bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population dynamics of accidentally introduced Amazon sailfin catfish, Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) in Pologolla reservoir, Sri Lanka
Authors: Sumanasinghe HPW , Amarasinghe US 
Published: June 2014

Many fish species have been introduced either intentionally or accidentally into Asian freshwaters and some species have been disreputed as alien invasive species (AIS) due to their potential threats to the biodiversity. In Polgolla reservoir of Sri Lanka, there is an established population of Pterigoplichthys pardalis, which makes a significant negative impact on the commercial fishery targeting exotic cichlid species as this armored catfish damages gillnets of the fishery. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate population dynamics of P. pardalis in Polgolla reservoir with a view to ascertaining possibilities for commercial level exploitation of the fish stock. The fish landing sites in the reservoir were visited 4-6 days a month from May to November 2004 to collect data on species composition of landings and length frequency data of P. pardalis. P. pardalis accounted for 21% of the landings and von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated by length-based stock assessment methodologies using FISAT II software were asymptotic total length of 41.3 cm and growth constant of 0.3 yr-1. Total mortality, natural mortality and fishing mortality were 0.76 yr-1, 0.73 yr-1 and 0.03 yr-1 respectively. Relative yield-per-recruit analysis indicated that there would be a great potential to optimize the fishery by increasing exploitation ratio from the present level of 0.4 to 0.7, while increasing length at first capture from the present level of 17.8 cm to 23 cm. However, as the consumer demand for this species is presently very poor, intensification of the fishery is possible only if market demand for P. pardalis is established through value addition by post-harvest technology.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljas.v18i0.7040Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci. 18 (2013): 37-45
25-Hydroxvitamin D3 Promotes the Long-Term Effect of Specific Immunotherapy in a Murine Allergy Model
Authors: Heine Guido , Tabeling Christoph , Hartmann Bjoern , González Calera Carla R. , Kühl Anja A. , Lindner Juliane , Radbruch Andreas , Witzenrath Martin , Worm Margitta 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCalcitriol (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) is the active vitamin D metabolite and mediates immunological functions, which are relevant in allergy. Its therapeutic use is limited by hypercalcaemic toxicity. We have previously shown that the activation of the vitamin D receptor inhibits IgE production and that B cells can synthesize calcitriol from its precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (inactive precursor) [25(OH)D] upon antigenic stimulation. In this study, we address the impact of 25(OH)D on the development of type I sensitization and determine its role in allergen-specific immunotherapy. BALB/c mice were sensitized to OVA, under 25(OH)D-deficient or sufficient conditions. The humoral immune response over time was measured by ELISA. OVA-specific immunotherapy was established and studied in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation using lung histology, pulmonary cytokine expression analysis, and functional parameters in isolated and perfused mouse lungs. In 25(OH)D-deficient mice, OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 serum concentrations were increased compared with control mice. OVA-specific immunotherapy reduced the humoral immune reaction after OVA recall dose-dependently. Coadministration of 25(OH)D in the context of OVA-specific immunotherapy reduced the allergic airway inflammation and responsiveness upon OVA challenge. These findings were paralleled by reduced Th2 cytokine expression in the lungs. In conclusion, 25(OH)D deficiency promotes the development of type I sensitization and correction of its serum concentrations enhances the benefit of specific immunotherapy.
