bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of endometrial Status of Patients with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Patan Hospital
Authors: Shrestha Sabina , Sigdel B 
Published: January 2014

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding may be defined as changes in frequency of menstruation, duration of flow or amount of blood loss. Early accurate diagnosis and proper treatment is essential to prevent progress to endometrial cancer. Objective: This study was done to evaluate the histopathology of endometrium for identifying the endometrial causes of abnormal uterine bleeding. Method: This was a retrospective study done in department of pathology, Patan Hospital from 1 August 2011- to 31 July 2012; total 413 cases were included in this study. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 19 to 70 years. The most common clinical presentation was menorrhagia (47.46%), followed by continuous bleeding (14.04%) and metrorrhagia (13%). The commonest histopathological diagnosis was secretory endometrium 128 cases (30.99%), followed by proliferative endometrium 91 cases (22.03 %). Secretory endometrium was most commonly (52 cases) observed in 41-50 years age group followed by 43 cases in 30-40 years age group. Similarly proliferative endometrium was also most commonly seen in 41-50 age group (44 cases) followed by 31-40 years of age group (32cases). Malignant disease was most commonly seen in 51-60 years age group. Conclusions: Abnormal uterine bleeding is most common in 21-30 years age group.The most common clinical presentation is menorrhagia followed by continuous bleeding. Secretory endometrium is the most common histopathological findings. Malignancy is more common in postmenopausal group. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2013, Vol-9, No-2, 20-24 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v9i2.9683
Surgical outcome and clinical profile of emergency versus elective cases of colorectal cancer in College of Medical Sciences, Nepal
Authors: Kumar Sujit , Kafle P , Patowary BN , Belbase N , Agrawal S , Shrestha S , Maharjan N 
Published: January 2014

Background: Patients who undergo emergency colorectal cancer surgery has poor outcome compared to elective surgery, both in terms of morbidity and mortality. Approximately 15 to 30% of colorectal cancers present as an emergency, most often as obstruction or perforation. Objective: To compare surgical outcome and clinical profiles of emergency and elective cases for colorectal cancer. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 34 cases who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer between December 2011 to January 2013was carried out and their surgical outcomes, clinical presentation, demographic profile were analyzed. Results: The total numbers of patients included in this study were 34. Out of which 52.94 %( n=18) were emergency cases and 47.05 %( n=16) were elective. Male female ratio was 3:1 in emergency cases and 2.6:1 in elective cases. Per rectal bleeding (56%) and altered bowel habit (31.25%) was predominant clinical presentation in elective cases whereas intestinal obstruction (55.55%) and peritonitis (22.22%) were predominant clinical presentation in emergency cases. In emergency cases most of the tumors were located in left side (77.77%) and in elective cases rectum was common site (37.5%). Left hemicolectomy was the commonest surgery performed (72.22%) in emergency set up. In elective cases, right hemicolectomy, left hemicolectomy, APR and LAR was done in 31.25%, 31.25%, 25% and 25% cases respectively. In the emergency group 11.11% (n=2) developed enterocutaneous fistula and early mortality within 30 days was observed in 5% (n=1) of emergency cases only. Conclusion: In emergency conditions, colorectal cancer presented with intestinal obstruction where as elective cases presented with per rectal bleeding and altered bowel habits. Compared with the elective patients, the emergency patients had higher rate of morbidity and mortality. Because of higher incidence of colorectal cancer in our institution, in all emergency cases who presents with features of intestinal obstruction and peritonitis, we have to rule out colorectal cancer especially if the patients are elderly. Therefore, we should encourage screening programme for early detection of colorectal cancers for better outcome of surgery. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2013, Vol-9, No-2, 25-30 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v9i2.9684
Breast abscess due to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in a young diabetic female
Authors: Barai Lovely , Jilani SA , Haq Ashraful 
Published: January 2014

