bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Musical Meter Modulates the Allocation of Attention across Time
Authors: Fitzroy Ahren B. , Sanders Lisa D. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Dynamic attending theory predicts that attention is allocated hierarchically across time during processing of hierarchical rhythmic structures such as musical meter. ERP research demonstrates that attention to a moment in time modulates early auditory processing as evidenced by the amplitude of the first negative peak (N1) approximately 100 msec after sound onset. ERPs elicited by tones presented at times of high and low metric strength in short melodies were compared to test the hypothesis that hierarchically structured rhythms direct attention in a manner that modulates early perceptual processing. A more negative N1 was observed for metrically strong beats compared with metrically weak beats; this result provides electrophysiological evidence that hierarchical rhythms direct attention to metrically strong times during engaged listening. The N1 effect was observed only on fast tempo trials, suggesting that listeners more consistently invoke selective processing based on hierarchical rhythms when sounds are presented rapidly. The N1 effect was not modulated by musical expertise, indicating that the allocation of attention to metrically strong times is not dependent on extensive training. Additionally, changes in P2 amplitude and a late negativity were associated with metric strength under some conditions, indicating that multiple cognitive processes are associated with metric perception.
Eremocoris juquilianus a new bug species from the mountains in Oaxaca, Mexico (Hemiptera: Rhyparochromidae: Drymini): with description of the immature stages
Authors: Peredo Luis Cervantes , Brailovsky Harry , Santacruz Jezabel Baez , Brailovsky Harry , Santacruz Jezabel Baez 
Published: August 2015

The genus Eremocoris Fieber is represented by 43 species, and three subspecies, 14 and 3 are Palearctic, 5 Oriental, 3 Afrotropical and 21 Nearctic. 14 species are recorded in Mexico. This contribution contains descriptions and illustrations of the adult and all immature stages of Eremocoris juquilianus sp. nov. and notes on its biology, habitat, and distribution in Mexico.
Global Relationship between Fronts and Warm Conveyor Belts and the Impact on Extreme Precipitation*
Authors: Catto Jennifer L. , Madonna Erica , Joos Hanna , Rudeva Irina , Simmonds Ian 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Extratropical cyclones are responsible for many extreme precipitation events in the midlatitudes. Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) and fronts are known to be related to the uplift and hence the precipitation within cyclones. The authors have investigated the link between WCBs and fronts and how such a link impacts the occurrence of extreme precipitation events. WCB trajectories have been calculated from the ERA-Interim dataset, and low-level (below 790 hPa) and midlevel (790–600 hPa) WCBs have been considered. These have been matched with objectively identified fronts (i.e., characterized by an overlap of WCB and front somewhere along the front). About 10% of cold fronts, 8% of warm fronts (identified using a thermal criterion), and 15% of wind fronts (identified using a wind shift method) are matched with WCBs, while up to 70% of WCBs are matched with fronts. Some WCBs, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, are not matched with either type of front (up to 70% east of Australia). The relationship between WCBs and fronts does not change much between the low levels and midlevels, indicating that the WCBs are already strongly associated with fronts during the lowest part of their ascent, although in the Southern Hemisphere the WCBs are more often related to warm fronts during their midtropospheric ascent. In parts of the midlatitudes, more than 60% of extreme precipitation events match either cold or warm fronts, and up to 90% of these have matched WCBs. Fronts associated with WCBs are found to be between 2 and 10 times more likely to produce extreme precipitation events than fronts without associated WCBs.
Effect of Upper-Ocean Evolution on Projected Trends in Tropical Cyclone Activity
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recent work has highlighted the possible importance of changing upper-ocean thermal and density stratification on observed and projected changes in tropical cyclone activity. Here seven CMIP phase 5 (CMIP5)-generation climate model simulations are downscaled under IPCC representative concentration pathway 8.5 using a coupled atmosphere–ocean tropical cyclone model, generating 100 events per year in the western North Pacific from 2006 to 2100. A control downscaling in which the upper-ocean thermal structure is fixed at its monthly values in the year 2006 is compared to one in which the upper ocean is allowed to evolve, as derived from the CMIP5 models. As found in earlier work, the thermal stratification generally increases as the climate warms, leading to increased ocean mixing–induced negative feedback on tropical cyclone intensity. While trends in the frequency of storms are unaffected, the increasing stratification of the upper ocean leads to a 13% reduction in the increase of tropical cyclone power dissipation over the twenty-first century, averaged across the seven climate models. Much of this reduction is associated with a moderation of the increase in the frequency of category-5 storms.
Understanding Winter Precipitation Impacts on Automated Gauge Observations within a Real-Time System
Authors: Martinaitis Steven M. , Cocks Stephen B. , Qi Youcun , Kaney Brian T. , Zhang Jian , Howard Kenneth 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Precipitation gauge observations are routinely classified as ground truth and are utilized in the verification and calibration of radar-derived quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE). This study quantifies the challenges of utilizing automated hourly gauge networks to measure winter precipitation within the real-time Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) system from 1 October 2013 to 1 April 2014. Gauge observations were compared against gridded radar-derived QPE over the entire MRMS domain. Gauges that reported no precipitation were classified as potentially stuck in the MRMS system if collocated hourly QPE values indicated nonzero precipitation. The average number of potentially stuck gauge observations per hour doubled in environments defined by below-freezing surface wet-bulb temperatures, while the average number of observations when both the gauge and QPE reported precipitation decreased by 77%. Periods of significant winter precipitation impacts resulted in over a thousand stuck gauge observations, or over 10%–18% of all gauge observations across the MRMS domain, per hour. Partial winter impacts were observed prior to the gauges becoming stuck. Simultaneous postevent thaw and precipitation resulted in unreliable gauge values, which can introduce inaccurate bias correction factors when calibrating radar-derived QPE. The authors then describe a methodology to quality control (QC) gauge observations compromised by winter precipitation based on these results. A comparison of two gauge instrumentation types within the National Weather Service (NWS) Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) network highlights the need for improved gauge instrumentation for more accurate liquid-equivalent values of winter precipitation.
Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Pharynx during Deglutition
Authors: Amin Milan R. , Achlatis Stratos , Lazarus Cathy L. , Branski Ryan C. , Storey Pippa , Praminik Bidyut , Fang Yixin , Sodickson Daniel K. 
Published: August 2015

