bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Por no caer en “captividat perpetua e vinamos a condicion d’esclavos”: la radicalización del movimiento unionista en 1348
Authors: Simón Ballesteros Santiago 
Published: January 2013

Durante el año 1348 el movimiento unionista, que había resurgido el año anterior en Aragón protestando contra la política autoritaria llevada adelante por la monarquía, se escindió en dos bloques. Uno de ellos, intentando no cortar sus vínculos con la Unión, se alió con Pedro IV defendiendo los intereses de éste en el reino, mientras que el otro, fiel a los principios que había jurado al renovar esa junta y ante el giro de los acontecimientos, radicalizó su postura. Así, a lo largo de ese año se sucedieron las confrontaciones y luchas entre ambos bloques, liderados a su vez por miembros destacados de los linajes más importantes del reino aragonés. En el presente artículo se va a analizar ese breve periodo de enfrentamiento entre ambos grupos, identificando a sus protagonistas, los discursos que desarrollaron para justificar su postura frente a la del contrario y las consecuencias que acarreó la derrota de la Unión y la represión que ejerció posteriormente el monarca.
Rebeldía, traición y lesa maiestas en Aragón durante la guerra de los Dos Pedros (1356-1366)
Authors: Lafuente Gómez Mario 
Published: January 2013

La emisión de acusaciones de rebeldía, traición y lesa maiestas se inscribe entre las estrategias empleadas por las monarquías de la Baja Edad Media para salvaguardar su soberanía, cohesionar a sus súbditos y favorecer la reproducción del orden social. Este artículo analiza la utilización de este recurso por parte de Pedro IV, rey de Aragón, en una fase particularmente delicada de su reinado, esto es, la guerra que lo enfrentó al rey de Castilla, Pedro I, entre 1356 y 1366. Para ello, a partir de fuentes procedentes de la Cancillería real y del Archivo Histórico de Protocolos notariales de Zaragoza, se exponen los casos, los momentos y las sanciones asociadas a cada una de las citadas acusaciones, desde las más comunes (el delito de rebeldía) hasta las más relevantes (los crímenes de traición y de lesa maiestas).
Por hacer paz y justicia: la traición como arma política durante el Interregno en el reino de Aragón (1410-1412)
Authors: De La Torre Gonzalo Sandra 
Published: January 2013

Este artículo se centra en la figura del traidor en el pensamiento político de la Baja Edad Media, personificado en el noble aragonés Antón de Luna, en el contexto del Interregno que siguió a la muerte de Martín I en 1410, sin heredero. El asesinato del arzobispo de Zaragoza a manos de Antón de Luna es el acontecimiento decisivo en el desarrollo de la crisis dinástica. Permite iniciar dos procesos judiciales por traición contra este noble, el principal partidario del candidato Jaime de Urgell, y permite también rodear a la figura de su rival, Fernando de Antequera, de un cierto valor moral y de la legitimidad pertinente. El análisis de este problema autoriza a efectuar algunas conclusiones sobre la construcción de esta legitimidad, con el uso de conceptos extraidos de la Antigüedad clásica, como la traición y el tiranicidio.
Pespectivas y planteamientos de una poética: reflexiones sobre poesía y ficción en el comentario a la Divina Comedia de Fernández de Villegas
Authors: Hamlin Cinthia M. 
Published: January 2013

En 1515 se difunde en Burgos la primera traducción impresa de la Divina Comedia, edición que contaba con una exhaustiva glosa rodeando cada copla en la que Pedro Fernández de Villegas traducía y amplificaba, a su vez, el “Comento sopra la Comedia” de Landino (1481). En el siguiente trabajo analizaremos las reflexiones sobre poesía y ficción presentes en el comentario, con el objetivo de ponerlas en relación, por un lado, con el Prólogo de Landino y, por otro, con algunas de las concepciones poéticas más importantes del Humanismo peninsular. Adelantamos a manera de conclusión que la particular situación enunciativa desde la que escribe el arcediano, a saber, su calidad de religioso y literato de corte, le confiere a su texto un valor indiscutible en cuanto exponente de las problemáticas culturales más apremiantes del período, en especial la tensión entre la Escolástica y el Humanismo, que su mismo texto, en sus posturas un tanto contradictorias, encarna. Sin embargo, su valor mayor radica en la vital importancia que presenta para la historia de las reflexiones literarias en la Península, pues al mismo tiempo que releva y reformula toda la serie de reflexiones poéticas y tópicos literarios que encuentra en su tradición, presenta actitudes que, a comienzos del siglo XVI, resultan novedosas.
Le Mexique central à travers le Codex Xolotl et Alva Ixtlilxochitl : entre l’espace préhispanique et l’écriture coloniale
Authors: Lesbre Patrick 
Published: January 2013

