bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Type 2 K+–Cl− cotransporter is preferentially recruited to climbing fiber synapses during development and the stellate cell‐targeting dendritic zone at adulthood in cerebellar Purkinje cells
Authors: Kawakita Issei , Uchigashima Motokazu , Konno Kohtarou , Miyazaki Taisuke , Yamasaki Miwako , Watanabe Masahiko 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPostnatal expression of the type 2 K+–Cl− cotransporter (KCC2) in neurons lowers the Cl− equilibrium potential to values that are more negative than the resting potential, thereby converting the action of Cl−‐permeable GABAA and glycine receptors from excitatory to inhibitory. In the present study, we investigated the spatiotemporal expression of KCC2 in mouse cerebella, particularly focusing on Purkinje cells (PCs). First, we confirmed the fundamental expression profiles of KCC2 in the cerebellum, i.e. neuron‐specific expression, somatodendritic distribution, and postnatal upregulation. We also found preferential recruitment to climbing fiber (CF) synapses during the second and third postnatal weeks, when perisomatic innervation in PCs switches from CFs to basket cell axons (BAs) and also when single winner CFs translocate from somata to dendrites. In parallel with this synaptic recruitment, the intracellular distribution shifted from a diffuse cytoplasmic to a predominantly cell surface pattern. In adult PCs, CF synapse‐associated accumulation was obscured. Instead, significantly high expression was noted on the surface of PC dendrites in the superficial two‐thirds of the molecular layer, in which stellate cells reside and project axons to innervate PC dendrites. Thus, the somatodendritic distribution in PCs is regulated in relation to particular inputs or input zones. During development, timed recruitment of KCC2 to CF synapses will augment inhibitory GABAergic actions by incoming BAs, promoting the CF‐to‐BA switchover in perisomatic PC innervation. In adulthood, enriched KCC2 expression at the stellate cell‐targeting territory of PC dendrites might help in maintaining intracellular Cl− homeostasis and the polarity of GABAA receptor‐mediated responses upon sustained activity of this interneuron.
Premature mortality risk in people with convulsive epilepsy: Long follow‐up of a cohort in rural China
Authors: Ding Ding , Wang Wenzhi , Wu Jianzhong , Yang Hongchao , Li Shichuo , Dai Xiuying , Yang Bin , Wang Taiping , Yuan Chenglin , Ma Guangyu , Bell Gail S. , Kwan Patrick , de Boer Hanneke M. , Hong Zhen , Sander Josemir W. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryPurpose: Detailed data on the mortality of epilepsy are still lacking from resource‐poor settings. We conducted a long‐term follow‐up survey in a cohort of people with convulsive epilepsy in rural areas of China. In this longitudinal prospective study we investigated the causes of death and premature mortality risk among people with epilepsy.Methods: We attempted to trace all 2,455 people who had previously participated in a pragmatic assessment of epilepsy management at the primary health level. Putative causes of death were recorded for those who died, according to the International Classification of Diseases. We estimated proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) for each cause, and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for each age‐group and cause. Survival analysis was used to detect risk factors associated with increased mortality.Key Findings: During 6.1 years of follow‐up there were 206 reported deaths among the 1,986 people with epilepsy who were located. The highest PMRs were for cerebrovascular disease (15%), drowning (14%), self‐inflicted injury (13%), and status epilepticus (6%), with probable sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in 1%. The risk of premature death was 2.9 times greater in people with epilepsy than in the general population. A much higher risk (SMRs 28–37) was found in young people. Duration of epilepsy and living in a waterside area were independent predictors for drowning.Significance: Drowning and status epilepticus were important, possibly preventable, causes of death. Predictors of increasing mortality suggest interventions with efficient treatment and education to prevent premature mortality among people with epilepsy in resource‐poor settings.
