bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orientation Microscopy Using the Analytical Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Schwarzer Robert 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
In only two decades, EBSD has become a powerful tool in the field of quantitative characterization of solid surface microstructures in materials and earth sciences as part of the major advancements in camera and computer technology. Measurement speed already reaches more than 1 000 individual orientations per second, so that one obtains detailed orientation distribution images by scanning the sample surface (“orientation microscopy”) and may analyze the crystallographic texture. The spatial resolution is a few 10 nm. EBSD is a largely automated and user-friendly method. The current development moves towards a 3D orientation microscopy by combining EBSD and a selective layer-by-layer surface removal by means of ion sputtering/FIBing (FIB, Focused Ion Beam) as well as towards a phase discrimination by combining EBSD with analytical methods such as EDS, the evaluation of the yield of backscattered electrons, and the integration of additional information such as the morphology and contrasting techniques.
What Constitutes the Political Power of Russia's Regions?
Authors: Heinemann-Grüder Andreas 
Published: March 2014

La politisation des clivages régionaux et la mobilisation politique des intérêts régionaux dans la Fédération russe sont limitées par les pouvoirs excessifs de l’exécutif, la centralisation des compétences et l’absence de partis régionaux. La décentralisation et les réformes de libéralisation économique ont approfondi les disparités socio-économiques entre régions « russes » et ethniques de la fédération de Russie. Il existe en Russie quatre zones socio-économiques, qui correspondent plus ou moins aux préférences politiques dominantes : (1) les grandes villes avec agglomérations industrielles, aptes au changement ; (2) les villes de taille moyenne, qui sont mono-industrielles et plus sensibles aux crises ; (3) les petites villes et les zones rurales dans le Sud de la Russie, le Nord-Caucase, et les zones périphériques du Nord, qui pratiquent essentiellement une économie de subsistance ; (4) et les républiques ethniques du Sud dans lesquels on trouve de hauts niveaux de violence. Les formes de conflit dans le Nord-Caucase ont changé au fil du temps – du sécessionnisme ethno-nationaliste au djihad régional. Depuis 2011, on peut également voir un déplacement de la contestation sociale depuis le centre vers les régions. Ces manifestations concernent principalement les coûts croissants des services publics et des biens fondamentaux. L’accroissement des disparités socio-économiques pourrait réveiller les mouvements régionaux, en particulier dans un contexte de baisse des taux de croissance et de l’épuisement prévisible du modèle économique d’exploitation de gaz et du pétrole fondé sur une forte rentabilité.
Um retrato bibliométrico da produção científica brasileira sobre Gestão da Tecnologia e da Inovação no período 2001-2011
Authors: De Andrade Júnior Pedro Paulo , Ceranto Fabrício Alexandre Alves 
Published: March 2014

The present paper had as objective to map the Brazilian scientific production on Technology and Innovation Management (GTI) in the period 2001-2011, in view of identifying (i) the total number to published articles, as well as the number in each of the years; (ii, iii, iv and v) journals, authors, institutions and states that have most published articles. This study is justified because literature says that GTI studies may help countries to achieve higher levels of entrepreneurial innovation and technology performance, since these studies are absorbed by the companies and innovation incentive agencies. Thus, knowing how scientific production has been occurring in the country is an aspect of relevance for the governmental agencies that incentive entrepreneurial innovation in the country. This knowledge is also important for researchers, due to several other reasons. The mapping was made through a bibliometric method. The results show that the Brazilian scientific production on GTI is not very large, in terms of number, and it is too concentrated (in terms of institutions and territory), factors that certainly hinder the dissemination and rooting of an innovation culture in Brazil. From the results, it was also possible to verify that in the locations where GTI scientific production is more strongly concentrated the levels of technological, economic and social development are quite higher than the national average, which elucidates the mentioned relevance of the GTI scientific production.
