bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixed Duopoly and Environment
Authors: PAL RUPAYAN , SAHA BIBHAS 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe show under general demand and cost conditions that in a mixed duopoly with pollution the government can implement the socially optimal outputs and abatements by a tax‐subsidy scheme and keeping the public firm fully public. The scheme requires taxing outputs and subsidizing abatements at different rates, unlike a pollution tax. Our result improves on the shortcoming of a pollution tax to implement the social optimum. We also show that when the private firm is partly foreign‐owned, the government will adopt some privatization and will not implement the social optimum, though the social optimum is implementable.
Interactive effects of molasses by homofermentative and heterofermentative inoculants on fermentation quality, nitrogen fractionation, nutritive value and aerobic stability of wilted alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) silage
Authors: Hashemzadeh‐Cigari F. , Khorvash M. , Ghorbani G. R. , Ghasemi E. , Taghizadeh A. , Kargar S. , Yang W. Z. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe effect of adding molasses (0, UM or 50 g/kg on DM basis, M) and two types of inoculant including homofermentative (HO) and a combination of homofermentative and propionate‐producing bacterial (HOPAB) inoculants on silage fermentation quality, nitrogen fractionation and aerobic stability of pre‐bloom, wilted alfalfa (AS) was determined in laboratory silos. The HOPAB inoculant was more effective than HO in reducing the alfalfa silage pH but increased propionate content in the absence of M (p < 0.05). Inoculation of HOPAB reduced (p < 0.01) acid detergent fibre (ADF) and increased (p < 0.01) lactate to acetate ratio compared with uninoculated AS. Acetate concentration was lower (p < 0.01) in HOPAB‐inoculated than other AS. This difference was more pronounced in M‐added AS (inoculants × M interaction, p = 0.01). Both inoculants reduced (p < 0.01) ammonia‐N content in AS added with M, whereas only HOPAB decreased (p < 0.01) ammonia‐N concentration in silage without M. Inoculants increased (p < 0.01) B2 fraction in AS with M addition but had no effect on AS without M. Treating silages with HO‐UM increased (p < 0.05) C fraction (acid‐detergent insoluble‐N) but HOPAB decreased C fraction at two levels of M. Treating alfalfa crop with M and HOPAB improved aerobic stability by increasing the concentration of acetate and propionate of AS respectively. Adding M tended (p < 0.10) to increase short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) and cumulative gas production (CGP). HOPAB alone increased DM disappearance at 24 h post‐incubation and effective degradability assuming outflow rate of 8%/h relative to untreated AS (p < 0.05). It was concluded that adding M had no pronounced effects on AS fermentation quality, but increased aerobic stability. HOPAB‐inoculated AS with no addition of M improved fermentation quality and increased DM degradability compared with HO.
Antihypertensive Treatment Improves Microvascular Rarefaction and Reactivity in Low‐Risk Hypertensive Individuals
Authors: Kaiser Sérgio E. , Sanjuliani Antonio F. , Estato Vanessa , Gomes Marilia B. , Tibiriçá Eduardo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo test whether long‐term antihypertensive treatment with metoprolol succinate (a β1‐adrenoceptor blocker) or olmesartan medoxomil (an angiotensin II AT1‐receptor blocker) reverses microvascular dysfunction in hypertensive patients.MethodsThis study included 44 hypertensive outpatients and 20 age and sex‐matched healthy controls. We used skin capillaroscopy to measure capillary density and recruitment at rest and during PORH. Endothelium‐dependent vasodilation of skin microcirculation was evaluated with a LDPM system in combination with ACh iontophoresis, PORH, and LTH.ResultsPretreatment capillary density in hypertensive patients was significantly reduced compared with controls (71.3 ± 1.5 vs. 80.6 ± 1.8 cap/mm2; p < 0.001), as was PORH (71.7 ± 1.5 vs. 79.5 ± 2.6 cap/mm2; p < 0.05). After treatment for six months, capillary density increased to 75.4 ± 1.1 cap/mm2 (p < 0.01) at rest and 76.8 ± 1.1 cap/mm2 during PORH. During LTH, CVC in perfusion units (PU)/mmHg was similar in patients (1.71 [1.31–2.12]) and controls (1.60 [1.12–1.91]) and increased significantly (1.82 [1.30–2.20]) after treatment. Maximal CVC during PORH was reduced in hypertensive patients (0.30 [0.22–0.39]) compared to controls (0.39 [0.31–0.49], p < 0.001) and increased (0.41 [0.29–0.51], p < 0.001) after treatment.ConclusionsCapillary rarefaction and microvascular endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive patients responded favorably to long‐term pharmacological treatment.
Regulated proteolysis of Candida albicans Ras1 is involved in morphogenesis and quorum sensing regulation
Authors: Piispanen Amy E. , Grahl Nora , Hollomon Jeffrey M. , Hogan Deborah A. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryIn Candida albicans, a fungal pathogen, the small G‐protein Ras1 regulates many important behaviors including white‐opaque switching, biofilm formation, and the induction and maintenance of hyphal growth. Like other Ras proteins, Ras1 is activated upon guanine triphosphate binding, and its activity is further modulated by post‐translational lipid modifications. Here, we report that the levels of membrane‐associated, full‐length Ras1 were higher in hyphae than in yeast, and that yeast contained a shorter, soluble Ras1 species that resulted from cleavage. Deletion of the putative cleavage site led to more rapid induction of hyphal growth and delayed hypha‐to‐yeast transitions. The cleaved Ras1 species was less able to activate its effector, adenylate cyclase (Cyr1), unless tethered to the membrane by a heterologous membrane‐targeting domain. Ras1 cleavage was repressed by cAMP‐signalling, indicating the presence of a positive feedback loop in which Cyr1 and cAMP influence Ras1. The C. albicans quorum sensing molecule farnesol, which inhibits Cyr1 and represses filamentation, caused an increase in the fraction of Ras1 in the cleaved form, particularly in nascent yeast formed from hyphae. This newly recognized mode of Ras regulation may control C. albicans Ras1 activity in important ways.
Topographic and soil influences on root productivity of three bioenergy cropping systems
Authors: Ontl Todd A. , Hofmockel Kirsten S. , Cambardella Cynthia A. , Schulte Lisa A. , Kolka Randall K. 
Published: May 2013

