bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Approach for the Simulation of Electrochemiluminescence (ECL)
Authors: Klymenko Oleksiy V. , Svir Irina , Amatore Christian 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe validity and accuracy of our new numerical approach implemented in KISSA‐1D software when applied to a theoretical study of different types of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is established by comparison with existing analytical solutions and others specifically derived in this work, as well as with independent numerical solutions obtained by using commercial software. The efficiency and comprehensiveness of this approach are illustrated by using a representative series of published ECL reaction schemes taken as typical case studies when ECL is generated by a single electrode under amperometric or voltammetric conditions, even when rate constants used in the simulations far exceed any of their realistic experimental limits.
Elucidating Inorganic Nanoscale Species in Solution: Complementary and Corroborative Approaches
Authors: Oliveri Anna F. , Elliott Edward W. , Carnes Matthew E. , Hutchison James E. , Johnson Darren W. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe challenge of defining a length on the nanoscale is non‐trivial. For a well‐defined inorganic nanoscale species, a size measurement can describe a number of different dimensions (core, shell, solvation sphere). Often size is reported out of context or even inadvertently misrepresented. Since many of the techniques used to measure size depend on significant and sometimes destructive sample preparation, an additional challenge is defining “what size means” for a nanoscale species in solution. In this Concept, the distinction is made between complementary techniques that can be used together to unveil more information about the material in question, and corroborative techniques, which are used to make multiple measurements of the same property. Additionally, corroborative techniques can be used to measure the same property in and out‐of solution so as to reveal details about solution behaviour. We highlight various approaches to this characterization challenge in the context of three case studies that demonstrate the use of both complementary and corroborative techniques to elucidate the various functional dimensions of different types of inorganic nanoscale species in solution.
Controlled Synthesis of Manganese Oxyhydroxide Nanotubes: Implications for High‐Efficiency Supercapacitors
Authors: Tan Hui Teng , Rui Xianhong , Shi Wenhui , Xu Chen , Yu Hong , Hoster Harry E. , Yan Qingyu 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSuccessful attempts have been made to control the synthesis of tubular MnOOH with nanodimensions on high electronic conductivity graphite felt (GF) to be used as a flexible supercapacitor electrode. As a fundamental study, the time‐dependent kinetics was investigated to interpret its formation mechanism, which can be depicted as the curling of a two‐dimensional precursor into a one‐dimensional structure with a hollow interior. As a result of the nanotube structure, the active surface area of MnOOH is completely accessible to electrolyte ions and has a shorter charge‐transport length and greater ability to withstand structural deformation. Hence, hollow‐structured MnOOH shows great promise as an electrochemical system, which is reflected in its high specific capacitance of 1156 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. Furthermore, the high energy density of 1125 W h kg−1 and power density of 5.05 kW kg−1 reveal the outstanding energy‐storage behavior of the MnOOH/GF composites as flexible supercapacitor electrodes.
Preparation of well‐defined calcium cross‐linked alginate films for the prevention of surgical adhesions
Authors: Esser Eva , Tessmar Joerg K. V. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAbdominal adhesions are one of the major problems associated with abdominal surgeries or abdominal trauma. There are many different therapeutic options to prevent these adhesions, for example, the application of barrier films made of biodegradable polymers like alginate. For many application relevant parameters (mechanical stability, elasticity, erosion, and mucoadhesivity of the films), the extent of cross‐linking with divalent cations, such as calcium, is essential to obtain alginate films with clinically ideal properties. All these properties can eventually be strongly influenced by the composition of the films. For this reason, the manufacture of thin films (≈20 µm) was improved to accurately control the calcium content and distribution as well as the time and process of cross‐linking. The aim of this work was to find the best suited method to evenly distribute the calcium ions in the alginate films and to obtain films with controlled erosion times as well as sufficient flexibility and stability. Furthermore, the influence of plasticizers on the mechanical stability and elasticity was tested to find the amount and type of plasticizers that have to be added to produce the best suited films. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2013.
