bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFICACY OF CRITERION REFINEMENT PROCEDURES IN MANTEL‐HAENSZEL DIF ANALYSIS
Authors: Zwick Rebecca , Ye Lei , Isham Steven 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTDifferential item functioning (DIF) analysis is a key component in the evaluation of the fairness and validity of educational tests. Although it is often assumed that refinement of the matching criterion always provides more accurate DIF results, the actual situation proves to be more complex. To explore the effectiveness of refinement, we conducted a simulation study consisting of 40 conditions that varied in terms of amount and pattern of DIF, sample sizes, and ability distributions. We found that the effectiveness of refinement was heavily dependent on whether DIF was balanced (with positive DIF values compensating for negative DIF values) or unbalanced (all in one direction). In balanced conditions, the unrefined method generally produced better results, whereas, in unbalanced conditions, the opposite was true. In the absence of information about the pattern of DIF, it is probably best to choose the refined method because it is only slightly disadvantageous in balanced conditions, whereas the unrefined method can be substantially disadvantageous in certain unbalanced conditions.
TOEFL11: A CORPUS OF NON‐NATIVE ENGLISH
Authors: Blanchard Daniel , Tetreault Joel , Higgins Derrick , Cahill Aoife , Chodorow Martin 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis report presents work on the development of a new corpus of non‐native English writing. It will be useful for the task of native language identification, as well as grammatical error detection and correction, and automatic essay scoring. In this report, the corpus is described in detail.
ITEM RESPONSE THEORY
Authors: Carlson James E. , von Davier Matthias 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTFew would doubt that ETS researchers have contributed more to the general topic of item response theory (IRT) than individuals from any other institution. In this report, we briefly review most of those contributions, dividing them into sections by decades of publication, beginning with early work by Fred Lord and Bert Green in the 1950s and ending with recent work that produced models involving complex structures and multiple dimensions.
A CBAL™ SCIENCE MODEL OF COGNITION: DEVELOPING A COMPETENCY MODEL AND LEARNING PROGRESSIONS TO SUPPORT ASSESSMENT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Liu Lei , Rogat Aaron , Bertling Maria 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this report is to describe a science competency model and 3 related learning progressions, which were developed by applying the CBAL™ approach (Bennett & Gitomer, 2009) to the domain of middle school science. The Cognitively Based Assessment of, for, and as Learning (CBAL) science competency model and its related learning progressions were developed by reviewing existing literature on learning sciences and science education, which have placed increasing emphasis on learners' knowledge and ability to apply scientific knowledge to conduct evidence‐based reasoning. In this report, we present the 5 competencies in our science competency model that reflect current efforts in the Next Generation Science Standards and the recent reform‐based curriculum to promote integrated and generative understanding. In addition, we report 3 hypothesized learning progressions related to our competency model to define the increasing sophistication of both content understanding and the capacity to carry out scientific inquiry. Then we discuss features of assessment prototypes developed under the guidance of the competency model and the learning progressions, by illustrating parts of 1 sample formative assessment task prototype.
INVESTIGATING TEN‐YEAR TRENDS OF LEARNING OUTCOMES AT COMMUNITY COLLEGES
Authors: Liu Ou Lydia , Roohr Katrina Crotts 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTCommunity colleges currently enroll about 44% of the undergraduate students in the United States and are rapidly expanding. It is of critical importance to obtain direct evidence of student learning to see if students receive adequate training at community colleges. This study investigated the 10‐year trends of community college students' (n = 46,403) performance in reading, writing, mathematics, and critical thinking, as assessed by the ETS® Proficiency Profile (EPP), an assessment of college‐level learning outcomes. Results showed that community college students caught up with and significantly outperformed students from liberal arts colleges by the end of the 10‐year period and made significant improvement in critical‐thinking skills. An increasing gender gap was observed in mathematics at community colleges. Prevalent ethnic minority and English as a second language (ESL) gaps were noted but gaps between ESL and non‐ESL students and between Hispanic and White students were decreasing. Additionally, Asian students at community colleges showed an overall decline in performance. Findings from this study provide significant implications for community college leaders, researchers, and policymakers.
WEIGHTING TEST SAMPLES IN IRT LINKING AND EQUATING: TOWARD AN IMPROVED SAMPLING DESIGN FOR COMPLEX EQUATING
Authors: Qian Jiahe , Jiang Yanming , von Davier Alina A. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSeveral factors could cause variability in item response theory (IRT) linking and equating procedures, such as the variability across examinee samples and/or test items, seasonality, regional differences, native language diversity, gender, and other demographic variables. Hence, the following question arises: Is it possible to select optimal samples of examinees so that the IRT linking and equating can be more precise at an administration level as well as over a large number of administrations? This is a question of optimal sampling design in linking and equating. To obtain an improved sampling design for invariant linking and equating across testing administrations, we applied weighting techniques to yield a weighted sample distribution that is consistent with the target population distribution. The goal is to obtain a stable Stocking‐Lord test characteristic curve (TCC) linking and a true‐score equating that is invariant across administrations. To study the weighting effects on linking, we first selected multiple subsamples from a data set. We then compared the linking parameters from subsamples with those from the data and examined whether the linking parameters from the weighted sample yielded smaller mean square errors (MSE) than those from the unweighted subsample. To study the weighting effects on true‐score equating, we also compared the distributions of the equated scores. Generally, the findings were that the weighting produced good results.
