bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Point-of-Care Blood Glucose Measurements in Patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis or Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome Admitted to a Critical Care Unit
Authors: Corl Dawn E. , Yin Tom S. , Mills Michelle E. , Spencer Tina L. , Greenfield Lucy , Beauchemin Erin , Cochran Jessica , Suhr Louise D. , Thompson Rachel E. , Wisse Brent E. 
Published: January 2015

Background: Point-of-care (POC) blood glucose (BG) measurement is currently not recommended in the treatment of patients presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS). Methods: We prospectively evaluated and compared capillary and venous POC BG values with laboratory venous glucose in patients with DKA or HHS admitted to one critical care unit over 8 months. Results: Venous laboratory glucose was strongly correlated with venous ( r = 0.98) and capillary ( r = 0.96) POC glucose values, though POC glucose values were higher than venous laboratory values (venous POC 21 ± 3 mg/dl, capillary POC 30 ± 4 mg/dl; both p < .001). Increased plasma osmolality had no effect on glucose meter error, while acidemia (pH < 7.3) was associated with greater glucose meter error ( p = .04) independent of glucose levels. Comparing hypothetical insulin infusion rates based on laboratory venous glucose to actual infusion rates based on POC glucose values showed that 33/61 insulin infusion rates would have been unchanged, while 28 out of 61 rates were on average 7% ± 2% higher. There were no instances of hypoglycemia in any of the patients. Conclusions: Overall, both venous and capillary POC BG values were safe for the purpose of titrating insulin infusions in patients with severe hyperglycemia. Acidemia, but not hyperosmolality, increased POC BG value errors.
Technical Aspects of the Parkes Error Grid
Authors: Pfützner Andreas , Klonoff David C. , Pardo Scott , Parkes Joan L. 
Published: January 2015

Background: The Parkes error grid, which was developed in 1994, presented performance zones for blood glucose (BG) monitors with borders that were not mathematically specified at the time the grid was published. Methods: In this article, we (1) review the history of the Parkes error grid, (2) present the never-before-published exact coordinates and specifications of the grid so that others may produce an exact replica of the original grid, and (3) discuss our suggestions how this metric should be applied. Results: The new ISO15197:2013 guideline for system accuracy assessment of BG meters for patient self-measurement incorporates use of this metric for defining acceptable accuracy of BG monitors. It is expected that, for regulatory purposes, this document will stipulate that the error grid version for type 1 diabetes should be applied with the caveat that only the A zone represents acceptable accuracy. Conclusions: It remains to be seen by how much the new error grid, which is currently being developed by the Food and Drug Administration/Diabetes Technology Society/American Diabetes Association/The Endocrine Society/Association for Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, will deviate from the Parkers error grid.
Analytic Evaluation of a New Glucose Meter System in 15 Different Critical Care Settings
Authors: Mitsios John V. , Ashby Lori A. , Haverstick Doris M. , Bruns David E. , Scott Mitchell G. 
Published: January 2015

Background: Maintaining appropriate glycemic control in critically ill patients reduces morbidity and mortality. The use of point-of-care (POC) glucose devices is necessary to obtain rapid results at the patient's bedside. However, the devices should be thoroughly tested in the intended population before implementation. The use of POC glucose meters in critically ill patients has been questioned both in the literature and by regulatory agencies. The aim of this study was to determine if the ACCU-CHEK® Inform II system (Roche Diagnostics) POC glucose meter demonstrated the desired accuracy and precision, as defined by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guideline POCT12-A3, in a large number of critically ill patients from multiple intensive care settings at two academic medical centers. Methods: A total of 1200 whole blood meter results from 600 patients were compared with central laboratory plasma values. Whole blood aliquots from venous samples were used to obtain duplicate meter results with the remaining sample being processed to obtain plasma for central laboratory testing within 5 min of meter testing. Results: A total of 1185 (98.8%) of the new meter's glucose values were within ±12.5% (±12 mg/dl for values ≥100 mg/dl) of the comparative laboratory glucose values, and 1198 (99.8%) were within ±20% (±20 mg/dl for values <100 mg/dl). Conclusions: Considering the large number of patients from numerous critical care units examined, the new glucose meter system appears to have sufficient analytic accuracy for use in critically ill patients.
Multiplicative Surrogate Standard Deviation: A Group Metric for the Glycemic Variability of Individual Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Braithwaite Susan S. , Umpierrez Guillermo E. , Chase J. Geoffrey 
Published: January 2015

