bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study on Phase Behavior and its Application to Cryogenic Technologies for Treatment of High CO2 Gas Fields
Authors: Turunawarasu Dhanaraj , Norpiah Rohaizad B. M. , Pottayil Adil 
Published: October 2015

In Malaysia more than 13 Tscf of natural gas reserve remain undeveloped due to high carbon dioxide (CO2) content of up to 70 mole% (Darman & Harun, 2006). High CO2 content gas fields will have to be developed to meet gas demand in Malaysia despite the technical and economical challenges. Cryogenic technology has been identified to be the most suitable technology for offshore since it is capable of handling a wide range of CO2 content. However, proper phase behavior study should be undertaken as CO2 may freeze-out to become solid at certain cryogenic conditions. The objective of this study is to validate the prediction of commonly used Equation of State (EOS) models on the Vapor, Liquid & Solid Equilibrium (VLSE) of CO2 - hydrocarbon system against existing experimental data and to simulate cryogenic process to remove CO2 for offshore application.
Primary focus is given to the accurate prediction of solid CO2 behavior using conventional EOS models. Based on the selected EOS model, a phase behavior study under cryogenic condition has been conducted on a gas field containing CO2 level up to 52 mole% in the wellstream. A process simulation model is developed based on Ryan Holmes and Controlled Freeze Zone#x2122; (CFZ#x2122;) processes. In this study various feed and process conditions were evaluated to determine the optimal removal of CO2 from the wellstream.
The proper representation of the actual high CO2 gas reservoir VLSE phase behavior using the available EOS model is very important to avoid unnecessary facility problem for a cryogenic technology application. From this study, advanced Redlich-Kwong-Soave (RKSA) model is recommended to be used for high CO2 fluid characterization and simulation.
The Thermal Recovery Methods and Technical Limits of Bohai Offshore Heavy Oil Reservoirs: A Case Study
Authors: Dong Xiaohu , Liu Huiqing , Hou Jirui , Zhang Tianlin , Zhan Jie , Chen Zhangxin , Hong Cheng 
Published: October 2015

Heavy oil accounts for a large proportion in offshore petroleum reserves. For Bohai offshore oilfield in China, about 85% of the OOIP is the heavy oil. Heavy oil has become an important form to guarantee the offshore oil production. Considering the limited space in offshore oil platform, cold production method is the commonly-used development method. But for some heavy oils with higher viscosity (&gt;350cp), cold production method is less effective, and thermal recovery process will be a better choice. In this paper, we focuses on three different heavy oil reservoirs from Bohai offshore oilfield, including the blocks of NB35-2, LD-1 and LD-2. These three blocks essentially represents the main heavy oil reservoir types of Bohai oilfield (edge-water, bottom-water and thick oillayer). Then through the analogical analysis between onshore reservoirs and offshore reservoirs, the development methods for the three blocks are determined firstly. In this process, we make a survey on the development status of onshore heavy oil reservoirs in China. Then, based on the geological properties of the three blocks, a set of numerical simulation runs are performed to analyze the influence of many sensitive factors (e.g., reservoir depth, thickness, permeability, net-to-gross and water-zone). After that, through the computation of net present value (NPV), we reevaluate the economic limit indexes of thermal recovery process in Bohai offshore heavy oil reservoirs and determine the technical limits.
From the analogical results, it is concluded that different heavy oil reservoir will have different thermal recovery method. For the three heavy oil reservoirs, cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) process is a potential EOR method for block LD-1, and steam flooding is a better choice for NB35-2, and LD-2 could adopt the methods of steam flooding process and SAGD process. From the numerical simulation results and NPV results, we found it is not economical to perform a CSS process in LD-1. For the other two blocks, NB35-2 and LD-2, the economical cumulative oil-steam ratios under the corresponding thermal recovery methods are calculated. And the technical limit of thermal recovery process in Bohai offshore heavy oil reservoirs are derived. It shows that a steam flooding process is suitable to the edge-water heavy oil reservoirs in Bohai oilfield whose heterogeneity is relatively weak, formation is relatively thin (10m&lt;thickness &lt;25 m), and water zone energy is low (water/oil ratio&lt;5). And a steam flooding process is suitable to the heavy oil reservoirs in Bohai oilfield whose thickness is higher than 30m, net-to-gross is greater than 0.55, and reservoir depth is less than 1400 m. This work is useful to extend the thermal recovery process in Bohai offshore heavy oil reservoirs. It will play an important role for the effective development of offshore heavy oil reservoirs.
