bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CYP2C9 Allelic Variants and Frequencies in a Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease Cohort: Implications for NSAIDs Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Jaja Cheedy , Patel Niren , Scott Stuart A. , Gibson Robert , Kutlar Abdullah 
Published: May 2014

AbstractNonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used to treat pain in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are metabolized by the CYP2C9 enzyme. Racial differences in CYP2C9 allele frequencies impact NSAIDs efficacy and safety. We determined the frequencies of CYP2C9 alleles in an African American pediatric SCD cohort. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples of 30 patients aged between 7 and 17 years. Genotyping of nine CYP2C9 alleles (*1,*2, *3, *4, *5, *6, *8, *11, and *13) was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphism‐PCR assays and the Tag‐It™ Mutation Detection System. The wild type *1 allele frequency was 0.850. The most common variant allele detected was CYP2C9*8 (0.067). The combined frequency of the *2, *5, *6, *8, and *11 variants was 0.151. Seventy percent of the study cohort were predicted extensive metabolizers (*1/*1) and 30% were intermediate metabolizers due mainly to the *1/*8 genotype. Analysis of CYP2C9 using an expanded assay panel facilitated improved classification of predicted drug metabolic phenotypes in our cohort. However, the pharmacokinetic effects of the CYP2C9*5,*6,*8, and *11 alleles on NSAIDs metabolism has not been evaluated and underscores the need for studies on substrate‐specific effects of variant alleles common in populations with genetic susceptibility to SCD.
A Sustainable Course in Research Mentoring
Authors: Martina Camille Anne , Mutrie Andria , Ward Denham , Lewis Vivian 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this report, we describe a six‐year experience (2007‐2012) in a single CTSA awardee institution on the development, implementation and evaluation of a hybrid online mentoring curriculum that is applicable to CTSA trainees at various levels (graduate, medical students, and junior faculty) of career training. The curriculum offers convenience, engagement, and financial sustainability. Overall, we found high levels of satisfaction with the curriculum and mentoring experience among both protégés and mentors. Qualitative data showed remarkable consensus of 14 of the 15 domains of mentoring that form the framework of the mentoring curriculum: (1) accessibility, (2) selectivity, (3) engagement/support, (4) teaching/training, (5) clarity of performance/expectations, (6) sponsorship/sharing power judiciously, (7) demystifying the system (academia), (8) challenging/encouraging risk taking, (9) affirming, (10) providing exposure/visibility, (11) being an intentional role model, (12) protecting, (13) providing feedback, (14) self‐disclosure, and lastly (15) counseling, with the fifteenth domain “counseling” being the most controversial. Quantitative survey data of both mentors and protégés indicated a high degree of overall satisfaction in their mentor‐protégé dyad with 86% (59) of protégés and 86% (55) of mentors responding good or excellent to the “quality of time spent.” Mentors and protégés were most satisfied in the area of research, with 93% (62) of protégés and 96% (57) of mentors finding discussions in research very to somewhat useful for their own career advancement. Along with wide acceptability, this format is a useful option for institutions where face‐to‐face time is limited and education budgets are lean.
Sexually transmitted infections
Authors: Fuchs Wolfgang , Brockmeyer Norbert H. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryIn no other medical field former rare infections of the 1980th and 1990th occur again as this is seen in the field of venerology which is as well based on the mobility of the population. Increasing rates of infections in Europe, and increasing bacteriological resistances face health professionals with new challenges. The WHO estimates more than 340 million cases of illnesses worldwide every year. Diseases caused by sexually transmitted infections (STI) in a strict sense are syphilis, gonorrhea, lymphogranuloma venereum, granuloma inguinale, and chancroid. In a wider sense, all illnesses are included which can mainly be transmitted through sexual contact. The term “sexual contact” has to be seen widely, from close physical contact to all variants of sexual behavior. This CME article is an overview of the most common occurring sexually transmitted infections in clinical practice. Both, basic knowledge as well as recent developments are discussed below.
Legal Manoeuvres and Violence: Law Making, Protest and Semi‐Authoritarianism in Uganda
Authors: Goodfellow Tom 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThis article explores the interplay between violent protest and the making of laws in Uganda. It advances two main arguments. First, since multipartyism was restored in 2005, the Ugandan government has repeatedly drafted intentionally contentious new laws in part to provoke, divide and politically manipulate opposition. Implementing these laws has often not appeared to be a priority; rather, drafting, debating and (sometimes) passing them represent tactical ‘legal manoeuvres’ geared towards political gain. Second, I argue that these manoeuvres can be linked to another trend since 2005: the rise in urban‐based protests and riots, which have often become violent and resulted in aggressive crackdowns by the state. In bringing these trends together, this article argues that the use of legislative processes as part of a strategic repertoire to destabilize political opposition has exacerbated unrest, especially among urban dwellers. Moreover, in response to rising protest the government has engaged in further legal manoeuvring. The analysis suggests that the semi‐authoritarian nature of the regime in power, where the symbolic importance of the legislature and relatively free media contend with fundamentally authoritarian tendencies at the centre, is propagating this cycle of legal manoeuvres and violence.
High densities of leaf‐tiers in open habitats are explained by host plant architecture
Authors: ZVEREVA ELENA L. , ZVEREV VITALI , KOZLOV MIKHAIL V. 
Published: May 2014

