bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adventitial Perfusion and Intraplaque Hemorrhage
Authors: Sun Jie , Song Yan , Chen Huijun , Kerwin William S. , Hippe Daniel S. , Dong Li , Chen Min , Zhou Cheng , Hatsukami Thomas S. , Yuan Chun 
Published: March 2013

Background and Purpose—
Autopsy studies have suggested a relationship between intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) and vasa vasorum, which arise primarily from the adventitia. Adventitial vasa vasorum can be characterized in the carotid arteries by estimating perfusion parameters via dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. The purpose of this investigation was to use dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to test in vivo in a clinical population whether adventitial perfusion, indicative of vasa vasorum microstructure, is associated with IPH.

Methods—

Symptomatic patients with carotid plaque ipsilateral to the ischemic event underwent bilateral carotid artery MRI examination, which included multicontrast sequences for detecting IPH and a dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI sequence for characterizing adventitial perfusion. Kinetic modeling of the dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI time series was performed to estimate adventitial

v
p

(fractional plasma volume, reflecting local blood supply) and
K

trans

(transfer constant, reflecting vessel surface area, and permeability).

Results—

From the 27 patients (22 men; 69±10 years of age) recruited, adventitial perfusion parameters were obtained in 50 arteries. The presence of IPH was associated with a significantly higher value in adventitial
K

trans

(0.142±0.042 vs 0.112±0.029 min
−1
;
P
<0.001) but not in

v
p

(0.163±0.064 vs 0.149±0.062;
P
=0.338). This relationship remained after adjusting for symptomatic status, degree of stenosis, and other confounding factors.

Conclusions—
This study demonstrated an independent pathophysiological link between the adventitia and IPH and related it to the microstructure of adventitial vasa vasorum. Adventitial perfusion imaging may be useful in studying plaque pathogenesis, but further examination through prospective studies is needed.
National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score and Vessel Occlusion in 2152 Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Heldner Mirjam R. , Zubler Christoph , Mattle Heinrich P. , Schroth Gerhard , Weck Anja , Mono Marie-Luise , Gralla Jan , Jung Simon , El-Koussy Marwan , Lüdi Rudolf , Yan Xin , Arnold Marcel , Ozdoba Christoph , Mordasini Pasquale , Fischer Urs 
Published: March 2013

Background and Purpose—
There is some controversy on the association of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score to predict arterial occlusion on MR arteriography and CT arteriography in acute stroke.

Methods—
We analyzed NIHSS scores and arteriographic findings in 2152 patients (35.4% women, mean age 66±14 years) with acute anterior or posterior circulation strokes.

Results—
The study included 1603 patients examined with MR arteriography and 549 with CT arteriography. Of those, 1043 patients (48.5%; median NIHSS score 5, median time to clinical assessment 179 minutes) showed an occlusion, 887 in the anterior (median NIHSS score 7/0–31), and 156 in the posterior circulation (median NIHSS score 3/0–32). Eight hundred sixty visualized occlusions (82.5%) were located centrally (ie, in the basilar, intracranial vertebral, internal carotid artery, or M1/M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery). NIHSS scores turned out to be predictive for any vessel occlusions in the anterior circulation. Best cut-off values within 3 hours after symptom onset were NIHSS scores ≥9 (positive predictive value 86.4%) and NIHSS scores ≥7 within >3 to 6 hours (positive predictive value 84.4%). Patients with central occlusions presenting within 3 hours had NIHSS scores <4 in only 5%. In the posterior circulation and in patients presenting after 6 hours, the predictive value of the NIHSS score for vessel occlusion was poor.

Conclusions—
There is a significant association of NIHSS scores and vessel occlusions in patients with anterior circulation strokes. This association is best within the first hours after symptom onset. Thereafter and in the posterior circulation the association is poor.
Effect of Aerobic Exercise (Walking) Training on Functional Status and Health-related Quality of Life in Chronic Stroke Survivors
Authors: Gordon Carron D. , Wilks Rainford , McCaw-Binns Affette 
Published: March 2013

Background and Purpose—
Little is known about the effects of community-based walking programs in persons with chronic stroke. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of aerobic (walking) training on functional status and health-related quality of life in stroke survivors.

Methods—
A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. The intervention group (n=64) walked overground for 30 minutes, 3 times per week for 12 weeks. The control group (n=64) received massage to the affected side. Medical Outcomes Short Form, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), was used to assess health-related quality of life; Barthel Index and Older Americans Resource and Services scale for functional status; 6-minute walk test for endurance; and Motricity Index for lower extremity strength.

Results—

There was a trend toward greater improvement over time for the Physical Health Component of the SF-36 (
P
=0.077) and significantly greater improvement over time for distance walked in 6 minutes in favor of the walking group (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—
Aerobic walking improves the physical health component of quality of life and endurance in persons with chronic stroke. It should form part of a comprehensive health promotion strategy.

