bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Suitability of Soil in Al-Khairat District for Growing Forage Crop Alfalfa
Authors: Abdel Al-Shammari Hussein Ali , Jubier Amal Radhi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The soil sample for this research was collected in the Al-Khayrat district of Al-Hindiyya district, situated in the Holy Karbala province. The precise location of this area is defined as 44131532 north to 44220923 east. A fraction of the district’s soil was surveyed, and the agricultural soil surveyed comprises 13822.52 hectares after 50 locations were identified with drilling equipment. The auger probe additionally uncovered ten pedons that served as indicators of the local soil. In order to ascertain its contours, a global positioning system (GPS) was implemented. The horizons of the pedons were subsequently described. Samples were collected from each horizon and location and transported to the laboratory for the purpose of performing the requisite laboratory measurements in accordance with the Sys method et al.’s (1993) assessment of the suitability of agriculture for the lucerne crop. Based on the findings, the soil in the study area was categorised into two distinct classes: unsuitable cultivar N1 and completely unsuitable cultivar N2 for lucerne crop cultivation at present. However, when the determinants of future cultivation were eliminated, the unsuitable cultivar was upgraded to the limited suitability cultivar S3, and the completely unsuitable cultivar was downgraded to the unsuitable cultivar.
Effect of Exogenous Application of Plant Extracts in Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenols and Steviol glycosides Content of Stevia Plant Under Abiotic Stress Conditions
Authors: Khshan Noor S. , Al-Taweel Sudad K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/University of Baghdad to study the effect of Shading and the foliar application of some plant extracts on the natural antioxidant’s activity, total phenols and steviol glycosides content in the Stevia plant. Stevia plant seedlings, which produced from tissue culture of the Spanish variety Spanti, were planted on 15 April 2021. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) using a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. The results showed that S2 (Shaded plants) had significant superiority in the total antioxidant activity by 11000.20 mg L-1, total phenols by 9.947 mg L-1, and G2 (Liquorice root extract) excelled in total antioxidant activity with 12852.50 mg L-1. M1 (Moringa leaves extract) showed significant superiority in total phenols with 16135 mg L-1. The (G2) exhibited the highest overall antioxidant activity when interacting with shaded plants. Additionally, the (M1) contributed to a significant increase in total phenols in shady Stevia plants. Therefore, Stevia plants in the S2 (shading) with spraying of Liquorice root extract at the concentration of 6% have a significant increase of total antioxidant activity and total phenols. The S1 (open field plants) were significantly superior in the total stevioside content (%) to the shaded plants S2, at a rate of 7.08%. It also showed that the spraying of Licorice root extract at the open field G2 was significantly superior to G1, M1, and M2, and the control M0G0 treatments at the following rates: 3.67, 5.70, 12.96, and 30.19%.
Effect of Seed Stimulation by Alpha-Amylase Enzyme, Stimulus Temperature Degree and Sowing Dates on some Growth Characteristics of Sorghum
Authors: Abbas Jyan Zuhair , Saudi Ahmed Hameed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study was conducted at Research Station A, Department of Field Crops, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, in Al-Jadriya for the fall season of 2023. The study aimed to investigate the impact of seed priming with alpha-amylase enzyme and induced temperature on some growth traits of Sorghum. A completely randomized block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement with three replications and two factors was employed. The first factor included planting dates (June 25, July 15, and August 5) denoted as D1, D2, and D3, respectively, in sequence. The second factor included enzyme priming treatments (0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg L-1) denoted as T1, T2, and T3, respectively, in sequence, along with a control treatment (distilled water) denoted as T0. Results revealed that plants sown on date D3 exhibited the highest plant height reaching 165.73 cm, while date D1 had the highest leaf area (484.2 cm2). Chlorophyll and crop growth rate were not affected by different planting dates. Moreover, treatment T3 showed highest rate of plant height (161.31 cm), while treatment T2 exhibited the highest mean of leaf area 459.9 cm2. Treatment T1 resulted the highest leaf chlorophyll content (57.80 SPAD units), whereas enzyme priming treatments did not effect on crop growth rate significantly. Interaction of study factors showed significance in plant height, leaf area, and crop growth rate, whereas it did not affect chlorophyll content.
