bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of a Protein Cocktail-Based Skin Test for Bovine Tuberculosis in a Double-Blind Field Test in Cattle
Authors: Xin Ting , Jia Hong , Ding Jiabo , Li Pingjun , Yang Hongjun , Hou Shaohua , Yuan Weifeng , Guo Xiaoyu , Wang Haichun , Liang Qianqian , Li Ming , Wang Bin , Zhu Hongfei 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a worldwide zoonosis caused mainly by
Mycobacterium bovis.
The traditional diagnostic method used often is the tuberculin skin test, which uses bovine purified protein derivatives (PPD-B). However, it is difficult to maintain uniformity of PPD-B from batch to batch, and it shares common antigens with nonpathogenic environmental mycobacteria. To overcome these problems,
M. bovis
-specific antigens that showed good T cell stimulation, such as CFP-10, ESAT-6, Rv3615c, etc., have been used in the skin test, but there have been no large-scale clinical studies on these antigens. In this study, two combinations (CFP-10/ESAT-6/TB10.4 protein cocktail and CFP-10/ESAT-6/Rv3872/MPT63 protein cocktail) were developed and used as stimuli in the skin test. Cattle were double-blind tested to assess the efficiency of the protein cocktail-based skin tests. The results showed that the CFP-10/ESAT-6/TB10.4 protein cocktail-based skin test can differentiate TB-infected cattle from
Mycobacterium avium
-infected ones and that it shows a high degree of agreement with the traditional tuberculin skin test (κ = 0.8536) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assay (κ = 0.8154). Compared to the tuberculin skin test, the relative sensitivity and relative specificity of the CFP-10/ESAT-6/TB10.4-based skin test were 87% and 97%, respectively., The relative sensitivity and relative specificity of the CFP-10/ESAT-6/TB10.4-based skin test were 93% and 92%, respectively, on comparison with the IFN-γ release assay. The correlation between the increases in skin thickness observed after the inoculation of stimuli was high (PPD-B versus CFP-10/ESAT-6/TB10.4, Spearman
r
of 0.8435). The correlation between the optical density at 450 nm (OD
450
) obtained after blood stimulation with PPD-B and the increase in skin thickness observed after inoculation of the CFP-10/ESAT-6/TB10.4 protein cocktail was high (Spearman
r
= 0.7335). Therefore, the CFP-10/ESAT-6/TB10.4-based skin test responses correlate to traditional measures of bovine TB evaluation, including skin test and gamma interferon release assay.
Natural Killer Cells and Antifungal Host Response
Authors: Schmidt Stanislaw , Zimmermann Stefanie-Yvonne , Tramsen Lars , Koehl Ulrike , Lehrnbecher Thomas 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTAs a result of improved experimental methodologies and a better understanding of the immune system, there is increasing insight into the antifungal activity of natural killer (NK) cells. Murine and human NK cells are able to damage fungi of different genera and speciesin vitro, and they exert both direct and indirect antifungal activity through cytotoxic molecules such as perforin and through cytokines and interferons, respectively. On the other hand, recent data suggest that fungi exhibit immunosuppressive effects on NK cells. Whereas clearin vivodata are lacking in humans, the importance of NK cells in the host response against fungi has been demonstrated in animal models. Further knowledge of the interaction of NK cells with fungi might help to better understand the pathogenesis of invasive fungal infections and to improve treatment strategies.
