bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative morphology of the cruciate ligaments: A radiological study
Authors: Gan Xin , Chen Xin , Zeng Yunqian , Li Mengwei , Nie Mingbo , Kang Hao 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are important structures to maintain knee stability. The present study aimed to further enrich understandings of the morphology of the cruciate ligaments and explore the relationship between the diameter of ACL and PCL.

Method
This study collected valid MRI samples of 50 male and 50 female normal right knee joints and measured the diameter of each point of the ACL and PCL through the 3D Slicer.

Results
The diameter of the ACL in the sagittal MRI of the normal right knee joint was significantly different from the diameter of each point of the PCL. The average diameter of each point of the ACL was larger than the diameter of the corresponding point of the PCL. Males and females had statistical differences in their PCL origin point, PCL midpoint, ACL origin point, ACL midpoint, and ACL insertion point diameters under sagittal MRI examination. The average diameter of males was greater than the average diameter of females at the above corresponding sites. In sagittal MRI scans of the normal right knee joint, we observed that only the origin point of the PCL exhibited a moderate correlation with the midpoint and insertion point of the ACL in terms of their respective diameters.

Conclusion
The correlation between diameters of normal ACL and PCL in knee joint MRI was moderate and may help clinicians determine appropriate graft for cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery quickly for severe cruciate ligament injuries.
Meinen, Deuten, Verstehen
Authors: Rieger Florian 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Meaning, Interpreting, Understanding

In his Kritik der verstehenden Vernunft (2018), Vittorio Hösle attempts to develop a comprehensive foundation for the so-called Geisteswissenschaften (humanities). The basis for this foundational work is a conception of understanding that ties all understanding to the interpretative grasp of what we and others mean by the use of certain symbols or linguistic expressions. The present essay argues that this makes Hösle’s approach vulnerable to a particular form of skepticism, as it is expounded by Saul Kripke in his Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (1982). The first part of the essay outlines this skeptical challenge and its implications for Hösle’s conception of understanding. The second part advances the argument that this conception's vulnerability to skepticism undermines its viability as a foundation for the humanities. Instead, it invites the kind of skepticism described in Kripke’s challenge, where understanding itself seems to be impossible. The essay concludes with some tentative suggestions for an alternative conception of understanding that not only avoids this skepticism altogether but also makes room for a way of thinking about the mental that is of independent interest.
Impact of Leg Strength on the Force Produced During a Cross-Punch in Highly Trained Amateur Boxers
Authors: Satkunskiene Danguole , Bruzas Vidas , Mickevicius Mantas , Snieckus Audrius , Kamandulis Sigitas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Satkunskiene, D, Bruzas, V, Mantas, M, Snieckus, A, and Kamandulis, S. Impact of leg strength on the force produced during a cross-punch in highly trained amateur boxers leg strength impact on cross-punch force. J Strength Cond Res 38(10): 1739–1744, 2024—The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of leg strength on force generation during the execution of a cross-punch by highly trained amateur boxers. This study involved 12 male, amateur boxers with a body mass range of 64.5–112.2 kg and a mean of 89.2 ± 17.0 kg. This study used an isokinetic dynamometer to measure the peak torque of the knee extensor and flexor muscles at 60°/s. The force plate was used to collect three-dimensional ground reaction forces (GRF), moments (GRM), and the center of pressure (COP) during a maximal cross-punch. The Kiktest-100 system was used to determine the force of the punch, while the Hykso punch tracker accelerometer measured the maximum fist velocity. This study revealed a positive correlation between knee extensor strength and GRFz, GRFy, and COPy during punch performance. In addition, the GRMz gradient and GRMz impulse during the execution phase have a significant positive effect on cross-punch force. In conclusion, the force of a straight punch in highly trained, amateur boxers is related to a greater angular velocity about the vertical axis during body rotation.
Aerosol measuring complex
Authors: ВАЛИУЛИН С.В. , ОНИЩУК А.А. , БАКЛАНОВ А.М. , КАРАСЕВ В.В. , ДУЛЬЦЕВА Г.Г. 
Published: July 2024

