bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Straight outta photosphere: Open solar flux without coronal modeling
Authors: Tähtinen Ismo , Asikainen Timo , Mursula Kalevi 
Published: August 2024

Context. The open solar flux, that is, the total magnetic flux escaping the Sun, is one of the most important parameters connecting solar activity to the Earth. The open solar flux is commonly estimated from photospheric magnetic field measurements by making model assumptions about the solar corona. However, the question in which way the open solar flux is directly related to the distribution of the photospheric magnetic field is still partly unknown.
Aims. We aim to reconstruct the open solar flux directly from the photospheric magnetic fields without making any assumptions about the corona and without using coronal hole observations, for instance.
Methods. We modified an earlier vector sum method by taking magnetic field polarities into account and applied the method to the synoptic magnetograms of six instruments to determine the open solar flux from solar cycles 21–24.
Results. The modified vector sum method produces a vector of the global solar magnetic field whose magnitude closely matches the open solar flux from the potential field source surface (PFSS) model both by the absolute scale and the overall time evolution for each of the six magnetograms. The latitude of this vector follows the Hale cycle by always pointing toward the dominantly positive-polarity hemisphere, and its longitude coincides with the location of the main coronal holes of the McIntosh Archive. We find multi-year periods during which the longitude of the vector slowly drifts or stays rather stationary in the Carrington frame. These periods are punctuated by times when the longitude moves rapidly in the Carrington frame. By comparing the magnitude of this vector to the open solar flux calculated from the PFSS model with different source surface heights, we find that the best match is produced with a source surface height Rss = 2.4 − 2.5 R⊙.
Solar active region evolution and imminent flaring activity through color-coded visualization of photospheric vector magnetograms
Authors: Kontogiannis I. , Pietrow A. G. M. , Druett M. K. , Dineva E. , Verma M. , Denker C. 
Published: August 2024

Context. The emergence of magnetic flux, its transition to complex configurations, and the pre-eruptive state of active regions are probed using photospheric magnetograms.
Aims. Our aim is to pinpoint different evolutionary stages in emerging active regions, explore their differences, and produce parameters that could advance flare prediction using color-coded maps of the photospheric magnetic field.
Methods. The three components of the photospheric magnetic field vector are combined to create color-combined magnetograms (COCOMAGs). From these, the areas occupied by different color hues are extracted, creating appropriate time series (color curves). These COCOMAGs and color curves are used as proxies of the active region evolution and its complexity.
Results. The morphology of COCOMAGs showcases typical features of active regions, such as sunspots, plages, and sheared polarity inversion lines. The color curves represent the area occupied by photospheric magnetic field of different orientation and contain information pertaining to the evolutionary stages of active regions. During emergence, most of the region area is dominated by horizontal or highly inclined magnetic field, which is gradually replaced by more vertical magnetic field. In complex regions, large parts are covered by highly inclined magnetic fields, appearing as abrupt color changes in COCOMAGs. The decay of a region is signified by a domination of vertical magnetic field, indicating a gradual relaxation of the magnetic field configuration. The color curves exhibit a varying degree of correlation with active region complexity. Particularly the red and magenta color curves, which represent strong, purely horizontal magnetic field, are good indicators of future flaring activity.
Conclusions. Color-combined magnetograms facilitate a comprehensive view of the evolution of active regions and their complexity. They offer a framework for the treatment of complex observations and can be used in pattern recognition, feature extraction, and flare-prediction schemes.
Methoden der Geburtsüberwachung bei der Stute – eine
Übersicht
Authors: Lindinger Hannah , Wehrend Axel 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungZur Geburtsüberwachung beim Pferd stehen verschiedene Systeme zur Verfügung.
Dabei muss zwischen den Methoden zur genaueren Vorhersage des Geburtstermins, um
zeitnah die Überwachung der Stute zu intensivieren, und den Methoden, um Tiere
in der Geburt zu detektieren, unterschieden werden. Grundsätzlich ist
festzustellen, dass fast keine Untersuchungen, die verschiedene Methoden an
einer gleichen Population von Stuten vergleichend testen, vorliegen. Mit
Annäherung an den Geburtszeitpunkt verändern sich physiologische Parameter von
Stute und Fetus, deren Variabilität jedoch zu hoch ist, um den exakten
Geburtszeitpunkt prospektiv vorauszusagen. Die derzeit beste Methode ist der
Nachweis des Absinkens des pH-Wertes und der Anstieg der Kalziumkonzentration im
Eutersekret.Zur Detektion der Geburt ist zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt die durchgängige
Kameraüberwachung die Methode der Wahl. Nachteilig ist, dass die Aufnahmen von
einem Menschen bewertet werden müssen. Neuere Entwicklungen durch den Einsatz
der künstlichen Intelligenz könnten hier Entlastung schaffen. Bevor diese
Methoden praxisreif sind, ist die Kombination von Kameraüberwachung und einem
Sensor, der in die Vulva eingenäht und in der Öffnungsphase der Geburt aktiviert
wird, die sicherste Methode.
Mykotoxinvergiftung nach Walnussaufnahme bei 54
Hunden
Authors: Braun Vanessa , Kanstinger Alina , Dahlem Dorothee 
Published: August 2024

Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand und Ziel Ziel dieser retrospektiven Studie ist die Beschreibung
der Intoxikation mit tremorgenen Mykotoxinen nach Walnussaufnahme bei einer
großen Hundepopulation und die Evaluierung der Entwicklung der klinischen
Symptomatik unter der initiierten Therapie.
Material und Methoden Vierundfünfzig Hunde wurden in die Studie
eingeschlossen, die vornehmlich mit Tremor, Hyperästhesie, Hyperthermie und
Ataxie innerhalb weniger Stunden nach beobachteter oraler Aufnahme von Walnüssen
oder begründetem Verdacht vorstellig wurden.
Ergebnisse Vornehmlich wurden die Patienten im Winter und Frühling
vorstellig. Dreiundfünfzig der 54 Hunde wurden zur symptomatischen sowie
dekontaminierenden und eliminierenden Therapie stationär aufgenommen (98%). Zur
symptomatischen Therapie kamen bei 14 Hunden eine antikonvulsive Therapie (26%)
sowie bei der Hälfte der Patienten eine antiemetische Therapie (n=27; 50%) zum
Einsatz. Eine forcierte Emesis zur Dekontamination wurde aufgrund des
Schweregrads der neurologischen Symptome lediglich bei 6 Patienten eingeleitet
(11%). Als weitere dekontaminierende Maßnahme erfolgte eine orale Gabe von
Aktivkohle nach Besserung der klinischen Symptome (n=39; 72%). Die Mehrzahl der
Hunde (n=45; 83%) erhielt eine intravenöse Lipidtherapie zur Elimination sowie
isotone kristalloide Infusionslösung zum Ausgleich von Flüssigkeitsverlusten.
Nebenwirkungen nach intravenöser Lipidtherapie wurden nicht beobachtet. Der
Großteil der Patienten verblieb 2 Tage stationär (n=44; 81%). Bei der Mehrzahl
der Patienten war die klinische Untersuchung am Tag der Entlassung unauffällig
(n=39; 72%). Potenzielle Folgeschäden nach Mykotoxinvergiftung wurden bei keinem
der Patienten im weiteren Verlauf dokumentiert.
Schlussfolgerung Aufgrund der Lipophilie von Mykotoxinen kann der Einsatz
einer intravenösen Lipidtherapie zur Toxinelimination in Erwägung gezogen
werden. Die Prognose bei Mykotoxinvergiftung nach Walnussaufnahme nach
dekontaminierenden und eliminierenden Maßnahmen ist gut.
Klinische Relevanz Bei unspezifischen neurologischen Symptomen wie Tremor,
Ataxie und Hyperästhesie sowie entsprechendem Vorbericht sollte eine
Intoxikation mit Mykotoxin behafteten Walnüssen in Betracht gezogen werden.
Dermatologie zwischen Kälteschäden, Gonorrhö und „Rassenpolitik“
Authors: Friedmann Ina 
Published: August 2024

