bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing short- and long-term breastfeeding models
Authors: Diaz Meneses Gonzalo , Luri Rodríguez Ignacio 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is, as the health benefits of breastfeeding for mother and child have already been fully ascertained, to highlight the differences on why short- and long-term breastfeeding mothers adopt their respective behaviours. Based on these findings, a model for long-term breastfeeding is put forward here. The aim is to identify the specific variables and processes that create confidence during the early days in breastfeeding mothers so that social marketing campaigns can be deployed more effectively to sustain this behaviour over time.Design/methodology/approach– The validity and reliability of the scales used were tested using Cronbach’s alpha and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Differences in cognition, attitudes and behaviour with respect to breastfeeding between the short- and long-term breastfeeding mothers were analysed with ANOVA and multi-group structural equation modelling. An independent self-administered questionnaire was given to 311 breastfeeding mothers in 2008. The surveys were carried out at the Maternity Hospital together with five other medical centres on the island of Gran Canaria (5 per cent error and 95 per cent reliability). This can be considered to be a fair representation of trends in breastfeeding in Spain, as most births take place in similar state hospitals.Findings– As expected, short- and long-term breastfeeding mothers differed over the key variables. While attitudes toward, and knowledge of, breastfeeding produce the adoption of breastfeeding, long-term commitment seems to relate more to general knowledge on health and other intangibles.Practical implications– In light of these results, specific marketing efforts should be designed to achieve the continuation of breastfeeding. Interventions that focus on attitudes toward, and knowledge of, breastfeeding may prove ineffective.Originality/value– As many worldwide research projects suggest, the extremely large percentage of mothers who discontinue breastfeeding before the infant reaches six months of age represent a greater challenge than the relatively low percentage of mothers who choose not to breastfeed from the beginning. This paper focuses on long-term commitment and outlines a possible model to promote the same.
Causes and consequences of repeatability, flexibility and individual fine‐tuning of migratory timing in pike
Authors: Tibblin Petter , Forsman Anders , Borger Tobias , Larsson Per 
Published: September 2015

SummaryMany organisms undertake migrations between foraging and breeding habitats and while it is assumed that reproductive timing affects fitness, little is known about the degree of individual consistency, and about the causes and consequences of individual variation in migratory timing in organisms other than birds.Here, we report on a 6‐year mark–recapture study, including 2048 individuals, of breeding migration in anadromous pike (Esox lucius), an iteroparous top‐predatory fish that displays homing behaviour. By repeated sampling across years at a breeding site, we first quantify individual variation both within and between breeding events and then investigate phenotypic correlates and fitness consequences of arrival timing to the breeding site.Our data demonstrate that males arrive before females, that large males arrive later than small males, that the timing of breeding migration varies among years and that individuals are consistent in their timing across years relative to other individuals in the population.Furthermore, data on return rates indicate that arrival time is under stabilizing viability selection, and that individuals who are more flexible in their timing of arrival during the first reproductive years survive longer compared with less flexible individuals. Finally, longitudinal data demonstrate that individuals consistently fine‐tune their arrival timing across years, showing that the timing of arrival to breeding sites is influenced by experience.These findings represent rare evidence of how between‐ and within‐individual variations in migratory timing across breeding events are correlated with phenotypic and fitness traits in an ecologically important keystone species. Our results emphasize the importance of considering variation in migratory timing both between and within individuals in studies investigating the fitness consequences of migratory behaviour and have implications for future management.
Three‐dimensional tracking of a wide‐ranging marine predator: flight heights and vulnerability to offshore wind farms
Authors: Cleasby Ian R. , Wakefield Ewan D. , Bearhop Stuart , Bodey Thomas W. , Votier Stephen C. , Hamer Keith C. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

A large increase in offshore wind turbine capacity is anticipated within the next decade, raising concerns about possible adverse impacts on birds as a result of collision risk. Birds’ flight heights greatly influence this risk, yet height estimates are currently available only using methods such as radar‐ or ship‐based observations over limited areas.

Bird‐borne data‐loggers have the potential to provide improved estimates of collision risk and here, we used data from Global Position System (GPS)‐loggers and barometric pressure loggers to track the three‐dimensional movements of northern gannets rearing chicks at a large colony in south‐east Scotland (Bass Rock), located <50 km from several major wind farm developments with recent planning consent. We estimated the foraging ranges and densities of birds at sea, their flight heights during different activities and the spatial variation in height during trips. We then used these data in collision‐risk models to explore how the use of different methods to determine flight height affects the predicted risk of birds colliding with turbines.