Re-Interpretation of an Ultra-Deep Seismic Section in the Pará-Maranhão Basin - Implications for the Petroleum Potential of the Ultra-Deep Waters
Authors: Zalán P. V. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
A very long (736 km) and ultra-deep (PSDM 40 km) seismic section, oriented in the dip direction (NE-SW), was re-interpreted from a previously published interpretation. The main differences regarding these two versions concern the nature of the continental-oceanic boundary, the dimensions of the underlying rift sections situated in the continental slope area and the petroleum potential of the Drift Supersequence in the ultra-deep waters.
The line was re-interpreted using the modern concepts of rupture and break-up of mega-continents, presently used by the petroleum industry worldwide. The petroleum-rich passive continental margins are nowadays classified into two end-members: magma-poor or sedimentary passive margins and volcanic passive margins. The analysis performed indicated that the Pará-Maranhão Basin can be classified as a typical magma-poor passive margin developed during the oblique dextral separation between South America and Africa.
The original thickness of the continental crust below the shallow waters of the basin is in the order of 32 km. The Moho reflection is easily observable and shallows up gradually to depths around 12-13 km where it forms a small plateau before meeting the top of the crystalline basement. The continental crust tapers significantly and forms a narrow band of hyper-extended crust (circa 30 km wide) before being broken by a clear stretch of exhumed mantle (around 30 km wide). Oceanic crust follows in a typical tabular shape with thicknesses between 5-6 km. At the northeastern end of the line, the Moho dips deeply under the Ceará Rise, suggesting a typical continental crustal profile for this feature. In being so, the Ceará Rise could be interpreted as a significantly large micro-continent.
The results of this interpretation indicate a high potential for the Drift Supersequence in ultra-deep waters where the thickness of sediments reaches 8 km. Strong and large bright spots surround a structural high situated upon the exhumed mantle, buried underneath edifices of volcanic intrusions. Their seismic facies suggest turbidites filled with fluids deposited around a syn-tectonic high. Older generation seismic lines did not have resolution to highlight these leads. The shallow gravitational cells in deep waters also overlie high potential deeper Drift Supersequence sections. Besides unravelling the crustal structure underneath the Pará-Maranhão continental margin, this interpretation also expanded horizontally and vertically the prospectable area of the basin. It proved that petroleum potential may exist beyond the termination of the continental crust, upon the exhumed mantle.
Technology Evaluation System for Detection of CO2 and CH4 in Deepwater Fields
Authors: Esteves V. P. P. , Wanke B. S. L. , D'Avila C. J. R. , de Mello C. S. B. , Grava W. M. , McLean S. 
Published: October 2015

In the deep water pre salt Santos Basin Petrobras is interested in potential monitoring technologies for detection of carbon dioxide (CO2) in seawater at depths between 1200 and 2600 meters. At these depths, CO2 is not a gas but a buoyant liquid with densities similar to sea water, which makes detection challenging. Also potentially present with CO2 is methane (CH4), which at these depths is close to liquid-hydrate combination, which may possibly cause interference with some measurement techniques used for CO2.
The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) and Petrobras are developing a test system where carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) can be released in controlled amounts to a variety of test instruments at a depth of 2660 meters located over a secure Internet connection with collecting sensor and live video monitoring.
So far, the project has selected several sensors developed by universities, research centers and companies around the world, using different technologies including fiber optic, acoustic and pH. Enabling this in situ real time experimentation is the ONC NEPTUNE cabled observatory. With over 800 kilometers of electro-optic cable to depths of 2660 meters the observatory provides power and Internet connectivity to hundreds of underwater instrumentation making it an ideal laboratory to evaluate technologies in situ. We will describe the design of the experiment at the Cascadia Basin site.
