bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conhecimentos, modelos, e raciocínio condicional
Authors: Quelhas Ana Cristina , Johnson-Laird P. N. 
Published: July 2014

A interpretação de frases, e em particular a interpretação de frases condicionais, pode ser modulada quer pelo significado das mesmas, pelos referentes, ou pelos conhecimentos gerais. O presente estudo examina o efeito pragmático dos conhecimentos no raciocínio a partir de pares de premissas condicionais. De acordo com a teoria dos modelos, inferências com a mesma forma, mas com conteúdos diferentes, deverão gerar um padrão de inferências diferente. Consideremos as seguintes premissas: Se a Maria não está em Paris, então ela está em França. Se a Maria está em França, então ele é estudante. A primeira premissa explora a inclusão espacial (Paris é em França), pelo que numa possibilidade Maria não está em Paris mas está em França, e noutra possibilidade Maria está em Paris e portanto está também em França. Assim, é impossível a Maria não estar em França, pelo que os indivíduos tenderão a inferir a partir da segunda premissa que ela é estudante. Em contraste, se considerarmos as seguintes premissas, que tem a mesma forma que as do exemplo anterior, mas um conteúdo diferente: Se o João não está em Roma, então ele está em França.Se o João está em França, então ele é estudante. A primeira premissa explora a exclusão espacial (Roma não é em França), pelo que numa possibilidade João não está em Roma e está em França, e noutra possibilidade ele está em Roma e não está em França. Assim, os indivíduos não têm nenhuma base para a inferência categórica de que ele é estudante, e deverão tender para a conclusão condicional de que Se o João não está em Roma então ele é estudante. Os problemasde inclusão geram menos possibilidades do que os problemas de exclusão, pelo que a teoria dos modelos prediz que os problemas de inclusão deverão ser mais fáceis do que os problemas de exclusão.O artigo relata duas experiências que corroboram as previsões da teoria dos modelos. Na Experiência 1, os participantes dão mais conclusões categóricas nas premissas de inclusão, mas apenas algumas conclusões condicionais nas premissas de exclusão. De facto, comas premissas de exclusão, obtém-se muitas conclusões outras. Para evitar isso fizemos uma segunda experiência, onde os participantes escolhem a conclusão a partir de quatro que são fornecidas: conclusão categórica; conclusão condicional; ambas; nenhuma (ao contrárioda Experiência 1, onde os participantes escreviam a conclusão). A Experiência 2 replica a superioridade de conclusões categóricas com as premissas de inclusão, e encontra a superioridade de conclusões condicionais com as premissas de exclusão.
Asfixia perinatal e comportamento maternal
Authors: Canete Sandra , Pires António 
Published: July 2014

O presente estudo tem como objectivo construir um modelo teórico acerca do comportamento de mães de crianças que fizeram asfixia perinatal. Os participantes são quatro mães cujos filhos têm idades compreendidas entre os quatro meses e os três anos de idade. Três das participantes eram primíparas e uma tinha já um filho. As mães foram contactadas na Maternidade Dr. Alfredo da Costa, tendo os dados sido recolhidos através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas.A análise dos dados foi feita através do método Grounded Theory e permitiu constatar que toda a situação de crise évivenciada por etapas, as mães têm necessidade de separar a situação em fases, como o nascimento, a alta da mãe, o internamento do bebé, a alta da criança e a fase pós-alta da criança. Algumas categorias reveladoras da situação vivida pelas mães destas crianças no período pós-alta são a preocupação em relação ao desenvolvimento, vigilância permanente do desenvolvimento da criança e como consequência uma dependência entre a mãe e a criança.
Dinâmicas grupais na adolescência
Authors: Gouveia-Pereira Maria , Pedro Isaura , Amaral Virgílio , Alves Martins Margarida , Peixoto Francisco 
Published: July 2014

