bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of chloramine‐T treatment on antioxidant enzyme activities and genotoxicity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Boran H , Altinok I 
Published: August 2013

AbstractJuvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) were exposed to therapeutic, and higher concentrations of chloramine‐T (Cl‐T) to assess the effects of this chemical on the antioxidant enzyme system and genetic structure. Red blood cells acetylcholinesterase, ∆‐aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, paraoxonase and liver glutathione S‐transferase activity were increased at 10 and 20 mg L−1 Cl‐T‐exposed fish, while they were decreased at 30 mg L−1 Cl‐T‐exposed fish. On the other hand, liver catalase activity and liver protein levels increased at 10 mg L−1 and decreased at 20 and 30 mg L−1 concentrations of Cl‐T. Liver super‐oxide dismutase activity decreased at 10 mg L−1 and 20 mg L−1 Cl‐T and increased at 30 mg L−1 of Cl‐T. Compared to control, comet assay indicated that Cl‐T did not cause significant DNA damage to red blood cells of the fish. Results indicate that 10 or 20 mg L−1 Cl‐T can be safely used to prevent or treat external parasitic and bacterial infection of rainbow trout.
Efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum) extract applied as a therapeutic immersion treatment for Neobenedenia sp. management in aquaculture
Authors: Militz T A , Southgate P C , Carton A G , Hutson K S 
Published: August 2013

AbstractGarlic, Allium sativum L., extract administered as a therapeutic bath was shown to have antiparasitic properties towards Neobenedenia sp. (MacCallum) (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea) infecting farmed barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch). The effect of garlic extract (active component allicin) immersion on Neobenedenia sp. egg development, hatching success, oncomiracidia (larvae) longevity, infection success and juvenile Neobenedenia survival was examined and compared with freshwater and formalin immersion. Garlic extract was found to significantly impede hatching success (5% ± 5%) and oncomiracidia longevity (<2 h) at allicin concentrations of 15.2 μL L−1, while eggs in the seawater control had >95% hatching success and mean oncomiracidia longevity of 37 ± 3 h. At much lower allicin concentrations (0.76 and 1.52 μL L−1), garlic extract also significantly reduced Neobenedenia infection success of L. calcarifer to 25% ± 4% and 11% ± 4%, respectively, compared with 55% ± 7% in the seawater control. Juvenile Neobenedenia attached to host fish proved to be highly resistant to allicin with 96% surviving 1‐h immersion in 10 mL L−1 (15.2 μL L−1 allicin) of garlic extract. Allicin‐containing garlic extracts show potential for development as a therapy to manage monogenean infections in intensive aquaculture with the greatest impact at the egg and larval stages.
Experimental Lactococcus garvieae infection in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792: a comparative histopathological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Avci H , Birincioglu S S , Tanrikul T T , Epikmen E T , Metin N , Avsever M L 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to induce Lactococcus garvieae infection in young and adult fish through different routes [intraperitoneal (IP) and immersion (IM)] and to investigate the pathogenesis and histopathological and immunohistochemical findings comparatively. For this purpose, a total of 180 rainbow trout (90 young, 20 ± 5 g and 90 adult, 80 ± 10 g) obtained from a commercial fish farm were used. The fish were divided into eight groups, four experimental groups (Young‐Adult IP groups and Young‐Adult IM groups, each contain 30 fish) and four control groups (Young‐Adult IP Control groups and Young‐Adult IM control groups, each contain 15 fishes). The experimental study was conducted using L. garvieae, and confirmatory identification was performed by PCR. The sequence result of the PCR amplicon of 16S rDNA from isolate L. garvieae LAC1 was determined and deposited in the GenBank database under accession number KC883976. Fish in the IP groups were intraperitoneally administered an inoculate containing 106 cfu mL−1 bacteria 0.1 mL. In the IM groups, fish were kept in inoculated water containing 108 cfu mL−1 bacteria for 20 min. Mortality as well as clinical and pathological findings was recorded daily, and significant differences in macroscopic and microscopic results were observed between the IP and IM administration groups. All tissue samples were immunohistochemically stained by the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex and immunofluorescence (IF) methods using polyclonal antibody to detect L. garvieae antigens. In immunoperoxidase staining in the IP groups, positive reactions to bacterial antigens were most commonly seen in the spleen, kidney, heart, liver, peritoneum and swim bladder. In the IM groups, bacterial antigens were most commonly found in the eye, gill, spleen and kidney. In the IF method, the distribution of antigens in tissue and organs was similar to the reactions with immunoperoxidase staining. Finally, in this experimental study, an important correlation was seen between the distribution of L. garvieae antigens and lesions developing in many organ and tissues.