Objectives: We utilized dynamic magnetic resonance imaging to visualize the pharynx and upper esophageal segment in normal, healthy subjects. Methods: A 3-T scanner with a 4-channel head coil and a dual-channel neck coil was used to obtain high-speed magnetic resonance images of subjects who were swallowing liquids and pudding. Ninety sequential images were acquired with a temporal resolution of 113 ms. Imaging was performed in axial planes at the levels of the oropharynx and the pharyngoesophageal segment. The images were then analyzed for variables related to alterations in the area of the pharynx and pharyngoesophageal segment during swallowing, as well as temporal measures related to these structures. Results: All subjects tolerated the study protocol without complaint. Changes in the area of the pharyngeal wall lumen and temporal measurements were consistent within and between subjects. The inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities for the measurement tool were excellent. Conclusions: Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the swallow sequence is both feasible and reliable and may eventually complement currently used diagnostic methods, as it adds substantive information.
New Method for in-Office Secondary Voice Prosthesis Insertion under Local Anesthesia by Reverse Puncture from Esophageal Lumen
Authors: Fukuhara Takahiro , Fujiwara Kazunori , Nomura Kenichi , Miyake Naritomo , Kitano Hiroya 
Published: August 2015

Objectives: We clarify and demonstrate the utility of our new method of voice prosthesis insertion using puncture from the esophageal lumen. Methods: Our new reverse puncture method using a flexible endoscope can be performed in an outpatient clinic under local anesthesia. We conducted a clinical trial with patients with head and neck cancer between April 2010 and February 2012. Our study focused on the following three points: 1) the percentage of patients for whom the procedure was successful; 2) the duration of the operation; and 3) any adverse effects. Results: The puncture was performed successfully for 21 of 22 patients (95%). The mean duration of the operation, excluding the time for local anesthesia, was only 11.6 minutes. All patients began voice rehabilitation and attained peroral intake immediately after the operation. None of the patients suffered complications from the procedures. Conclusions: Most patients were treated with our new method with ease and at low risk. The high success rate and the absence of complications demonstrate the benefits of our method. We conclude that our method can be recommended for secondary reverse tracheoesophageal puncture.
Correlation between Expression of Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer and Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Huang Tian , Chen Mao-Huai , Wu Ming-Yao , Wu Xian-Ying 
Published: August 2015

