bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sacrifice of the Social Outcasts: Two Cases of Klippel–Feil Syndrome at Midnight Terror Cave, Belize
Authors: Kieffer C. L. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe archaeological record indicates that the ancient lowland Maya sacrificed a wide variety of people in caves for various reasons. Ritual theorists have proposed that individuals chosen for sacrifice cross‐culturally are typically outsiders either geographically or socially with slaves, prisoners of war, children (typically orphaned), sorcerers and the physically handicapped. Prior to this study, all but the physically handicapped were documented as sacrificial victims at cave sites. The site of Midnight Terror Cave in the Cayo District of Belize contains at least 118 individuals and is now one of the largest sacrificial assemblages ever discovered in the Maya Lowlands. This assemblage supports previous notions of who the ancient Maya chose for human sacrifice and documents the first cases of physically handicapped sacrifices. Two individuals with probable Klippel–Feil syndrome, a physically debilitating pathological condition with many associated abnormalities that would have made certain aspects of social life difficult, were documented in the assemblage. Ultimately, these results suggest that ritual theory predicts all the types of social outcasts chosen for sacrifice Maya caves. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changing Covenants in Samoa? From Brothers and Sisters to Husbands and Wives?
Authors: Latai Latu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis article explores how in the process of Christian conversion in Samoa by the London Missionary Society, the indigenous sacred covenant between brother and sister was transposed onto the relation between the pastor, his wife, and the congregation. I consider how far Victorian models of gender and domesticity, based on more individuated modes of personhood and the nuclear family, were promoted by foreign missionaries and whether Samoan people accepted, resisted, and transformed these models. In Samoa, women had assumed powerful statuses as feagaiga ‘covenants’ and as tamasa ‘sacred child’. These ascriptions gave Samoan women sacred power and they were highly esteemed in their families and natal villages. What impact would Christian conversion have on this high valuation of Samoan women? And how would this transformation impact on Samoan ideas about gender and personhood?
Loss of tumour suppressor PTEN expression in renal injury initiates SMAD3‐ and p53‐dependent fibrotic responses
Authors: Samarakoon Rohan , Helo Sevann , Dobberfuhl Amy D , Khakoo Nidah S , Falke Lucas , Overstreet Jessica M , Goldschmeding Roel , Higgins Paul J 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDeregulation of the tumour suppressor PTEN occurs in lung and skin fibrosis and diabetic and ischaemic renal injury. However, the potential role of PTEN and associated mechanisms in the progression of kidney fibrosis is unknown. Tubular and interstitial PTEN expression was dramatically decreased in several models of renal injury, including aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN), streptozotocin (STZ)‐mediated injury and ureteral unilateral obstruction (UUO), correlating with Akt, p53 and SMAD3 activation and fibrosis. Stable silencing of PTEN in HK‐2 human tubular epithelial cells induced dedifferentiation and CTGF, PAI‐1, vimentin, α‐SMA and fibronectin expression, compared to HK‐2 cells expressing control shRNA. Furthermore, PTEN knockdown stimulated Akt, SMAD3 and p53Ser15 phosphorylation, with an accompanying decrease in population density and an increase in epithelial G1 cell cycle arrest. SMAD3 or p53 gene silencing or pharmacological blockade partially suppressed fibrotic gene expression and relieved growth inhibition