bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of 210Po activity and soil texture in agricultural soil
Authors: Charles Meril , Thomas Ebin , Chandran Ruchila , Crasta Rita , Dawalekar Kamalakar Vaijinathrao , Yerol Narayana 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The assessment of 210Po in agricultural soil matrices in different regions of Kerala and Karnataka was studied. The wet ash method was used to find the activity concentration of 210Po. The alpha activity was counted using a silver-activated zinc sulfide counter of 30% efficiency, and the activity was calculated. The average concentration of 210Po activity in soil samples ranged from 0.09 to 20.52 Bq kg−1, with an average value of 4.47 Bq kg−1. The soil texture was measured using the International Pipette method. Using the IBM Statistical Package of Social Science Software, the frequency distribution curve of 210Po is plotted and found to be lognormal. The data of 210Po are highly skewed, and the Kurtosis has a significant positive value. The 210Po activity concentrations are substantially within the World Health Organization’s recommended limits.
Monitoring of terrestrial gamma dose rate from the Kumaun Himalayan region of the Bageshwar district in Uttarakhand, India
Authors: Patni Kiran , Singh Krishna P , Yadav Manjulata , Pande Ashutosh P 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The present study is carried out in 42 sampling sites for the measurement of background gamma dose rate in six tehsils of the Bageshwar district that comes under the Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand. The annual effective dose in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons was estimated from the measured values of the Gamma dose rate. It is found that the minimum and maximum values ranged between 0.01–0.39 mSv per y (Arithmetic Mean = 0.19 mSv per y) in the pre-monsoon and 0.11–0.42 mSv per y (Arithmetic Mean = 0.20 mSv per y) in the post-monsoon season of the year. The finding of the present study shows that the annual effective dose equivalent is higher than the worldwide average value recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation.
Assessment of natural radioactivity concentration in the soil samples from the Churchandpur and Ukhrul districts of Manipur, India
Authors: Devi Thiyam Priya , Singh Thokchom Dewan , Sharma Brahmacharimayum Arunkumar , Singh Sarangthem Nabadwip , Singhal Rakesh 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The natural radioactivity concentration was studied for 40 soil samples of the Churchandpur and Ukhrul districts of Manipur, India, by using gamma-ray spectroscopy. The average radioactivity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in Churchandpur was found as 39.9 (range: 30–56), 72.1 (range: 57–93) and 564.1 (range:360–867) Bq kg−1 respectively, whereas, in Ukhrul, average radioactivity for the same was found as 30.3 (range: 16–54), 54.2 (range:24–89) and 637.1(range:103–901) Bq kg−1, respectively. The calculated radioactivity parameters were compared with the world average values. The measured radium equivalent activity (Raeq), absorbed dose rate ($\dot{\mathrm D}$), annual effective outdoor dose(Ė) and the external hazard index (Hex) were observed as 165 (range: 63.7–234.8) Bq kg−1, 77.6 (36.9–108.0) nGy h−1, 0.11 (0.05–0.13) mSv y−1 and 0.5 (0.1–0.6), respectively. This study aims to provide baseline data for radionuclide present in the Churchandpur and Ukhrul districts of Manipur.
Carbon-based brilliance: a novel approach to renewable energy in radiotherapy centers
Authors: Venkatraman Pitchaikannu , Aggarwal Lalit Mohan , Choudhary Sunil 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The energy produced from other sources which does neither come from fossil fuels nor contribute in the production of any greenhouse effects that causes climate changes is called as ‘Alternative Energy’. Since our world’s primary energy sources such as coal, oil and natural gases are exploited to a greater extent, we are in an urge to switch to an alternative energy. Scattered radiation, a common byproduct in radiation therapy and diagnostic radiology, presents a unique opportunity in the realm of alternative energy. As a potential source