bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An explicit representation of vertical momentum transport in a multiscale modeling framework through its 2‐D cloud‐resolving model component
Authors: Cheng Anning , Xu Kuan‐Man 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this study, an explicit representation of vertical momentum transport by convective cloud systems, including mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), is proposed and tested in a multiscale modeling framework (MMF). The embedded cloud‐resolving model (CRM) provides vertical momentum transport in one horizontal direction. The vertical momentum transport in the other direction is assumed to be proportional to the vertical mass flux diagnosed from the CRM in addition to the effects of entrainment and detrainment. In order to represent both upgradient and downgradient vertical momentum transports, the orientation of the embedded CRM must change with time instead of being stationary typically in MMFs. The orientation is determined by the stratification of the lower troposphere and environmental wind shear. Introducing the variation of the orientations of the embedded CRM is responsible for reducing the stationary anomalous precipitation and many improvements. Improvements are strengthened when the CRM simulated vertical momentum transport is allowed to modify the large‐scale circulation simulated by the host general circulation model. These include an improved spatial distribution, amplitude, and intraseasonal variability of the surface precipitation in the tropics, more realistic zonal mean diabatic heating and drying patterns, more reasonable zonal mean large‐scale circulations and the East Asian summer monsoon circulation, and an improved, annual mean implied meridional ocean transport in the Southern Hemisphere. Further tests of this convective momentum transport parameterization scheme will be performed with a higher‐resolution MMF to further understand its roles in the intraseasonal oscillation and tropical waves, monsoon circulation, and zonal mean large‐scale circulations.
Weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon at 1000–1100 A.D. within the Medieval Climate Anomaly: Possible linkage to changes in the Indian Ocean‐western Pacific
Authors: Liu Jianbao , Chen Fahu , Chen Jianhui , Zhang Xiaojian , Liu Jian , Bloemendal Jan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMonsoon droughts, especially on a decadal‐to‐centennial timescale, may have a profound impact on the populations of East Asia. Previous work has suggested that the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) was synchronously strong across East Asia during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, 900–1300 A.D.); however, there is a dearth of studies addressing the issue of whether or not the EASM varied significantly during the entire duration of the MCA. Here we present results from a diverse range of proxy paleoclimatic records from the monsoonal and temperate Asian region in order to evaluate the occurrence of such short timescale variability within the MCA. Within the context of an overall strong EASM during the MCA, a weakening of the monsoon was detected in many of the records during the period 1000–1100 A.D. Comparison of the timing of this event with variations of sea surface temperature (SST) of the Indian Ocean‐western Pacific and with proxy records of solar activity reveals a significant covariation, suggesting that the driver of the event may have resulted from changes in the Indian Ocean‐western Pacific, related to changes in solar activity. To further address the issue of a terrestrial‐oceanic linkage, we used the ECHAM and the global Hamburg Ocean Primitive Equation (ECHO‐G) coupled climate model to simulate the variation of EASM precipitation over the last millennium. The model results suggest an interval of weak East Asian summer monsoon at 1000–1100 A.D., and they also reveal a significant positive correlation with the SST of the Indian Ocean‐western Pacific.
Robust spring drying in the southwestern U.S. and seasonal migration of wet/dry patterns in a warmer climate
Authors: Gao Yang , Leung L. Ruby , Lu Jian , Liu Ying , Huang Maoyi , Qian Yun 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis study compares climate simulations over North America produced by a regional climate model with the driving global climate simulations as well as a multimodel ensemble of global climate simulations to investigate robust changes in water availability (precipitation (P)‐evapotranspiration (E)). A robust spring‐drying signal across multiple models is identified in the Southwest that results from a decrease in P and an increase in E in the future. In the boreal winter and summer, the prominent changes in P‐E are associated with a north‐south dipole pattern, while in spring, the prominent changes in P‐E appear as an east‐west dipole pattern. The progression of the north‐south and east‐west dipole patterns through the seasons manifests clearly as a seasonal “clockwise” migration of wet/dry patterns, which is a robust feature of water availability changes in North America consistent across regional and global climate simulations.
