bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying the probabilistic structure of drained areas as a function of hypsometry in river networks
Authors: Gsell Pierre‐Stéphane , Le Moine Nicolas , Moussa Roger , Ribstein Pierre 
Published: July 2014

AbstractClassical morphological descriptors of river networks have been developed in 2D planar system. The third z‐dimension (elevation), however, is necessary to model landscape evolution, particularly in a mountainous region when taking into account transport processes such as in glaciology and erosion. This paper aims at analyzing 3D morphometric properties of channel networks on the basis of probabilistic relationships relating the drained area and the elevation. The methodology is an extension of the fundamental planar power‐law description proposed by Rodriguez‐Iturbe et al. () representing the probability that the drained area A is higher than a threshold area a, P[A > a] ~ a− β, where β is constant and represents an invariant property of natural river networks. A new scaling factor taking into account hypsometry is introduced in the previous power‐law relationship, as , where F is a scaling function and θ is a measure of the system scale and a function of hypsometry. The new power law has one empirical parameter τ. A procedure was developed to calibrate this parameter and to calculate the corresponding uncertainty for applications on a single basin and then extended to a set of 70 basins in the Southern Rocky Mountains. The results show that the 3D power law exhibits scale‐invariance properties with respect to θ, when applied to a single basin. Looking at the entire set of 70 basins, the criterion value associated with the uncertainty model shows a moderate loss in scaling quality compared with the basin‐per‐basin description but nevertheless remains acceptable. This 3D power law provides a geomorphologic basis for applications in mountainous regions where the relation between drained area and hypsometry has to be considered. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed discharge and sediment concentration predictions in the sub‐humid Ethiopian highlands: the Debre Mawi watershed
Authors: Tilahun Seifu A. , Guzman Christian D. , Zegeye Assefa D. , Dagnew Dessalegn C. , Collick Amy S. , Yitaferu Birru , Steenhuis Tammo S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractExperimental research in the Ethiopian highlands found that saturation excess induced runoff and erosion are common in the sub‐humid conditions. Because most erosion simulation models applied in the highlands are based on infiltration excess, we, as an alternative, developed the Parameter Efficient Distributed (PED) model, which can simulate water and sediment fluxes in landscapes with saturation excess runoff. The PED model has previously only been tested at the outlet of a watershed and not for distributed runoff and sediment concentration within the watershed. In this study, we compare the distributed storm runoff and sediment concentration of the PED model against collected data in the 95‐ha Debre Mawi watershed and three of its nested sub‐watersheds for the 2010 and 2011 rainy seasons. In the PED model framework, the hydrology of the watershed is divided between infiltrating and runoff zones, with erosion only taking place from two surface runoff zones. Daily storm runoff and sediment concentration values, ranging from 0.5 to over 30 mm and from 0.1 to 35 g l−1, respectively, were well simulated. The Nash Sutcliffe efficiency values for the daily storm runoff for outlet and sub‐watersheds ranged from 0.66 to 0.82, and the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency for daily sediment concentrations were greater than 0.78. Furthermore, the model uses realistic fractional areas for surface and subsurface flow contributions, for example between saturated areas (15%), degraded areas (30%) and permeable areas (55%) at the main outlet, while close similarity was found for the remaining hydrology and erosion parameter values. One exception occurred for the distinctly greater transport limited parameter at the actively gullying lower part of the watershed. The results suggest that the model based on saturation excess provides a good representation of the observed spatially distributed runoff and sediment concentrations within a watershed by modelling the bottom lands (as opposed to the uplands) as the dominant contributor of the runoff and sediment load. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to guide dose selection for RBP‐7000, a new sustained‐release formulation of risperidone
Authors: Laffont Celine M. , Gomeni Roberto , Zheng Bo , Heidbreder Christian , Fudala Paul J. , Nasser Azmi F. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRBP‐7000 is a long‐acting formulation of risperidone designed for once‐monthly subcutaneous injection for the treatment of schizophrenia. The objective was to estimate clinically effective doses of RBP‐7000 based on model simulations and on the comparison with other long‐acting injectable antipsychotics. A population pharmacokinetic model of RBP‐7000 was developed in 90 clinically stable schizophrenic patients having received single/repeated doses of 60, 90, or 120 mg. Model simulations were conducted to compare active moiety plasma exposure after repeated RBP‐7000 administrations to the published data of long‐acting risperidone injection (Risperdal® Consta®) at 25 and 50 mg, and of paliperidone palmitate (Invega® Sustenna®) at 50 and 100 mg equivalent paliperidone. Predictions of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy were derived from the simulated active moiety concentrations. Simulations showed similar active moiety plasma exposure at steady‐state for 90 mg of RBP‐7000 and 25 mg of long‐acting risperidone. In comparison to risperidone, RBP‐7000 reached effective concentrations immediately after the first administration. RBP‐7000 at the doses of 60 and 90 mg provided similar active moiety plasma concentrations at steady‐state compared to 50 and 100 mg equivalent paliperidone, respectively. These findings provide guidance for dose selection in Phase III clinical trials and suggest potential benefits for RBP‐7000 over competitors.
