bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voltage Spectral Structure as a Parameter of System Technical Diagnostics of Ship Diesel Engine-Synchronous Generators
Authors: Gasparjans Aleksandrs , Terebkovs Aleksandrs , Zhiravetska Anastasia 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A method of technical diagnostics of ship diesel engine – generator installation – is proposed. Spectral-power diagnostic parameters of the synchronous generator voltage and currents are used. The electric machine in this case is the multipurpose sensor of diagnostic parameters. A judgment on the quality of the operational processes in diesel engine cylinders and its technical condition is possible on the basis of these parameters. This method is applicable to piston compressor installations with electric drive. On the basis of such parameters as rotating torque, angular speed and angular acceleration it is possible to estimate the quality of the operating process in the cylinders of a diesel engine, the condition of its cylinder-piston group and the crank gear mechanism. The investigation was realized on the basis of a diesel-generator with linear load. The generator operation was considered for the case of constant RL load. Together with the above mentioned, the condition of bearings of synchronous machines, uniformity of the air gap, windings of the electric machine were estimated during the experiments as well. The frequency spectrum of the stator current of the generator was researched and analyzed. In this case the synchronous machine is becoming a rather exact multipurpose diagnostic sensor. The signal of non-uniformity in the operation process of diesel engine cylinders and its technical condition is the increasing of the amplitudes of typical frequencies.
Cryo-injury in algae and the implications this has to the conservation of micro-algae
Authors: Day John G. , Fleck Roland A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAs with all products and processes exploiting biological materials algal biotechnology has an absolute requirement for stable, function-fulfilling master stockcultures. Conventionally microalgae and cyanobacteria are maintained by serial transfer with inocula (2.5-25% v/v) being transferred to fresh medium and the culture being held under controlled environmental conditions. This method is satisfactory for many algal taxa, but by its nature cannot provide an absolute guarantee of phenotypic or genotypic stability. Cryopreservation at ultra-low temperatures (> -130oC) is the only methodology that can provide this level of security to master stock-cultures; however, many algae are recalcitrant to cryopreservation with low or no survival. This review explores the reasons of this cryo-recalcitrance on the application of conventional colligative, two-step cryopreservation protocols and points towards the options available to enhance postcryopreservation viability.
Influence Of Used Bacterial Culture On Zinc And Aluminium Bioleaching From Printed Circuit Boards
Authors: Mrazikova Anna , Marcincakova Renata , Kadukova Jana , Velgosova Oksana , Balintova Magdalena 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Bioleaching processes were used to solubilize metals (Cu, Ni, Zn and Al) from printed circuit boards (PCBs). In this study, a PCBs-adapted pure culture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, pure culture of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and PCBs-adapted mixed culture of A. ferrooxidans and A. thiooxidans were used for recovery of the metals. The study showed that the mixed bacterial culture has the greatest potential to dissolve metals. The maximum metal bioleaching efficiencies were found to be 100, 92, 89 and 20% of Cu, Ni, Zn and Al, respectively. The mixed culture revealed higher bacterial stability. The main factor responsible for high metal recovery was the ability of the mixed culture to maintain the low pH during the whole process. The pure culture of A. thiooxidans had no significant effect on metal bioleaching from PCBs.
Hunting efficiency of Red-footed Falcons in different habitats
Authors: Palatitz Péter , Solt Szabolcs , Horváth Éva , Kotymán László 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
We studied hunting success of 13 male Red-footed Falcons by radio-telemetry in the second phase of chick rearing. We coded 484 hunting events, and the success measured in captured prey biomass/minute was exceedingly high in corn fields. This is mainly caused by the fact that the effectiveness of hunting for vertebrate prey was high on the harvested stubble fields. Moreover the observed falcons hunted for insects in these stubble field and alfalfa fields most successfully. In the studied habitat the chick feeding period of Red-footed Falcons coincide with the harvest of cereal fields, and the suddenly created lower vegetation cover increases temporarily the accessibility of prey items.
Till they were available and could be efficiently harvested, the falcons hunted on the fields within a 1 km radius from the nesting colony for the more profitable vertebrate prey. Thereafter they searched for vertebrate prey on the fields located at average 1–2.5 km distance from the colony. In the later zone falcons started to hunt insects, too, but approximately third of the captured insects (36.4%) was consumed immediately and was not delivered to the colony. Conversely larger prey was almost always (98.1%) carried directly to the nest site. Only one part of the Field Voles was observed to be eaten regularly: the brain. Finally later in the breeding season falcons were observed more and more often to hunt in the nearest fields again, this time for insects. Probably due to the depletion of the distant plots, the closer fields with lower investment became a competitive alternative for the birds.
Our results highlight the fact that even for such characteristic short-grass specialist birds as Red-footed Falcons the prey sources offered by arable lands might be temporarily exploited with success. Hence it is very important to integrate the measures offered by agri-environment schemes into the management of this threatened species.
