bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of laboratory activity design "menyelidiki makanan berkarbohidrat" on digestive system material
Authors: Silaban Oky Rizkiana , Supriatno Bambang , Amprasto Amprasto 
Published: August 2024

Laboratory activities are essential in improving the understanding of learning outcomes and supporting the process of forming students' knowledge about biological material, especially the concept of carbohydrate digestion. It is necessary to laboratory activities design (LAD) that can support forming student knowledge in laboratory activities to investigate carbohydrate foods. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method applied through ANCOR (Analyse, Try, Reconstruct) steps to develop LAD that supports students' knowledge formation process. The ANCOR stages include analysing the sample LAD, conducting trials, and reconstructing it into a new LAD per the Ministry of Education and Culture's learning outcomes. The LAD reconstruction aims to strengthen students' understanding of carbohydrate digestion through laboratory activities emphasizing exploration, direct observation, and active involvement of students in the learning process. It is expected that the use of LAD that has been adjusted will make a significant contribution to improving student learning outcomes in biology materials, improving the learning process in the laboratory, and increasing their understanding of the concept of organ structure and function in the carbohydrate digestive system.Abstrak. Kegiatan laboratorium memegang peranan penting dalam meningkatkan pemahaman, hasil belajar, dan mendukung proses pembentukan pengetahuan siswa. siswa tentang materi biologi, khususnya konsep pencernaan karbohidrat. Perlu Desain Kegiatan Laboratorium (DKL) yang dapat mendukung proses pembentukan pengetahuan siswa pada kegiatan labororatorium menyelidiki makanan berkarbohidrat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif yang diterapkan melalui langkah-langkah ANCOR (Analisis, Coba, Rekonstruksi) untuk mengembangkan DKL yang mendukung proses pembentukan pengetahuan siswa. Tahapan ANCOR tersebut meliputi analisis DKL sampel, melakukan uji coba, dan merekonstruksi menjadi DKL yang baru yang sesuai dengan capaian pembelajaran Kemendikbud. Rekonstruksi DKL bertujuan untuk memperkuat pemahaman siswa terhadap konsep pencernaan karbohidrat melalui kegiatan laboratorium yang menekankan eksplorasi, pengamatan langsung, dan keterlibatan aktif siswa dalam proses pembelajaran. Diharapkan penggunaan DKL yang telah disesuaikan akan memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa dalam materi biologi, memperbaiki proses pembelajaran di laboratorium, serta meningkatkan pemahaman mereka tentang konsep struktur organ dan fungsinya pada sistem pencernaan karbohidrat.
Determinan risiko kredit Bank Islam: Analisis lintas negara
Authors: Ash Shidiqie Jannahar Saddam , Pebruary Silviana , Nugrohowati Rindang Nuri Isnaini 
Published: August 2024

Purpose – This study aims to analyze the influence of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on credit risk in Islamic banking
Methods – The research method used is panel data analysis using Islamic banking data in 10 countries with the largest Islamic financial performance from the first quarter of 2014 to the second quarter of 2023. This study uses three credit risk measurement indicators, namely NPF, COVNPF, and COVTOT.
Findings – The results of the study show that bank-specific variables such as total assets, CAR, ROE, BOPO, and Zscore affect the credit risk of Islamic banks. Meanwhile, macroeconomic conditions show that high inflation rates reduce credit risk, but on the other hand, exchange rate depreciation will worsen bad debts in Islamic banks.
Implications - The policy implications of this study are that the government needs to control macroeconomic variables and ensure banking health through appropriate and effective regulation and supervision.
Originality – This study contributes to analyzing the determinants of credit risk in Islamic banks using three credit risk indicators