Compound risk of high mortality following osteoporotic fracture and refracture in elderly women and men
Authors: Bliuc Dana , Nguyen Nguyen D , Nguyen Tuan V , Eisman John A , Center Jacqueline R 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

After fracture there is increased risk of refracture and premature mortality. These outcomes, particularly premature mortality following refracture, have not previously been studied together to understand overall mortality risk. This study examined the long-term cumulative incidence of subsequent fracture and total mortality with mortality calculated as a compound risk and separated according to initial and refracture. Community-dwelling participants aged 60+ years from Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study with incident fractures, followed prospectively for further fractures and deaths from 1989 to 2010. Subsequent fracture and mortality ascertained using cumulative incidence competing risk models allowing four possible outcomes: death without refracture; death following refracture; refracture but alive, and event-free. There were 952 women and 343 men with incident fracture. Within 5 years following initial fracture, 24% women and 20% men refractured; and 26% women and 37% men died without refracture. Of those who refractured, a further 50% of women and 75% of men died, so that total 5-year mortality was 39% in women and 51% in men. Excess mortality was 24% in women and 27% in men. Although mortality following refracture occurred predominantly in the first 5 years post–initial fracture, total mortality (post-initial and refracture) was elevated for 10 years. Most of the 5-year to 10-year excess mortality was associated with refracture. The long-term (&gt;10 years) refracture rate was reduced, particularly in the elderly as a result of their high mortality rate. The 30% alive beyond 10 years postfracture were at low risk of further adverse outcomes. Refractures contribute substantially to overall mortality associated with fracture. The majority of the mortality and refractures occurred in the first 5 years following the initial fracture. However, excess mortality was observed for up to 10 years postfracture, predominantly related to that after refracture. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Recent PET radioligands with optimal brain kinetics for imaging nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Horti Andrew G. , Kuwabara Hiroto , Holt Daniel P. , Dannals Robert F. , Wong Dean F. 
Published: April 2013

Cerebral neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are implicated in various neurophysiological processes and in the pathophysiology and/or treatment strategies of various disorders.Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of nAChR and, especially, the most prominent cerebral subtype α4β2‐nAChR is important in smoking, epilepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, schizophrenia, cognition, behavior, memory, and in research involving aging, cognitive impairments, and dementia. Most human α4β2‐nAChR PET imaging has been performed with 2‐[18F]FA, but slow brain kinetics is the substantial drawback of 2‐[18F]FA that precludes widespread PET imaging research of nAChR in humans. Development of a better PET radioligand for α4β2‐nAChR was a focus of substantial investigation that has been thoroughly reviewed (up to 2009) previously.This article attempts to summarize the peer‐reviewed publications of the most recent development and preclinical studies of novel α4β2‐nAChR PET radioligands with improved brain kinetics and first human studies with one of these radioligands ([18F]AZAN).
Endogenous compounds labeled with radionuclides of short half‐life—some perspectives
Authors: Långström B. , Karimi F. , Watanabe Y. 
Published: April 2013

In the article, the strategy and synthesis of some endogenous compounds labeled mainly with 11C are presented. There are some examples illustrating how endogenous labeled compounds in connection with positron emission tomography have unique properties to describe various biological processes, and a few examples of the use of tracers labeled with 13N and 15O are also discussed.Labeled endogenous compounds may be an important asset to describe the conditions and the status of biological systems and might therefore be a key for the future search of individualized medicine. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
11C‐labeled and 18F‐labeled PET ligands for subtype‐specific imaging of histamine receptors in the brain
Authors: Funke Uta , Vugts Danielle J. , Janssen Bieneke , Spaans Arnold , Kruijer Perry S. , Lammertsma Adriaan A. , Perk Lars R. , Windhorst Albert D. 
Published: April 2013

The signaling molecule histamine plays a key role in the mediation of immune reactions, in gastric secretion, and in the sensory system. In addition, it has an important function as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, acting in pituitary hormone secretion, wakefulness, motor and cognitive functions, as well as in itch and nociception. This has raised interest in the role of the histaminergic system for the treatment and diagnosis of various pathologies such as allergy, sleeping and eating disorders, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, mood disorders, and pruritus.In the past 20 years, several ligands targeting the four different histamine receptor subtypes have been explored as potential radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET). This contribution provides an overview of the developments of subtype‐selective carbon‐11‐labeled and fluorine‐18‐labeled compounds for imaging in the brain.Using specific radioligands, the H1R expression in human brain could be examined in diseases such as schizophrenia, depression, and anorexia nervosa. In addition, the sedative effects of antihistamines could be investigated in terms of H1R occupancy. The H3R is of special interest because of its regulatory role in the release of various other neurotransmitters, and initial H3R PET imaging studies in humans have been reported. The H4R is the youngest member of the histamine receptor family and is involved in neuroinflammation and various sensory pathways. To date, two H4R‐specific 11C‐labeled ligands have been synthesized, and the imaging of the H4R in vivo is in the early stage.
Ototoxicity of olive oil in a chinchilla animal model
Authors: Emami Nader , Daniel Sam J. 
