bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparative analysis of minimally invasive and open spine surgery patient education resources
Authors: Agarwal Nitin , Feghhi Daniel P. , Gupta Raghav , Hansberry David R. , Quinn John C. , Heary Robert F. , Goldstein Ira M. 
Published: June 2014

Object
The Internet has become a widespread source for disseminating health information to large numbers of people. Such is the case for spine surgery as well. Given the complexity of spinal surgeries, an important point to consider is whether these resources are easily read and understood by most Americans. The average national reading grade level has been estimated to be at about the 7th grade. In the present study the authors strove to assess the readability of open spine surgery resources and minimally invasive spine surgery resources to offer suggestions to help improve the readability of patient resources.

Methods
Online patient education resources were downloaded in 2013 from 50 resources representing either traditional open back surgery or minimally invasive spine surgery. Each resource was assessed using 10 scales from Readability Studio Professional Edition version 2012.1.

Results
Patient education resources representing traditional open back surgery or minimally invasive spine surgery were all found to be written at a level well above the recommended 6th grade level. In general, minimally invasive spine surgery materials were written at a higher grade level.

Conclusions
The readability of patient education resources from spine surgery websites exceeds the average reading ability of an American adult. Revisions may be warranted to increase quality and patient comprehension of these resources to effectively reach a greater patient population.
In vivo 3D kinematic changes in the cervical spine after laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy
Authors: Nagamoto Yukitaka , Iwasaki Motoki , Sugiura Tsuyoshi , Fujimori Takahito , Matsuo Yohei , Kashii Masafumi , Sakaura Hironobu , Ishii Takahiro , Murase Tsuyoshi , Yoshikawa Hideki , Sugamoto Kazuomi 
Published: June 2014

Object
Cervical laminoplasty is an effective procedure for decompressing the spinal cord at multiple levels, but restriction of neck motion is one of the well-known complications of the procedure. Although many authors have reported on cervical range of motion (ROM) after laminoplasty, they have focused mainly on 2D flexion and extension on lateral radiographs, not on 3D motion (including coupled motion) nor on precise intervertebral motion. The purpose of this study was to clarify the 3D kinematic changes in the cervical spine after laminoplasty performed to treat cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

Methods
Eleven consecutive patients (6 men and 5 women, mean age 68.1 years, age range 57–79 years) with cervical spondylotic myelopathy who had undergone laminoplasty were included in the study. All patients underwent 3D CT of the cervical spine in 5 positions (neutral, 45° head rotation left and right, maximum head flexion, and maximum head extension) using supporting devices. The scans were performed preoperatively and at 6 months after laminoplasty. Segmental ROM from Oc–C1 to C7–T1 was calculated both in flexion-extension and in rotation, using a voxel-based registration method.

Results
Mean C2–7 flexion-extension ROM, equivalent to cervical ROM in all previous studies, was 45.5° ± 7.1° preoperatively and 35.5° ± 8.2° postoperatively, which was a statistically significant 33% decrease. However, mean Oc–T1 flexion-extension ROM, which represented total cervical ROM, was 71.5° ± 8.3° preoperatively and 66.5° ± 8.3° postoperatively, an insignificant 7.0% decrease. In focusing on each motion segment, the authors observed a statistically significant 22.6% decrease in mean segmental ROM at the operated levels during flexion-extension and a statistically insignificant 10.2% decrease during rotation. The most significant decrease was observed at C2–3. Segmental ROM at C2–3 decreased 24.2% during flexion-extension and 21.8% during rotation. However, a statistically insignificant 37.2% increase was observed at the upper cervical spine (Oc–C2) during flexion-extension. The coupling pattern during rotation did not change significantly after laminoplasty.

