bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multinational Cost of Capital and Capital Structure
Authors: BANCEL FRANCK , MITTOO USHA R. , ZHANG ZHOU 
Published: May 2013

AbstractFinancial theory predicts that multinational corporations (MNCs) should have a lower cost of capital and a higher leverage level compared to domestic corporations (DCs) because of their enhanced access to global capital markets and risk diversification across countries. Empirical evidence, however, shows that the answer depends on the MNCs' home and host country factors, such as capital market development, institutional environment, and political stability. While the prediction holds for MNCs based in emerging markets, the opposite is observed for U.S. MNCs that expand into less stable economies. The increased globalization of the product and capital markets in the 1990s has also narrowed the gap in cost of capital between MNCs and DCs and this trend is likely to continue in the future.
Business Bankruptcies across Countries and the Law
Authors: PAPILLON BENOIT MARIO 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Comparisons between countries and over time indicate large differences in business bankruptcy rates. Standard causes of bankruptcy, which leave no explicit role for institutions and the law, do not adequately account for these differences. This chapter uses the arithmetic of bankruptcy rates to sort out and classify potential sources of variations in bankruptcy rates, distinguishing stock from flow variables and business bankruptcy from other business failures. It then relates cross-country differences in business bankruptcy rates to differences in the characteristics of country laws as well as basic aspects of production including organization and financing.
The Implications of Heuristics and Biases Research on Moral and Legal Responsibility
Authors: Dahan-Katz Leora 
Published: May 2013

AbstractResearch in the field of heuristics and biases has demonstrated that human reasoning processes are often non-normative. Specifically, such research demonstrates that human reasoning processes often rely upon heuristics and are subject to a wide variety of biases. These, in turn, can lead to errors in judgment which may impact human behavior. This chapter argues that this impact cannot be ignored when dealing with questions of moral and legal responsibility. It argues that when heuristic reasoning has an impact upon human judgment and decision-making, this fact can ultimately negate moral culpability. Furthermore, it argues that where legal responsibility is stipulated upon moral responsibility, the findings of Bias Research must also inform the imposition of legal responsibility. Specifically, it argues that in light of Bias Research, the current reasonable person standard employed in negligence offences is unjustifiable and must be replaced with a standard of responsibility that better reflects individual culpability.
How May Neuroscience Affect the Way that the Criminal Courts Deal with Addicted Offenders?
Authors: Hall Wayne , Carter Adrian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTwo competing views of addiction often frame debates about the legal responsibility of addicted persons for their drug use and crimes committed in order to use drugs: 1) the “brain disease model”; and 2) the commonsense view. The brain disease model suggests that addicted offenders may not be legally responsible for criminal behavior engaged in to fund drug use. According to the moral model they should be held responsible. The legal practice in Australia (as in most developed countries) represents a defensible pragmatic compromise between these two positions. Courts typically do not accept addiction as a defense in criminal cases but often use coerced treatment for addiction as an alternative to imprisonment. We describe the different ways in which this practice has been implemented and summarize evidence on its effectiveness. We conclude by considering how research on addiction may be used to improve legal practice in dealing with addicted offenders.
Guilty Minds in Washed Brains?
Authors: Bublitz Christoph , Merkel Reinhard 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAmong the worrisome aspects of neuroscience is that the increasing knowledge about neuronal and mental processes as well as new tools to intervene into brains and minds in order to modify thoughts and behavior can be used for manipulative purposes. This chapter addresses the responsibility of persons for actions resulting from severe manipulations. In a rich philosophical debate it is widely held that manipulated agents are not responsible. By contrast, the law rarely excuses defendants even when their motives for action were severely influenced from outside. We compare these diverging lines of reasoning and argue against recognition of a “brainwashing defense”. The wide guarantee of personal freedom in liberal constitutional orders is viable and defensible only if persons can be expected to abide by the law. When persons disappoint normative expectations, a reactive response has to (counterfactually) reinforce the validity and stability of the norm. This is one of the rationales for the ascription of responsibility and punishment. A history-oriented approach of responsibility that would excuse persons because of manipulative influences, as favored by many philosophers and by unexamined moral intuitions, focuses too narrowly on purely subjective aspects such as authenticity, and therewith, just like many current discussions of responsibility and neuroscience, tends to lose sight of the functions of responsibility within the social and normative structures in which it is embedded.
Introduction
Authors: Schor Hilary M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Curious Subjects opens with a fairy tale, the story of a princess “handsome, clever and rich,” who is free to go anywhere and do anything as long as she is not curious. It traces the centrality of curiosity to Victorian culture (the culture of things) and to the novel (the curiosity of the individual subject looking at the world). In particular, it emphasizes the relationship between curiosity and the law, focusing on the problem of choice in a world in which women’s knowledge is socially constrained, and in which a decision becomes clear only after it has been made. “How can I know what I want till I get what I want and I know if I like it?” as Stephen Sondheim’s Cinderella sings; that is the dilemma of this study.
