bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical Care
Authors: Corwin Howard L. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

The randomized controlled trial (
RCT
) has become the “gold” standard for clinical research. However, the complex nature of critical illness has made the design and conduct of
RCTs
difficult. The past few years have seen the publication of the results of
RCTs
that have had a major impact on the practice of critical care. Many of these trials are notable in that they impacted care for large segments of the critically ill by demonstrating the benefit of interventions that involved relatively simple changes in clinical practice rather than novel therapeutic agents. Several examples of the impact of these trials are presented.
Adaptive Sampling
Authors: Seber George A. F. , Mohammad Salehi M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAnimal populations are often highly grouped. For example, fish can form large, widely scattered schools with few fish in between. Even rare species of animals may form small groups that are hard to find. Applying standard sampling methods such as simple random sampling of plots to such a population could yield little information, with most of the plots being empty. Density estimation and physiological information based on this meagre information will have poor precision. Adaptive sampling is a method of unequal probability sampling based on the simple idea that when some animals are located on a sample plot, the neighboring plots (and possibly their neighbors as well) are added to the sample; in this way, the whole group can be sampled. The scheme lends itself to a variety of modifications, for example, sampling with and without replacement, sequential and inverse sampling, stratified sampling, two‐stage sampling, and the so‐called adaptive allocation, as well as extensions to order statistics, multivariate data, incomplete detectability, and super‐population models.
M
onte
C
arlo Simulation
Authors: Gentle James E. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Monte Carlo simulation is one of the most important tools in all fields of science. Monte Carlo methods use samples of numbers that appear to be random, although the numbers are generated by deterministic computer algorithms. These “pseudorandom” samples can be used in solving a wide range of problems, including both deterministic problems such as evaluating a definite integral and problems in which there is a random component such as studying and comparing the performance of statistical procedures under various assumptions about the underlying distribution.
Three‐Mode Component and Scaling Models
Authors: Kroonenberg Pieter M. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
In this article, the basic principles and rationale for three‐mode analysis of three‐way data are introduced. The wealth of the three‐mode world is sketched, and the power of its methods is illustrated with a three‐mode component analysis of the way children cope in several school‐related situations and an individual difference scaling analysis of the perception of pain.
Telephone Surveys
Authors: Bateman Driskell Robyn 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTelephone survey methodology is often the preferred approach to surveying, as it is a valid and reliable means of collecting data. The advantages of telephone surveys include cost efficiency, reduced survey time, and the ability to reach a large, representative sample. With the recent technologies of random‐digit dialing and computer‐assisted telephone interviewing, telephone survey methodologies have been enhanced and improved. While some limitations exist in telephone surveys, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, resulting in an efficient and effective method for collecting data.
Case Studies
Authors: Onghena Patrick , Struyve Charlotte 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
A case study is an in‐depth and rigorous empirical investigation of a particular phenomenon in which one identified case is studied within its context. Case study research as a deliberate research methodology can be traced back to nineteenth and twentieth century developments in many different scientific disciplines, including medicine, psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Partly owing to their roots in these diverse disciplines, there are many types of case studies, but case studies also vary considerably in the kind of research questions that are addressed within disciplines and in the reasons for selecting or studying the case. Although there are serious challenges to conducting sound case study research, validity can be improved by connecting closely to theory; collecting data in a systematic and replicable way; using continuous assessment or observations during an extended period of time; using multiple sources of information, such as interviews, observations, questionnaires, and documents for the purpose of triangulation, looking at multiple cases to test tentative hypotheses; and applying formal data‐analytic techniques. In this article, some common pitfalls in conducting case study research are described and references to good practice are given.
Interrupted Time Series Design
Authors: Ferron John , Rendina‐Gobioff Gianna 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Interrupted time series designs are based on repeated measurements before and after the implementation of an intervention. The observations gathered before the intervention establish a baseline that is used to project what would be expected in the absence of intervention. Intervention effects are demonstrated when the observations gathered after the intervention deviate from the expectations derived from the baseline projections.
Dermatology Trials
Authors: Tuchayi Sara Moradi , Feldman Steven R. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
One characteristic of many skin disease clinical trials is that they involve topical treatments. The direct application of potent topical medications can have excellent efficacy, while minimizing the potential for systemic side effects. A limitation of trials in dermatology is that topical treatment tends to be more difficult for patients to use than oral medications. An advantage of dermatologic trials is that the outcomes are readily visible on the skin. Investigator‐ and patient‐assessed outcomes can be used. A trial of a topical clobetasol illustrates the rapid effects of the drug and the relative safety over the short term.
