bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Globalising higher education in and through urban spaces: Higher education projects, international student mobilities and trans‐local connections in Seoul
Authors: Collins Francis 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper explores the connections between universities and cities in a moment of heightened emphasis on international student mobilities and globalising processes in Asian higher education. In particular, I seek to draw attention to the contingent assembly of the urban and its role in globalising higher education by highlighting the ways in which urban spaces draw together different sorts of trans‐local connections and flows. To explore this approach, I discuss the globalisation of higher education in South Korea, and the significance of Seoul in these processes through a focus on two leading universities – Korea University and Seoul National University. To highlight the importance of trans‐local connections in the urban dimensions of higher education, I discuss the generation of desires to be mobile in imaginations of Seoul as a destination for higher education, student experiences of situated learning in place and the articulation of student mobilities into career pathways with Korean transnational firms. From this perspective urban spaces need to be understood as much more than just the geographical backdrop to the globalisation of higher education. Rather, cities like Seoul are the spaces through which connections are being forged around knowledge production, international migration and trans‐local economic practices.
Spermatogenic ultrastructure in the anomalodesmatan bivalve Myochama anomioides (Mollusca: Myochamidae) – does the nucleus help position the ‘temporary’ acrosome?
Authors: Healy John M. , Mikkelsen Paula M. , Bieler Rüdiger 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSpermatogenic ultrastructure in the marine bivalve mollusc Myochama anomioides (Myochamidae) is described and contrasted with other bivalves, especially other euheterodonts. Small (0.1 μm diameter), primary proacrosomal vesicles produced in spermatocytes give rise to much larger (0.4 μm diameter) secondary proacrosomal vesicles in early spermatids, which in turn form the dished‐shaped, definitive acrosomal vesicle (diameter 1.0 μm) of later spermatids. The acrosomal vesicle acquires a deposit of subacrosomal material and comes to lie close to or in contact with the plasma membrane. The acrosomal complex (acrosomal vesicle + subacrosomal material) initially positions itself at the apex of the condensing, fibrous nucleus (the so‐called temporary acrosome position), but subsequently begins to move posteriorly. The condensing nucleus becomes markedly folded so that its apex is posteriorly orientated towards the migrating acrosomal complex and the midpiece (mitochondria and centrioles). The close spatial relationship of nuclear apex to acrosomal complex during this folding strongly suggests that acrosomal migration in M. anomioides is assisted, at least in part, by movement of the late spermatid nucleus. Similar nuclear folding has previously been demonstrated in an early stage of fertilization in another anomalodesmatan (Laternula limicola) raising the possibility that one event might be a reversal of the other.
ASC, a Bioactive Steroidal Saponin from Ophitopogin japonicas, Inhibits Angiogenesis through Interruption of Src Tyrosine Kinase‐dependent Matrix Metalloproteinase Pathway
Authors: Zeng Ke‐Wu , Song Fang‐Jiao , Li Ning , Dong Xin , Jiang Yong , Tu Peng‐Fei 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAs angiogenesis is an important target for antitumour drugs, the agents that inhibit angiogenesis may help reduce the use of chemotherapy by blocking tumour blood supply. In this study, we investigated a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, ASC, a steroidal saponin compound, which has been purified from Ophitopogin japonicus (L.f) Ker.‐Gawl. Our observations showed that ASC significantly suppressed human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVECs) growth both in vitro and in vivo. This may be resulted from the G2/M cell cycle arrest effects of ASC. Moreover, ASC inhibited HUVECs invasion and tube formation processes, which were associated with endothelial cells remodelling. A mechanism study indicated that ASC down‐regulated the expression of Src tyrosine kinase, further leading to the blockage of Akt‐dependent matrix metalloproteinases (mainly for MMP‐9) signalling pathway, which was functionally associated with angiogenic blood vessels. Finally, ASC significantly inhibited angiogenesis and MMPs/VEGF expression in the subcutaneously injected matrigel in C57/BL mice. These findings suggest that ASC might be a potential drug candidate in anti‐angiogenesis and anticancer therapies.
Different Effects of Cabergoline and Bromocriptine on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Elevated Prolactin Levels
Authors: Krysiak Robert , Okopien Bogusław 
Published: August 2014

