bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What clears burglary offenses? Estimating the influences of multiple perspectives of burglary clearance in Philadelphia
Authors: Lockwood Brian 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– Although many studies have examined the correlates of homicide clearance rates, few analyses have examined the factors related to the clearance of burglary offenses. The purpose of this paper is to address several gaps in the literature to determine if burglary clearance rates are due to discretionary, non-discretionary, and/or neighborhood contextual factors.

Design/methodology/approach
– Data are analyzed from more than 10,000 burglary incidents in Philadelphia from 2010 using multilevel models to simultaneously test for the influence of multiple perspectives of the factors of crime clearance.

Findings
– The results indicate that variables representing broken windows enforcement, discretionary factors, and non-discretionary factors are related to the increased likelihood that burglaries are cleared, but processes associated with social disorganization within communities is not.

Research limitations/implications
– The findings contribute to the literature by showing that future examinations of the factors of burglary clearance should consider community contextual factors, and specifically, that broken windows police enforcement appears to be a more important predictor of burglary clearance than do factors related to social disorganization theory. As a result, it is suggested that law enforcement also consider their tactics regarding low-level offenses if they wish to address the clearance rate of burglaries.

Originality/value
– This analysis is among the first to examine multiple perspectives of the factors of crime clearance on burglary incidents.
Crime, costs, and well being: policing Canadian Aboriginal communities
Authors: Ruddell Rick , Lithopoulos Savvas , A. Jones Nicholas 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to compare the community level factors associated with police strength and operational costs in Aboriginal police services from four different geographic zones, including remote communities inaccessible by road[1].

Design/methodology/approach
– Analysis of variance was used to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference in per capita policing costs, the officer to resident ratio, an index of community well-being and crime severity in 236 rural and remote Canadian communities.

Findings
– The authors found that places that were geographically inaccessible or further from urban areas had rates of police-reported crime several times the national average and low levels of community well-being. Consistent with those results, the per capita costs of policing were many times greater than the national average, in part due to higher officer to resident ratios.

Research limitations/implications
– These results are from rural Canada and might not be generalizable to other nations.

Practical implications
– Given the complex needs of these communities, these findings reinforce the importance of delivering full-time professional police services in rural and remote communities. Short duration or temporary postings may reduce police legitimacy as residents may perceive that their rural or Aboriginal status makes them less valued than city dwellers. As a result, agencies should prioritize the retention of experienced officers in these communities.

Originality/value
– These findings validate the observations of officers about the challenges that must be overcome in policing these distinctive communities. This information can be used to inform future studies of rural and remote policing.
Left alone when the cops go home: evaluating a post-mental health crisis assistance program
Authors: Bonkiewicz Luke , M. Green Alan , Moyer Kasey , Wright Joseph 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to evaluate a police department's Post-Crisis Assistance Program (PCAP) for consumers who experienced a police-abated mental health crisis. The authors analyzed three questions: First, does PCAP reduce a consumer's future mental health calls for service (CFS)? Second, does PCAP reduce a consumer's odds of being arrested? Third, does PCAP reduce the odds of a consumer being taken into emergency protective custody (EPC)?

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors use propensity score matching to analyze data from a sample of individuals (n=739) who experienced a police-abated mental health crisis.

Findings
– The authors find that PCAP consumers generated fewer mental health CFS, were less likely to be arrested, and were less likely to be taken into EPC than non-PCAP consumers six months following a police-abated mental health crisis.

Research limitations/implications
– The research only examined outcomes six months after a mental health crisis. The authors encourage future research to examine whether the benefits of PCAP persist over longer periods of time.

Practical implications
– The study demonstrates that partnerships between police departments and local mental health groups can help police officers better serve citizens with mental health conditions.

Originality/Value
– To the knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the impact of a PCAP for citizens experiencing police-abated mental health crises.
Factors affecting police officers’ tendency to cooperate with private investigators
Authors: Lee Chang-Hun , Yun Ilhong 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that influence police officers’ tendency to cooperate with private investigators.

Design/methodology/approach
– A questionnaire survey method was used on a sample of 377 police officers in South Korea.

Findings
– The findings suggested that, unlike previous literature, police officers’ rational choice (cost vs benefit calculation) was the most important factor, and characteristics of cases also significantly influenced police officers’ tendency to work with private investigators. Also, officers’ job assignment was relevant, unlike the organizational cultural context for cooperation.

