bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Political Communication of Independent Regulatory Agencies
Authors: Puppis Manuel , Maggetti Martino , Gilardi Fabrizio , Biela Jan , Papadopoulos Yannis 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSince independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) became key actors in European regulatory governance in the 1990s, a significant share of policy‐making has been carried out by organizations that are neither democratically elected nor directly accountable to elected politicians. In this context, public communication plays an important role. On the one hand, regulatory agencies might try to use communication to raise their accountability and thereby to mitigate their democratic deficit. On the other hand, communication may be used with the intent to steer the behavior of the regulated industry when more coercive regulatory means are unfeasible or undesirable. However, empirical research focusing directly on how regulators communicate is virtually non‐existent. To fill this gap, this paper examines the public communication of IRAs in four countries (the United Kingdom, Germany, Ireland, and Switzerland) and three sectors (financial services, telecommunications, and broadcasting). The empirical analysis, based on qualitative interviews and a quantitative content analysis, indicates that the organization of the communication function follows a national pattern approach while a policy sector approach is helpful for understanding the use of communication as a soft tool of regulation.
Health service delivery models for the provision of antiretroviral therapy in sub‐Saharan Africa: a systematic review
Authors: Lazarus Jeffrey V. , Safreed‐Harmon Kelly , Nicholson Joey , Jaffar Shabbar 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectivesIn response to the lack of evidence‐based guidance for how to continue scaling up antiretroviral therapy (ART) in ways that make optimal use of limited resources, to assess comparative studies of ART service delivery models implemented in sub‐Saharan Africa.MethodsA systematic literature search and analysis of studies that compared two or more methods of ART service delivery using either CD4 count or viral load as a primary outcome.ResultsMost studies identified in this review were small and non‐randomised, with low statistical power. Four of the 30 articles identified by this review conclude that nurse management of ART compares favourably to physician management. Seven provide evidence of the viability of managing ART at lower levels within the health system, and one indicates that vertical and integrated ART programmes can achieve similar outcomes. Five articles show that community/home‐based ART management can be as effective as facility‐based ART management. Five of seven articles investigating community support link it to better clinical outcomes. The results of four studies suggest that directly observed therapy may not be an important component of ART programmes.ConclusionsGiven that the scale‐up of antiretroviral therapy represents the most sweeping change in healthcare delivery in sub‐Saharan Africa in recent years, it is surprising to not find more evidence from comparative studies to inform implementation strategies. The studies reported on a wide range of service delivery models, making it difficult to draw conclusions about some models. The strongest evidence was related to the feasibility of decentralisation and task‐shifting, both of which appear to be effective strategies.
Typhoid fever in Fiji: a reversible plague?
Authors: Thompson Corinne N. , Kama Mike , Acharya Shrish , Bera Una , Clemens John , Crump John A. , Dawainavesi Aggie , Dougan Gordon , Edmunds W. John , Fox Kimberley , Jenkins Kylie , Khan M. Imran , Koroivueta Josefa , Levine Myron M. , Martin Laura B. , Nilles Eric , Pitzer Virginia E. , Singh Shalini , Raiwalu Ratu Vereniki , Baker Stephen , Mulholland Kim 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe country of Fiji, with a population of approximately 870 000 people, faces a growing burden of several communicable diseases including the bacterial infection typhoid fever. Surveillance data suggest that typhoid has become increasingly common in rural areas of Fiji and is more frequent amongst young adults. Transmission of the organisms that cause typhoid is facilitated by faecal contamination of food or water and may be influenced by local behavioural practices in Fiji. The Fijian Ministry of Health, with support from Australian Aid, hosted a meeting in August 2012 to develop comprehensive control and prevention strategies for typhoid fever in Fiji. International and local specialists were invited to share relevant data and discuss typhoid control options. The resultant recommendations focused on generating a clearer sense of the epidemiology of typhoid in Fiji and exploring the contribution of potential transmission pathways. Additionally, the panel suggested steps such as ensuring that recommended ciprofloxacin doses are appropriate to reduce the potential for relapse and reinfection in clinical cases, encouraging proper hand hygiene of food and drink handlers, working with water and sanitation agencies to review current sanitation practices and considering a vaccination policy targeting epidemiologically relevant populations.
The Influence of Bodily Experience on Children's Language Processing
Authors: Wellsby Michele , Pexman Penny M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Body–Object Interaction (BOI) variable measures how easily a human body can physically interact with a word's referent (Siakaluk, Pexman, Aguilera, Owen, & Sears, ). A facilitory BOI effect has been observed with adults in language tasks, with faster and more accurate responses for high BOI words (e.g., mask) than for low BOI words (e.g., ship; Wellsby, Siakaluk, Owen, & Pexman, ). We examined the development of this effect in children. Fifty children (aged 6–9 years) and a group of 21 adults completed a word naming task with high and low BOI words. Younger children (aged 6–7 years) did not show a BOI effect, but older children (aged 8–9 years) showed a significant facilitory BOI effect, as did adults. Magnitude of children's BOI effect was related to age as well as reading skills. These results suggest that bodily experience (as measured by the BOI variable) begins to influence visual word recognition behavior by about 8 years of age.
DNA methylation maintenance consolidates RNA‐directed DNA methylation and transcriptional gene silencing over generations in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Kuhlmann Markus , Finke Andreas , Mascher Martin , Mette Michael F. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryIn plants, 24 nucleotide short interfering RNAs serve as a signal to direct cytosine methylation at homologous DNA regions in the nucleus. If the targeted DNA has promoter function, this RNA‐directed DNA methylation may result in transcriptional gene silencing. In a genetic screen for factors involved in RNA‐directed transcriptional silencing of a ProNOS–NPTII reporter transgene in Arabidopsis thaliana, we captured alleles of DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 2, the gene encoding the DNA methyltransferase that is mainly responsible for de novo DNA methylation in the context of RNA‐directed DNA methylation. Interestingly, methylation of the reporter gene ProNOS was not completely erased in these mutants, but persisted in the symmetric CG context, indicating that RNA‐directed DNA methylation had been consolidated by DNA methylation maintenance. Taking advantage of the segregation of the transgenes giving rise to ProNOS short interfering RNAs and carrying the ProNOS–NPTII reporter in our experimental system, we found that ProNOS DNA methylation maintenance was first evident after two generations of ongoing RNA‐directed DNA methylation, and then increased in extent with further generations. As ProNOS DNA methylation had already reached its final level in the first generation of RNA‐directed DNA methylation, our findings suggest that establishment of DNA methylation at a particular region may be divided into distinct stages. An initial phase of efficient, but still fully reversible, de novo DNA methylation and transcriptional gene silencing is followed by transition to efficient maintenance of cytosine methylation in a symmetric sequence context accompanied by persistence of gene silencing.
Effects of density and sowing pattern on weed suppression and grain yield in three varieties of maize under high weed pressure
Authors: Marín C , Weiner J 
Published: July 2014

