bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Social Networks in Agricultural Innovation: The Sutherland Reclamations and the Fowler Steam Plough, c.1855-c.1885
Authors: TINDLEY ANNIE , WODEHOUSE ANDREW 
Published: September 2014

Abstract:The nineteenth century saw an explosion in creativity and innovation, often applied to and motivated by an urge to improve, refine and make more efficient industrial and agricultural processes. There were many innovations in the field of agriculture, supported by the sponsorship of societies and associations and, in the 1850s and 1860s, by strong investment under High Farming. This article examines one of these innovations, the steam plough, with reference to its application in the Scottish Highlands in the 1870s and 1880s. In particular, it illuminates the social networks which lay behind the development and utilisation of the steam plough in the rural Highland context, delineating how aristocratic, religious and local networks combined to have a major impact on rural society in Scotland and beyond. It will examine how these networks interacted to promote the contemporary culture for agricultural and rural innovation through the development of the Fowler's steam plough. What makes this example of particular interest is the fact that agriculturally and financially, the Sutherland land reclamations were an unconditional failure. The environment was too challenging for the technology and despite vast financial resources, the landowner, the third Duke of Sutherland, was, after fifteen years, finally convinced by his advisors that further efforts were futile and irresponsible. This article will interrogate why, despite its essential unfeasibility, the project was pursued, and will argue that the momentum created by the dynamic between the three networks involved propelled it forward despite growing evidence of failure. This article therefore uses an inductive approach by examining a particular example of agricultural design innovation and analysing the pertinent social issues in what would have been termed by contemporaries ‘entrepreneurial spirit’.
Photography and the Rural Press, 1880–1939
Authors: BROWN JONATHAN 
Published: September 2014

Abstract:The 1880s saw the introduction of the half-tone as a means of reproducing photographs on the printed page in books and magazines. No editor could afford to ignore this technology and this article examines how it was introduced into magazines catering for a farming and rural readership. It considers the impact of new illustrated magazines and the demand for photographs for reproduction and gives some thought to how historians might profitably use these photographs as evidence.
Two kinds of persistent soil seed banks in an amphi-basicarpic cold-desert annual
Authors: Lu Juan J. , Tan Dun Y. , Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSeveral studies have compared seed banks of the different morphs of heteromorphic species, but none of them was on an amphi-basicarpic species. Our primary aim was to compare the relative ability of aerial and basal diaspores of an amphi-basicarpic species to form a seed bank. We compared the seed-bank dynamics of basal and aerial diaspores of three populations of the cold-desert annualCeratocarpus arenariusgrowing in the Junggar Desert in north-western China. A 2.5-year experimental garden study compared germination phenology and retention of viability in basal (a) and aerial (c and f) morphs. Aerial morphs formed a modified Thompson and Grime type III seed bank (small proportion of seeds carried over to next year) and the basal morph a modified type IV seed bank (large proportion of seeds carried over to next year). Seeds germinated only in spring, and cumulative germination percentages were f>c>a (year 1), f = c>a (year 2) and f = c = a (year 3). The relationship between length of germination period, retention of viability during burial and relative ability to form a persistent seed bank was basal morph > aerial morphs. The results of this seed-bank study onC. arenariusare in full agreement with those published previously on seed dispersal and dormancy in this species. Thus, strong additional support is provided for a high risk–low risk germination strategy in this cold-desert annual.
No-till seeded spinach after winterkilled cover crops in an organic production system
Authors: Lounsbury Natalie P. , Weil Ray R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractOrganic no-till (NT) management strategies generally employ high-residue cover crops that act as weed-suppressing mulch. In temperate, humid regions such as the mid-Atlantic USA, high-residue winter cover crops can hinder early spring field work and immobilize nutrients for cash crops. This makes the integration of cover crops into rotations difficult for farmers, who traditionally rely on tillage to prepare seedbeds for early spring vegetables. Our objectives were to address two separate but related goals of reducing tillage and integrating winter cover crops into early spring vegetable rotations by investigating the feasibility of NT seeding spinach (Spinacia oleraceaL.), an early spring vegetable, into winterkilled cover crops. We conducted a four site-year field study in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain regions of Maryland, USA, comparing seedbed conditions and spinach performance after forage radish (FR) (Raphanus sativusL.), a low-residue, winterkilled cover crop, spring oat (Avena sativaL.), the traditional winterkilled cover crop in the area, a mixture of radish and oat, and a no cover crop (NC) treatment. NT seeded spinach after FR had higher yields than all other cover crop and tillage treatments in one site year and was equal to the highest yielding treatments in two site years. Yield for NT spinach after FR was as high as 19 Mg ha−1fresh weight, whereas the highest yield for spinach seeded into a rototilled seedbed after NC was 10 Mg ha−1. NT seeding spring spinach after a winterkilled radish cover crop is feasible and provides an alternative to both high-residue cover crops and spring tillage.
Die medizinischen Kosten schädlichen Alkohol- und Tabakkonsums in Deutschland – eine Analyse mittels GKV-Routinedaten
Authors: Effertz Tobias , Verheyen Frank , Linder Roland 
Published: September 2014

