bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lay summaries of open access journal articles: engaging with the general public on medical research
Authors: NUNN Emily , PINFIELD Stephen 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis study investigates attitudes to ‘lay’ or ‘plain‐English’ summaries of open access (OA) journal articles in the context of engaging the public with medical research. It places lay summaries in the wider contexts of patients' information‐seeking behaviour and OA publishing activities. It reports the results of qualitative research involving two stakeholder groups: employees of organizations with a stake in communicating OA medical research to the public, and members of the public who have experience of accessing online medical research. It shows that patient access to the research literature is seen as one of a number of important sources of information that can help them manage their health conditions as ‘informed patients‘. However, accessing the literature was reported to be problematical, particularly because of paywalls, and there were also difficulties in using it, including language barriers. Lay summaries were seen to make a helpful contribution to improving patient access to information. There is, however, a clear need to gather more evidence about the costs and benefits of such an approach and also on the potential ways in which OA can create benefits for the general public.
Quality of author guidelines of journals in the biomedical and physical sciences
Authors: NAMBIAR Remya , TILAK Priyanka , CEREJO Clarinda 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTTo assess quantitatively the completeness and clarity of author guidelines of international English‐language journals in the biomedical and physical sciences, we randomly sampled 80 journals for which author guidelines were available online in English. The guidelines were reviewed for completeness and clarity in addressing ‘aims and scope’, ‘submission and post‐submission processes’, ‘formatting instructions’, ‘ethical requirements’, and ‘authorship’, and were subjectively assessed as being complete (score 1) or incomplete (0), and clear (1) or unclear (0). Scores were represented as mean percentages. No journal scored 100% for completeness and clarity. ‘Formatting instructions’ was the most complete and clear category, and ‘authorship’ the least complete and clear category. Biomedical science journals were more complete and clear in all categories, except ‘authorship‘, compared to physical science journals. While author guidelines of many English‐language journals of biomedical and physical sciences adequately address some essential aspects, they currently do not provide all necessary information as clearly as possible.
Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah
Authors: Alvandi Roham 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last shah of Iran, is often remembered as a pliant instrument of American power during the Cold War. In this book Roham Alvandi offers a revisionist account of the shah’s relationship with the United States by examining the partnership that he forged with US president Richard Nixon and his advisor Henry Kissinger in the 1970s. Drawing on American, British, and Iranian sources, this study restores agency to the shah as an autonomous international actor and suggests that Iran evolved from a client to a partner of the United States under the Nixon Doctrine. This book examines the rise of the Nixon-Kissinger-Pahlavi partnership during Nixon’s first term as president, when the United States looked to Iran to fill the vacuum created by the British withdrawal from the Persian Gulf in 1971. Then it turns to the peak of the partnership during Nixon’s second term, when the shah succeeded in drawing the United States into his covert war against Iraq in Kurdistan from 1972 to 1975. Finally, the book highlights the decline of the partnership during Gerald Ford’s presidency through a history of the failed negotiations from 1974 to 1976 for an agreement on US nuclear exports to Iran. Taken together, these three historical episodes map the rise and the fall of Iran’s Cold War partnership with the United States in the era of superpower détente, Vietnam, and Watergate.
The United States and Iran in the Cold War
Authors: Alvandi Roham 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses the origins of the US-Iran relationship during World War II and the 1946 Azerbaijan crisis. In the early days of the Cold War, Mohammad Reza Shah and his prime ministers succeeded in drawing a reluctant United States into Iran in order to balance the influence of Britain and the Soviet Union. Pahlavi Iran emerged as a US client state following the Anglo-American-sponsored coup that toppled Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddeq in 1953 and transformed the shah into a dictator. This Cold War relationship was established by the Eisenhower administration in the 1950s, but continued into the 1960s under the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. The dynamics of the US-Iran relationship in the 1950s and 1960s, with Iran as a US client state, would sharply differ from the US-Iran partnership that the shah would forge with Nixon and Kissinger in the 1970s.
A Ford, Not a Nixon
Authors: Alvandi Roham 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Chapter abstract: Spanning the decline of the US-Iran partnership after Watergate and Nixon’s resignation, this chapter focuses on the failure of negotiations between the shah and the Ford administration from 1974 to 1976 on American nuclear exports to Iran. The shah did not enjoy the same intimate relationship with President Gerald R. Ford as he had with Nixon. Although Kissinger worked hard to defend the US-Iran partnership and secure a nuclear agreement, the shah’s detractors were no longer sidelined, as they had been under Nixon. Ford sought to appease these critics by foisting a nuclear agreement on the shah that included safeguards that went beyond Iran’s commitments under the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The shah rejected Ford’s demands, seeing them as a violation of Iran’s sovereignty and a reversion by the United States to treating Iran as a client, rather than a partner of the United States.
