bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melatonin overcomes apoptosis resistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting Survivin and XIAP
Authors: Fan Lulu , Sun Guoping , Ma Tai , Zhong Fei , Wei Wei 
Published: April 2013

AbstractApoptosis resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most significant factors for hepatocarcinogenesis and tumor progression, and leads to resistance to conventional chemotherapy. It is well known that inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) play key roles in apoptosis resistance, it has become an important target for antitumor therapy. In this study, we examined if melatonin, the main secretory product of the pineal gland, targeted IAPs, leading to the inhibition of apoptosis resistance. To accomplish this, we first observed that four members of IAPs (cIAP‐1, cIAP‐2, Survivin, and XIAP) were overexpressed in human HCC tissue. Interestingly, melatonin significantly inhibited the growth of HepG2 and SMMC‐7721 cells and promoted apoptosis along with the downregulation of Survivin and XIAP, but had no effect on the expression of cIAP‐1 and cIAP‐2. These data suggest that the inhibition of Survivin and XIAP by melatonin may play an important part in reversing apoptosis resistance. Notably, cIAP‐1, Survivin and XIAP were significantly associated with the coexpression of COX‐2 in human HCC specimens. Melatonin also reduced the expression of COX‐2 and inhibited AKT activation in HepG2 and SMMC‐7721 cells. Inhibition of COX‐2 activity with the selective inhibitor, NS398, and inhibition of AKT activation using the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, in tumor cells confirmed that melatonin‐induced apoptosis was COX‐2/PI3K/AKT‐dependent, suggesting that the COX‐2/PI3K/AKT pathway plays a role in melatonin inhibition of IAPs. Taken together, these results suggest that melatonin overcomes apoptosis resistance by the suppressing Survivin and XIAP via the COX‐2/PI3K/AKT pathway in HCC cells.
Evolution of fibrosis during HCV recurrence after liver transplantation – influence of IL‐28B SNP and response to peg‐IFN and ribavirin treatment
Authors: Ackefors M. , Nyström J. , Wernerson A. , Gjertsen H. , Sönnerborg A. , Weiland O. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThe IL‐28 gene is associated with sustained viral response (SVR) after treatment with peg‐IFN and ribavirin in liver transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection. We analysed the importance of recipient and donor IL‐28B genotype for response to treatment and fibrosis progression in 54 liver transplant recipients. Fibrosis stage (F) was defined as mild when F ≤ 2 and severe when F ≥ 3 in a liver biopsy or according to liver elasticity analysis. We found a significantly lower prevalence of IL‐28B SNP CC in the recipients (22%) than in the donors (67%), P < 0.0001. SVR was seen in 61% of the recipients with mild and 27% with severe fibrosis pretreatment, P = 0.01. Recipients with IL‐28 CC and non‐CC had mild fibrosis in 64% and 38% prior to treatment, P = 0.13. At follow‐up, after treatment, significantly more recipients with CC had mild fibrosis than non‐CC recipients (75% versus 32%, P = 0.0072), and all with CC and SVR had mild fibrosis. The strongest baseline factor predicting SVR was genotype. Hence, 13/19 (68%) genotype non‐1 patients reached SVR versus only 9/35 (26%) genotype 1 patients, P = 0.0022. In summary, we found that liver transplant recipients with IL‐28B CC tended to have less advanced fibrosis prior to and significantly less after SOC treatment and that all recipients with IL‐28B CC who achieved SVR had mild fibrosis at follow‐up. A significantly higher SVR rate was achieved in recipients with mild than severe fibrosis pretreatment and with genotype non‐1 than 1 infection. Our findings indicate that treatment for post‐transplant HCV recurrence should be offered before advanced fibrosis is seen in the recipient.
Multilingualism in Post‐Soviet Successor States
Authors: Pavlenko Aneta 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAfter the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, the fourteen successor states began to distance themselves from Russia and its language. This situation was strikingly different from most post‐colonial states of Asia, Africa, and Latin America that maintained the languages of the former colonizers. For researchers, the post‐Soviet context became a natural sociolinguistic ‘experiment’, in which the previously shared political and linguistic system offered a common starting point for language reforms and the different outcomes illuminated the effects of demographic, political, economic, and social factors. The purpose of the present article is to outline the key findings of the research to date, to discuss their implications for sociolinguistic theory, and to identify gaps and productive directions for future inquiry. © 2013 The Author. Language and Linguistics Compass © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
