bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation and Developmental Characteristics of Porcine Tetraploid Embryos and Tetraploid/Diploid Chimeric Embryos
Authors: He Wenteng , Kong Qingran , Shi Yongqian , Xie Bingteng , Jiao Mingxia , Huang Tianqing , Guo Shimeng , Hu Kui , Liu Zhonghua 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize electrofusion conditions for generating porcine tetraploid (4n) embryos and produce tetraploid/diploid (4n/2n) chimeric embryos. Different electric field intensities were tested and 2 direct current (DC) pulses of 0.9 kV/cm for 30 μs was selected as the optimum condition for electrofusion of 2-cell embryos to produce 4n embryos. The fusion rate of 2-cell embryos and the development rate to blastocyst of presumably 4n embryos, reached 85.4% and 28.5%, respectively. 68.18% of the fused embryos were found to be 4n as demonstrated by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Although the number of blastomeres in 4n blastocysts was significantly lower than in 2n blastocysts (P  &lt; 0.05), there was no significant difference in developmental rates of blastocysts between 2n and 4n embryos (P  &gt;  0.05), suggesting that the blastocyst forming capacity in 4n embryos is similar to those in 2n embryos. Moreover, 4n/2n chimeric embryos were obtained by aggregation of 4n and 2n embryos. We found that the developmental rate and cell number of blastocysts of 4-cell (4n)/4-cell (2n) chimeric embryos were significantly higher than those of 2-cell (4n)/4-cell (2n), 4-cell (4n)/8-cell (2n), 4-cell (4n)/2-cell (2n) chimeric embryos (P  &lt; 0.05). Consistent with mouse chimeras, the majority of 4n cells contribute to the trophectoderm (TE), while the 2n cells are mainly present in the inner cell mass (ICM) of porcine 4n/2n chimeric embryos. Our study established a feasible and efficient approach to produce porcine 4n embryos and 4n/2n chimeric embryos.
Non-normality in combustion–acoustic interaction in diffusion flames: a critical revision
Authors: Magri Luca , Balasubramanian K. , Sujith R. I. , Juniper M. P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPerturbations in a non-normal system can grow transiently even if the system is linearly stable. If this transient growth is sufficiently large, it can trigger self-sustained oscillations from small initial disturbances. This has important practical consequences for combustion–acoustic oscillations, which are a persistent problem in rocket and aircraft engines. Balasubramanian & Sujith (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 594, 2008, pp. 29–57) modelled an infinite-rate chemistry diffusion flame in an acoustic duct and found that the transient growth in this system can amplify the initial energy by a factor,${G}_{max} $, of the order of$1{0}^{5} $to$1{0}^{7} $. However, recent investigations by L. Magri and M. P. Juniper have brought to light certain errors in that paper. When the errors are corrected,${G}_{max} $is found to be of the order of 1 to 10, revealing that non-normality is not as influential as it was thought to be.
Biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy of the Mid-Carboniferous boundary beds in the Muradymovo section (South Urals, Russia)
Authors: KULAGINA ELENA , NIKOLAEVA SVETLANA , PAZUKHIN VLADIMIR , KOCHETOVA NATALIYA 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe uninterrupted succession of the Mississippian–Pennsylvanian boundary beds in the Muradymovo section in the South Urals contains diverse fossils and has a high correlative potential. The Muradymovo section is located in the Zilair Megasynclinorium (ZM), which belongs to the West Uralian Subregion and displays carbonate-siliciclastic deep-water facies of the Bukharcha Formation, which is partly Serpukhovian (Kosogorian, Protvian and Yuldybaevian) and partly Bashkirian (Syuranian). In the southern ZM, the lower part of the formation contains argillaceous carbonates with beds of shale and siltstone, subordinate clastic limestones and limestone breccia, while the upper part is mostly limestone with cherty interbeds. In the north of the ZM, the formation mainly consists of limestone. The Muradymovo succession contains no identifiable gaps in the Mid-Carboniferous Boundary (MCB) portion and has a succession of foraminiferal, conodont, ammonoid and ostracod zones. The MCB in this section coincides with the base of the Bogdanovkian and is defined by the entry ofDeclinognathodus noduliferus.This level falls within the upper part of the foraminiferalMonotaxinoides transitoriusZone, is near the base of the ammonoidHomoceras–HudsonocerasGenozone and can be correlated worldwide.
