bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
StereoMorph: an R package for the collection of 3D landmarks and curves using a stereo camera set‐up
Authors: Olsen Aaron M. , Westneat Mark W. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryQuantitative, three‐dimensional measurements of anatomy in biology and paleontology are key to understanding the evolutionary processes underlying morphological, functional and ecological diversification. However, the collection of 3D morphometric data from a large number of samples or in the field is currently limited by methods that are either too costly, too time‐consuming or lack portability.We present a new R package, StereoMorph, for the rapid and accurate collection of 3D landmarks and curves using two standard digital cameras. StereoMorph provides a complete set of tools for every step in the collection of 3D landmarks and curves using a stereo camera set‐up. This includes image processing and optimization functions for automated camera calibration using a checkerboard pattern, an easy‐to‐use application for digitizing landmarks and curves from photographs, and tools for reconstructing points and curves in 3D. The image processing tools and digitizing application are readily applicable to 2D morphometrics as well, enabling 2D landmarks and curves to be digitized and scaled automatically using a checkerboard pattern.We include five examples that demonstrate key functionalities of StereoMorph: automated detection of checkerboard corners, camera calibration, testing calibration accuracy, digitizing photographs and 3D curve reconstruction. With a set‐up costing less than $1500, we show that it is possible to achieve a mean reconstruction error of less than 30 microns. Once the cameras are assembled, specimens can be photographed as quickly as with 2D morphometrics while digitizing takes two to three times as long as digitizing a single photograph.We conclude by presenting an accompanying tutorial which details all of the steps required to collect 3D landmarks and curves using StereoMorph. Additionally, we present a web blog that will provide a platform for updates and user questions and suggestions.
The role of Cochrane reviews in informing international guidelines: a case study of using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system to develop World Health Organization guidelines for the psychosocially assisted pharmacological treatment of opioid dependence
Authors: Davoli Marina , Amato Laura , Clark Nicolas , Farrell Michael , Hickman Matthew , Hill Suzanne , Magrini Nicola , Poznyak Vladimir , Schünemann Holger J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackground and AimsThe World Health Organization (WHO), and a growing number of other organizations, have adopted the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system in order to both assess the quality of research evidence and develop clinical practice guidelines. In 2009 WHO published a guideline on psychosocially assisted pharmacological treatment of opioid dependence, based on the results of Cochrane Reviews summarized using the GRADE methodology. The main features of this system are an a priori definition of outcomes and their relevance, and distinction between the quality of evidence (also referred to as confidence in the estimate of intervention effect) and the strength of recommendations. We consider how successful this approach has been.Analysis and EvidenceWe discuss the merits and limitations of using Cochrane Reviews and GRADE framework in developing guidelines in the field of drug addiction. In 2009 a panel of multi‐disciplinary international experts identified 15 clinical questions and eight relevant outcomes. Cochrane reviews were available for each clinical question and four outcomes. The panel formulated 15 recommendations. Eight recommendations were classified as strong, two of which were based on high‐quality evidence and three on very low‐quality evidence. For example, the strong recommendation to use methadone in adequate doses in preference to buprenorphine was based on high‐quality evidence, while the strong recommendation not to use the combination of opioid antagonists with heavy sedation in the management of opioid withdrawal was based on low‐quality evidence.ConclusionsAn explicit stepwise process of moving from evaluation of the quality of evidence to the definition of the strength of recommendations is important in providing practical and clear clinical guidance for practitioners and policy‐makers in addiction.
Foetal Doppler abnormality is associated with increased risk of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants
Authors: Westby Eger SH , Kessler J , Kiserud T , Markestad T , Sommerfelt K 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimFetoplacental Doppler abnormalities have been associated with increased neonatal mortality and morbidity. This study evaluated the associations between prenatal Doppler assessments and neonatal mortality and morbidity in premature infants born small for gestational age or after pre‐eclampsia.MethodsThis was a population‐based study of infants born alive at 220–336 weeks of gestation, a birthweight <10th percentile for gestational age and/or maternal pre‐eclampsia. Doppler assessments of the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery and ductus venosus were evaluated in 127, 125 and 95 cases, respectively. Circulatory compromise was defined as absent or reversed end‐diastolic velocity in the umbilical artery (AREDF), middle cerebral artery pulsatility index <2.5 percentile for gestational age and ductus venosus pulsatility index for veins >97.5 percentile.ResultsAREDF was present in 28% of the infants. This was associated with increased frequencies of neonatal sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis after adjusting for gestational age. Abnormal ductus venosus pulsatility index for veins was associated with increased risk of neonatal sepsis, but only in combination with AREDF. These associations were only present when gestational age was <28 weeks.ConclusionAREDF was associated with increased neonatal morbidity in premature infants born small for gestational age or after pre‐eclampsia.
