bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Margini Chirurgici Positivi Dopo una Prostatectomia Radicale
Authors: Prayer Galetti Tommaso , Cattaneo Francesco , Coati Irena , Gardiman Marina 
Published: May 2014

Positive surgical margins after radical prostatectomy Positive surgical margins (PSMs) in radical prostatectomy specimens are usually considered a negative prognostic parameter. However, their definition and the management of patients with PSMs remain unclear. The aim of the present review is to define pathological features of PSMs, to report their incidence and risk factors and to update PSMs prognostic meaning and possible treatment modalities. The average incidence of PSMs in contemporary series ranges from 6.5% to 32%. The likelihood of PSMs is influenced by pre-operative PSA (total-PSA and PSA-density), tumor features (volume, grade and stage), previous prostatic surgery (open or TURP), patients’ characteristics (BMI and pelvis shape) and surgeons’ skill. Although PSMs are a predictor of biochemical recurrence, their impact on cause specific survival is highly variable and largely influenced by the tumor Gleason Score. Adjuvant radiotherapy is an effective treatment in PSMs patients but early salvage radiotherapy may be an alternative option that guarantees equivalent survival benefits with less side effects. Further studies are required to define the best candidates to adjuvant or early salvage radiation therapy.
Salvage Low-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer Local Recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy: Our First three Patients
Authors: Gastaldi Emilio , Gallo Fabrizio , Chiono Luciano , Giberti Claudio 
Published: May 2014

Purpose of the Study To present our initial experience with brachytherapy (BT) as a primary salvage procedure for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) local recurrence following radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). Methods From December 2009 to May 2010, three patients underwent salvage BT due to local recurrences of high risk PCa after extrafascial RRP without additional adjuvant therapies. Local recurrence was confirmed by prostate biopsy and the relapse was well defined by endorectal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Metastatic screening was negative. The patients were followed-up according to the American Brachytherapy Society guidelines. Results The median dose delivered to 90% of the local relapse (D90) was 115 Gy. The three patients reached a prostate specific antigen (PSA) nadir value within the first year that remained stable at a mean follow-up of 32 months. As regards morbidity, moderate de novo urgency was reported by only one patient. Conclusions We think that our data confirms the feasibility and safety of salvage BT as a possible alternative option to external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for the treatment of locally recurrent PCa in selected patients when performed by experienced centers. However, larger series of patients with longer follow-ups are needed to define the oncologic role of this procedure.
МОНГОЛ АЛТАЙН ХАР АЗАРГЫН НУРУУ
Authors: Авирмэд Э.Авирмэд 
Published: May 2014

Монгол Алтайн уулт тогтолцоог бүрэлдүүлж байгаа томоохон нуруудын физик газарзүйн тодорхойлолт ховор юм. Монгол Алтайн уулт тогтолцоо Говь Алтайн нурууны хил заагийн асуудлыг хєндсєн судлаачид Хар Азаргын нурууг Говийн Алтайд оруулсан нь бий. Монгол Алтайн уулт тогтолцоонд Хар Азаргын нуруу нь уул зүйн байршлын хувьд гол нуруу болж байгаа учраас, мєн энэ нуруунаас салбарласан уул нуруу байдаггүй тул энэ нурууг Монгол Алтайн гол нуруу гэж үзэж байгаа юм. Тэгээд ч Хар Азаргын нуруу нь хурдас чулуулаг, гадаргын хэв шинж,хэлбэр, элементүүд, элэгдэл хуримтлалын хэлбэрүүд, уулсын хажуу, хэрчигдэл, нас, ландшафтын хувьд Монгол Алтайн нурууны дундаж єндєр уулстай адилхан юм. Khar Azarga Mountain Range of the Mongolian Altai The Khar Azarga mountain separately located to the North Shargiin Gobi, Khaliun’s valley, from South differentiated by mountain Tayan among the moun­tains in wide valley, to the East from branch mountains Burkhan Buudai’s to Tsagaan river valley, to the mountains West from Khan Jargalant’s separated by Tsangilakh river valley. Located between two river Tsagaan River and river Tsangilakh through Mongol Altai Mountain.It is located in average at 2500-3100 meters above the sea level from west to the last over 70 kms stretched and most widely area is near the Bayan-Ondor ovoo 26 kms wide, most narrow area is river Bor side is 10 kms. The highest peak is Kharuul khad which is 3112,0 meters high above the sea level. The mountain Khar Azarga is the real main mountain of the Mongol Altai. The general appear­ance of mountain is consisted of only one main mountain range. The relief of mountain and peak of a mountain is mostly cupola or plane shaped because of in longest time weathered by wind and water.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i1.55 Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2010 No.1 pp.18-25
ОЛОН ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬТ БАЙГАЛИЙН ПОЛИМЕРТ СУУРИЛАН МЄНГЄ АГУУЛАН ЭРЛИЙЗЖСЭН НАНОКОМПОЗИТ НИЙЛЭГЖҮҮЛЭХ
Authors: Долмаа Г. , Александрова Г.П. , Энхбадрал У. 
