bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MRI Findings in Nonlesional Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration
Authors: Gu Chris N. , Carr Carrie M. , Kaufmann Timothy J. , Kotsenas Amy L. , Hunt Christopher H. , Wood Christopher P. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTPURPOSEInvestigate the relative frequency of nonlesional versus lesional hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD) and potential explanations for nonlesional HOD.METHODSOur radiology report database was queried for “HOD” in all head MRI reports between 7/1/2002 and 7/1/2013 and identified 138 patients. Specific absence of HOD or cases with lesions within the dento‐rubro‐olivary pathway (DROP) or extending into the inferior olivary nuclei (ION) were excluded (22 in total). For included patients, 19 locations with the anatomic potential to connect to the ION or DROP were reviewed and grouped into embryological categories, along with the use of the drug metronidazole.RESULTSA total of 51 of 116 (44%) HOD patients did not have a causative lesion in the DROP. The 27/51 (53%) of these patients had progressive ataxia with palatal tremor (PAPT). The 28/51 (55%) patients had one or more lesions outside of the DROP and one of these 28 patients used metronidazole. The remaining 23/51 (45%; 19% of total HOD cohort) patients had no additional lesions in the brain and 6 of these 23 patients did not have a clinical diagnosis of PAPT.CONCLUSIONForty‐four percent of patients with HOD did not demonstrate an MRI‐identifiable lesion in the DROP, and 45% of those patients did not have identifiable brain lesions outside of the DROP. Thus, nearly a fifth of HOD cases may be truly idiopathic. A majority of patients without a DROP lesion had bilateral HOD and two‐thirds were male.
Biochemical correlates of aggressive behavior in the Siamese fighting fish
Authors: Regan M. D. , Dhillon R. S. , Toews D. P. L. , Speers‐Roesch B. , Sackville M. A. , Pinto S. , Bystriansky J. S. , Scott G. R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens is a facultative air‐breathing freshwater fish often used for studying the physiological bases of agonistic behaviors. The agonistic interactions typical of paired male conspecifics are energetically costly, as indicated by associated increases in whole‐animal metabolic rate. However, little is known about the biochemical responses that underlie metabolism and performance during agonistic encounters. We examined biochemical indices of aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism in locomotory muscle to ascertain whether they are important correlates of aggressive behavior. Pairs of male B. splendens were allowed to interact aggressively across a glass partition while their behaviors were quantified (striking, opercular flaring, surfacing for air) and the levels of several key metabolites (including lactate, creatine phosphate, free creatine, adenosine triphosphate, free adenosine diphosphate) and activities of enzymes of aerobic (citrate synthase) and anaerobic (pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase) metabolism were assayed in their muscle at the end of the trial. More aggressive fish (those exhibiting a higher strike frequency) had higher surfacing frequencies (presumably to access aerial oxygen), as well as higher aerobic capacities (as indicated by citrate synthase activity), higher levels of lactate and lower levels of creatine phosphate in the muscle at the end of an encounter. In contrast, the capacity for glycolysis and anaerobic metabolism (as indicated by pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities) did not vary with aggression. This suggests that a high capacity for oxidative phosphorylation, either during or in recovery from agonistic encounters, underlies aggressive behavior. Although more actively striking fish make greater use of anaerobic glycolysis, they do so only to a modest extent that is within a capacity that does not vary between individuals with different levels of aggression. Overall, the use of, and biochemical capacity for, aerobic metabolism appears to be an important correlate of fighting performance in B. splendens.
