bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Particle deposition on the saturnian satellites from ephemeral cryovolcanism on Enceladus
Authors: Hirata Naoyuki , Miyamoto Hideaki , Showman Adam P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe geologically active south pole of Enceladus generates a plume of micron‐sized particles, which likely form Saturn's tenuous E‐ring extending from the orbit of Mimas to Titan. Interactions between these particles and satellites have been suggested, though only as very thin surficial phenomena. We scrutinize high‐resolution images with a newly developed numerical shape model of Helene and find that the leading hemisphere of Helene is covered by thick deposits of E‐ring particles, which occasionally collapse to form gully‐like depressions. The depths of the resultant gullies and near‐absence of small craters on the leading hemisphere indicate that the deposit is tens to hundreds of meters thick. The ages of the deposits are less than several tens of My, which coincides well with similar deposits found on Telesto and Calypso. Our findings as well as previous theoretical work collectively indicate that the cryovolcanic activity currently occurring on Enceladus is ephemeral.
Intra‐population variation in anemia status and its relationship to economic status and self‐perceived health in the Mexican Family Life Survey: Implications for bioarchaeology
Authors: Piperata Barbara A. , Hubbe Mark , Schmeer Kammi K. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTRecently scholars have advocated for the use of a critical biocultural approach in bioarchaeology, where osteological and dental markers of stress are used to understand the broader biosocial context of past populations. However, the ability to accomplish this task rests on the assumption that ultimate‐level environmental stressors and well‐being in the past can be reconstructed from the prevalence of pathologies in skeletal collections. Here we test this assumption using anemia prevalence in the Mexican Family Life Survey. Specifically we test three hypotheses: (1) that individuals sharing the same household are more likely to share anemia status; (2) anemia status is a predictor of economic status (a common proxy for broader environmental context); and (3) anemia status is related to self‐rated health. Results demonstrate that: anemia status was not commonly shared between household members; there was a significant overlap in economic status between anemic and nonanemic individuals (i.e., anemia poorly predicted economic status) and; while anemia status was associated with self‐perceived health, the majority of those who reported poor health were nonanemic while a significant number of those who reported very good health were anemic. We argue that these findings are likely related to variation in individual frailty, which is shaped by biological and cultural risk factors. Therefore, we advocate for greater incorporation of individual frailty into bioarchaeological investigations, and, in effort to overcome some of the difficulties associated with this task, increased use of data from living populations and greater collaboration between bioarchaeologists and human biologists. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:210–220, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Poly(alkyl lactate acrylate)s having tunable hydrophilicity
Authors: Purushothaman Muthukrishnan , Krishnan Palaniandavar Santhana Gopala , Nayak Sanjay Kumar 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTFour alkyl lactates and alkyl lactate acrylates having methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl as alkyl moiety were synthesized by azeotropic distillation. Their formation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), mass, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and proton decoupled 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques. Solution polymerization was carried out for these alkyl lactate acrylates and the formed homopolymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, proton decoupled 13C NMR spectroscopic, and gel permeation chromatographic techniques. Shear thinning behavior was observed for all the polymers. Wide angle X‐ray Diffraction studies showed that the polymers were amorphous in nature and also exhibited odd‐even effect among alkyl lactate groups with respect to average molecular interchain spacing. Depending on the length of the alkyl lactate groups, relative humidity and time, the hydrophilicity of the polymers decreased with increase in the length of the alkyl lactate group among the odd and even series. Among the studied polymers, poly(ethyl lactate acrylate) may have the potential for hydrogel applications, due to its highly hydrophilic nature. Tg decreased with increase in length of alkyl lactate groups. Trend observed on the thermal stabilities of poly(alkyl lactate acrylate)s could be explained on the basis of average molecular interchain spacing. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40962.