Summary

Successful modeling of the carbon (C) cycle requires empirical data regarding species‐specific root responses to edaphic characteristics. We address this need by quantifying annual root production of three bioenergy systems (continuous corn, triticale/sorghum, switchgrass) in response to variation in soil properties across a toposequence within a Midwestern agroecosystem.
Using ingrowth cores to measure annual root production, we tested for the effects of topography and 11 soil characteristics on root productivity.
Root production significantly differed among cropping systems. Switchgrass root productivity was lowest on the floodplain position, but root productivity of annual crops was not influenced by topography or soil properties. Greater switchgrass root production was associated with high percent sand, which explained 45% of the variation. Percent sand was correlated negatively with soil C and nitrogen and positively with bulk density, indicating this variable is a proxy for multiple important soil properties.
Our results suggest that easily measured soil parameters can be used to improve model predictions of root productivity in bioenergy switchgrass, but the edaphic factors we measured were not useful for predicting root productivity in annual crops. These results can improve C cycling modeling efforts by revealing the influence of cropping system and soil properties on root productivity.
Nonagricultural reservoirs contribute to emergence and evolution of Pseudomonas syringae crop pathogens
Authors: Monteil Caroline L. , Cai Rongman , Liu Haijie , Mechan Llontop Marco E. , Leman Scotland , Studholme David J. , Morris Cindy E. , Vinatzer Boris A. 
Published: May 2013

