bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When is the State's Gaze Focused? British Royal Commissions and the Bureaucratization of Conflict
Authors: Keller Matthew R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractScholars have long documented changes in knowledge regimes and power relations characteristic of state‐centric drives to pacify conflicts and govern populations. But the mechanisms through which social conflicts are “made legible” in routine policy processes – as well as the reasons why some ongoing conflicts are pacified and others are persistent – have remained less clear. I explore these issues through an analysis of the shifting analytic terrain of national‐level commissions of inquiry, an historically powerful form of government organization designed to combine publicly‐engaged and “objective” explanation with recommendations for concrete policies of governance. Drawing principally on 19th and early 20th Century British Royal Commissions, I show how investigations into three fields of social conflict – involving prisoners, the working class, and colonial populations – were characterized by cyclical drives to bureaucratize conflict. Yet strikingly, only two of the three substantive fields – prisons and labor – achieved relative bureaucratic closure. Evidence from commission reports is marshaled to explain why some types of conflict have been resistant to incorporation, while others are more readily absorbed into an apparatus of governance.
Expression of Concern: HMGB1 mediates splenomegaly and expansion of splenic CD11b+ Ly‐6Chigh inflammatory monocytes in murine sepsis survivors
Authors: Valdés‐Ferrer S. I. , Rosas‐Ballina M. , Olofsson P. S. , Lu B. , Dancho M. E. , Ochani M. , Li J. H. , Scheinerman J. A. , Katz D. A. , Levine Y. A. , Hudson L. K. , Yang H. , Pavlov V. A. , Roth J. , Blanc L. , Antoine D. J. , Chavan S. S. , Andersson U. , Diamond B. , Tracey K. J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundMore than 500,000 hospitalized patients survive severe sepsis annually in the USA. Recent epidemiological evidence, however, demonstrated that these survivors have significant morbidity and mortality, with 3‐year fatality rates higher than 70%. To investigate the mechanisms underlying persistent functional impairment in sepsis survivors, here we developed a model to study severe sepsis survivors following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).MethodsSepsis was induced in mice by CLP and survivors were followed for twelve weeks. Spleen and blood were collected and analyzed at different time points post‐sepsis.ResultsWe observed that sepsis survivors developed significant splenomegaly. Analysis of the splenic cellular compartments revealed a major expansion of the inflammatory CD11b+ Ly‐6CHigh pool. Serum high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels in the sepsis surviving mice were significantly elevated for 4‐6 weeks after post‐sepsis, and administration of an anti‐HMGB1 monoclonal antibody significantly attenuated splenomegaly as well as splenocyte priming. Administration of recombinant HMGB1 to naive mice induced similar splenomegaly, leukocytosis and splenocyte priming as observed in sepsis survivors. Interestingly analysis of circulating HMGB1 from sepsis survivors by mass spectroscopy demonstrated a stepwise increase of reduced form of HMGB1 (with known chemo‐attractant properties) during the first 3 weeks, followed by disulphide form (with known inflammatory properties) 4‐8 weeks after CLP.DiscussionOur results indicate that prolonged elevation of HMGB1 is a necessary and sufficient mediator of splenomegaly and splenocyte expansion, as well as splenocyte inflammatory priming in murine severe sepsis survivors.
