bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mouse, but not Human STING, Binds and Signals in Response to the Vascular Disrupting Agent 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-Acetic Acid
Authors: Conlon Joseph , Burdette Dara L. , Sharma Shruti , Bhat Numana , Thompson Mikayla , Jiang Zhaozhao , Rathinam Vijay A. K. , Monks Brian , Jin Tengchuan , Xiao T. Sam , Vogel Stefanie N. , Vance Russell E. , Fitzgerald Katherine A. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents such as 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) represent a novel approach for cancer treatment. DMXAA has potent antitumor activity in mice and, despite significant preclinical promise, failed human clinical trials. The antitumor activity of DMXAA has been linked to its ability to induce type I IFNs in macrophages, although the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. In this study, we identify stimulator of IFN gene (STING) as a direct receptor for DMXAA leading to TANK-binding kinase 1 and IFN regulatory factor 3 signaling. Remarkably, the ability to sense DMXAA was restricted to murine STING. Human STING failed to bind to or signal in response to DMXAA. Human STING also failed to signal in response to cyclic dinucleotides, conserved bacterial second messengers known to bind and activate murine STING signaling. Collectively, these findings detail an unexpected species-specific role for STING as a receptor for an anticancer drug and uncover important insights that may explain the failure of DMXAA in clinical trials for human cancer.
Outpatient Management of Asthma in Children
Authors: Schultz André , Martin Andrew C. 
Published: April 2013

The principal aims of asthma management in childhood are to obtain symptom control that allows individuals to engage in unrestricted physical activities and to normalize lung function. These aims should be achieved using the fewest possible medications. Ensuring a correct diagnosis is the first priority. The mainstay of asthma management remains pharmacotherapy. Various treatment options are discussed. Asthma monitoring includes the regular assessment of asthma severity and asthma control, which then informs decisions regarding the stepping up or stepping down of therapy. Delivery systems and devices for inhaled therapy are discussed, as are the factors influencing adherence to prescribed treatment. The role of the pediatric health care provider is to establish a functional partnership with the child and their family in order to minimize the impact of asthma symptoms and exacerbations during childhood.
Las elecciones autonómicas andaluzas de 2012 en la prensa nacional: Análisis de la cobertura de Abc, El Mundo y El País
Authors: Gómez Calderón Bernardo , Paniagua Rojano Francisco Javier , Farias Batlle Pedro 
Published: April 2013

El artículo analiza la cobertura que los diarios de difusión nacional con edición autonómica (Abc, El Mundo y El País) prestaron a la campaña de las elecciones andaluzas del 25 de marzo de 2012. Objetivos. Determinar similitudes y divergencias en el tratamiento de los comicios entre unas cabeceras y otras, establecer el grado de convergencia de su agenda con la de los partidos contendientes, caracterizar la presencia de los líderes políticos e identificar los frames predominantes. Metodología. Se aplica el análisis de contenido, atendiendo a dieciséis ítems relativos a la ubicación, la producción y el contenido de 497 textos publicados por los tres diarios. Conclusiones. La investigación constata el predominio de temas regionales en la cobertura de la campaña, la escasa presencia de elementos interpretativos y analíticos y la primacía de los encuadres estratégico y de juego en el enfoque de la información.
A Tryst with Reality: Child Labor in the Heart of India, New Delhi
Authors: Singh Rewa 
Published: April 2013

“Why do we have to pay the price of poverty? We didn’t create poverty, adults did.” This might be the sentiment of every child who is forced to work at an age when he or she deserves to go to school unlike the fellow kids who are born in a family that can afford to give them a decent childhood. Child Labor is the single most damaging impediment on the road to achieving the goal of development and the purpose of this paper is to show the obstacles that this social evil poses in the path to development. The study used Exploratory, rather unstructured research design and instruments such as case studies and life histories. The study indicates that the government of India has taken some strict measures to eradicate this evil such as the passing of the Right to Education Bill, illegalization of employment of children under the age of 14 years, schemes like “Sarva Siksha Abhiyan” (Education for all campaign), free afternoon meal and so on. But on the ground level their implementation is shoddy due to (as bureaucrats would put it) practical problems. The problem is of course, in the system but it has more to do with the mindsets of the people too. There are people who speak against child labor in India and back at their own house or office, many of them will have at least one child working for them. People need to realize that what a waste of talent and a major obstacle to a country’s development, Child Labor is. Keywords - Children. Child labor India. Social evil. Illegal employment.
Higher Education and Human Capital Development in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria
Authors: Nkang Iniobong Ekong 
Published: April 2013