of interference, scattered radiation can be repurposed to contribute to sustainable energy solutions. Addressing the issue of scattered radiation wastage and utilizing it for alternative energy, an activated carbon-based solar cell emerges as a solution. This solar cell, a conventional one in which cadmium Telluride is replaced by coconut shell based carbon material, has the potential in producing a significant amount of electrical energy by utilizing scattered radiation from radiotherapy and radiology machines. Furthermore, this activated carbon based-material undergoes thorough characterization into various teletherapy and radiology machines, and it can be seamlessly integrated into clinical practices.
Assessment of radiation dose due to 210Po in water and food samples of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka, India
Authors: Lavanya Bevinathalapura S K , Namitha Shivachara N , Hidayath Mohamed , Chandrashekara Mallupura S 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Groundwater is in direct contact with the soil and rocks that dissolve many compounds and minerals including uranium and its daughter products. 210Po is one of the decay products of 238U series that cause internal radiation dose in humans when consumed in the form of water and food, including sea food. Therefore, activities of 210Po have been studied in ground and surface water, and in food samples that are commonly used in Chamarajanagar region of Karnataka, India. The average 210Po concentration in bore well water samples and surface water samples are 3.21 and 1.85 mBq L−1, respectively. In raw rice and wheat, the average values of 210Po are 96 and 41 mBq kg−1, respectively. In millets and pulses, the average activity of 210Po is 157 and 79 mBq kg−1, respectively. Among food items, the highest activity of 1.3 kBq kg−1 is observed in marine crabs and the lowest activity of 2.6 mBq kg−1 is found in milk samples. The average ingestion dose due to 210Po in ground and surface water are 2.8 and 1.62 μSv y−1, respectively. The ingestion dose due to various food samples to the population is also calculated. Total ingestion dose due to 210Po to pure vegetarian population and general population are 38.09 and 590.80 μSv y−1, respectively. The concentration of 210Po in water samples and food samples of this region are in a comparable range with the world and Indian average values and lies well below the recommended guideline level.
Feasibility study of shielded diode detector for small field dosimetry
Authors: Bharathan Resmi K , Thasni Irfana , Musthafa Musthafa , Cheruliyil Ayyappan Suja , Ajaykumar Silpa , Jose Lisha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Improved imaging techniques and modern radiotherapy treatment delivery in the treatment field are reduced to the precise size of the tumor, which necessitates the need for small-field dosimetry. Dosimetry in small-field dosimetry is challenging because most of the available code of practice for dosimetry is based on the cavity theory concept. Some small-sized detectors show good spatial resolution and sensitivity. Of the available small detectors, the diamond detector's performance is remarkably good. Most of the centers for radiotherapy lack diamond detectors. In this situation, if a diode detector is available, we can use it for small-field dosimetry by applying the Daisy Chaining method correction methods. In this study, the diode detector's response is not over-responding because of the defective diode. So this diode cannot be used for further measurements, and we have to regularly check the performance of the diode before using it for measurements.
Computational analysis of electromagnetic field exposure in passengers near high- current contact wire environments