Abstrak
Tujuan – Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh variable internal bank dan variable makroekonomi terhadap risiko kredit di perbankan Islam
Metode – Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu analisis data panel dengan menggunakan data perbankan Islam di 10 negara dengan kinerja keuangan Islam terbesar dari kuartal satu tahun 2014 hingga kuartal kedua tahun 2023. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga indikator pengukuran risiko kredit yaitu NPF, COVNPF, COVTOT.
Tumuan – Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variable internal bank seperti Total asset, CAR, ROE, BOPO dan Zscore mempengaruhi risiko kredit bank Islam. Sementara itu dari kondisi makroekonomi menunjukkan bahwa tingginya tingkat inflasi justru menurunkan risiko kredit namun disisi lain depresiasi nilai tukar akan memperburuk kredi macet di bank Islam.
Implikasi – Implikasi kebijakan dari penelitian ini yaitu pemerintah perlu mengendalikan variable makroekonomi dan memastikan kesehatan perbankan melalui regulasi dan pengawasan tepat dan yang efektif.
Orisinalitas – Penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam menganalisis determinan risiko kredit di bank Islam menggunakan tiga indikator risiko kredit.
Impact of economic inequality on national stereotypes and dehumanization
Authors: Álamo-Hernández Alba , Betancor-Rodríguez Verónica , Rodríguez-Pérez Armando 
Published: August 2024

Research on social perception has shown that people tend to construct a mental picture of national groups. Much research has been directed at exploring the influence of relevant contextual variables, such as economic inequality, on these representations. The purpose of this study is to investigate how economic inequality affects two key elements of social perception: the stereotypical dimensions of competence, sociability, and morality and the humanity attributed to the inhabitants of nations with high and low economic inequality. Countries with high and low objective inequality were selected and participants were asked to indicate to what extent they considered the inhabitants to be competent, sociable, and moral. We also asked to what extent they attributed humanity and capacity to experience primary and secondary emotions to the inhabitants of these countries. The study was carried out with a Spanish sample (N = 245). The results showed the existence of an ambivalent pattern in which more competence and less sociability were attributed to nations with low inequality and the opposite (less competence and more sociability) to nations with high inequality; and a significant tendency was found to attribute more morality to nations with low inequality than to those with high inequality. Parallel mediation analysis showed that only morality significantly connected economic inequality with the attribution of humanity. Significant differences were found in the attribution of humanity but not in the attribution of capacity to experience secondary emotions. The results are discussed in light of the Stereotype Content Model and system justification.
The Kurdistan Region of Iraq: From Resources to Reserves: A Decade of Challenges and Increased Oil and Gas Production
Authors: Sewell Andy , Olmeda Mariana 
Published: August 2024

The Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), localized in the north and northeast of Iraq, is an autonomous territory recognized in the Iraqi constitution of 2005. Its capital and most populated city, Erbil, is also one of oldest inhabited cities in the world, dated back to around 6000 BC. The KRI’s Parliament was established in Erbil in 1970.
In a highly mountainous setting, the KRI hosts colorful biodiversity and a wide range of climate and fertile lands suitable for varied agriculture. Geologically, the Zagros fold and thrust belt, to the north and northeast of the Region, is the most relevant feature. Originating from the collision between the Arabic and Eurasian plates, it gives the subsurface unique structural complexity.
The first exploration well in the KRI dates back to 1901, drilled in Chia Surkh in the south of the territory. The well encountered oil shows but was abandoned. Later in 1927, the discovery of Baba Gurgur near Kirkuk was what really ignited the production of oil in northern Iraq. This field, controlled by the Federal Government of Iraq and operated by the Iraq Petroleum Company at that time, was brought onto production in 1934. Over 25 years later, in 1960, the first well was drilled at the Taq Taq field, and the discovery of oil was declared in 1978 following the drilling of a second exploration well. Nonetheless, this field was not appraised until the 1990s.
In 2003, the end of the Iraq War triggered the interest of international oil companies (IOCs), which started to arrive in the KRI. In 2005, DNO spudded Tawke-1 in its Tawke license, marking the commencement of the current era in the KRI’s oil industry. The Tawke field started production in 2007, while the previously appraised Taq Taq field started producing in 2008. The Khurmala Dome field, part of the Kirkuk’s complex, was taken over by KAR in 2004 with a remit to revive production and increase it to the 100,000 BOPD mark. As a result, Tawke, Taq Taq, and Khurmala Dome became the three dominant fields in the KRI’s oil production at that time. When it comes to gas, the Khor Mor field started production in newly built facilities in 2008.
This initial period of exploration, appraisal, and development in the KRI, up to 2014, has been extensively covered in a work published by David Mackertich and Adnan Samarrai in April 2015. During this time, more than 20 IOCs entered the region, and about 200 wells were drilled. By the end of 2013 the average daily production was 215,000 BOPD, mostly from the three main fields previously mentioned.
Demarcation of Cyberspace: Political and Legal Effects of Applying the Concept of Sovereign States’ Interests
Authors: Abdelkarim Y. A. 
Published: August 2024

