bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiences, Views, and Support Needs of Family Members of People With Hypoglycemia Unawareness: Interview Study
Authors: Lawton Julia , Rankin David , Elliott Jackie , Heller Simon R. , Rogers Helen A. , De Zoysa Nicole , Amiel Stephanie ,   for the U.K. NIHR DAFNE Study Group
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVE
Hypoglycemia unawareness (HU) affects ∼25% of people with type 1 diabetes. People with HU are often reliant on family to detect hypoglycemia and treat severe episodes. We explored the impact of HU on family members’ lives, their involvement in preventing and managing hypoglycemia, and their information and support needs.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This study employed an exploratory, qualitative design comprising in-depth interviews with 24 adult family members of persons with type 1 diabetes and HU.

RESULTS
Family members described restricting their lives so that they could help the person with HU detect and treat hypoglycemia. Some described being very physically afraid of their partner/relative when they had a hypoglycemic episode due to their aggressive and argumentative behavior and personality changes; this could also make treatment administration difficult. Family members also reported feeling anxious and worried about the safety of the person with HU, particularly when they were left unsupervised. These concerns were often precipitated by traumatic events, such as discovering the person with HU in a coma. Family members could neglect their own health and well-being to care for the person with HU and resentment could build up over time. Family members highlighted extensive, unmet needs for information and emotional support; however, some struggled to recognize and accept their own need for help.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings reveal a caregiver group currently “in the shadow of the patient” and in urgent need of information and emotional support. Raising awareness among health care professionals is essential, and developing proactive support for family should be considered.
Coverage and screening protocols in UNHS programmes in Italy in 2011
Authors: Bubbico Luciano , Tognola Gabriella , Grandori Ferdinando 
Published: August 2013

Objective:
The aim of this study was to provide data on the degree of implementation, coverage and protocols used in Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Programmes (UNHSPs) in Italian birthing hospitals.

Methods:
Data were collected through a questionnaire that was sent to all birthing hospitals in Italy in 2011. Questionnaires were filled in by the chief of the hospital or by the UNHSPs coordinator.

Results:
UNHSPs in Italy were activated in 411 (81.3%) birthing hospitals, with 78.3% (413,212) newborns screened in total. Most (91.8%) of the Italian birthing hospitals used a two-stage (test-retest) TEOAE screening. The personnel performing the screening were nurses in 72.4% of hospitals, paediatricians in 10.2%, technicians in 11.0%, audiologists in 2.2% and external staff in 4.2%. In 80.1% of birthing hospitals, the mean referral rate at first screening performed before discharge was below 5%. Conclusion: The present study revealed that in the last three years screening coverage had a rapid growth from 60.6% in 2008 to 78.3% in 2011, without reaching UNHS coverage greater than 95%, as recommended in international guidelines. Our results suggest that close cooperation between audiological centres and maternity units, together with an efficient protocol for collecting screening data, has a positive impact on the implementation of UNHSPs. It is also crucial to improve the training of screening personnel and provide information and education about newborn hearing screening to paediatricians, neonatologists, gynaecologists, and general practitioners.
On the effect of short-term climate variability on mountain glaciers: insights from a case study
Authors: Farinotti Daniel 
Published: August 2013

AbstractStudies addressing the response of glaciers to climate change have so far analyzed the effect of long-term trends in a particular set of meteorological variables only, implicitly assuming an unaltered climatic variability. Here a framework for distinguishing between year-to-year, month-to-month and day-to-day variability is proposed. Synthetically generated temperature and precipitation time series following the same long-term trend but with altered variability are then used to force an ice-dynamics model set up for Rhonegletscher, Swiss Alps. In the case of temperature, variations in the day-to-day variability are shown to have a larger effect than changes at the yearly scale, while in the case of precipitation, variability changes are assessed as having negligible impact. A first set of scenarios is used to show that compared to reference, doubling the temperature variability can reduce glacier ice volume by up to 64% within half a decade. A second set derived from the results of the European ENSEMBLES project, however, shows that such changes are expected to remain below 8% even for extreme scenarios. Although the latter results relativize the importance of the effect in the near future, the analyses indicate that at least caution is required when assuming ‘unchanged variability’.