Published: May 2014

Эрлийзжсэн нанокомпозитыг нийлэгжүлэхдээ усан уусмалаас органик биш материалын цєм онцгой адсорбцлох чанар бүхий олон функциональт биогенны полимерийн гадаргууд агрегацлагдах шинэ тохиромжтой алхамыг ашигласан. Биогенны тогтворжуулагч болох гумины бодисыг (ГБ) эх орны түүхий эд пелоидоос ялган авч бүтэц байгуулалтыг баталсны дараа нано композитын нийлэгжүүлэлтэд хэрэглэв. Тогтворжуулагчийн гадаргууд мєнгєний органик бус цєм агрегацлагдах чанар нь бидний гарган авсан эрлийзжсэн органик бус-органик нано бүтэц єєрєє үүсэх нєхцєлийг хангаж байгаа юм. Гарган авсан нанокомпозитын шинж чанарыг ИК-, УФ-, Рентгенфазын задлан шинжилгээний дүнд тогтоолоо. The new suitable method, which is based on aggregation on the surface that has a special ability to absorb by the inorganic centre from a water solu­tion, of multifunctional biogenic polymer, is used to synthesize organic-inorganic hybrid nano-composite. We extracted the humus substances or biogenic stabiliz­ers from natural raw materials – peloid. And the stabilizers used for synthesize nano-composite after making complete allocation and specification of structures on it. The stabilizers’ special ability to absorb by the inorganic centre can make the condition for self-producing of organic-inorganic hybrid nano-composite. As a result measurement on devices micro analyze of elements, AAS, IR-, UV- spec­trometer, X-RAY it has been established properties received nano-composite. We had worked out a method, which for synthesis organic and inorganic hybrid nano-composite by using the new nano stabilizer. We find possibility to solve some problems by using humus substances as the organic stabilizer of a new kind for nano-composites. Humus substances have the diversified molecular structure, which could spent through it one or several nano-composites, which have size corresponding primary globules. It gives the chance to stabilize a water solution and nano-composites, also to control biologically-activity of nano-com­posites by changing ratio of humus substances and nano-composites. Because of the humus substances are widespread and inexpensive raw materials of a natural origin, it is very good idea, that using the substances for creating brand new silver contained nano-composite materials.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i1.56 Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2010 No.1 pp.26-38
ТАМСАГБУЛАГ, ЦАГААН ЭЛСНИЙ ОРДЫН ГАЗРЫН ТОСОНД АГУУЛАГДАХ МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТИЙГ ИНДУКЦИЙН ХОЛБООТ ПЛАЗМТ ОПТИК ЭМИССИЙН СПЕКТРОМЕТРИЙН АРГААР СУДЛАХ НЬ
Authors: Сайнбаяр Ж. , Сайнбаяр A. , Сүхдорж Г. , Монхообор Д. 