Winter snowfall prediction in the United States using multiple discriminant analysis
Authors: Kluver Daria , Leathers Daniel 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThis study seeks to determine the skill of multiple discriminant analysis for predicting seasonal snowfall. Winter total snowfall amount and frequency of snowfall events are examined for 440 stations in the United States from 1930 to 2006. The independent variables used to create the forecast include ocean–atmosphere teleconnection patterns [such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)], large‐scale atmospheric patterns [such as the Arctic Oscillation (AO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific/North American (PNA)], land cover (such as Arctic sea ice extent and Eurasian snow cover extent), and temperature. Based on a jackknife analysis, forecasts are correct 20–80% of the time for categories of ‘below normal’, ‘near normal’, and ‘above normal’. When broader categories are used of ‘normal or below’, ‘near normal’, and ‘normal or above’ the forecasts are correct as much as 90% of the time at some stations. The Central United States, Ohio River Valley, Great Lakes, and Upper Midwest regions show the highest level of skill. Results not only confirm relationships previously documented between atmospheric phenomena and US snowfall (such as with the PNA, NAO, and ENSO), but also expand our understanding of factors that influence decadal‐scale snowfall variation (such as Arctic sea ice extent and Eurasian snow cover extent).
Mallampati class, obesity, and a novel airway trajectory measurement to predict difficult laryngoscopy
Authors: Lee Scott L. , Hosford Clint , Lee Quyen T. , Parnes Steve M. , Shapshay Stanley M. 
Published: July 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine whether Mallampati class correlates with Cormack‐Lehane grade in obese adults, and investigate a novel airway trajectory measurement (ATM) to anticipate difficult laryngoscopy.Study DesignRetrospective cohort plus a pilot study.MethodsOne hundred eighty‐four nonobese and 160 obese adults underwent laryngoscopy. Spearman correlations, gamma coefficients (G), and Kendall's τ investigated body mass index (BMI):Mallampati, BMI: Cormack‐Lehane, and Mallampati:Cormack‐Lehane. A z test compared the two groups. Twenty‐six volunteers had neck x‐rays taken in the sniffing position to examine trajectories to the larynges (ATM).ResultsPositive predictive value of high Mallampati for difficult laryngoscopy was 8.57%. BMI did not correlate with Mallampati (r = 0.055 [nonobese], r = −0.056 [obese]) or Cormack‐Lehane [r = −0.014 [nonobese], r = −0.022 [obese]). Among nonobese adults, gamma coefficients for BMI:Mallampati was 0.039 (P = .63), for BMI:Cormack‐Lehane was 0.02 (P = .85), and for Mallampati:Cormack‐Lehane was 0.43 (P = .004). Among obese adults, gamma coefficients for BMI:Mallampati was −0.127 (P = .16), for BMI:Cormack‐Lehane was 0.014 (P = .88), and for Mallampati:Cormack‐Lehane was 0.365 (P = .01). Kendall's τ were comparable to gamma coefficients in all analyses. When comparing gamma coefficients for Mallampati:Cormack‐Lehane among the nonobese and obese, z = 0.04 (P = .98). In the ATM study, only Mallampati and upper lip bite test had a significant relationship (G = 1.00, P < .001).ConclusionsMallampati correlates poorly with Cormack‐Lehane, regardless of BMI. Pilot data suggest that ATM is feasible.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 125:161–166, 2015
Synthesis of Y‐Shaped Copolymers Containing Phenylborate Ester and Biodegradable Poly(lactic acid) Blocks and Their Glucose‐Sensitive Behavior for Controlled Insulin Release
Authors: Zhao Liyuan , Zhang Xuan , Yao Yuan , Yu Changyuan , Yang Jing 
Published: July 2014