Summary

While the existence of environmental reservoirs of human pathogens is well established, less is known about the role of nonagricultural environments in emergence, evolution, and spread of crop pathogens.
Here, we analyzed phylogeny, virulence genes, host range, and aggressiveness of Pseudomonas syringae strains closely related to the tomato pathogen P. syringae pv. tomato (Pto), including strains isolated from snowpack and streams.
The population of Pto relatives in nonagricultural environments was estimated to be large and its diversity to be higher than that of the population of Pto and its relatives on crops. Ancestors of environmental strains, Pto, and other genetically monomorphic crop pathogens were inferred to have frequently recombined, suggesting an epidemic population structure for P. syringae. Some environmental strains have repertoires of type III‐secreted effectors very similar to Pto, are almost as aggressive on tomato as Pto, but have a wider host range than typical Pto strains.
We conclude that crop pathogens may have evolved through a small number of evolutionary events from a population of less aggressive ancestors with a wider host range present in nonagricultural environments.
Nematode effector proteins: an emerging paradigm of parasitism
Authors: Mitchum Melissa G. , Hussey Richard S. , Baum Thomas J. , Wang Xiaohong , Elling Axel A. , Wubben Martin , Davis Eric L. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryPhytonematodes use a stylet and secreted effectors to modify host cells and ingest nutrients to support their growth and development. The molecular function of nematode effectors is currently the subject of intense investigation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of nematode effectors, with a particular focus on proteinaceous stylet‐secreted effectors of sedentary endoparasitic phytonematodes, for which a wealth of information has surfaced in the past 10 yr. We provide an update on the effector repertoires of several of the most economically important genera of phytonematodes and discuss current approaches to dissecting their function. Lastly, we highlight the latest breakthroughs in effector discovery that promise to shed new light on effector diversity and function across the phylum Nematoda.

Contents

Summary
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I.
Introduction
879

II.
Nematode effector regulation and delivery into host cells
881

III.
Nematode effectors as probes of plant cell biology
883

IV.
Functional characterization of effectors
885

V.
Cell cycle and cytoskeleton
885

VI.
New approaches for effector identification
888

VII.
A global perspective of nematode effector function
889

Acknowledgements
890

References
890
Phylogenetic relationships among host plants explain differences in fungal species richness and community composition in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis
Authors: Tedersoo Leho , Mett Marit , Ishida Takahide A. , Bahram Mohammad 
Published: May 2013

Summary

Geographic and taxonomic host ranges determine the distribution of biotrophic organisms. Host phylogenetic distance strongly affects the community composition of pathogens and parasites, but little is known about the host phylogeny effect on communities of mutualists, such as plant–pollinator and plant–mycorrhizal fungi systems.
By incorporating phylogenetic eigenvectors into univariate and multivariate models, we aimed to determine the relative contribution of host phylogeny and environmental variables to mycorrhizal traits and community composition of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi in Salicaceae at the local scale.
Host phylogeny explained 75% of the variation in fungal species richness and 20% of the variation in community composition. We also re‐analyzed a system involving eight hosts from Japan, in which host phylogeny explained 26% and 9% of the variation in fungal richness and community composition, respectively. [Correction added after online publication 21 May
2013: in the preceding sentence the values 9% and 26% have been transposed.]
Phylogenetic eigenvectors that differentially account for clades and terminal taxa across the phylogeny revealed stronger host effects than did the treatment of host species as categorical or dummy variables in multiregression models, and in comparison with methods such as Mantel test and its analogs. Our results indicate the usefulness of the eigenvector method for the quantification of the host phylogeny effect, which represents an integrated complex function of taxonomic sampling effect and phylogenetic distance per se.
Void space inside the developing seed of Brassica napus and the modelling of its function
Authors: Verboven Pieter , Herremans Els , Borisjuk Ljudmilla , Helfen Lukas , Ho Quang Tri , Tschiersch Henning , Fuchs Johannes , Nicolaï Bart M. , Rolletschek Hardy 
Published: May 2013

Summary

The developing seed essentially relies on external oxygen to fuel aerobic respiration, but it is currently unknown how oxygen diffuses into and within the seed, which structural pathways are used and what finally limits gas exchange.

By applying synchrotron X‐ray computed tomography to developing oilseed rape seeds we uncovered void spaces, and analysed their three‐dimensional assembly. Both the testa and the hypocotyl are well endowed with void space, but in the cotyledons, spaces were small and poorly inter‐connected. In silico modelling revealed a three orders of magnitude range in oxygen diffusivity from tissue to tissue, and identified major barriers to gas exchange.

The oxygen pool stored in the voids is consumed about once per minute. The function of the void space was related to the tissue‐specific distribution of storage oils, storage protein and starch, as well as oxygen, water, sugars, amino acids and the level of respiratory activity, analysed using a combination of magnetic resonance imaging, specific oxygen sensors, laser micro‐dissection, biochemical and histological methods.

