bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empathy Gaps Between Helpers and Help‐Seekers: Implications for Cooperation
Authors: Bohns Vanessa K. , Flynn Francis J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHelp‐seekers and potential helpers often experience an “empathy gap”—an inability to understand each other''s unique perspectives. Both parties are concerned about their reputation, self‐esteem, and relationships, but these concerns differ in ways that lead to misinterpretation of the other party's actions, and, in turn, missed opportunities for cooperation. In this essay, we review research that describes the role‐specific concerns of helpers and help‐seekers. We then review studies of emotional perspective‐taking, which can help explain why help‐seekers and helpers often experience empathy gaps. We go on to discuss recent work that illustrates the consequences of empathy gaps between helpers and help‐seekers—social prediction errors that prevent helping and misguided intentions that can lead to unhelpful help. Finally, we discuss some promising directions for future research.
Ethical Decision‐Making: Contemporary Research on the Role of the Self
Authors: Shu Lisa L. , Effron Daniel A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHow do people decide when facing dilemmas that pit self‐interested gains against ethical values? We highlight two key principles from contemporary behavioral research: (i) people are more willing to act unethically when they can convince themselves that their behavior does not reflect poorly on their moral character and (ii) people tend to be content with an “ethical enough” self‐image. We examine how these principles shed light on the antecedents and consequences of ethical behavior, emphasizing situational determinants and psychological processes. We close by considering important questions that remain unanswered, and discuss how furthering our understanding the role of the self in ethical decision‐making can be used to nudge people toward more ethical behavior.
Ethnic Enclaves
Authors: Gold Steven J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEthnic enclaves are geographically delimited regions wherein a community of immigrants characterized by common national or ethnic origins as well as class diversity owns a significant fraction of local businesses. By pooling business skill and investment capital within an environment of shared solidarity and coethnic employment, group members are able to successfully compete in the host society's economy such that both owners and workers are protected from the economic disadvantages (in the form of low returns on their investments in human capital) that recent immigrants generally encounter when seeking jobs in a host society's labor market. Through reliance on the ethnic enclave, immigrant populations are able to acquire wealth and provide their children with education sufficient to enter the middle class of the host society.This essay traces the origin and development of the ethnic enclave, discusses the debates it inspired, and considers its contributions as well as the critiques to which it has been subject. The essay concludes with suggestions for future research that can link the ethnic enclave formulation with emergent themes in the study of international migration and ethnic economies.
Ethnography: Telling Practice Stories
Authors: O'Reilly Karen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this essay I argue that the central emerging trend in ethnography is the telling of practice stories, that is narrative (or story‐like) accounts that make sense of social phenomena by understanding how people respond to constraints and opportunities but in turn create the cultures, constraints, and opportunities within which others act. Drawing either overtly or implicitly on different versions of what has become known as practice theory, contemporary ethnographers increasingly aspire to unravel the processes involved in the ongoing constitution of social life. This constitution is made up of free will as well as structures that restrict action. The key principles of ethnography, established to challenge preconceptions and to yield complex understandings, remain fundamental to its methodology. This is despite massive social change and the emergence of “new ethnographies” to understand such things as globalization and technological change. These key principles are exactly what are required for the analysis of social life as practice. Ethnography pays attention to people's feeling and emotions, their experiences and their free choices, but also to the wider constraints and opportunities that frame their agency. And they do this always in the context of people's daily lives, cultures, and communities, using the key methods of watching, taking part, sharing in conversations and listening.
Evolutionary Theory and Political Behavior
Authors: Petersen Michael Bang , Aarøe Lene 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPolitical behavior is behavior aimed at regulating access to resources: Who is recognized to get what, when, and how? Evidence across a number of disciplines shows that humans over evolutionary history have evolved sophisticated abilities to engage in political behavior through status seeking and coalition formation in order to attract resources to themselves, their kin, and their allies. As demonstrated by recent research, this evolutionary history of politics continues to shape how modern individuals behave in modern mass politics and prompt people to derive their political attitudes from ancestrally relevant factors such as upper body strength and short‐term fluctuations in hunger. Important areas for research lies ahead in (i) understanding how evolution has given rise to individual variation in political behavior, (ii) investigating the extent to which the evolved psychology of humans biases modern political behavior, and (iii) strengthening the ties between this emerging application of evolutionary theory and more traditional research on political behavior.
