bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The orexinergic system in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and its regulation by dietary lipids
Authors: Varricchio Ettore , Russo Finizia , Coccia Elena , Mario Turchini Giovanni , Scott Francis David , Paolucci Marina 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, we report the distribution of orexin A (OXA), orexin B (OXB), and orexin receptor (OX2R) immunoreactive (ir) cells in the hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tract of Oncorhynchus mykiss fed diets with different dietary fatty acid compositions. Trout were fed five iso‐energetic experimental diets containing fish oil, or one of four different vegetable oils (olive, sunflower, linseed, and palm oils) as the added dietary lipid source for 12 weeks. OXA, OXB, and OX2R immunoreactive neurons and nervous fibers were identified in the lateral and ventro‐medial hypothalamus. OXA, OXB, and OX2R ir cells were found in the mucosa and glands of the stomach and in the mucosa of both the pyloric cecae and intestine. OX2R ir cells were localized in the mucosa layer of both the pyloric cecae and intestine. These immunohistochemical (IHC) results were confirmed via Western blotting. Antibodies against preproorexin (PPO) crossreacted with a band of ∼16 kDa in the hypothalamus, stomach, pyloric cecae, and intestine. Antibodies against OX2R crossreacted with a band of ∼38 kDa in the hypothalamus, pyloric cecae, and intestine. The presence and distribution of OXA, OXB, and OX2R ir cells in the hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tract did not appear to be affected by dietary oils. The presence of orexin system immunoreactive cells in the stomach, pyloric cecae, and intestine of rainbow trout, but not in the enteric nervous system, could suggest a possible role of these peptides as signaling of gastric emptying or endocrine modulation, implying a main local action played by orexins. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:707–714, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combining fluorescence and bioluminescence microscopy
Authors: Goda Kazuhito , Hatta‐Ohashi Yoko , Akiyoshi Ryutaro , Sugiyama Takashi , Sakai Ikuko , Takahashi Takeo , Suzuki Hirobumi 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTBioluminescence microscopy has revealed that gene expression in individual cells can respond differently to the same stimulus. To understand this phenomenon, it is important to sequentially observe the series of events from cellular signal transduction to gene expression regulated by specific transcription factors derived from signaling cascades in individual cells. However, these processes have been separately analyzed with fluorescence and bioluminescence microscopy. Furthermore, in culture medium, the background fluorescence of luciferin—a substrate of luciferase in promoter assays of gene expression in cultured cells—confounds the simultaneous observation of fluorescence and bioluminescence. Therefore, we optimized conditions for optical filter sets based on spectral properties and the luciferin concentration based on cell permeability for fluorescence observation combined with bioluminescence microscopy. An excitation and emission filter set (492–506 nm and 524–578 nm) was suitable for green fluorescent protein and yellow fluorescent protein imaging of cells, and >100 μM luciferin was acceptable in culture medium based on kinetic constants and the estimated intracellular concentration. Using these parameters, we present an example of sequential fluorescence and bioluminescence microscopic observation of signal transduction (translocation of protein kinase C alpha from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane) coupled with activation of gene expression by nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide B in individual cells and show that the gene expression response is not completely concordant with upstream signaling following stimulation with phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate. Our technique is a powerful imaging tool for analysis of heterogeneous gene expression together with upstream signaling in live single cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:715–722, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of Picrosirius red staining protocol to determine collagen fiber orientations in vaginal and uterine cervical tissues by Mueller polarized microscopy
Authors: Nazac André , Bancelin Stéphane , Teig Benjamin , Haj Ibrahim Bicher , Fernandez Hervé , Schanne‐Klein Marie‐Claire , De Martino Antonello 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTPolarized microscopy provides unique information on anisotropic samples. In its most complete implementation, namely Mueller microscopy, this technique is well suited for the visualization of fibrillar proteins orientations, with collagen in the first place. However, the intrinsic optical anisotropy of unstained tissues has to be enhanced by Picrosirius Red (PR) staining to enable Mueller measurements. In this work, we compared the orientation mapping provided by Mueller and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopies on PR stained samples of vaginal and uterine cervix tissues. SHG is a multiphoton technique that is highly specific to fibrillar collagen, and was taken as the “gold standard” for its visualization. We showed that Mueller microscopy can be safely used to determine collagen orientation in PR stained cervical tissue. In contrast, in vaginal samples, Mueller microscopy revealed orientations not only of collagen but also of other anisotropic structures. Thus PR is not fully specific to collagen, which necessitates comparison to SHG microscopy in every type of tissue. In addition to this study of PR specificity, we determined the optimal values of the staining parameters. We found that staining times of 5 min, and sample thicknesses of 5 µm were sufficient in cervical and vaginal tissues. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:723–730, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silk fibroin for vascular regeneration