Effect of Different Spray Concentrations of Zinc on the Growth Traits and Yield of Six Row Barley Varieties
Authors: Kazem Al-Samarrai Reem Subhi , Hindi Hussein Ali 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Field crops department at college of Agriculture at Tikrit University, which is about 12 km from center of Tikrit city, during two winter agricultural seasons 2021-2022 AD and 2022-2023 AD. Experiment included two factors first was ten varieties of six-row barley: Warka Aswad, Shuaea Al-Khair, Hadar Aswad, Amal, Buraq, Samir, Rayhana, Arifat, and Ibaa 99. second was three spray concentrations of zinc, namely (0, 60, and 120) mg. Liter. Experiment was implemented according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D.) with three replications and in a split-plot arrangement as main plots included three spray concentrations while secondary plots included ten barley varieties. The traits of period from planting until 50% of heading were expelled area of flag leaf number of ears per m2, the number of grains per spike, grains thousand weight and grain yield were studied and following results were reached: Arifat variety gave highest arithmetic mean for number of grains per spike (42,111). An spike and weight of a thousand seeds is (40.777) grams. A plant and grain yield is (4.227) tons. ha and gave a concentration of 120 mg. Liter has highest averages for traits of number of spike per m2 (260.183) spike m2 and number of grains per spike (41.188) grains. An spike and weight of a thousand grains (39.911) grams and grain yield (4.227) tons.ha. second season recorded highest grain yield of (3.777) kg. hectares, and compatible treatment was achieved (black Hatra x 120mg.L concentration zinc x second season) gave highest mean of grain yield (5.118) kg.ha.
Breeding Double Hybrids of Maize with Early Flowering and Physiological Maturity
Authors: Odhaib Rafid Kamil , Hassan Wajeeha Abed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Maize(Zea mays L.) is a good model for studying genetics and applying plant breeding and improvement, as it has a high ability to genetically adapt to a wide range of conditions. It requires implementing breeding programs for the maize crop to produce seeds of double hybrids and introduce them into agriculture because of their good specifications in production. It results from the multiplication of single hybrids that are characterized by their strong growt, and increase its grains compared to the plants used in the production of single hybrids. The extent to which genetic variants exist across plants is the primary determinant of the success of any breeding operation, including those aimed at enhancing maize varieties. Although phenotypic variations are detectable in every setting, they do not solely reflect the impact of genetic variations; rather, they reflect the impact of environmental variability, growth factors, and the interplay between genotype and environment. Maize is distinguished by its genetic and phenotypic variation, as well as its ability to adapt in different environments, noting that each environment has its hybrids and varieties. Suitability: The most appropriate sowing date for the growth of maize is one of the rules relied upon in growing the crop, especially in the fall season, as physiological maturity may be accompanied by rainfall, a decrease in temperature, and an increase in relative humidity, which negatively affects the grain yield in quantity and quality, so Early flowering and physiological maturity are important determinants in choosing the appropriate genotype for cultivation.