A Low Field NMR Investigation on Rock Wettability by Formulations Used for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Ungarato R. F S. , Sabadini E. , Loh W. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Mixtures containing surfactants and polymers to be used in enhanced oil recovery operations should display special features: most notably low (or ultra-low) oil/water interfacial tensions and moderate viscosity. There is a variety of methods employed to assess formulations performance for enhanced oil recovery. Some of these involved wettability measurements, such as the Amott test, but these are typically time consuming.
This communication reports on the use of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to probe rock wettability in the presence of different formulations. Based on the relaxations time, this technique allows a direct assessment of molecular mobility, which in turn is determined if the liquid is bounded to surfaces or free. Based on this, it is possible to monitor the exchange of oil from the porous of rock by water solution. Therefore, the efficiency of formulations can be determined.
Two rock samples, sandstone and carbonate, were employed to reproduce some reservoir conditions. These were first impregnated with oil samples and then exposed to different aqueous formulations and the fractions of oil and water were directly monitored based on the measurement of the spin-spin relaxation time of the hydrogen atoms.
Typical formulations included mixtures of non-ionic and zwitterionic surfactants and high molar mass polymers. These surfactants display little propensity to ion strength effects and cloud points associated to lower interfacial tension values that could be varied with composition. Effects such as nature of the surfactant chain (double vs. single chain, chain length) and mixture composition with respect to their cloud points were found relevant to affect oil displacement capacity.
These results confirm the validity and advantages of this technique, as well as reveal important information about surfactant mixtures with potential for use in enhanced oil recovery.
Pensamiento arquitectónico y criterios gráficos en la modelización de algunos proyectos tardo-góticos de Hernán Ruiz "el Viejo"
Authors: Ampliato Briones Antonio Luis , Gimena Córdoba Pilar 
Published: October 2015

<p>This paper primarily reflects on the need to create graphical codes for producing images intended to communicate architecture. Each step of the drawing needs to be a deliberate process in which the proposed code highlights the relationship between architectural theory and graphic action. Our aim is not to draw the result of the architectural process but the design structure of the actual process; to draw as we design; to draw as we build. This analysis of the work of the Late Gothic architect Hernan Ruiz the Elder, from Cordoba, addresses two aspects: the historical and architectural investigation, and the graphical project for communication purposes. </p>
La ingeniería al servicio de la historia: imágenes invisibles del Paleolítico
Authors: Gutiérrez Alonso Aroa , Farjas Abadía Mercedes , Domínguez Gómez José Antonio 
Published: October 2015

<p>This article aims to describe the development of a new non-invasive methodology, through techniques and tools of digital image processing to optimize materials and time in obtaining graphical representative and accurate information from petroglyphs and rock paintings belonging to Paleolithic. </p>
Veranderende mensbeelden van gedetineerden
Authors: Kelk C. 
Published: October 2015

Changing portrayals of detainees. A short historic overview
Throughout history the way detainees were portrayed by society has varied. At first, until the Second World War, detainees were mainly seen as blameworthy objects. After the war they became a fellow human being with dignity in need of resocialization or psychological treatment. In the Seventies detainees became citizens with a legal status according to the rule of law. When in the Eighties criminal law became more punitive, prisoners developed into enemies of society. Since then the detainee is moreover seen as dangerous and as a risk. Consequently the desirability of resocialization is questioned. This has resulted in a more individual approach towards prisoners, who need to prove that they are motivated for resocialization programs. In the end this leaves the most vulnerable detainees to their fate and expresses a view of man which could be characterized as the lost human.
De terugkeer van de ‘kinderlijke delinquent’?
Authors: Weijers I. 
Published: October 2015

The return of the ‘childlike nature’ of young offenders? Changing images of the child in the history of Dutch juvenile justice
This article gives a historical sketch of a century of juvenile justice in the Netherlands. It focuses on the development of the concept of childhood from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present. Starting from the notion of degeneration and the idea of the neglected child, in the thirties a psychologization process emerged. Crucial was the notion of the childlike nature of the behavior of minor offenders, which was clearly inspired by new insights coming from pedagogy, developmental psychology and child psychiatry. The author argues that recently, after some decades showing a trend towards more toughness on crime, there are indications of a reemergence of the notion of the childlike nature of young delinquents, again inspired by knowledge and insights from the behavioral sciences but also from neurology and brain research.
