bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poverty, race, ethnicity, and survival in pediatric nonmetastatic osteosarcoma: a Children’s Oncology Group report
Authors: Ilcisin Lenka , Han Ruxu , Krailo Mark , Shulman David S , Weil Brent R , Weldon Christopher B , Umaretiya Puja , Aziz-Bose Rahela , Greenzang Katie A , Gorlick Richard , Reed Damon R , Randall R Lor , Nadel Helen , Binitie Odion , Dubois Steven G , Janeway Katherine A , Bona Kira 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Children living in poverty and those of marginalized race or ethnicity experience inferior disease outcomes across many cancers. Whether survival disparities exist in osteosarcoma is poorly defined. We investigated the association between race, ethnicity, and proxied poverty exposures and event-free and overall survival for children with nonmetastatic osteosarcoma receiving care on a cooperative group trial.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of US patients with nonmetastatic, osteosarcoma aged 5-21 years enrolled on the Children’s Oncology Group trial AOST0331. Race and ethnicity were categorized to reflect historically marginalized populations, as Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Other, and non-Hispanic White. Poverty was proxied at the household and neighborhood levels. Overall survival and event-free survival functions of time from trial enrollment were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Hypotheses of associations between risks for event-free survival, death, and postrelapse death with race and ethnicity were assessed using log-rank tests.

Results
Among 758 patients, 25.6% were household-poverty and 28.5% neighborhood-poverty exposed. Of the patients, 21% of children identified as Hispanic, 15.4% non-Hispanic Black, 5.3% non-Hispanic Other, and 54.0% non-Hispanic White. Neither household or neighborhood poverty nor race and ethnicity were statistically significantly associated with risks for event-free survival or death. Postrelapse risk for death differed statistically significantly across race and ethnicity with non-Hispanic Black patients at greatest risk (4-year postrelapse survival 35.7% Hispanic vs 13.0% non-Hispanic Black vs 43.8% non-Hispanic Other vs 38.9% non-Hispanic White; P = .0046).

Conclusions
Neither proxied poverty exposures or race and ethnicity were associated with event-free survival or overall survival, suggesting equitable outcomes following frontline osteosarcoma trial-delivered therapy. Non-Hispanic Black children experienced statistically significant inferior postrelapse survival. Investigation of mechanisms underlying postrelapse disparities are paramount.
Comparing cohort and period trends of early-onset colorectal cancer: a global analysis
Authors: Chen Jianjiu , Yang Wan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased globally in recent decades. We examined early-onset CRC incidence trends worldwide for potential cohort effects, defined as changes associated with time of birth (eg, early-life exposure to carcinogens), and period effects, defined as changes associated with calendar periods (eg, screening programs).

Methods
We obtained long-term incidence data for early-onset CRC diagnosed in patients aged 20 to 49 years through the year 2012 for 35 countries in the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents database. We used a smoothing method to help compare cohort and period trends of early-onset CRC and used an age-period-cohort model to estimate cohort and period effects.

Results
Cohort effects had a more dominant role than period effects in the early-onset CRC incidence in Shanghai (China), the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, and Osaka (Japan). The smoothed trends show the specific birth cohorts when early-onset CRC began to increase: the 1940s-1950s birth cohorts in the United States; the 1950s-1960s birth cohorts in other Western countries; the 1960s birth cohorts in Osaka; and the 1970s-1980s birth cohorts in Shanghai. Such increases occurred earlier for early-onset cancers of the rectum than of the colon. For the other countries, the results were less clear.

Conclusions
Recent birth cohorts may have been exposed to risk factors different from earlier cohorts, contributing to increased early-onset CRC incidence in several developed countries or regions in the West and Asia. Such increases began in earlier birth cohorts in Western countries than in developed regions of Asia.