Authors: Wang Danyan , Liu Haifeng , Fan Yubo 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTCardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in today's world. Due to the lack of healthy autologous vessels, more tissue‐engineered blood vessels are needed to repair or replace the damaged arteries. Biomaterials play an indispensable role in creating a living neovessel with biological responses. Silk fibroin produced by silkworms possesses good cytocompatibility, tailorable biodegradability, suitable mechanical properties, and minimal inflammatory reactions. In addition, regenerated silk fibroin solutions can be processed into various forms of scaffolds such as films, fibers, tubes, and porous sponges. These features make silk fibroin a promising biomaterial for small‐diameter vascular grafts. The present article focuses on the applications of silk fibroin for vascular regeneration. A brief overview of the properties of silk fibroin is provided, following which the current research status and future directions of the main types of silk fibroin scaffolds for vascular regeneration are reviewed and discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 80:280–290, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased speed and image quality in single‐shot fast spin echo imaging via variable refocusing flip angles
Authors: Loening Andreas M. , Saranathan Manojkumar , Ruangwattanapaisarn Nichanan , Litwiller Daniel V. , Shimakawa Ann , Vasanawala Shreyas S. 
Published: June 2015

PurposeTo develop and validate clinically a single‐shot fast spin echo (SSFSE) sequence utilizing variable flip angle refocusing pulses to shorten acquisition times via reductions in specific absorption rate (SAR) and improve image quality.Materials and MethodsA variable refocusing flip angle SSFSE sequence (vrfSSFSE) was designed and implemented, with simulations and volunteer scans performed to determine suitable flip angle modulation parameters. With Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval/informed consent, patients referred for 3T abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were scanned with conventional SSFSE and either half‐Fourier (n = 25) or full‐Fourier vrfSSFSE (n = 50). Two blinded radiologists semiquantitatively scored images on a scale from −2 to 2 for contrast, noise, sharpness, artifacts, cardiac motion‐related signal loss, and the ability to evaluate the pancreas and kidneys.ResultsvrfSSFSE demonstrated significantly increased speed (∼2‐fold, P < 0.0001). Significant improvements in image quality parameters with full‐Fourier vrfSSFSE included increased contrast, sharpness, and visualization of pancreatic and renal structures with higher bandwidth technique (mean scores 0.37, 0.83, 0.62, and 0.31, respectively, P ≤ 0.001), and decreased image noise and improved visualization of renal structures when used with an equal bandwidth technique (mean scores 0.96 and 0.35, respectively, P < 0.001). Increased cardiac motion‐related signal loss with full‐Fourier vrfSSFSE was seen in the pancreas but not the kidney.ConclusionvrfSSFSE increases speed at 3T over conventional SSFSE via reduced SAR, and when combined with full‐Fourier acquisition can improve image quality, although with some increased sensitivity to cardiac motion‐related signal loss. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2015;42:1747–1758.
Biochar‐induced formation of Zn–P‐phases in former sewage field soils studied by P K‐edge XANES spectroscopy
Authors: Wagner Anne , Kaupenjohann Martin , Hu Yongfeng , Kruse Jens , Leinweber Peter 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBiochar is proposed as a soil amendment for metal immobilization. Studies on former sewage field soils have indicated that biochar addition immobilized Zn, probably by the precipitation of Zn phosphates. Direct evidence of the presence of these mineral phases was still lacking. We investigated the colloidal precipitate obtained after ultracentrifugation of the soil‐water extract a biochar particle and a corresponding bulk soil sample from a sewage field soil that had been amended with 5% (w/w) biochar by P K‐edge XANES spectroscopy. The P K‐edge XANES spectrum of a colloidal precipitate visually resembled spectra of a synthetic Zn phosphate [Zn3(PO4)2] and of hopeite (Zn[6]Zn2[4]PO4·4H2O). Spectra evaluation by principal component analysis (PCA) and linear combination fitting (LCF) confirmed the presence of Zn‐P‐phases in the colloidal precipitate and, to a lesser extent, in the biochar and bulk soil sample. The P speciations varying in differently sampled soil compartments point to a small‐scale heterogeneity of the biochar‐induced P transformation processes.
