bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new physics‐based modeling approach for tsunami‐ionosphere coupling
Authors: Meng X. , Komjathy A. , Verkhoglyadova O. P. , Yang Y.‐M. , Deng Y. , Mannucci A. J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTsunamis can generate gravity waves propagating upward through the atmosphere, inducing total electron content (TEC) disturbances in the ionosphere. To capture this process, we have implemented tsunami‐generated gravity waves into the Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model (GITM) to construct a three‐dimensional physics‐based model WP (Wave Perturbation)‐GITM. WP‐GITM takes tsunami wave properties, including the wave height, wave period, wavelength, and propagation direction, as inputs and time‐dependently characterizes the responses of the upper atmosphere between 100 km and 600 km altitudes. We apply WP‐GITM to simulate the ionosphere above the West Coast of the United States around the time when the tsunami associated with the March 2011 Tohuku‐Oki earthquke arrived. The simulated TEC perturbations agree with Global Positioning System observations reasonably well. For the first time, a fully self‐consistent and physics‐based model has reproduced the GPS‐observed traveling ionospheric signatures of an actual tsunami event.
Ion temperature effects on magnetotail Alfvén wave propagation and electron energization
Authors: Damiano P. A. , Johnson J. R. , Chaston C. C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA new 2‐D self‐consistent hybrid gyrofluid‐kinetic electron model in dipolar coordinates is presented and used to simulate dispersive‐scale Alfvén wave pulse propagation from the equator to the ionosphere along an L = 10 magnetic field line. The model is an extension of the hybrid MHD‐kinetic electron model that incorporates ion Larmor radius corrections via the kinetic fluid model of Cheng and Johnson (1999). It is found that consideration of a realistic ion to electron temperature ratio decreases the propagation time of the wave from the plasma sheet to the ionosphere by several seconds relative to a ρi=0 case (which also implies shorter timing for a substorm onset signal) and leads to significant dispersion of wave energy perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field. Additionally, ion temperature effects reduce the parallel current and electron energization all along the field line for the same magnitude perpendicular electric field perturbation.
San Andreas fault zone velocity structure at SAFOD at core, log, and seismic scales
Authors: Jeppson Tamara N. , Tobin Harold J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe San Andreas Fault (SAF), like other mature brittle faults, exhibits a zone of low seismic velocity hypothesized to result from fluid pressure effects and/or development of a damage zone. To address the relative contributions of these mechanisms in developing low‐velocity zones, we measured P and S wave velocities ultrasonically at elevated confining and pore pressures on core samples from the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). We compared those data to wireline and seismic‐scale velocities to examine the scale dependence of acoustic properties of the fault core and damage zone. Average laboratory P and S wave velocities of the fault gouge at estimated in situ conditions are 3.1 and 1.5 km/s, respectively, consistent with the sonic log from the same intervals. These data show that fault core has intrinsically low velocity, even if no anomalous pore pressure is assumed, due to alteration and mechanical damage. In contrast, laboratory average P and S wave velocities for the damage zone are 4.7 and 2.5 km/s, up to 41% greater than the sonic log in the damage zone. This scale dependence indicates that stress conditions or macroscale features dominate the damage zone's acoustic properties, although velocity dispersion could play a role. Because no pressure anomaly was detected while drilling the SAFOD borehole, we infer that damage at a scale larger than core samples controls the elastic properties of the broader damage zone. This result bolsters other independent lines of evidence that the SAF does not contain major pore fluid overpressure at SAFOD.
Stereographic projection for three‐dimensional global discontinuous Galerkin atmospheric modeling
Authors: Blaise Sébastien , Lambrechts Jonathan , Deleersnijder Eric 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA method to solve the three‐dimensional compressible Navier‐Stokes equations on the sphere is suggested, based on a stereographic projection with a high‐order mapping of the elements from the stereographic space to the sphere. The projection is slightly modified, in order to take into account the domain thickness without introducing any approximation about the aspect ratio (deep‐atmosphere). In a discontinuous Galerkin framework, the elements alongside the equator are exactly represented using a nonpolynomial geometry, in order to avoid the numerical issues associated with the seam connecting the two hemispheres. This is an crucial point, necessary to avoid mass loss and spurious deviations of the velocity. The resulting model is validated on idealized three‐dimensional atmospheric test cases on the sphere, demonstrating the good convergence properties of the scheme, its mass conservation, and its satisfactory behavior in terms of accuracy and low numerical dissipation. A simulation is performed on a variable resolution unstructured grid, producing accurate results despite a substantial reduction of the number of elements.