Nitric Oxide Regulates BAFF Expression and T Cell–Independent Antibody Responses
Authors: Giordano Daniela , Draves Kevin E. , Li Chang , Hohl Tobias M. , Clark Edward A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Whereas NO is known to regulate T cell responses, its role in regulating B cell responses remains unclear. Previous studies suggested that inducible NO synthase 2 (NOS2/iNOS) is required for normal IgA Ab responses but inhibits antiviral IgG2a Ab responses. In this study we used NOS2−/− mice to determine the role of NO in T cell–dependent and T cell–independent (TI)-2 Ab responses. Whereas T cell–dependent Ab responses were only modestly increased in NOS2−/− mice, IgM and IgG3 Ab responses as well as marginal zone B cell plasma cell numbers and peritoneal B1b B cells were significantly elevated after immunization with the TI-2 Ag 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl (NP)–Ficoll. The elevated TI-2 responses in NOS2−/− mice were accompanied by significant increases in serum levels of BAFF/BLyS and by increases in BAFF-producing Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), suggesting that NO normally inhibits BAFF expression. Indeed, we found that NOS2−/− DCs produced more BAFF than did wild-type DCs, and addition of a NO donor to NOS2−/− DCs reduced BAFF production. Bone marrow chimeric mice that lack NOS2 in either nonhematopoietic or hematopoietic cells had intermediate IgM and IgG3 Ab responses after NP-Ficoll immunization, suggesting that NOS2 from both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic sources regulates TI-2 Ab responses. Similar to NOS2−/− mice, depletion of Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes and monocyte-derived DCs enhanced NP-specific IgM and IgG3 responses to NP-Ficoll. Thus, NO produced by inflammatory monocytes and their derivative DC subsets plays an important role in regulating BAFF production and TI-2 Ab responses.
Priming of CD8 T Cells by Adenoviral Vectors Is Critically Dependent on B7 and Dendritic Cells but Only Partially Dependent on CD28 Ligation on CD8 T Cells
Authors: Nielsen Karen N. , Steffensen Maria A. , Christensen Jan P. , Thomsen Allan R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Adenoviral vectors have long been forerunners in the development of effective CD8 T cell–based vaccines; therefore, it is imperative that we understand the factors controlling the induction of robust and long-lasting transgene-specific immune responses by these vectors. In this study, we investigated the organ sites, molecules, and cell subsets that play a critical role in the priming of transgene-specific CD8 T cells after vaccination with a replication-deficient adenoviral vector. Using a human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector and genetically engineered mice, we found that CD8+ and/or CD103+ dendritic cells in the draining lymph node played a critical role in the priming of Ad5-induced CD8 T cell responses. Moreover, we found that CD80/86, but not CD28, was essential for efficient generation of both primary effectors and memory CD8 T cells. Interestingly, the lack of CD28 expression resulted in a delayed primary response, whereas memory CD8 T cells generated in CD28-deficient mice appeared almost normal in terms of both phenotype and effector cytokine profile, but they exhibited a significantly reduced proliferative capacity upon secondary challenge while retaining immediate in vivo effector capabilities: in vivo cytotoxicity and short-term in vivo protective capacity. Overall, our data point to an absolute requirement for professional APCs and the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80/86 for efficient CD8 T cell priming by adenoviral vectors. Additionally, our results suggest the existence of an alternative receptor for CD80/86, which may substitute, in part, for CD28.
Childbearing after 40 Years: A Challenge of the Modern Obstetrics
Authors: Stamatian Florin , Muresan Daniel , Rotar Ioana , Tanc Mariana , Cotutiu Paul , Giurgiu Cristina 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT

Aim
Age at delivery has increased in the past decades, leading to a continuous growth of the number of women planning a pregnancy after the age of forty. Because delivering after this age is associated with an increased rate of maternal complications, the objective of this study was to analyze the delivery related issues in women ≥40 years of age.

Materials and methods
This was a retrospective study conducted in the 1st Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cluj-Napoca in a 3-year period. One hundred and forty-two patients ≥40 years of age that delivered between 2010 and 2012 were included in the analysis.

Results
The frequency of deliveries after the age of 40 was 2.42% of all the deliveries. Eighty percent of nulliparous and 51.72% of multiparous women delivered by cesarean section. A significantly higher percentage of primiparous women delivered by cesarean section compared to secundiparous women (p = 0.0007). Fetal weight was significantly higher in multiparous than in primiparous women in the CS group (p = 0.01). No differences were observed between the Apgar scores according to the delivery mode or parity in the study group.

Conclusion
Delivery after 40 years of age is associated with an increased number of obstetrical interventions.

Abbreviations
CS: Cesarean section; 1p: Primiparous; 2p: Secundiparous; 3p: Tertiparous; >1p: Multiparous.

How to cite this article
Rotar I, Muresan D, Tanc M, Cotutiu P, Giurgiu C, Stamatian F. Childbearing after 40 Years: A Challenge of the Modern Obstetrics. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(2):144-148.
Antenatal Cerebral Hemorrhages: Evolution and Outcome
Authors: Pelinescu-Onciul Dimitrie , Toma Adrian Ioan , Steriu Mihaela , Cuzino Aura Irina , Gavril-Parfene Caliopia , Cozinov Alexandra , Olteanu Raluca , Craiu Dana 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
Cerebral hemorrhage can affect the fetus. Clinical signs usually suggest the presence of cerebral hemorrhage and it can be confirmed by ultrasound during the fetal or early neonatal period. The first part of this paper investigates the usefulness of neonatal cerebral ultrasound screening in term neonates, in order to detect antenatal/perinatal cerebral hemorrhage. Three newborns with antenatal cerebral hemorrhage are presented. A diagnosis and investigation algorithm consisting of five questions is proposed for each case: ‘When did the hemorrhage occur?’, ‘What is the diagnosis?’, ‘Are there neonatal consequences?’ ‘Other lesions?’ and ‘What is the prognosis?’.

How to cite this article
Pelinescu-Onciul D, Toma AI, Steriu M, Cuzino AI, Gavril-Parfene C, Cozinov A, Olteanu R, Craiu D. Antenatal Cerebral Hemorrhages: Evolution and Outcome. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(2):208-217.
Congenital Chylothorax: Diagnosis Problems
Authors: Hăşmăşanu Monica , Zaharie Gabriela , Mátyás Melinda , Blaga Ligia 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
Fetal pleural effusion is most frequently a marker of chylothorax. It is usually unilateral and frequently located on the right side, due to the anatomical position of the thoracic duct. Fetal hydrothorax can be either primary or secondary to chromosomal, cardiovascular, hematologic, liver or metabolic diseases, congenital infections and skeletal dysplasia, or placenta or cord abnormalities.
Congenital chylothorax in the newborn can be associated with symptoms of severe respiratory distress, requiring rapid evacuation and respiratory support. In chylothorax, the appearance of the fluid is milky, yellowish, with a high cell count and increased level of triglycerides.
The treatment of neonatal chylothorax involves removal of substantial effusion, pleural drainage and initiation of a special diet to limit chylothorax fluid restoration.
This paper presents the case of a premature newborn at a gestational age of 36 weeks, with fetal hydrothorax, which was diagnosed in utero at 28 weeks of pregnancy. After the initial resorption of the pleural effusion, it restored in parallel with the increasing quantity of ingested breast milk.

