bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who's Buried in Custer's Grave?
Authors: Willey P , Scott DD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
On 10 October 1877, the year after the Battle of the Little Bighorn, General George A. Custer's coffin was transported from a temporary grave in Poughkeepsie, NY, by steamer and cortege to permanent interment in the U.S. Military Academy's Post Cemetery. The ceremony included the appropriate military and funerary rituals. There were, nevertheless, reasons to believe that Custer's skeleton may not have been in the coffin—thus, he may have missed his own funeral. Custer's remains, or part of them, may have been overlooked during the exhumation and left on the battle-field, only to be recovered around 1940. These bones, as well as those of another individual, were unceremoniously buried in a grave which is now marked “Two Unknown U.S. Soldiers” in the National Cemetery adjacent to the Little Bighorn Battlefield in Montana. That cemetery, perhaps appropriately enough, is named the Custer National Cemetery. This paper presents information concerning Custer's original interment on the Little Bighorn Battlefield, his supposed disinterment, and the osteological evidence that his remains, or at least part of them, were left on the Little Bighorn Battlefield.
A Time Course Study on STR Profiles Derived from Human Bone, Muscle and Bone Marrow
Authors: Frank WE , Llewellyn BE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to define deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) types at several loci was investigated. PCR was used to amplify nine short tandem repeat (STR) loci along with the amelogenin locus on the X and Y chromosomes using the AmpF/STR Profiler Plus PCR amplification kit (Perkin Elmer). Rib bones were collected from 12 individuals. Five cm portions were buried at a depth of approximately 30 cm and 5 cm portions were left on the surface of the ground. Samples were exposed to the environment for periods of time ranging from two weeks to 17 months. Dried blood standards were prepared for use as reference standards for each rib sample.
Bone, muscle, and bone marrow were collected from each sample. DNA from each tissue type was extracted. Complete profile results were obtained from the surface bone samples out to an exposure time of 17 months. None of the muscle or bone marrow samples produced complete profile results beyond eight weeks. All DNA typing results from complete or incomplete profiles were consistent with DNA typing results of the corresponding blood standard. Results suggest that using the AmpF/STR Profiler Plus PCR Amplification Kit is a valid way to establish the DNA profile of tissue types from human remains.
Electrospray and MALDI Mass Spectrometry in the Identification of Spermicides in Criminal Investigations
Authors: Hollenbeck TPE , Siuzdak G , Blackledge RD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry have been used to examine evidence in a sexual assault investigation. Because condoms are being used increasingly by sexual assailants and some condom brands include the spermicide nonoxynol-9 (nonylphenoxy polyethoxyethanol) in the lubricant formulation, the recovery, and identification of nonoxynol-9 from evidence items may assist in proving corpus delicti. A method was developed for the recovery of nonoxynol-9 from internal vaginal swabs and for its identification by reverse phase liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC ESI-MS), nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) mass spectrometry, and high resolution MALDI Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS). The method was tested on extracts from precoitus, immediate postcoitus, and four-hours postcoitus vaginal swabs provided by a volunteer whose partner does not normally use condoms, but for this trial used a condom having a water-soluble gel-type lubricant that includes 5% nonoxynol-9 in its formulation. Subsequently, LC ESI-MS was used to identify traces of nonoxynol-9 from the internal vaginal swab of a victim of a sexual assault.
Detection of Smokeless Powder Residue on Pipe Bombs by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Smith KD , McCord BR , MacCrehan WA , Mount K , Rowe WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Improvised explosive devices are an increasing concern among law enforcement agencies within the United States because of their destructive capability. Capillary electrophoresis has been used previously for the forensic analysis of inorganic constituents in explosives. Micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis (MECE), also known as micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), is well suited for the forensic analysis of organic constituents of these materials because of its high sensitivity and small sample requirements.