Originality/value
– Prior studies have continuously emphasized the importance of cooperation between public police and private police (particularly private investigators) in order to enhance effectiveness in crime fighting and the preventive functions of policing. However, the studies have not produced empirical evidence as to how cooperation between the two sectors could be enhanced. This study fills this void in the literature.
Social identity in people with multiple sclerosis: a meta-synthesis of qualitative research
Authors: B. Barker Alex , das Nair Roshan , B. Lincoln Nadina , Hunt Nigel 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– Many aspects of the self are lost as a consequence of having multiple sclerosis (MS). A person's identity can be altered by negative self-concepts, which are associated with poor psychological wellbeing and can lead individuals to reconstruct their sense of self. The Social Identity Model of Identity Change argues that previously established identities form a basis of continued social support, by providing grounding and connectedness to others to facilitate the establishment of new identities. Family support is a salient factor in adjustment to MS and may enable the establishment of new identities. The purpose of this paper is to investigate identity reconstruction following a diagnosis of MS.

Design/methodology/approach
– A meta-synthesis of the qualitative literature was conducted to examine the relationship between identity change and family identity of people with MS and other family members.

Findings
– In all, 16 studies were identified that examined identity change and the family following a diagnosis of MS. Coping strategies used by people with MS and their wider family groups, affect the reconstruction of people's identity and the adjustment to MS. Receiving support from the family whilst a new identity is constructed can buffer against the negative effects of identity loss.

Practical implications
– The family base is strengthened if MS-related problems in daily life are adapted into the individual and family identity using positive coping styles.

Originality/value
– This review provides an interpretation and explanation for results of previous qualitative studies in this area.
Medico‐Legal Evaluation of Firearm Injuries—An Original Study from India with Review of Literature
Authors: Kumar Alok , Sachan Rahul , Verma Archana 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFirearm (FA) injuries pose great health burden and presents enormous challenge for health and national economies. This study was undertaken to analyze the characteristics of fatal gunshot injuries, their pattern, associated factors, and postmortem findings in central India, to provide data for such fatalities in this region, which has not been reported earlier. This is a descriptive, retrospective cross‐sectional study carried out on the victims of FA injuries referred to the mortuary. Of the autopsies conducted during study, 2.09% were firearm‐related deaths. Of the cases, males (92.42%) notably outnumbered females in a ratio of 12.2:1. Homicidal attacks were maximum, and unlicensed, illegal country‐made weapons were the preferred choice. Suicides were least. Result signifies that illegal country‐made weapons should be strictly limited to save the precious lives. A holistic approach encompassing public awareness, behavioral modification, and stringent management of law and order is the need of the hour.
Classification of Pelvic Ring Fractures in Skeletonized Human Remains
Authors: Báez‐Molgado Socorro , Bartelink Eric J. , Jellema Lyman M. , Spurlock Linda , Sholts Sabrina B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPelvic ring fractures are associated with high rates of mortality and thus can provide key information about circumstances surrounding death. These injuries can be particularly informative in skeletonized remains, yet difficult to diagnose and interpret. This study adapted a clinical system of classifying pelvic ring fractures according to their resultant degree of pelvic stability for application to gross human skeletal remains. The modified Tile criteria were applied to the skeletal remains of 22 individuals from the Cleveland Museum of Natural History and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México that displayed evidence of pelvic injury. Because these categories are tied directly to clinical assessments concerning the severity and treatment of injuries, this approach can aid in the identification of manner and cause of death, as well as interpretations of possible mechanisms of injury, such as those typical in car‐to‐pedestrian and motor vehicle accidents.
Heart Pigmentation in the Gray Bichir, Polypterus senegalus (Actinopterygii: Polypteriformes)
Authors: Reyes‐Moya I. , Torres‐Prioris A. , Sans‐Coma V. , Fernández B. , Durán A. C. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe occurrence of pigment cells in the heart is well documented in amphibians, birds and mammals. By contrast, information on heart pigmentation in fish is extremely sparse. The aim is to report the presence of pigment cells over the entire surface of the heart in the gray bichir, Polypterus senegalus. The sample consisted of 12 hearts, which, after gross anatomical examination, were studied using histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques for light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The pigment cells were located in the subepicardium, showing a regular distribution pattern across the whole heart, except for the anterior end of the outflow tract, where the pigmentation was much more intense. The cells contained dark, ovoid‐shaped organelles which was consistent with a melanosome cell identity. As in other vertebrates, the physiological role of the pigment cells in the heart of the gray bichir is unknown. The absence of such cells in hearts of other polypteriforms suggests that cells containing melanin are not essential for normal fish heart function. Basing on literature data concerning tetrapods, it can be inferred that the pigment cells of the heart of the gray bichir derive from the neural crest. If this were true, our findings would provide the first evidence for the presence of neural crest‐derived cells in the subepicardium of adult hearts of early actinopterygians.
Autoantibodies Isolated from Patients with Preeclampsia Induce Soluble Endoglin Production from Trophoblast Cells Via Interactions with Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor
Authors: Kobayashi Yusuke , Yamamoto Tatsuo , Chishima Fumihisa , Takahashi Hideki , Suzuki Manami 
Published: November 2014