Objectives: We evaluated the expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and studied their relationship with cervical lymph node metastasis. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of EMMPRIN and MMP-2 in specimens from patients with chronic nasopharyngitis (CN), nonmetastastic NPC (NM-NPC), and lymph node–metastatic NPC (LNM-NPC). Results: The rates of positive EMMPRIN expression in CN, NM-NPC, and LNM-NPC were 13.3%, 30.0%, and 66.7%, respectively. Significant differences were found between the rates in CN and LNM-NPC (p < 0.01) and between the rates in NM-NPC and LNM-NPC (p = 0.01). In the LNM-NPC group, NPC cells had a higher rate of expression of EMMPRIN in tumor metastases than in the primary tumor (81.8% versus 66.7%; p = 0.01). The rates of positive MMP-2 expression in CN, NM-NPC, and LNM-NPC were 13.3%, 35.0%, and 60.6%, respectively. A significant difference was found between the rates in CN and LNM-NPC (p < 0.01). In the LNM-NPC group, NPC cells had a higher rate of MMP-2 expression in tumor metastases than in the primary tumor (72.7% versus 60.6%; p < 0.01). The expressions of MMP-2 and EMMPRIN were highly correlated (rs = 0.466; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells may attain enhanced metastastic capability through the expression of MMP-2 induced by EMMPRIN.
Revision Zenker Diverticulum: Laser versus Stapler Outcomes following Initial Endoscopic Failure
Authors: Adam Stewart I. , Paskhover Boris , Sasaki Clarence T. 
Published: August 2015

Objectives: We used a retrospective chart review to analyze revision endoscopic carbon dioxide (CO2) laser and staple repairs of recurrent Zenker diverticulum (ZD). Methods: The medical records of patients with recurrent ZD after primary endoscopic repair were selected. The chart data included method of repair (CO2 laser or stapler), demographics (age and sex), defect size (in centimeters), preoperative and postoperative symptoms, and complications. Patients' dysphagia was graded on a modified Functional Oral Intake Scale from 1 to 4 (1 being normal intake and 4 being severely limited intake or gastrostomy tube dependence). Regurgitation was also graded on a 1-to-4 scale (1 being no regurgitation and 4 being aspiration). Results: A total of 148 consecutive patients with ZD were treated with endoscopic repair between 2000 and 2010. Twelve of these patients had revisions after failed primary endoscopic management procedures, all done with the stapler. Eight revision surgeries were performed by CO2 laser, and 4 by stapler repair. No difference was noted in patient age or defect size (laser, 3.06-cm defects; stapler, 2.75-cm defects). The length of hospital stay and the time to oral intake for the patients who had a revision stapler procedure were significantly greater (p values of 0.029 and 0.009) than those for the patients in the primary stapler procedure group. Better postoperative regurgitation scores were noted for patients who had a CO2 laser procedure. Conclusions: Secondary endoscopic repair for ZD recurrence is an effective treatment method. Better symptom outcomes were observed with secondary CO2 laser repair than with stapler revision. Patients with revision stapling had longer hospital stays and a longer time to oral intake than did patients with primary staple repairs.
Standardization of Reporting Post-Tonsillectomy Bleeding
Authors: Walner David L. , Karas Anatoli 
Published: August 2015

