bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE STATUS OF MORAL STATUS
Authors: SACHS BENJAMIN 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper investigates whether moral status talk gets us anywhere in our search for answers to questions in the ethics of marginal cases. I consider the usefulness of moral status talk first on the assumption that an individual's possession of moral status is not a further fact about that individual, and then on the assumption that it is. Finally, I offer an expressivistic interpretation of moral status talk. In each case, I argue that such talk conveys nothing that cannot be conveyed more clearly in other words. My conclusion is that we should stop using moral status and its cognates.
Transformations in Spanish trade union membership
Authors: Köhler Holm‐Detlev , Calleja Jiménez José Pablo 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTTrade union membership in Spain has undergone several transformations during the long employment boom (1994–2007) and the following crisis. New generations of workers with different attitudes towards trade unionism, the incorporation of female workers and immigrants have changed the forms and contents of the workers' organisations in Spain.
A maternally established SoxB1/SoxF axis is a conserved feature of chordate germ layer patterning
Authors: Cattell Maria V. , Garnett Aaron T. , Klymkowsky Michael W. , Medeiros Daniel M. 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYDespite deep evolutionary roots in the metazoa, the gene regulatory network driving germ layer specification is surprisingly labile both between and within phyla. In Xenopus laevis, SoxB1‐ and SoxF‐type transcription factors are intimately involved in germ‐layer specification, in part through their regulation of Nodal signaling. However, it is unclear if X. laevis is representative of the ancestral vertebrate condition, as the precise roles of SoxF and SoxB1 in germ‐layer specification vary among vertebrates, and there is no evidence that SoxF mediates germ‐layer specification in any invertebrate. To better understand the evolution of germ‐layer specification in the vertebrate lineage, we analyzed the expression of soxB1 and soxF genes in embryos and larvae of the basal vertebrate lamprey, and the basal chordate amphioxus. We find that both species maternally deposit soxB1 mRNA in the animal pole, soxF mRNA in the vegetal hemisphere, and zygotically express soxB1 and soxF throughout nascent ectoderm and mesendoderm, respectively. We also find that soxF is excluded from the vegetalmost blastomeres in lamprey and that, in contrast to vertebrates, amphioxus does not express soxF in the oral epithelium. In the context of recent work, our results suggest that a maternally established animal/vegetal Sox axis is a deeply conserved feature of chordate development that predates the role of Nodal in vertebrate germ‐layer specification. Furthermore, exclusion of this axis from the vegetal pole in lamprey is consistent with the presence of an extraembryonic yolk mass, as has been previously proposed. Finally, conserved expression of SoxF in the forming mouth across the vertebrates, but not in amphioxus, lends support to the idea that the larval amphioxus mouth is nonhomologous to the vertebrate mouth.
Comparative studies on the structure and development of the venom‐delivery system of centipedes, and a hypothesis on the origin of this evolutionary novelty
Authors: Dugon Michel M. , Arthur Wallace 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYThe venom‐injecting forcipules of centipedes represent an evolutionary novelty that appeared in the centipede stem lineage more than 400 Ma. No other lineage of arthropods (or indeed of animals) has evolved claws for injecting venom from a pair of walking legs. However, little is known of the development, ultrastructure, or detailed function of centipede forcipules. Here, we provide comparative structural information on the venom duct apparatus that is the main functional system within each forcipule, based on scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies. We also give comparative developmental information, using DAPI staining, on embryonic forcipules from the four main centipede orders, including Scutigeromorpha. The photographs of Scutigera embryos we present are the first to be published for any species belonging to this order. The structure of the venom apparatus within each forcipule represents a discrete element of the novelty, whose origin requires a special explanation. This is in contrast to the novel external shape of the forcipules, which can be arrived at gradually by a series of changes from the starting point of a standard walking leg. Drawing on a proposed structural homology between venom glands and epidermal glands, we present a hypothesis of how the venom gland and duct may have arisen in evolution.
