bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SEASONAL RESPONSE OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA TO OIL
Authors: Alexander Steve K. , Webb James W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Salt marsh plots located in Galveston Bay, Texas, were treated with oil during November and May, the respective periods of declining and increasing growth for Spartina alterniflora. Four oils (Arabian crude, Libyan crude, No. 6 fuel, and No. 2 fuel) were applied to plots in four ways: no oil (control), 1 liter (L) on sediment, 1.5 L on sediment and lower portions of S. alterniflora, and 2 L on sediment and entire S. alterniflora surfaces. Live plant biomass and residual oil in sediment were determined periodically after oil treatment.
Season did not influence S. alterniflora response to oil when applied to sediment and lower plant portions. In these cases, plant response was similar after November and May applications, with a reduction in live plant biomass observed only for No. 2 fuel oil. Season did influence S. alterniflora response to oil when applied to entire plant surfaces. Completely covering the plant typically caused a longer reduction in live plant biomass after the May application. Again, No. 2 fuel oil caused the greatest decrease in live plant biomass. Long-term effects on live plant biomass were observed through 12 months for No. 2 fuel oil and for complete plant coverage in May, but results of these observations were not related to high concentrations of residual oil in sediment. We believe that long-term effects were the result of initial adverse effects on roots, which slowed plant recovery.
FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE TOXICITIES OF OILS TO MANGROVES
Authors: Hoi-Chaw Lai , Meow-Chan Feng 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Field and laboratory studies on the toxicities to mangroves and associated biota of undispersed and chemically dispersed oils are being conducted in Malaysia. Results to date show the following: Most of the oils, both undispersed and dispersed, affect mainly the young Avicennia with heights less than 180 cm in the field. Toxicity to older saplings is less acute. There appear to be few differences in the impact of oils on Avicennia saplings due to tide. When the toxicities of dispersed and undispersed Arab light crude were compared, the following observations were made: most tests show either no significant differences between undispersed and dispersed oils or that undispersed crude is more toxic than dispersed crude, while a small percent show that dispersed crude is more toxic than undispersed crude. When the toxicities of oil types, namely bunker C, Malaysian crude, and Arab light crude, to the saplings were compared, it was found that bunker C was the least toxic, followed first by the Arab light and then the Malaysian crudes. Growth of the commercially important tiger prawn introduced into a flowthrough system four months after an oil spill appeared normal. These animals compared well with those reared in oil-free tanks and those cultured in situ in ponds. Most of the mortality of saplings was probably due to passive surface deposition as well as active uptake. The main accumulation site was leaf tissue as evidenced by GC analysis.
OIL SPILL POLLUTION: THE NORTH SEA EXPERIENCE OF COOPERATIVE MEASURES
Authors: Side Jonathan , Herd Charles , Grogan Wells 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The North Sea is a relatively small yet intensely used area, rich in various resources. It is bounded by six highly industrialized states and contains the world's busiest shipping channel. It exemplifies the problems of control and management of marine resources, in particular in relation to oil pollution. This paper summarizes major sources of hydrocarbon pollution in the North Sea, discussing the levels and different types of oil pollution arising from different activities.
The international and regional conventions bearing on hydrocarbon pollution in the North Sea are documented with reference to some recent comments on the adequacy of the existing legal regime. Initiatives to improve and develop scientific and technical knowledge and cooperation among North Sea states are examined. Specific measures to establish arrangements for monitoring and remedial action in the event of an oil spill are discussed. The paper also describes the implementation of MARPOL 73/78 for the North Sea, documents European Economic Community responses to oil pollution, and, finally, discusses the most recent initiative, the International North Sea Conference (November 1984) that will address the complex problem of oil pollution in the North Sea.
THE VALUE OF NATURAL RESOURCE PROTECTION PLANS UNDER ACTUAL SPILL CONDITIONS
Authors: Sutherland G. Bruce 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since 1979 the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality has cooperated with other resource agencies to develop plans to protect natural resources from oil spills. At present, protection plans have been completed for each of Oregon's three major deepwater estuaries.
Recent large spills in two of the three planning areas have given the state an excellent opportunity to evaluate the usefulness of these plans. Although the two incidents were very different, the protection plans proved to be highly valuable in both situations for similar reasons. First, standardized maps showing resources greatly facilitated communications and response activities. Second, agreed-upon protection responses had been identified for important sensitive resources, allowing decisions to be made smoothly without lengthy interagency discussions. Finally, information in the plans provided a sound basis for predicting spill movement and resource impacts to arrange appropriate protection and cleanup measures.
The people and agencies involved in both spill responses found the plans invaluable not only during the initial crises but throughout the entire response effort. The State of Oregon intends to proceed with further planning to update and refine present plans and develop spill response plans for other coastal areas.
