bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symbiotic Human Gut Bacteria with Variable Metabolic Priorities for Host Mucosal Glycans
Authors: Pudlo Nicholas A. , Urs Karthik , Kumar Supriya Suresh , German J. Bruce , Mills David A. , Martens Eric C. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Many symbiotic gut bacteria possess the ability to degrade multiple polysaccharides, thereby providing nutritional advantages to their hosts. Like microorganisms adapted to other complex nutrient environments, gut symbionts give different metabolic priorities to substrates present in mixtures. We investigated the responses of
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
, a common human intestinal bacterium that metabolizes more than a dozen different polysaccharides, including the
O
-linked glycans that are abundant in secreted mucin. Experiments in which mucin glycans were presented simultaneously with other carbohydrates show that degradation of these host carbohydrates is consistently repressed in the presence of alternative substrates, even by
B. thetaiotaomicron
previously acclimated to growth in pure mucin glycans. Experiments with media containing systematically varied carbohydrate cues and genetic mutants reveal that transcriptional repression of genes involved in mucin glycan metabolism is imposed by simple sugars and, in one example that was tested, is mediated through a small intergenic region in a transcript-autonomous fashion. Repression of mucin glycan-responsive gene clusters in two other human gut bacteria,
Bacteroides massiliensis
and
Bacteroides fragilis
, exhibited variable and sometimes reciprocal responses compared to those of
B. thetaiotaomicron
, revealing that these symbionts vary in their preference for mucin glycans and that these differences occur at the level of controlling individual gene clusters. Our results reveal that sensing and metabolic triaging of glycans are complex processes that vary among species, underscoring the idea that these phenomena are likely to be hidden drivers of microbiota community dynamics and may dictate which microorganisms preferentially commit to various niches in a constantly changing nutritional environment.

