bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harmonisierung von DNV GL‐Standards & Empfehlung zum Korrosionsschutz von Offshore‐Windparks
Authors: Lichtenstein Lars 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRichtlinien und Hinweise zum Korrosionsschutz werden momentan durch die DNV GL Guideline for the Certification of Offshore Wind Turbines, Edition 2012, DNV‐OS‐J101, oder DNV‐RP‐B401 gegeben. Diese Informationen werden in der neuen DNV GL Recommended Practice on Corrosion Protection of Offshore Wind Farms an die aktuellen Erkenntnisse angepasst und in einem Dokument zusammengefasst. Es werden Empfehlungen bezüglich der Wahl der Schutzsysteme, der zulässigen Korrosion, der Notwendigkeit von Prequalifikationen sowie zur Berücksichtigung von standortspezifischen Besonderheiten gegeben. Zusätzlich werden Gefahren infolge der mikrobiellen Korrosion und weitere Besonderheiten für Windparks berücksichtigt sowie Erläuterungen zu den empfohlenen Ansätzen bereitgestellt.Harmonisation of the DNV GL Standard – Recommendation on the corrosion protection of offshore wind farms. Guidance on corrosion protection is currently being provided in DNV GL Guideline for the Certification of Offshore Wind Turbines, Edition 2012, DNV‐OS‐J101 or DNV‐RP‐B401. This guidance is updated and summarized in the upcoming DNV GL Recommended Practice on Corrosion Protection of Offshore Wind Farms. Recommendation will be given on the choice of coating systems, the corrosion allowance, the necessity of pre‐qualification, and the effects of durability of these. Also the danger of microbiologically induced corrosion or the effects site specific considerations will be presented. Guidance and justifications for the recommended approaches will be given.
Is There Justification for Total Thyroidectomy in Low‐Risk Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma? A Decision‐Analysis Model
Authors: Stern Sagit , Hilly Ohad , Horowitz Einav , Leshno Moshe , Feinmesser Raphael 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackground
Low‐risk papillary thyroid carcinoma is commonly treated surgically. However, uncertainties exist in regard to the optimal extent of surgery. We approached this question using a decision‐analysis model.Methods
A Markov model was used to compare outcome between patients with small (1–2 cm) low‐risk PTC treated by hemithyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy. Probabilities and utilities were derived from the literature. The model was evaluated with Monte Carlo simulation. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine which variables most affected the model.ResultsHemithyroidectomy was associated with a minor increase in mortality risk. After incorporation of mortality risk, complications, and quality‐of‐life measures, hemithyroidectomy was found to be superior to total thyroidectomy, with an increasing benefit over time. Quality‐of‐life measures, especially disutility of disease recurrence and undergoing surgery, had the greatest effect on the incremental benefit of hemithyroidectomy.ConclusionBased on our decision‐analysis model, hemithyroidectomy is the preferred option in low‐risk PTC.
Revisiting Low‐Risk Thyroid Papillary Microcarcinomas Resected Without Observation: Was Immediate Surgery Necessary?
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Miyauchi Akira , Oda Hitomi , Kobayashi Kaoru , Kihara Minoru , Miya Akihiro 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIntroduction
Low‐risk thyroid papillary microcarcinomas (PMCs) without evidence of metastasis grow slowly if at all. However, we recommended surgery for tumors touching the trachea (TR) or located in the course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RN). Here we compared the cases of low‐risk PMC patients who underwent immediate surgery to cases of TR‐ and RN‐involved PMCs.Materials and methodsWe enrolled 1143 low‐risk PMC patients who underwent immediate surgery in the years 2006–2014. The PMCs of 437 patients touched the TR on imaging studies: 270, 104, and 63 were graded as low, intermediate, and high risk, respectively, for TR invasion based on the angles between the tumor and the TR surface. The tumor was in the course of the RN in 144 patients, with 35 graded low risk and 109 high risk for RN invasion based on the normal rim of the thyroid in the direction of the RN.ResultsInvasion of the TR cartilage was observed only in high‐risk patients. Peritracheal connective tissue was resected in 21, 15, and 6 of the high‐, intermediate‐ and low‐risk patients, respectively. Significant invasion of the RN requiring complete resection was observed in only nine patients at high risk for RN invasion. The incidence of TR invasion in high‐ and intermediate patients and the incidence of RN invasion in the high‐risk patients were significantly higher than those of the low‐risk patients. Tumors <7 mm did not show TR or RN invasion.ConclusionAmong PMCs that touched the TR or were located in the course of the RN, observation could be the first choice for tumors < 7 mm and those ≥ 7 mm judged as low risk for TR or RN invasion. However, for PMCs with high‐risk features, immediate surgery after cytological diagnosis by a needle aspiration biopsy is recommended.