For the People: Popular Financial Reporting Practices of Local Governments
Authors: YUSUF JUITA‐ELENA , JORDAN MEAGAN M. , NEILL KATHARINE A. , HACKBART MERL 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPopular financial reports are reports distributed to citizens and other interested parties who lack a background in formal government financial reporting but who desire an overview of the government's financial status and activities. This paper examines the current state of local government popular financial reporting in the U.S. The results of a survey of large cities and counties indicate that 75 percent of these local governments have issued popular financial reports and that the types of reports and methods of distribution vary. Many of the reasons for providing popular reports relate to providing information and improving transparency and accountability by providing more user friendly financial reports. This paper concludes with a discussion on popular financial reporting in the context of government transparency and accountability, and offers a research agenda for continued study of the topic.
Using Trend Data to Evaluate the Differential Response of State Borrowing to Revenue Volatility
Authors: YAN WENLI 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRevenue volatility has been a major concern for many state governments as it affects public service delivery and government operation in various ways. Among those, revenue volatility often affects the extent to which state governments utilize borrowing to pay for their infrastructure. As state governments have been ever increasing their reliance on borrowing to finance their capital needs, this paper aims to explore the differential impact of revenue volatility measured by negative versus positive revenue deviation of from trend on state governments' decision in debt financing capital spending. These relationships are empirically examined by modeling various factors that explain state governments' reliance on debt financing with the US Census Bureau's State Government Finance database covering 1987–2004. Findings suggest negative revenue deviation caused a state to decrease the issuance of general obligation (GO) debt and GO debt as a proportion of total long‐term debt issuance when the magnitude of the deviation is below the medium range, but increase the issuance of revenue debt and long‐term debt only when the deviation is high. In the scenario of positive deviation from trend, both the direction and its magnitude increased the issuance of the GO and long‐term debt as well as the GO share. Findings from this research provide new insight into the effects of revenue volatility on the financing choices of state governments. It also has important implications for state public administrators who aim to mitigate the negative impact of revenue uncertainty and exercise a proactive control over state debt burden.
Monthly continuous erythropoietin receptor activator treatment maintains stable hemoglobin levels in routine clinical management of hemodialysis patients
Authors: Weinreich Thomas , Leistikow Frank , Hartmann Hagen‐Georg , Vollgraf Günter , Dellanna Frank ,   the SESAM Study Group
Published: October 2015

AbstractOnce‐monthly administration of CERA, a continuous erythropoietin receptor activator, has shown equivalent efficacy to shorter‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESAs) that require more frequent dosing, but data on routine use of once‐monthly CERA in hemodialysis patients are lacking. Study on Efficacy, Safety and Applicability of Mircera (SESAM) was a prospective, multicenter, noninterventional trial with a duration of up to 9 months (month 0–5 “titration phase”; month 6−8 “evaluation phase”) to test the stability of Hb control in hemodialysis patients under routine conditions. Patient selection, Hb targets and CERA dosing were at the discretion of the local nephrologist. 918 patients from 92 German nephrology centers were included. Ninety‐three percent were on ESA treatment prior to study entry. The mean number of CERA dose changes during the study was 1.9 ± 1.9 per patient. Mean Hb level was 11.4 ± 1.2 g/dL at baseline and 11.7 ± 1.4 g/dL at the end of the 8‐month study. During the evaluation phase (months 6–8), 15.6%, 40.3%, and 66.0% of patients had stable Hb (i.e., at least two values) in the ranges 11–12, 10–12, and 10–13 g/dL, respectively. The mean intra‐individual fluctuation in Hb was 1.4 ± 0.7 g/dL during the study (0.5 ± 0.4 g/dL during the 3‐month evaluation phase). More than 90% of patients, and >80% of physicians, rated CERA therapy as “very good” or “good” throughout the study. Four patients (0.4%) discontinued prematurely due to adverse drug reactions. Once‐monthly CERA therapy maintains stable Hb values with low intra‐individual variability and few dose adaptations in hemodialysis patients when administered entirely according to local practice, and the regimen was well‐tolerated.
