bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of current impact of climate change on life: a walk from genes to the biosphere
Authors: Peñuelas Josep , Sardans Jordi , Estiarte Marc , Ogaya Romà , Carnicer Jofre , Coll Marta , Barbeta Adria , Rivas‐Ubach Albert , Llusià Joan , Garbulsky Martin , Filella Iolanda , Jump Alistair S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe review the evidence of how organisms and populations are currently responding to climate change through phenotypic plasticity, genotypic evolution, changes in distribution and, in some cases, local extinction. Organisms alter their gene expression and metabolism to increase the concentrations of several antistress compounds and to change their physiology, phenology, growth and reproduction in response to climate change. Rapid adaptation and microevolution occur at the population level. Together with these phenotypic and genotypic adaptations, the movement of organisms and the turnover of populations can lead to migration toward habitats with better conditions unless hindered by barriers. Both migration and local extinction of populations have occurred. However, many unknowns for all these processes remain. The roles of phenotypic plasticity and genotypic evolution and their possible trade‐offs and links with population structure warrant further research. The application ofomictechniques to ecological studies will greatly favor this research. It remains poorly understood how climate change will result in asymmetrical responses of species and how it will interact with other increasing global impacts, such as N eutrophication, changes in environmental N : P ratios and species invasion, among many others. The biogeochemical and biophysical feedbacks on climate of all these changes in vegetation are also poorly understood. We here review the evidence of responses to climate change and discuss the perspectives for increasing our knowledge of the interactions between climate change and life.
Effects of grazing on grassland soil carbon: a global review
Authors: McSherry Megan E. , Ritchie Mark E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSoils of grasslands represent a large potential reservoir for storingCO2, but this potential likely depends on how grasslands are managed for large mammal grazing. Previous studies found both strong positive and negative grazing effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) but explanations for this variation are poorly developed. Expanding on previous reviews, we performed a multifactorial meta‐analysis of grazer effects onSOCdensity on 47 independent experimental contrasts from 17 studies. We explicitly tested hypotheses that grazer effects would shift from negative to positive with decreasing precipitation, increasing fineness of soil texture, transition from dominant grass species with C3to C4photosynthesis, and decreasing grazing intensity, after controlling for study duration and sampling depth. The six variables of soil texture, precipitation, grass type, grazing intensity, study duration, and sampling depth explained 85% of a large variation (±150 g m−2 yr−1) in grazing effects, and the best model included significant interactions between precipitation and soil texture (P = 0.002), grass type, and grazing intensity (P = 0.012), and study duration and soil sampling depth (P = 0.020). Specifically, an increase in mean annual precipitation of 600 mm resulted in a 24%decreasein grazer effect size on finer textured soils, while on sandy soils the same increase in precipitation produced a 22%increasein grazer effect onSOC. Increasing grazing intensity increasedSOCby 6–7% on C4‐dominated and C4–C3mixed grasslands, but decreasedSOCby an average 18% in C3‐dominated grasslands. We discovered these patterns despite a lack of studies in natural, wildlife‐dominated ecosystems, and tropical grasslands. Our results, which suggest a future focus on why C3vs. C4‐dominated grasslands differ so strongly in their response ofSOCto grazing, show that grazer effects onSOCare highly context‐specific and imply that grazers in different regions might be managed differently to help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
The role of patients and their relatives in ‘speaking up’ about their own safety – a qualitative study of acute illness
Authors: Rainey Helen , Ehrich Kathryn , Mackintosh Nicola , Sandall Jane 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundPoor recognition of and response to acute illness in hospitalized patients continues to cause significant harm despite the implementation of safety strategies such as early warning scores. Patients and their relatives may be able to contribute to their own safety by speaking up about changes in condition, but little is known about the factors that influence this. This study examined the experiences and views of patients and their relatives to determine the potential for involvement in promoting their own safety.MethodsThis data set is drawn from a wider ethnographic study of the management of the acutely ill patient in hospital. Thirteen patients and seven relatives from two medical settings in two UK NHS Trusts were interviewed. Thematic analysis identified factors likely to influence patients' and their relatives' ability to contribute to the management of deterioration.ResultsAll patients interviewed had experienced their acute illness within the context of a long‐term health problem. Speaking up was influenced by the ability to recognize changes in clinical condition, self‐monitoring, confidence and trust, and culture and system of health care. When patients or relatives did raise concerns, health‐care staff had a mediating effect on their comfort with and the effectiveness of speaking up.ImplicationsSafety strategies based on patient involvement must take account of the complexities of acute illness. Those that promote partnership may be more acceptable to patients, their families and staff than those that promote challenging behaviour and may ultimately prove to be most safe and effective.