A Markovian–Bayesian Network for Risk Analysis of High Speed and Conventional Railway Lines Integrating Human Errors
Authors: Castillo* Enrique , Calviño Aida , Grande Zacarías , Sánchez‐Cambronero Santos , Gallego Inmaculada , Rivas Ana , Menéndez José María 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe article provides a new Markovian–Bayesian network model to evaluate the probability of accident associated with the circulation of trains along a given high speed or conventional railway line with special consideration to human error. This probability increases as trains pass throughout the different elements encountered along the line. A Bayesian network, made up of a sequence of several connected Bayesian subnetworks, is used. A subnetwork is associated with each element in the line that implies a concentrated risk of accident or produces a change in the driver's attention, such as signals, tunnel, or viaduct entries or exits, etc. Bayesian subnetworks are also used to reproduce segments without signals where some elements add continuous risks, such as rolling stock failures, falling materials, slope slides in cuttings and embankments, etc. All subnetworks are connected with the previous one and some of them are multi‐connected because some consequences are dependent on previous errors. Because driver's attention plays a crucial role, its degradation with driving time and the changes due to seeing light signals or receiving acoustic signals is taken into consideration. The model updates the driver's attention level and accumulates the probability of accident associated with the different elements encountered along the line. This permits us to generate a continuously increasing risk graph that includes continuous and sudden changes indicating where the main risks appear and whether or not an action must be taken by the infrastructure manager. Sensitivity analysis allows the relevant and irrelevant parameters to be identified avoiding wastes of time and money by concentrating safety improvement actions only on the relevant ones. Finally, some examples are used to illustrate the model. In particular, the case of the Orense–Santiago de Compostela line, where a terrible accident took place in 2013.
Transcriptional regulation of the Chlamydia heat shock stress response in an intracellular infection
Authors: Hanson Brett R. , Tan Ming 
Published: June 2015

SummaryBacteria encode heat shock proteins that aid in survival during stressful growth conditions. In addition, the major heat shock proteins of the intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis have been associated with immune pathology and disease. We developed a ChIP‐qPCR method to study the regulation of chlamydial heat shock gene regulation during an intracellular infection. This approach allowed us to show that chlamydial heat shock genes are regulated by the transcription factor HrcA within an infected cell, providing validation for previous in vitro findings. Induction of chlamydial heat shock gene expression by elevated temperature was due to loss of HrcA binding to heat shock promoters, supporting a mechanism of derepression. This heat shock response was rapid, whereas recovery of HrcA binding and return to non‐stress transcript levels occurred more slowly. We also found that control of heat shock gene expression was differentially regulated over the course of the intracellular Chlamydia infection. There was evidence of HrcA‐mediated regulation of heat shock genes throughout the chlamydial developmental cycle, but the level of repression was lower at early times. This is the first study of Chlamydia‐infected cells showing the effect of an environmental signal on transcription factor‐DNA binding and target gene expression in the bacterium.
Targeted mutagenesis of intergenic regions in the Neisseria gonorrhoeae gonococcal genetic island reveals multiple regulatory mechanisms controlling type IV secretion
Authors: Ramsey Meghan E. , Bender Tobias , Klimowicz Amy K. , Hackett Kathleen T. , Yamamoto Ami , Jolicoeur Adrienne , Callaghan Melanie M. , Wassarman Karen M. , van der Does Chris , Dillard Joseph P. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryGonococci secrete chromosomal DNA into the extracellular environment using a type IV secretion system (T4SS). The secreted DNA acts in natural transformation and initiates biofilm development. Although the DNA and its effects are detectable, structural components of the T4SS are present at very low levels, suggestive of uncharacterized regulatory control. We sought to better characterize the expression and regulation of T4SS genes and found that the four operons containing T4SS genes are transcribed at very different levels. Increasing transcription of two of the operons through targeted promoter mutagenesis did not increase DNA secretion. The stability and steady‐state levels of two T4SS structural proteins were affected by a homolog of tail‐specific protease. An RNA switch was also identified that regulates translation of a third T4SS operon. The switch mechanism relies on two putative stem‐loop structures contained within the 5′ untranslated region of the transcript, one of which occludes the ribosome binding site and start codon. Mutational analysis of these stem loops supports a model in which induction of an alternative structure relieves repression. Taken together, these results identify multiple layers of regulation, including transcriptional, translational and post‐translational mechanisms controlling T4SS gene expression and DNA secretion.
