bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Living in a family with a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a phenomenographic study
Authors: Moen Øyfrid Larsen , Hall‐Lord Marie Louise , Hedelin Birgitta 
Published: February 2014

Aims and objectivesTo describe experiences of everyday life in families with a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a highly prevalent, clinically heterogeneous disorder characterised by behavioural symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that creates impairments for the child and affects the family life. The impairments vary with age and context, and the same symptoms do not necessarily have the same effects in different contexts and persons.DesignA qualitative design with a phenomenographic approach.MethodsFamily members, mothers, fathers, siblings and children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (n = 17) were interviewed individually.ResultsThe findings include two descriptive categories ‘safeguarding a functioning family’ and ‘fighting for acceptance and inclusion’. To create a stable and structured family life to avoid conflicts within the family and manage their daily life were crucial. The child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and their parents developed special skills and strategies to live with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the family sphere and the social context. To apply for help before the problems in the family become too severe and to share responsibility with professionals, who have competence, to meet the families in their worries were stressed. The striving in the family strengthened the companionship in the families, and they conceived growth.ConclusionsThis study contributes to knowledge of the parents, siblings and children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder experiences of everyday life with a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. All family members need support before their problems become too severe.Relevance to clinical practiceThere is a need of family‐focused approach with a dialogue with family members to share the view of their situation and identify their individual resources and needs. Nurses should help these families with family supervision.
Experiences of mothers with substance dependence: Informing the development of parenting support
Authors: Fowler Cathrine , Reid Sharon , Minnis Jeannie , Day Carolyn 
Published: February 2014

Aims and objectivesTo understand the experiences of women with a history of substance dependence when they attempted to gain parenting support.BackgroundBecoming a mother provides a window of opportunity to support women with a substance dependence make changes to their lives and the way they will parent their infants and young children. Yet there are many barriers and a constant fear of the removal of their children from their care.DesignFocus groups were conducted using a qualitative interpretive descriptive approach to enable exploration of the women's experiences as mothers with infants and young children.MethodA series of three focus groups were facilitated with three to six women per group. Thirteen women who were substance dependent participated in this study.Semi‐structured interviews guided the collection of data. Thematic content analysis was used to work with the data.ResultsFour themes were identified: (1) feelings of guilt, (2) judged by others, (3) normalising and (4) support and learning to be a mother.ConclusionThe mothers expressed alienation from mainstream health services. Providing parenting and child health services, which avoid mothers feeling judged by the staff and other mothers, is an important step to enabling these women to appropriately and sensitively care for their infants and young children.Relevance to clinical practiceMidwives and nurses working with mothers and their infants and young children are well positioned to support women who are or have experienced substance dependence. Working with this group of mothers requires the development of a therapeutic relationship to provide optimum support, education and, if necessary, intervention.
Chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of S-methylisothiourea, an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in cartilage and synovial explants model of osteoarthritis
Authors: Balaganur Venkanna , Pathak Nitya Nand , Lingaraju Madhu Cholenahalli , More Amar Sunil , Latief Najeeb , Kumari Rashmi Rekha , Kumar Dinesh , Tandan Surendra K 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Objectives
To study the chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory potential of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor S-methylisothiourea (SMT) in in-vitro model.

Methods
Rabbit cartilage explants were stimulated with recombinant human interleukin 1β (rhIL-1β), and the chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of SMT were investigated. Rat synovial explants were stimulated with LPS, and the anti-inflammatory effect of SMT on synovium was studied. To examine the role of SMT in synovial inflammation mediated cartilage damage, LPS stimulated synovial explants were cultured with dead cartilage with or without SMT for 72 h. The culture medium was analysed for sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and hydroxyproline as measure of proteoglycans and collagen degradation, respectively.

Key findings
SMT significantly reduced GAGs, hydroxyproline, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), prostaglindin E2 (PGE2) and nitrite release in stimulated rabbit cartilage media indicating chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of SMT in osteoarthritis (OA). Stimulated synovial explants caused release of nitrite, PGE2, IL-1β and TNF-α in the medium which were significantly reduced by SMT indicating its anti-inflammatory action. SMT significantly reduced GAGs and hydroxyproline in medium and shown protective effect against synovium-mediated cartilage damage.

