bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Proppant Diagenesis
Authors: Ghosh Sayantan , Rai Chandra S , Sondergeld Carl H , Larese Richard E 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Comparative role of mechanisms such as proppant crushing, embedment, diagenesis and fines migration is not well understood regarding hydraulic fracture conductivity. In this study, we have measured the long term permeability changed in the proppant pack under downhole conditions of temperature, confining pressure, pore pressure and fluid salinity. Major part of this study investigates proppant diagenesis and its role in hydraulic fracture conductivity reduction. Diagenesis is defined as any change in the proppant/shale material after proppant placement. Proppant indentation on the shale surface was also studied along with changes in chemical composition of the exit brine.
Diverse types of secondary growths were observed both on the proppant as well as the shale surface. Most of the secondary growth using the quartz proppant and low flow rate was observed near the shale edges where the brine velocity was low. Ceramic proppant showed the most secondary growth, while resin coated proppant showed no growth. The pH of the exit fluid of several tests show dependence on carbonate content of shale. Significant permeability change that was observed with high flow rate tests was not observed at low flow rates. For quartz proppant, considerable amount of proppant breakage and indentation was observed. Fines generation causing permeability reduction was observed in tests conducted with quartz and ceramic proppants but not resin coated proppants. Indentation depth showed dependence on proppant type and distribution.
Introduction
Hydraulic fracturing is conducted to create a pathway for the hydrocarbons to flow into the wellbore from the reservoir. Fracturing fluid under very high pressure is pumped along with proppants during this procedure. While the high hydraulic pressure helps in fracture initiation and propagation, the proppant helps in keeping the fracture open after pressure removal for easy flow of hydrocarbons. Economic production from shales is attributed mainly to hydraulic fracturing. Shales exhibit very low permeability, usually in the range of 10-1000 nanodarcies. At such low permeability, the use of multistage hydraulic fracturing is inevitable. Proppants are pumped during the hydraulic fracturing process. Their interaction with the shale matrix and the surrounding liquid is important to understand because this governs the long term permeability of the fracture. This paper discusses the results of long term studies conducted at simulated reservoir conditions to study the proppant behavior and associated fracture permeability.
An Examination of How Entry-Level Staff Auditors Respond to Tone at the Top vis-à-vis Tone at the Bottom
Authors: Pickerd Jeffrey S. , Summers Scott L. , Wood David A. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT
Prior academic and practitioner literature argues that the ethical tone at the top of an organization is a key factor in establishing an effective internal control environment. Drawing on self-concept maintenance theory and in-group bias theory, this study predicts that entry-level staff auditors will disregard a company's ethical standards unless they observe a strong ethical tone from both their partner (tone at the top) and their supervising senior (tone at the bottom). Also, this study predicts that staff auditors will be more influenced by the tone of their supervising senior than the partner when these two individuals provide conflicting tones. In a 2 × 2 experiment that manipulates the tone set by a staff auditor's supervising senior and engagement partner, this study provides evidence consistent with predictions. Further analyses suggest that participants make less ethical decisions because they are less likely to view the situation as an ethical dilemma when either the senior or partner exhibits low tone. The results of this study emphasize that tone at the top is not, by itself, sufficient to produce ethical decision making; organizations must strive to foster a strong ethical tone throughout the entire organization, especially at lower levels of the organization.
Witnessing Your Own Cognitive Bias: A Compendium of Classroom Exercises
Authors: Fay Rebecca G. , Montague Norma R. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT
Accounting and auditing professors continually stress the importance of effective judgment and decision making (JDM), yet few accounting programs or textbooks discuss the biases that may impact an individual's ability to exercise high-quality professional judgment. In recent years, KPMG (Ranzilla, Chevalier, Herrmann, Glover, and Prawitt 2011) and the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (KPMG, Glover, and Prawitt 2012) addressed this gap at the corporate level by publishing guidance for accounting professionals and board members on how to identify and mitigate common judgment biases, yet there remain few resources designed for accounting students. This collection of exercises enables instructors to introduce the topic of effective JDM in the classroom. It provides students with the opportunity to identify bias in their own judgments by highlighting five frequently occurring biases that adversely impact business judgments (i.e., availability, anchoring, overconfidence, confirmation, and rush to solve). This compendium gathers exercises from psychology literature that may be used to pique student interest and encourage discussion of how each bias impacts judgments made by accounting professionals and how individuals may reduce their impact.
How to Discuss a Paper: Developing and Showcasing Your Scholarly Skills
Authors: Cook Kirsten A. , Hart Matthew , Kinney Michael R. , Oler Derek K. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT
We offer this paper as a primer for accounting doctoral students and new faculty on how to discuss a paper. We believe that this topic can serve to “jump start” the engagement of students and junior faculty in developing and delivering quality discussions. We begin by emphasizing the importance and benefits of being a good discussant to both the profession and the discussant. We then outline the discussion process and provide detailed suggestions on points to consider in each phase of this process: (1) volunteering to discuss, (2) receiving the discussion assignment, (3) preparing the discussion, (4) presenting the discussion, and (5) following up with the authors after the discussion. Next, we examine data that highlight the need for additional discussant volunteers at conferences. Finally, we present possible innovations to foster high-quality discussions. This paper formalizes the ideal process typically learned through years of mentoring and conference experience.
Business Process and Value Delivery Modeling Using Possession, Ownership, and Availability (POA) in Enterprises and Business Networks
Authors: Scheller Christian Vibe , Hruby Pavel 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a metamodel and notation for value delivery business process modeling, describing value delivery as flows of possession, ownership, and availability of economic resources between economic agents, value creation, and consumption, and a transfer of resources between agents' repositories. The motivation of the solution was to refine the REA ontology by replacing the generic concept of change in an economic resource with more specific concepts of change in ownership, change in possession, and change in the availability of an economic resource. The concepts of possession and ownership map directly to the same concepts in property law. The expressive power of the POA model covers traditional accounting, the REA ontology, and value networks. A POA model has the graphical notation and semantic precision that is required for model-driven design of ERP applications, supply chain applications, and enterprise information systems.
Measuring the Cost of Individual Disruptions in Multistage Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Bai Ge , Kajiwara Takehisa , Liu Jianbo 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT
A Multistage Manufacturing System (MMS), in which interconnected workstations fabricate products, plays an important role in modern manufacturing facilities. An MMS is subject to random disruptions originating at individual workstations. Understanding the cost of individual disruptions is critical for executional cost management at the plant-floor level. However, the interdependence of the workstations makes it challenging to measure the cost of individual disruptions. One disruption might stop another workstation and cause a system shutdown, while inventory buffers might compensate for another disruption, which will then have no impact on system output. We propose a four-step procedure to measure the cost of individual disruptions and conduct a simulation study using field data from an automobile assembly line. The results show that cost information generated by the proposed procedure is useful for both “cost bottleneck” identification and performance evaluation, and thus can facilitate executional cost management at the plant-floor level.
BMI and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Among Low-Income and Underinsured Diabetic Patients
Authors: Li Nan , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Horswell Ronald , Zhang Yonggang , Li Weiqin , Zhao Wenhui , Wang Yujie , Johnson Jolene , Hu Gang 
Published: September 2014

