bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Framework for the Definition and Regulation of Virtual Currencies: International and Russian practices / Konceptualni okvir za definicijo in regulacijo virtualnih valut: mednarodne in ruske prakse
Authors: Belomyttseva Olga S. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This paper analyzes possible definitions of virtual currencies in legislation and economics. Views of the European Central Bank, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, and Financial Action Task Force regarding virtual currencies are studied. The analysis also covers the draft legislation to ban money surrogates in the Russian Federation. The author suggests two reasonable approaches to defining virtual currencies in law and economics. The Austrian School representatives’ arguments on the existence of private money are reviewed. The author proposes the introduction of some changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation in order to give legal status to virtual currencies.
Environmental pollutions associated to conflicts in Iraq and related health problems
Authors: Al-Shammari Ahmed Majeed 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSeveral wars and a 13-year embargo as well as several years of civil war with the recent war on terrorism have cumulatively damaged Iraq’s land, air, water, and health infrastructure. The sand particles in Iraq contain toxic substances, which dates back to the pollution caused by military actions that disassemble the desert sands and turn it into light dust. This dust reaches cities as dust storms that effect most Iraqi cities. The presence of depleted uranium (DU) in the Iraqi food chain is documented by measuring the uranium in animals organs in different Iraqi cities with the highest concentration in the south of Iraq. One of the major sites of pollution in Iraq is the Al-twaitha nuclear research site. The nuclear research reactors were destroyed in the 1991 Gulf War. Barrels containing radioactive materials and sources were stolen from the site in the 2003 war. This resulted in considerable radioactive pollution at the site and in its surrounding areas. Soil sample have been found to be contaminated by Cs-137and Co-60. Cancer and birth defects are most associated with the environmental pollution caused by the conflicts. All studies related to this by Iraqi researchers are discussed in this review. From studying the Iraqi scientific publications, we can conclude that Basrah, Baghdad, Faluja, Mosul and Thi-Qar are the most effected cities in Iraq. This review concludes that the presence of a heavily contaminated environment with war related pollutants in most of the Iraqi cities needs much attention and huge effort to reduce the related health problems.
The meaning creation process, information, emotion, knowledge, two objects, and significance-effects: Some Peircean remarks
Authors: Sørensen Bent , Thellefsen Torkild , Thellefsen Martin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWhat is the relation between emotion, information, and knowledge? The aim of the paper is to focus on the meaning creation process, which involves emotion, information, and knowledge. The paper shows how the meaning creation process is an intricate relation between information and knowledge, how information is the catalyst for knowledge, and how knowledge can effect information, while emotion is the flavor of information and knowledge, respectively. The paper also presents a concept of information based on Peirce’s semeiotic.
Simultane Bestimmung von Temperatur- und Geschwindigkeitsfeldern in Gasströmungen
Authors: Doll Ulrich , Burow Eike , Stockhausen Guido , Willert Christian , Czarske Jürgen 
Published: October 2015

Zusammenfassung
Die Messung von Temperatur- und Geschwindigkeitsfeldern spielt eine
wichtige Rolle sowohl in der Luftfahrt als auch in der Energie- und
Verfahrenstechnik. Mit laseroptischen Verfahren können hochaufgelöste
Messungen von Strömungen vorgenommen werden, aber üblicherweise sind
Partikel für die Lichtstreuung einzubringen. In diesem Beitrag wird
eine neuartige Methode vorgestellt, die keinerlei Streupartikel
benötigt und eine gleichzeitige flächige Messung von Temperatur und
Geschwindigkeit erlaubt. Die Methode basiert auf der spektralen
Auswertung von gefilterter Rayleigh-Streuung. Durch die Verwendung
einer kalibrierten analytischen Modellfunktion kann die
Messunsicherheit des Systems reduziert werden.
N-Acetylaspartate Synthase Deficiency Corrects the Myelin Phenotype in a Canavan Disease Mouse Model But Does Not Affect Survival Time
Authors: Maier Helena , Wang-Eckhardt Lihua , Hartmann Dieter , Gieselmann Volkmar , Eckhardt Matthias 
Published: October 2015

