bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gedragsprofiling: het bepalen van kwade bedoelingen en het meten van effectiviteit
Authors: van den Berg Helma , Wijn Remco , van  Hemert Dianne 
Published: October 2015

Behaviour Profiling: Assessing malicious intent and measures of effectiveness
Is behavioural profiling a viable alternative to more traditional approaches to profiling, viewed from the perspectives of underlying theoretical assumptions and measures of effectiveness? In this article we describe behaviour profiling in relation to other types of profiling, we review relevant psychological mechanisms that underpin behaviour profiling, and discuss effectiveness of this type of profiling as well as methodological aspects of measuring effectiveness. Behaviour profiling is a method largely used to select potential offenders before the offence is committed by observing and giving meaning to behaviours preceding incidents. Deviant behaviours exhibited by suspects can be either part of a modus operandi related to the offence, the consequence of increased stress, or an atypical response to prodding actions by security officers. Relevant psychological mechanisms to explain ways behaviour profiling works include direct characteristics of deception as well as indirect indicators of deception, such as a criminal being more self-focused and more cognitively engaged. Effectiveness of behaviour profiling is increased by training, including learning more about modi operandi and related behaviours, awareness of biases in general, specific relevant biases, and techniques to correct for these biases.
Over crimmigratie en discretionair beslissen binnen het Mobiel Toezicht Veiligheid … of Vreemdelingen … of Veiligheid?
Authors: van der Woude Maartje , Dekkers Tim , Brouwer Jelmer 
Published: October 2015

