bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Room-temperature ferromagnetism in Ca and Mg stabilized cubic zirconia bulk samples and thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Dimri M Chandra , Khanduri H , Kooskora H , Kodu M , Jaaniso R , Heinmaa I , Mere A , Krustok J , Stern R 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
We report room-temperature ferromagnetism in Ca and Mg stabilized zirconia bulk samples and thin films. Powders were prepared by the citrate-combustion route, and thin films grown on silicon substrates by the pulsed laser deposition technique. X-ray diffractograms and Raman spectra at room temperature reveal the formation of cubic phase zirconia. The observed ferromagnetism is robust at room temperature in both bulk as well as in thin film samples, although it is weaker in thin films. The origin of the ferromagnetism can be related to oxygen vacancies created due to divalent (calcium and magnesium) substitution for tetravalent zirconium ions.
Multi-energy computed tomography using pre-reconstruction decomposition and iterative reconstruction algorithms
Authors: Endrizzi M , Nesterets Y I , Mayo S C , Trinchi A , Gureyev T E 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The three-dimensional distribution of the materials composing a sample is reconstructed using multiple-energy computed tomography techniques. The a priori knowledge about the specific materials that are present in the sample is used for decomposing the measured intensity projections into projected thicknesses of each component material. Those decomposed projections are then processed using iterative reconstruction algorithms to separately obtain the three-dimensional distribution of each material. A new iterative reconstruction algorithm has been implemented and its performance is compared to the standard filtered back projection and to another existing iterative algorithm based on histogram manipulation. The method is first tested with simulations on data for a realistic, three-materials' numerical sample and then applied to experimental micro-tomography data. The accuracy of the reconstruction from experimental data is tested by means of an energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy scan of the sample.
Alfvén eigenmode properties and dynamics in the TJ-II stellarator
Authors: Melnikov A.V. , Eliseev L.G. , Ascasibar E. , Chmyga A.A. , Hidalgo C. , Ido T. , Jiménez-Gómez R. , Komarov A.D. , Kozachek A.S. , Krupnik L.I. , Khrebtov S.M. , Könies A. , Kuznetsov Yu.K. , López-Fraguas A. , Lysenko S.E. , Mavrin V.A. , Nagaoka K. , de Pablos J.L. , Pedrosa M.A. , Perfilov S.V. , Smolyakov A.I. , Spong D.A. , Ufimtsev M.V. , Yamamoto S. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs) were studied in neutral beam injection (NBI) heated plasmas in the TJ-II stellarator using a heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) in the core, and by Langmuir (LP) and Mirnov probes (MP) at the edge. AEs were detected over the whole plasma radius by the HIBP with a spatial resolution of about 1 cm. AE-induced oscillations were detected in the plasma density n
e, electric potential φ and poloidal magnetic field B
pol with frequencies 50 kHz < f
AE < 300 kHz. The LP, MP and HIBP data showed a high level of coherency for specific branches of AEs. Poloidal mode wave-vectors k

θ
, mode numbers m(m < 8) and propagation velocities V

θ
∼ 30 km s−1 were detected for various branches of AEs, having different radial locations. When the density rose due to NBI fuelling, the AE frequency decreased as predicted by the Alfvén law

. During the AE frequency decay the following new AE features were observed: (i) the poloidal wave-vector k

θ
and mode number m remained constant, (ii) the cross-phases between the oscillations in B
pol, n
e and electric potential remained constant, having an individual value for each AE branch, (iii) V

θ
decreased proportional to the AE frequency. The interaction of the AEs with the bulk (thermal) plasma resulted in clearly pronounced quasi-coherent peaks in the electrostatic turbulent particle flux spectra. Various AE branches exhibited different contributions to the particle flux: outward, inward and also zero, depending on the phase relations between the oscillations in E
pol and n
e, which are specific for each branch. A comparison with MHD mode modelling indicated that some of the more prominent frequency branches can be identified as radially extended helical AEs.
Momentum transport studies from multi-machine comparisons
Authors: Yoshida M. , Kaye S. , Rice J. , Solomon W. , Tala T. , Bell R.E. , Burrell K.H. , Ferreira J. , Kamada Y. , McDonald D. , Mantica P. , Podpaly Y. , Reinke M.L. , Sakamoto Y. , Salmi A. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
A database of toroidal momentum transport on five tokamaks, Alcator C-Mod, DIII-D, JET, NSTX and JT-60U, has been constructed under a wide range of conditions in order to understand the characteristics of toroidal momentum transport coefficients, namely the toroidal momentum diffusivity (χ

