bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positive and negative experiences of breast pumping during the first 6 months
Authors: Flaherman Valerie J. , Hicks Katherine G. , Huynh Justine , Cabana Michael D. , Lee Kathryn A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFor mothers with breastfeeding difficulties, pumping can be recommended to help establish milk production. However, pumping may present some barriers to successful breastfeeding. Mothers with milk supply concern may be at higher risk of barriers to successful breastfeeding. No previous studies have described experiences of pumping among mothers with milk supply concern. We conducted 10 focus groups of 56 mothers who had milk supply concern in the first month after birth. A paid, trained facilitator led groups in a semi‐structured approach. Sessions were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were coded independently by two investigators and analysed using grounded theory. We identified five themes related to the experience of pumping among mothers with milk supply concern: (1) additional control over breastfeeding from pumping: ‘I would feed and then give him … whatever I could manage to pump to him’. (2) Painful experience: ‘The first time I pumped my boobs hurt so bad’. (3) Pumped volume affected milk supply concern: ‘Pump and there was hardly anything coming out that's when I started to worry’. (4) Pumping interfered with other nurturing activities: ‘While you're pumping, you can't touch the baby’. (5) Frustration from inconsistent provider advice: ‘They told me to pump … and then said, “That's going to cause your milk to increase too much” ’. Mothers had positive and negative experiences with pumping. Clinicians should assess a mother's experience shortly after she initiates pumping, as further management and counselling may be necessary to avoid barriers to successful breastfeeding.
Unwanted childbearing and household food insecurity in the United States
Authors: Patel Shivani A. , Surkan Pamela J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractHousehold food insecurity is a population health concern disproportionately affecting families with children in the United States. Unwanted childbearing may place unanticipated strain on families to meet basic needs, heightening the risk for household food insecurity. We investigated the association between mother's and father's report of unwanted childbearing and exposure to household food insecurity among children residing in two‐parent households in the United States. Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Birth Cohort, a nationally representative cohort of US children (n ∼ 6150), were used to estimate the odds of household food insecurity when children were aged 9 months and 2 years, separately, based on parental report of unwanted childbearing. The majority of children were reported as wanted by both parents (74.4%). Of the sample, report of unwanted childbearing by father‐only was 20.0%, mother‐only was 3.4% and joint mother and father was 2.2%. Household food insecurity was higher when children were 9 months compared with 2 years. In adjusted models accounting for confounders, children born to mothers and fathers who jointly reported unwanted childbearing were at higher odds of exposure to household food insecurity at 9 months [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.31; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.97, 5.57] and 2 years (AOR = 2.52; 95% CI: 1.12, 5.68). In two‐parent households, we found that children raised by parents reporting unwanted childbearing were more likely to be exposed to food insecurity and potentially related stressors. Further studies that prospectively measure wantedness before the child's birth will aid in confirming the direction of this association.
Consumption of highly processed snacks, sugar‐sweetened beverages and child feeding practices in a rural area of Nicaragua
Authors: Contreras Mariela , Zelaya Blandón Elmer , Persson Lars‐Åke , Ekström Eva‐Charlotte 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAppropriate feeding behaviours are important for child growth and development. In societies undergoing nutrition transition, new food items are introduced that may be unfavourable for child health. Set in rural Nicaragua, the aim of this study was to describe the infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices as well as the consumption of highly processed snack foods (HP snacks) and sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs). All households with at least one child 0‐ to 35‐month‐old (n = 1371) were visited to collect information on current IYCF practices in the youngest child as well as consumption of SSBs and HP snacks. Breastfeeding was dominant (98%) among 0‐ to 1‐month‐olds and continued to be prevalent (60%) in the second year, while only 34% of the 0‐ to 5‐month‐olds were exclusively breastfed. Complementary feeding practices were deemed acceptable for only 59% of the 6‐ to 11‐month‐old infants, with low dietary diversity reported for 50% and inadequate meal frequency reported for 30%. Consumption of HP snacks and SSBs was frequent and started early; among 6‐ to 8‐month‐olds, 42% and 32% had consumed HP snacks and SSBs, respectively. The difference between the observed IYCF behaviours and World Health Organization recommendations raises concern of increased risk of infections and insufficient intake of micronutrients that may impair linear growth. The concurrent high consumption of SSBs and HP snacks may increase the risk of displacing the recommended feeding behaviours. To promote immediate and long‐term health, growth and development, there is a need to both promote recommended IYCF practices as well as discourage unfavourable feeding behaviours.
