bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Investors
Authors: McLachlan Campbell , Shore Laurence , Weiniger Matthew 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In general, investment treaties seek to protect investors by assuring them of two types of treatment. The standards of fair and equitable treatment and full protection and security have been described as ‘non–contingent’ in the sense that the protections which they extend are absolute. They are not dependent upon the extent of protection afforded to others. By contrast, the provisions for national treatment and MFN treatment and the guarantee of non–discrimination are contingent standards. The extent of the protection which they afford is dependent upon that which the host State metes out to others, who stand in the requisite legal relationship to the protect investor.
Non–contingent standards. The assurance of ‘fair and equitable treatment’ provides the most basic protection for foreign investment. Yet the expression has proved stubbornly resistant to precise definition. This section therefore puts the evolution of the standard in historical context, in order to provide a framework for analysis of its present application by arbitral tribunals in relation to:
As will be seen, in both contexts, the standard is concerned with the process of decision–making in the host State, rather than with the prescription of substantive outcomes. Analysis of arbitral awards enables a distillation of the factors which are likely to indicate that the standard has been breached, and to contrast them with those factors which have been successfully relied upon by host States to show that the standard has been met.
Contingent standards. The discussion of the contingent standards draws together with common threads of national treatment and most–favoured–nation treatment with the more general right of non–discrimination. It does so by examining the techniques for the identification of a difference in treatment, and then considering whether any such difference in fact breaches the standard.
The Competitive Significance of Big Data
Authors: Stucke Maurice E , Grunes Allen P 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses six themes from business literature regarding the strategic implications of Big Data. It also addresses the rise of data-driven business models, examining why companies invest heavily to develop apps to access data as well as to maintain, index, and analyse the increasing volume of data. It then responds to two claims that downplay Big Data’s significance in competition policy. The first claim is that data is ubiquitous, low cost, and widely available; second is that data is non-rivalrous, and therefore collecting a particular piece of data does not prevent others from collecting the same data by similar or other means. This claim conflates two distinct concepts: it conflates data’s functionality with its value and it conflates non-rival, non-subtractable goods with non-excludable goods. To illustrate data’s competitive significance, the chapter reviews a lawsuit over the Twitter ‘firehose’.
Recognizing When Privacy and Competition Law Intersect
Authors: Stucke Maurice E , Grunes Allen P 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes how privacy can be viewed as a parameter of quality competition. It starts by discussing the emerging consensus of privacy protection as a parameter of non-price quality competition. As several European Commission officials have noted, if a website, post-merger, starts to require more personal data from users or supply such data to third parties as a condition for delivering its ‘free’ product, then this could be seen as either increasing its price or as degrading the quality of its product and violating competition law. The presence of competition over privacy is a useful indicator, not only of firms’ willingness to adapt to consumers’ desires, but also consumers’ understanding of the use of their data in that market, and the effectiveness of competition in the market in question. The chapter ends with a discussion on how antitrust can promote privacy interests generally by promoting citizens’ welfare (and well-being).
More Coordination among Competition, Privacy, and Consumer Protection Officials
Authors: Stucke Maurice E , Grunes Allen P 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the need for more coordination among competition, privacy, and consumer protection officials. It identifies two initial areas for greater coordination. The first is to move beyond the notice-and-consent paradigm. The consensus is that the current notice-and-consent regimen is inadequate to safeguard privacy. Individuals are generally unaware of who has access to their personal information, what data is being used, how the data is being used, when the data is used, and the privacy implications of the data’s use. The imbalance of power between consumers and data users is a significant concern. Competition, privacy, and consumer protection officials must coordinate to ensure that the other preconditions for an effective competitive process are in place. The second area is facilitating the preconditions necessary to spur privacy competition. These include the consumers having a viable choice, aside from forgoing the technology or service altogether and an alternative to the advertising-dependent revenue model.
Detection of terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton indotineae isolates within the Trichophyton mentagrophytes species complex isolated from patients in Hue City, Vietnam: A comprehensive analysis
