bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Can the Study of Genetics Offer to Educators?
Authors: Thomas Michael S. C. , Kovas Yulia , Meaburn Emma L. , Tolmie Andrew 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThis article explores the potential contribution of modern genetic methods and findings to education. It is familiar to hear that the “gene” for this or that behavior has been discovered, or that certain skills are “highly heritable.” Can this help educators? To explore this question, we describe the methods used to relate genetic variation to individual differences in high‐level behaviors such as academic skills and educational achievement. These methods include twin studies and genome‐wide association studies. We address the key question of what genetic data imply about the ability of educators to optimize educational outcomes for children across the range of abilities.
Moving Educational Psychology Into the Home: The Case of Reading
Authors: Willingham Daniel T. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTPublic policy meant to improve educational outcomes has focused on within‐school factors, even though it is known that factors within the home influence these outcomes more. This article suggests that some aspects of academic work are well enough understood that researchers can offer advice as to changes that parents might make in the home, so as to improve children's academic performance. Reading is taken as a sample case, and research is reviewed with an eye toward home‐based practices to improve decoding, comprehension, and motivation.
Analogical Reasoning in the Classroom: Insights From Cognitive Science
Authors: Vendetti Michael S. , Matlen Bryan J. , Richland Lindsey E. , Bunge Silvia A. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTApplying knowledge from one context to another is a notoriously difficult problem, both for children and adults, but lies at the heart of educational endeavors. Analogical reasoning is a cognitive underpinning of the ability to notice and draw similarities across contexts. Reasoning by analogy is especially challenging for students, who must transfer in the context‐rich and often high‐pressure settings of classrooms. In this brief article, we explore how best to facilitate children's analogical reasoning, with the aim of providing practical suggestions for classroom instruction. We first discuss what is known about the development and neurological underpinnings of analogical reasoning, and then review research directly relevant to supporting analogical reasoning in classroom contexts. We conclude with concrete suggestions for educators that may foster their students' spontaneous analogical reasoning and thereby enhance scholastic achievement.
Effects of Citrus Flavonoids Against Microvascular Damage Induced by Hypoperfusion and Reperfusion in Rat Pial Circulation
Authors: Mastantuono Teresa , Battiloro Laura , Sabatino Lina , Chiurazzi Martina , Di Maro Martina , Muscariello Espedita , Colantuoni Antonio , Lapi Dominga 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to investigate the in vivo protective effects of hesperidin or diosmin or apigenin on damage induced by transient BCCAO and reperfusion.MethodsRat pial microcirculation was observed through a closed cranial window, using fluorescence microscopy. Pial arterioles were classified in five orders according to the Strahler's method.ResultsAfter 30 BCCAO and 60 minutes reperfusion, rats showed decreased arteriolar diameter, microvascular leakage, leukocyte adhesion, and reduction in capillary perfusion. Hesperidin and diosmin abolished the reduction in arteriolar diameter, while higher dose apigenin induced dilation by 21.7 ± 2.0% in order three arterioles RE. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition attenuated significantly hesperidin or diosmin or apigenin's effects on arteriolar diameter. Moreover, all these substances reduced microvascular leakage as well as leukocyte adhesion in dose‐related manner, while capillary perfusion was protected. Furthermore, reduction in infarcted area and decrease in ROS production were observed.ConclusionsHesperidin, diosmin, and apigenin showed dose‐related protective effects on hypoperfusion–reperfusion injury, causing nitric oxide release and attenuating tissue edema and leukocyte adhesion.
ON “THE ROLE OF PARENTS IN THE ONTOGENY OF ACHIEVEMENT‐RELATED MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIORAL CHOICES”
Authors: Huston Aletha C. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThis monograph offers a comprehensive test of an important theory of motivation. Because the theory is sufficiently precise to permit disconfirmation, the results that support and those that fail to support it are both informative. The finding that parents' influence appears primarily for peripheral subjects (sports and music), but not for reading and math raises many issues for further research. The study also informs our understanding of gender differences in motivation.
