bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The human hip joint and its long-term load intake – how x-ray density distribution mirrors bone strength
Authors: Hoechel Sebastian , Alder Marc , Wirz Dieter , Müller-Gerbl Magdalena 
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to gain information about the topographical distribution of the mechanical strength of the subchondral bone plate of the hip joint and evaluate the correlation to its density distribution. Our intention was to describe a method of visualising and monitoring the long-term load intake of the hip using conventional CT-data in a way which might be applied in clinical practice. We examined the lunate surface of the acetabulum (facies lunata) and femoral head in 25 cases, looking at the density of the subchondral bone plate by computed tomography osteoabsorptiometry (CT-OAM) and determined its mechanical strength by indentation testing using an osteo-penetrometer. The resulting distribution patterns were matched and statistically analysed, showing an inhomogeneous but regular and reproducible distribution of mineralisation and mechanical strength throughout the joint surface. Maximal density was found anterosuperiorly and near the rim of the facies lunata and in the superior area of the femoral head. For each specimen a correlation of density and strength (r2 = 0.77 – 0.97) was found (p<0.01). The density distribution pattern shown by CT-OAM allows conclusions to be drawn about the distribution of strength and therefore the long term load intake within the subchondral bone plate of the hip. Using conventional CT-data, the method can be used in the clinical setting for evaluation and monitoring.
A comparison of reversed locking compression-distal femoral plates and blade plates in osteotomies for young adult hip pathology
Authors: MacLean Simon B.M. , Evans Scott , O'Hara John N. 
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to compare fixation of proximal femoral osteotomies using reverse contralateral LCP-Distal Femoral Plates (LCP-DF) with the more traditional blade plate technique. This was a retrospective review over six years of a single surgeon's practice within a tertiary orthopaedic unit. Patient demographics were collected, along with indication for surgery. Radiological outcomes, fixation failures and the need for revision surgery were recorded. Forty-six patients were identified; 23 patients in the LCP-DF plate group (7 females, 16 males. Mean age 18.3 years old) and 23 patients in the blade plate group (6 females, 17 males. Mean age 19.1 years old). The patients’ presenting conditions were; 26 Perthes’; eight hip dysplasia; 11 slipped capital femoral epiphysis; one fibrous dysplasia. Osteotomy type included; 13 Double osteotomy, 11 Imhauser; 13 pure valgus; eight valgus + rotation; There was one revision for implant failure in the LCP-DF group. In the blade plate group, there were four implant failures – three requiring revision operations (p = 0.155). In the LCP-DF group the mean neck-shaft angle difference compared to the contralateral side (if normal) or 135 degrees (if abnormal) was 0.58°. In the condylar plate group the mean difference was 4.37°. The use of a contralateral LCP-DF plate in the reverse contralateral position to stabilise proximal femoral osteotomies in our cohort confers advantages over blade plate technology. We have found that the plate is stiffer, is easier to use and provides increased screw placement options over standard proximal femoral locking plates.
Successful treatment of isolated, partial thickness ligamentum teres (LT) tears with debridement and capsulorrhaphy
Authors: Amenabar Tomas , O'Donnell John 
Published: November 2014

Background To determine if the addition of anterior capsular tightening to the treatment of partial ligamentum teres (LT) tears by debridement will diminish the recurrence rate of symptoms due to LT retears. Method A prospective case series, including all patients treated for an isolated LT tear from June 2009 to August 2011. Arthroscopically the tear was debrided using radiofrequency (RF) and the joint capsule was tightened using either RF or suture plication. All the patients were prospectively assessed with the Modified Harris Hip Score (MHHS) and the Non Arthritic Hip Score (NAHS). A total of 1574 hip arthroscopies were performed from June 2009 to November 2011. Isolated partial LT tears, were found in 27 hips (26 patients). The average age was 24.4 years (range 12-45). There were 24 females and two males. Results Over an average follow-up period of 32 months (range 23-49), MHHS and NAHS preoperative outcome scores improved significantly. No revision surgery was required for a recurrent tear. conclusion Debridement of partial thickness LT tears, with additional anterior capsule tightening, has been shown to lead to improvents in MHHS and NAHS, with no recurrence of symptoms due to LT retear in the short to medium term.
