bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Heaven’s Lathe: State, Rule of Law, and Economic Development
Authors: Chen Ding , Deakin Simon 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe propose a theoretical framework for understanding the evolution of the rule of law state, which is conceived as the equilibrium of a societal game in which actors accept the legitimacy of publicly enunciated legal rules. A meta-norm of respect for the sovereign legal power of the state is not self-forming on the basis of private conduct, but requires the coevolution of impersonal market exchange with effective state capacity to constitute and regulate markets. A functioning legal system must acquire the means not just to control private power but to constrain other organs of government. The emergence of such a ‘self-limiting state’ is an historical process which, while complementary to a market order, is also contingent and path-dependent, and is not preordained. Illustrating our argument with empirical evidence drawn from the contemporary experience of middle-income countries, with a focus on China, we argue that alternatives to the rule of law state, including interpersonal trust, closed networks and authoritarian political control, can only achieve limited scale and scope effects, and are prone to high deadweight costs arising from corruption and the capture of the public sphere by private interests. We also discuss the potential of transplants of legal rules and institutions to catalyse the transition to impersonal trade based on the rule of law, and present evidence, from time-series econometric analysis, that the diffusion of shareholder protection laws has the potential to support financial development in emerging markets. Evolution towards the rule of law state is, we conclude, one possible developmental path for middle-income countries.
Language Maintenance in a Multilingual Family: Informal Heritage Language Lessons in Parent–Child Interactions
Authors: Kheirkhah Mina , Cekaite Asta 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe present study explores language socialization patterns in a Persian-Kurdish family in Sweden and examines how “one-parent, one-language” family language policies are instantiated and negotiated in parent–child interactions. The data consist of video-recordings and ethnographic observations of family interactions, as well as interviews. Detailed interactional analysis is employed to investigate parental language maintenance efforts and the child’s agentive orientation in relation to the recurrent interactional practices through which parents attempt to enforce a monolingual, heritage language “context” for parent–child interaction. We examine the interactional trajectories that develop in parents’ requests for translation that target the focus child’s (a7-year-old girl’s) lexical mixings. These practices resembled formal language instruction: The parents suspended the ongoing conversational activity, requested that the child translate the problematic item, modeled and assessed her language use. The instructional exchanges were asymmetrically organized: the parents positioned themselves as “experts”, insisting on the child’s active participation, whereas the child’s (affectively aggravated) resistance was frequent, and the parents recurrently accommodated the child by terminating the language instruction. The study argues that an examination of children’s agency, and the social dynamics characterizing parental attempts to shape children’s heritage language use, can provide significant insights into the conditions for language maintenance
Prosthogonimus cuneatus (Digenea, Prosthogonimidae) з молюсків Bithynia tentaculata в Україні
Authors: Zhytova Y. P. , Yemets A. M. 
Published: March 2015

Партеніти та личинки Prosthogonimus cuneatus Rudolphi, 1809 у прісноводних молюсків Bithynia tentaculata вперше виявлені у східному Поліссі (заплава р. Псел, Сумська обл.). Наведено морфологічну характеристику церкарій P. cuneatus. Порівняно розміри виявлених авторами спороцист і личинок P. cuneatus із партенітами та церкаріями цього ж виду трематоди, описаними Т. О. Краснолобовою (1961), Л. В. Філімоновою та В. І. Шаляпіною (1980) та Є. Аристановим (1986) з молюсків B. tentaculata, B. inflata та B. caerulans.
Вплив фотостимуляції на біоелектричну реакцію листя кукурудзи
Authors: Motsnyj M. P. , Botsva N. P. , Elina О. V. , Ulanova Y. A. 
Published: March 2015

Охарактеризовано закономірності динаміки біопотенціалів листя паростків кукурудзи, що спричиняються фотостимулами білого, синього, зеленого та червоного кольорів освітленістю 90 лк. Виявлено якісно подібну динаміку біоелектричної реакції рослини на білий і кольорові стимули. Кількісно оцінено рівні гіперполяризації у кожній серії дослідів. Установлено залежність рівнів сумарної гіперполяризації від довжини хвилі фотостимулу. Із ншеннямзме довжини хвилі середня амплітуда потенціалу гіперполяризації зменшується з 57,7 для червоного до 27,7 мВ для синього світла. Проаналізовано можливі механізми виникнення біоелектричної реакції рослини на світлове подразнення.
Григорюк Іван Панасович – учений, наставник, педагог
Authors: Pakhomov O. Y. , Lykholat U. V. , Brygadyrenko V. V. 
Published: March 2015

