bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is International Ocean Law Capable of Preventing or Mitigating the Impacts of Nuclear Disaster?
Authors: Hutchins Todd Emerson 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn light of the Fukushima disaster, the global community must honestly and bravely consider whether existing international law is sufficient to protect the oceans from hazardous nuclear activities past, present, and future. If so, are these agreements, including conventions and treaties, adequate to clean-up existing problems, to safeguard against emerging risks, and to foster cooperation among nations? If not, what function, does ocean law serve? Assessing the efficacy of international law on state behavior with respect to real world outcomes is always challenging, but when dealing with nuclear activities the task is further complicated due to the unusual risk profile of catastrophic radiological incidents, the millennia-long risk of danger, the relative novelty of nuclear issues, and the scope of other activities that could also impact the ocean. Nevertheless, this task cannot be ignored. The oceans are a global commons filled with collective resources. Any meaningful discussion about the health of the seas and measures to protect them must take place on the international stage with due regard for the necessities and rights of all nations, as well as the natural environment. The international community must diligently collaborate to resolve issues surrounding nuclear activities that could impact the oceans. Yet, current international agreements that address nuclear pollution of the ocean are de facto judicially unenforceable and are often ignored when national self-interest is contrary to the agreement. Nevertheless, while not an effective legal mandate, ocean law does in some cases influence state actors to conform to international agreements (even when not bound to do so). Going forward, more research is necessary into the impacts of radiological pollution on the oceans to enable decision makers, like judicial tribunals, politicians, and NGOs, to effectuate and effectively enforce international ocean law with respect to nuclear issues.
Towards a clean slate: Attempting to preserve civil liberty in the post-Snowden age
Authors: Gernler Alexander von 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Wide adoption of mobile computing,
smartphones, social networks and big data techniques have brought
undoubtable advantages to society as such, as well as to its
individuals.
The downside of this diffusion of technology throughout society has
already been well discussed.
Single authors also pointed out the threats not only to the single
individual, but to democratic society as a whole.
However, suggestions or even practical approaches of how to mitigate
these threats not only at the individual level (Folks, keep your
virus scanner up to date all the time!), but for society itself,
are rarely found up to this day.
There is no simple solution to this problem, of course.
Particularly not a small one that can be carried out by a single
peer group.
Rather, we want to motivate that there are different approaches to
the shared common goal of preserving civil liberty for many individual
groups of society.
In this article, we focus on a strategy for computer
scientists on how to perform their part in the big picture, and try
to motivate this by calling up on their professional ethics.
Evaluation Of Shear Capacity For Brick Masonry Walls
Authors: Partene Eva , Fekete-Nagy Luminita , Stoian V. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The papers presents the results of an experimental program and provides valuable information regarding the behaviour of structural masonry walls built up using ceramic blocks with hollows, which represents a very common system for low-rise residential buildings, up to 4 stories, depending on the seismic acceleration on site. A number of six masonry walls where tested in bear state being subjected to constant vertical loading and to cyclic in-plane horizontal loads. The main objective was to determine the shear capacity for unreinforced masonry walls and reinforced masonry walls. The experimental results were also useful to determine the contribution of the reinforcing of the masonry walls with concrete columns. The comparison between unreinforced masonry and reinforced masonry has a great importance due to the fact that the Romanian Seismic Standards have imposed the reinforcement in seismic areas for building with more than 1 storey. Further studies will be conducted on strengthening the masonry walls using FRP materials.
Portfolio-work and its effects on listening comprehension of very young learners
Authors: Leeck Piri 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
At elementary school the focus often lies on listening and speaking. While listening comprehension is the basis for learning a new language, children often feel differently about that. Many measure their success in their ability to speak. Some become frustrated, because they initially are not able to express much, not noticing how much they understand already. In my research I tried to find a way to help such children appreciate more what they have achieved so far. Through portfolio-work (self-evaluation and reflection) I wanted them to see what is ‘unseen’, as well as get them to think about strategies that improve listening comprehension, as the following study report shows.