Authors: Ngo Thi Minh Chau , Santona Antonella , Ton Nu Phuong Anh , Cao Le Chi , Tran Thi Giang , Do Thi Bich Thao , Ha Thi Ngoc Thuy , Vo Minh Tiep , Nguyen Phuoc Vinh , Ton That Dong Duong , Nguyen Thi Tra My , Bui Van Duc 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex comprises a group of dermatophyte fungi responsible for various dermatological infections. The increasing drug resistance of this species complex, especially terbinafine resistance of Trichophyton indotineae, is a major concern in dermatologist practice. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of T. mentagrophytes complex strains isolated from patients in Hue City, Vietnam, focusing on their phenotypic and genetic characteristics, antifungal susceptibility profiles, and molecular epidemiology. Keratinophilic fungi from dermatophytosis culture samples were identified morphologically and phenotypically, with species and genotypes confirmed by internal transcribed spacer sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Antifungal susceptibility testing was carried out to evaluate their susceptibility to itraconazole, voriconazole, and terbinafine. The 24% (n = 27/114) of superficial mycoses were phenotypically attributed to T. mentagrophytes complex isolates. Trichophyton interdigitale, mainly genotype II*, was predominant (44.4%), followed by T. mentagrophytes genotype III* (22.2%), T. indotineae (14.8%), T. tonsurans (11.2%), and T. mentagrophytes (7.4%). While all isolates were susceptible to itraconazole and voriconazole, half of T. indotineae isolates exhibited resistance to terbinafine, linked to the Phe397Leu mutation in the SQLE protein. This study highlighted the presence of terbinafine-resistant T. indotineae isolates in Vietnam, emphasizing the need to investigate dermatophyte drug resistance and implement effective measures in clinical practice.
Radio U-Net: a convolutional neural network to detect diffuse radio sources in galaxy clusters and beyond
Authors: Stuardi C , Gheller C , Vazza F , Botteon A 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
The forthcoming generation of radio telescope arrays promises significant advancements in sensitivity and resolution, enabling the identification and characterization of many new faint and diffuse radio sources. Conventional manual cataloguing methodologies are anticipated to be insufficient to exploit the capabilities of new radio surveys. Radio interferometric images of diffuse sources present a challenge for image segmentation tasks due to noise, artifacts, and embedded radio sources. In response to these challenges, we introduce Radio U-Net, a fully convolutional neural network based on the U-Net architecture. Radio U-Net is designed to detect faint and extended sources in radio surveys, such as radio haloes, relics, and cosmic web filaments. Radio U-Net was trained on synthetic radio observations built upon cosmological simulations and then tested on a sample of galaxy clusters, where the detection of cluster diffuse radio sources relied on customized data reduction and visual inspection of Low-Frequency Array Two metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) data. The 83 per cent of clusters exhibiting diffuse radio emission were accurately identified, and the segmentation successfully recovered the morphology of the sources even in low-quality images. In a test sample comprising 246 galaxy clusters, we achieved a 73 per cent accuracy rate in distinguishing between clusters with and without diffuse radio emission. Our results establish the applicability of Radio U-Net to extensive radio survey data sets, probing its efficiency on cutting-edge high-performance computing systems. This approach represents an advancement in optimizing the exploitation of forthcoming large radio surveys for scientific exploration.
The evolution of protostellar outflow opening angles and the implications for the Growth of Protostars
Authors: Dunham Michael M , Stephens Ian W , Myers Philip C , Bourke Tyler L , Arce Héctor G , Pokhrel Riwaj , Pineda Jaime E , Vargas Joseph 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
We use $1-4$ arcsec ($300-1200$ au) resolution $^{12}$CO (2 − 1) data from the MASSES (Mass Assembly of Stellar Systems and their Evolution with the Submillimeter Array) project to measure the projected opening angles of 46 protostellar outflows in the Perseus Molecular Cloud, 37 of which are measured with sufficiently high confidence to use in further analysis. We find that there is a statistically significant difference in the distributions of outflow opening angles for Classes 0 and I outflows, with a distinct lack of both wide-angle Class 0 outflows and highly collimated Class I outflows. Synthesizing our results with several previous studies, we find that outflows widen with age through the Class 0 stage but do not continue to widen in the Class I stage. The maximum projected opening angle reached is approximately 90$^{\circ }$$\pm$ 20$^{\circ }$, with the transition between widening and remaining constant occurring near the boundary between the Classes 0 and I phases of evolution. While the volume fractions occupied by these outflows are no more than a few tens of per cent of the total core volume, at most, recent theoretical work suggests outflows may still be capable of playing a central role in setting the low star formation efficiencies of 25 per cent–50 per cent observed on core scales.
Insertions and Deletions: Computational Methods, Evolutionary Dynamics, and Biological Applications
Authors: Redelings Benjamin D , Holmes Ian , Lunter Gerton , Pupko Tal , Anisimova Maria 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Insertions and deletions constitute the second most important source of natural genomic variation. Insertions and deletions make up to 25% of genomic variants in humans and are involved in complex evolutionary processes including genomic rearrangements, adaptation, and speciation. Recent advances in long-read sequencing technologies allow detailed inference of insertions and deletion variation in species and populations. Yet, despite their importance, evolutionary studies have traditionally ignored or mishandled insertions and deletions due to a lack of comprehensive methodologies and statistical models of insertions and deletion dynamics. Here, we discuss methods for describing insertions and deletion variation and modeling insertions and deletions over evolutionary time. We provide practical advice for tackling insertions and deletions in genomic sequences and illustrate our discussion with examples of insertions and deletion-induced effects in human and other natural populations and their contribution to evolutionary processes. We outline promising directions for future developments in statistical methodologies that would allow researchers to analyze insertions and deletion variation and their effects in large genomic data sets and to incorporate insertions and deletions in evolutionary inference.
Ultrasound-detected knee synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Miyoshi Yuji , Takamasu Eisuke , Takada Ryosuke , Nagase Yuichi 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Objectives
To evaluate the prevalence of ultrasound (US)-detected knee synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with a history of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and to explore its association with RA disease activity and clinical outcomes.

