bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical and Chemical Processes During the Carbonated Water Flooding in the Oilfields
Authors: Barenbaum A. A. , Zakirov S. N. , Zakirov E. S. , Klimov D. S. , Serebryakov V. A. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Physical and chemical processes in oilfield reservoirs developed by carbonated water flooding were much more complex than previously thought. We have shown that these processes are directly related to the problem of hydrocarbons origin. Over the long time, this problem has not been solved in the debate between supporters of the "organic" and "inorganic" hypotheses.
We adhere to the concept of biosphere origin of oil and gas, which allows to solve this problem differently. It considers the origin of oil and gas not only as long geological process, but also as a modern phenomenon, which is closely associated with the geochemical cycling of carbon through the Earth's surface with meteogenic waters.
One of these processes is phenomenon of decomposition of carbonated water on surface of mechanically activated matrix of rocks, which occurs with formation of free hydrogen (H2) and low temperature synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
In recent decades, it was accumulated many facts in support of the biosphere concept. However, some issues of hydrocarbon origin in this concept demanded special study. Our laboratory experiments performed in the dynamic and stationary modes allow to successfully solving this problem.
We present the results of measurements of the rate decomposition of carbonated water under conditions simulating activated rocks of sedimentary cover. In our experiments, in a role "activator" of rocks we used an iron shaving. The experiments were performed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
The research results are useful for technologies to improve oil recovery by maintaining reservoir pressure due to carbon dioxide (CO2) injection and recycling CO2 technologies, and storage of carbon dioxide in depleted oilfields, as well as technology to justify the production in oilfields with low-permeability reservoirs. Our research suggest that under certain conditions, injection of carbonated water (as well as CO2 in gas form) into reservoir beds, due to synthesis of hydrocarbons by the reaction CO2 + H2O, permits to increase oil recovery of depleted oil fields as well as increase the effectiveness of CO2 disposal in water-bearing stratum of the gas fields.
Well Logging and Ground Geophysics for Safe Operation of Oil and Gas Fields Within Permafrost Area
Authors: Petr Alekseev 
Published: October 2015

