bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can supervised exercise prevent treatment toxicity in patients with prostate cancer initiating androgen‐deprivation therapy: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Cormie Prue , Galvão Daniel A. , Spry Nigel , Joseph David , Chee Raphael , Taaffe Dennis R. , Chambers Suzanne K. , Newton Robert U. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo determine if supervised exercise minimises treatment toxicity in patients with prostate cancer initiating androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT). This is the first study to date that has investigated the potential role of exercise in preventing ADT toxicity rather than recovering from established toxicities.Patients and MethodsSixty‐three men scheduled to receive ADT were randomly assigned to a 3‐month supervised exercise programme involving aerobic and resistance exercise sessions commenced within 10 days of their first ADT injection (32 men) or usual care (31 men). The primary outcome was body composition (lean and fat mass). Other study outcomes included bone mineral density, physical function, blood biomarkers of chronic disease risk and bone turnover, general and prostate cancer‐specific quality of life, fatigue and psychological distress. Outcomes were compared between groups using analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline values.ResultsCompared to usual care, a 3‐month exercise programme preserved appendicular lean mass (P = 0.019) and prevented gains in whole body fat mass, trunk fat mass and percentage fat with group differences of −1.4 kg (P = 0.001), −0.9 kg (P = 0.008) and −1.3% (P < 0.001), respectively. Significant between‐group differences were also seen favouring the exercise group for cardiovascular fitness (peak oxygen consumption 1.1 mL/kg/min, P = 0.004), muscular strength (4.0–25.9 kg, P ≤ 0.026), lower body function (–1.1 s, P < 0.001), total cholesterol: high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol ratio (–0.52, P = 0.028), sexual function (15.2, P = 0.028), fatigue (3.1, P = 0.042), psychological distress (–2.2, P = 0.045), social functioning (3.8, P = 0.015) and mental health (3.6–3.8, P ≤ 0.022). There were no significant group differences for any other outcomes.ConclusionCommencing a supervised exercise programme involving aerobic and resistance exercise when initiating ADT significantly reduced treatment toxicity, while improving social functioning and mental health. Concurrent prescription of supervised exercise when initiating ADT is therefore advised to minimise morbidity associated with severe hypogonadism.
Novel GPCR paradigms at the μ‐opioid receptor
Authors: Thompson G L , Kelly E , Christopoulos A , Canals M 
Published: January 2014

Opioids, such as morphine, are the most clinically useful class of analgesic drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. However, the use of opioids is greatly limited by the development of severe adverse side effects. Consequently, drug discovery efforts have been directed towards improving the therapeutic profile of opioid‐based treatments. Opioid receptors are members of the family of GPCRs. As such, the recent GPCR paradigms of biased agonism and allosterism may provide novel avenues for more effective analgesics. Biased agonism (or functional selectivity) has been described for all the opioid receptor family members. Furthermore, the first allosteric modulators of opioid receptors have very recently been described. However, identification and quantification of biased agonism in a manner that is informative to medicinal chemists and drug discovery programmes still remains a challenge. In this review, we examine the progress, to date, towards identification and quantification of biased agonism and allosterism at the μ‐opioid receptor in the context of its implications for the discovery of better and safer analgesics.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2
Fertility, Intra‐Generational Redistribution, and Social Security Sustainability
Authors: Hirazawa Makoto , Kitaura Koji , Yakita Akira 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIncorporating heterogeneity in preference to having children into an overlapping generations model of a small open economy, we examine the effects of changes in the size of pay‐as‐you‐go (PAYG) social security on fertility choices of individuals and population growth of the economy. It is shown that PAYG social security will raise population growth by increasing the number of individuals who have children and the number of children parents have if the system involves redistribution between retirees with different contributions, whereas, if it has no redistribution, PAYG social security does not affect the fertility decisions of individuals.
