bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zonal Momentum Balance in the Tropical Atmospheric Circulation during the Global Monsoon Mature Months
Authors: Yang Wenchang , Seager Richard , Cane Mark A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this paper, zonal momentum balances of the tropical atmospheric circulation during the global monsoon mature months (January and July) are analyzed in three dimensions based on the ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim). It is found that the dominant terms in the balance of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in both months are the pressure gradient force, the Coriolis force, and friction. The nonlinear advection term plays a significant role only in the Asian summer monsoon regions within the ABL. In the upper troposphere, the pressure gradient force, the Coriolis force, and the nonlinear advection are the dominant terms. The transient eddy force and the residual force (which can be explained as convective momentum transfer over open oceans) are secondary, yet cannot be neglected near the equator. Zonal-mean equatorial upper-troposphere easterlies are maintained by the absolute angular momentum advection associated with the cross-equatorial Hadley circulation. Equatorial upper-troposphere easterlies over the Asian monsoon regions are also controlled by the absolute angular momentum advection but are mainly maintained by the pressure gradient force in January. The equivalent linear Rayleigh friction, which is widely applied in simple tropical models, is calculated and the corresponding spatial distribution of the local coefficient and damping time scale are estimated from the linear regression. It is found that the linear momentum model is in general capable of crudely describing the tropical atmospheric circulation dynamics, yet the caveat should be kept in mind that the friction coefficient is not uniformly distributed and is even negative in some regions.
An Investigation of Composite Dropsonde Profiles for Developing and Nondeveloping Tropical Waves during the 2010 PREDICT Field Campaign
Authors: Komaromi William A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractComposite dropsonde profiles are analyzed for developing and nondeveloping tropical waves in an attempt to improve the understanding of tropical cyclogenesis. These tropical waves were sampled by 25 reconnaissance missions during the 2010 Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud-Systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) field campaign. Comparisons are made between mean profiles of temperature, mixing ratio, relative humidity, radial and tangential winds, relative vorticity, and virtual convective available potential energy (CAPE) for genesis and nongenesis cases. Genesis soundings are further analyzed in temporal progression to investigate whether significant changes in the thermodynamic or wind fields occur during the transition from tropical wave to tropical cyclone.Significant results include the development of positive temperature anomalies from 500 to 200 hPa 2 days prior to genesis in developing waves. This is not observed in the nongenesis mean. Progressive mesoscale moistening of the column is observed within 150 km of the center of circulation prior to genesis. The genesis composite is found to be significantly moister than the nongenesis composite at the middle levels, while comparatively drier at low levels, suggesting that dry air is more detrimental to genesis when located at the middle levels. Time-varying tangential wind profiles reveal an initial delay in intensification, followed by an increase in organization 24 h pregenesis. The vertical evolution of relative vorticity, in addition to a warm-over-cold thermal structure, is more consistent with a top-down than a bottom-up genesis mechanism. Last, CAPE values are much greater for nongenesis than genesis profiles, indicating that greater instability does not necessarily favor genesis.
MJO Initiation in the Real-Time Multivariate MJO Index
Authors: Straub Katherine H. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) initiation in the real-time multivariate MJO (RMM) index is explored through an analysis of observed case studies and composite events. Specific examples illustrate that both the dates of MJO initiation and the existence of the MJO itself can vary substantially among several well-known MJO indices, depending on whether the focus is on convection or circulation. Composites of “primary” MJO initiation events in which the RMM index rapidly increases in amplitude from a non-MJO state to an MJO state are presented and are supplemented by two case studies from the 1985/86 winter season. Results illustrate that, for primary MJO initiation events in the Indian Ocean (RMM phase 1), slowly eastward-propagating 850-hPa (200 hPa) easterly (westerly) anomalies over the Indian Ocean precede the amplification of the RMM index by at least 10 days, while suppressed convection over the western Pacific Ocean precedes the amplification by 5 days. These “local” Eastern Hemispheric predecessor signals are similar to those found in successive (well established) MJO events but are not captured by the global-scale RMM index because of their smaller zonal scale. The development of a primary MJO event is thus often transparent in the RMM index, since it occurs on scales smaller than zonal wavenumber 1, particularly in convection. Even when the RMM index is altered to respond to convection only, the same local precursor signals are found. Both composites and case studies suggest that, for primary MJO initiation events in the Indian Ocean, the development of global-scale circulation anomalies typically precedes the onset of large-scale deep convection.
