bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanoscale Graded Nitrogen‐Doping of TiO2 via Pulsed Laser Deposition for Enhancing Charge Transfer in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Jung Yonghoon , Yoon Kyung Tak , Park Junhyoung , Choi Hanseul , Kim Seongheon , Kwak Hee Dong , Cho Seong Ho , Kim Taehoon , Lee Jieun , Lee Yun Seog 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAn electron transport layer (ETL) for highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs) should exhibit superior electrical transport properties and have its band levels aligned with interfacing layers to ensure efficient extraction of photo‐generated carriers. Nitrogen‐doped TiO2 (TiO2:N) is considered a promising ETL because it offers higher electrical conductivity compared to conventional ETLs made from spray‐pyrolyzed TiO2. However, the application of highly doped TiO2:N in PSCs is often limited by the misalignment of energy band levels with adjacent layers and reduced optical transparency. In this study, a novel approach is introduced to enhance the charge transport characteristics and accurately align the electronic band alignment of TiO2:N layer through nanoscale doping level grading, achieved through the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The TiO2:N ETL with a graded doping profile can combine characteristics of both highly doped and lightly doped phases on each side. Furthermore, a nanoscale doping gradation, employing an ultrathin sub‐layer structure with graded doping levels, creates a smoothly cascading band‐level alignment that bridges the adjacent layers, enhancing the transport of photo‐generated carriers. Consequently, this method leads to a substantial increase in the power conversion efficiency (PCE), exceeding 22%, which represents a relative improvement of 11% compared to traditional spray‐pyrolyzed TiO2‐based PSCs.
Reticular Chemistry and In Situ “One‐Pot” Strategy: A Dream Combination to Construct Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Fang Pu‐Hao , Xing Kai , Qu Lu‐Lu , Ma Zhen‐Sha , Zhou Kang , Liu Xiao‐Yuan 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe establishment of reticular chemistry has significantly facilitated the development of porous materials, especially for metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). On the other hand, as an alternative approach, in situ “one‐pot” strategy has been explored as a promising approach to constructing MOFs, in which the synthesis of organic linkers and the sequential construction of MOFs are integrated into one solvothermal condition. This strategy can efficiently avoid the limitations faced in the traditional construction method, such as time‐consuming organic synthesis and multiple separation and purification. Herein, inspired by the reaction of aldehydes and o‐phenylenediamine and deep structural analysis of UiO‐68, a series of tetra‐, hexa‐, and octa‐topic carboxylic acids are synthesized using 2′,3′‐diamino‐[1,1′:4′,1′“‐terphenyl]‐4,4′”‐dicarboxylic acid and di‐, tri‐, and tetra‐topic aldehydes as precursor. Then nine multicarboxylate‐based zirconium MOFs (Zr‐MOFs) are successfully constructed via the combination of reticular chemistry and in situ “one‐pot” strategy. The resultant Zr‐MOFs can be regarded as the partial face decoration of UiO‐68. More importantly, the emission properties of resultant Zr‐MOFs can be well controlled using aldehydes with tunable electronic structures. This work provides a new path to rational design and construction of porous materials with specific structures guided by reticular chemistry and conducted using in situ “one‐pot” strategy.
Kirkendall Effect‐Induced Ternary Heterointerfaces Engineering for High Polarization Loss MOF‐LDH‐MXene Absorbers
Authors: Sun Chunhua , Lan Di , Jia Zirui , Gao Zhenguo , Wu Guanglei 
Published: August 2024

AbstractHeterogeneous interfacial engineering has garnered widespread attention for optimizing polarization loss and enhancing the performance of electromagnetic wave absorption. A novel Kirkendall effect‐assisted electrostatic self‐assembly method is employed to construct a metal–organic framework (MOF, MIL‐88A) decorated with Ni‐Fe layered double hydroxide (LDH), forming a multilayer nano‐cage coated with Ti3C2Tx. By modulating the surface adsorption of Ti3C2Tx on LDH, the heterointerfaces in MOF‐LDH‐MXene ternary composites exhibit excellent interfacial polarization loss. Additionally, the Ni‐Fe LDH@Ti3C2Tx nano‐cage exhibits a large specific surface area, abundant defects, and a large number of heterojunction structures, resulting in excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance. The MIL‐88A@Ni‐Fe LDH@Ti3C2Tx‐1.0 nano‐cage achieves a reflection loss value of −46.7 dB at a thickness of 1.4 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth of 5.12 GHz at a thickness of 1.8 mm. The heterojunction interface composed of Ni‐Fe LDH and Ti3C2Tx helps to enhance polarization loss. Additionally, Ti3C2Tx forms a conductive network on the surface, while the cavity between the MIL‐88A core and the Ni‐Fe LDH shell facilitates multiple attenuations by increasing the transmission path of internal incident waves. This work may reveal a new structural design of multi‐component composites by heterointerfaces engineering for electromagnetic wave absorption.
Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells: A Futuristic IoTs Powering Solar Cell Technology, Short Review
Authors: Tiwari Jai Prakash 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe perovskite solar cells (PSCs) technology translated on flexible substrates is in high demand as an alternative powering solution to the Internet of Things (IOTs). An efficiency of ∼26.1% on rigid and ∼25.09% on flexible substrates has been achieved for the PSCs. Further, it is also reported that F‐PSC modules have a surface area of ∼900 cm2, with a PCE of ∼16.43%. This performance is a world record for an F‐PSC device more significant than ∼100 cm2. The process optimization, and use of new transport materials, interface, and compositional engineering, as well as passivation, have helped in achieving such kind of performance of F‐PSCs. Hence, the review focuses mainly on the progress of F‐PSCs and the low‐temperature fabrication methods for perovskite films concerning their full coverage, morphological uniformity, and better crystallinity. The transmittance, band gap matching, carrier mobility, and ease of low‐temperature processing are the key figures of merit of interface layers. Electrode material's flexible and transparent nature has enhanced the device's mechanical stability. Stability, flexibility, and scalable F‐PSC fabrication challenges are also addressed. Finally, an outlook on F‐PSC applications for their commercialization based on cost will also be discussed in detail.
A declarative approach and benchmark tool for controlled evaluation of microservice resiliency patterns
Authors: Aderaldo Carlos M. , Costa Thiago M. , Vasconcelos Davi M. , Mendonça Nabor C. , Cámara Javier , Garlan David 
Published: August 2024

AbstractMicroservice developers increasingly use resiliency patterns such as Retry and Circuit Breaker to cope with remote services that are likely to fail. However, there is still little research on how the invocation delays typically introduced by those resiliency patterns may impact application performance under varying workloads and failure scenarios. This article presents a novel approach and benchmark tool for experimentally evaluating the performance impact of existing resiliency patterns in a controlled setting. The main novelty of this approach resides in the ability to declaratively specify and automatically generate multiple testing scenarios involving different resiliency patterns, which one can implement using any programming language and resilience library. The article illustrates the benefits of the proposed approach and tool by reporting on an experimental study of the performance impact of the Retry and Circuit Breaker resiliency patterns in two mainstream programming languages (C# and Java) using two popular resilience libraries (Polly and Resilience4j), under multiple service workloads and failure rates. Our results show that, under low to moderate failure rates, both resiliency patterns effectively reduce the load over the application's target service with barely any impact on the application's performance. However, as the failure rate increases, both patterns significantly degrade the application's performance, with their effect varying depending on the service's workload and the patterns' programming language and resilience library.
Seasonal movements between main stem and tributaries may facilitate the persistence of Roundtail Chub and Flannelmouth Sucker within an altered stream system
Authors: Magruder Alissa C. , Barrile Gabriel M. , Siddons Stephen , Walrath John , Walters Annika W. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objective
Movement enables animals to complete their life history by responding to changing environmental conditions. Linking movement behaviors to life history characteristics can allow more targeted management applications for declining native fish populations. We identified seasonal movement patterns of Roundtail Chub Gila robusta and Flannelmouth Sucker Catostomus latipinnis, two understudied species that currently occupy only a portion of their historical range in the Colorado River basin.

Methods
We coupled passive integrated transponder tag antenna systems with multistate capture–recapture models to quantify juvenile and adult movement between main-stem and tributary habitats in the Blacks Fork subbasin of southwestern Wyoming during 2019–2021. We also evaluated how flow and temperature may cue the timing of seasonal movements.