IL‐6 is an independent risk factor for resistance to erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in hemodialysis patients without iron deficiency
Authors: Won Hye Sung , Kim Hyun Gyung , Yun Yu Seon , Jeon Eun Kyoung , Ko Yoon Ho , Kim Young Soo , Kim Young Ok , Yoon Sun Ae 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAnemia is a common complication in dialysis patients because of their relative erythropoietin deficiency. Despite treatment with erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESAs), some patients experienced ESA hyporesponsiveness. We evaluated the clinical and laboratory factors that affect ESA hyporesponsiveness and investigated the relationships between hepcidin, inflammatory markers, and the iron profiles of hemodialysis patients. Sixty‐eight patients receiving hemodialysis at a single institution were evaluated in a cross‐sectional study. The patients were divided into tertiles based on the ESA hyporesponsiveness index (EHRI), defined as the weekly ESA dose per kilogram of body weight divided by the hemoglobin level. The mean EHRI values for each tertile were 3.3 ± 1.2 (T1), 10.2 ± 2.9 (T2), and 24.5 ± 11.6 (T3). The mean serum erythropoietin levels were significantly higher in the Q3 and Q4 groups. Thus, patients with ESA hyporesponsiveness showed relative resistance to erythropoietin therapy. In univariate and multivariate analyses, patients in the third tertile of EHRI showed significantly higher mean interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) levels. Serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels showed a similar trend, but the differences were not significant. Serum hepcidin levels tended toward lower mean values in the third tertile of EHRI. No relationship was observed between hepcidin and inflammatory markers or iron status. In conclusion, IL‐6, but not CRP, is a strong predictor of ESA hyporesponsiveness in hemodialysis patients who have sufficient iron. It may be difficult to use hepcidin as an independent clinical marker because of the many factors that influence it and their interactions.
Business Power and Tax Reform: Taxing Income and Profits in Chile and Argentina
Authors: Fairfield Tasha 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article examines efforts to increase taxation of highly concentrated, undertapped income and profits in Latin America in the aftermath of structural adjustment. Argentina has advanced further than Chile in two policy areas: corporate taxation, which taps firm-level profits; and tax agency access to bank information, which helps reduce income tax evasion. These outcomes are explained by drawing on the classic concepts of business instrumental power, which entails political actions, and structural power, which arises from investment decisions. In Chile, strong instrumental power removed reforms in both areas from the policy agenda. In Argentina, much weaker instrumental power at the cross-sectoral level facilitated corporate tax increases. Bank information access was expanded after Argentina's 2001 crisis weakened the financial sector's instrumental power and reduced structural power.
Patch test reactivity to feverfew‐containing creams in feverfew‐allergic patients
Authors: Paulsen Evy , Christensen Lars P. , Fretté Xavier C. , Andersen Klaus E. 
Published: October 2015

Background: The Compositae plant feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) has long been recognized as an important sensitizer in European Compositae‐allergic patients, mainly because of its content of the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide. Recently, a parthenolide‐depleted feverfew extract with claimed anti‐inflammatory properties has been developed for use in cosmetics. Objective: The aim of the study was to test, on the basis of patch test reactions, whether persons with contact allergy to feverfew could tolerate creams containing this feverfew extract. Patients/Materials/Methods: Seven patients with feverfew contact allergy were patch tested with two creams containing the feverfew extract. Subsequently, the creams were analysed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to detect parthenolide. Results: Four of the patients tested positive to one of the creams; reactivity was associated with simultaneous positive reactions to parthenolide. This cream was analysed about 2 years later, and no parthenolide was detected, probably because of degradation of the compound. Conclusions: Topical products containing parthenolide‐depleted feverfew extracts may elicit positive patch test reactions in feverfew‐sensitive patients. The reactivity may be enhanced by simultaneous testing with parthenolide, but the reactivity is lost over time, probably because of degradation of parthenolide.