Damage evolution with growing cyclic creep and life prediction of MDYB‐3 PMMA
Authors: LIU W. , YANG X. J. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThe influence of cyclic creep accumulation rate on the damage evolution of MDYB‐3 polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was experimentally investigated. Fatigue tests were carried out at four stress levels by stress control mode. The steady cyclic creep accumulation stage was observed occupying a substantial proportion of all specimens fatigue processes. Cyclic creep strain growth speed and relaxed modulus degradation rate were deduced as two important indicators for describing the damage evolution characteristics. Linear evolution relations of cyclic creep strain and modulus degradation with cycle times were retrieved from different terms of hysteresis loops. A preliminary model was proposed to be able to estimate the damage extent at different cyclic stress levels. The life predictions by the proposed model were compared with the experiment results and the classical power S–N model, which were demonstrated as a good estimation for the fatigue life. It is feasible to make durability evaluations by the characteristics of steady cyclic creep for multiaxis directed PMMA material.
Alluvial Fan Dynamics – Revisiting the Field
Authors: Scheinert Cal , Wasklewicz Thad , Staley Dennis 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article contains a new critical review of six predominant themes that have evolved over the last 40 years related to studies of alluvial fan dynamism. The themes include the development of conceptual models, field experiments, physical models, numerical models, high‐resolution morphometric analyses, and climate change scenarios. Each theme is presented independently, but as highlighted in our concluding statements there should be greater efforts placed on integrating scientists from these disparate approaches. A case study is also presented in support of the review and pertains to ongoing work at the Colorado Natural Debris Flow Laboratory near Buena Vista, CO, USA. The case study uses repeat high‐resolution topographic data to assess the 2‐ and 3‐dimensional changes that occurred on a fan surface. The case study presents new field information to expand, support, and refute findings from the six research themes related to alluvial fan dynamics. Also, the case study provides a medium by which we show the need get back to more field‐oriented data acquisition and analyses.
Terrestrial Ecosystem‐Atmosphere Exchange of CO2, Water and Energy from FLUXNET; Review and Meta‐Analysis of a Global in‐situ Observatory
Authors: Oliphant Andrew J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAfter more than a century of theoretical development and more recent advances in instrumentation, modern observational micrometeorology includes a global network of long‐term continuous measurement sites (FLUXNET). Each site uses eddy covariance methods to monitor terrestrial ecosystem‐atmosphere exchanges of CO2, water vapor, momentum and heat. Currently FLUXNET includes more than 500 sites, covering all major plant functional types and climates. However, there is a strong spatial bias toward northern hemisphere mid‐latitude locations, particularly Europe, North America and East Asia. Tropical ecosystems are particularly poorly represented, despite playing important roles in carbon and water cycles. Synthesis of FLUXNET data shows terrestrial ecosystems in general provide a weak sink of atmospheric CO2 at the annual timescale, but with large spatial and temporal variability, ranging from strong sinks to strong sources. The net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) that is measured at FLUXNET sites is driven by two much larger opposing CO2 exchange processes, ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration, which tend to co‐vary in strength yet are sensitive to separate environmental drivers. Therefore, NEE is not explained well spatially by plant functional type or climate regime and is sensitive to inter‐annual climate variability, especially seasonal rainfall, pests or human management approaches. FLUXNET data has been widely used in development of remote sensing, surface‐vegetation‐atmosphere transfer models and inversion models. These in general capture seasonal cycles and annual budgets quite well, but are weaker at explaining spatial and interannual variability and susceptible to inaccuracies in simulated inputs such as precipitation. Although research has focused primarily on ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling, hydrologic aspects of micrometeorology have received considerable attention and several studies have investigated the surface energy balance and its lack of closure among FLUXNET sites. The contribution of thousands of rigorous experimentalists and the collaborative vision of FLUXNET, despite its relative youth, has already produced significant advances in micrometeorology and ecosystem sciences. Future growth of FLUXNET sites in geographically under‐represented areas will make a more complete understanding of terrestrial ecosystems. Meantime, there are many geographic questions ripe for assessment using existing FLUXNET datasets which will, in time, build a global compendium of terrestrial bio‐micrometeorology.
