bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Students' views of teachers using the Clinical Teaching Effectiveness Inventory
Authors: Ross Linda , Wallis Jaime , Huggins Chris 
Published: May 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine undergraduate students' views of paramedic clinical teachers from a large Australian university. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving a paper-based questionnaire employing a convenience sample of undergraduate paramedic students. Student attitudes towards paramedic clinical in-field teachers were measured using a standardised self-reporting instrument: Clinical Teaching Effectiveness Inventory (CTEI). Participants rate their level of agreement with each item on a 5-point Likert scale (1=never/poor to 5=always/superb). Results: This research indicates that the clinical teachers are able to assist the graduates with the integration of the theory into the practice. There was significant difference between subscale 1‘Learner-centred instructional skills’ and those aged between <20 years and those aged between 35–39 years (p=0.013). Conclusion: This study has provided some insight into this important area. Before any definitive conclusions can be made this study needs to be repeated on a larger scale and across other jurisdictions. To establish a clearer picture we need a greater knowledge and understanding of the levels of education and experience of the clinical teachers. This should assist in building the graduates' epistemology of practice.
Recent advances in the management of acute diarrhoea
Authors: Hall Veronica 
Published: May 2014

Diarrhoea is fairly complex in both its causation and its definition. Patients may consider it to be liquid stools, yet medically it is also defined in terms of frequency and volume. Acute diarrhoea has a major impact on morbidity, is a cause of absenteeism from work and decreases quality of life. Diarrhoea occurs as a consequence of impaired gut function, which may be due to the failure of many mechanisms: digestion, secretory impairment, peristalsis, failures within the gut immune system, viruses or bacteria, where secretions overwhelm the absorptive capacity, and infections.
Management of Depot Neuroleptics
Authors: Cantle Florence 
Published: May 2014

Many practitioners in primary care have been required to administer depot neuropleptics as part of the community care of schizophrenic patients. In a survey of practitioners attending a workshop on depot neuroleptics, it was found that most would like further training, only half operate a recall system, and one third would prefer the job to be taken on by psychiatric nurses. The conclusion is that many health care practitioners such as practice nurses performing this role need further training in the administration of depot neuroleptics, and in the management of schizophrenic patients as part of the care plan approach. The author recommends a working party to reassess the whole area of management of neuroleptic injections, and assess the training needs of primary care personnel.
Research methodology for veterinary nurses
Authors: Bloor Claire 
Published: May 2014

The veterinary nursing profession has progressed towards autonomy and self regulation over the past decade and in April 2010 will have fully achieved this regulated, professional status, whereby its members must adhere to and maintain certain professional standards as stipulated by the awarding body. With these advances comes the need for veterinary nurses (VN) to take ownership of their nursing, responsibility for their actions and become truly accountable for their day-to-day activities in veterinary practice. An inevitable part of this progression is the need for all VNs to source, read, understand and utilize the most current research available to justify their decisions based on best practice; evidence-based practice. With the introduction and development of a variety of higher education courses for the VN there has been an increase in the number of undergraduate and postgraduate VNs conducting research into many subject areas via different methods. This level of participation in research should hopefully continue into the future, building on the knowledgebase of evidence available for VNs. This article initially explores what research actually means before moving on to veterinary nursing research and the issues surrounding this concept. The research process is explored before moving on to the basics about research methodology and methods a VN may consider when undertaking a research project in veterinary practice.
How to place and maintain a jugular catheter
Authors: Hurley Julia 
Published: May 2014

The purpose of the article is to provide a step by step guide to placement of a jugular catheter and maintenance. Advantages of placing a jugular catheter include increased comfort for patient, ease of use for nursing staff, multi lumen allowing blood sampling, intravenous fluid access and parenteral nutrition to be given if required to the same patient. Disadvantages include increased risk of infection and introduction of foreign material into the central circulation, with far more serious consequences than peripheral vessel contamination therefore the increased need for proper aseptic technique for both placement and management.
Veterinary nurses creating a unique approach to patient care: part two
Authors: Wager Catherine , Welsh Perdi 
Published: May 2014

