bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of scientific evidence on conservation practitioners’ management decisions
Authors: Walsh Jessica C. , Dicks Lynn V. , Sutherland William J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA major justification of environmental management research is that it helps practitioners, yet previous studies show it is rarely used to inform their decisions. We tested whether conservation practitioners focusing on bird management were willing to use a synopsis of relevant scientific literature to inform their management decisions. This allowed us to examine whether the limited use of scientific information in management is due to a lack of access to the scientific literature or whether it is because practitioners are either not interested or unable to incorporate the research into their decisions. In on‐line surveys, we asked 92 conservation managers, predominantly from Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, to provide opinions on 28 management techniques that could be applied to reduce predation on birds. We asked their opinions before and after giving them a summary of the literature about the interventions’ effectiveness. We scored the overall effectiveness and certainty of evidence for each intervention through an expert elicitation process—the Delphi method. We used the effectiveness scores to assess the practitioners’ level of understanding and awareness of the literature. On average, each survey participant changed their likelihood of using 45.7% of the interventions after reading the synopsis of the evidence. They were more likely to implement effective interventions and avoid ineffective actions, suggesting that their intended future management strategies may be more successful than current practice. More experienced practitioners were less likely to change their management practices than those with less experience, even though they were not more aware of the existing scientific information than less experienced practitioners. The practitioners’ willingness to change their management choices when provided with summarized scientific evidence suggests that improved accessibility to scientific information would benefit conservation management outcomes.El Efecto de la Evidencia Científica sobre las Decisiones de Manejo de Quienes Practican la Conservación
The combined diagnosis of allergic and irritant contact dermatitis in a retrospective cohort of 1000 consecutive patients with occupational contact dermatitis
Authors: Schwensen Jakob F. , Menné Torkil , Johansen Jeanne D. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryBackgroundThe diagnosis of combined allergic and irritant contact dermatitis is an accepted subdiagnosis for hand dermatitis, and it is often considered in a patient with contact dermatitis, a positive and relevant patch test result, and wet work exposure. We therefore hypothesize that it is arbitrary for wet work exposure to be taken into consideration in a patient with newly diagnosed relevant contact allergy. Furthermore, an overestimation of the diagnosis will probably occur if the criteria for wet work exposure are applied correctly, as many occupations have an element of wet work.ObjectivesTo find the statistically expected number of combined allergic and irritant contact dermatitis cases in 1000 patients, and to evaluate the diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis.MethodsOne thousand consecutive patients with occupational contact dermatitis from a hospital unit in Denmark were assessed.ResultsThe expected number of cases with the diagnosis of combined allergic and irritant contact dermatitis was 0.33%, as compared with the observed number of 6.4%. Females occupied in wet occupations were often diagnosed with combined allergic and irritant contact dermatitis (p < 0.005).ConclusionThe diagnosis of combined allergic and irritant contact dermatitis should be used critically to avoid misclassification, and possible criteria for the diagnosis are proposed.
Wastewater testing compared with random urinalyses for the surveillance of illicit drug use in prisons
Authors: Brewer Alex J. , Banta‐Green Caleb J. , Ort Christoph , Robel Alix E. , Field Jennifer 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsIllicit drug use is known to occur among inmate populations of correctional (prison) facilities. Conventional approaches to monitor illicit drug use in prisons include random urinalyses (RUA). Conventional approaches are expected to be prone to bias because prisoners may be aware of which days of the week RUAs are conducted. Therefore, we wanted to compare wastewater loads for methamphetamine and cocaine during days with RUA testing and without.Design and MethodsWe collected daily 24‐h composite samples of wastewater by continuous sampling, computed daily loads for 1 month and compared the frequency of illicit drug detection to the number of positive RUAs. Diurnal data also were collected for 3 days to determine within‐day patterns of illicit drugs excretion.ResultsMethamphetamine was observed in each sample of prison wastewater with no significant difference in daily mass loads between RUA testing and non‐testing days. Cocaine and its major metabolite, benzoylecgonine, were observed only at levels below quantification in prison wastewater. Six RUAs were positive for methamphetamine during the month while none were positive for cocaine out of the 243 RUAs conducted.Discussion and ConclusionsWastewater analyses offer data regarding the frequency of illicit drug excretion inside the prison that RUAs alone could not detect. [Brewer AJ, Banta‐Green CJ, Ort C, Robel AE, Field J. Wastewater testing compared with random urinalyses for the surveillance of illicit drug use in prisons. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:133–7]
Early predictors of refractory status epilepticus: an international two‐center study
Authors: Sutter R. , Kaplan P. W. , Marsch S. , Hammel E. M. , Rüegg S. , Ziai W. C. 
