bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competencies for Innovating in the 21st Century
Authors: Siddique Zahed , Panchal Jitesh , Schaefer Dirk , Haroon Sammy , Allen Janet K. , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: September 2013

This is the first paper in a four-part series focused on a competency-based approach for personalized education in a group setting. In this paper, we focus on identifying the competencies and meta-competencies required for the 21st century engineers. These competencies are the ability to be able perform a specific task, action or function successfully. In the second paper, we provide an overview of an approach to developing competencies needed for the fast changing world and allowing the students to be in charge of their own learning. The approach fosters “learning how to learn” in a collaborative environment. We believe that two of the core competencies required for success in the dynamically changing workplace are the abilities to identify and manage dilemmas. In the third paper, we discuss our approach for helping students learn how to identify dilemmas in the context of an energy policy design problem. The fourth paper is focused on approaches to developing the competency to manage dilemmas associated with the realization of complex, sustainable, socio-techno-eco systems.
A deep understanding of innovation-related competencies will be required if we are to meet the needs of our graduates in preparing them for the challenges of the 21st century. In recent years development of competencies for innovation, especially in engineering, has received signification attention. The nature of innovation and its components needs to be identified and analyzed to determine proper ways to nurture and develop them in engineering students.
There are two levels of competencies in any professional field, field-specific task competencies, and generalized skill sets, or meta-competencies. The task-specific competencies are benchmarks for graduates in a given field. Their level of attainment defines how well graduates are prepared to meet job demands and excel in the future. The general (meta) competencies are skill sets that enable them to function more globally, such as to work with others, function in organizations and meet organizational demands, and transfer task-specific skills to new challenges they have not encountered before.
Vehicle Stability Control Through Predictive and Optimal Tire Saturation Management
Authors: Sill Justin , Ayalew Beshah 
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a predictive vehicle stability control (VSC) strategy that distributes the drive/braking torques to each wheel of the vehicle based on the optimal exploitation of the available traction capability for each tire. To this end, tire saturation levels are defined as the deficiency of a tire to generate a force that linearly increases with the relevant slip quantities. These saturation levels are then used to set up an optimization objective for a torque distribution problem within a novel cascade control structure that exploits the natural time scale separation of the slower lateral handling dynamics of the vehicle from the relatively faster rotational dynamics of the wheel/tire.
The envisaged application of the proposed vehicle stability strategy is for vehicles with advanced and emerging pure electric, hybrid electric or hydraulic hybrid power trains featuring independent wheel drives. The developed predictive control strategy is evaluated for, a two-axle truck featuring such an independent drive system and subjected to a transient handling maneuver.
Kinematic Synthesis of Rotary Machines Generated by Regular Curve-Polygons
Authors: Figliolini Giorgio , Rea Pierluigi , Grande Salvatore 
Published: September 2013

This paper deals with the kinematic synthesis of volumetric rotary machines, which are generated by the planetary motion of regular curve-polygons.
In particular, the synthesis of both outer and inner conjugate profiles has been formulated as envelope of the polycentric profiles of a generating regular curve-polygon with any number of lobes, different radii of the circumcircle and rounded corners.
A regular curve-polygon with cusp corners can be obtained as a particular case, like the Reuleaux triangle.
Finally, the proposed formulation has been implemented in a Matlab code and several examples are reported.
Reverse Logistics Network Design for the Collection of End-of-Life Vehicles
Authors: Dai Hang , Wang Qing 
Published: September 2013

Reverse logistic network design problems involve strategic decisions which influence tactical and operational decisions. In particular, they involve facility location, transportation and inventory decisions, which affect the cost of the distribution system and the quality of the customer service level. Locating a collection centre is an important strategic decision, as purchasing or building facilities requires sizable investment; also the network transportation cost is affected by the selection of facility locations. The location that is selected must therefore take into account all the parameters and variables that are relevant and the decision may even affect demand.
In this paper, network design for reverse logistics is investigated to solve the End-of-life Vehicles (ELV) collection centres location problem. We start by giving an understanding of the process of this reverse logistics network design by considering the features of reverse logistics, the role of ELV management and use of optimization methods. Based on this, a reverse logistics network design case for collection of End-of-life Vehicles is presented by formulating the problem into a mixed-integer linear program (MILP), taking into consideration the Capacitated Facility Location Problem. The solution to this model is obtained using IBM CPLEX Optimization Studio©. In addition the applicability of the model in other reverse logistic networks is discussed and the subjects for further research are pointed out.
Efficient Simulation of Load Cases of Wind Turbines
Authors: Müller Andreas , Keil Albrecht , Freudenberg Heiko 
Published: September 2013