Geographically driven shifts in land use influence phytoplankton community patterns in the Inner Mongolian Plateau lakes
Authors: Geng Yue , Lei Xue , Yu Ruihong , Li Xiangwei , Sun Heyang , Liu Xingyu , Li Yuan , Zhang Xiangyu , Zhang Zhuangzhuang , Xu Jifei , Lü Changwei , Wang Lixin , Wang Jianfeng 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Phytoplankton play an irreplaceable role as producers in maintaining lake ecosystems. Nevertheless, scant attention has been given to investigating the dispersion of phytoplankton communities and the factors influencing them across expansive areas. In this study, we present the results of a survey on the distribution of phytoplankton community and the effects of different driving factors in 11 lakes along Inner Mongolia in July–August 2020. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis and variance decomposition (VPA) were used to elucidate the distribution of phytoplankton communities and the response of drivers. A total of 169 species of phytoplankton from 8 phyla were detected. Both the abundance and diversity of phytoplankton in the Inner Mongolia lakes showed a trend of high in the east and low in the west (with Daihai Lake as the boundary). The Margalef index of phytoplankton significantly negatively correlated with salinity (r = −0.707, P &lt; 0.05) and total dissolved solids (r = −0.720, P &lt; 0.05), and both density and biomass highly significantly positively correlated with the suspended solids, Chlorophyll a and trophic level index. The VPA explained 38.9% of the changes in the phytoplankton community with the highest rate of explanation of land use. Therefore, preventing anthropogenic impacts, as well as reducing nutrient loads, can effectively ensure the ecological diversity of lake phytoplankton in lake populations with large geographical spans and varying levels of nutrients.
The use of complex adaptive system’s emulation and principles in planning and managing a biophilic systems transition in Singapore
Authors: McGreevy Michael Patrick , Chia (Aaron) Eng Seng 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Cities have been described as complex adaptive systems (CAS). A key aspect of both natural and social CAS is that they are scaler and hierarchical. The research reported in this article looked at the purposeful adoption of CAS principles within the governance structures, socioecological and sociotechnical subsystems of the city state of Singapore in order to deliver urban ecological services. The major objective of the research was to evaluate the degree to which complex adaptive systems restoration, rehabilitation, and emulation and/or principles are holistically being applied across sectors, departments, and agencies to deliver urban ecological services that reach normative goals. The research first analysed the Singapore government’s intersectoral and sectoral ‘Big P’ policy documents. It then analysed whether policies within these are subsequently being incorporated into the ‘small p’ regulatory standards and guidelines as well as projects of relevant departments. The research found the most ‘Big P’ policy documents and to a lesser extent ‘small p’ standards and projects have purposely adopted nature-based solutions in order to deliver intersectoral urban ecological services. However, adoption is often voluntary, as a result, it is largely progressing via pilot schemes and ad hoc projects in places of least resistance. As such, it is not yet being undertaken as a holistic coordinated city-wide transition.
Evaluating virulence features of Acinetobacter baumannii resistant to polymyxin B
Authors: de Souza Camila Maurmann , Silvério de Oliveira Warley , Fleitas Martínez Osmel , dos Santos Neto Nilton Araripe , Buccini Danieli Fernanda , Nieto Marín Valentina , de Faria Júnior Célio , Rocha Maximiano Mariana , Soller Ramada Marcelo Henrique , Franco Octávio Luiz 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The increasing resistance to polymyxins in Acinetobacter baumannii has made it even more urgent to develop new treatments. Anti-virulence compounds have been researched as a new solution. Here, we evaluated the modification of virulence features of A. baumannii after acquiring resistance to polymyxin B. The results showed lineages attaining unstable resistance to polymyxin B, except for Ab7 (A. baumannii polymyxin B resistant lineage), which showed stable resistance without an associated fitness cost. Analysis of virulence by a murine sepsis model indicated diminished virulence in Ab7 (A. baumannii polymyxin B resistant lineage) compared with Ab0 (A. baumannii polymyxin B susceptible lineage). Similarly, downregulation of virulence genes was observed by qPCR at 1 and 3 h of growth. However, an increase in bauE, abaI, and pgAB expression was observed after 6 h of growth. Comparison analysis of Ab0, Ab7, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa suggested no biofilm formation by Ab7. In general, although a decrease in virulence was observed in Ab7 when compared with Ab0, some virulence feature that enables infection could be maintained. In light of this, virulence genes bauE, abaI, and pgAB showed a potential relevance in the maintenance of virulence in polymyxin B-resistant strains, making them promising anti-virulence targets.
Distinction between personal data and verification of quality of personal data
Authors: Tzanou Maria 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 7 of the EU Law Enforcement Directive (LED). In addition to the basic principle of data accuracy enshrined in Article 4(1)(d) LED, Article 7 LED introduces an additional requirement not found in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Member States must provide for personal data based on facts to be distinguished from personal data based on personal assessments. Moreover, all reasonable steps should be taken to ensure that personal data which are inaccurate, incomplete, or no longer up to date are not transmitted or made available. To that end, competent authorities should, as far as practicable, verify the quality of personal data before they are transmitted or made available. A clear expectation that different categories of personal data undergoing processing within the law enforcement context should be distinguished in accordance with their degree of accuracy and reliability is the rationale behind the requirements enshrined in Article 7 LED. Such distinctions and classifications have always been particularly important in the context of judicial proceedings.
