bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melanomas of unknown primary have a mutation profile consistent with cutaneous sun‐exposed melanoma
Authors: Dutton‐Regester Ken , Kakavand Hojabr , Aoude Lauren G. , Stark Mitchell S. , Gartside Michael G. , Johansson Peter , O'Connor Linda , Lanagan Cathy , Tembe Varsha , Pupo Gulietta M. , Haydu Lauren E. , Schmidt Christopher W. , Mann Graham J. , Thompson John F. , Scolyer Richard A. , Hayward Nicholas K. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryMelanoma of unknown primary (MUP) is an uncommon phenomenon whereby patients present with metastatic disease without an evident primary site. To determine their likely site of origin, we combined exome sequencing from 33 MUPs to assess the total rate of somatic mutations and degree of UV mutagenesis. An independent cohort of 91 archival MUPs was also screened for 46 hot spot mutations highly prevalent in melanoma including BRAF, NRAS, KIT, GNAQ, and GNA11. Results showed that the majority of MUPs exhibited high somatic mutation rates, high ratios of C>T/G>A transitions, and a high rate of BRAF (45 of 101, 45%) and NRAS (32 of 101, 32%) mutations, collectively indicating a mutation profile consistent with cutaneous sun‐exposed melanomas. These data suggest that a significant proportion of MUPs arise from regressed or unrecognized primary cutaneous melanomas or arise de novo in lymph nodes from nevus cells that have migrated from the skin.
Bioactivity of natural O‐prenylated phenylpropenes from Illicium anisatum leaves and their derivatives against spider mites and fungal pathogens
Authors: Koeduka T. , Sugimoto K. , Watanabe B. , Someya N. , Kawanishi D. , Gotoh T. , Ozawa R. , Takabayashi J. , Matsui K. , Hiratake J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA variety of volatile phenylpropenes, C6‐C3 compounds are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, whereas prenylated phenylpropenes are limited to a few plant species. In this study, we analysed the volatile profiles from Illicium anisatum leaves and identified two O‐prenylated phenylpropenes, 4‐allyl‐2‐methoxy‐1‐[(3‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl)oxy]benzene [O‐dimethylallyleugenol (9)] and 5‐allyl‐1,3‐dimethoxy‐2‐(3‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl)oxy]benzene [O‐dimethylallyl‐6‐methoxyeugenol (11)] as major constituents. The structure–activity relationship of a series of eugenol derivatives showed that specific phenylpropenes, including eugenol (1), isoeugenol (2) and 6‐methoxyeugenol (6), with a phenolic hydroxy group had antifungal activity for a fungal pathogen, whereas guaiacol, a simple phenolic compound, and allylbenzene had no such activity. The eugenol derivatives that exhibited antifungal activity, in turn, had no significant toxicant property for mite oviposition. Interestingly, O‐dimethylallyleugenol (9) in which the phenolic oxygen was masked with a dimethylallyl group exhibited a specific, potent oviposition deterrent activity for mites. The sharp contrast in structural requirements of phenylpropenes suggested distinct mechanisms underlying the two biological activities and the importance of a phenolic hydroxy group and its dimethylallylation for the structure‐based design of new functional properties of phenylpropenes.
Increased endocytosis of fluorescent phospholipid in tobacco pollen in microgravity and inhibition by verapamil
Authors: Scherer G. F. E. , Quader H. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractGravity sensing in plants occurs in specialised tissues, like in the columella in root tips or the endodermis in shoots. Generally, dense organelles, acting as statoliths, are thought to interact with the cytosekeleton and ion channels in gravitropism. We examined the possibility that tobacco pollen tubes (Nicotiana sylvestris) having an elaborate cytoskeleton could perceive gravity through interaction of the cytoskeleton and the endomembrane system and organelles. Using lipid endocytosis as a quantitative parameter, we show that endocytosis is increased transiently in microgravity within 3 min. This increase is inhibited by the calcium blocker verapamil, suggesting that calcium is lowered in the tip, which is known to increase endocytosis in the pollen tube.