SummaryWe tested the hypothesis that improved weed suppression by maize can be achieved through increased crop density and spatial uniformity. Field experiments on three varieties of maize sown at three densities (5, 7 and 10.5 seeds m−2) and in two spatial patterns (grid pattern and rows) under very high weed pressure from Brachiaria brizantha were performed in 2012 and 2013. We measured weed biomass 1 month after sowing and at harvest, and grain yield at harvest. Density, variety and sowing pattern all had strong and significant effects on both weed biomass and yield. On average, weed biomass was reduced (by 72% in the first year and 58% in the second year), and grain yield was increased (by 48% and 44%) at the highest density in the grid pattern compared with standard sowing practices (medium density, row pattern). There was a significant density × variety interaction, which is evidence for genetic differences in the response of the varieties to density in characteristics that influence weed suppression. The variety that suppressed weeds best at high density had the lowest variation in the angle of insertion of the oldest living leaf at harvest (leaf 6), supporting the hypothesis that reduced phenotypic plasticity may be advantageous for weed suppression under high density and spatial uniformity. Increased density and uniformity can contribute to weed management in maize in many cases, potentially reducing the need for herbicides or mechanical weed control.
Draft Genome Sequence of Marine Cyanobacterium
Synechococcus
sp. Strain NKBG042902, Which Harbors a Homogeneous Plasmid Available for Metabolic Engineering
Authors: Honda Toru , Liang Yue , Arai Daichi , Ito Yasuhito , Yoshino Tomoko , Tanaka Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