Published: August 2014

Background and purposeStatus epilepticus (SE) refractory to first‐ and second‐line antiepileptic drugs carries high mortality. Little is known on early prediction of refractory SE (RSE) – an essential tool for planning appropriate therapy. Our aim was to identify and validate independent early RSE predictors in adults.MethodsClinical and laboratory data on consecutive intensive care unit patients with SE from two academic care centers (a derivation data set from a Swiss center and a validation data set from a US center) were assessed. Multivariable analysis was performed with the derivation set to identify RSE predictors at SE onset. Their external validity was evaluated with an independent validation set. Measures of calibration and discrimination were assessed.ResultsIn all, 302 patients were analyzed (138 with and 164 without RSE), 171 in the derivation data set and 131 in the validation data set. Acute SE etiology, coma/stupor and serum albumin <35 g/l at SE onset were independent predictors for RSE in the derivation data set [odds ratio (OR) 2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–4.07; OR 4.83, 95% CI 2.42–9.68; OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.16–5.16]. The prediction model showed good measures of calibration (Hosmer–Lemesow goodness‐of‐fit test P = 0.99) and discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.8) on the derivation data set ‐ results that were similar in the validation data set (Hosmer–Lemeshow P = 0.24; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.73).ConclusionsThis study confirms the independent prognostic value of readily available parameters for early RSE prediction. Prospective studies are needed to identify additional robust predictors, which could be added to the proposed model for further optimization towards a reliable prediction scoring system.
Anthropogenic noise compromises antipredator behaviour in European eels
Authors: Simpson Stephen D. , Purser Julia , Radford Andrew N. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIncreases in noise‐generating human activities since the Industrial Revolution have changed the acoustic landscape of many terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Anthropogenic noise is now recognized as a major pollutant of international concern, and recent studies have demonstrated impacts on, for instance, hearing thresholds, communication, movement and foraging in a range of species. However, consequences for survival and reproductive success are difficult to ascertain. Using a series of laboratory‐based experiments and an open‐water test with the same methodology, we show that acoustic disturbance can compromise antipredator behaviour – which directly affects survival likelihood – and explore potential underlying mechanisms. Juvenile European eels (Anguilla anguilla) exposed to additional noise (playback of recordings of ships passing through harbours), rather than control conditions (playback of recordings from the same harbours without ships), performed less well in two simulated predation paradigms. Eels were 50% less likely and 25% slower to startle to an ‘ambush predator’ and were caught more than twice as quickly by a ‘pursuit predator’. Furthermore, eels experiencing additional noise had diminished spatial performance and elevated ventilation and metabolic rates (indicators of stress) compared with control individuals. Our results suggest that acoustic disturbance could have important physiological and behavioural impacts on animals, compromising life‐or‐death responses.
Being green: from attitude to actual consumption
Authors: Miniero Giulia , Codini Anna , Bonera Michelle , Corvi Elisabetta , Bertoli Giuseppe 
Published: August 2014

AbstractInterest in issues associated with environmental sustainability is continuously growing and sustainable consumption is now a mainstream topic at the top of the international public administration agenda. However, the many studies about the general inconsistency between green consumer attitudes and green consumption have not considered two individual differences that seem to be interesting in order to explain the ethical consumer attitude–intention gap: regulatory focus and time horizon. Regulatory focus, being the strategic orientation individuals use to pursue their goals, might enhance consumers' sense of duty towards environmental issues. Time horizon represents the consumers' perceived time lag between their decision and its outcome, and can induce them to immediately engage in a specific behaviour. With this goal in mind, the present work illustrates the results of three experimental studies that focus on individual differences (regulatory focus and time horizon) that might influence consumers to comply with green consumption. Results show that prevention‐focused individuals demonstrate a higher compliance with green behaviour, both in the short‐term and in the long‐term outcome horizons.
