bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir when administered with mineral supplements in healthy adult subjects
Authors: Song Ivy , Borland Julie , Arya Niki , Wynne Brian , Piscitelli Stephen 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAll commercially available integrase inhibitors are 2‐metal binders and may be affected by co‐administration with metal cations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of calcium and iron supplements on dolutegravir pharmacokinetics and strategies (dose separation and food) to attenuate the effects if significant reductions in dolutegravir exposure were observed. This was an open‐label, crossover study that randomized 24 healthy subjects into 1 of 2 cohorts to receive 4 treatments: (1) dolutegravir alone, fasting; (2) dolutegravir with calcium carbonate or ferrous fumarate, fasting; (3) dolutegravir with calcium carbonate or ferrous fumarate with a moderate‐fat meal; (4) dolutegravir administered 2 hours before calcium carbonate or ferrous fumarate, fasting. Plasma dolutegravir AUC(0–∞), Cmax, and C24 were reduced by 39%, 37%, and 39%, respectively, when co‐administered with calcium carbonate while fasting and were reduced by 54%, 57%, and 56%, respectively, when co‐administered with ferrous fumarate while fasting. Dolutegravir administration 2 hours before calcium or iron supplement administration (fasted), as well as administration with a meal, counteracted the effect. Dolutegravir and calcium or iron supplements can be co‐administered if taken with a meal. Under fasted conditions, dolutegravir should be administered 2 hours before or 6 hours after calcium or iron supplements.
Long‐term addition of micro‐amounts of hydrazine enhances nitrogen removal and reduces NO and NO3− production in a SBR performing Anammox
Authors: Yao Zongbao , Zhang Daijun , Xiao Pengying , Peng Shuchan , Lu Peili , Wan Xinyu , He Qiang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDN2H4 and NO are the important intermediates of Anammox. The appropriate addition of N2H4 weakens the inhibitory effect of NO2− on anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria (AnAOB) activity. The effect of long‐term addition of micro‐amounts of N2H4 was investigated in this study.RESULTSA sequencing batch reactor (SBR) performing Anammox could run stably during long‐term addition of micro‐amounts of N2H4. The nitrogen removal rate and efficiency of the SBR with micro‐amounts of N2H4 addition were higher than the SBR without N2H4 addition. The molar ratio of NO3− production to NH4+ removal (MRNN) decreased to 0.12, significantly lower than the expected stoichiometry of Anammox. The NO emission decreased by more than 15%. The addition of micro‐amounts of N2H4 could weaken the inhibition of NO2− to the activity of AnAOB.CONCLUSIONThe electrons released from the oxidation of added N2H4 by AnAOB acclimated under long‐term micro‐amounts of N2H4 addition replenish the loss of electrons due to the diffusive loss of intermediates in AnAOB metabolism, enhance the activity of AnAOB and accelerate the NO consumption with resulting decreased NO emission. The oxidation of added N2H4 partially substitutes the oxidation of NO2− to NO3− for the anabolism of AnAOB with resulting significantly decreased production of NO3−.© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Extraction of thymol from different varieties of thyme plants using green solvents
Authors: Villanueva Bermejo David , Angelov Ivan , Vicente Gonzalo , Stateva Roumiana P , Rodriguez García‐Risco Mónica , Reglero Guillermo , Ibañez Elena , Fornari Tiziana 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThymol (2‐isopropyl‐5‐methylphenol) is the main monoterpene phenol found in thyme essential oil. This compound has revealed several biological properties, including antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In this work, a comparison was made between the performance of different green solvents (ethanol, limonene and ethyl lactate), by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) at different conditions, to extract thymol from three different varieties of thyme (Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis and Thymus citriodorus). Additionally, new solubility data of thymol in limonene and ethanol at ambient pressure and temperatures in the range 30–43 °C are reported.RESULTSThe highest thymol recoveries were attained with T. vulgaris (7–11 mg g−1). No thymol could be quantified in the PLE samples of T. citriodorus. The highest concentrations of thymol in the extracts were obtained with limonene. Thymol is very soluble in both solvents, particularly in ethanol (∼900 mg g−1 at ∼40 °C), and is the main compound (in terms of peak area) present in the essential oil extracts obtained.CONCLUSIONThe three solvents show good capacity to extract thymol from T. vulgaris and T. zygis by PLE. Although PLE proved to be a suitable technology to extract thymol from thyme plants, the highest concentrations of thymol were obtained by SFE with supercritical CO2. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Mortality in Parkinson's disease: A 38‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Pinter Bernadette , Diem‐Zangerl Anja , Wenning Gregor Karl , Scherfler Christoph , Oberaigner Willi , Seppi Klaus , Poewe Werner 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn this study we report on the outcome including overall and cause‐specific mortality of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients subsequent to 38 years of surveillance. This is an extension study of our previous report on mortality.MethodsTwo hundred thirty‐seven patients with a symptom onset between 1974 and 1984 were followed until the date of December 31, 2012 or death, representing a follow‐up period of up to 38 years. Overall and cause‐specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated, and predictors for survival at disease onset were estimated.Results and ConclusionTwo hundred thirty patients had died by December 31, 2012; a total of 3,489 person‐years were available for observation. The SMR at 38 years of follow‐up was 2.02 (1.76‐2.29). Employing Cox's proportional hazard modeling, male sex, gait disorder, absence of classical rest tremor, and absence of asymmetry predicted poor survival in this cohort. Increased cause‐specific SMRs were found for pneumonia and cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Authors: LeWitt Peter A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFor all its imperfections at treating Parkinson's disease (PD), orally‐administered levodopa (l‐dopa) can be regarded as the “platinum” standard of PD therapeutics for its impact on disability and discomfort and its cost‐effectiveness. The past half‐century has confirmed that the typical l‐dopa–treated patient gains improvement for most Parkinsonian features, presumably by conversion of this amino acid into dopamine in the striatum. However, fundamental questions remain as to its full mechanism of action and how adverse reactions evolve. Various aspects of clinical phenomenology associated with chronic l‐dopa use (such as dyskinesias and the long‐duration anti‐Parkinsonian response) present a continuing challenge for better understanding of its pharmacology. The pharmacokinetics of l‐dopa tend to predict some of problems that can emerge during chronic therapy, which can be linked with its irregular uptake and marked dose‐by‐dose variability in plasma concentrations. Several new pharmaceutical approaches are targeted at the unique physiology of l‐dopa uptake and are likely to improve the consistency of its anti‐Parkinsonian effect. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Diagnosing PD‐MCI by MDS task force criteria: How many and which neuropsychological tests?
Authors: Goldman Jennifer G. , Holden Samantha , Ouyang Bichun , Bernard Bryan , Goetz Christopher G. , Stebbins Glenn T. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe optimal properties of a comprehensive (level II) neuropsychological battery for determining Parkinson's disease mild cognitive impairment (PD‐MCI) by Movement Disorder Society (MDS) Task Force criteria remain unresolved.MethodsSeventy‐six nondemented PD patients underwent PD‐MCI classification using a consensus diagnosis and level II criteria. We examined the optimal number of tests in each of the five designated cognitive domains, identified the best tests within each domain, and determined the best overall battery for PD‐MCI level II diagnosis.ResultsA battery with two tests per domain provided a highly practical, robust diagnostic assessment. Level II testing with the two best tests and impairment defined as 2 standard deviations below norms was highly sensitive and specific for PD‐MCI diagnosis.ConclusionsOur findings strongly support the MDS Task Force Level II testing recommendations, provide a framework for creating an optimal, efficient neuropsychological test battery for PD‐MCI diagnosis, and offer specific test recommendations. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Blood Transfusion is Associated with Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Hepatectomy in Child–Pugh Class A Patients
Authors: Harada Noboru , Shirabe Ken , Maeda Takashi , Kayashima Hiroto , Ishida Teruyoshi , Maehara Yoshihiko 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIntroduction
Previous reports have indicated an association between blood transfusion and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatectomy. However, clinicopathological biases were not adjusted in these studies. We aimed to clarify the effect of blood transfusions in patients with HCC and Child–Pugh class A after hepatectomy by using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis for selection bias control.Materials and methodsWe enrolled 479 patients with primary HCC and Child–Pugh class A retrospectively (91 transfused and 388 nontransfused patients) who underwent curative hepatectomy. After adjusting for different covariate distributions for both groups by IPTW, we analyzed the prognostic outcomes.ResultsIn the unweighted analyses, overall survival (OS) rate of transfused patients was significantly lower than in nontransfused patients (P < 0.0001). Recurrence‐free survival (RFS) rate of transfused patients was significantly lower than that of nontransfused patients (P = 0.0024). Multivariate analysis showed that blood transfusion was an independent prognostic factor of OS and RFS. The different distributive covariates between the two groups were age, presence of liver cirrhosis, serum level of alpha‐fetoprotein, maximum tumor diameter, and amount of intraoperative blood loss. After IPTW by these covariates, OS rate of transfused patients was not significantly lower than those of nontransfused patients, whereas RFS rate of transfused patients remained significantly lower than those of nontransfused patients (P = 0.038, adjusted HR 1.45; 95 % CI 1.0–2.1).ConclusionsThese results suggest that blood transfusion was associated with recurrence of HCC after hepatectomy in patients with HCC and Child–Pugh class A.
The Impact of Feedback of Surgical Outcome Data on Surgical Performance: A Systematic Review
Authors: Maruthappu Mahiben , Trehan Abhishek , Barnett‐Vanes Ashton , McCulloch Peter , Carty Matthew J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing patient demands, costs and emphasis on safety have led to performance tracking of individual surgeons. Several methods of using these data, including feedback have been proposed. Our aim was to systematically review the impact of feedback of outcome data to surgeons on their performance.Study designMEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, AMED and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (from their inception to February 2013) were searched. Two reviewers independently reviewed citations using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Forty two data‐points per study were extracted.ResultsThe search strategy yielded 1,531 citations. Seven studies were eligible comprising 18,632 cases or procedures by 52 surgeons. Overall, feedback was found to be a powerful method for improving surgical outcomes or indicators of surgical performance, including reductions in hospital mortality after CABG of 24 % (P = 0.001), decreases of stroke and mortality following carotid endarterectomy from 5.2 to 2.3 %, improved ovarian cancer resection from 77 to 85 % (P = 0.157) and reductions in wound infection rates from 14 to 10.3 %. Improvements in performance occurred in concert with reduced costs: for hepaticojejunostomy, implementation of feedback was associated with a decrease in overall hospital costs from $24,446 to $20,240 (P < 0.01). Similarly, total cost of carotid endarterectomy and following management decreased from $13,344 to $9548.ConclusionsThe available literature suggests that feedback can improve surgical performance and outcomes; however, given the heterogeneity and limited number of studies, in addition to their non‐randomised nature, it is difficult to draw clear conclusions from the literature with regard to the efficacy of feedback and the specific nuances required to optimise the impact of feedback. There is a clear need for more rigorous studies to determine how feedback of outcome data may impact performance, and whether this low‐cost intervention has potential to benefit surgical practice.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Exclusive Involvement of a Functioning Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve May Be Treated with Shaving Technique
Authors: Lee Hyoung Shin , Kim Sung Won , Park Taejung , Nam Gi Yun , Hong Jong Chul , Lee Kang Dae 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectivesWe sought to validate the feasibility of preserving a functioning recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) invaded by papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) using a shaving technique followed by high‐dose radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy.
