bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel biodegradable calcium phosphate/polymer composite coating with adjustable mechanical properties formed by hydrothermal process for corrosion protection of magnesium substrate
Authors: Kaabi Falahieh Asl Sara , Nemeth Sandor , Tan Ming Jen 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCeramic type coatings on metallic implants, such as calcium phosphate (Ca‐P), are generally stiff and brittle, potentially leading to the early failure of the bone–implant interface. To reduce material brittleness, polyacrylic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose were used in this study to deposit two types of novel Ca‐P/polymer composite coatings on AZ31 magnesium alloy using a one‐step hydrothermal process. X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy showed that the deposited Ca‐P crystal phase and morphology could be controlled by the type and concentration of polymer used. Incorporation of polymer in the Ca‐P coatings reduced the coating elastic modulus bringing it close to that of magnesium and that of human bone. Nanoindentation test results revealed significantly decreased cracking tendency with the incorporation of polymer in the Ca‐P coating. Apart from mechanical improvements, the protective composite layers had also enhanced the corrosion resistance of the substrate by a factor of 1000 which is sufficient for implant application. Cell proliferation studies indicated that the composite coatings induced better cell attachment compared with the purely inorganic Ca‐P coating, confirming that the obtained composite materials could be promising candidates for surface protection of magnesium for implant application with the multiple functions of corrosion protection, interfacial stress reduction, and cell attachment/cell growth promotion. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1643–1657, 2016.
Impact of light intensity on the polymerization kinetics and network structure of model hydrophobic and hydrophilic methacrylate based dental adhesive resin
Authors: Abedin Farhana , Ye Qiang , Camarda Kyle , Spencer Paulette 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe impact of light intensity on the degree of conversion (DC), rate of polymerization and network structure was investigated for hydrophobic and hydrophilic dental adhesive resins. Two and three component photoinitiating (PI) systems were used in this study. Low light intensities had a negative impact on the polymerization efficiency for the hydrophilic resin with 2 component PI system. Incorporation of iodonium salt in the hydrophilic resin significantly improved the polymerization efficiency of the HEMA/BisGMA system and led to a substantial DC, even at low light intensities. The results suggested that shorter polymer chains were formed in the presence of iodonium salt. It appears that there is little or no impact of light intensity on the polymer structure of the 2 component PI system. Light intensity has subtle impact on the polymer structure of the 3 component PI system. In the case of the hydrophobic resin, the polymer is so highly cross‐linked that the presence of shorter chains for the 3 component PI system does not cause a decrease in the glass transition temperature (Tg) when compared to the 2 component PI system. For the hydrophilic resin, the presence of shorter polymer chains in the 3 component PI system reduces the Tg when compared with the corresponding 2 component PI system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1666–1678, 2016.
Phaeochromocytomas and Paragangliomas: A difference in disease behaviour and clinical outcomes
Authors: Ezzat Abdel‐Aziz Tarek , Prete Francesco , Conway Gerard , Gaze Mark , Bomanji Jamshed , Bouloux Pierre , Khoo Bernard , Caplin Martyn , Mushtaq Imran , Smart James , Kurzawinski Tom R. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundPhaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas arise from the same chromaffin cell, but evidence suggests they do not represent a single clinical entity. The aim of this study was to compare clinical presentations, outcomes of surgical and oncological treatments and survival in patients with phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas.MethodsA retrospective review was undertaken of all patients treated for these conditions at our centre between 1983 and 2012.ResultsOne hundred and six patients (88 adults, 18 children) with phaeochromocytoma (n = 83) or paraganglioma (n = 23) were studied. Catecholamine symptoms and incidentalomas were the main presentations in phaeochromocytoma patients (67% and 17%) respectively, but in those with paragangliomas pain (39%) was more common (P < 0.001). More paragangliomas were malignant (14/23 vs 9/83, P < 0.0001), larger (9.17 ± 4.95 cm vs. 5.8 ± 3.44 cm, P = 0.001) and had a higher rate of conversion to open surgery (P = <0.01), more R2 resections, more postoperative complications and a longer hospital stay (P = 0.014). MIBG uptake in malignant paragangliomas was lower than in malignant phaeochromocytomas (36% vs. 100%, P = 0.002) and disease stabilisation was achieved in 29% and 86% of patients respectively. 90Y‐DOTA‐octreotate had a 78% response rate in malignant paragangliomas.ConclusionThe clinical differences between paragangliomas and phaeochromocytomas support the view that they should be considered as separate clinical entities. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015; 112:486–491. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of ecophysiological and behavioral traits in structuring the zooplankton assemblage in a deep, oligotrophic, tropical lake
Authors: Ciros‐Pérez Jorge , Ortega‐Mayagoitia Elizabeth , Alcocer Javier 
Published: September 2015