Characterization of facial pain associated with chronic rhinosinusitis using validated pain evaluation instruments
Authors: DeConde Adam S. , Mace Jess C. , Ashby Shaelene , Smith Timothy L. , Orlandi Richard R. , Alt Jeremiah A. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundPrior investigations into facial pain associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have yielded important results, but have yet to use pain‐specific outcome measures. This study seeks to characterize facial pain associated with CRS using validated pain‐specific instruments.MethodsAdults with CRS were enrolled into a prospective, cross‐sectional study along with control participants presenting with non‐CRS diagnoses. Facial pain was characterized in both groups using the Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (BPI‐SF) and the Short‐Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF‐MPQ). CRS‐specific measures of disease were measured including the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test‐22 (SNOT‐22), nasal endoscopy, and computed tomography scoring.ResultsThe patients comprised of CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP; n = 25), CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP; n = 30), and control participants (n = 8). Subjects with CRSwNP and CRSsNP were less likely to be pain free than controls (16.0%, 6.7%, and 62.5% respectively, p = 0.001) and carried greater burden of pain as measured by the BPI‐SF and SF‐MPQ than controls (p = 0.002 and p = 0.017, respectively). Pain in CRS was most commonly located around the eyes and characterized as “throbbing” and “aching.” Nasal polyp status was not associated with differences in character, severity, or location of pain.ConclusionSubjects with CRS have a greater burden of facial pain relative to control subjects across several standardized pain measures. Further, facial pain in CRS significantly correlated to quality of life and CRS‐specific disease severity measures. Study across larger cohorts using standardized pain measures is warranted to clarify the association of facial pain with CRS.
Improvement and prevention of asthma with concomitant treatment of allergic rhinitis and allergen‐specific therapy
Authors: Mener David J. , Lin Sandra Y. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundAsthma and allergic rhinitis are 2 of the most prevalent chronic medical diseases. Asthma is estimated to affect 8% of adults and 9% of children, with nearly 300 million people affected worldwide. Poorly controlled allergic rhinitis may be associated with worsening asthma symptoms over time. Various treatments have been proposed in the improvement and prevention of asthma in children and adults with allergic symptoms, which have included pharmacotherapy with antihistamines and topical intranasal corticosteroids, as well as allergen‐specific immunotherapy.MethodsArticles were selected through PubMed and personal knowledge of the authors based on a comprehensive literature review examining whether treatment of allergic rhinitis improves and/or prevents concomitant symptoms of asthma. The largest and highest‐quality studies were included in the literature review. The search selection was not standardized. Articles written in a language other than English were excluded.ResultsClinical trials have showed improvement in asthma symptoms with concomitant treatment of allergic rhinitis with antihistamines and topical intranasal corticosteroids, though improvement in objective pulmonary function parameters has not been uniformly demonstrated with antihistamine use alone. There is very strong evidence to suggest that subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy may in addition prevent the progression of asthma in high‐risk atopic patients by inducing immunological tolerance.ConclusionTraditional pharmacotherapy with antihistamines and topical intranasal steroids has been shown to improve allergic rhinitis symptoms with concomitant allergic asthma; however, only allergen‐specific immunotherapy offers long‐term control in improving asthma symptoms, exacerbations, and likely ultimate prevention in developing asthma.
Direct condensation of lactic acid in the presence or absence of supported zirconium sulfate
Authors: Raase Jennifer Marina , Reichert Karl‐Heinz , Schomäcker Reinhard 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTDirect condensation of l‐lactic acid was studied, aiming at highly crystalline and enantiopure high molecular weight (MW) products. Catalyst‐free polylactic acid (PLA) with weight average MW of 80,000 g mol−1, based on PLA standards, and a crystallinity of 75% is synthesized at 140°C in a fixed‐bed reactor under vacuum or nitrogen purging. Supported zirconium sulfate is found to be an efficient and enantioselective catalyst for the melt and solid‐state post‐condensation of short‐chain prepolymers. Small‐molecule monohydroxy alcohols, aldehydes, di‐ and monocarboxylic acids (e.g., acrylic acid [1,700 ppm], propionic acid [1,800 ppm]) are detected in the lactic acid and prepolymers by high performance liquid chromatography, electron spray ionization, and electron impact mass spectroscopy. Thermal degradation of polymer chains, the crystallinity of the prepolymer, and the presence of monofunctional impurities are crucial parameters for the limitation of the MW of the resulting product. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42444.
