bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unsteady Flow Analysis Strategies for Flapping Flight
Authors: Asbury Paul , Nichols Rachel , Gadell Greg , Elsheikh Mohamed , Galbraith Brandon , Horton Brandon , Marino Josh , Nesaw Chris , Kossa Michael , Collie Zachary , Amaya Joseph , Feaster Jeffrey , Bender Matthew , Matta Alexander , Bayandor Javid , Kurdila Andrew , Battaglia Francine , Mueller Rolf 
Published: December 2014

A current project is underway to create a prototype of an anatomically correct seagull with biologically accurate flight kinematics. The presented work is focused on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of bird flight kinematics. A finite volume approach, using Fluent, was used to attempt to model the kinematics of bird flight with varying degrees of freedom to analyze the lift, drag, pressure, and vortices magnitude associated with a range of flight kinematics. Dimensional analysis has been performed to analyze the effects of angle of incidence on the different sections of a seagull wing. Validated CFD analysis has been performed to identify optimal degree of freedom for generating maximum amount of lift while minimizing drag.
The analysis benefitted from dynamic meshing and a user defined function to model the seagull wing, profiles of which were approximated by the S1223 airfoil. The user defined function allowed for variation of degrees of freedom to model the flight in the current bird prototype and to assess the effects of changing angles of incidence and inlet velocity on lift and drag. Difficulties were encountered when trying to accurately analyze unsteady aerodynamics over a flapping motion. The appropriate grid resolution, the user defined function, as well as the appropriate grid and dynamic mesh parameters within Fluent were all possible areas of concern. The grid resolution was determined by analyzing a steady state case and determining the variation in lift and drag values calculated by increasing the grid density. A user defined function was created that accurately represents the kinematics associated with the bird wing. A triangular grid was utilized for the dynamic mesh with re-meshing procedure activated at every iteration during the analysis. The final geometry provided an accurate method for dynamic re-meshing and overcame the problem of negative cell volume associated with re-meshing using a rectangular mesh configuration. It was determined that maximum cell volume, number of time steps, and time step interval were all important criteria when determining parameters for the unsteady flight analysis.
Results indicate that the unsteady dynamics of bird flapping motion can be effectively represented with modified CFD analysis with updated finite volume scheme. Data indicates that values associated with varying angles of attack at a steady state cannot be used to model flapping flight. The paper will report on further validation to analyze the pressure, lift and drag associated with flapping flight in a three-dimensional study.
Modeling the Operation Regimes in Ultra-High Temperature Continuous Reactors
Authors: Fedorov Sergey S. , Gubynskyi Mykhailo V. , Barsukov Igor V. , Livitan Mykola V. , Gogotsi Oleksiy G. , Rohatgi Upendra Singh 
Published: December 2014

The main advantage of carbon material treatment in electro-thermal furnaces with fluidized bed [EFFB] at 2000–3000C is that they allow producing graphite of high chemical purity, which is especially important in manufacture of ion-lithium batteries. The team conducted extensive research into hydraulic and heat modes of such units and developed a methodology for their design based on the concept of increase in electric resistance with fluidization. The choice of the working space configuration and the operation mode of EFFB are largely determined by the specific electrical resistance [SER] of the fluidized bed. This parameter is a complex function of a number of factors: fluidization character, uniformity of the bed and the temperature, nature and size of the material fractions, current density and furnace atmosphere composition. It is vital to take into account relationships between SER, working temperature T and current density i, which eventually define electrothermal mode of the unit operation. Thus, if graphite size is d = 130μm within temperature range T = 0–2500C and current density i = 0,004–1.0 A/cm2, SER varies in reverse proportion to these parameters Statistic processing of the experimental data allowed to obtain regressive function SER = f (i, t), which we used as the basis of mathematic modeling, heat balance calculation and predicting transitory and operation modes of EFFB with 10kg/hour productivity: SER=0.01.84.711-2.,593*10-2.T-46.854*i+1.205*10-2.T*i,Ω-m′
Resulting volt-ampere characteristics (VACs) of the furnace have maximum values at constant temperature (T = const) which is explained by the non-linear character of the SER function. There exists a technological temperature limit of EFFB responsible for its stable operation. The furnace operation beyond the stability margin depends on the power source characteristics which may cause a sharp power drop or a shorting. The VAC characteristics are determined by the type of material, geometry of the furnace working space, electrode diameter, active zone height, the gap between the electrode and the lining, design of heat insulation and the cooling system. Taking these parameters into consideration, it is possible to conduct a preliminary analysis of the unit stable operation modes as early as during the design stage.
Evaluation of intrinsic respiratory signal determination methods for 4D CBCT adapted for mice
Authors: Martin Rachael , Rubinstein Ashley , Ahmad Moiz , Court Laurence , Pan Tinsu 
Published: December 2014

