bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nano Carbon 1D and 2D Nanomechanical Resonators
Authors: Lee Jaesung , Feng Philip X.-L. , Kaul Anupama B. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTWe demonstrate one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) resonant nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) derived from nano carbon materials, where the resonance frequency and the quality (Q) factor of the devices are measured experimentally using ultrasensitive optical interferometry. The 1D nano carbon resonators are formed using carbon nanofibers (CNFs) which are synthesized using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process, while the 2D nanocarbon resonators are based on CVD grown graphene. The CNFs are prototyped into few-μm-long cantilever-shaped 1D resonators, where the resonance frequency and Qs are extracted from measurements of the undriven thermomechanical noise spectrum. The thermomechanical noise measurements yield resonances in the ∼3–15 MHz range, with Q of ∼200–800. Significant changes in resonance characteristics are observed due to electron beam induced amorphous carbon deposition on the CNFs, which suggests that 1D CNF resonators have strong prospects for ultrasensitive mass detection. We also present NEMS resonators based on 2D graphene nanomembranes, which exhibit robust undriven thermomechanical resonances for the extraction of ultrasmall strain levels.
Investigation of Band Tailing in Sputtered ZnO:Al Thin Films Regarding Structural Properties and Impurities
Authors: Schönau Steffi , Ruske Florian , Neubert Sebastian , Rech Bernd 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThin films of pure aluminum doped ZnO and with addition of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen have been prepared by magnetron sputtering. The spectral absorption coefficient close to the band gap energy has been determined by spectrophotometry and analyzed regarding band tailing and creation of defect bands. We found, that an improvement of Raman crystallinity under O2- rich growth conditions is not accompanied by a suppression of band tailing as expected. An additional absorption feature evolves for layers grown in N2 containing atmosphere. Doping with hydrogen attenuates sub-band gap absorption.
Silicon-on-lnsulator Technology
Authors: Colinge Jean-Pierre , Bower Robert W. 
Published: June 2014

Silicon-on-lnsulator (SOI) technology has been around since the 1960s when so-called silicon on sapphire (SOS) was first introduced. Silicon on sapphire has been used for many years for the fabrication of spaceborne and high-speed integrated circuits. It is still used in the fabrication of radio-frequency circuits.More recent SOI materials involve only silicon and silicon dioxide—the two most common materials used in the fabrication of integrated circuits—as opposed to SOS, which requires the use of an alumina substrate.Silicon-on-insulator technology has been used for a long time in niche applications such as spacecraft electronics and devices operating in a hightemperature or radiative environment. Recently however much attention has been paid to SOI technology because it is extremely suitable for the fabrication of low-voltage integrated circuits. Such circuits are in high demand for all kinds of portable systems, ranging from cellular phones to laptop computers. In August of 1998, IBM, Sharp, and other semiconductor manufacturers announced the development of SOI chips for high-speed computing and telecommunication con-sumer electronics. Most major semiconductor companies are putting considerable effort into SOI-circuit development for mainstream low-power applications.
Ceramic Powder Compaction
Authors: Glass S. Jill , Ewsuk Kevin G. 
Published: June 2014

Powder pressing, either uniaxially or isostatically, is the most common method used for high-volume production of ceramic components. The object of a pressing process is to form a net-shaped, homogeneously dense powder compact that is nominally free of defects. A typical pressing operation has three basic steps: (1) filling the mold or die with powder, (2) compacting the powder to a specific size and shape, and (3) ejecting the compact from the die. To optimize a pressing operation, experienced press operators generally understand and control parameters such as die-fill density, die-wall friction, packing density, and expansion on ejection.Die filling/uniformity influences compaction density, which ultimately determines the size, shape, microstructure, and properties of the final sintered product. To optimize die filling and packing uniformity, free-flowing granulated powders are generally used. Spherical granules (i.e., agglomerates or clusters of finer particles) range in size from ~44 to 400 μm with the average size being ~100–200 μm. They are typically produced from 0.5 to 10-μm median particle-size powders by spray drying a ceramic powder slurry. To produce processable powders, various organic additives are typically added to the slurry prior to spray drying. These include binder(s) for strength, plasticizers that produce deformable granules, and lubricants that mitigate frictional effects. Consistent batching and dispersion of the granulated feed are critical for reproducible and uniform die filling. Granule densities that are 45–55% of the theoretical density (TD), and bulk-powder and die-fill densities of 25–35% TD are typical for ceramic powders.
Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Wayman C.M. 
Published: June 2014

