bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid molecular evolution across amniotes of the IIS/TOR network
Authors: McGaugh Suzanne E. , Bronikowski Anne M. , Kuo Chih-Horng , Reding Dawn M. , Addis Elizabeth A. , Flagel Lex E. , Janzen Fredric J. , Schwartz Tonia S. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Comparative analyses of central molecular networks uncover variation that can be targeted by biomedical research to develop insights and interventions into disease. The insulin/insulin-like signaling and target of rapamycin (IIS/TOR) molecular network regulates metabolism, growth, and aging. With the development of new molecular resources for reptiles, we show that genes in IIS/TOR are rapidly evolving within amniotes (mammals and reptiles, including birds). Additionally, we find evidence of natural selection that diversified the hormone-receptor binding relationships that initiate IIS/TOR signaling. Our results uncover substantial variation in the IIS/TOR network within and among amniotes and provide a critical step to unlocking information on vertebrate patterns of genetic regulation of metabolism, modes of reproduction, and rates of aging.
BAF is a cytosolic DNA sensor that leads to exogenous DNA avoiding autophagy
Authors: Kobayashi Shouhei , Koujin Takako , Kojidani Tomoko , Osakada Hiroko , Mori Chie , Hiraoka Yasushi , Haraguchi Tokuko 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Rapid detection of invasion of exogenous materials and subsequent responses are important for living organisms to survive hazards, such as pathogen infection. Understanding cellular responses against exogenous DNA provides clues not only for controlling pathogen infections that bring exogenous DNA into host cells, but also for designing efficient DNA delivery vectors for transgene expression. Here, by monitoring the invasion of exogenous DNA-coated polystyrene beads into living cells, we show that barrier-to-autointegration factor detects exogenous DNA immediately after its appearance at endosome breakdown and plays a role in DNA avoiding autophagy. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which a cell detects and responds to exogenous double-stranded DNA.
Structural rearrangements in the phage head-to-tail interface during assembly and infection
Authors: Chaban Yuriy , Lurz Rudi , Brasilès Sandrine , Cornilleau Charlène , Karreman Matthia , Zinn-Justin Sophie , Tavares Paulo , Orlova Elena V. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Stable genome maintenance inside viral particles and its controlled delivery to the host are critical for virus infection. We report cryoEM structures of a tailed bacterial virus genome gatekeeper mimicking the states before and after DNA release. The subnanometer resolution allowed precise fitting of individual protein components. We found concerted structural rearrangements in the portal through which DNA traffic occurs. DNA is locked in a capsid by gp16 loops that close the channel by an allosteric mechanism. Gp16 appears to open by a diaphragm-like motion, allowing the genome to exit the capsid through the tail tube to the host cell. We propose a molecular mechanism by which the largest group of viruses on Earth controls its DNA movement.
Control and restructuring in Greek
Authors: Grano Thomas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe functional restructuring approach to exhaustive control is extended in this chapter to modern Greek. The chapter argues that in Greek, exhaustive control predicates instantiate monoclausal configurations whereas partial control predicates instantiate biclausal configurations. The key observation motivating this conclusion is that exhaustive control predicates in Greek impose severe restrictions on the range of tense, aspect, and agreement inflections the embedded verb may take, and independent support comes from emphatic polarity item licensing and inverse scope. The proposal entails two points of cross-linguistic morphosyntactic variation: first, some languages are like Greek in not distinguishing morphologically between nonpast and tenseless verb forms, whereas other languages are like English in making such a distinction. Second, some languages are like Greek in that Agr co-occurs with each verb in the clause, whereas other languages are like English in that Agr occurs just once per finite clause.
Subjectivity in Inductive Inference
Authors: Gilboa Itzhak , Samuelson Larry , Schmeidler David 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Inductive inference is the art of selecting theories based on observations. A fundamental principle is that one should only consider theories that have not been refuted by the data. But how should people choose among the theories that best match the data? People often bring subjective criteria to bear in making this choice, selecting theories that seem a priori reasonable, intuitive, simple, elegant, familiar, or that satisfy a variety of other considerations. This chapter explains how and why subjective criteria are essential to effective reasoning. It concludes that inference cannot effectively be based on objective arguments alone—simply observing that one theory fits the data better than another is not sufficient to prefer the former to the latter. Instead, one must also argue that the candidate theory fares well in terms of consistently applied subjective auxiliary criteria.
Shattering Lives: The Normalisation of Deportation
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Berrehab v. the Netherlands judgment of 1988 and subsequent rulings regarding the expulsion, generally after criminal conviction, of a long-settled migrant. In this case law, the main question for the European Court was whether the expulsion has actually been or would be in violation of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It shows that the Court prevaricated on this question and was unable to come with firm principles, thus illustrating clearly the presence of various currents and undercurrents within it.
Migrants, Not Criminals: The Continual Elaboration of Strong Human Rights Norms in the Inter-American System
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Vélez Loor v. Panama judgment of 2010, in which the Inter-American Court identified a number of stringent guarantees required for the use of immigration detention, which it only allows as a last resort. It shows that the take of the European Court on immigration detention is very different, and characterises the approach of the Inter-American Court as realist, humanist, and thorough. While the European Court displays the same characteristics in cases when it reaches a ‘tipping point’, this does not mean that the Strasbourg case law on children’s detention is strong and principled. The chapter ends by returning to Vélez Loor. It explains that the judgment has not been a panacea for the victim and that the Court refrained from taking up the representatives’ invitation to understand what had happened to Mr Vélez Loor by reference to a context of general discrimination against migrants.
Introduction
Authors: Toropov Alexey A. , Shubina Tatiana V. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter describes the long history of plasmonics, starting from the Lycurgus cup and stained glass windows that rely on plasmonic properties of tiny metallic particles and Wood’s anomalies in light reflection from a metal diffraction grating. The chapter outlines the fundamental contributions to the scientific background of plasmonics of such outstanding scientists as Zenneck, Sommerfeld, Mie, Fano, Van der Pol, Fock, Purcell, Ritchie, and many others, who developed the concepts of surface plasmon polaritons and localized surface plasmons, as well as the foundations of the resonant interaction of light with conductors. The successive discovery of the phenomenon of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) stimulated applications of plasmonic effects in modern optical spectroscopy. It is emphasized that most recent breakthroughs of plasmonics essentially rely on the development of nanotechnology and nanometrology. Apart from a short historical survey, the chapter describes the scope of the book and defines the potential readership.
