bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical investigation on body-wake flow interaction over rod–airfoil configuration
Authors: Jiang Yi , Mao Mei-Liang , Deng Xiao-Gang , Liu Hua-Yong 
Published: August 2015

Numerical investigations of body-wake interactions were carried out by simulating the flow over a rod–airfoil configuration using high-order implicit large eddy simulation (HILES) for the incoming velocity$U_{\infty }=72~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$and a Reynolds number based on the airfoil chord$4.8\times 10^{5}$. The flow over five different rod–airfoil configurations with different distances of$L/d=2$, 4, 6, 8 and 10, respectively, were calculated for the analysis of body-wake interaction phenomena. Various fundamental mechanisms dictating the intricate flow phenomena including force varying regulation, flow structures and flow patterns in the interaction region, turbulent fluctuations and their suppression, noise radiation and fluid resonant oscillation, have been studied systematically. Due to the airfoil downstream, a relatively higher base pressure is exerted on the surface of the cylinder upstream, and the pressure fluctuation on the surface of the rod–airfoil configuration with$L/d=2$is significantly suppressed, resulting in a reduction of the fluctuating lift. Following the distance between the cylinder and airfoil strongly decreases, Kármán-street shedding is suppressed due to the blocking effect. The flow in this interaction region has two opposite tendencies: the influence of the airfoil on the steady flow is to accelerate it and the counter-rotating vortices connecting with the leading edge of the airfoil tend to slow the flow down. There may be two flow patterns associated with the interference region, i.e. the Kármán-street suppressing mode and the Kármán-street shedding mode. The primary vortex shedding behind the cylinder upstream, and the shedding wake impingement onto the airfoil downstream, play a dominant role in the production of turbulent fluctuations. When primary vortex shedding is suppressed, the intensity of impingement is weakened, resulting in a significant suppression of the turbulent fluctuations. Due to these factors, a special broadband noise without a manifestly distinguishable peak is radiated by the rod–airfoil configuration with$L/d=2$. The fluid resonant oscillation within the flow interaction between the turbulent wake and the bodies was further investigated by adopting a feedback model, which confirmed that the effect of fluid resonant oscillation becomes stronger when$L/d=6$and 10. The results obtained in this study provide physical insight into the understanding of the mechanisms relevant to the body-wake interaction.
Two-dimensional turbulent convection in a toroidal duct of a liquid metal blanket of a fusion reactor
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Zikanov Oleg 
Published: August 2015

Convection in a horizontal duct aligned with a uniform magnetic field is analysed computationally. The motivation of the study is the concept of a liquid metal blanket for a tokamak fusion reactor, in which ducts are oriented toroidally, i.e. parallel to the main component of the magnetic field. Computations of two-dimensional (streamwise-uniform) flows appearing at very strong magnetic fields and of three-dimensional flows in long domains are conducted. Non-uniform volumetric internal heating is applied, while the walls are maintained at a constant temperature. Two-dimensional or nearly two-dimensional turbulent convection is found at high Grashof and Hartmann numbers typical for fusion reactor conditions. The turbulence results in stronger mixing and more uniform distribution of wall heat flux, indicating promising potential of this concept of the blanket.
Sampling strategies for phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Europe
Authors: Alten B. , Ozbel Y. , Ergunay K. , Kasap O.E. , Cull B. , Antoniou M. , Velo E. , Prudhomme J. , Molina R. , Bañuls A.-L. , Schaffner F. , Hendrickx G. , Van Bortel W. , Medlock J.M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe distribution of phlebotomine sand flies is widely reported to be changing in Europe. This can be attributed to either the discovery of sand flies in areas where they were previously overlooked (generally following an outbreak of leishmaniasis or other sand fly-related disease) or to true expansion of their range as a result of climatic or environmental changes. Routine surveillance for phlebotomines in Europe is localized, and often one of the challenges for entomologists working in non-leishmaniasis endemic countries is the lack of knowledge on how to conduct, plan and execute sampling for phlebotomines, or how to adapt on-going sampling strategies for other haematophagous diptera. This review brings together published and unpublished expert knowledge on sampling strategies for European phlebotomines of public health concern in order to provide practical advice on: how to conduct surveys; the collection and interpretation of field data; suitable techniques for the preservation of specimens obtained by different sampling methods; molecular techniques used for species identification; and the pathogens associated with sand flies and their detection methods.
