bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absence of CXCL10 Aggravates Herpes Stromal Keratitis with Reduced Primary Neutrophil Influx in Mice
Authors: Shen Fang-Hsiu , Wang Shainn-Wei , Yeh Trai-Ming , Tung Yuk-Ying , Hsu Sheng-Min , Chen Shun-Hua 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTHerpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication initiates inflammation and angiogenesis responses in the cornea to result in herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), which is a leading cause of infection-induced vision impairment. Chemokines are secreted to modulate HSK by recruiting leukocytes, which affect virus growth, and by influencing angiogenesis. The present study used a murine infection model to investigate the significance of the chemokine CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10; gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 [IP-10]) in HSK. Here, we show that HSV-1 infection of the cornea induced CXCL10 protein expression in epithelial cells. The corneas of mice with a targeted disruption of the gene encoding CXCL10 displayed decreases in levels of neutrophil-attracting cytokine (interleukin-6), primary neutrophil influx, and viral clearance 2 or 3 days postinfection. Subsequently, absence of CXCL10 aggravated HSK with elevated levels of interleukin-6, chemokines for CD4+T cells and/or neutrophils (macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and macrophage inflammatory protein-2), angiogenic factor (vascular endothelial growth factor A), and secondary neutrophil influx, as well as infiltration of CD4+T cells to exacerbate opacity and angiogenesis in the cornea at 14 and up to 28 days postinfection. Our results collectively show that endogenous CXCL10 contributes to recruit the primary neutrophil influx and to affect the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and angiogenic factors as well as to reduce the viral titer and HSK severity.
Selection of Drug-Resistant Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Encoding FIV/HIV Chimeric Protease in the Presence of HIV-Specific Protease Inhibitors
Authors: Lin Ying-Chuan , Happer Meaghan , Elder John H. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

An infectious chimeric feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)/HIV strain carrying six HIV-like protease (PR) mutations (I37V/N55M/V59I/I98S/Q99V/P100N) was subjected to selection in culture against the PR inhibitor lopinavir (LPV), darunavir (DRV), or TL-3. LPV selection resulted in the sequential emergence of V99A (strain S-1X), I59V (strain S-2X), and I108V (strain S-3X) mutations, followed by V37I (strain S-4X). Mutant PRs were analyzed
in vitro
, and an isogenic virus producing each mutant PR was analyzed in culture for LPV sensitivity, yielding results consistent with the original selection. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC
50
s) for S-1X, S-2X, S-3X, and S-4X were 95, 643, 627, and 1,543 nM, respectively. The primary resistance mutations, V99
82
A, I59
50
V, and V37
32
I, are consistent with the resistance pattern developed by HIV-1 under similar selection conditions. While resistance to LPV emerged readily, similar PR mutations causing resistance to either DRV or TL-3 failed to emerge after passage for more than a year. However, a G37D mutation in the nucleocapsid (NC) was observed in both selections and an isogenic G37D mutant replicated in the presence of 100 nM DRV or TL-3, whereas parental chimeric FIV could not. An additional mutation, L92V, near the PR active site in the folded structure recently emerged during TL-3 selection. The L92V mutant PR exhibited an IC
50
of 50 nM, compared to 35 nM for 6s-98S PR, and processed the NC-p2 junction more efficiently, consistent with increased viral fitness. These findings emphasize the role of mutations outside the active site of PR in increasing viral resistance to active-site inhibitors and suggest additional targets for inhibitor development.
Shear strength and slope stability in a shallow clayey soil regolith
Authors: Anderson Scott A. , Sitar Nicholas 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The results of three types of laboratory strength tests on undisturbed samples of a saturated clayey soil regolith are analyzed. Drained-direct shear tests, aniso-tropically consolidated-undrained triaxial compression tests with pore pressure measurement, and constant-shear-drained unloading test results indicate different modes of failure and different strength parameters. Based on the grain-size distribution and plasticity test results, it appears that the behavior and strength of the regolith would be dominated by the clay content; however, the results of the strength tests illustrate the soil has a structure formed by cemented bonds. This structure has a larger influence on the behavior and strength than the clay content does, at least at the depth of failure. At the in-situ stress level of the shallow regolith, the consequence of failure is found to be a function of the stress path. As a result, some slope failures may move slowly for short distances, and others many mobilize into rapid flow failures because of differences in the stress path leading to failure.