Conclusions
In this first accurate documentation of 3D segmental kinematic changes after laminoplasty, Oc–T1 ROM, which represented total cervical ROM, did not change significantly during either flexion-extension or rotation by 6 months after laminoplasty despite a significant decrease in C2–7 flexion-extension ROM. This is thought to be partially because of a compensatory increase in segmental ROM at the upper cervical spine (Oc–C2).
A chloroplast tree for Viburnum (Adoxaceae) and its implications for phylogenetic classification and character evolution
Authors: Clement Wendy L. , Arakaki Mónica , Sweeney Patrick W. , Edwards Erika J. , Donoghue Michael J. 
Published: June 2014

• Premise of the study: Despite recent progress, significant uncertainties remain concerning relationships among early‐branching lineages within Viburnum (Adoxaceae), prohibiting a new classification and hindering studies of character evolution and the increasing use of Viburnum in addressing a wide range of ecological and evolutionary questions. We hoped to resolve these issues by sequencing whole plastid genomes for representative species and combining these with molecular data previously obtained from an expanded taxon sample.• Methods: We performed paired‐end Illumina sequencing of plastid genomes of 22 Viburnum species and combined these data with a 10‐gene data set to infer phylogenetic relationships for 113 species. We used the results to devise a comprehensive phylogenetic classification and to analyze the evolution of eight morphological characters that vary among early‐branching lineages.• Key results: With greatly increased levels of confidence in most of the early branches, we propose a phylogenetic classification of Viburnum, providing formal phylogenetic definitions for 30 clades, including 13 with names recognized under the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants, eight with previously proposed informal names, and nine newly proposed names for major branches. Our parsimony reconstructions of bud structure, leaf margins, inflorescence form, ruminate endosperm, extrafloral nectaries, glandular trichomes, palisade anatomy, and pollen exine showed varying levels of homoplasy, but collectively provided morphological support for some, though not all, of the major clades.• Conclusions: Our study demonstrates the value of next‐generation plastid sequencing, the ease of creating a formal phylogenetic classification, and the utility of such a system in describing patterns of character evolution.
Pour une sociologie des critiques postcoloniales
Authors: Brisson Thomas 
Published: June 2014

Résumé L'article propose une analyse sociologique des critiques postcoloniales formulées par des intellectuels arabes, indiens ou asiatiques. Partant du constat que la plupart de ces critiques émanent d'intellectuels résidant et travaillant en Occident (le plus souvent dans les universités américaines) il cherche à approfondir l'analyse des déterminations qui forment le cadre dans lequel s'élaborent ces pensées de rupture : à l'effet propre du déplacement ou de l'exil s'ajoute à la fois celui de disciplines et d'espaces académiques auxquels appartiennent ces intellectuels, ainsi que celui d'une histoire politique internationale plus générale. La pertinence de cette grille d'analyse qui cherche à rendre compte de productions intellectuelles en combinant trajectoires singulières, espaces de savoir et déterminations politiques globales, est mise à l'épreuve à partir du cas particulier de Tu Weiming, intellectuel sino-américain considéré comme l'un des représentants les plus importants du courant néo-confucéen.
E-learning in Saudi Arabia: Past, present and future
Authors: Al-Asmari Ali Mohammad , Rabb Khan M Shamsur 
Published: June 2014

