bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erasistratus, physician
Authors: Rocca Julius 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Erasistratus of Keos (ca. 315–ca. 240
BCE
), younger contemporary of Herophilos, was the son of Kleombrotos, a doctor at the court of Seleukos I Nikator. That Erasistratus was tutored by the physician Chrysippos of Knidos and received instruction from Theophrastus cannot be proven. Although it is probable that Erasistratus did for a time practice medicine in Antioch (his curing the lovesick Stratonike, wife of Seleukos, is pure invention), he established his reputation and professional career in the newly minted, dynamic city of Alexandria. Erasistratus, like Herophilos, was undoubtedly drawn there by the vigorous climate of inquiry into literary, medical, scientific, and technical subjects, fostered by the first two Ptolemies.
Euclid
Authors: Vitrac Bernard 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBook 7 of Pappus'Collection(fourth centuryCE) discusses a corpus of advanced geometric works and is dedicated to the theory of loci, traditionally called “the analytic corpus.” In the beginning of the preface, Pappus states: “The analytic corpuswas written by three men, Euclid the Elementarist, Apollonios of Perge, and Aristaios the elder” (Jones 1986: 83).
Eutocius
Authors: Roby Courtney 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEutocius of Ascalon (ca. 480–530CE) wrote commentaries to Archimedes'On the Sphere and Cylinder(SC),Planes in Equilibrium, andMeasurement of the Circle, and to Appolonius'Conica. He is also said to have written scholia on Ptolemy'sSyntaxis Mathematica, which do not survive. His works were edited by Heiberg in the third book of hisArchimedis Opera; an annotated English translation of the commentaries toSCis included in Netz (2004a).
Fossils
Authors: Mayor Adrienne 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Fossils, the mineralized remains of extinct creatures, have been part of the natural and cultural landscape since the first humans gathered stone shells for ritual and decorative uses (Oakley 1975). The literary, historical, and archaeological evidence for this fact remained unexamined, however, until Mayor (2000) and Boardman (2002: 33–43) drew convincing links between ancient Greek and Roman accounts of remarkable or gigantic bones in specific locations and modern paleontological discoveries of impressive fossil deposits of large extinct mammals in the same places.
Hippias, mathematician
Authors: Jones Alexander 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Proclus (
Comm. on Euclid Elem. I
) makes a passing reference to
tetragônizousai
(“squrers,” conventionally translated as “quadratrices“), curved lines that he says were employed by Hippias and Nicomedes to solve the geometrical problem of constructing a square equal in area to a given circle.
Medicine, Mesopotamian
Authors: Heeßel Nils P. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMesopotamian medicine developed out of folk tradition, characterized by basic beliefs in supernatural beings causing sickness and the efficacy of herbal remedies against disease. Texts dealing with medical problems are, therefore, mostly concerned with identifying the supernatural being responsible for the sickness of a patient, with the identification, healing power, and application of plants, and with prescriptions against all kinds of diseases.
Menelaus, astronomer
Authors: Brummelen Glen Van , Rodzinyak Daphne 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMenelaus of Alexandria (fl. 100CE) was a scientist who contributed to the advancement of spherical trigonometry, astronomy, and geometry. We know virtually nothing of his life, other than a report of astronomical observations that he made in Rome in 98. We do have references to a number of his works.
Nechepso and Petosiris
Authors: Greenbaum Dorian Gieseler , Ross Micah 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Certain astrological pseudepigraphies attribute early doctrines of ancient western astrology to “Nechepso” and “Petosiris.” Nechepso was supposedly a king of Egypt; Petosiris’ relationship to him is unclear, but they are often cited together.
Numbers, Roman
Authors: Montelle Clemency 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The system of numeration in ancient Rome, the so‐called Roman numerals, was a base‐ten system using selected symbols to indicate absolute numerical values. From seven symbols – I for one, V for five, X for ten, L for fifty, C for one hundred, D for five hundred, and M for one thousand – numbers were formed from their combined sum or difference.
Teleology
Authors: Zeyl Donald J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThroughout the whole of antiquity, the Greek philosophers have sought to explain the origin, structure, and observable processes of the spatio‐temporal universe. A key question to which they have given divergent answers is whether or not the universe as a whole or its various natural parts exhibit purpose and if so, whether or not such purpose is attributable to a transcendent rational entity or principle.