Genetic Parameters Using Line × Tester Multiplication for Growth, Yield and Quality of Maize
Authors: Wahid Safaa A. , Noaman Abdulsamad H. , Abdulhamed Zeyad A. , Hamad Hadel Sabar , Abdulkareem Baraa M. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAn on-site experiment was conducted in the Anbar-Ramadi Governorate, situated at a longitude of 43.26 and a latitude of 33.43, during both the spring and fall seasons of 2022. A total of 10 lines were utilized, consisting of 3 paternal lines and 7 pure maternal lines. The crossbreeding was conducted using the strain × examiner multiplication method, resulting in the production of 21 distinct hybrids. The objective of the study was to investigate genetic action, genetic factors, and the impacts of general and particular combining susceptibility using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. All attributes exhibited significant variations between the parents and their hybrids. The Inb23 strain demonstrated superior performance in terms of average individual plant output, achieving a weight of 138.32 g. Additionally, the Inb17 × AGR21 hybrid had the greatest average plant yield, measuring 198.28 g. The ZP607 tester had the most significant beneficial impact on plant output in terms of general combining ability, with a value of 3.097. The variation components of particular combining ability were larger than the variance components of general combining ability. The importance of dominance variance exceeded that of host variance. The heritability in the narrow sense was low for the number of grains per stalk and yield, but it achieved its maximum level. The weight of 300 seeds and the number of effective leaves were 14.27% and 13.44%, respectively. This resulted in a dominance score greater than one for all attributes. The study concludes that it is feasible to utilize certain superior parents in crossbreeding to create unique hybrids that have the capacity to combine and generate high grain yields. This is because many of their traits are governed by dominance and superdominance. Additionally, the trait of the number of effective leaves can serve as a reliable indicator for enhancing yield.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Evaluation of Their Effect Against some Virulence Factors of Opportunistic Systemic Mycoses Fungi
Authors: Alazzawi Marthad Aiham , Ajah Hamzia Ali , Mohammed Nadheer J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate in vitro the antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles made from Glycyrrhiza glabra roots against a few opportunistic systemic mycoses fungi by 15 isolates total 11 isolates of Candida spp. and 4 isolates of Cryptococcus spp. were used for the analysis of AgNPs using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-visible spectroscopy. The MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1]-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) test was used to determine the impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra AgNPs roots at sub-MIC on the viability of fungal isolates, In all fungal isolates, the viability was reduced at varying sub-MIC AgNPs concentrations and pH values, the extracellular phospholipase synthesis was measured using the egg yolk agar plate method, and the Pz value was determined by measuring the diameter of the colonies and the diameter of the preceptation zone surrounding the colony, the statistical analysis results showed significant (p≤0.05) differences between treatment and control of all isolates, the findings demonstrated that of the fifteen fungal isolates in pH5, none of them produced an enzyme called phospholipase; three isolates in pH7 did not produce an enzyme called phospholipase; eleven isolates had weak phospholipase activity, and the phospholipase activity of one isolate was modest.; and eleven isolates in pH9 had both weak and moderate phospholipase activity.
Effect of Boron Concentration on Growth and Grain Quality of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Albayaty Nafie , Jumaa Salah Hameed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The field experiment was carried out during the spring 2023 season at the Experimental Research Station of the Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tikrit. The station is situated at a latitude of approximately 34.616°N and a longitude of approximately 43.679°E east of the equator. Four varieties of maize (Zea mays L.) were sown in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a factorial scheme with 3 replications. The main split plots included five levels: concentrations of spraying with nano-and mineral boron (spraying with only distilled water, spraying with mineral boron at a concentration of (1 and 2) ml -1, and spraying with nano-boron at a concentration of 1 and 2ml -1, whereas the secondary plots included four varieties of Zea mays L. (namely, Al-Maha, Baghdad, Al-Fajr, and 5018). To find out the effect of concentrations of boron on the growth and quality of grains for varieties of Zea mays L. The experiment proved the superiority of spraying with the mineral boron element 2 mlL-1 in the qualities of the number of days of planting to 50% male flowering (staminate flowering), and the number of days of planting to 50% female flowering (pistillate flowering), plant height and leaf area. Spraying with nano boron 2 mlL-1 has surpassed in the content of chlorophyll and all attributes of grain quality except the percentage of ash. It is noted from the evaluation of the performance of the varieties that Al-Fajir variety exceeded in both qualities the number of days of planting to 50% male flowering and the number of days of planting to 50% female flowering. However, 5018 variety exceeded and gave the highest averages in the following qualities: leaf area and oil percentage in grains, reaching (63.42cm2) and (5.96%) respectively. Whereas, Baghdad variety exceeded in terms of height, chlorophyll content, protein percentage and starch percentage in grains and gave averages of 2.13 cm, 42.92 SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development), (9.42%) and (33.85%) respectively. As for the interaction between the varieties and the proportions of boron spraying, the combination (spraying of mineral boron 2 mlL-1 and Baghdad variety) outperformed in the attributes of plant height, chlorophyll content and ash percentage, recording 2.35cm, 45.78 SPAD and (1.40%), respectively. Concerning leaf area, the mineral boron spray surpassed 2 ml-1 with 5018 and gave a value of 711.09cm2. These results enable maize growers to select and produce maize varieties with early male and female flowering with an increase in the attributes qualities of the crop.