Le corps guerrier, le corps dansant et l’esprit galant
Authors: Gatulle Pierre 
Published: August 2013

François de Beauvillier, comte puis duc de Saint-Aignan (1610-1687), mène une carrière militaire avant d’obtenir la charge de premier gentilhomme de la Chambre du roi en 1649. Il devient ainsi l’un des ordonnateurs des divertissements royaux. Il en choisit les sujets fortement inspirés des prouesses des romans de chevalerie, danse plusieurs rôles dans ballets et divertissements royaux, accompagne et encadre Louis XIV dans son apprentissage de danseur, puis devient vice-protecteur de l’Académie de danse en 1661. Alors que le duel, formellement interdit par le roi, perdure dans la réalité et témoigne de la vivacité de la culture chevaleresque, les combats singuliers mimés sont mis à l’honneur sur la scène. Saint-Aignan construit peu à peu sa figure de galant homme courtisan en la nourrissant autant de son expérience personnelle de la violence guerrière que de sa maîtrise de la danse et de l’art équestre, maîtrise qui lui permet de représenter les combats sur une scène. Ce sont là deux cultures du corps noble auxquelles les enfants de Saint-Aignan sont également initiés. Son élévation à la haute dignité de duc et pair en 1663 consacre sa réussite et son prestige personnels tout en validant ce qu’il a forgé : l’archétype du galant gentilhomme courtisan au service du roi.
IgG Antibodies in Food Allergy Influence Allergen–Antibody Complex Formation and Binding to B Cells: A Role for Complement Receptors
Authors: Meulenbroek Laura A. P. M. , de Jong Renske J. , den Hartog Jager Constance F. , Monsuur Hanneke N. , Wouters Diana , Nauta Alma J. , Knippels Léon M. J. , van Neerven R. J. Joost , Ruiter Bert , Leusen Jeanette H. W. , Hack C. Erik , Bruijnzeel-Koomen Carla A. F. M. , Knulst André C. , Garssen Johan , van Hoffen Els 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAllergen–IgE complexes are more efficiently internalized and presented by B cells than allergens alone. It has been suggested that IgG Abs induced by immunotherapy inhibit these processes. Food-allergic patients have high allergen-specific IgG levels. However, the role of these Abs in complex formation and binding to B cells is unknown. To investigate this, we incubated sera of peanut- or cow’s milk–allergic patients with their major allergens to form complexes and added them to EBV-transformed or peripheral blood B cells (PBBCs). Samples of birch pollen-allergic patients were used as control. Complex binding to B cells in presence or absence of blocking Abs to CD23, CD32, complement receptor 1 (CR1, CD35), and/or CR2 (CD21) was determined by flow cytometry. Furthermore, intact and IgG-depleted sera were compared. These experiments showed that allergen–Ab complexes formed in birch pollen, as well as food allergy, contained IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 Abs and bound to B cells. Binding of these complexes to EBV-transformed B cells was completely mediated by CD23, whereas binding to PBBCs was dependent on both CD23 and CR2. This reflected differential receptor expression. Upon IgG depletion, allergen–Ab complexes bound to PBBCs exclusively via CD23. These data indicated that IgG Abs are involved in complex formation. The presence of IgG in allergen–IgE complexes results in binding to B cells via CR2 in addition to CD23. The binding to both CR2 and CD23 may affect Ag processing and presentation, and (may) thereby influence the allergic response.