Oil exploration and sea ice projections in the Arctic
Authors: Harsem Øistein , Heen Knut , Rodrigues J.M.P. , Vassdal Terje 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to investigate how reduction in the sea ice cover may affect oil activity in the Arctic during the next 30 years. The Arctic is divided into 21 oil provinces. A multidisciplinary approach is applied drawing on both the comparative cost techniques as developed in location theory and sea ice cover projections. The comparative cost technique implies a systematic listing of cost differentials by oil provinces. The sea ice projections are based on the NCAR CCSM3 global climate model under the A1B and A2 emission scenarios. The article concludes that the north Norwegian Sea, and south and west Barents Sea will remain the most attractive areas for oil exploration in the coming 30 years. Furthermore, due to sea ice decline, the north and east Barents Sea and north and west Kara Sea will become more attractive. However, most Arctic provinces will remain high cost regions.
Think local, act global: How do fragmented representations of space allow seamless navigation?
Authors: Dudchenko Paul A. , Wood Emma R. , Grieves Roderick M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this commentary, we highlight a difficulty for metric navigation arising from recent data with grid and place cells: the integration of piecemeal representations of space in environments with repeated boundaries. Put simply, it is unclear how place and grid cells might provide a global representation of distance when their fields appear to represent repeated boundaries within an environment. One implication of this is that the capacity for spatial inferences may be limited.
Intervention and dreams of exogenous statebuilding: the application of Liberal Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq
Authors: DODGE TOBY 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe central thesis of this article is that when faced with state collapse, rising violence, and a complex stabilisation effort, the US, UN, and NATO in Afghanistan and the US and Britain in Iraq, deployed the dominant, if not only, international approach available, Liberal Peacebuilding. The article traces the rise of Liberal Peacebuilding across the 1990s. It argues that four units of analysis within neoliberal ideology, the individual, the market, the role of the state and democracy, played a key role within Liberal Peacebuilding, allowing it to identify problems and propose solutions to stabilise post-conflict societies. It was these four units of analysis that were taken from the Liberal Peacebuilding approach and applied in Afghanistan and Iraq. The application of a universal template to two very different countries led directly to the fierce but weak states that exist today.
Species distribution modelling using bioclimatic variables to determine the impacts of a changing climate on the western ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus occidentals; Pseudocheiridae)
Authors: MOLLOY SHAUN W. , DAVIS ROBERT A. , VAN ETTEN EDDIE J. B. 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYThe ngwayir (western ringtail possumPseudocheirus occidentalis) is an arboreal species endemic to south-western Australia. The range and population of this species have been significantly reduced through multiple anthropogenic impacts. Classified as vulnerable, the ngwayir is highly susceptible to extremes of temperature and reduced water intake. Ngwayir distribution was determined using three different species distribution models using ngwayir presence records related to a set of 19 bioclimatic variables derived from historical climate data, overlaid with 2050 climate change scenarios. MaxEnt was used to identify core habitat and demonstrate how this habitat may be impacted. A supplementary modelling exercise was also conducted to ascertain potential impacts on the tree species that are core habitat for ngwayir. All models predicted a reduction of up to 60% in the range of the ngwayir and its habitat, as a result of global warming towards the south-west of the project area, with a mean potential distribution of 10.3% of the total modelled area of 561 059 km2. All three tree species modelled (jarrah, marri and peppermint) were predicted to experience similar contractions in range throughout most of the predicted ngwayir range, although their distributions differed. Populations of ngwayir persisting outside core habitat may indicate potential conservation opportunities.
