bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐energy radiation belt electrons from CRAND
Authors: Selesnick R. S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA calculation of the inner radiation belt electron source from cosmic ray albedo neutron decay (CRAND) is described. High‐energy electrons are included by Lorentz‐transforming the β decay spectrum from the neutron rest frame to the Earth's rest frame and combining with the known high‐energy albedo neutron energy spectrum. Balancing the electron source with energy loss to atmospheric neutral atoms and plasma, and with a decay lifetime representative of plasma wave scattering, then provides an estimate of trapped electron intensity. It is well below measured values for low energies, confirming that CRAND is not a significant source of those trapped electrons. For kinetic energies above the maximum β decay energy (E > 0.8 MeV) a power law energy spectrum ∼E−4 is predicted. For L = 1.5 and  MeV the computed omnidirectional trapped electron intensity exceeds an extrapolation of the measured low‐energy exponential energy spectrum.
Quantifying volcanic hazard at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) with uncertainty assessment: 1. Vent opening maps
Authors: Bevilacqua Andrea , Isaia Roberto , Neri Augusto , Vitale Stefano , Aspinall Willy P. , Bisson Marina , Flandoli Franco , Baxter Peter J. , Bertagnini Antonella , Esposti Ongaro Tomaso , Iannuzzi Enrico , Pistolesi Marco , Rosi Mauro 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCampi Flegrei is an active volcanic area situated in the Campanian Plain (Italy) and dominated by a resurgent caldera. The great majority of past eruptions have been explosive, variable in magnitude, intensity, and in their vent locations. In this hazard assessment study we present a probabilistic analysis using a variety of volcanological data sets to map the background spatial probability of vent opening conditional on the occurrence of an event in the foreseeable future. The analysis focuses on the reconstruction of the location of past eruptive vents in the last 15 ka, including the distribution of faults and surface fractures as being representative of areas of crustal weakness. One of our key objectives was to incorporate some of the main sources of epistemic uncertainty about the volcanic system through a structured expert elicitation, thereby quantifying uncertainties for certain important model parameters and allowing outcomes from different expert weighting models to be evaluated. Results indicate that past vent locations are the most informative factors governing the probabilities of vent opening, followed by the locations of faults and then fractures. Our vent opening probability maps highlight the presence of a sizeable region in the central eastern part of the caldera where the likelihood of new vent opening per kilometer squared is about 6 times higher than the baseline value for the whole caldera. While these probability values have substantial uncertainties associated with them, our findings provide a rational basis for hazard mapping of the next eruption at Campi Flegrei caldera.
Quantifying volcanic hazard at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) with uncertainty assessment: 2. Pyroclastic density current invasion maps
Authors: Neri Augusto , Bevilacqua Andrea , Esposti Ongaro Tomaso , Isaia Roberto , Aspinall Willy P. , Bisson Marina , Flandoli Franco , Baxter Peter J. , Bertagnini Antonella , Iannuzzi Enrico , Orsucci Simone , Pistolesi Marco , Rosi Mauro , Vitale Stefano 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCampi Flegrei (CF) is an example of an active caldera containing densely populated settlements at very high risk of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). We present here an innovative method for assessing background spatial PDC hazard in a caldera setting with probabilistic invasion maps conditional on the occurrence of an explosive event. The method encompasses the probabilistic assessment of potential vent opening positions, derived in the companion paper, combined with inferences about the spatial density distribution of PDC invasion areas from a simplified flow model, informed by reconstruction of deposits from eruptions in the last 15 ka. The flow model describes the PDC kinematics and accounts for main effects of topography on flow propagation. Structured expert elicitation is used to incorporate certain sources of epistemic uncertainty, and a Monte Carlo approach is adopted to produce a set of probabilistic hazard maps for the whole CF area. Our findings show that, in case of eruption, almost the entire caldera is exposed to invasion with a mean probability of at least 5%, with peaks greater than 50% in some central areas. Some areas outside the caldera are also exposed to this danger, with mean probabilities of invasion of the order of 5–10%. Our analysis suggests that these probability estimates have location‐specific uncertainties which can be substantial. The results prove to be robust with respect to alternative elicitation models and allow the influence on hazard mapping of different sources of uncertainty, and of theoretical and numerical assumptions, to be quantified.