About crimmigration and discretionary immigration checks within the so-called ‘Mobile Security Monitor’
This article aims to explore the driving factors behind the process of crimmigration, the merger of crime control and migration control. By analysing the legal and policy framework governing the so-called ‘Mobile Security Monitor’ – the discretionary immigration checks carried out by the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee in the borderlands with Belgium and Germany, the research explores the extent to which the framework might leave room for crimmigration-based decisions on the street level. As the article shows, the dual nature of the Mobile Security Monitor as both an instrument for immigration control and crime control combined with an important name-change and the ongoing securitization of migration in Europe seem to create a favourable environment for crimmigration.
Sensitivity of the Southern Ocean to enhanced regional Antarctic ice sheet meltwater input
Authors: Fogwill C. J. , Phipps S. J. , Turney C. S. M. , Golledge N. R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDespite advances in our understanding of the processes driving contemporary sea level rise, the stability of the Antarctic ice sheets and their contribution to sea level under projected future warming remains uncertain due to the influence of strong ice‐climate feedbacks. Disentangling these feedbacks is key to reducing uncertainty. Here we present a series of climate system model simulations that explore the potential effects of increased West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) meltwater flux on Southern Ocean dynamics. We project future changes driven by sectors of the WAIS, delivering spatially and temporally variable meltwater flux into the Amundsen, Ross, and Weddell embayments over future centuries. Focusing on the Amundsen Sea sector of the WAIS over the next 200 years, we demonstrate that the enhanced meltwater flux rapidly stratifies surface waters, resulting in a significant decrease in the rate of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formation. This triggers rapid pervasive ocean warming (>1°C) at depth due to advection from the original site(s) of meltwater input. The greatest warming is predicted along sectors of the ice sheet that are highly sensitized to ocean forcing, creating a feedback loop that could enhance basal ice shelf melting and grounding line retreat. Given that we do not include the effects of rising CO2—predicted to further reduce AABW formation—our experiments highlight the urgent need to develop a new generation of fully coupled ice sheet climate models, which include feedback mechanisms such as this, to reduce uncertainty in climate and sea level projections.
How partial melting affects small‐scale convection in a plume‐fed sublithospheric layer beneath fast‐moving plates
Authors: Agrusta Roberto , Tommasi Andrea , Arcay Diane , Gonzalez Alicia , Gerya Taras 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNumerical models show that small‐scale convection (SSC) occurring atop a mantle plume is a plausible mechanism to rejuvenate the lithosphere. The triggering of SSC depends on the density contrast and on the rheology of the unstable layer underlying the stagnant upper part of the thermal boundary layer (TBL). Partial melting may change both properties. We analyze, using 2‐D numerical simulations, how partial melting influences the dynamics of time‐dependent SSC instabilities and the resulting thermo‐mechanical rejuvenation of an oceanic plate moving atop of a plume. Our simulations show a complex behavior, with acceleration, no change, or delay of the SSC onset, due to competing effects of the latent heat of partial melting, which cools the plume material, and of the buoyancy increase associated with both melt retention and depletion of residue following melt extraction. The melt‐induced viscosity reduction is too localized to affect significantly SSC dynamics. Faster SSC triggering is promoted for low melting degrees (low plume temperature anomalies, thick lithosphere, or fast moving plates), which limit both the temperature reduction due to latent heat of melting and the accumulation of depleted buoyant residue in the upper part of the unstable layer. In contrast, high partial melting degrees lead to a strong temperate decrease due to latent heat of melting and development of a thick depleted layer within the sublithospheric convecting layer, which delay the development of gravitational instabilities. Despite differences in SSC dynamics, the thinning of the lithosphere is not significantly enhanced relatively to simulations that neglect partial melting.
First evidence of middle atmospheric HO2 response to 27 day solar cycles from satellite observations
Authors: Wang Shuhui , Zhang Qiong , Millán Luis , Li King‐Fai , Yung Yuk L. , Sander Stanley P. , Livesey Nathaniel J. , Santee Michelle L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHO2 and OH, also known as HOx, play an important role in controlling middle atmospheric O3. Due to their photochemical production and short chemical lifetimes, HOx are expected to respond rapidly to solar irradiance changes, resulting in O3 variability. While OH solar cycle signals have been investigated, HO2 studies have been limited by the lack of reliable observations. Here we present the first evidence of HO2 variability during solar 27 day cycles by investigating the recently developed HO2 data from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). We focus on 2012–2015, when solar variability is strong near the peak of Solar Cycle 24. The features of HO2 variability, with the strongest signals at 0.01–0.068 hPa, correlate well with those of solar Lyman α. When continuous MLS OH observations are not available, the new HO2 data could be a promising alternative for investigating HOx variability and the corresponding impacts on O3 and the climate.