Published: April 2013

Objectives/HypothesisOlive oil is often used by patients to soften ear wax or to relieve ear canal obstruction. It is also sold in drugstores as a cerumenolytic. To date, no study has assessed the safety of ototopical olive oil on hearing in the presence of tympanic membrane perforation. The present study aimed to assess the safety of ototopic olive oil on hearing in the presence of tympanic membrane perforation.Study DesignProspective, randomized, controlled trial in a chinchilla animal model.Materials and methodsEleven chinchillas underwent bilateral myringotomy. In each animal, one ear was randomly assigned to receive olive oil (experimental ear), while the contralateral control ear received normal saline. Auditory brain response (ABR) test was performed at baseline and then 7, 14, and 30 days following the application.ResultsAt 30 days follow‐up, there was no significant change in auditory brain response thresholds at 8, 16, 20, or 25 kHz. Scanning electron microscope imaging showed no damage to the hair cells.ConclusionOlive oil does not seem to cause hearing loss in chinchillas with perforated tympanic membranes. Future clinical studies are required.Level of EvidenceN/A Laryngoscope, 123:2009–2012, 2013
Cochlear implantation in patients with vestibular schwannoma
Authors: Pai Irumee , Dhar Vikram , Kelleher Catherine , Nunn Terry , Connor Steve , Jiang Dan , O'Connor Alec Fitzgerald 
Published: April 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate the outcome of cochlear implantation (CI) in patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS).Study DesignA retrospective case series from a tertiary auditory implant center.MethodsA retrospective case note review was carried out to evaluate patients with bilateral profound hearing loss and VS who underwent unilateral CI within the Auditory Implant Centre at St. Thomas' Hospital, London, between 2000 and 2012. This included both bilateral VS with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and unilateral sporadic VS. Outcome measures included speech perception with Bamford‐Kowal‐Bench and City University of New York sentences, sound‐field thresholds with warble tones, and the subjective benefits reported by patients.ResultsThe study included five patients with NF2 and bilateral VS and two patients with sporadic unilateral VS. The standard preoperative audiologic assessment for CI often could not be carried out in NF2 patients. Preoperative testing was more complete in the two patients with sporadic VS. The audiologic outcome was variable. Open‐set speech perception was achieved in three out of five NF2 patients, and another reported significant improvement in environmental sound perception and ease of communication. The outcome was overall better in patients with sporadic VS, both of whom were able to use the telephone in their implanted ear.ConclusionsGood speech perception can be achieved in some cases, and CI should be considered as an option for auditory rehabilitation in patients with VS.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 123:2019–2023, 2013
A Comparison of Different Murine Models for Cytomegalovirus‐Induced Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Wang Yong , Patel Rusha , Ren Chongyu , Taggart Michael G. , Firpo Matthew A. , Schleiss Mark R. , Park Albert H. 
Published: April 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo compare three different inoculation techniques for the development of cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐induced sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in a mouse model.Study DesignA prospective experimental animal study.MethodsBALB/c mice underwent inoculation using green fluorescent protein‐expressing mouse cytomegalovirus (mCMV‐GFP) via transtympanic (TT), intraperitoneal (IP), or intracranial (IC) routes. Control mice received an equal volume of saline. Hearing thresholds were measured using both distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) and evoked auditory brainstem response studies (ABR). Cochleas were harvested for histological examination and cytocochleogram.ResultsNo mice in the TT or IP groups showed significant hearing loss. All infected mice in the IC group showed significantly elevated ABR and DPOAE thresholds at 4 weeks of age. Ten mice (55%) had profound hearing loss (≥80 dB) at 4 weeks of age, while the other eight mice (45%) initially showed moderate hearing loss (≤20 dB), which progressed to profound hearing loss by 6 to 8 weeks. Asymmetric hearing loss was seen in 40% of the mice. Temporal bone histology showed diffuse loss of outer hair cells (OHC). Green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐labeled virus was abundant in the spiral ganglion and adjacent to the scala tympani at the basal region of the cochlea at 7 days postinjection, and devoid of GFP labeling by 14 days postinfection.ConclusionsIntracerebral injection of mCMV preferentially causes mCMV‐mediated hearing loss relative to IP or TT injections. These results are consistent with the hearing loss reported in human congenital infection and may have implications for understanding the pathophysiology of CMV‐mediated labyrinthitis.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 123:2801–2806, 2013
Folate‐Conjugated PEG on Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Targeting Delivery of Doxorubicin to Cancer Cells
