bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maximum Acceleration of Blood from the Left Ventricle in Patients with Ischaemic Heart Disease
Authors: Bennett E. D. , Else Wendy , Miller G. A. H. , Sutton G. C. , Miller H. C. , Noble M. I. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Maximum acceleration of blood has been measured in the aorta using a catheter tip velocity transducer in twelve patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography. Signals were obtained with the catheter tip transducer 5–6 cm above the aortic valve. From these signals, the values for peak velocity were measured, and acceleration was derived by continuous differentiation of the velocity signal.
2. The values obtained for maximum acceleration and peak velocity were inversely related to the severity of coronary artery disease as indicated by coronary angiography.
3. There was a close relationship between peak velocity, maximum acceleration and ejection fraction calculated from the left-ventricular angiogram.
4. Three patients with chest pain and no cardiac abnormality detectable by cardiac catheterization had maximum acceleration values above 1500 cm/s2 and peak velocity above 60 cm/s.
5. Four patients with definite coronary artery disease had normal intracardiac pressures and cardiac indices, but decreased ejection fractions. The values for maximum acceleration were between 750 and 1100 cm/s2 and for peak velocity between 32.0 and 58.0 cm/s.
6. Five patients had severe coronary disease with abnormal intracardiac pressures, cardiac indices and decreased ejection fraction. Values for maximum accelerations were below 850 cm/s2 and for peak velocity, below 41.0 cm/s.
The Pressor Response to Intravenously Infused Angiotensin II: Correlation with Plasma Renin Activity
Authors: Deheneffe J. , Bernard A. 
Published: August 2015

1. When angiotensin II was infused into forty unselected subjects a linear relationship was found between the increment of diastolic blood pressure and the logarithm of the rate of infusion of angiotensin II.
2. The slope of this line was very reproducible on repeated determinations in the same subject.
3. When the correlations between pre-infusion plasma renin activity and various functions derived from dose—response curves were determined, it was observed that: (i) the significance of the correlation became progressively stronger when increasing thresholds of the pressor response to angiotensin II were considered; (ii) the best correlation was achieved when the slopes of the individual dose—response curves were plotted against the logarithm of corresponding plasma renin activities.
4. These results suggest that the slope of the pressor dose—response curve is the most reliable index of responsiveness to intravenously infused angiotensin II and that it may provide a satisfactory guide to the basal plasma renin activity.
17-Oxosteroid Conjugates in Plasma and Urine of Patients with Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Authors: Paxton J. W. , Moore M. R. , Beattie A. D. , Goldberg A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Gas—liquid-chromatographic methods were established to measure the concentrations of the main 17-oxosteroid conjugates in plasma and the urinary excretion of the main metabolites of these steroids in human subjects. These steroids were assayed in the urine of thirty-eight normal males and thirty-seven normal females and in the plasma of fifty-eight normal males and thirty-nine normal females; the data were used as controls for the further investigations of the amounts of these steroids in thirty-four patients with acute intermittent porphyria.
2. The seven patients examined in acute attack of this disease had significantly increased excretions of the urinary sulphate and/or glucuronide conjugates of dehydroepiandrosterone (3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one) and aetiocholanolone (3α-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one). There were increases in the concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in the plasma of four patients (in an attack) in whom the plasma 17-oxosteroids were determined. Lesser increases in the plasma concentrations of several other 17-oxosteroid sulphates were observed but no consistent pattern was apparent. Similar abnormalities of urine and plasma 17-oxosteroids were observed in sixteen of the patients in remission. These increased excretions and increased plasma concentrations of certain 17-oxosteroid conjugates were associated with increased excretion of porphyrins and porphyrin precursors in the urine.
3. The urinary ratio of aetiocholanolone to androsterone (3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one) was significantly greater than normal in patients with acute intermittent porphyria. In one patient studied over several weeks in an attack the concentrations of δ-aminolaevulic acid and porphobilinogen in urine correlated significantly with the steroid ratio.
4. Dexamethasone treatment of one patient in an attack resulted in significant reductions in excretion of the individual 17-oxosteroids and of porphyrins and porphyrin precursors. This was accompanied by a noticeable improvement in his clinical condition.