Objectives: Postoperative bleeding is a well-recognized complication after tonsillectomy. We believe significant variation exists in how bleeding following tonsillectomy is reported and that a standardized system is needed. Our goal was to develop such a system. Methods: Relevant literature was found on Ovid Medline. Studies published from 1996 to 2009 involving post-tonsillectomy bleeding were analyzed, and data were collected on the basis of strict criteria. A standardized system for reporting post-tonsillectomy bleeding was then developed. Results: A review of the literature found variation in the reporting of post-tonsillectomy bleeding and found that categorization systems for reporting bleeding are often not used. The following standardization system is proposed. Type I is bleeding, historical or observed, that does not require any intervention or control of the bleeding (except for oral rinses or intravenous administration of fluids). Type II is bleeding that requires control with local measures under topical or local anesthesia. Type III is bleeding that requires control with local measures, suture ligation, and/or aggressive cauterization in the operating room. Type IV is bleeding that requires control that includes external carotid artery ligation or embolization. Type V is bleeding that leads to the patient's death. The postoperative day on which the bleeding occurs is also reported. Conclusions: The literature on tonsillectomy varies greatly in describing and reporting post-tonsillectomy bleeding. We propose a system to standardize the reporting of post-tonsillectomy bleeding.
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Transection and Anastomosis: Rat Laryngeal Motoneuron Survival and Effect of the Anastomosis Site
Authors: Pitman Michael J. , Berzofsky Craig , Alli Opeyemi , Sharma Sansar 
Published: August 2015

Objectives: We investigated the quantity of recurrent laryngeal nerve motoneurons (RLNMs) that survive after transection and anastomosis of the rat recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), as well as the impact of the anastomosis site on RLN regeneration. Methods: Ten rats underwent right RLN transection and anastomosis. After 16 weeks, Fluoro-Ruby (FR) was applied to the RLN that was transected proximal or distal to the anastomosis site. The brain stems were harvested, and the nucleus ambiguus was evaluated for labeled RLNMs. The RLNM counts were compared to each other and to those from 3 control rats in which FR was applied to an acutely transected RLN. Results: The number of RLNMs that were stained after RLN transection, anastomosis, and regeneration was consistent with the total number of RLNMs in the nucleus ambiguus of control rats. This finding confirms that most RLNMs survived after RLN transection and anastomosis. The quantity of labeled RLNMs was statistically similar whether the FR was applied proximal or distal to the anastomosis, implying that most of the viable axons that were present proximal to the anastomosis crossed into the distal nerve. Conclusions: Rat RLNMs survive nerve transection, anastomosis, and regeneration. The anastomosis site does not significantly impede axonal regeneration, and most of the axons traverse the anastomosis into the distal nerve.
Autism spectrum disorder: Presentation and prevalence in a nationally representative Australian sample
Authors: Randall Melinda , Sciberras Emma , Brignell Amanda , Ihsen Elfriede , Efron Daryl , Dissanayake Cheryl , Williams Katrina 
Published: August 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of parent-reported autism spectrum disorder diagnosis in Australia, and examine the developmental profile of children with autism spectrum disorder compared to their peers. Design/Setting: Secondary analyses were undertaken on data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Participants: Children were recruited at kindergarten (K cohort) and birth (B cohort), and subsequently completed two-yearly ‘waves’ of assessments. Main Outcomes: Autism spectrum disorder diagnostic status was ascertained at Wave 4 along with age of diagnosis by parent report. Standardised tools were used to assess children’s quality of life, behaviour, receptive vocabulary and non-verbal intelligence. Results: Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder was 2.5% (95% confidence interval = [2.0, 3.0]) in the B cohort compared to 1.5% (95% confidence interval = [1.2, 2.0]) in the K cohort. In both cohorts, children with autism spectrum disorder had poorer mean quality of life, emotional-behavioural functioning and receptive vocabulary compared with non-autism spectrum disorder peers, and a higher proportion of children with autism spectrum disorder had problems in these areas. However, between 6% and 9% of children with moderate to severe autism spectrum disorder and 12–20% with mild autism spectrum disorder were not reported to have problems with social interaction. Conclusion: The prevalence of a parent-reported diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder before age 7 in Australia was higher in the B cohort. Data from future Longitudinal Study of Australian Children waves will clarify whether autism spectrum disorder has been diagnosed earlier in the B cohort or if there is a continued increase in prevalence. Future waves will also provide crucial information about the types and severity of problems experienced during the primary and secondary school years which will assist service planning.
Assessing Technology in the Absence of Proof
Authors: de Vries Peter W. , van den Berg Stéphanie M. , Midden Cees 
Published: August 2015

