bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Narrow bipolar pulse locations compared to thunderstorm radar echo structure
Authors: Karunarathna Nadeeka , Marshall Thomas C. , Stolzenburg Maribeth , Karunarathne Sumedhe 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe locations of 172 positive narrow bipolar pulses (NBPs) found on one day in Florida are superimposed on radar reflectivity data from that day. All 172 NBPs were found within the reflectivity of a thundercloud or at the edge of the reflectivity. The NBPs were classified into three groups: (I) in or above the high‐reflectivity core of the storm, (II) in the convective region but not Group I, or (III) in the anvil region. Groups I, II, and III had, respectively, 79%, 17%, and 4% of the NBPs. Of the 136 NBPs in Group I, 43% occurred within the reflectivity core and 57% occurred above the core. A sequence of 34 positive NBPs during 1 h of one thunderstorm suggests that the majority of NBPs occurred during the rapid growth of two thunderstorm cells. Positive NBPs seem to recur in some storm locations; 67 (39%) of the NBPs were part of a recurrent set. We found 28 cases of NBPs recurring in approximately the same location, including 22 doublets, 3 triplets, 2 quadruplets, and 1 sextuplet. Analyses of one quadruplet and one sextuplet showed that these 10 positive NBPs occurred just above and/or right beside the high‐reflectivity core on the downshear side of the core. Our data lead us to a hypothesis that NBPs occurring between the thunderstorm's upper positive charge and upper negative screening charge are initiated by small‐scale charge regions with positive charge above negative charge, or opposite the orientation of the large‐scale storm charges.
Spectrophotometry
Authors: Morris Rob 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSpectroscopy is the study of the interaction of light with matter. By observing how light interacts with matter—through reflection, refraction, elastic scattering, absorbance, inelastic scattering, and emission—it is possible to (1) identify the wavelengths of light that interact with atoms and molecules, and (2) quantify the amount of light being absorbed, reflected, scattered, or emitted at a particular wavelength. This unit describes the background and basic principles of spectrophotometry (the study of the reflection or transmission properties of a substance as a function of wavelength), in particular, absorbance spectrophotometry. Also included is discussion of key spectrophotometer components and their functions, the relationship between absorbance and transmittance, experimental considerations, and the steps necessary in preparing a standard curve for determining absorbance concentration. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The long‐term burden of work‐related carpal tunnel syndrome relative to upper‐extremity fractures and dermatitis in Washington State
Authors: Foley Michael , Silverstein Barbara 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundCarpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is among the most burdensome of all musculoskeletal disorders as measured by workers’ compensation claims costs and lost earnings. But the burden of CTS extends beyond direct claim costs.MethodsA survey covering health, social, economic and work‐related outcomes was administered to 1,255 injured workers whose Washington State Fund workers’ compensation claims had closed 6 years previously. Logistic and linear regression methods were used to model the outcomes of CTS claimants across four separate outcome domains.ResultsWorkers diagnosed with CTS suffer substantial deficits across all four outcome domains as compared to the two comparison groups of claimants. Former CTS claimants were almost twice as likely not to be working as compared to the fractures cohort.ConclusionsA comprehensive measurement of the burden of CTS shows losses extend beyond direct claims costs to include continuing pain, loss of function, adverse financial impacts and household disruption which extend long after claim closure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:1255–1269, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Double Strain‐Promoted Macrocyclization for the Rapid Selection of Cell‐Active Stapled Peptides
Authors: Lau Yu Heng , Wu Yuteng , Rossmann Maxim , Tan Ban Xiong , de Andrade Peterson , Tan Yaw Sing , Verma Chandra , McKenzie Grahame J. , Venkitaraman Ashok R. , Hyvönen Marko , Spring David R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPeptide stapling is a method for designing macrocyclic alpha‐helical inhibitors of protein–protein interactions. However, obtaining a cell‐active inhibitor can require significant optimization. We report a novel stapling technique based on a double strain‐promoted azide–alkyne reaction, and exploit its biocompatibility to accelerate the discovery of cell‐active stapled peptides. As a proof of concept, MDM2‐binding peptides were stapled in parallel, directly in cell culture medium in 96‐well plates, and simultaneously evaluated in a p53 reporter assay. This in situ stapling/screening process gave an optimal candidate that showed improved proteolytic stability and nanomolar binding to MDM2 in subsequent biophysical assays. α‐Helicity was confirmed by a crystal structure of the MDM2‐peptide complex. This work introduces in situ stapling as a versatile biocompatible technique with many other potential high‐throughput biological applications.