Automated individual decision-making
Authors: Gottschalk Thilo 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 11 of the EU Law Enforcement Directive (LED), which implements a prohibition of automated individual decision making (ADM) with possibilities for exemptions based on Union or Member State law. Decisions with adverse effects that are based solely on automated processing are generally prohibited under the LED. Both the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the LED generally link risks to the processing of personal data. Article 11(1) LED pursues a slightly different approach and arguably focuses on the usage of processing outcomes in the form of ‘decisions’. Article 11 LED is hence partly described to have a hybrid character situated between data protection and procedural regulations. This results in difficulties interpreting the protective scope of the norm.
Logging
Authors: Veale Michael 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the Law Enforcement Directive (LED), which states that logs should be used solely for the verification of the lawfulness of processing, self-monitoring, ensuring the integrity and security of the personal data, and for criminal proceedings. It considers the logging and review of logs as an important part of the computer security required by clause 4(1)(f) LED. The LED’s logging provisions in the Netherlands under Article 25 LED are used to introduce real-time systems to monitor police use of data and detect misuse. The chapter details how logging can support internal accountability. Logging may support data minimisation efforts by evidencing the frequency of use of data and informing retention periods or collection scope.
Position of the data protection officer
Authors: Svanberg Christian Wiese 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes that Article 33 LED must be read jointly with Article 32 and 34 LED on the designation of the data protection officer (DPO) and the tasks of the DPO. It reviews several issues relating to the Member State implementation of Article 33 that has been identified by the European Commission (EC). Article 33(1) LED sets out an obligation for the controller to ensure the DPO is involved in all issues that relate to the protection of personal data and sets broad requirements to organisational awareness within the controller. The chapter cites Article 33(2) LED, which addresses the need to ensure that the DPO is provided with the resources necessary to carry out the tasks set out in Article 34 LED. The DPO must have access to personal data and processing operations and must maintain his or her expert knowledge.
General principles for transfers of personal data
Authors: Boehm Franziska 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the general principles comprised in Article 35 LED for third country data transfers according to Chapter V LED. Article 35 LED lists the conditions for all international data transfers by stipulating that the national provisions need to be complied with in order to transfer data to third countries or international organisations. It implies that processors must only carry out a transfer if they are explicitly instructed to do so on behalf of controllers. The chapter reviews conditions set by Article 35 LED for onward transfers from a third country or an international organisation to another third country or to another international organisation. The setting mentioned in Article 35 LED applies to all transfer mechanism of the LED.
Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision
Authors: Drechsler Laura 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the framework contained in Article 36 LED for adequacy decisions, which is one of the mechanisms provided by the Law Enforcement Directive (LED) to justify an international personal data transfer. There are three mechanisms that exist in the system established by the LED: adequacy decisions, appropriate safeguards, and derogations. It explains that adequacy decisions have to be used when they are in place and only in their absence can transfers be based first on appropriate safeguard and second, as a last resort, on derogations. The chapter describes the function of an adequacy decision under the LED, which demonstrates that a certain third country, territory, or specific sector within a third country or an international organisation ensures an adequate level of protection. An adequacy decision under the LED confirms that a third country or international organisation has a level of protection of fundamental rights and freedoms for personal data processing.
Supervisory authority
Authors: Bonnici Jeanne Pia Mifsud , Manuvie Ritumbra 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 41 LED that tasks Member States to set up one or more supervisory authorities that are responsible for monitoring the application of the Law Enforcement Directive (LED). According to Article 41 LED, Member States must collaborate with the supervisory authorities in other Member States in order to ensure a consistent application of LED provisions across the EU. Article 41(1) LED, as well as Article 51(1) GDPR, confirms the aim of a supervisory authority to monitor the application of the respective legal instrument in order to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons. The chapter refers to the obligation for Member States in Article 41 LED to notify the European Commission (EC) of the specific national law adopting a supervisory authority. Article 41 LED provides for the setting up of an independent supervisory authority in each Member State.
Reporting of infringements
Authors: Tsolias Grigorios 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the extent of Article 48 of the EU Law Enforcement Directive (LED). It cites that Local education agencies (LEAs) process personal data of different categories of data subjects by conducting covert investigations, video surveillance, and other special investigation techniques to fight terrorism and other forms of serious crimes. However, the covert nature of processing may result in the violation of Article 4(1) LED principles of data processing and the deprivation of the data subject's rights. Article’s 48 LED obligation of Member States to provide for competent authorities to put in place effective mechanisms to encourage confidential reporting of the LED’s infringements counterbalances the lack of transparency and strengthens compliance to its principles. The chapter also outlines the legal background and analysis of Article 48 LED.