Annotation
Conduct engineering research in the conditions of permafrost due to the nature of the area requires further development and inclusion of additional studies, since the standard set of studies unable to identify potentially dangerous areas with a possible thawing in the process of drilling and exploitation. As a result of such interactions may form hopper sagging in testing parts of the holes (fig. 1), voids within the entire range of frozen rocks that leads to a rise in drilling operations, in addition, can lead to the loss of longitudinal stability of wells, and, as a consequence, to the accident.
In order to avoid additional costs and reduce the risk of accidents, it is proposed to conduct additional work in the process engineering research that will lead to the structuring of tasks and techniques associated with operation of well pads in the conditions of development of permafrost. Bringing a systematic approach to this task group in the early stages of field development will minimize the number of potentially dangerous cases due to sustained and coherent works.
For these types of works carried out a pilot project on 10 sectional sites fields in Western Siberia. Implementations of additional Geophysics were practically and economically profitable.
The research work of this type is recommended for implementation in other projects of OAO NK Rosneft.
Nonequilibrium Phase Transitions in BlackOil
Authors: Zubov V. R. , Indrupskiy I. M. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The paper argues in favor of the need to adjust pVT properties of the hydrocarbon system and apply non-equilibrium models of phase transitions for purposes of upscaling and history-matching flow simulation models (FSMs) to actual production data. Since most of FSMs are based on the Black Oil model, it features prominently in the paper.
The paper considers certain information from laboratory experiments and production data that points to non-equilibrium phase transitions in the in-situ hydrocarbon mix. Provided are also the results of numerical experiments demonstrating the need for upscaling the fluids' pVT properties, and evidence of non-equilibrium effects from the enlarged size of cells in the FSM computational grid. In conclusion, the paper considers capabilities of various commercial flow simulators and new approaches to simulation of non-equilibrium phase behavior effects in the Black Oil model.
The Application of the Fuzzy Sets Theory for Candidate Wells Selection
Authors: Kashapov Azat 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The paper represents the way the conventional method of candidate well selection can be optimized with the fuzzy sets theory applied.
At late stages of any oil field life the most efficient way to support high hydrocarbon production level tends to be well stimulation procedures carried on the continuing basis. Considering any well stimulation treatment prospective the main thing is the issue of oil remaining recoverable reserves in-place.
At present time there are two methods for well stimulation treatment candidate selection used in Tomskneft JSC. The first method is reservoir simulation modelling (RSM), this allows determination of the areas where appreciable amount of recoverable reserves is located and which well is better to retrieve them. However, the crucial disadvantage of this approach is its dependence on how good the model is adopted. The calculations made by reservoir simulation are rarely confirmed when a real well is run.
Simulation of Well Trajectory while Drilling by the TBS Method
Authors: Tikhonov Vadim , Bukashkina Olga , Abaltusov Nikolay 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Bent-housing positive displacement motors (PDM) keep the leading position among tools for drilling directional wells. The efficiency of drilling deviated wells can be greatly enhanced by the method of Targeted Bit Speed (TBS). This method enables well deviation with the continuous drillstring rotation by means of amplitude modulation of PDM's rpm, which is provided by controlling the fluid flow oscillations in its working chamber. In those cases when the required dog-leg severity cannot be achieved with TBS technology, the system's operation can be suspended without retrieving the BHA to the surface with further directional drilling by conventional PDM orientation method.
In order to control and direct a well trajectory in an efficient manner, it is essential to be able to assess effect of the system parameters on deviation. The paper proposes a numerical model of a BHA equipped by TBS. The model is based on the universal 3-D dynamic drillstring-in-hole model DYNTUB, which has been previously developed by the authors. For implementing TBS technology the latter model has been refined to integrate the modulation of motor rpm with the specified amplitude setting the rate of inclination angle increase/decrease and with the phase determining horizontal angle. The deflection increment of the drilling vector against the previous position is determined by averaging the inclination and horizontal angles in one revolution of the drillstring. The model accounts for the dependence between the ROP and the bit rpm composed of constant drillstring rpm and PDM rpm, which value is subject to periodic changes during rotation.
The developed program was used to analyze the build-up rate of wells drilled by TBS and oriented assembly. The analysis covered straight wellbores with different orientation in the initial state (vertical and horizontal), various types of near-bit section to kink, as well as the effect of the PDM rpm modulation amplitude and the lateral bit milling capacity. Despite of the fact that in most instances the build-up rate with TBS was slightly lower than when drilling with an oriented assembly, this was compensated by a far more valuable advantage of a significant reduction in drag force during drillstring rotation. Examples of calculating the drilling directional control of S-shaped well sections at Vostochno-Urengoysky area in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District drilled by the TBS method and their comparison with the planned and actual trajectories are presented. The ways to improve the efficiency of well drilling by the TBS method are provided.
Effect of Genotype, Environment, and Genotype × Environment Interaction on Tocopherol Accumulation in Soybean Seed
Authors: Shaw Eric J. , Kakuda Yukio , Rajcan Istvan 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTSoybean seeds [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] are a major source of tocopherols that provide many human health benefits including decrease in lung cancer risk and osteoporosis. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the impact of genotype, environment, and genotype × environment on soybean seed tocopherols and (ii) to evaluate relationships between agronomic traits and tocopherols. Seventy‐nine recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross OAC Bayfield × OAC Shire were grown in three field locations in southern Ontario, Canada, in 2009 and 2010. Agronomic and seed quality data were collected in each location. Significant differences (P < 0.001) for the α‐, γ‐, δ‐, and total tocopherol concentrations were found in the seed of RILs using combined ANOVA for 2009 and 2010. Of the two parental lines, OAC Bayfield accumulated more total tocopherol at most environments. Genotype, location, and year differences were significant as well as genotype × location, location × year, and line × year interactions. Broad‐sense heritability estimates were 0.38 for α‐, 0.47 for γ‐, and 0.35 for δ‐tocopherol. None of the agronomic traits were consistently correlated with any of the tocopherol components; however, oil and protein concentration were correlated to some tocopherols in some of the environments. The wide range in values for α‐, γ‐, δ‐, and total tocopherols among the RIL population that exceeded both parents provided evidence for transgressive segregation. Our results suggest that soybean producers should take locations and genotypes into account when growing soybean for enhanced tocopherol production.
Chromosome Number, Genomic Variation, and Molecular Markers to Assess Genetic Diversity of Brachiaria Species
Authors: Nitthaisong Pattama , Ishigaki Genki , Tanaka Hidenori , Akashi Ryo 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThe genus Brachiaria contains approximately 100 identified species, including economically important tropical grasses; however, there is not much accessible information about the genetics or genomes of the genus. In this study, we determined the chromosome number and genome size by cytological analysis and flow cytometry, respectively, and estimated the molecular variability using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers for 28 accessions representing 11 Brachiaria species. The chromosome number of 10 species agreed with previous reports, and the chromosome number for B. xantholeuca was evaluated (2n = 4x = 36) for the first time. Genome size expressed as C values differed among these species (0.89 to 4.02 pg/2C) and increased with increasing ploidy levels. In contrast, the genome size given as a Cx value tended to decrease with increasing ploidy levels in polyploid plants. A total of 441 ISSR fragments were generated with 10 primers to assess the molecular variability of Brachiaria species. All 11 Brachiaria species clustered into three groups with the neighbor‐joining (NJ) method. We found no correlation between the clusters and the region from where the plants were collected. Nevertheless, the clustering of accessions was clearly correlated with ploidy level and reproductive mode (sexual and apomictic) except for a few accessions. Furthermore, evolution of the Brachiaria genome and genetic diversity within the genus were discussed.
Mechanisms Linking Glucose Homeostasis and Iron Metabolism Toward the Onset and Progression of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Fernández-Real José Manuel , McClain Donald , Manco Melania 
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE
The bidirectional relationship between iron metabolism and glucose homeostasis is increasingly recognized. Several pathways of iron metabolism are modified according to systemic glucose levels, whereas insulin action and secretion are influenced by changes in relative iron excess. We aimed to update the possible influence of iron on insulin action and secretion and vice versa.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The mechanisms that link iron metabolism and glucose homeostasis in the main insulin-sensitive tissues and insulin-producing β-cells were revised according to their possible influence on the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

