bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oil and Gas Leases
Authors: Greenslade Rush 
Published: June 2014

The oil and gas lease is the basic contract of the oil and gas industry; itis the foundation stone upon which the producing industry, particularly, isbased. As the industry is precarious and highly speculative, the foundationcontract should be of the utmost integrity and certainty. But right there ananomaly exists; the oil and gas lease is the most obscure, most uncertain, doubtful contract in the realm of law today. That is a condition that must beconsidered when taking oil and gas leases, and when buying, selling, andholding them.
It may fairly be asked why should this industry rest upon so insecure afoundation. Why should not the oil industry rest upon the contract that is thebasis of all industry, the warranty deed? There are many contributing reasons, but the principal one is business expediency.
The Anglo-Saxon idea of ownership of land is that every land owner owns fromthe center of the earth to the sky - all that is above and all that is below -consequently the oil and gas are owned by the person who owns the surface. Thatidea is not exactly true with reference to oil and gas, for many states haveadopted the doctrine that oil and gas are like wild animals; they are fugaciousand migratory and belong to the man that traps them. But, except for thatdoctrine, we believe that oil and gas are owned by the owner of the surface, wherein we differ from the Latin-American countries where the mineral rightsare owned by the government.
The United States was settled largely by homesteading. The owners of landwere, in the main, farmers, who did not have the means or the faith to drillfor oil or gas. The operators or speculators did not want to buy the land onthe mere possibility of finding oil; hence a compromise resulted by which theland owner gave the speculator or the operator what he called an oil and gaslease, or a right to go upon his land and drill for oil and gas.
AIME 070–67
Increasing Production by Shooting
Authors: Hill H.B. 
Published: June 2014

The rate of production and the ultimate recovery of oil have been materiallyincreased by the systematic and careful shooting of wells in the west Red Riveroil field, Texas-Oklahoma boundary. Although shooting of oil wells to increaseproduction is probably the oldest and most widely used method of stimulatingproduction, little precise information is available regarding the conditionsinvolved and the results obtained.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the shooting of 25 wells on oneproperty and the results obtained. Seven of the wells were shot twice and threeof them three times, making a total of 38 shots. As separate production recordswere kept for each well, it is possible to study the results of shooting with agreat deal of satisfaction and confidence.

Location of Property
The west Red River oil field in the Burkburnett district is approximatelyeight miles west of the town of Burkburnett, Texas. The wells underconsideration are located in the bed of the Red River between the medial lineand the south bank of that river. (See Fig. 1.)

Engineering Work
Complete and accurage data are essential in working out the subsurfaceconditions of an oil field. The value of cross sections based on welllocations, derrick floor elevations, and the drilling records, is entirelydependent upon the accuracy, care and skill with which these fundamental dataare taken and recorded. As the property titles and equities involved have beenadjusted only within the last few months after years of litigation, it has beenimperative to keep a separate account for each well from the start ofoperations. Therefore, the results of shooting individual wells can be shownwith unusual accuracy.
Two sets of cross-sections, one north-south and the other east-west, weredrawn so that each well appeared on at least two cross-sections and wascorrelated in four directions. Correlation and structural contours were made onthe top of the oil sand. It was especially desired to locate the top of thesand as accurately as possible in order to determine the proper place for theshots and also to study the effects of shooting in different parts of thesand.
Shutting-in of the Rangely Gas Well
Authors: Holmes J.A. 
Published: June 2014

Shutting-in the Rangely gas well was an interesting problem because of thehigh rock pressure and the volume of gas developed, as well as the difficultiesencountered. After nearly a week's open flow, the rock pressure was 1275 lb., which corresponds with a 2950 ft. hydrostatic head. The volume of gas wasbetween 45,000,000 and 50,000,000 cu. ft. per day.
The Rangeley oil field, which now has a daily production of 100 bbl. ofshale oil from shallow depth, lies approximately 100 miles north and 30 mileswest of Grand Junction, Colo.; not far from the Utah line. The well we areconsidering was drilled on the apex of a large clearly defined structural inthe SE.1/4 sec. 30, T. 2 S., R. 102 W., and entered the gas sand at 2954 ft. onMarch 2, 1925.
The condition of the well at the time the gas was encountered was as follows:
20 ft. of 20-in. conductor cemented with ten sacks at 40 ft.
The 1572-in. casing was pulled when the 12 1/2-in. was cemented.
1166 ft. of 12 1/2-in. casing, cemented with fifteen sacks.
2531 ft. of 10-in. casing, cemented with ten sacks; neither the 121/2-in. nor the 10-in. casing shut off water but they were cemented forprotection.
2938 ft. of 8 1/4-in. 36–1b. casing, hanging on a spider in the collar with aforged-steel, high-pressure bradenhead between it and the 10-in. casing. An 81/4-in. drilling, or master, gate and a control head were in place on the 81/4-in. casing, and all was in readiness for the bringing in of the well.
The top of the gas sand was encountered at 2954 ft., where there was a flowof between 2,000,000 and 5,000,000 cu. ft., which increased gradually until adepth of 2958 ft. was reached. The flow then encountered blew the drillingtools up into the 8 1/4-in. casing and bridged, or blocked, the casing with awad of drilling line at approximately 1450 ft. from the surface. The drillingline was also parted at this point; a string of fishing tools, with a centerspear, was run in on the remainder of the drilling line. The tools took hold ofthe mass of wire line at 1450 ft. but on attempting to bull-rope the toolsfree, the bridge was released and the fishing tools, together with the cable towhich they were attached, were blown through the crown block of the derrickwith terrific force. The rig top and crown block were considerably damaged bythe flying tools.
Advances in Drilling and Production Methods
Authors: Boyd Robert R. 
Published: June 2014