A genomic island linked to ecotype divergence in Atlantic cod
Authors: Hemmer‐Hansen Jakob , Nielsen Einar E. , Therkildsen Nina O. , Taylor Martin I. , Ogden Rob , Geffen Audrey J. , Bekkevold Dorte , Helyar Sarah , Pampoulie Christophe , Johansen Torild ,   FishPopTrace Consortium, Carvalho Gary R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe genomic architecture underlying ecological divergence and ecological speciation with gene flow is still largely unknown for most organisms. One central question is whether divergence is genome‐wide or localized in ‘genomic mosaics’ during early stages when gene flow is still pronounced. Empirical work has so far been limited, and the relative impacts of gene flow and natural selection on genomic patterns have not been fully explored. Here, we use ecotypes of Atlantic cod to investigate genomic patterns of diversity and population differentiation in a natural system characterized by high gene flow and large effective population sizes, properties which theoretically could restrict divergence in local genomic regions. We identify a genomic region of strong population differentiation, extending over approximately 20 cM, between pairs of migratory and stationary ecotypes examined at two different localities. Furthermore, the region is characterized by markedly reduced levels of genetic diversity in migratory ecotype samples. The results highlight the genomic region, or ‘genomic island’, as potentially associated with ecological divergence and suggest the involvement of a selective sweep. Finally, we also confirm earlier findings of localized genomic differentiation in three other linkage groups associated with divergence among eastern Atlantic populations. Thus, although the underlying mechanisms are still unknown, the results suggest that ‘genomic mosaics’ of differentiation may even be found under high levels of gene flow and that marine fishes may provide insightful model systems for studying and identifying initial targets of selection during ecological divergence.
Reconstructing the origin and dispersal patterns of village chickens across East Africa: insights from autosomal markers
Authors: Mwacharo J. M. , Nomura K. , Hanada H. , Han J. L. , Amano T. , Hanotte O. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUnravelling the genetic history of any livestock species is central to understanding the origin, development and expansion of agricultural societies and economies. Domestic village chickens are widespread in Africa. Their close association with, and reliance on, humans for long‐range dispersal makes the species an important biological marker in tracking cultural and trading contacts between human societies and civilizations across time. Archaezoological and linguistic evidence suggest a complex history of arrival and dispersion of the species on the continent, with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D‐loop analysis revealing the presence of five distinct haplogroups in East African village chickens. It supports the importance of the region in understanding the history of the species and indirectly of human interactions. Here, through a detailed analysis of 30 autosomal microsatellite markers genotyped in 657 village chickens from four East African countries (Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and Sudan), we identify three distinct autosomal gene pools (I, II and III). Gene pool I is predominantly found in Ethiopia and Sudan, while II and III occur in both Kenya and Uganda. A gradient of admixture for gene pools II and III between the Kenyan coast and Uganda's hinterland (P = 0.001) is observed, while gene pool I is clearly separated from the other two. We propose that these three gene pools represent genetic signatures of separate events in the history of the continent that relate to the arrival and dispersal of village chickens and humans across the region. Our results provide new insights on the history of chicken husbandry which has been shaped by terrestrial and maritime contacts between ancient and modern civilizations in Asia and East Africa.
High‐copy sequences reveal distinct evolution of the rye B chromosome
Authors: Klemme Sonja , Banaei‐Moghaddam Ali Mohammad , Macas Jiri , Wicker Thomas , Novák Petr , Houben Andreas 
Published: April 2013

