bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predator–prey encounter and capture rates in turbulent environments
Authors: Pécseli H. L. , Trulsen J. K. , Fiksen Ø. 
Published: August 2014

Lay AbstractIn this article, we review the ways in which turbulent water flow affects predator–prey encounter and capture rates. In quiet environments, zooplankton rely on self‐induced motions to encounter their prey. However, flows in nature, the oceans in particular, are usually turbulent. Fluid turbulence is very effective at mixing the water and can also greatly enhance the encounter rate between predators and prey—especially when both are carried passively by the flow. In this sense, there is an advantage for planktonic predators to be in a turbulent environment, but turbulence can also reduce the probability of prey capture. Our estimates suggest that there is an optimum turbulence level where the gain by enhanced encounter rates is balanced by reduced capture rates. These optimum conditions can be expressed mathematically in terms of the basic variables describing the problem, where the water flow is characterized by its kinematic viscosity, the turbulence by the specific energy dissipation rate, and plankton by their capture range and opening angle of its field of reception and a minimum time needed for capturing prey. The velocities of the self‐induced motions with respect to the local flow are also important. Turbulence not only affects the relative motion between predator and prey but also disturbs signals from the sensory organs on their antennae. Enhanced turbulence levels can be interpreted as noise by plankton by giving rise to random velocity variations along their antennae. This noise can be misinterpreted as a signal of the presence of prey. Similarly, prey can interpret such disturbances as false evidence of a predator. In the first case, a predator can attack even in absence of prey, while in the latter case prey can be seen to perform escape responses in the absence of a predator. Simple mathematical models can explain the basic features of this problem and help to increase our understanding of plankton ecology.
Mesothelin Expression in Pancreatic Mucinous Cysts
Authors: Frank Renee , Li Shaoying , Ahmad Nuzhat A. , Sepulveda Antonia R. , Jhala Nirag C. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Objectives:
Mesothelin (MSLN) is a differentiation antigen found to be overexpressed in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and is a potential treatment target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Methods:
From institutional archives, 114 cases of resected pancreatic mucinous cysts were identified, including IPMN and mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN). Immunohistochemical analysis of MSLN was performed on representative sections.

Results:
MSLN was seen more frequently in neoplastic epithelial cells from IPMN (39/52; P &lt; .0005) and MCN (9/14; P &lt; .0001) compared with unremarkable adjacent pancreatic and bile ducts (0/57) and benign foveolar and duodenal epithelium (0/21). When present, MSLN was diffusely expressed in neoplastic epithelium and only focally expressed in adjacent ducts (8/57). No significant difference was seen (P = .26) in MLSN expression between IPMN (79%) and MCN (83%) when only presence or absence was considered.

Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that MLSN can be used as a marker of neoplastic transformation of epithelial cells in pancreatic mucinous cysts. The findings can help identify neoplastic mucinous epithelium.
THE RELIGIOUS-PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT OF PERSONAL DAIMON AND THE MAGICO-THEURGIC RITUAL OF SYSTASIS IN THE GREEK MAGICAL PAPYRI
Authors: Pachoumi Eleni 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The paper examines the religious and philosophical concept of the personal daimon in the Greek magical papyri in relation to Greek philosophy and especially to the Neo-Platonist philosophers. Questions to be addressed are: What is the nature of the personal daimon? What is the relationship between the personal daimon and the individual and how is this relationship established in magic? Special emphasis is placed on the role of the magico-theurgic ritual of systasis in the process of establishing the relationship with the personal daimon. Finally, the paper examines the relationship between magic rituals, mysteries and philosophy, focusing on the issue of the internalization of the personal daimon.
LES DÉRIVÉS PRÉFIXAUX DU VERBE ΆΠΛΌΩ DANS LES ÉCRITS DE LA TRADITION PLATONICIENNE APRÈS PLOTIN
Authors: Alekniene Tatjana 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This article pursues the earlier analysis by the same author (Philologus 154/1, 2010, 55-75) concerning the use of ἁπλόω and ἅπλωσις in the texts of Plotinus and Marcus Aurelius. It shows that, in the Platonic tradition after Plotinus (Syrianus, Proclus, Damascius, Pseudo-Dionysius Areopagite), the verb ὑπερ-απλοῦμαι, originally signifying: ‘to be spread out over’, acquires the particular philosophical meaning ‘surpass in simplicity’, but it does not have this meaning in De mysteriis Egyptorum of Iamblichus. Later, in Damascius, the philosophical signification of verbs of the root ἁπλ- is extended to ἀναπλόω, which begins to signify ‘simplify’, and not ‘unfold’.
The Switch from Fermentation to Respiration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Regulated by the Ert1 Transcriptional Activator/Repressor
Authors: Gasmi Najla , Jacques Pierre-Etienne , Klimova Natalia , Guo Xiao , Ricciardi Alessandra , Robert François , Turcotte Bernard 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, fermentation is the major pathway for energy production, even under aerobic conditions. However, when glucose becomes scarce, ethanol produced during fermentation is used as a carbon source, requiring a shift to respiration. This adaptation results in massive reprogramming of gene expression. Increased expression of genes for gluconeogenesis and the glyoxylate cycle is observed upon a shift to ethanol and, conversely, expression of some fermentation genes is reduced. The zinc cluster proteins Cat8, Sip4, and Rds2, as well as Adr1, have been shown to mediate this reprogramming of gene expression. In this study, we have characterized the gene YBR239C encoding a putative zinc cluster protein and it was named ERT1 (ethanol regulated transcription factor 1). ChIP-chip analysis showed that Ert1 binds to a limited number of targets in the presence of glucose. The strongest enrichment was observed at the promoter of PCK1 encoding an important gluconeogenic enzyme. With ethanol as the carbon source, enrichment was observed with many additional genes involved in gluconeogenesis and mitochondrial function. Use of lacZ reporters and quantitative RT-PCR analyses demonstrated that Ert1 regulates expression of its target genes in a manner that is highly redundant with other regulators of gluconeogenesis. Interestingly, in the presence of ethanol, Ert1 is a repressor of PDC1 encoding an important enzyme for fermentation. We also show that Ert1 binds directly to the PCK1 and PDC1 promoters. In summary, Ert1 is a novel factor involved in the regulation of gluconeogenesis as well as a key fermentation gene.
The Relationship Between Gun Ownership and Stranger and Nonstranger Firearm Homicide Rates in the United States, 1981–2010
Authors: Siegel Michael , Negussie Yamrot , Vanture Sarah , Pleskunas Jane , Ross Craig S. , King Charles 
Published: August 2014

Objectives. We examined the relationship between gun ownership and stranger versus nonstranger homicide rates.Methods. Using data from the Supplemental Homicide Reports of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reports for all 50 states for 1981 to 2010, we modeled stranger and nonstranger homicide rates as a function of state-level gun ownership, measured by a proxy, controlling for potential confounders. We used a negative binomial regression model with fixed effects for year, accounting for clustering of observations among states by using generalized estimating equations.Results. We found no robust, statistically significant correlation between gun ownership and stranger firearm homicide rates. However, we found a positive and significant association between gun ownership and nonstranger firearm homicide rates. The incidence rate ratio for nonstranger firearm homicide rate associated with gun ownership was 1.014 (95% confidence interval = 1.009, 1.019).Conclusions. Our findings challenge the argument that gun ownership deters violent crime, in particular, homicides.
Patterns of Visit Attendance in the Nurse–Family Partnership Program
Authors: Holland Margaret L. , Xia Yinglin , Kitzman Harriet J. , Dozier Ann M. , Olds David L. 
Published: August 2014