The Primeval Flood Catastrophe
Authors: Chen Y. S. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Previous research on Mesopotamian Flood traditions tended to focus on a few textual sources. How the traditions originated and developed as a whole has not been seriously investigated. By systematically examining a large body of relevant cuneiform sources of diverse genres from the mid‐third millennium BC. to the end of the first millennium BC, this book observes that it is during the Old Babylonian period (c.2000–1600 BC) that the first and classical attestations of the Flood traditions are found. On linguistic, conceptual, and literary‐historical grounds, the book argues that the traditions emerged relatively late in Sumerian culture. It traces different evolutionary stages of the Flood traditions, from the emergence of the Flood motif within the historical context of the early Isin dynasty (c.2017–1896 BC), to the diverse mythological representations of the motif in literary traditions, to the historicisation of the motif in chronography, and finally to the interactions between various strands of the Flood traditions and other Mesopotamian literary traditions, such as those concerning Gilgameš. By uncovering the processes through which the Flood traditions were constructed, the book offers a valuable case study on the complex and dynamic relationship between myth‐making, literary development, the rise of historical consciousness and historiography, and socio‐political circumstances in the ancient world. The origins and development of the Flood traditions examined in this book, furthermore, represent one of the best‐documented examples illustrating continuities and changes in Mesopotamian cultural, intellectual, and socio‐political history over the course of two and a half millennia.
The Primeval Flood Catastrophe Motif
Authors: Chen Y.S. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the emergence of the Flood motif within the broader development of representations of the primeval time of origins in Mesopotamian traditions (primarily Sumerian) from the Early Dynastic III period to the Old Babylonian period. It is argued that when the Flood motif first emerged explicitly in Sumerian literary traditions it manifested itself as an innovative stylistic and temporal device for introducing the primeval time of origins as well as for marking the (re‐)beginning of time. Coming to grips with these initial stages of development of the Flood motif sheds important light on some key conceptual and literary processes through which the Flood motif and its mythological and chronographic representations formed and evolved in Mesopotamian traditions. This chapter also suggests that the emergence of the Flood motif was, at least in part, connected with literary and ideological responses from the early Isin dynasty to the catastrophic demise of the Ur III dynasty.
Antediluvian Traditi
Authors: Chen Y.S. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This chapter investigates the development of diverse representations of the Flood hero, the last antediluvian rulers, and the antediluvian dynasties as a whole in various textual sources. Particularly, it explores the conceptual and literary processes and mechanisms by which several major strands of Mesopotamian literary traditions, most notably the Instructions of Šuruppak, the Sumerian King List, and the Isin‐Larsa royal hymnic compositions, contributed to, and were in turn shaped by, the development. In tracing the evolution of antediluvian traditions, this chapter unravels the complex historical development of, and relationship between, the major strands of literary traditions, which helps shed new light on our understanding of individual compositions such as the Standard Babylonian version of the Gilgameš Epic.
The Flood Epic
Authors: Chen Y.S. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This chapter analyses the extent to which the Sumerian compositions dealing with catastrophe, especially the city laments, influenced the composition of the Flood epic or story. It is argued that the city laments in many ways provided the conceptual and literary templates for the depictions of destruction and restoration in the Flood epic. Studying the Flood epic in the light of the Sumerian compositions not only enables one to understand the Flood epic was composed as a continuation of some of the conceptual and literary patterns current in the Ur III and Isin‐Larsa periods, but also accentuates the innovations the Flood epic brought to Mesopotamian literary and cultural traditions.
Comparison of Medieval Logic with Contemporary Logic
Authors: Parsons Terence 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIt appears that the logic developed so far is weak without anaphoric pronouns, but with those pronouns it is as rich as ordinary first-order symbolic logic. It is easy to represent propositions of medieval logic, one at a time, within predicate logic with identity. One problem with representing modern logic within medieval logic concerns existential import; for example, a natural statement to the effect that less-than is transitive entails that something is less than zero. This can be avoided by some technical rephrases involving infinitizing negation. Representing modern logic within medieval logic raises problems because of the latter’s grammatical structure; these problems may be overcome. An algorithm is given for representing sentences of modern logic within medieval logic. In the last section an illustration is given of how first-order arithmetic would look if formulated within medieval logic.
