bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the gradient of the image‐domain objective function using quantitative migration for a more robust migration velocity analysis
Authors: Lameloise Charles‐Antoine , Chauris Hervé , Noble Mark 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTMigration velocity analysis aims at determining the background velocity model. Classical artefacts, such as migration smiles, are observed on subsurface offset common image gathers, due to spatial and frequency data limitations. We analyse their impact on the differential semblance functional and on its gradient with respect to the model. In particular, the differential semblance functional is not necessarily minimum at the expected value. Tapers are classically applied on common image gathers to partly reduce these artefacts. Here, we first observe that the migrated image can be defined as the first gradient of an objective function formulated in the data‐domain. For an automatic and more robust formulation, we introduce a weight in the original data‐domain objective function. The weight is determined such that the Hessian resembles a Dirac function. In that way, we extend quantitative migration to the subsurface‐offset domain. This is an automatic way to compensate for illumination. We analyse the modified scheme on a very simple 2D case and on a more complex velocity model to show how migration velocity analysis becomes more robust.
Early human impact (5000–3000 BC) affects mountain forest dynamics in the Alps
Authors: Schwörer Christoph , Colombaroli Daniele , Kaltenrieder Petra , Rey Fabian , Tinner Willy 
Published: December 2014

Summary

The resilience, diversity and stability of mountain ecosystems are threatened by climatic as well as land‐use changes, but the combined effects of these drivers are only poorly understood.

We combine two high‐resolution sediment records from Iffigsee (2065 m a.s.l.) and Lauenensee (1382 m a.s.l.) at different elevations in the Northern Swiss Alps to provide a detailed history of vegetational changes during the period of first pastoralism (ca. 7000–5000 cal. BP, 5000–3000 BC) in order to understand ongoing and future changes in mountain ecosystems.

We use palaeoecological methods (fossil pollen, spore, microscopic charcoal and macrofossil analysis) as well as ecological ordination techniques and time‐series analysis to quantify the impact of fire and grazing on natural mountain vegetation at Iffigsee.

Fire was used by Neolithic people to create pastures at timberline and clear forests for arable farming in the valley. This had a significant, long‐term effect on the mountain vegetation and a negative impact on keystone forest species such as Abies alba, Larix decidua and Pinus cembra.

The mass expansion of Picea abies at ca. 5500 cal. BP (ca. 3500 BC) was facilitated by anthropogenic disturbance (fire, grazing and logging) causing an irreversible decline in Abies alba. Temperate Abies alba forests, which existed under warmer‐than‐today conditions, might be better adapted to projected climate change than today's drought‐sensitive Picea abies forests, especially under low anthropogenic disturbance following land abandonment.

Synthesis. Human impact for millennia has shaped mountain vegetation in the Alps and still continues to have a large effect on today's species composition and distribution. Fire and traditional pastoralism have the potential to mitigate the effects of climate change, maintain species‐rich high‐alpine meadows and prevent biodiversity losses.
Vegetation patterns in small boreal streams relate to ice and winter floods
Authors: Lind Lovisa , Nilsson Christer 
Published: December 2014

