bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of the Arabidopsis GTPase RabA4c with Its Effector PMR4 Results in Complete Penetration Resistance to Powdery Mildew
Authors: Ellinger Dorothea , Glöckner Annemarie , Koch Jasmin , Naumann Marcel , Stürtz Vanessa , Schütt Kevin , Manisseri Chithra , Somerville Shauna C. , Voigt Christian A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The (1,3)-β-glucan callose is a major component of cell wall thickenings in response to pathogen attack in plants. GTPases have been suggested to regulate pathogen-induced callose biosynthesis. To elucidate the regulation of callose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, we screened microarray data and identified transcriptional upregulation of the GTPase RabA4c after biotic stress. We studied the function of RabA4c in its native and dominant negative (dn) isoform in RabA4c overexpression lines. RabA4c overexpression caused complete penetration resistance to the virulent powdery mildew Golovinomyces cichoracearum due to enhanced callose deposition at early time points of infection, which prevented fungal ingress into epidermal cells. By contrast, RabA4c(dn) overexpression did not increase callose deposition or penetration resistance. A cross of the resistant line with the pmr4 disruption mutant lacking the stress-induced callose synthase PMR4 revealed that enhanced callose deposition and penetration resistance were PMR4-dependent. In live-cell imaging, tagged RabA4c was shown to localize at the plasma membrane prior to infection, which was broken in the pmr4 disruption mutant background, with callose deposits at the site of attempted fungal penetration. Together with our interactions studies including yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, and in planta fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays, we concluded that RabA4c directly interacts with PMR4, which can be seen as an effector of this GTPase.
Impact of soft law regulation by corporate governance codes on firm valuation: the case of Germany
Authors: Stiglbauer Markus , Velte Patrick 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to provide insight whether disclosed compliance with the German Corporate Governance Code (GCGC) leads to higher valuation on the German stock market.

Design/methodology/approach
– Based on agency theory, stakeholder theory and institutional theory, the authors conduct a meta-analysis and evaluate the value relevance of the compliance with the GCGC.

Findings
– The research finds that compliance with the GCGC is mainly not a value-relevant factor for German companies listed at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.

Research limitations/implications
– The research considered is not fully comparable with regard to observation date, full integration of the GCGC rules and company selection/sample size. Future research is encouraged to research the valuation effects of compliance with the GCGC for a longer time horizon, the use of uniform performance measures and the integration of all GCGC rules.

Practical implications
– Compliance with the GCGC has not proven to be a value-driver for German listed companies. The authors recommend companies to search for opportunities to make their corporate governance more comprehensive by expanding their corporate governance reporting and thus providing deeper insights on how their processes of management and control work.

Originality/value
– The paper is the first investigation integrating the results of ten years of “code compliance – market valuation” research in Germany. We detect reasons why soft law regulation by corporate governance codes did not function on the German stock market. We additionally address behavioral aspects why investors do not give enough relevance to companies’ corporate governance statements so far.
Corporate governance and the information system: how a framework for IT governance supports ERM
Authors: Rubino Michele , Vitolla Filippo 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how information technology (IT) governance supports the process of enterprise risk management (ERM). In particular, the paper illustrates how the Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT) framework helps a company reach its objectives by integrating and supporting the Enterprise Risk Management by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO ERM) framework.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper explains how the integration between the two frameworks (COSO ERM and COBIT 5) can represent, for any organization, a good way to achieve the objectives of internal control and risk management and, more generally, corporate governance.

Findings
– The paper identifies some gaps in the COSO ERM and illustrates how the COBIT framework facilitates the implementation of an adequate system of internal control.

Originality/value
– The originality of the work presented here is in analyzing the COBIT 5 together with the COSO ERM framework. This paper highlights that is not enough to apply only an internal control framework for achieving the risk management and internal control system objectives. An IT governance framework, such as COBIT 5 is proposed as a tool that support risk management in order to develop an adequate system of internal control.
Independent non-executive directors strategic role – some evidence from Malaysia
Authors: Azlan Annuar Hairul 
Published: July 2014

