bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein on Postprandial Glycemia and Energy Intake in Cats
Authors: Farrow H.A. , Rand J.S. , Morton J.M. , O'Leary C.A. , Sunvold G.D. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundReducing carbohydrate intake is recommended in diabetic cats and might also be useful in some healthy cats to decrease diabetes risk.ObjectiveTo compare postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations and energy intakes between cats fed diets high in protein, fat, or carbohydrate.AnimalsTwenty‐four lean cats with normal glucose tolerance.MethodsIn a prospective randomized study, each of 3 matched groups (n = 8) received a different test diet for 5 weeks. Diets were high in either protein (46% of metabolizable energy [ME]), fat (47%ME), or carbohydrate (47%ME). Glucose and insulin were measured during glucose tolerance,ad libitum, and meal‐feeding tests.ResultsDuringad libitumfeeding, cats fed the high‐carbohydrate diet consumed 25% and 18% more carbohydrate than cats fed diets high in fat and protein, respectively, and energy intake was highest when the high‐fat and high‐protein diets were fed. Regardless of the feeding pattern, cats fed the high‐carbohydrate diet had 10–31% higher peak and mean glucose compared with both other diets; peak glucose in some cats reached 10.4 mmol/L (188 mg/dL) in cats fed 47%MEcarbohydrate and 9.0 mmol/L (162 mg/dL) in cats fed 23%ME.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceHigh‐carbohydrate diets increase postprandial glycemia in healthy cats compared with diets high in fat or protein, although energy intake is lower. Avoidance of high‐ and moderate‐carbohydrate diets can be advantageous in cats at risk of diabetes. Maintenance energy requirements should be fed to prevent weight gain when switching to lower carbohydrate diets.
26Al‐26Mg isotope systematics of the first solids in the early solar system
Authors: Kita Noriko T. , Yin Qing‐Zhu , MacPherson Glenn J. , Ushikubo Takayuki , Jacobsen Benjamin , Nagashima Kazuhide , Kurahashi Erika , Krot Alexander N. , Jacobsen Stein B. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractHigh‐precision bulk aluminum‐magnesium isotope measurements of calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs) from CV carbonaceous chondrites in several laboratories define a bulk 26Al‐26Mg isochron with an inferred initial 26Al/27Al ratio of approximately 5.25 × 10−5, named the canonical ratio. Nonigneous CV CAIs yield well‐defined internal 26Al‐26Mg isochrons consistent with the canonical value. These observations indicate that the canonical 26Al/27Al ratio records initial Al/Mg fractionation by evaporation and condensation in the CV CAI‐forming region. The internal isochrons of igneous CV CAIs show a range of inferred initial 26Al/27Al ratios, (4.2–5.2) × 10−5, indicating that CAI melting continued for at least 0.2 Ma after formation of their precursors. A similar range of initial 26Al/27Al ratios is also obtained from the internal isochrons of many CAIs (igneous and nonigneous) in other groups of carbonaceous chondrites. Some CAIs and refractory grains (corundum and hibonite) from unmetamorphosed or weakly metamorphosed chondrites, including CVs, are significantly depleted in 26Al. At least some of these refractory objects may have formed prior to injection of 26Al into the protosolar molecular cloud and its subsequent homogenization in the protoplanetary disk. Bulk aluminum and magnesium‐isotope measurements of various types of chondrites plot along the bulk CV CAI isochron, suggesting homogeneous distribution of 26Al and magnesium isotopes in the protoplanetary disk after an epoch of CAI formation. The inferred initial 26Al/27Al ratios of chondrules indicate that most chondrules formed 1–3 Ma after CAIs with the canonical 26Al/27Al ratio.