Іван Панасович Григорюк – визначний український вчений-біолог, доктор біологічних наук, членкореспондент НАН України, академік Академії наук Вищої школи України, заслужений діяч науки і техніки України, професор кафедри фізіології, екології рослин і біомоніторингу Національного університету біоресурсів і природокористування України Кабінету Міністрів України. З його імсно’ям ті пов’язаний розвиток фізіології, екології рослин і біотехнології як в Україні, так і далеко за її межами.
Конкуренція представників родини Бичкові (Gobiidae) з іншими видами риб водойм Придніпров’я
Authors: Khobot V. V. , Novitskiy R. O. , Bondarev D. L. 
Published: March 2015

Проаналізовано видовий склад родини Бичкові у прибережній зоні водойм Придніпров’я. Досліджено структурно-функціональні особливості організації прибережних угруповань бичкових. Проаналізовано особливості просторового розподілу Gobiidae на акваторії річок і водосховищ, їх роль у літоральних угрупованнях риб. У водоймах Дніпропетровської області зареєстровано 8 видів родини Gobiidae: Neogobius melanostomus, N. kessleri, N. fluviatilis, N. gymnotrachelus, Mesogobius batrachocephalus, Proterorhinus marmoratus, Benthophilus stellatus, B. brauneri. Бички швидко розселяються по різних водоймах. Найбільша чисельність бичкових відмічена для акваторій Дніпровського водосховища (113,8 екз./100 м2). Видом-домінантом серед Gobiidae є N. fluviatilis, субдомінантом – N. melanostomus. Головними трофічними конкурентами N. fluviatilis є молодь промислових риб. У р. Самара (притока Дніпровського водосховища) коефіцієнти перекриття трофічних ніш між бичком і пліткою досягають 0,95, плоскиркою – 0,91, карасем сріблястим – 0,88, краснопіркою – 0,87, лящем – 0,62. У р. Інгулець, яка впадає у Каховське водосховище, повне перекриття трофічної ніші спостерігається між N. fluviatilis та Syngnathus abaster nigrolineatus (1,0), майже повне – між бичком і новим агресивним видом іхтіофауни Придніпров’я – Lepomis gibbosus (0,97). Аборигенні риби водойм Дніпропетровської області (у тому числі промислові) піддаються потужному трофічному пресингу з боку малоцінних, «смітних» або чужорідних видів
Comparison of Rates of Death Having any Death-Certificate Mention of Heart, Kidney, or Liver Disease Among Persons Diagnosed with HIV Infection with those in the General US Population, 2009-2011
Authors: Whiteside Y. Omar , Selik Richard , An Qian , Huang Taoying , Karch Debra , Hernandez Angela L , Hall H. Irene 
Published: March 2015

