bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of ketamine, propofol, or thiopental administration on intraocular pressure and qualities of induction of and recovery from anesthesia in horses
Authors: Ferreira Tatiana H. , Brosnan Robert J. , Shilo-Benjamini Yael , Moore Stephanie B. , Hollingsworth Steven R. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Objective—To assess the effects of ketamine hydrochloride, propofol, or compounded thiopental sodium administration on intraocular pressure (IOP) and qualities of induction of and recovery from anesthesia in horses.
Animals—6 healthy adult horses.
Procedures—Horses were sedated with xylazine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg), and anesthesia was induced with guaifenesin followed by ketamine (2 mg/kg), propofol (3 mg/kg), or thiopental (4 mg/kg) in a crossover study with ≥ 1 week between treatments. For each horse, IOP in the right eye was measured with a handheld applanation tonometer before and after xylazine administration, at the time of recumbency, and every 3 minutes after induction of anesthesia until spontaneous movement was observed. Cardiorespiratory responses and venous blood measurements were recorded during anesthesia. Induction of and recovery from anesthesia were subjectively evaluated by investigators who were unaware of the anesthetic treatment of each horse. Data were analyzed via a repeated-measures ANOVA with Holm-Ŝidák post hoc comparisons.
Results—Compared with findings after xylazine administration (mean ± SD, 17 ± 3 mm Hg), thiopental decreased IOP by 4 ± 23%, whereas propofol and ketamine increased IOP by 8 ± 11% and 37 ± 16%, respectively. Compared with the effects of ketamine, propofol and thiopental resulted in significantly lower IOP at the time of recumbency and higher heart rates at 3 minutes after induction of anesthesia. No other significant differences among treatments were found.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These findings support the use of thiopental or propofol in preference to ketamine for horses in which increases in IOP should be minimized.
Effects of subtherapeutic concentrations of antimicrobials on gene acquisition events in Yersinia, Proteus, Shigella, and Salmonella recipient organisms in isolated ligated intestinal loops of swine
Authors: Brewer Matt T. , Xiong Nalee , Anderson Kristi L. , Carlson Steve A. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Objective—To assess antimicrobial resistance and transfer of virulence genes facilitated by subtherapeutic concentrations of antimicrobials in swine intestines.
Animals—20 anesthetized pigs experimentally inoculated with donor and recipient bacteria.
Procedures—4 recipient pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella flexneri, or Proteus mirabilis) were incubated with donor bacteria in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of 1 of 16 antimicrobials in isolated ligated intestinal loops in swine. Donor Escherichia coli contained transferrable antimicrobial resistance or virulence genes. After coincubations, intestinal contents were removed and assessed for pathogens that acquired new antimicrobial resistance or virulence genes following exposure to the subtherapeutic concentrations of antimicrobials.
Results—3 antimicrobials (apramycin, lincomycin, and neomycin) enhanced transfer of an antimicrobial resistance plasmid from commensal E coli organisms to Yersinia and Proteus organisms, whereas 7 antimicrobials (florfenicol, hygromycin, penicillin G, roxarsone, sulfamethazine, tetracycline, and tylosin) exacerbated transfer of an integron (Salmonella genomic island 1) from Salmonella organisms to Yersinia organisms. Sulfamethazine induced the transfer of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 from pathogenic to nonpathogenic Salmonella organisms. Six antimicrobials (bacitracin, carbadox, erythromycin, sulfathiazole, tiamulin, and virginiamycin) did not mediate any transfer events. Sulfamethazine was the only antimicrobial implicated in 2 types of transfer events.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—10 of 16 antimicrobials at subinhibitory or subtherapeutic concentrations augmented specific antimicrobial resistance or transfer of virulence genes into pathogenic bacteria in isolated intestinal loops in swine. Use of subtherapeutic antimicrobials in animal feed may be associated with unwanted collateral effects.
Effect of furosemide and high-dosage pimobendan administration on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in dogs
Authors: Ames Marisa K. , Atkins Clarke E. , Lantis Andrea C. , Werre Stephen R. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether a high dosage of pimobendan, when administered concurrently with moderate-dosage furosemide to healthy dogs, would activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) more than furosemide alone.