Relative prevalence ofMycobacterium marinumin fish collected from aquaria and natural freshwaters in central Europe
Authors: Slany M , Makovcova J , Jezek P , Bodnarova M , Pavlik I 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA survey was carried out on occurrence ofMycobacterium marinumin fish kept in aquaria and those living in their natural environment. Species‐specificqPCRtargeting theerpand IS2404genes together with the conventional culture method were used. The analysis of 72 ornamental fish (n = 216 samples: gills, muscle and intestine) collected from aquaria revealed the presence ofM. marinumin 30 individuals (41.7%) of whom 17 (23.6%) were later culture positive. Culture‐independent detection revealed the presence ofM. marinumin 16 of 83 environmental samples (19.3%) collected in aquaria. The presence of viableM. marinumcells was later confirmed in 5 samples (6.0%). NoqPCRor culture positivity was observed when 123 groundwater fish and their corresponding environmental samples (n = 142) were analysed.
Thelohanellus testudineus n. sp. (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) infecting the skin of allogynogenetic gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch) in China
Authors: Liu Y , Jia L , Huang M J , Gu Z M 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA Thelohanellus species was encountered during a survey on Thelohanellus diversity of Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch) in China. The infection is characterized by the presence of large cysts of 1.4–3.2 cm in diameter in the skin of host. Mature spores were ampullaceous in frontal view and testudinate in lateral view, measuring 19.7 ± 0.7 (18.6–20.8) μm long, 7.6 ± 0.4 (6.6–8.4) μm wide and 7.3 ± 0.5 (6.6–8.8) μm thick. The single polar capsule was elongated pyriform, with 11.1 ± 0.5 (10.0–11.9) μm long and 5.3 ± 0.3 (4.3–5.8) μm wide. Polar filaments coiled with 7–8 turns. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a smooth spore surface with flat side and convex side. The sutural line was straight or ‘S’ like, running near the middle of the valves. Histologically, the large cysts consisting of numerous small plasmodia developed in the dermis of the skin. The BLAST search indicated that the newly obtained ssrRNA gene sequences did not match any available sequences in GenBank and phylogenetic analysis placed it in the Thelohanellus clade. Based on morphology and molecular differences with reported Thelohanellus spp., this parasite was described as a new species of genus Thelohanellus.
Effects of in vitro exposure to mercury on male gonads and sperm structure of the tropical fish tuvira Gymnotus carapo (L.)
Authors: Vergílio C S , Moreira R V , Carvalho C E V , Melo E J T 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study investigated the progressive effects of HgCl2 in the testis and sperm of the tropical fish tuvira Gymnotus carapo L. exposed to increasing Hg concentrations (5–30 μm) and increasing exposure times (24–96 h). Histopathology and metal concentrations in the testis were observed. Hg concentrations in the testis reached 5.1 and 5.2 μg g−1 in fish exposed to 20 and 30 μm of Hg, respectively. Hg effects on testicular tissue were observed even at low Hg concentrations, with no alterations in gonadosomatic index. However, the quantitative analysis of the induced alterations (lesion index) demonstrated that the Hg effects in testis became more severe after exposure to higher concentrations (20 and 30 μm) and during longer exposure (72 and 96 h), probably leading to partial or total loss of the organ function. Hg exposure (20 μm) also affected sperm count and altered sperm morphology. This study showed that HgCl2 caused progressive damage to testicular tissue, reduced sperm count and altered sperm morphology. These results are important in establishing a direct correlation between Hg accumulation and severity of lesions.