Cryopreservation of testis tissues and in vitro spermatogenesis
Authors: Yokonishi Tetsuhiro , Ogawa Takehiko 
Published: August 2015

AbstractCancer treatments, either chemo‐ or radiotherapy, may cause severe damage to gonads which could lead to the infertility of patients. In post‐pubertal male patients, semen cryopreservation is recommended to preserve the potential to have their own biological children in the future; however, it is not applicable to prepubertals. The preservation of testis tissue which contains spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) but not sperm would be an alternative measure. The tissues or SSCs have to be transplanted back into patients to obtain sperm; however, this procedure remains experimental, invasive, and is accompanied with the potential risk of re‐implantation of cancer cells. Recently, we developed an organ culture system which supports the spermatogenesis of mice up to sperm formation from SSCs. It was also shown that the tissues could be frozen for later sperm production, which resulted in the generation of offspring. Thus, it could be useful as a clinical application for preserving the reproductive potential of male pediatric cancer patients. The establishment of an optimized cryopreservation method and the development of a culture system for human testis tissue are expected in the future.
FANWU LIUXING 凡物流形 (“ALL THINGS FLOW INTO FORM”) AND THE “ONE” IN THE LAOZI
Authors: Perkins Franklin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe archeological discoveries of the past several decades have radically expanded our knowledge of the Laozi and its context. Thus far, most research has focused on the various manuscript versions of the text itself, but there is another way in which archeological evidence has changed our knowledge of the Laozi: the discovery of several other cosmogonic texts, all dated to around the same time as the Guodian materials. While these texts share some concerns and assumptions, they also disagree and offer conflicting positions. Thus rather than assuming that anything sounding vaguely like the Laozi is saying the same thing in different words, we should be attuned to subtle differences on issues ranging from cosmogony to conceptions of action. We should also allow for the possibility that the Laozi itself incorporates diverse positions. This article analyzes one particular example, the role of “the one” (yi 一) in the Laozi. It argues that the five chapters discussing the one represent an attempt to incorporate what was originally a distinct position that took the one as the ultimate and had no concern with the interdependence of opposites. That position is expressed in the recently discovered Fanwu liuxing.
Parents make the difference: a randomized-controlled trial of a parenting intervention in Liberia
Authors: Puffer E. S. , Green E. P. , Chase R. M. , Sim A. L. , Zayzay J. , Friis E. , Garcia-Rolland E. , Boone L. 
Published: August 2015

Background.The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a brief parenting intervention, ‘Parents Make the Difference‘(PMD), on parenting behaviors, quality of parent-child interactions, children's cognitive, emotional, and behavioral wellbeing, and malaria prevention behaviors in rural, post-conflict Liberia.Methods.A sample of 270 caregivers of children ages 3–7 were randomized into an immediate treatment group that received a 10-session parent training intervention or a wait-list control condition (1:1 allocation). Interviewers administered baseline and 1-month post-intervention surveys and conducted child-caregiver observations. Intent-to-treat estimates of the average treatment effects were calculated using ordinary least squares regression. This study was pre-registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01829815).Results.The program led to a 55.5% reduction in caregiver-reported use of harsh punishment practices (p < 0.001). The program also increased the use of positive behavior management strategies and improved caregiver–child interactions. The average caregiver in the treatment group reported a 4.4% increase in positive interactions (p < 0.05), while the average child of a caregiver assigned to the treatment group reported a 17.5% increase (p < 0.01). The program did not have a measurable impact on child wellbeing, cognitive skills, or household adoption of malaria prevention behaviors.Conclusions.PMD is a promising approach for preventing child abuse and promoting positive parent-child relationships in low-resource settings.
