bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photo sensors increase likelihood of detection of expelled vaginal implant transmitters
Authors: Cherry Michael J. , Nelson Melinda A. , Warren Robert J. , Conner L. Mike 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTVaginal implant transmitters (VITs) are small radiotransmitters implanted in the vaginal canal of adult female ungulates following the breeding season. Immediately prior to parturition, the VIT is expelled and a temperature sensor causes the pulse rate to change from 40 pulses/minute to 80 pulses/minute, thereby indicating a parturition event to researchers. Climatic conditions can affect the performance of VITs; therefore, in collaboration with Advanced Telemetry Systems, we developed and evaluated a VIT equipped with both temperature and photo sensors. We used publicly available data on ambient temperature and daylight during June–August 2011 (i.e., the generalized ungulate parturition season) for 35 sites across the United States to predict improvement in performance achieved by the inclusion of a photo sensor. Mean predicted improvement below the 40th and 35th parallel of latitude is 33% and 43%, respectively. Unlike the temperature sensor, the photo sensor activates immediately when ambient light is ≥0.01 lux, improving the resolution of temporal parturition data and associated neonate search protocols. © 2013 The Authors. Wildlife Society Bulletin published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Wildlife Society
Efficacy of electronet fencing for excluding coyotes: A case study for enhancing production of black‐footed ferrets
Authors: Matchett Marc R. , Breck Stewart W. , Callon John 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTReducing coyote (Canis latrans) predation can be an important management objective. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of electronet fencing for excluding coyotes from focal areas on black tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies, measured the effect of fencing on wild‐born black‐footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) kit survival, and modeled costs and benefits of fencing. From 27 July to 2 October 2010 in north‐central Montana, USA, we erected and maintained 7.7 km of electronet that enclosed 108 ha on portions of 2 prairie dog colonies. We monitored 2 female ferrets and 6 kits inside exclosures and 3 females and 12 kits outside of exclosures. Percent of coyote sightings in the protected areas was 6 times less than expected during the exclosure period (42% pre‐exclosure, 7% exclosure, 47% post‐exclosure). We conclude that the electronet fencing was effective for dramatically decreasing coyote activity in focal areas where black‐footed ferret litters were being raised. We found evidence that survival of kits living primarily in protected areas was 22% higher, but we qualify this finding because of low sample sizes and because our monitoring activity on the study site may have influenced coyote activity. We estimated one‐time costs for fencing to be US$4,464/km and operation and/or maintenance costs for the 68 days of fence operation to be US$641/km. If fencing increased survival by 20–30%, then total cost per ferret kit not lost to coyote predation would range between US$5,400 and $3,600, or US$2,550 and $1,700 if fence set‐up–take‐down labor and use of an all‐terrain vehicle were donated. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Polyphenolic substrates and dyes degradation by yeasts from 25 de Mayo/King George Island (Antarctica)
Authors: Rovati José I. , Pajot Hipólito F. , Ruberto Lucas , Mac Cormack Walter , Figueroa Lucía I. C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAntarctica offers a range of extreme climatic conditions, such as low temperatures, high solar radiation and low nutrient availability, and constitutes one of the harshest environments on Earth. Despite that, it has been successfully colonized by 'cold‐loving' fungi, which play a key role in decomposition cycles in cold ecosystems. However, knowledge about the ecological role of yeasts in nutrient or organic matter recycling/mineralization remains highly fragmentary. The aim of this work was to study the yeast microbiota in samples collected on 25 de Mayo/King George Island regarding the scope of their ability to degrade polyphenolic substrates such as lignin and azo dyes. Sixty‐one yeast isolates were obtained from 37 samples, including soil, rocks, wood and bones. Molecular analyses based on rDNA sequences revealed that 35 yeasts could be identified at the species level and could be classified in the genera Leucosporidiella, Rhodotorula, Cryptococcus, Bullera and Candida. Cryptococcus victoriae was by far the most ubiquitous species. In total, 33% of the yeast isolates examined showed significant activity for dye decolorization, 25% for laccase activity and 38% for ligninolytic activity. Eleven yeasts did not show positive activity in any of the assays performed and no isolates showed positive activity across all tested substrates. A high diversity of yeasts were isolated in this work, possibly including undescribed species and conspicuous Antarctic yeasts, most of them belonging to oligotrophic, slow‐growing and metabolically diverse basidiomycetous genera. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐shaped Amorphous Alloy Ni‐B: Ultrasonically Aided Complexing‐reduction Preparation, Catalytic Ability for NaBH4 Hydrolysis Yielding H2 Gas
Authors: Zhang Jun , Li Chengxuan , Li Lili , Du Xigang , Song Bangcai , Xu Hang 
Published: October 2013

