bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sizing‐up the Competition: Factors Modulating Male Display Behavior During Mate Competition
Authors: Swierk Lindsey , Langkilde Tracy 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWhen competing for mates, males of many species use cues from their rivals to evaluate their chances of success. Signaling behavior is a vital component of male–male contests and courtship, and may inform males of a rival's quality or intentions. We used eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) to investigate how the time a male spent signaling during mate competition is influenced by his quality, his rival's quality relative to his own, and the value of a contested female. Furthermore, we examined how a male's behavioral response to a competitor's signals would be mediated by his relative quality. We simulated natural encounters by allowing two males to compete over a single female in the laboratory. We measured the time males spent performing two types of displays (pushups and shudders) and categorized male behavioral responses to rival pushup and shudder displays. Time spent signaling was not related to a male's absolute quality (body and head size, condition, and badge sizes), or his quality relative to that of his rival, although males did spend more time performing pushups when competing over females in better condition. Male behavior was also influenced by his rival's signals, such that males of relatively lower quality than their opponents were more likely to aggressively respond to rival pushups and shudders. We discuss these results with respect to the evolution and function of signaling behavior in courtship and male–male contests.
Phosphorylation of Noxo1 at threonine 341 regulates its interaction with Noxa1 and the superoxide‐producing activity of Nox1
Authors: Yamamoto Asataro , Takeya Ryu , Matsumoto Masaki , Nakayama Keiichi I. , Sumimoto Hideki 
Published: August 2013

Superoxide production by Nox1, a member of the Nox family NAPDH oxidases, requires expression of its regulatory soluble proteins Noxo1 (Nox organizer 1) and Noxa1 (Nox activator 1) and is markedly enhanced upon cell stimulation with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC). The mechanism underlying PMA‐induced enhancement of Nox1 activity, however, remains to be elucidated. Here we show that, in response to PMA, Noxo1 undergoes phosphorylation at multiple sites, which is inhibited by the PKC inhibitor GF109203X. Among them, Thr341 in Noxo1 is directly phosphorylated by PKC in vitro, and alanine substitution for this residue reduces not only PMA‐induced Noxo1 phosphorylation but also PMA‐dependent enhancement of Nox1‐catalyzed superoxide production. Phosphorylation of Thr341 allows Noxo1 to sufficiently interact with Noxa1, an interaction that participates in Nox1 activation. Thus phosphorylation of Noxo1 at Thr341 appears to play a crucial role in PMA‐elicited activation of Nox1, providing a molecular link between PKC‐mediated signal transduction and Nox1‐catalyzed superoxide production. Furthermore, Ser154 in Noxo1 is phosphorylated in both resting and PMA‐stimulated cells, and the phosphorylation probably participates in a PMA‐independent constitutive activity of Nox1. Ser154 may also be involved in protein kinase A (PKA) mediated regulation of Nox1; this serine is the major residue that is phosphorylated by PKA in vitro. Thus phosphorylation of Noxo1 at Thr341 and at Ser154 appears to regulate Nox1 activity in different manners.Structured digital abstract

Noxo1 binds to p22phox by pull down (1, 2, 3)

Noxo1 binds to Noxo1 by pull down (View interaction)

Noxa1 binds to Noxo1 by pull down (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
A coral reef refuge in the Red Sea
Authors: Fine Maoz , Gildor Hezi , Genin Amatzia 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe stability and persistence of coral reefs in the decades to come is uncertain due to global warming and repeated bleaching events that will lead to reduced resilience of these ecological and socio‐economically important ecosystems. Identifying key refugia is potentially important for future conservation actions. We suggest that the Gulf of Aqaba (GoA) (Red Sea) may serve as a reef refugium due to a unique suite of environmental conditions. Our hypothesis is based on experimental detection of an exceptionally high bleaching threshold of northern Red Sea corals and on the potential dispersal of coral planulae larvae through a selective thermal barrier estimated using an ocean model. We propose that millennia of natural selection in the form of a thermal barrier at the southernmost end of the Red Sea have selected coral genotypes that are less susceptible to thermal stress in the northern Red Sea, delaying bleaching events in the GoA by at least a century.
