bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Balance properties of the short‐range forecast errors in the ECMWF 4D‐Var ensemble
Authors: Žagar N. , Isaksen L. , Tan D. , Tribbia J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this paper the normal‐mode function framework is applied to the representation of time‐averaged structure of short‐term forecast error variances in the 20‐member ensemble based on the 4D‐Var assimilation system of ECMWF. The applied methodology provides an attractive way to measure the balance by splitting forecast error variances into parts projecting on the balanced and inertio‐gravity (IG) circulations; the approach is particularly suitable for the Tropics, where IG circulation dominates on all scales.A little over 50% of the global forecast error variance at short range is balanced. The component of the variance associated with eastward IG modes dominates over the westward IG modes on all zonal scales but the difference gets larger as the zonal wave number increases. There is a major difference in the vertical variance distribution between the balanced and IG modes. A large part of the balanced variance projects on to the barotropic structure in the troposphere, while the IG variances are found in vertical modes that have equatorially trapped horizontal structures corresponding to equivalent depths between a few tens and few hundred metres. The variance growth between 3 h and 12 h range is substantially different in the balanced, eastward and westward IG modes. The balanced variance growth dominates whereas the variance growth in the westerly IG modes is small. In the eastward IG modes, the variance growth is most significant in the large‐scale equatorial Kelvin mode.
Reply to comments on ‘The influence of rotational frontogenesis and its associated shearwise vertical motions on the development of an upper‐level front’
Authors: Lang Andrea A. , Martin Jonathan E. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSchultz (2012) proposes that our previous arguments regarding the initiation of along‐flow geostrophic cold air advection during the upper frontogenesis process are incomplete. The core of his criticism, and the motivation for his call to include additional diagnostic calculations, hinges upon the assertion that the vertical vorticity can rotate isentropes relative to isohypses. In this response we derive an expression for the rate of change of ∇ϕ that demonstrates that vorticity rotates ∇θ and ∇ϕ equally, in accord with our original statement to that effect. The derived expression also provides motivation to propose a revision of our previous conceptual model, highlighting the role of deformation instead of vorticity in the differential rotation of ∇θ relative to ∇ϕ that can contribute to the initiation of along‐flow geostrophic temperature advection. Finally, we present a four‐year synoptic‐climatology suggesting that upper frontogenesis over central North America is, in fact, biased toward environments characterized by northwesterly flow. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Interfacing Engineered Nanoparticles with Biological Systems: Anticipating Adverse Nano–Bio Interactions
Authors: Pelaz Beatriz , Charron Gaëlle , Pfeiffer Christian , Zhao Yuliang , de la Fuente Jesus M. , Liang Xing‐Jie , Parak Wolfgang J. , del Pino Pablo 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe innovative use of engineered nanomaterials in medicine, be it in therapy or diagnosis, is growing dramatically. This is motivated by the current extraordinary control over the synthesis of complex nanomaterials with a variety of biological functions (e.g. contrast agents, drug‐delivery systems, transducers, amplifiers, etc.). Engineered nanomaterials are found in the bio‐context with a variety of applications in fields such as sensing, imaging, therapy or diagnosis. As the degree of control to fabricate customized novel and/or enhanced nanomaterials evolves, often new applications, devices with enhanced performance or unprecedented sensing limits can be achieved. Of course, interfacing any novel material with biological systems has to be critically analyzed as many undesirable adverse effects can be triggered (e.g. toxicity, allergy, genotoxicity, etc.) and/or the performance of the nanomaterial can be compromised due to the unexpected phenomena in physiological environments (e.g. corrosion, aggregation, unspecific absorption of biomolecules, etc.). Despite the need for standard protocols for assessing the toxicity and bio‐performance of each new functional nanomaterial, these are still scarce or currently under development. Nonetheless, nanotoxicology and relating adverse effects to the physico‐chemical properties of nanomaterials are emerging areas of the utmost importance which have to be continuously revisited as any new material emerges. This review highlights recent progress concerning the interaction of nanomaterials with biological systems and following adverse effects.
