bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Cold Work on Anodic Polarization of Iron in Sulfuric Acid
Authors: FINLEY T. C , MYERS J. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Effect of cold work on potentiostatic, anodic polarization behavior of commercial purity iron in hydrogen saturated, 1N sulfuric acid at 22 C (71.6 F) was determined. Cold work had no significant effect on the corrosion potential, Tafel constant for anodic dissolution in the active region, critical current density, potential associated with the initiation of the active-to-passive transition region, potential associated with the initiation of the transpassive region, or Tafel constant for visible oxygen evolution in the transpassive region. Potential associated with normal passive behavior was shifted in the noble direction by increasing amounts of cold work; major effect of cold work was to reduce the passive potential region.
Electrochemical Measurement of Corrosion
Authors: INDIG M. E. , GROOT C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The results of electrochemical measurements on the corrosion of NiCrFe Alloy 600 and Zircaloy-2 in slightly alkaline lithiated water at 288 C (550 F) are presented. The study showed that, in the presence of dissolved hydrogen at the level of 35 Scc/kg-H2O, the electrochemical techniques could not be used to measure the corrosion rate of NiCrFe Alloy 600. However, the measurements on Zircaloy-2 were unaffected by the presence of hydrogen, and good agreement between the electrochemically determined weight gain and the directly measured weight gain resulted. The difference between the behavior of the two alloys is explained by the ease with which redox reactions involving hydrogen occur on the NiCrFe Alloy 600 surfaces.
Effects of Stress and Plastic Deformation on the Corrosion of Steel
Authors: FRANCE W. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The rate and type of corrosion exhibited by mild steel in the annealed, stressed, and plastically deformed state have been investigated. Precise electrochemical techniques provided potential and polarization data to supplement the results of chemical corrosion tests. Experiments were conducted in 0.6M NH4NO3 solutions in which steel exhibits active-passive dissolution behavior as well as localized corrosion. At active potentials, the anodic polarization curves for annealed and deformed specimens were nearly identical, with only slight increases in current densities for the deformed steel. Results at passive potentials demonstrated that increased plastic deformation can markedly decrease the passive potential range, the stability of passivity, and the ability to passivate. At certain passive potentials, the deformed steel exhibited current densities that were 400 times greater than those for annealed steel. The effects of pH, chloride ions, and crevices on the corrosion of deformed steel were examined in detail. The differences between the dissolution behavior of annealed and deformed steel were most distinctive in the approximate pH range of 3 to 6. This work is relevant to the understanding of the initiation of localized corrosion and to anodic protection.
Optical Microscopy Studies of Anodic Dissolution of Iron in Sulfuric and Hydrochloric Acid Solutions: Influence of Metal Purity, Structure, Heat Treatment
Authors: CAMMAROTA G. P. , FELLONI L. , PALOMBARINI G. , TRAVERSO S. SOSTERO 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper describes the influence of metal purity, thermal treatment, cold rolling, grain orientation, and type of anion on dissolution kinetics of polycrystalline iron electrodes galvanostatically polarized in sulfuric and hydrochloric acid solutions. In 1N HCl solutions, Cl− adsorbed ions acted probably as anodic reaction inhibitors in the active region. This seemed to have been supported by corrosion behavior of differently oriented grains, ba high values, and depolarizing effects at current densities increasing with surface structural homogeneity. The Cl− adsorption, depending on pH, electrode potential, surface structure, grain orientation, and time, appears to have modified the chemisorption energy of the reactive species, changing the reaction mechanism. In 1N H2SO4 solutions, HSO4− may participate in the anodic process in the same way as OH− or H2O, e.g., following Evans' scheme (Reference 25). In the tests conducted in sulfuric solutions, the electrochemical data agreed with the Bockris' mechanism satisfactorily, but the corrosion morphology depended clearly on the surface structure.
Future Developments in Corrosion and Oxidation Research
Authors: WOOD G. C 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The general problems confronting corrosion and oxidation research in the 1970's are outlined, and suggestions are made for dealing with some of them. Subjects discussed include ways of disseminating existing information, methods of organizing and performing research so that the broadly based, interdisciplinary approach may be maintained, and likely changes in corrosion education. More detailed suggestions are then made for research on the high temperature oxidation and corrosion of materials and on selected aspects of corrosion and protection at ambient temperatures.
Characteristics of Localized Corrosion of Steel in Chloride Solutions
Authors: POURBAIX ANTOINE 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Pitting of steel in chloride solutions was studied in an experimental cell that permitted measurement of the pH and potential at active and passive areas as well as the current flowing between the areas. The potentials could be controlled potentiostatically. When the potentials of the active and passive areas were held at the same value, the corrosion rate at the active area was decreased by a factor of about 10, compared with the freely corroding rate. The kinetics of the processes in the active area were found to change rapidly with small variations of potential.
Electrochemical Behavior of High Purity Aluminum in Chloride Containing Solutions
Authors: DiBARI G. A. , READ H. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of high purity aluminum has been studied to clarify the corrosion behavior of the metal when exposed to oxygen free and oxygen saturated saline solutions of varying pH. The mixed or corrosion potential, EM, of the electropolished high purity aluminum decreases as the pH is increased except in the intermediate pH range (4 to 8) where EM increases. A local maximum in the corrosion potential curve as a function of pH is thus observed. The potentiostatic polarization data and controlled potential weight loss data obtained at pH 4.0 suggest that the rate of dissolution of high purity aluminum is independent of electrode potential over a fairly wide range, relatively insensitive to the presence of dissolved oxygen in the electrolyte, and highly sensitive to changes in pH. Based on the potentiostatic data, a corrosion diagram believed to be approximately valid from pH 0 to pH 14 has been constructed. The corrosion diagram is consistent with the observed relation between EM and pH, and also yields estimates of the rate of dissolution of aluminum as a function of pH. The rate of dissolution of high purity aluminum increases slightly between pH 0 and 4, decreases between pH 4 and 8, and increases from pH 8 to 14. The minimum at pH 8 may be the point at which the rate of formation of aluminum hydroxide on the electrode surface equals the rate of formation of the aluminate ion.
Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Maraging Steel Composites
Authors: FLOREEN S. , HAYDEN H. W. , KENYON N. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Laminated plate composites were prepared by hot roll bonding together plates of 18Ni(280) maraging steel and sheets of Armco iron. Composite welds of the same geometry were also prepared by successively depositing weld layers of these two materials. Plane strain stress corrosion tests of these two types of composites in aerated 3.5% NaCl solutions showed that stress corrosion crack propagation was stopped at stress intensities well above the KISCC values of the corresponding homogeneous maraging steel base plate and maraging steel weld metal. The results demonstrate that it is possible to retard stress corrosion crack propagation significantly in both base plate and weld structures by the use of a composite approach.
Mechanism of High Temperature Embrittlement and Loss of Corrosion Resistance in AISI Type 446 Stainless Steel
Authors: DEMO J. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The ferritic alloys, particularly AISI Type 446 steel with its high chromium content, have desirable properties of corrosion resistance, low raw material cost, and resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC); yet they are not widely used in construction work because of the damaging effects of high temperature exposures (such as welding) on their corrosion resistance and ductility. This work describes the causes for their loss of corrosion resistance and ductility, and defines changes in composition and heat treatment that would improve their material properties.