Cooperative Cluster Metalation and Ligand Migration in Zirconium Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Chen Ying‐Pin , Qin Junsheng , Lu Weigang , Wang Xuan , Zhang Qiang , Bosch Mathieu , Liu Tian‐Fu , Lian Xizhen , Zhou Hong‐Cai 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCooperative cluster metalation and ligand migration were performed on a Zr‐MOF, leading to the isolation of unique bimetallic MOFs based on decanuclear Zr6M4 (M=Ni, Co) clusters. The M2+ reacts with the μ3‐OH and terminal H2O ligands on an 8‐connected [Zr6O4(OH)8(H2O)4] cluster to form a bimetallic [Zr6M4O8(OH)8(H2O)8] cluster. Along with the metalation of Zr6 cluster, ligand migration is observed in which a Zr–carboxylate bond dissociates to form a M–carboxylate bond. Single‐crystal to single‐crystal transformation is realized so that snapshots for cooperative cluster metalation and ligand migration processes are captured by successive single‐crystal X‐ray structures. In3+ was metalated into the same Zr‐MOF which showed excellent catalytic activity in the acetaldehyde cyclotrimerization reaction. This work not only provides a powerful tool to functionalize Zr‐MOFs with other metals, but also structurally elucidates the formation mechanism of the resulting heterometallic MOFs.
A Triphasic Sorting System: Coordination Cages in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Grommet Angela B. , Bolliger Jeanne L. , Browne Colm , Nitschke Jonathan R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHost–guest chemistry is usually carried out in either water or organic solvents. To investigate the utility of alternative solvents, three different coordination cages were dissolved in neat ionic liquids. By using 19F NMR spectroscopy to monitor the presence of free and bound guest molecules, all three cages were demonstrated to be stable and capable of encapsulating guests in ionic solution. Different cages were found to preferentially dissolve in different phases, allowing for the design of a triphasic sorting system. Within this system, three coordination cages, namely Fe4L6 2, Fe8L12 3, and Fe4L4 4, each segregated into a distinct layer. Upon the addition of a mixture of three different guests, each cage (in each separate layer) selectively bound its preferred guest.
Fabrication of Two‐Dimensional Lateral Heterostructures of WS2/WO3⋅H2O Through Selective Oxidation of Monolayer WS2
Authors: Zhou Pengshang , Xu Qun , Li Hongxiang , Wang Yun , Yan Bo , Zhou Yunchun , Chen Jiafu , Zhang Jianan , Wang Kaixi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) lateral heterostructures have emerged as a hot topic in the fast evolving field of advanced functional materials , but their fabrication is challenging. The layer‐structured WS2 was theoretically demonstrated to be inert to oxidation except for the monolayer, which can be selectively oxidized owing to the simultaneous interaction of oxygen with both sides. Combined with the theoretical calculations, a new method was developed for the successful construction of 2D lateral heterostructures of WS2/WO3⋅H2O in an ambient environment, based on a simple liquid‐phase solution exfoliation. These lateral heterostructures of WS2/WO3⋅H2O have interesting properties, as indicated by enhanced photocatalytic activity toward the degradation of methyl orange (MO).
Surface‐Specific Functionalization of Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Wang Shunzhi , Morris William , Liu Yangyang , McGuirk C. Michael , Zhou Yu , Hupp Joseph T. , Farha Omar K. , Mirkin Chad A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA method for modifying the external surfaces of a series of nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with 1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphate (DOPA) is presented. A series of zirconium‐based nanoMOFs of the same topology (UiO‐66, UiO‐67, and BUT‐30) were synthesized, isolated as aggregates, and then conjugated with DOPA to create stably dispersed colloids. BET surface area analysis revealed that these structures maintain their porosity after surface functionalization, providing evidence that DOPA functionalization only occurs on the external surface. Additionally, dye‐labeled ligand loading studies revealed that the density of DOPA on the surface of the nanoscale MOF correlates to the density of metal nodes on the surface of each MOF. Importantly, the surface modification strategy described will allow for the general and divergent synthesis and study of a wide variety of nanoscale MOFs as stable colloidal materials.