Detection and molecular characterization of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus from major ornamental fish breeding states in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Subramaniam K , Shariff M , Omar A R , Hair‐Bejo M , Ong B L 
Published: August 2013

Abstract‘Gold standard’ OIE reference PCR assay was utilized to detect the presence of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) in freshwater ornamental fish from Malaysia. From total of 210 ornamental fish samples representing 14 species, ISKNV was detected in 36 samples representing 5 fish species. All positive cases did not show any clinical signs of ISKNV. Three restriction enzymes analyses showed that the fish were infected by identical strains of the same virus species within Megalocytivirus genus. Major capsid protein (MCP) genes of 10 ISKNV strains were sequenced and compared with 9 other reference nucleotide sequences acquired from GenBank. Sequence analysis of MCP gene showed that all strains detected in this study were closely related to the reference ISKNV with nucleotide sequence identity that was ranging from 99.8% to 100%. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of MCP gene revealed that viruses from genus Megalocytivirus can be divided into three genotypes: genotype 1 include reference ISKNV and all other strains that were detected in this study, genotype 2 include viruses closely related to red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), and genotype 3 include viruses closely related turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV).
Metabolomic investigation of pathogenesis of myxosporean emaciation disease of tiger puffer fish Takifugu rubripes
Authors: Kodama H , Otani K , Iwasaki T , Takenaka S , Horitani Y , Togase H 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSerum biochemical analysis was undertaken to study the pathophysiological details of emaciation disease of the tiger puffer fish Takifugu rubripes (Temminck and Schlegel). Serum parameters were measured by biochemical analysis using automated dry chemistry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Serum concentrations of albumin, amylase, calcium, creatinine, glucose and total protein were significantly lower in the emaciated fish when compared with those of normal fish. Regression analyses found close correlation between concentrations of total protein, albumin, amylase, glucose and progress of the disease. In contrast, serum alanine aminotransferase increased significantly in emaciated fish indicating liver function disorder. Further, GC/MS metabolic profiling of the puffer serum showed that the profile of the emaciated fish was distinct to that of non‐infected control. The serum content of amino acids including glycine, 5‐oxo‐proline and proline, and ascorbic acid, fumaric acid and glycerol increased significantly in serum in moderately emaciated fish. The serum glucose, linolenic acid and tyrosine level decreased significantly in the late phase of the disease. Our results clearly show that prolonged intestinal damage caused by myxosporean infection impairs absorption of nutrients, resulting in extreme emaciation.
Production of recombinant capsid protein of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (r‐MCP43) of giant freshwater prawn, M. rosenbergii (de Man) for immunological diagnostic methods
Authors: Farook M A , Madan N , Taju G , Abdul Majeed S , Nambi K S N , Sundar Raj N , Vimal S , Sahul Hameed A S 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWhite tail disease (WTD) caused by Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV) is a serious problem in prawn hatcheries. The gene for capsid protein of MrNV (MCP43) was cloned into pRSET B expression vector. The MCP43 protein was expressed as a protein with a 6‐histidine tag in Escherichia coli GJ1158 with NaCl induction. This recombinant protein, which was used to raise the antiserum in rabbits, recognized capsid protein in different WTD‐infected post‐larvae and adult prawn. Various immunological methods such as Western blot, dot blot and ELISA techniques were employed to detect MrNV in infected samples using the antiserum raised against recombinant MCP43 of MrNV. The dot blot assay using anti‐rMCP43 was found to be capable of detecting MrNV in WTD‐infected post‐larvae as early as at 24 h post‐infection. The antiserum raised against r‐MCP43 could detect the MrNV in the infected samples at the level of 100 pg of total protein. The capsid protein of MrNV estimated by ELISA using anti‐rMCP43 and pure r‐MCP43 as a standard was found to increase gradually during the course of infection from 24 h p.i. to moribund stage. The results of immunological diagnostic methods employed in this study were compared with that of RT‐PCR to test the efficiency of antiserum raised against r‐MCP43 for the detection of MrNV. The Western blot, dot blot and ELISA detected all MrNV‐positive coded samples as detected by RT‐PCR.
