bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Club Objectives, Competitive Balance, and the Invariance Proposition
Authors: Kesenne Stefan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter considers the analysis of the competitive balance in a formal model that focuses attention on the nature of the market for talent and the nature of the club owner's objective function, and derives the conditions which have led to the dissenting results about the competitive balance. It then addresses the optimal competitive balance in a league theoretically, and whether a win- or profit-maximizing club comes closest to the social optimum. Next, the chapter deals with the invariance proposition, analyzing the effects of restrictions on player mobility and revenue-sharing arrangements. The most unequal competitive balance can be expected in a league in which the large-market clubs are win maximizers and the small-market clubs are profit maximizers. It is noted that the invariance proposition no longer holds if one of the teams in a league is a win maximizer.
The Demand for Violence in Hockey
Authors: Rockerbie Duane W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter presents some revealing statistics about violence in the National Hockey League (NHL), and discusses economic literature on why violence is tolerated in the NHL. Next, it provides some new evidence on the effects of violence on NHL attendance. Casual observation provides mixed evidence about the effects of fighting on attendance in the NHL. The first stream of the hocket violence literature investigates whether greater violence in NHL contests contributes to greater attendance and higher salaries for players who exhibit violent behavior, and the second considers whether greater enforcement of the rules that are meant to deter violent behavior actually do so. It is shown that hockey fans respond mildly positively to greater violence, and that efforts made by the NHL to reduce the frequency and severity of violent behavior have been met with modest success.
What Does Intercollegiate Athletics Do to or for Colleges and Universities?
Authors: Getz Malcolm , Siegfried John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes the peculiarly American phenomenon of colleges and universities sponsoring organized athletic competitions against each other. It then reviews available evidence on the returns to universities from supporting big-time televised college sports, including effects on government support, philanthropy, admissions, and on students themselves. The literature on college sports offers little guidance on how to produce winners. Evidence correlating university donations to athletic success reveals only half the effects of a resource reallocation. There is some evidence that the presence and success of intercollegiate athletics at colleges and universities may increase the applicant pool, and possibly may improve the academic credentials of the student body of institutions which win national championships. A lot of anecdotes and marketing hype are devoted to the prospect that winning university sports teams stimulate private donations to the successful schools.
Gender Equity in Intercollegiate Athletics
Authors: Zimbalist Andrew 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter briefly outlines the history of Title IX. It then considers the ways that women's sports can continue to be promoted without reducing men's sports and without increasing athletics' budgets. The chapter also proposes that Congress grant the National Collegiate Athletic Association a limited antitrust exemption so that universities can cap coaches' compensation levels. As part of the argument for capping coaches' salaries, it presents econometric evidence which suggests that coaches' salaries do not bear a significant relationship to team performance. Title IX's critics have argued that women's participation gains have come at the expense of men. The regression results suggest that higher salaries are positively correlated with a school's historical success. Given the demonstrated physical, emotional, academic, and career benefits associated with women participating in school sports, it is important to continue to push gender equal opportunity in this area.
Economics of the Super Bowl
Authors: Matheson Victor A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter highlights a time series of comparative advertising revenue and ticket prices in secondary markets for the preeminent event in American sports: the National Football League (NFL)'s Super Bowl. The NFL itself has examined the effect of the Super Bowl on taxable sales. It is often claimed that the Super Bowl brings indirect or non-pecuniary benefits to host cities which add substantially to the direct monetary benefits. The game also brings potential intangible benefits to the host city. Ex post economic analyses of the Super Bowl by scholars not financially connected with the game have typically found that the observed effects of the game on real economic variables such as employment, government revenues, taxable sales, GDP, and personal income, although generally positive, are a fraction of those claimed by the league and sports boosters.
The Economics of Discrimination
Authors: Longley Neil 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article replicates for hockey what others have done for baseball and basketball, with the interesting exception that alleged discrimination in hockey falls along the lines of language and national origin rather than along racial grounds. The National Hockey League (NHL) essentially has three minority groups: Americans, Europeans, and French Canadians. The focus in the discrimination literature has been on French Canadians, and, to a lesser extent, Europeans. It is reasonable to suggest that Canadian fans and media have a much stronger sense of “ownership” of the game of hockey than what is found in the United States. There have also been economic changes that have occurred in recent years that should work to decrease any possible discrimination. While the NHL has historically had the least amount of voluntary player mobility, the most recent collective bargaining agreement signed in 2005 provides for a much more liberalized system of free agency.