This study is devoted to developing amphiphilic, biodegradable, Y‐shaped block polymers, which can self‐assemble to form nanoparticles, as a glucose‐sensitive drug carrier. Y‐shaped poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐[poly(lactic acid)‐block‐poly (2‐phenylborate esters‐1,3‐dioxane‐5‐methyl) methylacrylate)]2 (MPEG‐(PLA‐block‐PPBDMMA)2) polymers are constructed via a combination of ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with MPEG‐(OH)2, having double initiation endings, as starting material. These Y‐shaped block polymers can disperse in an aqueous medium and self‐assemble into micellar aggregates with a spherical core–shell structure. Dynamic laser scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurements, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show the solution properties of these poly­meric micelles with or without insulin loading. Compared with MPEG‐PLA‐block‐PPBDMMA linear polymer, in vitro insulin release at different glucose concentrations, revealed by the fluorescence technique, shows that the studied Y‐shaped polymers have intelligent glucose‐concentration‐dependent manner of insulin release at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. The bulk swelling phenomenon of the polymeric micelles formed from the Y‐shaped polymers is detected by DLS in the process of their glucose‐responsiveness. Such a Y‐shaped glucose‐responsive polymer is a promising candidate that holds great potential in the treatment of diabetes.
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Relaxation Time at Glass Transition Temperature Measured by Simplex Thermo Stimulated Depolarisation Current
Authors: Bahous Hadj , Soufi Manil M. , Meuret Laurent , Benzohra Mohammed 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe aim of this work is to propose a reliable approach to estimate values of the relaxation time constant of polymers at the glass transition temperature. This approach consists of using a new thermo stimulated depolarisation current TSDC protocol which analyzes the relaxation current kinetics obtained after submitting the sample to an electrical field shock at constant temperature. The measurements have been performed on a series of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETg) samples. Different temperatures were needed to explore the range of the glass transition domain of each polymer. The results compared to calorimetric and dielectric data show a good agreement. So we confirm that the value τms = 100 s often used for characterizing the molecular dynamic of the liquid glass former at Tg is not universal.
Epoxidation of Styrene/Butadiene Star Block Copolymer by Different Methods and Characterization of the Blends with Epoxy Resin
Authors: Pandit Rajesh , Michler Goerg H. , Lach Ralf , Grellmann Wolfgang , Saiter Jean Marc , Berkessel Albrecht , Adhikari Rameshwar 
Published: July 2014

SummaryA star shaped polystyrene‐block‐polybutadiene‐block‐polystyrene (SBS) block copolymer was subjected to epoxidation reaction using different reagents such as m‐chloroperoxy benzoic acid (MCPBA), peracetic acid (PAA), performic acid (PFA) and hexaflouro‐isopropanol (HFIP). All the methods led to the targeted modification of the block copolymer satisfactorily, some of them also accompanying rapid side reactions. The epoxidized polymer was then blended with epoxy resin comprising diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A in presence of methylene dianiline (MDA) as hardener. The mixing of the epoxidized block copolymer into the epoxy resin led to the formation of well dispersed uniform blend morphology and imparted enhanced thermostability and ductility to the blends. A brittle‐to‐ductile transition was observed in the blends.
