bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PLANNING THE LOGISTICS ISSUES TO ENHANCE OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING AND RESPONSE1
Authors: Blackburn Sioned 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Generic, broad-brushed Oil Spill Contingency Plans (OSCP) have given way to more operationally-focused and systematic, site-specific plans. These newer plans offer considerable advantage as planning and response tools to initiate and support the deployment of equipment on-site.
However, significant logistical features are still often overlooked in the planning process, which both exercises and real incidents have demonstrated. These omissions can seriously impede rapid and effective responses.
This paper reviews the logistical issues of various recent incidents and demonstrates the key features that should be considered at the contingency planning stage. Options for drop-in elements in an oil spill contingency plan, or a separate logistics plan, are also presented.
PLACES OF REFUGE GUIDELINES
Authors: Bauer John , Cameron Jean , Iwamoto Larry 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Pacific States/British Columbia Oil Spill Task Force (Oil Spill Task Force) and the Alaska Regional Response Team (RRT) are collaborating to develop decision-making and planning guidelines which “operationalize” the International Maritime Organization's Places of Refuge guidelines. These guidelines will incorporate the authorities of the US and Canadian Coast Guards, state, provincial, local, and tribal governments, and resource agencies. The decision-making section of the guidelines provides step-by-step procedures and checklists to analyze the risks of allowing a ship in need of assistance to proceed to a place of refuge. The planning section of the guidelines provides a process to pre-identify information necessary for responding to requests for places of refuge and identifying potential places of refuge prior to an incident.
The Oil Spill Task Force effort involves a workgroup of regional stakeholders co-chaired by the Task Force agencies and the US Coast Guard, Pacific Area. The separate Alaska initiative is being accomplished by a workgroup of the Alaska RRT co-chaired by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) and US Coast Guard, District 17. Both projects are developing concurrently and include persons serving as liaisons between the two efforts in order to promote consistency and share information.
The Oil Spill Task Force Guidelines provide a template for member states and the province to use in developing decisionmaking and pre-incident plans tailored to their area. The Alaska guidelines were drafted concurrently with the Oil Spill Task Force process, and sections of their guidelines were modified to reflect area-wide conditions.
The Oil Spill Task Force's final guidelines are to be used as a planning annex to US Area Contingency Plans on the West Coast. Alaska will include their guidelines in the Federal/State Unified Plan and subarea plans. Transport Canada and Canadian Coast Guard authorities will adapt the guidelines as appropriate for Canada.
AN OIL SPILL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Roberts Julian , Lamarche Alain 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Maritime Safety Authority of New Zealand (MSA) has a mandate to promote a safe and clean marine environment and to provide an effective marine pollution response capability. As part of its obligations, the MSA is responsible for the New Zealand Marine Oil Spill Response Strategy and the preparation of a National Marine Oil Spill Contingency Plan for Tier 3 spill events (Maritime Transport Act 1994, S.283).
The MSA is currently working on the design of an extensive coastal information database—including information such as marine and natural resource inventories and coastal human-built infrastructures—that can be mapped in a GIS system. A customised toolset is also being developed to streamline the management of the database.
The benefits of GIS-based information management systems in oil spill response have been demonstrated by a number of overseas response agencies. However, many of these rely on discrete components or only fulfil specific individual requirements, such as the provision of coastal resource information.
Having reviewed these approaches, New Zealand has embarked on the development of a more integrated and comprehensive oil spill information management system that will deliver a broad range of applications and serve to provide a framework for the seamless management and reporting of all the types of data that are generated throughout the life cycle of an oil spill response. The system combines GIS and database technology. It includes field survey management support, as well as automated treatment mechanisms to produce reports and maps to support planning and operations. The system also integrates a pre-spill shoreline segmentation database.
The benefits of such a system will include the recording and presentation of all types of response data that is more responsive to the needs of operational decision makers; the ability to better track the progress of spill cleanup activities in both a temporal and spatial context; and the generation of customised reports to assist in cost recovery claims on termination of response activities.
UTILIZING PRIVATE PASSWORD PROTECTED AND LINKED PUBLIC WEB SITES TO ACCOMPLISH PLANNING GOALS1
Authors: Sheldrake Beth 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the Northwestern United States, spill contingency planning occurs through a very collaborative process. Shortly after the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 was passed, the Region 10 Regional Response Team and three Area Committees (Environmental Protection Agency Inland Area Committee and US Coast Guard Coastal Portland and Puget Sound Area Committees) decided to combine contingency planning documents. The result was the publishing of the Northwest Area Contingency Plan (NWACP) which has also been signed by the states of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. In the late 1990's, these organizations were further combined to form a single planning and preparedness body, the Regional Response Team (RRT) 10/Northwest Area Committee (RRT10/NWAC).
