bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Analysis of Receptive Vocabulary Growth in Young Spanish English–Speaking Children From Migrant Families
Authors: Jackson Carla Wood , Schatschneider Christopher , Leacox Lindsey 
Published: January 2014

PurposeThe authors of this study described developmental trajectories and predicted kindergarten performance of Spanish and English receptive vocabulary acquisition of young Latino/a English language learners (ELLs) from socioeconomically disadvantaged migrant families. In addition, the authors examined the extent to which gender and individual initial performance in Spanish predict receptive vocabulary performance and growth rate.MethodThe authors used hierarchical linear modeling of 64 children's receptive vocabulary performance to generate growth trajectories, predict performance at school entry, and examine potential predictors of rate of growth. The timing of testing varied across children. The ELLs (prekindergarten to 2nd grade) participated in 2–5 testing sessions, each 6–12 months apart.ResultsThe ELLs' average predicted standard score on an English receptive vocabulary at kindergarten was nearly 2SDs below the mean for monolingual peers. Significant growth in the ELLs' receptive vocabulary was observed between preschool and 2nd grade, indicating that the ELLs were slowly closing the receptive vocabulary gap, although their average score remained below the standard score mean for age-matched monolingual peers. The ELLs demonstrated a significant decrease in Spanish receptive vocabulary standard scores over time. Initial Spanish receptive vocabulary was a significant predictor of growth in English receptive vocabulary. High initial Spanish receptive vocabulary was associated with greater growth in English receptive vocabulary and decelerated growth in Spanish receptive vocabulary. Gender was not a significant predictor of growth in either English or Spanish receptive vocabulary.ConclusionELLs from low socioeconomic backgrounds may be expected to perform lower in English compared with their monolingual English peers in kindergarten. Performance in Spanish at school entry may be useful in identifying children who require more intensive instructional support for English vocabulary growth. Findings substantiate the need for progress monitoring across the early school years.
Phonological Skills in English Language Learners
Authors: Morrow Alyse , Goldstein Brian A. , Gilhool Amanda , Paradis Johanne 
Published: January 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the English phonological skills of English language learners (ELLs) over 5 time points.MethodSound class accuracy, whole-word accuracy, percentage of occurrence of phonological patterns, and sociolinguistic correlational analyses were investigated in 19 ELLs ranging in age from 5;0 (years;months) to 7;6.ResultsAccuracy across all samples was over 90% for all sound classes except fricatives and increased for all sound classes across time. Whole-word accuracy was high and increased across time. With the exception of cluster reduction, stopping, and final consonant deletion, the frequency of occurrence for phonological patterns was less than or equal to 5% at every time point. Sociolinguistic variables such as age of arrival, age of exposure, and age were significantly related to phonological skills.ConclusionsThe results were consistent with the hypotheses outlined in Flege's (1995) speech learning model in that the phonological skills of ELLs increased over time and as a function of age of arrival and time. Thus, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) also should expect phonological skills in ELLs to increase over time, as is the case in monolingual children. SLPs can use the longitudinal and connected-speech results of this study to interpret their assessments of the phonological skills of ELLs.
Bullying: What Speech-Language Pathologists Should Know
Authors: Hughes Stephanie 
Published: January 2014

Purpose
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to the broad issues surrounding the problem of school bullying in childhood and adolescence. Specifically, types of bullying and their causes are considered, as are the roles students take when bullying occurs and the effects of bullying on students with communication disorders. Strategies and suggestions to help SLPs more effectively prevent and manage bullying of students with communication disorders are discussed.

Method
A review of the scholarly literature in education, psychology, child and adolescent development, and speech-language pathology was conducted. Recommendations for how SLPs can prevent and intervene in bullying incidences were extrapolated from the reviewed literature.

Results
Students with communication disorders are at particularly high risk for being bullied by peers. Some students with communication disorders are “provocative victims” in that they demonstrate impairments in social skills that draw the attention of bullies. Both provocative victims and typical students may react aggressively when bullied and bully others in retaliation.

Conclusion
SLPs can and should help to create an inclusive environment for all students while addressing bullying of students with communication disorders via therapeutic activities.
On the coding advantages of the quasi‐orthogonal space–frequency block codes
Authors: Shahabinejad Mostafa , Morsali Alireza , Talebi Siamak , Shahabinejad Mohammad 
Published: January 2014