Diversos estudos têm evidenciado que o grupo de amigos assume para os adolescentes importância a vários níveis: suporte instrumental e emocional, ajuda na resolução das tarefas desenvolvimentais e na construção da identidade (Alves Martins, 1998; Gouveia-Pereira, 1995, 1998; Palmonari, Pombeni & Kirchler,1990, 1991, 1992; Sherif, 1984). Na linha dos trabalhos de Tajfel (1982, 1983) acerca das relações intergrupais e segundo Cotterel (1996), o grupo proporciona experiências emocionais positivas, através da aceitação e reconhecimento do indivíduo, em contrapartida, o indivíduo ganha no sentido da pertença, da solidariedade entre os membros do grupo.Definimos como objectivo analisar a percepção que os adolescentes têm do seu grupo de pares e dos outros grupos, numestabelecimentos escolar na área de Lisboa. Para analisar essa percepção, procurámos contemplar a formação e o percurso do grupo, locais de encontro, dimensões identitárias e avaliativas, e em função destas, compreender a diferenciação relativamente aos outros grupos, junto de 42 adolescentes. A amostra foi constituída por 42 adolescentes a frequentar os 7.º e 9.º anos de escolaridade. Para a recolhados dados utilizaram-se metodologias qualitativas com entrevistas de grupo aprofundadas.Os resultados evidenciam que a formação dos grupos é fortemente influenciada pela dinâmica escolar. Ao nível das relações intergrupais a forma como os adolescentes se diferenciam dos outros grupos é diferente consoante se encontram no 7.º ano ou no 9.º ano. Os do 9.º ano apresentam maior capacidade de diferenciação relativamente aos outros grupos, e diferenciam-se através de dimensões, quer avaliativas quer de natureza mais comportamental, enquanto os do 7.º ano apenas o fazem através desta última dimensão.
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Geometrical Parameters on the Performance of a Contraction-Expansion Helical Mixer
Authors: Dong Liang , Shufen Zhang 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this study, the mixing efficiency of a passive contraction-expansion helical mixer, which combines several features, such as helical pipes for induction of secondary flows and sudden expansion and contraction array for expansion vortices, was numerically and experimentally studied. We employed the method of Box–Behnken to select the appropriate design points. Then, various configurations were investigated via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The extent of mixing was evaluated by monitoring the residence time distribution (RTD) and observing the shape of the RTD curves. A fast competitive-consecutive diazo coupling reaction is carried out to validate the RTD results. The influences of radius of curvature of the helical mixer, ratio of the length of the contraction part to expansion part, pitch of helical mixer, and the Reynolds number (Re) on mixing efficiency, and pressure drop were also investigated. As expected, the radius of curvature of the helical mixer, ratio of the length of the contraction part to expansion part, and the Reynolds number affected significantly the mixing efficiency, while the pitch of helical mixer had little influence on mixing efficiency. Quadratic models for mixing efficiency and pressure drop were then proposed and could be used for designing the optimal contraction-expansion helical mixer for the required pumping power.
Recurrent pancreatitis in a patient with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia treated successfully with cinacalcet
Authors: Gunganah Kirun , Grossman Ashley , Druce Maralyn 
Published: July 2014

Summary
A 22-year-old female student presented with a history of recurrent pancreatitis. The commonest causes of pancreatitis, including drugs, gallstones, corticosteroids, excess alcohol and hypertriglyceridaemia, were excluded. She was found to have an elevated serum calcium level that was considered to be the cause of her pancreatitis, with a detectable serum parathyroid hormone (PTH). An initial diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was made. However, two neck explorations failed to reveal a parathyroid adenoma. She was referred to our unit three years later as her episodes of pancreatitis were becoming more frequent and her calcium level remained persistently elevated. Her investigations were as follows: elevated adjusted calcium level of 2.79 mmol/l (2.2–2.58), PTH level of 4.2 pmol/l (0.6–6.0), low 24 h urine calcium of 0.3 mmol/l and a urine calcium:creatinine ratio of <0.003. A clinical diagnosis of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) was made and confirmed on genetic testing that showed a c.1703 G>A mutation in the calcium-sensing receptor gene. Although the hypercalcaemia of FHH is usually without sequelae due to the generalised changes in calcium sensing, in the presence of this complication she was started on cinacalcet 30 mg daily. She had one further episode of pancreatitis with calcium levels ranging between 2.53 and 2.66 mmol/l. Her cinacalcet was gradually increased to 30 mg three times daily, maintaining her calcium levels in the range of 2.15–2.20 mmol/l. She has not had a further episode of pancreatitis for more than 2 years.
FHH is usually a benign condition with minimal complications from hypercalcaemia. Pancreatitis has been reported rarely, and no clear management strategy has been defined in these cases. Cinacalcet was successfully used in treating recurrent pancreatitis in a patient with FHH by maintaining calcium levels in the lower part of the reference range. Whether or not this is an effective long-term treatment remains yet to be seen.