Objective: Group metrics are described to quantify blood glucose (BG) variability of hospitalized patients. Methods: The “multiplicative surrogate standard deviation” (MSSD) is the reverse-transformed group mean of the standard deviations (SDs) of the logarithmically transformed BG data set of each patient. The “geometric group mean” (GGM) is the reverse-transformed group mean of the means of the logarithmically transformed BG data set of each patient. Before reverse transformation is performed, the mean of means and mean of SDs each has its own SD, which becomes a multiplicative standard deviation (MSD) after reverse transformation. Statistical predictions and comparisons of parametric or nonparametric tests remain valid after reverse transformation. A subset of a previously published BG data set of 20 critically ill patients from the first 72 h of treatment under the SPRING protocol was transformed logarithmically. After rank ordering according to the SD of the logarithmically transformed BG data of each patient, the cohort was divided into two equal groups, those having lower or higher variability. Results: For the entire cohort, the GGM was 106 (÷/× 1.07) mg/dl, and MSSD was 1.24 (÷/× 1.07). For the subgroups having lower and higher variability, respectively, the GGM did not differ, 104 (÷/× 1.07) versus 109 (÷/× 1.07) mg/dl, but the MSSD differed, 1.17 (÷/× 1.03) versus 1.31 (÷/× 1.05), p = .00004. Conclusions: By using the MSSD with its MSD, groups can be characterized and compared according to glycemic variability of individual patient members. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2013;7(5):1319–1327
Dose Accuracy and Injection Force of Different Insulin Glargine Pens
Authors: Friedrichs Arnd , Bohnet Janine , Korger Volker , Adler Steffen , Schubert-Zsilavecz Manfred , Abdel-Tawab Mona 
Published: January 2015

Background: Dose accuracy and injection force, representing key parameters of insulin pens, were determined for three pens delivering insulin glargine-based copies, Pen Royale (WR) and DispoPen (WD) for Glaritus® (Wockhardt) and GanLee Pen (GL) for Basalin® (Gan & Lee), compared with pens of the originator, ClikSTAR® (CS) and SoloSTAR® (SS) for Lantus® (Sanofi). Methods: Using the weighing procedure recommended by DIN EN ISO 11608–1:2000, dose accuracy was evaluated based on nonrandomized delivery of low (5 U), mid (30 U), and high (60 U) dosage levels. Injection force was measured by dispensing the maximum dose of insulin (60 U for the GL, WR, and WD; 80 U for the SS and CS) at dose speeds of 6 and 10 U/s. Results: All tested pens delivered comparable average doses within the DIN EN ISO 11608–1:2000 limits at all dosage levels. The GL revealed a higher coefficient of variation (CV) at 5 U, and the WR and WD had higher CVs at all dosage levels compared with the CS and SS. Injection force was higher for the WR, WD, and GL compared with the CS and SS at both dose speeds. In contrast to the CS and SS with an end-of-content feature, doses exceeding the remaining insulin could be dialed with the WR, GL, and WD and, apparently, dispensed with the WD. Conclusions: All pens fulfilled the dose accuracy requirements defined by DIN EN ISO 11608–1:2000 standards at all three dosage levels, with the WR, WD, and GL showing higher dosage variability and injection force compared with the SS and CS. Thus, the devices that deliver insulin glargine copies show different performance characteristics compared with the originator.
A Comparison of Glide Force Characteristics Between 2 Prefilled Insulin Lispro Pens
Authors: Rees Tina M. , Lennartz Amanda H. , Ignaut Debra A. 
Published: January 2015