Conclusions
SMT inhibited cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation and synovium-mediated cartilage damage, suggesting that SMT may be an agent for pharmacological intervention in OA.
Role of personal and family factors in alcohol and substance use among adolescents: an international study with focus on developing countries
Authors: Atilola O. , Stevanovic D. , Balhara Y. P. S , Avicenna M. , Kandemir H. , Knez R. , Petrov P. , Franic T. , Vostanis P. 
Published: February 2014

Accessible summary
Study reveals that alcohol and substance use and abuse is common among adolescents sampled from developing countries, and that it may be as high as have been reported in the developed nations. The risk factors also appear similar.
To this extent, current strategies to combat adolescent alcohol and substance abuse in developed countries can be adopted in developing countries as well. There is, however, a need to adapt some of these well‐established intervention programmes into the reality of the developing countries. Peculiar challenge in these countries includes lack of human resource capacity in child and adolescent psychiatry. Therefore, such programmes will necessarily have to be simplified and implementable by allied professionals like teachers, social workers, school counsellors, nurses and spiritual advisers. Family cohesion – which is a potential strength of developing countries – also needs to be strengthened as a bulwark against adolescent involvement in social vices like alcohol and substance abuse.
AbstractMost studies examining adolescent alcohol and substance use or abuse hardly include samples from developing countries. To bridge some gap, the prevalence and associated social correlates of alcohol and substance use and abuse was examined among a cohort of school‐going adolescents sampled from seven developing countries. Alcohol and substance abuse was measured using the CRAFFT instrument, independent socio‐demographic correlates were determined using regression models. A total of 2454 adolescents completed the study, among which 40.9% reported using either alcohol or at least one other substance during the previous 12 months. This was mostly alcohol (37.8%), followed by marijuana/hashish (8.6%) and other substances (8.1%). Among the adolescents who reported using at least one substance, 45% (18.3% of total sample) had CRAFFT scores indicative of problematic or hazardous substance use. Several personal and family factors were independently associated with use/abuse, and the modifiable nature of these factors calls for appropriate intervention strategies.
Mental health promotion in comprehensive schools
Authors: Onnela A. M. , Vuokila‐Oikkonen P. , Hurtig T. , Ebeling H. 
Published: February 2014

Accessible summary
A participatory action research study on the development of a professional practice model of mental health promotion in a comprehensive school.
Model was developed in collaboration with interest groups, students and parents.
Interventions were developed on universal, selective and indicated levels.
AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to describe a participatory action research process on the development of a professional practice model of mental health nurses in mental health promotion in a comprehensive school environment in the city of Oulu, Finland. The developed model is a new method of mental health promotion for mental health nurses working in comprehensive schools. The professional practice model has been developed in workshops together with school staff, interest groups, parents and students. Information gathered from the workshops was analysed using action research methods. Mental health promotion interventions are delivered at three levels: universal, which is an intervention that affects the whole school or community; selective, which is an intervention focusing on a certain group of students; and indicated, which is an individually focused intervention. All interventions are delivered within the school setting, which is a universal setting for all school‐aged children. The interventions share the goal of promoting mental health. The purposes of the interventions are enhancing protective factors, reducing risk factors relating to mental health problems and early identification of mental health problems as well as rapid delivery of support or referral to specialized services. The common effect of the interventions on all levels is the increase in the experience of positive mental health.
A Geometric Model of Plaque Incision and Graft for Peyronie's Disease with Geometric Analyses of Different Techniques
Authors: Miranda Alexandre F. , Sampaio Francisco J.B. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Introduction
A surgical approach with plaque incision and graft (PIG) to correct Peyronie's disease is the best method for complex, large deviations. However, the geometric and mechanical consequences of this intervention are poorly understood.

Aim
The aim of this study was to analyze the geometric and mechanical consequences of PIG on penile straighten surgery.

Method
A tridimensional penile simile model with a curvature of 85° was created to test all of the most common PIG techniques. PIG with double-Y, H-shape, and Egydio techniques were used to rectify the curved penile model.

Main Outcome Measurements
The results that differed from a rectified cylinder shape were highlighted.

Results
All of the analyzed techniques created a geometric distortion that could be linked to poor surgical results. We suggest a new technique to resolve these abnormalities.

