bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Realizacja samoglasnika /e/ pod naglaskom i u ostalim pozicijama prozodijske reči u makedonskom jeziku. Sondažna istraživanja
Authors: Cychnerska Anna 
Published: September 2015

Realization of the vowel /e/ in stressed and unstressed positions in the prosodic word in Macedonian. Preliminary studyAccording to the information in "Phonology of the contemporary standard Macedonian language" by I. Sawicka and L. Spasov (1991) realization of the Macedonian middle vowels /e/ and /o/ is higher, for example, than middle Polish or Serbian vowels. It is also believed that the Macedonian stressed vowels are higher than vowels in unstressed position.This article presents the preliminary results of the controls F1 and F2 of the vowel /e/ in various positions within the prosodic word. 120 words were analyzed in which /e/ occurred in the stressed position (40 words), or unstressed (in the first or second syllable before the stress - 40 words, and in the first or second syllable after the stress - 40 words).The results show that the value of F1 and F2 may depend on several factors. The most important among them is the position of the stressed or unstressed syllable. Realization of the stressed vowel /e/ is the highest. Articulation of the vowel /e/ in unstressed syllables is higher before the stress than after the stress. The realization of the vowel /e/ is also influenced by word-initial or final location. The beginning of the word is pronounced faster and stronger, whereas the end of the word - slower and weaker. The realization may depend on whether the syllable is open or closed. In the open syllable at the end of the word, the vowel /e/ is higher than in the closed syllable. Realizacja samogłoski /e/ w pozycji akcentowanej i nieakcentowanej w języku macedońskim. Badania preliminarneZgodnie z informacją zawartą w Fonologii współczesnego standardowego języka macedońskiego autorstwa I. Sawickiej i L. Spasova (1991) realizacja samogłosek średnich /e/ i /o/ jest wyższa od średnich samogłosek polskich czy serbskich. Uważa się również, że macedońskie samogłoski pod akcentem są wyższe od samogłosek w pozycji nieakcentowanej.Artykuł prezentuje sondażowe wyniki pomiarów F1 i F2 samogłoski /e/ w różnych pozycjach. Zanalizowano 120 wyrazów, w których /e/ wystąpiło pod akcentem (40 przykładów) oraz poza akcentem (40 przykładów z /e/ w I lub II sylabie przed akcentem oraz 40 przykładów z /e/ w I lub II sylabie po akcencie).Wyniki badania pokazują, że wysokość F1 i F2 samogłoski /e/ zależy od różnych czynników. Najważniejszy z nich to występowanie samogłoski w sylabie akcentowanej lub nieakcentowanej. Samogłoska /e/ jest wyższa pod akcentem niż poza akcentem. Badania wykazały, że realizacja samogłoski /e/ jest wyższa w sylabach przed akcentem niż po akcencie. Na wysokość samogłoski /e/ może również wpłynąć jej wystąpienie na początku lub na końcu wyrazu. Uważa się, że inicjalna część wyrazu jest wymawiana szybciej i silniej, natomiast część finalna wolniej i słabiej. Realizacja samogłoski może także zależeć od tego, czy występuje ona w sylabie zamkniętej czy otwartej. W wygłosowej sylabie otwartej samogłoska zwykle jest wyższa.
Symmetric and Geostrophic Instabilities in the Wave-Forced Ocean Mixed Layer
Authors: Haney Sean , Fox-Kemper Baylor , Julien Keith , Webb Adrean 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHere, the effects of surface waves on submesoscale instabilities are studied through analytical and linear analyses as well as nonlinear large-eddy simulations of the wave-averaged Boussinesq equations. The wave averaging yields a surface-intensified current (Stokes drift) that advects momentum, adds to the total Coriolis force, and induces a Stokes shear force. The Stokes–Coriolis force alters the geostrophically balanced flow by reducing the burden on the Eulerian–Coriolis force to prop up the front, thereby potentially inciting an anti-Stokes Eulerian shear, while maintaining the Lagrangian (Eulerian plus Stokes) shear. Since the Lagrangian shear is maintained, the Charney–Stern–Pedlosky criteria for quasigeostrophic (QG) baroclinic instability are unchanged with the appropriate Lagrangian interpretation of the shear and QG potential vorticity. While the Stokes drift does not directly affect vorticity, the anti-Stokes Eulerian shear contributes to the Ertel potential vorticity (PV). When the Stokes shear and geostrophic shear are aligned (antialigned), the PV is more (less) cyclonic. If the Stokes-modified PV is anticyclonic, the flow is unstable to symmetric instabilities (SI). Stokes drift also weakly impacts SI through the Stokes shear force. When the Stokes and Eulerian shears are the same (opposite) sign, the Stokes shear force does positive (negative) work on the flow associated with SI. Stokes drift also allows SI to extract more potential energy from the front, providing an indirect mechanism for Stokes-induced restratification.
Histone Deacetylase 2 in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Patients in Response to Intratympanic Methylprednisolone Perfusion
Authors: Hou Jie , She Wandong , Du Xiaoping , Dai Yanhong , Xie Lisheng , Zhou Qiongqiong 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the expression of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) who were refractory to systemic glucocorticoid treatment and to identify the relationship between the level of HDAC2 and glucocorticoid insensitivity.Study DesignProspective clinical study.SettingThis study was conducted in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School.Subjects and MethodsPBMCs were collected from 42 refractory SSNHL patients. After a 10‐day intratympanic methylprednisolone perfusion (IMP) and systemic Ginkgo biloba extract treatment, the SSNHL patients were divided into 2 groups according to their hearing recovery after IMP (IMP sensitive and insensitive). Real‐time polymerase chain reaction and HDAC2 protein assays were used to detect the relative expression levels of HDAC2 in PBMCs. The HDAC2 mRNA expression and protein levels in PBMCs collected from 17 volunteers were used as normal HDAC2 reference levels.ResultsCompared with normal reference levels, HDAC2 protein levels were significantly reduced, while the HDAC2 mRNA expression was much higher in all refractory SSNHL patients before IMP. HDAC2 mRNA expression and HDAC2 protein levels were significantly elevated in the IMP‐sensitive group, while no change was observed in the IMP‐insensitive group after IMP plus systemic antioxidant treatment.ConclusionsReduced HDAC2 protein levels may be 1 of the mechanistic underpinnings of corticosteroid insensitivity in refractory SSNHL patients. IMP can increase HDAC2 protein levels and the expression of HDAC2 mRNA in IMP‐sensitive patients. HDAC2 protein levels might be regulated through posttranslational modifications.
Preconceptional and prenatal supplementary folic acid and multivitamin intake and autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Virk Jasveer , Liew Zeyan , Olsen Jørn , Nohr Ellen A , Catov Janet M , Ritz Beate 
Published: September 2015

