bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virtuous Circularity: Positive Law and Particular Justice
Authors: Michelon Claudio 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper argues that the positive allocative decisions paradigmatically carried out by the application of legal rules are a necessary condition for arguments about particular justice (i.e., distributive and commutative justice) to make sense. If one shifts the focus from the distinction between distributive and commutative justice to what the two aspects of particular justice are for, namely, providing criteria to judge the allocation of goods, it becomes clear that the distinction is conceptually unstable. The paper argues that stabilizing the distinction is worthwhile and that this can only be accomplished by the introduction of positive allocation schemes.
Methodological Clarity or the Substantial Purity of Law? Notes on the Discussion between Kelsen and Pitamic
Authors: Pavčnik Marijan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLeonid Pitamic was convinced that law could not be understood and explored by a single method aiming at a pure object of enquiry. He argued that it was necessary to employ other methods besides the normative one (especially the sociological and axiological methods), which, however, should not be confounded. Methodological syncretism can be avoided by clearly distinguishing between different aspects of law and by allowing the methods to support each other. By following this guideline, and by arguing according to a clear method, we can also open up a space for dialogue and for the juxtaposition of contrasting points of view.
Oral care of the patient with liver ­failure, pretransplant—a retrospective study
Authors: Hicks Jeffery L. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTLiver failure patients seeking liver transplant in our teaching hospital undergo dental clearance by our Hospital Dentistry Department. A retrospective analysis of 500 patient dental charts was performed. All patients were evaluated previously by physicians and the medical diagnosis of liver failure for each patient was determined. Patients were examined and a treatment plan was formed consisting of the oral care required prior to dental clearance for liver transplant. An oral care treatment algorithm was constructed that, along with clinical parameters, guided the oral care in the pretransplant period. The oral care necessary to clear the patient for transplant was completed for each patient. Besides computing the average cost of oral care necessary to clear patients, analyses were performed to look for correlations among laboratory tests required before oral surgical procedures.
The polyomavirus puzzle: is host immune response beneficial in controlling BK virus after adult hematopoietic cell transplantion?
Authors: Satyanarayana G. , Marty F.M. , Tan C.S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBK virus (BKV), a ubiquitous human polyomavirus, usually does not cause disease in healthy individuals. BKV reactivation and disease can occur in immunosuppressed individuals, such as those who have undergone renal transplantation or hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Clinical manifestations of BKV disease include graft dysfunction and failure in renal transplant recipients; HCT recipients frequently experience hematuria, cystitis, hemorrhagic cystitis (HC), and renal dysfunction. Studies of HCT patients have identified several risk factors for the development of BKV disease including myeloablative conditioning, acute graft‐versus‐host disease, and undergoing an umbilical cord blood (uCB) HCT. Although these risk factors indicate that alterations in the immune system are necessary for BKV pathogenesis in HCT patients, few studies have examined the interactions between host immune responses and viral reactivation in BKV disease. Specifically, having BKV immunoglobulin‐G before HCT does not protect against BKV infection and disease after HCT. A limited number of studies have demonstrated BKV‐specific cytotoxic T cells in healthy adults as well as in post‐HCT patients who had experienced HC. New areas of research are required for a better understanding of this emerging infectious disease post HCT, including prospective studies examining BK viruria, viremia, and their relationship with clinical disease, a detailed analysis of urothelial histopathology, and laboratory evaluation of systemic and local cellular and humoral immune responses to BKV in patients receiving HCT from different sources, including uCB and haploidentical donors.
Global Fiscal Adjustment and Trade Rebalancing
Authors: McKibbin Warwick J. , Stoeckel Andrew B. , Lu YingYing 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe emergence of substantial fiscal deficits and a large build up of government debt in major advanced economies will inevitably lead to a period of fiscal consolidation in coming years. In an earlier paper, Asian Economic Papers, 9, 2010 and 54, explored the effects of this fiscal adjustment in advanced economies on the global economic outlook. This paper focuses on the differences between the impacts of fiscal policy in advanced versus emerging economies. In particular, the need for more fiscal spending on infrastructure in emerging economies and the need for fiscal consolidation in advanced economies leads naturally to the question of what this asymmetric fiscal adjustment might do to global trade balances as well as global economic growth over the coming decades. The adjustment needed in both regions is substantial, and the asymmetry of the adjustment implies important consequences for trade and capital flows between regions as well as asset price adjustments within and between regions.