OFFSHORE OIL PRODUCTION IN THE BALTIC SEA: A COASTAL SENSITIVITY STUDY
Authors: Webb Caroline L. F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Schwedeneck-See oilfield is the first offshore exploration and production operation to be developed in German waters. Due to the close proximity to the shore of the two fixed and unmanned production platforms, there is a strong emphasis on protective and preventive measures against pollution damage to the heavily used beaches and nearshore waters.
This paper reviews the important features of a sensitivity study and shoreline mapping project conducted as part of the contingency arrangements for coastal protection along 62 km of the Baltic Sea. “Sensitive areas” were identified according to coastal use, and areas of risk highlighted on the basis of oil spill trajectories. The main shore types were classified on a scale from 1 to 10 in terms of potential vulnerability to oil spill damage and anticipated difficulties for access and cleanup operations.
NETTING OF VISCOUS OIL
Authors: Delvigne Gerard A. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Nets are used in oil pollution control activities to separate the oil and water, or as a more easily manageable alternative to impermeable barriers. The threat of oil leakage through nets is inherent to their use. Tests were performed in a laboratory flume, resulting in an empirical equation relating the leaking rate through a net to the oil viscosity, relative net-water velocity, and mesh size. The influence of turbulence and waves was also examined. Indications are given for useful net applications for corralling an oil slick with an unmoored vertical floating net, protecting specific areas with vertical moored nets, and using trawl nets for oil recovery.
ALASKA CLEAN SEAS: MEETING RESPONSE NEEDS FOR 1987 AND BEYOND
Authors: Shafer Richard V. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Alaska Clean Seas organization's spill countermeasures research program continues, with recently completed or ongoing projects addressing spill response chemicals, shoreline habitat protection, bubble barriers, water jet barriers, in situ combustion equipment, and under-ice oil detection. Lack of petroleum exploration activity in the Bering Sea has brought about a decision to place response equipment dedicated for that area in long-term storage. Training schedules have also been adjusted because of reduced activity, but program quality is being maintained. Participating companies continue to enjoy an excellent spill safety record in Alaska, and Alaska Clean Seas has not been required to take part in any actual spill cleanup operations.
UNITED KINGDOM MARINE POLLUTION CONTINGENCY PLANNING—A REVIEW OF THE LAST TWO YEARS
Authors: Stacey Michael L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A report presented two years ago at this Conference described United Kingdom marine pollution contingency planning and a number of changes that had been identified. Progress has been made in these areas and further areas for change have been identified. Responsibility for dealing with marine pollution has been centralized in a Marine Pollution Control Unit, and to this has now been added responsibility for Her Majesty's Coastguard as well as for marine casualties around the U.K., with authority vested in one post—Director, Marine Emergency Operations. Work on developing contingency plans for bulk chemical spills also has begun and some research effort has been redirected from oil spill problems to this area.
OIL POLLUTION RESPONSE ARRANGEMENTS IN AUSTRALIA: THE GOVERNMENT VIEW (INCLUDING AN UPDATE ON DISPERSANT TESTING)
Authors: Brodie Donald 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Australia has an extensive and varied coastline and 25 major ports. While marine traffic density is significantly less than in North America and European waters, the potential for oil spills nevertheless exists. In 1973, the Australian National Plan to Combat Pollution of the Sea by Oil was established. Its aim was to provide all the elements of a contingency plan designed to respond to oil pollution from ships. The plan brought together the resources of the federal and state governments and the oil industry. A unique funding arrangement, based on the “polluter pays” principle, was established to maintain the currency of the plan. This paper discusses the continuing development of the national plan, its equipment philosophies and training programs. It also discusses in some depth the tests being carried out on dispersants. Multispectral scanning is a comparatively new science in the Australian scene and trials have taken place to develop its use in oil spill operations. Today the Australian government believes a comprehensive set of operational and administrative arrangements exists to respond to the threat of marine oil spills.
A HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIL DISPERSANT GUIDELINES FOR ALASKA
Authors: Conway Michael A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Dispersant Guidelines for Alaska, Cook Inlet Section, were implemented on August 6, 1986, when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Coast Guard, and Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation signed a Memorandum of Agreement. State and federal agencies, private industry, commercial fishermen, and environmentalists had to work together toward this achievement. Without this cooperative effort, there would be no planning for effective dispersant use in Alaska as a spill control method.