Crisis Communication and the Norwegian Authorities
Authors: Vettenranta Soilikki 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The present article examines how crisis communication after catastrophes can strengthen society or undermine trust, credibility and confidence between the authorities and the general public. The two cases examined are the Norwegian authorities’ communicative response to the Chernobyl power plant disaster on 26 April, 1986, and the terrorist attacks on the government complex in Oslo and the Labour Party youth camp on the island of Utøya on 22 July, 2011. The analysis compares the initial phase of crisis communication. A serious communication crisis arose between the authorities and the public after Chernobyl, while communication during the early days after 22 July was successful. The difference is explained by the concept of rationality; crisis communication after Chernobyl was based on technical rationality, whereas communication after the terror attacks was grounded on the rationality of caring. The theoretical framework originates from Heidegger’s existential phenomenology with special focus on the existentiales Being-in-the-World, State of Mind and Care.
Morpholithodynamic conditions of the tip of the Hel Peninsula, the Baltic Sea
Authors: Rucińska-Zjadacz Maria , Rudowski Stanisław 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The Hel Peninsula is a 35 km long spit that extends into water depths of almost 60 m. Unlike most sandy barriers, the distal end of the Hel Peninsula is prograding into the deep water. This affects unique conditions for the evolution of this section of the Peninsula. The aim of this study is to determine the morpholithodynamic changes on the tip of the Hel Peninsula. Shore studies were performed in 2006-2008 and 2012. Measurements included: beach profiling, determination of shoreline and dune base line positions, and collection of sediment samples. The different nature of the eastern, central and western part of the Hel tip is evident. The eastern part is accumulative, the central part is variable with the general nature of strong and differently directed redeposition and accumulative periods, while the western part is highly erosive.
Conformational preferences for isomeric N,N′-bis(pyridin-n-ylmethyl)ethanedithiodiamides, n = 2, 3 and 4: a combined crystallographic and DFT study
Authors: Zukerman-Schpector Julio , Madureira Lucas Sousa , Poplaukhin Pavel , Arman Hadi D. , Miller Tyler , Tiekink Edward R.T. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Crystal structure analysis of the isomeric N,N′-bis(pyridin-n-ylmethyl)ethanedithioamides, n = 2 (1), 3 (2) and 4 (3), show a planar conformation for 1 and conformations whereby the pyridyl rings lie orthogonal and to either side of the central residue for each of 2 and 3. The universal adoption of the all ZZ conformation about the central C–N bonds, which have double bond character, is ascribed to the presence of intramolecular N–H…S hydrogen bonds that close S(5) rings. The gas-phase geometry optimised structure for 1 is the same as the experimental structure which features intramolecular amine-N–H…N(pyridyl) hydrogen bonds. The open structures found for 2 and 3 differ from the somewhat flattened optimised structures. Systematic variations in the geometric parameters characterising the central C2N2S2 residue, in particular the double-bond character of the C–N bond and the elongation of the central C–C bond are shown by theory to be due to conjugative nN → π*C=S interactions and nS → σ*C-C hyperconjugation, respectively.
Synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic characterization of a cyanide-bridged Mo–Ni nanosized molecular wheel
Authors: Zhang Daopeng , Kong Lingqian , Zhang Hongyan , Wang Ping 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
By using K4[Mo(CN)8] and [Ni(L)(H2O)2][ClO4]2 as reagents (L = 2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo [11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-triene), a new cyanide-bridged Mo–Ni complex containing the building blocks [Ni(H2O)(L)]2+ and [Ni(L)]2+ bridged by [Mo(CN)8]4− units has been obtained. The complex with the formula {[Ni(H2O)(L)][Ni(L)][Mo(CN)8]}6 · 36H2O · 2CH3OH (1) was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure determination reveals an octadecanuclear cluster in the form of a 36-membered macrocycle, in which the largest intramolecular W···W and Ni···Ni distances are 16.5 and 14.4 Å, respectively, indicating that complex 1 is a nanosized molecular wheel. Investigation of its magnetic properties has shown weak antiferromagnetic coupling between the adjacent Ni(II) ions bridged by the diamagnetic [Mo(CN)8]4− ions.