Monitoring and Predicting the Intraseasonal Variability of the East Asian–Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon
Authors: Lin Hai 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In this study, a new index is defined to capture the prominent northward propagation of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in boreal summer in the East Asian and western North Pacific (EAWNP) region. It is based on the first two modes of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the combined fields of daily anomalies of zonally averaged outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and 850-hPa zonal wind (U850) in the EAWNP region. These two EOFs are well separated from the rest of the modes, and their principal components (PCs) capture the intraseasonal variability. They are nearly in quadrature in both space and time and their combination reasonably well represents the northward propagation of the ISO. As no future information beyond the current date is required as in conventional time filtering, this ISO index can be used in real-time applications. This index is applied to the output of the 24-yr historical hindcast experiment using the Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model of Environment Canada to evaluate the forecast skill of the ISO of the EAWNP summer monsoon.
EnKF Assimilation of High-Resolution, Mobile Doppler Radar Data of the 4 May 2007 Greensburg, Kansas, Supercell into a Numerical Cloud Model
Authors: Tanamachi Robin L. , Wicker Louis J. , Dowell David C. , Bluestein Howard B. , Dawson Daniel T. , Xue Ming 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Mobile Doppler radar data, along with observations from a nearby Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D), are assimilated with an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) technique into a nonhydrostatic, compressible numerical weather prediction model to analyze the evolution of the 4 May 2007 Greensburg, Kansas, tornadic supercell. The storm is simulated via assimilation of reflectivity and velocity data in an initially horizontally homogeneous environment whose parameters are believed to be a close approximation to those of the Greensburg supercell inflow sector. Experiments are conducted to test analysis sensitivity to mobile radar data availability and to the mean environmental near-surface wind profile, which was changing rapidly during the simulation period. In all experiments, a supercell with similar location and evolution to the observed storm is analyzed, but the simulated storm’s characteristics differ markedly. The assimilation of mobile Doppler radar data has a much greater impact on the resulting analyses, particularly at low altitudes (≤2 km), than modifications to the near-surface environmental wind profile. Differences in the analyzed updrafts, vortices, cold pool structure, rear-flank gust front structure, and observation-space diagnostics are documented. An analyzed vortex corresponding to the enhanced Fujita scale 5 (EF-5) Greensburg tornado is stronger and deeper in experiments in which mobile (higher resolution) Doppler radar data are included in the assimilation. This difference is linked to stronger analyzed horizontal convergence, which in turn is associated with increased stretching of vertical vorticity. Changing the near-surface wind profile appears to impact primarily the updraft strength, availability of streamwise vorticity for tilting into the vertical, and low-level vortex strength and longevity.
Drug‐Induced Sleep Endoscopy vs Awake Müller’s Maneuver in the Diagnosis of Severe Upper Airway Obstruction
Authors: Soares Danny , Folbe Adam J. , Yoo George , Badr M. Safwan , Rowley James A. , Lin Ho‐Sheng 
Published: September 2012

ObjectiveTo compare fiber‐optic nasal endoscopy with Müller’s maneuver (FNMM) against drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) in diagnosing the presence of severe level‐specific upper airway collapse in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care academic center.Subjects and MethodsMedical records of all adult patients undergoing diagnostic DISE as part of their surgical evaluation were reviewed. Patients were included if they had undergone FNMM and had documented Friedman tongue position and tonsillar grade prior to DISE. Airway obstruction on both endoscopic procedures was described according to airway level and severity. Severe airway obstruction was defined as >75% collapse on endoscopy.ResultsFifty‐three patients were included in this study. Fiber‐optic nasal endoscopy with Müller’s maneuver and DISE did not differ significantly regarding the presence of severe retropalatal airway collapse. There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of severe retrolingual collapse identified via DISE (84.9% [45/53]) compared with FNMM (35.8% [19/53]; P <. 0001). This discrepancy between FNMM and DISE findings was statistically significant in individuals with Friedman I and II tongue positions (FNMM = 16.7%, DISE = 88.9%, P <. 0001) and individuals with Friedman III tongue position (FNMM = 31.8%, DISE = 81.8%, P =. 002). Patients with Friedman IV showed no significant difference (P =. 65) between FNMM (69.2%) and DISE (84.6%).ConclusionThis study shows a significant difference between FNMM and DISE in the identification of severe retrolingual collapse. Since the effectiveness of surgical interventions depends largely on the accurate preoperative identification of the site of obstruction, further scrutiny of each diagnostic endoscopic technique is warranted.
Microfracture for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Hannon Charles P. , Murawski Christopher D. , Fansa Ashraf M. , Smyth Niall A. , Do Huong , Kennedy John G. 
Published: September 2012

Background: Microfracture is recognized as a primary treatment strategy for osteochondral lesions of the talus up to 15 mm in size. The ability of fibrocartilage to withstand the mechanical loading of the joint over time is unknown. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to systematically review studies of microfracture for OLT and descriptively analyze the outcome data reported to determine whether it is consistent from one study to another and able to be pooled for systematic review. Methods: A systematic electronic search was performed using the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Studies that were published between January 1966 and June 2011 were included in the review. Only studies that reported data specifically on microfracture for treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus and written in English were included in this review. Results: Twenty-four studies were included in this systematic review. The categories of general demographics and study design were generally well reported (each over 80% of studies). Patient history and patient-reported outcome data were reported less (55%-66%). Clinical variables (48%) and imaging data (39%) were the least reported in studies. Conclusion: There were gross inconsistencies and an underreporting of data between studies such that pooling was deemed impossible. A concerted effort must be made by investigators to ensure that there is adequate reporting of data in studies of microfracture treatment for OLT. A set of guidelines to assist surgeons in reporting data may be useful for future research.
