bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Definition of Primary and Secondary Glioblastoma
Authors: Ohgaki Hiroko , Kleihues Paul 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant brain tumor. The vast majority of glioblastomas (∼90%) develop rapidly de novo in elderly patients, without clinical or histologic evidence of a less malignant precursor lesion (primary glioblastomas). Secondary glioblastomas progress from low-grade diffuse astrocytoma or anaplastic astrocytoma. They manifest in younger patients, have a lesser degree of necrosis, are preferentially located in the frontal lobe, and carry a significantly better prognosis. Histologically, primary and secondary glioblastomas are largely indistinguishable, but they differ in their genetic and epigenetic profiles. Decisive genetic signposts of secondary glioblastoma are IDH1 mutations, which are absent in primary glioblastomas and which are associated with a hypermethylation phenotype. IDH1 mutations are the earliest detectable genetic alteration in precursor low-grade diffuse astrocytomas and in oligodendrogliomas, indicating that these tumors are derived from neural precursor cells that differ from those of primary glioblastomas. In this review, we summarize epidemiologic, clinical, histopathologic, genetic, and expression features of primary and secondary glioblastomas and the biologic consequences of IDH1 mutations. We conclude that this genetic alteration is a definitive diagnostic molecular marker of secondary glioblastomas and more reliable and objective than clinical criteria. Despite a similar histologic appearance, primary and secondary glioblastomas are distinct tumor entities that originate from different precursor cells and may require different therapeutic approaches. Clin Cancer Res; 19(4); 764–72. ©2012 AACR.
Simulation and Dynamical Prediction of the Summer Asian–Pacific Oscillation and Associated Climate Anomalies by the NCEP CFSv2
Authors: Chen Junming , Zhao Ping , Yang Song , Liu Ge , Zhou Xiuji 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO) is a dominant teleconnection pattern linking the climate anomalies over Asia, the North Pacific, and other regions including North America. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) successfully simulates many summer-mean features of the upper-tropospheric temperature, the South Asian high, the westerly and easterly jet streams, and the regional monsoons over Asia and Africa. It also well simulates the interannual variability of the APO and associated anomalies in atmospheric circulation, precipitation, surface air temperature (SAT), and sea surface temperature (SST). Associated with a positive APO are a strengthened South Asian high; a weakened extratropical upper-tropospheric westerly jet stream over North America; strengthened subtropical anticyclones over the Northern Hemisphere oceans; and strengthened monsoons over North Africa, India, and East Asia. Meanwhile, increased precipitation is found over tropical North Africa, South Asia, northern China, and tropical South America; decreased precipitation is seen over subtropical North Africa, the Middle East, central Asia, southern China, Japan, and extratropical North America. Low SAT occurs in North Africa, India, and tropical South America and high SAT appears in extratropical Eurasia and North America. SST increases in the extratropical Pacific and the North Atlantic but decreases in the tropical Pacific. The summer APO and many of the associated climate anomalies can be predicted by the NCEP CFSv2 by up to 5 months in advance. However, the CFSv2 skill of predicting the SAT in the East Asian monsoon region is low.
Greenland Ice Sheet Mass Balance Reconstruction. Part I: Net Snow Accumulation (1600–2009)
Authors: Box Jason E. , Cressie Noel , Bromwich David H. , Jung Ji-Hoon , van den Broeke Michiel , van Angelen J. H. , Forster Richard R. , Miège Clement , Mosley-Thompson Ellen , Vinther Bo , McConnell Joseph R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Ice core data are combined with Regional Atmospheric Climate Model version 2 (RACMO2) output (1958–2010) to develop a reconstruction of Greenland ice sheet net snow accumulation rate, Ât(G), spanning the years 1600–2009. Regression parameters from regional climate model (RCM) output regressed on 86 ice cores are used with available cores in a given year resulting in the reconstructed values. Each core site’s residual variance is used to inversely weight the cores’ respective contributions. The interannual amplitude of the reconstructed accumulation rate is damped by the regressions and is thus calibrated to match that of the RCM data. Uncertainty and significance of changes is measured using statistical models.