Electromagnetic Radiation: Emission and Propagation
Authors: Ford George W. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The basic phenomena of classical electromagnetic radiation are described. After a brief introduction of the equations of Maxwell and Lorentz for electromagnetism in vacuum, the general theory of integration of these equations is discussed. Applications include the Larmor formula for radiation by a Hertzian dipole, radiation by a confined source, multipole radiation, radiation by an arbitrarily moving point charge, synchrotron radiation, and radiation reaction. The Maxwell equations of electromagnetism in the presence of matter are then introduced together with a brief discussion of their integration. Waves in isotropic and anisotropic material media are described together with their propagation in layered media and waveguides. Applications include radiation by a dipole above a half‐space, Cherenkov radiation, and energy loss by charged particles traversing matter.
Nonimaging Optics
Authors: Miñano Juan C. , Mohedano R. , Benítez P. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn illumination and other applications, light must be transferred from a source to a target by optical means, without the need to form an image of such source. Moreover, there is often the need to explicitly avoid image formation, and accomplish with additional goals such as maximum transfer of light (high efficiency), reduced optics size and costs, precribed illuminance patterns or uniformity in the delivered light beams.The branch of optics that specializes in these types of problems is called nonimaging optics, and was initiated in the mid 1960s. Since then it has progressed in the development of methods and devices and widened its applications enormously. This chapter explains nonimaging optics theoretical background first, and then proceeds with the explanation of main types of design problems and design methods utilized in this expertise field. Some practical applications for nonimaging designs are shown in the last section.
Almost invariant manifold approach for adaptive estimation of periodic and aperiodic unknown time‐varying parameters
Authors: Moshksar E. , Guay M. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThis paper provides a novel identification technique for the estimation of time‐varying parameters in a class of nonlinear dynamical systems. The concept of almost invariant manifold is used to find an implicit mapping from known variables of the system to the unknown variables. A parameter estimation update law is generated from the proposed mapping. The exponential convergence of parameter estimation error to a small neighbourhood of the origin is achieved. The algorithm is extended to estimate the uncertain periodic parameters. An upper bound estimation of the unknown periodic parameters and their time derivatives are obtained. Unlike most periodic time‐varying parameter estimation techniques, only the knowledge of the number of distinctive frequencies is assumed. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated with two simulation examples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal and mechanical properties of liquid silicone rubber composites filled with functionalized graphene oxide
Authors: Zhao Xiong‐wei , Zang Chong‐guang , Wen Yu‐quan , Jiao Qing‐jie 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTTo improve the thermal and mechanical properties of liquid silicone rubber (LSR) for application, the graphene oxide (GO) was proposed to reinforce the LSR. The GO was functionalized with triethoxyvinylsilane (TEVS) by dehydration reaction to improve the dispersion and compatibility in the matrix. The structure of the functionalized graphene oxide (TEVS‐GO) was evaluated by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). It was found that the TEVS was successfully grafted on the surface of GO. The TEVS‐GO/LSR composites were prepared via in situ polymerization. The structure of the composites was verified by FTIR, XRD, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal properties of the composites were characterized by TGA and thermal conductivity. The results showed that the 10% weight loss temperature (T10) increased 16.0°C with only 0.3 wt % addition of TEVS‐GO and the thermal conductivity possessed a two‐fold increase, compared to the pure LSR. Furthermore, the mechanical properties were studied and results revealed that the TEVS‐GO/LSR composites with 0.3 wt % TEVS‐GO displayed a 2.3‐fold increase in tensile strength, a 2.79‐fold enhancement in tear strength, and a 1.97‐fold reinforcement in shear strength compared with the neat LSR. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42582.
The need for biofuels as part of a low carbon energy future
Authors: Fulton Lewis M. , Lynd Lee R. , Körner Alexander , Greene Nathanael , Tonachel Luke R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe question of whether the world needs biofuels is approached by examining the feasibility of doing without them. Even with aggressive reductions in travel growth, shifts to mass transport modes, strong efficiency improvements, and deep market penetration by vehicles running on electricity and hydrogen, there remains a large demand for dense liquid fuels in 2050 (80% of transportation fuel) and even in 2075 (50%). This demand is due largely to aviation, ocean shipping, and long‐haul trucking. Acknowledging the significant uncertainties involved in such projections and the challenges faced by all candidate technologies and fuels, we conclude that it will likely be difficult to achieve a low‐carbon transport sector without widespread use of biofuels, and that aggressive efforts to develop sustainable, low‐carbon biofuels alongside other options are warranted. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Maximizing the utilization of Laminaria japonica as biomass via improvement of alginate lyase activity in a two‐phase fermentation system
Authors: Oh Yuri , Xu Xu , Kim Ji Young , Park Jong Moon 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBrown seaweed contains up to 67% of carbohydrates by dry weight and presents high potential as a polysaccharide feedstock for biofuel production. To effectively use brown seaweed as a biomass, degradation of alginate is the major challenge due to its complicated structure and low solubility in water. This study focuses on the isolation of alginate degrading bacteria, determining of the optimum fermentation conditions, as well as comparing the conventional single fermentation system with the two‐phase fermentation system which is separately using alginate and mannitol extracted from Laminaria japonica. Maximum yield of organic acids production and volatile solids reduction obtained were 0.516 g/g and 79.7%, respectively, using the two‐phase fermentation system in which alginate fermentation was carried out at pH 7 and mannitol fermentation at pH 8. The two‐phase fermentation system increased the yield of organic acids production by 1.14 times and led to a 1.45‐times reduction of VS when compared to the conventional single fermentation system at pH 8. The results show that the two‐phase fermentation system improved the utilization of alginate by separating alginate from mannitol leading to enhanced alginate lyase activity.
