bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical–Chemical Characterization of Fruit Purees and Relationship with Sensory Analysis Carried out by Infants (12 to 24 mo)
Authors: Inarejos‐García A.M. , Mancebo‐Campos V. , Cañizares P. , Llanos J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFruit purees are one of the foods earliest introduced foods in infants’ diet during the complementary period. The rheological characteristics together with the sensory analysis are decisive factors for the acceptance of the food product by the infant. The sensory analysis of three commercial fruit purees (mixed fruits, pear, and plum) was studied by employing a new objective sensory parameter named as SAIR (Sensory Acceptance by Infants Ratio), which is the quotient between the percentage of puree consumed (%) by the time (seconds) throughout the storage time. In parallel, the rheological characteristics of the purees were analyzed in order to obtain a relationship with the SAIR parameter. It was proved that the best acceptance of the product (higher SAIR) was observed for such purees showing a lower apparent viscosity (lower consistency index, “K”) and a less pseudoplastic behavior (higher flow behavior index, “n”). These results may help to obtain higher acceptance values based on easy obtainable and objective parameters.
A new permutation technique to explore and control for spatial autocorrelation
Authors: Radersma Reinder , Sheldon Ben C. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryPermutation tests are important in ecology and evolution as they enable robust analysis of small sample sizes and control for various forms of dependencies among observations. A common source of dependence is spatial autocorrelation. Accounting for spatial autocorrelation is often crucial, because many ecological and evolutionary processes are spatially restricted, such as gene flow, dispersal, mate choice, inter‐ and intraspecific competition, mutualism and predation.Here we discuss various ways of controlling for spatial autocorrelation in permutation tests; we highlight their particular properties and assumptions and introduce a new permutation technique which explores and controls for spatial autocorrelation: the floating grid permutation technique (FGPT).The FGPT is a method to randomize observations with known geographical locations. Within the randomization process, the probability an observation is assigned to any of the spatial locations is a negative function of the distance between its original and assigned location. The slope of this function depends on a preset parameter, and by exploring its parameter space, non‐random ecological and evolutionary processes can be both assessed and controlled at multiple spatial scales.We show that the FGPT has acceptable type‐I‐error rates. We applied the FGPT to simulated univariate and bivariate data sets in which both negative and positive spatial autocorrelation were present. In comparison with a method that uses eigenvector decomposition to separate negative from positive spatial autocorrelation, the FGPT performed better for negative spatial autocorrelation alone, equal for positive spatial autocorrelation alone and equal or slightly worse for simultaneous negative and positive spatial autocorrelation. For the bivariate data, it performed equally to a bootstrapping technique in which sampling probabilities were weighted by distance. The FGPT benefits from a large flexibility for application to bivariate (e.g. dyadic interactions) and multivariate observations (e.g. genetic marker‐based relatedness measures) and has a large freedom in the choice of test statistic. It also has the potential to identify two spatial autocorrelation patterns, even if both result in positive spatial autocorrelation, given that they operate at different spatial scales.The Floating Grid Permutation Technique is available as the R‐packagefgptin CRAN.
