bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three Antigenic Regions in p17 of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV‐1) Revealed by Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies and Human Antibodies in HIV‐1 Carrier Sera
Authors: Liu Xiaoliang , Ota Akemi , Watanabe Michiko , Ueda Shigeharu , Saitoh Atsushi , Shinagawa Hideo , Nakata Atsuo , Kurimura Takashi , Wang Xiaoui , Zhao Yu , Kondo Kiyoshi , Seki Jiro , Miyake Shinichi , Sakato Nobuo , Fujio Hajime 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe investigated the murine antibody response to recombinant p17 (rp17) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) and the human antibody response directed to p17 in HIV‐1 infection. Three large peptides covering residues 12‐29, 53‐87 and 87‐115 of p17 were synthesized. The cysteine residues 57 and 87 of peptide 53‐87 were reoxidized to form a disulfide bridge. Eighteen out of 19 murine monoclonal anti‐rp17 antibodies had relatively high affinities (KA = 1.9 × 105−1.4 × 108 M−1) with one of the 3 p17 peptides in the liquid phase. Each monoclonal antibody reacted only with one particular peptide and had no reactivity with the other 2 p17 peptides. All the monoclonal antibodies reacted with rp17 in the liquid phase with a reasonable degree of affinity (KA = 2.0 × 105−1.8 × 107 M−1). Four HIV‐1 carrier sera, which were positive in ELISA using rp17 as the antigen, reacted positively in an ELISA using 3 p17 peptides which were used to titrate murine monoclonal antibodies. Murine monoclonal antibodies having specificity for the 3 p17 peptides stained live HIV‐1‐infected cells by means of indirect membrane immunofluorescence, irrespective of their specificity. This suggests that the various portions of p17 (at least 3 regions of p17) were exposed on the surface of live infected cells, probably as short polypeptide chains.
A 38‐kDa Antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Predominantly Induces the Secretion of Interleukin‐2, Interferon‐gamma and IgG2a Antibodies
Authors: Agrewala Javed N. , Mishra Gyan C. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn the present study, mice of 3 different haplotypes (H‐2d, H‐2k and H‐2b) were sensitized subcutaneously with heat‐killed H37Ra or 38‐kDa antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lymphocytes obtained from immunized animals were challenged in vitro with 38‐kDa antigen in both cases. The dominant pattern of Th1‐like lymphokines (IL‐2 and IFN‐gamma) and preferential production of 38‐kDa specific IgG2a‐type antibody were observed. It was noted that 38‐kDa antigen was recognized permissively by all 3 strains of mice used in the present study. It was interesting to note that C3H/HeJ mice, which express BCG‐resistant alleles showed a higher level of proliferative as well as cytokine response as compared to BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, which bear BCG‐susceptible alleles. These results suggest that not only in recall responses but also during the induction as well as expression phase of the immune response mediated by 38‐kDa antigen of M. tuberculosis the Th1‐like immune response predominates.
Transfer of Two Burkholderia and An Alcaligenes Species to Ralstonia Gen. Nov.
Authors: Yabuuchi Eiko , Kosako Yoshimasa , Yano Ikuya , Hotta Hisako , Nishiuchi Yukiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBased on the results of phenotypic characterization, cellular lipid and fatty acid analysis, phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA nucleotide sequences and rRNA‐DNA hybridization, Burkholderia pickettii, Burkholderia solanacearum and Alcaligenes eutrophus are transferred to the new genus Ralstonia, and Ralstonia pickettii (Ralston, Palleroni and Doudoroff 1973) comb. nov., Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) comb, nov., and R. eutropha (Davis 1969) comb. nov. are proposed. The type species of the new genus is R. pickettii. Type strain of R. pickettii is ATCC 27511T, of R. solanacearum is ATCC 10696T, and of R. eutropha is ATCC 17697T.
No Relationship between HTLV‐1 Infection and Filariasis—Serological Study on Patients with Filariasis in Recife, Brazil
Authors: Linhares Maria Ieda Siqueira , Malagueño Elizabeth , Carvalho Luiz Bezerra , de Oliveira Valdete Felix , Minamishima Yoichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe seroprevalence of antibodies against human T‐cell leukemia virus was determined by ELISA in 68 patients with filarial infestation living in an endemic area. The total seropositivity was 2.9% and the HTLV‐1‐positive cases were detected in 2 microfilaremic patients 12 and 40 years old. This value is very close to that obtained for healthy individuals in the same region and age groups. This result suggests that there is no relationship between filariasis and HTLV‐1 infection as previously proposed.
