bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-axial classification
Authors: Cooper John E. , Sartorius Norman 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The idea that it would be useful to systematically record key elements describing the condition of mentally ill people on several axis (e.g. that of disability) was introduced early in the 20th century by Kretschmer who recommended that psychiatrists should note the causal factors in addition to the diagnosis for each of their patient. Other proposals followed suggesting the systematic recording of matters such as personality traits or disorders, severity of disability produced by the psychiatric disorder, the environmental factors influencing the onset and development of the disorders and the legal implications of the disorder. The most widely known scheme is the one included in the fourth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM- IV). The most recent proposal for a multi-axial classification (using six axes) is that produced by the World Health Organization for use in child psychiatry. While there is general agreement that it would be useful to accompany the diagnosis by recording on several other axes some key features of the patient’s state, in practice the systematic and consistent use of multi-axial classifications as a routine part of psychiatric record keeping in case-notes used for clinical care is probably not widespread.
The future
Authors: Cooper John E. , Sartorius Norman 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
DSM-5 is due to be published in May 2013, and ICD-11 probably in 2015. An extensive series of conferences and consultations, with considerable international input and including field trials, has been organised by the APA DSM-5 Task Force. The WHO has also created an Advisory Group, with input from the World Psychiatric Association, that will give special emphasis to the needs of Primary Care. Officials of the WHO and the APA have agreed on a meta-structure to be followed in the final versions of both the classifications. For the more distant future, as psychiatry continues to diversify due to advances in technology and increases in our knowledge of psychiatric disorders, it may well be increasingly difficult to produce comprehensive classifications that will be understandable and useful to all the different types of psychiatrists that will evolve. However, increasingly sophisticated information technology may counteract such developments.
The tertiary survey: how to avoid missed injuries
Authors: Tisherman Samuel A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In the trauma setting, evaluation of possible injuries must proceed simultaneously withongoing resuscitation the patient. The patient should be fully evaluated expeditiously sothat all injuries are recognized and managed optimally. This complete evaluationof the trauma patient in the ICU or hospital ward has been called the tertiary survey, as first described by Enderson, et al (1990). A complete tertiary survey is critical to fully assess the patient and avoidmissing important injuries, which can have a significant impact on morbidity aswell as mortality.The tertiary survey is not a one-time evaluation, but a process that includesserial physical examinations and assessments.
Airway management in the intensive care unit
Authors: Emlet Lillian L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Airway management in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) requires a systematic, comprehensive approach to manage the anticipated and unanticipated difficulties that arise from critical illness and respiratory failure. It is similar in many waysto other emergent airway management situations in the emergency department(ED) and in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest due to its unanticipated, emergentnature. In contrast, the situation may be different due to progressivelydecreased cardiopulmonary physiologic reserve, anatomic difficulties, andvariable injury complex of each trauma patient.
Abdominal trauma
Authors: Bauzá Graciela , Peitzman Andrew B. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The patient with abdominal injury represents a multitude of challenges to the intensivist. Understanding injury patterns increasesthe likelihood of timely diagnosis and treatment of injuries. The corollary isavoidance of missed injury. Missed abdominal injury is a common cause of preventablemorbidity and mortality in the trauma patient. The trauma intensivistmust understand, recognize, and anticipate potential injury complexes and theircomplications.The intent of this chapter is to review the basics of abdominal trauma and emphasize the vital role that the intensivist plays in the care of the trauma patient. The organization of the chapter presents mechanisms of injury followedby specific intra-abdominal organ injury with discussion of diagnosis andmanagement.
Soft tissue trauma and rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Ferrada Paula 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of muscle fibers with leakage of intracellularcontents into the systemic circulation. The result of this extracellular rush of intracellular contents is multi-systemic. One of the devastating consequences ofthis disease is renal failure. This is due to decreased renal perfusion, cast formationwith tubular obstruction, and the direct toxic effects of myoglobin on therenal tubules. Trauma, particularly crush injury, is the most common predisposingfactor for this disease. Any patient with crush injury or/and a large amount of muscle compromisefrom soft tissue injury must be treated for rhabdomyolysis until provenotherwise.
