bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic reviews, overviews of reviews and comparative effectiveness reviews: a discussion of approaches to knowledge synthesis
Authors: Hartling Lisa , Vandermeer Ben , Fernandes Ricardo M 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe Cochrane Collaboration has been at the forefront of developing methods for knowledge synthesis internationally.ObjectivesWe discuss three approaches to synthesize evidence for healthcare interventions: systematic reviews (SRs), overviews of reviews and comparative effectiveness reviews.MethodsWe illustrate these approaches with examples from knowledge syntheses on interventions for bronchiolitis, a common acute paediatric condition. Some of the differences among these approaches are subtle and methods are not necessarily mutually exclusive to a single review type.Results and Conclusions:Systematic reviews bring together evidence from multiple studies in a rigorous fashion for a single intervention or group of interventions. Systematic reviews, as they have developed within healthcare, often focus on single or select interventions and direct pairwise comparisons; therefore, end‐users may need to read several individual SRs to inform decision making. Overviews of reviews compile information from multiple SRs relevant to a single health problem. Overviews provide the end‐user with a quick overview of the available evidence; however, overviews are dependent on the methods and decisions employed at the SR level. Furthermore, overviews do not often integrate evidence from different SRs quantitatively. Comparative effectiveness reviews, as we define them here, synthesize relevant evidence from individual studies to describe the relative benefits (or harms) of a range of interventions. Comparative effectiveness reviews may use statistical methods (network meta‐analysis) to incorporate direct and indirect evidence; therefore, they can provide stronger inferences about the relative effectiveness (or safety) of interventions. While potentially more expensive and time‐consuming to produce, a comparative effectiveness review provides a synthesis of a range of interventions for a given condition and the relative efficacy across interventions using consistent and standardized methodology.
Heterometallic Pentanuclear [Ni4Ln] (LnIII = Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho) Complexes: Accidental Orthogonality Leading to Ferromagnetic Interactions
Authors: Das Sourav , Hossain Sakiat , Dey Atanu , Biswas Sourav , Pardo Emilio , Lloret Francesc , Chandrasekhar Vadapalli 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe reaction of 6‐formyl‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐4‐methylphenol (LH2) with NiII and LnIII salts afforded a series of heterometallic pentanuclear compounds [Ni4Ln(L)4(OAc)2(MeOH)4](NO3)(MeOH) [LnIII = Gd (1), Dy (2), Tb (3), Ho (4)]. Four dianionic L2– ligands and two acetate anions hold together four NiII and one LnIII ion to form a Ni4Ln core possessing a distorted tetrahedral geometry. All the NiII ions are hexacoordinate (6 O) with a distorted octahedral geometry whereas the LnIII ion is octacoordinate (8 O) with a distorted square‐antiprism geometry. All the NiII ions are connected to the central LnIII ion through μ2 bridging of one deprotonated phenolic oxygen and two deprotonated alkoxy oxygen atoms. The magnetic properties of 1–4 were investigated in the temperature range 2–300 K. The magnetic properties of 1 were fitted by using a Hamiltonian containing isotropic exchange, NiII local zero‐field‐splitting, and Zeeman effects (Ĥ = Ĥexchange + Ĥzfs + Ĥzeeman). The molecular structures of 1–4 reveal that the Ni–O–Ln angle is around 89° whereas the Ni–O–Ni angle is about 96°. Because of this accidental orthogonality, ferromagnetic interactions between the nearest‐neighbor NiII ions and between NiII and LnIII ions have been observed. The observed J values are 0.34 and 1.88 cm–1 between GdIII–NiII and NiII–NiII, respectively.