Optimal control of uncertain quantized linear discrete‐time systems
Authors: Zhao Q. , Xu H. , Jagannathan S. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryIn this paper, the adaptive optimal regulator design for unknown quantized linear discrete‐time control systems over fixed finite time is introduced. First, to mitigate the quantization error from input and state quantization, dynamic quantizer with time‐varying step‐size is utilized wherein it is shown that the quantization error will decrease overtime thus overcoming the drawback of the traditional uniform quantizer. Next, to relax the knowledge of system dynamics and achieve optimality, the adaptive dynamic programming methodology is adopted under Bellman's principle by using quantized state and input vector. Because of the time‐dependency nature of finite horizon, an adaptive online estimator, which learns a newly defined time‐varying action‐dependent value function, is updated at each time step so that policy and/or value iterations are not needed. Further, an additional error term corresponding to the terminal constraint is defined and minimized along the system trajectory. The proposed design scheme yields a forward‐in‐time and online scheme, which enjoys great practical merits. Lyapunov analysis is used to show the boundedness of the closed‐loop system; whereas when the time horizon is stretched to infinity as in the case of infinite horizon, asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system is demonstrated. Simulation results on a benchmarking batch reactor system are included to verify the theoretical claims. The net result is the design of the optimal adaptive controller for uncertain quantized linear discrete‐time systems in a forward‐in‐time manner. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dependency of the Tunneling Decay Coefficient in Molecular Tunneling Junctions on the Topography of the Bottom Electrodes
Authors: Yuan Li , Jiang Li , Zhang Bo , Nijhuis Christian A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA controversy in molecular electronics is the unexplained large spread in values of the tunneling decay coefficient β in tunneling junctions with self‐assembled monolayers of n‐alkanethiolates (SCn). We show control of the β value over the range 0.4–1.0 nC−1 in junctions by changing the topography of the bottom electrodes that support the SAMs. Very low β values (0.4–0.5 nC−1) are obtained for rough surfaces with large areas of exposed grain boundaries, while β=1.0 nC−1 for smooth surfaces with small areas of exposed grain boundaries.
Reinventing residual reserves in the sea: are we favouring ease of establishment over need for protection?
Authors: Devillers Rodolphe , Pressey Robert L. , Grech Alana , Kittinger John N. , Edgar Graham J. , Ward Trevor , Watson Reg 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

As systems of marine protected areas (MPAs) expand globally, there is a risk that new MPAs will be biased toward places that are remote or unpromising for extractive activities, and hence follow the trend of terrestrial protected areas in being ‘residual’ to commercial uses. Such locations typically provide little protection to the species and ecosystems that are most exposed to threatening processes.
There are strong political motivations to establish residual reserves that minimize costs and conflicts with users of natural resources. These motivations will likely remain in place as long as success continues to be measured in terms of area (km2) protected.
The global pattern of MPAs was reviewed and appears to be residual, supported by a rapid growth of large, remote MPAs. The extent to which MPAs in Australia are residual nationally and also regionally within the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) Marine Park was also examined.
Nationally, the recently announced Australian Commonwealth marine reserves were found to be strongly residual, making almost no difference to ‘business as usual’ for most ocean uses. Underlying this result was the imperative to minimize costs, but without the spatial constraints of explicit quantitative objectives for representing bioregions or the range of ecological features in highly protected zones.
In contrast, the 2004 rezoning of the GBR was exemplary, and the potential for residual protection was limited by applying a systematic set of planning principles, such as representing a minimum percentage of finely subdivided bioregions. Nonetheless, even at this scale, protection was uneven between bioregions. Within‐bioregion heterogeneity might have led to no‐take zones being established in areas unsuitable for trawling with a risk that species assemblages differ between areas protected and areas left available for trawling.
A simple four‐step framework of questions for planners and policy makers is proposed to help reverse the emerging residual tendency of MPAs and maximize their effectiveness for conservation. This involves checks on the least‐cost approach to establishing MPAs in order to avoid perverse outcomes.