Oral cancer in Western Australia, 1982–2006: a retrospective epidemiological study
Authors: Abreu Lyndon Paul , Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc 
Published: October 2015

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 39: 376–381Objective:  To report differences and trends in oral cancer incidence by gender, age, indigenous status and area of residence and on mortality in Western Australia.Methods:  Data were provided by Western Australian Cancer Registry. Oral cancer definition included ICD‐O‐3 codes C00C08. Age‐specific, direct age‐standardized rates and mortality:incidence ratios were computed with 95% confidence intervals.Results:  The incidence and death rates of oral cancer accounted for 2.3% and 1.3% of all cancers respectively. Over 25 years, the male:female incidence ratio was 2.4:1. Eighty‐eight percent of new cases were over the age of 40, peaking in the sixth decade of life. The incidence rates were 14.6 and 6.2 per 100 000 per annum in men and women respectively. Over 17 years, standardized mortality rates were less than 1 per 100 000 per year, with double the deaths in men. Mortality:incidence ratios for oral cancer were between 0.4 and 0.6 with the exception of lip.Conclusions:  Cancer registries are the only reliable source of data for epidemiologic surveillance of cancer incidence and mortality. Results from this study are comparable with studies on oral cancer in Australia and globally.
CD105 is a marker of tumour vasculature and a potential target for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Marioni Gino , D’Alessandro Emiliano , Giacomelli Luciano , Staffieri Alberto 
Published: October 2015

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 39: 361–367Background:  The importance of angiogenesis in solid tumour growth is well recognised. Tumour angiogenesis is considered the result of an imbalance between pro‐ and anti‐angiogenic factors produced by both the malignancy and normal cells. Endoglin (CD105) is a proliferation‐associated, hypoxia‐inducible glycoprotein that seems to be clinically superior to other pan‐endothelial markers in the selective evaluation of tumour angiogenesis. Several studies have revealed CD105 up‐regulation in a wide range of tumour endothelia. Since 2002, endothelial CD105 expression has also been retrospectively investigated in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).Methods:  An exhaustive literature review was performed to investigate available evidence on CD105 expression and its biological role and therapeutic potential in HNSCC.Results:  The available evidence supports the hypothesis that CD105 expression in HNSCC may be a valuable parameter for pinpointing patients at greater risk of recurrent malignancy and with a worse prognosis. A high CD105 expression in HNSCC was associated with metastatic lymph nodes in most of the studies.Conclusions:  Prospective studies are mandatory to confirm that CD105 expression is a significant prognostic hallmark in HNSCC. The results of prospective studies could be relevant for the adoption of stricter follow‐up protocols and/or alternative therapeutic regimens for patients with a high CD105 expression in HNSCC. Great interest is currently being focused on vascular targeting for therapeutic purposes. Preclinical studies on appropriate animal models resembling HNSCC to investigate the effects of inhibiting CD105 may show the efficacy of combined treatment strategies associating angiogenic‐targeted with conventional therapies for HNSCC.
Evidence for a new paradigm for ultraviolet exposure: a universal schedule that is skin phototype independent
Authors: Miller Sharon A. , Coelho Sergio G. , Miller Scott W. , Yamaguchi Yuji , Hearing Vincent J. , Beer Janusz Z. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackgroundThe Food and Drug Administration has published guidelines for manufacturer‐recommended exposure schedules for ultraviolet (UV) tanning, intended to limit acute and delayed damage from UV exposure. These guidelines recommend that exposure schedules be adjusted for skin phototype. However, it has been shown that the dose necessary to produce tanning is similar for phototypes 2–4.MethodsWe observed tanning in phototypes 2 and 3 from repeated UV exposures over a 5‐week period. Pigmentation was evaluated visually, instrumentally, and through Fontana‐Masson staining of biopsies.ResultsThe resultant pigmentation was equal or greater in phototype 3 compared with phototype 2 – both visually and instrumentally – measured on day 31 of the exposure protocol. The amount of melanin measured in biopsies taken 24 h postexposure was also greater in phototype 3 compared with phototype 2.ConclusionPublished data on tanning in phototypes 4 and 5 support our findings that higher phototypes can develop pigmentation more efficiently than lower phototypes. Therefore, a universal exposure schedule (based on sensitivity of phototype 2) can be used for all phototypes that are expected to engage in indoor tanning. This approach will result in a reduction of the UV burden for skin phototypes 3 and above.
