bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small idea, Big Savings - Open Drain Sump Caisson Design Modification to Prevent MIC (Microbial Induced Corrosion)
Authors: Sunnapu Ravi Kanth , Tung Liong Raymond Tie , Maskawi Bolhi B. , Armugam Rema Malar 
Published: February 2015

Description of the proposed paper:
The proposed paper describes the innovative design of open drain sump caisson liquid disposal to resolve the Microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) in the pipe lines of Sarawak operations. The design eliminates the sea water entry in to the pipe lines and minimizes the threat of MIC to ALARP level which is one of the root cause for many pipe line failures.

Background:
Baram Delta is the largest oil field in Sarawak operations (SKO) with a current production of 72 kbpd, actively operating for the last 40 years. In strategic view of production sustainability of BDO fields, 6 new EOR projects have been proposed under the new PSC agreement in 2011, which will be carried out simultaneously to extend the field life to another 30 years with many new platforms coming up.
BDO (Baram Delta Operations) is currently facing numerous integrity challenges with pipelines, and there had been premature leakages/failures of some pipelines. One of the root causes is the effect of SRB caused primarily due to seawater entry into the pipelines through open drain sump caisson system. SKO is now investing approximately RM4 Billion solely on pipelines replacement & rejuvenation projects, and several pipelines have been replaced in recent years.

Application:
It can be applied to not only to Sarawak operations but to all offshore facilities where there is no water treatment/disposal facilities and all the crude oil along with produced water pumped to onshore facilities for further processing before sending to tankers. This design is already incorporated in the Generic Satellite Well head platform design of PCSB.

Results, Observations, Conclusions and Significance of Subject matter:
Elimination of Microbiologically induced corrosion and reduction of the risk to ALARP level. Elimination of safety hazards of handling portable tanks/ tote tanks while transferring the tanks to the supply vessels to and fro from offshore platforms. Reduction of Operations Expenditure (OPEX) of more than RM 100million for BDO operations. Simplified design with very minimum incremental cost to the conventional design. Very easy operations and environmental friendly
The Comprehensive Application of Both Near-Bit and Surface Vibration Measurement to Quickly Identify Coalbed Boundary
Authors: Gao Wenkai , Dou Xiurong , Sheng Limin , Liu Yongfeng 
Published: February 2015

In a cluster and horizontal coalbed methane well drilling environment, one of the most effective methods to enhance the individual well producing rate is to prevent the bit drilling out of the seam top and floor, and the bit is always in the best position to extend along the target layer. The conventional electromagnetic resistivity or gamma measurement while drilling system mounts far away from the bit(more than 7m), however the ROP of CBM drilling is usually high, which lead to time lag and large deviation of trajectory. The use of near-bit and surface vibration measurement while drilling system can identify the seam top or floor as quickly as the bit contact the boundary, to increase drilling efficiency. The paper briefly introduced the work principles, composition and application of the system.
The system is composed of near-bit vibration measurement tool, surface vibration detecting device, wireless transmitting system, signal processing and indicating software system. The downhole measurement system detects and processes the near-bit data, the result is sent to surface in real time, then operators can change drilling parameters in time if harmful downhole conditions are indicated, considering with the surface measurement.
This system has been extensively tested and proved to be effective in identifying the difference of breaking fossil coal and other rocks. Detail of the test and the method to deal with the data will be discussed in the paper.
Quickly identifying the coalbed boundary due to vibration detected both downhole and surface allows operators to take timely remedial action before the bit drills out of seam layer. Thus the drilling efficiency has been remarkably improved.
Real-Time Production Surveillance Overcomes Challenges in Offshore Dual String Gaslift Wells in Baram Field, Malaysia
Authors: Kamis A. , Zulkifli S. , Abdul Rani M.B. , Soni S. , Alvarez J.A. , Tello C. , Chuliwanlee C. , Iskandar O. , Barbarino S. , Konakom K. , Khan M. , Salazar J. 
Published: February 2015

PETRONAS and OVS Group team up to optimize gas-lift process in offshore dual string oil wells in Baram field, Malaysia. This paper outlines how the real-time production data and well model approach help to overcome the challenges faced in dual string gaslift wells and improve their performance.

Challenges
To determine the injected gas allocation factor in dual-string wells when both strings are producing. To determine the well inflow performance with limited or no reservoir information such as permeability, drainage area, skin etc. for multiple completions. To improve the well and field performance in absence of daily measured flow rates. To diagnose high producing GOR wells to improve the gaslift performance.

