bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of the Violence Risk Screening‐10 instrument among clients discharged from a psychiatric hospital in Beijing
Authors: Yao Xiuyu , Li Zheng , Arthur David , Hu Lili , Cheng Gen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Violence Risk Screening‐10 is one of the few instruments available for evaluating violence risk in mental health clients during and after hospitalization. This prospective study examined the applicability of this brief instrument with a sample of 289 clients in the 6 months after discharge from a general psychiatric hospital in Beijing. During the research period, 24 of the 289 clients demonstrated aggression. The receiver–operator characteristic curve yielded an area under the curve of 0.62. At the cut‐off point of 4.5, its sensitivity/specificity was 79.2%/33.3%, and the corresponding positive/negative predictive value was 9.9%/94.5%. The predictive accuracy of this instrument was lower compared with the results of the original study, and was also less accurate than when it was administered while the clients were in the hospital. While promising in its utility for use beyond the hospital, it deserves further modification prior to its wide use across culturally‐diverse China.
Kings and Lords in Tenth‐Century Cornwall
Authors: Insley Charles 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe cementing of English political control overCornwall and the British of the south‐west in the tenth century falls between the creation of theAnglo‐Saxon kingdoms between the sixth and seventh centuries, and the burst ofEnglish expansionism at the expense of theWelsh,Scots andIrish that occupied the two centuries following theNormanConquest ofEngland. Consequently, the absorption ofCornwall into theEnglish state tends to be a rather neglected subject. This article provides some redress of this neglect and examines, through a consideration of not just the historical narratives but also charters and manumissions, the way in which the kings of theEnglish and their agents extended royal control overCornwall between the late ninth century and the mid‐eleventh. These processes, while makingCornwall part of the new kingdom of theEnglish, also allowed the maintenance of a highly distinctive local identity well into the later medieval period and beyond.
Regional Communities and Royal Authority in the Late Old English Kingdom: The Crisis of 1051–1052 Revisited
Authors: Williams Ann 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOne of the major obstacles to an understanding of the late Old English kingdom is that the bulk of the scanty sources which survive were produced by and for the royal court. It has been argued that reliance on such material has seduced scholars into overstating the practical application of royal aspirations, and giving too little attention to resistance on the part of those with their own interests. Such misgivings have led to attacks on the ‘maximist’ view of the Old English state (‘Campbell's kingdom’), arguing that what we are hearing is a royalist interpretation which conceals the existence of a divided and fragmented country. The sources are what they are, and conclusions based upon them can only be a matter of opinion, but an examination of the events of 1051–2, when the English kingdom underwent one of its most dangerous upheavals, may help to illuminate both those forces which divided it, and those which held it together.
Life Cycle Assessment Model for the Use of Alternative Resources in Ironmaking
Authors: Vadenbo Carl O. , Boesch Michael E. , Hellweg Stefanie 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe iron and steel industry represents an important case for industrial ecology due to its ability to accept waste‐derived inputs and due to the generation of useful by‐products. With the objective of supporting environmentally conscious decisions regarding resource use and waste management, a life cycle assessment (LCA) tool for ironmaking was developed. The tool combines mass flow‐based process models with an LCA database to assess the use of alternative resources in ironmaking, considering various process configurations. The article contains a description of the tool and a case study illustrating two areas of application. In the first part of the case study, an inventory analysis focused on the effects of feedstock recycling of waste plastics in ironmaking on heavy metal distribution is presented. It is demonstrated how uncertainties in input heavy metal concentrations and mass transfer can be incorporated into the model to predict the heavy metal loads in the process outputs. In the second part, the substitution of coke with a range of alternative reducing agents are assessed with regard to impact on climate change and fossil resource depletion. It was found that the use of sustainably sourced charcoal and waste‐derived reducing agents is beneficial both with respect to the impact on climate change and fossil resource depletion at the respective calculated coke replacement ratio, whereas the results for heavy oil, coke oven gas, and raw tar indicate that trade‐offs between impact categories occur. The results also highlight the importance of considering the avoided impacts of alternative treatments for waste‐derived resources.
