bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes of Isotopic Composition in Gases Emitted from Wastewater Treatment Plant - Preliminary Study
Authors: Stelmach Wioleta , Szarlip Paweł , Trembaczowski Andrzej 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Investigations of processes occurring during wastewater treatment have progressed beyond the stage of technology. Currently, great numbers of representatives of diverse specialist research apply increasingly sophisticated measurement methods that have not been employed in this field of science. One of the methods is IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry). Tracking changes in the ratios of biogenic element isotopes is useful in eg identification and monitoring of investigated processes. Since the IRMS technique has hardly been used for investigations of the wastewater treatment process, pilot research should be instigated to determine the isotope ratios occurring naturally in the process. The aim of the study was to determine changes in carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios at the successive stages of the technological line in wastewater treatment plants. The study material comprised: i) suspensions of raw sewage and mixtures of wastewater and activated sludge; ii) gases sampled from the volume of the suspensions; iii) gases sampled from the air above the suspension surface. The research material originated from the facilities of “Hajdow” municipal wastewater treatment plant in Lublin (SE Poland). The samples were analysed for the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios, and the concentrations of the gases as well as total organic carbon (TOC), inorganic carbon (IC), Kjeldahl nitrogen (KN), dry weight, pH, and Eh were determined. The results obtained suggest that: i) the IRMS technique can be successfully applied in investigations of processes occurring during wastewater treatment; ii) isotope ratios in the carbon and nitrogen compounds (CO2 and N2) both in the suspensions and gases contained therein and in the air above them differ from each other and change at the different stages of the treatment process; iii) further research is indispensable in order to identify processes responsible for fractionation of carbon and nitrogen isotopes.
A Profile of Romanian Highly Educated Eco-Consumers Interested in Product Recycling A Statistical Approach
Authors: Simionescu Mihaela 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The objective of this research is to create a profile of the Romanian eco-consumer with university education. The profile is not limited to the information regarding environmental and economic benefits of recycling, but focuses on ecological behaviour. A detailed statistical analysis was made based on a large representative sample of respondents with secondary and university education. Indeed, the tendency of practical ecobehaviour becomes more pronounced for the people with university education. For people that are more than 30 years old the chance of being aware of the significance of the recycling symbols on the packages decreases, the lowest chance being given to people aged more than 50. The respondents that are interested in environment protection buy products with ecological symbols. However, those people who already know the meaning of these symbols do not buy this type of products for ecological reasons, even if they are interested in the environment protection. This research also offers an extensive description of its results, being an opportunity for the respondents to know more about the meaning of the recycling symbols. The results of this research also provide information being a guideline for consumers. This study achieves two main goals: the ecological component (the eco-consumers were identified and ordinary consumers were attracted through the ecological behaviour) and the economic aspect (the resources allocation will be more efficient and the marketers will be able to address ecoconsumers who have specific characteristics).
Lower Extremity Muscle Activity During a Women's Overhand Lacrosse Shot
Authors: Millard Brianna M. , Mercer John A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe lower extremity muscle activity during the lacrosse shot. Participants (n=5 females, age 22±2 years, body height 162.6±15.2 cm, body mass 63.7±23.6 kg) were free from injury and had at least one year of lacrosse experience. The lead leg was instrumented with electromyography (EMG) leads to measure muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), and medial gastrocnemius (GA). Participants completed five trials of a warm-up speed shot (Slow) and a game speed shot (Fast). Video analysis was used to identify the discrete events defining specific movement phases. Full-wave rectified data were averaged per muscle per phase (Crank Back Minor, Crank Back Major, Stick Acceleration, Stick Deceleration). Average EMG per muscle was analyzed using a 4 (Phase) x 2 (Speed) ANOVA. BF was greater during Fast vs. Slow for all phases (p<0.05), while TA was not influenced by either Phase or Speed (p>0.05). RF and GA were each influenced by the interaction of Phase and Speed (p<0.05) with GA being greater during Fast vs. Slow shots during all phases and RF greater during Crank Back Minor and Major as well as Stick Deceleration (p<0.05) but only tended to be greater during Stick Acceleration (p=0.076) for Fast vs. Slow. The greater muscle activity (BF, RF, GA) during Fast vs. Slow shots may have been related to a faster approach speed and/or need to create a stiff lower extremity to allow for faster upper extremity movements.
