bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new view on Nematothallus: coralline red algae from the Silurian of Gotland
Authors: SMITH MARTIN R. , BUTTERFIELD NICHOLAS J. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract: The thalloid carbonaceous fossil Nematothallus Lang, 1937, has been widely interpreted as an early Palaeozoic land‐plant, despite the absence of a convincing modern analogue. Exceptionally well‐preserved nematophyte cuticle from the Late Silurian Burgsvik Sandstone Formation, Gotland provides additional insight into the organism’s anatomy, phylogenetic affiliations and ecology. Because this material exhibits additional characters not present in the type material we assign it to Nematothallopsis gotlandii gen. et sp. nov. The organism was constituted of a close‐packed layer of palisade‐like filaments covered by a cuticle that bears a characteristic pseudocellular pattern on its inner surface. Apertures in this cuticle are often encircled by a ring of multicellular filaments, which are sometimes associated with spheroidal, spore‐like entities. In the light of the conspicuous similarity of the palisade layers to the pseudoparenchymatous tissue of coralline red algae, and of the filament‐fringed apertures to their reproductive conceptacles, we reconstruct the Nematothallopsis organism as an extinct rhodophyte and re‐evaluate the putative terrestrial habit of cuticular nematophytes in general.
The ontogeny of cinctans (stem‐group Echinodermata) as revealed by a new genus,GraciaCystis, from the middle Cambrian of Spain
Authors: ZAMORA SAMUEL , RAHMAN IMRAN A. , SMITH ANDREW B. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract: A new cinctan echinoderm,Graciacystis ambiguagen. et sp. nov. from Cambrian Series 3 rocks of Spain, is described based on more than 100 articulated specimens that range from 6 to 14.5 mm in thecal length. This material shows thatGraciacystis ambigua, while plastic in thecal shape, is highly conservative in its thecal construction, with a fixed number of marginal plates and very limited addition of plates in the stele and ventral membrane through ontogeny. Ventral swellings on marginal elements are absent from the smallest specimens and become gradually more marked during growth. A cladistic analysis showsGraciacystisto be a basal cinctan, more derived thanSotocinctusand the Trochocystitidae and as sister group to a large clade formed by Sucocystidae + Gyrocystidae. The determinate growth pattern seen inGraciacystisseems to be the general pattern for all cinctans.
Being angry for different reasons: the role of personality in distributive justice
Authors: Stouten Jeroen , Kuppens Peter , Decoster Stijn 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe present research examines personality predictors of anger in response to unfavorable and favorable outcomes with regard to violations of the distributive justice principle of equality. Two studies showed that feelings of anger in response to equality violations were related to neuroticism and agreeableness, albeit for different reasons. Depending on whether the equality violation was favorable or not, anger could be predicted by either feelings of threat or guilt for neuroticism and perceptions of responsibility for agreeableness. These findings add to the literature on boundary conditions of justice and reveal how core personality dimensions contribute to emotional reactions in distributively unjust situations, even if the outcome is personally favorable.
Of mice and mammoths: generality and antiquity of the island rule
Authors: Lomolino Mark V. , van der Geer Alexandra A. , Lyras George A. , Palombo Maria Rita , Sax Dov F. , Rozzi Roberto 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimWe assessed the generality of the island rule in a database comprising 1593 populations of insular mammals (439 species, including 63 species of fossil mammals), and tested whether observed patterns differed among taxonomic and functional groups.LocationIslands world‐wide.MethodsWe measured museum specimens (fossil mammals) and reviewed the literature to compile a database of insular animal body size (Si = mean mass of individuals from an insular population divided by that of individuals from an ancestral or mainland population, M). We used linear regressions to investigate the relationship between Si and M, and ANCOVA to compare trends among taxonomic and functional groups.ResultsSi was significantly and negatively related to the mass of the ancestral or mainland population across all mammals and within all orders of extant mammals analysed, and across palaeo‐insular (considered separately) mammals as well. Insular body size was significantly smaller for bats and insectivores than for the other orders studied here, but significantly larger for mammals that utilized aquatic prey than for those restricted to terrestrial prey.Main conclusionsThe island rule appears to be a pervasive pattern, exhibited by mammals from a broad range of orders, functional groups and time periods. There remains, however, much scatter about the general trend; this residual variation may be highly informative as it appears consistent with differences among species, islands and environmental characteristics hypothesized to influence body size evolution in general. The more pronounced gigantism and dwarfism of palaeo‐insular mammals, in particular, is consistent with a hypothesis that emphasizes the importance of ecological interactions (time in isolation from mammalian predators and competitors was 0.1 to > 1.0 Myr for palaeo‐insular mammals, but < 0.01 Myr for extant populations of insular mammals). While ecological displacement may be a major force driving diversification in body size in high‐diversity biotas, ecological release in species‐poor biotas often results in the convergence of insular mammals on the size of intermediate but absent species.