Methods
The present, retrospective, cross-sectional study retrieved the data from electronic medical records of patients with RA who were followed up for TKA and had musculoskeletal ultrasound assessment at the study centre from 1 January 2021 through 31 December 2021.

Results
Forty-two patients with 67 post-TKA knee joints were enrolled in the present study. US-detected synovitis of the post-TKA knee was present in 15 knees (22.4%) and 12 patients (28.6%). There was no difference in disease activity scores or the pain domain of Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score between the patients with (n = 12) and without (n = 30) US-detected knee synovitis. The proportion of patients with the intensification of antirheumatic drugs after MSUS assessment was significantly higher in patients with US-detected synovitis compared to those without US-detected synovitis (41.7 versus 6.7%, P = .01).

Conclusions
US-detected synovitis of the knee was present at 22.4% of post-TKA knee joints. Patients with US-detected synovitis of post-TKA knees were likely to receive an intensification of antirheumatic drugs.
Psychological factors influencing healthcare utilization in breast cancer survivors with pain
Authors: Roose Eva , Cools Wilfried , Leysen Laurence , Van Wilgen Paul , Beckwée David , Timmermans Annick , Bults Rinske , Nijs Jo , Vanhoeij Marian , Fontaine Christel , Lahousse Astrid , Huysmans Eva 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Pain is a prevalent side effect seen in breast cancer survivors (BCS). Psychological factors are known role players in pain mechanisms. Both pain and psychological factors contribute to or interact with healthcare use (HCU). However, the association between psychological factors and HCU has never been investigated in BCS with pain, which is the aim of the present study.

Methods
Belgian BCS with pain (n = 122) were assessed via the Medical Consumption Questionnaire, the Injustice Experienced Questionnaire, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire, the Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale. Associations were analyzed with logistic and Poisson regressions.

Results
Opioid use was related to more catastrophizing and less psychological distress. Psychotropic drug use was related to more psychological distress. Endocrine therapy was related to less vigilance and awareness. Psychological distress was related to all types of healthcare provider (HCP) visits, with psychological distress negatively related to physiotherapy, psychology, and other primary HCP visits, and positively related to visiting a general practitioner or secondary HCP. Catastrophizing was related to more visiting behavior to a primary HCP, except to a general practitioner. Perceived injustice was related to more general practitioner and other primary HCP visits but to fewer psychology visits. Illness perceptions were related only to visiting other primary HCPs. Vigilance and awareness were related to more psychologist and secondary HCP visits.

