bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STREAM PRESERVATION TRAINING
Authors: Detroit William W. McMillan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Training techniques will vary with the type organization, the geographical location, the subject area, and the organizational involvement.
This paper is concerned with the control and containment training techniques evolved by a manufacturing facility, located on an inland stream, for its operating personnel This facility, with an oil storage capacity of over 22 million liters (6 million gallons), improves its oil handling and storage abilities by providing stream preservation training for some 200 persons. (Stream preservation training denotes a positive attitude towards oil spill cleanup.) Trainees were maintenance, powerhouse, oil stores, and plant engineering personnel. The objectives were to provide background information and training in techniques needed for spill cleanup. The specific employee behavioral objectives were to make proper notification of an oil spill, to select and use the proper methods of containment and collection, and to learn on-site public relations response. Training was by lecture, including management overview, by demonstration, and by field practice, including oil removal from a test pool, communications, and small boat handling. Evaluation was designed to stress important points covered and to provide feedback on the degree behavioral objectives were achieved.
PHOTOMICROGRAPH TECHNIQUES FOR CHARACTERIZATION AND MONITORING OILY WASTE STREAMS
Authors: Churchill R.J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Physical and chemical characteristics of waste streams influence the ease with which oil emulsifies in water and also the stability of the resulting emulsion. The interrelationships of these parameters and their impact on emulsion stability via imposed mixing energy is examined. Electrokinetic aspects of phase stability for several crude oil-in-water emulsions are presented as well as other conventional stability factors and their interrelationship. Photomicrograph techniques and how they can be utilized for in situ surveys of oily waste streams are presented. Use of this technique yields data to assess the efficacy of existing facilities for waste handling or treatment in terms of emulsion destabilization-coalescence efficiency, waste stream characterization, or troubleshooting of operational problems. By sampling and analysis at several stations in a system, more specific data can be generated. The applicability of photomicrograph techniques to provide rational design data for oil-water separation systems is given in several practical examples. Performance in the majority of oil removal devices depends to some degree on the driving force which exists to separate the two phases. For conventional gravity separators, this driving force is expressed in terms of Stoke's Law which incorporates oil droplet diameter. Oil removal efficiencies for gravity separation systems can be accurately estimated if the influent oil droplet size distribution is known. Examples of wastewater characterization for process wastewaters, tanker ballast, and storm-water runoff are given as well as their respective treatment system performance.
IDENTIFICATION OF PETROLEUM OILS BY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: Frank Uwe 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A simple and rapid method for the identification of weathered petroleum oils (passive tagging) by fluorescence spectroscopy is described. The approach used takes advantage of the three-dimensional character of the oil fluorescence spectra. Oil identification methods of other investigators that use fluorescence spectroscopy are also reviewed within the context of the three-dimensional system. Our method involves excitation of the oils at 15 wavelengths, between 220–500 nanometers (nm), at 20-nm intervals. The emission monochromator is rapidly scanned at each excitation wavelength to obtain an emission spectrum. The maximum emission intensities are then plotted versus the excitation wavelengths to derive silhouette profiles. These are used as fingerprints for passive tagging petroleum oils. The influence of weathering, quenching, and solvent effects on our method are also examined.
MULTIELEMENT TRUE BOILING POINT GAS CHROMATOGRAPH FOR MONITORING OIL POLLUTION
Authors: Davis C. E. , Krc A. E. , Szakasits J. J. , Hodgson R. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A true boiling point gas liquid Chromatograph (GLC) has been designed to measure simply and conveniently GLC data for all types of petroleum streams, including crude oils and residual fuels which contain considerable portions of high-boiling materials. The instrument generates simultaneous carbon and sulfur boiling point profiles up to 538°C (C42). A quantitative measure of the nonvolatile organic portion of the sample is achieved by backflushing and combusting the material remaining in the inlet. Thus, identification of oil pollution samples is facilitated by obtaining data on the carbon and sulfur distribution and the amount of residue in a single, rapid analysis. Under certain circumstances, the total recovery capability also permits the extent of weathering of oil pollution samples to be determined directly from the chromatographic results.
TECHNICAL SUPPORT OF SPILL CONTROL OPERATIONS
Authors: Marum James P. , Quanstrom Walter R. , Will Robert G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Standard Oil Company (Indiana) has established a corporate technical support group to strengthen its response to oil spills and their after-effects. The primary function of this group is to advise and provide consultation to line management of the Amoco companies in dealing with the environmental problems resulting from a spill. Specialists in the group include personnel skilled in control and cleanup techniques, a terrestrial ecologist, a marine biologist, an aquifer specialist, a soils engineer, an experienced water chemist and several others. One or more members of the group proceed to the scene of a spill upon request as provided for in the contingency plans of the various Amoco subsidiaries. On arriving at the scene, the techical support group surveys the spill situation, makes an environmental damage appraisal, evaluates the spill control measures underway, and then makes recommendations on spill control priorities and techniques. Members of the group also document the immediate and subsequent environmental effects of the spill. Line management has found it especially valuable to have their own experts at the scene to meet with various governmental and private experts. Two case histories describing the involvement of the corporate technical support group in control of gasoline spills are presented.
