bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Female directors and the media: stereotypes of board members
Authors: De Anca Celia , Gabaldon Patricia 
Published: August 2014

Purpose– This paper aims to analyze the research in this field on the portrayal of women and the effect this has on boards and corporate image, as well as to propose a theoretical framework for further research on the effects of media stereotypes. The theoretical model aims to analyze the media’s effect on female board members, and how this helps in the process of changing stereotypes or whether it consolidates existing preconceptions.Design/methodology/approach– This paper reviews the existing literature on the subject and proposes a theoretical model for future research, contributing thus in opening a new line of research in the field of the roles of women on boards.Findings– The conclusions reached will have important consequences for the future of women on boards in relation to three fundamental issues: the types of women that join boards of directors, the type of female profile companies search for and the roles women are expected to play on those boards.Research limitations/implications– The theoretical framework developed encourages corporate governance agents, business leaders and institution to reflect on potential gender biases.Practical implications– The theoretical framework developed encourages corporate governance agents, business leaders and institutions and media agents to reflect on potential gender biases.Originality/value– An important body of literature already exists showing how the portrayal of women can reinforce or eliminate barriers to access membership of a board of directors. There is also a solid body of literature showing the media’s effect on transmitting or changing preconceived ideas about women in business, as well as the potential impact of appointing them – through the influence of different stakeholders – on a company’s image. However, there has been little substantial research carried out on the media’s effect on gender diversity on boards.
Understanding tourists’ perception and evaluation of inter-cultural service encounters: a holistic mental model process
Authors: Zhao Defang , Y. Lin Ingrid 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to introduce a theoretical framework, the holistic mental model process, with major contextual factors (cultural, situation, cognitive and affective contexts) to help better understand tourists’ perception and evaluation of intercultural tourists–tour guide service encounters.

Design/methodology/approach
– Summary tables of an extensive literature review of previous empirical studies relating to intercultural service encounters, service encounter and service quality to help derive the holistic mental model process framework are included.

Findings
– Gaps from the previous literature were identified along with in-depth explanations as to how a holistic mental model process can be applied to tourists evaluating intercultural tourist–tour guide service encounters and the service quality of their overall travel experience.

Research limitations/implications
– The current conceptual framework of the holistic mental model process targets specifically on the intercultural tourists–tour guide service encounters. More in-depth empirical studies can be conducted focusing on specific variables of the intercultural tourist–tour guide service encounters and on the factor differences between specific cultures.

Practical implications
– This research has practical implications for travel agencies and tourism companies. Travel agencies and tour companies can apply the holistic mental model process framework to examine and analyze the influential variables between tourists and tour guide (i.e. cultural differences, etiquette, norms and behaviors), thus design better tour guide training programs accordingly.

Social implications
– Service encounter is a social activity that is influenced by the social environment. To achieve the best service quality, all parties, including tourists, tour guide, tour companies, host community, must understand cultural differences; work together in coordination and cooperation.

Originality/value
– This is the first study that provides an in-depth holistic mental model process by integrating major contextual factors to examine tourists’ evaluation of intercultural service encounters between themselves and tour guides.
Joint stock company with variable capital (JSCVC)
Authors: Bidabad Bijan 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to propose joint stock company with variable capital (JSCVC), as financial sharing funds and banks necessitate that their capital and number of shareholders be instantaneously variable. Legal personality and accounts clearing of this type of corporations are different from conventional companies.

Design/methodology/approach
– JSCVC is a corporation in which capital and shares of shareholders vary by new entrance or withdrawal of shareholders at any point of time.

Findings
– Interest rate-based calculations were removed and Rastin Sharing Accounting was applied for JSCVS. Shareholders of JSCVC share the company’s nominal capital proportional to nominal values of their shares. Financial outcome of JSCVC is proportional to values of shares weighted by shares duration of participation.

Research limitations/implications
– To prevent spoiling of shareholders’ rights, legal procedure of issuing shares for JSCVC should be defined in compliance with domestic commerce laws in any country.

Practical implications
– JSCVC can be used by majority of investment funds, credit unions, saving and loan associations, pension and provident funds, thrift saving plans as well as Islamic banks and financial sharing activities. In JSCVC, deposit at a bank is treated as a share of the company (bank).

Social implications
– JSCVC has fair profit distribution and accounts clearing arrangements.

