bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lithological and hydrological controls on water composition: evaporite dissolution and glacial weathering in the south central Andes of Argentina (33°–34°S)
Authors: León José Gabriel , Pedrozo Fernando Luis 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLithological and hydrological influence on fluvial physical and chemical erosion was studied in a glacierized sedimentary basin with high evaporite presence. Suspended particulate matter (SPM), total dissolved solids (TDS) and major ion concentrations were analysed for 2 years of different hydrologic condition: (i) 2009–2010, Q = 100% average; and (ii) 2010–2011, Q = 60% average. Annual hydrograph was simple regime‐type with one peak in summer related to snow melting. The intra‐annual SPM and TDS variations were directly and inversely associated to Q, respectively. Snow chemistry showed continental influence (Na+/Ca2+ = 0.17), and atmospheric input of TDS was <1% of the total exported flux. River water was highly concentrated in Ca2+ and SO42− (~4 mmol l−1) and in Na+ and Cl− (~3 mmol l−1). Ca2+/SO42− and Na+/Cl− molar ratios were ~1 and related to Q, directly and inversely, respectively. Major ion relationships suggest that river chemistry is controlled by evaporite (gypsum and halite) dissolution having a summer input from sulfide oxidation and carbonate dissolution, and a winter input from subsurface flow loaded with silicate weathering products. This variation pattern resulted in nearly chemostatic behaviour for Ca+, Mg2+ and SO42−, whereas Na+, Cl− and SiO2 concentrations showed to be controlled by dilution/concentration processes.During the 2009–2010 hydrological year, the fluxes of water, SPM and TDS registered in the snow melting–high Q season were, respectively, 71%, 92% and 67% of the annual total, whereas for equal period in 2010–2011, 56% of water, 86% of SPM and 54% of TDS annual fluxes were registered. The SPM fluxes for 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 were 1.19 × 106 and 0.79 × 106 t year−1, whereas TDS fluxes were 0.68 × 106 and 0.55 × 106 t year−1, respectively. Export rates for 2009–2010 were 484 t km2 year−1 for SPM and 275 t km2 year−1 for TDS. These rates are higher than those observed in glacierized granite basins and in non‐glacierized evaporite basins, suggesting a synergistic effect of lithology and glaciers on physical and chemical erosion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new magnitude category disaggregation approach for temporal high‐resolution rainfall intensities
Authors: Anis Muhammad Rehan , Rode Michael 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSimulation of quick runoff components such as surface runoff and associated soil erosion requires temporal high‐resolution rainfall intensities. However, these data are often not available because such measurements are costly and time consuming. Current rainfall disaggregation methods have shortcomings, especially in generating the distribution of storm events. The objectives of this study were to improve point rainfall disaggregation using a new magnitude category rainfall disaggregation approach. The procedure is introduced using a coupled disaggregation approach (Hyetos and cascade) for multisite rainfall disaggregation. The new procedure was tested with ten long‐term precipitation data sets of central Germany using summer and winter precipitation to determine seasonal variability. Results showed that dividing the rainfall amount into four daily rainfall magnitude categories (1–10, 11–25, 26–50, >50 mm) improves the simulation of high rainfall intensity (convective rainfall). The Hyetos model category approach (HyetosCat) with seasonal variation performs representative to observed hourly rainfall compared with without categories on each month. The mean absolute percentage accuracy of standard deviation for hourly rainfall is 89.7% in winter and 95.6% in summer. The proposed magnitude category method applied with the coupled HyetosCat–cascade approach reproduces successfully the statistical behaviour of local 10‐min rainfall intensities in terms of intermittency as well as variability. The root mean square error performance statistics for disaggregated 10‐min rainfall depth ranges from 0.20 to 2.38 mm for summer and from 0.12 to 2.82 mm for the winter season in all categories. The coupled stochastic approach preserves the statistical self‐similarity and intermittency at each magnitude category with a relatively low computational burden. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ST6GalNAcII mediates the invasive properties of breast carcinoma through PI3K/Akt/NF‐κB signaling pathway