In the present study, pipe bombs filled with known types of smokeless gun powder were detonated under controlled conditions. Samples of explosive residue were collected from the post-blast fragments and analyzed using MECE. The results were compared to the known types and analyzed to investigate the feasibility of matching post-blast residue to a specific powder used as explosive charge.
Reliability of Breath-Alcohol Analysis in Individuals with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Kechagias S , Jönsson K-Å , Franzén T , Andersson L , Jones AW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is widespread in the population among all age groups and in both sexes. The reliability of breath alcohol analysis in subjects suffering from GERD is unknown. We investigated the relationship between breath-alcohol concentration (BrAC) and blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) in 5 male and 5 female subjects all suffering from severe gastroesophageal reflux disease and scheduled for antireflux surgery. Each subject served in two experiments in random order about 1–2 weeks apart. Both times they drank the same dose of ethanol (∼0.3 g/kg) as either beer, white wine, or vodka mixed with orange juice before venous blood and end-expired breath samples were obtained at 5–10 min intervals for 4 h. An attempt was made to provoke gastroesophageal reflux in one of the drinking experiments by applying an abdominal compression belt. Blood-ethanol concentration was determined by headspace gas chromatography and breath-ethanol was measured with an electrochemical instrument (Alcolmeter SD-400) or a quantitative infrared analyzer (Data-Master). During the absorption of alcohol, which occurred during the first 90 min after the start of drinking, BrAC (mg/210 L) tended to be the same or higher than venous BAC (mg/dL). In the post-peak phase, the BAC always exceeded BrAC. Four of the 10 subjects definitely experienced gastric reflux during the study although this did not result in widely deviant BrAC readings compared with BAC when sampling occurred at 5-min intervals. We conclude that the risk of alcohol erupting from the stomach into the mouth owing to gastric reflux and falsely increasing the result of an evidential breath-alcohol test is highly improbable.
Investigation of Ball Point Pen Inks by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) with UV/Vis Absorbance and Laser Induced Fluorescence Detection and Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE)
Authors: Vogt C , Becker A , Vogt J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In the process of examining fraudulent documents ink analysis is a small but important part of the operation of forensic laboratories. Systematic approaches to ink comparison and identification have been performed by optical methods and various chromatographic techniques.
Capillary electrophoresis (CE), a relatively new separation technique with very high resolution power, and Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) were used for the analysis of ball point pen inks. In comparison to water soluble fountain pen inks, ball point inks are less soluble or insoluble in water and these inks contain only few components. The study focused on the optimization of the separation of ink extracts from paper material of commercially available inks with respect to resolution and analysis time. During the method development process different buffers, organic modifiers, and surfactants were tested. Good results were obtained with a 50 mM borate buffer pH 9.0 containing 50% acetonitrile. Reproducible extraction procedures as well as separations enables one to perform the quantification of the ink peaks within 1–8% standard deviation for parallel extractions of the same ink. Electropherograms of 20 inks of various origin showed patterns which were in most cases distinctly different from each other.
PIXE measurements with an external proton beam were used to determine the metal composition. The ratio of the peak areas for copper and zinc as well as differences in the elemental composition could be used to distinguished between the samples.
No coincidence was observed between samples hardly distinguishable by electrophoretic separations and by PIXE-measurements. Samples with nearly identical metal composition showed different peak pattern in the electropherograms, and nearly identical electrophoretic behavior of two or more samples was accompanied by quite different copper/zinc-ratios or supplementary metals identified by PIXE.