OBJECTIVE
The association between obesity and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk remains debatable, and no studies have assessed this association among diabetic patients. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between BMI and CHD risk among patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The sample included 30,434 diabetic patients (10,955 men and 19,479 women) 30–95 years of age without a history of CHD or stroke in the Louisiana State University Hospital-Based Longitudinal Study.

RESULTS
During a mean follow-up period of 7.3 years, 7,414 subjects developed CHD. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for CHD across levels of BMI at baseline (18.5–24.9, 25–29.9, 30–34.9, 35–39.9, and ≥40 kg/m2) were 1.00, 1.14 (95% CI 1.00–1.29), 1.27 (1.12–1.45), 1.54 (1.34–1.78), and 1.42 (1.23–1.64) (Ptrend &lt; 0.001) in men and 1.00, 0.95 (0.85–1.07), 0.95 (0.84–1.06), 1.06 (0.94–1.20), and 1.09 (1.00–1.22) (Ptrend &lt; 0.001) in women, respectively. When we used an updated mean or last visit value of BMI, the positive association between BMI and CHD risk did not change in men. However, the positive association of BMI with CHD changed to a U-shaped association in women when we used the last visit value of BMI.

CONCLUSIONS
Our study suggests that there is a positive association between BMI at baseline and during follow-up with the risk of CHD among patients with type 2 diabetes. We indicate a U-shaped association between BMI at the last visit and the risk of CHD among women with type 2 diabetes.
Comes per omnes expeditiones : l’adulation de Plautien, préfet du prétoire de Septime Sévère
Authors: Christol Michel 
Published: September 2014

L’inscription de Rome dans laquelle Plautien apparaît comme père de l’impératrice Plautilla (CIL, VI, 1074 (ILS, 456), cf. p. 3777 et p. 4322) est riche d’enseignements. Elle provient d’un de ses proches, qui souhaitait mettre en évidence les bienfaits qu’il avait obtenus par son intermédiaire. Elle se place vers la fin de sa carrière, à un moment où les marques de flatterie devenaient de plus en plus outrancières, en rapport avec les honneurs exceptionnels que ce personnage avait obtenu des empereurs : après l’adlectio inter consulares, le consulat ordinaire en 203 et l’admission dans le collège des pontifes. C’est ce qui lui vaut d’être appelé pontifex nobilissimus.
L’expression comes per omnes expeditiones entre aussi dans le cadre de l’adulation du personnage.
Seed coat development in Velloziaceae: Primary homology assessment and insights on seed coat evolution
Authors: Sousa‐Baena Mariane S. , de Menezes Nanuza L. 
Published: September 2014

• Premise of the study: Seed coat characteristics have historically been used to infer taxonomic relationships and are a potential source of characters for phylogenetic reconstruction. In particular, seed coat morphoanatomy has never been studied in detail in Velloziaceae. One character based on seed surface microsculpture has been used in phylogenies, but was excluded from recent studies owing to problems in primary homology. This work aimed to clarify the origin and general composition of seed coat cell layers in Velloziaceae and to propose hypotheses of primary homology among seed characters.• Methods: Seed coat development of 24 Velloziaceae species, comprising nine genera, and one species of Pandanaceae (outgroup) was studied using standard anatomical methods. Developmental data were interpreted in the light of a recently published phylogeny.• Key results: Eight types of seed coat were identified. Whereas the most common type has four distinct cell layers (two‐layered tegmen and testa), we encountered much more variation in seed coat composition than previously reported, the analysis of which revealed some potential synapomorphies. For instance, an exotesta with spiral thickenings may be a synapomorphy of Barbacenia.• Conclusions: Our results showed that the character states previously used in phylogenies are not based on homologous layers and that the same state was misattributed to species exhibiting quite different seed coats. This study is a first step toward a better understanding of seed coat structure evolution in Velloziaceae.
La fin des procureurs. Les incertitudes d'une recomposition professionnelle (1790-1791)
Authors: Leuwers Hervé 
Published: September 2014

En 1790, à la différence des compagnies de juges et des ordres d’avocats, qui s’effacent presque en silence, les procureurs des juridictions royales et seigneuriales contribuent activement au débat sur le devenir de leur activité, de leurs offices et de leurs communautés. Leurs pétitions à l’Assemblée constituante, loin d’avoir l’unanimité qu’on leur attribue parfois, révèlent la variété des enjeux et des attentes d’un monde professionnel divers. Pour les uns, il s’agit de survivre comme officier ; pour d’autres, de disparaître dans les meilleures conditions possibles. Alors que la société judiciaire se recompose, les anciens procureurs revendiquent, puis contribuent à inventer un nouveau rôle avec pragmatisme et détermination. Bien avant l’établissement des avoués par la loi des 29 janvier-20 mars 1791, ils cherchent leur place près des tribunaux de la nation : ils pétitionnent, mènent des combats locaux contre des concurrents et composent avec l’esprit des réformes.
Les troupes étrangères, l'idéologie révolutionnaire et l'État sous l'Assemblée constituante
Authors: Tozzi Christopher 
Published: September 2014