Detection of seed DNA in regurgitates of granivorous carabid beetles
Authors: Wallinger C. , Sint D. , Baier F. , Schmid C. , Mayer R. , Traugott M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractGranivory can play a pivotal role in influencing regeneration, colonization as well as abundance and distribution of plants. Due to their high abundance, nutrient content and longevity, seeds are an important food source for many animals. Among insects, carabid beetles consume substantial numbers of seeds and are thought to be responsible for a significant amount of seed loss. However, the processes that govern which seeds are eaten and are therefore prevented from entering the seedbank are poorly understood. Here, we assess if DNA-based diet analysis allows tracking the consumption of seeds by carabids. Adult individuals ofHarpalus rufipeswere fed with seeds ofTaraxacum officinaleandLolium perenneallowing them to digest for up to 3 days. Regurgitates were tested for the DNA of ingested seeds at eight different time points post-feeding using general and species-specific plant primers. The detection of seed DNA decreased with digestion time for both seed species, albeit in a species-specific manner. Significant differences in overall DNA detection rates were found with the general plant primers but not with the species-specific primers. This can have implications for the interpretation of trophic data derived from next-generation sequencing, which is based on the application of general primers. Our findings demonstrate that seed predation by carabids can be tracked, molecularly, on a species-specific level, providing a new way to unravel the mechanisms underlying in-field diet choice in granivores.
A longitudinal, population-based twin study of avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits from early to middle adulthood
Authors: Gjerde L. C. , Czajkowski N. , Røysamb E. , Ystrom E. , Tambs K. , Aggen S. H. , Ørstavik R. E. , Kendler K. S. , Reichborn-Kjennerud T. , Knudsen G. P. 
Published: August 2015

Background.The phenotypic stability of avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) has previously been found to be moderate. However, little is known about the longitudinal structure of genetic and environmental factors for these disorders separately and jointly, and to what extent genetic and environmental factors contribute to their stability.Method.AVPD and OCPD criteria were assessed using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality in 2793 young adult twins (1385 pairs, 23 singletons) from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel at wave 1 and 2282 (986 pairs, 310 singletons) of these on average 10 years later at wave 2. Longitudinal biometric models were fitted to AVPD and OCPD traits.Results.For twins who participated at both time-points, the number of endorsed sub-threshold criteria for both personality disorders (PDs) decreased 31% from wave 1 to wave 2. Phenotypic correlations between waves were 0.54 and 0.37 for AVPD and OCPD, respectively. The heritability estimates of the stable PD liabilities were 0.67 for AVPD and 0.53 for OCPD. The genetic correlations were 1.00 for AVPD and 0.72 for OCPD, while the unique environmental influences correlated 0.26 and 0.23, respectively. The correlation between the stable AVPD and OCPD liabilities was 0.39 of which 63% was attributable to genetic influences. Shared environmental factors did not significantly contribute to PD variance at either waves 1 or 2.Conclusion.Phenotypic stability was moderate for AVPD and OCPD traits, and genetic factors contributed more than unique environmental factors to the stability both within and across phenotypes.
The argument from souls to God
Authors: SWINBURNE RICHARD 
Published: August 2015

AbstractHumans are pure mental substances, that is essentially souls, who have a rich mental life of sensations, thoughts, intentions, and other pure mental events, largely caused by and sometimes causing events in their brains and so in their bodies. God has reason to create humans because humans have a kind of goodness, the ability to choose between good and evil, which God himself does not have. The existence of these causal connections between mental events and brain events requires an enormous number of separate psychophysical laws. It is most improbable that there would be such laws if God had not made them. Each soul has a thisness; it is the particular soul it is quite independently of its mental properties and bodily connections. So no scientific law, concerned only with relations between substances in virtue of their universal properties, could explain why God created this soul rather than that possible soul, and connected it to this body. Yet a rational person often has to choose between equally good alternatives on non-rational grounds; and so there is nothing puzzling about God choosing to create this soul rather than that possible soul. Hence the existence of souls provides a good argument for the existence of God.