Travel and Population Issues in Modeling Attendance Demand
Authors: Forrest David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article summarizes how travel cost and population have been treated in the attendance demand literature and argues that those who have exploited geographic information systems (GIS) have succeeded in offering new insights in sports economics. It also carefully pursues the insight that the full cost of attending a sporting event includes the ticket price, the time costs, and the travel costs incurred by the fans. It then explains the Travel Cost Method (TCM) and applies it using a detailed data set collected in an annual survey of consumers of games sponsored by the Football Association (FA) Premier League in English football. Study of travel cost itself offers a route to an econometric framework that appears to avoid pitfalls encountered in more conventional approaches to modeling attendance demand. The estimated elasticity of attendance with respect to the size of the population within five miles of the stadium was only 0.4.
Major League Baseball is Just Like Mcdonald's?
Authors: Fort Rodney 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the history of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the three cases of competition from rival leagues. The early history shows the rough and tumble competition outcomes for the American Association (AA), Union Association (UA), Players League (PL), and Federal League (FL). It also reveals the decidedly different outcome that reduced competition in the case of the African American Leagues (AALs), the Pacific Coast League (PCL), and the Continental League (CL). There is no evidence of concerted collusive effort to end the PCL's chance as a rival major league. The welfare of fans at the major-league level was reduced, on net. It might be argued that minor league-level play was replaced by major league level play and then AAA baseball spread to cities that previously had enjoyed even lower-level classifications.
Multiplier Effects and Local Economic Impact
Authors: Von Allmen Peter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article investigates the multiplier model in the context of the local impact of expenditures on sports infrastructure. There are two fundamental reasons for the lack of empirical evidence of large multiplier effects: inflated estimates of the direct effects, or the “base” increase in spending; and leakage from the local economy that diminishes the multiplier. The appropriate base expenditure of hosting a team in a city is the net new spending on local incomes and businesses plus local taxes paid. The effect of tax rates on the multiplier is less ambiguous. The full-time employment benefits are small, as the ratio of part-time to full-time employment is roughly ten to one. The role of government in stimulating economic growth has always been the subject of debate in macroeconomics. Local economic impact studies argue that stadium projects and playing host to a professional sports team are legitimate engines of economic growth.
Tournament Incentives in Professional Bowling
Authors: Bognanno Michael L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores a seven-year period of Professional Bowling Association tournaments to examine the effectiveness of the incentive structure in bringing about effort and performance. It also draws implications from tournament theory regarding the influence of dispersion and skewness in the prize structure on effort. The two most distinct portions of bowling tournaments are studied separately. Estimations are first performed on the qualifying and match play rounds and then on the televised match play, elimination championship round. The trend coefficient indicates that players' scores were generally rising during the sample period. Increases in the number of games in a tournament reduce average scores, perhaps because of player fatigue. There was no evidence found that increases in the percentage of the total prize money going to first place or in the coefficient of skewness increased player scores. Skewness decreased the scores of even those players in contention for top prizes.
Historical Perspectives on Impulsivity and Impulse Control Disorders
Authors: Moeller F. Gerard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAt a recent meeting of the International Society for Research on Impulsivity (ISRI), there were a number of presentations describing different behavioral laboratory measures of impulsivity. After one of the presentations, a question was raised about how a specific behavioral laboratory measure captured the construct of impulsivity. At that point, it was said that perhaps the term impulsivity had outlived its usefulness and another, more specific term was needed. This discussion is part of a long history of the study of impulsivity and impulse control disorders and points out an interesting feature of impulsivity: While the clinical literature is consistent in describing the importance of impulsivity in a number of psychiatric disorders, there has been much more inconsistency in the definition and measurement of impulsivity. In spite of this inconsistency, there has been a large body of work on impulsivity over the last 2500 years. This chapter will focus on historical aspects of the study of what impulsivity is, how it should be measured, and what causes it. This review will be of necessity an abridged discussion of the history of impulsivity. To complete an exhaustive review of this literature would require an entire book. While it is not feasible to include all of the work that has been done in this area, an attempt will be made to present a cross section of the vast literature on impulsivity. In this chapter, authors have been grouped together based on theoretical frameworks used to approach impulsivity. Based on this historical perspective, an attempt will be made to answer the question raised above: Has the term impulsivity lost its usefulness?