orchestrated by deficiency or inhibition of PTEN. Similarly, shRNA suppression of PAI‐1 rescued the PTEN loss‐associated epithelial proliferative arrest. Moreover, TGFβ1‐initiated fibrotic gene expression is further enhanced by PTEN depletion. Combined TGFβ1 treatment and PTEN silencing potentiated epithelial cell death via p53‐dependent pathways. Thus, PTEN loss initiates tubular dysfunction via SMAD3‐ and p53‐mediated fibrotic gene induction, with accompanying PAI‐1‐dependent proliferative arrest, and cooperates with TGFβ1 to induce the expression of profibrotic genes and tubular apoptosis. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new periodic pattern with five‐neighbored domain packing from ABC triblock terpolymer/B homopolymer blend
Authors: Izumi Yuki , Yamada Mutsuhiko , Takano Atsushi , Matsushita Yushu 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTSelf‐assembled structures from poly(isoprene‐b‐styrene‐b‐2‐vinylpyridine)(ISP)/styrene homopolymer blend were investigated. Five terpolymers whose total molecular weight, M, is in the narrow range of 121k < M < 214k, and volume fractions of the center block polystyrenes, ϕS, are similar at around 0.55, were prepared as parent block terpolymers. Their ϕP/ϕI ratios, used as an indicator of asymmetry, are varied in the range 0.32 < ϕP/ϕI < 2.46. Three low‐molecular weight styrene homopolymers with molecular weights of 3k, 9k, and 12k, respectively, were mixed with those block terpolymers to produce blends with almost constant styrene content within the range 0.65 < ϕS < 0.68. Both ISP/S(3k) and ISP/S(12k) blend series show a morphological transition from tetragonally packed cylinders (TPC) to double hexagonal structure (DHS) with hexagonally arrayed polyisoprene cylinders, each surrounded by six thin cylinders as satellites. If one focuses on ISP‐III(150k)/S blends whose ϕP/ϕI is 0.88, TPC for ISP‐III/S(3k) was transformed to DHS for ISP‐III/S(12k), evidently due to the molecular weight effect of the added homopolymer. Finally a new periodic pattern, having P cylinders surrounded by five I cylinders each, has been discovered from ISP‐III/S(9k) at overall composition of ϕI/ϕS/ϕP = 0.17/0.68/0.15 and polystyrene block/styrene homopolymer ratio of wS(b)/wS(h) = 1.4. This structure was confirmed to possess hexagonal symmetry with larger unit cell than regular patterns ever known by X‐ray diffraction experiment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 907–911
Un modèle de points chauds fondé sur l'implosion de la porosité microstructurale
Authors: Belmas R. , Plotard J.P. , Bianchi C. , Leroy M. , Nicollet M. , Meillot E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractEin Hot‐Spot‐Modell auf der Grundlage der Implosion der mikroporösen GefügestrukturWir zeigen das Prinzip und die Grundgleichungen eines Hot‐Spot‐Modells, das sich gründet auf der viskoplastischen Verformung des Sprengstoffs im Bereich der kollabierenden Mikroporen unter Einwirkung von Schock‐ oder Kompressionswellen. Dieses Modell bildet für sich ein leistungsfähiges Werkzeug zur Analyse der Zündphänomene von Sprengstoffen bei mechanischer Beanspruchung. Ein Verfahren für die Bestimmung der Viskosität der Sprengstoffe, ein grundlegender Parameter für den Einsatz des Modells, wird vorgeschlagen. Zwei Versionen des Modells werden vorgestellt. Das eine erfordert eine numerische Integration der Bewegungsgleichungen und der Wärmegleichungen. Die andere Version ist ein analytisches Modell, das leicht in den hydrodynamischen Code eingebaut und mit dem Abbrandgesetz des Korns verbunden werden kann, um ein kinetisches Gesetz zur Simulation des Übergangs Schock‐Detonation aufzustellen.
Variation in δ15N and δ13C stable isotope values in common dolphins (Delphinus spp.) worldwide, with particular emphasis on the eastern North Atlantic populations
Authors: Pinela A. M. , Borrell A. , Aguilar A. 