ProblemThis study investigated whether angiotensin II type 1 receptor agonistic autoantibodies (AT1‐AAs) mediate the increased release of soluble endoglin (sEng) in women with preeclampsia.Method of studySerum samples were obtained from women with normal pregnancies or with preeclampsia. Human first‐trimester trophoblast cells were cultured with purified IgG derived from these sera, and the sEng protein and mRNA expression levels were measured in the supernatants. We also determined the effects of the AT1‐AAs on these cells following treatment with an AT1 receptor antagonist (losartan).ResultsCompared with the IgG isolated from the women with normal pregnancies, treatments of the preeclamptic patients markedly increased sEng production and mRNA expression in trophoblast cells. Co‐treatment with losartan significantly attenuated the release of sEng and sEng mRNA expression in the trophoblast cells.ConclusionAT1‐AAs may be related to the increased release of sEng observed during preeclampsia and may play important roles in the pathology of this disorder.
Fatty liver indices in the multiethnic United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Ruhl C. E. , Everhart J. E. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryBackgroundValidated non‐invasive measures of fatty liver are needed that can be applied across populations and over time. A fatty liver index (FLI) including body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity was developed in an Italian municipality, but has not been validated widely or examined in a multiethnic population.AimsWe evaluated this FLI in the multiethnic U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and also to explore whether an improved index for the U.S. population (US FLI) could be derived. The US FLI would then used to examine U.S. time trends in fatty liver prevalence.MethodsWe studied 5869 fasted, viral hepatitis negative adult participants with abdominal ultrasound data on fatty liver in the 1988–1994 NHANES. Time trend analyses included 21 712 NHANES 1988–1994 and 1999–2012 participants.ResultsThe prevalence of fatty liver was 20%. For the FLI, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC; 95% confidence interval (CI)] was 0.78 (0.74–0.81). The US FLI included age, race‐ethnicity, waist circumference, GGT activity, fasting insulin and fasting glucose and had an AUC (95% CI) of 0.80 (0.77–0.83). Defining fatty liver as a US FLI ≥ 30, the prevalence increased from 18% in 1988–1991 to 29% in 1999–2000 to 31% in 2011–2012.ConclusionsFor predicting fatty liver, the US FLI was a modest improvement over the FLI in the multiethnic U.S. population. Using this measure, the fatty liver prevalence in the U.S. population increased substantially over two decades.
Characterizing the PK/PD relationship for inhibition of capsaicin‐induced dermal vasodilatation by MK‐3207, an oral calcitonin gene related peptide receptor antagonist
Authors: Li Chi‐Chung , Vermeersch Steve , Denney William S. , Kennedy William P. , Palcza John , Gipson Adrianna , Han Tae H. , Blanchard Rebecca , De Lepeleire Inge , Depré Marleen , Murphy M. Gail , Van Dyck Kristien , de Hoon Jan N. 
Published: November 2014

AimsCalcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists are effective acute migraine treatments. A capsaicin‐induced dermal vasodilatation (CIDV) model has been developed to provide target‐engagement information in healthy volunteers. In the model, CGRP release is provoked after dermal capsaicin application, by activating transient receptor potential vanilloid‐type‐1 (TRPV1) receptors at peripheral sensory nerves. Laser Doppler imaging is used to quantify CIDV and subsequent inhibition by CGRP receptor antagonists. We sought to evaluate a CGRP receptor antagonist, MK‐3207, in the biomarker model and to assess the predictability of the CIDV response to migraine clinical efficacy.MethodsAn integrated population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model was developed to describe the exposure−response relationship for CIDV inhibition by CGRP and TRPV1 receptor antagonists. MK‐3207 dose−response predictions were made based on estimated potency from the PK/PD model and mean plasma concentrations observed at the doses investigated.ResultsThe results suggested that a 20 mg dose of MK‐3207 (EC50 of 1.59 nm) would be required to attain the peripheral CIDV response at a target level that was shown previously to correlate with 2 h clinical efficacy based on phase 3 telcagepant clinical data, and that a plateau of the dose−response would be reached around 40–100 mg. These predictions provided a quantitative rationale for dose selection in a phase 2 clinical trial of MK‐3207 and helped with interpretation of the efficacy results from the trial.ConclusionsThe integrated CIDV PK/PD model provides a useful platform for characterization of PK/PD relationships and predictions of dose−response relationships to aid in future development of CGRP and TRPV1 receptor antagonists.
Caveolins in cardioprotection – translatability and mechanisms
Authors: Schilling Jan M , Roth David M , Patel Hemal H 
Published: November 2014