Breeding population trends and pre-migration roost site survey of the Red-footed Falcon in Hungary
Authors: Palatitz Peter , Fehérvári Peter , Solt Szabolcs , Horváth Éva 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The Red-footed Falcon is a facultatively colonial species that exploits rookeries, artificial nest-box colonies and solitary corvid nests for breeding. Moreover, the remain gregarious in the post breeding period using communal roost sites prior to migration. We developed and implemented a survey protocol to allow to precisely estimate the number of breeding pairs in all three breeding types and to assess large scale spatio-temporal changes in roost site usage. Our results show that the lowest number of breeding pairs (558) was in 2006. However, in 2014 the number of pairs showed a two fold increase, mainly due to a large scale nest-box programme implemented in the past decade. We identified a total of 105 roost sites throughout the country. The number of birds peaked in the second week of September in the past 10 years. We formulate a recommendation to maintain population monitoring efficiency by reducing the frequency of full surveys to 5 years and using designated study areas to control for temporal trends in between.
Thresholds, boundaries, limits: Ideological analysis in the semiotics of Umberto Eco
Authors: Bianchi Cinzia 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis essay traces the evolution of Umberto Eco’s thinking from a particular point of view, that of his reflections on ideology and ideological discourse. The reason for this choice is that ideology is one of the themes that is associated with the mature phase of Eco’s work, generally regarded as beginning with theTrattato di semiotica generale(1975, A Theory of Semiotics). Moreover, by examining ideology it is possible to piece together a complex path of intellectual reconsiderations and redefinitions involving both the discipline of semiotics and the broader cultural context. To tackle this topic it is in fact necessary to refer both to the general ambit of Eco’s semiotics and the historic and cultural context in which these studies originated.
Intersemiotic translation: Theories, problems, analysis
Authors: Dusi Nicola 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper draws on Jakobson’s tripartite division of the notion of translation, and Eco’s discussion of the terms in his book on translation, Mouse or Rat? Translation as Negotiation (2003b). It focuses specifically on the issue of intersemiotic translation, questioning and showing what it means to “translate” from one “language” to another, such as from the novel to the medium of film, and to what extent the term translation is used metaphorically or whether it is semantically extended to include a broader notion of translation than that between natural languages.
Umberto Eco and the problem of iconism
Authors: Polidoro Piero 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper focuses on the main features and evolution of the so-called “debate on iconism,” in which Eco was deeply involved. This discussion (one of the most important in general and visual semiotics) began at the end of the 1960s and dealt with the problem of reality and image perception. It was characterized by the contrast between the supporters of visual language “naturality” and those of its “conventionality.” In La Struttura assente (1968) and Trattato di semiotica generale (1975, A Theory of Semiotics), Eco elaborated a moderate conventionalist theory. More than 20 years later, in Kant e l’ornitorinco (1997, Kant and the Platypus), he focused his attention on the link between reality and visual language. The article aims to understand what has really changed in Eco’s theory and how far the reflections in Kant e l’ornitorinco were already implied in his first ideas. Besides, the article underlines the importance of perceptive modalities theory, Eco’s most recent contribution to visual semiotics.
Global and local: Encyclopedic meaning revisited
Authors: Violi Patrizia 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis essay deals directly with the issues of meaning, language use, and communication as they connect with the concept of Encyclopedia. It provides an in-depth investigation into linguistic understanding as an interpretative process and not as a simple passage of information. This reading coincides with various studies in pragmatics, as well as with recent research in more narrowly linguistic fields.
Two Types of Visual Objects
Authors: Skrzypulec Błażej 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
While it is widely accepted that human vision represents objects, it is less clear which of the various philosophical notions of ‘object’ adequately characterizes visual objects. In this paper, I show that within contemporary cognitive psychology visual objects are characterized in two distinct, incompatible ways. On the one hand, models of visual organization describe visual objects in terms of combinations of features, in accordance with the philosophical bundle theories of objects. However, models of visual persistence apply a notion of visual objects that is more similar to that endorsed in philosophical substratum theories. Here I discuss arguments that might show either that only one of the above notions of visual objects is adequate in the context of human vision, or that the category of visual objects is not uniform and contains entities properly characterized by different philosophical conceptions.
The Scope of Legal Psychiatry
Authors: Suarez JM , Hunt J 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Law and psychiatry as distinct disciplines overlap inevitably in many ways. There are many areas in which the two potentially or actually have concerns in common, and these seem to be expanding all the time. These areas are rather heterogeneous, and range from the understanding and treatment of the criminal offender to social issues such as abortion or gun control, and all the way to highly philosophical problems such as confidentiality or the involuntary detention of the dangerous. In actuality, however, the degree and type of interaction between the two disciplines has been remarkably narrow and constricted as this article will demonstrate in depth.
