bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations of Backscatter Differential Phase in the Melting Layer
Authors: Trömel Silke , Ryzhkov Alexander V. , Zhang Pengfei , Simmer Clemens 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackscatter differential phase δ within the melting layer has been identified as a reliably measurable but still underutilized polarimetric variable. Polarimetric radar observations at X band in Germany and S band in the United States are presented that show maximal observed δ of 8.5° at X band but up to 70° at S band. Dual-frequency observations at X and C band in Germany and dual-frequency observations at C and S band in the United States are compared to explore the regional frequency dependencies of the δ signature. Theoretical simulations based on usual assumptions about the microphysical composition of the melting layer cannot reproduce the observed large values of δ at the lower-frequency bands and also underestimate the enhancements in differential reflectivity ZDR and reductions in the cross-correlation coefficient ρhυ. Simulations using a two-layer T-matrix code and a simple model for the representation of accretion can, however, explain the pronounced δ signatures at S and C bands in conjunction with small δ at X band. The authors conclude that the δ signature bears information about microphysical accretion and aggregation processes in the melting layer and the degree of riming of the snowflakes aloft.
Buoyancy-Driven Coastal Currents off Oregon during Fall and Winter
Authors: Mazzini Piero L. F. , Barth John A. , Shearman R. Kipp , Erofeev A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
During fall/winter off the Oregon coast, oceanographic surveys are relatively scarce because of rough weather conditions. This challenge has been overcome by the use of autonomous underwater gliders deployed along the Newport hydrographic line (NH-Line) nearly continuously since 2006. The discharge from the coastal rivers between northern California and the NH-Line reach several thousands of cubic meters per second, and the peaks are comparable to the discharge from the Columbia River. This freshwater input creates cross-shelf density gradients that together with the wind forcing and the large-scale Davidson Current results in strong northward velocities over the shelf. A persistent coastal current during fall/winter, which the authors call the Oregon Coastal Current (OCC), has been revealed by the glider dataset. Based on a two-layer model, the dominant forcing mechanism of the OCC is buoyancy, followed by the Davidson Current and then the wind stress, accounting for 61% (±22.6%), 26% (±18.6%), and 13% (±11.7%) of the alongshore transports, respectively. The OCC average velocities vary from 0.1 to over 0.5 m s−1, and transports are on average 0.08 (±0.07) Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), with the maximum observed value of 0.49 Sv, comparable to the summertime upwelling jet off the Oregon coast. The OCC is a surface-trapped coastal current, and its geometry is highly affected by the wind stress, consistent with Ekman dynamics. The wind stress has an overall small direct contribution to the alongshore transport; however, it plays a primary role in modifying the OCC structure. The OCC is a persistent, key component of the fall/winter shelf dynamics and influences the ocean biogeochemistry off the Oregon coast.
From African Survivals to a Working-Class Afro-Brazilian Culture
Authors: Lima Ari 
Published: August 2014

The presence of Africans and their descendants in Brazil since the end of the nineteenth century and their cultural contributions have been treated problematically by Raimundo Nina Rodrigues and Gilberto Freyre, who provided a reference point for the study of race relations and black culture in Brazil. This is important because nineteenth-century Brazil had begun to aspire to the level of civilization attained in Europe and North America while being all too well aware that its culture was seen from abroad as including elements regarded there as inferior and primitive—those of the cultures of its Native Americans and, especially, of its Africans and their descendants. This problem became even more significant in the twentieth century, when foreigners came to regard Brazil’s culture as that of its black working class. A partir do final do Século XIX, a presença de africanos e descendentes assim como a produção cultural dos mesmos foi problematizada em dois autores, Raimundo Nina Rodrigues e Gilberto Freyre, que serviram de referência para constituição de um campo de estudo das relações raciais e cultura negra no Brasil. A discussão é de grande relevância na medida em que já no Século XIX, o Brasil pretendia se elevar ao patamar civilizatório das nações modelos, porém culturalmente sabia ser definido pelo aporte de culturas compreendidas como inferiores e primitivas, atribuídas aos indígenas e, particularmente, a africanos e descendentes. No caso destes últimos, africanos e descendentes, já no século XIX, se esboçava o dilema, que ganhou mais fôlego no século XX, de compreendê-los como sujeitos de uma cultura afro-brasileira, afrodescendente, popular ou negra.
The Brazilian Labor Movement under PT Governments
Authors: Galvão Andréia 
Published: August 2014