AbstractZooplankton inhabiting deep, oligotrophic, tropical lakes must cope with scenarios where the combination of resource limitation, high visual‐predation risk, UV‐induced damage and seasonal development of anoxic waters, entail particular challenges for organisms, uncommon in temperate environments. We assessed the diel vertical migration—DVM—(UV/predation‐avoidance strategy), numerical response, and starvation resistance (physiological strategies to cope with food scarcity) of the copepodLeptodiaptomus garciaiand the rotifersHexarthra jenkinaeandBrachionussp. “Mexico,” which constitute the zooplankton assemblage of Alchichica, a high‐altitude, deep, oligotrophic, hyposaline, warm‐monomictic lake located in Mexico.L. garciaifollowed the normal pattern of DVM in all seasons; with organisms concentrated ≈ 20 m deeper than the depth of 1% photosynthetically active radiation at mid‐day, with evasion from the planktivorePoblana alchichicaas the most probable driver. However, copepods could not evade the euphotic zone owing to the anoxic conditions of the hypolimnion during the well‐established stratification period. Rotifers did not migrate vertically. The dominance of copepods throughout the year can be explained by their low food threshold, high proportion of usable reserves and the lowest rate of mass loss at food deprivation. Contrastingly, rotifers are scarce and intermittent due to frequent resource limitation and because they lose mass at higher rates. However, they are able to suddenly increase due to their high growth rates. We demonstrated that the interaction between environmental constraints and the specific combinations of traits can explain zooplankton structure in the lake. This study enlightens the necessity to improve current limnological models with data from tropical lakes.
Neuropathology of α‐synuclein propagation and braak hypothesis
Authors: McCann Heather , Cartwright Heidi , Halliday Glenda M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractParkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with multiple factors contributing to increasing severity of pathology in specific brain regions. The Braak hypothesis of Lewy pathology progression in Parkinson's disease proposes a systematic spread of α‐synuclein that can be staged, with the later stages correlating with clinical aspects of the disease. The spread of pathology through the different stages suggests progression, a theory that has proven correct from evidence of pathology in healthy neurons grafted into the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease. Progression of pathology occurs on a number of levels, within a cell, between nearby cells, and then over longer distances throughout the brain, and evidence using prion proteins suggests two dissociable mechanisms—intracellular toxicity versus a nontoxic infectious mechanism for propagation. In Parkinson's disease, intracellular changes associated with mitochondria and lysosome dysfunction appear important for α‐synuclein propagation, with high stress conditions favoring mitochondrial cell death mechanisms. Functional neurons appear necessary for propagation. Unconventional exocytosis releases α‐synuclein under stress conditions, and endocytic uptake occurs in nearby cells. This cell‐to‐cell transmission of α‐synuclein has been recapitulated in both cell culture and animal models, but the timeframe of transmission is considerably shorter than that observed in transplanted neurons. The time course of Lewy pathology formation in patients is consistent with the long time course observed in grafted neurons, and the restricted neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease is potentially important for the propagation of α‐synuclein through relatively intact circuits. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Analysis of Racial and Ethnic Disparities as Possible Risk Factors for Development of Incontinence by Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Bliss Donna Z. , Gurvich Olga V. , Savik Kay , Eberly Lynn E. , Harms Susan , Wyman Jean F. , Mueller Christine , Garrard Judith , Virnig Beth 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIncontinence is a common health problem among nursing home (NH) residents. Differences between black and white NH residents in incontinence prevalence have been reported. Although reducing health disparities is a principal objective of the national health care agenda, little is known about disparities in incidence of new incontinence in NHs. The purpose of this study was to assess whether there were racial/ethnic disparities in the time to development of incontinence in adults over age 65 who had been continent on NH admission. If no racial or ethnic disparities in time to incontinence were found, other predictors of time to incontinence would be explored. Three national databases were sources of data on 42,693 adults over 65 admitted to 446 for‐profit NHs in a national chain. Multi‐level predictors of time to any type of incontinence were analyzed, using Cox proportional hazards regression for white Non‐Hispanic NH admissions and the Peters‐Belson method for minority NH admissions: American Indians/Alaskan Natives, Asians/Pacific Islanders, Black non‐Hispanics, and Hispanics. No racial/ethnic disparities in time to incontinence were found. Approximately 30% of all racial/ethnic groups had developed incontinence by 6 months. Those who developed incontinence sooner were older and had greater deficits in activities of daily living (ADL) and cognition. Results were consistent with past evidence and suggest that interventions to maintain continence from the time of admission should be applied across racial/ethnic groups. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of an obesity intervention program on cognitive function in children: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Huang Tao , Larsen Kristian Traberg , Jepsen Jens Richardt Møllegaard , Møller Niels Christian , Thorsen Anne Kær , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Andersen Lars Bo 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveAdiposity may be associated with poorer cognitive function in children. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of an obesity intervention on cognitive function in children.MethodsOne hundred and fifteen children were randomly allocated to either the Day Camp Intervention Arm (DCIA) or the Standard Intervention Arm (SIA). Children in the DCIA participated in a 6‐week day camp intervention and a subsequent 46‐week family‐based intervention. The camp intervention mainly consisted of physical exercise and health classes. The SIA was offered one weekly physical exercise session for 6 weeks and one educational meeting. Anthropometrics and cognitive function were measured at baseline, 6 weeks, and 52 weeks.ResultsAt 6 weeks, the improvement in visuospatial construction skills was larger in the DCIA than the SIA (standardized mean difference, 0.47, 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.86, P = 0.02). At 52 weeks, the improvements in emotional control (standardized mean difference, −0.42, 95% CI, −0.68 to −0.16, P = 0.002) and monitoring (standardized mean difference, −0.32, 95% CI, −0.63 to −0.02, P = 0.04) were larger in the DCIA than the SIA. No group differences were observed in changes in other cognitive outcomes.ConclusionsThe obesity intervention may benefit emotional control, monitoring, and visuospatial construction skills in children.
Electrosynthesis of ambipolar electrochromic polymer films from anthraquinone–triarylamine hybrids
Authors: Hsiao Sheng‐Huei , Lin Jhe‐Yong 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTTwo ester derivatives featuring anthraquinone as an interior core and terminal electroactive triphenylamine or carbazole groups were prepared by the condensation of 2,6‐dihydroxyanthraquinone with 4‐(diphenylamino)benzoyl chloride and 4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)benzoyl chloride, respectively. The electrochemistry and electropolymerization of these monomers were investigated. The polymeric films were built onto ITO/glass surface by repetitive cyclic voltammetry scanning of the monomer solutions containing an electrolyte. The electrogenerated polymer films exhibited reversible electrochemical processes and strong color changes upon electro‐oxidation or electro‐reduction, which can be switched by potential modulation. The remarkable electrochromic behavior of the film was clearly interpreted on the basis of spectroelectrochemical studies, and the electrochromic stability was evaluated by the electrochromic switching studies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 644–655
Inflammation and its genesis in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Nichols David P. , Chmiel James F. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe host inflammatory response in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease has long been recognized as a central pathological feature and an important therapeutic target. Indeed, many believe that bronchiectasis results largely from the oxidative and proteolytic damage comprised within an exuberant airway inflammatory response that is dominated by neutrophils. In this review, we address the longstanding argument of whether or not the inflammatory response is directly attributable to impairment of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator or only secondary to airway obstruction and chronic bacterial infection and challenge the importance of this distinction in the context of therapy. We also review the centrality of neutrophils in CF lung pathophysiology and highlight more recent data that suggest the importance of other cell types and signaling beyond NF‐κB activation. We discuss how protease and redox imbalance are critical factors in CF airway inflammation and end by reviewing some of the more promising therapeutic approaches now under development. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:S39–S56. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tackling the increasing complexity of CF care
Authors: Sawicki Gregory S. , Goss Christopher H. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryHealth outcomes for individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have dramatically improved in parallel with better organization of clinical care systems, evolution of novel therapeutics, and improvements in diagnosis and screening for CF and CF‐related complications. In parallel with these advances has come an increasing complexity and burden of care, leading to challenges with adherence to treatment regimens. As novel therapeutics continue to be developed and introduced to the CF care regimen, there are clear opportunities to refine and personalize care. This can be done by adding comparative effectiveness research to the CF clinical research paradigm and integrating novel technologies in drug delivery and remote monitoring that can facilitate adherence but also reduce the burden of treatment while maintaining efficacy. This review highlights both the challenges of the increasingly complex treatment regimens in CF and the opportunities to advance care by addressing adherence, implementation science, comparative effectiveness, and integration of novel technologies in CF care. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:S74–S79. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CFTR, bicarbonate, and the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis
Authors: Borowitz Drucy 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe gene that encodes for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator protein (CFTR) was identified in 1989, yet major pathophysiologic questions remain unanswered. There is emerging evidence that CFTR is a bicarbonate channel, a driver of chloride‐bicarbonate exchange and through its action on local pH, a regulator of other ion channels and of proteins that function optimally in a neutral environment. In both the respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts, bicarbonate drives ionic content and fluid on epithelial surfaces, allows mucins to unfold and become slippery, and contributes to innate immunity. In the GI tract bicarbonate neutralizes gastric acid to support digestion and absorption. When CFTR is dysfunctional, lack of bicarbonate secretion disrupts these normal processes and thus leads directly to the clinical symptoms and signs of CF. This article synthesizes evidence from cell, animal, and human investigations that support these concepts. Bicarbonate secretion does not seem to be the same in all tissues and varies with physiologic demand. Thus, tissue type and whether conditions are baseline or stimulated needs to be taken into account when evaluating the evidence concerning the role of bicarbonate in the pathophysiology of CF as a regulator of local pH. Basic and applied research that focuses on the role of CFTR‐mediated bicarbonate secretion helps explain many of the diverse clinical manifestations that are CF. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:2S4–S30. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Small‐Scale Safety Testing of Ammonium Nitrate and Mixtures
Authors: Preston Daniel N. , Brown Geoffrey W. , Sandstrom Mary M. , Pollard Colin J. , Warner Kirstin F. , Remmers Daniel L. , Phillips Jason J. , Shelley Timothy J. , Reyes Jose A. , Hsu Peter C. , Reynolds John G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAmmonium nitrate (AN), gunpowder (GP), and an ammonium nitrate gunpowder mixture (AN/GP) were studied for impact sensitivity by four laboratories using the drop hammer apparatus. Bruceton and Neyer methods were used as experimental protocols and for data reduction. The results are presented as 50 % probability of reaction (DH50). For AN, the DH50 values are widely varied among the participants, from sensitive to completely insensitive (limit of the equipment), with no real correlation among results. GP and the AN/GP mixture exhibited much more sensitivity overall and were in some cases within statistical values extrapolated from previous studies of RDX. The variability in results for the AN data is attributed to the difficulty in determining a positive reaction event for AN, as detailed by Neyer experiments and photography during positive reactions. Variability in results for the GP and AN/GP mixtures is attributed to equipment environment and detection criteria. This work was performed by the Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) program, a multi‐laboratory effort to standardize safety testing of improvised or homemade explosives funded by the Department of Homeland Security.
BTK Signaling in B Cell Differentiation and Autoimmunity
Authors: Corneth Odilia B. J. , Klein Wolterink Roel G. J. , Hendriks Rudi W. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Since the original identification of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) as the gene defective in the primary immunodeficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) in 1993, our knowledge on the physiological function of BTK has expanded impressively. In this review, we focus on the role of BTK during B cell differentiation in vivo, both in the regulation of expansion and in the developmental progression of pre-B cells in the bone marrow and as a crucial signal transducer of signals downstream of the IgM or IgG B cell antigen receptor (BCR) in mature B cells governing proliferation, survival, and differentiation. In particular, we highlight BTK function in B cells in the context of host defense and autoimmunity. Small-molecule inhibitors of BTK have very recently shown impressive anti-tumor activity in clinical studies in patients with various B cell malignancies. Since promising effects of BTK inhibition were also seen in experimental animal models for lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, BTK may be a good target for controlling autoreactive B cells in patients with systemic autoimmune disease.
Laminar–turbulent transition and wave–turbulence interaction in stratified horizontal two-phase pipe flow
Authors: Birvalski M. , Tummers M. J. , Delfos R. , Henkes R. A. W. M. 
Published: September 2015

Stratified cocurrent flow of air and water was studied experimentally in a 5 cm diameter horizontal pipe. The velocity in the liquid phase was measured using planar particle image velocimetry, and the instantaneous interfacial profile was recorded using a separate camera. The resulting velocity fields extended from the pipe wall to the wavy interface. The principal aims of the study were to investigate the laminar–turbulent transition of the liquid phase in stratified gas–liquid flow, and to explore the interaction between the transition process and the interfacial waves. The boundaries of transition were determined in both the smooth and the wavy region. The occurrence of waves had the effect of increasing the Reynolds numbers at the end of transition. On the other hand, the transition to turbulence caused a change from the ‘2D small-amplitude’ to the ‘3D small-amplitude’ wave pattern, which were seen to correspond to the capillary–gravity and gravity–capillary solutions of the dispersion relationship respectively. In light of this, the flowmap of the wavy region was recast into Weber number–Froude number coordinates, which provided a physical interpretation of the interaction between the developing turbulence and the changing wave patterns.