bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Material poverty and multiple deprivation in Britain: the distinctiveness of multidimensional assessment
Authors: Hick Rod 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPoverty analysis is currently undergoing a multidimensional turn, increasingly focusing on the many ways in which human life can be impoverished and not just on material poverty. In this paper, we present an analysis of material poverty and multiple deprivation in Britain, which is inspired by the capability approach. We argue that the additional complexity of multidimensional analysis requires that it provides some insight not achieved by a more straightforward approach focusing on material poverty alone. Our findings indicate that whether a multidimensional assessment identifies different people as being in poverty depends on whether our interest is in identifying vulnerable individuals or in identifying vulnerable groups and whether we focus on dimensions in aggregate or disaggregate forms. We find that, although material poverty and multiple deprivation identify very different individuals, they display greater congruence in terms of identifying vulnerable groups, especially where aggregate measures are used.
Steady states with unbounded mass of the Keller–Segel system
Authors: Pistoia Angela , Vaira Giusi 
Published: January 2015

We consider the boundary-value problemwhere Br0 is the ball of radius r0 in ℝN, N ≥ 2, λ > 0 and ν is the outer normal derivative at ∂Br0. This problem is equivalent to the stationary Keller—Segel system from chemotaxis. We show the existence of a solution concentrating at the boundary of the ball as λ goes to 0.
The relationship between school lunch attendance and the food intakes of French schoolchildren aged 3–17 years
Authors: Dubuisson Carine , Lioret Sandrine , Dufour Ariane , Calamassi-Tran Gloria , Volatier Jean-Luc , Lafay Lionel , Turck Dominique 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectiveRecently, school meal composition regulations have been implemented in France in order to improve the nutritional status of children. The present study investigated the link between school lunch attendance and the food intakes of schoolchildren aged 3–17 years.DesignSecond French cross-sectional dietary survey (2006–2007). Eating frequencies were assessed for twenty-four food groups with a 7 d food record. Eating locations were recorded for main meals. Food group intakes at weekday lunches were compared for the school canteen and for other locations. The children’s overall dietary intake was compared based on school lunch attendance.SettingMainland France.SubjectsSchoolchildren aged 3–17 years (n 1068).ResultsLunchtime food intake differed between the school canteen and other locations. Some intakes at school canteens were more in accordance with the regulations (more fruit and vegetables, fish and dairy products, and less sandwiches, soft drinks, chocolate and confectionery), whereas others highlighted needs for improvement (more sweet biscuits and pastries, ice cream and dairy desserts, pizzas and salty pastries). Many of these differences were also observed in the children’s overall diet: children regularly attending school lunches ate more mashed fruit, fish and sweet biscuits or pastries, and less sandwiches and soft drinks. The link between school lunch attendance and overall diet was less pronounced in secondary-school children.ConclusionsSchool canteen attendance is associated with both potentially beneficial and deleterious differences in the lunchtime and overall diets of French children. These findings are important to consider when setting national regulations for school meal composition.
Kantian Moral Striving
Authors: Biss Mavis 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis paper focuses on a single question that highlights some of the most puzzling aspects of Kant’s explanation of the duty of moral self-perfection. What kinds of activity count as striving for purity in one’s disposition to duty, or strength of will? I argue that a dominant strand of Kant’s approach to moral striving does not fit familiar models of striving. I seek to address this problem in a way that avoids the flaws of synchronic and atomistic approaches to moral self-discipline by developing an account of Kantian moral striving as an ongoing contemplative activity complexly engaged with multiple forms of self-knowledge.
Kant’s Mathematical Sublime and the Role of the Infinite: Reply to Crowther
Authors: Smith Simon D. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis paper offers an analysis of Kant’s account of the mathematical sublime with reference to his claim that ‘Nature is thus sublime in those of its appearances the intuition of which brings with them the idea of its infinity’ (CJ, 5: 255). In undertaking this analysis I challenge Paul Crowther’s interpretation of this species of aesthetic experience, and I reject his interpretation as not being reflective of Kant’s actual position. I go on to show that the experience of the mathematical sublime is necessarily connected with the progression of the imagination in its move towards the infinite.