Planning patient care is an integral part of veterinary nursing practice. Part one of this article outlined how the Orpet and Jeffery Ability Model (2007) can be used to enhance the processes involved in planning care and encourage a holistic view of veterinary patients. This second part builds on the existing literature regarding the use of this model in practice by examining the outcomes arising from its use by 56 registered veterinary nurses in practice, as part of their studies towards the Royal Veterinary College Graduate Diploma in Professional and Clinical Veterinary Nursing. The observed positive outcomes included perceived increased recognition and enhancement of the unique role of the veterinary nurse and improved individualised and patient-specifc care through use of the client questionnaire. The predominant negative outcome was the length of time taken to complete the planning of patient care. While this may decrease if use of the model was routinely adopted by practising veterinary nurses, it is proposed by the authors that signifcant local adaptations of the model are required to ensure that this adoption occurs.
Space-Time Residual-Based A Posteriori Estimators for the
A−ϕ Magnetodynamic Formulation of the Maxwell System
Authors: Creusé Emmanuel , Nicaise Serge , Tittarelli Roberta 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In this paper, an a posteriori residual error estimator is proposed for the A−ϕ magnetodynamic Maxwell system given in its potential and space/time formulation and solved by a finite element method. The reliability as well as the efficiency of the estimator are established for several norms. Then, numerical tests are performed, allowing to illustrate the obtained theoretical results.
Stratigraphic Analysis of Weathering Crusts from the Historic Bastion of San Pedro, Campeche (XVIII century)
Authors: Silva-León Isabel , Reyes Javier , Pérez Tezozomoc , Alonso Elia , Pérez P. Bartolo 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe Bastion of San Pedro is part of the defensive infrastructure projected by Spanish colonizers in San Francisco de Campeche City, in order to protect the city and their inhabitants from pirates who ravaged the region during the XVIth and XIXth centuries. The bastion is a masonry structure built by using calcareous materials according the Spanish procedures from the edge. Since its construction, it has been under the synergetic interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors that promote degradation. In this study optical microscopy (MO) and scanning electron microscopy coupled to a dispersive analysis system (SEM/EDS) were used in order to analyze the stratigraphic profile of mortar weathered samples collected from walls of the Bastion of San Pedro. According the results, the samples were formed by three substrata: an upper external layer in contact with the environment (100 to 300 µm), the other one is an inner layer with thickness around 100 to 400 µm. The last substrate was formed by the mortar matrix composed by elements such as C, O, Ca, Si and Al, that indicate their mineral origin. By the other hand, it is important to note that the upper layer contained higher proportion of C respect to the other layers. It is probably major consequence of biomass encrustation rather that atmospheric pollution according to the particular environmental conditions surrounding the building.
An Analysis of Critical Accounting Estimate Disclosures of Pension Assumptions
Authors: Bauman Mark P. , Shaw Kenneth W. 
Published: May 2014

SYNOPSIS
Accounting for defined-benefit pension plans is complex, and reported financial statement amounts are significantly impacted by a myriad of assumptions. In its interpretative release FR-72 (SEC 2003), the SEC called for more informative and transparent Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) disclosure of critical accounting estimates (CAE), including those regarding pension plans. This paper uses a random sample of 147 firms with relatively large defined-benefit pension plans to analyze firms' MD&A pension-related critical accounting estimate disclosures.
We find that 60 (61) percent of our sample firms quantify the effect on pension measurements—primarily pension expense—of a given change in discount rates (expected asset returns). The median effect on earnings per share of these CAE-disclosing firms is between two and three cents. Firms rarely disclose the effects of potential changes in future salary assumptions or other estimates on pension measurements. While FR-72 encourages MD&A disclosure of information to assess the past accuracy of or predict future changes in critical accounting estimates, few firms provide such information with respect to their pension plans, suggesting avenues for improvement in disclosures. Finally, we use logistic regression to analyze the determinants of firms' decisions to disclose the sensitivity of pension expense to pension discount rate or expected asset return assumptions. Results indicate that the likelihood of providing a discount rate or expected asset return CAE is positively related to firm size, having a Big 4 auditor, and the variability of pension plan funded status, and is lower for firms operating in regulated industries and for firms with better-funded pension plans.
Going Concern Opinion and Cost of Equity
Authors: Amin Keval , Krishnan Jagan , Yang Joon Sun 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARY:
Prior studies document a negative market reaction to going concern opinions. We extend this literature by focusing on the link between the going concern opinion and the cost of equity capital. Using two different samples (one comprising distressed firms and the other matched on propensity score), we document a significant positive association between the issuance of the going concern opinion and the firm's subsequent cost of equity capital. This result is robust to sensitivity tests using various subsamples, time periods, and multiple methods for computing the cost of equity capital. We also examine the association between changes in the audit opinion (going concern to clean opinion and vice versa) and subsequent changes in cost of equity. We find that the cost of equity increases between 3.3 percent and 5.7 percent for firms that receive a first-time going concern opinion. This evidence illuminates the relevance of going concern opinions and the value of the information embedded in them.
Sampling Nomads: A New Technique for Remote, Hard-to-Reach, and Mobile Populations
Authors: Himelein Kristen , Eckman Stephanie , Murray Siobhan 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Livestock are an important component of rural livelihoods in developing countries, but data about this source of income and wealth are difficult to collect due to the nomadic and seminomadic nature of many pastoralist populations. Most household surveys exclude those without permanent dwellings, leading to undercoverage. In this study, we explore the use of a random geographic cluster sample (RGCS) as an alternative to the household-based sample. In this design, points are randomly selected and all eligible respondents found inside circles drawn around the selected points are interviewed. This approach should eliminate undercoverage of mobile populations. We present results of an RGCS survey with a total sample size of 784 households to measure livestock ownership in the Afar region of Ethiopia in 2012. We explore the RGCS data quality relative to a recent household survey, and discuss the implementation challenges.
Product Quality Assessment – Measurement and Analysis of Surface Topography
Authors: Niemczewska-Wójcik Magdalena , Sładek Jerzy , Tabaka Małgorzata , Wójcik Artur 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This paper concerns the issues of measurement techniques, analysis and assessment of the machined surface geometric structure. The aim of this work was to show the application of surface analysis in diagnosing the causes of discrepancies occurring in the manufacturing process, which may result from ill-matched (poorly fitting) process parameters. An appropriate system of control and interpretation of results may allow early reaction to unfavorable trends (for example blunting of the tool) and prevention of undesirable defects. The subject of research was a waste basket used in the construction of retaining sewer systems. In this paper, the quality of the waste basket as well as its manufacturing process were analyzed and assessed. The research was carried out with the use of three measurement stands, i.e. optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and white light interferometer (WLI). The surface analysis proved to be important from the viewpoint of outlining the production process as well as improving the product quality. The software used for topographical analysis appeared to be significant for the success of the analysis, providing notable economic effects, namely the lack of defects.
Masculinity and Advertisements: The Case of Nepal Television
Authors: Mishra Indira 
Published: May 2014