MethodsA retrospective review of 34 patients with locally invasive PTC who had exclusive tumor involvement of a functioning RLN was performed. All patients underwent total thyroidectomy and high‐dose RAI therapy. A shaving technique was conducted with the goal of leaving the smallest amount of residual tumor as possible while attempting to preserve nerve function. Clinicopathologic factors and oncologic outcomes of the patients with resected RLN (group A, n = 14) and preserved RLN (group B, n = 20) were compared.ResultsThe two groups showed no differences in clinicopathologic factors or follow‐up period. Mean dose of radioiodine therapy was 245.0 ± 140.3 mCi (range 100–540 mCi). Permanent postoperative vocal cord paralysis after RLN shaving occurred in two patients of group B (10 %). Only one patient (5 %) in group B had local recurrence at the thyroid bed where the residual tumor was located. The overall recurrence rate was 35.7 % (5/14) and 20.0 % (4/20) in groups A and B, respectively showing no significant difference (p = 0.525). There were no cases of death due to PTC during the median follow‐up of 75 months (range 36–159 months).ConclusionsPatients with locally invasive PTC with exclusive involvement of a functioning RLN may be treated by nerve shaving followed by treatment of the macroscopic residual tumor with high‐dose RAI therapy.
Arctic sea ice and Eurasian climate: A review
Authors: Gao Yongqi , Sun Jianqi , Li Fei , He Shengping , Sandven Stein , Yan Qing , Zhang Zhongshi , Lohmann Katja , Keenlyside Noel , Furevik Tore , Suo Lingling 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe Arctic plays a fundamental role in the climate system and has shown significant climate change in recent decades, including the Arctic warming and decline of Arctic sea-ice extent and thickness. In contrast to the Arctic warming and reduction of Arctic sea ice, Europe, East Asia and North America have experienced anomalously cold conditions, with record snowfall during recent years. In this paper, we review current understanding of the sea-ice impacts on the Eurasian climate. Paleo, observational and modelling studies are covered to summarize several major themes, including: the variability of Arctic sea ice and its controls; the likely causes and apparent impacts of the Arctic sea-ice decline during the satellite era, as well as past and projected future impacts and trends; the links and feedback mechanisms between the Arctic sea ice and the Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation, the recent Eurasian cooling, winter atmospheric circulation, summer precipitation in East Asia, spring snowfall over Eurasia, East Asian winter monsoon, and midlatitude extreme weather; and the remote climate response (e.g., atmospheric circulation, air temperature) to changes in Arctic sea ice. We conclude with a brief summary and suggestions for future research.
2-Keto acids based biosynthesis pathways for renewable fuels and chemicals
Authors: Tashiro Yohei , Rodriguez Gabriel M , Atsumi Shota 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Global energy and environmental concerns have driven the development of biological chemical production from renewable sources. Biological processes using microorganisms are efficient and have been traditionally utilized to convert biomass (i.e., glucose) to useful chemicals such as amino acids. To produce desired fuels and chemicals with high yield and rate, metabolic pathways have been enhanced and expanded with metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches. 2-Keto acids, which are key intermediates in amino acid biosynthesis, can be converted to a wide range of chemicals. 2-Keto acid pathways were engineered in previous research efforts and these studies demonstrated that 2-keto acid pathways have high potential for novel metabolic routes with high productivity. In this review, we discuss recently developed 2-keto acid-based pathways.
13‐Oxo‐9(Z),11(E),15(Z)‐octadecatrienoic Acid Activates Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor γ in Adipocytes
Authors: Takahashi Haruya , Hara Hideyuki , Goto Tsuyoshi , Kamakari Kosuke , Wataru Nomura , Mohri Shinsuke , Takahashi Nobuyuki , Suzuki Hideyuki , Shibata Daisuke , Kawada Teruo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPeroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)γ is expressed in adipose tissue and plays a key role in the regulation of adipogenesis. PPARγ activators are known to have potent antihyperglycemic activity and are used to treat insulin resistance associated with diabetes. Therefore, many natural and synthetic agonists of PPARγ are used in the treatment of glucose disorders. In the present study, we found that 13‐oxo‐9(Z),11(E),15(Z)‐octadecatrienoic acid (13‐oxo‐OTA), a linolenic acid derivative, is present in the extract of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), and bitter gourd (Momordica charantia). We also found that 13‐oxo‐OTA activated PPARγ and induced the mRNA expression of PPARγ target genes in adipocytes, thereby promoting differentiation. Furthermore, 13‐oxo‐OTA induced secretion of adiponectin and stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that 13‐oxo‐OTA induces adipogenesis through PPARγ activation and to present 13‐oxo‐OTA as a valuable food‐derived compound that may be applied in the management of glucose metabolism disorders.
