bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological Maturation, Body Morphology and Physical Performance in 8-16 Year-Old Obese Girls from Montes Claros – Mg
Authors: Freitas Alex S. , Figueiredo António J.B. , R. de Freitas Andréia L. , Rodrigues Vinícius D. , C. da Cunha Alexandre A. , Deusdará Fernando F. , Coelho e Silva Manuel J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Measurements of maturity depend on the biological system considered since differences are often found in performance and body size in subjects of the same chronological age. The objective of this study was to identify associations between biological maturation, body morphology and physical performance in girls aged from 8.0 to 15.9 year-old and to verify the bone age in obese girls and compare it with chronological age. For that purpose 2040 (11.9 ± 2.3 years) school girls from Montes Claros, participated in this study. Regular anthropometric measures as height and body mass were taken. Triceps, biceps, subscapular, abdominal, suprailiac and calf skinfolds were also registered. Physical performance was assessed trough the test of a standing long jump, handgrip strength and 20 m multistage shuttle run. Maturational status, the average age at menarche and identification of PHV (maturity off set) were determined by means of the retrospective method. Girls with the BMI above the 95th percentile got their bone age evaluated through X-ray of the left hand/wrist, in accordance with the FELS method. It was possible to find an average age at menarche of 11.30 ± 0.70, while the average age at PHV was 12.17 ± 0.71 years of age. It was observed that both body composition and physical performance showed a tendency to increase with advancing age. However, when controlling the effect of maturation, despite having higher values in body composition the post-menarche girls group did not show higher levels of physical performance. In all age groups, obese girls showed mean rates of bone age higher than chronologic age (12.25 ± 2.09 and 14.09 ± 2.35, respectively, p=0.000). Chronological age should be used with caution when evaluating obese teenagers as it may underestimate biological age.
Knee Extensor Power Relates to Mobility Performance in People With Knee Osteoarthritis: Cross-Sectional Analysis
Authors: Accettura Angela J. , Brenneman Elora C. , Stratford Paul W. , Maly Monica R. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundQuadriceps femoris muscle strengthening is a common rehabilitation exercise for knee osteoarthritis (OA). More information is needed to determine whether targeting muscle power is a useful adjunct to strengthening for people with knee OA.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to identify the predictive ability of knee extensor strength and knee extensor power in the performance of physical tasks in adults with knee OA.DesignThis study used a cross-sectional design.MethodsFifty-five participants with clinical knee OA were included (43 women; mean [SD] age=60.9 [6.9] years). Dependent variables were: timed stair ascent, timed stair descent, and the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Independent variables were: peak knee extensor strength and mean peak knee extensor power. Covariates were: age, body mass index, and self-efficacy. Multiple regression analyses were run for each dependent variable with just covariates, then a second model including strength, and then a third model including power. The R2 values were compared between models.ResultsPower explained greater variance than strength in all models. Over and above the covariates, power explained an additional 6% of the variance in the 6MWT, increasing the R2 value from .33 to .39; 8% in the stair ascent test, increasing the R2 value from .52 to .60; and 3% in the stair descent test, increasing the R2 value from .44 to .47.LimitationsThe sample demonstrated very good mobility and muscle function scores and may not be indicative of those with severe knee OA.ConclusionsIn adults with knee OA, knee extensor power was a stronger determinant of walking and stair performance when compared with knee extensor strength. Clinicians should consider these results when advising patients on exercise to maintain or improve mobility.
What Works to Prevent Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults? Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Stubbs Brendon , Brefka Simone , Denkinger Michael D. 
Published: February 2015

Background
Preventing falls is an international priority. There is a need to synthesize the highest-quality falls prevention evidence in one place for clinicians.

Purpose
The aim of this study was to conduct an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of falls prevention interventions in community-dwelling older adults.

Data Sources
The MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, BNI, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and PEDro databases were searched.

