bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the spatial consistency of palaeosol proxies: Implications for palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions in terrestrial sedimentary basins
Authors: Hyland Ethan G. , Sheldon Nathan D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTerrestrial sediments are a significant archive of past conditions, and the ‘critical zone’ in particular is important for understanding past and ongoing interactions between the atmosphere, biosphere and lithosphere. Understanding the details of a palaeolandscape or palaeocatena record can greatly improve palaeoenvironmental descriptions and palaeoclimate reconstructions during crucial time periods in the past. This article presents multi‐proxy data including palaeosol descriptions, major element geochemistry, magnetic composition and stable isotope geochemistry from an early Eocene palaeosol transect, which show distinct trends in palaeosol features and geochemistry across the landscape, particularly in terms of the differences between A‐horizon and B‐horizon samples. A‐horizon geochemical and physical features are highly variable and reflect other not strictly pedogenic controls, whereas B‐horizon composition is extremely consistent. Given that most palaeoclimatic or palaeoenvironmental proxies based on palaeosols use B‐horizon features, these results highlight the robustness of those proxies. At the same time, the difference between A‐horizons and B‐horizons and the variability within A‐horizons of the same palaeosol in different geomorphic settings underscores the importance of palaeosol description, detailed sampling, and a multi‐proxy approach to produce both precise and accurate reconstructions of past environments and climates using terrestrial sedimentary records.
Nested Models and Model Uncertainty
Authors: Kriwoluzky Alexander , Stoltenberg Christian A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUncertainty about the appropriate choice among nested models is a concern for optimal policy when policy prescriptions from those models differ. The standard procedure is to specify a prior over the parameter space, ignoring the special status of submodels (e.g., those resulting from zero restrictions). Following Sims (, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 32, 2460–2475), we treat nested submodels as probability models, and we formalize a procedure that ensures that submodels are not discarded too easily and do matter for optimal policy. For the United States, we find that optimal policy based on our procedure leads to substantial welfare gains compared to the standard procedure.
Overconfidence in the Markets for Lemons
Authors: Herweg Fabian , Müller Daniel 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe extend Akerlof's “Market for Lemons” (1970, Quarterly Journal of Economics 84, 488–500) by assuming that some buyers are overconfident. Buyers in our model receive a noisy signal about the quality of the good that is on display for sale. Overconfident buyers do not update according to Bayes' rule but take the noisy signal at face value. We show that the presence of overconfident buyers can stabilize the market outcome by preventing total adverse selection. However, this stabilization comes at a cost: rational buyers are crowded out of the market.
Likelihood‐based Inference with Missing Data Under Missing‐at‐Random
Authors: Yang Shu , Kim Jae Kwang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractLikelihood‐based inference with missing data is challenging because the observed log likelihood is often an (intractable) integration over the missing data distribution, which also depends on the unknown parameter. Approximating the integral by Monte Carlo sampling does not necessarily lead to a valid likelihood over the entire parameter space because the Monte Carlo samples are generated from a distribution with a fixed parameter value.We consider approximating the observed log likelihood based on importance sampling. In the proposed method, the dependency of the integral on the parameter is properly reflected through fractional weights. We discuss constructing a confidence interval using the profile likelihood ratio test. A Newton–Raphson algorithm is employed to find the interval end points. Two limited simulation studies show the advantage of the Wilks inference over the Wald inference in terms of power, parameter space conformity and computational efficiency. A real data example on salamander mating shows that our method also works well with high‐dimensional missing data.
Regional trends in Scottish advisory soil acidity and phosphorus results: significance of management history, land use and soil attributes
Authors: Edwards A. C. , Sinclair A. H. , Coull M. , Crooks W. , Rees R. M. , Lumsdon D. G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFour geographically distinct regions of Scotland are used to describe temporal and spatial trends in soil phosphorus (P) using ca. 180 000 routine advisory samples which included information on previous and next crop. Regional differences in Modified Morgan's extractable P concentrations exist primarily in response to differences in land use and particularly the greater role of livestock in the west compared to arable cropping in the east. No obvious or consistent temporal trend in extractable P was apparent, but a very wide range of soil properties and extractable P concentrations was evident. The current (since 2010) target soil P status is moderate (M) for cereal‐based arable rotations and the upper half of moderate (M+) for rotations with potatoes, and more than half the samples fell into this range (with 40% M−). Some ca. 30% of samples fell below this, while 14% had high or very high P status, most noticeably where the previous crop was either potatoes, vegetables or berries. Half (ca. 13 000) of the samples with a low soil P status also had a below optimum pH. An apparent contradiction between the regularly reported long‐term declines in agricultural P surplus not being matched by a drop in extractable soil P status is discussed. This ‘lag effect’ means many Scottish agricultural soils have the capability to buffer change in extractable soil P. We make the first attempt to link advisory P data with information from the National Soil Database of Scotland and explore the value of introducing ‘soil type’ into the P fertilizer recommendation system.
Magnesium Transporter 5 plays an important role in Mg transport for male gametophyte development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Xu Xiao‐Feng , Wang Bo , Lou Yue , Han Wen‐Jian , Lu Jie‐Yang , Li Dan‐Dan , Li Le‐Gong , Zhu Jian , Yang Zhong‐Nan 
Published: October 2015

