bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical properties of aerosols and meteorological factors in Southwest China
Authors: Kang Ping , Feng Nan , Wang Zuwu , Guo Yangjie , Wang Zhen , Chen Yarong , Zhan Jingwen , Zhan F. Benjamin , Hong Song 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe spatial and temporal variations of aerosols and their relationships with meteorological conditions in Southwest China were studied to understand the aerosol‐meteorology interactions. The spatial distribution of aerosols shows a strong “basin” effect with the highest values of Aerosol Optical Thickness at 0.55 µm (AOT, also denoted τ0.55) (>0.70), fine‐mode AOT (τ0.55‐fine) (0.40 ~ 0.67), and coarse‐mode AOT (τ0.55‐coarse) (0.40 ~ 0.54), all observed in the Sichuan Basin. The temporal variation of seasonal mean τ0.55 shows dissimilar cyclic variations, which is due to the contrary annual cycle trends of seasonal mean τ0.55‐coarse (first decrease and then increase) and τ0.55‐fine (first increase and then decrease). Both the results obtained from self‐organizing map (SOM) model and principal component analysis (PCA) could imply the reasons for different features of the spatial and temporal variations of τ0.55, τ0.55‐fine, and τ0.55‐coarse, and also confirm that their distributions are influenced by complex interactions among different meteorological factors. The seasonal mean τ0.55 during the selected period is positively correlated with air pressure (PRS) and relative humidity (RHU) but negatively correlated with sunshine duration (SSD). The seasonal mean τ0.55‐fine is positively correlated with PRS, RHU, average temperature (TEM), and precipitation (PRE). However, the seasonal mean τ0.55‐coarse is only negatively correlated with PRE and evaporation (EVP). In particular, the τ0.55‐fine increases (decreases) and τ0.55‐coarse decreases (increases) with increasing (decreasing) TEM and PRE. This discrepant trend of τ0.55‐fine and τ0.55‐coarse might account for the weak relationships between τ0.55 and these two meteorological factors.
Interactions Between Patients, Providers, and Health Systems and Technical Quality of Care
Authors: Yelin Edward , Yazdany Jinoos , Tonner Chris , Trupin Laura , Criswell Lindsey A. , Katz Patricia , Schmajuk Gabriela 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivePrior studies have established disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) in the kind, quantity, and technical quality of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) care and outcomes. In this study we evaluate whether disparities exist in assessments of interactions with health care providers and health plans and whether such interactions affect the technical quality of SLE care.MethodsData derive from the Lupus Outcomes Study (LOS). Principal data collection is an annual structured phone interview including items from the Consumer Assessment of Health Plans and Interpersonal Processes of Care Scale measuring dimensions of health care interactions. We use general estimating equations to assess whether disparities exist by race/ethnicity and SES in being in the lowest quartile of ratings of such interactions and whether ratings in the lowest quartile of interactions are associated with technical quality of care after adjustment for sociodemographic and disease characteristics.ResultsIn the 2012 LOS interview, there were 793 respondents, of whom 640 had ≥1 visit to their principal SLE provider. Nonwhite race/ethnicity and education were not associated with low ratings on any dimension of provider or system interaction; poverty was associated only with low ratings of health plan interactions. After adjustment for demographics, SLE status, and health care variables, ratings in the lowest quartile on all dimensions were associated with significantly lower technical quality of care.ConclusionRatings in the lowest quartile on all dimensions of interactions with providers and the health care system were associated with lower technical quality of care, potentially resulting in poorer SLE outcomes.
The Effects of Thermomechanical Cycles on the Properties of PLA/TPS Blends
Authors: Sirin Humeyra , Tuna Basak , Ozkoc Guralp 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, it is aimed to investigate the physical properties of poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic starch (PLA/TPS) blends as a function of number of recycling (NOR) for different blend compositions. The flexural and impact properties, dynamic mechanical behavior, thermal transitions, thermal stability, phase, and fracture morphology are presented. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the thermal stability of blends diminished by the increasing amount of TPS. It is revealed from differential scanning calorimetry results that the glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) are negatively affected by the NOR. Flexural and impact tests show that the mechanical properties are deteriorated by NOR. The TPS phase size becomes coarser with NOR as observed from scanning electron microscopy. It is concluded that the properties of PLA/TPS blends are very sensitive to NOR and the PLA/TPS concentration as well.