Spatial Practices and Border SEZs in Mekong Southeast Asia
Authors: Arnold Dennis 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLiterature on special economic zones (SEZs) has made important contributions to our understanding of globalization and topics including labor rights, export‐led development outcomes, and post‐socialist experiments with market economies. Less understood is the geopolitics of contemporary economic zones. This article focuses on border economies and state activity regarding territorial integrity and regulation of migrant labor. The case studies in Cambodia and Thailand demonstrate that SEZs reflect, reinforce and expand states’ reach, rather than prove exception to broader national orders of power. This understanding of contemporary SEZs enhances research agendas on state practices vis‐à‐vis the ‘imperatives’ of global economic integration and geopolitics. The changing role of SEZs in economic globalization reveals the complexity of state spatial practices.
Survival of microorganisms on complete dentures following ultrasonic cleaning combined with immersion in peroxide‐based cleanser solution
Authors: Nishi Yasuhiro , Seto Katsura , Kamashita Yuji , Kaji Akihito , Kurono Asutsugu , Nagaoka Eiichi 
Published: December 2012

ObjectivesTo compare ultrasonic cleaning combined with immersion in a commercially available peroxide‐based cleanser solution (Polident®) with other denture cleaning methods, we examined the quantity of micro‐organisms that survived on dentures before and after various cleaning methods.Subjects and methodsOne hundred complete dentures belonging to 50 nursing home residents (mean age, 84.6 years) were randomly assigned to five groups according to the cleaning method employed: (A) immersion in Polident® solution alone, (B) brushing with water, (C) ultrasonic cleaning with water, (D) method (A) followed by method (B) and (E) ultrasonic cleaning combined with immersion in Polident® solution. Before and after the dentures had been cleaned, denture biofilm was collected from the mucosal surface of each lateral half of the examined dentures. The collected micro‐organisms were cultured, presumptively identified by standard methods and quantified. Comparisons between the five cleaning methods were carried out using the Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn's multiple comparisons test.ResultsThe denture cleaning methods involving the use of Polident® solution (methods A, D and E) were significantly more effective at denture disinfection than the other methods (p < 0.05); in particular, the quantity of Candida spp. was lowest after method E (median, 0.00; significantly lower than those observed after methods A, B and C; p < 0.05).ConclusionIt was concluded that ultrasonic cleaning combined with immersion in a peroxide‐based cleanser solution effectively reduces the quantity of micro‐organisms surviving on dentures and is a suitable method for elderly individuals who find brushing their dentures difficult.
Damage to round bale silage caused by sika deer (Cervus nippon) in central Japan
Authors: Tsukada Hideharu , Ishikawa Keisuke , Shimizu Norihiro 
Published: December 2012

AbstractRound bale silage is a widely used forage production system in Japan. In recent years, several suspected instances of damage to bales of round bale silage by sika deer were reported on a dairy farm in central Japan. We sought to confirm whether this damage was indeed caused by sika deer, and if so, when and how they caused the damage. We also analyzed the effects of possible covariates on seasonal and spatial variances in the incidence of the observed damage. Continuous monitoring using camera traps revealed that sika deer were responsible for the damage to the bales of round bale silage. The sika deer were observed to nibble at the surface of the bales of round bale silage after puncturing the plastic film used to promote anaerobic digestion of the silage. Several sika deer were responsible for damaging the bales of round bale silage, and the incidence of damage to the bales increased as snow cover increased in winter. Further, the incidence of damage to the bales of round bale silage was greatest farthest away from the center of the farm facilities, and farthest inside the wildlife protection area, which covered a large proportion of the farm. The findings clarified the extent of damage caused by sika deer to bales of round bale silage, and illustrated the need to prevent such damage throughout the country.
