bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Military‐related traumatic brain injury and neurodegeneration
Authors: McKee Ann C. , Robinson Meghan E. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) includes concussion, subconcussion, and most exposures to explosive blast from improvised explosive devices. mTBI is the most common traumatic brain injury affecting military personnel; however, it is the most difficult to diagnose and the least well understood. It is also recognized that some mTBIs have persistent, and sometimes progressive, long‐term debilitating effects. Increasing evidence suggests that a single traumatic brain injury can produce long‐term gray and white matter atrophy, precipitate or accelerate age‐related neurodegeneration, and increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and motor neuron disease. In addition, repetitive mTBIs can provoke the development of a tauopathy, chronic traumatic encephalopathy. We found early changes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in four young veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflict who were exposed to explosive blast and in another young veteran who was repetitively concussed. Four of the five veterans with early‐stage chronic traumatic encephalopathy were also diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder. Advanced chronic traumatic encephalopathy has been found in veterans who experienced repetitive neurotrauma while in service and in others who were accomplished athletes. Clinically, chronic traumatic encephalopathy is associated with behavioral changes, executive dysfunction, memory loss, and cognitive impairments that begin insidiously and progress slowly over decades. Pathologically, chronic traumatic encephalopathy produces atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes, thalamus, and hypothalamus; septal abnormalities; and abnormal deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau as neurofibrillary tangles and disordered neurites throughout the brain. The incidence and prevalence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy and the genetic risk factors critical to its development are currently unknown. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy has clinical and pathological features that overlap with postconcussion syndrome and posttraumatic stress disorder, suggesting that the three disorders might share some biological underpinnings.
Stress, PTSD, and dementia
Authors: Greenberg Mark S. , Tanev Kaloyan , Marin Marie‐France , Pitman Roger K. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe physiological consequences of acute and chronic stress on a range of organ systems have been well documented after the pioneering work of Hans Selye more than 70 years ago. More recently, an association between exposure to stressful life events and the development of later‐life cognitive dysfunction has been proposed. Several plausible neurohormonal pathways and genetic mechanisms exist to support such an association. However, many logistical and methodological barriers must be overcome before a defined causal linkage can be firmly established. Here the authors review recent studies of the long‐term cognitive consequences of exposures to cumulative ordinary life stressors as well as extraordinary traumatic events leading to posttraumatic stress disorder. Suggestive effects have been demonstrated for the role of life stress in general, and posttraumatic stress disorder in particular, on a range of negative cognitive outcomes, including worse than normal changes with aging, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia. However, given the magnitude of the issue, well‐controlled studies are relatively few in number, and the effects they have revealed are modest in size. Moreover, the effects have typically only been demonstrated on a selective subset of measures and outcomes. Potentially confounding factors abound and complicate causal relationships despite efforts to contain them. More well‐controlled, carefully executed longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the apparent association between stress and dementia, clarify causal relationships, develop reliable antemortem markers, and delineate distinct patterns of risk in subsets of individuals.
Smoking and increased Alzheimer's disease risk: A review of potential mechanisms
Authors: Durazzo Timothy C. , Mattsson Niklas , Weiner Michael W. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundCigarette smoking has been linked with both increased and decreased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is relevant for the US military because the prevalence of smoking in the military is approximately 11% higher than in civilians.MethodsA systematic review of published studies on the association between smoking and increased risk for AD and preclinical and human literature on the relationships between smoking, nicotine exposure, and AD‐related neuropathology was conducted. Original data from comparisons of smoking and never‐smoking cognitively normal elders on in vivo amyloid imaging are also presented.ResultsOverall, literature indicates that former/active smoking is related to a significantly increased risk for AD. Cigarette smoke/smoking is associated with AD neuropathology in preclinical models and humans. Smoking‐related cerebral oxidative stress is a potential mechanism promoting AD pathology and increased risk for AD.ConclusionsA reduction in the incidence of smoking will likely reduce the future prevalence of AD.
Lifestyle and health‐related risk factors and risk of cognitive aging among older veterans
Authors: Yaffe Kristine , Hoang Tina D. , Byers Amy L. , Barnes Deborah E. , Friedl Karl E. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLifestyle and health‐related factors are critical components of the risk for cognitive aging among veterans. Because dementia has a prolonged prodromal phase, understanding effects across the life course could help focus the timing and duration of prevention targets. This perspective may be especially relevant for veterans and health behaviors. Military service may promote development and maintenance of healthy lifestyle behaviors, but the period directly after active duty has ended could be an important transition stage and opportunity to address some important risk factors. Targeting multiple pathways in one intervention may maximize efficiency and benefits for veterans. A recent review of modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease estimated that a 25% reduction of a combination of seven modifiable risk factors including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, depression, physical inactivity, smoking, and education/cognitive inactivity could prevent up to 3 million cases worldwide and 492,000 cases in the United States. Lifestyle interventions to address cardiovascular health in veterans may serve as useful models with both physical and cognitive activity components, dietary intervention, and vascular risk factor management. Although the evidence is accumulating for lifestyle and health‐related risk factors as well as military risk factors, more studies are needed to characterize these factors in veterans and to examine the potential interactions between them.
