bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New GABAergic Neurogenesis in the Hippocampal CA1 Region of a Gerbil Model of Long‐Term Survival after Transient Cerebral Ischemic Injury
Authors: Lee Jae‐Chul , Park Joon Ha , Ahn Ji Hyeon , Kim In Hye , Cho Jeong Hwi , Choi Jung Hoon , Yoo Ki‐Yeon , Lee Choong Hyun , Hwang In Koo , Cho Jun Hwi , Kwon Young‐Guen , Kim Young‐Myeong , Kang Il Jun , Won Moo‐Ho 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe investigated the probability of newly generated neurons that could survive and mature in the ischemic hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) of a gerbil model of transient cerebral ischemia. Neuronal death was shown in the stratum pyramidale (SP) from 4 days post‐ischemia, and a significant increase in NeuN‐positive (+) neurons was found in the SP at 180 days post‐ischemia. 5‐Bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine (BrdU)+ cells were co‐stained with NeuN and glutamic decarboxylase 67 (GAD67). Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunoreactivity and protein level was shown in nonpyramidal cells from 4 days post‐ischemia, and the immunoreactivity was strong at 30 days post‐ischemia and not significantly changed until 180 days post‐ischemia. Furthermore, TrkB immunoreactivity was co‐stained with GAD67 when we examined at 180 days post‐ischemia. Myelin basic protein (MBP)+ nerve fibers were reduced at 4 days post‐ischemia and maintained until 60 days post‐ischemia, and MBP immunoreactivity and levels were significantly increased at 180 days post‐ischemia. In the passive avoidance test, cognitive dysfunction was improved at 180 days post‐ischemia. These results suggest that the differentiation of neural progenitor cells into new GABAergic neurons may be promoted via BDNF in the ischemic CA1 and that the neurogenesis may partially mediate the recovery of cognitive impairments via increasing myelinated nerve fibers.
Analysis of Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Children Highlights the Role of Genotype × Environment Interaction
Authors: Molenaar Dylan , Middeldorp Christel , van Beijsterveldt Toos , Boomsma Dorret I. 
Published: October 2015

This study tested for Genotype × Environment (G × E) interaction on behavioral and emotional problems in children using new methods that do not require identification of candidate genes or environments, can distinguish between interaction with shared and unique environment, and are insensitive to scale effects. Parental ratings of problem behavior from 14,755 twin pairs (5.3 years, SD = 0.22) indicated G × E interaction on emotional liability, social isolation, aggression, attention problems, dependency, anxiety, and physical coordination. Environmental influences increased in children who were genetically more predisposed to problem behavior, with ~20% of the variance due to G × E interaction (8% for anxiety to 37% for attention problems). Ignoring G × E interaction does not greatly bias heritability estimates, but it does offer a comprehensive model of the etiology for childhood problems.
Impacts of a Comprehensive School Readiness Curriculum for Preschool Children at Risk for Educational Difficulties
Authors: Lonigan Christopher J. , Phillips Beth M. , Clancy Jeanine L. , Landry Susan H. , Swank Paul R. , Assel Michael , Taylor Heather B. , Klein Alice , Starkey Prentice , Domitrovich Celene E. , Eisenberg Nancy , de Villiers Jill , de Villiers Peter , Barnes Marcia ,   The School Readiness Consortium
Published: October 2015

This article reports findings from a cluster‐randomized study of an integrated literacy‐ and math‐focused preschool curriculum, comparing versions with and without an explicit socioemotional lesson component to a business‐as‐usual condition. Participants included 110 classroom teachers from randomized classrooms and approximately eight students from each classroom (N = 760) who averaged 4.48 (SD = 0.44) years of age at the start of the school year. There were positive impacts of the two versions of the curriculum on language, phonological awareness, math, and socioemotional outcomes, but there were no added benefits to academic or socioemotional outcomes for the children receiving explicit socioemotional instruction. Results are discussed with relevance to early childhood theory, policy, and goals of closing the school readiness gap.