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Die Auseinandersetzung mit der Karriere des kommissarischen Leiters der Innsbrucker Hautklinik im Nationalsozialismus, Hans Loos, stellt einen Beitrag zur Geschichte der Klinik sowie auch der Disziplin allgemein dar.
Methodik Auf Basis von Archivalien, zeitgenössischen Publikationen und den Personal- und Vorlesungsverzeichnissen der Universität Innsbruck werden die akademische Karriere, Werk und Wirken von Loos sowie die Verbindung von (medizinischer) Wissenschaft und NS-politischen Ideologien exemplarisch untersucht.
Ergebnisse Hans Loos war weder führender noch exponierter, allerdings überzeugter Nationalsozialist. Mit seinem Spezialgebiet der Kälteschäden bewegte er sich auf „kriegswichtigem“ Terrain und seine Aktivität im Bereich der „Rassenpolitik“ verstand er vereinzelt auch fachspezifisch sowie -übergreifend darzulegen.
Schlussfolgerung Weitere Forschungen zu Loos, insbesondere hinsichtlich seiner Teilnahme an der Tagung über Ärztliche Fragen bei Seenot und Winternot am 26. und 27. Oktober 1942 in Nürnberg, sind unerlässlich und versprechen zusätzliche Erkenntnisse.
Einfluss der Hypothyreose auf die Fruchtbarkeit bei der Hündin und
die neonatale Mortalität und Morbidität – eine
Literaturübersicht
Authors: Egger Rebecca , Conze Theresa , Wehrend Axel 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungEs existieren einige Studien und Einzelfallberichte, welche eine Verbindung
zwischen einer Hypothyreose und Reproduktionsstörungen bei der Hündin und einer
erhöhten neonatalen Mortalität und Morbidität bei Welpen postulieren. Andere
Arbeiten wiederum können einen Zusammenhang im Hinblick auf eine Verbindung
zwischen einer Hypothyreose und Reproduktionsstörungen bei der Hündin nicht
nachweisen. In dieser Arbeit soll die entsprechende Literatur auf ihre Evidenz
überprüft werden. Anhand einer Literaturauswertung wird der Zusammenhang
zwischen Hypothyreose und Reproduktionsstörungen der Hündin, Welpensterblichkeit
und neonataler Morbidität, analysiert. Dazu wurde die zur Verfügung stehende
deutsche und internationale „englischsprachige“ Literatur von 1986 bis Januar
2023 analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass nur wenig Literatur hohe wissenschaftliche
Evidenz aufweist, da es sich zumeist um Fallberichte und Expertenmeinungen
handelt. In einigen Einzelfallberichten konnte zwar ein Zusammenhang zwischen
Zyklusunregelmäßigkeiten, Galaktorrhö und Infertilität und dem Vorliegen einer
Hypothyreose gesehen werden; in experimentellen Untersuchungen und nach Meinung
anderer Autoren ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Hypothyreose und
Reproduktionsstörungen jedoch nicht vorhanden. Auch ein negativer Einfluss der
Hypothyreose auf den Geburtsablauf konnte nicht eindeutig belegt werden. In
einer experimentellen Studie waren zwar die Dauer und die Intensität der
Uteruskontraktionen bei Tieren mit Hypothyreose länger und schwächer, jedoch war
das Intervall zwischen der Geburt von Welpen nicht beeinträchtigt. Lediglich im
Bereich der neonatalen Mortalität sowie Morbidität ließ sich ein Zusammenhang
mit der Hypothyreose des Muttertieres aufzeigen. Die Welpen betroffener
Hündinnen zeigten ein geringeres Geburtsgewicht und waren lebensschwächer als
Welpen von euthyreoten Hündinnen. Die Bedeutung einer Schilddrüsenunterfunktion
für die Fruchtbarkeit bei der Hündin ist in der Literatur noch nicht belegt.
Diese Endokrinopathie scheint aber Einfluss auf die neonatale Vitalität zu
haben.
Hypervalent-Iodine-Mediated Base-Free Oxidative Olefination of Benzylic Amines to Access α,β-Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Suryavanshi Gurunath , Rupanawar Bapurao D. , Bansode Ajay H. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWe report a one-pot base-free protocol for the oxidative olefination of benzylic amines promoted by a hypervalent iodine reagent for the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated ketones. Mechanistically, (diacetoxyiodo)benzene oxidizes the benzylic amine to the corresponding imine, which, on reaction with a phenacyl(triphenyl)phosphonium bromide salt and an in situ generated acetoxy anion leads to an α,β-unsaturated ketone. A wide range of α,β-unsaturated ketones were easily accessed through direct oxidative olefination of substituted benzylic amines in good to excellent yields and with high E-selectivity.
Combined Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy and Endoscopic Retrograde Pancreatography for Painful Chronic Pancreatitis: Is It Effective?
Authors: Telaprolu Harshavardhan , Rana Surinder Singh 
Published: August 2024

