bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Everyday life classification practices and technologies
Authors: McTavish Jill 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– Through the application of domain-analytic principles, the purpose of this paper is to explore how participants’ understandings of healthy eating are related to their grouping and classification of foods.

Design/methodology/approach
– In total, 30 food-interested people were asked to (1) sort a series of 56 statements about food, health, and eating on a scale from “most disagree” to “most agree”; (2)complete an open card sort of 50 foods; and (3) classify these 50 foods on a scale from “most unhealthy” to “most healthy”. Exercises (1) and (3) involved Q-methodology, which groups people who share similar understandings of a phenomenon.

Findings
– Participants’ understandings of healthy eating – revealed by the first Q-methodology exercise – were related to shared food priorities, values, and beliefs; these understandings were indirectly connected with food identities, which was not expected. This suggests that lay domain knowledge is difficult to capture and must involve other methodologies than those currently employed in domain-analytic research.

Research limitations/implications
– Although a small sample of food-interested people were recruited, the purpose of this study was not to make generalized claims about perspectives on healthy eating, but to explore how domain knowledge is related to everyday organizational processes.

Originality/value
– To “classify” in Library and Information Science (LIS) usually involves an engagement with formally established classification systems. In this paper the author suggests an alternative path for LIS scholars: the investigation of everyday life classification practices. Such an approach has value beyond the idiosyncratic, as the author discusses how these practices can inform LIS researchers’ strategies for augmenting the messages provided by static classification technologies.
Is money laundering an ethical issue?
Authors: Dion Michel 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to describe philosophical positions about money laundering activities, depending on the way one looks at ethics and law.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper analyzes four philosophical positions about money laundering activities, given that one accepts/refuses to make connections between ethics and law. It explores the pitfalls of each philosophical position.

Findings
– The sceptical way (ethical relativism) asserts that there cannot be any intrinsic notion of good/evil. The legally focused way (legal positivism) presupposes that ethics is irrelevant, when lawmakers are doing their job. The distorting way (legal moralism) takes for granted that lawmakers are deciding what is moral/immoral. The ethically focused way (normative ethics) means that ethics say something different than law. Each of the four philosophical positions about money laundering has its own pitfalls.

Practical implications
– The four philosophical positions could influence the way ethical concerns are institutionalized in the organizational setting. Managers could better distinguish ethical discourse and legal/judicial realm. Ethical training sessions could be used to make organizational members circumscribing their moral duties, as to the detection/prevention of money laundering activities. Qualitative surveys could help to better understand if such philosophical positions are relevant for decision-making processes and philosophical questioning about ethical issues.

Originality/value
– The paper addresses the issue of money laundering, from both a legal and moral perspectives. It is at the edge of ethics and philosophy of law.
Money laundering using investment companies
Authors: Naheem Mohammed Ahmad 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to start with the assumption that money laundering through the use of investments will continue to occur and will become increasingly more complex to try and avoid detection. The paper aims to explore some of the theoretical factors that would need to be considered in any risk based framework and also to consider how an empirical model can try and prioritise the information and intelligence gathered through existing beneficial ownership and customer due diligence (CDD) systems.Design/methodology/approach– This paper uses an empirical example of money laundering with investments and highlights the red flag indicators that led to its eventual discovery. The theoretical framework considers the difficulties of information overload and suggests that any empirical model of risk-based assessment would need to be able to discern between the various types of risk information gathered. The paper has developed one empirical model that could be used.Findings– The paper suggests a model that breaks down beneficial ownership and CDD information into three areas: beneficial ownership for all major players, transparency of transactions and accountability of companies involved.Practical implications– The paper has implications for the banking, regulatory and law enforcement sectors working in Anti-Money Laundering (AML).Originality/value– The paper analyses a particular type of money laundering activity which it terms “investment laundering” using an empirical case study. It then develops a new theoretical and empirical risk assessment model to illustrate how risk-based approaches need to be able to discern between the different types of information gathered and the application to overall risk.
Revisiting Buruli ulcer
Authors: Yotsu Rie R. , Murase Chiaki , Sugawara Mariko , Suzuki Koichi , Nakanaga Kazue , Ishii Norihisa , Asiedu Kingsley 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBuruli ulcer (BU), or Mycobacterium ulcerans infection, is a new emerging infectious disease which has been reported in over 33 countries worldwide. It has been noted not only in tropical areas, such as West Africa where it is most endemic, but also in moderate non‐tropical climate areas, including Australia and Japan. Clinical presentation starts with a papule, nodule, plaque or edematous form which eventually leads to extensive skin ulceration. It can affect all age groups, but especially children aged between 5 and 15 years in West Africa. Multiple‐antibiotic treatment has proven effective, and with surgical intervention at times of severity, it is curable. However, if diagnosis and treatment is delayed, those affected may be left with life‐long disabilities. The disease is not yet fully understood, including its route of transmission and pathogenesis. However, due to recent research, several important features of the disease are now being elucidated. Notably, there may be undiagnosed cases in other parts of the world where BU has not yet been reported. Japan exemplifies the finding that awareness among dermatologists plays a key role in BU case detection. So, what about in other countries where a case of BU has never been diagnosed and there is no awareness of the disease among the population or, more importantly, among health professionals? This article will revisit BU, reviewing clinical features as well as the most recent epidemiological and scientific findings of the disease, to raise awareness of BU among dermatologists worldwide.
Agricultural development and the conservation of avian biodiversity on the Eurasian steppes: a comparison of land‐sparing and land‐sharing approaches
Authors: Kamp Johannes , Urazaliev Ruslan , Balmford Andrew , Donald Paul F. , Green Rhys E. , Lamb Anthony J. , Phalan Ben 
Published: September 2015