SummaryIn‐stream and riparian vegetation are species rich, productive and dynamic. Their patterns in small boreal streams are largely driven by seasonal flow regimes. Traditionally, flow‐related processes during the growing season, particularly the spring flood, have been seen as the most important, whereas vegetation has been viewed as being dormant and ‘less affected' during winter.Riparian and in‐stream vegetation were inventoried during the summers 2011–2013 in eight reaches of northern Swedish streams. Along each reach, the ice formation was surveyed during winter by visual inspections and with permanently placed cameras. We then evaluated the potential effects of ice regimes and winter flooding on riparian and in‐stream vegetation during 3 years by relating the abundance of winter floods caused by anchor ice to the cover, composition and biomass of vegetation.We found that the numbers of winter floods were higher along reaches with anchor‐ice formation than in reaches without. We also found that species diversity of riparian vegetation was higher in the reaches with anchor ice. This resulted from a lower cover of riparian dwarf shrubs and a higher cover of graminoids and forbs along reaches with anchor ice. We also found a lower cover of in‐stream algae but a higher cover of bryophytes in anchor‐ice reaches. These patterns were consistent throughout the study period although there were interannual differences in temperature, water levels and ice cover.During our study period, we encountered an average of 20 shifts per winter between freezing and thawing, while there was an average of 10 shifts per winter during 1960–1990. This indicates a warming climate in high latitudes. Higher temperatures and more shifts between freezing and thawing may initially increase ice dynamics. However, with further increases in mean temperature, ice production should eventually decrease.Synthesis. Ice and winter floods caused by anchor ice appear to be important disturbance agents that allow less competitive species to establish along small boreal streams. If ice dynamics is reduced, the composition and production of riparian and in‐stream vegetation may be changed, with possible consequences for the entire stream ecosystem.
A New Anti‐forensic Scheme—Hiding the Single JPEG Compression Trace for Digital Image
Authors: Cao Yanjun , Gao Tiegang , Sheng Guorui , Fan Li , Gao Lin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTo prevent image forgeries, a number of forensic techniques for digital image have been developed that can detect an image's origin, trace its processing history, and can also locate the position of tampering. Especially, the statistical footprint left by JPEG compression operation can be a valuable source of information for the forensic analyst, and some image forensic algorithm have been raised based on the image statistics in the DCT domain. Recently, it has been shown that footprints can be removed by adding a suitable anti‐forensic dithering signal to the image in the DCT domain, this results in invalid for some image forensic algorithms. In this paper, a novel anti‐forensic algorithm is proposed, which is capable of concealing the quantization artifacts that left in the single JPEG compressed image. In the scheme, a chaos‐based dither is added to an image's DCT coefficients to remove such artifacts. Effectiveness of both the scheme and the loss of image quality are evaluated through the experiments. The simulation results show that the proposed anti‐forensic scheme can verify the reliability of the JPEG forensic tools.
Management of traumatic haemorrhage – the US perspective
Authors: Dutton R. P. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryAs compared with European practice, the American approach to resuscitation from traumatic haemorrhage de‐emphasises pre‐hospital interventions in favour of rapid transport to definitive care; limits initial surgical interventions under the damage control model; uses crystalloid as the initial fluid of choice; and follows an empiric 1:1:1 approach to transfusion with red cells, plasma and platelets in hemodynamically unstable and actively bleeding patients. The use of bedside visco‐elastic testing to guide coagulation support is not as widespread as in Europe, while the early administration of tranexamic acid is more selective.
The management of abnormal haemostasis in the ICU
Authors: Retter A. , Barrett N. A. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThe aetiology and management of haemostatic abnormalities in critical care patients are considered in this narrative review. The mechanisms of normal haemostasis and derangements that occur as a result of sepsis and organ dysfunction are discussed. Finally, the management of haemostatic abnormalities as they relate to critical care practice are considered, including the management of heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.
Practical management of major blood loss
Authors: Gill R. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThe pathophysiology of bleeding, regardless of cause, is complex and ill understood. For traumatic or sudden unexpected haemorrhage, the use of transfusion packs with red cells, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and platelets being given in ratios of between 1:1 and 1:3 seems reasonable. This removes the requirement for ‘wait and see tests’ and should be part of an overall resuscitation and stabilisation plan that may improve outcome following sudden haemorrhage. The replacement of fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate with low‐volume, targeted concentrates is attractive. There is increasing evidence for the efficacy and safety of fibrinogen concentrates as a single agent. The combination of fibrinogen and prothrombin complex concentrates could be powerful and has the possibility to the management of bleeding and improve outcome in patients but, as yet, remains unproven.
Effects of dietary energy level on lipid metabolism‐related gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of Yellow breed × Simmental cattle
Authors: Zhang Haibo , Zhang Xiangfei , Wang ZhiSheng , Dong Xianwen , Tan Cui , Zou Huawei , Peng Quanhui , Xue Bai , Wang Lizhi , Dong Guozhong 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis study was conducted to estimate the effect of dietary energy level on lipid metabolism‐related gene expression of subcutaneous adipose tissue in Yellow breed × Simmental cattle. The experiment was conducted for 60 days. The results showed that final weight, average daily gain, average backfat thickness, (testicles + kidney + pelvic) fat percentage and subcutaneous fat percentage in the high and medium energy groups were significantly higher than in the low‐energy group but that the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower. The glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein and low‐density lipoprotein in the high‐energy group were significantly higher than in the low‐energy group. With dietary energy increasing the activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) significantly increased, whereas hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 (CPT‐1) significantly diminished. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), LPL, FAS, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP‐1), ACC, stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) and adipocyte‐fatty acid binding proteins (A‐FABP) gene expression were significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, and HSL and CPT‐1 gene expression were significantly decreased. These results indicated that with dietary energy increasing, the subcutaneous fat accumulation mainly increased due to adipose tissue lipogenic gene expression and decreased lipolytic gene expression.
Targeting α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Central Nervous System Disorders: Perspectives on Positive Allosteric Modulation as a Therapeutic Approach
Authors: Grupe Morten , Grunnet Morten , Bastlund Jesper Frank , Jensen Anders A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand‐gated ion channels broadly involved in regulating neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS) by conducting cation currents through the membrane of neurons. Many different nAChR subtypes exist with each their functional characteristics, expression pattern and pharmacological profile. The focus of the present MiniReview is on the heteromeric α4β2 nAChR, as activity at this subtype contributes to cognitive functioning through interactions with multiple neurotransmitter systems and is implicated in various CNS disorders, for example schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, the α4β2 nAChR provides an extra layer of molecular complexity by existing in two different stoichiometries determined by the subunit composition. Such findings have founded the rationale that pharmacological modulation of the α4β2 nAChR may be used as a treatment approach in various CNS disorders. As subtype‐selective agonists and other cholinergic ligands have only shown limited therapeutic success, the focus of recent drug development endeavours has largely shifted to positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). By potentiating the action of an agonist through binding to an allosteric site, a PAM can enhance cholinergic neurotransmission, thus compensating for compromised neuronal communication in a pathophysiological setting. The pharmacological advantages of PAMs compared to other types of ligands include minimal interference with spatial and temporal aspects of neurotransmission as well as higher subtype selectivity, hypothetically resulting in high clinical efficacy with minimal adverse effects. In this MiniReview, we describe the currently identified compounds, which potentiate the effects of agonists at the α4β2 nAChR. The potential clinical advantages and concerns of PAMs are discussed in the light of the role of α4β2 nAChRs as key regulators of fast synaptic transmission.
Editorial
Authors: Detchokul S , Frauman A G 
Published: December 2014

