bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ELF awareness as an opportunity for change: a transformative perspective for ESOL teacher education
Authors: Sifakis Nicos C. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The paper discusses the challenges and opportunities that the English as a lingua franca (ELF) paradigm raises for ESOL teacher education. I argue that one of the prominent implications of the ELF paradigm for ESOL teachers is the need to review and ultimately change their convictions about key aspects of foreign language teaching, such as normativity, the role of native/non-native speakers, and the function of teacher feedback in the foreign language classroom. I review evidence from the ELF literature that supports such a perspective and discuss the kind of reflective reviewing that teachers need to engage in. I argue that, while the critical approach is certainly the right way to go, it is not enough. What is necessary is a more rigorous approach that would go beyond merely exposing teachers to the principles and criteria of ELF and prompt them to critically consider and ultimately transform their deeper convictions about these issues. I present a framework for such a transformative perspective that aims at educating the ELF-aware teacher.
Explanatory strategies in university courses taught in ELF
Authors: Gotti Maurizio 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
In the last few years many universities have internationalised their courses by offering them in English. Very often the lecturers remain the local ones, who adopt English as a means of instruction although they are not native speakers of that language. In many cases the teaching of such courses is assigned to foreign lecturers, who are not chosen specifically for their language competence but rather according to their expertise in the subject they are supposed to be teaching. As they are taught in English, these courses attract many students from other countries. The result is a typical ELF situation in which most lecturers and students – although they are not native speakers of English – use this language as a common means of communication and instruction.
The present paper examines communicative interactions taking place in such contexts. The data are taken from “international” courses on specialised disciplines offered by the University of Bergamo, recorded and transcribed according to the conventions adopted in the compilation of the ELFA Corpus (Mauranen et al. 2010). In particular, the first part of the paper examines the most common strategies employed by lecturers to explain the main specialised terms and technical concepts concerning the specific courses they are teaching, as well as those adopted to overcome the difficulties of comprehension experienced by their students. The second part of the paper takes into consideration the cooperative work carried out by both learners and teachers in the explanation/comprehension of specific topics in order to facilitate the achievement of the teaching/learning objectives of the courses.
EFL and ELF college students' perceptions toward Englishes
Authors: Tsou Wenli , Chen Fay 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) is today a research area which has attracted a lot of attention. This paper builds on recent research in this field and explores Taiwanese English as a foreign language (EFL) and international students' (FLF) perceptions toward Englishes. The participants were (i) EFL sophomores who took college English courses (n = 1965) and (ii) ELF graduate students in an international MBA (IMBA) program (n = 97) in Taiwan. Comparing the survey results enables the researchers to investigate English learning perceptions between undergraduate students, who learn English as a foreign language, and IMBA students, who study in ELF classrooms and use English for academic learning to communicate with instructors and fellow students. In addition to survey, interview data were collected from 13 ELF students so that qualitative data were available for analysis. The result of this study suggests the need to reformulate English education in Taiwan so that English becomes an effective tool for learning and communication in academic ELF settings. This will involve raising awareness of English varieties, fostering cross-cultural understanding, and developing accommodation strategies to facilitate international communication.
Grammaticalization of reciprocal pronouns in Indo-Aryan: Evidence from Sanskrit and Indo-European for a diachronic typology of reciprocal constructions
Authors: Kulikov Leonid 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This paper focuses on the evolution of the Old Indo-Aryan reciprocal pronoun anyo'nya- as well as some related forms, tracing its grammaticalization from the early Vedic period onwards until the beginning of the Middle Indic period. On the basis of a comparison of the history of this formation with similar processes documented in some other Indo-European branches (Greek, Slavic etc.), I uncover some basic mechanisms and scenarios of the evolution of reciprocal constructions attested in the history of Indo-Aryan languages in a diachronic typological context, offering a number of typological generalizations on the diachrony of reciprocals.
