bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intentional Civility
Authors: Gurian Elaine Heumann 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe meaning of civility is culturally dependent—as are the rules associated with the term. If museums and their staff want to welcome all peoples, then the rules of civil behavior have to change to reflect that intention. Yet museums have mostly lived with the traditional, class‐dependent notion of etiquette. The area that the concept of civility should be concerned with covers our interactions in spheres generally considered separable: public behavior; staff behavior; content behavior; community relations. Museums would do well to examine those behavioral elements that have been assumed to be self‐evident: like not talking in the library (whereas there are now talking‐based rooms). Normative behavior is always changing, but interestingly, as it changes, it generally remains mostly in the service of peaceful outcomes. I am suggesting that direct interrogation of our unexamined rules about interactions with each other in every context—and adjusting them to reflect a changed society—might be more significant than previously assumed.
Activating exUrbanScreens: Applying Curatorial Design toward Affective Experience in Civic Media Spectacles
Authors: Dziekan Vince , Mehzoud Sven 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAs the character of aesthetic experience becomes more complex and multi‐faceted, exhibitions become interfaces that actively mediate between physical and invisible realities. Challenging more conventional forms of exhibition‐making, this situation becomes exaggerated when producing affective exhibition experiences in non‐conventional event‐structures and site‐specific contexts. This article explores how digital mediation and spatial practice can be productively integrated into new program architectures, specifically the type of civic media spectacles associated with the cultural phenomenon of the White Night or Nuit Blanche. The co‐authors engage with the social and cultural dynamics of such “performance spectacles” through the twin perspectives of curator and exhibition designer, which informed the realization of exUrbanScreens, an image‐based arts and new media festival that operated as a multi‐site, distributed nocturnal event. Practice‐based insights give perspective on audience participation in this type of exhibition event and the social dynamics of civic engagement in this particular form of program architecture.
Banting Memorial Lecture 2014 Technology and diabetes care: appropriate and personalized
Authors: Pickup J. C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractContinuous subcutaneous insulin infusion was initially developed as a research procedure in the 1970s but quickly became a routine treatment for selected people with Type 1 diabetes. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and other diabetes technologies, such as continuous glucose monitoring, are now an established and evidence‐based part of diabetes care, but there has been some confusion about effectiveness and best use, particularly because of conflicting results from meta‐analyses. This is because literature summary meta‐analyses (including all trials) are inappropriate for therapeutic and economic decision‐making; such meta‐analyses should only include trials representative of groups likely to benefit. For example, for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, this would be those with continued disabling hypoglycaemia or elevated HbA1c levels. Alternatively, individual patient data meta‐analysis allows modelling of covariates that determine effect size, e.g. in the case of continuous glucose monitoring, baseline HbA1c and frequency of sensor usage. Diabetes technology is therefore an example of personalized medicine, where evaluation and use should be both appropriate and targeted. This will also apply to future technologies such as new ‘patch’ pumps for Type 2 diabetes, closed‐loop insulin delivery systems and nanomedicine applications in diabetes that we are currently researching. These include fluorescence lifetime‐based non‐invasive glucose monitoring and nanoencapsulation of islets for improved post‐transplant survival.
Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody‐positivity post‐partum is associated with impaired β–cell function in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Lundberg T. P. , Højlund K. , Snogdal L. S. , Jensen D. M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimsTo investigate whether the presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies post‐partum in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus was associated with changes in metabolic characteristics, including β–cell function and insulin sensitivity.MethodsDuring 1997–2010, 407 women with gestational diabetes mellitus were offered a 3–month post‐partum follow‐up including anthropometrics, serum lipid profile, HbA1c and GAD autoantibodies, as well as a 2–h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with blood glucose, serum insulin and C–peptide at 0, 30 and 120 min. Indices of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were estimated to assess insulin secretion adjusted for insulin sensitivity, disposition index (DI).ResultsTwenty‐two (5.4%) women were positive for GAD autoantibodies (GAD+ve) and the remainder (94.6%) were negative for GAD autoantibodies (GAD–ve). The two groups had similar age and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Women who were GAD+ve had significantly higher 2–h OGTT glucose concentrations during their index‐pregnancy (10.5 vs. 9.8 mmol/l, P = 0.001), higher fasting glucose (5.2 vs. 5.0 mmol/l, P = 0.02) and higher 2–h glucose (7.8 vs. 7.1 mmol/l, P = 0.05) post‐partum. Fasting levels of C–peptide and insulin were lower in GAD+ve women compared with GAD–ve women (520 vs. 761 pmol/l, P = 0.02 and 33 vs. 53 pmol/l, P = 0.05) Indices of insulin sensitivity were similar in GAD+ve and GAD–ve women, whereas all estimates of DI were significantly reduced in GAD+ve women.ConclusionGAD+ve women had higher glucose levels and impaired insulin secretion adjusted for insulin sensitivity (DI) compared with GAD–ve women. The combination of OGTT and GAD autoantibodies post‐partum identify women with impaired β–cell function. These women should be followed with special focus on development of Type 1 diabetes.
