bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catering and its contemporary implications
Authors: Bannatyne W. R. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisChanges in the social aspects of life and in the leisure and working activities of the population have had a profound effect on eating patterns in recent years. Today, more people eat away from home, either through enforced circumstances or by choice, and eating out has become part of the nation's lifestyle. Eating habits have changed also. The trend now is towards a more casual style of eating, with more economical meals, snacks and ‘takeaway’ food being consumed.The catering industry is responding to present day demands with new approaches and new products. ‘Fast food’ has become a predominant feature of contemporary social eating. Technology, in the shape of systemised methods of food production, advanced forms of cooking equipment and convenience commodities, has revolutionised modern catering operations.The consumer's increasing reliance on the caterer for the nutritional balance of his daily food intake has important implications at a time when the link between diet and disease has been clearly established. The increase in eating outside the home and the introduction of new styles of food and food preparation bring with them a concern for increased vigilance in matters of food hygiene and safety. Current trends also bring with them social consequences. Changes in eating patterns have been instrumental in weakening family influence in the social shaping of young people. The advantages of the new technology could conflict with the interests of the consumer, who may feel that the stereotyped, impersonal product and service he is receiving lack the pleasurable and social experience which he expected.The managerial complexities of modern catering, the technical expertise it requires and the sociological impact of contemporary trends present fundamental challenges not only for the catering industry but also for the education and training service which seeks to support it.
The fish populations of the Rockall Trough
Authors: Gordon J. D. M. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe fish populations of the Rockall Trough were poorly known until the early seventies, when there was an interest in the possible exploitation of the demersal fish of the upper slopes. These surveys were carried out by fisheries laboratories with commercial trawls fished on paired warps. At the same time the SMBA began an investigation into the seasonal aspects of the fish of the slopes, using paired warp and single warp otter trawls and an Agassiz trawl. These studies have resulted in a wealth of information on the fish collected by several towed gears and have enabled comparison to be made between different trawls. Of particular interest has been the difference in abundance and biomass estimates between paired and single warp trawls. The small amount of information on the biology of the fish species is briefly reviewed and the populations of the Rockall Trough are considered in the broader context of the northeast Atlantic.
Phytoplankton distributions along the shelf break
Authors: Holligan P. M. , Groom S. B. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisShip and satellite studies along the shelf edge to the south west of the British Isles have demonstrated the persistence of relatively high standing crops of phytoplankton during the summer months in a region of strong tidal currents and internal wave activity. Off southwest Ireland there is also evidence that salinity stratification has a significant influence on phytoplankton growth, at least during the spring months. Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) images for the region to the north and west of Scotland indicate that phytoplankton distributions close to the shelf edge are influenced by mesoscale eddies in the Rockall Trough impinging on the upper slope. Coccolithophore blooms are frequent, and changes in their surface distributions are good indicators of water motion.
Origin and fate of hydrocarbons in Sullom Voe
Authors: Davies J. M. , Johnston R. , Whittle K. J. , Mackie P. R. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe results of chemical analyses for hydrocarbon components in the surface water film, water, sediment traps and sediments are presented for samples collected during the period 1973–78. The n-alkane profiles of these samples are used to characterise the hydrocarbons and to help in determining their origin. The amounts of hydrocarbon present are compared to the estimated inputs of petroleum hydrocarbons from operational losses and accidents based upon analogies with worldwide averages and with data taken from other similar oil terminals. Some conclusions are drawn as to the likely fate of this oil in Sullom Voe.
The salt marshes of Sullom Voe
Authors: Dalby D. H. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe salt marshes of the Sullom Voe area are small in size and few in number, but they are important ecologically in being the vegetated upper parts of soft-sediment shores developed in sheltered locations, and in being likely to act as oil traps in the event of pollution by floating oil slicks. The marshes are species-poor, and are subjected to local erosion and reworking of sediments–factors which must influence any programme for the monitoring of their general ecological health. The salt marsh monitoring programme outlined here has three main components: (a) measurements of accretion and erosion; (b) measurements of stolon length in Puccinellia maritima (as an index of performance in the principal Angiosperm coloniser), and (c) measurements of frequency for eight species (or species groups) on areas of grass-poor salt marsh (the forb salt marsh). The scale of natural variation in these measurements from year to year is not known, so the first few years' data will provide a standard against which subsequent variation can be assessed.
