bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Force-Velocity Characteristics of Upper and Lower Limbs of Competitive Adolescent Swimmers
Authors: Nikolaidis Pantelis 
Published: February 2013

Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Force-Velocity Characteristics of Upper and Lower Limbs of Competitive Adolescent Swimmers
While there is a direct relationship between maximal anaerobic power (Pmax) and swimming performance, the relationship between upper and lower limbs with regard to Pmax and force-velocity (F-v) characteristics is not clear. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of age and sex on the ratios of mechanical characteristics between upper and lower extremities of adolescent swimmers. Seventeen girls (aged 14.7±1.8 yr) (mean±standard deviation) and 28 boys (14.6±1.4 yr), all members of competitive swimming clubs, performed a F-v test for both legs and arms. In legs, boys had higher values of Pmax (t43=2.4, p<0.05), Pmax expressed in relative to body mass values (rPmax, t43=3.4, p<0.01) and v0 (t43=4.3, p<0.001), while no differences were found for F0 (t43=1.0, p=0.31) and v0/F0 (t43=0.55, p=0.59). In arms, boys had higher values of Pmax (t43=3.2, p<0.01), rPmax (t43=3.9, p<0.001) and v0 (t43=3.4, p<0.01), while no differences were found for F0 (t43=1.9, p=0.06) and v0/F0 (t43=0.16, p=0.87). However, no sex difference was found with regard to the ratios of Pmax (t43=1.9, p=0.06), F0 (t43=1.2, p=0.23) and v0 (t43=1.3, p=0.20) between upper and lower extremities. There was direct relationship between age and Pmax of legs (r=0.64, p<0.01 in girls; r=0.43, p<0.05 in boys) and arms (r=0.56, p<0.05; r=0.57, p<0.01 respectively), while there was not any significant association between age and the ratios of mechanical characteristics of upper and lower limbs. These findings emphasize the need for separate evaluation of arms' and legs' force-velocity characteristics on a regular basis and the consideration of these measures in training design.
The Reliability, Validity and Applicability of Two Sport-Specific Power Tests in Synchronized Swimming
Authors: Peric Mia , Zenic Natasa , Mandic Gordana , Sekulic Damir , Sajber Dorica 
Published: February 2013

The Reliability, Validity and Applicability of Two Sport-Specific Power Tests in Synchronized Swimming
Sport-specific tests are rarely investigated in synchronized swimming (synchro). The aim of this research was to study the reliability and the validity of two sport-specific tests that are based on synchro elements, namely, the Barracuda thrust ("Barracuda") and the Boost. The Barracuda is a move in which the swimmer begins in the back pike position (head down with the legs perpendicular to the surface of the water) and then moves the legs and hips rapidly upward, unrolling the body to obtain a maximal vertical position above the surface of the water. The Boost occurs when the swimmer rises rapidly out of the water, head first, to bring as much of the body as possible above the surface of the water. Both patterns are considered power moves and are therefore theoretically related to explosive strength. This study involved 22 female competitive synchro swimmers aged 16-18 years. The variables examined included performance on the Barracuda, Boost and countermovement jump and anthropometric measures (body height, body weight and body composition). Statistical analyses showed appropriate reliability for all tests, with no systematic bias between trials. A factor analysis calculated for the Barracuda, Boost and countermovement jump revealed one significant factor based on the Guttmann-Kaiser criterion with all three tests significantly projected. The structure of the significant factor did not change if the results for the Boost and Barracuda were normalized for body height. The Boost and Barracuda, but not the countermovement jump, were significantly correlated with the competitive achievements of the swimmers. In conclusion, the Boost and Barracuda are reliable and valid measures of the explosive strength of synchronized swimmers and are significantly related to competitive achievement.