Targeted polytherapy in small cell sarcoma and its association with doxorubicin
Authors: Dumont S.N. , Yang D. , Dumont A.G. , Reynoso D. , Blay J-Y. , Trent J.C. 
Published: June 2014

A paradigm shift has occurred in the last decade from chemotherapy to targeted therapy for the management of many patients with advanced sarcoma. This work identifies a combination of targeted agents and doxorubicin that are effective against small cell sarcoma cell lines.Three small cell sarcoma cell lines were studied: RD18 (rhabdomyosarcoma), A204 (undifferentiated sarcoma) and TC 71 (Ewing's sarcoma). Each cell line was exposed to increasing concentrations of vorinostat (HDAC inhibitor), 17‐DMAG (HSP90 inhibitor), abacavir (anti‐telomerase) or sorafenib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) alone, combined with one another, or combined with doxorubicin. Cell viability, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis were assessed by MTS assay, propidium iodide‐Annexin V staining, and caspase 3/7 activity, respectively. The Chou and Talalay combination index (CI) was used to determine whether the effects were additive (CI = 1), synergistic (CI < 1) or antagonistic (CI > 1).In monotherapy, targeted agents achieved 30–90% reductions in viability, with the exception of abacavir. Dual‐targeted combination therapies with vorinostat, sorafenib and 17‐DMAG demonstrated synergy. Abacavir was antagonistic with every other drug and was not further studied. Both vorinostat and 17‐DMAG synergized with doxorubicin, achieving 60% cell killing compared to 12% with doxorubicin alone. No synergy was observed for sorafenib with doxorubicin. The triple therapy vorinostat, 17‐DMAG and doxorubicin did not show synergy, but increased the subG1 population at 24H, from 30% to 70% compared to monotherapies with an increase in apoptosis.This work provides evidence of synergy of combinations of vorinostat, 17‐DMAG and sorafenib in small cell sarcoma. In addition to doxorubicin, these combinations enhance doxorubicin cytotoxicity at therapeutically relevant concentrations.
Multi-solitons for nonlinear Klein–Gordon equations
Authors: CÔTE RAPHAËL , MUÑOZ CLAUDIO 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the existence of multi-soliton structures for the nonlinear Klein–Gordon (NLKG) equation in $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\mathbb{R}^{1+d}$. We prove that, independently of the unstable character of NLKG solitons, it is possible to construct a $N$-soliton family of solutions to the NLKG equation, of dimension $2N$, globally well defined in the energy space $H^1\times L^2$ for all large positive times. The method of proof involves the generalization of previous works on supercritical Nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) and generalized Korteweg–de Vries (gKdV) equations by Martel, Merle, and the first author [R. Côte, Y. Martel and F. Merle, Rev. Mat. Iberoam. 27 (1) (2011), 273–302] to the wave case, where we replace the unstable mode associated to the linear NLKG operator by two generalized directions that are controlled without appealing to modulation theory. As a byproduct, we generalize the linear theory described in Grillakis, Shatah, and Strauss [J. Funct. Anal. 74 (1) (1987), 160–197] and Duyckaerts and Merle [Int. Math. Res. Pap. IMRP (2008), Art ID rpn002] to the case of boosted solitons, and provide new solutions to be studied using the recent work of Nakanishi and Schlag [Zurich Lectures in Advanced Mathematics, vi+253 pp (European Mathematical Society (EMS), Zürich, 2011)] theory.