Ocular alkaline injury in four dogs – presentation, treatment, and follow‐up – a case series
Authors: Busse Claudia , Hartley Claudia , Kafarnik Christiane , Pivetta Mauro 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPurposeTo describe presentation, treatment, and follow‐up after unilateral alkaline injuries to the eye in four dogs.Material and methodThe case notes of four patients that suffered from alkaline injuries to the eye were included in this series.ResultsAcute clinical signs included blepharospasm and edema of the eyelids, chemosis and conjunctival hyperemia, conjunctival ischemia, destruction of the corneal epithelium, a whitish haze of the corneal stroma, mild corneal edema, and uveitis. Two patients showed depigmentation of the eyelids. Presumed endothelial cell damage resulted in severe corneal edema in two dogs. Long‐term complications included phthisis bulbi, scarring of the eyelids and damage to the meibomian glands, symblepharon formation, conjunctivalization of the cornea, corneal vascularization, pigmentation, and fibrosis. Persisting corneal edema was seen in the dogs with presumed endothelial cell damage. One dog developed a mild bullous keratopathy with superficial corneal ulcerations 4½ years after the injury and had a reduced anterior chamber depth on ultrasound.ConclusionThe damage to the ocular structures described here mainly affects the ocular surface. One patient presumably suffered an injury to the ciliary body epithelium resulting in a phthisical globe. Chronic corneal edema, conjunctivalization, and scarring can result in permanent visual impairment. Healing of the ocular surface can take weeks and is associated with a dramatic vascular response. However, a severely vascularized cornea has the potential to clear and allow a good visual outcome long term. Ongoing discomfort was only seen in one case with persistent corneal edema and a secondary bullous keratopathy.
Congruence testing for odd subgroups of the modular group
Authors: Hamilton Thomas , Loeffler David 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe give a computationally effective criterion for determining whether a finite-index subgroup of $\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbf{Z})$ is a congruence subgroup, extending earlier work of Hsu for subgroups of $\mathrm{PSL}_2(\mathbf{Z})$.
Approximations for the Bessel and Airy functions with an explicit error term
Authors: Krasikov Ilia 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe show how one can obtain an asymptotic expression for some special functions with a very explicit error term starting from appropriate upper bounds. We will work out the details for the Bessel function $J_\nu (x)$ and the Airy function ${\rm Ai}(x).$ In particular, we answer a question raised by Olenko and find a sharp bound on the difference between $J_\nu (x)$ and its standard asymptotics. We also give a very simple and surprisingly precise approximation for the zeros ${\rm Ai}(x).$
A note on magnitude bounds for the mask coefficients of the interpolatory Dubuc–Deslauriers subdivision scheme
Authors: Bez H. E. , Bez N. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe analyse the mask associated with the $2n$-point interpolatory Dubuc–Deslauriers subdivision scheme $S_{a^{[n]}}$. Sharp bounds are presented for the magnitude of the coefficients $a^{[n]}_{2i-1}$ of the mask. For scales $i \in [1,\sqrt{n}]$ it is shown that $|a^{[n]}_{2i-1}|$ is comparable to $i^{-1}$, and for larger power scales, exponentially decaying bounds are obtained. Using our bounds, we may precisely analyse the summability of the mask as a function of $n$ by identifying which coefficients of the mask contribute to the essential behaviour in $n$, recovering and refining the recent result of Deng–Hormann–Zhang that the operator norm of $S_{a^{[n]}}$ on $\ell ^\infty $ grows logarithmically in $n$.