Ownership, Access, and Sequential Investment
Authors: Mai Maxim , Smirnov Vladimir , Wait Andrew 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe extend the property‐rights framework to allow for a separation of the ownership rights of access and veto and for sequential investment. Parties investing first do so before contracting is feasible. It is possible, however, that parties investing second can share (at least some of) their investment costs. Along with this cost‐sharing effect, the incentive to invest is affected by a strategic effect generated by sequential investment. Together these effects can overturn some of the predictions of the property‐rights literature. For example, the most inclusive ownership structure might not be optimal, even if all investments are complementary.
To Ban or Not to Ban: Foreign Lobbying and Cross‐National Externalities
Authors: Aidt Toke S. , Hwang Uk 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper studies the costs and benefits of foreign lobbying. We show how and when foreign lobbying can help internalize cross‐national externalities. We argue that this is an often overlooked benefit of foreign lobbying. We also study under what conditions a constitutional rule banning foreign lobbying is in the national interest of a country. A key factor in this calculus is whether the interests of foreign lobby groups and domestic unorganized groups coincide or not. We illustrate the logic with examples from trade policy and environmental regulation.
Eliciting Maltreated and Nonmaltreated Children's Transgression Disclosures: Narrative Practice Rapport Building and a Putative Confession
Authors: Lyon Thomas D. , Wandrey Lindsay , Ahern Elizabeth , Licht Robyn , Sim Megan P. Y. , Quas Jodi A. 
Published: January 2014

This study tested the effects of narrative practice rapport building (asking open‐ended questions about a neutral event) and a putative confession (telling the child an adult “told me everything that happened and he wants you to tell the truth”) on 4‐ to 9‐year‐old maltreated and nonmaltreated children's reports of an interaction with a stranger who asked them to keep toy breakage a secret (n = 264). Only one third of children who received no interview manipulations disclosed breakage; in response to a putative confession, one half disclosed. Narrative practice rapport building did not affect the likelihood of disclosure. Maltreated children and nonmaltreated children responded similarly to the manipulations. Neither narrative practice rapport building nor a putative confession increased false reports.
Management of colon cancer in the elderly: a population‐based study
Authors: Egenvall M. , Schubert Samuelsson K. , Klarin I. , Lökk J. , Sjövall A. , Martling A. , Gunnarsson U. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimAlthough the median age of patients diagnosed with colon cancer is over 70 years, little is known about specific characteristics and management in the elderly. The aim of this study was to define the characteristics of colon cancer in elderly patients and compare the quality of preoperative assessment and surgery with that of younger patients undergoing surgery for colon cancer.MethodData on 15 255 patients diagnosed with colon cancer between 2007 and 2010 were retrieved from the Swedish National Colon Cancer Register. Of these, 12 959 underwent surgical resection: 6141 were 75 years or older while 6818 were younger. The χ2 test, Mann–Whitney U‐test and univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used for between‐group comparison.ResultsOlder patients were more likely to be female (54% older/48% younger) and have right‐sided cancer (60% older/49% younger). Among patients who underwent resection, the elderly were less often evaluated regarding tumour stage prior to surgery (59% older/65% younger) and they were less often evaluated at a multidisciplinary team conference (26% older/34% younger). Elderly patients more frequently underwent emergency surgery (22% older/19% younger) despite having an earlier cancer stage. When adjusted for stage, fewer elderly patients underwent a radical curative procedure (OR for noncurative resection 1.19; 95% CI 1.06–1.33).ConclusionRoutine management of patients with colon cancer is age‐dependent. Patients aged 75 years and older are less often completely staged and less often evaluated at a multidisciplinary team conference prior to surgery. Adjusted for stage, fewer elderly patients undergo curative resection.