Purpose:4D CT imaging in mice is important in a variety of areas including studies of lung function and tumor motion. A necessary step in 4D imaging is obtaining a respiratory signal, which can be done through an external system or intrinsically through the projection images. A number of methods have been developed that can successfully determine the respiratory signal from cone‐beam projection images of humans, however only a few have been utilized in a preclinical setting and most of these rely on step‐and‐shoot style imaging. The purpose of this work is to assess and make adaptions of several successful methods developed for humans for an image‐guided preclinical radiation therapy system.Methods:Respiratory signals were determined from the projection images of free‐breathing mice scanned on the X‐RAD system using four methods: the so‐called Amsterdam shroud method, a method based on the phase of the Fourier transform, a pixel intensity method, and a center of mass method. The Amsterdam shroud method was modified so the sharp inspiration peaks associated with anesthetized mouse breathing could be detected. Respiratory signals were used to sort projections into phase bins and 4D images were reconstructed. Error and standard deviation in the assignment of phase bins for the four methods compared to a manual method considered to be ground truth were calculated for a range of region of interest (ROI) sizes. Qualitative comparisons were additionally made between the 4D images obtained using each of the methods and the manual method.Results:4D images were successfully created for all mice with each of the respiratory signal extraction methods. Only minimal qualitative differences were noted between each of the methods and the manual method. The average error (and standard deviation) in phase bin assignment was 0.24 ± 0.08 (0.49 ± 0.11) phase bins for the Fourier transform method, 0.09 ± 0.03 (0.31 ± 0.08) phase bins for the modified Amsterdam shroud method, 0.09 ± 0.02 (0.33 ± 0.07) phase bins for the intensity method, and 0.37 ± 0.10 (0.57 ± 0.08) phase bins for the center of mass method. Little dependence on ROI size was noted for the modified Amsterdam shroud and intensity methods while the Fourier transform and center of mass methods showed a noticeable dependence on the ROI size.Conclusions:The modified Amsterdam shroud, Fourier transform, and intensity respiratory signal methods are sufficiently accurate to be used for 4D imaging on the X‐RAD system and show improvement over the existing center of mass method. The intensity and modified Amsterdam shroud methods are recommended due to their high accuracy and low dependence on ROI size.
Measuring the Master Race
Authors: Kyllingstad Jon Røyne 
Published: December 2014

The notion of a superior ‘Germanic’ or ‘Nordic’ race was a central theme in the ideology of the Nazis. But it was also a commonly accepted idea in the early twentieth century, and an actual scientific concept originating from anthropological research on the physical characteristics of Europeans. The Scandinavian Peninsula was considered to be the historical cradle and the core area of this ‘master race’.
This book investigates the role played by Scandinavian scholars in inventing this so-called superior race, and discusses how this concept put its stamp on Norwegian physical anthropology, prehistory, national identity, and on the Norwegian eugenics movement. It also explores the decline and scientific disputation of these ideas in the 1930s as they came to be associated with the ‘genetic cleansing’ of Nazi Germany.
This is the first comprehensive study on Norwegian physical anthropology, and its findings shed new light on current political and scientific debates about race across the globe.
A Note on Soil Moisture Memory and Interactions with Surface Climate for Different Vegetation Types in the La Plata Basin
Authors: Sörensson Anna A. , Berbery Ernesto Hugo 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This work examines the evolution of soil moisture initialization biases and their effects on seasonal forecasts depending on the season and vegetation type for a regional model over the La Plata basin in South America. WRF–Noah simulations covering multiple cases during a 2-yr period are designed to emphasize the conceptual nature of the simulations at the expense of the statistical significance of the results. Analysis of the surface climate shows that the seasonal predictive skill is higher when the model is initialized during the wet season and the initial soil moisture differences are small. Large soil moisture biases introduce large surface temperature biases, particularly for savanna, grassland, and cropland vegetation covers at any time of the year, thus introducing uncertainty in the surface climate. Regions with evergreen broadleaf forest have roots that extend to the deep layer whose moisture content affects the surface temperature through changes in the partitioning of the surface fluxes. The uncertainties of monthly maximum temperature can reach several degrees Celsius during the dry season in cases when 1) the soil is much wetter in the reanalysis than in the WRF–Noah equilibrium soil moisture and 2) the memory of the initial value is long because of scarce rainfall and low temperatures. This study suggests that responses of the atmosphere to soil moisture initialization depend on how the initial wet and dry conditions are defined, stressing the need to take into account the characteristics of a particular region and season when defining soil moisture initialization experiments.
A Skillful Prediction Model for Winter NAO Based on Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature and Eurasian Snow Cover
Authors: Tian Baoqiang , Fan Ke 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A new statistical forecast scheme, referred to as scheme 1, is developed using observed autumn Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) and Eurasian snow cover in the preceding autumn to predict the upcoming winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) using the year-to-year increment prediction approach (i.e., DY approach). Two predictors for the year-to-year increment are identified that are available in the preceding autumn. Cross-validation tests for the period 1950–2011 and independent hindcasts for the period 1990–2011 are performed to validate the prediction ability of the proposed technique. The cross-validation test results for 1950–2011 reveal a high correlation coefficient of 0.52 (0.58) between the predicted and observed NAO indices (DY of the NAO). The model also successfully predicts the independent hindcasts for the period 1990–2011 with a correlation coefficient of 0.55 (0.74). In addition, scheme 0 (i.e., anomaly approach) is established using the SST and snow cover anomalies during the preceding autumn. Compared with scheme 0, this new prediction model has higher predictive skill in reproducing the interdecadal variability of NAO. Therefore, this study provides an effective climate prediction scheme for the interannual and interdecadal variability of NAO in boreal winter.
Activity Analysis: Agreement between Participants and Observers on Perceived Factors in Occupation Components
Authors: Llorens Lela A. 
Published: December 2014