A WORKSHOP FOR DEFINING THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Putnam W. H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1970, the National Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution Contingency Plan was introduced. This plan, which imposed a planning sequence that flowed downward from the federal government, caused considerable confusion at local levels because of its failure to fully explain how local governments were to participate. To amplify the plan and overcome this shortcoming, the California Department of Fish and Game, the U.S. Coast Guard and the petroleum industry joined in 1974-75 to sponsor a series of oil spill workshops for local governments. The goal was to define the role of local jurisdictions in the planning process and illustrate through simulated problems how this role was to be carried out. The workshop described in this paper and a subsequent workshop in Santa Barbara dispelled the confusion of local governments over their roles in oil spill action and resulted in enthusiastic acceptance of the plan itself. A similar technique could be used in any other broadscale planning effort that is committed to seeking knowledgeable local participation.
THE SPILL TRAINING AND EDUCATION PROGRAM AT TEXAS A&I - CORPUS CHRISTI
Authors: Gilchrist Ralph E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The object of the week-long Spill Training and Education Program at Texas A&I at Corpus Christi is to enable the student to accomplish the following for the home community.Recognize the exposure to oil spill of the home community.Determine the equipment and techniques necessary to clean up an oil spill.Prepare a contingency plan to meet the needs of the community.Recommend the vehicle needed to carry out the contingency plan.
LIGHT SCATTERING TECHNIQUES FOR DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN OIL AND PARTICULATES IN CONTAMINATED WATER
Authors: Friedman Bruce 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Light scattering techniques are used in several oil-in-water monitors, proposed or in existence. Particulate matter which may interfere with these monitors is also frequently found in oily wastes. An analysis is made of the potential of using measurements of the angular intensity distribution of scattered light in conjunction with determination of the state of polarization of the scattered light for discriminating between oil and particulates. The size conditions which apply to the oil droplets and particulates relative to the incident light allow the scattered light angular intensity distribution to be treated as a consequence of a combination of classical diffraction and of geometrical refraction and reflection. The state of polarization of the scattered light for oil droplets is investigated using expressions for the electric field which are approximations to the expressions of the Mie theory. For the particulate matter, the state of polarization is probed on the basis of light reflected from a plane. It is found that it would be difficult to discriminate between oil and particulates using measurements of the angular intensity distribution of scattered light even in conjunction with the determination of the state of polarization of the scattered light in a real life situation.
DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF A SHIPBOARD, CONTINUOUS, ON-LINE OIL-IN-WATER CONTENT MONITOR USING FORWARD (LASER) LIGHT-SCATTERING TECHNIQUES
Authors: Batutis Edward F. , Skewes Robert L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the procedures and results of a U.S. Coast Guard funded program (Contract No. DOT-CG-32370-A) to evaluate the capabilities of a shipboard oil-in-water content monitoring approach developed by General Electric Company. The operating principles and possible engineering model designs will be described. The results of a demonstration test program evaluating the detection principle against a wide variety of parameters will be presented. The parameters include varied concentrations of different oil types and mixtures, effects of dirt and detergent, and oil droplet sizes, as well as varied salinities and temperatures.
The results of this program will show that the concept used has been able to detect 0-100 ppm of a wide variety of oils and mixtures with a response time of less than 10 seconds with each step change in the flowing stream. The response was linear and repeatable in spite of most interferences. The signal intensity was affected by certain interferences which have been isolated and for which solutions are given. Current status of the development of the forward light-scattering principle as applied to oil-in-water detection will be presented.
BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS IN INTERTIDAL COMMUNITIES
Authors: Zsolnay Adam , Maynard Nancy G. , Gebelein Conrad D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The biogenic hydrocarbon content was monitored from October 1974 through April 1976 at six different sites on Bermuda. Organisms from both the intertidal area and from tide pools were collected. Samples were extracted with Sohxleth, saponified, cleaned up with liquid-solid chromatography, and injected into a gas-liquid Chromatograph (GLC). Hydrocarbons that produced peaks on the GLC that were considerably greater than the general background of petrogenic peaks were considered to be biogenic.
