bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abiotic and biotic factors affecting the denning behaviors in Asiatic black bears
Ursus thibetanus
Authors: Yamamoto Toshiaki , Tamatani Hiroo , Tanaka Junpei , Oshima Gen , Mura Serina , Koyama Masaru 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
For bears, numerous associations between biotic and abiotic factors have been reported to correlate with the timing of den entry and emergence; however, an analysis showing which factors influence the timing of den entry and emergence has not been performed enough. In this study, a generalized linear mixed model was generated using 66 entry dates for 26 females and 40 entry dates for 26 males, and 56 emergence dates for 26 females and 25 emergence dates for 18 males between 1999 and 2012. Regarding factors for den entry, the average temperature in November and mast production of Mongolian oaks were significant for both males and females. For the date of den emergence, the average temperature in March affected strongly. For males, good mast production of Mongolian oaks in the previous year was found to be associated with early den emergence. For females, the presence of newborns had a significant influence on their den entry and emergence. This study indicated that denning behavior appears to be regulated by several abiotic and biotic factors and regulation factors are sex specific.
Three in one go: consequential angular momentum loss can solve major problems of CV evolution
Authors: Schreiber M. R. , Zorotovic M. , Wijnen T. P. G. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The average white dwarf (WD) masses in cataclysmic variables (CVs) have been measured to significantly exceed those of single WDs, which is the opposite of what is theoretically expected. We present the results of binary population synthesis models taking into account consequential angular momentum loss (CAML) that is assumed to increase with decreasing WD mass. This approach cannot only solve the WD mass problem but also brings in agreement theoretical predictions and observations of the orbital period distribution and the space density of CVs. We speculate that frictional angular momentum loss following nova eruptions might cause such CAML and could be the missing ingredient of CV evolution.
X-ray fluorescent lines from the Compton-thick AGN in M51
Authors: Xu Weiwei , Liu Zhu , Gou Lijun , Liu Jiren 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The cold disc/torus gas surrounding active galactic nuclei (AGN) emits fluorescent lines when irradiated by hard X-ray photons. The fluorescent lines of elements other than Fe and Ni are rarely detected due to their relative faintness. We report the detection of Kα lines of neutral Si, S, Ar, Ca, Cr, and Mn, along with the prominent Fe Kα, Fe Kβ, and Ni Kα lines, from the deep Chandra observation of the low-luminosity Compton-thick AGN in M51. The Si Kα line at 1.74 keV is detected at ∼3σ, the other fluorescent lines have a significance between 2 and 2.5 σ, while the Cr line has a significance of ∼1.5σ. These faint fluorescent lines are made observable due to the heavy obscuration of the intrinsic spectrum of M51, which is revealed by NuSTAR observation above 10 keV. The hard X-ray continuum of M51 from Chandra and NuSTAR can be fitted with a power-law spectrum with an index of 1.8, reprocessed by a torus with an equatorial column density of NH ∼ 7 × 1024 cm−2 and an inclination angle of 74°. This confirms the Compton-thick nature of the nucleus of M51. The relative element abundances inferred from the fluxes of the fluorescent lines are similar to their solar values, except for Mn, which is about 10 times overabundant. It indicates that Mn is likely enhanced by the nuclear spallation of Fe.
Optimizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing Interventions for Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States: A Modeling Study
Authors: Delaney Kevin P. , Rosenberg Eli S. , Kramer Michael R. , Waller Lance A. , Sullivan Patrick S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackground.  In the United States, public health recommendations for men who have sex with men (MSM) include testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at least annually. We model the impact of different possible HIV testing policies on HIV incidence in a simulated population parameterized to represent US MSM.Methods.  We used exponential random graph models to explore, among MSM, the short-term impact on baseline (under current HIV testing practices and care linkage) HIV incidence of the following: (1) increasing frequency of testing; (2) increasing the proportion who ever test; (3) increasing test sensitivity; (4) increasing the proportion of the diagnosed population achieving viral suppression; and combinations of 1–4. We simulated each scenario 20 times and calculated the median and interquartile range of 3-year cumulative incidence of HIV infection.Results.  The only intervention that reduced HIV incidence on its own was increasing the proportion of the diagnosed population achieving viral suppression; increasing frequency of testing, the proportion that ever test or test sensitivity did not appreciably reduce estimated incidence. However, in an optimal scenario in which viral suppression improved to 100%, HIV incidence could be reduced by an additional 17% compared with baseline by increasing testing frequency to every 90 days and test sensitivity to 22 days postinfection.Conclusions.  Increased frequency, coverage, or sensitivity of HIV testing among MSM is unlikely to result in reduced HIV incidence unless men diagnosed through enhanced testing programs are also engaged in effective HIV care resulting in viral suppression at higher rates than currently observed.