Fragestellung: Der gesundheitsschädliche Konsum von Alkohol und Tabak ist mit hohen Kosten für das Gesundheitswesen verbunden. Aus Sicht politischer Entscheidungsträger und Gesundheitsbehörden ist es interessant, die durch Alkohol- und Tabakkonsum verursachten Kosten im Gesundheitsbereich sowie deren Entstehungszusammenhang genau zu kennen, um eine notwendige Priorisierung der Versorgung und Prävention zu erreichen. Bisher wurden Kostenquantifizierungen jedoch mit in der Tendenz eher unterschätzenden Methoden durchgeführt. Methodik: Mithilfe eines Paneldatensatzes aus Routinedaten der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung wird das Ausmaß der durch Tabak- und Alkoholkonsum zusätzlich entstehenden Kosten im deutschen Gesundheitssektor mit statistischen Methoden geschätzt. Ergebnisse: Gemäß dem Prävalenzansatz belaufen sich die Kosten des schädlichen Tabakkonsums auf 400 – 500 € pro Quartal und des schädlichen Alkoholkonsums auf 660 – 800 € pro Quartal und gesetzlich Versichertem in Deutschland. Diese Ergebnisse sind robust gegenüber alternativen Modellspezifikationen und -annahmen. Schlussfolgerungen: Aufgrund der häufig gewählten Methoden der Krankheitskostenrechnung sind die Kosten durch Alkohol- und Tabakkonsum im deutschen Gesundheitswesen unterschätzt worden.
Barrieren und Ressourcen für einen Rauchstopp bei Auszubildenden
Authors: Haug Severin , Schaub Michael P. , Castro Raquel Paz , Schmid Holger 
Published: September 2014

