bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educational and Clinical Impact of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Courses: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mohammad Alshafi , Branicki Frank , Abu‐Zidan Fikri M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to systematically review the literature on the educational impact of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) courses and their effects on death rates of multiple trauma patients.MethodsAll Medline, Pubmed, and the Cochrane Library English articles on the educational impact of ATLS courses and their effects on trauma mortality for the period 1966–2012 were studied. All original articles written in English were included. Surveys, reviews, editorials/letters, and other trauma courses or models different from the ATLS course were excluded. Articles were critically evaluated regarding study research design, statistical analysis, outcome, and quality and level of evidence.ResultsA total of 384 articles were found in the search. Of these, 104 relevant articles were read; 23 met the selection criteria and were critically analyzed. Ten original articles reported studies on the impact of ATLS on cognitive and clinical skills, six articles addressed the attrition of skills gained through ATLS training, and seven articles addressed the effects of ATLS on trauma mortality. There is level I evidence that ATLS significantly improves the knowledge of participants managing multiple trauma patients, their clinical skills, and their organization and priority approaches. There is level II–1 evidence that knowledge and skills gained through ATLS participation decline after 6 months, with a maximum decline after 2 years. Organization and priority skills, however, are kept for up to 8 years following ATLS. Strong evidence showing that ATLS training reduces morbidity and mortality in trauma patients is still lacking.ConclusionsIt is highly recommended that ATLS courses should be taught for all doctors who are involved in the management of multiple trauma patients. Future studies are required to properly evaluate the impact of ATLS training on trauma death rates and disability.
Is there a change in the epidemiology of nasal fractures in females in the UK?
Authors: Trinidade A , Buchanan M A , Farboud A , Andreou Z , Ewart S , Mochloulis G , Kothari P , Frosh A C , Vlastarakos P V 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjective:To determine whether there is a change in the epidemiology of nasal fractures in females in the UK, and the potential contribution of the ‘ladette’ culture.Methods:This paper reports a multi-centre retrospective study. Operating theatre data for all females who underwent manipulation of nasal fractures under anaesthesia between 2002 and 2009 were analysed. In addition, the case notes of all females presenting with nasal fractures over a five-year period (2004–2009) were retrospectively reviewed and the cited cause of the fracture was noted.Results:From 2002 to 2009, there was an 825 per cent increase in nasal fractures in women aged 13–20 years. Almost one-quarter of all nasal fractures in one centre was attributed to non-domestic violence. The highest incidence of nasal fractures (67 per cent) was amongst white British females.Conclusion:There is an increasing trend in the number of women sustaining nasal fractures in the UK. The cause may be multi-factorial, but could be partially attributed to a rise in ladette culture. Further research on the role of alcohol consumption in this phenomenon is needed.
Neck lump clinics: is on-site assessment of fine needle aspirate diagnostic adequacy cost-effective?
Authors: Burgess C , Dias L , Maughan E , Moorthy R 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectives:To establish the diagnostic adequacy of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology samples at the East Berkshire neck lump clinic, and to perform a cost-benefit analysis related to the hypothetical addition of an on-site cytology technician (required to review fine needle aspiration specimen adequacy).Method:The adequacy of all ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration procedures was reviewed from 1 January to 30 June 2011. These results were used in the cost-benefit analysis related to on-site cytology assessment.Results:Of the 307 ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology procedures performed over 6 months, 67 (22 per cent) were reported to be non-diagnostic. Operator experience was found to correlate significantly with diagnostic adequacy (p < 0.001). Only 5 per cent of all fine needle aspirations were initially non-diagnostic but diagnostic on repeat sampling. This suggests that the financial and time costs of on-site fine needle aspirate adequacy assessment would outweigh any benefit.Conclusion:In this series, the experience of individuals performing fine needle aspirations was the most important factor related to adequacy.
Results on the survival of cryptobiotic cyanobacteria samples after exposure to Mars-like environmental conditions
Authors: de Vera J. -P. , Dulai S. , Kereszturi A. , Koncz L. , Lorek A. , Mohlmann D. , Marschall M. , Pocs T. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTests on cyanobacteria communities embedded in cryptobiotic crusts collected in hot and cold deserts on Earth were performed under Mars-like conditions. The simulations were realized as a survey, to find the best samples for future research. During the tests organisms have to resist Mars-like conditions such as atmospheric composition, pressure, variable humidity (saturated and dry conditions) and partly strong UV irradiation. Organisms were tested within their original habitat inside the crust. Nearly half of the cryptobiotic samples from various sites showed survival of a substantial part of their coexisting organisms. The survival in general depended more on the nature of the original habitat and type of the sample than on the different conditions they were exposed to. The best survival was observed in samples from United Arab Emirates (Jebel Ali, 25 km SW of Dubai town) and from Western Australia (near the South edge of Lake Barley), by taxa: Tolypothrix byssoidea, Gloeocapsopsis pleurocapsoides, Nostoc microscopicum, Leptolyngbya or Symploca sp. At both places in salty desert areas members of the Chenopodiaceae family dominated among the higher plants and in the cryptobiotic crust cyanobacterial taxa Tolypothrix was dominant. These organisms were all living in salty locations with dry conditions most of the year. Among them Tolypothrix, Gloeocapsopsis and Symploca sp. were tested in Mars simulation chambers for the first time. The results suggest that extremophiles should be tested with taken into account the context of their original microenvironment, and also the importance to analyse communities of microbes beside single organisms.
Kummer covers and braid monodromy
Authors: Artal Bartolo Enrique , Cogolludo-Agustín José Ignacio , Ortigas-Galindo Jorge 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this work, we describe a method to construct the generic braid monodromy of the preimage of a curve by a Kummer cover. This method is interesting since it combines two techniques, namely, the construction of a highly non-generic braid monodromy and a systematic method to go from a non-generic to a generic braid monodromy. The latter process, calledgenerification, is independent from Kummer covers, and it can be applied in more general circumstances since non-generic braid monodromies appear more naturally and are oftentimes much easier to compute. Explicit examples are computed using these techniques.
Chemotherapy-mediated p53-dependent DNA damage response in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: role of the mTORC1/2 and hypoxia-inducible factor pathways
Authors: Selvarajah J , Nathawat K , Moumen A , Ashcroft M , Carroll V A 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe DNA-damaging agent camptothecin (CPT) and its analogs demonstrate clinical utility for the treatment of advanced solid tumors, and CPT-based nanopharmaceuticals are currently in clinical trials for advanced kidney cancer; however, little is known regarding the effects of CPT on hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) accumulation and activity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Here we assessed the effects of CPT on the HIF/p53 pathway. CPT demonstrated striking inhibition of both HIF-1α and HIF-2α accumulation in von Hippel–Lindau (VHL)-defective ccRCC cells, but surprisingly failed to inhibit protein levels of HIF-2α-dependent target genes (VEGF, PAI-1, ET-1, cyclin D1). Instead, CPT induced DNA damage-dependent apoptosis that was augmented in the presence of pVHL. Further analysis revealed CPT regulated endothelin-1 (ET-1) in a p53-dependent manner: CPT increased ET-1 mRNA abundance in VHL-defective ccRCC cell lines that was significantly augmented in their VHL-expressing counterparts that displayed increased phosphorylation and accumulation of p53; p53 siRNA suppressed CPT-induced increase in ET-1 mRNA, as did an inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling, suggesting a role for ATM-dependent phosphorylation of p53 in the induction of ET-1. Finally, we demonstrate that p53 phosphorylation and accumulation is partially dependent on mTOR activity in ccRCC. Consistent with this result, pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1/2 kinase inhibited CPT-mediated ET-1 upregulation, and p53-dependent responses in ccRCC. Collectively, these data provide mechanistic insight into the action of CPT in ccRCC, identify ET-1 as a p53-regulated gene and demonstrate a requirement of mTOR for p53-mediated responses in this tumor type.
Fish gut microbiota analysis differentiates physiology and behavior of invasive Asian carp and indigenous American fish
Authors: Ye Lin , Amberg Jon , Chapman Duane , Gaikowski Mark , Liu Wen-Tso 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Gut microbiota of invasive Asian silver carp (SVCP) and indigenous planktivorous gizzard shad (GZSD) in Mississippi river basin were compared using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Analysis of more than 440 000 quality-filtered sequences obtained from the foregut and hindgut of GZSD and SVCP revealed high microbial diversity in these samples. GZSD hindgut (GZSD_H) samples (n=23) with &gt;7000 operational taxonomy units (OTUs) exhibited the highest alpha-diversity indices followed by SVCP foregut (n=15), GZSD foregut (n=9) and SVCP hindgut (SVCP_H) (n=24). UniFrac distance-based non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis showed that the microbiota of GZSD_H and SVCP_H were clearly separated into two clusters: samples in the GZSD cluster were observed to vary by sampling location and samples in the SVCP cluster by sampling date. NMDS further revealed distinct microbial community between foregut to hindgut for individual GZSD and SVCP. Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were detected as the predominant phyla regardless of fish or gut type. The high abundance of Cyanobacteria observed was possibly supported by their role as the fish’s major food source. Furthermore, unique and shared OTUs and OTUs in each gut type were identified, three OTUs from the order Bacteroidales, the genus Bacillariophyta and the genus Clostridium were found significantly more abundant in GZSD_H (14.9–22.8%) than in SVCP_H (0.13–4.1%) samples. These differences were presumably caused by the differences in the type of food sources including bacteria ingested, the gut morphology and digestion, and the physiological behavior between GZSD and SVCP.
Integration of In Vitro Binding Mechanism Into the Semiphysiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Interaction Model Between Ketoconazole and Midazolam
Authors: Quinney Sara K. , Knopp Shawn , Chang Chien , Hall Stephen D. , Li Lang 
Published: October 2013