Neoliberalism in Brazil led the labor movement to adopt a more conciliatory and collaborative stance, emphasizing negotiation and becoming receptive to the idea of social partnership. The discrediting of neoliberalism made it possible for the Partido dos Trabalhadores to win the presidency in 2002, and the unions had an important role in this victory. Rather than changing the direction of the labor movement, however, the PT governments have created political and economic conditions that reinforce it by expanding the institutional mechanisms available for collaboration with the state and strengthening the defense of immediate economic interests by creating conditions that allowed wage increases and improvements in collective agreements. This success in economic terms contrasts with the unions’ limited political intervention, an expression of a social democracy without reform, confined to what is possible. O neoliberalismo no Brasil incentivou o movimentou sindical a assumir uma posição mais voltada para a conciliação e a colaboração, que prioriza a negociação e se torna receptiva ao conceito de parceria social. Foi o desprestígio do neoliberalismo que possibilitou o triunfo do Partido dos Trabalhadores na eleição presidencial de 2002 e os sindicatos desempenharam um papel importante nessa vitória. Entretanto, ao invés de mudar o rumo do movimento sindical, os governos PT têm criado as condições políticas e econômicas que reforçam a posição atual desse movimento, aumentando os mecanismos institucionais para colaboração com o Estado e estimulando a defesa dos interesses econômicos imediatos em um contexto que vem permitindo aumentos salariais e melhoras nos acordos coletivos. Ao sucesso econômico se contrapõe a limitada ação política dos sindicatos, expressão de uma democracia social sem reformas, que se restringe à gestão do possível.
Red blood cell folate as a risk factor for breast cancer among patients at a tertiary hospital in Uganda: a case control study
Authors: Rukundo Gideon , Galukande Moses , Ongom Peter , Fualal Jane Odubu 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Background
Folate has been shown to play a complex but unclear role in carcinogenesis, with some studies showing that low folate intake protects against early carcinogenesis while high folate intake promotes advanced carcinogenesis. Other studies have shown that high folate is associated with decreased breast cancer risk and overall survival, yet others found no such association.
This study therefore sought to determine the association between red blood folate levels and breast cancer among women seen at a tertiary Ugandan hospital.

Methods
A case control study was conducted where female patients with a histological diagnosis of breast cancer were recruited as cases, and females without cancer attending other surgical clinics as controls. Demographics and social behavior data were collected and 5mls of blood drawn for laboratory testing of red blood cell (RBC) folate, serum vitamin B12 and RBC count. Ethical approval was obtained.

Results
In this study, a total of 145 women were recruited as 72 cases and 73 controls. The odds of having breast cancer among women with normal folate levels compared to those with low folate levels were 1.4 (95% CI 0.7 to 2.9) P = 0.290. Ninety participants (63%) had low RBC folate and 53 participants (37%) had normal RBC folate. Thirty five (45%) of the women from a rural setting had normal folate levels compared to 18(28%) women from an urban setting.

Conclusions
There was no significant association found between RBC folate and breast cancer among this group of women in Uganda.
Algorithmic and analytical approach to the split common fixed points problem
Authors: Zhu Li-Jun , Liou Yeong-Cheng , Kang Shin Min , Yao Yonghong 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The split problem, especially the split common fixed point problem, has been studied by many authors. In this paper, we study the split common fixed point problem for the pseudo-contractive mappings and the quasi-nonexpansive mappings. We suggest and analyze an iterative algorithm for solving this split common fixed point problem. A weak convergence theorem is given.

MSC:49J53, 49M37, 65K10, 90C25.
The impact of structural integrity and route of administration on the antibody specificity against three cow's milk allergens ‐ a study in Brown Norway rats
Authors: Madsen Jeanette Lund , Kroghsbo Stine , Madsen Charlotte Bernhard , Pozdnyakova Irina , Barkholt Vibeke , Bøgh Katrine Lindholm 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundCharacterisation of the specific antibody response, including the epitope binding pattern, is an essential task for understanding the molecular mechanisms of food allergy. Examination of antibody formation in a controlled environment requires animal models. The purpose of this study was to examine the amount and types of antibodies raised against three cow's milk allergens; β‐lactoglobulin (BLG), α‐lactalbumin (ALA) and β‐casein upon oral or intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration. A special focus was given to the relative amount of antibodies raised against linear versus conformational epitopes.MethodsSpecific antibodies were raised in Brown Norway (BN) rats. BN rats were dosed either (1) i.p. with the purified native cow's milk allergens or (2) orally with skimmed milk powder (SMP) alone or together with gluten, without the use of adjuvants. The allergens were denatured by reduction and alkylation, resulting in unfolding of the primary structure and a consequential loss of conformational epitopes. The specific IgG1 and IgE responses were analysed against both the native and denatured form of the three cow's milk allergens, thus allowing examination of the relative amount of linear versus conformational epitopes.ResultsThe inherent capacity to induce specific IgG1 and IgE antibodies were rather similar upon i.p. administration for the three cow's milk allergens, with BLG = ALA > β‐casein. Larger differences were found between the allergens upon oral administration, with BLG > ALA > β‐casein. Co‐administration of SMP and gluten had a great impact on the specific antibody response, resulting in a significant reduced amount of antibodies. Together results indicated that most antibodies were raised against conformational epitopes irrespectively of the administration route, though the relative proportions between linear and conformational epitopes differed remarkably between the allergens.ConclusionsThis study showed that the three‐dimensional (3D) structure has a significant impact on the antibodies raised for both systemic and orally administered allergens. A remarkable difference in the antibody binding patterns against linear and conformational epitope was seen between the allergens, indicating that the structural characteristics of proteins may heavily affect the induced antibody response.
Counterfeiters: Foes or Friends? How Counterfeits Affect Sales by Product Quality Tier
Authors: Qian Yi 
Published: August 2014