Methodology
Gas Allocation method is developed to compute gas injection rate in each string based on welltests. Composite IPR is built at the solution node (Figure: 1.0) where fluids from all producing completions are commingled in tubing and nodal analysis is performed. Well-model-based Virtual Meter (VM) approach is used to estimate the flow rates and improve the well and field performance. Gas lift diagnostic is used to identify gas-lift performance issues.
Results, Observations, and Conclusions:Integration of databases helped to find out missing/wrong data in well tests and prioritize well tests which are overdue.Ensuring the consistency of Total GOR at reservoir and well level improved the inflow performance for production surveillance, optimization and forecast.VM enhanced the surveillance and understanding of wells, highlighted opportunities and improved the allocation method.Recommendations were made to review production strategy due to gas conning or gaslift design to improve the production and gaslift performance in high producing GOR wells.
Significance of Subject Matter:When limited or no downhole information is available, pressure gradients analysis in both casing and tubing helps to estimate the gas injection rate using surface measurements.In case of multipoint injection (Figure: 2.0), well performance is carried out based on deepest injection point if it is possible. Necessary recommendations are made to avoid multipoint injection for efficient gas lift operation.

Application
It can be applied to any single or dual string gas lift well.
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Overcoming Lost Circulation While Cementing Riserless Tophole in Deepwater
Authors: Goncalves R. , Tajalie A.F. , Meyer A. 
Published: February 2015

In Deepwater environment, cementing the surface casing properly is critical to ensure support of the BOP stack, and allow drilling subsequent hole sections. The tophole sections are prone to loss circulation while drilling through the unconsolidated formation and geological fault zones. After switching the well fluid from seawater to heavier pad mud, no drilling fluid returns or very little is observed at sea bed. This scenario makes the cementing operations challenging, as any fluid heavier than seawater may cause lost circulation and compromise the well structural support. Failure to cement the riserless casing properly has been the root cause of many NPT events and one of the top contributors to incidents where the well has been re-spudded. This paper will present the solution to the lost circulation encountered in deepwater wells in Malaysia. The solution uses an engineered dual fibers technology to regain circulation through the thief zones and achieve structural integrity of the riserless casing.
The dual fiber technology with optimized solids package and high solid-content cement has been effectively applied to overcome losses in the deepwater riserless section. This technology can also be used on any cementing operation where loss circulation is expected, as a pill or spacer ahead of the cement slurry, given that proper assessment of the well geometry and thorough engineered design have been performed.
It was absolutely critical for the operator to get cement returns to sea bed. The dual fibers technology and high solid-content cement were synergically utilized, helping to achieve circulation through the unconsolidated and faulty zones and achieve proper cementation of the surface casing. Circulation of fluids to the sea bed was verified by ROV. The job pressure profile shows that the final displacement pressure was as expected and the top of cement calculated to be at planned depth, despite the loss circulation scenario prior to the cementing operation.
The technology presented in this paper provides solution to effectively cement the tophole in deepwater, overcoming lost circulation, helping to achieve structural integrity of the casing that will support the BOP stack and to minimize potential NPT events associated with loss circulation.
CFD Study of Deep Draft SemiSubmersible VIM
Authors: Lee Sing-Kwan , Chien Hung-Pin , Gu Hai 
Published: February 2015

In deepwater oil and gas development, a stable floating platform is critical to the safe and reliable operation of the topside production/drilling facilities. The motion characteristics of the platform are a significant factor in the service life of the mooring system and risers connected to the platform. Among different floating platform configurations, deep-draft semisubmersible (DDS) concepts are known to exhibit better vertical motion characteristics in wave environments than conventional semisubmersibles because of the smaller wave exciting forces on the pontoon structure.
In a DDS design, vortex-induced motion (VIM) stemming from vortex-induced lift force remains one of the challenges in offshore engineering. Compared to a single column floating platform such as a spar, a semisubmersible attracts a more complex VIM phenomenon due to its multi-column configuration. Because of the elongated submerged column and enlarged projected area to the current, both in-line drag forces and transverse vortex-induced lift forces are larger, resulting in increased in-line and transverse horizontal motions in a current environment.
In this study, an overset grid Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach is adopted on DDS to facilitate the computation of an arbitrary large VIM displacement. Due to the high grid resolution requirement for vortex shedding flow simulation, the best practice O-type grid topology with grid points located up to the near wall boundary sub-layer level is used around the semisubmersible hull. The results show the calculated drag forces are in good agreement with measurement data. To further consider the deep draft semi-submersible VIM, an appropriate spring-type constraint is added based on a real application case of a mooring line system.
Systematic CFD simulations show there are complex phenomena for VIM responses due to different inflow current speed and heading angle relative to the DDS. In addition to the common large VIM lock-in motion at the DDS natural sway frequency, simulations also show a combined motion of galloping and VIM that manifests as transverse motion beyond the natural sway frequency range. Spectra analysis also is performed for the VIM time history to provide more comprehensive information, which is useful for the fatigue life estimate for mooring lines and risers.
Optimised Fatigue and Reliability RBI Program for Requalification, Life Extension and Integrity Management of Offshore Structure
Authors: Nezamian A. , Clarke E. 
Published: February 2015

