bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do relatives of persons with dementia experience their role in the patient participation process in special care units?
Authors: Helgesen Ann K , Larsson Maria , Athlin Elsy 
Published: November 2012

Aims and objectiveTo explore the role of relatives in the patient participation process for persons with dementia living in special care units in Norwegian nursing homes, with focus on everyday life.BackgroundStudies exploring the experience of relatives of persons with dementia as to their role in the patient participation process are limited.DesignThe study had an explorative grounded theory design.MethodData collection was carried out by interviews with twelve close relatives. Simultaneously, data analysis was performed with open, axial and selective coding.ResultsThe relatives' role in the patient participation process was experienced as transitions between different roles to secure the resident's well‐being, which was understood as the resident's comfort and dignity. This was the ultimate goal for their participation. The categories ‘being a visitor’, ‘being a spokesperson’, ‘being a guardian’ and ‘being a link to the outside world’ described the different roles. Different situations and conditions triggered different roles, and the relatives' trust in the personnel was a crucial factor.ConclusionsThe study has highlighted the great importance of relatives' role in the patient participation process, to secure the well‐being of residents living in special care units. Our findings stress the uttermost need for a high degree of competence, interest and commitment among the personnel together with a well functioning, collaborative and cooperative relationship between the personnel and the relatives of persons with dementia. The study raises several important questions that emphasise that more research is needed.Relevance to clinical practiceRelatives need to be seen and treated as a resource in the patient participation process in dementia care. More attention should be paid to initiating better cooperation between the personnel and the relatives, as this may have a positive impact both on the residents' and the relatives' well‐being.
The Drivers of Multinational Enterprise Subsidiary Entrepreneurship in China: A New Resource‐Based View Perspective
Authors: Verbeke Alain , Yuan Wenlong 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis paper extends the resource‐based view (RBV) of the firm, as applied to multinational enterprises (MNEs), by distinguishing between two critical resource dimensions, namely relative resource superiority (capabilities) and slack. Both dimensions, in concert with specific environmental conditions, are required to increase entrepreneurial activities. We propose distinct configurations (three‐way moderation effects) of capabilities, slack, and environmental factors (i.e. dynamism and hostility) to explain entrepreneurship. Using survey data from 66 Canadian subsidiaries operating in China, we find that higher subsidiary entrepreneurship requires both HR slack and strong downstream capabilities in subsidiaries, subject to the industry environment being dynamic and benign. However, high HR slack alone, in a dynamic and benign environment, but without the presence of strong capabilities, actually triggers the fewest initiatives, with HR slack redirected from entrepreneurial experimentation towards complacency and inefficiency. This paper has major implications for MNEs seeking to increase subsidiary entrepreneurship in fast growing emerging markets.
Identification of Ochratoxigenic Aspergillus Section Nigri Isolated from Grapes by ITS‐5.8S rDNA Sequencing Analysis and In Silico RFLP
Authors: Lasram Salma , Oueslati Souheib , Jouira Hatem Ben , Chebil Samir , Mliki Ahmed , Ghorbel Abdelwahed 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTo characterize Aspergillus section Nigri strains involved in the ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of Tunisian wine and table grapes, a total of 33 strains were analysed. A molecular characterization of the isolates was performed by the amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS1‐5.8S rDNA‐ITS2) region combined with amplicon sequencing. Analysis of similarity between the obtained sequences and those deposited in the GenBank database was performed. Twelve strains were confirmed to belong to the Aspergillus carbonarius species. Strains belonging to the Aspergillus niger aggregate group were classified by in silico RFLP assay into two patterns N and T, corresponding to A. niger and Aspergillus tubingensis. Among the 21 OTA producing isolates analysed, 13 showed the T‐type pattern and 8 showed the N‐type pattern. The presented method showed to be a reliable alternative to the classic RFLP method. Our findings unambiguously revealed that multiple aspergilli species isolated from wine and table grape in Tunisia are able to produce OTA.
