bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choosing Your PhD Topic (and Why It Is Important)
Authors: Jensen Paul H. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this article, I outline the reasons why the choice of PhD research topic has important and persistent effects on an economist's career. Although the issues raised in this article are most acute for those wishing to pursue a career in academia, there are also implications for those working outside academia. While there are many factors that determine whether an economist has a successful career, I argue that the choice of PhD topic is an issue, which deserves more attention. Although primarily targeted at PhD students, the issues raised here resonate throughout an economist's career.
Australian Productivity Growth: Trends and Determinants
Authors: Connolly Ellis , Gustafsson Linus 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAustralian productivity growth has slowed since the mid‐2000s, particularly compared with the period of strong growth in the late 1990s. This has partly been a global phenomenon. In commodity‐exporting economies, rapid capital stock growth has coincided with declining growth of multifactor productivity. While productivity growth in Australia has been particularly weak in the mining and utilities industries, productivity growth has slowed in other industries. A number of potential explanations for the slowdown is considered. The article concludes with a discussion of trends in the terms of trade and the exchange rate and the implications of these for productivity growth.
Touching moments: phenomenological sociology and the haptic dimension in the lived experience of motor neurone disease
Authors: Allen‐Collinson Jacquelyn , Pavey Amanda 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCurrently, there is a relative research lacuna in phenomenological research into the lived experience of motor neurone disease. Based on a sociological research project in theUK, involving 42 participants diagnosed withMND, this article explores the potential of a phenomenological sociology for analysing experiences of this drastically life‐limiting neurological disorder. Calls have been made for sociological researchers to analyse more fully and deeply the sensory dimension of the lived body, and this article also contributes to this newly developing body of literature. While the social sciences have been accused of a high degree of ocularcentrism, here we take forward the literature by specifically focusing upon the haptic dimension, given that touch – and particularly the loss of key elements of the haptic dimension– emerged as salient inMNDpatients' accounts. To illustrate the potential of our phenomenologically inspired theoretical perspective, we consider two specific haptic themes: (i) being out of touch: the loss of certain forms of touch withinMNDand (ii) unwelcome touch by medical staff.
Bubble Diagrams in Trade Theory
Authors: Jones Ronald W. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract‘Bubble’ diagrams are quite useful in revealing some of the properties found in the competitive models of international trade. These diagrams use circles (bubbles) to indicate commodity outputs and connecting lines to indicate factor inputs. Models such as the 2 × 2 and n × n Heckscher–Ohlin models as well as the 3 × 2 (and extensions) specific factors model are discussed. For example, a model with some factor mobility between countries (say capital into a foreign enclave) is discussed for both model types. As well, close analogies are made to issues in labour economics in which both skilled and unskilled labour are used as inputs.
Availability and access in modern obstetric care: a retrospective population‐based study
Authors: Engjom HM , Morken N‐H , Norheim OF , Klungsøyr K 
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveTo assess the availability of obstetric institutions, the risk of unplanned delivery outside an institution and maternal morbidity in a national setting in which the number of institutions declined from 95 to 51 during 30 years.DesignRetrospective population‐based, three cohorts and two cross‐sectional analyses.SettingCensus data, Statistics Norway. The Medical Birth Registry of Norway from 1979 to 2009.PopulationWomen (15–49 years), 2000 (n = 1 050 269) and 2010 (n = 1 127 665). Women who delivered during the period 1979–2009 (n = 1 807 714).MethodsGeographic Information Systems software for travel zone calculations. Cross‐table and multiple logistic regression analysis of change over time and regional differences. World Health Organization Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (EmOC) indicators.Main outcome measuresProportion of women living outside the 1‐hour travel zone to obstetric institutions. Risk of unplanned delivery outside obstetric institutions. Maternal morbidity.ResultsThe proportion of women living outside the 1‐hour zone for all obstetric institutions increased from 7.9% to 8.8% from 2000 to 2010 (relative risk, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–1.12), and for emergency obstetric care from 11.0% to 12.1% (relative risk, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–1.11). The risk of unplanned delivery outside institutions increased from 0.4% in 1979–83 to 0.7% in 2004–09 (adjusted odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.9–2.2). Maternal morbidity increased from 1.7% in 2000 to 2.2% in 2009 (adjusted odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–1.5) and the regional differences increased.ConclusionsThe availability of and access to obstetric institutions was reduced and we did not observe the expected decrease in maternal morbidity following the centralisation.