The response of ENSO flavors to mid‐Holocene climate: Implications for proxy interpretation
Authors: Karamperidou Christina , Di Nezio Pedro N. , Timmermann Axel , Jin Fei‐Fei , Cobb Kim M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe response of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to mid‐Holocene boundary conditions remains an open question: paleoclimate proxies and climate model simulations do not agree in the magnitude of the reduction of ENSO variability, while recent proxy evidence from fossil corals from the central Pacific show that the reduction in mid‐Holocene ENSO variability compared to the end of the twentieth century is not different from the reduction during other Holocene time intervals. This is inconsistent with the interpretation of lake and ocean sediment records from the eastern Pacific, which show a significant reduction compared to all other Holocene periods. In order to reconcile the seemingly conflicting proxy evidence from the eastern and central Pacific, we hypothesize that ENSO remained active during the mid‐Holocene; however, there was a change in the spatial pattern of the sea surface temperature anomalies, also known as ENSO flavors. Using National Center for Atmospheric Research's Community Climate System Model version 4 forced with mid‐Holocene orbital conditions, we find that the frequency of occurrence of the strongest eastern Pacific (EP) events decreases in the mid‐Holocene and their variance is reduced by ∼30%, while the frequency of central Pacific (CP) events slightly increases and their variance does not change. We also find a shift in the seasonality of EP events, but not in that of CP events. Lastly, mid‐Holocene EP events develop more slowly and decay faster. The differential response of ENSO flavors to mid‐Holocene forcing is remotely forced by the West Pacific, where a weakening of the trade winds in early boreal spring in the mid‐Holocene initiates an anomalous downwelling annual Kelvin wave, which reaches the eastern Pacific during the ENSO development season, weakens the upper ocean stratification, and results in reduced ENSO upwelling feedback. The simulated reduction in the EP flavor versus the CP flavor in the mid‐Holocene is consistent with proxy evidence: The teleconnection patterns of the two flavors with temperature, precipitation, and salinity are distinct, and proxies from different regions of the Pacific might be recording variability associated with only one of the flavors, or some combination of their relative effects.
Composition and physical properties of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer and the North American Tropospheric Aerosol Layer
Authors: Yu Pengfei , Toon Owen B. , Neely Ryan R. , Martinsson Bengt G. , Brenninkmeijer Carl A. M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractRecent studies revealed layers of enhanced aerosol scattering in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over Asia (Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL)) and North America (North American Tropospheric Aerosol Layer (NATAL)). We use a sectional aerosol model (Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres (CARMA)) coupled with the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) to explore the composition and optical properties of these aerosol layers. The observed aerosol extinction enhancement is reproduced by CESM1/CARMA. Both model and observations indicate a strong gradient of the sulfur‐to‐carbon ratio from Europe to the Asia on constant pressure surfaces. We found that the ATAL is mostly composed of sulfates, surface‐emitted organics, and secondary organics; the NATAL is mostly composed of sulfates and secondary organics. The model also suggests that emission increases in Asia between 2000 and 2010 led to an increase of aerosol optical depth of the ATAL by 0.002 on average which is consistent with observations.
Characterization of seabird bycatch in eastern Canadian waters, 1998–2011, assessed from onboard fisheries observer data
Authors: Hedd April , Regular Paul M. , Wilhelm Sabina I. , Rail Jean‐François , Drolet Bruno , Fowler Mark , Pekarik Cynthia , Robertson Gregory J. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Seabird bycatch in commercial fisheries has been a growing conservation concern over the past 25 years. Large‐scale fisheries employing gears known to incidentally catch seabirds operate off eastern Canada, however, regional bycatch information is limited.
Using data collected from 1998–2011 by observers onboard Canadian domestic and foreign vessels, fishery sectors and target fisheries taking seabirds were identified, as were the seabirds most frequently taken. In addition, maps of seabird bycatch rates were used to identify localized areas where catch rates were high.
Seabird bycatch was widespread. Despite generally low observer coverage, > 5000 bird deaths were recorded; most observed mortalities occurred in gillnet and longline sectors during summer and autumn. While the overall magnitude of seabird bycatch has likely decreased substantially since closure of the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar gillnet fisheries in 1992, localized areas with high bycatch rates persist.