Biomarkers as Inputs
Authors: Lehrer Steven 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of research primarily within the discipline of economics that empirically examines how biomarkers influences specific health and socioeconomic outcomes. Since the role that biomarkers are hypothesized to play in the estimating equation differs across studies, a distinction is first made between two separate categories of biomarkers: biological time-varying measures such as hormones and biological time-invariant measures including DNA. Recent research in these two categories is then reviewed, focusing on studies that can present the most credible evidence of the role of specific biomarkers. Last, an emerging literature that focuses on the interactions between time-varying environmental conditions and time-invariant genetic factors is discussed. The chapter concludes by highlights three promising areas for future research and suggesting researchers should shift their attention away from investigating specific candidate genes to polygenic risk scores, as well as focus on genetic interactions with more aggregated rather than specific environmental influences.
Obesity and Income Inequality in OECD Countries
Authors: Su Dejun 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) exhibit substantial increases in both income inequality and obesity prevalence since the 1970s. Income inequality may affect obesity through increased psychosocial distress, concentrated poverty, erosion of social cohesion, and inadequate policy interventions. Substantial variations appear in estimated obesity prevalence across OECD countries in 2010. Particularly important are the United States and Mexico, which lead OECD countries in current obesity rates, income inequality, and the pace of increases in obesity prevalence over time. When both countries are included in the analysis, differences in obesity prevalence are more related to differences in income inequality than to differences in absolute income across these countries. This association between income inequality and obesity prevalence virtually disappears when both countries are excluded from analysis. So far, limited research exploring the association between income inequality and obesity has not yielded conclusive, unequivocal findings.
Genomic Foundation of Starch-to-Lipid Switch in Oleaginous Chlorella spp.
Authors: Fan Jianhua , Ning Kang , Zeng Xiaowei , Luo Yuanchan , Wang Dongmei , Hu Jianqiang , Li Jing , Xu Hui , Huang Jianke , Wan Minxi , Wang Weiliang , Zhang Daojing , Shen Guomin , Run Conglin , Liao Junjie , Fang Lei , Huang Shi , Jing Xiaoyan , Su Xiaoquan , Wang Anhui , Bai Lili , Hu Zanmin , Xu Jian , Li Yuanguang 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The ability to rapidly switch the intracellular energy storage form from starch to lipids is an advantageous trait for microalgae feedstock. To probe this mechanism, we sequenced the 56.8-Mbp genome of Chlorella pyrenoidosa FACHB-9, an industrial production strain for protein, starch, and lipids. The genome exhibits positive selection and gene family expansion in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and genes related to cell cycle and stress response. Moreover, 10 lipid metabolism genes might be originated from bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. Transcriptomic dynamics tracked via messenger RNA sequencing over six time points during metabolic switch from starch-rich heterotrophy to lipid-rich photoautotrophy revealed that under heterotrophy, genes most strongly expressed were from the tricarboxylic acid cycle, respiratory chain, oxidative phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis, glyoxylate cycle, and amino acid metabolisms, whereas those most down-regulated were from fatty acid and oxidative pentose phosphate metabolism. The shift from heterotrophy into photoautotrophy highlights up-regulation of genes from carbon fixation, photosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and starch catabolism, which resulted in a marked redirection of metabolism, where the primary carbon source of glycine is no longer supplied to cell building blocks by the tricarboxylic acid cycle and gluconeogenesis, whereas carbon skeletons from photosynthesis and starch degradation may be directly channeled into fatty acid and protein biosynthesis. By establishing the first genetic transformation in industrial oleaginous C. pyrenoidosa, we further showed that overexpression of an NAD(H) kinase from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) increased cellular lipid content by 110.4%, yet without reducing growth rate. These findings provide a foundation for exploiting the metabolic switch in microalgae for improved photosynthetic production of food and fuels.