How to cite this article
Mátyás M, Blaga L, Hăşmăşanu M, Zaharie G. Congenital Chylothorax: Diagnosis Problems. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(2):218-221.
Extraction Methodologies in Plants: General Introduction
Authors: Camel Valérie 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The extraction stage is considered to be a key step of most analytical strategies, as it greatly influences the type and quality of analytical data. In case of plants, which are interesting materials for a broad range of domestic or industrial‐scale applications, extraction is a particularly crucial step as solid samples are considered most of the time. Indeed, extractions from solids are well known to be more critical than from liquids, owing to limitations by diffusion and/or strong solute–solid interactions; solutes may also be trapped into cells within the plant materials. Consequently, careful knowledge about the plant material itself (its structure and composition) and whenever possible about the compounds to be extracted (their expected levels, polarity, and stability) is of great help for conceiving and optimizing an extraction process; the fate of the extract is also important to consider, as the selectivity expected for the extraction differs between target and fingerprint approaches. Practically, even though several extraction techniques are available, none is the best and should be recommended for any application. However, the use of recent techniques should be favored, as they reduce both the solvent volume and the time required for the extraction; the hyphenation or combination of techniques should be investigated to take benefit from the advantages of several techniques.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction in Plant Analysis
Authors: Pourmortazavi Seied Mahdi , Rahimi‐Nasrabadi Mehdi , Mirsadeghi Somayeh 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis chapter presents comprehensive information on applications and developments of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique in plant oils and herbal volatile components analysis. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) is widely used for extraction and isolation of volatile and essential oil of plants. SFE possesses valuable advantages in extraction of various analytes, especially nonpolar compounds, from plant matrices. Meanwhile, some modifications such as the usage of modifiers make this technique applicable for the extraction of polar targets as well. SFE in herbal field is used for the extraction of a wide range of analytes including food, agricultural agents, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and pesticides. This chapter aims to review, from plant oil analysis standpoint, recent advances in the use of SC‐CO2for the extraction and separation of herbal analytes. In addition, it presents a critical appraisal about the advantages and disadvantages of SFE technique in comparison with traditional extraction methods, that is, Soxhlet, hydrodistillation (HD), and head space extraction. The abilities, advantages, shortcomings, and prospects of SFE for isolation and extraction of volatile components and essential oil of plant materials are also discussed.
New Trends in the Extraction of Natural Products: Microwave‐Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction
Authors: Christen Philippe , Kaufmann Beatrice 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe traditional extraction methods of natural products are often considered to be a bottleneck for most analytical procedures. In particular, they suffer from several limitations including high solvent consumption and prolonged extraction time. This review gives an overview of microwave‐assisted extraction and pressurized liquid extraction as clean and cheap procedures that can be used in routine analysis in a fast and automatic way. The influence of important parameters (e.g., temperature, pressure, nature of the solvent, and extraction time) on the extraction efficiency and characteristics of the extracted products is discussed and based on an overview of the recent literature related to plant materials. These two approaches should definitely be considered for fast and efficient extraction of active constituents from plant materials. Selected applications published during the past 10 years are given.
Headspace Sampling and Gas Chromatography of Plants: a Successful Combination to Study the Composition of a Plant Volatile Fraction
Authors: Sgorbini Barbara , Cagliero Cecilia , Cordero Chiara , Liberto Erica , Rubiolo Patrizia , Bicchi Carlo 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis chapter is a critical overview on headspace (HS) and gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) in the analysis of the plant volatile fraction. Thevolatile fractionof a matrix of vegetable origin can in general be defined as a mixture of volatiles that can be sampled because of their ability to vaporize spontaneously or under suitable conditions, or else, by adopting appropriate techniques.The above‐mentioned techniques can successfully be combined online thanks to their high compatibility.The first part includes the description of headspace techniques in sampling the plant volatile fraction, in particular, basic concepts, advantages, and limits of static and dynamic headspace (S‐HS and D‐HS), and of high concentration capacity headspace techniques (HCC‐HS) are discussed.The second part concerns fundamentals of GC and its evolution mainly in view of analyzing the plant volatile fraction. In particular, conventional and fast GC as such or coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS), enantioselective GC with cyclodextrins derivatives as chiral selectors, and multidimensional GC are described. Moreover, new stationary phases for GC, derivatization reactions in GC, qualitative analysis (identification), and analyte quantitative determination in plant matrices are also discussed.
Analysis of Natural Products by Capillary Electrophoresis and Related Techniques