Contribution of Glomerular Filtration Rate to 10‐Year Cardiovascular and Mortality Risk Among Hypertensive Adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Authors: Mohebi Reza , Bozorgmanesh Mohammadreza , Sheikholeslami Farhad , Azizi Fereidoun , Hadaegh Farzad 
Published: March 2013

The authors tested the hypotheses that (1) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD) or mortality risk among hypertensive patients, (2) associations are curvilinear, and (3) diabetes modifies these associations. Data from a 10‐year follow‐up of 3179 hypertensive patients 18 years and older were analyzed. Measurements included eGFR and CVD risk factors, and outcomes were CVD and mortality. Cox models were developed to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) for different endpoints for a 1‐standard deviation (SD) increment in eGFR. The nonlinearity in associations was examined by cubic spline method. Mean (SD) age of the participants (59.0% women) was 56.3 (12.3) years. During follow‐up (10‐year), 629 incident cases of CVD (296 women) and 320 deaths (130 women) were documented. The incidence rate of different outcomes decreased across increasing eGFR quintiles. Among men, irrespective of their diabetes status, eGFR was inversely associated with risk of mortality. Among women, irrespective of their diabetes status, eGFR did not predict mortality. Neither among men nor among women did eGFR predict CVD or coronary heart disease. No evidence was found for nonlinearity in these associations. eGFR was independently associated with mortality among hypertensive men with or without diabetes. When information on traditional CVD risk factors was available, eGFR provided no additional predictive value for CVD.
Priming mesenchymal stem cells boosts stem cell therapy to treat myocardial infarction
Authors: Carvalho Juliana L. , Braga Vinicius B. A. , Melo Marcos B. , Campos Ana Carolina D. A. , Oliveira Maira S. , Gomes Dawidson A. , Ferreira Anderson J. , Santos Robson A. S. , Goes Alfredo M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractCardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death globally and are projected to remain the single leading cause of death. Treatment options abounds, although efficacy is limited. Recent studies attribute discrete and ephemeral benefits to adult stem cell therapies, indicating the urge to improve stem cell based–therapy. In this study, we show that priming mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) towards cardiomyogenic lineage enhances their beneficial effects in vivo as treatment option for acute phase myocardial infarction. MSC were primed using cardiomyogenic media for 4 days, after which peak expression of key cardiomyogenic genes are reached and protein expression of Cx‐43 and sarcomeric α‐actinin are observed. MSC and primed MSC (pMSC) were characterized in vitro and used to treat infarcted rats immediately after left anterior descending (LAD) occlusion. Echocardiography analysis indicated that MSC‐treated myocardium presented discrete improvement in function, but it also showed that pMSC treatment lead to superior beneficial results, compared with undifferentiated MSC. Seven days after cell injection, MSC and pMSC could still be detected in the myocardium. Connexin‐43 expression was quantified through immunoblotting, and was superior in pMSC, indicating that this could be a possible explanation for the superior performance of pMSC therapy.
