bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the evaluation of reputation and trust‐based schemes in mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Abbas Sohail , Merabti Madjid , Llewellyn‐Jones David 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn multihop networks such as mobile ad hoc networks selfish or misbehaving nodes can degrade network performance. Reputation and trust‐based schemes have been proposed in order to enforce cooperation and to discourage misbehaving nodes. These schemes detect and isolate selfish nodes and maintain network throughput by enabling nodes to construct paths that only include good nodes. In order to punish selfish nodes and restrict their services, selfish nodes are not provided with packet forwarding services anymore by the good nodes in the network. The aim of these schemes is to increase good nodes' benefit (throughput and utility) and to decrease malicious nodes' benefit. In this paper, we demonstrate that the commonly adopted simulation parameters used by the research community for the evaluation of reputation or trust‐based schemes in mobile environments usually produce biased results. We further demonstrate this fact by adopting a widely used reputation‐based scheme as our case study using the commonly used metrics, such as throughput, utility, delay, and overhead. The simulation parameters are analyzed analytically and via simulations in order to demonstrate their main reason of producing inaccurate and biased results. Finally, we compare simulation and analytical results to corroborate our claim and discuss how to mitigate the resulted inaccuracy and biasness. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective evaluation of the fetal heart using Fetal Intelligent Navigation Echocardiography (FINE)
Authors: Garcia M. , Yeo L. , Romero R. , Haggerty D. , Giardina I. , Hassan S. S. , Chaiworapongsa T. , Hernandez‐Andrade E. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo evaluate prospectively the performance of Fetal Intelligent Navigation Echocardiography (FINE) applied to spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) volume datasets of the normal fetal heart.MethodsIn all women between 19 and 30 weeks' gestation with a normal fetal heart, an attempt was made to acquire STIC volume datasets of the apical four‐chamber view if the following criteria were met: (1) fetal spine located between 5‐ and 7‐o'clock positions; (2) minimal or absent shadowing (including a clearly visible transverse aortic arch); (3) absence of fetal breathing, hiccups, or movement; and (4) adequate image quality. Each STIC volume successfully acquired was evaluated by STICLoop™ to determine its appropriateness before applying the FINE method. Visualization rates of fetal echocardiography views using diagnostic planes and/or Virtual Intelligent Sonographer Assistance (VIS‐Assistance®) were calculated.ResultsOne or more STIC volumes (365 in total) were obtained successfully in 72.5% (150/207) of women undergoing ultrasound examination. Of the 365 volumes evaluated by STICLoop, 351 (96.2%) were considered to be appropriate. From the 351 STIC volumes, only one STIC volume per patient (n = 150) was analyzed using the FINE method, and consequently nine fetal echocardiography views were generated in 76–100% of cases using diagnostic planes only, in 98–100% of cases using VIS‐Assistance only, and in 98–100% of cases when using a combination of diagnostic planes and/or VIS‐Assistance.ConclusionsIn women between 19 and 30 weeks' gestation with a normal fetal heart undergoing prospective sonographic examination, STIC volumes can be obtained successfully in 72.5% of cases. The FINE method can be applied to generate nine standard fetal echocardiography views in 98–100% of these cases using a combination of diagnostic planes and/or VIS‐Assistance. This suggests that FINE could be implemented in fetal cardiac screening programs. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Emerging challenges for pathogen control and resource recovery in natural wastewater treatment systems
Authors: Verbyla Matthew E. , Cairns Maryann R. , Gonzalez Paola A. , Whiteford Linda M. , Mihelcic James R. 