Authors: Ganzera Markus , Krüger Anja 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDespite of obvious advantages, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is often considered as an alternative analytical technique only then if more established approaches such as HPLC fail to show satisfactory results. Yet, CE offers enormous variability with respect to separation and detection mode, combined with high efficiency, speed, and ease of operation. Depending on the type of analytes investigated, the analyst can choose from an array of different buffer systems (e.g., aqueous, nonaqueous, ionic liquids, or microemulsion), additives (e.g., organic solvents, tensides, or cyclodextrins), detectors (e.g., UV–vis, fluorescence, or mass spectrometry), and formats (e.g., fused silica capillary, microchip, or monoliths), so that nearly any separation problem will be resolvable. Major disadvantages CE is often associated with are diminished reproducibility and sensitivity. That they can be well handled once all methodological aspects are optimized is summarized in this chapter. A brief introduction to the technique, highlighting technical and practical aspects, is followed by the presentation of successful applications on the separation of natural products in medicinal plants or respective products. They are convincing evidences for placing CE in the group of established and useful analytical techniques rather than only in the niche for exotics.
Analysis of Plant Oligo‐and‐Polysaccharides
Authors: Blaschek Wolfgang 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In this chapter, basic methods for the isolation and the determination of the structure of plant oligo‐ and polysaccharides are described. They of course can be characterized best if isolated in high purity. Therefore, first the extraction of polysaccharides from plant material and then the separation of polysaccharides mixtures are described before presenting some important methods for the analytical characterization of polysaccharides. For details and further specific methods, the extensive literature needs to be consulted.
Analytical Strategies for Multipurpose Studies of a Plant Volatile Fraction
Authors: Cagliero Cecilia , Sgorbini Barbara , Cordero Chiara , Liberto Erica , Bicchi Carlo , Rubiolo Patrizia 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis chapter is a critical overview on the recent strategy to study the composition of the plant volatile fraction. With the introduction of metabolomics, this fraction has strongly regained interest, being an important biosensor diagnostic of plant metabolism and changes. In the first part of this chapter, the concepts and the practical aspects of profiling and fingerprinting are discussed when applied to study the plant volatile fraction. In particular, methods and technologies to obtain a representative volatile profiling are discussed in detail with the aim to define an effective combination of the three main steps of an analytical procedure (i.e., sample preparation, analysis, and data elaboration) to obtain reliable and high throughput results. In particular, essential oils and headspace sampling,GCtechniques (conventionalGC, fastGC, enantioselectiveGC, heart‐cut2DGC, andGCxGC) andMSdetection with different analyzers, and supervised and unsupervised statistical methods are discussed in this respect. The same approach is used to discuss fingerprinting, that is mainly focused on nonseparative methods and in particular on headspace‐mass spectrometry (HS‐MS).The second part deals with the evolution of screening and exhaustive study of the plant volatile fraction in view of the recent scientific and technological achievements: these two approaches and their meaning in the present context are discussed and a general and indicative procedure to apply is given.
Strategies in the Analysis of Plant Flavonoids
Authors: Santos‐Buelga Celestino , M. González‐Paramás Ana 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFlavonoids are one of the largest groups of plant secondary metabolites. They comprise several thousand compounds that share a phenylchromane skeleton and can be classified into different classes, namely flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanols, anthocyanins, dihydroflavonols, isoflavones, and chalcones. Flavonoids occur in their natural sources as aglycones or glycosylated forms and as monomers or constituting polymerized structures and can be found both as free and matrix‐bound compounds. This structural diversity affects their physicochemical behavior, and different flavonoid classes and compounds may have different requisites for their extraction and analysis, so that there is not a unique analytical strategy that applies in all situations. In this chapter, the main methodological approaches to the analysis of flavonoids in plant materials are revised paying particular attention to more recent extraction techniques and high performance liquid chromatography‐based methodologies that currently dominate the field of flavonoid analysis.
Xanthones from Marine‐Derived Microorganisms: Isolation, Structure Elucidation and Biological Activities
Authors: Pinto Madalena M. M. , Castanheiro Raquel A. P. , Kijjoa Anake 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Marine natural products provide an abundant source of biologically active compounds with high chemical diversity and a great potential to produce valuable therapeutic entities. For these reasons, marine natural products have fascinated many researchers over the years, and the research in this field has increased tremendously in the last few years. Inspired by the vastness of our oceans and an almost incomprehensible level of biodiversity in the marine environment, researchers have enthusiastically explored the pharmacological potential of secondary metabolites from marine organisms. Among them emerge xanthones, compounds with a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities that have raised a growing interest in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, this chapter reports the isolation of 57 xanthone derivatives from marine‐derived microorganisms, namely fungi associated with algae, coral, sponges, and mangrove plants and from marine actinomycetes, with special emphasis on novel molecules. Relevant biological activities exhibited by these compounds, such as cytotoxic/antitumor, cancer chemopreventive, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiprotozoal, are also described. Finally, the sources and origins of the producer organisms are also briefly referred, and the methods of isolation and structure elucidation are also discussed.