Zielsetzung: Identifizierung von Einflussfaktoren, die bei Auszubildenden einen Rauchstopp begünstigen oder erschweren. Methodik: Die Daten wurden innerhalb einer kontrollierten Studie zur Wirksamkeitsprüfung einer mobiltelefonbasierten Intervention zur Förderung des Rauchausstiegs bei 755 Auszubildenden erhoben. Innerhalb eines Telefoninterviews wurden 90 Ex-Rauchende nach deren Motiven für den Rauchstopp und 468 Rauchende nach deren Motiven, weiterhin zu Rauchen sowie nach möglichen Ressourcen, die beim Rauchstopp helfen könnten, befragt. Die Freitextantworten wurden kategorisiert und quantitativ ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Als häufigste Gründe für den Rauchstopp wurden von den 90 Ex-Rauchenden körperbezogene Aspekte, insbesondere Sorgen um die Gesundheit und die körperliche Fitness (n=44, 49 %) sowie die Kosten für Zigaretten (n=25, 28 %) genannt. Als häufigste Gründe fürs Weiterrauchen wurden von 468 Rauchenden Stress (n=136, 29 %), die instrumentelle Bedeutung des Rauchens (n=135, 29 %) sowie Abhängigkeit (n=128, 27 %) genannt. Als wichtigste Ressourcen, die beim Aufhören helfen könnten, nannten die Rauchenden Aspekte der sozialen Unterstützung (n=114, 24 %), die eigene Einstellung (n=98, 21 %) und Strategien zur Konsumkontrolle (n=66, 14 %). Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse spezifizieren bereits bekannte Einflussfaktoren und weisen auf mögliche Faktoren, wie z. B. Stress, hin, die in der Forschung und bei Interventionen bislang nur unzureichend berücksichtigt wurden.
Disentangling rock record bias and common-cause from redundancy in the British fossil record
Authors: Dunhill Alexander M. , Hannisdal Bjarte , Benton Michael J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe fossil record documents the history of life, but the reliability of that record has often been questioned. Spatiotemporal variability in sedimentary rock volume, sampling and research effort especially frustrates global-scale diversity reconstructions. Various proposals have been made to rectify palaeodiversity estimates using proxy measures for the availability and sampling of the rock record, but the validity of these approaches remains controversial. Targeting the rich fossil record of Great Britain as a highly detailed regional exemplar, our statistical analysis shows that marine outcrop area contains a signal useful for predicting changes in diversity, collections and formations, whereas terrestrial outcrop area contains a signal useful for predicting formations. In contrast, collection and formation counts are information redundant with fossil richness, characterized by symmetric, bidirectional information flow. If this is true, the widespread use of collection and formation counts as sampling proxies to correct the raw palaeodiversity data may be unwarranted.
Anomalous altered expressions of downstream gene-targets in TP53-miRNA pathways in head and neck cancer
Authors: Mitra Sanga , Mukherjee Nupur , Das Smarajit , Das Pijush , Panda Chinmay Kumar , Chakrabarti Jayprokas 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe prevalence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, HNSCC, continues to grow. Change in the expression of TP53 in HNSCC affects its downstream miRNAs and their gene targets, anomalously altering the expressions of the five genes, MEIS1, AGTR1, DTL, TYMS and BAK1. These expression alterations follow the repression of TP53 that upregulates miRNA-107, miRNA- 215, miRNA-34 b/c and miRNA-125b, but downregulates miRNA-155. The above five so far unreported genes are the targets of these miRNAs. Meta-analyses of microarray and RNA-Seq data followed by qRT-PCR validation unravel these new ones in HNSCC. The regulatory roles of TP53 on miRNA-155 and miRNA-125b differentiate the expressions of AGTR1 and BAK1in HNSCC vis-à-vis other carcinogenesis. Expression changes alter cell cycle regulation, angiogenic and blood cell formation and apoptotic modes in affliction. Pathway analyses establish the resulting systems-level functional and mechanistic insights into the etiology of HNSCC.
Abnormal Elastic and Vibrational Behaviors of Magnetite at High Pressures
Authors: Lin Jung-Fu , Wu Junjie , Zhu Jie , Mao Zhu , Said Ayman H. , Leu Bogdan M. , Cheng Jinguang , Uwatoko Yoshiya , Jin Changqing , Zhou Jianshi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMagnetite exhibits unique electronic, magnetic and structural properties in extreme conditions that are of great research interest. Previous studies have suggested a number of transitional models, although the nature of magnetite at high pressure remains elusive. We have studied a highly stoichiometric magnetite using inelastic X-ray scattering, X-ray diffraction and emission and Raman spectroscopies in diamond anvil cells up to ~20 GPa, while complementary electrical conductivity measurements were conducted in a cubic anvil cell up to 8.5 GPa. We have observed an elastic softening in the diagonal elastic constants (C11 and C44) and a hardening in the off-diagonal constant (C12) at ~8 GPa where significant elastic anisotropies in longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves occur, especially along the [110] direction. An additional vibrational Raman band between the A1g and T2g modes was also detected at the transition pressure. These abnormal elastic and vibrational behaviors of magnetite are attributed to the occurrence of the octahedrally-coordinated Fe2+-Fe3+-Fe2+ ions charge-ordering along the [110] direction in the inverse spinel structure. We propose a new phase diagram of magnetite in which the temperature for the metal-insulator and distorted structural transitions decreases with increasing pressure while the charge-ordering transition occurs at ~8 GPa and room temperature.
Size‐controllable fabrication of nano‐to‐microstructures on silicon surface using high‐density ion etching with pulsed bias
Authors: Zhang Li , He Jun , Huang Xian , Zhao Danqi , Zhang Dacheng 
Published: September 2014

