bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency and Duration of Nursing Care Related to Older Patient Mobility
Authors: Doherty‐King Barbara , Yoon Ju Young , Pecanac Kristen , Brown Roger , Mahoney Jane 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the frequency and duration of nursing care activity related to mobilizing older patients in acute care settings and determining who initiates the mobility event (patient or nurse).MethodsThis was an observation study using time and motion. Observers shadowed 15 registered nurses (RNs) each for two to three 8‐hr periods using hand‐held computer tablets to collect data on frequency and duration of six mobility events (standing, transferring, walking to and from the patient bathroom, walking in the patient room, and walking in the hallway) that occurred in the nurse's presence. Chart reviews were conducted on 47 adult patients (> 65 years of age) who were cared for by the nurses during the observation periods. Descriptive statistics (mean, median, standard deviation, frequency, and proportion) were used to describe the occurrence of mobility events among all 47 patients and among a subgroup of 16 patients identified as dependent (needing human assistance of another to ambulate) at the time of admission.ResultsThirty‐two percent of older patients were not engaged by an RN in any mobility event during an 8‐hr period. For all patients, standing and transferring were the most frequent mobility activity. Mean duration for ambulation was less than 2 min per observation period. Patients who were dependent had fewer mobility events with no events related to ambulation initiated by nurses. The majority of mobility events were initiated by patients.ConclusionsNurses infrequently initiated mobility events for hospitalized older patients and most often engaged patients in low‐level activity (standing and transferring).Clinical RelevanceLimited mobility (standing and transferring only) is an independent predictor of negative outcomes for hospitalized older patients. Nurses are in a key position to improve outcomes for hospitalized older patients by engaging them in mobility activity, particularly ambulation, but further research is needed to determine how best to engage nurses in these activities.
A Double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study to assess the safety, antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics of GSK2336805 when given as monotherapy and in combination with peginterferon alfa‐2a and ribavirin in hepatitis C virus genotype 1‐infected treatment‐naive subjects
Authors: Gardner Stephen , Cutrell Amy , Elko‐Simms Cindy , Adkison Kimberly , Hamatake Robert , Walker Jill , Rodriguez‐Torres Maribel , Hong Zhi 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsGSK2336805 is a HCV NS5A inhibitor for chronic hepatitis C (CHC). In a prior Phase I study, GSK2336805 was well tolerated and had an antiviral and pharmacokinetic profile suitable for once‐daily administration. This 28‐day, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study evaluated once daily GSK2336805 60 mg alone or in combination with peginterferon alfa‐2a (180 μg per week) and ribavirin (1000–1200 mg daily) (PEG/RIBA) in treatment‐naive genotype 1 CHC subjects.MethodsFive centres enrolled 16 subjects in the USA and Puerto Rico who received GSK2336805 + PEG/RIBA or placebo + PEG/RIBA.ResultsFollowing a single monotherapy dose of GSK2336805 on day 1, median reduction from baseline in HCV RNA was −2.96 log10 (N = 11) vs. −0.13 log10 (N = 4) for placebo. With the addition of PEG/RIBA on day 2, subjects receiving GSK2336805 exhibited greater decreases in viral load over the 28‐day treatment period as compared with placebo. At day 28, median reduction from baseline was −4.86 log10 (N = 9) in the GSK2336805 + PEG/RIBA group as compared with −1.98 log10 (N = 4) in the placebo + PEG/RIBA group. At day 28, rapid virological response (RVR) occurred in 8/11 (73%) of the GSK2336805 + PEG/RIBA subjects as compared with 1/4 (25%) of the placebo + PEG/RIBA subjects. Adverse events were consistent with those reported in clinical trials of peginterferon and ribavirin, and no unique adverse events appeared to be associated with GSK2336805.ConclusionsGSK2336805 is a potent NS5A inhibitor that showed a substantial antiviral effect as a monotherapy and in combination with peginterferon and ribavirin.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01439373.
Nature's inordinate fondness for metabolic enzymes: why metabolic enzyme loci are so frequently targets of selection
Authors: Marden James H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMetabolic enzyme loci were some of the first genes accessible for molecular evolution and ecology research. New technologies now make the whole genome, transcriptome or proteome readily accessible, allowing unbiased scans for loci exhibiting significant differences in allele frequency or expression level and associated with phenotypes and/or responses to natural selection. With surprising frequency and in many cases in proportions greater than chance relative to other genes, glycolysis andTCAcycle enzyme loci appear among the genes with significant associations in these studies. Hence, there is an ongoing need to understand the basis for fitness effects of metabolic enzyme polymorphisms. Allele‐specific effects on the binding affinity and catalytic rate of individual enzymes are well known, but often of uncertain significance because metabolic control theory andin vivostudies indicate that many individual metabolic enzymes do not affect pathway flux rate. I review research, so far little used in evolutionary biology, showing that metabolic enzyme substrates affect signalling pathways that regulate cell and organismal biology, and that these enzymes have moonlighting functions. To date there is little knowledge of how alleles in natural populations affect these phenotypes. I discuss an example in which alleles of aTCAenzyme locus associate with differences in a signalling pathway and development, organismal performance, and ecological dynamics. Ultimately, understanding how metabolic enzyme polymorphisms map to phenotypes and fitness remains a compelling and ongoing need for gaining robust knowledge of ecological and evolutionary processes.
A model for the development of Erysiphe necator chasmothecia in vineyards
Authors: Legler S. E. , Caffi T. , Rossi V. 
Published: October 2013

