bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterned growth of oriented 2D covalent organic framework thin films on single‐layer graphene
Authors: Colson John W. , Mann Jason A. , DeBlase Catherine R. , Dichtel William R. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTTwo‐dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are polymer networks that organize molecular building blocks into porous, layered structures of interest for organic optoelectronic and energy storage devices. Current synthetic methods produce these materials as either insoluble, microcrystalline powders or as oriented thin films on various substrates, including single‐layer graphene (SLG). Under these conditions, COF thin films form on both the graphene‐coated and bare regions of the substrate, suggesting uncontrolled nucleation processes that occur either in solution or nonselectively on different surfaces. Here, we describe modified polymerization conditions that provide COF films selectively on SLG. This finding enables COF films to be grown on lithographically patterned SLG substrates, which provide insight into the uniformity of film growth across the substrate and factors relevant to their nucleation and growth. The ability to grow COF films selectively on lithographically patterned SLG will facilitate their integration into devices. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 378–384
A comparative study of jet formation in nozzle‐ and nozzle‐less centrifugal spinning systems
Authors: Xu Huaizhong , Chen Huanhuan , Li Xianglong , Liu Chen , Yang Bin 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTCentrifugal spinning, a recently developed approach for ultra‐fine fiber production, has attracted much attention as compared with the electrospinning, due to its high yield, no solution polarity and high‐voltage electrostatic field requirements, etc. In this study, the jet formation process and spinning parameters on jet path are explored and compared in nozzle‐ and nozzle‐less centrifugal spinning systems. For nozzle‐less centrifugal spinning, fingers are formed at the front of thin liquid film due to the theory of Rayleigh–Taylor instability. We find that the lower solution concentration and higher rotational speed favor the formation of thinner and longer fingers. Then, the critical angular velocity and initial jet velocity for nozzle‐/nozzle‐less centrifugal spinning are obtained in accordance with the balance of centrifugal force, viscous force, and surface tension. When jet leaves the spinneret, it will undergo a series of motions including necking and whipping processes, and then, a steady spiral jet path is formed with its radius getting tighter. Finally, we experimentally study the effect of rotational speed and solution concentration on jet path, which shows that the higher rotational speed results in a larger radius of jet path while the solution concentration has little effect on it. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 1547–1559
Properties of electrodeposited germanium thin films
Authors: Uchida Yasutaka , Funayama Tomoko , Kogure Yoshiaki , Ueno Kazuyoshi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this paper, the results of Ge film deposited by electroplating method was studied and showed the possibility of making a NIRS sensor by the Ge film. Cu/Ti double layer structure could use the cathode electrode on the glass substrate during the GeCl4 electroplating. The deposition rate of electroplating Ge film was 100 nm/h, however, that rate was improved to 570 nm/h by introducing a spacer between Cu thin film and extraction electrode and Ar gas bubbling. The oxygen content of as‐deposited film was about 10%, however, this value reduced to lower than 1% by using the Ar bubbling. The deposited film was amorphous and its optical band gap was 0.73 eV. 200 nm‐thick Ge film was formed on flexible substrate by electroplating method. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
WNT signaling in bone development and homeostasis
Authors: Zhong Zhendong , Ethen Nicole J. , Williams Bart O. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe balance between bone formation and bone resorption controls postnatal bone homeostasis. Research over the last decade has provided a vast amount of evidence that WNT signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating this balance. Therefore, understanding how the WNT signaling pathway regulates skeletal development and homeostasis is of great value for human skeletal health and disease. WIREs Dev Biol 2014, 3:489–500. doi: 10.1002/wdev.159This article is categorized under:

Vertebrate Organogenesis > Musculoskeletal and Vascular
Temporal and spatial patterns of defecation in wild boar
Authors: Ferretti Francesco , Storer Kate , Coats Julia , Massei Giovanna 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTWorldwide, wild boar (Sus scrofa) and feral pigs are involved in environmental damage and disease transmission. These impacts are often associated with relatively high local densities of pigs, so the monitoring of population trends is important. Dung counts can be used to estimate population trends, but knowledge of daily defecation rates (DDRs) is needed to estimate absolute numbers. To address this issue, we calculated the DDRs of 18 captive, adult wild boar in July 2005 and November 2007. The mean DDR was 3.8–4.3 dung/boar/day, depending on the trial. We discuss the results by comparing the DDR of wild boar to that of other ungulates and omnivores, and we consider the implications of these results for estimating feral pig and wild boar density through dung counts. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Der Wiederaufbau des Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes in der Bundesrepublik
Authors: Gostomzyk Johannes G. 
