bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Tennessee's Secondary Hardwood Processing and Sawmill Industries from 2005 to 2009
Authors: Luppold William G. , Alderman Delton , Schnabel Doug 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Tennessee is in the center of the Eastern hardwood region and has experienced large declines in employment by primary and secondary hardwood processors since 2005 in a pattern similar to the one these processors have experienced nationally. The objective of this article is to examine changes in national hardwood processing industries between 2005 and 2009 and compare these changes with changes in secondary manufacturing employment and hardwood lumber production in Tennessee. The decline in employment in Tennessee's furniture industry was caused by increased imports of wooden furniture from Asia and reduced domestic furniture demand as the result of the 2009 recession. Reduced employment in Tennessee's flooring and kitchen cabinet industry was a function of the decline in home construction, large firms shifting production to other states, and the 2009 recession. Employment in the millwork industry was less affected perhaps because of shifts in production by larger firms from northern and western states to Tennessee. Declines in hardwood lumber consumption caused most large and very large sawmills in Tennessee to downsize and several medium and small mills to go out of business. The short-term outlook for Tennessee's secondary and primary hardwood manufacturers continues to be bleak except for pallets, crossties, and exports.
Energy Consumption and Efficiency of Appalachian Hardwood Sawmills
Authors: Lin Wenshu , Wang Jingxin , Grushecky Shawn T. , Summerfield David , Gopalakrishnan Bhaskaran 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
A study of energy consumption and efficiency for Appalachian hardwood sawmills was conducted in the Appalachian region. Primary data were collected through a mail survey on sawmills in the region in 2010, while secondary data were obtained from site audits at 17 sawmills over the last 10 years in West Virginia. The results from the mail survey showed that hardwood lumber production volume ranged from 700 to 600,000 board feet (BF) per wk, and monthly electricity consumption per mill averaged 220 kWh per thousand board feet (MBF) with an average electric bill of $17.78/MBF/mo. The energy audit results indicated that hardwood lumber production volume ranged from 4,250 to 400,000 MBF/y, and the energy use and total cost per thousand board feet of lumber production averaged 160.89 kWh/MBF and $10.04/MBF, respectively. The average marginal cost for all energy audits was $17.87/MMBtu (¢6.10/kWh). The annual carbon dioxide emission conserved was 587,045 pounds per mill. On average, engineers on site visits proposed changes that could save approximately 14.89 percent of the annual energy used. The results presented in this article provide energy profiles for Appalachian hardwood sawmills and reveal some potential techniques for reducing energy consumption.
Effects of Postlayup Borate Treatment on Appearance and Flexural Properties of Douglas-Fir Glued Laminated Beams
Authors: Long Brady , Morrell Jeffrey J. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Preservative treatments are required whenever glued laminated beams are exposed outdoors. Treatments can be either water-based systems applied to individual laminations prior to layup or organic solvent–borne systems applied after the beams are fabricated. Water-based systems are not recommended for posttreatment because of concerns over checking and the potential for reductions in flexural properties, but there are few data on the effects of these treatments. The effects of pressure treatment with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (boron) on flexural properties, glue-line shear, and visual appearance were investigated using Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) glued laminated beams. While treatment did result in the presence of drying checks on some beams, boron treatment followed by air seasoning or mild kiln drying did not produce any significant effects on modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, or glue-line shear. The results indicate that boron treatment does not affect load-bearing properties.
Vibration Method for the Prediction of Aging Effect on Properties of Particleboard and Fiberboard
Authors: Maldonado Ignacio Bobadilla , González Guillermo Iñiguez , Herrero Miguel Esteban , Martitegui Francisco Arriaga 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The physical and mechanical properties (density, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture) of standard and humidity-resistant types of particleboard and fiberboard were determined by standardized test and wave propagation velocity, obtained from the natural frequency in a nondestructive longitudinal vibration test. Four batches of 66 specimens for each type of panel (particleboard and fiberboard) and for each kind of panel (standard and humidity resistant) were tested under initial conditions and after each one of the three aging cycles defined in European Standard EN 321:2001. Each aging cycle consisted of immersion in water, freezing, and high-temperature drying. The decreasing ratio of wave velocity was used to predict the decreasing ratio of properties. There was a strong relationship between both variables, and an exponential regression model is proposed to predict physical and mechanical properties, with a determination coefficient (R2) from 0.93 to 0.98.
Impact of Industrial Source on the Chemical Composition of Loblolly Pine Bark
Authors: Eberhardt Thomas L. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The chemical compositions of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) bark samples from two industrial sources were determined for whole bark as well as the inner and outer bark components. Differences in extractive contents of the whole bark samples were primarily attributed to the different debarking methods which afforded different proportions of inner and outer bark. Treatment of the extractive-free bark samples with 1 percent NaOH to remove interfering phenolic compounds impacted the lignin contents determined by the Klason method, but not those determined by the acetyl bromide method. Upon determining the proportions of inner and outer bark, the data provided here can be used to estimate the chemical compositions of other southern yellow pine bark resources.
