bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An assessment of the sources of dietary salt in a British population
Authors: Sanchez-Castillo C. P. , Warrender S. , Whitehead T. P. , James W. P. T. 
Published: August 2015

1. An epidemiological study was conducted in the market town of March, Cambridgeshire, to assess the quantitative importance of cooking and table salt to total dietary salt intake by the use of a fused mixture of lithium carbonate and sodium chloride.
2. Men and women aged 20–60 participated in a 12 day study with sequential 24 h urine collections to assess salt sources over a 7 day period.
3. Total salt consumption estimated from urinary chloride excretion amounted to 10.6 ± 0.55 (sem) g in 33 men and 7.4 ± 0.29 (sem) g in 50 women. The cooking salt eaten was only 0.45 ± 0.09 (sem) g in men and women, with men eating more table salt (0.77 g/day) than women (0.46 g/day).
4. Discretionary sources, i.e. cooking and table salt use, contributed only 15% to the total intake. Salt from manufacturing foods and catering in purchased food therefore provided on average 85% of total salt intake. These results are consistent even when an allowance is made for the slightly poorer pouring quality of the lithium-tagged salt.
5. The importance of food as a source of salt was reflected in the significant relationship between the weight of the individual and the amount of salt eaten (for males P &lt; 0.05 and for females P &lt; 0.001).
6. Cooking salt consumption did not relate to the amount of salt derived from purchased food nor did table salt use relate to the amount of salt in cooked foods.
7. Husbands and wives showed a high correlation in their salt use but the husbands had higher intakes of salt from purchased food and from cooking salt. They also used more table salt than their wives.
Ion flux and Na+,K+-ATPase activity of erythrocytes and leucocytes in thyroid disease
Authors: Khan F. A. , Baron D. N. 
Published: August 2015

1. In hyperthyroidism, erythrocytes show decreased Na+,K+-ATPase activity, decreased [3H]ouabain binding capacity (an index of the number of sodium pumps) and decreased active sodium and potassium flux rates, with a high intracellular sodium concentration.
2. As erythrocytes are non-nucleated and atypical cells, we have studied electrolyte status in thyroid disease using mixed leucocytes as well; the results obtained differed from those in erythrocytes.
3. When compared with findings in healthy subjects, leucocyte Na+,K+-ATPase activity, [3H]-oubain binding capacity, total and active rubidium (used instead of potassium) influx were all significantly increased in untreated hyperthyroidism and decreased in untreated hypothyroidism.
4. In hyperthyroidism, there was also a decrease in plasma potassium, an increase in sodium efflux rate and efflux rate constant, but no significant changes in cell sodium and potassium concentrations. All these changes returned to normal in successfully treated patients. There was a significant correlation between these abnormalities of electrolyte status and thyroid disease status (as serum thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine).
Duodenal and ileal lipid suppresses postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses in man: Possible implications for the dietary management of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Welch I. McL. , Bruce C. , Hill S. E. , Read N. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Infusion of lipid into the ileum delays the transit of a meal through the stomach and small intestine and could therefore influence the rate and degree of nutrient absorption.
2. Experiments were carried out on human volunteers to investigate the effect of infusion of lipid into either the duodenum or ileum on blood glucose, insulin and gastric emptying after ingestion of a mashed potato meal.
3. Infusions of lipid into either the duodenum or the ileum significantly reduced or abolished the immediate postprandial rises in blood glucose and insulin and significantly delayed gastric emptying. Blood glucose and insulin rose shortly after the lipid infusion terminated.
4. Addition of corn oil to a meal of mashed potato also reduced blood glucose and insulin and delayed gastric emptying.
5. Intestinal lipid can thus modify the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a meal, and this modulation probably explains the reduced metabolic responses to a meal containing fat compared with a fat free meal. This principle could be of value in the dietary control of diabetes mellitus.
The role of the autonomic nervous system in the resting tachycardia of human hyperthyroidism
Authors: Maciel Benedito C. , Gallo Lourenco , Neto José A. Marin , Maciel Léa M. Z. , Alves Maria L. D. , Paccola Glória M. F. , Iazigi Nassim 
Published: August 2015