Increased risk for bone loss in women with systemic sclerosis: a comparative study with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Kilic Gamze , Kilic Erkan , Akgul Ozgur , Ozgocmen Salih 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimTo assess bone mass in women with systemic sclerosis (SSc) in comparison to age and sex‐matched patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to evaluate factors influencing bone mineral density (BMD).MethodsPatients were consecutively recruited and assessed for BMD at the lumbar spine and hip by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) using a densitometer. In SSc, the extent of skin involvement, modified Rodnan skin thickness score (mRSS) and Medsger disease severity index were assessed.ResultsForty‐three patients with SSc and 38 age‐matched patients with RA were included. There was no difference in BMD measurements between patients with diffuse or limited SSc. Patients with SSc had similar risk factors associated with osteoporosis (OP) or low bone mass except for low body mass index (BMI) and low vitamin D levels compared to patients with RA. Lumbar spinal BMD and T score were similar between groups. Total hip and femoral neck BMD and T score at femoral neck and total hip were significantly lower in patient with SSc versus RA. There was significant association between mRSS, Medsger severity score (peripheral vascular involvement and skin) and femoral BMD.ConclusionThere is an increased risk for bone loss in patients with SSc and the risk of OP is associated with disease severity, prolonged menopause and disease duration. The complex pathophysiology of bone metabolism as well as complex pathogenesis of the SSc pose some difficulty reaching clear‐cut conclusions on the causal relationship between SSc and bone loss.
Effects of landscape, demographic and behavioral factors on kin structure: testing ecological predictions in a mesopredator with high dispersal capability
Authors: Dharmarajan G. , Beasley J. C. , Fike J. A. , Rhodes O. E. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractKin structure, the spatial aggregation of related individuals, impacts many processes important to conservation (e.g. inbreeding), and patterns of kin structure could be impacted by human‐mediated habitat fragmentation and loss. While kin structure is expected to increase with habitat fragmentation (reduced connectivity), the effects of habitat loss (reduced resource availability) remain unclear. Disentangling the effects of habitat fragmentation and loss is challenging because they usually are spatially correlated, and because most species are negatively affected by both processes. Raccoons Procyon lotor is a model species to test how habitat loss affects kin structure because, although relatively unaffected by habitat fragmentation (because of high dispersal ability), they are negatively affected by habitat loss (forest‐related resources being important for female reproductive success). To elucidate the causes and consequences of kin structure in raccoons, we utilized genetic and demographic data collected from 998 individuals trapped from 27 spatially distinct habitat patches (local populations) situated in an agricultural ecosystem. Our results highlight an important, but often ignored fact: structural connectivity does not necessarily predict functional dispersal patterns in natural populations. Thus, in raccoons, local populations with low kin structure were associated with high landscape disturbance (i.e. high levels of habitat loss and low connectivity), and were characterized by demographic instability (i.e. high immigration, emigration and/or mortality). Alternatively, local populations exhibiting high kin structure were associated with low landscape disturbance and high demographic stability (i.e. high natality and philopatry). We propose that such increased philopatry in resource‐rich patches could lead to a functional isolation (‘isolation by resource’) exacerbating the negative effects of landscape modification because of isolation by distance and/or resistance, especially in species with low dispersal capability. Our results also indicate that high levels of genetic diversity may be associated with low (rather than high) patch quality because populations in such patches could be composed predominantly of (unrelated) immigrants.
Isotretinoin and mental health in adolescents: Australian consensus
Authors: Rowe Casey , Spelman Lynda , Oziemski Margaret , Ryan Alexander , Manoharan Shobhan , Wilson Perry , Daubney Michael , Scott James 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAcne is a common condition among adolescents and has the potential to negatively impact on the psychological well‐being of those who suffer from it. In particular, depression and suicidal ideation are more common in adolescents with acne. Successful treatment of acne can improve the quality of life and reduce levels of anxiety and depression in these individuals. The current treatment of choice for severe or refractive acne is isotretinoin, a retinoid. While the possible causal association between isotretinoin and mental illness remains a controversial topic, a recent systematic review has presented evidence to support this relationship. In light of this evidence, a group of dermatologists and psychiatrists have collaborated to develop these recommendations to aid the safe prescribing of isotretinoin in adolescents. These clinical suggestions are aimed at practitioners in both disciplines to increase awareness of the current evidence in support of the association between isotretinoin and adolescent depression.
