bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integration of Autophagy and Anoikis Resistance in Solid Tumors
Authors: Yang Jie , Zheng Zhichao , Yan Xiaojie , Li Xia , Liu Zhe , Ma Zhenyi 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTMacroautophagy or autophagy is a lysosome‐dependent process in which enzymatic degradation and recycling of cytosolic components occurred due to stressful conditions. This cellular arrangement imparts anoikis resistance in solid tumors. Anoikis, a special form of apoptosis occurring when cells detach from the extracellular matrix, is a critical mechanism in maintaining tissue homeostasis and development. Anoikis resistance facilitates tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, the complexity of the role of autophagy in tumor is underscored by evidence that autophagy can function as both a pro‐survival or pro‐death depending on the context and the stimuli, which are likely exploitable for tumor therapy. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding anoikis resistance and autophagy signaling, paying particular attention to its relevance in solid tumor metastasis. Anat Rec, 296:1501–1508, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Osteological Histology of the Pan‐Alcidae (Aves, Charadriiformes): Correlates of Wing‐Propelled Diving and Flightlessness
Authors: Smith N. Adam , Clarke Julia A. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAlthough studies of osteological morphology, gross myology, myological histology, neuroanatomy, and wing‐scaling have all documented anatomical modifications associated with wing‐propelled diving, the osteohistological study of this highly derived method of locomotion has been limited to penguins. Herein we present the first osteohistological study of the derived forelimbs and hind limbs of wing‐propelled diving Pan‐Alcidae (Aves, Charadriiformes). In addition to detailing differences between wing‐propelled diving charadriiforms and nondiving charadriiforms, microstructural modifications to the humeri, ulnae and femora of extinct flightless pan‐alcids are contrasted with those of volant alcids. Histological thin‐sections of four species of pan‐alcids (Alca torda, †Alca grandis, †Pinguinus impennis, †Mancalla cedrosensis) and one outgroup charadriiform (Stercorarius longicaudus) were compared. The forelimb bones of wing‐propelled diving charadriiforms were found to have significantly thicker (∼22%) cortical bone walls. Additionally, as in penguins, the forelimbs of flightless pan‐alcids are found to be osteosclerotic. However, unlike the pattern documented in penguins that display thickened cortices in both forelimbs and hind limbs, the forelimb and hind limb elements of pan‐alcids display contrasting microstructural morphologies with thickened forelimb cortices and relatively thinner femoral cortices. Additionally, the identification of medullary bone in the sampled †Pinguinus impennis specimen suggests that further osteohistological investigation could provide an answer to longstanding questions regarding sexual dimorphism of Great Auks. Finally, these results suggest that it is possible to discern volant from flightless wing‐propelled divers from fragmentary fossil remains. Anat Rec, 297:188–199, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A re‐examination and re‐evaluation of salamander orbital glands
Authors: Rehorek Susan J. , Grand‐Pierre Alix E. , Cummings Joshua R. , Jewell Bridgette , Constantine Julieanne , Hillenius W. Jaap 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe amphibian integument contains numerous multicellular glands. Although two of these, the nasolabial and orbital glands and the associated nasolacrimal duct (NLD), have historically received considerable attention, interpretation of the original observations can be problematic in the context of current literature. Salamanders, in particular, are frequently regarded as at least indicative of aspects of the morphology of the common ancestor to all extant tetrapods; hence, an understanding of these glands in salamanders might prove to be informative about their evolution. For this study, the orbitonasal region of salamanders from three families was histologically examined. Three themes emerged: (1) examination of the effect of phylogeny on the nasolabial gland and NLD revealed a combination of features that may be unique to plethodontid salamanders, and may be correlated to their nose‐tapping behavior by which substances are moved into the vomeronasal organ; (2) ecology appears to impact the relative development of the orbital glands, but not necessarily the nasolabial gland, with smaller glands being present in the aquatic species; (3) the nomenclature of the salamander orbital gland remains problematic, especially in light of comparative studies, as several alternate possibilities are viable. From this nomenclatural conundrum, however, it could be concluded that there may be a global pattern in the location of tetrapod orbital gland development. Molecular questions in terms of ontogeny and genetic homology affect the nature of the debate on orbital gland nomenclature. These observations suggest that rather than reflecting an ancestral condition, salamanders may instead represent a case of specialized, convergent evolution. Anat Rec, 296:1789–1796, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth of the Human Ilium: The Anomalous Sacroiliac Junction
