bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vascular Hyper-Reactivity with Sodium Loading and with Desoxycorticosterone Induced Hypertension in the Rat
Authors: Beilin L. J. , Wade D. N. , Honour A. J. , Cole T. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Reactivity to noradrenaline was measured in resistance vessels of isolated perfused rat tails in two experiments. In the first experiment the three treatment groups were ‘desoxycorticosterone (DOCA)/saline/nephrectomy’, ‘saline/nephrectomy’ and ‘intact/water’. In the second experiment an additional‘nephrectomy/water’ group was included and reactivity to vasopressin was also measured.
2. DOCA/saline/nephrectomy animals were hypertensive for at least 4 weeks before they were killed.
3. Vascular reactivity to noradrenaline was increased in preparations from DOCA/saline/nephrectomy and saline/nephrectomy groups compared with the intact/H2O group in both experiments. This increased reactivity was not associated with an elevated baseline vascular resistance.
4. In contrast to noradrenaline, responses to vasopressin did not differ significantly between the groups.
5. These results support the theory that the effects of sodium balance on arterial pressure are mediated at least in part by changes in resistance vessel reactivity to noradrenaline.
Natriuretic Response to Preferential Plasma Volume Expansion in Normal Unanaesthetized Dogs
Authors: Reyburn J. A. , Gilmore J. P. 
Published: August 2015

1. The natriuretic response of normally hydrated unanaesthetized dogs to preferential plasma volume expansion was studied, comparing the response to infusion of hyperoncotic dextran in isotonic saline with that to infusion of an identical volume of isotonic saline.
2. Significant increases in urine flow, sodium excretion, sodium filtration and potassium excretion were observed with each type of infusion.
3. The changes with each type of infusion were not significantly different however, even though plasma volume increased significantly following dextran saline infusion.
4. The natriuretic response of normal dogs to preferential plasma volume expansion appears to be commensurate with the saline load infused rather than the induced plasma volume increase.
Azotaemic Inhibition of Organic Anion Transport in the Kidney of the Rat: Mechanisms and Characteristics
Authors: Orringer E. P. , Weiss F. R. , Preuss H. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. While azotaemic sera depressed the in-vitro Na-iodohippurate transport of rat kidney slices at any concentration, normal sera excited transport at low concentrations and depressed transport at high concentrations. The depression of transport by azotaemic sera was partially overcome by neomycin feeding in contrast to the depression by normal sera, which was not altered by neomycin feeding.
2. Plotting the reciprocal of sodium-iodohippurate accumulated by slices against the reciprocal of the media concentrations of sodium iodohippurate suggested that the depression of hippurate transport produced by normal and azotaemic sera was competitive in nature.
3. Normal sera slowed the efflux of Na-iodohippurate from kidney slices while azotaemic sera affected it very little.
4. The depression produced by normal and azotaemic sera and the stimulation produced by low concentrations of normal sera were seen with serum ultrafiltrates and dialysates, and after passage through cation exchange columns, but not anion exchange columns.
5. The effects on Na-iodohippurate accumulation by normal and azotaemic sera could be reproduced with metabolizable (lactate), and nonmetabolizable (hippurate) organic anions as well as combinations of these.
6. The implications of these observations on the altered renal transport of Na-iodohippurate produced by azotaemic and normal sera are discussed.
Enzymes of Glycogen Metabolism in Human Skin with Particular Reference to Differential Diagnosis of the Glycogen Storage Diseases
Authors: Leathwood P. D. , Ryman Brenda E. 
Published: August 2015

1. A vacuum skin-blistering technique has been successfully applied and the human epidermal tissue so obtained has been examined for glycogen content and some of the enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism.
2. Normal values for glycogen phosphorylase, acid α-glucosidase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase (debranching enzyme) in epidermis are reported. Glucose 6-phosphatase activity was not detected.
3. Examination of two patients with Type II glycogen storage disease (Pompe's Disease—lack of lysosomal acid α-glucosidase) revealed an absence of the acid α-glucosidase in their skin.
4. The enzymic lesion in Type V glycogen storage disease (McArdle's Disease—lack of muscle phosphorylase) was not reflected in the epidermal tissue of a patient and a normal level of the enzyme was observed.