Effect of feeding dried distillers' grains with solubles on milk yield and milk composition of cows in mid‐lactation and digestibility in sheep
Authors: Westreicher‐Kristen E. , Kaiser R. , Steingass H. , Rodehutscord M. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryWe evaluated the effect of three sources of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets of mid‐lactating dairy cows on milk production and milk composition and on digestibility in sheep. DDGS from wheat, corn and barley (DDGS1), wheat and corn (DDGS2) and wheat (DDGS3) were studied and compared with a rapeseed meal (RSM). RSM and DDGS were characterized through in situ crude protein (CP) degradability. Nutrient digestibility was determined in sheep. Twenty‐four multiparous cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28‐day periods. Treatments included total mixed rations containing as primary protein sources RSM (control), DDGS1 (D1), DDGS2 (D2) or DDGS3 (D3). RSM contained less rapidly degradable CP (fraction a), more potentially degradable CP (fraction b) and more rumen undegradable CP (UDP) than the three DDGS. In vivo digestibility of RSM organic matter was similar to DDGS. Calculated net energy for lactation (NEL) was lower for RSM (7.4 MJ/kg DM) than for DDGS, which averaged 7.7 MJ/kg DM. Cows' dry matter intake did not differ between diets (21.7 kg/day). Cows fed D1 yielded more milk than those fed D3 (31.7 vs. 30.4 kg/day); no differences were found between control and DDGS diets (31.3 vs. 31.1 kg/day). Energy‐corrected milk was similar among diets (31.2 kg/day). Diets affected neither milk fat concentration (4.0%) nor milk fat yield (1.24 kg/day). Milk protein yield of control (1.12 kg/day) was significantly higher than D3 (1.06 kg/day) but not different form D1 and D2 (1.08 kg/day each). Feeding DDGS significantly increased milk lactose concentration (4.91%) in relation to control (4.81%). DDGS can be a suitable feed in relation to RSM and can be fed up to 4 kg dry matter per day in rations of dairy cows in mid‐lactation. However, high variation of protein and energy values of DDGS should be considered when included in diets of dairy cows.
Gene silencing inFucusembryos: developmental consequences ofRNAi‐mediated cytoskeletal disruption
Authors: Farnham Garry , Strittmatter Martina , Coelho Susana , Cock Jeremy Mark , Brownlee Colin 
Published: June 2013

Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are an important algal class that play a range of key ecological roles. They are often important components of rocky shore communities. A number of members of the Fucales and Ectocarpales have provided models for the study of multicellular evolution, reproductive biology and polarized development. Indeed the fucoid algae exhibit the unusual feature of inducible embryo polarization, allowing many classical studies of polarity induction. The potential of further studies of brown algae in these important areas has been increasingly hindered by the absence of tools for manipulation of gene expression that would facilitate further mechanistic analysis and gene function studies at a molecular level. The aim of this study was to establish a method that would allow the analysis of gene function throughRNAi‐mediated gene knockdown. We show that injection of double‐strandedRNA(dsRNA) corresponding to an α‐tubulin gene intoFucus serratusLinnaeus zygotes induces the loss of a large proportion of the microtubule cytoskeleton, leading to growth arrest and disruption of cell division. Injection of dsRNAtargeting β‐actin led to reduced rhizoid growth, enlarged cells and the failure to develop apical hair cells. The silencing effect on actin expression was maintained for 3 months. These results indicate that theFucusembryo possesses a functionalRNAinterference system that can be exploited to investigate gene function during embryogenesis.
The Relationship Between Perceived Burden of Chronic Conditions and Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Appalachian Residents
Authors: Tarasenko Yelena N. , Fleming Steven T. , Schoenberg Nancy E. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPurposeAs the population living with several concurrent chronic conditions or multiple morbidity (MM) increases, understanding how to effectively fit prevention efforts into disease management becomes more important, particularly among rural, underserved populations. Compared to their urban counterparts, rural residents suffer higher rates of disease, receive fewer preventive services, and often live in environments limiting access to optimal medical care. This study describes rural residents’ perceived burdens of disease management and explores the relationship between these burdens, as proxies of individuals’ competing demands, and colorectal cancer screening (CRCS).MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study, based on telephone survey data from 1,012 Appalachian residents, ages 50‐75, with 1 or more chronic conditions. Measures of perceived MM burdens were developed based on 85 pilot interviews previously undertaken with providers and patients with MM residing in Appalachian Kentucky.ResultsMany participants (81%) agreed with 1 or more statements indicating perceived burdens of disease management effects on receiving CRCS. A higher percentage of rural (vs nonrural) Appalachians perceived burdens related to physician's recommendation, preparation to colonoscopy, and time management and affordability of both current diseases and screening. These differences did not modify the overall association between perceiving MM as burdensome and forgoing CRCS. The negative effect on CRCS of perceived burdens related to interaction with physician and time management was lower for participants with multiple rather than single morbidity.ConclusionFuture research designed to address perceived burdens of MM and improved interaction with health care providers may enhance critical prevention efforts among vulnerable populations.
