bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogenetic Development of the Digestive System in Agastric Chinese Sucker, Myxocyprinus asiaticus, Larvae
Authors: Liu Cai‐Xia , Luo Zhi , Tan Xiao‐Ying , Gong Shi‐Yuan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the ontogenetic development of the digestive tract and its accessory structures (liver, pancreas, and gall bladder) in agastric larval Chinese sucker Myxocyprinus asiaticus with the histological and ultrastructural approaches from hatching to 56 days after hatching (DAH). On the basis of its feeding mode, and analyzing the main histological features of the digestive system, larval development in Chinese sucker was divided into three stages from hatching: stage 1 (endotrophic period): 1–6 DAH; stage 2 (endoexotrophic period): 7–14 DAH; stage 3 (exclusively exotrophic period): from 15 DAH onward. At hatching, the digestive tract of the larvae consisted of an undifferentiated straight tube. At 4 DAH, the mouth opened, and the digestive tract was differentiated into buccopharyngeal cavity, esophagus and intestine. At 7 DAH, fish started to feed exogenously. Yolk sac was completely exhausted at 15 DAH. Until 56 DAH, the digestive tract of the larvae displayed regularly arranged microvilli, abundant vacuoles, and protein inclusion bodies. The pancreas, liver, and gall bladder were functional from 6 DAH, which enabled larvae to ingest, digest, and assimilate the first exogenous food. In comparison with teleosts that have a stomach, the development of the digestive tract of the agastric Chinese sucker seemed relatively slow.
Differential growth in doctor–patient communications skills
Authors: M van Es Judith , Wieringa‐de Waard Margreet , Visser Mechteld R M 
Published: June 2013

ContextAlthough doctor–patient communication is considered a core competency for medical doctors, the effect of training has not been unequivocally established. Moreover, knowledge about the variance in the growth of different skills and whether certain patterns in growth can be detected could help us to develop more efficient programmes. We therefore investigated the growth in general practitioner (GP) trainees' doctor–patient communication skills in their first year and whether the growth was different for distinct categories of skills.MethodsSeventy‐one first‐year GP trainees were invited to participate in a study aimed at measuring their consultation skills at the beginning (baseline) and at the end of their first year (follow‐up). Consultation skills were assessed with the MAAS–Global rating list for consultation skills.ResultsData on 29 general practitioner trainees were collected. MAAS–Global scores showed a significant growth on all items but one. Patient‐oriented skills showed significantly more growth than task‐oriented skills. Empathy as a separate skill seems to be mastered predominantly before the start of training.ConclusionsThree patterns in the growth in skills were distinguished: (i) low baseline, relatively high follow‐up, (ii) moderate baseline, moderate growth and (iii) high baseline, hardly any growth. Patient‐oriented skills follow either pattern (i) or (iii), whereas task‐oriented skills follow pattern (ii). These findings may help to define where the focus should lie in the training of doctor–patient communication skills.
Web‐based feedback after summative assessment: how do students engage?
Authors: Harrison Christopher J , Könings Karen D , Molyneux Adrian , Schuwirth Lambert W T , Wass Valerie , van der Vleuten Cees P M 
Published: June 2013

ContextThere is little research into how to deliver summative assessment student feedback effectively. The main aims of this study were to clarify how students engage with feedback in this context and to explore the roles of learning‐related characteristics and previous and current performance.MethodsA website was developed to deliver feedback about the objective structural clinical examination (OSCE) in various formats: station by station or on skills across stations. In total, 138 students (in the third year out of five) completed a questionnaire about goal orientation, motivation, self‐efficacy, control of learning beliefs and attitudes to feedback. Individual website usage was analysed over an 8‐week period. Latent class analyses were used to identify profiles of students, based on their use of different aspects of the feedback website. Differences in learning‐related student characteristics between profiles were assessed using analyses of variance (anovas). Individual website usage was related to OSCE performance.ResultsIn total, 132 students (95.7%) viewed the website. The number of pages viewed ranged from two to 377 (median 102). Fifty per cent of students engaged comprehensively with the feedback, 27% used it in a minimal manner, whereas a further 23% used it in a more selective way. Students who were comprehensive users of the website scored higher on the value of feedback scale, whereas students who were minimal users scored higher on extrinsic motivation. Higher performing students viewed significantly more web pages showing comparisons with peers than weaker students did. Students who just passed the assessment made least use of the feedback.ConclusionsHigher performing students appeared to use the feedback more for positive affirmation than for diagnostic information. Those arguably most in need engaged least. We need to construct feedback after summative assessment in a way that will more effectively engage those students who need the most help.
Tools for the direct observation and assessment of psychomotor skills in medical trainees: a systematic review
Authors: Jelovsek J Eric , Kow Nathan , Diwadkar Gouri B 
Published: June 2013

