bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial Discrimination, Weakened School Bonds, and Problematic Behaviors
Authors: Unnever James D. , Cullen Francis T. , Barnes J. C. 
Published: October 2015

Objectives: This article examines a core hypothesis of Unnever and Gabbidon’s theory that racial discrimination should diminish the ability of African American youths to build strong bonds with their school, which in turn should increase their likelihood of engaging in problematic behaviors over time. Their thesis further argues that these relationships should persist after controlling for affectional ties with parents and other covariates. Methods: This hypothesis is assessed using data from two cohorts included within the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, Longitudinal Cohort Study. Results: The results show that racial discrimination predicts changes in problematic behaviors from wave 1 to wave 3 and weakens the attachment that African American youths have with their teachers and their commitment to their education while controlling for affectional ties to parents and other covariates. Conclusions: The results lend support to Unnever and Gabbidon’s thesis that a holistic understanding of African Americans’ offending must be grounded in their everyday experiences with what it means to be Black in a racialized society.
New daily persistent headache: A lack of an association with white matter abnormalities on neuroimaging
Authors: Rozen Todd D 
Published: October 2015

Objective To provide results from the largest study of new daily persistent headache patients to date and specifically evaluate if patients with primary new daily persistent headache develop white matter abnormalities or infarct-like lesions on neuroimaging. Methods Retrospective analysis of patient medical records utilizing an electronic medical record system. All patients were seen at a headache specialty clinic by a single headache neurologist and diagnosed with primary new daily persistent headache during the time period of January 2009 to January 2013. Results Altogether, 97 patients were diagnosed with primary new daily persistent headache (65 women and 32 men). The mean average age of onset was slightly younger in women than men: 32.4 years vs. 35.8 years. In total, 84 of the 97 new daily persistent headache patients had no white matter abnormalities or infarct-like lesions on magnetic resonance imaging with a gender distribution of 56 women and 28 men. The mean age of onset of this white matter negative subgroup was 31.1 years. Of these individuals, 36% had cardiovascular/cerebrovascular risk factors and 44% had a history of migraine. Only 13 new daily persistent headache patients (nine women, four men) demonstrated white matter abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging. None had infarct-like lesions. The mean age of onset of this white matter positive subgroup was 54.2 years, significantly older than the white matter negative population ( p < .05). All new daily persistent headache patients in the white matter positive subgroup had cardiovascular/cerebrovascular risk factors and dual risk factors were noted in seven of 13 patients. Only 23% had a migraine history. Almost 40% of the patients in the white matter negative group were imaged 3 years after headache onset and at least six patients were imaged at least 9 years or more after onset of new daily persistent headache. Triggering events in both white matter lesion positive and negative populations were typical of the new daily persistent headache population as a whole and not specific to the presence or absence of brain imaging lesions except for a post-surgery trigger, which was significantly more likely to occur in the white matter positive group. Migraine associated symptoms occurred in 77% of the white matter negative subgroup compared with 46% of the white matter positive subgroup, which was a significant difference. Conclusion White matter abnormalities and infarct-like lesions do not appear to occur in primary new daily persistent headache patients. Only new daily persistent headache patients with risk factors (cardiovascular/cerebrovascular or migraine) developed white matter abnormalities on brain magnetic resonance imaging. No patient with new daily persistent headache developed infarct-like lesions. New daily persistent headache triggering events (outside of possibly post-surgery) or the presence of migrainous symptoms did not appear to enhance the development of white matter abnormalities.
Test-retest reliability of visual-evoked potential habituation
Authors: Rauschel Veronika , Ruscheweyh Ruth , Krafczyk Siegbert , Straube Andreas 
Published: October 2015