Electrodynamics of Metal Structures
Authors: Toropov Alexey A. , Shubina Tatiana V. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the fundamental facts and concepts of classical electromagnetism, applied in successive chapters to the consideration of the electronic plasma excitations supported by various metal and metal–semiconductor nanostructures. The chapter outlines the basic principles of electrodynamics, the Drude theory describing dielectric function of free electrons, propagation of surface plasmon polaritons at a plane interface between a metal and an insulator, and excitation of localized surface plasmons in metal particles. The quasi-static approximation is represented for the general case of ellipsoidal particles, whereas the exact Mie theory is employed to define plasmonic excitations in conducting spheres. Thus, the goal of the chapter is to give a basic overview of the plasmonic effects and to introduce notations, conventions, and units of electrodynamics that are consistently used throughout the rest of the book.
Electronic Excitations in Semiconductors
Authors: Toropov Alexey A. , Shubina Tatiana V. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter presents a general description and calculation of the electronic band structures in III–V and II–VI semiconductors with both zinc-blende and wurtzite crystal structures. Relevant concepts are introduced, including the Bloch’s theorem and the symmetry theory based on the mathematics of group representations. Analytical expressions for the band dispersion around high-symmetry points of the Brillouin zone are obtained in the framework of the k⋅p theory. Kane and Luttinger–Kohn models are represented for the zinc-blende crystal structure, while the electronic band structure of the wurtzite-type semiconductors is defined within the Kane model and the model developed by Rashba, Sheka, and Pikus. Effects of elastic strain on the band structures are described. The basic principles of the band theory in crystals, outlined in this chapter, are employed in following chapters to define optical processes in semiconductor and metal–semiconductor nanostructures.
Conducting Materials
Authors: Toropov Alexey A. , Shubina Tatiana V. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter covers the optical and electronic properties of available conducting materials capable of supporting plasmonic excitations. Described here are noble metals and polyvalent metals (gold, silver, indium, and aluminium), degenerate semiconductors, doped oxides and semimetals, as well as graphene. The area of applicability of the considered materials for plasmonics is determined on the basis of their complex dielectric functions defined by both interband and intraband transitions. The properties of metal–dielectric composites are treated in the framework of the generalized Maxwell–Garnett approximation. The influence on fundamental parameters of semiconductor compounds of their deviation from stoichiometry is discussed in terms of the empirical tight binding theory. Where possible, the chapter provides explicit expressions and plots defining the spectra of complex dielectric functions and other important characteristics.
Frontiers in Plasmonics Applications
Authors: Toropov Alexey A. , Shubina Tatiana V. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter covers a wide range of promising applications based on plasmonic effects in nanostructures comprising conductors and semiconductors. The ultimate goal of the chapter is to present the most amazing results yet obtained and to reveal existing bottlenecks in the field of the metal–semiconductor plasmonics. The list of most appealing advances described here includes achievement of the strong coupling regime in plasmonic cavities with both organic and inorganic semiconductors, demonstration of the room-temperature operation of plasmonic nanolasers and single photon sources, preservation of the non-classical statistics of single photons during energy transfer by surface plasmon polaritons, employment of metal–semiconductor composites as active media of plasmonic solar cells, efficient wavefront engineering in the quantum cascade lasers with integrated plasmonic structures, and tuning the plasmon frequency in metallic structures by gated graphene in a broad frequency range. The presented discussions rely on the results obtained in all previous chapters.
An Introduction to the Theory of Mechanism Design
Authors: Börgers Tilman , Krähmer Daniel , Strausz Roland 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
What is the best way to auction an asset? How should a group of people organize themselves to ensure the best provision of public goods? How should exchanges be organized? This book addresses these questions and more through an exploration of the economic theory of mechanism design. Mechanism design is reverse game theory. Whereas game theory takes the rules of the game as a given and makes predictions about the behavior of strategic players, the theory of mechanism design goes a step further and selects the optimal rules of the game. A relatively new economic theory, mechanism design studies the instrument itself as well as the results of the instrument. This book provides explanations of classic results in the theory of mechanism design, such as Myerson's theorem on expected revenue maximizing auctions, Myerson and Satterthwaite's theorem on the impossibility of ex post efficient bilateral trade with asymmetric information, and Gibbard and Satterthwaite's theorem on the non-existence of dominant strategy voting mechanisms. It also provides an examination of the frontiers of current research in the area.
Assembly bias & redshift–space distortions: impact on cluster dynamics tests of general relativity
Authors: Hearin Andrew P. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The redshift–space distortion (RSD) of galaxies surrounding massive clusters is emerging as a promising testbed for theories of modified gravity. Conventional applications of this method rely upon the assumption that the velocity field in the cluster environment is uniquely determined by the cluster mass profile. Yet, real dark matter haloes in N-body simulations are known to violate the assumption that virial mass determines the configuration space distribution, an effect known as assembly bias. In this Letter, I show that assembly bias in simulated dark matter haloes also manifests in velocity space. In the 1–10 Mpc environment surrounding a cluster, high-concentration ‘tracer’ haloes exhibit a 10–20 per cent larger pairwise-velocity dispersion profile relative to low-concentration tracer haloes of the same mass. This difference is comparable to the size of the RSD signal predicted by f(R) models designed to account for the cosmic acceleration. I use the age matching technique to study how colour-selection effects may influence the cluster RSD signal, finding a ∼10 per cent effect due to redder satellites preferentially occupying higher mass haloes, and a ∼5 per cent effect due to assembly-biased colours of centrals. In order to use cluster RSD measurements to robustly constrain modified gravity, we likely will need to develop empirical galaxy formation models more sophisticated than any in the current literature.
Hyperglycemia in Acutely Ill Non-diabetic Children in the Emergency Rooms of 2 Tertiary Hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Oyenusi Elizabeth E. , Oduwole Abiola O. , Aronson A. Stefan , Jonsson Björn G. , Albertsson-Wikland Kerstin , Njokanma Olisamedua F. 
Published: May 2015

