bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties of TAS‐1D3, a Tuberculin‐Active Substance from BCG, in Regard to Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Yano Osamu , Toizumi Shin‐Ichi , Sudo Tadashi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe properties of TAS‐1D3, a tuberculin‐active substance purified from the cell extract of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, were studied in vivo and in vitro. In the delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction, TAS‐1D3 showed far more potent activity than tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) in guinea pigs sensitized with BCG vaccine. This was consistently observed from 6 to 24 weeks after sensitization. The histological findings of the skin reaction to TAS‐1D3 were similar to those of the reaction to PPD. Moreover, TAS‐1D3 induced well both thymidine incorporation and the production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) by the spleen cells from guinea pigs sensitized with BCG vaccine. In contrast, TAS‐1D3 showed weaker activity than PPD in guinea pigs sensitized with either heat‐killed M. tuberculosis Aoyama B or heat‐killed M. tuberculosis H37Ra, and it weakly stimulated the spleen cells from animals sensitized with M. tuberculosis Aoyama B to incorporate thymidine and to produce MIF.
Effect of Muramyl Dipeptide Analog on Salmonella enteritidis Infection in Beige Mice with Chediak‐Higashi Syndrome
Authors: Onozuka Kazuyasu , Saito‐Taki Tatsuo , Nakano Masayasu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBeige mutant (bg/bg) mice with Chediak‐Higashi syndrome (CHS) were much more sensitive to virulent Salmonella enteritidis No. 11 strain than parental C57 BL/6 (+/+) or heterozygous (bg/ +) mice, and they had weaker bactericidal activity against the organisms. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and Nα‐(N‐acetyl‐muramyl‐L‐alanyl‐D‐isoglutamyl)‐Nε‐stearoyl‐L‐lysine [MDP‐Lys(L18)], a synthetic derivative of MDP, failed to confer any protection against the infection, but the MDPs showed some ability to stimulate the bactericidal activity in the peritoneal cavities and spleens of these mice. The bactericidal effect of MDP‐Lys(L18) was dose‐dependent, and the greatest effect was seen when it had been injected 24 hr before the infection. Multiple injections of MDP were much more beneficial than a single injection.Previous injection of N2, O2′‐dibutyryl guanosine 3′: 5′‐cyclic monophosphate (DB‐cGMP) improved the impaired bactericidal capacity in beige mice, but the simultaneous injection of N6, O2′‐dibutyryl adenosine 3′: 5′‐cyclic monophosphate (DB‐cAMP) with DB‐cGMP abolished the effect of DB‐cGMP. The augmentation of bactericidal capacity by MDP‐Lys(L18) was not affected by the injection of either DB‐cGMP or DB‐cAMP, suggesting that the effect of the MDPs was not related directly to cyclic nucleotide regulation in beige mice.
The Presence of Anti‐Sheep Red Blood Cell Heterophile Antibodies and Their Characteristics in Murine Schistosomiasis japonica
Authors: Asahi Hiroko , Kawabata Masato , Sendo Fujiro , Naiki Masaharu , Hosaka Yukio , Kobayakawa Takatoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSensitive methods of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using red blood cells (RBC) have been developed and were applied to the detection of anti‐sheep red blood cell (SRBC) heterophile antibodies (Ab) present in sera of Schistosoma japonicum (SJ)‐infected mice. The indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) was used for the purpose as well. By these methods a significant increase in the heterophile Ab levels was demonstrated in the mice particularly after 6–10 weeks of infection. The heterophile Ab in SJ‐infected mice were predominantly immunoglobulins resistant to 2‐mercaptoethanol treatment and had temperature‐independent reactivity. In an attempt to investigate the immunological specificity of the heterophile Ab, various absorption tests were performed; Davidsohn's differential absorption test revealed that the heterophile Ab were distinct from Forssman antibody, Paul‐Bunnell antibody and heterophile agglutinins known to appear in serum sickness. The heterophile Ab were absorbed only with SRBC and goat red blood cells, not with other species of RBC such as human O Rh‐, O Rh+, A Rh+, B Rh+, mouse, ox, chicken, horse, rabbit, guinea pig, and rat RBC, or syngeneic tissue homogenates including brain, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, and thymus. This heterophile antibody response is not a consequence of a specific immune response directed to the antigens of SJ parasites, since absorption of the heterophile Ab with SJ adult worms or an egg preparation did not reduce the heterophile Ab level.