ContextThe Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Milestone Project mandates programmes to assess the attainment of training outcomes, including the psychomotor (surgical or procedural) skills of medical trainees. The objectives of this study were to determine which tools exist to directly assess psychomotor skills in medical trainees on live patients and to identify the data indicating their psychometric and edumetric properties.MethodsAn electronic search was conducted for papers published from January 1948 to May 2011 using the PubMed, Education Resource Information Center (ERIC), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Web of Science electronic databases and the review of references in article bibliographies. A study was included if it described a tool or instrument designed for the direct observation of psychomotor skills in patient care settings by supervisors. Studies were excluded if they referred to tools that assessed only clinical or non‐technical skills, involved non‐medical health professionals, or assessed skills performed on a simulator. Overall, 4114 citations were screened, 168 (4.1%) articles were reviewed for eligibility and 51 (1.2%) manuscripts were identified as meeting the study inclusion criteria. Three authors abstracted and reviewed studies using a standardised form for the presence of key psychometric and edumetric elements as per ACGME and American Psychological Association (APA) recommendations, and also assigned an overall grade based on the ACGME Committee on Educational Outcome Assessment grading system.ResultsA total of 30 tools were identified. Construct validity based on associations between scores and training level was identified in 24 tools, internal consistency in 14, test–retest reliability in five and inter‐rater reliability in 20. The modification of attitudes, knowledge or skills was reported using five tools. The seven‐item Global Rating Scale and the Procedure‐Based Assessment received an overall Class 1 ACGME grade and are recommended based on Level A ACGME evidence.ConclusionsNumerous tools are available for the assessment of psychomotor skills in medical trainees, but evidence supporting their psychometric and edumetric properties is limited.
The pathogenicity island encoded PvrSR/RcsCB regulatory network controls biofilm formation and dispersal in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14
Authors: Mikkelsen Helga , Hui Kailyn , Barraud Nicolas , Filloux Alain 
Published: June 2013

SummaryPseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation is linked to persistent infections in humans. Biofilm formation is facilitated by extracellular appendages, some of which are assembled by the Chaperone Usher Pathway (Cup). The cupD gene cluster is located on the PAPI‐1 pathogenicity island of strain PA14 and has probably been acquired together with four genes encoding two‐component signal transduction proteins. We have previously showed that the RcsB response regulator activates expression of the cupD genes, which leads to the production of CupD fimbriae and increased attachment. Here we show that RcsB activity is tightly modulated by two sensors, RcsC and PvrS. While PvrS acts as a kinase that enhances RcsB activity, RcsC has a dual function, first as a phosphorelay, and second as a phosphatase. We found that, under certain growth conditions, overexpression of RcsB readily induces biofilm dispersal. Microarray analysis shows that RcsB positively controls expression of pvrR that encodes the phosphodiesterase required for this dispersal process. Finally, in addition to the PAPI‐1 encoded cupD genes, RcsB controls several genes on the core genome, some of which encode orphan response regulators. We thus discovered that RcsB is central to a large regulatory network that fine‐tunes the switch between biofilm formation and dispersal.
In vitro resistance mechanisms of Neisseria meningitidis against neutrophil extracellular traps
Authors: Lappann Martin , Danhof Sophia , Guenther Frank , Olivares‐Florez Silvana , Mordhorst Ines Louise , Vogel Ulrich 
Published: June 2013

SummaryNeisseria meningitidis (Nm) is a leading cause of septicemia in childhood. Nm septicemia is unique with respect to very quick disease progression, high in vivo bacterial replication rate and its considerable mortality. Nm circumvents major mechanisms of innate immunity such as complement system and phagocytosis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are formed from neutrophils during systemic infection and are suggested to contain invading microorganisms. Here, we investigated the interaction of Nm with NETs. Both, meningococci and spontaneously released outer membrane vesicles (SOMVs) were potent NET inducers. NETs were unable to kill NET bound meningococci, but slowed down their proliferation rate. Using Nm as model organism we identified three novel mechanisms how bacteria can evade NET‐mediated killing: (i) modification of lipid A of meningococcal LPS with phosphoethanolamine protected Nm from NET‐bound cathepsin G; (ii) expression of the high‐affinity zinc uptake receptor ZnuD allowed Nm to escape NET‐mediated nutritional immunity; (iii) binding of SOMVs to NETs saved Nm from NET binding and the consequent bacteriostatic effect. Escape from NETs may contribute to the most rapid progression of meningococcal disease. The induction of NET formation by Nm in vivo might aggravate thrombosis in vessels ultimately directing to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
Plasticity in the proteome of Emiliania huxleyi CCMP 1516 to extremes of light is highly targeted
Authors: McKew Boyd A. , Lefebvre Stephane C. , Achterberg Eric P. , Metodieva Gergana , Raines Christine A. , Metodiev Metodi V. , Geider Richard J. 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Optimality principles are often applied in theoretical studies of microalgal ecophysiology to predict changes in allocation of resources to different metabolic pathways, and optimal acclimation is likely to involve changes in the proteome, which typically accounts for > 50% of cellular nitrogen (N).