Numerous metallic alloys are now known to exhibit a shape memory effect through which an article deformed at a lower temperature will regain its original undeformed shape when heated to a higher temperature. This behavior is basically a consequence of a martensitic phase transformation. When compared, the various shape memory materials are found to have common characteristics such as atomic ordering, a thermoelastic martensitic transformation that is crystallographically reversible, and a martensite phase that forms in a self-accommodating manner. The explanation of the shape memory phenomenon is now universal and well in hand. In addition to the familiar “one-way” memory, shape memory alloys also exhibit a “two-way” memory as well and a “mechanical” shape memory resulting from the formation and reversal of stressinduced martensite.Fundamental to the shape memory effect (SME) is the occurrence of a martensitic phase transformation and its subsequent reversal Basically, a shape memory alloy (SMA) is deformed in the martensitic condition (martensite), and the shape recovery occurs during heating when the specimen undergoes a reverse transformation of the martensite to its parent phase. This is the essence of the shape memory effect. Materials that exhibit shape memory behavior also show a two-way shape memory, as well as a phenomenon called superelasticity. These are also discussed.The shape memory response after deformation and thermal stimulation constitutes “smart” behavior, i.e., Stimulated Martensite-Austenite Reverse Transformation.
Synergism Between Circulating Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 and HbA1c in Determining Renal Decline During 5–18 Years of Follow-up in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Proteinuria
Authors: Skupien Jan , Warram James H. , Niewczas Monika A. , Gohda Tomohito , Malecki Maciej , Mychaleckyj Josyf C. , Galecki Andrzej T. , Krolewski Andrzej S. 
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVE
We studied the serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) and the rate of renal decline, a measure of the intensity of the disease process leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A cohort of 349 type 1 diabetic patients with proteinuria was followed for 5–18 years. Serum TNFR2, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and other characteristics were measured at enrollment. We used a novel analytic approach, a joint longitudinal-survival model, fitted to serial estimates of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on serum creatinine (median seven per patient) and time to onset of ESRD (112 patients) to estimate the rate of renal decline (eGFR loss).

RESULTS
At enrollment, all patients had chronic kidney disease stage 1–3. The mean (±SD) rate of eGFR loss during 5–18 years of follow-up was −5.2 (±4.9) mL/min/1.73 m2/year. Serum TNFR2 was the strongest determinant of renal decline and ESRD risk (C-index 0.79). The rate of eGFR loss became steeper with rising concentration of TNFR2, and elevated HbA1c augmented the strength of this association (P = 0.030 for interaction). In patients with HbA1c ≥10.1% (87 mmol/mol), the difference in the rate of eGFR loss between the first and fourth quartiles of TNFR2 was 5.4 mL/min/1.73 m2/year, whereas it was only 1.9 in those with HbA1c &lt;7.9% (63 mmol/mol).

CONCLUSIONS
Circulating TNFR2 is a major determinant of renal decline in patients with type 1 diabetes and proteinuria. Elevated HbA1c magnifies its effect. Although the mechanisms of this synergism are unknown, our findings allow us to stratify patients according to risk of ESRD.
Graphene crystal growth by thermal precipitation of focused ion beam induced deposition of carbon precursor via patterned-iron thin layers
Authors: Rius Gemma , Perez-Murano Francesc , Yoshimura Masamichi 
Published: June 2014