Purpose– The overall purpose of the research presented is to ascertain whether independent non-executive directors (INEDs) in Malaysian publicly listed companies (PLCs) are involved in corporate strategy.Design/methodology/approach– A qualitative approach, consisting of a series of interviews with board members, was chosen. The sampling frame was made as large as possible and, for the purpose of this study, consisted of board members who sit on PLCs of the main board and Malaysian-owned.Findings– The findings reveal that INEDs in Malaysia may display the same types of involvement in the formulation phase as their counterparts in UK, which McNulty and Pettigrew (1999) categorised as taking strategic decisions, shaping strategic decisions and shaping the context, conduct and content of strategy. The findings also show that the three phases of strategy are linked and that INEDs’ behaviour during evaluation may be moderated by the strategy’s success or failure and by their involvement in the earlier phases.Research limitations/implications– This research utilised interviews. Generalisations may be an issue when interviews are used as the method of inquiry. Also, the sample is not random, as access to many directors depended on recommendations. In addition, respondents were consciously selected to obtain various board positions that include independent and non-independent directors.Practical implications– Findings from this research suggest that the involvement of INEDs in different phases of corporate strategy is an indication that INEDs are no longer focusing much on policing the management. Although control is still a major issue on the board agenda, their strategic involvement may suggest that INEDs are adequately meeting their responsibilities of providing long-term direction to their companies and also suggests that INEDs are in a position to support the Chair effectively. Their active involvement is likely to result in successful strategic formalization and conclusion.Originality/value– There is a lack of work on studying barriers to INEDs' effectiveness in developing countries, whereby previous work and literature review were predominantly based upon the experience of Western economies.
Recent corporate governance developments in Greece
Authors: Nerantzidis Michail , Filos John 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– This study aims to investigate the recent corporate governance (CG) developments in Greece. The recent economic crisis of Greece has caused very high mobility, both at a state level by imposing a new Greek regulation in capital market and at a level of associations in Greece by recommending new voluntary codes on CG. Both the new economic conditions in the world economy after the global financial crisis of 2007-2010 and the 2009 economic crisis in Greece provide a valuable opportunity to study the CG and regulatory aspects of CG in Greece.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study has three objectives, namely, to present the reasons which lead the business community in Greece to reconsider existing CG practices and outline the main aspects; to locate the current CG developments and trends in Greece in the last decade (2002-2011), especially in the light of the recent debate between various voluntary codes that have lately been proposed; and, finally, to highlight the efforts that have been made so far by companies to comply with the expanding body of CG best practices and Greek legislation.

Findings
– The main finding is that the development of regulatory reforms and practices on CG is a process based on the European Union directives.

Practical implications
– The improvement of legal, institutional and regulatory framework of CG in Greece can attract new investors.

Originality/value
– This paper re-examines the value of CG in Greece under the new economic conditions.
Higher education’s blend of old and new
Authors: Cole Graham 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.

Design/methodology/approach
– This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.

Findings
– In a world seemingly awash with technological innovations, a question which often arises is how to utilize them most effectively. That is one challenge faced by the higher education (HE) sector. Institutions grapple with finding ways to incorporate technology alongside conventional teaching methods. A significant development has been the growing tendency for universities to deliver course content using a “blended learning” approach. Information and communications technologies in the shape of online teaching resources are used in combination with established face-to-face tutoring methods. However, little is yet certain as to the impact of this approach on student motivation and their learning outcomes.

Practical implications
– The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations.

Originality/value
– The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to digest format.
Executive coaching: Guidelines that work
Authors: Bozer Gil , Sarros James C. , Santora Joseph C 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to offer a theoretical foundation for a testable framework of executive coaching effectiveness and to share key findings from the research study in executive coaching effectiveness based on the theoretical framework.

Design/methodology/approach
– This article draws on the results from a quasi-experimental field study of four firms whose primary professional services focused on executive coaching.

Findings
– Practical implications and learning lessons for the three constituents: the coachee, the coach and the organization.

Originality/value
– The research can assist individuals and organizations in making informed decisions about designing, implementing and measuring executive coaching programs, thus building the profession of coaching.
Education in entrepreneurship and the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Authors: Heuer Annamária , Kolvereid Lars 
Published: July 2014