OBSERVATIONS AND THOUGHTS ON STRESS CORROSION MECHANISMS ASTM 1970 GILLETT MEMORIAL LECTURE
Authors: NIELSEN N. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Since the phenomena of stress corrosion cracking (of austenitic stainless steels) were first reported about 30 years ago, there has been a snowballing of costly failures in stainless steel equipment as well as in newer alloy systems, for example, titanium alloys, which were originally also thought to be immune to stress corrosion fracture. This has resulted in worldwide research on all aspects of stress corrosion phenomena. The incidence of failures can be controlled by judicious design, construction, operation, and maintenance of equipment, but complete understanding of stress corrosion cracking mechanisms remains to be achieved. It is believed, however, that from the cases of stress corrosion failures in aqueous chloride systems enough phenomenological information has been developed that a reasonably complete theoretical picture can be assembled. The main features of the suggested mechanism of corrosion cracking involve anodic dissolution, whereby nickel or another “noble” metal species is locally enriched, becoming sufficiently cathodic for hydrogen evolution to occur and embrittle the de-alloyed structure. The role of tensile stress in the system is to provide continuity and directionality to the local dissolution surface enrichment, hydrogen embrittlement (and mechanical rupture) process. Most all phenomenological features observed in alloys failed in chloride stress corrosion cracking systems can be worked into this model. The conclusion is made on the basis of a growing body of data being collected in many laboratories that the role of hydrogen as an embrittling agent may provide a possible unifying mechanism in stress corrosion and must be carefully reconsidered.
Stress Corrosion Properties of High Strength Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels
Authors: CARTER C S. , FARWICK D. G. , ROSS A. M. , UCHIDA J. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The plane-strain fracture toughness KIC and stress corrosion threshold KISCC (in 3.5% aqueous sodium chloride solution) have been determined for the following high strength, precipitation hardening steels: 17-7 PH (RH 950, TH 1050), PH 15-7Mo (RH 950, TH 1050), AM 355 (SCT 850, SCT 1000), AM 362 (H 900, H 1000), AM 364 (H 850, H 950), 17-4 PH (H 900, H 1000), 15-5 PH air melted and vacuum melted (H 900, H 1000), PH 13-8Mo (H 950), and Custom 455 (H 950). Correlations of KISCC with service performance and smooth-specimen test data are discussed.
Review of Literature on Pitting Corrosion Published Since 1960
Authors: SZKLARSKA-SMIALOWSKA Z. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The effect of the following factors on the mechanism and rate of pitting corrosion is discussed: composition of the corrosive medium, composition and structure of the metal or alloy, temperature, pH, heat treatment, cold working, and structure of the oxide film on passivated metals. The kinetics of pit growth, sites susceptible to pitting, methods for studying the tendency to pitting and various theories of pitting corrosion also are discussed.
Ellipsometric-Potentiostatic Studies of Steel Corrosion: Oxide Film Development and Effects of Inhibitors
Authors: BORNONG B. J. , MARTIN P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Simultaneous ellipsometric-potentiostatic measurements were used to study film development on mild steel in borate-boric acid buffer solutions at pH 7.4, with and without 0.005M and 0.0025M KCl. Effects of pre-adsorbed films of barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate were also determined. Coulometric and ellipsometric film thicknesses of the anodic films agreed reasonably well. Discrepancies increased when pitting occurred because of surface roughening. Chloride ion reduced the passive range and caused increased corrosion at a lower potential. Pre-adsorbed sulfonate films desorbed rapidly under anodic polarization, but were stable for 0.1 to 0.2 volt cathodic. The initial corrosion rate for the bare steel, determined by the Tafel extrapolation and linear polarization methods, was 4 mpy. The pre-adsorbed sulfonate film reduced the corrosion rate to 1 mpy.