This study is part of research being conducted to test the validity and reliability of activity analysis in occupational therapy. The objective was to determine the percentage of agreement between participants in an activity and observers of the activity using self-report as the method of data collection. The study was designed to determine the agreement on subjects' perceptions of presence or absence of 29 factors in five occupation components related to chewing, buttoning, manual rolling, drawing, and spinning. Eighty occupational therapy students were participants in a laboratory used to gather self-report data in the initial study. Each student engaged in an activity that required chewing, buttoning, manual rolling, drawing, and spinning. Forty-seven registered occupational therapists were participants in this study. They observed a videotape of a student subject who performed the five activity (occupation) components. The student participant self-report responses are compared with the responses reported by the occupational therapist observers to determine the extent to which the two groups agreed on the presence of the activity factors. The results of the study indicated that agreement occurred between the two groups for 12 to 21 of the 29 factors across the five occupation components. This finding occurred 80% or more of the time with a calculated percentage of agreement of .724 for spinning, manual rolling, and buttoning.
Cross-Cultural Assessment of Functional Ability
Authors: Magalhães Lívia C. , Fisher Anne G. , Bernspång Birgitta , Linacre John M. 
Published: December 2014

Culture and environment are known to influence performance of activities of daily living. Few functional assessments currently used in rehabilitation address the issue of cultural validity or relevance of the tasks that are used for assessment purposes. The Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) addresses this problem by allowing the client to chose assessment tasks that are more relevant in their daily lives. We investigated the cross-cultural validity of the AMPS by contrasting test performance in subjects from two countries: the United States and Sweden. Data on 589 North American and Swedish subjects were submitted to Rasch analysis, and the results supported the validity of the AMPS in each country. Of the 35 AMPS items, only one item, Endures, differed significantly between the two samples. Overall item stability across samples indicated that the results obtained in both countries could be compared in a valid and meaningful way.
Effects of twin-block appliance on the anatomy of pharyngeal airway passage (PAP) in class II malocclusion subjects
Authors: Ghodke Swapnil , Utreja Ashok Kumar , Singh Satinder Pal , Jena Ashok Kumar 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Background
The use of functional appliances for the correction of retrognathic mandible is very common in orthodontics. Similar appliances known as oral appliances are also frequently used in adults for the treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Many studies have reported improvement of pharyngeal airway passage (PAP) dimensions following functional appliance therapy in children and oral appliance therapy in adults. There is only one study in the literature that discussed the effect of oral appliance therapy on posterior pharyngeal wall thickness (PPWT) among subjects with OSA. The effect of functional appliance therapy on PPWT has never been investigated. Thus the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of twin-block appliance on pharyngeal airway passage (PAP) dimensions and posterior pharyngeal wall thickness (PPWT) in class II malocclusion subjects with retrognathic mandibles.

Methods
Thirty-eight class II malocclusion subjects in the age range of 8 to 14 years with mandibular retrusion were divided into a treatment (n = 20) and control (n = 18) group. Mandibular retrusion in the treatment group subjects was corrected by twin-block appliance. The effect of twin-block appliance on PAP and PPWT dimensions were evaluated from lateral cephalograms recorded prior-to and after 6 months of appliance therapy in the treatment group subjects and the changes were compared with the changes in the control group subjects. Student’s t-test was used for statistical analysis; P-value of 0.05 was considered a statistically significant level.

