bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of aging on behavioural and physiological responses to a stressful stimulus in horses (Equus caballus)
Authors: Baragli Paolo , Vitale Valentina , Banti Lola , Sighieri Claudio 
Published: September 2014

In humans the expression of emotions varies with aging, but for domestic animals we have little information on this subject. Our aim was to verify the influence of aging (life experience) on the expression of emotions in horses (Equus caballus) in reaction to a stressful stimulus. A total of 98 horses were subjected to the sudden inflation of a balloon in a familiar environment for a period of 5 min, on the assumption that this would induce a negative state. When the balloon was inflated, heart rate variability as an indicator of stress response was monitored. Behaviour related to emotional expression (latency of onset, frequency and length of looking and exploration, frequency of avoidance) was also monitored. The younger horses showed a significantly higher frequency of avoidance as well as greater exploratory activity, while the older subjects were less behaviourally responsive and showed a shift toward control by the sympathetic nervous system, as indicated by lower heart rate variability. The results suggest that aging influences the behaviour and physiology of emotional expression to stressful stimuli in horses. Knowing the effect of aging on stress response could be a critical factor in understanding equine welfare and the development of behavioural patterns.
Classification of Hurricane Hazards: The Importance of Rainfall
Authors: Rezapour Mehdi , Baldock Tom E. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A new hazard index is presented to estimate and rank hurricane severity according to a storm’s damage and death toll after landfall on the continental United States. The index uses three characteristic meteorological aspects of hurricanes: wind, torrential rainfall, and storm surge, each with an individual subindex. Rainfall is identified as an important and frequently dominant hazard in terms of damage and death toll, but is not included in any current hazard scales or indices. The new rainfall subindex adopts rainfall intensity, storm rainfall area, and the forward speed of the system to estimate the rainfall hazard. The new hazard index, applied to recent U.S. hurricanes (2003–12), has better skill than existing scales in terms of ranking the severity of the events by both damage and death toll. Further, the index can provide good quantitative estimates of dollar values for damage and death toll, whereas previous models provide only a scale or ranking. The index provides a basis for improved hazard planning and emergency response, and may also be useful for insurance and risk management processes.
Investigating the Development and Effects of Social Capital through Participation in Group-based Microcredit Programme in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Al Mamun Abdullah 
Published: September 2014

The objective of this study is to investigate the development of social capital through participating in a group-based microcredit programme as well as its economic effects in Peninsular Malaysia. Findings indicate that the length of participation and organizational profile have a positive effect on the development of formal bonding social capital. This study also demonstrates the positive association between social capital with household income and productive assets. Microcredit programmes should therefore emphasize on building social capital through providing a dynamic and supportive environment to advance the level of cooperation among the low-income women. JEL: C31, D71, Z13
Are Some Bribes More Harmful than Others? Exploring the Ethics Behind Anti-bribery Laws
Authors: David-Barrett Elizabeth 
Published: September 2014

The proliferation of anti-bribery laws in recent years, particularly with the passage of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, sends a firm signal to companies that norms concerning corruption in international business have changed. With the increase in legal risk has come an increase in reputational risk. However, these laws and the cultures of enforcement around them, send conflicting messages about bribery being avoidable or indeed unethical. For example, many laws include an exemption or a defence for facilitation payments implying that such bribes are less unethical or that firms have a weaker responsibility to avoid paying them, than is the case for bribes ‘to gain a business advantage’. This article seeks to analyse whether this distinction has a basis in ethics. It suggests that some bribes are less harmful than others in terms of their direct impact. However, all bribes are harmful, because they always undermine the rule of law. JEL: K2 Regulation and Business Law
Does Reporting Decrease Corruption?
Authors: Bone John , Spengler Dominic 
Published: September 2014

We construct two variants of a three-player one-shot corruption game, one in which reporting on bribers is cumbersome and one in which it is rewarded (profitable). Both variants feature a briber who can bribe or not, an official who can reciprocate or not and an inspector who can inspect or not. In the first variant, the official accepts the bribe by reciprocating or simply rejects the bribe by choosing not to reciprocate. In the second variant, the official either accepts and reciprocates or rejects and reports the bribe. Under successful inspection, offending players receive separate penalties, which can be varied asymmetrically. Under plausible assumptions about the values of payoff parameters, we obtain a mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium in both variants, akin to Tsebelis’ inspection game. We obtain two interesting results. First, marginally changing the penalties moves the equilibrium probabilities in both games in the same directions, suggesting robustness of the model. We find that larger penalties on the briber increase the overall probability of reciprocated bribery, that is, corruption, while larger penalties on the official decrease corruption. Second, when comparing the two models, we obtain the surprising result that the probability of reciprocated bribery (corruption) is higher in the variant where the official is rewarded for reporting on the briber. JEL: K42, H00, C72, O17
FOXP1 directly represses transcription of proapoptotic genes and cooperates with NF-κB to promote survival of human B cells
Authors: van Keimpema Martine , Grüneberg Leonie J. , Mokry Michal , van Boxtel Ruben , Koster Jan , Coffer Paul J. , Pals Steven T. , Spaargaren Marcel 
Published: September 2014