Chronic Hypertension Elicited by Infusion of Angiotensin into Vertebral Arteries of Unanaesthetized Dogs
Authors: Fukiyama K. , McCubbin J. W. , Page I. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Synthetic angiotensin II was infused chronically through catheters implanted into a vertebral artery and an external jugular vein of unanaesthetized dogs. Arterial pressure was recorded daily from an indwelling catheter in the abdominal aorta before, during and after the infusions.
2. Infusion of angiotensin 1 μg kg−1 day−1 into a vertebral artery caused mean arterial pressure to increase by an average of 12 mmHg in five dogs, and the rise was sustained throughout the infusion period of 7 days in all dogs.
3. When the infusion rate of angiotensin was increased to 10 μg kg−1 day−1, arterial pressure during vertebral artery infusion rose initially to a slightly greater extent but decreased at the end of the infusion, indicating tachyphylaxis.
4. During infusion of angiotensin into the vertebral circulation, arterial pressure rose rather than fell during sleep; awakening was accompanied by sharp fall in pressure.
5. It is concluded that there is an area in the central nervous system responsive to angiotensin that can cause a sustained rise in arterial pressure.
Calcium Oxalate Crystalluria and Urine Saturation in Recurrent Renal Stone-Formers
Authors: Robertson W. G. , Peacock M. , Nordin B. E. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. The degree of saturation with calcium oxalate has been determined in fresh urine samples from six patients with recurrent calcium oxalate-containing renal stones and six normal control subjects who were studied under the same conditions of diet and fluid intake.
2. The degree of saturation of urine with calcium oxalate was significantly higher in the group of stone-formers than in the control series and more often exceeded the amount needed for spontaneous crystallization of calcium oxalate (formation product). This was accounted for by the higher concentration of calcium and oxalate in the urine of the stone-formers.
3. Crystals of calcium oxalate were observed in all freshly examined urines in which the formation product of calcium oxalate was exceeded. Since the formation product of calcium oxalate was exceeded more often in the urines of stone-formers than in the urines of the control subjects, this accounted for the greater calcium oxalate crystalluria of the stone-formers.
4. Addition of a small quantity of sodium oxalate to the basal diets of the two groups resulted in a greater increase in the urine saturation and calcium oxalate crystalluria of the stone-formers, thus accentuating the difference observed between the two groups when they were given the basal diet.
5. Calcium oxalate crystalluria was related quantitatively to the degree of over-saturation of urine with calcium oxalate, although uric acid solubility may play a small role at low pH values.
6. The results are consistent with a ‘hyperexcretion—crystallization’ mechanism of stone formation.
Intestinal Absorption of Oligopeptides in Cystinuria
Authors: Asatoor A. M. , Crouchman M. R. , Harrison A. R. , Light F. W. , Loughridge L. W. , Milne M. D. , Richards A. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The intestinal transport of oligopeptides containing either lysine or arginine has been compared with that of the corresponding free amino acids in six homozygous cystinuric patients and in six normal adult subjects by use of the oral tolerance test technique.
2. No difference was found in the absorption of lysine from l-lysylglycine and an equivalent mixture of free lysine and glycine.
3. In comparisons of serum increments of lysine and arginine after oral casein and an equivalent free amino acid mixture there was no difference in the case of lysine but rise of serum arginine was higher in three cystinuric patients after the whole protein than after the amino acids.
4. Studies of urinary piperidine and pyrrolidine output in a single cystinuric patient supported the results of the tolerance tests.
5. Absorption rates of the dipeptides l-lysylglycine and l-arginyl-l-aspartate from an isolated loop of rat gut are compared with those of an equivalent free amino acid mixture. No difference was found for the former peptide, but in the latter absorption rates of arginine were higher after the amino acid mixture.
Cardiovascular Reflexes in Parkinsonism
Authors: Reid J. L. , Calne D. B. , George C. F. , Pallis C. , Vakil S. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Cardiovascular reflex activity has been studied in thirty Parkinsonian patients, none of who had received levodopa or sympatholytic drugs.