1. Crown architecture remains one of the least studied plant traits that influence plant–herbivore interactions. The hypotheses that dense crown architecture of mountain birches from open habitats favours leaf‐tying caterpillars through bottom‐up and/or top‐down effects associated with high leaf connectivity were tested.2. Population densities of leaf‐tying herbivores in open (industrial barren and seashore) habitats were three times as high as in the shaded (forest) habitats. An experimental increase in leaf density by branch binding did not affect foliar consumption by free‐living herbivores but increased consumption by leaf‐tiers.3. The specific leaf weight was lower in shaded habitats and in bound branches, but branch binding did not influence either the foliar concentrations of carbon and nitrogen or the pupal weight of the most abundant leaf‐tier, Carpatolechia proximella Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).4. Caterpillars of C. proximella build several shelters during their lifetime and spend a considerable amount of time outside the shelter, where they excrete most of their faeces. In bound branches, caterpillars built new shelters more frequently than in control branches, and consumed less foliar biomass per shelter.5. Mortality from parasitoids in bound branches was half that in the control, presumably because the complex environment disrupted parasitoid searching behaviour and/or because of lower damage to leaves from which the shelters were built.6. It is concluded that the crown architecture associated with high leaf connectivity decreases mortality risks from natural enemies both outside and inside the shelter. Compact and dense crowns of host plants may at least partly explain high population densities of leaf‐tiers in open habitats.
Pure Self‐Assessment of Size During Male–Male Contests in the Parasitoid WaspNasonia vitripennis
Authors: Tsai Yi‐Jiun J. , Barrows Edward M. , Weiss Martha R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDuring contest competition, a competitor may persist in a given contest based on information regarding its own fighting ability (resource‐holding potential,RHP), or that of its opponent. Although a number of models formalize the ways in which competitors are hypothesized to useRHP‐related information to determine their persistence in contests, we focused on pure self‐assessment and mutual assessment models in this study. According to pure self‐assessment models, a competitor uses only information regarding its ownRHPto determine its persistence in a contest. In contrast, according to mutual assessment models, persistence is based on information regarding a competitor'sRHPrelative to that of its opponent and therefore requires assessment between competitors. In this study, using size as a proxy forRHP, we tested whether the parasitoid waspNasonia vitripennisutilizes pure self‐assessment or mutual assessment during pairwise, male–male contests. When we examined competitors of varied sizes, we found that the losing male's size was positively related to contest duration, but the winning male's size was uncorrelated with contest duration. When we examined contests in which competitors were size‐matched, we found that the mean size of paired competitors was positively related to contest duration. These results suggest that maleN. vitripennisengage in pure self‐assessment during contests.
Cutaneous glucocorticosteroidogenesis: securing local homeostasis and the skin integrity
Authors: Slominski Andrzej T. , Manna Pulak R. , Tuckey Robert C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHuman skin has the ability to synthesize glucocorticoids de novo from cholesterol or from steroid intermediates of systemic origin. By interacting with glucocorticoid receptors, they regulate skin immune functions as well as functions and phenotype of the epidermal, dermal and adnexal compartments. Most of the biochemical (enzyme and transporter activities) and regulatory (neuropeptides mediated activation of cAMP and protein kinase A dependent pathways) principles of steroidogenesis in the skin are similar to those operating in classical steroidogenic organs. However, there are also significant differences determined by the close proximity of synthesis and action (even within the same cells) allowing para‐, auto‐ or intracrine modes of regulation. We also propose that ultraviolet light B (UVB) can regulate the availability of 7‐dehydrocholesterol for transformation to cholesterol with its further metabolism to steroids, oxysterols or ∆7 steroids, because of its transformation to vitamin D3. In addition, UVB can rearrange locally produced ∆7 steroids to the corresponding secosteroids with a short‐ or no‐side chain. Thus, different mechanisms of regulation occur in the skin that can be either stochastic or structuralized. We propose that local glucocorticosteroidogenic systems and their regulators, in concert with cognate receptors operate to stabilize skin homeostasis and prevent or attenuate skin pathology.
Service Learning, Phonemic Perception, and Learner Motivation: A Quantitative Study
Authors: Medina Almitra , Gordon Leslie 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA nine‐week empirical study of 25 adults in a second language (L2) Spanish phonetics course explored whether students' participation in service‐learning language exchange sessions with native Spanish speakers outside of class influenced learners' (1) motivation for foreign language learning and (2) phonemic perception in Spanish. Divided into service‐learning and non‐service‐learning groups, participants overall showed a significant pre‐ to post‐study improvement in phonemic perception as well as a substantial decrease or increase on four L2 motivational factors. However, no significant differences surfaced between the experimental and the control groups.
Using frozen section to identify histological patterns in stage I lung adenocarcinoma of ≤3 cm: accuracy and interobserver agreement
Authors: Yeh Yi‐Chen , Nitadori Jun‐ichi , Kadota Kyuichi , Yoshizawa Akihiko , Rekhtman Natasha , Moreira Andre L , Sima Camelia S , Rusch Valerie W , Adusumilli Prasad S , Travis William D 
Published: May 2014