Characterization of phytoplasmas related to 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' subgroup rpI-L in Iran
Authors: Vali-Sichani Fereshteh , Bahar Masoud , Zirak Leila 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In two of Iran's central provinces, several herbaceous plants showing phytoplasma disease symptoms were collected to detect 'Canididatus Phytoplasma asteris'-related phytoplasmas. Confirmation of an association of phytoplasmas with diseased plants was done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays having the phytoplasma universal primer pairs P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/ R16R2 in nested PCR. Then, for detection of 'Ca. P. asteris', DNA samples were subjected to amplification of rp and tuf genes using specific primer pairs rp(I)F1A/rp(I)R1A and fTufAy/rTufAy, respectively. Restriction fragment length polymorphism or RFLP analyses of rp gene fragments using Tsp509I restriction enzyme as well as sequence analyses indicated that 'Ca. P. asteris'-related phytoplasmas associated with carrot, niger seed and scallion plants in these regions, belong to the rpI-L subgroup. This research is the first report of carrot, niger seed, and scallion infection with phytoplasmas belonging to the rpI-L subgroup.
Hard Rules and Soft Rules for XBRL
Authors: Fang Jianing 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn January 2009, the SEC issued its final mandate for conversion to XBRL standards for financial statement reporting. However, the implementation has been painfully slow in the United States. In this article, I will investigate the factors impeding the XBRL conversion progress. I will recommend some available XBRL software for the “bolt-on,” “built-in,” and “deeply embedded” implementations. I will also try to help the readers understand all the major components of the XBRL taxonomy.
Experimental determination of the kinetics of formation of the benzene‐ethane co‐crystal and implications for Titan
Authors: Cable Morgan L. , Vu Tuan H. , Hodyss Robert , Choukroun Mathieu , Malaska Michael J. , Beauchamp Patricia 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBenzene is found on Titan and is a likely constituent of the putative evaporite deposits formed around the hydrocarbon lakes. We have recently demonstrated the formation of a benzene‐ethane co‐crystal under Titan‐like surface conditions. Here we investigate the kinetics of formation of this new structure as a function of temperature. We show that the formation process would reach completion under Titan surface conditions in ~18 h and that benzene precipitates from liquid ethane as the co‐crystal. This suggests that benzene‐rich evaporite basins around ethane/methane lakes and seas may not contain pure crystalline benzene, but instead benzene‐ethane co‐crystals. This co‐crystalline form of benzene with ethane represents a new class of materials for Titan's surface, analogous to hydrated minerals on Earth. This new structure may also influence evaporite characteristics such as particle size, dissolution rate, and infrared spectral properties.
Multifunctional Inorganic Nanocontainers for DNA and Drug Delivery into Living Cells
Authors: Lülf Henning , Bertucci Alessandro , Septiadi Dedy , Corradini Roberto , De Cola Luisa 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe design and synthesis of multifunctional nanomaterials could lead to applications relevant for biomedicine. Manufacturing porous particles to make them able to carry bioactive molecules into living cells represents a substantial goal towards the development of powerful tools for nanomedicine. This work describes a first example of using zeolite‐L crystals as multifunctional nanocontainers to simultaneously deliver DNA oligonucleotides and organic molecules into living cells. Multifunctional zeolite‐L was prepared by filling the pore system with guest molecules, whilst DNA was adsorbed electrostatically on their surface. The release kinetics of DNA and of the guest molecules into living cells was studied to prove the multiple‐drug‐delivery ability of the system. The localization of all the components in different cellular compartments was followed. The presented system may be a prototype for the development of novel nanoparticles for drug delivery and gene therapy.