Conclusion
Our findings underscore the complex interplay between HCU and psychological factors in BCS with pain. Psychological distress was overall the most important psychological factor related to HCU, whether catastrophizing and perceived injustice were the most relevant related to HCP visits.
An engineered NKp46 antibody for construction of multi-specific NK cell engagers
Authors: Lee Robert B , Maddineni Sainiteesh , Landry Madeleine , Diaz Celeste , Tashfeen Aanya , Yamada-Hunter Sean A , Mackall Crystal L , Beinat Corinne , Sunwoo John B , Cochran Jennifer R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Recent developments in cancer immunotherapy have highlighted the potential of harnessing natural killer (NK) cells in the treatment of neoplastic malignancies. Of these, bispecific antibodies, and NK cell engager (NKCE) protein therapeutics in particular, have been of interest. Here, we used phage display and yeast surface display to engineer RLN131, a unique cross-reactive antibody that binds to human, mouse, and cynomolgus NKp46, an activating receptor found on NK cells. RLN131 induced proliferation and activation of primary NK cells, and was used to create bispecific NKCE constructs of varying configurations and valency. All NKCEs were able to promote greater NK cell cytotoxicity against tumor cells than an unmodified anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, and activity was observed irrespective of whether the constructs contained a functional Fc domain. Competition binding and fine epitope mapping studies were used to demonstrate that RLN131 binds to a conserved epitope on NKp46, underlying its species cross-reactivity.
Evolution of the Cytomegalovirus RL11 gene family in Old World monkeys and Great Apes
Authors: Litvin Ulad , Wang Eddie C Y , Stanton Richard J , Fielding Ceri A , Hughes Joseph 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a genus of herpesviruses, members of which share a long history of coevolution with their primate hosts including New World monkeys, Old World monkeys (OWMs), and Great Apes (GAs). These viruses are ubiquitous within their host populations and establish lifelong infection in most individuals. Although asymptomatic in healthy individuals, infection poses a significant risk to individuals with a weakened or underdeveloped immune system. The genome of human CMV is the largest among human-infecting viruses and comprises at least 15 separate gene families, which may have arisen by gene duplication. Within human CMV, the RL11 gene family is the largest. RL11 genes are nonessential in vitro but have immune evasion roles that are likely critical to persistence in vivo. These genes demonstrate an extreme level of inter-species and intra-strain sequence diversity, which makes it challenging to deduce the evolutionary relationships within this gene family. Understanding the evolutionary relationships of these genes, especially accurate ortholog identification, is essential for reconstructing ancestral genomes, deciphering gene repertoire and order, and enabling reliable functional analyses across the CMV species, thereby offering insights into evolutionary processes, genetic diversity, and the functional significance of genes. In this work, we combined in silico genome screening with sequence-based and structure-guided phylogenetic analysis to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the RL11 gene family. We confirmed that RL11 genes are unique to OWM and GA CMVs, showing that this gene family was formed by multiple early duplication events and later lineage-specific losses. We identified four main clades of RL11 genes and showed that their expansions were mainly lineage specific and happened independently in CMVs of GAs, African OWMs, and Asian OWMs. We also identified groups of orthologous genes across the CMV tree, showing that some human CMV–specific RL11 genes emerged before the divergence of human and chimpanzee CMVs but were subsequently lost in the latter. The extensive and dynamic species–specific evolution of this gene family suggests that their functions target elements of host immunity that have similarly coevolved during speciation.
Public Perceptions of Abortion Complications
Authors: Chaiken SR , Darney BG , Schenck M , Han L 
Published: August 2024

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023;229(4):421.e1–421.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.07.024)
Although abortion rates are on the decline, around a quarter of women in the United States are expected to experience it in their lifetime. It is crucial to highlight the impact of misinformation in perpetuating the misconception that abortion poses significant health hazards, despite the well-established safety of medication and aspiration abortion methods. Previous studies have noted the prevalence of public misunderstandings regarding abortion risks, but there is still a lack of clarity on the specific complications that are commonly believed to be associated. Therefore, the present cross-sectional survey study aimed to illuminate the public’s perception of both short-term and long-term risks associated with abortion in the United States.
Development of Obstetric Anesthesia Core Competencies for US Residency Programs Through a Delphi Process
Authors: Lilaonitkul M , Cosden CW , Markley JC , Pian-Smith M , Lim G , Yeh P , Aleshi P , Boscardin C , Sullivan K , George RB 
Published: August 2024

(Can J Anaesth. 2023;70(10):1611–1622. doi: 10.1007/s12630-023-02536-w)
Every year in the United States, around 1.15 million cesarean deliveries are performed, emphasizing the critical role of anesthesiologists in clinical practice and the importance of obstetric anesthesia knowledge and skill acquisition on the outcomes of pregnant people, especially given the rising rates of preventable deaths. However, the current framework for anesthesia residency training in the United States primarily follows the guidelines of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Outcome Project, which outlines minimal time requirements and case numbers rather than competency-based metrics in obstetric anesthesia. Using a modified Delphi expert consensus methodology, this study aimed to identify the essential competencies in obstetric anesthesiology for resident trainees and determine the training level at which these competencies should be achieved.
Perinatal Psychiatric Practitioner Consultation Program Delivers Rapid Response to OB/GYN Practitioners
Authors: Doering JJ , Wichman CL , Laszewski A , Kuehn S , Ke W 
Published: August 2024

(Birth. 2023;50(4):764–772. doi: 10.1111/birt.12722)
The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) strongly suggests that OB/GYN practitioners should be capable of identifying, managing, and appropriately referring patients with perinatal psychiatric conditions. To effectively manage the pregnant or postpartum patient with psychiatric illness, knowledge of psychiatric medications, and their safe administration is critical, especially given the significant morbidity and mortality associated with perinatal psychiatric disorders in the United States. Geographic limitations and practitioner shortages may impact access to specialized psychiatric services. This descriptive quality improvement study evaluated a statewide perinatal psychiatric consultation service, The Periscope Project (TPP), in Wisconsin for OB/GYN practitioners by analyzing the volume, responsivity, content, and outcomes of clinical inquiries, and OB/GYN professional satisfaction.