Fluorescently labeled degradable thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers: Visual evaluation for the degradation behavior
Authors: Liu Zhengsheng , Liu Shuai , Shi Heguang , Ren Hongqi , Wang Ruiyu , Yang Jixiang , Guo Tianying 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPU) were synthesized with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as the rigid segment, poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA‐PEG‐PLGA) diol as soft segment, and 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) as the chain extender. During the chain extension process, three kinds of fluorescent monomers 4‐(2‐hydroxyethylamino)−1,8‐naphthoyl‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)imide (HNHI), 1,5‐dihydroxy naphthalene (DHN), and dicoumarin (DIC) were introduced to get the fluorescently labeled degradable TPUs. The structure and degradation properties of the TPUs were characterized in detail. The results showed that there was no significant effect found on average molecular weight, mechanical properties, and glass transition temperature of polyurethane by introducing 0.001% (wt) weight percent of fluorescence monomers. The degradation behavior of fluorescent‐tagged thermoplastic elastomer has been characterized with fluorescence microscopy. Results showed that polyurethane elastomers, in which fluorescence monomers especially HNHI were introduced by chemical reaction, had more homogeneous and stable fluorescence intensity than that with fluorescence monomers introduced by post blending. This work also provides a promising visual characterization approach to monitor degradation behavior of degradable TPUs for tissue engineering applications or drug delivery system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42519.
Enzymatic‐assisted extraction and modification of lignocellulosic plant polysaccharides for packaging applications
Authors: Martínez‐Abad Antonio , Ruthes Andrea C. , Vilaplana Francisco 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTPlant polysaccharides comprise the main renewable resource available in the biosphere for biomaterial production. However, the recalcitrant and heterogeneous structure of lignocellulosic biomass hinders the effective fractionation and exploitation of the polysaccharide components for the design of carbohydrate‐based materials. Carbohydrate‐active enzymes constitute a selective and versatile biotechnological tool that can assist during the biomass pretreatment steps to extract and fractionate the polysaccharide macromolecular components. Moreover, this enzymatic toolbox can be as well exploited for the tailored modification of the molecular structure of relatively pure polysaccharide components to achieve customized macroscopic properties. This review critically discusses the potential and challenges of the use of plant lignocellulosic polysaccharides and enzymatic modifications to design and prepare suitable materials for packaging applications in terms of their structure–property relations. Structural factors such as the molar mass and crystallinity of the polysaccharide fractions and functional factors such as water sensitivity and processability of the derived films are critical for the material performance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42523.
Crystallization and melting behavior of poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐δ‐valerolactone) and poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐L‐lactide) copolymers with novel chain microstructures
Authors: Fernández Jorge , Etxeberria Agustin , Sarasua Jose‐Ramon 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTNuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) characterization of the statistical copolymers of this study showed that the poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐L‐lactide)s, with ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) molar contents ranging from 70 to 94% and ε‐CL average sequence length (lCL) between 2.20–9.52, and the poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐δ‐valerolactone)s, with 60 to 85% of ε‐CL and lCL between 2.65–6.08, present semi‐alternating (R→2) and random (R∼1) distribution of sequences, respectively. These syntheses were carried out with the aim of reducing the crystallinity of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), needed to provide mechanical strength to the material but also responsible for its slow degradation rate. However, this was not achieved in the case of the ε‐caprolactone‐co‐δ‐valerolactone (ε‐CL‐co‐δ‐VAL). Non‐isothermal cooling treatments at different rates and isothermal crystallizations (at 5, 10, 21 and 37°C) were conducted by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and demonstrated that ε‐CL copolymers containing δ‐valerolactone (δ‐VAL) exhibited a larger crystallization capability than those of L‐lactide (L‐LA) and also arranged into crystalline structures over shorter times. The crystallization enthalpies of the ε‐CL‐co‐δ‐VAL copolymers during the cooling treatments and their heat of fusion (ΔHm) at the different isothermal temperatures were very large (i.e. ΔHc > 53 Jg−1) and in some cases, unrelated to the copolymer composition. In some compositions, such as the 60 : 40, Wide Angle X‐ray Scattering (WAXS) proved that that these two lactones undergo isomorphism and co‐crystallize in a single cell. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42534.
Novel acetylene‐terminated polyimide oligomers with excellent processability and high toughness of films
Authors: Yu Ping , Wang Yan , Yu Junrong , Zhu Jing , Hu Zuming 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTA series of acetylene‐terminated imide oligomers based on 2,3,3′,4′‐Diphenyl ether tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (a‐ODPA), 3,4′‐Oxydianiline (3,4′‐ODA), and 3‐Ethynylaniline (3‐EA) with different molecular weights were synthesized by using acetic anhydride and triethylamine as dehydrating agent. Their main structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). Thermal curing processing was characterized by FT‐IR and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). All the uncured imide oligomers showed excellent solubility (more than 30 wt %) in organic solvent such as N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP). These imide oligomers also possessed a very low viscosity, thus provided better processing window. These oligomers were formulated into thermosetting films by thermal crosslinking of the ethynyl groups. The properties of cured films were evaluated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile measurement. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and elongation at break of the cured films were found to be almost >260°C and >9.2%, respectively. The cured films in air resulted in higher thermal stability than those under N2 atmosphere. Experimental results suggested that the introduction of asymmetric and flexible ether‐hinge with 3‐EA in polyimide oligomers can improve the processability of the imide oligomers and the toughness for a cured sample without sacrificing their thermal‐oxidative stability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42537.