Correlation between biofilm production, antibiotic susceptibility and exopolysaccharide composition in Burkholderia pseudomalleibpsI, ppk, and rpoS mutant strains
Authors: Mongkolrob Rungrawee , Taweechaisupapong Suwimol , Tungpradabkul Sumalee 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTBurkholderia pseudomallei is the cause of melioidosis, a fatal tropical infectious disease, which has been reported to have a high rate of recurrence, even when an intensive dose of antibiotics is used. Biofilm formation is believed to be one of the possible causes of relapse because of its ability to increase drug resistance. EPS in biofilms have been reported to be related to the limitation of antibiotic penetration in B. pseudomallei. However, the mechanisms by which biofilms restrict the diffusion of antibiotics remain unclear. The present study presents a correlation between exopolysaccharide production in biofilm matrix and antibiotic resistance in B. pseudomallei using bpsI, ppk, and rpoS mutant strains. CLSM revealed a reduction in exopolysaccharide production and disabled micro‐colony formation in B. pseudomallei mutants, which paralleled the antibiotic resistance. Different ratios of carbohydrate contents in the exopolysaccharides of the mutants were detected, although they have the same components, including glucose, galactose, mannose, and rhamnose, with the exception being that no detectable rhamnose peak was observed in the bpsI mutant. These results indicate that the correlation between these phenomena in the B. pseudomallei biofilm at least results from the exopolysaccharide, which may be under the regulation of bpsI, ppk, or rpoS genes.
Variance and potential niche separation of microbial communities in subseafloor sediments off Shimokita Peninsula, Japan
Authors: Nunoura Takuro , Takaki Yoshihiro , Shimamura Shigeru , Kakuta Jungo , Kazama Hiromi , Hirai Miho , Masui Noriaki , Tomaru Hitoshi , Morono Yuki , Imachi Hiroyuki , Inagaki Fumio , Takai Ken 
Published: October 2015

SummarySubseafloor pelagic sediments with high concentrations of organic matter form habitats for diverse microorganisms. Here, we determined depth profiles of genes for SSU rRNA, mcrA, dsrA and amoA from just beneath the seafloor to 363.3 m below the seafloor (mbsf) using core samples obtained from the forearc basin off the Shimokita Peninsula. The molecular profiles were combined with data on lithostratigraphy, depositional age, sedimentation rate and pore‐water chemistry. The SSU rRNA gene tag structure and diversity changed at around the sulfate‐methane transition zone (SMTZ), whereas the profiles varied further with depth below the SMTZ, probably in connection with the variation in pore‐water chemistry. The depth profiles of diversity and abundance of dsrA, a key gene for sulfate reduction, suggested the possible niche separations of sulfate‐reducing populations, even below the SMTZ. The diversity and abundance patterns of mcrA, a key gene for methanogenesis/anaerobic methanotrophy, suggested a stratified distribution and separation of anaerobic methanotrophy and hydrogenotrophic or methylotrophic methanogensis below the SMTZ. This study provides novel insights into the relationships between the composition and function of microbial communities and the chemical environment in the nutrient‐rich continental margin subseafloor sediments, which may result in niche separation and variability in subseafloor microbial populations.
The Impact of Improved Population Life Expectancy in Survival Trend Analyses of Specific Diseases
Authors: van Walraven Carl 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundSurvival trend analyses examine mortality outcomes over time. The impact of conducting survival trend analyses without accounting for improved population survival has not been systematically studied.MethodsThe 1‐year risk of death in the 100 most common hospital admissions for Ontario adults in 1994, 1999, 2004, and 2009 was determined. Generalized linear models were used to determine if adjusted death risk changed significantly over time with and without accounting for population survival.ResultsThe statistical significance of temporal trends in survival changed after accounting for population life expectancy in 16 diagnoses (16 percent) (in 13 of 55 diagnoses, statistically significant decreasing mortality trends became insignificant; in 3 of 15 diagnoses, insignificant trends changed to a significant increase in mortality risk over time).ConclusionsThese results highlight the importance of accounting for population life‐expectancy changes in survival trend analyses.