Poor dietary diversity and low nutrient density of the complementary diet for 6‐ to 24‐month‐old children in urban and ruralKwaZulu‐Natal,SouthAfrica
Authors: Faber Mieke , Laubscher Ria , Berti Cristiana 
Published: August 2014

AbstractInfants and toddlers have high nutritional requirements relative to body size but consume small amounts of food and therefore need nutrient‐dense complementary foods. A cross‐sectional study included children aged 6–24 months, stratified in three age categories (6–11 months, 12–17 months and 18–24 months) and randomly selected from an urban (n = 158) and a rural (n = 158) area, both of low socio‐economic status, in theKwaZulu‐NatalProvince ofSouthAfrica. Dietary diversity and nutrient density of the complementary diet (excluding breast milk and formula milk) based on a repeated 24‐h dietary recall was assessed. For breastfeeding children, nutrient density of the complementary diet was adequate for protein, vitaminAand vitaminC; and inadequate for 100% of children for zinc, for >80% of children for calcium, iron and niacin; and between 60% and 80% of children for vitaminB6 and riboflavin. Urban/rural differences in density for animal and plant protein, cholesterol and fibre occurred in 18–24‐month‐old children. Fewer than 25% of children consumed ≥4 food groups, with no urban/rural differences. Higher dietary diversity was associated with higher nutrient density for protein and several of the micronutrients including calcium, iron and zinc. The poor nutrient density for key micronutrients can probably be ascribed to lack of dietary variety, and little impact of mandatory fortification of maize meal/wheat flour on infants/toddlers' diet. Targeted strategies are needed to enable mothers to feed their children a more varied diet.
A novel methyltransferase from the intracellular pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae methylates salicylic acid
Authors: Ludwig‐Müller Jutta , Jülke Sabine , Geiß Kathleen , Richter Franziska , Mithöfer Axel , Šola Ivana , Rusak Gordana , Keenan Sandi , Bulman Simon 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe obligate biotrophic pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is characterized by large root galls. Salicylic acid (SA) production is a defence response in plants, and its methyl ester is involved in systemic signalling. Plasmodiophora brassicae seems to suppress plant defence reactions, but information on how this is achieved is scarce. Here, we profile the changes in SA metabolism during Arabidopsis clubroot disease. The accumulation of SA and the emission of methylated SA (methyl salicylate, MeSA) were observed in P. brassicae‐infected Arabidopsis 28 days after inoculation. There is evidence that MeSA is transported from infected roots to the upper plant. Analysis of the mutant Atbsmt1, deficient in the methylation of SA, indicated that the Arabidopsis SA methyltransferase was not responsible for alterations in clubroot symptoms. We found that P. brassicae possesses a methyltransferase (PbBSMT) with homology to plant methyltransferases. The PbBSMT gene is maximally transcribed when SA production is highest. By heterologous expression and enzymatic analyses, we showed that PbBSMT can methylate SA, benzoic and anthranilic acids.
‘They said it was bronchiolitis; is it going to turn into asthma doctor?’
Authors: Gidaris Dimos , Urquhart Don , Anthracopoulos Michael B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAcute bronchiolitis is a common paediatric disease of infancy. Its association with subsequent asthma development has puzzled clinicians and epidemiologists for decades. This article reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the role of acute bronchiolitis in the inception of asthma. There is little doubt that acute bronchiolitis is associated with an increased risk of recurrent wheezing throughout the primary school years although the direction of causality—i.e. whether bronchiolitis in infancy leads to asthma or it merely represents the first clinical presentation of predisposition to asthma—is uncertain. Existing evidence suggests that both host factors (e.g. prematurity, atopic predisposition) and acute viral infection characteristics (e.g. type of virus, severity) are operating in this relationship, perhaps with variable involvement in different individuals. Further clarification of these issues will help paediatricians provide evidence‐based information regarding the long‐term prognosis of this common disease to the families, and at the same time, it will facilitate prophylactic approaches and therapeutic strategies.
Transnationalisation, Public Communication and Active Citizenship. The Emergence of a Fragmented and Fluid European Public Sphere
Authors: Bee Cristiano 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper is focused on the emergence of the European public sphere debate. This discussion has become more and more prominent between scholars of European Studies who have given it both normative and empirical attention. This is due to a variety of reasons, but in particular the increase in research about the legitimacy of European integration, which has been the subject of a wide debate since at least the beginning of the 1990s. Firstly, the article critically assesses the normative arguments that have supported the development of the European public sphere, by focusing on the social, political and cultural dimensions of European integration. After having assessed this debate and underlined current challenges emerged in light of recent events (such as the euro‐crisis, the rise of euroscepticism and the rise in far right movements), the article then introduces the empirical research on the europeanisation of the public sphere, by looking at the development of an agenda that has more and more concentrated on the fragmentation and fluidity of such construct. This discussion is key to introduce the final part of the article, which focuses on the role of civil society in the broader European constituency and in the public sphere. The article highlights some of the ambiguities inherent to the current research agenda, by calling for a more comprehensive approach to study active citizenship in Europe that departs from a consideration of the NGOs activists as the main locus of analysis.
