bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scaling of Injury To Reef Flat Habitats Resulting From Removal Actions of Grounded Vessels in Pago Pago, American Samoa
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Zengel Scott , Cotsapas Linos , Dahlin Jeffrey , Hoff James 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1999, the U.S. Coast Guard developed an Incident Action Plan (IAP) to remove oil and hazardous materials from nine foreign-owned tuna longliner vessels grounded on the reef flat within Pago Pago Harbor, American Samoa. This plan involved the construction of rock and trestle causeways and rock working platforms to access the clusters of vessels, and partial removal of the vessels to access the oil and hazardous materials onboard. A natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) study was conducted to quantify the injuries associated with the response action and scale emergency restoration alternatives. A rapid field assessment program was implemented to characterize the benthic habitats around the grounded vessels and in the footprints of the proposed rock and trestle causeways and working platforms. Likely impacts to the dominant habitat types (coral, algal turf, and Halimeda/algal turf communities) from the proposed response actions were: (1) crushing and mortality in areas of fill deposition; (2) partial crushing in spillage zones around fill areas; (3) damages to the reef flat rock platform and framework due to collapse and fracturing; (4) physical injury from remobilization of residual materials remaining on the flat after fill removal; (5) water quality impacts from increased suspended sediment levels during fill placement, use, and removal; and (6) shading impacts to biota under trestles. These injuries were quantified in terms of the dimensions and degree of mortality and/or reduced function for different impacts. Habitat recovery rates for physical crushing and shading were developed, as well. Emergency restoration options were identified and scaled in terms of habitat credits, with one of the preferred options being complete removal of the vessel hulls followed by reef stabilization.
Industry and Government Roles in Addressing Historic Properties in Oil Spill Response: Lessons Learned From A Recent Exercise and Incidents
Authors: Toriello Tina M. , Thorman Jan , Bergmann Pamela , Waldbauer Richard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on industry and government roles for addressing historic properties during oil spill response. In 1997, the National Response Team (NRT) developed a Programmatic Agreement on Protection of Historic Properties during Emergency Response under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (PA) (National Response Team, 1997). At the 1999 International Oil Spill Conference (IOSC), U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) representatives discussed the development and implementation of the PA, which is intended to ensure that historic properties are appropriately taken into account during the planning for and conducting of emergency response to oil spills and hazardous substance releases. Following the 1999 IOSC, DOI and Chevron representatives began a dialog regarding industry and government roles under the PA. Chevron invited the DOI representatives to participate in an October 1999 large-scale, industry-led spill exercise; a precedent-setting drill that included historic properties protection as a key objective. This 2001 paper focuses on how industry and government have worked together to protect historic properties, government roles in PA implementation, and lessons learned.
As an example of what industry can do to support the protection of historic properties during planning and response activities, this paper describes Chevron's Historic Properties Program, a program managed under its emergency spill response environmental functional team (EFT). A discussion of lessons learned focuses on the need for clear definition of industry and government roles, and the benefits of building a foundation of cooperation between industry and government to protect historic properties. Of particular importance is the inclusion of historic properties in all aspects of oil spill preparedness and response, including planning, drills, training, and response organization structure and staffing. Experience from incident response in Alaska has shown that the PA assists Federal On-Scene Coordinators (FOSCs) and responsible parties, while also protecting historic properties, when the FOSC is prepared to implement the PA promptly and effectively.
Meeting the Challenge of Deepwater Spill Response
Authors: LaBelle Robert P. , Lane James S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Close to 25% of all oil and gas produced in the United States comes from offshore production. A new era for the Gulf of Mexico has begun with intense industry interest in deepwater (&gt; 300 m) areas. Production from deepwater now represents about 46% of all U.S. offshore oil and 17% of U.S. offshore gas. Spill response plans and capabilities must be upgraded to meet the challenges of this new remote activity. This paper outlines a joint research effort underway between government and industry to address needed research on deep spill plume and trajectory behavior and surveillance. Major topics discussed include the application of results from a June 2000 deepwater experimental release of oil and gas offshore Norway, findings from several laboratory studies on plume characterization, and an upgraded numerical model for deep spill trajectories. There is much interest from the offshore industry as to how these research findings will be incorporated into federal review of oil spill response plans for deepwater projects.
Saudi Aramco Oil Spill Approach, Prevention, and Readiness
Authors: Zayer Mohammed H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oceans are a major source of food, livelihood, recreation, trade, and, in the case of many desert or semi-desert countries, a source of fresh water. In addition oceans serve as the primary carriers of another precious resource, petroleum.