À force de mettre l’accent sur le cosmopolitisme et l’universalisme de la rhétorique développée par les grandes figures de la Constituante, nombre d’historiens ont fini par conclure qu’il avait fallu attendre l’entrée en guerre et les débuts de la Terreur pour voir la Révolution française accoucher d’un discours ouvertement xénophobe. Le traitement réservé, entre 1789 et 1791, aux dizaines de milliers d’étrangers servant dans les troupes royales fait découvrir une tout autre histoire. Dès les commencements de la Révolution, des responsables politiques comme des individus ordinaires ont manifesté une profonde hostilité à la présence de régiments étrangers au sein de l’armée française, en dépit du fait que bien des soldats issus de ces unités aient professé voire manifesté leur loyauté à l’égard du nouveau régime. En définitive, le sort fait à ces troupes révèle que, dès la France de la Constituante, un nationalisme xénophobe est en germe.
Effect of aggressive beverage on the color stability of different nano-hybrid resin based composite
Authors: Nuaimi Hicham Oday , Ragab Hala Maher 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color stability of different types of nano-hybrid resin based composite restorative materials upon exposure to aggressive staining solutions (coffee and tea) over time. The color of all specimens before and after storage in the solutions were measured by a spectrophotometer based on CIE Lab system that is recommended by the American Dental Association and the color differences thereby is calculated. Materials and Methods: The color differences of three nano-hybrid composites after immersion for 30 days in tea and coffee as aggressive beverage solutions. Results: Within the limitations of the study, Venus Diamond was found the most color stable in tea, while Ceram X was shown the most color stable in coffee. There were statistically significant differences between Filtek 350 XT in tea and coffee storage (P < 0.005), but there weren′t statistically significant in tea and coffee in both Ceram X, and in Venus Diamond (P > 0.005). Conclusion: Staining solutions are significant factors that affect color stability of composite resins.
Flute casts and related structures on moulded silt injection surfaces in continental sandstone of the Boss Point Formation: southeastern New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: Van de Poll H. W. , Patel I. M. 
Published: September 2014

Flute, load and groove casts occur widely at the sharp Interfaces of siltstone diapirs, Injection lenses, and pods la fluvial sandstone of the Boas Point Formation of southeastern New Brunswick. These concordant and discordant Injection features range from approximately 20 centimetres (pods) to many metres (injection lenses) In diameter. They are confined to "brecclform Intervals" that can be traced along strike and dip for a hundred metres or more.

The flute, load and groove casts on the Injection surfaces, have evidently not been formed by any primary sedimentary process but are the result of liquefaction, sediment Injection and flow moulding during post-depositonal compaction of the strata. The term "rheoplasis" Is proposed to denote this process, and the general term "rhaoplastic structures" or "rheoplasts" refers to the range of sole-marking like structures formed as a result of this process.

The realization that flute costs can form as a result of post-depostional processes is of great significance In the classification of sedimentary structures and the Interpretation of depositional environments and attendant sedimentary processes.

RÉSUMÉ
Au sud-est du Nouveau-Brunawlck, dans les grès fluvlatiles de la formation de Boss Point, on peut voir de nombreax exemples de flûtes, empreintes de charge et cannelures aux interfaces distlncts de diapirs de siltstone, de lentilles d'injection, de mottes et de loupes. Ces éléments d'injection sont concordance ou discordants et possèdent un dlamètre allant de 20 cm (pour les loupes) jusqu'à plualeurs mètres (pour les lentilles d'injection). Ils sont égalemenr restraints à des "intervalles bréchiques" que l'on peut suivre sur des cencaines de mètres et plus, le long de la direction et du pendage de la stratification.

Les flûtes, cannelures et empreintes de charge que l'on retrouve aur les surfaces d'injection ne résultent évideoment pas d'un processus sédimentalre primaire male plutôt de la liquéfaction, de l’injection du sédiment et du moulage des coulées durant la compaction après la déposition de la strate. Pour marquer ce procede, on propose le terme "rhéoplasle" alors que le terme plus global "structures rhéoplastiquea" (ou "rhéoplaates") a'appllque lux empreintes de toutes sortes qui résultent de ce même procédé et que l'on retrouve sur la surface inférieutre d'une strate.