Objective: The present research addresses the question of how trust in systems is formed when unequivocal information about system accuracy and reliability is absent, and focuses on the interaction of indirect information (others’ evaluations) and direct (experiential) information stemming from the interaction process. Background: Trust in decision-supporting technology, such as route planners, is important for satisfactory user interactions. Little is known, however, about trust formation in the absence of outcome feedback, that is, when users have not yet had opportunity to verify actual outcomes. Method: Three experiments manipulated others’ evaluations (“endorsement cues”) and various forms of experience-based information (“process feedback”) in interactions with a route planner and measured resulting trust using rating scales and credits staked on the outcome. Subsequently, an overall analysis was conducted. Results: Study 1 showed that effectiveness of endorsement cues on trust is moderated by mere process feedback. In Study 2, consistent (i.e., nonrandom) process feedback overruled the effect of endorsement cues on trust, whereas inconsistent process feedback did not. Study 3 showed that although the effects of consistent and inconsistent process feedback largely remained regardless of face validity, high face validity in process feedback caused higher trust than those with low face validity. An overall analysis confirmed these findings. Conclusion: Experiential information impacts trust even if outcome feedback is not available, and, moreover, overrules indirect trust cues—depending on the nature of the former. Application: Designing systems so that they allow novice users to make inferences about their inner workings may foster initial trust.
The Effects of Age, Gender, and Hand on Force Control Capabilities of Healthy Adults
Authors: Lee Baekhee , Lee Mina , Yoh Myeung Sook , You Heecheon , Park Hyunji , Jung Kihyo , Lee Byung Hwa , Na Duk L. , Kim Geon Ha 
Published: August 2015

Objective: The present study examined the effects of age (20s to 70s), gender (male and female), and hand (dominant and nondominant) on force control capabilities (FCCs) in four force control phases (initiation, development, maintenance, and termination). Background: Normative data of FCCs by force control phase are needed for various populations in age and gender to identify a type of motor performance reduction and its severity. Method: FCCs of 360 participants (30 for each combination of age group and gender) were measured using a finger dynamometer and quantified in terms of initiation time (IT), development time (DT), maintenance error (ME), and termination time (TT). Results: Although gradual increases (1%~28%) by age were shown in IT, DT, and TT, a dramatic increase in ME was observed among participants in their 50s (26%), 60s (68%), and 70s (160%) compared to those in their 20s~40s. The most distinctive interaction effect of age and gender was found in ME out of the four FCC measures. Lastly, hand and its related interactions were not found significant. Conclusion: Normative FCC data were established for four age groups (20s~40s, 50s, 60s, and 70s) and gender. Application: The normative FCC data can be used for evaluating an individual’s motor performance, screening patients with brain disorders, and designing input devices triggered and/or operated by the finger.
A Speech‐to‐Noise Ratio Test with the Bone‐Anchored Hearing Aid: A Comparative Study
Authors: Carlsson Peder , Håkansson Bo , Rosenhall Ulf , Tjellström Anders 
Published: August 2015

Hitherto, for persons with impaired hearing who cannot use an air conduction hearing aid, the only alternative has been a conventional spring‐loaded bone conduction hearing aid. Now, with minor surgery, a titanium screw can be implanted in the bone behind the ear and a coupling, which penetrates the skin, can be attached, giving a new kind of hearing aid—the “bone‐anchored hearing aid.” Improved quality of sound is one of the patients’ subjective assessments. Improvement was not confirmed by a standard speech‐discrimination test. With new speech material consisting of sentences in noise, the speech‐to‐noise ratio (SN) has been determined for 24 patients. Patients who previously used a conventional bone conduction hearing aid improved their SN on the average by 3.3 dB. The most important difference between the two aids related to improved SN is probably the increased audibility between 600 and 6000 Hz.