The marine cyanobacterium
Synechococcus
sp. strain NKBG042902 was isolated from coastal areas in Japan. Strain NKBG042902 has four plasmids: pSY8, pSY9, pSY10, and pSY11. Moreover, the hybrid plasmid pUSY02 containing pSY11 and
Escherichia coli
plasmid pUC18 was constructed for this strain. The genetic manipulation technique using pUSY02 was established for this strain and used in metabolic engineering. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of this strain, which has 77 contigs comprising a total length of 3,319,479 bp, with a G+C content of 49.4%.
Characterization of the Whole-Genome Sequence of a Beak and Feather Disease Virus Isolate from a Mallee Ringneck Parrot (
Barnardius zonarius barnardi
)
Authors: Das Shubhagata , Sarker Subir , Forwood Jade K. , Ghorashi Seyed A. , Raidal Shane R. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

The complete genome sequence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) from a wild Australian Mallee ringneck parrot (
Barnardius zonarius barnardi
) was characterized. The genome consists of 1,995 nucleotides and encodes two major proteins in opposing directions. This is the first evidence of BFDV infectivity and the first complete genome sequence for this novel host.
Genome Sequences of Cupriavidus metallidurans Strains NA1, NA4, and NE12, Isolated from Space Equipment
Authors: Monsieurs Pieter , Mijnendonckx Kristel , Provoost Ann , Venkateswaran Kasthuri , Ott C. Mark , Leys Natalie , Van Houdt Rob 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Cupriavidus metallidurans
NA1, NA4, and NE12 were isolated from space and spacecraft-associated environments. Here, we report their draft genome sequences with the aim of gaining insight into their potential to adapt to these environments.
Draft Genome Sequence of Kluyveromyces marxianus Strain DMB1, Isolated from Sugarcane Bagasse Hydrolysate
Authors: Suzuki Toshihiro , Hoshino Tamotsu , Matsushika Akinori 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