Status functions and institutional facts: reply to Hindriks and Guala
Authors: SEARLE JOHN R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHindriks and Guala (2014) hope to provide a unified account of institutional theory that will combine the accounts of regulative rules, constitutive rules, and equilibria. I argue that only the constitutive rule approach has any possibility of success, and that the other two cannot even pose the right questions, much less answer them. Hindriks and Guala think constitutive rules can be reduced to regulative rules. I argue that their reduction is mistaken. The key to understanding social ontology is understanding status functions.
Taking up space on earth: Theorizing territorial rights, the justification of states and immigration from a global standpoint
Authors: RISSE MATHIAS 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe author’s 2012 bookOn Global Justicegives pride of place to the idea that humanity collectively owns the earth. Independently, there has been a flourishing literature on the justification of rights to territory. Central to this discussion are a Kantian and a Lockean approach. This paper recapitulates the author’s approach to humanity’s collective ownership of the earth and argues that, properly understood, both of those approaches should integrate the global standpoint constituted thereby. However, the goal here is not to amend the Kantian and Lockean approaches to territory, but to refute them. To that end the paper also argues that both approaches endorse an unacceptably strong view of the justifiability of states and should therefore be rejected. The view inOn Global Justiceemerges vindicated, according to which territorial rights, the justification of states and immigration all need to be theorized together, and need to be theorized from a genuinely global standpoint.
Balancing and judicial self-empowerment: A case study on the rise of balancing in the jurisprudence of the German Federal Constitutional Court
Authors: PETERSEN NIELS 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMany critics of the proportionality principle argue that balancing is an instrument of judicial self-empowerment. This contribution argues that the relationship between balancing and judicial power is more complex. Balancing does not necessarily create judicial power, but it presupposes it. This argument is confirmed through a case study of the German Federal Constitutional Court. The analysis shows that the German Constitutional Court was very reluctant to base decisions, in which it overturned legislation, on balancing in the first two and a half decades of its jurisprudence. However, in the late 1970s, once the Court had strengthened its own institutional position, it increasingly relied on balancing when declaring laws as incompatible with the constitution. Then, balancing developed into the predominant argumentation framework of constitutional review that it is today in the Court’s jurisprudence.
Mental health medication and service utilisation before, during and after war: a nested case–control study of exposed and non-exposed general population, ‘at risk’, and severely mentally ill cohorts
Authors: Gelkopf M. , Kodesh A. , Werbeloff N. 
Published: January 2015

Aims.To examine changes in service utilisation before, during and after the 2006 Lebanon War – a 34-day military conflict in northern Israel and Lebanon – among three groups: general population, people ‘at risk’ for depression or anxiety and severely mentally ill individuals. Given that exposure to traumatic events is a pathogenic factor known to cause and exacerbate psychiatric distress and disorder, we hypothesised that healthcare service utilisation would increase in populations exposed to war, especially among more vulnerable populations such as those with mental illness.Method.A nested case–control design was used to examine changes in health care utilisation and use of psychiatric medication as recorded by the databases of Maccabi Healthcare Services (MHS), one of Israel's largest health maintenance organisations (HMOs). Purchases of benzodiazepines, antidepressants and antipsychotic medications were identified from all the medications purchased in pharmacies by MHS members during 2006. Drug consumption data were expressed as defined daily doses (DDDs), summing all DDDs per person per month. Similarly, number of visits to general practitioners (GPs), psychiatrists and Emergency Rooms (ERs) were summed per person per month. Three-way repeated measures ANOVA was used, including the variables time (12 months), region (north/other) and study group.Results.During the war there was a decline in GP visits among people from the general population and people ‘at risk’ for depression/anxiety who resided in northern Israel that was not paralleled among controls. Similarly, in all three study groups, there was a decline in the number of psychiatrist visits during the war among people from northern Israel which did not occur to the same extent in the control group. There were no changes in ER visits or use of psychiatric medication that could be attributed to the war.Conclusions.There is less utilisation of community services at times of war among exposed populations, and there is neither evident compensation in use of emergency services, nor any compensation after the war. This may suggest that if there is an efficient medical and mental health infrastructure, people with or without psychiatric risk factors can tolerate a few weeks of a mass stress event, with no need to expand medical service utilisation. However, service utilisation at times of war may be confounded by other variables and may not serve as a direct measure of increased stress.