Studies of the Trace Element Content of Bullet Lead and Jacket Material
Authors: Guy RD , Pate BD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This note concerns the characterization of bullets and bullet jacket material through their trace element content, a technique of potential utility when a bullet or bullet fragment is deformed so that the more conventional techniques are inapplicable. Among the trace element analysis techniques which have been already applied to this problem are atomic absorption spectrometry [1] and neutron activation analysis [2]—the latter technique being that employed in the present study. Results from these studies (for rather few trace elements) suggest that bullet lead compositions may be sufficiently constant for a given manufacturer and calibre for characterization to be possible. This is feasible despite the possibility that manufacturers supply lead to each other and the batch nature of the manufacturing process. In the recent work of Lukens et al [2], the elements Sb, Cu, and As were determined, but the measurement of other trace elements was impeded by the intense antimony radioactivity present in the irradiated specimens, resulting from activation of the substantial Sb content of bullet lead.
Fatal Methadone Poisoning in Children: Report of Four Cases
Authors: DiMaio DJ , DiMaio T 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
During the past two years, the Brooklyn office of the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York City has encountered four deaths in children due to methadone poisoning. In all cases, prepared methadone drinks or methadone hydrochloride tablets were carelessly left around the house within the reach of children by either parents or friends of the family who were on a methadone maintenance program. The increasing use of this oral methadone maintenance technique in the management of heroin addicts has made this drug more accessible, thereby increasing the danger of accidental ingestion by children. It is to be expected that with even wider adoption of this program, that accidental methadone poisoning in children will become more common. Four deaths in children due to methadone poisoning are presented in this communication.
Blood Grouping Tests for Non-Paternity
Authors: Sussman LN 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The use of blood grouping tests in disputed paternity, filial relationship, personal identification, forensic medicine, and other medicolegal problems has become increasingly frequent in the past twenty years [1–7]. Several recent articles concerned with pitfalls and exceptions in the interpretation of the laws pertaining to this highly accurate science have appeared [8–10]. Since the major medicolegal impact is in relation to disputed paternity, this report presents a study of an additional 1000 cases in this area. The previous report in 1963 [11] emphasized the fact that only 10 percent of defendants in paternity proceedings requested blood grouping tests to substantiate their denial, whereas a statistical study indicated that approximately 40 percent of men were in fact not the fathers in the actions brought before the courts. To fail to demand a blood grouping test is indeed to disregard a most important defense, and thus fail to provide the most substantial evidence of nonpaternity.
Application of Gm Typing in Cases of Disputed Paternity
Authors: Ellis FR , Camp FR , Litwin SD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
What is the current status of employing human blood groups to exclude paternity? Dr. A. S. Wiener [1] believes that the problem of qualification of experts is still the main factor for forensic immunogenetics. In discussing exceptions to blood group inheritance and mutations, Dr. Wiener wrote that the problem of Bombay bloods, Rh null, Mg, etc. has had little effect—since the frequency is of the same order of magnitude as mutation which has always been with us.
Colorimetric Determination of 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
Authors: DeMayo MM , Briglia EJ , Dal Cortivo LA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
MDA (α,-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine) is one of several arylalkylamine hallucinogens appearing in the illicit drug market. A simple, sensitive method for detecting and estimating the compound is thus desirable.
Suicidal Insulin Poisoning with Nine Day Survival: Recovery in Bile at Autopsy by Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Sturner WQ , Putnam RS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The discovery of insulin fifty years ago enabled doctors to successfully treat an eleven year old boy dying from diabetes mellitus and thereby ushered in a new medical era. While millions of subsequent patients were thus able to lead productive lives, others tunred this miraculous substance into self-destructive purposes, while a few attempted (and possibly succeeded in) carefully concealed homicidal undertakings. The first “murder by insulin” case, prosecuted with a conviction in Great Britain fifteen years ago, employed a laborious bioassay method to demonstrate the hormone at the site of injection [1]. A recent series of insulin poisonings in California was dependent on pathologi changes in the brain from anoxia (hypoglycemia) coupled with history and investigation rather than chemical measurements, although an immunoassay method was used for confirmation in the final case [2]. Instances of suicidal attempts by self-administered insulin have been reported with analyses performed by radioimmunoassay, now employed in clinical laboratories to measure many hormonal and therapeutic substances [3]. We have applied this principle from pathologic and toxicologic aspects in an effort to enhance the diagnostic capability of the forensic pathologist, who must examine and properly certify such deaths.
The Phenomenon of Adolescent Addiction
Authors: Rohrs CC , Murphy JP , Goldsmith B , Densen-Gerber J 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In 1969 the office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York City released statistics which provided blunt quantitative confirmation to a matter of growing concern to both the lay and professional communities. Two hundred twenty-four deaths from heroin were attributed to persons between the ages of 12 and 18, representing 25 percent of the total number of deaths in that city due to heroin. This startling statistic represented a fantastic increase from the preceding year and was greater than 5 percent for the first time in the fifty-year period that this information was compiled.