Objectives. We examined visit attendance patterns in the Memphis trial of the Nurse–Family Partnership and associations between these patterns and family characteristics, outcomes, and treatment–control differences in outcomes. Methods. We employed repeated measures latent class analysis to identify attendance patterns among the 228 mothers assigned to receive home nurse visits during pregnancy and until the child was aged 2 years, associated background characteristics, outcomes, and treatment–control differences by visit class. Home visits were conducted from June 1990 to March 1994. We collected outcome data from May 1992 to April 1994 and July 2003 to December 2006. Results. We identified 3 visit attendance patterns. High attenders (48%) had the most visits and good outcomes. Low attenders (33%) had the most education and the best outcomes. Increasing attenders (18%) had the fewest completed visits during pregnancy, the poorest intake characteristics, and the poorest outcomes. Treatment–control group differences varied by class, with high and low attenders having better outcomes on some measures than did their control group counterparts. Conclusions. Three patterns were associated with distinct groups of mothers with different long-term outcomes. Further examination and use of patterns to classify mothers and prioritize resources may improve efficiency in the Nurse–Family Partnership.
Use of Research Evidence in State Policymaking for Childhood Obesity Prevention in Minnesota
Authors: Gollust Sarah E. , Kite Hanna A. , Benning Sara J. , Callanan Rachel A. , Weisman Susan R. , Nanney Marilyn S. 
Published: August 2014

Objectives. We describe how scientific evidence about obesity has been used in Minnesota legislative materials to understand how research evidence might more effectively be translated into policymaking. Methods. We selected 13 obesity-related bills introduced from 2007 to 2011 in Minnesota. Using state archives, we collected all legislative committee meeting materials and floor testimony related to each bill. We used a coding instrument to systematically analyze the content of a sample of 109 materials for their use of research evidence and non–research-based information. Results. Research evidence was mentioned in 41% of all legislative materials. Evidence was often used to describe the prevalence or consequences of obesity or policy impacts but not to describe health disparities. In 45% of materials that cited evidence, no source of evidence was indicated. By contrast, 92% of materials presented non–research-based information, such as expert beliefs, constituent opinion, political principles, and anecdotes. Conclusions. Despite an abundance of available research evidence on obesity, less than half of legislative materials cited any such evidence in discussions around obesity-related bills under consideration in Minnesota.
Enhanced production of valerenic acid in hairy root culture of Valeriana officinalis by elicitation
Authors: Torkamani Mohammad , Jafari Morad , Abbaspour Nasser , Heidary Reza , Safaie Naser 
Published: August 2014

AbstractValerenic acid (VA) is a pharmacologically-active sesquiterpene found in valerian (Valeriana officinalis L., Valerianaceae) roots and rhizomes. The plant produces only small amounts of this metabolite naturally. So, induction of hairy roots as well as elicitation can be useful to increase its commercial production. In this study, Wild-type strain ‘A13’ of Agrobacterium rhizogenes was used to induce hairy roots in valerian. The influence of three different elicitors including Fusarium graminearum extract (FE), methyl jasmonate (MJ) and salicylic acid (SA) on VA production in the selected hairy root line ‘LeVa-C4’ was also investigated. The 23-day-old cultures were treated with different concentrations of the elicitors at exposure time of 3 and 7 days. FE (1%) and MJ (100 µM L−1) highly promoted VA production at 7 days after elicitation, to a level of 12.31- and 6-fold higher than that of non-elicited controls, respectively, and FE did not exert any negative effects on biomass yield of hairy root. SA did not significantly increase the production of VA. This is the first time study to assess the elicitation of hairy root cultures to promote VA biosynthesis in valerian and the resulting experiments demonstrated that F. graminearum extract and MJ were indeed a potent inducer of VA biosynthesis.
Phenolic production and antioxidant properties of some Macedonian medicinal plants
Authors: Tusevski Oliver , Kostovska Aneta , Iloska Ana , Trajkovska Ljubica , Simic Sonja 
Published: August 2014