Originality/value
– Different variable capital companies have been defined in many countries’ laws, but essential modifications are presented in JSCVC definition to regulate financial sharing arrangements and bank’s performances.
Understanding marketing’s philosophy debates
Authors: Hunt Shelby 
Published: August 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this article is to chronicle the publication events in the 1980s and 1990s that framed the development of the series of controversies in marketing that are known as the “philosophy debates”.Design/methodology/approach– The article uses a participant’s retrospective approach.Findings– The article finds that seven publication events are key to understanding marketing’s philosophy debates. The seven are the publication of the “little green book” by Grid, Inc. in 1976; the philosophy of science panel discussion held at the Winter American Marketing Association Educators’ Conference in 1982; the special issue of theJournal of Marketingon marketing theory in 1983; three articles on the “critical relativist perspective” by theJournal of Consumer Researchin 1986 and 1988; the “blue book” by South-Western in 1991; a trilogy of articles on truth, positivism and objectivity in theJournal of Marketingand theJournal of Consumer Researchin 1990-1993; and an article on “rethinking marketing” in theEuropean Journal of Marketingin 1994.Originality/value– Chronicling the key publication events enables readers to understand what the debates were about and provides readers a starting point for further investigating the issues in the debates.
Forgotten classics
Authors: Shapiro Stanley J 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to retrospectively review what is considered to be a forgotten classic in the marketing literature, Marketing in the American Economy, published in 1952 by Roland Vaile, ET Grether and Reavis Cox.

Design/methodology/approach
– Marketing in the American Economy is summarized, situated in its historical context and retrospectively evaluated by the author including commentaries by other scholars today.

Findings
– The book’s legacy or continuing value is described as including an insightful discussion of the relative roles of the market and the state in the American economy. The closing three chapters of Marketing in the American Economy merits inclusion in any contemporary “history of marketing thought” course. Finally, Marketing in the American Economy is an early example of a textbook on macromarketing making it a significant contribution to the history of marketing thought.

Originality/value
– Marketing in the American Economy was reviewed when it was published in 1952. With the benefit of time passed, a more meaningful appraisal of this book can now be made with a focus on its legacy.
Forgotten classics: E.T. Grether’s (1966) Marketing and Public Policy
Authors: Savitt Ronald 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this article is to revisit a forgotten classic in the marketing literature to provide a historical review of ET Grether’s 1966 book, Marketing and Public Policy.

Design/methodology/approach
– The approach combines a literature review with historical reflection by placing Grether’s work in historical context.

Findings
– Marketing and Public Policy offered a framework for examining and evaluating marketing practices and public policy responses based on Grether’s mastery of a number of disciplines and his extensive research into public policy issues. His ideas are relevant to today’s world, especially in light of technological developments and shifts in our moral compass since the 1960s.