An igneous fragment from clusterIDPL2011#21: An analog for the source of pyrrhotite and taenite in comet 81P/Wild 2 captured in Stardust aerogel
Authors: Rietmeijer Frans J. M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe silica glass extracted from the bulbous parts of Stardust tracks is riddled by electron‐opaque nanograins with compositions that are mostly between pyrrhotite and metallic iron with many fewer nanograins having a Fe‐Ni‐S composition. Pure taenite nanograins are extremely rare, but exist among the terminal particles. Assuming that these Fe‐Ni‐S compositions are due to mixing of pyrrhotite and taenite melt droplets, it is remarkable that the taenite melt grains had discrete Fe/Ni ratios. This paper presents the data from an igneous pyrrhotite/taenite fragment of clusterIDPL2011#21, wherein the taenite compositions have the same discrete Fe/Ni clusters as those inferred for the Stardust nanograins. These Fe/Ni clusters are a subsolidus feature with compositions that are constrained by the Fe‐Ni phase diagram. They formed during cooling of the parent body of this clusterIDPfragment. These specific Fe/Ni ratios, 12.5, 24, 40, and 53 atom% Ni, were preserved in asteroidal taenite that survived radially outward transport to the Kuiper Belt where it accreted into the (future) comet Wild 2 nucleus.
Small‐molecule inhibitors suppress the expression of both type III secretion and amylovoran biosynthesis genes in Erwinia amylovora
Authors: Yang Fan , Korban Schuyler S. , Pusey P. Lawrence , Elofsson Michael , Sundin George W. , Zhao Youfu 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe type III secretion system (T3SS) and exopolysaccharide (EPS) amylovoran are two essential pathogenicity factors in Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of the serious bacterial disease fire blight. In this study, small molecules that inhibit T3SS gene expression in E. amylovora under hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity)‐inducing conditions were identified and characterized using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter. These compounds belong to salicylidene acylhydrazides and also inhibit amylovoran production. Microarray analysis of E. amylovora treated with compounds 3 and 9 identified a total of 588 significantly differentially expressed genes. Among them, 95 and 78 genes were activated and suppressed by both compounds, respectively, when compared with the dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) control. The expression of the majority of T3SS genes in E. amylovora, including hrpL and the avrRpt2 effector gene, was suppressed by both compounds. Compound 3 also suppressed the expression of amylovoran precursor and biosynthesis genes. However, both compounds induced significantly the expression of glycogen biosynthesis genes and siderophore biosynthesis, regulatory and transport genes. Furthermore, many membrane, lipoprotein and exported protein‐encoding genes were also activated by both compounds. Similar expression patterns were observed for compounds 1, 2 and 4. Using crab apple flower as a model, compound 3 was capable of reducing disease development in pistils. These results suggest a common inhibition mechanism shared by salicylidene acylhydrazides and indicate that small‐molecule inhibitors that disable T3SS function could be explored to control fire blight disease.
Allelic variation in two distinct Pseudomonas syringae flagellin epitopes modulates the strength of plant immune responses but not bacterial motility
Authors: Clarke Christopher R. , Chinchilla Delphine , Hind Sarah R. , Taguchi Fumiko , Miki Ryuji , Ichinose Yuki , Martin Gregory B. , Leman Scotland , Felix Georg , Vinatzer Boris A. 
Published: July 2013

Summary

The bacterial flagellin (FliC) epitopes flg22 and flgII‐28 are microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Although flg22 is recognized by many plant species via the pattern recognition receptor FLS2, neither the flgII‐28 receptor nor the extent of flgII‐28 recognition by different plant families is known.

Here, we tested the significance of flgII‐28 as a MAMP and the importance of allelic diversity in flg22 and flgII‐28 in plant–pathogen interactions using purified peptides and a Pseudomonas syringae ∆fliC mutant complemented with different fliC alleles.

The plant genotype and allelic diversity in flg22 and flgII‐28 were found to significantly affect the plant immune response, but not bacterial motility. The recognition of flgII‐28 is restricted to a number of solanaceous species. Although the flgII‐28 peptide does not trigger any immune response in Arabidopsis, mutations in both flg22 and flgII‐28 have FLS2‐dependent effects on virulence. However, the expression of a tomato allele of FLS2 does not confer to Nicotiana benthamiana the ability to detect flgII‐28, and tomato plants silenced for FLS2 are not altered in flgII‐28 recognition.