Inertia in an ombrotrophic bog ecosystem in response to 9 years' realistic perturbation by wet deposition of nitrogen, separated by form
Authors: Sheppard Lucy J. , Leith Ian D. , Mizunuma Toshie , Leeson Sarah , Kivimaki Sanna , Neil Cape J. , van Dijk Netty , Leaver David , Sutton Mark A. , Fowler David , Van den Berg Leon J.L. , Crossley Alan , Field Chris , Smart Simon 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWet deposition of nitrogen (N) occurs in oxidized (nitrate) and reduced (ammonium) forms. Whether one form drives vegetation change more than the other is widely debated, as field evidence has been lacking. We are manipulating N form in wet deposition to an ombrotrophic bog, Whim (Scottish Borders), and here report nine years of results. Ammonium and nitrate were provided in rainwater spray as NH4Cl or NaNO3 at 8, 24 or 56 kg N ha−1 yr−1, plus a rainwater only control, via an automated system coupled to site meteorology. Detrimental N effects were observed in sensitive nonvascular plant species, with higher cumulative N loads leading to more damage at lower annual doses. Cover responses to N addition, both in relation to form and dose, were species specific and mostly dependent on N dose. Some species were generally indifferent to N form and dose, while others were dose sensitive. Calluna vulgaris showed a preference for higher N doses as ammonium N and Hypnum jutlandicum for nitrate N. However, after 9 years, the magnitude of change from wet deposited N on overall species cover is small, indicating only a slow decline in key species. Nitrogen treatment effects on soil N availability were likewise small and rarely correlated with species cover. Ammonium caused most N accumulation and damage to sensitive species at lower N loads, but toxic effects also occurred with nitrate. However, because different species respond differently to N form, setting of ecosystem level critical loads by N form is challenging. We recommend implementing the lowest value of the critical load range where communities include sensitive nonvascular plants and where ammonium dominates wet deposition chemistry. In the context of parallel assessment at the same site, N treatments for wet deposition showed overall much smaller effects than corresponding inputs of dry deposition as ammonia.
Fractal analysis of veins in Permian carbonate rocks in the Lingtanchang anticline, western China
Authors: Deng B. , Liu S. , Jansa L. , Yong S. , Zhang Z. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractStatistical analysis of the thickness distribution of veins in the Lingtanchang structure, southern Sichuan basin, western China, indicates that vein thickness conforms to fractal character and a power‐law distribution, whereas various distributions of veins are indicated by both the spacing distribution and the Cv values. According to geometry and structure, the veins in the Lingtanchang structure can be divided into confined and through‐going veins. The statistical analyses show that confined intralayer veins are consistent with a power‐law distribution in thickness, with Dt values of 1.1–1.7 and a log‐normal distribution in spacing with Cv values of 0.8–0.9. The confined intra‐ to interlayer veins show Dt values of 1.0–1.3 and an exponential distribution in spacing, with Cv values of 0.9–1.0, indicating an unconnected vein network with weak ability for paleofluid flow. However, the through‐going veins show the lowest Dt values of 0.6–0.8 with a power‐law distribution in thickness and power‐law to exponential distribution in spacing with Cv values of 1.5–3.2. Differences in spacing distribution and in the thickness of veins can be explained by different stages of vein growth from confined to through‐going veins. Such processes are dominant with percolating cluster models, which significantly controls spatial distribution of veins and paleofluid flow, and therefore the reservoir conditions in the southern Sichuan basin.
Wetting behaviour of silicone‐ and resin‐based root canal sealers
Authors: Bohn S. , Ilie N. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimTo evaluate the wetting behaviour of three different classes of endodontic sealers, silicone (Roekoseal Automix)‐, epoxy‐resin (2Seal, AH Plus)‐ and methacrylate‐based sealers (EndoRez, RealSeal, RealSeal SE, Seal 3D) on dentine specimens with and without chemical pre‐treatment.MethodologyEighty caries‐free molar teeth were used for the preparation of 160 dentine discs. Half of the discs were rinsed with distilled water, and the remainder were treated with 3% NaOCl, followed by 17% EDTA and 2% CHX to simulate the final rinse under clinical‐like conditions. For both irrigation methods, 10 droplets of each sealer were analysed. Data were statistically analysed using multivariate anova (general linear model, α = 0.05) that assessed the effects of material, irrigation procedure and time on the measured contact angle as well as their interaction.ResultsContact angle was primarily influenced by the material (P < 0.05), followed by time (P < 0.05). Irrigation procedure had a significant influence (P < 0.05) on contact angle formation of all materials except EndoRez and AH Plus. EndoRez had the highest values, and Roekoseal Automix had the lowest values for all measurements. RealSeal SE had lower values after chemical treatment.ConclusionsThe silicone‐based sealer Roekoseal Automix had better wettability than epoxy‐resin‐ or methacrylate‐based sealers. The irrigation regime significantly favoured the wettability of 2Seal and RealSeal SE.