Background: Glide force, average glide force, and glide force variability of the insulin lispro 200 units/mL pen (Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA) were compared to the Humalog® KwikPen® 100 units/mL pen (hereafter, KwikPen; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA). Methods: Data were collected on 2 doses, 2 injection speeds, and 2 needle types. Results: Insulin lispro 200 units/mL pen showed significantly lower maximum glide force, average glide force, and glide force variability than the KwikPen across all combinations of dose size, dose speed, and needle type. Conclusions: The lower glide force observed with the insulin lispro 200 units/mL pen offers another treatment option for patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who require greater than 20 units of mealtime insulin daily.
High Reported Treatment Satisfaction in People With Type 1 Diabetes Switching to Latest Generation Insulin Pump Regardless of Previous Therapy
Authors: Barnard Katharine D , Bromba Michael , de Lange Mirja , Halbron Marine , Levy Brian L. , Lévy Marc , Lippmann-Grob Bernhard , Walshe Kieran , Ziegler Ralph 
Published: January 2015

Background: The effects of transition by individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) to more recently available continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-enabled insulin pumps from either multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) or older insulin pumps on treatment satisfaction have not been well studied. We conducted a survey to assess treatment satisfaction among users of the Animas® Vibe™ insulin pump, a latest generation insulin pump (LGIP) system (CGM-enabled), after switching from MDI or earlier generation insulin pumps. Methods: Individuals with T1D from 141 centers in 5 countries and 4 language areas participated in the survey. Treatment satisfaction was assessed by the Insulin Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (ITSQ), which was included in a 50-item online questionnaire that also assessed preference for using the LGIP compared with previous treatment and satisfaction with key LGIP features. Results: A total of 356 individuals, ages 12-79 years, responded to the survey: mean (SD) age 38.4 (16.1) years; diabetes duration 19.1 (13.3) years; female 59%; previously treated with MDI 58%. Overall mean (SD) ITSQ scores were high among all respondents regardless of prior treatment: 95.1 (23.2) (scale: 0-132). No differences between previous-treatment groups were seen. Most (83%) of respondents rated the LGIP to be better than their previous insulin delivery system: “much better” (65%), “a bit better” (18%) regardless of age, and 95% would recommend using the LGIP to others. Conclusions: Use of the Animas Vibe was associated with high treatment satisfaction and perceived as a better method of insulin delivery regardless of previous insulin therapy or age.
Analytical Evaluation of the Diazyme Glycated Serum Protein Assay on the Siemens ADVIA 1800
Authors: Rodriguez-Capote Karina , Tovell Kayla , Holmes Deborah , Dayton Janice , Higgins Trefor N. 
Published: January 2015

Background: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is considered the gold standard for assessment of glycemic control in diabetic patients. HbA1c is inadequate in individuals homozygous or compound heterozygous for hemoglobin variants or in conditions with an altered red blood cell turnover. In these cases glycated albumin (GA) is proposed as an alternative assay. We aimed to evaluate the analytical performance of the Diazyme glycated serum protein (GSP) assay on an automated analyzer, to establish a reference interval (RI), and to compare from a clinical perspective, GSP/GA with glycated Hb (glyHb) results. Methods: Validation studies followed the CLSI guidelines and included precision, linearity, interferences, concordance of results with glyHb, and RI calculation. GSP was analyzed on representative samples with previously ordered HbA1c and albumin from the Dyna LIFEDX laboratory. Samples from patients with bisalbuminemia, hemoglobinopathies, and multiple myeloma were also included. Results: Within-run and total imprecision was <3.0% at both levels of control, analytical sensitivity was 5.31 μmol/L, and linearity was verified from 10 to 1150 μmol/L (total allowable error of 5%). Clinical concordance between %GA and glyHb was substantial (n = 175, R2 = .91, kappa = .78, P = .167). GSP RI was 160 to 340 μmol/L or if expressed as %GA 10.5 to 17.5%. Conclusion: Analytical performance of the Diazyme GSP assay on the Siemens ADVIA 1800 is acceptable for clinical use. The RI obtained was higher than that suggested by the manufacturer.
Magnetic model of oxidation process of Y containing Cr–Al–C films
Authors: Boucher R. , Berger O. 
Published: January 2015