Color signals through dorsal and ventral visual pathways
Authors: CONWAY BEVIL R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractExplanations for color phenomena are often sought in the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, and V1, yet it is becoming increasingly clear that a complete account will take us further along the visual-processing pathway. Working out which areas are involved is not trivial. Responses to S-cone activation are often assumed to indicate that an area or neuron is involved in color perception. However, work tracing S-cone signals into extrastriate cortex has challenged this assumption: S-cone responses have been found in brain regions, such as the middle temporal (MT) motion area, not thought to play a major role in color perception. Here, we review the processing of S-cone signals across cortex and present original data on S-cone responses measured with fMRI in alert macaque, focusing on one area in which S-cone signals seem likely to contribute to color (V4/posterior inferior temporal cortex) and on one area in which S signals are unlikely to play a role in color (MT). We advance a hypothesis that the S-cone signals in color-computing areas are required to achieve a balanced neural representation of perceptual color space, whereas those in noncolor-areas provide a cue to illumination (not luminance) and confer sensitivity to the chromatic contrast generated by natural daylight (shadows, illuminated by ambient sky, surrounded by direct sunlight). This sensitivity would facilitate the extraction of shape-from-shadow signals to benefit global scene analysis and motion perception.
Corynebacterium endocarditis of a percutaneously placed transcatheter pulmonary valve
Authors: Johnson Jason N. , Miller Stephen G. , Lodge Andrew J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe report a case of endocarditis of a transcatheter pulmonary valve-in-valve in a 14-year-old boy with tetralogy of Fallot. He presented with recurrent low-grade fevers, lethargy, and anorexia. Multiple blood cultures grew a gram-positive rod, Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum. He was taken to the operating room for removal of the vegetative endocarditis and pulmonary valve replacement.
Section 8. Pyrethroid resistance: field resistance mechanisms
Authors: Forrester Neil W. , Cahill Matthew , Bird Lisa J. , Layland Jacquelyn K. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe dual insecticide ± synergist discriminating dose technique proved highly successful in determining the relative importance of pyrethroid resistance mechanisms present in field populations of Helicoverpa armigera, without the problems of alternative techniques. Synergist pre-treatment proved unnecessary therefore allowing use of the more convenient and labour efficient discriminating dose pre-mix.Oxidative metabolic detoxification, probably via a polysubstrate monooxygenase system, was the major pyrethroid resistance mechanism in both larval and adult H. armigera. Residual piperonyl butoxide insensitive resistance (presumably nerve insensitivity, possibly acting in combination with the penetration resistance factor) was also present but at a low level. This latter resistance mechanism was expressed in larvae but moths appeared to express only weak phenotypic resistance. The predominant pyrethroid resistance mechanism employed by insects is discussed in relation to their feeding habit. The tenet that nectar feeding adult Lepidoptera are unable to express metabolic pyrethroid resistance is challenged.Unrestrained pre-strategy pyrethroid selection pressure on sequential generations resulted in selection for elevated levels of kdr type nerve insensitivity and possibly even super kdr. Restriction of pyrethroid selection pressure to one generation per season favoured selection of the oxidative over the nerve insensitivity resistance mechanism. Two possibly complementary explanations are put forward for this; differential genetic dominance (semidominant oxidative mechanism versus recessive nerve insensitivity) and/or selection in more than one life stage (moths and larvae for the oxidative mechanism versus predominantly larvae only for the nerve insensitivity mechanism). It is suggested that insecticide resistance management strategies should be designed to avoid selection of elevated levels of the intractable nerve insensitivity resistance mechanism whereas low levels of this mechanism (normal kdr) are not considered difficult to manage. The demonstration that the strategy has favoured selection of the more amenable oxidative resistance mechanism invites the opportunity to develop possible chemical countermeasures.
Networks and social cohesion in ancient Indian Ocean trade: geography, ethnicity, religion
Authors: Seland Eivind Heldaas 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe Indian Ocean is famous for its well-documented Jewish and Islamic trading networks of the medieval and early modern periods. Social networks that eased the challenges of cross-cultural trade have a much longer history in the region, however. The great distances covered by merchants and the seasonality of the monsoons left few alternatives to staying away for prolonged periods of time, and shipwreck, piracy, and the slave trade caused people to end up on coasts far away from home. Networks of merchants developed in the Indian Ocean region that depended on a degree of social cohesion. This article draws up a map of selected merchant communities in the western Indian Ocean, and argues that geographical origin, ethnicity, and religion may have been different ways of establishing the necessary infrastructure of trust.