A total of 84 samples of macro-algae and algal mats were analyzed. An overall mean of 33.5 μg/g of biogenic hydrocarbons to wet weight of organisms was found. From the invertebrate fauna, a total of 133 samples were taken. The barnacle, Chthamalus stellatus, had the very high mean value of 108.0 μg/g (wet weight). However, the other invertebrates had a significantly lower mean of 10.5 µ/g. It was not yet possible to ascertain from the data whether the fauna was synthesizing its own hydrocarbon material or whether it was simply incorporating the material from its food source.
Of the biogenic hydrocarbons, 21 occurred five or more times. Their Kovat's Indices for an OV-101 column are given. N-penadecane and n-heptadecane were the most abundant. Pristane was never present as a possible biogenic compound.
FEASIBILITY OF CONTINUOUS MONITORING FOR OIL POLLUTION ACROSS CHANNELS AND RIVERS
Authors: Rambie Guy S. , Morgan Richard H. , Jones Donald R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Hydrocarbon-on-water monitors are useful to help control surface water pollution. The bistatic active infrared scanning oil sensor which is described could increase point monitoring (typical of most contemporary monitors) to a narrow area that can be about 900 ft long when the transmitter and receiver are mounted on towers 100 ft tall and separated by 1,500 ft. The dimensions can be scaled down with consequent improvements in performance.
A modified production model of an active infrared mono static oil sensor was used in laboratory tests to determine the spectral reflectance signatures of hydrocarbons and water at 3.4 and 3.8 micrometers wavelengths as a function of bistatic angle, with and without water waves. It was found that the signatures of all the hydrocarbons (six different types) were almost identical and uniquely different from water at bistatic angles up to 85 degrees with respect to the water surface normal. Proper operation of the scanning oil sensor requires that water have a wavy surface. The theoretical requirements for waves and the experimental results were in close agreement.
THE DETECTION AND MAPPING OF OIL ON A MARSHY AREA BY A REMOTE LUMINESCENT SENSOR1
Authors: McFarlane Craig , Watson Robert D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Airborne remote sensing can be a cost-effective method for monitoring pollutants in large areas such as occur in oil spills. An opportunity to test a particular method arose when a well ruptured and for 23 days spewed a 90-meter fountain of oil into the air, dispersing the oil over a wide area. The method tested was an airborne luminescence detector with a Fraunhofer Line Discriminator (FLD) which was flown over the affected area 41 days after the well was capped to obtain a map of the deposition pattern. To calibrate the system, samples of Spartina (wire grass) and Phragmites (common reed) were collected from the contaminated area and the oil residues were eluted in cyclohexane and quantitatively analyzed in a fluorescence photometer. Good correlation was observed between the remote sensor (FLD) and the laboratory analysis. Isopleths defining the deposition pattern of oil were drawn from the remote sensing information. A discussion will be presented on the feasibility of using this instrument for similar contamination incidents for cleanup and damage assessment.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF REAL AND SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADARS FOR THE DETECTION OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL
Authors: Kraus Steven P. , Estes John E. , Vollmers Russell R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Coast Guard, in cooperation with the U.S. Army, Motorola Government Electronics Division, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), and University of California, Santa Barbara Geography Remote Sensing Unit (GRSU), conducted a series of controlled tests off southern California during May 1976 to evaluate the oil detection and surface target sensing capabilities of two Motorola developed side-looking radars—a real aperture AN/APS-94D and a synthetic aperture coherent-on-receive (COR). Targets imaged during the coincident overflights included: natural oil seepage, NRL induced simulated oil spills, oil production platforms, piers, mooring buoys, commercial boats and barges, small pleasure craft, and coastal kelp beds. These overflights represented one of the few recorded instances where real and synthetic aperture radars were flown together and perhaps the first time two such systems had operated concurrently over water. Based on an analysis of imagery from the 10 coincident radar runs, COR provided better detection of natural and man-made oil slicks, while the APS-94D consistently exhibited higher surface target resolution results.
BIOLOGICAL CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF CLEANUP TECHNIQUES IN SALT MARSHES
Authors: Westree Barbara 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the removal of oil spills in salt marshes, intensive application of manpower and/or equipment may result in physical abuse and injury to the salt marsh far in excess of that caused by the oil itself. Physical characteristics of a salt marsh dictate the distribution and behavior of oil in the marsh. The salt marshes of the United States were grouped into categories based on their physical characteristics. The biological features of each marsh category most sensitive to oil contamination and state-of-the-art cleanup technology were identified. Types and degrees of effect of oils were similarly categorized. Techniques for cleanup were compared to the behavior of uncontained oil in the marsh and the potential for damage evaluated. Degrees of damage were compared and least damaging cleanup strategies selected.