REPURPOSING A BUSINESS LEARNING OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT TO COLLEGE STUDENTS OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES: VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY EVIDENCE
Authors: Ling Guangming 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTOne concern when repurposing a test to a new population is whether the test is measuring the same construct in a valid and reliable way that is comparable to the intended population. Following the guidelines of the International Test Commission and the ETS Standards for Quality and Fairness, this study was designed to collect evidence in support of repurposing the Major Field Test for the Bachelor's Degree in Business (MFT‐B) for use in undergraduate level business programs outside of the United States. The author examined the test's reliability and internal structure based on 930 senior college students from 9 business programs in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and South America. Each participating institution satisfied 2 requirements for this study: (a) having a bachelor's level business curriculum that is similar to their U.S. peer programs and (b) using English as the instructional language. The analyses of the data showed that the MFT‐B has the same factor structure for the non‐U.S.–based sample as that for their U.S. peers. In addition, the test scores for the non‐U.S.–based sample are highly reliable (.90) overall, with some variations among the 9 programs. Both types of evidence support the notion that the MFT‐B is appropriate when repurposed for use with non‐U.S.–based business programs.
Association between combative behavior requiring intervention and delirium in hospitalized patients
Authors: Uldall Karina , Williams Barbara L. , Dunn Jessica D. , Blackmore C. Craig 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUNDWe hypothesized that delirium contributes to combative behavior requiring intervention in hospitalized patients. Delirium identification would therefore potentially provide an opportunity for prevention and early identification of patients at risk, thereby improving safety for patients and staff.OBJECTIVETo determine whether delirium is associated with combative behavior requiring intervention in a general hospital population.DESIGNCase control study.SETTINGA 336‐bed, nonuniversity, teaching hospital serving adults in the Pacific Northwest.PATIENTSOne hundred twenty consecutive hospitalized patients with combative behavior requiring intervention compared to 159 randomly selected inpatient control subjects, all from 2011.INTERVENTIONBivariate statistics were used to compare demographics; diagnoses; presence of delirium, dementia, substance use, other psychiatric diagnosis; medications; hospital length of stay; and discharge disposition. We used stepwise logistic regression to determine the association of combative behavior requiring intervention with delirium after adjustment for covariates.RESULTSDelirium preceding the combative behavior was present in 50% (60/120) of patients with combative behavior requiring intervention compared to 16% (26/159) of controls (P < 0.001). Combative‐behavior patients were hospitalized longer (9.4 vs 4.5 days, P < 0.001), and were more likely to be discharged to a skilled nursing facility (26%, 31/120) or to leave against medical advice (10%, 12/120, P < 0.001). Delirium was strongly associated with combative behavior requiring intervention, after adjustment (odds ratio: 3.8, 95% confidence interval: 2.0–7.3, P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONDelirium is strongly associated with combative behavior requiring intervention, which poses a significant safety risk for patients and staff. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:658–662. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Re‐evaluation of the Roseau Tuff eruptive sequence and other ignimbrites in Dominica, Lesser Antilles
Authors: HOWE TRACY M. , LINDSAY JAN M. , SHANE PHIL , SCHMITT AXEL K. , STOCKLI DANIEL F. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe island of Dominica hosts several ignimbrites, including the Roseau Tuff, thought to represent the largest eruption in the Caribbean in the past 200 000 years. The volcanic stratigraphy of the island is poorly understood due to limited outcrops and a paucity of geochemical and geochronological data. The discovery of a new fully accessible exposure of three ignimbrites intercalated with paleosols provides an opportunity to re‐evaluate the current stratigraphic framework of ignimbrite‐forming eruptions on the island. Whole‐rock analyses of pumice clasts from Dominica ignimbrites are andesitic (61–66% SiO2) and in most cases are geochemically indistinguishable. Ignimbrites in the north of the island have less evolved glass compositions (73–75% SiO2) and more mafic orthopyroxene compositions (En > 56) than their southern counterparts (75–78% SiO2; En < 56). Pumice clasts from ignimbrites in southern Dominica have indistinguishable groundmass glass and mineral chemistry, making correlation of these deposits difficult. New (U–Th)/He eruption ages for the southern ignimbrites indicate that at least six separate explosive eruptions occurred between 24 and 61 ka. The non‐unique geochemistry of these deposits, together with the new (U−Th)/He ages, suggests that the large volume inferred for the Roseau Tuff eruption may actually be a composite of six smaller, geochemically homogeneous eruptions.