Ambient seafloor noise excited by earthquakes in the Nankai subduction zone
Authors: Tonegawa Takashi , Fukao Yoshio , Takahashi Tsutomu , Obana Koichiro , Kodaira Shuichi , Kaneda Yoshiyuki 
Published: January 2015

AbstractExcitations of seismic background noises are mostly related to fluid disturbances in the atmosphere, ocean and the solid Earth. Earthquakes have not been considered as a stationary excitation source because they occur intermittently. Here we report that acoustic-coupled Rayleigh waves (at 0.7–2.0 Hz) travelling in the ocean and marine sediments, retrieved by correlating ambient noise on a hydrophone array deployed through a shallow to deep seafloor (100–4,800 m) across the Nankai Trough, Japan, are incessantly excited by nearby small earthquakes. The observed cross-correlation functions and 2D numerical simulations for wave propagation through a laterally heterogeneous ocean–crust system show that, in a subduction zone, energetic wave sources are located primarily under the seafloor in directions consistent with nearby seismicity, and secondarily in the ocean. Short-period background noise in the ocean–crust system in the Nankai subduction zone is mainly attributed to ocean-acoustic Rayleigh waves of earthquake origin.
Macrotene chromosomes provide insights to a new mechanism of high-order gene amplification in eukaryotes
Authors: Thierry Agnès , Khanna Varun , Créno Sophie , Lafontaine Ingrid , Ma Laurence , Bouchier Christiane , Dujon Bernard 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCopy number variation of chromosomal segments is now recognized as a major source of genetic polymorphism within natural populations of eukaryotes, as well as a possible cause of genetic diseases in humans, including cancer, but its molecular bases remain incompletely understood. In the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a variety of low-order amplifications (segmental duplications) were observed after adaptation to limiting environmental conditions or recovery from gene dosage imbalance, and interpreted in terms of replication-based mechanisms associated or not with homologous recombination. Here we show the emergence of novel high-order amplification structures, with corresponding overexpression of embedded genes, during evolution under favourable growth conditions of severely unfit yeast cells bearing genetically disabled genomes. Such events form massively extended chromosomes, which we propose to call macrotene, whose characteristics suggest the products of intrachromosomal rolling-circle type of replication structures, probably initiated by increased accidental template switches under important cellular stress conditions.
Strong enhancement of photoresponsivity with shrinking the electrodes spacing in few layer GaSe photodetectors
Authors: Cao Yufei , Cai Kaiming , Hu Pingan , Zhao Lixia , Yan Tengfei , Luo Wengang , Zhang Xinhui , Wu Xiaoguang , Wang Kaiyou , Zheng Houzhi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA critical challenge for the integration of optoelectronics is that photodetectors have relatively poor sensitivities at the nanometer scale. Generally, a large electrodes spacing in photodetectors is required to absorb sufficient light to maintain high photoresponsivity and reduce the dark current. However, this will limit the optoelectronic integration density. Through spatially resolved photocurrent investigation, we find that the photocurrent in metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors based on layered GaSe is mainly generated from the region close to the metal-GaSe interface with higher electrical potential. The photoresponsivity monotonically increases with shrinking the spacing distance before the direct tunneling happens, which was significantly enhanced up to 5,000 AW−1 for the bottom Ti/Au contacted device. It is more than 1,700-fold improvement over the previously reported results. The response time of the Ti/Au contacted devices is about 10–20 ms and reduced down to 270 μs for the devices with single layer graphene as metallic electrodes. A theoretical model has been developed to well explain the photoresponsivity for these two types of device configurations. Our findings realize reducing the size and improving the performance of 2D semiconductor based MSM photodetectors simultaneously, which could pave the way for future high density integration of optoelectronics with high performances.