The seasonal influence of olive mill wastewater applications on an orchard soil under semi‐arid conditions
Authors: Steinmetz Zacharias , Kurtz Markus Peter , Dag Arnon , Zipori Isaac , Schaumann Gabriele Ellen 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOlive oil production generates large amounts of olive mill wastewater (OMW). OMW has a high nutrient content and could serve as fertilizer, but its fatty and phenolic constituents induce soil water repellency, phytotoxicity, and acidification. An appropriate season of OMW application may mitigate negative consequences while preserving beneficial effects. In order to investigate this, a field study was conducted, in which OMW was applied to an olive orchard in Israel either in winter or summer. Soil–water interactions (water drop penetration time, hydraulic conductivity), soil physicochemical parameters, phenolic compounds, and soil biological activity (bait‐lamina test) were determined 12 to 18 months after OMW application. The results showed elevated K+ contents in all treatments, but all other soil properties of winter treatments were comparable to the control, which suggested a certain recovery potential of the soil when OMW is applied in winter. By contrast, summer treatments revealed a ten‐fold higher soil water repellency, a three‐times lower biological activity, and a four‐fold higher content of phenolic compounds, independently of whether the soil was kept moist by irrigation or not. Thus, the OMW constituents were neither degraded nor leached by winter rain when applied during the hot season. Further research is needed to distinguish leaching and biodegradation effects, and to understand the development of the composition and degradation kinetics of organic OMW constituents.
Oxygen dynamics in permafrost thaw lakes: Anaerobic bioreactors in the Canadian subarctic
Authors: Deshpande Bethany N. , MacIntyre Sally , Matveev Alex , Vincent Warwick F. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPermafrost thaw lakes occur in high abundance across the subarctic landscape but little is known about their limnological dynamics. This study was undertaken to evaluate the hourly, seasonal, and depth variations in oxygen concentration in three thaw lakes in northern Quebec, Canada, across contrasting permafrost regimes (isolated, sporadic, and discontinuous). All lakes were well stratified in summer despite their shallow depths (2.7–4.0 m), with hypoxic or anoxic bottom waters. Continuous automated measurements in each of the lakes showed a period of water column oxygenation over several weeks in fall followed by bottom‐water anoxia soon after ice‐up. Anoxic conditions extended to shallower depths (1 m) over the course of winter, beginning 18–137 d after ice formation, depending on the lake. Full water column anoxia extended over 33–75% of the annual record. There was a brief period of incomplete spring mixing with partial or no reoxygenation of the bottom waters in each lake. Conductivity measurements showed the build‐up of solutes in the bottom waters, and the resultant density increase contributed to the resistance to full mixing in spring. These observations indicate the prevalence of stratified conditions throughout most of the year and underscore the importance of the fall mixing period for gas exchange with the atmosphere. Given the long duration of anoxia, subarctic thaw lakes represent an ideal environment for anaerobic processes such as methane production. The intermittent oxygenation also favors intense methanotrophy and aerobic bacterial decomposition processes.
Global drivers of parasitism in freshwater plankton communities
Authors: Valois Amanda E. , Poulin Robert 
Published: June 2015

AbstractZooplankton and phytoplankton communities play host to a wide diversity of parasites, which have been found to play a significant role in a number of ecosystem processes, such as facilitating energy transfer and promoting species succession through altering interspecific competition. Yet we know little about the mechanisms that drive parasite dynamics in aquatic ecosystems. Recent mathematical models have shown how habitat can shape parasite dynamics through influencing the efficacy of parasite transmission; however, these predictions have yet to be tested at larger ecological scales. Here, we present a comparative analysis of parasitism in planktonic communities, assembling data from a range of host and parasite taxa, habitat types, and geographic regions. Our results suggest that the prominent depth‐prevalence relationship observed in studies on Daphnia in temperate lakes of North America is applicable to a wide range of aquatic habitats, hosts, and parasites; however, differences in transmission strategies between parasites can lead to considerable variation in parasite dynamics. Observational studies which incorporate a diversity of habitat types will be important in uncovering the mechanisms which underlie this relationship. In particular, more experimental work on transmission stage survivability and infectivity in aquatic environments will be necessary before we can make accurate predictive models of parasite spread in these ecosystems.