Cell movement is a fundamental process of normal cellular physiology and pathophysiology. Abnormal regulation of cell migration is a common denominator of many medical disorders, including cancer metastasis, autoimmune disease and inflammation. Increased interest in the targeting of cell migration and invasion, which has potential for therapeutic intervention in many diseases are behind this special themed issue. Thus, the focus of this issue is centred on the control of cellular cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular or tissue microenvironment sensors. Novel therapeutic opportunities targeting regulation of cell migration are discussed including the emerging roles of tetraspanins, phosphoinositides, transient receptor potential cation channels, stromal interaction molecules and calcium release‐activated calcium modulators. Better understanding of these regulatory factors will hopefully bring greater attention to strategically targeting aberrant cell migration, which has many therapeutic implications for common human diseases.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Cytoskeleton, Extracellular Matrix, Cell Migration, Wound Healing and Related Topics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐24
Associations of coefficient of variation of serum GH with previous radiotherapy, hypopituitarism and cardiac disease in patients with treated acromegaly
Authors: Jayasena Channa N. , Izzi‐Engbeaya Chioma , Narayanaswamy Shakunthala , Modi Manish , Clarke Holly , Nijher Gurjinder M.K. , Meeran Karim , Dhillo Waljit S. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBackgroundCardiovascular complications represent the biggest cause of mortality in acromegaly. It is therefore important to optimally stratify acromegalic patients according to disease activity and complication risk. GH is secreted in a pulsatile manner from the pituitary gland, but GH pulsatility is not routinely assessed clinically. The coefficient of variation of serum GH (GHCV) during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) quantifies the variation of GH secretion in patients with acromegaly, but has not been reported previously.AimTo investigate whether GHCV during OGTT is associated with clinical parameters predicted to relate with hypothalamo‐pituitary dysfunction during acromegaly, such as radiotherapy treatment, pituitary deficiency and cardiac disease.MethodsGHCV was calculated during 584 OGTTs and compared with nadir serum GH and IGF‐1 in 111 acromegalic patients treated at a single centre.ResultsAcromegalic patients treated with radiotherapy had a 37% lower level of GHCV when compared to the nonradiotherapy group (mean GHCV: 0·298 ± 0·015, no radiotherapy; 0·189 ± 0·007, radiotherapy; P < 0·001). Neither serum IGF‐1 nor nadir GH was significantly altered in the radiotherapy group. Mean GHCV was 50% lower in the acromegalic patients with cardiac failure when compared to acromegalic patients with normal echocardiogram (0·161 ± 0·034 vs 0·297 ± 0·055; P < 0·05). Neither serum IGF‐1 nor nadir GH was significantly altered during cardiac failure.ConclusionOur preliminary data suggest that GHCV during OGTT may be reduced during acromegaly in patients with previous radiotherapy, pituitary deficiencies and cardiac disease. Larger studies are required to determine whether GHCV could provide help to assess the morbidity status of patients with treated acromegaly.
Depolarizing GABA and Developmental Epilepsies
Authors: Khazipov Roustem , Valeeva Guzel , Khalilov Ilgam 
Published: December 2014