Preparation and characterization of nano biphasic calcium phosphate/poly-L-lactide composite scaffold
Authors: Yang Weizhong , Yi Yong , Ma Yuan , Zhang Li , Gu Jianwen , Zhou Dali 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Nano biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) particles were synthesized using the sol-gel method. As-prepared BCP particles were combined with poly-L-lactide (PLLA) to fabricate nano-BCP/PLLA composite scaffold through a series of processing steps containing solvent self-diffusion, hot-pressing, and particulate leaching. The composite had a suitable porous structure for bone tissue engineering scaffold. In comparison, micro-BCP/PLLA scaffold was studied as well. Nano-BCP particles were distributed homogeneously in the PLLA matrix, and much more tiny crystallites exposed on the surface of the pore wall. Due to the finer inorganic particle distribution in the PLLA phase and the larger area of the bioactive phase exposed in the pore wall surface, nano-BCP/PLLA scaffold had enhanced compressive strength, good bioactivity, and superior cell viability. A nonstoichiometric apatite layer could be rapidly formed on the surface of nano- BCP/PLLA when soaked in simulated body fluid. The MG-63 cell viability of nano-BCP/PLLA scaffold is significantly higher than that of micro-BCP/PLLA scaffold. Therefore, nano-BCP/PLLA composite may be a suitable alternative for bone tissue engineering scaffold.
Gas Turbine Fault Diagnosis Using Probabilistic Neural Networks
Authors: Loboda Igor , Olivares Robles Miguel Angel 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEfficiency of gas turbine monitoring systems primarily depends on the accuracy of employed algorithms, in particular, pattern classification techniques for diagnosing gas path faults. In recent investigations many techniques have been applied to classify gas path faults, but recommendations for selecting the best technique for real monitoring systems are still insufficient and often contradictory. In our previous work, three classification techniques were compared under different conditions of gas turbine diagnosis. The comparative analysis has shown that all these techniques yield practically the same accuracy for each comparison case. The present contribution considers a new classification technique, Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN), and we compare it with the techniques previously examined. The results for all comparison cases show that the PNN is not inferior to the other techniques. We recommend choosing the PNN for real monitoring systems because it has an important advantage of providing confidence estimation for every diagnostic decision made.
Neurosurgery and pregnancy
Authors: Subramanian Rajkumar , Sardar Arijit , Mohanaselvi S. , Khanna Puneet , Baidya Dalim 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPregnant patients rarely present with neurosurgical emergencies, but can cause significant morbidity and mortality to the mother and the foetus. Physiological changes of pregnancy in relevance to neurosurgery, effects of anaesthetic agents on the foetus, common neurosurgical emergencies, and anaesthetic implications both from obstetric and neurosurgical point of view are discussed in this review.
Comparison of bupivacaine and bupivacaine plus magnesium sulphate infiltration for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy: A prospective randomised double-blinded controlled study
Authors: Donadi Praveen , Moningi Srilata , Gopinath Ramachandran 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackground: Laminectomy is associated with considerable postoperative pain. Providing analgesia locally in the area of surgical trauma, with minimal systemic side effects, is an attractive option and has become an integral part of multimodal analgesia. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the effectiveness and safety of local infiltration of bupivacaine and bupivacaine plus magnesium sulphate for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy. Materials and Methods: Sixty adult patients of the American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) class 1 and 2 were randomly allocated into two groups, comprising 30 patients in each group. After the completion of lumbar laminectomy, the study drug was locally infiltrated into the paravertebral muscles on either side. Group bupivacaine with magnesium (BM) was given 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with 500 mg of magnesium sulphate (constituted with normal saline); and Group bupivacaine (B) was given 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine constituted with normal saline. Postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours; rescue analgesia, the time to first analgesic consumption, degree of overall patient satisfaction and side effects were recorded. Comparison of continuous data between groups was done using independent T-test. Comparison of nominal data was done using Chi-square analysis and ordinal data using Mann-Whitney test. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Time to first analgesic consumption was significantly longer in BM group (7.78 ± 1.350 hours) compared to B group (4.62 ± 0.997 hours) (P < 0.0001). The consumption of Tramadol was significantly higher in B group (202.5 ± 76.9 mg) compared to BM (117.5 ± 63.4 mg) (P < 0.0001). The degree of overall satisfaction with postoperative pain management on a 4-point satisfaction scale was better in BM group (2.77 ± 0.626) compared to B group (2.0 ± 0.587) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Wound infiltration with bupivacaine and magnesium sulphate provided better pain control and analgesic effect was more significant, providing effective and safe postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing laminectomy surgeries.