Turkish critical care nurses' views on end‐of‐life decision making and practices
Authors: Badır Aysel , Topçu İbrahim , Türkmen Emine , Göktepe Nilgün , Miral Mukaddes , Ersoy Nermin , Akın Esra 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundLife‐sustaining treatments are increasingly used in intensive care units (ICUs) for EOL care, but the decision to use these may cause ethical issues.Aims and objectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the views and practices of critical care nurses in Turkey on the end‐of‐life (EOL) care.DesignThis was a cross‐sectional study.MethodsThe research was conducted in 32 second‐ and third‐level ICUs of 19 Ministry of Health research hospitals in Turkey. The Views of European Nurses in Intensive Care on EOL Care tool was used for data collection.ResultsThe total sample size was 602. While half of the nurses stated that the withholding and withdrawal of life support were ethically different decisions, 40% felt both decisions were unethical. The expected quality of life as viewed by the patient, the medical team, the family and the nursing team (90·4%, 85·4%, and 83·4%, respectively) was an important factor in EOL decision making. The majority of the nurses (75·7%) were not directly involved in the EOL decision making and 78·4% of nurses were committed to family involvement in EOL decisions. When withdrawing treatment, 87·2% of ICU nurses agreed that the patient and family members should perform their final religious and spiritual duties. Further results showed that after withdrawing treatment, a majority of nurses (86%) agreed to continue pressure sore prevention, effective pain relief (85·5%), nutritional support (77·6%) and hydration (64·8%). Almost half (48·2%) indicated that keeping the patients in the ICU was unnecessary.ConclusionICU nurses expressed a range of experiences and practices regarding EOL care. ICU nurses should be more involved in the decision‐making process about EOL care.Relevance to clinical practiceDue to their unique relationship with patients, nurses should be involved in EOL care decision making; however, patients, families or nurses are not often involved in the decision‐making process in Turkey.
The macro‐ and microfossil record of the Cambrian priapulid Ottoia
Authors: Smith Martin R. , Harvey Thomas H. P. , Butterfield Nicholas J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe stem‐group priapulid Ottoia Walcott, 1911, is the most abundant worm in the mid‐Cambrian Burgess Shale, but has not been unambiguously demonstrated elsewhere. High‐resolution electron and optical microscopy of macroscopic Burgess Shale specimens reveals the detailed anatomy of its robust hooks, spines and pharyngeal teeth, establishing the presence of two species: Ottoia prolifica Walcott, 1911, and Ottoia tricuspida sp. nov. Direct comparison of these sclerotized elements with a suite of shale‐hosted mid‐to‐late Cambrian microfossils extends the range of ottoiid priapulids throughout the middle to upper Cambrian strata of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Ottoiid priapulids represented an important component of Cambrian ecosystems: they occur in a range of lithologies and thrived in shallow water as well as in the deep‐water setting of the Burgess Shale. A wider survey of Burgess Shale macrofossils reveals specific characters that diagnose priapulid sclerites more generally, establishing the affinity of a wide range of Small Carbonaceous Fossils and demonstrating the prominent role of priapulids in Cambrian seas.
A Diagnostic on the West African Monetary Union
Authors: Quah Chee‐Heong 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDeploying the classical optimum currency areas (OCA) theory and recent developments in the monetary literature, this paper evaluates the appropriateness of West African Monetary Union (WAEMU) as a monetary zone. Nine macroeconomic dimensions are investigated under which the first four items are quantified against a reference economy, namely the United States, the eurozone or China, while the rest are measured in absolute terms for time periods before and after the 2008‐2009 global financial crisis. Results could signify relative dominance of the three world's largest economies to the West African region. In addition to inherent asymmetries across the union, findings suggest the emerging Chinese yuan as an alternative to the euro as the monetary anchor.