India’s Negotiation Strategy
Authors: Narlikar Amrita , Narlikar Aruna 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis chapter begins with a theoretical overview of negotiation strategies as given by the literature on bargaining and negotiation. It outlines the dominant trends in the negotiation strategies used by India since independence and more recently as a rising power. The greater part of the chapter looks at ten episodes (pre-war, war, post-war and related stories, and exceptions) from the Mahabharata to examine how far classical traditions espouse conciliatory diplomacy. Interestingly, as analysis of the text reveals, both the ‘goodies’ and the ‘baddies’, the winners and the losers, in times of peace and war and indeed after, find it difficult to make concessions. The Mahabharata also specifies the limited conditions under which concessions should be made, which this chapter explores with reference to both the text and also modern-day negotiations.
Framing from a Moral High Horse
Authors: Narlikar Amrita , Narlikar Aruna 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe ‘moralizing by Indian power holders’ has long ‘baffled’ foreigners. This chapter demonstrates the general tendency of Indian negotiators to frame demands in terms of moral principles rather than strategic imperatives. One of the fascinating findings from a textual analysis of the epic is that the purpose of moralization is not simply to win legitimacy for one's actions; even in the absence of an audience, protagonists go through elaborate rituals to justify their own actions to themselves. Four sets of stories are used to examine the extent to which moral principles are referred to during bargaining in the Mahabharata, and the extent to which they continue to be reflected in India's negotiations today are discussed.
Coalitions: Choosing Allies, Sustaining Friendships
Authors: Narlikar Amrita , Narlikar Aruna 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIndia has shown a fair degree of consistency in taking on the leadership of coalitions, particularly those involving other developing countries. In the past, alliances with the South took the shape of the Non-Aligned Movement and the G77. Today, we see some vital continuities in India's negotiation behaviour, at least in that many of its coalition allies remain developing countries, even though the discourse used to justify and explain these alliances has changed. This chapter begins with a brief overview of India's history of alliances in multilateral forums. It then uses the Mahabharata to investigate the importance accorded to coalition formation, the strategy of choosing one's allies and preserving alliances, and if there are any conditions specified for bandwagoning with the strong rather than attempting to balance against them by allying with the weak. Some attention is also paid to investigating whether formal or informal coalitions are preferred.
Conclusion
Authors: Narlikar Amrita , Narlikar Aruna 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
While difficulties in negotiating with India are not new, the need to negotiate effectively with it is, and only growing as its power rises. Understanding the rich negotiating culture wherein India's bargaining behaviour is embedded forms a crucial step to facilitate this process. This concluding chapter sums up the findings of the book, and their implications for the emergence of India as a responsible Great Power and with potential for international leadership. It also suggests specific ways in which knowledge of India's negotiating culture can help outside parties bargain more effectively with India for mutual advantage and systemic stability.
Changing Roles
Authors: Craigo-Snell Shannon 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn chapter 3, feminist theologian Letty Russell and Brazilian director Augusto Boal are resources for understanding the countercultural and liberating potential of church performance. Sometimes performing church shapes us in harmful ways. Shared leadership in community, attention to embodied knowledge, and an expansive view of church extending beyond the sanctuary are all important safeguards to this. Most important, however, is the discipline of changing roles, a discipline based on the life and ministry of Jesus Christ. The performance of relationship with this person Jesus mediated by this Scripture leads us straight into the struggle for justice. We are not permitted to remain in comfortable roles. We stand in the role of the prodigal son, the jealous elder brother, and the father who loves them both. Such role switching—both in liturgy and in struggle for justice—cultivates critical distance and Spirit-led agency.
Learning Data-Driven Patient Risk Stratification Models for Clostridium difficile
Authors: Wiens Jenna , Campbell Wayne N. , Franklin Ella S. , Guttag John V. , Horvitz Eric 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Background.  Although many risk factors are well known, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) continues to be a significant problem throughout the world. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a data-driven, hospital-specific risk stratification procedure for estimating the probability that an inpatient will test positive for C difficile.
Methods.  We consider electronic medical record (EMR) data from patients admitted for ≥24 hours to a large urban hospital in the U.S. between April 2011 and April 2013. Predictive models were constructed using L2-regularized logistic regression and data from the first year. The number of observational variables considered varied from a small set of well known risk factors readily available to a physician to over 10 000 variables automatically extracted from the EMR. Each model was evaluated on holdout admission data from the following year. A total of 34 846 admissions with 372 cases of CDI was used to train the model.
Results.  Applied to the separate validation set of 34 722 admissions with 355 cases of CDI, the model that made use of the additional EMR data yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI], .79–.83), and it significantly outperformed the model that considered only the small set of known clinical risk factors, AUROC of 0.71 (95% CI, .69–.75).