The year 1926 has seen few radical changes or developments in methods ofdrilling and handling oil wells, but it has been a year of steady progress anddevelopment in deep drilling and production methods.
Probably the outstanding development of the year was recognition by thedirectors of the American Petroleum Institute of the importance of natural gasin the production of oil, and the Institute directors' resolutions in December,1926, regarding regulation of gas production with oil by state legislation.This matter is extremely important and will receive the attention of theindustry in 1927.

Advances in Drilling Equipment
The history of the progress of deep well drilling is the solution ofproblems as they have confronted the operator. As the prospects for deeperproduction have become apparent, methods of penetrating the earth to greaterdepths have been devised.

Rotary Equipment
Improvements in the construction and in the methods of operation of rotarydrilling equipment have practically caused elimination of cable tools inCalifornia for all but shallow work. The rotary drill, from 1910 when it beganto be a practical factor in California, has been making steady advances, firstdisplacing cable tools for drilling to the oil sands in proved fields and laterdisplacing the cable-tool outfit entirely. With the perfection of machinery fortaking core samples of the formation penetrated, the rotary drill has becomegenerally used for wild-cat work, continuous coring being practiced whendesirable.
Use of Gas Lifts in the Mid-Continent Field
Authors: Shaw S.F. 
Published: June 2014

For some time it has been more or less recognized within the industry that ascientific control of flowing wells would result in increased production and agreater ultimate recovery of oil. About two years ago it was proposed by thewriter that this control should follow principles worked out by him whilehandling large air-lift operations. In the case of wells that had ceased toflow where a large quantity of liquid was present, the use of these principleswould result in a large increase of production by using compressed air or gasto flow the well; in the case of a well flowing naturally it would take theform of controlling the gas associated with the oil, resulting either inimmediate increase of production or in a reduction of the gas consumed perbarrel of oil, and in both cases would result in a greater ultimate recoveryfrom the sand.
The Roxana Petroleum Corp., appreciating the advantages to be obtained by ascientific application of the principles of the air lift to oil wells, recentlyengaged, for a limited time, the services of the writer to work out some of theproblems involved. The work was carried out at Braman, Garber and Tonkawa inOklahoma, and at Oxford in Kansas. Following some suggestions of the writer awell was also equipped by the Roxana company at Smackover by A.S. Feild.

Increased Production by Application of Air Lift
The results of the use of this method were, as a whole, quite satisfactory, in so far as it was possible to carry out these ideas in a limited time. Atotal of 14 wells produced 6590 bbl. before installation of the air lift and13,847 bbl. afterward, thus giving an increase of 110 per cent. The range ofincrease was from 5 to about 400 per cent where conditions were favorable forthe use of the air lift, indicating that in many cases wells would yield agreater production of oil if the fluid were removed as rapidly as it enters thewell. Most of this increase was made on wells already provided with the usualtype of gas lift.
In bringing about this change in operating conditions it was arranged to removeall back-pressures wherever possible.
Gas-oil Ratio as Related to the Decline of Oil Production, with Notes on the Effect of Controlled Pressure
Authors: Millikan C.V. 
Published: June 2014