There is an ever increasing need to extend the life of aging offshore structures beyond their original design life. Whether these structures are fixed offshore rigs or floating facilities, operators are continually looking for new inspection and mitigation techniques aimed at ensuring the integrity of the structure. Improved inspection techniques and mitigation when combined with a sophisticated Risk Based Inspection (RBI) program can serve to requalify and extend the life of offshore structures.
Degrading mechanisms such as corrosion and fatigue, overloading, excessive marine growth and accidental damage may affect the integrity of offshore facilities. Early Identification and addressing the degradation mechanisms can prevent a structural failure. Joint weld close visual inspection or MPI can provide assurance in fatigue performance of the joint and to be used in calibration of fatigue life and improve the inspection intervals requirements.
An oil field consisting of many well head platforms, a living quarter platform), a flare platform and a processing platform are the main focus of this paper. In-place, seismic, spectral fatigue and ultimate strength analyses were undertaken for the platforms to determine the criticality of members and joints. These analyses in combination with cathodic protection studies and available inspection data were used for requalification and life extension.
This paper documents the methodology for the development of the RBI program to support the requalification and life extension of the platforms. The RBI program was based on guidance from ISO 19902, with the likelihood and consequence of joint failure used establishing base line and to identify the number and intervals for scheduled inspections. The results of the baseline inspections and additional sensitivity studies were then used to optimise the RBI program.
This paper serves to highlight the finanacialfinancial benefits, efficiency and importance of developing an RBI program based on probability of failure and consequence to manage the inspection programs for platforms and other facilities, particularly where there is a requirement to requalify the facility and/or extend its life.
Spatial AHP Enables Highly Effective Pipeline Routing Evaluations
Authors: White Chuck , Turner Nathan , Bacon Kellie , Palejwala Ashfaq , Mower Kirk , McGee Simon 
Published: February 2015

The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is employed to structure and prioritize the criteria (issues) that most strongly affect pipeline routing decisions for offshore projects. An AHP model is created incorporating these criteria and the pair-wise comparisons technique is used to establish weighting of the criteria. The collaborative pair-wise comparison approach allows all team members to explore and sound out each other's perspectives on the importance of each of the routing assessment criterion in a disciplined way that builds consensus around the model adopted for the cases under investigation.
This AHP model is then tagged to the geomatics database automatically linking expertise in the pipelining disciplines with advanced geomatics capabilities for assessing export pipeline routing schemes to directly account for key considerations like flow assurance, spanning, and seabed hazard avoidance.
The model is then applied to challenging pipeline planning cases for offshore Western Australia. The results track the rankings of each routing option under each of the identified and prioritized route selection criteria as the actual site data is applied along the entire length of the pipeline. Sensitivities to variations in the weightings of the evaluation criteria are investigated in a way that confirms the robustness of the routing recommendations.
The paper clarifies how the issues and key technical information are efficiently captured and applied within full field development planning studies that reflect real-world information (geomatics). The ability to easily accommodate changes in the engineering/technical basis and/or corporate priorities is highlighted, as well as the consensus-building strengths of this advanced decision-support methodology.
Hydrodynamic Response of Spar with Disc
Authors: Jose Jithin , Selvam Rajamanickam Panneer , Sundaravadivelu Ranganathan 
Published: February 2015

Description of the Proposed Paper:
The scope is to study the hydrodynamic response of the spar (39m diameter and 198.1m draft) using WAMIT. The analytical expression proposed by Tao et al., is used to estimate the viscous damping for the spar with the disc at the bottom. The disc increases the added mass and damping. The spar with single disc configuration is studied varying the disc diameter. The spar with twin disc configuration is studied varying the spacing of disc. The disc diameter and spacing is obtained for the permissible heave response of 5m and pitch of 4 degrees considering the swell (regular wave height of 2m and wave period of 25s) and sea (regular wave height of 20m and wave period of 14s) states on the east coast of India.