Higher Education in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria seems not to produce the required manpower for the industrial sector of the economy. This study therefore seeks to examine the relationship between higher education and human capital development in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The correlational research design was adopted for the study. The population for the study consisted of human resource personnel of major oil companies and commercial banks in the region. This stood at 656. The sample of the study stood at 460, representing 70% of the population. The stratified random sampling technique was used in drawing the sample. Two null hypotheses were developed and tested at 0.05 level of significance, using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis. A structured instrument, Higher Education and Human Capital Development (HEHCD), was developed for the study. The instrument comprised 3 sections and 15 items, five in each section. The results indicated no significant relationship between higher education and manpower requirements and productivity of industries in the Niger Delta region. It was concluded that higher education in the Niger Delta fails to meet the manpower requirements of industries in the region. Besides, it does not contribute significantly to industrial productivity in the region. It was recommended among other things that universities in the Niger Delta Region should collaborate with industries operating in the area for their manpower needs. Keywords - Higher Education Management, Higher Education, Human Capital Development, Correlational Research Design, Niger Delta Region, Nigeria, Africa.
The Gong Culture of the Manobo of Southern Philippines: A Way Forward to Multi-Cultural Understanding
Authors: Tejero Helen Sumagang 
Published: April 2013

How a scientific discovery of a gong culture that is still practiced to this day from the Manobo of Cotabato, Philippines was translated to mainstream society was the purpose of this study. This study utilized a translation continuum framework: 1) knowledge discovery; 2) process; 3) dissemination and 4) adoption. Fieldwork was done in the village of Manobo in Magpet Cotabato, Philippines. In the light of the findings on the gong culture, it can be concluded that the Manobo has contributed their music system, belief system and socio-cultural values to cultural education. Through cultural exchange, dialogues and interactions among researchers, musicians and users, it became part of an international music materials coproduction program of UNESCO, part of a theatre production, and part of the curriculum of the Department of Education and was taught in informal, formal and alternative learning systems. Dissemination of the gong culture was through performances, symposia, workshops and publications. The goal of adoption is long range and may take time, but the modest contribution of the gong culture is a way forward to multi-cultural understanding. Keywords - Gong Culture, Cultural Education, Alternative learning system, Translational work, multi-cultural understanding
Understanding the Experience of Female Adolescent Delinquents: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Mohamad Sh Marzetyadibahbt Al Sayed , Sumari Melati , Mahmud Zuria 
Published: April 2013

The involvement of adolescents in delinquent behaviors in Malaysia is not a new phenomenon. Although many studies have been conducted to study this issue in the West, there has been little attention given to that in Malaysia. Adolescents’ perceptions, feelings, and beliefs need to be understood and given serious consideration. This qualitative phenomenological research is aimed to understand the life experiences of seven teenage girls who were involved in delinquent behaviors. Seven adolescents who were placed at one rehabilitation school in Malaysia participated in the study. Expressive art activities in group counseling were conducted to allow them sharing their life experience. Triangulation from a variety of sources, i.e., open ended interview, which consists of three series, observation, and analysis of documents were used to gather the data. Overall, the results indicated that family dynamics is a crucial element that contributes to delinquency problems. Several themes related to family dynamics that contribute to delinquent acts among adolescents are parents and siblings involve in crime, close relatives involve in crime, poverties and difficulties in life, lack of parental care, divorce, turmoil and domestic violence, polygamy, and family moral support. Implications of the findings for practitioners are also discussed. Keywords - Sociology, qualitative phenomenological research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Voters’ Participation to the Election Activities on October 29, 2007 in the Selected Urban Communities in Ozamiz City, Philippines
Authors: Bocar Anna C. , Pasok Prudelen C. , Perez Noeme C. , Guangco Laura L. 
Published: April 2013

The choice of the people for their representatives or leaders play a significant role for the development, progress and general welfare of people in a certain community. The selection of political leaders by people represents the very basis of democratic governance. Voting is a highly valued political activity. Political participation is an avenue for the people to have their representatives. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of interest of the electorate to participate in the election activities like to vote, attend political rallies of candidates to listen their platforms, plan to join groups working for orderly and clean elections, put up posters for politicians, actively campaign for a political candidate, watch the counting of votes as a private citizen, watchers for a political candidate, be the member of the Board of Election Inspectors. The descriptive - co relational method was utilized in this study. Our study indicates that there is no significant relationship between males’ and females’ level of participation to the election activities as determined by them. Keywords - Social sciences, election, participation, descriptivecorrelational, Ozamiz City, Philippines
Responsiveness of Sorsogon State College School of Graduate Studies and its Graduates to Community Needs
Authors: Detera Tarcela F. , Ocbian Magdalena M. , Carranza Esperanza F. 
Published: April 2013