Slope stability considerations in differentially weathered mudrocks
Authors: Shakoor Abdul 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Mudrock sequences usually occur as harder, more competent strata (siltstones, sandstones, limestones) alternating with softer, less competent strata (claystones, mudstones, shales). This type of stratigraphy is highly susceptible to differential weathering that results in undercutting of the competent layers by the incompetent layers. Undercutting promotes a variety of slope movements such as rock falls, plane failures, and wedge failures that may not occur otherwise. Examples of such failures from selected sites in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia are presented. Because of their high speed, suddenness of occurrence, and occasionally large volume of rock involved, undercutting-induced failures can be quite hazardous.
A variety of remedial measures are employed to reduce the potential for undercutting-induced failures. For a timely implementation of these remedial measures, it is essential to estimate the anticipated rate of undercutting for a given site. In order to develop a method that could be used to predict the rate of undercutting, the amount of undercutting was measured for 14 road-cut sites in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Information regarding the excavation dates of these cuts was obtained from the highway department records. The maximum amount of undercutting at each site was divided by the time since excavation to obtain the rate of undercutting. The rate of undercutting was then correlated with the slake durability index values of the undercutting units to develop prediction equations for estimating the maximum expected rate of undercutting for different types of mudrock. The paper also reviews various methods of treating slopes subject to differential weathering.
Military geology in war and peace
Authors: Guth Peter L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In warfare military geologists pursue five main categories of work: tactical and strategic terrain analysis, fortifications and tunneling, resource acquisition, defense installations, and field construction and logistics. In peace they train for wartime operations and may be involved in peace-keeping and nation-building exercises. Although many geologists view military geology as a branch of engineering geology, the U.S. military does not include geologists in its force structure and gets geological assistance on an ad hoc basis. The army does, however, include organic terrain teams at division and higher levels to provide routine information for mission planning and execution. The classic dilemma for military geology has been whether support can best be provided by civilian technical-matter experts or by uniformed soldiers who routinely work with the combat units.
Swords into plowshares
Authors: Neal James T. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Military geology and national security projects are comparable, achieving their raison d'etre in support of national goals, military operations, and the systems that support them—all for vital national interests. The application of geoscience to these ends, especially engineering geology, has occurred from pole to pole and included every conceivable environment and natural condition. In the conduct of such projects, the geosciences have advanced, and vice versa.
Desert trafficability, most notably regarding playa surfaces, is temporary and variable and not a persistent condition as some early authors believed. Playas in Australia, Iran, and the United States show that saline efflorescence is removed following surface water dissolution and subsequent deflation, resulting in very hard crusts. Magadiite, a hydrous sodium silicate and possible precursor of bedded chert, was first discovered in North America at Alkali Lake, Oregon, during a military project. Pleistocene Lake Trinity, a small and mostly buried evaporite basin in the northern Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico, was discovered during exploratory drilling in support of a military test program.
The Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), operated by the U.S. Department of Energy, has underground cavern storage of ~600 million barrels of crude oil in five Gulf Coast salt domes. The geologic characterization of the SPR sites is a major component of these comprehensive engineered works—unparalleled in modern times and on a comparable scale with the Panama Canal. Numerous studies of salt-stock heterogeneity, salt-karst features, and structural and physical attributes of salt deposits are broadening the database for use in the commercial storage industry. Geologists serving in military and national security endeavors are fully functioning members of the project technical teams and have made significant advances to the geosciences.
Geoenvironmental factors in the regeneration of military airfields in Great Britain
Authors: Blake Ronald N.E. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Britain is littered with active and disused military airfields, arguably the most distinctive feature of its twentieth-century defenses. More than 850 airfields were active during World War II, covering about 162000 hectares or 0.7% of the national land area. Today, fewer than 50 remain active, the majority having been transferred to ground defense roles, civil flying, agriculture, and other land uses.
There is a strong spatial association between the leading air bases and well-drained Middle Jurassic limestone, Upper Cretaceous chalk, and Quaternary fluvioglacial sands and gravels. Peacetime consolidation at a dwindling number of key bases has intensified impacts on these permeable lithologies, which are vulnerable to groundwater contamination, soil degradation, and erosion of landscapes rich in ecological and archaeological heritage.
Demolition for agriculture has been uncoordinated and incomplete. Alternative uses include laboratories, prisons, and motor racing, many introduced without environmental controls. Asset stripping of valuable infrastructure has become a public issue since the ending of the Cold War.