Synthesis and Characterization of Spirosilanes – 1,2‐Hydroboration and 1,1‐Carboboration
Authors: Khan Ezzat , Wrackmeyer Bernd , Döring Cristian , Kempe Rhett 
Published: June 2014

AbstractStarting from dichloro(divinyl)silane, the dialkynyl(divinyl)silanes (CH2=CH)2Si(C≡CR)2 (R = tBu, p‐tolyl, 3‐thienyl, CH2NMe2) were prepared. These silanes were treated with 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9‐BBN) for 1,2‐hydroboration of the vinyl groups. The hydroboration products rearranged quickly and quantitatively by intramolecular 1,1‐carboboration into the respective target compounds, the axially chiral 5‐silaspiro[4.4]nona‐1,6‐dienes bearing boryl groups at the 2‐ and 7‐positions and the R substituents at the 1‐ and 6‐positions. Simple protodeborylation with acetic acid proved possible, except for R = tBu. The remaining Si–C function in (CH2=CH)2Si(Cl)C≡CtBu opens the way to new spirosilanes after a sequence of hydroboration/carboboration/hydroboration, for which a first example was studied. The products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction in the solid state and NMR spectroscopy in solution (1H, 11B, 13C, 15N, 29Si), complemented by optimization of gas‐phase structures and calculation of NMR parameters by DFT methods.
Switchable 2,2,2‐Trifluoroethylation and gem‐Difluorovinylation of Organoboronic Acids with 2,2,2‐Trifluorodiazoethane
Authors: Wu Guojiao , Deng Yifan , Wu Chaoqiang , Wang Xi , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe transition‐metal‐free 2,2,2‐trifluoroethylation and gem‐difluorovinylation of arylboronic acids were developed. By employing different reaction conditions, these transformations provide both (2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl)arenes and gem‐difluorovinylarenes from arylboronic acids and 2,2,2‐trifluorodiazoethane. The operation is simple and scalable with good functional group tolerance.
Optimal energy efficient joint power allocation for two‐hop single‐antenna relaying systems
Authors: Li Chunguo , Cioffi John M. , Yang Luxi 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the joint source‐relay power allocation issue in green dual‐hop single‐antenna relaying systems is investigated from the energy efficiency point of view. By considering a practical power consumption model, the optimal transmit power of the source and that of the relay are derived in the form of analytical expressions based on the maximisation of energy efficiency with a guarantee of the required spectral efficiency. The novelty of the work lies in that the highly complicated optimisation problem is solved by deliberately manipulating the Lagrangian function using the properties of the Lambert function. It is shown that the optimal relay‐to‐source power ratio is adaptive to the ratio of the instantaneous two‐hop channel gains. Numerical simulations have illustrated the effectiveness of our proposed scheme. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two New Cycloartane Triterpenoids from Kleinhovia hospita
Authors: Mo Jian‐Xia , Bai Yang , Liu Bo , Zhou Chang‐Xin , Zou Li , Gan Li‐She 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTwo new cycloartane triterpenoids, (23R)‐21,23:23,27‐diepoxycycloarta‐1,24‐diene‐3,27‐dione (1) and (3α)‐(α‐L‐arabinopyranosyloxy)‐1α‐hydroxy‐23‐oxocycloartan‐28‐oic acid (2), together with six known pentacyclic triterpenoids, 3–8, and five known C29 steroids, 9–13, were isolated from Kleinhovia hospita. The structures of these compounds were determined by analysis of their spectroscopic data. Moreover, the absolute configuration of 1 was confirmed by quantum‐chemical TDDFT calculation of its ECD spectrum. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against human colon carcinoma (HCT116) and gastric carcinoma (SGC7901) cell lines, and compounds 6, 7, 8, 11, and 12 exhibited antiproliferative activities with IC50 values ranging from 23.0 to 91.8 μM.
Polyhydroxylated Sterols from the South China Sea Gorgonian Verrucella umbraculum
Authors: Cao Fei , Shao Chang‐Lun , Wang Yu , Xu Kai‐Xia , Qi Xin , Wang Chang‐Yun 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTwo new polyhydroxylated sterols, named verumbsteroids A and B (1 and 2, resp.), along with seven known analog, 3–9, were isolated from the gorgonian Verrucella umbraculum collected from the South China Sea. The structures and relative configurations of the new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic investigations. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by using modified Mosher method with the acetonide derivative of 1. Compounds 1 and 3–5 were found to show cytotoxicities against five human tumor cell lines (HL‐60, K562, HeLa, A‐549, and HCT‐116) with the IC50 values ranging from 2.76 to 9.62 μM.