Drought stress does not protect Quercus ilex L. from ozone effects: results from a comparative study of two subspecies differing in ozone sensitivity
Authors: Alonso R. , Elvira S. , González‐Fernández I. , Calvete H. , García‐Gómez H. , Bermejo V. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractLong‐term effects of ozone (O3) exposure and drought stress were assessed on two subspecies of Quercus ilex: ssp. ilex and ssp. ballota. Two‐year‐old seedlings were continuously exposed for 26 months in open‐top chambers to three O3 treatments: charcoal filtered air, non‐filtered air and non‐filtered air supplemented with 40 nl·l−1 O3. Additionally, two irrigation regimes were adopted: half of the plants were well‐watered and the others received half of the water supplied to control plants. Growth, shoot water potential and gas exchange rates were assessed seasonally, and biomass accumulation was determined at the end of the experiment. Drought stress caused higher reductions of gas exchange, growth and biomass accumulation than O3 exposure in both subspecies. The combination of O3 and drought stress caused further decreases of accumulated aboveground biomass but no additive effects were observed on gas exchange rates or root biomass. Thus, drought stress did not protect Q. ilex from O3 effects on biomass when the response of the whole plant was considered. Q. ilex ssp. ballota was more sensitive to O3 and ssp. ilex was more affected by drought stress. The different O3 sensitivity was not only related to pollutant uptake but also to the ability of plants for resource acquisition and allocation. Based on biomass dose–response functions, Q. ilex is more resistant to O3 than other European evergreen tree species, however, O3 represents an additional stress factor that might be impairing plant ability to withstand current and future climate change.
Regulating finance after the crisis: Unveiling the different dynamics of the regulatory process
Authors: Moschella Manuela , Tsingou Eleni 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIt is now widely recognized that regulatory failures contributed to the onset of the global financial crisis. Redressing such failures has, thus, been a key policy priority in the post‐crisis reform agenda at both the domestic and international levels. This special issue investigates the process of post‐crisis financial regulatory reform in a number of crucial issue areas, including the rules and arrangements that govern financial supervision, offshore financial centers and shadow banking, the financial industry's involvement in global regulatory processes, and macroeconomic modeling. In so doing, the main purpose of this special issue is to shed light on an often understudied aspect in regulation literature: the variation in the dynamics of regulatory change. Contributors examine the different dynamics of regulatory change observed post‐crisis and explain variations by accounting for the interaction between institutional factors, on the one hand, and the activity of change agents and veto players involved in the regulatory reform process, on the other.
Barley whole exome capture: a tool for genomic research in the genus Hordeum and beyond
Authors: Mascher Martin , Richmond Todd A. , Gerhardt Daniel J. , Himmelbach Axel , Clissold Leah , Sampath Dharanya , Ayling Sarah , Steuernagel Burkhard , Pfeifer Matthias , D'Ascenzo Mark , Akhunov Eduard D. , Hedley Pete E. , Gonzales Ana M. , Morrell Peter L. , Kilian Benjamin , Blattner Frank R. , Scholz Uwe , Mayer Klaus F.X. , Flavell Andrew J. , Muehlbauer Gary J. , Waugh Robbie , Jeddeloh Jeffrey A. , Stein Nils 
Published: July 2013

SummaryAdvanced resources for genome‐assisted research in barley (Hordeum vulgare) including a whole‐genome shotgun assembly and an integrated physical map have recently become available. These have made possible studies that aim to assess genetic diversity or to isolate single genes by whole‐genome resequencing and in silico variant detection. However such an approach remains expensive given the 5 Gb size of the barley genome. Targeted sequencing of the mRNA‐coding exome reduces barley genomic complexity more than 50‐fold, thus dramatically reducing this heavy sequencing and analysis load. We have developed and employed an in‐solution hybridization‐based sequence capture platform to selectively enrich for a 61.6 megabase coding sequence target that includes predicted genes from the genome assembly of the cultivar Morex as well as publicly available full‐length cDNAs and de novo assembled RNA‐Seq consensus sequence contigs. The platform provides a highly specific capture with substantial and reproducible enrichment of targeted exons, both for cultivated barley and related species. We show that this exome capture platform provides a clear path towards a broader and deeper understanding of the natural variation residing in the mRNA‐coding part of the barley genome and will thus constitute a valuable resource for applications such as mapping‐by‐sequencing and genetic diversity analyzes.