SummaryDuring anther development the male gametophyte develops inside the locule and the tapetal cells provide all nutrients for its development. Magnesium Transporter 5 (MGT5) is a member of the MGT family and has dual functions of Mg export and import. Here, we show that male gametophyte mitosis and intine formation are defective in a mgt5 mutant. The transient expression of GFP‐MGT5 revealed that MGT5 is localized in the plasma membrane. These findings suggest that in the male gametophyte MGT5 plays a role in importing Mg from the locule and that Mg is essential for male gametophyte development. The expression of MGT5 in the knockout ABORTED MICROSPORES (AMS) mutant (AMS being an essential regulator of tapetum) is tremendously reduced. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and mobility shift assay experiments demonstrated that AMS can directly bind the promoter of MGT5. An immunoelectron microscopy assay revealed that MGT5‐His is localized to the plasma membrane of the tapetum. These findings suggest that AMS directly regulates MGT5 in the tapetum and thus induces export of Mg into the locule. The mgt5 plant exhibits severe male sterility while the expression of MGT5 under the tapetum‐specific promoter A9 partly rescued mgt5 fertility. mgt5 fertility was restored under high‐Mg conditions. These findings suggest that the mgt5 tapetum still has the ability to export Mg and that a sufficient supply of Mg from the tapetum can improve the importation of Mg in the mgt5 male gametophyte. Therefore, MGT5 plays an important role in Mg transport from the tapetum to the microspore.
Molecular ecology and phylogenetics of the water beetle genus Ochthebius revealed multiple independent shifts to marine rockpools lifestyle
Authors: Sabatelli Simone , Audisio Paolo , Antonini Gloria , Solano Emanuela , Martinoli Adriano , Trizzino Marco 
Published: October 2015

Marine rockpools represent a dynamic ecosystem where inhabiting species usually suffer changeable conditions, with consequent phenomena of local populations’ size expansions and reductions. Nevertheless, a few specialized insect groups are known to live in marine rockpools, and among them, several species belong to the water beetle family Hydraenidae. Three groups of Ochthebius sensu lato (s.l.) live in fact in marine rockpools: the putative subgenus Calobius, the former subgenus Cobalius (both mostly Mediterranean–Macaronesian) and two species of the O. capicola group from South Africa. In this work, we performed a molecular phylogeny of Ochthebius s.l., running molecular clocks, aiming to address the following questions: Are these three groups related? Which is their position within Ochthebius s.l.? How many different times and in how many lineages of Ochthebius s.l. a shift from inland waters to marine rockpools environments happened? Is the current taxonomic status of these three groups supported by genetics? We found that Calobius, Cobalius and the O. capicola group represent three distinct groups, with no sister relationships, suggesting that a shift from fresh/brackish waters to marine rockpools happened independently at least three different times along the diversification of the genus. Cobalius represents an effective separate subgenus, whereas such a rank is not supported by molecular data for Calobius, which represents a monophyletic clade within the nominal subgenus Ochthebius sensu stricto (s.str.). However, as Calobius is monophyletic and characterized by strongly peculiar and distinguishing morphology, we suggest referring to this group as the ‘Calobius’ lineage. Three Mediterranean taxa within this lineage represent likely valid new species, to be described soon. In the same way, the taxonomy of Cobalius should be revised, with two previously formally recognized species found to be paraphyletic, and the possible presence of two additional cryptic species.
A template for a clinico-pathological audit of medical liver biopsies
Authors: Colling Richard , Fryer Eve , Cobbold Jeremy , Collier Jane , Collantes Elena , Wang Lai Mun , Hubscher Stefan , Wyatt Judith , Fleming Kenneth 
Published: October 2015

AimsWith changing indications for performing medical liver biopsies, we aimed to develop a tool to allow pathologists to evaluate the current usefulness, value and impact of their medical liver biopsy service.MethodsWe designed and piloted a questionnaire-based clinico-pathological audit for medical liver biopsies.ResultsThe audit tool was simple to implement and provided useful information about our service. Hepatologists felt that 96% of reports were clinically useful. 56% of biopsies confirmed clinical diagnoses, 46% helped differentiate between diagnoses and 42% were able to exclude possible diagnoses. 74% resulted in a change of management and 27% of liver biopsies resulted in a diagnosis which was not clinically suspected.ConclusionsWe demonstrate the usefulness of an audit tool in providing evidence of the value of the liver pathology service in a large UK regional centre.
Molecular Screen Identifies Cardiac Myosin–Binding Protein-C as a Protein Kinase G-Iα Substrate
Authors: Thoonen Robrecht , Giovanni Shewit , Govindan Suresh , Lee Dong I. , Wang Guang-Rong , Calamaras Timothy D. , Takimoto Eiki , Kass David A. , Sadayappan Sakthivel , Blanton Robert M. 
Published: October 2015