IMPORTANCE
Human intestinal microorganisms impact many aspects of health and disease, including digestion and the propensity to develop disorders such as inflammation and colon cancer. Complex carbohydrates are a major component of the intestinal habitat, and numerous species have evolved and refined strategies to compete for these coveted nutrients. Our findings reveal that individual bacteria exhibit different preferences for carbohydrates emanating from host diet and mucosal secretions and that some of these prioritization strategies are opposite to one another. Thus, we reveal new aspects of how individual bacteria, some with otherwise similar metabolic potential, partition to “preferred niches” in the complex gut ecosystem, which has important and immediate implications for understanding and predicting the behavioral dynamics of this community.
Measurable effects of local alcohol licensing policies on population health in England
Authors: de Vocht F , Heron Jon , Angus Colin , Brennan Alan , Mooney John , Lock Karen , Campbell Rona , Hickman Matthew 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundEnglish alcohol policy is implemented at local government level, leading to variations in how it is put into practice. We evaluated whether differences in the presence or absence of cumulative impact zones and the ‘intensity’ of licensing enforcement—both aimed at regulating the availability of alcohol and modifying the drinking environment—were associated with harm as measured by alcohol-related hospital admissions.MethodsPremises licensing data were obtained at lower tier local authority (LTLA) level from the Home Office Alcohol and Late Night Refreshment Licensing data for 2007–2012, and LTLAs were coded as ‘passive’, low, medium or highly active based on whether they made use of cumulative impact areas and/or whether any licences for new premises were declined. These data were linked to 2009–2015 alcohol-related hospital admission and alcohol-related crime rates obtained from the Local Alcohol Profiles for England. Population size and deprivation data were obtained from the Office of National Statistics. Changes in directly age-standardised rates of people admitted to hospital with alcohol-related conditions were analysed using hierarchical growth modelling.ResultsStronger reductions in alcohol-related admission rates were observed in areas with more intense alcohol licensing policies, indicating an ‘exposure–response’ association, in the 2007–2015 period. Local areas with the most intensive licensing policies had an additional 5% reduction (p=0.006) in 2015 compared with what would have been expected had these local areas had no active licensing policy in place.ConclusionsLocal licensing policies appear to be associated with a reduction in alcohol-related hospital admissions in areas with more intense licensing policies.
Imaging, Biodistribution, and Dosimetry of Radionuclide-Labeled PD-L1 Antibody in an Immunocompetent Mouse Model of Breast Cancer
Authors: Josefsson Anders , Nedrow Jessie R. , Park Sunju , Banerjee Sangeeta Ray , Rittenbach Andrew , Jammes Fabien , Tsui Benjamin , Sgouros George 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) participates in an immune checkpoint system involved in preventing autoimmunity. PD-L1 is expressed on tumor cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and other cells in the tumor microenvironment. Anti–PD-L1 antibodies are active against a variety of cancers, and combined anti–PD-L1 therapy with external beam radiotherapy has been shown to increase therapeutic efficacy. PD-L1 expression status is an important indicator of prognosis and therapy responsiveness, but methods to precisely capture the dynamics of PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment are still limited. In this study, we developed a murine anti–PD-L1 antibody conjugated to the radionuclide Indium-111 (111In) for imaging and biodistribution studies in an immune-intact mouse model of breast cancer. The distribution of 111In-DTPA-anti-PD-L1 in tumors as well as the spleen, liver, thymus, heart, and lungs peaked 72 hours after injection. Coinjection of labeled and 100-fold unlabeled antibody significantly reduced spleen uptake at 24 hours, indicating that an excess of unlabeled antibody effectively blocked PD-L1 sites in the spleen, thus shifting the concentration of 111In-DTPA-anti-PD-L1 into the blood stream and potentially increasing tumor uptake. Clearance of 111In-DTPA-anti-PD-L1 from all organs occurred at 144 hours. Moreover, dosimetry calculations revealed that radionuclide-labeled anti–PD-L1 antibody yielded tolerable projected marrow doses, further supporting its use for radiopharmaceutical therapy. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the feasibility of using anti–PD-L1 antibody for radionuclide imaging and radioimmunotherapy and highlight a new opportunity to optimize and monitor the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition therapy. Cancer Res; 76(2); 472–9. ©2015 AACR.
The Rexinoids LG100268 and LG101506 Inhibit Inflammation and Suppress Lung Carcinogenesis in A/J Mice
Authors: Cao Martine , Royce Darlene B. , Risingsong Renee , Williams Charlotte R. , Sporn Michael B. , Liby Karen T. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
LG101506 was originally synthesized to overcome some of the undesirable side effects of rexinoids. We compared the anticarcinogenic action of LG101506 and LG100268 and for the first time showed that both drugs are useful for prevention of lung cancer in A/J mice. These molecules markedly reduced tumor number, tumor size, and total tumor burden, when chronically administered to A/J mice that had been initiated with the mutagenic carcinogen, vinyl carbamate. Moreover, LG100268 synergized with the histone deacetylase inhibitor, vorinostat, for prevention of experimental lung cancer and enhanced the effect of carboplatin/paclitaxel for treatment of experimental lung cancer. Both rexinoids diminished the percentage of high-grade, highly malignant adenocarcinomas found at autopsy. In cell culture studies, the rexinoids exhibited potent anti-inflammatory properties at nanoMolar concentrations. These drugs suppressed the ability of lipopolysaccharide to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL6, IL1β, CXCL2, and CSF3, in macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. The present results suggest that LG100268, LG101506, or a related rexinoid may have useful clinical applications in the field of oncology. Cancer Prev Res; 9(1); 105–14. ©2015 AACR.
Delays in Referral and Enrolment Are Associated With Mitigated Benefits of Cardiac Rehabilitation After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: Marzolini Susan , Blanchard Chris , Alter David A. , Grace Sherry L. , Oh Paul I. 
Published: November 2015

Background—
Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is recommended after coronary artery bypass graft surgery; however, the consequences of longer wait times to start CR have not been elucidated.