Gas-oil ratios in the production of oil have recently attracted theattention of production engineers throughout the country and much work has beendone in an effort to reduce the volume of gas produced with each barrel of oil, thereby increasing the ultimate oil production. When occasion arises to use therelationship of rate of oil production and rate of casinghead gas production ithas ordinarily been assumed to be within reasonably narrow limits constantthroughout the life of the property after flush production is past. Inoperating a lease for conservation of gas or more efficient methods of recoverythe rate at which the volume of casinghead gas is declining is as essential asthe rate of decline of oil production. Much work has been done on the rate ofdecline of oil production and while our knowledge of the subject is far fromcomplete it is much greater than our knowledge of the rate of decline of thecasinghead gas. The data presented show that a definite relationship existsbetween the rate of decline of oil production and volume of casinghead gas, andthat a study of this relationship will usually indicate the effect on thegas-oil ratio which may be expected when controlled pressure is applied.
Comparison of two curves with different rates of decline is difficult unlessone is expressed in terms of the other. Therefore in the discussion whichfollows the relationship of the rate of decline of casinghead gas to oilproduction is expressed by the cubic feet of gas produced with each barrel ofoil, or gas-oil ratio.
The subject of this paper might more appropriately be "The oil-gas ratioas related to the decline of casinghead gas." Where gas is the principalexpelling force of the oil from the sand, the oil is produced with thecasinghead gas rather than the casinghead gas being produced with the oil.Since oil production figures are more familiar and it is easier to follow fromthe known to the unknown, the more common usage is continued by expressing thecasinghead gas in terms of oil production, but it must be kept in mind that thereverse is the more exact condition.
Possible Natural Soda Drive in the Salt Creek Type of Pool, and Its Significance in Terms of Increased Oil Recoveries
Authors: Thom W.T. 
Published: June 2014

Value of New Recovery Methods
The oil industry is deeply interested in the probability that improvedmethods of oil recovery will give commercial value to many old oil fieldspreviously regarded as nearly exhausted, and will add greatly to the life andyield of newly discovered pools. Because of the newness of many recoverymethods now being given a trial the respective value of these various methodsis uncertain. It can be stated with confidence, however, that no single newmethod will apply to all oil fields, and that one must know the conditionsobtaining in a specific field in order to selcct the method which will givebest results in that field.
That the movement of oil-field waters, if properly controlled, has abeneficial effect upon oil production, is not yet universally recognized, andhas in a measure been lost sight of since such general interest has beenaroused in the value of natural gas as a prime factor in the recovery of oil.In some instances the helpful influence exerted by waters arises solely fromtheir hydrostatic pressure and may be partly offset by chemical reactionsbetween water and oil. In other instances the waters may be neutral chemicallywith respect to the oil, and in yet others the dissolved salts of edge watersmay actually aid water pressure in loosening oil from the sand and inincreasing its recoverability. The purpose of this article is therefore partlyto emphasize the value of natural or artificial edgewater movement (undersuitable control) as an aid to oil recovery, and partly to describe edgewaterconditions at Salt Creek, Wyo., which suggest that a direct relation existsthere between the amount of sodium carbonate dissolved in the waters and theirbeneficial "water drive" effects.
Valuation of Properties in the Bradford District
Authors: Panyity L.S. 
Published: June 2014

The production of oil by natural methods in the Bradford, Pa., and Bolivar, N.Y., oil fields has declined to such small proportions that under thoseconditions operating in these fields would no longer be profitable. However, with the water-flood method of rejuvenation there is available an additional 2000 to 14,000 bbl of oil per acre. Naturally, there is an increase in thevalue of properties that are believed to be in the flood zone. Properties thathave been purchased some years ago for their salvage value are today changinghands at$1000 to $4000 per acre.
A lease coming under the classification of flood property differs from anatural producing property in that it is to be treated more like a mining ormanufacturing proposition. The old wells and the information from them servethe same purpose that the diamond drill does for the coal or metal miner. Pastproduction gives an idea of the area that may be benefited by flooding, andthus some of the hazards of the oil producing business are minimized.
There are both royalty and fee properties to be valued. In valuation thefollowing are the chief items to be considered:
Condition of Sand. - Thickness of the formation is not necessarily indicationof great value. Some of the best results have been obtained where the sandaverages between 25 to 35 ft. in the Bradford sand and 15 to 25 ft. in theRichburg sand, which are the two main producing horizons. Sand thicknesses areknown to be as much as 115 ft., but such thicknesses frequently cause troubleowing to the fact that there is a possibility of portions of the sand beingmore porous or of different texture, which would tend to take the water andcause a different rate of flow through such portions without beneficial effectsfrom the rest of the sand. Sometimes a former gas streak or, high up on thestructure, considerable gas may yet remain in the sand, and such streaks maytake all the water, or the present gas may prevent the entrance of water intothe sand. These evils are combatted by placing the packer below such streaks, and in some places attempts are made to shut off the undesirable portions. Thearea of thick sand is fairly well known, and the structure of the formationwill indicate the "highs" where gas accumulations may be looked for.Such places are more desirable for gas-flooding than for water-flooding.
Improved Drilling and Production Methods in North and Central Texas
Authors: Edwards Harry L. 
Published: June 2014