Authors: Ren Dongliang , Jia Li , Li Yanyan , Gong Yanxin , Liu Chen , Zhang Xu , Wang Ning , Zhao Yongfu 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMetastasis of tumor cells is the most deadly attribute of breast cancer patients. Aberrant sialylation is closely associated with malignant phenotype of tumor cells, including invasiveness and metastasis. The objective of this study is to clarify the possible role and mechanism of ST6GalNAcII in the metastasis process of breast carcinoma. Real‐time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical were used to analyze differential expression of ST6GalNAc II in breast carcinoma cell lines and tissue specimens. PI3K/AKt signaling pathway was also analyzed. The high expression level of ST6GalNAcII was corresponding to invasive phenotype of breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Further data indicated that manipulation of ST6GalNAcII gene expression led to alter the activity of phosphoinositide‐3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. Blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway resulted in reduced capacity in invasion of MDA‐MB‐231 cells. ST6GalNAcII elucidated the unusual properties of invasion in breast cancer cell via modulating the PI3K/AKt signaling pathway. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(4):300–308, 2014
Changes in trends and pattern of strong opioid prescribing in primary care
Authors: Zin C.S. , Chen L.‐C. , Knaggs R.D. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis study evaluated the prescribing trends of four commonly prescribed strong opioids in primary care and explored utilization in non‐cancer and cancer users.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was conducted from 2000 to 2010 using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Prescriptions of buprenorphine, fentanyl, morphine and oxycodone issued to adult patients were included in this study. Opioid prescriptions issued after patients had cancer medical codes were defined as cancer‐related use; otherwise, they were considered non‐cancer use. Annual number of prescriptions and patients, defined daily dose (DDD/1000 inhabitants/day) and oral morphine equivalent (OMEQ) dose were measured in repeat cross‐sectional estimates.ResultsIn total, there were 2,672,022 prescriptions (87.8% for non‐cancer) of strong opioids for 178,692 users (59.9% female, 83.9% non‐cancer, mean age 67.1 ± 17.0 years) during the study period. The mean annual (DDD/1000 inhabitants/day) was higher in the non‐cancer group than in the cancer group for all four opioids; morphine (0.73 ± 0.28 vs. 0.12 ± 0.04), fentanyl (0.46 ± 0.29 vs. 0.06 ± 0.24), oxycodone (0.24 ± 0.19 vs. 0.038 ± 0.028) and buprenorphine (0.23 ± 0.15 vs. 0.008 ± 0.006). The highest proportion of patients were prescribed low opioid doses (OMEQ ≤ 50 mg/day) in both non‐cancer (50.3%) and cancer (39.9%) groups, followed by the dose ranks of 51–100 mg/day (26.2% vs. 28.7%), 101–200 mg/day (15.1% vs. 19.2%) and >200 mg/day (8.25% vs. 12.1%).ConclusionsThere has been a huge increase in strong opioid prescribing in the United Kingdom, with the majority of prescriptions for non‐cancer pain. Morphine was the most frequently prescribed, but the utilization of oxycodone, buprenorphine and fentanyl increased markedly over time.
Chromophore based analyses of steady‐state diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: current status and perspectives for clinical adoption
Authors: Bydlon Torre M. , Nachabé Rami , Ramanujam Nimmi , Sterenborg Henricus J. C. M. , Hendriks Benno H. W. 
Published: April 2014

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is a rapidly growing technology in the biophotonics community where it has shown promise in its ability to classify different tissues. In the steady‐state domain a wide spectrum of clinical applications is supported with this technology ranging from diagnostic to guided interventions. Diffuse reflectance spectra provide a wealth of information about tissue composition; however, extracting biologically relevant information from the spectra in terms of chromophores may be more useful to gain acceptance into the clinical community. The chromophores that absorb light in the visible and near infrared wavelengths can provide information about tissue composition. The key characteristics of these chromophores and their relevance in different organs and clinical applications is the focus of this review, along with translating their use to the clinic.
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Preparation of Nano Silica Supported Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate: As an Efficient Catalyst for the Trimethyl, Triethyl and t‐Butyldimethyl Silylations of Aliphatic and Aromatic Alcohols in Solution and under Solvent‐free Conditions
Authors: Abri Abdolreza , Ranjdar Somayeh 
Published: April 2014

AbstractNano silica supported sodium hydrogen sulfate has been prepared by mixing NaHSO4 with activated Nano silicagel. We wish to report a new method for the synthesis of trimethyl (TMS), triethyl (TES) and t‐butyldimethyl silyl (TBS) ethers from benzylic, allylic, propargylic alcohols, phenols, naphtholes and some of phenolic drugs in the solution and under solvent‐free conditions.
