bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow Monitoring and Production Profiling Using DAS
Authors: in't panhuis Peter , den Boer Hans , van der Horst Juun , Paleja Rakesh , Randell David , Joinson Dan , McIvor Philip , Green Kevyn , Bartlett Richard 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This paper discusses the application of DAS for flow monitoring. While previous publications (Van der Horst et al (2013, 2014)) focused on vertical and horizontal tight gas wells in North America, the focus here is on liquid producers and injectors in Brunei. Specifically, it was found that DAS has potential for zonal production and injection allocation across ICVs, monitoring interzonal inflow from the reservoir, monitoring artificial lift, tracking fluid transport through the well bore, detecting leaks, and monitoring wax build up or other types of deposition in the well.
Utilizing Oil Soluble Tracers to Understand Stimulation Efficiency Along the Lateral
Authors: Goswick Raven A. , LaRue Jon L. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Chemical water soluble tracers ("WSTs") have been routinely used in hydraulic fracture stimulations in attempts to verify and quantify load recovery from multi-stage stimulations. Load recovery is often interpolated with production data by assuming percent chemical recovered for a given stage directly correlates to that stage's production contribution. This assumption is often verified by a running production logging tools. New solid chemical oil soluble tracers ("OSTs") can now be utilized as a direct indicator of oil flow and production from deep in an individual stages’ fracture. Qualitative analysis gives an early "yes" or "no" to oil flow from each stage, while quantitative analysis may be achieved using relative concentrations of OSTs recovered, and reservoir and flow assumed conditions. OSTs may be used in conjunction with water soluble chemical tracers, or as a stand-alone tracer to determine oil flow from individual stages.
The purpose of this paper is to introduce utilizing solid particulate OSTs as a viable methodology to understand individual fracture stage oil contribution in horizontal wells. The results presented in this paper were derived from a three well pilot project performed in the Lower Marmaton formation in Roger Mills County, Oklahoma.
An investigation of hydraulic fracture stimulation efficiency was undertaken to determine if individual stimulation stages landed in either 100%, or only a portion of the pay sand, were contributing to the well's oil production. If so, to what extent? The reservoir pay thickness, along with the presence of second sand, influenced wellbore placement in that the drill bit can weave between the sands and the bounding shale layers. Also investigated was the magnitude the stimulation job had on offset producing wells. This was done by collecting and analyzing offset well production for the newly injected WSTs and OSTs. Preliminary results indicate offset communication between certain wells did occur, and the zones experiencing communication appear to have reduced contribution in the subject well's production.
Characterizing, Designing, and Selecting Metal Mesh Screens for Standalone Screen Applications
Authors: Mondal Somnath , Wu Chu-Hsiang , Sharma Mukul M. , Chanpura Rajesh A. , Parlar Mehmet , Ayoub Joseph A. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Discrete element method (DEM) simulations have proved to be valuable for selecting screens with simple geometries (e.g., wire wrap screens) under pre-pack test conditions (Mondal et al. 2011). Metal mesh screens (MMSs) (commonly referred to as premium screens) can have multiple (sometimes sintered) layers with different weave patterns. Any model for estimating sand production in such screens must account for these complexities. The objective of this paper is to explore different techniques to create accurate representations of complex filter media and to use them in numerical simulations and/or analytical models for improved screen selection.
In this paper, we have used computed tomography (CT) images of real screen coupons to construct 3D replicas of two MMS types: plain square mesh (PSM) and plain Dutch weave (PDW). An entirely computer-based method of creating 3D screen assemblies is also presented. The virtual screens have been compared and validated against the ones generated from the CT images. We have conducted DEM simulations of pre-pack tests through these multi-layer MMS assemblies. The retention efficiency of MMSs for different particle sizes has also been calculated for better slurry test modeling. We have shown that the effective size of MMS assemblies can be significantly lower than the nominal rating of the filter layer.
This paper augments the pre-pack test and slurry test models for mesh-type screens presented earlier (Mondal et al. 2012; Chanpura et al. 2013). Determination of the retention efficiency of MMSs, which is currently characterized by a single filter-cut point, is also a step forward in quality assurance and quality control of these screens. Finally, we demonstrate that indepth screen design and optimization studies can be conducted with virtual meshes in a consistent way and at a fraction of the cost and time that would be required otherwise using conventional experimental techniques.