1. The mechanisms that control resting heart rate in hyperthyroidism were evaluated in six patients before and after treatment with propylthiouracil.
2. The patients were subjected to pharmacological blockade under resting conditions in two experimental sessions: first session, propranolol (0.2 mg/kg body weight); second session, atropine (0.04 mg/kg body weight) followed by propranolol (0.2 mg/kg body weight). All drugs were administered intravenously.
3. Resting heart rate was significantly reduced from 100 ± 6.5 beats/min to 72 ± 2.5 beats/min (P &lt; 0.005) after clinical and laboratory control of the disease. After double blockade, intrinsic heart rate was reduced from 105 ± 6.8 beats/min before treatment to 98 ± 6.0 beats/min after treatment (P &lt; 0.025). The reduction in heart rate caused by propranolol was not significantly different before (−13 ± 1.4 beats/min) and after (−9 ± 1.0 beats/min) propylthiouracil. In contrast, atropine induced a higher elevation of heart rate after treatment (45 ± 8.6 beats/min) than before treatment (26 ± 4.0 beats/min).
4. The present results suggest no appreciable participation of the sympathetic component of the autonomic nervous system in the tachycardia of hyperthyroidism, at least under the conditions of the present study. The small change observed in intrinsic heart rate, although significant, seems to indicate that this is not the most important mechanism involved in this tachycardia.
5. Our results suggest that an important reduction in the efferent activity of the parasympathetic component participates in the mechanisms that modify resting heart rate in hyperthyroidism.
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction persists in the human transplanted lung
Authors: Robin Eugene D. , Theodore James , Burke Conor M. , Oesterle Stephen N. , Fowler Michael B. , Jamieson Stuart W. , Baldwin John C. , Morris Adrian J. , Hunt Sharon A. , Vankessel Antonius , Stinson Edward B. , Shumway Norman E. 
Published: August 2015

1. The preservation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) in the denervated lung was studied in five human heart–lung transplant recipients.
2. AH five patients showed significant increases in mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance during hypoxic exposure, returning toward normoxic values during recovery. Aside from Pao2 and Pao2, other factors known to influence pulmonary vascular resistance did not change significantly during the hypoxic period.
3. There was no relation between the length of the post-transplantation period and the intensity of HPV, suggesting that reinnervation of the pulmonary vascular bed did not account for persistent HPV and that HPV persists in the human transplanted lung despite the loss of autonomic neural innervation.
Circulatory response to postural change in healthy male subjects in relation to age
Authors: Dambrink J. H. A. , Wieling W. 
Published: August 2015