The emergence of information and instructional technologies and their influence on teaching and learning has brought about significant changes in academic environment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The new learning trend has made it mandatory to equip teachers in educational institutions with the necessary skills to cope with the new challenges. The urgent need for e-learning in KSA has resulted from the massive population growth vis-à-vis the scarcity of teachers in both quantity and quality, including the need to reduce financial burden.
Since 2002, when e-learning started in KSA, it has gained recognition and interest among academic institutions, academics and students, though with a relatively slow pace. This paper takes into account the growth of e-learning in KSA. It analyzes the potential need and the overall impacts of e-learning on various stakeholders. The paper also discusses the current e-learning developments as well as future prospect.
Sediment supply and channel morphology in mountain river systems: 2. Single thread to braided transitions
Authors: Mueller Erich R. , Pitlick John 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDifferences in sediment supply between single‐thread and braided channel types provide a long‐recognized, though difficult to quantify, pattern discrimination. Building on the results from our preceding paper, we present a multiscale assessment of the sediment supply, geomorphology, and sediment transport characteristics of braided, gravel‐bedded reaches in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. First, we present a quantitative, theoretically based discriminant function that stratifies single‐thread and braided reaches on the basis of variations in bankfull sediment concentration and dimensionless discharge following the work of Millar (2005) and Eaton et al. (2010). This function correctly classifies 50 of the 53 channel types where bed load concentrations are known. Second, while channel pattern transitions are often linked to changes in slope, field studies along Sunlight Creek, Wyoming, show that downstream transitions between single‐thread and braided reaches are instead caused by valley constrictions and changes in the grain size of sediment from tributaries. Finally, we demonstrate that the two‐dimensional variability in flow properties in braided reaches produces locally high values of shear stress and bed load transport. Yet bed load measurements and sediment transport calculations also show that sediment transport rates between adjoining braided and single‐thread reaches may be approximately equal where channels are near the pattern threshold and downstream variations in bank fortitude and channel constriction force pattern transitions. Taken together, these results indicate that high bed load concentrations are fundamental to the braided channel planform and that braided channels likely reflect a quasi‐equilibrium state within watersheds with persistent high sediment supply.
Vegetation, land surface brightness, and temperature dynamics after aspen forest die‐off
Authors: Huang Cho‐ying , Anderegg William R. L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractForest dynamics following drought‐induced tree mortality can affect regional climate through biophysical surface properties. These dynamics have not been well quantified, particularly at the regional scale, and are a large uncertainty in ecosystem‐climate feedback. We investigated regional biophysical characteristics through time (1995–2011) in drought‐impacted (2001–2003), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forests by utilizing Landsat time series green and brown vegetation cover, surface brightness (total shortwave albedo), and daytime land surface temperature. We quantified the temporal dynamics and postdrought recovery of these characteristics for aspen forests experiencing severe drought‐induced mortality in the San Juan National Forest in southwestern Colorado, USA. We partitioned forests into three categories from healthy to severe mortality (Healthy, Intermediate, and Die‐off) by referring to field observations of aspen canopy mortality and live aboveground biomass losses. The vegetation cover of die‐off areas in 2011 (26.9% of the aspen forest) was significantly different compared to predrought conditions (decrease of 7.4% of the green vegetation cover and increase of 12.1% of the brown vegetation cover compared to 1999). The surface brightness of the study region 9 years after drought however was comparable to predrought estimates (12.7–13.7%). Postdrought brightness was potentially influenced by understory shrubs, since they became the top layer green canopies in disturbed sites from a satellite's point of view. Satellite evidence also showed that the differences of land surface temperature among the three groups increased substantially (≥45%) after drought, possibly due to the reduction of plant evapotranspiration in the Intermediate and Die‐off sites. Our results suggest that the mortality‐affected systems have not recovered in terms of the surface biophysical properties. We also find that the temporal dynamics of vegetation cover holds great potential for assessing propensity of subsequent mortality during drought itself, which could provide effective monitoring and potentially a much needed “early warning” of drought‐induced tree mortality.
Nitrogen retention and transport differ by hillslope aspect at the rain‐snow transition of the Colorado Front Range
