bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of tobacco-related health-warning images on intention to quit smoking among urban Chinese smokers
Authors: Wu Dan , Yang Tingzhong , Cottrell Randall R , Zhou Huan , Yang Xiaozhao Y , Zhang Yanqin 
Published: June 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of different tobacco health-warning images on intention to quit smoking among urban Chinese smokers. The different tobacco health-warning images utilised in this study addressed the five variables of age, gender, cultural-appropriateness, abstractness and explicitness. Design: Participants were administered a questionnaire that contained 10 graphic anti-smoking images. Of the 10 images, two each represented the independent variables of age, gender, cultural-appropriateness, abstractness and explicitness. The dependent variable in this study was intention to quit smoking. Setting: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using face-to-face interviews with 699 residents of Hangzhou, China. The study focused on 202 of those residents who self-reported as smokers. Method: Data were collected using a multi-stage sampling design. A Likert-type scale was used to measure quitting intentions after viewing graphic health-warning images. Data analysis was conducted using SAS version 9.3, and paired Chi-square tests were performed to analyse the effect of different graphic tobacco health-warning images on intention to quit smoking among current smokers. Results: More than 50% of smokers studied reported they were interested in quitting smoking after viewing the graphic images. Images featuring children and women, real pictures of damaged lungs and pictures that were more explicit produced higher intentions to quit smoking than abstract, male-dominated or less explicit images. Conclusion: When designing tobacco-related health-warning images for mass media campaigns, utilising more explicit photos and photographs involving women and children is potentially most effective. These findings provide evidence that the Chinese government should consider when initiating future anti-smoking campaigns utilising such images. Furthermore, these images should appear on all cigarette packages replacing the current text-only warnings.
The doctor’s role in helping dying patients with cancer achieve peace: A qualitative study
Authors: Best Megan , Butow Phyllis , Olver Ian 
Published: June 2014

Background: Being at peace is important for the quality of life of dying cancer patients, but its features, and the role of the doctor in facilitating peace, are unclear. Aim: We sought to understand the features of a peaceful patient, and patients’ preferences regarding the role of the doctor in facilitating a sense of peace. Design: A grounded theory approach was used with semi-structured interviews. Patients were asked about the things that gave their life meaning and a sense of peace and how the doctor could support their spiritual well-being. Patients were also questioned about their concerns for their future. Setting/participants: In total, 15 cancer patients with advanced disease were interviewed in a variety of care settings. Results: Patients were observed to be along a spectrum between having peace and not having peace. Features of the two extreme positions are described. Doctors could facilitate peace by developing a good relationship with cancer patients and supplying clear and honest information about what patients could expect as they approached their death. Conclusion: Spiritual well-being in cancer patients can be promoted by communication from doctors regarding prognosis, which allows them time to prepare for death, and recognition of their fears. However, acceptance of death does not always lead to the patient experiencing peace.
The Influence of Cooling Conditions on the Mechanical Properties of Commingled Yarn Composites
Authors: Shonaike G. O. , Hamada H. , Maekawa Z. , Matsuda M. , Yuba T. , Matsuo T. 
Published: June 2014

The influence of cooling conditions on the bending properties and Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of commingled PET/GF and PA6/GF composites was investigated. The morphology and thermal properties of the composites were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that cooling conditions had no major effect on bending properties, but the fracture toughness (GC) was affected; i.e., fracture toughness of gradual cooling was lower than rapid cooling. The bending properties are not significantly affected by crystallinity, but GC is strongly influenced by the level of crystallinity in the matrix resin.
Mechanical Deformation Mechanisms in Knitted Fabric Composites
Authors: Kelay M. S. , Bader D. L. , Reed P. E. 
Published: June 2014

Knitted fabric composites have certain advantages over woven composites, particularly in their ability to conform to complicated contours. As a consequence, however, they demonstrate inferior mechanical characteristics compared to woven materials as a direct result of the presence of bent fibers. Such a knitted fabric composite made from, for example, glass fibers in a polyurethane matrix, can be used as an orthopaedic splinting bandage for immobilizing fractures of the upper and lower limbs. Relatively little research has been reported on knitted fabric composites; therefore, a study on the mechanical deformation mechanisms of knitted fabric composites was initiated. It was observed that knit patterns, type of fiber, size of fibers used, size of loops, coatings and lay-up procedure were all variables that could affect the structure/property relationship of knitted fabric composites. Tensile testing with optical measurement of strain was performed on knitted substrate and coated bandages in both the course and wale directions. Results indicated that the knitted fabrics function as link mechanisms at the microscopic level, with knitted loops straightening and bending before the individual elements of the knitted yarn take up significant load and material deformation. Theoretical modeling of the glass knit structure, in both the course and wale directions, agrees well with experimental testing.
Experimental Analysis and Process Window Development for Continuous Filament-Wound APC-2
Authors: James D. L. , Black W. Z. 
Published: June 2014