Antioxidant effects of rosemary extracts on sunflower oil compared with synthetic antioxidants
Authors: Chen Xiaoqiang , Zhang Ying , Zu Yuangang , Yang Lei , Lu Qi , Wang Wei 
Published: August 2013

SummaryThe antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) (RE) were tested in natural sunflower oil stored at 60 °C by measuring their peroxide values (POV), thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), free fatty acid (FFA) content and p‐anisidine value (AnV) after regular intervals compared with synthetic antioxidants. After 3 weeks of storage at 60 °C, sunflower oil containing 200 mg kg−1 rosemary extracts showed lower POVs (75.7 ± 0.47  meq kg−1), thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS)(0.161 ± 0.002 μg mL−1), FFA contents (0.45 ± 0.04 mg g−1) and AnV (12.4 ± 0.02) than the control sample. Sunflower oil containing 200 ppm butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) showed POVs (204 ± 0.68, 159 ± 0.55, 20 ± 0.49 meq kg−1), thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) (0.171 ± 0.002, 0.184 ± 0.002, 0.069 ± 0.001 μg mL−1), FFA contents (0.34 ± 0.03, 0.46 ± 0.03, 0.2 ± 0.01 mg g−1) and AnV (14.7 ± 0.03, 16.5 ± 0.04, 6.77 ± 0.01), respectively, after 3 weeks of storage at 60 °C. These results illustrate that rosemary extracts exhibited very strong antioxidant activity, almost equal to that of synthetic antioxidants (BHA and BHT).
Genetics of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis
Authors: ROSADO S. C. S. , KROPP B. R. , PICHÉ Y. 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYSeedlings from three open‐pollinated families of Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii were inoculated with 16 dikaryotic progenies of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch obtained from controlled crosses between monokaryotic cultures with a tetrapolar mating system. Ninety days after inoculation mycelial strand growth, number of ectomycorrhizas and percentage ectomycorrhizal colonization were assessed.Half‐sib host families and full‐sib fungal progenies differed significantly in all these respects. There were no significant interactions between different genotypes of the two symbionts. The largest proportion of fungal genetic variability was attributable to the non‐additive genetic component. The additive genetic component was significant only for percentage ectomycorrhizal colonization. Mycelial strand growth, number of ectomycorrhizas and percentage colonization had broad‐sense heritabilities of 0·19, 0·29 and 0·23, and narrow‐sense heritabilities of 0·03, 0·00 and 0·15 respectively.These results show that selected Pisolithus strains, obtained from specific crosses, could be used with selected host plants to improve mycelial strand growth and ectomycorrhiza formation in a combined fungal and tree breeding programme.
Bus, Bike and Random Journeys: Crowdsourcing Aid Distribution in Ivory Coast
Authors: McInerney James , Rogers Alex , Jennings Nicholas R. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Delivering supplies in poor rural areas is difficult and expensive. But people travel; and statistics can piggyback aid supplies on to the network of everyday journeys. James McInerney, Alex Rogers and Nicholas R. Jennings explore an imaginative solution to getting aid to the countryside.
Big Data and Big Business: Should Statisticians Join in?
Authors: Walker David , Fung Kaiser 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Big business has embraced big data with enthusiasm. It is a love-fest; it seems they were made for each other. Should statistics make it a ménage à trois? No, says David Walker: that way lies perdition. Statisticians would lose their souls. Yes, says Kaiser Fung: the happy couple have much to offer statisticians – and will go horribly wrong without them. First, the warning voice …
Kaiser Fung argues that business, big data and statistics should consummate their long-overdue alliance.