Synthetic Oligodeoxynucleotides Containing Suppressive TTAGGG Motifs Inhibit AIM2 Inflammasome Activation
Authors: Kaminski John J. , Schattgen Stefan A. , Tzeng Te-Chen , Bode Christian , Klinman Dennis M. , Fitzgerald Katherine A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSynthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) comprised of the immunosuppressive motif TTAGGG block TLR9 signaling, prevent STAT1 and STAT4 phosphorylation and attenuate a variety of inflammatory responses in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that such suppressive ODN abrogate activation of cytosolic nucleic acid–sensing pathways. Pretreatment of dendritic cells and macrophages with the suppressive ODN-A151 abrogated type I IFN, TNF-α, and ISG induction in response to cytosolic dsDNA. In addition, A151 abrogated caspase-1–dependent IL-1β and IL-18 maturation in dendritic cells stimulated with dsDNA and murine CMV. Inhibition was dependent on A151’s phosphorothioate backbone, whereas substitution of the guanosine residues for adenosine negatively affected potency. A151 mediates these effects by binding to AIM2 in a manner that is competitive with immune-stimulatory DNA and as a consequence prevents AIM2 inflammasome complex formation. Collectively, these findings reveal a new route by which suppressive ODNs modulate the immune system and unveil novel applications for suppressive ODNs in the treatment of infectious and autoimmune diseases.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of CD13 Regulates Inflammatory Cell–Cell Adhesion and Monocyte Trafficking
Authors: Subramani Jaganathan , Ghosh Mallika , Rahman M. Mamunur , Caromile Leslie A. , Gerber Claire , Rezaul Karim , Han David K. , Shapiro Linda H. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
CD13 is a large cell surface peptidase expressed on the monocytes and activated endothelial cells that is important for homing to and resolving the damaged tissue at sites of injury. We showed previously that cross-linking of human monocytic CD13 with activating Abs induces strong adhesion to endothelial cells in a tyrosine kinase– and microtubule-dependent manner. In the current study, we examined the molecular mechanisms underlying these observations in vitro and in vivo. We found that cross-linking of CD13 on U937 monocytic cells induced phosphorylation of a number of proteins, including Src, FAK, and ERK, and inhibition of these abrogated CD13-dependent adhesion. We found that CD13 itself was phosphorylated in a Src-dependent manner, which was an unexpected finding because its 7-aa cytoplasmic tail was assumed to be inert. Furthermore, CD13 was constitutively associated with the scaffolding protein IQGAP1, and CD13 cross-linking induced complex formation with the actin-binding protein α-actinin, linking membrane-bound CD13 to the cytoskeleton, further supporting CD13 as an inflammatory adhesion molecule. Mechanistically, mutation of the conserved CD13 cytoplasmic tyrosine to phenylalanine abrogated adhesion; Src, FAK, and ERK phosphorylation; and cytoskeletal alterations upon Ab cross-linking. Finally, CD13 was phosphorylated in isolated murine inflammatory peritoneal exudate cells, and adoptive transfer of monocytic cell lines engineered to express the mutant CD13 were severely impaired in their ability to migrate into the inflamed peritoneum, confirming that CD13 phosphorylation is relevant to inflammatory cell trafficking in vivo. Therefore, this study identifies CD13 as a novel, direct activator of intracellular signaling pathways in pathophysiological conditions.
IFN-α Inhibits Telomerase in Human CD8+ T Cells by Both hTERT Downregulation and Induction of p38 MAPK Signaling
Authors: Lanna Alessio , Coutavas Elias , Levati Lauretta , Seidel Judith , Rustin Malcolm H. A. , Henson Sian M. , Akbar Arne N. , Franzese Ornella 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The cytokine IFN-α is secreted during viral infections and has been shown to inhibit telomerase activity and accelerate T cell differentiation in vivo. However, the mechanism for this inhibition is not clear. In this study, we show that IFN-α inhibits both the transcription and translation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic component of telomerase, in activated CD8+ T cells. This was associated with increased activity of the repressor of hTERT transcription E2 transcription factor and decreased activation of NF-κB that promotes hTERT transcription. However IFN-α did not affect the translocation of hTERT from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. IFN-α also inhibits AKT kinase activation but increases p38 MAPK activity, and both of these events have been shown previously to inhibit telomerase activity. Addition of BIRB796, an inhibitor of p38 activity, to IFN-α–treated cells reversed, in part, the inhibition of telomerase by this cytokine. Therefore, IFN-α can inhibit the enzyme telomerase in CD8+ T cells by transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms. Furthermore, the addition of IFN-α to CD8+CD27+CD28+ T cells accelerates the loss of both these costimulatory molecules. This suggests that persistent viral infections may contribute to the accumulation of highly differentiated/senescent CD8+CD27−CD28− T cells during aging by promoting IFN-α secretion during repeated episodes of viral reactivation.