One‐pot Green Synthesis of Azides from Alcohols Using Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid [HMIM][BF4] as Solvent and Catalyst
Authors: Garg Bhaskar , Ling Yong‐Chien 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBrønsted acidic ionic liquid, [HMIM][BF4], has been used as a non‐volatile, eco‐friendly solvent, and catalytic medium for the one‐pot green synthesis of azides from corresponding alcohols. The [HMIM][BF4] showed high reactivity than [BMIM][BF4] and [BMIM][PF6], affording azides in up to 97% yield, which could be easily separated from the reaction mixture. The ease of recyclability of [HMIM][BF4] makes the reaction economically and potentially viable for practical applications.
Mashed potato powder. III. The high‐temperature browning of mashed potato powder
Authors: Burton W. G. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIf mashed potato powder is stored at different temperatures two types of deterioration may be detected: (1) the development of a brown colour and charred taste and (2) the development of an “off” flavour. Both are accelerated by increasing the storage temperature but at high temperatures the latter is masked by the former. Both are influenced by moisture content, a high moisture content promoting the first and retarding the second. The first type of deterioration is the subject of the present paper.
A note on the volumetric determination of phosphorus in iron and steel
Authors: Harrison T. S. , Parratt T. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe sample is dissolved in a mixture of nitric and brominated hydrochloric acids and the solution is evaporated to dryness. Arsenic is expelled as tribromide. After redissolution in nitric acid the yellow phosphomolybdate is precipitated under standardised conditions and determined by Handy's procedure.
The production of substituted acrylic acids from ketone cyanohydrins
Authors: Crawford J. W. C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA reaction has been discovered by which ketone cyanohydrins CHR·CR'(OH)·CN may be converted into substituted acrylic amides, CHR: CR'·CO·NH2. The reaction proceeds under the influence of concentrated sulphuric acid via the addition compound of this with the cyanohydrin, CH3R·CR'(SO4H) ·CO·NH2. The addition compound splits out sulphuric acid again on heating, yielding the acrylamide. The formation of acrylamides does not occur with aldehyde cyanohydrins. Some suggestions are made to explain the formation of acrylamides from ketone cyanohydrin—sulphuric acid addition compounds.
A method of eliminating calculations in routine quantitative spectrographic analysis by means of a curved galvanometer scale
Authors: Henderson‐Hamilton J. C. , Lourie A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA method has been devised whereby the results of spectrographic analysis may be obtained directly in percentages on the special microphotometer reading scale described below. Hitherto it has boon the general practice to use a plain centimetre scale in conjunction with a reflecting galvanometer to obtain microphotometer readings. The readings thus obtained are related to the relative intensities of lines in the spectrum and hence to concentrations of the constituents of the sample by some form of mechanical calculator which generally involves the drawing of a density curve. It is found that these intermediate steps can be avoided and much time saved in routine work by the use of a curved scale which accurately represents the relations expressed by the density curve for all types of photographic plate examined.
The bonding of rubber to metal by the brass plating technique. Some observations on the reactions of copper and sulphur
Authors: Blow C. M. , Hopkins G. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTo throw light on the chemical reactions involved in the bonding of rubber to brass‐plated metal, experiments are described to observe the reaction of sulphur with copper in a paraffin medium. It in found that certain accelerators of vulcanisation are capable of reacting with the copper under these conditions and retarding the formation of sulphide.
Evaluating long‐term regional climate variability in the maritime region of the St. Lawrence North Shore (eastern Canada) using a multi‐site comparison of peat‐based paleohydrological records
Authors: MAGNAN GABRIEL , GARNEAU MICHELLE 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis study presents paleohydrological reconstructions from ombrotrophic peatlands (bogs) along the north shore of the Estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence in eastern Canada. Past water table depths were reconstructed based on testate amoebae analyses within four peatlands from two maritime ecoclimatic regions (boreal and subarctic) using a new transfer function. The comparison of multiple peat‐based paleohydrological records was used to distinguish climate‐driven changes from variations related to site‐specific factors. Coherence between the water table reconstructions at the regional scale suggests a common climatic influence on bog paleohydrology but there are inconsistencies which also suggest an influence of non‐climatic factors (e.g. internal peatland processes and feedbacks). The surface drying and increased hydrological variability after 3000 cal a BP in the studied bogs coincide with the transition from the Holocene Climatic Optimum to the Neoglacial cooling documented by proxy climate records in eastern Canada. The bogs of Havre St‐Pierre have experienced major drying during the late Holocene, indicating important annual‐to‐centennial water deficits at the peatland surface. Regional differences in the magnitude of the hydrological fluctuations may result from distinctive climatic conditions or could indicate that bog surface wetness in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was more sensitive to past climate changes.
