bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEM FOR CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS TO SEAWATER-SOLUBLE HYDROCARBONS FROM CRUDE OIL: CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Roubal William T. , Bovee Donald H. , Collier Tracy K. , Stranahan Susan I. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Flow-through systems circumvent problems associated with static systems for exposing aquatic organisms to water-soluble hydrocarbons by providing an uninterrupted supply of water-soluble fraction with minimal compositional variations. Moreover, there is little accumulation of deleterious excretory products. Yet the design of a flow-through system for crude petroleum poses practical problems. All exposed surfaces of equipment become coated with thick oily residues, which, if ignored, result in changes in water flow rates and in levels of soluble hydrocarbons.
To circumvent such problems, a modular system was built which can be adjusted to compensate for oil accumulation. Analysis of the water-soluble fraction prepared from Prudhoe Bay crude oil showed it to contain primarily low molecular weight aromatic compounds as follows (average concentration, ppm): benzene, 0.26; toluene, 2.45; total xylenes, 1.73; C3- and C4-substituted benzenes, 0.26; naphthalene, 0.01; 1-methyl naphthalene, 0.02; 2-methyl naphthalene, 0.02; C2-substituted naphthalenes, 0.05; and C3-substituted naphthalenes, 0.03. Hydrocarbon analysis of muscle tissue from coho salmon exposed to a water-soluble fraction for 5 weeks is presented.
THE EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL ON LARVAE OF LOBSTER HOMARUS AMERICANUS
Authors: Forns Joseph M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The effects of API reference South Louisiana crude oil upon four larval stages of American lobster (Homarus americanus) were determined in a flow-through system. Tests were conducted with naturally-hatched animals in individual test chambers as well as in mass culture systems in an operating state lobster hatchery. Experimental flow-through crude oil exposure concentrations were 0.1, and 1.0 ppm, administered as a strongly-agitated emulsion-like mix to ambient temperature seawater ranging from 15°-20°C. Oil exposure residence times ranged from 0.8-5.6 minutes depending on the test. Exposed animals were monitored six times daily for feeding behavioral characteristics, mobility, molting success, growth and development times to reach the fourth larval stage. Pigmentation analysis was performed on individual larvae by photomicroscopy, and hydrocarbon analyses were also conducted thereon. Post-larval development through the eighth stage was investigated. Statistical comparisons were made among different control animals and between control and oil-exposed larvae.
PREVENTING OIL SPILLS IN THE WEST COAST FOREST INDUSTRY
Authors: Melville L. , Hamm P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
MacMillan Bloedel, Canada's largest forest products company, uses about 67 million gallons of oil products annually. Moving, storing and dispensing such quantities calls for effective measures against spills, leaks and the problem of waste oil disposal. Experience has shown that prevention of oil losses must begin with a properly developed set of control standards endorsed by senior management and accepted by line personnel. A necessary adjunct is a major education and training programme. The company's enlightened approach to spill prevention and cleanup has resulted in a significant reduction in the number and magnitude of oil spills at MacMillan Bloedel operations. A side benefit has been reduced oil consumption for lubricating and heating purposes at some of the company operations.
SENSITIVITY OF LARVAL AND ADULT ALASKAN SHRIMP AND CRABS TO ACUTE EXPOSURES OF THE WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTION OF COOK INLET CRUDE OIL
Authors: Brodersen C. C. , Rice S. D. , Short J. W. , Mecklenburg T. A. , Karinen J. F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The sensitivity of adult and larval Alaskan shrimp and crabs to the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Cook Inlet crude oil was measured by tests using 96-hour static bioassays at the water termperatures that these animals normally encounter. Larval crustaceans were found to die more slowly than adults, making it necessary to measure sensitivity in terms of concentrations causing moribundity (death imminent) instead of in terms of concentrations causing death during exposure. The cessation of all motion and reaction was found to indicate moribundity in adults, and the cessation of swimming was found to indicate morbundity in larvae exposed for 96 hr. Ninety-six-hour LC50's for moribundity for stage I larvae ranged from 0.95 to 1.8 ppm depending on species, while 96-hr LC50's for adults ranged from 1.9 to 4.2 ppm oil. Sensitivities for stage I-VI larvae of coonstripe shrimp ranged between 0.24 ppm and 1.9 ppm.