Long-Term Immunogenicity of the Pandemic Influenza A/H1N1 2009 Vaccine among Health Care Workers: Influence of Prior Seasonal Influenza Vaccination
Authors: Song Joon Young , Cheong Hee Jin , Seo Yu Bin , Kim In Seon , Noh Ji Yun , Choi Won Suk , Lee Jacob , Jeong Hye Won , Kee Sae Yoon , Kim Woo Joo 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Health care workers (HCWs) are at great risk of influenza infection and transmission. Vaccination for seasonal influenza is routinely recommended, but this strategy should be reconsidered in a pandemic situation. Between October 2009 and September 2010, a multicenter study was conducted to assess the long-term immunogenicity of the A/H1N1 2009 monovalent influenza vaccine among HCWs compared to non-health care workers (NHCWs). The influence of prior seasonal influenza vaccination was also assessed with respect to the immunogenicity of pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine. Serum hemagglutinin inhibition titers were determined prevaccination and then at 1, 6, and 10 months after vaccination. Of the 360 enrolled HCW subjects, 289 participated in the study up to 10 months after H1N1 monovalent influenza vaccination, while 60 of 65 NHCW subjects were followed up. Seroprotection rates, seroconversion rates, and geometric mean titer (GMT) ratios fulfilled the European Union's licensure criteria for influenza A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) at 1 month after vaccination in both the HCWs and NHCWs, without any significant difference. At 6 months after vaccination, the seroprotection rate was more significantly lowered among the NHCWs than among the HCWs (
P
< 0.01). Overall, postvaccination (1, 6, and 10 months after vaccination) GMTs for A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) were significantly lower among the seasonal influenza vaccine recipients than among the nonrecipients (
P
< 0.05). In conclusion, HCWs should be encouraged to receive an annual influenza vaccination, considering the risk of repeated exposure. However, prior reception of seasonal influenza vaccine showed a negative influence on immunogenicity for the pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza vaccine.
Deciphering Genomic Virulence Traits of a Staphylococcus epidermidis Strain Causing Native-Valve Endocarditis
Authors: Fournier Pierre-Edouard , Gouriet Frédérique , Gimenez Grégory , Robert Catherine , Raoult Didier 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

We applied real-time genome sequencing to a
Staphylococcus epidermidis
strain that caused native-aortic-valve endocarditis in a 26-year-old patient. The 2.5-Mb genome from strain CSUR P278 exhibited a unique sequence type among
S. epidermidis
strains and contained 32 genes previously considered virulence genes in this species.
CHROMagar Yersinia, a New Chromogenic Agar for Screening of Potentially Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica Isolates in Stools
Authors: Renaud Nicolas , Lecci Laetitia , Courcol René J. , Simonet Michel , Gaillot Olivier 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

CHROMagar Yersinia (CAY) is a new chromogenic medium for the presumptive detection of virulent
Yersinia enterocolitica
in stools. Based on a comparative analysis of 1,494 consecutive stools from hospitalized patients, CAY was found to be just as sensitive as the reference medium (cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin agar) but was significantly more specific and had a very low false-positive rate. CAY reduces the workload (and thus costs) for stool analysis and can therefore be recommended for routine laboratory use.
Development of a Novel PCR Restriction Analysis of thehsp65Gene as a Rapid Method To Screen for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in High-Burden Countries
Authors: Varma-Basil Mandira , Garima Kushal , Pathak Rakesh , Dwivedi Shailendra Kumar Dhar , Narang Anshika , Bhatnagar Anuj , Bose Mridula 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThe limitations of conventional methods of identification ofMycobacterium tuberculosishave led to the development of several nucleic acid amplification techniques which have the advantage of being rapid, sensitive, and specific. However, their expense or the need for technical expertise makes it difficult to use them in regions in which tuberculosis is endemic. A novel PCR restriction analysis (PRA) of thehsp65gene was therefore developed for rapid screening of clinical isolates to identifyMycobacteriumspp. The restriction enzymes NruI and BamHI were selected to obtain a limited number of restriction patterns to further differentiate betweenMycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex (MTBC) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Three hundred ten isolates from clinical specimens and 24 reference strains were tested. The assay correctly identified 295 of the 310 culture isolates as MTBC, while the remaining 15 isolates were identified as NTM. Of the isolates tested, 135 MTBC strains and all 15 NTM were also confirmed by PRA using Sau96I and CfoI. Thirty-eight randomly selected MTBC strains and all 15 NTM were further confirmed by sequencing. The NruI/BamHI PRA was simple, as it did not require any elaborate analyses. It was cost-effective, rapid, highly sensitive, and specific and did not require technical expertise. The assay can, therefore, be used as a simple screening test not only to detectMycobacteriumspp. but also to differentiate MTBC from NTM in peripheral laboratories with minimal availability of funds.