Religious fictionalism and the problem of evil
Authors: ROBSON JON 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe problem of evil is typically presented as a problem – sometimestheproblem – facing theistic realists. This article takes no stance on what effect (if any) the existence of evil has on the rationality of theistic belief. Instead, it explores the possibility of using the problem of evil to generate worries for some of those who reject theistic realism. Although this article focuses on the consequences for a particular kind of religious fictionalist, the lessons adduced are intended to have more general application.
The idolatry argument against natural theology: how it works and why it fails
Authors: BURLING HUGH 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSome thinkers in the Reformed and ‘postmodern’ traditions in theology have argued that natural theology is ‘idolatrous’. This article shows that such arguments hinge on distinguishing the object of revealed theology from the perfect being or first cause. It then shows that, on plausible analyses of worthiness of worship, the perfect being will always be more worthy of worship than anything not identified with it. Natural theology therefore has a proper place in investigating the nature of the ‘true’ God, if an object is the ‘true’ God because it is the being worthy of our worship.
Experiencing Christian art
Authors: EFIRD DAVID , GUSTAFSSON DANIEL 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn this article, we argue that a secularist cannot experience Christian art in the same way that a Christian can. To defend this claim, we argue that Christian faith is best conceived as an engagement with God, such that coming to have faith is a transformative, second-person experience where a person comes to know what it is like to be loved by God and that Christian art is best conceived as iconic, such that it is an occasion for, and a mode of, experiencing God. Thus, for the Christian, but not for the secularist, experiencing Christian art consists in an experience of God himself.
Silhouette + attraction: A simple and effective method for text clustering
Authors: ERRECALDE MARCELO L. , CAGNINA LETICIA C. , ROSSO PAOLO 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis article presents silhouette–attraction (Sil–Att), a simple and effective method for text clustering, which is based on two main concepts: thesilhouette coefficientand the idea ofattraction. The combination of both principles allows us to obtain a general technique that can be used either as a boosting method, which improves results of other clustering algorithms, or as an independent clustering algorithm. The experimental work shows thatSil–Attis able to obtain high-quality results on text corpora with very different characteristics. Furthermore, its stable performance on all the considered corpora is indicative that it is a very robust method. This is a very interesting positive aspect ofSil–Attwith respect to the other algorithms used in the experiments, whose performances heavily depend on specific characteristics of the corpora being considered.
Factors influencing food preparation behaviours: findings from focus groups with Mexican-American mothers in southern California
Authors: Smith Teresa M , Dunton Genevieve F , Pinard Courtney A , Yaroch Amy L 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to explore food preparation behaviours, attitudes, meal planning and shopping among Mexican-American mothers.DesignData were collected through four focus groups with mothers of Mexican origin/ancestry who considered themselves to be the primary food preparer. Topics included food preparation behaviours and influencers (culture, family, attitudes, barriers, meal planning and shopping). Data were analysed using a qualitative grounded theory approach. All focus groups were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and coded for themes.SettingData were collected in southern California, USA in 2013.SubjectsOf the sample of twenty-one Mexican-American mothers, thirteen were born outside the USA and the mean household size was five members.ResultsParticipants reported that food was often prepared using traditional staples and food preparation behaviours were learned from maternal family members. Participants also suggested that health was influenced by foods eaten and how they were prepared. Salient factors influencing food preparation behaviours included culture and tradition, maternal family members’ food preparation behaviours, food preparation self-efficacy and attitudes towards healthy eating. Time and busy schedules were cited as barriers.ConclusionsFuture interventions should consider utilizing family-based approaches and teaching culturally relevant food preparation skills, especially to youth, while reinforcing more healthful dietary practices.
