bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreased plasma levels of soluble CD18 link leukocyte infiltration with disease activity in spondyloarthritis
Authors: Kragstrup Tue W , Jalilian Babak , Hvid Malene , Kjærgaard Anders , Østgård René , Schiøttz-Christensen Berit , Jurik Anne G , Robinson William H , Vorup-Jensen Thomas , Deleuran Bent 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) comprises a group of diseases often associated with HLA-B27 and characterized by inflammation of the entheses and joints of the axial skeleton. The inflammatory process in SpA is presumably driven by innate immune cells but is still poorly understood. Thus, new tools for monitoring and treating inflammation are needed. The family of CD18 integrins is pivotal in guiding leukocytes to sites of inflammation, and CD18 hypomorphic mice develop a disease resembling SpA. Previously, we demonstrated that altered soluble CD18 (sCD18) complexes in the blood and synovial fluid of patients with arthritis have anti-inflammatory functions. Here, we study the mechanisms for these alterations and their association with SpA disease activity.

Methods
Plasma levels of sCD18 in a study population with 84 patients with SpA and matched healthy controls were analyzed with a time-resolved immunoflourometric assay (TRIFMA). Binding of sCD18 to endothelial cells and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) was studied with confocal microscopy. Shedding of CD18 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was studied with flow cytometry and TRIFMA.

Results
Plasma levels of sCD18 were decreased in patients with SpA compared with healthy volunteers (P <0.001), and the lowest levels were in the HLA-B27-positive subgroup (P <0.05). In a multiple regression model, the sCD18 levels exhibited an inverse correlation with the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) (P <0.05), the level of morning stiffness (P <0.05), the Bath Ankylosing Spondilitis Metrology Index (P <0.05), the physician global assessment score (P <0.01), and the sacroiliac magnetic resonance imaging activity score (P <0.05). The mechanisms for these changes could be simulated in vitro. First, sCD18 in plasma adhered to inflammation-induced intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on endothelial cells and FLS, indicating increased consumption. Second, CD18 shedding from SpA PBMCs correlated inversely with the BASDAI (P <0.05), suggesting insufficient generation. CD18 was shed primarily from intermediate CD14++ CD16+ monocytes, supporting the view that alterations in innate immunity can regulate the inflammatory processes in SpA.

Conclusions
Taken together, the failure of patients with SpA to maintain adequate sCD18 levels may reflect insufficient CD18 shedding from monocytes to counterbalance the capture of sCD18 complexes to inflammation-induced ICAM-1. This could increase the availability of ICAM-1 molecules on the endothelium and in the synovium, facilitating leukocyte migration to the entheses and joints and aggregating disease activity.
Timing of pubertal stages and breast cancer risk: the Breakthrough Generations Study
Authors: Bodicoat Danielle H , Schoemaker Minouk J , Jones Michael E , McFadden Emily , Griffin James , Ashworth Alan , Swerdlow Anthony J 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Breast development and hormonal changes at puberty might affect breast cancer risk, but epidemiological analyses have focussed largely on age at menarche and not at other pubertal stages.

Methods
We investigated associations between the timing of pubertal stages and breast cancer risk using data from a cohort study of 104,931 women (Breakthrough Generations Study, UK, 2003–2013). Pubertal variables were reported retrospectively at baseline. Breast cancer risk was analysed using Cox regression models with breast cancer diagnosis as the outcome of interest, attained age as the underlying time variable, and adjustment for potentially confounding variables.