Objective: To evaluate whether early folic acid supplementation during pregnancy prevents diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in offspring. Methods: Information on autism spectrum disorder diagnosis was obtained from the National Hospital Register and the Central Psychiatric Register. We estimated risk ratios for autism spectrum disorders for children whose mothers took folate or multivitamin supplements from 4 weeks prior from the last menstrual period through to 8 weeks after the last menstrual period (−4 to 8 weeks) by three 4-week periods. Results: We did not find an association between early folate or multivitamin intake for autism spectrum disorder (folic acid—adjusted risk ratio: 1.06, 95% confidence interval: 0.82–1.36; multivitamin—adjusted risk ratio: 1.00, 95% confidence interval: 0.82–1.22), autistic disorder (folic acid—adjusted risk ratio: 1.18, 95% confidence interval: 0.76–1.84; multivitamin—adjusted risk ratio: 1.22, 95% confidence interval: 0.87–1.69), Asperger’s syndrome (folic acid—adjusted risk ratio: 0.85, 95% confidence interval: 0.46–1.53; multivitamin—adjusted risk ratio: 0.95, 95% confidence interval: 0.62–1.46), or pervasive developmental disorder–not otherwise specified (folic acid—adjusted risk ratio: 1.07, 95% confidence interval: 0.75–1.54; multivitamin: adjusted risk ratio: 0.87, 95% confidence interval: 0.65–1.17) compared with women reporting no supplement use in the same period. Conclusion: We did not find any evidence to corroborate previous reports of a reduced risk for autism spectrum disorders in offspring of women using folic acid supplements in early pregnancy.
Acute abdominal pain in the emergency department of a university hospital in Italy
Authors: Caporale Nicolò , Morselli‐Labate Antonio Maria , Nardi Elena , Cogliandro Rosanna , Cavazza Mario , Stanghellini Vincenzo 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundAcute abdominal pain (AAP) is one of the most common causes of referral to an emergency department (ED), but information about its impact is limited.ObjectivesThe objectives of this article are to define the prevalence of AAP among ED visits in a large university hospital and analyze its main clinical features.MethodsAll patients admitted at the Sant’Orsola, Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna ED on 12 a priori selected sample days in 2013 were included. General data were recorded for each patient. A total of 192 clinical variables were recorded for each patient with abdominal pain.ResultsDuring the observation period the ED assisted 2623 patients with a daily admission rate of 219 ± 20 (mean ± SD). Of these, 239 patients complained of AAP as their chief complaint at entry (prevalence = 9.1%). AAP prevalence was significantly higher in females than in males (10.4% vs. 7.8%; OR = 1.37; p  = 0.021) as well as in foreign over Italian patients (13.2% vs. 8.5%; OR = 1.64; p  = 0.007). The most frequent ED operative diagnoses were non‐specific abdominal pain (n  = 86, 36.0%) and gastrointestinal (GI) tract‐related pain (n  = 79, 33.1%; n  = 19 upper GI, n  = 60 lower GI).ConclusionsAAP is a common cause of referral at EDs. Despite technological advances, non‐specific abdominal pain is still the main operative diagnosis.
A delayed onset of bowel activity after the start of conventional polyethylene glycol predicts inadequate colon cleansing before colonoscopy: A prospective observational study
Authors: Papastergiou Vasilios , Papasavvas Stelios , Mathou Nicoletta , Giannakopoulos Athanasios , Evgenidi Aikaterini , Karagiannis John A , Paraskeva Konstantina D 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundEvaluation of factors correlating with the quality of bowel preparation (QBP) is critical to ensure high‐quality colonoscopy.ObjectivesWe sought to determine whether the time interval between the start of conventional polyethylene glycol (PEG) ingestion and the onset of bowel activity is predictive of QBP.MethodsConsecutive adult outpatients attending colonoscopy were prospectively assessed. Data including demographics, medical history, time of starting/completion of PEG and time when bowel activity started were recorded. The QBP was assessed according to the Ottawa bowel preparation score (OBPS); inadequate QBP was OBPS ≥7.ResultsA total of 171 patients (92 males, mean age: 60.5 years) complying with preparation instructions were included. The median OBPS was 5 (range: 1–13) and 57 (33.3%) had inadequate QBP. The median interval between the initiation of PEG and the onset of bowel activity was 60 min (range: 9–300 min). Patients (n  = 52, 30.4%) with a delayed (>90 min) onset of bowel activity had poorer QBP (p  = 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, male gender (OR: 2.38, p  = 0.03), the interval between the end of preparation and the start of colonoscopy (OR: 1.94, p  = 0.02) and time to onset of bowel activity >90 min (OR: 3.38, p  = 0.004) were predictive of inadequate QBP.ConclusionThe time interval between the initiation of PEG ingestion and the onset of bowel activity is predictive of the QBP. Our data support “on demand” intensification of bowel preparation in patients with a delayed onset of purgative response to PEG.
The ABCC4 membrane transporter modulates platelet aggregation
Authors: Cheepala Satish B. , Pitre Aaron , Fukuda Yu , Takenaka Kazumasa , Zhang Yuanyuan , Wang Yao , Frase Sharon , Pestina Tamara , Gartner T. Kent , Jackson Carl , Schuetz John D. 
Published: September 2015