Animals—12 healthy dogs.
Procedures—6 dogs received furosemide (2.0 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) only, as an RAAS activator, for 10 days. The other 6 dogs received furosemide (2.0 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) and pimobendan (0.6 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) for 10 days. The effect of these drugs on the RAAS was determined by measurement of the aldosterone-to-creatinine ratio (A:C) in urine collected in the morning and evening of study days −2, −1, 1, 5, and 10.
Results—Although there was an increase in the urine A:C during the study period in both groups, it was significant only for dogs that received both drugs. The urine A:C only differed significantly between groups on day 1, at which time A:C was greater in the group that received both drugs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—High-dosage pimobendan administration neither substantially suppressed nor potentiated the RAAS when administered with furosemide in healthy dogs.
Comparison of concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy with and without seizure-related magnetic resonance imaging hyperintense areas in the limbic system
Authors: Creevy Kate E. , Gagnepain John F. , Platt Simon R. , Edwards Gaylen L. , Kent Marc 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Objective—To investigate differences in CSF concentrations of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in dogs with and without T2-weighted (T2W) MRI hyperintense areas in the limbic system.
Sample—Archived CSF samples and stored brain MRI images of 5 healthy research dogs (group 1), 8 dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) with no abnormal MRI findings (group 2), and 4 dogs with IE with hyperintense areas in the limbic system detected by means of T2W MRI (group 3).
Procedures—Archived CSF samples and stored MRI images obtained from all dogs were evaluated. Dogs in groups 2 and 3 were matched on the basis of age and breed. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to evaluate glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations in CSF samples.
Results—Glutamate concentrations were higher in CSF of both groups of dogs with IE than in healthy dogs. However, glutamate concentrations in CSF were not significantly higher in dogs with IE and with hyperintense areas than in dogs with IE but no abnormal MRI findings. Concentrations of GABA in CSF were higher in group 3 than in group 2 and in group 2 than in group 1.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—No significant difference was evident between glutamate concentrations in CSF of dogs with IE and with and without hyperintense areas detected by means of T2W MRI. However, glutamate concentrations typically were higher in CSF of dogs with IE and MRI hyperintense areas. Future studies with larger sample sizes should be conducted to confirm this finding and to determine the clinical importance of high glutamate concentrations in CSF of dogs with IE.
Effects of peribulbar anesthesia (sub-Tenon injection of a local anesthetic) on akinesia of extraocular muscles, mydriasis, and intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing phacoemulsification
Authors: Ahn Jaesang , Jeong Manbok , Lee Euiri , Kim Soohyun , Park Sangwan , Park Sungwon , Kang Sunmi , Lee Inhyung , Seo Kangmoon 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of peribulbar anesthesia (sub-Tenon injection of lidocaine hydrochloride) on akinesia of extraocular muscles, mydriasis, and intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing phacoemulsification.
Animals—14 Beagles with ophthalmically normal eyes.
Procedures—A blinded randomized controlled trial was performed. Dogs were anesthetized and assigned to 2 treatments: concurrent sub-Tenon injection of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride solution (2 mL) and IV injection of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.02 mL/kg; lidocaine group [n = 7]) or concurrent sub-Tenon injection of saline solution (2 mL) and IV injection of 0.2 mg of atracurium/kg (0.02 mL/kg; control group [7]). Pupils were dilated by topical application of a combined tropicamide and phenylephrine ophthalmic solution. Ten minutes after the injections, pupil diameter was measured and phacoemulsification was performed. End-tidal isoflurane concentration was used to evaluate intraoperative pain. Subjective pain scores were recorded during the postoperative period.
Results—Akinesia was induced and maintained throughout the surgery in all eyes. Mean ± SD pupil diameter was significantly greater in the lidocaine group (13.7 ± 0.7 mm) than in the control group (12.2 ± 0.8 mm). Isoflurane requirements were significantly lower in the lidocaine group than the control group. However, postoperative pain scores were not significantly different between the groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Sub-Tenon injection of lidocaine was an effective method for inducing akinesia of extraocular muscles, mydriasis, and intraoperative analgesia for phacoemulsification in dogs. Therefore, this could be another option for surgical field exposure and pain management during phacoemulsification in dogs.