Nutrition students' experiences with constructing a portfolio about food and culture
Authors: Sabatini Fernanda , da Rocha Pereira Patrícia , Devincenzi Macarena Urrestarazu , Aburad Luiz , Scagliusi Fernanda Baeza 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimThis study aimed to analyse nutrition students' experiences with constructing a portfolio about food and culture. The study examined what was gained from the experience at its completion and retained after a period of 1 year.MethodsFor the module ‘Human food in historical and social contexts’, nutrition undergraduate students were required to create a portfolio. Twenty‐nine (of 49) students agreed to have their portfolios analysed in this qualitative study. The messages that were kept and recorded during the development of the portfolio were analysed by the discourse of collective subject method (DCS). Eleven students also participated in focus groups aimed to assess the impact of the portfolio on the students, as well as the process of its creation, in the long term. Transcripts of the focus groups were analysed using the DCS method.ResultsIn the portfolios, we noted important messages linking eating to history, culture, respect and commensality. In the focus groups, students highlighted that the portfolio helped them to reflect and to change their view of nutrition. The creation of the portfolio was considered exciting, involving and demanding.ConclusionsThrough the analyses of the portfolio and the focus groups, it was possible to observe that students were stimulated towards a critical, humanised and complex practice that respected the historical, social, cultural, sensorial, nutritional and political nature of eating. The portfolio seemed a suitable learning method for complex themes, such as food and culture, providing a different and collaborative formation process.
Evidence for the widespread production of DSF family signal molecules by members of the genus Burkholderia by the aid of novel biosensors
Authors: Suppiger Angela , Aguilar Claudio , Eberl Leo 
Published: October 2015

SummaryMany bacteria employ cis‐2‐unsaturated fatty acids, referred to as DSF (diffusible signal factor) family signals, to communicate with each other. Such systems have been shown to control biofilm formation, motility, production of hydrolytic enzymes and expression of virulence factors. We report the construction of novel biosensors on the basis of components of the Burkholderia‐DSF (BDSF) dependent circuitry of Burkholderia cenocepacia H111 and evaluated their utility for detecting the production of DSF family signal molecules. We show that a luxAB‐based biosensor responds to nM levels of synthetic BDSF and is suitable to detect a wide range of cis‐2 fatty acid molecules. Using this biosensor we show that the production of DSF family molecules is widespread among members of the B. cepacia complex and demonstrate for the first time that DSF‐based molecules are also produced by plant‐associated Burkholderia species.
Hydrophilins in the filamentous fungus Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischeri) have protective activity against several types of microbial water stress
Authors: van Leeuwen M.R. , Wyatt T.T. , van Doorn T.M. , Lugones L.G. , Wösten H.A.B. , Dijksterhuis J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractHydrophilins are proteins that occur in all domains of life and protect cells and organisms against drought and other stresses. They include most of the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins and the heat shock protein (HSP) Hsp12. Here, the role of a predicted LEA‐like protein (LeamA) and two Hsp12 proteins (Hsp12A and Hsp12B) of Neosartorya fischeri was studied. This filamentous fungus forms ascospores that belong to the most stress‐resistant eukaryotic cells described to date. Heterologous expression of LeamA, Hsp12A and Hsp12B resulted in increased tolerance against salt and osmotic stress in Escherichia coli. These proteins were also shown to protect lactate dehydrogenase against dry heat and freeze–thaw cycles in vitro. Deletion of leamA caused diminished viability of sexual ascospores after drought and heat. This is the first report on functionality of Hsp12 and putative LeamA proteins derived from filamentous fungi, and their possible role in N. fischeri ascospore resistance against desiccation, high temperature and osmotic stress is discussed.