Improvisation et son direct. Entre théories du son et mutations technologiques
Authors: Mouëllic Gilles 
Published: March 2014

Plusieurs études ont montré comment la postsynchronisation a permis à des cinéastes majeurs (parmi lesquels Eisenstein, Godard et Welles) de renouveler les formes cinématographiques à partir de rencontres inédites entre images et sons, le montage s’apparentant alors à une pratique de composition. A priori, cette pratique s’oppose à celle des cinéastes du « direct » qui, utilisant ou devançant les évolutions techniques liées à l’enregistrement, fondent une partie de leur esthétique sur la captation du son direct. Cependant, il apparaît ici que ces cinéastes, dont certains s’inspirent de la pratique musicale du jazz, renouvellent à leur tour les formes cinématographiques selon d’autres modes de mise en relation des sons et des images reposant notamment sur l’improvisation. Partant d’une brève étude des textes fondateurs de cette « esthétique du direct », plusieurs analyses permettent de mettre au jour différents dispositifs qui trouvent leur origine à la télévision mais que le cinéma s’est appropriés pour développer une poétique du direct inspirée du jazz.
Saturn's dayside ultraviolet auroras: Evidence for morphological dependence on the direction of the upstream interplanetary magnetic field
Authors: Meredith C. J. , Alexeev I. I. , Badman S. V. , Belenkaya E. S. , Cowley S. W. H. , Dougherty M. K. , Kalegaev V. V. , Lewis G. R. , Nichols J. D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe examine a unique data set from seven Hubble Space Telescope (HST) “visits” that imaged Saturn's northern dayside ultraviolet emissions exhibiting usual circumpolar “auroral oval” morphologies, during which Cassini measured the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) upstream of Saturn's bow shock over intervals of several hours. The auroras generally consist of a dawn arc extending toward noon centered near ~15° colatitude, together with intermittent patchy forms at ~10° colatitude and poleward thereof, located between noon and dusk. The dawn arc is a persistent feature, but exhibits variations in position, width, and intensity, which have no clear relationship with the concurrent IMF. However, the patchy postnoon auroras are found to relate to the (suitably lagged and averaged) IMF Bz, being present during all four visits with positive Bz and absent during all three visits with negative Bz. The most continuous such forms occur in the case of strongest positive Bz. These results suggest that the postnoon forms are associated with reconnection and open flux production at Saturn's magnetopause, related to the similarly interpreted bifurcated auroral arc structures previously observed in this local time sector in Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph data, whose details remain unresolved in these HST images. One of the intervals with negative IMF Bz however exhibits a prenoon patch of very high latitude emission extending poleward of the dawn arc to the magnetic/spin pole, suggestive of the occurrence of lobe reconnection. Overall, these data provide evidence of significant IMF dependence in the morphology of Saturn's dayside auroras.
Structure of the Millen Schist Belt (Antarctica): Clues for the tectonics of northern Victoria Land along the paleo‐Pacific margin of Gondwana
Authors: Crispini Laura , Federico Laura , Capponi Giovanni 
Published: March 2014

AbstractNorthern Victoria Land (Antarctica) belonged to the active proto‐Pacific margin of Gondwana, which was the site of convergence during the Paleozoic. This study provides new insights into the structural architecture of northern Victoria Land, focusing on the boundary area between the Bowers and Robertson Bay terranes, i.e., in the Millen Schist Belt. It is a high‐strain equivalent of the adjoining terranes, presently delimited by the Leap Year and the Handler faults. Our study reveals that these two faults overprint a preexisting transitional deformational boundary and are associated with a significant syntectonic circulation of fluids and mineralization. The Millen Schist Belt consists of two lithotectonic packages, juxtaposed along the Crosscut‐Aorangi duplex thrust system, related to late Ross deformation. As there is increasing evidence of a post‐Ross contractional event in northern Victoria Land, we suggest that the structural architecture of the Bowers‐Robertson Bay terrane boundary results from a long‐lasting SW‐NE contractional regime, during the Ross‐Delamerian Orogeny and still active afterward. This points to an extension of the Australian Lachlan Orogeny in Antarctica. The similarity of the structural architecture, the gold mineralization, the rock type, and the age supports the correlation of the Bowers and the Robertson Bay terranes with the Stawell Zone of the Lachlan Fold Belt. In our new tectonic scenario the Lanterman Fault (northern Victoria Land) plays the same role as the Moyston Fault (southeastern Australia), and the Leap Year and Handler faults correlate with the “intra‐zone faults” of the Stawell Zone (e.g., the Ararat‐Stawell Fault Zone).
Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Transformation of Secondary Alcohols to 1,5‐Disubstituted Tetrazoles
Authors: Rokade Balaji V. , Gadde Karthik , Prabhu Kandikere Ramaiah 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA mild and convenient oxidative transformation of secondary alcohols to 1,5‐disubstituted tetrazoles is uncovered by employing trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN3) as a nitrogen source in the presence of a catalytic amount of copper(II) perchlorate hexahydrate [Cu(ClO4)2.6 H2O] (5 mol%) and 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐para‐benzoquinone (DDQ) (1.2 equiv.) as an oxidant. This reaction is performed under ambient conditions and proceeds through CC bond cleavage.magnified image
Synthesis of Oxazolidin‐2‐ones and Imidazolidin‐2‐ones Directly from 1,3‐Diols or 3‐Amino Alcohols using Iodobenzene Dichloride and Sodium Azide
Authors: He Tian , Gao Wen‐Chao , Wang Wei‐Kun , Zhang Chi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA general and efficient method for the synthesis of oxazolidin‐2‐ones and imidazolidin‐2‐ones directly from 1,3‐diols and 3‐amino alcohols has been developed using the same reagent combination of iodobenzene dichloride (PhICl2) and sodium azide (NaN3).magnified image
Competitive Drivers in Marsala's Wineries
Authors: Bertazzoli Aldo , Ghelfi Rino , Rivaroli Sergio 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe objective of this article is to identify and evaluate the competitive strategies of niche enterprises selling traditional protected designation of origin (PDO) wine in domestic and international markets. This study employs the multidimensional scaling unfolding technique to analyze the perceptions of 24 representatives of wine‐making firms located in the Marsala area (Sicily, Italy). The cognitive maps highlight management choices regarding the competitive driving forces between 2007 and 2011. The results of this study reveal firms’ two main competitive strategies. The first strategy focuses on managing the functional assets; depending on the competitive environment in which the enterprises operate, the outcome seems to comply with Hotelling's model. The second strategy seeks to successfully exploit positional assets—such as the ability to manage intangible resources that have a strong emotional component—that are perceived to strengthen a firm's competitiveness by differentiating it from similar enterprises [EconLit citations: D220, L100, L290]
Enantioselective Synthesis of Allylboronates and Allylic Alcohols by Copper‐Catalyzed 1,6‐Boration
Authors: Luo Yunfei , Roy Iain D. , Madec Amaël G. E. , Lam Hon Wai 
Published: March 2014

AbstractChiral secondary allylboronates are obtained in high enantioselectivities and 1,6:1,4 ratios by the copper‐catalyzed 1,6‐boration of electron‐deficient dienes with bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2(pin)2). The reactions proceed efficiently using catalyst loadings as low as 0.0049 mol %. The allylboronates may be oxidized to the allylic alcohols, and can be used in stereoselective aldehyde allylborations. This process was applied to a concise synthesis of atorvastatin, in which the key 1,6‐boration was performed using only a 0.02 mol % catalyst loading.
Highly Efficient Chemical Process To Convert Mucic Acid into Adipic Acid and DFT Studies of the Mechanism of the Rhenium‐Catalyzed Deoxydehydration
Authors: Li Xiukai , Wu Di , Lu Ting , Yi Guangshun , Su Haibin , Zhang Yugen 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe production of bulk chemicals and fuels from renewable bio‐based feedstocks is of significant importance for the sustainability of human society. Adipic acid, as one of the most‐demanded drop‐in chemicals from a bioresource, is used primarily for the large‐volume production of nylon‐6,6 polyamide. It is highly desirable to develop sustainable and environmentally friendly processes for the production of adipic acid from renewable feedstocks. However, currently there is no suitable bio‐adipic acid synthesis process. Demonstrated herein is the highly efficient synthetic protocol for the conversion of mucic acid into adipic acid through the oxorhenium‐complex‐catalyzed deoxydehydration (DODH) reaction and subsequent Pt/C‐catalyzed transfer hydrogenation. Quantitative yields (99 %) were achieved for the conversion of mucic acid into muconic acid and adipic acid either in separate sequences or in a one‐step process.