Study Selection
Meta-analyses with one pooled analysis containing ≥3 RCTs that investigated any intervention to prevent falls in community-dwelling older adults aged ≥60 years were eligible. Sixteen meta-analyses, representing 47 pooled analyses, were included.

Data Extraction
Two authors independently extracted data.

Data Synthesis
Data were narratively synthesized. The methodological quality of the meta-analyses was moderate. Three meta-analyses defined a fall, and 3 reported adverse events (although minor). There is consistent evidence that exercise reduces falls (including the rate, risk, and odds of falling), with 13/14 pooled analyses (93%) from 7 meta-analyses demonstrating a significant reduction. The methodological quality of meta-analyses investigating exercise were medium/high, and effect sizes ranged from 0.87 (relative risk 95% confidence interval=0.81, 0.94; number of studies=18; number of participants=3,568) to 0.39 (rate ratio 95% confidence interval=0.23, 0.66; number of meta-analyses=6). There is consistent evidence that multifactorial interventions reduce falls (5/6, 83% reported significant reduction). There is conflicting evidence regarding the influence of vitamin D supplementation (7/12, 58.3% reported significant reduction).

Limitations
Meta-analyses often used different methods of analysis, and reporting of key characteristics (eg, participants, heterogeneity, publication bias) was often lacking. There may be some overlap among included meta-analyses.

Conclusions
There is consistent evidence that exercise and individually tailored multifactorial interventions are effective in reducing falls in community-dwelling older adults.
Risk factors for hydrocephalus and neurological deficit in children born with an encephalocele
Authors: Da Silva Stephanie L. , Jeelani Yasser , Dang Ha , Krieger Mark D. , McComb J. Gordon 
Published: February 2015

OBJECT
There is a known association of hydrocephalus with encephaloceles. Risk factors for hydrocephalus and neurological deficit were ascertained in a series of patients born with an encephalocele.

METHODS
A retrospective analysis was undertaken of patients treated for encephaloceles at Children's Hospital Los Angeles between 1994 and 2012. The following factors were evaluated for their prognostic value: age at presentation, sex, location of encephalocele, size, contents, microcephaly, presence of hydrocephalus, CSF leak, associated cranial anomalies, and neurological outcome.

RESULTS
Seventy children were identified, including 38 girls and 32 boys. The median age at presentation was 2 months. The mean follow-up duration was 3.7 years. Encephalocele location was classified as anterior (n = 14) or posterior (n = 56) to the coronal suture. The average maximum encephalocele diameter was 4 cm (range 0.5–23 cm). Forty-seven encephaloceles contained neural tissue. Eight infants presented at birth with CSF leaking from the encephalocele, with 1 being infected. Six patients presented with hydrocephalus, while 11 developed progressive hydrocephalus postoperatively. On univariate analysis, the presence of neural tissue, cranial anomalies, encephalocele size of at least 2 cm, seizure disorder, and microcephaly were each positively associated with hydrocephalus. On multivariate logistic regression modeling, the single prognostic factor for hydrocephalus of borderline statistical significance was the presence of neural tissue (odds ratio [OR] = 5.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.8–74.0). Fourteen patients had severe developmental delay, 28 had mild/moderate delay, and 28 were neurologically normal. On univariate analysis, the presence of cranial anomalies, larger size of encephalocele, hydrocephalus, and microcephaly were positively associated with neurological deficit. In the multivariable model, the only statistically significant prognostic factor for neurological deficit was presence of hydrocephalus (OR 17.2, 95% CI 1.7–infinity).