Who's Controlling Who? Personal Communication Devices and Work
Authors: Rose Emily 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPersonal communication devices have long been part of work life. In recent decades, the range of modes available has proliferated and their use has became widespread. This article examines the ways that personal communication devices have shaped workers' experience of work. It reviews four key areas of research on this topic: the ability to work in new times and spaces; the relationship between work and personal life; the fragmentation of work; and the pace and intensity of work. The article highlights how the issue of control is critical when attempting to understand the how and why of any effects arising from workers' use of these technologies.
Characterizing the Impact of Requirements Volatility on Systems Engineering Effort
Authors: Peña Mauricio , Valerdi Ricardo 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the results of a study aimed at increasing the understanding of the causes of requirements volatility, its impact on systems engineering effort, and its changing dynamics over the system life cycle. The objective of the research is to improve the ability of systems engineers to anticipate and manage the effects of changing requirements. The ultimate goal of this study is to develop a model for quantifying the impact of requirements volatility on systems engineering effort that can be incorporated into the Constructive Systems Engineering Cost Model. Based on a review of the literature and expert judgment collected through surveys in five workshops, we identify five observations that summarize the key considerations of requirements volatility.First, a set of project organizational, technical, and contextual factors were ranked by subject matter experts in terms of their influence on requirements volatility. Their responses point to poor initial understanding of the system and customer needs as the leading cause of requirements volatility. Second, our results suggest that, while volatility tends to decrease over time, the number of requirements changes may increase during transitions between life cycle phases. Third, requirements volatility increases the functional size of the project and causes rework of engineering products, driving an increase in systems engineering effort. Fourth, the effect of requirements volatility on systems engineering effort increases the later the change occurs in the system life cycle. Fifth, the effort impact of a requirements change varies depending on the type of change (added, deleted, and modified).
Arabidopsis thaliana IRX10 and two related proteins from psyllium and Physcomitrella patens are xylan xylosyltransferases
Authors: Jensen Jacob Krüger , Johnson Nathan Robert , Wilkerson Curtis Gene 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe enzymatic mechanism that governs the synthesis of the xylan backbone polymer, a linear chain of xylose residues connected by β‐1,4 glycosidic linkages, has remained elusive. Xylan is a major constituent of many kinds of plant cell walls, and genetic studies have identified multiple genes that affect xylan formation. In this study, we investigate several homologs of one of these previously identified xylan‐related genes, IRX10 from Arabidopsis thaliana, by heterologous expression and in vitro xylan xylosyltransferase assay. We find that an IRX10 homolog from the moss Physcomitrella patens displays robust activity, and we show that the xylosidic linkage formed is a β‐1,4 linkage, establishing this protein as a xylan β‐1,4‐xylosyltransferase. We also find lower but reproducible xylan xylosyltransferase activity with A. thaliana IRX10 and with a homolog from the dicot plant Plantago ovata, showing that xylan xylosyltransferase activity is conserved over large evolutionary distance for these proteins.
Canine progenitor epidermal keratinocytes express various inflammatory markers, including interleukin‐8 and CD40, which are affected by certain antibiotics
Authors: White Amelia G. , Wolsic Cassandra L. , Campbell Karen L. , Lavergne Sidonie N. 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundBacterial skin infections are common in dogs and humans. Keratinocytes have phenotypic features of nonprofessional antigen‐presenting cells and express various cytokines. However, little is known about the effects of antibiotics on inflammatory markers in canine keratinocytes.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo investigate inflammatory markers in canine progenitor epidermal keratinocytes (CPEKs) and to determine the effects of selected antibiotics on these markers.MethodsThe CPEKs were exposed for 2–24 h to three concentrations of amoxicillin, cefalexin, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole (or its nitroso metabolite), amikacin or enrofloxacin. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunocytochemistry were used to detect major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II. CD40 and CXCR1 [interleukin (IL)‐8 receptor] were detected using ELISA. Secreted cytokines/chemokines were quantified using a multiplex kit.ResultsNo MHC II protein was detected. CD40 protein was found at 24 h, with levels being significantly increased by enrofloxacin. The CPEKs secreted no detectable monocyte chemotactic protein‐1; undetectable to low (picogram per millilitre range) concentrations of IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐10, IL‐15, tumour necrosis factor‐α, interferon‐γ and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor; and high (nanogram per millilitre range) concentrations of IL‐8. Levels of IL‐8 increased over 24 h following cell proliferation. They were significantly increased by enrofloxacin after 8 h, and by cefalexin, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, its nitroso metabolite and enrofloxacin after 24 h. The CPEKs expressed CXCR1.Conclusions and clinical importanceCanine progenitor epidermal keratinocytes express various inflammatory proteins, with expression profiles being affected by certain antibiotics. This supports previous work showing keratinocytes to be mediators of inflammation and demonstrates the potential pro‐inflammatory effects of certain antibiotics in the skin.