Les planches du Codex Xolotl constituent une référence majeure pour l’histoire préhispanique du Mexique central. On y trouve l’espace mis en glyphes au moyen de conventions pictographiques, mais aussi la représentation d’un espace suprarégional pouvant correspondre, éventuellement, à l’empire chichimèque. Les scribes indiens utilisent la distorsion de l’espace pour écrire l’histoire : l’espace peut être surdimensionné, rapproché ou dupliqué. Cet espace est mis en mots avec les gloses alphabétiques et les premiers chroniqueurs indiens ou métis. Alva Ixtlilxochitl se l’appropriera à sa façon. On y relève à la fois une précision géographique stupéfiante et une possible censure de certains espaces sacrés.
Le Pacifique vu du Pérou (1567-1606)
Authors: Bernand Carmen 
Published: January 2013

Les trois grandes expéditions dans l’Océan Pacifique entreprises par les Espagnols dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle à partir du Pérou, illustrent les modalités d’appréhension et d’écriture d’un espace immense, qui sera parcouru, répertorié et décrit, sans être pour autant maîtrisé. De la quête des îles fabuleuses du roi Salomon par Alvaro de Mendaña et Sarmiento de Gamboa, à la vision utopique et crépusculaire de Pedro de Quirós, l’exploration des archipels du « cinquième continent » se heurtera à la puissante logique des circuits d’échanges des insulaires dans laquelle les Européens ne pourront pas s’insérer.
Deficiency in Hematopoietic Phosphatase Ptpn6/Shp1 Hyperactivates the Innate Immune System and Impairs Control of Bacterial Infections in Zebrafish Embryos
Authors: Kanwal Zakia , Zakrzewska Anna , den Hertog Jeroen , Spaink Herman P. , Schaaf Marcel J. M. , Meijer Annemarie H. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Deficiency in Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1/protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 6 (SHP1/PTPN6) is linked with chronic inflammatory diseases and hematological malignancies in humans. In this study, we exploited the embryonic and larval stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model to study ptpn6 function in the sole context of innate immunity. We show that ptpn6 knockdown induces a spontaneous inflammation-associated phenotype at the late larval stage. Surprisingly, glucocorticoid treatment did not suppress inflammation under ptpn6 knockdown conditions but further enhanced leukocyte infiltration and proinflammatory gene expression. Experiments in a germ-free environment showed that the late larval phenotype was microbe independent. When ptpn6 knockdown embryos were challenged with Salmonella typhimurium or Mycobacterium marinum at earlier stages of development, the innate immune system was hyperactivated to a contraproductive level that impaired the control of these pathogenic bacteria. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways related to pathogen recognition and cytokine signaling were significantly enriched under these conditions, suggesting that ptpn6 functions as a negative regulator that imposes a tight control over the level of innate immune response activation during infection. In contrast to the hyperinduction of proinflammatory cytokine genes under ptpn6 knockdown conditions, anti-inflammatory il10 expression was not hyperinduced. These results support that ptpn6 has a crucial regulatory function in preventing host-detrimental effects of inflammation and is essential for a successful defense mechanism against invading microbes.
Genome-Wide Analyses of Amphioxus MicroRNAs Reveal an Immune Regulation via miR-92d Targeting C3
Authors: Yang Rirong , Zheng Tingting , Cai Xingsheng , Yu Yingcai , Yu Cuiling , Guo Lei , Huang Shengfeng , Zhu Wei , Zhu Ruimin , Yan Qingyu , Ren Zhenghua , Chen Shangwu , Xu Anlong 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Recently, amphioxus has served as a model for studying the origin and evolution of vertebrate immunity. However, little is known about how microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the immune defense in amphioxus. In this article, we present a systematic study of amphioxus miRNAs in the acute-phase response to bacterial infection; miR-92d was found to regulate the complement pathway in this basal chordate. We identified all 155 possible miRNAs present in the amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri genome by bioinformatics analyses, including 57 newly identified miRNAs (called bbe-miRNAs), and characterized the miRNA expression pattern. Four miRNAs (bbe-miR-7, bbe-miR-4868a, bbe-miR-2065, and bbe-miR-34b) were upregulated and bbe-miR-92d was downregulated under the challenge of both Vibrio anguillarum and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. We further predicted miRNA targets and identified mRNA targets of immune-related miRNA using the hybrid PCR method. We propose that miR-92d regulates the complement pathway through targeting C3 for controlling the acute immune response to bacterial infections. This study provides evidence for the complex immune regulation of miRNAs in the acute-phase response in basal chordates.