Key PointsFOXP1 directly represses multiple proapoptotic genes in primary mature human B cells and DLBCL cell lines. FOXP1 cooperates with NF-κB signaling to promote expansion of primary mature human B cells by inhibition of caspase-dependent apoptosis.
OVOL2 is a critical regulator of ER71/ETV2 in generating FLK1+, hematopoietic, and endothelial cells from embryonic stem cells
Authors: Kim Ju Young , Lee Ra Ham , Kim Tae Min , Kim Dong-Wook , Jeon Young-Joo , Huh Sung-Ho , Oh Se-Yeong , Kyba Michael , Kataoka Hiroshi , Choi Kyunghee , Ornitz David M. , Chae Jung-Il , Park Changwon 
Published: September 2014

Key PointsOVOL2 is identified as a novel binding protein of ER71. Interaction between ER71 and OVOL2 cooperatively regulates the generation of FLK1+ mesoderm, and endothelial and erythroid cells.
Cost-utility of cognitive behavioral therapy versus U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended drugs and usual care in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia: an economic evaluation alongside a 6-month randomized controlled trial
Authors: Luciano Juan V , D’Amico Francesco , Cerdà-Lafont Marta , Peñarrubia-María María T , Knapp Martin , Cuesta-Vargas Antonio I , Serrano-Blanco Antoni , García-Campayo Javier 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-recommended pharmacologic treatments (RPTs; pregabalin, duloxetine, and milnacipran) are effective treatment options for fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome and are currently recommended by clinical guidelines. We compared the cost-utility from the healthcare and societal perspectives of CBT versus RPT (combination of pregabalin + duloxetine) and usual care (TAU) groups in the treatment of FM.

Methods
The economic evaluation was conducted alongside a 6-month, multicenter, randomized, blinded, parallel group, controlled trial. In total, 168 FM patients from 41 general practices in Zaragoza (Spain) were randomized to CBT (n = 57), RPT (n = 56), or TAU (n = 55). The main outcome measures were Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs, assessed by using the EuroQoL-5D questionnaire) and improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQoL, assessed by using EuroQoL-5D visual analogue scale, EQ-VAS). The costs of healthcare use were estimated from patient self-reports (Client Service Receipt Inventory). Cost-utility was assessed by using the net-benefit approach and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves (CEACs).

Results
On average, the total costs per patient in the CBT group (1,847€) were significantly lower than those in patients receiving RPT (3,664€) or TAU (3,124€). Patients receiving CBT reported a higher quality of life (QALYs and EQ-VAS scores); the differences between groups were significant only for EQ-VAS. From a complete case-analysis approach (base case), the point estimates of the cost-effectiveness ratios resulted in dominance for the CBT group in all of the comparisons performed, by using both QALYs and EQ-VAS as outcomes. These findings were confirmed by bootstrap analyses, net-benefit curves, and CEACs. Two additional sensitivity analyses (intention-to-treat analysis and per-protocol analysis) indicated that the results were robust. The comparison of RPT with TAU yielded no clear preference for either treatment when using QALYs, although RPT was determined to be more cost-effective than TAU when evaluating EQ-VAS.

Conclusions
Because of lower costs, CBT is the most cost-effective treatment for adult FM patients. Implementation in routine medical care would require policymakers to develop more-widespread public access to trained and experienced therapists in group-based forms of CBT.

Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN10804772. Registered 29 September 2008.
Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of metacarpophalangeal joints reflects histological signs of synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Vordenbäumen Stefan , Schleich Christoph , Lögters Tim , Sewerin Philipp , Bleck Ellen , Pauly Thomas , Müller-Lutz Anja , Antoch Gerald , Schneider Matthias , Miese Falk , Ostendorf Benedikt 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Synovial inflammation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may progress despite clinical remission. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is increasingly used to detect synovial inflammation in RA. Although small joints such as metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints are mainly affected by RA, MRI findings have never been directly compared to histological synovitis in MCP synovial tissue. The objective of the current study was therefore to analyse if DCE-MRI relates to histological signs of synovitis small RA joints.

Methods
In 9 RA patients, DCE-MRI (3 Tesla, dynamic 2D T1 weighted turbo-flash sequence) of the hand was performed prior to arthroscopically-guided synovial biopsies from the second MCP of the imaged hand. Maximum enhancement (ME), rate of early enhancement, and maximum rate of enhancement were assessed in the MCP. Synovial biopsies were stained for determination of sublining CD68 and the Synovitis Score. Correlations between MRI and histological data were calculated according to Spearman.