Prestress Losses in NSM‐CFRP Flexurally Strengthened RC Beams
Authors: Costa I. , Barros J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe use of prestressed near‐surface mounted fibre‐reinforced polymers (NSM‐FRP) has been long acknowledged to be a suitable approach to strengthen and retrofit existing reinforced concrete structures. The application of a certain amount of prestress to the FRP prior to its installation provides a number of benefits, mainly related to crack width and deflection requisites at serviceability limit state conditions. After transferring the prestress to a structural element, some of the existing cracks can be closed, decreasing the vulnerability of the element to corrosion, and a certain amount of deflection can be recovered due to the introduced negative curvature. However, these benefits can only be assured if the prestress is properly preserved over time. In this context, three series of reinforced concrete beams, in a total of 10 beams, were strengthened with a prestressed carbon FRP laminate (CFRP) and monitored for about 40 days. The data obtained from these tests is in this paper presented and analysed. The observed losses of strain in the CFRP laminate were found to be mainly located in the extremities of the bonded length, while in the central zone, most of the initial strain was well‐preserved over time. Additionally, the highest CFRP strain losses were observed in the first 6 to 12 days after prestress transfer, suggesting that the benefits of prestressed NSM‐FRP will not be considerably lost over time.
An open, prospective trial investigating the pharmacokinetics and safety, and the tolerability of escalating infusion rates of a 10% human normal immunoglobulin for intravenous infusion (IVIg), BT090, in patients with primary immunodeficiency disease
Authors: Kriván G. , Königs Ch. , Bernatowska E. , Salama A. , Wartenberg‐Demand A. , Sonnenburg C. , Linde R. 
Published: May 2015

Background and ObjectivesPharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of escalating infusion rates of BT090, a 10% intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), were studied in patients with primary immunodeficiency disease.Materials and MethodsIn Part A, patients (n = 30) received 3 infusions of BT090 at their pretrial dose and dosing interval; the infusion rate of BT090 was increased from 0·3 to 1·4 to 2·0 ml/kg/h for each infusion in each patient initially at 30‐min intervals. Pharmacokinetics was evaluated at the 3rd infusion (n = 24). At the 4th infusion, infusion rates were to be gradually escalated from 0·3 to 1·4 to 4·0 to a maximum of 8·0 ml/kg/h initially at 30‐min intervals to establish the maximum tolerated infusion rate per patient.ResultsThe pharmacokinetic characteristics and safety profile of BT090 were comparable with those of other IVIgs, including Intratect®. Escalation of infusion rates was well tolerated, allowing identification of individual patient's maximum tolerated infusion rate. At subsequent infusions, all patients tolerated their individually defined maximum infusion rate: 17 patients (68·0%) tolerated infusion rates of 6·0 or 8·0 ml/kg/h and four patients (16%) had maximum tolerated infusion rates of <4·0 ml/kg/h at subsequent infusions. Escalation of infusion rates shortened infusion time from a median of around 2·5 h to around 1·6 h. SAEs were reported in three patients, but none was related to BT090 treatment.ConclusionsShortening infusion time may reduce overall healthcare spending, for example nursing time needed, and also minimize disruption of patients’ daily routine, especially for those patients in work or school settings.