Abstract The multi‐shaped amorphous alloy (Ni‐B) powders were prepared by complexing reduction route using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as reductant with assistance of ultrasonic wave. The selected complexants, i.e. water, ammonia, salicylic acid, and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) possess sequentially escalating complexation ability. The chemical composition and shapes of the product samples obtained under different conditions were characterized by X‐ray powder differaction, selected area electron diffraction, and transmission electron microscope. The influence of reaction conditions such as the types of Ni‐B, temperatures, NaBH4 concentrations, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) content on the hydrogen generation rate of hydrolysis of NaBH4 solution were investigated in detail. The results show that the as‐prepared Ni‐B powders all belong to amorphous alloy with variable element contents, and the Ni‐B sample prepared from EDTA complexation, possessing the best fineness and dispersity, has the strongest catalytic activity. The mean apparent activation energy of the hydrolysis reaction is 64.90 kJ·mol–1. The NaBH4 concentration has little impact on hydrogen generation rate, implying that the catalytic hydrolysis of NaBH4 solution should be the pseudo zero‐order reaction. Keeping the NaOH content at below 5 % could inhibit the hydrolysis of NaBH4 solution, but the NaOH contents from 10 % to 15 % will significantly promote the hydrolysis rate of NaBH4. The hydrolysis reaction mechanisms, especially the effect of NaOH content on the hydrolysis reaction were also analyzed.
Microphase Separation with Small Amphiphilic Molecules: Crystal Structure of Preservatives Sodium Benzoate (E 211) and Potassium Benzoate (E 212)
Authors: Butterhof Christian , Martin Thomas , Milius Wolfgang , Breu Josef 
Published: October 2013