Dephasing and Dissipation in a Source–Drain Model of Light‐Harvesting Systems
Authors: Xiong Shi‐Jie , Chen Lipeng , Zhao Yang 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe energy transport process in natural‐light‐harvesting systems is investigated by solving the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation for a source–network–drain model incorporating the effects of dephasing and dissipation, owing to coupling with the environment. In this model, the network consists of electronically coupled chromophores, which can host energy excitations (excitons) and are connected to source channels, from which the excitons are generated, thereby simulating exciton creation from sunlight. After passing through the network, excitons are captured by the reaction centers and converted into chemical energy. In addition, excitons can reradiate in green plants as photoluminescent light or be destroyed by nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). These annihilation processes are described in the model by outgoing channels, which allow the excitons to spread to infinity. Besides the photoluminescent reflection, the NPQ processes are the main outgoing channels accompanied by energy dissipation and dephasing. From the simulation of wave‐packet dynamics in a one‐dimensional chain, it is found that, without dephasing, the motion remains superdiffusive or ballistic, despite the strong energy dissipation. At an increased dephasing rate, the wave‐packet motion is found to switch from superdiffusive to diffusive in nature. When a steady energy flow is injected into a site of a linear chain, exciton dissipation along the chain, owing to photoluminescence and NPQ processes, is examined by using a model with coherent and incoherent outgoing channels. It is found that channel coherence leads to suppression of dissipation and multiexciton super‐radiance. With this method, the effects of NPQ and dephasing on energy transfer in the Fenna–Matthews–Olson complex are investigated. The NPQ process and the photochemical reflection are found to significantly reduce the energy‐transfer efficiency in the complex, whereas the dephasing process slightly enhances the efficiency. The calculated absorption spectrum reproduces the main features of the measured counterpart. As a comparison, the exciton dynamics are also studied in a linear chain of pigments and in a multiple‐ring system of light‐harvesting complexes II (LH2) from purple bacteria by using the Davydov D1 ansatz. It is found that the exciton transport shows superdiffusion characteristics in both the chain and the LH2 rings.
Adsorption of Large Hydrocarbons on Coinage Metals: A van der Waals Density Functional Study
Authors: Björk Jonas , Stafström Sven 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe adsorption of organic molecules onto the close‐packed facets of coinage metals is studied, and how accurately adsorption heights can be described by using recent advances of the van der Waals density functional (vdWDF), with optPBE/vdWDF, optB86b/vdWDF, vdWDF2, and rev/vdWDF2 functionals is illustrated. The adsorption of two prototypical aromatic hydrocarbons is investigated, and the calculated adsorption heights are compared to experimental literature values from normal incident X‐ray standing wave absorption and a state‐of‐the‐art semi‐empirical method. It is shown that both the optB86b/vdWDF and rev/vdWDF2 functionals describe adsorption heights with an accuracy of 0.1 Å, compared to experimental values, and are concluded as reliable methods of choice for related systems.