Wind turbines have become the sustainable backbone of green energy. This is not least because of the development of complex models enabling numerical simulation of the turbine dynamics. Such simulation models, combining non-linear flexible and rigid substructures, wind field as well as converter and operational management, allow for detailed investigations of all parts of the turbine and its overall performance. However, such investigations require to long simulation times.
For a wind turbine design to get certified it must pass extensive simulation runs. The current standards require a few thousand different load case scenarios, which apparently poses a great challenge to the simulation tools. Even more, automatic mass simulation of predefined load cases requires capabilities that standard simulation tools are lacking, including parallel computation features indispensable for such applications.
In this paper a tailored software solution for distributed batch simulation of wind turbines is presented. The turbine model is described in detail and the implementation in the commercial multibody software alaska is outlined. Special emphasize is given to the structure of the software. The simulation tool is validated and successfully applied in the industrial design and certification.
On the Effects of Driving Amplitude, Frequency and Magnetic Fields on the Feed Rate of a Vibratory Micro-Pin Feeder
Authors: Rimai Benjamin E. , Cipra Raymond J. 
Published: September 2013

The use of micro-pin feeder-bowls has been established as a way to singulate and orient micro-scale metallic pins of varying lengths. Increasing the rate and reliability with which pins can feed through the bowl is important when considering the use of such a feeder-bowl in an industrial setting.
Previous experimental work, which was limited to a single driving frequency and small range of driving amplitudes of the feeder-bowl, showed low feed rates and long capture times for pins whose aspect ratio exceeded five-to-one. New experimental work has shown that by altering the driving amplitude and frequency of the feeder-bowl, pins with aspect ratios exceeding seven-to-one could be fed.
Because the frequency response of feeder-bowls may be limited, other techniques for improving the feed rate for long pins were also sought. One such technique was the magnetizing of the pins to increase their response to a magnetic field which surrounded the feeder-bowl. In some circumstances, more than a 70% reduction in average capture time was observed.
The improved capture performance for long pins will permit more freedom in the design of devices that can be assembled with the aid of vibratory micro-pin feeder-bowls. The research results will also be used to improve the accuracy of feeder bowl simulations.
Modeling the Obsolescence of Critical Human Skills Necessary for Supporting Legacy Systems
Authors: Sandborn Peter , Prabhakar Varun J. , Kusimo Abisola 
Published: September 2013

Obsolescence of human skills impacts the support of long field life systems. Human skills obsolescence is a growing problem for organizations as they try to estimate and mitigate the effects of an aging workforce with specialized (and possibly irreplaceable) skill sets. Difficulties with skills obsolescence have been reported in a number of industries including industrial controls, aerospace, and military systems, all product sectors that must support critical systems for 20–30 years or longer.
Common workforce planning models do not generally address the obsolescence of skills. Rather, they implicitly assume lost human resources are always replenishable. Nearly all of the existing research associated with the obsolescence of skills focuses on the opposite of the problem addressed in this paper, i.e., workers have skills that are obsolete and therefore need to be retrained in order to be employable. Alternatively, this paper addresses the lack of workers with the necessary skill set and the inability to replace them. This paper describes a model for the obsolescence of skills and skilled worker retention. This research provides a way to quantitatively address the problem of skills obsolescence and provides a basis upon which to estimate the cost of future system support.
Elucidating Article 45.6 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: A dichotomous key for the determination of subspecific or infrasubspecific rank
Authors: LINGAFELTER STEVEN W. , NEARNS EUGENIO H. 
Published: September 2013

