bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diphenyl Phosphine Oxide‐1‐Sensitive K+ Channels Contribute to the Vascular Tone and Reactivity of Resistance Arteries From Brain and Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Fancher Ibra S. , Butcher Joshua T. , Brooks Steven D. , Rottgen Trey S. , Skaff Paulina R. , Frisbee Jefferson C. , Dick Gregory M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveMany types of vascular smooth muscle cells exhibit prominent KDR currents. These KDR currents may be mediated, at least in part, by KV1.5 channels, which are sensitive to inhibition by DPO‐1. We tested the hypothesis that DPO‐1‐sensitive KDR channels regulate the tone and reactivity of resistance‐sized vessels from rat brain (MCA) and skeletal muscle (GA).MethodsMiddle cerebral and gracilis arteries were isolated and subjected to three kinds of experimental analysis: (i) western blot/immunocytochemistry; (ii) patch clamp electrophysiology; and (iii) pressure myography.ResultsWestern blot and immunocytochemistry experiments demonstrated KV1.5 immunoreactivity in arteries and smooth muscle cells isolated from them. Whole‐cell patch clamp experiments revealed smooth muscle cells from resistance‐sized arteries to possess a KDR current that was blocked by DPO‐1. Resistance arteries constricted in response to increasing concentrations of DPO‐1. DPO‐1 enhanced constrictions to PE and serotonin in gracilis and middle cerebral arteries, respectively. When examining the myogenic response, we found that DPO‐1 reduced the diameter at any given pressure. Dilations in response to ACh and SNP were reduced by DPO‐1.ConclusionWe suggest that KV1.5, a DPO‐1‐sensitive KDR channel, plays a major role in determining microvascular tone and the response to vasoconstrictors and vasodilators.
Maritime territorialisation as performance of sovereignty and nationhood in the South China Sea
Authors: Roszko Edyta 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe South China Sea (SCS) is a conflict‐ridden international arena of rivalry between China, the USA, India, and the other ASEAN countries over sovereignty, resources and security. In this geopolitical clash China is the dominant force and Vietnam its main challenger. While most analysts assume that the various claims to the mostly uninhabited islands are motivated by the presence of submarine mineral resources, the conflicts evoke strong nationalist feelings in Vietnam and China, fuelled by narratives of the historical presence of fisheries and navies. By analysing the tension between complex territorial claims, new technologies and forms of knowledge applied by these states to delineate their material borders on the sea and vernacular notions of social space, this paper explores how sovereignty and nationality is enacted on a day‐to‐day basis. Thus, I argue that maritime territorialisation is a paradox of treating the sea as ‘land’ produced by the performance of a socially constructed image of the state geo‐body capitalising on strong nationalistic sentiments in China and Vietnam.
Early pan‐Arabism in Egypt's July revolution: the Free Officers' political formation and policy‐making, 1946–54
Authors: Abou‐El‐Fadl Reem 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBetween 1952 and 1970, Gamal Abdel Nasser and Egypt's Free Officers Movement established the paradigmatic pan‐Arabist revolution from above. Yet it has become something of a cliché to maintain that the Free Officers had no blueprint of action before seizing power and that they later instrumentalised pan‐Arabism in their foreign policy, thinly veiling their actual commitments to Egyptian nationalism and imperialism. By contrast, this contribution underlines the impact of the British colonial context on the Free Officers' political formation and their early identification with pan‐Arabism in turn. Drawing on pamphlets, speeches, media output and memoirs, it shows that the Free Officers developed a distinctive form of anticolonial nationalism that emphasised social justice and invoked overlapping Egyptian and Arab identities. Their aspirations for liberation thus entailed a connected foreign policy and nation building programme in which pan‐Arabism was a prime – and early – component.
Bortezomib in ABO‐incompatible kidney transplant desensitization: A case report
Authors: Wong Nikki L , O'Connell Philip , Chapman Jeremy R , Nankivell Brian , Kable Kathy , Webster AC , Wong Germaine 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPositive B cell crossmatch accompanied by high levels of pre‐transplant human leukocyte antigen donor‐specific antibodies are associated with adverse graft outcomes in kidney transplant recipients. Targeting plasma cells, the main antibody producing cells, with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib may be a promising desensitization strategy. We report using a combination of bortezomib and plasmapheresis to desensitize a highly sensitized kidney transplant recipient for an ABO‐incompatible living donor kidney transplant. The flow cytometric B cell crossmatch was positive on presentation. After treatment, the anti‐A titres fell from 1:64 to 1:4, and a negative B flow cytometric crossmatch was achieved prior to transplantation. The combined approach of bortezomib to abrogate antibody production at the plasma cell level, followed by plasmapheresis and low‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin to remove in‐circulation alloantibodies, has proven to be effective in our case. Bortezomib may play a role in highly sensitized renal transplants.
