bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of cytokine production by peanut‐reactive T cells identifies residual Th2 effectors in highly allergic children who received peanut oral immunotherapy
Authors: Wisniewski J. A. , Commins S. P. , Agrawal R. , Hulse K. E. , Yu M. D. , Cronin J. , Heymann P. W. , Pomes A. , Platts‐Mills T. A. , Workman L. , Woodfolk J. A. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryBackgroundOnly limited evidence is available regarding the cytokine repertoire of effector T cells associated with peanut allergy, and how these responses relate to IgE antibodies to peanut components.ObjectiveTo interrogate T cell effector cytokine populations induced by Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 among peanut allergic (PA) children in the context of IgE and to evaluate their modulation during oral immunotherapy (OIT).MethodsPeanut‐reactive effector T cells were analysed in conjunction with specific IgE profiles in PA children using intracellular staining and multiplex assay. Cytokine‐expressing T cell subpopulations were visualized using SPICE.ResultsAra h 2 dominated the antibody response to peanut as judged by prevalence and quantity among a cohort of children with IgE to peanut. High IgE (> 15 kUA/L) was almost exclusively associated with dual sensitization to Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 and was age independent. Among PA children, IL‐4‐biased responses to both major allergens were induced, regardless of whether IgE antibodies to Ara h 1 were present. Among subjects receiving OIT in whom high IgE was maintained, Th2 reactivity to peanut components persisted despite clinical desensitization and modulation of allergen‐specific immune parameters including augmented specific IgG4 antibodies, Th1 skewing and enhanced IL‐10. The complexity of cytokine‐positive subpopulations within peanut‐reactive IL‐4+ and IFN‐γ+ T cells was similar to that observed in those who received no OIT, but was modified with extended therapy. Nonetheless, high Foxp3 expression was a distinguishing feature of peanut‐reactive IL‐4+ T cells irrespective of OIT, and a correlate of their ability to secrete type 2 cytokines.ConclusionAlthough total numbers of peanut‐reactive IL‐4+ and IFN‐γ+ T cells are modulated by OIT in highly allergic children, complex T cell populations with pathogenic potential persist in the presence of recognized immune markers of successful immunotherapy.
Prognostic indicators for surgical peri‐implantitis treatment
Authors: de Waal Yvonne C. M. , Raghoebar Gerry M. , Meijer Henny J. A. , Winkel Edwin G. , van Winkelhoff Arie Jan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectivesObjective of this study was to identify prognostic indicators for the outcome of resective peri‐implantitis treatment, by an analysis of the pooled data of two previously conducted randomized controlled trials.Material and methodsData of 74 patients with peri‐implantitis (187 implants) who had received resective surgical treatment were available. Primary outcome variable was failure of peri‐implantitis treatment after 12 months. Multilevel univariable and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of various potentially prognostic indicators on the primary outcome.ResultsPeri‐implantitis treatment was unsuccessful in 106 implants (57%) and 48 patients (67%) after 12 months. In the multiple regression analysis, the variables “order of inclusion” (P = 0.016) and mean bone loss at baseline (P = 0.030) were significant prognostic indicators for treatment failure. To eliminate the effect of “order of inclusion,” post hoc analyses were carried out in a subgroup of patients. The univariable post hoc analysis showed a significant association for smoking (P = 0.015), maximum pocket depth at baseline (P = 0.073), mean bone loss at baseline (P = 0.003), and presence of plaque (P = 0.100). In the multiple regression post hoc analysis, only the variables smoking (P = 0.044) and mean bone loss (P = 0.043) remained statistically significant.ConclusionsThe outcome of surgical peri‐implantitis treatment is influenced by the experience of the surgical team with the surgical procedure. The observed learning effect has consequences for clinical practice and for conducting and interpreting clinical trials on peri‐implantitis treatment. Other prognostic indicators are amount of peri‐implant bone loss at baseline and smoking, and to a lesser extent, probing pocket depth at baseline and presence of plaque during follow‐up. Early diagnosis of peri‐implantitis and control of behavioral factors are crucial in achieving peri‐implantitis treatment success.