A temperature‐driven, mechanistic model predicting the development of Erysiphe necator chasmothecia in vineyards was developed and validated in 38 vineyards in the Po Valley (northern Italy), Baden‐Württemberg (Germany), and South Australia between 2005 and 2011. The model, which begins operating when the first ascocarp initials are formed, predicts on a daily basis the proportions of chasmothecia at the yellow, brown and black maturity stage. The initialization date was estimated with an iterative procedure that minimized the residuals of predicted versus observed values. In all vineyards, a drop to more favourable temperatures for ascocarp production over 2–4 days in the week or in the 2 weeks before the model initialization date probably triggered chasmothecia production. Model predictions provided a good fit of observed data (coefficients of determination, model accuracy, efficacy and efficiency were all ≥0·90), with some overestimation. When predicted production of black chasmothecia (on leaves) was compared with observed dispersal of chasmothecia from vines, lack of splashing rain was probably the main cause of overestimation. When observed numbers of yellow, brown or black chasmothecia on leaves were compared with model predictions, removal of the developing chasmothecia by rainfall was probably the main cause of overestimation. Inclusion of the effect of rainfall on the removal of immature and mature chasmothecia from the powdery mildew colonies could improve the model. The model could be used to time the application of fungicides or biocontrol agents for reducing ascocarp formation and reducing primary inoculum in the following season.
Third‐party Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Reduce Allo‐reactivity In vitro and Ameliorate the Severity of Acute graft‐Versus‐host Disease in Allo‐bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Yang J. , Li R. , Ren Y. , Yang Y. , Xie R. , Fan H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs) potently induce and maintain tolerance based on their distinct characteristics compared with conventional DCs. Recent reports show that donor or host tDCs promote allograft survival in mice. In this study, the efficacy of third‐party tDCs in the prevention of acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGVHD) was evaluated. In vitro, tDCs derived from the bone marrow (BM) of D1 mice were induced by GM‐CSF, IL‐10 and TGF‐β1. The phenotypes, expression of cytokines and suppression of tDCs were analysed. In vivo, the effects of adoptive transfer of third‐party‐tDCs were evaluated in an MHC‐mismatched aGVHD mouse model. Survival, body weight, GVHD scoring, histopathological specimens and serum cytokines were analysed in tDC‐treated mice and untreated controls. Tolerogenic DCs had low expression of MHC and co‐stimulatory molecules, expressed high levels of ‘immunosuppressive’ cytokines and suppressed allo‐CD4+T cell proliferation. In the B6→D2 mouse model, all aGVHD mice died within 18 days. Fortunately, third‐party tDCs transferred at low doses (104) effectively prolonged survival after allo‐BMT. Furthermore, in the mice treated with 104 tDCs, serum levels of IL‐10/TGF‐β were significantly higher and the percentage of Foxp3+ cells continually increased compared with the mice treated with other doses of tDCs. Third‐party tDCs play a crucial role in reducing the severity of aGVHD by modulating the secretion of various cytokines and expanding Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, which suggests the possibility of using third‐party tDCs for therapeutic applications. Furthermore, special attention should be paid to the optimal range of tDCs for preventing allograft rejection.
Increased Accumulation of CD16+ Monocytes at Local Sites of Inflammation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Wallquist C. , Paulson J. M. , Hylander B. , Lundahl J. , Jacobson S. H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) display a high prevalence of cardiovascular events and acute infections. Potential effector cells are the CD16+ monocytes, known to be increased in the peripheral circulation in CKD. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of CD16 and CX3CR1 on peripheral and in vivo extravasated monocytes in patients with CKD (GFR < 20 ml/min × 1.73 m²) using flow cytometry. In vivo extravasated monocytes were collected from a local inflammatory site, induced by a skin blistering technique. Soluble markers were assessed by Luminex. The number of CD16+ monocytes was significantly higher in patients with CKD compared with healthy subjects, both in the peripheral circulation (P < 0.05) and at the site of induced inflammation (P < 0.001). Patients with CKD displayed significantly higher concentration of soluble CX3CL1 both in the peripheral circulation (P < 0.01) and in the interstitial fluid (P < 0.001). In addition, patients with CKD had a significantly higher concentration of TNF‐α in the peripheral circulation (P < 0.001). On the contrary, at the inflammatory site, concentrations of both TNF‐α and IL‐10 were significantly lower in patients with CKD compared with healthy controls (P < 0.05 for both). In conclusion, patients with CKD have an increased percentage of CD16+ monocytes in both circulation and at the inflammatory site, and this finding is in concurrence with simultaneous changes in CX3CR1. Together with distorted TNF‐α and IL‐10 levels, this may have potential impact on the altered inflammatory response in CKD.
Evaluating Fuel Flexibility in an IGCC Combustor Using CFD
Authors: Baruah Abinash , Karim H. , Shoreh Hajiloo 
Published: October 2013