Nursing home nurses conceptualize how to care for residents with cardiac vulnerability
Authors: Kim Mi So , Kim Hyun Ju , Choi Jung Eun , Kim Su Jin , Chang Sung Ok 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundWith ageing, older people face cardiovascular problems as the major cause of disability and death. Although immediate medical attention is a major factor in determining outcomes of cardiac problems, lack of personnel (i.e. registered nurse, certified nursing assistant and home care aide) in nursing homes without residing doctor limits the awareness of such problems, thus making it difficult to initiate timely and appropriate intervention.AimThe aim of this study was to conceptualize critical care for nursing home residents with cardiac vulnerability and develop practical knowledge in nursing practice.MethodsConventional content analysis was performed on date from interviews with 30 nurses from 10 nursing homes in South Korea between July and November 2010.ResultsThe analysis revealed three major cardiac problems resulting from residents' cardiac vulnerability: angina, myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiogenic shock. Through content analysis, we extracted 6 themes and 21 subthemes for nurses' conceptualization of critical care for nursing home residents with cardiac vulnerability. In nursing homes without a residing doctor, nurses assessed the physical, functional and cognitive conditions along with the responses and symptoms of residents when emergency situations related to the cardiac problems occurred. Moreover, with a lack of infrastructures of a hospital, nurses provided critical care to the elderly by using personal practice strategies based on their personal experience in facilities along with practical knowledge of nurses while following the management principles of emergencies.Conclusions and relevance to clinical practiceWe found that nurses conceptualized critical nursing care for cardiac problems at nursing homes, which are different from those of general hospitals. The results of this study will provide basis for the development of care guidelines and educational materials that can be used by novice nurses or nursing students.
Inpatient burden of childhood functional GI disorders in the USA: an analysis of national trends in the USA from 1997 to 2009
Authors: Park R. , Mikami S. , LeClair J. , Bollom A. , Lembo C. , Sethi S. , Lembo A. , Jones M. , Cheng V. , Friedlander E. , Nurko S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundFunctional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are among the most common outpatient diagnoses in pediatric primary care and gastroenterology. There is limited data on the inpatient burden of childhood FGIDs in the USA. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inpatient admission rate, length of stay (LoS), and associated costs related to FGIDs from 1997 to 2009.MethodsWe analyzed the Kids’ Inpatient Sample Database (KID) for all subjects in which constipation (ICD‐9 codes: 564.0–564.09), abdominal pain (ICD‐9 codes: 789.0–789.09), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (ICD‐9 code: 564.1), abdominal migraine (ICD‐9 code: 346.80 and 346.81) dyspepsia (ICD‐9 code: 536.8), or fecal incontinence (ICD‐codes: 787.6–787.63) was the primary discharge diagnosis from 1997 to 2009. The KID is the largest publicly available all‐payer inpatient database in the USA, containing data from 2 to 3 million pediatric hospital stays yearly.Key ResultsFrom 1997 to 2009, the number of discharges with a FGID primary diagnosis increased slightly from 6 348 537 to 6 393 803. The total mean cost per discharge increased significantly from $6115 to $18 058 despite the LoS remaining relatively stable. Constipation and abdominal pain were the most common FGID discharge diagnoses. Abdominal pain and abdominal migraine discharges were most frequent in the 10–14 year age group. Constipation and fecal incontinence discharges were most frequent in the 5–9 year age group. IBS discharge was most common for the 15–17 year age group.Conclusions & InferencesHospitalizations and associated costs in childhood FGIDs have increased in number and cost in the USA from 1997 to 2009. Further studies to determine optimal methods to avoid unnecessary hospitalizations and potentially harmful diagnostic testing are indicated.
Cell wall composition profiling of parasitic giant dodder (Cuscuta reflexa) and its hosts: a priori differences and induced changes
Authors: Johnsen Hanne R. , Striberny Bernd , Olsen Stian , Vidal‐Melgosa Silvia , Fangel Jonatan U. , Willats William G. T. , Rose Jocelyn K. C. , Krause Kirsten 
Published: March 2015