Objective :Compare age-adjusted rates of death due to liver, kidney, and heart diseases during 2009-2011 among US residents diagnosed with HIV infection with those in the general population.Methods :Numerators were numbers of records of multiple-cause mortality data from the national vital statistics system with an ICD-10 code for the disease of interest (any mention, not necessarily the underlying cause), divided into those 1) with and 2) without an additional code for HIV infection. Denominators were 1) estimates of persons living with diagnosed HIV infection from national HIV surveillance system data and 2) general population estimates from the US Census Bureau. We compared age-adjusted rates overall (unstratified by sex, race/ethnicity, or region of residence) and stratified by demographic group.Results :Overall, compared with the general population, persons diagnosed with HIV infection had higher age-adjusted rates of death reported with hepatitis B (rate ratio [RR]=42.6; 95% CI: 34.7-50.7), hepatitis C (RR=19.4; 95% CI: 18.1-20.8), liver disease excluding hepatitis B or C (RR=2.1; 95% CI: 1.8-2.3), kidney disease (RR=2.4; 95% CI: 2.2-2.6), and cardiomyopathy (RR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.6-2.3), but lower rates of death reported with ischemic heart disease (RR=0.6; 95% CI: 0.6-0.7) and heart failure (RR=0.8; 95% CI: 0.6-0.9). However, the differences in rates of death reported with the heart diseases were insignificant in some demographic groups.Conclusion :Persons with HIV infection have a higher risk of death with liver and kidney diseases reported as causes than the general population.
White Diet: Is It Necessary During Tooth Whitening?
Authors: Matis BA , Wang G , Matis JI , Cook NB , Eckert GJ 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARY
Patients are sometimes blamed for a reduced effect of bleaching when they do not adhere to a dentist's prescribed white diet. This study aimed to determine whether a white diet is necessary by evaluating the effects of coffee, tea, wine, and dark fruits on the potential tooth whitening during the bleaching process. Each of the effects of discoloration was categorized as “yes” or “no” based on a patient questionnaire. Data from five published studies were included in the analyses. Outcomes were based on the color change between baseline and the end of bleaching. The relationships between color changes were measured subjectively and objectively. A nonwhite diet was not significantly associated with less tooth whitening, and there was only a weak positive association between tooth whitening and diet for subjects who drank large amounts of coffee/tea.
Visual Acuity and Experience with Magnification Devices in Swiss Dental Practices
Authors: Eichenberger M , Perrin P , Ramseyer S T , Lussi A 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYObjectivesThe aims of the present study in Swiss dental practices were 1) to provide an update on the prevalence of different magnification devices, 2) to examine the relationship between self-assessed and objectively measured visual acuity, and 3) to evaluate the visual performance of dentists in the individually optimized clinical situation of their respective practices.Methods and MaterialsSixty-nine dentists from 40 randomly selected private practices (n=20, &lt;40 years; n=49, ≥40 years) participated in the study. A questionnaire was provided to evaluate the self-assessed near visual acuity and the experience with magnification devices. The objective near visual acuity was measured under standardized conditions on a negatoscope. The clinical situation, including the use of habitual optical aids, was evaluated with visual tests on a phantom head.ResultsA total of 64% of the dentists owned a dental loupe: 45% Galilean loupes, 16% Keplerian loupes, and 3% single lens loupes. In total, 19% of the questioned dentists owned a microscope in addition to the loupes. The correlation between the self-assessed and the objective visual performance of the dentists was weak (Spearman rank correlation coefficient=0.25). In the habitual clinical situation, magnification devices (p=0.03) and the dentist's age (p=0.0012) had a significant influence on the visual performance.ConclusionsMany dentists were not aware of their visual handicaps. Optical aids such as loupes or microscopes should be used early enough to compensate for individual or age-related visual deficiencies.
One-year Adhesive Bond Durability to Coronal and Radicular Dentin Under Intrapulpal Pressure Simulation
Authors: El-Deeb HA , Badran O , Mobarak EH 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARY

Objective
To evaluate the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of different adhesives to coronal vs radicular dentin after one year of storage in artificial saliva and under intrapulpal pressure (IPP) simulation.

Methods and Materials
Roots of 36 freshly extracted premolars were sectioned 5 mm apical to the cemento-enamel junction and pulp tissue was removed. Buccal enamel and cementum were trimmed to obtain standardized flat dentin surfaces. Specimens were divided into three groups (n=12/group) according to the adhesive strategies utilized: a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive; a two-step self-etch adhesive; and a single-step self-etch adhesive. Adhesives and resin composite were applied to coronal and radicular dentin while the specimens were subjected to IPP simulation. After curing, specimens were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C in a specially constructed incubator while the IPP was maintained for either 24 hours or one year prior to testing. Bonded specimens were sectioned into sticks with a cross section of 0.8 ± 0.01 mm2 and subjected to μTBS testing. Data were statistically analyzed using multi-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures; one-way ANOVA tests; and Bonferroni post hoc test (p&lt;0.05). Failure modes were determined using a scanning electron microscope at 100× magnification.