Predictive factors for pulp necrosis in traumatized primary incisors: a longitudinal study
Authors: Aldrigui Janaina Merli , Cadioli Isabela Caparelli , Mendes Fausto Medeiros , Antunes José Leopoldo Ferreira , Wanderley Marcia Turolla 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess factors associated with occurrence of pulp necrosis (PN) in traumatized primary incisors, which may contribute to the prognosis of this outcome.DesignData were collected by single examiner through the analysis of clinical files of traumatized patients. The occurrence of PN in traumatized teeth was the evaluated outcome. Poisson regression analysis was applied to calculate the relative risk (RR) and the respective 95% confidence interval.ResultsFive hundred and twenty‐one files were assessed, summing up 727 traumatized primary incisors. The proportion of teeth affected by PN was 23.8%. Multiple regression analysis indicated the following factors as positively associated with PN: trauma with displacement, pulp exposure fracture, self‐report of pain, yellow, grey and brown crown discoloration, internal root resorption, and bone loss. Trauma in 4‐ to 5‐year old and more than 5‐year‐old children, pulp canal obliteration, and external root resorption with bone formation were negatively associated with PN.ConclusionsTeeth that suffered more aggressive injuries, pain, some types of discoloration, and other radiographic findings (for instance, internal root resorption) are positively associated with the occurrence of PN. On the other hand, trauma in older children, canal obliteration, or external resorption show less probability of PN.
Cutaneous scrotal metastasis: origins and clinical characteristics of visceral malignancies that metastasize to the scrotum
Authors: Hoyt Brian S. , Cohen Philip R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCutaneous metastases occur in about 10% of patients with cancer, occasionally presenting as the initial sign of internal malignancy. Most often cutaneous metastases are an indicator of advanced cancer and are associated with a poor prognosis. The scrotum is a rare site of cutaneous metastasis, and metastatic tumor to the scrotum can be mistaken for other skin lesions. We reviewed the published literature regarding patients who developed cutaneous metastasis to the scrotum. We summarized the clinical characteristics of these men, including primary tumor sites, age at diagnosis, treatment regimens, interval between diagnosis of primary tumor and subsequent metastasis, and outcomes. We extensively searched the PubMed medical database for papers on visceral malignancies with metastasis to the scrotum. We limited our definition to solid organ tumors; thus lymphomas, sarcomas, and melanomas of the scrotum were excluded. We identified 29 patients who developed scrotal metastases from visceral cancers. The colon/rectum (34%), prostate (28%), and lung (14%) were the most frequent sites of tumor origin. The prognosis for these patients is poor: mean patient survival was only four months after diagnosis of metastatic skin lesions. Cutaneous metastasis to the scrotum is a rare manifestation of internal malignancies that most often represents an advanced and/or progressive cancer associated with a poor prognosis. Treatment is often unsuccessful, and the mean patient survival following scrotal metastasis is <4 months.
Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in sub‐Saharan Africa: a multicentric study in four countries
Authors: Saka Bayaki , Barro‐Traoré Fatou , Atadokpédé Felix A. , Kobangue Léon , Niamba Pascal Antoine , Adégbidi Hugues , Yedomon Hubert G. , Traoré Adama , Pitché Vincent P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to document the clinical profile, etiologies, and outcomes of Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in hospitals in four sub‐Saharan African countries.Patients and methodsA retrospective study on cases of SJS/TEN treated in dermatology departments and/or intensive care units in four sub‐Saharan African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, and Togo) from 2000 to 2010. The study focuses on variables such as age, sex, type of SJS/TEN, epidermal detachment of the skin surface, HIV status, drug(s) involved, and outcomes (death and sequelae).ResultsThis study identified 177 cases of SJS/TEN from 2000 to 2010: 129 with SJS; 37 TEN; and 11 overlapping SJS/TEN. The average age of patients was 32.3 ± 15.4 years, and the sex ratio (M/F) was 0.6. HIV serology was positive in 69 (54.8%) of the 126 patients tested. Antibacterial sulfonamides (38.4%) were the most commonly used drugs followed by nevirapine (19.8%) and tuberculosis drugs (5.6%). We recorded 22 deaths (i.e. six cases of SJS, 15 of TEN, and one of overlapping SJS/TEN). Of the 22 patients who died, 16 were infected with HIV; among them, seven had an opportunistic infection (four cases of cerebral toxoplasmosis and three of pulmonary tuberculosis). Twenty‐seven cases of sequelae were noted with a large part of eye complications.ConclusionThis study has highlighted: (i) the high proportion of patients infected with HIV among patients who had SJS/TEN in sub‐Saharan Africa; (ii) the high frequency of antiretroviral drugs as new SJS/TEN causes in sub‐Saharan Africa; and (iii) the impact of HIV infection on morbidity and mortality of these affections.
Treatment of a relapsing facial pyoderma gangrenosum (malignant pyoderma)
Authors: Mantovani Lucia , Zauli Stefania , Sarno Oriele , Querzoli Patrizia , Corazza Monica , Virgili Annarosa 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA case of rapidly relapsing pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) of the left preauricular area with no undermined borders is described. This might be considered a case of malignant pyoderma (PM), a rare variety of PG. Five months after complete healing obtained with systemic corticosteroids, the preauricular lesion of PG relapsed. As retreatment with oral methylprednisolone induced glucose intolerance and high arterial pressure, sulfa drugs were initially employed with a transitory recovery of the skin lesion. A successive prolonged course with minocycline induced a new complete resolution. To date, at six months' follow‐up, the patient is relapse‐free. This case confirms that sulfa drugs and minocycline may also be considered alternative therapies in PM. PM is a variety of PG characterized by specific morphological features, a higher tendency to relapse, and poor responsiveness to treatment.
Generalized anxiety disorder, subthreshold anxiety and anxiety symptoms in primary headache
Authors: Lucchetti Giancarlo , Peres Mario F. P. , Lucchetti Alessandra L. G. , Mercante Juliane P. P. , Guendler Vera Z. , Zukerman Eliova 
Published: January 2013

AimsThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between generalized anxiety disorder, subthreshold anxiety (SubAnx) and anxiety symptoms in the prevalence of primary headache.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study evaluated 383 people from a Brazilian low‐income community. One‐year prevalence rates of migraine, chronic migraine and tension‐type headache were calculated. Anxiety symptoms were then separated into the following groups (based on DSM‐IV criteria): no anxiety criteria; one anxiety criterion; two anxiety criteria; and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The control group (no headaches) was compared with headache sufferers for each anxiety group using an adjusted model controlled for confounding factors.ResultsGAD was present in 37.0% of participants and SubAnx in 16.6%. Those with SubAnx had a 2.28‐fold increased chance of having migraine; 3.83‐fold increased chance of having chronic migraine, a 5.94‐fold increased chance of having tension‐type headache and a 3.27‐fold increased chance of having overall headache. Some anxiety criteria (irritability, difficulty with sleep, concentration problems, muscle tension and fatigue) had similar prevalence to International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD‐II) headache criteria such as unilateral pain and nausea for migraine and chronic migraine.ConclusionHeadache sufferers seem to have a high prevalence of anxiety symptoms and SubAnx. In addition, the presence of two or more anxiety criteria (not necessarily fulfilling all the criteria for GAD) was associated with having a headache disorder.