Identity From Variation: Representations of Faces Derived From Multiple Instances
Authors: Burton A. Mike , Kramer Robin S. S. , Ritchie Kay L. , Jenkins Rob 
Published: March 2015

AbstractResearch in face recognition has tended to focus on discriminating between individuals, or “telling people apart.” It has recently become clear that it is also necessary to understand how images of the same person can vary, or “telling people together.” Learning a new face, and tracking its representation as it changes from unfamiliar to familiar, involves an abstraction of the variability in different images of that person's face. Here, we present an application of principal components analysis computed across different photos of the same person. We demonstrate that people vary in systematic ways, and that this variability is idiosyncratic—the dimensions of variability in one face do not generalize well to another. Learning a new face therefore entails learning how that face varies. We present evidence for this proposal and suggest that it provides an explanation for various effects in face recognition. We conclude by making a number of testable predictions derived from this framework.
Ideal and Nonideal Reasoning in Educational Theory
Authors: Jaggar Alison M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe terms “ideal theory” and “nonideal theory” are used in contemporary Anglophone political philosophy to identify alternative methodological approaches for justifying normative claims. Each term is used in multiple ways. In this article Alison M. Jaggar disentangles several versions of ideal and nonideal theory with a view to determining which elements may be helpful in designing models of real‐world justice that are contextually relevant, morally plausible, and practically feasible.
The Meritocratic Conception of Educational Equality: Ideal Theory Run Amuck
Authors: Howe Kenneth R. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe dominant conception of educational equality in the United States is meritocratic: an individual's chances of educational achievements should track only (natural) talent and effort, not social class or other morally irrelevant factors. The meritocratic conception must presuppose that natural talent and effort can be isolated from social class — and environmental factors in general — if it is to provide guidance in the world of educational policy and practice. In this article Kenneth R. Howe challenges that presupposition and related elements of the meritocratic conception having to do with the role of competition and education as a positional good. Howe argues that, in use, the meritocratic conception unavoidably distributes education based on developed talent and motivation that cannot be isolated from the effects of social class, thus masking the real basis of the distribution and contributing to the perpetuation of illicit group privilege. Howe then entertains and rejects several rejoinders to his critique, including that the meritocratic conception might eliminate the presupposition of isolatable natural talent. Finally, Howe sketches an alternative conception of educational equality based on Elizabeth Anderson's adaptation of Rawls's “democratic equality.”
Main stem movement of Atlantic salmon parr in response to high river temperature
Authors: Dugdale Stephen J. , Franssen Jan , Corey Emily , Bergeron Normand E. , Lapointe Michel , Cunjak Richard A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAtlantic salmon become thermally stressed when water temperatures exceed 23 °C. To alleviate this stress, they behaviourally thermoregulate by moving to patches of cold water, often forming large aggregations. These patches are known as thermal refuges. Given the consensus that climate change will increase temperatures in Atlantic salmon catchments, thermal refuges will become increasingly important in minimising summer mortalities. While the behaviour of salmonids within thermal refuges is fairly well understood, less is known about their main stem movement in search of thermal refuges or its thermal and temporal cues. We detail the results of a PIT telemetry study to investigate the main stem movement behaviour of thermally stressed Atlantic salmon parr in a temperature‐impacted river. PIT antennas placed around two thermal refuges and at the upstream and downstream limits of their surrounding reach were used to record the movement of salmonids during a heatwave. We observed parr movement at the upstream and downstream antennas 135 min prior to the occurrence of the midpoint of aggregations in the thermal refuges, indicating that Atlantic salmon parr make reach‐scale movements in search of cool water prior to aggregating. Logistic regression showed that the number of degree hours >28 °C predicted the occurrence of main stem movement with a good degree of accuracy, indicating that this temperature represents a fundamental threshold causing Atlantic salmon parr to move towards cool water. Such data could be instrumental in allowing river managers to place limits on human activity within rivers, allowing salmon populations time to recover following heat stress events.