For example, in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait, bycatch rates of northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis were high in gillnet and longline fisheries targeting Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides near breeding colonies. In offshore areas of the Grand Bank, catch rates of migrant shearwaters (Puffinus and Calonectris spp.) were high in deep‐set gillnet fisheries for Greenland halibut and monkfish Lophius americanus during summer. In inshore regions of eastern Newfoundland, gillnets set for Atlantic cod near breeding colonies resulted in high bycatch rates of murres Uria spp. and shearwaters during summer. High bycatch rates were also observed in pelagic longline fisheries along the Scotian Shelf.
While the observer data have highlighted several localized areas with high bycatch rates, information for inshore gillnet fisheries, which take seabirds but are poorly covered by the observer programme, and regional information on fishing effort must both be considered for comprehensive assessment of seabird risk areas and consequent management needs in eastern Canada.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesohabitat associations of the threatened San Marcos salamander (Eurycea nana) across its geographic range
Authors: Diaz Peter H. , Fries Joe N. , Bonner Timothy H. , Alexander Mara L. , Nowlin Weston H. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Habitat loss is one of the most critical factors affecting the loss of species. However, habitat conservation of many threatened species is performed with incomplete information on habitat requirements and trophic ecology, thus presenting a challenge to designing and implementing recovery plans.
The San Marcos salamander (Eurycea nana) is a federally threatened spring‐associated organism whose geographic distribution is limited to the headwaters of the San Marcos River in Texas, USA. Although its designated critical habitat includes the headwaters and the first 50 m of the river, little is known of its habitat requirements or co‐occurrence with benthic macroinvertebrates and macrophytes.
This study examined mesohabitat associations of the salamander and patterns of co‐occurrence with macrophytes and benthic invertebrates within its critical habitat. Surveys of mesohabitat characteristics were conducted during a one‐year period and data were analysed to assess mesohabitat associations of the San Marcos salamander and patterns of co‐occurrence with invertebrates and macrophytes.
Salamanders were distributed throughout the critical habitat, but were almost exclusively found in mesohabitats containing cobble and gravel with coverage of Amblystegium and filamentous algae. The salamander did not exhibit consistent co‐occurrence with specific invertebrates or macrophytes across the critical habitat, indicating that salamanders were probably selecting mesohabitats based on benthic substrate and not the biotic communities.
Protection of a specific mesohabitat type within the critical habitat of the San Marcos salamander is likely to be one of the most important conservation measures, given that it accounts for ~7% of the total area within the designated critical habitat. These results also emphasize that habitat conservation plans for species at risk should consider that contemporary spatial distribution of species within habitats may be influenced not only by their evolutionary history but also by past and current human pressures. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on inhibitory control in young adults
Authors: Loftus Andrea M. , Yalcin Ozgur , Baughman Frank D. , Vanman Eric J. , Hagger Martin S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundThere is increasing evidence that the dorso‐lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a brain region related to reward and motivational processes, is involved in effective response inhibition and that decreased activity in this region coincides with reduced inhibitory capacity. Using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to manipulate cortical activation, this study examined whether cross‐hemispheric tDCS over the DLPFC affected performance on an inhibitory control task.MethodsNeurologically intact participants performed a modified Stroop color‐word matching task before and after completing one of two tDCS conditions; (1) anodal stimulation over the left DLPFC or (2) sham tDCS.ResultsThere was a statistically significant effect of tDCS condition on Stroop reaction time (RT) pre‐post tDCS change scores. Participants who received anodal stimulation over the left DLPFC demonstrated statistically significant faster RT change scores on the Stroop items compared to participants in the sham condition. Although errors on Stroop incongruent items decreased before and after receiving the tDCS treatment, there were no significant differences in errors on Stroop items between the anodal stimulation over left DLPFC and sham tDCS conditions. Anodal tDCS, which is known to elevate neural excitation, may have enhanced activation levels in the left DLPFC and minimized impairment of inhibitory control, resulting in better task performance.ConclusionsCurrent findings provide preliminary evidence that increased excitation of the left DLPFC improves inhibitory control and are a step toward understanding the potential of tDCS for moderating deficits in inhibitory control.