φ
) and the pinch velocity (V
pinch). Through an inter-machine comparison, the similarities and differences in the properties of χ

φ
and V
pinch among the machines have been clarified. Parametric dependences of these momentum transport coefficients have been investigated over a wide range of plasma parameters taking advantage of the different operation regimes in machines. The approach offers insights into the parametric dependences as follows. The toroidal momentum diffusivity (χ

φ
) generally increases with increasing heat diffusivity (χ
i). The correlation is observed over a wide range of χ

φ
, covering roughly two orders of magnitude, and within each of the machines over the whole radius. Through the inter-machine comparison, it is found that χ

φ
becomes larger in the outer region of the plasma. Also observed is a general trend for V
pinch in tokamaks; the inward pinch velocity (−V
pinch) increases with increasing χ

φ
. The results that are commonly observed in machines will support a toroidal rotation prediction in future devices. On the other hand, differences among machines have been observed. The toroidal momentum diffusivity, χ

φ
, is larger than or equal to χ
i in JET and JT-60U; on the other hand, χ

φ
is smaller than or equal to χ
i in NSTX, DIII-D and Alcator C-Mod. In DIII-D, the ratio −RV
pinch/χ

φ
at r/a = 0.5–0.6 is about 2, which is small compared with that in other tokamaks (−RV
pinch/χ

φ
≈ 5). Based on these different observations, parametric dependences of χ

φ
/χ
i, RV
pinch/χ

φ
and χ

φ
have been investigated in H-mode plasmas. Across the dataset from all machines, the ratio χ

φ
/χ
i tends to be larger in low

at fixed T
e/T
i and

. An increase in χ

φ
is observed with decreasing n
e and/or increasing T
e. The pinch number (−RV
pinch/χ

φ
) is observed to increase with increasing

at both q
95 = 5.5–7.2 and q
95 = 3.7–4.5. Here

,

, T
e, T
i,

and q
95 are, respectively, the normalized effective electron collision frequency, the normalized ion poloidal Larmor radius, the electron and ion temperatures, the inverse ratio of density scale length,

, to the major radius, R, and the safety factor at the 95% flux surface.
Tnt1 Retrotransposon Mutagenesis: A Tool for Soybean Functional Genomics
Authors: Cui Yaya , Barampuram Shyam , Stacey Minviluz G. , Hancock C. Nathan , Findley Seth , Mathieu Melanie , Zhang Zhanyuan , Parrott Wayne A. , Stacey Gary 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Insertional mutagenesis is a powerful tool for determining gene function in both model and crop plant species. Tnt1, the transposable element of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell type 1, is a retrotransposon that replicates via an RNA copy that is reverse transcribed and integrated elsewhere in the plant genome. Based on studies in a variety of plants, Tnt1 appears to be inactive in normal plant tissue but can be reactivated by tissue culture. Our goal was to evaluate the utility of the Tnt1 retrotransposon as a mutagenesis strategy in soybean (Glycine max). Experiments showed that the Tnt1 element was stably transformed into soybean plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Twenty-seven independent transgenic lines carrying Tnt1 insertions were generated. Southern-blot analysis revealed that the copy number of transposed Tnt1 elements ranged from four to 19 insertions, with an average of approximately eight copies per line. These insertions showed Mendelian segregation and did not transpose under normal growth conditions. Analysis of 99 Tnt1 flanking sequences revealed insertions into 62 (62%) annotated genes, indicating that the element preferentially inserts into protein-coding regions. Tnt1 insertions were found in all 20 soybean chromosomes, indicating that Tnt1 transposed throughout the soybean genome. Furthermore, fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments validated that Tnt1 inserted into multiple chromosomes. Passage of transgenic lines through two different tissue culture treatments resulted in Tnt1 transposition, significantly increasing the number of insertions per line. Thus, our data demonstrate the Tnt1 retrotransposon to be a powerful system that can be used for effective large-scale insertional mutagenesis in soybean.
Competition for inorganic carbon between oxygenic and anoxygenic phototrophs in a hypersaline microbial mat, Guerrero Negro, Mexico
Authors: Finke Niko , Hoehler Tori M. , Polerecky Lubos , Buehring Benjamin , Thamdrup Bo 
Published: November 2012