Disused airfields are now the foci of comprehensive regeneration schemes. Options include mineral extraction, afforestation, new towns, and runway conversion to airports. Decision making involves careful assessment of geological resources, geologic hazards, and available remediation technologies within the framework of a systematic environmental audit.
Britain’s “airfield problem” is the unique product of a densely settled countryside, a rich aeronautical history, and an imperfect planning system. Experience gained trying to solve this problem has many international applications.
An overview of nuclear power plant siting and licensing
Authors: McClure Cole R. , Hatheway Allen W. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Studies on nuclear power plant siting and licensing are expensive and complex undertakings requiring critical geologic input for the planning, design, and construction phases. Commercial production of nuclear power in the United States began in 1959, in an era when geologic hazards were seemingly not as critical as they are today to designers, constructors, and regulatory agencies. By the early 1970s, however, siting work required a more sophisticated appreciation of geologic hazards such as earthquake effects, subsidence, slope stability, and foundation integrity. These concerns were formalized by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in 1971 in its "Seismic and Geologic Siting Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants" and in 1972 in the Standard Format.
The required Federal license to construct and operate nuclear power plants is awarded through a careful and demanding process. Construction permits are not granted until high levels of assurance are attained as to suitability of the site; the construction process must be observed and monitored. Electric utility applicants for construction permits and operating licenses organize large teams of scientific and technical personnel to compile the Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR) required for each nuclear power plant. Geologists constitute a key part of these teams, producing site-specific and regional assessments that are accurate enough to withstand scrutiny and timely enough to avoid costly delays in the programmed design-and-construct sequence.
Management techniques must be applied to coordinate data-collection efforts and timely release of findings. As soon as a complete set of findings is compiled to the specifications of the Standard Format, the PSAR is accepted for review by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). These reports become complex documents and include the responses to subsequent review questions which are included as amendments. The Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) includes supplementary reports dealing with geologic findings revealed during construction.
Many of the key geologic issues identified in siting and licensing are often analogous to those problems that confront researchers in the geological sciences today, such as evaluation of remote imagery, proof of subsurface stratigraphic continuity, evaluation of potential fault activity, a thorough assessment of ground-water conditions at each site, and subsidence potential including evaluation of dissolution of foundation material.
The overriding goal of each applicant utility is the construction of a safe power plant; however, the future of the industry in the United States is dependent on its ability to maintain construction schedules while staying within allotted budgets. Lessons learned from previous sitings have pointed out that effective management and judgment, efficient communication, and coordination contribute to timely and cost-efficient license studies.
Measurement of in situ dynamic properties in relation to geologic conditions
Authors: Dobecki T.L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Evaluation of nuclear power plant sites from a material stability standpoint requires measurement of in situ dynamic properties. These are derived from measurement of shear-wave propagation velocity in subsurface materials by utilizing either the seismic downhole or seismic cross-hole techniques, or both. The downhole technique is rapid and less expensive than the cross-hole survey but is limited in maximum survey depth and resolution of thin, higher velocity beds. The cross-hole test, although less subject to depth and resolution limitations, requires more boreholes and is therefore more expensive. This test is also more exacting because of borehole drift considerations and timing corrections that may or may not be required for the particular energy source used.
Actual field cross-hole examples for several sites of varied subsurface geology illustrate the variation of shear velocity versus material make-up and condition. High shear-wave velocities are characteristic of massive crystalline rock, whereas fractured rock and unconsolidated sediments show progressively reduced values.
The combination of the dynamic model with a proposed design earthquake event produces the basic data upon which site evaluation from an engineering standpoint may be made. An example from a deep sand sediment site shows the increased potential for liquefaction as the strength of the design earthquake is increased.
Ground-water studies for nuclear power plant siting
Authors: Farrel Clifford R. , Harshbarger John W. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Ground-water studies for nuclear power plant sites call for extraordinary and extensive effort in comparison to site investigations for more conventional, large engineering structures, primarily to assure the stability and safe operation of the plant. Providing that assurance may require unusually complex design solutions to foundation problems. Basic data collection must be extensive and thorough in response to the requirements of the Safety Analysis Report (SAR) for a detailed and well-documented description on the occurrence and movement of ground water in the site vicinity. The ground-water studies presented in the SAR must demonstrate that normal operation of the plant will not have a serious impact on the ground water and that water levels will not rise to a height that might affect the stability of plant foundations. Further, the studies must be thorough enough to assure that any accidental spill of radioactive fluid will either be dispersed harmlessly or will be intercepted by a monitoring system before the spill could percolate to a usable off-site aquifer.