Genetic Identification of Staphylococcus aureus by Polymerase Chain Reaction Using Single‐Base‐Pair Mismatch in 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene
Authors: Saruta Katsutoshi , Hoshina Sadayori , Machida Katsuhiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractStaphylococcus aureus is the most predominant and important pathogen in clinical microbiology. A DNA amplification assay using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was designed to identify S. aureus through a single‐base‐pair mismatch in the sequences of staphylococcal 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) genes. It was able to detect and identify S. aureus without requiring additional analytical techniques. Twenty‐eight staphylococcal and non‐staphylococcal strains were tested to verify the specificity of the assay, and only S. aureus strains gave a positive reaction. It may be possible to provide immediate and exact information for the identification of S. aureus.
Gene Expression of Perform and Granzyme A in the Liver in Chronic Hepatitis C: Comparison with Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Fukuda Ryo , Ishimura Norihisa , Nguyen Xuan‐Thanh , Chowdhury Aktaruzzarman , Ishihara Shunji , Sakai Sino , Akagi Shuji , Tokuda Alejandlo , Watanabe Makoto , Fukumoto Shiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPerforin and granzyme A are the major effectors of cytotoxic T cells in cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. However, there has been no report on these effectors in chronic viral hepatitis. In the present study, the expression of perforin and granzyme A mRNA was investigated by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method using liver biopsy specimens and peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 21 patients with chronic hepatitis C and 5 control cases. Perforin mRNA was detected only in the liver of chronic hepatitis patients but not in the control livers. Conversely, perforin mRNA was not expressed in PBMC of the patients with chronic hepatitis (P<0.01). Granzyme A mRNA was detected both in the liver and PBMC of all the cases including control cases. These results indicated that the perforin is an important effector molecule in the hepatocyte lysis in chronic viral hepatitis C.
The Complete Nucleotide Sequence of Odontoglossum Ringspot Virus (Cy‐1 Strain) Genomic RNA
Authors: Ikegami Masato , Isomura Yoshinori , Matumoto Yoshinori , Chatani Masaaki , Inouye Narinobu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of odontoglossum ringspot virus Cy‐1 strain (ORSV Cy‐1) was determined using cloned cDNA. This sequence is 6611 nucleotides long containing four open reading frames, which correspond to 126 K, 183 K, 31 K, and 18 K proteins. Its genomic organization is similar to other tobamoviruses, TMV‐V(vulgare), TMV‐L (tomato strain), tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) and cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV). The 5′ non‐coding regions of ORSV Cy‐1 is 62 nucleotides. The ORFs encoded a 126 K polypeptide and a 183 K read‐through product in which helicase‐sequence and polymerase‐sequence motifs are found. The ORFs encoding the 126 K and 183 K proteins have 61% and 63% identities with those of TMV‐V. The third ORF encoded a 31 K protein homologous to TMV cell‐to‐cell movement protein. It has 63% identities with that of TMV‐V. The fourth ORF encoded an 18 K coat protein. The 5′ non‐coding region, which extends from base 1 to 62 has 2 G residues and a ribosome binding site (AUU). The 3′ non‐coding region, 414 nucleotides in length, is entirely different from that of other tobamoviruses.
Rapid and Sensitive PCR Detection of Vibrio trachuri Pathogenic to Japanese Horse Mackerel (Trachurus japonicus)
Authors: Iwamoto Yoshihisa , Suzuki Yusaku , Kurita Akinobu , Watanabe Yoko , Shimizu Tadayori , Ohgami Hirohisa , Yanagihara Yasutake 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was performed for rapid and sensitive detection of pathogenic Vibrio trachuri isolated from cultured Japanese horse mackerel. A set of primers was selected from the base sequence of the Pst I fragment of T9210 chromosomal DNA and used for PCR detection of T9210. This PCR specifically amplified the DNAs from V. trachuri T9210, T9213, and T9216 but not of those other bacterial strains. PCR using a Pst I‐1 primer set made it possible to detect 100 fg of T9210 DNA. The PCR method reported here may be useful for detection and identification of V. trachuri pathogenic to Japanese horse mackerel.