We conclude that the size and inter‐connectivity of void spaces are major determinants of gas exchange potential, and locally affect the respiratory activity of a developing seed.
Improvement in Hemodynamic Response Using a Quadripolar LV Lead
Authors: CABRERA BUENO FERNANDO , ALZUETA RODRÍGUEZ JAVIER , OLAGÜE DE ROS JOSÉ , FERNÁNDEZ‐LOZANO IGNACIO , GARCÍA GUERRERO JUAN JOSÉ , DE LA CONCHA JOAQUÍN FERNÁNDEZ , HERNÁNDEZ MADRID ANTONIO , TOLOSANA VIU JOSE MARÍA , OSCA ASENSI JOAQUÍN , BARRERA CORDERO ALBERTO , LLORENTE HERNANGÓMEZ ELENA 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundThe Quartet™ quadripolar lead (St. Jude Medical Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA) offers 10 different left ventricle pacing configurations that may further influence hemodynamic parameters compared to traditional bipolar pacing configurations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether pacing from additional quadripolar lead vectors could enhance cardiac output (CO).MethodsFor each patient, CO was measured in “no‐pacing” and in all the 10 configurations available, within 7 days of implantation of the device. Tip‐ring, tip‐right ventricular coil (RVC), and ring‐RVC vectors were considered as traditional vectors. The seven additional configurations available in the quadripolar lead were considered as nontraditional vectors. CO was measured by ECHO. The best configuration was defined as the one presenting the highest CO measurement within configurations, which have a capture threshold <3 V and a safety margin between the capture and the phrenic nerve stimulation thresholds.ResultsFifty‐one standard cardiac resynchronization therapy patients were enrolled. The mean of each patient's best CO obtained with traditional vectors was higher than the baseline nonpaced CO (4.16 L/min vs 3.64 L/min). The mean of each patient's best CO, including all 10 available configurations, was also higher than the baseline nonpaced CO (4.33 L/min vs 3.64 L/min). In addition, the mean of each patient's best CO obtained with the best configuration available through a quadripolar lead was better than the mean of each patient's best CO obtained with a traditional configuration. In 53% of patients, the best CO was obtained with a nontraditional vector unique to the quadripolar lead.ConclusionsA quadripolar lead offers multiple additional pacing options to increase CO acutely compared to conventional bipolar leads.
Comparison between two maintenance feeding regimens after successful cow's milk oral desensitization
Authors: Pajno Giovanni B. , Caminiti Lucia , Salzano Giuseppina , Crisafulli Giuseppe , Aversa Tommaso , Messina Maria Francesca , Wasniewska Malgorzata , Passalacqua Giovanni 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundCow's milk allergy is common in infancy, and total avoidance of this food is the only effective approach. In alternative, oral immunotherapy has been proposed to achieve tolerance. Once desensitization is achieved, daily intake of milk is recommended to maintain it, but this may be impractical for children/parents. We assessed whether a twice weekly maintenance regimen is effective.MethodsChildren who were successfully desensitized with oral immunotherapy were randomized to two maintenance regimens for 1 year: group A had to eat 150–200 ml milk daily, group B had to eat 150–200 ml milk twice weekly. Both regimens were associated to a totally free diet. Maintenance of tolerance and adverse events were recorded during 1 year. Specific IgE, IgG4 and prick‐by‐prick test to milk were carried out before immunotherapy (T0), before maintenance (T1), and after 1 year (T2).ResultsRecorded episodes included asthma, oral itching, urticaria, rhinitis, abdominal pain variously combined, usually associated with concomitant illness or exercise. The episodes were 8 in group A and 9 in group B, with no difference. None of the children discontinued the feeding maintenance. Specific IgG4 increased at T1 and remained high at T2. Specific IgE and skin reactivity significantly decreased at T2. There was no difference in those parameters between the groups.ConclusionAfter achieving desensitization to cow milk with oral immunotherapy, a maintenance regimen with milk given twice weekly is as effective as the daily maintenance.
Role of specific IgE in predicting the clinical course of lentil allergy in children
