bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cosmetics, Greece and Rome
Authors: Watson Patricia 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The Greek term from which the English noun “cosmetics” is derived (
kosmetika
) referred to substances which protected and preserved the hair, skin, eyes, and teeth. The use of these was distinguished from
to kommotikon
: the artificial enhancement of the appearance with face‐whitener, rouge, and eye makeup. Both types of cosmetic were widely employed by Greek and Roman women of all classes, including respectable married women, despite the strictures of moralists.
Cubiculum(bedroom)
Authors: Kleibl Kathrin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCubiculum(dormitorium, pl.cubicula– probably cognate withcubus(“cube”) orcubare(“to lie down”)) is the Latin term for a private room in a Roman house. Acubiculumcan serve as a bedchamber, a relaxation room, or a room where to receive intimate friends and conduct confidential business.
Demography, historical (ancient Mediterranean)
Authors: Hin Saskia 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPopulations are the object of study of demography. The discipline aims to understand the size, the distribution, the composition (structure), and the development of populations. Historical demography, in focusing on populations of the past, is tightly intertwined with the discipline of history. Asking truly transdisciplinary questions, demography often finds answers in knowledge provided by neighboring disciplines: anthropology, sociology, biology, climatology, geography, archaeology, and economy are of particular importance in this. Many questions asked by demographers ultimately pertain to the three main demographic parameters that determine macro‐demographic developments: mortality, fertility, and migration.
Deportation
Authors: Ellart Carlos Sánchez‐Moreno 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

According to the traditional theory (Mommsen 1899: 974), deportation (
deportatio
) was a penalty introduced by Tiberius in 23
CE
, which implied both the consequences of outlawry (or
aquae et igni interdictio
) and the duty of establishing a compulsory residence (Cass. Dio 57.22).
Eunuchs, Greece and Rome
Authors: Kuefler Mathew 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCastration is known from earliest recorded history, but before the Common Era it seems to have been practiced mostly in the easternmost Mediterranean (see castration,human). Accordingly, ancient Greek texts generally discussed castration as the experience of other peoples, although there are some references to castration in Greek myths, such as Hesiod's account of the birth of Aphrodite from the severed genitals of Ouranos.
Ahhiyawa
Authors: Beckman Gary 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe name Ahhiyawa denotes a Late Bronze Age kingdom located in mainland Greece and on the Aegean islands, whose people are known to scholars today as Mycenaeans. The nativelinear brecords provide little information on political organization, but archaeological considerations make it highly likely that the cityMycenaewas the capital of this realm. Tanayu (Tny) of 18th Dynasty Egyptian inscriptions probably refers to the same polity. Despite minor phonological difficulties, the name Ahhiyawa (earlier form Ahhiya), found only in Hittite cuneiform documents, must be equated with the ethnicon Achaian attested in the Homeric poems (seehomer,achaians). Nonetheless, efforts to identify particular Ahhiyawans and western Anatolians mentioned in Hittite sources with characters in theIliadorOdysseyare questionable.
Lullubi
Authors: Schrakamp Ingo 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The name Lullubi or Lullu (and variants), attested in mid‐third to first millennium
BCE
Mesopotamian sources, designates both a geographic region in the area of Suleimaniyah in the Zagros mountains and a heterogeneous population inhabiting that region. The ethnolinguistic affiliation of the people called Lullu(bi) is uncertain (on their onomasticon in the first millennium, see Zadok 2002).
Structure‐function studies with G protein‐coupled receptors as a paradigm for improving drug discovery and development of therapeutics
Authors: McNeely Patrick M. , Naranjo Andrea N. , Robinson Anne S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThere are a great variety of human membrane proteins, and these currently form the largest group of targets for marketed drugs. Despite the advances in drug design, however, promiscuity between drug molecules and targets often leads to undesired signaling effects, which result in unintended side effects. In this review, one family of membrane proteins – the G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) – is used as a model to review experimental techniques that may be used to examine the activity of membrane proteins. As these receptors are highly relevant to healthy human physiology and represent the largest family of drug targets, they represent an excellent model for membrane proteins in general. We also review experimental evidence that suggests there may be multiple ways to target a GPCR – and by extension, membrane proteins – to more effectively target unhealthy phenotypes while reducing the occurrence and severity of side effects.
Chiral analytical method development and application to pre‐clinical pharmacokinetics of pinocembrin
Authors: Sayre Casey L. , Takemoto Jody K. , Martinez Stephanie E. , Davies Neal M. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTAn analytical method enabling the detection and quantification of the individual enantiomers of racemic (±) pinocembrin is required to fully characterize its pharmacokinetic disposition. Direct resolution of the enantiomers of pinocembrin was achieved using a novel and simple reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method with electrospray ionization and detection by mass spectrometry in rat serum. A Chiralcel® AD‐RH column was employed to perform baseline separation with electrospray positive‐mode ionization with selected ion monitoring detection. The standard curves were linear from 0.5 to 100 µg/mL for each enantiomer. The limit of quantification was 0.5 µg/mL. The assay was applied successfully to stereoselective serum disposition of pinocembrin enantiomers in rats. Pinocembrin enantiomers were detected in serum. Both enantiomers had a serum half‐life of ~15 min in rats. Similar values of volume of distribution between the enantiomers were also observed: 1.76 L/kg for S‐pinocembrin and 1.79 L/kg for R‐pinocembrin. Total clearance was 5.527 L//h/kg for S‐pinocembrin and 5.535 L/h/kg for R‐pinocembrin, and the area under the curve was 1.821 µg h/mL for S‐pinocembrin and 1.876 µg h/mL for R‐pinocembrin. The large volume of distribution coupled with the short serum half‐life suggests extensive distribution of pinocembrin into the tissues. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of tumor markers in cytological fluid obtained from computed tomography–guided needle aspiration biopsies for the diagnosis of ground‐glass opacity pulmonary lesions
Authors: Kim Ga Ram , Hur Jin , Lee Hye‐Jeong , Nam Ji Eun , Kim Young Jin , Hong Yoo Jin , Shim Hyo Sup , Kim Hee Yeong , Lee Ji Won , Choi Byoung Wook 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to assess whether analyses of tumor markers in cytological fluid can improve the performance of computed tomography (CT)‐guided needle aspiration biopsy (NAB) for the diagnosis of ground‐glass opacity (GGO) pulmonary lesions.METHODS:Forty‐two patients were prospectively enrolled for CT‐guided NAB. Levels of cytokeratin 19 fragments (CYFRA 21‐1) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) from serum and cytological fluid were measured. The cutoff values of 3.3 ng/mL for CYFRA 21‐1 and 5.0 ng/mL for CEA (threshold A) or thresholds by adding 2 standard deviations to the mean levels of markers found in patients without malignancy (threshold B) were used to identify malignancy. The sensitivity and area under the curve (AUC) of NAB alone were compared with those of NAB combined with serum or cytological tumor markers.RESULTS:Among the 42 patients, 30 (71.4%) had malignant and 12 (28.6%) had benign lesions. For NAB alone, the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC for diagnosing GGO were 70.0%, 100%, and 0.850, respectively. The sensitivity and AUC increased significantly for NAB with cytological CYFRA 21‐1 compared with NAB alone, using both thresholds (threshold A: 86.7%, P = .026 and .933, P = .016; threshold B: 93.3%, P = .008 and .925, P = .046).CONCLUSIONS:Cytological fluid measurements of CYFRA 21‐1 can improve the diagnostic performance of CT‐guided NAB for GGO pulmonary lesions. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:214–222. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
The cytological features of mammary analogue secretory carcinoma
Authors: Griffith Christopher C. , Stelow Edward B. , Saqi Anjali , Khalbuss Walid E. , Schneider Frank , Chiosea Simion I. , Seethala Raja R. 
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUNDMammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) of the salivary glands is a newly described tumor entity associated with the t(12;15)(p13;q25) ETV6‐NTRK3 translocation. Early studies have shown this tumor to be a distinct entity with histologic, biologic, and clinical differences from acinic cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified. Because this tumor was described only recently, it remains relatively unknown outside of head and neck specialty pathology centers.METHODSIn the current study, 6 cases of fine‐needle aspiration cytology from histologically and/or molecularly confirmed cases of MASC are presented.RESULTSUsing cytomorphology, MASC primarily raises the differential diagnosis of an oncocytic salivary gland tumor but there are some features that can suggest the specific diagnosis of MASC. The 6 cases presented in the current study all demonstrated at least focal cytoplasmic vacuolization and papillary formations on smears. MASC can be differentiated from acinic cell carcinoma by a lack of periodic acid‐Schiff diastase–positive zymogen granules and S‐100 protein positivity.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study the ability of ETV6 break‐apart fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect gene rearrangement on cell block material. This is the first report of a case of MASC prospectively diagnosed on a cytology specimen. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:234–41. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Mapping the Way Forward: Education for Sustainability in Architecture and Urban Design
Authors: Altomonte Sergio , Rutherford Peter , Wilson Robin 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTGiven the growing relevance of the sustainability agenda to the professions of the built environment, one way to ensure that its mandates are effectively integrated in architecture and urban design is to revisit the role that education, particularly at university level, can play. It is well understood that this requires a significant paradigm shift in the underlying pedagogies involved in educating for sustainability. It could be argued therefore that one of the main challenges is to address the dichotomy between effectively integrating creative expression with rigorous technical exploration, this being a core demand of high‐quality sustainable design. As such, advances in curriculum development must seek to promote this integration more effectively, and, in so doing, facilitate knowledge transfer between both the creative and the scientific disciplines that are core to a sustainable architecture and urban design process. In response, this paper explores the outcomes of a European project, EDUCATE (Environmental Design in University Curricula and Architectural Training in Europe), seeking to look critically at the barriers and opportunities afforded by implementing sustainability in pre‐ and post‐professional education in architecture and urban design, and exploring some of the strategies required to promote such integration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Time to live of identifier‐to‐locator mappings: with‐reset or no‐reset
Authors: Li Xiaoqian , Zukerman Moshe , Zhou Huachun , Luo Hongbin , Qiu Feng , Zhang Hongke 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYIn networks with identifier/locator separation, border routers often cache recently used identifier‐to‐locator mappings of remote hosts and set a time to live (TTL) for each mapping. We consider two options to update the TTL of a mapping, designated as no‐reset (NR) and with‐reset (WR) modes. In the NR mode, once a mapping is cached, its TTL is set to a default value called cache timeout, and the mapping is removed when the TTL expires. By contrast, in the WR mode, whenever the mapping is queried, its TTL is reset to the cache timeout. Although it is not difficult to intuitively observe that the WR mode performs better than the NR mode in terms of cache hit rate, it is still of interest to evaluate what is the benefit gained by using the WR mode rather than the NR mode and what is the cost incurred to achieve this gain. Another equivalent question is what is the additional cost incurred in terms of resources for the NR mode to perform similarly to the WR mode. We model the cache hit rate and compare the performance of the WR and NR modes for flat and aggregatable identifiers by analysis and simulation, and estimate how much more cache size the NR mode requires to achieve similar cache hit rate and communication interruptions to the WR mode. The comparison results provide rational to use the WR mode, rather than the NR mode, for identifier‐to‐locator mapping caches. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Syntheses, Crystal Structure, and Exceptional Chemical Stability of Three Multinuclear PbII Complexes
Authors: Jia Yanyuan , Li Huijun , Zhao Bei , Guo Qianqian , Hou Hongwei , Fan Yaoting 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThree multinuclear PbII complexes―[Pb2(ptptp)2(H2O)2] (1), [Pb2(p‐PDA)(Hptptp)2] (2), and [Pb4(o‐PDA)2(ptptp)2]·2H2O (3) [H2ptptp = 2‐(5‐{6‐[5‐(pyrazin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl]pyridin‐2‐yl}‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)pyrazine, H2PDA = phenylenediacetic acid]―have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Complexes 1, 2, and 3 show di‐, di‐, and tetranuclear structures, respectively. The study of the chemical stability of the three complexes demonstrates their remarkable chemical resistance to boiling water and organic solvents. More importantly, complex 1 shows remarkable acid and alkali resistance, which is outstanding among metal–organic solids. The thermogravimetric analysis curve shows that complex 1 possesses high thermal stability (up to 491 °C). Furthermore, the fluorescence of complexes 1, 2, and 3 has also been investigated.
M2Cd3B16O28 (M = Rb, Cs): Two Isostructural Alkali Cadmium Borates with a New Type of Borate Layer
Authors: Dong Xiaoyu , Shi Yunjing , Zhou Zhongxiang , Pan Shilie , Yang Zhihua , Zhang Bingbing , Yang Yun , Chen Zhaohui , Huang Zhenjun 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTwo new isostructural compounds, M2Cd3B16O28 (M = Rb, Cs), have been synthesized by a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction for the first time. M2Cd3B16O28 (M = Rb, Cs) crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/c, with a = 21.4856(10) Å, b = 7.6852(4) Å, c = 13.3694(8) Å, β = 91.705(3)°, Z = 4 for Rb2Cd3B16O28 and a = 21.621(3) Å, b = 7.6820(11) Å, c = 13.4170(18) Å, β = 91.068(8)°, Z = 4 for Cs2Cd3B16O28. The compounds crystallize with (B16O34)∞ double layers bridged by Cd2+ cations to form three dimensional (3D) structures. The M+ (M = Rb, Cs) cations reside in the tunnels of the (B16O34)∞ double layers. First‐principle electronic structure calculations show that the calculated band gaps of M2Cd3B16O28 (M = Rb, Cs) are 4.67 and 4.71 eV, respectively, which are in good agreement with the experimental values estimated from UV/Vis/NIR absorption spectroscopy by using the Kubelka–Munk equation, and the observed absorption peak is assigned as a charge transfer from the O 2p state to the Cd 5s state.
Synthesis of Ar‐BINMOL Ligands by [1,2]‐Wittig Rearrangement to Probe Their Catalytic Activity in 1,2‐Addition Reactions of Aldehydes with Grignard Reagents
Authors: Zheng Long‐Sheng , Jiang Ke‐Zhi , Deng Yuan , Bai Xing‐Feng , Gao Guang , Gu Feng‐Lei , Xu Li‐Wen 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe have demonstrated a highly diastereoselective synthesis of optically pure Ar‐BINMOL‐derived diols and their analogues. The present study demonstrates a unique cascade chirality transfer in a [1,2]‐Wittig rearrangement that leads to chiral diols with three stereogenic centers, which include a chiral sp3 center at the alcohol and C2‐axial chirality. Screening these ligands in the arylation of aromatic aldehydes with Grignard reagents shows that the naphthyl‐substituted BINMOL promotes the aryl transfer reaction in good yields (70–92 %) and moderate‐to‐good enantioselectivities (up to 72 % ee), and a series of control experiments substantiates that the axial chirality and the chiral sp3 center at the alcohol of the Ar‐BINMOLs are the pivotal enantioselectivity‐controlling structure elements. In addition, this study demonstrated the importance of the chiral sp3 center at the alcohol on Ar‐BINMOL for the aryl transfer reaction. Finally, we found that the chiral Ar‐BINMOL ligand 2h mediated the titanium‐promoted 1,2‐addition of MeMgBr to aldehydes to give the desired products in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 92 % ee).
Dithizone Modified Gold Nanoparticles Films as Solid Contact for Cu2+ Ion‐Selective Electrodes
Authors: Woźnica Emilia , Wójcik Michał M. , Mieczkowski Józef , Maksymiuk Krzysztof , Michalska Agata 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGold nanoparticles surface modified with dithizone were applied as dedicated transducer in ion‐selective electrodes. The presence of a dithizone modified gold nanoparticle layer beneath the ion‐selective membrane enables tailoring of copper ion fluxes in all‐solid‐state copper selective potentiometric electrodes. Thus, depending on the pretreatment of the modified gold nanoparticle layer, different potentiometric responses can be obtained: from typical for systems with lowered activity of primary ions at the back side of the membrane (with super‐Nernstian slope region), through low detection limit to classical ones.