Management of the brain-dead organ donor
Authors: Singbartl Kai 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Nearly 7% of transplant candidates in the United States diewhile on the waiting list. Use of marginal, high-risk donors and the extension ofcriteria for donation have attenuated the shortage to a small degree. In addition, several administrative and clinical measures, such as the institution of in-houseorgan procurement coordinators, have also been introduced to address thisproblem. These measures by themselves are insufficient to alleviatethe shortage of transplantable organs. Therefore, the accurate and carefulmanagement of brain-dead organ donors becomes of utmost importance in our attempts to further maximize the number of organs that can be retrieved fortransplantation and, the number of other recipient lives that can subsequentlybe saved. This chapter will discuss the management of brain-dead organ donors, and focus on the organization of donor management as well as medicalaspects, in particular hemodynamic and pulmonary management.
Management of traumatic spinal cord injury
Authors: Panczykowski David M. , Okonkwo David O. , Spiro Richard M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In the United States, the annual incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) ranges from 25 to 58 per million people.Primary Injury is defined as neuronal death or dysfunction as a consequence ofinitial impact, transient or persistent compression, distraction, and laceration/transection. Secondary Injury involves progressive ischemic, inflammatory, and cytotoxic processes initiated or potentiated by systemic and/or local insults.Initial assessment should be in accordance with Advanced Trauma Life-Supportrecommendations, beginning with an evaluation of airway, breathing, and circulatoryfunction.Patients with acute traumatic SCI should be managed at a Level I trauma centerbecause these centers have demonstrated better outcomes. Patients sufferingSCI, regardless of severity, frequently experience cardiovascular instability andpulmonary insufficiency necessitating vigilant monitoring.
Acute kidney injury
Authors: Piper Greta L. , Kaplan Lewis J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
AKI is increasingly common and continues to be associated with significantmorbidity and mortality. Although the understanding of certain etiologies andmechanisms has improved, the general diagnostic approach remains unchanged.Prevention of initial AKI, as well as prevention of worsening of AKI with supportivetherapy, remains the most effective means of managing this insult.Classification of kidney injury with the RIFLE criteria provides a common referencefor comparison that can be used for future trials to further elucidateprognosis as well as provide more standardized evidence-based protocols fortreatment.
Infection and antibiotic management
Authors: Claridge Jeffrey A. , Banerjee Aman 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Nosocomial infections are a major patient safety issue in the ICU. They causesignificant increases in patient morbidity and mortality, as well as increase medicalexpenses. Trauma patients often sustain multiple injuries—any of which canlead to infection. Critically ill trauma patients have a higher risk of infectioncompared to other surgical ICU cohorts. Trauma patientshave higher rates of emergency procedures such as intubation, central venouscatheterization, and tube thoracostomy, where the use of sterile techniquemight not be absolute. Trauma and blood transfusion may also be associatedwith immunosuppression. Additionally, trauma ICU device utilization rates areamong the highest when compared to other ICU types.
Nutrition
Authors: Ochoa Juan B. , Bryk Jodie 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Critical illness profoundly disrupts the ability to maintain volitional oral intakewhich, without intervention, can lead to prolonged starvation, the progressiontowards malnutrition, and the development of malnutrition-related organ dysfunctionand complications. In addition, lack of oral intake in another humanbeing elicits emotional responses by both well-intentioned family and healthcareproviders prompting the unnecessary provision of inappropriate nutrition interventionduring illness. Far from being supportive, however, prescription of inappropriatelyindicated forms of nutrition intervention in the critically ill patient can result in significant side effects and may worsen outcomes. Nutrition intervention is not intuitive andrequires a careful understanding of metabolism during health and disease, as wellas knowledge of the different forms of nutrition intervention. This chapter aimsto provide a basic understanding of nutrition intervention in the critically ill whileproviding guidelines that can help physicians in their day-to-day practices.
Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis
Authors: Alarcon Louis H. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common problem in trauma patients andcan potentially lead to significant morbidity, mortality, and resource expenditure.Although the most serious consequence ofVTE is the development of massive pulmonary embolism and death, DVT and PE can also lead tosignificant morbidity and long-term sequelae.Several evidence-based guidelines have been proposed with varying degrees of adherenceandeffectiveness, primarily due to concerns of increased bleeding in themulti-trauma patient.
Sedation and analgesia in the intensive care unit
Authors: Kaynar A. Murat 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Most patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICUs) require sedation and analgesia to minimize discomfort, anxiety, dyspnea, pain, and risks associated withagitation, such as inadvertent removal of tubes or catheters. The level of sedationrequired should be defined as early as possible in the course of a patient–sstay in the ICU.Patient-focused sedationshould incorporate the concept that the need for sedation and analgesia differsamong patients and within patients over time during the course of theirillnesses. As much as the therapies need to be individualized, the approach to sedationand analgesia is better accomplished in a multi-disciplinary fashion, includingthe perspectives of nurses, pharmacists, and physicians and amalgamating theminto a functional and patient-oriented medical plan.