Key Points
The ABC transporter, ABCC4, localizes to the platelet plasma membrane and regulates aggregation by exporting cAMP and antithrombotic drugs.
The epidemiology of sepsis: questioning our understanding of the role of race
Authors: Valley Thomas S. , Cooke Colin R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractRace has been identified as an important risk factor for the development of sepsis and as a predictor of poor outcomes in sepsis. For example, black individuals have been demonstrated to be nearly twice as likely to develop sepsis and to have greater mortality from sepsis than white individuals. Recent data from a longitudinal cohort, which examined incident hospitalizations for infections occurring among participants in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort, contradicts this prior research. Investigators determined that black participants were significantly less likely than white participants to present to the hospital with either infection or sepsis. Although these results are intriguing, they highlight our inadequate understanding of the relationship between race and sepsis and motivate the need for higher quality epidemiologic research to isolate the true role of race in the development of sepsis.
Accrediting retail drug shops to strengthen Tanzania’s public health system: an ADDO case study
Authors: Rutta Edmund , Liana Jafary , Embrey Martha , Johnson Keith , Kimatta Suleiman , Valimba Richard , Lieber Rachel , Shekalaghe Elizabeth , Sillo Hiiti 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Retail drug sellers are a major source of health care and medicines in many countries. In Tanzania, drug shops are widely used, particularly in rural and underserved areas. Previously, the shops were allowed to sell only over-the-counter medicines, but sellers who were untrained and unqualified often illegally sold prescription drugs of questionable quality.