A nonmonotonic modal authorization logic for pervasive computing
Authors: Noorollahi Ali , Fallah Mehran S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractModal logics have proven invaluable for authorization in distributed systems. The logics devised so far, however, are inadequate to meet the requirements of pervasive environments. Such environments are, in general, characterized as open systems in which computing and communication facilities are provided to human users in a dynamic manner. These features suggest the need for the modification of existing logics in two directions. First, users’ capabilities being intrinsic to pervasive computing should be incorporated into the underlying modal logic. Second, the logic should be equipped with appropriate machinery so that it can deal with the imperfection in the information required for authorization. This paper has contributions in both directions. We present a logic that reflects how the capabilities of users change in different contexts. Nonmonotonicity is then added to the logic so that earlier decisions based on imperfect information can be retracted. The usefulness of our formulation is demonstrated through the added capacity it provides for specifying and enforcing access control policies in real‐life environments. We also present a minimal model semantics that reflects nonmonotonicity through the way it gives meaning to the formulas of the logic. Finally, we propose a sound and complete decision procedure based on semantic tableaux. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensing probe for 3–6 GHz microwave imaging systems
Authors: Lee Kwang‐Jae , Kim Jang‐Yeol , Son Seong‐Ho , Lee Jongmoon , Jeon Soonik 
Published: July 2014

A sensing probe for medical imaging diagnostic systems is presented. The proposed probe consists of a double‐ridged waveguide (DRWG) filled with dielectric ceramic and an aperture with a tapered ridge. The DRWG is used to suppress higher‐order mode radiations in the rectangular waveguide. The proposed probe is designed for broadband sensing in an immersion liquid with a complex dielectric constant. The performance of the fabricated probe successfully covers the frequency band of 3–6 GHz. The probe suppresses higher‐order modes and provides symmetric and similar radiation patterns within the operating frequency range.
Astrocyte activation is suppressed in both normal and injured brain by FGF signaling
Authors: Kang Wenfei , Balordi Francesca , Su Nan , Chen Lin , Fishell Gordon , Hébert Jean M. 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceMost if not all types of insults to the brain, including trauma, stroke, tumor growth, and neurodegeneration, for example, are believed to elicit a complex response involving several cell types. Central to this response is the activation of astrocytes. Although many proinflammatory molecules activate astrocytes, few factors are known to suppress their activation. Here we show that disrupting one particular signal specifically in adult astrocytes in the normal or injured neocortex leads to an increase in astrocyte activation. Conversely, increasing this signal after injury suppresses their activation. Therefore, at least one suppressor of astrocyte activation exists. Of potential therapeutic interest, disrupting this suppressor in astrocytes after injury results in smaller scars without affecting neuron survival.
Intramuscular injection of α-synuclein induces CNS α-synuclein pathology and a rapid-onset motor phenotype in transgenic mice
Authors: Sacino Amanda N. , Brooks Mieu , Thomas Michael A. , McKinney Alex B. , Lee Sooyeon , Regenhardt Robert W. , McGarvey Nicholas H. , Ayers Jacob I. , Notterpek Lucia , Borchelt David R. , Golde Todd E. , Giasson Benoit I. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
α-Synuclein (αS) inclusions are a hallmark of many progressive neurodegenerative disorders. Previously, intracerebral injection of exogenous preformed fibrillar αS in mouse models was shown to induce neuronal αS aggregation—a finding that has been interpreted as a prion-like mechanism. We now show that αS inclusion pathology can be induced in the brain and spinal cord of αS transgenic mice by a single peripheral intramuscular injection of αS. The formation of αS inclusions occurred concurrently with the presentation of a motor impairment in mice expressing mutant Ala53Thr human αS. This new model of robust and predictable induction of αS pathology will be especially valuable to further study the pathogenic mechanisms and assessment of therapeutic interventions.
Functional regionalization of the teleost cerebellum analyzed in vivo
Authors: Matsui Hideaki , Namikawa Kazuhiko , Babaryka Andreas , Köster Reinhard W. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
We have resolved an efferent connection map of the zebrafish cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), showing that the PC efferents represent one of the highest conserved circuitries throughout vertebrates. Moreover, by physiological characterization and functional interrogation using optogenetics in freely moving zebrafish, we have identified distinct PC regions responsible for controlling specific but different stereotypic behaviors. This finding indicates that the output of the cerebellar PC layer is topographically organized and shows that zebrafish can serve to unveil the highly sought structure–physiology–function relationships in the vertebrate brain directly in vivo.