Abstract In the pharmaceutical industry many new active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are marketed as carboxylic salts because of enhanced solubility and dissolution rates. These salts are, however, often hard to crystallize and/or exhibit a low degree of crystallinity. The reason may be found in the largely differing sizes of small inorganic cations and large organic anions in conjunction with the 1:1 stoichiometry, which makes it difficult to satisfy the coordination needs of the cations. Even rather small amphiphilic molecules like the widely used preservatives sodium benzoate (NaBz) and potassium benzoate (KBz) suffer of the same obstacle to crystallization. Both of these industrial products are marketed in semi‐crystalline forms and no crystal structures were known up to now despite their industrial relevance. By applying long term annealing at 420 °C for 5 months we obtained tiny needle‐like crystals of NaBz, which were nevertheless suitable for single crystal structure determination. Interestingly, the number of symmetry independent units in the crystal structure is exceptionally high (Z′ = 5), reflecting the difficulties in satisfying the coordination. Moreover, the small amphiphilic molecule undergoes a microphase separation into tubes with a hydrophilic core and a hydrophobic corona made up by the phenyl moieties. The tubes are arranged into a distorted hexagonal dense packing. Such microphases are well established with surfactants and block‐copolymers, and it seems that even small amphiphilic molecules follow the same modes of crystallization. Interestingly, simply by changing the cation to KBz a competing microphase structure is realized. KBz crystallizes in a lamellar arrangement.
CLA‐Rich Soy Oil Margarine Production and Characterization
Authors: Shah Utkarsh , Patel Ashok R. , Van de Walle Davy , Rajarethinem Pravin S. , Proctor Andrew , Dewettinck Koen 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA heterogeneous catalysis method to produce 20 % conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)‐rich food‐grade soy oil in 2 h without solvents or gases was recently developed. The objective of this study was to produce and characterize CLA‐rich soy oil margarine relative to a soy oil control and commercial margarine. CLA‐rich soy oil was used to prepare margarine. The samples were characterized for firmness, rheology, thermal behavior, solid fat content (SFC) and microstructure and compared with a soy oil control and commercial margarine. The CLA‐rich oil margarine firmness and rheological properties were similar to commercial margarine and provided a better texture relative to the soy oil control margarine. However, SFC, droplet size distribution and melting behavior of CLA‐rich oil margarine were similar to control soy oil margarine and dissimilar to the commercial product. This suggests that hardness and rheological properties of margarine are not solely dependent on SFC and melting behavior. Lipid composition, polymorphism and microstructure differences in CLA‐rich oil margarine may play an important role on the texture and rheological properties. A 7‐g typical serving of the CLA‐rich oil margarine will provide 0.6 g CLA. Thus five servings will provide 3.2 g/day of CLA and 185 calories/day, which is well within the maximum recommended 700–980 fat calories/day.
Drainage Basin Delineation and Quantitative Analysis of Panamaram Watershed of Kabani River Basin, Kerala Using Remote Sensing and GIS
Authors: Joji V. S. , Nair A. S. K. , Baiju K. V. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The morphometric analysis was carried out to determine the drainage characteristics of Panamaram watershed (PW) of Kabani river basin, Kerala, India with emphasis on fourth order sub-basins (FOSBs) using Geocoded imageries of IRS-IC LISS III FCCs (1997) of 1:50,000 scale, aerial photographs (1990) of 1:15,000 scale and Survey of India toposheets (1968) on 1: 50,000 scale. The main idea was to examine the stream properties based on the measurement of various stream attributes. The different drainage parameters studied and the measurements related to perimeter, area of sub-basins, basin length and number of rivers were determined by using Map Info 6.5 techniques. The drainage pattern of the PW is dendritic, a sixth order stream. There are 587, 135, 36 and 12 first, second, third and fourth order Hortonian streams, respectively in PW. The mean bifurcation ratio indicates that the drainage pattern is not much influenced by geological structures. The shape parameters reveal the elongation of the basin and sub-basins. The applicability of Horton’s Laws on Stream numbers, Stream lengths and Stream areas is tested by using the theory of regression by estimating theoretically bifurcation ratio, length ratio and area ratio. For the fourth order sub-basins of 1, 2, 4, 5 and 8 of PW, a second degree polynomial equation seems to be a better model than the Hortonian model.
Effect of Mining on Geochemistry of Groundwater in Permo-carboniferous Gondwana Coalfields: Raniganj Basin, India
Authors: Adhikari K. , Sadhu K. , Chakroborty B. , Gangopadhyay A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Lack of proper reclamation strategy and indiscriminate mining of various economic resources, particularly coal from Permo-carboniferous Gondwana coalfields affects the groundwater quality of the concerned regions. Leaching from mine-tailings along with seasonal fluctuation of water table caused a significant change in groundwater geochemistry of Raniganj coalfield area. Gondwana sequences, developed in intracratonic rift basin, are characterized by numerous longitudinal and cross faults. This results in the formation of many small aquifer systems which may be interconnected laterally as well as vertically providing the conduit for homogenization of aquifers. Although the predominance of major cations (Ca&gt;Na&gt;Mg&gt;K) and anions (HCO3&gt;Cl&gt;SO4&gt;NO3) remain same irrespective of season, the dominance of Na and SO4 have significantly increased in post-monsoon season. The types of groundwater in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons are CaMgCl and CaHCO3 respectively. Leaching of SO4 from surface sources (mine tailings) has increased TDS in post-monsoon. Base exchange (direct and reverse) reactions have taken place between aquifer materials and groundwater.
Communication intensity, goal congruence, and uncertainty in buyer–supplier new product development
Authors: Yan Tingting , Dooley Kevin J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractManufacturers involve suppliers in new product development in order to access knowledge and resources, but these benefits only occur with effective project‐level integration. Adopting a contingency theory view, we develop hypotheses concerning how two integrative devices, intensive communication and congruent goals, influence project performance under various conditions of uncertainty. We test our theoretical model with a sample of 214 buyer–supplier joint new product development projects. Results suggest that communication intensity is positively associated with project performance when either task or relational uncertainty is high, but is also negatively associated with performance when task uncertainty is low. Goal congruence is positively associated with project performance, especially when either task uncertainty is low or relational uncertainty is high. We discuss the implications of these findings for theory and practice.
Optical fiber-based force transducer for microscale samples
Authors: V. Seshagiri Rao R. , Kalelkar Chirag , Pullarkat Pramod A. 
Published: October 2013