1. The initial heart rate (HR) response evoked by standing up and 70° head-up tilt from the supine resting position, as well as the changes in HR and blood pressure after 1–2 min in the upright position, was analysed in teenage boys (aged 10–15 years) and healthy old men (aged 60–90 years).
2. Standing up induced a characteristic temporary HR increase that lasted 20 s and far exceeded the gradual initial HR rise induced by head-up tilt. The main effect of age on the initial HR transients was a definite diminution of the response.
3. After 1–2 min standing and tilting, young subjects showed a pronounced increase in HR and diastolic pressure with little change in systolic pressure. In contrast, old subjects showed a lesser increase in HR and diastolic pressure and a decrease in systolic pressure. A fall in systolic pressure of greater than 20 mmHg after 1 min of active standing was, however, not observed.
4. It is concluded that the circulatory adjustment to the stress of postural change differs markedly between young and elderly subjects. In healthy old subjects marked postural hypotension appears to be rare.
Lung lavage fluid from patients with α1-proteinase inhibitor deficiency or chronic obstructive bronchitis: anti-elastase function and cell profile
Authors: Morrison Heather M. , Kramps Johannes A. , Burnett David , Stockley R. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The anti-elastase composition of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from (α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1PI) deficient and bronchitic patients was determined by immunological and functional assays, together with the cell profile of the BAL fluid.
2. α1PI, anti-leucoprotease and α2-macroglobuin were present in all the samples. BAL fluid α1PI concentrations were significantly lower in the group with serum α1PI deficiency.
3. Lavage fluid from α1PI deficient subjects inhibited less porcine pancreatic elastase than bronchitic BAL fluid (P &lt; 0.005). However, the α1PI was only about 50% active as an inhibitor in both groups.
4. There was no difference in the amount of neutrophil elastase (NE) inhibited per ml of lavage fluid or per mol of the measured inhibitors in the secretions, but both groups inhibited more enzyme than would be expected for these inhibitors (α1PI deficient: median 4.78 mol of NE/mol of known inhibitors, range 0.88–78.80; bronchitic: 1.14, 0.21–4.66), suggesting that an additional inhibitor is present.
5. The total leucocyte and neutrophil counts were elevated (2P &lt; 0.01) in the lavages of α1PI deficient patients, suggesting a greater potential elastase burden than subjects with normal α1PI.
Glucose absorption from maltotriose and glucose oligomers in the human jejunum
Authors: Jones B. J. M. , Higgins B. E. , Silk D. B. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The jejunal absorption of glucose from (1–4)-linked glucose oligomers including maltotriose has been compared with that from free glucose and sucrose in normal subjects.
2. A steady-state perfusion technique in vivo was used to study proximal jejunal assimilation of isotonic sugar-saline solutions isocaloric with 140 mmol/l glucose. Endogenous α-amylase was excluded from the test segment by proximal balloon occlusion. The glucose oligomer mixture consisted mainly of maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose and maltoheptaose.
3. Glucose absorption was significantly faster from maltotriose alone and from the glucose oligomer mixture than from 140 mmol/l glucose controls, whereas glucose absorption from 70 mmol/l sucrose was similar to that from 70 mmol/l glucose plus 70 mmol/l fructose.
4. Hydrolysis in vivo of maltotriose, the oligomer mixture and sucrose were similar, indicating that capture of glucose released by brush border sucrose hydrolysis was less efficient than that associated with (1–4)-linked oligomer hydrolysis. This suggests that the stoichiometric relationship of the active hydrolysis sites for sucrose to the glucose transport system is less advantageous than that of active sites for maltose hydrolysis.
5. Hydrolysis of oligomers larger than maltohexaose may be rate limiting for glucose absorption in the absence of luminal amylase activity.
Assessment of beat to beat changes in cardiac output during the Valsalva manoeuvre using electrical bioimpedance cardiography
Authors: Smith Stephen A. , Salih Mahmood M. , Littler William A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Beat to beat changes in cardiac output during standardized Valsalva's manoeuvres were recorded using electrical bioimpedance cardiography in 13 normal subjects.
2. Cardiac output increased by 12 ± 5% after 1 s of straining solely because of an increase in heart rate. Subsequently, cardiac stroke volume and cardiac output fell during the strain to lows of − 40 ± 6% and − 21 ± 3% respectively at 15 s.
3. There was a sustained increased in cardiac output (maximum + 17 ± 4%) in the late post strain period.
4. The mean coefficient of variation in impedance measurements of cardiac output was 6.8% during all parts of Valsalva's manoeuvre, with no single value exceeding 10%.
Effect of thyroparathyroidectomy on the activities of thymidylate synthetase and thymidine kinase during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy
Authors: Nakata Rieko , Tsukamoto Ikuyo , Miyoshi Masamitsu , Kojo Shosuke 
Published: August 2015

1. Thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) carried out at 72 h before partial hepatectomy (PH) reduced the induction of hepatic thymidylate synthetase (TS) and thymidine kinase (TK), which are rate-determining enzymes in DNA synthesis, at 24 h after PH.
2. When TPTX was carried out at 24 h before PH, TK activity at 24 h after PH was not reduced at all, yet TS activity was reduced significantly. Thus the effect of TPTX differed in time dependence between TS and TK.
3. The depression of TK activity in rats which were subjected to TPTX at 72 h before PH, was recovered by Ca2+ supplementation. This result demonstrated that the rise of TK activity in regenerating liver is regulated by plasma Ca2+.
4. Since a high dose of tri-iodothyronine (T3) was required to cause elevation of the activities of these enzymes and DNA content in 24 h-regenerating liver of TPTX rats, the relative contribution of T3 to liver regeneration may be small.
Is there neural control over electrolyte reabsorption in the human salivary gland?
Authors: Levin S. L. , Khaikina L. I. 
Published: August 2015