Histidine kinases mediate differentiation, stress response, and pathogenicity inMagnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Jacob Stefan , Foster Andrew J. , Yemelin Alexander , Thines Eckhard 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study is a functional characterization of 10 putative histidine kinases (HIKs)‐encoding genes in the phytopathogenic fungusMagnaporthe oryzae. TwoHIKs were found to be required for pathogenicity in the fungus. It was found that the mutant strainsΔMohik5andΔMohik8show abnormal conidial morphology and furthermoreΔMohik5is unable to form appressoria. BothHIKs MoHik5p and MoHik8p appear to be essential for pathogenicity since the mutants fail to infect rice plants. MoSln1p and MoHik1p were previously reported to be components of theHOGpathway inM. oryzae. TheΔMosln1mutant is more susceptible to salt stress compared toΔMohik1, whereasΔMohik1appears to be stronger affected by osmotic or sugar stress. In contrast to yeast, theHOGsignaling cascade in phytopathogenic fungi apparently comprises more elements. Furthermore, vegetative growth of the mutantsΔMohik5andΔMohik9was found to be sensitive to hypoxia‐inducing NaNO2‐treatment. Additionally, it was monitored that NaNO2‐treatment resulted in MoHog1p phosphorylation. As a consequence we assume a first simplified model for hypoxia signaling inM. oryzaeincluding theHOGpathway and theHIKs MoHik5p and MoHik9p.
Experimental validation of the hyperpolarized 129Xe chemical shift saturation recovery technique in healthy volunteers and subjects with interstitial lung disease
Authors: Stewart Neil J. , Leung General , Norquay Graham , Marshall Helen , Parra‐Robles Juan , Murphy Philip S. , Schulte Rolf F. , Elliot Charlie , Condliffe Robin , Griffiths Paul D. , Kiely David G. , Whyte Moira K. , Wolber Jan , Wild Jim M. 
Published: August 2014

PurposeTo assess the sensitivity of the hyperpolarized 129Xe chemical shift saturation recovery (CSSR) technique for noninvasive quantification of changes to lung microstructure and function in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and systemic sclerosis (SSc).MethodsTen healthy volunteers, four subjects with SSc and four with IPF were scanned at 1.5 T. A CSSR pulse sequence was implemented using binomial‐composite radiofrequency pulses to monitor 129Xe magnetization in tissues and blood plasma (T/P) and red blood cells (RBCs). The dynamics of 129Xe uptake into these compartments were fitted with three existing analytical models of gas diffusion to extract parameters of lung physiology. These parameters were quantitatively compared between models.ResultsUptake of xenon into the pulmonary capillaries was impaired in subjects with IPF and SSc. Statistically significant septal thickening was measured by 129Xe CSSR in IPF patients. Preliminary data suggests age‐dependent alterations to septal thickness in healthy volunteers. These findings were reproduced using each of the literature models. CSSR‐derived parameters were compared with gold‐standard indicators of pulmonary function; diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide and pulmonary transit‐time.ConclusionsCSSR with hyperpolarized 129Xe is sensitive to pathology‐induced degradation of lung structure/function and shows promise for quantification of disease severity and monitoring treatment response. Magn Reson Med 74:196–207, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A home‐built digital optical MRI console using high‐speed serial links
Authors: Tang Weinan , Wang Weimin , Liu Wentao , Ma Yajun , Tang Xin , Xiao Liang , Gao Jia‐Hong 
Published: August 2014

PurposeTo develop a high performance, cost‐effective digital optical console for scalable multichannel MRI.MethodsThe console system was implemented with flexibility and efficiency based on a modular architecture with distributed pulse sequencers. High‐speed serial links were optimally utilized to interconnect the system, providing fast digital communication with a multi‐gigabit data rate. The conventional analog radio frequency (RF) chain was replaced with a digital RF manipulation. The acquisition electronics were designed in close proximity to RF coils and preamplifiers, using a digital optical link to transmit the MR signal.ResultsA prototype of the console was constructed with a broad frequency range from direct current to 100 MHz. A temporal resolution of 1 μs was achieved for both the RF and gradient operations. The MR signal was digitized in the scanner room with an overall dynamic range between 16 and 24 bits and was transmitted to a master controller over a duplex optic fiber with a high data rate of 3.125 gigabits per second. High‐quality phantom and human images were obtained using the prototype on both 0.36T and 1.5T clinical MRI scanners.ConclusionA homemade digital optical MRI console with high‐speed serial interconnection has been developed to better serve imaging research and clinical applications. Magn Reson Med 74:578–588, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Depletion of superjunction power MOSFETs visualized by electron beam induced current and voltage contrast measurements
Authors: Kirnstoetter Stefan , Faccinelli Martin , Jelinek Moriz , Schustereder Werner , Laven Johannes G. , Schulze Hans‐Joachim , Hadley Peter 
Published: August 2014

