bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the role of psychological distress in linking childhood maltreatment and alcohol use in young adulthood
Authors: Shin Sunny H. , Hassamal Sameer , Groves Lauren Peasley 
Published: September 2015

Background and ObjectivesChildhood maltreatment is related to alcohol use as well as psychological distress in young adulthood. Few studies have examined whether psychological distress mediates the relationship between child maltreatment and alcohol use. We examined the role of psychological distress in linking child maltreatment subtypes (ie, emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect) to four patterns of alcohol use, including frequency of alcohol use, binge drinking, alcohol‐related problems, and alcohol dependence.MethodsWe used a community sample of young adults (N = 337), who completed an interview assessing exposure to childhood maltreatment, current psychological distress, and drinking behaviors.ResultsEmotional abuse was associated with psychological distress, whereas psychological distress was related to more pathological drinking behaviors such as alcohol‐related problems and alcohol dependence. Subsequent analyses indicated significant mediated effects between emotional abuse and alcohol‐related problems and alcohol dependence via psychological distress, even after controlling for demographic factors, other maltreatment subtypes, parental alcoholism, and peer alcohol use.Conclusions and Scientific SignificanceFindings suggest that among four types of childhood maltreatment, emotional abuse might be the major driver of pathological drinking among child maltreatment victims. Interventions aimed at negative emotionality may be useful in preventing and treating problematic drinking among the victims of childhood emotional abuse. (Am J Addict 2015;XX:1–9)
Polysomnographic sleep disturbances in nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, cocaine, opioid, and cannabis use: A focused review
Authors: Garcia Alexandra N. , Salloum Ihsan M. 
Published: September 2015

Background and ObjectivesIn the United States, approximately 60 million Americans suffer from sleep disorders and about 22 million Americans report substance dependence or use disorders annually. Sleep disturbances are common consequences of substance use disorders and are likely found in primary care as well as in specialty practices. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effects of the most frequently used substances—nicotine, alcohol, opioids, cocaine, caffeine, and cannabis—have on sleep parameters measured by polysomnography (PSG) and related clinical manifestations.MethodsWe used electronic databases such as PubMED and PsycINFO to search for relevant articles. We only included studies that assessed sleep disturbances using polysomnography and reviewed the effects of these substances on six clinically relevant sleep parameters: Total sleep time, sleep onset latency, rapid‐eye movement, REM latency, wake after sleep onset, and slow wave sleep.ResultsOur review indicates that these substances have significant impact on sleep and that their effects differ during intoxication, withdrawal, and chronic use. Many of the substance‐induced sleep disturbances overlap with those encountered in sleep disorders, medical, and psychiatric conditions. Sleep difficulties also increase the likelihood of substance use disorder relapse, further emphasizing the need for optimizing treatment interventions in these patients.Conclusion and Scientific SignificanceOur review highlights the importance of systematically screening for substance use in patients with sleep disturbances and highlights the need for further research to understand mechanisms underlying substances‐induced sleep disturbances and on effective interventions addressing these conditions. (Am J Addict 2015;9999:1–9)
Veto Rhetoric and Legislative Riders
Authors: Hassell Hans J. G. , Kernell Samuel 
Published: September 2015

AbstractRiders to appropriations bills have long been a favorite congressional instrument for forcing presidents to accept unwanted policies. To resist unwanted riders, presidents have increasingly resorted to veto threats. Are such threats credible, and do they influence legislation? To answer these questions, we analyze the legislative histories of hundreds of threatened and unthreatened riders from 1985 through 2008. We find that threats are effective in bringing the final legislation closer to the president's preferences. Threats achieve their success, in large part, by interrupting the textbook legislative process in the Senate—spawning filibusters, prompting leaders to punt bills to conference, and encouraging the use of other “unorthodox” procedures. Unlike conventional models that regard veto threats as minimally effective, the findings presented here depict veto rhetoric as integral to identifying critical riders separating the legislative parties that must be resolved in order to avoid gridlock and pass annual appropriations legislation.
The effect of a forced‐air warming blanket on patients' end‐tidal and transcutaneous carbon dioxide partial pressures during eye surgery under local anaesthesia: a single‐blind, randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sukcharanjit S. , Tan A. S. B. , Loo A. V. P. , Chan X. L. , Wang C. Y. 
