bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthropometric Procedures for Protective Equipment Sizing and Design
Authors: Hsiao Hongwei 
Published: December 2012

Objectives: This article presented four anthropometric theories (univariate, bivariate/probability distribution, multivariate, and shape-based methods) for protective equipment design decisions. Background: While the significance of anthropometric information for product design is well recognized, designers continue to face challenges in selecting efficient anthropometric data processing methods and translating the acquired information into effective product designs. Methods: For this study, 100 farm tractor operators, 3,718 respirator users, 951 firefighters, and 816 civilian workers participated in four studies on the design of tractor roll-over protective structures (ROPS), respirator test panels, fire truck cabs, and fall-arrest harnesses, respectively. Their anthropometry and participant-equipment interfaces were evaluated. Results: Study 1 showed a need to extend the 90-cm vertical clearance for tractor ROPS in the current industrial standards to 98.3 to 101.3 cm. Study 2 indicated that current respirator test panel would have excluded 10% of the male firefighter population; a systematic adjustment to the boundaries of test panel cells was suggested. Study 3 provided 24 principal component analysis-based firefighter body models to facilitate fire truck cab design. Study 4 developed an improved gender-based fall-arrest harness sizing scheme to supplant the current unisex system. Conclusions: This article presented four anthropometric approaches and a six-step design paradigm for ROPS, respirator test panel, fire truck cab, and fall-arrest harness applications, which demonstrated anthropometric theories and practices for defining protective equipment fit and sizing schemes. Applications: The study provided a basis for equipment designers, standards writers, and industry manufacturers to advance anthropometric applications for product design and improve product efficacy.
Playing with Power
Authors: Lerner Josh 
Published: December 2012

In recent decades, progressive city administrations and urban shantytowns have both proliferated across Latin America. Many leftist local governments have tried to improve shantytown conditions, but ineffective engagement of residents has often undermined these efforts. Games and game techniques can enhance participation in these urban development programs as they already have for broader Latin American movements for participatory democracy such as Freire’s popular education, Boal’s Theater of the Oppressed, and participatory budgeting in Brazil. A case study of the Argentine development program Rosario Hábitat shows how games can animate people, challenge their assumptions, and establish collaborative social ties. The program also illustrates how the lessons of game design can be extended even deeper by redesigning the entire participatory process to be more gamelike. This game approach has enabled Rosario Hábitat to forge fairer and more informed community agreements and to spark more active and meaningful participation. En las décadas recientes se ha visto la proliferación de ambos, los gobiernos urbanos de ende progresista y los asentamientos informales de la urbe. Muchos gobiernos locales de izquierda han intentado mejorar las condiciones de las villas miserias, pero estos esfuerzos quedan socavados por la falta de compromiso con los residentes. Los juegos y las técnicas del juego pueden aumentar la participación en los programas de desarrollo urbano como ya se ha hecho en los movimientos latinoamericanos de democracia participativa, como son las de educación popular de Paolo Freire, el Teatro del Oprimido de Boal, y el presupuesto participativo de Brasil. Un caso de desarrollo urbano en Argentina, Rosario Hábitat, demuestra en como los juegos animan a la gente, le dan reto a sus suposiciones, y establecen lazos de colaboración social, y en como pueden, a partir del diseño del juego, extenderse hasta volver a diseñar el proceso participativo entero. Este acercamiento por vía de los juegos permitió que Rosario Hábitat forjara acuerdos comunitarios mas justos y mejor informados, dándole chispa a una mayor y significativa participación.
A Struggle Larger Than a House
Authors: Cortés Morales Alexis 
Published: December 2012