Published: March 2015

RationaleDistinguishing population units of small cetaceans continuously distributed in a widespread area is challenging but critical for their conservation and management. The use of chemical markers allows the investigation of foraging ecology and inter‐specific variability, in order to detect population structure and niche segregation in the common dolphin (Delphinus spp.).MethodsThe stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13C values) and nitrogen (δ15N values) were measured in the bone tissue of common dolphins accidentally by‐caught or stranded along the north‐eastern and eastern Subtropical Atlantic Ocean, by means of continuous flow elemental analyser/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Trophic positions were determined and compared, taking into account the local ecosystem trophic baseline for each study area. Data obtained for the study areas were qualitatively compared with those for common dolphin species/populations distributed worldwide.ResultsThe δ13C and δ15N values were higher in the eastern Subtropical Atlantic as a consequence of the coexistence in the area of the common dolphin short‐ and long‐beaked morphotypes. Individuals from the north‐eastern Atlantic displayed lower δ15N values, reflecting dissimilarities in diet and variation in local isotopic baselines. Comparisons with other areas around the world suggest that the species is extremely adaptive and feeds at different trophic levels to adapt to local variations.ConclusionsStable isotopes are a useful tool to investigate population structure and trophic niche segregation. The trophic behaviour of worldwide populations of common dolphins was fruitfully analysed and revealed substantial differences, probably reflective of both adaptive strategies of the genus and dissimilarities in the structure of the ecosystems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robustness of ISS systems to inputs with limited moving average: Application to spacecraft formations
Authors: Grøtli Esten Ingar , Panteley Elena , Chaillet Antoine , Gravdahl Jan Tommy 
Published: March 2015

SummaryWe provide a theoretical framework that fits realistic challenges related to spacecraft formation with disturbances. We show that the input‐to‐state stability of such systems guarantees some robustness with respect to a class of signals with bounded average‐energy, which encompasses the typical disturbances acting on spacecraft formations. Solutions are shown to converge to the desired formation, up to an offset, which is somewhat proportional to the considered moving average of disturbances. In the presence of fast peaking perturbations, the approach provides a tighter evaluation of the disturbances' influence, which allows for the use of more parsimonious control gains. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does Microfinance Impact on Rural Empowerment in Bangladesh? Differences Between Governmental and Non‐Governmental Microfinance Programs
Authors: Mazumder Mohummed Shofi Ullah , Wencong Lu 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe investigate the impact of microfinance providers on economic, family and social, and political empowerment. Data were collected in two phases from 300 microfinance beneficiaries and 200 controls. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, multiple regression, propensity score matching and the Rosenbaum bound method were used for analysis. In the majority of areas, microfinance increased recipients’ empowerment. Both econometric estimations showed the largest effects for family and social and political empowerment in recipients of governmental microfinance, while non‐governmental microfinance recipients saw greater improvements in economic empowerment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Wellbeing and Sustainability: A Relational Approach
Authors: Helne Tuula , Hirvilammi Tuuli 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSustainable development has been a political catchphrase for almost 30 years. However, a genuine transition towards sustainability has not yet begun. The prevailing values have remained intact, with polarization towards economic aspects of sustainability. The dominant weak interpretation of sustainable development is based on a human exemptionalism paradigm that does not fully recognize the interconnectedness of human wellbeing and the vitality of ecosystems. Moreover, the ultimate goal of sustainable development, i.e. wellbeing, has been understood narrowly, and mainly in economic terms. To increase the chances of a transition to sustainability, it is necessary to enrich the understanding of wellbeing on the basis of a relational paradigm, in which the dependency of human wellbeing on the health of the ecosystems is internalized. To this end, we present a relational, multidimensional and needs‐based conceptualization of wellbeing, arguing that this approach holds significant promise for both sustainability and wellbeing research and policies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The Implementation of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology Improves Malignancy Detection Despite Lower Rate of Thyroidectomy in Indeterminate Nodules
Authors: Hirsch Dania , Robenshtok Eyal , Bachar Gideon , Braslavsky Diana , Benbassat Carlos 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackground
The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology (TBSRTC) was developed in 2009 to standardize the terminology for interpreting fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) specimens.MethodsA historical prospective case series design was employed. The study group included patients with a thyroid nodule classified as TBSRTC AUS/FLUS (B3) or FN/SFN (B4) in 2011–2012 in a tertiary university‐affiliated medical center. Rates of surgery and malignancy detection were compared to our pre‐TBSRTC (1999–2000) study.ResultsOf 3927 nodules aspirated, 575 (14.6 %) were categorized as B3/B4. Complete data were available for 322. Thyroidectomy was performed in 123 (38.2 %) cases: 66/250 (26.4 %) B3 and 57/72 (79.2 %) B4. Differentiated thyroid cancer was found in 66 (53.7 %) patients: 30/66 (45.5 %) B3 and 36/57 (63.2 %) B4 (p = 0.075). Operated patients were younger than the non‐operated (B3: 52.4 ± 16 vs. 59.7 ± 13 years, p = 0.009; B4: 51.7 ± 15 vs. 60.5 ± 14 years, p = 0.042), and operated B3 nodules were larger than the non‐operated (27.2 vs. 22.2 mm, p = 0.014). Additional FNA was done in 160 patients (49.7 %): 137/250 (54.8 %) B3 and 23/72 (31.9 %) B4 (p = 0.002). The additional B3 nodules aspirations yielded a diagnosis of B2 in 84 patients (61.3 %), B3 in 48 (35 %), and B4 in 5 (3.6 %). Of the 23 repeated B4 aspirations, B2 was reported in 5 (21.7 %), B3 in 12 (52.2 %), B4 in 4 (17.4 %), and B6 in 2 (8.7 %). The number of aspirated nodules was twice that reported in 1999–2000. The rate of indeterminate nodules increased from 6 to 14.6 %, the surgery rate decreased from 52.3 to 38.2 %, and the accuracy of malignancy diagnosis increased from 25.9 to 53.7 %.ConclusionsThe application of TBSRTC significantly improves diagnostic accuracy for indeterminate thyroid nodules, leading to higher rates of malignancy detection despite lower rates of thyroidectomies.