Geriatric trauma critical care
Authors: Marshall Gary T. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The declines in motor and cognitive functionassociated with aging have combined to create an ever enlarging group of geriatricpatients experiencing trauma. As such, the ICU population is made up of anenlarging proportion of injured, elderly patients requiring specially tailored care.The injury severity is often disproportionate to an apparentlybenign mechanism of injury.Mortality is increased at all phases of the death curve in geriatric trauma patients:prehospital, early, and late. Early mortality can be reduced by early, aggressiveresuscitation, thorough radiographic evaluation, monitoring, and operation. Late death in the elderly is reduced by meticulous attention to detail and subtlechanges in patient status.
Introduction to EEG
Authors: Misulis Karl E 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
EEG is a key instrument aiding the identification of seizures and diagnosis of epilepsy. Additionally, EEG is used in patients with confirmed epilepsy to assist medical treatment by identifying the type of discharge, and assist surgical treatment by localizing and characterizing the seizure focus. Terminology is first presented followed by a discussion of the role of EEG in diagnosis and management.
Basic Science of EEG
Authors: Misulis Karl E 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Basic science of EEG includes neurophysiology as well as electronics. First discussed is an overview of basic neurophysiology as it pertains to generation of cerebral electrical activity. Subsequently, basic electronics is presented with a focus on physics and circuit theory as applied to EEG. Include in this is discussion of the science behind EEG equipment including electrodes, amplifiers, filters, and displays. Lastly, the physiologic generators of normal and abnormal EEG activity are discussed, as a foundation for understanding the basis for what we see in clinical EEG.
EEG Technology
Authors: Misulis Karl E 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
EEG technology concerns the equipment and methods of EEG performance as well as essentials of technical EEG interpretation. EEG quality is greatly determined by the skill and performance of the technologist, especially since EEG is a fluid study, which evolves depending on real-time impression of the EEG and clinical behaviors of the patient. EEG methodology is first discussed followed by approaches to EEG evaluation during and after the study by technician and electroencephalographer.
Seizure Management
Authors: Abou-Khalil Bassel , Misulis Karl E 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Seizure management consists of medical therapy, surgical therapy, non-medical therapy, and counseling. Medical therapy is prominently discussed with subsequent presentation of non-medical and surgical therapies. Counseling is discussed with the understanding that some of the specific topics of counseling are dependent on regional laws and practice and patient-specific considerations.
Phonology
Authors: Hellmuth Sam 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPhonology is the study of systematic patterning in the distribution and realization of speech sounds within and across language varieties. Arabic phonology features heavily in the work of the Arab grammarians, most notably in the Kitaab of Sibawayh. Sibawayh provides phonetic descriptions of the articulation of individual speech sounds, which are accompanied by an analysis of the patterning of sounds in Arabic, which is indisputably phonological in nature. This article sets out five important strands of phonological research on Arabic, taking in work on the language-particular phonological properties of Arabic as well as research that exploits fine-grained variation among spoken varieties of Arabic for theoretical gain. The discussion is structured to move from segmental phonology (the properties of individual speech sounds) to suprasegmental phonology (the properties of larger domains such as the syllable, word, or phrase).
Arabic Linguistic Tradition I
Authors: Baalbaki Ramzi 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The Arabic linguistic tradition (also termed Arabic grammatical tradition) is the most extensive among the Arabic linguistic sciences. This article focuses on the two major branches of the grammatical tradition: nahw (which refers to grammar in general but more specifically to syntax); and sarf (morphology). Sections of the article cover early grammar and the origins of the grammatical theory, early works and Sibawayhi’s Kitaab, grammar from the 3rd/9th century onward, and the study of morphology in the Arabic linguistic tradition.
The Syntax of Arabic From A Generative Perspective
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas , Choueiri Lina 
Published: February 2014

AbstractResearch on Arabic varieties within modern syntactic approaches has tracked the debates that have preoccupied the field of generative linguistics in its different incarnations throughout the last six decades. The debates centered on the nature of linguistic categories, syntactic configurations and their constituents, syntactic alternations and processes that alter the order of constituents, and dependencies between members of the syntactic representations. This article considers the main issues within Arabic syntax and the influential approaches that have been advanced. It focuses on debates surrounding phrase structure and word order, the syntax of the noun phrase, subjects and subject agreement, negation, long A’-dependencies, and wh-in situ constructions.