A ‘black silicon’ (BS) surface with low reflectance was fabricated by a standard pulsed deep reactive etching technology at room temperature. Aiming for a better understanding, a systematic experiment was conducted by varying the etching window size and bias power duty cycle. The samples were measured and analysed by a scanning electron microscope, the Bruker Optical Profiler and a UV‐3400 spectrometer. It was observed that a broad scale range of the surface structures formed on the surface. With the duty cycle at 0.5, only about 100 nanometre scale replicable silicon cones formed on the surface, but as the duty cycle decreased to 0.25, the height of the silicon forest sharply increased to about 10 µm, leading to a low reflectance of 0.9% in the visible range for the surface. To clarify the reason for this trend, the bias effective voltage (BEV) was measured and it was confirmed that the BEV would decrease from 100 to 47 V with the duty cycle adjusted from 1 to 0.25. This suggested that this decrease in BEV leads to a reduction of ion energy and ion flux, and then modifies the fabricated structures. Besides, it was found that the broad etching window area only had a maximum promotion of 20% to the scale of the BS, indicating this method was almost free of loading effect.
Direct regulation of GAS6/AXL signaling by HIF promotes renal metastasis through SRC and MET
Authors: Rankin Erinn B. , Fuh Katherine C. , Castellini Laura , Viswanathan Kartik , Finger Elizabeth C. , Diep Anh N. , LaGory Edward L. , Kariolis Mihalis S. , Chan Andy , Lindgren David , Axelson Håkan , Miao Yu R. , Krieg Adam J. , Giaccia Amato J. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Here we report a fundamental and previously unknown role for the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL as a direct hypoxia-inducible transcription factor target driving the aggressive phenotype in renal clear cell carcinoma through the regulation of the SRC proto-oncogene nonreceptor tyrosine kinase and the MET proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase. Of therapeutic relevance, we demonstrate that inactivation of growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6)/AXL signaling using a soluble AXL decoy receptor reversed the invasive and metastatic phenotype of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cells. Furthermore, we define a pathway by which GAS6/AXL signaling utilizes lateral activation of MET through SRC to maximize cellular invasion. Our data provide an alternative model for SRC and MET activation by GAS6 in ccRCC and identify AXL as a therapeutic target driving the aggressive phenotype in renal clear cell carcinoma.
Two apextrin-like proteins mediate extracellular and intracellular bacterial recognition in amphioxus
Authors: Huang Guangrui , Huang Shengfeng , Yan Xinyu , Yang Ping , Li Jun , Xu Weiya , Zhang Lingling , Wang Ruihua , Yu Yingcai , Yuan Shaochun , Chen Shangwu , Luo Guangbin , Xu Anlong 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Microbial specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) constitute a key feature by which a host organism detects the presence of microbes and mounts specific immune responses. Here, we report the discovery of two proteins (bjALP1 and 2) that interact with muramyl dipeptide, a pan-bacterial specific PAMP via a novel pattern recognition domain ApeC. Our studies have revealed that bjALP1 is a secreted immune effector, whereas bjALP2 functions as an intracellular pattern recognition receptor (PRR), both having an important role in protecting the host from microbial pathogens. Specifically, bjAPL1 functions in the extracellular space to reduce the harmful effect of pathogenic microbes, whereas bjALP2 functions as a PRR that serves as a sentinel for intracellular bacterial invasion.
Voltage-sensitive dye imaging of transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced intracortical dynamics
Authors: Kozyrev Vladislav , Eysel Ulf T. , Jancke Dirk 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is significant for medical diagnostics, therapeutic treatment, and basic brain research. However, highly resolved observations of its immediate effects remained obscured because existing techniques are limited in spatial or temporal resolutions and are severely disturbed by the high magnetic fields. Here, we avoid these limitations, using optical imaging with voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) in the cat animal model. VSD transforms changes in neuronal membrane voltage into optical signals, providing microsecond resolution and evading contamination by electromagnetic artifacts. We visualize TMS-induced cortical dynamics and characterize effects on visual processing over scales of milliseconds, minutes, and hours. Combined TMS and VSD imaging offers a powerful approach to study targeted modifications in cortical function during TMS-based plasticity and learning protocols.
Remodeling of a delivery complex allows ClpS-mediated degradation of N-degron substrates
Authors: Rivera-Rivera Izarys , Román-Hernández Giselle , Sauer Robert T. , Baker Tania A. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Adaptor proteins often regulate substrate selection by AAA+ enzymes, but the molecular mechanisms of adaptor-mediated substrate delivery are poorly understood. We find that an unstructured N-terminal extension (NTE) of ClpS, the adaptor that delivers N-degron substrates to the ClpAP protease, enters the ClpA translocation pore during substrate delivery and must be actively engaged for delivery to occur. ClpA engagement of the ClpS NTE promotes delivery of substrate bound to the same adaptor molecule. These results support a model in which ClpA remodels ClpS by translocating its NTE, triggering delivery of the N-degron substrate. Active remodeling of components in delivery complexes by AAA+ unfoldases and proteases is likely a widespread mechanism.
DietaryApostichopus japonicusenhances the respiratory and intestinal mucosal immunity in immunosuppressive mice
Authors: Zheng Rong , Li Xuemin , Cao Binbin , Zuo Tao , Wu Juan , Wang Jingfeng , Xue Changhu , Tang Qingjuan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlthough Apostichopus japonicus is recognized as a food and drug resource with significant immunomodulatory activity, its role in regulating the mucosal immunity remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects of dietary A. japonicus on mucosal immunity with an immunosuppressive mouse model. The expression of lysozyme, secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA), and immunoglobulin A(IgA) as well as polymeric immunoglobulin receptor(pIgR) in respiratory and intestine organs was investigated. The results showed that A. japonicus could improve both the systematic and mucosal immunity. The expression of lysozyme, sIgA, and IgA in the respiratory organ was increased more significantly. Consumption of A. japonicus with the dose of 512 mg kg−1, which equals to 1/2 sea cucumber per day for adults, showed better effects. This study elucidated positive effects of A. japonicus on mucosal immunity for the first time, suggesting that moderate consumption of A. japonicus is helpful in improving mucosal immunity and preventing exogenous infection.
Universal geometric cluster algebras from surfaces
Authors: Reading Nathan 
Published: September 2014

