bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embodied Computational Evolution: A Model for Investigating Randomness and the Evolution of Morphological Complexity
Authors: Aaron E , Long J H 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
For an integrated understanding of how evolutionary dynamics operate in parallel on multiple levels, computational models can enable investigations that would be otherwise infeasible or impossible. We present one modeling framework, Embodied Computational Evolution (ECE), and employ it to investigate how two types of randomness—genetic and developmental—drive the evolution of morphological complexity. With these two types of randomness implemented as germline mutation and transcription error, with rates varied in an $11\times 11$ factorial experimental design, we tested two related hypotheses: (H1) Randomness in the gene transcription process alters the direct impact of selection on populations; and (H2) Selection on locomotor performance targets morphological complexity. The experiment consisted of 121 conditions; in each condition, nine starting phenotypic populations developed from different randomly generated genomic populations of 60 individuals. Each of the resulting 1089 phenotypic populations evolved over 100 generations, with the autonomous, self-propelled individuals under directional selection for enhanced locomotor performance. As encoded by their genome, individuals had heritable morphological traits, including the numbers of segments, sensors, neurons, and connections between sensors and motorized joints that they activated. An individual’s morphological complexity was measured by three different metrics derived from counts of the body parts. In support of H1, variations in the rate of randomness in the gene transcription process varied the dynamics of selection. In support of H2, the morphological complexity of populations evolved adaptively.
Comprehensive evaluation of cocaine and its hydroxy metabolites in seized cocaine and a large cohort of hair samples
Authors: Madry Milena M , Denifle Teresa , Binz Tina M , Bogdal Christian , Kraemer Thomas , Baumgartner Markus R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
As cocaine (COC) is not only incorporated into hair via blood following ingestion but also by external contamination, hair samples are commonly tested for COC metabolites to prove ingestion. However, COC metabolites can also be present as degradation products in typical street COC samples. The present study investigates minor hydroxycocaine (OH-COC) metabolites p- and m-OH-COC together with p- and m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine (OH-BE) in seized COC (n = 200) and hair samples from routine case work (n = 2389). Analytical results of hair samples were interpreted using an established decision model for the differentiation between actual use and external contamination using metabolic ratios (metabolite to COC). They were further examined concerning background of request, hair color, body site of sample collection, sex, and metabolic ratios of the main metabolites [benzoylecgonine (BE), norcocaine (NC), and cocaethylene (CE)]. All seized COC samples were positive for p- and m-OH-COC with a maximum percentage of 0.025% and 0.052%, respectively; p- and m-OH-BE were detected in 55% and 56% of samples with a maximum percentage of 0.044% and 0.024%, respectively. Analytical results of 424 hair samples (17.7%) were interpreted as being predominantly from contamination; the majority of these samples were from traffic medicine cases (83.7%). Metabolic ratios of minor OH-COC metabolites were significantly higher in hair samples interpreted as originating from use than in samples interpreted as caused by contamination. Metabolic ratios for OH-COCs were significantly higher in forensic cases compared to abstinence controls and also in black hair compared to blond/gray hair. However, this was not the case for OH-BE metabolic ratios. No statistical difference was observed with regard to the donor’s sex. OH-COC metabolic ratios increased significantly with increasing ratios of NC and CE to COC, respectively. The study demonstrates that OH-COC metabolites (including thresholds for their metabolic ratios) must be used for a reliable interpretation of positive COC results in hair samples.
National Security and FDI Screening in China
Authors: Kokkoris Ioannis 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter delves into the intricate landscape of non-competition interests in China’s merger control regime, examining the interplay between industrial policy and national security concerns. It explores how these non-competition considerations shape the decision-making process of the Chinese competition authority. Discussing the merger control and distinct characteristics of China’s enforcement practices highlights the pervasive influence of industrial policy. The evolution of China’s industrial policy is analysed, and while MOFCOM has been criticized for aligning with it, the recent codification of the Fair Competition Review System should mitigate this under SAMR’s jurisdiction. The chapter then focuses on the national review, analysing its substantive and procedural facets in-depth. The chapter concludes by underscoring the ever-evolving nature of non-competition interests in China’s merger control landscape. It emphasizes the intricate connection between industrial policy and national security and anticipates an escalation of national security reviews, especially in data-driven activities.