Detection and Genetic Diversity of Porcine Group A Rotaviruses in Historic (2004) and Recent (2011 and 2012) Swine Fecal Samples in Ohio: Predominance of the G9P[13] Genotype in Nursing Piglets
Authors: Amimo J. O. , Vlasova A. N. , Saif L. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTEpidemiological surveillance of porcine group A rotavirus (RVA) strains was conducted in five swine herds in Ohio using historical (2004) and recent (2011 to 2012) fecal samples. Of the 371 samples examined, 9.4% (35/371) were positive for RVA. The RVA detection rates increased from 5.9% in 2004 and 8.5% in 2011 to 13.8% in 2012. A total of 23 positive samples were analyzed for RVA G and P genotypes. The dominant G-P combination was G9P[13] found in 60.9% of positive samples. The other combinations were G9P[7] (8.7%), G4P[13] (8.7%), G11P[13] (4.3%), and G11P[7] (4.3%). Sequence analysis of partial VP7 genes of selected strains revealed that the G4 strains were closely related to one another (95%) and, to a lesser extent, to human (82 to 84%) and porcine (84 to 86%) G4 strains. The G11 strains detected shared identical VP7 gene sequences (100%) and were closely related to human (85 to 86%) and other porcine (83%) G11 strains. The G9 strains identified were closely related to one another and to human and other porcine strains (96 to 97%, 89 to 91%, and 89 to 91% nucleotide identities, respectively). The VP4 gene analysis revealed that P[7] strains were closely related to each other and to P[7] strains isolated from porcine, bovine, and panda samples (91 to 99%, 92 to 99% and 92 to 99%, respectively). The P[13] strains showed a higher diversity among themselves and with other porcine P[13] strains, ranging from 83% to 99% and from 82 to 97%, respectively. Our results demonstrate broad genetic heterogeneity of the RVA strains and suggest the possibility of genetic reassortment between different RVA genotypes within these farms.
Epstein-Barr Virus Deubiquitinase Downregulates TRAF6-Mediated NF-κB Signaling during Productive Replication
Authors: Saito Shinichi , Murata Takayuki , Kanda Teru , Isomura Hiroki , Narita Yohei , Sugimoto Atsuko , Kawashima Daisuke , Tsurumi Tatsuya 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTEpstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human oncogenic herpesvirus that establishes a lifelong latent infection in the host, occasionally enters lytic infection to produce progeny viruses. The EBV oncogene latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which is expressed in both latent and lytic infection, constitutively activates the canonical NF-κB (p65) pathway. Such LMP1-mediated NF-κB activation is necessary for proliferation of latently infected cells and inhibition of viral lytic cycle progression. Actually, canonical NF-κB target gene expression was suppressed upon the onset of lytic infection. TRAF6, which is activated by conjugation of polyubiquitin chains, associates with LMP1 to mediate NF-κB signal transduction. We have found that EBV-encoded BPLF1 interacts with and deubiquitinates TRAF6 to inhibit NF-κB signaling during lytic infection. HEK293 cells with BPLF1-deficient recombinant EBV exhibited poor viral DNA replication compared with the wild type. Furthermore, exogenous expression of BPLF1 or p65 knockdown in cells restored DNA replication of BPLF1-deficient viruses, indicating that EBV BPLF1 deubiquitinates TRAF6 to inhibit NF-κB signal transduction, leading to promotion of viral lytic DNA replication.
Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Transmitted/Founder, Consensus, and Chronic Envelope Glycoproteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Authors: Liao Hua-Xin , Tsao Chun-Yen , Alam S. Munir , Muldoon Mark , Vandergrift Nathan , Ma Ben-Jiang , Lu Xiaozhi , Sutherland Laura L. , Scearce Richard M. , Bowman Cindy , Parks Robert , Chen Haiyan , Blinn Julie H. , Lapedes Alan , Watson Sydeaka , Xia Shi-Mao , Foulger Andrew , Hahn Beatrice H. , Shaw George M. , Swanstrom Ron , Montefiori David C. , Gao Feng , Haynes Barton F. , Korber Bette 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine development requires selection of appropriate envelope (Env) immunogens. Twenty HIV-1 Env glycoproteins were examined for their ability to bind human anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and then used as immunogens in guinea pigs to identify promising immunogens. These included five Envs derived from chronically infected individuals, each representing one of five common clades and eight consensus Envs based on these five clades, as well as the consensus of the entire HIV-1 M group, and seven transmitted/founder (T/F) Envs from clades B and C. Sera from immunized guinea pigs were tested for neutralizing activity using 36 HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped viruses. All Envs bound to CD4 binding site, membrane-proximal, and V1/V2 MAbs with similar apparent affinities, although the T/F Envs bound with higher affinity to the MAb 17b, a CCR5 coreceptor binding site antibody. However, the various Envs differed in their ability to induce neutralizing antibodies. Consensus Envs elicited the most potent responses, but neutralized only a subset of viruses, including mostly easy-to-neutralize tier 1 and some more-difficult-to-neutralize tier 2 viruses. T/F Envs elicited fewer potent neutralizing antibodies but exhibited greater breadth than chronic or consensus Envs. Finally, chronic Envs elicited the lowest level and most limited breadth of neutralizing antibodies overall. Thus, each group of Env immunogens elicited a different antibody response profile. The complementary benefits of consensus and T/F Env immunogens raise the possibility that vaccines utilizing a combination of consensus and T/F Envs may be able to induce neutralizing responses with greater breadth and potency than single Env immunogens.
