bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Precision Mounted Lens Production
Authors: Langehanenberg Patrik , Heinisch Josef , Buß Christian , Wilde Christian 
Published: May 2014

AbstractModern optic systems require modern assembly and joining techniques. The trend of keeping production dimensions as small as possible while maintaining or increasing optic imaging capacity leaves little room for mechanical equipment to align the individual elements in the end product. The two methods of directional adhesive bonding lenses in their final cell and alignment turning provide attractive solutions under these conditions.
Functional Testing of Varifocals
Authors: Stürwald Stephan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFor functional testing of optical systems, typically Shack‐Hartmann‐based sensors consisting of a combination of a micro lens matrix and a CCD/CMOS sensor are utilized. Their lateral resolution is restricted to the size of the micro‐lenses, and the maximum measurable wavefront slope is usually significantly limited to avoid ambiguous signals on the detector. Here, we present a similar measurement method which is, however, based on a digital micro‐mirror matrix for selecting subapertures in reflection. This leads to enhanced measurement capabilities in functional testing of optics.
UV‐B Induced Secondary Plant Metabolites
Authors: Schreiner Monika , Martínez‐Abaigar Javier , Glaab Johannes , Jansen Marcel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEpidemiological studies have revealed an association between a high consumption of fruit, vegetables and herbs and a lower risk of both cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This protective effect is mostly due to secondary metabolites present in plant tissues. In contrast to numerous previous UV‐B studies, which have focused on the potential impacts of increased levels of solar UV‐B radiation reaching the Earth's surface due to stratospheric ozone depletion, recent investigations revealed that UV‐B radiation is an important regulator of plant secondary metabolism. Low, ecologically‐relevant UV‐B levels trigger distinct changes in the biosynthesis of secondary plant metabolites such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids and glucosinolates. Fundamental understanding of plant UV‐B perception and responses opens up new opportunities for crop manipulation. Thus, targeted low dosage UV‐B radiation treatments as emerging technology may be used to generate fruit, vegetables and herbs enriched with secondary plant metabolites for either fresh consumption or as a source for functional foods and nutraceuticals.
The German Biophotonics Industry and the Global Biophotonics Market
Authors: Hubbert Joshua 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBiophotonics — the application of light and optical technologies to the life sciences and medicine — promises not only opportunities for effective diagnostics and treatment, but also new economic perspectives for the medical technology industry. A. T. Kearney recently conducted a study of the biophotonics market on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The study analyzed the size and growth of the global biophotonics market and identified the strengths and weaknesses of the biophotonics industry in Germany.
Anogenital distance in male and female fetuses at 20 to 35 weeks of gestation: centile charts and reference ranges
Authors: Gilboa Yinon , Kivilevitch Zvi , Oren Meri , Cohen Yisca Pazit , Katorza Eldad , Achiron Reuven 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesIn pediatrics, anogenital distance (AGD) serves as a bioassay of normal phenotypic androgen action on the external genitalia. Recently, hypospadias and cryptorchidism were reported to be associated with reduced AGD. No normal reference ranges exist for fetuses throughout gestation. This study defines the normal centile chart of the AGD, in male and female fetuses, between 20 and 35 weeks of gestation.MethodsParticipants were low‐risk pregnant women, 20 to 35 weeks of gestation. All fetuses were singleton, with normal anatomic scan and appropriate fetal biometry for gestational age. Fetal AGD was measured by transabdominal ultrasound. The perineum was assessed in the axial plane. The distance was measured from the center of the anus to the posterior convergence of the fourchette in female fetuses and to the posterior base of the scrotum in male fetuses. Statistical analysis included the construction of the normal, modeled, centile, and standard deviation range, for each gestational age. Intraobserver and interobserver variability was assessed by the interclass correlation and Bland–Altman plot.ResultsAdequate measurements were obtained for 218 female and 206 male fetuses. For 17 cases, measurements were not possible because of fetal lie. AGD increased linearly throughout gestational age (GA) (r2 = 0.808) for both sexes and was expressed by the following regression equation: for male fetuses, −12.348 + 1.075*GA, and for female fetuses, −3.179 + 0.513*GA, where GA is gestational age. The normal centiles, means, and standard deviations, per week, are presented.ConclusionAGD measurement in utero is feasible. These measurements assess the normality of the perineal region and may assist in the detection of genital anomalies. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient empowerment in cancer pain management: an integrative literature review
Authors: te Boveldt Nienke , Vernooij‐Dassen Myrra , Leppink Irene , Samwel Han , Vissers Kris , Engels Yvonne 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveMore than 50% of patients with cancer experience pain. Patient empowerment has been highlighted as central to success in pain management. Up to now, no clear model for this patient group exists, yet several strategies to empower patients have been used in clinical practice. This review examines how empowerment or related concepts have been described in relation to pain management in patients with cancer. With the help of a conceptual model, recommendations for clinical practice are provided.MethodsAn integrative review was conducted, using the databases PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO. We evaluated papers discussing empowerment or related concepts in relation to pain management in patients with cancer. We analyzed the term ‘empowerment’ semantically.ResultsFrom a total of 5984 identified papers, 34 were included for analysis. Empowerment has been described with the concepts self‐efficacy, active patient participation, increasing abilities, and control of life. Most papers focus on pain treatment induced by the professional caregiver or on the active involvement of the patient, and not on the combination of both. The following elements of empowerment could be discriminated: role of the patient, role of the professional, resources, self‐efficacy, active coping, and shared decision making.ConclusionsOn the basis of these findings, we propose a conceptual model to empower patients in controlling cancer pain. We recommend focusing on pain treatment given by the professional, on the active involvement of the patient, and on the interaction of both. Our model might also be useful for other patient groups or specific contexts, especially in symptom management. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual‐tree fast exact max‐kernel search