The rocky shore ecology of Sullom Voe
Authors: Hiscock Keith 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe rocky shore ecology of Sullom Voe is described from surveys carried out at 43 sites in and around the Voe. The sites were located partly to provide a description of communities from a wide variety of Shetland rocky shore habitats. Records of the species present and their distribution and abundance were based mainly on check-lists including 8 lichen, 21 algal and 23 animal taxa. Other species present at each site were usually also recorded. A total of 10 lichens, 82 algae and 91 animals were recorded during four surveys in 1976, 1977, 1978 and 1979. Differences in the distribution, abundance and vertical extent of species from site to site were associated mainly with exposure to wave action, slope of the shore and the stability of the substrate. Several species common on shores in the south of the British Isles were absent or rarely recorded in Sullom Voe or Shetland. A few species rarely found or absent in the south of the British Isles were common in Shetland. During the three years of the survey, most changes in communities present on each shore have been small. However, since 1976, the abundance of the green alga Enteromorpha sp. has shown an increase, whilst populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides have declined. The spillage of 1,100 tonnes of fuel oil in January 1979 resulted in oiling of the upper shore at many sites but with little mortality to intertidal species except where shores had been cleaned mechanically. The Australasian barnacle Elminius modestus has been recorded from Sullom Voe but the populations are probably very sparse. It is concluded that a wide variety of rocky shore communities are present within a small area in the region of Sullom Voe, that the communities show an overall high degree of stability, but they are impoverished with respect to numbers of species compared to shores in the south of the British Isles.
Cytology of germination of spores of homosporous ferns
Authors: Raghavan V. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisCertain aspects of the cytology of germination of spores ofAnemia phyllitidisandPteris vittata, with particular reference to the role of nucleic acid synthesis, are reviewed. As studied by autoradiography of3H-thymidine or3H-uridine incorporation, spore germination resulting in the formation of the rhizoid and protonemal cell is accompanied by the synthesis of DNA and RNA. Experiments using inhibitors of RNA synthesis on gibberellic acid-induced germination of spores ofA. phyllitidishave indicated that dry spores contain conserved mRNA and that gibberellic acid-induced polyadenylation of mRNA occurs during the early phase of germination of spores. Recent demonstrations of the presence of polyadenylated mRNA in dry spores ofA. phyllitidissuggest specific roles for both functional, conserved mRNA containing polyadenylic acid, as well as for gibberellic acid-induced polyadenylation of mRNA during the early phase of spore germination.
Cellular aspects of the initiation of aposporous outgrowths in ferns
Authors: Sheffield E. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisLow temperature SEM of juvenile leaves ofPteridium aquilinum(L.) Kuhn revealed that outgrowths arise from leaf cells as soon as three days after their detachment from the plant. Such outgrowths matured into fully functional gametophytes, so it can be said that the phase change from sporophyte to gametophyte occurred during the three day interval between detachment and outgrowth protrusion. Measurement of the incorporation of tritiated uridine into leaves detached for 0–5 days indicated that RNA levels rise during the first two days of culture and subsequently decline. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to theories concerning changes in phase, in particular the suggestion that RNA connected with sporophytic growth must be expunged and that concerned with gametophytic growth synthesised during phase change.
A light and electron microscopic study of microsporogenesis in Azolla microphylla
Authors: Herd Y. R. , Cutter E. G. , Watanabe I. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisMicrosporogenesis in cultured material of Azolla microphylla was studied with the light and transmission electron microscopes. The first formed sporangium, a megasporangium, aborts and several microsporangia develop below. Initially, a single sporogenous cell is present, surrounded by a single layered tapetum and the microsporangial wall. Subsequently, several sporogenous cells are connected by plasmodesmata. The microspore mother cells are less densely cytoplasmic than the tapetal cells. Callose-like material is deposited around the microspore mother cells, but disappears before meiosis. The tetrads of microspores contain well defined organelles but less dense cytoplasm than the surrounding periplasmodium. Electron dense material deposited on the plasma membrane of the microspores eventually forms the endospore. The unornamented exospore develops by continued deposition of electron dense material. Degeneration of the periplasmodium gives rise to membranous material which appears to form a template for the massulae.