AimsThe IASLC/ATS/ERS classification of lung adenocarcinoma provides a prognostically significant histological subclassification. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy, limitations and interobserver agreement of frozen sections for predicting histological subtype.Methods and resultsFrozen section and permanent section slides from 361 resected stage I lung adenocarcinomas ≤3 cm in size were reviewed for predominant histological subtype and the presence or absence of lepidic, acinar, papillary, micropapillary and solid patterns. Fifty cases were additionally reviewed by three pathologists to determine interobserver agreement. To test the accuracy of frozen section in judging degree of invasion, five pathologists reviewed frozen section slides from 35 cases with a predominantly lepidic pattern. There was moderate agreement on predominant histological subtype between frozen sections and final diagnosis (κ = 0.565). Frozen sections had high specificity for micropapillary and solid patterns (94% and 96%, respectively), but sensitivity was low (37% and 69%, respectively). The interobserver agreement was satisfactory (κ > 0.6, except for the acinar pattern).ConclusionsFrozen section can provide information on the presence of aggressive histological patterns—micropapillary and solid—with high specificity but low sensitivity. It was difficult to predict the predominant pattern on the basis of frozen sections, mostly because of sampling issues.
Transungual delivery: deliberations and creeds
Authors: Thatai P. , Sapra B. 
Published: May 2014