Gait Metric Profile and Gender Differences in Hip Osteoarthritis Patients. A Case-Controlled Study
Authors: Khashan Morsi , Mor Amit , Beer Yiftah , Rath Ehud , Morgensteren David R. , Debi Ronen , Elbaz Avi 
Published: November 2014

Purpose Hip osteoarthritis (OA) is a slowly progressive destructive disease that results in alterations in joint loads and biomechanics to which patients adapt compensatory alterations and abnormal gait patterns. This prospective cross-sectional, case-controlled study examined these alterations in gait metrics and evaluated gender differences in gait spatiotemporal parameters. Correlations between function and gait metrics were also investigated. Basic Procedures Hip OA patients (138 females and 122 males) and healthy controls (14 females and 26 males) matched for age and gender underwent the same investigative protocol consisting of a spatiotemporal gait analysis followed by functional evaluations using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36). Main Findings Differences between the patient and the control groups were significant in all the spatiotemporal parameters. There were significant gender differences within the hip OA group in all parameters except for cadence and single limb support percentage. WOMAC and SF-36 scores revealed significant differences between the study and control groups in most components. Significantly higher scores in the three components of the WOMAC as well as in six SF-36 score components were found among males compared to females in the patient group. Principal Conclusions Gait, WOMAC and SF-36 were effective objective and subjective tools for evaluating a large cohort of patients with hip OA, and can be highly useful for supplementing the assessment of hip OA severity and enhancing treatment efficacy during the course of the disease.
Hypothermia and Low Body Temperature are Common and Associated with High Mortality in Hip Fracture Patients
Authors: Uzoigwe Chika E. , Khan Asif , Smith Robert P. , Venkatesan Murali , Balasubramanian Sivaraman , Isaac Sherif , Chami George 
Published: November 2014

Hip fractures remain one of the commonest injuries treated by orthopaedic surgeons. Despite recent initiatives, the fracture engenders a very high mortality. The UK National Hip Fracture Database reports a 30-day mortality of 8%. The pathophysiology that results in such high mortality remains imperfectly understood. The significance of thermal dysregulation in polytrauma is becoming increasingly recognised. Hypothermia is a common feature of polytrauma and is associated with adverse outcomes. No previous studies have explored the prevalence and outcomes of hip fracture patients with hypothermia and/or low body temperature. We sought to evaluate this. We prospectively collected the demographic details and admission tympanic temperature of all patients presenting to our institution with hip fracture. Patient mortality was also recorded. Seven hundred and eighty-one patients were included. The mean age was 80 years. 38% (300) had a temperature below 36.5°C. 4% (30) presented with a tympanic temperature greater than 37.5°C. The 30-day mortality for patients with a normal admission temperature (between 36.5° and 37.5°C) was 5.1%. This value was 15.3% for those whose admission temperature was less than 36.5°C (p<0.0001). Correcting for potential confounders of age and gender, those with an admission temperature of less than 36.5°C had a 2.8 fold increase in the odds of mortality at 30-days compared with those with an admission temperature of between 36.5° and 37.5°C (p<0.0005). Low body temperature is strongly linked to 30-day mortality in hip fracture patients.