CONCLUSIONS
In multivariate models, the presence of neural tissue was borderline significantly associated with hydrocephalus and the presence of hydrocephalus was significantly associated with neurological deficit. The location of the encephalocele did not have a statistically significant association with incidence of hydrocephalus or neurological deficit. In contrast to modestly good/fair neurological outcome in children with an encephalocele without hydrocephalus, the presence of hydrocephalus resulted in a far worse neurological outcome.
Porohyperelastic anatomical models for hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Authors: Kim Hakseung , Min Byoung-Kyong , Park Dae-Hyeon , Hawi Stanley , Kim Byung-Jo , Czosnyka Zofia , Czosnyka Marek , Sutcliffe Michael P. F. , Kim Dong-Joo 
Published: February 2015

OBJECT
Brain deformation can be seen in hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) via medical images. The phenomenology of local effects, brain shift, and raised intracranial pressure and herniation are textbook concepts. However, there are still uncertainties regarding the specific processes that occur when brain tissue is subject to the mechanical stress of different temporal and spatial profiles of the 2 neurological disorders. Moreover, recent studies suggest that IIH and hydrocephalus may be diseases with opposite pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the similarities and differences between the 2 subjects have not been thoroughly investigated.

METHODS
An anatomical porohyperelastic finite element model was used to assess the brain tissue responses associated with hydrocephalus and IIH. The same set of boundary conditions, with the exception of brain loading for development of the transmantle pressure gradient, was applied for the 2 models. The distribution of stress and strain during tissue distortion is described by the mechanical parameters.

RESULTS
The results of both the hydrocephalus and IIH models correlated with pathological characteristics. For the hydrocephalus model, periventricular edema was associated with the presence of positive volumetric strain and void ratio in the lateral ventricle horns. By contrast, the IIH model revealed edema across the cerebral mantle, including the centrum semiovale, with a positive void ratio and volumetric strain.

CONCLUSIONS
The model simulates all the clinical features in correlation with the MR images obtained in patients with hydrocephalus and IIH, thus providing support for the role of the transmantle pressure gradient and capillary CSF absorption in CSF-related brain deformation. The finite element methods can be used for a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurological disorders associated with parenchymal volumetric fluctuation.
Les silences du juge ou la privatisation du divorce. Une analyse empirique des décisions judiciaires de première instance
Authors: Cardia-Vonèche Laura , Bastard Benoit 
Published: February 2015

Les changements récents de l'institution familiale et la permanence, en Suisse, du droit du divorce incitent à s'interroger sur les principes qui guident aujourd'hui la pratique des tribunaux en matière familiale. Il s'agit d'analyser l'élaboration des réponses institutionnelles aux demandes singulières émanant des divorçants, de dégager les logiques « publiques » du règlement des conflits « privés » que constituent les dissociations familiales.
Les auteurs ont réalisé une recherche qui s'appuie principalement sur l'analyse d'un ensemble de jugements de divorce — 490 jugements rendus en 1980 par le Tribunal de première instance de Genève. Ces décisions, résultat concret du fonctionnement de la juridiction, sont considérées, dans le cadre de cette étude, comme les révélateurs de l'action institutionnelle.
Le présent article décrit la méthode d'analyse des jugements utilisée et discute les problèmes que soulèvent le choix et l'analyse d'un tel corpus. Il met en évidence l'apport de cette recherche à la compréhension des phénomènes judiciaires.
Superposition des droits et évolution de la coutume dans un petit bourg de la Macédoine grecque
Authors: Handman Marie-Elisabeth 
Published: February 2015

From the fall of Byzantine Empire until the progressive liberation of the different regions which constitute the Greek Nation, different legal orders overlaped : customary, byzantine, post-byzantine and ottoman. It took nearly one century for independant Greece to enforce a "modem" civil Code that might convey the interests of the ruling capitalistic bourgeoisie.
The inhabitants of Arnaia, a small town in Chalkidiki, take advantage of this overlaping by means of opposing orality to literacy and thus preserving their customs. However, for some decades, literate people and économie change have contributed for an individualization of the subjects of law and a progressive forsaking of custom to the advantage of the civil Code, especifïcally in relation to patrimonial devolution.
Le Juge et les experts du comité d'entreprise : comparaison des situations respectives de l'expert en technologie et du médecin du travail
Authors: Chaumette Patrick 
Published: February 2015