Trends in incidence and survival for upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) in the state of Victoria – Australia
Authors: Woodford Richard , Ranasinghe Weranja , Aw Hau Choong , Sengupta Shomik , Persad Raj 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence and mortality trends of upper tract urothelial cancers (UTUC) in Victoria over the last decade.Patients and MethodsAge‐adjusted incidence and mortality rates were calculated for UTUC. These were identified using data from the Victorian Cancer Registry from 2001 until 2011 based on histological diagnoses. Age at diagnosis, sex and demographical location were compared.ResultsThe age‐standardised incidence of UTUC remained stable from 2001 to 2011. There were 278 deaths from UTUC over this period with an overall 5‐year survival rate of 32%. There was no significant difference in survival between 2001–06 and 2007–11 (30% vs 36%, respectively). Lower age at diagnosis was associated with a significant improvement in survival (P = 0.01). Sex and geographical location appeared to have no effect on survival.ConclusionThe 5‐year survival rates for UTUC in Victoria are poor, particularly in comparison to worldwide data. In contrast to worldwide trends, the incidence of UTUC appears to be stable. No significant improvement in 5‐year survival rates over the short study period was identified. These findings highlight the difficulties in managing this rare yet deadly malignancy.
Incidence and risk factors of venous thromboembolism after pelvic uro‐oncologic surgery – a single center experience
Authors: Chen Emily C. , Papa Nathan , Lawrentschuk Nathan , Bolton Damien , Sengupta Shomik 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence and assess risk factors for the development of VTE among patients undergoing major pelvic surgery for prostate and bladder cancer in an Australian tertiary referral center.Patients and MethodsConsecutive patients undergoing major pelvic uro‐oncologic surgery, namely radical cystectomy and radical prostatectomy over a five‐year period (2009–2013) were identified. Patient variables and types of thromboprophylaxis (pharmacological and/or mechanical) used in this patient cohort were collected for analyses as predictive factors.ResultsThe overall incidence of VTE was 1.8%. Patients undergoing radical cystectomy were more likely to suffer a VTE event compared to patients having radical prostatectomy. In this cohort, the risk factors for VTE include, prolonged operative time of greater than 4 hours (h), lymph node dissection (LND) and patients requiring blood transfusions.ConclusionPatients undergoing major pelvic uro‐oncologic surgery have an approximately 1.8% risk of developing VTE. Risk factors identified in this study should be used to guide the use of early and prolonged thromboprophylaxis.
Post‐hemodialysis dosing of 1 vs. 2 g of ceftazidime in anuric end‐stage renal disease patients on low‐flux dialysis and its pharmacodynamic implications on clinical use
Authors: Goh Jessica Hui Fen , Lee Siok Ying , Ooi Say Tat , Lee Soon‐U Lawrence , Hee Kim‐Hor , Renaud Claude J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCeftazidime is a cost‐effective antimicrobial against Gram‐negative pathogens associated with sepsis in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) hemodialysis patients with potential for wider use with the advent of ceftazidime‐avibactam. Dosing ceftazidime post‐hemodialysis appears attractive and convenient, but limited in vivo data on pharmacodynamic efficacy (PE) attainment, defined as >70% of the interdialytic period drug concentrations exceed susceptible pathogens minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (%TMIC), warrants further assessment. We therefore evaluated PE and tolerability of 1 against 2 g regime in anuric ESRD patients on low‐flux hemodialysis. Two doses of 1 or 2 g ceftazidime were administered post‐hemodialysis prior to 48‐ and 72‐hour interdialytic intervals in ESRD inpatients without active infections. Peak and trough concentrations (mg/L) were assayed using a validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. Proportion of patients achieving PE for known pathogens with MICs ≤ 8 mg/L and adverse effects were assessed. Six (43%) and eight (57%) adult patients received 1 and 2 g dose, respectively. Median (25th–75th percentile), peak, 48‐ and 72‐hour trough ceftazidime concentrations were 78 (60–98) vs. 158 (128–196), 37 (23–37) vs. 49 (39–71), and 13 (12–20) vs. 26 (21–41) mg/L, respectively, resulting in 100% TMIC for both doses. One patient on the 1‐g dose experienced mild pruritus. Reliable and safe PE attainment over both 48‐ and 72‐hour interdialytic interval was achievable with 1 g of ceftazidime dosed post‐hemodialysis. The 2 g dose was equally effective and well tolerated but may not be necessary. These findings need validation in non‐anuric patients, high‐flux hemodialysis, and during avibactam co‐administration.