Extratropical cyclones in a warmer, moister climate: A recent Atlantic analogue
Authors: Li Muxingzi , Woollings Tim , Hodges Kevin , Masato Giacomo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCurrent climate model projections do not exhibit a large change in the intensity of extratropical cyclones. However, there are concerns that current models represent moist processes poorly, and this provides motivation for investigating observational evidence for how cyclones behave in warmer climates. In the North Atlantic in particular, recent decades provide a clear contrast between warm and cold climates due to Atlantic Multidecadal Variability. In this paper we investigate these periods as analogues which may provide a guide to future cyclone behavior. While temperature and moisture rise in recent warm periods as in the projections, differences in energetics and temperature gradients imply that these periods are only partial analogues. The main result from current reanalyses is that while increased cyclone‐associated precipitation is seen in the recent warm periods, there is no robust evidence of an increase in cyclone intensity by other measures, such as maximum wind speed or vorticity. A set of low‐ and high‐resolution model simulations are also studied, suggesting that changes in cyclone intensity may be different in higher‐resolution reanalyses.
Extremely long Kelvin‐Helmholtz billow trains in the Romanche Fracture Zone
Authors: van Haren Hans , Gostiaux Louis , Morozov Eugene , Tarakanov Roman 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn the Atlantic Ocean, the densest water mass Antarctic Bottom Water “AABW” can only cross the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge from its southwestern to northeastern basins in limited, because deep, conduits. At the southwestern entrance of one of these, the equatorial Romanche Fracture Zone, AABW crosses a sill at 4550 m depth in a 7 km narrow channel before plunging into the deep. At the sill‐slope, the rapidly flowing AABW causes shear‐induced turbulent mixing with the overlying water masses. We present an excerpt of 1 Hz sampled, half‐yearlong moored observations from 99 high‐resolution temperature sensors that demonstrate and quantify the turbulence details. On top of quasi‐steady shear flow, an internal tide modulates the mixing. Together, they constitute a means for an extremely long train of >250 consecutive Kelvin‐Helmholtz billows in a day that vary between 5 and 100 m in vertical scale.
Local geomagnetic indices and the prediction of auroral power
Authors: Newell P. T. , Gjerloev J. W. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe aurora has been related to magnetometer observations for centuries and to geomagnetic indices for decades. As the number of stations and data processing power increases, just how auroral power (AP) relates to geomagnetic observations becomes a more tractable question. This paper compares Polar ultraviolet imager AP observations during 1997 with a variety of indices. Local time (LT) versions of the SuperMAG auroral electrojet (SME) are introduced and examined, along with the corresponding upper and lower envelopes (SMU and SML). Also, the east‐west component, BE, is investigated. We also consider whether using any of the local indices is actually better at predicting local AP than a single global index. Each index is separated into 24 LT indices with a sliding 3 h magnetic local time (MLT) window. The ability to predict AP varies greatly with LT, peaking at 19:00 MLT, where about 75% of the variance (r2) is predicted at 1 min cadence. The aurora is fairly predictable from 17:00 MLT to 04:00 MLT, roughly the region in which substorms occur. AP is poorly predicted from auroral electrojet indices from 05:00 MLT to 15:00 MLT, with the minimum at 10:00–13:00 MLT. In the region of high predictability, the local index which works best is BE (east‐west), in contrast to long‐standing expectations. However, using global SME is better than any local index. AP is best predicted by combining global SME with a local index: BE from 15:00 to 03:00 MLT and either SMU or SML from 03:00 to 15:00 MLT. In the region of the diffuse aurora, it is better to use a 30 min average than the cotemporaneous 1 min SME value, while from 15:00 to 02:00 MLT, the cotemporaneous 1 min SME works best, suggesting a more direct physical relationship with the auroral circuit. These results suggest a significant role for discrete auroral currents closing locally with Pedersen currents.