Fatal Brodifacoum Rodenticide Poisoning: Autopsy and Toxicologic Findings
Authors: Palmer RB , Alakija P , Cde Baca JE , Nolte KB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This report details the pathologic and toxicologic findings in the case of a 15-year-old girl who deliberately and fatally ingested brodifacoum, a commonly used rodenticide. The mechanism of death, massive pulmonary hemorrhage, has not been previously reported. Brodifacoum was quantitated in liver, spleen, lung, brain, bile, vitreous humor, heart blood, and femoral blood using HPLC with fluorescence detection. The highest brodifacoum concentrations were detected in bile (4276 ng/mL) and femoral blood (3919 ng/mL). No brodifacoum was detected in brain or vitreous humor. A brodifacoum concentration of 50 ng/g was observed in frozen liver while formalin fixed liver exhibited a concentration of 820 ng/g. A very high blood:liver brodifacoum concentration ratio suggested acute poisoning but the historical and pathologic findings suggested a longer period of anticoagulation. Though most cases of brodifacoum poisoning in humans are non-fatal, this compound can be deadly because of its very long half-life. Forensic pathologists and toxicologists should suspect superwarfarin rodenticides when confronted with cases of unexplained bleeding. Anticoagulant poisoning can mimic fatal leukemia or infectious diseases such as bacterial sepsis, rickettsioses, plague, and leptospirosis. A thorough death scene investigation may provide clues that a person has ingested these substances.
Commentary on Ohtani S, Matsushima Y, Kobayashi Y, Kishi K. Evaluation of Aspartic Acid Racemization Ratios in the Human Femur for Age Estimation. J Forensic Sci 1998;54(5):949–953
Authors: Ritz-Timme S , Schütz HW , Collins MJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Commentary on Ohtani S, Matsushima Y, Kobayashi Y, Kishi K. Evaluation of aspartic acid racemization ratios in the human femur for age estimation. J Forensic Sci 1998;43(5):949–953.
Hypernatremia and Subdural Hematoma in the Pediatric Age Group: Is There a Causal Relationship?
Authors: Handy TC , Hanzlick R , Shields LBE , Reichard R , Goudy S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Several researchers in the 1950's proposed that hypernatremia causes water to leave brain cells, shrinking the brain, thus tearing the bridging veins and resulting in subdural hematomas. Although the old literature suggests mechanisms linking the two in a cause and effect relationship, there is controversy as to whether hypernatremia leads to subdural bleeding or whether the reverse is true. This issue is important for forensic pathologists who must distinguish natural disease from trauma. An etiologic link between hypernatremia and subdural hematomas was suggested recently, and was proposed originally before Kempe's 1962 paper “The Battered Child Syndrome” which widely disseminated the concepts of child physical abuse, and of subdural bleeding resulting from non-accidental injury. Our study is a multifaceted investigation of infants which includes: a literature review, retrospective chart reviews of both living and deceased hypernatremic infants, a retrospective review of infants hospitalized with subdural hematoma, and a prospective collection of head injured, hypernatremic children. We conclude that hypernatremia, if present in association with subdural hemorrhage, is most likely secondary to intracranial pathology, and that hypernatremia often develops in critically ill infants suffering from a variety of medical conditions.
Drowning Without Aspiration: Is This an Appropriate Diagnosis?
Authors: Modell JH , Bellefleur M , Davis JH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
It has been reported that 10–15% of drowning victims do not aspirate water. We have revisited the original studies quoted to reach this conclusion and find it is without foundation. Sudden cardiac standstill is known to occur on land and, therefore, may also occur when the victim is in water. In the absence of the common finding of significant pulmonary edema in the victim's respiratory system, to conclude his or her death was caused by “drowning without aspiration” is unwise. All causes of sudden death that might occur in which respiration may not take place should receive serious consideration when examining bodies with such findings that are found in water.
The Fitness of Juvenile Court
Authors: Gross BH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Within juvenile courts, ever younger violent offenders are being transferred to adult criminal courts. This article reviews legislation surrounding transfer of jurisdiction and the evaluation of juvenile amenability by a forensic examiner. Specific areas of focus for the evaluation of juvenile offenders are offered in consideration of the pivotal opportunity this area of juvenile justice poses the minor, the courts, and society at large.
