bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drivers of freshwater fish colonisations and extirpations under climate change
Authors: Conti Lorenza , Comte Lise , Hugueny Bernard , Grenouillet Gaël 
Published: October 2014

Climate change is expected to bring about profound rearrangement of ecological communities by affecting individual species distributions. The resulting communities arise from the idiosyncratic responses of species to future changes, which ultimately relate to both shrinking and expanding species ranges. While spatial patterns of colonisation and extirpation events have received great attention, the identification of specific drivers remains poorly explored. This study aims to investigate the relative contribution of species gain and loss to the turnover of fish assemblages in French rivers under future climate change, and to identify their principal drivers. Future projections of potential habitat suitability in 2080 derived from species distribution models for 40 fish species showed that colonisations and extirpations could play counterbalancing roles in the reshuffling of communities. Simultaneously, these two processes exhibited patchy spatial patterns, segregated along the longitudinal and altitudinal gradients, resulting in dramatic species turnover of ∼ 60% of the current composition of species assemblages. Beyond the effect of topographic location, colonisations were found to be driven by temperature seasonality while extirpations were affected by modifications in both thermal and precipitation regimes.These results generate the possibility of developing ecosystem‐based management tools focused on the early identification of areas where particular species may be sensitive to climate changes. Disentangling the drivers of colonisation and extirpation processes provides ready‐to‐use information that may be easily integrated into conservation planning. This information could be used to identify potential hotspots of species gain and loss and to then compare these hotspots with newly favourable areas so as to consider their actual accessibility in order to facilitate future range shifts.
The association between traumatic dental injuries and atypical external root resorption in maxillary primary incisors
Authors: Holan Gideon , Yodko Elizabeth , Sheinvald‐Shusterman Kineret 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAtypical root resorption (ARR), which is observed on radiographs of primary incisors, has been reported in the dental literature to result from digit sucking; thus ignoring any association between ARR and traumatic dental injuries (TDI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the contributions of sucking habits and TDI to external ARR in primary incisors. A history of dental trauma was assessed based on clinical and radiographic findings. Periapical radiographs of the premaxilla were evaluated for the presence of ARR. The presence or history of sucking habits was based on parents' report. Data were collected from files of 727 patients with a mean age of 52 months. Sixty‐four children (8.8%) presented ARR in one or both central incisors. All 64 had experienced some type of TDI. Five hundred and forty‐nine (76%) of the children had sucking habits; of them, 501 were pacifier‐suckers and 48 digit suckers. Digit sucking was found in only 4 (6%) of the 64 children presenting ARR. These findings support the association of traumatic dental injury, and not of digit sucking, with ARR in primary incisors.
Suitable design of mouthguard for sports‐active person with spaced dentition
Authors: Chowdhury Ruman U. , Churei Hiroshi , Takahashi Hidekazu , Shahrin Sharika , Fukasawa Shintaro , Shrestha Abhishekhi , Takashino Nami , Negoro Takefumi , Ueno Toshiaki 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimCustom‐made mouthguard (MG) is popularly used by sports‐active persons or athletes having either normo‐occlussion or malocclusion to prevent dental injury. For sports‐active person with malocclusion, specially designed mouthguard is often required. The purpose of this study was to make a suitable design custom‐made mouthguard for sports‐active person with spaced dentition by the shock absorption capability.Materials and methodsTwo different types of double layered mouthguards were made from a model of a sports‐active person having spaced dentition with polyolefin sheets. One type was made by filling the interproximal spaces of the spaced dentition and the other type, which was devoid of interproximal space covering, without mouthguard materials (keeping space). The impact tests were carried out by a free‐falling object via testing machine and a vertical rod. The strains of the dentition with mouthguard were measured by means of strain gage system to compare between two different designs of mouthguard. Unpaired t‐test was carried out as statistical analysis.ResultThe strains of the dentition with mouthguard by filling the interproximal spaces were significantly low compared with the mouthguard by keeping spaces (P < 0.05).ConclusionFor sports‐active person with spaced dentition, it is important for reducing injury risks that the mouthguard covered the teeth and filled or embedded interproximal space certainly.