A 12% or 86 Gt yr−1 increase in ice sheet accumulation rate is found from the end of the Little Ice Age in ~1840 to the last decade of the reconstruction. This 1840–1996 trend is 30% higher than that of 1600–2009, suggesting an accelerating accumulation rate. The correlation of Ât(G) with the average surface air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere (SATNHt) remains positive through time, while the correlation of Ât(G) with local near-surface air temperatures or North Atlantic sea surface temperatures is inconsistent, suggesting a hemispheric-scale climate connection. An annual sensitivity of Ât(G) to SATNHt of 6.8% K−1 or 51 Gt K−1 is found.
The reconstuction, Ât(G), correlates consistently highly with the North Atlantic Oscillation index. However, at the 11-yr time scale, the sign of this correlation flips four times in the 1870–2005 period.
Performance Evaluation of a New Dual-Polarization Microphysical Algorithm Based on Long-Term X-Band Radar and Disdrometer Observations
Authors: Anagnostou Marios N. , Kalogiros John , Marzano Frank S. , Anagnostou Emmanouil N. , Montopoli Mario , Piccioti Errico 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAccurate estimation of precipitation at high spatial and temporal resolution of weather radars is an open problem in hydrometeorological applications. The use of dual polarization gives the advantage of multiparameter measurements using orthogonal polarization states. These measurements carry significant information, useful for estimating rain-path signal attenuation, drop size distribution (DSD), and rainfall rate. This study evaluates a new self-consistent with optimal parameterization attenuation correction and rain microphysics estimation algorithm (named SCOP-ME). Long-term X-band dual-polarization measurements and disdrometer DSD parameter data, acquired in Athens, Greece, have been used to quantitatively and qualitatively compare SCOP-ME retrievals of median volume diameter D0 and intercept parameter NW with two existing rain microphysical estimation algorithms and the SCOP-ME retrievals of rain rate with three available radar rainfall estimation algorithms. Error statistics for rain rate estimation, in terms of relative mean and root-mean-square error and efficiency, show that the SCOP-ME has low relative error if compared to the other three methods, which systematically underestimate rainfall. The SCOP-ME rain microphysics algorithm also shows a lower relative error statistic when compared to the other two microphysical algorithms. However, measurement noise or other signal degradation effects can significantly affect the estimation of the DSD intercept parameter from the three different algorithms used in this study. Rainfall rate estimates with SCOP-ME mostly depend on the median volume diameter, which is estimated much more efficiently than the intercept parameter. Comparisons based on the long-term dataset are relatively insensitive to path-integrated attenuation variability and rainfall rates, providing relatively accurate retrievals of the DSD parameters when compared to the other two algorithms.
Wintertime Water Mass Modification near an Antarctic Ice Front
Authors: Årthun Marius , Nicholls Keith W. , Boehme Lars 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Under ice measurements by seals carrying a miniaturized conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) instrument fill an important gap in existing observations. Here the authors present data from an instrumented Weddell seal that spent eight consecutive months (February–September) foraging in close proximity to the Filchner Ice Shelf, thus providing detailed information about the evolution of mixed layer hydrography during the austral autumn and winter. The resultant time series of hydrography shows strong seasonal water mass modification, dominated by an upper-ocean (0–300 m) salinity increase of 0.31, corresponding to 3.1 m sea ice growth, and the development of a 500-m thick winter mixed layer. Observations furthermore highlight a gradual salinity increase in a slow (3–5 cm s−1) southward flow on the continental shelf, toward the site, and suggest that the inferred ice production is better considered as a regional average rather than being purely local. No clear seasonality is observed in the properties of the underlying Ice Shelf Water.
Quality Control of Accumulated Fields by Applying Spatial and Temporal Constraints
Authors: Lakshmanan Valliappa , Miller Madison , Smith Travis 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Accumulating gridded fields over time greatly magnifies the impact of impulse noise in the individual grids. A quality control method that takes advantage of spatial and temporal coherence can reduce the impact of such noise in accumulation grids. Such a method can be implemented using the image processing techniques of hysteresis and multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT). These steps are described in this paper, and the method is applied to simulated data to quantify the improvements and to explain the effect of various parameters. Finally, the quality control technique is applied to some illustrative real-world datasets.
Should long-acting (depot) antipsychotics be used in early schizophrenia? A systematic review
Authors: Taylor Mark , Ng Ka Ying Bonnie 
Published: December 2012