Simulations of inner radiation belt proton loss during geomagnetic storms
Authors: Engel M. A. , Kress B. T. , Hudson M. K. , Selesnick R. S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe loss of protons in the outer part of the inner radiation belt (L = 2 to 3) during the 6 April 2000 solar energetic particles event has been investigated using test particle simulations that follow full Lorentz trajectories with both magnetic and electric fields calculated from an empirical model. The electric fields are calculated as inductive fields generated by the time‐changing magnetic field, which is achieved by time stepping analytic magnetic fields. The simulation results are compared with proton measurements from the highly elliptical orbit satellite for three different energy ranges (8.5–35 MeV, 16–40 MeV, and 27–45 MeV) as well as previous modeling work done. In previous work, inner zone radiation belt loss during geomagnetic storms has been modeled by simulating field line curvature scattering in static magnetic field snapshots with no electric field. The inclusion of the inductive electric field causes an increase in loss to lower L shells, improving the agreement with the satellite data.
Tidal sensitivity of tectonic tremors in Nankai and Cascadia subduction zones
Authors: Yabe Suguru , Tanaka Yoshiyuki , Houston Heidi , Ide Satoshi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTectonic tremors in subduction zones, which result from slip at the deep plate interface, are known to exhibit a 12.4 h periodicity in their activity, due to tidal influence. Because tidal stress can be calculated quantitatively, the response of the plate interface can yield quantitative information about its frictional property. The relation between tremor rate and tidal stress is investigated, and an exponential relation is widely confirmed, as observed by previous studies. This study particularly focuses on spatial variations of tidal sensitivity, which are compared with spatial variations of tremor duration and amplitude. The sensitivity is quantitatively defined by the exponent of the exponential relation, which can be related to the parameter aσ, or (a − b)σ in the rate‐and‐state friction law, where σ is effective normal stress. On the shallower tremor zone, short‐duration and large‐amplitude tremors occur followed by more sensitive tremors. Meanwhile, deeper tremors with longer duration and smaller amplitude show lower sensitivity, although along‐strike variation also exists. Typical and maximum sensitivities estimated here imply values for aσ or (a − b)σ of about 3 and 1 kPa, respectively. These correlations are consistent with a model in which the plate interface consists of a velocity‐strengthening background with embedded velocity‐weakening regions. The frictional heterogeneity may be statistically characterized by cluster size and density of the velocity‐weakening regions and controls the overall slip behavior. The observed depth dependency of tremor duration, amplitude, and sensitivity implies that frictional heterogeneity is controlled by physical quantities varying with depth, such as temperature or fluid amount.
Role of ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks in recent ice wedge degradation and stabilization
Authors: Jorgenson M. T. , Kanevskiy M. , Shur Y. , Moskalenko N. , Brown D. R. N. , Wickland K. , Striegl R. , Koch J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGround ice is abundant in the upper permafrost throughout the Arctic and fundamentally affects terrain responses to climate warming. Ice wedges, which form near the surface and are the dominant type of massive ice in the Arctic, are particularly vulnerable to warming. Yet processes controlling ice wedge degradation and stabilization are poorly understood. Here we quantified ice wedge volume and degradation rates, compared ground ice characteristics and thermal regimes across a sequence of five degradation and stabilization stages and evaluated biophysical feedbacks controlling permafrost stability near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Mean ice wedge volume in the top 3 m of permafrost was 21%. Imagery from 1949 to 2012 showed thermokarst extent (area of water‐filled troughs) was relatively small from 1949 (0.9%) to 1988 (1.5%), abruptly increased by 2004 (6.3%) and increased slightly by 2012 (7.5%). Mean annual surface temperatures varied by 4.9°C among degradation and stabilization stages and by 9.9°C from polygon center to deep lake bottom. Mean thicknesses of the active layer, ice‐poor transient layer, ice‐rich intermediate layer, thermokarst cave ice, and wedge ice varied substantially among stages. In early stages, thaw settlement caused water to impound in thermokarst troughs, creating positive feedbacks that increased net radiation, soil heat flux, and soil temperatures. Plant growth and organic matter accumulation in the degraded troughs provided negative feedbacks that allowed ground ice to aggrade and heave the surface, thus reducing surface water depth and soil temperatures in later stages. The ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks greatly complicate efforts to assess permafrost responses to climate change.
Iron Cofactors: Nonhaem
Authors: Fox Brian G 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Proteins and enzymes with nonhaem iron centres display many functions: metal centres with primarily sulfur ligation are involved in electron transfer, electrophilic activation of hydroxyl groups, fixation of N
2
and regulation of gene expression; mononuclear and diiron centres with oxygen and nitrogen ligation have roles in various reactions with O
2
and in hydrolysis. The principles of their mechanisms of action have emerged from considerable experimentation. Ongoing research is refining understanding of their mechanisms of action and attempting to test and extend their already substantial catalytic capabilities.