The Effect of β‐blockade on Survival After Isolated Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Mohseni Shahin , Talving Peep , Thelin Eric P. , Wallin Göran , Ljungqvist Olle , Riddez Louis 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackground
Several North American studies have observed survival benefit in patients exposed to β‐blockers following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of β‐blockade on mortality in a Swedish cohort of isolated severe TBI patients.MethodsThe trauma registry of an urban academic trauma center was queried to identify patients with an isolated severe TBI between 1/2007 and 12/2011. Isolated severe TBI was defined as an intracranial injury with an Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ≥3 excluding extra‐cranial injuries AIS ≥3. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of β‐blocker exposure on mortality. Also, a subgroup analysis was performed to investigate the risk of mortality in patients on pre‐admission β‐blocker versus not and the effect of specific type of β‐blocker on the overall outcome.ResultsOverall, 874 patients met the study criteria. Of these, 33 % (n = 287) were exposed to β‐blockers during their hospital admission. The exposed patients were older (62 ± 16 years vs. 49 ± 21 years, p < 0.001), and more severely injured based on their admission GCS, ISS, and head AIS scores (GCS ≤8: 32 % vs. 28 %, p = 0.007; ISS ≥16: 71 % vs. 59 %, p = 0.001; head AIS ≥4: 60 % vs. 45 %, p < 0.001). The crude mortality was higher in patients who did not receive β‐blockers (17 % vs. 11 %, p = 0.007) during their admission. After adjustment for significant confounders, the patients not exposed to β‐blockers had a 5‐fold increased risk of in‐hospital mortality (AOR 5.0, CI 95 % 2.7–8.5, p = 0.001). No difference in survival was noted in regards to the type of β‐blocker used. Subgroup analysis revealed a higher risk of mortality in patients naive to β‐blockers compared to those on pre‐admission β‐blocker therapy (AOR 3.0 CI 95 % 1.2–7.1, p = 0.015).Conclusionsβ‐blocker exposure after isolated severe traumatic brain injury is associated with significantly improved survival. We also noted decreased mortality in patients on pre‐admission β‐blocker therapy compared to patients naive to such treatment. Further prospective studies are warranted.
Implementation of an Enhanced Recovery Pathway After Pancreaticoduodenectomy in Patients with Low Drain Fluid Amylase
Authors: Sutcliffe Robert P. , Hamoui Majd , Isaac John , Marudanayagam Ravi , Mirza Darius F. , Muiesan Paolo , Roberts John K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIntroduction
The safety and feasibility of an enhanced recovery pathway (ERP) after pancreatic surgery is largely unknown. Our aim was to prospectively evaluate a targeted ERP after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), using first postoperative day (POD) drain fluid amylase (DFA1) values to identify patients at low risk of pancreatic fistula (PF).Patients and methodsNon‐randomized cohort study of 130 consecutive patients. Perioperative outcomes were compared before (pre‐ERP; N = 65) and after (post‐ERP; N = 65) implementation of an ERP. Patients in each group were stratified according to the risk of PF using DFA1 <350 IU/l. Low‐risk patients in the post‐ERP group were selected for early oral intake and early drain removal.Results81/130 patients had a DFA1 <350. Incidence of PF was significantly lower in low‐risk patients (9 vs. 45 %, P = 0.0001). In low‐risk patients, morbidity (43 vs. 36 %) and mortality (2.7 vs. 4.5 %) were similar for both pre‐ and post‐ERP patients. Hospital stay (median 9 vs. 7 days, P = 0.03) and 30‐day readmissions (17 vs. 2 %, P = 0.04) were lower in low‐risk patients in the post‐ERP group. In high‐risk patients, there was no difference in outcomes between pre‐ and post‐ERP.ConclusionPatients at low risk of PF after PD can be identified by first POD DFA1. Enhanced recovery after PD is safe and leads to improved short‐term outcomes in low‐risk patients.