Summary

B chromosomes (Bs) are supernumerary chromosomes that vary in number among individuals of the same species. Because of their dispensable nature, their non‐Mendelian inheritance and their origin from A chromosomes (As), one might assume that Bs followed a different evolutionary pathway from As, this being reflected in differences in their high‐copy DNA constitution. We provide detailed insight into the composition and distribution of rye (Secale cereale) B‐located high‐copy sequences.

A‐ and B‐specific high‐copy sequences were identified in silico. Mobile elements and satellite sequences were verified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Replication was analyzed via EdU incorporation.

Although most repeats are similarly distributed along As and Bs, several transposons are either amplified or depleted on the B. An accumulation of B‐enriched satellites was found mostly in the nondisjunction control region of the B, which is transcriptionally active and late‐replicating. All B‐enriched sequences are not unique to the B but are also present in other Secale species, suggesting the origin of the B from As of the same genus.

Our findings highlight the differences between As and Bs. Although Bs originated from As, they have since taken a separate evolutionary pathway.
‘Balancing risk’ after fall‐induced hip fracture: the older person's need for information
Authors: McMillan Laura , Booth Joanne , Currie Kay , Howe Tracey 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundHip fracture is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in older people. Healthcare professionals have a role to identify and respond to challenges and concerns that older people face as they strive to manage risk of future falls and rebuild confidence and independence after discharge.Aims and objectivesThis study aimed to explore the postdischarge concerns of older people after fall‐induced hip fracture.MethodGlaser's approach to the grounded theory method guided qualitative interviews conducted with 19 older people in their own homes up to 3 months post discharge, in two health authority areas.ResultsA theory of ‘taking control’ was generated. ‘Balancing risk’ emerged as a key strategy that older people employed to help them to take control after discharge home. Older people attempted to control or ‘balance’ their risk of future falls and dependence by implementing two further strategies: ‘protective guarding’ and ‘following orders’. The instinctive strategy of protective guarding and the learned strategy of following orders were implemented simultaneously and were characterised by older people aiming to pace their progress and balance risk safely and appropriately. To apply these strategies, older people required information from healthcare professionals. In circumstances where older people did not receive or did not understand the information provided, they were left ‘grasping to understand’ and were more likely to miscalculate risk. This leads to damaged confidence and in some cases further falls.ConclusionsThe concept of balancing risk aims to help healthcare professionals understand the older person's perspective of hip fracture and to recognise the efforts that people make to guard against further injury and dependence in the early postdischarge period.Implications for practiceOur study suggests that engaging older people and their relatives in discussions to acknowledge their perceptions of future risk and to provide appropriate information on managing risk is crucial, as this will enable older people to balance risk safely and ultimately rebuild independence.
Characterizing morphological traits and estimating genetic relationship for intermediate soybean collected from South Korea
Authors: Vu Dang Toan , Baek Kwang‐Hyun , Tuan Nghia La , Park Euiho 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTwenty‐two wild, 16 intermediate and 20 cultivated soybean varieties were used to analyse relationships among the species of subgenus Soja, genus Glycine using 11 morphological traits and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. These genotypes using eleven agronomic characteristics were divided into three clusters: cluster I included 20 G. max, cluster II included 12 intermediate, and cluster III included 22 G. soja and four intermediate lines. Genetic relationships among the species of subgenus Soja showed three distinct clusters. Cluster I consisted of 20 G. max cultivars and two intermediate type lines, and cluster II consisted of 13 intermediate type and two G. soja lines; however, cluster III consisted of 20 G. soja and one intermediate type lines. These phenotypic and genetic data suggest that the intermediate type lines could be distinguished between G. max and G. soja lines. However, the intermediate type could not be classified as a new species.
Photolysis and Thermolysis of Pyridyl Carbonyl Azide Monolayers on Single‐Crystal Platinum
Authors: Adkinson Dana K. , Magri David C. , Pitters Jason L. , Griffiths Keith , Norton Peter R. , Workentin Mark S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe photochemical and thermal reactivity of a number of acyl azide‐substituted pyridine compounds, namely nicotinyl azide, isonicotinyl azide, picolinyl azide and dinicotinyl azide with investigated as saturated monolayers on a single‐crystal Pt(111) surface in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber. Multilayers of the substrates exhibited a maximum rate of desorption at 270 K, above which, stable saturated monolayers formed as characterized by reflection‐absorption infrared spectroscopy by observation of C=O and N3 bands at 1700 cm−1, and 2100 and 1300 cm−1 respectively. The monolayers were stable up to 400 K. Photolysis of the monolayer (or heating above 400 K) results in the formation of the respective isocyanate intermediate after loss of nitrogen as evidenced by the appearance of a new infrared band at 2260 cm−1 with concomitant loss of the azide bands. The resulting isocyanate saturated monolayer is stable in absence of nucleophiles, but can be quenched with appropriate nucleophiles.
Quantitative trait loci and candidate genes associated with starch pasting viscosity characteristics in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)
Authors: Thanyasiriwat T. , Sraphet S. , Whankaew S. , Boonseng O. , Bao J. , Lightfoot D. A. , Tangphatsornruang S. , Triwitayakorn K. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractStarch pasting viscosity is an important quality trait in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars. The aim here was to identify loci and candidate genes associated with the starch pasting viscosity. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for seven pasting viscosity parameters was carried out using 100 lines of an F1 mapping population from a cross between two cassava cultivars Huay Bong 60 and Hanatee. Starch samples were obtained from roots of cassava grown in 2008 and 2009 at Rayong, and in 2009 at Lop Buri province, Thailand. The traits showed continuous distribution among the F1 progeny with transgressive variation. Fifteen QTL were identified from mean trait data, with Logarithm of Odds (LOD) values from 2.77–13.01 and phenotype variations explained (PVE) from10.0–48.4%. In addition, 48 QTL were identified in separate environments. The LOD values ranged from 2.55–8.68 and explained 6.6–43.7% of phenotype variation. The loci were located on 19 linkage groups. The most important QTL for pasting temperature (PT) (qPT.1LG1) from mean trait values showed largest effect with highest LOD value (13.01) and PVE (48.4%). The QTL co‐localised with PT and pasting time (PTi) loci that were identified in separate environments. Candidate genes were identified within the QTL peak regions. However, the major genes of interest, encoding the family of glycosyl or glucosyl transferases and hydrolases, were located at the periphery of QTL peaks. The loci identified could be effectively applied in breeding programmes to improve cassava starch quality. Alleles of candidate genes should be further studied in order to better understand their effects on starch quality traits.
Combined effects of light and nitrate supplies on the growth, photosynthesis and ultraviolet‐absorbing compounds in marine macroalga Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta), with special reference to the effects of solar ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Zheng Yangqiao 
Published: April 2013

