bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CYP2C19 Polymorphisms and Antiplatelet Effects of Clopidogrel in Acute Ischemic Stroke in China
Authors: Jia Dong-mei , Chen Zhi-bin , Zhang Mei-juan , Yang Wen-jie , Jin Jia-li , Xia Yong-quan , Zhang Chun-lei , Shao Yuan , Chen Cong , Xu Yun 
Published: May 2013

Background and Purpose—
Little research regarding genotypes and clopidogrel response related to acute ischemic stroke has been published. This study was conducted to investigate whether the polymorphisms of receptors or enzymes involved in the metabolic process of clopidogrel affect clopidogrel response and prognosis related to acute stroke.

Methods—
A total of 259 patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled in this study; all received follow-up evaluations 3 and 6 months after clopidogrel treatment. CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and P2Y12 were screened. The adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation test, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were used, and blood vascular events were evaluated.

Results—
The difference before and after clopidogrel treatment on adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation was significantly smaller in patients carrying 1 or 2 CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles (*2, *3) compared with patients carrying none. Patients with none had better outcomes than patients with CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles, as demonstrated by NIHSS and mRS scores at 3 and 6 months after treatment. Regression analysis showed that CYP2C19 was an independent predictor of clopidogrel resistance.

Conclusions—
CYP2C19 genotypes had significant impact on clopidogrel response and prognosis of patients with stroke.

Clinical Trial Registration Information—

URL:
http://www.chictr.org/
. Unique Identifier: ChiCTR-OCH-12002681.
Can Diffusion-Weighted Imaging–Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery Mismatch (Positive Diffusion-Weighted Imaging/Negative Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery) at 3 Tesla Identify Patients With Stroke at <4.5 Hours?
Authors: Emeriau Samuel , Serre Isabelle , Toubas Olivier , Pombourcq Francis , Oppenheim Catherine , Pierot Laurent 
Published: May 2013

Background and Purpose—
At 1.5 T, diffusion-weighted imaging–fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (DWI–FLAIR) mismatch helps identify strokes within 4.5 hours of onset. However, at 3T, studies have found divergent results. The goal of this study was to determine whether DWI–FLAIR mismatch at 3T would also be helpful for identifying patients within 4.5 hours of symptom onset.

Methods—
All patients presenting with an ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery territory and explored with 3T MRI within 12 hours between November 2007 and April 2012 were included in this retrospective study. Two readers analyzed the DWI and FLAIR images. Logistic regression was performed to determine independent predictors of FLAIR visibility. Also, the predictive values of a mismatch for identifying patients with stroke onset ≤4.5 hours were estimated.

Results—
The study included 194 patients. The only predictive factor of FLAIR visibility was delayed MRI acquisition. The DWI–FLAIR mismatch was able to identify patients within 4.5 hours of stroke onset with relatively low sensitivity (0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.48–0.63), low specificity (0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.42–0.77), high positive predictive value (0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.82–0.94), and very low negative predictive value (0.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.11–0.28). In addition, 44.5% of patients had a positive FLAIR sequence within 4.5 hours.