Authors: Yusof Nurul A. , Soames Roger W. , Cunningham Craig A. , Black Sue M. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTDespite the major anatomical importance of the human ilium in medicine and forensic investigations, little is understood about its pattern of growth. This study was conducted to investigate the changes in the surface area of the human ilium from birth through to adolescence in 80 human ilia. A photographic image of the pelvic surface of each bone was taken and examined using an image quantification package. The surface areas of four regions of interest were quantified: the auricular, post‐auricular (PA), iliac fossa, and whole pelvic surface of the ilium. The results highlight a rapid increase in surface area for all regions in the first few years after birth which continues, albeit at a slower rate, until ∼4 years of age when the rate of growth is further reduced. Although the ilium and its various components continue to grow between 5 years and puberty, the rate of growth is markedly reduced until puberty when growth of the pelvis again increases. Interestingly, analysis of the differential growth of the auricular region compared with the PA region throughout development suggests that the PA region exhibits more advanced growth. This may indicate that its role in structural development for the purposes of preparation and maintenance of bipedal stance and locomotion may have been previously poorly understood. Anat Rec, 296:1688–1694, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor‐2 Silencing Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Invasion In Vitro
Authors: Zhu Bin , Zhang Ping , Zeng Ping , Huang Zhen , Dong Ting‐Fang , Gui Yong‐Kun , Zhang Guang‐Wen 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer‐related death in the world and metastasis is an essential aspect of HCC progression. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor‐2 (TFPI‐2) has been implicated as a potential suppressor gene to regulate tumor invasion and metastasis. In this study, we silenced TFPI‐2 in the HCC cell line MHCC97‐L and evaluated the role of TFPI‐2 in cell invasion and its impact on gene expression. We showed in this study that stable TFPI‐2 downregulation in MHCC97‐L cells resulted in increased cell adhesion and invasion. We also showed that mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP‐1/3, CD44, and ICAM‐1 were increased, while those of MMP‐2/9 were not changed by TFPI‐2 silencing. Furthermore, silencing of TFPI‐2 caused increased Akt phosphorylation level and NF‐κB transcription in MHCC97‐L cells. In conclusion, this study confirms that TFPI‐2 downregulation can contribute to tumor invasion of HCC cells through alteration in the expression of metastasis‐related genes. Anat Rec, 296:1708–1716, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Sensory Innervation of the Human Pharynx: Searching for Mechanoreceptors
Authors: de Carlos F. , Cobo J. , Macías E. , Feito J. , Cobo T. , Calavia M.G. , García‐Suárez O. , Vega J.A. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe coordinate neural regulation of the upper airways muscles is basic to control airway size and resistance. The superior constrictor pharyngeal muscle (SCPM) forms the main part of the lateral and posterior walls of the pharynx and typically is devoid of muscle spindles, the main type of proprioceptor. Because proprioception arising from SCPM is potentially important in the physiology of the upper airways, we have investigated if there are mechanical sensory nerve endings substitute for the muscle spindles. Samples of human pharynx were analyzed using immunohistochemistry associated to general axonic and Schwann cells markers (NSE, PGP 9.5, RT‐97, and S100P), intrafusal muscle fiber markers, and putative mechanical sense proteins (TRPV4 and ASIC2). Different kinds of sensory corpuscles were observed in the pharynx walls (Pacini‐like corpuscles, Ruffini‐like corpuscles, spiral‐wharves nerve structures, and others) which are supplied by sensory nerves and express putative mechanoproteins. No