Achieving complete nitrogen removal by coupling nitritation‐anammox and methane‐dependent denitrification: A model‐based study
Authors: Chen Xueming , Guo Jianhua , Xie Guo‐Jun , Yuan Zhiguo , Ni Bing‐Jie 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThe discovery of denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation (DAMO) processes enables the complete nitrogen removal from wastewater by utilizing the methane produced on site from anaerobic digesters. This model‐based study investigated the mechanisms and operational window for efficient nitrogen removal by coupling nitritation‐anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) and methane‐dependent denitrification in membrane biofilm reactors (MBfRs). A mathematical model was applied to describe the microbial interactions among Anammox bacteria, DAMO archaea, and DAMO bacteria. The model sufficiently described the batch experimental data from an MBfR containing an Anammox‐DAMO biofilm with different feeding nitrogen compositions, which confirmed the validity of the model. The effects of process parameters on the system performance and microbial community structure could therefore be reliably evaluated. The impacts of nitritation produced NO2−/NH4+ ratio, methane supply, biofilm thickness and total nitrogen (TN) surface loading were comprehensively investigated with the model. Results showed that the optimum NO2−/NH4+ ratio produced from nitritation for the Anammox‐DAMO biofilm system was around 1.0 in order to achieve the maximum TN removal (over 99.0%), independent on TN surface loading. The corresponding optimal methane supply increased while the associated methane utilization efficiency decreased with the increase of TN surface loading. The cooperation between DAMO organisms and Anammox bacteria played the key role in the TN removal. Based on these results, the proof‐of‐concept feasibility of a single‐stage MBfR coupling nitritation‐Anammox‐DAMO for complete nitrogen removal was also tested through integrating the model with ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria (NOB) processes whilst controlling the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the simulated system. The maximum TN removal was found to be achieved at the bulk DO concentration of around 0.17 g m−3 under the simulation conditions, with the AOB, Anammox bacteria and DAMO organisms coexisting in the biofilm. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1035–1045. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microscale profiling of photosynthesis‐related variables in a highly productive biofilm photobioreactor
Authors: Li Tong , Piltz Bastian , Podola Björn , Dron Anthony , de Beer Dirk , Melkonian Michael 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTIn the present study depth profiles of light, oxygen, pH and photosynthetic performance in an artificial biofilm of the green alga Halochlorella rubescens in a porous substrate photobioreactor (PSBR) were recorded with microsensors. Biofilms were exposed to different light intensities (50–1,000 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and CO2 levels (0.04–5% v/v in air). The distribution of photosynthetically active radiation showed almost identical trends for different surface irradiances, namely: a relatively fast drop to a depth of about 250 µm, (to 5% of the incident), followed by a slower decrease. Light penetrated into the biofilm deeper than the Lambert‐Beer Law predicted, which may be attributed to forward scattering of light, thus improving the overall light availability. Oxygen concentration profiles showed maxima at a depth between 50 and 150 μm, depending on the incident light intensity. A very fast gas exchange was observed at the biofilm surface. The highest oxygen concentration of 3.2 mM was measured with 1,000 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and 5% supplementary CO2. Photosynthetic productivity increased with light intensity and/or CO2 concentration and was always highest at the biofilm surface; the stimulating effect of elevated CO2 concentration in the gas phase on photosynthesis was enhanced by higher light intensities. The dissolved inorganic carbon concentration profiles suggest that the availability of the dissolved free CO2 has the strongest impact on photosynthetic productivity. The results suggest that dark respiration could explain previously observed decrease in growth rate over cultivation time in this type of PSBR. Our results represent a basis for understanding the complex dynamics of environmental variables and metabolic processes in artificial phototrophic biofilms exposed to a gas phase and can be used to improve the design and operational parameters of PSBRs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1046–1055. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.