The Making of the Curious Heroine
Authors: Schor Hilary M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The opening chapter focuses on curiosity, contract, and enlightenment (cabinets of curiosity, the history of museums and collecting, narrative theory. and modern liberalism) and closes with a reading of Henry James’s Portrait of a Lady, a paradigmatic example of the curious heroine and her brilliant mistakes. Drawing on Roland Barthes, John Stuart Mill, and E. M. Forster, it teases out the ambivalence of enlightenment: the curious object in the museum, the curious readers in the novel, the curious wife in the fairy tale. From object to subjects, curiosity tracks a complicated path, but it is with the novel’s creation of the curious heroine in all of her contradictions that feminism, too, will get a curious subject.
Was She Guilty or Not?
Authors: Schor Hilary M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter takes up the story of Bluebeard’s wife, her curiosity and her fatal knowledge, in William Thackeray’s Vanity Fair. What happens when Thackeray opens the locked door is very different from anything else we (or any other heroines) have seen so far. Thackeray’s greatest invention in retelling our wicked fairy tale, and in rethinking the novel, is that his Bluebeard is neither a hero nor a villain, but a heroine, and a highly ingenious one to be sure. Rather, Thackeray enters what Thomas Carlyle called “the Bluebeard Chambers of the heart”—and a curious heart it is. For in Vanity Fair, Bluebeard is called Becky Sharp. Combining the power of Bluebeard with the curiosity of Fatimah, Becky comes with a secret cabinet, magic jewels, a fatal key, and a closet of dead husbands.
George Eliot and the Curious Bride
Authors: Schor Hilary M. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In England in the 1870s, in the midst of feminist agitations for the vote and debates over property laws for women, George Eliot invokes John Stuart Mill’s political vision to reinflect the curious heroine and bring a ghost story to life. Eliot’s “novelization” of John Stuart Mill blends his politics with a generous borrowing from the Bluebeard tale, that other mixture of curiosity, marriage, law, and mystery. For the curious heroine, unlike Mill’s political thinker, choosing often comes before knowledge, yet only by choosing to move forward, by choosing to know, can she acquire the forbidden knowledge that is the promise and threat of the marriage plot, and only such acts of curiosity can bring about the change in moral vision that Eliot’s novels seek. The political language of knowledge, choosing, and contract returns in Middlemarch and Daniel Deronda as a problem of plot—or as hallucination, romance, and vision.
“An Age of Humbugs”: The Contemporary Scene
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter situates Mormonism relative to contemporaneous heterodoxies to further illuminate what was distinctive and what was common about public hostility to this particular nineteenth-century religious innovation. It argues that within the context of nineteenth-century heterodoxy as a whole, the degree of violence with which Mormonism was challenged is clearly anomalous. Although the distinctive threat that Mormonism posed to orthodoxy has yet to be made clear, something about Mormonism lifted it out of the realm of simple religious nonconformity and into the realm of heresy. That anti-Catholic violence constitutes the nearest parallel with anti-Mormonism may say more about the conditions necessary for the social legitimization of religious persecution than any inherently shared characteristics between the two groups.
“They Ain’t Whites…They’re Mormons”: Fictive Responses to the Anxiety of Seduction
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the particular strategies popular-fiction writers have inherited and adapted to Mormon subject matter. Pervasive patterns of representation in a host of examples emerge as a means by which Mormon ethnicity and character are constructed in such a way as to alleviate the dread of contagion posed by this “viper on the hearth.” At the same time, these representations, by recasting a religious conflict in terms of political struggle and ideological self-preservation, reveal the ideological conflicts present when a secular, pluralistic democracy engages the heretical.
Cost-Benefit Analysis in Developing Countries: What’s Different?
Authors: Quah Euston 
Published: May 2013

AbstractValuation of health and mortality risks, environmental services, and other nonmarket goods are essential to cost-benefit analysis. But in developing countries, persistent market distortions may undermine the techniques typically used for valuation, which aim to devise monetary values for nonmarket goods using individual preferences. This chapter explores how different valuation techniques hold up where features such as disguised unemployment or exploitive finance obscure market valuation. After surveying a range of proposed methods, the chapter argues that the paired comparison approach, which is a relatively recent innovation in the design of surveys to elicit individual preferences, has important advantages in developing countries over both traditional contingent valuation approaches and revealed preference studies.