Vettius Valens
Authors: Greenbaum Dorian Gieseler 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe nine books of theAnthologiesof Vettius Valens (fl. ca. 150–70CE) are probably the most extensive books of astrological technique and practice preserved from antiquity. Though Valens does not have the fame of his near contemporary Claudius Ptolemy, his treatises are equally important for our understanding of the practice of astrology in the second centuryCE. Ptolemy's and Valens' approaches to astrology were very different; where Ptolemy emphasized theory and physical causation, Valens focused on practice, and on astrology as divinely revealed doctrine.
Burial, Greece
Authors: Sehlmeyer Markus 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe study of burial practices is important for understanding the cultural development, religious ideas, and political culture of the Greek world. Since ceremonies connected with burial are well known only from the late Archaic period, the investigation of early Greek burials has to concentrate on cemeteries and objects found in graves; the survey otherwise is chronological with excurses on general topics such as funeral art or specific rituals. As there is a multitude of literary and archaeological sources for Athens, that city here serves an exemplary purpose. Other poleis and kingdoms can only be treated selectively – when they show different types of burial.
Canusium Album
Authors: Hahn Johannes 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

This bronze tablet (66×74 cm) (
CIL
IX 338 = ERCanosa I 35) comprises the complete list of the
ordo decurionum
of Canusium (Apulia) as revised by the
duoviri quinquennales
M. Antonius Priscus and L. Annius Secundus in 223
CE
and presumably displayed in the Forum.
Ethnicity, Greek and Roman
Authors: Isaac Benjamin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIdentity as a social and psychological concept is highly problematic: it represents a process of interaction, self‐perception, and the reflection of one's image in others' eyes. A person's identity is determined by who he or she thinks he or she is, and by how others are perceived to regard him or her. Ethnic identity is an even more complex and disputed topic, because it concerns groups and long‐term developments.
Fulling, fullers
Authors: Rohde Dorothea 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDue to the equipment, chemicals, and large quantities of water required to clean fabrics and to process untreated woolen fabrics into cloth, the work was not generally done in individual households but was performed by free or enslaved fullers (Latin:fullones; Greek:gnapheis) in specialized workshops (fullonicae). The varying sizes of attested workshops shows a wide range of volume of production for either the local market or for a professional clientele. Given the tendency of Roman elites to look down upon those involved in urban labor and view such workers as being members of a single undifferentiated underclass, it is perhaps not surprising thatfullones– as urban workers – were the subject of derogatory remarks in Roman literature (e.g., Macrob.Sat. 2.2.9; Dio. 46.4–5), which often applied the inaccurate termfulloto their profession.
Illness
Authors: Touwaide Alain 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe pathological reality of Antiquity as a whole is difficult to perceive with some exactness, in spite of the texts describing single cases, such as the several books grouped under the titleEpidemicsand included in theCorpus Hippocraticum, the many works of descriptive anatomo‐pathology by Galen (for example,De locis affectis), or treatises on specific diseases, of the kidneys and the urinary tract, melancholia, and gout by Rufus of Ephesos (fl. ca. 100CE), and helminthology and ophthalmology by Alexander of Tralles (fl. ca. 565CE).
Ingenuus
Authors: Ellart Carlos Sánchez‐Moreno 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Ingenui
were freemen who were born as such. According to Gaius (Gai. 1.11), freemen (
liberi
) were either
ingenui
or
libertini
, the latter being those who had attained liberty through manumission. Children born from legal marriage were always
ingenui
(I. 1.4 pr.) since marriage implies citizenship.
Ingenuus
was frequently used as a qualification of
liber
(
liber et ingenuus
: Livy 6.40; Hor.
Ad Pis
. 383). This could explain Festus' assertion (Paul. Fest. 241, s.v.
patricios
excerpted from Cincius'
De comitiis
) that this name was originally strictly reserved for patricians, because at that time only they were considered to be Roman citizens (Livy 10.8.10).
Literacy, Rome and provinces
Authors: Haeussler Ralph 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLiteracy is conventionally defined as the ability to read and write. There are various forms of literacy depending on people's membership in a particular culture. We need to distinguish between active and passive literacy: starting with the ability to decipher or write simple texts, to the creative composition of complex texts with the complex syntax which may also imply forms of critical thinking and a reflection of one's self. Literacy may depend on people's status, their profession, gender, and age‐group, and their access to education.