Astragaloside IV Protects Heart from Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury via Energy Regulation Mechanisms
Authors: Tu Lei , Pan Chun‐Shui , Wei Xiao‐Hong , Yan Li , Liu Yu‐Ying , Fan Jing‐Yu , Mu Hong‐Na , Li Quan , Li Lin , Zhang Yu , He Ke , Mao Xiao‐Wei , Sun Kai , Wang Chuan‐She , Yin Chang‐Cheng , Han Jing‐Yan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectiveThis study was designed to investigate the protective potential of AS‐IV against ischemia and I/R‐induced myocardial damage, with focusing on possible involvement of energy metabolism modulation in its action and the time phase in which it takes effect.MethodsSD rats were subjected to 30 minutes LADCA occlusion, followed by reperfusion. MBF, myocardial infarct size, and cardiac function were evaluated. Myocardial structure and myocardial apoptosis were assessed by double immunofluorescence staining of F‐actin and TUNEL. Content of ATP, ADP, and AMP in myocardium, cTnI level, expression of ATP5D, P‐MLC2, and apoptosis‐related molecules were determined.ResultsPretreatment with AS‐IV suppressed MBF decrease, myocardial cell apoptosis, and myocardial infarction induced by I/R. Moreover, ischemia and I/R both caused cardiac malfunction, decrease in the ratio of ATP/ADP and ATP/AMP, accompanying with reduction of ATP 5D protein and mRNA, and increase in P‐MLC2 and serum cTnI, all of which were significantly alleviated by pretreatment with AS‐IV, even early in ischemia phase for the insults that were implicated in energy metabolism.ConclusionsAS‐IV prevents I/R‐induced cardiac malfunction, maintains the integrity of myocardial structure through regulating energy metabolism. The beneficial effect of AS‐IV on energy metabolism initiates during the phase of ischemia.
EVALUATING ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR ABALONE
Authors: BEDFORD R. A. , HEARNE J. W. , WANG Y. , GORFINE H. K. , TAYLOR B. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIndustry participation in co‐management has become a cornerstone of assessing the blacklip abalone, Halitois rubra, fisheries of South‐Eastern Australia. Engaging industry in developing and implementing management strategies is aimed at stemming recent trends of stock depletion and reduced harvest. An alternative to the current strategy for determining harvests is under consideration. A central question is: which management strategy is most likely to maintain sufficient biomass to produce consistent harvest rates into the future? This question is addressed using a Systems Dynamics modeling approach. We evaluated the two strategies of harvest management planning under (i) unchanging environmental conditions and (ii) following a high‐mortality event. To assess the performance of each strategy, an existing abalone model was used to estimate yield and mature biomass over three decades (>5 generations). A strategy using mean length of commercial catch as a novel performance measure generally provided a better path to recovery from the high‐mortality event than the current harvest threshold strategy.
Barley metallothioneins differ in ontogenetic pattern and response to metals
Authors: SCHILLER MICHAELA , HEGELUND JOSEFINE N. , PEDAS PAI , KICHEY THOMAS , LAURSEN KRISTIAN H. , HUSTED SØREN , SCHJOERRING JAN K. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe barley genome encodes a family of 10 metallothioneins (MTs) that have not previously been subject to extensive gene expression profiling. We show here that expression of MT1a, MT2b1, MT2b2 and MT3 in barley leaves increased more than 50‐fold during the first 10 d after germination. Concurrently, the root‐specific gene MT1b1 was 1000‐fold up‐regulated. Immunolocalizations provided the first evidence for accumulation of MT1a and MT2a proteins in planta, with correlation to transcript levels. In developing grains, MT2a and MT4 expression increased 4‐ and 300‐fold over a 28‐day‐period after pollination. However, among the MT grain transcripts MT2c was the most abundant, whereas MT4 was the least abundant. Excess Cu up‐regulated three out of the six MTs expressed in leaves of young barley plants. In contrast, most MTs were down‐regulated by excess Zn or Cd. Zn starvation led to up‐regulation of MT1a, whereas Cu starvation up‐regulated MT2a, which has two copper‐responsive elements in the promoter. Arabidopsis lines constitutively overexpressing barley MT2a showed increased sensitivity to excess Cd and Zn but no Cu‐induced response. We suggest that barley MTs are differentially involved in intracellular homeostasis of essential metal ions and that a subset of barley MTs is specifically involved in Cu detoxification.