Objective Habituation of visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) is typically described as deficient interictally in migraine patients, supposedly indicating altered cortical excitability. Use of this parameter for monitoring changes over time, e.g. under treatment, requires demonstration of test-retest reliability. Methods VEPs were recorded interictally in 41 episodic migraine patients and 40 controls. N75–P100 amplitudes were measured over six consecutive blocks of 75 VEPs each. Amplitude regression slopes and block ratios were used to quantify VEP habituation. Test-retest reliability was assessed over 15 minutes and two to three weeks. Results Controls showed significantly more negative VEP habituation slopes than migraine patients (−0.21 ± 0.40 vs. 0.04 ± 0.46 µV/block, p < 0.05). Results were similar for block ratios, though, in the migraine group, VEP habituation significantly increased from test to two- to three-week retest ( p < 0.05). In addition, VEP habituation test-retest correlations were mostly poor both in migraine patients and controls (intraclass correlation coefficients, 15 minutes: −0.13 to 0.30, two to three weeks: 0.07 to 0.59). Conclusions Deficient VEP habituation in migraine was confirmed. However, the test-retest reliability of VEP habituation was rather weak. Therefore, we suggest that VEP habituation should be used for evaluation of cortical excitability under treatment only at the group level and only when a control group with sham treatment is included.
Research leadership: should clinical directors be distinguished researchers?
Authors: Allison Stephen , Goodall Amanda H , Bastiampillai Tarun 
Published: October 2015

Objectives: Clinical directors established research-led healthcare by combining research, teaching and clinical excellence within the teaching hospitals. This research culture created high clinical standards, which benefited patients, the workforce and healthcare organisations. The current paper explores this research leadership role for clinical directors. It reviews studies arising from the theory of expert leadership, which focuses on the relationship between a leader’s core knowledge and organisational performance. More specifically, we examine the expert leader’s research track record, the associations with their organisation’s performance, and the influence of research activity on clinical excellence. Conclusion: Distinguished researchers still lead the most prestigious teaching hospitals and the most trusted departments of psychiatry in the United States where the clinical directorate structure originated. It is also known that good scholars can improve research output when appointed to leadership positions. This suggests that the clinical director’s research track record should be a consideration at a time when research is being embedded in Australia’s local health networks. A clinical director’s leadership may influence the research performance of their department and contribute to the quality of mental healthcare.
Rel8: demonstrating the feasibility of delivering an 8-week social skills program in a public mental health setting
Authors: Wauchope Bronwyn , Terlich Alissa , Lee Stuart 
Published: October 2015

Objective: As community mental health services integrate recovery-oriented practices, treatments that focus on skills development and social integration are desirable. This study aimed to examine the feasibility of implementing “Rel8”, an 8-week social skills training group adapted to suit a public community mental health setting. Method: A retrospective audit was conducted of quantitative and qualitative data from four groups run between 2011 and 2013. Pre- and post-group measures were collected, assessing self-rated friendships and confidence with social skills and clinician-rated social skill performance. Qualitative feedback about group participation was also collected through use of a developed questionnaire. Results: Analysis revealed significant improvements in participants’ confidence with their social skills following group participation, with a trend also found for improved social skill performance. Conclusions: “Rel8”, an adapted 8-week social skills training group, is a feasible program in the context of community mental health services. The program added to the recovery-centred practice of the community mental health service while also adding to the diversity of clinician skills for psychosocial-oriented practice.
Development of an incipient Stevens–Johnson reaction while on a stable dose of lamotrigine
Authors: Parker Gordon 
Published: October 2015

Objective: To describe a case of a possible incipient Stevens–Johnson reaction while a patient had been on a stable dose of lamotrigine for several months and to consider the likely cause. Methods: The history is recounted. Results: One likely cause implicates differing effective doses of lamotrigine across differing brands and raises quality control issues. Conclusion: The patient’s severe reaction may reflect changing to a brand of lamotrigine that precipitously generated a higher serum level of lamotrigine.
The pivotal role of primary care in meeting the health needs of people recently released from prison
Authors: Kinner Stuart A , Young Jesse T , Carroll Megan 
Published: October 2015