A Comparison of the Physiological Responses to Underwater Arm Cranking and Breath Holding Between Synchronized Swimmers and Breath Holding Untrained Women
Authors: Alentejano Teresa , Bell Gordon , Marshall Dru 
Published: February 2013

A Comparison of the Physiological Responses to Underwater Arm Cranking and Breath Holding Between Synchronized Swimmers and Breath Holding Untrained Women
Exercise and breath holding in the water such as that performed in the sport of synchronized swimming may evoke the physiological consequences of the diving response. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological responses of breath holding during underwater arm cranking in synchronized swimmers who are trained in breath holding and compare these responses to untrained women. Each participant performed 6 breath holding periods in the water (2 × 10s, 2 × 20s and 2 × 25s) with 2 minutes of normal breathing in between, in either an ascending or descending order while performing arm crank exercise. The intensity of arm crank exercise was set below the individual ventilatory threshold. Both synchronized swimmers and controls were matched on sitting height and then randomly divided into 2 groups: one group started breath holding with the longest (25s) breath holding periods while the other group began breath holding with the shortest (10s) breath holding periods. The synchronized swimmers experienced a significant decrease in heart rate while breath holding for 20 and 25s but the changes in heart rate for the control group was not consistent between subgroups. Full recovery from breath holding was identified for minute ventilation after 25s of recovery from breath holding for all groups. Results suggest synchronized swimmers exhibited a better adaptation to breath holding while exercising underwater.
Effects of Aquatic and Dry Land Resistance Training Devices on Body Composition and Physical Capacity in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Colado Juan , Garcia-Masso Xavier , Rogers Michael , Tella Victor , Benavent Juan , Dantas Estelio 
Published: February 2013

Effects of Aquatic and Dry Land Resistance Training Devices on Body Composition and Physical Capacity in Postmenopausal Women
To determine the effects of a supervised strength training program on body composition and physical capacity of older women using three different devices: weight machines, elastic bands, and aquatic devices that increase drag forces (ADIDF). Four groups were formed: control group, weight machine group (WMG), elastic band group (EBG) and a group that used ADIDF (ADIDFG). Body composition and physical capacity were assessed before and after the intervention period. The ADIDFG showed improvements in fat mass (FM), fat-free mass of the left arm (FFM-LA) and right arm (FFM-RA), knee push-up test (KPT), squat test (ST) and crunch test (CT) (p <0.05). Individuals in the EBG and WMG also improved their FM, fat free mass (FFM), FFM-LA, FFM-RA, KPU, ST and CT. ADIDF training improves body composition and physical capacity of postmenopausal women as does performing land-based training programs.
Deep and Shallow Water Effects on Developing Preschoolers' Aquatic Skills
Authors: Costa Aldo , Marinho Daniel , Rocha Helena , Silva António , Barbosa Tiago , Ferreira Sandra , Martins Marta 
Published: February 2013

Deep and Shallow Water Effects on Developing Preschoolers' Aquatic Skills
The aim of the study was to assess deep and shallow water teaching methods in swimming lessons for preschool children and identify variations in the basic aquatic skills acquired. The study sample included 32 swimming instructors (16 from deep water programs and 16 from shallow water programs) and 98 preschool children (50 from deep water swimming pool and 48 from shallow water swimming pool). The children were also studied regarding their previous experience in swimming (6, 12 and 18 months or practice). Chi-Square test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare the teaching methodology. A discriminant analysis was conducted with Λ wilk's method to predict under what conditions students are better or worse (aquatic competence).
Results suggest that regardless of the non-significant variations found in teaching methods, the water depth can affect aquatic skill acquisition - shallow water lessons seem to impose greater water competence particularly after 6 months of practice. The discriminant function revealed a significant association between groups and all predictors for 6 months of swimming practice (p<0.001). Body position in gliding and leg displacements were the main predictors. For 12 and 18 months of practice, the discriminant function do not revealed any significant association between groups. As a conclusion, it seems that the teaching methodology of aquatic readiness based on deep and shallow water programs for preschoolers is not significantly different. However, shallow water lessons could be preferable for the development of basic aquatic skills.
Plantar-flexor static stretch training effect on eccentric and concentric peak torque – a comparative study of trained versus untrained subjects
Authors: Abdel-aziem Amr Almaz , Mohammad Walaa Sayed 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the long-term effects of static stretching of the plantar-flexor muscles oneccentric and concentric torque and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion in healthy subjects. Seventy five healthy malevolunteers, with no previous history of trauma to the calf that required surgery, absence of knee flexion contracture andno history of neurologic dysfunction or disease, systemic disease affecting the lower extremities were selected for thisstudy. The participants were divided into three equal groups. The control group did not stretch the plantar-flexormuscles. Two Experimental groups (trained and untrained) were instructed to perform static stretching exercise of 30second duration and 5 repetitions twice daily. The stretching sessions were carried out 5 days a week for 6 weeks. Thedorsiflexion range of motion was measured in all subjects. Also measured was the eccentric and concentric torque ofplantar-flexors at angular velocities of 30 and 120o/s pre and post stretching. Analysis of variance showed a significantincrease in plantar-flexor eccentric and concentric torque (p < 0.05) of trained and untrained groups, and an increase indorsiflexion range of motion (p < 0.05) at both angular velocities for the untrained group only. The static stretchingprogram of plantar-flexors was effective in increasing the concentric and eccentric plantarflexion torque at angularvelocities of 30 and 120o/s. Increases in plantar-flexors flexibility were observed in untrained subjects.