Epidermal response of rainbow trout to Ichthyobodo necator: immunohistochemical and gene expression studies indicate a Th1‐/Th2‐like switch
Authors: Chettri J K , Kuhn J A , Jaafar R M , Kania P W , Møller O S , Buchmann K 
Published: August 2013

AbstractInfections with the parasitic flagellate Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1883) cause severe skin and gill disease in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) juveniles. The epidermal disturbances including hyperplasia and mucous cell exhaustion caused by parasitization are known, but no details on specific cellular and humoral reactions have been presented. By applying gene expression methods and immunohistochemical techniques, further details of immune processes in the affected skin can be presented. A population of I. necator was established in the laboratory and used to induce an experimental infection of juvenile rainbow trout. The course of infection was followed by sampling for parasite enumeration, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) on days 0, 5, 9 and 14 post‐infection. IHC showed a significant increase in the occurrence of IgM‐positive cells in the skin of the infected fish, whereas IgT‐positive cells were eliminated and the number of CD8‐positive cells declined. qPCR studies supported the IHC findings showing a significant increase in IgM and a decrease in the CD8 gene expression. In addition, genes encoding innate immune genes such as lysozyme, SAA and cathelicidin 2 were up‐regulated. Expression of cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐4/13A, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10), the cell marker CD4 and the transcription factor GATA3 showed a significant increase after infection. Cytokine profiling including up‐regulation of IL‐4/13A and IL‐10 genes and transcription factor GATA3 connected to the proliferation of IgM producing lymphocytes suggests a partial shift towards a Th2 response associated with the I. necator infection.
Automatic nuclear bud detection using ellipse fitting, moving sticks or top‐hat transformation
Authors: ZHANG C. , SUN C. , VALLOTTON P. , FENECH M. , PHAM T.D. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryMicronucleus assays are extensively used by biologists to assess genotoxicity and to monitor human exposure to genotoxic materials. As recent studies suggested that nuclear buds can be a new source of micronuclei formed in interphase, the quantification of nuclear buds, which are micronucleus like objects that are attached to the nuclei in interphase, in normal and control group is needed. Three automatic nuclear bud detection algorithms fit for different situations are proposed in this paper. One is based on ellipse fitting, one is based on a stick model and the other is based on the top‐hat transform. Comparison of the three methods is also given in this paper. Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithms are all effective and efficient for nuclear bud detection.
Presenilin 2 influences miR146 level and activity in microglia
Authors: Jayadev Suman , Case Amanda , Alajajian Betty , Eastman Alison J. , Möller Thomas , Garden Gwenn A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMicroglia, the resident innate immune cells of the CNS, are the primary defenders against microbes and critical to CNS remodeling. Dysregulation of microglial behavior can lead to unchecked pro‐inflammatory activity and subsequent neurodegeneration. The molecular mechanisms leading to chronic inflammation and microglial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases are not well‐understood. It is known that patients with Presenilin 2 (PS2) mutations develop autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease. We have shown that a lack of normal PS2 function is associated with exaggerated microglia pro‐inflammatory responses in vitro. To identify pathways by which PS2 regulates microglia and determine how PS2 dysfunction may lead to altered inflammatory pathways, we pursued an unbiased array approach to assess differential expression of microRNAs between murine PS2 knockout (KO) and wild‐type microglia. We identified miR146, a negative regulator of monocyte pro‐inflammatory response, as constitutively down‐regulated in PS2 KO microglia. Consistent with a state of miR146 suppression, we found that PS2 KO microglia express higher levels of the miR146 target protein interleukin‐1 receptor‐associated kinase‐1, and have increased NFκB transcriptional activity. We hypothesize that PS2 impacts microglial responses through modulation of miR146a. PS2 dysfunction, through aging or mutation, may contribute to neurodegeneration by influencing the pro‐inflammatory behavior of microglia.
imagePresenilin 2 (PS2), a membrane associated protease, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. We have previously shown that PS2 plays an important role in curbing the proinflammatory response in microglia. Here, we report the novel finding that PS2 participates in maintaining the basal and cytokine induced expression of the innate immunity regulating microRNA, miR146. These data suggest one mechanism by which PS2 works to reign in proinflammatory microglial behavior and that PS2 dysfunction or deficiency could thus result in unchecked proinflammatory activation contributing to neurodegeneration.