Summary

Host plant penetration is the gateway to survival for holoparasitic Cuscuta and requires host cell wall degradation. Compositional differences of cell walls may explain why some hosts are amenable to such degradation while others can resist infection.

Antibody‐based techniques for comprehensive profiling of cell wall epitopes and cell wall‐modifying enzymes were applied to several susceptible hosts and a resistant host of Cuscuta reflexa and to the parasite itself.

Infected tissue of Pelargonium zonale contained high concentrations of de‐esterified homogalacturonans in the cell walls, particularly adjacent to the parasite's haustoria. High pectinolytic activity in haustorial extracts and high expression levels of pectate lyase genes suggest that the parasite contributes directly to wall remodeling. Mannan and xylan concentrations were low in P. zonale and in five susceptible tomato introgression lines, but high in the resistant Solanum lycopersicum cv M82, and in C. reflexa itself.

Knowledge of the composition of resistant host cell walls and the parasite's own cell walls is useful in developing strategies to prevent infection by parasitic plants.
Xylem development – from the cradle to the grave
Authors: Růžička Kamil , Ursache Robertas , Hejátko Jan , Helariutta Ykä 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe development and growth of plants, as well as their successful adaptation to a variety of environments, is highly dependent on the conduction of water, nutrients and other important molecules throughout the plant body. Xylem is a specialized vascular tissue that serves as a conduit of water and minerals and provides mechanical support for upright growth. Wood, also known as secondary xylem, constitutes the major part of mature woody stems and roots. In the past two decades, a number of key factors including hormones, signal transducers and (post)transcriptional regulators have been shown to control xylem formation. We outline the main mechanisms shown to be essential for xylem development in various plant species, with an emphasis on Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as several tree species where xylem has a long history of investigation. We also summarize the processes which have been shown to be instrumental during xylem maturation. This includes mechanisms of cell wall formation and cell death which collectively complete xylem cell fate.

Contents

Summary
519

I.
Introduction
519

II.
Anatomy and various types of xylem in vascular tissue
520

III.
The birth of protoxylem – molecular factors determining xylem identity
520

IV.
Xylem maturation, secondary cell wall formation and cell death
527

V.
Conclusions
530

Acknowledgements
530

References
530
Contrasting growth phenology of native and invasive forest shrubs mediated by genome size
Authors: Fridley Jason D. , Craddock Alaä 
Published: March 2015

Summary

Examination of the significance of genome size to plant invasions has been largely restricted to its association with growth rate. We investigated the novel hypothesis that genome size is related to forest invasions through its association with growth phenology, as a result of the ability of large‐genome species to grow more effectively through cell expansion at cool temperatures.

We monitored the spring leaf phenology of 54 species of eastern USA deciduous forests, including native and invasive shrubs of six common genera. We used new measurements of genome size to evaluate its association with spring budbreak, cell size, summer leaf production rate, and photosynthetic capacity.