Results
During follow-up (mean = 4.1 years), 1094 breast cancers (including ductal carcinoma in situ) occurred. An increased breast cancer risk was associated with earlier thelarche (age when breast growth begins; HR [95% CI] = 1.23 [1.02, 1.48], 1 [referent] and 0.80 [0.69, 0.93] for ≤10, 11–12 and ≥13 years respectively), menarche (initiation of menses; 1.06 [0.93, 1.21], 1 [referent] and 0.78 [0.62, 0.99] for ≤12, 13–14 and ≥15 years), regular periods (0.99 [0.83, 1.18], 1 [referent] and 0.74 [0.59, 0.92] for ≤12, 13–14 and ≥15 years) and age reached adult height (1.25 [1.03, 1.52], 1 [referent] and 1.07 [0.87, 1.32] for ≤14, 15–16 and ≥17 years), and with increased time between thelarche and menarche (0.87 [0.65, 1.15], 1 [referent], 1.14 [0.96, 1.34] and 1.27 [1.04, 1.55] for <0, 0, 1 and ≥2 years), and shorter time between menarche and regular periods (1 [referent], 0.87 [0.73, 1.04] and 0.66 [0.50, 0.88] for 0, 1 and ≥2 years). These associations were generally similar when considered separately for premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer.

Conclusions
Breast duct development may be a time of heightened susceptibility to risk of carcinogenesis, and greater attention needs to be given to the relation of breast cancer risk to the different stages of puberty.
Accounting for cellular heterogeneity is critical in epigenome-wide association studies
Authors: Jaffe Andrew E , Irizarry Rafael A 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Background
Epigenome-wide association studies of human disease and other quantitative traits are becoming increasingly common. A series of papers reporting age-related changes in DNA methylation profiles in peripheral blood have already been published. However, blood is a heterogeneous collection of different cell types, each with a very different DNA methylation profile.

Results
Using a statistical method that permits estimating the relative proportion of cell types from DNA methylation profiles, we examine data from five previously published studies, and find strong evidence of cell composition change across age in blood. We also demonstrate that, in these studies, cellular composition explains much of the observed variability in DNA methylation. Furthermore, we find high levels of confounding between age-related variability and cellular composition at the CpG level.

Conclusions
Our findings underscore the importance of considering cell composition variability in epigenetic studies based on whole blood and other heterogeneous tissue sources. We also provide software for estimating and exploring this composition confounding for the Illumina 450k microarray.
KDM5B focuses H3K4 methylation near promoters and enhancers during embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation
Authors: Kidder Benjamin L , Hu Gangqing , Zhao Keji 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Background
Pluripotency of embryonic stem (ES) cells is controlled in part by chromatin-modifying factors that regulate histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation. However, it remains unclear how H3K4 demethylation contributes to ES cell function.

Results
Here, we show that KDM5B, which demethylates lysine 4 of histone H3, co-localizes with H3K4me3 near promoters and enhancers of active genes in ES cells; its depletion leads to spreading of H3K4 methylation into gene bodies and enhancer shores, indicating that KDM5B functions to focus H3K4 methylation at promoters and enhancers. Spreading of H3K4 methylation to gene bodies and enhancer shores is linked to defects in gene expression programs and enhancer activity, respectively, during self-renewal and differentiation of KDM5B-depleted ES cells. KDM5B critically regulates H3K4 methylation at bivalent genes during differentiation in the absence of LIF or Oct4. We also show that KDM5B and LSD1, another H3K4 demethylase, co-regulate H3K4 methylation at active promoters but they retain distinct roles in demethylating gene body regions and bivalent genes.

Conclusions
Our results provide global and functional insight into the role of KDM5B in regulating H3K4 methylation marks near promoters, gene bodies, and enhancers in ES cells and during differentiation.
Implications of chemokines, chemokine receptors, and inflammatory lipids in atherosclerosis
Authors: Rolin Johannes , Maghazachi Azzam A 
Published: February 2014