Periodic Solutions of Almost Linear Volterra Integro-dynamic Equations on Periodic Time Scales
Authors: Raffoul Youssef N. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractUsing Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem, we deduce the existence of periodic solutions of nonlinear system of integro-dynamic equations on periodic time scales. These equations are studied under a set of assumptions on the functions involved in the equations. The equations will be called almost linear when these assumptions hold. The results of this paper are new for the continuous and discrete time scales.
Onafhankelijkheid vs. Accountability: de casus van de nieuwe EU financiële toezichthouders
Authors: Scholten M. 
Published: August 2014

Samenvatting
Dit artikel analyseert de onafhankelijkheid en accountability van de nieuwe EU financiële agentschappen (EBA, EIOPA en ESMA). Het behandelt eerst de de jure institutionele, persoonlijke en financiële elementen van de onafhankelijkheids- en accountability arrangementen van de nieuwe agentschappen en laat zien dat zowel hun onafhankelijkheid als accountability versterkt is in vergelijking met die van hun voorgangers, de zogenoemde Lamfalussy-comités. Verder wordt een aantal punten met betrekking tot de de facto onafhankelijkheid en accountability van EU-agentschappen besproken. Het artikel sluit af met een aantal lessen die uit de EU-ervaring getrokken kunnen worden. Het biedt daarmee nuttige inzichten aan nationale wetgevers die zich met het ‘onafhankelijkheid vs. accountability’-dilemma geconfronteerd zien.
Early Childhood Screen Use Contexts and Cognitive and Psychosocial Outcomes
Authors: Mallawaarachchi Sumudu , Burley Jade , Mavilidi Myrto , Howard Steven J. , Straker Leon , Kervin Lisa , Staton Sally , Hayes Nicole , Machell Amanda , Torjinski Marina , Brady Brodie , Thomas George , Horwood Sharon , White Sonia L. J. , Zabatiero Juliana , Rivera Clara , Cliff Dylan 
Published: August 2024

ImportanceThe multifaceted nature of screen use has been largely overlooked in favor of a simplistic unidimensional measure of overall screen time when evaluating the benefits and risks of screen use to early childhood development.ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine associations of screen use contexts in early childhood with cognitive and psychosocial outcomes.Data SourcesPsycINFO, Embase, MEDLINE Ovid, ProQuest, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception to December 31, 2023.Study SelectionA total of 7441 studies were initially identified. Studies were included if they examined associations between a contextual factor of screen use among children aged 0 to 5.99 years and cognitive or psychosocial development. Observational, experimental, and randomized clinical trial study designs were included.Data Extraction and SynthesisAll studies were independently screened in duplicate following PRISMA guidelines. Effect sizes of associations (r) from observational studies were pooled using random-effects 3-level meta-analyses. The remaining study designs were narratively synthesized.Main Outcomes and MeasuresScreen use contexts included content (child directed and age inappropriate), type (program viewing and game or app use), co-use (or solo use), background television, caregiver screen use during child routines, and purpose. Outcomes were cognitive (executive functioning, language, and academic skills) or psychosocial (internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and socioemotional competence).ResultsOverall, 100 studies (176 742 participants) were included, and of these, 64 observational studies (pooled sample sizes ranging from 711 to 69 232) were included in meta-analyses. Program viewing (n = 14; k = 48; r, −0.16; 95% CI, −0.24 to −0.08) and background television (n = 8; k = 18; r, −0.10; 95% CI, −0.18 to −0.02) were negatively associated with cognitive outcomes, while program viewing (n = 6; k = 31; r, −0.04; 95% CI, −0.07 to −0.01), age-inappropriate content (n = 9; k = 36; r, −0.11; 95% CI, −0.17 to −0.04), and caregiver screen use during routines (n = 6; k = 14; r, −0.11; 95% CI, −0.20 to −0.03) were negatively associated with psychosocial outcomes. Co-use was positively associated with cognitive outcomes (n = 8; k = 28; r, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.25).Conclusions and RelevanceFindings show small to moderate effect sizes that highlight the need to consider screen use contexts when making recommendations for families, clinicians, and educators beyond screen time limits; including encouraging intentional and productive screen use, age-appropriate content, and co-use with caregivers.