Purpose– The purpose of the present empirical study is to investigate the relationship between education in entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial behaviour and compare the effectiveness of frequently used entrepreneurship education teaching approaches.Design/methodology/approach– Hypotheses are derived from the “Theory of Planned Behaviour” (“TPB”), which suggests that education in entrepreneurship is positively related to attitude (“A”), subjective norm (“SN”) and perceived behavioural control (“PBC”); that the effect on A, SN and PBC is stronger for extensive courses in entrepreneurship than for more superficial forms of educational efforts; and that education only influences entrepreneurial intentions indirectly through the effect on A, SN and PBC. The hypotheses are tested using data from two different surveys, one from Belgium and one from Norway.Findings– None of the hypotheses are supported. However, the findings from the study indicate a strong direct relationship between participation in extensive education programmes in entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention.Research limitations/implications– Additional empirical evidence would be required to confirm these results and help to improve our understanding of the validity bounds of the TPB in the field of entrepreneurship.Practical implications– The findings indicate that educational programs or events of limited duration have a rather limited usefulness and that efforts should rather be directed on programs of longer duration. This would, for instance, speak for a re-orientation of some policies like those financing short seminars on venture creation for unemployed people.Originality/value– Using data from two different surveys, one from Belgium and one from Norway, this study raises questions about the sufficiency of the TPB.
Evaluating internships in terms of governance structures
Authors: Lain David , Hadjivassiliou Kari , Corral Alza Antonio , Isusi Iñigo , O’Reilly Jacqueline , Richards Victoria , Will Sue 
Published: July 2014

Purpose– This paper aims to evaluate internships in terms of governance structures. Internships are being promoted as a European Union policy lever to address high youth unemployment. However, concerns exist that internships often have few developmental opportunities and poor employment outcomes, something this conceptual paper examines.Design/methodology/approach– The authors develop a conceptual framework for distinguishing between different types of internships based on “dimensions of governance” (contract, agreed duration and partnership). A distinction is made between “open market”, “educational” and “active labour market policy” internships, drawing on examples and evidence from Spain and Portugal.Findings– The authors argue that “governed” internships, linked to educational programmes or genuine active labour market policies, are much more likely to have beneficial outcomes than “open market internships”. This is because they provide the positive governance conditions relating to contract, duration and partnership arrangements under which employers, interns and third parties understand how they can benefit from the internship and what their responsibilities are.Research limitations/implications– The strength of the paper lies in outlining an analytical framework for future research. The evidence presented from Spain and Portugal provides support for the conceptual framework; future comparative internship research should further test the propositions made across a range of countries and contexts.Social implications– By increasing understanding of internship governance, employers, policymakers and educationalists will be in a better position to design successful internships.Originality/value– The paper broadens the focus beyond educational internships alone and proposes a conceptual framework for future research.
Human resource management factors and service recovery performance in Malaysian life insurance industry
Authors: Kumar Piaralal Niriender , Mat Norazuwa , Kumar Piaralal Shishi , Awais Bhatti Muhammad 
Published: July 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the human resource factors (rewards, training teamwork and empowerment) that affect service recovery performance (SRP) of customer service employees in life insurances companies. Life insurances industries in Malaysia are facing stiff competitions due to growing consumerism, changing consumer choices and expectations. SRP is very important aspect in the insurances firms toward retaining the customer and one of the key competitive advantages for sustainability and adding value to the organization in the future.Design/methodology/approach– The data obtained from 350 customer service employees based on convenience sampling were analyzed using regression and hierarchical analysis.Findings– There are two factors, namely, empowerment and training, affecting the SRP. The employment status moderated the relationship between reward and SRP. The limitations of this study have been noted and further research suggestions are also included that are very important for SRP.Originality/value– This study has added knowledge regarding the factors that affect SRP, in general, and precisely in life insurance industries in Malaysian context.
Two of a kind? A canonical correlational study of transformational leadership and authentic leadership
Authors: (Brian) Joo Baek-Kyoo , Nimon Kim 
Published: July 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between transformational leadership (TL) and authentic leadership (AL) using a canonical correlation analysis (CCA).Design/methodology/approach– The sample was 427 knowledge workers from a Fortune Global 100 company in Korea. Descriptive statistics and CCA were used to test the relationship between the two perceived leadership constructs.Findings– A canonical correlation indicated that the composite of TL (i.e. idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration) was strongly and significantly related to the composite of AL (i.e. transparency, moral/ethical, balanced processing and self-awareness), accounting for 82.3 per cent of the shared variance between the two variable sets.Research limitations/implications– This empirical study was based on employees’ perceptions on the two leadership behaviors of their supervisors, using a cross-sectional survey method. In addition, this study is confined to the employees in a for-profit organization in Korean cultural setting, leaving room for speculation with regard to cultural issues.Practical implications– It is noted the two leadership behaviors are not substitutable, but complementary. Therefore, human resources development (HRD) practitioners are suggested to design leadership development programs focusing both on AL and TL in a concerted way. In this way, HRD professionals can help their managers enhance their AL and TL capability, and thus let their followers emulate their leader’s behaviors, which ultimately will lead to higher level of organizational commitment, employee/job engagement and in-role and extra-role performance.Originality/value– This is the first study that empirically confirmed Burns’ (1978) initial intuitive conceptualization of the authentic transformational leaders. We found that an authentic leader appears to be a transformational leader or vice versa. Another contribution lies in that to identify the common denominator between the two leadership behaviors this study used a relatively rare CCA in the field of HRD.
“The Health Education Juggler”
Authors: Engelund Gitte , Møller Hansen Ulla , Willaing Ingrid 
Published: July 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore educator competencies and roles needed to perform participatory patient education, and develop a comprehensive model describing this.Design/methodology/approach– Data collection in the qualitative study proceeded through two phases. In the first phase, 28 educators were involved in exploring educator competencies needed to perform participatory, group-based patient education. The paper used qualitative methods: dialogue workshops, interviews and observations. In the second phase, 310 educators were involved in saturating and validating the insights from phase one using workshop techniques such as brainstorming, reflection exercises and the story-dialogue method. A grounded theory approach was used to analyse data.Findings– A model called “The Health Education Juggler” was developed comprising four educator roles necessary to perform participatory patient education: the Embracer, the Facilitator, the Translator and the Initiator. The validity of the model was confirmed in phase two by educators and showed fit, grab, relevance, workability and modifiability.Practical implications– The model provides a tool that can be used to support the focus on “juggling” skills in educators: the switching between different educator roles when performing participatory, group-based patient education. The model is useful as an analytical tool for reflection and supervision, as well as for observation and evaluation of participatory, group-based patient education.Originality/value– The study proposes a comprehensive model consisting of four equally important roles for educators performing participatory, group-based patient education.
Effect of interventions to improve adolescents’ nutrition knowledge in China
Authors: Wang Dongxu , Chang Chun , Stewart Donald , Ji Ying , Shi Yuhui 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to improve adolescents’ nutrition knowledge and to examine the effect of interventions component to improve adolescents’ nutrition knowledge.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study design was multi-factorial with repeated measures, at two points in time, of dependent samples from three schools, which were randomly selected from 15 middle schools in Miyun County, Beijing, and then randomly assigned to control school or intervention school. The instrument for baseline survey was a 14-item and for follow-up survey was a 26-item, self-administered, structured questionnaire, designed in Chinese.

