bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of high throughput pretreatment and co‐hydrolysis system to thermochemical pretreatment. Part 1: Dilute acid
Authors: Gao Xiadi , Kumar Rajeev , DeMartini Jaclyn D. , Li Hongjia , Wyman Charles E. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBecause conventional approaches for evaluating sugar release from the coupled operations of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis are extremely time and material intensive, high throughput (HT) pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis systems have become vital for screening large numbers of lignocellulosic biomass samples to identify feedstocks and/or processing conditions that significantly improve performance and lower costs. Because dilute acid pretreatment offers many important advantages in rendering biomass highly susceptible to subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis, a high throughput pretreatment and co‐hydrolysis (HTPH) approach was extended to employ dilute acid as a tool to screen for enhanced performance. First, a single‐step neutralization and buffering method was developed to allow effective enzymatic hydrolysis of the whole pretreated slurry. Switchgrass and poplar were then pretreated with 0.5% and 1% acid loadings at a 5% solids concentration, the resulting slurry conditioned with the buffering approach, and the entire mixture enzymatically hydrolyzed. The resulting sugar yields demonstrated that single‐step neutralizing and buffering was capable of adjusting the pH as needed for enzymatic saccharification, as well as overcoming enzyme inhibition by compounds released in pretreatment. In addition, the effects of pretreatment conditions and biomass types on susceptibility of pretreated substrates to enzymatic conversion were clearly discernible, demonstrating the method to be a useful extension of HTPH systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 754–762. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of the feasibility of alcohols serving as external carbon sources for biological phosphorus removal induced by the oxic/extended‐idle regime
Authors: Wang Dongbo , Zheng Wei , Li Xiaoming , Yang Qi , Liao Dexiang , Zeng Guangming 
Published: October 2012

AbstractRecently, a novel operational regime (i.e., the oxic/extended‐idle [OEI] regime) has been reported to successfully achieve enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) when employing glucose and volatile fatty acids as the sole substrate. In the OEI regime, polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) could get a selective advantage over other populations during the extended‐idle period where polyphosphate released but polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen transformations were negligible/low, thus energy requirements for maintenance purposes in the period could be covered by polyphosphate release. This study further evaluated the feasibility of alcohols as external carbon sources for EBPR induced by the OEI regime, as the available substrate in the raw wastewater is often deficient. First, phosphorus removal in the OEI process was compared, respectively, with methanol and ethanol as the sole substrate. The results showed that the ethanol‐reactor achieved 90.8 ± 2.3% of phosphorus removal, which was approximate twofold than the methanol‐reactor. Further studies displayed that the cells in the ethanol‐reactor contained more PAOs, and had higher activities of exopolyphosphatase and polyphosphate kinase than those in the methanol‐reactor. Also, the aerobic transformations of polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen in the ethanol‐reactor were, respectively, higher and lower than those in the methanol‐reactor, which were consistent with the reactors performances. Then, the feasibility of using ethanol as external substrate to enhance EBPR in the OEI process was confirmed for a municipal wastewater. Finally, EBPR performance and metabolic transformation values between the OEI and the anaerobic/oxic (A/O) regimes with ethanol as the sole substrate were compared. The results showed that EBPR in the ethanol‐OEI reactor was higher than that in the ethanol‐A/O reactor. All the above results proved that ethanol was a favorable external substrate to the OEI regime for EBPR enhancement. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 827–837. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Covalently grafted BMP‐7 peptide to reduce macrophage/monocyte activity: An in vitro study on cobalt chromium alloy