AbstractChemokines are a diverse group of molecules with important implications for the development of solid tissues and normal function of the immune system. However, change of the conditions for such a complex system can have important and dangerous consequences leading to diseases. The specific implications of the various chemokines in diseases have been elucidated in the last few years, prompting hope of manipulating this system for therapy or prevention of diseases. On the other hand, inflammatory lipids are biologically active molecules with crucial impacts on the function of various cell types, including immune cells in health and disease. Here, we describe how these lipids affect the chemokine system and how they interact with chemokines to shape chronic inflammation in the case of atherosclerosis.
Silicon Compounds with Inverted Geometry around Silicon Atoms
Authors: Iwamoto Takeaki , Ishida Shintaro 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In the last decade, several stable silicon compounds with nonclassical inverted geometry around silicon atoms have been synthesized. Their unusual structures, bonding, and reactivity have been investigated extensively by X-ray analysis, spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. In this highlight review, recent progress on chemistry of silicon compounds with inverted geometry around silicon atoms is summarized.
Nanometer-sized Polynuclear Cluster and Oxide Nanocrystal Formation via Aging-condition-dependent Hydrolysis of Zirconium Oxychloride
Authors: Takasaki Fumiyuki , Fujiwara Kazuhiko , Nakajima Yasushi , Nishikawa Taku , Ogawa Nobuaki 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Aqueous solutions of zirconium oxychloride aged at temperatures between 298 and 333 K for 0–26 days were investigated. Nanoparticles with different size distributions depending on aging temperature and duration were detected by dynamic light-scattering measurements. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis and scanning transmission electron microscopy measurements revealed the nanoparticles formed in the samples to be zirconium polynuclear complexes and zirconium dioxide nanocrystals under mild condition, which was previously unexplored.
Relationship Types and Contraceptive Use Within Young Adult Dating Relationships
Authors: Manlove Jennifer , Welti Kate , Wildsmith Elizabeth , Barry Megan 
Published: February 2014