Canavan disease (CD) is a severe, lethal leukodystrophy caused by deficiency in aspartoacylase (ASPA), which hydrolyzesN-acetylaspartate (NAA). In the brains of CD patients, NAA accumulates to high millimolar concentrations. The pathology of the disease is characterized by loss of oligodendrocytes and spongy myelin degeneration in the CNS. Whether accumulating NAA, absence of NAA-derived acetate, or absence of any unknown functions of the ASPA enzyme is responsible for the pathology of the disease is not fully understood. We generated ASPA-deficient (Aspanur7/nur7) mice that are also deficient for NAA synthase Nat8L (Nat8L−/−/Aspanur7/nur7). These mice have no detectable NAA. Nevertheless, they exhibited normal myelin content, myelin sphingolipid composition, and full reversal of spongy myelin and axonal degeneration. Surprisingly, although pathology was fully reversed, the survival time of the mice was not prolonged. In contrast, Aspanur7/nur7mice with only one intact Nat8L allele accumulated less NAA, developed a less severe pathology, phenotypic improvements, and, importantly, an almost normal survival time. Therefore, inhibition of NAA synthase is a promising therapeutic option for CD. The reduced survival rate of Nat8L−/−/Aspanur7/nur7mice, however, indicates that complete inhibition of NAA synthase may bear unforeseeable risks for the patient. Furthermore, we demonstrate that acetate derived from NAA is not essential for myelin lipid synthesis and that loss of NAA-derived acetate does not cause the myelin phenotype of Aspanur7/nur7mice. Our data clearly support the hypothesis that NAA accumulation is the major factor in the development of CD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCanavan disease (CD) is a severe, lethal leukodystrophy caused by aspartoacylase deficiency leading to accumulation of its substrate,N-acetylaspartate (NAA), and spongy myelin degeneration. In our study, we found that deletion of the NAA synthase gene Nat8L in a CD mouse model prevents myelin degeneration. This shows that accumulation of NAA to toxic levels causes the spongy myelin degeneration and excludes that a deficiency of NAA degradation products is responsible for the disease. This conclusion also suggests that inhibition of NAA synthase may be a therapeutic option for CD. The observed sudden premature death of Nat8L-deficient mice, however, also indicates that complete inhibition of NAA synthase may bear unforeseeable risks for patients.
Radial Glial Cell–Neuron Interaction Directs Axon Formation at the Opposite Side of the Neuron from the Contact Site
Authors: Xu Chundi , Funahashi Yasuhiro , Watanabe Takashi , Takano Tetsuya , Nakamuta Shinichi , Namba Takashi , Kaibuchi Kozo 
Published: October 2015

How extracellular cues direct axon–dendrite polarization in mouse developing neurons is not fully understood. Here, we report that the radial glial cell (RGC)–cortical neuron interaction directs axon formation at the opposite side of the neuron from the contact site. N-cadherin accumulates at the contact site between the RGC and cortical neuron. Inhibition of the N-cadherin-mediated adhesion decreases this oriented axon formationin vitro, and disrupts the axon–dendrite polarizationin vivo. Furthermore, the RGC–neuron interaction induces the polarized distribution of active RhoA at the contacting neurite and active Rac1 at the opposite neurite. Inhibition of Rho–Rho-kinase signaling in a neuron impairs the oriented axon formationin vitro, and prevents axon–dendrite polarizationin vivo. Collectively, these results suggest that the N-cadherin-mediated radial glia–neuron interaction determines the contacting neurite as the leading process for radial glia-guided neuronal migration and directs axon formation to the opposite side acting through the Rho family GTPases.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeurons are highly polarized cell lines typically with a single axon and multiple dendrites, which underlies the ability of integrating and transmitting the information in the brain. How is the axon–dendrite polarity of neurons established in the developing neocortex? Here we show that the N-cadherin-mediated radial glial cell–neuron interaction directs axon–dendrite polarization, the radial glial cell–neuron interaction induces polarized distribution of active RhoA and active Rac1 in neurons, and Rho–Rho-kinase signaling is required for axon–dendrite polarization. Our work advances the overall understanding of how extracellular cues direct axon–dendrite polarization in mouse developing neurons.
Increasing Spontaneous Retinal Activity before Eye Opening Accelerates the Development of Geniculate Receptive Fields
Authors: Davis Zachary W. , Chapman Barbara , Cheng Hwai-Jong 
Published: October 2015