Published: September 2015

SummarySurgical drapes used during eye surgery are impermeable to air and hence risk trapping air underneath them. We investigated the effect of a forced‐air warming blanket on carbon dioxide accumulation under the drapes in patients undergoing eye surgery under local anaesthesia without sedation. Forty patients of ASA physical status 1 and 2 were randomly assigned to either the forced‐air warmer (n = 20) or a control heated overblanket (n = 20). All patients were given 1 l.min−1 oxygen. We measured transcutaneous and end‐tidal carbon dioxide partial pressures, heart rate, arterial pressure, respiratory rate, temperature and oxygen saturation before and after draping, then every 5 min thereafter for 30 min. The mean (SD) transcutaneous carbon dioxide partial pressure in the forced‐air warming group stayed constant after draping at 5.7 (0.2) kPa but rose to a maximum of 6.4 (0.4) kPa in the heated overblanket group (p = 0.0001 for the difference at time points 15 min and later). We conclude that forced‐air warming reduces carbon dioxide accumulation under the drapes in patients undergoing eye surgery under local anaesthesia.
Effectiveness of chest compression feedback during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in lateral tilted and semirecumbent positions: a randomised controlled simulation study
Authors: Song Y. , Oh J. , Chee Y. , Cho Y. , Lee S. , Lim T. H. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryFeedback devices have been shown to improve the quality of chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation for patients in the supine position, but no studies have reported the effects of feedback devices on chest compression when the chest is tilted. Basic life support‐trained providers were randomly assigned to administer chest compressions to a manikin in the supine, 30° left lateral tilt and 30° semirecumbent positions, with or without the aid of a feedback device incorporated into a smartphone. Thirty‐six participants were studied. The feedback device did not affect the quality of chest compressions in the supine position, but improved aspects of performance in the tilted positions. In the lateral tilted position, the median (IQR [range]) chest compression rate was 99 (99–100 [96–117]) compressions.min−1 with and 115 (95–128 [77–164]) compressions.min−1 without feedback (p = 0.05), and the proportion of compressions of correct depth was 55 (0–96 [0–100])% with and 1 (0–30 [0–100])% without feedback (p = 0.03). In the semirecumbent position, the proportion of compressions of correct depth was 21 (0–87 [0–100])% with and 1 (0–26 [0–100])% without feedback (p = 0.05). Female participants applied chest compressions at a more accurate rate using the feedback device in the lateral tilted position but were unable to increase the chest compression depth, whereas male participants were able to increase the force of chest compression using the feedback device in the lateral tilted and semirecumbent positions. We conclude that a feedback device improves the application of chest compressions during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation when the chest is tilted.
Moxifloxacin superior to cefuroxime in reducing bacterial adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis on hydrophobic intraocular lenses
Authors: Benbouzid Fathalah , Kodjikian Laurent , Hartmann Daniel , Renaud François , Baillif Stéphanie 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPurposeTo compare the anti‐adhesive effect of cefuroxime and moxifloxacin on the primary attachment phase of Staphylococcus epidermidis on hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs).MethodsForty hydrophobic acrylic IOLs were used. Two groups of IOLs were soaked in a moxifloxacin (Mox‐T1: 0.5 mg/0.1 ml) or a cefuroxime (Cef‐T1: cefuroxime 1 mg/0.1 ml) solution before incubation in a S. epidermidis bacterial suspension. Two other groups were incubated in the bacterial suspension before antibiotics (Cef‐T2 and Mox‐T2) were added. The control group (Ctrl) consisted of IOLs incubated in the bacterial suspension. After incubation, IOLs were sonicated and vortexed. The resultant suspension was spread over a nutritive agar plate. Bacterial colonies were counted after 24 hr of incubation.ResultsMean number of colony‐forming units per IOL was Cef‐T1: 184 × 103 (SE: 5.24; SD: 28.21), Cef‐T2: 117 × 103 (SE: 5.74; SD: 30.37), Mox‐T1: 1.27 × 103 (SE: 0.12; SD: 0.61), Mox‐T2: 25 × 103 (SE:1.98; SD: 9.72) and Ctrl: 361 × 103 (SE: 26.9; SD: 107.6). The number of adhering bacteria did not vary whether cefuroxime was added before or after IOL incubation in the bacterial suspension (p = 0.132). Moxifloxacin was more effective in reducing the number of adhering bacteria when used before IOL incubation (p < 0.001). Overall for T1 and T2, moxifloxacin was more effective than cefuroxime in reducing bacterial adhesion on IOLs (p < 0.001).ConclusionMoxifloxacin and cefuroxime significantly reduced S. epidermidis adhesion on hydrophobic acrylic IOLs. The anti‐adhesive effect was superior with moxifloxacin.