Cutting Edge: DNA Sensing via the STING Adaptor in Myeloid Dendritic Cells Induces Potent Tolerogenic Responses
Authors: Huang Lei , Li Lingqian , Lemos Henrique , Chandler Phillip R. , Pacholczyk Gabriela , Baban Babak , Barber Glen N. , Hayakawa Yoshihiro , McGaha Tracy L. , Ravishankar Buvana , Munn David H. , Mellor Andrew L. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Cytosolic DNA sensing via the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) adaptor incites autoimmunity by inducing type I IFN (IFN-αβ). In this study, we show that DNA is also sensed via STING to suppress immunity by inducing IDO. STING gene ablation abolished IFN-αβ and IDO induction by dendritic cells (DCs) after DNA nanoparticle (DNP) treatment. Marginal zone macrophages, some DCs, and myeloid cells ingested DNPs, but CD11b+ DCs were the only cells to express IFN-β, whereas CD11b+ non-DCs were major IL-1β producers. STING ablation also abolished DNP-induced regulatory responses by DCs and regulatory T cells, and hallmark regulatory responses to apoptotic cells were also abrogated. Moreover, systemic cyclic diguanylate monophosphate treatment to activate STING induced selective IFN-β expression by CD11b+ DCs and suppressed Th1 responses to immunization. Thus, previously unrecognized functional diversity among physiologic innate immune cells regarding DNA sensing via STING is pivotal in driving immune responses to DNA.
General Education Assessment Plan
Authors: McLawhon Ryan , Phillips Loraine H. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Planning is possibly the most important step of the assessment process. This article presents a four-tiered approach to designing and implementing a general education institutional assessment plan. Categorizing the measures you use to assess established learning outcomes helps you prioritize your general education assessment initiatives and keep them manageable and on pace. A productive general education assessment plan utilizes both direct and indirect measures of learning outcomes achievement. However, the amount of time and effort extended on the available measures must be carefully thought out and considered to maximize effectiveness.
Cassava starch‐graft‐polymethacrylamide copolymers as flocculants and textile sizing agents
Authors: Nair Soumya B. , Jyothi Alummoottil N. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTCassava starch‐graft‐polymethacrylamide (PMAM) copolymers were synthesized by a free‐radical‐initiated polymerization reaction, and the products were tested for their efficiency as flocculants and textile sizing agents. The highest percentages of grafting and monomer conversion were 79.9 and 78.0%, respectively. The grafted starches were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The average molecular weight of PMAM chains in the grafted starches ranged from 15.9 to 30.8 × 105 g/mol. The grafted starches exhibited a higher peak viscosity and paste stability in comparison to the native starch (NS). Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that grafting provided fairly shear‐stable hydrogels, and the highest storage modulus obtained was 17,900 Pa compared to 1879 Pa for NS. The flocculation studies demonstrated the superiority of starch‐g‐PMAM over cassava starch and PMAM as an efficient flocculant. The tensile strength of cotton yarns sized with the starch‐grafted copolymer was significantly higher (104 MPa) compared to that sized with NS (34 MPa). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39810.
Interfacial modification of single‐walled carbon nanotubes for high‐loading‐reinforced polypropylene composites
Authors: Liu Siyang , Wang Zhe , Lu Guoming , Wang Yue , Zhang Yue , He Xiaodan , Zhao Lixia , Li Zewen , Xuan Lichun , Zhao Dongyu 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTIn this article, we present a strategy for fabricating polypropylene (PP)/polypropylene‐regrafted single‐walled carbon nanotube (PP‐re‐g‐SWNT) composites with a high loading of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs; 20 wt %). The PP‐re‐g‐SWNTs were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The PP‐re‐g‐SWNTs showed excellent interfacial adhesion and dispersion. Furthermore, PP molecules, about 72 wt % by mass, were homogeneously bonded onto the surface of the SWNTs according to TGA. In this hybrid nanocomposite system, the PP‐re‐g‐SWNTs were covalently integrated into the PP matrix and became part of the conjugated network structure (as evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis) rather than just a separate component. Accordingly, the PP/PP‐re‐g‐SWNT composites presented obvious improvements in mechanical properties and conductivity (from 10−10 to 10−2). Most importantly, the tensile and flexural strength of the PP/PP‐re‐g‐SWNT composites did not exhibit an obvious downturn with the addition of 20 wt % SWNTs; this was contrary to documented results. We believe that these new observations were due to the novel structure of the PP‐re‐g‐SWNTs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39817.