Improved electrochemical performances of polyaniline by graphitized mesoporus carbon: Hybrid electrode for supercapacitor
Authors: Male Umashankar , Srinivasan Palaniappan 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work, graphitized mesoporus carbon (GMC) was used to increase the specific capacitance and cycle stability of polyaniline (PANI). Hybrid material of polyaniline‐graphitized mesoporus carbon (GMCP) was prepared by in situ chemical polymerization of aniline in presence of sulphuric acid using ammonium persulfate oxidant with various amounts of GMC. Formation of hybrid sample was confirmed from X‐ray diffraction, and the composite sample was stable up to 250°C. Morphology, crystalline nature, and electrochemical performance of GMCP were compared with that of its individual components, GMC and PANI. GMC showed particle morphology and PANI showed nanofiber morphology. GMCP2 composite showed nanofibrous form of PANI grown on GMC (spherical form) along with PANI nanofibers. Higher crystallinity was obtained for GMCP than that of PANI. Cycling stability of GMCP2 was carried up to 12,000 cycles at 1200 W kg−1 and the retention capacitance was 66% of its original capacitance of 243 F g−1. With the same power density, GMC showed less capacitance value of 53 F g−1 with 92% retention and PANI showed capacitance of 187 F g−1 and it underwent 1500 cycles only. Higher supercapacitor performance was obtained for GMCP composite compared to that of its components, PANI and GMC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42540.
Self film‐forming and opaque hollow latexes fabricated via seeded emulsion polymerization followed by alkali post‐treatment
Authors: Huang Xinyi , Li Lingxiao , Xu Min , Xu Jing , Jiang Yiming , Kan Chengyou 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTIn order to obtain novel hollow latexes with both opaque and self film‐forming properties, the four‐layer core/shell latex particles—sequentially consisting of a high carboxyl‐containing soft core, a transition layer, a rigid supporting layer, and an outermost film‐forming layer—are first designed and prepared by emulsion polymerization, and then treated with alkali to fabricate self film‐forming hollow latexes. On the basis of the previous research on the three‐layer core/shell latex, influences of the composition and thickness of the film‐forming layer on the properties and morphologies of the four‐layer core/shell and the final hollow latexes are investigated. Results show that under optimized conditions with butyl acrylate/styrene (BA/St) mass ratio of 2/1, divinyl benzene (DVB) content of 1 wt %, and core/film‐forming layer mass ratio of 1/6 in the film‐forming layer preparation, the final hollow latex particles exhibit best morphology considering both light scattering efficiency and film‐forming capability at room temperature. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42541.
The dual nature of HDL: Anti‐Inflammatory and pro‐Inflammatory
Authors: Namiri‐Kalantari Ryan , Gao Feng , Chattopadhyay Arnab , Wheeler Aerin Alese , Navab Kaveh D. , Farias‐Eisner Robin , Reddy Srinivasa T. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHigh density lipoprotein (HDL) has long been considered a protective factor against the development of coronary heart disease. Two important roles of HDL include reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and the modulation of inflammation. The main protein component of HDL; apolipoprotein A‐I (apo A‐I) is primarily responsible for RCT. Apo A‐I can be damaged by oxidative mechanisms, which reduce the protein's ability to promote RCT. In disease states such as diabetes, associated with a chronic acute‐phase response, HDL has been found to be dysfunctional and pro‐inflammatory. HDL cholesterol levels do not predict composition and/or function and therefore it is important to evaluate the quality and not just the quantity of HDL cholesterol when considering the risk of cardiovascular events. In clinical practice, there are currently no widely available tests for measuring the composition, functionality, and inflammatory properties of HDL. Small peptides that mimic some of the properties of apo A‐I have been shown in pre‐clinical models to improve HDL function and reduce atherosclerosis without altering HDL cholesterol levels. Clinical trials using HDL and HDL mimetics as therapeutic agents are currently underway. Results in animal studies and early clinical trials will be reviewed. © 2015 BioFactors, 41(3):153–159, 2015