bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and Safety of Low Dose Subcutaneous Diclofenac in the Management of Acute Pain: A Randomized Double‐Blind Trial
Authors: Dietrich Thomas , Leeson Rachel , Gugliotta Barbara , Petersen Birte 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectiveDiclofenac is an effective and well‐tolerated nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) frequently used in the treatment of acute pain. Marketed formulations for parenteral administration usually contain 75 mg/3 mL of diclofenac sodium, which provide limited dosing flexibility, and are usually given intramuscularly.MethodsWe present a randomized, double‐blind, active comparator‐ and placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group phase III multicenter study, investigating efficacy and tolerability of a new 1 mL‐volume formulation of diclofenac sodium (25, 50 or 75 mg) containing hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPβCD) as a solubility enhancer. This low‐volume formulation allows subcutaneous (SC), in addition to intramuscular (IM) administration. Patients developing moderate‐to‐severe pain (≥ 50 mm on Visual Analogue Scale) after third molar extraction under local anesthesia were randomized to one of the 4 SC injections: 25 mg diclofenac HPβCD (n = 77), 50 mg diclofenac HPβCD (n = 76), 75 mg diclofenac HPβCD (n = 78), or placebo (n = 75).ResultsMean pain intensity difference at 1.5 hours postdose (primary endpoint) was higher in all diclofenac‐treated groups than placebo group. The adjusted means (95% CI) were 36.5 (31.7 to 41.2) in diclofenac 25 mg group, 37.3 (32.6 to 42.1) in diclofenac 50 mg group, 37.7 (33.0 to 42.4) in diclofenac 75 mg group, and 12.3 (7.44 to 17.1) in placebo group. Both 25 and 50 mg doses of diclofenac produced significantly greater pain relief than placebo (P < 0.001 in both comparisons).ConclusionSingle SC doses of diclofenac HPβCD of 25 and 50 mg are effective and well tolerated for relieving pain compared with placebo.
Regulatory mechanisms in phenotypic plasticity of diapause and nondiapause pupal colouration of the swallowtail butterfly Papilio machaon
Authors: YAMANAKA AKIRA , TSUJIMURA YUKI , ODA YUSUKE , UCHIYAMA TERUMASA , KOMETANI MIWAKO , YAMAMOTO KAZUAKI , KITAZAWA CHISATO 
Published: May 2013

AbstractNondiapause pupae of Papilio machaon L. exhibit pupal colour diphenism comprising green–yellow and brown–white types. To understand the regulatory mechanism underlying the control of pupal colouration in P. machaon, the effect of environmental cues on diapause and nondiapause pupal colouration is investigated. When larvae reared under short‐day and long‐day conditions are allowed to pupate in sites with a smooth surface and a yellow background colour, all diapause pupae exhibit a brown–white type and 89.5% of nondiapause pupae exhibit a green–yellow type, respectively. With rough‐surface pupation sites, all diapause pupae exhibit brown–white and intermediate types, whereas a large proportion of nondiapause pupae exhibit brown–white and intermediate types, although some exhibit a green–yellow type. When extracts prepared from the head‐thoracic and thoracic‐abdominal regions of larval central nervous systems are injected into the ligated abdomens of P. machaon short‐day pharate pupae, all recipients exhibit a brown–white colouration. Furthermore, when each extract is injected into the ligated abdomen of Papilio xuthus L. short‐day pharate pupae with orange‐pupa‐inducing factor activity, recipients injected with the head‐thoracic extract exhibit the brown type, whereas those injected with the thoracic‐abdominal extract exhibit an orange colour. The results indicate that the response to the environmental cues of pupation site in P. machaon changes according to the photoperiodic conditions experienced during larval stages, and that at least two hormonal factors producing brown–white pupae are located in the larval central nervous system, with the secretion of these factors being regulated by the recognition of environmental cues in long‐day larvae.
Transduction of high‐density signals across generations in aphid wing polyphenism
Authors: ISHIKAWA ASANO , MIURA TORU 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWing polyphenism in aphids represents an outstanding example of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. During summer, parthenogenic mother aphids alter the developmental fate of their embryos to produce wingless or winged adult forms in response to high population density (i.e. crowded conditions). Although this maternal effect is well known, the mechanisms underlying transgenerational winged‐morph determination remain largely unresolved. In the present study, the effects of different high‐density treatment durations are tested on the vetch aphid Megoura crassicauda Mordvilko aiming to investigate how and when the density signals detected by mothers are transmitted to embryos. The duration of density treatment shows additive effects on both the number of crowded females producing winged aphids (winged‐producers) and the number of winged progeny. In addition, even when high‐density treatment is stopped, the production of winged offspring continues for several days and depends on the duration of treatment. The results indicate that mother aphids retain high‐density signals for a period after removal of the stimulus. Furthermore, observations of the progeny sequence (i.e. the order in which the offspring are born) and the embryonic stages developing in the mothers reveal that high‐density information may affect embryonic fate at the late embryonic stage immediately before cuticle formation.