Fuel flexibility and environmental performance are proving to be critically important to contemporary IGCC plants designed for various applications. Gas turbine combustion systems for IGCC power plants must have the capability to burn a variety of syngas compositions, including high hydrogen content, while maintaining low pollutant emissions and with high reliability. Evaluating an IGCC combustor for a wide range of fuels experimentally can be very expensive as a result of the cost of preparing the large quantities of synthesis gas required. CFD analysis permits many design options to be evaluated in a timely, cost-effective manner. This paper discusses the prediction of emission and combustor liner wall temperature distribution in an IGCC combustor for a wide range of fuels by using CFD.
The prediction capability of laminar finite rate and laminar flamelet approaches have been analyzed on two full scale IGCC combustors for different H2/CO ratios. The CFD analysis on full scale IGCC combustor revealed that LFR approach were able to predict the liner wall temperature distribution and emission in good agreement with the lab compared to the LFM approach.
The impact of functional limitations on long-term outcomes among African-American and white women with breast cancer: a cohort study
Authors: Izano Monika , Satariano William A , Hiatt Robert A , Braithwaite Dejana 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesWe examined the impact of functional limitations and functional decline during the first year following breast cancer diagnosis on the risk of mortality from breast cancer and other causes among African-American and white women, respectively.DesignThe Health and Functioning in Women (HFW) cohort study.SettingDetroit, Michigan, USA.ParticipantsA total of 162 African-American and 813 white women aged 40–84 years with newly diagnosed breast cancer identified through the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System over a 7-month period between 1984 and 1985 and followed for up to 28 years (median 11 years).Outcome measuresRisk of mortality from breast cancer and other causes.ResultsStatistically significant increases in the risk of other-cause mortality were found for each unit increase in the number of self-reported functional limitations (HR=1.08, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.14), 0 vs ≥1 functional limitations (HR=1.47, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.91), difficulty in pushing or pulling large objects (HR=1.34, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.73), writing or handling small objects (HR=1.56, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.44), and walking half a mile (HR=1.60, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.14). Functional limitations and functional decline did not explain racial disparities in the survival of this cohort. Functional decline was associated with increased risk of other-cause mortality in women with regional and remote disease but not in women with localised disease. Whereas measures of functional limitation were not associated with breast cancer-specific mortality, each unit of functional decline (HR=1.17, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.31) and decline in the ability to sit ≥1 h (HR=2.06, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.76) were associated with increased risk of breast cancer-specific mortality. Measures of functional decline were associated with increased risk of breast cancer mortality in overweight and obese women, but not in women of normal weight.ConclusionsWhereas functional limitations were associated with increased risk of other-cause mortality, functional decline was associated with increased risk of breast cancer mortality.
Identity and typification of Diploneis ostracodarum, Diploneis budayana and Diploneis praeclara (Bacillariophyta)
Authors: JOVANOVSKA ELENA , BUCZKÓ KRISZTINA , OGNJANOVA-RUMENOVA NADJA G. , NAKOV TEOFIL , LEVKOV ZLATKO 
Published: October 2013