Method and Results—

Cardiopulmonary, demographic, and anthropometric assessments were conducted before and after 6 months of CR in consecutively enrolled patients from January 1995 to October 2012. Wait times were ascertained from referral forms and charts. Neighborhood characteristics were ascertained using census data and cross-referencing with patients’ home geographic location. Among 6497 post- coronary artery bypass graft participants, mean and median total wait time (time from surgery to first exercise session) was 101.1±47.9 and 80 days, respectively. In multiple linear regression, correlates of longer total wait time and the 2 wait-time phases, time from surgery to CR referral and time from CR referral to first exercise session, were determined. Factors influencing longer wait times included female sex, greater age, being employed, less social support, longer drive time to CR, lower neighborhood socioeconomic status, higher systolic blood pressure, abdominal obesity, and a complex medical history. After adjusting for correlates of delayed entry, longer wait time for each of the total and 2 wait-time phases was significantly associated with less improvement in cardiopulmonary fitness (VO
2peak
; β=−0.165,
P
<0.001), body fat percentage (β=0.032,
P
<0.02), resting heart rate (β=0.066,
P
<0.001), and poorer attendance to CR classes (β=−0.081,
P
<0.001) and completion rate (β=2.741,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—

Strategies for timely access to CR at each phase of the process are important given the negative impact that wait time has on key clinical outcomes. This is relevant because optimizing VO
2peak
and attendance to CR has been shown to confer a mortality advantage.
Effects of Ranolazine on Angina and Quality of Life After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Incomplete Revascularization
Authors: Alexander Karen P. , Weisz Giora , Prather Kristi , James Stefan , Mark Daniel B. , Anstrom Kevin J. , Davidson-Ray Linda , Witkowski Adam , Mulkay Angel J. , Osmukhina Anna , Farzaneh-Far Ramin , Ben-Yehuda Ori , Stone Gregg W. , Ohman E. Magnus 
Published: November 2015

Background—
Angina often persists or returns in populations following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We hypothesized that ranolazine would be effective in reducing angina and improving quality of life (QOL) in incomplete revascularization (ICR) post-PCI patients.

Methods and Results—

In RIVER-PCI, 2604 patients with a history of chronic angina who had ICR post-PCI were randomized 1:1 to oral ranolazine versus placebo; QOL analyses included 2389 randomized subjects. Angina and QOL questionnaires were collected at baseline and months 1, 6, and 12. Ranolazine patients were more likely than placebo to discontinue study drug by month 6 (20.4% versus 14.1%,
P
<0.001) and 12 (27.2% versus 21.3%,
P
<0.001). Following qualifying index PCI, the primary QOL outcome (Seattle Angina Questionnaire [SAQ] angina frequency score) improved markedly, but similarly, in the ranolazine and placebo groups, respectively, from baseline (67.3±24.5 versus 69.7±24.0,
P
=0.01) to month 1 (86.6±18.1 versus 85.8±18.5,
P
=0.27) and month 12 (88.4±17.8 versus 88.5±17.8,
P
=0.94). SAQ angina frequency repeated measures did not differ in adjusted analysis between groups post baseline (mean difference 1.0; 95% CI -0.2, 2.2;
P
=0.11). Improvement in SAQ angina frequency was observed with ranolazine at month 6 among diabetics (mean difference 3.3; 95% CI 0.6, 6.1;
P
=0.02) and those with more angina (baseline SAQ angina frequency ≤60; mean difference 3.4; 95% CI 0.6, 6.2;
P
=0.02), but was not maintained at month 12.

Conclusions—
Despite ICR following PCI, there was no incremental benefit in angina or QOL measures by adding ranolazine in this angiographically-identified population. These measures markedly improved within 1 month of PCI and persisted up to 1 year in both treatment arms.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01442038.
Sex Differences in the Presentation, Care, and Outcomes of Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Li Olivia L. , Silver Frank L. , Lichtman Judith , Fang Jiming , Stamplecoski Melissa , Wengle Rebecca S. , Kapral Moira K. 
Published: November 2015

Background and Purpose—
Little is known about whether sex differences exist in the presentation, management, and outcomes of transient ischemic attack.

