bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synchrotrons and Storage Rings
Authors: Kobayakawa Hisashi , Boine‐Frankenheim Oliver 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Brief History

General Principles

Operating Principle

Particle Motion in a Circular Accelerator

Influence of Field Errors and Working Point on Resonance Diagram

Phase Stability

Momentum Compaction Factor, Transition Energy

Beam Injection and Extraction

Effects of Synchrotron Radiation

Radiation Damping and Quantum Fluctuation

Quantum Lifetime

Applications of Synchrotrons and Storage Rings

Synchrotrons and Storage Rings for Nuclear and for High‐Energy Physics

Applications of Synchrotrons and Storage Rings for Materials Science and Others

Neutron Sources for Materials Science

Synchrotron‐Radiation Sources

Radiotherapy

Technology and Engineering Aspects

Magnet System

Radio‐Frequency Engineering

Computers and Automatic Controls

High‐Vacuum Engineering

Civil Engineering

Superconducting System
Targets for Particle Accelerators
Authors: Lommel Bettina , Kindler Birgit 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article gives an overview of the different targets applied in particle accelerators and a short introduction to the material demands and the techniques established for the production. The main emphasis is placed not only on solid targets and strategies to increase their lifetime but also liquid and internal targets are touched. Special production processes for highly enriched isotopes are discussed. Finally, characterization in the sense of thickness, purity, and homogeneity is an important issue. This review is meant to be an outline, so we have provided an extensive bibliography furnishing details of the original publications.
Weak Interaction
Authors: Hikasa Ken‐ichi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWeak interaction is one of the four known fundamental forces in Nature. H induces instability of many elementary particles. The interaction is mediated by particles called W and Z bosons and its structure has been understood in terms of so‐called gauge theory. The origin of the mass of the W and Z bosons as well as quarks and leptons still remains to be clarified.
Free‐Electron Lasers
Authors: Pellegrini Claudio , Reiche Sven 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFree‐electron lasers (FELs) are radiation sources, based on the coherent emission of synchrotron radiation of relativistic electrons within an undulator or wiggler. The resonant radiation wavelength depends on the electron beam energy and can be tuned over the entire spectrum from micrometer to X‐ray radiation. The emission level of FELs is several orders of magnitude larger than the emission level of spontaneous synchrotron radiation, because the interaction between the electron beam and the radiation field modulates the beam current with the periodicity of the resonant radiation wavelength. The high brightness and the spectral range of this kind of radiation source facilitate the study of physical and chemical process on a femtosecond scale with angstrom resolution.
Electrostatic Accelerators
Authors: Weisser David C. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Types of Electrostatic Accelerators

Cockcroft–Walton Voltage Multiplier Accelerator

Symmetric Cascaded Voltage Multiplier Accelerator

Dynamitron Accelerator

Insulating Core Transformer (
ICT
) Accelerator

V
an
de
G
raaff Accelerator

Two‐Stage (Tandem) Accelerators

Tandetron Accelerator

Pelletron Accelerator

Applications of Low‐Energy Electrostatic Accelerators

Material Transformation

Ion Implantation

Surface Processing

Electron‐Beam‐Induced Radiation Damage

Materials Analysis with Ion Beams

Particle‐Induced
X
‐Ray Emission (
PIXE
)

Rutherford Backscattering Analysis (
RBS
)

Channeling

Elastic Recoil Detection (
ERD
)

Resonance Scattering

Nuclear Reaction Analysis (
NRA
)

Activation Analysis

Ion Beam Microprobe

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (
AMS
)