Inclusion of Flagellin during Vaccination against Influenza Enhances Recall Responses in Nonhuman Primate Neonates
Authors: Kim Jong R. , Holbrook Beth C. , Hayward Sarah L. , Blevins Lance K. , Jorgensen Matthew J. , Kock Nancy D. , De Paris Kristina , D'Agostino Ralph B. , Aycock S. Tyler , Mizel Steven B. , Parks Griffith D. , Alexander-Miller Martha A. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTInfluenza virus can cause life-threatening infections in neonates and young infants. Although vaccination is a major countermeasure against influenza, current vaccines are not approved for use in infants less than 6 months of age, in part due to the weak immune response following vaccination. Thus, there is a strong need to develop new vaccines with improved efficacy for this vulnerable population. To address this issue, we established a neonatal African green monkey (AGM) nonhuman primate model that could be used to identify effective influenza vaccine approaches for use in young infants. We assessed the ability of flagellin, a Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist, to serve as an effective adjuvant in this at-risk population. Four- to 6-day-old AGMs were primed and boosted with inactivated PR8 influenza virus (IPR8) adjuvanted with either wild-type flagellin or inactive flagellin with a mutation at position 229 (m229), the latter of which is incapable of signaling through TLR5. Increased IgG responses were observed following a boost, as well as at early times after challenge, in infants vaccinated with flagellin-adjuvanted IPR8. Inclusion of flagellin during vaccination also resulted in a significantly increased number of influenza virus-specific T cells following challenge compared to the number in infants vaccinated with the m229 adjuvant. Finally, following challenge infants vaccinated with IPR8 plus flagellin exhibited a reduced pathology in the lungs compared to that in infants that received IPR8 plus m229. This study provides the first evidence of flagellin-mediated enhancement of vaccine responses in nonhuman primate neonates.IMPORTANCEYoung infants are particularly susceptible to severe disease as a result of influenza virus infection. Compounding this is the lack of effective vaccines for use in this vulnerable population. Here we describe a vaccine approach that results in improved immune responses and protection in young infants. Incorporation of flagellin during vaccination resulted in increased antibody and T cell responses together with reduced disease following virus infection. These results suggest that flagellin may serve as an effective adjuvant for vaccines targeted to this vulnerable population.
Nitric Oxide Mediates Biofilm Formation and Symbiosis in
Silicibacter
sp. Strain TrichCH4B
Authors: Rao Minxi , Smith Brian C. , Marletta Michael A. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important signaling role in all domains of life. Many bacteria contain a
h
eme-
n
itric oxide/
ox
ygen binding (H-NOX) protein that selectively binds NO. These H-NOX proteins often act as sensors that regulate histidine kinase (HK) activity, forming part of a bacterial two-component signaling system that also involves one or more response regulators. In several organisms, NO binding to the H-NOX protein governs bacterial biofilm formation; however, the source of NO exposure for these bacteria is unknown. In mammals, NO is generated by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and signals through binding the H-NOX domain of soluble guanylate cyclase. Recently, several bacterial NOS proteins have also been reported, but the corresponding bacteria do not also encode an H-NOX protein. Here, we report the first characterization of a bacterium that encodes both a NOS and H-NOX, thus resembling the mammalian system capable of both synthesizing and sensing NO. We characterized the NO signaling pathway of the marine alphaproteobacterium
Silicibacter
sp. strain TrichCH4B, determining that the NOS is activated by an algal symbiont,
Trichodesmium erythraeum
. NO signaling through a histidine kinase-response regulator two-component signaling pathway results in increased concentrations of cyclic diguanosine monophosphate, a key bacterial second messenger molecule that controls cellular adhesion and biofilm formation.
Silicibacter
sp. TrichCH4B biofilm formation, activated by
T. erythraeum
, may be an important mechanism for symbiosis between the two organisms, revealing that NO plays a previously unknown key role in bacterial communication and symbiosis.

IMPORTANCE
Bacterial nitric oxide (NO) signaling via
h
eme-
n
itric oxide/
ox
ygen binding (H-NOX) proteins regulates biofilm formation, playing an important role in protecting bacteria from oxidative stress and other environmental stresses. Biofilms are also an important part of symbiosis, allowing the organism to remain in a nutrient-rich environment. In this study, we show that in
Silicibacter
sp. strain TrichCH4B, NO mediates symbiosis with the alga
Trichodesmium erythraeum
, a major marine diazotroph. In addition,
Silicibacter
sp. TrichCH4B is the first characterized bacteria to harbor both the NOS and H-NOX proteins, making it uniquely capable of both synthesizing and sensing NO, analogous to mammalian NO signaling. Our study expands current understanding of the role of NO in bacterial signaling, providing a novel role for NO in bacterial communication and symbiosis.