5. A series of three C18, twelve C19 and five C21 steroids were given intraperitoneally to rats. Only dehydroepiandrosterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone (3β-hydroxypreg-5-en-17-ol-20-one), androstenedione (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione), androstenediol (androst-4-ene-3β,17β-diol) and aetiocholanolone caused significant elevations of hepatic δ-aminolaevulic acid synthetase. Although dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulphate were active in this system, the acetate and glucuronide of this steroid were not. Elevations of δ-aminolaevulic acid synthetase activity caused by dehydroepiandrosterone could be abolished by the antibiotics cycloheximide and actinomycin D.
6. These observations suggest the involvement of the 17-oxosteroids, especially dehydroepiandrosterone and aetiocholanolone, in the pathogenesis and control of acute intermittent porphyria.
Effects on Rat Kidney Slice Function In Vitro of Proteins from the Urines of Patients with Myelomatosis and Nephrosis
Authors: Preuss H. G. , Weiss F. R. , Iammarino R. M. , Hammack W. J. , Murdaugh H. V. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects were investigated of non-dialysable substances obtained from urines of patients with nephrotic syndrome and those with myelomatosis (heavily laden with light chains) on renal function in a system in vitro.
2. The ability of the rat kidney slice to accumulate hippurate and tetraethylammonium (TEA), and to produce ammonia and glucose, was measured after incubation in urine proteins from ten patients with myelomatosis. All slice functions measured at protein concentrations of 10 mg/ml decreased significantly compared with control. Hippurate accumulation averaged 58%, TEA accumulation, 53%, ammoniagenesis, 59%, and gluconeogenesis, 57% of control. An inverse relationship between protein concentration and hippurate accumulation was noted.
3. Slices incubated in proteins from eight nephrotic patients showed no consistent decrease from control in hippurate accumulation (95%), TEA accumulation (103%), ammoniagenesis (91%) or gluconeogenesis (92%).
4. Since urinary proteins from patients with myelomatosis, unlike urinary proteins from the nephrotic patients, had a consistently deleterious effect on the function of renal slices, this suggests that proteins found in urines from myelomatous patients may play a role in the disturbance of proximal tubular function sometimes seen in this disorder.
Directional Effects of Cyclic Amp on Platelets
Authors: Barnes F. S. , Gamow Elfriede , Burns Anne , De Boisfleury Ann 
Published: August 2015

1. Platelets undergo a spreading reaction in a microscope slide—coverslip preparation.
2. If a gradient of cyclic AMP is generated in such a preparation a large fraction of the spread platelets are oriented with their veils into the gradient.
The Ventilatory Response in Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: Fulop M. , Dreyer N. , Tannenbaum H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Previous studies of the ventilatory response to metabolic acidosis have usually considered only patients with arterial blood pH above 7·10. To define the response during more severe acidaemia, arterial CO2 tension and pH were measured in fifty-three episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis, including twenty-four with pH below 7·10, and ten with pH below 7·00.
2. The relation between arterial CO2 tension, and both blood pH and plasma bicarbonate concentration, in these cases with generally severe metabolic acidaemia (mean pH 7·12 ± SD 0·13), was very similar to the relations between those variables found by others in patients with less severe acidaemia, such as that due to renal failure.
3. As arterial blood hydrogen ion activity increased, arterial CO2 tension decreased inversely, reflecting well-sustained hyperventilation, even during profound acidaemia.
4. The inverse relation between arterial CO2 tension and hydrogen ion activity suggests that during metabolic acidosis, alveolar ventilation increases in direct proportion to the increased blood hydrogen ion activity.
Plasma and Hepatic Cobalamins in Tropical Ataxic Neuropathy
Authors: Osuntokun B. O. , Matthews D. M. , Hussein H.A-A. , Wise Irene J. , Linnell J. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Chromato-bioautographic analysis of cobalamins in Nigerian subjects showed that in patients with tropical ataxic neuropathy as in normal control subjects methylcobalamin was the major form of vitamin B12 in plasma. Plasma cyanocobalamin was significantly higher in patients than control subjects. The concentration of plasma adenosylcobalamin in patients was about twice that in control subjects.
2. Adenosylcobalamin was the predominant liver cobalamin in all subjects. Cyanocobalamin was not detected in liver from normal subjects, but a small proportion of cyanocobalamin was detected in the liver in the majority of the patients.