Structural Modifications of cis‐Glycofused Benzopyran Compounds and Their Influence on the Binding to Amyloid‐β Peptide
Authors: Airoldi Cristina , D'Orazio Giuseppe , Richichi Barbara , Guzzi Cinzia , Baldoneschi Veronica , Colombo Laura , Salmona Mario , Nativi Cristina , Nicotra Francesco , La Ferla Barbara 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA small library of glycofused tricyclic compounds with a central pyran ring chemically modified in the position para to the ring oxygen has been synthesised. The influence of the chemical modification on the structural conformation of the compounds and on their ability to bind Aβ peptide has been evaluated respectively using molecular mechanics (MM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and STD NMR spectroscopy. The introduction of particularly polar/charged groups leads to the loss of binding ability, without a significant change in the conformation, whilst other substitutions does not significantly affect either the structural conformation or the binding.
Molecular cloning, bioinformatics analysis, and transcriptional profiling of JAZ1 and JAZ2 from Salvia miltiorrhiza
Authors: Zhou Yangyun , Zhou Xun , Li Qing , Chen Junfeng , Xiao Ying , Zhang Lei , Chen Wansheng 
Published: November 2015

AbstractProduction of major effective metabolites, tanshinones and lithospermic acid B (LAB), was dramatically enhanced by exogenous jasmonate (JA) treatment in Salvia miltiorrhiza. However, the molecular mechanism of such metabolic activation in S. miltiorrhiza has not been elucidated yet. Here, we focused on jasmonate ZIM‐domain (JAZ) proteins that act as repressors of JA signaling. Open reading frames of two novel genes, SmJAZ1 and SmJAZ2, from S. miltiorrhiza were amplified according to the annotation of S. miltiorrhiza transcriptome. Compared to plant JAZs, SmJAZ1 and SmJAZ2 were clustered into different groups by phylogenetic analysis. Organ expression pattern was studied by real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR), showing higher transcription level of both genes in stems than roots and leaves. The two SmJAZs responded to methyl jasmonate at early stage and the transcriptional level significantly increased at 4 H. Our experimental results indicate that SmJAZ1 and SmJAZ2 are JA responsive and presented similar expression trend in JA response. The whole research will certainly facilitate further characterization of JAs effect on effective metabolites and help to ultimately achieve high yield of target compounds (tanshinones and LAB).
In Plattenebene beanspruchte Biegeträger aus Brettsperrholz
Authors: Flaig Marcus 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBei der Bemessung von in Plattenebene beanspruchten Brettsperrholzträgern müssen Schubspannungen in den Brettlamellen und in den Kreuzungsflächen zwischen rechtwinklig miteinander verklebten Längs‐ und Querlagen berücksichtigt werden. Insgesamt werden dabei drei Versagensmechanismen unterschieden. Für den Nachweis der Tragfähigkeit müssen die Schubspannungen im Brutto‐ und im Nettoquerschnitt und in den Kreuzungsflächen berechnet und mit entsprechenden Festigkeiten verglichen werden. Zur Berechnung der Schubspannungen in Abhängigkeit des Trägeraufbaus werden analytische Lösungen vorgestellt und es wird eine vom Trägeraufbau abhängige effektive Schubfestigkeit unter Berücksichtigung der verschiedenen Versagensmechanismen angegeben. Zur Berechnung der Schubverformungen wird ein effektiver Schubmodul in Abhängigkeit des Trägeraufbaus vorgestellt, der Verformungsanteile in den Brettlamellen und in den Kreuzungsflächen berücksichtigt.CLT‐beams loaded in‐plane direction – Part 1: Effective strength and stiffness properties for the shear designIn the design of CLT‐beams loaded in‐plane, shear stresses in the lamellae and in the crossing areas between orthogonally bonded boards of longitudinal and transversal layers need to be considered. A total of three different failure modes can be distinguished. For the design in the ultimate limit states, shear stresses in the gross and in the net cross section and shear stresses in the crossing areas need to be calculated and compared to respective strength properties. Analytical solutions for the calculation of shear stresses, taking into account the board width and the layup of CLT‐beams, are presented. The effective shear strength of CLT‐beams loaded in‐plane is derived from the load carrying capacities of the different failure modes. For the calculation of the shear deformation an effective shear modulus is specified in dependence of the cross‐sectional structure taking into account shear strain in the lamellae and in the crossing areas.