Methods—
We conducted a cohort study of 5991 consecutive patients with transient ischemic attack admitted to 11 stroke centers in Ontario, Canada, between July 1, 2003, and March 31, 2008 and compared presenting symptoms, processes of care, and outcomes in women and men. We used linkages to administrative databases to evaluate mortality and recurrent vascular events within 30 days and 1 year of the initial presentation, with multivariable analyses to assess whether sex differences persisted after adjustment for age and comorbid conditions.

Results—
The most common presenting symptoms for both sexes were weakness, speech impairment, and sensory deficit, with headache being slightly more frequent in women. Women were less likely than men to undergo carotid imaging, carotid endarterectomy, or receive lipid-lowering therapy. One-year mortality was slightly lower in women than in men (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.63–0.94).

Conclusions—
We found only minor sex differences in the presentation and management of transient ischemic attack, suggesting that current public awareness campaigns focusing on classic warning signs are appropriate for both women and men. Future work should focus on evaluating whether lower rates of carotid imaging, endarterectomy, and lipid-lowering therapy in women reflect undertreatment of women or are appropriate based on patient eligibility.
Visualizing Long-Range Severe Thunderstorm Environment Guidance from CFSv2
Authors: Carbin Gregory W. , Tippett Michael K. , Lillo Samuel P. , Brooks Harold E. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Two novel approaches to extending the range of prediction for environments conducive to severe thunderstorm events are described. One approach charts Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2), run-to-run consistency of the areal extent of severe thunderstorm environments using grid counts of the supercell composite parameter (SCP). Visualization of these environments is charted for each 45-day CFSv2 run initialized at 0000 UTC. CFSv2 ensemble-mean forecast maps of SCP coverage over the contiguous United States are also produced for those forecasts meeting certain criteria for high-impact weather. The applicability of this approach to the severe weather prediction challenge is illustrated using CFSv2 output for a series of severe weather episodes occurring in March and April 2014. Another approach, possibly extending severe weather predictability from CFSv2, utilizes a run-cumulative time-averaging technique of SCP grid counts. This process is described and subjectively verified with severe weather events from early 2014.
Improving the Mapping and Prediction of Offshore Wind Resources (IMPOWR): Experimental Overview and First Results
Authors: Colle Brian A. , Sienkiewicz Matthew J. , Archer Cristina , Veron Dana , Veron Fabrice , Kempton Willett , Mak John E. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The wind resource offshore of the East Coast of the United States is well known for its potential to provide abundant, clean, renewable, and domestic electricity. However, limited observations from this region are recorded at heights above the water that penetrate significantly into the planetary boundary layer (PBL). As a result, mesoscale models have been used to characterize the offshore wind resource in this region but have not been evaluated fully within the PBL due to the scarcity of observations. This paper describes the setup and some early results from the Improving the Mapping and Prediction of Offshore Wind Resources (IMPOWR) field study conducted in the Nantucket Sound area in 2013/14. The IMPOWR campaign provides a rich dataset of observations within the PBL from a variety of sources: high-frequency Long-EZ aircraft, a multilevel atmospheric and oceanic tower in Nantucket Sound, and lidars on the south shore of eastern Long Island and Block Island. In addition to new data for model validation and wind resource assessment, the IMPOWR field campaign provides new insights on meteorological features important for wind power development, such as the New York Bight jet and shallow marine layer.
Development and Nondevelopment of Binary Mesoscale Vortices into Tropical Cyclones in Idealized Numerical Experiments