SummaryEarly in development, GABA, which is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in adult brain, depolarizes immature neurons and exerts dual—excitatory and shunting/inhibitory—effects in the developing neuronal networks. The present review discusses some general questions, including the properties of excitation at depolarizing GABAergic synapse and shunting inhibition by depolarizing GABA; technical issues in exploration of depolarizing GABA using various techniques and preparations, including the developmental aspects of traumatic injury and what is known (or rather unknown) on the actions of GABA in vivo; complex roles of depolarizing GABA in developmental epilepsies, including a contribution of depolarizing GABA to enhanced excitability in the immature networks, caused by repetitive seizures accumulation of intracellular chloride concentration that increases excitatory GABA power and its synchronizing proconvulsive effects, and correction of chloride homeostasis as a potential strategy to treat neonatal seizures.
Sulphate retention: a simplified method for categorizing soils into allophanic and non‐allophanic Andosols
Authors: Takahashi J. , Higashi T. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryUnlike phosphate, an index of sulphate retention of soils has not commonly been defined. However, sulphate sorption by soils is more sensitive than phosphate sorption to the amount of their colloidal components. Sulphate has less sorption affinity than some organic acids or phosphate, and is sorbed by hydrous Al/Fe such as allophane but not by Al–humus complexes. Therefore, we attempted to categorize soils as allophanic or non‐allophanic Andosols by sorption experiments with sulphate. The method employed for sulphate retention (S‐retention) was based on the common method for P‐retention, using potassium sulphate solution (3.12 mmol SO42− l−1, equivalent to 100 mg S l−1) buffered by potassium acetate (pH 4.0) and shaking for 1 hour with a soil:solution ratio of 1:5. From the results from 172 soil samples of 30 forest soils in eastern Japan, a linear regression was obtained between S‐retention and Alo + 1/2Feo (r = 0.780, P < 0.001). All aluandic (non‐allophanic) soil samples (Sio < 0.6% and Alp:Alo > 0.5, in accordance with the WRB classification system) had poor S‐retention (< 60%) and were clearly divided from silandic (allophanic) soil samples. Highly weathered Cambisols with small activity ratios of free iron oxides (Feo:Fed < 0.4) tended to have greater S‐retention (> 30%) than less weathered Umbrisols and Cambisols with Feo:Fed > 0.4. In addition, these four soil types were separated as distinct domains on a scatter diagram of P‐retention plotted against S‐retention.
Probing in vivo dynamics of mitochondria and cortical actin networks using high‐speed atomic force/fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Yoshida Aiko , Sakai Nobuaki , Uekusa Yoshitsugu , Deguchi Katashi , Gilmore Jamie L , Kumeta Masahiro , Ito Shuichi , Takeyasu Kunio 
Published: December 2014