Findings
– Students’ nutrition knowledge improved significantly in intervention schools after intervention compared with controls. The extent to which students felt that peer support activities were helpful and that what they learned in class about nutrition was helpful, was related to their resultant level of nutrition knowledge.

Originality/value
– To the authors’ knowledge there have been no previous studies which explore the effect of specific intervention components on levels of nutrition knowledge among adolescents.
Thermal and hydrodynamic performance analysis of charged jet in electrospinning
Authors: Ren Zhongfu , Kong Fanzhi , Kang Yongxiang , Kong Haiyan 
Published: July 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to theoretically investigate the thermal and hydrodynamic performance of the flow pattern of fluid in the charged jet. The flow pattern includes laminar flow in which all fluid layers move at different accelerated speeds, and shear forces between the fluid layers give rise to friction forces. This is a favorable condition for the parallel arrangement of the branches on polymer molecules.

Design/methodology/approach
– The dynamic mechanism of the flow pattern is conducted through analyzing the forces acting on the charged jet. The differential equation obtained in the analyzing process has the solution designating the laminar flow pattern of the fluid in the charged jet.

Findings
– The fluid in the charged jet flows in laminar pattern, which is favorable to the parallel arrangement of the branches on polymer molecules.

Research limitations/implications
– Although the flow pattern is conveyed by means of the simple condition of uniformly accelerated motion, it has the similar effect on the arrangement of the polymer molecules in general conditions, such as non-Newtonian fluids and non-uniformly accelerated motions.

Originality/value
– The laminar flow introduced by this paper to the charged jet implies anisotropic properties of the electrospun nanofibers.