Multifunctional Au@mSiO2/Rhodamine B Isothiocyanate Nanocomposites: Cell Imaging, Photocontrolled Drug Release, and Photothermal Therapy for Cancer Cells
Authors: Jiang Zhenlong , Dong Biao , Chen Boting , Wang Jing , Xu Lin , Zhang Shuang , Song Hongwei 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of Au@mesoporous SiO2/rhodamine B isothiocyanate (Au@mSiO2/RBITC) composite nanoparticles (NPs) is presented and their unique biofunctional properties are studied. The structure and morphology of the NPs are characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These NPs can not only be functionalized for fluorescence imaging, but also possess well‐defined mesopore structures for drug loading and strong infrared surface plasmon absorption for light‐controlled drug release and photothermal therapy for cancer cells. In the biological experiments, one 808 nm laser is coupled to a confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) system to monitor the photothermal therapy, drug release, and cell position and viability in real time by using the multichannel function of CLSM for the first time. Such novel nanomaterials offer a new chemotherapeutic route for cancer treatment by combining cell imaging and hyperthermia in a synergistic way.
Measurement of Thermal Load on Working Rolls during Hot Rolling
Authors: Raudensky Miroslav , Horsky Jaroslav , Ondrouskova Jana , Vervaet Bart 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWork rolls in hot rolling mills are thermally and mechanically loaded; both of these loading aspects are difficult to measure. Laboratory tests can be used for the specification of the thermal load in the cooling area; however a thermal load in a roll gap is still difficult to measure. The paper describes an experimental technique developed for monitoring the work roll surface temperature by sensors embedded in the work roll. Continuous hot rolling pilot line trials were performed for different process conditions. One parameter, for example, roll cooling, rolling velocity, reduction, or skin cooling, can easily be changed during the trials, and the effect on the thermal cycle of the work roll can be directly measured. These thermal measurements give very detailed information about the temperature field. An inverse heat‐conduction model has been developed to compute the surface boundary condition from the measured temperatures. The heat flux and heat transfer coefficient distribution along the roll circumference can be obtained afterwards. The results for different rolling velocities and reductions (up to 50%) are shown.
Study on the Possibility of Using ZnO for Hot Metal Desulfurization
Authors: Lindström David , Nortier Patrice , Glaser Bjoern , Sichen Du 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe possibility of using ZnO for desulfurization in hot metal was evaluated. A lab scale experimental setup was designed so that different desulfurizing agents could be added to hot metal for evaluation of their desulfurizing power. The setup had good control of both temperature and the gaseous atmosphere. It also provided stirring of the metal bath with an impeller as well as quenching facility to maintain the metal composition at high temperature. Desulfurization of hot metal using CaO powder showed evidently the applicability of the new setup. On the other hand, additions of ZnO into the hot metal under various experimental conditions showed no effect on desulfurization. The results were in contradiction to the suggestion found in literature. A thorough examination of the thermodynamic data employed by the previous work was carried out. The data used in the literature were found to be subjected to fundamental mistakes. The present experimental results convincingly rule out the possibility of using ZnO as a desulfurization agent.