Visually evoked activity is necessary for the normal development of the visual system. However, little is known about the capacity for patterned spontaneous activity to drive the maturation of receptive fields before visual experience. Retinal waves provide instructive retinotopic information for the anatomical organization of the visual thalamus. To determine whether retinal waves also drive the maturation of functional responses, we increased the frequency of retinal waves pharmacologically in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo) during a period of retinogeniculate development before eye opening. The development of geniculate receptive fields after receiving these increased neural activities was measured using single-unit electrophysiology. We found that increased retinal waves accelerate the developmental reduction of geniculate receptive field sizes. This reduction is due to a decrease in receptive field center size rather than an increase in inhibitory surround strength. This work reveals an instructive role for patterned spontaneous activity in guiding the functional development of neural circuits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPatterned spontaneous neural activity that occurs during development is known to be necessary for the proper formation of neural circuits. However, it is unknown whether the spontaneous activity alone is sufficient to drive the maturation of the functional properties of neurons. Our work demonstrates for the first time an acceleration in the maturation of neural function as a consequence of driving patterned spontaneous activity during development. This work has implications for our understanding of how neural circuits can be modified actively to improve function prematurely or to recover from injury with guided interventions of patterned neural activity.
Asymmetric Interhemispheric Transfer in the Auditory Network: Evidence from TMS, Resting-State fMRI, and Diffusion Imaging
Authors: Andoh Jamila , Matsushita Reiko , Zatorre Robert J. 
Published: October 2015

Hemispheric asymmetries in human auditory cortical function and structure are still highly debated. Brain stimulation approaches can complement correlational techniques by uncovering causal influences. Previous studies have shown asymmetrical effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on task performance, but it is unclear whether these effects are task-specific or reflect intrinsic network properties. To test how modulation of auditory cortex (AC) influences functional networks and whether this influence is asymmetrical, the present study measured resting-state fMRI connectivity networks in 17 healthy volunteers before and immediately after TMS (continuous theta burst stimulation) to the left or right AC, and the vertex as a control. We also examined the relationship between TMS-induced interhemispheric signal propagation and anatomical properties of callosal auditory fibers as measured with diffusion-weighted MRI. We found that TMS to the right AC, but not the left, resulted in widespread connectivity decreases in auditory- and motor-related networks in the resting state. Individual differences in the degree of change in functional connectivity between auditory cortices after TMS applied over the right AC were negatively related to the volume of callosal auditory fibers. The findings show that TMS-induced network modulation occurs, even in the absence of an explicit task, and that the magnitude of the effect differs across individuals as a function of callosal structure, supporting a role for the corpus callosum in mediating functional asymmetry. The findings support theoretical models emphasizing hemispheric differences in network organization and are of practical significance in showing that brain stimulation studies need to take network-level effects into account.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe investigated the lateralized functional networks involved in auditory processing and how modulation of the auditory cortex (AC) influences these networks. We demonstrated that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the AC resulted in changes in connectivity in auditory and motor-related networks in the resting state. Such changes were strongly asymmetric, with stimulation of the right AC resulting in more widespread decreases in connectivity compared with stimulation of the left AC. Finally, we showed that individual differences in the degree of modulation of functional connectivity in AC were related to structural measures of the callosal auditory pathway. The findings support theoretical models emphasizing hemispheric differences in network organization; they also show that TMS studies need to consider network-level effects of stimulation.
René Leriche and the development of 20th century surgery
Authors: Ioncioaia Bogdan , Bud Ioan Teodor , Muresan Mircea 
Published: October 2015

René Leriche (1879-1955) was a 20th century French surgeon generally known in medicine for the syndrome that carries his name, namely the Leriche syndrome in the aorto-iliac occlusive disease.This paper is published to mark the commemoration of 60 year since Leriche’s death.Although Dr. Leriche's legacy resides in the domain of vascular medicine, his research enclosed bone pathology and surgical management of pain.Having his surgical training done under professors Mathieu Jaboulay and Antonin Poncet, his friendship and association with Alexis Carrel and William Halsted have contributed to René Leriche's development as a surgeon, researcher and thinker. Following the footsteps of his mentors, he produced outstanding clinical and academic work which had earned him a good reputation among his students and colleagues. Surgeons such as Jean Kunlin, Jao Cid dos Santos, Michael DeBakey, René Fontaine and others came to study and learn from him. These future generations of surgeons would themselves bring much contribution to the understanding and treatment of vascular diseases and medicine in general.René Leriche pioneered medicine with his research and ideas. His assiduous work of teaching, research and clinical practice made his influence last to our present.
CHALLENGES IN ASSESSING CHARACTER EDUCATION IN ELT: IMPLICATIONS FROM A CASE STUDY IN A CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY
Authors: Mambu Joseph Ernest 
Published: October 2015