In vitro screening for drug–drug interactions is an integral component of drug development, with larger emphasis now placed on the use of in vitro parameters to predict clinical inhibition. However, large variability exists in Ki reported for ketoconazole with midazolam, a model inhibitor–substrate pair for CYP3A. We reviewed the literature and extracted Ki for ketoconazole as measured by the inhibition of hydroxymidazolam formation in human liver microsomes. The superset of data collected was analyzed for the impact of microsomal binding, using Langmuir and phase equilibrium binding models, and fitted to various inhibition models: competitive, noncompetitive, and mixed. A mixed inhibition model with binding corrected by an independent binding model was best able to fit the data (Kic = 19.2 nmol/l and Kin = 39.8 nmol/l) and to predict clinical effect of ketoconazole on midazolam area under the concentration–time curve. The variability of reported Ki may partially be explained by microsomal binding and choice of inhibition model.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e75; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.50; published online 11 September 2013
Mechanistic Vs. Empirical Network Models of Drug Action
Authors: Birtwistle MR , Mager DE , Gallo JM 
Published: October 2013

Declining success rates coupled with increased costs is leading to an inevitable breaking point in the drug development pipeline. Can we avoid it by incorporating the vast mechanistic understanding of drug action? A recent review highlights this dilemma and proposes “quantitative logic gate” modeling as a solution.1 The goal of this commentary is to contrast this approach with mechanistic biochemical network models, which, although alluded to by Kiruoac and Onsum, requires a closer analysis.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e72; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.51; advance online publication 6 September 2013
A New Angled Chisel for Microendoscopic Decompressive Laminotomy
Authors: Nakamura Shu , Shibayama Motohide , Ito Fujio , Miura Yasushi 
Published: October 2013

Study design:
A retrospective comparative series study.

Objective:
The aim of the study was to describe a new angled chisel (NAC) that facilitates the osteotomy in microendoscopic decompressive laminotomy (MEDL), and to analyze the clinical and radiologic outcomes using the tool.

Summary of Background Data:
MEDL for lumbar spinal stenosis is a minimally invasive surgery. The paraspinous unilateral approach for bilateral decompression can preserve the posterior structure better than other methods. However, the resection of the medial facet on the approach side is technically difficult because the working space is limited and the retractor is difficult to place properly. Because of these limitations, either the inferior articular process on the approach side tends to be resected excessively, which can lead to facet fracture and instability, or the superior articular process tends to be resected insufficiently, which can result in residual symptoms. The ideal decompression of the medial facet consists of sufficient resection to the deep portion, especially lateral recess of the spinal canal, and adequate facet preservation. Special curved devices to obtain optimal resection have been developed, but these devices have not effectively improved the osteotomy. We developed an NAC to allow an osteotomy at the desired angle.

Materials and Methods:
Forty patients underwent MEDL with the use of NAC (NAC group) and 40 patients underwent the same procedure without the NAC (control group). The osteotomy angle of the medial facet on the approach side and Visual Analogue Scale score were analyzed.

Results:
The average osteotomy angle of the medial facet was significantly smaller in the NAC group. The radiologic and clinical results were significantly better in the NAC group.

Conclusions:
The NAC was a useful tool that sharpens the osteotomy angle of the medial facet and thereby improved the clinical course.
Clinical Experience Using a Remote Control Injection System in Vertebroplasty
Authors: Jin Peng , Liu Xunwei , Li Min , Sun Gang 
Published: October 2013

Study Design:
A retrospective study.

Summary of Background Data:
Cement leakage is a frequent occurrence in vertebroplasty and is also the main source of complications. Continuous radiographic evaluation is mandatory to detect cement leakage during injecting cement into the vertebral body, while the operator is subjected to x-ray radiation exposure.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of vertebroplasty performed on patients and operators for the treatment of osteoporotic and malignant vertebral compression fractures using a remote control injection system.

Materials and Methods:
Institutional review board approval was obtained for this retrospective study. Clinical charts and postoperative radiographs were obtained for 74 patients (114 levels) who underwent vertebroplasty. The study group included 46 cases (71 levels) of benign osteoporotic fractures and 28 cases (43 levels) of different malignant metastatic lesions. Under fluoroscopic guidance, cement was injected using a remote control injection system, while the operator was standing outside the radiation field. The location and degree of leakage at each treated level were recorded.