AbstractRecently, relevant advances on graphene as a building block of integrated circuits (ICs) have been demonstrated. Graphene growth and device fabrication related processing has been steadily and intensively powered due to commercial interest; however, there are many challenges associated with the incorporation of graphene into commercial applications which includes challenges associated with the synthesis of this material. Specifically, the controlled deposition of single layer large single crystal graphene on arbitrary supports, is particularly challenging. Previously, we have reported the first demonstration of the transformation of focused ion beam induced deposition of carbon (FIBID-C) into patterned graphitic layers by metal-assisted thermal treatment (Ni foils). In this present work, we continue exploiting the FIBID-C approach as a route for graphene deposition. Here, thin patterned Fe layers are used for the catalysis of graphenization and graphitization. We demonstrate the formation of high quality single and few layer graphene, which evidences, the possibility of using Fe as a catalyst for graphene deposition. The mechanism is understood as the minute precipitation of atomic carbon after supersaturation of some iron carbides formed under a high temperature treatment. As a consequence of the complete wetting of FIBID-C and patterned Fe layers, which enable graphene growth, the as-deposited patterns do not preserve their original shape after the thermal treatment
Enseignement explicite du genre des noms en français : expérimentation au primaire en classe d’immersion
Authors: Tipurita Manuela-Elena , Jean Gladys 
Published: June 2014

Résumé: Cet article fait état d’une expérimentation conduite dans des classes de 2e année d’immersion française portant sur l’enseignement explicite des régularités observées dans les terminaisons des noms français qui sont indicatrices de leur genre grammatical (par exemple, le phonème [o] qui prédit le genre masculin pour 93 % des noms possédant cette finale). Les résultats de prétest, post-test immédiat et post-test différé montrent qu’un bref traitement consistant en l’enseignement explicite de quatre terminaisons prédictives du genre (avec énonciation de la règle) a permis aux apprenants d’être significativement plus précis dans leur assignation du genre à des noms connus, et même à des noms inconnus. Il semblerait donc que ce type d’enseignement puisse fonctionner avec des jeunes de ce bas âge, ce qui pourrait diminuer la fossilisation des erreurs de genre par la suite, erreurs qui se retrouvent fréquemment dans les productions des plus grands, qui résistent à la correction et qui engendrent nombre d’erreurs d’accord.
Transport éolien et notion de fetch sur les plages à barres intertidales, exemple de Leffrinckoucke, Côte d'Opale (Aeolian transport and fetch on intertidal barred beaches : Leffrinckoucke example, Côte d'Opale)
Authors: Vanhée Stéphane 
Published: June 2014

Plusieurs campagnes expérimentales de mesures du transport éolien ont été effectuées sur les plages macrotidales de la Côte d'Opale, dans le Nord de la France, en vue d'apprécier la façon dont leur morphologie à barres intertidales module les processus du transport éolien. Ces expériences ont comporté des déploiements conjoints de mâts à plusieurs anémomètres, d'une station météo, de compteurs acoustiques d'impacts de grains en saltation, et de pièges à sables éoliens. Des profils topographiques et des mesures d'humidité de surface de la plage ont été faits lors de chaque campagne, ainsi que des observations systématiques de la rugosité de surface.
Les résultats attestent d'un contrôle de la morphologie barres-bâches et de l'humidité induite ainsi que des figures sédimentaires sur le transport éolien, ce qui nous amène à reconsidérer la notion de fetch éolien sur ce type de plage. Malgré un fetch potentiel qui peut être très important du fait de la largeur de ces plages, le fetch effectif réel est réduit au haut de plage et à la surface lissée du sommet de la première barre, et de surcroît, souvent segmenté par les bâches et les chenaux de vidange de ces dernières qui interceptent les sables. La morphologie barres-bâches, spécifique des plages de la Côte d'Opale, semble donc constituer un facteur limitant pour l'alimentation des dunes.
La participation politique en ligne, vers un renouvellement des problématiques ?
Authors: Monnoyer-Smith Laurence , Wojcik Stéphanie 
Published: June 2014

La recherche académique sur la participation en ligne a longtemps souffert d’un tropisme techniciste, qu’il soit utopiste ou critique : il s’agissait alors de saisir ce que la technologie « fait » au politique. Or les pratiques potentiellement qualifiées de « politiques » en ligne se sont diversifiées et multipliées, alors même que d’autres champs disciplinaires se saisissant de ces objets contribuaient à en opacifier les contours. Les tentatives récentes de clarifier les controverses sur les frontières de la participation en ligne illustrent la nécessité d’une production conceptuelle nouvelle, susceptible d’appréhender la spécificité des pratiques qui inventent leurs publics comme de nouvelles formes d’expression et de collaboration. Tel est l’objet de ce dossier.
La mise en technologie des projets politiques. Une approche « orientée design » de la participation en ligne
Authors: Badouard Romain 
Published: June 2014