Scheibenschub von Brettsperrholz: Verifizierung einer Prüfkonfiguration und Parameterstudie
Authors: Brandner Reinhard , Dietsch Philipp , Dröscher Julia , Schulte‐Wrede Michael , Sieder Mike 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBei einer auf Schub beanspruchten Scheibe aus Brettsperrholz (BSP) werden, aufgrund der inneren Struktur aus orthogonal geschichteten und verklebten Brettlagen, drei mögliche Versagensmechanismen unterschieden: (i) Brutto‐Schub, (ii) Netto‐Schub und (iii) Torsion. Während der Widerstand gegen Torsion bereits umfangreich untersucht wurde, stellt sich die Bestimmung der Brutto‐ und Netto‐Schubfestigkeiten als Herausforderung dar. Gegenwärtige Nachweise für den Netto‐Schub beziehen sich daher auf Kenngrößen, welche an BSP‐Einzelknoten ermittelt wurden. Die Verifizierung dieses Ansatzes für ganze BSP‐Elemente ist allerdings noch ausständig. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrages wird die Anwendbarkeit der von Kreuzinger und Sieder [1] 2013 veröffentlichten Prüfkonfiguration zur Bestimmung der Scheibenschubkenngrößen verifiziert. Zu diesem Zweck und zur Ermittlung bemessungsrelevanter Schubkenngrößen wurden insgesamt 18 Serien mit unterschiedlichen Konfigurationen der Produktparameter geprüft. Dabei konnte die Effizienz der Prüfkonfiguration zusammen mit einem zuverlässigen Versagen auf Schub bei allen Serien festgestellt werden. Bezüglich der untersuchten Parameter wurden qualitativ übereinstimmende Ergebnisse mit Prüfungen an BSP‐Einzelknoten beobachtet. Die Parameter Fugenausführung und Lagenstärke wurden als wesentliche Einflussfaktoren auf die Schubkenngrößen bestätigt. Auf Grundlage der Erkenntnisse werden charakteristische Schubkenngrößen und ein Bemessungskonzept vorgeschlagen.Shear properties of cross laminated timber diaphragms: verification of a test configuration and parameter studyIn diaphragms of cross laminated timber (CLT) exposed to shear the internal structure of orthogonally layered side bonded layers leads to three possible failure mechanisms: (i) gross‐shear, (ii) net‐shear and (iii) torsion. While the resistance against torsion has been investigated comprehensively, the determination of gross‐ and net‐shear strength values remained a challenging task. Present design concepts for net‐shear are based on properties derived from testing single CLT‐nodes. The verification of this approach for CLT‐elements has yet to be confirmed. This article aims to verify the applicability of the test configuration published 2013 by Kreuzinger and Sieder [1]. Therefore and for evaluation of shear properties relevant for design, 18 series featuring different parameter settings were tested. In doing so, the operational efficiency of the new shear test configuration together with reliable shear failure of all tested CLT diaphragms was observed. With regard to the investigated parameters, results qualitatively correspond with tests on single CLT‐nodes. Gap execution and layer thickness are confirmed to be parameters significantly influencing shear properties. Based on gathered experiences, characteristic shear properties and a design concept are proposed.