The Benefit-Transfer Approach: Valuing Health Risks in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Robinson Lisa A. , Hammitt James K. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractExperience with cost-benefit analysis in developed countries has produced a wealth of data on individual preferences. Because of a relative dearth of data collected directly in developing countries, values are often transferred from studies conducted in developed countries. While benefit-transfer analysis raises a number of concerns, practical realities often require its use. Focusing on the use of benefit-transfer to value air pollution-related mortality risks in sub-Saharan Africa, the authors conclude that benefit-transfer permits a wide range of estimates for the value of a statistical life. As a partial remedy, they suggest technical innovations useful for transferring values from high- to low-income countries.
Changing Faces of Cost-Benefit Analysis
Authors: Yeh Jiunn-rong 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Cost-benefit analysis is a detailed, technical, and potentially confusing process. When cost-benefit analysis is prepared for executive oversight, it tends to include high levels of quantification and monetization, but when the general public becomes the decision-making authority, cost-benefit analysis must be made comprehensible to a broader audience. The author uses the example of casino gambling in Taiwan to illustrate how changes in decision-making authorities precipitate changes in analysis. When the general public makes a final decision, cost-benefit analysis takes on a more dialectic dimension, engaging people with divergent concerns in discussions and presentations of their views. This dialectic process of cost-benefit analysis may help improve the quality of cost-benefit analysis as an effective tool for decision making and spur the development of different versions of cost-benefit analysis tailored to different decision-making contexts.
The Challenges of Estimating Compliance Costs in Developing Countries
Authors: Rovere Lèbre La Rovere , Barata Martha Macedo de Lima , Pereira Amaro Olimpio 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
As climate change becomes a reality, both developed and developing nations will be faced with the difficult task of reducing carbon emissions. Assessing the effects of carbon emission reduction programs involves nuanced analyses and implicates a number of difficult methodological issues. This chapter addresses some of the complexities of calculating mitigation costs in the context of Brazil’s voluntary greenhouse gas reduction targets, announced in 2009. The Brazilian experience has shown that tackling climate change early can be advantageous for technological innovation, the economy, and the social and environmental balance of the country. Climate change mitigation can involve not only significant costs, but significant benefits, as well.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Water Projects in India
Authors: Labhasetwar Pawan 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Large-scale water projects to improve economic well-being or the environment often entail substantial uncertainty relating to gestation periods, cost, resettlement issues, adverse environmental impacts, and the potential for poor planning and execution as well as corruption. Because of widespread water scarcity, India has already invested a large amount of money in harnessing water resource projects. The government often uses cost-benefit analysis to assess large-scale projects, and, as knowledge of the technique grows, application of economic principles to small water projects has become more widespread. From small-scale projects like gray-water recycling at residential schools to analysis of the economic value of avoiding water-borne diseases, cost-benefit analysis can be used to inform decisions about how best to manage this precious commodity.
On the Categorization of the Dharma and the Dissemination of Tantra
Authors: Cabezón José Ignacio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe chapter begins with a general discussion of the notion that there are 84,000 portions of doctrine. It then goes on to discuss how the Buddha’s doctrine was divided or categorized into twelve “branches of scripture.” This leads to a discussion of the nature and number of “vehicles” (yāna, theg pa). The chapter closes with discussions of the dissemination and preservation of both the tantra and exoteric forms of Buddhism in the “world of gods and men.” This is treated from the perspective of both the Ancient (Nyingma) and New (Sarma) schools.
Exoteric Scriptures and Treatises
Authors: Cabezón José Ignacio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the nature and types of exoteric scriptures and commentarial literature. The book uses the well-known tripartite structure of (1) scriptures spoken by the Buddha himself, (2) those spoken with his permission, and (3) those spoken through his blessing. The chapter also contains a discussion of the three baskets (tripiṭaka): Sūtra, Vinaya, and Abhidharma. After the discussion of scriptures, the text turns to a discussion of treatises or śāstras. Here the Lamp discusses the nature, etymology, divisions, and classifications of treatises. Like the scriptures themselves, treatises can also be said to belong to one or another of the three wheels.
Types of Tantras and Their Ancillary Literature
Authors: Cabezón José Ignacio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter of the Lamp provides a kind of bibliography of tantric literature as it was known in Rogben’s day. The first part deals with the kriyā, upāya, and yoga, the three major divisions of the so-called “outer tantras.” The discussion then turns to the major works of the “inner tantras of method": the mahāyoga, anuyoga, and atiyoga. The section on the mahāyoga contains a long discussion of the two main classes called the tantra section (sgyud sde) and accomplishment section (sgrub sde). The chapter also treats the classification of tantras according to the New (Sarma) Schools. The chapter ends with a discussion of “essential instructions” or man ngag.
