bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addition of magnetic resonance imaging to computed tomography-based three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy planning for postoperative treatment of astrocytomas: Changes in tumor volume and isocenter shift
Authors: Bagri Puneet Kumar , Kapoor Akhil , Singh Daleep , Singhal Mukesh Kumar , Narayan Satya , Kumar Harvindra Singh 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Introduction: Postoperative radiotherapy is the current gold standard treatment in astrocytomas. Computed tomography (CT)-based radiotherapy planning leads to either missing of the tumor volume or underdosing. The aim of this prospective study was to study the changes in tumor volume on addition of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to CT-based three-dimensional radiotherapy treatment planning of astrocytomas. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five consecutive patients of astrocytoma (WHO grades I-IV) for postoperative three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy were included in this prospective study. Postoperative tumor volumes were contoured on CT-based images and recontoured on CT-MRI images after automated MRI co-registration on treatment planning system Eclipse 8.9.15 as per ICRU-50 report. Tumor volumes were compared with each other. Result: The MRI-based mean and median tumor volume was 24.24 cc ± 13.489 and 18.72 cc (range 5.6-46.48 cc), respectively, while for CT it was 19.4 cc ± 11.218 and 16.24 cc (range: 5.1-38.72 cc), respectively. The mean and median isocenter shift between CT and MRI was 4.05 mm and 4.39 mm (range 0.92-6.32 mm), respectively. There is a linear relationship between MRI and CT volume with a good correlation coefficient of R
2 = 0.989, and MRI-based tumor volume was 1.208 times as compared to CT volume. Statistical analysis using paired sample t-test for the difference in CT and MRI tumor volume was highly significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Addition of MRI to the CT-based three-dimensional radiation treatment planning reduces the chances of geographical miss or tumor under dosing. Thus, MRI should be an integral part of three-dimensional planning of astrocytomas.
Immunohistochemical detection of axillary lymph node micrometastases in node negative breast cancer patients using cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen
Authors: Choudhury Monisha , Agrawal Sapna , Pujani Mukta , Thomas Shaji , Pujani Meenu 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Background and Objective: The study was conducted to detect occult metastases in lymph node negative breast cancer patients using cytokeratin (CK) and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) immunohistochemistry (IHC) and correlate this with primary tumor size and grade. Materials and Methods: A total of 32 cases including 12 prospective and 20 retrospective cases of axillary lymph node negative breast cancer were studied. CK and EMA IHC were performed to detect micrometastases. Results: Axillary lymph node metastases were detected in 18.75% of previously node negative cases using CK and EMA IHC. CK was found to be more sensitive for detection of metastases compared to EMA. A highly significant correlation was observed between tumor grade and axillary lymph node metastases detected by CK and EMA. However, no significant correlation was found between tumor size and axillary lymph node metastases detected by IHC. Conclusion: In the present study, there was an increase of 18.75% in the occult metastases detection rate using CK and EMA. To conclude, IHC detection of occult metastases should be done using CK in all axillary node negative cases, especially in T1 and T2 stage tumors.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Desulfination of Sodium Arenesulfinates and Oxidative Annulation with Alkynes
Authors: Wang Hui , Wang Yuyuan , Yang Haijun , Tan Chunyan , Jiang Yuyang , Zhao Yufen , Fu Hua 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic compounds are widely used in materials science, so it is highly desirable to develop an efficient and practical approach to them. In this paper, a novel, efficient and practical method for the rhodium(III)‐catalyzed desulfination of sodium arenesulfinates and oxidative annulation with alkynes has been developed, and the corresponding polycyclic aromatic compounds with multiple substituents were prepared in moderate to good yields. The reactions proceeded through sequential rhodium(III)‐catalyzed desulfination, intermolecular addition of aryl‐Rh(III) complexes to dialkyl but‐2‐ynedioates and diarylalkynes, and intramolecular oxidative annulation via CH activation. The present method is the first example of the oxidative annulation of arene derivatives with two different alkynes. Therefore, it should afford a useful strategy for the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic compounds.magnified image