Authors: Hinckley Eve‐Lyn S. , Barnes Rebecca T. , Anderson Suzanne P. , Williams Mark W. , Bernasconi Stefano M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractOver a decade of research in the alpine zone of the Colorado Front Range has shown that atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition originating from source areas in low elevation, developed areas, has changed ecosystem stoichiometry, nutrient transformations, and aquatic community structure. Less research has occurred in the montane zone, which sits at the current rain‐snow transition and is vulnerable to climate change, land cover disturbances, and increased N loading. We conducted lithium bromide and 15N‐nitrate (15NO3−) tracer studies during spring snowmelt to determine the immediate fate of N in a forested catchment. Measurements of N species and applied tracers in ecosystem pools and soil solution on north and south facing slopes provided a means of determining export pathways and uptake of deposited N. Our results indicate that NO3− residence time is longer within north than south facing slope soils, due to longer contact with the soil matrix, greater microbial biomass N, and a larger soil organic matter pool. On the north facing slope, >50% of the 1 kg ha−1 of 15NO3− applied was retained in soil and vegetation pools. On the south facing slope, rapid transport during sporadic snowmelt events reduced total recovery of the 15N label in ecosystem pools to 16–34%. Our results suggest that snowmelt events quickly transport N through south facing slope soils, potentially contributing more N to aquatic systems than north facing slopes. Thus, it is important to consider how the fate of N differs by hillslope aspect when predicting catchment‐scale N export and determining ecosystem N status across the Colorado Front Range.
Probabilistic 21st and 22nd century sea‐level projections at a global network of tide‐gauge sites
Authors: Kopp Robert E. , Horton Radley M. , Little Christopher M. , Mitrovica Jerry X. , Oppenheimer Michael , Rasmussen D. J. , Strauss Benjamin H. , Tebaldi Claudia 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSea‐level rise due to both climate change and non‐climatic factors threatens coastal settlements, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Projections of mean global sea‐level (GSL) rise provide insufficient information to plan adaptive responses; local decisions require local projections that accommodate different risk tolerances and time frames and that can be linked to storm surge projections. Here we present a global set of local sea‐level (LSL) projections to inform decisions on timescales ranging from the coming decades through the 22nd century. We provide complete probability distributions, informed by a combination of expert community assessment, expert elicitation, and process modeling. Between the years 2000 and 2100, we project a very likely (90% probability) GSL rise of 0.5–1.2 m under representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5, 0.4–0.9 m under RCP 4.5, and 0.3–0.8 m under RCP 2.6. Site‐to‐site differences in LSL projections are due to varying non‐climatic background uplift or subsidence, oceanographic effects, and spatially variable responses of the geoid and the lithosphere to shrinking land ice. The Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) constitutes a growing share of variance in GSL and LSL projections. In the global average and at many locations, it is the dominant source of variance in late 21st century projections, though at some sites oceanographic processes contribute the largest share throughout the century. LSL rise dramatically reshapes flood risk, greatly increasing the expected number of “1‐in‐10” and “1‐in‐100” year events.
Evolution of nightside subauroral proton aurora caused by transient plasma sheet flows
Authors: Nishimura Y. , Bortnik J. , Li W. , Lyons L. R. , Donovan E. F. , Angelopoulos V. , Mende S. B. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWhile nightside subauroral proton aurora shows rapid temporal variations, the cause of this variability has rarely been investigated. Using well‐coordinated observations by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) all‐sky imagers, THEMIS satellites in the equatorial magnetosphere, and the low‐altitude NOAA 17 satellite, we examined the rapid temporal evolution of subauroral proton aurora in the premidnight sector. An isolated proton aurora occurred soon after an auroral poleward boundary intensification that was followed by an auroral streamer reaching the equatorward boundary of the auroral oval. Three THEMIS satellites in the magnetotail detected flow bursts and one of the THEMIS satellites in the outer plasmasphere observed a ring current injection together with electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave intensifications. Proton auroral brightenings occurred multiple times throughout the storm main phase and a majority of those were correlated with auroral streamers reaching the auroral equatorward boundary. This sequence highlights the important role of transient flow bursts and particle injections for plasma transport into the inner magnetosphere and thus reflects a tail‐inner magnetospheric interaction process in which transient flow bursts play an important role in injecting ring current ions into the plasmasphere, causing rapid modulation of precipitation and the resultant subauroral proton aurora.
Statistical analysis of VLF radio emissions triggered by power line harmonic radiation and observed by the low‐altitude satellite DEMETER
Authors: Parrot Michel , Nĕmec František , Santolík Ondřej 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDEMETER was a low‐altitude satellite in operation between 2004 and 2010 in a circular polar orbit. One of its main scientific objectives was to study ionospheric perturbations related to man‐made activity. This paper investigates electromagnetic emissions triggered by Power Line Harmonic Radiation (PLHR), the man‐made waves emitted at harmonics of 50 or 60 Hz. They look like rising tones or hooks with a starting frequency associated to a parent line with the frequency equal to a multiple of 50 or 60 Hz. They occur preferentially during daytime in a frequency band between 1 and 4 kHz. It is shown that these emissions are rather frequent at high latitudes (3 < L <6) above industrialized areas during periods of moderate magnetic activity. Their average intensity is of the order of 10 μV2 m−2 Hz−1. PLHR propagates in the magnetosphere and triggers emissions due to wave‐particle interactions in the equatorial region.
The Positive Influence of Creating a Holistic Facial Composite on Video Line‐up Identification
Authors: Davis Josh P. , Gibson Stuart , Solomon Chris 
Published: June 2014