Development and evaluation of a cadaveric training curriculum for low rectal cancer surgery in the English LOREC National Development Programme
Authors: Foster J. D. , Gash K. J. , Carter F. J. , West N. P. , Acheson A. G. , Horgan A. F. , Longman R. J. , Coleman M. G. , Moran B. J. , Francis N. K. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimThe National Development Programme for Low Rectal Cancer in England (LOREC) was commissioned in response to wide variation in the outcome of patients with low rectal cancer. One of the aims of LOREC was to enhance surgical techniques in managing low rectal cancer. This study reports on the development and evaluation of a novel national technical skills cadaveric training curriculum in extralevator abdominoperineal excision.MethodThree sites were commissioned for the cadaveric workshops, each delivering the same training curriculum. Training was undertaken in pairs using a fresh‐frozen cadaveric model under the supervision of expert mentors. Global assessment score (GAS) forms were developed to promote reflective learning. Feedback on the impact of the workshop was obtained from a sample of delegates at the end of the course, and also after 3–23 months via an online questionnaire.ResultsOverall 112 consultant colorectal surgeons attended one of 15 cadaveric technical skills training workshops. Seventy‐six per cent of delegates reported easy identification of anatomy in the cadaveric model; 67% found tissue planes easy to interpret. Ninety‐six per cent of delegates felt the workshop would influence their future practice; 96% reported increased awareness of important anatomy. Only 2% of delegates wished to pursue supplementary formal training from LOREC.ConclusionFresh‐frozen cadavers could provide an effective training model for low rectal surgery. A structured 1‐day cadaveric workshop has facilitated the dissemination of technical skills for management of low rectal cancer. Attending the cadaveric workshop enhanced delegates’ confidence in performing this procedure.
Host ontogeny determines parasitoid use of a forest caterpillar
Authors: Murphy Shannon M. , Stoepler Teresa M. , Grenis Kylee , Lill John T. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFor most organisms, patterns of natural enemy‐mediated mortality change over the course of development. Shifts in enemy pressure are particularly relevant for organisms that exhibit exponential growth during development, such as juvenile insects that increase their mass by several orders of magnitude. As one of the dominant groups of insect herbivores in most terrestrial plant communities, larval lepidopterans (caterpillars) are host to a diverse array of parasitoids. Previous research has described how the frequency of herbivore parasitism varies among host plants or habitats, but much less is known about how parasitism pressure changes during host development. To test whether the two major parasitoid taxa, wasps and flies, differentially attack shared hosts based on host developmental stage, we simultaneously exposed early‐ and late‐instarEuclea delphiniiBoisduval (Lepidoptera:Limacodidae) caterpillars to parasitism in the field. We found strong evidence that parasitoids partition hosts by size; adult female wasps preferentially parasitized small caterpillars, whereas adult female flies preferred to attack large caterpillars. Our results demonstrate that host ontogeny is a major determinant of parasitoid host selection. Documenting how shifts in enemy pressure vary with development is important to understanding both the population biology and evolutionary ecology of prey species and their enemies.
Thrombospondins 1 and 2 are important for afferent synapse formation and function in the inner ear
Authors: Mendus Diana , Sundaresan Srividya , Grillet Nicolas , Wangsawihardja Felix , Leu Rose , Müller Ulrich , Jones Sherri M. , Mustapha Mirna 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThrombospondins (TSPs) constitute a family of secreted extracellular matrix proteins that have been shown to be involved in the formation of synapses in the central nervous system. In this study, we show that TSP1 and TSP2 are expressed in the cochlea, and offer the first description of their putative roles in afferent synapse development and function in the inner ear. We examined mice with deletions of TSP1, TSP2 and both (TSP1/TSP2) for inner ear development and function. Immunostaining for synaptic markers indicated a significant decrease in the number of formed afferent synapses in the cochleae of TSP2 and TSP1/TSP2 knockout (KO) mice at postnatal day (P)29. In functional studies, TSP2 and TSP1/TSP2 KO mice showed elevated auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds as compared with wild‐type littermates, starting at P15, with the most severe phenotype being seen for TSP1/TSP2 KO mice. TSP1/TSP2 KO mice also showed reduced wave I amplitudes of ABRs and vestibular evoked potentials, suggesting synaptic dysfunction in both the auditory and vestibular systems. Whereas ABR thresholds in TSP1 KO mice were relatively unaffected at early ages, TSP1/TSP2 KO mice showed the most severe phenotype among all of the genotypes tested, suggesting functional redundancy between the two genes. On the basis of the above results, we propose that TSPs play an important role in afferent synapse development and function of the inner ear.