Reversals of the large-scale circulation in quasi-2D Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Ni Rui , Huang Shi-Di , Xia Ke-Qing 
Published: August 2015

We report an experimental study of the large-scale circulation (LSC) reversal in quasi-2D turbulent thermal convection, in which the aspect ratio ${\it\Gamma}$ ($=\text{height}/\text{length}$ of a rectangular box) is used as a parameter to perturb the stability of the LSC. It is found that the mean time interval $\langle {\it\tau}\rangle$ between two successive reversals increases strongly with increasing ${\it\Gamma}$. A stochastic model is proposed to incorporate the effect of the corner rolls. In the model, the aspect ratio serves as a tuning parameter for the relative weight of the corner rolls that damp the LSC. The model predictions for the shape of the bistable states of the system and $\langle {\it\tau}\rangle$ agree excellently with the experimental results, with $\langle {\it\tau}\rangle$ having an unexpected stretched exponential Rayleigh number dependence, ${\sim}\!\exp (Ra^{{\it\alpha}})$. We further show quantitatively that the main damping force of the LSC in a quasi-2D system is from the corner rolls rather than the viscous drag from the sidewalls, which bridges the difference found in quasi-2D and 3D systems.
Institutional Investors and the Information Production Theory of Stock Splits
Authors: Chemmanur Thomas J. , Hu Gang , Huang Jiekun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe make use of a large sample of transaction-level institutional trading data to test an extended version of Brennan and Hughes’ (1991) information production theory of stock splits. We compare brokerage commissions paid by institutional investors before and after a split, assess the private information held by them, and relate the informativeness of their trading to brokerage commissions paid. We show that institutions make abnormal profits net of brokerage commissions by trading in splitting stocks. We also show that the information asymmetry faced by firms goes down after stock splits. Overall, our empirical results support the information production theory.
Development and transfer of vocabulary knowledge in Spanish-speaking language minority preschool children
Authors: GOODRICH J. MARC , LONIGAN CHRISTOPHER J. , KLEUVER CHERIE G. , FARVER JOANN M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn this study we evaluated the predictive validity of conceptual scoring. Two independent samples of Spanish-speaking language minority preschoolers (Sample 1: N = 96, mean age = 54·51 months, 54·3% male; Sample 2: N = 116, mean age = 60·70 months, 56·0% male) completed measures of receptive, expressive, and definitional vocabulary in their first (L1) and second (L2) languages at two time points approximately 9–12 months apart. We examined whether unique L1 and L2 vocabulary at time 1 predicted later L2 and L1 vocabulary, respectively. Results indicated that unique L1 vocabulary did not predict later L2 vocabulary after controlling for initial L2 vocabulary. An identical pattern of results emerged for L1 vocabulary outcomes. We also examined whether children acquired translational equivalents for words known in one language but not the other. Results indicated that children acquired translational equivalents, providing partial support for the transfer of vocabulary knowledge across languages.
Assessing the GMO debate in Turkey: The Case of Cotton Farming
Authors: Aydın Cem İskender , Ȫzertan Gökhan , Ȫzkaynak Begðm 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper frames the GM cotton approval debate in Turkey in the context of a socio-political process in which conflicts must be resolved between competing interests and among people who hold different value systems and have different priorities. Four different cotton farming alternatives— business as usual (BAU), ecological farming (ECO), GM farming (GM), and good agricultural practices (GAP)—are assessed and evaluated via a set of environmental, social, and economic criteria chosen on the basis of an extensive review of the cotton production and genetically modified organism (GMO) literatures, and in-depth interviews with several key stakeholders and experts in Turkey. The results show that when economic concerns are considered primary, GM farming is the preferred practice. In contrast, when only the social dimension is prioritised, the ECO alternative performs best. Finally, when the economic and social dimensions are appraised together, GAP emerges as a compromise solution. This study reveals that the decision to approve GM farming is not only complex but also value-laden and interest-based.