Published: September 2014

Einleitung
In den frühen Jahren der Bundesrepublik blieb der Öffentliche Gesundheitsdienst (ÖGD) auf der Rechtsgrundlage eines NS-Gesetzes erhalten, allerdings mit anhaltendem Aufgaben- und Personalabbau. Die wohlfahrtsstaatlich orientierte Gesundheitspolitik stärkte die GKV. Dementsprechend wurden Aufgaben der Gesundheitsfürsorge und der Prävention in die Kompetenz frei praktizierender Ärzte verlagert. Mitte der 1970er Jahre gewann der ÖGD wieder an Bedeutung durch neue Aufgaben und Gesundheitsdienstgesetze der Länder. New Public Health und Gesundheitsförderung waren kreative Impulse für den ÖGD und seine Akademien. Trotz Aufgaben- und Strukturentwicklung sind die Arztzahlen im ÖGD rückläufig. Für die Aufrechterhaltung des ÖGD sind weitere Maßnahmen erforderlich.
INCORPORATING ALL FOR ONE: THE FIRST EMPEROR'S TOMB MOUND
Authors: Shi Jie 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe towering earthen mound standing at the center of the First Emperor of Qin, Qin Shihuangdi's (259–210 b.c.e.) Lishan necropolis at present-day Lintong in Xi'an, Shaanxi province was arguably the single greatest burial marker in ancient China. For centuries, this gigantic unopened monument has sparked curiosity and aroused interest among people regarding its nature. Without physically damaging the target, in 2001–2003 Chinese archaeologists used a new geophysical remote sensor to scan the surface of the mound, digitally probed into its inner structure, and detected a nine-stepped wall that bounds an aboveground burial shaft stretching down deep into the ground. This novel structure begs the following questions: what are the basic elements of this tomb mound, how do they work together within a coherent plan, and why was it made?Based on previous scholarship, this article conducts a more thorough analysis of the tomb mound and compares it with the excavated Eastern Zhou royal tombs of the Qin, Wei, Zhao, Qi, Chu, Han, Yan, and Zhongshan states. The results demonstrate that rather than following a single model of a single state, the Lishan tomb mound incorporated almost all the major features of its Eastern Zhou predecessors, including but not limited to the external tumulus, the internal stepped wall or terrace, simulated galleries, and the freestanding ritual halls. This article argues that by creatively incorporating all the provincial ingredients into one imperial unity, the complex tomb mound unified multiple funerary practices of China. What's more, the tomb mound, most likely constructed after Qin's political unification of China in 221 b.c.e., perfectly embodies the new notion of empire and the political ambition of the First Emperor who strove throughout his life for becoming the “first” in Chinese history by merging all the past traditions.
Oat agriculture, cultivation and breeding targets: implications for human nutrition and health
Authors: Stewart Derek , McDougall Gordon 
Published: September 2014

Oats are undervalued in comparison with wheat, rice and barley, despite their unique composition that includes many of the nutrients required for health and a reduced risk of degenerative disease incidence. Furthermore, oats as whole grain and some of their associated products also contain β-glucan, a complex polysaccharide that has an approved health claim to reduce blood cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of CHD incidence if consumed at ≥ 3 g/d. At the agronomic level, oats exhibit optimal growth in regions of moderate temperature and long day length. In addition, they can tolerate wet weather and acidic soils more effectively than other cereals, such as wheat. Studies have shown that there is diversity in the content and composition of nutrients and health-beneficial components within the available wild and cultivated germplasm and that these are amenable to be enhanced by different agronomic practices as well as are susceptible to climatic variation. The advances in modern plant genetics, developed in sister cereals such as wheat, rice and barley, mean that oat development and exploitation should see an acceleration in the coming decade as they are adopted and applied. These advances include approaches such as genome sequencing, genotyping by sequencing and the allied next-level analytical approaches of RNA sequencing, transcriptome profiling and metabolomics. The collation and coordination of these approaches should lead to the generation of new, tailored oat varieties that are nutritionally enhanced and contain a greater proportion of health-beneficial components that can be translated through into a wide(r) range of consumer products with the ultimate hope of associated benefits to human health and nutrition.
The predictive value of structured ultrasonographic staging for thyroid nodules
Authors: Gray S L , O'Neill G , McGarry G 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackground:‘R staging’ is a new ultrasonographic scoring system developed and used by our specialist head and neck radiologist for reporting sonographic risk of malignancy to those at our thyroid multidisciplinary team meeting. This study aimed to: classify the R staging system, examine its relationship with the eventual histopathological diagnosis and define its clinical utility.Methods:The pre-operative ultrasound scans of 78 patients were assigned an R status by our specialist head and neck radiologist. The final histopathology report for each thyroid nodule was used as the ‘gold standard’ for analysis.Results:When thyroid nodules were classified as low risk (R stages 1–3) or high risk (R stages 4–5) for malignancy, the sensitivity of R staging was 74.2 per cent and specificity was 80.9 per cent. An R5 status was 100 per cent predictive of malignancy.Conclusion:Our results compare favourably with other suggested ultrasonographic staging systems for thyroid nodules.