Changes of lysosomes in the earliest stages of the development of atherosclerosis
Authors: Bobryshev Yuri V. , Shchelkunova Tatyana A. , Morozov Ivan A. , Rubtsov Petr M. , Sobenin Igor A. , Orekhov Alexander N. , Smirnov Alexander N. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractOne of hypotheses of atherosclerosis is based on a presumption that the zones prone to the development of atherosclerosis contain lysosomes which are characterized by enzyme deficiency and thus, are unable to dispose of lipoproteins. The present study was undertaken to investigate the characteristics and changes of lysosomes in the earliest stages of the development of atherosclerosis. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed that there were certain changes in the distribution of CD68 antigen in lysosomes along the ‘normal intima‐initial lesion‐fatty streak’ sequence. There were no significant changes found in the key mRNAs encoding for the components of endosome/lysosome compartment in initial atherosclerotic lesions, but in fatty streaks, the contents of EEA1 and Rab5a mRNAs were found to be diminished while the contents of CD68 and p62 mRNAs were increased, compared with the intact tissue. The study reinforces a view that changes occurring in lysosomes play a role in atherogenesis from the very earlier stages of the disease.
Gingival labial recessions in orthodontically treated and untreated individuals: a case – control study
Authors: Renkema Anne Marie , Fudalej Piotr S. , Renkema Alianne A. P. , Abbas Frank , Bronkhorst Ewald , Katsaros Christos 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the long‐term development of labial gingival recessions during orthodontic treatment and retention phase.Material and MethodsIn this retrospective case–control study, the presence of gingival recession was scored (Yes or No) on plaster models of 100 orthodontic patients (cases) and 120 controls at the age of 12 (T12), 15 (T15), 18 (T18), and 21 (T21) years. In the treated group, T12 reflected the start of orthodontic treatment and T15 – the end of active treatment and the start of retention phase with bonded retainers. Independent t‐tests, Fisher's exact tests and a fitted two‐part “hurdle” model were used to identify the effect of orthodontic treatment/retention on recessions.ResultsThe proportion of subjects with recessions was consistently higher in cases than controls. Overall, the odds ratio for orthodontic patients as compared with controls to have recessions is 4.48 (p < 0.001; 95% CI: 2.61–7.70).ConclusionsWithin the limits of the present research design, orthodontic treatment and/or the retention phase may be risk factors for the development of labial gingival recessions. In orthodontically treated subjects, mandibular incisors seem to be the most vulnerable to the development of gingival recessions.
Empathic responsiveness in amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex in youths with psychopathic traits
Authors: Marsh Abigail A. , Finger Elizabeth C. , Fowler Katherine A. , Adalio Christopher J. , Jurkowitz Ilana T. N. , Schechter Julia C. , Pine Daniel S. , Decety Jean , Blair R. J. R. 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundPsychopathic traits are associated with increases in antisocial behaviors such as aggression and are characterized by reduced empathy for others' distress. This suggests that psychopathic traits may also impair empathic pain sensitivity. However, whether psychopathic traits affect responses to the pain of others versus the self has not been previously assessed.MethodWe used whole‐brain functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure neural activation in 14 adolescents with oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder and psychopathic traits, as well as 21 healthy controls matched on age, gender, and intelligence. Activation in structures associated with empathic pain perception was assessed as adolescents viewed photographs of pain‐inducing injuries. Adolescents imagined either that the body in each photograph was their own or that it belonged to another person. Behavioral and neuroimaging data were analyzed using random‐effects analysis of variance.ResultsYouths with psychopathic traits showed reduced activity within regions associated with empathic pain as the depicted pain increased. These regions included rostral anterior cingulate cortex, ventral striatum (putamen), and amygdala. Reductions in amygdala activity particularly occurred when the injury was perceived as occurring to another. Empathic pain responses within both amygdala and rostral anterior cingulate cortex were negatively correlated with the severity of psychopathic traits as indexed by PCL:YV scores.ConclusionsYouths with psychopathic traits show less responsiveness in regions implicated in the affective response to another's pain as the perceived intensity of this pain increases. Moreover, this reduced responsiveness appears to predict symptom severity.