Authors: Tan Hark Chuan , Poh Chye Khoon , Cai Yanli , Soe Min Thun , Wang Wilson 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCobalt chromium (CoCr) alloy is widely used in orthopedic implants but its functional longevity is susceptible to inflammation related complications. Reduction of the development of chronic inflammation on the biomaterial surface would enhance direct bone‐implant bonding and improve implant survival and long‐term results. The BMP‐7 peptide was derived from the knuckle epitope of bone morphogenic protein‐7 (BMP‐7) and was conjugated via a cysteine amino acid at the N‐terminus. Mouse RAW 264.7 monocytes/macrophages were seeded on the CoCr substrates and inflammation was induced via lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. The effects of BMP‐7 peptide on inflammation were evaluated by measuring the expression of inflammatory markers like toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR‐4), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1). ELISA and qPCR assays were used to study the inflammatory signals. BMP‐7 signaling pathway activation was shown by the presence of phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8. Utilizing the reactivity of polydopamine films to immobilize BMP‐7 peptide onto metal substrates may provide a promising approach for applications in situations where reduction of inflammation around implants would be beneficial in improving surgical outcome, bone healing, and implant integration. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 969–979. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simulation of two dimensional electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry for teaching proteomics
Authors: Fisher Amanda , Sekera Emily , Payne Jill , Craig Paul 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn proteomics, complex mixtures of proteins are separated (usually by chromatography or electrophoresis) and identified by mass spectrometry. We have created 2DE Tandem MS, a computer program designed for use in the biochemistry, proteomics, or bioinformatics classroom. It contains two simulations—2D electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. The two simulations are integrated together and are designed to teach the concept of proteome analysis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. 2DE‐Tandem MS can be used as a freestanding simulation, or in conjunction with a wet lab, to introduce proteomics in the undergraduate classroom. 2DE Tandem MS is a free program available on Sourceforge at https://sourceforge.net/projects/jbf/. It was developed using Java Swing and functions in Mac OSX, Windows, and Linux, ensuring that every student sees a consistent and informative graphical user interface no matter the computer platform they choose. Java must be installed on the host computer to run 2DE Tandem MS. Example classroom exercises are provided in the Supporting Information. © 2012 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Clean, Convenient, High‐yield Access to Second‐generation Ru Metathesis Catalysts from Commercially Available Precursors
Authors: van Lierop Bianca J. , Reckling Amy M. , Lummiss Justin A. M. , Fogg Deryn E. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractExpedient routes are described to the three dominant ruthenium catalysts currently used for olefin metathesis: the second‐generation Grubbs, Hoveyda, and indenylidene catalysts. Ligand exchange of the first‐generation PCy3 complexes with isolated free H2IMes, followed by treatment with a cation‐ exchange resin to remove the liberated phosphine, affords the clean targets in ≥95 % isolated yield from commercially available precursors, with no workup other than filtration and evaporation.
Crystal Growth Mechanisms and Morphological Control of the Prototypical Metal–Organic Framework MOF‐5 Revealed by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Cubillas Pablo , Anderson Michael W. , Attfield Martin P. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCrystal growth of the metal–organic framework MOF‐5 was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) for the first time. Growth under low supersaturation conditions was found to occur by a two‐dimensional or spiral crystal growth mechanism. Observation of developing nuclei during the former reveals growth occurs through a process of nucleation and spreading of metastable and stable sub‐layers revealing that MOFs may be considered as dense phase structures in terms of crystal growth, even though they contain sub‐layers consisting of ordered framework and disordered non‐framework components. These results also support the notion this may be a general mechanism of surface crystal growth at low supersaturation applicable to crystalline nanoporous materials. The crystal growth mechanism at the atomistic level was also seen to vary as a function of the growth solution Zn/H2bdc ratio producing square terraces with steps parallel to the <100> direction or rhombus‐shaped terraces with steps parallel to the <110> direction when the Zn/H2bdc ratio was >1 or about 1, respectively. The change in relative growth rates can be explained in terms of changes in the solution species concentrations and their influence on growth at different terrace growth sites. These results were successfully applied to the growth of as‐synthesized cube‐shaped crystals to increase expression of the {111} faces and to grow octahedral crystals of suitable quality to image using AFM. This modulator‐free route to control the crystal morphology of MOF‐5 crystals should be applicable to a wide variety of MOFs to achieve the desired morphological control for performance enhancement in applications.