Human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells promote interleukin-17 production from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors and systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Authors: Ren S , Hu J , Chen Y , Yuan T , Hu H , Li S 
Published: October 2015

Summary
Inflammation instigated by interleukin (IL)-17-producing cells is central to the development and pathogenesis of several human autoimmune diseases and animal models of autoimmunity. The expansion of IL-17-producing cells from healthy donors is reportedly promoted by mesenchymal stem cells derived from fetal bone marrow. In the present study, human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) were examined for their effects on lymphocytes from healthy donors and from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Significantly higher levels of IL-17 were produced when CD4+ T cells from healthy donors were co-cultured with hUC-MSCs than those that were cultured alone. Blocking experiments identified that this effect might be mediated partially through prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and IL-1β, without IL-23 involvement. We then co-cultured hUC-MSCs with human CD4+ T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Ex-vivo inductions of IL-17 by hUC-MSCs in stimulated lymphocytes were significantly higher in SLE patients than in healthy donors. This effect was not observed for IL-23. Taken together, our results represent that hUC-MSCs can promote the IL-17 production from CD4+ T cells in both healthy donor and SLE patients. PGE2 and IL-1β might also be partially involved in the promotive effect of hUC-MSCs.
Bakkenolide‐IIIa Protects Against Cerebral Damage Via Inhibiting NF‐κB Activation
Authors: Jiang Qian , Li Run‐Ping , Tang Ying , Wang Ye‐Qing , Liu Chong , Guo Mei‐Li 
Published: October 2015

SummaryAimsThis study was designed to examine the neuroprotective effects of bakkenolide‐IIIa, a major novel compound extracted from the rhizome of P. trichinous.MethodsTransient focal cerebral damage model in rats and oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) in cultured hippocampal neurons were performed. The amount of apoptotic neurons was determined using TUNEL assay. The expressions of Bcl‐2, Bax, Akt, ERK1/2, IKKβ, IκBα were measured using Western blot. The nuclear translocation and activation of NF‐κB was measured using a fluorescence microscope and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).ResultsBakkenolide‐IIIa (4, 8, 16 mg/kg; i.g.) was administered immediately after reperfusion could reduce the brain infarct volume, and the neurological deficit, as well as a high dose of bakkenolide‐IIIa, increases the 72 h survival rate in cerebrally damaged rats. In vitro data demonstrated that bakkenolide‐IIIa could increase cell viability and decrease the amount of apoptotic cells in cultured primary hippocampal neurons exposed to OGD. Bakkenolide‐IIIa also dose‐dependently increased the ratio of Bcl‐2 to Bax. These results indicated that inhibition of apoptosis partly mediated the neuroprotection of bakkenolide‐IIIa. Furthermore, bakkenolide‐IIIa inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, IKKβ, IκBα, and p65 in cultured hippocampal neurons exposed to OGD. Bakkenolide‐IIIa not only inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF‐κB in cultured neurons exposed to OGD, but also inhibited the activation of NF‐κB in peri‐infarct area in cerebrally damaged rats.ConclusionCollectively, our findings indicated that bakkenolide‐IIIa protects against cerebral damage by inhibiting AKT and ERK1/2 activation and inactivated NF‐κB signaling.
Gaining Visitor Consent for Research III: A Trilingual Posted‐Sign Method
Authors: Sindorf Lisa , Gutwill Joshua , Garcia‐Luis Veronica 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWhen studying museum visitors, researchers sometimes collect data by video‐ and audio‐taping large high‐traffic areas. In order to inform visitors that they are being recorded, researchers post signs in the area. This article describes the Exploratorium's efforts to design and test trilingual signs that would effectively inform visitors when video‐based research is in progress. Interviews with 255 adult museum visitors, conducted across six versions of the recording area's setup and signage, revealed several effective design elements. The posted sign was more noticeable and welcoming when it included a large headline, a realistic camera icon, and a colorful background. The most effective setup of the area contained many cues to videotaping beyond the large posted sign, such as visible recording equipment and small signs on exhibits and cordons. In the most successful trilingual setup we tested, 92% of visitors leaving the research area knew they had been videotaped.
Telling the Story of Welsh Art—But Is Anyone Listening?