The Philological Approach to Arabic Grammar
Authors: Edzard Lutz 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article is devoted to the philological analysis of selected features of Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic as well as selected features of Middle Arabic. The sections on the writing system and phonology as well as morphology are held rather brief, as the aspect of “cultural embeddedness” seems to be less relevant in these realms of grammar. First and foremost, it reflects a nonexhaustive overview of some cases or even causes célèbres in Arabic syntax and semantics. The article concludes with a short philological analysis of a Middle Arabic (here: Judeo-Arabic) text.
Borrowing
Authors: Kossmann Maarten 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article discusses borrowing—mainly lexical borrowing—in relation to Arabic. It first provides a brief introduction to early loans in Arabic. Then it considers borrowing in written Arabic, before dealing with borrowing in spoken Arabic. The literature on this subject is vast, corresponding to the large geographical area and many languages involved in contact with Arabic. The article therefore offers typologies of the linguistic processes by which the borrowing out of and into Arabic can be understood without claiming comprehensiveness.
What Is Arabic?
Authors: Retsö Jan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article addresses what we mean today by the term Arabic: the whole complex of spoken languages from Oman to Morocco, from southern Turkey to Chad, including almost the entire Arabian Peninsula. Which are the purely linguistic criteria on which our modern use of the term is based? Which are the isoglosses that set it apart from other Semitic languages? The modern concept of Arabic, which argues that it encompasses both Arabiyya and modern vernaculars, is not meaningful as a pure linguistic concept. Searching through the phonology and morphology of the complex we call Arabic today, it seems impossible to find anything that delimits the group from other Semitic languages in a meaningful way. From a purely linguistic viewpoint, the Arabic complex is dissolved into a large variety of languages that in varying degrees have elements in common with each other as well as with other Semitic languages.
The Arabic Literary Language
Authors: Newman Daniel 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article discusses the developments in formal written Arabic in the early Modern period, which started with Napoleon’s invasion and occupation of Egypt (1798–1802), when the Arab Muslim world first came into direct contact with the West. The article first discusses the emergence and development of Modern Standard Arabic. Then it details the calls for language reform and revival, spurred by widening political and financial encroachments of Western powers all over the Muslim world. Finally, the article describes the establishment of language institutions aimed at preserving the language from foreign terms. It shows that the existence of multiple normative institutions was inherently self-defeating. Driven by political and ideological reasons, it resulted in petty rivalries between the various organizations, each vying for authority.
Predictors of Patient Medication Compliance on the Day of Surgery and the Effects of Providing Patients with Standardized yet Simplified Medication Instructions
Authors: Vetter Thomas R. , Downing Michelle E. , Vanlandingham Sean C. , Noles Kristen M. , Boudreaux Arthur M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background:
Anesthesiologists are responsible for optimizing patients’ preoperative medications, including maximizing their compliance with preoperative medication instructions. The authors hypothesized that a standardized, simplified instruction sheet presented and verbally reinforced during the preanesthesia clinic visit would improve patient medication compliance on the day of surgery.

Methods:
An unmatched case-control design was applied, with nonrandomized, preintervention (controls) and postintervention (cases) data collected. In the preintervention group, patient education/instruction regarding taking medications on the day of surgery continued in the existing, unstandardized manner. In the postintervention group, patients were given a simplified, multicolored Preoperative Patient Medication Instruction Sheet, which was consistently verbally reviewed with patients. Group differences and independent variable associations were analyzed with conventional inferential biostatistics.

Results:
A total of 521 and 531 patients were enrolled in the preintervention group and postintervention group, respectively. Of this, 309 patients (60%) of preintervention group versus 391 patients (74%) of postintervention group (P < 0.001) were compliant with their preoperative medication instructions on the day of surgery. Use of the Preoperative Medication Instruction Sheet (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.83; P < 0.001), Caucasian race (aOR = 1.74; P = 0.007), and recalling receiving both verbal/written preoperative medication instructions (aOR = 1.51; P = 0.006) were associated with greater patient medication compliance. Older age (aOR = 0.67; P = 0.014) and higher American Society of Anesthesiologists status (aOR = 0.60; P = 0.004) were associated with lesser patient medication compliance.

Conclusions:
A standardized, multicolored, pictorial Preoperative Patient Medication Instruction Sheet, with patient communication in both verbal/written forms, seems to improve patient medication compliance on the day of surgery. African-Americans, older patients, and those with greater comorbidities may require a more concerted effort to achieve an adequate preoperative medication compliance.