Effect of Shared Decision‐Making on Trust in Physicians in the Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Trust Measurement for Physicians and Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Yoshimi Ryusuke , Yajima Nobuyuki , Hidekawa Chiharu , Sakurai Natsuki , Oguro Nao , Shidahara Kenta , Hayashi Keigo , Ichikawa Takanori , Kishida Dai , Miyawaki Yoshia , Sada Ken‐ei , Shimojima Yasuhiro , Ishikawa Yuichi , Yoshioka Yuji , Kunishita Yosuke , Kishimoto Daiga , Takase‐Minegishi Kaoru , Kirino Yohei , Ohno Shigeru , Kurita Noriaki , Nakajima Hideaki 
Published: August 2024

ObjectiveFew studies have explored whether the involvement of patients in shared decision‐making (SDM) is beneficial to the management of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between patient participation in SDM and their trust in physicians using data from the Trust Measurement in Physicians and Patients With SLE (TRUMP2‐SLE) study.MethodsData regarding the nine‐item Japanese version of the Shared Decision‐Making Questionnaire (SDM‐Q‐9) scores, Trust in Physician Scale (TIPS) scores, and Abbreviated Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale (A‐WFPTS) scores for interpersonal trust in a physician and trust in the medical profession were collected from patients with SLE who visited the outpatient clinics of five facilities in Japan through a self‐administered questionnaire. The relationships among these scores were analyzed by general linear models with cluster‐robust variance.ResultsThis study included 433 patients with SLE. The median baseline TIPS and A‐WFPTS (attending physician version) scores were 82 (73–93) and 80 (70–95), respectively. A higher baseline SDM‐Q‐9 score was correlated with an increase in the TIPS score at one year (coefficient per 10‐point [pt] increase, 0.94 pts, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.16–1.72). A higher baseline SDM‐Q‐9 score was correlated with a higher A‐WFPTS score for interpersonal trust (coefficient per 10‐pt increase, 2.20 pts, 95% CI 1.44–2.96). The baseline SDM‐Q‐9 score was also correlated with an increase in the general physician version of the A‐WFPTS score at one year (coefficient per 10‐pt increase, 1.29 pts, 95% CI 0.41–2.18).ConclusionEngagement of patients with SLE in SDM elevates their trust in the attending physicians and health care providers, potentially enhancing doctor–patient relationships and overall health care trust.
Transparent Perovskite Wafers via Nanocrystals Ordered Coalescence Toward Sensitive and Stable X‐Ray Detection and Imaging
Authors: Tan Wenyan , Xiao Yingrui , Zhou Chao , Jin Xi , Zhu Siyuan , Han Mingyue , Tang Zhaoheng , Zhang Yu , Su Zhenhuang , Chen Tongsheng , Chen Qi , Liang Qijie , Chen Weiqiang , Jiang Yan 
Published: August 2024

AbstractMetal halide perovskite wafers have shown significant potential in large‐area X‐ray detection and imaging. However, a distinct difference in optical transparency between state‐of‐the‐art perovskite wafers and single crystals indicates the inferior crystal quality of perovskite wafers, which limits the performance and stability of wafer‐based X‐ray detectors. Here, nano‐sized MAPbBr3 powders are utilized to fabricate dense perovskite wafers by low‐temperature hot‐pressing with high transparency above 60% within the 552–800 nm wavelength range. Adjacent nanocrystals assemble following the ordered coalescence mechanism, resulting in the exclusion of nanoscopic pores and crystallographic reorientation. The transparent MAPbBr3 wafer‐based detectors achieve an impressively high X‐ray sensitivity of 1.14 × 105 µC Gyair−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 149 nGyair s−1, which is superior to opaque MAPbBr3 wafer detectors (5.64 × 104 µC Gyair−1 cm−2 and 316.7 nGyair s−1) and comparable to MAPbBr3 single‐crystal detectors. Moreover, the detectors demonstrate high uniformity and outstanding stability under continuous X‐ray irradiation of a total dose of up to 5.9 Gyair, equaling to 29 500 times posteroanterior chest examinations. The high sensitivity and low detection limit of the detectors lead to clear X‐ray imaging performance.