SummaryIt is well known that light and nutrients are essential to plants; however, there are few investigations in which these have been studied in combination on macroalgae, especially when solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is concerned. We cultured the red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Bory) at different nitrate concentrations and light levels with or without UVR for 24 days. The results showed that nitrate supply markedly enhanced the growth and photosynthesis, increased the absorptivity of UV‐absorbing compounds (UVACs), and decreased photoinhibition in the presence of UVR. The thalli that received photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) treatment exhibited higher growth rates than those that received PAR + UVR at ambient or enhanced nitrate concentrations. However, under PAR + UVR treatment, the absorptivity of UVACs was higher than that of PAR and fluctuated with light levels. UVR was found to reduce the maximal net photosynthetic rate, apparent photosynthetic efficiency and light‐saturating irradiance while increasing the dark respiration rate, and inducing higher inhibition of growth and photosynthesis under high light versus under low light. Ultraviolet B significantly induced the synthesis of UVACs but led to higher inhibition on growth and photosynthesis than ultraviolet A.
Phylogenetic analysis of ITS2 sequences suggests the taxonomic re‐structuring of Dunaliella viridis (Chlorophyceae, Dunaliellales)
Authors: Assunção Patrícia , Jaén‐Molina Ruth , Caujapé‐Castells Juli , Wolf Matthias , Buchheim Mark A. , de la Jara Adelina , Freijanes Karen , Carmona Laura , Mendoza Héctor 
Published: April 2013