Inverse gradient of nitrergic and purinergic inhibitory cotransmission in the mouse colon
Authors: Mañé N. , Viais R. , Martínez‐Cutillas M. , Gallego D. , Correia‐de‐Sá P. , Jiménez M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimGastrointestinal smooth muscle relaxation is accomplished by the neural corelease of ATP or a related purine and nitric oxide. Contractions are triggered by acetylcholine and tachykinins. The aim of this work was to study whether regional differences in neurotransmission could partially explain the varied physiological roles of each colonic area.MethodsWe used electrophysiological and myography techniques to evaluate purinergic (L‐NNA 1 mm incubated tissue), nitrergic (MRS2500 0.3 μm incubated tissue) and cholinergic neurotransmission (L‐NNA 1 mm and MRS2500 0.3 μm incubated tissue) in the proximal, mid and distal colon of CD1 mice (n = 42).ResultsPurinergic electrophysiological responses elicited by single pulses (28 V) were greater in the distal (IJPfMAX = −35.3 ± 2.2 mV), followed by the mid (IJPfMAX = −30.6 ± 1.0 mV) and proximal (IJPfMAX = −11.7 ± 1.1 mV) colon. In contrast, nitrergic responses decreased from the proximal colon (IJPsMAX = −11.4 ± 1.1 mV) to the mid (IJPsMAX = −9.1 ± 0.4 mV), followed by the distal colon (IJPsMAX = −1.8 ± 0.3 mV). A similar rank of order was observed in neural mediated inhibitory mechanical responses including electrical field stimulation‐mediated responses and neural tone. ADPβs concentration–response curve was shifted to the left in the distal colon. In contrast, NaNP responses did not differ between regions. Cholinergic neurotransmission elicited contractions of a similar amplitude throughout the colon.ConclusionAn inverse gradient of purinergic and nitrergic neurotransmission exists through the mouse colon. The proximal and mid colon have a predominant nitrergic neurotransmission probably due to the fact that their storage function requires sustained relaxations. The distal colon, in contrast, has mainly purinergic neurotransmission responsible for the phasic relaxations needed to propel dehydrated faeces.
Deficiency of heat shock transcription factor 1 suppresses heat stress‐associated increase in slow soleus muscle mass of mice
Authors: Ohno Y. , Egawa T. , Yokoyama S. , Nakai A. , Sugiura T. , Ohira Y. , Yoshioka T. , Goto K. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimEffects of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) deficiency on heat stress‐associated increase in slow soleus muscle mass of mice were investigated.MethodsBoth HSF1‐null and wild‐type mice were randomly assigned to control and heat‐stressed groups. Mice in heat‐stressed group were exposed to heat stress (41 °C for 60 min) in an incubator without anaesthesia.ResultsSignificant increase in wet and dry weights, and protein content of soleus muscle in wild‐type mice was observed seven days after the application of the heat stress. However, heat stress had no impact on soleus muscle mass in HSF1‐null mice. Neither type of mice exhibited much effect of heat stress on HSF mRNA expression (HSF1, HSF2 and HSF4). On the other hand, heat stress upregulated heat shock proteins (HSPs) at the mRNA (HSP72) and protein (HSP72 and HSP110) levels in wild‐type mice, but not in HSF1‐null mice. The population of Pax7‐positive nuclei relative to total myonuclei of soleus muscle in wild‐type mice was significantly increased by heat stress, but not in HSF1‐null mice. Furthermore, the absence of HSF1 gene suppressed heat stress‐associated phosphorylation of Akt and p70 S6 kinase (p‐p70S6K) in soleus muscle.ConclusionHeat stress‐associated increase in skeletal muscle mass may be induced by HSF1 and/or HSF1‐mediated stress response that activates muscle satellite cells and Akt/p70S6K signalling pathway.