Breaking down the Species Boundaries: Selective Pressures behind Interspecific Communication in Vertebrates
Authors: Westrip James R. S. , Bell Matthew B. V. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractStudying heterospecific communication provides an opportunity to examine the dynamics of cross‐species social behaviour. It allows us to ask questions about the extent to which the transfer of information is adaptive or accidental and provides an empirically tractable context for manipulating relationships. To date, most studies of heterospecific communication have focussed on receivers. However, the selective pressures on signallers can be as important in determining the dynamics of interspecific communication. Here, we propose a simple framework for thinking about cross‐species information transfer, which (i) considers whether information exchange is either accidental or adaptive and (ii) whether it is unidirectional or bidirectional. To clearly classify interactions, it is necessary to quantify all of the payoffs of interspecific communication to both signallers and receivers. This requires accurate characterisation of the currency influenced by cross‐species communication (e.g. weight gain, foraging success, survival). However, quantifying the payoffs may be difficult, because each side may be benefiting via different currencies. To date, studies on heterospecific communication have focussed on only one dimension of a niche (usually antipredator or foraging signals). However, because niches are multidimensional, investigations should incorporate multiple aspects of a species’ niche, to get a better perspective on why we see certain patterns of information use between species.
Bone marrow‐specific caspase‐1/11 deficiency inhibits atherosclerosis development in Ldlr−/− mice
Authors: Hendrikx Tim , Jeurissen Mike L. J. , van Gorp Patrick J. , Gijbels Marion J. , Walenbergh Sofie M. A. , Houben Tom , van Gorp Rick , Pöttgens Chantal C. , Stienstra Rinke , Netea Mihai G. , Hofker Marten H. , Donners Marjo M. P. C. , Shiri‐Sverdlov Ronit 
Published: March 2015

Recent investigations have suggested that inflammasome activation plays an important role during atherosclerosis. Upon activation, the inflammasome induces processing and release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL‐1β) and interleukin 18 (IL‐18) via activation of caspase‐1/11. Previously, it was shown that complete caspase‐1 deficiency is protective against atherosclerosis development. However, while macrophages are the main inflammatory cells involved in atherosclerosis, the exact role of macrophage‐specific caspase‐1/11 activation during development of cardiovascular disease has never been investigated. We hypothesized that hematopoietic caspase‐1/11 deficiency leads to reduced atherosclerosis development. To investigate the specific contribution of hematopoietic caspase‐1/11 activation to atherosclerosis development, Ldlr−/− mice received a transplant (tp) of wild‐type (WT) or caspase‐1/11−/− bone marrow, to create WT‐tp mice and caspase‐1/11−/−‐tp mice, and fed a high‐fat, high‐cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. Our results showed an increase in anti‐inflammatory blood leukocytes in caspase‐1/11−/−‐tp mice compared with WT‐tp mice, as indicated by a decreased level of Ly6Chigh monocytes and an increased level of Ly6Clow monocytes. In line with our hypothesis, hematopoietic deletion of caspase‐1/11 resulted in a strong reduction in atherosclerotic plaque size. Furthermore, necrotic core content was dramatically decreased in caspase‐1/11−/−‐tp mice. Our data indicate that hematopoietic caspase‐1/11 activation is involved in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, and plays an important role in cardiovascular disease progression.
The three‐dimensional structure of VIM‐31 – a metallo‐β‐lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae in its native and oxidized form
Authors: Kupper Michaël B. , Herzog Konrad , Bennink Sandra , Schlömer Philipp , Bogaerts Pierre , Glupczynski Youri , Fischer Rainer , Bebrone Carine , Hoffmann Kurt M. 
Published: March 2015

The metallo‐β‐lactamase VIM‐31 differs from VIM‐2 by only two Tyr224His and His252Arg substitutions. Located close to the active site, the Tyr224His substitution is also present in VIM‐1, VIM‐4, VIM‐7 and VIM‐12. The VIM‐31 variant was reported in 2012 from Enterobacter cloacae and kinetically characterized. It exhibits globally lower catalytic efficiencies than VIM‐2. In the present study, we report the three‐dimensional structures of VIM‐31 in its native (reduced) and oxidized forms. The so‐called ‘flapping‐loop’ (loop 1) and loop 3 of VIM‐31 were not positioned as in VIM‐2 but instead were closer to the active site as in VIM‐4, resulting in a narrower active site in VIM‐31. Also, the presence of His224 in VIM‐31 disrupts hydrogen‐bonding networks close to the active site. Moreover, a third zinc‐binding site, which also exists in VIM‐2 structures, could be identified as a structural explanation for the decreased activity of VIM‐MBLs at high zinc concentrations.