Advanced glycation end products‐induced chondrocyte apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured rabbit chondrocyte
Authors: Yang Qingshan , Guo Shifang , Wang Song , Qian Yaowen , Tai Huiping , Chen Zhixin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAdvanced glycation end products (AGEs) are an important mediator in osteoarthritis (OA) and cause apoptosis in articular chondrocytes. Mitochondrial function is involved in modulating apoptosis of articular chondrocytes. This study was performed to investigate the mechanism of AGEs‐induced chondrocyte apoptosis. The ratio of apoptotic cell and cell viability was surveyed by TUNEL, MTT,LDH release assay. The reactive oxygen species was determined by the fluorescent probe 2’, 7’‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate. The expression of caspase‐3 and cytochrome c was detected by Western blot. The mitochondrial membrane potential (▵Ψm) was evaluated by rhodamine‐123 fluorescence. We found that AGEs induced apoptosis in primary rabbit chondrocytes, upregulation of ROS production, cytochrome c, and caspase‐3 levels. Simultaneously, AGEs decreases the levels of ▵Ψm and ATP production; however, the antibody of AGEs (sRAGE) and antioxidant‐N‐acetylcys‐teine (NAC) significantly reversed AGEs‐induced the above damage thus to protect the cells from apoptosis. These observations suggested that the mechanism of AGEs‐induced chondrocyte apoptosis was primarily via ROS production and mitochondria‐mediated caspase‐3 activation.
Auditory stimulation with music intensifies cardiac autonomic responses to a mental task
Authors: Gomes Fontes Anne M , Guida Heraldo L , Barbosa Juliana C , dos Antônio Ana MS , Cardoso Marco A , Garner David M , de Abreu Luiz C , Vanderlei Luiz CM , Raimundo Rodrigo D , Valenti Vitor E 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe literature is ambiguous as to whether exposure to relaxing classical music before mental arithmetic overload tests can affect cardiac autonomic regulation.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of musical auditory stimulation on cardiac autonomic regulation after a mental arithmetic test.MethodsThis prospective study was conducted with 28 healthy male students aged 18–25 years. In the first evaluation protocol, participants rested for 10 min with the earphone turned off. After this period, participants had 5 min to perform the mental arithmetic overload test and 5 min of rest post test. In the second protocol, the participant was exposed to musical auditory stimuli for 10 min before completing the mental arithmetic overload test. Geometric indices [triangular interpolation of RR intervals (TINN); triangular index of RR intervals (RRtri); and Poincaré plot ratios SD1, SD2 and SD1/SD2] of heart‐rate variability (HRV) were evaluated before, during and after the mental arithmetic test. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to verify data normality. For parametric variables, repeated measures ANOVA was used followed by the Bonferroni test. For non‐parametric distributions, Friedman's test was used followed by the Dunn's post‐test.ResultsThe mental task did not change HRV under control conditions. Following exposure to musical stimuli, there was significant (P<0.05) cardiac autonomic changes, derived from RRtri, TINN and SD2 indices, which decreased during and after the mental arithmetic test.ConclusionsWe evaluated the acute effects of classic baroque musical auditory stimulation on cardiac autonomic regulation after a mental task in 28 male volunteers. The findings suggest auditory stimulation increases cardiac autonomic sensitivity induced by mental tasks.