Spanning the complexity chasm: A research approach to move from simple to complex engineering systems
Authors: Viswanathan Vimal , Linsey Julie 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA multistudy approach is presented that allows design thinking of complex systems to be studied by triangulating causal controlled lab findings with coded data from more complex products. A case study illustration of this approach is provided. During the conceptual design of engineering systems, designers face many cognitive challenges, including design fixation, errors in their mental models, and the sunk cost effect. These factors need to be mitigated for the generation of effective ideas. Understanding the effects of these challenges in a realistic and complex engineering system is especially difficult due to a variety of factors influencing the results. Studying the design of such systems in a controlled environment is extremely challenging because of the scale and complexity of such systems and the time needed to design the systems. Considering these challenges, a mixed-method approach is presented for studying the design thinking of complex engineering systems. This approach includes a controlled experiment with a simple system and a qualitative cognitive-artifacts study on more complex engineering systems followed by the triangulation of results. The triangulated results provide more generalizable information for complex system design thinking. This method combines the advantages of quantitative and qualitative study methods, making them more powerful while studying complex engineering systems. The proposed method is illustrated further using an illustrative study on the cognitive effects of physical models during the design of engineering systems.
Influenza surveillance in animals: what is our capacity to detect emerging influenza viruses with zoonotic potential?
Authors: VON DOBSCHUETZ S. , DE NARDI M. , HARRIS K. A. , MUNOZ O. , BREED A. C. , WIELAND B. , DAUPHIN G. , LUBROTH J. , STÄRK K. D. C. ,   the FLURISK Consortium
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYA survey of national animal influenza surveillance programmes was conducted to assess the current capacity to detect influenza viruses with zoonotic potential in animals (i.e. those influenza viruses that can be naturally transmitted between animals and humans) at regional and global levels. Information on 587 animal influenza surveillance system components was collected for 99 countries from Chief Veterinary Officers (CVOs) (n = 94) and published literature. Less than 1% (n = 4) of these components were specifically aimed at detecting influenza viruses with pandemic potential in animals (i.e. those influenza viruses that are capable of causing epidemic spread in human populations over large geographical regions or worldwide), which would have zoonotic potential as a prerequisite. Those countries that sought to detect influenza viruses with pandemic potential searched for such viruses exclusively in domestic pigs. This work shows the global need for increasing surveillance that targets potentially zoonotic influenza viruses in relevant animal species.
The status of tularemia in Europe in a one-health context: a review
Authors: HESTVIK G. , WARNS-PETIT E. , SMITH L. A. , FOX N. J. , UHLHORN H. , ARTOIS M. , HANNANT D. , HUTCHINGS M. R. , MATTSSON R. , YON L. , GAVIER-WIDEN D. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYThe bacteriumFrancisella tularensiscauses the vector-borne zoonotic disease tularemia, and may infect a wide range of hosts including invertebrates, mammals and birds. Transmission to humans occurs through contact with infected animals or contaminated environments, or through arthropod vectors. Tularemia has a broad geographical distribution, and there is evidence which suggests local emergence or re-emergence of this disease in Europe. This review was developed to provide an update on the geographical distribution ofF. tularensisin humans, wildlife, domestic animals and vector species, to identify potential public health hazards, and to characterize the epidemiology of tularemia in Europe. Information was collated on cases in humans, domestic animals and wildlife, and on reports of detection of the bacterium in arthropod vectors, from 38 European countries for the period 1992–2012. Multiple international databases on human and animal health were consulted, as well as published reports in the literature. Tularemia is a disease of complex epidemiology that is challenging to understand and therefore to control. Many aspects of this disease remain poorly understood. Better understanding is needed of the epidemiological role of animal hosts, potential vectors, mechanisms of maintenance in the different ecosystems, and routes of transmission of the disease.
Symptomatic and asymptomatic secondary transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum following two related outbreaks in schoolchildren
Authors: JOHANSEN Ø. H. , HANEVIK K. , THRANA F. , CARLSON A. , STACHURSKA-HAGEN T. , SKAARE D. , ROBERTSON L. J. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYTwo related outbreaks (in 2009 and 2012) of cryptosporidiosis in Norwegian schoolchildren during a stay at a remote holiday farm provided us with a natural experiment to investigate possible secondary transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum IIa A19G1R1. After the children had returned home, clinical data and stool samples were obtained from their household contacts. Samples were investigated for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts by immunofluorescence antibody test. We found both asymptomatic and symptomatic infections, which are likely to have been secondary transmission. Laboratory-confirmed transmission rate was 17% [4/23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7·0–37·1] in the 2009 outbreak, and 0% (95% CI 0–16·8) in the 2012 outbreak. Using a clinical definition, the probable secondary transmission rate in the 2012 outbreak was 8% (7/83, 95% CI 4·1–16·4). These findings highlight the importance of hygienic and public health measures during outbreaks or individual cases of cryptosporidiosis. We discuss our findings in light of previous studies reporting varying secondary transmission rates of Cryptosporidium spp.