The article explores the television commercials broadcasted by the Nepal Television (NTV) that have male roles to analyze how masculinity is presented in them. In Nepal, studies of men and masculinities remain a rare compared with studies of women and femininity. It is essential to analyze the representation of masculinity to understand men’s experiences, attitudes, beliefs and practices, not only to challenge men’s superiority over females, but also to create gender equality. ! e aim of this article then is to study how a hegemonic masculinity is represented and constructed within NTV commercials. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v1i1.10463 Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol.1(1) 2013; 1-10
Ethnicity, Stereotypes and Ethnic Movements in Nepal
Authors: Upadhyay Prakash 
Published: May 2014

Liberal political environment, globalization, urbanization and migration amid the hectic political process of constitution drafting trapped in the issue of federalism and inclusion made the issue of ethnicity more debatable in Nepal. New ethnic identities were forged, new associations set up, and new allegations made in social, political, geographical and economic sectors for the reorganization of the country. Ethnicity does not always shoot out from antique tradition or nationality, however is fashioned, socially/culturally constructed, adapted, recreated, or even manufactured in the modern society. For that reason, it is necessary to see ethnicity as process i.e. making of boundaries, fluidity of boundaries as well as the stiffening of boundaries, variations in categorization and identification among groups in different times and places. Hence, State reorganization on the basis of capricious ethnic and religious history and so on will lead to confusion, disintegration and mayhem. The bases of successful Indian federation are characterized by geographic diversities, regional, cultures, and linguistic features. The finest inclusive democratic federalism, one could anticipate for in Nepal is some form of decentralized federalism based on geographic, regional and economic factors, in which there is an acceptance of regional and cultural/linguistic differences and proper democratic representation of population. The relationship between ethnic politics and representative democracy presents a dilemma for scholars and policy makers, however ethnic organizations are not adversative to democracy and that democratization with commitment can proceed in diverse and unpredicted ways by integrating diverse ethnicities, class, cultural, societal, historical and geopolitical realities. However, that requires development of the feeling of leadership, self-confidence and capacity development on the part of ethnic and marginalized groups to lead all caste and ethnic groups and a change in the stereotypical thinking of dominant groups. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v1i1.10470 Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol.1(1) 2013; 65-78
Hypoxia promotes nucleus pulposus phenotype in 3D scaffolds in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Feng Ganjun , Li Li , Hong Ying , Liu Hao , Song Yueming , Pei Fuxing , Ma Peter X. , Gong Quan , Gupte Melanie J. 
Published: May 2014

Object
The role of oxygen in disc metabolism remains a matter of debate. Whether the effect of hypoxic priming on the nucleus pulposus phenotype can be maintained in vivo is not clear. The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that priming in a low oxygen tension in vitro could promote a nucleus pulposus phenotype in vivo.