Therefore, MAMP diversification is an effective pathogen virulence strategy, and flgII‐28 appears to be perceived by an as yet unidentified receptor in the Solanaceae, although it has an FLS2‐dependent virulence effect in Arabidopsis.
Stomata actively regulate internal aeration of the sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera
Authors: MATTHEWS PHILIP G. D. , SEYMOUR ROGER S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera (Gaertn.) possesses a complex system of gas canals that channel pressurized air from its leaves, down through its petioles and rhizomes, before venting this air back to the atmosphere through large stomata found in the centre of every lotus leaf. These central plate stomata (CPS) lie over a gas canal junction that connects with two‐thirds of the gas canals within the leaf blade and with the larger of two discrete pairs of gas canals within the petiole that join with those in the rhizome. It is hypothesized that the lotus actively regulates the pressure, direction and rate of airflow within its gas canals by opening and closing these stomata. Impression casting the CPS reveal that they are open in the morning, close at midday and reopen in the afternoon. The periodic closure of the CPS during the day coincides with a temporary reversal in airflow direction within the petiolar gas canals. Experiments show that the conductance of the CPS decreases in response to increasing light level. This behaviour ventilates the rhizome and possibly directs benthic CO2 towards photosynthesis in the leaves. These results demonstrate a novel function for stomata: the active regulation of convective airflow.
Atrazine and Methyl Viologen Effects on Chlorophyll‐a Fluorescence Revisited—Implications in Photosystems Emission and Ecotoxicity Assessment
Authors: Iriel Analia , Novo Johanna M. , Cordon Gabriela B. , Lagorio María G. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn this work, we use the effect of herbicides that affect the photosynthetic chain at defined sites in the photosynthetic reaction steps to derive information about the fluorescence emission of photosystems. The interpretation of spectral data from treated and control plants, after correction for light reabsorption processes, allowed us to elucidate current controversies in the subject. Results were compatible with the fact that a nonnegligible Photosystem I contribution to chlorophyll fluorescence in plants at room temperature does exist. In another aspect, variable and nonvariable chlorophyll fluorescence were comparatively tested as bioindicators for detection of both herbicides in aquatic environment. Both methodologies were appropriate tools for this purpose. However, they showed better sensitivity for pollutants disconnecting Photosystem II–Photosystem I by blocking the electron transport between them as Atrazine. Specifically, changes in the (experimental and corrected by light reabsorption) red to far red fluorescence ratio, in the maximum photochemical quantum yield and in the quantum efficiency of Photosytem II for increasing concentrations of herbicides have been measured and compared. The most sensitive bioindicator for both herbicides was the quantum efficiency of Photosystem II.
Is dietary taurine supplementation beneficial for farmed fish and shrimp? a comprehensive review
Authors: El‐Sayed Abdel‐Fattah M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractTaurine is a neutral β‐amino acid derived from the metabolism of sulphur‐containing amino acids. It is present in high concentrations in animal tissues, especially heart, retina, skeletal muscle, brain, large intestines, plasma, blood cells and leucocytes. Therefore, this amino acid plays significant roles in many physiological functions, including membrane stabilization, antioxidation, detoxification, modulation of immune response, calcium transport, myocardial contractility, retina development, bile acid metabolism, osmotic regulation and endocrine functions. Historically, taurine has not been considered as an essential nutrient for fish. However, recent studies have indicated that taurine synthesis widely differs between fish species and demonstrated that it plays a key role in aquaculture and nutrition of freshwater and marine fish and shrimp. Animal proteins are rich in taurine, whereas plant proteins are taurine‐deficient. Therefore, fish fed plant protein–based food may require exogenous taurine for maintaining their physiological functions. Nevertheless, taurine may be conditionally indispensable for fish and shrimp, depending on dietary protein source, fish species and size, feeding habits, previous histories and the rate of metabolism of its precursors, namely cysteine and methionine. It is my belief that taurine functions in, and benefits for, farmed fish and shrimp are now more than worthy of critical review and analysis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the roles of taurine in fish, particularly farmed fish and shrimp, with emphasis on taurine structure and biosynthesis, physiological functions, the effects of dietary taurine on fish performance and health and live food enrichment with taurine.
Care providers' experiences of guidelines in daily work at a municipal residential care facility for older people
Authors: Åhlin Johan , Ericson‐Lidman Eva , Norberg Astrid , Strandberg Gunilla 
Published: July 2013

AimTo describe care providers’ narrated experiences of guidelines in daily work at a municipal residential care facility for older people.BackgroundGuidelines are used as a way of promoting high‐quality health care. Most research concerning guidelines has focused on physician behaviour and to improve one specific aspect of care. Care providers working within municipal residential care of older people have described that working with multiple guidelines sometimes exposed them to contradictory demands and trouble their conscience.DesignA qualitative descriptive design was adopted.MethodsInterviews with eight care providers were carried out between February and March 2012 and analysed by qualitative content analysis.ResultsCare providers described experiences that guidelines are coming from above and are controlling and not sufficiently anchored at their workplace. Furthermore, they described guidelines as stealing time from residents, colliding with each other, lacking practical use and complicating care, and challenging care providers’ judgment. The overall understanding is that care providers describe experiences of struggling to do their best, prioritising between arcane guidelines while keeping the residents’ needs in the foreground.ConclusionIn order to prevent fragmented use, guidelines have to be coordinated and adapted to the reality of daily practice before implementation. It seems essential to provide opportunities for discussions between care providers, registered nurses and management about how to make guidelines work within their daily practice. Sufficient support, knowledge and involvement are likely key issues that can help care providers to constructively work according to guidelines and thus, by extension, improve the quality of care.
Shifts in the evolutionary rate and intensity of purifying selection between two Brassica genomes revealed by analyses of orthologous transposons and relics of a whole genome triplication
Authors: Zhao Meixia , Du Jianchang , Lin Feng , Tong Chaobo , Yu Jingyin , Huang Shunmou , Wang Xiaowu , Liu Shengyi , Ma Jianxin 
Published: July 2013

SummaryRecent sequencing of the Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea genomes revealed extremely contrasting genomic features such as the abundance and distribution of transposable elements between the two genomes. However, whether and how these structural differentiations may have influenced the evolutionary rates of the two genomes since their split from a common ancestor are unknown. Here, we investigated and compared the rates of nucleotide substitution between two long terminal repeats (LTRs) of individual orthologous LTR‐retrotransposons, the rates of synonymous and non‐synonymous substitution among triplicated genes retained in both genomes from a shared whole genome triplication event, and the rates of genetic recombination estimated/deduced by the comparison of physical and genetic distances along chromosomes and ratios of solo LTRs to intact elements. Overall, LTR sequences and genic sequences showed more rapid nucleotide substitution in B. rapa than in B. oleracea. Synonymous substitution of triplicated genes retained from a shared whole genome triplication was detected at higher rates in B. rapa than in B. oleracea. Interestingly, non‐synonymous substitution was observed at lower rates in the former than in the latter, indicating shifted densities of purifying selection between the two genomes. In addition to evolutionary asymmetry, orthologous genes differentially regulated and/or disrupted by transposable elements between the two genomes were also characterized. Our analyses suggest that local genomic and epigenomic features, such as recombination rates and chromatin dynamics reshaped by independent proliferation of transposable elements and elimination between the two genomes, are perhaps partially the causes and partially the outcomes of the observed inter‐specific asymmetric evolution.
Management of infants born with severe neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: the role of platelet transfusions and intravenous immunoglobulin
Authors: Bakchoul Tamam , Bassler Dirk , Heckmann Matthias , Thiele Thomas , Kiefel Volker , Gross Isabel , Arnold Donald M. , DiTomasso Julie , Smith James W. , Paes Bosco , Greinacher Andreas 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundNeonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is a fetomaternal incompatibility most commonly induced by maternal anti‐HPA‐1a alloantibodies. Transfusion of immunologically compatible platelets (PLTs) to prevent cerebral hemorrhage, the most severe complication in affected newborns, is usually recommended. Such PLT concentrates, however, are often not readily available.Study Design and MethodsThe efficacy of random‐donor PLT transfusions and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for the management of 17 neonates across four centers with unexpected, severe NAIT was evaluated. Neonates were treated with random‐donor PLTs alone (n = 7), random‐donor PLTs with IVIG (n = 8), or matched HPA‐1bb PLTs (n = 2).ResultsAll but one patient (treated with random PLTs and IVIG) achieved a posttransfusion PLT count of higher than 30 × 109/L after the first PLT transfusion. The PLT count remained higher than 30 × 109/L for longer than 24 hours in five of seven, seven of eight, and two of four newborns who received random‐donor PLTs alone, random‐donor PLTs with IVIG, or matched HPA‐1bb PLTs, respectively. None of the newborns developed major bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage. IVIG did not appear to improve either posttransfusion PLT counts or total PLT transfusion requirements.ConclusionTransfusion of random‐donor PLTs alone was effective at correcting critically low PLT counts and should be considered as first‐line treatment of newborns with unexpected severe NAIT.
Study of the behaviour of lesional and nonlesional skin of canine recurrent flank alopecia transplanted to athymic nude mice
Authors: Vandenabeele Sophie I. , DeCock Hilde , Van Ham Luc , Meyer Evelyne , Daminet Sylvie 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundRecurrent flank alopecia is a clinically well‐described skin disorder in dogs. The pathomechanism of the disease is difficult to study because it undergoes spontaneous regression.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo study the behaviour of xenografts in mice in order to assess the feasibility of a reproducible experimental model and to investigate local or systemic causes of canine recurrent flank alopecia (cRFA).MethodsSkin biopsies were taken from lesional and nonlesional skin of two client‐owned dogs with cRFA and grafted onto five athymic mice from a research facility. The lesional skin and xenografted skin were evaluated histologically on day 0 and day 30, respectively.ResultsTransplanted lesional and nonlesional canine skin regrew hair within 30 days, while the donor dogs were still alopecic in the lesional areas on day 30 after the skin biopsy procedure. Graft rejection was evidenced histologically in two xenografted athymic mice. Lesional hyperpigmentation disappeared in the athymic mice.Conclusions and clinical importanceThis study showed that hair follicles from dogs with cRFA quickly regenerated and regrew hair once grafted onto the mice. Our data indicate that the pathogenesis of cRFA is likely to be mediated by systemic rather than local factors. While this xenograft approach might not be of much value for the study of cRFA, it has potential value for the study of other causes of canine alopecia due to systemic factors.
Survey of Systems for Comparative Ranking of Agents that Pose a Bioterroristic Threat
Authors: Menrath A. , Tomuzia K. , Frentzel H. , Braeunig J. , Appel B. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryStrong efforts are made to improve preparedness for the prevention and counteraction of possible deliberate release of highly pathogenic biological agents at national and international level. An objective risk assessment for highly pathogenic biological agents is urgently needed for the purpose of prioritizing measures, evaluating the vulnerabilities and supporting rapid decisions on a scientific base in case of an emergency. Hitherto, several differing ranking schemes were developed. In general, the purpose of such ranking schemes is a comparative classification of agents under consideration of different transmission paths as well as agents threatening human and/or animal health. The analysed prioritization methods differ from qualitative to (semi‐)quantitative with each its benefits and disadvantages in preciseness of the result, complexity and duration of the assessment but also in comprehensibility. Mainly, risk was defined as the product of probability and impact. In this survey, factors frequently used for the assessment of the probability and impact of a deliberate agent release were identified. Main criteria for the probability of an application were the history of use, the accessibility of the agent and possible paths of introduction and contamination as well as the feasibility of agent production. For the estimation of the impact, mainly the agent's effects on human and/or veterinary public health, depending on the target population, were examined. This includes the morbidity and mortality rates as well as the severity of induced illness, possible measures for diagnosis, and treatment and prevention. Furthermore, the economic and socioeconomic consequences were considered. In this review, the authors give an overview on open‐source publications dealing with risk ranking of biological agents by outlining the criteria that were applied for risk ranking.