A Review on Quality of Life and Depression in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Moritz Steffen 
Published: August 2015

AbstractQuality of life (QoL) is increasingly recognized as a pivotal outcome parameter in research on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). While the concept remains somewhat ill-defined, there is now little dispute that the patients’ personal goals deserve foremost consideration during the course of treatment as the primary aim of treatment should be relief from individual despair, which is related but by no means synonymous to symptom reduction. Studies using generic (ie, illness-unspecific) instruments have confirmed poor QoL in OCD patients across a wide range of domains, especially with respect to social, work role functioning, and mental health aspects. Scores are sometimes as low as those obtained by patients with schizophrenia. Depression and obsessions are the symptom clusters that most strongly contribute to low QoL. Findings from a novel survey of 105 OCD participants point to multiple daily life problems, poor work status, and tense social networks in these patients. In order to achieve therapeutic success and improve QoL, functional problems at work and comorbid disorders such as secondary depression and physical impairments should be targeted. While successful treatment sometimes positively impacts well-being, in some studies symptom decline did not translate into improved QoL.
Light microenvironment and single-cell gradients of carbon fixation in tissues of symbiont-bearing corals
Authors: Wangpraseurt Daniel , Pernice Mathieu , Guagliardo Paul , Kilburn Matt R , Clode Peta L , Polerecky Lubos , Kühl Michael 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recent coral optics studies have revealed the presence of steep light gradients and optical microniches in tissues of symbiont-bearing corals. Yet, it is unknown whether such resource stratification allows for physiological differences of Symbiodinium within coral tissues. Using a combination of stable isotope labelling and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry, we investigated in hospite carbon fixation of individual Symbiodinium as a function of the local O2 and light microenvironment within the coral host determined with microsensors. We found that net carbon fixation rates of individual Symbiodinium cells differed on average about sixfold between upper and lower tissue layers of single coral polyps, whereas the light and O2 microenvironments differed ~15- and 2.5-fold, respectively, indicating differences in light utilisation efficiency along the light microgradient within the coral tissue. Our study suggests that the structure of coral tissues might be conceptually similar to photosynthetic biofilms, where steep physico-chemical gradients define form and function of the local microbial community.
A natural odor attraction between lactic acid bacteria and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Choi Jae Im , Yoon Kyoung-hye , Subbammal Kalichamy Saraswathi , Yoon Sung-Sik , Il Lee Jin 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Animal predators can track prey using their keen sense of smell. The bacteriovorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans employs sensitive olfactory sensory neurons that express vertebrate-like odor receptors to locate bacteria. C. elegans displays odor-related behaviors such as attraction, aversion and adaptation, but the ecological significance of these behaviors is not known. Using a combination of food microbiology and genetics, we elucidate a possible predator–prey relationship between C.elegans and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in rotting citrus fruit. LAB produces the volatile odor diacetyl as an oxidized by-product of fermentation in the presence of citrate. We show that C. elegans is attracted to LAB when grown on citrate media or Citrus medica L, commonly known as yuzu, a citrus fruit native to East Asia, and this attraction is mediated by the diacetyl odor receptor, ODR-10. We isolated a wild LAB strain and a wild C. elegans-related nematode from rotten yuzu, and demonstrate that the wild nematode was attracted to the diacetyl produced by LAB. These results not only identify an ecological function for a C. elegans olfactory behavior, but contribute to the growing understanding of ecological relationships between the microbial and metazoan worlds.
Design of aqueous redox-enhanced electrochemical capacitors with high specific energies and slow self-discharge
Authors: Chun Sang-Eun , Evanko Brian , Wang Xingfeng , Vonlanthen David , Ji Xiulei , Stucky Galen D. , Boettcher Shannon W. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractElectrochemical double-layer capacitors exhibit high power and long cycle life but have low specific energy compared with batteries, limiting applications. Redox-enhanced capacitors increase specific energy by using redox-active electrolytes that are oxidized at the positive electrode and reduced at the negative electrode during charging. Here we report characteristics of several redox electrolytes to illustrate operational/self-discharge mechanisms and the design rules for high performance. We discover a methyl viologen (MV)/bromide electrolyte that delivers a high specific energy of ∼14 Wh kg−1 based on the mass of electrodes and electrolyte, without the use of an ion-selective membrane separator. Substituting heptyl viologen for MV increases stability, with no degradation over 20,000 cycles. Self-discharge is low, due to adsorption of the redox couples in the charged state to the activated carbon, and comparable to cells with inert electrolyte. An electrochemical model reproduces experiments and predicts that 30–50 Wh kg−1 is possible with optimization.