We tested the hypothesis that acclimation of the microalga Emiliania huxleyi CCMP 1516 to suboptimal vs supraoptimal light involves large changes in the proteome as cells rebalance the capacities to absorb light, fix CO2, perform biosynthesis and resist photooxidative stress.

Emiliania huxleyi was grown in nutrient‐replete continuous culture at 30 (LL) and 1000 μmol photons m−2 s−1 (HL), and changes in the proteome were assessed by LC‐MS/MS shotgun proteomics. Changes were most evident in proteins involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis; the relative abundance of photosystem I (PSI) and PSII proteins was 70% greater in LL, light‐harvesting fucoxanthin–chlorophyll proteins (Lhcfs) were up to 500% greater in LL and photoprotective LI818 proteins were 300% greater in HL.

The marked changes in the abundances of Lhcfs and LI818s, together with the limited plasticity in the bulk of the E. huxleyi proteome, probably reflect evolutionary pressures to provide energy to maintain metabolic capabilities in stochastic light environments encountered by this species in nature.
Washing the patient: dignity and aesthetic values in nursing care
Authors: Pols Jeannette 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDignity is a fundamental concept, but its meaning is not clear. This paper attempts to clarify the term by analysing and reconnecting two meanings of dignity: humanitas and dignitas. Humanitas refers to citizen values that protect individuals as equal to one another. Dignitas refers to aesthetic values embedded in genres of sociality that relate to differences between people. The paper explores these values by way of an empirical ethical analysis of practices of washing psychiatric patients in nursing care. Nurses legitimate the washing of reluctant patients with reference to dignity. The analysis shows the intertwinement of humanitas and dignitas that gives dignity its fundamental meaning
The politics of corruption, inequality, and the socially excluded
Authors: Santos Salas Anna 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this article, the production of knowledge in the context of socially excluded people exposed to inequality, oppression, and exploitation is problematized. The analysis follows Enrique Dussel's philosophical exegesis of the politics of power and corruption and his vision of a critical transformation of the social political order. The argument is also informed by the work of critical educator Paulo Freire, who elucidates the conditions of oppression and marginalization and highlights the importance of conscientization to develop a critical awareness of these conditions. Hannah Arendt's work on the politics of understanding totalitarianism also assists in the elucidation of the machinery that operates behind oppression to sustain power and inequality. The article emphasizes the need to recognize the inequality of conditions that exists between the producer of knowledge and those who live through inequality and oppression in their lived corporality. A critical transformation of the process of production of knowledge is needed to both acknowledge the conditions that sustain this endeavour in the first place and avoid the corruption of knowledge. A work of conscientization is also necessary among knowledge producers to undertake a critical analysis of inequality that exposes the corruption of power. This analysis needs to examine and unmask the hidden mechanisms that perpetuate inequality and oppression and serve only the interests of a few. The abysmal gaps between the wealthy and the poor within and among countries bespeak a degree of human indifference that reflects a most serious and complex phenomenon that perverts something profoundly human in our societies.
Desiring productivity: nary a wasted moment, never a missed step!
Authors: Rudge Trudy 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to explore how nurses are enrolled into and take part in programmes of efficiency and effectiveness. Using the philosophical theorizing about desire as a force or power, I focus specifically on what is understood as relations between desire and productivity in current Westernized health‐care systems. Use is made of the idea from Spinoza that human emotions consist only of pleasure, pain, and desire as these act as a motive force. This is then linked with more contemporary work on the politics and discourses of desire. A report on the implementation of a productivity programme in the United Kingdom, The Productive Ward: Releasing time to care™, is explored for the ways its developers set about motivating nurses to endorse and enact the programme. In exploring the mechanics of desire in these processes, a view of desire as productive is promoted. Looking at desire as assembling actions, and an assemblage, moves the analysis to an interrogation of actions and practices used to enable and bring nurses to the process. Moreover, in working through the various modalities and operations of desire, the potential and limits of such projects are abstracted. Such potentials and limits are necessarily set by the intensification of power and desire in the capitalist economy, saturating areas of nursing, and health‐care provision.
Beat the clock! Wait times and the production of ‘quality’ in emergency departments
Authors: Melon Karen A. , White Deborah , Rankin Janet 
Published: June 2013