High‐Energy Electrostatic Accelerators

Injectors in Nuclear Physics Research

Electrostatic Accelerator Injectors

LNS
Catania Injector and Radioactive Ion Beam Accelerators

ORNL
Injector and Radioactive Ion Beam Accelerator

Brookhaven National Laboratory—Dual
MP
Injectors

Argonne National Lab—
ATLAS

NEC
14–16
UD
Injectors

Summary

Acknowledgments
Tetrabutylammonium Iodide‐Catalyzed Phosphorylation of Benzyl CH Bonds via a Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling (CDC) Reaction
Authors: Xu Jian , Zhang Pengbo , Li Xueqin , Gao Yuzhen , Wu Ju , Tang Guo , Zhao Yufen 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPhosphate esters play important roles as biological active principles and synthons in chemistry. An efficient metal‐free approach for the synthesis of phosphate esters through sp3 CH activation is described. By using tetrabutylammonium iodide (Bu4NI) as a catalyst and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant, various toluene derivatives and phosphorus nucleophiles are tolerated in this transformation, affording the corresponding products in moderate to good yields.magnified image
Enhancing the Image Contrast of Defect Patterns in Molded Plastic Cases of Mobile Phones with a Digital Image Process
Authors: Lee Taekyong , Tho Gihoon , Oh Seonghyeon , Hahn Jae W. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIn this work, we describe a scatterometer, which is devised to detect defect patterns in the molded plastic cases of mobile phones. Fourier transform is applied to the scattered image of the defect pattern to calculate the distribution of spatial frequency of the pattern. By examining the spatial frequency distribution, which meets the defect patterns, we can greatly enhance the image contrast of the defect by separating the defect and background patterns. For practical purposes, a dielectric‐layer coating containing micrometer‐sized TiO2‐coated urethane balls is proposed for the molded case to reduce the visibility of defect patterns. The resulting changes in visibility are analyzed to investigate the effect of the weight ratio of the microballs in the dielectric layer. The visibility decreases by a factor of 2.7 with 5% weight ratio of the microball.
Polyrotaxane‐Mediated Self‐Assembly of Gold Nanospheres into Fully Reversible Supercrystals
Authors: Coelho Joao Paulo , González‐Rubio Guillermo , Delices Annette , Barcina José Osío , Salgado Cástor , Ávila David , Peña‐Rodríguez Ovidio , Tardajos Gloria , Guerrero‐Martínez Andrés 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe use of a thiol‐functionalized nonionic surfactant to stabilize spherical gold nanoparticles in water induces the spontaneous formation of polyrotaxanes at the nanoparticle surface in the presence of the macrocycle α‐cyclodextrin. Whereas using an excess of surfactant an amorphous gold nanocomposite is obtained, under controlled drying conditions the self‐assembly between the surface supramolecules provides large and homogenous supercrystals with hexagonal close packing of nanoparticles. Once formed, the self‐assembled supercrystals can be fully redispersed in water. The reversibility of the crystallization process may offer an excellent reusable material to prepare gold nanoparticle inks and optical sensors with the potential to be recovered after use.
Sequential Rhodium/Palladium Catalysis: Enantioselective Formation of Dihydroquinolinones in the Presence of Achiral and Chiral Ligands
Authors: Zhang Lei , Qureshi Zafar , Sonaglia Lorenzo , Lautens Mark 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCompatible combinations of achiral and chiral ligands can be used in rhodium/palladium catalysis to achieve highly enantioselective domino reactions. The difference in rates of catalysis and minimal effects of ligand interference confer control in the domino sequence. The “all‐in‐one” 1,4‐conjugate arylation and CN cross‐coupling through sequential Rh/Pd catalysis provides access to enantioenriched dihydroquinolinone building blocks.
Ein heterometallischer FeII‐DyIII‐Einzelmolekülmagnet mit Rekord‐Anisotropiebarriere
Authors: Liu Jun‐Liang , Wu Jie‐Yi , Chen Yan‐Cong , Mereacre Valeriu , Powell Annie K. , Ungur Liviu , Chibotaru Liviu F. , Chen Xiao‐Ming , Tong Ming‐Liang 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEine Rekord‐Anisotropiebarriere (319 cm−1) unter sämtlichen d‐f‐Komplexen wurde für einen einzigartigen FeII‐DyIII‐FeII‐Einzelmolekülmagneten (single molecule magnet, SMM) gefunden, der zwei asymmetrische und verzerrte FeII‐Ionen und ein quasi‐D5h‐symmetrisches DyIII‐Ion enthält. Die eingefrorene Magnetisierung der DyIII‐Ionen führt zur verlangsamten Relaxation der FeII‐Ionen, die im Mößbauer‐Spektrum beobachtet wird. Ab‐initio‐Rechnungen legen nahe, dass ein Tunneln durch Austauschdubletts erfolgreich unterbrochen wird.
Ein kationischer Zinkhydridcluster, stabilisiert durch ein N‐heterocyclisches Carben: Synthese, Reaktivität und Hydrosilylierungskatalyse
Authors: Rit Arnab , Zanardi Alessandro , Spaniol Thomas P. , Maron Laurent , Okuda Jun 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDer dreikernige kationische Zinkhydridcluster [(IMes)3Zn3H4(THF)](BPh4)2 (1) wurde entweder durch Protonierung des neutralen Zinkdihydrids [(IMes)ZnH2]2 mit einer Brønsted‐Säure oder durch Zugabe des Zink‐Dikations [(IMes)Zn(THF)]2+ gebildet. Oxidation von 1 mit PhS‐SPh führte zum dreifach verbrückten Thiophenolato‐Komplex 2. Die Protonolyse von 1 mit Methanol oder Wasser ergab die entsprechenden dreikernigen kationischen Derivate. Bei Raumtemperatur katalysierte 1 die Hydrosilylierung von Aldehyden, Ketonen und Nitrilen. Unter vergleichsweise harschen Reaktionsbedingungen wurde auch Kohlendioxid hydrosilyliert; Hauptprodukt bei der Umsetzung mit (EtO)3SiH ist Silylformiat.
The Formation of Imidazolium Salt Intimate (Contact) Ion Pairs in Solution
Authors: Zanatta Marcileia , Girard Anne‐Lise , Simon Nathalia M. , Ebeling Gunter , Stassen Hubert K. , Livotto Paolo R. , dos Santos Francisco P. , Dupont Jairton 
Published: September 2014