−141C insertion/deletion polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is associated with schizophrenia in Chinese Han population: Evidence from an ethnic group‐specific meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhao Xiaofeng , Huang Yinglin , Chen Kaiyuan , Li Duolu , Han Chao , Kan Quancheng 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAccumulate evidence has implicated dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphisms in the etiology of schizophrenia. A single nucleotide polymorphism, −141C insertion/deletion (Ins/Del) (rs1799732), in the promoter region of the dopamine D2 receptor gene has been linked to schizophrenia; however, the data are inconclusive. This study investigated whether the −141C polymorphism is associated with the risk of schizophrenia in different ethnic groups by performing a meta‐analysis. A total of 24 case–control studies examining the association between −141C Ins/Del polymorphism and schizophrenia were identified according to established inclusion criteria. Significant association was revealed between −141C Ins/Del polymorphism and schizophrenia risk in dominant genetic model (Ins/Ins + Ins/Del versus Del/Del) (odds ratio = 0.33, 95% confidence interval = 0.14–0.81, z = 2.41, P = 0.02) in Chinese Han but not in Caucasian, Japanese or India populations. Our results indicate that −141C Ins/Del polymorphism might be a susceptibility factor for schizophrenia in Chinese Han population.
The impact of obesity on oesophageal acid exposure time on and off proton pump inhibitor therapy
Authors: Shah S. L. , Lacy B. E. , DiBaise J. K. , Vela M. F. , Crowell M. D. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryBackgroundObesity is associated with increased oesophageal acid exposure time (AET) in patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux (GER), and may decrease the effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).AimTo evaluate the effects of increased body mass on the ability of PPI therapy to decrease AET in patients with reflux symptoms.MethodsAcid exposure time profiles collected from adult patients using wireless pH‐metry while on or off PPI therapy was retrospectively reviewed. Patients were separated into five body mass index (BMI) categories as defined by the World Health Organization. A multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association between abnormal AET and BMI groups while controlling for age, gender and pH capsule placement methods.ResultsThe study group comprised 968 patients with 336 (34.7%) studied on a PPI and 632 (65.3%) studied off PPI therapy. AET (total greater than 5.3%) was found more frequently in the overweight (67%) and obese classes (74–80%) compared to those who were normal weight (40%) while off acid‐suppressing medications (P < 0.001). No significant differences were found between these groups when studied on acid‐suppressing medications, and the proportion of patients with abnormal AET across BMI classes was similar regardless of taking a PPI either once or twice daily.ConclusionsThis is the largest study to report on the relationship between BMI and oesophageal acid exposure time in patients with GER on and off PPI therapy. We conclude that obesity is related to increased acid exposure time, but with no significant difference in acid exposure time among different weight‐based groups when taking a once or twice‐daily PPI.
Bevacizumab dosing strategy in paediatric cancer patients based on population pharmacokinetic analysis with external validation
Authors: Han Kelong , Peyret Thomas , Quartino Angelica , Gosselin Nathalie H. , Gururangan Sridharan , Casanova Michela , Merks Johannes H. M. , Massimino Maura , Grill Jacques , Daw Najat C. , Navid Fariba , Jin Jin , Allison David E. 
Published: September 2015

AimThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of bevacizumab and various dosing strategies for this agent in paediatric patients.MethodsData were collected from 232 paediatric patients (1971 concentrations) in five studies, with a wide range of age (0.5 – 21 years), body weight (BWT; 5.9 – 125 kg), and regimens (5 – 15 mg kg–1 biweekly or triweekly). Data from 152 patients (1427 concentrations) and 80 patients (544 concentrations) were used for model building and external validation, respectively. Steady‐state exposure was simulated under BWT‐based, body surface area (BSA)‐based, ideal body weight (IBW)‐based, and tier‐based doses. NONMEM and R were used for analyses.ResultsTypical estimates of clearance, central volume of distribution (V1), and median half‐life were 9.04 ml h–1, 2851 ml, and 19.6 days, respectively. Clearance decreased with increasing albumin. Clearance and V1 increased with BWT and were higher in male patients. Clearance and V1 were lower in children with primary central nervous system (CNS) tumours than in children with sarcomas, resulting in 49% higher trough (Cmin) and 29% higher peak (Cmax) concentrations. BWT‐adjusted clearance and V1 remained unchanged across ages. Paediatric Cmin was similar to adult Cmin under all dosing strategies. Paediatric Cmax exceeded adult Cmax under tier‐based doses.ConclusionsBWT‐adjusted pharmacokinetic parameter estimates in paediatric patients were similar to those in adults, and similar across ages. Bevacizumab exposure was higher in children with primary CNS tumours than in children with sarcomas. BSA‐based, IBW‐based, and tier‐based doses offered no substantial advantage over the BWT‐based dose currently used in adults for bevacizumab. Given the similarity in pharmacokinetics among many monoclonal antibodies, this may help to develop practical paediatric dosing guidelines for other therapeutic antibodies.