Referral patterns and general anesthesia in a specialized paediatric dental service
Authors: Alkilzy Mohammad , Qadri Ghalib , Horn Janina , Takriti Moutaz , Splieth Christian 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesThe caries patterns of child populations in Germany have changed during the last 20 years. This affects the referrals and provision of specialist dental care for children. This study has two aims: first, to investigate referrals received by a specialized pediatric dental institution in 1995 and 2008, and second, to assess the treatments performed during full oral rehabilitations under general anesthesia in this institution from 2007 to 2008.MethodsAll data of referred patients were evaluated for 1995 and 2008 separately. Comparisons were carried out for different socio‐demographic, medical, and dental parameters. All patients treated under general anesthesia (GA) between March/2007 and December/2008 were examined retrospectively and their data were analyzed.ResultsIn 1995 (n = 191), significantly older children were referred to specialized pediatric dental care compared to 2008 (n = 179). In addition, a shift of surgical referrals to very young children with high caries levels was clearly noticed, resulting in considerably more oral rehabilitation performed under GA in 2008 (n = 73). Thus, the mean values of 6.4 fillings and 2.7 extractions per child were quite high.ConclusionsPreventive treatment approaches for primary dentition in Germany need further improvement by focusing on high caries‐risk groups, as specialized pediatric dentistry bears the great burden of providing oral rehabilitations under GA in young children.
A monoclonal antibody‐based immunoassay for measuring the potency of 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 vaccines
Authors: Schmeisser Falko , Vasudevan Anupama , Soto Jackeline , Kumar Arunima , Williams Ollie , Weir Jerry P. 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundThe potency of inactivated influenza vaccines is determined using a single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay. This assay is relatively easy to standardize, it is not technically demanding, and it is capable of measuring the potency of several vaccine strain subtypes in a multivalent vaccine. Nevertheless, alternative methods that retain the major advantages of the SRID, but with a greater dynamic range of measurement and with reduced reagent requirements, are needed.ObjectivesThe feasibility of an ELISA‐based assay format was explored as an alternative potency assay for inactivated influenza vaccines.MethodsSeveral murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), specific for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), were evaluated for their potential to capture and quantify HA antigen. Vaccine samples, obtained from four licensed influenza vaccine manufacturers, included monovalent bulk vaccine, monovalent vaccine, and trivalent vaccine. Traditional SRID potency assays were run in parallel with the mAb–ELISA potency assay using the reference antigen standard appropriate for the vaccine samples being tested.ResultsThe results indicated that the ELISA potency assay can quantify HA over a wide range of concentrations, including vaccine at subpotent doses, and the ELISA and SRID potency values correlated well for most vaccine samples. Importantly, the assay was capable of quantifying A/California HA in a trivalent formulation.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the general feasibility of the mAb approach and strongly suggests that such ELISAs have potential for continued development as an alternative method to assay the potency of inactivated influenza vaccines.
Designing on‐demand education for simultaneous development of domain‐specific and self‐directed learning skills
Authors: Taminiau E.M.C. , Kester L. , Corbalan G. , Spector J.M. , Kirschner P.A. , Van Merriënboer J.J.G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOn‐demand education enables individual learners to choose their learning pathways according to their own learning needs. They must use self‐directed learning (SDL) skills involving self‐assessment and task selection to determine appropriate pathways for learning. Learners who lack these skills must develop them becauseSDLskills are prerequisite to developing domain‐specific skills. This article describes the design of an on‐demand learning environment developed to enable novices to simultaneously develop theirSDLand domain‐specific skills. Learners receivedadviceon their self‐assessments and their selections of subsequent learning tasks. In the domain of system dynamics – a way to model a dynamic system and draw graphs depicting the system's behaviour over time – advice on self‐assessment is provided in a scoring rubric containing relevant performance standards. Advice on task selection indicates all relevant task aspects to be taken into account, including recommendations for suitable learning tasks which meet the individual learner's needs. This article discusses the design of the environment and the learners' perceptions of its usefulness. Most of the times, the learners found the advice appropriate and they followed it in 78% of their task selections.
Preferred Health Resources and Use of Social Media to Obtain Health and Depression Information by Adolescent Mothers
Authors: Logsdon M. Cynthia , Bennett Gary , Crutzen Rik , Martin LuAnn , Eckert Diane , Robertson Ashley , Myers John , Tomasulo Roselyn , Gregg Jennifer , Barone Michael , Lynch Tania , Flamini Laura 
Published: August 2014

ProblemLittle is known about how adolescent mothers use social media and the Internet, especially to access health information.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional, descriptive study, adolescent mothers were recruited from an academic medical center after the birth of their child (n = 94) or from a state‐funded, home visitation program during the first year after birth (n = 91). They completed the Pew Internet Survey: 37 questions related to use of social media and Internet, particularly in regard to obtaining health information.FindingsAll adolescent mothers used a computer and almost all went online. Most accessed the Internet by cell phone (67.4%) and used social media. The health topics searched most frequently were pregnancy/birth control (85.8%), sexually transmitted diseases (n = 134, 72.6%) and HIV (66.3%). Response to survey questions differed between the two groups (adolescent mothers surveyed after birth from academic medical center and adolescent mothers surveyed in the first postpartum year in the community).ConclusionsAdolescent mothers spend significant time on the Internet including searching for health information. Cell phones are their preferred methods for accessing the Internet, and they use social media. Thus, social media and the Internet are potentially feasible and acceptable vehicles to deliver health interventions to adolescent mothers.