© 2014 The Authors. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐distance connections in Vanuatu: New obsidian characterisations for the Makué site, Aore Island
Authors: Galipaud Jean‐Christophe , Reepmeyer Christian , Torrence Robin , Kelloway Sarah , White Peter 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA geochemical study using pXRF and LA–ICP–MS to characterise artefacts from sites dating to the initial phase of colonisation on Aore and Malo islands, Vanuatu, has confirmed the dominance of obsidian from the distant Kutau/Bao source in West New Britain, with a smaller group from local outcrops in the Banks Islands, Vanuatu. Three flakes from the Umleang/Umrei source in the Admiralty Islands have also been identified in later levels. Distance fall‐off analysis of metric and technological attributes suggests that during the early phase of human colonisation of Remote Oceania, obsidian circulated within a series of separate, loosely connected social spheres.
A Second Order Sliding Mode Path Following Control for Autonomous Surface Vessels
Authors: Valenciaga F. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis paper presents a path following control design for an autonomous surface vessel. The boat considered presents three degrees of freedom being driven by two independent propellers placed at its stern and is represented by a highly nonlinear underactuated dynamic model. The control objective is to reach and closely follow a pre‐specified trajectory, operating in an environment perturbed by currents and waves. This objective is achieved through a control scheme based on the interaction of guidance laws synthesized by Lyapunov techniques and a high order sliding mode control approach based on the Super Twisting Algorithm. This methodology allows designing robust and simple controllers that avoid chattering effects on sliding surfaces, producing continuous control actions and presenting a reduced computational burden. The control performance is analyzed through representative simulations.
Preferred side‐chain conformation of arginine residues in a triple‐helical structure
Authors: Okuyama Kenji , Haga Mitsuru , Noguchi Keiichi , Tanaka Toshiki 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe crystal structure of the triple‐helical peptide (Pro‐Hyp‐Gly)3‐Pro‐Arg‐Gly‐(Pro‐Hyp‐Gly)4 (POG3‐PRG‐POG4) was determined at 1.45 Å resolution. POG3‐PRG‐POG4 was designed to permit investigation of the side‐chain conformation of the Arg residues in a triple‐helical structure. Because of the alternative structure of one of three Arg residues, four side‐chain conformations were observed in an asymmetric unit. Among them, three adopt a ttg−t conformation and the other adopts a tg−g−t conformation. A statistical analysis of 80 Arg residues in various triple‐helical peptides showed that, unlike those in globular proteins, they preferentially adopt a tt conformation for χ1 and χ2, as observed in POG3‐PRG‐POG4. This conformation permits van der Waals contacts between the side‐chain atoms of Arg and the main‐chain atoms of the adjacent strand in the same molecule. Unlike many other host–guest peptides, in which there is a significant difference between the helical twists in the guest and the host peptides, POG3‐PRG‐POG4 shows a marked difference between the helical twists in the N‐terminal peptide and those in the C‐terminal peptide, separated near the Arg residue. This suggested that the unique side‐chain conformation of the Arg residue affects not only the conformation of the guest peptide, but also the conformation of the peptide away from the Arg residue. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 1000–1009, 2014.