Измерительное оборудование, способное в режиме реального времени определять характеристики частиц в газовой фазе, необходимо при проведении широкого спектра исследований, включая изучение влияния антропогенных загрязнений на климатические изменения и здоровье человека, а также при разработке новых способов доставки лекарственных средств и синтезе нанокомпозитных материалов. Представлен разработанный и созданный в ИХКГ СО РАН измерительный комплекс, включающий диффузионный аэрозольный спектрометр, оптический аэрозольный спектрометр и измеритель массовой концентрации аэрозоля. Проведены лабораторные испытания приборов измерительного комплекса с использованием стандартных тестовых систем. Cопоставление показало хорошее согласие измеренных размеров частиц с данными, полученными независимыми методами (просвечивающая электронная микроскопия, измерение скорости седиментации частиц). Приборы комплекса позволяют измерять концентрацию и размер аэрозольных частиц в широком диапазоне значений с представлением результатов в реальном времени. Измерительный комплекс может быть использован в лабораторных и полевых исследованиях в области химии, физики и медицины, а также на станциях мониторинга состояния воздуха окружающей среды.
The measurement complex including diffusion aerosol spectrometer, optical aerosol spectrometer, and aerosol mass concentration meter has been developed and manufactured at the Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS. Laboratory tests of the instruments included in the measurement complex were carried out using standard test systems. Comparison of measured particle size values with the data obtained by independent methods (transmission electron microscopy and measurement of particle sedimentation velocity) revealed their good agreement. It is demonstrated that the measuring complex is suitable for determining concentrations and sizes of aerosol particles within wide ranges with the real-time presentation of results both in laboratory and in situexperiments.
Analysis of monitoring data for long-term air pollution with benzo(a)pyrene in Irkutsk
Authors: РАПУТА В.Ф. , ЛЕЖЕНИН А.А. 
Published: July 2024

Экспериментальные исследования состава атмосферного воздуха являются основой для последующего численного анализа процессов загрязнения и принятия управленческих решений по улучшению качества городской среды. Представлены результаты исследования процессов длительного загрязнения атмосферы г. Иркутска и влияния на них штилевых условий. Выполнен анализ линейных корреляционных связей между результатами измерений среднемесячных концентраций бенз(а)пирена на стационарных постах контроля состава атмосферного воздуха города. Показано, что результаты внутригодовых измерений на постах в целом пропорциональны друг другу. Исследованы связи концентрации бенз(а)пирена со штилевыми условиями. Выявлена корреляция между его высокими концентрациями в зимний период и повторяемостью штилей. Установленные закономерности создают возможности для внешнего контроля результатов наблюдений на стационарных постах мониторинга города. Найденные зависимости позволяют численно восполнять пропуски в данных наблюдений. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при планировании мероприятий по улучшению качества атмосферного воздуха, построении моделей оценивания полей концентраций бенз(а)пирена.
Experimental studies of the composition of atmospheric air are the basis for subsequent numerical analysis of pollution processes and management decisions to improve the quality of the urban environment. The processes of long-term air pollution in Irkutsk and the influence of calm conditions on them are studied. An analysis of linear correlations between the measurements of monthly average concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene at stationary posts for monitoring the composition of atmospheric air in the city is performed. It is shown that the results of intra-annual pairwise measurements at posts, in general, are proportionally correlated to each other. The relationships between benzo(a)pyrene concentrations and calm conditions were studied. A correlation between its high concentrations in winter and the frequency of calm weather conditions is revealed. The established patterns create opportunities for external monitoring of observation results at stationary monitoring posts in the city. The derived dependencies allow you to numerically fill gaps in observational data. The results can be used when planning measures to improve the quality of atmospheric air and constructing models for assessing concentration fields.
Sensitivity of the model of methane emission from the Arctic shelf seas to the parameterization of the gas exchange process
Authors: МАЛАХОВА В.В. , КРАЙНЕВА М.В. 
Published: July 2024