SynopsisAlthough considered as trifling illness, nail diseases have a reasonably high occurrence and a noteworthy impact on the patients' quality of life. Furthermore, there is a need to improve the topical treatment for nail diseases to avoid drug interactions and to reduce side effects associated with oral therapy. Topical drug delivery to the nails has established amplified consideration lately. Strategies (such as chemical enhancers, formulation strategies, physical and mechanical methods) are being investigated in order to improve drug permeability across the nail plate. The rationale of this review is to present contemporary information on the structure of human nail along with its comparison with animal hooves. Precincts of nail permeability have been briefly discussed with respect to factors like permeant's molecular size, hydrophilicity, charge and the nature of the vehicle. These factors affect drug uptake and permeation through the nail. Formulations like nail lacquers which mimic cosmetic varnish and colloidal carriers along with nail substitutes that can be utilized for transungual delivery have also been discussed.
Regulation of immune responses by proton channels
Authors: Capasso Melania 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThe identification of the HVCN1 gene, encoding the only mammalian voltage‐gated proton channel, prompted a number of studies on how proton channels affect cellular functions. As their expression is mainly restricted to immune cells, it is not surprising that proton channels regulate different aspects of immune responses. In this review, I will examine the current knowledge of voltage‐gated proton channels in both innate and adaptive responses and assess the remaining outstanding questions.
Job satisfaction and turnover intention among Jordanian nurses in psychiatric units
Authors: Alsaraireh Faris , Quinn Griffin Mary T. , Ziehm Scott R. , Fitzpatrick Joyce J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPsychiatric nursing has been identified as a stressful occupation, and this stress could affect individuals' health, well‐being, and job satisfaction. The stress of nurses might also affect the organization in terms of absenteeism and quality of care. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention among Jordanian nurses in the psychiatric units of the Jordanian National Mental Health Center. A descriptive, correlational, cross‐sectional design was used. Nurses were asked to complete a demographic data sheet and questionnaires regarding job satisfaction and turnover intention. Of the 179 questionnaires distributed, 154 were completed, with an 86% response rate. The results revealed a statistically‐significant negative relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention. The findings of the study are consistent with previous research regarding the negative relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention. The findings provide new information about Jordanian nurses who work in government hospital psychiatric services.
Local Powers of Optimal One‐sample and Multi‐sample Tests for the Concentration of Fisher‐von Mises‐Langevin Distributions
Authors: Ley Christophe , Verdebout Thomas 
Published: May 2014