2. Changes in blood pressure and pulse rate in response to Valsalva's manoeuvre and head-up tilt were investigated by intra-arterial recording.
3. Cardiovascular reflex function deteriorated with advancing age, but there was no correlation with either the duration or the severity of the Parkinsonism.
4. These results are discussed in relation to previous reports of hypotension in Parkinsonism.
Magnesium Metabolism in Patients on Regular Dialysis Treatment
Authors: Schmidt P. , Kotzaurek R. , Zazgornik J. , Hysek Herta 
Published: August 2015

1. In eight patients being treated by chronic dialysis the relation of magnesium metabolism to the magnesium concentration of the dialysate was investigated. During four periods of 2–6 weeks the magnesium concentrations of the dialysis fluid were 0.44±0.15 mg/100 ml, 0.70±0.24 mg/100 ml, 1.83±0.18 mg/100 ml and 1.97±0.21 mg/100 ml.
2. During all periods the concentration of plasma magnesium and ultrafiltrable magnesium was above normal. The concentration of erythrocyte magnesium was below normal with the lowest concentration in the bath, while all other dialysate concentrations yielded readings above normal values.
3. During dialysis the concentration of plasma magnesium and ultrafiltrable magnesium dropped only during the periods with low concentrations of magnesium in the dialysate. During dialysis with the lowest concentration the values for erythrocyte magnesium showed a significant rise whereas with high concentrations the concentration fell significantly. The changes in erythrocyte magnesium proved to be independent of the calcium content of the dialysis fluid.
4. The maximum loss of magnesium to the bath solution amounted to 710 mg, with the magnesium content of the bath being only 0.27 mg/100 ml. The net transfer of magnesium to the blood of the patient amounted to 102 mg with a dialysate magnesium concentration of 1.86 mg/100 ml.
5. It is concluded that low dialysate magnesium concentrations result in erythrocyte magnesium deficiency whereas high concentrations cause magnesium overloading. A magnesium concentration of 0.7 mg/100 ml is suggested for the bath solution used in regular dialysis treatment.
Magnesium Depletion in the Rhesus Monkey: Induction of Magnesium-Dependent Hypocalcaemia
Authors: Dunn M. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Magnesium depletion was induced through dietary magnesium deprivation in intact, thyroidectomized and thyroparathyroidectomized (T-PTx) rhesus monkeys.
2. Serum Mg2+ fell to 33% (0.22±0.01 min) of control values and serum Ca2+ decreased to 79% (1.86±0.03 mM) of control values in Mg2+-depleted monkeys. Serum Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations were highly correlated (r = 0.65, P &lt; 0.001).
3. Thyroidectomy did not prevent the hypocalcaemia. T-PTx diminished but did not abolish the decrease in serum Ca2+ after Mg2+ depletion. Exogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) increased the serum Ca2+ during Mg2+ depletion to the same extent as during control periods.
4. Serum Mg2+ was unaffected by T-PTx during control as well as depletion periods. PTH did not substantially affect serum Mg2+ in intact or T-PTx monkeys during control or Mg2+-depletion studies.
5. It is concluded that Mg2+ depletion similarly affects monkeys and humans. PTH exerts little influence on magnesium homeostasis. A state of ‘PTH resistance’ could not be demonstrated.
Iron Metabolism in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure on Regular Dialysis Treatment
Authors: Lawson D. H. , Boddy K. , King P. C. , Linton A. L. , Will G. 
Published: August 2015

1. By using a whole-body monitoring technique iron metabolism has been investigated in patients suffering from chronic renal failure who required regular dialysis treatment.
2. Oral absorption of inorganic iron was low.
3. The incorporation of radioactive iron into erythrocytes was diminished.
4. The rate of loss of radioactive iron from the body was significantly greater than in normal control and non-dialysed patients with chronic renal failure.
5. Iron exchange between dialysate and patient was studied.
Patients with chronic renal failure are known to have a decreased rate of erythropoiesis and to develop abnormalities in iron metabolism (Kaye, 1958; Logue, Lange & Moore, 1958; Boddy, Lawson, Linton & Will, 1970). However, considerable controversy exists about the effect of haemodialysis on iron metabolism in such patients (Shaldon, 1966; Eschbach, Funk, Adamson, Kuhn, Scribner & Finch, 1967; Eschbach, Cook & Finch, 1970).