Enteric Theophylline Delivery by a New Type of Polymer‐Grafted Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Ahmad Panahi Homayon , Reza Soltani Elham , Moniri Elham 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTMagnetite nanoparticles was synthesized and then grafted with polymer containing iminodiacetic acid for an interaction of theophylline. The resulted grafted magnetic nanosorbent was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of sorption parameters such as sample pH, temperature, and contact time on sorption of theophylline were considered. The sorption capacity of functionalized sorbent was 27 mg g−1. The profile of the theophylline uptake by the magnetic nanosorbent reflects good accessibility of the active sites in the grafted polymer. The equilibrium adsorption data of theophylline on grafted magnetic nanosorbent was analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Redlich–Peterson. Nearly 75% of theophylline was released in simulated gastric fluid pH 1.2 in 110 min and 88% in simulated intestinal fluid pH 7.4 in 30 h. These results have shown the utility of the theophylline loaded‐grafted magnetite nanoparticles for enteric drug delivery.
Differences in perspective on prognosis and treatment of children with trisomy 18
Authors: Hurley Edward H. , Krishnan Sankaran , Parton Lance A. , Dozor Allen J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTDifferences in perspective between physicians caring for children with trisomy 18 may be confusing and stressful for parents. The hypothesis of this study was that neonatologists and pediatric pulmonologists differ in their opinions regarding long‐term prognosis and recommended interventions. Neonatologists and pediatric pulmonologists in New York State were surveyed. Respondents were asked to report their personal experience caring for affected children, opinions on prognosis, major influences on their opinions, and their likelihood of recommending specific medical or surgical interventions for two clinical vignettes. A total of 393 surveys were mailed, 327 to neonatologists and 66 to pediatric pulmonologists. Sixty‐six (20%) neonatologists and 21 (32%) pediatric pulmonologists completed the survey. Neonatologists had cared for more patients with trisomy 18. Twenty‐nine percent of pediatric pulmonologists had never cared for a patient with trisomy 18 compared to 2% of neonatologists, P < 0.001. Pediatric pulmonologists were more likely to recommend almost all interventions including antibiotics for pneumonia, mechanical ventilation, cardiac and orthopedic surgery, and “full code resuscitation.” Neonatologists were more likely to recommend comfort care only or palliative care. Fifty‐four percent of neonatologists and 5% of pediatric pulmonologists thought patients with trisomy 18 without significant congenital heart disease would die before age one despite aggressive medical care, P < 0.001. The major influences impacting these recommendations also varied. Pediatric pulmonologists are more optimistic about the prognosis for children than neonatologists and more likely to recommend medical and surgical interventions. Experience with the condition and perception of survivability may contribute to these differences in approach. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epigenetic plasticity following early stress predicts long‐term health outcomes in rhesus macaques
Authors: Kinnally E. L. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTEarly life stress has been linked with poorer lifelong health outcomes across species, including modern and ancient humans. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation patterning of stress pathway genes in stress‐responsive tissue, may play an important role in the long‐term health effects of early stress across species. The relationships among early maternal care quality, DNA methylation patterns in a candidate stress pathway gene (serotonin transporter, 5‐HTT) linked region in blood DNA, and adult health outcomes were examined in male and female rhesus macaques, excellent models of human health. Male (n = 12) and female (n = 32) infants were observed with their mothers for the first 12 weeks of life and 5‐HTT linked DNA methylation was measured in blood at 12 weeks of age. Approximately 8 years later, health‐related measures were collected for the 25 animals (6 male and 19 female) that were available for study. Health composite scores were generated using factor analysis of body condition, body weight, and diagnosis of diarrhea during the lifespan. Better quality maternal care predicted lower 5‐HTT linked methylation at 12 weeks of age. Lower 5‐HTT methylation, in turn, predicted better health composite scores in adulthood, including better body condition, greater body weight and absence of lifetime diarrhea. These data suggest that the epigenetic regulation of 5‐HTT may be one biomarker of the link between early stress and lifetime health trajectories. Future studies will examine whether epigenetic signatures in modern and ancient human DNA lends insight into stress and health and natural selection in human evolutionary history. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:192–199, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of a derived dental trait in the papionini relative to other old world monkeys