Renaissance of aliphatic polycarbonates: New techniques and biomedical applications
Authors: Xu Jianwen , Feng Ellva , Song Jie 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTAliphatic polycarbonates (APCs) were discovered a long time ago, with their conventional applications mostly limited to low‐molecular‐weight oligomeric intermediates for copolymerization with other prepolymers or small molecules. Recent developments in polymerization techniques have overcome the difficulty in preparing high‐molecular‐weight APCs. These in turn, along with new functional monomers, have enabled the preparation of a wide range of APCs with diverse chemical compositions and structures. This review summarizes the latest polymerization techniques for preparing well‐defined functional APCs and the new applications of those APCs, especially in the biomedical field. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39822.
Simultaneous Optimization of Damper Parameters and Controllers for Building Vibration Attenuation over Finite Frequency Band
Authors: Zhan Wei , Gao Huijun , Cheung K.C. , Lam James , Du Haiping 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper presents a simultaneous optimization approach to the design of the multiple active tuned mass damper (MATMD) and its controller for building vibration attenuation under seismic excitations. A model of an n‐storey building installed with the MATMD system, where the masses can be placed on different storeys, is considered, and its state‐space model is established by appropriately defining the state variables and the output signals. Considering that earthquake records exhibit higher strength over a certain range of frequency and the fact that not only the controller design but also the parameter optimization of the MATMD system have significant effects on the control performance, a simultaneous optimization approach based on the genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to design the static output‐feedback controller and to obtain the MATMD's parameters for the attenuation of seismic building vibration over a finite frequency range. Using the proposed approach, a set of parameters and the constrained controller gains, which can guarantee the asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system and attenuate the building vibration at a sufficiently low level, are obtained. Simulations are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and the superiority of a strategy that places the masses on different storeys in attenuating building vibration under earthquake excitation.
Chemische Schalter als potenzielle Lernschalter
Authors: Schwarzer Stefan , Rudnik Julian , Parchmann Ilka 
Published: August 2013

AbstractEine stärkere Verknüpfung von Fachforschung, Bildung und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit bietet vielfältige Potenziale. Dieser Beitrag stellt die fachdidaktische Begleitung des Sonderforschungsbereichs 677 „Funktion durch Schalten“ vor, der molekulare Maschinen im Bereich der Nanowissenschaften beforscht. Es wird ein Schülerlaborkonzept für die Oberstufe, basierend auf dem Modell der Didaktischen Rekonstruktion, praxisnah erläutert. Für die Vorbereitung und Integration eines Schülerlaborbesuchs in den Unterricht werden entsprechende Materialien vorgestellt. Abschließend wird ein Ausblick auf empirische Untersuchungen, zu Forschungsfragen wie Erwartungen und Bewertungen des Schülerlaborbesuchs durch Schülerinnen und Schüler, gegeben.
Compatibility Assessment of Recharge Water with Native Groundwater Using Reactive Hydrogeochemical Modeling in Pinggu, Beijing
Authors: Lu Ying , Du Xinqiang , Yang Yuesuo , Fan Wei , Chi Baoming , Wang Zijia , Ye Xueyan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA hydrochemical assessment of the local harvested water and groundwater based on field data, lab experiments, and modeling was carried out for a groundwater artificial recharge (GAR) proposal in the Pinggu Basin aquifer. Harvested water chemically regulated by recharge water standard was chosen as an available recharge source in the basin. The sediments at the potential recharge site were characterized to determine the impact of GAR on subsurface hydrochemistry. To model the dynamic hydrochemical changes during GAR, transport process coupled with the geochemical equilibrium was resolved using PHREEQC and a reverse computing process. These were to simulate chemical reactions, soil soluble species dispersion, mineral dissolution and precipitation, and cation exchange in the recharge vadose zone in the Pinggu Basin. The model was validated by a column leaching experiment and applied for field conditions. The prediction results showed NO3−, SO42−, Cl−, and total dissolved solid had peak breakthroughs during the first period of recharge indicating a “washout” phenomenon and then settled down, whilst changes in HCO3−, Ca2+, Mg2+, and pH resulted from carbonate buffering and cation exchange. In the long run, recharge by the harvested water was unlikely to have a negative impact on groundwater quality. Rather caution should be taken for potential chemical clogging induced by dolomite precipitation for a sustainable GAR management.