bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Image guidance shortens the learning curve for K‐wire placement – an experimental study
Authors: Kraus Michael , Weckbach Sebastian , Jones Almut , Krischak Gert , Gebhard Florian , Schöll Hendrik 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundComputer assisted systems in orthopaedic trauma depend in most cases on fixed reference markers. This work evaluated a reference‐free image‐based guidance system. Outcome parameters were the number of trials needed to achieve an optimal wire position, the radiation and procedure time, and the learning curve.MethodsForty artificial proximal femora covered in polyurethane foam were used and randomized in two groups. Each bone was equipped with a target marker at the fovea capitis femoris. Two surgeons each inserted 20 K‐wires, 10 with and 10 without assistance from the guidance system. The aim was to bring the tips of the K‐wires as close as possible to the target marker. Both procedures were performed under fluoroscopic control. The new guidance system is based on 2D‐C‐arm images. Following the procedure the result was determined using computed tomography.ResultsThe same accuracy (P = 0.34) was achieved with less time (P = 0.0008) and less radiation (P = 0.0002) with the guidance system. However, use of the guidance system did shorten the learning curve of both surgeons, leading to a reduced number of trials (P <0.0001). The learning curve of both surgeons was strongly correlated. From the first trial, the performance of both surgeons while using the guidance system, improved over their performance without the guidance system.ConclusionsThe guidance system helped to achieve an optimal K‐wire position with less radiation and less time. The major advantage is the ability of the guidance system to be integrated into the workflow and the short and flat learning curve. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Singularly perturbed implicit control law for linear time varying SISO systems
Authors: Puga S. , Bonilla M. , Malabre M. , Lozano R. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYThis paper considers the problem of stabilizing a single‐input single‐output linear time varying system using a low order controller and a reference model. The closed loop is a linear singularly perturbed system with uniform asymptotic stability behavior. We calculate bounds ϵ ∈ (0,ϵ * ) as in Kokotović's book, such that the uniform asymptotic stability of the singularly perturbed system is guaranteed. We show how to design a control law such that the system dynamics is assigned by a Hurwitz polynomial with constant coefficients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐fragile H ∞  control for switched stochastic delay systems with application to water quality process
Authors: Wang Dong , Shi Peng , Wang Wei , Karimi Hamid R. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYIn this paper, the problem of non‐fragile observer‐based H ∞  control for discrete‐time switched delay systems is investigated. Both data missing and time delays are taken into account in the links from sensors to observers and from controllers to actuators. Because data missing satisfies the Bernoulli distribution, such problem is transformed into an H ∞  control problem for stochastic switched delay systems. Average dwell time approach is used to obtain sufficient conditions on the solvability of such problems. A numerical example and a real example for water quality control are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and potential applications of the proposed techniques. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
China's approaches to financing sustainable development: policies, practices, and issues
Authors: Shen Bo , Wang Jian , Li Michelle , Li Jinkai , Price Lynn , Zeng Lei 
Published: January 2013

To curb the country's energy use and decarbonize its energy supply, China invested heavily in energy efficiency and clean energy in the past 5 years. China's investment in clean energy surpassed the amount invested during any previous Five‐Year Plan period and made China the global leader in clean energy investment. The investment potential in clean energy is, however, far from being achieved in China. There are several barriers that are hindering China's ability to meet the demands for financing clean energy development. This paper reviews China's recent efforts in financing clean energy. It first reviews policies for facilitating green investments. It then describes the types and areas of green investments and activities carried out to date in China with regard to clean energy financing. A discussion follows examining key barriers to achieving investment potentials in China. The paper concludes with some recommendations for China to scale‐up investments in sustainable development.This article is categorized under:

Energy Efficiency > Economics and Policy
Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy
Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy
Gravitational bremsstrahlung in ultra-planckian collisions
Authors: Gal’tsov Dmitry , Spirin Pavel , Tomaras Theodore N. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA classical computation of gravitational bremsstrahlung in ultra-planckian collisions of massive point particles is presented in an arbitrary numberdof toroidal or non-compact extra dimensions. Our method generalizes the post-linear formalism of General Relativity to the multidimensional case. The total emitted energy, as well as its angular and frequency distribution are discussed in detail. In terms of the gravitational radiusrSof the collision energy, the impact parameterband the Lorentz factor in the CM frame, the leading order radiation efficiency in the Lab frame is shown to beϵ~ (rS/b)3(d+1)γcmford = 0, 1 andϵ~$ {{\left( {{{{{r_S}}} \left/ {b} \right.}} \right)}^{{3\left( {d+1} \right)}}}\gamma_{\mathrm{cm}}^{2d-3 } $ford ≥ 2, up to a knownd-dependent coefficient and a ln γcmfactor ford = 2, while the characteristic frequency of the radiation isω~ γ/b. The contribution of the low frequency part (ω < 1/b) of the radiation to the total radiated energy is shown to be negligible for all values ofd. The domain of validity of the classical result is discussed. Finally, it is shown that within the region of validity of our approach the efficiency can obtain unnatural values greater than one, which is interpreted to mean that the peripheral ultra-planckian collisions should be strongly radiation damped.