Authors: Monson Tesla A. , Hlusko Leslea J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTVariation in the shape of teeth provides an immense amount of information about the evolutionary history and adaptive strategy of a mammalian lineage. Here, we explore variation in the expression of a purported molar lingual remnant (the interconulus) across the Old World Monkeys (Primates: Cercopithecidae) with the aim of elucidating a component of the adaptive radiation of this family. This radiation is characterized by a wide geographic range (Asia and Africa) as well as diverse dietary niches. While all of the cercopithecids are distinguished by their derived bilophodont molars, the colobines have evolved taller and more pointed cusps compared with the cercopithecines. We investigate whether the interconulus also correlates with phylogenetic affinity and/or dietary adaptation. We assess the frequency and range of interconulus expression in 522 specimens representing seven species of Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis, n = 78; Macaca fascicularis, n = 85; Macaca mulatta, n = 70; Papio hamadryas, n = 55; Colobus guereza, n = 76; Presbytis melalophos, n = 82; Presbytis rubicunda, n = 76). Results show that the interconulus has a significantly higher frequency and degree of expression in Tribe Papionini and exhibits ordered metameric variation with greatest expression in the third molars. Given the rarity of the interconulus in other closely related taxa, and its morphological distinction from the purportedly homologous features in other primates, we interpret the high degree of expression of the interconulus to be a trait derived in papionins that originated in the Miocene baboon/macaque ancestor. Am J Phys Anthropol, 155:422–429, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of an Autoimmune Syndrome Affecting the Skin and Internal Organs in P‐Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand 1 Leukocyte Receptor–Deficient Mice
Authors: Pérez‐Frías A. , González‐Tajuelo R. , Núñez‐Andrade N. , Tejedor R. , García‐Blanco M. J. , Vicente‐Rabaneda E. , Castañeda S. , Gamallo C. , Silván J. , Esteban‐Villafruela A. , Cubero‐Rueda L. , García‐García C. , Muñoz‐Calleja C. , García‐Diez A. , Urzainqui A. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo define and characterize the progression of the spontaneous autoimmune disease that develops in mice in the absence of the leukocyte adhesion receptor P‐selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL‐1).MethodsSkin‐resident immune cells from PSGL‐1–deficient mice and C57BL/6 control mice of different ages were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. Biochemical parameters were analyzed in mouse serum and urine, and the presence of serum autoantibodies was investigated. Skin and internal organs were extracted, and their structure was analyzed histologically.ResultsSkin‐resident innate and adaptive immune cells from PSGL‐1−/− mice had a proinflammatory phenotype with an imbalanced T effector cell:Treg cell ratio. Sera from PSGL‐1−/− mice had circulating autoantibodies commonly detected in connective tissue–related human autoimmune diseases. Biochemical and histologic analysis of skin and internal organs revealed skin fibrosis and structural and functional abnormalities in the lungs and kidneys. Furthermore, PSGL‐1−/− mice exhibited vascular alterations, showing loss of dermal vessels, small vessel medial layer remodeling in the lungs and kidneys, and ischemic processes in the kidney that promote renal infarcts.ConclusionOur study demonstrates that immune system overactivation due to PSGL‐1 deficiency triggers an autoimmune syndrome with characteristics similar to systemic sclerosis, including skin fibrosis, vascular alterations, and systemic organ involvement. These results suggest that PSGL‐1 expression contributes to the maintenance of the homeostasis of the immune system and could act as a barrier for autoimmunity in mice.
Extraction of antibiotic zwittermicin A from Bacillus thuringiensis by macroporous resin and silica gel column chromatography
Authors: Hao Zaibin , Yan Li , Liu Jianguo , Song Fuping , Zhang Jie , Li Xia 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTo establish a production process capable of providing refined zwittermicin A (ZwA) on a large scale, the macroporous resin and silica gel column chromatography were used to separate and purify the antibiotic ZwA from the fermentation broth of Bacillus thuringiensis HD‐1. The result of high‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry after purification suggests that the samples of ZwA were of high purity, 89%, and the average yield was 20 mg L−1. Erwinia herbicola LS005, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis were used to assess the toxicity of ZwA. The antibiotic had strong antibacterial activity against E. herbicola LS005 and a color reaction with ninhydrin.
Hormone als Schadstoffe?