Larvae were more sensitive to oil than adults. The sensitivity of larvae depended on species and developmental stage. Larvae are probably more vulnerable than adults to oil exposure because of greater sensitivity to oil and greater susceptibility to predation. Cold-water species may be particularly vulnerable because of increased time spent as developing larvae.
U.S. NAVY R&D EFFORTS IN SUPPORT OF OIL POLLUTION ABATEMENT STRATEGIES
Authors: Hura M. , Finger S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the past few years the Navy has become increasingly concerned with the detrimental environmental effects which may result from the oily waste discharges and oil spills from its ships and shore facilities. Thus, it is not surprising to find that the Navy has been embarked on a vigorous oil pollution abatement program designed to permit its ships and shore facilities to at least meet existing federal, state, and local environmental regulations.1 The basic strategy of the program has been to institute measures that will reduce the amount of oil being discharged into the environment wherever possible, before implementing oily waste treatment techniques.
In implementing the oil pollution abatement program it became apparent in many instances that commercially available off-the-shelf systems were not suitable for direct Navy use. Strict space, weight, reliability and maintainability requirements associated with operational Navy units precluded, in many instances, the use of existing oil pollution abatement equipment. For these reasons, an extensive research and development program was initiated. Numerous in-house laboratories and private contractors have been actively involved in the development of a technology base required to support oil pollution abatement strategies. They have been instrumental in identifying the causes and magnitude of the problem, developing operational changes, and providing techniques and hardware to combat oil pollution. The most salient contributions of the program are shipboard oil/water separators for contaminated bilge and ballast wastes, real time oil-in-water monitors, and effluent oil spill containment and cleanup equipment.
FATE OF PETROLEUM COMPONENTS IN ESTUARINE WATERS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Lee Richard F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Radiolabeled hydrocarbons and phenols were added to water samples from the Skidaway and Cooper Rivers, two estuarine rivers on the U.S. south Atlantic coast. The adsorption of hydrocarbons to particles and microbial degradation of different petroleum components were the processes studied. Alkanes, low molecular weight aromatics (benzene, toluene, naphthalene and methylnaphthalene) and phenols were rapidly degraded to 14CO2. Low degradation rates were observed for the higher weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fluorene, anthracene, benz(a)anthracene, and benz(a)pyrene, and from 12 to 70% of these hydrocarbons were absorbed to suspended particles in the water. Radioauto graphs of particles after the addition of 3H-benz(a)pyrene and 3H-hexadecane to the water samples indicated the hydrocarbons associated with detrital particles. This detritus was composed of a mixture of clay, organic matter, plankton remains and living microbes. One area of the Cooper River had visible oil slicks and the degradation rates of added heptadecane (20 μg/l), naphthalene (30 μg/l) and methylnaphthalene (30 μg/l) were 0.4, 2.8 and 1.1 μg/I/day, respectively. In contrast, at a downstream site, where there were no visible slicks, the degradation rate of these same hydrocarbons were 0.1, 0.7 and 0.1 μg/l/day, respectively. Estuarine water had much higher hydrocarbon degradation rates than offshore and Gulf Stream waters.
OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR THE BP FORTIES OILFIELD PRODUCTION, PIPELINE AND TERMINAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Fulleylove R. J. , Lester T. E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Forties oil field in the UK sector of the North Sea is about 100 miles off the Scottish coast. Four steel platforms will eventually produce 500,000 barrels of oil per day, and deliver it by the subsea pipeline and 130-mile landline to the BP Grangemouth oil refinery and the Hound Point oil terminal on the Firth of Forth.