CONTEXTAlthough expanding research has found that relationship characteristics can shape contraceptive use among young adults, limited research has examined how relationship characteristics intersect to form distinct types of relationships and how relationship types are linked to contraceptive use.METHODSData from the 2002–2005 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort were used to examine contraceptive use in 3,485 young adult dating relationships. Latent class analysis was employed to develop a typology of relationships using measures of relationship structure (duration) and quality (intimacy, commitment and conflict). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to estimate associations between relationship type and contraceptive use and method choice at last sex.RESULTSFour types of relationships were identified, two shorter term and two longer term, differentiated by levels of intimacy, commitment and conflict. Young adults in longer term relationships with greater conflict and lower intimacy and commitment were less likely than those in other long‐term relationships to use hormonal and dual methods versus no method (relative risk ratios, 0.6–0.7). Hormonal method use, versus no method use or condom use, was more prevalent in short‐term relationships with greater intimacy and commitment and lower conflict than in other short‐term relationships (1.7 and 1.9, respectively).CONCLUSIONSClassifying short‐term relationships as “casual” or long‐term ones as “serious” may ignore heterogeneity within these categories that may have implications for contraceptive use. Future qualitative research could provide a better understanding of relationship types and couples’ fertility intentions and access to and use of contraceptives.
Unfulfilled bodily rights in higher education: Development of sexual harassment policies during the past two decades
Authors: Heikkinen Mervi , Sunnari Vappu 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Various researchers contend that realizations of citizenship rights in the sphere of the individual are influenced by official citizenship status, age, social class, nationality, disability, religion, sexuality and gender. These dimensions that define citizenship are significant within organizations. Thus citizenship is a useful, important concept in elaborating the equality of conditions in educational institutions such as universities. This article focuses on sexual harassment in universities, which the authors consider a violation of citizenship rights. The article explores the shortcomings and insufficiencies of university sexual harassment policies and developments that have occurred since the university in northern Finland renewed and revised its sexual harassment policies. This study employs a qualitative method and is characterized by a gender-sensitive approach. The message that sexual harassment is forbidden at university has remained the same in policy documents over the past two decades; however, the issue of sexual harassment at university has become increasingly visible. Despite the existing policies and their development from 1990 to 2011, students and staff have experienced – and continue to experience – sexual harassment that hinders the full realization of their citizenship, that is, the intertwined fulfilment of bodily and intellectual rights at university.
The presence of an absence: Youth participation in macro-level educational reform
Authors: Herriot Lindsay 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Youth are traditionally excluded from meaningful decision-making in macro-level educational reform. An example of this absence is made present by youths’ voluntary dialogue and engagement through social media about a significant piece of educational reform in the province of Alberta called Bill 44. The findings indicate significant possibilities for the inclusion of student voice as part of active citizenship education in macro level educational policy and reform proceedings.
‘Let me in, I have the right to be here’: Black youth struggle for equal education and full citizenship after the Brown decision, 1954–1969
Authors: Willis Vincent 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
An area often neglected in the historiography of public education in the United States is the contributions made by black youth in the fight for equal education. During the 1950s and 1960s, when the struggle for equal education reached its apex, black youth were an essential part of the struggle. This article centeres the activism of black youth by illuminating how they actively fought for educational equality after the Brown decision and how their activism was linked to a larger struggle for full citizenship. Moreover, I examine the multiple forms of direct action black students utilized to promote citizenship education. By elevating their usage of walk-ins, walkouts and sit-ins, I argue that black youth advocated for more than just access into a building previously denied to them. Their activism was deeply rooted in the tenets of citizenship education. Using empirical data from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) files, A. Philip Randolph papers, Bayard Rustin papers and historical black and national newspapers, this article shows how equal education was inextricably linked to citizenship education and both would have to be accomplished before educational equality could be obtained. While the Brown decision legally reshaped public schools in the United States, it was the advocacy of black youth – particularly those living in the South, along with civil rights and teacher organizations that declared second-class education unacceptable. This work adds to scholarly works on citizenship education by illuminating the various ways black youth used civic participation as a tool to achieve educational equality. I conclude by suggesting that teachers and students can benefit from this historical work because it portrays the different ways students can participate in educational reform while simultaneously giving teachers ideas of how to support and empower their students for civic engagement.
Education being citizenship: Citizenship education through The Rise of Li’ Ttledot game and curricular programme
Authors: Lim Kenneth Y T , Ong Matthew Y C 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article reports on an intervention that leverages game-based learning in citizenship education. The Rise of Li’ Ttledot represents a curricular programme for citizenship education that was trialed in a primary school in 2011. It draws inspiration from prior research-based interventions in Singapore and attempts to translate key design principles from these earlier enactments to a younger demographic cohort of learners. It seeks to do so by providing a rich in-game experience and subsequently facilitating the abstraction of key citizenship values through a post-game programme of dialogic interaction between teacher and students. The article presents data that seems to support the degree and nature of scaffolding provided to facilitate these abstractions among younger learners.