SummaryWhile most oxygenic phototrophs harvest light only in the visible range (400–700 nm, VIS), anoxygenic phototrophs can harvest near infrared light (> 700 nm, NIR). To study interactions between the photosynthetic guilds we used microsensors to measure oxygen and gross oxygenic photosynthesis (gOP) in a hypersaline microbial mat under full (VIS + NIR) and VIS illumination. Under normal dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations (2 mM), volumetric rates of gOP were reduced up to 65% and areal rates by 16–31% at full compared with VIS illumination. This effect was enhanced (reduction up to 100% in volumetric, 50% in areal rates of gOP) when DIC was lowered to 1 mM, but diminished at 10 mM DIC or lowered pH. In conclusion, under full‐light illumination anoxygenic phototrophs are able to reduce the activity of oxygenic phototrophs by efficiently competing for inorganic carbon within the highly oxygenated layer. Anoxygenic photosynthesis, calculated from the difference in gOP under full and VIS illumination, represented between 10% and 40% of the C‐fixation. The DIC depletion in the euphotic zone as well as the significant C‐fixation by anoxygenic phototrophs in the oxic layer influences the carbon isotopic composition of the mat, which needs to be taken into account when interpreting isotopic biosignals in geological records.
Postpartum infections: occurrence, healthcare contacts and association with breastfeeding
Authors: AHNFELDT‐MOLLERUP PEDER , PETERSEN LINE KIRKEBY , KRAGSTRUP JAKOB , CHRISTENSEN RENÉ DEPONT , SØRENSEN BENTE 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjective. To investigate the following: (i) the occurrence of postpartum infections; (ii) the frequency of contact with either a general practitioner or a hospital due to postpartum infections; and (iii) the association of postpartum infections with continuation of breastfeeding. Design. Cross‐sectional study. Setting. Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Horsens Hospital, Horsens, Denmark. Population. A total of 1871 women who gave birth at a regional hospital in Denmark over a one‐year period (2007–2008). Methods. Data were collected by a questionnaire given to the women and combined with data from general practitioner and hospital records. Main outcome measures. The distribution of different infections, as well as the overall occurrence of any infection, was evaluated according to mode of delivery and breastfeeding status (stopped/continued). Results. Within four weeks after delivery, 24% of all women had experienced one or more self‐reported episode of infection. Breast infections (12%) were most frequent, followed by wound (3%), airway (3%), vaginal (3%) and urinary tract infections (3%), endometritis (2%) and “other infections” (2%). Of the women with an infection, 66% (265 of 395) contacted their general practitioner, while 9% (37 of 395) had contact with a hospital. A significantly larger proportion of women with a postpartum infection stopped breastfeeding (21%) within the first four weeks after delivery compared with women without infection (12%; p < 0.001). Conclusions. Postpartum infections were common, and the occurrence is likely to be underestimated if based on hospital medical records only. Infection was associated with higher rates of discontinuation of breastfeeding.
Clinical characteristics of eosinophilic and noneosinophilic asthma in children
Authors: Lee Yong Ju , Kim Kyung Won , Choi Bong Seok , Sohn Myung Hyun , Kim Kyu‐Earn 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimAsthma is a heterogeneous and complex chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Asthma can be classified as eosinophilic asthma (EA) or noneosinophilic asthma (NEA). We investigated whether children with EA manifest different clinical characteristics than those with NEA.MethodsWe enrolled 288 steroid‐naive asthmatic children and classified them, based on the cell counts in induced sputum, into EA (158 children) and NEA (89 children) groups.ResultsNo significant differences were observed between the groups with regard to age, sex, family history of atopy, secondary smoking or asthma exacerbations. Moderate‐to‐severe asthma was more frequent in the EA group than in the NEA group. Blood eosinophil counts and serum eosinophil cationic protein were higher in EA patients than in NEA patients. The forced expiratory volume in 1 sec was lower in children with EA than in those with NEA (% of predicted value, 88.6 ± 18.5 vs. 93.6 ± 15.6, p < 0.05). The sputum eosinophil (in EA) and neutrophil (in NEA) counts increased with increasing asthma severity.ConclusionAirway inflammation, especially eosinophilic inflammation, was associated with asthma severity and reduced pulmonary function in children.
Use of systemic glucocorticoids and the risk of colorectal cancer
Authors: Ostenfeld E. B. , Erichsen R. , Thorlacius‐Ussing O. , Riis A. H. , Sørensen H. T. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryBackgroundSystemic glucocorticoids are potent immunosuppressants, potentially facilitating carcinogenesis. Studies examining glucocorticoids and colorectal cancer risk are few.AimTo investigate the association between use of systemic glucocorticoids and colorectal cancer risk, both overall and by cancer stage (localised versus metastatic).MethodsWe conducted a nested population‐based case–control study in Northern Denmark (1.8 million people) using medical registries. The study included 14 158 patients with a first‐time diagnosis of colorectal cancer from 1991 through 2010. Using risk set sampling, we identified 141 580 population controls, matched on age and gender. Logistic regression models were used to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for covariates.ResultsFrequent use of systemic glucocorticoids (defined as >2 prescriptions) was not associated with overall colorectal cancer risk [adjusted OR (aOR) = 0.93 (95% CI: 0.85–1.00)], compared with never/rare use (≤2 prescriptions). Associations according to duration of use and doses (quartiles of cumulative prednisolone equivalents) were also near the null. Examining colorectal cancer by stage, no substantial associations were found between long‐term use (>5 years) of high‐dose (>5500 mg) systemic glucocorticoids and localised [aOR = 1.12 (95% CI: 0.81–1.55)] or metastatic [aOR = 0.82 (95% CI: 0.59–1.14)] cancer.ConclusionDespite immunological and metabolic effects of frequent use of systemic glucocorticoids, which would be expected to increase colorectal cancer risk, we found no substantial association between the two.
Early stage development of the glycine‐1 re‐uptake inhibitor SCH 900435: central nervous system effects compared with placebo in healthy men
Authors: Liem‐Moolenaar Marieke , Peeters Pierre , Kamerling Ingrid M. C. , Hogg Chris , Holder Graham , Kleijn Huub Jan , Spaans Edwin , Udo De Haes Joanna , de Kam Marieke L. , Franson Kari L. , Cohen Adam F. , van Gerven Joop M. A. 
Published: November 2012