Consultation of staff representatives in the decision making process of managing campantes implies, to be truly effective, that these representatives are thoroughly informed and dispose of appropriate means to verify such information. In France, two methods have been used extensively to achieve this goal with regard to working conditions. In the first case, an occupational medical doctor is employed directly by a company (or an association of several companies) and is officially in charge of such matters within the internal organisation of that (those) enterprise (s). His opinion concerning the physical condition of individual employees and their capacity to carry out their job function as well as his propositions concerning improvements in working conditions, is mandatory and must be taken into consideration by management. He is guaranteed by statute complete independance and freedorn in the exercise of his medical professional activities. He is the medical consultant for management, the employees and the staff representatives all at the same time. Yet, case-law has often deprived the medical doctor of his right to stop a management decision which in his opinion is detrimental to the health conditions of the employees.
When introducing new technologies, the management Labour Council may legally seek the advice of an outside expert either in agreement with the chief executive officer of the company. or by requesting and being granted judicial permission. In this last case, the judge is entirely responsable for naming the expert, specifying his working conditions and limits, and granting him investigative powers.
Such are the two different possible methods for informing the management Labour Council and limiting the extent of management 's monopoly on legitimate expertise. The position of the judge in this process underlines the basic weaknesses of the collective bargaining process on the company level within France.
De la faillite au redressement des entreprises en difficulté : La redéfinition de la division du travail entre le notable, l'homme du droit et l'expert et l'importation du modèle américain du professionnel du conseil aux entreprises
Authors: Dezalay Yves 
Published: February 2015

The object of this study was not to analyse the impact of the new bankruptcy law, but to throw some light on the practices of those professionals who contribute to the transformation of legal forms.
Turning around troubled firms, as well as bankruptcy, participates in those "seral - autonomous mechanisms of regulation" (Moore), where legal and social resources are combined to manage conflictual situations such as those indissociable from the restructurization of capital ; but now, the business notability has been replaced by the expert. The economic crisis has contributed towards disqualifying local methods of regulation and the delegation of legal authority to the distinguished amateur.
The redefinition of the division of tasks and competences between business lawyers and chartered accountants is determined by the positions they adopt on the market of enterprise restructurization that is being built on the ruins of the more classical notability regulation.
This new market carries the seeds of a redefinition of legal competence traditionally related to an ideology of disinterestedness. The importation of the American "Wall Street Law Firm" model, after that of the big Anglo-Saxon Audit Firms within which competence and social power go hand in hard contributes thus to reserving the cream of professional services for the dominant economic groups.
Les exigences de la méthode législative et du droit constitutionnel portant sur la formation de la législation
Authors: Morand Charles-Albert 
Published: February 2015

L'étude s'interroge sur l'obligation que la Cour constitutionnelle allemande a imposée au législateur de respecter certains principes de méthode législative. La Cour évite ainsi d'effectuer elle-même le contrôle matériel d'exigences de rationalité qu'elle n'est pas à même d'opérer. Cette jurisprudence consacre l'intégration dans le droit de règles développées au sein d'une discipline nouvelle, fort avancée en Allemagne, mais à peu près inconnue en France, la méthode législative. Cette intégration qui est en train de s'opérer dans plusieurs pays est problématique à plusieurs égards. Elle contribue à renforcer le déplacement des pouvoirs au profit de l'administration ; elle surestime probablement l'apport des sciences sociales à la formation de la législation ; elle provoque la difficile rencontre de deux ordres normatifs tournés l'un vers la réalisation de valeurs constitutionnelles, l'autre vers l'optimisation des effets de la loi.
Au-delà de sa problématique, l'étude aura atteint un premier but si elle réussit à sensibiliser le public francophone à une discipline d'avenir, la méthode législative.
Normes sociales et règles juridiques : quelques observations sur des régulations désarticulées
Authors: Chouraqui Alain 
Published: February 2015