Summary

The break‐up of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to the abandonment of >40 million ha of cropland, a collapse in livestock numbers and the recovery of depleted biodiversity on the steppe grasslands of Kazakhstan and southern Russia. More recently, large‐scale reclamation of abandoned cropland and intensification of agriculture are observed, highlighting a need for strategies to reconcile agricultural development and biodiversity.

We related bird densities along a land‐use gradient to yield estimates from arable and livestock systems in central Kazakhstan to decide whether a land‐sparing, a land‐sharing or an intermediate strategy would result in the largest benefits for biodiversity.

For ‘loser species’ (whose population size is reduced by farming), land sparing was predicted to support higher total populations of more species than was land sharing, at all production targets. ‘Winners’ (species benefitting from agriculture) profited from land sharing when judged from food energy or protein. Intermediate yields were best for very few species. Heavily grazed steppe grassland was important for several globally threatened and biome‐restricted species.

Government statistics suggested that over 50% of abandoned cropland has been reclaimed since 2000 and crop yields have increased. In the same period, there was significant progress towards the designation of new protected areas, but the total area in Kazakhstan still falls short of the Convention on Biological Diversity's 17% target.

Policy implications. Further increases in agricultural production are likely to reduce populations of most birds, especially if they are achieved by conversion of abandoned cropland, or grassland. Our results suggest that production increases would do least harm if they resulted from increasing the output of existing cropland, using approaches such as snow accumulation, no‐till and more efficient grain harvesting and storage, rather than from further reclamation of abandoned land that is now reverting back to steppe. Production increases should be offset by improved conservation planning through the designation of protected areas on land potentially suitable for cropland expansion.
Dispersal versus environmental filtering in a dynamic system: drivers of vegetation patterns and diversity along stream riparian gradients
Authors: Fraaije Rob G. A. , ter Braak Cajo J. F. , Verduyn Betty , Verhoeven Jos T. A. , Soons Merel B. 
Published: September 2015

Summary

Both environmental filtering and dispersal filtering are known to influence plant species distribution patterns and biodiversity. Particularly in dynamic habitats, however, it remains unclear whether environmental filtering (stimulated by stressful conditions) or dispersal filtering (during recolonization events) dominates in community assembly, or how they interact. Such a fundamental understanding of community assembly is critical to the design of biodiversity conservation and restoration strategies.

Stream riparian zones are species‐rich dynamic habitats. They are characterized by steep hydrological gradients likely to promote environmental filtering, and by spatiotemporal variation in the arrival of propagules likely to promote dispersal filtering. We quantified the contributions of both filters by monitoring natural seed arrival (dispersal filter) and experimentally assessing germination, seedling survival and growth of 17 riparian plant species (environmental filter) along riparian gradients of three lowland streams that were excavated to bare substrate for restoration. Subsequently, we related spatial patterns in each process to species distribution and diversity patterns after 1 and 2 years of succession.

Patterns in initial seed arrival were very clearly reflected in species distribution patterns in the developing vegetation and were more significant than environmental filtering. However, environmental filtering intensified towards the wet end of the riparian gradient, particularly through effects of flooding on survival and growth, which strongly affected community diversity and generated a gradient in the vegetation. Strikingly, patterns in seed arrival foreshadowed the gradient that developed in the vegetation; seeds of species with adult optima at wetter conditions dominated seed arrival at low elevations along the riparian gradient, while seeds of species with drier optima arrived higher up. Despite previous assertions suggesting a dominance of environmental filtering, our results demonstrate that non‐random dispersal may be an important driver of early successional riparian vegetation zonation and biodiversity patterns as well.