Background: The relapse rate after a first episode of schizophrenia is high, often due to non-adherence with medication. Long-acting injections of antipsychotics (LAI) are used to promote adherence to medication. Objective: To review the literature on the use of LAIs in first-episode and early schizophrenia. Method: A systematic electronic search of all original data containing peer-reviewed studies published in English using EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane and PsychINFO from the onset of records. Reference lists from retrieved articles were examined for further relevant studies. Results: Ten studies were identified: two cohort studies; three randomised controlled trials; and five open studies. These studies, although limited, demonstrated the effectiveness of LAI in early schizophrenia. Seven of the 10 studies had risperidone long-acting injection as the only LAI. Conclusion: LAIs may be useful in the treatment of early schizophrenia in terms of symptom control and relapse reduction, particularly if chosen by the patient or when medication adherence is a priority. There is a need for a large-scale, randomised controlled trial comparing oral and LAI antipsychotics to assess long-term outcomes.
Symptom prevalence, severity and palliative care needs assessment using the Palliative Outcome Scale: A cross-sectional study of patients with Parkinson’s disease and related neurological conditions
Authors: Saleem Tariq Z , Higginson Irene J , Chaudhuri K Ray , Martin Anne , Burman Rachel , Leigh P Nigel 
Published: December 2012

Background: Palliative care is rarely being offered to patients with Parkinson’s disease. Aim: To assess symptom prevalence, severity and palliative care needs in advanced stages of Parkinsonism. Design: A cross-sectional survey using a palliative care assessment tool, the Palliative Outcome Scale was administered to patients. Setting/participants: Eight-two patients with a diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, multiple systems atrophy or progressive supranuclear palsy were included in the study. Results: Their mean age and disease stages 3–5 Hoehn and Yahr were 67 years and 4.1, respectively. Patients reported a mean of 10.7 (standard deviation = 3.9) physical symptoms. Over 80% had pain, fatigue, day time somnolence and problems with mobility. Other symptoms in 50%–80% included constipation, loss of bladder control, swallowing difficulties, drooling, breathlessness and sleep problems. Symptoms rated as causing severe problems were pain, fatigue, constipation and drooling. Assessment of mood revealed 70% of the patients felt anxiety and 60% had felt depressed. Eight-five per cent felt their families were anxious or worried about them. Thirty-eight per cent would have liked more information and 42% had practical problems that still needed to be addressed. There was a positive correlation between number of symptoms and disease severity ( r = 0.39, p = 0.01). The total mean Palliative Outcome Scale score was 13.6 (standard deviation = 6.1), suggesting moderate palliative care needs. Conclusion: This is the first study to describe the care needs of people with Parkinson’s disease using the Palliative Outcome Scale tool. The burden of symptoms and concerns was high in advanced stages of disease. It might be appropriate that people severely affected by these conditions should be considered for referral to specialist palliative care services.
Red ear syndrome: A review of all published cases (1996–2010)
Authors: Ryan Suzanne , Wakerley Benjamin R , Davies Paul 
Published: December 2012

Background Red ear syndrome is characterised by episodic unilateral erythema of the ear associated with pain and burning sensation. Patients and methods We describe the case of a young woman with daily, frequent, recurrent episodes of red ear syndrome in the absence of any structural lesions, primary headache disorder or obvious triggers. We review all previously described cases and discuss postulated mechanisms for this syndrome. Conclusions The exact cause of this rare headache disorder remains unknown and treatment options vary considerably.
Redefining Rural Marketing: Insights from Touring Theatre
Authors: Walmsley Ben 
Published: December 2012