Abstract1‐n‐Butyl‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolium (BMMI) ionic liquids (ILs) associated with different anions undergo H/D exchange preferentially at 2‐Me group of the imidazolium in deuterated solvents. This process is mainly related to the existence of ion pairs rather than the anion basicity. The H/D exchange occurs in solvents (CDCl3 and MeCN for instance) in which intimate contact ion pairs are present and the anion possesses a labile H in its structure, such as hydrogen carbonate and prolinate. In D2O, separated ion pairs are formed and the H/D exchange does not occur. A plausible catalytic cycle is that the IL behaves as a neutral base in the course of all H/D exchange processes. NMR experiments, density functional calculations, and molecular dynamics simulations corroborate these hypotheses.
A Cationic Zinc Hydride Cluster Stabilized by an N‐Heterocyclic Carbene: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Hydrosilylation Catalysis
Authors: Rit Arnab , Zanardi Alessandro , Spaniol Thomas P. , Maron Laurent , Okuda Jun 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe trinuclear cationic zinc hydride cluster [(IMes)3Zn3H4(THF)](BPh4)2 (1) was obtained either by protonation of the neutral zinc dihydride [(IMes)ZnH2]2 with a Brønsted acid or by addition of the putative zinc dication [(IMes)Zn(THF)]2+. A triply bridged thiophenolato complex 2 was formed upon oxidation of 1 with PhSSPh. Protonolysis of 1 by methanol or water gave the corresponding trinuclear dicationic derivatives. At ambient temperature, 1 catalyzed the hydrosilylation of aldehydes, ketones, and nitriles. Carbon dioxide was also hydrosilylated under forcing conditions when using (EtO)3SiH, giving silylformate as the main product.
Effect of zinc maleate/zinc oxide complex on thermal stability of poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Li Guoxing , Wang Ming , Huang Xingliang , Li Haixia , He Hong 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, zinc maleate (ZnMA) and zinc oxide (ZnO) complex (ZnMA/ZnO) was prepared by two methods, namely, by the reaction of maleic acid (MAH) with excess ZnO in aqueous solution and by direct mixing of ZnMA and ZnO at 180°C. The chemical structure of the complex was analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The thermal stabilizing effect of the complex on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was evaluated through static and dynamic stability methods. Compared to calcium and zinc soaps and ZnMA alone, the complex exhibited better thermal stabilizing effect on PVC. The stabilization mechanism was also investigated by ultraviolet–visible spectrometer, FTIR, TGA, and gel content analysis. The results indicated that the complex which involved the replacement of labile chlorine atoms hindered the formation of conjugated double bonds in PVC chains via Diels–Alder reaction, and ZnMA/ZnO complex also exhibited the ability to absorb hydrogen chloride. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41464.
Effects of hydrolysis degree of soy protein isolate on the structure and performance of hydrolyzed soy protein isolate/urea/formaldehyde copolymer resin
Authors: Qu Ping , Huang Hongying , Wu Guofeng , Sun Enhui , Chang Zhizhou 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe hydrolyzed soy protein isolate (HSPI) with different hydrolysis degree was applied to modify urea‐formaldehyde resins (UF) via copolymerization process. The properties of HSPI were characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR) and TGA. The results show that HSPI with different hydrolysis degree is obtained. 1H NMR and ATR‐FTIR spectra indicate that HSPI with different hydrolysis degree can incorporate into the structure of cured and uncured UF. The UF modified with higher hydrolysis degree of HSPI possess more stable units and contribute to the lower exothermic peak temperature in DSC curves. The bonding strength of HSPI modified UF increases as the hydrolysis degree of HSPI increases at the hot‐press temperature of 120°C and decreases at the hot‐press temperature of 150°C. The best bonding strength is 1.53 MPa at the hot‐press temperature of 135°C and improved 56.12% compared with UF. In addition, the formaldehyde emission is dramatically reduced. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41469.
Flame retarding effect of graphite in rotationally molded polyethylene/graphite composites