Существует значительная неопределенность в отношении масштабов эмиссии метана из морей арктического шельфа. Потоки метана в этом регионе могут быть недооценены и играть значимую роль из-за большого объема газа, который содержится в донных отложениях в слое многолетнемерзлых пород и газовых гидратов. Проведен анализ чувствительности модели эмиссии метана к параметризации процессов газообмена на поверхности моря на основе результатов численного моделирования переноса растворенного метана в морях Арктики. Модель переноса растворенного метана включена в базовую модель океана и морского льда SibCIOM, разработанную в ИВМиМГ СО РАН. Оценки эмиссии метана в атмосферу выполнены на основе различных соотношений для параметризации процесса газообмена в системе «вода – атмосфера» и «вода – лед – атмосфера» с использованием данных реанализа NCEP/NCAR. Неопределенность оценки годовой эмиссии метана составила 6–12% с учетом различных зависимостей коэффициента газообмена от ветра. Более выраженное влияние при расчете потока оказывает схема учета ледового покрова – неопределенность увеличилась до 50–130%. Параметризация взаимосвязи между ледовым покровом и газообменом может оказывать большое влияние на расчетные потоки метана и приводить к недооценке его эмиссии из морей арктического шельфа.
There is considerable uncertainty about the methane emission from the Arctic shelf seas. Methane fluxes in this region can be underestimated and play a significant role due to the large volume of gas contained in bottom sediments in the permafrost and gas hydrates. We have analyzed the model sensitivity to the parametrization of gas exchange processes on the sea surface. The study is based on the numerical modeling results of the transport of dissolved methane in the seas of the Arctic. The dissolved methane transport model is included in the basic model of the ocean and sea ice developed at the Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Estimates of methane emissions into the atmosphere were made with various parametrization of the gas exchange process in the "water – atmosphere" and "water – ice – atmosphere" systems using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The uncertainty of the estimate of annual methane emission amounted to 6–12% when considering different dependencies of gas exchange on wind. The scheme accounting the ice cover has a more pronounced influence on the flux: the uncertainty increased to 50–130%. Parameterization of the relationship between ice cover and gas exchange can have a great influence on the calculated methane fluxes and lead to underestimation of its emission from the seas of the Arctic shelf.
Dynamics of species diversity of the small mammal community in slope larch forests of Northern Coast of the Sea of Okhotsk
Authors: Дубинин Е.А. 
Published: July 2024

В 2010–2023 гг. прослежены динамика численности популяций и изменение долевого участия видов в составе сообщества мелких млекопитающих (насекомоядных и грызунов), населяющих склоновый лиственничный лес в окрестностях г. Магадана (Северное Приохотье). Учеты зверьков осуществлялись методами ловушко-линий с использованием ловушек Геро и конусов. В общей сложности отработано 4700 ловушко-суток и 15 720 конусо-суток, поймано 3384 экз. мелких млекопитающих девяти видов, принадлежащих семействам бурозубок (Soricidae), беличьих (Sciuridae), мышиных (Muridae) и хомячьих (Cricetidae). За рассматриваемый период в популяциях равнозубой бурозубки (Sorex isodon) и красно-серой полевки (Craseomys rufocanus) уменьшились относительная численность и амплитуда ее межгодовых колебаний. Доли средней бурозубки (S. caecutiens) и восточноазиатской лесной мыши (Apodemus peninsulae) в сообществе увеличились соответственно в 2,6 и 2,5 раза, одновременно сократившись у равнозубой бурозубки в 2,8 раза и у красно-серой полевки в 3 раза. В результате около 50 % особей в выборках стали принадлежать средней бурозубке и около 30 % – красной полевке (Clethrionomys rutilus). Это, в свою очередь, привело к усилению доминирования (индекс доминирования Симпсона увеличился с 0,21 до 0,34), снижению выравненности (индекс Пиелу сократился с 0,87 до 0,61) и достоверному уменьшению видового разнообразия сообщества мелких млекопитающих (индекс Шеннона сократился с 1,7 до 1,3; t= 10,90,p< 0,001).
In 2010–2023 the dynamics of population numbers and changes in the share of species in the community of small mammals (insectivores and rodents) inhabiting a slope larch forest in the vicinity of Magadan (Northern Coast of the Sea of Okhotsk) were traced. Сensuses of animals were carried out using trap-line methods, using Gero traps and cones. A total of 4.700 trap-days and 15.720 cone-days were worked. 3.384 individuals of 9 species belonging to the families of shrews (Soricidae), squirrels (Sciuridae), mice (Muridae) and hamsters (Cricetidae) were caught. During the period under review, the relative abundance and the amplitude of its interannual fluctuations decreased in the populations of the equal-toothed shrew (Sorex isodon) and the red-gray vole (Craseomys rufocanus). The shares of the Laxmann’s shrew (S. caecutiens) and the East Asian wood mouse (Apodemus peninsulae) in the community increased by 2.6 and 2.5 times, respectively, while simultaneously decreasing in the equal-toothed shrew by 2.8 times and in the red-gray vole by 3 times. As a result, about 50 % of the individuals in the samples began to belong to the Laxmann’s shrew and about 30 % to the red-backed vole (Clethrionomys rutilus). This, in turn, led to increased dominance (the Simpson index increased from 0.21 to 0.34), a decrease in evenness (the Pielou index decreased from 0.87 to 0.61) and a significant decrease in the species diversity of the small mammal community (the Shannon Index decreased from 1.7 to 1.3; t = 10.90, p< 0.001).
Formulas From a Given Truth Table
Authors: De Leon Urbina Mario 
Published: July 2024