(–)‐Epicatechin improves mitochondrial‐related protein levels and ameliorates oxidative stress in dystrophic δ‐sarcoglycan null mouse striated muscle
Authors: Ramirez‐Sanchez Israel , De los Santos Sergio , Gonzalez‐Basurto Silvia , Canto Patricia , Mendoza‐Lorenzo Patricia , Palma‐Flores Carlos , Ceballos‐Reyes Guillermo , Villarreal Francisco , Zentella‐Dehesa Alejandro , Coral‐Vazquez Ramon 
Published: October 2014

Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a group of heterogeneous genetic disorders characterized by progressive striated muscle wasting and degeneration. Although the genetic basis for many of these disorders has been identified, the exact mechanism of disease pathogenesis remains unclear. The presence of oxidative stress (OS) is known to contribute to the pathophysiology and severity of the MD. Mitochondrial dysfunction is observed in MD, and probably represents an important determinant of increased OS. Experimental antioxidant therapies have been implemented with the aim of protecting against disease progression, but results from clinical trials have been disappointing. In this study, we explored the capacity of the cacao flavonoid (–)‐epicatechin (Epi) to mitigate OS by acting as a positive regulator of mitochondrial structure/function endpoints and redox balance control systems in skeletal and cardiac muscles of dystrophic, δ‐sarcoglycan (δ‐SG) null mice. Wild‐type or δ‐SG null 2.5‐month‐old male mice were treated via oral gavage with either water (controls) or Epi (1 mg·kg−1, twice daily) for 2 weeks. The results showed significant normalization of total protein carbonylation, recovery of the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio and enhanced superoxide dismutase 2, catalase and citrate synthase activities with Epi treatment. These effects were accompanied by increases in the protein levels of thioredoxin, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase 2, catalase, and mitochondrial endpoints. Furthermore, we found decreases in heart and skeletal muscle fibrosis, accompanied by an improvement in skeletal muscle function, with treatment. These results warrant further investigation of Epi as a potential therapeutic agent to mitigate MD‐associated muscle degeneration.
Emerging role of HMGB1 in fibrotic diseases
Authors: Li Liu‐Cheng , Gao Jian , Li Jun 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHigh‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is originally identified as a DNA‐binding protein that functions as a structural co‐factor critical for proper transcriptional regulation in somatic cells. Recent studies indicate that HMGB1 can be passively released from necrotic cells or actively secreted into the extracellular milieu under appropriate signal stimulation. Extracellular HMGB1 is a multifunctional cytokine that contributes to the process of infection, injury, inflammation, apoptosis, and immune responses by binding to specific cell‐surface receptors. Recently, emerging studies indicate that HMGB1 is closely involved in fibrotic disorders including cystic fibrosis, liver fibrosis and pulmonary fibrosis, while HMGB1 signal inhibitions protect against the experimental models of fibrotic diseases. From a clinical perspective, HMGB1 represents a current challenge that can be exploited orchestrate reparative responses. This review focuses on the crucial role of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases and inhibition of which may represent a promising clinical approach for treating tissue fibrosis.
Extending the time window of mammalian heart regeneration by thymosin beta 4
Authors: Rui Liu , Yu Nie , Hong Lian , Feng He , Chunyong Han , Jian Meng , Zhe Zheng , Shengshou Hu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractRecent studies demonstrated that the heart of 1‐day‐old neonatal mice could regenerate, with Wt1+ EPDCs migrating into myocardial regions after partial surgical resection, but this capacity was lost by 7 days of age. By treatment with Tβ4 to maintain Wt1 expression and retain the migrating feature of EPDCs in neonatal mice, we explored the possibility of restoring the cardiac regeneration potential of mice. We intraperitoneally injected Tβ4 into 1‐day‐old mice on daily basis and then apical resection was performed on the mice 7 days later. Twenty one days after the resection, morphological analysis revealed that the Tβ4‐treated mice regenerated the resected ventricular apex, while the mice in PBS control group developed significant fibrosis without apical regeneration. The Tβ4‐treated mice had significantly better ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening than controls. During the process of regeneration, Wt1+ EPDCs migrated into myocardial region and some of them expressed Islet1 and the markers for mature cardiomyocytes, such as cTnT and SαA. These characteristics of Wt1+ EPDCs were also seen in the heart regeneration of mice subjected to apical resection 1 day after birth. Tβ4 has no essential effect on cell cycle activity as no disruption of actin filaments was observed in Tβ4‐treated hearts. These results revealed that the cardiac regeneration potential of neonatal mice could be extended to the 7th post‐natal day by Tβ4 and Wt1+ EPDCs mobilization might play an important role in the extension.
