bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foundation Programme psychiatry placement and doctors' decision to pursue a career in psychiatry
Authors: Kelley Thomas A. , Brown Janet , Carney Stuart 
Published: January 2013

Aims and methodThis study analyses whether there is a relationship between a psychiatry placement during the UK Foundation Programme and appointment to psychiatry training. A survey was distributed to all foundation year 2 doctors in the UK to determine how many have exposure to psychiatry before specialty applications and whether such exposure correlates with choosing psychiatry as a career.ResultsThe study showed that 14.6% of foundation doctors had exposure to psychiatry prior to specialty applications. Of these, 14.9% chose psychiatry as a career in contrast to only 1.8% of those who did not have psychiatry exposure (χ2P = 0.0008; risk ratio 8.19).Clinical implicationsThis study adds weight to calls to increase the proportion of psychiatry posts in the Foundation Programme as part of a broader strategy to improve recruitment. To answer this question categorically, we suggest a prospective cohort study looking at how attitudes and career preferences change with exposure to psychiatry posts.
Qualitative study of medical students' experiences of a psychiatric attachment
Authors: Archdall Claire , Atapattu Tanya , Anderson Elizabeth 
Published: January 2013

Aims and methodThis study utilised qualitative methods to explore medical students' experiences of a clinical attachment in psychiatry and examine the impact of these on career intentions. Fifteen 4th-year students from the University of Bristol were interviewed and their responses analysed.ResultsFour key themes of role models, difference, stigma and career choice emerged from the analysis. Role models could be more influential than the specialty when choosing career options. Many students experienced psychiatry as being different to other specialties. For some this was a reason not to pursue psychiatry as a career but for others it was a positive aspect of the specialty. Stigma arose from a variety of sources, notably from medical students themselves.Clinical implicationsThese findings are relevant given the current recruitment problems in psychiatry and need to be considered in the planning and delivery of undergraduate medical education.
Two-year follow-up study of patients with dementia in an NHS continuing care unit
Authors: Jayalath Dilini , Shankar Kuttalingam , Ashaye Kunle 
Published: January 2013

Aims and methodThis is a longitudinal, observational prospective study carried out in a 50-bedded dementia care unit. Fifty patients who had been assessed in 2009 as part of an earlier study were reassessed 2 years later.ResultsAll patients had a diagnosis of dementia, with Alzheimer's dementia being the most common. By 2011, 23 (46%) patients reviewed in 2009 were deceased. We found that there was a reduction in psychotic symptoms in patients 2 years later despite none of them being on antipsychotics. The most common problems on follow-up were apathy, agitation and aggression, irritability and anxiety.Clinical implicationsOur findings support the view of the need to regularly review patients with dementia who have psychotic symptoms that require antipsychotics, as long-term treatment may not be required or beneficial in light of known adverse side-effects.
Psychiatric training for the next generation
Authors: Oakley Clare , Jenkinson Josie , Oyebode Femi 
Published: January 2013

SummaryRecent concerns about the future of psychiatry have led to various calls for action. We argue that an overhaul of postgraduate training in psychiatry is the necessary first step to ensuring a strong future for the profession. Central to these improvements are reaffirming the ideals of psychiatric training, ensuring appropriate prominence of crucial knowledge and skills in the curriculum and providing tailored training placements with an emphasis on excellence. It is imperative that short-term service-provision need does not adversely have an impact on the training that is needed to ensure excellent patient care for the future. We urge the College to continue to work closely with psychiatric trainees to secure their future.
Using a Complex-Impedance Measuring Instrument to Determine In Situ Soil Unit Weight and Moisture Content
Authors: Meehan Christopher L. , Hertz Jason S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In situ measurements of soil unit weight and moisture content play a critical role in conventional compaction quality assurance and quality control procedures. Recently, there have been a number of attempts to develop alternative electrically-based test devices that can be used to measure the in situ unit weight and/or moisture content of a compacted soil; these devices are intended to serve as alternatives to more traditional tests such as sand cone, rubber balloon, drive cylinder, or nuclear density gauge tests. The study described in this paper focuses on the use of a relatively new electrically-based in situ soil test device that uses measurements of soil complex impedance, soil capacitance, and soil resistance to infer in situ soil unit weight and moisture content; this device is typically referred to as a complex-impedance measuring instrument (CIMI). This paper provides a detailed explanation of current CIMI operating principles and also describes the utilization of a CIMI for field- and laboratory-based testing. The CIMI used in this study was calibrated and assessed in two field compaction projects in which different silty sands were used for construction. A mold-based calibration approach was developed for building an electrically-based soil model using the CIMI; this approach provides an alternative to field calibration of the device. In order to perform a more complete assessment of the CIMI in a controlled environment, a series of CIMI tests were conducted in a large “field box,” and the resulting in situ measurements of soil unit weight and moisture content made using the CIMI are compared with the results from nuclear density gauge, sand cone, and drive cylinder tests. The advantages and disadvantages of field versus mold calibration of the CIMI are discussed, and side-by-side assessment of the CIMI relative to other conventionally used compaction control tests allows the reader to assess the accuracy of this device.