In this study, the authors show that the coding advantage (CA) of quasi‐orthogonal space–frequency block codes (QOSFBCs) could be decomposed into two parts, namely intrinsic CA (ICA) and extrinsic CA (ECA). Then, by using the ICA, the authors demonstrate that the optimum precoder of the QOSFBCs could be analytically derived without any requirement of the exhaustive search. Then, by improving the ECA, the authors enhance performances of the QOSFBCs efficiently – up to 4 dB. Finally, the authors show that a very fast optimisation process for the QOSFBCs is viable over any arbitrary frequency‐selective channel.
Role of caspase-1 in nuclear translocation of IL-37, release of the cytokine, and IL-37 inhibition of innate immune responses
Authors: Bulau Ana-Maria , Nold Marcel F. , Li Suzhao , Nold-Petry Claudia A. , Fink Michaela , Mansell Ashley , Schwerd Tobias , Hong Jaewoo , Rubartelli Anna , Dinarello Charles A. , Bufler Philip 
Published: January 2014

Significance
IL-37 exerts broad inhibitory properties on the innate inflammatory and acquired immune responses. We mutated the caspase-1 site in IL-37 and show that caspase-1 processing is required for maturation of the intracellular IL-37 precursor for its translocation to the nucleus. Because nuclear translocation of IL-37 is required for the suppression of LPS-induced IL-6, the data define a unique consequence for caspase-1 inhibition, that is, reversal of the anti-inflammatory activities of endogenous IL-37. In addition, neutralizing antibodies reverse the suppression of LPS-induced IL-6 in IL-37 transgenic mice, supporting a role for extracellular signaling by IL-37. Thus, similar to IL-1α and IL-33, IL-37 now emerges as a dual-function cytokine with both intra- and extracellular mechanisms of action.
The Truth Within
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This book argues that the idea that there is a truth within the person discovered through introspection is found in the histories of Hinduism, Christianity, and Buddhism. The book examines this metaphor and the methods developed in those religions to realize it, particularly prayer and meditation. In Christianity and some forms of Hinduism the truth within is linked to the idea of God within. These premodern views of inwardness can be contrasted with a modern understanding of the person. In examining the truth within in Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism the book offers a hermeneutical phenomenology of inwardness and a defence of comparative religion.
Between Perception and Action
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
What mediates between sensory input and motor output? This is probably the most basic question one can ask about the mind. There is stimulation on your retina, something happens in your skull, and then your hand reaches out to grab the apple in front of you. What is it that happens in between? What representations make it possible for you to grab this apple? The representations that make this possible could be labelled “pragmatic representations”. The aim of the book is to argue that pragmatic representations whose function is to mediate between sensory input and motor output play an immensely important role in our mental life. And they help us to explain why the vast majority of what goes on in our mind is very similar to the simple mental processes of animals.The human mind, like the minds of non-human animals, has been selected for allowing us to perform actions successfully. The vast majority of our actions, like the actions of non-human animals, could not be performed without perceptual guidance, and what provides the perceptual guidance for performing actions are pragmatic representations. If we accept this framework, many classic questions in philosophy of perception and of action will look very different. The aim of this book is to trace the various consequences of this way of thinking about the mind in a number of branches of philosophy as well as in psychology and cognitive science.
Faith on the Avenue
Authors: Day Katie 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Faith on the Avenue looks at just one street in one city—Germantown Avenue in Philadelphia—and the 80-90 communities of faith that are present on it. Sociologist Katie Day draws from her findings of a seven year study to argue that these religious communities are active agents in their local urban contexts, both shaping and being shaped by it. Far from being a benign presence, these congregations are engaging, and contributing to, the urban ecology in myriad ways and to varying degrees. Their agency, analyzed by this study, is captured in vivid images by photographer Edd Conboy. Through both quantitative and ethnographic research, Day analyzes the religious presence of historic churches, small independent Latino and African American congregations, mosques, mega churches and syncretized religious groups within the urban context with a critical clarity, insight and appreciation. For over 300 years, communities of faith along Germantown Avenue have provided spatial and cultural anchors to their neighborhoods, formal and informal human services, subtle contributions to safety and quality of life, bases of social boundary transcendence, and acted as vehicles for establishing identity for new arrivals to the city. This book can change the way faith communities in urban areas are seen by policy makers, students and researchers of cities, and religious institutions themselves.