Development of a Bienzymatic Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Using Mesoporous Silica (MCM‐41) for Enzyme Immobilization and Its Application on Liquid Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Caro‐Jara Noemi , Mundaca‐Uribe Rodolfo , Zaror‐Zaror Claudio , Carpinelli‐Pavisic Jorge , Aranda‐Bustos Mario , Peña‐Farfal Carlos 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis paper describes the development and optimization of an amperometric bienzymatic biosensor for glucose, based on glucose oxidase (GOX) and peroxidase (HRP), immobilized on mesoporous silica with hexagonal symmetry (MCM‐41). The mesoporous material was immobilized by Nafion assisted adsorption on a glassy carbon electrode, which was used as working electrode. Measurements were performed in a conventional three electrode cell using a Ag/AgCl reference electrode and platinum wire as counter electrode. Operating parameters such as GOX/HRP enzyme ratio, mediator (catechol) concentration, applied potential and pH were optimized. The proposed biosensor showed excellent analytical performance with detection and quantification limits of 8.6×10−6 M and 2.5×10−5 M, respectively; analytical sensitivity of 4.67×10−4 AM−1, repeatability <5 % RSD and a long‐term stability of 10 days (5 daily measurements). Also, five possible interferences were studied and only ascorbic acid showed an amperometric signal, which can be removed with 5 % iodine pretreatment. The biosensor was successfully tested for glucose determination in pharmaceutical formulations, and compared well with an established commercial photometric enzymatic kit (Megazyme).
Long-term entecavir treatment reduces hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in patients with hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Hosaka Tetsuya , Suzuki Fumitaka , Kobayashi Masahiro , Seko Yuya , Kawamura Yusuke , Sezaki Hitomi , Akuta Norio , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Saitoh Satoshi , Arase Yasuji , Ikeda Kenji , Kobayashi Mariko , Kumada Hiromitsu 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection leads to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Antiviral agents are thought to reduce HCC development, but agents such as lamivudine (LAM) have a high rate of drug resistance. We compared the incidence of HCC in 472 entecavir (ETV)-treated patients and 1,143 nontreated HBV patients (control group). Propensity score matching eliminated the baseline differences, resulting in a sample size of 316 patients per cohort. The drug mutation resistance was 0.8% (4/472) in the ETV group. The cumulative HCC incidence rates at 5 years were 3.7% and 13.7% for the ETV and control groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, adjusted for a number of known HCC risk factors, showed that patients in the ETV group were less likely to develop HCC than those in the control group (hazard ratio: 0.37; 95% confidence interval: 0.15-0.91; P = 0.030). Both cohorts were applied in three previously reported risk scales and risk scores were generated based on age, gender, cirrhosis status, levels of alanine aminotransferase, hepatitis B e antigen, baseline HBV DNA, albumin, and bilirubin. The greatest HCC risk reduction occurred in high-risk patients who scored higher on respective risk scales. In sub analyses, we compared treatment effect between nucleos(t)ide analogs, which included matched LAM-treated patients without rescue therapy (n = 182). We found HCC suppression effect greater in ETV-treated (P < 0.001) than nonrescued LAM-treated (P = 0.019) cirrhosis patients when they were compared with the control group. Conclusion: Long-term ETV treatment may reduce the incidence of HCC in HBV-infected patients. The treatment effect was greater in patients at higher risk of HCC. (HEPATOLOGY 2013)
Clinical availability of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as an early predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus in korean men: 5-year prospective cohort study
Authors: Park Sung Keun , Seo Mi Hae , Shin Ho Cheol , Ryoo Jae-Hong 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

There have been several reports about the clinical association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, most of the studies were about the unilateral effects of type 2 DM on NAFLD, and studies on the reverse relation are rare. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the effect of NAFLD on type 2 DM. We conducted a prospective cohort study on 25,232 Korean men without type 2 DM for 5 years. We serially checked the various metabolic factors including fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and monitored the development of type 2 DM. The incidence rate of type 2 DM was compared according to the degree of NAFLD (normal, mild, and moderate to severe), and a Cox proportional hazards model was used to measure the hazard ratios (HRs) of NAFLD on type 2 DM. The incidence rate of type 2 DM increased according to the degree of NAFLD (normal: 7.0%, mild: 9.8%, moderate to severe: 17.8%,

P

< 0.001). Even after adjusting for other multiple covariates, the HRs (95% confidence interval [CI]) for type 2 DM development was higher in the mild group (1.09; 0.81-1.48) and moderate to severe group (1.73; 1.00-3.01) compared to the normal group, respectively (

P

for trend <0.001).

Conclusion

: The development of type 2 DM is potentially more associated with more progressive NAFLD than a normal or milder state. In addition, NAFLD was an independent risk factor for the future development of type 2 DM. These results suggest the potential availability of NAFLD as an early predictor of type 2 DM.