Discrepant Trends in Income, Drinking, and Alcohol Problems in an Emergent Economy: Brazil 2006 to 2012
Authors: Caetano Raul , Mills Britain , Madruga Clarice , Pinsky Ilana , Laranjeira Ronaldo 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundTo examine the association between increases in income and self‐reported alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and alcohol problems in 2006 and 2012 in Brazil.MethodsParticipants were interviewed as part of 2 multistage representative cluster samples of the Brazilian household population between November 2005 and April 2006 and between November 2011 and March 2012. The number of current drinkers during these 2 intervals (n = 1,379 and n = 1,907, respectively) comprised the sample analyzed. Four past‐year outcome variables—standard drinks per week, binge drinking, presence of alcohol‐related social/health problems, and DSM‐5 alcohol use disorder (AUD)—were estimated across income, age, and gender groups. Regression models were estimated to evaluate these and other sociodemographic effects on drinking and problem outcomes and to test for possible wave by income interactions.ResultsResponse rates were 66.4% in 2006 and 77% in 2012. Income increases were seen in virtually all age–gender subgroups and were particularly pronounced for younger age groups and older women. Both genders reported increased drinks per week (men: 12.82, 2006; 15.78, 2012; p < 0.01; women: 4.89, 2006; 7.66, 2012; p < 0.001) and proportion binge drinking (men: 57%, 2006; 66%, 2012; p < 0.05; women: 39%, 2006; 48%, 2012; p < 0.05), although this was not seen in all gender and age groups. Social/health problem prevalence decreased among men (37%, 2006; 26%, 2012; p < 0.001) and remained the same among women (13%, 2006; 14%, 2012). DSM‐5 AUD decreased among men (34%, 2006; 24%, 2012; p < 0.01) and remained stable among women (14%, 2006; 16%, 2012).ConclusionsBrazilian economic development between 2006 and 2012 led to a rise in income in several gender and age groups. Although not always directly associated with an observed increase in alcohol consumption, the rise in income may have created a sense of optimism that inhibited a rise in alcohol‐related problems.
Altered Relation Between Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Inflammatory Response and Excitotoxicity in Rat Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures During Ethanol Withdrawal
Authors: Lutz Joseph A. , Carter Megan , Fields Logan , Barron Susan , Littleton John M. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundEthanol (EtOH) causes neurotoxicity by several mechanisms including excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation, but little is known about the interaction between these mechanisms. Because neuroinflammation is known to enhance excitotoxicity, we hypothesized that neuroinflammation contributes to the enhanced excitotoxicity, which is associated with EtOH withdrawal (EWD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory response of cultured hippocampal tissue during EWD and its effects on the enhanced N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐mediated excitotoxicity, which occurs at this time.MethodsUsing a neonatal organotypic hippocampal slice culture (OHSC) model, we assessed the effects of NMDA and LPS (separately or combined) during EWD after 10 days of EtOH exposure. Neurotoxicity was assessed using propidium iodide uptake, and the inflammatory response was evaluated by measuring the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha (quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) and nitric oxide (NO; quantified by the Griess reaction) into culture media. Furthermore, we explored the potential role of the microglial cell type using immortalized BV2 microglia treated with EtOH for 10 days and challenged with LPS during EWD.ResultsAs predicted, NMDA‐induced toxicity was potentiated by LPS under control conditions. However, during EWD, the reverse was observed and LPS inhibited peak NMDA‐induced toxicity. Additionally, LPS‐induced release of TNF‐alpha and NO during EWD was reduced compared to control conditions. In BV2 microglia, following EtOH exposure, LPS‐induced release of NO was reduced, whereas TNF‐alpha release was potentiated.ConclusionsDuring EWD following chronic EtOH exposure, OHSC exhibited a desensitized inflammatory response to LPS and the effects of LPS on NMDA toxicity were reversed. This might be explained by a change in microglia to an anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective phenotype. In support, studies on BV2 microglia indicate that EtOH exposure and EWD do alter the response of these cells to LPS, but this cannot fully explain the changes observed in the OHSC. The data suggest that neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity do interact during EWD. However, the interaction is not as simple as we originally proposed. This in turn illustrates the need to assess the extent, importance, and relation of these mechanisms in models of EtOH exposure producing neurotoxicity.
Ethical issues raised by a ban on the sale of electronic nicotine devices
Authors: Hall Wayne , Gartner Coral , Forlini Cynthia 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundSome countries have banned the sale of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS).AimsWe analyse the ethical issues raised by this ban and various ways in which the sale of ENDS could be permitted.MethodWe examine the ban and alternative policies in terms of the degree to which they respect ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non‐maleficence and justice, as follows.ResultsRespect for autonomy: prohibiting ENDS infringes on smokers’ autonomy to use a less harmful nicotine product while inconsistently allowing individuals to begin and continue smoking cigarettes. Non‐maleficence: prohibition is supposed to prevent ENDS recruiting new smokers and discouraging smokers from quitting, but it has not prevented uptake of ENDS. It also perpetuates harm by preventing addicted smokers from using a less harmful nicotine product. Beneficence: ENDS could benefit addicted smokers by reducing their health risks if they use them to quit and do not engage in dual use. Distributive justice: lack of access to ENDS disadvantages smokers who want to reduce their health risks. Different national policies create inequalities in the availability of products to smokers internationally.ConclusionsWe do not have to choose between a ban and an unregulated free market. We can ethically allow ENDS to be sold in ways that allow smokers to reduce the harms of smoking while minimizing the risks of deterring quitting and increasing smoking among youth.