Different Properties of Wild Type and Drug‐Resistant Mutants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase In Vitro
Authors: Ijichi Katsushi , Fujiwara Masatoshi , Shigeta Shiro , Konno Kenji , Yokota Tomoyuki , Baba Masanori 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDrug‐resistant mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) emerge during treatment with various reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. However, the virological nature and pathogenic importance of these mutants have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we have examined HIV‐1 mutants resistant to 3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine (AZT) and nonnucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs) for their infectivity, RT activity, and replication in MT‐4 cells. Although the infectivity of AZT‐ and NNRTI‐resistant mutants was similar, the RT activity of AZT‐resistant mutants was much higher than that of NNRTI‐resistant mutants and their wild types. Furthermore, the RT activity of NNRTI‐resistant mutants was significantly lower than that of the wild types. In contrast, the replication of NNRTI‐resistant mutants was found to be greater than that of AZT‐resistant mutants and the wild types. When HIV‐1 proviral DNA (cDNA) synthesis was examined by PCR in MT‐4 cells infected with the wild type, AZT‐resistant mutant, or NNRTI‐resistant mutant, the PCR signal of the NNRTI‐resistant mutant was found to be much higher than those of the wild type and AZT‐resistant mutant. These results suggest that the drug‐resistant mutants differ from their corresponding wild types not only in drug sensitivity but also in other virological properties.
A Microassay for Determination of the Cytopathogenicity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type‐1 Isolates
Authors: Benyoucef Samira , Hober Didier , Shen Lu , Ajana Faïza , Gérard Yann , Bocket‐Mouton Laurence , Mouton Yves , Wattré Pierre 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCorrelations between the in vitro biological properties of HIV strains isolated from patients and the prognosis of their disease have been reported. We developed a technique to study the phenotype of HIV strains isolated from patients. We used the P4 cell line, derived from HeLa cells, which has been transfected with receptor CD4 gene. HIV laboratory strain (HIVLAI) and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) from donors infected with HIVLAI induce syncytium in P4 cell cultures in vitro. The presence of reporter gene (LacZ gene) under the control of the HIV‐1 long terminal repeat (LTR) in these cells allows colorimetric visualization of syncytia in the cytoplasm using a β‐galactosidase (βgal) assay in the presence of X‐gal. We cocultivated 1 × 106 patient PBLs with 2 × 106 normal PHA‐activated normal PBLs for 4 days in the presence of IL‐2 in 24‐well plates. Half of the medium was replaced twice a week and PHA‐activated normal PBLs were added every 7 days. HIV‐1 was isolated from cocultured PBLs of 18 patients with advanced‐stage HIV infection as assessed by the production of HIV p24 detected with a commercially available HIV‐1 p24 ELISA. Supernatant and 105 cells were collected twice a week from cocultured PBLs and were added to P4 cells in 96‐well microtiter plates. The cultures were observed every day for 3 days and then the βgal assay was performed. We did not observe any effect with cells and supernatant from 8 patients, harvested from cultures incubated for as long as 28 days. The phenotype of these isolates was called NC (noncytopathic). In cells from 2 patients, we obtained blue multinucleated giant cells; the phenotype of these strains was called SI (syncytium inducing). In cultures from 8 other patients, we obtained the death of P4 cells without syncytium formation, and the phenotype of these strains was called CI (cell‐killing inducing). In every case, the cytopathic effect of HIV‐1 isolates could be detected with cocultured PBLs collected as early as day 4 of culture. Cocultured PBLs from 13 healthy controls did not alter the P4 cells. We displayed the replication of CI strains of HIV‐1, but not the one of NC strains in P4 cell line. Our micromethod allowed the detection of cytopathic effects of HIV isolates. Further investigations should define the clinical applications of this method.