A small-scale filament winding apparatus was built so that surface temperature distributions could be determined during actual filament winding runs and the resulting temperatures could be compared to those predicted by a numerical model. Several experimental runs were performed using various combinations of infrared energy input and prepreg tape velocities. Infrared thermography was used to determine the surface temperature of the composite during each experiment. The field of view of the infrared camera included approximately 90 degrees of the mandrel in the angular direction and two-thirds of the axial length of the composite on the mandrel. The numerical and experimental results in this paper suggest that varying the position of the infrared lamp, changing the prepreg tape velocity (winding speed), or the heat flux incident on the composite have a major impact on the temperature distribution throughout the composite; these factors may therefore be used to alter the physical properties and overall quality of a filament-wound part. Improved consolidation will likely occur if a low-power infrared lamp is used to preheat the prepreg tape prior to contact with the mandrel and another infrared preheater is focused on the mandrel at an angular location prior to the tape-mandrel interface. The majority of the composite heating should be achieved by a high-power lamp located such that the energy is focused on the mandrel in the vicinity of the prepreg tape-mandrel interface but displaced in the direction opposite the axial velocity of the tape. Therefore, the location of the lamp must move relative to the tape when the crosshead feed mechanism changes directions. By displacing the axial location of the lamp slightly downstream (in the direction of motion of the crosshead feed mechanism) of the tape-mandrel interface, preheating of the composite on the mandrel occurs prior to the tape being laid on the mandrel. The numerical model is used to identify processing windows that lead to a wellconsolidated part. The processing window is defined by upper temperature limits that will damage the part and lower temperature limits that will leave the part unconsolidated. The temperature limits are selected from a knowledge of the autohesive characteristics of APC-2 (complete intimate contact and void-free prepreg tape are assumed). The model is then used to identify winding conditions such as infrared energy input, winding speed, and composite substrate thickness that result in a consolidated product.
Thermoviscoelastic Analysis of the Thermoplastic Composite Tape Placement Process
Authors: Sonmez Fazil O. , Hahn H. Thomas 
Published: June 2014

The thermomechanical behavior of a thermoplastic composite laminate during the tape placement process has been studied. Stresses induced by the compaction roller are predicted using a finite element method. These stresses control the compaction and bonding behavior of the laminate. In the analysis, the tape placement process is considered as a quasi-steady state rolling contact problem. The effect of temperature on creep compliance is included by treating the composite as a thermorheologicaliy simple material. Thermal expansion coefficients are allowed to be temperature dependent. The effect of friction at the contact surface is also taken into account. The numerical results show how the process parameters (e.g., roller velocity, roller pressure, heat input) are related to temperature and stress distributions within the composite. These relationships can be used to predict the bonding behavior of the laminate.
Delamination Crack Tip Behavior at Failure in Composite Laminates under Mode I Loading
Authors: Paris Isabelle , Poursartip Anoush 
Published: June 2014

A technique is presented for measuring the local crack tip displacement fields and the global applied parameters during mode I loading of delaminations in composite laminates up to and including failure. To achieve this objective, an instrumented loading set-up has been designed to fit inside the chamber of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). With this technique, the SEM images of loaded specimens are analyzed to obtain the crack opening displacements (COD) as a function of distance from the crack tip. For mode I tests conducted on AS4/3501-6 unidirectional material, good agreement is obtained between the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) calculations and the measurements, in terms of both general shape and magnitude. The results show that the COD increases linearly with the applied displacement up to failure. Thus, for the case of a brittle material under mode I loading, there is good agreement between the measured and calculated crack tip displacements, and the material behaves in a linear elastic way up to failure. By extending the technique to mode II and mixed-mode loading and by testing other tougher materials in the future, we hope to increase our understanding of mixed-mode failure criteria, which play an important role in the detailed analysis of complex composite structures under realistic loading.
An Analysis of Mechanisms Governing Fusion Bonding of Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Butler Christine A. , Mccullough Roy L. , Pitchumani Ranga , Gillespie John W. 
Published: June 2014