Background—
Pharmacological activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase G I (PKGI) has emerged as a therapeutic strategy for humans with heart failure. However, PKG-activating drugs have been limited by hypotension arising from PKG-induced vasodilation. PKGIα antiremodeling substrates specific to the myocardium might provide targets to circumvent this limitation, but currently remain poorly understood.

Methods and Results—
We performed a screen for myocardial proteins interacting with the PKGIα leucine zipper (LZ)–binding domain to identify myocardial-specific PKGI antiremodeling substrates. Our screen identified cardiac myosin–binding protein-C (cMyBP-C), a cardiac myocyte–specific protein, which has been demonstrated to inhibit cardiac remodeling in the phosphorylated state, and when mutated leads to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in humans. GST pulldowns and precipitations with cGMP-conjugated beads confirmed the PKGIα–cMyBP-C interaction in myocardial lysates. In vitro studies demonstrated that purified PKGIα phosphorylates the cMyBP-C M-domain at Ser-273, Ser-282, and Ser-302. cGMP induced cMyBP-C phosphorylation at these residues in COS cells transfected with PKGIα, but not in cells transfected with LZ mutant PKGIα, containing mutations to disrupt LZ substrate binding. In mice subjected to left ventricular pressure overload, PKGI activation with sildenafil increased cMyBP-C phosphorylation at Ser-273 compared with untreated mice. cGMP also induced cMyBP-C phosphorylation in isolated cardiac myocytes.

Conclusions—
Taken together, these data support that PKGIα and cMyBP-C interact in the heart and that cMyBP-C is an anti remodeling PKGIα kinase substrate. This study provides the first identification of a myocardial-specific PKGIα LZ-dependent antiremodeling substrate and supports further exploration of PKGIα myocardial LZ substrates as potential therapeutic targets for heart failure.
Agency and Moral Status
Authors: Sebo Jeff 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
According to our traditional conception of agency, most human beings are agents and most, if not all, nonhuman animals are not. However, recent developments in philosophy and psychology have made it clear that we need more than one conception of agency, since human and nonhuman animals are capable of thinking and acting in more than one kind of way. In this paper, I make a distinction between perceptual and propositional agency, and I argue that many nonhuman animals are perceptual agents and that many human beings are both kinds of agent. I then argue that, insofar as human and nonhuman animals exercise the same kind of agency, they have the same kind of moral status, and I explore some of the moral implications of this idea.
Why Moral Error Theorists Should Become Revisionary Moral Expressivists
Authors: Svoboda Toby 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Moral error theorists hold that morality is deeply mistaken, thus raising the question of whether and how moral judgments and utterances should continue to be employed. Proposals include simply abolishing morality (Richard Garner), adopting some revisionary fictionalist stance toward morality (Richard Joyce), and conserving moral judgments and utterances unchanged (Jonas Olson). I defend a fourth proposal, namely revisionary moral expressivism, which recommends replacing cognitivist moral judgments and utterances with non-cognitivist ones. Given that non-cognitivist attitudes are not truth apt, revisionary expressivism does not involve moral error. Moreover, revisionary expressivism has the theoretical resources to retain many of the useful features of morality, such as moral motivation, moral disagreement, and moral reasoning. Revisionary expressivism fares better than the three major alternatives in both avoiding moral error and preserving these useful features of morality. I also show how this position differs from the “revolutionary expressivism” of Sebastian Köhler and Michael Ridge.
Replaceable Lawyers and Guilty Defendants
Authors: Talbot Brian 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Many criminal lawyers should expect that, were they to not defend a certain client, someone no less capable would do so. It is morally wrong for such attorneys to defend defendants who should be punished. This is true even if we grant that the defendant’s right to be defended outweighs any rights that might be infringed by the defense and that the benefits of defending are greater than the harm. Nor does this argument depend on any particular view of punishment. The fact that the attorney expects to be replaced by someone equally capable has an asymmetric effect on the reasons for and against defending. The reasons that justify defending become extremely attenuated by this expectation, no matter what they are, while the reasons against defending are much less affected, no matter what they are.
A Multiscale Model for the Intraseasonal Impact of the Diurnal Cycle over the Maritime Continent on the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Majda Andrew J. , Yang Qiu 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The eastward-propagating Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) typically exhibits complex behavior during its passage over the Maritime Continent, sometimes slowly propagating eastward and other times stalling and even terminating there with large amounts of rainfall. This is a huge challenge for present-day numerical models to simulate. One possible reason is the inadequate treatment of the diurnal cycle and its scale interaction with the MJO. Here these two components are incorporated into a simple self-consistent multiscale model that includes one model for the intraseasonal impact of the diurnal cycle and another one for the planetary/intraseasonal circulation. The latter model is forced self-consistently by eddy flux divergences of momentum and temperature from a model for the diurnal cycle with two baroclinic modes, which capture the intraseasonal impact of the diurnal cycle. The MJO is modeled as the planetary-scale circulation response to a moving heat source on the synoptic and planetary scales. The results show that the intraseasonal impact of the diurnal cycle during boreal winter tends to strengthen the westerlies (easterlies) in the lower (upper) troposphere in agreement with the observations. In addition, the temperature anomaly induced by the intraseasonal impact of the diurnal cycle can cancel that from the symmetric–asymmetric MJO with convective momentum transfer, yielding stalled or suppressed propagation of the MJO across the Maritime Continent. The simple multiscale model should be useful for the MJO in observations or more complex numerical models.
The Effect of Spurious Cloud Edge Supersaturations in Lagrangian Cloud Models: An Analytical and Numerical Study
Authors: Hoffmann F. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This study analyzes the production and the effect of spurious cloud edge supersaturations in Lagrangian cloud models (LCMs), which simulate droplets and aerosols explicitly as Lagrangian particles. By applying an idealized one-dimensional setup, it is shown that the production of spurious cloud edge supersaturations in LCMs and Eulerian cloud models is identical. In LCMs, however, the effect of spurious supersaturations on the number of activated/deactivated particles is decreased due to (i) a physically more appropriate representation of the activation process, and (ii) the LCM’s ability to represent the distribution of liquid water on the subgrid scale. Additionally, an analytic solution for the production of spurious supersaturations in both Lagrangian and Eulerian cloud models is derived, enabling the identification of the upper limit of spurious supersaturations and the conditions under which they occur.
Evaluation of illness severity scoring systems and risk prediction in vascular intensive care admissions
Authors: Dover M , Tawfick Wael , Hynes Niamh , Sultan Sherif 
Published: October 2015