Mechanism of Cracking of High Strength Martensltic Stainless Steels in Sodium Chloride Solutions
Authors: WILDE B. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper reviews previously proposed mechanisms for the environmentally induced cracking of high strength steels in sodium chloride. The electrochemical basis for the differentiation between hydrogen embrittlement and active path corrosion is examined along with the consequences of the recently demonstrated acidification that occurs in areas of localized geometry such as precracks, pits, and crevices. From electrochemical studies on a modified 12% chromium martensitic stainless steel, data are presented which indicate that hydrogen absorption occurs under conditions of exposure previously thought to preclude this possibility; that is, at applied bulk potentials noble to the reversible hydrogen potential. Data are also presented to show that the activation energy for crack growth at the corrosion potential and at cathodic and anodic applied potential is 9.5 Kcal/mole (±1); a value close to that reported previously for the cracking of cathodically embrittled steel. The experimental data are explained on the basis that an embrittlement process associated with hydrogen absorption is responsible for crack growth under all conditions of applied potential. With polarization at potentials active to the hydrogen reversible potential, hydrogen absorption results directly from the bulk cathodic discharge of protons. At the corrosion potential and more noble potentials, hydrogen absorption takes place from the cathodic discharge of protons occurring in the low pH conditions resulting from the hydrolysis of anodic dissolution products in pits. In the noble potential region, although active path anodic dissolution appears not to be the mechanism of crack growth, anodic dissolution is a prerequisite to crack growth by a hydrogen embrittlement mechanism. It is suggested that a similar mechanism can explain the cracking behavior of other high strength steels in sodium chloride solutions where conditions suitable for hydrolysis arise either by pitting or by crevice corrosion occurring in the presence of a mechanical precrack.
Quantitative, Rapid Determination of Steel Surface Treatment Coverage
Authors: HEKAL I. M. , KORPI G. K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
An experimental technique quickly determines the integrity of surface treatments on steel. These treatments include tinplate, electrochemically produced chromium-chromium oxide and chromium phosphate type coatings, and any other film forming treatments. A quantitative relationship between rate of iron dissolution and surface treatment coverage is established. Continuous measurements of the rate of iron dissolution from a definite sample area also show the ability of some commercial surface treatments to prevent corrosion. Important experimental variables were temperature, rate of agitation, and corrodent solution composition.
Electrochemical Potentials of High Purity Metals in Sea Water
Authors: GROOVER R. E. , SMITH J. A. , LENNOX T. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The electrochemical potentials of high purity metals were determined in quiescent sea water. The data are presented as histograms and as potential-time graphs. The electrochemical potential of many of the metals never reached a steady state value, so it is impractical to assign a specific potential value to these metals. A galvanic series is included based on a subjective ranking of the histograms. Two of the metals, bismuth and tin, had relatively stable potentials in sea water, but at present they do not appear to offer any advantage over the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The comparatively negative potential of the high purity aluminum may be of interest because of the possibility that a high potential galvanic anode with the weight advantage of aluminum could be developed.
Effect of Some Phosphoroorganic Compounds on the Corrosion Rate of Various Metals in Acid Solutions
Authors: DUS B. , SZKLARSKA-SMIALOWSKA Z. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion rate, polarization curves and double layer capacity measurements of Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn in acid solutions in the presence of several seleno and thio-phosphoroorganic compounds were performed. It was found that the effectiveness of the given compound as a corrosion inhibitor depends on three main factors: (1) structure of the inhibitor molecule, (2) sign of the electric charge of the metal surface, and the (3) anodic or cathodic process determining the dissolution rate of the metal in an open circuit condition. Since the two last factors were different for the metals considered, the inhibitor efficiency of the given compound changed from one metal to another.
Dissolution of Ti-6Al-4V at Cathodic Potentials in 5N HCl
Authors: OWEN E. L. , MAY R. C. , BECK F. H. , FONTANA M. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Localized dissolution, which was observed on polished surfaces of Ti-6Al-4V during exposure to 5N HCl at cathodic potentials, is explained on the basis of the uneven growth of a surface hydride layer. The possible relation of this behavior to the initiation of stress corrosion cracks is also discussed.
An Electrochemical Study of Heteropoly Molybdates as Cooling Water Corrosion Inhibitors
Authors: WEISSTUCH A. , SCHELL C E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The utility of heteropoly molybdate compounds as cooling water corrosion inhibitors for mild steel was investigated by various electrochemical techniques. It was shown that high concentrations of heteropoly molybdates are required to passivate mild steel electrodes. The breakdown of passivity was studied as a function of inhibitor volume and concentration of aggressive anions. Various approaches for the economic utilization of heteropoly molybdates are described, including high level pretreatment-low level maintenance level regimes and formulation with polyphosphates and zinc.