A key concern about counterfeits and weak intellectual property protection is that they may hamper innovation by displacing legitimate sales. This paper combines a natural policy experiment with randomized lab experiments to estimate the heterogeneous impacts of counterfeiting on the sales and consumer purchase intent related to branded products of various quality levels. I collect new product-line-level panel data (1993–2004) on Chinese shoe companies. I identify heterogeneous effects of counterfeit entry on sales of authentic products of three quality tiers, finding that counterfeits have both advertising effects for a brand and substitution effects for authentic products, additionally the effects linger for some years. The advertising effect dominates the substitution effect for high-end authentic product sales, and the substitution effect outweighs the advertising effect for low-end product sales. The positive effect of counterfeits is most pronounced for high-fashion products (such as women's high-leg boots and dress shoes), shoes tailored to young customers, and high-end products of brands not yet well-known at the time of counterfeiter entry.This paper was accepted by David Hsu, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Training and development needs of health visitors: 27–30 month child health review
Authors: Rankin Jean , MacInnes Sandra 
Published: August 2014

Objectives: The 27–30 month child health review was introduced in Scotland in 2013 to promote strong early child development. This exploratory study focuses on the training needs of health visitors to effectively deliver this new assessment. Methods: A survey questionnaire was sent to all health visitors in NHS Lanarkshire (baseline quantifiable data, n=109 of 180). Focus groups (n=27) further explored related issues in detail. Results: Priority areas for training and development included: tools for assessing child development; normal development of the child (in particular vision and hearing); assessing children with long-term conditions; using strength/asset-based approaches; documentation; shared terminology; professional roles; and request-for-assistance pathways. Conclusions: NHS Boards should incorporate these training and development needs for all health visitors.
Mutual face preservation among Asian speakers of English as a Lingua Franca
Authors: Walkinshaw Ian , Kirkpatrick Andy 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This study identifies strategies used by speakers of ELF from Asia-Pacific countries for managing rapport in response to potentially face-threatening utterances in informal, non-hierarchical situations. The analysis, which draws on the Asian Corpus of English (ACE), reveals numerous points of contact with existing studies of English as a lingua franca. Potentially face-threatening utterances were usually – though not always – countered with a move to normalise the flow of conversation and maintain interactional rapport. There was also a preference for safe topics and an avoidance of potentially sensitive ones. Humour and laughter were frequently employed, possibly to signal equanimity with interlocutors. Yet two communicative strategies emerged which appeared to depart from the general pattern of rapport preservation. The first was mock impoliteness, which was possibly employed to signal solidarity with recipients but which risks evaluation as impolite regardless of intentionality. The second was bald on-record contradiction of or counterclaim against potentially face-threatening propositions or assessments. We theorise that these were delivered on-record to facilitate lingua franca communication: speakers avoided using complex or idiomatic language to ensure addressee comprehension, while recipients refrained from making an evaluative judgment of direct disagreement to allow for limitations or idiosyncrasies in their interlocutors' speech.
The Common European Framework of Reference from the perspective of English as a lingua franca: what we can learn from a focus on language regulation
Authors: Hynninen Niina 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This paper discusses the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) in relation to research conducted on English as a lingua franca (ELF). The following aspects will be considered: (a) the native speaker and native language culture foci particularly of the proficiency level descriptors in the CEFR, and why they are conceptually problematic from an ELF perspective, and (b) the ways ELF speakers have been found to regulate language in ELF interaction (e.g., by correcting and commenting on language) and how the regulation can be seen to construct alternative norms for English used in lingua franca settings. The paper seeks answers to McNamara’s (2012) call for articulating the construct of ELF communication in a way that it can act as the focus for the assessment of English. It will be argued that a crucial aspect in reaching this goal is to reconsider some of the fundamental assumptions of language use presented in the CEFR. This includes not only moving beyond native speaker--non-native speaker contacts and the idea of a native speaker target culture, but also moving towards more context-aware assessment criteria, which would be informed by research on language regulatory practices in ELF interaction.
Case innovation and agentive marking: A comparative overview of Central Indo-Aryan
Authors: Phillips Maxwell P. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
A split-ergative construction had developed during the late MIA period (Bubenik 1998; Peterson 1998) in which subjects of perfective transitive clauses were marked ergative by an oblique form, in contrast with the nominative form for non-ergative subjects. Later in the NIA period, most NIA languages (e.g. Urdu/Hindi) developed a postpositional clitic that was added to the oblique suffix, while others (e.g. Sindhi) continued to mark ergative subjects with a generic oblique suffix. This paper focuses on one exceptional case: the Dehwali language of Gujarat. Dehwali has an ergative marker that is a fusional suffix (i.e. layer I – Masica 1991: 231) and appears to inflect to agree in number and gender with the subject it marks.
I will present two possible scenarios as to the origin of the Dehwali ergative marker: that it may be the remnant of an archaic MIA oblique form, or that it may be a more recent innovation as the result of increased contact with neighbouring varieties. Based on theories of grammaticalisation, I argue that the former hypothesis is more likely. These theories show that it is not uncommon for oblique case forms (i.e. ablative; genitive) to carry agentive properties.
Local case semantics in Kalasha
Authors: Heegård Jan 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The article presents a semantic analysis of five local suffixes in the Indo-Aryan language Kalasha (north-west Pakistan): the three locative suffixes -a, -una and -ai and the two ablative suffixes -ani and -aw. It is shown that these suffixes have both spatial and non-spatial functions. In their basic semantics, the five local suffixes differentiate between point-like location, location on a surface and location in a container. In their non-spatial functions they encode in a systematic way differences with respect to dispersion, visibility and referentiality. It is argued that the five local suffixes constitute a closed-set inflectional case paradigm. As a supplementing areal-typological perspective, non-spatial semantics of case markers in neighbouring Hindu Kush languages is included in the analysis.
Validating a Lifestyle Physical Activity Measure for People With Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Bezyak Jill L. , Chan Fong , Chiu Chung-Yi , Kaya Cahit , Huck Garrett 
Published: August 2014