Conclusions.  Automated risk stratification of patients based on the contents of their EMRs can be used to accurately ide.jpegy a high-risk population of patients. The proposed method holds promise for enabling the selective allocation of interventions aimed at reducing the rate of CDI.
Phase transition between atomic and molecular hydrogen in nearby spiral galaxies
Authors: Tanaka Ayako , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Kuno Nario , Hirota Akihiko 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
We compared theoretical and observational molecular mass fractions (fmol: ratio of molecular gas density to total gas density) using observational data of ten nearby spiral galaxies. For determination of fmol, the three parameters–interstellar pressure P, UV radiation U, and metallicity Z–were obtained from the spectral line data of 12CO(J = 1–0), H i, Hα, [O iii], and [O ii]. Interstellar pressure was calculated with the sum of the hydrogen gas densities and the stellar potential based on the Ks-band data. For most data other than metallicity, we used archived NRO CO Atlas, THINGS, SINGS, and 2MASS data. For comparison, we also investigated the dependence of the CO-to-H2 conversion factor XCO. It was found that the theoretical fmol agreed with the observational fmol only when the interstellar pressure is calculated with both the gas density and stellar disk potential. To fit observations more accurately, either the metallicity or the UV radiation needs to be adjusted. It was also found that, in UV radiation scaling, scaling factor γ has a correlation with the diffuse fraction of the Hα emission line data, fDIG. As for XCO, it was shown that the difference between both values of fmol becomes the least when XCO is 1.0 × 1020 cm−2 (K km s−1)−1.
Error correction and assembly complexity of single molecule sequencing reads
Authors: Lee Hayan , Gurtowski James , Yoo Shinjae , Marcus Shoshana , McCombie W. Richard , Schatz Michael 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThird generation single molecule sequencing technology is poised to revolutionize genomics by enabling the sequencing of long, individual molecules of DNA and RNA. These technologies now routinely produce reads exceeding 5,000 basepairs, and can achieve reads as long as 50,000 basepairs. Here we evaluate the limits of single molecule sequencing by assessing the impact of long read sequencing in the assembly of the human genome and 25 other important genomes across the tree of life. From this, we develop a new data-driven model using support vector regression that can accurately predict assembly performance. We also present a novel hybrid error correction algorithm for long PacBio sequencing reads that uses pre-assembled Illumina sequences for the error correction. We apply it several prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, and show it can achieve near-perfect assemblies of small genomes (<100Mbp) and substantially improved assemblies of larger ones. All source code and the assembly model are available open-source.
Entry mode decisions
Authors: Kouznetsov Alex , Dass Mohan , Schmidt Peter 
Published: June 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine whether political elements affect entry mode decisions of foreign small- to medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SMMEs) into post-communist Russia.Design/methodology/approach– The paper employs a qualitative research technique. The data were collected using confidential, semi-structured face-to-face interviews.Findings– Smaller manufacturers are more sensitive to the political environment. More specifically, during face-to-face interview, corruption and ineffective law enforcement were found to be the factors of significant concern to SMMEs in Russia.Research limitations/implications– The research on sensitive topics has limitations largely due to possible political implications for firms operating in Russia.Practical implications– This study on Russia is significant particularly for foreign small and medium enterprises, it will also raise concerns for firms entry modes into emerging markets of former USSR members.Originality/value– The paper presents findings that are based on primary sources – interviews with foreign firms currently conducting business in Russia. The research findings will be a valuable source of information to contemporary firms conducting feasibility studies with a view to doing business in Russia. In addition, this study contributes to the limited body of research knowledge on the business environment in Russia and the emerging markets of former USSR members.
Human resource management practices in Chinese organisations
Authors: Lin Song , Lamond David 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– The aim of this special issue of Chinese Management Studies (CMS) focuses attention on a central activity of Chinese organisations – managing people. The aim is to support efforts to move beyond human resource management (HRM) research in China as a subset of international or comparative HRM research and promote indigenous approaches to research in China.

Design/methodology/approach
– Review and reflection.

Findings
– The research presented in the eight articles that constitute this special issue not only use sample data from China but also explore the mechanisms of different variables in the special Chinese condition, situation and context, resulting in meaningful results on a practical level. As such, they provide valuable contributions to theory construction in HRM and organisational behaviour, not just for China but for organisations around the world.

Research limitations/implications
– Developing an indigenous understanding of Chinese HRM has a long way to go. The findings here provide a contribution to the growing foundation on which to base further efforts. They will not only help build knowledge about complex organisation dynamics in Chinese businesses but also enrich the overall management knowledge base, not just Chinese organisations.

Originality/value
– Provides valuable contributions to theory construction in HRM and organisational behaviour, not just for China but for organisations around the world.