SummaryWe analyzed the ITS2 primary and secondary structure (including Compensatory Base Changes (CBCs)) of 17 new Dunaliella strains (11 D. viridis, two D. tertiolecta, and four Dunaliella sp.), and compared these with other Dunaliella sequences available from the ITS2 database to circumscribe their taxonomic position. The ITS2 primary and secondary structure analysis positioned the majority of D. viridis strains in four main clades, showing that D. viridis is polyphyletic. The detection of at least one CBC among these clades strongly suggests that they could correspond to different biological species. Unexpectedly, while D. viridis var. euchlora (CCAP19/21) was positioned within the subgenus Dunaliella, D. viridis var. palmelloides (CCAP11/34) was positioned clearly outside this subgenus, suggesting that this taxon may not be properly placed in Dunaliella. Furthermore, the detection of at least three compensatory base changes (CBCs) between D. viridis var. palmelloides (CCAP11/34) and the other strains analyzed, confirm that this strain is a different species. For these reasons we propose re‐naming D. viridis var. palmelloides (CCAP11/34) to incertae sedis, and D. viridis var. euchlora (CCAP19/21) to Dunaliella sp. Therefore, the ITS2 primary and secondary structure data suggest a taxonomic re‐structuring of D. viridis.
Seasonal development of five Cephaleuros species (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) on the leaves of woody plants and the behaviors of their gametes and zoospores
Authors: Suto Yasuo , Ohtani Shuji 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThe infection cycle of five Cephaleuros species – C. aucubae, C. biolophus, C. japonicus, C. microcellularis, and C. virescens – was clarified by investigating seasonal development and gamete and zoospore behavior at study sites in Matsue, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. Fresh thalli or lesions appeared on the leaves of various woody plants from August and continued to develop in general from April to September in the following year. Gametangia and zoosporangia matured on 2‐ and 3‐year‐old leaves. Gametes were released in C. microcellularis samples collected from late March to late May and in samples of the other four species collected from late April to late July. Zoospores were released in C. biolophus, C. japonicus, and C. virescens samples collected from mid‐May to early August. In the present study, gametes did not conjugate but germinated like zoospores to produce new plants. After inoculation with zoospores and gametes that behave as asexual spores, fresh thalli or lesions became evident in 2–5 months following inoculation and gametes and zoospores were produced on the developed thalli or lesions the following year; one cycle of the infection was completed per year in the study area.
Australian Laurencia majuscula (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae) and the Brazilian Laurencia dendroidea are conspecific
Authors: Metti Yola , Millar Alan J.K. , Cassano Valeria , Fujii Mutue T. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryMorphological and molecular studies have been undertaken on two species of the red algal genus Laurencia J.V.Lamouroux: Laurencia majuscula (Harvey) A.H.S. Lucas and Laurencia dendroidea J.Agardh, both from their type localities. The phylogenetic position of these species was inferred by analysis of the chloroplast‐encoded rbcL gene sequences from 24 taxa. In all phylogenetic analyses, the Australian Laurencia majuscula and the Brazilian L. dendroidea formed a well‐supported monophyletic clade within the Laurencia sensu stricto. This clade was divided into two subclades corresponding to each geographical region; however, the genetic divergence between Australian L. majuscula and Brazilian L. dendroidea was only 0–1.35%. Examination of the type specimens and sequences of freshly collected samples of both Laurencia majuscula and L. dendroidea show the two to be conspecific despite their disjunct type localities.
Influences on Call Outcomes among Veteran Callers to the National Veterans Crisis Line
Authors: Britton Peter C. , Bossarte Robert M. , Thompson Caitlin , Kemp Janet , Conner Kenneth R. 
Published: April 2013

The association of caller and call characteristics with proximal outcomes of Veterans Crisis Line calls were examined. From October 1–7, 2010, 665 veterans with recent suicidal ideation or a history of attempted suicide called the Veterans Crisis Line; 646 had complete data and were included in the analyses. A multivariable multinomial logistic regression was conducted to identify correlates of a favorable outcome (a resolution or a referral) when compared to an unfavorable outcome (no resolution or referral). A multivariable logistic regression was used to identify correlates of responder‐rated caller risk in a subset of calls. Approximately 84% of calls ended with a favorable outcome, 25% with a resolution, and 59% with a referral to a local health care provider. Calls from high‐risk callers had greater odds of ending with a referral than without a resolution or referral, as did weekday calls (6:00 am to 5:59 pm EST, Monday through Friday). Responders used caller intent to die and the absence of future plans to determine caller risk. Findings suggest that the Veterans Crisis Line is a useful mechanism for generating referrals for high‐risk veteran callers. Responders appeared to use known risk and protective factors to determine caller risk.