3. The raised cyanocobalamin levels may have resulted from the chronic cyanide intoxication known to exist in these patients. There was no evidence of tissue vitamin B12 deficiency or that conversion of metabolically active cobalamins into cyanocobalamin plays a part in the pathogenesis of tropical ataxic neuropathy. However, the increase in plasma adenosylcobalamin does indicate some disturbance of bodily handling of cobalamins in this disease.
Observations on the Development of the Febrile Response to Pyrogens in Sheep
Authors: Pittman Q. J. , Cooper K. E. , Veale W. L. , Van Petten G. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. An initial injection of intravenous bacterial pyrogen in newborn lambs failed to produce fever, but did cause a fall in the number of circulating blood leucocytes.
2. A second challenge of bacterial pyrogen in 60-h-old lambs caused fever, whereas other 60-h-old lambs, not previously injected with pyrogen, were unresponsive.
3. Thus the newborn lamb requires sensitization, by exposure to endotoxin, before pyrogen-induced fever can occur.
4. When bacterial pyrogen was injected intravenously into the unanaesthetized foetus in utero, foetal and maternal body temperatures remained unchanged in response to the initial challenge and to one or two subsequent injections of bacterial pyrogen in utero, or in the lamb immediately after birth. In all instances the foetal white cell count fell in the 90 min after the injection.
5. The response to both bacterial pyrogen and leucocyte pyrogen appears to depend upon the maturity of the physiological mechanisms involved in pyrogen fever.
Plasma Post-Heparin Lipolytic Activity in Patients with Malabsorption: Effect of Intravenous Fat Administration
Authors: Press M. , Thompson G. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. Post-heparin lipolytic activity was determined in the plasma of thirteen patients with malabsorption and fourteen healthy controls, with a coconut-oil emulsion (Ediol), triolein and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) as substrates.
2. Significantly lower post-heparin lipolytic activities were found in malabsorbers, whichever substrate was used. Lipolysis was inhibited by 0–5 mol/l sodium chloride when VLDL was the substrate but not when the two artificial substrates were used.
3. Plasma post-heparin lipolytic activities rose in malabsorbers after therapeutic doses of an intravenous fat emulsion (Intralipid), especially when assayed against VLDL.
4. The abnormal fatty acid composition of VLDL from malabsorbers did not affect its properties as a substrate for lipolysis by post-heparin plasma from normal subjects.
5. These findings support the concept that PHLA is heterogeneous in origin. They also suggest that if reduced clearance is a factor in the hypertriglyceridaemia sometimes seen in malabsorption, it is due to an enzyme deficit rather than a substrate defect.
The Effect of Ethane-1-Hydroxy-1,1-Diphosphonate (EHDP) on Calcium Oxalate Crystalluria in Recurrent Renal Stone-Formers
Authors: Robertson W. G. , Peacock M. , Marshall R. W. , Knowles F. 
Published: August 2015

1. The volume, size and type of calcium oxalate crystals excreted in the urine of a group of patients with recurrent ‘idiopathic’ stones were studied on a controlled basal diet, after an oral supplement of sodium oxalate and after oral administration of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) for 4 weeks.
2. Before administration of EHDP the stone-formers passed the large crystals and aggregates of calcium oxalate dihydrate characteristic of recurrent calcium oxalate stone-formers. For the same level of urine saturation and crystalluria EHDP caused a significant reduction in the proportion of large crystals and aggregates excreted. Studies by light-microscopy confirmed that EHDP caused a striking change in the size and habit of calcium oxalate crystals in some but not all of the urine samples examined.
3. The decrease in average crystal size during the administration of EHDP was attributed to the observed increase in the ability of urine to inhibit the growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals as measured by a growth system in vitro.
4. The possible use of EHDP as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of calcium oxalate stone-formation is discussed.
Polymer Coating of Activated Charcoal and its Effects on Biocompatibility and Paracetamol Binding
Authors: Gazzard B. G. , Langley P. G. , Weston M. J. , Dunlop E. H. , Williams Roger 
Published: August 2015

1. The ability of activated charcoal, treated in differing ways with poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate), to adsorb paracetamol was studied.