Acute effects of dropsets among different resistance training methods in upper body performance
Authors: Melibeu Bentes Claudio , Simão Roberto , Bunker Travis , Rhea Matthew R. , Miranda Humberto , Matassoli Gomes Thiago , Da Silva Novaes Jefferson 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the influence of including dropset exercises in different orders, both inthe pre-exhaustion, as in the post-exhaustion method, and to analyze the performance of total work on the bench pressand chest flying exercise. Twenty-two male volunteers with a recreational experience in ST were evaluated in six visitsin non-consecutive days, at approximately the same time of the day. During the first visit, subjects signed an informedconsent form and underwent an anthropometric evaluation and testing of 10RM. The second visit involved a re-test of10RM. From third to sixth visits, the subjects were randomly grouped into the following experimental situations: 3rdVisit (V3 - Post-exhaustion): Bench Press (dropset) + Chest Flying (10RM); 4th visit (V4 - Post-exhaustion): BenchPress (10RM) + Chest Flying (dropset); 5th Visit (V5 - pre-exhaustion): Chest Flying (dropset) + Bench Press (10RM);6th Visit (V6 - pre-exhaustion): Chest Flying (10RM) + Bench Press (dropset). The protocol of dropset was performedwith 3 sets and no rest intervals 10RM + 80% 10RM + 60% 10RM. An interval between sets was adopted for 2minutes. The primary results showed a significant difference in Total Work for visits V3 and V6, which was included inthe dropset multiarticular exercises. These results suggest that the exercise order with the dropset method in the preexhaustionor post-exhaustion methods had an acute influence on Total Work.
Relationship between group cohesion and anxiety in soccer
Authors: Chicau Borrego Carla , Cid Luis , Silva Carlos 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGroup cohesion in sport is a widely spread theme today. Research has found cohesion to be influenced byseveral individual and group components. Among the cognitive variables that relate to cohesion we found competitiveanxiety. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between task cohesion (ATG-T, and GI-T) andcompetitive state anxiety (A-state), and also if there would be a relation between cohesion and self-confidence.Participants were 366 football players of both genders male and female, aged between 15 to 23 years old, fromPortugal’s championships. Cohesion was measured using the Portuguese version of the Group EnvironmentQuestionnaire, and to assess competitive anxiety, we used the Portuguese version of the Competition State AnxietyInventory 2. Our results show that female athletes report experiencing more cognitive anxiety and less self-confidencethan male athletes. Only cognitive anxiety relates in a significantly negative way with the perception of cohesion (GI-Te ATG-T) in the total number of participants and in male athletes. Relatively to the somatic anxiety, it only relatesnegatively with the perception of the integration of the group in the total number of participants and in the malegender.
Leadership power perceptions of soccer coaches and soccer players according to their education
Authors: Konter Erkut 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze the leadership power perceptions of soccer coaches and soccer playersaccording to their educational levels. Data were collected from 165 male soccer coaches and 870 male soccer players.Adapted versions of the “Power in Soccer Questionnaire-Other”, the “Power in Soccer Questionnaire-Self” and an“information form” were used for data collection, and collected data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and theMann-Whitney Tests. Analysis of the Power in Soccer Questionnaire-Other revealed significant differences betweensoccer players’ level of education and their perception of Coercive Power (p<.003), and no significant differences relatedto Referent Power, Legitimate Power and Expert Power. Analysis of the Power in Soccer Questionnaire-Self alsorevealed the only significant difference between coaches’ level of education and their perception of Legitimate Power(p<.001), and no significant differences with regard to others. Different perception of leadership powers between coachesand players might create communication and performance problems in soccer.