Result
Adults from both species made spring movements, likely associated with spawning, to reach upstream tributary habitat, though adult Flannelmouth Sucker movements were more common and longer. Roundtail Chub primarily moved into the Hams Fork, while Flannelmouth Sucker primarily moved into Muddy Creek, an intermittent tributary that was also identified as important for juvenile rearing. Juvenile movements occurred primarily during the fall months, with distance traveled comparable between species. Temperature and flow influenced the timing of spring movements for adult Flannelmouth Sucker, with rising temperatures triggering movement and low flow potentially limiting access to preferred spawning habitat.

Conclusion
Identified movements likely contribute to Roundtail Chub and Flannelmouth Sucker persistence in this highly altered stream system and ultimately provide insights for management and recovery strategies to prevent further population declines.
“Getting along” and “using evidence”: Elementary engineering as contentious practice
Authors: Carlone Heidi B. , Lancaster Megan 
Published: August 2024

AbstractElementary engineering, as an emergent or “contentious” practice, is fertile ground for cultural analysis. Contentious practice (Holland, D., & Lave, J. (2001). History in person: Enduring struggles, contentious practice, intimate identities. School of American Research Press) highlights how historically enduring narratives of science, engineering, schooling, and minoritized youth get taken up, figured, and refigured in local practice. The study's research questions were: What classroom cultural narratives of “good engineers” were important for fifth‐grade, minoritized children's engineering design work? How did local and macro‐level cultural narratives about science and engineering, elementary schooling, and minoritized students intersect? How were multi‐leveled cultural narratives consequential for children's engineering work? Using ethnographic methods, researchers analyzed videos, field notes, and interviews with 20 students and their teacher, focusing on engineering design discussion and activities. The authors identified two key narratives: good engineers (1) get along well with others and (2) use evidence to make design decisions. The banality of these narratives makes them ripe for deconstruction. By beginning with children's meanings of engineering competence and framing engineering as contentious practice, the authors: (1) identify the tensions in these seemingly innocuous narratives and practices; (2) illustrate children's creativity and labor in navigating tensions; (3) demonstrate the workings of macro‐level racialized, technocratic, and Western scientistic narratives and their reconfigurations in local practice; and (4) reject deficit‐based perspectives that would frame classroom struggles by assigning blame to the teacher or students. Recommendations for practice include normalizing disagreement, providing tools for joint decision‐making, broadening meanings of evidence, and co‐constructing meanings of kindness. A contentious practice lens highlights the ever‐presence of historicized narratives in local productions of practice and renders elementary engineering as an ongoing accomplishment, opening spaces of possibility less readily available to established practices of elementary schooling. However, without explicit attention to countering racialized narratives applied to minoritized youth in such settings, these spaces tighten up, limiting the potential for social change.
Improving complex agronomic and domestication traits in the perennial grain crop intermediate wheatgrass with genetic mapping and genomic prediction
Authors: Bajgain Prabin , Stoll Hannah , Anderson James A. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe perennial grass Thinopyrum intermedium (intermediate wheatgrass [IWG]) is being domesticated as a food crop. With a deep root system and high biomass, IWG can help reduce soil and water erosion and limit nutrient runoff. As a novel grain crop undergoing domestication, IWG lags in yield, seed size, and other agronomic traits compared to annual grains. Better characterization of trait variation and identification of genetic markers associated with loci controlling the traits could help in further improving this crop. The University of Minnesota's Cycle 5 IWG breeding population of 595 spaced plants was evaluated at two locations in 2021 and 2022 for agronomic traits plant height, grain yield, and spike weight, and domestication traits shatter resistance, free grain threshing, and seed size. Pairwise trait correlations were weak to moderate with the highest correlation observed between seed size and height (0.41). Broad‐sense trait heritabilities were high (0.68–0.77) except for spike weight (0.49) and yield (0.44). Association mapping using 24,284 genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism markers identified 30 main quantitative trait loci (QTLs) across all environments and 32 QTL‐by‐environment interactions (QTE) at each environment. The genomic prediction model significantly improved predictions when parents were used in the training set and significant QTLs and QTEs used as covariates. Seed size was the best predicted trait with model predictive ability (r) of 0.72; yield was predicted moderately well (r = 0.45). We expect this discovery of significant genomic loci and mostly high trait predictions from genomic prediction models to help improve future IWG breeding populations.