In a phylogenetic hierarchical model that differentiated native and invasive species as a function of summer growth rate and spring budbreak timing, species with smaller genomes exhibited both faster growth and delayed budbreak compared with those with larger nuclear DNA content. Growth rate, but not budbreak timing, was associated with whether a species was native or invasive.

Our results support genome size as a broad indicator of the growth behavior of woody species. Surprisingly, invaders of deciduous forests show the same small‐genome tendencies of invaders of more open habitats, supporting genome size as a robust indicator of invasiveness.
Power and practices: questions concerning the legislation of health professions in Brazil
Authors: Velloso Isabela S. C. , Ceci Christine 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDevelopments in professional practice can be related to ongoing changes in relations of power among professionals, which often lead to changes in the boundaries of practices. The differing contexts of practices also influence these changing relations among health professionals. Legislation governing professional practice also differs from country to country. In Brazil, over the past 12 years, in a climate of deep disagreement, a new law to regulate medical practice has been discussed. It was sanctioned, or made into law, but with some notable changes, in July 2013. Of interest to us in this paper are the ways the proposed legislation, by setting out the boundaries and scope of medical practice, ‘interfered’ in the practices of other health professions, undermining many ‘independent’ practices that have developed over time. However, even taking into account the multiple routes through which practices are established and developed, the role of legislation that seems able to contradict and deny the historical realities of multiple, intersecting practices should be critically interrogated. In this paper, we use the theoretical resources of poststructuralist thinking to explore gaps, ambiguities, and power relations implicit in the discourses that constituted this law. We argue that although the new law can be understood as a social and political device that will interfere in the organization of other health professions’ practices, such legislation is only part of what constitutes change in a consolidated professional practice. And while it is important to understand the effects of such legislation, healthcare practices are also realized or ‘made real’ through ongoing relations of knowledge and power, including, as we will see in this case, activities of resistance. The problem, then, is to understand the practical arrangements, including legislation, traditions and routines, values and knowledge that come to shape the practices of nursing in a particular context.
Acetaldehyde production by major oral microbes
Authors: Moritani K , Takeshita T , Shibata Y , Ninomiya T , Kiyohara Y , Yamashita Y 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesTo assess acetaldehyde (ACH) production by bacteria constituting the oral microbiota and the inhibitory effects of sugar alcohols on ACH production.Materials and MethodsThe predominant bacterial components of the salivary microbiota of 166 orally healthy subjects were determined by barcoded pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial ACH production from ethanol or glucose was measured using gas chromatography. In addition, inhibition by four sugars and five sugar alcohols of ACH production was assayed.ResultsForty‐one species from 16 genera were selected as predominant and prevalent bacteria based on the following criteria: identification in ≥95% of the subjects, ≥1% of mean relative abundance or ≥5% of maximum relative abundance. All Neisseria species tested produced conspicuous amounts of ACH from ethanol, as did Rothia mucilaginosa, Streptococcus mitis and Prevotella histicola exhibited the ability to produce ACH. In addition, xylitol and sorbitol inhibited ACH production by Neisseria mucosa by more than 90%.ConclusionsThe oral microbiota of orally healthy subjects comprises considerable amounts of bacteria possessing the ability to produce ACH, an oral carcinogen. Consumption of sugar alcohols may regulate ACH production by oral microbes.
The INHANCE consortium: toward a better understanding of the causes and mechanisms of head and neck cancer
Authors: Winn DM , Lee Y‐CA , Hashibe M , Boffetta P ,   the INHANCE consortium
Published: March 2015