Kant on the Logical Form of Singular Judgements
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAt A71/B96–7 Kant explains that singular judgements are ‘special’ because they stand to the general ones asEinheittoUnendlichkeit. The reference toEinheitbrings to mind the category of unity and hence raises a spectre of circularity in Kant’s explanation. I aim to remove this spectre by interpreting theEinheit-Unendlichkeitcontrast in light of the logical distinctions among universal, particular and singular judgments shared by Kant and his logician predecessors. This interpretation has a further implication for resolving a controversy over the correlation between the logical moments of quantity (universal, particular, singular) and the categorial ones (unity, plurality, totality).
Kant on Chemistry and the Application of Mathematics in Natural Science
Authors: McNulty Michael Bennett 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn hisMetaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft, Kant claims that chemistry is a science, but not aproperscience (like physics), because it does not adequately allow for the application of mathematics to its objects. This paper argues that the application of mathematics to a proper science is best thought of as depending upon a coordination between mathematically constructible concepts and those of the science. In physics, the proper science that exhausts thea prioriknowledge of objects of the outer sense, only motions and concepts reducible to motions can be legitimately coordinated with mathematical constructions. Since chemistry can neither achieve its owna prioriprinciples of coordination nor be reduced to the coordinated doctrine of motion, it is a merely improper science.
Simultaneous Quantification of Indium and Nitrogen Concentration in InGaNAs Using HAADF-STEM
Authors: Grieb Tim , Müller Knut , Cadel Emmanuel , Beyer Andreas , Schowalter Marco , Talbot Etienne , Volz Kerstin , Rosenauer Andreas 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTo unambiguously evaluate the indium and nitrogen concentrations in InxGa1−xNyAs1−y, two independent sources of information must be obtained experimentally. Based on high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images taken with a high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) detector the strain state of the InGaNAs quantum well is determined as well as its characteristic HAADF-scattering intensity. The strain state is evaluated by applying elasticity theory and the HAADF intensity is used for a comparison with multislice simulations. The combination of both allows for determination of the chemical composition where the results are in accordance with X-ray diffraction measurements, three-dimensional atom probe tomography, and further transmission electron microscopy analysis. The HAADF-STEM evaluation was used to investigate the influence of As-stabilized annealing on the InGaNAs/GaAs sample. Photoluminescence measurements show an annealing-induced blue shift of the emission wavelength. The chemical analysis precludes an elemental diffusion as origin of the energy shift—instead the results are in agreement with a model based on an annealing-induced redistribution of the atomic next-neighbor configuration.
Comparative study of methanogens in one- and two-stage anaerobic digester treating food waste
Authors: Kinnunen Marta , Hilderbrandt Daniel , Grimberg Stefan , Rogers Shane , Mondal Sumona 
Published: September 2014

AbstractChanges in methanogenic archaea were investigated in pilot-scale experiments during one- and two-stage mesophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) of food waste. Methane yields were 379.7±75.3 liters of methane per kg of volatile solids [L-CH4(kg-VS)−1] added to the system, during one-stage operation, and 446±922 L-CH4(kg-VS)−1added during two-stage operation. Populations of methanogenic archaea were monitored quantitatively by targeting the functional gene for methyl-coenzyme-M reductase (mcrA) using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques. During one-stage operation, meanmcrAgene concentrations were 2.48×109±2.7×109copies ml−1. Two-stage operation yielded meanmcrAgene concentrations of 9.85×108±8.2×108copies ml−1in the fermentation and 1.76×1010±8.5×109copies ml−1in the methanogenesis reactors, respectively. Diversity of archaea in the methanogenic reactors was investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis targeting the V3 region of 16S rRNA of archaea. The Shannon index (H) was 2.98 for one-stage operation and 7.29 for two-stage operation, suggesting greater archaeal diversity in the two-stage AD. The fivefold increase in methanogenic archaea populations during the two-stage operation, as indicated bymcrAgene concentration, corresponded to an increase in methane production rates. While the diversity may also be related to the stability of the microbial bioprocesses and improved methane production rates, the correlation between diversity and production rates should be studied further.