RESULTS
The mechanisms leading to dysmetabolic hyperferritinemia and hepatic overload syndrome were diverse, including diet-induced alterations in iron absorption, modulation of gluconeogenesis, heme-mediated disruption of circadian glucose rhythm, impaired hepcidin secretion and action, and reduced copper availability. Glucose metabolism in adipose tissue seems to be affected by both iron deficiency and excess through interaction with adipocyte differentiation, tissue hyperplasia and hypertrophy, release of adipokines, lipid synthesis, and lipolysis. Reduced heme synthesis and dysregulated iron uptake or export could also be contributing factors affecting glucose metabolism in the senescent muscle, whereas exercise is known to affect iron and glucose status. Finally, iron also seems to modulate β-cells and insulin secretion, although this has been scarcely studied.

CONCLUSIONS
Iron is increasingly recognized to influence glucose metabolism at multiple levels. Body iron stores should be considered as a potential target for therapy in subjects with T2D or those at risk for developing T2D. Further research is warranted.
Definitions of Metabolic Health and Risk of Future Type 2 Diabetes in BMI Categories: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
Authors: Lotta Luca A. , Abbasi Ali , Sharp Stephen J. , Sahlqvist Anna-Stina , Waterworth Dawn , Brosnan Julia M. , Scott Robert A. , Langenberg Claudia , Wareham Nicholas J. 
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE
Various definitions of metabolic health have been proposed to explain differences in the risk of type 2 diabetes within BMI categories. The goal of this study was to assess their predictive relevance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed systematic searches of MEDLINE records for prospective cohort studies of type 2 diabetes risk in categories of BMI and metabolic health. In a two-stage meta-analysis, relative risks (RRs) specific to each BMI category were derived by network meta-analysis and the resulting RRs of each study were pooled using random-effects models. Hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess predictive performance.

RESULTS
In a meta-analysis of 140,845 participants and 5,963 incident cases of type 2 diabetes from 14 cohort studies, classification as metabolically unhealthy was associated with higher RR of diabetes in all BMI categories (lean RR compared with healthy individuals 4.0 [95% CI 3.0–5.1], overweight 3.4 [2.8–4.3], and obese 2.5 [2.1–3.0]). Metabolically healthy obese individuals had a high absolute risk of type 2 diabetes (10-year cumulative incidence 3.1% [95% CI 2.6–3.5]). Current binary definitions of metabolic health had high specificity (pooled estimate 0.88 [95% CI 0.84–0.91]) but low sensitivity (0.40 [0.31–0.49]) in lean individuals and satisfactory sensitivity (0.81 [0.76–0.86]) but low specificity (0.42 [0.35–0.49]) in obese individuals. However, positive (&lt;3.3 in all BMI categories) and negative (&gt;0.4) likelihood ratios were consistent with insignificant to small improvements in prediction.

CONCLUSIONS
Although individuals classified as metabolically unhealthy have a higher RR of type 2 diabetes compared with individuals classified as healthy in all BMI categories, current binary definitions of metabolic health have limited relevance to the prediction of future type 2 diabetes.
10-m Shuttle Ride Test in Youth With Osteogenesis Imperfecta Who Use Wheelchairs: Feasibility, Reproducibility, and Physiological Responses
Authors: Bongers Bart C. , Rijks Ester B.G. , Harsevoort Arjan G.J. , Takken Tim , van Brussel Marco 
Published: October 2015

Background
Physical fitness levels in youth with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) who use wheelchairs are unknown. The 10-m Shuttle Ride Test (SRiT) has recently been introduced as a field test to determine cardiorespiratory fitness in children with cerebral palsy who self-propel a wheelchair.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and reproducibility of the SRiT, as well as the physiological responses to the SRiT, in youth with moderate-to-severe OI between 8 and 25 years of age who self-propel a wheelchair at least for long distances.