Originality/value
– ET Grether was a two-time recipient of the American Marketing Association’s Paul D. Converse Award, Editor of the Journal of Marketing, President of the American Marketing Association and author of more than 100 articles and books. This is the first attempt to review what is arguably one of his most important publications, Marketing and Public Policy.
The labors of the Odysseans and the legacy of the Odyssey
Authors: Belk Russell 
Published: August 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to review the 1985-1991 project called “The Consumer Behavior Odyssey”, including a retrospective assessment of its context and role in influencing consumer research paradigms.Design/methodology/approach– The study is based on personal recollections, introspective fieldnotes from the Odyssey and various publications and videos that emerged from the project. It also reflects on several subsequent “inside” and “outside” accounts of the project and its impact.Findings– The paper concludes that the Odyssey was a critical event within a nexus of other critical events that helped precipitate what is now widely called Consumer Culture Theory. It was a highly visible project that acted as a lightning rod that attracted both supporters and opponents at the time, but that ultimately helped carve out a place for interpretive, qualitative, visual and ethnographic consumer research within business schools.Originality/value– Although there were a number of methodological and research outputs from the Odyssey during the 1980s and early 1990s and there have been several recent “outside” appraisals of its influence since then, there has been only one subsequent “inside” account of its ontological and epistemological impact − a 2011 video made for the 50th anniversary of the major funding organization for the project, the Marketing Science Institute. This paper offers a more extensive appraisal by one of the project’s leaders.
Terminological debate over language impairment in children: forward movement and sticking points
Authors: Reilly Sheena , Bishop Dorothy V. M. , Tomblin Bruce 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundThere is no agreed terminology for describing childhood language problems. In this special issue Reilly et al. and Bishop review the history of the most widely used label, ‘specific language impairment’ (SLI), and discuss the pros and cons of various terms. Commentators from a range of backgrounds, in terms of both discipline and geographical background, were then invited to respond to each lead article.AimsTo summarize the main points made by the commentators and identify (1) points of consensus and disagreement, (2) issues for debate including the drivers for change and diagnostic criteria, and (3) the way forward.Conclusions & ImplicationsThere was some common ground, namely that the current situation is not tenable because it impedes clinical and research progress and impacts on access to services. There were also wide‐ranging disagreements about which term should be adopted. However, before debating the broad diagnostic label it is essential to consider the diagnostic criteria and the systems used to classify childhood language problems. This is critical in order to facilitate communication between and among clinicians and researchers, across sectors (in particular health and education), with the media and policy‐makers and with families and individuals who have language problems. We suggest four criteria be taken into account when establishing diagnostic criteria, including: (1) the features of language, (2) the impact on functioning and participation, (3) the presence/absence of other impairments, and (4) the language trajectory or pathway and age of onset. In future, these criteria may expand to include the genetic and neural markers for language problems. Finally, there was overarching agreement about the need for an international and multidisciplinary forum to move this debate forward. The purpose would be to develop consensus regarding the diagnostic criteria and diagnostic label for children with language problems. This process should include canvassing the views of families and people with language problems as well as the views of policy‐makers.
Cardiovascular disease risk is only elevated in hypertensive, formerly preeclamptic women
Authors: Breetveld NM , Ghossein‐Doha C , van Kuijk SMJ , van Dijk AP , van der Vlugt MJ , Heidema WM , Scholten RR , Spaanderman MEA 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo analyse the predicted 10‐ and 30‐year risk scores for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients who experienced preeclampsia (PE) 5–10 years previously compared with healthy parous controls.DesignObservational study.SettingTertiary referral hospital in the Netherlands.PopulationOne hundred and fifteen patients with a history of PE and 50 controls. PE patients were categorised into two groups, hypertensive (n = 21) and normotensive (n = 94), based on use of antihypertensive medication, and next categorised into subgroups based on the onset of PE: early‐onset PE (n = 39) and late‐onset PE (n = 76).MethodsAll participants underwent cardiovascular risk screening 5–10 years after index pregnancy. We measured body mass, height and blood pressure. Blood was analysed for fasting glucose, insulin and lipid levels. All participants completed a validated questionnaire. The 10‐ and 30‐year Framingham risk scores were calculated and compared.Main outcome measuresEstimated Framingham 10‐ and 30‐year risk scores for CVD.ResultsThe overall 10‐ and 30‐year CVD median risks weighing subjects’ lipids were comparable between formerly PE women and controls; 1.6 versus 1.5% (P = 0.22) and 9.0 versus 9.0% (P = 0.49), respectively. However, hypertensive formerly PE women have twice the CVD risk as normotensive formerly PE women: 10‐ and 30‐year CVD median risks were 3.1 versus 1.5% (P < 0.01) and 19.0% versus 8.0% (P < 0.01), respectively. Risk estimates based on BMI rather than lipid profile show comparable results. Early‐onset PE clustered more often in the hypertensive formerly PE group and showed significantly higher 10‐ and 30‐year CVD risk estimates based on lipids compared with the late‐onset PE group: 1.7 versus 1.3% (P < 0.05) and 10.0 versus 7.0% (P < 0.05), respectively.ConclusionsWomen who are hypertensive after preeclampsia, have a twofold risk of developing CVD in the next 10–30 years. Formerly PE women who are normotensive in the first 10 years after their preeclamptic pregnancy have a comparable future cardiovascular risk to healthy controls.
Young Adult Dependent Coverage: Were the State Reforms Effective?
Authors: Burgdorf James R. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo examine the robustness of findings regarding state‐level adult dependent coverage expansions using detailed outcomes that specify coverage source.Data SourcesThis study uses the 2001–2009 files of the Current Population Survey's Annual Social and Economic Supplement, covering calendar years 2000–2008, and considers young adults ages 19 through 29.Study DesignDifference‐in‐differences methods were used to estimate the effect of state‐level dependent coverage expansions on finely detailed categories of coverage, and falsification tests were used to evaluate the models themselves.Principal FindingsCertain published results on state‐level parental coverage expansions are flawed, with reported increases driven by changes in spousal coverage. Other published results appear to be in fact driven by parental coverage, but they are not robust to alternative model adjustments.ConclusionsThis study shows evidence that one study's results on “dependent” coverage are in fact driven by changes in rates of spousal coverage. Results from a second study, though not robust to use of a more conventional DD model, would seem to apply most strongly to individuals at ages at which one would typically have lost parental coverage before reform, consistent with a “passive” effect rather than an “active” effect that enrolls previously uninsured youths.
Carotenoids are Effective Inhibitors of in vitro Hemolysis of Human Erythrocytes, as Determined by a Practical and Optimized Cellular Antioxidant Assay
Authors: Chisté Renan C. , Freitas Marisa , Mercadante Adriana Z. , Fernandes Eduarda 
Published: August 2014