Cryptic residual GALT activity is a potential modifier of scholastic outcome in school age children with classic galactosemia
Authors: Ryan Emily L. , Lynch Mary Ellen , Taddeo Elles , Gleason Tyler J. , Epstein Michael P. , Fridovich‐Keil Judith L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractClassic galactosemia is a potentially lethal disorder that results from profound deficiency of galactose‐1‐phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), the second enzyme in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism. Although early diagnosis and rigorous dietary restriction of galactose prevent or resolve the potentially lethal acute symptoms, patients are at markedly increased risk of long‐term complications including significant cognitive, speech, and behavioral difficulties, among other problems. The mechanisms that underlie these long‐term complications remain unclear, as do the factors that modify their severity. Here we explored the scholastic and behavioral outcomes experienced by a cohort of 54 school age children with classic galactosemia. Data collected included survey responses from parents and teachers, school records including standardized test scores, and GALT genotype data used to estimate predicted residual GALT activity based on a yeast expression system. As expected, many but not all of the children in our study demonstrated speech, scholastic, and behavioral difficulties. Perhaps most striking, we found that predicted cryptic residual GALT activity, often below the threshold of detection of clinical assays, appeared to modify scholastic outcome. These data raise the intriguing possibility that cryptic GALT activity might also influence the severity of other long‐term complications in classic galactosemia.
Resistance training induced increase in VO2max in young and older subjects
Authors: Ozaki Hayao , Loenneke Jeremy P. , Thiebaud Robert S. , Abe Takashi 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
It is an undeniable fact that resistance training (RT) is a potent stimulus for muscle hypertrophy and strength gain, but it is less understood whether RT can increase maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max). The purpose of this brief review is to discuss whether or not RT enhances VO2max in young (20–40 years) and older subjects (>60 years). Only 3 of 17 studies involving young subjects have indicated significant increases in VO2max following RT, while six of nine studies in older subjects have reported significant improvements in VO2max following RT. There was a significant negative correlation between the initial VO2max and RT-induced change in VO2max. This result suggests that RT-induced increase in VO2max is dependent upon the subject’s initial VO2max. The RT-induced increase in VO2max may be elicited when their initial relative VO2max is lower than 25 ml/kg/min for older subjects and lower than 40 ml/kg/min for young subjects. Thus, RT can be expected to improve concurrently both muscular and cardiovascular fitnesses within a single mode of RT when young and old persons have initially low fitness levels.
Optogenetics: a new method for the causal analysis of neuronal networks in vivo
Authors: Stroh A. , Diester I. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The causal analysis of neuronal network function requires selective manipulations of ge­netically defined neuronal subpopulations in the intact living brain. Here, we highlight the method of optogenetics, which meets those needs. We cover methodological aspects, limitations, and practical applications in the field of neurosciences. The fundamentals of optogenetics are light-sensitive transmembrane channels and light-driven ion pumps, which can be genetically encoded, without requir­ing the application of exogenous cofactors. These opsins are expressed in neurons by means of viral gene transfer and cell-specific promoters. Light for stimulation can be non- or minimally invasively delivered by optical fibers. Illumination of opsins results in a depo­larization or hyperpolarization of genetical­ly modified neurons, depending on the type of optogenetic actuator. Strong expression levels and sufficient light densities provided, neuronal activity can be optically controlled in the intact network with millisecond precision. By applying fluorescent indicators of neuronal activity, an all-optical neurophysiological approach becomes reality.
The endogenous cannabinoid system
Authors: Drews E. , Zimmer A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The hemp plant Cannabis sativa has been cultivated for thousands of years and is used as a medical plant and intoxicant. Scientif­ic research on the psychoactive substances of Cannabis sativa and their effects on the brain started around 50 years ago and led to the discovery of the endogenous cannabi­noid system. Today we know that this system represents an important feedback mechanism that modulates the communication be­tween neurons. However, this system is not only active in the brain, but is known to be activated in different tissues and organs during specific disease states. Consequently, there is increasing interest in this system as a possible target for the development of new drugs. The currently commercially available drugs are based on cannabis extracts or synthetic compounds of the plant’s active components and are mainly used to treat chron­ic pain. In this review, the mechanisms of the endogenous cannabinoid system in pain perception are elucidated and a new herbal (phyto)cannabinoid which is a constituent of our daily food is presented.