Effect of defoliation interval on biomass yield and chemical composition of stylo ‘CIAT 184’ (Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. var. guianensis)
Authors: Kaensombath Lampheuy , Frankow‐Lindberg Bodil E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractForage legumes are considered to have potential as supplementary feedstuffs for livestock (e.g. pigs) in smallholder systems in Asian countries, but forage management is crucial in order to obtain high feed quality. Stylo ‘CIAT 184’ (Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. var. guianensis) was grown for two seasons in Vientiane, Lao PDR, and subjected to three defoliation frequency treatments: four harvests (S4, 4‐week intervals), three harvests (S3, 6‐week intervals), or one harvest (S1, end of each experimental period). Leaf and stem dry matter (DM) yield, leaf proportion (DM basis) and chemical composition of the leaves, stems and forage (leaf + stem) were determined. Leaf DM yield was unaffected by treatments in 2007 (6–10 t ha−1). In 2008, treatments S4 and S3 had a higher leaf DM yield (mean 4 t ha−1) than treatment S1. Stem DM yield was highest in S1 in 2007, but did not differ between treatments in 2008. Leaf proportion did not differ between treatments S4 and S3 and was on average 55% and 60% in 2007 and 2008, respectively, while S1 had a lower leaf proportion in both years. Depending on defoliation frequency, the leaves contained 170–235 g CP kg−1 DM, which was much higher than the CP content of the stems (73–108 g kg−1 DM) and forage (85–182 g kg−1 DM). Neutral detergent fiber content of the leaves was 510–570 g kg−1 DM, which was lower than that of the stems (698–722 g kg−1 DM) and forage (583–621 g kg−1 DM). The total essential amino acid content of the leaves ranged from 45–50 g 16 g−1 N. It is concluded that the optimal defoliation interval of stylo ‘CIAT 184’ for use as a protein feed resource for growing pigs is 4–6 weeks. However, the lysine content may not be adequate for optimal growth.
Large and Small Eddies Matter: Animating Trees in Wind Using Coarse Fluid Simulation and Synthetic Turbulence
Authors: Selino A. , Jones M. D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAnimating trees in wind has long been a problem in computer graphics. Progress on this problem is important for both visual effects in films and forestry biomechanics. More generally, progress on tree motion in wind may inform future work on two‐way coupling between turbulent flows and deformable objects. Synthetic turbulence added to a coarse fluid simulation produces convincing animations of turbulent flows but two‐way coupling between the enriched flow and objects embedded in the flow has not been investigated. Prior work on two‐way coupling between fluid and deformable models lacks a subgrid resolution turbulence model. We produce realistic animations of tree motion by including motion due to both large and small eddies using synthetic subgrid turbulence and porous proxy geometry. Synthetic turbulence at the subgrid scale is modulated using turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Adding noise after sampling the mean flow and TKE transfers energy from small eddies directly to the tree geometry. The resulting animations include both global sheltering effects and small scale leaf and branch motion. Viewers, on average, found animations, which included both coarse fluid simulation and TKE‐modulated noise to be more accurate than animations generated using coarse fluid simulation or noise alone.
Post‐Industrial Imaginaries: Nature, Representation and Ruin in Detroit, Michigan
Authors: Millington Nate 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWith plans underway for large‐scale urban agriculture and a proliferation of representations made of the city's vacant lots, Detroit, Michigan is increasingly understood as a particularly hybrid metropolis that complicates conceptual divisions between city and nature. This article looks at representations of urban nature found in Detroit, focusing primarily on the work by photographers and journalists over the past 5 years as part of a broader discourse on Detroit's decline. By drawing from urban political ecology and critical work on nature, this article argues that representations of the city suggest an ambivalence, both popular and scholarly, about the emergent ecologies found in cities like Detroit. But, ultimately, journalists and commentators see nature in the city as a reflection of the city's absence, rather than its materiality, and so representations of Detroit reflect dominant conceptual divisions between the city and the non‐human world. This article builds on work in urban political ecology and environmental history to argue that representations and discourses about nature are important in the production of just urban environments.