Assessment of the dynamic effect of steel frame due to sudden middle column loss
Authors: Ali Kheyroddin , Mohsen Gerami , Farshad Mehrabi 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYThe term progressive collapse is typically used to refer to the spread of an initial local failure within a structure. This paper proposes a new and simple method to calculate of the dynamic load amplification factor due to sudden column loss within a progressive collapse event in a structure. The conceptual basis of this method is the ability of the remaining structure after column loss to transfer the kinetic energy. Five principal stages are used in this research to achieve its purpose: (1) achieving the nonlinear static response of the remained structure to load using finite element method, (2) using the conceptual ductility at the maximum level of dynamic deformation to calculate the amplification factor, (3) designing a flowchart to determine the dynamic load amplification factor versus a ratio load, (4) achieving a series equation based on the statistical analyses to calculate dynamic load amplification factor and (5) designing a simplified graph using the results achieved from the previous stages. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperative localization techniques for wireless sensor networks: free, signal and angle based techniques
Authors: Benslimane Abderrahim , Saad Clement , Konig Jean‐Claude , Boulmalf Mohammed 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the problem of localization in sensor networks where, initially, a certain number of sensors are aware of their positions (either by using GPS or by being hand‐placed) and are referred to as anchors. Our goal is to localize all sensors with high accuracy, while using a limited number of anchors. Sensors can be equipped with different technologies for signal and angle measurements. These measures can be altered by some errors because of the network environment that induces position inaccuracies. In this paper, we propose a family (AT‐Family) of three new distributed localization techniques in wireless sensor networks: free‐measurement (AT‐Free) where sensors have no capability of measure, signal‐measurement (AT‐Dist) where sensors can calculate distances, and angle‐measurement (AT‐Angle) where sensors can calculate angles. These methods determine the position of each sensor while indicating the accuracy of its position. They have two important properties: first, a sensor node can deduce if its estimated position is close to its real position and contribute to the positioning of others nodes; second, a sensor can eliminate wrong information received about its position. This last property allows to manage measure errors that are the main drawback of measure‐based methods such as AT‐Dist and AT‐Angle techniques. By varying the density and the error rate, simulations show that the three proposed techniques achieve good performances in term of high accuracy of localized nodes and less energy consuming while assuming presence of measure errors and considering low number of anchors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Na0.28V2O5 Nanobelts and their Electrochemical Behavior in Lithium Batteries
Authors: Nagaraju Ganganagappa 
Published: October 2012

Abstract A simple low temperature hydrothermal method was found to yield Na0.28V2O5 nanobelts after two days at 130 °C in acidic medium (H2SO4) without using any surfactant. The obtained products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and Raman spectroscopy. Their morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, their electrochemical behavior in a lithium battery was investigated. The XRD pattern shows that the product is composed of monoclinic Na0.28V2O5 nanobelts. From the FTIR spectrum, the band centered at 961 cm–1 is assigned to V=O stretching vibration, which is sensitive to intercalation and suggests that Na+ ions are inserted between the vanadium oxide layers. SEM/TEM analyses reveal that the products consist of a large quantity of nanobelts which have a thickness of 60–150 nm and a length of several tens of micrometers. The electrochemical results show that the nanobelts exhibit an initial discharge specific capacity of 390 mAh·g–1, and its stabilized capacity still remained around 200 mAh·g–1 after the 18th cycle.
The Environmentally Friendly Energetic Salt (ATZ)(TNPG) Based on 4‐Amino‐1, 2, 4‐triazole (ATZ) and Trinitrophloroglucinol (TNPG)
Authors: Wu Bi‐Dong , Zhang Tong‐Lai , Tang Shi‐Min , Yang Li , Zhang Jian‐Guo , Zhou Zun‐Ning 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe environmentally friendly energetic salt (ATZ)(TNPG) (ATZ = 4‐amino‐1, 2, 4‐triazole, TNPG = trinitrophloroglucinol) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and FT‐IR spectroscopy. The crystal structure was determined by X‐ray single crystal diffraction. It crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c and its crystal density is 1.832 g·cm–3. Thermal decomposition mechanisms were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, the experimental data showed that the energy of combustion was approximately equal to the energies of combustion of RDX (1, 3, 5‐trinitro‐1, 3, 5‐triazacyclohexane) and HMX (1, 3, 5, 7‐tetranitro‐1, 3, 5, 7‐tetraazocane). The non‐isothermal kinetics parameters were also studied by applying Kissinger's, Ozawa's, and Starink's methods. Determination of the sensitivities revealed higher sensitivities of (ATZ)(TNPG) as compared to (ATZ)(PA) (PA = picrate).