Application:
The results can be used to design the spar with single or twin disc. The disc diameter and spacing of the disc can be determined for the site specific swell or sea wave height and period.

Results, Observations, and Conclusions:
The heave and pitch responses are observed to be within limits for single disc configuration with disc diameter equal to 1.4 times spar diameter and twin disc configuration with disc diameter equal to 1.3 times spar diameter and disc spacing equal to 0.4 times disc diameter.

Significance of Subject Matter:
The effect of single disc with varying diameter and twin disc with varying spacing on spar response is predicted. The effect of viscous damping in addition to radiation damping is studied. The effect of swell wave is found to be the significant for survival condition.
Modelling the Shearing Effect of Flowing Fluid and Wax Ageing on Wax Deposition in Pipelines
Authors: Zhang Xiaohong , Queimada Antonio , Szczepanski Richard , Moorwood Tony 
Published: February 2015

Wax precipitation and deposition in pipelines is one of the most important flow assurance challenges for the oil and gas industry. Much work has been carried out to model wax deposition as measured by flow loops and other experiments. Models are routinely scaled up to predict the behaviour of full-scale pipelines, but little information is available to verify if such predictions are reliable.
A fully compositional wax deposition model has been developed that combines an accurate model for the thermodynamics of wax precipitation, a model for diffusive wax deposition based on heat and mass transfer analogy and a method for the shearing effect on the wax deposits caused by the turbulence of the flowing fluid. The wax is treated throughout as a fully compositional distribution of n-paraffins, because previous work has shown that simplifying the representation of the n-paraffins leads to results that appear to be physically unrealistic. The model has been shown to be in reasonable agreement with wax deposition rates reported from flow-loop experiments.
This paper describes the application of the wax deposition model to real pipelines and the shearing effect on the deposited waxes. The shearing effect will be illustrated by reference to the real field cases, and the operating experience of a sub-sea pipeline. The deposition model is analysed to assess its agreement with the real field operating experience, and to assess under what conditions the pipeline could be considered at risk of blocking.
The paper also considers the effect of wax ageing on wax deposits. In cases where fluid turbulence may limit wax build-up, the wax deposit may gradually harden with time due to ageing. A hardening deposit could lead to long-term remediation problems. A number of possible wax ageing mechanism are considered, and how they would modify the deposition process. It is found that the effective diffusivity of hydrocarbon molecules inside the waxy gel deposit is a major uncertainty affecting the predictions. Model sensitivities are investigated in the light of this uncertainty, and the possible impact of ageing on the pipeline is assessed.
Effect of Time and Temperature on Crude Oil Aging to do a Right Surfactant Flooding with a New Approach
Authors: Heidari Mohammad A , Habibi Ali , Ayatollahi Shahab , Masihi Mohsen , Ashoorian Sefatallah 
Published: February 2015

Dilute Surfactant flooding is one of the significant processes in chemical flooding. Many oil reservoirs became appropriate candidates for surfactant/water flooding when screening criteria developed. Injected surfactant tries to mobilize the residual oil that was trapped in interstice. The main contributing mechanism for oil recovery improvement by surfactant flooding is rock wettability alteration. Wettability is a one of the proper index in choosing the best approach for a successful surfactant flooding which tiny change in wettability alteration will lead to improve oil recovery.
This experimental study investigated the effect of different aging time and temperature on wettability alteration with exact soaking time to find the optimum condition. Afterwards, coreflooding experiments were performed to determine the impact of dilute cationic surfactant slug with huff ‘n’ puff(cyclic 7 days) method on displacement sweep efficiency in the carbonate core from one of the Iranian oil field. Besides, contact angle and interfacial tension (IFT) measurements were done to provide the supplementary data for a surfactant/waterflooding. The optimum concentrations of C19tab, were determined by measuring interfacial tension values of the crude oil in contact with surfactant solutions, which were prepared from synthetic saline water.
The results obtained from laboratory showed a reduction in residual oil saturation by changing contact angle and IFT reduction between oil and water. Aging is known as important parameter for researcher to alter the wettability. Furthermore it proves effect of wettability alteration is more than IFT reduction.