Authors: Curtin Ryan R. , Ram Parikshit 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe problem of max‐kernel search arises everywhere: given a query point \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$p_q$ \end{document}, a set of reference objects \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$S_r$ \end{document} and some kernel \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\mathcal{K}$ \end{document}, find \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$arg\,max_{p_r \in S_r} \mathcal{K}(p_q, p_r)$ \end{document}. Max‐kernel search is ubiquitous and appears in countless domains of science, thanks to the wide applicability of kernels. A few domains include image matching, information retrieval, bio‐informatics, similarity search, and collaborative filtering (to name just a few). However, there is no generalized technique for efficiently solving max‐kernel search. This paper presents a single‐tree algorithm called single‐tree FastMKS which returns the max‐kernel solution for a single query point in provably \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$O(\log N)$ \end{document} time (where \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$N$ \end{document} is the number of reference objects), and also a dual‐tree algorithm (dual‐tree FastMKS) which is useful for max‐kernel search with many query points. If the set of query points is of size \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$O(N)$ \end{document}, this algorithm returns a solution in provably \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$O(N)$ \end{document} time, which is significantly better than the \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$O(N^2)$ \end{document} linear scan solution; these bounds are dependent on the expansion constant of the data. These algorithms work for abstract objects, as they do not require explicit representation of the points in kernel space. Empirical results for a variety of datasets show up to five orders of magnitude speedup in some cases. In addition, we present approximate extensions of the FastMKS algorithms that can achieve further speedups.
The development of a Visual‐Perceptual Chemistry Specific (VPCS) assessment tool
Authors: Oliver‐Hoyo Maria , Sloan Caroline 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe development of the Visual‐Perceptual Chemistry Specific (VPCS) assessment tool is based on items that align to eight visual‐perceptual skills considered as needed by chemistry students. This tool includes a comprehensive range of visual operations and presents items within a chemistry context without requiring content knowledge to solve correctly. The VPCS was administrated to a total of 2,713 chemistry students taking general, organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry courses at a large, southeastern university over a period of three academic years. The preliminary validation process involved primarily factor analysis and Item Response Theory. A three‐factor solution was considered appropriate with the most reasonable interpretation labeling Factor 1 as a general visual‐spatial skill, Factor 2 involving multiple viewpoints (frames of reference), and Factor 3 related to memory ability. Our analysis supports an interpretation relevant to chemistry instruction that departs from previous findings where the factors obtained were viewed in terms of static or kinetic qualities (mechanical) and/or two‐dimensional versus three‐dimensional aspects. Several interpretations for the three‐factor solution are discussed as well as implications for teaching and future research. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 963–981, 2014
A new acidophilic endo-β-1,4-xylanase from Penicillium oxalicum: cloning, purification, and insights into the influence of metal ions on xylanase activity
Authors: Liao Hanpeng , Sun Shaowei , Wang Pan , Bi Wenli , Tan Shiyong , Wei Zhong , Mei Xinlan , Liu Dongyang , Raza Waseem , Shen Qirong , Xu Yangchun 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
A new acidophilic xylanase (XYN11A) from Penicillium oxalicum GZ-2 has been purified, identified and characterized. Synchronized fluorescence spectroscopy was used for the first time to evaluate the influence of metal ions on xylanase activity. The purified enzyme was identified by MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry, and its gene (xyn11A) was identified as an open reading frame of 706 bp with a 68 bp intron. This gene encodes a mature protein of 196 residues with a predicted molecular weight of 21.3 kDa that has the 100 % identity with the putative xylanase from the P. oxalicum 114-2. The enzyme shows a structure comprising a catalytic module family 10 (GH10) and no carbohydrate-binding module family. The specific activities were 150.2, 60.2, and 72.6 U/mg for beechwood xylan, birchwood xylan, and oat spelt xylan, respectively. XYN11A exhibited optimal activity at pH 4.0 and remarkable pH stability under extremely acidic condition (pH 3). The specific activity, K m and V max values were 150.2 U/mg, 30.7 mg/mL, and 403.9 μmol/min/mg for beechwood xylan, respectively. XYN11A is a endo-β-1,4-xylanase since it release xylobiose and xylotriose as the main products by hydrolyzing xylans. The activity of XYN11A was enhanced 155 % by 1 mM Fe2+ ions, but was inhibited strongly by Fe3+. The reason of enhancing the xylanase activity of XYN11A with 1 mM Fe2+ treatment may be responsible for the change of microenvironment of tryptophan residues studied by synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry. Inhibition of the xylanase activity by Fe3+ was first time demonstrated to associate tryptophan fluorescence quenching.