Characterization of Volatile Compounds of Virgin Olive Oil Originating from the USA
Authors: Zhu Hanjiang , Tang Shuaikun , Shoemaker Charles F. , Wang Selina C. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe volatile profiles of virgin olive oils originating from the USA were first studied: 71 volatile compounds were identified in 21 monovarietal virgin olive oils using solid‐phase microextraction–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, representing 100 % of the headspace composition. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed for the grouping of olive oils based on geographical origin, and also the distinguishing of olive oil varieties by their relative positions in the group; 17 distinguishable volatile compounds that significantly contributed to the olive oil classification were found to be distributed on a PCA plot according to their sensory attributes. Moreover, the major volatile components were compared among varieties and origins to clarify the genetic and geographic influences. Our results indicate the significant effects of both origin and cultivar on the volatile composition of olive oil as well as the dominant role of the geographic effect compared to the genetic effect on applied samples.
Hygienic Nature: Afforestation and the greening of colonial Hong Kong
Authors: PECKHAM ROBERT 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article examines the ‘greening’ of Hong Kong in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with an emphasis on the afforestation of the colony's ‘barren’ mountainsides from the 1880s. To date, histories of Hong Kong have tended to focus on the colonial state's urban interventions, particularly on the draconian measures it took to ‘sanitize’ Chinese districts. In contrast, this article connects Hong Kong's urban development with the history of green space and the cultivation of ‘nature’. While the state sought to transform the ‘barren rock’ into a visible correlate of the colony's aspiring status as an imperial hub in Asia, the promotion of hygiene and health provided a further rationale for tree-planting. The article argues that colonial Hong Kong provides insights into the ‘tropicalization of modernity’ and the constitutive processes by which colonial power was naturalized and legitimated through planning practices that extended from the urban to the natural. A study of Hong Kong's afforestation underscores the importance of the natural environment as a ‘contact zone’ between colonial and ‘native’ cultures; it also reveals the extent to which the equation of a ‘green’ landscape with economic (re)production and colonial order, functioned as a critical trope for framing race and labour.
Resistance to Hunting in Pre-independence India: Religious environmentalism, ecological nationalism or cultural conservation?
Authors: RASHKOW EZRA 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article presents new evidence with which to evaluate the validity of the popular picture of religious environmentalism in India. It examines accounts of a large number of incidents described in Indian language newspapers, the colonial archive, and hunting literature published between the 1870s and 1940s, in which British and other sportsmen clashed with villagers in India while out hunting. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the colonial sports-hunting obsession was in its heyday, but opposition to hunting across India was also mounting. Rural villagers, in particular, were often willing to become involved in physical combat with hunters, apparently in order to protect local wildlife. Sportsmen often assumed that it was religious fanaticism that made Hindus defend the lives of what they saw as game animals, trophies, and specimens. The article provides evidence that, in addition to religion, a mixture of other motivations explains Hindu interest in the conservation of certain species. Anti-colonial consciousness, assertions of local authority and territoriality, and an environmental ethic can all be identified as being at work. The end result was the increased conservation of certain species of wildlife.
Development of the microsporidian parasite, Loma salmonae, in a rainbow trout gill epithelial cell line (RTG-1): evidence of xenoma development in vitro
Authors: McCONNACHIE S. H. , SHEPPARD J. , WRIGHT G. M. , SPEARE D. J. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYGrowth and propagation of fish-infecting microsporidians within cell culture has been more difficult to achieve than for insect- and human-infecting microsporidians. Fish microsporidia tend to elicit xenoma development rather than diffuse growth in vivo, and this process likely increases host specificity. We present evidence that the fish microsporidian, Loma salmonae, has the capacity to develop xenomas within a rainbow trout gill epithelial cell line (RTG-1). Spore numbers increased over a 4 weeks period within cell culture flasks. Xenoma-like structures were observed using phase contrast microscopy, and then confirmed using transmission electron microscopy. Optimization of the L. salmonae-RTG-1 cell model has important implications in elucidating the process of xenoma development induced by microsporidian parasites.