In 2003, the RRT10/NWAC launched a new web site to provide all planning and preparedness information in the northwest (www.rrtlOnwac.com). The web site includes the Northwest Area Contingency Plan, 29 Geographic Response Plans, fact sheets, the RRT10/NWAC Strategic Plan, jurisdictional boundary maps, an Area exercise schedule, equipment availability lists, workgroup charters and action plans, meeting minutes, and the ability to submit comments and join a list serv.
As a companion to the public web site, a private password-protected extranet portal web site has also been established. This private web site has become an invaluable planning tool to bring the large number of organizations involved in the planning and preparedness process across three states together. It facilitates the rapid and efficient review and comment on documents and the tracking and responding to comments from stakeholders. It also provides a centralized location to post documents to be shared and allows members given access to the private site to interface directly with the public web site by “publishing” certain items from the private to the public web site without going through a Webmaster. The private site also provides a secure location to make sensitive information such as contact names and phone numbers and specific activation and communications plans available to responders but not the general public.
WILDLIFE RESPONSE: PART OF THE PLAN
Authors: Clumpner Curt 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When an oil spill impacts wildlife, the success of the wildlife response often depends on the quality of the preplanning and the responders ability to manage the factors that they can control. While factors such as season and weather, seasonal behavior and lifecycle stages of wildlife cannot be controlled, training of personal, equipment caches and pre-identifying facilities can have a huge influence on the success or failure or a wildlife response. Effective planning prior to the event is the only way to assure maximum preparedness and effective response.
Wildlife response planning has become a key component of oil spill preparedness and response. With the recent publication of the IPIECA Report: A Guide to Oiled Wildlife Response Planning, planning for wildlife response has become an accepted and expected component of any oil spill contingency plan. Depending on available resources, appropriate response strategies may include any of a variety of tools: assessing impacts, use of dispersants, protective booming, hazing, wildlife rehabilitation and euthanasia.
A good wildlife plan should address each of these issues and provide the information and guidance to necessary for responders to make appropriate and timely decisions that will maximize the success execution of the plan and the objectives of the specific response.
This paper will outline the components necessary in a good wildlife plan within a framework that should be familiar to oil spill response planners. It will include a strategy section, an action section and a data section.
As with every other phase of the response there are a variety of factors that affect the success of the wildlife plan. These include efficient management of all resources including the human resources, equipment and facilities. Quick initiation of the operations is critical to minimize the time between oiling of animals when they are collected and rehabilitation initiated. This paper will provide a framework for planners or responders with little or no wildlife experience to assist them in planning for the wildlife component within the overall response.
CISPRI CULTURAL RESOURCES VIDEO
Authors: Askin Victoria J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Human habitation in Cook Inlet first occurred around 5,000 BC. Cook Inlet is a large tidal estuary that varies from 78 miles wide at its southern mouth to less than 9 miles at its northern extremity. The first inhabitants were Eskimo, who were later displaced by the Athabaskan Dena'ina people.
The Athabaskan Dena'ina people were called “Kenaitze” by the Russian fur traders who first made contact in 1741. At that time, an estimated 1,000 Dena'ina inhabited the Kenai River area alone. European contact with the Athabaskan Dena'ina first occurred about 1756. In 1778, Captain Cook sailed Cook Inlet looking for the Northwest Passage. A Russian trading post was established in Kenai in 1791. The relatively mild winters of Cook Inlet and abundance of wildlife both onshore and offshore made human habitation very viable. Consequently, its shoreline is literally filled with historical and cultural sites.
Other villages or cities of note within Cook Inlet include Anchorage, Tyonek, Ninilchik, Homer, Seldovia and Port Graham, many of whom continue to maintain a subsistence lifestyle.
Cook Inlet Spill Prevention & Response, Inc. (CISPRI) provides oil spill response for the entire Cook Inlet;, a pristine piece of south-central Alaska with over 1300 miles of shoreline.
A significant potential problem identified with oil spill recovery efforts involves the identification and protection of sensitive historical and cultural sites. To lessen any potential impact to these areas, CISPRI, in conjunction with Alaska Clean Seas, SERVS, Alaska Chadux and SEAPRO, have produced an 8 minute video tape demonstrating how to identify potential sensitive areas. It then directs appropriate actions to take until experts can be consulted to further direct methods of lessening impact.