The West, the East, and the insular middle: trading systems, demand, and labour in the integration of the Pacific, 1750–1875
Authors: Hellyer Robert 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article offers the novel interpretation that Pacific integration began in the ocean's western sphere and later moved into its insular middle and eastern sphere. It demonstrates this by tracing three ocean-wide trends: the emergence of common trading goals and systems, the expansive role of reciprocal demand, and the shared experiences of Pacific peoples, who, both as slaves and in tribute-based and free labour systems, produced prominent trade goods. It presents additional new perspectives by identifying a ‘silver-substitute century’ in maritime commerce from 1750 to 1850, and by establishing the 1850s and 1860s as a period of transition from the influence of China-centred to Western-centred demand in Pacific trade. It thus reveals the limits of established interpretations that emphasize Western state and imperial initiatives and the role of Western technological and manufacturing dominance in the process of integration.
Versatile and cheap: a global history of soy in the first half of the twentieth century
Authors: Prodöhl Ines 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article traces the complex and shifting organization of soy's production and consumption from Northeast China to Europe and the United States. It focuses on a set of national and transnational actors with differing interests in the global and national spread of soybeans. The combination of these actors in certain spatiotemporal contexts enabled a fundamental change in soy from an Asian to an American cash crop. At the beginning of the twentieth century, soy rapidly became Northeast China's cash crop, owing to steadily increasing Western demand. However, the versatility of soy – and soy oil in particular – offered a highly successful response to the agricultural and industrial challenges that the United States faced during the Great Depression and the Second World War. By the end of the war, American farmers in the Midwest cultivated more soybeans than their Chinese counterparts.
Interrogating religion: Christian/secular values, citizenship and racial upliftment in governmental education policy
Authors: Jivraj Suhraiya 
Published: October 2013

AbstractFaith schools have (re)gained an increasingly prominent place within the public education system in the UK. Whilst the former Labour government expanded the number of state-funded faith schools during its terms in office, they continue to be supported by the current coalition government. The expansion of faith schooling has continued despite widespread opposition attributing much of the religious divisions and lack of community cohesion within society to faith schooling, particularly after ‘race riots’ in the north of England in 2001. This article does not seek to contribute to the largely polarised debate arguing either for or against faith schools. Instead, I explore how religion circulates in governmental discourse supporting faith schools and the sociopolitical work it does through law. I focus on the key contention put forward particularly by the former Labour government that faith schools, contrary to being divisive, can actually play an important role in the promotion of community cohesion, precisely because of the values and ethos of these schools. I examine how this governmental discourse is influenced by social capital and communitarian theories that highlight the role of Christian or church school values in fostering citizenship and community cohesion through education. I suggest that the influence of these theories on government policy has led to church schools becoming a benchmark for other schools to emulate, especially where they embody state/British values which are sometimes posited as being universal and secular. Rather than the expansion of faith schools being a policy that supports schools of all faiths, Muslim schools in particular have been singled out as posing a potential ‘threat to the nation’ and the social cohesion within it. In addition, I argue that the often invisibilised normative influence of de-theologised Christian/secular values plays a role in regulating the boundaries of ‘acceptable’ religion. The potential effects of delimiting religion through the discourse of values, coupled with the engendering of citizenship and belonging of children from minority religious/ethnic backgrounds within the education system, might also be viewed as effectively resulting in a form of ‘racial upliftment’. My analysis draws on critical religion and race perspectives that remain largely absent within socio-legal scholarship on law and religion and indeed citizenship. One exception is more recent scholarship on gender and the banning of Muslim religious dress in schools and other public spaces, and the recognition of certain areas of Muslim family law within Western legal systems. However, analyses that attend to the contingent ways in which religion can circulate and be produced through law relating to children are urgently needed alongside those attending to gender.