Effectiveness of intravenous fluid resuscitation in the emergency room for treatment of hypotension in dogs: 35 cases (2000–2010)
Authors: Silverstein Deborah C. , Kleiner Jennifer , Drobatz Kenneth J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of fluid resuscitation for the treatment of hypotensive dogs presented to the emergency room.DesignRetrospective study (2000–2010).SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsThirty‐five dogs with confirmed hypotension.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsMedical records from 2000 to 2010 were searched for dogs that had documented arterial hypotension (Doppler blood pressure <90 mm Hg) upon presentation to the emergency room. The following data were collected for retrospective analysis: signalment, body weight, systolic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) before and after fluid resuscitation, type and volume of fluid administered within the first hour of hospitalization, presence or absence of confirmed sepsis, and outcome. There was a significant increase in BP following fluid resuscitation and 23 dogs showed normalization of blood pressure (Doppler blood pressure >90 mm Hg) following bolus IV fluid therapy within 1 hour of presentation. Fluid responsive animals were significantly less likely to be euthanized compared to those animals that did not respond to a fluid bolus (P= 0.013). The HR did not change significantly in either group postbolus therapy. Twenty‐three dogs (65.7%) in the study received only isotonic crystalloid therapy, 11 dogs were administered both isotonic crystalloids and synthetic colloids, and 1 dog received only synthetic colloid resuscitation. A significant difference was not detected between groups with respect to type or volume of fluid administered.ConclusionsBolus fluid therapy for the treatment of hypotensive dogs resulted in increased in systolic arterial BP in all dogs, although the HR did not reliably decrease as might be expected. Dogs that showed normalization of BP within the first hour of fluid resuscitation were more likely to be discharged alive than those who remained hypotensive. A majority of dogs received and responded to isotonic crystalloids fluid resuscitation.
Assessment of Local Public Finance Performance in China When Undesirable Fiscal Phenomena are Taken into Account
Authors: Zhang Shujian , Zhang Jun , Chen Shiyi 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMaking use of the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique and taking undesirable fiscal phenomena into account, this paper comprehensively quantifies the public finance performance of local governments in China during the course of fiscal decentralization reform. The introduction of undesirable fiscal outcomes into this assessment makes it possible to identify meaningful and informative characteristics of local public finance performance in China. When reforms are first implemented, local public financial performance improves because undesirable fiscal phenomena have not yet become too serious. The tax sharing system reform did not work well in its early stages, and negatively impacted public expenditure efficiency. The reform started to play a substantial role between 2001 and 2005, when local governments experienced better public finance performance. Corresponding to the deterioration of the financial sector in recent years, local public financial performance worsened after 2007. Further reform of the current fiscal and taxation system is necessary in China, to ensure a brighter future for the nation.
Oral health status and needs of homebound elderly in an urban home‐based primary care service
Authors: Gluzman R. , Meeker H. , Agarwal P. , Patel S. , Gluck G. , Espinoza L. , Ornstein K. , Soriano T. , Katz R.V. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTObjectivesThis study assessed the oral health status, dental utilization and dental needs of the homebound elderly (HBE) care patients within the Mount Sinai Visiting Doctor program.MethodsOf the 334 eligible patients, 57% agreed to participate and 95.4% completed the clinical examinations, the Dental Utilization and Needs survey and Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index conducted in each subject's home by a trained research team.ResultsAmong 75% who were dentate subjects, 40% needed restorative dental care, 45.6% needed dental extractions, and 33% complained of current oral pain. Overall, 92.0% needed some type of dental care and 96% stated that they had not seen a dentist since they became homebound (mean number of years in program = 3.2 ± 2.58).ConclusionFindings show the oral health status of these homebound elderly was poor and their quality of life was significantly affected by the lack of basic dental care.
Mapping a way forward: Interest group selection and roles performed in engagement processes
Authors: Levesque Mario 
Published: December 2012

AbstractInterest groups have much to offer citizen engagement activities, yet their contributions have been marginalized in recent years with the focus on more deliberative approaches for “ordinary citizens.” It seems that an either/or situation exists between citizen and interest group engagement. This article transcends this debate by delineating a methodology to inform the design of engagement processes that would include both citizens and groups in productive dialogue. Based on past interest group collaboration patterns, a collaborative method is outlined, which offers a way to identify and select interest groups for inclusion in engagement processes with citizens. The method is then applied to a case study of two water issues confronting the City of Hamilton in Ontario.