Application of Solid-Phase Microextraction to the Profiling of an Illicit Drug: Manufacturing Impurities in Illicit 4-Methoxyamphetamine
Authors: Coumbaros JC , Paul Kirkbride K , Klass G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article describes the application of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to the recovery of manufacturing by-products and impurities from an illicit drug seizure. The preparation chosen for examination using this technique contained 4-methoxyamphetamine, an hallucinogenic amphetamine that has been encountered frequently in South Australia.
Compounds found in the PMA preparation included 4-methoxyphenol, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 4-methoxyphenyl-2-propanone, 4-methoxyphenyl-2-propanol, 4-methoxyphenylpropene, and (tentatively) 4-methyl-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine. The presence of these compounds suggests that the active drug was prepared from 4-methoxybenzaldehyde via 4-methoxyphenyl-2-propanone using a Leuckardt reductive amination.
In this instance, SPME was found to be a simple, rapid, and non-destructive recovery technique that gave results complementary to those provided by conventional liquid-liquid extraction. There is an indication that SPME might find application in profiling of illicit drugs.
Fulminant Liver Failure in a Young Child Following Repeated Acetaminophen Overdosing
Authors: Bauer M , Babel B , Giesen H , Patzelt D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Acetaminophen (paracetamol), a widely used analgetic drug, is well tolerated at therapeutic doses, but may cause severe hepatotoxicity when ingested in large overdose. Self-poisoning is still very popular in adults and accidental ingestion of one single overdose occurs occasionally in children. In contrast, lethal intoxication in children after repeated administration of therapeutic doses is a very rare event. This case report describes an iatrogenic acetaminophen overdosing in a 5-year-old child receiving 8.5 g acetaminophen in 48 h. Fulminant liver failure developed within 60 h. Autopsy findings included panlobular liver cell necrosis. Acetaminophen serum levels were rather low compared to cases with ingestion of one single overdose. Postmortem diagnosis of chronic acetaminophen intoxication as cause of death should include the clinical history as well as, if available, the calculated drug serum half-life.
Traumatic Rupture of an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Associated with the Use of a Seatbelt
Authors: Bunai Y , Nagai A , Nakamura I , Ohya I 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Injury to the abdominal aorta after blunt trauma continues to be a relatively infrequent occurrence. In this report, we describe a case of traumatic rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm associated with inappropriate seatbelt use.
Commentary onIntrona F, Di Vella G, Campobasso CP. Determination of Postmortem Interval from Old Skeletal Remains by Image Analysis of Luminol Test Results. J Forensic Sci 1999; 44(3):535–8
Authors: Schiro GJ 
Published: August 2015

AbstractCommentary on Introna F, Di Vella G, Campobasso CP. Determination of postmortem interval from old skeletal remains by image analysis of luminol test results. J Forensic Sci 1999; 44(3):535–8.
Review of The Litigator's Guide to Expert Witnesses
Authors: Tanay E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book is written by a partner in the prestigious Toronto law firm of McCarthy TCrault and a partner in the well-known accounting firm of Arthur Anderson. Mr. Freiman, the senior author, holds a Ph.D. from Stanford University in English, a subject he taught for a number of years at the university level in England, the United States and Canada. Mr. Berenblut graduated from the London School of Economics and has been an expert witness, an arbitrator in connection with many issues involving economic damage quantification. Dr. Freiman and Mr. Berenblut are the editors of this multi-authored book and they also have contributed two major chapters. The book consists of 23 chapters covering general principles of expert testimony, from accounting to psychiatry.
Review of Marihuana and Medicine
Authors: Uzych L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
For many people, marihuana is probably an anecdotal, and illegal, presumed therapy for far-ranging health problems, possibly including: glaucoma, vomiting, nausea, loss of appetite, spasticity and chronic pain of known or idiopathic origin. Regrettably, with respect to many areas of potential clinical efficacy and safety of marihuana, in medicine, rigorously-obtained data are highly limited, or maybe not available at all. Numerous important questions of professional and research interest to clinicians and researchers abound. For instance, does marihuana have therapeutic properties? If so, what is the molecular basis for any such properties? If marihuana is therapeutically inadequate, what is the correct molecular explanation for the inadequacy? Further, can possible therapeutic properties of marihuana be dissociated effectually from myriad, untoward side effects?