Authors: Segner Helmut 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEndokrine Disruptoren sind Umweltsubstanzen, die in das Hormonsystem von Organismen eingreifen, und dadurch zu schädlichen Wirkungen führen. Sie entfalten ihre Wirkung entweder, indem sie den Hormonstoffwechsel stören oder indem sie die Wirkung von Hormonen imitieren. Eine wichtige Gruppe von endokrinen Disruptoren in der aquatischen Umwelt sind Stoffe, die an Östrogenrezeptoren binden und dadurch wie das weibliche Sexualhormon, 17β‐Östradiol wirken. Zu den Umweltöstrogenen gehören sowohl synthetische Chemikalien wie auch natürliche Substanzen. Sowohl Laborversuche wie Felduntersuchungen an Fischen haben gezeigt, dass bereits sehr niedrige Konzentrationen von Umweltöstrogenen in Gewässern in der Lage sind, Störungen des Hormonsystems auszulösen.
Julian Nida‐Rümelin : Kuno Kirschfeld: “Wer denkt – Geist oder Gehirn?”
Authors: Nida‐Rümelin Julian , Kirschfeld Kuno 
Published: August 2014

AbstractReplik auf Kuno KirschfeldIn “Wer denkt, der Mensch oder sein Gehirn?” spricht Kuno Kirschfeld der Philosophie ab, Klärendes zur Frage nach der Funktionsweise menschlichen Denkens beitragen zu können. Julian Nida‐Rümelin hält zum einen die von Kirschfeld unterstützte These für falsch, wonach der Philosophie einerseits und den Naturwissenschaften andererseits zwei miteinander unvereinbare Denkkulturen zugrunde lägen. Vor allem aber geht es dem Autor um die Widerlegung des für Kirschfelds Argumentation zentralen naturalistischen Dogmas, wonach alle Entitäten und Ereignisse mit empirischen, naturwissenschaftlichen Methoden beschreib‐ und erklärbar seien. Seine anti‐naturalistische Position exemplifiziert Nida‐Rümelin anhand einer Kritik am Libet‐Experiment und einer Verteidigung des Konzepts der Willensfreiheit.Stellungnahme zur Replik von Julian Nida‐RümelinDas Abwägen verschiedener Möglichkeiten vor einer Entscheidung ist Verarbeitung von Information. Um verarbeitet werden zu können, muss Information zunächst gespeichert vorliegen, was nur in einem materiellen, physikalischen Substrat möglich ist, nicht etwa im “Geist”, dem Bewusstsein. Auch die Verarbeitung selbst erfordert ein solches Substrat, im leeren Raum ist sie nicht möglich. Das gilt für alle Denkprozesse, sie können nur in der neuralen Maschinerie unseres Gehirns ablaufen. Ergebnisse von Denkprozessen können uns sodann bewusst werden, aber eben erst in Folge dieser neuralen Prozesse. Weder der “Geist”, noch das Bewusstsein können denken, um dann auf das Gehirn einzuwirken.
Warum gibt es eine Waldgrenze?
Authors: Körner Christian 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDie kältebedingte obere oder polare Verbreitungsgrenze von Bäumen folgt global einer erstaunlich gleichförmigen Isotherme, unabhängig davon, ob die Wachstumsperiode drei oder 12 Monate dauert und ob es das Phänomen Winter gibt oder nicht. Diese potenzielle, biologische Lebensformgrenze lässt sich über Klimadaten vorhersagen und hat nichts mit der zufälligen, störungsbedingten lokalen Abwesenheit von Bäumen an dieser Grenze zu tun. Der aufrechte Wuchs zwingt Bäumen die Temperatur der freien Atmosphäre auf, während kleinwüchsige alpine Pflanzen von der Wärme in der bodennahen Luft profitieren. Physiologisch sind diese viel höher steigenden Arten nicht robuster als Bäume.
microRNAs – kleine Moleküle ganz groß
Authors: Balwierz Aleksandra , Bott Alexander , Breunig Christian , Erdem Nese , Giacomelli Chiara , Körner Cindy , Salem Omar , Shukla Kirti , Wiemann Stefan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractmicroRNAs (miRNAs) sind kleine, nicht für Proteine codierende RNAs, die wichtige biologische Prozesse regulieren. Neben Funktionen in der natürlichen Entwicklung von Lebewesen sind auch Beteiligungen an Kranksheitsprozessen wie Krebs beschrieben worden. Diese Regulation erfolgt durch die Basenpaarung mit mRNAs von Zielgenen, und führt entweder zu deren Abbau oder einer Blockade der Herstellung der von diesen codierten Proteinen. Da innerhalb der miRNAs nur eine sehr kurze, etwa 6‐7 Nukleotide lange “Seed”‐Sequenz über die Spezifität der Bindung an Ziel‐mRNAs verantwortlich ist, wird vermutet, dass jede miRNA viele mRNAs (und Proteine) regulieren kann. Für Brustkrebs haben wir mehrere solcher Regulationsmechanismen aufgedeckt und zeigen hier anhand experimenteller Daten, dass die miRNA‐vermittelte Regulation von Prozessen komplex verläuft, da verknüpfte Signalwege parallel gesteuert werden und gemeinsam zur Änderung von zellulären Phänotypen beitragen. Diese Komplexität der Regulation der Proteine durch miRNAs eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten, die molekularen Ursachen von Krankheitsbildern zu verstehen.