The meaning of the NAATA + infinitive construction in basse mandinka
Authors: Andrason Alexander 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Alexander Andrason. The Meaning of the NAATA + Infinitive Construction in Basse Mandinka. Lingua P osnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. T he P oznań Society for the A dvancement of the A rts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 7-19.
Purpose: T he present paper aims at providing a detailed description of values and uses offered by the NAATA form - an analytic Mandinka construction formed by means of the auxiliary naa ‘come’, employed itself in the so-called ‘TA tense’, and the infinitive of the main “meaning” verb. In that manner, we intend to rectify an important lacuna in grammatical studies of the Mandinka language which have almost entirely ignored the issue of the NAATA locution.
Method: A detailed map of the semantic content of the NAATA form will be designed, specifying its temporal, taxis, aspectual and modal implications, as well as certain textual properties. A ll the values will be illustrated by instructive examples provided by ten native Mandinka speakers (i.e. residents of Basse and neighboring villages: Manne K unda, Bassending, Mansajang and K aba K ama) and collected by the author in 2010 and 2011.
Results: T he evidence shows that the meaning of the NAATA construction corresponds to a present perfect (resultative, iterative, inclusive, experiential and indefinite), to a past tense (immediate, recent, general and remote) and to a perfective aspect (punctual, terminative and ingressive; less commonly the locution approximates a simple past). A dditionally, the formation expresses certain modal concepts, such as non-intentionality, accidentality or spontaneity of a corresponding perfect or past event. A s far as textual properties are concerned, the NAATA form is found both in discourse and narration, being able in the latter case to introduce events of the narrative foreground.
Conclusion: T he author demonstrates that the values displayed by the construction (with an exception of the modal senses) can be connected and a definition, which exceeds a simple inventory of uses, may be provided if one views the locution from a dynamic evolutionary perspective, i.e. as a manifestation of one of the developmental scenarios governing the grammatical evolution of original resultative constructions, namely as a realization of the anterior path. Furthermore, the modal senses of the NAATA form may be related to the anterior trajectory (and to its meanings-stages) if we make use of the evidential path, an evolutionary possibility which links the grammatical life of resultatives with determined modal domains. T his latter proposition, however, needs a more profound analysis and will constitute one of the research activities, conducted by the author in the future.
The language of online sports commentary in a comparative perspective
Authors: Lewandowski Marcin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Marcin Lewandowski. The Language of Online Sports Commentary in a Comparative Perspective. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 65-76.
This paper attempts to describe a relatively new media genre (or as the author prefers to see it, an electronic register), i.e., online sports commentary (OSC). The analysis concerns English-language online live soccer match reports, and is based on a methodological framework proposed by D. Biber and S. Conrad (2009), who in register studies emphasize the correlation between the situational characteristics and lexico-grammatical features of a particular language variety. The paper also aims to compare the register in question with other related varieties, i.e., written sports commentary (WSC) and sports announcer talk (SAT ) in order to corroborate the hypothesis that the register of online commentary is a hybrid of spoken and written language.
Crankshaft development of a two-stroke compression-ignition engine with contra-running pistons
Authors: Drápal Lubomír , Novotný Pavel , Píštěk Václav , Ambróz Richard 
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTI
Tento članek se zabyva navrhem, porovnanim různych variant a vyběrem vhodneho řešeni klikovych hřidelů pro dvoudoby vznětovy přeplňovany letecky motor s protiběžnymi pisty a souproudym vyplachovanim. Navrh variant klikovych hřidelů je proveden na zakladě analyzy vyvaženi celeho hnaciho ustroji a zahrnuje v sobě různe kombinace požadavků na pevnost, hmotnost a pravě i vyvaženi. Všechny varianty jsou s využitim postupů MKP a MBS podrobeny dynamickym simulacim pro cele spektrum provoznich otaček a vhodne řešeni je zvoleno na zakladě kriteria minimalizace torsniho kmitani, unavove životnosti časti motoru a zatiženi hlavnich ložisek.