Black and white and read all over: the past, present and future of giant panda genetics
Authors: Wei Fuwen , Hu Yibo , Zhu Lifeng , Bruford Michael W. , Zhan Xiangjiang , Zhang Lei 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFew species attract much more attention from the public and scientists than the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), a popular, enigmatic but highly endangered species. The application of molecular genetics to its biology and conservation has facilitated surprising insights into the biology of giant pandas as well as the effectiveness of conservation efforts during the past decades. Here, we review the history of genetic advances in this species, from phylogeny, demographical history, genetic variation, population structure, noninvasive population census and adaptive evolution to reveal to what extent the current status of the giant panda is a reflection of its evolutionary legacy, as opposed to the influence of anthropogenic factors that have negatively impacted this species. In addition, we summarize the conservation implications of these genetic findings applied for the management of this high‐profile species. Finally, on the basis of these advances and predictable future changes in genetic technology, we discuss future research directions that seem promising for giant panda biology and conservation.
The difficult airway trolley in pediatric anesthesia: an international survey of experience and training
Authors: Calder Alyson , Hegarty Mary , Davies Kylie , S. von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta 
Published: November 2012

SummaryBackgroundThe pediatric difficult airway can be unexpected, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Standardized emergency airway equipment should be available on a regularly checked difficult airway trolley (DAT). We conducted a survey to investigate pediatric anesthetists' knowledge, experience, and confidence with the DAT.MethodsMembers of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (APAGBI), European Society for Paediatric Anaesthesiology (ESPA) and their national societies, Canadian Pediatric Anesthesia Society (CPAS), and Society for Paediatric Anaesthesia in New Zealand and Australia (SPANZA) were invited to complete a survey between January and April 2011.ResultsSix hundred and ninety‐three anesthetists replied to the questionnaire. Six hundred and thirty‐three (92%) stated they have a DAT in their theater suite, with 587 (98%) knowing its location. Three hundred and eight‐seven (56%) anesthetists received formal DAT training. The lowest training levels were observed in Australia and the UK; 42% and 59%, respectively. Those receiving training were more likely to be confident/very confident in knowing the DAT contents (r = −0.321, P = 0.01). Three hundred and fifty‐five (59%) anesthetists had used the DAT in the last 6 months, 82 (14%) in the last 6–12 months, 91 (15%) >1 year ago, and 72 (12%) had never used it. Frequency of use correlated moderately with higher confidence levels (r = −0.398, P = 0.01). One hundred and eight‐three (31%) reported having experienced problems with DAT equipment (missing 20%, faulty 4%, unfamiliarity 7%).DiscussionTraining and recent use of the DAT increases anesthetists' confidence, but is not a universal practice. A significant number of anesthetists reported problems with the DAT, raising issues of equipment maintenance and quality control.
Deep sequencing analysis of the transcriptomes of peanut aerial and subterranean young pods identifies candidate genes related to early embryo abortion
Authors: Chen Xiaoping , Zhu Wei , Azam Sarwar , Li Heying , Zhu Fanghe , Li Haifen , Hong Yanbin , Liu Haiyan , Zhang Erhua , Wu Hong , Yu Shanlin , Zhou Guiyuan , Li Shaoxiong , Zhong Ni , Wen Shijie , Li Xingyu , Knapp Steve J. , Ozias‐Akins Peggy , Varshney Rajeev K. , Liang Xuanqiang 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThe failure of peg penetration into the soil leads to seed abortion in peanut. Knowledge of genes involved in these processes is comparatively deficient. Here, we used RNA‐seq to gain insights into transcriptomes of aerial and subterranean pods. More than 2 million transcript reads with an average length of 396 bp were generated from one aerial (AP) and two subterranean (SP1 and SP2) pod libraries using pyrosequencing technology. After assembly, sets of 49 632, 49 952 and 50 494 from a total of 74 974 transcript assembly contigs (TACs) were identified in AP, SP1 and SP2, respectively. A clear linear relationship in the gene expression level was observed between these data sets. In brief, 2194 differentially expressed TACs with a 99.0% true‐positive rate were identified, among which 859 and 1068 TACs were up‐regulated in aerial and subterranean pods, respectively. Functional analysis showed that putative function based on similarity with proteins catalogued in UniProt and gene ontology term classification could be determined for 59 342 (79.2%) and 42 955 (57.3%) TACs, respectively. A total of 2968 TACs were mapped to 174 KEGG pathways, of which 168 were shared by aerial and subterranean transcriptomes. TACs involved in photosynthesis were significantly up‐regulated and enriched in the aerial pod. In addition, two senescence‐associated genes were identified as significantly up‐regulated in the aerial pod, which potentially contribute to embryo abortion in aerial pods, and in turn, to cessation of swelling. The data set generated in this study provides evidence for some functional genes as robust candidates underlying aerial and subterranean pod development and contributes to an elucidation of the evolutionary implications resulting from fruit development under light and dark conditions.