Authors: Yang Changqiong , Lu Mai 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The electromagnetic environment of a railway station is composed of electrical, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields, which are generated by various sources such as traction current, voltage, pantograph-catenary arc, locomotive braking, wheel-rail rolling arc, and communication systems. However, there is public growing concern among the public about the potential negative human health effects of this electromagnetic environment. To analyze the distribution of electromagnetic fields in human tissues, electromagnetic simulation software is used to create a model that includes six track contact wires and four waiting passengers on three platforms. This model is used to analyze the magnetic field environment created by high currents in the contact wires of a multi-track high-speed railway station. By varying the loads on different contact wires, the distribution of electric field and magnetic flux density within human tissues of waiting passengers on different platforms is studied using this model. When the track is unoccupied, the calculation results show that the maximum values of the electric field and magnetic flux density of the passenger’s human body tissue at the blind way on the platform and 1 m of the blind way are 17.6 mV m−1 and 52.7 μT, respectively. These values increase by 9.28 mV m−1 and 16.4 μT compared to when the track is occupied. When more contact wires are loaded with currents, the electric field mode and magnetic flux density mode of human tissues increase at the same position on the platform. Specifically, when the contact wires of six tracks are loaded with current at the same time, the maximum values of the electric field mode and magnetic flux density mode of the waiting passengers’ human tissues at the blind way on different platforms are 29.6 mV m−1 and 88.1 μT, respectively. These maximum values are lower than the public electromagnetic exposure limits that are designated by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines. The research results demonstrate that the magnetic field environment generated by the current in the contact wires of a railway station with six tracks does not pose a health risk to human tissues of passengers waiting at the blind way and 1 m of the blind way on the platform. These findings can provide valuable data reference for the formulation of relevant standards for the design of electrified rail transit, as well as the suppression of electromagnetic interference and protection of human bioelectromagnetism.
Contextualizing the Resurgence of U.S. Housestaff Union Activity
Authors: Lin Grant L. , Priest Kelsey C. , Sossenheimer Philip H. , Pal Ria 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
There is a growing trend of resident and fellow physician unionization in the United States, with 14 new housestaff unions formed at private employers since 2022. This resurgence of housestaff union organizing parallels the last era of housestaff activism in the 1960s. Today’s housestaff organizing takes place within the context of long-standing challenges in medicine, including the burnout and systemic inequities highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and an increase in national activism and labor organizing. Housestaff unions offer opportunities for residents and fellows to negotiate for improvements across multiple issues.
In this Commentary, the authors focus on common bargaining topics: poor working conditions, undercompensation, and inadequate representation in an increasingly corporatized health care landscape. The authors also discuss the role of collective bargaining for improving the housestaff experience and address common concerns about unionization. Finally, the authors explore the limited evidence of the impact of unions in health care settings and outline key considerations for future scholarship.
The current generation of housestaff started their medical careers with an awareness of systemic challenges to the profession and has responded through collective organizing. While the short- and long-term ramifications of housestaff organizing need further study, the authors express optimism that unionization will lead to improved working conditions and thus improved health care delivery.
Incidence of Ipsilateral Femoral Neck and Shaft Fractures in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients
Authors: Borden Timothy C. , Haidar Layla A. , Vanodia Rohini M. , Vemu Sree M. , Dennis Garrett S. , Mundluru Surya N. , Crawford Lindsay M. , Traver Jessica L. , Younas Shiraz A. , Gary Joshua L. , Prasarn Mark L. , Achor Timothy S. , Munz John W. , Mansour Alfred A. 
Published: July 2024