Results
ME of the MCP significantly correlated to sublining CD68 staining (r = 0.750, P = 0.02), the Synovitis Score (r = 0.743, P = 0.02), and the subscores for lining layer hypertrophy (r = 0.789, P = 0.01) and cellular density (r = 0.842; P = 0.004).

Conclusions
Perfusion imaging of synovial tissue in RA finger joints employing DCE-MRI reflects histological synovial inflammation. According to our study, ME is the most closely associated parameter amongst the measures considered.
Comparison of temporomandibular joint changes in Twin Block and Bionator appliance therapy: a magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Chavan Santosh J , Bhad Wasundhara A , Doshi Umal H 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare temporomandibular joint changes especially disk-condyle-fossa relationship following functional treatment of skeletal class II division 1 malocclusion using Twin Block and Bionator appliances.

Methods
The total sample consisted of 30 subjects (13 males and 17 females) with class II division 1 malocclusion having mandibular retrognathism, in the age group of 9 to 14 years. Two treatment groups, i.e., Twin Block and Bionator groups, were formed which comprised ten subjects each, while a group of ten subjects served as the control group. The treatment effects were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For the treatment groups, pretreatment MRI with wax construction bite was taken. For all subjects, MRI images with corrected sagittal T1 images were recorded in a maximal intercuspation position at pretreatment (R1) and in an unstrained retruded position at the end of a 6-month observation period (R2).

Results
At the end of 6 months of treatment, the condyles occupied a more anterior position in the fossa to its pretreatment position, while the disk moved more posteriorly in relation to the condyle. The control group showed no changes in the condyle and disk position over a period of 6 months.

Conclusions
Although the treatment group showed consistent forward positioning of the condyle and backward movement of the disk, long-term MRI findings in these groups will further clarify the adaptations between the condyle fossa and articular disk.
Optimal Duration of Low Molecular Weight Heparin for the Treatment of Cancer-Related Deep Vein Thrombosis: The Cancer-DACUS Study
Authors: Napolitano Mariasanta , Saccullo Giorgia , Malato Alessandra , Sprini Delia , Ageno Walter , Imberti Davide , Mascheroni Doris , Bucherini Eugenio , Gallucci Pina , D'Alessio Andrea , Prantera Tullia , Spadaro Pietro , Rotondo Stefano , Di Micco Pierpaolo , Oriana Vincenzo , Urbano Oreste , Recchia Francesco , Ghirarduzzi Angelo , Lo Coco Lucio , Mancuso Salvatrice , Casuccio Alessandra , Rini Giovam Battista , Siragusa Sergio 
Published: September 2014

Purpose We evaluated the role of residual vein thrombosis (RVT) to assess the optimal duration of anticoagulants in patients with cancer who have deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower limbs. Patients and Methods Patients with active cancer and a first episode of DVT treated with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for 6 months were eligible. Patients were managed according to RVT findings: those with RVT were randomly assigned to continue LMWH for an additional 6 months (group A1) or to discontinue it (group A2), and patients without RVT stopped LMWH (group B). The primary end point was recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) during the 1 year after disconinuation of LMWH, and the secondary end point was major bleeding. Analyses are from the time of random assignment. Results Between October 2005 and April 2010, 347 patients were enrolled. RVT was detected in 242 patients (69.7%); recurrence occurred in 22 of the 119 patients in group A1compared with 27 of 123 patients in group A2. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for group A2 versus A1 was 1.37 (95% CI, 0.7 to 2.5; P = .311). Three of the 105 patients in group B developed recurrent VTE; adjusted HR for group A1 versus B was 6.0 (95% CI, 1.7 to 21.2; P = .005). Three major bleeding events occurred in group A1, and two events each occurred in groups A2 and B. The HR for major bleeding in group A1 versus group A2 was 3.78 (95% CI, 0.77 to 18.58; P = .102). Overall, 42 patients (12.1%) died during follow-up as a result of cancer progression. Conclusion In patients with cancer with a first DVT, treated for 6 months with LMWH, absence of RVT identifies a population at low risk for recurrent thrombotic events. Continuation of LMWH in patients with RVT up to 1 year did not reduce recurrent VTE.
Randomized Comparison of Gemcitabine, Dexamethasone, and Cisplatin Versus Dexamethasone, Cytarabine, and Cisplatin Chemotherapy Before Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for Relapsed and Refractory Aggressive Lymphomas: NCIC-CTG LY.12
Authors: Crump Michael , Kuruvilla John , Couban Stephen , MacDonald David A. , Kukreti Vishal , Kouroukis C. Tom , Rubinger Morel , Buckstein Rena , Imrie Kevin R. , Federico Massimo , Di Renzo Nicola , Howson-Jan Kang , Baetz Tara , Kaizer Leonard , Voralia Michael , Olney Harold J. , Turner A. Robert , Sussman Jonathan , Hay Annette E. , Djurfeldt Marina S. , Meyer Ralph M. , Chen Bingshu E. , Shepherd Lois E. 
Published: September 2014