Although the safety measures both on the platforms at sea and on the shore installation should largely negate the risk of oil spillage, BP has developed oil spill contingency plans to cover the entire Forties system, from the production platforms to the refinery and tanker terminal. This paper describes these plans and the types of problems involved.
The work has required, in part, re-examining methods of oil spill cleanup at sea and on land, bearing in mind ecological problems, and redesigning equipment where necessary; coordinating with relevant authorities, and insuring personnel involved in the plans are adequately trained.
CLEANING PRODUCTS USED IN OPERATIONS AFTER THE AMOCO CADIZ DISASTER
Authors: Bocard Christian , Renault Philippe , Croquette Jean 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Controlling the Amoco Cadiz spill and cleaning the sea and the coast of Brittany were made highly difficult by rough sea conditions and the location of the grounding. The rapid formation of “chocolate mousse” limited severely the efficiency of the different techniques used. At sea, restrictions on the use of dispersants led to use of both sinking and absorbing agents, including an experimental product, rubber powder.
On the coast, several types of chemicals were used or tried; emulsion breakers, sorbents, dispersants, and biodegrading products. Practical examples were given of how some of these products could help the cleanup operations on beaches, rocks, and piers and the handling of oil, polluted sand, and debris. The use of sorbents demonstrated that, despite the additional cost, this approach could be helpful if adequate operational techniques for such use were available.
FIREMEN AND EMERGENCY PERSONNEL OIL SPILL TRAINING PROGRAM
Authors: Duerden F. C. , Pierce W. L. , Simmons R. G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During land-based incidents involving oil spills, the first persons of authority on scene are often firemen, police officers, or personnel from other agencies who become inadvertently involved. Because of their lack of ecological expertise, decisions made in managing the situation can result in significant detrimental effects on the immediate and surrounding environment.
The Environmental Emergency Division of the Environmental Protection Service, Atlantic Region, recognized this problem and in conjunction with the provincial Environment and Emergency Measures Departments, initiated an information transfer program for the above agencies. The program involves slide and film presentations and a literature kit handout. These address different aspects of oil pollution, including types and sources, environmental effects, cleanup equipment and techniques, and disposal, and are available in English and French.
Because most firemen are volunteers, the seminar is designed to be presented in various centers throughout each province. Each center is chosen to be within easy access for the maximum number of firemen, police officers, and other interested personnel in the surrounding area. To date, more than 40 seminars involving more than 2,000 people have been held in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Labrador.
The program is not designed to create instant experts in environmental protection. It is intended to promote environmental awareness and to provide basic information so that the first person on scene can more adequately address the environmental problems which he may face.
IMPACT OF DISPERSANT USE DURING THE BRAZILIAN MARINA INCIDENT
Authors: Dewling Richard T. , Silva Carlos Celso Do Amaral E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In January 1978, the tanker Brazilian Marina, while under tow, struck rock in São Sebastiao Channel, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and spilled approximately 10,000 tons (3,000,000 gallons) of 31.4 API gravity Kuwait crude. Prevailing winds and currents carried the oil in a northeasterly direction, causing pollution of the coastal embayments and beach areas in the States of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The most severely impacted areas were those in Ubatuba, Sao Paulo, and the coastline along the southwestern shore of the State of Rio de Janeiro.
In an attempt to protect recreational and other public use areas, particularly the popular beaches of Ubatuba, undiluted dispersants were applied to remove oil accumulations from the shoreline. This response action, while it cosmetically removed oil from the surface of the beaches, caused the oil to penetrate more deeply into the underlying sand, thus compounding the pollution and aesthetic problems attributable to the spill incident.
Chemical analysis of detergent-treated and oil-contaminated sand samples from Ubatuba beaches, as well as samples from a beach area in the State of Rio de Janeiro, located approximately 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the spill site, found similarities between the environmental samples and the suspected source, the Brazilian Marina. Preliminary follow-up studies, conducted seven months after the incident, verified the persistence of the detergent-treated oil in the beach sand.