Objective: to substantiate the existence of national cyber sovereignty as a legal concept; by introducing the concept of state cyber interests as an innovative determinant, to review the traditional concepts of national sovereignty and state borders in the context of the dynamic nature of cyberspace and the need to develop a hybrid mechanism for cyber borders protection, based simultaneously on law and technology.Methods: the doctrinal method was used to identify the basic discrepancies in the views of leading scientists in different fields on fundamental theoretical-methodological, conceptual and categorical issues, including the justification of a single algorithm for establishing borders in cyberspace. The doctrinal method is supplemented by the analysis of judicial practice of different countries, which allows considering the courts extending their jurisdiction to disputes related to cyberspace.Results: the study presents the application of traditional and modern legal concepts of sovereignty in the new digital environment, resulting in a combination of legal and technological approaches. The author reveals functional significance of the concept of state cyber interests for demarcating cyberspace and defining the boundaries of national sovereignty. The adaptability of this concept to the technically uncertain nature of cyberspace is shown. The conclusion is made about the main directions in forming the concept of cyber interests in cyberspace and its political and legal implications, based, among other things, on the practice of courts of different countries in resolving cyber disputes.Scientific novelty: the concept of state cyber interests is considered as an innovative method of defining cyber borders. It leads to the transformation of the traditional sovereignty concept and the close national interest concept in relation to cyberspace in the context of fulfilling security requirements and intensifying national defense against cyber threats.Practical significance: the obtained results eliminate existing contradictions in the definition of sovereignty and its spatial limits under the modern technology development; contribute to the elaboration of a disciplinary standard of cyber sovereignty based on a reliable demarcator necessary for the definition of state sovereignty and borders in cyberspace; adapt traditional legal concepts of sovereignty and national interests to the global modern cyber challenges; contribute to the transformation of traditional legal concepts of sovereignty and national interests in cyberspace.
Social and Legal Risks of Sharenting when Forming a Child’s Digital Identity in Social Networks
Authors: Aranda Serna F. J. 
Published: August 2024

Objective: to determine the legal consequences of sharenting as an activity that threatens the fundamental rights of minors, putting their privacy at risk.Methods: the study is based primarily on the analysis of European and American experience of legislative regulation, which is presented in a comparative-legal aspect, using doctrinal approaches and concepts reflected in scientific publications on the topic. This contributed, among other things, to the critical understanding of the identified risks and helped to describe the existing legal approaches and formulate proposals aimed at protecting the minors’ privacy in social networks.Results: the impact of social networks on the rights of minors was studied, in terms of their negative influence, possible risks and the spread of social conflicts. The main provisions of the legislation of Spain, France and the USA were analyzed in order to identify the key points regarding the activities of minors in social networks and the Internet, the need for them to express their consent to the publication of personal information. The most common conflicts caused by sharenting were described, as well as possible flexible legislative solutions to disputes concerning family relations and social networking activities. Suggestions were formulated for resolving conflict situations and digital identity issues arising in abusive sharenting.Scientific novelty: the study summarizes various scientific opinions and legal approaches to sharenting as a new phenomenon, which is rapidly developing due to the wide popularity of social networks and Internet activity of children and their parents, generating socio-legal conflicts.Practical significance: the research shows that minors are particularly vulnerable in the information and telecommunication environment. In many cases, excessive disclosure of their personal data occurs not only because of their own actions, but also because of the actions of their family members, usually parents. A comparative legal study of the adopted legislative measures and their interpretations in the legal doctrine allows characterizing the current legal situation with regard to minors in the digital space as fragmentary and proposing legislative approaches and solutions to avoid or minimize possible conflict situations and risks, such as digital harassment or privacy violation, which may arise in the process of further technological development and the spread of sharenting.
Measures to Prevent the Violation of the Rights of Content Creators in Digital Environment: Case Study of Nigeria
Authors: Aina-Pelemo A. D. , Bassey I. , Akpojaro G. O. 
Published: August 2024