The Effect of NaCl Treatment on the Nutritional Balance of Wheat under Salt Stress Conditions
Authors: Abbas Ahmed K. , Mohammed Huda Amer , Al-Taey Duraid K. A. , Al-Khafajy Raghda’a Ali , Mahmood Saad S. , Alsaffar Marwa Fadhil 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A nutritional balance assessment of wheat seeds subjected to salt stress was the objective of the research, which was carried out in the autumn of 2022. The seeds were treated with sodium chloride solutions of varying concentrations. Wheat seeds treated with sodium chloride solutions of concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 mM exhibited a substantial increase in the uptake of calcium, sodium, and chloride ions, while potassium absorption decreased significantly (the study revealed that the application of water with varying salinity levels significantly affected the uptake of potassium, calcium, sodium, and chloride ions by the plants). Furthermore, it is more accurate to express the proportions of potassium and calcium ions to sodium as a percentage rather than their absolute quantities. This was demonstrated when varying and highly concentrated sodium chloride solutions (20 and 75 mM) were used to increase the percentage of potassium or calcium to sodium. Specifically, this led to an imbalance in the ratios of potassium and calcium ions to sodium.
Thermal Accumulation for Tasseling and Silk Stages and Yield Components for Corn Genotypes Growing in Planting Dates Autumn Season
Authors: Aziz Jasim Mohammed , Sattar Ali Zainab Abdel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
An experiment was carried out on the extension farm of the extension center in Baladruz district in the fall season of 2023, with the aim of studying nine varieties of corn, namely (Al-Maha, Cadz, American Miami, American BioNTech, Ronaldino, PC Serbian, TORRO, KWS and German Deco Nester) with three planting dates (20 June. 5 July and 20 July). Using Randomized Complete Block Design in a split-plot arrangement, the main plots included planting dates while the varieties were in the secondary plots. The results showed that the Ronaldino variety was superior in terms of the lowest number of days to tasseling and silk, and the thermal accumulations to tasseling and silk reached (46.0 days, 52.3 days, 1249.0°C, and 1402.1°C), while the German Deco Nester excelled in the number of grains per row, which reached (33.9)grains, and Torro Variety in weight 500 grains (170.9) grams, and excelled The two variety Kws and German Deco Nester had a fertility rate of (90.0% and 92.2%). The PC Serbian variety was superior in grain yield,(9033) kg ha-1. As for planting dates, the planting date of 20 July was superior in most of the studied traits, Ronaldinho recorded the lowest number to tasseling and silk in 20 July (45.0 days, 51.0 days), and the thermal accumulation for them was (1247.7)C °and (1280.2) C°, respectively. It is noted that the German Deco Nester was superior in yield in all planting dates due to the high fertility rate and its excellence in grain yield components.
Producing Mushroom with High Technology: Review Article
Authors: Abed Idham A. , Almarie Ahmed A. , Yaqub M. T. , Mahmood E. K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
White Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus are produced in Iraq on a small scale and there are very few trade companies, no more than five companies nationwide. The rest of the projects are small individual projects. Even in the companies produced, reliance is placed on providing the appropriate climate medium of heat, humidity, and ventilation on simple primitive methods. Until now, no reliance has been made on modern methods that are spread all over the world. The mushroom climate control device was imported and installed in an area with dimensions 8*5*4m. During two seasons, mushrooms of high quality were produced, according to the opinion of most. consumers.
