bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Airborne Study of an Atmospheric River over the Subtropical Pacific during WISPAR: Dropsonde Budget-Box Diagnostics and Precipitation Impacts in Hawaii
Authors: Neiman Paul J. , Wick Gary A. , Moore Benjamin J. , Ralph F. Martin , Spackman J. Ryan , Ward Bill 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe Winter Storms and Pacific Atmospheric Rivers (WISPAR) experiment was carried out in January–March 2011 from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Dryden Flight Research Center as a demonstration for utilizing unmanned aerial systems in meteorological research and operations over data-sparse oceans. One of the campaign’s three missions was coordinated with a manned National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Gulfstream-IV (G-IV) flight out of Honolulu, Hawaii, on 3–4 March 2011. The G-IV, which flew through a developing atmospheric river (AR) west of Hawaii, represents the cornerstone observing platform for this study and provided the southernmost dropsonde observations of an AR published to date in the subtropical Northern Hemisphere. The AR exhibited characteristics comparable to those observed in previous studies farther north in the subtropics and midlatitudes, save for larger integrated water vapor and weaker winds in the AR core and stronger equatorward vapor fluxes in the shallow post-cold-frontal northeasterly flow. Eight dropsondes released in a ~200-km-wide box formation provided a novel kinematic assessment of tropospheric vorticity, divergence (mass, water vapor, sensible heat), and vertical velocity in the AR region, as well as sea surface fluxes. The budget-box diagnostics were physically consistent with global-gridded reanalysis datasets, while also providing useful additional kinematic and thermodynamic information on the mesoscale. Meteorological impacts of the AR were assessed on Hawaii’s island of Kauai, where the state’s heaviest rainfall was observed for this case. Rainfall on Kauai was modulated significantly by its steep orography, including on the normally dry side of the island where heavy rains fell.
Consensus Statement on Round Window Vibroplasty
Authors: Beltrame Achille M. , Todt Ingo , Sprinzl Georg , Profant Milan , Schwab Burkhard 
Published: May 2014

Objective: This study aimed to review current knowledge regarding implantation of the Vibrant Soundbridge floating mass transducer (FMT) at the round window (round window vibroplasty) as well as to form a consensus on steps for a reliable, stable surgical procedure. Data Sources: Review of the literature and experimental observations by the authors. Conclusion: Round window (RW) vibroplasty has been established as a reliable procedure that produces good and stable results for patients with conductive or mixed hearing loss. The experience gained over the past few years of the authors’ more than 200 implantations has led to consensus on several key points: (1) a wide and bloodless access to the middle ear with facial nerve monitoring, (2) the careful and correct identification and exposure of the round window membrane, (3) a good setup for efficient energy transition of the FMT, namely, perpendicular placement of the FMT with no contact to bone and the placement of cartilage behind the FMT to create a preloaded “spring” function, and (4) 4 points of FMT fixation: a rim of the round window bony overhang left intact both anterior and posterior to the FMT, conductor link stabilization, and cartilage behind the FMT. In addition, the FMT should be covered with soft tissue.
In Search of Alternatives
Authors: Wald Navé 
Published: May 2014

Social mobilization in Latin America today is often characterized by the adoption of discourses and praxes of radical democracy by social movements. Principles of wider participation in decision making are central to the collective communal economic ventures for capitalizing on peasant production of raw materials of the Movimiento Campesino de Santiago del Estero–Vía Campesina, a peasant organization that is fighting for secure land tenure and higher standards of living in one of Argentina’s least urbanized and poorest provinces. Although at present the economic impact of these activities is not particularly notable, their importance lies in their contribution to the development of economic, social, and political consciousness among the members of the organization. La movilización social en América Latina hoy en día se caracteriza frecuentemente por la adopción por parte de los movimientos sociales de los discursos y praxis asociados con la democracia radical. Principios de una mayor participación en la toma de decisiones son fundamentales para los colectivos comunales de empresas económicas para la capitalización de la producción campesina de las materias primas del Movimiento Campesino de Santiago del Estero–Via Campesina, una organización campesina que lucha por la tenencia segura de la tierra y mejores niveles de vida en una de las provincias menos urbanizadas y más pobres de la Argentina. Aunque en la actualidad el impacto económico de estas actividades no es particularmente notable, su importancia radica en su contribución al desarrollo de la conciencia económica, social y política entre los miembros de la organización.
Convergence in Emerging Markets: The Case of Abuse of Dominant Position in Competition Policy
Authors: Singh Poonam 
Published: May 2014