Published: August 2015

Natural wastewater treatment systems have been used for centuries to recover resources through agriculture and aquaculture water reuse. Because the management of wastewater using natural methods relies on the integration of environmental, engineered, economic, and social systems, pathogens cannot be effectively monitored and controlled in these systems using a single approach or a single indicator organism (e.g., monitoring for coliform indicator bacteria). Different types of pathogens are removed at different rates in natural wastewater treatment systems and certain diseases are more important in some regions than they are in others. For natural systems in tropical regions that incorporate water reuse for agriculture or aquaculture, parasites such as soil‐transmitted helminths, Schistosoma, Taenia, or food‐transmitted trematodes may be of greater public health concern than some bacterial pathogens. Professionals and practitioners must consider how social and environmental systems might be shaped by the use of natural wastewater management systems, and how, in turn, natural wastewater management may impact existing socio‐environmental relationships. Because of this, effective pathogen monitoring and control in natural wastewater treatment systems requires coordinated participation from stakeholders in multiple sectors. WIREs Water 2015, 2:701–714. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1101This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation
“Unfocus” on foc.us: commercial tDCS headset impairs working memory
Authors: Steenbergen Laura , Sellaro Roberta , Hommel Bernhard , Lindenberger Ulman , Kühn Simone , Colzato Lorenza S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn this study, we tested whether the commercial transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) headset foc.us improves cognitive performance, as advertised in the media. A single-blind, sham-controlled, within-subject design was used to assess the effect of online and off-line foc.us tDCS—applied over the prefrontal cortex in healthy young volunteers (n = 24) on working memory (WM) updating and monitoring. WM updating and monitoring, as assessed by means of the N-back task, is a cognitive-control process that has been shown to benefit from interventions with CE-certified tDCS devices. For both online and off-line stimulation protocols, results showed that active stimulation with foc.us, compared to sham stimulation, significantly decreased accuracy performance in a well-established task tapping WM updating and monitoring. These results provide evidence for the important role of the scientific community in validating and testing far-reaching claims made by the brain training industry.
U.S. Border Enforcement and Mexican Immigrant Location Choice
Authors: Bohn Sarah , Pugatch Todd 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe provide the first evidence on the causal effect of border enforcement on the full spatial distribution of Mexican immigrants to the United States. We address the endogeneity of border enforcement with an instrumental variables strategy based on administrative delays in budgetary allocations for border security. We find that 1,000 additional Border Patrol officers assigned to prevent unauthorized migrants from entering a U.S. state decreases that state’s share of Mexican immigrants by 21.9 %. Our estimates imply that if border enforcement had not changed from 1994 to 2011, the shares of Mexican immigrants locating in California and Texas would each be 8 percentage points greater, with all other states’ shares lower or unchanged.
The Successful Saga of a Cesarean Scar Ectopic with High βHCG Level
Authors: Rohatgi Tanya B. , Buckshee Kamal , Sahni Reeti 
Published: August 2015

AbstractCesarean scar ectopic (CSE) is a rare life-threatening condition associated with hemorrhage, uterine rupture, disseminated intravascular coagulation or death during pregnancy. A rampant increase is worrisome. Early diagnosis is critical; awareness and high index of suspicion are essential. We report a 34-year-old woman with two previous cesarean sections, who was diagnosed to have an unruptured, viable CSE with high βHCG level (49,637. 08 mIU/mL). Local as well as systemic methotrexate failed initially. However, success was achieved when modified medical treatment was adopted.
A Pilot Study of a Computerized Decision Support System to Detect Invasive Fungal Infection in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Patients
Authors: Bartlett Adam , Goeman Emma , Vedi Aditi , Mostaghim Mona , Trahair Toby , O’Brien Tracey A. , Palasanthiran Pamela , McMullan Brendan 
Published: August 2015

OBJECTIVEComputerized decision support systems (CDSSs) can provide indication-specific antimicrobial recommendations and approvals as part of hospital antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of a CDSS for surveillance of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in an inpatient hematology/oncology cohort.METHODSBetween November 1, 2012, and October 31, 2013, pediatric hematology/oncology inpatients diagnosed with an IFI were identified through an audit of the CDSS and confirmed by medical record review. The results were compared to hospital diagnostic-related group (DRG) coding for IFI throughout the same period.RESULTSA total of 83 patients were prescribed systemic antifungals according to the CDSS for the 12-month period. The CDSS correctly identified 19 patients with IFI on medical record review, compared with 10 patients identified by DRG coding, of whom 9 were confirmed to have IFI on medical record review.CONCLUSIONSCDSS was superior to diagnostic coding in detecting IFI in an inpatient pediatric hematology/oncology cohort. The functionality of CDSS lends itself to inpatient infectious diseases surveillance but depends on prescriber adherence.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(11):1313–1317
The Effect of Contact Precautions on Frequency of Hospital Adverse Events
Authors: Croft Lindsay D. , Liquori Michael , Ladd James , Day Hannah , Pineles Lisa , Lamos Elizabeth , Arnold Ryan , Mehrotra Preeti , Fink Jeffrey C. , Langenberg Patricia , Simoni-Wastila Linda , Perencevich Eli , Harris Anthony D. , Morgan Daniel J. 