Electrochemical Aspects of Stress Corrosion of Steels in Alkaline Solutions
Authors: BIGNOLD G. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The existing theories of initiation and propagation of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) are examined with particular reference to their applicability to steels in caustic solutions. The electrochemical theory which considers cracking to be due to local active dissolution at the crack tip, and passivation of the walls, is developed into a model which explains the observed potential dependence of cracking rate and aspect ratio, and the existence of an anodic potential above which cracking ceases. The current distribution during stress corrosion at the rest potential is calculated, and it is shown that the cathodic current, unlike the anodic current, is not highly localized. The efficacy of anodic and cathodic polarization of a stress corrosion specimen is also examined, and it is shown that anodic control can be effective at the crack tip, whereas cathodic control only exists near the mouth of the crack.
Chemistry of Grain Boundaries and Its Relation to Intergranular Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: JOSHI A. , STEIN D. F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The basis of intergranular corrosion in austenitic stainless steels is examined by relating the grain boundary composition to the corrosion properties. The technique of Auger electron spectroscopy has been used to obtain the chemistry of intergranular fracture surfaces. It was found that the chromium depleted zones exist and that the depletion theory was valid for tests in weakly oxidizing solutions. In highly oxidizing solutions, however, the impurity segregation and not chromium depletion best explains the deterioration of corrosion properties. Impurity elements such as sulfur, silicon, nitrogen, and phosphorous were observed in the various steels examined. An attempt is made to explain the observed corrosion properties on the basis of chromium depletion and solute segregation theories combined with an electrochemical mechanism.
Potentiostatic Polarization of Inconel X-750
Authors: TROUT B. L. , DANIELS R. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The anodic polarization characteristics of Inconel X-750 Alloy in two heat treated conditions, (1) solution treated and (2) solution treated and aged, were examined for sensitivity to temperature and to chloride ion concentration. The effects of microstructure and environment on the anodic passivation behavior of this alloy are correlated and discussed.
The Role of Hydrogen in the Mechanism of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Hot Chloride Media
Authors: WILDE B. E. , KIM C D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Previous studies on high strength martensitic stainless steels in sodium chloride solution have attributed crack growth to (1) hydrogen embrittlement at highly cathodic applied potentials, and (2) active path dissolution (to the exclusion of hydrogen embrittlement) at open circuit and anodic applied potentials. A recent re-evaluation of cracking in this system, however, has shown that crack growth at any applied potential can be adequately explained on the basis of a hydrogen embrittlement process. In view of this recent clarification, the question arises whether hydrogen is involved in the cracking of austenitic stainless alloys where this possibility had been previously excluded on a basis similar to that applied to high strength steels. To this end, electrochemical studies have been conducted on AISI Type 304 stainless steel in lithium chloride. The data indicate that although hydrogen is evolved under conditions of corrosion at the free corrosion potential, none is absorbed into the steel during cracking. When hydrogen absorption was promoted by the use of sodium arsenite as a poison, a marked increase in time to failure was observed, contrary to what would be expected if absorbed hydrogen was contributing to crack growth. To help clarify the kinetics of the surface reactions proceeding during cracking, the influence of applied current on time to failure in boiling lithium chloride is described. On the basis of the data obtained, it is concluded that hydrogen embrittlement plays little or no role in the crack propagation process, which is believed to proceed by a strain assisted anodic dissolution mechanism.
Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Fe-Ni-Cr Alloys in Nuclear Reactor Water Environments
Authors: CLARKE W. L. , GORDON G. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Nonstabilized 300 series stainless steels stressed over yield are susceptible to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (SCC) when exposed in the heavily sensitized condition to 288 C (550 F), high purity water containing dissolved oxygen. The effects of stress, oxygen levels, and significant metallurgical parameters on intergranular SCC of AISI Type 304 are being evaluated. Several promising intergranular SCC resistant alternate alloys have been identified through preliminary investigations, e.g., austeno-ferritic duplex and stabilized austenitic stainless steels.