Paradoxical adipose hyperplasia secondary to cryolipolysis: An underreported entity?
Authors: Singh Selina M. , Geddes Elizabeth R.C. , Boutrous Sean G. , Galiano Robert D. , Friedman Paul M. 
Published: June 2015

Background and ObjectiveCryolipolysis is a non‐invasive, safe, and effective treatment for localized fat reduction. Paradoxical adipose hyperplasia (PAH) is a rare adverse effect in which patients develop painless, firm, and well‐demarcated tissue masses in the treatment areas approximately 3–6 months following cryolipolysis. The incidence of PAH has been estimated at 0.0051% or 1 in 20,000 treated patients. We report two cases of PAH seen in our practice, which may suggest the incidence is greater than previously reported.Study Design/Patients and MethodsA 44‐year‐old man underwent cryolipolysis for unwanted fat in the pectoral region. At 4 month follow‐up, the patient had well‐demarcated tissue growth in the treatment areas. He elected to undergo additional cryolipolysis treatment to the areas. Two months later, he was found to have further tissue growth in the treatment areas. The patient then underwent corrective treatment with liposuction. A 52‐year‐old man underwent cryolipolysis for unwanted lower abdominal fat. At one year follow‐up, he had a well‐demarcated, subcutaneous mass on the lower abdomen corresponding to the treatment site. The patient elected to undergo corrective treatment with liposuction. Adipose tissue samples from the treated and non‐treated areas, for control, were collected, processed, and stained to evaluate cellularity and tissue structure.ResultsIn our practice, the incidence of PAH is 0.47% or 2 in 422 cryolipolysis treatments. This is 100 times greater than the device manufacturer's reported incidence. Histopathologic examination of the subcutaneous tissue mass showed an increased number of adipocytes, fibrosis, and scar tissue in the treated areas when compared to controls. No lipoblasts, a marker of malignant neoplastic proliferation, were identified on the histopathologic examination of the affected tissues.ConclusionThe incidence of PAH is likely underreported. Further investigation is necessary to elucidate its mechanism of action. By understanding the pathogenesis, this rare adverse effect may be avoided, or even utilized as a therapeutic alternative for the treatment of congenital or acquired lipodystrophy. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:476–478, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
No Apparent Correlation of kp with Steric Hindrance for Branched Acrylates
Authors: Kockler Katrin B. , Haehnel Alexander P. , Fleischhaker Friederike , Schneider‐Baumann Maria , Misske Andrea M. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: June 2015

The Arrhenius parameters of the propagation rate coefficient, kp, are determined via the pulsed laser polymerization—size exclusion chromatography (PLP‐SEC) method for five branched acrylates (tert‐butyl (tBA), isobornyl (iBoA), benzyl (BnA), 2‐ethylhexyl (EHA), and 2‐propylheptyl acrylate (PHA)) in 1 m solution in butyl acetate (BuAc) to complete the series, published by Haehnel et al. in 2014, of branched acrylates (isononyl (INA‐A), tridecyl (TDA‐A and TDN‐A), heptadecyl (C17A), and henicosyl acrylate (C21A)) in solution that do not show a trend in kp. Furthermore, the propagation rate coefficients of the branched acrylates in 1 m solution are critically compared with the branched acrylates in bulk as well as branched methacrylates. A summary of the trends and family‐type behavior for the linear and branched (meth)acrylates as well as methacrylates with cyclic ester side chains is provided. For the branched acrylates in 1 m solution, no clear trends of the propagation rate coefficients, kp, or Arrhenius parameters A and EA are detectable and—in contrast to the corresponding methacrylates—there is no family‐type behavior observed in solution as well as in bulk.image
Polypeptide‐b‐Poly(Phenyl Isocyanide) Hybrid Rod‐Rod Copolymers: One‐Pot Synthesis, Self‐Assembly, and Cell Imaging
Authors: Shi Sheng‐Yu , He Ya‐Guang , Chen Wei‐Wei , Liu Na , Zhu Yuan‐Yuan , Ding Yun‐Sheng , Yin Jun , Wu Zong‐Quan 
Published: June 2015