Potential bias due to outcome‐related loss to follow‐up in cohort studies on incidence of drug injection: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sordo Luis , Bravo Maria J. , Barrio Gregorio , Indave B. Iciar , Degenhardt Louisa , Pastor‐Barriuso Roberto 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimsA systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted to synthesize results from cohort studies on initiation into drug injection among vulnerable populations, to quantify heterogeneity in the estimated incidence rates of drug injection and to identify potential sources of heterogeneity and bias.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and LILACS were searched for relevant studies published between 1980 and 2012. Investigators independently reviewed studies for inclusion, retrieved information on baseline population characteristics and follow‐up features and assessed study quality. Study‐specific incidence rates of drug injection were calculated as the number of new injectors divided by the person‐years at risk. The I2 statistic was used to quantify heterogeneity in incidence rates across studies, and random‐effects meta‐regression models were used to identify determinants of heterogeneity and bias.ResultsNine cohorts totalling 1843 participants met the inclusion criteria, with individual sample sizes of 70–415 participants and follow‐up lengths of 6 months–3.4 years. The incidence of drug injection varied widely, from 2.1 to 24.2 cases per 100 person‐years. The strong between‐study heterogeneity (I2 = 90%, P<0.001) was reduced significantly after accounting for the different follow‐up lengths (I2 = 17%, P = 0.30), with a 57% (95% confidence interval 46–66%) decrease in the pooled incidence of drug injection per 1‐year increase in average follow‐up.ConclusionsThe incidence of drug injection decreases sharply with increasing follow‐up length in cohort studies on drug injection initiation. Low retention rates and potential for downward selection bias in cohort studies on drug injection initiation are caused primarily by greater loss to follow‐up among individuals at higher risk of starting injection, compared with other participants.
A randomized controlled trial of treatments for co‐occurring substance use disorders and post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: McGovern Mark P. , Lambert‐Harris Chantal , Xie Haiyi , Meier Andrea , McLeman Bethany , Saunders Elizabeth 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackground and AimsPost‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common among people with substance use disorders, and the comorbidity is associated with negative outcomes. We report on a randomized controlled trial comparing the effect of integrated cognitive–behavioral therapy (ICBT) plus standard care, individual addiction counseling plus standard care and standard care alone on substance use and PTSD symptoms.DesignThree‐group, multi‐site randomized controlled trial.SettingSeven addiction treatment programs in Vermont and New Hampshire, USA.Participants/CasesRecruitment took place between December 2010 and January 2013. In this single‐blind study, 221 participants were randomized to one of three conditions: ICBT plus standard care (SC) (n = 73), individual addiction counseling (IAC) plus SC (n = 75) or SC only (n = 73). One hundred and seventy‐two patients were assessed at 6‐month follow‐up (58 ICBT; 61 IAC; 53 SC). Intervention and comparators: ICBT is a manual‐guided therapy focused on PTSD and substance use symptom reduction with three main components: patient education, mindful relaxation and flexible thinking. IAC is a manual‐guided therapy focused exclusively on substance use and recovery with modules organized in a stage‐based approach: treatment initiation, early abstinence, maintaining abstinence and recovery. SC are intensive out‐patient program services that include 9–12 hours of face‐to‐face contact per week over 2–4 days of group and individual therapies plus medication management.MeasurementsPrimary outcomes were PTSD severity and substance use severity at 6 months. Secondary outcomes were therapy retention.FindingsPTSD symptoms reduced in all conditions with no difference between them. In analyses of covariance, ICBT produced more favorable outcomes on toxicology than IAC or SC [comparison with IAC, parameter estimate: 1.10; confidence interval (CI) = 0.17–2.04; comparison with SC, parameter estimate: 1.13; CI = 0.18–2.08] and had a greater reduction in reported drug use than SC (parameter estimate: –9.92; CI = –18.14 to –1.70). ICBT patients had better therapy continuation versus IAC (P<0.001). There were no unexpected or study‐related adverse events.ConclusionsIntegrated cognitive behavioral therapy may improve drug‐related outcomes in post‐traumatic stress disorder sufferers with substance use disorder more than drug‐focused counseling, but probably not by reducing post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms to a greater extent.