Clinical Trial Registration—
Trial was not registered as enrollment commenced before 2005.
Psychology in South Africa Belongs to the Colonial Era. Arrogance or Ignorance?
Authors: Holdstock T.L. 
Published: March 2013

Psychology grew out of the European and North American soil, which, according to several African authors, is impoverished in soul and poor in spirit. It is to such psychology that we in South Africa bow our heads. In doing so we do ourselves a disservice, for there is in sub-Sahara Africa a psychological dimension which has a great deal to offer the rest of the world. Southern Africa's psychological potential is especially apparent with respect to the holistic principle — the importance of the majority of her people attach to the physical, spiritual and interpersonal dimensions of being. In contrast to Africa's holistic approach the framework of ‘bigoted rationalism and fanatic adherence to outer physical reality’, characteristic of western society, has created a dehumanized psychology, particularly apparent in South Africa. Not only is there no understanding or need to understand and know about the psychological principles underlying life in Africa, but psychology seems to be oblivious to the immense human drama being enacted within the borders of our country. The psychological profession fails to facilitate communication between the races and develop the empathic ability of white people. In the light of the present political climate, an interesting feature of South African psychology is the fact that Afrikaans speaking departments at universities are generally adhering closer to the ‘more’ human ‘Rogerian’ than the ‘less’ human ‘Skinnerian’ approach to therapy. Yet Rogers' concern for the dignity and worth of each individual is not implemented in the larger social context. Most of the English medium departments, adhering to a politically more liberal policy which claims to acknowledge the human rights of all citizens, paradoxically pay very little attention to the Rogerian approach.
Women's Achievement Motivation: A Multi-Dimensional Construct
Authors: Erwee Ronel , Boshoff A.B. 
Published: March 2013

The research group consisted of 121 adolescent women students in a military training unit. Seven questionnaires, constructed to measure cognitive dimensions of achievement motivation, were administered in January and December of the same year. Principal axis factor analysis with Varimax rotation of the data gathered in January, yielded five factors, viz. (a) a rigid value system; (b) attitude regarding causality; (c) need for dependence on others versus independence of others; (d) orientation to socially acceptable norms; and (e) attitude regarding feedback from the environment. The factorial structure extracted from the data gathered in December again yielded the first three factors but also included a new unique factor viz. autonomous and social achievement values. These results supported the hypothesis that the achievement motivation construct as manifested by the research group, is multidimensional. Significant coefficients of congruence between the factorial structures obtained in January and December supported the hypothesis that the achievement motivation construct remained stable over a period of one year.
Perceptions of Parenting Task Performance: A Comparison of Single-Earner and Dual-Earner Families
Authors: Gerdes Lily C. , Coetzee Casper H. , Cronjé Elsje M. 
Published: March 2013

Marriage and family life are undergoing great changes, creating many uncertainties about, amongst others, parental roles and task performance. This preliminary investigation compared perceptions of parental task performance in single-earner and dual-earner families. The perceptions of mothers and fathers concerning their own and each other's task performance are also compared. The sample consisted of 1465 married subjects drawn from different language and ethnic groups. A parental task questionnaire was used to gather information. These tasks were defined for three developmental stages (babyhood, pre-school and primary school), and focused on major aspects of development (e.g. physical, intellectual, social and moral development). Subjects indicated on a 5-point scale, the proportional contribution by family members to child care tasks. The most important conclusion is that the wife's full-time employment had little effect on the husband's perceived contribution to parenting. Some significant differences were found between fathers' and mothers' perceptions of their own and their spouse's parental task performance. The nature and extent of differences varied with the stage of childhood development and particular aspects of development. Die huweliks- en gesinslewe ondergaan groot veranderinge wat lei tot baie onsekerhede, ook onder andere wat ouerskapsrolle en die uitvoering van ouerskapstake betref. Hierdie navorsing is 'n voorlopige ondersoek en dit vergelyk persepsies van die uitvoering van ouerskapstake van enkelberoepsgesinne met tweeledige beroepsgesinne. Die persepsies van vaders en moeders met betrekking tot hul eie en mekaar se taakuitvoering word ook vergelyk. Die steekproef het bestaan uit 1465 getroude persone uit verskillende taal- en etniese groepe. 'n Ouerskapstake-vraelys is gebruik om inligting in te samel. Hierdie take is gedefinieer vir drie ontwikkelingstadia (babajare, voorskoolse en laerskooljare), en maak voorsiening vir basiese aspekte van ontwikkeling (bv. fisieke, intellektuele, sosiale en morele ontwikkeling). Die proefpersone moes op 'n vyfpuntskaal die proporsionele bydrae van gesinslede tot ouerskapstake aantoon. Die belangrikste gevolgtrekking is dat die vrou se voltydse werk min effek het op die man se waargenome bydrae tot ouerskapstake. Sekere beduidende verskille is tussen mans en vrouens gevind wat hulle persepsies van hulle eie en mekaar se bydraes tot ouerskapstake betref. Daar is gevind dat die aard en omvang van verskille varieer na gelang van die ontwikkelingstadium van die kind en bepaalde ontwikkelingsaspekte.
Taxation and the Labour Market
Authors: Gahan Peter , Kriesler Peter 
Published: March 2013