Objective: Australia’s prison population is growing at a rate well in excess of population growth. Indigenous Australians are over-represented by a factor of 13. Prisoners are a profoundly marginalised group characterised by complex health and social needs. Despite improvements in health during incarceration, poor health outcomes after release are common, and the net effect of incarceration is usually health depleting. Given the need for effective care coordination, primary care plays a pivotal role in meeting the health needs of this population. In this paper we review what is known about patterns of primary care utilisation in ex-prisoners, identify evidence-based strategies for increasing access to primary care in ex-prisoners, and consider how such contact may shape subsequent health service outcomes. Conclusions: Primary care is a necessary but not sufficient condition for effective post-release support. Positive outcomes may depend more on the quality than the quantity of care received. Given massive over-representation of Indigenous people in Australia’s prisons, and compelling evidence of preventable morbidity and mortality after release from prison, effective models of care for this population are an important component of closing the gap in Indigenous life expectancy.
Magnitude, treatment, and impact of diabetes mellitus in patients hospitalized with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: A community-based study
Authors: Awad Hamza H , Tisminetzky Mayra , Metry Diana , McManus David , Yarzebski Jorge , Gore Joel M , Goldberg Robert J 
Published: October 2015

Purpose of the study: To examine differences in the characteristics, treatment practices and in-hospital outcomes of patients with and without previously diagnosed diabetes hospitalized for non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Key methods: The study cohort consisted of 3916 patients diagnosed with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction at all 11 central MA medical centres between 1999 and 2009, of whom 1475 (38%) had been previously diagnosed with diabetes. Main results: Diabetic patients were more likely to have received treatment with effective cardiac medications, and to have undergone coronary bypass surgery, but were less likely to have received a percutaneous coronary intervention, than non-diabetic patients. Patients with a history of diabetes were more likely to have developed cardiogenic shock, heart failure and died during their index hospitalization than non-diabetic patients. Main conclusion: Diabetic patients presenting with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction remain at high risk of developing significant clinical complications during hospitalization.
Prevalence of macro- and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease with or without albuminuria in a single Chinese Diabetes Centre
Authors: Wu Dingting , Xuan Yanyan , Ruan Yu , Feng Xiaocheng , Zhu Yinchao , Jia Chengfang , Liu Jun , Li Hong , Li Lianxi , Dong Xuehong 
Published: October 2015

Objective: To investigate the relationship between diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy and low ankle-brachial index in mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease of type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: We enrolled 875 type 2 diabetic patients who were divided into two phenotypes (with or without albuminuria) and stratified into three groups (stage 1 with estimated glomerular filtration rate ⩾ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2, stage 2 with estimated glomerular filtration rate of 60–89, stage 3 with estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30–59). The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy and low ankle-brachial index was compared and the risk factors of renal impairment were determined. Results: Among chronic kidney disease stages, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy increased from 42.5%, 56.6% to 66.7% in albuminuric subjects and from 29.4%, 33.0% to 50.0% with no significant trend in normoalbuminuric subjects ( p = 0.005, 0.007 and 0.399 compared with albuminuric subjects in each stage). There was a significantly increased prevalence of low ankle-brachial index (17.5%, 22.6% and 44.4%) in normoalbuminuric subjects but no significant trend in albuminuric subjects. Diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio = 2.474, 95% confidence interval = 1.009–6.068) was an independent risk factor of declining kidney function in albuminuric patients. Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was graded according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate declining in albuminuric patients while the prevalence of low ankle-brachial index was gradually increased in normoalbuminuric patients, indicating the diverse underlying mechanisms of mild to moderate chronic kidney disease between these two phenotypes.
Practice patterns in NAFLD and NASH: real life differs from published guidelines
Authors: Rinella Mary E. , Lominadze Zurabi , Loomba Rohit , Charlton Michael , Neuschwander-Tetri Brent A. , Caldwell Stephen H. , Kowdley Kris , Harrison Stephen A. 
Published: October 2015