We present an overview of the difficulties sometimes encountered when determining whether a published name following a binomen is available or infrasubspecific and unavailable, following Article 45.6 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999). We propose a dichotomous key that facilitates this determination and as a preferable method, given the convoluted and subordinate discussion, exceptions, and qualifications laid out in ICZN (1999: 49–50). Examples and citations are provided for each case one can encounter while making this assessment of availability status of names following the binomen.
Biases in Reanalysis Snowfall Found by Comparing the JULES Land Surface Model to GlobSnow
Authors: Hancock Steven , Huntley Brian , Ellis Richard , Baxter Robert 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Snow exerts a strong influence on weather and climate. Accurate representation of snow processes within models is needed to ensure accurate predictions. Snow processes are known to be a weakness of land surface models (LSMs), and studies suggest that more complex snow physics is needed to avoid early melt. In this study the European Space Agency (ESA)’s Global Snow Monitoring for Climate Research (GlobSnow) snow water equivalent and NASA’s “MOD10C1” snow cover products are used to assess the accuracy of snow processes within the Joint U.K. Land Environment Simulator (JULES). JULES is run “offline” from a general circulation model and so is driven by meteorological reanalysis datasets: “Princeton,” Water and Global Change–Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (WATCH–GPCC), and WATCH–Climatic Research Unit (CRU). This reveals that when the model achieves the correct peak accumulation, snow does not melt early. However, generally snow does melt early because peak accumulation is too low. Examination of the meteorological reanalysis data shows that not enough snow falls to achieve observed peak accumulations. Thus, the earlier studies’ conclusions may be as a result of weaknesses in the driving data, rather than in model snow processes. These reanalysis products “bias correct” precipitation using observed gauge data with an undercatch correction, overriding the benefit of any other datasets used in their creation. This paper argues that using gauge data to bias-correct reanalysis data is not appropriate for snow-affected regions during winter and can lead to confusion when evaluating model processes.
Synoptic Preconditions for Extreme Flooding during the Summer Asian Monsoon in the Mumbai Area
Authors: Lomazzi Marco , Entekhabi Dara , Pinto Joaquim G. , Roth Giorgio , Rudari Roberto 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe summer monsoon season is an important hydrometeorological feature of the Indian subcontinent and it has significant socioeconomic impacts. This study is aimed at understanding the processes associated with the occurrence of catastrophic flood events. The study has two novel features that add to the existing body of knowledge about the South Asian monsoon: 1) it combines traditional hydrometeorological observations (rain gauge measurements) with unconventional data (media and state historical records of reported flooding) to produce value-added century-long time series of potential flood events and 2) it identifies the larger regional synoptic conditions leading to days with flood potential in the time series. The promise of mining unconventional data to extend hydrometeorological records is demonstrated in this study. The synoptic evolution of flooding events in the western-central coast of India and the densely populated Mumbai area are shown to correspond to active monsoon periods with embedded low pressure centers and have far-upstream influences from the western edge of the Indian Ocean basin. The coastal processes along the Arabian Peninsula where the currents interact with the continental shelf are found to be key features of extremes during the South Asian monsoon.
Scaling Turbulent Dissipation in the Transition Layer
Authors: Sun Oliver M. , Jayne Steven R. , Polzin Kurt L. , Rahter Bryan A. , St. Laurent Louis C. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractData from three midlatitude, month-long surveys are examined for evidence of enhanced vertical mixing associated with the transition layer (TL), here defined as the strongly stratified layer that exists between the well mixed layer and the thermocline below. In each survey, microstructure estimates of turbulent dissipation were collected concurrently with fine-structure stratification and shear. Survey-wide averages are formed in a “TL coordinate” zTL, which is referenced around the depth of maximum stratification for each profile. Averaged profiles show characteristic TL structures such as peaks in stratification N2 and shear variance S2, which fall off steeply above zTL = 0 and more gradually below. Turbulent dissipation rates ɛ are 5–10 times larger than those found in the upper thermocline (TC). The gradient Richardson number Ri = N2/S2 becomes unstable (Ri &lt; 0.25) within ~10 m of the TL upper boundary, suggesting that shear instability is active in the TL for zTL &gt; 0. Ri is stable for zTL ≤ 0. Turbulent dissipation is found to scale exponentially with depth for zTL ≤ 0, but the decay scales are different for the TL and upper TC: ɛ scales well with either N2 or S2. Owing to the strong correlation between S2 and N2, existing TC scalings of the form ɛ ~ |S|p|N|q overpredict variations in ɛ. The scale dependence of shear variance is not found to significantly affect the scalings of ɛ versus N2 and S2 for zTL ≤ 0. However, the onset of unstable Ri at the top of the TL is sensitively dependent to the resolution of the shears.
Airborne Laser Absorption Spectrometer Measurements of Atmospheric CO2 Column Mole Fractions: Source and Sink Detection and Environmental Impacts on Retrievals