Authors: Yavuz Suleyman T. , Sahiner Umit M. , Buyuktiryaki Betul , Tuncer Ayfer , Yilmaz Ebru A. , Cavkaytar Ozlem , Karabulut Erdem , Sackesen Cansin 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundLegumes, and particularly lentils, are frequently consumed in Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and some Asian countries. The aim of this study was to document the demographic features of children with lentil allergy and to determine the role of specific IgE (sIgE) in predicting the risk of clinical reactivity and disease persistence.MethodsThirty children were enrolled. The diagnosis of lentil allergy was based on convincing history of symptoms or anaphylaxis after the ingestion of lentils, with positive skin tests and/or sIgE to lentils. To determine the diagnosis and prognosis of lentil allergy, 24 children were evaluated with food challenges.ResultsThe median age at the onset of symptoms was 1.5 yr (0.9–2.3) (inter‐quartile range). The most frequent symptoms were immediate cutaneous (97%) and respiratory (30%) reactions, whereas eight patients (27%) reported anaphylactic reactions. The median level of lentil sIgE at the time of diagnosis was 3 kU/l (1.2–9.6). Of the 24 challenges, 12 were positive. Fifteen patients (50%) outgrew the lentil allergy by the age of 3.5 (2.5–11) years. Children with an initial lentil sIgE < 4.9 kU/l had a significantly higher likelihood (68.4% vs. 18.2%) of outgrowing the lentil allergy than children with an initial lentil sIgE ≥ 4.9 k/l (p = 0.008).ConclusionsOur results suggest that sIgE levels may be important for predicting clinical reactivity and persistence of lentil allergy.
Re‐evaluation of the indications for liver transplantation in Wilson's disease based on the outcomes of patients referred to a transplant center
Authors: Ohya Yuki , Okajima Hideaki , Honda Masaki , Hayashida Shintaro , Suda Hiroko , Matsumoto Shiro , Lee Kwang‐Jong , Yamamoto Hidekazu , Takeichi Takayuki , Mitsubuchi Hiroshi , Asonuma Katsuhiro , Endo Fumio , Inomata Yukihiro 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to re‐evaluate the indications and timing of LT for WD. From 2000 to 2009, eight patients with WD who had been referred to our institution for LT were enrolled in this study. The mean patient age was 15.9 yr (range, 7–37 yr). Four patients could not receive LT, because there were no available donors. All four patients were treated with chelating agent medication. Three of them (two of two patients with fulminant WD and one of two with cirrhotic WD) who did not undergo LT are still alive and doing well with stable liver functional tests. Only one of the patients with cirrhotic WD who did not undergo LT died of hepatic failure. Even among the four patients who underwent LT, one with fulminant WD recovered from hepatic encephalopathy with apheresis therapy and chelating agent. He later required LT because of severe neutropenia from d‐penicillamine. The other three patients who underwent LT recovered and have been doing well. Some of the patients with WD can recover and avoid LT with medical treatment. Even when WD has progressed liver cirrhosis and/or fulminant hepatic failure at the time of diagnosis, medical treatment should be tried before considering LT.
Lower respiratory tract viral infections in pediatric abdominal organ transplant recipients: A single hospital inpatient cohort study
Authors: Tran Thy T. , Gonzalez Ivan A. , Tekin Akin , McLaughlin Gwenn E. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractRespiratory viral infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. Early detection of a viral etiology of a LRTI in a febrile transplant recipient can theoretically reduce the use of antibiotics, trigger modification of immunosuppression and prompt appropriate isolation procedures to reduce nosocomial infections. We retrospectively evaluated pediatric abdominal organ transplant recipients hospitalized with respiratory illnesses to determine the viral pathogens identified by various methods including multiplex RT‐PCR performed on nasopharyngeal or endotracheal aspirates. Among 30 symptomatic subjects (median age, 2.5 yr) evaluated using this methodology, 25 (83%) were positive for at least one virus. Rhinovirus was the most frequently identified virus (14 subjects). RSV was identified in five subjects with associated mortality of 40%. Parainfluenza, influenza, metapneumovirus, and adenovirus were also identified. This study indicates that rhinovirus is a significant cause of morbidity in this single center cohort of pediatric abdominal organ transplant recipients.