Reducing uncertainty in supplier selection decisions: Antecedents and outcomes of procedural rationality
Authors: Riedl Dominik F. , Kaufmann Lutz , Zimmermann Carsten , Perols Johan L. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSupplier selection decisions are characterized by a high degree of uncertainty. We draw upon the behavioral operations management and decision‐making literatures to examine factors that lead to the adoption of procedural rationality as a decision strategy. In addition, we emphasize the effect of procedural rationality on decision‐makers’ perceived uncertainty and subsequent supplier decision performance. Our structural equation model with cross‐country survey data from 461 respondents in the United States and China reveals that (i) organizational, situational, and personal antecedents significantly influence the use of procedural rationality, (ii) procedural rationality is effective in reducing uncertainty in supplier selection decisions, and (iii) the reduction in decision uncertainty improves supplier decision performance. We also emphasize contextual idiosyncrasies between China and the United States.
Strukturwandel im Gesundheitswesen – Neue Bedarfskonstellationen in der Pflegepraxis
Authors: Hasseler Martina 
Published: October 2012

Einleitung
Seit vielen Jahren werden Diskussionen darüber geführt, ob es neben der Medizin einer Akademisierung weiterer Gesundheitsfachberufe bedarf. Diese liegen u.a. in strukturellen Veränderungen unserer Gesellschaft begründet. Es bedarf in der Pflege und weiterer Gesundheitsfachberufe an einer Fachlichkeit auf hohem Niveau, um eine qualitativ hochwertige Gesundheits- und Pflegeversorgung sicherzustellen. Studiengänge für die Qualifikation von Pflegenden auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen tragen zur Exzellenzförderung und zur Deckung zukünftiger Bedarfe in der Gesundheits- und Pflegeversorgung bei.
Growth medium composition of coated diamonds from the Sytykanskaya kimberlite pipe (Yakutia)
Authors: Skuzovatov S.Yu. , Zedgenizov D.A. , Ragozin A.L. , Shatsky V.S. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
We present the first results of studying the major- and trace-element composition of microinclusions in the coats of type IV diamonds from the Sytykanskaya pipe. These microinclusions are of silicate–carbonate composition. Similar compositions are reported for diamonds from the placers of the northeastern Siberian Platform and cuboids from the Internatsional’naya pipe. The microinclusions studied are close to kimberlites and carbonatites in trace-element composition but depleted in HFSE, Mg, and transition metals and enriched in K and LILE. The distribution of incompatible elements in the microinclusions studied is similar to the “table” pattern, which was observed for high-density hydrous-silicic fluids.
High-Ba mica in olivinites of the Guli massif (Maimecha–Kotui province, Siberia)
Authors: Kogarko L.N. , Ryabchikov I.D. , Kuzmin D.V. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractHigh-Ba (~ 11 wt.% BaO) phlogopite was found for the first time in olivinites of the Guli intrusion in the Maimecha–Kotui province of ultrabasic alkaline rocks and carbonatites. The high-Ba mica occurs in assemblage with a paragenesis of olivinite minerals—clinopyroxene, titanomagnetite, apatite, and ilmenite. High-Ba mica is an early phlogopite generation. Its magmatic crystallization led to a decrease in Ba content. Low-Ba mica is a late phlogopite generation. The high Ba/K ratios at the early stages of evolution of a mantle magmatic system are necessary for the formation of high-Ba minerals and point to magma formation at great depths and the contribution of mantle metasomatism to the geochemical characteristics of parental magmas.