Results
ANOVA results revealed a statistically significant effect for the adhesive strategy (p&lt;0.001) and storage period (p&lt;0.001) as well as for their interaction (p=0.024) on the μTBS. However, dentin substrate and its interactions revealed no significant effects. For both dentin substrates, the two-step self-etch adhesive revealed statistically significantly higher μTBS values than did the other two adhesives after 24 hours and one year of storage. After one-year storage, a significant decrease in bond strength values of all tested adhesives occurred with both dentin substrates. Modes of failure were mainly adhesive and mixed.

Conclusions
Adhesives were not sensitive to structural differences between coronal and radicular dentin even after one year of storage under IPP simulation. However, all tested adhesive systems strategies were sensitive to storage.
Enamel and Dentin Microhardness and Chemical Composition After Experimental Light-activated Bleaching
Authors: Klaric E , Rakic M , Sever I , Milat O , Par M , Tarle Z 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARY

Objectives
To evaluate 1) the influence of five bleaching agents (with additional light activation) on enamel and dentin surface microhardness and chemical composition and 2) the remineralizing potential of artificial saliva and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP).

Methods and Materials
The study was conducted on 125 human third molars dissected into quarters for separate enamel and dentin measurements. The bleaching process was performed with 38% and 25% hydrogen peroxide (HP) and 30%, 16%, and 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) gels two times for 15 minutes each time. All bleaching gels were tested alone and in combination with ZOOM2, light-emitting diode (LED), organic LED, and femtosecond laser. A total of 25 bleaching combinations (n=10) were evaluated. Microhardness was measured by a Vickers diamond. Chemical analysis was performed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.

Results
Bleaching agents used in the absence of light activation caused a significant reduction in enamel and dentin surface microhardness (p&lt;0.001), ranging from 8% for 16% CP to 40% for 25% HP. The effects of different light activations were negligible. After two-week treatment with ACP and artificial saliva, maximum deviation from baseline microhardness was just 3%. Such treatment increased the concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and fluorine.