Endometrial stem cell transplantation in MPTP‐ exposed primates: an alternative cell source for treatment of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Wolff Erin F. , Mutlu Levent , Massasa Efi E. , Elsworth John D. , Eugene Redmond D. , Taylor Hugh S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Cell‐replacement therapies have emerged as a promising strategy to slow down or replace neuronal loss. Compared to other stem cell types, endometrium‐derived stem cells (EDSCs) are an attractive source of stem cells for cellular therapies because of their ease of collection and vast differentiation potential. Here we demonstrate that endometrium‐derived stem cells may be transplanted into an MPTP exposed monkey model of PD. After injection into the striatum, endometrium‐derived stem cells engrafted, exhibited neuron‐like morphology, expressed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and increased the numbers of TH positive cells on the transplanted side and dopamine metabolite concentrations in vivo. Our results suggest that endometrium‐derived stem cells may provide a therapeutic benefit in the primate model of PD and may be used in stem cell based therapies.
Telocytes are reduced during fibrotic remodelling of the colonic wall in ulcerative colitis
Authors: Manetti Mirko , Rosa Irene , Messerini Luca , Ibba‐Manneschi Lidia 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUlcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation finally leading to extensive tissue fibrosis and resulting in a stiff colon unable to carry out peristalsis or to resorb fluids. Telocytes, a peculiar type of stromal cells, have been recently identified in the human gastrointestinal tract. Several roles have been proposed for telocytes, including mechanical support, intercellular signalling and modulation of intestinal motility. The aim of the present work was to investigate the presence and distribution of telocytes in colonic specimens from UC patients compared with controls. Archival paraffin‐embedded samples of the left colon from UC patients who underwent elective bowel resection and controls were collected. Tissue sections were stained with Masson's trichrome to detect fibrosis. Telocytes were identified by CD34 immunohistochemistry. In early fibrotic UC cases, fibrosis affected the muscularis mucosae and submucosa, while the muscularis propria was spared. In advanced fibrotic UC cases, fibrosis extended to affect the muscle layers and the myenteric plexus. Few telocytes were found in the muscularis mucosae and submucosa of both early and advanced fibrotic UC colonic wall. In the muscle layers and myenteric plexus of early fibrotic UC, telocytes were preserved in their distribution. In the muscularis propria of advanced fibrotic UC, the network of telocytes was reduced or even completely absent around smooth muscle bundles and myenteric plexus ganglia, paralleling the loss of the network of interstitial cells of Cajal. In UC, a loss of telocytes accompanies the fibrotic remodelling of the colonic wall and might contribute to colonic dysmotility.
Occlusion on oral implants: current clinical guidelines
Authors: Koyano K. , Esaki D. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryProper implant occlusion is essential for adequate oral function and the prevention of adverse consequences, such as implant overloading. Dental implants are thought to be more prone to occlusal overloading than natural teeth because of the loss of the periodontal ligament, which provides shock absorption and periodontal mechanoreceptors, which provide tactile sensitivity and proprioceptive motion feedback. Although many guidelines and theories on implant occlusion have been proposed, few have provided strong supportive evidence. Thus, we performed a narrative literature review to ascertain the influence of implant occlusion on the occurrence of complications of implant treatment and discuss the clinical considerations focused on the overloading factors at present. The search terms were ‘dental implant’, ‘dental implantation’, ‘dental occlusion’ and ‘dental prosthesis’. The inclusion criteria were literature published in English up to September 2013. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), prospective cohort studies and case–control studies with at least 20 cases and 12 months follow‐up interval were included. Based on the selected literature, this review explores factors related to the implant prosthesis (cantilever, crown/implant ratio, premature contact, occlusal scheme, implant–abutment connection, splinting implants and tooth–implant connection) and other considerations, such as the number, diameter, length and angulation of implants. Over 700 abstracts were reviewed, from which more than 30 manuscripts were included. We found insufficient evidence to establish firm clinical guidelines for implant occlusion. To discuss the ideal occlusion for implants, further well‐designed RCTs are required in the future.