Pressure wave supercharger 0-d model
Authors: Macek Jan , Vítek Oldřich , Pohořelský Luděk , Žák Zdeněk 
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTI
Přispěvek představuje využiti a potencial 0-D algebraickeho modelu tlakoveho vyměniku. Tlakovy vyměnik je nestacionarni zařizeni, ktere využiva tlakovych vln ke stlačovani tekutin v serii axialnich kanalků. Ke stlačovani dochazi přenosem energie z vysokotlakeho do nizkotlakeho proudu bez odděleni pevnymi stěnami. 0-D model vychazi z fyzikalniho popisu procesů uvnitř tlakoveho vyměniku. Zjednodušeny popis procesů je korigovan kalibračnimi koeficienty určenymi pomoci 1-D modelu. Kalibračni koeficienty jsou do 0-D modelu přenesny regresnimi funkcemi.
Performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine using blends of bio-oil as a fuel
Authors: Mrityunjaya Swamy K.M. , Ramesha D.K. , Premkumara G. , Ranaprapareddy N. 
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTI
Rostlinne oleje mohou byt s vyhodou využity jako paliva pro vznětove spalovaci motory, protože jejich vlastnosti se bliži vlastnostem nafty. Avšak vyšši viskozita rostlinnych olejů ma za nasledek nespravne rozprašeni paliva během vstřiku, což vede k nedokonalemu spalovani. Viskozitu rostlinnych olejů je možne snižit transesterifikaci nebo smisenim s naftou. Tento članek se zabyva vyzkumem zaměřenym na studium vlastnosti neupraveneho a metyl esteru oleje rostliny jatropha cursus (jatropha) a ryžoveho oleje vyrobeneho z kličků obilky ryže a jejich směsi s naftou od 5 do 50 objemovych procent. S těmito palivy byly uskutečněny zkoušky na vznětovem motoru. Cilem zkoušek bylo dosaženi porovnavacich měřeni vykonů a emisi pro posouzeni a vypočet vlastnosti vznětoveho motoru při spalovani vyše uvedenych paliv.
Sniženi emisi společně s vyšši efektivni učinnosti (BTE) a sniženim měrne spotřeby (BSEC) děla ze směsi (B -20 pro metyl estery a B -15 pro nezpracovane oleje) vyhovujici nahradu nafty. Vlastnosti těchto olejů jsou srovantelne s naftou.
The use of simulation models for the design of friction shifting elements used in planetary transmissions
Authors: Pitoňák Jaroslav , Galbavý Miroslav 
Published: February 2013

ZHRNUTIE
Otazka projektovania a navrhovania transmisii nadobuda pri sučasnom využivani softverovych prostriedkov nove rozmery. Vypočtovy system Matlab ponuka široke možnosti pri vytvarani a skumani novych riešeni v prostredi matematickych modelov. Jeho sučasťou je aj modul SimDriveline, ktory nadobuda vyznam hlavne čo sa tyka zjednodušenia zostavenia modelu transmisie, vytvarania vzťahov medzi objektmi modelu, nazornosti, prehľadnosti, prezentacie vysledkov a pod. V tomto pripade sa však jedna o simulačne modely fyzikalne, ktore umožňuju modelovať spravanie sa systemu priamo popisom jeho fyzikalnej štruktury. Taketo simulačne modely nachadzaju využitie pri navrhoch roznych časti pohonov, napriklad i radiacich prvkov planetovych prevodoviek - spojok a bŕzd. Pomocou simulacii možno sledovať priebehy zakladnych veličin, teda aj spravanie sa jednotlivych členov mechanizmu, čo umožňuje značnou mierou prispieť k optimalnemu riešeniu transmisie.
Hydrogen containing gaseous blends as vehicle fuels
Authors: Takáts Michal 
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ
Článek se zabývá vlivem přítomnosti vodíku v plynném palivu s vysokým obsahem metanu. Dopad složení paliva na pracovní oběh motoru a na jeho parametry je popsán na základě experimentálně zjištěného chování testovacího motoru. Použitá experimentální data byla naměřena při středním zatížení motoru, kdy se neuplatňují žádná omezení z hlediska mechanického a teplotního namáhání dílů motoru. Posuzuje se použitelnost plynných směsí s (vysokým) obsahem vodíku jako paliva pro konvenční plynové motory s atmosférickým plněním.
Konstatuje se, že použití paliva s vysokým obsahem vodíku v konvenčních plynových motorech je možné, i když primárně se předpokládá využití těchto plynných směsí pro budoucí generaci plynových vozidel speciálně pro použití tohoto paliva přizpůsobených.