Gannets foraged in and around planned wind farm sites. The probability of flying at collision‐risk height was low during commuting between colonies and foraging areas (median height 12 m) but was greater during periods of active foraging (median height 27 m), and we estimated that ˜1500 breeding adults from Bass Rock could be killed by collision with wind turbines at two planned sites in the Firth of Forth region each year. This is up to 12 times greater than the potential mortality predicted using other available flight‐height estimates.

Synthesis and applications. The use of conventional flight‐height estimation techniques resulted in large underestimates of the numbers of birds at risk of colliding with wind turbines. Hence, we recommend using GPS and barometric tracking to derive activity‐specific and spatially explicit flight heights and collision risks. Our predictions of potential mortality approached levels at which long‐term population viability could be threatened, highlighting a need for further data to refine estimates of collision risks and sustainable mortality thresholds. We also advocate raising the minimum permitted clearance of turbine blades at sites with high potential collision risk from 22 to 30 m above sea level.
Aquatic pollution increases use of terrestrial prey subsidies by stream fish
Authors: Kraus Johanna M. , Pomeranz Justin F. , Todd Andrew S. , Walters David M. , Schmidt Travis S. , Wanty Richard B. 
Published: September 2015

Summary

Stream food webs are connected with their riparian zones through cross‐ecosystem movements of energy and nutrients. The use and impact of terrestrial subsidies on aquatic consumers is determined in part by in situ biomass of aquatic prey. Thus, stressors such as aquatic pollutants that greatly reduce aquatic secondary production could increase the need for and reliance of stream consumers on terrestrial resource subsidies.

To test this hypothesis, we surveyed stream fish, their diets and resource availability in 16 subalpine streams over a regional gradient of trace metals known to strongly impact aquatic insect communities (i.e. fish prey) in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA.

Fish increased their reliance on terrestrial insect prey as stream metals increased. Relative biomass of terrestrial insects in stomach contents of Brook and Brown Trout increased with respect to aquatic insect biomass and total stomach contents. Drifting insect biomass showed a declining trend for aquatic, but not terrestrial insects, over the metal gradient. Trout densities were unrelated to metal concentrations in streams where we found fish.

Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that diets of aquatic consumers can become more terrestrial as aquatic stressors that limit in situ food production increase and that these subsidies may compensate for loss of aquatic resources. This work implies an important connection between preserving aquatic–terrestrial linkages and management of fish populations in stressed watersheds. Specifically, intact riparian zones and aquatic–terrestrial linkages are likely to be important for maintaining trout production in streams with moderate metal contamination.
Identification of B‐type procyanidins in Fallopia spp. involved in biological denitrification inhibition
Authors: Bardon Clément , Piola Florence , Haichar Feth Zahar , Meiffren Guillaume , Comte Gilles , Missery Boris , Balby Manon , Poly Franck 
Published: September 2015