A number of mechanisms have been proposed in the literature as contributors to the strength development at the polymer-polymer interface during fusion bonding of thermoplastic composites. Of these, healing and intimate contact emerge as fundamental mechanisms governing bonding. Intimate contact refers to the development of the amount of surface area that is physically contacted at the interface at any time, and healing describes the migration of polymer chains across the interface in intimate contact. This work provides a new theoretical development of a coupled bonding model that accounts for variability in initiation time for healing due to growth in the area in intimate contact. The generalized coupled bonding model is valid for any set of processing conditions and reduces to the proper controlling mechanism as dictated by the process. Analysis revealed a key dimensionless group, Q, that captures the coupled nature of the mechanisms governing fusion bonding. By evaluating Q, which is a function of material and process parameters, one can determine the relative contributions of each mechanism. Experimental validation of the coupled model using two different processes, tow placement and resistance welding, is also presented. An evaluation of Q for the tow-placement process indicates that both mechanisms are controlling. For this case, the coupled model demonstrates better strength predictions than the conventional healing model alone. In contrast, the resistance welding process is shown to be intimate-contact controlled, in which case the coupled model reduces to a more simplified model. The ability to rigorously determine the controlling mechanisms is of critical importance to accurately model the strength development during fusion bonding processes.
Effects of Thermal Aging on the Mechanical Behavior of K3B Matrix Material
Authors: Sacks Serena , Johnson W. Steven 
Published: June 2014

In this study, the timeand temperature-dependent behavior of unaged as well as aged samples of neat K3B (a thermoplastic polyimide made by Du Pont) has been characterized. The aging temperature was 1770C (350'F), and aging times are 5,000 hours and 10,000 hours. Testing temperatures were room temperature, 930C, 1350C, and 1770C (200'F, 2750F, and 350'F). A combination of monotonic tensile tests and stress relaxation provided the necessary information. Notch bend tests were conducted to determine fracture toughness. Neat K3B has been found to be very brittle and prone to defects. Aging for both 5,000 and 10,000 hours resulted in much lower failure strains, especially at elevated temperatures. The time dependence exhibited, especially after aging, may not be enough to affect correlations to composite behavior, and a time-dependent approach may not be necessary. FTIR data shows some slight changes in peak size, so a change in the structure of K3B cannot be ruled out. DSC data shows a very slight (negligible) change in the glass transition and no melting point (as expected). The polymer molecules are approaching equilibrium during aging (physical aging), but crosslinking has not been ruled out. The main goal of this study was to gather more information on the timeand temperaturedependent behavior of K3B. This has been accomplished by first characterizing the viscoplastic behavior of neat resin samples after aging for long periods of time at elevated temperatures. The data gathered was used to determine the effects of thermal aging on the mechanical behavior of K3B. The work being discussed presently focuses primarily on the neat matrix material.
Fabrication, Analysis, and Experimentation of a Practically Constructed Laminated Composite I-Beam Under Pure Bending
Authors: Drummond J. A. , Chan W. S. 
Published: June 2014

Seven I-beams constructed of AS4/3501 graphite/epoxy were tested and analyzed. The I-beams, having a layup sequence of 45/-45/03/-45/451T with various flange widths varying from ¾ to 2 ½ inches and a web height of 1 inch, were fabricated. The beams were tested under 4-point bending, producing results for the pre-buckled stiffness, buckling moment, and ultimate moment. Results indicate that wider flange beams exhibit buckling at lower moments than narrower flange beams. The flange width also affects the buckling mode. Wider flanged beams show larger edge displacements and lower mode values than narrower flanged beams. The ultimate moment capability appears to be only slightly increased by increased stiffness. Typically, increasing the flange width does not contribute significantly to the ultimate strength of the beam. For wider flanged beams, delamination occurs at the flange and then propagates to the web causing final failure. However, narrower flanged beams fail due to fiber/matrix crushing at the flange-web intersection.
Striving for good nursing care
Authors: Pettersson Mona , Hedström Mariann , Höglund Anna T 
Published: June 2014

