bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fourth Estate
Authors: Debatin Bernhard S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe Fourth Estate serves as an external watchdog for governmental action in addition to the checks and balances among the three branches of power. Embodied in the free press and the public sphere, the Fourth Estate is regarded as a driving force toward democratization and as an indicator for democratic rights and liberties. The mass media of the 20th century have on the one hand enabled modern watchdog journalism, on the other hand are they part of a commercialized corporate system that barely functions as a Fourth Estate. However, the concept of the Fourth Estate remains an important regulative idea and central tenet of liberal democracies. New virtual public spheres and Web‐based platforms give hope for a revitalization of the Fourth Estate. A coalition of networked actors and of traditional news media, captured in the notion of a “networked Fourth Estate,” could reinstate its critical functions.
Normative Theories
Authors: Christians Clifford G. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe idea of normative theories entered political communication in 1956 with the publication ofFour Theories of the Press. Throughout the 20th century these four normative theories and several additions were debated, with occasional attacks on the concept of normative theories itself.Normative Theories of the Mediain 2009 took account of this history, and proposed a new way of understanding normative theories. This new model is not tied to countries and is global in orientation rather than western. Several illustrations of normative theory in political communication show that it remains an important subunit in political communication. Three challenges must be met through future research to ensure the relevance of normative theory for political communication: alternative political systems to industrial democracies, networked communities, and connecting social scientific research with humanistic theories.
Public Sphere
Authors: Trenz Hans‐Jörg 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn modern societies, the public sphere represents the intermediary realm that supports the communication of opinions, the discovery of problems that need to be dealt with collectively, the channeling of these problems through the filter of the media and political institutions, and the realization of the collective will of the people in the act of democratic self‐government. The concept of the public sphere is used across the fields of media and communication research, cultural studies and the humanities, the history of ideas, legal and constitutional studies as well as democracy studies. Historically, public spheres have undergone structural transformations that were closely connected to the emergence of different mass media. More recently, they are subject to trends of transnationalization and digitalization in politics and society.
Digital Democracy
Authors: Coleman Stephen 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Digital democracy refers to a potential relationship between the affordances of digital information and communication technologies and the normative requirements of effective political democracy. Its origins lie in a long tradition of hope for a more interactive and participatory form of political mediation. Responding to anxieties about the thin and weak relationships upon which representative democracy is founded, proponents of digital democracy argue that it could enable new forms of political representation to be established; that it could reconfigure the terms of collective action by diminishing problems of social coordination; and that it could open up a space for more deliberative public discourse.
Hostile Media Perceptions
Authors: Gunther Albert C. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The hostile media perception, also known as the hostile media effect, refers to the judgment, by individuals who have strong opinions on a particular issue, that media coverage of that issue is biased against their own point of view. A classic example is when a newspaper receives two letters to the editor complaining about news coverage of a contentious political debate, one from a Republican who criticizes the “liberal slant,” the other from a Democrat who objects to a “conservative bias.” Long familiar to journalists, this effect has seen three decades of vigorous research since the first empirical study was published by Vallone, Ross, and Lepper in 1985.
Accountability
Authors: Pasquino Gianfranco 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAccountability is the process through which office‐holders take into account the preferences of the voters, translate them into public policies, and explain to the voters what they have done (and not done). Accountability is a democratic process par excellence. Candidates, parties, governments all are subject to the requirements of accountability. Different electoral systems have an understandably different impact on all political actors. Plurality systems in single‐member constituencies put a stronger constraint on the representatives. Proportional systems act more on the political parties. All governments in parliamentary democracies have to be accountable to their respective parliaments. Interinstitutional accountability is much less likely in presidential republics. In all instances of divided government, it will become well‐nigh impossible for the voters to punish either the President or Congress for the stalemate produced by divided government. Lame duck presidents are in a position to avoid accountability. They may still want to remain accountable not to ruin the electoral chances of their party's candidates. Term limits destroy the chain of accountability. Where accountability is limited and discretionary, the quality of democracy is low and unsatisfactory.
Deliberative Polls
Authors: Regalia Marta 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Deliberative polls are an instrument whose aim is to provide a more accurate, scientific representation of public opinion based on information and careful consideration rather than on “top of the head” opinions. By exposing random samples of population to balanced information and opposing arguments, people are encouraged to challenge their embedded opinions by discussing with heterogeneous interlocutors having divergent points of view. The resulting change in opinion represents the conclusions the public would reach, if the people had the opportunity to become more informed and involved by the issues.