Functional Characteristics of Enhanced Fc Receptor Expression of β2Integrin‐Deficient Bovine Mononuclear Phagocytes
Authors: Nagahata Hajime , Higuchi Hidetoshi , Goji Noriko , Noda Hiroshi , Kuwabara Mikinori 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFc receptor expression, cytoplasmic Ca2+signaling, chemiluminescent (CL) response, and electron spin resonance (ESR) combined with spin trapping of blood mononuclear phagocytes from control heifers and a heifer with leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) were evaluated to elucidate the relationships between complement receptor type 3 (CR3) and Fc receptor expression and their functional responses. The mean fluorescence intensity of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐conjugated anti‐bovine IgG bound to mononuclear phagocytes from the heifer with LAD was 1.8‐fold higher than that of control heifers. The mean increments of cytoplasmic Ca2+concentrations of mononuclear phagocytes from the heifer with LAD stimulated with OPZ, Agg‐IgG, and PMA were 39.4 (P<0.05), 118, and 71.6% compared with those of control heifers. A 1.27‐fold increase in the CL response relative to control heifers was detected when mononuclear phagocytes from the heifer with LAD were stimulated with Agg‐IgG. The OPZ‐induced CL response of mononuclear phagocytes from the heifer with LAD was significantly (P<0.05) decreased, whereas the PMA‐induced CL response was similar to that of control heifers. The ESR spectrum of mononuclear phagocytes from the heifer with LAD was increased when stimulated with Agg‐IgG, and was impaired when stimulated by OPZ compared with that of control heifers. The ESR spectrum of mononuclear phagocytes stimulated with PMA was similar in control heifers and the heifer with LAD. Fc receptors on mononuclear phagocytes from the heifer with LAD were enhanced, and their cytoplasmic Ca2+signaling, CL response, and ESR‐spin trapping when stimulated with Agg‐IgG and OPZ appeared to be associated with enhanced Fc receptors.
Crystallization of an R‐Form Lipopolysaccharide from Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Ohta Michio , Arakawa Yoshichika , Naito Setsuko , Sugiyama Tsuyoshi , Ito Hideo , Kido Nobuo , Sasaki Kyoyu , Asai Junpei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn R‐form lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Klebsiella pneumoniae strain LEN‐111 (O3–:K1–) formed crystals, whose shapes were elongated hexagonal plates, trapezoid plates, and rhomboid plates, and whose greatest dimensions were 3.1 × 0.8 μm, when it was suspended in 50 mM Tris buffer at pH 8.5 containing 5 mM MgCl2 and kept at 4 C for as long as 870 days. K. pneumoniae LEN‐111 synthesized LPS molecules possessing incomplete repeating units of the O‐antigenic polysaccharide portion besides the R‐form LPS because of a leaky characteristic, but crystals consisted exclusively of the R‐form LPS. Although the size of crystals was not large enough for X‐ray analysis and limited crystallographic information was available, it was suggested that the crystals consist of hexagonal lattices with an a axis of 4.62 Å and c axis of 79.8 ±2.6 Å. The present results showed that R‐form LPS lacking the O‐antigenic polysaccharide portion tends to form crystals during long‐term incubation in Tris buffer at pH 8.5 containing MgCl2 at 4 C.
Bradykinin Generation Triggered by Pseudomonas Proteases Facilitates Invasion of the Systemic Circulation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Sakata Yoshifumi , Akaike Takaaki , Suga Moritaka , Ijiri Sumiko , Ando Masayuki , Maeda Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo elucidate the mechanism of bacterial exoprotease in promotion of the intravascular dissemination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we examined the possible involvement of bradykinin (whose generation is induced by pseudomonal proteases in septic foci) in the invasion by bacteria, and in access of bacterial toxins to systemic blood circulation. P. aeruginosa 621 (PA 621), which produces very little protease, was injected intraperitoneally into mice together with pseudomonal exoproteases (elastase/alkaline protease). Dissemination of bacteria from the peritoneal septic foci to the blood was assessed by counting viable bacteria in the blood and spleen by use of the colony‐forming assay. The results showed that pseudomonal proteases markedly enhanced (10‐ to 100‐fold) intravascular dissemination of bacteria in mice. This enhancement was induced not only by pseudomonal proteases but also by bradykinin. More importantly, the increased spread of PA 621 induced by pseudomonal protease and bradykinin was significantly augmented by the addition of kininase inhibitors, indicating the direct involvement of bradykinin in bacterial dissemination. Similarly, bradykinin caused effective dissemination of pseudomonal toxins such as endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) and exotoxin A when the toxins were injected into the peritoneal cavity with bradykinin. Furthermore, the lethality of the infection with PA 621 was strongly enhanced by pseudomonal proteases given i.p. simultaneously with PA 621. On the basis of these results, it is strongly suggested that pseudomonal proteases as well as bradykinin generated in infectious foci are involved in facilitation of bacterial dissemination in vivo.