Spatiotemporal dynamics in two-dimensional Kolmogorov flow over large domains
Authors: Lucas Dan , Kerswell Rich 
Published: June 2014

AbstractKolmogorov flow in two dimensions – the two-dimensional (2D) Navier–Stokes equations with a sinusoidal body force – is considered over extended periodic domains to reveal localised spatiotemporal complexity. The flow response mimics the forcing at small forcing amplitudes but beyond a critical value develops a long wavelength instability. The ensuing state is described by a Cahn–Hilliard-type equation and as a result coarsening dynamics is observed for random initial data. After further bifurcations, this regime gives way to multiple attractors, some of which possess spatially localised time dependence. Co-existence of such attractors in a large domain gives rise to interesting collisional dynamics which is captured by a system of 5 (1-space and 1-time) partial differential equations (PDEs) based on a long wavelength limit. The coarsening regime reinstates itself at yet higher forcing amplitudes in the sense that only longest-wavelength solutions remain attractors. Eventually, there is one global longest-wavelength attractor which possesses two localised chaotic regions – a kink and antikink – which connect two steady one-dimensional (1D) flow regions of essentially half the domain width each. The wealth of spatiotemporal complexity uncovered presents a bountiful arena in which to study the existence of simple invariant localised solutions which presumably underpin all of the observed behaviour.
Compressible Taylor–Couette flow – instability mechanism and codimension 3 points
Authors: Welsh Stephanie , Kersalé Evy , Jones Chris A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTaylor–Couette flow in a compressible perfect gas is studied. The onset of instability is examined as a function of the Reynolds numbers of the inner and outer cylinder, the Mach number of the flow and the Prandtl number of the gas. We focus on the case of a wide gap, with radius ratio 0.5. We find new modes of instability at high Prandtl number, which can allow oscillatory axisymmetric modes to onset first. We also find that onset can occur even when the angular momentum increases outwards, so that the classical Rayleigh criterion can be violated in the compressible case. We have also considered the case of counter-rotating cylinders, where the $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}m=0$ and $m=1$ modes can onset simultaneously to give a codimension 2 bifurcation, leading to the formation of complex flow patterns. In compressible flow we also find codimension 3 points. The Mach number and the critical inner and outer Reynolds numbers can be adjusted so that the two neutral curves for the $m=0$ and $m=1$ modes touch rather than cross. Complex codimension 3 points occur more readily in the compressible case than in the Boussinesq case, and they are expected to lead to a rich nonlinear behaviour.
Relation between understanding and agreeing in response to one-sentence assertion*
Authors: OZURU YASUHIRO , BOWIE DAVID , KAUFMAN GIULIA 
Published: June 2014

abstractThree quasi-experimental studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between the evaluative (i.e., agree/true) and the meta-cognitive (i.e., understand) response, and to determine which type of response people are more likely to provide when responding to one-sentence assertive statements. In Studies 1 and 2, participants performed two separate tasks in which they were asked to indicate the levels of: (i) understanding and (ii) agreement / perceived truthfulness of 126 one-sentence statements. The results indicated that participants were likely to provide a negative evaluative response (i.e., disagree/false) to a statement that they did not understand. In Study 3, participants were asked to evaluate the same 126 statements and choose between four response options: agree, disagree, understand, do not understand. The results indicated that people are more likely provide an evaluative response regardless of the understandability of a statement. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to (i) pragmatic perspective of how people infer speakers’ meaning, and (ii) cognitive processes underlying evaluative and meta-cognitive response.
Heat shock protein 90 as a potential drug target against surra
Authors: ROCHANI ANKIT K. , MITHRA CHANDAN , SINGH MEETALI , TATU UTPAL 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYTrypanosomiasis is caused by Trypanosoma species which affect both human and animal populations and pose a major threat to developing countries. The incidence of animal trypanosomiasis is on the rise. Surra is a type of animal trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma evansi, and has been included in priority list B of significant diseases by the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE). Control of surra has been a challenge due to the lack of effective drugs and vaccines and emergence of resistance towards existing drugs. Our laboratory has previously implicated Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) from protozoan parasites as a potential drug target and successfully demonstrated efficacy of an Hsp90 inhibitor in cell culture as well as a pre-clinical mouse model of trypanosomiasis. This article explores the role of Hsp90 in the Trypanosoma life cycle and its potential as a drug target. It appears plausible that the repertoire of Hsp90 inhibitors available in academia and industry may have value for treatment of surra and other animal trypanosomiasis.
Précis onThe Cognitive-Emotional Brain
Authors: Pessoa Luiz 
Published: June 2014

AbstractInThe Cognitive-Emotional Brain(Pessoa 2013), I describe the many ways that emotion and cognition interact and are integrated in the brain. The book summarizes five areas of research that support this integrative view and makes four arguments to organize each area. (1) Based on rodent and human data, I propose that the amygdala's functions go beyond emotion as traditionally conceived. Furthermore, the processing of emotion-laden information is capacity limited, thus not independent of attention and awareness. (2) Cognitive-emotional interactions in the human prefrontal cortex (PFC) assume diverse forms and are not limited to mutual suppression. Particularly, the lateral PFC is a focal point for cognitive-emotional interactions. (3) Interactions between motivation and cognition can be seen across a range of perceptual and cognitive tasks. Motivation shapes behavior in specific ways – for example, by reducing response conflict or via selective effects on working memory. Traditional accounts, by contrast, typically describe motivation as a global activation independent of particular control demands. (4) Perception and cognition are directly influenced by information with affective or motivational content in powerful ways. A dual competition model outlines a framework for such interactions at the perceptual and executive levels. A specific neural architecture is proposed that embeds emotional and motivational signals into perception and cognition through multiple channels. (5) A network perspective should supplant the strategy of understanding the brain in terms of individual regions. More broadly, in a network view of brain architecture, “emotion” and “cognition” may be used as labels of certain behaviors, but will not map cleanly into compartmentalized pieces of the brain.