In this article I examine some challenges of assessing character education in the context of Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Indonesia (TEFLIN). Major sources of character education in Indonesia (e.g., Kurikulum 2013) seem to be religious values. However, there are two salient problems. First, in religiously inspired character education, there are concerns about religious values imposition. Second, it is oftentimes vague what types of, and how, character education can be evaluated in English language teaching and learning settings. In the context of an EFL teacher education program in a Christian university that I studied, one Christian student showed her religious dogmatism in classroom interactions or elsewhere in which peers having different religious views were present. Students’ communicative competence in expressing religious values can be assessed by examining their growing self-reflexivity (which problematizes dogmatism), among others, in their discourse. Character education assessment rubrics are developed from the cases reported here, in light of: (1) the Indonesian government’s guidelines for assessing character education; (2) critical ELT; and (3) Celce-Murcia’s (2007) model of communicative competence.
COMPARING HEDGES USED BY ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN SCHOLARS IN PUBLISHED RESEARCH ARTICLES: A CORPUS-BASED STUDY
Authors: Sanjaya I Nyoman Suka , Sitawati Anak Agung Raka , Suciani Ni Ketut 
Published: October 2015

The study examines whether English and Indonesian research articles written by their respective native speaker scholars are significantly different from each other in terms of the number of hedges used. Hedges are rhetorical features (e.g. may, perhaps, suggest) used to withhold complete commitment to the truth-value of propositions. The ultimate goal of the study is to examine whether Indonesian scholars need special instruction in hedging propositions. The assumption underlying the present study is that when they write in English, Indonesian scholars will deploy rhetorical features inherent in the Indonesian academic writing. Statistical analysis on 52 Applied Linguistics research articles (26 from each language) reveals that English research articles contain significantly more hedges than their Indonesian counterparts (Mann-Whitney U = 68.00, n1 = n2 = 26, p < 0.05, r = - 0.69), suggesting that Indonesian scholars are indeed in need of instruction that specifically focuses on hedging propositions in English.
IMPLEMENTATION OF HIJAB CONCEPT IN ARAB HOUSE PASAR KLIWON SURAKARTA
Authors: Putri Ria Hapsari 
Published: October 2015