Iron content of the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus is increased in adolescent multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hagemeier Jesper , Yeh E Ann , Brown Mari Heininen , Bergsland Niels , Dwyer Michael G , Carl Ellen , Weinstock-Guttman Bianca , Zivadinov Robert 
Published: September 2012

Objective: The objective of this paper is to assess abnormal phase values, indicative of increased iron content, using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI)-filtered phase of the subcortical deep gray matter (SDGM) in adolescent multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological disorders (OND) patients, and in healthy controls (HC). Methods: Twenty adolescent MS and eight adolescent OND patients and 21 age- and sex-matched HC were scanned on a 3T GE scanner. Mean phase of abnormal phase tissue (MP-APT), MP-APT volume, normal phase tissue volume (NPTV) and normalized volume measurements were obtained for total SDGM, as well as specific structures separately. Results: Significantly increased MP-APT (28.2%, p<.001) and MP-APT volume (82.7%, p<.001), and decreased NPTV (−23.3%, p<.001) and normalized volume (−15.5%, p<.001) in the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus was found in MS patients compared to HC. MP-APT in MS patients was also increased in total SDGM ( p=.012) and thalamus ( p=.044). Compared to OND patients, MS patients had increased MP-APT volume in the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus ( p=.044) and caudate ( p=.045). Increased MP-APT of the SDGM structures were associated with increased T2 and T1 lesion burden and brain atrophy in MS patients. Conclusion: Adolescent MS patients showed increased iron content in the SDGM compared to OND patients and HC.
Dynamic systems, maturational constraints and L1 phonetic attrition
Authors: de Leeuw Esther , Mennen Ineke , Scobbie James M. 
Published: September 2012

The present study comprises a phonetic analysis of the lateral phoneme /l/ in the first (L1) and second language (L2) of 10 late German–English bilinguals. The primary objective of the study was to compare the predictive power of dynamic systems theory with that of maturational constraints through a phonetic investigation of L1 attrition in the lateral phoneme /l/ of the late bilinguals. The results revealed L1 attrition in the lateral phoneme /l/, as well as a high degree of interpersonal and intrapersonal variation. These patterns are discussed in relation to dynamic systems theory and maturational constraints. Moreover, the degree of permanency of L1 attrition is discussed in relation to methodological considerations in studies on L1 attrition. It is proposed that maturational constraints are insufficient in explaining the results and that bilingual language development can be more adequately explained through dynamic systems theory, which explicitly incorporates a multitude of predictor variables across the lifespan, in addition to age constraints.
Cardiac Abnormalities in HIV-Positive Patients
Authors: Jain Nirdesh , Reddy Dandu H. , Verma Shailendra Prasad , Khanna Roopali , Vaish Arvind Kumar , Usman Kauser , Tripathi Anil Kumar , Singh Abhishek , Mehrotra Sanjay , Gupta Alok 
Published: September 2012

Background: The clinical presentation of cardiac abnormalities in HIV-infected patients may be atypical or masked by concurrent illnesses that lead to misdiagnosis or they remain undiagnosed; therefore, this study was aimed to determine the frequency of cardiac abnormalities in HIV-infected patients. Material and Methods: Consecutive HIV-infected patients of age >13 years were studied for 3 months, after obtaining their consent. After clinical assessment, chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, 2-dimensional echocardiography and serum Troponin T levels were done. Results: A total of 100 patients were studied, cardiomegaly was observed in the x-ray of 15% of them, abnormal electrocardiogram was seen in 18%, 2-dimensional echocardiography was abnormal in 67%; and diastolic dysfunction (42.8%) was the commonest abnormality followed by dilated cardiomyopathy (17.6%). Serum troponin T was elevated in 8%. The variables, opportunistic infections (OIs), antiretroviral therapy (ART), stage of HIV disease, and CD4 counts, did not affect the frequency of diastolic dysfunction. Conclusion: The diastolic dysfunction is the most common cardiac abnormality observed in HIV-infected patients.