Screening and characterization of resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors in Alternaria solani
Authors: Miles T. D. , Miles L. A. , Fairchild K. L. , Wharton P. S. 
Published: May 2013

Field isolates of Alternaria solani, which causes early blight of potato in Idaho, USA were evaluated in vitro for their sensitivity towards the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides boscalid, fluopyram and penthiopyrad. A total of 20 isolates were collected from foliar‐infected tissue in 2009, 26 in 2010 and 49 in 2011. Fungicide sensitivity was tested using the spiral‐gradient end point dilution method. The frequency of boscalid‐resistant isolates (>50% relative growth when using a spiral dilution gradient starting at 507 mg L−1) drastically increased over the duration of this study (15% in 2009, 62% in 2010 and 80% in 2011). Increasing resistance to fluopyram and penthiopyrad was observed. However, cross‐resistance was only observed between boscalid and penthiopyrad. The target site of this fungicide class is the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme complex, which is vital for fungal respiration. Sequence analysis of the SDH complex revealed mutations in the subunits B and D that were correlated with the emergence of boscalid resistance in potato fields in Idaho. In particular, H277R and H133R were identified in SDH subunits B and D, respectively. The presence of restriction sites in the gene sequences allowed the development of a rapid PCR‐RFLP method to assess boscalid sensitivity in A. solani populations.
“Conservation” as a Catalyst for Conflict: Considering Stakeholder Understanding in Policy Making
Authors: Crow Deserai Anderson , Baysha Olga 
Published: May 2013

AbstractStakeholder negotiation processes are increasingly used in environmental management, but are often difficult due to values differences among stakeholders. These values can be reflected in the language used by stakeholders, which may lead to conflict in negotiation processes. This study investigated whether there are widespread differences among Colorado water stakeholders in how they define the term “conservation,” a key value and policy term, and whether this leads to conflict in negotiations. Using multiple methods in a cross‐sectional case study, use of the term and possible policy implications were analyzed. Stakeholder respondents in this study who had experienced difficulty in water negotiations also perceived a higher degree of miscommunication in their negotiations. The most important finding presented here suggests that clarity of language and transparent discussion of key value‐representative terms may aid in stakeholder negotiations, and that minority stakeholders may be more aware of values and language differences than their majority counterparts.
Policy Alternatives in Adaptive Communities: Simulating the Environmental Justice Consequences of Hazardous Site Remediation Strategies
Authors: Eckerd Adam 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMany governments have implemented environmental justice mandates requiring agencies to consider the implications of cleanup decisions for poor and/or minority populations. To the extent that this mandate alters decisions, it usually does so by considering the composition of a community in the present without adjusting for potential demographic changes that may occur over time. However, communities change and these changes are likely to affect how well an agency meets its environmental justice mandate over the long term. In this research, an agent‐based model is introduced to simulate how alternative environmental remediation scenarios may affect environmental justice outcomes in a dynamic residential environment with two demographic classes with preferences for living in proximity to neighbors similar to themselves. Under these circumstances, there is unlikely to be one best strategy to achieve both environmental improvement and environmental equity, and a focus on valuable land is the least effective over the long run.
Is There a ‘Heat-or-Eat’ Trade-Off in the UK?
Authors: Beatty Timothy K. M. , Blow Laura , Crossley Thomas F. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryDo households cut back on food spending to finance the additional cost of keeping warm during spells of unseasonably cold weather? For households which cannot smooth consumption over time, we describe how cold weather shocks are equivalent to income shocks. We merge detailed household level expenditure data from older households with historical regional weather information. We find evidence that the poorest of older households cannot smooth fuel spending over the worst temperature shocks. Statistically significant reductions in food spending occur in response to winter temperatures 2 or more standard deviations colder than expected, which occur about 1 winter month in 40; reductions in food expenditure are considerably larger in poorer households.
Wage Insurance Within German Firms: Do Institutions Matter?
Authors: Guertzgen N. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryUsing a large linked employer–employee data set, the paper studies the extent to which German employers insure workers against transitory and permanent firm level shocks. Particular emphasis is given to the question of whether the amount of wage insurance depends on the nature of industrial relations. Adopting the identification strategy that was introduced by Guiso and co-workers, it is shown that industry level contracts and local works councils are important insurance providers. These findings lend support to the notion that collective institutions may mitigate the enforcement problems that typically arise within risk sharing agreements. Moreover, the ability of industry level contracts to insulate workers' wages from shocks appears to decrease with plant size, whereas works councils' ability to provide insurance increases with plant size. This latter finding is consistent with works councils having, by law, more information rights at larger employers.
