bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of a Bunker Fuel on the Beach Bacterial Flora
Authors: Cobet Andre B. , Guard Harold E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Studies at four sampling locations on three beaches in the San Francisco area affected by oil from an 840,000 gallon spill of Chevron bunker fuel have shown that the size of the bacterial population and distribution of bacterial genera within the beach was unaffected by the petroleum hydrocarbons remaining in the beach sand after completion of the cleanup operation. Only 15 percent of the beach bacteria were affected by a variety of petroleum components including the pentane soluble fraction of the bunker fuel.
The Fate of a Bunker Fuel in Beach Sand
Authors: Guard Harold E. , Cobet Andre B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The dispersed oil concentrations in sand from three San Francisco area beaches have been measured over a 143 day period following an 840,000 gallon bunker fuel spill in San Francisco Bay. The dispersed oil remaining within the beaches after cleanup was extensively weathered while visible oil globules exhibited only minor weathering. Elevated levels of chloroform-extractable material were observed at two sampling locations following the spill. The background levels of chloroform-extractable materials determined from log-normal distribution analysis were ten-fold higher on bay beaches than on ocean beaches. Laboratory experiments indicated that in a beach system evaporation, dissolution, and microbial degradation combine to remove the lower molecular weight fractions of bunker fuel. A major effect of the beach is to disperse the oil. This dispersal has been shown to greatly enhance the effect of dissolution on the composition of bunker fuel. While the effect of exposure to water on the composition of a bunker fuel slick is minimal, significant amounts of the lower ends of bunker fuel (which is highly dispersed) in a sand column are removed by dissolution.
EVALUATION OF SOME METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS
Authors: Farrington John W. , Medeiros Gilbert C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Soxhlet extraction, homogenization with Na2So4 in a Virtis homogenizer, and KOH-methanol digestion methods of extracting hydrocarbons from marine organisms have been tested and compared using subsamples of a clam (Marcenaria mercenaria) homogenate. The amounts of hydrocarbons were determined gravimetrically and the composition was partially characterized by gas chromatography. There was a statistically significant difference between the results of the Virtis vs. Soxhlet and Soxhlet vs. digestion methods. However, in practice the difference is small and would be apparent only if large numbers of replicate measurements were made.
The concentration of hydrocarbons in clams from three locations, a polluted harbor area, a less polluted bay area, and a relatively clean bay have been determined. The composition was partially characterized by gas chromatography.
Subsamples of clam homogenate spiked with 10 ppm API No. 2 fuel oil have been analyzed. Only 5 to 6 ppm of the spike were detected. Gas chromatographic analysis indicated that the lower molecular weight components of the spike were lost. The gas chromatographic passive tagging parameters were altered from those of the API No. 2 fuel oil by interference from hydrocarbons already present in the clams prior to spiking.
HYDROCARBONS ASSOCIATED WITH SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY WATERS
Authors: DiSalvo L. H. , Guard H. E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Suspended sediments were obtained at seven stations in San Francisco Bay during the summer of 1974 using a double settling tube device termed the “biosampler.” One tube of the device passively collected suspended sediments which settled from ambient waters at the sampling sites. The top of the second tube contained bay mussels (Mytilus edulis) as biological agents for the active entrapment and deposition of suspended particulates occurring in the water. Presence of the mussels in the sampler was, in most cases, indispensable for collection of sufficient amounts of material for analysis over one-week sampling periods.
A thin-layer chromatographic method was employed for analysis of total alkane and total aromatic hydrocarbons in recovered sediments. The sediments were found to contain 190–6188 ppm dry weight of total hydrocarbons, with alkane-aromatic ratios varying from 1.1 to 5.1. Water separated from recovered sediments after shaking contained from 15 to 450 ° per liter total hydrocarbons. Filtration of these water samples through 0.45 Millipore filters had little or no effect on their hydrocarbon concentration.
Calculations based on minimum possible values suggested that 13.5 or more metric tons of presumably pollutant hydrocarbons were present in association with suspended particulate matter in the bay system at any given time during the sampling period.
Previously published information on bay circulation suggested that suspended particulates, and thus pollutant hydrocarbons, may be accumulated in the shoal areas of the eastern bay margins.
UNITED STATES COAST GUARD ARCTIC OIL-POLLUTION PROGRAM*
Authors: Getman J.H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
With the burgeoning forecasts of oil production and transportation in the cold weather regions-especially Alaska-expectations of spills in the fragile and hostile arctic environment must increase. The Coast Guard, responsible for maritime pollution control, has stepped up its arctic pollution surveillance and response research and development Field experiments on the behavior of oil-one under summer conditions in 1970, and another under winter conditions in 1972-have been run. These indicated that oil spreads at a much slower rate under arctic conditions, and that it pooled on and under the ice. Oil is quickly covered by snow, but the resulting mulch is easily handled by mechanical means. Burning was always a readily available and effective alternate means of removal. Off-the-shelf equipment was evaluated in 1973, resulting in a number of conclusions concerning barriers and moorings, oil recovery systems, and personnel. Based on this field evaluation, there will be additional oil/ice tests of recovery devices.
PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF NONPETROLEUM OILS
Authors: Crump-Wiesner Hans J. , Jennings Allen L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Legislative history of water pollution control has not included detailed scientific definitions of what is meant by the rather inclusive term “oil.” Because of the publicity surrounding spills of crude or petroleum-derived oils, little attention has been focused on non-petroleum oils. Approximately 5% of the oil spills reported to the Environmental Protection Agency are nonpetroleum oils. Their physical and chemical properties and adverse environmental effects are strikingly similar to the behavior of petroleum oil in the aquatic environment. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the properties and effects of petroleum versus nonpetroleum oils. Their similarities prove that these oils should be treated as one entity regardless of their origin. Finally, additional guidelines are presented to provide a more broadly applicable distinction between oil and other hazardous materials for enforcement purposes.
THE MAKING OF A LOCAL CONTINGENCY PLAN
Authors: Yates Ralph A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper chronicles the utilization and nine-month development of the COTP Portland Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. Covering an area which includes 1,200 miles of scenic Oregon and Washington headlands, inlets, beaches, estuaries, and the Willamette and Columbia Rivers, the plan is a flexible, 9-volume document totaling 1,350 pages. Designed from the beginning to be used in the field, its detailed, carefully structured format has been developed to assist an on-scene coordinator in the fighting of a pollution incident. The ability to be quickly and effectively updated was also programmed into its development, and recent updating efforts are described together with the plan's successful utilization of spills ranging in size from major to minor.
Working as part of the project, this material was prepared by two Reserve officers at Oregon State University, LCDR Jim Mueller and LCDR Marty Miller.
AN OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA
Authors: Norton Reese W. , Lerch D. W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In May of 1974, Clean Bay, Inc., acquired a recovery system which is designed specifically for oil spill cleanup operations in the San Francisco Bay Area. Operational constraints for the Bay Area, such as large amplitude, short-period waves, debris, a long and varied multiuse shoreline, and large variations in potential spill sizes, locations and properties of spilled products strongly influenced Clean Bay's performance specifications for this system. The system can respond quickly and effectively to spills anywhere within the bay area. Special features of the system include oil recovery rates up to 1,000 gpm, high oil-water recovery efficiency, the ability to recover and effectively process oil soaked debris, 90 barrels of onboard storage capacity, the ability to recover and transfer high viscosity products, a water jet propulsion system for high maneuverability, transit speeds approximating 10 knots, an elevated pilot house to improve visual observation of the spill area, marine radar, radio transceiver, and an onboard hydraulically operated crane.
The paper will describe in detail the performance specifications for the recovery system; compare wave tank predictions of hull performance with operating experience, discuss the impact on design and operations of the requirements for tank vessel certification by the U.S. Coast Guard, and describe Clean Bay's operating experience with the system.
CLEAN GULF ASSOCIATES UNVEILS A NEW GENERATION OF OIL-SPILL CLEANUP EQUIPMENT
Authors: Berry W. L. , Wolfe J. W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Clean Gulf Associates was established in 1972 by the petroleum operators in the Gulf of Mexico to provide the capability for fast, effective cleanup of oil spills in both coastal and offshore waters. Initially, about $1.5 million was expended for equipment stockpiles at three bases along the Louisiana Gulf Coast. Approximately $1 million is being spent to improve and expand these inventories and set up a fourth base. Additionally, two bases have been established in Florida, and plans are underway for bases along the Texas Coast. The organization and capabilities of Clean Gulf Associates are briefly reviewed. New Cost Participation Areas, planned new equipment additions, and improvements to existing items are discussed.
OIL SPILL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN CANADA
Authors: Ross S.L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In mid-1972, the Environmental Emergency Branch was formed within the Canadian Department of the Environment. This organization, which is part of the Environmental Protection Service, is responsible for protective and preventative activities related to pollution emergencies, including oil spills. The technology development work carried out by the branch can be divided into two main programs. One is the testing, evaluation, and development of oil spill countermeasures equipment, materials, and techniques. The program for oil spill equipment including skimmers, booms, pumps, and remote sensing systems is being carried out in Hamilton Harbour and Lake Ontario. Much work is also underway on the testing, evaluation, and development of various oil spill treating agents, including dispersants, absorbents, sinking agents, biodegradation agents, combustion agents, and chemical oil herders. The other main responsibility of the spill technology group is to design and develop various countermeasures systems for specific high risk and sensitive areas in Canada. This program involves putting together the various countermeasures equipment and materials described above into integrated systems that can be used to fight spills in specific locations. Four areas which are being thoroughly investigated at this time are Vancouver Harbour, the Beaufort Sea, the St. Clair River, and the St. Lawrence River. These areas are quite different environmentally, and the “custom-designed” countermeasures systems needed for each area are similarly different.