Investigating pulmonary and systemic pharmacokinetics of inhaled olodaterol in healthy volunteers using a population pharmacokinetic approach
Authors: Borghardt Jens Markus , Weber Benjamin , Staab Alexander , Kunz Christina , Formella Stephan , Kloft Charlotte 
Published: September 2015

AimsOlodaterol, a novel β2‐adrenergic receptor agonist, is a long‐acting, once‐daily inhaled bronchodilator approved for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of the present study was to describe the plasma and urine pharmacokinetics of olodaterol after intravenous administration and oral inhalation in healthy volunteers by population pharmacokinetic modelling and thereby to infer its pulmonary fate.MethodsPlasma and urine data after intravenous administration (0.5–25 μg) and oral inhalation (2.5–70 μg via the Respimat® inhaler) were available from a total of 148 healthy volunteers (single and multiple dosing). A stepwise model building approach was applied, using population pharmacokinetic modelling. Systemic disposition parameters were fixed to estimates obtained from intravenous data when modelling data after inhalation.ResultsA pharmacokinetic model, including three depot compartments with associated parallel first‐order absorption processes (pulmonary model) on top of a four‐compartment body model (systemic disposition model), was found to describe the data the best. The dose reaching the lung (pulmonary bioavailable fraction) was estimated to be 49.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 46.1, 52.7%] of the dose released from the device. A large proportion of the pulmonary bioavailable fraction [70.1% (95% CI 66.8, 73.3%)] was absorbed with a half‐life of 21.8 h (95% CI 19.7, 24.4 h).ConclusionsThe plasma and urine pharmacokinetics of olodaterol after intravenous administration and oral inhalation in healthy volunteers were adequately described. The key finding was that a high proportion of the pulmonary bioavailable fraction had an extended pulmonary residence time. This finding was not expected based on the physicochemical properties of olodaterol.
The Effect of a Selective Inhibitor of Phosphodiesterase‐9 on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Cytotoxicity in Neutrophils from Patients with Sickle Cell Anaemia
Authors: Barbosa Maritza Cavalcante , de Jesus dos Santos Talyta Ellen , Santos Thayna Nogueira dos , Pedrosa Alano Martins , Elias Darcielle Bruna Dias , Leal Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira , de Araújo Lopes Amanda , Sasahara Greyce Luri , Gonçalves Lemes Romélia Pinheiro 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate the possible anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects of BAY 73‐6691 on neutrophils from SCA patients. This study included 35 patients with a molecular diagnosis of SCA, whose neutrophils were isolated and treated with BAY 73‐6691 at the concentrations 100, 10, 1.0 and 0.1 μg/mL. LDH release and MTT assays were performed to verify cell viability. To evaluate oxidative stress, the following parameters were determined by spectrophotometric assays: NO and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). As inflammatory markers, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were evaluated by colorimetric assay and TNF‐α by enzyme immunoassay. The results showed that neutrophils from SCA patients not treated with hydroxyurea (HU) had significantly lower NO levels and catalase and SOD activity, as well as significantly higher MDA, MPO and TNF‐α levels when compared with neutrophils from SCA patients treated with HU and neutrophils from control group. Treatment of SCA neutrophils with BAY 73‐6691 resulted in 94%, 200% and 168% increase in NOx levels, SOD and catalase activity, respectively. In addition, there was a reduction of approximately 46% and 45% in TNF‐α and MPO levels, respectively. In SCAHU neutrophils, there was a 30% and 44% increase in NOx levels and SOD activity, respectively, and a 28% and 37% decrease in TNF‐α and MPO levels, respectively. However, these effects were observed at cytotoxic doses only. The results of this study are original and demonstrate that inhibition of phosphodiesterase‐9 in neutrophils from SCA patients with BAY 73‐6691 was able to increase the NO bioavailability and attenuate oxidative stress and inflammation in neutrophils from patients not treated with HU.