Cultural Characters and Climate Change: How Heroes Shape Our Perception of Climate Science
Authors: Jones Michael D. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveThis research examines how narrative communication structures influence the public's perceptions of risk and policy preferences related to climate change.MethodsAn Internet‐based experiment is used to expose roughly 1,500 census‐balanced U.S. respondents to climate change information. Four experimental treatments are operationalized: a baseline control fact list and three culturally nuanced narratives.ResultsOrdinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis indicates that narrative structure, particularly through the hero character, plays a powerful role in shaping climate change perceptions of risk and policy preferences.ConclusionExplanations of the public's perceptions of risk and climate change policy preferences should more explicitly account for the role of dominant climate narratives.
Assessing the Accuracy of Volunteered Geographic Information arising from Multiple Contributors to an Internet Based Collaborative Project
Authors: Foody G. M. , See L. , Fritz S. , Van der Velde M. , Perger C. , Schill C. , Boyd D. S. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe recent rise of neogeography and citizen sensing has increased the opportunities for the use of crowdsourcing as a means to acquire data to support geographical research. The value of the resulting volunteered geographic information is, however, often limited by concerns associated with its quality and the degree to which the contributing data sources may be trusted. Here, information on the quality of sources of volunteered geographic information was derived using a latent class analysis. The volunteered information was on land cover interpreted visually from satellite sensor images and the main focus was on the labeling of 299 sites by seven of the 65 volunteers who contributed to an Internet‐based collaborative project. Using the information on land cover acquired by the multiple volunteers it was shown that the relative, but not absolute, quality of the data from different volunteers could be characterized accurately. Additionally, class‐specific variations in the quality of the information provided by a single volunteer could be characterized by the analysis. The latent class analysis, therefore, was able to provide information on the quality of information provided on an inter‐ and intra‐volunteer basis.
Prevalence of PTSD and depression, and associated sexual risk factors, among male Rwanda Defense Forces military personnel
Authors: Harbertson Judith , Grillo Michael , Zimulinda Eugene , Murego Charles , Cronan Terry , May Susanne , Brodine Stephanie , Sebagabo Marcellin , Araneta Maria Rosario G. , Shaffer Richard 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo assess depression and PTSD prevalence among the Rwanda Defense Forces (RDF) and evaluate whether sexual risk behaviour, STIs, HIV and alcohol use were significantly higher among those who screened positive.MethodsConsenting active‐duty male RDF personnel, aged ≥21 years, completed an anonymous sexual risk survey linked to HIV rapid testing that included standardised assessments for PTSD (PCL‐M), depression (CES‐D) and alcohol use (AUDIT). PTSD and depression prevalence were calculated (data available for 1238 and 1120 participants, respectively), and multivariable regression analyses were conducted.Results22.5% screened positive for depression, 4.2% for PTSD and 3.4% for both. In adjusted analyses, odds of either depression or PTSD were significantly higher in participants reporting STI symptoms (OR = 2.27, 2.78, respectively) and harmful alcohol use (OR = 3.13, 3.21, respectively). Sex with a high‐risk sex partner, lower rank and never deploying were also significantly associated with depression in adjusted analyses.ConclusionsNearly one‐fourth of RDF participants screened positive for PTSD or depression, which impacts sexual risk behaviour, HIV acquisition risk and military readiness. Findings may extend to other deploying militaries and provide additional evidence of an association between mental health status and sexual risk behaviour. Effective mental health treatment interventions that also include alcohol use assessments, STI identification/treatment and sexual risk behaviour reduction are needed.
Successful short‐term cryopreservation of volume‐reduced cord blood units in a cryogenic mechanical freezer: effects on cell recovery, viability, and clonogenic potential
Authors: Anagnostakis Ioannis , Papassavas Andreas C. , Michalopoulos Efstathios , Chatzistamatiou Theofanis , Andriopoulou Sofia , Tsakris Athanassios , Stavropoulos‐Giokas Catherine 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundCord blood (CB) units are stored from weeks to years in liquid‐ or vapor‐phase nitrogen until they are used for transplantation. We examined the effects of cryostorage in a mechanical freezer at −150°C on critical quality control variables of CB collections to investigate the possible use of mechanical freezers at −150°C as an alternative to storage in liquid‐ (or vapor‐) phase nitrogen.Study Design and MethodsA total of 105 CB units were thawed and washed at different time intervals (6, 12, 24, and 36 months). For every thawed CB unit, samples were removed and cell enumeration (total nucleated cells [TNCs], mononuclear cells [MNCs], CD34+, CD133+) was performed. In addition, viability was obtained with the use of flow cytometry, and recoveries were calculated. Also, total absolute colony‐forming unit counts were performed and progenitor cell recoveries were studied by clonogenic assays.ResultsSignificant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in certain variables (TNCs, MNC numbers, viability) when they were examined in relation with time intervals, while others (CD34+, CD133+) were relatively insensitive (p = NS) to the duration of time interval the CB units were kept in cryostorage condition.ConclusionsThe data presented suggest that cryopreservation of CB units in a mechanical freezer at −150°C may represent an alternative cryostorage condition for CB cryopreservation.