Representations of Islam and Arab Societies in Western Secondary Textbooks
Authors: Wiseman Alexander W. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSince the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the textbooks in Arab and Islamic nation‐states have been carefully critiqued for any content that Westerners view as promoting hate or violence against non‐Muslims. Very little has been said, however, about the portrayals of Islamic and Arab society in Western textbooks. This report investigates the perspectives and ideologies concerning representations of Islam and Arab societies in textbooks worldwide, and specifically in Western countries' national education systems. Seventy‐two textbooks from 15 Western countries and Israel were examined to investigate the included and excluded content related to Islam and Arab societies. This research found that those countries with either an immediate stake in the Middle East (e.g., Israel) or an immediate past stake in the region (e.g., the United Kingdom) were the most likely to include coverage of Islam and Arab societies in secondary textbooks. The major findings of this research, however, are that content related to contemporary Islam and Arab societies in Western secondary‐level textbooks is overwhelmingly related to terrorism and terrorists, the Arab/Israeli conflict, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The majority of content related to contemporary Islam and Arab societies represents Muslims and their communities as: 1) socially, politically, and economically repressed; 2) religiously and ideologically oppressed; and 3) both typically and frequently violent.
Iran's Reform Movement: The Enduring Relevance of an Alternative Discourse
Authors: Behravesh Maysam 
Published: October 2014

AbstractGiven the surprise electoral victory in May 2013 of Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, which was attained on a recurrent platform of reform and change, this article seeks to investigate Iran's reform discourse by looking at how it systematically developed under President Mohammad Khatami (1997–2005). Its chief purpose is to delineate the discourse in a retrospective analytical attempt to show why it has proven so resilient and persuasive in theory while briefly explicating the causes of its failure in practice under reformists, which set the stage for the rise to power of populist neo‐conservatives marshaled by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (2005–2013). Divided in two main parts, it thus seeks to tease out the domestic ideology of reform as theorized by Khatami and his men on the one hand, and the foreign policy of détente and dialogue as performed by the reformist administration on the other. In so doing, the article draws primarily on the original Persian sources produced during the respective period and afterward, including Khatami's own writings as well as theoretical formulations and articulations propounded by his political strategists. Finally, it anticipates that Rouhani's “moderation” project can face the same fate as Khatami's “reform” project if the former does not heed the hard‐earned historical lessons of the latter, even though it is operating in a different sociopolitical context.
The Muslim Male Character Typology in American Cinema Post‐9/11
Authors: Bayraktaroğlu Kerem 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article tries to discover whether filmic stereotypes of Muslims in general and Arabs in particular have undergone any changes since 9/11, and if they have, what new character types have been developed to reflect these images. In the course of this study, results from other researchers who have examined the presentation of Muslims on the screen both before and after 9/11 are referred to, with a view of highlighting the sustained, unchanging character features, as well as detecting new formations. A variety of films, which have been released since 2011, incorporating Muslim and Arab characters, are used in this research and the physical appearance attributes and behavioral attributes as described by Mastro and Greenberg have been utilized to help with the analysis. The most important finding is that in the 10‐year period following 9/11, although some familiar characterizations still hit the screen occasionally, there has been a tendency to reconstruct more convincing Muslim and Arab cinematic characters. Also noticeable is the fact that the narrative at times focuses on their ethnicity or economic status more than their religious beliefs. Continued research will show if this is a passing phase or the beginning of an end to Muslim and Arab stereotyping in American cinema.
EU Policy on Preferential Trade Agreements in the 2000s: A Reorientation towards Commercial Aims
Authors: Woolcock Stephen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe aim of this article is to provide a general introduction to EU policy on preferential trade agreements (PTAs) and thus to serve as a background for the more detailed discussion of the constitutional issues involved in EU PTAs. It starts with a description of how EU policy evolved during the 2000s, arguing that EU policy was predominantly driven by external or systemic factors in the international trading system and the EU's commercial response to these, rather than a policy shift driven by predominantly internal factors. This description is followed by a summary of the various motivations behind EU policy. The paper then discusses the content of the EU ‘model’ for PTAs. The term model needs to be used with some caution as the EU approach to PTAs has been fairly flexible and the content varies depending on the EU interests and those of its negotiating partner in any specific negotiation.