Conclusions—
This study improves our understanding of DWI–FLAIR mismatch as an imaging biomarker for wake-up management of patients with stroke. At 3T, the presence of a DWI–FLAIR mismatch was able to identify stroke onset of <4.5 hours. However, 44.5% of such stroke cases demonstrated FLAIR signal changes.
The Demise of China’s Overseas Chinese State Farms
Authors: Xiaorong Han 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Based on published sources and information gathered from oral interviews, this article traces the origins and evolution of the overseas Chinese state farms and analyzes the reasons for and results of their recent localization. The author argues that some major changes that have taken place in China since the late 1970s, including the transition from planned to market economy, the rapid transformation of rural China, the changing dynamics between the central and local governments, and the overall shift in the Chinese Communist Party’s policy orientations made localization of the overseas Chinese state farms imperative and inevitable. He asserts that despite some serious problems, localization ultimately will benefĳit the state farm residents and eventually lead to the disappearance of overseas Chinese state farms and the further assimilation of returned overseas Chinese into larger society.
Cloud-State-Dependent Sampling in AIRS Observations Based on CloudSat Cloud Classification
Authors: Yue Qing , Fetzer Eric J. , Kahn Brian H. , Wong Sun , Manipon Gerald , Guillaume Alexandre , Wilson Brian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe precision, accuracy, and potential sampling biases of temperature T and water vapor q vertical profiles obtained by satellite infrared sounding instruments are highly cloud-state dependent and poorly quantified. The authors describe progress toward a comprehensive T and q climatology derived from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) suite that is a function of cloud state based on collocated CloudSat observations. The AIRS sampling rates, biases, and center root-mean-square differences (CRMSD) are determined through comparisons of pixel-scale collocated ECMWF model analysis data. The results show that AIRS provides a realistic representation of most meteorological regimes in most geographical regions, including those dominated by high thin cirrus and shallow boundary layer clouds. The mean AIRS observational biases relative to the ECMWF analysis between the surface and 200 hPa are within ±1 K in T and from −1 to +0.5 g kg−1 in q. Biases because of cloud-state-dependent sampling dominate the total biases in the AIRS data and are largest in the presence of deep convective (DC) and nimbostratus (Ns) clouds. Systematic cold and dry biases are found throughout the free troposphere for DC and Ns. Somewhat larger biases are found over land and in the midlatitudes than over the oceans and in the tropics, respectively. Tropical and oceanic regions generally have a smaller CRMSD than the midlatitudes and over land, suggesting agreement of T and q variability between AIRS and ECMWF in these regions. The magnitude of CRMSD is also strongly dependent on cloud type.
A Numerical Study of Salt Fluxes in Delaware Bay Estuary
Authors: Aristizábal María , Chant Robert 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe results of a numerical study of Delaware Bay using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) are presented. The simulations are run over a range of steady river inputs and used M2 and S2 tidal components to capture the spring–neap variability. Results provide a description of the spatial and temporal structure of the estuarine exchange flow and the salinity field, as well the along-channel salt flux in the estuary. The along-channel salt flux is decomposed into an advective term associated with the river flow, a steady shear dispersion Fe associated with the estuarine exchange flow, and a tidal oscillatory salt flux Ft. Time series of Fe and Ft show that both are larger during neap tide than during spring. This time variability of Ft, which is contrary to existing scalings, is caused by the lateral flows that bring velocity and salinity out of quadrature and the stronger stratification during neap tide, which causes Ft to be enhanced relative to spring tide. A fit for the salt intrusion length L with river discharge Q for a number of isohalines is performed. The functional dependences of L with Q are significantly weaker than Q−1/3 scaling. It is concluded that the response of the salt field with river discharge is due to the dependence of Fe and Ft with Q and the relative importance of Ft to the total upstream salt flux: as river discharge increases, Fe becomes the dominant mechanism. Once Fe dominates, the salt field stiffens because of a reduction of the vertical eddy viscosity with increasing Q.
Observations of Barotropic Oscillations and Their Influence on Mixing in the Faroe Bank Channel Overflow Region
