bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Study of the Antibacterial Effect of Anthocyanin Pigment Extracted From Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra) and Red Radish Peels (Raphanus sativus. var. sativus)
Authors: Abdullah Zaineb L. , Mohammed Rasha K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The need to search for natural products that offer a safe alternative to drugs and industrial products that often cause side effects and harm human health is growing over the years. Antibiotic resistance is increasing as a result of its excessive and unconscious use. In this study, the weakly acidified with HCl, water and ethanol extracts of the anthocyanin from from red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea. var. capitata f. rubra) and, the peels of red Radish (Raphanus
sativus. var. sativus) which are available on markets throughout the year, were examined for their antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus
epidermidis and Acinetobacter
baumannii. The results of both cabbage and radish anthocyanin extracts on S.epidermidis and A.baumannii showed positive antibacterial effect with wide range of differences which is increasing directly in proportion with anthocyanin extract concentrations for both cabbage and radish. The dilutes of cabbage anthocyanin extract at concentration 95% ethanol mostly had significantly higher antibacterial effect on S.epidermidis than dilutes of cabbage anthocyanin extract at concentration 80% ethanol. while the antibacterial effect that radish anthocyanin extracts dilutes had on S.epidermidis were non-significant between 95% ethanol and 80% ethanol concentrations dilutes. on the other hand, the results showed that the antibacterial effect both cabbage and radish anthocyanin extracts exhibited on A.baumannii were non-significant between the dilutes of extracts at 95% ethanol and 80% ethanol of cabbage and radish extracts individually. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for cabbage anthocyanin extracts were 5mg/ml of 80% ethanol at 27 mm inhibition zone for S.epidermidis and 23 mm inhibition zone for A.baumannii. while the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for radish anthocyanin extracts were also 5mg/ml of 80% ethanol at 20 mm inhibition zone for S.epidermidis and 18 mm inhibition zone for A.baumannii
Economic Analysis of the Most Important Variables Affecting the Food Security Factors for the Wheat Crop in Iraq for the Period 1995-2022
Authors: Abbas Omar Khudair , Rahim Firas Ibrahim , Mohammed Mohammed Khalid 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The problem of food security is one of the problems that emerged clearly in the 1960s, which affected many countries, especially countries that find it difficult to provide food for their people, including Iraq. The Iraqi agricultural sector is still suffering from problems, the impact of which was reflected in a deficiency in meeting the population’s need for food, and it is still suffering from many problems due to the circumstances that the country went through, which affected the country’s productive reality. The results showed that the annual growth rates of economic indicators (area and production) of the wheat crop during the study period took a decreasing path, which resulted in a deficiency in meeting individual demand. The results showed that there was a large negative food gap between wheat production and the consumer need for it, recorded on average at about (-54133.8) during the study period. The results showed that the value of the food security factor for the wheat crop was about 0.73, which indicates that the value of the food security factor is smaller than the correct one. It is greater than (0.5), which is sufficient for more than six months, which requires the relevant agencies in the government institution to maintain the level of food security and strive to increase these rates from the rest of the joints of the country concerned, either through vertical expansion of crop cultivation or increasing imports, which in turn leads to Accumulation in the strategic reserve to cover local consumption and enhance food security and the ability to face emergency conditions that the country may face.
Sustainability in the Production of Gellan Gum From Sphingomonas Species by Using the Best Optimum Conditions: Review
Authors: Abdl Aali Raghad Abdl Karim , Gddoa Al-Sahlany Shayma Thyab 
Published: July 2024

AbstractMultiple exo-polysaccharides derived from microorganisms have been documented within the previous decade, encompassing their distinct structural and functional characteristics. Gellan gum represents one of these emerging biopolymers, exhibiting versatile properties. However, the production of gellan gum is hindered by low yields, costly downstream procedures, and an overwhelmingly high market demand, rendering it a material of elevated expense. Consequently, it is advantageous to comprehend the diverse approaches available for the development of a cost-effective bioprocess specifically tailored for gellan gum. This comprehensive analysis centers on elucidating the intricacies of the upstream and downstream methodologies employed in gellan gum production, adopting an industrial standpoint. An exhaustive examination of the functional disparities between the two variants of gellan gum is undertaken, focusing on aspects such as hydration, gelation, stability, and texture. This research investigates the quantities of gellan gum generated from various species ofSphingomonasbacteria, while also examining the optimal conditions through the utilization of agricultural waste as substitutes for the production medium, with the aim of enhancing the output of the product and subsequently diminishing the production expenses.