Factors Affecting the Production of Antibacterial Compounds by Lactobacillus plantarum Biofilm and Planktonic cells
Authors: Khalel Mariam Laith , Ibrahem Tariq Zaid 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Lactobacillus plantarum has the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria through production of chemical compounds and bacteriocins. This study aimed to find out the effectiveness of the products of these bacteria against E. coli by altering the pH of the growth media, types of media, and for examining the effect of adding certain sugars concentration to inhibit E. coli. L. plantarum strain was cultured in different environmental conditions, by adding (sucrose, glucose, galactose, fructose, and starch) to MRS medium. The results revealed that biofilm supernatant had a 40% inhibitory effect on E. coli, with the optimal temperature of 37°C. The most effective pH for the L. plantarum growth showed an increase in the inhibition of E. coli at pH 7. Furthermore, higher sugar concentrations added to the MRS led to reduce production of inhibitory substances. MRS and TSB were identified as the best media for L. plantarum growth to give increasing the inhibition of E. coli. L. plantarum couldn’t grow on the MacConkey agar. Despite the importance of L. plantarum supernatants for inhibiting E. coli, the optimal temperature and pH conditions may enhance the inhibition of pathogenic bacteria that affect humans or causing food spoilage.
The Effect of Metformin on some Physiological Traits in Rats with Alloxan-Induced Diabetes
Authors: Rashid Ali Hussein , Muhammad Muhammad Jameel , Hussein Faryal Farouk 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study was conducted in the laboratories of the University of Mosul, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the biological experiment was conducted in the animal house belonging to the College of Veterinary Medicine for the period from 3/1/2023 to 10/2/2023. The study included the use of the drug metformin to determine its effect on male rats with Alloxan-induced diabetes. The study included We used (24) adult male white rats, whose ages ranged from (13 to 14 weeks), and whose weights were recorded between (270 to 280 grams), at a rate of eight rats for each group, which included three groups, which were divided as follows: A healthy control group (T1), one with Alloxan-induced diabetes (T2) that received no treatment whatsoever, and a third with metformin, a chemotherapeutic drug, administered orally at a dosage of 200 mg/kg of body weight, were the three groups. The percentages of glucose, creatine, urea, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in blood tests. The levels of glucose, creatine, urea, and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the metformin-dosed treatment group as compared to the control group. The results also shown that the percentage of glutathione (GSH) increased significantly in the same treatment (T3) compared to the control group with Alloxan-induced diabetes, at the level (P<0.05).
The Effect of High-Protein Biscuits Eaten by Breastfeeding Women
Authors: Weshah Shaimaa Fadhil , Rahi Suhad Kareem , Mustafa Entisar Dawood 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Breast milk is considered the ideal food for an infant in the first six months, as it contains water, fats, proteins, lactose, minerals, vitamins, enzymes, and hormones. Breast milk varies greatly in composition between breastfeeding mothers and even within the same mother from time to time. Milk samples were collected from breastfeeding women, and the number of donor women was 8 women per group. Breastfeeding women were divided into groups (A, B, C). Group A is the control group that did not take a nutritional supplement or high-protein biscuit Group B is for donor women who take nutritional supplements, and Group C is for breastfeeding women who eat high-protein biscuits. Tests were conducted on biscuits and human milk. The results of the analysis for the biscuits showed an increase in the percentage of moisture, protein, and ash in L3, while the percentage of fat and carbohydrates recorded an increase in the standard treatment. When conducting a sensory evaluation of the biscuits, a difference was noted in the sensory evaluation characteristics between the treatments. After the breastfeeding mother ate protein-rich biscuits, the results of the chemical analysis of the milk showed an increase in the moisture percentage, while the percentages of fat, protein ML3, and lactose increased. It was high in treatment ML1 and ML2, while the ash percentage recorded the highest value in treatment ML1. When analyzing the amino acids in milk samples, the amino acids varied in their proportions, and this indicates the effect of protein-rich foods on the micro- and macronutrients in human milk.