Authors: Darelius E. , Ullgren J. E. , Fer I. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Observations of hydrography, currents, and microstructure are presented together with sea surface height (SSH) patterns from concurrent satellite tracks to describe the subinertial oscillations in the region downstream of the Faroe Bank Channel overflow. Energetic oscillations with a dominant 3–5-day period have previously been observed in the dense bottom layer and found to be consistent with topographic Rossby waves. Here, the authors present evidence that the oscillations extend over the whole water column and are connected to a wave-like pattern in SSH along the continental slope. The waves are observed in two satellite tracks running parallel to the slope and indicate a wavelength of 50–75 km, an amplitude of about 5 cm, and a phase speed of 15–20 cm s−1. The pattern extends at least 450 km along the slope. Repeat occupations of a section through a 4-day period show a barotropic velocity anomaly that is associated with an increase in plume transport [from 0.5 to 2.5 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1)] and interface height (from 100 to 200 m) as well as changes in dissipation rates and mixing. Estimates of entrainment velocity wE vary with a factor of 102 over the oscillation period, and there is an inverse relation between wE and plume thickness, that is, mixing is most intense when the dense bottom layer is thin. High values of wE coincide with a large percentage of critical Richardson numbers in the interfacial layer. The rotational motion, or the horizontal “stirring,” is observed to bring water from the south, traceable because of its low oxygen concentrations, into the plume.
Assessment of Sea Surface Wind from NWP Reanalyses and Satellites in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Li Ming , Liu Jiping , Wang Zhenzhan , Wang Hui , Zhang Zhanhai , Zhang Lin , Yang Qinghua 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Reanalysis projects and satellite data analysis have provided surface wind over the global ocean. To assess how well one can reconstruct the variations of surface wind in the data-sparse Southern Ocean, sea surface wind speed data from 1) the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–Department of Energy reanalysis (NCEP–DOE), 2) the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), 3) National Climate Data Center (NCDC) blended sea winds, and 4) cross-calibrated multiplatform (CCMP) ocean surface velocity are evaluated. First, the accuracy of sea surface wind speed is validated with quality-controlled in situ measurements from research vessels. The results show that the CCMP value is closer to the ship observations than other products, whereas the NCEP–DOE value has the largest systematic positive bias. All four products show large positive biases under weak wind regimes, good agreement with the ship observations under moderate wind regimes, and large negative biases under high wind regimes. Second, the consistency and discrepancy of sea surface wind speed across different products is examined. The intercomparisons suggest that these products show encouraging agreement in the spatial distribution of the annual-mean sea surface wind speed. The largest across-data scatter is found in the central Indian sector of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which is comparable to its respective interannual variability. The monthly-mean correlations between pairs of products are high. However, differing from the decadal trends of NCEP–DOE, NCDC, and CCMP that show an increase of sea surface wind speed in the Antarctic Circumpolar region, ERA-Interim has an opposite sign there.
Improvements to the Operational Tropical Cyclone Wind Speed Probability Model
Authors: DeMaria Mark , Knaff John A. , Brennan Michael J. , Brown Daniel , Knabb Richard D. , DeMaria Robert T. , Schumacher Andrea , Lauer Christopher A. , Roberts David P. , Sampson Charles R. , Santos Pablo , Sharp David , Winters Katherine A. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The National Hurricane Center Hurricane Probability Program, which estimated the probability of a tropical cyclone passing within a specific distance of a selected set of coastal stations, was replaced by the more general Tropical Cyclone Surface Wind Speed Probabilities in 2006. A Monte Carlo (MC) method is used to estimate the probabilities of 34-, 50-, and 64-kt (1 kt = 0.51 m s−1) winds at multiple time periods through 120 h. Versions of the MC model are available for the Atlantic, the combined eastern and central North Pacific, and the western North Pacific. This paper presents a verification of the operational runs of the MC model for the period 2008–11 and describes model improvements since 2007. The most significant change occurred in 2010 with the inclusion of a method to take into account the uncertainty of the track forecasts on a case-by-case basis, which is estimated from the spread of a dynamical model ensemble and other parameters. The previous version represented the track uncertainty from the error distributions from the previous 5 yr of forecasts from the operational centers, with no case-to-case variability. Results show the MC model provides robust estimates of the wind speed probabilities using a number of standard verification metrics, and that the inclusion of the case-by-case measure of track uncertainty improved the probability estimates. Beginning in 2008, an older operational wind speed probability table product was modified to include information from the MC model. This development and a verification of the new version of the table are described.
Promoting an occupational perspective in public health
Authors: Moll Sandra E. , Gewurtz Rebecca E. , Krupa Terry M. , Law Mary C. 
Published: May 2013