The effect of drug use disorder onset, remission or persistence on an individual's personal social network
Authors: Mowbray Orion , Scott Jessica A. 
Published: April 2015

Background and ObjectivesDrug use disorders (DUD) have strong associations with numerous social problems. However, little is known concerning differences between individuals who experience DUD onset, persistence or remission. While the literature is fairly clear on who is most likely to experience DUD onset and persistence, many correlates of DUD remission, including personal social networks, lack the empirical foundation to utilize them in evidence‐based intervention or prevention efforts. While small, community samples suggest DUD remission is associated with growth in personal social networks, this conclusion is in need of larger population studies to justify.MethodsThis study used Waves 1 and 2 of the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) to examine whether DUD status is a correlate of personal social networks.ResultsMultivariate models showed DUD onset and DUD persistence were related to smaller personal social networks. However, individuals who experience DUD remission showed personal social networks similar to persons who never experienced a DUD.Discussion and ConclusionsAs one of the first empirical studies of personal social networks among individuals with different stages of DUD using nationally representative data, these findings suggest that by decreasing drug use, personal social networks may be increased, which is a strong trait associated with the social influence necessary with maintaining DUD recovery. (Am J Addict 2015;24:427 –434)
Intrapartum Referral from Primary to Secondary Care in The Netherlands: A Retrospective Cohort Study on Management of Labor and Outcomes
Authors: Perdok Hilde , Jans Suze , Verhoeven Corine , van Dillen Jeroen , Mol Ben Willem , de Jonge Ank 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundIn the Dutch maternity care system, primary care midwives provide care to low‐risk women and refer to obstetricians if risks or complications occur. We examined reasons for referral, management of labor, and maternal and neonatal outcomes among women who were referred during labor.MethodsIn a retrospective cohort study, descriptive analyses were performed on data obtained from patient records. Six purposively chosen hospitals in The Netherlands participated in the study from June 2011 to February 2012. The study population included 600 pregnant women who were referred during labor from primary to secondary care.Main outcome measuresReasons for referral, interventions after referral, mode of delivery, and maternal and neonatal outcomes.ResultsOf women who were referred during labor, three out of four women were referred for moderate risk indications: request for pain relief (30.5%), meconium‐stained liquor (25.3%), failure to progress during first stage of labor (14.0%), and prolonged ruptured membranes without contractions (12.5%). Of all women, 65.7 percent had a spontaneous vaginal delivery and 59.7 percent received some kind of pain relief. Acute referral, meaning fetal distress, occurred in 5.5 percent. Of the newborns, 2.7 percent had an Apgar score of 7 or less after 5 minutes and 1.2 percent had an umbilical cord pH < 7.05. Postpartum complications occurred among 11.0 percent of women.ConclusionWomen who are referred during labor have a high probability of spontaneous vaginal delivery. To improve continuity of care and satisfaction for this group of women, management of labor could be continued by trained primary care midwives.