A note on uniform approximation of functions having a double pole
Authors: Moale Ionela , Pillwein Veronika 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe consider the classical problem of finding the best uniform approximation by polynomials of$1/(x-a)^2,$where$a>1$is given, on the interval$[-\! 1,1]$. First, using symbolic computation tools we derive the explicit expressions of the polynomials of best approximation of low degrees and then give a parametric solution of the problem in terms of elliptic functions. Symbolic computation is invoked then once more to derive a recurrence relation for the coefficients of the polynomials of best uniform approximation based on a Pell-type equation satisfied by the solutions.
High affinity and low affinity heteromeric nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at central synapses
Authors: d’Incamps Boris Lamotte , Ascher Philippe 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMost neuronal heteromeric nicotinic receptors seem able to adopt two different stochiometries depending on the ratio of α and β subunits. In recombinant receptors these two stoichiometries have been associated with different affinities to ACh, but it is not known which stoichiometry is present at nicotinic synapses in the nervous system. One possible clue to this identification is the speed of decay of the synaptic currents. In many ionotropic receptors this speed has been linked to the dissociation rate of the transmitter, which is itself related to its affinity. On this basis we propose that, at the synapse between motoneuron and Renshaw cells, the heteromeric nicotinic receptors are mostly low affinity receptors and suggest that, in contrast, the very slow decay of some synaptic currents recorded in other parts of the brain signs the presence of high affinity receptors rather than volume transmission.
Chronic intermittent hypoxia–hypercapnia blunts heart rate responses and alters neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons
Authors: Dyavanapalli Jhansi , Jameson Heather , Dergacheva Olga , Jain Vivek , Alhusayyen Mona , Mendelowitz David 
Published: May 2014

Key points
Chronic intermittent hypoxia–hypercapnia (CIHH) in adult rats evoked hypertension and blunted the heart rate responses to acute hypoxia–hypercapnia (H–H).
CIHH induced an increase in spontaneous inhibitory and decreased excitatory neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons.
CIHH completely abolished acute H–H evoked inhibition of GABAergic while facilitating glycinergic neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons of nucleus ambiguus.
These changes with CIHH inhibit cardiac vagal neurons to result in diminished cardioprotective vagal activity to the heart, characteristic of obstructive sleep apnoea.
AbstractPatients with obstructive sleep apnoea experience chronic intermittent hypoxia–hypercapnia (CIHH) during sleep that elicit sympathetic overactivity and diminished parasympathetic activity to the heart, leading to hypertension and depressed baroreflex sensitivity. The parasympathetic control of heart rate arises from pre‐motor cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) located in nucleus ambiguus (NA) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX). The mechanisms underlying diminished vagal control of heart rate were investigated by studying the changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and neurotransmission to CVNs evoked by acute hypoxia–hypercapnia (H–H) and CIHH. In vivo telemetry recordings of blood pressure and heart rate were obtained in adult rats during 4 weeks of CIHH exposure. Retrogradely labelled CVNs were identified in an in vitro brainstem slice preparation obtained from adult rats exposed either to air or CIHH for 4 weeks. Postsynaptic inhibitory or excitatory currents were recorded using whole cell voltage clamp techniques. Rats exposed to CIHH had increases in blood pressure, leading to hypertension, and blunted heart rate responses to acute H–H. CIHH induced an increase in GABAergic and glycinergic neurotransmission to CVNs in NA and DMNX, respectively; and a reduction in glutamatergic neurotransmission to CVNs in both nuclei. CIHH blunted the bradycardia evoked by acute H–H and abolished the acute H–H evoked inhibition of GABAergic transmission while enhancing glycinergic neurotransmission to CVNs in NA. These changes with CIHH inhibit CVNs and vagal outflow to the heart, both in acute and chronic exposures to H–H, resulting in diminished levels of cardioprotective parasympathetic activity to the heart as seen in OSA patients.