Alfred Loisy and les Mythes Babyloniens: Loisy’s Discourse on Myth in the Context of Modernism
Authors: Morrow Jeffrey L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWith the 1901 publication of his Les Mythes babyloniens et les premiers chapitres de la Genèse, the French Catholic scholar Alfred Loisy examined carefully parallels between Babylonian literature and the Book of Genesis. In German scholarship, this had been a growing fascination since at least the 1895 publication of Hermann Gunkel’s Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit. Loisy’s use of the concept of “Myth” provides an important window into the appropriation of German scholarship on religion and the Bible into the French scholarly world. Through Loisy’s work, what had been primarily a German Protestant academic discussion became one of the matchsticks that ignited what would become known as the Roman Catholic Modernist Crisis. This present article situates Loisy’s appropriation of “Myth” from the German scholarship he mastered within the proximate cultural, historical, and religious context that became Roman Catholic Modernism
Separation of Zirconium-95 from Niobium-95 by Extraction with a Benzene Solution of Fatty Acids in the Presence of Hydrogen
Authors: Kyrš M. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
Zirconium is extracted at pn ~ 6 in presence of 10-3MH2O2 with a benzene Solution of fatty acids (C7 - C9; 1M). Niobium is masked by hydrogen peroxide. Coextraction of niobium with zirconium in weighable amounts was observed.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen chemischer Effekte nach dem K-Einfang-, (n, p)- und (n, γ)- Prozeß
Authors: Merz E. , Riedel H. J. 
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung
Die nach dem K-Einfang an 68Ge-tetraphenyl gebildeten radioaktiven Rückstoßprodukte wurden mit denjenigen der (n, γ)-Reaktion am Ga-triphenyl und der (n, p)-Reaktion am Ge-tetraphenyl verglichen. Dabei wurde gefunden, daß bei den beiden Kernreaktionen mehrere Rückstoßverbindungen des Ga mit metallorganischem Charakter gebildet werden, im Gegensatz zum K-Einfangprozeß im 68Ge-tetraphenyl, aus welchem das 68Ga fast ausschließlich in anorganischer Form abgetrennt werden konnte. Es wird daraus gefolgert, daß bei der Elektroneneinfangreaktion des 68Ge im Ge-tetraphenyl keine sogenannten heißen Reaktionen stattfinden.
Die abnorme Flüchtigkeit α-strahlender Substanzen
Authors: Sizmann R. , Riehl N. 
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung
Es wird gezeigt, daß Rückstoßatome eine hohe zerstäubende Wirkung auf Festkörper haben. Die abnorme Flüchtigkeit α-strahlender Substanzen wird auf diese Erscheinung zurückgeführt. An Hand des Temperaturverlaufs der Flüchtigkeit eines Polonium-210-Präparates ließ sich die (bei höherer Temperatur überwiegende) gewöhnliche Verdampfung von dem Zerstäubungsvorgang trennen.
Simple and Rapid Production of Carrier-Free Sodium-24
Authors: Parker W. , Bildstein H. , Getoff N. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
A simple and rapid method is described for the production of carrier-free sodium-24 following the irradiation of magnesium with fast neutrons according to the nuclear equation : 24Mg (n, ρ) 24Na.
Based on the irradiation of MgO or Mg(OH)2 in the presence of water followed by extraction of 24Na also with water and with a final purification stage, involving ion exchange, the described method should prove very suitable for work at Curie level.
Detailed data are given for the pre-purification of the commercial magnesium target material and for its preparation as a slurry so as to take advantage of recoil products produced during the irradiation. Curves and data are presented showing the yield dependence on the water content of the magnesium target and of the efficiency of water as an extraction medium. In conclusion, the final purity of 24Na separated using the described method is discussed.
Radiochemische Messung des heterogenen Austausches von isotopen und nicht-isotopen Ionen an der Oberfläche von Erdalkalicarbonaten
Authors: Lieser Κ. H. 
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung
Der Austausch von isotopen und nicht-isotopen Ionen an der Oberfläche von Erdalkalicarbonaten wurde unter Verwendung von 45Ca-, bzw. 89Sr- bzw. 140Ba-markierten Lösungen unter Ausschluß von Kohlensäure als Funktion der Zeit verfolgt. Aus den Versuchsergebnissen wurden die Gleichgewichtskonstanten für den Austausch zwischen der Lösung und der Oberfläche berechnet und miteinander verglichen. Die für den Rekristallisationsvorgang beobachteten Halbwertzeiten werden diskutiert.
Le recuit thermique du coupferronate de fer irradié par neutrons
Authors: Rusi A. , Ionesco S. 
Published: June 2015

Résumé
On a étudié le recuit thermique du coupferronate de fer, Fe(C,H5-NO-NO), irradié par neutrons. Le trait essentiel de la cinétique de ce procès consiste dans la valeur unique des pseudoplateaux des isothermes effectuées de 60° à 100° C et de 105° à 110° C. On cherche à expliquer ces deux pseudo-plateaux en appliquant diverses théories existentes.