Species ecology and the impacts of bioenergy crops: an assessment approach with four example farmland bird species
Authors: Everaars Jeroen , Frank Karin , Huth Andreas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe cultivation of energy crops can cause land‐use conflicts, including loss of biodiversity in farmlands. In our study, we focus on farmland birds and analyse whether the impacts of such bioenergy activities differ for bird species with different ecology. We do this by comparing the impacts on four example species; skylark (Alauda arvensis), yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava), corn bunting (Miliaria calandra) and northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus). We used a spatially explicit ecological model, which combines three simplified crop selection criteria (suitability for nesting, suitability for foraging, spatial heterogeneity) that differ between the selected species. We used the model to investigate change in breeding pair density between a baseline and several bioenergy scenarios that differ in intensity and spatial agglomeration. We subsequently simulated scenarios with potential positive habitat effects (maintenance of 10% set‐aside or 10% alfalfa) as well as spatial effects (increased crop diversity and reduction of field size) as mitigation strategies to increase the breeding pair density. The four species responded to the bioenergy scenarios with a decrease in breeding pair density that can be divided into roughly three levels: strong (skylark), intermediate (yellow wagtail and corn bunting) and no response (northern lapwing). The intensity of the response depended on the bioenergy scenario. The decrease in breeding pair density under the least intensive bioenergy scenario could be fully mitigated for all the considered bird species through 10% set‐aside. However, with increasing dominance or spatial agglomeration of a single energy crop (e.g., maize), impacts cannot or hardly be mitigated and the effectiveness of the mitigation strategies becomes increasingly more dependent on the ecological preferences of the bird species.
Consumer preferences for iced coffee determined by conjoint analysis: an exploratory study with Norwegian consumers
Authors: Asioli Daniele , Næs Tormod , Granli Britt Signe , Lengard Almli Valérie 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThe main aim of this study was to investigate consumer preferences for extrinsic attributes of iced coffee, explore consumers' coffee consumption habits, find new market opportunities and segment consumers based on similar products preferences. A sample of 101 consumers of iced coffee was recruited during 2012 in Norway. Twelve iced coffee products combining different levels of attributes such as coffee type, origin, calories and price were presented on screen and rated according to consumers' willingness to buy (WTB). Mixed model anova, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) were applied to analyse data. Results show that the most preferred products for the consumer sample as a whole were low‐price low‐calorie products, while age has a significant effect on WTB for different iced coffee products. Four different consumer segments based on type of iced coffee and country of production preferences were identified and discussed.
Infiltration and sealing versus fluoride treatment of occlusal caries lesions in primary molar teeth. 2–3 years results
Authors: Bakhshandeh Azam , Ekstrand Kim 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundStudies examining the efficacy of sealing occlusal caries lesions in the primary dentition are limited, and no studies have so far examined the efficacy of infiltrating occlusal lesions on primary molar teeth.ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of infiltrating, sealing, or fluoride varnishing on the occlusal surfaces with initial caries lesions.DesignSplit‐mouth design study was carried out with 50 children aged between 5 and 8 years with three occlusal lesions. After randomization, one lesion was infiltrated with ICON and varnished with Duraphat (I+F), one lesion was sealed with Delton and varnished with Duraphat (S+F), and one lesion only varnished with Duraphat (F).ResultsLesion status could be followed on radiographs on 47 children after 2–3 years (mean=22 months). Seven lesions in the I+F group, 9 lesions in the S+F, and 17 lesions in the F group showed radiographic progression. A significant difference in lesion progression was only found between the I+F‐ and the F group of teeth (P = 0.021).ConclusionsInfiltration and sealing occlusal surfaces with initial caries lesions on primary molar teeth showed a high efficacy in arresting caries progression, significant for the I+F or borderline significant for the S+F compared with the F group.