The skull and endocranium of a Lower Jurassic ichthyosaur based on digital reconstructions
Authors: Marek Ryan D. , Moon Benjamin C. , Williams Matt , Benton Michael J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractEven after 200 years of study, some details of the cranial anatomy of ichthyosaurs, one of the most successful groups of marine vertebrates in the Mesozoic, are still unclear. New information on the braincase, palate and occiput are provided from three‐dimensional scans of an exceptionally preserved ichthyosaur (‘Hauffiopteryx’ typicus) skull from the Toarcian (183–174 Ma, Lower Jurassic) of Strawberry Bank, England. This ichthyosaur has unusual, hollow, tubular hyoid bars. The occipital and braincase region is fully reconstructed, creating the first digital cranial endocast of an ichthyosaur. Enlarged optic lobes and an enlarged cerebellum suggest neuroanatomical adaptations that allowed it to be a highly mobile, visual predator. The olfactory region also appears to be enlarged, suggesting that olfaction was more important for ichthyosaurs than has been assumed. Phylogenetic analysis suggests this ichthyosaur is closely related to, but distinct from, Hauffiopteryx, and positioned within Thunnosauria, a more derived position than previously recovered. These results further our knowledge of ichthyosaur cranial anatomy in three dimensions and provide a platform in which to study the anatomical adaptations that allowed ichthyosaurs to dominate the marine realm during the Mesozoic.
Enhanced Self‐Cleaning Properties on Polyester Fabric Under Visible Light Through Single‐Step Synthesis of Cuprous Oxide Doped Nano‐TiO2
Authors: Gaminian Hamdam , Montazer Majid 
Published: June 2015

AbstractNowadays, introducing self‐cleaning properties on various fabrics under daylight irradiation for automotive and upholstery application is in a central point of research. This can be achieved by application of metal‐doped TiO2 nano particles on the textile fabrics. Here, alkali hydrolysis of polyester fabric has been carried out along with synthesis of Cu2O/TiO2 nanoparticles in a single‐step process by using sonochemical technique. CuSO4.5H2O was used as a source of copper in the presence of glucose as reducing and stabilizing agent. Moreover, central composite design based on response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the role of variables (CuSO4.5H2O, glucose and pH) and their effects on the self‐cleaning properties and weight of the fabric. The self‐cleaning property was investigated by degradation of Methylene blue on the surface of the treated fabrics under daylight. Further, the tensile properties, colorimetric measurement, and washing fastness of the treated fabric produced in the optimum conditions were investigated. The morphology of Cu2O/TiO2 nanoparticles was examined using X‐ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The new polyester fabric obtained through in situ synthesis of Cu2O/TiO2 nanoparticles can be used as a desirable stable fabric with high tensile strength and visible‐light self‐cleaning properties.
Dialysis Facility Safety: Processes and Opportunities
Authors: Garrick Renee , Morey Rishikesh 
Published: June 2015

AbstractUnintentional human errors are the source of most safety breaches in complex, high‐risk environments. The environment of dialysis care is extremely complex. Dialysis patients have unique and changing physiology, and the processes required for their routine care involve numerous open‐ended interfaces between providers and an assortment of technologically advanced equipment. Communication errors, both within the dialysis facility and during care transitions, and lapses in compliance with policies and procedures are frequent areas of safety risk. Some events, such as air emboli and needle dislodgments occur infrequently, but are serious risks. Other adverse events include medication errors, patient falls, catheter and access‐related infections, access infiltrations and prolonged bleeding. A robust safety system should evaluate how multiple, sequential errors might align to cause harm. Systems of care can be improved by sharing the results of root cause analyses, and “good catches.” Failure mode effects and analyses can be used to proactively identify and mitigate areas of highest risk, and methods drawn from cognitive psychology, simulation training, and human factor engineering can be used to advance facility safety.
What kind of doctor would you like me to be?
