bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diets and Trophic Linkages of Epipelagic Fish Predators in Coastal Southeast Alaska during a Period of Warm and Cold Climate Years, 1997–2011
Authors: Sturdevant M. V. , Orsi J. A. , Fergusson E. A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This study identifies important trophic links for epipelagic marine fish predators in Southeast Alaska to improve understanding of marine ecosystem dynamics in response to climate change. Fish predators can be viewed as autonomous samplers whose diets should integrate the available prey taxa commensurate with environmental conditions. We examined fish predators from annual (1997–2011) surveys conducted in May to September by the Southeast Coastal Monitoring (SECM) project of Auke Bay Laboratories in the marine waters of Southeast Alaska. This project has emphasized long-term monitoring of strait and coastal marine habitats used by juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and associated epipelagic fishes to understand how environmental variation affects the sustainability of salmon resources. From 1,295 surface trawl hauls, trophic links were identified for 2,473 fish representing 19 predator species, principally adult and immature salmon, immature walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma, and spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias. The most common fish prey consumed were fish larvae, juvenile salmon, Pacific herring Clupea pallasii, capelin Mallotus villosus, walleye pollock, lanternfishes (Myctophidae), and Pacific sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus, whereas the most common invertebrate prey consumed were euphausiids, decapod larvae, pteropods, and amphipods. This study describes the degree of piscivory, incidence of juvenile salmon prey, and frequency and weight composition of prey in the diets of epipelagic fish predators, but it did not clearly detect an effect of warm-versus-cold climate years on the diets of key planktivorous or piscivorous predators over the 15-year time series. Identifying the persistence of trophic links in epipelagic waters over time is important because climate-related changes in the upper water column have the potential to impact Southeast Alaska marine ecosystem dynamics and the productivity of important regional fisheries by altering key prey resources and trophic interactions.
Received December 2, 2011; accepted May 9, 2012
Discrimination of Juvenile Red Snapper Otolith Chemical Signatures from Gulf of Mexico Nursery Regions
Authors: Sluis Michelle Zapp , Barnett Beverly K. , Patterson William F. , Cowan James H. , Shiller Alan M. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Age-0 red snapper Lutjanus campechanus from the 2005–2007 year-classes were sampled in six regions across the Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) to develop nursery signatures from otolith element: Ca ratios (Ba:Ca, Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, Sr:Ca, and Li:Ca) and stable isotope delta values (δ13C and δ18O). Element: Ca ratios were analyzed with sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on dissolved right sagittae; isotope ratio mass spectrometry was employed to analyze pulverized left otoliths for δ13C and δ18O. Otolith chemical signatures were significantly different among regions in each year. Year-class-specific quadratic discriminant function analysis (QDFA) distinguished nursery regions with an accuracy of 82% for 2005, 70% for 2006, and 72% for 2007. However, samples were not obtained from all six study regions in 2005 and 2006. A QDFA of all year-classes combined produced an overall classification accuracy of 70%, thus indicating that region-specific otolith chemical signatures from adjacent sampling years could be used as surrogates for regions where samples were not obtained in a given year.
Received February 7, 2012; accepted June 5, 2012
Henry VII’s Book of Astrology and the Tudor Renaissance*
Authors: Carey Hilary M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis essay considers the place of astrology at the early Tudor court through an analysis of British Library MS Arundel 66, a manuscript compiled for the use of Henry VII (r. 1485–1509) in the 1490s. It argues that an illustration on fol. 201 depicts King Henry being presented with prognostications by his astrologer, William Parron, with the support of Louis, Duke of Orleans, later King Louis XII of France (r. 1498–1515). It considers the activities of three Tudor astrologer courtiers, William Parron, Lewis of Caerleon, and Richard Fitzjames, who may have commissioned the manuscript, as well as the Fitzjames Zodiac Arch at Merton College, Oxford (1497) and the London Pageants of 1501. It concludes that Arundel 66 reflects the strategic cultural investment in astrology and English prophecy made by the Tudor regime at the time of the marriage negotiations and wedding of Arthur, Prince of Wales and Katherine of Aragon, descendant of Alfonso X, the most illustrious medieval patron of the science of the stars.
Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis: 2012 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
Authors: Shulman Stanford T. , Bisno Alan L. , Clegg Herbert W. , Gerber Michael A. , Kaplan Edward L. , Lee Grace , Martin Judith M. , Van Beneden Chris 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe guideline is intended for use by healthcare providers who care for adult and pediatric patients with group A streptococcal pharyngitis. The guideline updates the 2002 Infectious Diseases Society of America guideline and discusses diagnosis and management, and recommendations are provided regarding antibiotic choices and dosing. Penicillin or amoxicillin remain the treatments of choice, and recommendations are made for the penicillin-allergic patient, which now include clindamycin.
Mixotrophy and the toxicity of Ochromonas in pelagic food webs
Authors: HILTUNEN TEPPO , BARREIRO ALDO , HAIRSTON NELSON G. 
Published: September 2012

Summary1. Toxic compounds produced by many phytoplankton taxa are known to have negative effects on competitors (allelopathy), anti‐predatory effects on grazers (mortality or impaired reproduction) or both. Although mixotrophs of the genus Ochromonas are known to be toxic to zooplankton, it has often been assumed in studies of plankton community processes that all flagellates in the size range of this taxon are edible to typical zooplankton grazers (i.e. cells ≤30 μm for Daphnia, ≤6 μm for rotifers).2. We explored the toxicity of a species of Ochromonas to other planktonic taxa, including its competitors (two species of phytoplankton and protists) and consumers (two species of zooplankton). To test if mode of nutrition by this mixotroph influences its toxicity to other taxa, we exposed each test species to Ochromonas cultured in chemostats under four different nutritional regimes: osmotrophy (labile dissolved organic carbon) and phagotrophy (bacterial prey) in both light and dark conditions (i.e. with or without photosynthesis).3. Filtrate from osmotrophically fed Ochromonas had a significant negative effect on the population growth rate of two obligate phototrophic phytoplankton, Cryptomonasozolini and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The protists Tetrahymena tetrahymena and Paramecium aurelia were also negatively affected by Ochromonas filtrate. Ochromonas cells were toxic to both the rotifer Brachionus calicyflorus and the cladoceran Daphnia pulicaria, with the toxic effects significantly more severe when fed at high cell densities (75 000 cells mL−1) than at low densities (7500 cells mL−1). Ochromonas cultured osmotrophically in the light was more toxic to the Daphnia than cells cultured under other conditions. In contrast, Ochromonas from all nutritional conditions was equally highly toxic to Brachionus.4. Our findings support the view that Ochromonas can be toxic to other components of the food web with which it interacts. It is especially toxic to zooplankton that directly consume it, although the effect depends upon Ochromonas cell density and whether or not a good food source is simultaneously present. Our results call into question the common practice of pooling flagellates into a single ‘functional group’ included in an ‘edible phytoplankton’ category of cells <30 μm in diameter.
Evidence against the use of surrogates for biomonitoring of Neotropical floodplains
Authors: PADIAL ANDRÉ A. , DECLERCK STEVEN A. J. , DE MEESTER LUC , BONECKER CLÁUDIA C. , LANSAC‐TÔHA FABIO A. , RODRIGUES LUZIA C. , TAKEDA ALICE , TRAIN SUELI , VELHO LUIZ F. M. , BINI LUIS M. 