We determined the genome sequence of a thermotolerant yeast,
Kluyveromyces marxianus
strain DMB1, isolated from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, and the sequence provides further insights into the genomic differences between this strain and other reported
K. marxianus
strains. The genome described here is composed of 11,165,408 bases and has 4,943 protein-coding genes.
Chapter 11 The rock coast of Korea
Authors: Choi Kwang Hee , Seong Yeong Bae 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The rocky shores of the east and west coasts of Korea have distinctly different geomorphologies. Tidal processes dominate coastal landform development on the west coast, facing the Yellow Sea, while wave processes are more important on the east coast. This gives rise to broad differences in the nature of rocky landforms between these coastlines. With the exception of coastal terraces, there is limited understanding of rock coast systems in South Korea owing to a lack of quantitative analysis. In particular, wide shore platforms along the west coast have been interpreted as inherited features from the Last Interglacial or earlier stages, but the chronology of their development remains poorly constrained and understood because of insufficient investigation. Recently, cosmogenic surface exposure dating has been successfully applied to these platforms, providing new information on their development and offering the possibility of making better predictions of future coastal change. The absolute dating of contemporary and inherited rock coast landforms should help to better constrain the histories of relative sea-level change and coastal morphodynamics in Korea.
Chapter 2 Climate change and its impact on rock coasts
Authors: Trenhaile A. S. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Most rock coast processes will be affected by climate change during this century, but our ability to distinguish the consequences will be hampered by poor understanding of the mechanisms, their relationships to environmental controls and the lack of long, reliable erosional and depositional records. The most important impact is likely to be by rising sea level, and possibly in some regions increased storminess. The greatest concern is with soft rock coasts but there will also be significant increases in the erosion of hard rock cliffs. Greater precipitation, more extreme rainfall events and stronger wave attack from rising sea level, increasing storminess and decreasing sea ice will promote cliff failures. Commensurate changes to wave refraction patterns, longshore transport paths and the availability and productivity of sediment sources with higher sea level will trigger rapid changes to beaches on rocky coasts and to the width of shore platforms. Other changes are likely to be fairly imperceptible in this century. Most weathering processes will be modified and marine organisms will migrate longitudinally and altitudinally with corresponding changes in the nature and degree of their bioerosional and bioprotectional activities.
Chapter 3 The rock coast of the British Isles: cliffs
Authors: Lim Michael 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide a review of the recent advances and innovations that have added to the understanding of the cliffs in the British Isles. The chapter introduces the key components of coastal cliff systems, what defines and shapes them and how they have been conceptualized in Britain. The review sets the context for academic research into British coastal cliffs and then focuses on the contributions made to monitoring and modelling cliff changes and the processes that drive them. The chapter concludes with a summary of forthcoming avenues of enquiry and opportunities that have the potential to further knowledge of coastal cliff behaviour in the British Isles and beyond.
Chapter 5 The rock coast of the British Isles: weathering and biogenic processes
Authors: Coombes Martin A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
An abundance of moisture, salts and organic life make rock coasts a unique weathering environment. Here, mechanical and chemical processes act to break down rocks alongside the influence of waves, tides and geological factors. Organisms concurrently break down (bioweathering and bioerosion) and protect (bioprotection) coastal rocks in direct and indirect ways, enhancing or impeding other inorganic modes of decay. Some species also build physical structures (bioconstruction) that have geomorphological and ecological consequences. Studies of particular weathering processes are well represented in the British Isles, and demonstrate both the overriding controls of lithology and tidal position. The complexities arising from the interactive and combined influences of different processes are also evident. Biogenic processes are of greatest importance for the geomorphology of carbonate rock coasts and cohesive shores in Britain and Ireland, but weathering is largely secondary to waves in the evolution of harder rock coasts. The importance of typically fine-scale rock breakdown in facilitating larger-scale erosion is recognized, however, but warrants more attention, and the value of interdisciplinary and applied weathering research on rock coasts is stressed.
FOXD3 Modulates Migration through Direct Transcriptional Repression of TWIST1 in Melanoma
Authors: Weiss Michele B. , Abel Ethan V. , Dadpey Neda , Aplin Andrew E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The neural crest is a multipotent, highly migratory cell population that gives rise to diverse cell types, including melanocytes. Factors regulating the development of the neural crest and emigration of its cells are likely to influence melanoma metastasis. The transcription factor FOXD3 plays an essential role in premigratory neural crest development and has been implicated in melanoma cell dormancy and response to therapeutics. FOXD3 is downregulated during the migration of the melanocyte lineage from the neural crest, and our previous work supports a role for FOXD3 in suppressing melanoma cell migration and invasion. Alternatively, TWIST1 is known to have promigratory and proinvasive roles in a number of cancers, including melanoma. Using ChIP-seq analysis, TWIST1 was identified as a potential transcriptional target of FOXD3. Mechanistically, FOXD3 directly binds to regions of the TWIST1 gene locus, leading to transcriptional repression of TWIST1 in human mutant BRAF melanoma cells. In addition, depletion of endogenous FOXD3 promotes upregulation of TWIST1 transcripts and protein. Finally, FOXD3 expression leads to a significant decrease in cell migration that can be efficiently reversed by the overexpression of TWIST1. These findings uncover the novel interplay between FOXD3 and TWIST1, which is likely to be important in the melanoma metastatic cascade.
Implications: FOXD3 and TWIST1 define distinct subgroups of cells within a heterogeneous tumor. Mol Cancer Res; 12(9); 1314–23. ©2014 AACR.
Osteopontin–CD44v6 Interaction Mediates Calcium Deposition via Phospho-Akt in Valve Interstitial Cells From Patients With Noncalcified Aortic Valve Sclerosis
Authors: Poggio Paolo , Branchetti Emanuela , Grau Juan B. , Lai Eric K. , Gorman Robert C. , Gorman Joseph H. , Sacks Michael S. , Bavaria Joseph E. , Ferrari Giovanni 
Published: July 2014