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE SOVIET UNION1
Authors: McClelland Joseph J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the past five years, the Soviet Union has made particular efforts to develop regulations and procedures for the prevention and cleanup of pollution of the marine environment from shipping. This paper briefly discusses the governmental organization relative to environmental regulation and enforcement, and marine pollution response practice and equipment. The information presented was obtained through a Joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. Project on Prevention and Cleanup of Pollution of the Marine Environment from Shipping, the first meeting of which took place in May 1973.
A CHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PRESENT LEVELS AND SOURCES OF HYDROCARBON POLLUTANTS IN THE GEORGES BANK REGION
Authors: Boehm Paul D. , Steinhauer William G. , Fiest David L. , Mosesman Neil , Barak Judith E. , Perry George H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Analysis of five suites of samples covering 40 stations in the region of Georges Bank, Nantucket Shoals, and the lower Gulf of Maine illustrates the ubiquity of anthropogenic hydrocarbons throughout this highly productive and heavily fished area. Petroleum compounds from a recent major oil spill (Argo Merchant) and chronic inputs from ballast washings and normal shipping traffic were evident in the water column's dissolved and particulate hydrocarbon fractions.
Concentrations were generally in the 0.1 parts per billion to 2.0 ppb range throughout the year, but were above 10 ppb in the four months after spills occurred in late 1976 and early 1977. Individual polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (which persisted in the water column during the year at levels of one to 10 nanograms/liter, also were elevated in concentration (10 to 50 ng/l) in early 1977.
Surface film enrichment in petroleum hydrocarbons was 1.5 to 90 times that of subsurface waters. This illustrates the existence of a year-round reservoir (10 to 70 ppb) for petroleum-derived material in the ocean's surface microlayer.
Surface sediments contained both anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons. Up to 20 micrograms/gram of chromatographically unresolved complex mixture was found in siltier sediments. The unresolved complex mixture appears to have a terrigenous source. Recent tar and oil inputs to the sediments of the region also were observed, but the chemical impact on the benthos was short-lived, station revisitation showed. Sediments contained up to 50 ng/g of individual polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons attributable to pyrolytic sources and petroleum inputs.
Analyses of whole benthic invertebrates revealed sporadic but sizeable inputs of petroleum hydrocarbons to the benthic environment. These were assimilated by such edible species as sea scallops and ocean quahogs, commonly harvested in the region.
VALDEZ-THE SUPERPORT OF THE FUTURE1
Authors: Purdy Homer A. , Fisken W. L. N. , Perkins George G. , Bayliss Randy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The history of the Port of Valdez and the Alyeska marine terminal is not without its stories of dissension and conflict. There were days, in fact, when many associated with the terminal and its colossal companion, the Trans-Alaska pipeline wondered whether either would ever be completed.
The oil industry and the various regulatory agencies and environmental groups were frequently at odds over subjects too numerous and involved to be covered here. The American public played a major role in decisions which opened up a new era in the transportation of petroleum products within the state. Their adamant stand on preservation of the environment and Alaska's scenic beauty and natural resources were made unmistakably clear from the onset. The industry made extraordinary commitments for environmental protection above and beyond those made for any other major project of this type. The interaction which resulted played a most significant part in the design, construction, and operating procedures for both projects.
Another factor which played a major role in the success of the system was the cooperative effort required within the industry to finance, design, construct, and operate such a complex project. Companies, frequently in direct competition, were brought together over the drawing boards to work together with the state and federal governments and other interest groups toward a common goal. The ability to negotiate items in dispute and compromise or concede, did not develop over night; but it was obvious that without cooperation, the project would never be completed. This spirit of cooperation has continued and improved as it was carried over into working relationships which exist today. This paper serves to illustrate the cooperative efforts of those concerned to pass on to others what we have learned from our association with Valdez, the superport of the future.