Sensitive Detection of Xanthomonas oryzae Pathovars oryzae and oryzicola by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
Authors: Lang Jillian M. , Langlois Paul , Nguyen Marian Hanna R. , Triplett Lindsay R. , Purdie Laura , Holton Timothy A. , Djikeng Appolinaire , Vera Cruz Casiana M. , Verdier Valérie , Leach Jan E. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

Molecular diagnostics for crop diseases can enhance food security by enabling the rapid identification of threatening pathogens and providing critical information for the deployment of disease management strategies. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a PCR-based tool that allows the rapid, highly specific amplification of target DNA sequences at a single temperature and is thus ideal for field-level diagnosis of plant diseases. We developed primers highly specific for two globally important rice pathogens,
Xanthomonas oryzae
pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight (BB) disease, and
X. oryzae
pv. oryzicola, the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak disease (BLS), for use in reliable, sensitive LAMP assays. In addition to pathovar distinction, two assays that differentiate
X. oryzae
pv. oryzae by African or Asian lineage were developed. Using these LAMP primer sets, the presence of each pathogen was detected from DNA and bacterial cells, as well as leaf and seed samples. Thresholds of detection for all assays were consistently 10
4
to 10
5
CFU ml
−1
, while genomic DNA thresholds were between 1 pg and 10 fg. Use of the unique sequences combined with the LAMP assay provides a sensitive, accurate, rapid, simple, and inexpensive protocol to detect both BB and BLS pathogens.
Targeted Tandem Duplication of a Large Chromosomal Segment in Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Takahashi Tadashi , Sato Atsushi , Ogawa Masahiro , Hanya Yoshiki , Oguma Tetsuya 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

We describe here the first successful construction of a targeted tandem duplication of a large chromosomal segment in
Aspergillus oryzae
. The targeted tandem chromosomal duplication was achieved by using strains that had a 5′-deleted
pyrG
upstream of the region targeted for tandem chromosomal duplication and a 3′-deleted
pyrG
downstream of the target region. Consequently, strains bearing a 210-kb targeted tandem chromosomal duplication near the centromeric region of chromosome 8 and strains bearing a targeted tandem chromosomal duplication of a 700-kb region of chromosome 2 were successfully constructed. The strains bearing the tandem chromosomal duplication were efficiently obtained from the regenerated protoplast of the parental strains. However, the generation of the chromosomal duplication did not depend on the introduction of double-stranded breaks (DSBs) by I-SceI. The chromosomal duplications of these strains were stably maintained after five generations of culture under nonselective conditions. The strains bearing the tandem chromosomal duplication in the 700-kb region of chromosome 2 showed highly increased protease activity in solid-state culture, indicating that the duplication of large chromosomal segments could be a useful new breeding technology and gene analysis method.
Influence of DNA Extraction Method, 16S rRNA Targeted Hypervariable Regions, and Sample Origin on Microbial Diversity Detected by 454 Pyrosequencing in Marine Chemosynthetic Ecosystems
Authors: Cruaud Perrine , Vigneron Adrien , Lucchetti-Miganeh Céline , Ciron Pierre Emmanuel , Godfroy Anne , Cambon-Bonavita Marie-Anne 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) opens up exciting possibilities for improving our knowledge of environmental microbial diversity, allowing rapid and cost-effective identification of both cultivated and uncultivated microorganisms. However, library preparation, sequencing, and analysis of the results can provide inaccurate representations of the studied community compositions. Therefore, all these steps need to be taken into account carefully. Here we evaluated the effects of DNA extraction methods, targeted 16S rRNA hypervariable regions, and sample origins on the diverse microbes detected by 454 pyrosequencing in marine cold seep and hydrothermal vent sediments. To assign the reads with enough taxonomic precision, we built a database with about 2,500 sequences from
Archaea
and
Bacteria
from deep-sea marine sediments, affiliated according to reference publications in the field. Thanks to statistical and diversity analyses as well as inference of operational taxonomic unit (OTU) networks, we show that (i) while DNA extraction methods do not seem to affect the results for some samples, they can lead to dramatic changes for others; and (ii) the choice of amplification and sequencing primers also considerably affects the microbial community detected in the samples. Thereby, very different proportions of pyrosequencing reads were obtained for some microbial lineages, such as the archaeal ANME-1, ANME-2c, and MBG-D and deltaproteobacterial subgroups. This work clearly indicates that the results from sequencing-based analyses, such as pyrosequencing, should be interpreted very carefully. Therefore, the combination of NGS with complementary approaches, such as fluorescence
in situ
hybridization (FISH)/catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD)-FISH or quantitative PCR (Q-PCR), would be desirable to gain a more comprehensive picture of environmental microbial communities.