The use of a whole-body monitor permitted measurement in a single study of the oral absorption of a tracer dose of 59Fe, its incorporation into erythrocytes and the subsequent long-term rate of loss of 59Fe from the body. We have previously reported the results of an investigation of iron metabolism by using this method in patients with chronic renal failure (Boddy et al., 1970). We now report the results of a similar investigation of iron metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing regular haemodialysis therapy.
Substrate Utilization in Paretic Human Forearm Muscle during Electrically Induced Exercise
Authors: Hagenfeldt L. , Landin S. , Wahren J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Forearm muscle substrate utilization was studied during exercise induced by median nerve stimulation in five patients with paretic forearm muscles due to upper motor lesions and in five healthy control subjects.
2. The patients showed lower oxygen uptake during exercise, larger lactate production and higher blood lactate/pyruvate ratio in comparison with the control group. Free fatty acid uptake and release did not differ between the groups but the patients showed a markedly lower capacity to oxidize the free fatty acids taken up by the muscle.
3. The results are interpreted to indicate a more pronounced shift to the reduced state of the muscle-cell cytoplasmic redox systems in the patient group, possibly caused by a disturbance in muscle-cell oxygen utilization.
The Effect of Ammonium Salts on Cerebral and Hind-Limb Consumption of Oxygen and Glucose in the Ventilated Dog
Authors: James I. M. , Garassini M. , Larbi E. 
Published: August 2015

1. Ammonium acetate (13 mmol) was injected intravenously over 10 min into fourteen dogs. This consistently caused a transient depression in both cerebral and limb oxygen consumption.
2. An equivalent dose of ammonium chloride given to five dogs caused a similar decrease but ammonium hydroxide caused a slight increase.
3. The decreased cerebral oxygen consumption and blood flow caused by ammonium acetate infusion was abolished by simultaneous intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate (five dogs). Sodium chloride did not abolish it. Bicarbonate alone did not alter oxygen consumption or blood flow.
Assessment of Renal Function during Trimetaphan Infusion in Prognostic Evaluation of Surgical Management of Renovascular Hypertension
Authors: Fiorani P. , Faraglia V. , Benedetti-Valentini F. , Pistolese G. R. , Semprebene L. , Spartera C. , Citone G. , Salvo R. Di , Cinotti G. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Differential renal function tests and renography were carried out during infusions of trimetaphan camsylate (Arfonad, Roche) in twenty-three patients with renovascular hypertension resulting from unilateral obstructive disease of the main renal artery. Renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate, urinary volume and sodium excretion were measured. Peak-time and slope index were assessed on renograms. Ten patients underwent revascularization of the kidney; nephrectomy was done in thirteen.
2. Patients were divided into two groups according to the response of the contralateral kidney during trimetaphan infusion. Patients in whom vasodilatation occurred were cured both by revascularization and by nephrectomy, whereas no patient who failed to show vasodilatation was benefited by nephrectomy.
3. Renal plasma flow measured under basal conditions was not a reliable index of the anatomical condition of the contralateral kidney, whereas its modification during trimetaphan infusion provided an accurate means of predicting surgical results.
4. When renal plasma flow of the contralateral kidney decreases during trimetaphan infusion, revascularization is still advisable, but nephrectomy fails to correct hypertension.
The Response of Normal Subjects to the Short Ammonium Chloride Test: The Modifying Influence of Renal Ammonia Production
Authors: Tannen R. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. The response to the short ammonium chloride acidification procedure in seventeen normal young men was carefully defined by performing this test with rigid control.
2. Wide variation in the response was observed, emphasizing the difficulty of interpretation of small changes when using this procedure.
3. After ingestion of ammonium chloride, urine pH correlated positively with both net acid and ammonium excretion contrary to present concepts. It is suggested that the renal capacity to produce ammonia dictates the relation of urine pH to net acid and ammonium excretion, respectively.