The physicochemical characteristics and hydrocarbon composition of crude oils of the Timan–Pechora petroliferous basin
Authors: Golovko A.K. , Kam’yanov V.F. , Ogorodnikov V.D. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The total hydrocarbon composition and average structural-group characteristics of typical Paleozoic crude oils of the Timan–Pechora petroliferous basin are described. The hydrocarbon (HC) types of crudes are compared, which were conventionally determined from the composition of their gasoline fractions, by mass-spectrometric analysis of the HC composition of crudes, and by structural-group analysis of crudes, based on radiospectrometric data. The analyses have shown the presence of 30 structural types of HCs with up to 43 carbon atoms. The whole series of members up to C43 are specific only for HCs with no more than three rings in the molecule. It has been established that the carbonate strata in the basin under investigation, independently of the depth of their occurrence and the age of the host deposits, generate and accumulate heavy high-resin high-sulfur oils rich in alicyclic structures and assigned by HC composition to the naphthene–methane or even naphthene type. Terrigenous reservoirs here abound in crudes of methane–naphthene type. The contents of sulfur and resinous substances and the fraction of carbon atoms in alicyclic HC structures decrease as the depth of occurrence of the host deposits grows, thus reflecting the known gradual process of “methanization” of petroleum composition.
Actions of amenable equivalence relations on CAT(0) fields
Authors: ANDEREGG MARTIN , HENRY PHILIPPE 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe present the general notion of Borel fields of metric spaces and show some properties of such fields. Then we make the study specific to the Borel fields of proper CAT(0) spaces and we show that the standard tools we need behave in a Borel way. We also introduce the notion of the action of an equivalence relation on Borel fields of metric spaces and we obtain a rigidity result for the action of an amenable equivalence relation on a Borel field of proper finite dimensional CAT(0) spaces. This main theorem is inspired by the result obtained by Adams and Ballmann regarding the action of an amenable group on a proper CAT(0) space.
Orbit spaces of gradient vector fields
Authors: CALCUT JACK S. , GOMPF ROBERT E. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe study orbit spaces of generalized gradient vector fields for Morse functions. Typically, these orbit spaces are non-Hausdorff. Nevertheless, they are quite structured topologically and are amenable to study. We show that these orbit spaces are locally contractible. We also show that the quotient map associated to each such orbit space is a weak homotopy equivalence and has the path lifting property.
Effects of a high protein diet on body weight and comorbidities associated with obesity
Authors: Clifton Peter 
Published: October 2012

Red meat intake has been frequently associated with the development of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes but vegetable protein has been associated with protection from these diseases. Whether this is related to the protein per se or to the increased polyunsaturated fat or higher fibre levels associated with more vegetarian diets is not clear.High protein diets are associated with greater satiety and in some studies are associated with greater weight loss compared with high carbohydrate diets especially in an ad libitum design. These diets also lower plasma triglyceride and blood pressure and sometimes spare lean mass. There appear to be no harmful effects of high protein diets on bone density or renal function in weight loss studies.
Protein intakes in India
Authors: Swaminathan Sumathi , Vaz Mario , Kurpad Anura V. 
Published: October 2012

Indian diets derive almost 60 % of their protein from cereals with relatively low digestibility and quality. There have been several surveys of diets and protein intakes in India by the National Nutrition Monitoring Board (NNMB) over the last 25 years, in urban and rural, as well as in slum dwellers and tribal populations. Data of disadvantaged populations from slums, tribals and sedentary rural Indian populations show that the protein intake (mainly from cereals) is about 1 gm/kg/day. However, the protein intake looks less promising in terms of the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS), using lysine as the first limiting amino acid, where all populations, particularly rural and tribal, appear to have an inadequate quality to their protein intake. The protein: energy (PE) ratio is a measure of dietary quality, and has been used in the 2007 WHO/FAO/UNU report to define reference requirement values with which the adequacy of diets can be evaluated in terms of a protein quality corrected PE ratio. It is likely that about one third of this sedentary rural population is at risk of not meeting their requirements. These levels of risk of deficiency are in a population with relatively low BMI populations, whose diets are also inadequate in fruits and vegetables. Therefore, while the burden of enhancing the quality of protein intake in rural India exists, the quality of the diet, in general, represents a challenge that must be met.