Abstractβ‐Carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, β‐cryptoxanthin, and lycopene are liposoluble pigments widely distributed in vegetables and fruits and, after ingestion, these compounds are usually detected in human blood plasma. In this study, we evaluated their potential to inhibit hemolysis of human erythrocytes, as mediated by the toxicity of peroxyl radicals (ROO•). Thus, 2,2′‐azobis (2‐methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was used as ROO• generator and the hemolysis assay was carried out in experimental conditions optimized by response surface methodology, and successfully adapted to microplate assay. The optimized conditions were verified at 30 × 106 cells/mL, 17 mM of AAPH for 3 h, at which 48 ± 5% of hemolysis was achieved in freshly isolated erythrocytes. Among the tested carotenoids, lycopene (IC50 = 0.24 ± 0.05 μM) was the most efficient to prevent the hemolysis, followed by β‐carotene (0.32 ± 0.02 μM), lutein (0.38 ± 0.02 μM), and zeaxanthin (0.43 ± 0.02 μM). These carotenoids were at least 5 times more effective than quercetin, trolox, and ascorbic acid (positive controls). β‐Cryptoxanthin did not present any erythroprotective effect, but rather induced a hemolytic effect at the highest tested concentration (3 μM). These results suggest that selected carotenoids may have potential to act as important erythroprotective agents by preventing ROO•‐induced toxicity in human erythrocytes.
Memantine reduces alcohol drinking but not relapse in alcohol‐dependent rats
Authors: Alaux‐Cantin Stéphanie , Buttolo Romain , Houchi Hakim , Jeanblanc Jérôme , Naassila Mickaël 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAlcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder with consequences on health and that requires more effective treatments. Among alternative therapies, the therapeutic potential of the non‐competitive N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonist memantine has been suggested. Despite promising results, its efficiency in the treatment of alcoholism remains controversial. Currently, there is no pre‐clinical data regarding its effects on the motivation for ethanol in post‐dependent (PD) animals exposed to intermittent ethanol vapor, a validated model of alcoholism. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of acute injections of memantine (0, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) on operant ethanol self‐administration in non‐dependent (ND) and PD rats tested either during acute withdrawal or relapse after protracted abstinence. Our results showed that memantine (25 mg/kg) abolished ethanol self‐administration in ND rats and reduced by half the one of PD rats during acute withdrawal. While this effect was observed only 6 hours after treatment in ND rats, it was long lasting in PD rats (at least 30 hours after injection). Furthermore, our results indicated that memantine did not modify the breaking point for ethanol. This suggests that memantine probably act by potentiating the pharmacological effect of ethanol but not by reducing motivation for ethanol. Finally, memantine was also ineffective in reducing relapse after protracted abstinence. Altogether, our pre‐clinical results highlighted a potential therapeutic use of memantine that may be used as a replacement therapy drug but not as relapse‐preventing drug.
Physiological role of taurine – from organism to organelle
Authors: Lambert I. H. , Kristensen D. M. , Holm J. B. , Mortensen O. H. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTaurine is often referred to as a semi‐essential amino acid as newborn mammals have a limited ability to synthesize taurine and have to rely on dietary supply. Taurine is not thought to be incorporated into proteins as no aminoacyl tRNA synthetase has yet been identified and is not oxidized in mammalian cells. However, taurine contributes significantly to the cellular pool of organic osmolytes and has accordingly been acknowledged for its role in cell volume restoration following osmotic perturbation. This review describes taurine homeostasis in cells and organelles with emphasis on taurine biophysics/membrane dynamics, regulation of transport proteins involved in active taurine uptake and passive taurine release as well as physiological processes, for example, development, lung function, mitochondrial function, antioxidative defence and apoptosis which seem to be affected by a shift in the expression of the taurine transporters and/or the cellular taurine content.
First‐hand sensory experience plays a limited role in children's early understanding of seeing and hearing as sources of knowledge: Evidence from typically hearing and deaf children
Authors: Schmidt Ellyn , Pyers Jennie 
Published: August 2014

One early‐developing component of theory of mind is an understanding of the link between sensory perception and knowledge formation. We know little about the extent to which children's first‐hand sensory experiences drive the development of this understanding, as most tasks capturing this early understanding target vision, with less attention paid to the other senses. In this study, 64 typically hearing children (Mage = 4.0 years) and 21 orally educated deaf children (Mage = 5.44 years) were asked to identify which of two informants knew the identity of a toy animal when each had differing perceptual access to the animal. In the ‘seeing’ condition, one informant saw the animal and the other did not; in the ‘hearing’ condition, one informant heard the animal and the other did not. For both hearing and deaf children, there was no difference between performance on hearing and seeing trials, but deaf children were delayed in both conditions. Further, within both the hearing and deaf groups, older children outperformed younger children on these tasks, indicating that there is a developmental progression. Taken together, the pattern of results suggests that experiences other than first‐hand sensory experiences drive children's developing understanding that sensory perception is associated with knowledge.