Die Geschichte vom klugen Pferd Hans
Authors: Gross Hans Joachim 
Published: August 2014

AbstractVerbale Verständigung mit Tieren und das Verstehen ihrer Sprache ist ein uralter Wunsch aller menschlichen Kulturen. Dieser Traum schien vor 110 Jahren wahr zu werden, als ein Pferd vorgestellt wurde, welches sich mit allen Leuten unterhalten konnte und das fähig war, menschliche Gedanken und Ideen auszudrücken. Die überraschende Auflösung dieses wundersamen Phänomens eröffnete völlig neue und revolutionäre Einsichten in die Möglichkeiten und Mechanismen nicht‐verbaler Verständigung zwischen Mench und Tier. Diese fundamentale Lektion ist später oft nicht beachtet oder völlig vergessen worden, wodurch viele Tierexperimente fragwürdige Ergebnisse brachten.
Chloroplasten abgehört – retrograde Signale diktieren alternatives Spleißen
Authors: Staiger Dorothee 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDer Chloroplast sendet so genannte retrograde Signale an den Kern, um dort die Expression von Genen zu koordinieren, die für die Chloroplasten bestimmt sind, oder die nur unter Stressbedingungen von der Pflanze hergestellt werden [1]. Anscheinend geht die Nachrichtenübermittlung jedoch über die Ebene der Transkription hinaus – auch das Spleißen, bei dem die nichtcodierenden Introns entfernt werden, wird von retrograden Signalen beeinflusst.
Männerfreie Gesellschaft bei den Rädertieren
Authors: Kronberg Inge 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRädertiere sind ungewöhnliche, winzige Mehrzeller: Sie kommen gänzlich ohne Männchen und ohne sexuelle Fortpflanzung aus. Wie ihnen trotzdem im Laufe der Evolution eine Anpassung an extreme Lebensbedingungen gelang, ist weiterhin rätselhaft. Immerhin gibt die DNA‐Analyse erste Hinweise auf die Besonderheiten im Genom solcher asexuellen Arten. DNA‐Doppelstrangbrüche und horizontaler Gentransfer sorgen für Rekombination und Variation.
Der Texas‐Plattegel und die Evo‐Devo‐Forschung
Authors: Kutschera Ulrich 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIm Jahr 1997 wurde der kalifornische Platt‐Egel Helobdella robusta als Modellorganismus zur Analyse der Ringelwurm (Anneliden)‐Entwicklung ausgewählt und dessen Genom sequenziert. Da diese Egel in Aquarien auf Dauer nicht haltbar waren, wurde eine ähnlich aussehende Art aus Austin (Texas), die leicht kultiviert werden kann, als Ersatzobjekt eingesetzt. Diese als Texas‐Egel (Helobdella austinensis) beschriebene Spezies ist heute der zentrale Labor‐Annelide für entwicklungsbiologisch‐molekularphylogenetische Studien, obwohl sein Genom noch nicht sequenziert wurde.
Herstellung monoklonaler Antikörper
Authors: Hauk Andrea 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFür groß angelegte oder komplex aufgebaute Experimente werden enorme Mengen Antikörper gleicher Spezifität und Qualität benötigt. Gerne werden monoklonale Antikörper eingesetzt, da diese sich in unbegrenzter Menge herstellen lassen. Wie funktioniert diese Technik und was war an ihr so revolutionär?
Gut getarnt im Geäst: Von Heupferden und Ohrenzikaden
Authors: Petrischak Hannes 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBäume und Sträucher bieten vielen Tieren zum Ende des Sommers eine ideale Bühne: Große Heuschrecken nutzen sie als Singwarten, andere Tiere laben sich hier an reifenden Früchten, fressen Blätter oder erbeuten Insekten. Um die Bewohner der Gehölze zu beobachten, muss man sehr genau hinschauen, denn die meisten verstecken sich geschickt und können sich auf eine perfekte Tarnung verlassen.