Authors: Menzies Robert T. , Spiers Gary D. , Jacob Joseph 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This paper provides atmospheric CO2 column abundance measurement results from a summer 2011 series of flights of a 2.05-μm laser absorption spectrometer on the NASA DC-8 research aircraft. The integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) method is used for the CO2 column mole fraction retrievals. This instrument and the data analysis methodology developed to achieve retrievals over complex terrain and variable atmospheric conditions provide insight into the capabilities of the IPDA method for both airborne measurements and future global-scale CO2 measurements from low-Earth orbit pertinent to the proposed NASA Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) mission. Demonstrated in this paper is the capability to measure CO2 drawdown caused by crop activity during a midday flight over the U.S. upper Midwest area. In addition, an example is provided of high spatial resolution measurements of CO2 plumes from individual stack clusters of the Four Corners Power Plant in northwestern New Mexico. Complex terrain, the spectral properties of the aboveground scatterers, and potential cloud contamination are factors that complicate the column abundance retrieval. The impacts of these factors and various means of minimizing these influences in the retrievals are discussed.
Convection-Permitting Forecasts Initialized with Continuously Cycling Limited-Area 3DVAR, Ensemble Kalman Filter, and “Hybrid” Variational–Ensemble Data Assimilation Systems
Authors: Schwartz Craig S. , Liu Zhiquan 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Analyses with 20-km horizontal grid spacing were produced from parallel continuously cycling three-dimensional variational (3DVAR), ensemble square root Kalman filter (EnSRF), and “hybrid” variational–ensemble data assimilation (DA) systems between 0000 UTC 6 May and 0000 UTC 21 June 2011 over a domain spanning the contiguous United States. Beginning 9 May, the 0000 UTC analyses initialized 36-h Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) forecasts containing a large convection-permitting 4-km nest. These 4-km 3DVAR-, EnSRF-, and hybrid-initialized forecasts were compared to benchmark WRF forecasts initialized by interpolating 0000 UTC Global Forecast System (GFS) analyses onto the computational domain.
While important differences regarding mean state characteristics of the 20-km DA systems were noted, verification efforts focused on the 4-km precipitation forecasts. The 3DVAR-, hybrid-, and EnSRF-initialized 4-km precipitation forecasts performed similarly regarding general precipitation characteristics, such as timing of the diurnal cycle, and all three forecast sets had high precipitation biases at heavier rainfall rates. However, meaningful differences emerged regarding precipitation placement as quantified by the fractions skill score. For most forecast hours, the hybrid-initialized 4-km precipitation forecasts were better than the EnSRF-, 3DVAR-, and GFS-initialized forecasts, and the improvement was often statistically significant at the 95th percentile. These results demonstrate the potential of limited-area continuously cycling hybrid DA configurations and suggest additional hybrid development is warranted.
Effect of a Metal Mixture in Diet On the Toxicokinetics and Toxicity of Cadmium, Mercury and Manganese in Rats
Authors: Kostial Krista , Blanu Maja , Maljkovi Teodora , Kello Dinko , Rabar Ivan , Stara Jerry F. 
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this work was to determine whether a metal mix ture added to diet influences the toxicokinetics and toxicity of some elements. The metal mixture (MM) used in these experiments was ash (slag) from a coal gasification plant. The effect of this mixture (5 percent in diet) on the toxicokinetic and on the acute or subchronic toxicity of Cd, Hg, Mn was determined in rats of different ages. Rats were exposed for five weeks in toxicokinetic and six weeks in acute tox icity experiments. Sucklings were exposed through their mothers, which received the MM in diet over the pregnancy and lactation period. In toxicokinetic studies, half of the animals additionally received Cd, Hg or Mn (100, 50 or 2000 ppm, respectively) in drinking water. In subchronic experiments, six-week-old albino rats of both sexes were given MM in the diet and Cd, Hg or Mn in drinking water for 16 weeks. In toxicokinetic studies, 115mCd,203 Hg or 54Mn were administered orally or intraperitoneally to mothers and pups. Exposure to MM had no effect on the absorption, retention and organ distribution of these elements determined six days after radioisotope administra tion. In acute toxicity studies, exposure to MM in diet had no effect on LD50 values obtained eight days after oral administration of Cd, Hg or Mn to rats of different ages. In subchronic experi ments, the effect of individual metals (Cd, Hg or Mn) was similar in animals with and without simultaneous exposure to the metal mixture (only a slight potentiation of a few health-effect parameters of cadmium was noticed in some animals). It is concluded that oral exposure to MM in the diet had almost no effect on the toxicokinetics and toxicity of Cd, Hg and Mn. This could be explained by the low level or low bioavailability of ele ments from MM, by the metal-metal interaction within the mixture or by the choice of health effect indicators determined. These results are presented as one of the potential approaches for study ing the health effect of a metal mixture as occurring in the environment.
Formaldehyde: An Experimental Multipotential Carcinogen
Authors: Soffritti Morando , Maltoni Cesare , Maffei Francesca , Biagi Roberta 
Published: September 2013

Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats of different ages at the start of the experiments (12 day embryos, and 7 and 25 weeks old) were administered formaldehyde in drinking water at different doses (2,500 or 1,500, 1,000, 500, 100, 50, 10, 0 ppm). An increased incidence of leukemias and of gastro-intestinal tu mors was observed in formaldehyde treated rats. Gastro-intestinal tumors are exceptionally rare in the rats of the colony used. These results, together with the ones obtained by other Authors on rats exposed by inhalation to formaldehyde, indicate that this compound is an experimental multipotential carcinogen. The experimental results presented in this report give scientific support to the epidemiological observation of a higher incidence of leukemias and of gastro-intestinal cancers among the people occu pationally exposed.