Immunochemical Properties of Mannan‐Protein Complex Isolated from Viable Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4484‐24D‐1 Mutant Strain by the Action of Zymolyase
Authors: Shibata Nobuyuki , Mizugami Kunihito , Suzuki Shigeo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractViable cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4484‐24D‐1 mutant strain were treated with an Arthrobacter sp. β‐1,3‐glucanase, Zymolyase‐60,000, in the presence of a serine protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Fractionation of the solubilized materials with Cetavlon (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) yielded a purified mannan‐protein complex, which had a molecular weight of ca. 150,000, approximately three times higher than that of the mannan isolated from the same cells by the hot‐water extraction method at 135 C. The amino acid composition of the mannan‐protein complex was found to be very similar to that of the mannan‐protein complexes of S. cerevisiae X2180‐1A wild and S. cerevisiae X2180‐1A‐5 mutant strains, indicating the presence of large amounts of serine and threonine. It was unexpected that the antibody‐precipitating activity of this complex against the homologous anti‐whole cell serum was about twice as great as that of the mannan isolated by hot‐water extraction. Treatment of this complex with 100 mM NaOH, hot water at 135 C, and pronase, respectively, gave degradation products having the same molecular weight and antibody‐precipitating activity as those of the hot‐water extracted mannan, allowing the assumption that the protein moiety participated in a large part of this activity.
Experimental Infection in Newborn Mice and Rats by Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) Virus
Authors: Yamanouchi Takahisa , Domae Kayoko , Tanishita Osamu , Takahashi Yoshiyuki , Yamanishi Koichi , Takahashi Michiaki , Kurata Takeshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNewborn mice and rats were inoculated intracerebrally (ic) or intraperitoneally (ip) with Hantaan virus (76–118 strain) or HFRS‐related virus (B‐1 strain). The mortality and the influence on the increase of body weight in newborn mice were higher in the groups infected with the 76–118 strain than in the groups infected with the B‐1 strain, while the B‐1 strain was more virulent in rats than the 76–118 strain. Virus isolation from rats inoculated with either strain was attempted 7 and 11 weeks after inoculation. Virus could be isolated from various organs of rats infected with the B‐1 strain, while it was recovered from only the brain and lungs of rats infected with the 76–118 strain. Viral antigen was readily detected in various organs of rats infected with the B‐1 strain, but the amount and distribution of antigens were less in rats infected with the 76–118 strain. Our results suggest that the virulence of HFRS‐related virus is variable, depending on the species of infected animals as well as on the. virus strains. The virus also persists in the injected animals with high titers of antibodies for at least 11 weeks.
Development of DTH Skin Reaction to HBsAg in Individuals Immunized with HB Vaccine
Authors: Kashiwagi Seizaburo , Nagafuchi Seiho , Inoue Takatoshi , Hayashi Shin , Takeshita Shigemori , Imayama Shuhei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo examine the temporal relationship between the DTH skin reaction to HBsAg and antibody response to HBsAg, serial skin tests for HBsAg were carried out on seven individuals immunized with HB vaccine.All cases developed both a skin reaction and antibody response. In many cases, the DTH skin reaction appeared four weeks before the antibody response. These data suggest that DTH skin reaction may be a more sensitive method than humoral antibody assessment for monitoring the success of vaccination.