The Hı¯naya¯na
Authors: Cabezón José Ignacio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis is the Lamp’s major discussion of the two divisions of the Hīnyāna: the śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas. Each is treated under four main topics: their nature, the etymology of the terms, their divisions, and their subschools. The śrvakas are subdivided into the two main subschools of Vaibhāṣika and Sautrāntika. Rogben discusses the views of these two schools and offers refutations of these views, especially of the notion of “partless particles.” He also discusses the paths and effect of the Hīnayāna path.
The Madhyamaka
Authors: Cabezón José Ignacio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe Madhayamaka or Middle Way School is the subject of chapter 12. As in the other chapters of Part II, Rogben is concerned with the views of the Madhyamaka school in general, as well as with the views of the particular subschools, but he begins by discussing the major works of Madhyamaka thought. After outlining the basic tenets of Madhayamaka—including a long discussion on the different types of Madhyamaka syllogisms—he refutes the school, chiefly from the viewpoint of tantra.
Nonduality and the Buddhist Path
Authors: Cabezón José Ignacio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn this final section of the Lamp, Rogben makes a case for the fact that all duality, even the dualistic notions that he has used to structure all previous discussions, are unreal. While perhaps necessary for making progress on the spiritual path, they are, in actuality, “without foundation.” The Buddha, he states, taught a truth that is one, unitary and nondual. It may appear that individuals that follow the Buddhist path are making progress through defined stages, but in actuality enlightenment—the unitary truth—has always been present. There is therefore nothing to really be done or practiced, and no path through which one progresses.
Epistemology and Emotion
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
We often take in beliefs and attitudes by osmosis from parents and others. But there is some reason to think this results in beliefs that are firmer than can be epistemically justified. Also, when we love someone, we tend to think more highly of the person’s merits and prospects than can be justified in epistemic/rational terms. So the Enlightenment injunction to believe only in accordance with available evidence is inconsistent with much of what we value most in life, and if we accept the usual rationalistic standards of justified belief, we have to admit that rationality is less important to our lives than Enlightenment thinking and most recent philosophical thinking have supposed.
Caring and Enlightenment
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Present-day ethical rationalism derives in great part from Kantian rationalism but also is rooted in Greek ethical thought. But present-day care ethics offers a sentimentalist alternative to moral rationalism, one that can deal with the main problems and issues any ethical theory has to deal with: including deontology, human rights, the objectivity of morality, and moral education. Such an approach emphasizes considerations and factors of empathy and emotion that traditional and recent moral philosophy have largely neglected.
The Impossibility of Perfection
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Enlightenment thought conceives human life as perfectible under the aegis of reason. Previous chapters criticize the emphasis on reason, and the present chapter, following Isaiah Berlin, argues that perfection, whether of the virtues or of human happiness, is impossible in principle. Certain goods and virtues not only clash with others but invariably make things less than perfect when they are absent. So the Enlightenment project can be undercut from two separate directions and simply cannot be sustained.
A New Picture
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Rather than simply criticize Enlightenment epistemological and ethical values, we need to provide a new picture of what positively is of value in our lives. The previous chapters indicate that irrationality is much less damaging and much more unavoidable than our tradition has recognized. And empathy and emotion have to qualify or sit alongside reason in any adequate picture of what is important and good. But the fuller, positive picture also requires us to bring in receptivity, which will occupy us in the second part of this book.
Receptivity to Life
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The notion of receptivity is relevant not only to what is wrong with Enlightenment thinking, but to areas or aspects of our lives that aren’t immediately connected to any thesis of that thinking. For example, Rawls and Aristotle say that we should in all rationality live in accordance with an overall plan of life, but this idea implies an inordinate desire for rational control and an insufficient receptivity to what our future lives may have to offer us. Similarly, the liberal idea that we should subject every aspect of our lives to serious critical/rational scrutiny evinces an insufficient receptivity to what our lives have already brought to us.
From Enlightenment to Receptivity
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
What was said in part I in criticism of Enlightenment thought can also and more deeply be said by invoking receptivity. Epistemological and moral rationalism show a deficiency of receptivity to important aspects of our intellectual and interpersonal lives. And if we go beyond normative care ethics toward a semantic account of the meaning of moral terms, it turns out that our very understanding of right and wrong involves forms of receptivity that rationalism fails to recognize but Hume largely foresaw.
The Virtue of Receptivity
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Receptivity is a virtue that hasn’t dared to speak its name during the course of the history of Western philosophy. But receptivity isn’t an absolute and excluding value. If we simply take in and accept every opinion or attitude that others push in our direction, we are too receptive, and so the virtue of receptivity needs to be counterbalanced by the virtue of thinking autonomously, thinking for oneself. What is really good or best involves a balance between these virtues, these values.