Biotechnological characterization of a diverse set of wheat progenitors (Aegilops sp. and Triticum sp.) using callus culture parameters
Authors: Özgen Murat , Birsin Melahat A. , Benlioglu Berk 
Published: August 2015

It is known that genetic diversity is the most important factor in classical and modern plant breeding. The considerable increase in the number of transgenic crops reveals the value of new plant genetic resources. In this study, a set of 12 wheat progenitors were screened for tissue culture parameters such as callus induction, callus weight, regeneration capacity of callus and callus efficiency using mature embryos. Embryos were excised from imbibed seeds of the progenitors. The excised embryos were placed scutellum upwards in dishes containing 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for callus induction. The developed calli and regenerated plants were maintained on 2,4-D free MS medium. When mature embryos of 12 wheat progenitors (Aegilops sp. and Triticum sp.) were compared, significant differences were detected in callus induction frequency, weight of callus, regeneration capacity and culture efficiency. A significant genotypic effect was observed on the culture responses. Of the 12 wheat progenitors tested, Aegilops umbellulata had the highest regeneration capacity of callus. Aegilops biuncialis created the most regenerable calli because of the highest callus induction and culture efficiency. In the experiment, callus induction was significantly correlated with callus weight (r= 0.820) and regeneration capacity (r= 0.955). Weight of callus was significantly correlated with regeneration capacity (r= 0.740), while there was no significant correlation between callus induction frequency and culture efficiency (r= 0.350). Our results showed that, generally, mature embryos of some Aegilops and Triticum species have a high regeneration capacity, and therefore, can be used as an effective explant source for the successful application of biotechnology in crop improvement.
Genetic diversity analysis of Iranian Nigella sativa L. landraces using SCoT markers and evaluation of adjusted polymorphism information content
Authors: Mirzaei Khaled , Mirzaghaderi Ghader 
Published: August 2015

The genetic diversity of 39 Iranian black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) landraces was analysed using 14 polymorphic Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers. A total of 106 bands ranging from 3 (for SCoT70) to 13 (for SCoT23) were observed. Of them, 33 (31%) bands were polymorphic with a mean of 1.65 bands per primer. Polymorphism information content (PIC) per primer ranged from 0.035 (for SCoT12) to 0.133 (for SCoT70), with an average of 0.078. Besides PIC, Simpson's diversity (D) index was also calculated for each SCoT marker as an indication of discrimination power across population. The D index was used to adjust the PIC of the SCoT markers. As the adjusted PIC (PICD= PIC × D) was calculated based on both the PIC and the rate of band dispersion, this reflected the informativeness of a dominant marker more precisely than PIC. Genetic relationships were estimated using Jaccard's similarity coefficient-generated values between different pairs of genotypes that varied from 80 to 97% with an average of 88%. These coefficients were applied to construct a dendrogram using the UPGMA algorithm. A high genetic similarity was observed that might be due to the fact that N. sativa is a self-pollinated plant not originated from Iran and might have been imported from the Mediterranean regions.
Autophagy limits proliferation and glycolytic metabolism in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Watson AS , Riffelmacher T , Stranks A , Williams O , De Boer J , Cain K , MacFarlane M , McGouran J , Kessler B , Khandwala S , Chowdhury O , Puleston D , Phadwal K , Mortensen M , Ferguson D , Soilleux E , Woll P , Jacobsen SEW , Simon AK 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDecreased autophagy contributes to malignancies; however, it is unclear how autophagy has an impact on tumor growth. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an ideal model to address this as (i) patient samples are easily accessible, (ii) the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) where transformation occurs is well characterized and (iii) loss of the key autophagy gene Atg7 in HSPCs leads to a lethal pre-leukemic phenotype in mice. Here we demonstrate that loss of Atg5 results in an identical HSPC phenotype as loss of Atg7, confirming a general role for autophagy in HSPC regulation. Compared with more committed/mature hematopoietic cells, healthy human and mouse HSPCs displayed enhanced basal autophagic flux, limiting mitochondrial damage and reactive oxygen species in this long-lived population. Taken together, with our previous findings these data are compatible with autophagy-limiting leukemic transformation. In line with this, autophagy gene losses are found within chromosomal regions that are commonly deleted in human AML. Moreover, human AML blasts showed reduced expression of autophagy genes and displayed decreased autophagic flux with accumulation of unhealthy mitochondria, indicating that deficient autophagy may be beneficial to human AML. Crucially, heterozygous loss of autophagy in an MLL–ENL model of AML led to increased proliferation in vitro, a glycolytic shift and more aggressive leukemias in vivo. With autophagy gene losses also identified in multiple other malignancies, these findings point to low autophagy, providing a general advantage for tumor growth.