SummaryNitrogen (N) is considered as a main limiting factor in plant growth, and nitrogen losses through denitrification can be responsible for severe decreases in plant productivity. Recently, it was demonstrated that Fallopia spp. is responsible for biological denitrification inhibition (BDI) through the release of unknown secondary metabolites. Here, we investigate the secondary metabolites involved in the BDI of Fallopia spp. The antioxidant, protein precipitation capability of Fallopia spp. extracts was measured in relation to the aerobic respiration and denitrification of two bacteria (Gram positive and Gram negative). Proanthocyanidin concentrations were estimated. Proanthocyanidins in extracts were characterized by chromatographic analysis, purified and tested on the bacterial denitrification and aerobic respiration of two bacterial strains. The effect of commercial procyanidins on denitrification was tested on two different soil types. Denitrification and aerobic respiration inhibition were correlated with protein precipitation capacity and concentration of proanthocyanidins but not to antioxidant capacity. These proanthocyanidins were B‐type procyanidins that inhibited denitrification more than the aerobic respiration of bacteria. In addition, procyanidins also inhibited soil microbial denitrification. We demonstrate that procyanidins are involved in the BDI of Fallopia spp. Our results pave the way to a better understanding of plant–microbe interactions and highlight future applications for a more sustainable agriculture.
Genetic dissection of chlorate respiration in Pseudomonas stutzeri PDA reveals syntrophic (per)chlorate reduction
Authors: Clark Iain C. , Youngblut Matt , Jacobsen Gillian , Wetmore Kelly M. , Deutschbauer Adam , Lucas Lauren , Coates John D. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryGenes important for growth of Pseudomonas stutzeri PDA on chlorate were identified using a randomly DNA bar‐coded transposon mutant library. During chlorate reduction, mutations in genes encoding the chlorate reductase clrABC, predicted molybdopterin cofactor chaperon clrD, molybdopterin biosynthesis and two genes of unknown function (clrE, clrF) had fitness defects in pooled mutant assays (Bar‐seq). Markerless in‐frame deletions confirmed that clrA, clrB and clrC were essential for chlorate reduction, while clrD, clrE and clrF had less severe growth defects. Interestingly, the key detoxification gene cld was essential for chlorate reduction in isogenic pure culture experiments, but showed only minor fitness defects in Bar‐seq experiments. We hypothesized this was enabled through chlorite dismutation by the community, as most strains in the Bar‐seq library contained an intact cld. In support of this, Δcld grew with wild‐type PDA or ΔclrA, and purified Cld also restored growth to the Δcld mutant. Expanding on this, wild‐type PDA and a Δcld mutant of the perchlorate reducer Azospira suillum PS grew on perchlorate in co‐culture, but not individually. These results demonstrate that co‐occurrence of cld and a chloroxyanion reductase within a single organism is not necessary and raises the possibility of syntrophic (per)chlorate respiration in the environment.
Kelabit Voice: Philippine‐Type, Indonesian‐Type or Something a Bit Different?
Authors: Hemmings Charlotte 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper examines a series of voice alternations in Kelabit, a Western Austronesian language of Northern Sarawak. Traditionally, Western Austronesian languages are subcategorised into ‘Philippine‐type’ and ‘Indonesian‐type’ on the basis of shared structural properties. This paper raises the question, however, of whether a two‐way typology is sufficient to represent the variation within Austronesian voice systems. This comes in light of Aldridge's () claim that Western Austronesian languages have undergone a change from ergative to accusative alignment. If this is the case, we would expect to find evidence of intermediate stages in the transition. Consequently, an independent methodology for studying voice and alignment is proposed and applied to the Kelabit voice system. Comparing voices on morphological, syntactic, semantic and discourse levels yields some interesting findings. Firstly, it suggests that the Kelabit voice‐system could represent a transition from ergative to accusative via the reanalysis of an antipassive construction as active voice. Secondly, and perhaps more importantly, it suggests the two‐way typology is too narrow to capture all of the distinctions in Austronesian voice systems. Thus extending such an approach to the study of Austronesian voice more generally could prove significant when addressing wider questions, such as the theory of alignment shift.
Network for Surveillance of Severe Maternal Morbidity: a powerful national collaboration generating data on maternal health outcomes and care
Authors: Cecatti JG , Costa ML , Haddad SM , Parpinelli MA , Souza JP , Sousa MH , Surita FG , Pinto e Silva JL , Pacagnella RC , Passini R ,   the Brazilian Network for Surveillance of Severe Maternal Morbidity study Group
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo identify cases of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) during pregnancy and childbirth, their characteristics, and to test the feasibility of scaling up World Health Organization criteria for identifying women at risk of a worse outcome.DesignMulticentre cross‐sectional study.SettingTwenty‐seven referral maternity hospitals from all regions of Brazil.PopulationCases of SMM identified among 82 388 delivering women over a 1‐year period.MethodsProspective surveillance using the World Health Organization's criteria for potentially life‐threatening conditions (PLTC) and maternal near‐miss (MNM) identified and assessed cases with severe morbidity or death.Main outcome measuresIndicators of maternal morbidity and mortality; sociodemographic, clinical and obstetric characteristics; gestational and perinatal outcomes; main causes of morbidity and delays in care.ResultsAmong 9555 cases of SMM, there were 140 deaths and 770 cases of MNM. The main determining cause of maternal complication was hypertensive disease. Criteria for MNM conditions were more frequent as the severity of the outcome increased, all combined in over 75% of maternal deaths.ConclusionsThis study identified around 9.5% of MNM or death among all cases developing any severe maternal complication. Multicentre studies on surveillance of SMM, with organised collaboration and adequate study protocols can be successfully implemented, even in low‐income and middle‐income settings, generating important information on maternal health and care to be used to implement appropriate health policies and interventions.Tweetable abstractSurveillance of severe maternal morbidity was proved to be possible in a hospital network in Brazil.
Health: A Developing Concept in Nursing
Authors: Alslman Eman Tariq , Ahmad Muayyad M. , Bani Hani Manar Ali , Atiyeh Huda Mohammad 
Published: September 2015