Women's attitudes towards mechanisms of action of birth control methods: a cross‐sectional study in five European countries
Authors: Lopez‐del Burgo Cristina , Mikolajczyk Rafael T , Osorio Alfonso , Errasti Tania , de Irala Jokin 
Published: August 2013

Aims and objectivesTo assess women's attitudes towards the mechanisms of action of birth control methods.BackgroundWhen addressing women's knowledge of and attitudes towards birth control methods, researchers frequently focus on side effects, effectiveness or correct use. Women's opinions about mechanisms of action have been much less investigated, and research is usually concentrated on the EC pill.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsWomen, aged 18–49, from Germany, France, the UK, Sweden and Romania were randomly selected (n = 1137). They were asked whether they would use a method that may work after fertilisation or after implantation and whether they would continue using it after learning it may have such effects. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the influence of certain characteristics on women's attitudes.ResultsAlmost half of women in Romania and Germany would not use methods with postfertilisation effects, while the lowest percentages were found in Sweden and in France. Regarding methods with postimplantation effects, higher percentages were found in all the countries. Highly educated women and those using a highly effective method were more likely to use methods with postfertilisation effects. On the contrary, married women, those who stated that human life begins at fertilisation and women with middle/high religiosity were less likely to consider using methods that may act after fertilisation.ConclusionsOne‐third of European women reported that they would not consider using a method that may have postfertilisation effects.Relevance to clinical practiceGiven that postfertilisation effects may not be acceptable to some women, informing them of which methods may have these effects is essential to obtaining complete informed consent and to promoting women's autonomy.
Inhibition of interleukin 1β–stimulated interleukin‐6 production by cranberry components in human gingival epithelial cells: effects on nuclear factor κB and activator protein 1 activation pathways
Authors: Tipton D. A. , Carter T. B. , Dabbous M. Kh. 
Published: August 2013

Background and ObjectiveIn periodontitis, gingival epithelial cells can produce interleukin (IL)‐6, a regulator of osteoclastic bone resorption, in response to IL‐1β. IL‐1β regulates cytokine expression via signaling pathways, including nuclear factor (NF)‐κB and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)/activator protein (AP)‐1. Cranberry proanthocyanidins (PACs) inhibit IL‐1β–stimulated IL‐6 production, but specific mechanisms are unclear. The objectives of this study were to determine effects of cranberry PACs on NF‐κB and MAPK/AP‐1 activation of IL‐1β‐stimulated IL‐6 production in gingival epithelial cells.Material and MethodsCranberry high molecular weight non‐dialyzable material (NDM), rich in PACs, was derived from cranberry juice. Human gingival epithelial cells [Smulow‐Glickman (S‐G)] were incubated with IL‐1β in the presence or absence of NDM or inhibitors of NF‐κB, [nemo‐binding domain (NBD) peptide] or AP‐1 (SP600125), and IL‐6 levels were measured by ELISA. Effects of NDM on IL‐1β‐activated NF‐κB and AP‐1 and phosphorylated intermediates in both pathways were measured in cell extracts via binding to specific oligonucleotides and specific sandwich ELISAs, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Scheffe's F procedure for post hoc comparisons.ResultsIL‐1β (≥ 0.1 nm) caused a time‐ and dose‐dependent stimulation of S‐G epithelial cell IL‐6 production (p < 0.005). This was significantly decreased in a dose‐dependent manner by NBD peptide or SP600125 [maximum inhibition ~30–40% (p < 0.02)], and together, the two inhibitors decreased IL‐6 by ~80%, similar to the inhibition caused by NDM (p < 0.001). IL‐1β stimulated NF‐κB and AP‐1 activation (p < 0.003), which was inhibited by NDM (p < 0.0001). NDM did not significantly affect IL‐1β‐stimulated levels of phosphorylated intermediates in the NF‐κB pathway (IκBα) or the AP‐1 pathway (c‐Jun, ERK1/2).ConclusionIn S‐G epithelial cells, IL‐1β appeared to upregulate IL‐6 production via activation of both NF‐κB and MAPK/AP‐1 signaling pathways because cranberry NDM decreased nuclear levels of IL‐1β‐activated NF‐κB (p65) and AP‐1 (phospho‐c‐Jun) and strongly inhibited IL‐6 production. Lack of inhibition of phosphorylation of IκBα, c‐Jun or ERK1/2 suggested that NDM might affect both pathways downstream from those points in S‐G cells, such as ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation of IκBα, or inhibition of nuclear activity of c‐Jun and/or ERK1/2. Defining these points of inhibition precisely may help identify molecular targets of cranberry polyphenols.