Exploring Opportunities in Cultural Diversity
Authors: Laitin David D. , Jeon Sangick 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn economics and political science, there is evidence from large cross‐sectional datasets and field experiments that neighborhoods, villages, cities, and countries with higher levels of cultural diversity have lower levels of generalized trust, lower quality of public goods, and poorer economic performance. However, in social psychology, organizational behavior, and computer science, there is evidence that diverse populations are collectively better able to solve complex problems with creative solutions. The next generation of research, crucial for the globalized world that is undermining homogeneous communities, will utilize experimental research designs (such as those based on natural or quasi‐natural experiments, laboratory experiments, and randomized experiments in controlled natural settings) to better understand the mechanisms sustaining underperformance of diverse communities and to identify interventions that enable community members to take advantage of the problem‐solving promise of diversity to yield social and economic benefits.
Family Formation in Times of Labor Market Insecurities
Authors: Huinink Johannes 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Family formation is still a major life goal for an overwhelming section of the population in contemporary societies. It is a major transition in the individual life course because bringing up children in modern societies is a challenging and costly task. Men and women are increasingly aware of this fact. That is why family formation is no longer taken for granted as an obligatory marker of the transition to adulthood. It is increasingly a matter of conscious decision making—at least in modern societies. One would expect economic uncertainty to be a major issue in this decision. Labor market insecurity in particular should prevent couples from realizing family formation and impact the timing of childbirth or the likelihood of remaining childless.
There are plenty of historical examples showing that in times of economic crisis and major societal instability birthrates decline considerably. However, more recent studies in various countries show mixed evidence in regard to the impact of economic uncertainty and labor market insecurity on family formation. The puzzle of these partially seemingly contradictory findings has not yet been solved. Obviously, the relationship between labor market insecurity and family formation is more complex than has been assumed. It is the result of a complex interplay between historical factors and traditions, current socioeconomic conditions of the lives of men and women, and their personal ways of dealing with risks and uncertainties.
Family Income Composition
Authors: Smith Kristin E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFamily income has increased overall in the United States since the 1950s, but increased prosperity has not been distributed evenly, with family economic well‐being increasing more for some families than others. The end result has been increased family income inequality. Married couple families with a wife in the labor force have seen the largest gains over the decades. In general, families experienced increased prosperity over the 1950s and 1960s, a time when earnings increased for men and women. Starting in the early 1970s, however, the gap between families with a wife in the labor force and other families expanded markedly, as men's wage inequality grew and women's earnings continued to rise. This resulted in a flat trend line for families dependent only on men's earnings. Meanwhile, female‐led families have seen only modest increases in family income. This uneven growth in family income has its roots in demographic changes in the family, the focus of this essay. Markedly, the rise in women's employment and earnings, the rise in men's wage inequality, and shifts in family structure and increased marital homogamy on earnings all contributed to the shifts in family income composition.
Family Relationships and Development
Authors: Grusec Joan E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFamily relationships take different forms, with each form affecting development in a different way and requiring a different kind of parenting intervention. In this essay I begin by reviewing different approaches that have been taken to understanding social and affective outcomes of parenting and how each focuses on one particular kind of relationship. I then discuss central concepts including the importance for successful socialization of the internalization or the taking over of parental values and attitudes as one's own. Some current research is addressed, including (i) the investigation of control and how it can be exercised in such a way that it does not threaten children's autonomy and, therefore, their willingness to comply with parental directives; (ii) investigation of the many interactions between parenting and variables having to do with characteristics of the child and the context in which socialization takes place; and (iii) concern with the impact of different kinds of parental sensitivity on specific aspects of children's behavior. Finally, some key issues for future research are discussed. These include increased attention to the direction of effect between child and parent behavior, continuing attempts to understand how control is most effectively administered, and a focus on understanding the nature of interactions between genes and parenting in the developmental process.