Reducing Seclusion and Restraint During Child and Adolescent Inpatient Treatment: Still an Underdeveloped Area of Research
Authors: Valenkamp Marije , Delaney Kathleen , Verheij Fop 
Published: August 2014

ProblemHalf of all youth hospitalized in inpatient psychiatric facilities manifest aggressive behavior. When aggression escalates to the point of danger, measures must be employed to guarantee safety of both patients and staff. In this paper, the current empirical evidence for intervention models to reduce restriction and restraint utilization in children and adolescents is reviewed.MethodPubMed and PsycINFO were searched for English‐language articles published between 2006 and 2013. Included were empirical studies of child or adolescent inpatient populations using a pretest and posttest design.FindingIncluded in this review are three empirical papers describing two different intervention models that met the inclusion criteria.ConclusionsThe review indicates there are two empirical supported intervention models that are helpful in reducing seclusion and restraint utilization in children and adolescents. The promising empirical findings support evidence and application to the child/adolescent population for at least three of the six National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors core strategies for restraint reduction. The modest number of empirical papers reflects that reducing restrictive measures in child/adolescent inpatient treatment remains an underdeveloped area of research.
Did We Have an Impact? Changes in Racial and Ethnic Composition of Patient Populations Following Implementation of a Pilot Program
Authors: Webster Pamela S. , Sampangi Swathi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract:High‐quality data are necessary to eliminate health disparities, and are necessary in cancer prevention and control. A pilot project to improve the collection of race and ethnicity data was undertaken. The approach included train‐the‐trainer and staff training, and racial and ethnic categories were expanded to include “granular ethnicity” or ancestry terms in the patient registration system at five acute care hospitals in Rhode Island. The self‐reported racial and ethnic distribution of the patient population was examined for each pilot hospital. Two of the five pilot hospitals reported significant increases in the identification of Hispanic patients. At two other pilot hospitals, the proportion reporting unknown on either race or ethnicity was reduced. Evidence that Hispanics struggle to identify with existing racial categories is also highlighted. These results suggest that a modest program of staff training and resources can significantly increase the identification of racial and ethnic minorities, improving the quality of hospital and state cancer registry data. This has many possible benefits, including better alignment with language services for the patient population, better understanding of the healthcare needs of different racial and ethnic groups, and better strategies to not only address disparities, but also assess those efforts.
Morphine and cocaine increase serum‐ and glucocorticoid‐inducible kinase 1 activity in the ventral tegmental area
Authors: Heller Elizabeth A. , Kaska Sophia , Fallon Barbara , Ferguson Deveroux , Kennedy Pamela J. , Neve Rachael L. , Nestler Eric J. , Mazei‐Robison Michelle S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDrugs of abuse modulate the function and activity of the mesolimbic dopamine circuit. To identify novel mediators of drug‐induced neuroadaptations in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), we performed RNA sequencing analysis on VTA samples from mice administered repeated saline, morphine, or cocaine injections. One gene that was similarly up‐regulated by both drugs was serum‐ and glucocorticoid‐inducible kinase 1 (SGK1). SGK1 activity, as measured by phosphorylation of its substrate N‐myc downstream regulated gene (NDRG), was also increased robustly by chronic drug treatment. Increased NDRG phosphorylation was evident 1 but not 24 h after the last drug injection. SGK1 phosphorylation itself was similarly modulated. To determine the role of increased SGK1 activity on drug‐related behaviors, we over‐expressed constitutively active (CA) SGK1 in the VTA. SGK1‐CA expression reduced locomotor sensitization elicited by repeated cocaine, but surprisingly had the opposite effect and promoted locomotor sensitization to morphine, without affecting the initial locomotor responses to either drug. SGK1‐CA expression did not significantly affect morphine or cocaine conditioned place preference, although there was a trend toward increased conditioned place preference with both drugs. Further characterizing the role of this kinase in drug‐induced changes in VTA may lead to improved understanding of neuroadaptations critical to drug dependence and addiction.
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We find that repeated, but not acute, morphine or cocaine administration induces an increase in serum‐ and glucocorticoid‐inducible kinase (SGK1) gene expression and activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). This increase in SGK1 activity may play a role in drug‐dependent behaviors and suggests a novel signaling cascade for potential intervention in drug dependence and addiction.