Published: May 2014

Тамсагбулаг, Цагаан Элсний ордын газрын тосонд агуулагдах микроэлементийн агуулгыг Индукцийн холбоот плазмт оптик эмиссийн спектрометр (ИХПОЭС)-ийн аргаар судалж 30 гаруй микроэлементийг 0.001- 35.8 саяны хэсэг (с.х.) агуулгатайгаар илрүүлсэн бєгєєд тэдгээрийн дотор иттри, лантан, сканди, кадми, берилли, инди зэрэг ховор элементүүд 0.03- 3.07 с.х. хэмжээтэйгээр агуулагдаж байгааг тогтоов. Газрын тосонд агуулагдах ванадий:никель (V:Ni)-ийн харьцаа Тамсагбулаг, Цагаан Элсний ордын хувьд 0.09-0.50 байгаа нь мезозойн болон гуравдагч үеийн насжилттай чулуулагт агуулагдах газрын тос байж болох юм. Be, Bi, Cd, Mo, Ni, W, Zn зэрэг элементүүд Тамсагбулагийн ордын газрын тосонд их, Al, Ca, Co, Fe, In, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, Sr, V, Sn зэрэг элементүүд нь Цагаан Элсний ордын газрын тосонд их хэмжээтэй агуулагдаж байна. Єєрєєр хэлбэл газрын тосны нягт, хүхрийн агуулга ихсэхэд Al, Ca, Co, Fe, In, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, Sr, V, Sn зэрэг элементүүдийн агуулга ихэсдэг зүй тогтол ажиглагдаж байна. Түлхүүр үг: Газрын тос, микроэлемент, Индукцийн холбоот плазмт оптик эмиссийн спектрометри (ИХПОЭС-ийн арга), мезозой, палеозой, гуравдагч үеийн насжилт.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i1.61 Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2010 No.1 pp.3-17
Differentiation of the South Pole–Aitken basin impact melt sheet: Implications for lunar exploration
Authors: Hurwitz Debra M. , Kring David A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe modeled the differentiation of the South Pole–Aitken (SPA) impact melt sheet to determine whether noritic lithologies observed within SPA formed as a result of the impact. Results indicate differentiation of SPA impact melt can produce noritic layers that may accommodate observed surface compositions but only in specific scenarios. One of nine modeled impact melt compositions yielded layers of noritic materials that account for observations of noritic lithologies at depths of ~6 km. In this scenario, impact occurred before a hypothesized lunar magma ocean cumulate overturn. The 50 km deep melt sheet would have formed an insulating quenched layer at the surface before differentiating. The uppermost differentiated layers in this scenario have FeO and TiO2contents consistent with orbital observations if they were subsequently mixed with the uppermost quenched melt layer and with less FeO‐ and TiO2‐enriched materials such as ejecta emplaced during younger impacts. These results verify that noritic lithologies observed within SPA could have formed as a direct result of the impact. Therefore, locations within SPA that contain noritic materials represent potential destinations for collecting samples that can be analyzed to determine the age of the SPA impact. Potential destinations include central peaks of Bhabha, Bose, Finsen, and Antoniadi craters, as well as walls of Leibnitz and Schrödinger basins. Additionally, potential remnants of the uppermost quenched melt may be preserved in gabbroic material exposed in “Mafic Mound.” Exploring and sampling these locations can constrain the absolute age of SPA, a task that ranks among the highest priorities in lunar science.
Mapping global seasonal forest background reflectivity with Multi‐angle Imaging Spectroradiometer data
Authors: Jiao Tong , Liu Ronggao , Liu Yang , Pisek Jan , Chen Jing M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractForest background reflectivities with seasonal and spatial variations are critically important in the estimation of canopy biophysical parameters of the forest canopy. In this paper, seasonal background reflectivity for global forested areas was mapped at 1.1 km resolution using four‐scale model and Multi‐angle Imaging Spectroradiometer data of the nadir and 45° forward directions. The largest seasonal variation of forest background reflectivities was observed in middle and high latitudes of Northern Hemisphere. The background reflectivity differs between deciduous broadleaf forest and coniferous forest in the near‐infrared band and varies with increasing canopy leaf area index. The partial validation of forest background reflectivity with adjacent grassland in the Northern Hemisphere and the comparison of understory leaf area index on leaf appearance day for larch forest in North Asia both indicate the relative reliability of results. The nearly 70% spatial coverage of retrieval with high‐quality flags makes it eligible for applications over global coniferous and deciduous broadleaf forest areas.
Sensitivity of stoichiometric ratios in the Mississippi River to hydrologic variability
Authors: Leong D. N. S. , Donner S. D. , Hassan M. A. , Gabor R. , Drummond J. D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe ratio of key elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica determines nutrient limitations that are important to regulating primary productivity and species composition in aquatic ecosystems. The flux of these nutrients in streams, as dissolved constituents or as particulate matter, is sensitive to variability in flow conditions. Most previous research on nutrient flux and hydrologic variability has focused on the response of individual elements, especially nitrogen, to changes in flow over time. This study examines how the ratios of total nitrogen to total phosphorus (N:P) and total nitrogen to dissolved silica (N:Si) respond to hydrologic variability in the Mississippi‐Atchafalaya River Basin. A doubling of the discharge by the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers to the Gulf of Mexico is found to increase the N:P by 10% and the N:Si by 4%. Analysis of data from upstream stations indicates that the N:P increases with discharge in subbasins with intensive row crop agriculture and high fertilizer application rates but is less predictable in other subbasins. Conversely, the response of N:Si to discharge does not vary predictably with the land use characteristics of the subbasin. The response of the nutrient ratios to variability in flow may be linked to the different sources and sinks of each nutrient, as well as the difference between the dominant transport pathways of each nutrient. High‐resolution data and models that describe the dissolved and particulate nutrient cycling are needed to assess the relative contribution of different drivers to these observed patterns and to identify the response of nutrient ratios to hydrologic variability under future land use and climate change.