Authors: Walsh Sally , Arnold Benjamin , Pickwell‐Smith Benjamin , Summers Bruce 
Published: June 2015

SummaryBackgroundThe modern medical school curriculum highlights the importance of good communication skills, although some clinicians still remain sceptical about the reduction of core science teaching in favour of these so‐called softer skills. Previous studies into these topics are few and contradictory, with a heavy dependence on methodology and geographical source.MethodsA semi‐structured interview was conducted using the question ‘I am about to qualify as a doctor in less than a year's time. As a patient, what advice would you give me? What kind of doctor would you like me to be if you came to me with an illness?' Responses were recorded anonymously on paper, verbatim. The responses were grouped into four broad classifications: personal qualities; communication skills; knowledge and intelligence; and manual skills.ResultsData were collected from 51 patients. In total 118 attributes were identified and categorised.DiscussionThis education evaluation indicates that the patients we talked with in the UK counties of Shropshire and Staffordshire overwhelmingly sought doctors with good personal qualities and communication skills. Of the attributes recorded, 92 per cent were related to such qualities, with only 8 per cent emphasising knowledge and intelligence, and with no comments on manual skills. The results support the current emphasis in UK medical schools on communication skills and professionalism, and the development of personal qualities through the promotion of humanities teaching.The modern medical school curriculum highlights the importance of good communication skills
Disseminated Streptococcus pneumoniae infection involving a ventricular assist device
Authors: Reeves J.S. , Rajagopalan N. , Huaman M.A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe describe the first reported case, to our knowledge, of disseminated pneumococcal infection involving a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). The management of this infection was extremely challenging, requiring multiple surgical debridements, LVAD removal, and prolonged courses of antibiotics. The Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate was found to be serotype 19F, which is included in both the pneumococcal polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines. This report highlights the importance of routine screening for up‐to‐date vaccination in patients who undergo LVAD implantation.
Gross anatomy and morphometric evaluation of the canine lacrimal and third eyelid glands
Authors: Park Shin Ae , Taylor Ken T. , Zwingenberger Allison L. , Reilly Christopher M. , Toupadakis Chrisoula A. , Marfurt Carl F. , Good Kathryn L. , Murphy Christopher J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe lacrimal gland (LG) and the third eyelid gland (TELG) are two intraorbital glands that, in dogs, secrete the aqueous component of the tear film. Despite the central importance of these structures for maintaining ocular surface health, the gross anatomy of the glands remains understudied. We investigated the macroscopic morphometric characteristics of the LG and TELG in three different dog breeds.ProceduresTwenty‐six dog heads were dissected to expose the LG and TELG; the length, width, thickness, and weight of each were measured. During the dissections, the relationships between the glands and adjacent ocular structures and the blood and nerve supplies to the LG were photo‐documented.ResultsThe LG had a flat and irregular shape with morphological variations among dogs. The LG was located on the dorsolateral aspect of the globe underneath the orbital ligament. The average length, width, and thickness (SEM) of the LG (mm) were 16.5 ± 0.7, 12.5 ± 0.4, and 2.7 ± 0.1 and of the TELG 10.5 ± 0.6, 11.0 ± 0.3, and 3.3 ± 0.1, respectively. The mean weights (SD) of the LG and TELG (mg) were 315.7 ± 21.1 and 263.3 ± 13.2, respectively. Beagles were observed to have significantly smaller LGs compared to pit bull terriers and pointer mixed‐breed dogs.ConclusionsThe present study provides detailed normative anatomical and morphometric data for the LG and TELG. These data will aid researchers investigating alterations induced by disease states and should inform strategies for the local delivery of pharmacologic and cellular therapeutics.
Development of realistic physical breast phantoms matched to virtual breast phantoms based on human subject data
Authors: Kiarashi Nooshin , Nolte Adam C. , Sturgeon Gregory M. , Segars William P. , Ghate Sujata V. , Nolte Loren W. , Samei Ehsan , Lo Joseph Y. 