Significance of Filter Mating in Integrative Incompatibility Test for Plasmid Classification
Authors: Yoshida Takaharu , Takahashi Isamu , Tubahara Hikokichi , Sasakawa Chihiro , Yoshikawa Masanosuke 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFor classification of plasmids in epidemiological studies, an integrative incompatibility test using liquid mating was developed by Sasakawa et al (Plasmid 3: 116–127, 1980). This test was designed to compare the relative mating frequency of a donor carrying a test plasmid with that of recA recipients carrying various integrated plasmids. To improve the accuracy of this method by increasing transfer frequency of a test plasmid, filter mating was introduced.A transfer frequency 10 to 30,000 times higher than that achieved by liquid mating was attained by filter mating. The degree of increase varied among the incompatibility groups and the majority of members belonging to the same incompatibility group exhibited a similar degree of increase.Standard plasmids were classified correctly with the integrative incompatibility test using filter mating. Out of 26 naturally occurring plasmids of poor transferability in liquid mating, all of domestic animal origin, 25 were correctly classified as IncH with the integrative incompatibility test using filter mating. Moreover, the method is capable of subdividing IncH plasmids directly into IncH1 and IncH2, because IncH2, but not IncH1, plasmids showed incompatibility with the integrated plasmid, R478, of the IncH2 group.
Biological Activities of Lipopolysaccharide Fractionated by Preparative Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Ohta Michio , Rothmann Joseph , Kovats Enikö , Pham Phuc Hong , Nowotny Alois 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLipopolysaccharide from a smooth strain of Salmonella minnesota was fractionated into two major fractions and one intermediate fraction by using sodium dodecylsulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. On the basis of the study by Hitchcock and Brown, it was deduced that the top fraction was mainly long O‐side chain LPS and the bottom fraction was O‐side chain‐less LPS. The middle fraction was a mixture of both short O‐side chain LPS and O‐side chain‐less LPS. The antigenic properties and biological activities were not altered in this fractionation procedure. Comparison of the biological activities of the top fraction with those of the bottom fraction revealed that the bottom fraction had higher activity in polyclonal B‐cell activation and spleen‐swelling effect and that there was no significant difference in adjuvant activity, ability to render macrophages cytotoxic, induction of colony‐stimulating factor and the ability to induce the Shwartzmann reaction. It was suggested that O‐side chain makes no contribution to the latter biological activities including adjuvant activity of S. minnesota LPS.
A Focus Assay Method for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Using Complement and Anti‐Virus Serum
Authors: Kimura‐Kuroda Junko , Yasui Kotaro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA sensitive, quantitative, short‐time, and reproducible focus assay for Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is described. After 2 or 3 days of incubation, the infected cells were treated with anti‐JE virus serum and complement, and subsequently stained with trypan blue; then clear foci were produced. This method made it easy to titrate the infectivities not only of all seven JE virus strains tested but also of West Nile (WN), Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), and St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses using hyperimmune anti‐JE virus serum for the latter. Moreover, even cell lines which hardly formed plaques by the agar overlay method easily produced foci within 2 or 3 days by this method.
Studies on Toxin of Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Ebina Keiichi , Ichinowatari Shyunya , Yokota Katsushi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe fashion of binding of Asp‐hemolysin to human erythrocytes and the isolation of Asp‐hemolysin‐binding proteins from erythrocyte membranes were investigated by the immunocytochemical technique and affinity chromatography. Asp‐hemolysin bound best at a pH range from 5 to 7. The erythrocytes treated with Asp‐hemolysin showed diffuse, ring‐like or cap‐like staining by the peroxidase‐labeled antibody method under the light microscope. The distribution of Asp‐hemolysin on the erythrocyte surface was clearly observed as patches or caps in the scanning electron microscope. The erythrocyte ghosts were extracted with 1% sodium deoxycholate‐0.1 M Tris‐HCl buffer (pH 7.5) containing 0.2 M NaCl and 1 mM EDTA, and the extract was chromatographed on an affinity column consisting of Asp‐hemolysin attached to activated thiol‐Sepharose 4B. Four proteins present in the membrane extract were retained by activated thiol‐Sepharose 4B and eluted with 50 mM cysteine as toxin‐membrane components. Sodium dodecyl sulfate Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the polypeptides correspond to band 2.1, one protein of the 2 region, band 3 and band 7 in the Steck nomenclature system.
