bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WHAT IS A SCHOLARLY PERSONA? TEN THESES ON VIRTUES, SKILLS, AND DESIRES
Authors: PAUL HERMAN 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTWhat is the problem that “epistemic virtues” seek to solve? This article argues that virtues, epistemic and otherwise, are the key characteristics of “scholarly personae,” that is, of ideal‐typical models of what it takes to be a scholar. Different scholarly personae are characterized by different constellations of virtues and skills or, more precisely, by different constellations of commitments to goods (epistemic, moral, political, and so forth), the pursuit of which requires the exercise of certain virtues and skills. Expanding Hayden White's notion of “historiographical styles” so as to encompass not only historians' writings, but also their nontextual “doings,” the article argues that different styles of “being a historian”—a meticulous archival researcher, an inspired feminist scholar, or an outstanding undergraduate teacher—can be analyzed productively in terms of virtues and skills. Finally, the article claims that virtues and skills, in turn, are rooted in desires, which are shaped by the examples of others as well as by promises of reward. This makes the scholarly persona not merely a useful concept for distinguishing among different types of historians, but also a critical tool for analyzing why certain models of “being a historian” gain in popularity, whereas others become “old‐fashioned.”
PHILOSOPHY IN TRANSITION: JOHN DEWEY'S “LOST” MANUSCRIPT
Authors: GRIGORIEV SERGE 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe intention of this essay is to offer a reading of John Dewey's recently found manuscript (considered lost for decades), Unmodern Philosophy and Modern Philosophy, as a kind of philosophical history leading up to the formulation of the key problems to be addressed by the general framework of Dewey's cultural naturalism. I argue, first, that cultural naturalism has direct implications for the way that we think about history, and that Dewey's recently recovered manuscript reflects this in its conception of the purpose and mode of historical reconstruction. Second, the essay presents a synoptic overview of the historically emergent thought‐conditions structuring, according to Dewey's narrative, the possibilities of the philosophical discourse of modernity. In conclusion, I argue that cultural naturalism allows us to move beyond these problems by a radical revision of the terms in which we construe the idea of “persons.” Specifically, instead of thinking about persons in terms of embodied minds, we should start thinking about them as participants in histories, carving their individual paths through the world of events, with their existence being essentially both temporal and social. I also suggest that this view of persons allows us to outline a promising account of the notion of human freedom, couched in terms of historical social agency.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization on human metaphase chromosomes detected by near‐field scanning optical microscopy
Authors: MOERS M. H. P. , KALLE W. H. J. , RUITER A. G. T. , WIEGANT J. C. A. G. , RAAP A. K. , GREVE J. , DE GROOTH B. G. , VAN HULST N. F. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryFluorescence in situ hybridization on human metaphase chromosomes is detected by near‐field scanning optical microscopy. This combination of cytochemical and scanning probe techniques enables the localization and identification of several fluorescently labelled genomic DNA fragments on a single chromosome with an unprecedented resolution. Three nucleic acid probes are used: pUC1. 77. p1–79 and the plasmid probe α‐spectrin. The hybridization signals are very well resolved in the near‐field fluorescence images, while the exact location of the probes can be correlated accurately with the chromosome topography as afforded by the shear force image.
Effects of Early Adolescent Alcohol Use on Mid‐Adolescent School Performance and Connection: A Longitudinal Study of Students in Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States
Authors: Hemphill Sheryl A. , Heerde Jessica A. , Scholes‐Balog Kirsty E. , Herrenkohl Todd I. , Toumbourou John W. , Catalano Richard F. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThis article examines the effect of early adolescent alcohol use on mid‐adolescent school suspension, truancy, commitment, and academic failure in Washington State, United States, and Victoria, Australia. Also of interest was whether associations remain after statistically controlling for other factors known to predict school outcomes.METHODSState‐representative student samples were surveyed in 2002 (grade 7; N = 1858) and followed up annually to 2004 (grade 9) in both sites. Students completed a modified version of the Communities That Care survey to report alcohol use, school outcomes, and risk and protective factors. Response rates were above 74% and retention rates exceeded 98% in both places.RESULTSControlling for grade 7 risk factors, grade 7 current alcohol use, and heavy episodic drinking were associated with grade 8 school suspension. Grade 7 current and frequent alcohol use and heavy episodic drinking were linked to grade 9 truancy. In fully adjusted analyses, associations between early alcohol use and academic failure and low school commitment did not remain.CONCLUSIONSAlthough alcohol use is one factor influencing school performance and connection, there are other risk factors that need to be targeted to improve school outcomes.