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is occasionally associated with abscess formation in various organs of the body. But breast abscess by S. Typhi without the general and specific symptoms of typhoid fever is unusual. We report a case of breast abscess due to S. Typhi in a 20 year old nonlactating diabetic female without the features of typhoid fever. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v7i1.17743 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(1): 16-17
Effectiveness of Efavirenz Compared with Ritonavir-Boosted Protease-Inhibitor-Based Regimens as Initial Therapy for Patients with Plasma HIV-1 RNA above 100,000 Copies/Ml
Authors: Imaz Arkaitz , Llibre Josep M , Navarro Jordi , Curto Jordi , Clotet Bonaventura , Crespo Manuel , Ferrer Elena , Saumoy Maria , Tiraboschi Juan M , Murillo Oscar , Podzamczer Daniel 
Published: January 2014

Background There are no clinical trials in which the main objective is to compare the efficacy of efavirenz versus ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r)-based initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) in patients with high plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. This study aims to compare these regimens in this patient population in the setting of routine clinical practice. Methods This was a multicentre, observational cohort study, including 596 consecutive treatment-naive patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA>100,000 copies/ml initiating efavirenz or PI/r-based ART between 2000 and 2010. The primary effectiveness end point was the percentage of patients with HIV-1 RNA<50 copies/ml at week 48 by intent-to-treat analysis. Results Among a total of 596 patients, 57% initiated efavirenz and 43% PI/r-regimens (73% lopinavir and fosamprenavir [62% lopinavir, 11% fosamprenavir]). HIV-1 RNA suppression to <50 copies/ml at week 48 was higher in the efavirenz group (84% versus 74% [difference 10%, 95% CI 3.4%, 16.7%; P=0.002]). The percentage of virological failures was similar (efavirenz 4% versus PI/r 4%; P=0.686), but voluntary discontinuations and toxicity-related treatment changes were higher with PI/r (4% versus 1%; P=0.006 and 11% versus 6%; P=0.069, respectively). However, resistance selection at failure was higher in patients receiving efavirenz (89% versus 50%; P=0.203). Efavirenz was significantly more effective than lopinavir/r or fosamprenavir/r, whereas no significant differences were observed between efavirenz and darunavir/r or atazanavir/r. The high viral suppression in the efavirenz group was also evident in patients with very high viral loads (>500,000 copies/ml) and in those with low CD4+ T-cell counts. Conclusions In routine clinical practice, the effectiveness of initial efavirenz-based regimens was at least similar to or even higher than various PI/r-based regimens in HIV-1-infected patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA>100,000 copies/ml.
Renforcer le Parlement: qu'est-ce à dire ?
Authors: Avril Pierre 
Published: January 2014

Compte tenu des données constitutionnelles et politiques de la V e République que l’on tient pour acquises (sauf à remettre en cause le « parlementarisme négatif » qui caractérise cette dernière), le renforcement du Parlement peut être cherché en combinant les deux clivages caractéristiques du régime : la distinction politique entre l’ensemble gouvernement-majorité et l’opposition d’une part, la séparation institutionnelle de l’exécutif et du législatif d’autre part. Si la fonction législative, qui met en œuvre une politique, sera toujours exercée essentiellement par la majorité sous l’égide du gouvernement, en revanche la fonction de contrôle et d’évaluation dans son acception moderne est la vocation spécifique de l’institution parlementaire, non de la seule opposition, et appelle des solutions innovantes. Il devrait en résulter un rééquilibrage à son profit de l’activité et du fonctionnement des assemblées.
La CMP, lieu mystérieux de pouvoir
Authors: Hyest Jean-Jacques 
Published: January 2014

L’institution de la commission mixte paritaire, une des originalités de la V e République (telle qu’énoncée à l’article 45 C), vise à permettre le développement d’un bicamérisme équilibré et à éviter un blocage des débats entre les deux assemblées du Parlement. Soumise à des règles simples, elle permet un véritable dialogue entre l’Assemblée nationale et le Sénat. Cet article expose le cheminement de cette procédure, qui concerne près d’un tiers des projets ou propositions de loi soumis au Parlement.
La déontologie, condition du renouveau du parlement
Authors: Anziani Alain 
Published: January 2014