Constraining the variation in the fine-structure constant using SDSS DR7 quasi-stellar object spectra
Authors: Rahmani H. , Maheshwari N. , Srianand R. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
We report on a robust constraint on the possible variation of the fine-structure constant, α ≡ e2/ℏc, obtained using O iii λλ 4959,5007 nebular emission lines from quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). We find Δα/α = −(2.1 ± 1.6) × 10−5, based on a well-selected sample of 2347 QSOs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 with 0.02 &lt;z &lt; 0.74. Our result is consistent with a non-varying α at a level of 2 × 10−5 over approximately 7 Gyr. This is the largest sample of extragalactic objects yet used to constrain the variation of α. While this constraint is not as stringent as those determined using the many-multiplet method, it is free from various systematic effects. A factor of ∼4 improvement in Δα/α achieved here compared to a previous study is consistent with what is expected based on the sample used here, which is a factor of 14 times larger. This suggests that errors are mainly dominated by statistical uncertainty. We also find that the ratio of transition probabilities corresponding to the O iii λ5007 and λ4959 lines is 2.933 ± 0.002, in good agreement with the measurements of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
The polluted atmospheres of cool white dwarfs and the magnetic field connection
Authors: Kawka Adéla , Vennes Stéphane 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
We present an analysis of X-Shooter spectra of the polluted hydrogen-rich white dwarfs (DAZ) NLTT 888 and NLTT 53908. The spectra of NLTT 53908 show strong, Zeeman-split calcium lines (Ca ii H&K and Ca i λ4226) and the star appears to be a close relative of the polluted magnetic white dwarf (DAZH) NLTT 10480, while the spectra of NLTT 888 show narrow lines of calcium and iron. A comparison of the DAZ NLTT 888 and the DAZH NLTT 53908 with other class members illustrates the diversity of environment and formation circumstances surrounding these objects. In particular, we find that the incidence of magnetism in old, polluted white dwarfs significantly exceeds that found in the general white dwarf population which suggests a hypothetical link between a crowded planetary system and magnetic field generation.
Hunting complex differential gene interaction patterns across molecular contexts
Authors: Song Mingzhou , Zhang Yang , Katzaroff Alexia J. , Edgar Bruce A. , Buttitta Laura 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHeterogeneity in genetic networks across different signaling molecular contexts can suggest molecular regulatory mechanisms. Here we describe a comparative chi-square analysis (CPχ2) method, considerably more flexible and effective than other alternatives, to screen large gene expression data sets for conserved and differential interactions. CPχ2 decomposes interactions across conditions to assess homogeneity and heterogeneity. Theoretically, we prove an asymptotic chi-square null distribution for the interaction heterogeneity statistic. Empirically, on synthetic yeast cell cycle data, CPχ2 achieved much higher statistical power in detecting differential networks than alternative approaches. We applied CPχ2 to Drosophila melanogaster wing gene expression arrays collected under normal conditions, and conditions with overexpressed E2F and Cabut, two transcription factor complexes that promote ectopic cell cycling. The resulting differential networks suggest a mechanism by which E2F and Cabut regulate distinct gene interactions, while still sharing a small core network. Thus, CPχ2 is sensitive in detecting network rewiring, useful in comparing related biological systems.
Precursors and outbursts of A 0535+26 in 2009–2011 observed by the MAXI/GSC and the Swift/BAT
Authors: Nakajima Motoki , Mihara Tatehiro , Sugizaki Mutsumi , Serino Motoko , Matsuoka Masaru , Kawai Nobuyuki , Makishima Kazuo 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Over the three-year active period from 2008 September to 2011 November, the outburst behavior of the Be/X-ray binary A 0535+26 was continuously monitored with the MAXI/GSC and the Swift/BAT. The source exhibited nine outbursts, every binary revolution, of which two are categorized into the giant (type-II) outbursts. The recurrence period of these outbursts is found to be ∼ 115 d, significantly longer than the orbital period of 111.1 d. With the MAXI/GSC, a low-level active period, or a “precursor,” was detected prior to at least four giant outbursts. The precursor recurrence period agrees with that of the giant outbursts. The period difference of the giant outbursts from the orbital period is possibly related to some structures in the circumstellar disc formed around the Be companion. Two scenarios, one based on a one-armed disc structure and the other a Be-disc precession, are discussed.
Serum concentrations of cytokines in infants with retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Yu Honghua , Yuan Ling , Zou Yuping , Peng Lianghong , Wang Yong , Li Tao , Tang Shibo 
Published: January 2014