Volunteer work in youth organizations: predicting distinct aspects of volunteering behavior from self‐ and other‐oriented motives
Authors: Cornelis Ilse , Van Hiel Alain , De Cremer David 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis study examined the impact of motivational underpinnings of volunteerism on self‐reported volunteer behaviors and satisfaction. Data from 153 volunteers in youth organizations supported a two‐dimensional structure of self‐ and other‐oriented motives. Self‐oriented motives were more important in explaining in‐role volunteer behavior, while other‐oriented concerns were also important in predicting extra‐role volunteer behavior and satisfaction. These findings are discussed in the context of a functional approach to volunteerism and linked to recent findings regarding the role of self‐ and other‐oriented motives from the organizational literature. Suggestions for recruiting and motivating young volunteers in youth development organizations are presented.
The Acquisition of Dialectal Phonemes in a Study Abroad Context: The Case of the Castilian Theta
Authors: Knouse Stephanie M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis exploratory study investigates the incorporation of dialectal variants in second language (L2) pronunciation and how the learning context intersects with this acquisition. Specifically, this research examines to what extent L2 learners of Spanish acquire the regional phoneme /θ/ from north‐central Spain in both study abroad (SA) and at‐home (AH) programs. Native versus nonnative L2 pronunciation over time in potential [θ] contexts is also considered. The findings suggest that students rarely produce [θ] after contact with native speakers in either learning context, yet the use of the phone is facilitated by a SA experience and conditioned by select linguistic and extralinguistic factors. Moreover, beginning and intermediate students appear to make greater gains in nativelike pronunciation as a result of the SA experience as compared to advanced students.
Second Language Learners' Use of Marginal Glosses
Authors: O'Donnell Mary E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe use of marginal reading glosses by 18 second language (L2) learners is examined through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of audiotaped think‐aloud protocols. How these readers interact with the glosses is identified and divided into five categories or gloss interactions. Examples from each are presented. The primary research question investigated is the following: In print medium, how do intermediate‐level readers of L2 Spanish interact with and apply marginal glosses? More specifically, as identified through think‐aloud oral expression, how is readers' comprehension positively or negatively influenced by marginal gloss use? Findings reveal that although the participants used the glosses to facilitate comprehension 54% of the time, unanticipated uses are also identifiable. Included are examples and suggestions for promoting reading comprehension through marginal gloss use.
Evidence and hypothesis in biogeography
Authors: Parenti Lynne R. , Ebach Malte C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEvidence can provide support for or against a particular biogeographical hypothesis. Treating a hypothesis as if it were evidence or an empirical observation confounds many biogeographical analyses. We focus on two recent publications that address, in part, the evolution of the biota of Sulawesi, the large Indonesian island in the centre of the Indo‐Australian Archipelago. Many biogeographical explanations are hampered by invoking simple notions of mechanism or process – dispersal and vicariance – or constraints, such as dispersal from a centre of origin, and, in so doing, dismiss more complex geological phenomena such as emergent volcanoes within island chains or composite areas as irrelevant. Moreover, they do not search for, therefore never discover, biogeographical patterns that may better explain the distribution of biota through time.
Process, correlation and parameter fitting in species distribution models: a response to Kriticos et al
Authors: Schymanski Stanislaus J. , Dormann Carsten F. , Cabral Juliano , Chuine Isabelle , Graham Catherine H. , Hartig Florian , Kearney Michael , Morin Xavier , Römermann Christine , Schröder Boris , Singer Alexander 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn a recent article (Dormann et al., 2012, Journal of Biogeography, 39, 2119–2131), we compared different approaches to species distribution modelling and depicted modelling approaches along an axis from purely ‘correlative’ to ‘forward process‐based’ models. In their correspondence, Kriticos et al. (2013, Journal of Biogeography, doi:10.1111/j.1365‐2699.2012.02791.x) challenge this view, claiming that our continuum representation neglects differences among models and does not consider the ability of fitted process‐based models to combine the advantages of both process‐based and correlative modelling approaches. Here we clarify that the continuum view resulted from recognition of the manifold differences between models. We also reinforce the point that the current trend towards combining different modelling approaches may lead not only to the desired combination of the advantages but also to the accumulation of the disadvantages of those approaches. This point has not been made sufficiently clear previously.