Promoting Teacher Adoption of Physical Activity Breaks in the Classroom: Findings of the Central Texas CATCH Middle School Project
Authors: Delk Joanne , Springer Andrew E. , Kelder Steven H. , Grayless Megan 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDResearch suggests that physical activity breaks (ABs) during class increase students' physical activity levels and provide an academic benefit. This study evaluates a 3‐year intervention aimed at encouraging teacher AB use.METHODSThirty central Texas middle schools were assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: training‐only (Basic), training plus facilitator support (Basic Plus), and training/facilitator support and a social marketing campaign (Basic Plus SM). Teachers completed surveys at end of years 2 (N = 1039) and 3 (N = 831) to assess exposure to program, self‐efficacy, and frequency of AB use.RESULTSAt end of year 3, teachers in facilitator‐supported conditions reported increased exposure, self‐efficacy, and use compared to Basic condition. Only 43.2% of teachers in the Basic condition reported receiving training in ABs compared to 84.2% and 90.6% in the Basic Plus and Basic Plus SM conditions, respectively. Additionally, a greater percentage of teachers in the facilitator‐support conditions reported conducting ABs weekly (Basic = 23.3%, Basic Plus = 34.4%, Basic Plus SM = 38.7%, at year 3; p < .001).CONCLUSIONSDespite perceived barriers, including fear that ABs will detract from instructional time, the intervention was successful in having a core group of teachers implement them weekly. More research is needed to increase the percentage of teachers implementing ABs regularly.
Physical Activity Breaks and Facilities in US Secondary Schools
Authors: Hood Nancy E. , Colabianchi Natalie , Terry‐McElrath Yvonne M. , O'Malley Patrick M. , Johnston Lloyd D. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDResearch on physical activity breaks and facilities (indoor and outdoor) in secondary schools is relatively limited.METHODSSchool administrators and students in nationally representative samples of 8th (middle school) and 10th/12th grade (high school) students were surveyed annually from 2008‐2009 to 2011‐2012. School administrators reported information about physical activity breaks and facilities. Students self‐reported height, weight, and physical activity.RESULTSThe prevalence of physical activity breaks and indoor and outdoor facilities (dichotomized by median split) differed significantly by region of the country, school size, student race/ethnicity, and school socioeconomic status (SES). Breaks were associated with lower odds of overweight (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83‐1.00) and obesity (AOR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75‐0.99) among middle school students. Among low‐SES middle school students and schools, higher indoor facilities were associated with lower rates of overweight and obesity. Among high school students, higher indoor and outdoor facilities were associated with 19‐42% higher odds of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity.CONCLUSIONSPhysical activity breaks and school facilities may help to address high rates of overweight/obesity and low physical activity levels among secondary students, especially lower‐SES students. Students in all schools should have equal access to these resources.