The dynamics of the cell membrane and submembrane structures are closely linked, facilitating various cellular activities. Although cell surface research and cortical actin studies have shown independent mechanisms for the cell membrane and the actin network, it has been difficult to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of these structures in live cells. Here, we used a combined atomic force/optical microscope system to analyze membrane‐based cellular events at nanometer‐scale resolution in live cells. Imaging the COS‐7 cell surface showed detailed structural properties of membrane invagination events corresponding to endocytosis and exocytosis. In addition, the movement of mitochondria and the spatiotemporal dynamics of the cortical F‐actin network were directly visualized in vivo. Cortical actin microdomains with sizes ranging from 1.7 × 104 to 1.4 × 105 nm2 were dynamically rearranged by newly appearing actin filaments, which sometimes accompanied membrane invaginations, suggesting that these events are integrated with the dynamic regulation of submembrane organizations maintained by actin turnovers. These results provide novel insights into the structural aspects of the entire cell membrane machinery which can be visualized with high temporal and spatial resolution.
Shared decision making and the use of a patient decision aid in advanced serious illness: provider and patient perspectives
Authors: Jones Jacqueline , Nowels Carolyn , Kutner Jean S. , Matlock Daniel D. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectivePatients with advanced serious illness face many complex decisions. Patient decision aids (PtDAs) can help with complex decision making but are underutilized. This study assessed barriers and facilitators to the use of a PtDA designed for serious illness.MethodsProviders and patients were asked about their experiences in making decisions around serious illness and their opinions towards the PtDA. Seven focus groups were digitally recorded, transcribed and analysed using a general qualitative inductive method.ResultsDomain 1 – clinical context within which the PtDA would be utilized including three themes: (1a) role: PtDA might compete with the physician's role; (1b) logistics: it was unclear when and how such a PtDA should be implemented; and (1c) meaning: what it will mean to the patient if the physician recommends viewing of this PtDA. Domain 2 – broader global context: (2a) death‐denying culture; and (2b) physician concerns that the PtDA was biased towards palliative care.ConclusionPhysicians’ concerns were rooted in deeper concerns about palliative care and a death‐denying culture. Patients were more open to using the PtDA than physicians, suggesting ‘it's never too early’.Practice ImplicationsPtDAs for serious illness can maximize early opportunities for goals of care conversations and shared decision making.
Inkjet‐Printed Metal‐Insulator‐Metal Capacitors for Tunable Microwave Applications
Authors: Friederich Andreas , Kohler Christian , Nikfalazar Mohammad , Wiens Alex , Jakoby Rolf , Bauer Werner , Binder Joachim R. 
Published: December 2014

A Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3–ZnO–B2O3 composite ink was prepared and used for the manufacturing of fully inkjet‐printed metal‐insulator‐metal varactors. The dielectric thick films were co‐fired with printed silver electrodes at 850°C and show a fine grained microstructure. The films have a relative permittivity of εr = 129 and a dielectric loss of tan δ = 0.043 at f = 3 GHz. Printed varactors with different dielectric film thickness were prepared. The characterization of the printed structures and 3D electromagnetic simulations of the layout reveal the strong influence of electrode inductance and fringing effects on the properties of the components. The printed varactors reach tunabilities between 14.4% and 16.4% by applying a tuning field of 5 V/μm. To demonstrate the capability of the inkjet printing process for the preparation of tunable microwave devices, a fully inkjet‐printed phase shifter was fabricated. It is based on seven pairs of the printed varactors and reaches a phase shift of 180° and a figure of merit of 19°/dB at 3.4 GHz.