Lowermost mantle anisotropy and deformation along the boundary of the African LLSVP
Authors: Lynner Colton , Long Maureen D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractShear wave splitting of SK(K)S phases is often used to examine upper mantle anisotropy. In specific cases, however, splitting of these phases may reflect anisotropy in the lowermost mantle. Here we present SKS and SKKS splitting measurements for 233 event‐station pairs at 34 seismic stations that sample D″ beneath Africa. Of these, 36 pairs show significantly different splitting between the two phases, which likely reflects a contribution from lowermost mantle anisotropy. The vast majority of discrepant pairs sample the boundary of the African large low shear velocity province (LLSVP), which dominates the lower mantle structure beneath this region. In general, we observe little or no splitting of phases that have passed through the LLSVP itself and significant splitting for phases that have sampled the boundary of the LLSVP. We infer that the D″ region just outside the LLSVP boundary is strongly deformed, while its interior remains undeformed (or weakly deformed).
High‐resolution local gravity model of the south pole of the Moon from GRAIL extended mission data
Authors: Goossens Sander , Sabaka Terence J. , Nicholas Joseph B. , Lemoine Frank G. , Rowlands David D. , Mazarico Erwan , Neumann Gregory A. , Smith David E. , Zuber Maria T. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe estimated a high‐resolution local gravity field model over the south pole of the Moon using data from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory's extended mission. Our solution consists of adjustments with respect to a global model expressed in spherical harmonics. The adjustments are expressed as gridded gravity anomalies with a resolution of 1/6° by 1/6° (equivalent to that of a degree and order 1080 model in spherical harmonics), covering a cap over the south pole with a radius of 40°. The gravity anomalies have been estimated from a short‐arc analysis using only Ka‐band range‐rate (KBRR) data over the area of interest. We apply a neighbor‐smoothing constraint to our solution. Our local model removes striping present in the global model; it reduces the misfit to the KBRR data and improves correlations with topography to higher degrees than current global models.
Increase in the intensity of postmonsoon Bay of Bengal tropical cyclones
Authors: Balaguru Karthik , Taraphdar Sourav , Leung L. Ruby , Foltz Gregory R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe postmonsoon (October–November) tropical cyclone (TC) season in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) has spawned many of the deadliest storms in recorded history. Here it is shown that the intensity of major TCs (wind speed > 49 m s−1) in the postmonsoon BoB increased during 1981–2010. It is found that changes in environmental parameters are responsible for the observed increases in TC intensity. Increases in sea surface temperature and upper ocean heat content made the ocean more conducive to TC intensification, while enhanced convective instability made the atmosphere more favorable for the growth of TCs. The largest changes in the atmosphere and ocean occurred in the eastern BoB, where nearly all major TCs form. These changes are part of positive linear trends, suggesting that the intensity of postmonsoon BoB TCs may continue to increase in the future.
Evaluating the diffusive equilibrium models: Comparison with the IMAGE RPI field‐aligned electron density measurements
Authors: Ozhogin P. , Song P. , Tu J. , Reinisch B. W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe diffusive equilibrium models that are widely used by the space physics community to describe the plasma densities in the plasmasphere are evaluated with field‐aligned electron density measurements from the radio plasma imager (RPI) instrument onboard the IMAGE satellite. The original mathematical form of the diffusive equilibrium model was based on the hydrostatic equilibrium along the magnetic field line with the centrifugal force and the field‐aligned electrostatic force as well as a large number of simplifying approximations. Six free parameters in the mathematical form have been conventionally determined from observations. We evaluate four sets of the parameters that have been reported in the literature. The evaluation is made according to the equatorial radial distance dependence, latitudinal dependence at a given radial distance, and the combined radial and latitudinal dependences. We find that the mathematical form given in the diffusive equilibrium model is intrinsically incompatible with the measurements unless another large number of free parameters are artificially introduced, which essentially changes the nature of a theoretical model to an empirical model.