Young Writers Competition: GUESTimation: Breaking the Deadlock on Wedding Guest Lists
Authors: Vukcevic Damjan 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Earlier this year, together with the Young Statisticians Group of the RSS, Significance ran its second Young Writers Competition. A selection of runners-up will be published on these pages and on our website, http://www.significancemagazine.com, over the coming months. Here we present the winner. Damjan Vukcevic talks us through independent variables, probability distributions, and robustness of models, all in the context of that nightmare that most of us encounter at some time in our lives – whom should we invite to our wedding?
The good, the bad and the early adopters: providers' attitudes about a common, commercial EHR
Authors: Makam Anil N. , Lanham Holly J. , Batchelor Kim , Moran Brett , Howell‐Stampley Temple , Kirk Lynne , Cherukuri Manjula , Samal Lipika , Santini Noel , Leykum Luci K. , Halm Ethan A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesTo describe primary care providers' (PCP) attitudes about the impact of a mature, commercial electronic health records (EHR) on clinical practice in settings with experience using the system and to evaluate whether a provider's propensity to adopt new technologies is associated with more favourable perceptions.MethodWe surveyed PCPs in 11 practices affiliated with three health systems in Texas. Most practices had greater than 5 years of experience with the Epic EHR. The effect of early adopter of technology status was evaluated using logistic regression.ResultsOne hundred forty‐six PCPs responded (70%). Most thought the EHR had a positive impact on routine tasks, such as prescription refills (94%), whereas fewer agreed for complex tasks, such as delivery of guideline‐concordant care for chronic illnesses (51%). Two‐thirds (62%) thought it interfered with eye contact with patients, and 40% reported that it interfered with in‐visit communication. Early adopters of technology reported greater positive effects of the EHR, even after adjusting for age, ranging from 2% to 15% higher on satisfaction ratings.ConclusionPCPs practicing in settings with considerable experience using a common commercial EHR identified many positive effects, as well as two key areas for improvement – patient centredness and intelligent decision support. Providers with a propensity to adopt new technologies have more favourable perceptions of the EHR.
Immunohistochemical characterization of polyclonal antibodies against Enteromyxum leei and Enteromyxum scophthalmi (Myxozoa: Myxosporea), intestinal parasites of fish
Authors: Estensoro I , Redondo M J , Álvarez‐Pellitero P , Sitjà‐Bobadilla A 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe enteric myxozoan parasites Enteromyxum leei (Diamant, Lom et Dyková) and Enteromyxum scophthalmi Palenzuela, Redondo et Álvarez‐Pellitero are responsible for high weight loss in infected fish, which leads to subchronic disease and low mortality rates in gilthead sea bream (GSB), Sparus aurata L., and to high mortality rates in turbot, Psetta maxima (L.). The detection of initial parasite stages in histological sections is particularly difficult, but can be simplified by means of specific antibodies. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) were raised against E. scophthalmi and E. leei, and direct enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry were used to characterize their sensitivity and specificity. Both pAbs were adsorbed (apAb) with non‐infected intestines to avoid non‐specific labelling of fish tissues and to improve their specificity. The highest titre obtained in ELISA was 1: 32 000 for apAb‐Eleei and 1:16 000 for apAb‐Escoph. Working dilutions in immunohistochemistry were 1:1000 for apAb‐Eleei and 1:8000 for apAb‐Escoph. Both apAbs labelled proliferative and sporogonic stages with high specificity. apAb‐Escoph was very specific, whereas apAb‐Eleei cross‐reacted with Sphaerospora dicentrarchi Sitjà‐Bobadilla et Álvarez‐Pellitero and Sphaerospora testicularis Sitjà‐Bobadilla et Álvarez‐Pellitero, suggesting the presence of shared antigens. These pAbs stand as new tools for antigenic characterization and the diagnosis of both Enteromyxum species.
Silicon and Triadimenol for the Management of Coffee Leaf Rust
Authors: Lopes Ueder P. , Zambolim Laércio , Souza Neto Pedro N. , Duarte Henrique S. S. , Ribeiro José Ivo , Souza Antônio F. , Rodrigues Fabricio Á. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study documents an experiment that was undertaken in the 2006/2007, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 growing seasons on Coffea arabica cv. ‘Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144’ that sought to evaluate the effects of various calcium silicate rates combined with the fungicide triadimenol on the incidence of coffee leaf rust. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split plot with five treatments (with varied calcium silicate rates and with or without triadimenol) and four replications. Each experimental unit (split plot) consisted of seven coffee plants (14 m2), which were the central five plants used for the evaluations. Calcium silicate (CS) and lime (L) were used according to the following mixtures (M): M1: 0% CS and 100% L; M2: 25% CS and 75% L; M3: 50% CS and 50% L; M4: 75% CS and 25% L; and M5: 100% CS and 0% L. The leaf Si concentration did not increase as CS rates increased in the soil. There was no reduction in the area under rust progress curve (AURPC) as the rates of CS increased in the soil. During the growing seasons 2006/2007, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009, rust incidence reached 94, 96 and 92% on plants that did not receive triadimenol, respectively, whereas the incidence did not exceed 6, 38 and 16%, respectively, for those plants that did. For yield, no interaction was observed between the calcium silicate rates and with or without triadimenol. The yield increased by 117% for plants receiving triadimenol compared with those that did not. The 3‐year experiments indicated that soil amendment with calcium silicate had no effect on either reducing coffee leaf rust incidence or increasing yield. Conversely, as expected, coffee leaf rust symptoms were dramatically reduced on plants sprayed with triadimenol, and this was accompanied by a significant gain in yield.
Formulation optimization of hot-melt extruded abuse deterrent pellet dosage form utilizing design of experiments
Authors: Maddineni Sindhuri , Battu Sunil Kumar , Morott Joe , Soumyajit Majumdar , Repka Michael A 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Objective
The objective of this study was to develop techniques for an abuse-deterrent (AD) platform utilizing the hot-melt extrusion (HME) process.

Methods
Formulation optimization was accomplished by utilizing Box–Behnken design of experiments to determine the effect of the three formulation factors: PolyOx WSR301, Benecel K15M and Carbopol 71G; each of which was studied at three levels on tamper-resistant (TR) attributes of the produced melt extruded pellets. A response surface methodology was utilized to identify the optimized formulation. Lidocaine hydrochloride was used as a model drug, and suitable formulation ingredients were employed as carrier matrices and processing aids.

Key findings
All of the formulations were evaluated for the TR attributes, such as particle size post-milling, gelling and percentage of drug extraction in water and alcohol. All of the design of experiments formulations demonstrated sufficient hardness and elasticity, and could not be reduced into fine particles (&lt;150 μm), which is a desirable feature to prevent snorting. In addition, all of the formulations exhibited good gelling tendency in water with minimal extraction of drug in the aqueous medium. Moreover, Benecel K15M, in combination with PolyOx WSR301, could be utilized to produce pellets with TR potential.

Conclusion
HME has been demonstrated to be a viable technique with a potential to develop novel AD formulations.
The Case For a Multilingual Approach to Language Classroom Communication
Authors: Levine Glenn S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article presents the case for a ‘multilingual approach’ to university‐level language classroom communication. After detailing some problems with the ‘monolingual bias’ of language pedagogy, arguments against a pedagogy based on that bias are presented. Thereafter, arguments in favor of a multilingual approach are offered, as well as several principles for the use of multiple languages in the classroom.
The Role of the Putative Mirror Neuron System in Language Comprehension
Authors: Traxler Matthew J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSingle‐cell recording in macaque monkeys has uncovered mirror neurons, which respond both when a monkey observes a transitive action (an action involving an actor and an object), carries out that transitive action, or hears a sound associated with that action. Mirror neurons have been proposed to provide the neural basis for a variety of language functions, including the understanding of expressions referring to actions and the coordination of mental representations in dialogue. While mirror neurons may become active during language production and comprehension, the available evidence suggests that mirror neurons do not, by themselves, provide a sufficient basis for action understanding or alignment of mental states. Instead, mirror neurons may be a component of a larger associative network that connects production and comprehension systems.