Background: Management guidelines from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases/American College of Gastroenterology/American Gastroenterology Association published in 2012 for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) recommend weight loss, vitamin E and pioglitazone as effective therapies for the treatment of biopsy-confirmed NASH. However, little is known about how physicians in the US diagnose NASH or whether published guidelines are being followed. Methods: We assessed current diagnostic and treatment patterns of the management of NAFLD and NASH among academic gastroenterologists and hepatologists in the US using a standardized survey developed to collect information regarding respondents’ practice environments, diagnostic techniques, and medication usage in patients with NAFLD/NASH. Results: We invited 482 gastroenterologists and hepatologists, predominantly from academic centers, of whom 163 completed the survey. Only 24% of providers routinely perform liver biopsy, predominantly among patients with elevated serum aminotransferases. Vitamin E is prescribed regularly by 70% while only 14% routinely prescribe pioglitazone. Despite recommendations to the contrary, ~25% prescribe pioglitazone or vitamin E without biopsy confirmation of NASH. Metformin is used as frequently as pioglitazone despite its proven lack of efficacy in NASH. Overall, 40–73% adhere to published guidelines, depending on the specific question. There was no significant difference seen in adherence to guidelines between gastroenterologists and hepatologists. Conclusion: This survey suggests that clinical practice patterns among gastroenterologists and hepatologists for the management of NASH frequently diverge from published practice guidelines. Although liver biopsy remains the gold standard to diagnose NASH, less than 25% of respondents routinely require it to make the diagnosis of NASH. We conclude that NASH is underdiagnosed in gastroenterology and hepatology practices, highlighting the need to refine noninvasive diagnostic tools.
Redundancy in Glucose Sensing
Authors: Sharifi Amin , Varsavsky Andrea , Ulloa Johanna , Horsburgh Jodie C. , McAuley Sybil A. , Krishnamurthy Balasubramanian , Jenkins Alicia J. , Colman Peter G. , Ward Glenn M. , MacIsaac Richard J. , Shah Rajiv , O’Neal David N. 
Published: October 2015

Background: Current electrochemical glucose sensors use a single electrode. Multiple electrodes (redundancy) may enhance sensor performance. We evaluated an electrochemical redundant sensor (ERS) incorporating two working electrodes (WE1 and WE2) onto a single subcutaneous insertion platform with a processing algorithm providing a single real-time continuous glucose measure. Methods: Twenty-three adults with type 1 diabetes each wore two ERSs concurrently for 168 hours. Post-insertion a frequent sampling test (FST) was performed with ERS benchmarked against a glucose meter (Bayer Contour Link). Day 4 and 7 FSTs were performed with a standard meal and venous blood collected for reference glucose measurements (YSI and meter). Between visits, ERS was worn with capillary blood glucose testing ≥8 times/day. Sensor glucose data were processed prospectively. Results: Mean absolute relative deviation (MARD) for ERS day 1-7 (3,297 paired points with glucose meter) was (mean [SD]) 10.1 [11.5]% versus 11.4 [11.9]% for WE1 and 12.0 [11.9]% for WE2; P < .0001. ERS Clarke A and A+B were 90.2% and 99.8%, respectively. ERS day 4 plus day 7 MARD (1,237 pairs with YSI) was 9.4 [9.5]% versus 9.6 [9.7]% for WE1 and 9.9 [9.7]% for WE2; P = ns. ERS day 1-7 precision absolute relative deviation (PARD) was 9.9 [3.6]% versus 11.5 [6.2]% for WE1 and 10.1 [4.4]% for WE2; P = ns. ERS sensor display time was 97.8 [6.0]% versus 91.0 [22.3]% for WE1 and 94.1 [14.3]% for WE2; P < .05. Conclusions: Electrochemical redundancy enhances glucose sensor accuracy and display time compared with each individual sensing element alone. ERS performance compares favorably with ‘best-in-class’ of non-redundant sensors.
Sequential vs alternating administration of VMP and Rd in elderly patients with newly diagnosed MM
Authors: Mateos María-Victoria , Martínez-López Joaquín , Hernández Miguel-Teodoro , Ocio Enrique-M. , Rosiñol Laura , Martínez Rafael , Teruel Ana-Isabel , Gutiérrez Norma C. , Martín Ramos María-Luisa , Oriol Albert , Bargay Joan , Bengoechea Enrique , González Yolanda , Pérez de Oteyza Jaime , Gironella Mercedes , Encinas Cristina , Martín Jesús , Cabrera Carmen , Paiva Bruno , Cedena María-Teresa , Puig Noemí , Bladé Joan , Lahuerta Juan-José , San-Miguel Jesús 
Published: October 2015