The last two decades has seen significant changes in the relationship between labour market institutions and taxation regimes. The traditional relationship between tariff systems and arbitration on the one hand, and arbitration and a ‘residualist’ approach to social welfare on the other, has given way to a view of labour market regulation and taxation regimes as potential substitutes in the pursuit of efficiency and equity goals.A particularly relevant recent example of this new relationship occurred during the Accord negotiations on quarantining the inflationary effects of the large depreciation of the Australian dollar after its deregulation in 1983. An explicit deal was struck to maintain the real value of wages, in the face of rising import prices, by trading off wage increases for falls in income tax. In this way, after tax income remained relatively unaffected, and the inflationary consequences of the depreciation were held in check.
The Social Costs of Indigenous Unemployment
Authors: Hunter B.H. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn a purely economic sense, unemployment in the Australian community is extremely costly. This article analyses evidence from the 1994 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Survey (NATSIS) to illustrate that social costs of unemployment are potentially very large. The unemployed, especially the long-term unemployed, fared worse than the employed on a range of social indicators. For example, among urban unemployed, the long-term unemployed: are more likely to have been arrested, are more likely to be taken from natural family, are less likely to have voted in a recent election, have lower participation rates in voluntary work, are less likely to be motivated and are more likely to have a long-term health problem. The unprecedented range of social indicators in the NATSIS means that the analysis provides an insight into the likely social costs of unemployment in the population at large, not just those for the Indigenous population.
Declining Job Quality in Australia: Another Hidden Cost of Unemployment
Authors: Burgess John , de Ruyter Alex 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe deterioration of the labour market associated with high and sustained rates of unemployment leads to forms of hidden unemployment and underemployment as well as a systematic decline in job quality. The ability of employers to reduce job quality is enhanced through conditions of persistent excess labour supply. In turn the State can challenge and erode conditions and standards that sustain job quality. Hence, falling job quality is another of the hidden costs of unemployment. This paper sets out the decline in job quality in Australia as manifested by the growth in non-standard employment arrangements and by the systematic erosion of the conditions associated with the standard employment model.
The Health and Safety Effects of Job Insecurity: An Evaluation of the Evidence
Authors: Bohle Philip , Quinlan Michael , Mayhew Claire 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSince the 1930s, research has indicated that unemployment has serious effects on physical and psychological well-being. Recent evidence confirms these findings and provides greater insight into the processes by which unemployment influences health. It is less widely recognised that job insecurity can also adversely affect the health and well-being of workers. This paper reviews the rapidly growing body of research on the health impact of job insecurity and organisational practices that produce insecurity, such as downsizing and restructuring. Our review identified sixty-eight studies, using a variety of methods and measures, published internationally since 1966. Eighty-eight per cent of these studies indicated that job insecurity was associated with diminished worker health and well-being. Implications of this finding for labour market and industrial relations policies, as well as occupational health and safety, are discussed.
The Rise of Private Health Insurance in Australia: Early Effects on Insurance and Hospital Markets
Authors: Hopkins Sandra , Frech H.E. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractOver a three year period from July 1997 to July 2000, the Australian government introduced a series of policies designed to increase the proportion of the population with private health insurance. The combined effect of the policies was an increase in the population coverage from a low point of 30.1 percent to 45.7 percent. The motivation for these policies was to force more Australians to use the private sector for their hospital care and in so doing reduce the pressure on the public sector. We piece together fragmentary early data from various sources and various time periods. We find that the increase in activity in the private hospital sector and the reduction in public hospital waiting times has indeed occurred.
Labour-Management Relations and New Public Management: The American Experience
Authors: Hays Steven W. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis paper provides a broad overview of the role that unions have, and have not — played in the unfolding drama of public management reform in the United States. Factors impeding the ability of unions to shape the reform movement are highlighted. Fragmentation of power and even the absence of rudimentary collective bargaining rights in many locations restrict civil servants’ ability to influence the reform agenda. As a result, New Public Management (NPM) initiatives have progressed in a fashion that often works to the disadvantage of public workers. ‘De-privileging’, privatisation, and devolution of public agencies have become almost ubiquitous. The paper concludes with the observation that NPM offers a golden opportunity, if not the obligation, for management and labour to adopt a more cooperative and participatory approach to policy making in the workplace.
Unemployment in an Age of Prosperity
Authors: Wooden Mark 
Published: March 2013