Published: September 2012

Summary1. Community concordance measures the level of association between the compositional patterns shown by two groups of organisms. If strong community concordance occurs, one group could be used as a surrogate for another in conservation planning and biodiversity monitoring. In this study, we evaluated the variability in the strength of community concordance, the likely mechanisms underlying community concordance and the degree to which one community can predict another in a set of Neotropical floodplain lakes (Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil).2. We used a data set including six aquatic communities: fish, macrophytes, benthic macroinvertebrates, zooplankton, phytoplankton and periphyton. We used Mantel and PROTEST approaches to evaluate the levels of community concordance in up to four sampling periods. Also, we used partial Mantel test and information about biotic interactions to investigate reasons for observed patterns of concordance. Finally, we used co‐correspondence analysis to evaluate the performance of one taxonomic group in predicting the structures of other communities.3. The levels of community concordance varied over time for almost all cross‐taxa comparisons. Concordance between phytoplankton and periphyton probably resulted from similar responses to environmental gradients, whereas other patterns of concordance were likely generated by interactions among groups. However, the levels of predictability were low, and no particular taxonomic group significantly predicted all other groups.4. The low and temporally variable levels of community concordance cast doubts on the use of surrogate groups for biodiversity management in Neotropical floodplains.
Tree thinking, time and topology: comments on the interpretation of tree diagrams in evolutionary/phylogenetic systematics
Authors: Podani János 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper presents a graph theoretical overview of tree diagrams applied extensively in systematic biology. Simple evolutionary models involving three speciation processes (splitting, budding and anagenesis) are used for evaluating the ability of different rooted trees to demonstrate temporal and ancestor–descendant relationships within or among species. On this basis, they are classified into four types: (i) diachronous trees depict evolutionary history faithfully because the order of nodes along any path agrees with the temporal sequence of respective populations or species, (ii) achronous trees show ancestor–descendant relationships for species or higher taxa such that the time aspect is disregarded, (iii) synchronous trees attempt to reveal evolutionary pathways and/or distributional patterns of apomorphic characters for organisms living at the same point of time, and (iv) asynchronous trees may do the same regardless the time of origin (e.g. when extant and extinct species are evaluated together). Trees of the last two types are cladograms, the synchronous ones emphasizing predominantly—but not exclusively—the evolutionary process within a group, while asynchronous cladograms are usually focused on pattern and infrequently on process. Historical comments and the examples demonstrate that each of these tree types is useful on its own right in evolutionary biology and systematics. In practice, separation among them is not sharp, and their features are often combined into eclectic tree forms whose interpretation is not entirely free from problems.
Hsp70 and small Hsps are the major heat shock protein members involved in midgut metamorphosis in the common cutworm,Spodoptera litura
Authors: Gu J. , Huang L‐X. , Shen Y. , Huang L‐H. , Feng Q‐L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHeat shock proteins (Hsps) are important chaperones, which are involved in various signal pathways and regulate lots of physiological processes. Early research suggested that some Hsps are involved in insect development. However, few studies have been carried out to explore the roles of Hsps, especially in larval−pupal metamorphosis. In the present study, 49 Hsp unigenes were identified in theSpodoptera lituratranscriptome and their mRNA expression profiles during midgut metamorphosis were examined using a tag‐based digital gene expression system. The genes with the most different levels of expression were then cloned and their expression patterns in midguts from sixth instar larvae to pupae were analysed using real time quantitative PCR. The responses of these genes to juvenile hormone (JH) and 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) were also studied. The results showed that the mRNA levels of 22 Hsp unigenes changed significantly during midgut metamorphosis. Amongst these 22 unigenes,hsp70,hsp20.4andhsp20.8were the most up‐regulated members, andhsp15.9,hsp19.3andhsp22.0were the most down‐regulated ones. Further studies showed thathsp70,hsp20.4andhsp20.8were remarkably up‐regulated by JH. In addition, 20E slightly increased the mRNA levels of bothhsp20.4andhsp20.8. However,hsp15.9,hsp19.3andhsp22.0did not respond to either JH or 20E. These results indicate that Hsp70 and small Hsps (sHsps) are probably the major players in midgut metamorphosis inS. litura. The current findings provide valuable insights into the roles of the Hsp superfamily in insect metamorphosis.