Cet article se propose de revenir sur une approche spécifique de la participation politique en ligne, qui s’intéresse non pas aux usages, mais au design des technologies de participation. Émergeant à la croisée des sciences de la communication et des science and technology studies , cette approche cherche à appréhender le processus de « mise en technologie » de projets participatifs, en observant comment des principes et des stratégies peuvent être traduits en ressources techniques. Parce qu’elles configurent nos possibilités d’action sur internet en leur appliquant des formats et contribuent à nous « faire agir », parce qu’elles structurent nos relations en ligne en nous attribuant des rôles et des ressources et conduisent à nous « faire interagir », ces technologies de participation soulèvent des questions en termes d’orientation des comportements politiques. C’est donc à une réflexion sur l’instrumentation numérique d’une « gouvernementalité participative » que nous invite l’étude du design des technologies de participation sur internet.
The Role of the Syk/Shp-1 Kinase-Phosphatase Equilibrium in B Cell Development and Signaling
Authors: Alsadeq Ameera , Hobeika Elias , Medgyesi David , Kläsener Kathrin , Reth Michael 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Signal transduction from the BCR is regulated by the equilibrium between kinases (e.g., spleen tyrosine kinase [Syk]) and phosphatases (e.g., Shp-1). Previous studies showed that Syk-deficient B cells have a developmental block at the pro/pre–B cell stage, whereas a B cell–specific Shp-1 deficiency promoted B-1a cell development and led to autoimmunity. We generated B cell–specific Shp-1 and Syk double-knockout (DKO) mice and compared them to the single-knockout mice deficient for either Syk or Shp-1. Unlike Syk-deficient mice, the DKO mice can generate mature B cells, albeit at &gt;20-fold reduced B cell numbers. The DKO B-2 cells are all Syk-negative, whereas the peritoneal B1 cells of the DKO mice still express Syk, indicating that they require this kinase for their proper development. The DKO B-2 cells cannot be stimulated via the BCR, whereas they are efficiently activated via TLR or CD40. We also found that in DKO pre-B cells, the kinase Zap70 is associated with the pre-BCR, suggesting that Zap70 is important to promote B cell maturation in the absence of Syk and SHP-1. Together, our data show that a properly balanced kinase/phosphatase equilibrium is crucial for normal B cell development and function.
T Cell–Intrinsic Function of the Noncanonical NF-κB Pathway in the Regulation of GM-CSF Expression and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Pathogenesis
Authors: Yu Jiayi , Zhou Xiaofei , Nakaya Mako , Jin Wei , Cheng Xuhong , Sun Shao-Cong 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The noncanonical NF-κB pathway induces processing of the NF-κB2 precursor protein p100, and thereby mediates activation of p52-containing NF-κB complexes. This pathway is crucial for B cell maturation and humoral immunity, but its role in regulating T cell function is less clear. Using mutant mice that express a nonprocessible p100, NF-κB2lym1, we show that the noncanonical NF-κB pathway has a T cell–intrinsic role in regulating the pathogenesis of a T cell–mediated autoimmunity, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although the lym1 mutation does not interfere with naive T cell activation, it renders the Th17 cells defective in the production of inflammatory effector molecules, particularly the cytokine GM-CSF. We provide evidence that p52 binds to the promoter of the GM-CSF–encoding gene (Csf2) and cooperates with c-Rel in the transactivation of this target gene. Introduction of exogenous p52 or GM-CSF to the NF-κB2lym1 mutant T cells partially restores their ability to induce EAE. These results suggest that the noncanonical NF-κB pathway mediates induction of EAE by regulating the effector function of inflammatory T cells.
Simultaneous dual pathology in lymph node
Authors: Mandal Prakas Kumar , Sarkar Supriyo , Ghosh Malay Kumar , Bhattacharyya Maitreyee 
Published: June 2014