Relationship between parathyroid hormone and subclinical myocardial dysfunction in patients with severe psoriasis
Authors: Zhao C.‐T. , Yeung C.‐K. , Siu C.‐W. , Tam S. , Chan J. , Chen Y. , Chan H.‐H. , Tse H.‐F. , Yiu K.‐H. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundPsoriasis is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease although the mechanism remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that such patients have a high prevalence of vitamin D (vit‐D) deficiency and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) level. We hypothesized that vit‐D deficiency and/or elevated PTH in psoriasis may contribute to left ventricular (LV) dysfunction.MethodsSeventy‐four patients with severe psoriasis with no known cardiovascular disease and 53 age‐ and gender‐matched controls were recruited. All patients underwent detailed transthoracic echocardiography, including speckle tracking derived strains, and plasma levels of 25‐hydoxyvitamin D (25‐OHD), PTH and cardiac biomarkers including high sensitive C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), high sensitive troponin I (hs‐TNI) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured.ResultsDespite similar systolic and diastolic LV function, patients with severe psoriasis had impaired LV global longitudinal (−18.1 ± 2.6 vs.−19.6 ± 2.9%, P < 0.01) and circumferential strain (−18.7 ± 3.6 vs. −20.8 ± 4.3%, P < 0.01) compared with controls. Patients with severe psoriasis also had a significantly higher PTH (49.9 ± 18.0 vs. 40.5 ± 15.4 pmol/mL, P < 0.01) and hs‐CRP (5.7 ± 6.9 vs. 1.9 ± 2.5 pg/mL, P < 0.01), but similar levels of 25‐OHD, hs‐TNI and BNP (all P > 0.05) compared with controls. Importantly, PTH level was negatively correlated with LV global longitudinal strain (R = −0.30, P < 0.01); and higher PTH level was independently associated with impaired global LV longitudinal strain (R = −0.33, P = 0.04), independent of cardiovascular risk factors, vit‐D status and serum biomarkers.ConclusionsSevere psoriasis patients had an elevated PTH level and suffered from subclinical LV systolic dysfunction as detected by impaired global LV longitudinal strain. Importantly, a higher PTH level was independently associated with impaired global LV longitudinal strain.
Glutathione‐S‐transferase T1 genotyping and phenotyping in psoriasis patients receiving treatment with oral fumaric acid esters
Authors: Gambichler T. , Kreuter A. , Susok L. , Skrygan M. , Rotterdam S. , Höxtermann S. , Müller M. , Tigges C. , Altmeyer P. , Lahner N. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundGlutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) are involved in detoxification of xenobiotics such as fumaric acid esters (FAE).ObjectivesTo perform GSTT1 geno‐ and phenotyping in psoriasis patients treated with FAE to find out whether the responder status and/or occurrence of side‐effects are associated with allelic variants and enzymatic activity of GSTT1.MethodsWe treated 106 psoriasis patients with FAE. GSTT1 genotyping was performed using PCR, phenotyping was carried out by means of a validated high performance liquid chromatography assay at baseline and under treatment.ResultsThe distribution of GSTT1 genotypes was as follows: 31% *A/*A; 49% *A/*0; 20% *0/*0. GSTT1 phenotypes as expressed in enzyme activity significantly differed between conjugators classes. (P < 0.001). GSTT1 activity under treatment was significantly (P = 0.0001) increased when compared with baseline. There were no significant associations between the aforementioned GSTT1 pheno‐ and genotypes and clinical parameters such as psoriasis area and severity index (PASI)50, adverse effects and FAE dosage (P > 0.05), except for the frequent occurrence of reduction (>50%) of circulating lymphocytes in patients with *0/*0 GSTT1 status (P = 0.036; odds ratio: 6, 95% CI: 1.1–32).ConclusionGSTT1 geno‐ and phenotypes significantly correlate in psoriasis patients and do not substantially differ from healthy controls. Response to FAE does likely not depend on GSTT1. However, *0/*0 GSTT1 status is a predictor for the occurrence of marked reduction of lymphocyte counts under FAE therapy. Notably, FAE seem to enhance GSTT1 enzyme activity in high and low conjugators.
Can sea trout Salmotrutta compromise successful eradication of Gyrodactylus salaris by hiding from CFT Legumin (rotenone) treatments?
Authors: Davidsen J. G. , Thorstad E. B. , Baktoft H. , Aune S. , Økland F. , Rikardsen A. H. 