‘Next generation’ biogeography: towards understanding the drivers of species diversification and persistence
Authors: Lexer Christian , Mangili Sofia , Bossolini Eligio , Forest Felix , Stölting Kai N. , Pearman Peter B. , Zimmermann Niklaus E. , Salamin Nicolas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe drivers of species diversification and persistence are of great interest to current biogeography, especially in those global biodiversity ‘hotspots’ harbouring most of Earth's animal and plant life. Classical multispecies biogeographical work has yielded fascinating insights into broad‐scale patterns of diversification, and DNA‐based intraspecific phylogeographical studies have started to complement this picture at much finer temporal and spatial scales. The advent of novel next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technologies provides the opportunity to greatly scale up the numbers of individuals, populations and species sampled, potentially merging intraspecific and interspecific approaches to biogeographical inference. Here, we outline these prospects and issues by using the example of an undisputed hotspot, the Cape of southern Africa. We outline the current state of knowledge on the biogeography of species diversification within the Cape, review the literature for phylogeographical evidence of its likely drivers and mechanisms, and suggest possible ways forward based on NGS approaches. We demonstrate the potential of these methods and current bioinformatic issues with the help of restriction‐site‐associated DNA (RAD) sequencing data for three highly divergent species of the Restionaceae, an important plant radiation in the Cape. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms that facilitate species diversification and persistence in spatially structured, species‐rich environments will require the adoption of novel genomic and bioinformatic tools in biogeographical studies.
Taxes, Theft, and Firm Performance
Authors: MIRONOV MAXIM 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the interaction between income diversion and firm performance. Using unique Russian banking transaction data, I identify 42,483 spacemen, fly‐by‐night firms created specifically for income diversion. Next, I build a direct measure of income diversion for 45,429 companies and show that it is negatively related to firm performance. I identify the main reason for the observed effect as managerial diversion rather than tax evasion per se. I further show that stricter tax enforcement can improve firm performance: a one standard deviation increase in tax enforcement corresponds to an increase in the annual revenue growth rate of 2.6%.
The TIPS‐Treasury Bond Puzzle
Authors: FLECKENSTEIN MATTHIAS , LONGSTAFF FRANCIS A. , LUSTIG HANNO 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTWe show that the price of a Treasury bond and an inflation‐swapped Treasury Inflation‐Protected Securities (TIPS) issue exactly replicating the cash flows of the Treasury bond can differ by more than $20 per $100 notional. Treasury bonds are almost always overvalued relative to TIPS. Total TIPS‐Treasury mispricing has exceeded $56 billion, representing nearly 8% of the total amount of TIPS outstanding. We find direct evidence that the mispricing narrows as additional capital flows into the markets. This provides strong support for the slow‐moving‐capital explanation of arbitrage persistence.