Presence of Common Antigenic Epitope in Outer Surface Protein (Osp) A and OspB of Japanese Isolates Identified as Borrelia garinii
Authors: Masuzawa Toshiyuki , Kaneda Kazuhide , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Wang Jianhui , Yamada Kazuto , Kawabata Hiroki , Johnson Russell C. , Yanagihara Yasutake 
Published: November 2013

AbstractJapanese Borrelia strains FujiP2, AP83, NT24, NT29 and HT2 which had a 31‐kilodalton protein non‐reactive with monoclonal antibody (MAb) H5332 to outer surface protein A (OspA) were identified as B. garinii by the DNA hybridization method. MAb P3134 raised to strain NT24 reacted with OspA and the OspB‐ranging protein of these isolates and cross‐reacted with the OspB‐ranging protein of some other isolates. Since the reactive protein was extracted by the Triton X‐114 phase partitioning method, the MAb recognized the common epitope present in OspA and OspB. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an MAb reactive to both OspA and OspB.
Possible Correlation between Borna Disease Virus Infection and Japanese Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Kitani Teruo , Kuratsune Hirohiko , Fuke Isao , Nakamura Yurie , Nakaya Takaaki , Asahi Sayumi , Tobiume Minoru , Yamaguti Kouzi , Machii Takashi , Inagi Reiko , Yamanishi Koichi , Ikuta Kazuyoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBorna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, as yet unclassified, non‐segmented, negative‐sense, single‐strand RNA virus. Natural infection with this virus has been reported to occur in horses and sheep. In addition, antibodies to BDV in plasma or BDV RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were also found in patients with neuropsychiatric diseases. We describe here the possible link between the patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and infection with BDV.
Effect of Macrolide Antibiotics on Macrophage Functions
Authors: Xu Guang , Fujita Jiro , Negayama Kiyoshi , Yuube Koichi , Hojo Satoko , Yamaji Yasufumi , Kawanishi Koichi , Takahara Jiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMacrolide antibiotics have a variety of actions other than antimicrobial activities. Recently, it has been suggested that macrolide antibiotics act as immunomodulators. In this study, we evaluated the effects of macrolide antibiotics on macrophage functions. For the macrophage, we used the mouse macrophage cell line J774.1. The following effects of macrolide antibiotics on macrophage functions were evaluated: the effect of macrolide antibiotics on macrophage growth; the phagocytosis of beads; cytocidal activity against Candida albicans; and chemotaxis to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Macrolide antibiotics except for azithromycin significantly stimulated the growth of the macrophage. In addition, pretreatment with macrolide antibiotics except for roxithromycin significantly stimulated the macrophage phagocytosis of beads, macrophage chemotaxis to LPS, and macrophage cytocidal activity against Candida albicans. These results suggest that macrolide antibiotics stimulate macrophage functions.
Adherence of Peripheral Blood Leukocytes to Cytomegalovirus‐Infected Fibroblasts
Authors: Watanabe Masahiro , Ito Masahiro , Kamiya Hitoshi , Sakurai Minoru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPeripheral blood monocytes and B cells adhered to cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐infected fibroblasts, whereas T cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes did not adhere to either CMV‐infected or uninfected fibroblasts. When T cells were activated with anti‐CD3 antibody, activated T cells demonstrated adherence and cytotoxicity to both CMV‐infected and uninfected fibroblasts. Adherence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and cytotoxicity mediated by adherent activated T cells were blocked by treatment of CMV‐infected fibroblasts with anti‐ICAM‐1 antibody and by treatment of leukocytes with anti‐LFA‐1 antibody. These data suggest that an interaction of ICAM‐1 and LFA‐1 is responsible for the adherence of leukocytes and for adherent activated T cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against CMV‐infected fibroblasts.
Genotype Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus among Blood Donors and Inmates in Metro Manila, The Philippines
Authors: Katayama Yuko , Barzaga Nina G. , Alipio Arlene , Soetjipto  , Doi Hisaya , Ishido Satoshi , Hotta Hak 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAntibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV) were detected in 18 (2.3%) of 800 sera from commercial blood donors and 23 (4.6%) of 502 sera from inmates in Metro Manila, the Philippines. The difference in the antibody prevalence between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). HCV RNA was detected in 14 (78%) of the 18 antibody‐positive sera from blood donors and 19 (83%) of the 23 antibody‐positive sera from inmates. Genotype analysis revealed that HCV‐1b (50%) was most common among blood donors, followed by HCV‐1a (36%) and HCV‐2a (7%). Among inmates, on the other hand, HCV‐1a (68%) was most common, followed by HCV‐1b (11%), HCV‐2a (5%) and HCV‐2b (5%). Overall, HCV‐1a and HCV‐1b appeared to be predominant among them. Thus, the genotype prevalence in the Philippines was distinct from those in other Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia, and also distinct from those in the Far East including Taiwan, Mainland China and Japan.