The Role of Social Toxicity in Responses to a Slowly‐Evolving Environmental Disaster: The Case of Amphibole Asbestos Exposure in Libby, Montana, USA
Authors: Cline Rebecca J. W. , Orom Heather , Chung Jae Eun , Hernandez Tanis 
Published: May 2014

AbstractExperiencing a disaster has significant negative effects on psychological adjustment. Case study accounts point to two consistent trends in slowly‐evolving environmental disasters: (a) patterns of negative social dynamics, and (b) relatively worse psychological outcomes than in natural disasters. Researchers have begun to explicitly postulate that the social consequences of slowly‐evolving environmental disasters (e.g., community conflict) have their own effects on victims’ psychological outcomes. This study tested a model of the relationship between those social consequences and psychological adjustment of victims of a slowly‐evolving environmental disaster, specifically those whose health has been compromised by the amphibole asbestos disaster in Libby, MT. Results indicate that experiencing greater community conflict about the disaster was associated with greater family conflict about the disaster which, in turn, was associated with greater social constraints on talking with others about their disease, both directly and indirectly through experiencing stigmatization. Experiencing greater social constraints was associated with worse psychological adjustment, both directly and indirectly through failed social support. Findings have implications for understanding pathways by which social responses create negative effects on mental health in slowly‐evolving environmental disasters. These pathways suggest points for prevention and response (e.g., social support, stigmatization of victims) for communities experiencing slowly‐evolving environmental disasters.
ON OPTIMAL INVERTERS
Authors: CHEN YIJIA , FLUM JÖRG 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLeonid Levin showed that every algorithm computing a function has an optimal inverter. Recently, we applied his result in various contexts: existence of optimal acceptors, existence of hard sequences for algorithms and proof systems, proofs of Gödel’s incompleteness theorems, analysis of the complexity of the clique problem assuming the nonuniform Exponential Time Hypothesis. We present all these applications here. Even though a simple diagonalization yields Levin’s result, we believe that it is worthwhile to be aware of the explicit result. The purpose of this survey is to convince the reader of our view.
COMPLETENESS AND CATEGORICITY (IN POWER): FORMALIZATION WITHOUT FOUNDATIONALISM
Authors: BALDWIN JOHN T. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe propose a criterion to regard a property of a theory (in first or second order logic) as virtuous: the property must have significant mathematical consequences for the theory (or its models). We then rehearse results of Ajtai, Marek, Magidor, H. Friedman and Solovay to argue that for second order logic, ‘categoricity’ has little virtue. For first order logic, categoricity is trivial; but ‘categoricity in power’ has enormous structural consequences for any of the theories satisfying it. The stability hierarchy extends this virtue to other complete theories. The interaction of model theory and traditional mathematics is examined by considering the views of such as Bourbaki, Hrushovski, Kazhdan, and Shelah to flesh out the argument that the main impact of formal methods on mathematics is using formal definability to obtain results in ‘mainstream’ mathematics. Moreover, these methods (e.g., the stability hierarchy) provide an organization for much mathematics which gives specific content to dreams of Bourbaki about the architecture of mathematics.