AbstractManagement of pain in chronic pancreatitis (CP) is challenging, and surgery used to be the intervention of choice in patients having pain refractory to medical therapy. Advancement in minimally invasive interventions resulted in a paradigm shift in the management of pain in CP. Pancreatic endotherapy is currently considered the intervention of choice for the management of ductal hypertension in CP. However, multiple mechanisms including ductal hypertension and neurogenic as well as psychological factors contribute to the causation of pain in CP and therefore no single intervention is effective in all patients. The precise role of interventional procedure in a complex disease like CP with multiple pathogenic mechanisms requires a prospective comparative study with a sham group and there are no such comparative studies in the literature. In this news and views, we discuss a recently published sham-controlled randomized trial (Combined extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and endoscopic treatment for pain in chronic pancreatitis (SCHOKE) trial) that examined the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) compared with the sham procedure.
16S rRNA Sequencing Reveals Alterations of Gut Bacteria in Hirschsprung-Associated Enterocolitis
Authors: Shi Hao , She Yong , Mao Wu , Xiang Yi , Xu Lu , Yin Sanjun , Zhao Qi 
Published: August 2024

AbstractHirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) stands as most common and serious complication of Hirschsprung's disease. Variations in the microbiota composition may account for the differences observed between HAEC and healthy individuals, offering crucial insights into the disease's pathogenesis. Here, we performed a study to changes in the gut microbiome using 16sRNA amplicon sequencing in a cohort of HAEC patients (n = 16) and healthy controls (n = 14). Our result revealed a significant disparity in beta diversity between the two groups. Following correction for false discovery rate, a rank–sum test at the genus level indicated a notable decrease in the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Veillonella, whereas the Enterococcus genus exhibited a substantial increase in HAEC, a finding further supported by additional linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis. Functional analysis showed that putative transport and catabolism, digestive system, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were proved to be some abundant KOs (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes [KEGG] orthologs) in healthy group, whereas infectious disease, membrane transport, and carbohydrate metabolism were the three KOs with the higher abundance in the HAEC group. Our data increased our insight into the HAEC, which may shed further light on HAEC pathogenesis. Our study firstly demonstrated the difference between fecal microbiota of HAEC patients and healthy individuals, which made a step forward in the understanding of the pathophysiology of HAEC.
In situ measurement of spectral linewidth in wavelength-modulated signals for frequency-modulated continuous-wave LiDAR systems
Authors: La Jongpil , Han Munhyun , Choi Jieun , Mheen Bongki 
Published: August 2024

This paper advances an in situ method to measure the spectral linewidth directly from the currently generated wavelength-modulated signals in frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems, diverging from traditional methods that focus on the linewidth of the original unmodulated laser source. Our approach, employing a self-heterodyne technique with a short-delay line, specifically targets the modulated signal’s linewidth in real-time, which is vital for the operational fidelity of FMCW LiDAR systems. Crucially, our method leverages the unique capabilities of an optical hybrid for accurate phase noise and linewidth measurements, distinguishing it from conventional beat frequency extraction techniques. For the evaluation of the spectral linewidth measurement, a frequency-modulated laser source based on an optical phase-locked loop configuration was first described where the laser achieves linear optical frequency modulation by controlling the injection current of an external cavity diode laser (ECDL). The phase error measured from a Mach–Zehnder interferometer signal is used to detect the frequency deviation error from the target value, which is then fed back to the driving current of the ECDL to compensate it. Utilizing the proposed method, the laser’s linewidth for the fabricated FMCW LiDAR was measured to be 287 kHz, exhibiting a clear Lorentzian spectrum shape, where the spectral modulation bandwidth and sweep time were 2.91 GHz and 50 µs, respectively. The results clearly demonstrate that the proposed in situ spectral linewidth measurement provides an efficient method for performance monitoring of FMCW LiDAR.
Kinetic inductance compact resonator with NbTiN micronwires
Authors: Yang Ming , He XiaoLiang , Gao WanPeng , Chen JunFeng , Wu Yu , Wang XiaoNi , Mu Gang , Peng Wei , Lin ZhiRong 
Published: August 2024

Nonlinear resonators of superconducting thin-film kinetic inductance have attracted considerable research interest in the fields of detectors, qubits, parametric amplifiers, and more. By tuning the deposition parameters, niobium titanium nitride (NbTiN) films (∼12 nm in thickness) present high resistivity(∼2000 μΩ cm) and large sheet kinetic inductance (∼0.7 nH/□). We designed resonators with NbTiN micronwire as the inductor and aluminum as the capacitor, which result in a high internal quality factor and a Kerr nonlinearity of a few hertz. The radio frequency response of the resonators demonstrates nonlinear behavior similar to that of the cubic Duffing oscillator, including frequency shift and hysteresis region. The kinetic inductance resonator is a promising candidate for high saturation power parametric amplifiers.
Design of a high-precision time-to-digital converter in an Elitestek Ti60 field-programmable-gate-array
Authors: He Zongwu , Wen Xincheng , Wang Jian , Ma Qingli , Yin Zejie 
Published: August 2024