Defect-related properties of optical coatings
Authors: Cheng Xinbin , Wang Zhanshan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Defects in optical coatings are a major factor degrading their performance. Based on the nature of defects, we classified them into two categories: visible defects and non-visible defects. Visible defects result from the replication of substrate imperfections or particulates within the coatings by subsequent layers and can increase scattering loss, produce critical errors in extreme ultraviolet lithography, weaken mechanical and environmental stability, and reduce laser damage resistance. Non-visible defects mainly involve a decrease in laser damage resistance but typically have no influence on other properties of optical coatings. In the case of widely used HfO2/SiO2 dielectric coatings, metallic Hf nano-clusters, off-stoichiometric HfO2 nano-clusters, or areas of high-density electronic defects have been postulated as possible sources for non-visible defects. The emphasis of this review is devoted to discussing localized defect-driven laser-induced damage (LID) in optical coatings used for nanosecond-scale pulsed laser applications, but consideration is also given to other properties of optical coatings such as scattering, environmental stability, etc. The low densities and diverse properties of defects make the systematic study of LID initiating from localized defects time-consuming and very challenging. Experimental and theoretical studies of localized defect-driven LID using artificial defects whose properties can be well controlled are highlighted.
Microwave-assisted oxidation of benzyl alcohols using supported cobalt based nanomaterials under mild reaction conditions
Authors: Hosseinpour Reza , Pineda Antonio , Ojeda Manuel , Garcia Angel , Romero Antonio A. , Luque Rafael 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSupported Co3O4nanoparticles (NPs) on Al-SBA-15 were synthesized by means of a mechanochemical protocol, to yield catalytically active materials in the microwave (MW)-assisted selective oxidation of benzyl alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes, using hydrogen peroxide as green oxidant. The catalysts were found to be relatively stable upon reutilization under the investigated conditions.
Tetracycline antibiotics and resistance mechanisms
Authors: Nguyen Fabian , Starosta Agata L. , Arenz Stefan , Sohmen Daniel , Dönhöfer Alexandra , Wilson Daniel N. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The ribosome and protein synthesis are major targets within the cell for inhibition by antibiotics, such as the tetracyclines. The tetracycline family of antibiotics represent a large and diverse group of compounds, ranging from the naturally produced chlortetracycline, introduced into medical usage in the 1940s, to second and third generation semi-synthetic derivatives of tetracycline, such as doxycycline, minocycline and more recently the glycylcycline tigecycline. Here we describe the mode of interaction of tetracyclines with the ribosome and mechanism of action of this class of antibiotics to inhibit translation. Additionally, we provide an overview of the diverse mechanisms by which bacteria obtain resistance to tetracyclines, ranging from efflux, drug modification, target mutation and the employment of specialized ribosome protection proteins.
Investigation of Hydrodynamics, Kinetics, Energetic and Exergetic Aspects of Fluidized Bed Drying of Rough Rice
Authors: Khanali Majid , Rafiee Shahin 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The hydrodynamics, kinetics as well as energy and exergy analyses of fluidized bed drying of rough rice under various experimental conditions were investigated. Drying experiments were conducted at drying air temperatures of 55, 60, and 70°C, superficial fluidization velocities of 2.3, 2.5, and 2.8 m/s, solid holdups of 0.66 and 1.32 kg, and rough rice initial moisture content of 0.25 d.b. Various popular drying models were used to fit the drying data. It was found that the fluidized bed hydrodynamics of the rough rice was uniform and stable. The drying rate was found to increase with increase in drying air temperature and superficial fluidization velocity, while decreased with increase in solid holdup. Statistical analyses showed that the Midilli et al. model was the best model in describing fluidized bed drying characteristics of the rough rice. The results showed that the values of energy efficiency were higher than the corresponding values of exergy efficiency during the entire drying process. Furthermore, at initial stage of drying, the energy and exergy efficiencies were higher than those at the end of drying. It was also found that both the energy and the exergy efficiencies increased with increasing drying air temperature and solid holdup, whereas decreased with the increase in superficial fluidization velocity.
Quantitative Price Tests in Antitrust Market Definition with an Application to the Savory Snacks Markets
Authors: Katsoulacos Yannis , Konstantakopoulou Ioanna , Metsiou Eleni , Tsionas Efthymios 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we utilize the complete set of quantitative tests at the disposal of economists for delineating antitrust markets. This includes the Small but Significant Increase in Price (SSNIP) test but also a large number of traditional and newer price co-movement tests. We apply these tests to the savory snacks market using Greek bi-monthly data. This market has been subject to many antitrust investigations because of its market structure and its important implications for consumer welfare. However, no dominant view has yet emerged regarding the appropriate definition of the relevant market. Our results indicate that a wide relevant market definition is appropriate.
Action of a Frobenius-like group with fixed-point free kernel
Authors: Ercan Gülin , Güloğlu İsmail Ş. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We call a finite group Frobenius-like if it has a nontrivial nilpotent
normal subgroup F possessing a nontrivial complement H such that

[
F
,
h
]
=
F

${[
F,h] =F}$

for all nonidentity elements h ∈ H. We prove that any
irreducible nontrivial F
H-module for a Frobenius-like group F
H of odd order over an algebraically-closed field
has an H-regular direct summand if either F is fixed-point free on V or F acts nontrivially on V and the characteristic of the field is coprime to the order of F. Some consequences of this result are also derived.