Effect of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 and 200/0.5 solutions on canine platelet function in vitro
Authors: McBride Duana , Hosgood Giselle L. , Mansfield Caroline S. , Smart Lisa 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether dilution of blood samples from healthy dogs with 2 hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions, HES 130/0.4 and HES 200/0.5, would result in platelet dysfunction as measured by closure time (Ct) beyond a dilutional effect.
Sample—Citrated blood samples from 10 healthy dogs with a Ct within reference limits (52 to 86 seconds).
Procedures—Blood samples were diluted 1:9 and 1:3 with 6% HES 130/0.4 and 10% HES 200/0.5 solutions and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Dilutions at 1:9 and 1:3 mimicked 10 mL/kg and 30 mL/kg doses, respectively, ignoring in vivo redistribution. Closure time was measured with a platelet function analyzer and compared among dilutions.
Results—A dilutional effect on Ct was evident for the 1:3 dilution, compared with the 1:9 dilution, but only HES 200/0.5 increased the Ct beyond the dilutional effect at the 1:3 dilution, to a median Ct of 125 seconds (interquartile range, 117.5 to 139.5 seconds). No effect of HES or dilution on Ct was identified at the 1:9 dilution.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—1:3 dilution of blood samples from healthy dogs with HES 200/0.5 but not HES 130/0.4 significantly increased Ct beyond the dilutional effect, suggesting that IV administration of HES 200/0.5 in dogs might cause platelet dysfunction.
Direct Nitrate Reductase Assay for detection of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: rapid, simple and inexpensive method for low resource laboratories
Authors: Lamsal A , Thapa B , Timilshina M , Verma SC , Ghimire GR , Gautam A 
Published: July 2013

INTRODUCTION: The most common method for detection of drug-resistant-Tuberculosis (DR-TB) in resource-limited settings (RLSs) is indirect susceptibility testing on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium with results available only after 2-3 months. Rapid detection of drug resistance by direct Nitatre Reductase Assay (NRA) expedites Tuberculosis patient management. The objective of the study is to access the feasibility and performance of Direct NRA for detection of DR-TB in National Tuberculosis Center under the National Tuberculosis Control Programme (NTP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Out of 416 previously treated and new pulmonary TB suspect cases; a total of 117 (28.1%) smear-positive sputa with a positivity score of 1+ or more were used in the study. The NRA results were compared with the gold standard LJ proportion method for 110 (94%) specimens while 7 were either contaminated or culture negative. RESULTS: In comparison with LJ proportion method, the respective sensitivities, specificities, NPV, PPV and kappa agreement were 97.2% (95% CI, 86-100), 95.9%(95% CI, 89-99), 92.1% (95% CI, 78-99) 98.6% (95% CI, 92-100), and 0.92 for INH, 100% (95%CI, 90-100), 98.7% (95% CI, 93- 100), 97.1% (95% CI, 85-100), 100% (95% CI, 95- 100) and 0.98 for RFM, 97.1% (95% CI, 85-100) ,96.1% (95%, 89-99), 91.7% (95% CI, 78-98), 98.7% ((95% CI, 93-100) and 0.92 for SM and 100% (95% CI, 88-100), 97.7% (95% CI, 91-100), 93.3% (95% CI, 78-99), 100% (95% CI, 95- 100)and 0.93 for EMB. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained by direct NRA demonstrated excellent concordance for all drugs. Direct NRA is an assay which detects DR-TB directly from sputum rapidly and has the potential to become an alternative to existing methods particularly in resource-poor settings.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i2.8319 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(2):34-39
Hematological profile in visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Agrawal Y , Sinha AK , Upadhyaya P , Kafle SU , Rijal S , Khanal B 
Published: July 2013

INTRODUCTION: Visceral Leishmaniasis is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and can be fatal in the absence of treatment. Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Brazil and Sudan constitute five countries of the world where more than 90% of visceral leishmaniasis occurs. The aim of this study is to evaluate haematological profile with available clinical data in visceral leishmaniasis patients and to detect LD bodies among them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is a hospital based cross sectional study conducted in the Department of Pathology, BPKIHS, Dharan, for the period of one year. LD bodies were calculated in bone marrow aspirate of forty clinically suspected cases by counting the number of parasites per 100 consecutive oil immersion fields. RESULTS: The age ranged from 2-60 years. Pyerxia was the most common sign (100%) followed by splenomegaly (82.5%), hepatomegaly (65%), and pallor (75%). Anemia was present in 90%, leucopenia in 67.5% and thrombocytopenia in 72.5% cases. Bicytopenia and pancytopenia were observed in 40% and 25% cases, respectively. On peripheral examination RBCs were predominantly normocytic normochromic. On bone marrow examination normocellular marrow and megaloblastic features were predominant findings followed by increased plasma cells. Low, moderate and high grade LD bodies were present in 7.5%, 37.5% and 55% of the cases respectively. Hepatomegaly, anemia, neutropenia and lymphocytosis were statistically significant to parasite load (p-value <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Besides LD bodies in bone marrow aspirates, dyserythroblastic changes and increase plasma cells are common findings in leishmaniasis. Patient from endemic area with positive clinical history and findings should be examined for LD bodies in marrow if dyserythroblastic and increase plasma cell picture is found. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i2.8320 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(2):39-44
First line anti-tubercular drug resistance among patients visiting German Nepal Tuberculosis Project, Nepal
Authors: Regmi S , Shrestha B , Katuwal A 
Published: July 2013

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis is one of the commonest causes of death in the world. It remains a major public health problem in developing countries including Nepal. Despite the reduction in incidence of tuberculosis by the implementation of anti-tuberculosis drugs regimen, TB remains pandemic due to emergence of drug resistant strain of M. tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the first line anti-tubercular drug resistance among patients visiting German Nepal Tuberculosis Project, Nepal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anti-tubercular drug susceptibility test for first line drugs (Rifampicin, Isonizid, Ethambutol, and Streptomycin) was performed by proportion method (n=141) for new sputum smear positive patients attending German Nepal Tuberculosis Project, Kathmandu, Nepal. RESULTS: 78.1% (n=110.) were sensitive to all 4 drugs. Eight isolates (5.6%), 4(2.8%), 10(7.1%) and 31(21.9%) were resistant to any 4, 3, 2 and 1 drug respectively. Proportion of drug resistant (PDR) to one drug was 12.6%, two drugs 7.6%, three drugs (6.3%) and four drugs was 5.6%. Our result indicates the PDR to the first line drug was 21.9% and multidrug resistant (MDR) was 12 (8.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Drugs resistant cases of tuberculosis in increasing. Surveillance and monitoring of the drug resistant tuberculosis is necessary to prevent emergence of MDR, extensively drug resistant and so-called totally drug resistant tuberculosis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i2.8321 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(2):45-48
Assessment of sub-clinical mastitis and its associated risk factors in dairy livestock of Lamjung, Nepal
Authors: Khanal T , Pandit A 
Published: July 2013

INTRODUCTION: Mastitis is one among the top three threats faced by dairy farmers. The study was carried out to assess sub-clinical mastitis, management practices and associated risk factors for mastitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted in Chandreshwor and Archalbot VDCs of Lamjung district taking 63 dairy livestock randomly each from a herd along with questionnaire survey to respective owner. Tem ml of milk sample from each quarter was taken in a sterilized syringe for further laboratory investigation. California Mastitis Test (CMT) was performed at farmer’s shed. Organisms were identified based on colony characteristics, Gram's staining and various biochemical tests. RESULTS: On CMT, subclinical mastitis was 46.1% (n=29) and 30.15% (n=76) on animal and quarter basis respectively, however, culture showed, 28.6% and 24.2%. Streptococcal mastitis was the commonest (11.1%) followed by coliform (9.5%) and staphylococcal (7.9%). Mastitis was highest in left fore quarter (34.92%) followed by left hind (31.76%), right hind (28.57%) and right fore (25.39%). Coliform & Staphylococcal mastitis was highest in left fore and right hind quarter respectively. Most of dairy animals (86%) were on zero grazing, 30% (n=19) of the farmers had forage trees and only 29% (n=18) had known about subclinical mastitis. The average milk production was 3.5 ±1.47 liters. Subclinical mastitis was associated significantly (p<0.01) with livestock yielding more than 3 lt per lactation. CONCLUSIONS: There was high prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy livestock at Lamjung due to poor management, unhygienic shed, and little knowledge on subclinical mastitis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i2.8322 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(2):49-54