Characterization of a Novel AmpC β-Lactamase Produced by a Carbapenem-Resistant Cedecea davisae Clinical Isolate
Authors: Ammenouche Nacim , Dupont Hervé , Mammeri Hedi 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

A
Cedecea davisae
isolate, which was intermediate or resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems, was recovered from a urine sample. Susceptibility testing, isoelectric focusing, and analysis of outer membrane proteins showed that AmpC β-lactamase expression combined with porin deficiency accounted for the carbapenem resistance. A cloning experiment followed by phenotypic and enzymatic characterization identified a novel class C enzyme that was phylogenetically and biochemically close to the chromosome-borne β-lactamases of the genera
Enterobacter
and
Citrobacter
.
Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of GSK1322322 in the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections
Authors: Corey Ralph , Naderer Odin J. , O'Riordan William D. , Dumont Etienne , Jones Lori S. , Kurtinecz Milena , Zhu John Z. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

GSK1322322 represents a new class of antibiotics that targets an essential bacterial enzyme required for protein maturation, peptide deformylase. This multicenter, randomized, phase IIa study compared the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of GSK1322322 at 1,500 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) with that of linezolid at 600 mg b.i.d. in patients suspected of having Gram-positive acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs). The primary endpoint was assessment of the safety of GSK1322322, and a key secondary endpoint was the number of subjects with a ≥20% decrease in lesion area from the baseline at 48 and 72 h after treatment initiation. GSK1322322 administration was associated with mild-to-moderate drug-related adverse events, most commonly, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headache. Adverse events (86% versus 74%) and withdrawals (28% versus 11%) were more frequent in the GSK1322322-treated group. Treatment with GSK1322322 and linezolid was associated with ≥20% decreases from the baseline in the lesion area in 73% (36/49) and 92% (24/26) of the patients, respectively, at the 48-h assessment and in 96% (44/46) and 100% (25/25) of the patients, respectively, at the 72-h assessment. Reductions in exudate/pus, pain, and skin infection scores were comparable between the GSK1322322 and linezolid treatments. The clinical success rates within the intent-to-treat population and the per-protocol population that completed this study were 67 and 91%, respectively, in the GSK1322322-treated group and 89 and 100%, respectively, in the linezolid-treated group. These results will be used to guide dose selection in future studies with GSK1322322 to optimize its tolerability and efficacy in patients with ABSSSIs. (This study has been registered at
ClinicalTrials.gov
under registration no. NCT01209078 and at
http://www.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com
[PDF113414].)
Pharmacokinetics of Tedizolid in Subjects with Renal or Hepatic Impairment
Authors: Flanagan S. , Minassian S. L. , Morris D. , Ponnuraj R. , Marbury T. C. , Alcorn H. W. , Fang E. , Prokocimer P. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Two open-label, single-dose, parallel-group studies were conducted to characterize the pharmacokinetics of the novel antibacterial tedizolid and the safety of tedizolid phosphate, its prodrug, in renally or hepatically impaired subjects. Tedizolid pharmacokinetics in subjects with severe renal impairment without dialysis support was compared with that of matched control subjects with normal renal function. Effects of hemodialysis on tedizolid pharmacokinetics were determined in a separate cohort of subjects undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Effects of hepatic impairment on tedizolid pharmacokinetics were determined in subjects with moderate or severe hepatic impairment and compared with those of matched control subjects with normal hepatic function. Each participant received a single oral (hepatic impairment) or intravenous (renal impairment) dose of tedizolid phosphate at 200 mg; hemodialysis subjects received two doses (separated by 7 days), before and after dialysis, in a crossover fashion. The pharmacokinetics of tedizolid was similar in subjects with severe renal impairment and controls (∼8% lower area under the concentration-time curve [AUC], with a nearly identical peak concentration) and in subjects undergoing hemodialysis before and after tedizolid phosphate administration (∼9% lower AUC, with a 15% higher peak concentration); <10% of the dose was removed during 4 h of hemodialysis. Tedizolid pharmacokinetics was only minimally altered in subjects with moderate or severe hepatic impairment; the AUC was increased approximately 22% and 34%, respectively, compared with that of subjects in the control group. Tedizolid phosphate was generally well tolerated in all participants. These results suggest that tedizolid phosphate dose adjustments are not necessary in patients with any degree of renal or hepatic impairment. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration numbers NCT01452828 [renal study] and NCT01431833 [hepatic study].)