Emergence in Japan of an HIV-1 Variant Associated with Transmission among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in China: First Indication of the International Dissemination of the Chinese MSM Lineage
Authors: Kondo Makiko , Lemey Philippe , Sano Takako , Itoda Ichiro , Yoshimura Yukihiro , Sagara Hiroko , Tachikawa Natsuo , Yamanaka Ko , Iwamuro Shinya , Matano Tetsuro , Imai Mitsunobu , Kato Shingo , Takebe Yutaka 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

A survey of HIV-1 strains circulating in the Tokyo-Kanagawa metropolitan area of Japan during 2004 to 2011 (
n
= 477) identified six Japanese males (patients 1 to 6), who harbored viruses with genome segments derived from a distinct CRF01_AE variant uniquely found among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China (designated CN.MSM.01-1). These six HIV infections were diagnosed in 2010 and 2011 among MSM (3 of 75) and men with unknown risk factors (3 of 63) and differed from the vast majority of HIV infections among MSM in Japan, which are overwhelmingly characterized by subtype B (239 of 246 [97.2%]). Approximately one-third (91 of 239 [38.1%]) of subtype B strains from MSM in Japan belong to a large monophyletic cluster (designated JP.MSM.B-1). In addition, we identified a smaller subtype B cluster (
n
= 8) (designated JP.MSM.B-2) that also contains strains from two Chinese MSM living in Japan. Interestingly, patients 5 and 6 were found to be coinfected with CRF01_AE (CN.MSM.01-1) and subtype B (JP.MSM.B-2 or JP.MSM.B-1) variants that are unique to the HIV-1 epidemics among MSM in China and Japan, respectively. Our study demonstrates for the first time the effect of the expanding HIV epidemic among MSM in China on transmission in neighboring countries and shows the ongoing mixing of CRF01_AE and subtype B lineages unique to HIV-1 that cocirculate in MSM populations in East Asia. This finding highlights the importance of strengthening epidemiological surveillance in the region and the need for effective measures to limit transmission among MSM in East Asia.
Release of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nuclear Import Block Enhances Host Transcription in Human Lung Cells
Authors: Sims Amy C. , Tilton Susan C. , Menachery Vineet D. , Gralinski Lisa E. , Schäfer Alexandra , Matzke Melissa M. , Webb-Robertson Bobbie-Jo M. , Chang Jean , Luna Maria L. , Long Casey E. , Shukla Anil K. , Bankhead Armand R. , Burkett Susan E. , Zornetzer Gregory , Tseng Chien-Te Kent , Metz Thomas O. , Pickles Raymond , McWeeney Shannon , Smith Richard D. , Katze Michael G. , Waters Katrina M. , Baric Ralph S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus accessory protein ORF6 antagonizes interferon signaling by blocking karyopherin-mediated nuclear import processes. Viral nuclear import antagonists, expressed by several highly pathogenic RNA viruses, likely mediate pleiotropic effects on host gene expression, presumably interfering with transcription factors, cytokines, hormones, and/or signaling cascades that occur in response to infection. By bioinformatic and systems biology approaches, we evaluated the impact of nuclear import antagonism on host expression networks by using human lung epithelial cells infected with either wild-type virus or a mutant that does not express ORF6 protein. Microarray analysis revealed significant changes in differential gene expression, with approximately twice as many upregulated genes in the mutant virus samples by 48 h postinfection, despite identical viral titers. Our data demonstrated that ORF6 protein expression attenuates the activity of numerous karyopherin-dependent host transcription factors (VDR, CREB1, SMAD4, p53, EpasI, and Oct3/4) that are critical for establishing antiviral responses and regulating key host responses during virus infection. Results were confirmed by proteomic and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay analyses and in parallel microarray studies using infected primary human airway epithelial cell cultures. The data strongly support the hypothesis that viral antagonists of nuclear import actively manipulate host responses in specific hierarchical patterns, contributing to the viral pathogenic potential
in vivo
. Importantly, these studies and modeling approaches not only provide templates for evaluating virus antagonism of nuclear import processes but also can reveal candidate cellular genes and pathways that may significantly influence disease outcomes following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection
in vivo
.