A lectotype and isolectotype for Navicula budayana Pantocsek = Diploneis budayana (Pantocsek) Hustedt, Navicula ostracodarum Pantocsek = Diploneis ostracodarum (Pantocsek) Jovanovska, Nakov & Levkov and Navicula praeclara Pantocsek = Diploneis praeclara (Pantocsek) Cleve-Euler from Köpecz, Neogene fossil deposits in Romania have been made. Typification for each species was based on Pantocsek’s original images and material deposited at the Hungarian Natural History Museum (BP). Unfortunately, the type slides for Diploneis budayana, D. ostracodarum and D. praeclara were lost or destroyed during the course of World War II. Therefore, authentic material from the type locality Köpecz at BP was used to designate the lectotypes for these three species. Detailed LM and SEM observations have been assigned for each taxon, in order to ascertain the variation in valve morphology. Taxonomic descriptions and comments are made for each species. Typification of taxa described by Pantocsek would potentially affect further stratigraphic, comparative or molecular phylogenetic work not just for Tertiary floras but for Recent floras as well. In particular, studies concerning comparisons of these species between localities, such as Lake Ohrid, will greatly benefit from this work. The outcome of such studies will shed light on the evolutionary and biogeographic history of diatoms in the context of geologic events on the Balkan Peninsula.
Ethnic disparities in mental health treatment gap in a community-based survey and in access to care in psychiatric clinics
Authors: Nakash Ora , Nagar Maayan , Danilovich Eli , Bentov-Gofrit Daphne , Lurie Ido , Steiner Evelyne , Sadeh-Sharvit Shiri , Szor Henri , Levav Itzhak 
Published: October 2013