Insulating Polymer Mediated Stability and Photovoltaic Performance of Organic Solar Cells: Influence of Molecular Weight
Authors: Xia Weiyi , Zhou Bojun , Wang Liang , Guo Chuanhang , Zhou Jinpeng , Cheng Jingchao , Sun Wei , Chen Chen , Gan Zirui , Li Wei , Liu Dan , Wang Tao 
Published: August 2024

AbstractInsulating polymers are promising components for constructing high performance organic solar cells (OSCs) due to their advantages including low cost, excellent mechanical properties, and feasibility in morphology modulation. However, few studies have been conducted on the effect of molecular weight of insulating polymers on the performance of the corresponding OSCs. In this work, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) with different molecular weight (named as PMMAL and PMMAH) are incorporated into a range of polymer:nonfullerene photovoltaic systems. It is found that although both PMMAL and PMMAH can suppress the energetic disorder and the nonradiative energy loss, and lead to enhanced open‐circuit voltage in their corresponding OSCs, distinct mechanical property, operational stability as well as photovoltaic performance are observed. PMMAL can modulate the molecular packing of the host components more effectively due to its superior chain segment mobility during the film‐forming process, which can drive the host components to form more ordered molecular packing and therefore superior photovoltaic performance. On the other hand, due to the better miscibility of PMMAH with the host system, especially the C5‐16 acceptor, PMMAH can be well dispersed in the host and form a stable framework that provides superior mechanical properties and operational stability.
A Self‐Assembled Hybrid Electrode with Efficient Tandem Electrochemistry for Dissolution‐Shielding, Ultrafast‐Charging, and Record‐Lifespan Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Ming , Chen Minfeng , Lai Mengnan , Chen Hongli , Wang Yanyi , Zhu Jianhui , Ma Dingtao , Sun Lingna , Mi Hongwei , He Chuanxin , Chen Jizhang , Zhang Peixin 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe design of electrode compatible with wide‐temperature, fast‐charging, and long‐lifespan aqueous zinc‐ion batteries is a great challenge that urgently needs addressing. However, the mismatch between runaway host dissolution and high interfacial hydrophilicity within electrode is a contradictory problem that restricts their electrochemical performance. In this report, take the typical vanadium diselendie (VSe2) host for example, by employing the natural polymer bacterial cellulose (BC) as the multifunctional mediator, a design paradigm of self‐assembly hybrid electrode with efficient tandem electrochemistry is presented. Theoretical and experimental research confirmed that such BC‐mediated hybrid structure exhibits multiple functions to well balance the cathode dissolution and storage kinetics. Impressively, such an electrode displayed an excellent rate capability (1–50 A g−1), and an unexpected record‐lifespan of 45 000 cycles. Beyond that, it also shows a good temperature‐tolerance ability, remaining the high specific capacities of 120 and 288 mAh g−1 (at 10 A g−1) after 3000 cycles at −25 and 50 °C, respectively. Note that such approach is also applicable to the high‐voltage platform MnO2 and I2 hosts, demonstrating its potential for universality. This discovery can provide a new design principle of robust electrode for advanced aqueous zinc‐ion batteries.