AbstractHyperprolactinaemia is suggested to be associated with metabolic and hormonal complications. No previous study has compared the effect of different dopamine agonists on plasma lipids, carbohydrate metabolism markers and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with elevated prolactin levels. The study included eight bromocriptine‐resistant women with prolactinoma (group 1) and twelve matched women with hyperprolactinaemia unrelated to prolactinoma (group 2). Group 1 was then treated with cabergoline, while group 2 with bromocriptine. Plasma lipids, glucose homeostasis markers and plasma levels of prolactin, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed before and after 6 months of therapy. Both treatments normalized plasma prolactin levels. Cabergoline reduced triglycerides, 2‐hr post‐challenge plasma glucose, the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), and circulating levels of IGF‐1, free fatty acids (FFA), uric acid, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), homocysteine and fibrinogen, as well as increased HDL cholesterol and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D. With the exception of a reduction in HOMA‐IR, bromocriptine treatment produced no significant effect on the investigated biomarkers. Cabergoline was superior to bromocriptine in affecting 2‐hr post‐challenge plasma glucose levels, HOMA‐IR, as well as circulating levels of IGF‐1, FFA, uric acid, hsCRP, homocysteine, fibrinogen and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D. Our results may suggest that cabergoline is superior to bromocriptine when it comes to affecting atherogenic dyslipidaemia, insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of cardiovascular risk factors in hyperprolactinaemic patients. These findings seem to support previous observations that cabergoline may be a better treatment for patients with elevated prolactin levels than bromocriptine.
Group typicality, group loyalty and cognitive development
Authors: Patterson Meagan M. 
Published: August 2014

Over the course of childhood, children's thinking about social groups changes in a variety of ways. Developmental Subjective Group Dynamics (DSGD) theory emphasizes children's understanding of the importance of conforming to group norms. Abrams et al.'s study, which uses DSGD theory as a framework, demonstrates the social cognitive skills underlying young elementary school children's thinking about group norms. Future research on children's thinking about groups and group norms should explore additional elements of this topic, including aspects of typicality beyond loyalty.
Preliminary characterisation of nanotubes connecting T‐cells and their use by HIV‐1
Authors: Lachambre Simon , Chopard Christophe , Beaumelle Bruno 
Published: August 2014

Background InformationCells, especially those of the immune system, can form long and thin connections termed tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs). These structures can reach >100 µm in length and, in T‐cells, contain actin but no tubulin and are not open ended. T‐cell TNTs were found to form following cell contact and to enable the transfer of HIV‐1 from an infected‐ to a connected‐T‐cell. TNTs are poorly characterised at molecular level.ResultsWe found Rab11 and tetraspanins, especially CD81, all along T‐cells TNTs, whereas Rab4 and Rab35 were absent from these structures. Regarding actin cytoskeleton regulators, Exo70, N‐WASP and especially ezrin accumulated at the level of the TNT tip that contacts the connected cell. Phosphoinositides such as PI(4,5)P2 were also concentrated at this level together with HIV‐1 Gag. Gag spots on cells and TNTs were essentially immobile, and likely correspond to area of Gag multimerisation for budding to form virus‐like particles. Mobility of PHPLCδ, a specific probe for PI(4,5)P2, was reduced > threefold at the level of TNT basis or tip compared with the cell body.ConclusionOur study identified the TNT tip as an active zone of actin cytoskeleton reorganisation with the presence of ezrin, Exo70, N‐WASP and PI(4,5)P2. The latter is also known to enable HIV‑1 Gag recruitment for viral budding, and the presence of Gag at this level, contacting the connected cell, indicates that the TNT tip is also a favourite place for HIV‐1 assembly and budding.
Structural basis for constitutive activity and agonist‐induced activation of the enteroendocrine fat sensor GPR119
Authors: Engelstoft M S , Norn C , Hauge M , Holliday N D , Elster L , Lehmann J , Jones R M , Frimurer T M , Schwartz T W 
Published: August 2014