Nebulized hypertonic saline containing hyaluronic acid improves tolerability in patients with cystic fibrosis and lung disease compared with nebulized hypertonic saline alone: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study
Authors: Furnari Maria Lucia , Termini Lisa , Traverso Gabriella , Barrale Stefania , Bonaccorso Maria Rita , Damiani Giuseppina , Piparo Caterina Lo , Collura Mirella 
Published: September 2012

Background: Hypertonic saline inhalation has been shown to be effective in patients with cystic fibrosis and lung disease. However, adverse events including marked airway narrowing are reported and a bronchodilator must be given before the administration of the product. Methods: We carried out a prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, controlled study of a hypertonic saline solution containing hyaluronic acid (Hyaneb) versus standard hypertonic saline therapy to assess whether the presence of hyaluronic acid would improve the tolerability of hypertonic saline. Results and conclusions: The results showed that nebulized Hyaneb was more effective in reducing the need for β2 bronchodilators and caused a significant reduction in the incidence of adverse effects compared with nebulized hypertonic saline solution alone. Its safety profile indicates that Hyaneb can be used for the treatment of lung disease in cystic fibrosis.
Summary of Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of a Broad‐Spectrum Fluoroquinolone, JNJ‐Q2
Authors: Davenport J. Michael , Covington Paul , Gotfried Mark , Medlock Matthew , Watanalumlerd Prapoch , McIntyre Gail , Turner Lisa , Almenoff June 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article summarizes key pharmacokinetic properties of JNJ‐Q2, a broad‐spectrum fluoroquinolone, being developed for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections and community‐acquired bacterial pneumonia. Two randomized placebo‐controlled studies and one open‐label study are presented: single and multiple ascending‐dose studies evaluating intravenous (IV) and oral pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability accumulation, and lung penetration. Fifty‐seven participants received JNJ‐Q2, which was safe and well tolerated. The half‐life was 13 to 20 hours, clearance (CLtot) was 4.41 to 6.22 L/h, volume of distribution (Vd) was 86 to 148 L, renal clearance (CLren) was 0.58 L/h, and the fraction excreted in urine (%Fe) was 12%. Accumulation ratio was 1.63, and absolute bioavailability was 0.65. The lung penetration study demonstrated substantial concentration of JNJ‐Q2 in epithelial lining fluid and alveolar macrophages with ratios to free plasma of 50.6 and 156.9, respectively, at 6 hours postdose. JNJ‐Q2 doses under consideration for future clinical trials are 150 mg for IV and 250‐mg tablets for oral administration.
Impact of Clinical Response on Different Approved Doses in Japan and the United States
Authors: Sugita Yuko , Inoue Eisuke , Narukawa Mamoru 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe pharmaceutical industry has increasingly aimed to achieve efficient strategies for simultaneous international and worldwide development of medicines, and there has been a growing need to understand ethnic differences in drug evaluation. Japan is one of the unique countries in which substantial domestic clinical data are required for dose selection as well as for marketing authorization. However, it appears challenging to accumulate a large amount of data in a single country in the recent shift to international drug development. To gain a better understanding of the influence of ethnic factors, the dosages of the products approved in Japan during 2003–2010 were reviewed, and differences in clinical responses between Japan and the United States were evaluated using a modeling approach. Of new medicines (new molecular entities) approved in Japan, 39 products (28.1%) have been approved at a different dose level compared with the United States, of which 13 products have considerable difference, twice or greater. Of those 13 products, only 2 were suggested to have a different clinical response, although limited data availability should be taken into careful consideration. Further investigation is recommended to establish new approaches for appropriate dose selection and thereby increase the efficiency of international drug development.
Characterization of functional mannose receptor in a continuous hybridoma cell line
Authors: Vigerust David J , Vick Sherell , Shepherd Virginia L 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe mannose receptor is the best described member of the type I transmembrane C-type lectins; however much remains unanswered about the biology of the receptor. One difficulty has been the inability to consistently express high levels of a functional full length mannose receptor cDNA in mammalian cells. Another difficulty has been the lack of a human macrophage cell line expressing a fully functional receptor. Commonly used human macrophage cell lines such as U937, THP-1, Mono-Mac and HL60 do not express the mannose receptor. We have developed a macrophage hybridoma cell line (43MRcells) created by fusion of U937 cells with primary human monocyte-derived macrophages, resulting in a non-adherent cell line expressing several properties of primary macrophages. The purpose of this study was to identify and select mannose receptor-expressing cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and to characterize the expression and function of the receptor.ResultsIn the current study we show that the mannose receptor found on this novel cell has endocytic characteristics consistent with and similar to the mannose receptor found on the surface of monocyte-derived human macrophages and rat bone marrow-derived macrophages. In addition, we demonstrate that these cells engage and internalize pathogen particles such asS. aureusandC. albicans.We further establish the transfectability of these cells via the introduction of a plasmid expressing influenza A hemagglutinin.ConclusionsThe 43MRcell line represents the first naturally expressed MR-positive cell line derived from a human macrophage background. This cell line provides an important cell model for other researchers for the study of human MR biology and host-pathogen interactions.