Price Discovery in the Treasury‐Bill When‐Issued Market
Authors: Mercer Jeffrey M. , Moore Mark E. , Whitby Ryan J. , Winters Drew B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhen‐issued (i.e., forward) trading in T‐bills yet to be auctioned provides a unique environment for examining price discovery. Because T‐bills are auctioned in a sealed‐bid process, when‐issued traders cannot observe the spot market price. Yet the forward price must ultimately converge on the auction outcome price. Our results indicate that traders in the when‐issued market “discover” the ultimate auction price. Little evidence is found that standard order flow variables contribute to price discovery. Instead, the ability to observe a few trades with relatively small volume in the when‐issued market is sufficient to discover the auction price resulting from the sealed‐bid process.
Outcome favorability as a boundary condition to voice effect on people's reactions to public policymaking
Authors: Wu Xuan‐Na , Wang Er‐Ping 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRegarding people's reactions to public policymaking, an organizational justice framework has been introduced. Although these studies showed a link between fairness perceptions and attitudes toward public policy and authority, results concerning more behavioral consequences and the moderation of outcome favorability are less clear. The present research explored the voice effect on people's reactions to public policymaking, as well as outcome favorability as a boundary condition to it. Two different settings and use of different designs (a scenario and an experiment) yielded convergent results that people's reactions to public policymaking were more favorable when they had voice than they did not and outcome favorability moderated the voice effect. More precisely, the voice effect was stronger when the outcome was unfavorable than favorable.
Shocks and social protection in the Horn of Africa: analysis from the Productive Safety Net programme in Ethiopia
Authors: Béné Christophe , Devereux Stephen , Sabates‐Wheeler Rachel 
Published: January 2013

SummaryUsing panel data from the Ethiopian Productive Safety Net Program, this paper explores the degree to which this social protection programme has been successful in protecting its beneficiaries against the various shocks that have affected the Horn of Africa in the recent past. The analysis suggests that although the PSNP has managed to improve households’ food security and wellbeing, the positive effects of the programme are not robust enough to shield recipients completely against the impacts of severe shocks.
MDGS 2.0: What Goals, Targets, and Timeframe?
Authors: Karver Jonathan , Kenny Charles , Sumner Andy 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are widely cited as the primary yardstick against which advances in international development efforts are to be judged. At the same time, the Goals will be met or missed by 2015. It is not too early to start asking what's next? This paper builds on a discussion that has already begun to address potential approaches, goals, and target indicators to help inform the process of developing a second generation of MDGs or ‘MDGs 2.0.’ The paper outlines potential goal areas based on the original Millennium Declaration, the timeframe for any MDGs 2.0 and attempts to calculate some reasonable targets associated with those goal areas.
What Next for Power Analysis? A Review of Recent Experience with the Powercube and Related Frameworks
Authors: Pantazidou Maro 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe Working Paper aims to contribute to a growing pool of experience of applying power analysis for improving social activism and organisational practice. Over the last decade, an increasing number of practitioners, researchers, NGOs, trusts and development agencies have introduced power frameworks and methods of power analysis into processes of context analysis, programme development and monitoring and evaluation. Power has been examined and addressed in relation to a vast range of development, human rights and social justice issues from women's empowerment to economic justice and from local governance to HIV/AIDS. Power analysis processes have taken place from the UK to Colombia and from Indonesia to Sierra Leone with much innovation in methods and approaches for introducing ways of examining power with community members, grassroots leaders, NGO staff and donors.This practice paper brings together in a single review documented experiences of applying power analysis for social change. The paper draws emerging lessons from this growing stream of practice by looking across the actors, organisations and methodologies involved in power analysis in a diverse range of contexts and issues. It reviews a significant number of case studies, reports and other documents with particular emphasis on the Powercube framework and related concepts, and provides reflections on the usefulness of these power frameworks and concepts in relation to four areas of application: 1) context analysis; 2) strategy and action; 3) monitoring and evaluation; and 4) facilitation and learning. It further aims to facilitate learning and sharing both between experienced practitioners and new‐ comers to power analysis and to this end, it provides an annotated list and table of all documents reviewed. Finally, the paper highlights some challenges lying ahead for power analysis and invites the reader to contest emerging lessons and embark on new explorations from which more nuanced and contextualised reflections will emerge.