Phenothiazines: Metabolism and Analytical Detection
Authors: Forrest IS , Green DE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In the early 1950's chlorpromazine (Thorazine), the first phenothiazine drug for clinical use in man, was synthesized in France, was introduced in Europe and Canada without delay, and has been used on a large scale in this country since 1954. Since its introduction chlorpromazine (CP) has been administered to about 100 million people all over the world, and, therefore, metabolic and toxicologic studies have been conducted in many laboratories. There are more than 10,000 papers on record dealing with clinical, pharmacological and biochemical aspects of its use.
Blood Alcohol Concentrations in Drinking Drivers in Tucson, Arizona, 1967–1971
Authors: Kempe CR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The literature contains a number of reports on alcohol as a factor in fatal collisions [1–4]. It is my experience that many of those who have been involved in collisions had blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) which exceeded the recently adopted standard of 0.10 percent weight/volume as a presumptive limit currently on the statute books in many states. A detailed study was started following an inquiry from a state agency relative to BAC's found to be below the 0.15 percent weight/volume presumptive limit then existing in Arizona. In this state there were no readily available statistics dealing with the range of BAC's found in tested drivers such as has been provided by Bradford [5]. Tucson is an ideal place to extend such information since the City-County Crime Laboratory administers blood and breath tests in connection with all matters possibly involving alcohol and traffic, including all accident cases with or without injury or fatality. In this study the experience of five years (1967 through 1971) in metropolitan Tucson was examined. Certain consistencies were revealed relating to the BAC's and their frequencies.
Legal Aspects of Obtaining Evidence for Analysis by Forensic Techniques
Authors: Giannelli PC 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Through the examination of trace evidence, many forensic techniques can establish a link between a suspect and the scene of a crime. Blood, saliva, semen, hairs, fibers, soils, glass, and fingerprints have all been used in this manner. In addition, handwriting and voice exemplars, bite marks, and gunshot residues have also been employed to provide a nexus between a suspect and a crime. All these methods require some form of cooperation on the part of the suspect, ranging from his passive presence for fingerprinting and extraction of blood to his more active participation in providing voice and handwriting exemplars. This contact between the investigator and the suspect has generated constitutional litigation. Defendants have argued that submission to these techniques: (1) violated the privilege against self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment, (2) violated the right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment, (3) infringed upon the right to be free of unreasonable searches and seizures under the Fourth Amendment, and (4) deprived them of due process of law. This paper will examine the judicial response to these constitutional challenges and the impact these decisions will have on the forensic sciences.
Medical Experimentation on Captive Populations in the United States
Authors: Perper JA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Medical experimentation on humans is generally subjected to detailed ethical and legal limitations and safeguards. These safeguards should be even more stringent and more meticulously followed when captive populations are used. The narrow definition of captive population includes inmates of prisons and correctional institutions, and patients in psychiatric institutions and hospitals for the mentally retarded. The broader definition also includes children and fetuses whose medical destinies are under the nearly complete control of parents or legal guardians.
Casualty Criteria for Wounds from Firearms with Special Reference to Shot Penetration—Part II
Authors: Mattoo BN , Wani AK , Asgekar MD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The authors have previously shown [1] that the casualty criterion for wounds from firearms, particularly the shot penetration, is given by the energy/area of presentation of the missile in question. The impact velocity must exceed that required for penetration of human skin. The threshold velocity for skin penetration by steel spheres is given [2] as 125–170 ft/s. Against this the energy criterion [2–4] alone (which is quoted between 40–100 ft-lb or 5.5–14 m-kg) is misleading and subject to forensic misuse. Likewise, it is imprecisely reported [5,6] that shotguns ordinarily have an effective range of 30–40 yd, ignoring the shot size in question. For forensic purposes, a missile is effective as long as it penetrates into the human body, irrespective of the accuracy of the ammunition. A 12-bore rifled slug is quoted [7] as having an extreme range of 800 yd, and American Eastern Buckshot 0 (equivalent to British shot size SG) a range of under 700 yards. “Whenever a Police weapon is used, the extreme range must be taken into account” [7]. It can be shown that an American Eastern Buckshot 000 (equivalent to British shot size LG) fired from a shotgun with a muzzle velocity of 800 ft/s will have sufficient wounding power (corresponding to energy/area of presentation = 3 m-kg/cm2) even at a distance of ∼200 yd and a threshold value for penetration into human skin at ∼300 yd, vide infra. Obviously, it was of interest to evaluate experimentally the criteria for penetration of human skin by lead shot and the extent of this penetration further into human muscle as a function of energy/area of presentation, E/a, of the missile.