THE EFFECTS OF OIL AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL ON NATURAL PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES
Authors: Scholten M. , Kuiper J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The effects of various crude oils and chemically dispersed oil on natural phytoplankton communities were tested in several experiments using marine mesocosms. Elevated algal biomass concentrations were found in most of the experiments, despite the long-term inhibition of primary productivity per unit chlorophyll. This result is due to reduced grazing upon algae as a consequence of oil-induced mortality of copepods or bivalves. A rapid succession from a diatom-dominated algae community to one dominated by microflagellates can be observed after an oil spill, owing to the more rapid exhaustion of silicate. If silicate is not being exhausted, a prolonged abundance of diatoms is observed. Treatment of oil with dispersant generally will aggravate effects, because of high dissolved oil concentrations in the water.
M/V ALVENUS: ANATOMY OF A MAJOR OIL SPILL1
Authors: Alejandro Anthony C. , Buri Jack L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
At 12:36 p.m. on July 30, 1984, the United Kingdom tank vessel Alvenus grounded with catastrophic structural failure in the Calcasieu River Bar Channel about 11 nautical miles south-southeast of Cameron, Louisiana, creating the largest oil spill from a ship ever encountered in the Gulf of Mexico. The vessel's hull buckled and fractured vertically on both the port and starboard sides and across the tank tops in way of its No. 2 port, center, and starboard cargo tanks. Between July 30 and August 4, 1984, the Alvenus discharged approximately 2.7 million gal of viscous Venezuelan Merey and Pilon crude oil into international waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Attempts to contain and recover the oil at sea were rendered ineffective by rough seas and the magnitude of the spill. A well-defined 75-mile slick of oil traveled west from the Alvenus for over 100 miles, arriving on Texas beaches on August 3 and 4 between the town of Gilchrist, and San Luis Pass at the west end of Galveston Island.
Beach cleanup crews were reasonably prepared for the massive influx of oil and were able to remove the oil with only minimal environmental damage. Sensitive inland estuaries were spared by a combination of chance (the oil passed inlets during ebb tides) and prestaged booms. However, economic damage was great, since Galveston's resort beaches were heavily oiled during the height of the tourist season. Damage to the vessel was extensive and estimated at $4.9 million by the vessel's owner. Loss of cargo was estimated at approximately $1.7 million at $26.00 a barrel.
The Coast Guard and cleanup crews encountered a major problem when a large portion of the slick approached the shoreline, absorbed suspended solid particles, and sank in the nearshore surf zones at Galveston Island. No effective method of collecting the oil in the submerged state was discovered. Cleanup crews had to wait until the oil beached itself, a process that took several weeks
MARINE DISPERSANT PROGRAM FOR LICENSING AND RESEARCH IN SAO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL
Authors: Araujo Rosalina P. de A. , Momo Katia , Gherardi-Goldstein Elenita , Nipper Marion Grosze , Wells Peter G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The State of São Paulo has established a program for research on and for licensing of chemical dispersants. The basic factors adopted for evaluation and approval of these products were their composition, efficiency (or effectiveness) and toxicity. Various methods for evaluation have been tested; the Warren Spring method was chosen due to its greater repeatability, rapidity, and lower cost. The U.S. EPA toxicity evaluation procedure with Artemia nauplii was chosen for licensing the products, due to its relative simplicity and repeatability. (A new assay procedure, intended to replace the Artemia test, was initiated with a regional shrimp and is progressing as a research program.) A linked composition/efficiency/toxicity licensing procedure has been developed.
THE KAPODISTRIAS GROUNDING AND OIL SPILL CAPE RECIFE, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Lord Desmond A. , Kerley Graham I. H. , Randall Rodney M. , Reddering Jacobus S. V. , Schumann Eckart H. , Bricknell William E. , Rowe Sidney 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In July 1985, a Panamanian registered bulk carrier, the Kapodistrias ran aground off Cape Recife, South Africa with just over 900 m3 of oil on board as fuel. Some oil was lost to the sea at various stages during the attempted salvage operation. Wind and wave action drove a part of this oil into Algoa Bay, to within 10 km of St. Croix Island which is an important breeding area for jackass penguins (Spheniscus demersus). The effect of oil on the penguin population and the action taken is discussed, as are the immediate uptake and subsequent depuration of hydrocarbons in locally occurring shellfish. No other major environmental damage occurred.
Despite the relatively small size of the spill (500 m3 over 15 days), a significant effect on seabirds was observed, indicating that the influence of an oil spill depends not only on the amount of oil spilled but also on the sensitivity of the environment affected.
LASER IGNITION OF OIL SPILLS
Authors: Whittaker Harry 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A major oil spill in the Arctic, whether from a tanker or an oil rig, could result in large concentrations of oil among broken ice and/or thousands of oiled melt pools. The remoteness of the area and the inadequacy of other countermeasures make in-situ burning the only possible response. Helicopter-deployable igniters have been developed to ignite the oil, but studies have shown that use of these devices has severe logistical constraints. The use of a helicopter-borne laser system as an alternative to, or in conjunction with, the igniters has been pursued from conceptual development to completion of the engineering design phase.