Layers containing a mixture of a solid solution and Cr2AlC-MAX phase were magnetically characterised for the first time for various oxidation times. It was found that with increasing oxidation time at 700 and 900°C, there was an initial decrease in the magnetic signal, followed by an increase for longer exposure times. This initial drop was interpreted as being due to the transformation process of the Cr–Al–C layer from solid solution to MAX phase and the subsequent increase due to the breakdown of the MAX phase. For the layers with Y a saturation in the magnetisation with oxidation time was observed which implies that the surface α-Al2O3 had protected the MAX phase from further oxidation and stopped the breakdown of the MAX phase, and for the layers without Y, no saturation was observed, which implies a continuous breakdown due to the ongoing growth of the various alumina phases. These results support the interpretation of previous studies and derived schematic model of the oxidation process on such layers.
Maintenance of mouse hematopoietic stem cells ex vivo by reprogramming cellular metabolism
Authors: Liu Xia , Zheng Hong , Yu Wen-Mei , Cooper Todd M. , Bunting Kevin D. , Qu Cheng-Kui 
Published: January 2015

Key Points
Treatment with alexidine dihydrochloride, a Ptpmt1 inhibitor, reprograms cellular metabolism and preserves long-term stem cells ex vivo. Inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism by metformin also decreases differentiation and helps maintain stem cells in culture.
Defective PDI release from platelets and endothelial cells impairs thrombus formation in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome
Authors: Sharda Anish , Kim Sarah H. , Jasuja Reema , Gopal Srila , Flaumenhaft Robert , Furie Barbara C. , Furie Bruce 
Published: January 2015

Key Points
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome exhibits impaired granule exocytosis and PDI secretion that contribute to its associated bleeding disorder. Endothelial cells deficient in HPS6 show defective secretion of granules, including Weibel-Palade bodies.
Composite end point of graft-versus-host disease-free, relapse-free survival after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Holtan Shernan G. , DeFor Todd E. , Lazaryan Aleksandr , Bejanyan Nelli , Arora Mukta , Brunstein Claudio G. , Blazar Bruce R. , MacMillan Margaret L. , Weisdorf Daniel J. 
Published: January 2015

Key PointsGRFS is a new composite end point useful for comparing HCT techniques and represents ideal post-HCT recovery. In our cohort of 907 allogeneic HCT recipients, 1-year GRFS was 31%, with best outcomes in recipients of marrow from matched sibling donors.
A receptor like kinase gene with expressional responsiveness on Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is essential for Xa21-mediated disease resistance
Authors: Hu Haitao , Wang Jing , Shi Chan , Yuan Can , Peng Chunfang , Yin Junjie , Li Weitao , He Min , Wang Jichun , Ma Bintian , Wang Yuping , Li Shigui , Chen Xuewei 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundLeucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) represent a large class of proteins in regulating plant development and immunity. The LRR-RLK XA21 confers resistance to the bacterial disease caused by the pathogen ofXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae(Xoo). Several XA21 binding proteins have been characterized, however the early events governing XA21 signaling have not been fully elucidated.ResultsHere we report the identification of one LRR-RLK gene (XIK1) whose expression is induced rapidly upon the infection with the pathogen ofXoo. Expression pattern analysis reveals thatXIK1is preferentially expressed in reproductive leaves and panicles, and that expression is associated with plant development. By using RNA interference (RNAi), we silenced the expression ofXIK1in rice withXa21and found that reduced expression ofXIK1compromised disease resistance mediated by XA21. In addition, we found that the expression of the downstream marker genes of pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) in rice was compromised inXa21plants silenced forXIK1.ConclusionOur study reveals that the LRR-RLK geneXIK1isXoo-responsive and positively regulatesXa21-mediated disease resistance.
Coronary stent as a tubular flow heater in magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Vrtnik Stanislav , Wencka Magdalena , Jelen Andreja , Kim Hae Jin , Dolinšek Janez 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundA coronary stent is an artificial metallic tube, inserted into a blocked coronary artery to keep it open. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a stented person is irradiated by the radio-frequency electromagnetic pulses, which induce eddy currents in the stent that produce Joule (resistive) heating. The stent in the vessel is acting like a tubular flow heater that increases the temperature of the vessel wall and the blood that flows through it, representing a potential hazard for the stented patient.MethodsHeating of a metallic coronary stent in MRI was studied theoretically and experimentally. An analytical theoretical model of the stent as a tubular flow heater, based on the thermodynamic law of heat conduction, was developed. The model enables to calculate the time-dependent stent’s temperature during the MRI examination, the increase of the blood temperature passing through the stent and the distribution of the temperature in the vessel wall surrounding the stent. The model was tested experimentally by performing laboratory magnetic resonance heating experiments on a non-inserted stainless-steel coronary stent in the absence of blood flow through it. The model was then used to predict the temperature increase of the stainless-steel coronary stent embedded in a coronary artery in the presence of blood flow under realistic MRI conditions.ResultsThe increase of the stent’s temperature and the blood temperature were found minute, of the order of several tenths of a degree, because the blood flow efficiently cools the stent due to a much larger heat capacity of the blood as compared to the heat capacity of the stent. However, should the stent in the vessel become partially re-occluded due to the restenosis problem, where the blood flow through the stent is reduced, the stent’s temperature may become dangerously high.ConclusionsIn the normal situation of a fully open (unoccluded) stent, the increase of the stent temperature and the blood temperature exiting the stent were found minute, of less than 1°C, so that the blood flow efficiently cools the stent. However, should the problem of restenosis occur, where the blood flow through the stent is reduced, there is a risk of hazardous heating.
Evaluation of sampling strategies to estimate crown biomass
Authors: Poudel Krishna P , Temesgen Hailemariam , Gray Andrew N 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Background
Depending on tree and site characteristics crown biomass accounts for a significant portion of the total aboveground biomass in the tree. Crown biomass estimation is useful for different purposes including evaluating the economic feasibility of crown utilization for energy production or forest products, fuel load assessments and fire management strategies, and wildfire modeling. However, crown biomass is difficult to predict because of the variability within and among species and sites. Thus the allometric equations used for predicting crown biomass should be based on data collected with precise and unbiased sampling strategies. In this study, we evaluate the performance different sampling strategies to estimate crown biomass and to evaluate the effect of sample size in estimating crown biomass.