Personal recovery within forensic settings – Systematic review and meta‐synthesis of qualitative methods studies
Authors: Shepherd Andrew , Doyle Michael , Sanders Caroline , Shaw Jenny 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundMany mental health services now explicitly aim to support personal recovery. Are there special ethical and practical considerations for application of this model in forensic mental health services? Is there, for example, any conflict in this context between personal empowerment and risk management?AimOur aim was to develop a model of the personal recovery processes for people needing forensic mental health services.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted and meta‐synthesis applied to data from relevant papers.ResultsFive studies were identified through the search process and combined through meta‐synthesis. Three key overarching themes were synthesised: safety and security as a necessary base for the recovery process, the dynamics of hope and social networks in supporting the recovery process and work on identity as a changing feature in the recovery process.ConclusionsThe themes identified provide for theoretically informed and testable developments in care that could enhance the quality of recovery and rehabilitation for offender patients through explicitly enhancing personal sense of safety, understanding the patient's sense of personal identity and their social networks and transitioning between institutional and community support. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building a better literature review: Looking at the nomological network of the country‐of‐origin effect
Authors: Durand Aurelia 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDue to a rising pace of knowledge production, reviewing extant knowledge on mature topics has become increasingly challenging. Researchers often need to account for hundreds of references with little guidance on how to proceed. Taking the phenomenon of the country‐of‐origin effect (COE) as an example, this paper proposes a solution to tackle this challenge. By adopting the principles of integrative literature reviews and using online databases, bibliography management software, and literature‐mapping techniques, I organize 355 papers about the COE. As a result, the nomological network of the COE is drawn while establishing links between the phenomenon, its antecedents, and its outcomes. This methodological article contributes to building better literature reviews. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unpacking the effect of exploration during environmental uncertainty: Evidence from the information technology sector
Authors: Shrivastava Samir , Pazzaglia Federica , Sonpar Karan , McNamara Peter 
Published: June 2015

AbstractEnvironmental uncertainty can render managerial decision‐making about resource deployment particularly difficult. Integrating the knowledge‐based view of the firm and the organizational learning literature, we make a case for deploying specific knowledge‐based resources to cope with specific types of environmental uncertainty. We unbundle knowledge‐based resources into technology‐based and social‐network‐based resources and, using Milliken's (1987) typology of environmental uncertainty, we hypothesize that (a) technological exploration will be more effective during state uncertainty and (b) while being generally beneficial, social exploration will prove more effective during response uncertainty. An analysis of the financial performance of information technology (IT) firms in the United States over the period 1995–2004 generally supports our hypotheses. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental Management Systems and Firm Performance: Improving Firm Environmental Policy through Stakeholder Engagement
Authors: Martín‐de Castro Gregorio , Amores‐Salvadó Javier , Navas‐López José E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractRecent contributions to firm environmental policy claim that the link between environmental management systems (EMS) and firm performance still remains unanswered. From a natural‐resource‐based view (NRBV), the effective implementation of EMS inside the firm requires complementary organizational capabilities and resources to deploy proactive environmental strategies. In this research, we develop an empirical model using an improved measurement of EMS, which considers not only ISO 14001/EMAS certification but also its maturity (time elapsed since certification or verification), and propose an indirect effect on firm financial performance through the mediating role of green corporate image. Empirical results tested in a sample of Spanish manufacturing firms offer new insights into the NRBV and EMS literature debates. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Transparency of Global Apparel Supply Chains: Quantitative Analysis of Corporate Disclosures