Frontier Orbital Control of Molecular Conductance and its Switching
Authors: Tsuji Yuta , Hoffmann Roald 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFor transmission of electrons through a π system, when the Landauer theory of molecular conductance is viewed from a molecular orbital (MO) perspective, there obtains a simple perturbation theoretic dependence, due to Yoshizawa and Tada, on a) the product of the orbital coefficients at the sites of electrode attachment, and b) the MO energies. The frontier orbitals consistently and simply indicate high or low transmission, even if other orbitals may contribute. This formalism, with its consequent reinforcement and/or interference of conductance, accounts for the (previously explained) difference in direct vs. cross conjugated transmission across an ethylene, as well as the comparative ON/OFF ratios in the experimentally investigated dimethyldihydropyrene and dithienylethene‐type single‐molecule switches. A strong dependence of the conductance on the site of attachment of the electrodes in a π system is an immediate extrapolation; the theory then predicts that for some specified sites the switching behavior will be inverted; i.e. the “open” molecular form of the switch will be more conductive.
Next‐Generation Heteronuclear Decoupling for High‐Field Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Schilling Franz , Warner Lisa R. , Gershenzon Naum I. , Skinner Thomas E. , Sattler Michael , Glaser Steffen J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUltra‐high‐field NMR spectroscopy requires an increased bandwidth for heteronuclear decoupling, especially in biomolecular NMR applications. Composite pulse decoupling cannot provide sufficient bandwidth at practical power levels, and adiabatic pulse decoupling with sufficient bandwidth is compromised by sideband artifacts. A novel low‐power, broadband heteronuclear decoupling pulse is presented that generates minimal, ultra‐low sidebands. The pulse was derived using optimal control theory and represents a new generation of decoupling pulses free from the constraints of periodic and cyclic sequences. In comparison to currently available state‐of‐the‐art methods this novel pulse provides greatly improved decoupling performance that satisfies the demands of high‐field biomolecular NMR spectroscopy.
Directed Self‐Assembly of DNA Tiles into Complex Nanocages
Authors: Tian Cheng , Li Xiang , Liu Zhiyu , Jiang Wen , Wang Guansong , Mao Chengde 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTile‐based self‐assembly is a powerful method in DNA nanotechnology and has produced a wide range of well‐defined nanostructures. But the resulting structures are relatively simple. Increasing the structural complexity and the scope of the accessible structures is an outstanding challenge in molecular self‐assembly. A strategy to partially address this problem by introducing flexibility into assembling DNA tiles and employing directing agents to control the self‐assembly process is presented. To demonstrate this strategy, a range of DNA nanocages have been rationally designed and constructed. Many of them can not be assembled otherwise. All of the resulting structures have been thoroughly characterized by gel electrophoresis and cryogenic electron microscopy. This strategy greatly expands the scope of accessible DNA nanostructures and would facilitate technological applications such as nanoguest encapsulation, drug delivery, and nanoparticle organization.
Merging Aerobic Oxidation and Enamine Catalysis in the Asymmetric α‐Amination of β‐Ketocarbonyls Using N‐Hydroxycarbamates as Nitrogen Sources
Authors: Xu Changming , Zhang Long , Luo Sanzhong 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe describe herein an unprecedented asymmetric α‐amination of β‐ketocarbonyls under aerobic conditions. The process is enabled by a simple chiral primary amine through the coupling of a catalytic enamine ester intermediate and a nitrosocarbonyl (generated in situ) derived from N‐hydroxycarbamate. The reaction features high chemoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity for a broad range of substrates.