Background Although the value of occupation for health and well-being is fundamental to the occupational therapy profession, this view is not well recognized in the field of public health. Purpose In this article, we argue that occupational therapists have a unique and valuable perspective to bring to the field of public health, particularly with respect to the importance of occupational engagement in promoting the health and well-being of Canadians. Key Issues There are many compelling reasons for public health advocacy, including the need to increase awareness of the health benefits and risks of occupational engagement for individuals and communities. Challenges that lie ahead, however, include issues related to terminology, the complexity of occupation, the need to consider multidimensional outcomes, and diversity of evidence. Implications To move forward, the profession of occupational therapy in Canada needs to position health promotion messaging in a way that clearly captures the complexity and value of occupation and resonates with Canadians of all ages and abilities.
Characteristics of American Young Adults With Increased Risk for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Cha EunSeok , Umpierrez Guillermo , Kim Kevin H. , Bello Morenike K. , Dunbar Sandra B. 
Published: May 2013

Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the characteristics of American young adults with increased risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods Participants ages 18 to 29, overweight/obese, and sedentary were recruited from the metro Atlanta area in the United States. Variables included demographics, anthropometric and clinical variables, and physical activity. Of 107 participants, 3 participants had undiagnosed diabetes and 1 participant did not complete the modifiable activity questionnaire. Thus, 103 young adults remained for the final data analysis. Results Most participants were females and African Americans. About 30% of participants had prediabetes, either impaired fasting glucose, an A1C of 5.7% to 6.4%, or both. Overall, prediabetes young adults were heavier and did less physical activity than Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) trial participants. In addition, these young adults had a higher prevalence of parental T2D history and lower level of physical activity compared to young adults with normoglycemia. Conclusions Physical activity and parent T2D history are key risk factors for identifying young adults with prediabetes. Multilevel strategies are necessary to raise awareness of diabetes risk and to prevent T2D in young adults.
Cost Collection and Analysis for Health Economic Evaluation
Authors: Smith Kristine A. , Rudmik Luke 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveTo improve the understanding of common health care cost collection, estimation, analysis, and reporting methodologies.Data SourcesOvid MEDLINE (1947 to December 2012), Cochrane Central register of Controlled Trials, Database of Systematic Reviews, Health Technology Assessment, and National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database.Review MethodsThis article discusses the following cost collection methods: defining relevant resources, quantification of consumed resources, and resource valuation. It outlines the recommendations for cost reporting in economic evaluations and reviews the techniques on how to handle cost data uncertainty. Last, it discusses the controversial topics of future costs and patient productivity losses.ConclusionHealth care cost collection and estimation can be challenging, and an organized approach is required to optimize accuracy of economic evaluation outcomes.Implications for PracticeUnderstanding health care cost collection and estimation techniques will improve both critical appraisal and development of future economic evaluations.
Underreporting of conflicts of interest in clinical practice guidelines: cross sectional study
Authors: Bindslev Julie Bolette Brix , Schroll Jeppe , Gøtzsche Peter C , Lundh Andreas 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
Conflicts of interest affect recommendations in clinical guidelines and disclosure of such conflicts is important. However, not all conflicts of interest are disclosed. Using a public available disclosure list we determined the prevalence and underreporting of conflicts of interest among authors of clinical guidelines on drug treatments.

Methods
We included up to five guidelines published from July 2010 to March 2012 from each Danish clinical specialty society. Using the disclosure list of the Danish Health and Medicines Authority, we identified author conflicts of interest and compared them with the disclosures in the guidelines. For each guideline we extracted methodological characteristics of guideline development.

Results
Forty-five guidelines from 14 specialty societies were included. Of 254 authors, 135 (53%) had conflicts of interest, corresponding to 43 of the 45 guidelines (96%) having one or more authors with a conflict of interest. Only one of the 45 guidelines (2%) disclosed author conflicts of interest. The most common type of conflict of interest (83 of the 135) was being a consultant, an advisory board member or a company employee. Only 10 guidelines (22%) described the methods used for guideline development, 27 (60%) used references in the text and 11 (24%) graded the types of evidence.