Intrinsically Sulfur‐ and Nitrogen‐Co‐doped Carbons from Thiazolium Salts
Authors: Paraknowitsch Jens Peter , Wienert Björn , Zhang Yuanjian , Thomas Arne 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCarbon materials that are intrinsically co‐doped with nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms are synthesised by facile annealing of nitrile‐functionalised thiazolium salts. Extremely high degrees of doping are achieved, especially for sulfur. The method further allows for direct tuning of the amounts of both N and S, establishing a new synthetic pathway in the emerging field of S‐doped carbon materials.
Vibrations‐Aided Gravitational Flow of Ultrafine Cohesive Limestone Powder – Measurements and Modeling
Authors: Kache Guido , Tomas Jürgen 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBei der Herstellung und Verarbeitung von ultrafeinen Pulvern sind eine zuverlässige Lagerung, Förderung und Dosierung unverzichtbar. Der Pulverfluss kann in einem Silo durch Brücken‐ oder Schachtbildung behindert werden. Zur Lösung dieses Fließproblems hat sich die Einleitung mechanischer Schwingungen mittels Schwingtrichter bewährt. Durch Schwingungsanregung während des Scherversuches werden die minimale Öffnungsweite zur Vermeidung von Brückenbildung und die Wandreibung deutlich vermindert. Anschließend werden diese Labor‐Auslegungsdaten an Versuchssilos überprüft. Dazu wird der Einfluss von Frequenz und Amplitude der Schwingungen auf den Pulverfluss untersucht.
Development of a Modeling Tool for the Systematic Design of Membrane Modules for Pervaporation
Authors: Schiffmann Patrick , Repke Jens‐Uwe 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDie Bedeutung der Pervaporation (PV) in der chemischen Industrie wächst stetig und eine detaillierte sowie robuste Modellierung ist unabdingbar, um eine genaue Modul‐ und Anlagenauslegung durchzuführen. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes wird ein Membranmodul für die organophile PV konstruiert. Für eine industrielle Trennaufgabe werden organoselektive Membranen durch molekulare Oberflächenmodifikation hergestellt. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung einer dreistufigen Modellstruktur, die für die schrittweise Simulation von Membranmodulen verwendet wird. Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Daten aus der Pilotphase.
Influence of Rheology on the Flow Pattern in Stirred Biogas Plants
Authors: Brehmer Manuel , Eppinger Thomas , Kraume Matthias 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTrotz des großen Anteils an den Stromgestehungskosten erfolgt die Auslegung der Rührtechnik in Biogasreaktoren nach wie vor empirisch. Im Rahmen dieses Artikels werden die Auswirkungen der Positionierung der Rührtechnik auf das Strömungsregime und folglich auf die Gasausbeute dargestellt. Dafür wird einleitend auf die Rheologie unterschiedlicher Gärgüter des Biogasprozesses eingegangen. Mit einem Rohrviskosimeter können für biogene Reststoffe, Klärschlamm und Maissilage exakte Messungen durchgeführt werden, die als Grundlage für die weiterführenden Strömungsuntersuchungen dienen. Diese zeigen, dass das durchmischte Volumen entscheidend von der Positionierung der hier betrachteten Tauchmotorrührwerke sowie der Substratzusammensetzung bzw. deren Rheologie abhängt.