Freedom of Speech
Authors: Valbruzzi Marco 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Although the right of free speech has deep roots in our history, it has only recently been implemented in the liberal constitutions and universal declaration of human rights. In the Athenian democracy, freedom of speech was considered as a tool of self‐government and a direct consequence of the principle of political equality between citizens. In the 18th century, free speech became one of the main tenets of political liberalism and, consistently, was implemented in the Bills of Rights or the Constitutions of many liberal democracies as a tool to restrain or control the government. As a fundamental, though relative, civil right, freedom of speech cannot be analyzed and understood in isolation from other, equally valuable, civic and political rights. As a component of a broader system of freedom of expression, the practical exercise of free speech in some cases can be regulated and curtailed in order to preserve the dignity of other individuals or the public security of the people.
Socialization, Political
Authors: Regalia Marta 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPolitical socialization is a lifelong, interactive, developmental process. It represents the set of experiences that contribute to shaping the idea of the political system and of the individual himself in relation to it. Political socialization concerns each of the three components of Easton's political system: political community, regime, and authorities. Several societal agents have been identified as transmitters of political attitudes throughout the life cycle: mainly family, school, peer group, and the mass media. These provide the instruments for processing information, formulating arguments, reasoning about and discussing public affairs, examining ideas, and expressing opinions.
Decatungstate Photocatalyzed Acylations and Alkylations in Flow via Hydrogen Atom Transfer
Authors: Bonassi Filippo , Ravelli Davide , Protti Stefano , Fagnoni Maurizio 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA set of atom‐economical radical conjugate addition reactions of alkyl and acyl radicals onto electron‐poor olefins or diisopropyl azodicarboxylate has been carried out on a multi‐gram scale under continuous flow conditions. The process is based on the use of the inorganic photocatalyst tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT), which is capable to activate selectively a variety of CH bonds in different substrates, including aldehydes, amides, ethers and alkanes. A wide range of synthetic targets has been synthesized according to this procedure, including 1,4‐difunctionalized derivatives (e.g., 1,4‐diketones or keto esters). All the reactions have been carried out in a meso‐scale flow photoreactor consisting in coils of UV‐transparent FEP tubing (fluorinated ethylene propylene) wrapped around a water‐cooled 500 W medium pressure mercury vapor lamp. The use of such a photochemical apparatus caused a reduction of the residence time, a notable increase of the STY (space time yield) and of the productivity values with respect to those measured for the corresponding batch processes, often leading to an improvement of the overall sustainability of the process (process mass intensity – PMI – values down to 10 kg kg−1).magnified image
Neural basis of hierarchical visual form processing of Japanese Kanji characters
Authors: Higuchi Hiroki , Moriguchi Yoshiya , Murakami Hiroki , Katsunuma Ruri , Mishima Kazuo , Uno Akira 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntroductionWe investigated the neural processing of reading Japanese Kanji characters, which involves unique hierarchical visual processing, including the recognition of visual components specific to Kanji, such as “radicals.”MethodsWe performed functional MRI to measure brain activity in response to hierarchical visual stimuli containing (1) real Kanji characters (complete structure with semantic information), (2) pseudo Kanji characters (subcomponents without complete character structure), (3) artificial characters (character fragments), and (4) checkerboard (simple photic stimuli).ResultsAs we expected, the peaks of the activation in response to different stimulus types were aligned within the left occipitotemporal visual region along the posterior–anterior axis in order of the structural complexity of the stimuli, from fragments (3) to complete characters (1). Moreover, only the real Kanji characters produced functional connectivity between the left inferotemporal area and the language area (left inferior frontal triangularis), while pseudo Kanji characters induced connectivity between the left inferotemporal area and the bilateral cerebellum and left putamen.ConclusionsVisual processing of Japanese Kanji takes place in the left occipitotemporal cortex, with a clear hierarchy within the region such that the neural activation differentiates the elements in Kanji characters' fragments, subcomponents, and semantics, with different patterns of connectivity to remote regions among the elements.