Evidence of inbreeding depression on height, weight, and body mass index: A population‐based child cohort study
Authors: Fareed Mohd , Afzal Mohammad 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveThe study was aimed to estimate the effect of inbreeding on height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) in comparison with non‐inbred children.MethodsA cohort study was conducted during April 2013 through July 2013 in Jammu (North India) and a total of 1,270 children (5–15 years of age) were selected in a random way both from inbred and non‐inbred families of five Muslim populations. The height and weight was measured using standard methods and the BMI categories were employed as adapted by World Health Organization (WHO). Family pedigrees were drawn to access the family history and children's inbred status in terms of coefficient of inbreeding (F).ResultsChildren of inbred families showed decline in mean value for height, weight, and BMI (P < 0.0001). The mean difference (95% confidence interval) in height −7.318 (5.827–8.809), weight −6.590 (5.100–8.081) and BMI −2.133 (0.6419–3.624) for inbred as compared with non‐inbred children were found to be significant (P < 0.001). We observed an increase in the difference in mean values for height, weight and BMI with the increase of inbreeding coefficient and these were statistically significant (P < 0.05, using post hoc tests). The frequency of underweight children was found to be higher among individuals in the inbred category (<18.5 kg/m2 = 47.31%) as compared with the non‐inbred category (<18.5 kg/m2 = 13.41%) and subsequent depression was found among the inbred children due to an increase of inbreeding coefficient.ConclusionsOur results provide the evidence of inbreeding depression on height, weight, and BMI being important in context of child health. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:784–795, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthetische Membranen für die Wasseraufbereitung: aktueller Stand und Perspektiven
Authors: Fane Anthony G. , Wang Rong , Hu Matthew X. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMembrantechnologien für die Aufbereitung von Meer‐ oder Abwasser bieten beste Möglichkeiten, den steigenden Wasserbedarf der Menschheit zu decken. Obwohl die Entsalzung mittels Umkehrosmose (RO, reverse osmosis) und die Abwasserreinigung in Membranbioreaktoren fest etablierte Verfahren sind, gibt es bei verschiedenen Membrantechnologien reichlich Spielraum für Verbesserungen, vor allem hinsichtlich Trenneigenschaften, Energiebedarf und Kosten. Wir sind jetzt in der Lage, ideale Membraneigenschaften anzugeben, und Fortschritte in der Materialwissenschaft und Chemie führen zu immer wirksameren Membranen. Wichtig ist, dass Entwicklungen im Bereich der Membranmaterialien auch von apparativen Verbesserungen der Membrantechnik begleitet werden. Es ist wahrscheinlich, dass Limitierungen in der Fluidmechanik und beim Stoffübergang eine Obergrenze der Membranleistung festlegen werden. Dennoch kann in den nächsten 20 Jahren mit großen Fortschritten gerechnet werden. Dabei dürfte die Umkehrosmose die zentrale Technologie für die Wasserentsalzung und ‐aufbereitung bleiben.
Biologisch inspirierte Superbenetzbarkeit – von der Grundlagenforschung zur praktischen Anwendung
Authors: Wen Liping , Tian Ye , Jiang Lei 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDas Maßschneidern von Benetzbarkeit ist in den Oberflächenwissenschaften zwar wohlbekannt, aber dennoch ein hochinteressantes Thema, das bei der Lösung von größeren praktischen Problemen von enormem Interesse ist. In letzter Zeit wurden sowohl in der Natur als auch in Experimenten verschiedene superbenetzbare Systeme entdeckt. In diesem Aufsatz stellen wir drei Arten von Superbenetzbarkeit vor: dreidimensionale, zweidimensionale und eindimensionale Materialoberflächen. Durch das Kombinieren verschiedener Superbenetzbarkeiten lassen sich neue funktionale Grenzflächensysteme generieren und in Bauteile integrieren, die anschließend zur Lösung von aktuellen und zukünftigen Problemen im Zusammenhang mit Ressourcen, Energie, Umwelt und Gesundheit verwendet werden können.