Effects of land use/land cover and climate changes on terrestrial net primary productivity in the Yangtze River Basin, China, from 2001 to 2010
Authors: Zhang Yulong , Song Conghe , Zhang Kerong , Cheng Xiaoli , Band Lawrence E. , Zhang Quanfa 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLand use/land cover change (LULCC) and climate change are among the primary driving forces for terrestrial ecosystem productivity, but their impacts are confounded. The objective of this paper is to decouple the effects of LULCC and climate change on terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) in China's Yangtze River Basin (YRB) during 2001–2010 using a light use efficiency model through different scenario designs. During the study period, the YRB witnessed tremendous LULCC and climate changes. A prominent LULCC was the conversion of shrub land to forests as a result of a series of forest restoration and protection programs implemented in the basin. At the same time, notable warming and drying trends were observed based on ground and satellite measurements. Prescribed model simulations indicated that LULCC alone had a significantly positive effect on total NPP (up to 6.1 Tg C yr−1, p < 0.01) mainly due to reforestation and forest protection, while climate change alone showed an overall negative effect in the basin (as much as −2.7 Tg C yr−1, p = 0.11). The ensemble effect of LULCC and climate change on total NPP is approximately 3.9 Tg C yr−1 (p = 0.26) during 2001–2010. Our study provides an improved understanding of the effects of LULCC and climate change on terrestrial ecosystem productivity in the YRB. We found that reforestation and forest protection could significantly enhance terrestrial ecosystem productivity, a strategy that could mitigate global warming. It also suggests that NPP models with static land use/land cover could lead to increasingly large errors with time.
Cerebrospinal fluid β‐amyloid and phospho‐tau biomarker interactions affecting brain structure in preclinical Alzheimer disease
Authors: Fortea Juan , Vilaplana Eduard , Alcolea Daniel , Carmona‐Iragui María , Sánchez‐Saudinos María‐Belén , Sala Isabel , Antón‐Aguirre Sofía , González Sofía , Medrano Santiago , Pegueroles Jordi , Morenas Estrella , Clarimón Jordi , Blesa Rafael , Lleó Alberto ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the relationships between core cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and cortical thickness (CTh) in preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD).MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, normal controls (n = 145) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative underwent structural 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and lumbar puncture. CSF β‐amyloid1–42 (Aβ) and phospho‐tau181p (p‐tau) levels were measured by Luminex assays. Samples were dichotomized using published cutoffs (Aβ+/Aβ− and p‐tau+/ptau−). CTh was measured by Freesurfer. CTh difference maps were derived from interaction and correlation analyses. Clusters from the interaction analysis were isolated to analyze the directionality of the interaction by analysis of covariance.ResultsWe found a significant biomarker interaction between CSF Aβ and CSF p‐tau levels affecting brain structure. Cortical atrophy only occurs in subjects with both Aβ+ and p‐tau+. The stratified correlation analyses showed that the relationship between p‐tau and CTh is modified by Aβ status and the relationship between Aβ and CTh is modified by p‐tau status. p‐Tau–dependent thinning was found in different cortical regions in Aβ+ subjects but not in Aβ− subjects. Cortical thickening was related to decreasing CSF Aβ values in the absence of abnormal p‐tau, but no correlations were found in p‐tau+ subjects.InterpretationOur data suggest that interactions between biomarkers in AD result in a 2‐phase phenomenon of pathological cortical thickening associated with low CSF Aβ, followed by atrophy once CSF p‐tau becomes abnormal. These interactions should be considered in clinical trials in preclinical AD, both when selecting patients and when using MRI as a surrogate marker of efficacy. Ann Neurol 2014;76:223–230
Controlling Interfacial Recombination in Aqueous Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells by Octadecyltrichlorosilane Surface Treatment
Authors: Dong Cunku , Xiang Wanchun , Huang Fuzhi , Fu Dongchuan , Huang Wenchao , Bach Udo , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Li Xin , Spiccia Leone 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA general and convenient strategy is proposed for enhancing photovoltaic performance of aqueous dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) through the surface modification of titania using an organic alkyl silane. Introduction of octadecyltrichlorosilane on the surface of dyed titania photoanode as an organic barrier layer leads to the efficient suppression of electron recombination with oxidized cobalt species by restricting access of the cobalt redox couple to the titania surface. The champion ODTS‐treated aqueous DSCs (0.25 mM ODTS in hexane for 5 min) exhibit a Voc of 821±4 mV and Jsc of 10.17±0.21 mA cm−2, yielding a record PCE of 5.64±0.10 %. This surface treatment thus serves as a promising post‐dye strategy for improving the photovoltaic performance of other aqueous DSCs.