Conclusion
Current techniques designed to correct penile deviation using PIG present geometric and mechanical imperfections with potential consequences to the postoperative success rate. The new technique proposed in this report could be a possible solution to solve the geometric distortion caused by PIG.
Rater Agreement on Gait Assessment during Neurologic Examination of Horses
Authors: Olsen E. , Dunkel B. , Barker W.H.J. , Finding E.J.T. , Perkins J.D. , Witte T.H. , Yates L.J. , Andersen P.H. , Baiker K. , Piercy R.J. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundReproducible and accurate recognition of presence and severity of ataxia in horses with neurologic disease is important when establishing a diagnosis, assessing response to treatment, and making recommendations that might influence rider safety or a decision for euthanasia.ObjectivesTo determine the reproducibility and validity of the gait assessment component in the neurologic examination of horses.AnimalsTwenty‐five horses referred to the Royal Veterinary College Equine Referral Hospital for neurological assessment (n = 15), purchased (without a history of gait abnormalities) for an unrelated study (n = 5), or donated because of perceived ataxia (n = 5).MethodsUtilizing a prospective study design; a group of board‐certified medicine (n = 2) and surgery (n = 2) clinicians and residents (n = 2) assessed components of the equine neurologic examination (live and video recorded) and assigned individual and overall neurologic gait deficit grades (0–4). Inter‐rater agreement and assessment‐reassessment reliability were quantified using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).ResultsTheICCs of the selected components of the neurologic examination ranged from 0 to 0.69. “Backing up” and “recognition of mistakes over obstacle” were the only components with an ICC > 0.6. Assessment‐reassessment agreement was poor to fair. The agreement on gait grading was good overall (ICC = 0.74), but poor for grades ≤ 1 (ICC = 0.08) and fair for ataxia grades ≥ 2 (ICC = 0.43). Clinicians with prior knowledge of a possible gait abnormality were more likely to assign a grade higher than the median grade.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceClinicians should be aware of poor agreement even between skilled observers of equine gait abnormalities, especially when the clinical signs are subtle.
Spatial scale resolves the niche versus neutral theory debate
Authors: Chase Jonathan M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe 50‐ha long‐term forest plot on Barro Colorado Island in Panama was ‘ground zero’ for the development of ecology's ‘neutral theory’ and comparisons with its ‘niche theory’ counterpart. In this issue, Garzon‐Lopez and colleagues used tree distributions at this site to recast the unresolved (and unresolvable) debate to show that observational scale drives the perception of which processes predominate.
Below‐ground opportunities in vegetation science
Authors: Wilson Scott D. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe below‐ground component of vegetation accounts for the bulk of plant mass and vegetation function (e.g. carbon sequestration) in temperate ecosystems, yet the proportion of plant ecology studies that consider roots is <20%.MethodsI review how minirhizotron technology and DNA sequencing of mixed‐species root samples allows new insights into below‐ground vegetation structure and function.ResultsRecent advances highlight important differences between the below‐ and above‐ground parts of vegetation. For example, plant species richness below ground is about 50% greater than that above ground. Below‐ground plant richness has been measured from only a few sites, and patterns along gradients of productivity and life‐form turnover are unknown. Fine roots differ from leaves in temperate ecosystems by having a growing season 40% longer, and by persisting over multiple growing seasons. Aspects of roots other than growth may vary seasonally, such as nutrient uptake, competition with microbes, or mycorrhizal hyphal production or activity. Minirhizotrons allow the investigation of root heterogeneity at very small scales (<1 mm) that may be more relevant to fine roots and rhizospheres than data obtained from larger‐scale soil sampling.ConclusionsWork in the near future promises a more complete picture of vegetation function by elucidating mechanisms within the bulk of vegetation, below ground.
Culturally appropriate pedagogy in a bilingual family literacy programme
Authors: Friedrich Nicola , Anderson Jim , Morrison Fiona 
Published: February 2014