Purpose: To evaluate the measurement structure of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals With Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) as an assessment tool of lifestyle physical activities for people with severe mental illness.Method: A quantitative descriptive research design using factor analysis was employed. A sample of 72 individuals with severe mental illness was used to examine the factorial structure of the PASIPD, which contains 12 items and 5 factors.Results: Principal components analysis results indicate that the 5-factor structure of the PASIPD can be replicated with people with severe mental illness, which include light/moderate recreation and physical activity, housework, vigorous sport and recreation, lawn and garden work, and occupation.Conclusions: The results underscore the importance of increasing lifestyle physical activity levels among this population, which requires increased attention in the development of measurement tools and interventions for these activities.
Haemodynamic and anaesthetic management of patients undergoing endovascular therapy for cerebral vasospasm
Authors: Tan Audrey , Tharmaradinam Suresh , Mariappan Ramamani , Manninen Pirjo , Venkatraghavan Lakshmi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Background: Cerebral vasospasm is a common and devastating complication after a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Current guidelines for treatment recommend hypertension with euvolaemia. Endovascular therapy with cerebral angioplasty and possible administration of intra-arterial vasodilators is indicated in patients who fail medical treatment. The objective of our study was to review the haemodynamic management and anaesthetic care of patients undergoing endovascular therapy for cerebral vasospasm in our institution. Materials and Methods: The medical records of all patients who underwent endovascular therapy for cerebral vasospasm between, April 2006 and September 2012, were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with clinical vasospasm were treated initially by inducing hypertension to systolic pressures of 140 to 170 mmHg; Endovascular treatment was performed, if there was no clinical improvement. Data was collected on blood pressure measurements, anaesthetic management, duration and complications of hypertensive therapy and outcome. The differences in the pre- and post-angioplasty systolic blood pressure were statistically analysed. Results: A total of 45 patients had 47 endovascular interventions, with balloon angioplasty for proximal vessel spasm and 16 (34%) patients had additional intra-arterial injection of a vasodilator agent. Onset of vasospasm was 7 days (range 2-15 days) after SAH. Vasospasm was usually seen in multiple vessels in the same patient regardless of the site of ruptured aneurysm and was present unilaterally in 80% of the patients. All patients had a general anaesthesia for the procedure. Prior to endovascular treatment 68.9% patients required vasopressors, but post angioplasty 93.3% required them. Norepinephrine was the most commonly used (66.2%). Angioplasty was successful in reversing the cerebral vasospasm as assessed by angiography in all patients with no intra-procedure complications. Overall 80% of patients were discharged from hospital to home or to a rehabilitation centre. Conclusion: Cerebral vasospasm affects multiple vessels in the same patient. Despite endovascular therapy being a successful intervention for proximal vessel spasm, most patients still required induced hypertension with even higher levels post angioplasty compared to pre angioplasty.