Dynamics of revolving wings for various aspect ratios
Authors: Garmann D. J. , Visbal M. R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHigh-fidelity, direct numerical simulations (DNSs) are conducted to examine the vortex structure and aerodynamic loading of unidirectionally revolving wings in quiescent fluid. Wings with aspect ratios$({\mathit{AR}}) = 1$, 2 and 4 are considered at a fixed root-based Reynolds number of 1000. Each wing is shown to generate a coherent leading-edge vortex (LEV) that remains in close proximity to the surface and provides persistent suction throughout the motion. Towards the tip, the LEV lifts off as an arch-like structure and reorients itself along the chord through its connection with the tip vortex. The substantial and sustained aerodynamic loads achieved during the motion saturate with aspect ratio resulting from the chordwise growth of the LEV along the span eventually becoming geometrically constrained by the trailing edge. Further, for${\mathit{AR}}=4$, substructures develop in the feeding sheet of the LEV, which appear to directly correlate with the local, span-based Reynolds number achieved during rotation. The lower-aspect-ratio wings do not have sufficient spans for these transitional elements to manifest. In contrast, vortex breakdown, which occurs around midspan for each aspect ratio, shows a strong dependence on the spanwise pressure gradient established between the root and tip of the wing and not local Reynolds number. This independent development of shear-layer substructures and vortex breakdown parallels very closely with what has been observed in delta wing flow. Next, the centrifugal, Coriolis and pressure gradient forces are also analysed at several spanwise locations across each wing, and the centrifugal and pressure gradient forces are shown to be responsible for the spanwise flow above the wing. The Coriolis force is directed away from the surface at the base of the LEV, indicating that it is not a contributor to LEV attachment, which is contrary to previous hypotheses. Finally, as a means of emphasizing the importance of the centrifugal force on LEV attachment, the${\mathit{AR}}=2$wing is simulated with the addition of a source term in the governing equations to oppose and eliminate the centrifugal force near the surface. The initial formation and development of the LEV is unhindered by the absence of this force; however, later in the motion, the outboard lift-off of the LEV moves inboard. Without the opposing outboard-directed centrifugal force to keep the separation past midspan, the entire vortex eventually separates and moves away from the surface.
Turbulence decay towards the linearly stable regime of Taylor–Couette flow
Authors: Ostilla-Mónico Rodolfo , Verzicco Roberto , Grossmann Siegfried , Lohse Detlef 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTaylor–Couette (TC) flow is used to probe the hydrodynamical (HD) stability of astrophysical accretion disks. Experimental data on the subcritical stability of TC flow are in conflict about the existence of turbulence (cf. Ji et al. (Nature, vol. 444, 2006, pp. 343–346) and Paoletti et al. (Astron. Astroph., vol. 547, 2012, A64)), with discrepancies attributed to end-plate effects. In this paper we numerically simulate TC flow with axially periodic boundary conditions to explore the existence of subcritical transitions to turbulence when no end plates are present. We start the simulations with a fully turbulent state in the unstable regime and enter the linearly stable regime by suddenly starting a (stabilizing) outer cylinder rotation. The shear Reynolds number of the turbulent initial state is up to $Re_s \lesssim 10^5$ and the radius ratio is $\eta =0.714$. The stabilization causes the system to behave as a damped oscillator and, correspondingly, the turbulence decays. The evolution of the torque and turbulent kinetic energy is analysed and the periodicity and damping of the oscillations are quantified and explained as a function of shear Reynolds number. Though the initially turbulent flow state decays, surprisingly, the system is found to absorb energy during this decay.
ON DISCRETE STOCHASTIC PROCESSES WITH DISJUNCTIVE OUTCOMES
Authors: LEŚNIAK KRZYSZTOF 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe introduce a class of discrete-time stochastic processes, called disjunctive processes, which are important for reliable simulations in random iteration algorithms. Their definition requires that all possible patterns of states appear with probability 1. Sufficient conditions for nonhomogeneous chains to be disjunctive are provided. Suitable examples show that strongly mixing Markov chains and pairwise independent sequences, often employed in applications, may not be disjunctive. As a particular step towards a general theory we shall examine the problem arising when disjunctiveness is inherited under passing to a subsequence. An application to the verification problem for switched control systems is also included.
Are the Antarctic dipteran,Eretmoptera murphyi, and Arctic collembolan,Megaphorura arctica, vulnerable to rising temperatures?
Authors: Everatt M.J. , Convey P. , Worland M.R. , Bale J.S. , Hayward S.A.L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPolar terrestrial invertebrates are suggested as being vulnerable to temperature change relative to lower latitude species, and hence possibly also to climate warming. Previous studies have shown Antarctic and Arctic Collembola and Acari to possess good heat tolerance and survive temperature exposures above 30 °C. To test this feature further, the heat tolerance and physiological plasticity of heat stress were explored in the Arctic collembolan,Megaphorura arctica, from Svalbard and the Antarctic midge,Eretmoptera murphyi, from Signy Island. The data obtained demonstrate considerable heat tolerance in both species, with upper lethal temperatures ≥35 °C (1 h exposures), and tolerance of exposure to 10 and 15 °C exceeding 56 days. This tolerance is far beyond that required in their current environment. Average microhabitat temperatures in August 2011 ranged between 5.1 and 8.1 °C, and rarely rose above 10 °C, in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Summer soil microhabitat temperatures on Signy Island have previously been shown to range between 0 and 10 °C. There was also evidence to suggest thatE. murphyican recover from high-temperature exposure and thatM. arcticais capable of rapid heat hardening.M. arcticaandE. murphyitherefore have the physiological capacity to tolerate current environmental conditions, as well as future warming. If the features they express are characteristically more general, such polar terrestrial invertebrates will likely fare well under climate warming scenarios.