A Novel Role for IL-27 in Mediating the Survival of Activated Mouse CD4 T Lymphocytes
Authors: Kim Gisen , Shinnakasu Ryo , Saris Christiaan J. M. , Cheroutre Hilde , Kronenberg Mitchell 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
IL-27, an IL-12 family cytokine, has pleiotropic functions in the differentiation and expansion of CD4+ T cell subsets. In this study, we discovered a novel function of IL-27. CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells from mice deficient for the α-chain of IL-27 receptor failed to induce colitis in Rag−/− recipients, because of an inability of activated donor cells to survive. Interestingly, IL-27 was indispensable for the prevention of colitis by regulatory T cells, also because of a defect in long-term cell survival. IL-27 affected the survival of activated T lymphocytes, rather than promoting cell proliferation, by inhibiting Fas-mediated activation-induced T cell death, acting through the STAT3 signaling pathway. The addition of IL-27 during activation resulted in an increased cell number, which was correlated with decreased activation of both caspases 3 and 8. This prosurvival effect was attributed to downregulation of FasL and to the induction of the antiapoptotic protein cFLIP. Although activation induced cell death is an important mechanism for the maintenance of immunological homeostasis, protection of lymphocytes from excessive cell death is essential for effective immunity. Our data indicate that IL-27 has a crucial role in the inhibition of activation-induced cell death, thereby permitting Ag-driven T cell expansion.
Suppression of Inflammatory Responses during Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein–Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Is Regulated by AKT3 Signaling
Authors: Tsiperson Vladislav , Gruber Ross C. , Goldberg Michael F. , Jordan Ayana , Weinger Jason G. , Macian Fernando , Shafit-Zagardo Bridget 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
AKT3, a member of the serine/threonine kinase AKT family, is involved in a variety of biologic processes. AKT3 is expressed in immune cells and is the major AKT isoform in the CNS representing 30% of the total AKT expressed in spinal cord, and 50% in the brain. Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein–induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model in which lymphocytes and monocytes enter the CNS, resulting in inflammation, demyelination, and axonal injury. We hypothesized that during EAE, deletion of AKT3 would negatively affect the CNS of AKT3−/− mice, making them more susceptible to CNS damage. During acute EAE, AKT3−/−mice were more severely affected than wild type (WT) mice. Evaluation of spinal cords showed that during acute and chronic disease, AKT3−/− spinal cords had more demyelination compared with WT spinal cords. Quantitative RT-PCR determined higher levels of IL-2, IL-17, and IFN-γ mRNA in spinal cords from AKT3−/− mice than WT. Experiments using bone marrow chimeras demonstrated that AKT3−/− mice receiving AKT3-deficient bone marrow cells had elevated clinical scores relative to control WT mice reconstituted with WT cells, indicating that altered function of both CNS cells and bone marrow–derived immune cells contributed to the phenotype. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreased numbers of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the spinal cord of AKT3−/− mice compared with WT mice, whereas in vitro suppression assays showed that AKT3-deficient Th cells were less susceptible to regulatory T cell–mediated suppression than their WT counterparts. These results indicate that AKT3 signaling contributes to the protection of mice against EAE.
Nonredundant Roles of Src-Family Kinases and Syk in the Initiation of B-Cell Antigen Receptor Signaling