Constitutional Aspects of FTAs: A Colombian Perspective
Authors: Lizarazo Rodríguez Liliana , De Lombaerde Philippe , Ortiz Riomalo Juan Felipe , Parra Andrea , Rettberg Angelika 
Published: October 2014

AbstractColombia has recently negotiated trade agreements with the EU, the US and some other countries. This article explores the compatibility of these agreements with constitutional rights in Colombia, by looking at recent case‐law of Colombian courts. This Andean country is, in our view, a particularly interesting case because of the coincidence of a new constitutional context (with, on the one hand, an important rights catalogue and new instruments to protect fundamental rights, and on the other hand, liberal economic principles), a Constitutional Court with activist features and a particular socio‐political situation.
Some Critical Issues in the EU–India Free Trade Agreement Negotiations
Authors: Wouters Jan , Goddeeris Idesbald , Natens Bregt , Ciortuz Filip 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe free trade agreement currently negotiated between the EU and India is due to be the first of a new generation of free trade agreements between the EU and an emerging economy. This article addresses a number of critical issues in the negotiations and the EU's response to them. These issues include European labour standards and General Agreement on Trade in Services Mode 4 liberalisation; Indian generic medicine production and EU interests in patent protection; EU agricultural subsidies and their impact on the Indian dairy sector; the human rights and democracy dimension of the EU's foreign policy; and transparency issues of the negotiation process.
Civic Citizenship Reintroduced? The Long‐Term Residence Directive as a Post‐National Form of Membership
Authors: Acosta Arcarazo Diego 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper presents how the Long‐Term Residence Directive has created a status that can be considered as a subsidiary form of EU citizenship. This key revolution has been operated by EU law since this status escapes direct control by Member States that are obliged to grant EU long‐term residence and the rights associated with it to third‐country nationals (TCNs) fulfilling the conditions in the Directive. This represents a fundamental development and may be distinguished from the acquisition by TCNs of national/EU citizenship, which constitutes a prerogative of State sovereignty. Indeed, the recent cases by the Court of Justice analysed below confirm this truly post‐national form of membership and have profound implications for the relationship between borders, territory and population in the EU.
Characterization of pigmented dermo‐epidermal skin substitutes in a long‐term in vivo assay
Authors: Böttcher‐Haberzeth Sophie , Biedermann Thomas , Klar Agnieszka S. , Widmer Daniel S. , Neuhaus Kathrin , Schiestl Clemens , Meuli Martin , Reichmann Ernst 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn our laboratory, we have been using human pigmented dermo‐epidermal skin substitutes for short‐term experiments since several years. Little is known, however, about the long‐term biology of such constructs after transplantation. We constructed human, melanocyte‐containing dermo‐epidermal skin substitutes of different (light and dark) pigmentation types and studied them in a long‐term animal experiment. Developmental and maturational stages of the epidermal and dermal compartment as well as signs of homoeostasis were analysed 15 weeks after transplantation. Keratinocytes, melanocytes and fibroblasts from human skin biopsies were isolated and assembled into dermo‐epidermal skin substitutes. These were transplanted onto immuno‐incompetent rats and investigated 15 weeks after transplantation. Chromameter evaluation showed a consistent skin colour between 3 and 4 months after transplantation. Melanocytes resided in the epidermal basal layer in physiological numbers and melanin accumulated in keratinocytes in a supranuclear position. Skin substitutes showed a mature epidermis in a homoeostatic state and the presence of dermal components such as Fibrillin and Tropoelastin suggested advanced maturation. Overall, pigmented dermo‐epidermal skin substitutes show a promising development towards achieving near‐normal skin characteristics and epidermal and dermal tissue homoeostasis. In particular, melanocytes function correctly over several months whilst remaining in a physiological, epidermal position and yield a pigmentation resembling original donor skin colour.