La déontologie parlementaire est un triangle à trois sommets : le respect de la loi, sanctionné pénalement, l’esprit de la loi, qui doit écarter les conflits d’intérêts, et l’éthique, avec ses nouvelles questions portant sur l’absentéisme et les comportements. Sous peine d’aggraver la perte de confiance dans l’action publique, le tout nécessite une plus grande transparence, un contrôle incontestable et des sanctions. La France, exemplaire en matière de financement de la vie politique, demeure, malgré des progrès récents, toujours à la recherche de son modèle de déontologie parlementaire.
Le renouveau de l'opposition
Authors: Vidal-Naquet Ariane 
Published: January 2014

Malgré la constitutionnalisation de l’opposition et la reconnaissance, à son profit, de droits spécifiques, le renouveau de l’opposition n’a pas eu lieu : cette dernière n’exerce qu’avec difficulté les nouveaux pouvoirs dont elle dispose et reste cantonnée à une fonction d’obstruction. Un véritable renouvellement de l’opposition suppose à la fois l’émancipation de la majorité et l’acclimatation d’une vraie culture du Parlement.
Het genus van leenwoorden in het Brussels
Authors: De Vriendt Sera , De Schutter Georges 
Published: January 2014

Dans un article paru en 2009, De Schutter et Taeldeman ont analysé le genre des emprunts nominaux dans les dialectes de six régions situées en Belgique. Il apparaît que l’attribution du genre dans la région bruxelloise peut être considérée
comme très hétérogène (instable), par rapport aux dialectes de quatre autres régions, à savoir la Flandre centrale, l’ouest de la province d’Anvers, la zone de transition entre la Flandre Orientale et le Brabant Flamand, ainsi que le Brabant
méridional. C’est aussi le cas des données obtenues dans la région côtière de la Flandre Occidentale, ce qui peut toutefois s’expliquer d’une manière différente. À Bruxelles l’extrême variété
ne semble pas être due à des facteurs intralinguistiques, mais bien uniquement, ou du moins d’une manière prépondérante, à des aspects extérieurs, sociolinguistiques donc, de la situation bruxelloise, à savoir l’ensemble complexe
de relations des locuteurs bruxellois vis-à-vis des deux langues, la langue d’origine (le français) et la langue d’accueil (le dialecte local). Le présent article porte essentiellement sur la problématique du genre des noms d’emprunt dans
le dialecte bruxellois. L’attribution d’un genre à ces substantifs peut être considérée comme le résultat d’une interaction intense entre divers facteurs internes (aux langues considérées) et externes: d’une part :
la structure du mot (structure syllabique et place de l’accent tonique), les caractéristiques phonotactiques (concernant aussi bien le début que la fin du mot), la similitude ou la différence formelle par rapport au mot dans la langue d’origine, une catégorie
sémantique spécifique (en l’occurrence les noms de plantes)d’autre part des caractéristiques personnelles des locuteurs : leur âge, la langue de l’école qu’ils ont fréquentée, le rôle respectif des langues de
culture (le français, mais aussi le néerlandais) dans leur vie professionnelle et familiale (ce dernier point pouvant expliquer, peut-être, les différences constatées entre informateurs masculins et féminins). Tous ces facteurs peuvent être déterminants
dans la conservation du genre original (français) dans le dialecte récepteur (bruxellois). Il semble bien que ces divers facteurs jouent un certain rôle dans l’attribution du genre aux noms empruntés dans l’ensemble des dialectes brabançons (ce
qui est suggéré, mais n’a pas pu être étudié dans cet article). Il se pourrait que les facteurs intralinguistiques gagnent en importance au fur et à mesure que l’on s’éloigne de Bruxelles.
Do Trichodesmium spp. populations in the North Atlantic export most of the nitrogen they fix?
Authors: McGillicuddy Dennis J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA new observational synthesis of diazotrophic biomass and nitrogen fixation provides the opportunity for systematic quantitative evaluation of these aspects in biogeochemical models. One such model of the Atlantic Ocean is scrutinized, and the simulated biomass is found to be an order of magnitude too low. Initial attempts to increase biomass levels through decreasing grazing and other loss terms caused an unrealistic buildup of nitrate in the upper ocean. Two key changes to the model structure facilitated a closer match to the observed biomass and nitrogen fixation rates: addition of a pathway for export of diazotrophically fixed organic material and uptake of inorganic nitrogen by the diazotroph population. These changes, along with a few other revisions to existing model parameterizations, facilitate more accurate simulation of basin‐scale distributions of diazotrophic biomass, as well as mesoscale variations contained therein. The resulting solutions suggest that the Trichodesmium spp. populations of the North Atlantic export the vast majority of the nitrogen they fix, a finding that awaits assessment through direct observation.