Preterm dietary study: meal frequency, regurgitation and the surprisingly high use of laxatives among formula‐fed infants following discharge
Authors: Zachariassen G , Fenger‐Gron J 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimTo describe eating habits and possible feeding intolerance among preterm infants based on type of nutrition.MethodsThe parents of infants born below 32 weeks filled in questionnaires, before and after discharge, about type of nutrition, number of meals, regurgitation, number of stools and laxative use.ResultsA total of 769 questionnaires based on 286 very preterm infants were completed, and 753 were included. At 40 weeks of corrected age, infants fed both fortified and unfortified human milk received more daily meals (mean 7.37 and 7.57) than preterm formula‐fed infants (mean 6.79) (p < 0.05). Fortification of human milk did not seem to increase the incidence of regurgitation. Between 38.7 and 42.9% of the preterm infants were treated with laxatives from discharge to 6 months of corrected age. Infants fed preterm formula prior to discharge, at term, at 2 and 4 months of corrected age received laxatives more often than infants fed human milk, with odds ratios of 13.7, 137.5, 49.7 and 40.5, respectively (p ≤ 0.001).ConclusionConstipation seems to be frequent among very preterm infants. Laxative use averaged 40% across all the different feeding groups and was as high as 70–85% in formula‐fed preterm infants over the course of the study.
Serious periventricular white matter injury has a significant effect on the voiding pattern of preterm infants
Authors: Wang Ya Lun , Wen Jian Guo , Xing Lu , Zhang Qian , Zhang Yan Sha , Xu Yu Ming 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effect of serious periventricular white matter injury (PWMI) on the voiding patterns of preterm infants.MethodsFree voiding was continuously observed for eight hours in 19 preterm infants with serious PWMI and 16 infants without PWMI. The infants had a gestational age of 32–35 weeks and a postnatal age of 9–15 days. Voiding frequency, voided volume, postvoid residual volume, empty voiding, awake voiding and interrupted voiding were recorded and compared between the two groups of infants.ResultsThe voiding frequency ((5.1 ± 1.0) vs. (7.0 ± 1.1)), awake voiding percentage ((23 ± 11)% vs. (42 ± 7)%) and empty voiding percentage (lower quartile = 16% vs. 28%, median = 20% vs. 33%, upper quartile = 28% vs. 40%) were significantly lower, while the voided volume ((19.9 ± 6.6) mL vs.(15.9 ± 5.3) mL)and postvoid residual volume (lower quartile = 1 mL. vs. 0 mL., median = 3 mL. vs. 2 mL., upper quartile = 3 mL. vs. 2 mL.) were significantly higher in the injured preterm infants, compared with the healthy infants (p < 0.05).ConclusionSerious PWMI has a significant effect on the voiding pattern of preterm infants, and the senior nerve centre plays a role in the voiding reflex of preterm infants.
When More Is Less: Contradictions of Nonprofit Work
Authors: Wright Rachel 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis study uses an employee‐centric approach to investigate working conditions in nonprofit social service organizations inMemphis,Tennessee. Many entities exert control over the nonprofit labor process, muddling decision making and contributing to the overall opacity of governance. Oftentimes, nonprofits' structures appoint executive directors as the gatekeeper between employees and boards of directors, complicating paths to expressing grievances. Nonprofits' reliance on external funding to operate also imbues funders with enormous influence over daily operations. In turn, many granting agencies impose fiscal accountability systems that force nonprofits to quantify the qualitative work that they do. This relationship pits categories of employees against one another: high‐ranking “administrative” staff must track and report program information to funders; “programming” staff are responsible for implementing these systems. This dynamic widens the communication gap between the former, who are removed from direct contact with the clients and are low ranking, and the latter, who are responsible for and possess the greatest knowledge of front‐line service delivery. Furthermore, programming employees and clients often forge deep caring relationships, which collapse their options for self‐advocacy. Yet individual employees, especially at lower levels, strive daily to provide high‐quality care and bring about social change within the confines of a hierarchical and increasingly corporatized structure. In addition to these structural conditions, the nonprofit labor process co‐opts broader ideologies about gender and race that reinforce this hierarchy of power, pay, and prestige. By privileging the perspectives of employees at all levels, this study shows that program outcomes are linked to donor satisfaction rather than to client satisfaction, suggesting that nonprofits have many “uses” besides their stated missions and that striving to meet the “needs” of outside groups often comes at the cost of service delivery to clients and employee satisfaction.