Authors: Mhike Washington , Ferreira Ignatius V. W. , Li Jing , Stoliarov Stanislav I. , Focke Walter W. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTLinear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) compounds containing 10 wt % graphite fillers were rotationally molded into flat sheets. Flame retardancy was studied using cone calorimeter tests conducted at a radiative heat flux of 35 kW/m2. Only the expandable graphite, an established flame retardant for polyethylene, significantly reduced the peak heat release rate. Compared with the neat polyethylene, it was easier to ignite the LLDPE composites containing carbon black, expandable graphite, and exfoliated graphite. However, rather unexpectedly, the inclusion of flake graphite increased the time to ignition by up to 80%. Simulations conducted with the ThermaKin numerical pyrolysis software suggest that increased reflectivity was mainly responsible for this effect. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41472.
Rheological properties of hydroxyl‐terminated and end‐capped aliphatic hyperbranched polyesters
Authors: Dunjic Branko , Tasic Srba , Bozic Branislav , Aleksandrovic‐Bondzic Vesna , Nikolic Marija S. , Djonlagic Jasna 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe rheological behavior of two series of aliphatic hyperbranched (HB) polyesters, based on 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (bis‐MPA) and di‐trimethylol propane (Di‐TMP) as a tetrafunctional core, was studied. The effect of the size (pseudo‐generation number, from second to eight) and structure on the melt rheological properties was investigated for a series of hydroxyl‐terminated HB polyesters. In addition, the influence of the nature and degree of modification of the terminal OH groups in a series of fourth‐generation polyesters end‐capped with short and long alkyl chains and some aryl groups on the rheological properties was analyzed. The time–temperature superposition procedure was applied for the construction of master curves and for the analysis of the rheological properties of HB polyesters. The data obtained from WLF analysis of the HB polyesters showed that the values of the thermal coefficient of expansion of free volume αf and the fractional free volume at the glass transition temperature, fg, increase with increasing size of the HB polyesters. It was shown that the modified HB polyesters exhibited lower Tg and TG′=G″ temperatures, above which viscous became dominant over elastic behavior. From an analysis of the master curves of the modified HB polyesters, it was observed that with increasing degree of modification, both storage and loss modules and complex dynamic viscosity and apparent energy for viscoelastic relaxation decrease, because of reduced intermolecular hydrogen interactions. They do not exhibit a plateau of rubbery behavior, which confirms that no entanglements are present and that the molar masses are below the critical molar mass. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41479.
Synthesis of two PET waste derived bisacrylic and bisallylic monomers and their potential use as crosslinking agents and dental resin composites
Authors: Coreño Alonso Juan , Cruz Aguilar Antonio , Cuevas‐Suárez Carlos Enrique , Vázquez García Rosa Ángeles , Herrera‐González Ana María 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTTwo novel bifunctional monomers obtained from PET waste glycolisis are reported. Bis(2‐(acryloyloxy)ethyl) terephthalate and bis(2‐(((allyloxy)carbonyl)oxy)ethyl) terephthalate (BACET) monomers were obtained from bis(hydroxyethyl) terephthalate derived from PET waste and acryloyl chloride and allyl chloroformate, respectively. The monomers were characterized by FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopies. They were evaluated as crossslinking agents for acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic (MA) acids using thermally initiated polymerization. The obtained copolymers showed higher thermal stability than the acrylic homopolymers. They were also tested for dental formulations as Bis‐GMA substitutes in heat curing resin composites. In spite of its lower reactivity, only BACET was able to substitute Bis‐GMA, due to its high solubility in the TEGDMA comonomer. Resin formulations containing nanosized silica and the mixture Bis‐GMA/TEGDMA or BACET/TEGDMA were prepared in order to compare physical and chemical properties. Water sorption, solubility, and flexural strength were found statistically similar for both formulations. However, flexural modulus was lower and double bond conversion was higher for the BACET resin, which could make it appropriate for its potential use in dental resin composites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41487.