Calculation Method
Authors: Secomb Matthew 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the method used to calculate interest. This is effectively a choice between simple and compound interest. Simple interest can be defined as ‘interest paid on the principal only and not on accumulated interest’. By contrast, compound interest can be defined as ‘interest paid on both the principal and the previously accumulated interest’. When compound interest is granted, the compounding ‘rests’ need to be determined. The rests are the time intervals after which accrued interest is calculated and then interest is calculated on the accrued interest. The chapter suggest that the choice between simple and compound interest is probably the thorniest issue when it comes to interest in international arbitration. No uniform approach has been established on this question. This lack of uniformity could be for any number of reasons. The chapter describes the traditional approaches to determining the calculation method for interest in international arbitration. It then critiques some of those approaches and sets out a possible uniform approach to determine the calculation method. Finally, it considers a possible limitation to this uniform approach, namely, mandatory laws.
The Methodology for Interpretation of the CISG
Authors: Zeller Bruno 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the methodology for interpreting the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). Before any attempt is made to comment on and interpret the method of awarding damages under the CISG, the interpretive model must be understood. The CISG, in article 7, makes it clear that interpretation must be within the ‘four corners’ of the convention, without recourse to domestic law; that is, interpretation cannot rely on methods or processes that are not contained within the CISG. Thus, article 7 regulates the method by which the CISG is applied internationally. It is the reason domestic courts are interpreting the CISG uniformly and without recourse to domestic law and its methodology.
Fundamental Breach and the CISG
Authors: Zeller Bruno 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of fundamental breach. In brief, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) offers two different approaches to a breach of contract. If the breach is ‘minor’, the aggrieved party simply concludes the contract and asks for damages. If the breach is ‘major’, the contract can be avoided, or terminated, and remedies for breach of contract can be sought. Damages are among the most important remedies any legal system can award to restore financial equilibrium. However, in certain circumstances damages are not the remedy that is envisaged or practical. It should be noted that a breach of a contract gives rise to secondary rights and obligations. Fundamental breach is one of the secondary rights and must be read within the remedial framework of the CISG.
Remuneration
Authors: Jensen J Ole 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the tribunal secretary's right to receive remuneration in return for the discharge of his/her mandate. In particular, it examines the conflicting goal of the tribunal secretary's appointment to reduce the costs of the arbitration and his/her legitimate interest to be remunerated. To find out whether the perceived increase in costs is one of the main reasons for parties to reject the appointment of a tribunal secretary, the chapter examines the secretary's original claim for remuneration on the basis of contact law against the appointing arbitrator and to whom the secretary's costs may be re-allocated. More specifically, it discusses allocation of costs if the arbitral tribunal is remunerated per hour and ad valorem, along with allocation of costs independent of the arbitrator's remuneration. Finally, it explains how the secretary's fees should be determined, highlighting the proper balance of decreasing the parties' costs without unduly decreasing the arbitrators' fees.
Complex Arbitrations (Articles 27–30)
Authors: Moser Michael , Bao Chiann 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 discusses all relevant aspects of complex arbitrations under the 2018 HKIAC Rules. This includes Joinder of Additional Partices (Article 27), Consolidation of Arbitrations (Article 28), Single arbitration under Multiple Contracts (Article 29), and Concurrent arbitrations (Article 30).
Landscape and impact of mind-body, cognitive-behavioral, and physical activity interventions in adolescent and adult brain tumor patients: A systematic review
Authors: Wollet Alex R , Rogers James L , Berhanu Sefanit , Locke Ciara , Managoli Madhura , Wu Emily , Cooper I Diane , Armstrong Terri S , King Amanda L 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
The use of mind-body, cognitive-behavioral, and physical activity interventions have shown efficacy for improving symptom burden and functional limitations in other cancers; however, these strategies have not been widely implemented within neuro-oncology. This systematic review describes the current landscape and the impact of these interventions on adolescent and adult patients with brain tumors, which may guide the development of future interventions.

Methods
A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was performed using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines with predefined eligibility criteria. Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were selected for review.

Results
There was promising evidence for the feasibility and efficacy of mind-body and physical activity interventions for improving mood and quality of life, as well as enhanced physical functioning following aerobic and strength-based interventions. Results were mixed for cognitive-behavioral interventions, likely due to underpowered analyses. Interventions tested in pediatric patients also showed improvements in fatigue, mood, and quality of life, though these individuals represented a small proportion of the pooled sample.

Conclusions
Findings suggest that mind-body and physical activity interventions can improve both physical and psychological health for patients with brain tumors, though additional well-designed clinical trials are needed to better establish efficacy.