Comparative physiological and proteomic response to abrupt low temperature stress between two winter wheat cultivars differing in low temperature tolerance
Authors: Xu J. , Li Y. , Sun J. , Du L. , Zhang Y. , Yu Q. , Liu X. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAbrupt temperature reduction in winter wheat at either autumn seedling stage prior to vernalisation or early spring crown stage can cause severe crop damage and reduce production. Many studies have reported the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying cold acclimation in winter wheat by comparing it with spring wheat. However, processes associated with abrupt temperature reduction in autumn seedling stage prior to vernalisation in winter wheat are less understood. In this study, physiological and molecular responses of winter wheat seedlings to abrupt low temperature (LT) stress were characterised in the relatively LT‐tolerant winter wheat cultivar Shixin 828 by comparing it with the relatively LT‐sensitive cultivar Shiluan 02‐1 using a combination of physiological, proteomics and biochemical approaches. Shixin 828 was tolerant to abrupt LT stress, while Shiluan 02‐1 exhibited high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leaf cell death. Significant increases in relative abundance of antioxidant‐related proteins were found in Shixin 828 leaves, which correlate with observed higher antioxidant enzyme activity in Shixin 828 compared to Shiluan 02‐1. Proteomics analysis also indicated that carbohydrate metabolism‐related proteins were more abundant in Shiluan 02‐1, correlating with observed accumulation of soluble sugars in Shiluan 02‐1 leaves. Amino acid analysis revealed a strong response to LT stress in wheat leaves. A negative effect of exogenous sucrose on LT tolerance was also found. This study indicates that high ROS scavenging capacity and high abundance of photosynthesis‐related proteins might play a role in winter wheat response to abrupt LT stress. In contrast, excess accumulation of soluble sugars might be disadvantageous for LT tolerance in the wheat cultivar Shiluan 02‐1.
Between Subject Enclitic and Agreement Marker: The Second Person Endings in Sicilian
Authors: Cruschina Silvio , Rinollo Melanie 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this paper we analyse the characteristics of2sgverb‐final ‐tuin Sicilian. Although this is generally referred to as an enclitic subject pronoun, it is clear that it is different from the subject clitics found in northern Italian dialects. The question of whether it is an actual subject enclitic or rather an inflectional affix remains controversial. The primary empirical goal of this study is to provide a general characterization of the synchronic properties of this element, focusing firstly on its grammatical status, and secondly on the distributional differences with respect to the2plending ‐vu. This comparison will lead us to the conclusion that ‐tuand ‐vuinstantiate a path of grammaticalization, and that their origins are to be sought in the morphosyntactic reflexes of the feature ‘hearer’. More specifically, we claim that the original subject pronoun was at some stage the phonological realization of the head of the functional projection HearerP, but has been subsequently reanalysed as a bound morpheme encoding agreement. This diachronic account straightforwardly explains the flows and problems with the historical analysis that assumes disambiguation in the verbal paradigm to be the triggering factor.
Paradoxical embolism as a cause of silent brain infarctions in healthy subjects: the ICONS study (Identification of the Cause of Silent Cerebral Infarction in Healthy Subjects)
Authors: Kim S. J. , Shin H. Y. , Ha Y. S. , Kim J. W. , Kang K. W. , Na D. L. , Bang O. Y. 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundIn healthy elderly people, silent brain infarctions (SBIs) have been recognized as common lesions. In this study, we evaluated the association between SBI located outside the perforating artery territory (PAT) and paradoxical embolism detected by agitated saline transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring in healthy subjects.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study undertaken by a university health promotion center for healthy subjects and by a university stroke center for acute stroke patients. We defined SBI as evidence on fluid‐attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of one or more infarcts, without history of corresponding stroke or transient ischaemic attack. We also evaluated in all subjects the neuroimaging indicator of microangiopathy leukoaraiosis (LA). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01429948.ResultsAmongst 1103 consecutive healthy adults who underwent MRI, 347 (31%) had one or more SBIs located outside the PAT, suggesting embolism. Amongst them, 253 subjects underwent agitated saline TCD monitoring and 128 (51%) had right‐to‐left shunts (RLS). The prevalence of RLS was similar to cryptogenic embolic stroke (62.0%, P = 0.056), but higher than in patients with other stroke subtypes (36.2%, P = 0.021). Amongst subjects with SBI, absence of LA was the only factor associated with RLS (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.01–3.14; P = 0.046).ConclusionOur results suggest that paradoxical embolism may play an important role in the development of SBI outside the PAT in apparently healthy adults.