Key Concepts

Nonhaem iron‐containing enzymes carry out a myriad of catalytic reactions.

Iron–sulfur centres participate in electron transfer, electrophilic catalysis, nitrogenase and hydrogenase reactions.

Mononuclear and diiron monooxygenases, dioxygenases and oxidases provide nonhaem counterparts to catalysis carried out by haem‐containing enzymes.

Rearrangements of protein ligands in nonhaem iron active sites provide a unique aspect to control catalysis.

Nonhaem oxidative enzymes access high‐valent states of iron during catalysis.

The electrophilic nature of nonhaem iron also supports effective hydrolytic catalysis in reactions where O
2
activation is not required.
Immune System: Early Ontogeny
Authors: Sharma Ashish A , Lavoie Pascal M 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

The development of immunity in humans starts within a few days of conception and proceeds over a few years before it reaches full maturity. Maturation of the immune system during gestation occurs through waves of cellular production and turnover. Unlike the adult immune system, the foetal one shows reduced antigenic diversity and attenuated pathogen recognition receptor function. Current models suggest that this state is well adapted to the foetal environment. However, this physiological state can prove to be detrimental for infants born prematurely. Consequently, given the high burden of neonatal morbidity and mortality due to infections, understanding of the foetal and neonatal immune system is important to improving health outcomes in this age group. In this article, we review the developmental changes in the immune system during human gestation and highlight its impact on the risk of neonatal infections.

Key Concepts

The development of the immune system takes place in sequential waves during gestation.

The foetal immune system is biased towards immunological tolerance to the mother.

Macrophages play a broad role in embryonic organ development.

Foetal lymphoid cells show more limited antigenic diversity and an increased proportion of innate‐like lymphoid cells.

This developmental immaturity of the immune system is responsible for a high health burden, especially in neonates born prematurely.
Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Zola Heddy , Engel Pablo 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Antibodies bind to target molecules strongly and specifically and are therefore useful reagents in research, diagnosis and therapy. Antibodies taken from the blood of immunised animals are a mixture of different immunoglobulins produced by many B cells, and are known as polyclonal antibodies. In contrast, monoclonal antibodies are antibodies with a unique specificity, generally made by cells containing a particular immunoglobulin gene set derived from a single cell or a clone of B cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be produced in cell culture and are therefore more reproducible from batch to batch than polyclonal antibodies. Most of the monoclonal antibodies currently used were generated from mice using the hybridoma technology. However, recently powerful alternative technologies have been developed for the generation of monoclonal antibodies, especially fully human antibodies. These methods are based on the cloning and sequencing of the immunoglobulin genes from antigen‐specific B cells followed by the generation of recombinant antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies have become essential reagents in many research and diagnostic applications, and are increasingly used in therapy, generating a multibillion dollar industry.

Key Concepts

Antibodies form part of the vertebrate immune response, binding with high affinity and specificity to target molecules (antigens).

Antibodies are able to neutralise and remove antigens and modulate biological functions.

Antibodies that bind to target molecules can be made by injecting an animal with antigens, from immune individuals or synthetic libraries.

One B cells makes just one antibody with a unique specificity, but from the blood, we get a mixture of the antibodies produced by many B cells (polyclonal antibodies).

A monoclonal antibody is an antibody, which is obtained by expanding and immortalising a single clone of B‐cells with a defined specificity.

Monoclonal antibodies provide specific reagents for almost any molecular structure.

Monoclonal antibodies can be used to identify, quantify, isolate or remove the target molecule in complex biological mixtures or in tissues.

Monoclonal antibodies can be injected into patients for the treatment of a wide range of diseases including infections, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and autoimmune diseases.

Advances in molecular biological technologies make it possible to modify monoclonal antibodies to achieve enhanced therapeutic effects with minimal side effects.
Neutropenia
Authors: Dale David C 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Neutropenia is a decrease in the number of neutrophilic leucocytes in the blood. Neutropenia is defined as an absolute neutrophil count or ANC (total white blood cells per litre multiplied by the percentage of neutrophils) more than two standard deviations below the normal mean. The ANC is usually more than 2.0 × 10
9
L
−1
. Neutropenia is graded as mild, moderate or severe; severe is less than 0.5 × 10
9
L
−1
. Severe neutropenia predisposes to a high risk of bacterial and fungal infections.