Published: August 2015

OBJECTIVETo determine whether use of contact precautions on hospital ward patients is associated with patient adverse eventsDESIGNIndividually matched prospective cohort studySETTINGThe University of Maryland Medical Center, a tertiary care hospital in Baltimore, MarylandMETHODSA total of 296 medical or surgical inpatients admitted to non–intensive care unit hospital wards were enrolled at admission from January to November 2010. Patients on contact precautions were individually matched by hospital unit after an initial 3-day length of stay to patients not on contact precautions. Adverse events were detected by physician chart review and categorized as noninfectious, preventable and severe noninfectious, and infectious adverse events during the patient’s stay using the standardized Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s Global Trigger Tool.RESULTSThe cohort of 148 patients on contact precautions at admission was matched with a cohort of 148 patients not on contact precautions. Of the total 296 subjects, 104 (35.1%) experienced at least 1 adverse event during their hospital stay. Contact precautions were associated with fewer noninfectious adverse events (rate ratio [RtR], 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51–0.95; P=.02) and although not statistically significant, with fewer severe adverse events (RtR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.46–1.03; P=.07). Preventable adverse events did not significantly differ between patients on contact precautions and patients not on contact precautions (RtR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.59–1.24; P=.41).CONCLUSIONSHospital ward patients on contact precautions were less likely to experience noninfectious adverse events during their hospital stay than patients not on contact precautions.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(11):1268–1274
Relative centrality and local community detection
Authors: CHANG CHENG-SHANG , CHANG CHIH-JUNG , HSIEH WEN-TING , LEE DUAN-SHIN , LIOU LI-HENG , LIAO WANJIUN 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we develop a formal framework for what a good community should look like and how strong a community is (community strength). One of the key innovations is to incorporate the concept of relative centrality into structural analysis of networks. In our framework, relative centrality is a measure that measures how important a set of nodes in a network is with respect to another set of nodes, and it is a generalization of centrality. Building on top of relative centrality, the community strength for a set of nodes is measured by the difference between its relative centrality with respect to itself and its centrality. A community is then a set of nodes with a nonnegative community strength. We show that our community strength is related to conductance that is commonly used for measuring the strength of a small community. We define the modularity for a partition of a network as the average community strength for a randomly selected node. Such a definition generalizes the original Newman's modularity and recovers the stability in as special cases. For the local community detection problem, we also develop efficient agglomerative algorithms that guarantee the community strength of the detected local community.
Longitudinal clines in the frequency distribution of ‘super-clones’ in an aphid crop pest
Authors: Gilabert A. , Dedryver C.-A. , Stoeckel S. , Plantegenest M. , Simon J.-C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractParthenogenesis is the main mode of reproduction of aphids. Their populations are therefore composed of clones whose frequency distribution varies in space and time. Previous population genetic studies on aphids have highlighted the existence of highly abundant clones (‘super-clones’), distributed over large geographic areas and persisting over time. Whether the abundance of ‘super-clones’ results from their ecological success or from stochastic forces, such as drift and migration, is an open question. Here, we looked for the existence of clines in clonal frequency along a climatic gradient in the cereal aphidRhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus, 1758) and examined the possible influence of geographical distance and environmental variables in the buildup and maintenance of such clonal clines. We investigated the spatial distribution of the commonest genotypes ofR. padiby sampling populations along an east–west transect in maize fields in the northern half of France in both spring and late summer. Individual aphids were genotyped at several polymorphic loci, allowing the assessment of frequency distributions of multilocus genotypes (MLGs) across the cropping season. We found several MLGs showing longitudinal clines in their frequency distribution in both spring and summer. In particular, two dominant asexual genotypes ofR. padishowed inverted geographical clines, which could suggest divergent adaptations to environmental conditions. We concluded that while the distribution of some ‘super-clones’ ofR. padiseems most likely driven by the action of migration and genetic drift, selection could be also involved in the establishment of longitudinal clines of others.