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the level of maturity of the concept of health in the nursing discipline.MethodThe four principles of Morse and colleagues were used to evaluate the level of maturity of the health concept—epistemological, logical, pragmatical, and linguistical.FindingsThis evaluation suggests that the concept of health in nursing is immature, defined inconsistently, and with different instruments.ConclusionHealth is a central concept for nursing. Additional concept development and clarification are needed.Practice ImplicationsFor the concept of health to be conceptualized, it is important that nurses have consensus regarding the definition of health. The nursing discipline should define health in a manner that is consistent with its philosophical presuppositions. Further, it should be measurable, empirically based, and capture the outcomes that are sensitive to the nursing interventions.
Clinical Neuroscience of Addiction: Similarities and Differences Between Alcohol and Other Drugs
Authors: Karoly Hollis C. , YorkWilliams Sophie L. , Hutchison Kent E. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundExisting pharmacological treatments for alcohol use disorder (AUD) and other substance use disorders (SUDs) have demonstrated only modest efficacy. Although the field has recently emphasized testing and developing new compounds to treat SUDs, there are numerous challenges inherent to the development of novel medications, and this is particularly true for SUDs. Thus, research to date has tended toward the “repurposing” approach, in which medications developed to treat other mental or physical conditions are tested as SUD treatments. Often, potential treatments are examined across numerous drugs of abuse. Several repurposed medications have shown promise in treating a specific SUD, but few have shown efficacy across multiple SUDs. Examining similarities and differences between AUD and other SUDs may shed light on these findings and offer directions for future research.MethodsThis qualitative review discusses similarities and differences in neural circuitry and molecular mechanism(s) across alcohol and other substances of abuse, and examines studies of pharmacotherapies for AUD and other SUDs.ResultsSubstances of abuse share numerous molecular targets and involve much of the same neural circuitry, yet compounds tested because they putatively target common mechanisms have rarely indicated therapeutic promise for multiple SUDs.ConclusionsThe lack of treatment efficacy across SUDs may be partially explained by limitations inherent in studying substance users, who comprise a highly heterogeneous population. Alternatively, medications may fail to show efficacy across multiple SUDs due to the fact that the differences between drug mechanisms are more important than their commonalities in terms of influencing treatment response. We suggest that exploring these differences could support novel treatment development, aid in identifying existing medications that may hold promise as treatments for specific SUDs, and ultimately advance translational research efforts.
Should academic journals publish e‐cigarette research linked to tobacco companies?
Authors: Shaw David M. , Etter Jean‐François , Elger Bernice S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractContextElectronic cigarettes are currently polarizing professional opinion. Some public health experts regard them as an effective smoking cessation aid and a vital means of reducing active and passive smoking, while others regard them as another attempt by the tobacco industry to create new customers and addicts. These different attitudes unsurprisingly yield different conclusions regarding both the appropriate regulation of e‐cigarettes and the ethical status of research funded by, or conducted in, cooperation with the tobacco industry.AimThis paper examines whether e‐cigarette research linked to the tobacco industry should be regarded as an exception to the rule that tobacco industry research is so tainted by conflicts of interest that journals should refuse to publish them, or at the very least treat them as a special case for scrutiny.ResultsDespite the fact that e‐cigarettes can be used for smoking cessation, most of the conflicts of interest that apply to other tobacco research also apply to e‐cigarette research linked to that industry.ConclusionJournals that currently refuse to publish findings from studies linked to tobacco companies have no reason to make an exception in the case of e‐cigarettes.
Osteopontin binds and modulates functions of eosinophil‐recruiting chemokines
Authors: Gela A. , Kasetty G. , Mörgelin M. , Bergqvist A. , Erjefält J. S. , Pease J. E. , Egesten A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundAllergic asthma is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation and airway obstruction. There is also an increased risk of pulmonary infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, in particular during severe asthma where high levels of the glycoprotein, osteopontin (OPN), are present in the airways. Eosinophils can be recruited by chemokines activating the receptor CCR3 including eotaxin‐1/CCL11, eotaxin‐2/CCL24, eotaxin‐3/CCL26, RANTES/CCL5, and MEC/CCL28. In addition to inducing chemotaxis, several of these molecules have defensin‐like antibacterial properties. This study set out to elucidate the functional consequences of OPN binding to eosinophil‐recruiting chemokines.MethodsAntibacterial activities of the chemokines were investigated using viable count assays and electron microscopy. Binding studies were performed by means of surface plasmon resonance. The potential interference of OPN with antibacterial, receptor‐activating, and lipopolysaccharide‐neutralizing abilities of these chemokines was investigated.ResultsWe found that OPN bound all eosinophil‐recruiting chemokines with high affinity except for CCL5. The eosinophil‐recruiting chemokines all displayed bactericidal activity against S. pneumoniae, but only CCL26 and CCL28 retained high antibacterial activity in the presence of sodium chloride at physiologic concentrations. Preincubation of the chemokines with OPN strongly inhibited their antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae but did not affect their ability to activate CCR3. All chemokines investigated showed LPS‐neutralizing activity that was impaired by OPN only in the case of CCL24.ConclusionsThe data suggest that OPN may impair host defense activities of the chemokines without affecting their eosinophil‐recruiting properties. This could be one mechanism explaining the increased vulnerability to acquire pneumococcal infection in parallel with sustained allergic inflammation in asthma.