Introduction
Authors: Green Jeffrey Edward 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Introduction defends the premise of the book: that Bob Dylan ought to be considered in prophetic terms. It details the sociological, formalistic, and substantive features of the Dylan phenomenon that make the prophetic label credible. Against interpretations of Dylan that insist that he be read only as a musician or poet, the introduction explains the overlap, especially pronounced in Dylan’s case, between music and prophecy and between poetry and prophecy. The introduction also summarizes the book’s overarching argument that Dylan be understood as a highly unusual kind of prophet: a prophet of diremption (or “prophet without God”), rather than the more customary prophet of salvation.
Strengthen the Things that Remain
Authors: Green Jeffrey Edward 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Part III examines Bob Dylan’s pessimism. In contradistinction to dominant trends in philosophy and the broader culture, Dylan contemplates that the so-called arc of the moral universe either does not exist or bends toward injustice; predicts that the world forever will be mired in violence, oppression, and plutocracy; and thus asserts that only partial and local acts of repair are possible, not overarching progress. Dylan’s pessimism is close to the tradition of political realism—exemplified by such figures as Thucydides, Machiavelli, Clausewitz, Weber, Morgenthau, and Kissinger—which itself sees the world as permanently fallen. Yet Dylan offers a distinct perspective, articulating a political realism that is realer in being targeted toward ordinary people rather than elite statesmen. The message of Dylan’s realer realism is not the traditional realist concern with how to achieve political mastery, but rather the call to “wake up and strengthen the things that remain.”
Keyboard Playing in the Beatles’ Abbey Road
Authors: Koozin Timothy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on keyboard playing in the Beatles’ Abbey Road album, exploring keyboard-idiomatic gestures in songs that project musical topics and implications of virtual agency. The study shows how the large-scale trajectory of the album is organized through guitar-oriented and piano keyboard–oriented gestural oppositions. Shaping gestural constraints in a virtual environment, the Beatles leverage the communicative power of embodied musical gestures to create their fantastic musical worlds. The important contributions of Billy Preston are also considered in this study. The interplay of musical topics provides a dramatic medium for social-political commentary, as social relations are implied in musical relationships. In musically staging a psychedelic tuning out from the meanness of society, the Beatles open a fictive expressive space to regain contact with a redemptive childlike innocence.
Voice in Hip Hop
Authors: Koozin Timothy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on voice in hip hop. In examining songs by the Notorious B.I.G., OutKast, A Tribe Called Quest, and Kendrick Lamar, the study explains how the feel of a musical groove indexes to the body through the rapper’s rhythmic delivery of the text: flow. Then turning to songs by Queen Latifah and TLC, the study demonstrates how timing, vocal articulation, and phonetics in flow contribute to the artists’ embodied projections of female empowerment. Tracing connections between earlier rap music and later R&B, the study explores how songs by Mary J. Blige, Beyoncé, and Noname leverage the potential for marked expression by shifting dynamically in speaking, singing, and rapping a text.
The Complex Tapestry of Free Will
Authors: Kane Robert 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
It is now more than half a century since the author first began thinking about issues of free will. The libertarian views of free will developed over this long period have been much debated and have been refined and further developed in response to the critical literature. The goal of this book is to provide an overview of recent developments of the author’s views along with responses to the latest critical literature on them over the past twenty-five years since the publication of The Significance of Free Will (1996). Chapters 1–5 present an overview of the author’s current view with the recent additions and alterations to it defended in greater detail. Chapters 6–10 include critical examinations of influential views of many philosophers in the past twenty-five years who have defended alternative views of free will and moral responsibility, including prominent defenders of competing libertarian views, prominent defenders of compatibilist views, free will skeptical views, revisionist views, illusionist views, and others. The goal of these chapters is not merely to criticize these views, but to show what they get right and what aspects of many of them can be accommodated in the libertarian view of free will defended here. The final chapter relates the view of free will of earlier chapters to ethical views the author has developed in other works over this same period and to the philosophy of religion, including Eastern religions (Hinduism, Buddhism) as well as theistic traditions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam).
The Libertarian Spectrum (Part III) Agent-Causal and Noncausal Views
Authors: Kane Robert 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses contemporary agent-causal (AC) and noncausal (NC) libertarian views, comparing them to the view of this book. Once again, as in the previous two chapters, rather than focusing merely on criticisms of these libertarian views, the chapter also looks for convergences between them and the AC/EC view defended here. In doing so, the chapter discusses the views of a variety of traditional and contemporary philosophers who have defended libertarian views of an agent-causal kind. Noncausalist libertarian views have not been as popular as agent-causal views among libertarians. But the chapter argues that while they also fall short of giving adequate accounts of libertarian free will, much can also be learned by considering the motivations and arguments for such noncausalist views. Considering such views throws further light on the role of complex dynamical systems, teleological guidance control, and plural voluntary control in making sense of libertarian free will.