The short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR43 is transcriptionally regulated by XBP1 in human monocytes
Authors: Ang Zhiwei , Er Jun Zhi , Ding Jeak Ling 
Published: January 2015

AbstractG-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) recognizes short chain fatty acids and is implicated in obesity, colitis, asthma and arthritis. Here, we present the first full characterization of the GPR43 promoter and 5′-UTR. 5′-RACE of the GPR43 transcript identified the transcription start site (TSS) and a 124 bp 5′-UTR followed by a 1335 bp intron upstream of the ATG start codon. The sequence spanning -4560 to +68 bp relative to the GPR43 TSS was found to contain strong promoter activity, increasing luciferase reporter expression by >100-fold in U937 monocytes. Stepwise deletions further narrowed the putative GPR43 promoter (−451 to +68). Site-directed mutagenesis identified XBP1 as a core cis element, the mutation of which abrogated transcriptional activity. Mutations of predicted CREB, CHOP, NFAT and STAT5 binding sites, partially reduced promoter activity. ChIP assays confirmed the binding of XBP1 to the endogenous GPR43 promoter. Consistently, GPR43 expression is reduced in monocytes upon siRNA-knockdown of XBP1, while A549 cells overexpressing XBP1 displayed elevated GPR43 levels. Based on its ability to activate XBP1, we predicted and confirmed that TNFα induces GPR43 expression in human monocytes. Altogether, our findings form the basis for strategic modulation of GPR43 expression, with a view to regulate GPR43-associated diseases.
Rationally Designed Peptidomimetic Modulators of Aβ Toxicity in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Rajasekhar K. , Suresh S. N. , Manjithaya Ravi , Govindaraju T. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAlzheimer's disease is one of the devastating illnesses mankind is facing in the 21st century. The main pathogenic event in Alzheimer's disease is believed to be the aggregation of the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides into toxic aggregates. Molecules that interfere with this process may act as therapeutic agents for the treatment of the disease. Use of recognition unit based peptidomimetics as inhibitors are a promising approach, as they exhibit greater protease stability compared to natural peptides. Here, we present peptidomimetic inhibitors of Aβ aggregation designed based on the KLVFF (P1) sequence that is known to bind Aβ aggregates. We improved inhibition efficiency of P1 by introducing multiple hydrogen bond donor-acceptor moieties (thymine/barbiturate) at the N-terminal (P2 and P3) and blood serum stability by modifying the backbone by incorporating sarcosine (N-methylglycine) units at alternate positions (P4 and P5). The peptidomimetics showed moderate to good activity in both inhibition and dissolution of Aβ aggregates as depicted by thioflavin assay, circular dichroism (CD) measurements and microscopy (TEM). The activity of P4 and P5 were studied in a yeast cell model showing Aβ toxicity. P4 and P5 could rescue yeast cells from Aβ toxicity and Aβ aggregates were cleared by the process of autophagy.
Highlighting nonlinear patterns in population genetics datasets
Authors: Alanis-Lobato Gregorio , Cannistraci Carlo Vittorio , Eriksson Anders , Manica Andrea , Ravasi Timothy 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDetecting structure in population genetics and case-control studies is important, as it exposes phenomena such as ecoclines, admixture and stratification. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a linear dimension-reduction technique commonly used for this purpose, but it struggles to reveal complex, nonlinear data patterns. In this paper we introduce non-centred Minimum Curvilinear Embedding (ncMCE), a nonlinear method to overcome this problem. Our analyses show that ncMCE can separate individuals into ethnic groups in cases in which PCA fails to reveal any clear structure. This increased discrimination power arises from ncMCE's ability to better capture the phylogenetic signal in the samples, whereas PCA better reflects their geographic relation. We also demonstrate how ncMCE can discover interesting patterns, even when the data has been poorly pre-processed. The juxtaposition of PCA and ncMCE visualisations provides a new standard of analysis with utility for discovering and validating significant linear/nonlinear complementary patterns in genetic data.