Parallel decadal variability of inferred water temperatures for Northern and Southern Hemisphere intermediate water masses
Authors: Thresher Ronald , Morrongiello John , Sloyan Bernadette M. , Krusic‐Golub Kyne , Shephard Samuel , Minto Cóilín , Nolan Conor P. , Cerna Francisco , Cid Luis 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe use a novel proxy (growth rates of long‐lived deep water fish, orange roughy) to reconstruct inferred water temperatures of intermediate water masses in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres since the mid‐1800s. The data are consistent with instrumental records showing long‐term warming in the Northern Hemisphere but also indicate decadal variability of intermediate depth temperatures that is coherent across the two hemispheres. This variability correlates with the dominant subpolar annular mode in each hemisphere and implies a bihemispheric oceanic response to external forcing that influences the properties of intermediate depth water masses.
School Crime and Violence
Authors: Stansfield Richard 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCrime and violence are problems that affect virtually every school to some degree or other. In the aftermath of highly publicized school shootings, the perception of imminent danger in the classroom has become commonplace in communities across the United States. Despite the attention paid to mass shootings, weapons, and gangs in schools, students are far more likely to encounter nonlethal violence. School shootings, weapon carrying, and school violence in general have been in decline for a number of years. Nevertheless, as a broad response to low confidence in public school systems, and a more generalized fear of disorder, school security programs have undergone radical change in recent years. Amidst tighter security and strict rule enforcement, disciplinary matters have come to be handled more formally under a zero‐tolerance policy. School violence is undoubtedly a persistent social problem, and measures to ensure safety must be taken. An important step towards this, however, is ensuring that such measures are based on accurate assessment of the true extent of threats to student safety.
Victim/Witness Services in Juvenile Court
Authors: M. Pinchevsky Gillian , M. Wright Emily 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A separate entity from adult criminal courts, juvenile courts try and pass judgments for crimes committed by children and adolescents under the age of 18. Juveniles processed within these courts are subjected to different procedural and sanctioning practices than their adult counterparts. A description of the history of the juvenile court is provided, followed by a discussion of the victims' rights movement, which expanded the role of victims within both criminal adult and juvenile courts. Finally, a synopsis of the role of victims throughout various stages of the juvenile court process is offered.
Employee Theft
Authors: Smith Brian T. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEmployee theft is considered a form of white‐collar crime. The concept of white‐collar crime was first introduced by Edwin Sutherland in his 1939 presidential address to the American Society of Criminology. Most scholars now agree that white‐collar crime is presently a very broad subject. Historically, white‐collar crime has been thought of as crimes committed by executives in any corporate setting. This is a common misconception in that theft by employees can occur from any position within an employer's chain of command. Whether an entry‐level worker takes office supplies or a CEO embezzles millions of dollars, both employees have committed employee theft. White‐collar crime is divided into two crime categories, occupational and corporate crime. Presently, scholars regard employee theft as an occupational crime. However, scholars have been unable to accept a universally conclusive definition of employee theft.
Status Offenders/Offenses
Authors: Mahoney Margaret , Farina Katie A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractStatus offenders are a specific offender group whose illegal behavior is only viewed as illegal because they are under the age of majority. The same actions committed by those above the age of majority would not be viewed as illegal. Truancy, running away from home, incorrigibility (e.g., disobeying parents/guardians), violating curfew, and alcohol possession are the most common status offenses.
Schools
Authors: Donner Christopher M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis entry provides an overview of crime in schools. It discusses the nature of crime in schools, as well as risk factors of school crime and safety measures employed to reduce it. Specific attention is paid to victimization rates and patterns. Also discussed are the roles of bullying, cyberbullying, gangs, fear of crime, and weapon possession. The impact of school resource officers and other security measures at schools is evaluated. The entry concludes with a brief discussion of violence at colleges and universities.