The concept was examined by theoretical analysis combined with laboratory studies. This work indicated that a dual-laser system would ignite both fresh and weathered crude oils at temperatures representative of an arctic spring or fall day.
A series of outdoor experiments was carried out in Kanata, Ontario, Canada, in March 1985. These experiments, under climatic conditions very similar to those in the Canadian Arctic in June, demonstrated that a two-laser system would ignite both fresh and weathered crudes.
An engineering feasibility and design study was undertaken. The study confirmed that a system having the required performance can be assembled from existing, proven hardware and operated effectively from a helicopter.
The development of the laser ignition of oil spills from concept through engineering design is described.
A TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF UNDER-ICE ROUGHNESS TO DETERMINE OIL STORAGE VOLUMES
Authors: Goodman R. H. , Holoboff A. G. , Daley T. W. , Waddell P. , Murdock L. D. , Fingas M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To plan an oil spill response in ice-covered regions, it is vital to know the area of ice exposed to oil and the spatial extent of the spill. The parameter that characterizes this spatial extent is the storage volume, which has units of m3/m2, and is the average oil thickness under the ice. The critical parameters controlling this thickness are oil properties, the under-ice microlayer current regime, and the spatial roughness of the ice-water interface.
THE PERSISTENCE OF OIL STRANDED ON SEDIMENT SHORELINES
Authors: Little D. I. , Scales D. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The objectives of this field experiment were to observe the behavior and measure the residence times of crude oil and mousse applied to a wide range of shorelines. The range of residence times measured (from 3 days to more than 1 year), depended on the energy level, drainage, and sediment textural gradients. As would be expected, self-cleaning was generally faster on more exposed or waterlogged sandy beaches than on sheltered, muddy shores. Wet weather, the presence of microflora, and burial by sediments all affected the ease of visual identification of oil. Estimates of residence times from hydrocarbon analysis were therefore longer than those based on visual survey, except where large, immobile pebbles were oil coated. However, the two estimates produced a similar rank order of residence time. Mousse treatments resulted in more patchy oil distribution and less deep but more variable infiltration than did the crude oil. Visible contamination by the mousse was longer lasting and more obvious. Some oil treatments increased the firmness of the surface sediments and may thus have increased oil residence time. Poor drainage provides hydrological protection for sediments by limiting oil adherence and penetration, which is more or less independent of sediment type, compaction, and degree of exposure. Agreement with a published vulnerability index was otherwise good.
PROTECTING AN ISLAND'S DRINKING WATER AND DESALINATION PLANT
Authors: Kruth David J. , Overton Edward , Murphy John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On February 6, 1986, the barge St. Thomas struck a submerged piling in Crown Bay, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. It is estimated that up to 70,000 gallons of an intermediate fuel oil were spilled from both this initial incident and a secondary spill which occurred the following day in Charlotte Amalie Harbor. The spilled oil threatened the island's primary source of drinking water: the desalination plant. St. Thomas' only alternative source of fresh water is rain water collected in cisterns. Due to its limited supply, potable drinking water is a precious commodity in the Caribbean Islands, and protection of the desalination plant became a crucial part of the spill response.
When officials in charge of the desalination plant believed that oil had entered the plant's intakes, they shut down the desalination plant. Residents were warned by local officials not to drink the water to avoid serious health effects. The island's hospital feared their water supply had become contaminated and began using emergency bottled water. The Commissioner of Public Works reported that the island had less than four days of water remaining in storage.
This paper discusses how the contaminated drinking water problem was resolved. Details are provided about the sampling methods and chemical analysis used in determining the water quality. Possible effects of oil on the two most common types of desalination plants are addressed. Monitoring and protection techniques are suggested for these desalination plants. Finally, a checklist is provided for oil spills which threaten desalination plants.
ESTIMATING MORTALITY OF SEABIRDS FROM OIL SPILLS
Authors: Ford R. Glenn , Page Gary W. , Carter Harry R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
From an aesthetic and damage assessment standpoint, the loss of seabirds may be one of the more important results of a marine oil spill. Assessment of the actual numbers of seabirds killed is difficult because the bodies of dead or incapacitated seabirds are often never found or recorded. We present a computer methodology that estimates the number of birds that come in contact with an oil spill and partitions these birds among four possible fates: (1) swimming or flying ashore under their own power; (2) carried out to sea by winds and currents; (3) carried inshore, but lost before being beached; and (4) beached by winds and currents. Beached birds are further divided into those that are recovered and those that are not. The accuracy of the methodology is examined using data for two recent spills in central California, each of which resulted in the beachings of large numbers of birds. The methodology also has potential application to real-time emergency response by predicting when and where the greatest numbers of bird beachings will occur.