Design
A test-retest design was used.

Methods
Thirteen patients with OI (8 boys, 5 girls; mean±SD values for age=15.5±6.4 years) using a manual wheelchair performed 2 SRiTs within 2 weeks. Adverse events, reached stage, peak heart rate (HRpeak), peak respiratory exchange ratio (RERpeak), peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak), and peak minute ventilation (V̇epeak) were the main outcome parameters.

Results and Discussion
All participants performed a maximal effort at both SRiTs (mean±SD values for HRpeak of 195±9 beats per minute [bpm], RERpeak of 1.32±0.16, V̇o2peak of 25.4±5.6 mL·kg−1·min−1, and V̇epeak of 47.9±18.6 L·min−1), without adverse events. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the reached stage showed excellent reliability (.95). Limits of agreement (LoA) analysis revealed acceptable LoA for reached stage (mean bias=−0.58, range=−2.50 to +1.35). There was a low correlation between reached stage and V̇o2peak (r=.61 and r=.45 for the first and second SRiTs, respectively).

Limitations
The influence of wheelchair properties and individually adjusted wheelchair designs was not examined.

Conclusions
The SRiT appears to be a feasible, safe, and reproducible maximal field test in youth with OI using wheelchairs at least for long distances. This field test might be useful to provide an indication of physical fitness and to assess the efficacy of interventions on physical fitness in these patients.
Nietzsche's Existentialist Freedom
Authors: Tubert Ariela 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT
Following Robert C. Solomon's Living with Nietzsche, I defend an interpretation of Nietzsche's views about freedom that are in line with the existentialist notion of self-creation. Given Nietzsche's emphasis on the limitations on human freedom, his critique of the notion of causa sui (self-creation out of nothing), and his critique of morality for relying on the assumption that we have free will, it may be surprising that he could be taken seriously as an existentialist—existentialism characteristically takes freedom and self-creation to be central to the human condition. Nietzsche does not endorse a radical notion of freedom; he is rather emphatically critical of any such notion. However, I argue that he does have room for a certain kind of freedom and self-creation that supports Solomon's characterization of him as an existentialist.
Solution-Phase Crosstalk and Regulatory Interactions Between Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Burrows Gregory G. , van't Hof Wouter , Reddy Ashok P. , Wilmarth Phillip A. , David Larry L. , Raber Amy , Bogaerts Annelies , Timmerman Lien , Pinxteren Jef , Roobrouck Valerie D. , Deans Robert J. , Maziarz Richard T. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) are adult adherent stromal stem cells currently being assessed in clinical trials for acute graft versus host disease with demonstrated immunomodulatory capabilities and the potential to ameliorate detrimental autoimmune and inflammation-related processes. Anti-CD3/anti-CD28 (3/28) activation of T cells within the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) compartment was performed in the presence or absence of MAPCs. Liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry was used to characterize the differential secretion of proteins, and transcriptional profiling was used to monitor mRNA expression changes in both cell populations. Overall, 239 secreted and/or ectodomain-shed proteins were detected in the secretomes of PBMCs and MAPCs. In addition, 3/28 activation of PBMCs induced differential expression of 2,925 genes, and 22% of these transcripts were differentially expressed on exposure to MAPCs in Transwell. MAPCs exposed to 3/28-activated PBMCs showed differential expression of 1,247 MAPC genes. Crosstalk was demonstrated by reciprocal transcriptional regulation. Secretome proteins and transcriptional signatures were used to predict molecular activities by which MAPCs could dampen local and systemic inflammatory responses. These data support the hypothesis that MAPCs block PBMC proliferation via cell cycle arrest coupled to metabolic stress in the form of tryptophan depletion, resulting in GCN2 kinase activation, downstream signaling, and inhibition of cyclin D1 translation. These data also provide a plausible explanation for the immune privilege reported with administration of donor MAPCs. Although most components of the major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation pathway were markedly transcriptionally upregulated, cell surface expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR is minimal on MAPCs exposed to 3/28-activated PBMCs.

Significance
This study documents experiments quantifying solution-phase crosstalk between multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The secretome and transcriptional changes quantified suggest mechanisms by which MAPCs are hypothesized to provide both local and systemic immunoregulation of inflammation. The potential impact of these studies includes development of a robust experimental framework to be used for preclinical evaluation of the specific mechanisms by which beneficial effects are obtained after treatment of patients with MAPCs.