Reduced noradrenaline, but not dopamine and serotonin in motor thalamus of the MPTP primate: relation to severity of Parkinsonism
Authors: Pifl Christian , Hornykiewicz Oleh , Blesa Javier , Adánez Rebeca , Cavada Carmen , Obeso José A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe recently found severe noradrenaline deficits throughout the thalamus of patients with Parkinson's disease [C. Pifl, S. J. Kish and O. Hornykiewicz Mov Disord. 27, 2012, 1618.]. As this noradrenaline loss was especially severe in nuclei of the motor thalamus normally transmitting basal ganglia motor output to the cortex, we hypothesized that this noradrenaline loss aggravates the motor disorder of Parkinson's disease. Here, we analysed noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in motor (ventrolateral and ventroanterior) and non‐motor (mediodorsal, centromedian, ventroposterior lateral and reticular) thalamic nuclei in MPTP‐treated monkeys who were always asymptomatic; who recovered from mild parkinsonism; and monkeys with stable, either moderate or severe parkinsonism. We found that only the symptomatic parkinsonian animals had significant noradrenaline losses specifically in the motor thalamus, with the ventroanterior motor nucleus being affected only in the severe parkinsonian animals. In contrast, the striatal dopamine loss was identical in both the mild and severe symptom groups. MPTP‐treatment had no significant effect on noradrenaline in non‐motor thalamic nuclei or dopamine and serotonin in any thalamic subregion. We conclude that in the MPTP primate model, loss of noradrenaline in the motor thalamus may also contribute to the clinical expression of the parkinsonian motor disorder, corroborating experimentally our hypothesis on the role of thalamic noradrenaline deficit in Parkinson's disease.
Permissive role of Cdc2 activity induced from astrocytes in neurite outgrowth
Authors: Chang In Ae , Kwon Ku‐Birm , Park Yang‐Chun , Namgung Uk 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFollowing spinal cord injury, glial cells are recognized as major environmental factors hampering axon's regenerative responses. However, recent studies suggested that, in certain circumstances, reactive astrocytes may have a permissive role for axonal regeneration and functional recovery. Here, we report that Cdc2 activation in astrocytes is positively linked to axon growth. Cdc2 was strongly, but transiently, induced from reactive astrocytes within and around the injury cavity. Cdc2 levels in primary, non‐neuronal cells prepared from injured spinal cord were up‐regulated by extending the pre‐injury period. Cdc2‐mediated vimentin phosphorylation was strongly induced in astrocytes after long‐term culture (7 days, LTC) as compared with short‐term culture (3 days, STC). Induction levels of phospho‐vimentin in LTC astrocytes were positively associated with increased neurite outgrowth in co‐cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. β3 integrin mRNA was induced in LTC astrocytes and activation of β3 integrin was regulated by Cdc2 activity. Furthermore, genetic depletion and pharmacological blockade experiments demonstrate that activation of Cdc2 and β3 integrin in LTC astrocytes is required for neurite outgrowth. Our data suggest that the Cdc2 pathway may play an important role in determining phenotypic expression of astrocytes such that astrocytes provide permissive environments for axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury.