bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE DETERMINATION OF THE RENAL CLEARANCE OF INULIN IN MAN
Authors: Robson J. S. , Ferguson M. H. , Olbrich O. , Stewart C. P. 
Published: December 2014

1. The assumption underlying methods for determining the renal clearance of inulin from the slope of the falling plasma curve of inulin concentration, following a single injection, is investigated.2. The concept that, following the injection of inulin into the blood‐stream, equilibration occurs between the plasma and the extra‐vascular component of the volume of distribution is shown to be untenable. The conclusion that the falling plasma‐inulin concentration is exponentially related to time is consequently incorrect.3. The errors introduced in the determination of the renal clearance of inulin from the slope of the falling plasma inulin‐time curve by the assumption of equilibration are discussed.4. A formula is devised for the determination of the renal clearance of inulin incorporating functions which are demanded by the failure of the establishment of equilibration.5. The formula is applied to the determination of the renal clearance of inulin in nine subjects possessing widely different clearance values. These calculated values are shown to agree closely with average values experimentally determined.6. The calculative error introduced into the formula by the simplifying assumption that the volume of distribution of inulin is linearly related to time between defined limits of inulin dose and time, has been shown to be of no greater magnitude than the chemical error in the determination of inulin in the plasma.7. The formula can be applied without the need for accurate collection of urine over short clearance periods. It necessitates merely the passage of urine approximately 35 and 120 minutes after the injection of a known amount of inulin, and two blood samples taken at the time of the passage of urine.8. The simplicity of the method in comparison to those previously described is attained without loss of accuracy. The greater degree of precision in the measurement of the constituents of the formula than is possible in the direct estimation of the rate of renal excretion of inulin, renders values for clearance obtained by its use less susceptible to experimental error.9. The relevance of the results obtained with inulin to the determination of the rate of glomerular filtration employing mannitol are discussed briefly.
THE SILVER DIAMMINE ION STAINING OF PERIPHERAL NERVE ELEMENTS AND THE INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS: WITH A MODIFICATION OF THE BIELSCHOWSKY‐GROS METHOD FOR FROZEN SECTIONS
Authors: Garven H. S. D. , Gairns F. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. A modification of the Bielschowsky‐Gros silver diammine ion (ammoniacal silver) method of staining frozen sections is given in detail. This method has been extensively used in the study of peripheral innervations and has given good results. Examples of these are figured. The method has the great advantages of (a) giving good results both after short and very long periods of formalin fixation, (b) allowing microscopic control of the actual staining process, and (c) permitting completely finished specimens to be made in one day after fixation is complete.2. A short discussion of the rationale of this type of silver staining is given.3. The interpretation of the results of silver‐staining methods is discussed, and a plea is made for trying to build up a complete picture from a series of varying impregnations of peripheral innervations. Such a series is illustrated for the sympathetic ground plexus. It is suggested that this plexus has few “end‐points”, and that humoral substances may be released in the continuity of the strands from the “beads” on the finest fibrils.
Nutritional Epidemiology—There's Life in the Old Dog Yet!
Authors: Potter John D. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractConsideration is given to the idea that the nutritional epidemiology of cancer is dead, as some in the media have claimed. The basis for the claim does not lie in science nor has anyone with relevant knowledge made such a statement—although that, too, has been claimed. Evidence is adduced for the importance of past achievements of nutritional epidemiology. Attention is similarly drawn to recent contributions. In particular, I note the state of play of cancer and plant foods, fat and breast cancer, meat and cancer, vegetarians, intervention studies, migrant studies, and westernization of diet and lifestyle. Some next steps and some currently important questions are outlined. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(2); 323–30. ©2014 AACR.
Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy Relies on T-bet but Not Eomes to Induce Effector Function in Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Berrien-Elliott Melissa M. , Yuan Jinyun , Swier Lauryn E. , Jackson Stephanie R. , Chen Collin L. , Donlin Maureen J. , Teague Ryan M. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Coinhibitory receptor blockade is a promising strategy to boost T-cell immunity against a variety of human cancers. However, many patients still do not benefit from this treatment, and responders often experience immune-related toxicities. These issues highlight the need for advanced mechanistic understanding to improve patient outcomes and uncover clinically relevant biomarkers of treatment efficacy. However, the T-cell–intrinsic signaling pathways engaged during checkpoint blockade treatment are not well defined, particularly for combination approaches. Using a murine model to study how effector CD8+ T-cell responses to tumors may be enhanced in a tolerizing environment, we identified a critical role for the T-box transcription factor T-bet. Combination blockade of CTLA-4, PD-1, and LAG-3 induced T-bet expression in responding tumor/self-reactive CD8+ T cells. Eradication of established leukemia using this immunotherapy regimen depended on T-bet induction, which was required for IFNγ production and cytotoxicity by tumor-infiltrating T cells, and for efficient trafficking to disseminated tumor sites. These data provide new insight into the success of checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy, revealing T-bet as a key transcriptional regulator of tumor-reactive CD8+ T-cell effector differentiation under otherwise tolerizing conditions. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(2); 116–24. ©2014 AACR.
Translation-Based Chronicles, Twelfth to Thirteenth Centuries. New Sources for the Arabo-Latin Translation Movement in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Tischler Matthias M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWithin the well-known panorama of the Arabo-Latin translation movement in the Iberian Peninsula from the twelfth century onwards, the transfer of Arabic biographical and historiographical texts into Latin writing is clearly understudied. Earlier research has focussed on the Arabo-Latin transfer of philosophical, scientific and religious texts without taking into account the role of biohistorical material within the history of cultural exchange and entanglements between Muslims and Christians. And even more recent research on Latin historiographical writing has still not been fully aware of these processes of Arabo-Latin transfer and transformation that also exist. The article analyzes three outstanding Arabo-Latin chronicles from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Chronica gothorum Pseudo-Isidoriana, the Chronica latina regum Castellae and Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada’s Historia Arabum, thus examining different types of written and oral transfer of Arabo-Latin historical knowledge and finally introducing the notion of ‘frontier historiography’ to describe these translation-based chronicles.
Ocular manifestations of childhood acute leukemia in a tertiiary level eye centre of Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Khadka Deepak , Sharma Ananda , Shrestha Jeevan K , Shrestha Gauri S , Shrestha Pun N , Pant Suresh R , Pant Bidya P 
Published: December 2014

Introduction: In some instances, the understanding of the ocular manifestations in childhood leukemia is not only important to establish the diagnosis but also reflects the disease state and prognosis. Objective: To study the ocular manifestations of childhood acute leukemia among the children attending a tertiary-level hospital in Nepal. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was undertaken at the B.P. Koirala Lions Centre for Ophthalmic Studies (BPKLCOS) and Kanti Children Hospital (KCH), Kathmandu, over a period of one-and-a-half years. Children diagnosed with acute childhood leukemia referred to the BPKLCOS from the Oncology Unit of the KCH and the Emergency Department of the Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH) were included in the study, using a non-probability sampling method. Results:Of the 71 cases with childhood acute leukemia, 55 (77.5%; 95% CI = 66% - 85%) had acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL)whereas the other 16 (23%) had acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). Ocular involvement were seen in 33 cases (46%) and were more frequent in cases of AML as compared to those with ALL (p=0.001, OR 5.0, 95% CI= 1.4 – 17.5). Direct ocular involvement and secondary ocular involvement were observed in 12 (16.9%) and 29 (40.8%) subjects, respectively. Ocular symptoms were present in only 11 cases (15.49%). Cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) and bone marrow examination in cases with direct ocular involvement showed 10 cases (83.3%) positive for blast cells in the CSF and 6 cases (50%) positive for blast cells in bone marrow. The most common secondary manifestation was retinal haemorrhage, seen in 23 cases (32.4%). Conclusion: In view of the high asymptomatic ocular involvement and the significant visual morbidity, a routine ophthalmic examination is recommended as an integral part of the medical examination in all cases of childhood acute leukemia.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v6i2.11678Nepal J Ophthalmol 2014; 6(12): pp. 197-204
Outcome of horizontal strabismus surgery and parents’ satisfaction
Authors: Sharma Ananda K , Thapa Madhu , Shrestha Gulshan B , Sitaula Sanjeeta , Shrestha Gauri S 
Published: December 2014

Introduction: A clinical audit of strabismus surgery in children in terms of functional and cosmetic outcomes helps improve the quality of services in pediatric ophthalmology. Objective: To evaluate the outcome of strabismus surgery and assess the satisfaction of the patients’ parents with respect to the surgery outcome.Subjects and methods: A study of an interventional series of cases that included 60 strabismic subjects was carried out. The bilateral strabismus surgery under general anesthesia was performed on all subjects using the fornix approach. The parents’ understanding about strabismus and the cosmetic outcome was assessed through a set of interview questionnaires. The main outcome measures were the amount of deviation, the parents’ knowledge about strabismus and their satisfaction after the intervention. Results: Of the 60 subjects, 32 (53.3%) were esotropic and 28 (46.7%) exotropic. The male to female ratio was 1:1. The mean age with standard deviation was 16.6±8.5years,with a range of 3 to 35 years. The pre- operative mean esotropia with standard deviation was 48.2±14.8 pd, with a range of 22 to 114 pd). The pre-operative mean exotropia was 57.8±14.2 pd, with a range of 25 to 90 pd). In 93.47% of the subjects, the ocular deviation after surgery reduced significantly (p=<0.00). After the strabismus surgery, orthophoria was achieved in 15 (25%) subjects, and with excellent cosmetics. After surgery, gross binocular single vision was attained in 39.3% of the exotropes and in 17.9% of the esotropes. Only 30 % of the parents were aware about the strabismus and the treatment modalities. Nearly 90% of the parents were satisfied with the cosmetic outcome. Conclusion: Horizontal and bilateral strabismus has good surgical outcome with improved cosmetic acceptance.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v6i2.11704Nepal J Ophthalmol 2014; 6(12): 162-169
A novel nucleus extraction technique using a vectis in sutureless, manual, small-incision cataract surgery
Authors: Zeng Yuan , Deng Jiang-wen , Gao Jian-hua 
Published: December 2014

Introduction: In manual, tunnel-incision cataract surgery, nucleus extraction has remained a crucial issue and a challenge. It is also the period when serious complications easily occur, especially for beginners and when the nucleus is large and dense. Objectives: To report a modified vectis technique for nucleus extraction in sutureless, manual, small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS) to improve the safety and ease of performance.Materials and methods: A novel nucleus extraction technique using a vectis in MSICS is presented. After capsulorhexis and hydrodissection, the nucleus is moved into the anterior chamber and extracted by pulling with a Sinskey hook and pressuring on the scleral bed near the posterior wound margin with an irrigating vectis. Main outcome measures: The operating time for the whole surgery and nucleus extraction, best corrected visual acuity postoperatively and complications during and after operation were recorded. Results: In a series of 1,180 eyes, the operating time for the whole surgery and nucleus extraction were 8±3.4 minutes and 5.1±4.6 seconds respectively. Among all the eyes, 88.98 % achieved a best-corrected visual acuity of 5/10 or better two months postoperatively. The complications were posterior capsule rupture (4 eyes, 0.34 %) and transient corneal edema (12 eyes, 1.02 %). Neither vitreous loss nor dislocation of the nucleus into the vitreous was noted in the whole series of the surgery. Conclusions: We found that the “scleral bed” vectis technique for nucleus extraction improved the ease of performance, safety of MSICS, and did not require expensive instrumentation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v6i2.11708Nepal J Ophthalmol 2014; 6 (12): 140-144
Anti-torque systems of electromechanical cable-suspended drills and test results
Authors: Talalay Pavel , Fan Xiaopeng , Zheng Zhichuan , Xue Jun , Cao Pinlu , Zhang Nan , Wang Rusheng , Yu Dahui , Yu Chengfeng , Zhang Yunlong , Zhang Qi , Su Kai , Yang Dongdong , Zhan Jiewei 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTo prevent spinning of the upper non-rotated part of the electromechanical drill, an ‘anti-torque system’ has to be included in the downhole unit. At the same time, the anti-torque must allow the drill to move up and down the borehole during drilling and tripping operations. Usually the anti-torque system has a blade form of various designs that engages with the borehole wall and counteracts the torque from the stator of the driving motor. This paper presents a review of the different anti-torque systems and test results with selected designs (leaf spring, skate and U-shaped anti-torque systems). Experiments showed that the skate anti-torque system can provide the maximal holding torque between 67 and 267 Nm−1 depending on the skates’ outer diameter and ice temperature, while the leaf spring anti-torque system can provide only 2.5–40 N m−1 (in case of straight contact between the ice and the leaf springs). The total resistance force to axial movement of the skate anti-torque system lies in the range 209–454N if the system is vibrating. For the leaf spring anti-torque system, the total axial resistance force is far less (19–243 N).
Case Report: Patient Portal versus Telephone Recruitment for a Surgical Research Study
Authors: Ousley J. , Poulose B.K. , Rosenbloom S.T. , Jackson G. P. , Baucom R.B. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryBackground: Patient portal adoption has rapidly increased over the last decade. Most patient portal research has been done in primary care or medical specialties, and few studies have examined their use in surgical patients or for recruiting research subjects. No known studies have compared portal messaging with other approaches of recruitment.Objectives: This case report describes our experience with patient portal versus telephone recruitment for a study involving long-term follow up of surgical patients.Methods: Participants were recruited for a study of recurrence after ventral hernia repair through telephone calls and patient portal messaging based on registration status with the portal. Potential subjects who did not have a portal account or whose portal messages were returned after 5 days were called. The proportion of participants enrolled with each method was determined and demographics of eligible patients, portal users, and participants were compared.Results: 1359 patients were eligible for the hernia study, and enrollment was 35% (n=465). Most participants were recruited by telephone (84%, n=391); 16% (n=74) were recruited through portal messaging. Forty-four percent of eligible participants had a registered portal account, and 14% of users responded to the recruitment message. Portal users were younger than non-users (55 vs. 58 years, p<0.001); participants recruited through the portal versus telephone were also younger (54 vs. 59 years, p=0.001). Differences in the sex and racial distributions between users and non-users and between portal and telephone recruits were not significant.Conclusions: Portal versus telephone recruitment for a surgical research study demonstrated modest portal recruitment rates and similar demographics between recruitment methods. Published studies of portal-only recruitment in primary care or medical-specialty patient populations have demonstrated higher enrollment rates, but this case study demonstrates that portal recruitment for research studies in the surgical population is feasible, and it offers convenience to patients and researchers.Citation: Baucom RB, Ousley J, Poulose BK, Rosenbloom ST, Jackson GP. Case report: Patient portal versus telephone recruitment for a surgical research study. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 1005–1014http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-07-CR-0059
Design Challenges for Electronic Medication Administration Record Systems in Residential Aged Care Facilities
Authors: Lehnbom E. , Oliver K. , Georgiou A. , Rowe C. , Osmond T. , Westbrook J. , Tariq A. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryIntroduction: Electronic medication administration record (eMAR) systems are promoted as a potential intervention to enhance medication safety in residential aged care facilities (RACFs). The purpose of this study was to conduct an in-practice evaluation of an eMAR being piloted in one Australian RACF before its roll out, and to provide recommendations for system improvements.Methods: A multidisciplinary team conducted direct observations of workflow (n=34 hours) in the RACF site and the community pharmacy. Semi-structured interviews (n=5) with RACF staff and the community pharmacist were conducted to investigate their views of the eMAR system. Data were analysed using a grounded theory approach to identify challenges associated with the design of the eMAR system.Results: The current eMAR system does not offer an end-to-end solution for medication management. Many steps, including prescribing by doctors and communication with the community pharmacist, are still performed manually using paper charts and fax machines. Five major challenges associated with the design of eMAR system were identified: limited interactivity; inadequate flexibility; problems related to information layout and semantics; the lack of relevant decision support; and system maintenance issues.We suggest recommendations to improve the design of the eMAR system and to optimize existing workflows.Discussion: Immediate value can be achieved by improving the system interactivity, reducing inconsistencies in data entry design and offering dedicated organisational support to minimise connectivity issues. Longer-term benefits can be achieved by adding decision support features and establishing system interoperability requirements with stakeholder groups (e.g. community pharmacies) prior to system roll out. In-practice evaluations of technologies like eMAR system have great value in identifying design weaknesses which inhibit optimal system use.Citation: Tariq A, Lehnbom E, Oliver K, Georgiou A, Rowe C, Osmond T, Westbrook J. Design challenges for electronic medication administration record systems in residential aged care facilities: a formative evaluation. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 971–987http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-08-RA-0062
Emissions of C6–C8 aromatic compounds in the United States: Constraints from tall tower and aircraft measurements
Authors: Hu Lu , Millet Dylan B. , Baasandorj Munkhbayar , Griffis Timothy J. , Travis Katherine R. , Tessum Christopher W. , Marshall Julian D. , Reinhart Wesley F. , Mikoviny Tomas , Müller Markus , Wisthaler Armin , Graus Martin , Warneke Carsten , de Gouw Joost 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe present two full years of continuous C6–C8 aromatic compound measurements by PTR‐MS at the KCMP tall tower (Minnesota, US) and employ GEOS‐Chem nested grid simulations in a Bayesian inversion to interpret the data in terms of new constraints on US aromatic emissions. Based on the tall tower data, we find that the RETRO inventory (year‐2000) overestimates US C6–C8 aromatic emissions by factors of 2.0–4.5 during 2010–2011, likely due in part to post‐2000 reductions. Likewise, our implementation of the US EPA's NEI08 overestimates the toluene flux by threefold, reflecting an inventory bias in non‐road emissions plus uncertainties associated with species lumping. Our annual top‐down emission estimates for benzene and C8 aromatics agree with the NEI08 bottom‐up values, as does the inferred contribution from non‐road sources. However, the NEI08 appears to underestimate on‐road emissions of these compounds by twofold during the warm season. The implied aromatic sources upwind of North America are more than double the prior estimates, suggesting a substantial underestimate of East Asian emissions, or large increases there since 2000. Long‐range transport exerts an important influence on ambient benzene over the US: on average 43% of its wintertime abundance in the US Upper Midwest is due to sources outside North America. Independent aircraft measurements show that the inventory biases found here for C6–C8 aromatics also apply to other parts of the US, with notable exceptions for toluene in California and Houston, Texas. Our best estimates of year‐2011 contiguous US emissions are 206 (benzene), 408 (toluene), and 822 (C8 aromatics) GgC.
Assessing predictive ability of three auroral precipitation models using DMSP energy flux
Authors: Lane Cory , Acebal Ariel , Zheng Yihua 
Published: December 2014

AbstractOur study statistically compares the total energy flux outputs of Newell et al.'s () oval variation, assessment, tracking, intensity, and online nowcasting (OVATION) Prime model, Hardy et al.'s () Kp‐based model, and a coupled Space Weather Modeling Framework ring current model to energy flux data obtained from 2198 Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite passes in the Northern Hemisphere. Our DMSP data set includes 28 days grouped into continuous 3 and 4 day periods between 2000 and 2008 and encompasses magnetic local times (MLTs) between 04:00 and 21:00. We obtain the most equatorward magnetic latitude coordinate, where a DMSP satellite energy flux measurement exceeds 0.4 erg/cm2/s, and use this point as a proxy for the equatorward boundary of the auroral oval in a particular MLT sector. We then calculate a prediction efficiency (PE) score by comparing the DMSP boundary coordinates to each model, using the same energy flux threshold to obtain a model's boundary location. We find that the PE for the OVATION Prime model is 0.55, and the PE for the Hardy Kp model is 0.51. When we accomplish the same analysis using a higher energy flux threshold equal to 0.6 erg/cm2/s, the OVATION Prime model's PE increases to 0.58, while the Hardy Kp model's score drops to 0.41. Our results indicate that more complex modeling techniques, like those used in OVATION Prime, can more accurately model the auroral oval's equatorward boundary. However, Hardy's discretized Kp model, despite its relative simplicity, is still a competitive and viable modeling option.