evidence of muscle spindles was observed. The present results demonstrate the occurrence of numerous and different morphotypes of sensory corpuscles/mechanoreceptors in human pharynx that presumably detect mechanical changes in the upper airways and replace muscle spindles for proprioception. Present findings are of potential interest for the knowledge of pathologies of the upper airways with supposed sensory pathogenesis. Anat Rec, 296:1735–1746, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Manipulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Nakajima‐Takagi Yaeko , Osawa Mitsujiro , Iwama Atsushi 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTHematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are defined by their capacity to self‐renew and to differentiate into all blood cell lineages while retaining robust capacity to regenerate hematopoiesis. Based on these characteristics, they are widely used for transplantation and gene therapy. However, the dose of HSCs available for use in treatments is limited. Therefore, extensive work has been undertaken to expand HSCs in culture and to produce HSCs from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in order to improve the efficiency and outcome of HSC‐based therapies. Various surface markers have been characterized to improve the purification of HSCs and a huge number of cytokines and small‐molecule compounds have been screened for use in the expansion of HSCs. In addition, attempts to generate not only HSCs but also mature blood cells from ESCs and iPSCs are currently ongoing. This review covers recent approaches for the purification, expansion or production of human HSCs and provides insight into problems that need to be resolved. Anat Rec, 297:111–120. 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PrPc is temporospatially expressed in molar development of rats
Authors: Yoo H.I. , Jang S.M. , Kang J.H. , Kim M.S. , Koh J.T. , Jung J.Y. , Kim W.J. , OH W.M. , Kim S.H. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTOdontogenesis, tooth development, is derived from two tissue components: ectoderm and neural crest‐derived mesenchyme. Cyto‐differentiation of odontogenic cells during development involves time‐dependent and sequential regulation of genetic programs. This study was conducted to detect molecules implicated in cyto‐differentiation of developing molar germs of rats. Differential display‐PCR revealed that PrPc was differentially expressed between cap/early bell‐staged germs (maxillary 3rd molar germs) and root formation‐staged germs (maxillary 2nd molar germs) at postnatal day 9. Both levels of PrPc mRNA and protein expression were higher in the root formation stage than the cap/early bell stage and increased in a time‐dependent manner. Immunofluorescence revealed for the first time that PrPc was not localized in the enamel organ, but localized in dental follicular cells for the development of the periodontal ligament and cementum as well as odontoblasts, both of which are of neural crest origin. These results suggest that the physiological functions of the PrPc in tooth development may be implicated in the differentiation of neural crest‐derived mesenchyme including the periodontal tissues for root formation rather than epithelial tissue. Anat Rec, 296:1929–1935, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Main Effect and Interactions of Brain Regions and Gender in the Calculation of Volumetric Asymmetry Indices in Healthy Human Brains: Ancova Analyses of In Vivo 3T MRI Data
Authors: Roldan‐Valadez Ernesto , Rios Camilo , Suarez‐May Marcela A. , Favila Rafel , Aguilar‐Castañeda Erika 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Macroanatomical right‐left hemispheric differences in the brain are termed asymmetries, although there is no clear information on the global influence of gender and brain‐regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the main effects and interactions of these variables on the measurement of volumetric asymmetry indices (VAIs). Materials and methods: Forty‐seven healthy young‐adult volunteers (23 males, 24 females) agreed to undergo brain magnetic resonance imaging in a 3T scanner. Image post processing using voxel‐based volumetry allowed the calculation of 54 VAIs from the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes, limbic system, basal ganglia, and cerebellum for each cerebral hemisphere. Multivariate ANCOVA analysis calculated the main effects and interactions on VAIs of gender and brain regions controlling the effect of age. Results: The only significant finding was the main effect of brain regions (F (6, 9373.605) 44.369, P < .001; partial η2 = .101, and power of 1.0), with no significant interaction between gender and brain regions (F (6, 50.517) .239, P = .964). Conclusion: Volumetric asymmetries are present across all brain regions, with larger values found in the limbic system and parietal lobe. The absence of a significant influence of gender and age in the evaluation of the numerous measurements generated by multivariate analyses in this study should not discourage researchers to report and interpret similar results, as this topic still deserves further assessment. Anat Rec, 296:1913–1922, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mediation of Muscular Control of Rhinarial Motility in Rats by the Nasal Cartilaginous Skeleton