A Note on the Validity of Hvorslev’s Shape Factors for Well Points and Piezometers
Authors: Silvestri Vincenzo , Bravo-Jonard Christian , Abou-Samra Ghassan 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Recently, the validity of Hvorslev’s shape factors for constant-head tests has been questioned. The present note shows that the discrepancy between the recently proposed relationship and those of Hvorslev is due to different definitions of the aspect ratio. It is also indicated that the proposed relationship cannot be extended to short porous probes.
Underwater Monitoring of the Cracks Found in Santos Morcillo Lake, Central Spain
Authors: Navarro Vicente , Moya Marina , Asensio Laura , Alonso Juan 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This technical note describes the installation and performance of eight vibrating wire crackmeters placed on the bed of Santos Morcillo Lake, Ruidera Lakes Natural Park, Central Spain. Waterproof crackmeters were used, and special attention was taken to anchor them to the bed of the lake. Data loggers were installed on upright posts above the lake water level, and continuous crack opening data were obtained. The data consistency is shown by the low deviation of the readings with respect to its trend, which, in turn, is well correlated with the overall hydrogeologic behavior of the system. The data indicates the correct performance of the measuring system. Therefore, at least for periods of up to 1 year (time window of the study presented here), waterproof crackmeters may be used with confidence in underwater conditions.
Analysis of Support Apparatus for Flexural Load-Deflection Testing: Minimizing Bias Caused by Arching Forces
Authors: Zollo Ronald F. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
It is in the best interests of standards development that bias and inter-laboratory variability be minimized in the reporting of test results. However, the apparatus sections of flexural test standards, such as ASTM C78, C1399, C1550, and C1609, may not adequately address important issues raised in this study that could adversely affect test results. Specifically, current standards specifications fail to address arching forces and effective span control. The mechanics of commonly applied journal-bearing-type support designs are analyzed and compared to an alternative ball or needle-bearing-type support design. The analysis demonstrates that significant bias can be introduced as a direct consequence of the mechanics that is the nature of journal-bearing-type supports. The analysis applies equally well to flexural tests involving small deformations of portland cement concrete or similar brittle materials, as it does to tests that are carried out involving relatively large deformations, such as with fiber-reinforced concrete.
Detailed Investigation of Forming Limit Determination Standards for Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Dilmec Murat , Halkaci H. Selcuk , Ozturk Fahrettin , Turkoz Mevlut 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In this study, experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the differences between the ASTM E2218-02 and ISO 12004-2 standards that are used for construction of the forming limit curve (FLC) and that made various assumptions, which create dissimilar FLCs for the same material. The comparison was made for two materials which have moderate brittle and ductile characteristics, AA2024-T4 and AA5754-O alloys, respectively. The effects of a specimen’s geometry, lubrication condition, and determination methods of limit strains on FLCs were considered and compared. Because the same strain evaluation method should be used for the standards, so as to be able to investigate the effect of only standards, a simple method in the computer grid analysis system was used. To test the validity and the reliability of the method, limit strains on the same specimens were also determined with using a real-time measurement method for the ISO experiments, and the results reveal that the method is reliable. Failure mechanisms were inspected for further investigation. The Nakajima specimens formed with the two standards showed different failure mechanisms. Finally, conducting the case studies, it was concluded that ISO 12004-2 yields more reliable and reproducible results than the ASTM standard.
Measuring Mechanical Properties of the 3D Carbon/Carbon Composite Using Automated Grid Method
Authors: Li Xiaofeng , Zhang Zhongwei , Qin Lijun , Yang Xiaoguang , Feng Zhihai , Wang Yang , Miao Hong , He Linghui , Gong Xinglong 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A precise measurement, which was based on the automated grid method, was developed to analyze the mechanical properties of a three-dimensional reinforced carbon/carbon composite under tensile and shear loading conditions. Young’s moduli and Poisson’s ratios of the carbon/carbon composites were studied by means of unidirectional tension testing, and the shear modulus was measured using the Iosipescu shear testing technique. The contact measurement method also was applied to test the tensile strain, and a more sophisticated method based on the digital image correlation technique was applied to test the shear strain. All the testing results obtained from the different methods agree well with one another, and the analysis indicates that the automated grid method is appropriate for testing the mechanical properties of carbon/carbon composites. Based on the stress state analysis, the Young’s modulus along the wrap or weft fiber orientations of the carbon/carbon composite can be obtained via the Iosipescu shear test.