Authors: Niu Lvye , Meng Lingjie , Lu Qinghua 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA highly effective drug carrier is constructed by coating folic acid‐terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG‐FA) on single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in a facile non‐covalent method. The anti‐cancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), is further loaded on the surface of SWNTs at a very high loading efficiency, 149.3 ± 4.1%. The drug system (DOX/PEG‐FA/SWNTs) exhibits excellent stability under neutral pH conditions such as serum, but dramatically releases DOX at reduced pH typical of the tumour environment and intracellular lysosomes and endosomes. With the help of FA, DOX/PEG‐FA/SWNTs tend to selectively attach onto cancer cells and enter the lysosomes or endosomes by clathrin‐mediated endocytosis. This can greatly improve the pharmaceutical efficiency and reduce potential side effects. magnified image
The Post‐Mortem Pressure Distortion of Human Crania Uncovered in an Early Medieval Pohansko (Czech Republic) Graveyard
Authors: Jurda MikoláŠ , Urbanová Petra , Králík Miroslav 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPost‐mortem distortion resulting from the pressure of overlying sediments (i.e. grave backfill) is one of the taphonomic factors capable of altering the geometry of buried and subsequently recovered skeletal remains. If pressure distortion is a frequent occurrence, it could systematically flaw the outcome of an anthropological examination. To study the patterns of post‐mortem distortion in buried crania and shape alterations associated with a specimen's in situ position, 46 male crania recovered from an Old Slavic graveyard (Pohansko, Czech Republic) were analysed together with control specimens from four modern European osteological collections (N = 207) using geometric morphometrics. The results indicate a common pattern of shape change in buried skulls associated with their in situ orientation. However, as the overall shape variation between the Old Slavic crania (which, with their tendency towards longer, narrower shapes differed markedly from the modern Czech crania) oriented in situ on their back and side reflects the duality of dolichocranial and brachycranial forms, it seems likely that the in situ positioning of the crania stemmed from their original morphology. The lack of substantial effect of the in situ orientation on the cranial morphology is associated with a larger cranial size and a tendency for sturdiness in the Old Slavic subsample. Both of these characteristics are likely to be contributing to the resistance of these crania to taphonomic alterations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meal skipping linked to increased visceral adipose tissue and triglycerides in overweight minority youth
Authors: House Benjamin T. , Cook Lauren T. , Gyllenhammer Lauren E. , Schraw Jeremy M. , Goran Michael I. , Spruijt‐Metz Donna , Weigensberg Marc J. , Davis Jaimie N. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of eating frequency on dietary intake, physical activity (PA), metabolic, and adiposity measures in minority youth.MethodsThis analysis included 185 overweight (≥85th BMI percentile) Hispanic and African‐American youth (8‐18 years) with the following cross‐sectional measures: height, weight, BMI, dietary intake, body composition, metabolic parameters, PA, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Each eating occasion (EO) was defined as ≥50 calories and ≥15 minutes from any previous EO. Participants were dichotomized based on EOs per 24‐h into meal skippers <3 EO (MS; n = 27) or normal/frequent eaters ≥3 EO (NFE; n = 158). ANCOVAs were used to assess dietary intakes, metabolic outcomes, adiposity, and PA between eating frequency groups.ResultsMS compared to NFE consumed 24% fewer calories per 24‐h (P ≤ 0.01), 21% more calories per EO (P ≤ 0.01), ate 40% less often (P ≤ 0.01), had 18% higher triglycerides (P = 0.03), and 26% more VAT (P = 0.03), with no differences in PA.ConclusionsAlthough meal skipping was associated with decreased energy intake, it was linked to increased calories per EO and higher triglycerides and VAT, which are strong indicators of deleterious metabolic profiles. These findings elucidate that meal skipping may be associated with increased VAT and related metabolic diseases in high‐risk minority youth.
Predictive equations for central obesity via anthropometrics, stereovision imaging and MRI in adults
Authors: Lee Jane J. , Freeland‐Graves Jeanne H. , Pepper M. Reese , Yao Ming , Xu Bugao 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveAbdominal visceral adiposity is related to risks for insulin resistance and metabolic perturbations. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography are advanced instruments that quantify abdominal adiposity; yet field use is constrained by their bulkiness and costliness. The purpose of this study is to develop prediction equations for total abdominal, subcutaneous, and visceral adiposity via anthropometrics, stereovision body imaging (SBI), and MRI.MethodsParticipants (67 men and 55 women) were measured for anthropometrics and abdominal adiposity volumes evaluated by MRI umbilicus scans. Body circumferences and central obesity were obtained via SBI. Prediction models were developed via multiple linear regression analysis, utilizing body measurements and demographics as independent predictors, and abdominal adiposity as a dependent variable. Cross‐validation was performed by the data‐splitting method.ResultsThe final total abdominal adiposity prediction equation was –470.28 + 7.10 waist circumference – 91.01 gender + 5.74 sagittal diameter (R2 = 89.9%), subcutaneous adiposity was –172.37 + 8.57 waist circumference – 62.65 gender – 450.16 stereovision waist‐to‐hip ratio (R2=90.4%), and visceral adiposity was –96.76 + 11.48 central obesity depth – 5.09 central obesity width + 204.74 stereovision waist‐to‐hip ratio – 18.59 gender (R2 = 71.7%). R2 significantly improved for predicting visceral fat when SBI variables were included, but not for total abdominal or subcutaneous adiposity.ConclusionsSBI is effective for predicting visceral adiposity and the prediction equations derived from SBI measurements can assess obesity.