A systematic review of hospitalization resulting from medicine‐related problems in adult patients
Authors: Al Hamid Abdullah , Ghaleb Maisoon , Aljadhey Hisham , Aslanpour Zoe 
Published: November 2013

AimsMedicine‐related problems (MRPs) represent a major issue leading to hospitalization, especially in adult and elderly patients. The aims of this review are to investigate the prevalence, causes and major risk factors for MRPs leading to hospitalization in adult patients and to identify the main medicine classes involved.MethodsStudies were identified through electronic searches of Medline, Embase, Scopus and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts between January 2000 and May 2013. A systematic review was conducted of both retrospective and prospective studies. Studies included were those involving hospitalization resulting from MRPs in adults (≥18 years old), whereas studies excluded were those investigating drug misuse and abuse and studies investigating MRPs in hospitalized patients. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.ResultsForty‐five studies were identified, including 21 that investigated hospitalization resulting from adverse drug reactions, six studies that investigated hospitalization due to adverse drug events and 18 studies that investigated hospitalization due to MRPs. The median prevalence rates of hospitalization resulting from adverse drug reactions, adverse drug events and MRPs were 7% (interquartile range, 2.4–14.9%), 4.6% (interquartile range, 2.85–16.6%) and 12.1% (interquartile range, 6.43–22.2%), respectively. The major causes contributing to MRPs were adverse drug reactions and noncompliance. In addition, the major risk factors associated with MRPs were old age, polypharmacy and comorbidities. Moreover, the main classes of medicines implicated were medicines used to treat cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.ConclusionsHospitalization due to MRPs had a high prevalence, in the range of 4.6–12.1%. Most MRPs encountered were prevalent among adult patients taking medicines for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.
Transient receptor potential ion channels in primary sensory neurons as targets for novel analgesics
Authors: Sousa‐Valente J , Andreou A P , Urban L , Nagy I 
Published: November 2013

The last decade has witnessed an explosion in novel findings relating to the molecules involved in mediating the sensation of pain in humans. Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels emerged as the greatest group of molecules involved in the transduction of various physical stimuli into neuronal signals in primary sensory neurons, as well as, in the development of pain. Here, we review the role of TRP ion channels in primary sensory neurons in the development of pain associated with peripheral pathologies and possible strategies to translate preclinical data into the development of effective new analgesics. Based on available evidence, we argue that nociception‐related TRP channels on primary sensory neurons provide highly valuable targets for the development of novel analgesics and that, in order to reduce possible undesirable side effects, novel analgesics should prevent the translocation from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane and the sensitization of the channels rather than blocking the channel pore or binding sites for exogenous or endogenous activators.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on the pharmacology of TRP channels. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐10
Properties of human brain sodium channel α‐subunits expressed in HEK293 cells and their modulation by carbamazepine, phenytoin and lamotrigine
Authors: Qiao Xin , Sun Guangchun , Clare Jeffrey J , Werkman Taco R , Wadman Wytse J 
Published: November 2013

Background and purposeVoltage‐activated Na+ channels contain one distinct α‐subunit. In the brain NaV1.1, NaV1.2, NaV1.3 and NaV1.6 are the four most abundantly expressed α‐subunits. The antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) carbamazepine, phenytoin and lamotrigine have voltage‐gated Na+ channels as their primary therapeutic targets. This study provides a systematic comparison of the biophysical properties of these four α‐subunits and characterizes their interaction with carbamazepine, phenytoin and lamotrigine.Experimental approachNa+ currents were recorded in voltage‐clamp mode in HEK293 cells stably expressing one of the four α‐subunits.Key resultsNaV1.2 and NaV1.3 subunits have a relatively slow recovery from inactivation, compared with the other subunits and NaV1.1 subunits generate the largest window current. Lamotrigine evokes a larger maximal shift of the steady‐state inactivation relationship than carbamazepine or phenytoin. Carbamazepine shows the highest binding rate to the α‐subunits. Lamotrigine binding to NaV1.1 subunits is faster than to the other α‐subunits. Lamotrigine unbinding from the α‐subunits is slower than that of carbamazepine and phenytoin.Conclusions and implicationsThe four Na+ channel α‐subunits show subtle differences in their biophysical properties, which, in combination with their (sub)cellular expression patterns in the brain, could contribute to differences in neuronal excitability. We also observed differences in the parameters that characterize AED binding to the Na+ channel subunits. Particularly, lamotrigine binding to the four α‐subunits suggests a subunit‐specific response. Such differences will have consequences for the clinical efficacy of AEDs. Knowledge of the biophysical and binding parameters could be employed to optimize therapeutic strategies and drug development.
Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis in Asians and Caucasians: environmental and genetic aspects
Authors: Niino Masaaki , Miyazaki Yusei , Fukazawa Toshiyuki , Kikuchi Seiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSeveral genetic and environmental factors are thought to be associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), the influence of which can differ between ethnicities. One of the most important risk factors for MS is low serum levels of vitamin D, and these levels also differ between ethnicities, probably mainly because of differences in skin pigmentation. Furthermore, genetic influences in vitamin D‐related genes might also vary between ethnicities, reflecting different genetic backgrounds. The present review article discusses the association between vitamin D and MS, with a focus on Asians and Caucasians.