Identification of a point mutation in the ace1gene ofTherioaphis trifollimaculata and detection of insecticide resistance by a diagnostic PCR–RFLP assay
Authors: AlSuhaibani E. , Voudouris C.C. , Al-Atiyat R. , Kotzamumin A. , Vontas J. , Margaritopoulos J.T. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAphids are important agricultural pests worldwide. Their control is largely based on chemical insecticides. One species that shows important invasive abilities and host-plant-related differences isTherioaphis trifolii(Monell) (Hemiptera: Aphididae).T. trifolii maculata, also known as spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA), can be very injurious to alfalfa crops in certain regions, such as in Saudi Arabia for effective control it is essential to diagnose and monitor the resistance mechanisms in the SAA populations. In the present study, we analysed acetylcholinesterase (ace) target site insensitivity mechanisms. A 650 bp length DNA containing the putative acetylcholinesterase (ace1) precursor was obtained and compared with other Hemipteran species. The sequences of many individual aphids collected from alfalfa crops in Saudi Arabia were analysed for the presence of resistance mutations: no resistance mutations were found at the resistance mutation loci 302; however, the presence of a serine–phenylalanine substitution (S431F) was identified in one individual. The S431F substitution, has been shown to confer significant levels of both organophosphate and carbamate resistance in other aphid species, and is now found for the first time inT. trifolii. We subsequently developed a simple polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism assays for the S431F mutation, using a TaqI restriction site destroyed by the S431F mutation. The novel diagnostic assay may support the implementation of Insecticide Resistance Management strategies, for the control of SAA in alfalfa crops in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and other countries worldwide.
Predictive models of lameness in dairy cows achieve high sensitivity and specificity with force measurements in three dimensions
Authors: Dunthorn Jason , Dyer Robert M , Neerchal Nagaraj K , McHenry Jonathan S , Rajkondawar Parimal G , Steingraber Gary , Tasch Uri 
Published: August 2015

Lameness remains a significant cause of production losses, a growing welfare concern and may be a greater economic burden than clinical mastitis . A growing need for accurate, continuous automated detection systems continues because US prevalence of lameness is 12·5% while individual herds may experience prevalence's of 27·8–50·8%. To that end the first force-plate system restricted to the vertical dimension identified lame cows with 85% specificity and 52% sensitivity . These results lead to the hypothesis that addition of transverse and longitudinal dimensions could improve sensitivity of lameness detection. To address the hypothesis we upgraded the original force plate system to measure ground reaction forces (GRFs) across three directions. GRFs and locomotion scores were generated from randomly selected cows and logistic regression was used to develop a model that characterised relationships of locomotion scores to the GRFs. This preliminary study showed 76 variables across 3 dimensions produced a model with greater than 90% sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC). The result was a marked improvement on the 52% sensitivity, and 85% specificity previously observed with the 1 dimensional model or the 45% sensitivities reported with visual observations. Validation of model accuracy continues with the goal to finalise accurate automated methods of lameness detection.
Rodentolepis straminea(Cestoda: Hymenolepididae) in an urban population ofApodemus sylvaticusin the UK
Authors: Rushworth R.L. , Boufana B. , Hall J.L. , Brannan V. , Mastin A. , Birtles R.J. , Craig P.S. , Rogan M.T. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe presence of the cyclophyllidean cestodeRodentolepis straminea(Cestoda: Hymenolepididae), was confirmed by molecular DNA analysis from a wood mouse (Apodemussylvaticus) population inhabiting urban woodland in Salford, Greater Manchester (UK) with a prevalence of 27.8%. It would appear that the only previously published record of this species inA. sylvaticusin the British Isles is that from south-west Ireland, where 24% of the wood mice examined were infected withR. straminea.This species has been recorded in studies onA. sylvaticusin continental Europe. The current report represents a new record forR. stramineaon mainland Britain and a first study of helminth parasites in an urban wood mouse population.