SPEEDY‐IER: A fast atmospheric GCM with water isotope physics
Authors: Dee S. , Noone D. , Buenning N. , Emile‐Geay J. , Zhou Y. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe interpretation of variations in the global isotopic composition of precipitation and water vapor can be strengthened using an isotope‐enabled atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). Here we present a fast‐physics atmospheric circulation model suitable for long ensemble integrations: the efficient AGCM Simplified Parameterizations, Primitive Equation Dynamics (SPEEDY), with newly added water isotope physics. The model (SPEEDY‐isotope‐enabled reconstructions (IER)) simulates the hydrological cycle and isotope ratios in atmospheric water at a fraction of the computational cost of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)‐class GCMs. Despite its simplified physics, SPEEDY‐IER captures many key features of the observed range of tropical, subtropical, and midlatitude isotope variability when compared to the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation, Stable Water Isotope Intercomparison Group (SWING2) simulations, and satellite observations of isotopes in vapor. The incorporation of water isotopes in SPEEDY required two updates to the model's physics: postcondensational exchange associated with falling rain and soil hydrology. It is evident that these physical processes are essential for a skillful simulation of isotopes in precipitation and vapor. We conduct a suite of sensitivity tests to constrain effective parameters in the rain exchange and land models and assess the impact of the new physics to isotope simulations. The strong sensitivity to parameter choice in these components reaffirms the importance of land‐atmosphere interactions and rain‐vapor exchange on stable water isotope ratios in the atmosphere and thus on the interpretation of paleoclimate records. The utility of SPEEDY‐IER for climate applications is discussed.
Regional frequency analysis conditioned on large‐scale atmospheric or oceanic fields
Authors: Renard Benjamin , Lall Upmanu 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMany studies report that hydrologic regimes are modulated by large‐scale modes of climate variability such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Climate‐informed frequency analysis models have therefore been proposed to condition the distribution of hydrologic variables on climate indices. However, standard climate indices may be poor predictors in some regions. This paper therefore describes a regional frequency analysis framework that conditions the distribution of hydrologic variables directly on atmospheric or oceanic fields, as opposed to predefined climate indices. This framework is based on a two‐level probabilistic model describing both climate and hydrologic data. The climate data set (predictor) is typically a time series of atmospheric of oceanic fields defined on a grid over some area, while the hydrologic data set (predictand) is typically a regional data set of station data (e.g., annual average flow at several gauging stations). A Bayesian estimation framework is used, so that a natural quantification of uncertainties affecting hydrologic predictions is available. A case study aimed at predicting the number of autumn flood events in 16 catchments located in Mediterranean France using geopotential heights at 500 hPa over the North‐Atlantic region is presented. The temporal variability of hydrologic data is shown to be associated with a particular spatial pattern in the geopotential heights. A cross‐validation experiment indicates that the resulting probabilistic climate‐informed predictions are skillful: their reliability is acceptable and they are much sharper than predictions based on standard climate indices and baseline predictions that ignore climate information.
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Kim Brian Kihun , Sy Serubbable , Yu Aiping , Zhang Jinjun 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn today's world, clean energy storage devices, such as batteries, fuel cells, and electrochemical capacitors, have been recognized as one of the next‐generation technologies to assist in overcoming the global energy crisis. Electrochemical capacitors, also referred to assupercapacitors, are special types of capacitors possessing fast charging capabilities, long life cycles, and low maintenance costs. As a result, supercapacitors are used in a variety of commercial applications such as emergency backup powers, consumer electronics, and hybrid vehicles. Even though supercapacitors are restricted by its low energy density and high cost challenges, research and development will gradually overcome these limitations. The proposed articles focus on the fundamental theory behind supercapacitors, including the types of supercapacitors and their energy storage supercapacitors, as well as quantify the performance of these devices. Furthermore, the following articles help illuminate the practical aspects of supercapacitors in commercial applications and the current technological progression.
Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: 2014 update on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment
Authors: Gertz Morie A. 