Prevalence of tail damage and ear lesions in docked and undocked pigs during trials to find alternatives to tail docking on Spanish commercial farms
Authors: Teixeira Dayane Lemos , Bagaria Marc , Vidal Roger , Verdú Marçal , Parés Ricard , Fàbrega Emma 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackgroundTail docking is widely used to control tail biting in pigs, but it is a painful and stressful procedure. The impact of non‐docking trials on tail damage (TD) and ear lesions (EL) from weaning to slaughter was assessed on four commercial farms.MethodsA total of 898 docked pigs (396 DP) or undocked pigs (502 UP) were assessed for tail damage and ear lesions at the beginning and end of the weaner stage, during fattening and at the abattoir during slaughter.ResultsThe percentage of UP with shortened tails increased significantly from weaning to fattening, but the percentage of non‐inflamed tails and tails without fresh lesions increased. In terms of severity of lesion, a lower percentage of pigs scored as ‘no visible lesion’ at the end of weaning compared to fattening, both for UP and DP (p < 0.05). DP always had a lower percentage of TD, whereas UP had a lower percentage of EL at the end of weaning.LimitationIt was not possible to statistically compare different preventive strategies trialed on farms as alternatives to docking.ConclusionThis study highlights that combining tail length and lesion score at slaughter could be a reliable on‐farm welfare indicator.
Considerations and future perspectives for the vibrational spectroscopic analysis of forensic cosmetic evidence
Authors: Bruce Katy A. , Arnold Donna C. , Sauzier Georgina , Lewis Simon W. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractCosmetics such as makeup or other personal products are widely used and easily transferred upon physical contact. As such, they may be used as trace evidence to link people to each other or to places in criminal investigations. To maximize their probative value, it is important to understand the variability among representative market products and the way in which they transfer to, or persist on various surfaces. Additionally, it is required that analysis techniques be non‐destructive, readily available and relatively inexpensive. Raman spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance—Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) are powerful tools for probing the chemistry of trace cosmetics. As well as fitting the criteria above, they offer the capability of studying a wide range of sample types with minimal prior preparation. The complementary information derived from these techniques can help analysts to understand and visualize spectral variability, potentially enabling discrimination between samples. However, the move from academic research toward forensic casework is not without challenges. In this article, we provide a focused exploration of the current state‐of‐the‐art in forensic cosmetic research; providing context for how we may begin to address these challenges to more effectively exploit cosmetic traces for criminal investigation.This article is categorized under:
Forensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Emerging Technologies and Methods
Forensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Trace Evidence
Stable vacua with realistic phenomenology and cosmology in heterotic M-theory satisfying Swampland conjectures
Authors: Deffayet Cédric , Ovrut Burt A. , Steinhardt Paul J. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We recently described a protocol for computing the potential energy in heterotic M-theory for the dilaton, complex structure and Kähler moduli. This included the leading order non-perturbative contributions to the complex structure, gaugino condensation and worldsheet instantons assuming a hidden sector that contains an anomalous U(1) structure group embedded in E8. In this paper, we elucidate, in detail, the mathematical and computational methods required to utilize this protocol. These methods are then applied to a realistic heterotic M-theory model, the B − L MSSM, whose observable sector is consistent with all particle physics requirements. Within this context, it is shown that the dilaton and universal moduli can be completely stabilized at values compatible with every phenomenological and mathematical constraint — as well as with ΛCDM cosmology. We also show that the heterotic M-theory vacua are consistent with all well-supported Swampland conjectures based on considerations of string theory and quantum gravity, and we discuss the implications of dark energy theorems for compactified theories.