Life-Cycle Inventory of Wood Pellet Manufacturing and Utilization in Wisconsin*
Authors: Katers John F. , Snippen Adam J. , Puettmann Maureen E. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This study summarizes environmental impacts of “premium” wood pellet manufacturing and use through a cradle-to-grave life-cycle inventory. The system boundary began with growing and harvesting timber and ended with use of wood pellet fuel. Data were collected from Wisconsin wood pellet mills, which produce wood pellets from a variety of feedstocks. Three groups of manufacturers were identified, those who use wet coproduct, dry coproduct, and harvested timber. Pellet mill data were weight averaged on a per unit basis of 1.0 short ton of “premium” wood pellets, and burdens for all substances and energy consumed were allocated among the products on a 0 percent moisture basis. Wood pellets produced from dry coproduct required 60 percent less energy at the pellet mill. However, when considering all cradle-to-gate energy inputs, producing wood pellets from whole logs used the least energy. Pellets from wet coproduct and dry coproduct used 9 and 56 percent more energy across the life cycle, respectively. This study also compared environmental impacts of residential heating fuels with wood pellet fuel. Environmental impacts were measured on net atmospheric carbon emissions, nonrenewable energy use, and global warming potential (GWP). Assuming “better than break-even” forest carbon management, cordwood and wood pellet fuels emitted 67.3 and 26.6 percent less atmospheric carbon emissions per megajoule of residential heat across the life cycle than natural gas, the best fossil fuel alternative. Cordwood and wood pellets consumed fewer nonrenewable resources than natural gas, which consumed fewer resources than petroleum-based residual fuel oil. However, wood pellet fuels had a smaller GWP and effect on respiratory health because they have more efficient combustion.
Modeling Biomass Collection and Woods Processing Life-Cycle Analysis*
Authors: Johnson Leonard , Lippke Bruce , Oneil Elaine 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
A deterministic spreadsheet model developed in an earlier Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials (CORRIM) project that calculates cost, fuel, and chemical outputs of forest management and harvesting activities was modified to include logic for systems used to recover forest residue. Two illustrative biomass recovery systems with variations were modeled. A system to recover residues after whole-tree harvesting operations was applied to a representative forest stand in the Inland West. Whole-tree chipping in an early thinning was applied to a representative forest stand in the Southeast United States. Emission factors and life-cycle outputs were developed for the systems through the SimaPro v7.3 model using one if its environmental impact methodologies called TRACI2. Most environmental outputs, including global warming potential, had a direct relationship to fuel consumption of the recovery systems. These outputs were subsequently used as inputs to life-cycle analysis in biofuel conversion facilities. Fuel consumption for recovery of residues from the log landing was 8.10, 12.0, and 16.0 liters per bone dry metric ton (BDmT) at haul distances of 48, 97, and 145 km, respectively. Corresponding fuel consumption for whole-tree chipping and hauling at these distances was 10.5, 16.0, and 21.5 liters/BDmT. Shuttling ground residue from the landing for reload and a subsequent long haul of 145 km increased fuel consumption 32 percent over the residue recovery base case. Shuttling loose residue for centralized processing with a long haul distance of 145 km increases fuel consumption by 86 percent over recovery directly from the landing.
Life-Cycle Assessment for the Production of Bioethanol from Willow Biomass Crops via Biochemical Conversion*
Authors: Budsberg Erik , Rastogi Mohit , Puettmann Maureen E. , Caputo Jesse , Balogh Stephen , Volk Timothy A. , Gustafson Richard , Johnson Leonard 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
We conducted a life-cycle assessment (LCA) of ethanol production via bioconversion of willow biomass crop feedstock. Willow crop data were used to assess feedstock production impacts. The bioconversion process was modeled with an Aspen simulation that predicts an overall conversion yield of 310 liters of ethanol per tonne of feedstock (74 gal per US short ton). Vehicle combustion impacts were assessed using Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) models. We compared the impacts of bioconversion-produced ethanol with those of gasoline on an equivalent energy basis. We found that the life-cycle global warming potential of ethanol was slightly negative. Carbon emissions from ethanol production and use were balanced by carbon absorption in the growing willow feedstock and the displacement of fossil fuel–produced electricity with renewable electricity produced in the bioconversion process. The fossil fuel input required for producing 1 MJ of energy from ethanol was 141 percent less than that from gasoline. More water was needed to produce 1 MJ of ethanol fuel than 1 MJ of gasoline. The life-cycle water use for ethanol was 169 percent greater than for gasoline. The largest contributors to water use were the conversion process itself and the production of chemicals and materials used in the process, such as enzymes and sulfuric acid.