SummaryWitnesses to a crime may be asked to create a facial composite of the offender from memory. They may then view a suspect in a police line‐up. Previous research on this topic has found both recognition impairment and enhancement following composite construction. In Experiment 1, creator‐participants employed the holistic facial composite system system EFIT‐V or the feature‐based E‐FIT system to create a single composite, and in Experiment 2, creators constructed up to three EFIT‐Vs. In both experiments, facial composite creators were one‐and‐a‐half times more likely than non‐composite creating controls to make correct target identifications from a video line‐up. No between condition effects were found in target‐absent trials in Experiment 1. The development of holistic facial composite systems has enhanced suspect identification rates in police investigations, and these results suggest that the use of such a system can also have a positive influence on a composite‐creating witness' later recognition of the suspect. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microencapsulation of triglycidyl isocyanurate by solvent evaporation method for UV and thermal dual‐cured coatings
Authors: Zhao Zhen , Zhou Xueqin , Tian Qixiang , Wang Xiaoqing , Li Wei , Liu Dongzhi 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTTriglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC), a thermal curing agent, was encapsulated with poly(methyl methacrylate) with small particle size and narrow distribution for the application in acrylic resins to prepare one‐package UV and thermal dual‐cured coatings. Investigation of the wettability and thermal properties suggests that the microcapsules have better compatibility with acrylic resins and thermal stability as compared to pure TGIC. Results of the release performance experiments indicate good storage stability at 25°C and a quick release of vast TGIC at 120°C for the microcapsules. The UV‐thermal dual‐cured coatings prepared with the microcapsules exhibit a fast, even and complete hardening at 130°C together with an excellent adhesion to the mild steel panels. The results presented here show an application potential of the microcapsules in UV and thermal dual‐cured paints. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41008.
Construction of porous coating layer and electrochemical performances of the corresponding modified polyethylene separators for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Fang Li‐Feng , Shi Jun‐Li , Li Hao , Zhu Bao‐Ku , Zhu Li‐Ping 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTTo effectively improve the affinity of polyethylene (PE) separators with liquid electrolyte without causing a serious pore blockage and to develop a more suitable technology for the industrial production process, porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) layer‐coated PE separators are prepared by the dip‐coating method followed by a dry‐cast process. Different from previous investigations, a less volatile solvent and a relatively volatile nonsolvent are used to yield a preferable pore structure. A brief introduction on the pore formation mechanism during the dry‐cast process is provided. The pore structure of coating layer is found to be successfully controlled by changing evaporation temperature, nonsolvent content, and PVDF concentration. The porous PVDF coating layer‐modified separators show better affinity with liquid electrolyte and thermal stability. Especially, the ionic conductivity of the modified separator/liquid electrolyte system with a suitable porous coating layer on the separator could reach two times as that of PE separator/liquid electrolyte system, and the cell assembled with modified PE separator shows better cycle performances. This modification process is proved to be a facile, controllable, and effective method for PE separator modification. Meanwhile, this work could provide some theoretical and technical guidance for the production process. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41036.