Ultrastructure of spermatogenesis and mature spermatozoa in the flatworm Prosthiostomum siphunculus (Polycladida, Cotylea)
Authors: Gammoudi Mehrez , Salvenmoser Willi , Harrath Abdel Halim , Tekaya Saïda , Egger Bernhard 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis is the first study investigating spermatogenesis and spermatozoan ultrastructure in the polyclad flatworm Prosthiostomum siphunculus. The testes are numerous and scattered as follicles ventrally between the digestive ramifications. Each follicle contains the different stages of sperm differentiation. Spermatocytes and spermatids derive from a spermatogonium and the spermatids remain connected by intercellular bridges. Chromatoid bodies are present in the cytoplasm of spermatogonia up to spermatids. During early spermiogenesis, a differentiation zone appears in the distal part of spermatids. A ring of microtubules extends along the entire sperm shaft just beneath the cell membrane. An intercentriolar body is present and gives rise to two axonemes, each with a 9 + “1” micro‐tubular pattern. Development of the spermatid leads to cell elongation and formation of a filiform, mature spermatozoon with two free flagella and with cortical microtubules along the sperm shaft. The flagella exit the sperm shaft at different levels, a finding common for acotyleans, but so far unique for cotylean polyclads. The Golgi complex produces numerous electron‐dense bodies of two types and of different sizes. These bodies are located around a perinuclear row of mitochondria. The elongated nucleus extends almost along the entire sperm body. The nucleus is wide in the proximal part and becomes narrow going towards the distal end. Thread‐like chromatin mixed with electron‐dense intranuclear spindle‐shaped bodies are present throughout nucleus. The general sperm ultrastructure, the presence of intranuclear bodies and a second type of cytoplasmic electron‐dense bodies may provide characters useful for phylogenetic analysis.
Indications and immediate and long‐term results of a novel pericardium covered stent graft: Consecutive 5 year single center experience
Authors: Secco Gioel Gabrio , Serdoz Roberta , Kilic Ismail Dogu , Caiazzo Gianluca , Mattesini Alessio , Parisi Rosario , De Luca Giuseppe , Pistis Gianfranco , Marino Paolo Nicola , Di Mario Carlo 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundThe use of covered stent grafts during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a life saving solution to seal acute iatrogenic vessel rupture. However, the presence of an impenetrable mechanical barrier is also appealing during treatment of friable coronary plaques but the synthetic PTFE‐membrane that might trigger excessive neointimal proliferation has limited its elective‐use. Pericardium tissue may offer an appealing “natural” alternative. Aim of our study is to report the consecutive 5‐year single center experience with the use of pericardium‐covered stents (PCS) (ITGI‐Medical, Israel) in a variety of emergency and elective applications.MethodsNineteen consecutive patients undergoing implantation of PCS at the Royal Brompton in the last 5‐years. Reasons for PCS implantation included treatment of degenerated vein grafts, large coronary aneurysms, and acute iatrogenic vessel rupture.ResultsAngiographic success, defined as the ability of the device to be deployed in the indexed lesion with no contrast extravasation with residual angiographic stenosis <30% and a final thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI)‐3 flow was achieved in all cases. Procedural success, defined as the achievement of angiographic success without any major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) was achieved in 94.7% of patients. In‐stent restenosis (ISR) was observed in 26.3% and all patients underwent successful target vessel revascularization with DES (mean time to restenosis 9.0 ± 4.0 months). At a mean follow‐up of 32.5 ± 23.3 months no acute or late stent thrombosis was observed.ConclusionPCSs were effective in the treatment of friable embolization‐prone coronary plaques, sealing of acute iatrogenic vessel rupture and exclusion of large aneurysms with no thrombosis but high target lesion revascularization. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cinchona Alkaloid Catalyzed Asymmetric Desymmetrization of meso‐Cyclic Anhydrides: The Origins of Stereoselectivity
Authors: Dedeoglu Burcu , Catak Saron , Yildirim Asli , Bolm Carsten , Aviyente Viktorya 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe asymmetric desymmetrization of meso‐cyclic anhydrides catalyzed by the pseudoenantiomeric pairs of cinchona alkaloids, quinine (QN) and quinidine (QD), has been subjected to a computational study employing density functional theory (DFT) to understand the origin of the experimentally observed stereoselectivity. The spatial placement of the catalyst with respect to the anhydride, which resembles a molecular tweezer, was found to be the primary reason for the stabilization of the oxyanion forming in the transition states, as well as the oxyanion intermediate observed along the reaction coordinate. The distortion–interaction model has been employed to rationalize the experimentally observed enantiomeric ratios. The assistance of solvent molecules was essential in the prediction of experimental enantioselectivities.