Germination‐Initiation and Inhibitory Activities of L‐ and D‐Alanine Analogues for Bacillus subtilis Spores
Authors: Yasuda Yoko , Tochikubo Kunio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe ability of 33 compounds of L‐alanine analogues over a wide range of concentrations to initiate germination of Bacillus subtilis spores was determined, and the inhibitory activity against L‐alanine‐initiated germination was determined for the above compounds and 22 of their D‐, DL‐isomers. Nineteen L‐isomers were able to initiate the germination. The maximum germination rate and the apparent binding affinity of the germinant were obtained from concentration‐germination response curves. Not only D‐isomers but also L‐isomers of many alanine analogues showed inhibitory action on L‐alanine‐initiated germination. The apparent binding affinity of an inhibitor was calculated by Schild's method. D‐Alanine, D‐serine, glycine, D‐2‐amino‐n‐butyric acid, D‐cysteine, D‐norvaline, and D‐threonine were competitive inhibitors for the L‐alanine action. Analysis of the relation between the structure of the side chain of L‐, D‐alanine analogues and their apparent affinity suggested that there are separate binding portions, which differ in size and electrostatic nature, for germination and for inhibition on the receptor. Certain L‐alanine analogues had a dualistic property of initiating germination at low concentrations and inhibitory activity at higher concentrations, i.e., autoinhibition. The autoinhibitory phenomenon might be explained by the above postulation of the presence of separate binding portions for germination and for inhibition.
Decrease in Respiration Activity Related to Prodigiosin Synthesis in Serratia marcescens
Authors: Kobayashi Nobuharu , Ichikawa Yoichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVariation in the cell respiration rate of pigmented and nonpigmented strains of Serratia marcescens was exhibited. The respiration rate of a pigmented strain decreased earlier than that of nonpigmented strains in the late exponential or early stationary phase. However when prodigiosin synthesis was not induced by exchange of carbon sources in the medium, the decrease in the respiration rate of the pigmented strain was the same as that of nonpigmented strains. Measurement of the oxygen consumption rate in the sonicated cell membrane by adding NADH solution showed that the rate in the pigmented strain was lower than that in nonpigmented strains. Furthermore, the cell membrane of prodigiosin‐induced organisms was more sensitive to respiration inhibitors than that of pigment‐noninduced organisms of the pigmented strain. These results showed that the respiration activity was decreased by prodigiosin synthesis in S. marcescens.
Nucleotide Sequence of the Replication Region of Plasmid R401 and Its Incompatibility Function
Authors: Tabughi Akira 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe plasmids R401 and Rtsl belong to the same incompatibility group, IncT. The nucleotide sequence of the basic replicon of R401 consisting of 1,857 base pairs was determined and compared with that of mini‐Rtsl previously reported. The mini‐R401 was found to be composed of two clusters of direct repeated sequences flanking a large open reading frame that could encode a 33,000 Mr protein (RepA protein) consisting of 288 amino acids. This structure of mini‐R401 is quite similar to that of mini‐Rtsl. Furthermore, the nucleotide sequence of mini‐R401 is identical to that of mini‐Rtsl except for eleven nucleotides; three are located near the carboxyl terminus portion of the RepA coding region (repA) and four are in the repeated sequences (incI) located downstream from repA. Incompatibility study showed that mini‐R401 plasmid coexisted stably with the cloned incI repeats of mini‐Rtsl, suggesting that mini‐R401 RepA protein binds to incI repeats of mini‐Rtsl less efficiently than does mini‐Rtsl RepA protein.
A Staphylococcal Coagglutination Test for Detecting and Serogrouping Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Yoh Myonsun , Honda Takeshi , Miwatani Toshio , Uemura Takaaki , Kuwata Hiroyuki , Fukai Konosuke 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFor detection of Legionella pneumophila and determination of its serogroup, the modified staphylococcal coagglutination test was studied in detail. Cross‐reactions in serum‐agglutination tests were observed among serogroups, but immunoglobulin‐coated staphylococcal cells could detect L. pneumophila with high sensitivity (a cell concentration with an absorbance of 0.008 at 660 nm could be detected) and serogroups could be determined without cross‐reactions. Moreover the coexistence of other bacteria did not affect the results of the test. These results suggest that the staphylococcal coagglutination test is useful for detection and identification of Legionella, especially in environmental samples, and for serogrouping of isolates of L. pneumophila from clinical specimens.