OBJECTIVES:
To identify the incidence, patient characteristics, and effectiveness of radiographic screening methods for detecting ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures in pediatric and adolescent trauma patients.

METHODS:

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
This study was conducted at a tertiary pediatric trauma hospital.

Patient Selection Criteria:
Patients younger than 18 years treated for a femoral shaft fracture between 2004 and 2018 were reviewed. Pathologic (metabolic bone disease or bone lesion), periprosthetic, and penetrating traumatic femoral shaft fractures were excluded.

Outcome Measurements and Comparisons:
Patient demographics, mechanisms of injury, treatment methods, and associated injuries were analyzed. Pretreatment x-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans were reviewed for the identification of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures.

RESULTS:
Among the 840 pediatric patients included in this study, 4 patients (0.5%) sustained ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures. All the femoral neck fractures were observed in adolescents (aged 13–17 years) and involved in high-energy traumas. In adolescents involved in high-energy trauma, the incidence increased to 1.7%. Pretreatment sensitivity of both x-rays and CT scans was only 50% for the detection of femoral neck fractures.

CONCLUSIONS:
This study reveals that ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures in pediatric patients are rare, occurring in adolescents involved in high-energy trauma. The findings suggest the need for a selective, rather than routine, use of CT scans based on the patient's age and the mechanism of injury. The use of alternative imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging should be considered to balance diagnostic accuracy while minimizing radiation exposure.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Deriving Automated Device Metadata From Intracranial Pressure Waveforms: A Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury ICU Physiology Cohort Analysis
Authors: Ack Sophie E. , Dolmans Rianne G.F. , Foreman Brandon , Manley Geoffrey T. , Rosenthal Eric S. , Zabihi Morteza 
Published: July 2024

IMPORTANCE:
Treatment for intracranial pressure (ICP) has been increasingly informed by machine learning (ML)-derived ICP waveform characteristics. There are gaps, however, in understanding how ICP monitor type may bias waveform characteristics used for these predictive tools since differences between external ventricular drain (EVD) and intraparenchymal monitor (IPM)-derived waveforms have not been well accounted for.

OBJECTIVES:
We sought to develop a proof-of-concept ML model differentiating ICP waveforms originating from an EVD or IPM.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
We examined raw ICP waveform data from the ICU physiology cohort within the prospective Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury multicenter study.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
Nested patient-wise five-fold cross-validation and group analysis with bagged decision trees (BDT) and linear discriminant analysis were used for feature selection and fair evaluation. Nine patients were kept as unseen hold-outs for further evaluation.

RESULTS:
ICP waveform data totaling 14,110 hours were included from 82 patients (EVD, 47; IPM, 26; both, 9). Mean age, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) total, and GCS motor score upon admission, as well as the presence and amount of midline shift, were similar between groups. The model mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AU-ROC) exceeded 0.874 across all folds. In additional rigorous cluster-based subgroup analysis, targeted at testing the resilience of models to cross-validation with smaller subsets constructed to develop models in one confounder set and test them in another subset, AU-ROC exceeded 0.811. In a similar analysis using propensity score-based rather than cluster-based subgroup analysis, the mean AU-ROC exceeded 0.827. Of 842 extracted ICP features, 62 were invariant within every analysis, representing the most accurate and robust differences between ICP monitor types. For the nine patient hold-outs, an AU-ROC of 0.826 was obtained using BDT.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
The developed proof-of-concept ML model identified differences in EVD- and IPM-derived ICP signals, which can provide missing contextual data for large-scale retrospective datasets, prevent bias in computational models that ingest ICP data indiscriminately, and control for confounding using our model’s output as a propensity score by to adjust for the monitoring method that was clinically indicated. Furthermore, the invariant features may be leveraged as ICP features for anomaly detection.
Opioid Administration Practice Patterns in Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure Who Undergo Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Myers Laura C. , Bosch Nicholas A. , Soltesz Lauren , Daly Kathleen A. , Campbell Cynthia I. , Schwager Emma , Salvati Emmanuele , Stevens Jennifer P. , Wunsch Hannah , Rucci Justin M. , Jafarzadeh S. Reza , Liu Vincent X. , Walkey Allan J. 
Published: July 2024

IMPORTANCE:
The opioid crisis is impacting people across the country and deserves attention to be able to curb the rise in opioid-related deaths.

OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate practice patterns in opioid infusion administration and dosing for patients with acute respiratory failure receiving invasive mechanical ventilation.

DESIGN:
Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:
Patients from 21 hospitals in Kaiser Permanente Northern California and 96 hospitals in Philips electronic ICU Research Institute.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
We assessed whether patients received opioid infusion and the dose of said opioid infusion.