Spores of myrmecophytic ferns
Authors: Tryon Alice F. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe structure and diversity of fern spores, based on SEM studies, are assessed in relation to general evolutionary trends and systematics. A review of spores of myrmecophytic ferns includes SEM figures of eight species and the ant Iridomyrmex cordataus. The diversity, especially in Lecanopteris spores, is correlated with other characters indicating systematic differences of the species. Convergence is shown in the echinate spores of the neotropical Solanopteris and those of the paleotropical Drynaria and Selliguea. Evidence for adaptation of spore structure to transport by ants is especially clear in the development of filamentous elements, unique among pteridophytes, in Lecanopteris mirabilis. These demonstrate an unusual labile nature of the wall, and provide insight into the functional role of intricate surface formation of spores.
Evidence of pteridophyte–arthropod interactions in the fossil record
Authors: Scott A. C. , Chaloner W. G. , Paterson S. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe past decade has seen the emergence of significant fossil evidence of a history of pterodophytearthropod interaction extending back to the Devonian period. Such fossils include plant tissue showing lesions, bites and borings with associated features implicating arthropods as causal agents. Gut contents of Carboniferous arthropods, which include lycopod xylem elements and spores, are a tangible demonstration of phytophagy. Pteridophyte spores in fossil droppings (coprolites) indicate the prevalence of arthropod spore-eating in the Palaeozoic. This may have had compensations for the source plant and evidently represented the start of the co–evolution which culminated in the elaborate adaptations shown by flowering plants and their insect pollination vectors.
Asymmetric cell division and differentiation; fern spore germination as a model. I. Physiological aspects
Authors: Miller John H. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisDuring germination of Onoclea sensibilis spores, the spore nucleus moves from a central location to one end. Cell division partitions the spore into a small cell which differentiates into a rhizoid, and a larger cell which gives rise, by continued division, to the prothallus. Spore germination is a valuable system in which to study the relationship between asymmetric cell division and the initiation of cell differentiation. It appears that cytoplasmic microtubules and some lipophilic site in the spore are both involved in premitotic nuclear migration. Asymmetric cell division is an obligate step in the initiation of rhizoid differentiation. One hypothesis is that the nucleus must be confined to a small, localised region of the spore for a sufficient time before differentiation can occur, and the confinement is accomplished by the asymmetric cell division. Metal-binding sites are present in the spore coat, specifically on the proximal face. Several types of evidence suggest that the metal-binding region is involved in spore polarity. The sequence of events during germination appears to involve both polarity which is inherent in the spore and polarity which may be imposed by external stimuli. Experiments in which spores are treated with colchicine and polarised red light reveal both types of polarity.
The apical cell of fern roots and shoots: an appraisal of its functional role in development
Authors: Gifford Ernest M. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisA brief review of the Apical Cell Theory and its relationship to apical growth in pteridophytes is presented. Currently there are two concepts regarding the importance of the apical cell during development. One group of investigators has presented evidence to demonstrate that the apical cell is mitotically active only during early initiation and organisation of apical meristems. Soon the apical cell becomes essentially inactive in cell division, and may undergo endopolyploidy. The second group has provided evidence in support of the original tenet that the apical cell plays an important and continuing role in shoot and root development and does not undergo endopolyploidy. Curiously enough, evidence for both concepts is based essentially upon the same procedures and techniques: histogenesis, determination of the mitotic index and cell-cycle durations, labelling with 3H-thymidine, and cytophotometric measurements of DNA content of the apical cell and subjacent cells.
Fern speciation and biogeography
Authors: Tryon Rolla 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe most common kinds of speciation result in new species that initially have a small range. These will develop a limited or an extensive range depending upon the geographic extent of the environment to which they are adapted. A significant element in the extent of the potential range of a new species is the adaptation inherited from the parental species. Selection of a parental species for a local environment at one site can lead to a narrow ecological adaptation and often to a limited potential range. These species are likely to produce derived ones that also have a limited range, and these derivates will increase the regional species endemism and diversity. Selection of a parental species for migration to other sites can lead to a broader ecological adaptation and often to a broad potential range. These species are more likely to produce derived ones that also have an extensive range, and these derivates will increase regional species diversity.
Independent fern gametophytes in the wild
Authors: Farrar D. R. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisPerennial indendent gametophytes of Hymenophyllaceae, Vittariaceae and Grammitidaceae are a well-known phenomenon in the eastern United States. Their persistence is attributed to the ability of gametophytes of these fern families to reproduce themselves vegetatively via gemmae. This paper reviews the biology of independent gametophytes of these families as they exist in the eastern United States and presents new evidence from enzyme electrophoresis regarding their identity and origin.