Saudi Aramco's environmental policy is to ensure that its operations do not create undue risk to the environment or public health. It also states that the company will conduct its operation with full concern for the protection of land, air, and water from harmful pollution. To carry out this policy, the company has taken several important precautionary and preparatory measures to ensure minimization of pollution from its operation at the various sectors. Saudi Aramco has adopted the age-old maxim that an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure. Since oil is a major potential source of marine pollution, the company has started with minimizing the accidental introduction of oil into the marine environment.
Erika Oil Pumping: Successful Application of Oil Project Methodology
Authors: Bocquillon Gérard , Bouquier Laurent , Guyonnet Pierre 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In December 1999, the tanker Erika, with a cargo of heavy fuel oil, broke in two and sank off the French coast. The oil spill resulted in widespread pollution and caused public outrage. Assessments indicated that both sections of the wreck still contained sizeable amounts of oil. The risk of subsequent pollution required that the remaining cargo be neutralized quickly.
TotalFinaElf volunteered to make its offshore expertise available to the French authorities and to finance the operation. Major challenges involved were the sea conditions, the state of the wreck, the viscosity of the fuel oil, and the time schedule. The project team set the objective of completing the operation by the end of the summer.
In neutralizing the cargo, the project team applied the same sequence of studies as for any industrial project. Technical options were evaluated with respect to various criteria, and the pumping option was chosen. Process engineering went through the same phases as complex reservoir engineering—a mathematical simulator was calibrated using experiments and a pilot unit was built. When engineering studies were sufficiently advanced, contractors were asked to tender.
An impressive fleet of vessels was mobilized, and the project was a complete success. The deadline was met, with the cargo being pumped out at an unprecedented rate thanks to the availability of adequate resources and the implementation of oil project management methodology.
The Erika Oil Spill: The Bird Rescue Response
Authors: Lamy André , Jacques Jean Pierre , Le Dréan-Quénec'hdu Sophie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On December 12, 1999, the 30,000-ton tanker Erika broke apart 100 km off the coast of Brittany, one of Europe's most pristine natural environments. France immediately launched a prepared countermeasure, the Polmar plan, designed to minimize the impact of the disaster on the sea and shore. In spite of the relatively small amount of fuel released, the location of the spill in high seas and the bad weather conditions caused the pollution to spread widely along the coastline over a number of weeks. Wildlife centers were mobilized to handle the anticipated load of 1,000 oiled birds. In the end, more than 15,000 birds were captured alive. The sea birds impacted were mainly guillemots and, to a lesser extent, scoters and gannets. TotalFinaElf helped the triage centers by providing finances, medical material, water-heating facilities, and several automated bird-washing devices with specialized detergent. The group funds the medical studies undertaken on the oiled birds in the triage center of the National Veterinary School (ENV) of Nantes. It also works in partnership with the French National Bird Rescue Association to improve the emergency response plan by defining their needs in terms of equipment and to provide a consensual “oiled-bird caring protocol” manual.
This report will both assess the existing response program by detailing the chronological implementation of the emergency plan for the oiled birds and present the first results of the medical studies undertaken. It will detail the types of birds impacted, the methods by which they were cured and cleaned, an analysis of their condition, the efforts made to improve the treatments, and, most importantly, the medical questions raised by such a situation.
WILDLIFE CAPTURE AND STABILIZATION TRAINING
Authors: Hillman Sharon O. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company (“Alyeska”) facilitates a 2-day wildlife capture and stabilization course for fishing vessel personnel and staff who may be assisting during an oil spill The course involves hands-on training for participants who would be likely to capture or care for birds and small mammals in such a response. The course provides an understanding of: Alyeska's wildlife response program, field operations, and summary of wildlife anatomy and physiology as it relates to the capture and stabilization program; internal and external effects of oil on birds and mammals (especially sea otters); and basic concepts of wild bird and small mammal capture, care, and stabilization techniques.
SITE INFORMATION AND SPILL RESPONSE STRATEGY (SISRS) AND THE SISRS DATABASE: CALIFORNIA'S APPROACH TO MARINE OIL SPILL PROTECTION PLANNING AND RESPONSE FOR SENSITIVE SITES1
Authors: Jochums Carl , Ung Spencer 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The California Department of Fish and Game (DFG) has developed a database of sensitive site information and oil spill protection strategies as a part of the California coastal contingency planning. The Site Information and Spill Response Strategy (SISRS) approach was developed to enable involvement and ownership of Port Area Contingency Plan (ACP) strategies among stakeholders, as well as provide consistency in site documentation and strategy development for the widely variable habitats of the long California coast. Through site visits and tabletop discussions, the Area Committee uses this approach to incorporate the input of state and federal trustees, contingency planners, and stakeholders (industry, spill response co-ops and contractors, environmentalists, other agencies) to form a consensus on the appropriate site protection strategies and response resources. This information is stored in the SISRS database.