AbstractInvestigations have been made to study the production of phenolic compounds (total phenolics, flavonoids and phenylpropanoids) and total antioxidant capacity in 27 Macedonian traditional medicinal plants to improve its potential as a source of natural antioxidants. Antioxidant potential of plant extracts was analyzed by five different assays: cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), phosphomolybdenum method (PM), reducing power (RP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS·+) radical scavenging activity. Origanum vulgare extract consistently exhibited the highest content of phenolic compounds and the strongest antioxidant capacity based on the tests performed, and can be proposed as a promising source of natural antioxidants. Melissa officinalis and Salvia ringens were also identified as valuable sources of antioxidant compounds. A positive linear correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolics, flavonoids and phenylpropanoids indicates that these compounds are likely to be the main antioxidants contributing to the observed activities of evaluated plants. These findings suggest that the medicinal plants studied in this paper are good sources of bioactive compounds for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
The relationship of glycerol and glycolysis metabolism patway under hyperosmotic stress in Dunaliella salina
Authors: Xia Bing-Bing , Wang Shuang-Hui , Duan Jing-Bo , Bai Lin-Han 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis study detected the upstream and downstream key genes of glycolysis in Dunaliella Salina by using Real-time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR assays and measurement of enzyme activity. The results were as follows: the levels of transcription, enzyme activity, and protein of D. salina PFK were up-regulated under hyperosmotic stress while D. salina ENO were down-regulated. At the same time we monitored the change of intracellular degradation of starch, the synthesis of glycerol and PEP concentration in Dunaliella Salina under hyperosmotic stress. We found that lower expression of DsENO reduced the concentration of intracellular PEP which promoted the degradation of starch, and decreased the flow of carbon into the tricarboxylic acid cycle which would favor the synthesis of glycerol.
Chronic exposure to cobalt compounds — an in vivo study
Authors: Gluhcheva Yordanka , Atanasov Vasil , Ivanova Juliana , Pavlova Ekaterina 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAn in vivo experimental model for testing the effects of long-term chronic treatment with cobalt(II) compounds — cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and cobalt-EDTA (Co-EDTA) on mice at different stages of development was optimized. Pregnant mice and their progeny were treated with daily doses of 75 or 125 mg kg−1 body weight until postnatal day 90. The compounds were dissolved in regular tap water. Mice were sacrificed on days 18, 25, 30, 45, 60 and 90 after birth, which correspond to different stages of their development. Altered organ weight indices (calculated as a ratio of organ weight to body weight) of spleen, liver and kidneys, were found depending on the type of compound used, dose, duration of treatment, and the age of the animals. The results also showed significant accumulation of cobalt ions in blood plasma, spleen, liver and kidneys of the exposed mice. More Co(II) was measured in the organs of the immature mice (day 18, 25 and 30 pnd) indicating that they were more sensitive to treatment.
Molecular characterization of two opecoelid trematodes from fishes in the Gulf of Mexico, with a description of a new species of Helicometra
Authors: Andres Michael , Ray Candis , Pulis Eric , Curran Stephen , Overstreet Robin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe plagioporine opecoelids Helicometra fasciata (Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner, 1902, and Macvicaria crassigula (Linton, 1910) Bartoli, Bray, and Gibson, 1989 have been reported from fishes in expansive geographic regions, disjointed from their type localities. New material of M. crassigula was collected from near its type locality as well as specimens resembling Helicometra fasciata sensu lato from three triglids in the Gulf of Mexico. Comparisons of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences, comprising the partial 18S rDNA, internal transcribed spacer region (= ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2), and partial 28S rDNA gene, from M. crassigula and Helicometra fasciata sensu lato in the Gulf of Mexico were made with sequences deposited in GenBank from those species from the Mediterranean Sea. Results reveal that M. crassigula sensu stricto from the Gulf of Mexico is distinct from the two cryptic species of M. crassigula sensu lato from the Mediterranean Sea and Helicometra fasciata sensu lato in this study differs from H. fasciata sequences from the Mediterranean Sea, thus Helicometra manteri sp. nov. is described.
A Gas-Sensor-Based Measurement Setup for Inline Quality and Process Control in Polymer Extrusion
Authors: Aigner M. , Hundeshagen A. , Hinterberger T. , Mayrbäurl E. , Buchberger W. , Miethlinger J. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We report on a gas-sensor-based measurement setup for the detection of volatile degradation products directly in the extrusion process. In contrast to available measurement tools, the system is located in the air flow and works independently of the polymer melt flow. Therefore, the sensor can be used also for non-transparent melts with different colors and filler contents. For process validation, the measurement setup was tested offline using selected organic solvents, as well as directly in the extrusion process using talc-filled polypropylene compounds. We show that the amount of lubricants, the shear load, as well as the temperature and the back pressure influence the level of low molecular weight volatile compounds (LMWVOC) and finally the gas-sensor value.
Rhetoric and Events
Authors: Crick Nathan 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Rhetoric is an art that finds its habitation in events. Rhetoric emerges within growing points of opposition and struggle, using language to constitute facts that stand out from situations in order to give to an audience the burden of judgment. This article seeks to provide a framework for articulating the relationship between rhetoric and events through the writings of John Dewey and his collaborator Arthur Bentley, who found in the term “event” a way of advancing their transactional perspective on human action that they believed could function as a corrective to pervasive social pathologies. Using their vocabulary, it advances a definition of rhetoric as an art that reacts to events by constituting meaningful situations in which judgments of character are possible. But it also claims that the ethics of transaction requires a more subtle and long-term effort to show how our own characters as “individuals” are themselves formed in transaction with rhetoric and events.
Comprehensive Rhetorical Pluralism and the Demands of Democratic Discourse: Partisan Perfect Reasoning, Pragmatism, and the Freeing Solvent of Jaina Logic
Authors: Stroud Scott R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractHow we interact with others is a vital part of the rhetorical practices of the sort of democracy the pragmatists hoped to create. This article examines growing evidence of the threat posed by partisanship to our attempts to critically analyze the claims of others, represented by “partisan perfect reasoning”—the habit of analyzing the claims of others in a fashion that preserves the presupposed reasonableness of our original positions. One path for dealing with the risk of such truncated habits of reasoning is the path of skepticism, represented by the “ironism” of Richard Rorty. This article constructs another possible path, the path of affirming all claims as a starting point for respectful dialogue and argument. Using the concepts of anekāntavāda and syādvāda from the Jaina tradition, this article argues that we can mitigate partisan perfect reasoning and foster respect for our conversational others through a novel orientation to rhetorical activity.
ASL/ALT ratio as a triage marker for enteric fever in the emergency department
Authors: Jassim Haitham Mohammed , Naushad Vamanjore A , Alawsi Jamal Hikmat , Chandra Prem , Alkilani Hani , Wilson Gudwin , Matheen Mubeen 
Published: August 2014