Rosuvastatin Enhances the Catabolism of LDL apoB‐100 in Subjects with Combined Hyperlipidemia in a Dose Dependent Manner
Authors: Le Ngoc‐Anh , Diffenderfer Margaret R. , Thongtang Nuntakorn , Ooi Esther M. M. , Barrett P. Hugh R. , Horvath Katalin V. , Dolnikowski Gregory G. , Asztalos Bela F. , Schaefer Ernst J. , Brown W. Virgil 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDose‐associated effects of rosuvastatin on the metabolism of apolipoprotein (apo) B‐100 in triacylglycerol rich lipoprotein (TRL, d < 1.019 g/ml) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) and of apoA‐I in high density lipoprotein (HDL) were assessed in subjects with combined hyperlipidemia. Our primary hypothesis was that maximal dose rosuvastatin would decrease the apoB‐100 production rate (PR), as well as increase apoB‐100 fractional catabolic rate (FCR). Eight subjects received placebo, rosuvastatin 5 mg/day, and rosuvastatin 40 mg/day for 8 weeks each in sequential order. The kinetics of apoB‐100 in TRL and LDL and apoA‐I in HDL were determined at the end of each phase using stable isotope methodology, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, and multicompartmental modeling. Rosuvastatin at 5 and 40 mg/day decreased LDL cholesterol by 44 and 54 % (both P < 0.0001), triacylglycerol by 14 % (ns) and 35 % (P < 0.01), apoB by 30 and 36 % (both P < 0.0001), respectively, and had no significant effects on HDL cholesterol or apoA‐I levels. Significant decreases in plasma markers of cholesterol synthesis and increases in cholesterol absorption markers were observed. Rosuvastatin 5 and 40 mg/day increased TRL apoB‐100 FCR by 36 and 46 % (both ns) and LDL apoB‐100 by 63 and 102 % (both P < 0.05), respectively. HDL apoA‐I PR increased with low dose rosuvastatin (12 %, P < 0.05) but not with maximal dose rosuvastatin. Neither rosuvastatin dose altered apoB‐100 PR or HDL apoA‐I FCR. Our data indicate that maximal dose rosuvastatin treatment in subjects with combined hyperlipidemia resulted in significant increases in the catabolism of LDL apoB‐100, with no significant effects on apoB‐100 production or HDL apoA‐I kinetics.
Using Functional Needs and Personal Care Assistance Rather Than Disability Status During Chronic Care Triage in Community Mass Care
Authors: Fannin Athena , Brannen Donald E. , Howell Melissa , Martin Shari 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate Medical Reserve Corps volunteers and public health workers in conducting chronic care triage by use of a rubric prior to sheltering to connect survivors with services.MethodsParticipants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 algorithms or a control group during a simulated disaster scenario and were asked to rate 20 survivors arriving at a chronic care triage station with situation-appropriate transport services. Survivors were simulated on the basis of the expected disability distributions of mobility, sensory-visual, cognition, medical devices, capacity to perform activities of daily living (ADLs), age (18 to 90 years), weight, and gender expected in the general population but expanded to 90% of those presenting. Mean percentage correct scores were assessed by using one-way analysis of variance.ResultsAccounting for personal care assistance and service methodology during chronic care triage increased efficiency by up to 8% in meeting chronic care health service needs during disaster community mass care management.ConclusionsA chronic care triage process as part of community mass care management that considers the availability of personal care assistance and service methodology will enhance the allocation of functional needs support services and increase compliance with Americans with Disabilities Act requirements regarding not segregating persons because of disability. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness.2015;9:265-274)
TRANSITIONAL CONSTITUTIONALISM AND THE CASE OF THE ARAB SPRING
Authors: Turner Catherine 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper seeks to explore the relationship between the framework of transition and the enactment of a new constitution for Egypt. It does so by using the relatively under explored concept of transitional constitutionalism, interrogating some of the key claims on which transitional constitutionalism is based, and questioning their application in the Egyptian context. By doing this the paper explores the broader paradox of the imposition of a framework of transition that is rooted in principles of liberalism in the context where liberalism is far from the agreed or prevailing political model.