Occurrence, diel patterns, and the influence of melatonin on the photosynthetic performance of cultured Symbiodinium
Authors: Roopin Modi , Yacobi Yosef Z. , Levy Oren 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDinoflagellata is the earliest phylum in which true circadian regulation of melatonin rhythms has been convincingly demonstrated. Here, diel profiling of melatonin in a cultured member of this phylum belonging to the genus Symbiodinium indicated that melatonin levels oscillate with significant nocturnal peaks. However, unlike in other previously studied dinoflagellate species, the diel rhythmicity of melatonin in Symbiodinium did not persist under constant dark conditions. Thus, the oscillating pattern of melatonin in Symbiodinium is presumed not to be driven by endogenous circadian control of melatonin production, but rather by changes in the daily photocycle, most likely through a mechanism involving the enhanced photo‐consumption of melatonin by free radicals. Although direct interactions of melatonin with detrimental radicals have been previously studied in several basal species, including dinoflagellates, none of these investigations addressed the effects that this molecule may have on photosynthesis, a major source of radical species in unicellular algae. In the present work, real‐time monitoring of oxygen evolution in Symbiodinium cultures indicated a significant decrease in photosynthesis rates upon treatment with various doses of melatonin. Analyses of chlorophyll a fluorescence and xanthophyll cycle activity confirmed this effect and further revealed that this slowdown may occur through an enhanced engagement of photoprotective mechanisms in melatonin‐treated cells. These findings are of great importance as they demonstrate that in certain photoautotroph species, the interactions of elevated melatonin levels with photosynthesis may extend beyond the general purpose of antioxidant protection.
Identification of suitable housekeeping genes for normalization of quantitative real‐time PCR data during different physiological stages of mammary gland in riverine buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Aggarwal J. , Sharma A. , Kishore A. , Mishra B. P. , Yadav A. , Mohanty A. , Sodhi M. , Kataria R. S. , Malakar D. , Mukesh M. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryGene expression analysis unravels the complex changes or relations at transcriptomic level. To nullify all type of errors that can be incorporated during any stage of RNA extraction into cDNA synthesis and for reliable results, the data obtained from qPCR have to be normalized using the appropriate/suitable housekeeping genes (HKGs). Unfortunately, till date, no such HKG has been reported for bubaline mammary gland. The objective of the present study was thus to identify and validate the potential HKGs for the gene expression studies in buffalo mammary gland. Mammary tissues from twelve buffaloes during different physiological stages: pre‐pubertal (heifer), lactation and involution were obtained for the present study. A total of 16 potential HKGs (GAPDH, β‐actin, UXT, β2M, A2M, RPl4, RPS9, RPS15A, RPS18, RPS23, HMBS, HPRT1, GTP, EEF1A1, UB1 and RPL22) from different functional classes were evaluated. The analysis revealed that the expression of EEF1A1, RPl4, β2M and RPS15A was most consistent across different physiological stages of buffalo mammary gland. On the other hand, β‐actin, A2M, RPL22 and GAPDH were the least stable genes making them unsuitable as HKGs. Based on our analysis, we recommend the use of EEF1A1, RPl4, β2M and RPS15A genes as suitable HKGs for accurate normalization of gene expression data in bubaline mammary gland.
Quantum requirements for growth and fatty acid biosynthesis in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae) in nitrogen replete and limited conditions
Authors: Frada Miguel J. , Burrows Elizabeth H. , Wyman Kevin D. , Falkowski Paul G. 
Published: January 2013

We determined the quantum requirements for growth (1/ϕμ) and fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis (1/ϕFA) in the marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, grown in nutrient replete conditions with nitrate or ammonium as nitrogen sources, and under nitrogen limitation, achieved by transferring cells into nitrogen free medium or by inhibiting nitrate assimilation with tungstate. A treatment in which tungstate was supplemented to cells grown with ammonium was also included. In nutrient replete conditions, cells grew exponentially and possessed virtually identical 1/ϕμ of 40–44 mol photons · mol C−1. In parallel, 1/ϕFA varied between 380 and 409 mol photons · mol C−1 in the presence of nitrate, but declined to 348 mol photons · mol C−1 with ammonium and to 250 mol photons · mol C−1 with ammonium plus tungstate, indicating an increase in the efficiency of FA biosynthesis relative to cells grown on nitrate of 8% and 35%, respectively. While the molecular mechanism for this effect remains poorly understood, the results unambiguously reveal that cells grown on ammonium are able to direct more reductant to lipids. This analysis suggests that when cells are grown with a reduced nitrogen source, fatty acid biosynthesis can effectively become a sink for excess absorbed light, compensating for the absence of energetically demanding nitrate assimilation reactions. Our data further suggest that optimal lipid production efficiency is achieved when cells are in exponential growth, when nitrate assimilation is inhibited, and ammonium is the sole nitrogen source.