The SISRS database has important benefits. It generates uniform Site Summary and Site Strategy pages across the six ACPs of California. Through the Internet, the database maximizes the opportunity to use the ACP as both a planning tool and a response tool. As a planning tool, the ACP and the generative database, maintained by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), is the relatively rigid benchmark for the contingency planning for regulated facilities and vessels under state and federal laws, and is a ready digital information source. As a response tool, DFG maintains the SISRS database (on its Web site), which includes strategy revisions as often as the Area Committee approves revisions and updates. This database is used to expedite the spill response and produce Incident Command System (ICS) response documents with the most current information. The response version is a ready source of information for third-party software products for spill response management, such as response forms and resource ordering and management documents.
THE GRAPHICAL RESOURCE DATABASE: FOUNDATION FOR GEOGRAPHIC RESPONSE PLANS
Authors: Hankins Paul F. , Wilson Douglas A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Geographic Response Strategies (GRSs) proliferating in the Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island, Alaska area are relying increasingly on the Graphical Resource Database (GRD) sensitive resources maps. GRD allows response planners to select GRS sites from thousands of miles of remote, highly sensitive shoreline.
GRD consists of a stand-alone Geographic Information System (GIS) containing maps, photos, and thousands of records contributed by 15 state and federal agencies and two citizens' regional councils. GRD addresses the Southcentral Alaska coastline centered on Prince William Sound and stretching 800 kilometers from the Copper River to Kodiak Island. Alyeska Pipeline Service Company in Valdez maintains the database as a GIS. Alyeska distributes annual updates on 500-megabyte CD-ROMs to more than 40 public and industry response-planning groups.
FUNDING OF OIL SPILL SCIENCE IN LOUISIANA: 50 PROJECTS AND STILL COUNTING
Authors: Davis Donald W. , Dubusschere Karolien 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Immediately following the Exxon Valdez incident, Alaska, California, Texas, and Louisiana law makers enacted complementary legislation to the federal Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Among other things, the Louisiana legislation provides $530,000 annually, through the Louisiana Applied and Educational Oil Spill Research and Development Program (OSRADP), to underwrite oil spill research. Although in some areas interest in oil spill research may be waning, this is not the case in Louisiana. In fact, the program may be getting stronger. Since the fall of 1993, the OSRADP has awarded 83 grants in support of 50 projects (some are 2- year projects); the average award has been $46,925. This paper briefly summarizes projected completed as of May 1999.
Through the coordination and cooperation of industry, government, and university community, OSRADP's research mission has promoted scientific endeavors based on a 1- or 2-year turnaround plan. This mission requires rigorous oversight and a dedicated research commitment. OSRADP's goals and objectives are designed to ensure all research projects are applied in nature and designed to take advantage of synergies. The program focuses on: (1) education, training, and public awareness; (2) remote sensing and mapping; (3) spill response, cleanup, and harmful ecological consequences; and (4) spills-of opportunity.
It is critical that the science developed with OSRADP support is incorporated into the oil industry's planning and response strategies with the approval and support of the various regulatory agencies. Investment in the research initiatives can only be justified when the regulatory community incorporates the research results/material in their oil spill cleanup protocols. Louisiana takes the position that planning and response can be enhanced by good science and supports this philosophy by annually underwriting up to 14 research projects.
THE THREAT OF OIL SPILLS FROM STORAGE TANKS AT END USER FACILITIES
Authors: Yoshioka Gary , Vitale Elisa 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oil pollution prevention program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) addresses a large regulated community—the owners and operators of several hundred thousand nontransportation-related facilities. Regulated oil facilities generally are thought of as refineries, terminals, production field tanks, fuel oil dealers, or gasoline service stations. Some studies of the nationwide petroleum storage capacity do not even consider tanks owned by petroleum consumers, while others recognize that end users constitute a significant part of the nation's oil storage. The storage capacity of fixed petroleum tankage in the tertiary segment (agricultural, commercial, electric utility, industrial, military/government, residential, and transportation sectors) is estimated to comprise more than 20 % of the total U.S. storage capacity. EPA estimates that more than one-half of the facilities required to prepare Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) plans are such end users.