Objective: to determine the level of protection of the rights of content creators in social media and to develop measures to prevent offenses in this area.Methods: to achieve the objective, the sociological and legal cognitive tools were used, including the doctrinal method of researching the subject area, obtaining “first-hand” data and taking into account the factors and circumstances of influence. The main results were obtained through the sociological method used to collect data based on a specially developed questionnaire with four research questions: (1) what are the perceptions and opinions of third parties or users regarding the role of a content creator? (2) are the rights of content creators regarding their works violated? (3) what are the ways to protect the created content from infringement by platforms? and (4) how can the rights of content creators be protected? The empirical findings and generalizations were based on a combination of analyses, including content analysis of primary and secondary legal sources.Results: In recent years, the content generation in social media has evolved into a complex industry that is transforming both the traditional understanding of creative expression and the implementation of intellectual property rights. Using the Nigerian experience as a case study, the authors examine the rights and protection measures provided to digital content creators under intellectual property law. The study shows that there is currently not enough scholarly work in this area or developed legislation to protect the social media content. It is concluded that there is a need for improved legislation on the protection of rights in the sphere of social media content. In the absence of such legislation, creators of online works should resort to more radical methods in enforcing their rights in order to reduce intellectual property misappropriation. Creators of such works are suggested to ensure the protection of their rights based on the fair use doctrine principles.Scientific novelty: the study is structured around research questions concerning infringements and remedies for content creators. The questions were addressed to respondents from different countries, a large proportion of whom specialize mainly in content creation in various social spheres through several media platforms and social networks.Practical significance: the article conclusions and recommendations may minimize the risks of infringement of intellectual property rights of content creators, which may arise with the widespread use of social networks, as well as increase the level of protection of rights to works created in the form of online content.
Leaf litter turnover in monodominant forest of the marcescent palm Lodoicea maldivica
Authors: Edwards Peter , Fleischer-Dogley Frauke 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

The palm Lodoicea maldivica exhibits marcescence, with dead leaves remaining attached to the trunk for an extended period. We studied leaf litter dynamics in Lodoicea forest to explore the possible significance of marcescence in this species. We estimated litter production and the standing crop of leaf litter hanging from trees and on the forest floor, and also the standing crop of leaf litter in stands of the endemic trees Martellidendron hornei and Deckenia nobilis. The decomposition of four types of leaf litter (newly dead Lodoicea, old but still hanging Lodoicea, Deckenia and Martellidendron) was studied using litter bags set out on the forest floor. Compared to other tropical forests, all species had very low litter N and P concentrations, while total standing crops of litter were exceptionally high (24.0, 22.3 and 16.7 t dry weight ha− 1 for Lodoicea, Deckenia and Martellidendron, respectively). Forty-six percent of Lodoicea litter was still attached to trees. Decomposition of all litter types was very slow, with mean annual decomposition constants (k values; y− 1) of 0.41 for new Lodoicea, 0.37 for old Lodoicea, 0.25 for Deckenia and 0.47 for Martellidendron. Decomposition varied significantly amongst litter types (P < 0.001) and with location on the forest floor, reflecting variation in moisture conditions. Because of funneling, hanging leaves are regularly irrigated with water, while leaves on the forest floor are often dry. We suggest that marcescence represents another trait enabling Lodoicea to grow in extremely nutrient-poor soils.
Evolution of Urban Capital Network in China from the Perspective of Patent Transfer
Authors: Gu Jianping , Lu Qing , Lin Naling 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