Nutrition and malnutrition
Authors: Touwaide Alain 
Published: December 2012

AbstractStudy of nutrition in Antiquity has been based for a long time on primary sources as catalogs of foodstuffs (with their properties) in medical literature (e.g.,Corpus Hippocraticum,Regimen, and Galen,De alimentorum facultatibus, andDe bonis malisque sucis), pharmacological and natural history encyclopedias (Dioscorides,De materia medica, and Pliny,Naturalis Historia), or cookbooks (for example, Pseudo‐Apicius), sometimes also referring to artistic representations of foodstuffs (including still lifes) such as Pompeii frescoes.
Peristyle
Authors: Emme Burkhard 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA major feature of Greek and Roman architecture, a peristyle consists of a central courtyard with porticoes usually on all four sides, stemming from the Greek wordperistylos, meaning “surrounded by columns.” The peristyle was developed in Greek architecture in the course of the fifth centuryBCE, and soon was used for buildings of different functions, such as dining halls, sanctuaries, markets, gymnasia, and magistrates' offices likeprytaneia.
Games, Greek and Roman
Authors: Schaedler Ulrich 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Games discussed in this article include games with dice, board games, and games of skill played by children or adults, excluding athletic, acrobatic, and theatrical activities, as for example the Olympic and other contests, gladiatorial combats, or chariot races, although the Greek term
paignion
and the Latin term
Indus
comprise all these kinds of games.
Foundation deposits
Authors: Van Haarlem Willem 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This type of deposit is generally defined as a kind of offering placed in or beneath the foundations of a building or in its vicinity at the time of its founding (often under corners or other focal points such as doorways). This does not include objects or food items deposited after the structure was completed. In Egypt, the foundation ceremony for a temple was only the initial part of a ritual sequence that was not considered finished until the completed building had been ritually presented to its chief deity by a king. Hence, any offerings laid down before the completion of the final dedication rites must be included as foundation offerings.
Adad‐guppi
Authors: Melville Sarah C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAdad‐guppi was the mother of Nabonidus, the last ruler of the Neo‐Babylonian Dynasty. Her extraordinary 104‐year life was recorded in a posthumous pseudo‐autobiography (Longman 1991) on twin funeral steles displayed at the Ehulhul, the temple of Sin in Harran (Pognon 1907; Gadd 1958).
Anshan
Authors: Emberling Geoff 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Anshan (modern Tal‐i Malyan) is the highland capital of ancient Elam. The site is located in the Kur River Basin of Fars Province, Iran, about 40 km from Persepolis. Anshan is linked to Elam's lowland capital of Susa in historical sources, material culture, and by the migration routes of nomads who spent summers in the highlands and winters at lower elevations.
Asherah
Authors: Smelik Klaas A. D. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Asherah is the name of a Northwest Semitic mother goddess. In texts from Ugarit, she is portrayed as the spouse of the supreme god El and as mother of the gods; she is also called “Lady Asherah of the Sea. ” In the Ba'al cycle, she intercedes with El to provide a palace for Ba'al. As mother goddess, Asherah is to be distinguished from Astarte, the Canaanite fertility goddess.
Ashurbanipal(Assurbanipal)
Authors: Frahm Eckart 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAssurbanipal (Assyrian:Aššur‐bāni‐apli) was a king of Assyria who ruled from 669 to ca. 627BCE. His reign marks in some respects the apex of Assyrian civilization but signals as well Assyria's imminent downfall.
Awīlum, muškēnum
, and
wardum
Authors: Reculeau Hervè 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The Laws of Hammurabi (eighteenth century
BCE
;
see
Hammurabi of babylon and his dynasty) divide Babylonian society into three social classes (or orders),
awīlum, muškēnum
, and
wardum
, the penalty inflicted for certain crimes varying depending on the status of the perpetrator and victim. The nature of this tripartite division and its social implications are still debated among scholars, especially since these terms are polysemic and vary according to the context in which they appear.