The Effects of Oophorectomy and Long-Term Mestranol Therapy on the Serum Lipids of Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Aitken J. M. , Lorimer A. R. , Hart D. McKay , Lawrie T. D. V. , Smith D. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Serum lipid concentrations were measured in groups of women who had undergone oophorectomy and hysterectomy or hysterectomy alone. Measurements were repeated in some of the oophorectomized women after treatment for 1 year with either mestranol or a placebo.
2. A significant correlation was found between serum cholesterol concentrations and age in the women with intact ovaries. Although such a correlation was not apparent in the oophorectomized women, the younger women in this group had significantly higher cholesterol concentrations than the younger women with intact ovaries.
3. A significant correlation was found between serum triglyceride concentration and age in both groups of women, but the oophorectomized women showed a significantly slower rate of increase of triglyceride with age than women with intact ovaries.
4. Administration of 20–40 μg of mestranol daily for 1 year was associated with a significant fall in serum cholesterol and a significant rise in serum triglyceride.
The Association of a Humoral Sodium Transport Inhibitory Activity with Renal Escape from Chronic Mineralocorticoid Administration in the Dog
Authors: Buckalew V. M. , Lancaster C. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Previous studies in dogs given large intravenous saline infusions had shown the presence of an inhibitor of toad bladder sodium transport in jugular venous plasma. In the present study plasma of six dogs on a constant sodium intake was tested for this humoral sodium transport inhibitory (HSTI) activity before and during chronic administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA).
2. Renal escape from mineralocorticoid antinatriuresis occurred 2–7 days after beginning treatment with DOCA. No HSTI activity was present in plasma drawn at 9 a.m. during a control period before DOCA administration but it was found in every case on the morning of the day on which escape occurred. A positive correlation was shown between HSTI activity of 9 a.m. plasma and the rate of sodium excretion for the subsequent 24 h period (r = 0·66, P &lt; 0·002).
3. When DOCA administration was continued for several days after escape had occurred in three dogs, oscillations in HSTI activity correlated with oscillations in renal sodium excretion.
4. The degree of antinatriuresis on any given day correlated with the amount of HSTI activity the following morning (r = 0·61, P &lt; 0·0002). This finding suggests that extracellular fluid volume expansion resulting from DOCA-induced antinatriuresis leads to HSTI activity. These results fit the hypothesis that HSTI activity is a natriuretic hormone which plays a role in the mechanism of DOCA escape.
Intestinal Ammonia in Uraemia: The Effect of a Urease Inhibitor, Acetohydroxamic Acid
Authors: Swales J. D. , Tange J. D. , Evans D. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of intestinal ammonia in uraemia have been studied by administering a urease inhibitor, acetohydroxamic acid, to bilaterally nephrectomized rats.
2. Ammonia concentration was significantly decreased in the colon although it remained slightly higher than in normal animals. Caecal ammonia concentration was not altered. Total ammonia content was decreased in both colon and caecum.
3. A study in vitro indicated that ammonia production could be totally inhibited by acetohydroxamic acid. This suggests that the failure to suppress ammonia production in vivo is due to failure of the inhibitor to reach the site of urease production in sufficient concentration.
4. The animals treated with high doses of acetohydroxamic acid survived for a shorter time. Blood urea was higher and total serum protein lower in the treated group. The incidence of colitis was not affected.
Parathyroid-Hormone Concentrations in Nutritional Rickets
Authors: Joffe B. I. , Hackeng W. H. L. , Seftel H. C. , Hartdegen R. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Elevated concentrations of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (P.T.H.) were detected in the pre-treatment plasma samples of seven out of ten children with nutritional rickets. The three normal values occurred in an inactive case, an infant with associated kwashiorkor and a child with late onset juvenile rickets.
2. Five children, reinvestigated after 6 weeks of vitamin D treatment, showed highly significant falls in P.T.H. concentration, confirming the functional nature of the secondary hyperparathyroidism. The activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase was less consistently decreased after treatment in these cases.
3. Convincing radiological evidence of (secondary) hyperparathyroidism was not detected in the hand bones of any of the rachitic children.
4. The possible diagnostic value of plasma P.T.H. measurement in active rickets is indicated.