A Convenient Route to Tetraalkylammonium Perfluoroalkoxides from Hydrofluoroethers
Authors: Jelier Benson J. , Howell Jon L. , Montgomery Craig D. , Leznoff Daniel B. , Friesen Chadron M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHydrofluoroethers are shown to alkylate tertiary amines readily under solvent‐free conditions, affording valuable tetraalkylammonium perfluoroalkoxides bearing α‐fluorines. The reaction of RFCF2OCH3 (RF=CF2CF3, CF2CF2CF3, and CF(CF3)2) with NR1R2R3 produces twenty new α‐perfluoroalkoxides, [(CH3)NR1R2R3][RFCF2O] under mild conditions. These α‐perfluoroalkoxides are easy to handle, thermally stable, and can be used for the perfluoroalkoxylation of benzyl bromides.
Gold‐Nanoparticle‐Mediated Jigsaw‐Puzzle‐like Assembly of Supersized Plasmonic DNA Origami
Authors: Yao Guangbao , Li Jiang , Chao Jie , Pei Hao , Liu Huajie , Zhao Yun , Shi Jiye , Huang Qing , Wang Lianhui , Huang Wei , Fan Chunhai 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDNA origami has rapidly emerged as a powerful and programmable method to construct functional nanostructures. However, the size limitation of approximately 100 nm in classic DNA origami hampers its plasmonic applications. Herein, we report a jigsaw‐puzzle‐like assembly strategy mediated by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to break the size limitation of DNA origami. We demonstrated that oligonucleotide‐functionalized AuNPs function as universal joint units for the one‐pot assembly of parent DNA origami of triangular shape to form sub‐microscale super‐origami nanostructures. AuNPs anchored at predefined positions of the super‐origami exhibited strong interparticle plasmonic coupling. This AuNP‐mediated strategy offers new opportunities to drive macroscopic self‐assembly and to fabricate well‐defined nanophotonic materials and devices.
Photoreversible Gelation of a Triblock Copolymer in an Ionic Liquid
Authors: Ueki Takeshi , Nakamura Yutaro , Usui Ryoji , Kitazawa Yuzo , So Soonyong , Lodge Timothy P. , Watanabe Masayoshi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe reversible micellization and sol–gel transition of block copolymer solutions in an ionic liquid (IL) triggered by a photostimulus is described. The ABA triblock copolymer employed, denoted P(AzoMA‐r‐NIPAm)‐b‐PEO‐b‐P(AzoMA‐r‐NIPAm)), has a B block composed of an IL‐soluble poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The A block consists of a random copolymer including thermosensitive N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) units and a methacrylate with an azobenzene chromophore in the side chain (AzoMA). A phototriggered reversible unimer‐to‐micelle transition of a dilute ABA triblock copolymer (1 wt %) was observed in an IL, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4mim]PF6), at an intermediate “bistable” temperature (50 °C). The system underwent a reversible sol–gel transition cycle at the bistable temperature (53 °C), with reversible association/fragmentation of the polymer network resulting from the phototriggered self‐assembly of the ABA triblock copolymer (20 wt %) in [C4mim]PF6.
Palladium versus Platinum: The Metal in the Catalytic Center of a Molecular Photocatalyst Determines the Mechanism of the Hydrogen Production with Visible Light
Authors: Pfeffer Michael G. , Schäfer Bernhard , Smolentsev Grigory , Uhlig Jens , Nazarenko Elena , Guthmuller Julien , Kuhnt Christian , Wächtler Maria , Dietzek Benjamin , Sundström Villy , Rau Sven 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTo develop highly efficient molecular photocatalysts for visible light‐driven hydrogen production, a thorough understanding of the photophysical and chemical processes in the photocatalyst is of vital importance. In this context, in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) investigations show that the nature of the catalytically active metal center in a (N^N)MCl2 (M=Pd or Pt) coordination sphere has a significant impact on the mechanism of the hydrogen formation. Pd as the catalytic center showed a substantially altered chemical environment and a formation of metal colloids during catalysis, whereas no changes of the coordination sphere were observed for Pt as catalytic center. The high stability of the Pt center was confirmed by chloride addition and mercury poisoning experiments. Thus, for Pt a fundamentally different catalytic mechanism without the involvement of colloids is confirmed.