A universal geometric cluster algebra over an exchange matrix

B
B

is a universal object in the category of geometric cluster algebras over

B
B

related by coefficient specializations. (Following an earlier paper on universal geometric cluster algebras, we broaden the definition of geometric cluster algebras relative to the definition originally given by Fomin and Zelevinsky.) The universal objects are closely related to a fan

F

B

\mathcal {F}_B

called the mutation fan for

B
B

. In this paper, we consider universal geometric cluster algebras and mutation fans for cluster algebras arising from marked surfaces. We identify two crucial properties of marked surfaces: The Curve Separation Property and the Null Tangle Property. The latter property implies the former. We prove the Curve Separation Property for all marked surfaces except once-punctured surfaces without boundary components, and as a result we obtain a construction of the rational part of

F

B

\mathcal {F}_B

for these surfaces. We prove the Null Tangle Property for a smaller family of surfaces and use it to construct universal geometric coefficients for these surfaces.
Analysis of Eight Glycols in Serum Using LC-ESI–MS-MS
Authors: Imbert Laurent , Saussereau Elodie , Lacroix Christian 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the analysis of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol, in serum after a Schotten–Baumann derivatization by benzoyl chloride. Usual validation parameters were tested: linearity, repeatability and intermediate precision, limits of detection and quantification, carry over and ion suppression. Limits of detection were between 0.18 and 1.1 mg/L, and limits of quantification were between 0.4 and 2.3 mg/L. Separation of isomers was possible either chromatographically or by selecting specific multiple reaction monitoring transitions. This method could be a useful tool in case of suspected intoxication with antifreeze agents, solvents, dietary supplements or some medical drug compounds.