Note on warped compactification. Finite brane potentials and non-Hermiticity
Authors: Girmohanta Sudhakantha , Nakai Yuichiro , Suzuki Motoo , Wang Yaoduo , Xu Junxuan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We study radius stabilization in the Randall-Sundrum model without assuming any unnaturally large stabilizing scalar potential parameter at the boundary branes (γ) by the frequently used superpotential method. Employing a perturbative expansion in 1/γ2 and the backreaction parameter, we obtain approximate analytical expressions for the radion mass and wavefunction. We validate them through a dedicated numerical analysis, which solves the linearized coupled scalar and metric field equations exactly. It is observed that the radion mass decreases with decreasing γ. Below a critical value of γ, the radion becomes tachyonic, suggesting destabilization of the extra dimension. We also address the issue of non-Hermiticity of the differential operator that determines the radion and Kaluza-Klein (KK) mode wavefunctions in the finite γ limit. It is accomplished by finding an explicit form of the general scalar product that re-establishes the orthogonality in the KK decomposition.
Functional determinants of lysophospholipid- and voltage-dependent regulation of TRPC5 channel
Authors: Ptakova Alexandra , Zimova Lucie , Barvik Ivan , Bon Robin S. , Vlachova Viktorie 
Published: August 2024

AbstractLysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is a bioactive lipid present at high concentrations in inflamed and injured tissues where it contributes to the initiation and maintenance of pain. One of its important molecular effectors is the transient receptor potential canonical 5 (TRPC5), but the explicit mechanism of the activation is unknown. Using electrophysiology, mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that LPC-induced activation of TRPC5 is modulated by xanthine ligands and depolarizing voltage, and involves conserved residues within the lateral fenestration of the pore domain. Replacement of W577 with alanine (W577A) rendered the channel insensitive to strong depolarizing voltage, but LPC still activated this mutant at highly depolarizing potentials. Substitution of G606 located directly opposite position 577 with tryptophan rescued the sensitivity of W577A to depolarization. Molecular simulations showed that depolarization widens the lower gate of the channel and this conformational change is prevented by the W577A mutation or removal of resident lipids. We propose a gating scheme in which depolarizing voltage and lipid-pore helix interactions act together to promote TRPC5 channel opening.
The module structure of a group action on a ring
Authors: Symonds Peter 
Published: August 2024

AbstractConsider a finite group G acting on a graded Noetherian k-algebra S, for some field k of characteristic p; for example S might be a polynomial ring. Regard S as a kG-module and consider the multiplicity of a particular indecomposable module as a summand in each degree. We show how this can be described in terms of homological algebra and how it is linked to the geometry of the group action on the spectrum of S.
Maßnahmen gegen Einsamkeit – Beispiele aus einer international vergleichenden Perspektive
Authors: Wendt Claus 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungDas Ausmaß von Einsamkeit unterscheidet sich im internationalen Vergleich. Vor allem in den entwickelten Wohlfahrtsstaaten Nordeuropas sind die Einsamkeitswerte in der Bevölkerung vergleichsweise gering. Der Anstieg an Einsamkeit in vielen Ländern zeigt allerdings, dass bestehende Konzepte für einen wirksamen Schutz vor Einsamkeit nicht ausreichen. Auch jüngere Menschen müssen gestärkt werden, damit sie sich bei Ausgrenzungserfahrungen und Einsamkeit nicht zurückziehen. Hierfür werden qualifizierte Fachkräfte in Kindergärten, Schulen, Vereinen und weiteren Freizeiteinrichtungen benötigt, die Kindern und Jugendlichen helfen, soziale Kontakte aufzubauen. Bei den Strategien gegen Einsamkeit haben sich Freundschafts- und Nachbarschaftsmodelle als erfolgreich erwiesen. Eine höhere Identifikation mit der Nachbarschaft und ein Gefühl der Sicherheit tragen zum Aufbau sozialer Netzwerke bei und reduzieren die Einsamkeit. Für ältere Menschen ist es wichtig, dass sie in ihrem gewohnten sozialen Umfeld wohnen bleiben und ihre sozialen Kontakte aufrechterhalten können. Hierfür sind erreichbare öffentliche Plätze mit Pflegeangeboten und Unterstützungsleistungen zu verbinden, die auf die Bedürfnisse und Wünsche älterer Menschen zugeschnitten sind.