Truncating mutation in the autophagy gene UVRAG confers oncogenic properties and chemosensitivity in colorectal cancers
Authors: He Shanshan , Zhao Zhen , Yang Yongfei , O'Connell Douglas , Zhang Xiaowei , Oh Soohwan , Ma Binyun , Lee Joo-Hyung , Zhang Tian , Varghese Bino , Yip Janae , Dolatshahi Pirooz Sara , Li Ming , Zhang Yong , Li Guo-Min , Ellen Martin Sue , Machida Keigo , Liang Chengyu 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAutophagy-related factors are implicated in metabolic adaptation and cancer metastasis. However, the role of autophagy factors in cancer progression and their effect in treatment response remain largely elusive. Recent studies have shown that UVRAG, a key autophagic tumour suppressor, is mutated in common human cancers. Here we demonstrate that the cancer-related UVRAG frameshift (FS), which does not result in a null mutation, is expressed as a truncated UVRAGFS in colorectal cancer (CRC) with microsatellite instability (MSI), and promotes tumorigenesis. UVRAGFS abrogates the normal functions of UVRAG, including autophagy, in a dominant-negative manner. Furthermore, expression of UVRAGFS can trigger CRC metastatic spread through Rac1 activation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, independently of autophagy. Interestingly, UVRAGFS expression renders cells more sensitive to standard chemotherapy regimen due to a DNA repair defect. These results identify UVRAG as a new MSI target gene and provide a mechanism for UVRAG participation in CRC pathogenesis and treatment response.
Unique metabolites protect earthworms against plant polyphenols
Authors: Liebeke Manuel , Strittmatter Nicole , Fearn Sarah , Morgan A. John , Kille Peter , Fuchser Jens , Wallis David , Palchykov Vitalii , Robertson Jeremy , Lahive Elma , Spurgeon David J. , McPhail David , Takáts Zoltán , Bundy Jacob G. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAll higher plants produce polyphenols, for defence against above-ground herbivory. These polyphenols also influence the soil micro- and macro-fauna that break down plant leaf litter. Polyphenols therefore indirectly affect the fluxes of soil nutrients and, ultimately, carbon turnover and ecosystem functioning in soils. It is unknown how earthworms, the major component of animal biomass in many soils, cope with high-polyphenol diets. Here, we show that earthworms possess a class of unique surface-active metabolites in their gut, which we term ‘drilodefensins’. These compounds counteract the inhibitory effects of polyphenols on earthworm gut enzymes, and high-polyphenol diets increase drilodefensin concentrations in both laboratory and field populations. This shows that drilodefensins protect earthworms from the harmful effects of ingested polyphenols. We have identified the key mechanism for adaptation to a dietary challenge in an animal group that has a major role in organic matter recycling in soils worldwide.
Reduction of butyrate- and methane-producing microorganisms in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Pozuelo Marta , Panda Suchita , Santiago Alba , Mendez Sara , Accarino Anna , Santos Javier , Guarner Francisco , Azpiroz Fernando , Manichanh Chaysavanh 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) remains unclear. Here we investigated the microbiome of a large cohort of patients to identify specific signatures for IBS subtypes. We examined the microbiome of 113 patients with IBS and 66 healthy controls. A subset of these participants provided two samples one month apart. We analyzed a total of 273 fecal samples, generating more than 20 million 16S rRNA sequences. In patients with IBS, a significantly lower microbial diversity was associated with a lower relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria (P = 0.002; q < 0.06), in particular in patients with IBS-D and IBS-M. IBS patients who did not receive any treatment harboured a lower abundance of Methanobacteria compared to healthy controls (P = 0.005; q = 0.05). Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between several bacterial taxa and sensation of flatulence and abdominal pain (P < 0.05). Altogether, our findings showed that IBS-M and IBS-D patients are characterized by a reduction of butyrate producing bacteria, known to improve intestinal barrier function and a reduction of methane producing microorganisms a major mechanism of hydrogen disposal in the human colon, which could explain excess of abdominal gas in IBS.