AimsTo report the first three studies with SCH 900435, a selective glycine‐1 re‐uptake inhibitor in development for treating schizophrenia, using systematic evaluations of pharmacodynamics to understand the observed effects.MethodsThree double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies (single, visual effect and multiple dose) were performed. In the single and multiple dose study SCH 900435 (0.5–30 mg) was given to healthy males and frequent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic measurements were performed. The visual effects study incorporated visual electrophysiological measures of macular, retinal and intracranial visual pathway function.ResultsIn the single dose study (highest difference, 95% CI, P) increases in smooth pursuit eye movements (8, 12 mg (−6.09, 10.14, −2.04, 0.013), 30 mg), pupil : iris ratio (20 and 30 mg (−0.065, 0.09, −0.04, <0.0001)), VAS colour perception (30 mg (−9.48, 13.05, −5.91, <0.0001)) and changes in spontaneous reports of visual disturbance were found, while FSH (8 mg (0.42, 0.18, 0.66, 0.0015), 12, 20 mg), LH (8–30 mg (1.35, 0.65, 2.05, 0.0003)) and EEG alpha2 activity decreased (12, 20, 30 mg (0.27, 0.14, 0.41, 0.0002)). A subsequent dedicated visual effects study demonstrated that visual effects were transient without underlying electrophysiological changes. This provided enough safety information for starting a multiple ascending dose study, showing less visual symptoms after twice daily dosing and titration, possibly due to tolerance.ConclusionsSeveral central nervous system (CNS) effects and gonadotropic changes resulted from administration of 8 mg and higher, providing evidence for CNS penetration and pharmacological activity of SCH 900435. Antipsychotic activity in patients, specificity of the reported effects for this drug class and possible tolerance to visual symptoms remain to be established.
A comparison of 4β‐hydroxycholesterol : cholesterol and 6β‐hydroxycortisol : cortisol as markers of CYP3A4 induction
Authors: Mårde Arrhén Yvonne , Nylén Hanna , Lövgren‐Sandblom Anita , Kanebratt Kajsa P. , Wide Katarina , Diczfalusy Ulf 
Published: November 2012