Objectives
The study aimed to determine the prevalence of hyperglycemia in sick children admitted into the emergency rooms and to investigate its relationship with adverse outcomes.

Methods
A prospective study involving 2 tertiary hospitals in Lagos. Study subjects included all children aged beyond 1 month. An Accu-Chek Active glucometer was used for the bedside blood glucose determination. Hyperglycemia was defined as blood glucose greater than 7.8 mmol/L.

Results
A total of 1045 patients were recruited with hyperglycemia being recorded in 135 patients (prevalence rate of 12.9%). Mean age of the hyperglycemic patients was 29.0 ± 31.23 months. Prevalence rates of hyperglycemia among the leading diagnoses were 17.4% in acute respiratory tract infections, 11% in malaria, 15.3% in septicemia, 14.9% in gastroenteritis, and 18.2% in burns. Other conditions include sickle cell anemia, meningitis, and malnutrition. Mortality rate was significantly higher overall in hyperglycemic compared with the normoglycemic patients (15.4% vs 8.0%, P = 0.011). With regard to specific diagnoses, significantly higher mortality rates were recorded in hyperglycemic patients with acute respiratory tract infections (28% vs 8%, P = 0.011) and malaria (21.4% vs 5.0%, P = 0.006) than in their normoglycemic counterparts.