AbstractResearchers have documented bilingual family literacy programmes in terms of their structure and programming as well as their effect on children's language and literacy development and parents' ability to support such development within the home. What is missing from the discussion is a description of how facilitators mediate understanding within the programme. The purpose of this article is to describe how facilitators working with Karen and Iranian families mediated parents' understanding of the key concepts within the parent‐only segment of a bilingual family literacy programme for immigrant and refugee families in western Canada. Drawing principally from observational field notes at two sites of the programme, we describe the activities and instruction that took place during the introduction to the session,Rhythm, Raps and Rhymes. Supporting data were drawn from a larger 3‐year study. Our findings indicate that the facilitators at both sites mediated the parents' understanding of the benefits of rhythm and rhyme to early literacy by using culturally familiar and relevant content delivered in both the first language of the community and in English, and by drawing from culturally familiar pedagogical practices. Results of this study have implications for the delivery of family literacy programmes within culturally diverse communities.
Does beach seine fishery permanently alter macroinvertebrate communities and sediment characteristics in the Southern Caspian Sea?
Authors: Nemati Haniyeh , Shokri Mohammad Reza , Pazooki Jamileh 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe impacts of a beach seine fishery on macroinvertebrate communities and sediment characteristics were investigated in the Southwest Caspian Sea. Samples from a single impacted site that was regularly seined were compared with two control sites outside the fishing area. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled on four occasions: 6 months prior to the opening of the beach seine fishery (Time 1), 1 day immediately after the closing of beach seining (Time 2), 1 week after closing (Time 3), and 1 month after closing (Time 4). No significant differences were detected in total density, Shannon diversity, or evenness of the macroinvertebrate assemblages between impact and control sites. Unlike density, species richness increased significantly immediately after fishery closure at all sites. A significant difference was detected in the number of species between Time 2 and Time 3 at all sites and the number of species was reduced at Time 4 in all sites. Pontogammarids increased by twofold in the impact site 1 day immediately after closing beach seine fishery and leveled off toward the end of the closed season. The amplified density of pontogammarids 1 day after fishery closing at the impact site might be driven in part by an increase in sediment oxygen content resulting from disturbance of the sea floor. An alternative explanation is that the effect of fish predation on pontogammarids has largely been minimized at the impact site after 6 months of continuous fishing activity. No significant changes in the sedimentary organic content and chlorophyll‐a between the impact and control sites were observed during the courses of sampling; however, a significant change occurred between the average sedimentary pheopigment content of the control sites and that of the impact site. The conclusion from the present study is that beach seine fishery does not harm to benthic communities. The closed season also seemed to allow recovery to pre‐season levels of macroinvertebrate richness and sedimentary chlorophyll‐a.
Population structure and reticulate evolution of Saccharomyces eubayanus and its lager‐brewing hybrids
Authors: Peris David , Sylvester Kayla , Libkind Diego , Gonçalves Paula , Sampaio José Paulo , Alexander William G. , Hittinger Chris Todd 
Published: February 2014

AbstractReticulate evolution can be a major driver of diversification into new niches, especially in disturbed habitats and at the edges of ranges. Industrial fermentation strains of yeast provide a window into these processes, but progress has been hampered by a limited understanding of the natural diversity and distribution of Saccharomyces species and populations. For example, lager beer is brewed with Saccharomyces pastorianus, an alloploid hybrid of S. cerevisiae and S. eubayanus, a species only recently discovered in Patagonia, Argentina. Here, we report that genetically diverse strains of S. eubayanus are readily isolated from Patagonia, demonstrating that the species is well established there. Analyses of multilocus sequence data strongly suggest that there are two diverse and highly differentiated Patagonian populations. The low nucleotide diversity found in the S. eubayanus moiety of hybrid European brewing strains suggests that their alleles were drawn from a small subpopulation that is closely related to one of the Patagonian populations. For the first time, we also report the rare isolation of S. eubayanus outside Patagonia, in Wisconsin, USA. In contrast to the clear population differentiation in Patagonia, the North American strains represent a recent and possibly transient admixture of the two Patagonian populations. These complex and varied reticulation events are not adequately captured by conventional phylogenetic methods and required analyses of Bayesian concordance factors and phylogenetic networks to accurately summarize and interpret. These findings show how genetically diverse eukaryotic microbes can produce rare but economically important hybrids with low genetic diversity when they migrate from their natural ecological context.
A Structuralist Inflation Curve
Authors: Barbosa‐Filho Nelson H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis paper presents a structuralist model of inflation and applies it to the US economy. The model uses a mark‐up rule to specify inflation as a function of income distribution and capacity utilization, as usual in structuralist macroeconomics, but it also includes inflation expectations, the government's inflation target and cost pressures from non‐labor inputs as explaining variables. The model shows how inflation and income distribution, measured by the wage share of income, are connected through an inflation curve in the long run.
Case of elderly‐onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder mimicking cervical spondylotic myelopathy
Authors: Ohe Yasuko , Fukuoka Takuya , Deguchi Ichiro , Hayashi Takeshi , Tanahashi Norio 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe report a case of elderly‐onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in a 90‐year‐old woman who initially presented with transverse myelopathy. Because of cervical canal stenosis, she was initially suspected to have cervical spondylotic mylopathy. However, the presence of anti‐aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) antibody warranted a diagnosis of NMOSD. This case shows that NMOSD should be considered even in elderly patients, and tests for the presence of anti‐AQP‐4 antibody should be carried out when an extensive cervical spinal lesion is encountered.