The narrative was developed by a local expert in cultural resources, and representatives from the U.S. Coast Guard, Alaska State Historic Preservation Office, and native organizations who represented their individual concerns. The video tape has been well-received by CISPRT's member companies and agencies and has been recognized as a good “get acquainted” tool for anyone involved in protecting cultural and historic resources during spill response.
THE USE OF GIS TECHNOLOGY AT THE CALIFORNIA SONS 2004 EXTRAVAGANZA
Authors: Muskat Judd , Lampinen Mark , Imai Randy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Geographic Information System (GIS) support has become a basic tool for oil spill response because of the inherent data management, analysis, and display capabilities. Presented here are example GIS maps from the 2004 California Spill of National Significance (SONS) exercise. The SONS scenario had two major spill incidents occurring off the coast of southern California requiring a massive response from State, Federal and Local agencies. The exercise locations included Port-level incident command posts (ICP) in San Diego, Los Angeles and Ensenada, Mexico. A regional ICP for the US Coast Guard (USCG) National Incident Command (NIC) was established in Los Alamitos, CA, and USCG National Response Team activities occurred in Washington, DC. The California Department of Fish and Games (CDFG) Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) had GIS equipment and personnel deployed at the three southern California ICP locations. GIS data was electronically transferred between the three ICPs through email attachments to GIS personnel directly, or via internet file transfer protocol (ftp) to a secure internet site. GIS data layers were transmitted in ESRI shapefile format while map files were transmitted in Adobe PDF file format. In addition to the GIS activities at the three ICPs, an internet mapping site (using ArcIms software) was available on-line for the duration of the SONS drill housed on a secure server located in Sacramento, CA. GIS data layer sharing at the individual ICP's was achieved using USB data “sticks”. Oil slick trajectory models run by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) Hazmat team were imported into the GIS via the GNOME extension to ArcView. Airborne observation teams were employed to document marine or coastal species that were either in immediate danger or already impacted in real time. The airborne pelagic transects were captured via GPS and waypoints were marked for key observations. These data were transmitted to the ICP via email upon landing. During an oil spill emergency large amounts of data are generated and utilized, much with a geospatial component. The inherent ability to import and display convergent data layers provides the incident Unified Command with a powerful decision making tool.
PAH-INDUCED IMPACTS ON THE BIOENERGETICS AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS: MODEL APPLICATION FOR ASSESSING LONG-TERM EFFECTS FROM OIL SPILLS1
Authors: Merten Amy A. , Beard Eileen B. , Baker Joel E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Long-term residual contamination from oil spills and other sources of organic contaminants may exert sublethal baseline toxicity (narcosis) on fish populations. Low level, chronic exposures to narcotic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may impose a metabolic cost on a fish, changing its allocation of energy available for growing, reproducing, foraging for food, and escaping predation. To examine this hypothesis, naïve Fundulus heteroclitus, a ubiquitous estuarine fish species with a short home range, were exposed to a gradient of PAH concentrations in their diets over 120 days. On days 0, 35, 62, 90, and 120, we measured individual fish growth parameters and standard metabolic rates. Standard metabolic rates increased with increasing PAH load (p = 0.087).
Long-term exposure to dietary PAHs altered fish maintenance respiration on individuals. We are developing a bioenergetic model to evaluate whether long-term exposure to PAHs sufficiently impacts individual parameters to the extent that the Fundulus population will be affected. Multiple life stages (e.g., eggs, larvae, juveniles, and adults) and generations will be represented with bioenergetic and bioaccumulative processes altered to mimic impacts measured in the experiment. The narcosis induction submodel subjects cohorts to metabolic alterations by imposing a narcotic gradient from no effect to a level where time to critical body residue shifts, thus changing population mortality probabilities. Each model scenario will be compared and contrasted to quantify PAH effects, and to discuss the importance of cumulative chemical stress to fish. Results from the study and model application will be used to evaluate long-term, population-level consequences of sublethal exposures to narcotic contaminants to improve the basis for risk assessment analyses.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGULATORY BASE FOR UNCONVENTIONAL OSR TECHNOLOGIES IN RUSSIA
Authors: Chernoplekov Alexei , Kram Anatoly 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The report will cover the Russian regulatory framework for application of non traditional techniques of oil spill response in Russia including dispersant application and in-situ burning. The conditions of application of the above techniques are part of oil spill recovery (OSR) in Russia. The report presents proposals for regulation improvement in Russia.
EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL SPILL CONSEQUENCES USING MODELING1
Authors: Whittier Nicole , McCoy Deborah French , Ward Matthew 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A wide variety of chemicals are shipped in bulk world-wide, raising concerns regarding the ecological and human health risks of hazardous chemical spills. A screening analysis was performed using the chemical spill model, CHEMMAP, to estimate the fate and concentrations of selected chemicals in water and the atmosphere above the water, as well as the potential for ecological and human health impacts that would result from a spill into a large channel. A representative sample of chemicals, including floating, sinking, soluble and insoluble chemicals, were evaluated using typical shipping volumes to assess worst-case scenarios. The model uses physical and chemical properties to simulate three dimensional fate processes, including: (1) spreading (floating liquids), (2) transport (3) dispersion, (4) evaporation-volatilization, (5) entrainment (liquids), (6) dissolution, (7) partitioning, (8) sedimentation, (9) resuspension and (10) degradation. Estimates of the distribution of chemical (mass and concentrations) on the water surface, on shorelines, in the water column, in the sediments, and in the lower atmosphere (in the zone where there would be exposure to humans and wildlife) are calculated over time. Based on model outputs, it is possible to select chemicals that would have the highest ecological and human health consequences after a spill. Chemicals that would have the greatest ecological consequence are those that are not highly volatile, disperse readily, are soluble, and have the lowest threshold of concern. Similarly, it is possible to select chemicals that would have the greatest human health concern, which would be chemicals that are more volatile and present hazards via the inhalation pathway. The model results can be used to indicate safe distances for responders, as well as the area of water that may be contaminated above thresholds of concern. This paper describes the model's application to hypothetical spills of selected chemicals and the rank order of these chemicals based on how hazardous they are to human health and the ecosystem.
CASE STUDY OF SPILL RESPONSES UNDERTAKEN BY AND PRACTICAL ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTING A TIER 2 AERIAL DISPERSANT AND SURVEILLANCE SERVICE IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA1
Authors: Dewhirst Simon 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Following detailed investigation into the need and practical issues involved, The Global Alliance successfully implemented a cost effective solution to provide a Tier 2 regional aerial dispersant and surveillance service in West and Central Africa (WACAF). The will paper provide a case study ofi) The practical issues concerned with the implementation of the project from conception, through development and implementation. Transboundary issues concerning the logistics and deployment of the service and location of depots are discussed along with the need for the oil community to work closely together and with national authorities are discussed.ii) The solution and rationale adopted to enable an effective response and cost effective service.iii) The response and lessons learnt by The Global Alliance following the deployment of the service to two live spills in the region.
Video footage of the aircraft trials and an actual spill response will be provided along with details of the aircraft and associated equipment.
ROCKNES OILED WILDLIFE RESPONSE BERGEN, NORWAY
Authors: Callahan Barbara 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 19, 2004, the bulk ore carrier, Rocknes, capsized after striking rocks near Bergen, Norway. Tragically eighteen crewmembers lost their lives. Approximately 450 tonnes of marine fuel was spilled. Oil quickly spread over 15 kilometers of the Norwegian coastline, threatening the pristine fjord environment and oiling hundreds of animals.
In past oiling events in Norway, the government has utilized trained and certified sharpshooters to humanely euthanize oiled birds. Immediately following the Rocknes oil spill, a group of non-govemmental organizations (NGO's) working in Norway formed a coalition called “Action Clean Birds,” and asked the government for formal permission to mount an oiled wildlife response. Permission was granted on the stipulation that a professional oiled wildlife response team be brought in to oversee the animal capture, transport, rehabilitation and reconditioning of the animals. The International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) Emergency Relief (ER) Team, co-managed by the International Bird Rescue Research Center (IBRRC) was called upon to mount an oiled wildlife response effort.
As the first authorized response for oiled wildlife in Norway, the Rocknes spill provided a platform to work with local wildlife rehabilitators, veterinarians, ornithologists and others, increasing their capacity to respond locally to future events involving oiled animals. During the month-long response, 131 oiled seabirds were captured, 81 of those were rehabilitated, reconditioned and released, the others died or were humanely euthanized as they were deemed unviable for release.
If pre-planning had been involved, a significantly larger number of oiled birds could have been captured, increasing the probability that a higher percentage of them would have been viable for release due to early capture and treatment.
This case study of the wildlife portion of the Rocknes response reviews steps taken to mitigate the effects of oil on wildlife, as well as demonstrates the importance of planning and preparedness as it relates to the success of an oiled wildlife response.