Purpose For patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive lymphoma, we hypothesized that gemcitabine-based therapy before autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) is as effective as and less toxic than standard treatment. Patients and Methods We randomly assigned 619 patients with relapsed/refractory aggressive lymphoma to treatment with gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin (GDP) or to dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin (DHAP). Patients with B-cell lymphoma also received rituximab. Responding patients proceeded to stem-cell collection and ASCT. Coprimary end points were response rate after two treatment cycles and transplantation rate. The noninferiority margin for the response rate to GDP relative to DHAP was set at 10%. Secondary end points included event-free and overall survival, treatment toxicity, and quality of life. Results For the intention-to-treat population, the response rate with GDP was 45.2%; with DHAP the response rate was 44.0% (95% CI for difference, −9.0% to 6.7%), meeting protocol-defined criteria for noninferiority of GDP (P = .005). Similar results were obtained in a per-protocol analysis. The transplantation rates were 52.1% with GDP and 49.3% with DHAP (P = .44). At a median follow-up of 53 months, no differences were detected in event-free survival (HR, 0.99; stratified log-rank P = .95) or overall survival (HR, 1.03; P = .78) between GDP and DHAP. Treatment with GDP was associated with less toxicity (P < .001) and need for hospitalization (P < .001), and preserved quality of life (P = .04). Conclusion For patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive lymphoma, in comparison with DHAP, treatment with GDP is associated with a noninferior response rate, similar transplantation rate, event-free survival, and overall survival, less toxicity and hospitalization, and superior quality of life.
Risk of Incremental Toxicities and Associated Costs of New Anticancer Drugs: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Niraula Saroj , Amir Eitan , Vera-Badillo Francisco , Seruga Bostjan , Ocana Alberto , Tannock Ian F. 
Published: September 2014

PurposeThere are increasing reports of rare but serious toxicities caused by new anticancer drugs, and there are costs associated with their management.MethodsWe identified anticancer drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration from 2000 to 2011 and pivotal trials supporting their registration. Twelve frequent grade 3 to 4 adverse event (AEs) were weighted and pooled in a meta-analysis. Estimates of incremental drug prices and incremental costs for management of AEs were calculated according to type of new agent based on target specificity.ResultsWe identified 41 studies comprising 27,539 patients and evaluating 19 experimental drugs. Agents directed against a specific molecular target on cancer cells had a lower incidence of grade 3 to 4 toxicities compared with controls (median risk ratio [RR], 0.67; P = .22), whereas less-specific targeted agents, including angiogenesis inhibitors (median RR, 3.39; P < .001) and chemotherapeutic agents (median RR, 1.73; P < .001), were more toxic. Risk was increased regardless of whether the control arm contained active treatment (RR, 2.11; P < .001) or not (RR, 3.02; P < .001). Median incremental drug price for experimental agents was $6,000 per patient per month. Median cost of managing toxicity was low compared with drug costs but higher than controls for treatment with less-specific targeted agents and chemotherapies.ConclusionNewly approved anticancer drugs are associated with increased toxicity, except for agents with a specific molecular target on cancer cells. Management of toxicity leads to a small increase in overall cost of treatment. Frequency of toxicity and associated costs are likely higher in less-selected patients treated in general oncologic practice. Development of biomarker-driven agents should be encouraged.
Chevron formation of the zebrafish muscle segments
Authors: Rost Fabian , Eugster Christina , Schröter Christian , Oates Andrew C. , Brusch Lutz 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe muscle segments of fish have a folded shape, termed a chevron, which is thought to be optimal for the undulating body movements of swimming. However, the mechanism shaping the chevron during embryogenesis is not understood. Here, we use time-lapse microscopy of developing zebrafish embryos spanning the entire somitogenesis period to quantitate the dynamics of chevron shape development. Comparing such time courses with the start of movements in wildtype zebrafish and analyzing immobile mutants, we show that the previously implicated body movements do not play a role in chevron formation. Further, the monotonic increase of chevron angle along the anteroposterior axis revealed by our data constrains or rules out possible contributions by previously proposed mechanisms. In particular, we find that muscle pioneers are not required for chevron formation. We put forward a tension-and-resistance mechanism involving interactions between intra-segmental tension and segment boundaries. To evaluate this mechanism, we derive and analyze a mechanical model of a chain of contractile and resisting elements. The predictions of this model are verified by comparison to experimental data. Altogether, our results support the notion that a simple physical mechanism suffices to self-organize the observed spatiotemporal pattern in chevron formation.