Authors: Haidarliu Sebastian , Kleinfeld David , Ahissar Ehud 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe rhinarium is the rostral‐most area of the snout that surrounds the nostrils, and is hairless in most mammals. In rodents, it participates in coordinated behaviors, active tactile sensing, and active olfactory sensing. In rats, the rhinarium is firmly connected to the nasal cartilages, and its motility is determined by movements of the rostral end of the nasal cartilaginous skeleton (NCS). Here, we demonstrate the nature of different cartilaginous regions that form the rhinarium and the nasofacial muscles that deform these regions during movements of the NCS. These muscles, together with the dorsal nasal cartilage that is described here, function as a rhinarial motor plant. Anat Rec, 296:1821–1832, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MicroRNA‐127 is Downregulated by Tudor‐SN Protein and Contributes to Metastasis and Proliferation in Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA‐MB‐231
Authors: Zhao Xiujuan , Duan Zhongchao , Liu Xin , Wang Baoya , Wang Xinting , He Jinyan , Yao Zhi , Yang Jie 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTTudor‐SN is a multifunctional protein that is highly expressed in multiple cancers including breast cancer. Tudor‐SN, as a component in RNA‐induced splicing complex, was recently reported to regulate gene expression in a microRNA (miRNA)‐dependent manner, such as let‐7, miR‐34a and miR‐221. However, how Tudor‐SN is associated with cancer development still remains largely elusive. In the present study, we explored the role of Tudor‐SN in breast cancer. Stable knockdown of endogenous Tudor‐SN, performed on the breast cancer cell line MDA‐MB‐231 by small hairpin RNA expression vectors, suppressed the in vitro migration and invasion ability of the metastatic breast cancer cell line. Interestingly, we found Tudor‐SN as a miRNA regulator according to microarray analysis, and further identified that Tudor‐SN negatively regulated the expression of miR‐127, and consequently increased the expression of the proto‐oncogene BCL6 which was a convincing target of miR‐127. Moreover, overexpression of miR‐127 reduced the in vitro migration and proliferation ability of breast cancer cell MDA‐MB‐231. Collectively, our results suggested a novel mechanism that Tudor‐SN promoted metastasis and proliferation of breast cancer cells via downregulating the miR‐127 expression. Anat Rec, 296:1842–1849, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect and Mechanism of CXCR4 Silencing on Metastasis Suppression of Human Glioma U87 Cell Line
Authors: Zhu Yu , Yang Ping , Zhang Xuebin , Zhang Ling , Cui Guiping , Wang Qin , Lv Lixia , Zhang Yi , Xin Xin , Yan Tao , Zhao Meng , Zhang Nan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTumor metastasis is the major cause of treatment failure and poor prognosis of glioma. Inhibiting metastasis has become an important therapeutic strategy for glioma treatment. CXCR4 has been proved to play an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors. In order to illustrate the effect of CXCR4 on glioma metastasis, we investigated the role of CXCR4 in U87 cells metastasis based on the CXCR4 silencing tumor cells. In this study, we found that CXCR4 silencing could suppress U87 cells invasion and adhesion potential, production of TGF‐β1, IL‐6, and IL‐8, and blocked the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. We also found that CXCR4 silencing could up‐regulate the mRNA and protein expression of p53, p21, and E‐cadherin, and down‐regulate the mRNA and protein expression of CD44 and MMP‐2/‐9. Meanwhile, CXCR4 silencing could decrease the phosphorylation of p‐AKT and transcription activity of NF‐κB promoter, and increased the phosphorylation of PTEN. The results provided a new research basis for the further study of CXCR4 gene, the screening of human glioma, as well as the target treatment for glioma and its prognosis. Anat Rec, 296:1857–1864, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heart Fields: Spatial Polarity and Temporal Dynamics