The literature on competition policy in emerging markets is divided into two conflicting schools of thought. One school argues in favour of convergence with the efficiency-based policy, framework in advanced countries. The other school advocates a broad competition policy specific to the requirements of the emerging markets, based on both economic and non-economic goals. Taking the case of India, an emerging market economy, with special focus on abuse of dominant position, this paper shows that there is a tendency towards convergence to the efficiency-based approach of advanced countries with some weightage given to domestic goals. This could be attributed to emerging market’s increased requirement of the efficiency-based analysis and growing interdependence on other economies in the post-liberalization period, on one hand, and lack of expertise in the emerging markets to develop indigenous competition law, on the other. Moreover, owing to more similarity in economic, regulatory and institutional conditions, there is convergence with the competition policy in the European Union rather than that in the United States. The article also shows that the specific convergence approach adopted by emerging markets may not always be in their domestic interest. JEL: K21, L41, O1
Comparison of Early and Delayed Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Treating Closed Tibial Pilon Fractures
Authors: Tang Xin , Liu Lei , Tu Chong-qi , Li Jian , Li Qi , Pei Fu-xing 
Published: May 2014

Background: The timing of surgery for osteosynthesis of type C pilon (AO/OTA) fractures remains controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the outcome of early and delayed open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for treating closed type C pilon fractures. Methods: Forty-six patients with closed type C pilon fractures matched according to age, gender, soft tissue conditions, and fracture pattern were divided into group A (early group: underwent surgery within 36 hours of the injury) or group B (delayed group: underwent surgery 10 days to 3 weeks postinjury after the soft tissue swelling subsided). In the delayed group, 9 patients were treated first by temporary external fixation. All the closed fractures were managed by ORIF with locking plates. At follow-up, the clinical and radiographic results were retrospectively analyzed. The mean follow-up time was 25.8 months (range, 14 to 48 months) in group A and 26.0 months (range, 15 to 44 months) in group B. Results: There was no significant difference ( P > .05) between the 2 groups regarding the rate of soft tissue complication, the rate of fracture union, and the final functional score. The patients in group A had a significantly shorter mean time to fracture union (21.5 ± 4.0 weeks vs 23.3 ± 3.7 weeks, P < .05), operating time (84.3 ± 12.1 months vs 100.6 ± 13.7 months, P < .01), and hospital stay (7.6 ± 2.6 days vs 15.2 ± 4.2 days, P < .01). Conclusion: If soft tissue conditions are acceptable, early ORIF for treating closed type C pilon fractures can be safe and effective, with similar rates of wound complication, fracture union, and final good functional recovery but shorter operative time, union time, and hospital stay. These results favorably compare with delayed ORIF treatment. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study.
New data identify an increasing sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Sweden
Authors: Westerlind Helga , Boström Inger , Stawiarz Leszek , Landtblom Anne-Marie , Almqvist Catarina , Hillert Jan 
Published: May 2014

Background: An increasing women-to-men ratio in later birth cohorts of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been observed in several populations and has been hypothesised to be due to one or several environmental factors of importance for disease aetiology. However, in a study based on data from the Swedish MS registry (SMSreg) this ratio was recently reported to be rather stable during the 20th century. Objective: The purpose of this study was to reinvestigate the women-to-men ratio in Sweden based on data from all available data sources, including deceased patients. Method: We combined data from the SMSreg with data from national patient registers. Results: In total we obtained information on 19,510 MS patients born 1931–1985, 13,321 women and 6189 men. The women-to-men ratio increased from 1.70 for patients born in the 1930s to 2.67 for patients born in the 1980s. When comparing the coverage of SMSreg to the full data set, a significantly higher proportion of women born 1931–1935 compared to men born in the same period were found in SMSreg, resulting in a sampling bias hiding the increasing sex ratio in the full material. Conclusion: The women-to-men ratio in MS has increased in Sweden during the 20th century similarly to observations in other western countries.
Characterizing cognitive function during relapse in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Benedict Ralph HB , Morrow Sarah , Rodgers Jonathan , Hojnacki David , Bucello Margaret A , Zivadinov Robert , Weinstock-Guttman Bianca 
Published: May 2014

Objective: To characterize neuropsychological (NP) test performance during multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse and recovery. Methods: Clinical status was assessed with NP testing and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) in 24 relapsing patients, and 24 individually-matched, stable controls. All presented with cognitive symptoms as indicated by patient, clinician or caregiver perceived decline, but were free of optic neuritis, ataxia and upper extremity weakness that could compromise NP testing. The presence of enhancing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions was considered confirmatory of relapse. Relapsing patients were treated with corticosteroids. NP testing and EDSS were compared to pre-relapse baseline levels, and three-month, post-relapse, follow-up. Results: Analyses revealed significant decline on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) ( p=0.005) and worsening on EDSS ( p=0.019). Impairment was observed at the point of relapse in cases but not controls. The groups were no longer different at three-month follow-up. The increment of decline on SDMT was 3.5 raw score points, or roughly 6%. Conclusions: This is the first study to assess NP status changes during MS relapse using well established, reliable metrics. The presence of a clinically meaningful event is substantiated by decline in NP testing, observed or reported cognitive change, and in a subset of patients, gadolinium-enhancing MRI lesions.
Deficiency of CD8+ effector memory T cells is an early and persistent feature of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Pender Michael P , Csurhes Peter A , Pfluger Casey MM , Burrows Scott R 
Published: May 2014