Psychomotor vigilance performance predicted by Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores in an operational setting with the United States Navy
Authors: Shattuck Nita Lewis , Matsangas Panagiotis 
Published: October 2014

SummaryIt is critical in operational environments to identify individuals who are at higher risk of psychomotor performance impairments. This study assesses the utility of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for predicting degraded psychomotor vigilance performance in an operational environment. Active duty crewmembers of a USA Navy destroyer (N = 69, age 21–54 years) completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale at the beginning of the data collection period. Participants wore actigraphs and completed sleep diaries for 11 days. Psychomotor vigilance tests were administered throughout the data collection period using a 3‐min version of the psychomotor vigilance test on the actigraphs. Crewmembers with elevated scores on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (i.e. Epworth Sleepiness Scale >10) had 60% slower reaction times on average, and experienced at least 60% more lapses and false starts compared with individuals with normal Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores (i.e. Epworth Sleepiness Scale ≤10). Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores were correlated with daily time in bed (P < 0.01), sleep (P < 0.05), mean reaction time (P < 0.001), response speed 1/reaction time (P < 0.05), slowest 10% of response speed (P < 0.001), lapses (P < 0.01), and the sum of lapses and false starts (P < 0.001). In this chronically sleep‐deprived population, elevated Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores identified that subset of the population who experienced degraded psychomotor vigilance performance. We theorize that Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores are an indication of personal sleep debt that varies depending on one's individual sleep requirement. In the absence of direct performance metrics, we also advocate that the Epworth Sleepiness Scale can be used to determine the prevalence of excessive sleepiness (and thereby assess the risk of performance decrements).
Human Astroviruses
Authors: Bosch Albert , Pintó Rosa M. , Guix Susana 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYHuman astroviruses (HAtVs) are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that were discovered in 1975. Astroviruses infecting other species, particularly mammalian and avian, were identified and classified into the generaMamastrovirusandAvastrovirus. Through next-generation sequencing, many new astroviruses infecting different species, including humans, have been described, and theAstroviridaefamily shows a high diversity and zoonotic potential. Three divergent groups of HAstVs are recognized: the classic (MAstV 1), HAstV-MLB (MAstV 6), and HAstV-VA/HMO (MAstV 8andMAstV 9) groups. Classic HAstVs contain 8 serotypes and account for 2 to 9% of all acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Infections are usually self-limiting but can also spread systemically and cause severe infections in immunocompromised patients. The other groups have also been identified in children with gastroenteritis, but extraintestinal pathologies have been suggested for them as well. Classic HAstVs may be grown in cells, allowing the study of their cell cycle, which is similar to that of caliciviruses. The continuous emergence of new astroviruses with a potential zoonotic transmission highlights the need to gain insights on their biology in order to prevent future health threats. This review focuses on the basic virology, pathogenesis, host response, epidemiology, diagnostic assays, and prevention strategies for HAstVs.
Controlling Hospital-Acquired Infection: Focus on the Role of the Environment and New Technologies for Decontamination
Authors: Dancer Stephanie J. 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARY

There is increasing interest in the role of cleaning for managing hospital-acquired infections (HAI). Pathogens such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), multiresistant Gram-negative bacilli, norovirus, and
Clostridium difficile
persist in the health care environment for days. Both detergent- and disinfectant-based cleaning can help control these pathogens, although difficulties with measuring cleanliness have compromised the quality of published evidence. Traditional cleaning methods are notoriously inefficient for decontamination, and new approaches have been proposed, including disinfectants, steam, automated dispersal systems, and antimicrobial surfaces. These methods are difficult to evaluate for cost-effectiveness because environmental data are not usually modeled against patient outcome. Recent studies have reported the value of physically removing soil using detergent, compared with more expensive (and toxic) disinfectants. Simple cleaning methods should be evaluated against nonmanual disinfection using standardized sampling and surveillance. Given worldwide concern over escalating antimicrobial resistance, it is clear that more studies on health care decontamination are required. Cleaning schedules should be adapted to reflect clinical risk, location, type of site, and hand touch frequency and should be evaluated for cost versus benefit for both routine and outbreak situations. Forthcoming evidence on the role of antimicrobial surfaces could supplement infection prevention strategies for health care environments, including those targeting multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Clinical Microbiology Informatics
Authors: Rhoads Daniel D. , Sintchenko Vitali , Rauch Carol A. , Pantanowitz Liron 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARY
The clinical microbiology laboratory has responsibilities ranging from characterizing the causative agent in a patient's infection to helping detect global disease outbreaks. All of these processes are increasingly becoming partnered more intimately with informatics. Effective application of informatics tools can increase the accuracy, timeliness, and completeness of microbiology testing while decreasing the laboratory workload, which can lead to optimized laboratory workflow and decreased costs. Informatics is poised to be increasingly relevant in clinical microbiology, with the advent of total laboratory automation, complex instrument interfaces, electronic health records, clinical decision support tools, and the clinical implementation of microbial genome sequencing. This review discusses the diverse informatics aspects that are relevant to the clinical microbiology laboratory, including the following: the microbiology laboratory information system, decision support tools, expert systems, instrument interfaces, total laboratory automation, telemicrobiology, automated image analysis, nucleic acid sequence databases, electronic reporting of infectious agents to public health agencies, and disease outbreak surveillance. The breadth and utility of informatics tools used in clinical microbiology have made them indispensable to contemporary clinical and laboratory practice. Continued advances in technology and development of these informatics tools will further improve patient and public health care in the future.