Pyromania: Phenomenology and Epidemiology
Authors: Lejoyeux Michel , Germain Candice 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPyromania corresponds to fire setting not done for criminal reasons, for profit or sabotage, for monetary gain, as an expression of sociopolitical ideology (an act of terrorism or protest) or anger, or for revenge. Pyromania, in the sense of arson without a separate motive, is a rare phenomenon.In the DSM-IV-TR, pyromania is classified as an impulse control disorder (ICD) not elsewhere classified. It is characterized by a failure to resist impulsive, repetitive, deliberate fire-setting urges that are unrelated to external reward.The only study of the prevalence of fire setting derived from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions found a lifetime prevalence of 1% for fire setting in the U.S. population. The prevalence of pyromania in adult psychiatric inpatients was 3.4% (n = 7), and the lifetime prevalence was 5.9%.Fire setting is significantly associated with a wide range of antisocial behaviors. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified strong associations between lifetime alcohol and marijuana use disorders, conduct disorder, antisocial and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, and a family history of antisocial behavior. Intentional illicit fire-setting behavior is associated with a broad array of antisocial behaviors and psychiatric comorbidities. The most prevalent psychiatric disorders among persons with a history of fire setting are any lifetime alcohol use disorder (71.7%), antisocial personality disorder (51.46%), marijuana use disorder (43.17%), and nicotine dependence (42.95%). A family history of antisocial behavior is also frequent (60%).
Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Pathological Skin Picking
Authors: Odlaug Brian L. , Grant Jon E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPathological skin picking (PSP), or neurotic excoriation, is characterized by the repetitive and compulsive picking of skin, causing tissue damage. It appears to have a prevalence rate of 1.4%–5.4% in the general population and is seen predominantly in females in clinical settings. Individuals with PSP may pick for hours each day, resulting in significant scarring, infections, and medical complications. Although PSP is common, most individuals with this disorder are unaware of treatment options and thus often do not seek treatment. Co-occurring psychiatric conditions are common in PSP, with depressive, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorders presenting as the most prevalent conditions. Significant psychosocial impairment and activity avoidance due to shame and embarrassment are frequent. Neurocognitive research has recently shown that individuals with PSP have deficits in inhibitory control, a finding similar to that found in trichotillomania. From a public health perspective, concurrent collaboration between dermatology and the behavioral sciences is imperative for future advances in the understanding and treatment of PSP.
The Genetics of Impulsivity
Authors: Nielsen David A. , Proudnikov Dmitri , Jeanne Kreek Mary 
Published: February 2013

AbstractImpulsivity is a complex trait that varies across healthy individuals, although when excessive, it is generally regarded as dysfunctional. Impulsive behavior may lead to initiation of drug addiction that interferes with inhibitory controls, which may in turn result in facilitation of the individual’s impulsive acts. Although environmental factors play a considerable role in impulsive behavior, a body of evidence collected in twin studies suggests that about 45% of the variance in impulsivity is accounted for by genetic factors. Genetic variants studied in association with impulsivity include those fortryptophan hydroxylase 1 and 2 (TPH1 and TPH2), the serotonintransporter (SERT), serotonin receptors, and genes of the monoamine metabolism pathway (e.g., monoamine oxidase A, MAOA). Other systems may also play a role in these behaviors, such as the dopaminergic system (the dopamine receptors DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4, and the dopamine transporter, DAT), the catecholaminergic system (catechol-O-methyltransferase, COMT), and the GABAergic system (GABAreceptor subunit alpha-1, GABRA1; GABA receptor subunit alpha-6, GABRA6; and GABA receptor subunit beta-1, GABRB1). Taking into account involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the number of candidate genes implicated in impulsivity may be increased significantly and, therefore, may go far beyond those of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. For a number of years, our group has conducted studies of the association of genes involved in the modulation of the stress-responsive HPA axis and several neurotransmitter systems, all involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depressive disorders, impulse control and compulsive disorders, with drug addiction. These genes include those of the opioid system: the mu- and kappa-opioid receptors (OPRM1 and OPRK1) and the nociceptin/orphaninFQ receptor (OPRL1); the serotonergic system: TPH1 and TPH2 and the serotonin receptor 1B (5THR1B); the catecholamine system: COMT; the HPA axis: themelanocortin receptor type 2 (MC2R or adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTHR); and the cannabinoid system: the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CNR1). In this chapter we will focus on these findings.
Assessment and Treatment of Kleptomania
Authors: Grant Jon E. , Odlaug Brian L. , Kim Suck Won 
Published: February 2013

AbstractKleptomania, a disabling impulse control disorder, is characterized by repetitive and uncontrollable theft of items that are of little if any use. Kleptomania often goes undiagnosed or is misdiagnosed as a mood disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or a substance use disorder. Unlike typical shoplifters, individuals with kleptomania steal for symptomatic relief rather than personal gain. Although the etiology of kleptomania is unknown, various biological and psychosocial theories may explain why some individuals develop kleptomania. Although cognitive behavioral therapy has shown early promise in treating kleptomania in case reports, the only controlled data for treatment involve the use of the opioid antagonist naltrexone.