Trends in Lumber Processing in the Western United States. Part III: Residue Recovered versus Lumber Produced
Authors: Blatner Keith A , III Charles E. Keegan , Daniels Jean M , Morgan Todd A 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This article presents changes in proportions of wood fiber residue or by-products generated in lumber production in the western United States over the last 40 years. The results show the proportion of logs remaining as residue has dropped from 59 percent in the 1970s to 51 percent in the 2000s. Technology and its improved application have led to decreased proportions of wood fiber residue in lumber production even as log size has decreased. West wide the proportion of the log converted to both sawdust and planer shavings has decreased substantially over the last 40 years with no change in the proportion recovered in coarse residue. Coarse residue was 31 percent of log volume processed in the 1970s and 2000s. Sawdust generated was 15 percent of log volume in the 1970s and 11 percent in the 2000s, with planer shavings moving from 13 to 9 percent.
Research on Properties of Reconstituted Bamboo Lumber Made by Thermo-Treated Bamboo Bundle Curtains
Authors: Qin Li , Wen-ji Yu , Yang-lun Yu 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
Untreated and 160°C, 180°C, and 200°C thermo-treated bamboo bundle curtains were reconstructed to make high-density board by impregnation with phenol–formaldehyde resin. The physical and mechanical properties of the boards were examined to evaluate the effect of temperature on their qualities. The modulus of rupture decreased with the increase in thermo-treatment temperature and was reduced by nearly 50 percent after 200°C treatment; however, the modulus of elasticity and bonding shear strength did not change much between untreated and thermo-treated specimens. Thermo-treatment improved the dimensional stability of the boards. Thickness swelling after water immersion and wet–dry cyclic testing decreased with increasing thermo-treatment temperature. Compared with the control specimens, the total color difference (ΔE*) changed greatly as the thermo-treatment temperature increased. The chemical and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that the major component content and functional groups in the major components changed after thermo-treatment.
Efficacy of Pentachlorophenol in Biodiesel versus Diesel
Authors: Langroodi Saeed Keshani , Borazjani Hamid , Nicholas Darrel D , Prewitt Lynn M , Diehl Susan V 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is widely used as a wood preservative for utility poles and other wood products. It has been proposed that a modified PCP carrier system based on a diesel/biodiesel mixture should be used in place of the conventional diesel/KB3 carrier, but questions exist as to whether this modified carrier system can provide the same service life as wood products treated with PCP/diesel/KB3. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the comparative decay resistance of wood treated with carrier formulations containing either diesel/KB3 or diesel/biodiesel. A 2-year efficacy study using an accelerated soil contact decay test was initiated to compare the performance of southern yellow pine wood treated with the conventional diesel/KB3 carrier and a modified diesel/biodiesel carrier, both with and without PCP. The residual hydrocarbon levels, PCP reduction, toxicity, and leaching of PCP of the samples remained approximately at the same level for treatments with similar PCP retention values for both carriers. For wood treated with PCP in these two different carriers, there was no evidence of differences in the average modulus of elasticity. Overall, this study recommends long-term field stake tests to determine the practical significance of these results.
Estimation and Analysis of Sanding Length in Brush Sanding Specially Shaped Wood Products
Authors: Baogang Wang , Zhankuan Zhang , Xiaorui Peng 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Sanding is an important process in furniture production. Components with unconventional shapes are usually sanded by hand rather than by machine because heavy sanding makes machine sanding more difficult. However, manual sanding is inefficient and costly. Thus, a machine capable of sanding unconventionally shaped surfaces is needed.
In this study, we defined the cumulative sanding length L of a brush sander and built a numerical simulation model of L to analyze the problem of heavy sanding during surface brush sanding of specially shaped wood products. Based on our analysis of the motion and sanding process of a sander roller, we propose that the sanding strip should be bent when sanding flat surfaces and straight when sanding bulging surfaces. We also analyzed the effects of specific sanding parameters and the causes of heavy sanding. This research shows the following results: L increases with increasing theoretical contact length, the radius and rotational speed of the sander roller are proportional to L, feed rate is inversely proportional to L, and the L of a bulging point is 7.5 times greater than that of a flat surface. This difference is the main cause of heavy sanding, which is, in turn, mainly caused by different sanding strip patterns used when various parts of the component are sanded. This study provides a theoretical basis for using surface brush sanding for specially shaped wood products.