Bala (palû)
Authors: Glassner Jean‐Jacques 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

BALA is a Sumerian word (borrowed into Akkadian as
palû
) denoting a period of time seen as a structural relationship between two points. This mode of time is conceptualized by reference to the cycles of seasons or the succession of generations. It denotes not a period of fixed length but a time span, whose specific length varied from a few days to several years. The word BALA also refers to the term of a rotating office, held in turn by a succession of officeholders; such rotating offices ranged from the humblest functions to the positions of governors, kings, or even gods.
Balaam
Authors: Smelik Klaas A. D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBalaam was a prophet from Transjordan who is attested in the Old and New Testament as well as in an eighth centuryBCEplaster inscription found in Jordan. According to Num 22–24, Balak, king of Moab, sends messengers to Balaam requesting him to curse the Israelites. Balaam refuses but after divine interference arrives in Moab. He makes it clear that he will say only what Yhwh wants him to say. Having received a divine message, he blesses Israel in his first oracle. Balak makes two further endeavors, but each time Balaam's oracle is a blessing. Balaam pronounces a final oracle stating that Israel will rule over the Transjordanian kingdoms, including Moab.
Emesal (Sumerian dialect)
Authors: Michalowski Piotr 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEmesal – that is, E M E S A L, literally “thin tongue” – is a dialect or sociolect of the Sumerian Language that is restricted to direct speech of goddesses and women in certain types of literary texts, in particular lamentations, divine love songs, a dialogue, proverbs, a “lullaby,” and a few more.
Hammurabi of Babylon and his dynasty
Authors: Jacquet Antoine 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Old Babylonian period in Mesopotamia (twentieth–sixteenth centuriesBCE) is best known for the well‐documented reigns of Hammurabi, king of Babylon, and his son Samsu‐iluna, which constitute the apogee of this period. They belong to a line of ten kings who form the 1st Dynasty of Babylon.
Hana, Hanaean
Authors: Reculeau Hervé 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The gentilic Hana (Akkadian
hanûm, hana
) appears in texts from Mari (Tell Hariri) (eighteenth century
BCE
), where it refers to nomads, and from Terqa (sixteenth–fourteenth centuries), perhaps with a geographic referent; it recurs occasionally in later literature.
Kubaba
Authors: Mora Clelia 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Kubaba was the principal goddess of Carchemish during the late second and early first millennia
BCE
. The name Kubaba (written
Ku‐ba‐ba
or
Ku‐pa‐pa
) is attested in several cuneiform tablets found at Hattusa, the Hittite capital, including lists of gods in rituals, descriptions of festivals, and prayers.
Lagash (Tell al‐Hiba)
Authors: Lafont Bertrand 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Lagash was the name of both a city and a territory located in the southeast of Sumer, in southern Iraq. For a long time ancient Lagash was erroneously identified with modern Telloh, which is instead the site of ancient Girsu. It is the gigantic site of Tell al‐Hiba, almost 600 ha in extent, that represents the remains of Lagash.
Marduk‐apla‐iddin II (Merodach‐baladan)
Authors: Frahm Eckart 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMarduk‐apla‐iddin II, known from the Bible (Is 39:1; 2 Kgs 20:12) as Merodach‐baladan, was a leader of the Chaldaean “tribe” of Bit‐Yakin who ruled as king of Babylon from 722 to 710BCEand then again for nine months in 704 or 703.
Misharum
Authors: Lion Brigitte 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The justice of the sovereign was exalted in the royal ideology of early second‐millennium Mesopotamia. This concept of justice had two distinct aspects,
kittum
(from the root
k‐w‐n
, “to be stable”), which guaranteed to each his due, and
misharum
(from
’‐š‐r
, “to be straight,” factitive “make straight”), rectification of troublesome situations.
Nabonidus
Authors: Joannès Francis 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThrough a plot, Nabonidus (Nabu‐na'id; r. 556–539BCE) came to the throne of Babylon at an advanced age. His singular personality can be explained by his illegitimacy and by his Assyro‐Aramaean heritage, through his mother Adad‐Guppi, who was closely linked with the temple of the moon‐god Sin at Harran.
Sargon II of Assyria
Authors: Frahm Eckart 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Sargon II was king of Assyria from 722 to 705
BCE
; from 710 to 705, he was also king of Babylon. His actual Assyrian name was
Sharru‐ukin
; the name form “Sargon” is derived from the Hebrew Bible (Isa 20:1).