The International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology (INHANCE) consortium is a collaboration of research groups leading large epidemiology studies to improve the understanding of the causes and mechanisms of head and neck cancer. The consortium includes investigators of 35 studies who have pooled their data on 25 500 patients with head and neck cancer (i.e., cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx) and 37 100 controls. The INHANCE analyses have confirmed that tobacco use and alcohol intake are key risk factors of these diseases and have provided precise estimates of risk and dose response, the benefit of quitting, and the hazard of smoking even a few cigarettes per day. Other risk factors include short height, lean body mass, low education and income, and a family history of head and neck cancer. Risk factors are generally similar for oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, although the magnitude of risk may vary. Some major strengths of pooling data across studies include more precise estimates of risk and the ability to control for potentially confounding factors and to examine factors that may interact with each other. The INHANCE consortium provides evidence of the scientific productivity and discoveries that can be obtained from data pooling projects.
Virus‐induced gene silencing of Withania somnifera squalene synthase negatively regulates sterol and defence‐related genes resulting in reduced withanolides and biotic stress tolerance
Authors: Singh Anup Kumar , Dwivedi Varun , Rai Avanish , Pal Shaifali , Reddy Sajjalavarahalli Gangireddy Eswara , Rao Dodaghatta Krishnarao Venkata , Shasany Ajit Kumar , Nagegowda Dinesh A. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryWithania somnifera (L.) Dunal is an important Indian medicinal plant that produces withanolides, which are triterpenoid steroidal lactones having diverse biological activities. To enable fast and efficient functional characterization of genes in this slow‐growing and difficult‐to‐transform plant, a virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) was established by silencing phytoene desaturase (PDS) and squalene synthase (SQS). VIGS of the gene encoding SQS, which provides precursors for triterpenoids, resulted in significant reduction of squalene and withanolides, demonstrating its application in studying withanolides biosynthesis in W. somnifera leaves. A comprehensive analysis of gene expression and sterol pathway intermediates in WsSQS‐vigs plants revealed transcriptional modulation with positive feedback regulation of mevalonate pathway genes, and negative feed‐forward regulation of downstream sterol pathway genes including DWF1 (delta‐24‐sterol reductase) and CYP710A1 (C‐22‐sterol desaturase), resulting in significant reduction of sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. However, there was little effect of SQS silencing on cholesterol, indicating the contribution of sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, but not of cholesterol, towards withanolides formation. Branch‐point oxidosqualene synthases in WsSQS‐vigs plants exhibited differential regulation with reduced CAS (cycloartenol synthase) and cycloartenol, and induced BAS (β‐amyrin synthase) and β‐amyrin. Moreover, SQS silencing also led to the down‐regulation of brassinosteroid‐6‐oxidase‐2 (BR6OX2), pathogenesis‐related (PR) and nonexpressor of PR (NPR) genes, resulting in reduced tolerance to bacterial and fungal infection as well as to insect feeding. Taken together, SQS silencing negatively regulated sterol and defence‐related genes leading to reduced phytosterols, withanolides and biotic stress tolerance, thus implicating the application of VIGS for functional analysis of genes related to withanolides formation in W. somnifera leaves.
Construction of high‐throughput genotyped chromosome segment substitution lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and QTL mapping for heading date
Authors: Zhu Jinyan , Niu Yongchao , Tao Yajun , Wang Jun , Jian Jianbo , Tai Shuaishuai , Li Jun , Yang Jie , Zhong Weigong , Zhou Yong , Liang Guohua 
Published: March 2015

AbstractChromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) provide ideal materials for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping and genetic dissection of complex traits. In this study, we developed a set of CSSL population consisting of 175 lines, which were derived between the recipient ‘Guangluai 4’ and the donor ‘Nipponbare’. Based on 260 molecular markers, we firstly constructed a physical map of core 97 lines. Then, these 97 lines were further genotyped based on resequencing data, and a resequencing‐based physical map was constructed. Compared with the molecular marker‐based physical map, the resequencing‐based physical map of 97 lines contained 367 substituted segments with 252 newly discovered segments. The total size of the 367 substituted segments was 1,074 Mb, which was 2.81 times the size of rice genome. Using the 97 CSSLs as materials, we identified nine QTLs for heading date and three of them were firstly reported. All the QTLs had positive additive effects, ranging from 9.50 to 16.50 days. These CSSLs may greatly help forge a new resource for functional genomics studies and molecular breeding in rice.