Crack Detection in Computer Tomographic Scans of Softwood Tree Discs
Authors: Wehrhausen Martin , Laudon Norvin , Brüchert Franka , Sauter Udo Hans 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Cracks in softwood are an important defect that reduces the quality of sawn timber for construction purposes. As with all other quality reducing features in wood, it is of significant interest to know about their number and position in a log before sawing. On one hand, cracks are relatively easy to distinguish from wood by means of computer tomographic (CT) scanning owing to the large differences in density. The fact that they tend to be irregular and very thin, however, complicates detection. This study describes a method for automated crack detection in single CT slices and evaluates its precision in terms of both detection rate and length measurement. Twenty tree discs were sampled from spruce (Picea abies) and silver fir (Abies alba) logs and scanned with a computer tomograph. The results of the automated detection are compared with data from manual reference measurements on the physical discs and with data from visual inspection of the CT images. Under optimal conditions, the detection rate is 84 percent. The average underestimation of crack length is 18 mm for heart checks and 15 mm for radial checks. There is no sharp threshold of crack width that limits the detection. The overall precision of this crack detection method can be seen as sufficient for practical purposes, when the standard errors in length measurement are considered.
Formaldehyde Emissions from Urea-Formaldehyde– and No-Added-Formaldehyde–Bonded Particleboard as Influenced by Temperature and Relative Humidity
Authors: Frihart Charles R. , Wescott James M. , Chaffee Timothy L. , Gonner Kyle M. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
It is well documented that temperature and humidity can influence formaldehyde emissions from composite panels that are produced using urea-formaldehyde (UF)–type adhesives. This work investigates the effect of temperature and humidity on newer commercial California Air Resources Board (CARB) phase II–compliant particleboard produced with UF-type adhesives. These results were compared with laboratory particleboards prepared with the no-added-formaldehyde (NAF) Soyad adhesive technology. A modified version of EN 717‐3 (“Formaldehyde Release by the Flask Method,” ÖNORM 1996) was used to collect formaldehyde emissions that were quantified using the acetylacetone method. The formaldehyde emissions from the commercial particleboard panel bonded with a UF-type resin increased greatly when panels were exposed to higher heat and humidity than in normal testing protocols. Furthermore, the rate of emission for these UF-bonded panels increased with longer exposure at 100 percent relative humidity. In contrast, formaldehyde emissions from particleboard bonded with the NAF adhesive were relatively stable and significantly lower compared with those bonded with UF at all temperature and relative humidity conditions. This work highlights the potential for increased long-term formaldehyde emissions even from the new UF CARB phase II–compliant adhesive systems.
Modeling Air Drying of Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) Biomass in Off-Forest Storage Yards in Ireland
Authors: Murphy Glen , Kent Tom , Kofman Pieter D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Moisture management, through storage and drying in the supply chain between harvesting and use, is key to improving both transportation costs and market values of woody biomass. Storage can take place at sites within the forest or in off-forest storage yards. A model for predicting the moisture content of Sitka spruce roundwood and energy wood under an open, off-forest, environment was developed for Ireland. Experimental data for the model were gathered over a 16-month period beginning in April 2007. The major factors affecting biomass moisture content change are cumulative precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET0), biomass type, and type of cover. ET0 was computed using the FAO Penman-Monteith method, which requires temperature, solar radiation, wind, and relative humidity data. The model was easily used in a spreadsheet to estimate drying times for different locations in Ireland, different starting seasons for drying, different biomass types, and different types of cover. The model should not be used for estimating drying times for in-forest biomass storage because it will overestimate drying rates considerably.
Educational Needs of the Forest Products Industry in Minnesota and Virginia in 2012
Authors: Espinoza Omar , Smith Robert , Lyon Scott , Quesada-Pineda Henry , Bond Brian H. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
The forest products industry has been greatly impacted by the Great Recession, with many firms reducing output or closing operations to remain competitive. Educational training has also been a casualty of cost reduction efforts by firms. Yet, we know that a well-trained workforce is better prepared to compete, is more innovative, and is a long-term competitive advantage for companies. This research looked at current educational needs in Minnesota and Virginia by conducting an electronic survey and personal interviews with management personnel in the forest products industry. A key finding was that the factors that have impacted firms since the start of the recession (2008) were similar between states and included the housing market, transportation costs, energy costs, and changing customer demand. Results by size of firm and type of firm varied significantly, and training needs differed by state and size and type of firm. The identified training needs included quality/process control, process improvement, marketing, sales, motivating personnel, and total quality management. Firms rated personal visits and short courses as the primary methods of providing training. During the in-person interviews, managers were asked about the reasons for their companies' success during the recession. In Virginia, they felt that being customer focused, flexible, and diversified and having good financial management were the key issues. In Minnesota, they believed having high-quality products and good customer relationships, being “lean,” controlling costs, and being flexible were their success factors.