Regional astrogliosis in the mouse hypothalamus in response to obesity
Authors: Buckman Laura B. , Thompson Misty M. , Moreno Heidi N. , Ellacott Kate L.J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObesity is associated with chronic low‐grade inflammation in peripheral tissues, which contributes to the development of comorbidities such as insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. While less extensively characterized, obesity also promotes inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) and the consequences of this inflammation for CNS function are only beginning to be examined. In response to CNS insults such as inflammation, astrocytes undergo a process of hypertrophy and hyperplasia known as reactive astrogliosis. We used immunohistochemistry to examine the differential distribution of the astrocyte marker glial‐fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the brains of diet‐induced or genetically obese mice compared with their respective lean controls to determine whether different nuclei of the hypothalamus showed comparable astrogliosis in response to obesity. The areas that showed the highest differential GFAP immunoreactivity between lean and obese animals include the medial preoptic, paraventricular, and dorsomedial nuclei. Comparatively, little astrogliosis was seen in the ventromedial nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, or anterior hypothalamic area. In obese animals high levels of GFAP immunoreactivity were often associated with the microvasculature. There were no differences in the differential distribution of GFAP staining between obese animals and their lean controls in the diet‐induced compared with the genetic model of obesity. The exact cause(s) of the astrogliosis in obesity is not known. The finding that obesity causes a distinct pattern of elevated GFAP immunoreactivity associated with microvessels suggests that the astrogliosis may be occurring as a response to changes at the blood–brain barrier and/or in the peripheral circulation. J. Comp. Neurol., 521:1322–1333, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy and ultrastructural study of VGLUT2 thalamic input to striatal projection neurons in rats
Authors: Lei Wanlong , Deng Yunping , Liu Bingbing , Mu Shuhua , Guley Natalie M. , Wong Ting , Reiner Anton 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe examined thalamic input to striatum in rats using immunolabeling for the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT2). Double immunofluorescence viewed with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that VGLUT2+ terminals are distinct from VGLUT1+ terminals. CLSM of Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin (PHAL)‐labeled cortical or thalamic terminals revealed that VGLUT2 is rare in corticostriatal terminals but nearly always present in thalamostriatal terminals. Electron microscopy revealed that VGLUT2+ terminals made up 39.4% of excitatory terminals in striatum (with VGLUT1+ corticostriatal terminals constituting the rest), and 66.8% of VGLUT2+ terminals synapsed on spines and the remainder on dendrites. VGLUT2+ axospinous terminals had a mean diameter of 0.624 μm, while VGLUT2+ axodendritic terminals a mean diameter of 0.698 μm. In tissue in which we simultaneously immunolabeled thalamostriatal terminals for VGLUT2 and striatal neurons for D1 (with about half of spines immunolabeled for D1), 54.6% of VGLUT2+ terminals targeted D1+ spines (i.e., direct pathway striatal neurons), and 37.3% of D1+ spines received VGLUT2+ synaptic contacts. By contrast, 45.4% of VGLUT2+ terminals targeted D1‐negative spines (i.e., indirect pathway striatal neurons), and only 25.8% of D1‐negative spines received VGLUT2+ synaptic contacts. Similarly, among VGLUT2+ axodendritic synaptic terminals, 59.1% contacted D1+ dendrites, and 40.9% contacted D1‐negative dendrites. VGLUT2+ terminals on D1+ spines and dendrites tended to be slightly smaller than those on D1‐negative spines and dendrites. Thus, thalamostriatal terminals contact both direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons, with a slight preference for direct. These results are consistent with physiological studies indicating slightly different effects of thalamic input on the two types of striatal projection neurons. J. Comp. Neurol., 521:1354–1377, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Delayed amyloid plaque deposition and behavioral deficits in outcrossed AβPP/PS1 mice
Authors: Couch Brian A. , Kerrisk Meghan E. , Kaufman Adam C. , Nygaard Haakon B. , Strittmatter Stephen M. , Koleske Anthony J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative dementia characterized by amyloid plaque accumulation, synapse/dendrite loss, and cognitive impairment. Transgenic mice expressing mutant forms of amyloid‐β precursor protein (AβPP) and presenilin‐1 (PS1) recapitulate several aspects of this disease and provide a useful model system for studying elements of AD progression. AβPP/PS1 mice have been previously shown to exhibit behavioral deficits and amyloid plaque deposition between 4–9 months of age. We crossed AβPP/PS1 animals with mice of a mixed genetic background (C57BL/6 × 129/SvJ) and investigated the development of AD‐like features in the resulting outcrossed mice. The onset of memory‐based behavioral impairment is delayed considerably in outcrossed AβPP/PS1 mice relative to inbred mice on a C57BL/6 background. While inbred AβPP/PS1 mice develop deficits