The study primarily aims to determine the responsiveness of the Sorsogon State College School of Graduate Studies and its graduates to community needs. The respondents are 59 graduates for SY 2002 to 2007 and 29 employers. Data was taken using documentary analysis, survey questionnaire and unstructured interview. Statistical tools were frequency counts, percentage and mean. Results revealed that 44% of the respondents are employed at DepEd, 36% are with SUCs, 15% are with the LGUs while 5% are employed at private HEIs. Most have been promoted after earning a master’s degree. Findings also showed that the SGS are responsive to the various stakeholders in the community along the VMGO and curricular offerings. Along research, the graduates have limited researches, but these are very much congruent to the needs of the clients. Along professional development, the graduates performed their functions very satisfactorily. Moreover, they also respond to the community as speakers and members of various organizations and participate actively in various projects and activities. Keywords – Social Sciences, community needs, documentary analysis, Sorsogon State College, Philippines
Skin: Immunological Defence Mechanisms
Authors: Shiu Jessica , Harberts Erin , Gaspari Anthony A , Nickoloff Brian J 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHuman skin is the largest organ of the body providing a protective coat to ensure that exogenous ‘noxious’ agents do not jeopardise the function of vital internal organ systems. Being situated at the interface between external and internal milieus, a number of remarkable structural and functional characteristics of skin have been delineated that contribute to its effectiveness at maintaining homoeostasis. For instance, skin is normally healthy despite the fact that it is regularly colonised by a variety of organisms. Antimicrobial peptides secreted by skin cells contribute to this homoeostatic maintenance of microorganisms by forming a shield against infectious agents. Several immune cell types are also resident in the skin and are ready to respond to a variety of stimuli. Balancing the multiple skin defensive mechanisms is important for achieving homoeostasis as disruption of any of these components contribute to the manifestation of skin diseases.Key Concepts:Normal skin consists of multiple cell types – some that form the different layers and others that function as sentinels of the immune system.Skin is colonised by a variety of microorganisms under homoeostatic conditions.Skin has multiple innate defence mechanisms that are disrupted during dermatological diseases.Adaptive immunity in the skin is shaped by the response of different dendritic cells and T‐cells that are ready to respond to different stimuli.AMPs are natural antibiotics that are present in the skin to prevent overgrowth of microorganisms.Dysregulated production of AMPs is associated with a variety of dermatological diseases.
Plant Polyphenols
Authors: Quideau Stéphane 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Polyphenols are plant secondary metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid and polyketide biosynthetic pathways that feature more than one phenolic ring in their basic chemical structure. Interest in this wide family of structurally diverse natural products originally emerged from the exploitation of their capacity to interact with proteins in the conversion of animal skins into leather (tanning action). The inherent propensity of their phenolic functions to donate hydrogen atoms and/or electrons raised additional interest in their application as free radical scavengers (antioxidation). Such highly impacting physicochemical properties for compounds that are present in numerous plant‐derived foods and beverages continue to date to fuel multidisciplinary investigations on the role of polyphenols in plant biochemistry, physiology and ecology, and on their possible effects and applications in nutrition, food quality and preservation, food supplements, diseases prevention and curation, as well as in cosmetics and new materials.

Key Concepts:

All vegetable tannins are polyphenols, but plant polyphenols are not all capable of tanning actions.

The term ‘polyphenol’ should be restricted to define structures that display at least two phenolic rings, irrespective of the number of hydroxy groups they each bear.

Plant polyphenols can act either as protective antioxidants or toxic prooxidants, depending on their specific chemical structure and set of conditions under which they are used.

Pro‐oxidant plant polyphenols could be exploited in the development of DNA‐targeting chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of diseases such as cancer.

Plant polyphenols are known to interact with proteins in a nonspecific manner, but some plant polyphenols can engage proteins via specific and intimate molecular recognition processes with high‐binding affinities.

The manner with which plant polyphenols interact (specifically or not) with proteins mutually depends on their physicochemical characteristics and those of their protein partners (i.e. chemical composition and structure, hydrophobic and hydrophilic characters, size, extended linear or packed globular shape, flexibility or rigidity).
Population Differentiation: Measures
Authors: Mona Stefano , Bertorelle Giorgio 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

The genetic divergence between populations or accumulated by a single population from an ancestral group can be quantified using different measures. None of them can be considered better than others in all respects. The type of marker(s) or gene(s) analysed, the temporal scale considered and the level of variation are differentially affecting the quality of an index, and standardisation for comparisons across groups of populations or species is important. Some commonly used measures of population differentiation are briefly discussed, and it is argued that these measures or related quantities can be used to estimate crucial evolutionary and demographic parameters such as divergence times and migration rates, and to identify genes affected by natural or artificial selection processes.

Key Concepts:

Several measures of population differentiation can be computed and their comparison may provide useful insights into the evolutionary history of populations.