Shock Treatment: Swimming Pool Contact Dermatitis
Authors: Salvaggio Heather L. , Scheman Andrew J , Chamlin Sarah L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAllergic contact dermatitis to potassium peroxymonosulfate, used as a chemical shock treatment for hot tubs and swimming pools, should be in the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with dermatitis triggered by swimming pool or hot tub exposure. We report the first pediatric case of allergic contact dermatitis to potassium peroxymonosulfate after swimming exposure.
Barley lesion mimics, supersusceptible or highly resistant to leaf rust and net blotch
Authors: Wright S. A. I. , Azarang M. , Falk A. B. 
Published: November 2012

Lesion mimic mutants of plants have the feature of spontaneously displaying necrotic spots or bands on their leaves. Lesion mimics have often displayed enhanced resistance to biotrophic pathogens whilst showing increased susceptibility to necrotrophs. This paper identifies three novel, non‐allelic mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare), which spontaneously form necrotic leaf lesions: Necrotic leaf spot 9.3091 (nec9.3091), Mottled leaf 8.1661 (mtt8.1661) and Mottled leaf 9.2721 (mtt9.2721). The Necrotic leaf spot 8.3550 mutant (nec8.3550), formerly known as bst1, was included in the study because it is a lesion mimic mutant belonging to the same original pool. The reactions of the mutants to the biotroph Puccinia hordei and the necrotroph Pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres were investigated. Mutants nec8.3550 and mtt8.1661 were more resistant than the parental Bowman near‐isogenic line with the Rph3.c gene (Bowman Rph3.c, NGB 22452) to leaf rust, caused by P. hordei. Mutants nec8.3550, mtt8.1661 and mtt9.2721 were more susceptible than Bowman Rph3.c to net blotch, caused by P. teres f. sp. teres. Autofluorescence was detected in leaf tissues of all mutants. Based on the high expression of the PR1 and Hv‐HIR genes, combined with the low susceptibility to P. hordei, nec8.3550 appears to have entered a state of systemic acquired resistance, which is quite distinct from the resistance expressed in mtt8.1661. The latter mutant has low or no expression of PR1 and Hv‐HIR genes, yet it is highly resistant to rust. It is also extremely susceptible to net blotch. These mutants can serve as genetic sources of novel disease resistance for barley improvement.