Morphometrics and levels of infections of digeneans in belonid fish species off the coast of Tunisia
Authors: Châari M. , Derbel H. , Neifar L. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThree species of belonid fish, Belone belone gracilis Lowe, 1839, Belone svetovidovi Collette & Parin, 1970 and Tylosurus acus imperialis (Rafinesque, 1810), caught off the eastern Tunisian coast were infected with eight species of Digenea. Among these, four species were commonly found in B. b. gracilis and are new host records for B. svetovidovi. They are: Lecithostaphylus retroflexus (Molin, 1859), Tergestia acanthocephala (Stossich, 1887) Stossich, 1899 and Aponurus laguncula Looss, 1907 in the intestine, and the metacercaria Condylocotyla pilodora Pearson and Prévot, 1985 in the pericardial sac. Four other digenean species were recorded from T. a. imperialis: Lecithostaphylus tylosuri Châari et al., 2013 and Tetrochetus coryphaenae Yamaguti, 1934 in the intestine, Oesophagotrema mediterranea Châari et al., 2011 in the oesophagus and vomer teeth, and Sclerodistomoides pacificus Kamegai, 1971 in the gall bladder. Tetrochetus coryphaenae and S. pacificus represent new host and geographical records. The spatial variation of digenean parasites within belonid host species is discussed.
A fresh insight into Kane's equations of motion
Authors: Pishkenari H. Nejat , Yousefsani S. A. , Gaskarimahalle A. L. , Oskouei S. B. G. 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARYWith rapid development of methods for dynamic systems modeling, those with less computation effort are becoming increasingly attractive for different applications. This paper introduces a new form of Kane's equations expressed in the matrix notation. The proposed form can efficiently lead to equations of motion of multi-body dynamic systems particularly those exposed to large number of nonholonomic constraints. This approach can be used in a recursive manner resulting in governing equations with considerably less computational operations. In addition to classic equations of motion, an efficient matrix form of impulse Kane formulations is derived for systems exposed to impulsive forces.
Model validation of a hexapod walker robot
Authors: Kecskés István , Burkus Ervin , Bazsó Fülöp , Odry Péter 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARYOur complete dynamical simulation-model realistically describes the real low-cost hexapod walker robot Szabad(ka)-II within prescribed tolerances under nominal load conditions. This validated model is novel, described in detail, for it includes in a single study: (a) digital controllers, (b) gearheads and DC motors, (c) 3D kinematics and dynamics of 18 Degree of Freedom (DOF) structure, (d) ground contact for even ground, (e) sensors and battery model. In our model validation: (a) kinematical-, dynamical- and digital controller variables were simultaneously compared, (b) differences of measured and simulated curves were quantified and qualified, (c) unknown model parameters were estimated by comparing real measurements with simulation results and applying adequate optimization procedures. The model validation helps identifying both model's and real robot's imperfections: (a) gearlash of the joints, (b) imperfection of approximate ground contact model, (c) lack of gearhead's internal non-linear friction in the model. Modeling and model validation resulted in more stable robot which performed better than its predecessors in terms of locomotion.
Where east met west: Helsinki and the staging of the 1975 Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe
Authors: VILÉN TIMO 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT:The final phase of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) in 1975 is widely regarded as the high point of détente. This article discusses the staging and legacy of the CSCE from the perspective of its host city, Helsinki. The article examines how the Finnish initiative to host the conference became enmeshed with Helsinki's municipal politics and how the CSCE's and Finland's neutrality were used by the Helsinki authorities to project an attractive image of their city. The article further highlights the Helsinki Summit as a public spectacle with which a large number of local residents engaged.