Association between surgical resident involvement and blood use in noncardiac surgery
Authors: Glance Laurent G. , Mukamel Dana B. , Blumberg Neil , Fleming Fergal J. , Hohmann Samuel F. , Dick Andrew W. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundAlthough there is significant variability in the rate of blood transfusion in surgical patients, the role of surgical skill as a determinant of blood use is unknown.Study Design and MethodsWe examined the association between surgery resident participation and intraoperative blood transfusion, and 30‐day mortality and complications, among 381,036 patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, adjusting for patient factors and procedure complexity.ResultsCompared to attending surgeons working without a resident, cases in which the attendings worked with either Postgraduate Year (PGY) 3 to 4 resident or a PGY5 to 8 resident had a 56% (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI, 1.48‐1.64) or a 78% (AOR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.70‐1.87) higher odds of receiving a blood transfusion, respectively. Involvement of surgical interns or junior residents (PGY1‐2), whose role in the operative procedure is assumed to be limited, was associated with a 27% higher odds of receiving a blood transfusion (AOR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.18‐1.37). Overall, resident involvement was not associated with increased risk of 30‐day mortality (AOR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.91‐1.04), but was associated with a slightly increased risk of complications (AOR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.10‐1.16).ConclusionSenior surgery resident participation in noncardiac surgery is associated with between a 56% to 78% higher risk of receiving a blood transfusion intraoperatively compared to attending surgeons working without a resident. Assuming that senior surgical trainees are performing critical parts of the operative procedure and are less skilled than attending surgeons, the findings from this exploratory study suggest that intraoperative blood transfusion may serve as an indirect measure of surgical technical quality.
Tourism Promotion, Increasing Returns and Domestic Welfare
Authors: Shi Hui , Li Chuhui 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis paper compares the effect of tourism promotion funded by commodity tax and income tax on domestic welfare in an open economy with increasing returns in the tourism and the non‐tourism sector. A promotion may overcome the under‐production of tourism goods through taking account of the implications of increasing returns, but at the same time, the taxation may have an adverse impact on the rest of the economy. Employing a general equilibrium analysis, we find that the cost of tourism promotion overcomes the benefit, reducing local residents' welfare. Furthermore, commodity tax on tourism consumption is relatively more efficient than income tax in a monopolistic competition, with less adverse impact on the variety of non‐tourism goods. We also clarify the condition for deteriorating ‘terms of trade’, which only happens when the country has a small allocation of factor endowments.
Non-Uniform Behavior of Lubricant Flow According to Surface Texturing Distribution
Authors: Higuera-Garrido A. , Wang C. , González R. , Báttez A. H. , Sadeghi F. 
Published: July 2013

This study presents and discusses how the lubricant film flows in and around the dimples of a textured surface. Currently some authors assume that the emptying of the dimples starts in their front edge (according to the lubricant’s flow), but several tests, with different texturing densities and distances, have showed that this behavior can only be seen in the first row of dimples or, if distance is long enough, in the following rows. However, in those cases where rows are closely distributed (high texturing densities) the emptying of the dimples shows two lateral fronts instead of a frontal one.
The study led to the following conclusions: the way pockets are emptied depends on their distribution and position in the dimples’ array; frontal emptying phenomenon is only present at first row dimples or when distance between rows is long enough; when surrounding pockets modify how the lubricant reaches the dimple, the frontal emptying phenomenon becomes a bi-edged one, with two emptying fronts instead of one; as surface texturing requires a huge number of pockets at usually high texturing densities, it can be asserted than the frontal emptying phenomenon is not the most common one even though it’s the one that several authors use to study the emptying phenomenon.
Determination of Adhesion Forces Between Smooth and Structured Solids
Authors: Fischer Hartmut R. , Gelinck Edwin R. M. 
Published: July 2013

The tendency of smooth surfaces to stick spontaneously to each other is becoming a serious problem, with: a) the increasing quality in surface finish for many components and systems, b) on miniaturization in mechanical components, and c) in demanded precision of positioning of parts in high-end equipment machines and systems. Surfaces tend to be made smoother in order to gain flatness or in order to fulfill the need for more precise and reproducible positioning of parts. Adhesion or even sticking of the surfaces is a major showstopper for these applications.