Multiproxy diet analysis of the last meal of an early Holocene Yakutian bison
Authors: VAN GEEL BAS , PROTOPOPOV ALBERT , BULL IAN , DUIJM ELZA , GILL FIONA , LAMMERS YOURI , NIEMAN ALINE , RUDAYA NATALIA , TROFIMOVA SVETLANA , TIKHONOV ALEXEI N. , VOS RUTGER , ZHILICH SNEZHANA , GRAVENDEEL BARBARA 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTPollen, botanical macrofossils, chemical components and ancient DNA were studied in samples from the rumen of a frozen Yakutian bison (Bison priscus) that lived ca. 10,500 cal a BP. The dialkyl glycerol ether lipid archaeol (2,3‐di‐O‐phytanyl‐sn‐glycerol) was detected and is interpreted to have been derived from methanogenic Archaea in the rumen. This is the oldest reported occurrence of archaeol attributed to digestive tract Archaea. Remains of shrubs (Alnus, Betula, Salix) and Poaceae indicate that the animal probably lived in a landscape of predominantly dry soils, intermixed with wetlands containing herbaceous plant species, as indicated by remains of Comarum palustre, Caltha palustris, Eriophorum, Sparganium, Menyanthes trifoliata and Utricularia. All recorded taxa still occur in the present‐day Yakutian tundra vegetation. We discuss the representativeness in space and time of the methods used. Both the botanical microfossil and the macrofossil records may be biased because of differences in pollen production and dispersal between species, the food choice of the bison, and the season of death of the animal. Similarities and differences are discussed to highlight pitfalls of the individual analytical techniques. We highlight the power of data integration.
Tracing long‐term tropical montane ecosystem change in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania
Authors: FINCH JEMMA , WOOLLER MATTHEW , MARCHANT ROB 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTPollen, charcoal, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope, and radiocarbon analyses are used to reconstruct a palaeoenvironmental record from the Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM), Tanzania, dating back >45 000 years. A sedimentary hiatus covering the last glacial‐interglacial transition (LGIT) and early to mid Holocene follows the lead up to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) period. A late Holocene portion of the record is included as a modern analogue. Before 45 000 cal a BP, very low regional pollen counts imply open vegetation surrounding the site. Subsequently, the development of extensive montane forest characterizes a relatively mesic pre‐LGM. The transition into the LGM witnessed a marked shift from C3‐ to C4‐dominated biomass, representing an expansion of open forest dominated by grasses. These changes may be attributed to a combination of enhanced moisture stress and CO2 limitation, factors that may have been exacerbated by an intensive fire regime, as evident from the charcoal record. This is supported by a decrease in montane forest taxa, coupled with an associated expansion of C4 graminoids and ericaceous heathland to form a montane grassland mosaic similar to that previously recorded on other East African mountains around the time of the LGM but not, to date, having been shown in the Eastern Arc Mountains.
Hydrology and climatology at Laguna La Gaiba, lowland Bolivia: complex responses to climatic forcings over the last 25 000 years
Authors: METCALFE SARAH E. , WHITNEY BRONWEN S. , FITZPATRICK KATHARINE A. , MAYLE FRANCIS E. , LOADER NEIL J. , STREET‐PERROTT F. ALAYNE , MANN DAVID G. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTDiatom, geochemical and isotopic data provide a record of environmental change in Laguna La Gaiba, lowland Bolivia (17°45′S, 57°35′W), over the last ca. 25 000 years. High‐resolution diatom analysis around the Last Glacial–Interglacial Transition provides new insights into this period of change. The full and late glacial lake was generally quite shallow, but with evidence of periodic flooding. At about 13 100 cal a BP, just before the start of the Younger Dryas chronozone, the diatoms indicate shallower water conditions, but there is a marked change at about 12 200 cal a BP indicating the onset of a period of high variability, with rising water levels punctuated by periodic drying. From ca. 11 800 to 10 000 cal a BP, stable, deeper water conditions persisted. There is evidence for drying in the early to middle Holocene, but not as pronounced as that reported from elsewhere in the southern hemisphere tropics of South America. This was followed by the onset of wetter conditions in the late Holocene consistent with insolation forcing. Conditions very similar to present were established about 2100 cal a BP. A complex response to both insolation forcing and millennial‐scale events originating in the North Atlantic is noted.