Comparison of the Efficacy of Egg Yolk Extract and Horse Serum for Growth of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: Sasaki Tsuguo , Shintani Miharu , Kihara Kojo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe usefulness of chicken egg yolk extract as a substitute for horse serum in culture media for Mycoplasma pneumoniae was investigated. As a growth‐supporting factor in the growth medium for M. pneumoniae and some other mycoplasmal species, the primary isolation medium for M. pneumoniae, and the metabolism‐inhibition test medium for diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection, egg yolk extract may be an excellent substitute for horse serum. The particular superiority of egg yolk extract to horse serum is that egg yolk extract, unlike horse serum, did not show any inhibitory effect on the growth of M. pneumoniae.
The Suitability of Tórtora's Medium for the Production of Enterotoxin in Clostridium perfringens Strains
Authors: de Oliveira TÓRtora JoãO Carlos , Costa Gobert Araujo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractExamination of 200 samples from soil and the same number of samples from healthy human feces yielded 49 (24.5%) and 105 (52.5%) strains of heat‐resistant Clostridium perfringens respectively. Fourteen (7.0%) strains isolated from soil and 37 (18.5%) from feces synthesized enterotoxin, as demonstrated by Tórtora's method, at sufficient levels to permit its detection by mouse lethality, microslide double gel diffusion or counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests. By using the Duncan‐Strong (DS) method, only four (2%) enterotoxigenic strains from soil and 14 (7.0%) from feces were obtained. The supernatant fluid from two enterotoxigenic‐negative strains grown in DS medium gave a false‐positive reaction when they were injected intravenously into mice. Tórtora's medium was preferable because a larger number of isolated strains produced spores and enterotoxin to permit their recognition as enterotoxigenic strains.
Characterization of Scrapie Agent Isolated from Sheep in Japan
Authors: Shinagawa Morikazu , Takahashi Kaname , Sasaki Satoshi , Doi Satoshi , Goto Hitoshi , Sato Gihei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA pathogenic agent isolated in mice from the brain of a sheep affected by scrapie‐like disease was characterized. The incubation period of the disease in the primary transmission from the sheep to mice was longer than in the secondary and the tertiary transmission in the same strain of mice. Progressive dilution of the inoculum caused prolongation of the incubation period. The infectivity of the agent in a 10% brain homogenate persisted, but decreased about 103 to 104 times after heating at 100 C for 30 min. Histological changes in the diseased mouse brains consisted of vacuolation of the nerve cells and spongiform degeneration in the gray matter of the central nervous system. Fine rod‐shaped granulae with a length of 3 to 5 nm were observed within the swollen neuropil, axon, and perivascular astrocytic process. No serum antibodies against available mouse viruses, parainfluenza type 1 virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and mouse reovirus type 3, were detected in any mice used in the experiments. These findings demonstrate that the disease of the sheep was the first case of scrapie in Japan.
Effect of Aculeacin A, a Wall‐Active Antibiotic, on Synthesis of the Yeast Cell Wall
Authors: Yamaguchi Hideyo , Hiratani Tamio , Baba Misuzu , Osumi Masako 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA wall‐active, amphophilic antibiotic aculeacin A significantly but incompletely inhibited in vitro the activity of β‐(1,3)glucan synthase prepared from highly susceptible yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. In contrast, comparable cell‐free preparations from S. cerevisiae active in chitin synthase or mannan synthase were insensitive to the antibiotic, suggesting selectivity of its action in synthesis of the yeast cell wall.An electron microscopic study of the effects of aculeacin A at 0.31 μg/ml, the optimally active concentration, on osmotically stabilized C. albicans cells revealed morphological alterations in both cell walls and cell membranes. Deformation in contour and derangement of the layered structure of the cell wall were prominent. In addition, massive fibrous material of β‐glucan‐like microfibrils was occasionally extruded from the cell surface. Accompanying this effect on the cytology of the cell wall, ultrastructural and functional impairment of the cell membrane was demonstrated by transmission and freeze‐fracture electron microscopic techniques.These data suggest that aculeacin A affects synthesis of the yeast cell wall through not only selective blockage of β‐(1,3)glucan synthase, as a result of a primary interaction with the cell membrane, but also inhibition of the fabrication of β‐glucan or other wall components into well‐organized cell walls.