Modulatory effect of coffee fruit extract on plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy subjects
Authors: Reyes-Izquierdo Tania , Nemzer Boris , Shu Cynthia , Huynh Lan , Argumedo Ruby , Keller Robert , Pietrzkowski Zb 
Published: January 2013

The present single-dose study was performed to assess the effect of whole coffee fruit concentrate powder (WCFC), green coffee caffeine powder (N677), grape seed extract powder (N31) and green coffee bean extract powder (N625) on blood levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Randomly assorted groups of fasted subjects consumed a single, 100 mg dose of each material. Plasma samples were collected at time zero (T0) and at 30 min intervals afterwards, up to 120 min. A total of two control groups were included: subjects treated with silica dioxide (as placebo) or with no treatment. The collected data revealed that treatments with N31 and N677 increased levels of plasma BDNF by about 31 % under these experimental conditions, whereas treatment with WCFC increased it by 143 % (n 10), compared with baseline. These results indicate that WCFC could be used for modulation of BDNF-dependent health conditions. However, larger clinical studies are needed to support this possibility.
Berberis vulgarisroot extract alleviates the adverse effects of heat stress via modulating hepatic nuclear transcription factors in quails
Authors: Sahin Kazim , Orhan Cemal , Tuzcu Mehmet , Borawska Maria H. , Jabłonski Jakub , Guler Osman , Sahin Nurhan , Hayirli Armagan 
Published: January 2013

To evaluate the action mode ofBerberis vulgarisroot extract in the alleviation of oxidative stress, female Japanese quails (n180, aged 5 weeks) were reared, either at 22°C for 24 h/d (thermoneutral, TN) or 34°C for 8 h/d (heat stress, HS), and fed one of three diets: diets containing 0, 100 or 200 mg ofB. vulgarisroot extract per kg for 12 weeks. Exposure to HS depressed feed intake by 8·5 % and egg production by 12·1 %, increased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) level by 98·0 % and decreased hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities by 23·5, 35·4 and 55·7 %, respectively (P< 0·001 for all). There were also aggravations in expressions of hepatic NF-κB and heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) by 42 and 43 %, respectively and suppressions in expressions of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and haeme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) by 57 and 61 %, respectively, in heat-stressed quails (P< 0·001 for all). As supplementalB. vulgarisextract increased, there were linear increases in performance parameters, activities of antioxidant enzymes and hepatic Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions (P< 0·001 for all) and linear decreases in hepatic MDA level and NF-κB and HSP70 expressions at a greater extent in quails reared under TN condition and those reared under HS condition. In conclusion, dietary supplementation ofB. vulgarisroot extract to quails reduces the detrimental effects of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation resulting from HS via activating the host defence system at the cellular level.
Of whales and oil: Inuit resource governance and the Arctic Council
Authors: Shadian Jessica M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis article takes a normative approach to explore what and how we might learn from existing indigenous governance arrangements in the Arctic and how they may contribute to the larger debates over Arctic governance and who decides. It begins with a brief exploration of the existing literature regarding co-management; particularly what some legal scholars have defined as post-Westphalian resource management as well as engaging ongoing discussions about co-management as it pertains to the Arctic. It then turns to the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission (AEWC) as a case study and possible starting point for governing newly emerging resource management issues in the Arctic. Specifically, this article will look at how the governance framework of the AEWC might be applicable for the current governance discussions regarding Arctic offshore oil and gas development. Lastly, this paper will offer preliminary reflections as to how a post-sovereign resource management approach could contribute to the broader theoretical debates concerning who owns the Arctic and who decides. Specifically it offers one possible way to envisage the future of a strengthened Arctic Council operating in a world where states are not the only actors participating in the governance of the Arctic.
Recent developments in relations between the United Kingdom and the Argentine Republic in the South Atlantic/Antarctic region
Authors: Dodds Klaus , Hemmings Alan D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis article assesses the current state of UK-Argentine relations with reference to the South Atlantic and Antarctic region. Three major themes are pursued: the current state of UK-Argentine relations, with the contested Falklands/Malvinas looming large in the assessment, alongside fisheries management around South Georgia; the mapping of Argentine Antarctic territory in the context of extended continental shelf delimitation; and finally, the recent UK White Paper on Overseas Territories is noted insofar as it marks the most recent public assessment of how the coalition government is attempting to manage the most southerly portions of the British Overseas Territories portfolio. The article concludes with a warning that there is a danger that worsening UK-Argentine relations might begin to have more profound implications for the Antarctic Treaty System as resource, sovereignty and territorial issues acquire more piquancy.