DNA with 3′‐5′‐Disulfide Links—Rapid Chemical Ligation through Isosteric Replacement
Authors: Patzke Volker , McCaskill John S. , von Kiedrowski Günter 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEfforts to chemically ligate oligonucleotides, without resorting to biochemical enzymes, have led to a multitude of synthetic analogues, and have extended oligomer ligation to reactions of novel oligonucleotides, peptides, and hybrids such as PNA.1 Key requirements for potential diagnostic tools not based on PCR include a fast templated chemical DNA ligation method that exhibits high pairing selectivity, and a sensitive detection method. Here we report on a solid‐phase synthesis of oligonucleotides containing 5′‐ or 3′‐mercapto‐dideoxynucleotides and their chemical ligations, yielding 3′‐5′‐disulfide bonds as a replacement for 3′‐5′‐phosphodiester units. Employing a system designed for fluorescence monitoring, we demonstrate one of the fastest ligation reactions with half‐lives on the order of seconds. The nontemplated ligation reaction is efficiently suppressed by the choice of DNA modification and the 3′‐5′ orientation of the activation site. The influence of temperature on the templated reaction is shown.
Total Synthesis of the Antibiotic Kendomycin: A Macrocyclization Using the Tsuji–Trost Etherification
Authors: Sengoku Tetsuya , Xu Shu , Ogura Kenji , Emori Yoshinori , Kitada Kenji , Uemura Daisuke , Arimoto Hirokazu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA highly stereocontrolled, convergent total synthesis of kendomycin [(−)‐TAN2162], an ansa‐macrocyclic antibiotic, is reported. The key of the strategy is an unprecedented Tsuji–Trost macrocyclic etherification, followed by a transannular Claisen rearrangement to construct the 18‐membered carbocyclic framework. The oxa‐six‐ and five‐membered rings were also stereoselectively constructed respectively by a cascade oxidative cyclization at an unfunctionalized benzylic position and using a one‐pot epoxidation/5‐exo‐tet epoxide opening.
Catalysis‐Based Total Synthesis of Putative Mandelalide A
Authors: Willwacher Jens , Fürstner Alois 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA concise synthesis of the putative structure assigned to the highly cytotoxic marine macrolide mandelalide A (1) is disclosed. Specifically, an iridium‐catalyzed two‐directional Krische allylation and a cobalt‐catalyzed carbonylative epoxide opening served as convenient entry points for the preparation of the major building blocks. The final stages feature the first implementation of terminal‐acetylene metathesis into natural product synthesis, which is remarkable as this class of substrates was beyond reach until very recently; key to success was the use of the highly selective molybdenum alkylidyne complex 42 as the catalyst. Although the constitution and stereochemistry of the synthetic samples are unambiguous, the spectra of 1 as well as of 11‐epi‐1 deviate from those of the natural product, which implies a subtle but deep‐seated error in the original structure assignment.
Effectiveness of Tumor Necrosis Factor α Blockers in Early Axial Spondyloarthritis: Data From the DESIR Cohort
Authors: Moltó Anna , Paternotte Simon , Claudepierre Pascal , Breban Maxime , Dougados Maxime 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo estimate the frequency of use and effectiveness in daily practice of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) blockers in a population with inflammatory back pain suggestive of early axial spondyloarthritis (SpA).MethodsThe Devenir des Spondylarthropathies Indifférenciées Récentes (DESIR) cohort is a prospective, multicenter, observational cohort of 708 patients with early (<3 years' duration) inflammatory back pain suggestive of axial SpA. The percentage of patients receiving TNFα blockers over the first 2 years of followup was estimated by survival analysis. To evaluate effectiveness, the primary outcome (40% improvement in disease activity according to the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society criteria [ASAS40]) was compared in patients who received TNFα blockers versus control patients who received any other treatment (usual care). Controls were matched to the patients based on a propensity score method.ResultsA total of 30.2% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 26.7–33.7) patients received at least 1 TNFα blocker during the 24 months of followup. The percentage of ASAS40 responders was 31.5% (62 of 197 patients) in the group receiving TNFα blockers versus 13.2% (26 of 197) in the control group (OR 2.99 [95% CI 1.80–4.99], P = 0.0002). This effectiveness was more pronounced in the subgroup of patients with sacroiliitis identified on magnetic resonance imaging, with 46% of ASAS40 responders receiving TNFα blockers versus 15% of ASAS40 responders receiving usual care (OR 4.99 [95% CI 2.17–11.51]).ConclusionOur study shows that TNFα blockers are frequently used in daily practice to treat patients with early axial SpA. Our findings confirm the effectiveness of TNFα blockers as compared to any other treatment, especially in the subgroup of patients with sacroiliitis on MRI.