Published: March 2013

In this study, 34 anadromous brown trout (sea trout) Salmo trutta were equipped with acoustic transmitters in order to examine whether they performed avoidance behaviour in response to a CFT Legumin (rotenone) treatment in the Norwegian River Vefsna. Migratory behaviour of the S. trutta was monitored by use of 15 automatic listening stations and manual tracking in the lower part of the river, in the estuary and in the fjord. None of the studied S. trutta survived the rotenone treatment and no indications of successful avoidance behaviour were observed.
Body composition and vitamin D status: the Korea National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey IV (KNHANES IV)
Authors: Lee K. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe present study aimed to assess the association of total and regional body fat percentage (FP) and lean mass (LM) with vitamin D deficiency {serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] <20 ng mL−1} using the data of the Fourth Korea National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV).MethodsSubjects were participants of the KNHANES IV conducted in 2009 and were aged ≥19 years. In 6791 participants, serum 25(OH)D, body composition [body mass index, waist circumference, and total and regional (trunk and legs) FP and LM by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry] were measured. Confounders (age, residential place, housing status, occupation, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, medical history and calcium intake per day) were assessed.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders, vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with FP with the odds ratios (ORs) from 1.09 to 1.20, and LM with the ORs from 0.81 to 0.87 in men. In men, serum 25(OH)D remained inversely associated with FP tertiles after adjustment for LM, and positively with LM tertiles after adjustment for FP. When FM tertiles and LM tertiles were combined in men, the OR for vitamin D deficiency was 2.2 (P < 0.05) in the combined subgroup of highest total FM tertile and lowest total LM tertile compared to the subgroup of lowest total FM tertile and highest total LM tertile. However, these associations were nonsignificant or inconsistent in women.ConclusionsThe associations of vitamin D deficiency with body fat and lean mass were significant in Korean men but were inconsistent in Korean women.
Historical Materialism and Agrarian History
Authors: Bernstein Henry 
Published: March 2013

Theory as History: Essays on Modes of Production and Exploitation, byJairusBanaji. : ,2010. Volume25. Pp. xix+406. €101 (hb). ISBN 978‐90‐04‐18368‐1The collection provides an opportunity to assess Jairus Banaji's original and provocative contributions over more than three decades. This review tries to chart a path across the range of the essays as a whole, marked by three themes and their connections and possible disconnections: what constitutes modes of production; modes of production before capitalism and their histories; and characterizing and periodizing capitalism. Banaji's emphatic arguments for long histories/trajectories of commodity production, exchange and accumulation across different times and places, especially in estate agriculture and the circuits of merchant capital, traverse these three themes.
Establishing better biological models to understand occlusion. I: TM joint anatomic relationships
Authors: Pullinger A. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryBelief in and rejection of a relationship of occlusion and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condyle–fossa position with normal and abnormal function are still contentious issues. Clinical opinions can be strong, but support in most published data (mostly univariate) is problematic. Distribution overlap, low sensitivity and specificity are a common basis to reject any useful prediction value. Notwithstanding, a relationship of form with function is a basic tenet of biology. These are multifactor problems, but the questions mostly have not been analysed as such. This review moves the question forward by focusing on TM joint anatomic organisation as the multifactor system it is expected to be in a closed system like a synovial joint. Multifactor analysis allows the data to speak for itself and reduces bias. Classification tree analysis revealed useful prediction values and usable clinical models which are illustrated, backed up by stepwise logistic regression. Explained variance, R2, predicting normals from pooled TMJ patients was 32·6%, sensitivity 67·9%, specificity 85·7%; 37% versus disc displacement with reduction; and 28·8% versus disc displacement without reduction. Significant osseous organisational differences between TM joints with clicking and locking suggest that this is not necessarily a single disease continuum. However, a subset of joints with clicking contained characteristics of joints with locking that might contribute to symptom progression versus resistance. Moderately strong models confirm there is a relationship between TMJ osseous organisation and function, but it should not be overstated. More than one model of normals and of TM derangement organisation is revealed. The implications to clinical decision‐making are discussed.