Hybrid rod‐rod diblock copolymers, poly(γ‐benzyl L‐glutamate)‐poly(4‐cyano‐benzoic acid 2‐isopropyl‐5‐methyl‐cyclohexyl ester) (PBLG‐PPI), with determined chirality are facilely synthesized through sequential copolymerization of γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate N‐carboxyanhydride (BLG‐NCA) and phenyl isocyanide monomers bearing chiral menthyl pendants using a Ni(cod)(bpy) complex as the catalyst in one‐pot. Circular dichroism and absorption spectra reveal that each block of the block copolymers possesses a stable helical conformation with controlled helicity in solution due to the induction of chiral pendants. The two diastereomeric polymers self‐assemble into helical nanofibrils with opposite handedness due to the different chiral induction of the L‐ and D‐menthyl pendants, confirmed by transmission electron micro­scopy (TEM). Deprotection of the benzyl groups of the PBLG segment affords biocompatible amphiphilic diblock copolymers, poly(L‐glutamic acid)‐poly(4‐cyano‐benzoic acid 2‐isopropyl‐5‐methyl‐cyclohexyl ester) (PLGA‐PPI), that can self‐assemble into well‐defined micelles by cosolvent induced aggregation. Very interestingly, a chiral rhodamine chromophores RhB(D) can be selectively encapsulated into the chiral polymeric micelles, which is efficiently internalized into living cells when directly monitored with a confocal microscope. This contribution will be useful for developing novel rod‐rod biocompatible hybrid block copolymers with a controlled helicity, and may also provide unique chiral materials for potential bio‐medical applications.
image
Remote‐Controllable Explosive Polymer Multilayer Tubes for Rapid Cancer Cell Killing
Authors: Wu Zhiguang , Gao Changyong , Frueh Johannes , Sun Jianming , He Qiang 
Published: June 2015

Gold nanoshell‐functionalized polymer multilayer tubes can be used as potent therapeutic agents for remote killing of cancer cells in a controlled manner due to the emerging pressure wave and tube fragments piercing the cell wall. The explosion is based on rapid evaporation of water inside the tubes caused by photothermal effects. The mechanism of explosion is presented in theory and experiment. The explosion of the tubes depends on the absorption coefficient and size of the gold nanoshells in the tubes, whereby the placement of the gold particles inside or outside of the tubes has no obvious effect on the explosive properties.
image
Levodopa Is a Double‐Edged Sword for Balance and Gait in People With Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Curtze Carolin , Nutt John G. , Carlson‐Kuhta Patricia , Mancini Martina , Horak Fay B. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe effects of levodopa on balance and gait function in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) is controversial. This study compared the relative responsiveness to l‐dopa on six domains of balance and gait: postural sway in stance; gait pace; dynamic stability; gait initiation; arm swing; and turning in people with mild and severe PD, with and without dyskinesia.MethodsWe studied 104 subjects with idiopathic PD (H & Y II [n = 52] and III–IV [n = 52]) and 64 age‐matched controls. Subjects performed a mobility task in the practical off state and on l‐dopa: standing quietly for 30 seconds, initiating gait, walking 7 meters, and turning 180 degrees. Thirty‐four measures of mobility were computed from inertial sensors. Standardized response means were used to determine relative responsiveness to l‐dopa.ResultsThe largest improvements with l‐dopa were found for arm swing and pace‐related gait measures. Gait dynamic stability was unaffected by PD and not responsive to l‐dopa. l‐dopa reduced turning duration, but only in subjects with severe PD. In contrast to gait, postural sway in quiet standing increased with l‐dopa, especially in the more severely affected subjects. The increase in postural sway, as well as decrease in turning duration and exaggerated arm swing with l‐dopa was observed only for subjects with dyskinesia at the time of testing.ConclusionsThe observed spectrum of l‐dopa responsiveness in balance and gait measures suggests that multiple neural circuits control balance and gait. Many of the negative effects of l‐dopa may be directly or indirectly caused by dyskinesia. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society