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the leading cause of blindness in preterm infants. In this study, we investigated the cytokine levels in cord blood of normal preterm neonates and preterm infants developed ROP. Serum levels of 10 cytokines in umbilical cord blood were measured by multiplex protein arrays from 62 healthy preterm neonates and 30 preterm neonate cases who developed ROP at later stage. Results showed that serum levels of cytokines including interleukin 7 (IL‐7), monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP‐1α), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP‐1β) were significantly increased in cases who developed ROP than in healthy preterm neonates (3.5‐fold, 3.2‐fold, 3.4‐fold, and 2.1‐fold, respectively), whereas levels of these four cytokines did not reveal any significant differences between healthy preterm infants and normal infants. When comparing the expression of cytokines in ROP patients with different clinical parameters, ROP cases whose gestational age at delivery earlier than 29.0 weeks demonstrated increased levels of MCP‐1 and MIP‐1β than those later than 29.0 weeks (p < 0.05). Also, ROP cases with birth weight less than 1.28 kg revealed significantly higher level of MIP‐1β than those who were heavier than 1.28 kg (p < 0.05). These data indicated that levels of IL‐7, MCP‐1, MIP‐1α, and MIP‐1β were associated with increased risk of ROP, in which MIP‐1β may be further correlated with the severity of ROP.
Virtual reality and learning: Where is the pedagogy?
Authors: Fowler Chris 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe aim of this paper was to build upon Dalgarno and Lee's model or framework of learning in three‐dimensional (3‐D) virtual learning environments (VLEs) and to extend their road map for further research in this area. The enhanced model shares the common goal with Dalgarno and Lee of identifying the learning benefits from using 3‐D VLEs. The approach adopted here is to attempt a more pedagogical description using the concept of pedagogical immersion as derived from Mayes and Fowler's framework for mapping stages of learning onto types of learning environment. The paper adopts a “design for learning” perspective and in doing so hopes the combined framework will prove useful to those designing learning activities in 3‐D VLEs.
iPads in higher education—Hype and hope
Authors: Nguyen Lemai , Barton Siew Mee , Nguyen Linh Thuy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper systematically reviews current research on using iPads in the higher education sector. Since the release of iPads by Apple in 2010, this new technology has been quickly adopted everywhere, especially by the younger generation and professionals. We were motivated to find out how iPads have been adopted for use in the higher education sector. We searched for and collected all the peer‐reviewed publications in conference proceedings and scholarly journals in EBSCOhost, Scopus, Informit A+ Education, ProQuest Academic Research Library and Google Scholar, and conducted a content analysis of the full‐text papers collected. The results show that the reported studies are at an early exploratory stage from both the student and staff perspectives. From the student perspective, the iPad was found to enhance the learning experience but not necessarily lead to better learning outcomes. From the staff perspective, the iPad was found to offer benefits associated with electronic information dissemination, academic administration and professional development support. A finding common to both perspectives is that while the iPad has the potential to offer benefits to the academics and students who were found to be eager adopters of this technology, it is not clear how best to align and integrate it within the academic programmes and workflows, and how best to manage it as a resource within a university's organisational setting.
Exploring the redundancy effect in print‐based instruction containing representations
Authors: Morrison Jennifer , Watson Ginger S. , Morrison Gary R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of redundancy when learning from realistic science materials. Participants received instruction where redundancy was manipulated between text and diagrams with captions, text and diagrams, and text only. Participants reported levels of cognitive load, responded to questionnaire items and completed an achievement test. Findings indicated there were no significant differences in perceived mental effort between groups, though there were differences in experienced material difficulty. In contrast with the redundancy effect described by cognitive load theory, the manipulation of redundancy in lengthier text materials paired with diagrams did not affect performance on the achievement test.
Myocardial iron overload in thalassaemia major. How early to check?
Authors: Borgna‐Pignatti Caterina , Meloni Antonella , Guerrini Giulia , Gulino Letizia , Filosa Aldo , Ruffo Giovan B. , Casini Tommaso , Chiodi Elisabetta , Lombardi Massimo , Pepe Alessia 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThe age at which it is necessary to start Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) T2* screening in thalassaemia major (TM) is still uncertain. To clarify this point, we evaluated the prevalence of myocardial iron overload (MIO), function and fibrosis by CMR in TM patients younger than 10 years. We retrospectively selected 35 TM patients enrolled in the Myocardial Iron Overload in Thalassaemia network. MIO was measured by T2* multislice multiecho technique. Biventricular function parameters were evaluated by cine images. To detect myocardial fibrosis, late gadolinium enhancement images were acquired. Patients’ age ranged from 4·2 to 9·7 years. All scans were performed without sedation. Nine patients showed no MIO, 22 patients had heterogeneous MIO with a T2* global value ≥20 ms; two patients had heterogeneous MIO with a T2* global value <20 ms and two patients showed homogeneous MIO. No patient showed myocardial fibrosis. Among the patients with heart T2*<20 ms, the youngest was 6 years old, none showed heart dysfunction and the iron transfused was <35 g in all cases. Cardiac iron loading can occur much earlier than previously described. The first cardiac T2* assessment should be performed as early as feasible without sedation, especially if chelation is started late or if poor compliance is suspected.
Regional versus Multilateral Trade Liberalization, Environmental Taxation, and Welfare
Authors: Baksi Soham 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe paper considers trade between identical countries with imperfectly competitive markets, and compares the impacts of regional and multilateral tariff reduction on strategic environmental taxation and welfare. While both forms of trade liberalization increase production and consumption in tariff‐reducing countries, regionalism also reduces production in a non‐participating country and may decrease its consumption. Consequently, regionalism and multilateralism change pollution tax and welfare in the tariff‐reducing countries in similar ways when pollution is local, but in dissimilar ways for global pollution. When pollution is global, regionalism is likely to be preferred to multilateralism for the establishment of free trade among countries.