Background: Within oncology and hematology care, patients are sometimes considered to have such a poor prognosis that they can receive a do not resuscitate order from the physician responsible, stipulating that neither basic nor advanced coronary pulmonary rescue be performed in the event of a cardiac arrest. Studies on do not resuscitate decisions within oncology and hematology units, focusing on the specific role of the nurse in relation to these decisions, are scarce. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate hematology and oncology nurses’ experiences and perceptions of do not resuscitate orders, in order to achieve a deeper understanding of the nurses’ specific role in these decisions. Research design: A qualitative, descriptive methodology with individual semi-structured interviews was used. Participants and research context: A total of 15 nurses from eight hematology/oncology wards in four hospitals in Sweden were interviewed individually. Ethical considerations: In accordance with national regulations, an ethical review was not required for this study. The research followed international guidelines for empirical research, as outlined in the Helsinki Declaration. Findings: The nurses strived for good nursing care through balancing harms and goods and observing integrity and quality of life as important values. Experienced hindrances for good care were unclear and poorly documented decisions, uninformed patients and relatives, and disagreements among the caregivers and family. The nurses expressed a need for an ongoing discussion on do not resuscitate decisions, including all concerned parties. Conclusion: In order to provide good nursing care, nurses need clear and well-documented do not resuscitate orders, and patients and relatives need to be well informed and included in the decisions. To increase the understanding for each other’s opinions within the medical team, regular ethical discussions are required.
Exploring ‘Empowerment’ and ‘Agency’ in Ronald Dworkin’s Theory of Rights: A Study of Women’s Abortion Rights in India
Authors: Ray Nupur 
Published: June 2014

Contemporary discourse in liberal theory is preoccupied with two concerns: first, the identification of secular and moral foundational principles that could guide political structures, independent of any conception of the good life or community goals ( Plant, 1991 ); and second, determination of the nature of political institutions ( Sen, 2001 , p. 148) that could give maximum freedom to individuals to pursue their life goals for reasons they value. These concerns emerged as a response to a persistent paradox in liberal theory. It is that in spite of its all ‘inclusive’ paradigm that incorporates each individual’s freedom to pursue goals irrespective of social identities it adheres to a formal notion of equality leading to exclusion at structural and institutional levels in social/political/and economic spheres, in invariably all societies. The exclusion has been manifested in three main areas: distribution of resources/opportunities/information in society, participation in crucial stages of the political process like decision-making, and gender issues. This exclusion has been more apparent in the case of historically oppressed groups (the largest being women) such as cultural/religious minorities, homosexuals, immigrants and backward classes. To understand and resolve this paradox, it is necessary to unfold the underlying foundations of liberal theory. In recent years, unlike non-liberal thinkers such as communitarians, socialists and cultural relativists who have rejected the discourse due to its paradoxical nature, different liberal political theorists have extensively engaged in resolving this paradox such as John Rawls, J. Waldron, Gewirth, Ackerman, the ‘best known’ among them being Ronald Dworkin.
A Study of Organizational Values in Government Run Primary Health Centres in India
Authors: Purohit Bhaskar , Patel Dharmen , Purohit Surabhi 
Published: June 2014

Background: Organizational Culture (OC) (with focus on core organizational values) has been a much neglected area for research in Government Health sector in India. The present study aimed at assessing the OC with the sole focus on the organizational values at the Government run Primary Health Centres (PHCs) in India. Methods: The study participants included 124 healthcare providers and other health staff from 24 government run PHCs in India. Instrument called OCTAPACE (Openness, Confrontation, Trust, Authenticity, Praoaction, Autonomy, Confrontation and Experimentation) was used for data collection. It consists of 40 items that measured eight different organizational values: Openness; Confrontation; Trust; Authenticity; Praoaction; Autonomy; Confrontation and Experimentation. The assessment of organizational values was based on ratings provided by respondents on the 40 items. Results: The study results indicate that Openness was the most important perceived organizational value followed by Confrontation and Trust while Autonomy and Collaboration were the least appreciated and practiced values. The study found statistically significant higher mean scores for the values of Authenticity and Collaboration for the group having more work experience. In addition, the study results also show statistically significant higher mean scores for Openness, Confrontation, Trust, Authenticity, Proactiveness and Experimentation values for paramedical and other staff in comparison to mean scores of Medical officers. Conclusion: More research is needed in the area of OC with focus on values. The overall culture in PHCs can be further improved by encouraging free sharing of ideas and expression of feelings and thoughts. More importantly, employees of health centres should be given more autonomy and freedom to take decisions in their work to improve the OC.