The Supreme Guide to Writing
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Supreme Guide to Writing cuts through competing advice to detail definitive grammar rules based on the nation’s unequivocal authority: the U.S. Supreme Court. The book details a revolution in legal writing, with the justices progressing beyond the drab and technical for the deft and lyrical. With the first-ever analysis of 10,000 pages of Court opinions, the book pinpoints grammar and style rules that the justices follow—and describes the outdated rules they leave behind. Today’s Court casts aside formality in favor of pop-culture references, contractions, and approachable language. In addition to establishing grammar and style rules, The Supreme Guide to Writing illustrates best practices with hundreds of examples of the justices’ most brilliant sentences from the past several years. With step-by-step instructions, the book describes how to emulate the justices’ writing styles by breaking down their strategies and techniques. It shows how Justice Elena Kagan lands amusing quips and weaves together down-to-earth analogies, how Justice Neil Gorsuch executes witty retorts, and how Chief Justice John Roberts pens unforgettable lines with understated style and humor. The best writing appears effortless, but it also takes tremendous effort. Legal writing even more so. The Supreme Guide to Writing provides a nonpartisan look at how the justices present their words to the world.
Em-dash
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The em-dash is a powerful punctuation mark used liberally by the justices. Writers scold the em-dash as an “embarrassing best friend,” a “crutch for scatterbrained writers,” and a sign of “a profusion of overstuffed and loosely constructed sentences, bulging with parenthetical additions and asides.” Given this distaste, a cautious writer might be wise to avoid them, but the justices are more adventurous. They drop hundreds of these powerful punctuation marks in their opinions each term. This long dash offers a punchy alternative to the formal colon, the deemphasizing parentheses, and the more casual comma. Use two em-dashes to surround information in the middle of a sentence, or one to underscore details at the beginning or end of a sentence. Style here matters: the justices and lawyers everywhere avoid adding spaces before or after an em-dash, unlike what is seen in journalism or publishing.
Exclamation Marks
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The exclamation mark is the one character on every keyboard with the power to shout, gesticulate wildly, and bark. But it is practically forbidden in the civilized world of the law. Exclamation marks in Supreme Court opinions are so rare it is as if the justices are following writer Elmore Leonard’s advice: “You are allowed no more than two or three per 100,000 words of prose.” While the justices nearly unanimously avoid the uncivilized exclamation, some fulfill a rare need to raise the volume. Four justices have used an exclamation mark to express extreme sarcasm or frustration in five recent years—but just ten times in over ten thousand pages. So it is wise to follow the Court’s lead and (nearly always) skip this loud punctuation mark.
Semicolons
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The semicolon takes the formal colon and the casual comma and creates a hybrid; it offers another way to break up a sentence or a series. One story places its birth in Venice in 1494, at a time of punctuation “tinkering” and “writerly experimentation and invention.” This combo of a swoosh and a dot does two things for the legal writer: it breaks up a complicated series or string citation, and it combines two sentences into one—in two different ways. While all the justices use semicolons to write combine sentences, they do so rarely. One common use for semicolons is separating items in a complicated list. That is, a list with items containing commas within or especially lengthy clauses. The serial semicolon separates items in the same way as a serial comma. It helps the writer avoid a messy soup of commas or a confusing sequence.
Spaces
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Spacing after sentences has divided and vexed writers for decades. Should writers put one space or two after a period? Both answers run afoul of the Court’s standard. For published opinions in United States Reports, the justices use an em-space after each sentence. That is just an extra-large space, like an em-dash is an extra-large dash. In typography, it is a space the size of a capital M.
Relative Pronouns
Authors: Barton Jill 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The relative pronouns—when, where, who, whom, and whose—pose a thorny question. A misplaced comma with a relative pronoun can change the intended meaning of a sentence. This chapter illustrates why and when clauses with these relative pronouns get commas. For example, these sentences are correct, even though one skips the comma before the word who: “Consider initially a person who cannot remember his crime because of a mental disorder, but who otherwise has full cognitive function.” “Residents of those areas include many of Alaska’s poorest citizens, who rely on rivers for access to necessities like food and fuel.” The trick is figuring out whether the relative clause is essential or not. That is, if you cut the clause, would the sentence still work? If yes, then it needs commas to offset the non-essential detail. If no, then the clause is essential, so skip the commas.