Accuracy of predicted refraction with multifocal intraocular lenses using two biometry measurement devices and multiple intraocular lens power calculation formulas
Authors: Reitblat Olga , Assia Ehud I , Kleinmann Guy , Levy Adi , Barrett Graham D , Abulafia Adi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate the accuracy of predicted refraction using multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) with power calculation based on two biometric devices and multiple IOL power calculation formulas.DesignA retrospective study conducted in a private practice ophthalmology clinic.ParticipantsSeventy‐three eyes of 48 patients were evaluated.MethodsConsecutive cases of eyes that had undergone successful cataract surgery with an implantation of a multifocal IOL (SN6AD1, Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA) by a single surgeon were enrolled. Patients were meticulously screened for suitability for a multifocal IOL implantation according to our clinic guidelines. Two biometric measurement devices (IOLMaster‐500 [Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany] and Lenstar‐LS900 [Haag‐Streit AG, Koeniz, Switzerland]) were used under strict validation criteria to evaluate the predicted refraction errors for the Holladay 1, SRK/T, Hoffer Q, Haigis, Holladay 2, Barrett Universal II and Olsen formulas.Main Outcome MeasuresPredicted refractive sphere equivalent (RSE) errors.ResultsThe measurements obtained from the two biometric devices were highly correlated. The standard deviation of the error in predicted RSE and the median absolute error were similar for the IOLMaster and the Lenstar devices using all formulas, ranging from 0.27 dioptres (D) to 0.31D and from 0.15D to 0.21D, respectively. A high percentage of eyes had an error in predicted RSE within ±0.5D from target refraction, ranging from 86.3% to 93.2%.ConclusionsHigh accuracy can be achieved in multifocal IOL power calculations by appropriate patient selection, precise biometry and appropriate IOL calculation formulas.
Voice and meaning: the wisdom of Family Support veterans
Authors: Devaney Carmel , Dolan Pat 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAlthough a widely accepted term in child welfare discourses, there remains a vagueness as to what Family Support as a named orientation in children and family services actually entails. This lack of clarity is, at times, used to detract from its usefulness within the policy and practice arena. Using the accumulated wisdom of a select group of accomplished managers, academics and policy makers in social work and social care, this paper retrospectively reviews the evolution of Family Support within the Irish context and distils the core characteristics of Family Support practice and service delivery. An unstructured narrative inducing interview was conducted with 14 veterans of Family Support and child welfare. Participants who are based in the USA, the UK and Ireland each had between 30 and 60 years' experience working in this field. Salient factors were identified by participants as having contributed to the growth of Family Support. Specific and distinct characteristics of Family Support practice and services were also categorized by these veterans, providing voice and meaning to Family Support as a specific approach. This paper addresses the debate on Family Support with its place as an accepted and valued orientation within the child welfare arena acknowledged.
Adolescent non‐adherence reveals a genetic cause for diabetes
Authors: Carmody D. , Lindauer K. L. , Naylor R. N. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundGlucokinase related maturity‐onset diabetes of the young (GCK‐MODY) is a form of monogenic diabetes characterized by mildly elevated fasting blood sugars and HbA1c typically ranging from 38 to 60 mmol/mol (5.6–7.6%). It is frequently unrecognized or misdiagnosed as Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, resulting in unnecessary pharmacologic therapy.Case reportTwo brothers were initially diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. The brothers were maintained on a total daily insulin dose of 0.3–0.5 units/kg/day and had HbA1c values of 40–51 mmol/mol (5.8–6.8%) throughout childhood. After over 10 years of insulin treatment, the younger brother chose to discontinue his insulin therapy without informing his family or his clinician. Following cessation of insulin treatment, he did not experience any change in overall glycaemic control. Subsequent research‐based genetic testing revealed a deleterious mutation in GCK in both brothers (p.Val182Met). The older brother subsequently discontinued insulin therapy and both have remained off all pharmacological therapy with good glycaemic control (HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol, < 7%) and no adverse complications. The family was advised to seek confirmatory genetic testing in the father and other relatives with hyperglycaemia.ConclusionThe family described above exemplifies the rationale behind considering a genetic cause when evaluating every person with new‐onset hyperglycaemia or those with atypical diabetes. The cost of genetic testing for the most common MODY causing genes may be offset by savings made in therapeutic costs. It is important that all clinicians supervising diabetes care recognize the cardinal features that distinguish GCK–MODY from other forms of diabetes.
Mandibular squamous cell carcinoma in a 5‐year‐old Tennessee Walking Horse
Authors: Loftin P. , Fowlkes N. , McCauley C. 
Published: December 2014

SummarySquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common neoplasm reported in the horse, but occurs rarely in the oral cavity. Clinical signs may be insidious in onset and mimic other non‐neoplastic processes, thus delaying appropriate treatment. Timely evaluation and advanced diagnostic imaging may offer the opportunity to initiate definitive treatment. This report describes a young gelding with mandibular SCC that was evaluated for mandibular swelling failing to respond to symptomatic therapy.
Predator‐prey migration phenologies remain synchronised in a warming catchment
Authors: Sergeant Christopher J. , Armstrong Jonathan B. , Ward Eric J. 
Published: December 2014

Summary

Animal migrations often evolve to exploit seasonal variation in foraging opportunities. Many migrants move among discrete habitats using environmental cues to time their arrivals with seasonal peaks in food abundance. This type of migratory behaviour has been hypothesized to be particularly vulnerable to climate change, which can generate asynchrony between the seasonal timing (phenology) of animal movements and periods of resource abundance in destination habitats.

While many studies have documented climate‐induced mismatches between migrants and the lower trophic levels they target, virtually none have explored the consequences of altered migration phenology on the higher trophic levels that migrants often subsidise. We explored the roles of climatic variation and prey migrations in driving the seasonal migrations of predators.

We show that in a warming catchment where prey migrations have changed substantially over the last 4 decades, migrations of Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) (predator) remain synchronised with annually variable Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) (prey) migrations and appear to be cued directly by salmon migration rather than environmental conditions.

In contrast to many previous studies, our results suggest that some wide‐ranging predators may be resilient to altered prey phenology.
Assessing the affective load in the narratives of women suffering from fibromyalgia: the clinicians' appraisal
Authors: Cedraschi Christine , Girard Elodie , Piguet Valérie , Desmeules Jules , Allaz Anne‐Françoise 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveFibromyalgia is characterized by chronic widespread pain and various associated symptoms, including psychological distress. This study presents a secondary analysis of the interviews of patients with fibromyalgia to appraise the affective load of the patient narratives as assessed by independent clinicians.Setting and participantsThree clinicians, an internist, a psychiatrist and a psychologist, who were experienced in chronic pain reviewed the interview transcripts of 56 women eliciting their views regarding fibromyalgia onset. A Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale was used (0 = no affective load to 5 = maximum affective load) to provide a subjective appraisal of the intensity of the affective impact, as suggested in the transcripts and from the clinician perspectives.ResultsThe mean affective load was 3.6 (SD = ±1), indicating the perception of a high affective load in the clinicians. Values indicating a high or very high affective load (≥4 points on the CGI scale) were more frequent than those in the lower range [23 narratives (41%) vs. 3 (5%)]. The inter‐rater agreement of the affective load of the narratives was high (K > 0.85). These results of the clinician perspectives parallel those of the patient narratives, emphasizing disruptive circumstances, psychological distress and hopelessness surrounding symptom onset.ConclusionThe affective load in the narratives of these patients with fibromyalgia was high and had a negative undertone when considered from the clinicians' perspective. This study highlights the importance of considering the affective resonance in the context of therapeutic relationships that are often emotionally laden and highly challenging for the clinician.
Minute lesions of alveolar damage in lungs of patients with stable idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Emura Iwao , Usuda Hiroyuki , Togashi Kenichi , Satou Kazuhiro 
Published: December 2014

AimsTo investigate the mechanisms underlying the acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and in particular the role of minute lesions of alveolar damage.Methods and resultsWe examined surgical lung biopsy samples from 38 patients with stable idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and evaluated the association between the foci and development of acute exacerbation. Mild extravasation, probably resulting from lung injury and intra‐alveolar oedema fluid, were observed in narrow areas of architecturally intact lung tissue. Minute lesions of alveolar damage were detected in these areas. Alveolar epithelial cells in these lesions were injured. Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐2α‐positive macrophages, tumour necrosis factor‐α‐positive macrophages and neutrophils had accumulated in alveolar spaces in and around these lesions. Cases were classified into patients without (17) and with (21) minute lesions of alveolar damage. Development to acute exacerbation (five cases) occurred only in patients with minute lesions of alveolar damage (P = 0.03).ConclusionsThe formation of minute lesions of alveolar damage may be initiated by hypoxia, and such lesions play important roles in the development of acute exacerbation.
The Charge Release and Its Mechanism for Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)–PbTiO3 Ferroelectric Crystals Under One‐Dimensional Shock Wave Compression
Authors: Gao Junjie , Xie Long , Zhang Hao , Yu Jidong , Liu Gaomin , Wang Ganghua , Bai Jingsong , Gu Yanqin , He Hongliang 
Published: December 2014