A Replication Study of Obsessional Followers and Offenders with Mental Disorders
Authors: Meloy JR , Rivers L , Siegel L , Gothard S , Naimark D , Nicolini JR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare certain demographic, clinical, and criminal variables within subgroups of obsessional followers, and compare them to a group of offenders with mental disorders to attempt to replicate earlier findings. A static group archival design utilized a non-random group of convenience and a randomly selected comparison group. Sixty-five obsessional followers and 65 offenders with mental disorders were evaluated by psychiatrists and psychologists for court ordered reasons during their criminal proceedings. Both groups were evaluated during the same period, in the same court diagnostic clinic, and generally for sentencing determinations. The obsessional followers were measured on demographic, diagnostic, pursuit, victim, threat, violence, emotional, motivational, and defense variables. Inferential comparisons that used parametric and nonparametric statistics were done within and between groups on select variables. The obsessional followers had significantly greater estimated IQ than the offenders with mental disorders, but were neither older nor better educated. There were no significant differences in the high prevalence of both DSM-IV Axis I and II diagnoses. Obsessional followers who stalked prior sexual intimates were significantly more likely to have a substance abuse or dependence diagnosis. Obsessional followers who stalked strangers or acquaintances were more likely to be delusional. The majority of the obsessional followers, primarily motivated by anger, both threatened and were violent toward person or property. The modal obsessional follower is an average or above IQ, unemployed, unmarried male in his fourth decade of life, chronically pursuing a prior sexually intimate female. He is diagnosed with substance abuse or dependence and a personality disorder NOS, and has a prior psychiatric, criminal, and substance abuse history. He is angry, likely to threaten her, and assault her person or property without causing serious injury.
Determining the Time and Day of Photography
Authors: Levi JA , Novoselsky Y , Levin N , Volkov N 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Photographs taken by crime victims and perpetrators are at times important evidence. Their time of photography may also affect their value as such. Three methods of determining when a picture was taken by using the content of the picture are presented. The methods utilize solar direction—measured from shadows in the photograph, identifying flowering wild plants and correlating cloudiness with meteorological observations. Solar direction is the most accurate and involved method and therefore is the main part of this paper. A case using all three methods is described.
Diagnostic Values of Polysomnography in Forensic Medicine
Authors: Kayumov L , Pandi-Perumal SR , Fedoroff P , Shapiro CM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A man accused of a first-degree murder of a two-year-old girl claimed that he had not been conscious during the time of the alleged murder. The possibility that he may have committed the crime while “sleepwalking” was raised. The forensic psychiatrist looked to the sleep disorders facility to conduct polysomnographic investigation of the accused in order to investigate the posibility that he had a parasomnia. Overnight sleep recordings with video surveillance carried out for two consecutive nights showed no evidence of parasomnia. On the basis of the full assessment, the final report of the forensic psychiatrist did not support a legal defense of non-insane automatism and “sleepwalking” was withdrawn as a possible defense by the lawyer of the accused.
A Descriptive Study of Child and Adolescent Obsessional Followers
Authors: McCann JT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study is a preliminary descriptive investigation of the phenomenon of stalking in children and adolescents. Data on offender characteristics, victim characteristics, and stalking patterns were examined in a sample of 13 obsessional followers ranging in age from 9 to 18. Many research findings from investigations on adults who stalk were replicated in this study, including the fact that most stalking offenders are male, most victims are female, and about half of stalking cases involve threats made toward the victim. In addition, the rate of violence was 31% in this sample of juvenile stalking offenders and the most common methods of stalking were physical approach, telephone calls, and letter writing. Some interesting trends in the data emerged which require further study and suggest some differences may exist between juvenile and adult stalking offenders. The results are preliminary and suggest directions for future research.