Synthesis. Our results demonstrate (and quantify) the strong roles of both environmental and dispersal filtering in determining plant community assemblies in early successional dynamic habitats. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dispersal filtering can already initiate vegetation gradients, a mechanism that may have been overlooked along many environmental gradients where interspecific interactions are (temporarily) reduced.
Misoprostol for primary versus secondary prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: a cluster‐randomised non‐inferiority community trial
Authors: Raghavan S , Geller S , Miller S , Goudar SS , Anger H , Yadavannavar MC , Dabash R , Bidri SR , Gudadinni MR , Udgiri R , Koch AR , Bellad MB , Winikoff B 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo assess whether secondary prevention, which preemptively treats women with above‐average postpartum bleeding, is non‐inferior to universal prophylaxis.DesignA cluster‐randomised non‐inferiority community trial.SettingHealth sub‐centres and home deliveries in the Bijapur district of Karnataka, India.PopulationWomen with low‐risk pregnancies who were eligible for delivery with an Auxiliary Nurse Midwife at home or sub‐centre and who consented to be part of the study.MethodsAuxiliary Nurse Midwifes were randomised to secondary prevention using 800 mcg sublingual misoprostol administered to women with postpartum blood loss ≥350 ml or to universal prophylaxis using 600 mcg oral misoprostol administered to all women during the third stage of labour.Main outcome measuresPostpartum haemoglobin ≤7.8 g/dl, mean postpartum blood loss and postpartum haemoglobin, postpartum haemorrhage rate, transfer to higher‐level facilities, acceptability and feasibility of the intervention.ResultsMisoprostol was administered to 99.7% of women as primary prevention. In secondary prevention, 92 (4.7%) women had postpartum bleeding ≥350 ml, of which 90 (97.8%) received misoprostol. The proportion of women with postpartum haemoglobin ≤7.8 g/dl was 5.9 and 8.8% in secondary and primary prevention clusters, respectively [difference −2.9%, one‐sided 95% confidence interval (CI) <1.3%]. Postpartum transfer and haemorrhage rates were low (<1%) in both groups. Shivering was more common in primary prevention clusters (P = 0.013).ConclusionSecondary prevention of postpartum haemorrhage with misoprostol is non‐inferior to universal prophylaxis based on the primary outcome of postpartum haemoglobin. Secondary prevention could be a good alternative to universal prophylaxis as it medicates fewer women and is an acceptable and feasible strategy at the community level.Tweetable abstractSecondary prevention of postpartum haemorrhage with misoprostol is non‐inferior to universal prophylaxis.
Evaluation of Direct PCR Amplification Using Various Swabs and Washing Reagents
Authors: Altshuler Hallie , Roy Reena 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDNA profiles were generated via direct amplification from blood and saliva samples deposited on various types of swab substrates. Each of the six non‐FTA substrates used in this research was punched with a Harris 1.2 mm puncher. After 0.1 μL of blood or 0.5 μL saliva, samples were deposited on each of these punches, samples were pretreated with one of four buffers and washing reagents. Amplification was performed using direct and nondirect autosomal and Y‐STR kits. Autosomal and Y‐STR profiles were successfully generated from most of these substrates when pretreated with buffer or washing reagents. Concordant profiles were obtained within and between the six substrates, the six amplification kits, and all four reagents. The direct amplification of substrates which do not contain lysing agent would be beneficial to the forensic community as the procedure can be used on evidence samples commonly found at crime scenes.
Influence of Running on Pistol Shot Hit Patterns
Authors: Kerkhoff Wim , Bolck Annabel , Mattijssen Erwin J.A.T. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn shooting scene reconstructions, risk assessment of the situation can be important for the legal system. Shooting accuracy and precision, and thus risk assessment, might be correlated with the shooter's physical movement and experience. The hit patterns of inexperienced and experienced shooters, while shooting stationary (10 shots) and in running motion (10 shots) with a semi‐automatic pistol, were compared visually (with confidence ellipses) and statistically. The results show a significant difference in precision (circumference of the hit patterns) between stationary shots and shots fired in motion for both inexperienced and experienced shooters. The decrease in precision for all shooters was significantly larger in the y‐direction than in the x‐direction. The precision of the experienced shooters is overall better than that of the inexperienced shooters. No significant change in accuracy (shift in the hit pattern center) between stationary shots and shots fired in motion can be seen for all shooters.
Postmortem Aortic Dissection: An Artifact of the Embalming Process
Authors: Rae Guenevere , Husain Mujtaba , McGoey Robin , Swartz William 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAortic dissection (AD) is a serious condition that affects 3/100,000 individuals a year. Recently, a case report was published describing an embalmed patient with an aortic dissection. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of AD among 80 embalmed cadavers and confirm the AD with histopathologic evaluation. In seven cases of grossly identified AD, six were determined to be due to the embalming procedure and only one case of true antemortem AD was confirmed. These results suggest that aortic morphology can be altered by administration of the embalming fluid and that alterations can mimic AD, not only on gross inspection but also on postmortem imaging. Awareness of this embalming artifact may prevent misdiagnosis of an aortic dissection in an embalmed patient, a point particularly useful for autopsy pathology that may include postmortem examination of an embalmed patient.
The Role of the Cost‐of‐Crime Literature in Bridging the Gap Between Social Science Research and Policy Making
Authors: Domínguez Patricio , Raphael Steven 
Published: September 2015