Synthetic promoters for CHO cell engineering
Authors: Brown Adam J. , Sweeney Bernie , Mainwaring David O. , James David C. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTWe describe for the first time the creation of a library of 140 synthetic promoters specifically designed to regulate the expression of recombinant genes in CHO cells. Initially, 10 common viral promoter sequences known to be active in CHO cells were analyzed using bioinformatic sequence analysis programs to determine the identity and relative abundance of transcription factor regulatory elements (TFREs; or transcription factor binding sites) they contained. Based on this, 28 synthetic reporters were constructed that each harbored seven repeats of a discrete TFRE sequence upstream of a minimal CMV core promoter element and secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter gene. After evaluation of the relative activity of TFREs by transient expression in CHO‐S cells, we constructed a first generation library of 96 synthetic promoters derived from random ligation of six active TFREs inserted into the same reporter construct backbone. Comparison of the sequence and relative activity of first generation promoters revealed that individual TFRE blocks were either relatively abundant in active promoters (NFκB, E‐box), equally distributed across promoters of varying activity (C/EBPα, GC‐box) or relatively abundant in low activity promoters (E4F1, CRE). These data were utilized to create a second generation of 44 synthetic promoters based on random ligation of a fixed ratio of 4 TFREs (NFκB 5: E‐box 3: C/EBPα 1: GC‐box 1). Comparison of the sequence and relative activity of second generation promoters revealed that the most active promoters contained relatively high numbers of both NFκB and E‐box TFREs in approximately equal proportion, with a correspondingly low number of GC‐box and C/EBPα blocks. The most active second generation promoters achieved approximately twice the activity of a control construct harboring the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Lastly, we evaluated the function of a subset of synthetic promoters exhibiting a broad range of activity in different CHO cell host cell lines (CHO‐S, CHO‐K1, and CHO‐DG44) and across extended fed‐batch transient expression in CHO‐S cells. In general, the different synthetic promoters both maintained their relative activity and the most active promoters consistently and significantly exceeded the activity of the CMV control promoter. For advanced cell engineering strategies our synthetic promoter libraries offer precise control of recombinant transcriptional activity in CHO cells spanning over two orders of magnitude. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1638–1647. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Programmed Self‐Assembly of a Quadruplex DNA Nanowire
Authors: Ma'ani Hessari Nason , Spindler Lea , Troha Tinkara , Lam Wan‐Chi , Drevenšek‐Olenik Irena , Webba da Silva Mateus 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe ability to produce, reproducibly and systematically, well‐defined quadruplex DNA nanowires through controlled rational design is poorly understood despite potential utility in structural nanotechnology. The programmed hierarchical self‐assembly of a long four‐stranded DNA nanowire through cohesive self‐assembly of GpC and CpG “sticky” ends is reported. The encoding of bases within the quadruplex stem allows for an uninterrupted π‐stacking system with rectilinear propagation for hundreds of nanometers in length. The wire is mechanically stable and features superior nuclease resistance to double‐stranded DNA. The study indicates the feasibility for programmed assembly of uninterrupted quadruplex DNA nanowires. This is fundamental to the systematic investigation of well‐defined DNA nanostructures for uses in optoelectronic and electronic devices as well as other structural nanotechnology applications.
Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of [1, 2, 3]Triazolo[1, 5‐a]Pyridines from 2‐Acylpyridines by Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Oxidative NN Bond Formation
Authors: Hirayama Tasuku , Ueda Satoshi , Okada Takahiro , Tsurue Norihiko , Okuda Kensuke , Nagasawa Hideko 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAn efficient and simple method for the synthesis of various [1, 2, 3]triazolo[1, 5‐a]pyridines has been established. The method involves a copper(II)‐catalyzed oxidative NN bond formation that uses atmospheric oxygen as the terminal oxidant following hydrazonation in one pot. The use of ethyl acetate as the solvent dramatically promotes the oxidative NN bond‐formation reaction and enables the application of oxidative cyclization in the efficient one‐pot reaction. A mechanism for the reaction was proposed on the basis of the results of a spectroscopic study.
Origins of Large Rate Enhancements in the Nazarov Cyclization Catalyzed by Supramolecular Encapsulation
Authors: Hastings Courtney J. , Bergman Robert G. , Raymond Kenneth N. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe self‐assembled supramolecular host [Ga4L6]12− (1; L=N,N‐bis(2,3‐dihydroxybenzoyl)‐1,5‐diaminonaphthalene) catalyzes the Nazarov cyclization of 1,3‐pentadienols with extremely high levels of efficiency. The catalyzed reaction proceeds at a rate over a million times faster than that of the background reaction, an increase comparable to those observed in some enzymatic systems. A detailed study was conducted to elucidate the reaction mechanism of both the catalyzed and uncatalyzed Nazarov cyclization of pentadienols. Kinetic analysis and 18O‐exchange experiments implicate a mechanism, in which encapsulation, protonation, and water loss from substrate are reversible, followed by irreversible electrocyclization. Although electrocyclization is rate determining in the uncatalyzed reaction, the barrier for water loss and for electrocyclization are nearly equal in the assembly‐catalyzed reaction. Analysis of the energetics of the catalyzed and uncatalyzed reaction revealed that transition‐state stabilization contributes significantly to the dramatically enhanced rate of the catalyzed reaction.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed C7 Amidation of Indoline CH Bonds with Sulfonyl Azides
Authors: Pan Changduo , Abdukader Ablimit , Han Jie , Cheng Yixiang , Zhu Chengjian 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA ruthenium‐catalyzed direct C7 amidation of indoline CH bonds with sulfonyl azides was developed. This procedure allows the synthesis of a variety of 7‐amino‐substituted indolines, which are useful in pharmaceutical. The good functional tolerances, as well as the mild conditions, are prominent feature of this method.