Validity evidence of the Portuguese adaptation of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory / Evidencias de validez de la adaptación portuguesa de la Escala de Sexismo Ambivalente
Authors: Gonçalves Gabriela , Orgambídez-Ramos Alejandro , Giger Jean-Christophe , Santos Joana , Gomes Alexandra 
Published: January 2015

Modern forms of sexism have promoted the development of new scales and evaluation tools. The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) (Glick & Fiske, 1996) aims to assess sexism along two dimensions: hostile sexism and benevolent sexism. The aim of this study is to present evidence of the validity of the factor structure of the Portuguese version of the ASI by analysing its structure and its relationships with neosexism and social dominance. The sample consisted of 446 Portuguese participants (68.6% female) between 17 and 77 years old. Results confirmed the two-factor structure; however, the best fit was registered with a four-factor structure: one hostile factor and three benevolent factors. Both hostile and benevolent sexism were correlated with neosexism and social dominance orientation. Future research should explore the dimensionality of the scale based on a four-dimension structure and its relationship to others sexism issues.
Performance effects of acute β‐alanine induced paresthesia in competitive cyclists
Authors: Bellinger Phillip M. , Minahan Clare L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstractβ‐alanine is a common ingredient in supplements consumed by athletes. Indeed, athletes may believe that the β‐alanine induced paresthesia, experienced shortly after ingestion, is associated with its ergogenic effect despite no scientific mechanism supporting this notion. The present study examined changes in cycling performance under conditions of β‐alanine induced paresthesia. Eight competitive cyclists (VO2max = 61.8 ± 4.2 mL·kg·min−1) performed three practices, one baseline and four experimental trials. The experimental trials comprised a 1‐km cycling time trial under four conditions with varying information (i.e., athlete informed β‐alanine or placebo) and supplement content (athlete received β‐alanine or placebo) delivered to the cyclist: informed β‐alanine/received β‐alanine, informed placebo/received β‐alanine, informed β‐alanine/received placebo and informed placebo/received placebo. Questionnaires were undertaken exploring the cyclists’ experience of the effects of the experimental conditions. A possibly likely increase in mean power was associated with conditions in which β‐alanine was administered (±95% CL: 2.2% ± 4.0%), but these results were inconclusive for performance enhancement (p = 0.32, effect size = 0.18, smallest worthwhile change = 56% beneficial). A possibly harmful effect was observed when cyclists were correctly informed that they had ingested a placebo (–1.0% ± 1.9%). Questionnaire data suggested that β‐alanine ingestion resulted in evident sensory side effects and six cyclists reported placebo effects. Acute ingestion of β‐alanine is not associated with improved 1‐km TT performance in competitive cyclists. These findings are in contrast to the athlete's “belief” as cyclists reported improved energy and the ability to sustain a higher power output under conditions of β‐alanine induced paresthesia.
Sequence-specific cleavage of dsRNA by Mini-III RNase
Authors: Głów Dawid , Pianka Dariusz , Sulej Agata A. , Kozłowski Łukasz P. , Czarnecka Justyna , Chojnowski Grzegorz , Skowronek Krzysztof J. , Bujnicki Janusz M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Ribonucleases (RNases) play a critical role in RNA processing and degradation by hydrolyzing phosphodiester bonds (exo- or endonucleolytically). Many RNases that cut RNA internally exhibit substrate specificity, but their target sites are usually limited to one or a few specific nucleotides in single-stranded RNA and often in a context of a particular three-dimensional structure of the substrate. Thus far, no RNase counterparts of restriction enzymes have been identified which could cleave double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in a sequence-specific manner. Here, we present evidence for a sequence-dependent cleavage of long dsRNA by RNase Mini-III from Bacillus subtilis (BsMiniIII). Analysis of the sites cleaved by this enzyme in limited digest of bacteriophage Φ6 dsRNA led to the identification of a consensus target sequence. We defined nucleotide residues within the preferred cleavage site that affected the efficiency of the cleavage and were essential for the discrimination of cleavable versus non-cleavable dsRNA sequences. We have also determined that the loop α5b-α6, a distinctive structural element in Mini-III RNases, is crucial for the specific cleavage, but not for dsRNA binding. Our results suggest that BsMiniIII may serve as a prototype of a sequence-specific dsRNase that could possibly be used for targeted cleavage of dsRNA.