The prevalence of oral and peri‐oral piercings in young adults: a systematic review
Authors: Hennequin‐Hoenderdos NL , Slot DE , Van der Weijden GA 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of oral and/or peri‐oral piercings in young adults based on a systematic review of the available literature.Material and methodsThe MEDLINE‐PubMed, Cochrane‐CENTRAL and EMBASE databases were comprehensively searched through April 2012 to identify appropriate studies. The prevalence of oral and/or peri‐oral piercings was evaluated in the general population, as well as by gender and by anatomical site.ResultsAn independent screening of 1711 unique titles and abstracts resulted in 13 publications that met the eligibility criteria. In total, 11 249 participants (mean age, 20.6 years) were questioned and/or examined for oral and/or peri‐oral piercings. In the studies that provided information concerning the presence of oral and/or peri‐oral piercings, the prevalence varied from 0.8% to 12%, resulting in a mean prevalence of 5.2%. When examined based on anatomical site, the most common sites were the tongue (a prevalence of 5.6%), followed by the lip (1.5%). Oral piercings were more prevalent in women (5.6%) than men (1.6%).ConclusionAmong the populations that were studied, oral and/or peri‐oral piercings were observed in a relatively small percentage (5.2%) of young adults. The prevalence was approximately four times higher among females when compared with males. On the basis of the literature, the tongue was the most common oral site for a piercing. Dental care professionals are in an ideal position to offer information regarding safe piercings and to provide advice regarding oral hygiene, aftercare and possible complications.
Fuel for Growth and Development
Authors: Pullinger John , Melamed Claire , Bentley George , Shortridge Julie , Falconi Stefanie , Zaitchik Ben , Guikema Seth , Larsen Jacqueline Joudo , Datta Monti Narayan , Bales Kevin , Robineau Delphine , Tranter Matthew , Karsai Nili , Brusilovsky Helen 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
World Statistics Day is the ideal time to showcase diverse applications of data, and how the work of statisticians is helping improve the lives of people around the world. The next 20 pages offer merely a glimpse of the full range of problems to which statistical analysis is applied, despite touching on a wide range of issues: from economic development to trade and transport, data sharing, human rights and hunger. We begin, though, with a special introduction from John Pullinger, the UK National Statistician and current chair of the UN Statistical Commission, on the importance of World Statistics Day
Comparison of Free Light Chain Removal by Four Blood Purification Methods
Authors: Kanayama Kyoko , Ohashi Atsushi , Hasegawa Midori , Kondo Fumiko , Yamamoto Yoshihiro , Sasaki Mayu , Hayashi Hiroki , Kato Masao , Hattori Ryoko , Yamashita Hiroshi , Arai Jiro , Ishii Junichi , Emi Nobuhiko , Yuzawa Yukio 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRenal failure is a frequent complication in patients with multiple myeloma. Immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs) form casts in the distal tubules, resulting in renal obstruction, and are also directly toxic to proximal renal tubules. Removal of FLCs contributes to renal recovery. High cut‐off (HCO) membrane Theralite2100, protein leaking dialyzer PES210Dα, plasma separator Evacure1A20 and β2 microglobulin adsorption column LixelleS‐35 were compared in their FLC removal rate. Dialysis using Theralite2100 or Evacure1A20, diafiltration using PES210Dα and adsorption using LixelleS‐35 were performed in an in vitro circuit. The highest removal rate was obtained by Theralite2100 dialysis among the four blood purification methods. Albumin loss was also the greatest in Theralite2100 dialysis. The removal content of FLCs per 1 g albumin loss was better in PES210Dα diafiltration. The removal rate of FLCs by Evacure EC1A‐20 dialysis was the third highest. Adsorption of FLCs by the β2 microglobulin adsorption column Lixelle S‐35 was confirmed. In conclusion, Theralite2100 dialysis was the best in removal of FLCs. PES210Dα diafiltration can remove FLCs with smaller loss of albumin.