Authors: Howell David R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSince the devolution of political authority was introduced to Wales, the museums and culture sector has been increasingly influenced by the political sector. One aspect of the culture sector to become a focus for Welsh politicians has been the idea of establishing a National Gallery for Wales. This has increased pressure on the National Museum Wales, the body which would be responsible for creating a National Gallery, to revisit its approach to the display of national art collections and associated narratives. However, in an effort to create something resembling a National Gallery, has National Museum Wales ultimately fallen short in achieving wider goals of developing a Welsh narrative through the nation's art holdings? This paper explores how effective the National Museum has been in exploring national narratives through its displays, by focusing on audience engagement with exhibitions. A visitor study, conducted between 2012 and 2014, explored the way in which visitors engaged with works of art that might be classified as being “Welsh.” Following this three year period, it became clear that visitors were not viewing Welsh art work as a viewing priority, and tended to not enter the one exhibition area to present a strong Welsh narrative connected to the display of art. In a context where visitors appear to systematically disengage with a national narrative—a narrative seen to be a priority by Welsh politicians and the museum hierarchy—why is this failure occurring? How might it be confronted? And ultimately does, or should, this emphasis matter in the first place?
A VIGNETTE OF BOTANY IN THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT: THE STORY OF CATESBY'S CLIMBER OR THE CAROLINA KIDNEY BEAN TREE,WISTERIA FRUTESCENS
Authors: Compton James A. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe history ofWisteria frutescens(L.) Poir. is discussed, with particular reference to those associated with its discovery in South Carolina, its transmission to Europe, and its initial cultivation in England and the Dutch Republic. A brief appraisal is given of those natural historians associated with the species in the interconnected worlds of medicine, botany, botanical art and horticulture in the early 18th century whose efforts enabled the Carolina kidney bean tree to be discovered, described and distributed. A description ofWisteria frutescens,with a key to the two varieties, is provided. A lectotype is chosen for the nameGlycine frutescensvar.magnificaHérincq and neotypes are selected for the namesDiplonyx elegansRaf. andThyrsanthus floridanaCroom.
Phrynoderma and acquired acrodermatitis enteropathica in breastfeeding women after bariatric surgery
Authors: Monshi Babak , Stockinger Theresa , Vigl Kornelia , Richter Leo , Weihsengruber Felix , Rappersberger Klemens 
Published: October 2015

SummaryBackground and objectivesWomen who have undergone bariatric surgery are susceptible to nutritional deficiencies in subsequent pregnancies. We highlight the importance of dermatologists in the early recognition of cutaneous signs of malnutrition occurring in this specific clinical setting.Patients and methodsWe compare clinical characteristics of two young women with dermatological signs of combined post‐gestational nutritional deficiencies following Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery.ResultsPatient 1 exhibited follicular papules on the extremities, perianal eczema, perlèche, alopecia, and depigmentation of hair. Patient 2 showed erythematous plaques in genitoanal and acral areas, perlèche, diffuse alopecia, and depigmentation of hair. Based on clinical and histopathological findings, decreased vitamin A (patient 1) and zinc levels (patient 2), we diagnosed phrynoderma and acquired acrodermatitis enteropathica, respectively. Comparison of the two patients revealed that both (i) were lacking follow‐up after gastric bypass surgery, (ii) developed skin lesions as primary symptoms with (iii) mixed clinical manifestations due to combined deficiencies, and (iv) experienced initial symptoms during lactation suggesting a causal relationship.ConclusionsOur observations highlight the potentially increased risk of women to develop post‐gestational dermatological manifestations of malnutrition following bariatric surgery. The awareness of dermatologists with respect to this emerging, susceptible patient group may help avert damage to mother and child.
Preschool children's control of action outcomes
Authors: Freier Livia , Cooper Richard P. , Mareschal Denis 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNaturalistic goal‐directed behaviours require the engagement and maintenance of appropriate levels of cognitive control over relatively extended intervals of time. In two experiments, we examined preschool children's abilities to maintain top‐down control throughout the course of a sequential task. Both 3‐ and 5‐year‐olds demonstrated good abilities to access goals at the lowest level of the representational hierarchy. However, only 5‐year‐olds consistently aligned their response choices with goals at superordinate levels. These findings suggest that the ability to maintain top‐down control and adjust behavioural responses according to goals at multiple levels of abstraction undergoes a marked improvement throughout the preschool period. Results are discussed in relation to current accounts of cognitive control and the monitoring of conflict in sequential action.