During the twentieth century, the political action of the urban poor in Santiago de Chile and Rio de Janeiro was a focal point of research in the social sciences. A critical reading of the major theories that were proposed begins with an analysis of marginality theory, which represented the first (negative) interpretation of the political potential of the marginalized. Subsequently, Santiago and Rio witnessed a series of urban popular experiences that elicited two opposing schools of thought: the urban-social-movement school and the utilitarian perspective. Chilean and Brazilian social scientists grappled with the way the popular sectors reacted to each country’s military dictatorship, and their interpretations reflected a certain indeterminacy, ranging from rediscovery to eulogy to denial. Urban popular struggle must be rethought in order to move beyond this theoretical ambivalence. Durante el siglo veinte, la acción política de parte de los pobres urbanos de Santiago de Chile y Rio de Janeiro fue un foco investigativo en las ciencias sociales. Esta lectura crítica de las principales teorías propone, en primer lugar, un análisis de la teoría de la marginalidad, la cual representó la primera interpretación (negativa) del potencial político de los marginados. Posteriormente, Santiago y Rio de Janeiro fueron testigos de una serie de experiencias populares urbanas, las cuales configuraron dos modos de pensamiento opuestos: la escuela de los movimientos sociales urbanos y la perspectiva utilitaria. Los cientistas sociales chilenos y brasileños, al enfrentar la forma en la cual los sectores populares reaccionaron frente a las dictaduras militares en cada país, reflejaron en sus interpretaciones una cierta indeterminación, fluctuando entre el redescubrimiento, la exaltación, hasta la negación. La lucha popular urbana tiene que volver a pensarse para superar esta ambivalencia teórica.
Mining and Tourism
Authors: Steel Griet 
Published: December 2012

In recent decades, the exponential growth of tourism and mining in Cusco and Cajamarca has made these two intermediate cities in the Peruvian Andes important on the global economic scene. Foreign direct investment in these industries has attracted internal and transnational migrants who now dominate the lucrative real estate and labor markets in these cities. Residents have been driven to the peripheries, and there is a sharp contrast between those who have access to the benefits of mining and tourism and those who do not. The article shows that these intermediate cities can no longer escape the spatial segregation, economic exploitation, and inequality that used to be associated almost exclusively with metropolitan centers. These supposedly livable and harmonious urban environments are increasingly jeopardized by the growing imbalance between the livelihoods of local residents and those of transnational elites. En las décadas recientes, el crecimiento exponencial del turismo y la minería en Cusco y Cajamarca ha hecho de estas dos ciudades medianas de los Andes peruanos importantes urbes en el escenario económico global. La inversión extranjera directa en estas industrias ha atraído a migrantes internos y trasnacionales quienes ahora dominan los mercados lucrativos de bienes raíces y labor en estas ciudades. Los residentes han sido empujados a la periferia, y existe un marcado contraste entre quienes tienen acceso a los beneficios de la minería y el turismo, y quienes no. El artículo demuestra que estas ciudades medianas no pueden más escaparse de la segregación espacial, la explotación económica, y la desigualdad que antes se asociaba exclusivamente con los centros metropolitanos. Estos supuestamente habitables y armoniosos ambientes urbanos se encuentran cada vez mas perjudicados por la creciente falta de balance entre el sustento de los residentes y el de las élites trasnacionales.
Psychopathological symptoms in child and adolescent migraine and tension-type headache: A meta-analysis
Authors: Balottin Umberto , Fusar Poli Paolo , Termine Cristiano , Molteni Silvia , Galli Federica 
Published: December 2012