Financialization of theUSEconomy
Authors: Davis Gerald (Jerry) F. , Kim Suntae 
Published: May 2015

Abstract“Financialization” describes the increasing centrality of finance and financial considerations to the workings of the economy. This essay reviews the evidence that (i) creating shareholder value became a predominant concern for corporations since 1980, particularly in the United States, and (ii) the financial sector gained increasing prominence and power in the economy, with a number of consequences for the operations of corporations and the organization of society. Opportunities for future research are discussed including documenting the rise of securitization and its effect on the finance industry; understanding the emergence of new noncorporate forms of organization not tied to financial markets; finance and social movements; and finance and culture.
Four Psychological Perspectives on Creativity
Authors: Damian Rodica Ioana , Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCreativity is a unique feature of human thinking and behavior that is essential to our species' survival, future progress, and even the rise and fall of civilizations. To understand this highly complex phenomenon, we need to adopt an interdisciplinary and multimethod approach. Because creativity happens at many different levels both intra‐ and interindividual, the psychological science of creativity currently lacks a strong paradigmatic coherence. In this essay, we review creativity research from four different scientific perspectives: cognitive, differential, developmental, and social, and attempt to provide a unified overarching picture. We present foundational and cutting‐edge research addressing the following questions: (i) What cognitive processes are involved in creative thinking; (ii) What personality traits are characteristic of the creative person; (iii) What developmental factors lead to creative achievement; and (iv) What social factors foster creativity? We identify current debate issues and propose ways to promote unity and coherence in creativity research across psychological subfields. We offer a clear definition of creativity and identify promising theoretical models that could help integrate and direct future research.
Gender, Religion, and State in the Middle East
Authors: Charrad Mounira M. , Zarrugh Amina 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay discusses the major trends in the study of gender, religion, and state in the Middle East from colonialism to the Arab Spring. Showing how the field started as a critique of colonial representations of women in the Middle East as passive and subordinate, it reviews briefly the foundational studies. It then indicates the major frameworks that scholars have used subsequently to show the complexities of the linkages between gender, religion, and state. Diversity within Islamic law, the role of kinship and states, and the significance of women's agency are highlighted. The essay proceeds with a discussion of cutting‐edge issues raised by the Arab Spring and suggests future directions for research.
From Individual Rationality to Socially Embedded Self‐Regulation
Authors: Lindenberg Siegwart 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe emerging trend is that we let go of the idea that humans are naturally endowed with “rationality” (especially in the sense of consistency and utility maximization, as in microeconomic) in favor of an evolutionary view in which the brain evolved together with the affordances and problems offered by living in larger groups. Rather than seeing humans as having evolved to pursue their self‐interest in a utility maximizing way, what is emerging is to see humans as having evolved to draw adaptive advantage from living in larger groups by a set of self‐regulatory abilities (some of which are more or less automatic and can be overridden by less automatic capabilities). The self‐regulatory abilities, in turn, can vary and are much dependent on the social environment. For example, having significant others is vital for one's self‐regulatory ability, as is the capacity to change one's environment in order to strengthen one's self‐regulatory capacity. The sociologically interesting part of all this is exactly this social dependence of self‐regulatory capacity. Rationality, if that term would still be used, is thus thoroughly a matter of person by environment interaction. This has fundamental consequences for how social science is done.
Gender and Women's Influence in Public Settings
Authors: Mendelberg Tali , Karpowitz Christopher F. , Mattioli Lauren 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Does gender equality in public meetings improve as women's numbers grow? Research applying critical mass theory to the exercise of influence in public discussion and decision making reveals a complicated story. Women have made significant progress in education, employment, and the attainment of elected office; yet, they continue to lag behind their male counterparts in substantive, symbolic, and authoritative representation. Across political, nonpolitical, and experimental settings, women's participation and influence does not follow necessarily from their numerical proportion. We review previous studies of how women's lower status is manifested in group interaction, and we argue that research can better identify when and how numbers matter by attending to the group's context, institutional features, and informal norms. We describe cutting‐edge research designed to explore the effects of institutional rules and norms on women's authority. Women's increasing numbers in positions of potential influence constitutes a timely, promising, and challenging agenda for further scholarship.