Background: Contrasting social status of ethnic groups differentially impacts the use of psychiatric services, including in Israel, despite its universal health system. However, relevant studies are limited. Aims: To examine ethnic differences in mental health treatment gap and in access to specialized care. Methods: Data were gathered from two sources. Study I included Mizrahi (Jews of North African/Asian origin, socially disadvantaged, n = 136) and Ashkenazi (Jews of European American origin, socially advantaged, n = 69) who were diagnosed with common mental disorders in the preceding 12 months in the Israeli component of the World Mental Health Survey. Study II included Mizrahi ( n = 133) and Ashkenazi ( n = 96) service users entering ambulatory mental health care. Results: Study I showed that the treatment gap was larger among Mizrahi compared with Ashkenazi respondents (28% standard error (SE) = 4.1 and 45% SE = 6.2, respectively, sought services) following adjustment for sociodemographic confounders (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1–4.8). Study II showed that the access to specialized care lagged over a year among 40% of service users of both ethnic groups. No significant ethnic differences emerged in variables related to delay in accessing care. Conclusions: Treatment gap was larger among ethnically disadvantaged compared with the advantaged group. However, once in treatment, service users of both ethnic groups report similar barriers to care.
The identification of novel loci required for appropriate nodule development in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Domonkos Agota , Horvath Beatrix , Marsh John F , Halasz Gabor , Ayaydin Ferhan , Oldroyd Giles ED , Kalo Peter 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background
The formation of functional symbiotic nodules is the result of a coordinated developmental program between legumes and rhizobial bacteria. Genetic analyses in legumes have been used to dissect the signaling processes required for establishing the legume-rhizobial endosymbiotic association. Compared to the early events of the symbiotic interaction, less attention has been paid to plant loci required for rhizobial colonization and the functioning of the nodule. Here we describe the identification and characterization of a number of new genetic loci in Medicago truncatula that are required for the development of effective nitrogen fixing nodules.

Results
Approximately 38,000 EMS and fast neutron mutagenized Medicago truncatula seedlings were screened for defects in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Mutant plants impaired in nodule development and efficient nitrogen fixation were selected for further genetic and phenotypic analysis. Nine mutants completely lacking in nodule formation (Nod-) represented six complementation groups of which two novel loci have been identified. Eight mutants with ineffective nodules (Fix-) represented seven complementation groups, out of which five were new monogenic loci. The Fix- M. truncatula mutants showed symptoms of nitrogen deficiency and developed small white nodules. Microscopic analysis of Fix- nodules revealed that the mutants have defects in the release of rhizobia from infection threads, differentiation of rhizobia and maintenance of persistence of bacteria in nodule cells. Additionally, we monitored the transcriptional activity of symbiosis specific genes to define what transcriptional stage of the symbiotic process is blocked in each of the Fix- mutants. Based on the phenotypic and gene expression analysis a functional hierarchy of the FIX genes is proposed.

Conclusions
The new symbiotic loci of M. truncatula isolated in this study provide the foundation for further characterization of the mechanisms underpinning nodulation, in particular the later stages associated with bacterial release and nodule function.
Neurite outgrowth stimulatory effects of culinary-medicinal mushrooms and their toxicity assessment using differentiating Neuro-2a and embryonic fibroblast BALB/3T3
Authors: Phan Chia-Wei , David Pamela , Naidu Murali , Wong Kah-Hui , Sabaratnam Vikineswary 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background
Mushrooms are not only regarded as gourmet cuisine but also as therapeutic agent to promote cognition health. However, little toxicological information is available regarding their safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen selected ethno-pharmacologically important mushrooms for stimulatory effects on neurite outgrowth and to test for any cytotoxicity.

Methods
The stimulatory effect of mushrooms on neurite outgrowth was assessed in differentiating mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cells. Neurite length was measured using Image-Pro Insight processor system. Neuritogenesis activity was further validated by fluorescence immunocytochemical staining of neurofilaments. In vitro cytotoxicity was investigated by using mouse embryonic fibroblast (BALB/3T3) and N2a cells for any embryo- and neuro-toxic effects; respectively.

Results
Aqueous extracts of Ganoderma lucidum, Lignosus rhinocerotis, Pleurotus giganteus and Grifola frondosa; as well as an ethanol extract of Cordyceps militaris significantly (p < 0.05) promoted the neurite outgrowth in N2a cells by 38.4 ± 4.2%, 38.1 ± 2.6%, 33.4 ± 4.6%, 33.7 ± 1.5%, and 35.8 ± 3.4%; respectively. The IC50 values obtained from tetrazolium (MTT), neutral red uptake (NRU) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays showed no toxic effects following 24 h exposure of N2a and 3T3 cells to mushroom extracts.

Conclusion
Our results indicate that G. lucidum, L. rhinocerotis, P. giganteus, G. frondosa and C. militaris may be developed as safe and healthy dietary supplements for brain and cognitive health.