Learning points

FHH is an important differential diagnosis for hypercalcaemia.

FHH can rarely cause pancreatitis.

No clear strategy is available to help in the management of patients with pancreatitis due to FHH.

Cinacalcet was effective in lowering serum calcium levels and reducing the frequency of pancreatitis in our patient with FHH.
Consistent and Heritable Alterations of DNA Methylation Are Induced by Tissue Culture in Maize
Authors: Stelpflug Scott C , Eichten Steven R , Hermanson Peter J , Springer Nathan M , Kaeppler Shawn M 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Plants regenerated from tissue culture and their progenies are expected to be identical clones, but often display heritable molecular and phenotypic variation. We characterized DNA methylation patterns in callus, primary regenerants, and regenerant-derived progenies of maize using immunoprecipitation of methylated DNA (meDIP) to assess the genome-wide frequency, pattern, and heritability of DNA methylation changes. Although genome-wide DNA methylation levels remained similar following tissue culture, numerous regions exhibited altered DNA methylation levels. Hypomethylation events were observed more frequently than hypermethylation following tissue culture. Many of the hypomethylation events occur at the same genomic sites across independent regenerants and cell lines. The DNA methylation changes were often heritable in progenies produced from self-pollination of primary regenerants. Methylation changes were enriched in regions upstream of genes and loss of DNA methylation at promoters was associated with altered expression at a subset of loci. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) found in tissue culture regenerants overlap with the position of naturally occurring DMRs more often than expected by chance with 8% of tissue culture hypomethylated DMRs overlapping with DMRs identified by profiling natural variation, consistent with the hypotheses that genomic stresses similar to those causing somaclonal variation may also occur in nature, and that certain loci are particularly susceptible to epigenetic change in response to these stresses. The consistency of methylation changes across regenerants from independent cultures suggests a mechanistic response to the culture environment as opposed to an overall loss of fidelity in the maintenance of epigenetic states.
Unit of Measurement Used and Parent Medication Dosing Errors
Authors: Yin H. Shonna , Dreyer Benard P. , Ugboaja Donna C. , Sanchez Dayana C. , Paul Ian M. , Moreira Hannah A. , Rodriguez Luis , Mendelsohn Alan L. 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Adopting the milliliter as the preferred unit of measurement has been suggested as a strategy to improve the clarity of medication instructions; teaspoon and tablespoon units may inadvertently endorse nonstandard kitchen spoon use. We examined the association between unit used and parent medication errors and whether nonstandard instruments mediate this relationship.

METHODS:
Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a larger study of provider communication and medication errors. English- or Spanish-speaking parents (n = 287) whose children were prescribed liquid medications in 2 emergency departments were enrolled. Medication error defined as: error in knowledge of prescribed dose, error in observed dose measurement (compared to intended or prescribed dose); &gt;20% deviation threshold for error. Multiple logistic regression performed adjusting for parent age, language, country, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education, health literacy (Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults); child age, chronic disease; site.

RESULTS:
Medication errors were common: 39.4% of parents made an error in measurement of the intended dose, 41.1% made an error in the prescribed dose. Furthermore, 16.7% used a nonstandard instrument. Compared with parents who used milliliter-only, parents who used teaspoon or tablespoon units had twice the odds of making an error with the intended (42.5% vs 27.6%, P = .02; adjusted odds ratio=2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–4.4) and prescribed (45.1% vs 31.4%, P = .04; adjusted odds ratio=1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–3.5) dose; associations greater for parents with low health literacy and non–English speakers. Nonstandard instrument use partially mediated teaspoon and tablespoon–associated measurement errors.