The 1990s in Australia was characterised by relatively strong and persistent economic growth. For example, over the 8-year period 1992/93 to 1999/2000 GDP growth averaged 4.2 per cent per annum, well in excess of that experienced in most other Western nations. More importantly, growth in GDP per capita over this same period averaged 3 per cent per annum, not far behind the levels recorded during the 1960s (3.3 per cent over the decade), a period generally described as one when full employment prevailed. Moreover, despite a slowdown in 2000/01, economic growth accelerated again in 2001/02, growing by almost 4 per cent in the 12 months ended June 2002.As would be expected, these relatively high persistent rates of output growth have translated into relatively high rates of growth in income. Real household disposable income per capita over the 10 years to June 2002 grew by 18 per cent, or an average of 1.6 per cent per annum.
Outsourcing and Downsizing: Processes of Workplace Change in Public Health
Authors: Young Suzanne 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThroughout the 1990s, public hospitals embarked on a range of benchmarking exercises for support services, often accompanied by downsizing and, in some cases, outsourcing. These support services included clinical areas such as, radiology, pharmacy and pathology, and non-clinical areas of catering and cleaning, engineering and environmental services. The impetus for this trend was the introduction of the Federal Government’s National Competition Policy with its rationale that private sector pressures and competition would make the public sector more efficient.Through a case study approach, this paper discusses this process at two public hospitals, the aim being to investigate the reasons for outsourcing, outsourcing’s interconnectedness with downsizing, and the implications at the workforce level. Workplace issues discussed include consultation between management, unions and employees, changes to employee numbers and work practices, maintenance of workplace conditions, implications for staff recruitment and retention, and the relative power of management and unions. It concludes that benchmarking, outsourcing and downsizing have all been used to bring about workplace change. Whilst the choice between processes may be dependent on management perception of the workplace environment, implications for the workplace from each process have been similar.
Jobless Households in Australia: Incidence, Characteristics and Financial Consequences
Authors: Scutella Rosanna , Wooden Mark 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAn emerging trend in Australia, over the past twenty or so years, has been for employment to become increasingly polarised into households where either no adult is working (jobless households) or all adults are working (all-work households). Despite this, relatively little research has been undertaken in Australia which has focussed specifically on these households. This article seeks to go some way towards filling this gap. Specifically, data from the first wave of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics Survey in Australia (HILDA) Survey are used to: (i) quantify the incidence of jobless households in Australia; (ii) identify the characteristics of individuals that are associated with membership of a jobless household; and (iii) examine some of the financial consequences of living in a jobless household. The analysis finds that household joblessness in 2001 remains pervasive with strong associations with factors generally thought to influence individual joblessness such as age, education, ethnicity, illness and family background. It is also found that poverty and financial stress are more a function of household joblessness than of individual joblessness.
Casual University Work: Choice, Risk, Inequity and the Case for Regulation
Authors: Junor Anne 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAustralian universities now have a headcount casualisation rate near the national workforce average. Reasons for, and impacts of, this development are explored, and an argument is made for the role of industrial regulation in reconciling requirements for flexibility, security and equity in university employment. Responses to a large survey of casual academic and general staff suggest that this employment mode is a minority preference. Discrete groups of casual university staff, including those seeking university careers, those with other secure income sources, and students in transit to other careers, experience different forms and levels of insecurity and inequity. Appropriately targeted regulatory responses thus include criteria-based caps, a general staff conversion mechanism, a work value review, access to increments and service entitlements, and workplace representation rights.
Ansett Airlines Employees: A Preliminary Survey of Post-Retrenchment Outcomes
Authors: Weller Sally , Webber Michael 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe events following the collapse of Ansett Airlines in September 2001 provide an opportunity to explore the impact of internal labour markets on post-retrenchment labour market outcomes. This paper traces the labour market experiences of a sample of 649 former Ansett Airlines employees in the first eleven months after the airline’s initial closure. It reveals that many workers spent long periods in an employment limbo — officially ‘stood down’ but not retrenched — while waiting for their Ansett jobs to be resurrected under new ownership. During that time, many accepted fragmented, short-term placements in ‘bad’ jobs. After this initial period of uncertainty, however, many former Ansett employees found their way back to ‘good’ jobs — either in the aviation sector or in firms offering secure primary segment employment conditions. The uneven outcomes experienced by different groups of workers reflect the interconnections between workers’ perceptions of their options, their attachments to Ansett, their age and household circumstances in the context of weak demand for their skills. The paper illuminates the ways in which the personal loyalties, social networks and work expectations developed within Ansett’s rigid internal labour market shaped retrenched workers’ job search, recruitment and re-employment outcomes.