Authors: Abu‐Issa Radwan 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIn chick and mouse, heart fields undergo dynamic morphological spatiotemporal changes during heart tube formation. Here, the dynamic change in spatial polarity of such fields is discussed and a new perspective on the heart fields is proposed. The heart progenitor cells delaminate through the primitive streak and migrate in a semicircular trajectory craniolaterally forming the bilateral heart fields as part of the splanchnic mesoderm. They switch their polarity from anteroposterior to mediolateral. The anterior intestinal portal posterior descent inverts the newly formed heart field mediolateral polarity into lateromedial by 125° bending. The heart fields revert back to their original anteroposterior polarity and fuse at the midline forming a semi heart tube by completing their half circle movement. Several names and roles were assigned to different portions of the heart fields: posterior versus anterior, first versus second, and primary versus secondary heart field. The posterior and anterior heart fields define basically physical fields that form the inflow–outflow axis of the heart tube. The first and second heart fields are, in contrast, temporal fields of differentiating cardiomyocytes expressing myosin light chain 2a and undifferentiated and proliferating precardiac mesoderm expressing Isl1 gene, respectively. The two markers present a complementary pattern and are expressed transiently in all myocardial lineages. Thus, Isl1 is not restricted to a portion of the heart field or one of the two heart lineages as has been often assumed. Anat Rec, 297:175–182, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reversing Effect of Sorcin in the Drug Resistance of Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Liu Xuebing , Chen Lei , Feng Bin , Liu Gang 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTNasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common cancers originating in the nasopharynx, and chemoresistance is an essential aspect of NPC chemotherapy failure. Sorcin has been implicated in multidrug resistance (MDR) of many types of human tumor. However, the effect and mechanism of Sorcin in MDR of human NPC is not fully clear. In this report, we silenced Sorcin in human NPC CNE2/DDP cells, and explored the role of Sorcin in MDR reversal. The results showed an increased cytotoxicity of cisplatin and intracellular accumulation of Rhodamine‐123 and glutathione depletion in Sorcin silencing CNE2/DDP cells. We also found a decreased messenger RNA and protein expression of multidrug resistance gene (MDR1), multidrug resistance‐associated protein (MRP1), excision repair cross‐complementing gene 1 (ERCC1), glutathione S‐transferase‐π (GST‐n), RhoE, Bcl‐2, and Survivin in Sorcin silencing CNE2/DDP cells. The increased expression of PTEN and decreased expression of p‐Akt and NF‐κB suggested that the key cellular signaling pathways were triggered by Sorcin silencing. We concluded that Sorcin silencing would contribute to establish a potent target point for MDR reversal. Anat Rec, 297:215–221, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Linea Aspera: A Virtual Case Study Testing Emergence of Form and Function
Authors: Moore Shannon R. , Milz Stefan , Knothe Tate Melissa L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe linea aspera (LA) forms a characteristic ridge along the posterior aspect of the human femur. Absent in youth, the LA emerges during early puberty and becomes more prominent with advancing age. Pauwels, a pioneer of mechanobiology, hypothesized that the LA forms in the precise location where axial intracortical stresses are greatest, effectively “stiffening” the femur in bending. This study reassesses the mechanical role of the LA in virtual models of human femora, accounting for increasing prominence of the LA at juvenile, young adult and aged stages. Using finite element analysis, peak stresses and the relationship between the LA, neutral axis and centroidal axes (CAs) are evaluated for cross‐sections along the mid‐diaphysis of the virtual femora. Additionally, the relationship between LA and CAs is studied in anatomical cross‐sections from Pauwels' manuscript as well as aged cadaveric donors, indicating that his conclusion may have been stymied by lack of modern computational methods. The results of the current study do not support a mechanical role of the LA as its emergence results in less than a 3% decrease in peak stress, while increasing prominence of the LA also serves to rotate CAs away from calculated stress field, implicating a less “bone centric” view of form and function. Anat Rec, 297:273–280, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.