Integrating recreational fisheries data into stock assessment: implications for model performance and subsequent harvest strategies
Authors: Griffiths S. P. , Fay G. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the impacts of recreational fishing on commercially fished stocks is becoming increasingly relevant for fisheries managers. However, data from recreational fisheries are not commonly included in stock assessments of commercially fished stocks. Simulation models of two assessment methods employed in Australia's Commonwealth fisheries were used to explore how recreational fishery data can be included, and the likely consequences for management. In a data‐poor management strategy for blue eye trevalla, Hyperoglyphe antarctica (Carmichael), temporal trends in recreational catch most affected management outcomes. In a data‐rich age‐structured stock assessment for striped marlin, Kajikia audax (Philippi), estimates of stock status were biased when recreational catches were large or when the recreational fishery targeted different size classes than the commercial fishery and these data were not integrated into the assessment. Including data from recreational fishing can change perceptions of stock status and impact recommendations for harvest strategies and management action. An understanding of recreational fishery dynamics should be prioritised for some species.
SERT and uncertainty: serotonin transporter expression influences information processing biases for ambiguous aversive cues in mice
Authors: McHugh S. B. , Barkus C. , Lima J. , Glover L. R. , Sharp T. , Bannerman D. M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe long allele variant of the serotonin transporter (SERT, 5‐HTT) gene‐linked polymorphic region (5‐HTTLPR) is associated with higher levels of 5‐HTT expression and reduced risk of developing affective disorders. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this protective effect. One hypothesis is that 5‐HTT expression influences aversive information processing, with reduced negative cognitive bias present in those with higher 5‐HTT expression. Here we investigated this hypothesis using genetically‐modified mice and a novel aversive learning paradigm. Mice with high levels of 5‐HTT expression (5‐HTT over‐expressing, 5‐HTTOE mice) and wild‐type mice were trained to discriminate between three distinct auditory cues: one cue predicted footshock on all trials (CS+); a second cue predicted the absence of footshock (CS−); and a third cue predicted footshock on 20% of trials (CS20%), and was therefore ambiguous. Wild‐type mice exhibited equivalently high levels of fear to the CS+ and CS20% and minimal fear to the CS−. In contrast, 5‐HTTOE mice exhibited high levels of fear to the CS+ but minimal fear to the CS− and the CS20%. This selective reduction in fear to ambiguous aversive cues suggests that increased 5‐HTT expression reduces negative cognitive bias for stimuli with uncertain outcomes.
Effect of movement kinematics on the cyclic fatigue resistance of nickel–titanium instruments
Authors: Karataş E. , Arslan H. , Büker M. , Seçkin F. , Çapar I. D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimTo compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of new generation OneShape and WaveOne instruments when used with different kinematics.MethodologyAn artificial canal, made of stainless steel with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm, a 60° angle of curvature and a curvature radius of 3 mm, was used for cyclic fatigue test of new generation OneShape and WaveOne instruments. Groups were as follows (n = 20): 150°–30°, 210°–30°, 360°–30° and continuous rotation. The time to fracture was recorded in seconds, and the data were analysed statistically using a two‐way anova and LSD tests (P = 0.05).ResultsCyclic fatigue resistance was significantly affected by the movement kinematics (P < 0.001). The cyclic fatigue resistance of the new generation OneShape instruments increased significantly when operated in various reciprocation motions (150° CW–30° CCW, 210° CW–30° CCW and 360° CW–30° CCW) compared with the continuous rotation mode. New generation OneShape instruments had significantly more resistance to fracture under cyclic loading than WaveOne instruments (P < 0.001).ConclusionsWhen using new generation OneShape and WaveOne instruments, all the reciprocating motions (150° CW–30° CCW, 210° CW–30° CCW and 360° CW–30° CCW) resulted in extended fatigue life when compared with continuous rotation.