Translation of preclinical treatments for ischaemia‐reperfusion injury into clinical therapies has been limited by a number of factors. This review will focus on a single mode of cardiac protection related to a membrane scaffolding protein, caveolin, which regulates protective signalling as well as myocyte ultrastructure in the setting of ischaemic stress. Factors that have limited the clinical translation of protection will be considered specifically in terms of signalling and structural defects. The potential of caveolin to overcome barriers to protection with the ultimate hope of clinical translation will be discussed.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Conditioning the Heart – Pathways to Translation. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue‐8
Novel strategies and underlying protective mechanisms of modulation of vagal activity in cardiovascular diseases
Authors: He Xi , Zhao Ming , Bi Xueyuan , Sun Lei , Yu Xiaojiang , Zhao Mei , Zang Weijin 
Published: November 2014

Cardiovascular disease remains a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Autonomic imbalance, characterized by suppressed vagal (parasympathetic) activity and increased sympathetic activity, correlates with various pathological conditions, including heart failure, arrhythmia, ischaemia/reperfusion injury and hypertension. Conventionally, pharmacological interventions, such as β‐blocker treatment, have primarily targeted suppressing sympathetic over‐activation, while vagal modulation has always been neglected. Emerging evidence has documented the improvement of cardiac and vascular function mediated by the vagal nerve. Many investigators have tried to explore the effective ways to enhance vagal tone and normalize the autonomic nervous system. In this review, we attempt to give an overview of these therapeutic strategies, including direct vagal activation (electrical vagal stimulation, ACh administration and ACh receptor activation), pharmacological modulation (adenosine, cholinesterase inhibitors, statins) and exercise training. This overview provides valuable information for combination therapy, contributing to establishment of a comprehensive system on vagal modulation from the aspects of clinical application and lifestyle improvement. In addition, the mechanisms contributing to the benefits of enhancing vagal tone are diverse and have not yet been fully defined. We endeavour to outline the recent findings that advance our knowledge regarding the many favourable effects exerted by vagal activation: anti‐inflammatory pathways, modulation of NOS and NO signalling, regulation of redox state, improvement of mitochondrial biogenesis and function, and potential calcium regulation. This review may help to develop novel therapeutic strategies targeting enhancing vagal activity for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Chinese Innovation in Cardiovascular Drug Discovery. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-23
Reduced CD5+CD24hiCD38hi and interleukin-10+ regulatory B cells in active anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis permit increased circulating autoantibodies
Authors: Aybar L T , McGregor J G , Hogan S L , Hu Y , Mendoza C E , Brant E J , Poulton C J , Henderson C D , Falk R J , Bunch D O 
Published: November 2014

Summary
Pathogenesis of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis is B cell-dependent, although how particular B cell subsets modulate immunopathogenesis remains unknown. Although their phenotype remains controversial, regulatory B cells (Bregs), play a role in immunological tolerance via interleukin (IL)-10. Putative CD19+CD24hiCD38hi and CD19+CD24hiCD27+ Bregs were evaluated in addition to their CD5+ subsets in 69 patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). B cell IL-10 was verified by flow cytometry following culture with CD40 ligand and cytosine–phosphate–guanosine (CpG) DNA. Patients with active disease had decreased levels of CD5+CD24hiCD38hi B cells and IL-10+ B cells compared to patients in remission and healthy controls (HCs). As IL-10+ and CD5+CD24hiCD38hi B cells normalized in remission within an individual, ANCA titres decreased. The CD5+ subset of CD24hiCD38hi B cells decreases in active disease and rebounds during remission similarly to IL-10-producing B cells. Moreover, CD5+ B cells are enriched in the ability to produce IL-10 compared to CD5neg B cells. Together these results suggest that CD5 may identify functional IL-10-producing Bregs. The malfunction of Bregs during active disease due to reduced IL-10 expression may thus permit ANCA production.