Objective: Early differentiation of enteric (typhoid) fever from other febrile conditions has been difficult due to the non-specific clinical presentations and lack of substantiating laboratory clues. Transaminase alterations in enteric fever were thought to be non-specific and have not been investigated before in comparison with other febrile conditions with regards to their prevalence and the aspartate amino transferase/alanine amino transferase (AST/ALT) ratio. We sought to examine these parameters as triage markers for enteric fever. Methods: We retrospectively studied 106 patients with enteric fever diagnosed by positive blood culture. 112 febrile patients tested negative for malaria were taken as controls. The controls were matched to the test group with respect to demographic and baseline clinical features. Serum AST, ALT values on first visit to the emergency department was noted and AST/ALT ratio was determined. The values between the test and control groups were compared and the results were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Results: The mean AST and ALT levels were found to be significantly higher for enteric fever patients than the control group (109.91 U/L ± 76.07 vs. 29.93 U/L ± 16.74; p < 0.0001) and (83.60 U/L ± 68.04 vs. 32.12 U/L ± 21.79; p < 0.0001) respectively. The mean AST/ALT ratio was found to be higher among enteric fever patients compared to the control group (1.42 ± 0.60 vs.1.07 ± 0.44; p < 0.0001). AST/ALT ratio of ≥ 1 combined with AST of ≥ 40 U/L was found in 72.6% of enteric patients vs. 6.2% in the control group (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: As compared to other common febrile conditions, transaminase alterations in enteric fever seem to follow a specific pattern characterized by higher prevalence of mild elevations (mean levels < 3 fold the upper limit of normal) with a general trend of AST/ALT ratios ≥ 1. In the febrile adult, having an AST/ALT ratio of >1 combined with an AST level of >40 U/L, may provide a simple and cheap triage marker for blood cultures and closer observation especially in the emergency department.