A thin film encapsulation layer fabricated via initiated chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition
Authors: Kim Bong Jun , Kim Do Heung , Kang Seung Youl , Ahn Seong Deok , Im Sung Gap 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTAn organic/inorganic hybrid multilayer for encapsulation of organic electronic devices is developed, where the organic polymer layer and the inorganic layer are alternatively deposited by initiated chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition processes, respectively. The thickness of each organic and inorganic layer is optimized to minimize the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) determined by a Ca test. The produced barrier film shows an outstanding optical property as its light transmittance is average 89.42% at visible light region. The WVTR of the developed thin film encapsulation layer is as low as 2.17 × 10−4 g m−2 day−1 at 38oC, 90% relative humidity (RH). This value is equivalent to 1.29 × 10−5 g m−2 day−1 at ambient condition, which is sufficient to elongate the lifetime of organic electronic devices. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40974.
Enzyme‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Saccharide Acrylate Monomers from Nonedible Biomass
Authors: Kloosterman Wouter M. J. , Brouwer Sander G. M. , Loos Katja 
Published: May 2014

AbstractVarious cellulase preparations were found to catalyze the transglycosidation between cotton linters and 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate. The conversion and enzyme activity were found to be optimal in reaction mixtures that contained 5 vol % of the acrylate. The structures of the products were revealed by using TLC and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The enzyme‐catalyzed reaction resulted in two products. The minor product originated from transglycosidation to hemicellulose and was found to be 2‐(β‐xylosyloxy)‐ethyl acrylate. The major product was identified as 2‐(β‐glucosyloxy)‐ethyl acrylate and the yield of the product was 5 wt % based on the amount of consumed cellulose. Glycosidation products with oligosaccharide moieties could not be detected in the reaction mixture. This result can be explained by the hydrolytic activities of the used cellulase preparation. Cellulase from Trichoderma reesei was found to possess, in addition to endoglucanase activity, cellobiosidase and β‐glucosidase activities. Five other cellulase preparations from different origins were tested as well for catalysis of oligosaccharide acrylate synthesis. For most cellulase preparations the major transglycosidation product appeared to be 2‐(β‐glucosyloxy)‐ethyl acrylate. Nevertheless, the endo‐β‐(1,4)‐glucanase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum was found to catalyze the synthesis of 2‐(β‐cellobiosyloxy)‐ethyl acrylate. Unlike the other cellulase preparations, endo‐β‐(1,4)‐glucanase from T. longibrachiatum showed no detectable β‐glucosidase activity and therefore oligosaccharide acrylate monomers were not further hydrolyzed into the monosaccharide acrylate 2‐(β‐glucosyloxy)‐ethyl acrylate.
Highly efficient expression and characterization of a β‐mannanase from Bacillus subtilis in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Li Ren‐Kuan , Chen Ping , Ng Tzi Bun , Yang Jie , Lin Juan , Yan Fen , Ye Xiu‐Yun 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA β‐mannanase gene (Man5) from Bacillus subtilis BS5 was cloned by PCR and integrated into the genome of Pichia pastoris GS115 via pPIC9 vector. The recombinant Man5 with a molecular mass of 43 kDa was successfully expressed and secreted into the culture medium. After methanol induction in a shake flask for 96 H, the recombinant Man5 protein reached 375 µg/mL in concentration, with an enzyme activity of 892 U/mL. The recombinant Man5 was purified 3.35‐fold with 60% yield by using HiTrap DEAE FF and HiTrap Phenyl FF columns. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 7,978 U/mg. The optimum temperature and pH of the recombinant Man5 were 50 °C and 6.0, respectively. Studies of substrate specificity showed that the optimum substrate for the Man5 was konjac flour, suggesting that it has great potential as an effective additive in the food industry.