Right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority
Authors: Kranenborg Herke 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority as per Article 53 of the EU Law Enforcement Directive (LED). To monitor the application of the data protection rules, the supervisory authorities are generally endowed with considerable powers of intervention. Additionally, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) highlighted the importance of the independence of supervisory authorities which allows them to perform their duties free from external influence. However, the independent supervisory authorities are still subject to the rule of law. The chapter considers when and by whom Article 54 LED can be invoked and its subsequent procedural rules and territorial limitations.
Right to compensation
Authors: Vavoula Niovi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the rights to compensation under Article 56 of the EU Law Enforcement Directive (LED). The right to compensation under the LED derives from the widely known Latin maxim that postulates that there should be a corresponding remedy for a breach where the law has established a right. Every legal system provides for a remedial mechanism to implement rights and obligations created or recognized by that system. Overall, Article 56 LED aims to ensure that the rights under data protection law are effectively protected. The chapter discusses the legal background of Article 56 LED and the analysis of its cumulative conditions, notion of damage, jurisdiction, and compensation for damages in respective breaches.
Commission reports
Authors: Mościbroda Anna 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the notion of commission reports within Article 62 of the EU Law Enforcement Directive (LED). It expounds on the rationale, policy underpinnings, and legal background of Article 62 LED. Article 62 LED revolves around the review and reports regarding the evaluation and review of the LED and the European Commission's obligation to review other legal acts adopted by the Union. The wording of Article 62 LED provisions indicates that all obligations therein relate to the evaluation of the application and functioning of provisions of the LED. The chapter then details the obligations under Article 62(6) LED, which specifies that the aim is to ensure a consistent approach to the protection of personal data within the scope of the LED.
A Critical Analysis of Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of an Intramedullary Nail versus Dynamic Hip Screw and Plate Fixation for Intertrochanteric Fractures of the Femur
Authors: Shaunak Shalin , Sugand Kapil , Rose Barry 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
There has been much speculation and debate as to the gold-standard treatment for intertrochanteric neck of femur fracture configuration. Centers tend to favor one over the other. This chapter will look at the seminal paper by Adams et al. (2001) to discuss surgical options between intramedullary nailing (IMN) and dynamic hip screws (DHSs). The study observed for incidence of complications, revision surgery, and overall functional outcomes. The conclusion was that intramedullary nailing is still associated with a higher, albeit nonsignificant, risk of postoperative complications. Hence, routine use of IMN devices cannot be recommended over DHSs for intertrochanteric neck of femur fractures when both options are amenable.
Nonoperative Treatment versus Plate Fixation of Displaced Midshaft Clavicle Fractures
Authors: Davies Andrew , Reilly Peter 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Canadian Clavicle Trial compared nonoperative management to plate fixation in randomized patients with completely displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. The study included 132 adult patients with acute closed fractures. Follow-up was extended to twelve months. Shoulder function scores were superior in the operative group at all time points, and there was no difference in range of motion. The nonunion risk was greater following nonoperative management (14%) compared to fixation (3%). Metalwork irritation and prominence occurred in 18%, and 5% of patients underwent reoperation for infection. Patients with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures should be carefully counseled regarding each management option.
Alignment in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Mahapatra Piyush , Nathwani Dinesh 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Computer-navigated lower limb arthroplasty is a topical issue. Computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty using a computed tomography–free navigation system leads to improved mechanical limb alignment compared to conventional techniques. Ninety-six percent of patients in the computer-assisted group had postoperative limb mechanical axis within three degrees of the neutral axis compared with 78% in the conventional group. Coronal femoral component alignment was improved in the computer-assisted group (2.1 degrees vs. 1.5 degrees, p &lt; 0.01). Overall, the computer-assisted technique led to more accurate and more reliable limb alignment and component position compared to conventional techniques.
Graft Selection in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions
Authors: Edwards Thomas C. , Edmund Bourke Henry 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is a common operation performed throughout the world. Restoring stability to the knee joint is important not only for returning to activities of daily living and physical activity but also to prevent future risk of meniscal and chondral damage. Graft choice remains controversial, and there is a relative paucity of well-designed robust studies investigating graft selection with long-term follow-up. This chapter explores a prospective study comparing two common autograft options: patella tendon vs. hamstring tendon with a ten-year follow-up. It aims to provide evidence to help answer the question of which graft is best and how to better inform patients on the likely prognosis of their injury.