There are several measures that can be taken in order to reduce spontaneous adhesion. Quantification of the effectiveness of the chosen solution is most often done using an AFM with probes varying from 1 nm to 8 micron of contact diameter. A serious disadvantage in measuring adhesion by sharp tips is the wear of the tips. Sharp tips wear easily, resulting in undefined contact areas. When the real area of contact is not well defined, the quantification of the adhesion force is not significant.
In the current study results of AFM measurements from literature with different tip diameters of colloidal probes are compared with measurements we performed using AFM cantilevers with a plateau tip and using probes from large spheres using an alternative setup (UNAT). These methods give results that are in good agreement with values found in literature. Large contacting surface enhance the quality of the measured adhesion values.
Another part of the study deals with a deliberately roughening of smooth surfaces to minimize (spontaneous) adhesion. Good agreement has been found with existing results.
For the use of larger surfaces it is important that the surfaces to be tested are extremely clean. Particles on smooth surface do influence the measurements quite easily. Especially for larger areas, the possibility of encountering particles on the surface are more likely, when particles are present. For the measurements in this study a lot of care has been taken therefore to remove contamination: particles as well as contamination of organic origin.
New Method for In-Trench Pipeline Support
Authors: Connors Geoff W. 
Published: July 2013

Protection of the pipe during and after pipeline construction is of paramount importance for safety and pipeline integrity. Areas of rock and stone are often encountered during construction of new pipelines. Even with modern pipeline coatings, additional protection for the pipe is necessary where rock or stone exposure is significant.
Historically, additional pipe protection used in these types of situations is achieved through adding either a significant layer of sand or select backfill above and below the pipeline (sand padding) and/or by attaching a high-impact resistant, poly-type rock shield around the pipeline during the pipeline installation process.
To accommodate sand padding, some form of intermittent support of the pipeline is generally required to elevate the pipeline off the trench bottom. Similar intermittent support is also recommended practice when using poly-type rock shields to keep the pipeline from fully resting on trench rocks.
Current methods of in-trench support involve sand piles, sand bags, spray foam and individually formed foam pillows — each with drawbacks:
i) Sand Piles are difficult to install and often oval or dent the pipe when improperly placed.
ii) Sand bags require hand placement for proper support. In open trenches, this can be time consuming and unsafe. Improper placement can cause the pipe to oval or dent.
iii) Spray-in foam is considered to be an obstruction of cathodic protection currents. Newly constructed pipelines full of hydrostatic test water and one metre cover can cause foam to compress excessively.
iv) Foam pillows are light and easily placed — but can float out of position and compress or crack under heavy loads. As with all foam, cathodic shielding is always a concern.
A new, engineered method of in-trench pipeline support is now available — the Structured Pipeline Pillow (SPP).
SPP’s are injection molded and made from high strength, environmentally inert polypropylene or polyethylene resins. Designed to support any size pipeline, SPP’s are most effective with larger diameter, heavier pipelines. One SPP is engineered to carry a single 40′ joint of heavy wall pipeline filled with hydrostatic test water.
Compared with current methods, SPP’s:
i) Stack tightly for transport.
ii) Are light enough for installation from outside the trench and resist floatation when ground water is present.
iii) Help ensure the pipeline is centered in the trench during the pipeline installation.
iv) Maintain long-term pipe clearance above rocky trench bottoms.
v) Ovality and denting concerns are reduced.
vi) Allow cathodic protection an easy path to the pipeline.
vii) Will never biodegrade.
In their extended stacking mode, SPP’s tested well as an effective alternative to wooden skids for many situations such as pipe stockpiling; stringing along the rights-of-way (ROW); and even for some low level skidding during the welding process.
Evaluation and Zoning by Mass Removal Phenomena (MRP) Along the Ecuadorian Heavy Crude Oil Pipeline Route
Authors: Mendoza Carlos H. , Gibbons Eddie M. , Reinoso Pablo A. , Bermeo Ramiro E. 