Pinpointing Mechanochemical Bond Rupture by Embedding the Mechanophore into a Macrocycle
Authors: Schütze Doreen , Holz Katharina , Müller Julian , Beyer Martin K. , Lüning Ulrich , Hartke Bernd 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMechanophores contain a mechanically labile bond that can be broken by an external mechanical force. Quantitative measurement and control of the applied force is possible through atomic force microscopy (AFM). A macrocycle was synthesized that contains both the mechanophore and an aliphatic chain that acts as a “safety line” upon bond breaking. This ring‐opening mechanophore unit is linked to poly(ethylene glycol) spacers, which allow investigation by single molecule force spectroscopy. The length increase upon rupture of the mechanophore was measured and compared with quantum chemical calculations.
Synthetic Membranes for Water Purification: Status and Future
Authors: Fane Anthony G. , Wang Rong , Hu Matthew X. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMembrane technology offers the best options to “drought proof” mankind on an increasingly thirsty planet by purifying seawater or used (waste) water. Although desalination by reverse osmosis (RO) and wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactors are well established the various membrane technologies still need to be significantly improved in terms of separation properties, energy demand and costs. We can now define the ideal characteristics of membranes and advances in material science and novel chemistries are leading to increasingly effective membranes. However developments in membranes must be matched by improved device design and membrane engineering. It is likely that limitations in fluid mechanics and mass transfer will define the upper bounds of membrane performance. Nevertheless major advances and growth over the next 20 years can be anticipated with RO remaining as the key to desalination and reclamation, with other membrane processes growing in support and in niche areas.
A Tailor‐Made Specific Anion‐Binding Motif in the Side Chain Transforms a Tetrapeptide into an Efficient Vector for Gene Delivery
Authors: Li Mao , Schlesiger Stefanie , Knauer Shirley K. , Schmuck Carsten 
Published: January 2015

AbstractArginine‐rich cell‐penetrating peptides are widely utilized as vectors for gene delivery. However, their transfection efficacy still needs to be optimized. To accomplish this, guanidinocarbonylpyrrole groups, which are tailor‐made anion binding sites, were introduced into the side chains of tetralysine to obtain the peptide analogue 1. In contrast to the common strategy of adding a lipophilic tail to peptide vectors, this novel method most likely enhances transfection efficacy through more specific interactions between the binding motifs and DNA or the cell membrane. Tetrapeptide analogue 1 is thus the smallest peptidic transfection vector that has been reported to date. The transfection efficacy of 1, which on average has less than two positive charges under physiological conditions, is even better than that of polyethylenimine (PEI). Furthermore, 1 exhibits only negligible cytotoxicity, which makes it an interesting candidate for further development.
Epoxidized poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide)‐b‐epoHTPB‐b‐poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) triblock copolymer micelle nanoparticles for 10‐hydroxycamptothecin drug release
Authors: Luo Yan‐Ling , Zhang Jun , Han Fang‐Jie , Xu Feng , Chen Ya‐Shao , Liu Ru 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM)‐block‐hydroxy‐terminated polybutadine‐block‐PNIPAM triblock copolymers were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization; this was followed by the in situ epoxidation reaction of peracetic acid. The copolymers were characterized by 1H‐NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography measurements, and their physicochemical properties in aqueous solution were investigated by surface tension measurement, fluorescent spectrometry, ultraviolet–visible transmittance, transmission electron microscopy observations, dynamic light scattering, and so on. The experimental results indicate that the epoxidized copolymer micelle aggregates retained a spherical core–shell micelle structure similar to the control sample. However, they possessed a decreased critical aggregate concentration (CAC), increased hydrodynamic diameters, and a high aggregation number and cloud point because of the incorporation of epoxy groups and so on. In particular, the epoxidized copolymer micelles assumed an improved loading capacity and entrapment efficiency of the drug, a preferable drug‐release profiles without an initial burst release, and a low cytotoxicity. Therefore, they were more suitable for the loading and delivery of the hydrophobic drug as a controlled release drug carrier. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41877.