Evaluation of a More Environmentally Sensitive Approach to Microbiological Control Programs for Hydraulic Fracturing Operations in the Marcellus Shale Using a Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria and Nitrate-Based Treatment System
Authors: Corrin Edward , Harless Michael , Rodriguez Chris , Degner Dennis , Archibeque Rodney 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Control of micro-organisms during the completion of hydraulically fractured wells is a significant component in the successful development of a production system. Detrimental bacteria, such as sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), introduced into the reservoir during the completion process, can facilitate biogenic sulfide production, resulting in souring of the production fluids and gas, iron sulfide formation, and SRB associated microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Biocides are routinely dosed at low levels into the fracturing fluids to control microbe populations and thus the subsequent adverse effects associated with bacterial activity. Biocides, by their very nature and intended purpose, are not well tolerated by certain aquatic organisms. In an effort to improve the ecological profile of the microbiological control program in fracturing operations, a treatment system using nitrate and nonhazardous live nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) for the control of SRB was developed.
Nitrate-based mitigation of SRB has been used as an alternative to biocide injection in the oil and gas industry for decades. Successful SRB control using nitrate-based treatment applications has been observed in several waterflooding programs throughout the world. Nitrates stimulate the metabolic activity of NRB. NRB can mitigate SRB activity by means of three primary mechanisms: competition for available carbon sources, direct metabolic inhibition through the generation of nitrite, and certain species of NRB, which directly oxidize biogenic sulfide. This case study is an evaluation of the application of live NRB, selected for their tolerance of the temperature and salinity of the Marcellus shale, and sodium nitrate nutrient solution, as an alternative treatment to the application of biocides for hydraulically fractured wells. Both live NRB and nitrate solution were added into the fracturing fluids during the fracturing operation.
Multiple wells were treated in the Marcellus shale using the tested NRB and nitrate treatment system, and these wells were monitored for periods ranging from three to 18 months depending on the date of completion. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by comparing data from the NRB and nitrate-treated wells to data collected from wells completed in the same manner and, in some cases, on the same well pad with a biocide that historically exhibited good microbial control. The results from the wells treated with NRB and nitrate demonstrated that the treatment was similarly effective compared to successful biocide applications for the control of SRB activity.
Pure and Coupled Drill String Vibration Pattern Recognition in High Frequency Downhole Data
Authors: Baumgartner Theresa , van Oort Eric 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
New high-frequency downhole recorders and high-bandwidth real-time data transmission tools (such as wired drillpipe) are heralding the era of big data in drilling. Nevertheless, high-frequency data is not yet used to its full potential, as the industry is only just beginning to make sense out of the many gigabytes of recorded data. Analysis of high-frequency data appears to be particularly useful to better characterize and understand vibration events, which are prominent technical limiters of drilling performance. The wealth of information provided by high-frequency vibration patterns, which are not present in low-frequency surface data, offers the possibility to significantly improve vibration mitigation methods. This, in turn, provides opportunities for step-changes in drilling performance improvement.
A simple kinematic model was developed to study the expected high-frequency acceleration measurement output under whirl and stick-slip vibrational dysfunctions. The vibration patterns predicted by the model matched the patterns observed in high-frequency field data very well, both in the time and frequency domain. The comparison reveals essential details of the downhole kinematics of vibrational modes, particularly regarding the nature of whirl, which may eventually lead to the development and application of novel whirl mitigation methods. Using the kinematic model, sensor measurements can be reproduced and thus fully understood, leading to sensor parameter and placement optimization. The match between modeled and field data also seems to show that the downhole high-frequency vibration patterns are apparently largely independent from specific operational parameters as well as borehole geometry. Moreover, vibration patterns appear to be more useful to classify and quantify vibration than absolute vibration parameter values.
Using the premise that vibration patterns hold the key to vibration identification and ultimately mitigation, a new methodology was developed and applied to extract and analyze essential features from high-frequency vibration data for identification purposes. Using a Bayesian approach with training supervised learning algorithms, vibrations were automatically classified with a success rate in excess of 90% when applied to high-frequency field datasets.
Graphical Determination of the Henry's Constant and the Diffusion Coefficient of Gases in Heavy Oils Using Late-Time Pressure-Decay Data
Authors: Pacheco Roman Francisco J. , Hejazi S. Hossein 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Solubility and diffusivity of gases in heavy oil, respectively quantified by Henry's constant (Hij) and diffusion coefficient (D), are essential properties for the design of recovery processes that require the injection of gas or vapour solvents into the reservoir. Data, obtained from various experimental procedures such as the pressure-decay technique (PDT), are used to estimate these two parameters. The PDT uses a Pressure/Volume/Temperature (PVT) cell where the gas phase pressure declines as gas diffuses into heavy oil following an early-time and a late-time regime. Current approaches to analyze data from the conventional PDT are either graphical techniques based on early-time data or full numerical simulation. Early time data, the period in which the diffusing gas has not reached the bottom of the PVT cell, do not provide enough information to simultaneously estimate diffusion coefficient and Henry's constant. Hence, existing graphical procedures are limited to diffusion coefficient estimation.