[Abstract]Tubercuous lymphadenitis and Non Hodgkins’ Lymphoma are common in India. As both diseases can occur in elderly persons there is a definite chance of co-existence of both diseases; but that coexistence has not been reported. Here we present a unique case in an elderly woman who had synchronous double pathology of tuberculosis (TB) and Diffuse Large B cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) of the lymph nodes. Key words:- lymph nodes, tuberculosis (TB), Diffuse Large B cell Lymphoma (DLBCL).
Thoracic Epidural Teratoma: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Quon Jennifer L. , Grant Ryan A. , Huttner Anita J. , Duncan Charles C. 
Published: June 2014

Purpose Spinal teratomas comprise a rare subset of spinal cord tumors, and here, we describe an even rarer childhood thoracic extradural-intracanalicular teratoma. The clinical presentation, management, and pathophysiology of these tumors are reviewed to promote recognition and guide treatment of these lesions. Methods We report the case of a 21-month-old boy who presented with marked spasticity, as well as failure to ambulate and meet motor milestones. Additionally, we provide a literature review of spinal teratomas, including their clinical presentation, work-up, pathophysiology, and underlying genetics. Results An MRI of the spine revealed a large dorsal epidural tumor extending from T3 to T10 with heterogeneous contrast enhancement and severe spinal cord compression. The tumor was resected revealing a cystic mass with tissue resembling hair, muscle, as well as cartilage; pathology confirmed the diagnosis of teratoma. Gross total resection was achieved, and the child eventually gained ambulatory function. Conclusions Given that spinal teratomas are rare entities that can present with significant neurologic compromise, they must remain on clinicians’ differentials. Unfortunately, the exact origin of these tumors remains inconclusive and requires further investigation.
La naissance comme accident providentiel. Le risque et les allocations familiales au début du XXe siècle au Québec1
Authors: Petitclerc Martin 
Published: June 2014

Dans la première moitié du xxe siècle, le développement du savoir assurantiel appliqué aux politiques sociales a permis de repenser les termes de la question sociale. À ce moment, une coalition éclectique de réformateurs, d’intellectuels, de politiciens et de groupes sociaux reformule un large éventail de problèmes sociaux comme des accidents et des risques sociaux, plutôt que le résultat de la faute et de la responsabilité individuelles. Un tel déplacement a permis de contourner plusieurs contraintes du mode de régulation libéral, tout en balisant étroitement les discours et les pratiques de la solidarité au sein de la communauté politique contemporaine. Dans cet article, je me propose d’examiner ces enjeux en me concentrant sur le projet d’allocations familiales de Léon Lebel, un jésuite actif au sein de l’influent mouvement du catholicisme social. Ce projet était très inusité puisqu’il était basé sur une conception matérialiste de la naissance qui en faisait un « accident providentiel » pour le chef de famille, ce qui permettait d’envisager la mutualisation de ce risque par la technologie assurantielle. Bien que ce projet n’ait jamais été appliqué, il s’agit tout de même d’un exemple convaincant de l’importance stratégique du savoir assurantiel et des discours sur le risque – même pour un catholique social comme Lebel – dans les débats sur les politiques sociales pendant une grande partie du xxe siècle.
Mercury's surface magnetic field determined from proton‐reflection magnetometry
Authors: Winslow Reka M. , Johnson Catherine L. , Anderson Brian J. , Gershman Daniel J. , Raines Jim M. , Lillis Robert J. , Korth Haje , Slavin James A. , Solomon Sean C. , Zurbuchen Thomas H. , Zuber Maria T. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSolar wind protons observed by the MESSENGER spacecraft in orbit about Mercury exhibit signatures of precipitation loss to Mercury's surface. We apply proton‐reflection magnetometry to sense Mercury's surface magnetic field intensity in the planet's northern and southern hemispheres. The results are consistent with a dipole field offset to the north and show that the technique may be used to resolve regional‐scale fields at the surface. The proton loss cones indicate persistent ion precipitation to the surface in the northern magnetospheric cusp region and in the southern hemisphere at low nightside latitudes. The latter observation implies that most of the surface in Mercury's southern hemisphere is continuously bombarded by plasma, in contrast with the premise that the global magnetic field largely protects the planetary surface from the solar wind.