in radial‐arm water maze performance and novel object recognition as early as 8 months, outcrossed AβPP/PS1 mice do not display defects until 18 months. Within the forebrain, we find that inbred AβPP/PS1 mice have significantly higher amyloid plaque burden at 12 months than outcrossed AβPP/PS1 mice of the same age. Surprisingly, inbred AβPP/PS1 mice at 8 months have low plaque burden, suggesting that plaque burden alone cannot explain the accompanying behavioral deficits. Analysis of AβPP processing revealed that elevated levels of soluble Aβ correlate with the degree of behavioral impairment in both strains. Taken together, these findings suggest that animal behavior, amyloid plaque deposition, and AβPP processing are sensitive to genetic differences between mouse strains. J. Comp. Neurol., 521:1395–1408, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phylogeny and expression divergence of metabotropic glutamate receptor genes in the brain of zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Haug Marion F. , Gesemann Matthias , Mueller Thomas , Neuhauss Stephan C.F. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractGlutamate, the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, modulates synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability via metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). These receptors are essential components for diverse cognitive functions and they represent potential drug targets for the treatment of a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here we describe the phylogenetic relation and mRNA distribution of zebrafish mGluRs. In comparison to the eight mglurs present in the mammalian genome, we identified 13 different mglur genes in the zebrafish genome. In situ hybridization experiments in zebrafish revealed widespread expression patterns for the different mglurs in the central nervous system, implicating their significance in diverse neuronal functions. Prominent mglur expression is found in the olfactory bulb, the optic tectum, the hypothalamus, the cerebellum, and the retina. We show that expression pattern of paralogs generated by the teleost‐specific whole genome duplication is overlapping in some brain regions but complementary in others, suggesting sub‐ and/or neofunctionalization in the latter. Group I mglurs are similarly expressed in brain areas of both larval and adult zebrafish, suggesting that their functions are comparable during these stages. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:1449–1469, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DFT‐D Studies of Single Porphyrin Molecule on Doped Boron Silicon Surfaces
Authors: Boukari Khaoula , Sonnet Philippe , Duverger Eric 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe present a theoretical study in the framework of density functional calculations, taking into account the van der Waals interactions (DFT‐D) of isolated Cu‐5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐phenyl) porphyrin (Cu‐TBPP) molecules in a C2v conformation adsorbed on a Si(111)√3x√3R30°‐boron surface [denoted Si(111)‐B]. With this approach, we investigate interactions between perfect or boron‐defect Si(111)‐B substrates and the Cu‐TBPP molecule as well as the consequences of demetallation of Cu‐TBPP. For each model, we determine the structural equilibrium, the spatial charge‐density distribution and the electronic properties of the ground state. We conclude that there is potential for Si adatom capture by a porphyrin without strong modification of the porphyrin response, as seen from simulated scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images.
Organization of myelin in the mouse somatosensory barrel cortex and the effects of sensory deprivation
Authors: Barrera Kyrstle , Chu Philip , Abramowitz Jason , Steger Robert , Ramos Raddy L. , Brumberg Joshua C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn rodents, the barrel cortex is a specialized area within the somatosensory cortex that processes signals from the mystacial whiskers. We investigated the normal development of myelination in the barrel cortex of mice, as well as the effects of sensory deprivation on this pattern. Deprivation was achieved by trimming the whiskers on one side of the face every other day from birth. In control mice, myelin was not present until postnatal day 14 and did not show prominence until postnatal day 30; adult levels of myelination were reached by the end of the second postnatal month. Unbiased stereology was used to estimate axon density in the interbarrel septal region and barrel walls as well as the barrel centers. Myelin was significantly more concentrated in the interbarrel septa/barrel walls than in the barrel centers in both control and sensory‐deprived conditions. Sensory deprivation did not impact the onset of myelination but resulted in a significant decrease in myelinated axons in the barrel region and decreased the amount of myelin ensheathing each axon. Visualization of the oligodendrocyte nuclear marker Olig2 revealed a similar pattern of myelin as seen using histochemistry, but with no significant changes in Olig2+ nuclei following sensory deprivation. Consistent with the anatomical results showing less myelination, local field potentials revealed slower rise times following trimming. Our results suggest that myelination develops relatively late and can be influenced by sensory experience. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2013