We discuss the design, instrumentation, and calibration of a versatile force transducer with feedback control, called the Micro-Extensional Rheometer (MER). A force range of eight decades (1–108 pN) and a displacement range of four decades (10–105 nm) with a spatial resolution of the order of nanometers are accessible with the instrument. A feedback-loop algorithm is used to control the commanded force or the extensional strain on the sample and implement different rheometric protocols such as step-strain, step-force, exponential strain, among others. The device may also be used to measure the forces exerted by active suspensions, pulling neurons, etc.
Accuracy and precision of reconstruction of complex refractive index in near-field single-distance propagation-based phase-contrast tomography
Authors: Gureyev Timur , Mohammadi Sara , Nesterets Yakov , Dullin Christian , Tromba Giuliana 
Published: October 2013

We investigate the quantitative accuracy and noise sensitivity of reconstruction of the 3D distribution of complex refractive index, n(r)=1−δ(r)+iβ(r), in samples containing materials with different refractive indices using propagation-based phase-contrast computed tomography (PB-CT). Our present study is limited to the case of parallel-beam geometry with monochromatic synchrotron radiation, but can be readily extended to cone-beam CT and partially coherent polychromatic X-rays at least in the case of weakly absorbing samples. We demonstrate that, except for regions near the interfaces between distinct materials, the distribution of imaginary part of the refractive index, β(r), can be accurately reconstructed from a single projection image per view angle using phase retrieval based on the so-called homogeneous version of the Transport of Intensity equation (TIE-Hom) in combination with conventional CT reconstruction. In contrast, the accuracy of reconstruction of δ(r) depends strongly on the choice of the “regularization” parameter in TIE-Hom. We demonstrate by means of an instructive example that for some multi-material samples, a direct application of the TIE-Hom method in PB-CT produces qualitatively incorrect results for δ(r), which can be rectified either by collecting additional projection images at each view angle, or by utilising suitable a priori information about the sample. As a separate observation, we also show that, in agreement with previous reports, it is possible to significantly improve signal-to-noise ratio by increasing the sample-to-detector distance in combination with TIE-Hom phase retrieval in PB-CT compared to conventional (“contact”) CT, with the maximum achievable gain of the order of 0.3δ/β. This can lead to improved image quality and/or reduction of the X-ray dose delivered to patients in medical imaging.
Flexible and lightweight thermoelectric generators composed of carbon nanotube–polystyrene composites printed on film substrate
Authors: Suemori Kouji , Hoshino Satoshi , Kamata Toshihide 
Published: October 2013

A flexible thermoelectric generator (TEG) was fabricated on a polyethylene naphthalate film substrate using a printing process. The thermoelectric material used in this study, a composite material consisting of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polystyrene, contained approximately 35 vol. % of voids. Because of the reduction in the density of the CNT–polystyrene composite caused by the voids, the TEG was remarkably lightweight (weight per unit area: ≈15.1 mg/cm2). The TEG generated approximately 55 mW/m2 of power at a temperature difference of 70 °C.
Propofol Limits Microglial Activation after Experimental Brain Trauma through Inhibition of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase
Authors: Luo Tao , Wu Junfang , Kabadi Shruti V. , Sabirzhanov Boris , Guanciale Kelsey , Hanscom Marie , Faden Juliane , Cardiff Katherine , Bengson Charles Jeremy , Faden Alan I. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background:
Microglial activation is implicated in delayed tissue damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Activation of microglia causes up-regulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, with the release of reactive oxygen species and cytotoxicity. Propofol appears to have antiinflammatory actions. The authors evaluated the neuroprotective effects of propofol after TBI and examined in vivo and in vitro whether such actions reflected modulation of NADPH oxidase.