Conclusions
An increase in peroxide concentration and gel acidity negatively affected microhardness and concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in enamel and dentin. ACP and artificial saliva stimulated the remineralization of hard tissues.
Assessment of tree mortality on the Estonian Network of Forest Research Plots/ Puude väljalangevuse hindamine metsa kasvukäigu püsiproovitükkidel
Authors: Sims Allan , Mändma Ruth , Laarmann Diana , Korjus Henn 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Assessment of tree mortality provides deeper understanding of forest structure and functioning. This enables evaluation of stand sustainability and provides information on stand productivity, diversity and health condition. Tree mortality can be assessed by spatiotemporal patterns as well as by studying the processes and causes of mortality. Tree mortality is caused by specific disturbance agents or by the complex effect of various disturbances. The purpose of this study is to examine tree mortality in Estonian forests, determine the causes of tree death, and estimate how different management regimes affect tree mortality and its causes. This study is based on 360 sample plots measured in 2003-2005 and re-measured in 2008-2010. The sample plots were divided into recently managed (RM, 146 plots) and low intensity/unmanaged (LU, 214 plots) plots based on forest management regime. In total, 53,990 trees were measured, of which 20,020 were located on RM and 33,970 on LU plots. The tree mortality for 5-year period was 3.4% on RM plots and 8.0% on LU plots. The main cause of tree mortality in RM stands was insect damage, which attributes to 29.8% of tree mortality, whereas in LU stands the main cause was tree competition, which attributes to 45.4% of tree mortality. The analysis of tree mortality indicated that an increase in relative tree diameter in both stand types contributes to an increase in mortality due to insect, wind or fungal damage and diseases. Opposite results were received with respect to competition - the smaller the tree relative diameter, the more probable it is that a tree will die because of competition with neighbouring trees. The analysis of game damage and other causes of tree mortality showed that these were not dependent on the relative diameter of trees. The analysis of the overall probability of tree mortality revealed that relatively smaller trees have a higher probability of mortality than larger trees.
Carvacrol and rosemary oil at higher concentrations induce apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells
Authors: Melušová Martina , Jantová Soňa , Horváthová Eva 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
Natural essential oils are volatile herbal complex compounds which manifest cytotoxic effects on living cells depending on their type and concentration but usually they are not genotoxic. Our previous studies showed that carvacrol (CA) and rosemary essential oil (RO) induced growth inhibition of both human cell lines HepG2 and BHNF-1, with hepatoma HepG2 cells being more sensitive to either compound tested. Cytotoxic concentrations of CA and RO induced the formation of DNA strand breaks. Further ex vivo studies showed that extracts prepared from hepatocytes of CA- and RO-supplemented rats did not increase incision repair activity compared to extracts from liver cells of control animals. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the effect of cytotoxic concentrations of CA and RO on the cell cycle and the ability of both natural volatiles to induce DNA fragmentation and apoptotic death of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. These effects were measured after 24 h incubation of HepG2 cells with CA and RO using three independent methods - flow cytometry, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation (electrophoresis) and micronucleus assay. Evaluation of morphological changes and formation of micronuclei in HepG2 cells showed no increase in the number of micronuclei in cells treated by CA and RO compared to control cells. On the other hand, CA and RO induced morphological changes typical for apoptosis in concentration-dependent manner. The presence of necrosis was negligible. Both natural compounds caused shrinking of cytoplasmic membrane and formation of apoptotic bodies. In addition, the highest concentrations of CA and RO induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation (formation of DNA ladder) in HepG2 cells. Cell cycle analysis revealed the accumulation of cells in the G1 phase, which was accompanied by a reduction in the number of cells in the S phase after 24 h exposure to the substances tested. The cell division was thus slowed down or stopped and this process resulted in cell death
Modulation of microglial function by the antidepressant drug venlafaxine 28 November 2014
Authors: Dubovický Michal , Császár Eszter , Melicherčíková Kristína , Kuniaková Marcela , Račková Lucia 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
An increasing amount of data suggests that depression is an inflammatory disease. Depressed patients have higher peripheral blood levels of inflammatory markers which have been shown to access the brain and interact with the pathophysiological domain known to be involved in depression. Furthermore, microglia activation may play an important role in the inflammatory pathophysiology of depression.
In BV-2 microglia cell line, the present study investigated the potential anti-inflammatory effects of venlafaxine, along with its potential influence on injury of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells. Although venlafaxine showed only marginal influence on the majority of the pro-inflammatory parameters assessed (in particular NO release, phagocytosis and proliferation), it significantly suppressed superoxide production by the stimulated cells. In addition, venlafaxine exerted also a protective effect on mitochondrial membrane potential and lysosomes of the stimulated microglia.
In conclusion, our results suggest that although VEN might have only a marginal effect on major pro-inflammatory parameters of microglia, its inhibitory effect on superoxide generation can contribute to the prevention of harmful effects of oxidative and nitrosative stress involved in the pathogenesis of depression. Moreover, the protective effect of VEN on viability of microglia can prevent a rapid reduction of these cells, thus avoiding limitations of several physiological processes in the brain and possibly also the progression of depression
Protective effect of Irvingia gabonensis stem bark extract on cadmiuminduced nephrotoxicity in rats
Authors: Ojo Oluwafemi Adeleke , Ajiboye Basiru Olaitan , Oyinloye Babatunji Emmanuel , Ojo Adebola Busola , Olarewaju Olaide Ibiwumi 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT
Cadmium has been considered a risk factor for humans as it accumulates in body tissues, such as the liver, lungs, kidneys, bones, and reproductive organs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Irvingia gabonensis (IG) against cadmium (Cd)- induced nephrotoxicity. The study was performed on twenty (20) male rats divided into four groups: control group, cadmium group (4 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally), cadmium + extract (200 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage) and cadmium + extract (400 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage). Changes in the kidney biochemical markers, namely glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), urea, and creatinine were determined in serum. Histological examinations were monitored. Exposure to Cd lowered the activities of kidney antioxidants, while it increased LPO levels. Levels of all disrupted parameters were alleviated by co-administration of IG extract. The malondialdehyde concentration of the rats treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract significantly decreased (p<0.05) compared with the untreated cadmium rats. Yet the creatinine concentration decreased significantly (p<0.05) when the cadmium animals treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract were compared with the cadmium control. Furthermore, histological alterations in the kidney were observed in cadmium untreated rats and these were ameliorated in cadmium treated rats by co-administration of IG extract. IG showed apparent protective and curative effect on Cd-induced nephrotoxicity