Authors: Stepanek Ondrej , Draber Peter , Drobek Ales , Horejsi Vaclav , Brdicka Tomas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhen a BCR on a mature B cell is engaged by its ligand, the cell becomes activated, and the Ab-mediated immune response can be triggered. The initiation of BCR signaling is orchestrated by kinases of the Src and Syk families. However, the proximal BCR-induced phosphorylation remains incompletely understood. According to a model of sequential activation of kinases, Syk acts downstream of Src family kinases (SFKs). In addition, signaling independent of SFKs and initiated by Syk has been proposed. Both hypotheses lack sufficient evidence from relevant B cell models, mainly because of the redundancy of Src family members and the importance of BCR signaling for B cell development. We addressed this issue by analyzing controlled BCR triggering ex vivo on primary murine B cells and on murine and chicken B cell lines. Chemical and Csk-based genetic inhibitor treatments revealed that SFKs are required for signal initiation and Syk activation. In addition, ligand and anti-BCR Ab–induced signaling differ in their sensitivity to the inhibition of SFKs.
Studies of Lymphocyte Reconstitution in a Humanized Mouse Model Reveal a Requirement of T Cells for Human B Cell Maturation
Authors: Lang Julie , Kelly Margot , Freed Brian M. , McCarter Martin D. , Kedl Ross M. , Torres Raul M. , Pelanda Roberta 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The hematopoietic humanized mouse (hu-mouse) model is a powerful resource to study and manipulate the human immune system. However, a major and recurrent issue with this model has been the poor maturation of B cells that fail to progress beyond the transitional B cell stage. Of interest, a similar problem has been reported in transplant patients who receive cord blood stem cells. In this study, we characterize the development of human B and T cells in the lymph nodes (LNs) and spleen of BALB/c-Rag2nullIl2rγnull hu-mice. We find a dominant population of immature B cells in the blood and spleen early, followed by a population of human T cells, coincident with the detection of LNs. Notably, in older mice we observe a major population of mature B cells in LNs and in the spleens of mice with higher T cell frequencies. Moreover, we demonstrate that T cells are necessary for B cell maturation, as introduction of autologous human T cells expedites the appearance of mature B cells, whereas in vivo depletion of T cells retards B cell maturation. The presence of the mature B cell population correlates with enhanced IgG and Ag-specific responses to both T cell–dependent and T cell–independent challenges, indicating their functionality. These findings enhance our understanding of human B cell development, provide increased details of the reconstitution dynamics of hu-mice, and validate the use of this animal model to study mechanisms and treatments for the similar delay of functional B cells associated with cord blood transplantations.
Requirement of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration after Acute Damage
Authors: Rigamonti Elena , Touvier Thierry , Clementi Emilio , Manfredi Angelo A. , Brunelli Silvia , Rovere-Querini Patrizia 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle regeneration results from activation, proliferation, and fusion of muscle stem cells, such as myogenic precursor cells. Macrophages are consistently present in regenerating skeletal muscles and participate into the repair process. The signals involved in the cross-talk between various macrophage populations and myogenic precursor cells have been only partially identified. In this study, we show a key role of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), expressed by classically activated macrophages in the healing of skeletal muscle. We found that, after sterile injury, iNOS expression is required for effective regeneration of the tissue, as myogenic precursor cells in the muscle of injured iNOS−/− mice fail to proliferate and differentiate. We also found that iNOS modulates inflammatory cell recruitment: damaged muscles of iNOS−/− animals express significantly higher levels of chemokines such as MIP2, MCP1, MIP-1α, and MCP1, and display more infiltrating neutrophils after injury and a persistence of macrophages at later time points. Finally, we found that iNOS expression in the injured muscle is restricted to infiltrating macrophages. To our knowledge, these data thus provide the first evidence that iNOS expression by infiltrating macrophages contributes to muscle regeneration, revealing a novel mechanism of inflammation-dependent muscle healing.
Comparative Evaluation of the Fracture Resistance of Teeth prepared with Rotary System, filled with single Cone Gutta-percha and Laterally Condensed with Zinc Oxide Eugenol and Resin based (AH26) Sealers to that of Resilon
Authors: Reddy P Manoranjan , Vishwanathan P Kashi , Muliyar Sabir , Chavan Prakash , Reddy T Praveen Kumar , Nilawar Sanjay 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Aim and objective
To compare the fracture resistance of teeth prepared with rotary system and filled with single cone guttapercha followed by lateral condensation with different sealers like zinc oxide eugenol and resin based (AH26) to that of resilon.