An Adjuvanted Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Subunit Vaccine Elicits a T Cell Response in Mice and Is an Effective Therapeutic Vaccine in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Skoberne Mojca , Cardin Rhonda , Lee Alexander , Kazimirova Ana , Zielinski Veronica , Garvie Danielle , Lundberg Amy , Larson Shane , Bravo Fernando J. , Bernstein David I. , Flechtner Jessica B. , Long Deborah 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Immunotherapeutic herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) vaccine efficacy depends upon the promotion of antigen-specific immune responses that inhibit reactivation or reactivated virus, thus controlling both recurrent lesions and viral shedding. In the present study, a candidate subunit vaccine, GEN-003/MM-2, was evaluated for its ability to induce a broad-spectrum immune response in mice and therapeutic efficacy in HSV-2-infected guinea pigs. GEN-003 is comprised of HSV-2 glycoprotein D2 (gD2ΔTMR
340-363
) and a truncated form of infected cell polypeptide 4 (ICP4
383-766
), formulated with Matrix M-2 (MM-2) adjuvant (GEN-003/MM-2). In addition to eliciting humoral immune responses, CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells characterized by the secretion of multiple cytokines and cytolytic antigen-specific T cell responses that were able to be recalled at least 44 days after the last immunization were induced in immunized mice. Furthermore, vaccination with either GEN-003 or GEN-003/MM-2 led to significant reductions in both the prevalence and severity of lesions in HSV-2-infected guinea pigs compared to those of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) control-vaccinated animals. While vaccination with MM-2 adjuvant alone decreased recurrent disease symptoms compared to the PBS control group, the difference was not statistically significant. Importantly, the frequency of recurrent viral shedding was considerably reduced in GEN-003/MM-2-vaccinated animals but not in GEN-003- or MM-2-vaccinated animals. These findings suggest a possible role for immunotherapeutic GEN-003/MM-2 vaccination as a viable alternative to chronic antiviral drugs in the treatment and control of genital herpes disease.
Reassortment Complements Spontaneous Mutation in Influenza A Virus NP and M1 Genes To Accelerate Adaptation to a New Host
Authors: Ince William L. , Gueye-Mbaye Aissatou , Bennink Jack R. , Yewdell Jonathan W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Influenza A virus (IAV) infects a remarkably wide variety of avian and mammalian hosts. Evolution finely hones IAV genes to optimally infect and be transmitted in a particular host species. Sporadically, IAV manages to jump between species, introducing novel antigenic strains into the new host population that wreak havoc until herd immunity develops. IAV adaptation to new hosts typically involves reassortment of IAV gene segments from coinfecting virus strains adapted to different hosts in conjunction with multiple adaptive mutations in the various IAV genes. To better understand host adaptation between mammalian species in real time, we passaged mouse-adapted A/PR8/34 (PR8) in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs, unlike mice, support spontaneous and robust IAV transmission. For some IAV strains, including PR8, adaptation is required for a virus to attain transmissibility, providing an opportunity to understand the evolution of transmissibility in guinea pigs. Multiple guinea pig-adapted PR8 mutants generated by serial nasal wash passaging in independent lines replicated more efficiently and were transmitted by cocaging. All transmissible variants possessed one of two nonsynonymous mutations in M1, either alone or in combination with mutations in PB2, HA, NP, or NA. Rapid reassortment between independently selected variants combined beneficial mutations in NP and M1 to form the fittest virus capable of being transmitted. These findings provide further insight into genetic determinants in NP and M1 involved in PR8 IAV adaptation to be transmitted in a new host and clearly show the benefit of a segmented genome in rapidly generating optimal combinations of mutations in IAV evolution.