Case description
In 2003, we worked with Tanzania’s Ministry of Health and Social Welfare to develop a public-private partnership based on a holistic approach that builds the capacity of owners, dispensers, and institutions that regulate, own, or work in retail drug shops. For shop owners and dispensers, this was achieved by combining training, business incentives, supervision, and regulatory enforcement with efforts to increase client demand for and expectations of quality products and services. The accredited drug dispensing outlet (ADDO) program’s goal is to improve access to affordable, quality medicines and pharmaceutical services in retail drug outlets in rural or peri-urban areas with few or no registered pharmacies. The case study characterizes how the ADDO program achieved that goal based on the World Health Organization’s health system strengthening building blocks: 1) service delivery, 2) health workforce, 3) health information systems, 4) access to essential medicines, 5) financing, and 6) leadership and governance.

Discussion and evaluation
The ADDO program has proven to be scalable, sustainable, and transferable: Tanzania has rolled out the program nationwide; the ADDO program has been institutionalized as part of the country’s health system; shops are profitable and meeting consumer demands; and the ADDO model has been adapted and implemented in Uganda and Liberia. The critical element that was essential to the ADDO program’s success is stakeholder engagement—the successful buy-in and sustained commitment came directly from the effort, time, and resources spent to fully connect with vital stakeholders at all levels.