Can variability in the effect of opioids on refractory breathlessness be explained by genetic factors?
Authors: Currow David C , Quinn Stephen , Ekstrom Magnus , Kaasa Stein , Johnson Miriam J , Somogyi Andrew A , Klepstad Päl 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesOpioids modulate the perception of breathlessness with a considerable variation in response, with poor correlation between the required opioid dose and symptom severity. The objective of this hypothesis-generating, secondary analysis was to identify candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from those associated with opioid receptors, signalling or pain modulation to identify any related to intensity of breathlessness while on opioids. This can help to inform prospective studies and potentially lead to better tailoring of opioid therapy for refractory breathlessness.Setting17 hospice/palliative care services (tertiary services) in 11 European countries.Participants2294 people over 18 years of age on regular opioids for pain related to cancer or its treatment.Primary outcome measuresThe relationship between morphine dose, breathlessness intensity (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire; EORTCQLQC30 question 8) and 112 candidate SNPs from 25 genes (n=588).Secondary outcome measuresThe same measures for people on oxycodone (n=402) or fentanyl (n=429).ResultsSNPs not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or with allele frequencies (<5%) were removed. Univariate associations between each SNP and breathlessness intensity were determined with Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate set at 20%. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression, clustering over country and adjusting for available confounders, was conducted with remaining SNPs. For univariate morphine associations, 1 variant on the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3B (HTR3B) gene, and 4 on the β-2-arrestin gene (ARRB2) were associated with more intense breathlessness. 1 SNP remained significant in the multivariable model: people with rs7103572 SNP (HTR3B gene; present in 8.4% of the population) were three times more likely to have more intense breathlessness (OR 2.86; 95% CIs 1.46 to 5.62; p=0.002). No associations were seen with fentanyl nor with oxycodone.ConclusionsThis large, exploratory study identified 1 biologically plausible SNP that warrants further study in the response of breathlessness to morphine therapy.
Who is in control? Clinicians’ view on their role in self-management approaches: a qualitative metasynthesis
Authors: Mudge Suzie , Kayes Nicola , McPherson Kathryn 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveTo explore clinician perceptions of involvement in delivery of self-management approaches.SettingAll healthcare settings.DesignEBSCO, Scopus and AMED databases were searched, in July 2013, for peer-reviewed studies in English reporting original qualitative data concerning perceptions of clinicians regarding their involvement in or integration of a self-management approach. Of 1930 studies identified, 1889 did not meet the inclusion criteria. Full text of 41 studies were reviewed by two independent reviewers; 14 papers were included for metasynthesis. Findings and discussion sections were imported into Nvivo-10 and coded line-by-line. Codes were organised into descriptive themes and cross-checked against original sources to check interpretation, and refined iteratively until findings represented an agreed understanding. Studies were appraised for quality.ResultsDelivering self-management in practice appeared to be a complex process for many clinicians. The issue of ‘control’ arose in all studies, both in the qualitative data and authors’ interpretations. The first theme:Who is in control?—represented ways clinicians talked of exercising control over patients and the control they expected patients to have over their condition. The second theme: Changing clinician views—reflected what appeared to be an essential transformation of practice experienced by some clinicians in the process of integrating self-management approaches into the practice. A range of challenges associated with shifting towards a self-management approach were reflected in the third theme,Overcoming challenges to change. Tensions appeared to exist around forming partnerships with patients. Strategies found helpful in the process of change included: dedicating time to practice reciprocity in communication style, peer support and self-reflection.ConclusionsA consistent finding across studies is that ‘control’ is a key feature of how self-management is viewed by clinicians. They described challenges associated with the paradigm shift required to share or let go of control. Future research should identify whether strategies described by clinicians are key to successful self-management.