In the era of the knowledge economy, a key question is whether knowledge innovation can effectively promote the growth of financial capital? While the existing literature predominantly focuses on the impact of patent transfers on regional innovation, there is a noticeable absence of studies investigating the association between interregional patent transfers and capital flows among regions. The paper investigates the effects of patent transfer on the capital centralities within inter-city network systems by a two-stage Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation with instruments, considering the endogeneity of knowledge transfer. Our findings reveal that the level of patent transfer in cities is positively correlated with both agglomeration and diffusion centralities. Notably, patent transfer significantly impacts cities with smaller existing capital accumulation, whereas the diffusion centrality model shows opposite results, suggesting its role in reducing the network hierarchy and promoting convergence of regional growth in China.
Absence of superinfection exclusion of Borna disease virus 2 maintains genomic polymorphisms in persistently infected cells
Authors: Kanda Takehiro , Santos PaulineDianne , Höper Dirk , Beer Martin , Rubbenstroth Dennis , Tomonaga Keizo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Mammalian orthobornaviruses, such as Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) and variegated squirrel bornavirus 1, are zoonotic pathogens that cause fatal encephalitis in humans. BoDV-2, another mammalian orthobornavirus with high genetic homology to BoDV-1, is believed to share the same geographical distribution as BoDV-1, indicating its potential risk to human health. However, due to the limited number of isolations, the virological characteristics of BoDV-2, such as pathogenicity and infectivity, remain largely unexplored. Here, we re-evaluated the whole-genome sequence of BoDV-2 and established a reverse genetics system to investigate its virological properties. Compared to the published reference sequence, we identified two nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions in the large (L) gene, one of which was critical for restoring polymerase activity, enabling the successful recovery of recombinant BoDV-2 (rBoDV-2). Additionally, we identified two nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the L gene and one in the phosphoprotein (P) gene. Substitution of these SNPs significantly enhanced the growth ability of rBoDV-2. Furthermore, our studies demonstrated that BoDV-2 does not induce superinfection exclusion in cells, allowing the persistence of low-fitness genome variants for an extended period of time. These findings help to characterize the virological properties of BoDV-2 and shed light on how bornaviruses maintain genetic diversity in infected cells.
Sustained Strain Applied at High Rates Drives Dynamic Tensioning in Epithelial Cells
Authors: Yang Ruiguo , Safa Bahareh Tajvidi , Rosenbohm Jordan , Monemianesfahani Amir , Minnick Grayson , Moghaddam Amir Ostadi , Lavrik Nickolay , Huang Changjin , Charras Guillaume , Kabla Alexandre 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Epithelial cells experience long lasting loads of different magnitudes and rates. How they adapt to these loads strongly impacts tissue health. Yet, much remains unknown about their stress evolution under sustained strain. Here, by subjecting cell pairs to sustained strain, we report a bimodal stress response, where in addition to the typically observed stress relaxation, a subset of cells exhibits a dynamic tensioning process with significant elevation in stress within 100s, resembling active pulling-back in muscle fibers. Strikingly, the fraction of cells exhibiting tensioning increases with increasing strain rate. The tensioning response is accompanied by actin remodeling, and perturbation to actin abrogates it, supporting cell contractility’s role in the response. Collectively, our data show that epithelial cells adjust their tensional states over short timescales in a strain-rate dependent manner to adapt to sustained strains, demonstrating that the active pulling-back behavior could be a common protective mechanism against environmental stress.