CONCLUSIONS:
Findings support a milliliter-only standard to reduce medication errors.
Sleep Environment Risks for Younger and Older Infants
Authors: Colvin Jeffrey D. , Collie-Akers Vicki , Schunn Christy , Moon Rachel Y. 
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVE:Sudden infant death syndrome and other sleep-related causes of infant mortality have several known risk factors. Less is known about the association of those risk factors at different times during infancy. Our objective was to determine any associations between risk factors for sleep-related deaths at different ages.METHODS:A cross-sectional study of sleep-related infant deaths from 24 states during 2004–2012 contained in the National Center for the Review and Prevention of Child Deaths Case Reporting System, a database of death reports from state child death review teams. The main exposure was age, divided into younger (0–3 months) and older (4 months to 364 days) infants. The primary outcomes were bed-sharing, objects in the sleep environment, location (eg, adult bed), and position (eg, prone).RESULTS:A total of 8207 deaths were analyzed. Younger victims were more likely bed-sharing (73.8% vs 58.9%, P &lt; .001) and sleeping in an adult bed/on a person (51.6% vs 43.8%, P &lt; .001). A higher percentage of older victims had an object in the sleep environment (39.4% vs 33.5%, P &lt; .001) and changed position from side/back to prone (18.4% vs 13.8%, P &lt; .001). Multivariable regression confirmed these associations.CONCLUSIONS:Risk factors for sleep-related infant deaths may be different for different age groups. The predominant risk factor for younger infants is bed-sharing, whereas rolling into objects in the sleep area is the predominant risk factor for older infants. Parents should be warned about the dangers of these specific risk factors appropriate to their infant’s age.
Association of cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphism with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and response to concurrent cisplatin-based radical chemoradiation
Authors: Paul Sayan , Chaudhuri Tamojit , Pant M. C. , Parmar D. , Srivastava Kirti 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Aims: The aim of the present study is to investigate the association between polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) enzyme with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and response in patients receiving cisplatin-based radical chemoradiation (CT-RT). Materials and Methods: Four hundred and sixty patients suffering from locally advanced HNSCC and an equal number of healthy controls were genotyped for CYP2C9FNx012 and CYP2C9FNx013, leading to poor metabolizers (PMs) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Each case was assessed thoroughly for treatment response as per the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Results and Analysis: The frequency of heterozygous genotypes of both CYP2C9FNx012 (27.8%) and CYP2C9FNx013 (25%) were found to be significantly higher in the HNSCC cases as compared to the healthy controls. Tobacco intake in the form of chewing or smoking and alcohol intake resulted in several folds increase in the risk to HNSCC in the cases carrying variant genotypes of CYP2C9FNx012 or CYP2C9FNx013. Further, majority of the cases assessed for response (n = 436) carrying variant alleles of CYP2C9FNx012 (69.6%) or CYP2C9FNx013 (65.2%) were found to respond poorly to cisplatin-based radical CT-RT. Conclusion: The data suggests a significant association of the CYP2C9 polymorphism with HNSCC and treatment outcome underlining the importance of pretherapeutic genotyping in determining the treatment protocol.
Water—air gas exchange of elemental mercury: An experimentally determined mercury diffusion coefficient for Hg0 water—air flux calculations
Authors: Kuss Joachim 
Published: July 2014