In this paper, a novel and simple graphical technique is proposed to estimate the diffusion coefficient and Henry's constant using the late-time data from pressure-decay experiments. The proposed method is based on modeling of gas phase pressure decay using Fick's second law and gas phase mass balance equations. The Integral method is used to provide an approximate, but analytical solution to the set of equations. The resultant solution is used to develop a simple graphical method, i.e. inverse problem, in which both diffusion coefficient and Henry's constant are directly estimated. The estimated parameters through the proposed technique for methane/bitumen and carbon dioxide/bitumen experiments are in close agreement with the values reported in the literature.
An Innovative and Systematic Approach to Delivering a Multitude of Next Generation Tubular Connections Required for Extremely Complex Design Conditions
Authors: Japar Nor Janiah , Grant Lisa , Van den Haak Arno , Duhe Jason , Terrill Grant , Smith Larry D. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
New regulatory requirements and design conditions introduced in recent years have led to the use of higher strength tubulars in the majority of Deepwater wells in the Gulf of Mexico. To achieve the new design requirements, the use of non-conventional casing sizes, grades and weights different than those traditionally used and available in the industry are required. The use of thicker wall tubular has consequently resulted in geometrical constraints and tighter annuli clearances in the wellbore driving new connection design requirements and selection criteria to meet overall well objectives. The new design conditions require innovative connection design to meet or exceed the collapse strength of pipe body rating. As part of the Shell Mars B project, the Olympus TLP DVA team championed the development and qualification of multiple connection types to meet the project requirement and for overall portfolio usage. As the number of connections to be designed and qualified is substantial, a pragmatic and systematic testing philosophy and strategy was developed for the Mars-B project TLP DVA wells.
This paper provides a high level overview of the connection selection challenges, the systematic process adopted to streamline connection development, testing and qualification. It will also discuss some of the challenges in connection design to meet well requirements and qualification process. The scope includes static connection design for strings installed below the subsea well head, as well as, dynamic connection design on strings that are installed in the water column. Both connection designs require sealability qualification and assurance. Dynamic connections require additional fatigue design and qualification. Rigorousness of sealability and fatigue testing is appropriate to the environment of which it will be subjected throughout the well and the 50 year field life.
An Effective Coupling of Type Curves and Expert Systems for Evaluating Multi-stage Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Wells in Composite Dual-porosity Shale Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Siripatrachai N. , Rana S. , Bodipat K. , Ertekin T. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
To unlock natural gas from shale, placing horizontal wells equipped with multi-stage hydraulic fracturing is crucial. Due to complexities and uncertainties of formation characteristics and stimulation design parameters, field optimization studies can be challenging. In addition, several models for hydraulic fracturing have been proposed. However, equivalency criteria between models have not yet been fully understood. In this paper, we propose a new approach to tackle some of these challenges through the coupling of type curves and artificial neural network based models. The complete framework and results of type curves and ANN-assisted prediction of equivalent systems are shown and discussed. The first part of the work will focus on ANNs for establishing equivalencies between different hydraulic fracture representations. ANNs which are powerful tools capable of establishing relationships between highly non-linear parameters have been developed to assist numerical reservoir simulations in predicting production profiles and establishing equivalencies between two hydraulic fracture representations for a wide range of parameters describing various systems. The equivalent systems yield overall production profiles and cumulative productions within ±15% discrepancy between the two hydraulic fracture representations at the end of the simulation. In the second part of this work, analysis of pressure transient drawdown data through the developed type curves coupled to ANNs is performed. The pressure transient analysis enables us to obtain key properties of the stimulated zone and identify the more probable equivalent systems. The crushed zone properties are then used in the developed ANNs. The ANNs can instantly predict gas production rates as well as establish its equivalent transverse hydraulic fracture representations. Another ANN is then used to predict gas production rates based on the predicted transverse fracture parameters. The results show that gas production rates and cumulative production from ANNs and numerical model based on parameters predicted by type curves are in good agreement with the base case. This proposed unique approach through the coupling of type curves and ANNs can assist in analysis and reservoir simulation studies for optimization of shale gas development projects in a rapid manner.
Optimal Hydraulic Fracture Angle in Productivity Maximized Shale Well Design
Authors: Sorek Nadav , Moreno Jose A. , Rice Ryan , Luo Guofan , Ehlig-Economides Christine 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In general, hydraulic fractures propagate perpendicular to the horizontal well axis whenever the drilling direction is parallel to the principal minimum stress plane. However, operators frequently drill horizontal wells parallel to lease boundaries resulting in slanted hydraulic fracture planes at angles less than 90 degrees from the well axis.