Bacterial Meningitis After Sinus Surgery in Five Adult Horses
Authors: Bach Fabienne S. , Bodo Gabor , Kuemmerle Jan M. , Bienert‐Zeit Astrid , Hainisch Edmund K. , Simhofer Hubert 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo report meningoencephalitis as a complication after paranasal sinus surgery in 5 horses.Study DesignCase series.AnimalsAdult horses (n = 5).MethodsMedical records (2005–2010) of 5 horses that developed neurologic signs after sinus surgery were reviewed to identify potential risk factors, cause(s), or common pathways for infection.ResultsUnderlying diseases were primary (n = 1) and secondary sinusitis (4) because of apical dental infection (1), sinus cyst (2), or masses in the ethmoturbinate region (2). Horses were treated by conventional surgical approaches and aftercare including repeated sinus lavage. Four horses had undulating pyrexia postoperatively despite antimicrobial therapy. All horses developed neurologic signs, eventually unresponsive to treatment. Suppurative meningoencephalitis was diagnosed macro‐ and/or microscopically on necropsy in all horses.ConclusionMeningitis is a rare but fatal complication after sinus surgery in horses.
In VivoBiomechanical Evaluation of a Novel Angle‐Stable Interlocking Nail Design in a Canine Tibial Fracture Model
Authors: Déjardin Loïc M. , Cabassu Julien B. , Guillou Reunan P. , Villwock Mark , Guiot Laurent P. , Haut Roger C. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo compare clinical outcome and callus biomechanical properties of a novel angle stable interlocking nail (AS‐ILN) and a 6 mm bolted standard ILN (ILN6b) in a canine tibial fracture model.Study designExperimentalin vivostudy.AnimalsPurpose‐bred hounds (n = 11).MethodsA 5 mm mid‐diaphyseal tibial ostectomy was stabilized with an AS‐ILN (n = 6) or an ILN6b (n = 5). Orthopedic examinations and radiographs were performed every other week until clinical union (18 weeks). Paired tibiae were tested in torsion until failure. Callus torsional strength and toughness were statistically compared and failure mode described. Total and cortical callus volumes were computed and statistically compared from CT slices of the original ostectomy gap. Statistical significance was set atP < .05ResultsFrom 4 to 8 weeks, lameness was less pronounced in AS‐ILN than ILN6b dogs (P < .05). Clinical union was reached in all AS‐ILN dogs by 10 weeks and in 3/5 ILN6b dogs at 18 weeks. Callus mechanical properties were significantly greater in AS‐ILN than ILN6b specimens by 77% (failure torque) and 166% (toughness). Failure occurred by acute spiral (control and AS‐ILN) or progressive transverse fractures (ILN6b). Cortical callus volume was 111% greater in AS‐ILN than ILN6b specimens (P < .05).ConclusionsEarlier functional recovery, callus strength and remodeling suggest that the AS‐ILN provides a postoperative biomechanical environment more conducive to bone healing than a comparable standard ILN.
Evaluation of Serum Phosphorylated Neurofilament Subunit NF‐H as a Prognostic Biomarker in Dogs With Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Authors: Nishida Hidetaka , Nakayama Masanari , Tanaka Hiroshi , Kamishina Hiroaki , Izawa Takeshi , Hatoya Shingo , Sugiura Kikuya , Suzuki Yoshihisa , Ide Chizuka , Inaba Toshio 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate whether pNF‐H is a prognostic biomarker of spinal cord injury (SCI) in paraplegic dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH).Study DesignProspective, case‐control clinical studyAnimalsDogs (n = 60) with SCI from IVDH and 6 healthy dogs.MethodsSerum from 60 thoracolumbar IVDH dogs (Grade 4: 22 dogs; Grade 5: 38 dogs) collected 1–3 days after injury, and 6 control dogs, was analyzed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against a phosphorylated form of the high‐molecular‐weight neurofilament subunit NF‐H (pNF‐H). Serum pNF‐H levels were compared between different IVDH grades and their prognostic value was investigated.ResultspNF‐H levels were significantly greater in Grade 5 than Grade 4 dogs. There were significant differences in pNF‐H levels between dogs that regained voluntarily ambulation and those that did not. All 8 dogs that had high pNF‐H levels 1–3 days after injury did not regain the ability to walk after surgery.ConclusionsSerum pNF‐H levels might be a biomarker for predicting prognosis of canine SCI.