Systemic corticosteroids for community‐acquired pneumonia: Reasons for use and lack of benefit on outcome
Authors: POLVERINO EVA , CILLÓNIZ CATIA , DAMBRAVA POVILAS , GABARRÚS ALBERT , FERRER MIQUEL , AGUSTÍ CARLOS , PRINA ELENA , MONTULL BEATRIZ , MENENDEZ ROSARIO , NIEDERMAN MICHAEL S. , TORRES ANTONI 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackground and objectiveAlthough the benefits of systemic corticosteroids in community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) are not clear, their use is frequent in clinical practice. We described the frequency of this practice, patients' characteristics and its clinical impact.MethodsWe investigated all adult CAP patients visited between June 1997 and January 2008 (n = 3257).ResultsTwo hundred and sixty patients received systemic corticosteroids (8%) with a mean daily dose of 45 (33) mg (median, 36 mg/day). Patients receiving corticosteroids were older (74 (13) vs 65 (19) years), had more comorbidities (respiratory, 59% vs 38%, cardiac, 29% vs 16%, etc.), higher Pneumonia Severity Index (Fine IV–V, 76% vs 50%) and had received inhaled corticosteroids (36% vs 15%) and previous antibiotics (31% vs 23%) more frequently (P < 0.01, each). Significant predictors of corticosteroid administration were: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (odds ratio (OR), 1.91), fever (OR, 0.59), expectoration (OR, 1.59), creatinine (+1 mg/dL, OR, 0.92), SaO2 ≥ 92% (OR, 0.46), C‐reactive protein (+5 mg/dL; OR, 0.92) and cardiac failure (OR, 1.76). Mortality (6% vs 7%; P = 0.43) and time to clinical stability (4 (3–6) vs 5 (3–7) days; P = 0.11) did not differ between the two groups, while length of hospital stay was longer for the steroid group (9 (6–14) vs 6 (3–9) days; P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe main reasons for administering systemic steroids were the presence of chronic respiratory comorbidity or severe clinical presentation, but therapy did not influence mortality or clinical stability; by contrast, steroid administration was associated with prolonged length of stay. Nevertheless the steroid group did not show an increased mortality as it was expected according to the initial Pneumonia Severity Index score. Influence of steroids on outcomes of CAP need to be further investigated through randomized clinical trial.
Headward retreat of streams in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene Swiss Alps
Authors: Schlunegger Fritz , Norton Kevin P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis study uses the widths, the spacing and the grain‐size pattern of Oligo/Miocene alluvial fan conglomerates in the central segment of the Swiss Alpine foreland to reconstruct the topographic development of the Alps. These data are analysed with models of longitudinal stream profile development, to propose that the Alpine topography evolved from an early transient state where streams adjusted to rock uplift by headward retreat, to a mature phase where any changes in rock uplift were accommodated by vertical incision. The first stage comprises the time interval between ca 31 Ma and 22 Ma, when the Alpine streams deposited many small fans with a lateral spacing of <30 km in the north Alpine foreland. As the range evolved, the streams joined and the fans coalesced into a few large depositional systems with a lateral spacing of ca 80 to 100 km at 22 Ma. The models used here suggest that the overall elevation of the Alps increased rapidly within <5 Myr. The variability in pebble size increased either due to variations in sediment supply, enhanced orographic effects, or preferentially due to a change towards a stormier palaeoclimate. By 22 Ma, only two large rivers carried material into the foreland fans, suggesting that the major Alpine streams had established themselves. This second phase of stable drainage network was maintained until ca 5 Ma, when the uplift and erosion of the Molasse started and streams were redirected both in the Alps and in the foreland. This study illustrates that sedimentological archives of foreland basins can be used to reconstruct the chronology of the topographic development of mountain belts. It is suggested that the finite elevation of mountainous landscapes is reached early during orogeny and can be maintained for millions of years, provided that erosion is efficient.
Unrecognised tuberculosis at antiretroviral therapy initiation is associated with lower CD4+ T cell recovery
Authors: Hermans Sabine M. , van Leth Frank , Kiragga Agnes N. , Hoepelman Andy I. M. , Lange Joep M. A. , Manabe Yukari C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectives  To investigate whether an unrecognised diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) at the start of antiretroviral therapy (ART) influences subsequent CD4+ T cell (CD4) count recovery in an urban HIV clinic in Uganda.Methods  In a retrospective cohort study, a multivariable polynomial mixed effects model was used to estimate CD4 recovery in the first 96 weeks of ART in two groups of patients: prevalent TB (started ART while on TB treatment), unrecognised TB (developed TB within 6 months after start ART).Results  Included were 511 patients with a median baseline CD4 count of 57 cells/mm3 (interquartile range: 22–130), of whom 368 (72%) had prevalent TB and 143 (28%) had unrecognised TB. Compared with prevalent TB, unrecognised TB was associated with lower CD4 count recovery at 96 weeks: −22.3 cells/mm3 (95% confidence interval −43.2 to −1.5, P = 0.036). These estimates were adjusted for gender, age, baseline CD4 count and the use of zidovudine‐based regimen.Conclusions  Unrecognised TB at the time of ART initiation resulted in impaired CD4 recovery compared with TB treated before ART initiation. More vigilant screening with more sensitive and rapid TB diagnostics prior to ART initiation is needed to decrease the risk of ART‐associated TB and sub‐optimal immune reconstitution.