A Fluorimetric Readout Reporting the Kinetics of Nucleotide‐Induced Human Ribonucleotide Reductase Oligomerization
Authors: Fu Yuan , Lin Hong‐Yu , Wisitpitthaya Somsinee , Blessing William A. , Aye Yimon 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHuman ribonucleotide reductase (hRNR) is a target of nucleotide chemotherapeutics in clinical use. The nucleotide‐induced oligomeric regulation of hRNR subunit α is increasingly being recognized as an innate and drug‐relevant mechanism for enzyme activity modulation. In the presence of negative feedback inhibitor dATP and leukemia drug clofarabine nucleotides, hRNR‐α assembles into catalytically inert hexameric complexes, whereas nucleotide effectors that govern substrate specificity typically trigger α‐dimerization. Currently, both knowledge of and tools to interrogate the oligomeric assembly pathway of RNR in any species in real time are lacking. We therefore developed a fluorimetric assay that reliably reports on oligomeric state changes of α with high sensitivity. The oligomerization‐directed fluorescence quenching of hRNR‐α, covalently labeled with two fluorophores, allows for direct readout of hRNR dimeric and hexameric states. We applied the newly developed platform to reveal the timescales of α self‐assembly, driven by the feedback regulator dATP. This information is currently unavailable, despite the pharmaceutical relevance of hRNR oligomeric regulation.
Cognitive function is associated with prison behaviour among women in prison but not with subjective perception of adjustment to prison
Authors: Rocha Nuno B. F. , Fonseca Duarte A. , Marques Alina B. , Rocha Susana A. , Hoaken Peter N. S. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundThere is considerable evidence that aspects of cognitive function, especially executive function, are associated with antisocial behaviour and violence, but most research to date has measured current cognition and previous criminal behaviour. Furthermore, this research has been conducted almost exclusively with male offenders.AimThe aim of this study is to examine relationships between a wide range of cognitive functions and behaviours among women in prison. Our hypotheses were that cognitive functioning would be associated with both more‐or‐less contemporaneously observed behaviour problems and self‐rated adjustment to the environment.MethodForty‐five drug‐free imprisoned female offenders were individually assessed on a battery of cognitive measures. Prison staff rated their behaviour on the Prison Behaviour Rating Scale and the women rated their own sense of adjustment to the environment on the Prison Adjustment Questionnaire.ResultsStepwise hierarchical regressions indicated that attention was independently associated with behaviours reflecting tension, depression, isolation, fear, victimisation and worry, whereas processing speed was independently associated with behaviours reflecting lack of energy, mental slowness and lack of awareness of the surrounding environment and total Prison Adjustment Questionnaire score. There was no relationship between cognitive functioning and subjective perception of adjustment to prison.Conclusions and Implications for Practice and Future ResearchResults indicate that cognition contributes to some of the behavioural problems displayed by inmates in the prison context. Future studies should evaluate the role of programmes to improve cognitive processes in also improving prison behaviour and also test for continuities and discontinuities with post‐release integrative success. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection of Biphasic Liquid Systems in Liquid‐Liquid Chromatography Using Predictive Thermodynamic Models
Authors: Frey Andreas , Hopmann Elisabeth , Minceva Mirjana 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe possibility of using thermodynamic models for screening biphasic liquid systems, including systems for which liquid‐liquid equilibrium data are not available, is demonstrated. The liquid‐liquid equilibrium in different biphasic systems and the partition coefficients of solutes in these systems are predicted with UNIFAC and COSMO‐RS. The predictions are based only on the molecular structure of the solutes and solvents. The advantages and limitations of the two models are explored using fourteen solutes and five biphasic solvent systems. The overall results show that the theoretically selected systems closely match the systems chosen by experimental screening. The experimental work needed for selecting a suitable biphasic system for a given separation problem can be drastically reduced with the help of predictive thermodynamic models.