Evaluation of the Toxicological Efficacy of Protein Hydrolysates From Camel Milk β-Casein Against Different Types of Cancer Cell Lines in Vitro
Authors: Hadi Al-Shaikh Sharaf Ali , Doosh Kifah Saed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to isolate and purify the β-CN protein from camel milk using ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration techniques and to verify its purity using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), Then prepare hydrolyzates of β-CN isolated from camel milk by enzymatic hydrolysis using the enzyme pepsin and trypsin and their mixture in a ratio (1:1). The cytotoxicity of β-CN protein degraders was studied by conducting an MTT test to determine the toxic effect of β-CN degraders and their ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cells represented by HepG2 liver cancer cells, PC3 prostate cancer cells, and MCF-7 breast cancer cells and comparing them with normal HdFn cells in vitro. The results showed the presence of two peaks for the β-CN protein on DEAE-Cellulose and one peak on the Sephadex G-100 column and the appearance of a clear and pure protein band on the polyacrylamide gel. the highest decomposition rate was due to the synergistic action of the enzyme pepsin and trypsin at a ratio of 1:1 and amounted to 52.32%. The results also showed that β-CN protein hydrolyzates have an effective inhibitory effect on cancer cell growth at a concentration of 400µg/mL, as the inhibition rate reached (45.9, 59.5 and 63.3%) for the cell types, respectively. Based on the results of the MTT test, the MCF-7 cell line was chosen as it is the most affected by the β-CN degraders under study. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by performing an HCS test to detect some changes that may occur to cells by measuring cellular indicators, including the Viable Cell Count (VCC), total Nuclear Intensity (TNI), Cell Membrane Permeability (CMP), Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP), and Cytochrome C releasing (CC) level. The results indicated a decrease in the number of (VCC) for MCF-7 cells, especially at concentrations of 100 and 200 µg/mL, by 31.53 and 47.58%, respectively, and an increase in (TNI), significantly at a significance level (P≤0.05), by 39.10 and 51.91%, respectively, there was a clear effect on (MMP) by 20.47 and 27.39%, respectively, and a significant increase in the level of Cytochrome C release by 16.16 and 25.84%, respectively. It can be concluded from the above that β-CN hydrolyzates have high inhibitory activity against the cancer cells under study in vitro.
Effect of Lactoferrin in Reducing the Growth of Microorganisms and Prolonging the Preservation Time of Cream
Authors: qasim Saja Marwan , Taki Taha Mohammed , Badawi Sumyia Khalaf 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The antimicrobial efficacy of lactoferrin protein was estimated by testing the inhibitory activity of four types of bacteria Psudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherechia coli, Salmonella typhimurium with different concentrations of lactoferrin (0, 3, 6, 12 mg/ml), and the results showed that lactoferrin has a high ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Increased inhibition was observed with increased lactoferrin concentration and the highest inhibition against E.col bacteria, which is the least resistant, was obtained, and the diameter of the inhibition halo reached at a concentration ratio of 12 mg/ml 15.3 mm while the diameter of the halo inhibition of Aeruginosa psudomonas reached 10 mm at the same concentration of lactoferrin which means it is the most resistant. After that, fresh cream was manufactured and microbial tests were performed (total number of bacteria, preparation of lipolysis bacteria, and preparation of yeasts and molds). Lactoferrin showed a positive effect in reducing the number of microorganisms in the cream, where the higher the concentration of lactoferrin, the lower the number of microbes in the cream. The results of lipolysis bacteria showed that increasing the concentration of lactoferrin leads to a decrease in the number of lipolysis bacteria, as well as reducing the number of yeasts and molds with an increase in the percentage of lactoferrin addition.
Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Fenugreek and Fennel Seeds on Certain Blood Biochemical Properties of Local Female Goats
Authors: Katab Al-Shammari Haider Raad , Mohammed Afraah Mustafa , Hassan Mohammed Jasem 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of fenugreek and fennel seeds alone or together as feed additives in measuring certain blood parameters. The study was conducted between October 12, 2022, and March 30, 2023, in the Pasture Research Department (Akkarkuf) region of the General Directorate of Agricultural Research, under the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture. Twenty-four local goats aged 2 to 3 years were selected, with an average weight of (49.8±50.1) kg. Animals were randomly assigned to receive four treatments. The first treatment group (T1) served as the control group and received a concentrated diet. The second treatment (T2) received concentrate supplemented with fenugreek seeds at a concentration of 12 g/kg concentrate. The third treatment (T3) received concentrated feed and added fennel seeds at a concentration of 12g/kg concentrated feed. The fourth treatment (T4) received concentrated feed, to which 6g/kg fenugreek seeds and 6g/kg fennel seeds were added. The study results showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (HB), and total serum protein (TP) in the second treatment on day 55 compared with the control and other treatment groups. Cholesterol levels were also significantly reduced (P≤0.05) in the third treatment, as were triglyceride (TG) levels in the fourth treatment on study day 110. Finally, the results showed that after 110 days, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) decreased significantly (0.05≥P) at the 4th treatment compared with the control group and the remaining treatment groups, while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) didn’t affect.
Impact of Temperature Changing During Incubation Process on Hatching and Chick’s Quality Traits of Broiler Breeder Eggs
Authors: Fahem Alhadeethi Aya Zaid , Mohammed Aldhanki Ziyad Tariq 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This experiment was conducted to assess the hypothesis of influencing the temperature changing during incubation on some hatching traits, spread of hatching, and some chick’s quality. A total of 440 ROSS 308 broiler hatching eggs (63.54 + 2.07 g) from 34-week old broiler breeders, randomly distributed into five treatment groups of 88 eggs each, the first, second, third and fourth group were subjected to change in temperature (39.5 °C, 55% RH) at 7th, 10th, 13th and 16th day of incubation respectively for 12 hours; via transferring the treated eggs from first incubator to the second, after that the thermal treated eggs were returned to the first incubator with the fifth group (control treatment) under optimal incubation conditions (37.8 °C and 55% RH) throughout the incubation period (1-18 d). Treated eggs with increasing temperature during incubation period significantly decreased the percentage of chick’s hatched in last phase of hatching windows in comparison with the control group, also, significant increase in early embryonic mortality percentage was noticed in 7th and 10th day group, whereas, changing in temperature during incubation caused significant differences in chick’s length and body free yolk (%) and yolk (%) for treated groups.
The Effect of Adding Different Levels of Açaí (Euterpe oleracea) to the Diet of Roosters Laying Hens on Sexual Hormones, Fertility Traits and Hatching
Authors: Abdul Amir Ola Hussein , Ali Emad Abdulgabbar 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted in the poultry field, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University from December 1, 2022, to February 22, 2023, consisting of two experiments. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of adding different levels of Acai fruit powder to the feed of laying hens and assess its impact on reproductive and hormonal characteristics, fertility rate, and hatching. Experiment 1: Twenty-five hen roosters of the Lohmann Brown type, aged 65 weeks, obtained from a poultry farm in Karbala province, were randomly divided into five treatments, each consisting of 5 roosters with five replicates per treatment (one rooster per replicate). The treatments included a control group without supplementation, and groups supplemented with 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, and 20 mg of Acai fruit powder (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively). The experiment lasted four weeks, with weekly observations. Significant increases (P<0.01) were observed in most treatments compared to the control group in testosterone, FSH, and LH hormones. Experiment 2: Conducted at the same location and time as the first experiment, 40 White Leghorn laying hens of the Lohmann type, aged 65 weeks, were divided into five treatments, each consisting of eight hens. Artificial insemination was performed, and the following results were obtained during the study period: an increase in fertility and hatching rates, and a decrease in the percentage of dead embryos in the first and second hatching periods.