Introduction After decades of research, the importance of psychological factors in child and adolescent headache is no longer in doubt. However, it is not clearly understood whether different types of headache are comorbid with specific kinds of psychopathology. To address this issue, we set out to establish whether young patients with migraine do or do not show significant levels of psychopathological symptoms compared with age-matched healthy controls and patients with tension-type headache (TTH). Methods Ten studies were selected on the basis of a widely used psychodiagnostic tool (the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)) and by applying rigorous criteria: The studies were compared in a meta-analysis in order to evaluate the presence of Internalizing (mainly anxiety and depression) and Externalizing (mainly behavioral problems) symptoms in different types of headache (and versus healthy controls). Findings Patients with migraine showed more psychopathological symptoms than healthy controls. TTH patients also had more psychopathology than controls, although the difference was more marked in the area of Internalizing disorders. Finally, no differences emerged between migraine and TTH. Discussion and conclusion Psychopathological symptoms affect children with migraine, but also children with TTH. Biological, pathophysiological and clinical links need to be established. Effective treatment of affected children and adolescents is imperative in order to prevent chronic evolution. In this context, the CBCL may be a good screening instrument with a view to developing a tailored clinical approach.
The −344C/T polymorphism in the CYP11B2 gene is associated with essential hypertension in the Chinese
Authors: Li Weixing , Liu Chibo 
Published: December 2012

Background: It has been suggested that the −344C/T polymorphism in the CYP11B2 gene is involved in the development of hypertension. However, the results have been inconsistent. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to clarify the association of −344C/T polymorphism in the CYP11B2 gene with hypertension risk in the Chinese population. Methods: Published literature from PubMed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wan Fang data were retrieved. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a fixed or random effects model. Results: A total of 29 studies (8482 cases/8560 controls) were included in the final meta-analysis. Overall, there was a significant association between −344T/C polymorphism in the CYP11B2 gene and hypertension in the Chinese (heterogeneous co-dominant model: OR=1.10, 95% CI=1.03–1.17, I2=12.7%, p for heterogeneity=0.271; dominant model: OR=1.11, 95% CI=1.02–1.20, I2=32.1%, p for heterogeneity=0.051; allelic model: OR=1.08, 95% CI 1.01–1.16, p for heterogeneity=0.006). In the stratified analysis, the effect size was significant only in the Han Chinese (heterogeneous co-dominant model: OR=1.11, 95% CI=1.03–1.20, I2=0.0%, p for heterogeneity=0.745; dominant model: OR=1.11, 95% CI=1.02–1.21, I2=18.1%, p for heterogeneity=0.299; allelic model: OR=1.09, 95% CI 1.00–1.18, p=0.028), but not in the minority Chinese. Conclusions: Our study suggested that the −344T/C polymorphism in the CYP11B2 gene was significantly associated with hypertension in the Chinese population, especially in the Han Chinese.
Outcomes of Endovascular Aneurysm Repair With 2 Different Endograft Systems With Suprarenal Fixation in Patients With Hostile Infrarenal Aortic Anatomy
Authors: Antoniou George A. , Georgiadis George S. , Glancz Laurence , Delbridge Michael , Murray David , Smyth J. Vincent , Lazarides Miltos K. , Serracino-Inglott Ferdinand 
Published: December 2012

Objective: To evaluate 2 different aortic endograft systems with suprarenal fixation in patients with unfavorable neck morphology. Methods: A prospective observational study assigning patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm with unfriendly neck anatomy treated with 2 different endograft systems (Endurant and Zenith) was conducted. The log-rank test was applied to investigate the differences in cumulative outcome parameters. Results: Successful endograft implantation was achieved in all patients. Requirement for troubleshooting techniques was similar in the 2 groups ( P = .156 and P = .081, respectively). In-hospital procedure-related morbidity occurred in 7 patients (Zenith vs Endurant, P = .690). Freedom from any type of endoleak and overall mortality did not differ significantly between the groups (log-rank test, P = .068 and P = .087). Reinterventions were more commonly required in the Zenith group (log-rank rest, P = .041), and were all nongraft/aneurysm-related. Conclusions: Similar performances of the Zenith and the Endurant endograft systems were demonstrated.
Patterns of Visceral and Renal Artery Involvement in Type B Aortic Dissections
Authors: Ravichandran Pranavi , Harrington David M. , Lovell Marge B. , Harris Jeremy R. , DeRose Guy , Forbes Thomas L. 
Published: December 2012