Suppiluliuma I
Authors: Beckman Gary 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA seasoned soldier who commanded armies already during the reign of his father Tudhaliya II, who was often in ill health, Suppiluliuma I (mid‐fourteenth centuryBCE) was brought to the Hittite throne by the military in a coup against the designated heir, his brother Tudhaliya III (“the Younger”).
Telepinu
Authors: Beckman Gary 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTelepinu (late sixteenth centuryBCE) came to the Hittite throne as a result of a coup. According to his own account, Telepinu and his wife Istapariya had been targeted for death by the preceding ruler, his brother‐in‐law Huzziya I. But having thwarted these plans and exiled Huzziya together with his partisans, Telepinu became king.
Tiglath‐pileser III
Authors: Frahm Eckart 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTiglath‐pileser III was a king of Assyria who ruled from 745 to 727BCE. His actual Assyrian throne name wasTukulti‐apil‐esharra; the form “Tiglath‐pileser” is derived from the Hebrew Bible (2 Kgs 15:29 and elsewhere). In Babylonian sources, the Ptolemaic Canon, Berossus, the Bible (2 Kgs 15:19, 1 Chr 5:26), and Josephus, he was also known as Pulu (Phulos, Poros), which is either a hypocoristic form ofTukulti‐apil‐esharraor the king's birth name.
Burna‐Buriash
Authors: Abraham Kathleen 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Burna‐Buriash (var. Burra‐Buriāš) was the name of at least two kings in the Kassite Dynasty of Babylon. Of these, the best known is Burna‐Buriash II (r. 1350–1324
BCE
), who was a contemporary of the Egyptian pharaohs Amenhotep III and IV (Akhenaten) and of the Assyrian king Aššur‐uballit I.
Gyges (Gugu) of Lydia
Authors: Rollinger Robert 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Lydian ruler Gyges, son of Daskylos, founded the dynasty of the Mermnads. His reign is dated roughly to the second third of the seventh centuryBCE. He is known both from contemporaneous Assyrian sources (where his name appears as Gugu) and from later Greek literature.
Nabonassar
Authors: Joannés Francis 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Nabonassar (Nabu‐naṣir), king of Babylon from 747 to 734
BCE
, had difficulty establishing his authority over a deeply‐divided Babylonia. The Chaldaean confederations in the country's south and center exhibited great independence, and the Aramaeans of eastern Babylonia dwelt in virtual autonomy.
Hieroglyphs, Anatolian
Authors: Yakubovich Ilya 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Anatolian hieroglyphic writing gradually arose out of an indigenous set of commonly used symbols and pictograms during the second millennium
BCE
. It is first attested in a fully developed form on Late Bronze Age seals and stone inscriptions of Hittite kings and high officials (ca. 1350–1200
BCE
).
Jozimine A2: The First Dimeric Dioncophyllaceae‐Type Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloid, with Three Chiral Axes and High Antiplasmodial Activity
Authors: Bringmann Gerhard , Zhang Guoliang , Büttner Tobias , Bauckmann Gabi , Kupfer Thomas , Braunschweig Holger , Brun Reto , Mudogo Virima 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA new dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid, jozimine A2 (2), was isolated from the root bark of an Ancistrocladus species from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Its absolute stereostructure was determined by chemical, spectroscopic, and chiroptical methods, and confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. Jozimine A2 (2) is one of the as yet very rare naphthylisoquinoline dimers whose central biaryl axis is rotationally hindered. Moreover, it is the first natural dimer of a Dioncophyllaceae‐type alkaloid, that is, lacking oxygen functions at C6, and bearing R configurations at C3 in its two isoquinoline portions. Despite this decreased steric hindrance, the outer biaryl axes are chiral, too, so that jozimine A2 (2) has three consecutive stereogenic axes and, together with the four stereogenic centers, seven elements of chirality and is C2‐symmetric. The new dimer exhibits excellent, and specific, antiplasmodial activity. To further confirm its stereostructure and for likewise testing the bioactivities of its (unnatural) atropo‐diastereomer, compound 2 was prepared by semi‐synthesis from the co‐occurring (and likewise synthetically available) dioncophylline A (5), along with its atropo‐diastereomer, 3′‐epi‐2.