Various peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ agonists differently induce differentiation of cultured human keratinocytes
Authors: Yan Yan , Furumura Minao , Numata Sanae , Teye Kwesi , Karashima Tadashi , Ohyama Bungo , Tanida Norifumi , Hashimoto Takashi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPeroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) are potentially useful for the treatment of skin diseases, because they stimulate keratinocyte differentiation, exert anti‐inflammatory effects and improve barrier function. We examined five PPAR‐γ agonists, including four thiazolidinediones (ciglitazone, troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) and an angiotensin‐II receptor blocker (telmisartan), for their ability to upregulate filaggrin and loricrin expression at both mRNA and protein levels in cultured normal human keratinocytes (NHKs). Troglitazone, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone and telmisartan significantly increased filaggrin expression at both mRNA and protein levels in calcium‐induced differentiated NHKs. Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, but not troglitazone nor telmisartan, also significantly increased loricrin expression at both mRNA and protein levels in differentiated NHKs. These effects were not found in undifferentiated NHKs nor differentiated NHKs treated with ciglitazone. This study revealed differential effects of various PPAR‐γ agonists on epidermal differentiation, and the most potent of those are rosiglitazone and pioglitazone.
Human skin dendritic cells can be targeted in situ by intradermal injection of antibodies against lectin receptors
Authors: Stoitzner Patrizia , Schaffenrath Sandra , Tripp Christoph H. , Reider Daniela , Komenda Kerstin , Del Frari Barbara , Djedovic Gabriel , Ebner Susanne , Romani Nikolaus 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSkin dendritic cells (DC) express C‐type lectin receptors for the recognition of pathogens. Langerhans cells (LC) express the receptor Langerin/CD207, whereas DEC‐205/CD205 is mainly expressed by dermal DC, but can also be detected at low levels on LC. In this study, we tested an ex vivo approach for targeting DC in situ with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against Langerin and DEC‐205. The targeting mAb was injected intradermally into human skin biopsies or added to the medium during skin explant culture. Corresponding to the expression patterns of these lectin receptors on skin DC, Langerin mAb was detected merely in LC in the epidermis and DEC‐205 mainly in dermal DC in human skin explants, regardless of the application route. Migratory skin DC bound and carried targeting mAb from skin explants according to their lectin receptor expression profiles. In contrast to the very selective transport of Langerin mAb by LC, DEC‐205 mAb was more widely distributed on all CD1a+ skin DC subsets but almost absent in CD14+ dermal DC. As effective vaccination requires the addition of adjuvant, we co‐administered the toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐3 ligand poly I:C with the mAb. This adjuvant enhanced binding of DEC‐205 mAb to all skin DC subsets, whereas Langerin targeting efficacy remained unchanged. Our findings demonstrate that LC can be preferentially targeted by Langerin mAb. In contrast, DEC‐205 mAb can be bound by all CD1a+ skin DC subsets. The efficacy of DEC‐205 mAb targeting strategy can be boosted by addition of poly I:C underlining the potential of this combination for immunotherapeutical interventions.
The pulse of imperial China: a quantitative analysis of long‐term geopolitical and climatic cycles
Authors: Zhang David D. , Pei Qing , Lee Harry F. , Zhang Jane , Chang Chun Qi , Li Baosheng , Li Jinbao , Zhang Xiaoyang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimThe long‐term cyclical patterns of China's geopolitical shifts are of great interest to scholars and the public, but to date there has been no satisfactory explanation for the alternating occupancy patterns of the country's pastoral and agrarian polities. We fill this gap by differentiating the agroecological settings of these polities over time and quantitatively analysing the relationships between climate change and historical geopolitical variations.LocationChina.MethodsOur dataset comprised 38 palaeohydroclimate reconstructions, the historical boundaries of China's empire and the changes in its size, and 1028 wars and 2737 battle locations over the past 2300 years. China‐wide precipitation during the period was reconstructed using the ‘weighted composite plus scale’ method. Time‐series analyses were performed to identify the strength of the associations between climate change and the geopolitical variables. Granger causality analysis and wavelet analysis were performed to verify the hypothesized causal links. Wavelet analysis was also used to identify the possible interactions (i.e. frequencies, significance, consistency and synchrony) between the signal components of the climatic and geopolitical variables at different temporal scales.ResultsChina's mean precipitation fell into three multicentennial cycles. The geopolitical variables corresponded to those cycles in the imperial era. The spatial–temporal frequencies of the boundaries and size of the agriculturalist empires and its frontiers with pastoralist empires were regulated by the long‐term (low‐frequency) precipitation fluctuations at the multicentennial scale. Wars of aggression were an important explanatory factor driving the land‐occupancy patterns of the two ecoempires under climate change, and caused most of the territorial shifts. Short‐term (high‐frequency) geopolitical changes were not associated with climate change.Main conclusionsPrecipitation‐induced ecological change was an important factor governing the macrogeopolitical cycles in imperial China. Long‐term territorial expansion favoured the polity (agriculturalist or pastoralist) that was better adapted to the changing ecological conditions in the country's heartland.