SummaryOne‐sample and multi‐sample tests on the concentration parameter of Fisher‐von Mises‐Langevin distributions on (hyper‐)spheres have been well studied in the literature. However, only little is known about their behaviour under local alternatives, which is due to complications inherent to the curved nature of the parameter space. The aim of the present paper therefore consists in filling that gap by having recourse to the Le Cam methodology, which has recently been adapted from the linear to the spherical setup. We obtain explicit expressions of the powers for the most efficient one‐ and multi‐sample tests. As a nice by‐product, we are also able to write down the powers (against local Fisher‐von Mises‐Langevin alternatives) of the celebrated Rayleigh test of uniformity. A Monte Carlo simulation study confirms our theoretical findings and shows the empirical powers of the above‐mentioned procedures.
Late Miocene origin of an Ibero‐Maghrebian clade of ground beetles with multiple colonizations of the subterranean environment
Authors: Faille Arnaud , Andújar Carmelo , Fadrique Floren , Ribera Ignacio 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimTo test different biogeographical scenarios for the evolution of the ground beetles of the Trechus fulvus group, a lineage with many narrowly distributed flightless subterranean species, highly suitable for tracing their biogeographical history.LocationThe Western Palaearctic, focusing on the Betic–Rifean area between south‐east Iberia and north Morocco.MethodsWe sequenced 3.3 kb of four mitochondrial and two nuclear genes of 30 individuals of 15 species of the T. fulvus group, plus 29 outgroups. We reconstructed their phylogeny and estimated divergence times using Bayesian probabilities and a priori evolutionary rates, and their ancestral distribution using maximum likelihood.ResultsThe phylogenetic reconstruction uncovered multiple independent colonizations of the subterranean environment within the T. fulvus group, a scenario also supported by variation in troglomorphic characters. Most of the Moroccan and south‐east Iberian species form a clade with strong geographical structure, including the former genus Antoinella. The biogeographical model best fitting the current distribution and phylogeny of the group was a late Miocene palaeogeographical scenario with isolated populations on the Betic and Rifean areas and a south‐eastern Iberian origin of the north Moroccan species. The widespread T. fulvus was sister to a central Moroccan species, suggesting a second Iberian–North African vicariance event within the group. One of the species, T. lallemantii, expanded its range to the east (Algeria and Tunisia) and the north (extreme south of the Iberian Peninsula) during the Pleistocene.Main conclusionsThe T. fulvus group originated in the early Miocene, and the south‐eastern Iberian lineage in the Tortonian. The lineage dispersed to Morocco during the Messinian, diversifying in rapid succession in the Atlas and the Rif and colonizing the subterranean environment multiple times. The geography of the Betic–Rifean region at the end of the Miocene can still be traced from the distribution of the extant species of the group.
Epichloë fungal endophytes and the formation of synthetic symbioses in Hordeeae (=Triticeae) grasses
Authors: SIMPSON Wayne R. , FAVILLE Marty J. , MORAGA Roger A. , WILLIAMS Warren M. , MCMANUS Michael T. , JOHNSON Richard D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis review examines two classes of organism that live in symbiosis; grasses, and fungi. Specifically it deals with grasses of the tribe Hordeeae (formerly Triticeae) of the subfamily Poöideae and the Epichloë fungi of family Clavicipitaceae. Epichloë endophytes, particularly asexual forms, have important roles in pastoral agricultural systems in the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand. Selected strains add value to some grass‐based forage systems by providing both biotic and abiotic stress resistance. The importance of cereal grasses such as wheat, barley, rye, and oats to human and animal nutrition and indeed to the foundation and maintenance of human civilization is well documented. Both organism classes, Epichloë endophytes and cereal grasses, are of great importance in their own contexts. Here, we seek to review these two classes of organism and examine the possibility of bringing them together in symbiosis with the ultimate goal of improving cereal production systems.
Sexual Function in the Late Postmenopause: A Decade of Follow-Up in a Population-Based Cohort of Australian Women
Authors: Lonnèe-Hoffmann Risa A.M. , Dennerstein Lorraine , Lehert Philippe , Szoeke Cassandra 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Introduction
There is a paucity of longitudinal studies assessing sexual function of women in the late postmenopause.

Aim
This study aims to describe sexual function of women in the late postmenopause and to investigate change from early postmenopause.

Methods
Cross-sectional analysis of 2012/13 and longitudinal analysis from 2002/04 of the population based, Australian cohort of the Women's Healthy Ageing Project, applying validated instruments: Short Personal Experience Questionnaire (SPEQ), Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale, and California Verbal Learning Test.

Main Outcome Measures
Sexual activity, SPEQ, and FSDS.

Results
Two hundred thirty women responded (follow-up rate 53%), mean age was 70 years (range 64–77), 49.8% were sexually active. FSDS scores showed more distress for sexually active women (8.3 vs. 3.2, P &lt; 0.001). For 23 (23%) sexually active and for five (7%) inactive women, the diagnosis of female sexual dysfunction could be made. After adjustment, available partner (odds ratio [OR] 4.31, P &lt; 0.001), no history of depression (OR 0.49, P = 0.036), moderate compared with no alcohol consumption (OR 2.43, P = 0.019), and better cognitive function score (OR1.09, P = 0.050) were significantly predictive for sexual activity. Compared with early postmenopause, 18% more women had ceased sexual activity. For women maintaining their sexual activity through to late postmenopause (n = 82), SPEQ and FSDS scores had not changed significantly, but frequency of sexual activity had decreased (P = 0.003) and partner difficulties had increased (P = 0.043). [Correction added on 10 July 2014, after first online publication: Mean age of respondents was added.]

Conclusions
In late postmenopause, half of the women were sexually active. Most important predictors were partner availability and no history of depression. However, being sexually active or having a partner were associated with higher levels of sexual distress. Compared with early postmenopause, sexual function scores had declined overall but were stable for women maintaining sexual activity. Further research into causes of sexual distress and reasons for sexual inactivity at this reproductive stage is warranted.