Conclusions
Conflicts of interest were common, but disclosures were very rare. Most guidelines did not describe how they were developed and many did not describe the evidence behind specific recommendations. Publicly available disclosure lists may assist guideline issuing bodies in ensuring that all conflicts are disclosed.
Limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B masquerading as inflammatory myopathy: case report
Authors: Jethwa Hannah , Jacques Thomas S , Gunny Roxanna , Wedderburn Lucy R , Pilkington Clarissa , Manzur Adnan Y 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B is a rare subtype of muscular dystrophy, the predominant feature of which is muscle weakness. The disease is caused by an autosomal recessively inherited reduction/absence of muscle dysferlin due to a mutation in dysferlin gene at 2p12-14. We report a 10 year old boy who presented with severe non-transient right knee pain and swelling, which later became bilateral. His pain was worst in the morning and during rest. Blood tests revealed markedly raised creatine kinase values (highest 22, 297 U/l), raising the possibility of an inflammatory myositis. MRI showed bilateral asymmetrical muscle involvement of thighs and calves with oedematous changes mimicking the imaging appearances of inflammatory myositis. CRP and ESR levels were consistently within normal limits. Over several months his knee pain worsened and limited walking. Muscle biopsy revealed a severe reduction of dysferlin immunostaining, indicating the diagnosis, which was confirmed by 2 compound heterozygous pathogenic mutations in the dysferlin gene. It is not unusual for this subtype of the disease to mimic myositis: however, significant pain is a rare presenting symptom. Given the significant overlap between this form of muscular dystrophy and inflammatory myopathies, a high index of suspicion is needed to ensure an accurate and timely diagnosis. Furthermore, characteristic inflammatory-related morning pain should not rule out consideration of non-inflammatory causes.
Photo-fermentative bacteria aggregation triggered by L-cysteine during hydrogen production
Authors: Xie Guo-Jun , Liu Bing-Feng , Xing De-Feng , Nan Jun , Ding Jie , Ren Nan-Qi 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
Hydrogen recovered from organic wastes and solar energy by photo-fermentative bacteria (PFB) has been suggested as a promising bioenergy strategy. However, the use of PFB for hydrogen production generally suffers from a serious biomass washout from photobioreactor, due to poor flocculation of PFB. In the continuous operation, PFB cells cannot be efficiently separated from supernatant and rush out with effluent from reactor continuously, which increased the effluent turbidity, meanwhile led to increases in pollutants. Moreover, to replenish the biomass washout, substrate was continuously utilized for cell growth rather than hydrogen production. Consequently, the poor flocculability not only deteriorated the effluent quality, but also decreased the potential yield of hydrogen from substrate. Therefore, enhancing the flocculability of PFB is urgent necessary to further develop photo-fermentative process.

Results
Here, we demonstrated that L-cysteine could improve hydrogen production of Rhodopseudomonas faecalis RLD-53, and more importantly, simultaneously trigger remarkable aggregation of PFB. Experiments showed that L-cysteine greatly promoted the production of extracellular polymeric substances, especially secretion of protein containing more disulfide bonds, and help for enhancement stability of floc of PFB. Through formation of disulfide bonds, L-cysteine not only promoted production of EPS, in particular the secretion of protein, but also stabilized the final confirmation of protein in EPS. In addition, the cell surface elements and functional groups, especially surface charged groups, have also been changed by L-cysteine. Consequently, absolute zeta potential reached a minimum value at 1.0 g/l of L-cysteine, which obviously decreased electrostatic repulsion interaction energy based on DLVO theory. Total interaction energy barrier decreased from 389.77 KT at 0.0 g/l of L-cysteine to 127.21 kT at 1.0 g/l.

Conclusions
Thus, the strain RLD-53 overcame the total energy barrier and flocculated effectively. After a short settlement, the biomass rush out will be significantly reduced and the effluent quality will be greatly improved in the continuous operation. Furthermore, aggregation of PFB could enable high biomass hold-up of photobioreactor, which allows the photobioreactor to operate at low hydraulic retention time and high organic loading rate. Therefore, the described flocculation behaviour during photo-hydrogen production is potentially suitable for practicable application.