Leishmania donovani amastigote forms
Authors: Mondal Subhasish , Roy Jay , Bera Tanmoy 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLeishmania, the causative agent of various forms of leishmaniasis, is the significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Regarding energy metabolism, which is an essential factor for the survival, parasites adapt to the environment under low oxygen tension in the host using metabolic systems which are very different from that of the host mammals. We carried out the study of susceptibilities to different inhibitors of mitochondrial electron transport chain and studies on substrate level phosphorylation in wild-type L. donovani. The amastigote forms of L. donovani are independent on oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production. Indeed, its cell growth was not inhibited by excess oligomycin and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, which are the most specific inhibitors of the mitochondrial Fo/F1-ATP synthase. In contrast, mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone and complex III inhibitor antimycin A inhibited amastigote cell growth, suggesting the role of complex I and complex III in cell survival. Complex II appeared to have no role in cell survival. To further investigate the site of ATP production, we studied the substrate level phosphorylation, which was involved in the synthesis of ATP. Succinate-pyruvate couple showed the highest substrate level phosphorylation in amastigotes whereas NADH-fumarate and NADH-pyruvate couples failed to produce ATP. In contrast, NADPH-fumarate showed the highest rate of ATP formation in promastigotes. Therefore, we can conclude that substrate level phosphorylation is essential for the survival of amastigote forms of Leishmania donovani.
Immunomodulation of ALT-2 and TLR may collude in antigen specific T cell hyporesponsiveness: Proposed mechanism for elevated IL-10 levels in Balb/C mice
Authors: Aparnaa Ramanathan , Kaliraj Perumal 
Published: February 2014

AbstractALT-2, a novel antigen belonging to the chromadorea ALT-2 family of the filarial nematode is proved to clear filarial parasites in Jirds. In order to increase the protection efficacy by stimulating the cell mediated immunity, MPLA a detoxified derivative of LPS known to induce the cellular response, was used in this study as an adjuvant on mice models. ALT-2+MPLA formulation elicited a high titer of total IgG antibody, with profoundly increased levels of IgG2b. Reduced splenocyte proliferation was observed in immunized group when compared to control groups which could be attributed to many in vivo factors. The levels of IFN-γ were high in unstimulated MPLA group compared to ALT-2 stimulated MPLA group, suggesting that the ALT-2 antigen suppressed the IFN-γ levels. A high level of IL-10 was induced by the ALT-2+MPLA formulation, which inhibited the production of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5) and also reduced the Th1 cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-2) levels which are not in vogue with the classical MPLA adjuvant formulation. We propose a mechanism for this immunomodulation which involves a diminished expression of TLR-4, by which the filarial parasites have evolved to evade host immune mechanism.
Monogenean parasites from fishes of the Vaal Dam, Gauteng Province, South Africa. I. Winter survey versus summer survey comparison from Labeo capensis (Smith, 1841) and Labeo umbratus (Smith, 1841) hosts
Authors: Crafford Dionne , Luus-Powell Wilmien , Avenant-Oldewage Annemariè 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIndigenous South African Labeo spp. show promise with regard to development of semi-intensive aquaculture, yet little research on their monogenean fauna has been conducted. Ecological aspects of monogenean fauna of the moggel Labeo umbratus (Smith 1841) and the Orange River mudfish Labeo capensis (Smith 1841), as recorded during both winter and summer sampling surveys, are reported here. Fish were collected using gill nets, euthanized and gills removed and examined to both quantify parasite numbers and distribution on the gills. Results obtained support the hypothesis that gill site preference is not due to active choice for a particular attachment site, but rather a result of water flow over gills during respiration in conjunction with fish behaviour and habitat use. Interaction between individual elements investigated (temperature effects, parasite population dynamics and host population dynamics) may be largely responsible for seasonal differences in infection statistics of monogenean parasites. Such interactions should be investigated in future large scale ecological studies, in combination with experimental studies, to further elucidate these effects.