La représentation semilogarithmique des défauts soumis au recuit thermique (R∞ - Rt) donne une immage de la substitution du temps à la température pour aboutir au même pourcent de recuit. En représentant la propriété p
0 en fonction de l’énérgie d’activation E
0 (théorie de VAND et de PRIMAK), on obtient pour les diverses isothermes des courbes qui présentent d’autant plus haut maxima que la température est plus basse. Leur domaine d’énergies d’activations s’élargit aux températures plus élevées. Les maxima des courbes qui correspondent au premier plateau coïncident (0,995 eV). Les surfaces limitées par ces maxima sont à peu près égales (70°-100° C). Les courbes du deuxième pseudoplateau n’ont pas des maxima et sont deplacées de 0,05 eV vers de plus grandes énergies d’activation.
On suggère que l’existence des deux pseudoplateaux peut s’expliquer par des recuits dans les deux directions différentes, car les cristaux présentent une forme en aiguilles.
The Identification of Trace Quantities of Radioactive lodine Compounds by Gas-Chromatographic and Effusion Methods
Authors: Eggleton A. E. J. , Atkins D. H. F. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
Methyl iodide was identified as the principal iodine Compound formed when carrier free amounts of 131I were released in the gas-phase by the oxidation of Na131I and neutron irradiated uranium metal or by heating irradiated uranium dioxide in mixtures containing carbon dioxide. Smaller quantities of higher alkyl iodides were also found in varying proportions and a more reactive Compound or Compounds, so far unidentified, in the case of Na131I oxidation. Analytical methods used included solvent extraction, molecular weight determination by an effusion method and a new method of precisely comparing gas chromatographic retention volumes.
A Radiotracer Study of Gold Adsorption on Glass from very Dilute Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Beneš Petr 
Published: June 2015

Summary
Adsorption and desorption of gold traces on glass were studied as a function of gold concentration, pH value and composition of the Solution using 198Au as indicator. The observations were explained on the basis of an ion exchange mechanism, the adsorbed species being the positively charged hydrolysed forms of gold. The influence of various complexing agents, of indifferent electrolytes and of the gold concentration on the adsorption was discussed.
Recent Developments in Material Microstructure: a Theory of Coarsening
Authors: Barmak K. , Eggeling E. , Emelianenko M. , Epshteyn Y. , Kinderlehrer D. , Sharp R. , Ta’asan S. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTCellular networks are ubiquitous in nature. Most engineered materials are polycrystalline microstructures composed of a myriad of small grains separated by grain boundaries, thus comprising cellular networks. The recently discovered grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) is an empirical distribution of the relative length (in 2D) or area (in 3D) of interface with a given lattice misorientation and normal. During the coarsening, or growth, process, an initially random grain boundary arrangement reaches a steady state that is strongly correlated to the interfacial energy density. In simulation, if the given energy density depends only on lattice misorientation, then the steady state GBCD and the energy are related by a Boltzmann distribution. This is among the simplest non-random distributions, corresponding to independent trials with respect to the energy. Why does such simplicity emerge from such complexity? Here we describe an entropy based theory which suggests that the evolution of the GBCD satisfies a Fokker-Planck Equation, an equation whose stationary state is a Boltzmann distribution.
Bilateral Crush Injury of the Proximal Tibial Physis in an Adolescent Gymnast
Authors: Balazs George C. , Polfer Elizabeth M. , Jex Jefferson W. 
Published: June 2015

Case:
A thirteen-year-old female gymnast experienced bilateral knee pain after landing from a jump off a vault during a competition. Initial radiographs revealed negative findings, but magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated periphyseal osseous edema of the proximal parts of the tibiae. The patient later developed an anterior physeal bar on the right side, with recurvatum deformity.

Conclusion:
Despite similar initial imaging findings bilaterally and identical mechanisms of injury, only the injury on the right side met the strict criteria for classification as a Salter-Harris type-V injury. This case illustrates the difficulty encountered with current diagnostic criteria for type-V injuries.
Concurrences et complémentarités des villes et des campagnes : les manufactures picardes de 1780 à 1815
Authors: Engrand Charles 
Published: June 2015

Charles Engrand, "Concurrentie en samenwerking tussen de stad en het land : de picardische fabrieken tussen 1780 en 1815".