This study provides a model for the inclined fracture case. It applies and further extends the unified fracture design approach for rectangular drainage areas, relating the dimensionless proppant number to the maximum productivity index in pseudo-steady state conditions. When simulating flow in shale reservoirs, the stimulated shale volume was represented as a rectangular drainage area that varies with changing angle, but preserves total area. Similarly, fracture length and width varies with changing angle, but total propped fracture volume stays constant.
Results show that for any given set of reservoir and proppant properties along with a given proppant mass, as long as the created fractures drain the same stimulated rock volume, there exists a well direction resulting in maximized well productivity that is not necessarily parallel to the minimum stress direction.
In addition, results yield two main correlations. The first one relates the optimal fracture angle to proppant number, for a given ratio of well spacing to primary-fracture spacing. In this way, operators can choose the drilling azimuth that would maximize production. The second correlation determines the optimal ratio of well spacing to primary-fracture spacing as a function of proppant number for a given fracture angle. This can be applied when selecting the optimum number of fracture stages given a well spacing plan and fracture angle. Two case studies show the application of these findings. In the end, this work provides a simple framework for well design incorporating slanted hydraulic fractures.
A Trilinear Flow Model for a Fractured Horizontal Well in a Fractal Unconventional Reservoir
Authors: Ozcan O. , Sarak H. , Ozkan E. , Raghavan R. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Based on the premises of anomalous diffusion models in fractal porous media, an alternative to dual-porosity based formulations of flow in fractured unconventional reservoirs is presented. The new formulation is implemented in the trilinear flow idealization for a fractured horizontal well in a tight formation and verified by using the asymptotic cases. The results of the new model are compared with the dual-porosity based trilinear flow formulation and the differences and similarities are delineated. A discussion of the characteristics of the pressure and derivative responses obtained from the trilinear anomalous-diffusion model is provided and related to the fractal nature of fractured media. Physical interpretations are also assigned to fractional derivatives and the phenomenological coefficient of the fractional flux law. It is shown that the anomalous diffusion formulation does not require explicit references to the intrinsic properties of the matrix and fracture media and thus relaxes the stringent requirements used in dual-porosity idealizations to couple matrix and fracture flows. The trilinear anomalous-diffusion model should be useful for performance predictions and pressure- and rate-transient analysis of fractured horizontal wells in tight unconventional reservoirs.
Technical Data Management – Standards and Replication for Enabling Increased Production from Global Assets
Authors: Bhan Sushma K. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Technical Data Management (TDM) is an integral part of the global Wells, Reservoir, and Facility Management (WRFM) program in Royal Dutch Shell, plc, aiming to maximize production from existing global assets. WRFM data is wide-spectrum in nature, ranging from subsurface to wells development, facilities, production and reservoir engineering data. Managing this wide spectrum data is important for WRFM success and requires addressing bottlenecks at both local and global levels. The various data challenges encountered in upstream assets can be categorized under the following: a) technical data is often hard to access, scattered and in non-standard data repositories, b) lack of robust discipline data ownership like Well Engineering, Reservoir Engineering, and Production Technology with well defined data management plans or c) inconsistency in data types and quality managed within assets. The above mentioned issues are being addressed by: 1) the development and implementation of the WRFM Standard TDM Plan for assets bringing further consistency in managing data, 2) the use of WRFM Critical Data Catalog to ensure all assets have consistency in managing the same minimum discipline data and data types and 3) the development of minimum data standards for additional data types to further enable replication efforts with a standardized approach.
The WRFM Standard TDM Plan was first piloted in three assets to validate the standardized data support plan in the assets from heavy oil to deep water lines of business. The standard TDM plan deployments are now being replicated across other assets to bring further data management standardization, data consistency, tracking of Data Quality (DQ) measurements, and improvements in quality assurance with guidance from discipline data owners as well as Global Discipline Heads, Principal Technical Experts and Subject Matter Experts.
The WRFM Critical Data Catalog serves as a standard list of data to manage, included in the plan's implementation with traffic lights to measure and track the continuous improvements within specified periods. Minimum standards for data — for example PVT (Pressure Volume Temperature) standard, endorsed by the reservoir engineering as well as the Technical Data Management disciplines — ensures this valuable reservoir engineering data is stored in the corporate store, versus an ad-hoc local solution, thus providing easy access of this data and supporting replication of DQ assessment/assurance mechanism globally.
The impact of the above technical data management efforts are evident in several assets, where data management scores are improving from the past measurements, also resulting in assets being ahead on their production plans, enabling additional barrels with efficiency gains and timely decision making. This paper presents the Technical Data Management journey on global WRFM data assets within Shell aimed at providing reliable data at engineers' and geoscientists' finger tips and value-add to the business.