A Syndemic Model of Women Incarcerated in Community Jails
Authors: Kelly Patricia J. , Cheng An‐Lin , Spencer‐Carver Elaine , Ramaswamy Megha 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to test whether variations in substance abuse, mental health diagnoses, individual experiences of violence, community experiences of violence, and incarceration history may be reduced to a single underlying syndemic factor for a sample of women incarcerated in three Midwestern U.S. jails.Design and SampleSecondary data analysis of a cross‐sectional study of a medical utilization survey; initial confirmatory factor analysis tested fit of model; modification indexes provided confirmatory fit. 290 women incarcerated in three urban Midwestern U.S. jails.MeasuresDemographics and variables associated with women's criminal justice experience and sexual health risk were assessed. The analysis included women's mental health, drug dependence, childhood sexual and physical abuse, and partner violence.ResultsThe final model had four variables with significant pathways: childhood sexual abuse, childhood physical abuse, domestic violence, and mental health diagnoses. The fit of this model was very good (χ2 (1) = 0.6; CFI = 1.00; standardized RMR = 0.0147), strongly suggesting the intertwined nature of the variables.ConclusionClarification of the specific components in a syndemic model for this population will allow for the implementation of interventions with the appropriate inclusion of content. In interventions and clinical practice, public health nurses should consider these interrelationships.
Wound healing in the wild: stress, sociality and energetic costs affect wound healing in natural populations
Authors: Archie E. A. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryEcoimmunologists strive to understand how ecology and evolution shape immunity in natural populations. To date, ecoimmunologists have sometimes struggled to find measures of immunity that can be easily performed in nonmodel systems. One exception is variation in rates of cutaneous wound healing, which is a functionally important, integrative measure of immunity that combines cell‐mediated, inflammatory and even some Th2‐mediated processes. Here I review what is known about sources of variation in wound healing in wild populations, focusing on two key ecoimmunological questions: How and when does the stress response influence immune function? And how do energetic trade‐offs alter immunity? The results indicate that stress and energetic costs can suppress wound healing, but the effects depend on individuals' social and abiotic environments. I also discuss methods to measure wound healing in natural populations and useful directions for future research. Because wound healing has functional significance to organisms, can be measured in diverse species and integrates several immune processes, this measure of immunity is an especially valuable member of the ecoimmunological toolkit.
Characterization of GFRα‐1‐Positive and GFRα‐1‐Negative Spermatogonia in Neonatal Pig Testis
Authors: Lee KH , Lee WY , Kim JH , Yoon MJ , Kim NH , Kim JH , Uhm SJ , Kim DH , Chung HJ , Song H 
Published: June 2013

ContentsType A spermatogonia, including spermatogonial stem cells, are primary cells that maintain spermatogenesis and produce spermatozoa. Many spermatogonial markers have been reported in rodents. However, few markers have been identified in pig spermatogonia. Despite the lack of information, it is necessary to separate pure spermatogonial cells from whole testicular cells to understand the mechanism of spermatogenic meiosis and to establish spermatogonial stem cells for further biotechnological studies. The purpose of this study was to identify glial cell–derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha‐1 (GFRα‐1) as a surface marker for early spermatogonia in neonatal pig testes. Histological analysis of 3‐day‐old pig testes revealed that type A spermatogonia, which lack heterochromatin, could be distinguished in neonatal pig testes. Immunohistochemistry of neonatal pig testes with GFRα‐1 antibody identified that some of the spermatogonial cells expressed GFRα‐1 on the cell membrane. Co‐immunostaining with both GFRα‐1 and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) detected PGP 9.5 in all spermatogonia of neonatal pig testes, whereas GFRα‐1 was not detected on the surface of some PGP 9.5‐positive cells, indicating that some of the spermatogonial cells were PGP 9.5 positive and GFRα‐1 negative. After immunomagnetic cell sorting using a GFRα‐1 antibody, both GFRα‐1‐positive and GFRα‐1‐negative cells expressed PGP 9.5. Identifying the differential mRNA expression of both GFRα‐1‐positive and GFRα‐1‐negative cells using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the expression of promyelocytic leukaemia zinc finger, octamer‐binding protein 4 and homeobox transcription factor in both cell types. These results suggest that GFRα‐1‐positive and GFRα‐1‐negative spermatogonia exist in PGP 9.5‐positive spermatogonia during the early stage of pig testes spermatogenesis, and that GFRα‐1 can be used for sorting PGP 9.5‐expressing spermatogonia.