Production of Nanostructured Conjugated Polymers by Electropolymerization of Tailored Tetrahedral Precursors
Authors: Yassin Ali , Mallet Romain , Leriche Philippe , Roncali Jean 
Published: May 2014

Abstract3D conjugated architectures based on twisted quaterthiophene (4T) or spirobifluorene (SF) cores with 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) or 3‐methoxythiophene (MeOT) end‐groups have been synthesized. Whereas the nature of the core has little effect on the absorption maximum of the molecule, replacement of 4T by the more rigid SF produces a large increase in the fluorescence quantum yield and a reduction in the Stokes shift accompanied by an increase in the oxidation potential. The highly reactive EDOT and MeOT end‐groups allow these compounds to undergo straightforward and complete electropolymerization into stable electrode materials. Cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry confirm the role of the precursor structure on the electrochemical properties of the polymers. Analysis of the relationships between the morphology of the polymers and the structure of the precursors, using various microscopy techniques, suggests that, with appropriate precursor design, electropolymerization can produce nanostructured electrode materials with long‐range order.
Reporting thyroid FNA before and after implementation of the Bethesda system—one institution's experience
Authors: Brister Kathriel J. , Singh Remmi S. , Wang Helen H. 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundThe Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology was published in 2008 and was implemented at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) in June, 2010. Prior to this date, our diagnostic scheme was similar to the Bethesda System, except for the category of “Atypia/Follicular Lesion of Undetermined Significance” (AUS). This study evaluates the impact of the Bethesda System on the rate and the positive predictive value (PPV) of the diagnostic categories at BIDMC.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of all thyroid fine‐needle aspirations (FNAs) during the time periods January, 2006 to November, 2008 and June, 2010 to July, 2011 and the subsequent thyroidectomy specimens.ResultsPost‐Bethesda System, diagnoses that are equivocal for diverse reasons and which have wide‐ranging PPVs are now all grouped into the AUS category, and the proportion of cases that are in the atypical/AUS category rose from 3.7% in the pre‐Bethesda period to 12% in the post‐Bethesda period.ConclusionThe AUS category has a PPV approaching 50% in our lab. This creates uncertainty regarding the appropriate management for this category and may cause unnecessary overuse of molecular testing for cases in the AUS category. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:28–31. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Substituted Biaryls through Gold‐Catalyzed Petasis–Ferrier Rearrangement of Propargyl Ethers
Authors: Pati Kamalkishore , Alabugin Igor V. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAu‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of aryl propargyl ethers provides controlled transition from alkyne to carbonyl chemistry followed up by a Petasis–Ferrier rearrangement/aromatization cascade leading to substituted biaryls with functionalized naphthalene cores.
C‐band backscatter from a complexly‐layered snow cover on first‐year sea ice
Authors: Fuller M. Christopher , Geldsetzer Torsten , Gill Jagvijay P. S. , Yackel John J. , Derksen Chris 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe present a case study of observed and modelled C‐band microwave backscatter signatures for a complexly‐layered snow cover on smooth, land‐fast, first‐year sea ice. We investigate how complexly‐layered snow affects the backscatter, by comparing signatures with those for a simple snow cover, and through model sensitivity analysis. Backscatter signatures are obtained using a surface‐based scatterometer, on sea ice in Hudson Bay, Canada. Coincident in situ snow and ice geophysical measurements, and on‐ice meteorological observations, describe the snow cover formation and structure. A multilayer snow and ice backscatter model is used to iteratively add and subtract components of the complex snow cover to assess their impacts on the overall backscatter. For incidence angles between 20° and 70°, the backscatter from a complex snow cover on smooth first‐year sea ice is significantly higher than backscatter from a simple snow cover on similar sea ice. Sensitivity analysis suggests that rough ice layers formed within the complex snow cover and those superimposed at the sea ice interface are the physical mechanisms that affect an increase in surface and volume backscattering. This has implications for sea ice mapping, geophysical inversion and snow thickness studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Did Somebody See It? Applying the Verifiability Approach to Insurance Claim Interviews