Published: November 2014

Disease Overview: Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis is a clonal, nonproliferative plasma cell disorder in which fragments of immunoglobulin light chain are deposited in tissues. Clinical features depend on organs involved but can include restrictive cardiomyopathy, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic failure, peripheral/autonomic neuropathy, and atypical multiple myeloma.Diagnosis: Tissue biopsy stained with Congo red demonstrating amyloid deposits with apple‐green birefringence is required for diagnosis. Invasive organ biopsy is not required because amyloid deposits can be found in bone marrow biopsy or subcutaneous fat aspirate in 85% of patients. Verification that amyloid is composed of immunoglobulin light chains is mandatory.Prognosis: N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), serum troponin T, and difference between involved and uninvolved immunoglobulin free light chain values are used to classify patients into four groups of similar size; median survivals are 94.1, 40.3, 14.0, and 5.8 months.Therapy: All patients with a systemic amyloid syndrome require therapy to prevent deposition of amyloid in other organs and prevent progressive organ failure of involved sites. Stem cell transplant (SCT) is preferred, but only 20% of patients are eligible. Requirements for safe SCT include NT‐proBNP <5,000 ng/mL, troponin T <0.06 ng/mL, age <70 years, <3 organs involved, and serum creatinine ≤1.7 mg/dL. Nontransplant candidates can be offered melphalan–dexamethasone or cyclophosphamide–bortezomib–dexamethasone. Other combinations of chemotherapy with agents such as cyclophosphamide–thalidomide (or lenalidomide)–dexamethasone, bortezomib–dexamethasone, and melphalan–prednisone–lenalidomide have documented activity.Future Challenges: Late diagnosis remains a major obstacle to initiating effective therapy. Recognizing the presenting syndromes is necessary for improving survival.Am. J. Hematol. 89:1133–1140, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconstruction of breastfeeding and weaning practices using stable isotope and trace element analyses: A review
Authors: Tsutaya Takumi , Yoneda Minoru 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTBiogeochemical methods using stable isotopes and trace elements have been increasingly developed and applied to reconstruct modern and ancient breastfeeding and weaning practices of mammals, including humans, because they offer direct proxies for the dietary intake of subadults. Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopes have been used to evaluate breast milk lipid, protein, and water intake, respectively. Carbon and sulfur isotopes have been used to estimate the content of weaning foods. The elemental concentrations of Sr and Ba in subadult tissues differ because of the dietary change during the weaning process. For analyses, various tissues have been used, such as hair, nail, blood, and feces for modern mammals and bone and teeth for ancient ones. Of these, trace element analysis of tooth enamel offers a good opportunity for the reconstruction of breastfeeding and weaning practices of the more distant past at finer resolution, although further understanding of the metabolism of trace elements is necessary. There are various tissue‐ and element‐specific advantages and disadvantages, and a combination of different proxies can illuminate practices from various viewpoints. Finally, applying the geochemical reconstruction of breastfeeding and weaning practices to human ecology, primatology, and paleoanthropology is important; basic studies of the underlying physiological mechanisms and technical improvements in the analyses will further highlight avenues for future research. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 156:2–21, 2015. © 2014 American Association of Physical Anthropologists
Bioarchaeological contributions to the study of violence
Authors: Martin Debra L. , Harrod Ryan P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe bioarchaeological record has an abundance of scientific evidence based on skeletal indicators of trauma to argue for a long history of internal and external group conflict. However, the findings also suggest variability, nuance, and unevenness in the type, use, and meaning of violence across time and space and therefore defy generalizations or easy quantification. Documenting violence‐related behaviors provides an overview of the often unique and sometimes patterned cultural use of violence. Violence (lethal and nonlethal) is often associated with social spheres of influence and power connected to daily life such as subsistence intensification, specialization, competition for scarce resources, climate, population density, territorial protection and presence of immigrants, to name just a few. By using fine‐grained biocultural analyses that interrogate trauma data in particular places at particular times in reconstructed archaeological contexts, a more comprehensive view into the histories and experiences of violence emerges. Moreover, identifying culturally specific patterns related to age, sex, and social status provide an increasingly complex picture of early small‐scale groups. Some forms of ritual violence also have restorative and regenerative aspects that strengthen community identity. Bioarchaeological data can shed light on the ways that violence becomes part of a given cultural landscape. Viewed in a biocultural context, evidence of osteological trauma provides rich insights into social relationships and the many ways that violence is embedded within those relationships. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 156:116–145, 2015. © 2014 American Association of Physical Anthropologists