The hypothesis can be made that the present crisis in traditional regulations corresponds to two strong tendencies which are highly interrelated : the regular growth in complexity, and the continual acceleration of change. In their older forms, regulatory Systems, and in particular the governmental Systems, thus show their lack of adaptation and then their hésitation when faced with more complicated fields whose elements are more diverse and more changing than before.
The distinction and the juncture between social and legal regulations have always posed problems. The legal flexibility required in adapting to this context has led to the questioning of the State's regulating role, and has thus contributed to the destabilization of the legal system's traditional coherency, and to the multiplication of contacts between diversified legal regulations and non-legal social spheres.
In the field of labor, the contacts between the legal System and non-legal social regulations have always been very close. As a corollary to the concern for adaptation to terrains which are varied, complex and changing, the development of collective bargaining, a major form of the State's "relative" retreat, and its movement toward "lower" levels (company and establishment) have brought law and social relations doser together, widened the "overlapping zones" of legal and social rules, and somewhat further blurred the relations between legal and social spheres.
Le théâtre et le procès
Authors: Soulier Gérard 
Published: February 2015

Le jeu du procès a plus que des analogies avec celui du théâtre : l'un et l'autre se développent dans un espace consacré, suivant des règles qui dérogent aux pratiques de la vie ordinaire, qu'il s'agisse des gestes, de la parole, de la parure vestimentaire. Dans l'un, et l'autre cas, il y a représentation, fondée sur la mimesis, mêlée d'une autre forme de jeu, l'agôn, qui structure aussi bien l'audience et la tragédie.
Mais d'autre part, l'enjeu de cette représentation n'est pas le même. Le jeu est une fin en soi, tandis que le procès a pour objet immédiat la réglementation d'un litige, lequel conduit à donner sens au droit. Toutefois, les deux institutions se retrouvent dans un même effet de catharsis, qu'Aristote avait attaché à la tragédie, mais qui peut-être donne aussi sa signification profonde à la représentation judiciaire.
L'enjeu des règles
Authors: Conte Amedeo G. 
Published: February 2015

There are two analogies which justify the comparison between law and game. The notion of constitutive rule occurs in the formulation of both analogies. The paper L'enjeu des règles is devoted to the explication and the implications of the notion of eidetic- constitutive rule. The six main topics dealt with in the paper are :
(i) history of the theory of constitutive rules ;
(ii) definitions of the notion of eidetic-constitutive rule ;
(iii) typology of deontic eidetic-contitutive rules (paradigmatic rules vs. syntagmatic rules) ;
(iv) distinction between the notion of eidetic-constitutive rule and the related notion of anankastic-constitutive rule ;
(v) discussion of the possibility of antinomies (conflicts) between eidetic-constitutive rules and between anankastic- constitutive rules ;
(vi) analysis of the relevance of the theory of eidetic-constitutive rules for deontics, philosophy of law, philosophy of normative language.
Etats, justice pénale et histoire : bilan et perspectives
Authors: Lévy René , Rousseaux Xavier 
Published: February 2015

States, Criminal Justice and History : a review and some Perspectives.
In the past 30 years, research on the State has followed various paraïlel paths. Beside Works of legal sociology, philos ophy and anthropology, a history of crime and criminal justice and a history of State formation have developped separately. This article attempts to assess the state of knowledge within these latter perspectives. In the course of the development of crime and criminal justice history the interest of historians has shifted from criminal behaviour to judicial institutions, and more recently to their political dimension.
On the other hand, social historians interested in the formation of modem States have neglected the role played by criminal justice in the process of State modernisation. Built on this dual approach (crime and criminal justice and history of State), the paper proposes a reading of the development of criminal justice and state power in Western Europe from the Middle-Age to the 20th Century. From this perspective there has been a progressive transition from a local judicial system controlled by citizens to one controlled by the prince, as an instrument of monarchie sovereignity, and then to a bureaucratie State judicial system. This transition has taken various forms depending on the type of political and territorial structure involved. Criminal justice is thus seen as a crucial aspect of modem State formation.