The evasion of elemental mercury (Hg0) from water surfaces is a key process in biogeochemical mercury cycling. Knowledge of the Hg0 diffusion coefficient (DHG0) in water is essential for Hg0 water—air flux calculations, but no measured value has been available. In this study, DHG0 was measured in pure water and in water of oceanic salinity within an environmental temperature range between 5°C and 30°C. A diffusion cell was constructed consisting of two chambers separated by an aqueous gel membrane allowing molecular diffusion only. The corresponding parameterizations were developed on the basis of the Eyring equation, which defines an activation energy (Ea) for the diffusion process. The temperature dependences of DHG0 (in cm2 s−1) for freshwater, DfreshHG0 = 0.0335e−(18.63 kJ mol−1)/RT, and for seawater, DseaHG0 = 0.0011e−(11.06 kJ mol−1)/RT, with R the gas constant and T the temperature in Kelvin, were thus obtained with an error of ±15%. Whereas the measured DfreshHG0 was in good agreement with the theoretical proposals of a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, DseaHG0 was clearly lower, probably because of the unaccounted effect of the polarization of mercury atoms in the salt solution, which hampers diffusion. In geochemistry applications, use of the newly determined DseaHG0 instead of the DHG0 from MD simulations would have differential effects on determinations of mercury emissions from the world's oceans. The effect on the tropical ocean would be the largest, decreasing the Hg0 water—air flux estimate by 20%. Toward higher latitudes (∼50°), the calculated emission would drop by about 10%. On the basis of a recent large data set, the estimated amount of mercury released by the Atlantic Ocean would decrease by approximately 17%.
The Convergence of Ricoeur’s and Von Wright’s Complex Models of History
Authors: Cox Linda L. 
Published: July 2014

The relationship between the structural identity of narrative and the truth claim of the historical narrative work is one of importance to Ricœur. He considers the attempts of two interwoven models of history emerging from analytic philosophy—explanatory and narrative—to articulate this relationship. This paper explores the trajectories of these models as well as the epistemological and ontological crises culminating from the “simple” theses of each model. The solution to these crises requires a more complex method to account for the nature of the connections underlying historical understanding. Georg Henrik von Wright’s provisional or “hybrid” model of explanation and understanding revises the simple explanatory model and is foundational for Ricœur’s own complex revision of narrativist models through his notion of questioning back. The present paper argues that the structure of this hybrid model was unsatisfactory for von Wright, and leads in the direction of Ricœur’s own narrative method. Keywords: Ricœur, von Wright, Narrative, History, Questioning back. Résumé La relation entre l’identité structurale du récit et la prétention à la vérité de l’œuvre de récit historique est fondamentale chez Ricœur. Il considère que les deux modèles historiographiques de provenance analytique – le modèle explicatif et le modèle narratif – peuvent s’articuler. Cet article explore les trajectoires de ces modèles autant que les crises épistémologiques et ontologiques qui culminent dans chacune des thèses prise dans un sens unilatéral. La solution pour remédier à ces crises requiert une méthode plus complexe pour tenir compte de la nature des liens qui sous-tendent la compréhension historique. Le modèle d’explication et de compréhension, provisoire et “hybride,” de Georg Henrik von Wright permet de réviser le simple modèle explicatif. Ceci est fondamental pour comprendre la révision complexe que Ricœur apporte aux modèles narrativistes à travers la reprise de la notion de “questionnement à rebours.” La présente contribution fait valoir que la structure de ce modèle hybride n’est pas satisfaisante pour von Wright, et débouche dans le sens de la méthode narrative proposée par Ricœur.Mots-clés: Ricœur, von Wright, Narrative, Histoire, Questionnenement à rebours.
Maintaining Class Actions in Tax Cases: Why Have Federal Litigants Been so Much Less Successful?
Authors: Crane Charlotte 
Published: July 2014

Class actions challenging tax collections and seeking refunds are commonplace to state tax administrators in many jurisdictions. In stark contrast, however, class actions remain unusual in the various federal courts in which suits claiming that federal taxes have been illegally collected can be brought. This paper will attempt to offer some tentative explanations for this disparity. The disparity can be easily generalized. The federal courts have viewed their ability to interfere with tax processes as strictly a matter of limited jurisdiction under specific statutory provisions. Taking their cues from statutes that clearly were intended to limit their power in tax cases, the federal courts have been relatively unwilling to interpret these statutes in ways that expand taxpayers’ remedies. State courts, on the other hand, seem far more likely to apply the same approach to tax cases as they would apply to any other civil case involving private parties, and as a result, feel far less hesitation in taking a more generous approach to taxpayers’ remedies. Why?