AbstractElectron Beam Induced Current (EBIC) measurements were used to produce cross sectional images of superjunction power transistors. These images show how the depletion width expands under reverse bias. Superjunctions are alternating p‐ and n‐type doped vertical columns placed between drain and source in a power transistor (Deboy et al., in: Proc. IEDM, 983–685 (1998); Lorenz et al., in: Proc. PCIM Europe, 250–258 (1998)). These columns allow a higher substrate doping of the drift region, resulting in a lower on‐state resistance while still maintaining a high breakdown voltage. When the device is reverse biased, the space charge region of the superjunction should expand symmetrically due to the homogeneous doping (in the n and p region) until the complete device depletes. The depletion process was also visualized using voltage contrast (VC) measurements. Here the secondary electron signal was detected when the device was reverse biased. We show that EBIC and VC measurements can provide valuable input for process tuning and process simulations, enabling the use of smaller dimensions and higher doping levels
Temperature dependent switching behaviour of nickel silicided undoped silicon nanowire devices
Authors: Beister Jürgen , Wachowiak Andre , Heinzig André , Trommer Jens , Mikolajick Thomas , Weber Walter M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this work, we investigate the temperature dependence of electrical switching properties of back‐gated, undoped Si‐nanowire field‐effect transistors with Ni‐silicided source/drain contacts. A simple, phenomenological model illustrates the leading order temperature dependence of the source‐drain current, which originates predominantly from charge carrier injection by tunneling through the Schottky junction. Drain current versus gate voltage measurements have been performed for various temperatures and several drain voltages on a single nanowire device. The temperature dependence of the drain‐source current for specific gate and drain voltages is analysed within the framework of voltage dependent effective barrier heights. As a result, the temperature dependence of the tunnelling current is not only important for the sub‐threshold region, but also plays a significant role in the transistor “on‐state”. In addition, the effective barrier heights for electrons and holes tend towards the natural Schottky barriers of the NiSi2‐Si interface, if the applied external fields generate the case of flat band condition at the injection Schottky barrier, i.e. in the deep “off‐state” region. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Combating phishing attacks via brand identity and authorization features
Authors: Geng Guang‐Gang , Lee Xiao‐Dong , Zhang Yan‐Ming 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPhishing, also called brand spoofing, has become the most troubling scam on the Internet, which seriously threatens the Web security. The essence of phish is that “robbers” use false sites, which look like a trustworthy brand site, where favicon, logo and copyright notice are important brand identities. We analyzed 78‐day phishing data of PhishTank and Anti‐Phishing Working Group (APWG). The statistics show that more than 98.93% phishing sites contain at least one brand entity—favicon, logo or copyright notice. Indeed, only a few lowest‐quality phishing campaigns do not use such brand elements. Obviously, brand entities are powerful weapons of phishers to trick users. By analyzing the characteristics of brand entities in phishing sites, several brand identity features are extracted. However, only brand entities do not consider whether the Web page with brand entities belongs to the corresponding brand or has an authorization to use the brand entities. To solve this problem, redirection, incoming links and Domain Name System (DNS) information‐based brand authorization features are further extracted to discriminate the sites with branding rights from phishing sites. Based on extracted features, statistical anti‐phishing classification models are trained. We collected a diverse spectrum of corpora containing 3863 phishing cases from PhishTank and APWG, and 17 571 legitimate samples from DMOZ, Google and DNS resolution log. Experimental evaluations show that the model achieves 98.8% true positive rate and 0.09% false positive rate, which demonstrates the competitive performances of extracted features for statistical anti‐phishing in practice. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐source broadcast authentication with Combined Key Chains for wireless ad hoc networks
Authors: Choi Seonho , Sun Kun , Eom Hyeonsang , Jung Edward 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMultiple trust sources may be needed for broadcast in wireless ad hoc networks. For example, multiple base stations may be employed in some wireless sensor networks, or multiple trusts may be distributed among multiple routing nodes in multi‐hop routing protocol. Most of the previously proposed multicast/broadcast authentication protocols assume a single source of trust. With multiple trust sources, it becomes difficult to design resource‐efficient authentication protocols for multicast/broadcast services. Simply extending traditional approaches will result in increased bandwidth and memory consumptions in proportion to the number of trust sources.In this paper, we propose a new scheme utilizing Combined Key Chains. If there are m trust sources, our scheme generates m + 1 key chains, where m of them are distributed among the m source nodes and the last one is used as a Verification Key Chain in all the receiver nodes. The communication overhead is small and constant, and the memory requirement at a verifier node is also minimal. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.