Authors: Nahari Galit , Leal Sharon , Vrij Aldert , Warmelink Lara , Vernham Zarah 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe examined the application of the verifiability approach to insurance claim interviews. The verifiability approach states that truth tellers and liars differ from each other in terms of the number of details they give that can be verified. Eighty‐three true and false insurance claim statements, related to damage, theft, or loss, were coded in terms of ‘witnesses’ (was the incident witnessed by others) and ‘verifiability’ (the number of perceptual and contextual details provided that could be checked by the investigator). We found that the majority of liars, compared with half the truth tellers, described unwitnessed incidents. This difference between the groups allowed for the detection of liars only. Discrimination between liars and truth tellers based on the verifiability of details was not possible. The implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shock Tube Measurements of Ignition Delay Times for the Butanol Isomers Using the Constrained‐Reaction‐Volume Strategy
Authors: BEC I. L. R. , ZHU Y. , DAVIDSON D. F. , HANSON R. K. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIgnition delay times of sec‐, iso‐, and tert‐butanol were measured behind reflected shock waves using both conventional operation and a new constrained‐reaction‐volume (CRV) strategy. This CRV filling method constrains the volume of reactive gases, thereby producing near‐constant‐pressure test conditions for reflected shock measurements. The initial reflected shock conditions cover temperatures ranging from 828 to 1095 K, pressures near 20 atm and an equivalence ratio of 1.0 in air mixtures. Additional data were also collected at 30 atm and at φ = 0.5 for iso‐butanol/O2/N2 mixtures. At 20 atm and φ = 1.0, the ignition delay time increases for the isomers in the following order: n‐butanol, iso‐butanol and sec‐butanol, and tert‐butanol. Modeling of all collected data using the Vasu and Sarathy (Energy Fuel 2013, 27, 7072–7080) mechanism showed overall good agreement with the experimental data.
The mGluR5 negative allosteric modulator dipraglurant reduces dyskinesia in the MPTP macaque model
Authors: Bezard Erwan , Pioli Elsa Y. , Li Qin , Girard Françoise , Mutel Vincent , Keywood Charlotte , Tison Francois , Rascol Olivier , Poli Sonia M. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundBlocking metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) has been proposed as a target for levodopa‐induced dyskinesias (LID) in Parkinson's disease (PD). We assessed the effect on LID of dipraglurant, a potent selective mGluR5 receptor negative allosteric modulator in the gold‐standard LID macaque model.MethodsDipraglurant (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg, by mouth) was tested in the 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) macaque model of LID in a four‐way crossover, single‐dose, controlled study (n = 8).ResultsDipraglurant inhibited dyskinesias in the LID macaque model, with best effect reached at 30 mg/kg dose with no alteration of levodopa efficacy.ConclusionAcute challenges of dipraglurant were efficacious on choreic and dystonic LID in the MPTP‐macaque model. Dipraglurant pharmacokinetic variables were similar to those of levodopa, suggesting that both drugs can be co‐administered simultaneously in further studies. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Continuous reactor preparation of thermoplastic modified epoxy‐amine prepolymers
Authors: Cheng Xiaole , Wiggins Jeffrey S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper describes a new continuous reactor method to prepare thermoplastic modified epoxy prepolymers for aerospace prepregs with the aim of replacing traditional batch reactors. Compared with batch reactors, the continuous reactor is capable of producing epoxy prepolymers through simultaneous dissolution of polyethersulfone (PES) and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone in tetraglycidyl‐4,4′‐ diaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM). In addition, concurrent chain extension reactions advance prepolymer molecular weights to desired viscosities in less than 2 min of mean residence time. Optical micrographs were used to define how process temperature influences PES dissolution in TGDDM in a continuous reactor. Kinetic studies confirmed that the chain extension reaction in a continuous reactor is similar to that in a batch reactor, and the molecular weights and viscosities of prepolymers were readily controlled through reaction kinetics. Atomic force microscopy was used to confirm similar cured network morphologies for formulations prepared from batch and continuous reactors. Additionally tensile strength, tensile modulus and fracture toughness analyses concluded that mechanical properties of cured epoxy matrices produced from the two reactors were equivalent. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Melt electrospinning in a parallel electric field