Background: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have a deficiency of circulating CD8+ T cells, which might impair control of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and predispose to MS by allowing EBV-infected autoreactive B cells to accumulate in the central nervous system. Based on the expression of CD45RA and CD62L, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells can be subdivided into four subsets with distinct homing and functional properties, namely: naïve, central memory, effector memory (EM) and effector memory re-expressing CD45RA (EMRA) cells. Objective: Our aim was to determine which memory subsets are involved in the CD8+ T cell deficiency and how these relate to clinical course. Methods: We used flow cytometry to analyze the memory phenotypes of T cells in the blood of 118 MS patients and 112 healthy subjects. Results: MS patients had a decreased frequency of EM (CD45RA–CD62L–) and EMRA (CD45RA+CD62L–) CD8+ T cells, which was present at the onset of disease and persisted throughout the clinical course. The frequencies of CD4+ EM and EMRA T cells were normal. Conclusion: Deficiency of effector memory CD8+ T cells is an early and persistent feature of MS and might underlie the impaired CD8+ T cell control of EBV.
Foundations and Principles of the Canadian Living Donor Paired Exchange Program
Authors: Malik Shafi , Cole Edward 
Published: May 2014

Purpose of review: Kidney paired donation (KPD) remains an important strategy to facilitate transplantation in patients who have a healthy and willing donor, but are unable to proceed with directed donation due to either ABO incompatibility or a positive cross-match against their intended donor. Sources of information: Personal knowledge, The Canadian Blood Services Database for Living Donor Exchange, published reports and personal communications. Findings: The national Living Donor Paired Exchange Programme (LDPE) in Canada was established in 2009. 235 transplants were completed of which 190 were registered recipients and 45 were from the deceased donor (DD) wait list. At 1 year, patient survival was 100%, graft survival 98%, with a biopsy proven acute rejection rate of 8%. The mean serum creatinine (Cr) at the end of one year was 109 mmol/l. Donor survival is 100%. Key to success are national standards for antibody testing and cross-matching, and for evaluating donors and recipients, as well infrastructure (software and personnel) to run the program. The structure of the Canadian program is compared with that of other programs in the United Kingdom, Australia, the Netherlands, and the United States. Limitations: This review does not include information on travel distances and difficulties, or patient satisfaction. Implications: National collaboration and acceptance of common standards is possible and leads to substantial benefits, especially for those patients who are hardest to match. What was known before: Kidney paired donation is considered ethically acceptable. National and regional programs have been created in a number of countries. What this paper adds: Key to the success of the Canadian national program are acceptance of standardized procedures and national and provincial support and oversight.
Multivariate statistical models of metabolomic data reveals different metabolite distribution patterns in isonitrosoacetophenone-elicited Nicotiana tabacum and Sorghum bicolor cells
Authors: Madala Ntakadzeni E , Piater Lizelle A , Steenkamp Paul A , Dubery Ian A 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Isonitrosoacetophenone (INAP, 2-keto-2-phenyl-acetaldoxime) is a novel inducer of plant defense. Oxime functional groups are rare in natural products, but can serve as substrates depending on existing secondary pathways. Changes in the metabolomes of sorghum and tobacco cells treated with INAP were investigated and chemometric tools and multivariate statistical analysis were used to investigate the changes in metabolite distribution patterns resulting from INAP elicitation. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) supplied unique chemical fingerprints that were generated in response to specific metabolomic events. Principal component analysis (PCA) together with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and Metabolic Trees were used for data visualization. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and shared and unique structure (SUS) plots were exploited in parallel to reveal the changes in the metabolomes. PCA indicated that the cells responded differentially to INAP through changes in the metabolite profiles. Furthermore, HCA and Metabolic Trees showed that INAP induced metabolic perturbations in both cell lines and that homeostasis was re-established over time. OPLS-DA-based shared and unique structure (SUS) plots confirmed the results and revealed differences in the metabolites distribution patterns between tobacco and sorghum cells. Chemometric analyses of metabolomic data offers insight into changes in metabolism in response to chemical elicitation. Although similar, the response in sorghum cells was found to be more consistent and well-coordinated when compared to tobacco cells, indicative of the differences in secondary metabolism between cyanogenic and non-cyanogenic plants for oxime metabolism.
Breast cancer intra-tumor heterogeneity
Authors: Martelotto Luciano G , Ng Charlotte KY , Piscuoglio Salvatore , Weigelt Britta , Reis-Filho Jorge S 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn recent years it has become clear that cancer cells within a single tumor can display striking morphological, genetic and behavioral variability. Burgeoning genetic, epigenetic and phenomenological data support the existence of intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity in breast cancers; however, its basis is yet to be fully defined. Two of the most widely evoked concepts to explain the origin of heterogeneity within tumors are the cancer stem cell hypothesis and the clonal evolution model. Although the cancer stem cell model appeared to provide an explanation for the variability among the neoplastic cells within a given cancer, advances in massively parallel sequencing have provided several lines of evidence to suggest that intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity likely plays a fundamental role in the phenotypic heterogeneity observed in cancers. Many challenges remain, however, in the interpretation of the next generation sequencing results obtained so far. Here we review the models that explain tumor heterogeneity, the causes of intra-tumor genetic diversity and their impact on our understanding and management of breast cancer, methods to study intra-tumor heterogeneity and the assessment of intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity in the clinic.
Efficacy and adverse events of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis
Authors: Huang Chun-Ta , Lin Hsien-Ho , Ruan Sheng-Yuan , Lee Meng-Sui , Tsai Yi-Ju , Yu Chong-Jen 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Theoretically, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) achieves all goals of a lung-protective ventilatory mode and seems ideal for the treatment of adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, its effects on mortality and adverse clinical outcomes remain uncertain given the paucity of high-quality studies in this area. This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy and adverse events of HFOV in adults with ARDS.