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Adding Different Concentrations of Hot and Alcoholic Aqueous Extract of the Seeds of the Kalgan Plant (Silybum marianum) to Drinking Water on Some Serum Biochemical Qualities in Broiler chicks ROSS 308
Authors: Abd Al-Hussien Shhlaa Sahib , Ajafar Majeed Hameed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The current study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of adding different concentrations of hot aqueous and alcoholic extract of the seeds of the local Kalgan plant (Silybum marianum) to drinking water on some biochemical qualities of broiler and to find the best ratios that achieve the highest positive results in their physiology. Where 315 unnaturalized Ross broiler chicks were used in the experiment, randomly distributed to 21 (KN) by 7 treatments per treatment of 45 chicks and each treatment included 3 replicates per 15 birds. The experiment treatments were as : T1: free of any addition, and T2, T3, T4 : addition of 2 ml of hot water extract for the seeds of the Kalgan plant / liter of drinking water at a concentration of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% respectively, and T5, T6, T7 : addition of 2 ml of alcoholic extract of the seeds of the Kalgan plant / liter of water drinking at a concentration of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% respectively. The results for the total protein concentration showed no significant differences between all the experimental coefficients. While a significant (P≤0.05) superiority was obtained for T7 in the concentration albumin compared to the experimental coefficients, For the concentration of globulin, was recorded T6 and T7 a significant superiority compared to T1 (control) a significant decrease (P≤0.05) was observed in the concentration of the enzyme (Alanine Aminotransferase) ALT for the T6 and T7 coefficients compared to the T1 (control), For the concentration of AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase), no significant differences were observed between all the coefficients of the experiment, and the coefficients T4, T5, T6 and T7 a significant (p≤0.05) in the level of cholesterol concentration. For the concentration of triglyceride, the coefficients T4, T6, T7 recorded a significant (p≤0.05) compared to the T1 (control), No significant differences were observed between all the experimental coefficients for HDL (High Density Lipoprotein). While the T1 (control) recorded increase in LDL (low-density lipoproteins) concentration and a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the concentration of VLDL (very low-density lipoproteins) in bird blood serum compared to T1 (Control) treatment. So the alcoholic concentration of Kalgan seeds of 7.5% had a positive effect on the physiological or chemical characteristics of broilers 308ROSS.
Effect of Adding some Medicinal Plants to the Diets on the Productive Traits in Broiler
Authors: Abdullah Mariya M. , Ezzadin Ilham N. , Salih Hayfaa M. , Abdullah Enji N. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiment was conducted to study effect of adding some medicinal plants to the diets on the productive traits in broiler, For the period from (10/10 to 20/11/2022), 300 chicks of the Ross (308) unsexed were used at ten day old, and the average weight (245g per chick). The chicks were randomly distributed to five treatments, with repetitions and each replicate was 15 birds, and the experiment parameters were as follows: T1: as the control treatment without any addition, while T2 and T3 added 1 and 2 g/kg from black pepper seed powder. As for T4 and T5 added 1 and 2 g/kg from cumin seed powder. The experiment results showed significant increase (p≤0.05) in the body weight and weight for T4, and an improvement in feed conversion ratio, However, all treatments were significantly decrease in the amount of feed consumed compared to T1.