Published: July 2013

The occurrence of MRP is related to the external geodynamics of the Earth’s crust, which are the most common processes occurring each year around the world. In the case of Ecuador, these events, within the ROW (Right Of Way), have affected the integrity of the ROW, bringing dangerous OCP pipe bursts and thus oil spills affecting the surrounding terrain and water bodies.
Landslides are phenomena subject to a degree of uncertainty due to the different geological – geotechnical areas involved; this research tries to determine the susceptibility of the terrain to landslide using these intrinsic factors, environmental properties (topography, moisture, lithology) and other variables that could trigger these conditions (e.g. rain, earthquakes). Each factor defines an index of influence for a given site when combined and correlated to the threat of a specific severity, which allows for a value to be ratesed on its susceptibility.
The recognition of the threats and the susceptibility of the terrain to landslide is a very useful tool to identify and divide the land into homogeneous areas and scale them according to their actual or potential threat.
The mapping is performed on an area where there is occurrence data of the events or phenomena. This data can then be extrapolated to determine the potential threat in areas where no data exists. The collected information is processed using GIS software to be spatially represented information.
Maps generated with this methodology are used and applied as key tools in decision making processes for land use planning. The result of their application also increases the understanding of natural phenomena in the study area, leading to an efficient and sustainable development.
This methodology is not intended under any circumstances, to ignore the geotechnical field and laboratory data, and it can not predict the kind of slippage that could occurs.
Semi-Empirical Correlation to Quantify the Effects of Pipe Diameter and Internal Surface Roughness on the Decompression Wave Speed in Natural Gas Mixtures
Authors: Botros K. K. , Carlson Lorne , Rothwell Brian , Venton Philip 
Published: July 2013

GASDECOM is typically used in the design of gas pipelines for calculating decompression speed in connection with the Battelle two-curve method used throughout the pipeline industry for the control of propagating ductile fracture. GASDECOM idealizes the decompression process as isentropic and one-dimensional, taking no account of pipe wall frictional effects. Previous shock tube tests showed that decompression wave speeds in smaller diameter and rough pipes are consistently slower than those predicted by GASDECOM for the same conditions of mixture composition and initial pressure and temperature. Preliminary analysis based on perturbation theory and the fundamental momentum equation showed a correction term to be subtracted from the ‘ideal’ value of the decompression speed. One parameter in this correction term involves a dynamic spatial pressure gradient of the outflow at the rupture location. While this is difficult to obtain without a shock tube or actual rupture test, data from 14 shock tube tests, as well as from 14 full scale burst tests involving a variety of gas mixture compositions, were analyzed to quantify the variation of this pressure gradient with gas conditions and outflow Mach number. A semi-empirical relationship was found to correlate this pressure gradient parameter with two basic parameters representing the natural gas mixture, namely the molecular weight of the mixture and its higher heating value (HHV). For lean gas mixes, the semi-empirically obtained correlation was found to fit very well the experimentally determined decompression wave speed curve. For rich gas mixes, the correlation fits both branches of the curve; above and below the plateau pressure.
This paper provides the basis for the derived semi-empirical correlation, and suggests a procedure (with examples) to correct the ‘ideal’ (frictionless) GASDECOM prediction to account for both the effects of pipe diameter and pipe internal wall surface roughness.
Design and Application of Monitoring Device for Valve Chamber
Authors: Cai Yongjun , Tan Dongjie , Chen Pengchao , Li Zhengbin , Zhao Yingbo , Jin Shijiu 
Published: July 2013

There are a lot of valve chambers without protective measure along oil & gas pipeline. The interval of valve chamber is usually about thirty kilometers. Patrol is the main and only method in security protect, there are no technologies in valve chamber guard. Operator can’t ensure valve chamber under the controlled condition all the time. It’s a potential safety hazard.
One kind of monitoring device was designed for valve chamber security protection. Image and combustible gas concentration can all be obtained by this monitoring device. Pyroelectric infrared sensor and Microwave sensor combined are used for theft-proof so as to realize automatic detection and pre-warning. Once illegal intrusion is detected or combustible gas concentration exceed standard, the monitoring device would be activated. It takes a Snapshot of the valve chamber and sent the field image to administrators by MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service).