Neutropenia occurs both as an acquired and as an inherited disorder. Drugs and autoimmune diseases are the common causes of acquired neutropenia. There are many hereditary causes of neutropenia; all of these are rare conditions, but some are quite severe.
Proper treatment depends on understanding the cause of neutropenia and its expected duration. Short periods of neutropenia can be managed with careful observation or antibiotics. Patients with severe chronic neutropenia benefit from long‐term treatment with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF).

Key Concepts

Neutrophils are critical for normal defence from infections by bacteria on body surfaces. Blood neutrophil levels below normal, that is, neutropenia, predispose to bacterial and fungal infections.

The bone marrow produces neutrophils from haematopoietic stem cells through an orderly process that takes about 10–14 days. Neutropenia is usually due to acquired or intrinsic/hereditary disorders affecting bone marrow production of these cells. When neutrophil production is interrupted by drugs or diseases recovery often takes several days.

The risk of infection in patients with neutropenia depends on the severity of neutropenia and its duration. With a brief period, that is, 1–3 days, the risk is relatively low. Severe neutropenia lasting longer is associated with a steadily increasing risk of severe infection and even death.

Proper management of neutropenia requires understanding its cause and the expected duration of neutropenia. When it is due to drugs, either cancer chemotherapy or as an idiosyncratic reaction to other drugs, the duration is usually relatively brief and can be managed with observation or antibiotics. Neutropenia lasting more than about 5–7 days and more chronic neutropenia predispose patients to a much higher risk of bacterial and fungal infections. These patients benefit from treatment with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF).

It is now possible to identify the genetic cause for severe chronic neutropenia in many patients through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing studies. Understanding of the molecular and cellular basis for these disorders is growing rapidly.
Envenoming: Consequences and Management
Authors: Warrell David A 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Some snakes, lizards, arthropods and aquatic animals can inject venom into prey or enemies by biting or stinging. These accidents are preventable by wearing boots, using a light after dark and not sleeping unprotected on the ground. Treatment involves specific antivenom, supporting vital functions and surgically debriding necrotic wounds.
Snakebites: Local effects include swelling, blistering, necrosis and painful lymph node enlargement. Life‐threatening systemic effects are shock, bleeding, descending paralysis, generalised rhabdomyolysis, intravascular haemolysis and acute kidney injury.
Arthropods: Hypersensitisation to bee, wasp and ant venoms is a common cause of fatal anaphylaxis. Mass attacks can kill unsensitized people. Scorpion stings are intensely painful and may cause autonomic storm, leading to myocardial damage and pulmonary oedema particularly lethal in children. Some species cause neurotoxic effects. Loxosceles spiders cause local necrosis while Latrodectus bites cause painful muscle spasms.
Fish, cnidarian (jellyfish), coral, cone shell and sea urchin stings can be painful and dangerous.

Key Concepts

Animal venoms and venom apparatus have evolved to immobilise and digest their prey, and for defence.

Knowledge of the venomous fauna of a particular locality, use of protective footwear, a flash light after dark and avoidance of sleeping on open ground reduce the risk of envenoming.

Antivenom, purified immunoglobulin from animals that have been hyperimmunised with specific venoms, is the only antidote to envenoming.

Animal venoms may have tissue‐damaging local effects leading to permanent dysfunction and, by targeting physiological receptors, can cause haemostatic disturbances, shock, paralysis and autonomic nervous system overactivity.

Snakebite is a neglected occupational and environmental disease particularly affecting agricultural workers and their children in tropical developing countries. Community education is of paramount importance in reducing risky behaviour.

The greatest risk after neurotoxic snakebite is respiratory arrest. This may be delayed by first‐aid pressure immobilisation and treated by assisted ventilation.

Identification of the biting species, either directly if the causative animal, or a photographic image of it, is available, or by use of clinical syndrome‐based algorithms, is important for optimal management.

Bee, wasp and ant stings more often kill by anaphylaxis in hypersensitized people than by direct effects of their venoms.