The time-to-digital converter (TDC) implemented in a field-programmable-gate-array has garnered widespread attention due to its flexibility and high-performance capabilities. However, issues such as non-uniformity, the bubble in the tapped delay line, and the presence of certain ultra-wide delay units can significantly compromise the precision and nonlinearity of the TDC. In this paper, we propose a high-precision TDC in an Elitestek Ti60 FPGA, effectively eliminating the adverse effects of non-uniformity, the bubble, and certain ultra-wide delay units. The TDC is constructed with a 318-stage delay chain and operates at a low system clock frequency of 150 MHz. The least significant bit (LSB) of the TDC is 21.92 ps. The differential nonlinearity (DNL) is between (−0.976, 1.615) LSB and the integral nonlinearity (INL) is between (−1.446, 2.678) LSB. The TDC achieves a root-mean-square error of 14.783 ps when utilized for measuring various time intervals.
Measurement of the thermal accommodation coefficient of helium on a crystalline silicon surface at low-temperatures
Authors: Franke Alexander , Sültmann Nils , Reinhardt Christoph , Croatto Sandy , Schaffran Jörn , Masalehdan Hossein , Lindner Axel , Schnabel Roman 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Proposals for next-generation gravitational wave observatories include cryogenically cooled 200 kg test mass mirrors suspended from pendulums and made of a crystalline material such as crystalline silicon. During operation of the observatories, these mirrors undergo heating due to the absorption of laser radiation of up to a watt. Low noise cooling techniques need to be developed. Low-pressure helium exchange gas at 5 K might contribute to the challenging task. Here, we report the measurement of the helium accommodation coefficient

α
(
11

K

<
T
<
30

K

)

, which is the probability that a helium atom thermalises with a surface at a given temperature when reflected from it. We find

α
(
T
)
>
0.7

for temperatures

<

20

K, which increases the cooling power compared to recently used assumptions. The idea of free molecular flow helium gas cooling is thus supported and might find application in some observatory concepts.
A note on Weyl gauge symmetry in gravity
Authors: Mohammedi N 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A scale invariant theory of gravity, containing at most two derivatives, requires, in addition to the Riemannian metric, a scalar field and (or) a gauge field. The gauge field is usually used to construct the affine connection of Weyl geometry. In this note, we incorporate both the gauge field and the scalar field to build a generalised scale invariant Weyl affine connection. The Ricci tensor and the Ricci scalar made out of this generalised Weyl affine connection contain, naturally, kinetic terms for the scalar field and the gauge field. This provides a geometric interpretation for these terms. It is also shown that scale invariance in the presence of a cosmological constant and mass terms is not completely lost. It becomes a duality transformation relating various fields.
A high-performance microwave plasma source employing dielectric wedges
Authors: Yang Fengming , Zhang Wencong , Huang Kama , Yang Yang , Zhu Huacheng 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The microwave-to-plasma energy conversion efficiency and the ease of plasma self-ignition are critical factors affecting the applications for microwave plasma sources (MPSs). This study presents a novel MPS utilizing dielectric wedges for self-ignition and improved energy conversion. Firstly, we crafted a dielectric wedge with a gradient refractive index, guiding the electric field from air to dielectric materials and facilitating microwave propagation along the dielectric in a waveguide. Through electromagnetic simulation, we explored how the size and permittivity of the dielectric wedge affect the electric field distribution. Then, the MPS based on the dielectric wedge was designed. In this configuration, a dielectric tube encloses the discharge tube, connecting to dielectric wedges to guide electromagnetic waves to the plasma. We analyzed the MPS performance using the Drude model, evaluating microwave energy conversion efficiency across various electron densities and collision frequencies. The results were compared with a commonly used MPS based on a tapered waveguide, demonstrating the proposed MPS has wider applicability across different operation conditions. Finally, experiments under low pressures were conducted using various gases, showing an average energy conversion efficiency of approximately 40% higher than the tapered waveguide MPS. The experiments also indicate the proposed MPS has a greater capability of self-ignition at lower power levels. These findings highlight the efficacy of incorporating dielectric wedges to enhance MPS performance, making it conducive for broader industrial applications.