Experimental Testing and Evaluation of Parameters on the Extraction of Water from Air Using Thermoelectric Coolers
Authors: Tan F. L. , Fok S. C. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
An experimental prototype is built to study the application of using the thermoelectric cooler (TEC) to extract water from air for daily consumption. This paper presents the experimental evaluation of parameters that influence the amount of water, which can be collected from condensation of water vapour in the air on the cooled surface. The investigation examines the power supply to the TEC and the air flow over the cold surface on the amount of condensate collected. Over a 3-h period with an average relative humidity of 77 %, the largest amount of water extracted from the air is about 50 mL for a cold surface area of 579.6 cm2. With an average power consumption of 89 W, the prototype produces condensation at 5340 kWh/kL. Although the prototype is currently not cost effective, the usage of TEC is promising as there is ample room for prototype improvement.
Effect of Vehicle Speed on the Millau Viaduct Response
Authors: Pouget Simon , Sauzéat Cédric , Di Benedetto Hervé , Olard François 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This paper deals with the influence of a bituminous mix surfacing on orthotropic deck bridges. These researches are part of a French national project “Orthoplus,” which is briefly introduced. The approach to take into account the surfacing and to develop calculation tools is explained. First, the behavior of the different bituminous constituent materials is investigated. A linear viscoelastic modeling is proposed with a rheological model, previously developed at the Civil Engineering and Buildings Dept. (“DGCB”) of the University of Lyon/ENTPE. This model is implemented in a Finite Elements code, which enables the simulation of any orthotropic structures. To validate the proposed numerical tool, the highest bridge in the world, the Millau Viaduct (France) is studied. In situ measurements were especially carried out on the Millau Viaduct. Focus is made on comparisons between experimental data and simulations results. Influence of vehicle speed on bridge response is also analyzed.
Effect of Magnesium Sulfate on the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cement-Treated Soils
Authors: Yang Yuyou , Wang Guihe , Xie Siwei 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Cement-treated soil is widely used as highway base, subbase, and roadbed material because there is a widespread source, and it has low cost and high compression strength. However, there are cases where an area using the cement-treated soil may be affected by corrosive ions, such as sulfate ion (SO42−), chloride ion (Cl−), magnesium ion (Mg2+), etc., because of industrial-activity-induced ground contamination, as well as seawater intrusion. In this paper, the effect of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on the unconfined compression strength (qu) of cement-treated soil has been investigated experimentally under two conditions: (a) the sample is steeped in MgSO4 solution, and (b) MgSO4 is added into the sample. The main control parameters in this research include cement content (10 %, 15 %, 20 %, and 25 %), concentration of MgSO4 (0.01 mol/l, 0.05 mol/l, and 0.1 mol/l) and curing time (7 days, 14 days, and 28 days). The test results show that the effect of MgSO4 on the qu value is greater when the sample was steeped in MgSO4 solution than by adding MgSO4 into the sample. When the sample was steeped into MgSO4 solution with a concentration of 0.05 mol/l, the qu value was increased, and further increased the concentration-reduced qu value. Also, the test results indicate that qu increased with the increase of cement content. The variation tendencies of the qu value with curing time are different for two different testing conditions.
Virtual Triaxial Test Simulation Based on Discrete Element Method for Shear Resistance Property Assessment of Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Yang Jun , Wang KeLi 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In this paper, the shear resistance of asphalt mixtures, which accounts for the permanent deformation characteristics of flexible pavements to a large extent, is analyzed based on the discrete element (DE) method from a microscopic perspective. This study first considered the processes used to obtain the microscopic parameters for the DE model, which typically simulated an asphalt mixture based on its three components. Then the study employed Burger’s model to simulate the rheological behavior of asphalt sand mastics (fine aggregates, fines, and asphalt binder). A random generation algorithm was also developed to generate coarse aggregate elements in the DE model complying with the realistic gradations of asphalt mixtures. So as to more precisely model the rheological characteristics of asphalt sand mastics, the microscopic parameters of Burger’s model were calibrated via simulations of uniaxial tests in the DE model. Finally, meaningful conclusions were achieved by analyzing the simulation result and the laboratory result. The simulation result was consistent with the laboratory test result, so the use of the established DE model to evaluate the shear resistance property of asphalt mixtures is feasible.