Adverse Perinatal Outcomes among Immigrant Women from Ethiopia in Israel
Authors: Calderon‐Margalit Ronit , Sherman Dan , Manor Orly , Kurzweil Yaffa 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundImmigration from Ethiopia to Israel started about 30 years ago. We aimed to compare birth outcomes between Israeli women of Ethiopian origin and Israeli‐born, non‐Ethiopian women. We hypothesized a higher frequency of adverse birth outcomes among Ethiopian women and a trend of improvement among those who were raised in Israel since early childhood.MethodsThis is a descriptive study, comparing birth outcomes of Ethiopian (n = 1,319) and non‐Ethiopian women (n = 27,307) who gave birth in a medical center in Central Israel in 2002 to 2009. Ethiopian women were further categorized by age at immigration. Logistic regressions were constructed to compare the incidence of adverse birth outcomes between Ethiopian and non‐Ethiopian women, controlling for potential confounders.ResultsEthiopian women had about twice the incidence of very and extremely preterm births, compared with non‐Ethiopians. Ethiopian women had twice the odds for neonates who were either small for gestational age or had low 5‐minute Apgar scores. Ethiopian women had about threefold increased risk of stillbirths (OR 2.9 [95% CI 1.87–4.49]). No trend of improvement was noted for women who were raised in Israel from early childhood.ConclusionEthiopian women are at increased risk of adverse birth outcomes. Future research is needed to investigate the underlying causes for the increased risks and lack of improvement among those who were raised in Israel that will lead to effective interventions.
Tubulin Inhibitor Identification by Bioactive Conformation Alignment Pharmacophore‐Guided Virtual Screening
Authors: Nagarajan Shanthi , Choi Min Jeong , Cho Yong Seo , Min Sun‐Joon , Keum Gyochang , Kim Soo Jin , Lee Chang Sik , Pae Ae Nim 
Published: April 2015

Microtubules are important cellular component that are critical for proper cellular function. Microtubules are synthesized by polymerization of αβ tubulin heterodimers called protofilaments. Microtubule dynamics facilitate proper cell division during mitosis. Disruption of microtubule dynamics by small‐molecule agents inhibits mitosis, resulting in apoptotic cell death and preventing cell cycle progression. To identify a novel small molecule that binds the αβ tubulin interface to affect microtubule dynamics, we developed a bioactive conformation alignment pharmacophore (BCAP) model to screen tubulin inhibitors from a huge database. The application of BCAP model generated based on the known αβ‐tubulin interface binders enabled us to identify several small‐molecules that cause apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL‐60) cells. Virtual screening combined with an in vitro assay yielded 15 cytotoxic molecules. In particular, ethyl 2‐(4‐(5‐methyl‐3‐nitro‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)butanamido)‐4‐phenylthiophene‐3‐carboxylate (H05) inhibited tubulin polymerization with an IC50 of 17.6 μm concentration. The virtual screening results suggest that the application of an unbiased BCAP pharmacophore greatly eliminates unlikely compounds from a huge database and maximizes screening success. From the limited compounds tested in the tubulin polymerization inhibitor (TPI) assay, compound H05 was discovered as a tubulin inhibitor. This compound requires further structure activity optimization to identify additional potent inhibitors from the same class of molecules.
Wellness among US adolescents ages 12–17 years
Authors: Preskitt J. K. , Menear K. S. , Goldfarb S. S. , Menachemi N. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundWellness is a multidimensional construct related to an individual's physical, emotional, intellectual and social well‐being. We present estimates of wellness among US adolescents aged 12–17 years and explore how demographic characteristics are associated with wellness.MethodsAll respondents aged 12 to 17 years (n = 34 601) from the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children's Health were included in the sample. Survey items were coded to operationalize an overall wellness score, comprised of four subdimensions (physical, intellectual, emotional and social).ResultsThe mean adjusted overall wellness score was 30.2 (out of 40). Mean raw subdimensions scores were: social = 3.14 (out of 4), emotional = 4.79 (out of 6), intellectual = 4.80 (out of 8) and physical = 6.57 (out of 8). Older adolescents, those with special health needs, those in lower income families and those whose mother or father report fair‐poor mental health status had lower wellness scores.ConclusionsUS adolescents have wellness scores towards the upper or higher end of our scale. Several adolescent and family characteristics were associated with either lower overall wellness and/or lower wellness on multiple subdimensions. Assessing wellness during critical developmental periods of adolescence is a first step towards promoting behaviours that support increased wellness into adulthood.