Authors: Ma Yoon Jin , Lee Hyun‐Hwa , Goerlitz Kylie 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTAs the globalization of the apparel industry has increased, many issues have emerged regarding the management of supply chains overseas. Significantly low contract prices, which are offered in an effort to remain competitive in global trade, often lead to labor exploitation. The California Transparency in Supply Chains Act went into effect in 2012 to eradicate slavery and human trafficking from supply chains of manufacturing and retail companies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of implementation of this Act in the apparel industry. A quantitative content analysis was conducted to analyze the website disclosures of 204 US‐based apparel retail and manufacturing companies, focusing on the presence, type, length, accessibility, and content of their disclosures. The findings of this study provide insights for manufacturers, retailers, and marketers regarding how they can publicize their socially responsible efforts, particularly regarding slavery and human trafficking issues in their supply chains. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Polystyrene‐Templated Aerosol Synthesis of MoS2–Amorphous Carbon Composite with Open Macropores as Battery Electrode
Authors: Choi Seung Ho , Kang Yun Chan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMoS2–amorphous carbon (MoS2–AC) composite microspheres with macroporous structure were fabricated by one‐pot spray pyrolysis. Single‐ or few‐layered MoS2 were uniformly dispersed and oriented in random directions in the amorphous carbon microsphere with macropores sizes between 50 and 90 nm. The macroporous microspheres having a high contact area with liquid electrolyte exhibited overall superior Li‐ and Na‐ion storage properties compared with those of the dense microspheres. After 250 charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 1.5 A g−1, the discharge capacities of the MoS2–AC microspheres with dense and macroporous structures for Li‐ion storage were 694 and 896 mAh g−1, respectively. In the case of Na‐ion storage, discharge capacities of 336 and 425 mAh g−1 were achieved for the dense and macroporous microspheres, respectively, after 100 cycles at 0.3 A g−1.
A step‐up PWM DC–DC converter for renewable energy applications
Authors: Patidar Keshav , Umarikar Amod C. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryA step‐up pulse width modulation (PWM) direct current (DC)–DC converter is presented in this paper, which has its origin in quasi Z‐source inverter. Analysis of this converter in steady state is presented, and relevant expressions are derived for the proposed converter operating in continuous conduction mode. The power loss expressions for each component of the converter are derived, and thereby, obtained expressions for overall converter efficiency are presented. Further, a dynamic model is derived to design an appropriate controller for this converter. The simulation and experimental results are presented to support the theoretical analysis. The advantages such as continuous input current, high step‐up gain at lower duty ratio, and common ground for source, load, and switch makes the converter suitable for renewable energy applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AIDing cancer treatment: Reducing AID activity via HSP90 inhibition
Authors: Rebhandl Stefan , Geisberger Roland 
Published: June 2015

The activation induced deaminase (AID) catalyses the two key events underlying humoral adaptive immunity: class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of antibody genes in B lymphocytes. AID accomplishes this task by directly deaminating cytosines within the genomic immunoglobulin locus, thereby triggering a complex mutagenic process eventually leading to improved effector function of antibodies. However, it has long been noticed that AID can be aberrantly expressed in cancer and that its activity is not absolutely restricted to antibody genes, as substantial genome‐wide off‐target mutations have been observed, which contribute to tumorigenesis and clonal evolution of AID‐expressing malignancies. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Montamat‐Sicotte et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: 2365–2376] investigate the feasibility and efficacy of in vivo inhibition of AID with HSP90 inhibitors in a mouse model of B‐cell leukemia and in vitro with a human breast cancer cell line, thereby demonstrating that cancer patients may benefit from preventing noncanonical AID functions.
Uniform Poly(acrylic acid)‐Functionalized Lanthanide‐Doped LaVO4 Nanophosphors with High Colloidal Stability and Biocompatibility
Authors: Nuñez Nuria O. , Zambrano Paola , García‐Sevillano Jorge , Cantelar Eugenio , Rivera‐Fernández Sara , de la Fuente Jesús M. , Ocaña Manuel 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLn‐doped (Ln = Eu or Nd) LaVO4 nanoparticles functionalized with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were prepared from lanthanide and vanadate precursors in the presence of PAA by a simple one‐pot method that consists of a homogeneous precipitation reaction in ethylene glycol/water at a moderate temperature (120 °C). The size of the nanoparticles could be modified in the 40–70 nm range by adjusting the amount of PAA added. The effects of the Eu and Nd contents of these nanomaterials on theirs optical properties (emission intensity and lifetime) were also analyzed to find the optimum nanophosphors. Finally, the nanoparticles showed negligible cytotoxicity for Vero cells at concentrations up to 0.05 mg mL–1 and a high colloidal stability in physiological buffer solutions; therefore, they satisfy the most important requirements for in vitro biotechnological applications.