Control of the conformations of ion Coulomb crystals in a Penning trap
Authors: Mavadia Sandeep , Goodwin Joseph F. , Stutter Graham , Bharadia Shailen , Crick Daniel R. , Segal Daniel M. , Thompson Richard C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractLaser-cooled atomic ions form ordered structures in radiofrequency ion traps and in Penning traps. Here we demonstrate in a Penning trap the creation and manipulation of a wide variety of ion Coulomb crystals formed from small numbers of ions. The configuration can be changed from a linear string, through intermediate geometries, to a planar structure. The transition from a linear string to a zigzag geometry is observed for the first time in a Penning trap. The conformations of the crystals are set by the applied trap potential and the laser parameters, and agree with simulations. These simulations indicate that the rotation frequency of a small crystal is mainly determined by the laser parameters, independent of the number of ions and the axial confinement strength. This system has potential applications for quantum simulation, quantum information processing and tests of fundamental physics models from quantum field theory to cosmology.
Predictability of the Ningaloo Niño/Niña
Authors: Doi Takeshi , Behera Swadhin K. , Yamagata Toshio 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe seasonal prediction of the coastal oceanic warm event off West Australia, recently named the Ningaloo Niño, is explored by use of a state-of-the-art ocean-atmosphere coupled general circulation model. The Ningaloo Niño/Niña, which generally matures in austral summer, is found to be predictable two seasons ahead. In particular, the unprecedented extreme warm event in February 2011 was successfully predicted 9 months in advance. The successful prediction of the Ningaloo Niño is mainly due to the high prediction skill of La Niña in the Pacific. However, the model deficiency to underestimate its early evolution and peak amplitude needs to be improved. Since the Ningaloo Niño/Niña has potential impacts on regional societies and industries through extreme events, the present success of its prediction may encourage development of its early warning system.
DNA supercoiling enhances cooperativity and efficiency of an epigenetic switch
Authors: Norregaard Kamilla , Andersson Magnus , Sneppen Kim , Nielsen Peter Eigil , Brown Stanley , Oddershede Lene B. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Bacteriophage λ was the first epigenetic switch to be deciphered and continues to contribute to our understanding of gene regulation. Its dormant state is exceptionally stable. In spite of this stability, viral development is efficiently activated in response to DNA damage. This ability to respond efficiently is due to a long-range protein-mediated DNA looping. We developed a single molecule assay based on peptide nucleic acid tethering of a naturally supercoiled DNA plasmid. The internal kinetics of the supercoiled plasmid was monitored, and the dynamics and stability of regulatory protein-mediated DNA looping investigated. We found that the DNA loop becomes tolerant to reductions in the regulator when DNA is supercoiled, thus helping explain the bistable nature of the lambda switch.
Granzyme B degradation by autophagy decreases tumor cell susceptibility to natural killer-mediated lysis under hypoxia
Authors: Baginska Joanna , Viry Elodie , Berchem Guy , Poli Aurélie , Noman Muhammad Zaeem , van Moer Kris , Medves Sandrine , Zimmer Jacques , Oudin Anaïs , Niclou Simone P. , Bleackley R. Chris , Goping Ing Swie , Chouaib Salem , Janji Bassam 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Natural killer (NK) cells are effectors of the antitumor immunity, able to kill cancer cells through the release of the cytotoxic protease granzyme B. NK-based therapies have recently emerged as promising anticancer strategies. It is well established that hypoxic microenvironment interferes with the function of antitumor immune cells and constitutes a major obstacle for cancer immunotherapies. We showed that breast cancer cells evade effective NK-mediated killing under hypoxia by activating autophagy that we have identified to be responsible for the degradation of NK-derived granzyme B. We demonstrated that blocking autophagy restored NK-mediated lysis in vitro, and facilitated breast tumor elimination by NK cells in mice. We provided evidence that targeting autophagy may pave the way to achieve more effective NK-based anticancer immunotherapy.