Published: June 2015

Purpose:Physical phantoms are essential for the development, optimization, and evaluation of x‐ray breast imaging systems. Recognizing the major effect of anatomy on image quality and clinical performance, such phantoms should ideally reflect the three‐dimensional structure of the human breast. Currently, there is no commercially available three‐dimensional physical breast phantom that is anthropomorphic. The authors present the development of a new suite of physical breast phantoms based on human data.Methods:The phantoms were designed to match the extended cardiac‐torso virtual breast phantoms that were based on dedicated breast computed tomography images of human subjects. The phantoms were fabricated by high‐resolution multimaterial additive manufacturing (3D printing) technology. The glandular equivalency of the photopolymer materials was measured relative to breast tissue‐equivalent plastic materials. Based on the current state‐of‐the‐art in the technology and available materials, two variations were fabricated. The first was a dual‐material phantom, the Doublet. Fibroglandular tissue and skin were represented by the most radiographically dense material available; adipose tissue was represented by the least radiographically dense material. The second variation, the Singlet, was fabricated with a single material to represent fibroglandular tissue and skin. It was subsequently filled with adipose‐equivalent materials including oil, beeswax, and permanent urethane‐based polymer. Simulated microcalcification clusters were further included in the phantoms via crushed eggshells. The phantoms were imaged and characterized visually and quantitatively.Results:The mammographic projections and tomosynthesis reconstructed images of the fabricated phantoms yielded realistic breast background. The mammograms of the phantoms demonstrated close correlation with simulated mammographic projection images of the corresponding virtual phantoms. Furthermore, power‐law descriptions of the phantom images were in general agreement with real human images. The Singlet approach offered more realistic contrast as compared to the Doublet approach, but at the expense of air bubbles and air pockets that formed during the filling process.Conclusions:The presented physical breast phantoms and their matching virtual breast phantoms offer realistic breast anatomy, patient variability, and ease of use, making them a potential candidate for performing both system quality control testing and virtual clinical trials.
Aerobic Fitness and Context Processing in Preadolescent Children
Authors: Raine Lauren B. , Scudder Mark R. , Saliba Brian J. , Kramer Arthur F. , Hillman Charles 
Published: June 2015

Background:There is a growing trend of inactivity among children, which may not only result in poorer physical health but also poorer cognitive health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between aerobic fitness and proactive and reactive cognitive control using a continuous performance task (CPT).Methods:Forty-eight 9- to 10-year-old children (n = 24 higher fit [HF] and n = 24 lower fit [LF]) performed an AX-CPT requiring them to respond to target cue-probe pairs (AX) or nontarget pairs (AY, BX, BY) under 2 different trial duration conditions, which modulated working memory demands.Results:Across trials and conditions, HF children had greater accuracy than LF children. For target trials, the long duration resulted in lower accuracy than the short duration. For nontarget trials, an interaction of duration and trial was observed, indicating that the long duration resulted in decreased BX and BY accuracy relative to the short duration. AY trials had greater accuracy during the long duration compared with the short duration.Conclusions:These data suggest that fitness may modulate cognitive control strategies during tasks requiring context updating and maintenance, key components of working memory and further support aerobic fitness as a marker of cognitive and brain health in children.
Targeting Mitochondria with Avocatin B Induces Selective Leukemia Cell Death
Authors: Lee Eric A. , Angka Leonard , Rota Sarah-Grace , Hanlon Thomas , Mitchell Andrew , Hurren Rose , Wang Xiao Ming , Gronda Marcela , Boyaci Ezel , Bojko Barbara , Minden Mark , Sriskanthadevan Shrivani , Datti Alessandro , Wrana Jeffery L. , Edginton Andrea , Pawliszyn Janusz , Joseph Jamie W. , Quadrilatero Joe , Schimmer Aaron D. , Spagnuolo Paul A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Treatment regimens for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) continue to offer weak clinical outcomes. Through a high-throughput cell-based screen, we identified avocatin B, a lipid derived from avocado fruit, as a novel compound with cytotoxic activity in AML. Avocatin B reduced human primary AML cell viability without effect on normal peripheral blood stem cells. Functional stem cell assays demonstrated selectivity toward AML progenitor and stem cells without effects on normal hematopoietic stem cells. Mechanistic investigations indicated that cytotoxicity relied on mitochondrial localization, as cells lacking functional mitochondria or CPT1, the enzyme that facilitates mitochondria lipid transport, were insensitive to avocatin B. Furthermore, avocatin B inhibited fatty acid oxidation and decreased NADPH levels, resulting in ROS-dependent leukemia cell death characterized by the release of mitochondrial proteins, apoptosis-inducing factor, and cytochrome c. This study reveals a novel strategy for selective leukemia cell eradication based on a specific difference in mitochondrial function. Cancer Res; 75(12); 2478–88. ©2015 AACR.