Objective: The main objective of this study was to describe the visceral and renal vessel involvement and the outcomes in thoracic dissections. Methods: Computed tomography scans of 39 patients were reviewed (30 type B, 9 type A). Visceral and renal arteries were recorded as perfused by the true lumen (TL) or false lumen (FL). Radiologic follow-up was 3.3 years (range 0-10). Results: A total of 156 vessels were analyzed, and 49 (31%) were supplied by the FL. The most common patterns were FL supply of a renal artery (RA) with the visceral arteries and contralateral RA from the TL. In the follow-up, branch vessel compromise occurred in 12 vessels and was more likely to occur when supplied by the FL ( P = .01). About 75% of the patients with at least 2 vessels supplied by the FL demonstrated aortic dilatation. Conclusions: Branch vessel occlusion is more likely in the vessels supplied by the FL. Aortic dilatation occurred more frequently when 2 or more vessels were supplied by the FL.
Accrual by groups in trials with discrete-time survival endpoints
Authors: Jóźwiak Katarzyna , Moerbeek Mirjam 
Published: December 2012

Background In many fields of science, event status is often recorded in intervals or at discrete points in time and can be investigated in experimental settings. Conducting such trials requires thorough planning before they are actually performed. Purpose To investigate accrual by groups in a trial with discrete-time survival endpoints and to describe how to choose the number of accrual groups, the size of the accrual groups, and the duration of the trial to achieve a sufficient power level. Methods In trials with multiple time periods, the event status is recorded at the end of each period, but the event may occur at any time between the time points the measurements are taken. Therefore, time is recorded discretely, but the underlying process is continuous. To find the risk of event occurrence in each time interval, a continuous-time survival function is used and the generalized linear model is applied. Results It is observed that the combination of the number of accrual groups, the size of the accrual groups, and the duration of the trial that gives a sufficient power level depends on the shape of the continuous-time survival function, the proportion of subjects who have experienced the event after a fixed number of time periods, and the size of the treatment effect. Limitations The results of the study are only presented graphically, because there is no simple closed-form expression for finding the variance of the treatment effect. The authors provide MATLAB software to perform the power calculations. Conclusions More subjects should be recruited in each accrual group or more accrual groups should be included if the effect size or the proportion of the subjects who have experienced the event after a fixed number of time periods decreases, or the probability of the event occurrence is concentrated toward the end of the study duration.
In vivo confocal microscopic evaluation of corneal Langerhans cell density, and distribution and evaluation of dry eye in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Marsovszky László , Resch Miklós D , Németh János , Toldi Gergely , Medgyesi Erzsébet , Kovács László , Balog Attila 
Published: December 2012

Corneal Langerhans cells (LCs) offer the opportunity to gain insight into the activity of the innate immunity. We examined the density and the distribution of LCs and compared the results with dry-eye parameters in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fifty-two RA patients with various degrees of disease activity and 24 healthy subjects were enrolled. Peripheral and central LC number and morphology were assessed with in vivo laser confocal microscopy. In addition, ocular surface disease index (OSDI), lid parallel conjunctival folds, Schirmer test, and tear break-up time (TBUT) were evaluated. The prevalence of central and peripheral LC, and the central LC morphology values (LCM) were higher than normal in RA. Within the RA group, LC prevalence and morphology were not affected by disease activity. However, patients on anti-TNF or glucocorticosteroid (GCS) therapy exhibited normal LCM, and normal central and peripheral LC density. OSDI was higher and TBUT was lower than normal in RA. The alteration of LC in RA suggests an active inflammatory process in the cornea, which may reflect an increased activation state of the innate immune system—even in inactive stages of RA and without ocular symptoms. The results also indicate ocular effects of GCS therapy in RA.
Pulmonary hypertension in left heart disease
Authors: Guazzi Marco , Galiè Nazzareno 
Published: December 2012