En el Tractatus, Ludwig Wittgenstein presenta una teoría de la lógica y su naturaleza en los aforismos 4, 5 y 6. Especialmente del 4.31 al 5.101, son presentados tablas de verdad, tautología, contradicción, número de posibilidades de verdad dadas en proposiciones elementales, funciones de verdad, etc.. La idea a la base de este artículo es exponer estos conceptos desde un punto de vista matemático, con especial atención al resultado que nos dice que dada una tabla de verdad se puede construir la fórmula correspondiente.
Claudio Gutiérrez: en los albores de la inteligencia artificial
Authors: Carvajal Villaplana Álvaro 
Published: July 2024

El artículo expone y revisa algunas de las ideas más destacadas en relación con la posibilidad de pensar de las máquinas computadoras u ordenadores, en discusión contra los argumentos presentados por Searle y Penrose. Se analiza el concepto de algoritmo y su importancia para la informática, la robótica y la IA. Luego, se expone su idea sobre la informática como «ciencia»; por último, se plantean los problemas sociales que genera la informática y la IA.
El principio de composicionalidad y los algoritmos de aprendizaje de máquina
Authors: Gallardo-Allen Eugenia , Molina-Delgado Mauricio 
Published: July 2024

El presente artículo explora las consecuencias que las críticas de Fodor y Pylyshyn en 1988 hacia las representaciones conexionistas podrían tener con respecto a los desarrollos recientes del Aprendizaje de Máquina. El cuestionamiento que estos autores realizan se suele denominar el reto de la sistematicidad. En particular, se analizará aquí el llamado principio de composicionalidad, el cual establece que el significado de una oración se determina por el significado de sus partes, principio del que según los citados autores no se puede dar cuenta mediante representaciones distribuidas (subsimbólicas). Para abordar el punto, se realiza una radiografía sobre el estado de la Ciencia Cognitiva y la Inteligencia Artificial (IA) a finales del siglo XX, en donde se emplea la distinción entre enfoques simbólicos y subsimbólicos; y se analiza el desarrollo de ambas disciplinas durante las primeras décadas del siglo XXI. Se concluye que las herramientas estadísticas adoptadas por el campo del Aprendizaje de Máquina mantienen características que permiten dividir estas técnicas mediante la distinción simbólico/subsimbólico, de modo que los argumentos de Fodor y Pylyshyn pueden en principio aplicarse a dichas técnicas. Las consecuencias de esto estarían emparentadas con el llamado problema de opacidad epistémica.
Analysis of the distribution of ficolin gene polymorphisms (<I>FCN2</I>) in children with bronchial asthmas of various severity
Authors: Smolnikova M. V. , Afonicheva K. V. , Marchenko I. V. , Tereshchenko S. Yu. 
Published: July 2024