The tomato cis–prenyltransferase gene family
Authors: Akhtar Tariq A. , Matsuba Yuki , Schauvinhold Ines , Yu Geng , Lees Hazel A. , Klein Samuel E. , Pichersky Eran 
Published: November 2012

Summarycis–prenyltransferases (CPTs) are predicted to be involved in the synthesis of long‐chain polyisoprenoids, all with five or more isoprene (C5) units. Recently, we identified a short‐chain CPT, neryl diphosphate synthase (NDPS1), in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Here, we searched the tomato genome and identified and characterized its entire CPT gene family, which comprises seven members (SlCPT1–7, with NDPS1 designated as SlCPT1). Six of the SlCPT genes encode proteins with N–terminal targeting sequences, which, when fused to GFP, mediated GFP transport to the plastids of Arabidopsis protoplasts. The SlCPT3–GFP fusion protein was localized to the cytosol. Enzymatic characterization of recombinant SlCPT proteins demonstrated that SlCPT6 produces Z,Z–FPP, and SlCPT2 catalyzes the formation of nerylneryl diphosphate while SlCPT4, SlCPT5 and SlCPT7 synthesize longer‐chain products (C25–C55). Although no in vitro activity was demonstrated for SlCPT3, its expression in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae dolichol biosynthesis mutant (rer2) complemented the temperature‐sensitive growth defect. Transcripts of SlCPT2, SlCPT4, SlCPT5 and SlCPT7 are present at low levels in multiple tissues, SlCPT6 is exclusively expressed in red fruit and roots, and SlCPT1, SlCPT3 and SlCPT7 are highly expressed in trichomes. RNAi‐mediated suppression of NDPS1 led to a large decrease in β–phellandrene (which is produced from neryl diphosphate), with greater reductions achieved with the general 35S promoter compared to the trichome‐specific MKS1 promoter. Phylogenetic analysis revealed CPT gene families in both eudicots and monocots, and showed that all the short‐chain CPT genes from tomato (SlCPT1, SlCPT2 and SlCPT6) are closely linked to terpene synthase gene clusters.
Cryptococcus neoformans Requires the ESCRT Protein Vps23 for Iron Acquisition from Heme, for Capsule Formation, and for Virulence
Authors: Hu Guanggan , Caza Mélissa , Cadieux Brigitte , Chan Vivienne , Liu Victor , Kronstad James 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT

Iron availability is a key regulator of virulence factor elaboration in
Cryptococcus neoformans
, the causative agent of fungal meningoencephalitis in HIV/AIDS patients. In addition, iron is an essential nutrient for pathogen proliferation in mammalian hosts but little is known about the mechanisms of iron sensing and uptake in fungal pathogens that attack humans. In this study, we mutagenized
C. neoformans
by
Agrobacterium
-mediated T-DNA insertion and screened for mutants with reduced growth on heme as the sole iron source. Among 34 mutants, we identified a subset with insertions in the gene for the ESCRT-I (
e
ndosomal
s
orting
c
omplex
r
equired for
t
ransport) protein Vps23 that resulted in a growth defect on heme, presumably due to a defect in uptake via endocytosis or misregulation of iron acquisition from heme. Remarkably,
vps23
mutants were also defective in the elaboration of the cell-associated capsular polysaccharide that is a major virulence factor, while overexpression of
Vps23
resulted in cells with a slightly enlarged capsule. These phenotypes were mirrored by a virulence defect in the
vps23
mutant in a mouse model of cryptococcosis and by hypervirulence of the overexpression strain. Overall, these results reveal an important role for trafficking via ESCRT functions in both heme uptake and capsule formation, and they further reinforce the connection between iron and virulence factor deployment in
C. neoformans
.