The charge release and related mechanisms for Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)–PbTiO3 (PIN–PMN–PT) ferroelectric crystals under one‐dimensional shock wave compression were investigated using discharge current profile measurement, by which the piezoelectric stress coefficient e31 and the phase transition (from tetragonal to orthorhombic phase) pressure were obtained, being −2.9 C/m2 and 2.3 GPa, respectively. Based on experiment results and thermodynamics analysis, it was found that the one‐dimensional shock compression favored ferroelectric phase, being different from the effect of hydrostatic pressure, which favored paraelectric phase. This phenomenon can be attributed to the crystal anisotropy and electromechanical coupling effects as one‐dimensional shock compression is applied to PIN–PMN–PT ferroelectric crystals.
Mn‐Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposite: A Highly Efficient Humidity Sensor
Authors: Tomer Vijay K. , Duhan Surender , Adhyapak Parag V. , Mulla Imtiaz S. 
Published: December 2014

We report a relative humidity sensor based on manganese‐nanoparticle‐loaded mesoporous silica SBA‐15 using a facile hydrothermal route. The as‐developed nanocomposite material (Mn/SBA‐15) possesses a high surface area and a high pore volume. The obtained samples were characterized by using low‐angle X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N2 adsorption–desorption, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy techniques. The Mn/SBA‐15 exhibited, improved humidity response and recovery time as compared to pure SBA‐15 in the 11%–92% RH range. Optimal results were obtained for the 5 wt% Mn‐loaded SBA‐15 sample, which displayed excellent linearity, low hysteresis, and high humidity response. A change in ~5 orders of magnitude in resistance was observed over 11%–92% RH range. The investigation of humidity sensing properties of Mn/SBA‐15 nanocomposite shows that this material has good prospects as humidity sensor.
The Effect of Mandatory IFRS Adoption on Conditional Conservatism in Europe
Authors: André Paul , Filip Andrei , Paugam Luc 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe study the effect of mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Europe in 2005 on conditional conservatism. We capture conditional conservatism with a modified version of the Khan and Watts measure (C_Score) that also controls for potential shifts in unconditional conservatism and cost of capital. From a sample of 13,711 firm‐year observations drawn from 16 European countries spanning the 2000–2010 period, we document an overall decline in the degree of conditional conservatism after the adoption of IFRS. We show that the decline in conditional conservatism is less pronounced for countries with high quality audit environments and strong enforcement of compliance with accounting standards using the Brown et al. audit and enforcement index. As asset impairment tests are a key mechanism ensuring conditional conservatism in the IFRS framework, we further examine these. We show that firms booking an asset impairment present a smaller decline in the degree of conditional conservatism relative to firms that do not. We also demonstrate that firms that do not book an asset impairment when evidence suggests the probable need to do so experience a more pronounced reduction in conditional conservatism. We argue that IFRS are conceptually conditionally conservative but that inappropriate application of conditional conservatism principles is likely to prevent financial reporting from reaching the level of conservatism targeted by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
Sensitization to aeroallergens in atopic dermatitis patients: association with concomitant allergic diseases
Authors: Čelakovská J. , Ettlerová K. , Ettler K. , Vaněčková J. , Bukač J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundA few reports demonstrate the relationship between IgE sensitization to aeroallergens in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients and other allergic diseases and parameters.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate, if there is a significant relationship between the sensitization to common aeroallergens in AD patients and the occurrence of asthma bronchiale, rhinitis and other atopic parameters.MethodsSensitization to dust, mites, animal dander and bird feather was examined (skin prick test, specific IgE) and the relationship with the occurrence of asthma bronchiale, rhinitis, duration of AD, family history and onset of AD was evaluated.ResultsTwo hundred and eighty‐eight patients were examined – 90 men and 198 women. According to our results, IgE sensitization to animal dander, dust and mites may increase the risk of developing asthma or rhinitis. Persistent lesions of AD occur more often in patients with sensitization to animal dander, mites and dust. Patients with the sensitization to bird feather have the onset of AD more often above 5 years of age and in these patients, there is no relationship with the positive data about atopy in the family history.ConclusionThere is a greater likelihood of developing other allergic diseases in atopic dermatitis patients who suffer from sensitisation to animal dander, mites, and dust. Thus, prompt management of atopic dermatitis and allergy to inhallant allergens that develop in early infancy may be a successful method for preventing of atopic march.