Objective—
The activation of valve interstitial cells (VICs) toward an osteogenic phenotype characterizes aortic valve sclerosis, the early asymptomatic phase of calcific aortic valve disease. Osteopontin is a phosphorylated acidic glycoprotein that accumulates within the aortic leaflets and labels VIC activation even in noncalcified asymptomatic patients. Despite this, osteopontin protects VICs against in vitro calcification. Here, we hypothesize that the specific interaction of osteopontin with CD44v6, and the related intracellular pathway, prevents calcium deposition in human-derived VICs from patients with aortic valve sclerosis.

Approach and Results—
On informed consent, 23 patients and 4 controls were enrolled through the cardiac surgery and heart transplant programs. Human aortic valves and VICs were tested for osteogenic transdifferentiation, ex vivo and in vitro. Osteopontin–CD44 interaction was analyzed using proximity ligation assay and the signaling pathways investigated. A murine model based on angiotensin II infusion was used to mimic early pathological remodeling of the aortic valves. We report osteopontin–CD44 functional interaction as a hallmark of early stages of calcific aortic valve disease. We demonstrated that osteopontin–CD44 interaction mediates calcium deposition via phospho-Akt in VICs from patients with noncalcified aortic valve sclerosis. Finally, microdissection analysis of murine valves shows increased cusp thickness in angiotensin II-treated mice versus saline infused along with colocalization of osteopontin and CD44 as seen in human lesions.

Conclusions—
Here, we unveil a specific protein–protein association and intracellular signaling mechanisms of osteopontin. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of early VIC activation and calcium deposition in asymptomatic stage of calcific aortic valve disease could open new prospective for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.
Arterial Stiffness, Central Pressures, and Incident Hospitalized Heart Failure in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study
Authors: Chirinos Julio A. , Khan Abigail , Bansal Nisha , Dries Daniel L. , Feldman Harold I. , Ford Virginia , Anderson Amanda H. , Kallem Radhakrishna , Lash James P. , Ojo Akinlolu , Schreiber Martin , Sheridan Angela , Strelsin Jillian , Teal Valerie , Roy Jason , Pan Qiang , Go Alan S. , Townsend Raymond R. ,   CRIC Study Investigators:, Appel Lawrence J. , He Jiang , Kusek John W. , Rahman Mahboob 
Published: July 2014

Background—
Chronic kidney disease is associated with an increased risk of heart failure (HF). We aimed to evaluate the role of large artery stiffness, brachial, and central blood pressure as predictors of incident hospitalized HF in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC), a multiethnic, multicenter prospective observational study of patients with chronic kidney disease.

Methods and Results—

We studied 2602 participants who were free of HF at baseline. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CF-PWV; the gold standard index of large artery stiffness), brachial, and central pressures (estimated via radial tonometry and a generalized transfer function) were assessed at baseline. Participants were prospectively followed up to assess the development of new-onset hospitalized HF. During 3.5 years of follow-up, 154 participants had a first hospital admission for HF. CF-PWV was a significant independent predictor of incident hospitalized HF. When compared with the lowest tertile, the hazard ratios among subjects in the middle and top CF-PWV tertiles were 2.33 (95% confidence interval, 1.37–3.97;
P
=0.002) and 5.24 (95% confidence interval, 3.22–8.53;
P
<0.0001), respectively. After adjustment for multiple confounders, the hazard ratios for the middle and top CF-PWV tertiles were 1.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.92–4.13;
P
=0.079) and 3.01 (95% confidence interval, 1.45–6.26;
P
=0.003), respectively. Brachial systolic and pulse pressure were also independently associated with incident hospitalized HF, whereas central pressures were less consistently associated with this end point. The association between CF-PWV and incident HF persisted after adjustment for systolic blood pressure.

Conclusions—
Large artery stiffness is an independent predictor of incident HF in chronic kidney disease, an association with strong biological plausibility given the known effects of large artery stiffening of left ventricular pulsatile load.