Optimization of Lithium Content and Sintering Aid for Maximized Li+ Conductivity and Density in Ta‐Doped Li7La3Zr2O12
Authors: Janani Narayanasamy , Ramakumar Sampathkumar , Kannan Subramanian , Murugan Ramaswamy 
Published: March 2015

Ta‐doped cubic phase Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) lithium garnet received considerable attention in recent times as prospective electrolyte for all‐solid‐state lithium battery. Although the conductivity has been improved by stabilizing the cubic phase with the Ta5+ doping for Zr4+ in LLZ, the density of the pellet was found to be relatively poor with large amount of pores. In addition to the high Li+ conductivity, density is also an essential parameter for the successful application of LLZ as solid electrolyte membrane in all‐solid‐state lithium battery. Systematic investigations carried out through this work indicated that the optimal Li concentration of 6.4 (i.e., Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12) is required to obtain phase pure, relatively dense and high Li+ conductive cubic phase in Li7−xLa3Zr2−xTaxO12 solid solutions. Effort has been also made in this work to enhance the density and Li+ conductivity of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 further through the Li4SiO4 addition. A maximized room‐temperature (33°C) total (bulk + grain boundary) Li+ conductivity of 3.7 × 10−4 S/cm and maximized relative density of 94% was observed for Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 added with 1 wt% of Li4SiO4.
The Impact of the Birth of a Child with Intellectual Disabilities on Pre‐Existing Parental Christian Faith from the Perspective of Parents Who Have Parented Their Child to Adulthood
Authors: Baines Susannah , Hatton Chris 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundFaith in the lives of UK families with an adult with intellectual disabilities is an under‐researched area with little existing literature. Research in the United States with Christian parents suggests that they draw on their faith for coping (Rogers‐Dulan 1998) and for understanding (Skinner et al. 1999).MethodsIn this study, grounded theory methodology has been used to examine the impact on pre‐existing parental faith of the birth of a child with intellectual disabilities from the perspective of parents who have parented their children to adulthood. Seventeen parents or couples took part in semistructured qualitative interviews about their faith.ResultsThe majority of parents after their child were diagnosed with intellectual disabilities went through a period of flux when they questioned the role of God in the disability.ConclusionsThe positive or negative connotations of the attempts at meaning‐making did not impact on the eventual outcome for the parents. They eventually put such existential questions aside, accepted their child, and continued in their faith. The implications of the research for health professionals, church organizations and researchers are considered.
Circulating between Rural and Urban Communities: Multisited Dwellings in Amazonian Frontiers
Authors: Peluso Daniela M. 
Published: March 2015

ResumenEl presente articulo argumenta que los procesos de urbanización indígena en la Amazonía indígena difieren de otros procesos migratorios en la región. La migración indígena raramente implica una ausencia o dislocación total o permanente fuera de la comunidad de origen hacia la ciudad. La migración en estos contextos implica un posicionamiento flexible del individuo como posible agente urbano, lo cual a su vez permite la creación de una serie de vínculos activos entre ciudad y comunidad. El proceso de urbanización indígena implica una mayor presencia indígena en las ciudades así como al crecimiento de la ciudad debido a la presencia indígena. Dichos procesos de urbanización indígena requieren una atención más matizada. Luego de presentar una visión general sobre los tipos de relaciones y patrones de residencia entre las diferentes comunidades Ese Eja y los centros urbanos más próximos en Perú y Bolivia, dirijo mi atención hacia una sola comunidad y el nexo con una ciudad, brindando un análisis detallado y matizado sobre las interacciones, actitudes y dinámicas ligadas a lo que es una compleja existencia urbana‐rural. Adicionalmente, me focalizo en las formas a través de las cuales las personas combinan y integran elementos urbanos y rurales en la construcción de la persona y en las interacciones estratégicas que dichas tipos de posicionamiento implican en diferentes contextos comunitarios y urbanos, a partir de los cuales las personas se forman a la vez como sujetos ‘urbanos’ y seres alternos ‘indígenas’. El presente articulo contribuye a una serie de debates en torno a la relación entre los espacios urbanos y rurales dentro de la literatura emergente sobre el cosmopolitanismo indígena. Sugiero que las experiencias vivenciales asociadas a los paisajes urbanos merecen mayor atención en los trabajos etnográficos en la Amazonía.