Inflammation, Immunity, and Vaccines for Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Ihan Alojz , Pinchuk Irina V. , Beswick Ellen J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe immune response to Helicobacter pylori is a multifaceted group of mechanisms involving responses that are both protective and damaging to the host. The innate and the adaptive immune responses lead to damaging inflammatory responses, but these responses may fail, allowing for persistence of many infections. Thus, developing new therapeutics and effective vaccines against H. pylori has proven to be arduous. In this manuscript, we will examine the advances in knowledge made in the past year in understanding the host immune response to H. pylori and the progress toward developing a vaccine.
Gastric Cancer: Basic Aspects
Authors: Thiel Alexandra , Ristimäki Ari 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe worldwide incidence and mortality of gastric cancer (GC) remain high, and new concepts for diagnosis and treatment are needed. In this review, we summarize recent studies that applied next‐generation sequencing approaches and also report the latest development in microRNA research. Two recently published studies identified somatic mutations in ARID1A gene in GC using exome sequencing. On the other hand, dysregulation of microRNA expression can alter processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. These novel markers may prove to be useful in earlier diagnosis and as prognostic or predictive markers in patients with GC .
Helicobacter pylori: Gastric Cancer and Extragastric Intestinal Malignancies
Authors: Selgrad Michael , Bornschein Jan , Rokkas Theodore , Malfertheiner Peter 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe greatest challenge in Helicobacter pylori–related diseases continues to remain prevention of gastric cancer. New evidence supports the beneficial effect of H. pylori eradication not only on prevention of gastric cancer but also on the regression of preneoplastic conditions of the gastric mucosa. Concerning early detection of gastric cancer there are still no adequate means and there is urgent need to define appropriate markers, for example, by genome‐wide research approaches. Currently, the best available method is the “serologic” biopsy based on pepsinogen I and the pepsinogen I/II ratio for identification of patients with severe gastric atrophy at increased risk for gastric cancer development. The treatment of early gastric cancer by endoscopic techniques can be performed safely and efficiently, but patients need meticulous follow‐up for detection of metachronous lesions. In case of advanced disease, laparoscopically assisted surgical procedures are safe and favorable compared to open surgery. Two phase III trials support the role of adjuvant systemic treatment with different regimens. Unfortunately, there is still only slow progress in the development of palliative treatment regimens or modification of the existing therapy protocols. There is accumulating evidence for a role of H. pylori infection also in colorectal carcinogenesis. Seropositive individuals are at higher risk for the development of colorectal adenomas and consequently adenocarcinomas of this anatomical region. This phenomenon can partly be attributed to the increase of serum gastrin as response to atrophic changes of the gastric mucosa.
Extragastric Manifestations of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Banić Marko , Franceschi Francesco , Babić Zarko , Gasbarrini Antonio 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn the last year, different diseases possibly linked to Helicobacter pylori infection but localized outside of the stomach have been investigated. There are, in fact, several studies concerning cardiovascular diseases, hematologic disorders, neurologic diseases, metabolic, hepatobiliary diseases, and other conditions. Some of those studies, such as those on sideropenic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, are quite large and well conducted, while in other cases there are just small or isolated studies or even case reports. Nonetheless, there is much interest among researchers all over the world for such a topic as demonstrated by the large number of studies published in the last year.