Much of the technology development and research effort in Canada has been directed toward cold environment problems. This includes studies related to drilling blowouts in the Arctic, to pipeline spills under winter conditions, to dyking of storage facilities in the north, and to spills in ice-infested water.
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY'S TEST FACILITY OHMSETT: THE FIRST SIX MONTHS
Authors: Farlow John S. , Freestone Frank J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency completed the basic construction of its Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) in the summer of 1974. Spill cleanup methods and equipment will be safely evaluated and improved at this facility without endangering the environment. The Leonardo, New Jersey, facility is designed to simulate conditions in rivers and estuaries.
The core of the facility is a 667-ft long by 65-ft wide concrete, above-ground, outdoor tank, 11 ft deep. It is filled to a depth of 8 ft with estuarine water. Regular waves up to 30 in high and 100 ft long can be generated, or a severe interference chop condition can be made by reflecting regular waves off an angled end wall. The tank is spanned by a 40-ton bridge designed for towing floating test equipment at speeds up to 6 knots. The bridge also contains apparatus for laying thin oil slicks onto the water surface immediately ahead of equipment being tested. A 2,000-gpm, pressure-leaf, diatomaceous earth filter maintains sufficient water clarity to permit the use of underwater video recording and photography. A 7,000-square-foot support building houses offices, a laboratory, mechanical and electronic shops, and an equipment preparation area.
A description of experiences during the first 6 months of operation and a discussion of the facility's potential for serving public and private users will be presented.
DEVELOPMENT OF HARBOR OIL SPILL REMOVAL-RECOVERY SYSTEMS: PHASE I
Authors: Widawsky Arthur 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A harbor oil spill removal-recovery system comprises four subsystems: containment, recovery, storage and transfer, and separation. Commercially available subsystems were analytically evaluated Based on the evaluation, six containment booms, ten skimmers, three pumps, two towable storage tanks, and three oil-water separators were tested in rivers, wave tanks, and on land. The highest test-rated subsystems were then assembled into two harbor oil spill removal-recovery systems: a confined-area system, and an open-area system. Both systems were then tested in a Naval harbor. The tests showed that essentially all the oil intentionally spilled in the harbor, with EPA approval, was recovered. Major findings were (1) none of the booms tested could contain oil when towed at 2 knots, (2) for 1-mm thick oil slicks, the maximum oil pickup rate was 55 gpm, obtained with a large advancing weir skimmer, (3) the towable tank concept was effective, and (4) neither a gravity nor coalescer oil-water separator operating alone could produce a water effluent with less than 10 ppm of oil; however, a gravity and a coalescer separator operating in series produced a water effluent of less than 10 ppm of oil
DEVELOPING AN OPEN-SEAS SKIMMER
Authors: Ayers R. R. , Fraser J. P. , Kazmierczak L. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An open-seas skimming means has been developed which is capable of skimming oil efficiently under typical offshore wind and wave conditions. The key to the effectiveness of this open-seas skimmer is a “quiescent pool” within the skimmer. This quiescent pool is achieved by flow diffusion of the water and oil entering the skimmer and of the water leaving it. The flow-diffusing baffle system floats independent of the catamaran hull support vessel and is hinged in order to conform to waves. Oil removal from the quiescent pool can be achieved by any of a variety of commercially available oil-removal devices such as belt, weir, or floating suction skimmers.
Design of the 90-foot-long catamaran hull skimming and oil-storage vessel was based on extensive model tests. Efficient oil collection and recovery is possible at vessel speeds up to 2 knots in either swells or wind-driven seas up to low sea state 4 (18-knot winds, 6-foot significant waves). Typical collection rates of 200 gpm with 80% oil in the collected mixture are projected. Also projected is a retention of the oil encountered at vessel speeds up to 2 knots.
The basic concepts used in the open-seas skimmer were initially developed by Shell. Further development of these concepts was sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute.
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY RESEARCH IN HIGH-SPEED DEVICES FOR THE RECOVERY OF THIN-FILM OIL SPILLS
Authors: Freestone Frank J. , Anderson Reg A. , Trentacoste Nicholas P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The United States Environmental Protection Agency has sponsored two separate research contracts in the field of high-speed devices for the recovery of thin-film oil spills. Both projects involve deflecting oil that is moving relative to the device by means of an air jet so that the resulting oil and water spray can be captured and separated.