AimTo compare plasma 4β‐hydroxycholesterol : cholesterol with urinary 6β‐hydroxycortisol : cortisol as markers of cytochrome P4503A4 activity before and after treatment with rifampicin for 2 weeks.Method6β‐hydroxycortisol and cortisol were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and 4β‐hydroxycholesterol was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in three groups of healthy volunteers.ResultsInduction ratios for 6β‐hydroxycortisol : cortisol were 1.8, 3.9 and 4.5 for 20 mg day−1, 100 mg day−1 or 500 mg day−1 of rifampicin, respectively. The corresponding ratios for 4β‐hydroxycholesterol : cholesterol were 1.5, 2.4 and 3.8.ConclusionsPlasma 4β‐hydroxycholesterol : cholesterol gave similar induction ratios to urinary 6β‐hydroxycortisol : cortisol.
A randomized phase I study of methanesulfonyl fluoride, an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Moss Donald E. , Fariello Ruggero G. , Sahlmann Jörg , Sumaya Isabel , Pericle Federica , Braglia Enrico 
Published: November 2012

AimsTo ascertain the tolerability profile of single and repeated oral doses of methanesulfonyl fluoride (MSF, SNX‐001) in healthy aged subjects, and to determine the degree of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition induced by MSF after single and repeated oral doses.MethodsTo calculate properly the kinetics and the duration of AChE inhibition, the effects of MSF were also studied in rodents. These experiments suggested that MSF administered three times per week should provide safe and efficacious AChE inhibition. In a randomized placebo‐controlled phase I study, 3.6 mg, 7.2 mg or 10.8 mg MSF were then orally administered to 27 consenting healthy volunteers (aged 50 to 72 years). After a single dose phase and a 1 week wash‐out period, the subjects received the same doses three times per week for 2 weeks.ResultsTwenty‐two out of the 27 subjects completed the study. Four patients withdrew due to adverse events (AEs) and one for non‐compliance. Erythrocyte AChE was inhibited by a total of 33%, 46%, and 62% after 2 weeks of 3.6 mg, 7.2 mg and 10.8 mg MSF, respectively. No serious AEs occurred. The most frequent AEs were headache (27%), nausea (11%) and diarrhoea (8%).ConclusionsMSF proved to be well tolerated even with repeated oral dosing. It is estimated that MSF provided a degree of AChE inhibition that should effectively enhance memory. This molecule deserves to be tested for efficacy in a pilot randomized controlled study in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Characterization of AQX‐1125, a small‐molecule SHIP1 activator
Authors: Stenton Grant R , Mackenzie Lloyd F , Tam Patrick , Cross Jennifer L , Harwig Curtis , Raymond Jeffrey , Toews Judy , Wu Joyce , Ogden Nancy , MacRury Thomas , Szabo Csaba 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundThe SH2‐containing inositol‐5′‐phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) metabolizes PI(3,4,5)P3 to PI(3,4)P2. SHIP1‐deficient mice exhibit progressive inflammation. Pharmacological activation of SHIP1 is emerging as a potential therapy for pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Here we characterize the efficacy of AQX‐1125, a small‐molecule SHIP1 activator currently in clinical development.Experimental ApproachThe effects of AQX‐1125 were tested in several in vitro assays: on enzyme catalytic activity utilizing recombinant human SHIP1, on Akt phosphorylation in SHIP1‐proficient and SHIP1‐deficient cell lines, on cytokine release in murine splenocytes, on human leukocyte chemotaxis using modified Boyden chambers and on β‐hexosaminidase release from murine mast cells. In addition, pharmacokinetic and drug distribution studies were performed in rats and dogs.ResultsAQX‐1125 increased the catalytic activity of human recombinant SHIP1, an effect, which was absent after deletion of the C2 region. AQX‐1125 inhibited Akt phosphorylation in SHIP1‐proficient but not in SHIP1‐deficient cells, reduced cytokine production in splenocytes, inhibited the activation of mast cells and inhibited human leukocyte chemotaxis. In vivo, AQX‐1125 exhibited >80% oral bioavailability and >5 h terminal half‐life.ConclusionsConsistent with the role of SHIP1 in cell activation and chemotaxis, the SHIP1 activator AQX‐1125 inhibits Akt phosphorylation, inflammatory mediator production and leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro. The in vitro effects and the pharmacokinetic properties of the compound make it a suitable candidate for in vivo testing in various models of inflammation.Linked ArticleThis article is accompanied by Stenton et al., pp. 1519–1529 of this issue. To view this article visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12038