La classification des structures sédimentaires ainsi que l'interprètation des envlronnements de déposition et des procédée sédiment aires connexes aeront grandetnent influenced par le fait que des flûtes peuvent résulter d'un procédé post-déposltionnel.

[Tradult par le Journal]
Environmental and correlative significance of a non-marine algal limestone (Westphalian D), Sydney Coalfield, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia
Authors: Vasey Gary M. , Zodrow Erwin L. 
Published: September 2014

The occurrence of an algal limestone containing stromatolites within the Morien Group (Sydney Coalfield) is reported for the first time. Three distinct morphologic forms of stromatolite (pinnacle, mat and detached) and their stratigraphic variation are described. Variation in clast type and size, biota and elements within the algal limestone is interpreted as evidence for the growth of stromatolites on the shore of an ephemeral, fresh to brackish lake, subject to fluctuating water levels. Pinnacle and mat forms developed on substrate irregularities. A bivalve and ostracode fauna in mudatones and siltstones above and below the algal limestone indicates a correlation with the Anthraconauta tenuis chronozone of Britain (Westphalian D) and corroborates on age derived from associated macro- and microflora.

RÉSUMÉ
Four la première fols, on rapporte la présence de stromatolithes dans un calcaire à algues du groupe Morien (houillière de Sydney). Trois types morphologlques de stromatolithes (pinacle, paillasson, détache) et leur variation stratigraphique sont décrité. On interprète la variation dans la faune, la flore, les éléments, le type et la grosseur des fragment à au seln du calcaire à algues comme preuve de la croissance des stromatolithes sur les rives d'un lac éphemère, d'eau douce à saunâtre et sujet à des variations périodiques du niveau d'eau. Les formes en pinacle et en paillasson s'établirent sur les irrégularités du substrat. Une faune de bivalves et d'ostracodes dans lea roches arglleuses superposées et sous-jacentes au calcaire à algues est corrélative avec la zone chronologique Anthraconauta tenuis de Grande-Bretagne (Westphalien D) et confirme l'âge déduit de la macro et la micro flore.

[Traduit par le journal]
On the Tremadoc-Arenig and Lower-Upper Tremadoc boundries in the Bell Island Group, Conception Bay, eastern Newfoundland
Authors: Pickerill R. K. , Fillion D. 
Published: September 2014

The Cambro-Ordovlcian ichnostratigraphic paradigm developed in England and Wales and successfully applied to coaval sequences in southwest Europe and the Mediterranean region is applied to the Ordoviclan Bell Island Group, Conception Bay, eastern Newfoundland. Its application enables a more accurate definition of the Tremadoc-Arenig boundary than previous studies have permitted and is the first attempt to define the Lower-Upper Tremadoc boundary within the Bell Island Group. It is suggested that both boundaries fall within the Beach Formation, the former at 1200 m within the succession and the latter at 1020 m.

R᳧SUM᳧
On applique au Groupe de Bell Island (Ordovicien, Bale de Conception) le modᳺle ichnostratigraphique d᳻velopp᳻ pour le Cambro-Ordoviclen d'Angleterre et du Pays de Galles et utilis᳻ avec succᳺs sur des s᳻quences contemptraines d'Europe du sudouest et de la r᳻gion m᳻diterran᳻ans. Ceci per-met de d᳻finir la frontlire entre le Tr᳻madoc et l'Arenlg de fa᳹on plus exacte que lors d'᳻tudes ant᳻rieures. On tente aussi de d᳻finir pour la premiᳺre fois la frontiᳺre sᳺparant le Tr᳻madoc inf᳻rieur du Tr᳻madoc sup᳻rieur ᳲ l'int᳻rieur du Groupe de Bell Island. On suggᳺre que les deux llmites se trouvent dans la Formation de Beach, la premiᳺre ᳻tant situ᳻e ᳲ 1200 m dans la succession et la seconde ᳲ 1020 m.

[Traduit par le journal]