RESULTS:
We identified patients with a diagnosis of acute respiratory failure who were initiated on invasive mechanical ventilation. From each patient, we determined if opioid infusions were administered and, among those who received an opioid infusion, the median daily dose of fentanyl infusion. We used hierarchical regression models to quantify variation in opioid infusion use and the median daily dose of fentanyl equivalents across hospitals. We included 13,140 patients in the KPNC cohort and 52,033 patients in the eRI cohort. A total of 7,023 (53.4%) and 16,311 (31.1%) patients received an opioid infusion in the first 21 days of mechanical ventilation in the KPNC and eRI cohorts, respectively. After accounting for patient- and hospital-level fixed effects, the hospital that a patient was admitted to explained 7% (95% CI, 3–11%) and 39% (95% CI, 28–49%) of the variation in opioid infusion use in the KPNC and eRI cohorts, respectively. Among patients who received an opioid infusion, the median daily fentanyl equivalent dose was 692 µg (interquartile range [IQR], 129–1341 µg) in the KPNC cohort and 200 µg (IQR, 0–1050 µg) in the eRI cohort. Hospital explained 4% (95% CI, 1–7%) and 20% (95% CI, 15–26%) of the variation in median daily fentanyl equivalent dose in the KPNC and eRI cohorts, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
In the context of efforts to limit healthcare-associated opioid exposure, our findings highlight the considerable opioid exposure that accompanies mechanical ventilation and suggest potential under and over-treatment with analgesia. Our results facilitate benchmarking of hospitals’ analgesia practices against risk-adjusted averages and can be used to inform usual care control arms of analgesia and sedation clinical trials.
Beyond the Pandemic
Authors: Moser Carolina Meira , Tietbohl-Santos Bárbara , Laskoski Pricilla Braga , Hauck Simone 
Published: July 2024

Objectives
To assess occupational burnout (OB) changes among Brazilian healthcare workers (HCWs) from COVID-19 onset to 6 months later (T1) and identify risk and protective factors.

Methods
Using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory and hierarchical multivariate linear regression in a two-stage online survey (initial n = 1054; T1 n = 316), this study examined the impact of various factors on OB.

Results
Significant increases in personal and work-related OB were observed by T1. Psychiatric diagnosis and workload emerged as risk factors (P < 0.01), while having a partner, good family relations, workplace well-being, and adequate sleep were protective (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
OB levels among Brazilian HCWs increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions should target personal and organizational wellness to alleviate burnout, emphasizing the importance of strong relationships, workplace health, and good sleep practices.
Experimental Tests on External and Terminal Ballistics of Different Types of Projectiles Fired From .38 SPL Caliber Cartridges and Study of Permanent Cavitation in Anatomical Modeling With 10% Ballistic Gelatin
Authors: Pereira dos Santos Lucas Meciano , Mardegan Issa João Paulo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The present study investigated the main morphological differences between the permanent cavities formed by 4 different types of projectiles fired from .38 SPL caliber cartridges in blocks of 10% ballistic gelatin with standardized formulation (Federal Bureau of Investigation Protocol), all fired from the same distance and from the same firearm, associated with its performances in external and terminal ballistics. The velocity or the mass presented by a firearm projectile will not always be solely responsible for the final configuration of the permanent cavity, in which the projectile design, for example, is an equally important element. Each type of projectile tested in the present work generated a different kind of permanent cavity, but they also varied in velocity (m/s) and energy (J). The use of 10% ballistic gelatin in scientific research that seeks to investigate the external and terminal ballistics of projectiles can contribute to the practice of professionals working either in forensic pathology or applied ballistics scenarios, as they can experimentally simulate the events that can occur in the tissues of victims inflicted by gunshot wounds, which also allows important applications in the medical, commercial, civil, and military sectors that deal with products and technologies related to the human body.
Is That Innocent to Touch the Adipose Tissue?
Authors: Buğra Aytül , Daş Taner , Gün Eylül , Karayel Ferah 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Although fat embolism in the pulmonary or systemic circulation is usually associated with long bone fractures, it can also occur less frequently during surgical operations, such as liposuction, fat grafting, and joint repair. This study aims to present cases of macro fat embolism resulting in sudden death during the perioperative period. Three cases with a history of sudden death during the perioperative period were included in this study. The surgical operation histories, autopsy findings, and histopathological findings of the cases were evaluated. Fat globules were detected in the medium-sized vessel lumens in the lungs of the cases who died suddenly during surgery. Grade 4 fat embolism was observed in the capillaries, which stained positively with Oil-Red-O in all three cases. Fat embolism syndrome is a rare but life-threatening condition that should be considered in patients with respiratory distress and impaired neurological status in the postoperative period.