Op het einde van het Ancien Régime waren de industrieën van wol en laken in Picardie indrukwekkend ; er stonden tienduizenden getouwen in stad en land en talloze spinsters zorgden voor draad. De zeer verscheiden organisatiemodellen van de productie hadden een ding gemeen de laattijdige tussenkomst van de grote handel in het proces.
De industrie werd zwaar getroffen door de oorlog die na 1792 de export belemmerde. Het ineerstorten van de markt van wol en laken effende de weg voor het spinnen en weven van katoen dat tijdens de Keizertijd in Amiens en Saint-Quentin geconcentreerd was, waar de productie aangepast was aan de kennis van de arbeiders.
Op het land waar de werkkrachten goedkoop waren werden op grote schaal de stoofen geweven en dan later in de stad afgewerkt. Maar de spinnerij werd in de steden geconcentreerd, zodat de landelijke ateliers meer dan vroeger van de stad afhingen. Dat was een gevolg van de mechanisatie die later aile textielbedrijf op het land zou bedreigen.
Les centuriations romaines de la cité des Rêmes (I). Recherches sur l'aménagement de l'espace rural dans la province de Belgique
Authors: Jacques François 
Published: June 2015

François Jacques, "De Romeinse centuriaties van het gebied van de Rémi (P). Opzoekingen in verband met de inrichting van de rurale streken in de provincie België".
Deze antieke verdeling van het land bepaalt nog steeds het landschap zowel op de uit- getstrekte plateau's van Champagne (tot ten zuiden van Châlons-sur-Marne) als in zones met meer relief (zoals de streek van Mouzon sur la Meuse). Dit onderzoek is beperkt tot de zone die de topografische kaarten van Reims en van Mourmelon-le-Grand beslaat. Men treft praktisch overal overbli- jfselen van centuratie aan, ook in de sectoren die artificieel bebost werden (Montagne de Reims).
Le marais de Saint-Omer
Authors: Derville Alain 
Published: June 2015

The marsh adjoining Saint-Omer is a small and very original natural region but it is much threatened to-day. We have attempted to reconstitute its life and aspect in the pre-industrial period (XIIIh-XVIIIth century) and even its natural aspect before the great works of the XIIth century".
Following this we study the conquest of this marsh by men, conquest which started during the carolingian period and was completed in the XIIth century when the burghers of Saint-Omer established their fluvial link with Gravelines and the North Sea in two stages, first about 1 100 for 6-ton boats, then about 1 160 for 300-ton sea-ships and sometimes more. During this time countrypeople, monks and canons, lords and peasants had achieved a complete hold of the land and water in the marsh.
By stydying the archives in Saint-Omer we can discover the life of the marsh at the end of the Middle Ages and perceive its various aspects more closely : marketgardening around the town, meadows, peat-bogs and fishing on the border of tne marsh and, in the centre, the commons belonging to the burghers of Saint-Omer, which were a real polder dried by windmills.
Combination of PAPPA, fhCGβ, AFP, PIGF, sTNFR1, and Maternal Characteristics in Prediction of Early-onset Preeclampsia
Authors: Yliniemi Anna , Makikallio Kaarin , Korpimaki Teemu , Kouru Heikki , Marttala Jaana , Ryynanen Markku 
Published: June 2015

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of first-trimester markers–-pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA), free human chorionic gonadotropin β (fhCGβ), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), placental growth factor (PlGF), and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNFR1) together with maternal characteristics (MC) for prediction of early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE). Methods During 2005-2010, the abovementioned biomarkers were analyzed with logistic regression analysis in 64 EOPE and 752 control subjects to determine whether these biomarkers separately and in combination with MC would predict development of EOPE. Results PAPPA, fhCGβ, and PlGF levels were lower, whereas AFP and sTNFR1 levels were higher in mothers with EOPE compared to controls. The combination of all markers with MC (age, weight, and smoking status) detected 48% of the mothers with EOPE, with a 10% false-positive rate (FPR). Conclusions First-trimester maternal serum levels of PAPPA, fhCGβ, AFP, PlGF, and sTNFR1, together with MC, are predictive of development of subsequent EOPE. These markers, along with MC, form a suitable panel for predicting EOPE.