Accounting for the influence of runoff on event soil erodibilities associated with the EI30 index in RUSLE2
Authors: Kinnell P. I. A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSoil erodibilities (K) associated with the EI30 index vary not only with soil properties but also with soil moisture as it varies in time and space. In Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation Version 2 (RUSLE2), temporal variations in soil erodibility in the USA are calculated using monthly precipitation and temperature as independent variables. KUM, the soil erodibility factor associated with the QREI30 index, varies independently of runoff and the product of KUM and the runoff ratio for the unit plot (QR1) provides an alternative to the temporally varying Ks currently used in predicting storm soil loss in RUSLE2. Comparisons were made between the product of QR1 and KUM and RUSLE2 Ks for representative storms at four locations representing the north to south variation in climate in the USA. Peak erosion associated with the current approach used in RUSLE2 was slightly higher at two locations and slightly lower at the other two locations. One other location, Morris, MN, provided an exception with the peak loss predicted by using the product of QR1 and KUM being 1.7 times that obtained using RUSLE2 Ks. In theory, average annual KUM values should be better related to soil properties than the average annual values of K frequently used when the average annual values of EI30 are used to predict soil loss. However, work has yet to be performed to determine how KUM varies directly with soil properties and in space and time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triazole and Pyridine Hybrid Molecules as Electron‐Transport Materials for Highly Efficient Green Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Li Xiang‐Long , Ye Hua , Chen Dong‐Cheng , Liu Kun‐Kun , Xie Gao‐Zhan , Wang Yi‐Fan , Lo Chang‐Cheng , Lien A. , Peng Junbiao , Cao Yong , Su Shi‐Jian 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA series of triazole and pyridine hybrid molecules, with a triazole core and pyridine periphery, were designed and synthesized as an electron‐transport layer (ETL) and a hole/exciton‐block layer for green phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes. Compared with the widely‐used electron‐transport material (ETM) of 3‐(biphenyl‐4‐yl)‐5‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐4‐phenyl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole (TAZ) with a triazole core, lower‐lying HOMO and LUMO energy levels were obtained with the introduction of pyridine rings onto the periphery of the molecules, giving improved electron injection and carrier confinement. Significantly reduced driving voltages were achieved in a device structure of ITO/HATCN (5 nm)/TAPC (40 nm)/CBP:8 wt % Ir(PPy)3 (10 nm)/ETL (40 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (90 nm), giving a maximum power efficiency of 72.2 lm W−1 and an external quantum efficiency of 21.8 %, due to the improved electron injection and transport and thus, more balanced carrier recombination, which are much higher than those of the device based on TAZ.
Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Fisetin, a Bioflavonoid of Strawberries, Studied in Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Prasath Gopalan Sriram , Subramanian Sorimuthu Pillai 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTChronic hyperglycemia in diabetes is associated with profound changes in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, with resultant alterations in particle distribution within lipoprotein classes. In the present study, an attempt has been made to explore the antihyperlipidemic effect of fisetin in streptozotocin‐induced experimental diabetes in rats. Upon fisetin treatment to diabetic rats, the levels of blood glucose were significantly reduced with an improvement in plasma insulin. The increased levels of lipid contents in serum, hepatic, and renal tissues observed in diabetic rats were normalized upon fisetin administration. Also, the decreased levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased levels of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and very LDL (VLDL) cholesterol in serum of diabetic rats were normalized. Oil Red O staining established a large number of intracellular lipid droplets accumulation in the diabetic rats. Fisetin treatment exacerbated the degree of lipid accumulation. The results of the present study exemplify the antihyperlipidemic property of the fisetin.
Balance as a measurement of fatigue in postcall residents
Authors: Cuthbertson David W. , Bershad Eric M. , Sangi‐Haghpeykar Haleh , Cohen Helen S. 