Effect of the surface modification, size, and shape on cellular uptake of nanoparticles
Authors: Salatin Sara , Maleki Dizaj Solmaz , Yari Khosroushahi Ahmad 
Published: March 2015

AbstractNowadays successful application of nanoparticles for therapeutic objects needs the effective uptake of them by cells. Hence, studying of the interaction of nanoparticles with cell membrane for effective cellular uptaking seems to be vital and important. Trafficking of lipids, proteins, glucose, and other biomaterials into the cells is possible from two major exocytic and endocytic pathways. The penetration ability of nanoparticles into the cells must be considered in engineering of these particles. Enormous in vivo and in vitro experiments in the field of nanotechnology have confirmed the effect of physiochemistry properties in state of cell‐nanoparticles interactions. Thus, the optimization of parameters directly related to physicochemical characteristics through the preparation process seems to be necessary for improving therapeutic effects of nanocarriers. Besides, biological medium and cell division also affect the amount of nanoparticle uptaking into the cells. This study reviews the influence of size, shape, the surface modification of nano particles, medium, and cell division effects on the cellular absorption of drug/gene nanocarriers.
CO2 angiography for peripheral arterial imaging
Authors: Prasad Anand 
Published: March 2015

Key Points

This article demonstrates that carbon dioxide (CO2) based angiography can be performed in patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) with a resulting rate of AKI of ∼5%.
The study also demonstrates a high rate of complications from CO2 angiography—ranging from pain to death.
Future research will need to focus on clarifying the role of CO2 angiography given the safety profile noted in the literature.
PCI of CTOs
Authors: Trivax Justin E. , Safian Robert D. 
Published: March 2015

Key Points

Compared with successful PCI, failed PCI of CTOs is associated with higher rates of in‐hospital death, MI, CABG, perforation, and cardiac tamponade, but the absolute risk difference is small.
Since 1991, the overall rates of in‐hospital complications are declining, due to significant improvements in CTO technology and operator expertise.
Outcomes after CTO‐PCI may be enhanced by proper patient selection (resistant angina; large areas of ischemia; and anatomic suitability for antegrade, retrograde, and/or subintimal recanalization) and by reliance on expert operators using a flexible incremental approach to recanalization.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Acentric Triple Molybdate Cs2NaBi(MoO4)3.
Authors: Savina A. A. , Atuchin V. V. , Solodovnikov S. F. , Solodovnikova Z. A. , Krylov A. S. , Maximovskiy E. A. , Molokeev M. S. , Oreshonkov A. S. , Pugachev A. M. , Khaikina E. G. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSingle crystals of Cs2NaBi(MoO4)3 are grown by annealing (673‐773 K, 60 h) of a mixture of Na2MoO4 (obtained via calcination of the hydrate), Cs2MoO4 (obtained by annealing Cs2CO3 and MoO3, 823 K, 60 h), and Bi2(MoO4)3 (obtained by reacting Bi2O3 and MoO3, 723‐773 K, 50 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescent CuInS2 Quantum Dots by Partial Cation Exchange in Cu2‐xS Nanocrystals.
Authors: van der Stam Ward , Berends Anne C. , Rabouw Freddy T. , Willhammar Tom , Ke Xiaoxing , Meeldijk Johannes D. , Bals Sara , de Mello Donega Celso 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLuminescent CuInS2 nanocrystals are prepared by partial cation exchange in Cu2‐xS nanocrystals (NCs) suspended in toluene using a MeOH solution of In(NO3)3 in the molar ratio of In/Cu of ≈1.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Ba1‐xKxFe2As2 Superconductors via Hydride Route.
Authors: Zaikina Julia V. , Batuk Maria , Abakumov Artem M. , Navrotsky Alexandra , Kauzlarich Susan M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBa1‐xKxFe2As2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) superconductors are prepared by high‐energy ball milling of BaH2, KH, and FeAs (containing 6% FeAs2 as impurity) and subsequent annealing (Nb container in evacuated silica tubes, 773—1173 K, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Sn6[P12N24] — A Sodalite‐Type Nitridophosphate.