Double CaromH Activation Associated with Etheral Oxygen Insertion to Phenazine Architecture in Oxidisable Ruthenium(III) Complexes: A Mechanistic Insight
Authors: Roy Suman K , Samanta Subhas , Chowdhury Nabanita Saha , Mondal Tapan K. , Goswami Sreebrata 
Published: February 2014

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Sreebrata Goswami at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. The image depicts an unexpected aromatic ring hydroxylation reaction. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201303932.
MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy
Authors: Lalla Rajesh V. , Bowen Joanne , Barasch Andrei , Elting Linda , Epstein Joel , Keefe Dorothy M. , McGuire Deborah B. , Migliorati Cesar , Nicolatou‐Galitis Ourania , Peterson Douglas E. , Raber‐Durlacher Judith E. , Sonis Stephen T. , Elad Sharon ,   The Mucositis Guidelines Leadership Group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer and International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO).
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUNDMucositis is a highly significant, and sometimes dose‐limiting, toxicity of cancer therapy. The goal of this systematic review was to update the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer and International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) Clinical Practice Guidelines for mucositis.METHODSA literature search was conducted to identify eligible published articles, based on predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Each article was independently reviewed by 2 reviewers. Studies were rated according to the presence of major and minor flaws as per previously published criteria. The body of evidence for each intervention, in each treatment setting, was assigned a level of evidence, based on previously published criteria. Guidelines were developed based on the level of evidence, with 3 possible guideline determinations: recommendation, suggestion, or no guideline possible.RESULTSThe literature search identified 8279 papers, 1032 of which were retrieved for detailed evaluation based on titles and abstracts. Of these, 570 qualified for final inclusion in the systematic reviews. Sixteen new guidelines were developed for or against the use of various interventions in specific treatment settings. In total, the MASCC/ISOO Mucositis Guidelines now include 32 guidelines: 22 for oral mucositis and 10 for gastrointestinal mucositis. This article describes these updated guidelines.CONCLUSIONSThe updated MASCC/ISOO Clinical Practice Guidelines for mucositis will help clinicians provide evidence‐based management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy. Cancer 2014;120:1453–1461. © 2014 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
Single‐Molecule Super‐Resolution Light‐Sheet Microscopy
Authors: Hu Ying S. , Zimmerley Maxwell , Li Yu , Watters Robin , Cang Hu 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSingle‐molecule super‐resolution imaging is a new promising tool for investigation of sub‐cellular structures. Concurrently, light‐sheet microscopy, also known as selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM), has gained rapid favor with the imaging community in developmental biology due to its fast speed, high contrast, deep penetration, and low phototoxicity. While nearly a dozen reviews thoroughly describe the development of light‐sheet microscopy and its technological breakthroughs with a main focus on improving the 3D imaging speed of fish embryos, central nervous system, and other tissues, few have addressed the potential of combining light‐sheet microscopy and localization‐based super‐resolution imaging to achieve sub‐diffraction‐limited resolution. Adapting light‐sheet illumination for single‐molecule imaging presents unique challenges for instrumentation and reconstruction algorithms. In this Minireview, we provide an overview of the recent developments that address these challenges. We compare different approaches in super‐resolution and light‐sheet imaging, address advantages and limitations in each approach, and outline future directions of this emerging field.