Results:
Cement leakage rate reached 47.4% across all treated levels. No severe leakage in any location was observed. A total of 35 leakages were detected in 71 levels and 24 leakages were detected in 43 levels in the benign and malignant fracture group, respectively. The overall rate of cement leakages and the location of the leakages were not statistically different between the benign and malignant fracture group (P=0.60, P=0.45). With the operator standing outside the radiation field to inject cement, the radiation dose to operators was avoided during cement injection.

Conclusions:
Vertebroplasty using a remote control injection system was feasible and safe in treatment of osteoporotic and malignant compression fractures. The cement injection system had potential benefits to decrease the leakage rate in treating malignant fractures and eliminate injection dose to operators under lateral fluoroscopic monitoring.
Does Sagittal Spinopelvic Configuration Influence Vertebral Fracture Type or Localization in Trauma Patients?
Authors: Bouaicha Samy , Cunier Marc , Scheyerer Max J. , Wanner Guido A. , Simmen Hans-Peter , Werner Clément M.L. 
Published: October 2013

Study Design:
Retrospective data analysis.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to analyze correlations between spinopelvic configuration and fracture pattern or location in traumatic vertebral fractures.

Summary of Background Data:
The spinopelvic configuration represented by the pelvic incidence (PI) angle showed to have a strong correlation with the occurrence of degenerative diseases of the thoracolumbar spine. No data are available on whether there is an influence of the PI angle on traumatic vertebral lesions as well.

Materials and Methods:
In a consecutive series of patients sustaining traumatic vertebral fractures, we retrospectively analyzed spinopelvic computed tomography data sets of 197 patients (121 male and 76 female patients; mean age, 51 years). Measurements included the PI angle, level of fracture(s), and fracture type according to the AO classification. Statistical analysis was performed to calculate correlation between PI and fracture level and between PI and fracture type.

Results:
An average of 1.6 fractures per patient was found in the 197 individuals included in our study. PI angle showed a mean of 50.6 degrees for the left hip and a mean of 49.9 degrees for the right hip. There were no significant differences of the PI angle between male and female patients as well. Neither a significant effect of the PI angle on the vertebral fracture level (P=0.64) nor a significant relationship between the PI angle and the fracture type according to the AO classification (P=0.52) was found.

Conclusions:
The spinopelvic configuration represented by PI angle seems to influence neither the level nor the type of vertebral fractures in trauma patients.
Rectal Motility in Pediatric Constipation
Authors: Moeller Joensson Iben , Hagstroem Soren , Fynne Lotte , Krogh Klaus , Siggaard Charlotte , Djurhuus Jens C. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:Constipation is a common disorder in children, but little is known about its etiology. Rectal impedance planimetry determines segmental rectal cross‐sectional area (CSA) and pressure, allowing detailed description of rectal motility. The aim of the present study was to compare rectal motility in healthy and constipated children.Methods:We analyzed data from 10 children (1 girl) with constipation according to the Rome III criteria, mean age 8.8 years (standard deviation ± 1.2), and 10 healthy children (5 girls), mean age 9.9 years (standard deviation ± 1.5). CSA was determined at 3 levels (4, 5.5, and 7 cm from the anal verge). The resting rectal motility was recorded for 30 minutes followed by a distension protocol to assess compliance. Runs of phasic rectal contractions were defined as changes of >10% from baseline CSA and lasting at least 2 minutes. Rectal dimensions were expressed as mean CSA.Results:A low‐amplitude contraction pattern (3%–5% of baseline CSA) with a frequency of 6 to 8/minute was present in all of the children. There was significantly more time with phasic rectal contractions in constipated children (median 38%, range [0–100]) compared with healthy children (median 8.8%, range [0–57]) (P < 0.05). The rectal CSA was higher in constipated children (median 1802 mm2 [range 1106–2948]) compared with healthy children (1375 mm2 [range 437–1861]) (P < 0.05), but compliance did not differ (constipated: median 38 mm2/H2O [range 12–86] vs healthy 33 mm2/H2O [range 10–63]) (P = 30).Conclusions:In children with constipation, we found phasic rectal contractions for a significantly longer period compared with healthy children, and their rectum is larger than normal.
Corrosion behavior of molybdate conversion coatings on AZ31 magnesium alloy in NaCl solution
Authors: Yao Yingwu , Zhou You , He Liang 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– This paper aims to study the corrosion behavior of molybdate conversion coatings on AZ31 magnesium alloy in NaCl solution.

Design/methodology/approach
– The open circuit potential curves, anodic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and immersion tests were used to study the corrosion behavior of molybdate conversion coatings on AZ31 magnesium alloy in NaCl solution.

Findings
– The molybdate conversion coatings were homogeneous and uniform. The corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium alloy had been improved evidently through the molybdate conversion treatment.

Originality/value
– The molybdate conversion coatings possess favorable feasibility in practice for the corrosion protection of AZ31 magnesium alloys in NaCl solution.