Single‐Step Functionalization and Exfoliation of Graphene with Polymers under Mild Conditions
Authors: Skaltsas T. , Mountrichas G. , Zhao S. , Shinohara H. , Tagmatarchis N. , Pispas S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe simultaneous polymer functionalization and exfoliation of graphene sheets by using mild bath sonication and heat treatment at low temperature is described. In particular, free‐radical polymerization of three different vinyl monomers takes place in the presence of graphite flakes. The polymerization procedure leads to the exfoliation of graphene sheets and at the same time the growing polymer chains are attached onto the graphene lattice, which gives solubility and stability to the final graphene‐based hybrid material. The polymer‐functionalized graphene sheets possess fewer defects as compared with previously reported polymer‐functionalized graphene. The success of the covalent functionalization and exfoliation of graphene was confirmed by using a variety of complementary spectroscopic, thermal, and microscopy techniques, including Raman, IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy.
Improved Transversal Relaxivity for Highly Crystalline Nanoparticles of Pure γ‐Fe2O3 Phase
Authors: Casterou Gérald , Collière Vincent , Lecante Pierre , Coppel Yannick , Eliat Pierre‐Antoine , Gauffre Fabienne , Kahn Myrtil L. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPure and highly crystalline γ‐Fe2O3 nanocrystals (NCs) are obtained when hydrolysis and oxidation of a FeII organometallic precursor are performed in successive steps. Their synthesis in pure alkylamine leads to NCs of about 6 nm. In aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl)pyrrolidone, such pristine NCs form aggregates of about 150 nm that exhibit a high transversal relaxivity (r2=466 mM−1 s−1) about four times higher than that of a commercial Feridex magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. Consequently, they provide a significant decrease in the NMR signal at very short echo time (8 ms), which is of paramount importance in clinical practice because of the reduced duration of MRI measurements.
Hierarchical MoS2@Carbon Microspheres as Advanced Anodes for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Bai Zhongchao , Zhang Yaohui , Zhang Yuwen , Guo Chunli , Tang Bin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHierarchical hybridized nanocomposites with rationally constructed compositions and structures have been considered key for achieving superior Li‐ion battery performance owing to their enhanced properties, such as fast lithium ion diffusion, good collection and transport of electrons, and a buffer zone for relieving the large volume variations during cycling processes. Hierarchical MoS2@carbon microspheres (HMCM) have been synthesized in a facile hydrothermal treatment. The structure analyses reveal that ultrathin MoS2 nanoflakes (ca. 2–5 nm) are vertically supported on the surface of carbon nanospheres. The reversible capacity of the HMCM nanocomposite is maintained at 650 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles at 1 A g−1. Furthermore, the capacity can reach 477 mA h g−1 even at a high current density of 4 A g−1. The outstanding electrochemical performance of HMCM is attributed to the synergetic effect between the carbon spheres and the ultrathin MoS2 nanoflakes. Additionally, the carbon matrix can supply conductive networks and prevent the aggregation of layered MoS2 during the charge/discharge process; and ultrathin MoS2 nanoflakes with enlarged surface areas, which can guarantee the flow of the electrolyte, provide more active sites and reduce the diffusion energy barrier of Li+ ions.
DNA Triplexes That Bind Several Cofactor Molecules
Authors: Vollmer Sven , Richert Clemens 
Published: November 2015

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue are Sven Vollmer and Clemens Richert of the University of Stuttgart. The cover image hints at the analogy between a honey comb, as a macroscopic storage device, and DNA triplexes with designed binding sites, as molecular storage motifs that can release ATP to fuel a bioluminescence reaction. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201503220.
Effects of climate on pine processionary moth fecundity and on its egg parasitoids
Authors: Tiberi Riziero , Bracalini Matteo , Croci Francesco , Tellini Florenzano Guido , Panzavolta Tiziana 
Published: November 2015

AbstractClimate change may be affecting the fecundity of phytophagous insects as well as impacting their natural enemies. However, temperature impacts these two insect groups differently, disrupting population regulation mechanisms, and ultimately, possibly culminating in an outbreak of the host. The pine processionary moth (PPM) is one of the most harmful insects of the Mediterranean basin. Not only are PPM larvae harmful to plants, but they are also dangerous to humans because of their urticating hairs. Although some information is available on climate change effects on the PPM, little is known about its potential effects on PPM egg parasitoids, especially on their distribution range or on their role in controlling PPM populations. The aim of this article was to verify the effects of climate on PPM fecundity and on its egg parasitoids. Our results show that climate warming may affect the PPM positively, but not its egg parasitoids. Specifically, during our study mild winters directly favored the PPM, while increasing summer temperatures (over 30°C) also favored the PPM indirectly, by decreasing parasitism rates. We predict that ever‐milder winters will not only favor PPM development, but also encourage it to spread in otherwise previously inhospitable environments.