Subsidence over oil and gas fields
Authors: Martin J. C. , Serdengecti S. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Most oil and gas reservoirs experience only small amounts of compaction and surface subsidence. Significant subsidence due to production of hydrocarbons has been observed over some oil and gas fields. This paper presents a review of the fundamentals of reservoir compaction and surface subsidence over oil and gas fields and explains why large-scale subsidence is rare. A new method of estimating maximum potential subsidence is presented and used to analyze the subsidence over oil and gas fields in Louisiana. Large-scale compaction and subsidence are evidently associated with inelastic behavior of the reservoir rock and in some cases of the surrounding rock. No reliable methods have been established for predicting either the transition from elastic to inelastic reservoir rock behavior or large-scale reservoir compaction and subsidence.
The preconsolidation effect evident in some field data introduces an additional difficulty in understanding and predicting subsidence. Various possible causes for the effect include uplift and erosion, temporary pressure drop or an increase in horizontal stresses prior to hydrocarbon production, effects of loading rate on reservoir rock, and changes from elastic to inelastic behavior of the reservoir rock or surrounding formations.
Probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis using expert opinion; An example from the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Coppersmith Kevin J. , Youngs Robert R. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
To illustrate methods for incorporating uncertainty into seismic-hazard analyses, we describe the characterization of earthquake sources used in a seismic-hazard analysis for a site in western Washington. A simple and effective tool for incorporating uncertainty into seismic-hazard analysis is called a logic tree; one was used in this study to include the range of possible characteristics of the Cascadia subduction zone seismic sources. At present, considerable uncertainty exists regarding the earthquake potential of the Cascadia zone, particularly due to the completely aseismic nature of the interface between the Juan de Fuca and North America plates. A key issue is whether this aseismic behavior is merely a function of our short period of historical observation (i.e., interseismic quiescence) or representative of longer-term behavior (i.e., aseismic subduction). To develop a complete seismic-source characterization spanning the range of interpretations regarding the earthquake potential of Cascadia, a group of 14 experts was selected based on their experience with the Cascadia subduction zone. These experts assessed source characteristics, including subduction-zone geometry, potential seismic sources, probability that each potential source is active, expected locations and dimensions of rupture, maximum earthquake magnitude, earthquake recurrence models, geologic recurrence intervals, plate convergence rate, and seismic coupling.
In general, all of the experts identified two distinct subduction-zone earthquake sources: an “intra-slab” source representing earthquakes within the subducting Juan de Fuca plate, and the plate interface between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates. An analysis of uncertainties given by individual experts, as well as their differences of opinion, shows that some characteristics of subduction-zone sources are relatively agreed upon, while other characteristics are highly uncertain. For example, it was generally believed that the intra-slab source is seismogenic and that the future locations of earthquakes within the slab will follow the spatial pattern represented by historical seismicity. In contrast, a wide range of assessments was given for the probability that the plate interface is seismogenic and for the amount of seismic coupling between the plates. In making these assessments, the experts relied on a wide range of data sets, including analogies to other subduction zones, thermal-mechanical models of subduction, and geophysical imaging of the Cascadia subduction zone.
The study demonstrates the viability of using expert opinion to assess seismic hazards and illustrates one approach to obtaining a realistic estimate of the uncertainty in the seismic hazard.
Landslide mitigation using horizontal drains, Pacific Palisades area, Los Angeles, California
Authors: Krohn James P. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Horizontal drains have been successfully used for a number of years in many areas for improving slope stability within landslide and/or landslide-prone areas. One such application of their use is discussed relative to a more than 66-m-high (220+ ft) 2:1 (26°) southwest-facing cut slope located in the Pacific Palisades area of the city of Los Angeles, California.
The slope is somewhat unusual in that the geologic structure of the bedrock (i.e., siltstone) appears to be neutral and/or favorable relative to the orientation of the slope surface. However, the slope underwent minor downslope movement (i.e., sagging, creep) following the heavy rains of 1978. Manifested mostly by cracks within paved terrace drains and/or downdrains, the movement appears to be related to local perched ground water and a northwest-southeast-trending fault zone that cuts across the southern part of the slope.
Horizontal drains are currently being used to improve slope stability by reducing the amount of ground water, especially within the vicinity of the fault zone. Ground water was encountered in 11 of the 16 horizontal drains; initial flow rates were up to 5.71 (1.5 gal) per minute. Calculations suggest that the dewatering of the slope could increase slope stability to a factor of safety of more than 1.5.