2. Activated charcoal was coated with 2, 4 or 10% by weight of poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate). Neither the percentage by weight (2, 4 or 10%) coating of activated charcoal by the polymer nor the procedure used to apply the coat affected the total adsorption of paracetamol at equilibrium, but these factors did influence the speed of adsorption.
3. The impregnated charcoals, and those with the lowest percentage by weight coating (2%), removed paracetamol from a stirred solution most rapidly. These charcoals also removed the drug most efficiently during column perfusion.
4. Biocompatibility studied in vivo in the dog revealed a smaller fall in blood platelets with haemoperfusion through 4% encapsulated charcoal than with 4% impregnated charcoal.
5. Dye-adsorption studies indicated that impregnation produced less complete coating of the charcoal, and that the lower percentage by weight coatings were the least complete.
6. The most acceptable compromise for clinical use appeared to be the 4% encapsulated charcoal, as the removal of paracetamol was reasonably rapid and the fall in blood platelet levels was acceptable.
The Time-Course of Response to Prednisolone in Chronic Bronchial Asthma
Authors: Ellul-Micallef R. , Borthwick R. C. , McHardy G. J. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. In six patients with stable chronic bronchial asthma, the effect of a single oral dose of 0.11 mmol (40 mg) of prednisolone was studied by carrying out repeated measurements of dynamic and static lung volumes, thoracic gas volume and airway resistance and maximum expiratory flow-volume curves.
2. No significant diurnal variation in the measurements performed was demonstrated on the 2 days before prednisolone was given. The administration of placebo tablets produced no significant change.
3. A statistically significant improvement was detectable 3 h after administration of the drug in the group of patients studied. The maximum effect was reached within 9–12 h, after which there was a return towards pretreatment values.
4. The improvement in specific conductance and maximum expiratory flow rate as well as in mid-expiratory flow rate suggests that the relief in airway obstruction occurred in both the large and the smaller airways.
5. The peak expiratory flow rate as measured by a Wright's peak flow meter proved to be as sensitive an index of change as any of the other tests employed.
Assessment of Plasma Glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity and Urinary d-Glucaric Acid Excretion as Indices of Enzyme Induction
Authors: Davidson D. C. , McIntosh W. B. , Ford J. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Urinary d-glucaric acid excretion and plasma γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity were measured in twenty-five out-patient and eighteen in-patient epileptic children receiving anticonvulsant therapy. Control specimens were obtained from twenty-three children receiving no medication.
2. d-Glucaric acid excretion greater than the control range was present in 88% of in-patients and 52% of out-patients. However, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity above the control range was found in 78% of in-patients and only 32% of out-patients.
3. In these forty-three epileptic subjects, there was a significant correlation between d-glucaric acid excretion and plasma γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity.
Arteriovenous Studies on the Uptake and Metabolism of Cortisol in the Human Forearm
Authors: Asmal A. C. , Butterfield W. J. H. , Collins K. J. , Few J. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Cortisol metabolism in human forearm tissues has been investigated by measurement of arteriovenous plasma differences.
2. There were no detectable differences in plasma cortisol concentration in fifty-four pairs of arterial and venous samples collected from twenty subjects at rest, nor in experiments in which 5 mg of cortisol was infused intravenously over a period of 30 min.
3. When [3H]cortisol was infused intra-arterially into the forearm for 10 min, radiochemical analysis of paired arterial and venous samples provided evidence for retention of cortisol in the local tissues and subsequent release into the venous effluent, and conversion of a small fraction of the infused cortisol into a substance chromatographically similar to cortisone.
4. It was demonstrated by the use of 125I-labelled albumin as a plasma marker that retention of the cortisol was due to penetration of the tissues by cortisol and not to a prolonged transit time in the vascular bed.
Influence of Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressure on Sodium Reabsorption in the Unilateral Pyelonephritic Dog Kidney
Authors: Wagnild J. P. , Gutmann F. D. , Rieselbach R. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. The diseased kidney in the dog with experimental unilateral reduction in nephron population, has been shown previously to undergo an exaggerated inhibition of sodium reabsorption after extracellular fluid (ECF) volume expansion induced by isotonic sodium chloride solution compared with the control kidney. The latter serves to maintain a non-azotaemic environment.