AN OFFSHORE MECHANIZED SORBENT OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM USING VESSELS OF OPPORTUNITY
Authors: Brunner Donald E. , Der James J. , Hall Donald 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An experimental prototype offshore oil recovery system for use on vessels of opportunity has been developed by the Civil Engineering Laboratory under the sponsorship of the Navy's Supervisor of Salvage. The system is based on the concept of mechanized broadcasting, harvesting and recycling of polyurethane sorbent chips.
A two-component, drop-type sorbent broadcaster was designed to uniformly distribute the sorbent in the high wind and wave conditions expected in the open ocean. Theoretical analyses of vessel motion indicated the harvester can be rigidly mounted to a barge-type vessel but that at least vertical articulation is required when mounted on an offshore work boat.
The experimental prototype was functionally tested at sea without oil. The tests indicated that the waves and surface currents generated by the vessel can increase the interaction between the sorbent and the oil and enhance the sorption process. The tests also aided in identifying the characteristics of the sorbent required for use in a system of this type.
EFFECTIVELY RECOVERING OIL SPILLS TO GROUNDWATER
Authors: Dennis David M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spills which do not reach surface waters are often given little consideration. These spills are frequently the most difficult to clean up and pose a threat to human health and well-being by virtue of contamination of potable water supplies and release of explosive vapors in houses or commercial establishments. The cleanup is nearly always more time consuming and expensive. Three methods have been used successfully for recovering hydrocarbons from groundwater.
Recovery wells. The area of contamination must first be established by use of observation wells. The recovery wells consist of 12-to-16 in wells pumped to waste to create a cone of depression and cause the hydrocarbons to accumulate in that cone. A skimmer pump located either within the drawdown well or directly adjacent to it pumps the product to storage.
Recovery trench method. In areas of high groundwater (less than 10 ft to water), a recovery trench may be used to recover product from groundwater. This method employs a trench dug into the groundwater with an impervious barrier to prevent movement of hydrocarbons beyond the trench. A tile laid in a bed of stone in the trench leads to a pumping system; the product is then pumped to storage.
Crock recovery system. In areas of little groundwater movement and high groundwater (less than 12 ft to water), a crock recovery system can be used. This system consists of concrete dry well sections with holes in the wall. These sections are placed in the ground in the area of heaviest concentration of product. The system can be used most effectively by pumping water at a rate which will lower the groundwater about 12 in and placing a skimmer pump in the crock, or by periodic removal of product with a vacuum truck.
PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OIL SPILL DEBRIS DISPOSAL
Authors: Farlow J. S. , Ross D. E. , Landreth R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Many oil spill cleanup efforts include the disposal of a significant quantity of unusable oily organic and inorganic debris. Because spills are emotion-charged events, debris disposal is often impeded by the somewhat exaggerated fears of local inhabitants. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency retained SCS Engineers, Inc. to prepare a detailed, practical how-to-do-it manual for oil spill debris disposal and to make an accompanying film for state and local officials. The work included a literature search, interviews with both researchers and practitioners, and limited field studies in California, Utah and Rhode Island. Because aerobic conditions result in relatively rapid microbial degradation of the bulk of the hydrocarbons, the land-spreading process is recommended where debris size characteristics and access to suitable land permit. Anaerobic disposal in individual burial sites or existing sanitary landfills is acceptable, though definitely less desirable because of the greatly extended period for groundwater pollution potential and monitoring.
DEBRIS HANDLING SYSTEM FOR NAVY HARBOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP OPERATIONS
Authors: Nadeau Paul F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Harbor debris, such as seaweed, discarded wood, and trash, can severely hamper harbor oil spill cleanup operations. Conventional harbor oil skimmer systems are not designed to handle oily debris, and therefore lose much of their utility when confronted with debris situations.
To combat this operational problem, the U.S. Navy initiated the development of a debris handling system for installation on Navy harbor oil skimmers. The final system design consists of a comminutor/grinder to process the collected oil & debris into a pumpable slurry, a positive displacement, progressive cavity pump to transfer the slurry to storage, and a one-half ton electric crane and air actuated clam-shell bucket to remove unprocessed debris from the skimmer. The grinder and bucket can process 1,200 to 1,800 pounds of oily debris per hour, depending on the mode of operation being utilized. The complete system has been thoroughly tested and evaluated, and is now operational on several Navy harbor skimmers. The system has enhanced the operational flexibility of these skimmers, and improved the overall cost effectiveness of oil spill cleanup operations.
This paper traces the development of the debris handling system, specifically discussing: the harbor debris problem; various approaches for handling oily debris; system selection, design, and evaluation; and final system installation and operation. The system components are discussed in sufficient detail to provide a basis for incorporating similar debris handling systems on future harbor oil skimmers.