Published: June 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine the degree to which balance is impaired by fatigue in postcall medical residents and to assess the validity of posturography in quantifying that impairment.Study DesignProspective study.MethodsMedical residents underwent the following tests before and immediately after overnight call: 1) computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) using the Equitest force platform (Natus Medical Inc., Clackamas, OR); 2) Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance, in which the residents stood on a compliant foam mat with closed eyes and flexed and extended their necks; 3) a computerized reaction time test (available at www.humanbenchmark.com). All tests were performed before and after call at approximately the same time of day to exclude circadian rhythm influence on fatigue. The residents also completed questionnaires, including the Stanford Sleepiness Scale, describing their level of fatigue before and after call.ResultsA statistically significant difference was found between a resident's pre‐ and postcall test with regard to reaction time (P = .01), Stanford Sleepiness Scale score (P = .001), and preference for the visual system as measured by CDP (P = .05). Linear regression analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between sleep deprivation and multiple performance variables measured by CDP.ConclusionsWith the growing attention paid to resident duty hours, there is an increasing need for research involving fatigue and practical ways to measure it. This study shows that residents who are measurably fatigued (both objectively and subjectively) may have difficulty utilizing vestibular input during quiet standing but can compensate by means of somatosensory and visual input.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 125:337–341, 2015
Prenatal diagnosis of 5p deletion syndrome in a female fetus leading to identification of the same diagnosis in her mother
Authors: Nguyen Joanne Macayran , Gamble Candace , Smith Janice L. , Raia Marianna , Johnson Anthony , Czerwinski Jennifer 
Published: June 2014

What's already known about this topic?Elevated or decreased human chorionic gonadotrophin from second trimester maternal serum screens have been seen in pregnancies affected with 5p deletion syndrome (5p−syndrome).Clinical variability does exist for 5p−syndrome, although the more severe, classic presentation is best described with limited descriptions available for milder presentations.What does this study add?Analyte values were normal in this case that suggests that normal fetal anatomy and maternal serum analytes may be present in the second trimester of pregnancy in cases of 5p−syndrome.It is important to further define the mild end of the 5p−phenotypic spectrum that may allow increased recognition of previously undiagnosed, affected individuals.
Serviceability uncertainties in flat slabs
Authors: Scott Richard 
Published: June 2014

AbstractService load tests on the 6th floor of the full‐scale reinforced concrete building at BRE Cardington are described. Both deflections and reinforcement strains were measured. Finite element analyses of the floor slab were then undertaken using the measured material properties and four different models for the behaviour of the concrete in tension, the tension stiffening effect being known to influence slab behaviour significantly. Calculated deflections and reinforcement strains from the four analyses were compared with values measured in the load tests. As a consequence, comments, reservations and recommendations are made concerning the use of FE analyses for predicting deflections and reinforcement strains. Finally, the need to appreciate and accommodate the indeterminate nature of many of the parameters involved is emphasized.
Bella Sky Hotel – taking precast concrete to the limit
Authors: Dahl Kaare K. B. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe Bella Sky Hotel consists of two towers each leaning away from each other at an angle of 15°. The basic principle is vertical loadbearing walls with precast concrete hollow‐core floor slabs.At the ends of the building, inclined walls are used to carry the vertical walls above where they are undercut. At these junctions the horizontal forces induced by turning the vertical forces are huge, and need to be transferred through the floors into the longitudinal walls. The complexity of the structure comes from the number of openings in these walls for doors and services in conjunction with the enormity of the horizontal loads from the lean of the building.The use of precast elements meant that the forces had to be transferred through the joints in the elements. Severe reinforcement congestion – plus the fact that most of the geometry throughout the building is unique – led to an enormous design and engineering effort required to produce a solution.The final result is a simple, elegant hotel structure that with one of the greatest leans of any building worldwide jumps into the record books.
The influence of assets and environmental factors on gender differences in adolescent drug use
Authors: Aspy Cheryl B. , Tolma Eleni L. , Oman Roy F. , Vesely Sara K. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTFor adolescents, illicit drug use remains a significant public health problem. This study explored prospectively the differential effects of 17 youth assets and 5 environmental factors on drug use in adolescent males and females (Youth Asset Study – a 5‐wave longitudinal study of 1117 youth/parent pairs). Baseline analyses included 1093 youth (53% female). Mean age was 14.3 years (SD = 1.6) and the youth were 40% Non‐Hispanic White, 28% Hispanic, 24% Non‐Hispanic Black, and 9% Non‐Hispanic other. Analyses revealed that 16 assets for males and 15 for females as well as the total asset score were prospectively associated with no drug use. No environmental factors were prospectively associated with any drug use for males, and for a subset of females, only Neighborhood Support was significant. This study confirms and extends previous work regarding youth drug use by recognizing the importance of the protective effect of assets for both males and females.