Authors: Schecter David A. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The evolution of two symmetric midlevel mesoscale vortices situated above a warm ocean is examined with a basic cloud-resolving model. Idealized numerical experiments provide insight into how the evolution may vary with the initial vortex separation distance D and other parameters that influence the time scale for an isolated vortex to begin rapid intensification. The latter parameters include the ambient middle-tropospheric relative humidity (RH) and the initial midlevel wind speed of each vortex. At relatively low RH, there exists an interval of D where binary midlevel vortex interaction prevents tropical cyclone formation. While tropical cyclones generally develop at high RH, similar values of D can delay the process if the vortices are initially weak. Prevention or inhibition of tropical cyclone formation occurs in association with the outward expulsion of lower-tropospheric potential vorticity anomalies as the two vortices merge in the middle troposphere. It is proposed that the primary mechanism for midlevel merger and low-level potential vorticity expulsion involves the excitation of rotating misalignments in each vortex. An analog model based on this premise provides a good approximation for the range of D in which the merger–expulsion scenario occurs. Relatively strong vortices in high-RH environments promptly develop vigorous convection and begin rapid intensification. Differences between the interaction of such diabatic vortices and their adiabatic counterparts are briefly illustrated. In systems that generate tropical cyclones, the mature vortex properties (size and strength) are found to vary significantly with D.
Meteorological and Aerosol Effects on Marine Stratocumulus
Authors: Li Zhe , Xue Huiwen , Chen Jen-Ping , Wang Wei-Chyung 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This study investigates the effects of meteorological conditions and aerosols on marine stratocumulus in the southeastern Pacific using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Two regimes with different temperature and moisture conditions in the finest model domain are investigated. The western regime is around 87°–79°W, while the eastern regime is around 79°–71°W. In both regimes, cloud fraction, liquid water path (LWP), cloud thickness, and precipitation show significant diurnal cycles. Cloud fraction can be 0.83 during the night and down to 0.29 during the day in the western regime. The diurnal cycles in the eastern regime have smaller amplitudes but are still very strong. Stratocumulus properties also differ in the two regimes. Compared to the western regime, the eastern regime has lower temperature, higher relative humidity, and a more coupled boundary layer, leading to higher cloud fraction (by 0.11) and lower cloud-base height. The eastern regime also has lower inversion height that causes lower cloud-top height and thinner clouds and, hence, lower LWP and less precipitation.
Cloud microphysical properties are very sensitive to aerosols in both regimes. Increasing aerosols greatly increase cloud number concentration, decrease cloud effective radius, and suppress precipitation. Cloud macrophysical properties (cloud fraction, LWP) are not sensitive to aerosols in either regime, most notably in the eastern regime where precipitation amount is less. The changes in cloud fraction and LWP caused by changes in aerosol concentrations are smaller than the changes in the diurnal cycle and the spatial variability between the two regimes.
The Role of Large-Scale Feedbacks in Cumulus Convection Parameter Estimation
Authors: Li Shan , Zhang Shaoqing , Liu Zhengyu , Yang Xiaosong , Rosati Anthony , Golaz Jean-Christophe , Zhao Ming 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUncertainty in cumulus convection parameterization is one of the most important causes of model climate drift through interactions between large-scale background and local convection that use empirically set parameters. Without addressing the large-scale feedback, the calibrated parameter values within a convection scheme are usually not optimal for a climate model. This study first designs a multiple-column atmospheric model that includes large-scale feedbacks for cumulus convection and then explores the role of large-scale feedbacks in cumulus convection parameter estimation using an ensemble filter. The performance of convection parameter estimation with or without the presence of large-scale feedback is examined. It is found that including large-scale feedbacks in cumulus convection parameter estimation can significantly improve the estimation quality. This is because large-scale feedbacks help transform local convection uncertainties into global climate sensitivities, and including these feedbacks enhances the statistical representation of the relationship between parameters and state variables. The results of this study provide insights for further understanding of climate drift induced from imperfect cumulus convection parameterization, which may help improve climate modeling.