Materials and methods
A total number of 70 extracted intact human permanent maxillary incisors were selected. All prepared samples were divided into one control group (n = 10) and three experimental groups (n = 20 per group). Group 1 control. This group received no obturation; the root canal opening was sealed with a temporary filling material (Cavit, Premier Dental Products, Plymouth Meeting, PA) Group 2: Gutta-Percha and zinc oxide Eugenol sealer. Group 3: Gutta-Percha and AH26 sealer. (DiaDent, Korea) dipped in AH26 sealer. Group 4: Resilon cones and RealSeal Resin Sealer. Obturation was accomplished using a 0.06 taper size 40 gutta-percha master point. All the root samples were stored in 100% humidity at 37°C for 2 weeks to allow the sealer to set completely. The root samples were then prepared for mechanical testing and the data was recorded and analyzed statistically.

Results
One-way ANOVA and Post hoc test (Duncan Multiple range test) were employed to determine possible statistical variation among the groups tested in this study. The force for group 2 was significantly greater than that for the control group 1 (no obturation). The force for group 3 was significantly greater than that for group 2. The force for group 4 was significantly greater than that for group 3. All other groupwise comparisons were not significant at 5% level. Group 4 seemed to have the greatest force among the three groups of interest in the study.

Conclusion
Root canals filled with Resilon increased the in vitro resistance of single canal extracted teeth compared to other experimental groups. The mean fracture resistance value for the experimental groups in ascending order was as follows: Root canals instrumented but not filled, filled with gutta-percha and zinc oxide eugenol sealer, filled with gutta-percha and AH26 sealer and filled with Resilon.

Clinical significance
Resilon is a promising material for reinforcement of endodontically treated teeth.

How to cite this article
Vishwanathan PK, Muliyar S, Chavan P, Reddy PM, Reddy TPK, Nilawar S. Comparative Evaluation of the Fracture Resistance of Teeth prepared with Rotary System, filled with single Cone Gutta-percha and Laterally Condensed with Zinc Oxide Eugenol and Resin based (AH26) Sealers to that of Resilon. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):773-781.
Microwave Technology—Applications in Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Varma Rajender S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMicrowave heating, a unique heating technique is reviewed for expeditious chemical syntheses. Specifically, the solvent‐free reactions or reactions in benign media are convenient to perform and have advantages over the conventional heating protocols as summarized in the previous editions. A wide range of selective functional group transformations have been accomplished expeditiously and efficiently using a variety of supported reagents on mineral oxides as catalysts or in benign reaction media. Further scale‐up developments on such themes will go a long way in realizing the sustainable goals in the chemical arena including the synthesis of nanomaterials and nano‐catalysts. The major limitations for MW‐assisted reactions can be overcome by translating batch microwave chemistry to continuous flow domain wherein conventionally heated and suitably equipped fluidic flow devices may help produce meaningful amounts of chemical products in a continuous mode. This is especially true for the use of magnetic nano catalysis in flow chemistry which has a great potential to grow in this sustainable endeavor as the nanoparticle‐bound magnetic catalysts can be confined and at the same time agitated in a reactor by a rotating magnetic field, thus, avoiding potential problems of clogging membranes or filters that are commonly used as barriers for immobilized catalysts.
Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Roh Sung‐Hee , Woo Hee‐Gweon 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMicrobial fuel cells (MFCs) are a hybrid bioelectrochemical system, which converts biosubstrates directly into green electricity by effectively oxidizing them using bacteria under ambient temperature/pressure condition. The potential, developed between the bacterial metabolic activity and electron acceptor, was separated by a membrane manifesting bioelectricity generation. The achievable power output from MFCs has increased remarkably by modifying their system designs, such as optimization of the MFC configurations, their physical and chemical operating conditions, and their choice of biocatalyst. More recently, selecting the proper materials, such as the anode‐cathode electrodes and a proton exchange membrane (PEM), is one of the critical challenges for applications of MFC. The specific materials for each chamber used in MFC can affect the power density and Coulombic efficiency. Furthermore, the practical applications of MFC technologies include renewable electricity generation, wastewater treatment, biological oxygen demand (BOD) sensor, and implantable medical devices.