Cryptococcus gattii Infections
Authors: Chen Sharon C.-A. , Meyer Wieland , Sorrell Tania C. 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYUnderstanding of the taxonomy and phylogeny ofCryptococcus gattiihas been advanced by modern molecular techniques.C. gattiiprobably diverged fromCryptococcus neoformansbetween 16 million and 160 million years ago, depending on the dating methods applied, and maintains diversity by recombining in nature. South America is the likely source of the virulentC. gattiiVGII molecular types that have emerged in North America.C. gattiishares major virulence determinants withC. neoformans, although genomic and transcriptomic studies revealed that despite similar genomes, the VGIIa and VGIIb subtypes employ very different transcriptional circuits and manifest differences in virulence phenotypes. Preliminary evidence suggests thatC. gattiiVGII causes severe lung disease and death without dissemination, whereasC. neoformansdisseminates readily to the central nervous system (CNS) and causes death from meningoencephalitis. Overall, currently available data indicate that theC. gattiiVGI, VGII, and VGIII molecular types more commonly affect nonimmunocompromised hosts, in contrast to VGIV. New, rapid, cheap diagnostic tests and imaging modalities are assisting early diagnosis and enabling better outcomes of cerebral cryptococcosis. Complications of CNS infection include increased intracranial pressure, severe neurological sequelae, and development of immune reconstitution syndrome, although the mortality rate is low.C. gattiiVGII isolates may exhibit higher fluconazole MICs than other genotypes. Optimal therapeutic regimens are yet to be determined; in most cases, initial therapy with amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine is recommended.
Efficient Diagnosis and Treatment Follow-Up of Human Brucellosis by a Novel Quantitative TaqMan Real-Time PCR Assay: a Human Clinical Survey
Authors: Sohrabi Majid , Mohabati Mobarez Ashraf , Khoramabadi Nima , Hosseini Doust Reza , Behmanesh Mehrdad 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTRapid and effective diagnosis of brucellosis is a challenge for clinicians. Even when diagnosis is on time and therapy is initiated, meticulous follow-up appointments are crucial for ensuring the efficacy of the treatment. Due to shortcomings of serological methods, molecular diagnosis, especially real-time PCR, is becoming a main approach in laboratory diagnostics. Thus, the development of efficient procedures and standardization of the PCR tests will have a great impact on the precise detection and quantification of bacterial DNA loads, which is valuable for the medical management of brucellosis patients. We developed a new TaqMan real-time PCR directed tobcsp31, a shared gene of the brucellae. Thebcsp31gene fragment was cloned into pJET1.2. Recombinant pJET1.2-bcsp31was linearized by HindIII digestion, and the product was used for the preparation of a standard curve. A panel ofBrucellaspp. and non-Brucellapathogens was tested. No bacterial genomes other than those of the brucellae were detected. According to the results, specificity of the method was 100%. In a clinical assessment, the positive-control group comprised 37 patients with microbiologically confirmed brucellosis, and 25 healthy individuals served as the negative-control group. By the end of the treatment period, there was a significant decrease in the DNA load of the 37 brucellosis patients, which persisted for the 4 weeks of monitoring after treatment, suggesting that our proposed method is an efficient monitoring tool. Serum samples prior to any treatment were collected from the 25 serologically suspicious patients and assessed by our method; 72% of these patients tested positive for brucellosis.
Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in Children in Northeast China and Assessment of Risk of Zoonotic Transmission
Authors: Yang Jinping , Song Mingxin , Wan Qiang , Li Yijing , Lu Yixin , Jiang Yanxue , Tao Wei , Li Wei 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

The prevalence (7.5%, 19/255) and genotypes of
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
in children of various age categories and clinical presentations were determined herein. The co-occurrence of the known genotypes (CS-4, EbpC, and Henan-IV) in children and pigs in the same study area, the phylogenetic characterization of novel genotypes (NEC1 to NEC5), and the assessment of potential risk factors associated with zoonotic transmission robustly suggested that pigs could be a significant source of human
E. bieneusi
infections in northeast China.
Rapid and Direct Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus in Cerebrospinal Fluid by Use of a Commercial Real-Time PCR Assay
Authors: Binnicker Matthew J. , Espy Mark J. , Irish Cole L. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Central nervous system infection due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a medical emergency and requires rapid diagnosis and initiation of therapy. In this study, we compared a routine real-time PCR assay for HSV types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) to a recently FDA-approved direct PCR assay (Simplexa HSV-1/2 Direct; Focus Diagnostics, Cypress, CA) using cerebrospinal fluid samples (
n
= 100). The Simplexa HSV-1/2 assays demonstrated a combined sensitivity and specificity of 96.2% (50/52) and 97.9% (47/48), respectively. In addition, the Simplexa assay does not require nucleic acid extraction, and the results are available in 60 min.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Downregulates Transforming Growth Factor β2 To Promote Enhanced Stability of Capillary-Like Tube Formation
Authors: DiMaio Terri A. , Gutierrez Kimberley D. , Lagunoff Michael 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), the most common tumor of AIDS patients worldwide. A key characteristic of KS tumors is extremely high levels of vascular slits and extravasated red blood cells, making neoangiogenesis a key component of the tumor. The main KS tumor cell is the spindle cell, a cell of endothelial origin that maintains KSHV predominantly in the latent state. In cultured endothelial cells, latent KSHV infection induces angiogenic phenotypes, including longer-term stabilization of capillary-like tube formation in Matrigel, a basement membrane matrix. The present studies show that KSHV infection of endothelial cells strongly downregulates transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2). This downregulation allows the stabilization of capillary-like tube formation during latent infection, as the addition of exogenous TGF-β2 inhibits the KSHV-induced stability of these structures. While two KSHV microRNAs are sufficient to downregulate TGF-β2 in endothelial cells, they are not required during KSHV infection. However, activation of the gp130 cell surface receptor is both necessary and sufficient for downregulation of TGF-β2 in KSHV-infected cells.

IMPORTANCE
Kaposi's sarcoma is a highly vascularized, endothelial cell-based tumor supporting large amounts of angiogenesis. There is evidence that KSHV, the etiologic agent of KS, induces aberrant angiogenesis. For example, KSHV induces stabilization of capillary-like tube formation in cultured endothelial cells. A clearer understanding of how KSHV regulates angiogenesis could provide potential therapeutic targets for KS. We found that KSHV downregulates TGF-β2, a cytokine related to TGF-β1 that is known to inhibit angiogenesis. The downregulation of this inhibitor promotes the stability of capillary-like tube formation insofar as adding back TGF-β2 to infected cells blocks KSHV-induced long-term tubule stability. Therefore, KSHV downregulation of TGF-β2 may increase aberrant vascularization in KS tumors through increased capillary formation and thereby aid in KS tumor promotion.