The focus of oil pollution prevention, of course, is preventing spills. Several years ago, an American Petroleum Institute report on aboveground storage tank incidents stated that more than 25% of large petroleum releases in the United States were from tanks controlled by companies outside the petroleum industry. Recent data on large spills (10,000 gallons or more) show similar patterns. Of course, most nontransportation-related spills are from storage tanks or facilities in the petroleum industry (production wells, refineries, terminals, tank farms, and fuel oil dealers). More than 40%, however, are from electric utilities, manufacturing plants, military bases, airports, railroad yards, and other end user facilities. Smaller spills come from a variety of facility types. It is important for EPA and other groups to recognize the end user community and the threat of spills from end user facilities, and to begin to work with the owners and operators of end user facilities to educate them about EPA's oil pollution prevention regulation.
DISPERSION CHARACTERISTICS AND ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN THE UNLIKELY EVENT OF AN ORIMULSION® SPILL
Authors: Villoria C. Carlos M. , Masciangioli C. Pánfilo A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Orimulsion® is a natural bitumen in water emulsion (70% bitumen, 30% water), that is stabilized by a surfactant (less than 0.2%). Orimulsion® is a relatively new fuel that is currently used in several electric-generating stations worldwide. Acceptance and use of the fuel are expected to increase in the very near future. An important consideration in using Orimulsion® as a fuel is the environmental risk associated with the unlikely event of a spill during transportation and trans loading.
This paper shows the dispersion characteristics and the possible environmental impacts of Orimulsion® when this is eventually spilled at sea based on theoretical considerations, laboratory studies, open-sea spill tests, and analytical and numerical modeling.® The results indicate that in the unlikely event of an Orimulsion® spill, it will pose a very low risk of affectation to the biological species that may be in contact with the product. Because of the emulsified characteristics of the product, the dispersion of the bitumen droplets and the dilution of the surfactant will be relatively fast, reaching very low concentrations in the water column in a matter of hours.
The SIMAP model was used to simulate an instantaneous spill of 22,000 barrels of Orimulsion® in a general place without currents and very low turbulence level to evaluate the development of the bitumen droplets cloud. The purpose is to follow the maximum bitumen concentration in order to be compared with the results of different toxicity tests reported in the literature, which represents the worst case scenario for organisms' impact. The results show that all the toxicity values remain relatively far above the maximum bitumen concentration curve. Therefore, if for the worst case scenario the possible environmental impacts of a 22,000-barrel Orimulsion® spills are very low, for normal sea conditions and a smaller spill size, it is expected that the maximum concentration curve will separate even more from the LC50 values, which imply a much lower impact on the marine organisms.
A COLD-WEATHER SPECIES' RESPONSE TO CHEMICALLY DISPERSED FRESH AND WEATHERED ALASKA NORTH SLOPE CRUDE OIL
Authors: Rhoton Sara L. , Perkins Robert A. , Behr-Andres Christina , Braddock Joan F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) joined the Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Effects Research Forum (CROSERF) in 1997. In 1998 and 1999, UAF tested the toxicity of: (1) an oil dispersant, COREXIT®9500; (2) the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude oil as well as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-standard, Prudhoe Bay crude oil (EPA); and (3) the chemically-enhanced water-accommodated fraction (CE-WAF) of ANS as well as EPA. Tests also were performed with ANS samples that had been artificially weathered to remove most of the volatile components (weathered ANS). Species tested were a juvenile mysid, Mysidopsis bahia, and the larvae of an estuarine fish, Menidia beryllina. Parallel testing with bacteria using the Microtox® test was performed and results compared. Overall, UAF's procedures and results were consistent with that of other CROSERF labs. These procedures use 25 °C water.
In 1998 and 1999, UAF tested the larvae of a crab native to Alaska, the Tanner crab, Chionoecetes bairdi. The crab larvae were tested with COREXIT®9500, ANS, and weathered ANS. During gestation the gravid crabs were kept in fresh seawater at temperatures of 6 to 8°C, and larval testing also was done at those temperatures. The results of the fresh oil tests showed that, for both the WAF and CE-WAF, the crab larvae sensitivity was similar to that of M. beryllina during a spiked exposure, but the crab larvae proved to be more sensitive during a continuous exposure. For weathered ANS, the result was highly dependent on the analysis and reporting techniques. A heavy loading of weathered oil was required to produce a low concentration of WAF because of the relative insolubility of the weathered oil.