Characterization of a Nitrilase and a Nitrile Hydratase from Pseudomonas sp. Strain UW4 That Converts Indole-3-Acetonitrile to Indole-3-Acetic Acid
Authors: Duca Daiana , Rose David R. , Glick Bernard R. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIndole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a fundamental phytohormone with the ability to control many aspects of plant growth and development.Pseudomonassp. strain UW4 is a rhizospheric plant growth-promoting bacterium that produces and secretes IAA. While several putative IAA biosynthetic genes have been reported in this bacterium, the pathways leading to the production of IAA in strain UW4 are unclear. Here, the presence of the indole-3-acetamide (IAM) and indole-3-acetaldoxime/indole-3-acetonitrile (IAOx/IAN) pathways of IAA biosynthesis is described, and the specific role of two of the enzymes (nitrilase and nitrile hydratase) that mediate these pathways is assessed. The genes encoding these two enzymes were expressed inEscherichia coli, and the enzymes were isolated and characterized. Substrate-feeding assays indicate that the nitrilase produces both IAM and IAA from the IAN substrate, while the nitrile hydratase only produces IAM. The two nitrile-hydrolyzing enzymes have very different temperature and pH optimums. Nitrilase prefers a temperature of 50°C and a pH of 6, while nitrile hydratase prefers 4°C and a pH of 7.5. Based on multiple sequence alignments and motif analyses, physicochemical properties and enzyme assays, it is concluded that the UW4 nitrilase has an aromatic substrate specificity. The nitrile hydratase is identified as an iron-type metalloenzyme that does not require the help of a P47K activator protein to be active. These data are interpreted in terms of a preliminary model for the biosynthesis of IAA in this bacterium.
Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum Exo-β-1,3-Galactanase, an Enzyme for the Degradation of Type II Arabinogalactan
Authors: Fujita Kiyotaka , Sakaguchi Takenori , Sakamoto Ayami , Shimokawa Michiko , Kitahara Kanefumi 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

Type II arabinogalactan (AG-II) is a suitable carbohydrate source for
Bifidobacterium longum
subsp.
longum
, but the degradative enzymes have never been characterized. In this study, we characterized an exo-β-1,3-galactanase, BLLJ_1840, belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 43 from
B. longum
subsp.
longum
JCM1217. The recombinant BLLJ_1840 expressed in
Escherichia coli
hydrolyzed β-1,3-linked galactooligosaccharides but not β-1,4- and β-1,6-linked galactooligosaccharides. The enzyme also hydrolyzed larch wood arabinogalactan (LWAG), which comprises a β-1,3-linked galactan backbone with β-1,6-linked galactan side chains. The
k
cat
/

K
m

ratio of dearabinosylated LWAG was 24-fold higher than that of β-1,3-galactan. BLLJ_1840 is a novel type of exo-β-1,3-galactanase with a higher affinity for the β-1,6-substituted β-1,3-galactan than for nonsubstituted β-1,3-galactan. BLLJ_1840 has 27% to 28% identities with other characterized exo-β-1,3-galactanases from bacteria and fungi. The homologous genes are conserved in several strains of
B. longum
subsp.
longum
and
B. longum
subsp.
infantis
but not in other bifidobacteria. Transcriptional analysis revealed that BLLJ_1840 is intensively induced with BLLJ_1841, an endo-β-1,6-galactanase candidate, in the presence of LWAG. This is the first report of exo-β-1,3-galactanase in bifidobacteria, which is an enzyme used for the acquisition of AG-II in
B. longum
subsp.
longum
.