Key Points
The sequential and alternating administration of VMP and Rd have equal efficacy and toxicity. The greatest benefit of this total therapy approach was observed for patients aged 65 to 75 years.
The tryptophan metabolite picolinic acid suppresses proliferation and metabolic activity of CD4+ T cells and inhibits c-Myc activation
Authors: Prodinger Johanna , Loacker Lisa J , Schmidt Ralf L J , Ratzinger Franz , Greiner Georg , Witzeneder Nadine , Hoermann Gregor , Jutz Sabrina , Pickl Winfried F , Steinberger Peter , Marculescu Rodrig , Schmetterer Klaus G 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Tryptophan metabolites, including kynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, and picolinic acid, are key mediators of immunosuppression by cells expressing the tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme indoleamine2,3-dioxygenase. In this study, we assessed the influence of picolinic acid on cell viability and effector functions of CD4+ T cells following in vitro activation with agonistic anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies. In contrast to kynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, exposure of T cells with picolinic acid did not affect cell viability, whereas proliferation and metabolic activity were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, cytokine secretion and up-regulation of cell surface activation markers were not or only weakly inhibited by picolinic acid. Picolinic acid exposure induced a state of deep anergy that could not be overcome by the addition of exogenous IL-2 and inhibited Th cell polarization. On the molecular level, important upstream signaling molecules, such as the MAPKs ERK and p38 and the mammalian target of rapamycin target protein S6 ribosomal protein, were not affected by picolinic acid. Likewise, NFAT, NF-?B, and AP-1 promoter activity in Jurkat T cells was not influenced by exposure to picolinic acid. Whereas transcriptional levels of v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog were not affected by picolinic acid, phosphorylation at Ser62 was strongly reduced in picolinic acid-exposed T cells following activation. In conclusion, picolinic acid mediates a unique immunosuppressive program in T cells, mainly inhibiting cell cycle and metabolic activity, while leaving other effector functions intact. These functional features are accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog. It remains to be determined whether this effect is mediated by direct inhibition of ERK activity or whether indirect mechanisms apply.
Asparagine deprivation mediated by Salmonella asparaginase causes suppression of activation-induced T cell metabolic reprogramming
Authors: Torres AnnMarie , Luke Joanna D , Kullas Amy L , Kapilashrami Kanishk , Botbol Yair , Koller Antonius , Tonge Peter J , Chen Emily I , Macian Fernando , van der Velden Adrianus W M 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Salmonellae are pathogenic bacteria that induce immunosuppression by mechanisms that remain largely unknown. Previously, we showed that a putative type II l-asparaginase produced by Salmonella Typhimurium inhibits T cell responses and mediates virulence in a murine model of infection. Here, we report that this putative l-asparaginase exhibits l-asparagine hydrolase activity required for Salmonella Typhimurium to inhibit T cells. We show that l-asparagine is a nutrient important for T cell activation and that l-asparagine deprivation, such as that mediated by the Salmonella Typhimurium l-asparaginase, causes suppression of activation-induced mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, autophagy, Myc expression, and l-lactate secretion. We also show that l-asparagine deprivation mediated by the Salmonella Typhimurium l-asparaginase causes suppression of cellular processes and pathways involved in protein synthesis, metabolism, and immune response. Our results advance knowledge of a mechanism used by Salmonella Typhimurium to inhibit T cell responses and mediate virulence, and provide new insights into the prerequisites of T cell activation. We propose a model in which l-asparagine deprivation inhibits T cell exit from quiescence by causing suppression of activation-induced metabolic reprogramming.