Methods
Bovine nucleus pulposus cells were seeded in 3D scaffolds and subjected to varying oxygen tensions (2% and 20%) for 3 weeks. The constructs were then implanted subcutaneously for 8 weeks. Changes in the extracellular matrix were evaluated using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assay, DNA assay, collagen quantification, and histological and immunohistological analyses.

Results
Hypoxia resulted in greater production of sulfated glycosaminoglycan and higher levels of gene expression for collagen Type II, aggrecan, and SOX-9. Furthermore, after hypoxic priming, the subcutaneously implanted constructs maintained the nucleus pulposus phenotype, which was indicated by a significantly higher amount of glycosaminoglycan and collagen Type II.

Conclusions
Hypoxia enhanced the nucleus pulposus phenotype under experimental conditions both in vitro and in vivo. When used in combination with appropriate scaffold material, nucleus pulposus cells could be regenerated for tissue-engineering applications.
Directed Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Toward Bone and Cartilage: In Vitro Versus In Vivo Assays
Authors: Phillips Matthew D. , Kuznetsov Sergei A. , Cherman Natasha , Park Kyeyoon , Chen Kevin G. , McClendon Britney N. , Hamilton Rebecca S. , McKay Ronald D.G. , Chenoweth Josh G. , Mallon Barbara S. , Robey Pamela G. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

The ability to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into committed skeletal progenitors could allow for an unlimited autologous supply of such cells for therapeutic uses; therefore, we attempted to create novel bone-forming cells from human iPSCs using lines from two distinct tissue sources and methods of differentiation that we previously devised for osteogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells, and as suggested by other publications. The resulting cells were assayed using in vitro methods, and the results were compared with those obtained from in vivo transplantation assays. Our results show that true bone was formed in vivo by derivatives of several iPSC lines, but that the successful cell lines and differentiation methodologies were not predicted by the results of the in vitro assays. In addition, bone was formed equally well from iPSCs originating from skin or bone marrow stromal cells (also known as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells), suggesting that the iPSCs did not retain a “memory” of their previous life. Furthermore, one of the iPSC-derived cell lines formed verifiable cartilage in vivo, which likewise was not predicted by in vitro assays.
Global‐scale ionospheric flow and aurora precursors of auroral substorms: Coordinated SuperDARN and IMAGE/WIC observations
Authors: Shi Yong , Zesta Eftyhia 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe use global‐scale polar cap flow vector measurements from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) with the concurrent auroral observations from the Wideband Imaging Camera on board Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE/WIC) to study the polar cap flow and auroral precursors during a substorm onset on 26 December 2000. We show, for the first time, close connection between the dayside and nightside polar cap flow enhancements (with the enhanced dayside flow preceding the nightside one by several minutes) and the ensuing poleward boundary intensification (PBI)/streamer, and the later onset, forming a complete preonset sequence for a substorm onset. Our results supplement our previous study by providing further evidence that the dayside polar cap flow disturbance may be the key to initiate the whole process of a certain type of substorm by triggering reconnection somewhere in the tail via applied field (or flow) perturbations on the nightside plasma sheet boundary layer. Our results also indicate that a preexisting double oval structure is likely a favorable precondition for a certain type of substorm to be triggered by polar cap flow disturbance and the associated PBIs/streamers. On the other hand, not all our global‐scale preonset auroral sequences support the recent revised onset scenario proposed by Nishimura et al. () using the all‐sky imagers of the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms mission. This suggests that the preceding PBI/streamer is not a sufficient condition to trigger a substorm. It may not even be a necessary condition considering the existence of various types of substorm onsets.
On the solar cycle variation of the winter anomaly
Authors: Burns A. G. , Wang W. , Qian L. , Solomon S. C. , Zhang Y. , Paxton L. J. , Yue X. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractConstellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate, Ionosonde, and Global Ultraviolet Imager data have been used to investigate the solar cycle changes in the winter anomaly (the winter anomaly is defined as the enhancement of the F2 peak electron density in the winter hemisphere over that in the summer hemisphere) in the last solar cycle. There is no winter anomaly in solar minimum, and an enhancement of about 50% in winter over summer ones on the same day of the year at solar maximum. This solar cycle variation in the winter anomaly is primarily due to greater winter to summer differences of [O]/[N2] in solar maximum than in solar minimum, with a secondary contribution from the effects of temperature on the recombination coefficient between O+ and the molecular neutral gas. The greater winter increases in electron density in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere appear to be related to the greater annual variation of [O]/[N2] in the north than in the south.