The Effects of Accelerated Heat and Light Aging on Textiles Marked with Fabric Marking Pens
Authors: Evenson Janet , Crews Patricia Cox 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Temporary fabric marking pens are popular products among quilters and home sewers. However, no published studies exist concerning long-term effects of temporary marking pens to help consumers make informed decisions. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine whether temporary marking pens in combination with ink removal treatments contribute to degradation or discoloration of fabrics over time, and (2) to determine whether marking pen ink that remains on fabric for 30 days can be successfully removed and thereby avoid discoloration of quilts or other home sewing projects. Specimens were marked with one of three brands of marking pen (Dritz, Clover and Crayola) and subjected to ink removal treatments (eraser pen, water, or no treatment), followed by heat or light aging. Changes in color and strength were measured. Results showed that the water immersion ink removal treatment was the most effective method for removing marking pen ink and was associated with much less discoloration than eraser pen ink removal treatments. Eraser pens caused statistically significant discoloration following both light and heat aging on both fabric types. They proved to be an undesirable ink removal treatment. Temporary marking pen inks, if rinsed out thoroughly using a water immersion treatment, do not result in discoloration or strength losses when exposed to heat and light aging. This suggests that consumers should use marking pens only if they launder their newly completed projects. Results also show that consumers may complete quilting and sewing projects over a period of several weeks without concern about ink removal because marked fabric specimens given a water immersion treatment within 30 days exhibited no more discoloration than the control specimens. Results of this study could influence the ink removal recommendations that manufacturers list on the packaging and the practices of quilters and home sewers who use the products.
White OLED Weibull Life Prediction Using Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Authors: Zhang Jian-ping , Wu Jiong-lei , Liu Yu , Wu Helen , Zhou Aixi , Wu Wen-li 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A theoretical model using Weibull distribution and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) was established to statistically analyze the test data, which were obtained by three groups of constant stress accelerated life tests. The life prediction software was applied to simplify the calculation and achieve organic light-emitting device (OLED) life estimation. The results indicate that the Weibull distribution is fit to describe white OLED life, and the precise accelerated parameter β is particularly useful to predict the white OLED life within a shorter time, which provides significant guidelines to help engineers make decisions in design and manufacturing strategy from the aspect of reliability life.
An Investigation of Hydrogen Environment Effect on the Strain Aging of Low-Carbon Steel through Vickers Hardness Test
Authors: Lee Dongsun , Yamamoto Aki-nori , Oda Yasuji , Noguchi Hiroshi 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the effect of a hydrogen environment on the fatigue limit of hydrogen-power systems and infrastructure. In carbon steel, strain aging is one of the important factors influencing non-propagating crack behavior, which is related to the fatigue limit. In the present study, to investigate the effects of hydrogen on the strain aging of low-carbon steel (0.13 % carbon steel), Vickers hardness tests were carried out on the carbon steel. A couple of 0.13 % carbon steel specimens with a large-scale plastic zone were aging heat-treated; one was a hydrogen-charged specimen, whereas the other was an uncharged specimen. The Vickers hardness of the hydrogen-charged specimen was found to be lower than that of the uncharged specimen. This observation implies that hydrogen inhibits strain-aging hardening of low-carbon steel. The observation also suggests that hydrogen could affect the non-propagating crack behavior through the inhibition of strain aging.
Effect of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) on Charpy Test Results from Miniaturized Steel Specimens
Authors: Lucon Enrico 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a manufacturing process whereby a desired shape is obtained through electrical discharges between an electrode and a workpiece, which are separated by a dielectric fluid. EDM produces a recast layer on the surface of the workpiece, which in carbon steels is typically harder and more brittle than the base metal, and is often characterized by microcracks. This type of damage, particularly in the notch region of a steel specimen, can adversely affect impact test results. The objective of this investigation is to assess the possible influence of EDM on miniaturized Charpy test results. We tested Kleinstprobe (KLST)-type Charpy specimens of two reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels, machined with different combinations of two machining processes (EDM and milling). Comparison of the impact results, combined with metallographic observations and microhardness measurements on the recast layers and the base metals, indicated no detrimental effect of EDM on the impact toughness of the materials investigated. The maximum thickness of the recast layer was about 16 μm, and the magnitude of the EDM-induced hardening varied between 34 % and 84 % with respect to the hardness of the base material, depending on the carbon content of the steel. No microcracks were observed.
Current and Future Specification of Lubricant Performance
Authors: Fox Malcolm F. 
Published: January 2013

For the past 50 years the specification and testing of lubricant performance has successfully protected engines and powertrains against wear, internal deposit formation, and corrosion while reducing friction. Lubricant systems have systematically evolved in concert with increased performance requirements arising from
• Higher engine operating temperatures from increased power densities and reduced aerodynamic cooling;
• Extended service drain periods in response to consumer expectation and market expansion;
• Improvements and changes in fuel quality, mainly for reductions in sulfur but also gradual reformulations, then inclusion of biofuels at (currently) low percentages; and
• The consequences of increasingly stringent environmental emission controls.