Gender and Work
Authors: Williams Christine L. , Neely Megan Tobias 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Over the past 30 years, the US labor market has undergone fundamental structural changes. In the past, loyal and hardworking employees could expect to spend their entire careers working for a single employer. But starting in the 1980s, globalization, deregulation, and the decline of unions transformed this standard employment contract between workers and employers. Today, employment has become more precarious, unstable, and insecure. This essay reviews the limited research on how the rise of precarious employment in the United States has impacted men and women. We also analyze the gender implications of policies designed to address precariousness, and set an agenda for future research on gender inequality and precarious work.
Gender Inequalities in the Home
Authors: Drobnič Sonja , Ruppanner Leah 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGender inequalities in the home are reflected across a range of issues centering on care. In this essay, we focus on household labor which is persistent, structured by individual, couple, and structural differences and reflective of broader issues of gender inequality. Initially, we identify the theoretical approaches that serve as the foundation of empirical work on domestic arrangements: relative resources, time availability, and gender display theories. Then we discuss cutting‐edge approaches to household arrangements focusing on emerging research that expands definitions of housework, investigates existing theories for new family forms, and identifies housework as fluid by situating these divisions over the life course. Next, we discuss the methodological concerns that limit the generalizability of existing housework research. Finally, we identify remaining theoretical, methodological, and empirical issues plaguing housework research to provide further directions for future research. Ultimately, we provide a road map for emerging research on the gendered distribution of household labor.
Genetic Foundations of Attitude Formation
Authors: Kandler Christian , Bell Edward , Shikishima Chizuru , Yamagata Shinji , Riemann Rainer 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Since the pioneering work of Eaves and Eysenck (1974) appeared in
Nature
some 40 years ago, psychologists, sociologists, political scientists, and behavioral geneticists have investigated the effects of nature and nurture on the formation of social attitudes. It has consistently been found that manifestations of social attitudes (i.e., preferences, values, and beliefs pertaining to things such as politics, religion and the treatment of ingroups and outgroups) are genetically influenced. More recently, researchers have focused their efforts on the psychophysiological pathways between gene activity and attitudes. In particular, a broad body of research examines how personality traits may be a link between genetic factors and political orientations. The latter are typically treated as either a single left–right dimension or divided into two core aspects:
resistance to change/authoritarian conservatism
and
acceptance of inequality/social dominance orientation
. In this essay, we provide an overview of this research, present some findings from our recent international behavioral genetic study on the topic, and identify key issues for future research. We suggest that future studies treat attitude formation as a complex process in which genetic factors and the psychophysiological phenomena that stem from them are affected by the surrounding social environment and culture. Such research will require (i) international study designs capturing individual and cultural levels of variation and (ii) interdisciplinary collaboration among scientists and researchers in various fields of study such as genetics, psychology, sociology, political science, neuroscience, and human biology.
Genetics and Social Behavior
Authors: Harpending Henry , Cochran Gregory 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe focus on the effects of gene differences on social and behavioral differences among individuals and among larger groups of individuals. Many specific genetic markers are known that influence aspects of personality and behavior. The focus on single genes and groups of genes is giving way to quantitative genetics, the statistical study of transmission of characteristics viewed as the outcome of the effects of very large numbers of genes. While traditional social science largely ignores the effects of genetically transmitted influences, the subject persists and grows in importance. Classical quantitative genetic methods may give much insight into human behavioral diversity and they provide the “right” way to measure and assess variation in rates of threshold traits. We discuss examples, trends, and possibilities for the incorporation of genetic data and models in the social and behavioral sciences without advocating major changes in practice.
Gestural Communication in Nonhuman Species
Authors: Pika Simone 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe evolution of language remains one of science's greatest mysteries. Although first comparative investigations into language origins focused on vocal abilities of nonhuman animals, especially primates, the number of publications reporting new and fascinating results about gestural skills of nonhuman animals has notably increased. To get a better insight in this intriguing scientific field, the present essay will provide a brief overview of its history and will then pinpoint current trends and future avenues.