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a frequent complication of left heart disease arising from a wide range of cardiac disorders. In the clinical classification, PH associated with left heart disease is classified as Group 2, which includes left heart systolic dysfunction, left heart diastolic dysfunction and left heart valvular disease. In the past, rheumatic mitral valve disease was the most common cause of PH in left heart disease; however, today it is more likely to be associated with hypertensive and/or ischaemic heart disease.As the incidence of these conditions is increasing, the number of patients presenting with PH is also increasing and, today, left heart disease represents the most frequent cause of PH. The development of PH in patients with left heart disease is associated with poor prognosis. However, despite the increasingly large number of patients affected and the impact of PH on outcome, there are currently no specific treatment options for these patients.This review gives an overview of the pathophysiology and epidemiology of PH associated with left heart disease, and discusses the challenges associated with its management and treatment.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease
Authors: D'Alto Michele , Mahadevan Vaikom S. 
Published: December 2012

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a common complication of congenital heart disease (CHD), with most cases occurring in patients with congenital cardiac shunts. In patients with an uncorrected left-to-right shunt, increased pulmonary pressure leads to vascular remodelling and dysfunction, resulting in a progressive rise in pulmonary vascular resistance and increased pressures in the right heart. Eventually, reversal of the shunt may arise, with the development of Eisenmenger's syndrome, the most advanced form of PAH-CHD.The prevalence of PAH-CHD has fallen in developed countries over recent years and the number of patients surviving into adulthood has increased markedly. Today, the majority of PAH-CHD patients seen in clinical practice are adults, and many of these individuals have complex disease or received a late diagnosis of their defect. While there have been advances in the management and therapy in recent years, PAH-CHD is a heterogeneous condition and some subgroups, such as those with Down's syndrome, present particular challenges.This article gives an overview of the demographics, pathophysiology and treatment of PAH-CHD and focuses on individuals with Down's syndrome as an important and challenging patient group.
Pathways in pulmonary arterial hypertension: the future is here
Authors: Sitbon Olivier , Morrell NicholasW. 
Published: December 2012

It is well established that the endothelin, nitric oxide and prostacyclin pathways play an important role in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Indeed, the therapeutic options currently available for the management of PAH all act on one of these mechanistic pathways.However, this is an exciting time for both clinicians and scientists, as increased understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and progression of PAH has resulted in the development of a number of novel therapeutic options.This article highlights how the introduction of new compounds such as macitentan, riociguat and selexipag, which act on the endothelin, nitric oxide and prostacyclin pathways, respectively, have the potential to further improve the prognosis for patients with PAH.
The relationship between Hippocampal asymmetry and working memory processing in combat-related PTSD – a monozygotic twin study
Authors: Hall Timothy , Galletly Cherrie , Clark C Richard , Veltmeyer Melinda , Metzger Linda J , Gilbertson Mark W , Orr Scott P , Pitman Roger K , McFarlane Alexander 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Background
PTSD is associated with reduction in hippocampal volume and abnormalities in hippocampal function. Hippocampal asymmetry has received less attention, but potentially could indicate lateralised differences in vulnerability to trauma. The P300 event-related potential component reflects the immediate processing of significant environmental stimuli and has generators in several brain regions including the hippocampus. P300 amplitude is generally reduced in people with PTSD.

Methods
Our study examined hippocampal volume asymmetry and the relationship between hippocampal asymmetry and P300 amplitude in male monozygotic twins discordant for Vietnam combat exposure. Lateralised hippocampal volume and P300 data were obtained from 70 male participants, of whom 12 had PTSD. We were able to compare (1) combat veterans with current PTSD; (2) their non-combat-exposed co-twins; (3) combat veterans without current PTSD and (4) their non-combat-exposed co-twins.

Results
There were no significant differences between groups in hippocampal asymmetry. There were no group differences in performance of an auditory oddball target detection task or in P300 amplitude. There was a significant positive correlation between P300 amplitude and the magnitude of hippocampal asymmetry in participants with PTSD.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that greater hippocampal asymmetry in PTSD is associated with a need to allocate more attentional resources when processing significant environmental stimuli.