Assessment and Treatment of Pyromania
Authors: Grant Jon E. , Odlaug Brian L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPyromania, also referred to as pathological fire setting, is a disorder defined by the deliberate and purposeful fire setting that has occurred on more than one occasion and that cannot be attributed to another psychiatric disorder. Although juvenile or adolescent fire-setting behavior or match play is a fairly common occurrence, clinical pyromania is a rare disorder associated with shame and embarrassment, significant psychosocial dysfunction, and legal consequences. Case reports and small controlled clinical trials have reported the successful treatment of fire-setting behavior through both pharmacotherapeutic and psychotherapeutic means. Pyromania, however, is a largely misunderstood, unrecognized, and untreated disorder.
Impulse Control Disorders in Medical Settings
Authors: Sullivan Sean G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractImpulse control disorders (ICDs) and conditions with impulse control features provide a challenge in terms of identification, treatment, and follow-up when mental health specialists are in short supply. Medical settings, in particular the largest, primary health care, provide an opportunity to address many impulse-affected conditions currently poorly assessed and treated in health care settings. Barriers to intervention for ICDs in primary health care are time constraints; understanding of the etiology, symptoms, and appropriate interventions; the health and social costs; and prioritizing of training in and treatment of conditions perceived as more serious or appropriate to a primary health care service. These barriers may possibly be overcome in primary care settings, and in this chapter, a model to address problem gambling is described.
Impulsivity in Childhood
Authors: Walsh Kelda H. , McDougle Christopher J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses impulse control disorders in children 12 years of age and younger. In this age group, the available research focuses on fire setting/pyromania, trichotillomania, and pathological gambling. Less well studied are kleptomania, intermittent explosive disorder, and the impulse control disorder not otherwise specified, pathological skin picking. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, epidemiology, age of onset, risk factors, sociocultural factors, and comorbidity will be reviewed. Psychotherapeutic interventions for the age group will be explored, with particular emphasis on behavioral therapy. The available literature on psychopharmacological treatments, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and opioid antagonists, will also be explored.
Prevention of Impulse Control Disorders
Authors: Faregh Neda , Derevensky Jeffrey L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThere is currently no unifying model of prevention for all impulse control disorders. As with many other mental health problems, individuals with impulse control disorders frequently share a host of comorbid disorders with common antecedents, symptoms, and risk factors. It is argued that a comprehensive approach to the prevention of impulse control disorders rests in the adoption of a general mental health prevention framework associated with other psychiatric disorders. Specific programs currently available for the prevention of impulse control disorders are discussed. The adoption of prevention programs targeting multiple and general risk behaviors and the promotion of programs that enhance protective factors leading to resiliency for children and adolescents are advocated. Universal prevention programs designed to enhance self-regulation and promote positive development are presented within a risk protection framework.
Mexico's National Archaeology Programs
Authors: Robles García Nelly M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses archaeology programs in Mexico. The teaching of archaeology in Mexico through the Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia is carried out within the National Educational Program of the Ministry of Public Education. That means it is contemplated fundamentally as education provided by the state that therefore is free for citizens. The basic program grants a degree that is equivalent to a Bachelor of Arts. At this level, archaeology is studied for nine semesters. After that, the student must present a thesis to obtain his or her degree. The resulting diploma opens the doors to a formal market in this field. A summary of new trends is provided, which have modified the archaeological arena, as well as the teaching of new archaeologists in Mexico. These include salvage and rescue archaeology, cultural-resources management, and cultural legislation research.
Archaic-Period Foragers and Farmers in Mesoamerica
Authors: Kennett Douglas J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews archaeological evidence of the Archaic period (~7000–2000 bc), which is traditionally viewed as a long transitional interval between a poorly defined the era of Paleo-Indian big-game hunting traditions and the rise and proliferation of agricultural villages. The absence of extinct Pleistocene animal remains and ceramics in archaeological sites of this age is the most salient defining characteristic of the interval, which is sometimes referred to as the preceramic. Two of Mesoamerica's key cultigens—maize and squash—were domesticated by Archaic-period hunter-gatherers. The use of cultigens is a defining characteristic of subsistence economies throughout the Archaic period. However, the character of Archaic period adaptations differs regionally with some broader-scale differences evident between the semiarid highlands and the seasonally dry tropical lowlands. The archaeological and paleoecological datasets suggestive of these differences are explored.