2. In the present studies, manoeuvres designed to alter predominantly either post-glomerular hydrostatic pressure (PGHP) or peritubular capillary oncotic pressure (COP) were performed to investigate further the mechanism of this exaggerated natriuresis.
3. Volume expansion with 5 g/dl albumin in 145 mmol/l sodium chloride (saline), thereby increasing PGHP without changing COP, produced exaggerated diseased kidney natriuresis, but of a smaller magnitude than when the same dogs were studied under a lesser degree of intravascular volume expansion with 145 mmol/l saline. Renal vasodilatation produced by systemically administered dopamine, which increases PGHP without ECF volume expansion, also produced exaggerated natriuresis by the diseased kidney.
4. A selective decrease in COP induced by expansion with saline in conjunction with trimethophan camsylate (Arfonad)-induced hypotension also produced exaggerated diseased kidney natriuresis, but to a lesser degree than saline expansion alone in the same dogs.
5. Thus experimental manoeuvres designed to reduce peritubular capillary fluid reabsorption by either predominantly increasing PGHP or decreasing COP produced exaggerated diseased kidney natriuresis. This exaggerated natriuretic response to manoeuvres which predominantly altered either physical force by itself did not approach the response elicited by expansion with saline.
6. The data suggest that alterations in Starling forces play an important role in mediating the exaggerated diseased kidney natriuresis after an acute saline load.
Intestinal Absorption of Cystine and Cysteine in Normal Human Subjects and Patients with Cystinuria
Authors: Silk D. B. A. , Perrett D. , Stephens A. D. , Clark M. L. , Scowen E. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. An intestinal perfusion technique has been used to study absorption in vivo of l-cystine and l-cysteine in six normal human subjects and three patients with homozygous cystinuria.
2. No significant absorption of l-cystine was detected during perfusion of the cystinuric patients, whereas l-cysteine absorption was normal. These results imply that l-cystine and l-cysteine are normally absorbed by different transport processes.
3. No significant reduction of l-cystine to l-cysteine occurred in the gut lumen during the perfusion experiments. No more oxidation of l-cysteine to l-cystine occurred in the gut lumen during the perfusion experiments than in the test solutions which were simultaneously incubated in vitro.
Neutral Protease from the Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes of Human Rheumatoid Synovial Fluid
Authors: Pryce-Jones R. H. , Saklatvala J. , Wood G. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. The cartilage-proteoglycan-degrading activity of synovial fluid cells from rheumatoid patients is primarily due to neutral protease activity; hyaluronidase does not contribute significantly. Evidence for these conclusions is adduced from electrophoresis of degradation products, from comparison of the proteoglycan-degrading and protease activities of extracts and from the effects of activators and inhibitors.
2. Most of the neutral protease activity is insoluble in buffer of low ionic strength and may thus be separated from small amounts of other, soluble, proteoglycan-degrading enzymes. This ‘insoluble’ protease dissolves in KCl (1 mol/l) and has appreciable solubility even at physiological ionic strength.
3. The protease has optimum activity between pH 7.5 and pH 10, with little or no activity below pH 6.0.
4. The enzyme hydrolyses a number of substrates including elastin and two synthetic substrates for elastase. Hydrolysis of the latter is inhibited by dilutions of synovial fluids and serum and it thus differs from the elastase-like esterase activity of synovial fluid and serum.
5. The ‘insoluble’ enzyme fraction caused loss of staining and release of hexuronate from slices of bovine articular cartilage at salt concentrations near physiological and these effects were almost completely inhibited by cell-free synovial fluids.
6. The properties of the synovial fluid cell neutral protease are compared with those of the similar enzyme activity found in granulocytes from blood and it is concluded that the synovial fluid enzyme is probably derived from granulocytes.
Platelet Survival in Acute Proliferative Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Carruthers J. A. , Ralfs I. , Gimlette T. M. D. , Finn R. 
Published: August 2015

1. Platelet survival was measured in patients with acute proliferative glomerulonephritis or chronic renal failure and also in control subjects.
2. Platelet survival is markedly reduced in acute proliferative glomerulonephritis as compared with control subjects; it was slightly reduced in patients in chronic renal failure due to interstitial renal disease and maintained on dialysis.