Conclusions
Beyond improving the quality of medicines and dispensing services, availability of essential medicines, and the regulatory system, the impact of a nationwide accredited drug seller approach on the pharmaceutical sector promises to provide a model framework for private-sector pharmaceutical delivery in the developing world that is sustainable without ongoing donor support.
Establishing Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis infection and intestinal colonization
Authors: Everman Jamie L. , Ziaie Navid R. , Bechler Jessica , Bermudez Luiz E. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has become a model system for studying the disease interaction between pathogens and the host. To determine whether the transparent nematode could serve as a useful model for Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis (MAH) infection of the intestinal tract, worms were fed MAH and assayed for the effects of the bacterial infection on the worm. It was observed during feeding that viable MAH increases in the intestinal lumen in a time dependent manner. Ingestion of MAH was deemed non-toxic to worms as MAH-fed populations have similar survival curves to those fed E. coli strain OP50. Pulse-chase analysis using E. coli strain OP50 revealed that MAH colonize the intestinal tract, as viable MAH remain within the intestine after the assay. Visualization of intestinal MAH using histology and transmission electron microscopy demonstrates that MAH localizes to the intestinal lumen, as well as establishes direct contact with intestinal epithelium. Bacterial colonization appears to have a detrimental effect on the microvilli of the intestinal epithelial cells. The MAH ΔGPL/4B2 strain with a mutation in glycopeptidolipid production is deficient in binding to human epithelial cells (HEp-2), as well as deficient in its ability to bind to and colonize the intestinal tract of C. elegans as efficiently as wild-type MAH. These data indicate the C. elegans may serve as a useful model system for MAH pathogenesis and in determining the mechanisms used by MAH during infection and colonization of the intestinal epithelium.
Prey interception drives web invasion and spider size determines successful web takeover in nocturnal orb-web spiders
Authors: Gan Wenjin , Liu Shengjie , Yang Xiaodong , Li Daiqin , Lei Chaoliang 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
A striking feature of web-building spiders is the use of silk to make webs, mainly for prey capture. However, building a web is energetically expensive and increases the risk of predation. To reduce such costs and still have access to abundant prey, some web-building spiders have evolved web invasion behaviour. In general, no consistent patterns of web invasion have emerged and the factors determining web invasion remain largely unexplored. Here we report web invasion among conspecifics in seven nocturnal species of orb-web spiders, and examined the factors determining the probability of webs that could be invaded and taken over by conspecifics. About 36% of webs were invaded by conspecifics, and 25% of invaded webs were taken over by the invaders. A web that was built higher and intercepted more prey was more likely to be invaded. Once a web was invaded, the smaller the size of the resident spider, the more likely its web would be taken over by the invader. This study suggests that web invasion, as a possible way of reducing costs, may be widespread in nocturnal orb-web spiders.
Rac1 augments Wnt signaling by stimulating β-catenin–lymphoid enhancer factor-1 complex assembly independent of β-catenin nuclear import
Authors: Jamieson Cara , Lui Christina , Brocardo Mariana G. , Martino-Echarri Estefania , Henderson Beric R. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
β-Catenin transduces the Wnt signaling pathway and its nuclear accumulation leads to gene transactivation and cancer. Rac1 GTPase is known to stimulate β-catenin-dependent transcription of Wnt target genes and we confirmed this activity. Here we tested the recent hypothesis that Rac1 augments Wnt signaling by enhancing β-catenin nuclear import; however, we found that silencing/inhibition or up-regulation of Rac1 had no influence on nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. To better define the role of Rac1, we employed proximity ligation assays (PLA) and discovered that a significant pool of Rac1–β-catenin protein complexes redistribute from the plasma membrane to the nucleus upon Wnt or Rac1 activation. More importantly, active Rac1 was shown to stimulate the formation of nuclear β-catenin–lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF-1) complexes. This regulation required Rac1-dependent phosphorylation of β-catenin at specific serines, which when mutated (S191A and S605A) reduced β-catenin binding to LEF-1 by up to 50%, as revealed by PLA and immunoprecipitation experiments. We propose that Rac1-mediated phosphorylation of β-catenin stimulates Wnt-dependent gene transactivation by enhancing β-catenin–LEF-1 complex assembly, providing new insight into the mechanism of cross-talk between Rac1 and canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
Data Normalization Strategies for MicroRNA Quantification
Authors: Schwarzenbach Heidi , da Silva Andreia Machado , Calin George , Pantel Klaus 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Different technologies, such as quantitative real-time PCR or microarrays, have been developed to measure microRNA (miRNA) expression levels. Quantification of miRNA transcripts implicates data normalization using endogenous and exogenous reference genes for data correction. However, there is no consensus about an optimal normalization strategy. The choice of a reference gene remains problematic and can have a serious impact on the actual available transcript levels and, consequently, on the biological interpretation of data.

CONTENT
In this review article we discuss the reliability of the use of small RNAs, commonly reported in the literature as miRNA expression normalizers, and compare different strategies used for data normalization.

SUMMARY
A workflow strategy is proposed for normalization of miRNA expression data in an attempt to provide a basis for the establishment of a global standard procedure that will allow comparison across studies.
The importance of monitoring nurses' workplace satisfaction of nurses for the well-being of all employees in nursing
Authors: Lorber Mateja , Treven Sonja , Mumel Damijan 
Published: September 2015

Introduction: Work is an important constituent of an individual’s life since the experience of work influences well-being and health. The well-being of employees is an important issue in the work environment. The aim was to examine the relationship between satisfaction in the workplace and the well-being of employees in nursing.
Methods: Quantitative research based on a cross-sectional study was used, with 640 employees in nursing from eight Slovenian hospitals participating in the study. A structured survey questionnaire was administered. The relationship between psychological well-being and workplace satisfaction was analysed with correlation and linear regression analysis.
Results: The workplace satisfaction (x = 3.69, s = 1.13) and well-being ( x=161.27, s = 55.19) of employees in nursing are at a middle level. With the correlation analysis we established that well-being statistically significantly correlates with workplace satisfaction (r = 0.611, p < 0.001). Workplace satisfaction explains 42 % of the total variability of well-being of employees in nursing.
Discussion and conclusion: It is necessary for every health care organization to take care of its employees' workplace satisfaction and well-being. Health care organizations can be successful and achieve their organisational objectives if their employees are satisfied with their work and have a high level of well-being.