Measurement of transverse and sagittal diameter of the lumbar vertebral canal in people from Western region of Nepal
Authors: Shrestha B , Dhungana S 
Published: July 2013

INTRODUCTION: Size of the canal diameter is one among several factors responsible for lumbar canal stenosis. The study aims to measure the transverse and sagittal diameter of the lumbar vertebral canal in people from Western region of Nepal and compare with the published results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty young patients (24 males and 26 females) complaining of LBP were done X-ray of lumbar spine in Antero- Posterior (AP)/ Lateral in supine views. From the images, midsagittal (AP) dimensions, transverse (interpedicular) distances and width of vertebral body were measured at each level with the help of electronic calipers. RESULTS: The mean transverse diameter of lumbar canal ranged from 24.8 mm at L1 to 33.25 mm at L5. This gradual increase in the transverse diameter from L1 to L5 was statistically significant. Measurement of lumbar vertebral width ranged from 41.37 mm at L1 and 52.96 mm at L5. There was gradual increase in the size from L1 to L5. But the measurement of AP distance showed a gradual decrease in diameter from L 1 to L 5. The decrease in the AP diameter from L 1 to L2 and Canal body ratio was not constant at all levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our hospital based data showed that the patients from western region of Nepal have smaller canal size. Therefore, the patients from western region of Nepal may be more prone to develop spinal canal stenosis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i2.8323 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(2):55-58
Histoid leprosy on scrotal skin: an unusual case
Authors: Paudyal P , Shrestha S , Agarwal M , Kafle SU , Karki S , Upadhyaya P , Agarwal S , Pradhan A 
Published: July 2013

INTRODUCTION: Although no part of the skin is immune from invasion by mycobacterium leprae it is commonly seen over cooler parts of the body and very rarely found over external genitalia because of their warm temperature. Histoid leprosy is rare but a well-defined entity with specific clinical, histopathological, and bacteriological features. CASE REPORT: A Punch biopsy measuring 3x3 cm of a 73 year old male having an erythematous plaque over scrotum since 2 months was received for histopathologic examination with the clinical differentials of pilomatrixoma and steatocystoma multiplex. Histopathologic and special stain slides revealed a feature of histoid leprosy. CONCLUSION: Although rare, leprosy lesions may occur on the male genitalia and therefore in all male patients, history taking and examination of external genitalia should not be neglected. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i2.8325 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(2):64-67
Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease in suburban population of 3 municipalities in Nepal
Authors: Koju R , Gurung R , Pant P , Humagain S , Yogol CM , Koju A , Manandhar K , Karmacharya B , Bedi TRS 
Published: July 2013

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world including Nepal. The assessment of risk factors responsible for CVD can predict 10 year risk of CVD. World Health Organization (WHO) risk assessment chart, specially designed for South East Asia Sub-region D can predict the risk of CVD in Nepal. Method and Materials A total 532 study population from Panauti, Banepa and Dhulikhel were calculated their 10 year risk of CVD using WHO/ISH risk prediction chart on the basis of risk factors: age, gender, smoking status, diabetes, systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol. Result Ten year risk of developing cardiovascular disease is less than 10% among the population less than 50 years, irrespective of gender. 5% of male population had more than 10% chance of developing cardiovascular events in next ten years. One third of 60 – 69 years people had more than 10% chance of developing cardiovascular disease whereas it increased to 50% among 70 years and older group. Conclusion The assessment of risk factors is quite easy and cheap tool to predict the cardiovascular event, which support to practice the good clinical management to prevent the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v8i1.8328 Nepalese Heart Journal Vol.8(1) 2011 pp.3-7