Authors: Liu Yong , Li Xiuhong , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTElectrospinning is an efficient and direct method of fabricating nanofibers. Fibers are frequently unstable in the electrospinning process, and the uneven distribution of the electric field is an important factor leading to instability. Experimental and finite element simulation studies are conducted on the process of melt electrospinning in a parallel electric field. Two parallel metal disks are used to successfully generate a uniform electric field. Electric field intensity on the edges of the metal disk is always stronger than the field at the center of the disk or at the spinneret bottom. The diameters, distances, and relative areas of these disks significantly affect the distribution of the electric field. Thus, the parallel electric field effectively reduces jet buckling in melt electrospinning. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 946–952
Postoperative Vocal Cord Dysfunction Despite Normal Intraoperative Neuromonitoring: An Unexpected Complication With the Risk of Bilateral Palsy
Authors: Melin Magnus , Schwarz Katharina , Pearson Marc D. , Lammers Bernhard J. , Goretzki Peter E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundIntraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) has become standard practice in thyroid surgery for many surgeons. It reduces the risk of vocal cord palsy in high‐risk patients and has led to two‐stage operations to prevent bilateral palsies. The specificity of detecting nerve injuries is not 100 %, leading to patients with vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) despite regular neuromonitoring (false‐negative IONM). We aimed to evaluate possible risk factors for this phenomenon and its importance regarding bilateral palsies.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of all patients with false‐negative IONM.ResultsA total of 2152 patients (3426 nerves at risk) underwent surgery for benign disease between January 2008 and October 2010. Sensitivity for predicting VCD was 85.4 % and specificity 99.0 %. The positive predictive value was 68.0 % and the negative predictive value 99.6 %. We were not able to identify risk factors for false‐negative IONM. We found four patients with delayed occurrence of VCD after regular IONM (1–8 weeks). We registered two patients with bilateral VCD after false negative IONM on the first side of bilateral resections (2/7) and four patients with bilateral palsy after correct IONM (4/1256). The relative risk for bilateral VCD between patients with false‐negative IONM on the primary resection side and patients with correct IONM was 89.7.ConclusionsAlthough seldom, false‐negative IONM is of clinical importance as it bears a high risk of bilateral VCD if it occurs on the first side of a bilateral resection. It can also have a latent occurrence after surgery.
Cooking and Sun Drying Effects on Properties of Allanblackia stanerana Kernels’ Oil
Authors: Noumi Guy Bertrand , Pengou Martin , Ngameni Emmanuel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPrevious studies have evaluated the nutritive potential of Allanblackia oils. Oil extraction from Allanblackia is done after a pretreatment of the kernels which has an influence on oil quality. In Cameroon, the pretreatment consists of cooking, followed by drying of the almonds in the sun. The oil is either edible or used as a body cream. Because of these important applications, it is necessary to determine treatment conditions that maximize extraction yields and preserve its quality. This study was aimed at finding the mathematical models that simulate the best pre‐treatment conditions. The use of multiple linear regression analysis allowed developing satisfactory models and surface response plots that predict the evolution of the extraction rate as well as the quality of the extracted oil, depending on cooking and sun drying times. The coefficients of correlation obtained were 72.03 % for water content; 53.06 % for extraction yield; 71.06 % for acid; 76.48 and 83.29 % for iodine and refractive values respectively, indicating a suitable model of the experiment according to the studied variables. The response surface curves were superimposed to obtain a single optimal range that satisfies all response factors. The average cooking time of 12.5 min and the mean residence time of 8.5 days drying gave the following optimal values for the different response factors studied: moisture content 21.60 %; oil yield 70.69 %; refractive index 1.4546; iodine value 34.72; and acid value 0.38 mg KOH/g oil. The conditions to obtain a maximum extraction yield and low acidity were those that gave a residual water content of about 10–15 %. The quality indicators measured in this work generally remained within the threshold.