Successful treatment of recurrent hyperhemolysis syndrome with immunosuppression and plasma‐to‐red blood cell exchange transfusion
Authors: Uhlmann Erik J. , Shenoy Shalini , Goodnough Lawrence T. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundHyperhemolysis syndrome is a serious transfusion reaction mostly reported in association with sickle cell disease, characterized by destruction of both donor and host red blood cells (RBCs) by an unknown mechanism.Case ReportA 21‐year‐old man with sickle cell disease and multiple prior transfusions received two phenotype‐matched, compatible RBC units during a brief admission for pain crisis. He developed rapid‐onset progressive anemia and hemoglobinuria. Methylprednisolone, erythropoietin, and rituximab were administered. Fifteen days posttransfusion the hemoglobin (Hb) concentration decreased to 3.1 g/dL, with evidence of severe congestive heart failure. No new antibodies were identified. It was felt that his heart failure would not improve without increasing oxygen‐carrying capacity. A combination of volume overload, anemia, and hemolysis prompted a novel isovolemic procedure to increase Hb level without removing his own RBCs or causing fluid overload. A cell separator was used operating on the plasma‐exchange program, with three cross‐match–compatible, washed RBC units as the replacement fluid. After the procedure, there was no evidence of hemolysis. Over the following 6 days, the congestive heart failure resolved, the Hb concentration increased to 7.5 g/dL, and the patient fully recovered. He had a similar event 3 years previously.ConclusionsPlasma‐to‐RBC replacement may be beneficial for selected patients with life‐threatening anemia. This intervention provides immediate improvement in oxygen‐carrying capacity, conserving the patient's own RBCs, while avoiding fluid overload. Although blood transfusion may precipitate further hemolysis, this case report describes successful plasma‐to‐RBC exchange transfusion with concurrent supportive care to offset hemolysis, including corticosteroid, intravenous immunoglobulin, and rituximab.
The prosodic marking of information status in Malaysian English
Authors: GUT ULRIKE , PILLAI STEFANIE , DON ZURAIDAH MOHD 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the prosodic strategies used by Malaysian speakers of English to mark the information status of new and given discourse elements. Thirty speakers of Malaysian English were recorded both when playing a game designed by Swerts, Krahmer, and Avesani (2002) to elicit semi‐spontaneous speech and when reading out a 179‐word story. Pitch accent placement in the semi‐spontaneous speech was analysed auditorily, while six given and new word pairs in each reading passage were analysed acoustically in terms of the phonetic realisation of the pitch accent (following Atterer and Ladd 2004). In addition, 11 speakers of Malaysian English participated in a perception experiment testing their identification of new and given discourse elements in these recordings. Results show that Malaysian speakers of English do not mark given and new information with distinct pitch accent placement and that it is not possible to categorise these utterance elements unambiguously according to their information status. The acoustic analysis showed that given information is marked by a later pitch trough and a smaller rise than new information. No difference between the two, however, was found in terms of pitch peak alignment.
Literary translation as a tool for critical language planning
Authors: MOONEERAM ROSHNI 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper argues that Dev Virahsawmy, an author who manipulates literary translation for the purposes of linguistic prestige formation and re‐negotiation, is a critical language‐policy practitioner, as his work fills an important gap in language planning scholarship. A micro‐analysis of the translation of a Shakespearean sonnet into Mauritian Creole is carried out with a view to exploring the dynamic interconnections between the macro‐(social) level of language prestige and that of the micro‐(text) level in relation to both the source and the target languages. This exploration proves to be not only valuable in its own right for postcolonial creolistics, but it also informs the debate on the ‘linguistic imperialism’ of English.
English in Italian advertising
Authors: VETTOREL PAOLA 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTLanguage mixing in advertising, particularly with the English language, has been a widely researched area. English is generally used to connote products with a cosmopolitan, international, modern and ‘cool’ hue, and is increasingly mixed with local languages to combine global with local appeal. This paper provides a qualitative investigation of print advertisements selected from a corpus collected in 2009/2010, which discusses processes of language creativity exploiting both English, and English and Italian language mixing. The findings suggest that English is occurs frequently in print adverts addressed to Italian readers/consumers. While slogans and headlines still represent the main areas where English is employed as an authoritative, dominant voice, language mixing with English appears not to be limited to isolated lexical borrowings. English is exploited as an attention‐getter, as a marker of cosmopolitan and international values, but also as a resource upon which to draw in terms of linguistic and cross‐linguistic creativity.