Methods:
Adult male rats were subjected to moderate lateral fluid percussion TBI. Effect of propofol on brain microglial activation and functional recovery was assessed up to 28 days postinjury. By using primary microglial and BV2 cell cultures, the authors examined propofol modulation of lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ–induced microglial reactivity and neurotoxicity.

Results:
Propofol improved cognitive recovery after TBI in novel object recognition test (48 ± 6% for propofol [n = 15] vs. 30 ± 4% for isoflurane [n = 14]; P = 0.005). The functional improvement with propofol was associated with limited microglial activation and decreased cortical lesion volume and neuronal loss. Propofol also attenuated lipopolysaccharide- and interferon-γ–induced microglial activation in vitro, with reduced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interlukin-1β, reactive oxygen species, and NADPH oxidase. Microglial-induced neurotoxicity in vitro was also markedly reduced by propofol. The protective effect of propofol was attenuated when the NADPH oxidase subunit p22phox was knocked down by small interfering RNA. Moreover, propofol reduced the expression of p22phox and gp91phox, two key components of NADPH oxidase, after TBI.

Conclusion:
The neuroprotective effects of propofol after TBI appear to be mediated, in part, through the inhibition of NADPH oxidase.
Triplex real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and quantification of norovirus (GIandGII) and sapovirus
Authors: Niwa Shoichi , Tsukagoshi Hiroyuki , Ishioka Taisei , Sasaki Yoshiko , Yoshizumi Masakazu , Morita Yukio , Kimura Hirokazu , Kozawa Kunihisa 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTTo improve detection of norovirus (NoVGI, NoVGII) and sapovirus (SaV), a simultaneous quantitative RT‐PCR method was established. This triplex real‐time PCR method was evaluated using a combination of optimized specific primers and probes. The performance of the developed PCR assay was equivalent to that of monoplex real‐time PCR across a broad dynamic range of 102–107copies/assay using plasmid DNA standards. The limit of detection was 102copies/assay. The quantitative value was comparable with that of monoplex real‐time PCR of stool samples. Our triplex real‐time PCR is useful for detection of NoV and SaV infections.
Trophic niche flexibility in Glossophaga soricina: how a nectar seeker sneaks an insect snack
Authors: Clare Elizabeth L. , Goerlitz Holger R. , Drapeau Violaine A. , Holderied Marc W. , Adams Amanda M. , Nagel Juliet , Dumont Elizabeth R. , Hebert Paul D. N. , Brock Fenton M. 
Published: October 2013

Summary

Omnivory enables animals to fill more than one trophic niche, providing access to a wider variety of food resources with potentially higher nutrient value, particularly when resources become scarce. Animals can achieve omnivory using different strategies, for example opportunistic foraging, or switching between multiple trophic niches.

The Neotropical bat Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) is a common and widespread species known for nectar feeding, but it also eats fruit and insects. Approaching stationary objects (flowers and fruits) or moving objects (insects) poses different sensory tasks and should require different echolocation behaviours. Here we tested the contrasting hypothesis that G. soricina can approach both stationary and moving objects using the same echolocation behaviour, thus feeding at different trophic levels by a single sensory mechanism.

Using DNA barcoding, we demonstrate that G. soricina eats beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera) and noctuid moths with bat‐detecting ears. Laboratory observations show that G. soricina actively hunts for prey so insect consumption does not appear to be opportunistic. After capture, individuals consumed prey while perched and manipulated them with jaw, thumb, wrist and wing movements, but food handling was longer and chewing rate slower than in obligate insectivores.

In contrast to most insectivorous bats, the echolocation calls of G. soricina are of high frequency and low intensity, and G. soricina did not produce feeding buzzes when approaching insects. An acoustic model of detection distances shows that its low‐intensity calls fail to trigger the auditory neurons of eared moths, allowing G. soricina to overcome auditory prey defences.

Individuals achieved niche flexibility using a unique but generalist behavioural approach rather than employing two different specialist methods. Our findings provide a novel insight into the functional mechanisms of insect capture in G. soricina and highlight the importance of considering niche flexibility in classifying trophic links in ecological communities.