Conclusions
Hyperglycemia is common in ill children admitted to the emergency rooms and is associated with 2 to 4 times higher mortality in common childhood diseases encountered. Blood glucose determination is important in all acutely ill children at presentation. The practice of empirical administration of intravenous glucose in some resource-constrained facilities where blood glucose testing facilities are not readily available should be discouraged.
Status of prerequisite programs for the implementation of HACCP system in chain restaurants in Iran
Authors: Tavakkoli Hamidreza , Zabihi Ali , Khatibi Seyed Amin , Nasiri Taha , Kaviani Leila , Dopeykar Nooredin 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the compliance status of prerequisite programs (PRPs) and to determine the feasibility of hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) program in restaurants in different cities of Iran.

Design/methodology/approach
– In total, 58 great chain restaurants were assessed randomly by observation, interview and questionnaires. The main prerequisites for HACCP implementation in questionnaires were as follows: personal hygiene of employees, rinsing, disinfection and cleaning programs, area and location of the restaurant, design and layout of the tools, building facilities, interior environment of the building, environmental hygiene, storerooms, cold storage, refrigerators and documentation.

Findings
– Only 17 percent (10) of restaurants were generally assessed in a proper level of compliance and 95 percent (55) of them had not any documentation about hygienic practices. Also, the status of storerooms, cold storage and refrigerators was improper. Although, according to the area and location, the feasibility of HACCP program in the evaluated restaurants was in the highest level.

Originality/value
– All of evaluated chain restaurants provided large amounts of food for customers each day and they had relatively more facilities and money resources for the implementation of PRPs. Hence, the findings of this research can be applicable for small and independent restaurants and other food service establishments.
Best-before date – food storage temperatures recorded by Swedish students
Authors: Marklinder Ingela , Eriksson Mattias K 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the food storage temperature in Swedish household refrigerators, to determine whether students use the best-before-date label to determine food edibility, and to examine if the study increased the students’ interest and knowledge regarding these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– In total, 1,812 students, enrolled at 72 Swedish schools, analysed the temperature on different shelves in their family refrigerator using thermometers (Moller-Therm (+0.5/−0.1 °C) and instructions provided by their teachers. A questionnaire dealing with the issues of date labelling, food safety, refrigerator storage and food wastage was completed by the teachers.

Findings
– The temperature at the back of middle shelves was coldest (average 4.8 °C; SD 3.1). A relatively high proportion of food items were stored at higher temperatures than recommended. The use-by date had been exceeded for 30 per cent of products, but the students did not rate these as inedible. According to the teachers, the investigation increased interest and knowledge among their students of date labelling, food hygiene, refrigerator storage and food waste.

Research limitations/implications
– Thermometers were used to measure air temperature on different shelves in the family refrigerator. Data collection was not controllable, as the students measured without supervision.

Practical implications
– The teachers reported that the study increased interest and knowledge among their students regarding cold food storage.

Social implications
– This way of teaching food safety would meet the aim of generally increasing food safety knowledge in society, which might have a positive impact on public health.

Originality/value
– The use of school-children as data collectors to determine refrigerator temperatures in private homes is a novel approach, which was an efficient way of teaching relevant facts as well as collecting large amounts of data.
Regional foods in Brazilian school meals
Authors: Fabri Rafaela Karen , Proença Rossana Pacheco da Costa , Martinelli Suellen Secchi , Cavalli Suzi Barletto 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to identify regional foods and analyze its use on school menus of a Brazilian city, as well as the respect to symbolic and cultural aspects related to it.Design/methodology/approach– The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, regional foods were identified through interviews with key school meal and city agents. In the second stage, the inclusion of these foods in school menus from 2009 to 2013 was assessed.Findings– In total, 142 regional foods were identified and classified into four groups. This classification resulted in a decision tree model to identify regional foods. Approximately 45 percent of regional preparations and 82.5 percent of regional foods were offered totaling 455 preparations and 977 foods analyzed. However, 31 percent of the regional foods identified in Stage 1 were not offered in the menus analyzed. Various regional preparations lost their authenticity, possibly not being recognized because of a lack of traditional ingredients or because they contained non-regional foods that changed their character.Practical implications– The results mainly point to symbolic aspects of the production and consumption of regional foods and preparations that are important to promoting healthy diets. In addition, they can support public policies that promote the use of these foods in the school environment.Originality/value– This study analyzes the inclusion of regional foods in school meals--a topic rarely explored in the scientific literature – and proposes a decision tree model to identify regional foods with methodological rigor. This model can assist school food managers in including regional foods and developing studies related to this topic.