There remains little academic consensus on a definition of rural marketing, and as a concept, rural marketing has therefore struggled to establish its own vocabulary and ideas. Modi (2009) argues that rural marketing should be defined in terms of the impact it has on the developmental of rural people. This article builds on this developmental concept of rural marketing by exploring the touring theatre sector and illustrating how theatre spaces and audiences differ fundamentally in urban and rural communities. The article reviews the literature on rural touring theatre and applies it to rural marketing. It also analyses the results of audience questionnaires and a series of audience interviews carried out with rural theatre-goers in the Scottish Highlands and Islands. The article illustrates how the definition of rural marketing can be further developed by analysing audience reactions to rural theatre and reviewing case studies of best practice for marketing touring theatre productions. This primary and secondary research reveals the tangible benefits of authentic rural marketing and confirms Modi’s (2009) contention that successful rural marketing should have a positive impact on rural people. The article concludes that touring arts organizations and rural marketers working in other sectors should adjust their marketing strategies and activities to communicate more authentically and effectively with rural audiences. Finally, it uses the insights gained from touring theatre to propose a new definition of rural marketing.
Transcriptional repression of VEGF by ZNF24: mechanistic studies and vascular consequences in vivo
Authors: Jia Di , Hasso Sean M. , Chan Joanne , Filingeri Domenic , D'Amore Patricia A. , Rice Lori , Pampo Christine , Siemann Dietmar W. , Zurakowski David , Rodig Scott J. , Moses Marsha A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
VEGF is a key regulator of normal and pathologic angiogenesis. Although many trans-activating factors of VEGF have been described, the transcriptional repression of VEGF remains much less understood. We have previously reported the identification of a SCAN domain–containing C2H2 zinc finger protein, ZNF24, that represses the transcription of VEGF. In the present study, we identify the mechanism by which ZNF24 represses VEGF transcription. Using reporter gene and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we identify an 11-bp fragment of the proximal VEGF promoter as the ZNF24-binding site that is essential for ZNF24-mediated repression. We demonstrate in 2 in vivo models the potent inhibitory effect of ZNF24 on the vasculature. Expression of human ZNF24 induced in vivo vascular defects consistent with those induced by VEGF knockdown using a transgenic zebrafish model. These defects could be rescued by VEGF overexpression. Overexpression of ZNF24 in human breast cancer cells also inhibited tumor angiogenesis in an in vivo tumor model. Analyses of human breast cancer tissues showed that ZNF24 and VEGF levels were inversely correlated in malignant compared with normal tissues. These data demonstrate that ZNF24 represses VEGF transcription through direct binding to an 11-bp fragment of the VEGF proximal promoter and that it functions as a negative regulator of tumor growth by inhibiting angiogenesis.
Cell proliferation is necessary for the regeneration of oral structures in the anthozoan cnidarian Nematostella vectensis
Authors: Passamaneck Yale J , Martindale Mark Q 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Background
The contribution of cell proliferation to regeneration varies greatly between different metazoan models. Planarians rely on pluripotent neoblasts and amphibian limb regeneration depends upon formation of a proliferative blastema, while regeneration in Hydra can occur in the absence of cell proliferation. Recently, the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis has shown potential as a model for studies of regeneration because of the ability to conduct comparative studies of patterning during embryonic development, asexual reproduction, and regeneration. The present study investigates the pattern of cell proliferation during the regeneration of oral structures and the role of cell proliferation in this process.

Results
In intact polyps, cell proliferation is observed in both ectodermal and endodermal tissues throughout the entire oral-aboral axis, including in the tentacles and physa. Following bisection, there is initially little change in proliferation at the wound site of the aboral fragment, however, beginning 18 to 24 hours after amputation there is a dramatic increase in cell proliferation at the wound site in the aboral fragment. This elevated level of proliferation is maintained throughout the course or regeneration of oral structures, including the tentacles, the mouth, and the pharynx. Treatments with the cell proliferation inhibitors hydroxyurea and nocodazole demonstrate that cell proliferation is indispensable for the regeneration of oral structures. Although inhibition of regeneration by nocodazole was generally irreversible, secondary amputation reinitiates cell proliferation and regeneration.