Unusual kinetics of thermal decay of dim-light photoreceptors in vertebrate vision
Authors: Guo Ying , Sekharan Sivakumar , Liu Jian , Batista Victor S. , Tully John C. , Yan Elsa C. Y. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
For vertebrates to have sensitive vision in dim light, any background signals in the dark must be minimal, i.e., thermal reactions of the visual pigment rhodopsin must be very slow. Through discovery of an unprecedented temperature dependence of the thermal reactions of rhodopsin, with associated theoretical modeling, this study has provided a quantitative measure of the contribution to the thermal stability of rhodopsin from the rigid hydrogen bond-stabilized structure of the native protein. These findings may have implications to progressive retinal degenerative eye diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and to molecular evolution of vertebrate visual pigments. The added stabilization provided by the hydrogen bonding network may prove to be a general feature in a wide variety of proteins.
Food Safety
Authors: Chassy Bruce M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Most consumers expect the food they eat to be safe. This concern is not lost on governments around the world, which explains why there are numerous laws and regulations intended to ensure food safety. There are many misconceptions about food safety, such as the belief that organic foods are safer than conventional food products. This article examines food safety, first by considering the factors that explain why genetically modified (GM) crops as well as the foods and feeds produced from them, are assumed to be as safe as any other food. It provides an overview of the history of the use of recombinant DNA in food crops and the production of transgenic crops. It then looks at the scientific food-safety risk assessment of crops produced using biotechnology. It also discusses food safety in relation to proteins in food, as well as food allergy and allergens. Finally, it reviews the results of animal studies designed to demonstrate the safety of GM crops and the politics underlying such studies.
Colonial and Post-colonial Archaeologies
Authors: Hingley Richard 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis chapter explores the colonial contexts in which the theories and practices of archaeology emerged. It explores how archaeology has contributed to the intellectualization of colonialism and the transformation in academic traditions that have occurred over the past 30 years. A number of problems with the idea that archaeology is now ‘post-colonial’ are raised—issues that relate to the economics and politics of the contemporary world. The chapter explore how issues of theory, funding, and academic networking continue pre-existing relations of inequality that are inherited from former colonial situations. It is difficult to resolve these issues without first changing the geopolitics of the world. As a result, it is argued that archaeologists need to maintain a critical focus on the theories, methods, and practices that they adopt in creating knowledge about the past.
Efficacy of motivational enhancement therapy on alcohol use disorders in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Dieperink Eric , Fuller Bret , Isenhart Carl , McMaken Kelly , Lenox Rebecca , Pocha Christine , Thuras Paul , Hauser Peter 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimsTo determine the efficacy of motivational enhancement therapy (MET) on alcohol use in patients with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and an alcohol use disorder (AUD).DesignRandomized, single‐blind, controlled trial comparing MET to a control education condition with 6‐month follow‐up.SettingPatients were recruited from hepatitis clinics at the Minneapolis, Minnesota and Portland, Oregon Veterans Affairs Health Care Systems, USA.Participants and InterventionPatients with HCV, an AUD and continued alcohol use (n = 139) were randomized to receive either MET (n = 70) or a control education condition (n = 69) over 3 months.MeasurementsData were self‐reported percentage of days abstinent from alcohol and number of standard alcohol drinks per week 6 months after randomization.FindingsAt baseline, subjects in MET had 34.98% days abstinent, which increased to 73.15% at 6 months compared to 34.63 and 59.49% for the control condition. Multi‐level models examined changes in alcohol consumption between MET and control groups. Results showed a significant increase in percentage of days abstinent overall (F(1120.4) = 28.04, P < 0.001) and a significant group × time effect (F(1119.9) = 5.23, P = 0.024) with the MET group showing a greater increase in percentage of days abstinent at 6 months compared with the education control condition. There were no significant differences between groups for drinks per week. The effect size of the MET intervention was moderate (0.45) for percentage of days abstinent.ConclusionMotivational enhancement therapy (MET) appears to increase the percentage of days abstinent in patients with chronic hepatitis C, alcohol use disorders and ongoing alcohol use.