AbstractEmergency care in large urban hospitals across the country is in the midst of major redesign intended to deliver quality care through improved access, decreased wait times, and maximum efficiency. The central argument in this paper is that the conceptualization of quality including the documentary facts and figures produced to substantiate quality emergency care is socially organized within a powerful ruling discourse that inserts the interests of politics and economics into nurses' work. The Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale figures prominently in the analysis as a high‐level organizer of triage work and knowledge production that underpins the way those who administer the system define, measure and evaluate emergency care processes, and then use this information for restructuring. Managerial targets and thinking not only dominate the way emergency work is understood, determined, and controlled but also subsume the actual work of health‐care providers in spaces called ‘wait times’, where it is systematically rendered ‘unknowable’. The analysis is supported with evidence from an extensive institutional ethnography that shows what nurses actually do to manage the safe passage of patients through their emergency care process starting with the work of triage nurses.
Outcome following Fractures of the Greater Tuberosity of the Humerus: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Unnithan Ashwin , Matti Zaid , Hong Thin Foo 
Published: June 2013

Background There are limited data available on the outcome of patients following isolated fractures of the greater tuberosity of the humerus. In this retrospective study, we looked at how differences with respect to the injury and subsequent management affected patient outcomes. Methods Forty-eight (28 men and 20 women) patients (mean age 45 years) who were treated at our institution between 1999 and 2009 matched our inclusion criteria. Thirty-five patients were treated surgically and 13 were managed conservatively. Functional outcome was assessed after a mean follow-up of 5.5 years using the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), the University of California and Los Angeles (UCLA) rating scale and the shoulder index of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES). Results Post-fixation displacement of the greater tuberosity fragment of < 5 mm led to a significantly better outcome than displacement > 5 mm (OSS = 43 versus 37; ASES = 25.6 versus 17.7; UCLA 28.2 versus 21.3). Patients who had surgery > 2 weeks after the initial injury had a significantly worse outcome than those who had surgery in < 2 weeks (OSS = 37.4 versus 44.7; ASES = 18.9 versus 27.2). Patients with shoulder dislocation had worse outcome than those with no dislocation (OSS = 40.6 versus 44; ASES 22.9 versus 26) and rotator cuff tears were also associated with worse outcome scores than those without (OSS 42.8 versus 36.8; ASES 24.5 versus 20.5), although neither of these variables proved statistically significant. Conclusions Isolated fractures of the greater tuberosity have a worse outcome if there is a delay in surgical fixation of > 2 weeks and post-fixation displacement of > 5 mm.
Review of Literature on Media Literacy
Authors: Potter W. James 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMedia literacy is a topic that has attracted a wide variety of scholars as well as non‐scholars. This review begins with an analysis of how media literacy has been defined by the range of contributors to the huge and growing literature on media literacy. The review then lays out the big picture concerning media literacy interventions as well as how media literacy has been regarded within the institution of public education. The review concludes with a series of recommendations about conceptualizations, research, and instruction.
Association of IFNAR2 and IL10RB genes in chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Romporn S. , Hirankarn N. , Tangkijvanich P. , Kimkong I. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the effects of two functional polymorphisms, type I interferon receptor 2 gene (IFNAR2)‐F8S and interleukin‐10 receptor subunit beta gene (IL10RB)‐K47E, on chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We included 227 Thai patients with chronic HBV infection [100 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 127 non‐HCC], 170 individuals with self‐limited HBV infection and 150 healthy controls. Polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) method was used to analyze these two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In this study, the C allele of IFNAR2‐F8S was found to be significantly increased in chronic HBV patients when compared with healthy controls [odds ratio, OR (95% confidence interval, CI) = 3.31 (2.11−5.21), P = 6.214 × 10−9 and corrected P‐value, Pc = 1.864 × 10−8]. The effect of this allele was similar to that of an autosomal dominant gene in the presence of CC and CT genotype, when compared to TT with an OR of 4.02 (P = 4.631 × 10−9 and Pc = 1.389 × 10−8 ). Furthermore, AA genotype of IL10RB‐K47E was found to be significantly decreased in chronic HBV patients compared with individuals with self‐limited HBV infection (P = 0.006, Pc = 0.018 and OR = 0.45). For haplotype analysis, we found CA and CG haplotypes were associated with susceptibility to chronic HBV (P = 0.014, OR = 6.84 and P = 0.002, OR = 3.75, respectively) when compared with healthy individuals. This study suggests that IFNAR2‐F8S polymorphisms might be involved in the susceptibility to chronic HBV infection. Moreover, AA genotype of IL10RB‐K47E may provide a protective effect in this disease. However, an association study using a larger sample size should be performed to confirm these findings.