Prevalence and geographic distribution of edentulism among older Ghanaians
Authors: Hewlett Sandra A. , Calys‐Tagoe Benedict N.L. , Yawson Alfred E. , Dako‐Gyeke Phyllis , Nakua Emmanuel , Folson Gloria , Baddo Akosua N. , Mensah George , Minicuci Nadia , Kowal Paul , Biritwum Richard B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjectivesEdentulism has important health implications for aging individuals and is used as an indicator of the oral health of a population. Its distribution is unequal within populations, with the greatest burden on disadvantaged and socially marginalized populations. With an increasing older adult population in Ghana, its burden may increase; however, there is no nationwide information on edentulism in Ghana. Focusing on adults 50 years and older, this study assessed the prevalence of edentulism among older Ghanaians and its distribution across the country.MethodsSecondary analysis of WHO's Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 1 in Ghana was conducted using self‐reported edentulism as the dependent variable.ResultsThe overall prevalence was 2.8%, varying by sex (men had lower rates; OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.47‐0.97); by location, being more prevalent in urban areas (3.6%) and the Western Region (4.7%); by education levels (rates were higher among those with no formal education; OR = 1.626, 95% CI = 1.111‐2.380); and by marital status (those living without a partner had higher rates; OR = 1.980, 95% CI =1.366‐2.870). On multivariate logistic regression, the variables positively associated with edentulism were older age (OR = 0.945) and urban residence (OR = 0.582). Living in the Brong Ahafo (OR = 3.138), Central (OR = 2.172), Eastern (OR = 2.257), or Volta regions (OR = 3.333) was negatively associated with edentulism.ConclusionEdentulism is unequally distributed across Ghana. Future aged cohorts are likely to follow the same patterns of geographic and social disadvantage if needed interventions are not carried out. This study provides nationwide data to assist service planning.
Penile Prostheses and the Litigious Patient: A Legal Database Review
Authors: Sunaryo Peter L. , Colaco Marc , Terlecki Ryan 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common problem with significant impact on patient quality of life. Penile prosthesis implantation provides an effective treatment for ED but as an invasive procedure carries with it an increased risk of medicolegal liability.

Aim
To investigate factors associated with malpractice litigation surrounding penile prosthesis implantation.

Methods
The Westlaw legal database was used to perform an advanced search for case reports using the term “medical malpractice” in combination with “penile” or “penis” and “prosthesis” or “implant” with dates between the January 1990 and December 2013.

Main Outcome Measures
Each report was examined for trial information including patient demographics, device model and indications, alleged breach of duty, alleged damages, progression to trial, case outcome, and plaintiff award(s).

Results
The initial search yielded 76 cases that were narrowed to 40 after exclusions. There were 23 (57.5%) cases that were found in favor of the defendant, while 17 (42.5%) cases led to indemnity payment to the plaintiff including two cases (5.0%) that were settled out of court and 15 (37.5%) favoring the plaintiff in front of a jury. The mean settlement received was $335,500 compared with the mean indemnity award of $831,050 for verdicts decided in favor of the plaintiff (P = 0.68). The most common breach of duty was error in surgical decision making, present in 20 cases (48.8%). Informed consent was an issue in 13 filings (31.7%), and postoperative infection was seen in 13 cases (31.7%). In cases that identified the type of implant used, 58.3% were malleable implants, and 41.7% were inflatable devices.

Conclusions
The main issues involved in malpractice litigation for penile prosthesis implants included surgical performance, informed consent, and postoperative management. Urologists must be aware of these potential issues in order to minimize their malpractice liability.