The proximal lateral lower leg perforator flap revisited: Anatomical study and clinical applications
Authors: Lee Jiunn‐Tat , Chen Peir‐Rong , Hsu Honda , Wu Meng‐Si , Cheng Li‐Fu , Huang Chieh‐Chi , Chien Sou‐Hsin 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundThe proximal lateral lower leg flap is a flap suited for the reconstruction of small and thin defects. The purpose of this study was to map the position and consistency of the perforator vessels and to review its reliability and technical considerations clinically.MethodsThe location, number, and size of perforator vessels in the proximal third of the lateral lower leg were investigated in 20 fresh frozen cadaveric lower limbs. This was analyzed together with 22 clinical cases.ResultsCadaveric dissection showed that there were 1–2 perforators in the proximal third of the lateral lower leg and these perforator vessels were found to be 63% septocutaneous and 37% musculocutaneous. The source vessel of the perforators was variable. Clinically the recipient site consisted of the head and neck in 8 cases, the foot and ankle region in 13 cases, and 1 case in the hand. The mean thickness of this flap was 5.8 ± 0.8 mm. Vascular pedicle length ranged from 5 to 8.5 cm. The mean diameter of flap artery was 1.3 ± 0.3 mm. One flap failure was seen due to arterial thrombosis. The overall flap survival rate was 95%.ConclusionsThe proximal lateral lower leg flap has the advantages of being thin and pliable, quick to harvest with no major arteries sacrificed. There is minimal donor site morbidity and primary closure of the donor site is possible in the majority of cases. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:115–122, 2015.
A simultaneous approach to inverse source problem by Green's function
Authors: Erdem Arzu 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we consider an inverse source problem of identification of F(t) function in the linear parabolic equation ut = uxx + F(t) and u0(x) function as the initial condition from the measured final data and local boundary data. Based on the optimal control framework by Green's function, we construct Fréchet derivative of Tikhonov functional. The stability of the minimizer is established from the necessary condition. The CG algorithm based on the Fréchet derivative is applied to the inverse problem, and results are presented for a test example. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel 3D cubic loop antenna with nearly isotropic pattern
Authors: Jin Xiaohua , Ali Mohammod 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA novel three‐dimensional cubic loop antenna with nearly isotropic patterns is proposed. The proposed antenna, operates at around 700 MHz, has 6.3 dBi of total realized gain and a nearly isotropic radiation pattern. The proposed antenna can be used for wireless sensors in the field, such as infrastructure monitoring and in energy harvesting from the environment. If needed the antenna can be miniaturized using high dielectric materials. The antenna can be scaled and used at other frequencies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1511–1513, 2014
A compact multiband inverted a‐shaped patch antenna for WiMAX and C‐band
Authors: Ahsan Md Rezwanul , Islam Mohammad T. , Ullah M. Habib 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA compact modified inverted‐A shape multiband patch antenna has been designed and analyzed for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and C‐band telecommunication satellite applications. The proposed antenna comprises of 20 × 20 mm2 radiating patch fed by 4‐mm long microstrip line on 1.6‐mm thick fiberglass polymer resin dielectric material substrate and a reduced ground plane. The proposed antenna has been designed and analyzed using market available widespread three dimensional high frequency electromagnetic simulator and measured in a standard far field anechoic chamber. The measurement result shows that impedance bandwidth (return loss < −10dB) 360 MHz (2.53–2.89 GHz) and 440 MHz (3.47–3.91 GHz) for WiMAX and 1550 MHz (6.28–7.83 GHz) for C‐band satellite applications. Maximum measured gain of 3.62, 3.67, and 5.7 dBi measured at lower, middle, and upper band, respectively. The measured almost stable radiation patterns and efficiencies have achieved from the proposed antenna in all bands of interest. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1540–1543, 2014