As my subject covers improved drilling and production methods in the Northand Central Texas area alone, some well known improvements applicable to othersections will not be treated in this discussion. There are also certainpractices in use in this area, such as the rejuvenation of sands with gas andair which might be discussed but will not receive attention because they arefully presented in other papers.
Probably 50 per cent of the new ideas in equipment originate in the field, but the field man, in most cases, through lack of scientific training and hislimited knowledge of metal and alloys, is unable to carry the idea through to asatisfactory conclusion. He must, therefore, call upon the engineer ormetallurgist; together they work out their problems and the ideamaterializes.
To obtain oil or gas it is necessary to drill a well, and each year seesthis operation become more and more of a problem because of increasing depths.Wells in North Texas are producing at depths below 4000 ft. and in California, there is a well now drilling below 8000 ft. The deepest well drilled by cabletools, that we have a record of, was drilled to a depth of 7756 ft. In thefuture wells 10,000 ft. deep will not be uncommon. The drilling of wells totwice the depth in half the time required in the early days is made possibleonly by the use of better equipment combined with better knowledge and methodsof operating.
The greatest improvements have been made in rotary equipment, whereas cabletools are today practically the same as when Captain Drake drilled his firstwell in Pennsylvania. Possibly no better comparison of the progress made can behad than that of the equipment used in drilling the first field at Corsicanaand that used in drilling the present deep field. The first wells were drilledto a depth of 1500 to 1600 ft. using 12-in. rotaries, 3-in. shafts and smalldraw works with single speed 35-hp. boilers and 9 by 10 single engines. At thattime they had no grief stems, tool joints, drive bushings, or any of theessentials that today make up the equipment of any up-to-date contractor.Instead they had grip rings, casing for drill pipe, small pumps, and in short, an outfit so unsuitable that a producer of today would hesitate to use it indrilling a shallow water well.
Development and Operations in the Panhandle Field
Authors: McKee E.J. 
Published: June 2014

Development Practice
The area discussed lies south of Canadian River in Hutchinson County, Texas, covering approximately 10 miles east and west and 4 miles north and south.
Development is carried on in the manner usual in standard tool operations.No outstanding divergence from the usual methods is necessary as wells arecompleted in 35 to 55 days to approximately 3000 ft. Most of the time is lostin the upper part of the hole and is usually caused in driving pipe of largersizes. After approximately 1500 ft., little trouble occurs. A comparison of therecords of 13 contractors drilling for Phillips Petroleum Co. gave thefollowing averages: Drilling time from 32 to 63 days with a daily footage offrom 49 to 87 ft. per day. The rigs furnished are National turnbuckle type with6-in. irons and steel wheels.

Casing Used
The casing used in our No. 6 Coble, Section 13, Block Y, M &C Survey, Hutchinson County, is a fair example of average casing needs:

(Table)
Wherever possible all large pipe is pulled after cementing either the 151/2-in. or 12 1/2-in. casing. In this particular well the 15 1/2-in. partedafter 460 ft. had been run. Shifting sands encountered at 210 ft. caused theparting, necessitating running 12 1/2-in. at 490 ft., 12 1/2-in. being drivento a total depth of 675 ft. where it was cemented with 50 sacks of cement and10 gal. of "Konset," leaving 10 ft. of cement in the casing and wasallowed to stand for 72 hours, thus making a complete shut-off.
Use of Treating Compounds for Oil Field Emulsions in the Mid-Continent Field
Authors: Roberts Claudius H.M. 
Published: June 2014

The dehydrating of oil is a problem in the manipulation of physical andchemical forces, some of which are almost too minute to be capable ofevaluation; forces which, however, must be directed and utilized to the maximumextent if successful results are to be obtained. The result is accomplishedwithout using any materials capable of harming the oil or any of the equipmentby which it is produced, handled, transported or refined; and without removingfrom the oil any constituents originally present in it or otherwise alteringits composition.
An emulsion is defined by Clayton as a system containing two liquid phases, one of which is dispersed as globules in the other. In order that thisdispersion may be stable, it is further necessary that an emulsifying agent bepresent, the nature of this agent controlling the type of emulsion produced, aswell as, to some extent at least, its character and resistance to treatment.The emulsifying agent responsible for the formation of petroleum emulsions isnot definitely known but, in a considerable number of cases, at least, it isfairly definitely known to be colloidal asphalt, that term being understood toinclude all asphalts and allied substances which occur in colloidal dispersionin crude oil.
Emulsified oil, as it occurs in the petroleum industry, is variously knownas "cut oil," "wet oil" or "B.S." In addition to thewater contained in the emulsion, there may be more or less sand, shale or otherforeign materials, but these are incidental and are not essential to theformation or stabilization of emulsions, although they frequently make theireconomical treatment more difficult. There is little difference between thefresh cut oil produced from a well and the B.S. found in the bottom of thestorage tanks; the only essential differences are age and degree ofstabilization of the emulsion, concentration and admixture with foreignmaterials; the cost of treatment also compare favorably with those of freshemulsions.
Crude oil emulsions are those either where water is dispersed in oil, orless frequently, where oil is dispersed in water, and are usually treated withease.