Introduction This study examines the predictive value of intensive care unit (ICU) scoring systems in a vascular ICU population. Methods From April 2005 to September 2011, we examined 363 consecutive ICU admissions. Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), APACHE IV, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (MODS), organ dysfunctions and/or infection (ODIN), mortality prediction model (MPM) and physiologic and operative severity score for the enumeration of mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) were calculated. The Glasgow Aneurysm Score (GAS) was calculated for patients with aneurysm-related admissions. Results Overall mortality for complex vascular intervention was 11.6%. At admission, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) was 0.884 for SAPS II, 0.894 for APACHE II, 0.895 for APACHE IV, 0.902 for MODS, 0.891 for ODIN and 0.903 for MPM. At 24 h, model discrimination was best for POSSUM (AUC = 0.906) and MPM (AUC = 0.912). Conclusion The good discrimination of these scoring systems indicates their value as an adjunct to clinical assessment but should not be used on an individual basis as a clinical decision-making tool.
Identification of Main Factors Explaining Glucose Dynamics During and Immediately After Moderate Exercise in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Ben Brahim Najib , Place Jerome , Renard Eric , Breton Marc D. 
Published: October 2015

Background: Physical activity is recommended for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, without proper management, it can lead to higher risk for hypoglycemia and impaired glycemic control. In this work, we identify the main factors explaining the blood glucose dynamics during exercise in T1D. We then propose a prediction model to quantify the glycemic drop induced by a mild to moderate physical activity. Methods: A meta-data analysis was conducted over 59 T1D patients from 4 different studies in the United States and France (37 men and 22 women; 47 adults; weight, 71.4 ± 10.6 kg; age, 42 ± 10 years; 12 adolescents: weight, 60.7 ± 12.5 kg; age, 14.0 ± 1.4 years). All participants had physical activity between 3 and 5 pm at a mild to moderate intensity for approximately 30 to 45 min. A multiple linear regression analysis was applied to the data to identify the main parameters explaining the glucose dynamics during such physical activity. Results: The blood glucose at the beginning of exercise ([Formula: see text]), the ratio of insulin on board over total daily insulin ([Formula: see text]) and the age as a categorical variable (1 for adult, 0 for adolescents) were significant factors involved in glucose evolution at exercise (all P < .05). The multiple linear regression model has an R-squared of .6. Conclusions: The main factors explaining glucose dynamics in the presence of mild-to-moderate exercise in T1D have been identified. The clinical parameters are formally quantified using real data collected during clinical trials. The multiple linear regression model used to predict blood glucose during exercise can be applied in closed-loop control algorithms developed for artificial pancreas.