Validity of proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for nicotine use disorder: results from 734 Israeli lifetime smokers
Authors: Shmulewitz D. , Wall M. M. , Aharonovich E. , Spivak B. , Weizman A. , Frisch A. , Grant B. F. , Hasin D. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundThe fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) proposes aligning nicotine use disorder (NUD) criteria with those for other substances, by including the current DSM fourth edition (DSM-IV) nicotine dependence (ND) criteria, three abuse criteria (neglect roles, hazardous use, interpersonal problems) and craving. Although NUD criteria indicate one latent trait, evidence is lacking on: (1) validity of each criterion; (2) validity of the criteria as a set; (3) comparative validity between DSM-5 NUD and DSM-IV ND criterion sets; and (4) NUD prevalence.MethodNicotine criteria (DSM-IV ND, abuse and craving) and external validators (e.g. smoking soon after awakening, number of cigarettes per day) were assessed with a structured interview in 734 lifetime smokers from an Israeli household sample. Regression analysis evaluated the association between validators and each criterion. Receiver operating characteristic analysis assessed the association of the validators with the DSM-5 NUD set (number of criteria endorsed) and tested whether DSM-5 or DSM-IV provided the most discriminating criterion set. Changes in prevalence were examined.ResultsEach DSM-5 NUD criterion was significantly associated with the validators, with strength of associations similar across the criteria. As a set, DSM-5 criteria were significantly associated with the validators, were significantly more discriminating than DSM-IV ND criteria, and led to increased prevalence of binary NUD (two or more criteria) over ND.ConclusionsAll findings address previous concerns about the DSM-IV nicotine diagnosis and its criteria and support the proposed changes for DSM-5 NUD, which should result in improved diagnosis of nicotine disorders.
Level of Disaster Preparedness in Patients Visiting the Emergency Department: Results of the Civilian Assessment of Readiness for Disaster (CARD) Survey
Authors: True Nicholas A. , Adedoyin Juliana D. , Shofer Frances S. , Hasty Eddie K. , Brice Jane H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundPatients seeking care in public hospitals are often resource-limited populations who have in past disasters become the most vulnerable. The objective of this study was to determine the personal disaster preparedness of emergency department (ED) patients and to identify predictors of low levels of preparedness. It was hypothesized that vulnerable populations would be better prepared for disasters.MethodsA prospective cross-sectional survey was conducted over a one-year period of patients seeking care in a public university hospital ED (census 65,000). Exclusion criteria were mentally impaired, institutionalized, or non-English speaking subjects. Subjects completed an anonymous survey detailing the 15 personal preparedness items from the Federal Emergency Management Agency's disaster preparedness checklist as well as demographic characteristics. Summary statistics were used to describe general preparedness. Chi-square tests were used to compare preparedness by demographics.ResultsDuring the study period, 857/1000 subjects completed the survey. Participants were predominantly male (57%), Caucasian (65%), middle-aged (mean 45 years), and high school graduates (83%). Seventeen percent (n = 146) reported having special needs and 8% were single parents. Most participants were not prepared: 451 (53%) had >75% of checklist items, 393 (46%) had food and water for 3 days, and 318 (37%) had food, water, and >75% of items. Level of preparedness was associated with age and parenting. Those aged 44 and older were more likely to be prepared for a disaster compared to younger respondents. (43.3% vs 31.1%, P = .0002). Similarly, single parents were more likely to be prepared than dual parenting households (47.1 vs 32.9%, P = .03).ConclusionsThis study and others have found that only the minority of any group is actually prepared for disaster. Future research should focus on ways to implement disaster preparedness education, specifically targeting vulnerable populations, then measuring the effects of educational programs to demonstrate that preparedness has increased as a result.TrueNA, AdedoyinJD, ShoferFS, HastyEK, BriceJH. Level of disaster preparedness in patients visiting the emergency department: results of the Civilian Assessment of Readiness for Disaster (CARD) survey. Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(2):1-5.
Time-Based Prospective Memory Predicts Engagement in Risk Behaviors Among Substance Users: Results From Clinical and Nonclinical Samples
Authors: Weinborn Michael , Moyle Jonson , Bucks Romola S. , Stritzke Werner , Leighton Angela , Woods Steven Paul 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDeficits in prospective memory (PM; i.e., enacting previously learned actions at the right occasion) and risky decision-making (i.e., making choices with a high chance of undesirable/dangerous outcomes) are both common among individuals with substance use disorders (SUD). Previous research has raised the possibility of a specific relationship between PM and risk-taking, and the present study aimed to systematically study if PM provides unique variance in the prediction of risky decision-making. Two samples were included: (1) a group of 45 individuals with SUD currently in treatment, and (2) a nonclinical group of 59 university students with high-risk drinking and/or substance use. Regression analyses indicated that time-based, but not event-based, PM predicted increased risky behavior (e.g., risky sexual practices and criminal behaviors) in both groups after controlling for demographic, psychiatric, and substance use variables, as well as other neuropsychological functions. The current findings contribute to the growing literature supporting the role of PM as a predictor of everyday functioning, and suggest that cognitive rehabilitation may be an important avenue of research as an adjunct to traditional substance use treatment, particularly in addressing the potential adverse effects of PM deficits in the implementation of treatment-related homework activities and risk management strategies. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–11)