Research SummaryIn this article, we review the theoretical paradigm underlying cost–benefit analysis and address some of the critiques of this framework that have arisen within criminal justice circles and other policy areas. We also review existing studies devoted to estimating the costs of specific crimes. We offer a brief discussion categorizing the alternative costs of crime and the various methodological approaches taken (hedonic analysis, contingent valuation, and accounting methods), with an explicit discussion of the relative strengths and weaknesses of each approach and debates within the economics profession pertaining to these methodologies. We argue that cost considerations broadly defined should be of central importance in criminal justice policy debates. However, we also highlight the potential for cost‐consideration and important equity criteria to come into conflict.Policy ImplicationsPolicy makers should consider careful cost–benefit analysis as an important criterion in criminal justice policy. Given some features of criminal justice policy choices such as the unequal distribution of the costs of criminal victimization, anti‐crime enforcement, and the potential for perceived illegitimacy of the criminal justice system to undermine various public institutions, we argue that equity considerations also deserve careful attention. In practice, we place greater confidence in the use of cost‐of‐crime estimates to judge the relative effectiveness of alternative interventions, and we are cautious regarding policy prescriptions emanating from benefit–cost ratios that are marginally greater than one.
Future Directions for the Global Meat Industry?
Authors: Bansback Bob 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe world meat industry has faced many challenges in recent years yet consumption continues to increase, particularly in emerging and developing countries. There has been substantial consumption growth in China over the past 30 years but only in the last 5 years has this had a major impact on the world meat economy. By 2013, China was easily the world's largest meat importer with increases in consumption outstripping production growth. Other issues currently facing the industry include higher production costs, competition from other proteins, consumer concerns about food safety and animal welfare, and environmental factors. The big challenge for the industry is to meet projected growth in meat consumption with sustainable production growth. Defining and measuring sustainability in meat production is not straightforward and there is a danger that too narrow a definition of sustainability will be used to monitor progress. The industry is capable of reaching sustainable meat consumption targets although the biggest challenges will be in developing and emerging economies. The industry is adopting new technology and using opportunities to add value for example in the marketing and processing of offal and animal by‐products.
Distribution and ecology of lesser pouched rat, Beamys hindei, in Tanzanian coastal forests
Authors: SABUNI Christopher A. , SLUYDTS Vincent , MULUNGU Loth S. , MAGANGA Samwel L.S. , MAKUNDI Rhodes H. , LEIRS Herwig 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe lesser pouched rat, Beamys hindei, is a small rodent that is patchily distributed in the Eastern Arc Mountains and coastal forests in East Africa. The ecology of this species and its current distribution in coastal forests is not well known. Therefore, we conducted a study in selected coastal forests to assess the current distribution of the species and to investigate the population ecology in terms of abundance fluctuations and demographic patterns. Assessments of the species distribution were conducted in 5 forests through trapping with Sherman live traps. Data on ecology were obtained from monthly capture–mark–recapture studies conducted for 5 consecutive nights per month in two 1 ha grids set in Zaraninge Forest over a 2‐year period. The results indicate the presence of B. hindei in 3 forests where it was not previously recorded. The population abundance estimates ranged from 1 to 40 animals per month, with high numbers recorded during rainy seasons. Reproduction patterns and sex ratios did not differ between months. Survival estimates were not influenced by season, and recruitment was low, with growth rate estimates of 1 animal per month. These estimates suggest a stable population of B. hindei in Zaraninge Forest. Further studies are recommended to establish the home range, diet and burrowing behavior of the species in coastal forests in East Africa.