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in all age groups. Asthma has heterogeneous phenotypes with different etiologies. Many parameters are used to classify asthma, for example, the severity and level of flow control. The asthma phenotype is dependent on the state of the immune system, and innate immunity plays an important role in the susceptibility and pathophysiology of asthma. The complement system (CS) consists of a complex of protective proteolytic enzymes (including lectins). Ficolin-2 (L-ficolin) is one of the main opsonizing molecules of respiratory secretions and a protein of the lectin pathway of CS activation. Polymorphisms in the L-ficolin gene affect the level of expression which may be associated with a higher susceptibility to infections and viruses, as well as a predisposition to asthma.Aim: To study the distribution of polymorphisms rs17549193 and rs7851696 of the L-ficolin (FCN2) gene in children with asthma of varying severity.Russian children from the Children’s Allergy Center (Krasnoyarsk, Russia), aged from 8 to 18 years, were studied. Children with asthma were divided into groups depending on the severity of the disease in accordance with GINA-2023: mild (n = 146) and severe (n = 254). The comparison group included children of comparable age and gender without asthma, allergies or infections. DNA extraction from blood was performed using the sorbent method. Genotyping of polymorphisms rs17549193 and rs7851696 FCN2 was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction.The results obtained provide distribution of the polymorphic variants FCN2 gene in the population of healthy Russian children and in children with a socially and economically important disease, namely asthma. The distribution of rs17549193 and rs7851696 FCN2 corresponds to the global Caucasoid populations. There were no statistically significant differences between asthma patients with varying degrees of severity of the disease and healthy ones in the studied sample.The results indicate an expansion of the sample and range of studied polymorphic genes of proteins of the lectin pathway of CS activation due to their importance for the prevention of severe forms of diseases, as well as their significance in the functioning of the immune system.
Evaluation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor effect on the expression of inhibitory receptors by T cells in multiple myeloma
Authors: Batorov E. V. , Aristova T. A. , Denisova V. V. , Ushakova G. Yu. 
Published: July 2024

All types of immune cells are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM). Granulocytic (G-MDSCs) and monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) have significant protumor effects. The T cell immune response may be reduced due to the development of T cell exhaustion, characterized by the expression of inhibitory receptors PD-1, TIM-3, etc. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) supports the generation and expansion of MDSCs and can influence the functional properties of T cells. The purpose of our work was to investigate the possible effect of stimulation with G-CSF drugs on the induction of PD-1 and TIM-3 expression by T cells in patients with MM. The study included 40 patients with MM who underwent mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells with G-CSF drugs (5 mcg/kg/day) for 4-5 days. Content of CD4+PD-1+, CD4+TIM-3+, CD8+PD-1+, CD8+TIM-3+T cells, Lin-HLA-DR-CD33+CD66b+G-MDSCs, and CD14+HLA-DR-M-MDSCs was assessed before the start of a course of G-CSF injections (n = 33), after a course of G-CSF on the first day of separation of hematopoietic progenitor cells (n = 28) and after 3-6 months (n = 40) by flow cytometry. The relative content of G-MDSCs and M-MDSCs was significantly higher in patients with MM after a course of G-CSF. After 3-6 months, the content of G-MDSCs and M-MDSCs decreased to the initial values. After the course of G-CSF, an increase in the content of CD4+PD-1+T cells was noted compared to the values before the study. After 3-6 months, the content of this population did not differ from the initial values. The relative numbers of CD4+TIM-3+, CD8+PD-1+, and CD8+TIM-3+T cells did not change after a course of G-CSF. There were no significant correlations between the content of the populations of MDSCs and T cells expressing PD-1 and TIM-3 after a course of G-CSF.Mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells by G-CSF in patients with MM is accompanied by a transient increase in MM populations and an isolated increase in CD4+PD-1+T cells.