Linear theory of quantum two-stream instability in a magnetized plasma with a transverse wiggler magnetic field
Authors: Hasanbeigi A. , Moghani S. , Mehdian H. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA fluid description is used to study the properties of two-stream instability due to interaction of a non-relativistic electron beam with quantum magnetized plasma and transverse wiggler magnetic field. It is assumed that the background plasma provides charge and current neutralization of the electron beam. The dispersion relation is obtained by solving and linearizing fluid-Maxwell equations. The resulting dispersion equation is analyzed numerically over a wide range of system parameters. The results of quantum and classical treatments are compared numerically, with including the effects of wiggler on the dispersion relation. It is found that the transverse wiggler magnetic field can strongly improve the instability of quantum plasma as well as classical plasma.
Translational read-through as an alternative approach for ocular gene therapy of retinal dystrophies caused by in-frame nonsense mutations
Authors: NAGEL-WOLFRUM KERSTIN , MÖLLER FABIAN , PENNER INESSA , WOLFRUM UWE 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe eye has become an excellent target for gene therapy, and gene augmentation therapy of inherited retinal disorders has made major progress in recent years. Nevertheless, a recent study indicated that gene augmentation intervention might not stop the progression of retinal degeneration in patients. In addition, for many genes, viral-mediated gene augmentation is currently not feasible due to gene size and limited packaging capacity of viral vectors as well as expression of various heterogeneous isoforms of the target gene. Thus, alternative gene-based strategies to stop or delay the retinal degeneration are necessary. This review focuses on an alternative pharmacologic treatment strategy based on the usage of translational read-through inducing drugs (TRIDs) such as PTC124, aminoglycoside antibiotics, and designer aminoglycosides for overreading in-frame nonsense mutations. This strategy has emerged as an option for up to 30–50% of all cases of recessive hereditary retinal dystrophies. In-frame nonsense mutations are single-nucleotide alterations within the gene coding sequence resulting in a premature stop codon. Consequently, translation of such mutated genes leads to the synthesis of truncated proteins, which are unable to fulfill their physiologic functions. In this context, application of TRIDs facilitates the recoding of the premature termination codon into a sense codon, thus restoring syntheses of full-length proteins. So far, clinical trials for non-ocular diseases have been initiated for diverse TRIDs. Although the clinical outcome is not analyzed in detail, an excellent safety profile, namely for PTC124, was clearly demonstrated. Moreover, recent data demonstrated sustained read-through efficacies of nonsense mutations causing retinal degeneration, as manifested in the human Usher syndrome. In addition, a strong retinal biocompatibility for PTC124 and designer aminoglycosides has been demonstrated. In conclusion, recent progress emphasizes the potential of TRIDs as an alternative pharmacologic treatment strategy for treating nonsense mutation-based retinal disorders.
Impairments in facial affect recognition associated with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis
Authors: Lozier Leah M. , Vanmeter John W. , Marsh Abigail A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAutism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by social impairments, including inappropriate responses to affective stimuli and nonverbal cues, which may extend to poor face-emotion recognition. However, the results of empirical studies of face-emotion recognition in individuals with ASD have yielded inconsistent findings that occlude understanding the role of face-emotion recognition deficits in the development of ASD. The goal of this meta-analysis was to address three as-yet unanswered questions. Are ASDs associated with consistent face-emotion recognition deficits? Do deficits generalize across multiple emotional expressions or are they limited to specific emotions? Do age or cognitive intelligence affect the magnitude of identified deficits? The results indicate that ASDs are associated with face-emotion recognition deficits across multiple expressions and that the magnitude of these deficits increases with age and cannot be accounted for by intelligence. These findings suggest that, whereas neurodevelopmental processes and social experience produce improvements in general face-emotion recognition abilities over time during typical development, children with ASD may experience disruptions in these processes, which suggested distributed functional impairment in the neural architecture that subserves face-emotion processing, an effect with downstream developmental consequences.