<p><strong>A</strong><strong>bstract</strong></p> <p>The research was motivated by the existence of the Arab settlement in Pasar Kliwon which is a heteroginity settlement, composed of Arab, Javanese and Chinese with the Arab community is larger than the Chinese community. The multicultural life happens at Arab settlement in Pasar Kliwon will directly affect the process of inter-ethnic interaction. Islam is a way of life in the Arab culture. The house of arab is an islamic architecture product which applies <em>hijab </em>and estimated retained. Therefore, in this study will be assessed the extent of the implementation of the <em>hijab </em>in Arab house in Pasar Kliwon. This study used the rationalistic paradigm and purposive sampling method of data collection which Arab house aged over 50 years. Analysis of the data using the parameters: (1) the physical <em>hijab is </em>permanent physical elements (walls, doors, windows and mashrabbiya) and non permanent physical elements (furniture and plants) and (2) non physical <em>hijab </em>is non physical elements (behavioral or user activity) .The results showed that the concept of <em>hijab </em>in Arab house in Pasar Kliwon is symbolized by: (1) the physical <em>hijab </em>is spatial zone that separates public and private space, and (2) non physical <em>hijab </em>is behavior or etiquette of visiting the implementing Islamic culture.</p> <p><strong>K</strong><strong>e</strong><strong>y</strong><strong>w</strong><strong>ords</strong>: <strong>: </strong>islamic architecture, arab house, <em>hijab</em></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>A</strong><strong>bstrak</strong></p> <p>Penelitian ini dimotivasi oleh kehadiran perkampungan Arab di Pasar Kliwon yang merupakan permukiman yang heterogen, terdiri dari Arab, Jawa, dan Cina dengan komunitas Arab lebih besar daripada komunitas Cina. Kehidupan multikultural yang terjadi di permukiman Arab di Pasar Kliwon akan secara langsung mempengaruhi proses interaksi antar etnis. Islam merupakan jalan hidup budaya Arab. Rumah Arab merupakan produk arsitektur Islam yang mengaplikasikan hijab dan perhitungan pertahanan. Karena itulah dalam tulisan ini akan diperkirakan luasnya implementasi hijab pada rumah Arab di Pasar Kliwon. Kajian ini menggunakan paradigma rasionalistik dan metode sampling purposif dari pengumpulan data pada rumah Arab yang berusia di atas 50 tahun. Analisis data menggunakan parameter: (1) fisik hijab merupakan elemen fisik permanen (dinding, pintu, jendela, dan mashrabbiya) dan elemen fisik non permanen (perabot dan tanaman) serta (2) hijab non fisik merupakan elemen non fisik (tingkah laku atau aktivitas pengguna). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa konsep hijab pada rumah Arab di Pasar Kliwon disimbolkan dengan: (1) hijab fisik merupakan zonal ruang yang memisahkan publik dan private, serta (2) hijab non fisik merupakan tingkah laku atau etika berkunjung yang mengimplementasi budaya islam.</p> <p><strong>Kata kunci</strong>: arsitektur islam, rumah arab, hijab</p>
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS STUDY ON COMMUNITY MOSQUES IN PRIANGAN 1900 – 1942
Authors: Istiqomah Esti , Budi Bambang Setia 
Published: October 2015

<p><strong>A</strong><strong>bstract</strong></p> <p>Priangan was a region with a distinctive historical background and administrative unity. The region consisted of 7 regencies in present West Java Province. There were some old community mosques in the region. The aim of this paper is to formulate architectural characteristics of Priangan old community mosques and their overall development. The mosques are no longer observable today. Therefore, the study is referring to old documentations. The oldest available documentations of such mosques were presented in the form of photos from Dutch colonial era, after the ethical policy. Therefore, the study is limited from the year 1900 to 1942. Based on the photos, the mosques were resketched by outlining the intended variables, which are building mass, transitional space, and roof. There were some common architectural characteristics that can be concluded from Priangan old community mosques. The common characters are single mass, surrounding verandah, and two stacked pyramidal roof. On the overall development, the mosques showed the peak of architectural characteristics variations on the photos that were taken in the year 1925.</p> <p><strong>K</strong><strong>e</strong><strong>y</strong><strong>w</strong><strong>ords</strong>: mosque, Priangan, colonial, characteristic, architecture</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>A</strong><strong>bstrak</strong></p> <p>Priangan merupakan suatu wilayah yang memiliki kesamaan latar historis dan pernah memiliki kesatuan administrasi. Wilayah ini meliputi 7 kabupaten di Provinsi Jawa Barat saat ini. Di wilayah tersebut terdapat masjid-masjid komunitas lama. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan karakteristik arsitektural masjid- masjid komunitas lama yang ada di Priangan serta kecenderungan perkembangan keseluruhannya. Masjid- masjid tersebut saat ini sudah tidak dapat diamati lagi di lapangan. Oleh karena itu, studi karakteristik dilakukan melalui sumber dokumentasi bersejarah. Dokumentasi masjid-masjid tersebut mulai muncul pada masa kolonial Belanda setelah politik etis dalam bentuk foto. Oleh karena itu, kurun waktu kajian dibatasi antara tahun 1900 hingga tahun 1942. Dari foto-foto tersebut, masjid kemudian di sketsa ulang untuk memperjelas variabel-variabel yang akan dianalisis, yaitu massa, ruang, dan atap. Dari hasil analisis, didapatkan karakteristik arsitektural masjid komunitas lama di Priangan yang umum, yaitu memiliki massa tunggal, selasar keliling, dan atap tumpang 2 tumpuk. Kemudian dalam foto masjid-masjid yang diambil tahun</p> <p>1925, karakter arsitektural masjid menjadi semakin beragam.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>K</strong><strong>at</strong><strong>a kunci</strong>: masjid, Priangan, kolonial, karakteristik, arsitektur</p> <p> </p>