Effect of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Properties of Poly(methyl methacrylate) in PMMA/CNT Nanocomposites
Authors: Tripathi Sandeep Nath , Singh Sauraj , Malik Rajender Singh , Choudhary Veena 
Published: July 2014

SummaryIn the present paper poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) nanocomposites were prepared by bulk polymerization of MMA in presence of varying amounts of MWCNT and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) modified MWCNT (HCNT) using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The nanocomposites were characterized for their structural, thermal, electrical and morphological behaviour using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of nanofiller inhibits the formation of head to head linkages as all the nanocomposite samples show two step degradation whereas PMMA prepared under similar condition showed three step degradation. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of PMMA increased after incorporation of MWCNTs. The obtained nanocomposites show an increasing trend in the molecular weight with increase in the wt % of MWCNT whereas it decreases with the increasing initiator concentration. It was observed that the electrical conductivity is the function of molecular weight of the polymer as well as the content of MWCNT in the nanocomposites. The electrical conductivity of PMMA/HCNT composites was slightly lower as compared to PMMA/MWCNT whereas an increasing trend in the storage modulus of PMMA/HCNT nanocomposites was observed.
Biological effects of paenilamicin, a secondary metabolite antibiotic produced by the honey bee pathogenic bacterium Paenibacillus larvae
Authors: Garcia‐Gonzalez Eva , Müller Sebastian , Hertlein Gillian , Heid Nina , Süssmuth Roderich D. , Genersch Elke 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPaenibacillus larvae is the etiological agent of American Foulbrood (AFB) a world‐wide distributed devastating disease of the honey bee brood. Previous comparative genome analysis and more recently, the elucidation of the bacterial genome, provided evidence that this bacterium harbors putative functional nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs) and therefore, might produce nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) and polyketides (PKs). Such biosynthesis products have been shown to display a wide‐range of biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal or cytotoxic activity. Herein we present an in silico analysis of the first NRPS/PKS hybrid of P. larvae and we show the involvement of this cluster in the production of a compound named paenilamicin (Pam). For the characterization of its in vitro and in vivo bioactivity, a knock‐out mutant strain lacking the production of Pam was constructed and subsequently compared to wild‐type species. This led to the identification of Pam by mass spectrometry. Purified Pam‐fractions showed not only antibacterial but also antifungal and cytotoxic activities. The latter suggested a direct effect of Pam on honey bee larval death which could, however, not be corroborated in laboratory infection assays. Bee larvae infected with the non‐producing Pam strain showed no decrease in larval mortality, but a delay in the onset of larval death. We propose that Pam, although not essential for larval mortality, is a virulence factor of P. larvae influencing the time course of disease. These findings are not only of significance in elucidating and understanding host–pathogen interactions but also within the context of the quest for new compounds with antibiotic activity for drug development.