Authors: Pucher Florian J. , Frhr. von Schirnding Constantin , Hummel Franziska , Celinski Vinicius R. , Schmedt auf der Guenne Joern , Gerke Birgit , Poettgen Rainer , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe title compound is synthesized from a mixture of Sn powder and HPN2 (evacuated silica ampule, 820 °C, 85 h) and characterized by powder XRD, solid state MAS NMR spectroscopy, 119Sn Moessbauer spectroscopy, and DFT electronic structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Al15Ge4Ni3: A New Intergrowth Structure with Cu3Au‐ and CaF2‐Type Building Blocks.
Authors: Reichmann Thomas L. , Jandl Isabella , Effenberger Herta S. , Herzig Peter , Richter Klaus W. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe new title compound is prepared by arc melting of the elements followed by annealing (alumina crucible in evacuated silica tube, 430 °C, 28 d).
ChemInform Abstract: The New Silver Borate Ag3B5O9.
Authors: Sohr Gerhard , Falkowski Viktoria , Huppertz Hubert 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSingle crystals of Ag3B5O9 are obtained via high‐pressure reaction of Ag2O and B2O3 (h‐BN crucible in multianvil press, 3 GPa, 600 °C, 5 min; cooling to 250 °C within 15 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Amine‐Accelerated Manganese‐Catalyzed Aromatic C—H Conjugate Addition to α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyls.
Authors: Zhou Bingwei , Ma Pengchen , Chen Hui , Wang Congyang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe first manganese‐catalyzed one‐step direct aromatic C—H conjugate addition to α,β‐unsaturated carbonyls is presented, which is accelerated by catalytic amounts of dicyclohexylamine.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Stereoselective Iodoamination of Alkenes.
Authors: Mizar Pushpak , Burrelli Alessandra , Guenther Erika , Soeftje Martin , Farooq Umar , Wirth Thomas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe NIS‐promoted asymmetric iodocyclization of substituted pentenylamines and 2‐allylanilines in the presence of a cyclic thiourea as catalyst is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Rearrangement of Tertiary Allylic Alcohols to Enones with Oxygen in Aqueous Solvent.
Authors: Li Jingjie , Tan Ceheng , Gong Jianxian , Yang Zhen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe presented reaction provides an aerobic pathway to the title products in a large scope and with good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Enantioselective α‐Fluorination of Aliphatic Aldehydes Enabled by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis.
Authors: Li Fangyi , Wu Zijun , Wang Jian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis is the first NHC‐catalyzed oxidative enantioselective α‐fluorination of aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Kumada Coupling of Benzyl Chlorides and Vinylogous Derivatives.
Authors: Soler‐Yanes Rita , Guisan‐Ceinos Manuel , Bunuel Elena , Cardenas Diego J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Ni(acac)‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions of benzyl chlorides with alkylmagnesium reagents is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Amide Synthesis from Alcohols and Amines Catalyzed by a RuII—N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)—Carbonyl Complex.
Authors: Saha Biswajit , Sengupta Gargi , Sarbajna Abir , Dutta Indranil , Bera Jitendra K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAll yields are determined by GC‐MS‐analysis with dodecane as internal standard.
ChemInform Abstract: Chain Extension of Boronic Esters with Lithiooxiranes Generated by Sulfoxide‐Metal Exchange — Stereocontrolled Access to 2°/2°, 2°/3°, and 3°/3° Vicinal Diols and Related Compounds.
Authors: Alwedi Embarek , Zakharov Lev N. , Blakemore Paul R. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLithiation of stereodefined chloroalkyl sulfones (I) and (IX), treatment with carbonyl compounds, and subsequent base promoted ring closure gives cis/trans‐mixtures of epoxides.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New C2‐Symmetric Chiral Bisamides from (1S,2S)‐Cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylic Acid.
Authors: Zhou Chan , Xu Jiaxi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe title compounds (III) are obtained by reaction of (1S,2S)‐cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarbonyl dichloride with N‐benzylated aromatic amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)‐1‐Bromo‐2‐iodoalkenes Through Iodobromination of Internal Alkynes.
Authors: Ide Masataka , Yauchi Yuta , Shiogai Ryo , Iwasawa Tetsuo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe key to the presented approach is a well matching pair of anionic Br from Tms‐Br and cationic iodide from NIS.