F
st
and related indices are moment estimators that measure the degree of population differentiation.

F
st
computed from multi‐allelic markers usually under‐estimates population differentiation; some alternative indices do not show this behaviour.

Measures of differentiation can be used to define conservation units.

Differentiation measures can be used both to estimate demographic parameters and to detect genomic regions under selection.

The Lewontin–Krakauer and related tests are based on the idea that loci showing particularly high or low values of population differentiation have been shaped by selective processes.

Demographic parameters can be estimated from measures of population differentiation or using likelihood/Bayesian methods.
Stationary Allele Frequency Distributions
Authors: Rannala Bruce 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Forces that determine the allele frequencies in natural populations include genetic drift, natural selection, migration and mutation. A balance of opposing forces can, in some cases, cause allele frequencies to approach a stationary distribution over time. The form of this distribution is not influenced by initial allele frequencies, but instead is determined by the relative magnitudes of different evolutionary forces. Statistical distributions are presented for the stationary allele frequencies under several simple population genetic models (including the k alleles symmetrical mutation model and the Wright island model of migration). In addition, the sampling distribution of allele counts under these models are described. The latter is useful when using genetic marker data to estimate population parameters. A population is at genetic equilibrium if evolutionary forces have persisted long enough for a population to have reached the stationary distribution, this is not often the case in nature.

Key Concepts:

If evolutionary forces such as natural selection, genetic drift and migration remain constant allele frequencies may reach to a stationary distribution.

Because evolutionary forces are often changing on a relatively short time‐scale the allele frequencies in many populations will not be at equilibrium.

Statistics based on parameters of stationary distributions may provide a useful summary of the genetic variation in populations that are not at equilibrium.

Simulation methods can be used to study allele frequency distributions for more complex models.

Modern approaches focus on nonstationary sampling distributions derived using the coalescent process model.
Molecular Genetics of Variability in Human Pain
Authors: Belfer Inna , Shnol Helen , Finelli Peter 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Pain is considered to be an evolutionary‐conserved trait and is employed as a necessary means to survival. Although this trait is common in all humans, it shows great variability among individuals. The underlying mechanisms of pain perception are not fully understood. Functional single nucleotide polymorphism and other types of genetic polymorphisms increase or decrease gene function influencing the encoded product. These polymorphisms (alleles) used to analyse the genetic mechanisms of pain perception may account for up to 50% of the total variability in the human pain phenotype. Interestingly, certain genes (e.g.
COMT
and
OPRM1
) are reoccurring targets of interest for the variation they cause in experimental and clinical pain perception as well for their effects on analgesia and pain‐related psychosocial traits. Current and future genetic studies of human pain will reveal missing risk factors for painful disorders and will aid focussed clinical trials for improved and innovative pain management in patients at risk.

Key Concepts:

Variability is a common feature for all pain phenotypes in humans.

Genetics account for a big portion of overall variability in human pain.

Different pain phenotypes have overlapping genetic background.

Both common and rare functional genetic polymorphisms contribute to human pain.

Candidate gene studies revealed only of a handful of genetic risk and protective factors for human pain.

Unbiased genome‐wide approaches will provide data on additional genetic factors influencing human pain.
Evolution of Adaptive Immunity
Authors: Danilova Nadia 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Historically, two components of immunity were identified, innate and adaptive. Innate receptors recognise molecular patterns common for groups of pathogens or for common pathological changes in host cells. All animals are protected by innate immunity. In addition, in vertebrates, adaptive immunity evolved that is based on the limitless somatic diversification of lymphoid receptors and selective expansion of those receptors that match the antigen/pathogen. Moreover, somatic hypermutation of antibodies combined with antigen selection allows fine‐tuning of an antibody sequence to match the antigen.
The repertoire of adaptive immune receptors in each individual differs in dependence on its life history and provides a basis for a strong memory response. Adaptive immune systems in jaw and jawless vertebrates are built on completely different receptors; immunoglobulin superfamily in jaw vertebrates and molecules with leucine‐rich repeats in jawless vertebrates. However, they are strikingly similar functionally pointing to similar evolutionary forces shaping these systems.

Key Concepts:

Both adaptive and innate strategies are used in organisms from bacteria to humans.

Innate mechanisms provide basic protection based on evolutionary conserved features of pathogens whereas adaptive mechanisms provide immunity that is shaped by the life history of every individual.

Adaptive immunity of jaw and jawless vertebrates is based on different receptors but functionally similar pointing to the same evolutionary driving forces.

Combination of adaptive and innate mechanisms is necessary to provide the most comprehensive immune protection.

Genome duplications played a crucial role in the origin of the adaptive immune system.

Adaptive immune system coevolve with innate immune mechanisms.