The clinical spectrum of anxiety in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Dissanayaka Nadeeka N.N.W. , White Elizabeth , O'Sullivan John D. , Marsh Rodney , Pachana Nancy A. , Byrne Gerard J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAnxiety is common in Parkinson's disease (PD), and contributes to increased disability and poorer quality of life. In spite of its significant impact, the symptomatology, chronology, and neurobiology of anxiety in PD are all poorly understood, and this hinders accurate diagnosis and development of effective treatment strategies. This review investigates and updates literature related to the clinical spectrum of anxiety in PD. The reported prevalence of anxiety in PD varies considerably, with emerging interest in the frequency of the DSM‐IV residual category of “Anxiety disorder, not otherwise specified” (Anxiety disorder NOS), which is observed in up to 25% of PD patients. By design, there are no standardized diagnostic criteria for Anxiety disorder NOS, because this is the category applied to individuals who do not meet diagnostic criteria for any other current anxiety disorder. Anxiety rating scales incompletely capture anxiety symptoms that relate specifically to PD symptoms and the complications arising from PD therapy. Consequently, these scales have been deemed inappropriate for use in PD, and there remains a need for the development of a new PD‐specific anxiety scale. Research establishing accurate symptom profiles of anxiety in PD is sparse, although characterizing such symptomatology would likely improve clinical diagnosis and facilitate targeted treatment strategies. Research into the neurobiological and psychological underpinnings of anxiety in PD remains inconclusive. Anxiety can precede the onset of PD motor symptoms or can develop after a diagnosis of PD. Further investigations focused on the chronology of anxiety and its relationship to PD diagnosis are required. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Nutrikinetic modeling reveals order of genistein phase II metabolites appearance in human plasma
Authors: Smit Suzanne , Szymańska Ewa , Kunz Iris , Roldan Victoria Gomez , van Tilborg Marcel W. E. M. , Weber Peter , Prudence Kevin , van der Kloet Frans M. , van Duynhoven John P. M. , Smilde Age K. , de Vos Ric C. H. , Bendik Igor 
Published: July 2014

ScopeGenistein from foods or supplements is metabolized by the gut microbiota and the human body, thereby releasing many different metabolites into systemic circulation. The order of their appearance in plasma and the possible influence of food format are still unknown. This study compared the nutrikinetic profiles of genistein metabolites.Methods and resultsIn a randomized cross‐over trial, 12 healthy young volunteers were administered a single dose of 30 mg genistein provided as a genistein tablet, a genistein tablet in low fat milk, and soy milk containing genistein glycosides. A high mass resolution LC‐LTQ‐Orbitrap FTMS platform detected and quantified in human plasma: free genistein, seven of its phase‐II metabolites and 15 gut‐derived metabolites. Interestingly, a novel metabolite, genistein‐4′‐glucuronide‐7‐sulfate (G‐4′G‐7S) was identified. Nutrikinetic analysis using population‐based modeling revealed the order of appearance of five genistein phase II metabolites in plasma: (1) genistein‐4′,7‐diglucuronide, (2) genistein‐7‐sulfate, (3) genistein‐4′‐sulfate‐7‐glucuronide, (4) genistein‐4′‐glucuronide, and (5) genistein‐7‐glucuronide, independent of the food matrix.ConclusionThe conjugated genistein metabolites appear in a distinct order in human plasma. The specific early appearance of G‐4′,7‐diG suggests a multistep formation process for the mono and hetero genistein conjugates, involving one or two deglucuronidation steps.
Pseudo‐random center placement O‐space imaging for improved incoherence compressed sensing parallel MRI
Authors: Tam Leo K. , Galiana Gigi , Stockmann Jason P. , Tagare Hemant , Peters Dana C. , Constable R. Todd 
Published: July 2014

PurposeNonlinear spatial encoding magnetic (SEM) field strategies such as O‐space imaging have previously reported dispersed artifacts during accelerated scans. Compressed sensing (CS) has shown a sparsity‐promoting convex program allows image reconstruction from a reduced data set when using the appropriate sampling. The development of a pseudo‐random center placement (CP) O‐space CS approach optimizes incoherence through SEM field modulation to reconstruct an image with reduced error.Theory and MethodsThe incoherence parameter determines the sparsity levels for which CS is valid and the related transform point spread function measures the maximum interference for a single point. The O‐space acquisition is optimized for CS by perturbing the Z2 strength within 30% of the nominal value and demonstrated on a human 3T scanner.ResultsPseudo‐random CP O‐space imaging is shown to improve incoherence between the sensing and sparse domains. Images indicate pseudo‐random CP O‐space has reduced mean squared error compared with a typical linear SEM field acquisition method.ConclusionPseudo‐random CP O‐space imaging, with a nonlinear SEM field designed for CS, is shown to reduce mean squared error of images at high acceleration over linear encoding methods for a 2D slice when using an eight channel circumferential receiver array for parallel imaging. Magn Reson Med 73:2212–2224, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.