Altitudinal zonation of pteridophytes in Papuasia
Authors: Johns R. J. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe radiation of species in Papuasia, particularly in the mid-montane zone, offers a natural laboratory in which to study the processes of speciation in tropical ferns and fern allies.Some of the major problems associated with the interpretation of altitudinal zonation of pteridophytes in Papuasia are outlined.
Anti-predation strategies in pteridophytes—a biochemical approach
Authors: Cooper-Driver Gillian 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisSince they first evolved, pteridophytes have been subjected to attack by micro-organisms and arthropods. Present-day ferns are associated with a complex array of, not only phytophagous, scavenging, predatory and parasitic arthropod species but also fungi, bacteria, viruses and herbivorous mammals.Recent research has tended to stress the importance of secondary plant chemistry in deterring feeding by herbivores and attack by pathogens. Although ferns have a more limited chemical repertoire than the angiosperms, many of the classes of secondary compounds isolated from ferns have been shown to have anti-microbial and anti-herbivore activity under both laboratory and field conditions. Quantitative and qualitative levels are not constant and show great seasonal variation. This chemical variation is important in determining the seasonal patterning of insects and fungi on ferns. New chemical techniques are increasing our knowledge of the biosynthesis and chemical structures of these ecologically important compounds.Flowering plants show both constitutive and induced resistance as a consequence of herbivore attack. A search for short-term induced chemical responses in ferns have so far yielded negative results in terms of phytoalexin synthesis or direct chemical response to herbivory.
Pteridophyte success and past biota—a palaeobotanist's approach
Authors: Thomas B. A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe success of plants which lived in the past should be assessed differently from that of living plants as time is an additional important factor. Success may therefore be judged in one period of time or throughout the whole geological history of the plants.Limitations of the fossil record through plant fragmentation, lack of preservation and incomplete preservation severely restrict the amount of information available. However, accepting these problems, there are four major ways in which plants may be judged: long term survival, repeated specialisation, dominance and adaptability. Examples are given of pteridophytes that exhibit success in these four ways.
Skin response to protein A
Authors: White M. I. , Noble W. C. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe cutaneous reactions induced in the skin of human volunteers by protein A fromStaphylococcus aureushave been studied. This cell wall protein induces no response when applied in solution to intact skin. In contrast a vigorous inflammatory reaction is seen if it is injected intradermally or applied to skin from which the stratum corneum has been partially removed. This study demonstrates that the intact epidermis is an important protection against this microbial product.
The skin surface ecosystem of teleost fishes
Authors: Roberts Ronald J. , Bullock Alistair M. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe skin surface of teleost fish dififers from that of higher vertebrates in that it is a living vital substrate at the margin between the water and the tissues. Its surface is continually sloughing into the water, to be replaced from the mucoid and formed elements of the epidermis. The surface, or cuticle, is altered by cyclical physiological changes in the animal, and also by pathological conditions. These, and the nature of the external medium, affect the range and the ecology of the biota of the surface. The secretions on the skin surface may also have a protective capacity. Fish epidermis is delicate and easily traumatized and there is great mobility of the Malpighian cells which allows rapid sealing of any breaches.
Skin biology of reptiles and amphibians
Authors: Elkan E. , Cooper J. E. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe Reptilia and Amphibia are two distinct groups of vertebrates. However, they show a number of similarities, such as ectothermy and ecdysis, and are therefore compared and contrasted in this paper.The physical features of the skin of reptiles and amphibians vary considerably; in the case of the amphibians the skin is usually relatively thin and may play a part in respiration while that of the reptile is often thick and impervious due to heavy keratinisation. Little is known of the ‘climate’ of the integument and there are relatively few data on its chemistry. Various pathogens may gain entry to the skin but usually this necessitates breaching the epithelium or taking advantage of existing damage.
Inhibitors produced by propionibacteria and their possible roles in the ecology of skin bacteria
Authors: Eady E. A. , Holland K. T. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisHuman skin propionibacteria have been shown to produce,in vitro, a wide range of inhibitory substances including bacteriocins, bacteriolytic enzymes, bacteriophages and low molecular weight metabolites (e.g. ammonia, propionic acid). Some or all of these substances may play a role in the ecology of cutaneous populations of micro-organisms and may be involved in maintaining the balance of the normal flora. There is no evidence to suggest that they deter or exclude other transient bacteria including pathogens. Similarly, evidence in support of thein vivoproduction of growth inhibitors by propionibacteria with activity against other skin micro-organisms is lacking (except for bacteriophage and propionic acid) so that their potential role in controlling cutaneous populations must be interpreted with caution.