Methods
We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through February 2014 to retrieve randomized controlled trials of HFOV in adult ARDS patients. Two independent reviewers extracted data on study methods, clinical and physiological outcomes and adverse events. The primary outcome was 30-day or hospital mortality. Risk of bias was evaluated with the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool. Mortality, oxygenation and adverse effects of HFOV were compared to those of conventional mechanical ventilation. A random-effects model was applied for meta-analysis.

Results
A total of five trials randomly assigning 1,580 patients met inclusion criteria. Pooled data showed that HFOV significantly improved oxygenation on day one of therapy (four studies; 24% higher; 95% confidence interval (CI) 11 to 40%; P <0.01). However, HFOV did not reduce mortality risk (five studies; risk ratio (RR) 1.04; 95% CI 0.83 to 1.31; P = 0.71) and two early terminated studies suggested a harmful effect of HFOV in ARDS (two studies; RR 1.33; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.62; P <0.01). Safety profiles showed that HFOV was associated with a trend toward increased risk of barotrauma (five studies; RR 1.19; 95% CI 0.83 to 1.72; P = 0.34) and unfavorable hemodynamics (five studies; RR 1.16; 95% CI 0.97 to 1.39; P = 0.12).

Conclusions
HFOV improved oxygenation in adult patients with ARDS; however, it did not confer a survival benefit and might cause harm in the era of lung-protective ventilation strategy. The evidence suggests that HFOV should not be a routine practice in ARDS and further studies specifically selecting patients for this ventilator mode should be pursued.
CSEM-driven exploration over the Nordland Ridge
Authors: Stefatos Aristofanis , Vereshagin Alexander , Hesthammer Jonny , Kalstø Trond Kristian , Sperrevik Susanne , Robson Adrian 
Published: May 2014

Exploration efforts in the Nordland Ridge over the past two decades have resulted in the Norne, Urd, Alve, Falk, and Linerle discoveries. Besides these discoveries, several wells have failed expectations. Exploration efforts in this area are challenging because of the large variation in the rock properties of potential Triassic to early Jurassic traps that could be filled with viscous (heavy) oil. Application of controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) technology to derive the electrical resistivity distribution of the subsurface was thought by some oil companies to be the key that could unlock the exploration potential in the area. However, two dry wells in 2006 (6608/11-5 “Valkyrie”) and 2011 (6608/11-7s “Phoenix”) drew negative attention to CSEM within the exploration community because CSEM data were available in both cases prior to drilling. The wells targeted Jurassic Åre sands very close to the existing Linerle discovery with heavy oil in reservoir-quality Åre sandstones. The first well encountered less than 5 m of hydrocarbon traces in the Åre sands, while the second well was dry with a poorer-than-expected reservoir at target depth. This work examines the quality and reliability of the most recently acquired 3D CSEM survey. Previous interpretations are discussed in light of the 3D data and the latest drilling results. The CSEM-derived distribution of resistivity in the subsurface is in good agreement with all well log data proving that CSEM provides reliable information that can be used for interpretation and decision making. A strong and localized resistivity anomaly remains untested, although the last two wells drilled very close to it. Two interpretations were evaluated to explain the measured resistivity. The first inferred the presence of a localized sabkha evaporite in the late Carnian, while the second suggested the presence of a hydrocarbon-filled reservoir in erosional products near the base Cretaceous unconformity.