Parent‐reported multi‐national study of the impact of congenital and childhood onset myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Johnson Nicholas E , Ekstrom Anne‐Berit , Campbell Craig , Hung Man , Adams Heather R , Chen Wei , Luebbe Elizabeth , Hilbert James , Moxley Richard T , Heatwole Chad R 
Published: October 2015

AimThe frequency and impact of symptoms experienced by patients with congenital, childhood, and juvenile‐onset myotonic dystrophy (CDM/ChDM/JDM) is not documented. This report identifies symptomatic areas with the greatest disease burden in an international population of patients with early‐onset myotonic dystrophy type‐1 (DM1).MethodWe distributed surveys to parents of patients with CDM/ChDM/JDM. Patients with CDM/ChDM/JDM were members of the US National Registry of DM1 Patients and Family Members, the Canadian Neuromuscular Disease Registry, or the Swedish Health System. Surveys inquired about 325 symptoms and 20 themes associated with CDM/ChDM/JDM. Parents identified the importance of each symptom and theme to their affected child. The prevalence of each symptom and theme were compared across subgroups of patients. The statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact and Kruskal–Wallis tests.ResultsOne hundred and fifty parents returned surveys. The most frequently reported symptomatic themes in children were issues involving communication (81.7%) and problems with hands or fingers (79.6%). Problems with communication and fatigue were the issues that were reported to have the greatest impact on childrens’ lives, while 24.1% of children reported cardiac disorders and 15.8% had problems with anesthesia.InterpretationA range of symptoms contribute to the burden of disease faced by children with DM1. Many of these symptoms are under‐recognized.
Mixed‐effects modelling to quantify the effect of empagliflozin on renal glucose reabsorption in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Mondick J. , Riggs M. , Sasaki T. , Sarashina A. , Broedl U. C. , Retlich S. 
Published: October 2015

AimsTo quantify the effect of the sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitor, empagliflozin, on renal glucose reabsorption in patients with type 2 diabetes, and to evaluate covariate effects, using a mechanistic population pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) model.MethodsFour phase I/II trials were used for model development. Empagliflozin's PK characteristics were characterized by a two‐compartmental model with sequential zero‐ and first‐order absorption. Urinary glucose excretion (UGE) was described as dependent on renal glucose filtration and reabsorption; splay of the glucose reabsorption/excretion curves was considered. The modelling assumed that empagliflozin lowers the maximum renal glucose reabsorption capacity and, thereby, the renal threshold for glucose (RTg). Covariate effects were investigated using a full covariate modelling approach, emphasizing parameter estimation.ResultsThe PK–PD model provided a reasonable description of the PK characteristics of empagliflozin and its effects on UGE across a range of renal function levels. Its parameters are consistent with reported values for renal physiology. Using this model, the effect of empagliflozin on renal glucose reabsorption was quantified. Steady‐state empagliflozin doses (1, 5, 10 and 25 mg) reduced RTg from 12.5 mmol/L [95% confidence interval (CI) 12.0, 13.1] to 5.66 (95% CI 4.62, 6.72), 3.01 (95% CI 2.33, 3.69), 2.53 (95% CI 1.83, 3.14) and 2.21 (95% CI 1.47, 2.84) mg/dl, respectively. Covariate analysis showed the effect of empagliflozin on UGE was not influenced, to a clinically relevant extent, by sex, age or race.ConclusionsA method for characterizing renal glucose reabsorption was developed that does not require complex glucose clamp experiments. These analyses indicate that empagliflozin provided concentration‐dependent RTg reductions, with 10 and 25 mg providing near‐maximum RTg‐lowering.
Relationship of glycaemic control and hypoglycaemic episodes to 4‐year cardiovascular outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes starting insulin
Authors: Freemantle N. , Danchin N. , Calvi‐Gries F. , Vincent M. , Home P. D. 