Effect of Semen Collection Methods on the Quality of Pre‐ and Post‐thawed Bali Cattle (Bos javanicus) Spermatozoa
Authors: Sarsaifi K , Rosnina Y , Ariff MO , Wahid H , Hani H , Yimer N , Vejayan J , Win Naing S , Abas MO 
Published: June 2013

ContentsThis study was conducted to evaluate the response of Bali bulls (Bos javanicus) to different semen collection methods and their effects on fresh and post‐thawed semen quality. The collection methods employed were electro‐ejaculation (EE), transrectal massage (RM) and RM followed by EE (RM + EE). A total of 25 untrained Bali bulls (age between 2 and 4 years old) were subjected to the different semen collection methods. Fresh semen samples from all the 25 bulls were evaluated for volume, pH, general motility, live/dead ratio and abnormality using the conventional method. For fresh and frozen samples collected by EE and RM from 10 bulls, computer‐assisted semen analysis system was used for precise quantitative measurement of motility, velocity and forward progression. Accucell photometer was used to measure sperm concentration in all samples, regardless fresh and frozen. Semen samples were obtained 100% of the attempts using EE, 84% using RM and 96% using RM + EE. There were no differences among the collection methods for fresh semen quality characteristics, including motility, morphology and viability, but pH and volume were higher for EE than RM and RM + EE. Higher sperm concentration was observed in semen collected by RM than the other two methods. Different age groups (2–3 and >3–4 years old) of the bulls did not show significant differences in volume, pH, sperm concentration, percentages in motility, live/dead ratio and normal sperm morphology. The quality of semen for general and progressive motility, VAP, VSL and VCL and acrosomal integrity after thawing was higher for RM than EE. In conclusion, Bali bulls appeared to respond best to EE and the combination of RM + EE than RM, as a method of semen collection, with a shorter time of stimulation required. Differences in age of the Bali bulls did not affect the semen quality.
Cardosin A contains two vacuolar sorting signals using different vacuolar routes in tobacco epidermal cells
Authors: Pereira Cláudia , Pereira Susana , Satiat‐Jeunemaitre Béatrice , Pissarra José 
Published: June 2013

SummarySeveral vacuolar sorting determinants (VSDs) have been described for protein trafficking to the vacuoles in plant cells. Because of the variety in plant models, cell types and experimental approaches used to decipher vacuolar targeting processes, it is not clear whether the three well‐known groups of VSDs identified so far exhaust all the targeting mechanisms, nor if they reflect certain protein types or families. The vacuolar targeting mechanisms of the aspartic proteinases family, for instance, are not yet fully understood. In previous studies, cardosin A has proven to be a good reporter for studying the vacuolar sorting of aspartic proteinases. We therefore propose to explore the roles of two different cardosin A domains, common to several aspartic proteinases [i.e. the plant‐specific insert (PSI) and the C–terminal peptide VGFAEAA] in vacuolar sorting. Several truncated versions of the protein conjugated with fluorescent protein were made, with and without these putative sorting determinants. These domains were also tested independently, for their ability to sort other proteins, rather than cardosin A, to the vacuole. Fluorescent chimaeras were tracked in vivo, by confocal laser scanning microscopy, in Nicotiana tabacum cells. Results demonstrate that either the PSI or the C terminal was necessary and sufficient to direct fluorescent proteins to the vacuole, confirming that they are indeed vacuolar sorting determinants. Further analysis using blockage experiments of the secretory pathway revealed that these two VSDs mediate two different trafficking pathways.