1. A study was made of changes induced by cholinergic agonists and antagonists in the K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Cl− content of saliva of 22 human subjects with denervated parotid salivary glands.
2. At all stages after denervation there was an increased content of Na+ and Cl− in the secretion of the denervated gland as compared with that of the control glands: (a) after administration of pilocarpine and carbacholine; (b) after administration of a combination of atropine and pilocarpine; (c) in ‘paradoxical’ salivation induced by atropine, scopolamine, metacine or chlorosyle; (d) in spontaneous secretion; (e) in reflex secretion when this was partially restored.
3. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl− in the secretion of the denervated gland were disproportionately higher than would have been expected from the raised salivation rate.
4. Secretions from the denervated glands by virtue of their increased content of Na+ and Cl− resembled so-called primary saliva.
5. The increased output of Na+ and Cl− and high concentrations of these ions in the secondary saliva after denervation indicates that there is loss of the normal neural control over reabsorption of electrolytes in the epithelium of the glandular ducts. Further, that absence of this control results in disturbances of membrane ionic transport, of membrane permeability and of the metabolism of the gland.
High resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies of human cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Bell Jimmy D. , Brown Judith C. C. , Sadler Peter J. , MacLeod Andrew F. , Sönksen Peter H. , Hughes Robin D. , Williams Roger 
Published: August 2015

1. One- and two-dimensional (correlated shift spectroscopy) high resolution proton n.m.r. spectra of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are reported. The merits of water suppression by freeze drying or irradiation, and spectral simplification by spin-echo methods, are discussed.
2. Well-resolved resonances for a range of low molecular weight metabolites such as lactate, 3-d-hydroxybutyrate, alanine, acetate, citrate, glucose, valine and formate were observed. Resonances for glutamine were observed only from freeze dried samples. Concentrations determined by n.m.r. were in reasonable agreement with those from conventional methods.
3. The n.m.r. spectra of CSF were related to the clinical conditions of the subjects. No resonances for citrate were present in spectra of CSF from subjects (three infants) with bacterial meningitis; high lactate and lowered glucose levels were observed. Strong resonances for glucose and glycine were observed for mildly diabetic subjects. Both the aromatic and the aliphatic regions of the CSF spectra from subjects suffering from liver failure contained distinctive features characteristic for hepatic coma: intense resonances for lactate, alanine, valine, methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and histidine. In some cases guanine was also present, which does not appear to have been reported previously. The two-dimensional spectrum suggested the presence of abnormally high levels of a number of endogenous metabolites. Such assignments were not possible using one-dimensional spectra alone because of signal overlap.
Renal and cardiovascular effects of caffeine: A dose–response study
Authors: Passmore A. P. , Kondowe G. B. , Johnston G. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of increasing oral doses of caffeine (45, 90, 180 and 360 mg) on effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), plasma renin activity (PRA), serum electrolytes, plasma noradrenaline, blood pressure and heart rate were studied in eight healthy male volunteers.
2. Urine volume was increased by 360 mg of caffeine only. At caffeine doses greater than 90 mg urinary sodium excretion was significantly increased. There were no changes in ERPF.
3. Serum potassium was significantly reduced by 360 mg of caffeine.
4. Caffeine increased systolic pressure in a dose related manner. Diastolic pressure was also increased, but not in relation to dose. A 360 mg dose of caffeine produced a late increase in heart rate. These changes were not associated with any alterations in PRA or in plasma noradrenaline.
Chlorpropamide alcohol flushing: A normal response?
Authors: Hoskins P. J. , Wiles P. G. , Volkmann H. P. , Pyke D. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The relationship between chlorpropamide alcohol flushing and non-insulin dependent diabetes remains uncertain. It is known, however, that the frequency of facial flushing with alcohol and the temperature response depend upon both the plasma level of chlorpropamide and the starting facial temperature [10].
2. We tested 23 young adult non-diabetic subjects with 8 g of ethanol after a dose of chlorpropamide 250 mg twice daily for 2 days or a placebo, in a double blind, cross-over manner. Previously, nine other subjects had participated in a pilot study to assess the safety of the chlorpropamide dose and to ensure that adequate plasma chlorpropamide levels were achieved.
3. No subject was negative for chlorpropamide alcohol flushing, as defined by the following criteria: (1) facial temperature rise of 35% or more of maximum possible rise, (2) observer assessment or (3) subject assessment. In 26 of the total 32 subjects, all three criteria were fulfilled.
4. Thus, among young, healthy non-diabetic adults chlorpropamide alcohol flushing would appear to be a normal phenomenon.
Water depletion, not oral sodium loading, increases levels of sodium, potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase inhibitors in rat plasma
Authors: Wellard R. Mark , Adam William R. 
Published: August 2015