Tracing Attitude Expressions: An Eye‐Tracking Study
Authors: van Giesen Roxanne I. , Fischer Arnout R. H. , van Dijk Heleen , van Trijp Hans C. M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAttitudes represent object evaluations, comprising complex underlying cognitive and affective knowledge structures. When people are asked to judge an object, they can use their primary response (i.e., the immediate object‐evaluation linkage) or underlying affective and cognitive knowledge structures. In many situations, a primary response satisfices, but if not, more elaboration is required. Both processes are fundamentally different but may lead to the same attitude. For monitoring underlying processes during attitude expression, we developed an innovative eye‐tracking procedure using eye‐gaze on response scale options. This procedure was applied in three studies to identify the extent to which elaboration differs for attitude objects with weak or strong, univalent or mixed object evaluations (i.e., univalent, neutral and ambivalent). In Study 1, the overall judgment preceded processing of more specific affective and cognitive linkage evaluations. In Studies 2 and 3, the order was reversed, and affective and cognitive bases were assessed prior to overall attitude outcomes. For attitude objects with strong univalent or strong mixed object evaluations, we found similar outcomes on underlying processes. For weak object evaluations, cognition was found to be more predictive and easily accessible if an overall judgment was required first; affect for these objects was more predictive if people had to elaborate on affect and cognition first. We concluded that both affective and cognitive attitudes may require substantial elaboration, albeit in different situations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving expression of recombinant human IGF‐1 using IGF‐1R knockout CHO cell lines
Authors: Romand Sandrine , Jostock Thomas , Fornaro Mara , Schmidt Joerg , Ritter Anett , Wilms Burkhard , Laux Holger 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTChinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are widely used for the large‐scale production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals. However, attempts to express IGF‐1 (a mutated human Insulin‐like growth factor 1 Ea peptide (hIGF‐1Ea mut)) in CHO cells resulted in poor cell growth and low productivity (0.1–0.2 g/L). Human IGF‐1 variants negatively impacted CHO cell growth via the IGF‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R). Therefore knockout (KO) of the IGF‐1R gene in two different CHO cell lines as well as knockdown (KD) of IGF‐1R in one CHO cell line were performed. These cell line engineering approaches decreased significantly the hIGF‐1 mediated cell growth inhibition and increased productivity of both KO CHO cell lines as well as of the KD CHO cell line. A productivity increase of 10‐fold at pool level and sevenfold at clone level was achieved, resulting in a titer of 1.3 g/L. This data illustrate that cell line engineering approaches are powerful tools to improve the yields of recombinant proteins which are difficult to produce in CHO cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1094–1101. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Equine eosinophilic keratitis in horses: 28 cases (2003–2013)
Authors: Edwards Sydney , Clode Alison B. , Gilger Brian C. 
Published: November 2015

Key Clinical MessageThis retrospective case series evaluates husbandry and environmental conditions in relation to eosinophilic keratitis in horses. While no associations were found between disease and husbandry practices or specific environmental factors such as humidity or temperature, an increased prevalence of presentation in summer months was identified in this population of horses.
Utilizing time‐driven activity‐based costing to understand the short‐ and long‐term costs of treating localized, low‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Laviana Aaron A. , Ilg Annette M. , Veruttipong Darlene , Tan Hung‐Jui , Burke Michael A. , Niedzwiecki Douglas R. , Kupelian Patrick A. , King Chris R. , Steinberg Michael L. , Kundavaram Chandan R. , Kamrava Mitchell , Kaplan Alan L. , Moriarity Andrew K. , Hsu William , Margolis Daniel J. A. , Hu Jim C. , Saigal Christopher S. 
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUNDGiven the costs of delivering care for men with prostate cancer remain poorly described, this article reports the results of time‐driven activity‐based costing (TDABC) for competing treatments of low‐risk prostate cancer.METHODSProcess maps were developed for each phase of care from the initial urologic visit through 12 years of follow‐up for robotic‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP), cryotherapy, high–dose rate (HDR) and low–dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy, intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), and active surveillance (AS). The last modality incorporated both traditional transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy and multiparametric‐MRI/TRUS fusion biopsy. The costs of materials, equipment, personnel, and space were calculated per unit of time and based on the relative proportion of capacity used. TDABC for each treatment was defined as the sum of its resources.RESULTSSubstantial cost variation was observed at 5 years, with costs ranging from $7,298 for AS to $23,565 for IMRT, and they remained consistent through 12 years of follow‐up. LDR brachytherapy ($8,978) was notably cheaper than HDR