Methods
Using data collected from 20 destructively sampled trees, we evaluated 11 different sampling strategies using six evaluation statistics: bias, relative bias, root mean square error (RMSE), relative RMSE, amount of biomass sampled, and relative biomass sampled. We also evaluated the performance of the selected sampling strategies when different numbers of branches (3, 6, 9, and 12) are selected from each tree. Tree specific log linear model with branch diameter and branch length as covariates was used to obtain individual branch biomass.

Results
Compared to all other methods stratified sampling with probability proportional to size estimation technique produced better results when three or six branches per tree were sampled. However, the systematic sampling with ratio estimation technique was the best when at least nine branches per tree were sampled. Under the stratified sampling strategy, selecting unequal number of branches per stratum produced approximately similar results to simple random sampling, but it further decreased RMSE when information on branch diameter is used in the design and estimation phases.

Conclusions
Use of auxiliary information in design or estimation phase reduces the RMSE produced by a sampling strategy. However, this is attained by having to sample larger amount of biomass. Based on our finding we would recommend sampling nine branches per tree to be reasonably efficient and limit the amount of fieldwork.
Technical advances in pulsed-neutron interpretation for cased-hole logging: Physics, interpretation, and log examples
Authors: Jacobson Larry , Jambunathan Venkataraman , Liu Zhipeng , Guo Weijun 
Published: January 2015

Recently developed multidetector pulsed-neutron tools (MDPNTs — a term describing a pulsed-neutron tool with at least three detectors) can provide three-phase formation fluid analysis in cased wells. These tools are 43 mm (1 11/16 in.) or 54 mm (2 1/8 in.) in diameter and can be logged in or below most tubing sizes. We reviewed traditional oil- and water-saturation techniques as well as indirect gas-saturation techniques, and we compared them with recently developed direct gas-saturation techniques, now available from MDPNTs. A log example developed the data verification and interpretation process. The interpretation process was divided into two parts: First, we verified the log data quality and second, we applied a newly developed gas model to the log data providing gas saturation without any reliance on the previously determined oil and water saturation.