Torture
Authors: D. H. Koeppel Maria 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBrutal forms of interrogation and punishment are nothing new to the criminal justice system. This article examines the different ways various cultures have used torture during interrogations over the millennia. Amongst the most prominent examples in Western culture are the Salem witch trials and the Spanish Inquisition. Rather than being a remnant of the ancient world, countries still use torture during interrogations, as witnessed by the authorization of waterboarding of terrorist suspects by the United States in the years following 9/11.
Police Patrol
Authors: Wu Ling 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This entry briefly discusses the original source of patrol and its “watching” function in history, as well as the ways in which patrol functions have expanded to make patrol a multipurpose system in modern times. The specific tasks that form patrol work, such as random patrol and handling calls for services, are then described. Emphasis is placed on the significance of patrol work to the business of policing and to every police officer's career. Important developmental stages of patrol are finally reviewed; these include the dramatic change of traditional patrol due to new technologies (especially automobiles and two‐way radios), the revival of foot patrol in the context of community policing, and the recent innovation of hot spots patrol.
Overcriminalization
Authors: Shackelford Kyrstin L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOvercriminalization is becoming a topic of significant social concern. Criminal justice professionals do not unanimously agree on a definition for overcriminalization, but agree that it is a term that is better understood in specific scenarios. The lack of an universal definition is attributed to the complex nature of the topic. This complexity is attributed to a variety of factors and offenses that include: overlapping offenses, ancillary offenses, inchoate offenses, vicarious liability offenses, and judicially mistaken offenses. Further instances of overcriminalization are attributed to the uncontrollable creation of new criminal law. While no specific solution has been determined, criminal justice professionals have offered a variety of solutions to addressing the issue of overcriminalization that include: decriminalizing certain offenses, utilization of the principal of proportionality, utilizing the doctrine of desuetude, and utilizing a cost‐benefit analysis when creating new legislation. Although solutions have been proposed, a general lack of empirical evidence indicates that further research needs to be conducted before a more accurate solution to the issue of overcriminalization can be found and utilized.
Professionalism in Corrections
Authors: McConnell Elizabeth H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe profession of corrections is characterized by practices and standards for its improvement and maintenance, and the dissemination of knowledge. This entry examines the history, characteristics, development, and contributions of correctional professionalism. It also evaluates the role of professional associations such as the American Correctional Association, the American Probation and Parole Association, and the American Jail Association.
Intermediate Sanctions
Authors: Homant Robert J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Intermediate sanctions are corrections options that are less restrictive than a normal jail or prison sentence but more restrictive than standard probation or parole. The most common intermediate sanctions are intensive supervision, electronic monitoring, and boot camp. These options were first developed in the early to mid 1980s as a response to prison overcrowding. There is some concern that rather than reducing prison populations, intermediate sanctions have resulted in increasing the number of offenders under correctional supervision. Although some net‐widening has occurred, some authorities see this as beneficial. Intermediate sanctions have succeeded in providing a broader range of sentencing options, some cost savings, and has not diminished deterrence.
Crime Victims and the Media
Authors: Peelo Moira , Soothill Keith 
Published: January 2014

AbstractKnowledge about being a crime victim comes through a variety of sources: personal experience, official crime statistics, victim surveys and, most extensively, via mediated accounts. Crime is a popular theme for fiction, film, TV drama as well as news reporting, and media representations of crime either contain or refer to constructions of victimhood. It is the role of researchers to unpack the images and assumptions implicit in media narratives and to test how much they help us to understand crime, justice, and the experience of victims.