brachytherapy ($11,448), and SBRT ($11,665) was notably cheaper than IMRT, with the cost savings attributable to shorter procedure times and fewer visits required for treatment. Both equipment costs and an inpatient stay ($2,306) contributed to the high cost of RALP ($16,946). Cryotherapy ($11,215) was more costly than LDR brachytherapy, largely because of increased single‐use equipment costs ($6,292 vs $1,921). AS reached cost equivalence with LDR brachytherapy after 7 years of follow‐up.CONCLUSIONSThe use of TDABC is feasible for analyzing cancer services and provides insights into cost‐reduction tactics in an era focused on emphasizing value. By detailing all steps from diagnosis and treatment through 12 years of follow‐up for low‐risk prostate cancer, this study has demonstrated significant cost variation between competing treatments. Cancer 2016;122:447–455. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Branched‐chain in situ hybridization for κ and λ light chains: A powerful ancillary technique for determining B‐cell clonality in cytology samples
Authors: Arora Kshitij , Chebib Ivan , Zukerberg Lawrence , Gandhi Manoj , Rivera Miguel , Ting David , Deshpande Vikram 
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUNDCurrent immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays are generally inconclusive for clonality unless plasmacytic differentiation is present. This study examined a series of cytology specimens and explored the ability of a branched‐chain RNA (bRNA) ISH assay for immunoglobulin κ constant (IGKC) and immunoglobulin λ constant (IGLC) to detect a clonal population of B lymphocytes.METHODSPathology databases were used to identify fine‐needle aspiration biopsies (n = 28) and exfoliative cytology samples (n = 20). Demographic, flow cytometry, and excision biopsy results were recorded. bRNA ISH was performed on the Leica Bond platform with the following probes: IGKC, IGLC, immunoglobulin λ‐like polypeptide 5 (IGLL5), and a housekeeping gene (HKG).RESULTSThe bRNA ISH assay was validated with 30 surgical biopsies. On bRNA ISH, a clonal B‐cell population (light‐chain ratio > 10:1) was detected in 22 of 28 cases with a final diagnosis of lymphoma. In 2 cases, a κ predominance was present, although the ratio was <10:1. Eleven of the 17 κ‐clonal lymphomas also expressed IGLL5, the latter recognized by the presence of an intranuclear signal. Two B‐cell lymphomas lacked IGKC and IGLC, whereas 2 cases were negative for the HKG. In 12 of the 20 cases with reactive lymphoid tissue, bRNA ISH identified a polyclonal lymphoid population. No light‐chain messenger RNA was detected in 6 cases (typically those associated with very few B cells).CONCLUSIONSThe automated bRNA ISH platform is a robust technique for detecting a clonal B‐cell population in cytology material. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:203–212. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Selection and inheritance of sexually dimorphic juvenile plumage coloration
Authors: Tringali Angela , Bowman Reed , Husby Arild 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSexually dimorphic plumage coloration is widespread in birds and is generally thought to be a result of sexual selection for more ornamented males. Although many studies find an association between coloration and fitness related traits, few of these simultaneously examine selection and inheritance. Theory predicts that sex‐linked genetic variation can facilitate the evolution of dimorphism, and some empirical work supports this, but we still know very little about the extent of sex linkage of sexually dimorphic traits. We used a longitudinal study on juvenile Florida scrub‐jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) to estimate strength of selection and autosomal and Z‐linked heritability of mean brightness, UV chroma, and hue. Although plumage coloration signals dominance in juveniles, there was no indication that plumage coloration was related to whether or not an individual bred or its lifetime reproductive success. While mean brightness and UV chroma are moderately heritable, hue is not. There was no evidence for sex‐linked inheritance of any trait with most of the variation explained by maternal effects. The genetic correlation between the sexes was high and not significantly different from unity. These results indicate that evolution of sexual dimorphism in this species is constrained by low sex‐linked heritability and high intersexual genetic correlation.
Switching on the Aire conditioner
Authors: Matsumoto Mitsuru 
Published: November 2015

Aire has been cloned as the gene responsible for a hereditary type of organ‐specific autoimmune disease. Aire controls the expression of a wide array of tissue‐restricted Ags by medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), thereby leading to clonal deletion and Treg‐cell production, and ultimately to the establishment of self‐tolerance. However, relatively little is known about the mechanism responsible for the control of Aire expression itself. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Haljasorg et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: 3246–3256] have reported the presence of an enhancer element for Aire that binds with NF‐κB components downstream of the TNF receptor family member, RANK (receptor activator of NF‐κB). The results suggest that RANK has a dual mode of action in Aire expression: one involving the promotion of mTEC differentiation and the other involving activation of the molecular switch for Aire within mature mTECs.