Effect of Adding Red Pepper Powder on Meat Quality Characteristics in Broilers Without Adding Antibiotics or Vaccines
Authors: Al-Doori Ahmed A. D. , Sarheed Khaleel S. , Allaw Ahmed A. , Al-Mjbel Akeel A. S. , Abed Haneen A. , Musafer Mustafa N. J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiment was conducted with the aim of studying the effect of adding red pepper powder on the growth of Ross 308 broilers and the quality of meat. (120) one day old, unsexed Ross 308 birds were used. Its average weight is (42) grams. The experiment lasted (35) days and was randomly divided into four treatments that included (30 birds) in three replicates (10 birds for each replicate). The chicks were fed a basic diet to which different levels of red pepper powder were added: T1 (control treatment), T2: 2 gm red pepper/kg feed, T3: 3 gm red pepper/kg feed, T4: 4 gm red pepper/kg feed, the results showed what follows: Adding red pepper to the diet significantly increased (P<0.05) and Life body weight ،Hot carcass weight ،child carcass weight and Dressing percentage (%). the weight of the chest, drumstick with the thigh, back, neck, and liver percentage. A significant decrease in the loss during cooking of the thigh and the percentage of abdominal fat in T3, T2 and T4 compared to the control treatment T1. There is no significant difference in the loss during thawing of the breast and thigh, and the loss during cooking of the breast, wings, head, gizzard, back, head and spleen. A significant decrease of abdominal fat. for T2, T3 and T4 compared with T1
Improving Some Physiological Characteristics of Broilers Exposed to Heat Stress by Diet Fortifying with Rumex vesicarius Powder and Vitamin C
Authors: Al-Issawi Nihaya R. , Al-Shukri Aqeel Y. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This experiment was carried out in the poultry field in the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture / University of Kufa for the period 9/24/2023 to 10/28/2023 to study the effect of adding bladder dock (Rumex vesicarius) plant powder and vitamin C to the diet on the productive characteristics of broilers (Ross 308) exposed to heat stress. A 300 unsexed broiler chicks from the Ross308 cross were used, one day old, with an average weight of 42 gm/chick. The chicks were fed three diets from the age of (1-10) days, the second diet from the age of (11-24) days, and the third diet from the age of (25-35) days. The energy level of the three diets was 3010, 3081, and 3210 kcal/kg, respectively, and the protein level was 23.11, 21.51, and 19.58, respectively. One-day-old chicks were randomly distributed into 5 treatments, 60 chicks for each treatment with three replicates, 20 chicks for each replicate. The treatments were as follows: T1: control, standard diet, T2: standard diet with 5 g R. vesicarius plant powder/Kg diet, T3: standard diet with 10 g R. vesicarius powder/Kg diet, T4: standard diet with 300 mg vit. C/Kg diet, T5: standard diet supplemented with 150 mg vitamin C +5g R. vesicarius plant powder/Kg diet. The findings showed a significant improvement (P≤0.05) in the cholesterol concentration in the birds blood serum for the treatments (T5, T3, and T2 compared to the control treatment (T1). A significant improvement in red blood cell volume was detected in T3 and T4 treatments over the control treatment. A significant improvement was obtained in the rate of glomerular hemoglobin and the rate of circulating hemoglobin concentration for birds of all treatments compared to the control treatment. Blood content of GPX enzyme concentration was significantly (P≤0.05) increased in the T2 treatment compared to the control treatment. the results also found a significant improvement (P≤0.05) in the concentration levels of the MDA compound in all experimental treatments compared to the control treatment.
The Impact of Adding Bentonite and Organic Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Sorghum in Desert Soil Under the Conditions of the Badia Al-Samawa
Authors: Al-Zayadi Latif R. S. , Hussein Ahmed Ali 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the impact of adding soil amendments, namely bentonite mineral and organic fertilizer, on the growth and yield of sorghum in desert soil under the conditions of Badia Al-Samawa in Muthanna Governorate. The experiment included three levels of bentonite (0, 10, and 20 Mg ha−1) and four levels of organic fertilizer (0, 20, 30, and 40 Mg ha−1). The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications. Sourcing of the Buhooth70 sorghum crop took place. Increasing the amount of organic fertiliser and bentonite added significantly affected the growth indicators and yield, according to the data. The level of 20 Mg ha−1 of bentonite addition achieved the highest percentage increase in plant height, leaf area, and chlorophyll content by 23.45%, 30.70%, and 28.65%, respectively. It also showed the highest percentage increase in biological yield, grain yield, and 1000-grain weight, by 57.42%, 23.23%, and 18.19%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, the results indicated that the level of 40 Mg ha−1 of organic fertilizer addition achieved the highest percentage increase in plant height, leaf area, and chlorophyll content in the leaves by 6.44%, 19.53%, and 29.15%, respectively. It also showed the highest percentage increase in biological yield, grain yield, and 1000-grain weight by 28.04%, 20.01%, and 26.10%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The results show a significant interaction between the study factors, the combined treatment of 20 Mg ha−1 bentonite and 40 Mg ha−1 organic fertilizer outperformed in achieving the highest values in growth and yield indicators for the plants.