Rheological properties, cure characteristics, and morphology of acrylonitrile‐based nanorubber modified epoxy
Authors: Ozdemir Nazli G. , Zhang Tao , Hadavinia Homayoun , Aspin Ian , Wang Jian 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the effects of nano carboxylic acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (CNBR‐NP) and nano acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR‐NP) on the rheological properties and cure characteristics of epoxy. Dynamic mechanical behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) with the nanorubber‐modified matrices was also studied. Rheological study showed that NBR‐NP blends attained lower viscosity in comparison to CNBR‐NP blends and both systems exhibited shear‐thinning behavior. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that CNBR‐NP could be dispersed evenly within the epoxy matrix using industrial mixing process whereas partial agglomeration was observed in NBR‐NP blends. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) data showed that the addition of nanorubber has negligible effect on the glass transition temperature of the epoxy. The difference in the dispersion ability of these two nanorubbers in epoxy is related to the difference in van der Waals forces between single nanoparticles, the chemical formula and the polarity of the systems. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41911.
Failure mechanism of polyamide 66 nanofiber yarns under fatigue and static tensile loading
Authors: Asghari Mooneghi Sara , Gharehaghaji Ali Akbar , Hosseini‐Toudeshky Hossein , Torkaman Giti 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis work aims at fractography of polyamide 66 nanofiber yarns. The yarns are produced with three twist levels via electrospinning. In order to study the fracture modes of nanofiber yarns, fatigue, and static tensile tests including monotonic, low cycle fatigue, and postcyclic monotonic tensile tests are performed. It is observed that the catastrophic failure of yarns is associated with axial splitting in the three categories. The nanofibers within the yarn structure show a ductile fracture and buckle after tensile stress release. In comparison of postcyclic monotonic tensile tests with other categories, nanofibers show severe plastic buckling in response to release of the same applied force. Fractography studies reveal that twisting causes construction of a layered structure in the yarns which is similar to the ideal yarn structure as well. Applying cyclic loading causes the separation of these structural layers which is more considerable under higher number of cycles. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41925.
Biocidal activity of cellulose materials for medical implants
Authors: Onofrei Mihaela Dorina , Dobos Adina Maria , Dunca Simona , Ioanid Emil Ghiocel , Ioan Silvia 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTSurface wettability trends, and blood component adhesion of some cellulose acetate phthalate/hydroxypropyl cellulose blend films are analyzed in view of adapting the system to biomedical applications. The results show that intermediate blend compositions of the corresponding films influence the surface tension parameters—controlled by the interactions occurring in the system. Increasing hydrophobicity and, implicitly, decreasing the polar surface tension components, are correlated with the adhesion/cohesion of blood components and plasma proteins. Thus, the work of spreading proteins on the hydrophobic blend surfaces indicated that albumin is not absorbed preferentially, while fibrinogen is characterized by a higher degree of adhesion on the surfaces, and also that selective adsorption of plasma proteins modifies blood compatibility. In addition, the obtained results and the ascertained antimicrobial activity of the studied blends contribute to the development of new applications in the biomedical field. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41932
Rapid determination of trace thiabendazole in apple juice utilizing dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with fluorescence spectrophotometry
Authors: Li Wei , Wang Yuning , Huang Limin , Wu Ting , Hu Huilian , Du Yiping 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFood safety has become a large concern and prompts an urgent need for the development of rapid, simple and sensitive analytical methods that can monitor pesticide residues in foods. This study aimed to provide a method for quantitative determination of trace thiabendazole in apple juice. Due to its high sensitivity and selectivity, fluorescence spectrophotometry was utilized as a front end to dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME). The experimental parameters that influenced the extraction were systematically investigated. Under optimum conditions, the whole procedure, including DLLME and analysis of one sample, was carried out within 5 min, and linearity was found in the 5–50 µg/L range with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9987. The limit of detection value was 2.2 µg/L. Good reproducibility was achieved based with a less than 4.5% relative standard deviation (RSD) for five replicates at different sample concentrations. This method was shown to be suitable for rapid and sensitive quantification of thiabendazole in apple juice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.