Background and PurposeGPR119 is a Gαs‐coupled 7TM receptor activated by endogenous lipids such as oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and by the dietary triglyceride metabolite 2‐monoacylglycerol. GPR119 stimulates enteroendocrine hormone and insulin secretion. But despite massive drug discovery efforts in the field, very little is known about the basic molecular pharmacology of GPR119.Experimental ApproachGPR119 receptor signalling was studied in transfected cells. Mutational mapping (30 mutations in 23 positions) was performed on residues required for ligand‐independent and agonist‐induced GPR119 activation (AR231453 and OEA). Novel Rosetta‐based receptor modelling was applied, using a composite template approach with segments from different X‐ray structures and fully flexible ligand docking.Key ResultsThe increased signalling induced by increasing the cell surface expression of GPR119 in the absence of agonist and the inhibitory effect of two synthetic inverse agonists demonstrated that GRP119 signals with a high degree of constitutive activity through the Gαs pathway. The mutational maps for AR231453 and OEA were very similar and, surprisingly, also similar to the mutational map for residues affecting the constitutive signalling – albeit with key differences. Surprisingly, almost all residues in extracellular loop‐2b were important for the constitutive activity. The molecular modelling and docking demonstrated that AR231453 binds in a ‘vertical’ pocket in between mutational hits reaching from the centre of the receptor out to extracellular loop‐2b.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe high constitutive activity of GPR119 should be taken into account in future drug discovery efforts, which can now be guided by the detailed knowledge of the physiochemical properties of the extended ligand‐binding pocket.
Silencing of microRNA‐122 is an early event during hepatocarcinogenesis from non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Takaki Yoko , Saito Yoshimasa , Takasugi Azusa , Toshimitsu Kohta , Yamada Shoji , Muramatsu Toshihide , Kimura Masaki , Sugiyama Kazuo , Suzuki Hiromu , Arai Eri , Ojima Hidenori , Kanai Yae , Saito Hidetsugu 
Published: August 2014

Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has emerged as a common cause of chronic liver disease and virus‐independent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. To reveal the molecular mechanism underlying hepatocarcinogenesis from NASH, microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles were analyzed in STAM mice, a NASH‐HCC animal model. MicroRNA expression was also examined in 42 clinical samples of HCC tissue. Histopathological images of the liver of STAM mice at the ages of 6, 8, 12, and 18 weeks showed findings compatible with fatty liver, NASH, liver cirrhosis (LC), and HCC, respectively. Expression of miR‐122 in non‐tumor LC at the age of 18 weeks was significantly lower than that in LC at the age of 12 weeks. Expression of miR‐122 was further decreased in HCCs relative to non‐tumor LC at the age of 18 weeks. Expression of miR‐122 was also decreased in clinical samples of liver tissue showing macrovesicular steatosis and HCC, being consistent with the findings in the NASH model mice. DNA methylation analysis revealed that silencing of miR‐122 was not mediated by DNA hypermethylation of the promoter region. These results suggest that silencing of miR‐122 is an early event during hepatocarcinogenesis from NASH, and that miR‐122 could be a novel molecular marker for evaluating the risk of HCC in patients with NASH.
miR‐639 regulates transforming growth factor beta‐induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition in human tongue cancer cells by targeting FOXC1
Authors: Lin Zhaoyu , Sun Lijuan , Chen Weiliang , Liu Bodu , Wang Youyuan , Fan Song , Li Yilin , Li Jinsong 
Published: August 2014

Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is implicated in embryonic development and various pathological events. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) has been reported to induce EMT in tumor cells, which is a critical step in the process of metastasis leading to cancer spreading and treatment failure. However, the involvement of microRNA during the EMT process in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) remains to be determined. To address this question, TSCC cell lines SCC9 and CAL27 were treated with human recombinant TGFβ1 for 48 h. miRNA microarray illustrated that miR‐639 was significantly downregulated in TGFβ‐treated SCC9 cells. Ectopic expression of miR‐639 with miRNA mimics effectively blocked TGFβ‐induced EMT in SCC9 and CAL27 cells, but inhibition of miR‐639 in SCC9 and CAL27 cells with antisense oligonucleotides induced EMT. Computational microRNA target predictions detected a conserved sequence matching to the seed region of miR‐639 in the 3′‐UTR of FOXC1 mRNA. Luciferase reporter assays revealed that miR‐639 targets FOXC1. Ectopic expression of FOXC1 induces EMT in TSCC cells. Silencing FOXC1 expression blocked TGFβ‐induced EMT in SCC9 cells. Clinically, reduced miR‐639 expression was associated with metastasis in TSCC and poor patient survival. The data from the present study suggest that reduced expression of miR‐639 underscores the mechanism of TGFβ‐induced EMT in TSCC by targeting FOXC1 and may serve as therapeutic targets in the process of metastasis.
Phase II study of FOLFIRINOX for chemotherapy‐naïve Japanese patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer
Authors: Okusaka Takuji , Ikeda Masafumi , Fukutomi Akira , Ioka Tatsuya , Furuse Junji , Ohkawa Shinichi , Isayama Hiroyuki , Boku Narikazu 
Published: August 2014

The FOLFIRINOX combination of chemotherapy drugs had not been fully evaluated for Japanese pancreatic cancer patients. Therefore, we carried out a phase II study to examine the efficacy and safety of FOLFIRINOX in chemotherapy‐naïve Japanese patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. FOLFIRINOX (i.v. infusion of 85 mg/m2 oxaliplatin, 180 mg/m2 irinotecan, and 200 mg/m2 l‐leucovorin, followed by a bolus of 400 mg/m2 fluorouracil and a 46‐h continuous infusion of 2400 mg/m2 fluorouracil) was given every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was the response rate. The 36 enrolled patients received a median of eight (range, 1–25) treatment cycles. The response rate was 38.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.1–56.5); median overall survival, 10.7 months (95% CI, 6.9–13.2); and median progression‐free survival, 5.6 months (95% CI, 3.0–7.8). Major grade 3 or 4 toxicities included neutropenia (77.8%), febrile neutropenia (22.2%), thrombocytopenia (11.1%), anemia (11.1%), anorexia (11.1%), diarrhea (8.3%), nausea (8.3%), elevated alanine aminotransferase levels (8.3%), and peripheral sensory neuropathy (5.6%). Febrile neutropenia occurred only during the first cycle. There were no treatment‐related deaths. FOLFIRINOX can be a standard regimen showing favorable efficacy and acceptable toxicity profile in chemotherapy‐naïve Japanese patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Speech Perception and Production by Sequential Bilingual Children: A Longitudinal Study of Voice Onset Time Acquisition
Authors: McCarthy Kathleen M. , Mahon Merle , Rosen Stuart , Evans Bronwen G. 
Published: August 2014

The majority of bilingual speech research has focused on simultaneous bilinguals. Yet, in immigrant communities, children are often initially exposed to their family language (L1), before becoming gradually immersed in the host country's language (L2). This is typically referred to as sequential bilingualism. Using a longitudinal design, this study explored the perception and production of the English voicing contrast in 55 children (40 Sylheti‐English sequential bilinguals and 15 English monolinguals). Children were tested twice: when they were in nursery (52‐month‐olds) and 1 year later. Sequential bilinguals' perception and production of English plosives were initially driven by their experience with their L1, but after starting school, changed to match that of their monolingual peers.
The risk of second primary malignancy is increased in differentiated thyroid cancer patients with a cumulative 131I dose over 37 GBq
Authors: Khang Ah Reum , Cho Sun Wook , Choi Hoon Sung , Ahn Hwa Young , Yoo Won Sang , Kim Kyung Won , Kang Keon Wook , Yi Ka Hee , Park Do Joon , Lee Dong Soon , Chung June‐Key , Cho Bo Youn , Park Young Joo 
Published: August 2014

SummaryBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for second primary malignancy (SPM) diagnosed after differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC).MethodsA total of 2468 DTC patients who underwent thyroidectomy were reviewed. SPM was defined as a non‐thyroidal malignancy, diagnosed at least 1 year after the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Patients were divided into five groups according to cumulative 131I dose: very high‐activity (≥37·0 GBq), high‐activity (22·3–36·9 GBq), intermediate‐activity (5·56–22·2 GBq), low‐activity (1·1–5·55 GBq) and no RAI.ResultsAmong the 2468 patients, 61 (2·5%) had SPMs during 7·0 (1·0–33·0) years of median follow‐up. Age above 40 years, male sex and very high‐activity RAI were independent risk factors for the development of SPM. SPM‐related mortality was highest in the very high‐activity group, while DTC‐related mortality was highest in the high‐activity group. The overall mortality both from SPM and DTC was highest in the high‐activity group.ConclusionA cumulative 131I dose <37·0 GBq did not increase the risk of SPM. A cumulative 131I dose ≥37·0 GBq increased the risk of SPM and SPM‐related mortality and decreased the DTC‐specific mortality, resulting in a similar all‐cause mortality compared with the low‐activity RAI group. Using repeated high‐dose RAI for treating RAI‐responsive but persistent DTC patients needs careful consideration of the individual benefits from RAI vs the risk of developing SPM.
Experiments in Vulnerability: Sociability and Care in Chicago's Redeveloping Public Housing
Authors: FENNELL CATHERINE 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis essay examines tensions emerging around public spaces in a mixed‐income development built to replace a distressed public housing project on Chicago's West Side. It argues that the disorienting experiences of moving through these spaces prodded new and long‐term residents of the area to examine the practices of sociability they subscribed to. Specifically, it prodded them to examine what it would take to become more or less vulnerable to each other, and in the process, better able to care for themselves and those in their immediate vicinity. I show that scholarly attention to the reconfiguration of sociability in such places helps us better understand post‐Welfare social collectivities and the conditions of belonging to them.
A comparison between amylase levels from peritonsillar, dental and neck abscesses
Authors: El‐Saied S. , Kaplan D.M. , Zlotnik A. , Abu Tailakh M. , Kordeluk S. , Joshua B.‐Z. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesPus of peritonsillar abscess (PTA) contains very high amylase levels in some patients. The objective of this study was to further test this finding and to check whether high amylase levels in peritonsillar abscess originate from contamination by saliva during aspiration.Study designProspective study.SettingTertiary care university hospital.ParticipantsThe study includes 64 patients with PTA, 8 patients with a neck abscess and 12 patients with a dental abscess.Main outcome measureAmylase levels of pus and serum were compared between the groups. Clinical data regarding hospitalisation length, recurrence rate and previous antibiotic treatment were also collected.ResultsMean amylase levels in the pus of the PTA group were 3045 U/L (median 59 U/L), 13 U/L in the neck abscess group (P = 0.001) and 22 U/L in the dental abscess group (P = 0.001). Mean serum amylase was higher in the PTA group; PTA – 50 U/L, neck abscess – 37 U/L (P = 0.002) and dental abscess – 26 U/L (P < 0.002). All of the patients with amylase levels above 65 U/L had a first episode of PTA. In contrast, 40% of patients with amylase lower than 65 U/L had recurrent PTA (P = 0.003).ConclusionA clear association is seen between minor salivary glands and peritonsillar abscess. The high amylase level in peritonsillar pus is not from contamination with saliva.
Incorporating Social and Cultural Significance of Large Old Trees in Conservation Policy
Authors: BLICHARSKA MALGORZATA , MIKUSIŃSKI GRZEGORZ 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn addition to providing key ecological functions, large old trees are a part of a social realm and as such provide numerous social‐cultural benefits to people. However, their social and cultural values are often neglected when designing conservation policies and management guidelines. We believe that awareness of large old trees as a part of human identity and cultural heritage is essential when addressing the issue of their decline worldwide. Large old trees provide humans with aesthetic, symbolic, religious, and historic values, as well as concrete tangible benefits, such as leaves, branches, or nuts. In many cultures particularly large trees are treated with reverence. Also, contemporary popular culture utilizes the image of trees as sentient beings and builds on the ancient myths that attribute great powers to large trees. Although the social and cultural role of large old trees is usually not taken into account in conservation, accounting for human‐related values of these trees is an important part of conservation policy because it may strengthen conservation by highlighting the potential synergies in protecting ecological and social values.Incorporación del Significado Social y Cultural de Árboles Añejos a Políticas de Conservación