CLEANUP OF A COLD WEATHER TERRESTRIAL PIPELINE SPILL
Authors: Buhite Tom R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On February 15, 1978, sabotage of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline near Fairbanks resulted in a large terrestrial crude oil spill. Rapid response of trained personnel limited the spread of oil to an area of 2.1 acres. A 63-day cleanup effort led to the recovery of most of the crude oil which was later re-injected into the pipeline system at three different locations. The remaining crude was subsequently burned at the spill site and the area was fertilized.
The intent of this paper is to examine the implementation of the pipeline oil spill contingency plan for that area and the associated problems in and advantages of dealing with oil recovery under typical northern latitude winter conditions.
RECOVERY OF OIL SPILLED UNDER RIVER ICE COVER
Authors: Tsang Gee 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Laboratory study showed that oil spilled under river ice cover could be recovered from a slot cut on the ice cover if the slot was properly dimensioned and the river flow and oil properties met certain criteria. The parameters affecting the containment and recovery capability of a slot were identified and their quantitative effects were studied through systematic experiments. Design curves were derived for proper design of slots normal to the flow. The study revealed that slots at an angle to the flow were more effective in trapping the spilled oil. In addition, they guided the oil to the more desirable points for recovery. Design curves for angled slot diverters were also obtained.
In addition to slots, imbedded barriers and slot-barrier combinations were also studied for their effectiveness in containing and diverting spilled oil. The quantitative effects of the affecting parameters were studied through experiments and design curves were obtained for proper design of barriers and slot-barrier combinations.
The laboratory study was used to guide a successful field exercise in March 1978 on the North Saskatchewan River in Alberta. In the field exercise, more than 99 percent of the oil spilled upstream was recovered by the slot. The field results and the laboratory predictions are compared.
THE USE OF DEFLECTORS FOR DEPLOYMENT OF OIL BOOMS IN RIVERS
Authors: Greene G. D. , Brodsky A. Z. , Charles M. E. , Mackay D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to design, develop, and test deflectors for use in aligning oil containment booms at an angle to the current direction in flowing waters. A series of experimental field trials were undertaken in which booms, fitted with deflectors, were either towed in a lake or deployed in flowing water. During the program, several design improvements were incorporated and a final suggested design was established. A simple hydrodynamic theory has been devised which enables the boom deflection angle to be predicted from the number, dimensions, and configuration of the deflectors and the dimensions of the boom. Agreement between the simplified theory and the experimental results is satisfactory. A graphical procedure has been devised by which an on-scene commander can calculate the requirements for deflecting a given boom. Two promising applications for deflectors are discussed. A permanently deployed system could be used across a waterway subject to periodic oil discharges. A boom with deflectors closed could be moored alongshore in sensitive areas, allowing rapid deployment into the river current upon release of the deflectors.
WEST COAST OIL SPILLS—A PROBABILITY ANALYSIS KEYED TO SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Bright Donald B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
There is concern that major oil spills will occur along the west coast of the United States as energy sources are developed in Alaska, outer continental shelf areas, and Elk Hills, California. Based on world tanker data, there is a potential for 4.4 accidents per 1000 voyages. However, using the actual number of casualty-caused oil spills from tankers along the Southern California coast, it is possible to predict zero spills. World-wide data for oil spill sizes and worldwide casualty rates for coastal waters suggest that a spill of 60,000 barrels somewhere in San Pedro Bay could occur once every 1,000 years. Alternatively, the chance of such a spill occurring in a given year is 0.001 or 1 in 1,000. Over a projected 40 year period, the probability of a spill of 60,000 barrels in San Pedro Bay is about 0.004 or 1 chance in 25. Similarly, a 60,000 barrel spill in coastal waters might be expected once every 500 years.
Northern and Southern California have distinctly different ship traffic patterns. In the south there is a decreasing frequency of occurrence of spills related to traffic volumes; in the north no such pattern is evident. The potential for numerous tanker collisions and subsequent loss of oil along the west coast is very, very low. Anticipated energy projects will not result in a major change in this potential. The concern for major tanker accidents and related oil spills on the west coast is not supported by existing data or predictions based on such data.