Conclusions
The study has found that high levels of cell proliferation characterize the regeneration of oral structures in Nematostella, and that this cell proliferation is necessary for the proper progression of regeneration. Thus, while cell proliferation contributes to regeneration of oral structures in both Nematostella and Hydra, Nematostella lacks the ability to undergo the compensatory morphallactic mode of regeneration that characterizes Hydra. Our results are consistent with amputation activating a quiescent population of mitotically competent stem cells in spatial proximity to the wound site, which form the regenerated structures.
Alterations in epidermal growth factor receptors 1 and 2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Gonzaga Isabela Martins , Soares-Lima Sheila Coelho , de Santos Paulo Thiago Souza , Blanco Tania Cristina Moita , de Reis Bruno Souza Bianchi , Quintella Danielle Carvalho , de Oliveira Ivanir Martins , de Faria Paulo Antonio Silvestre , Kruel Cleber Dario Pinto , Andreollo Nelson Adami , de Simão Tatiana Almeida , Pinto Luis Felipe Ribeiro 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundEsophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) shows a 5-year survival rate below 10%, demonstrating the urgency in improving its treatment. Alterations in epidermal growth factor receptors are closely related to malignancy transformation in a number of tumors and recent successful targeted therapies have been directed to these molecules. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the expression of EGFR and HER2 and evaluatedEGFRmutation profile as well as the presence of mutations in hotspots ofKRASandBRAFin ESCC patients.MethodsWe performed RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry and Fluorescentin situhybridization to determine EGFR and HER2 expression in ESCC patients, and direct sequencing and PCR-RFLP for mutations and polymorphism analysis.ResultsOur results showed an increasedEGFRmRNA expression in tumors compared to surrounding tissue (p <0.05), with 11% of the cases presenting at least a four-fold difference between tumor and paired adjacent mucosa. EGFR protein overexpression was present only in 4% of the cases. The median expression ofHER2mRNA was not different between tumors and adjacent mucosa. Still, 7% of the tumors presented at least a 25-fold higher expression of this gene when compared to its paired counterpart. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that 21% of the tumors were positive for HER2 (scores 2+ and 3+), although only 3+ tumors presented amplification of this gene. Mutation analysis forEGFR(exons 18-21),KRAS(codons 12 and 13) andBRAF(V600E) showed no mutations in any of the hotspots of these genes in almost 100 patients analyzed.EGFRpresented synonymous polymorphisms at codon 836 (C>T) in 2.1% of the patients, and at codon 787 (G>A) in 79.2% of the cases. This last polymorphism was also evaluated in 304 healthy controls, which presented a similar frequency (73.7%) in comparison with ESCC patients. The absence of mutations ofEGFR,KRASandBRAFas well as the overexpression of EGFR and HER2 in less than 10% of the patients suggest that this signaling pathway is altered in only a small proportion of patients with ESCC.ConclusionHER receptors target therapies may have the potential to be effective in only a minor fraction of patients with ESCC.
Effects of fish oil supplementation on inflammatory acne
Authors: Khayef Golandam , Young Julia , Burns-Whitmore Bonny , Spalding Thomas 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Background
Given that acne is a rare condition in societies with higher consumption of omega-3 (n-3) relative to omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids, supplementation with n-3 may suppress inflammatory cytokine production and thereby reduce acne severity.

Methods
13 individuals with inflammatory acne were given three grams of fish oil containing 930 mg of EPA to their unchanged diet and existing acne remedies for 12 weeks. Acne was assessed using an overall severity grading scale, total inflammatory lesion counts, and colorimetry.

Findings
There was no significant change in acne grading and inflammatory counts at week 12 compared to baseline. However, there was a broad range of response to the intervention on an individual basis. The results showed that acne severity improved in 8 individuals, worsened in 4, and remained unchanged in 1. Interestingly, among the individuals who showed improvement, 7 were classified as having moderate to severe acne at baseline, while 3 of the 4 whose acne deteriorated were classified as having mild acne.

Conclusion
There is some evidence that fish oil supplementation is associated with an improvement in overall acne severity, especially for individuals with moderate to severe acne. Divergent responses to fish oil in our pilot study indicates that dietary and supplemental lipids are worthy of further investigation in acne.