Prolonged antibiotic treatment induces a diabetogenic intestinal microbiome that accelerates diabetes in NOD mice
Authors: Brown Kirsty , Godovannyi Artem , Ma Caixia , Zhang YiQun , Ahmadi-Vand Zahra , Dai Chaunbin , Gorzelak Monika A , Chan YeeKwan , Chan Justin M , Lochner Arion , Dutz Jan P , Vallance Bruce A , Gibson Deanna L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports that the intestinal microbiome is involved in Type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis through the gut-pancreas nexus. Our aim was to determine whether the intestinal microbiota in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model played a role in T1D through the gut. To examine the effect of the intestinal microbiota on T1D onset, we manipulated gut microbes by: (1) the fecal transplantation between non-obese diabetic (NOD) and resistant (NOR) mice and (2) the oral antibiotic and probiotic treatment of NOD mice. We monitored diabetes onset, quantified CD4+T cells in the Peyer’s patches, profiled the microbiome and measured fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The gut microbiota from NOD mice harbored more pathobionts and fewer beneficial microbes in comparison with NOR mice. Fecal transplantation of NOD microbes induced insulitis in NOR hosts suggesting that the NOD microbiome is diabetogenic. Moreover, antibiotic exposure accelerated diabetes onset in NOD mice accompanied by increased T-helper type 1 (Th1) and reduced Th17 cells in the intestinal lymphoid tissues. The diabetogenic microbiome was characterized by a metagenome altered in several metabolic gene clusters. Furthermore, diabetes susceptibility correlated with reduced fecal SCFAs. In an attempt to correct the diabetogenic microbiome, we administered VLS#3 probiotics to NOD mice but found that VSL#3 colonized the intestine poorly and did not delay diabetes. We conclude that NOD mice harbor gut microbes that induce diabetes and that their diabetogenic microbiome can be amplified early in life through antibiotic exposure. Protective microbes like VSL#3 are insufficient to overcome the effects of a diabetogenic microbiome.
Mechanical forces regulate the interactions of fibronectin and collagen I in extracellular matrix
Authors: Kubow Kristopher E. , Vukmirovic Radmila , Zhe Lin , Klotzsch Enrico , Smith Michael L. , Gourdon Delphine , Luna Sheila , Vogel Viola 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDespite the crucial role of extracellular matrix (ECM) in directing cell fate in healthy and diseased tissues—particularly in development, wound healing, tissue regeneration and cancer—the mechanisms that direct the assembly and regulate hierarchical architectures of ECM are poorly understood. Collagen I matrix assembly in vivo requires active fibronectin (Fn) fibrillogenesis by cells. Here we exploit Fn-FRET probes as mechanical strain sensors and demonstrate that collagen I fibres preferentially co-localize with more-relaxed Fn fibrils in the ECM of fibroblasts in cell culture. Fibre stretch-assay studies reveal that collagen I’s Fn-binding domain is responsible for the mechano-regulated interaction. Furthermore, we show that Fn-collagen interactions are reciprocal: relaxed Fn fibrils act as multivalent templates for collagen assembly, but once assembled, collagen fibres shield Fn fibres from being stretched by cellular traction forces. Thus, in addition to the well-recognized, force-regulated, cell-matrix interactions, forces also tune the interactions between different structural ECM components.