One project has been conducted by Tetradyne Corporation of Richardson, Texas, and involves the use of air jets to concentrate and subsequently deflect oil into a sump for gravity separation. This device has achieved up to 86% (vol/vol) recovery efficiency at a speed of six FPS in towing tank tests of a full-scale prototype; it is relatively insensitive to waves, small debris, and changes in oil viscosity.
The second project has been conducted by Science Applications, Inc., of McLean, Virginia, and involves use of a slightly submerged air jet to deflect oncoming oil in the form of a spray lofted into a rotating polyurethane foam belt used for oil-water separation. Collection efficiencies of up to 83% (wt/wt) have been achieved in towing tank tests of a section of a full-scale prototype at a speed of 5.5 FPS. This device operates satisfactorily in waves and is somewhat sensitive to oil viscosity.
Material is presented on the rationale for developing the devices, the testing technology that has been used for these efforts, and the test results for each device.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE MODE OF ACCUMULATION OF #2 FUEL OIL BY THE SOFT SHELL CLAM, MYA ARENARIA
Authors: Stainken Dennis M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Chemical analysis has shown that various components of oils can accumulate within marine invertebrates. Several mechanisms by which this may occur have been conjectured. This paper offers experimental verification of a mechanism by which a commercially important bivalve. Mya arenaria, can accumulate oil within its tissues. The paper also documents the behavioral response of Mya arenenaria and deleterious ecological side effects resulting from oil accumulation.
Young Mya (25–35 mm) were exposed to #2 fuel oil and an oil soluble dye (Oil Red 0) which were ultrasonically emulsified in water. The concentrations tested were 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm. Exposures were done in both natural and artificial seawater at 4°C and 22°C. Exposure periods ranged from 3 hours to 4 days.
Macroscopic observations were performed to determine the effects of the dyed oil contacting the gill surfaces and the means by which the oil was either ingested or ejected. Definite patterns of response to the dyed oil were established. Essentially, the clams treat oil micelles and globules as food or detritus particles. The smallest oil micelles are passed by ciliary currents directly to the stomach. Larger globules are bound by mucus secreted by the gill ctenidia. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry confirmed the binding of oil-mucus. The oil-mucus is ingested or rejected by means of the clam ciliary pathways. Implications of the oil-mucus mechanism and the ejection of this mucus into the environment are discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL CRUDE OIL SPILLS ON A SMALL SUBARCTIC LAKE IN THE MACKENZIE VALLEY, N.W.T.: EFFECTS ON PHYTOPLANKTON, PERIPHYTON, AND ATTACHED AQUATIC VEGETATION
Authors: Hellebust J. A. , Hanna B. , Sheath R. G. , Gergis M. , Hutchinson T. C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Experimental crude oil spills were made in 3-m2 cylinders in open water, and in submerged moss, horsetail, and sedge communities of a small subarctic lake in the Mackenzie Valley, near Norman Wells, N. W. T. Studies were made of the effects of crude oil on phytoplankton, periphyton, and attached macrophytes in terms of population composition, seasonal succession, and biomass. The presence of crude oil (15 liters m−2) had no significant effects on phytoplankton composition or abundance throughout the growth season but had a marked inhibitory effect on most members of the periphyton. One notable exception to this observation was a considerable growth stimulation of the blue-green alga Oscillatoria angustissima.
Laboratory studies on the effects of aqueous crude oil extracts on growth and photosynthesis of algal cultures isolated from the lake showed strong inhibition under most combinations of light and temperature. The inhibition of both growth and photosynthesis appeared minimal when the algae were grown under optimal conditions of light and temperature. The effects decreased with time in open culture systems, i.e. when evaporation was freely allowed.
Crude oil caused an immediate reduction in chlorophyll content of macrophytes upon contact, and significant decreases in biomass were evident in follow-up studies of experimental oil spills in macrophyte communities.
FATE OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ZOOPLANKTON
Authors: Lee Richard F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Several groups of zooplankton from the coasts of California, British Columbia, and in the Arctic, including copepods, euphausiids, amphipods, crab zoea, ctenophores, and jellyfish rapidly took up 3H-benzpyrene, 14C-benzpyrene, 3H-methylcholanthrene, and 14Cnaphthalene from seawater solution. These hydrocarbons were metabolized to various hydroxylated and more polar metabolites by crustaceans but not by ctenophores or jellyfish. Up to 22 × 0−4 µg of benzpyrene was ingested by the temperate water copepod Calanus plumchrus, and transfer of this copepod to fresh seawater resulted in the discharge of most benzpyrene with less than 1 × 10−5 µg remaining after 17 days. When depuration was continued beyond 17 days, no further hydrocarbon loss was observed. Calanus hyperboreus from the Arctic took up to 11 × 10−4 µg of 3H-benzpyrene and a 28-day depuration experiment still showed the presence of benzpyrene in the copepod although again less than 1 × 10−5 µg.