Results
The depth of the oropharynx was increased significantly in the treatment group subjects (P < 0.001) as compared to the control group subjects (P < 0.05). The depth of the hypopharynx increased significantly in treatment group subjects (P < 0.01). The PPWT at the level of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx were maintained in the treatment group subjects; whereas in control group subjects, the PPWT was further reduced although the changes were not statistically significant.

Conclusions
Correction of mandibular retrusion by twin-block appliance in class II malocclusion subjects increased the PAP dimensions and maintained the pre-treatment thickness of posterior pharyngeal wall.
Efficacy and Safety Data of Subsequent Entry Biologics Pertinent to Nephrology Practice: A Systematic Review
Authors: Marin Judith Genevieve , Leung Marianna , Lo Clifford , Tsao Nicole W , Martinusen Daniel J 
Published: December 2014

Background: Subsequent entry biologics (SEBs) may soon be a reality in Canadian nephrology practice. Understanding the worldwide experience with these agents will be valuable to Canadian clinicians. Objectives: To compare the efficacy and safety data between SEBs used in nephrology practice and their reference biologic. Design: Systematic review. Sources of information: Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Review of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Patients: Adult patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: Our systematic review follows the process outlined by Cochrane Reviews. For efficacy data, all randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs and observational trials in nephrology practice were included. For safety data, case series, case reports, review articles in nephrology practice and pharmacovigilance programs were included as well. Results: Only epoetin SEBs trials were published in the literature. Ten studies involving three different epoetin SEBs (epoetin zeta, HX575 and epoetin theta) were included. The mean epoetin dose used did not differ significantly between the SEBs and the reference product. For epoetin zeta and epoetin theta, the mean hemoglobin levels achieved in the studies were similar between the SEBs and the reference epoetin. The HX 575 studies reported a mean absolute change in hemoglobin within the predefined equivalence margin, when compared with the reference biologic. In terms of safety data, 2 cases of pure-red-cell aplasia were linked to the subcutaneous administration of HX 575. Otherwise, the rate of adverse drug reactions was similar when epoetin SEBs were compared with the reference biologic. Limitations: Our analysis is limited by the paucity of information available on SEB use in nephrology with the exception of epoetin SEBs. Methodological flaw was found in one of the epoetin zeta studies which accounted for 45% of pooled results. Conclusions: Little clinical difference was found between epoetin SEBs and the reference product. Although not deemed clinically important, the financial implication of a possible dose difference between epoetin zeta and reference product should be considered in pharmacoeconomic studies. Ongoing trials are expected to address the risk of pure-red-cell aplasia with HX 575.
Threshold Effects in Online Group Buying
Authors: Wu Jiahua , Shi Mengze , Hu Ming 
Published: December 2014

This paper studies two types of threshold-induced effects: a surge of new sign-ups around the time when the thresholds of group-buying deals are reached, and a stronger positive relation between the number of new sign-ups and the cumulative number of sign-ups before the thresholds are reached than afterward. This empirical study uses a data set that records the intertemporal cumulative number of sign-ups for group-buying deals in 86 city markets covered by Groupon, during a period of 71 days when Groupon predominantly used “a deal a day” format for each local market and posted the number of sign-ups in real time. We find that the first type of threshold effect is significant in all product categories and in all markets. The second type of threshold effect varies across product categories and markets. Our results underscore the importance of considering product and market characteristics in threshold design decisions for online group buying. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2015 . This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta, marketing.
Inverting a non-major’s biology class: Using video lectures, online resources, and a student response system to facilitate deeper learning
Authors: Lloyd Jayson Elliott 
Published: December 2014

Using pre-recorded video lectures, online resources, and a student response system (iClicker), instructors attempted to facilitate deeper learning in a non-major’s biology class. Following an inverted classroom format, students viewed lecture videos and completed online activities prior to face-to-face meetings with instructors. During face-to-face (traditional “lecture”) time, instructors tested student knowledge and guided students in group activities. Using a quasi-experimental design, researchers compared student performance on a comprehensive final exam with student performance from a previous semester. An independent sample t test indicated that students engaged in the inverted instructional model (N = 73, M = 74.49, SD = 12.54) performed better than students engaged in a traditionally model of instruction (N = 76, M = 70.32, SD = 12.19), t(147) = 2.06, p = 0.02. The effect size for this analysis (d = 0.33) represents a small effect according to Cohen (1988). Researchers also performed a chi-square test of goodness-of-fit to determine if grade distributions from the inverted model differed from the traditional model. Grade distributions from the inverted model were significantly different, X2 (5, N=100) = 24.85, p < .05.