Contrasting effects of productivity and disturbance on plant functional diversity at local and metacommunity scales
Authors: Laliberté Etienne , Norton David A. , Scott David 
Published: January 2013

AbstractQuestionsIs trait convergence more intense when soil resource availability and disturbance constrain productivity and limit above‐ground competition? Do the effects of productivity and disturbance on functional diversity differ between the local and metacommunity scales?LocationSemi‐arid grasslands in New Zealand (43°59′ S, 170°27′ E).MethodsWe measured trait convergence and divergence in grasslands along gradients of primary productivity and disturbance at local (i.e. 1 m × 1 m) and metacommunity (8 m × 50 m) scales, using long‐term (27‐yr) manipulations of soil resource availability and grazing intensity. We compared trait dispersion metrics to those expected under different null models.ResultsAt the metacommunity scale, we found stronger trait convergence with increasing productivity and grazing intensity, where all short, slow‐growing species were excluded from the potential species pool. However, once this broad‐scale filter on species pool was taken into account, we found that at the local scale, abundance‐weighted functional dispersion of co‐occurring species was stronger than expected under our null model, thereby suggesting limiting similarity. Moreover, trait divergence became stronger at higher productivity and lower grazing intensity, where size‐asymmetric competition for light is likely to have been more intense.ConclusionsAt the metacommunity scale, environmental filtering led to species with particular traits being excluded from the species pool. In contrast, at the local community scale where individuals interact, there was evidence of limiting similarity. Our results suggest that environmental filtering and limiting similarity are not mutually exclusive and jointly determine community structure, but can operate at different spatial scales.
Noninvasive fibrosis indices predict intrahepatic distant recurrence of hepatitis B‐related hepatocellular carcinoma following radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Seo Ji Yeon , Kim Won , Kwon Jee Hye , Jin Eun Hyo , Yu Su Jong , Kim Hwi Young , Jung Yong Jin , Kim Donghee , Kim Yoon Jun , Yoon Jung‐Hwan , Lee Hyo‐Suk 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgrounds & aimsIntrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) occurs as a result of direct dissemination or de novo oncogenesis. Hepatocellular carcinogenesis is related to the progression of cirrhosis, and noninvasive fibrosis scoring systems reflect the severity of hepatic fibrosis. Hence, the aim of this study was to elucidate the correlation between noninvasive fibrosis indices and intrahepatic distant recurrence (IDR) of HCC after RFA.MethodsPatients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related, solitary HCC undergoing RFA were prospectively enrolled. Noninvasive serum fibrosis indices were calculated at the time of RFA. IDR was defined as recurrent HCC beyond >2 cm from the ablation margin of RFA. Predictors of IDR and overall survival were analysed by a Cox regression model.ResultsTwo hundred forty‐six patients received RFA as initial treatment, and the median follow‐up duration was 19.7 months (IQR, 11.9–29.8). Among these cases, 133 (45.9%) showed IDR after RFA. In multivariable analysis, serum alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) (HR, 1.000; 95% CI, 1.000–1.001; P = 0.001) and age‐platelet index (API) (1.19; 1.01–1.39; P = 0.033) were independent predictors of IDR. In particular, patients with API ≤7 showed a significantly higher recurrence‐free survival rate than patients with API >7 (P = 0.004). With regard to overall survival, male sex (4.69; 1.52–14.52; P = 0.007), serum bilirubin (2.78; 1.31–5.90; P = 0.008) and AFP (1.000; 1.000–1.001; P = 0.006) were significantly correlated with shortened survival.ConclusionHigh levels of AFP and API predict IDR of HBV‐related HCC after RFA. Therefore, noninvasive fibrosis indices could play an important role in predicting IDR of HCC following percutaneous ablation.