1. In order to define a physiological role for circulating inhibitors of sodium, potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase), plasma was obtained from control, water deplete, water repleted, sodium deplete and sodium loaded rats. The effect of this plasma on Na+,K+-ATPase activity, and its transport equivalent 86Rb uptake, was measured in separated guinea pig renal cortical tubules.
2. Plasma from water deplete rats had a raised plasma osmolality and sodium concentration and a significant inhibitory effect on Na+,K+-ATPase (14%) and 86Rb uptake (24%) compared with control or water repleted rats.
3. Inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase and 86Rb transport was not seen with plasma from rats after dietary sodium loading (urine sodium 5.2 ± 0.9 mmol/day) compared with low sodium diet controls (urine sodium 0.41 ± 0.08 mmol/day).
4. Des-amino arginine vasopressin in vivo produced no inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase or Rb transport.
5. These studies suggest, that in terms of common homoeostatic insults, circulating inhibitors of Na+,K+-ATPase are more responsive to water depletion than to oral sodium loading. The inhibitors may fulfil a physiological role in increasing sodium excretion to maintain osmolality after dehydration.
Comparison of the natriuretic response to atriopeptin III and loop diuretic in the isolated perfused rat kidney
Authors: Itabashi Akira , Chan Laurence , Shapiro Joseph I. , Cheung Cynthia , Schrier Robert W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Isolated rat kidneys were perfused at a constant perfusion pressure of 90 mmHg to study the natriuretic effects of atriopeptin III (AP-III) and to compare these effects with those of frusemide. AP-III (1 μg) or frusemide (1 mg) were added to the perfusate (100 ml) after two 15 min control collection periods.
2. Compared with the control group, AP-III and frusemide increased urinary sodium excretion (UNaV, 5.6 ± 1.1 and 4.6 ± 0.6 vs control 1.8 ± 0.3 μmol min−1 g−1, mean ± sem, P &lt; 0.01 and P &lt; 0.05, respectively), fractional sodium excretion (FENa, 4.8 ± 1.1 and 6.7 ± 0.8 vs control 2.0 ± 0.2%, P &lt; 0.05 and P &lt; 0.001, respectively) and potassium excretion (UKV, 3.2 ± 0.3 and 3.0 ± 0.3 vs control 1.5 ± 0.3 μmol min−1 g−1, both P &lt; 0.01). However, AP-III, but not frusemide, increased glomerular filtration rate (820 ± 55 vs 590 ± 24 μl min−1 g−1, P &lt; 0.01) and urine flow rate (V 97.5 ± 8.0 vs 44.1 ± 5.2 μl min−1 g−1, P &lt; 0.001). Calculated distal delivery of sodium (CNa + CH2O, 76.6 ± 6.8 vs 30.7 ± 3.8 μl min−1 g−1, P &lt; 0.005) as well as fractional distal delivery of sodium [(CNa + CH2O)/CIn, 9.4 ± 0.9 vs 5.1 ± 0.6%, P &lt; 0.01] were increased by AP-III, but not frusemide. Fractional distal reabsorption of sodium [CH2O/(CNa + CH2O), 51.9 ± 6.5 vs 59.9 ± 2.7%, NS] was not affected by AP-III but was significantly reduced by frusemide (7.4 ± 3.0%, P &lt; 0.001).
3. The natriuretic effects of the combination of AP-III and frusemide were additive even though the distal delivery was no greater than with AP-III alone. These data indicate that AP-III has a unique natriuretic effect different from frusemide, and that the main site of natriuretic action by AP-III is proximal to the ascending loop of Henle. Because of different nephron sites, the effects of AP-III and frusemide are additive, a finding of potential clinical importance.