Effect of large bulk viscosity on large-Reynolds-number flows
Authors: Cramer M. S. , Bahmani F. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe examine the inviscid and boundary-layer approximations in fluids having bulk viscosities which are large compared with their shear viscosities for three-dimensional steady flows over rigid bodies. We examine the first-order corrections to the classical lowest-order inviscid and laminar boundary-layer flows using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. It is shown that the effects of large bulk viscosity are non-negligible when the ratio of bulk to shear viscosity is of the order of the square root of the Reynolds number. The first-order outer flow is seen to be rotational, non-isentropic and viscous but nevertheless slips at the inner boundary. First-order corrections to the boundary-layer flow include a variation of the thermodynamic pressure across the boundary layer and terms interpreted as heat sources in the energy equation. The latter results are a generalization and verification of the predictions of Emanuel (Phys. Fluids A, vol. 4, 1992, pp. 491–495).
The Politics of Language in Manchukuo: Hinata Nobuo and Gu Ding
Authors: AGNEW JUNKO 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis article explores the language politics of Manchukuo and the implications reflected in the literary texts of the Japanese writer Hinata Nobuo and the Chinese writer Gu Ding. Through the close examination of communicative failures, such as lexical misunderstandings, linguistic barriers, lies, and rumours in Hinata Nobuo's ‘The Eighth Switching Point’ and Gu Ding's ‘The Wilds’, this article illustrates the authors’ different responses to the impact of this language politics. While both authors were aware of the mutable nature of language, Hinata perceived the Japanese language as a symbol of colonial power and thus the miscommunications between Japanese and Chinese in his story address the ethnic hierarchy embedded in language in the specific context of Manchukuo. Gu Ding, on the other hand, did not see language as a defining element of the culture of a nation, and therefore tried to construct a new type of language and community that were not restricted by the discursive notions of the Chinese and Japanese nations. Gu Ding's primary concern was the modernization of his native place and, to him, adherence to traditional language forms was insignificant and deleterious.
State tax subsidies to bolster the long-term care insurance market
Authors: Nixon David C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper examines long-term care insurance sales to assess whether state income tax subsidies are effective in encouraging the private purchase of long-term care insurance. Drawing from the most comprehensive available sales data on long-term care insurance policies, cross-state and over-time variation in sales data during the late 1990s and early 2000s are analysed. This analysis uses a panel model with fixed effects controls for potential endogeneity between state provision of tax subsidies and actual sales of long-term care insurance policies. Income, health and family support factors are significant determinants in the sale of long-term care insurance, but the tax incentives provided by many state governments do not induce any more sales of long-term care insurance than could be expected without such incentives. These costly subsidies have not been prudent uses of public dollars, and have not helped states cope with the challenge of long-term care costs.
Direct detection of exoplanets in the 3–10 μm range with E-ELT/METIS
Authors: Quanz Sascha P. , Crossfield Ian , Meyer Michael R. , Schmalzl Eva , Held Jenny 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe quantify the scientific potential for exoplanet imaging with the mid-infrared E-ELT Imager and Spectrograph (METIS) foreseen as one of the instruments of the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). We focus on two main science cases: (1) the direct detection of known gas giant planets found by radial velocity (RV) searches; and (2) the direct detection of small (1–4 R⊕) planets around the nearest stars. Under the assumptions made in our modelling, in particular on the achievable inner working angle and sensitivity, our analyses reveal that within a reasonable amount of observing time METIS is able to image >20 already known, RV-detected planets in at least one filter. Many more suitable planets with dynamically determined masses are expected to be found in the coming years with the continuation of RV-surveys and the results from the GAIA astrometry mission. In addition, by extrapolating the statistics for close-in planets found by Kepler, we expect METIS might detect ≈10 small planets with equilibrium temperatures between 200 and 500 K around the nearest stars. This means that (1) METIS will help constrain atmospheric models for gas giant planets by determining for a sizable sample their luminosity, temperature and orbital inclination; and (2) METIS might be the first instrument to image a nearby (super-) Earth-sized planet with an equilibrium temperature near that expected to enable liquid water on a planet surface.