Published: October 2015

AimsTo examine the relationships between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and cardiovascular (CV) events in people beginning insulin in routine clinical practice in Europe, North America and Asia in a non‐interventional study, the Cardiovascular Risk Evaluation in people with Type 2 Diabetes on Insulin Therapy (CREDIT) study.MethodsData on 2999 people were collected prospectively over 4 years from physician reports. The primary outcome was the composite of stroke or myocardial infarction (MI) or CV‐specific death. Events were blindly adjudicated. The relative hazards of CV events were described from Cox proportional hazards models incorporating patient risk factors, with updated average HbA1c as a time‐dependent covariate. The relationship of severe and symptomatic hypoglycaemia (collected during the 6 months before yearly ascertainment) with CV and all‐cause mortality was examined.ResultsA total of 147 primary events were accrued during up to 54 months of follow‐up. In all, 60 CV‐specific deaths, 44 non‐fatal MIs and 57 non‐fatal strokes occurred, totalling 161 events. There was a significant positive relationship between updated mean HbA1c and primary outcome: hazard ratio (HR) 1.25 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–1.40; p < 0.0001]. CV death [HR 1.31 (95% CI 1.10–1.57); p = 0.0027] and stroke [HR 1.36 (95% CI 1.17–1.59); p < 0.0001] were both strongly associated with HbA1c, while MI was not [HR 1.05 (95% CI 0.83–1.32)]. One or more severe hypoglycaemic episodes affected 175 participants, while 1508 participants experienced one or more symptomatic hypoglycaemic events. We found no relationship between severe/symptomatic hypoglycaemic events and CV‐specific/all‐cause death.ConclusionsOngoing poorer glucose control was associated with CV events; hypoglycaemia was not associated with CV‐specific/all‐cause death.
Temporal metabolic profiling of the Quercus suber–Phytophthora cinnamomi system by middle‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Hardoim P. R. , Guerra R. , Rosa da Costa A. M. , Serrano M. S. , Sánchez M. E. , Coelho A. C. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi is an aggressive plant pathogen, detrimental to many ecosystems including cork oak (Quercus suber) stands, and can inflict great losses in one of the greatest ‘hotspots’ for biodiversity in the world. Here, we applied Fourier transform‐infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to disclose the metabolic patterns of cork oak roots and P. cinnamomi mycelium during the early hours of the interaction. As early as 2 h post‐inoculation (hpi), cork oak roots showed altered metabolic patterns with significant variations for regions associated with carbohydrate, glycoconjugate and lipid groups when compared to mock‐inoculated plants. These variations were further extended at 8 hpi. Surprisingly, at 16 hpi, the metabolic changes in inoculated and mock‐inoculated plants were similar, and at 24 hpi, the metabolic patterns of the regions mentioned above were inverted when compared to samples collected at 8 hpi. Principal component analysis of the FT‐IR spectra confirmed that the metabolic patterns of inoculated cork oak roots could be readily distinguished from those of mock‐inoculated plants at 2, 8 and 24 hpi, but not at 16 hpi. FT‐IR spectral analysis from mycelium of P. cinnamomi exposed to cork oak root exudates revealed contrasting variations for regions associated with protein groups at 16 and 24 h post‐exposure (hpe), whereas carbohydrate and glycoconjugate groups varied mainly at 24 hpe. Our results revealed early alterations in the metabolic patterns of the host plant when interacting with the biotrophic pathogen. In addition, the FT‐IR technique can be successfully applied to discriminate infected cork oak plants from mock‐inoculated plants, although these differences were dynamic with time. To a lesser extent, the metabolic patterns of P. cinnamomi were also altered when exposed to cork oak root exudates.
Analyses of the ash dieback pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, suggest role of tree species diversity on colonization and population structure differentiation
Authors: Nguyen D. T. , Cleary M. R. , Enderle R. , Berlin A. , Stenlid J. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryMicrosatellite markers were used to investigate the population structure of the Ash Dieback pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, across a tree species diversity gradient containing common ash, Fraxinus excelsior, in the Hainich National Park in central Germany. Population differentiation was determined at a local spatial scale that may be driven by tree species mixtures.