bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Riparian Grazing Impacts on Streambank Erosion and Phosphorus Loss Via Surface Runoff1
Authors: Tufekcioglu Mustafa , Schultz Richard C. , Zaimes George N. , Isenhart Thomas M. , Tufekcioglu Aydin 
Published: October 2012

Tufekcioglu, Mustafa, Richard C. Schultz, George N. Zaimes, Thomas M. Isenhart, and Aydin Tufekcioglu, 2012. Riparian Grazing Impacts on Streambank Erosion and Phosphorus Loss via Surface Runoff. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.12004.xAbstract:  Surface runoff is one of the major pathways of sediment and phosphorus (P) transport to surface waters. Rainfall simulations were conducted on nine grazed pasture sites with different stocking rates in three different Iowa (United States) regions. The purpose of the simulations was to determine the impacts of cattle grazing on the amounts of sediment and P in surface runoff within a 15‐m wide strip on both sides of the stream from different source areas (SAs). These riparian SAs included stream‐side loafing areas, cattle streambank access paths to the stream, and the other vegetated areas adjacent to the streambanks. The runoff samples collected during the simulations were analyzed for suspended sediment (SS) and total phosphorus (TP). Soil bulk density and antecedent soil moisture samples were collected around the rainfall simulation plots to identify differences in compaction, infiltration, and surface runoff among the SAs. SS and TP losses from access paths and loafing areas within the 15‐m wide strips accounted for up to 72 and 55% of the total losses, respectively, even though they accounted for only 2.7% of the total area within the 15‐m wide strips. This suggests that access paths and loafing areas require special attention to mitigate the impacts of cattle on stream water pollution. Significant correlations were found between stocking rates and both SS and TP losses suggesting that low stocking rates can reduce sediment and P export to streams from the SAs.
Past population history versus recent population decline – founder effects in island species and their genetic signatures
Authors: Habel Jan Christian , Zachos Frank E. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIsland populations are mostly characterized by low genetic diversity if compared with their mainland conspecifics. This is often explained as a consequence of founder effects in the wake of island colonization and concomitant bottlenecks. In a recent contribution, Stuessy et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2012, 39, 1565–1566) point out that the genetic imprint of past founder effects is no longer visible today, as most island colonizations occurred millions of generations ago. The authors argue that low genetic diversity detectable today is mainly caused by recent environmental factors such as anthropogenic habitat destruction. This scenario should be complemented by the influence of long‐term isolation and small habitat size, which often lead to strong population fluctuations and repeated bottlenecks. In consequence, inbreeding and genetic drift, coupled with the potential effects of purging in small populations, may also result in genetic diversity remaining low for a long time after colonization.
Counselling on sun protection, a survey of French paediatricians
Authors: Mahé E. , Assathiany R. , Fay‐Chatelard F. , Taylor M. , Bouvresse S. , Navel M. , Saiag P. , Chevallier B. , Beauchet A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground  High sun exposure during childhood is an important risk factor for skin cancers at adulthood. Paediatricians are first in line to provide sun protection (SP) information.Objective  To describe paediatricians’ attitudes towards SP counselling and compare French and American paediatricians’ behaviours.Methods  Methodology used by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2001. Validation of the French version of the questionnaire. Survey of all 1108 paediatrician members of the Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (AFPA)Results  More than 90% of paediatricians agreed that skin cancers are a Public Health concern, that preventing episodic high sun exposures during childhood would reduce the risk of adult melanoma, and that it is a paediatrician’s role to educate parents/patients on SP. Three quarters reported counselling all of their patients. The most important SP recommendation was to avoid sun during peak hours, followed by sunscreen use. Only 48.3% of paediatricians rated SP as very important to their patients’ health, at the 8th rank among selected preventive care topics. The most frequently identified barrier to SP counselling was cost of sunscreens followed by lack of sufficient time.Conclusions  The majority of paediatricians believe that prevention of skin cancers is a worthy issue and it is their role to educate patients, but less than half of them consider SP as an important topic among selected preventive care issues. Although paediatricians seem to know SP measures well, their (counselling?) seems to respond to patients’ preoccupations more than to expert recommendations. French and American behaviours show some major differences.
Sabotage in Tournaments: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Balafoutas Loukas , Lindner Florian , Sutter Matthias 
Published: October 2012

SummaryMany tournaments are plagued by sabotage among competitors. Typically, sabotage is welfare‐reducing, but from an individual's perspective an attractive alternative to exerting positive effort. Yet, given its illegal and often immoral nature, sabotage is typically hidden, making it difficult to assess its extent and its victims. Therefore, we use data from Judo World Championships, where a rule change in 2009 basically constituted a natural experiment that introduced one costless opportunity for sabotage. In Judo, competitors can break an opponent's attack in an unsportsmanlike manner; these are seen as acts of sabotage. Based on a unique dataset of 1,422 fights, we find that the rule change in 2009 has led to a large increase in the use of sabotage. Moreover, sabotage is more likely to be employed by relatively less qualified individuals, and to be targeted at more qualified ones. From a survey among spectators, we show that sabotage is welfare reducing.
An Estimation of the Advantage of Charter over Public Schools
Authors: Doncel Luis Miguel , Sainz Jorge , Sanz Ismael 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThis paper presents new evidence on the differences in quality and achievement of public, private, and charter schools by using the educational outcomes for the more than 1,200 schools of the Madrid region over the period 2005–2009. By applying an external test including three different areas, mathematics, writing, and language, the evolution of the achievement of the pupils in the three different types of schools, public, charter, and private, are analyzed.Our results show that charter and, especially, private schools attain better results than public schools and are more responsive to its academic evolution, both at a lower cost. Private schools do their best to converge to the leading schools in their district in the previous year, whereas public schools do not seem to do so. This result holds even after controlling for the number of immigrants in the school, the age of the school, and its size. Also, the results seem quite robust, since we tested the relevance of different variables such as immigration, socioeconomic status, and foreign students and we obtained results that support our main hypothesis.
Trust in Transitions
Authors: Latusek Dominika , Cook Karen S. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryIn this article we examine the link between relational trust and general trust in the context of large‐scale social and economic transformations such as those that have occurred in Poland and Russia. We argue that trust plays an important role in interpersonal relationships, but in more impersonal dealings, as in economic life, reliable and impartial institutions that create binding rules and ensure their enforcement are more important. These provide a stable framework for exchange and make it safe for people to take risks involving others they do not know directly. Relational trust, however, may be critical in situations in which institutions are weak or corrupt. And, even if economic relationships are constrained by carefully devised contracts, there remains residual uncertainty that can be resolved only by relying on trust.. If networks involving trust relationships are the dominant means for engaging in exchange, however, exchange is limited to those whom one knows personally or is linked to through close ties, and opportunities for broader exchange are constrained, which may retard the transition to a more open economy.
Roving Bandits in Action: Outside Option and Governmental Predation in Autocracies
Authors: Libman Alexander , Kozlov Vladimir , Schultz André 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe paper investigates the influence of outside options on the predatory behavior of autocrats. An outside option is referred to as the opportunity of an incumbent ruler to continue his career outside his current territory of control. The paper uses data on the effectiveness of tax collection and the repressiveness of tax jurisprudence for Russian regions in 2007–2009 and finds that regions ruled by governors with substantial outside options are characterized by more repressive behavior of tax authorities. However, surprisingly, the same tax authorities collect less additional revenues for the public budget. It conjectures that the presence of an outside option induces autocrats to behave like ‘roving bandits’: they use tax audits to establish control over regional companies, but exploit this control to extract private rents rather than revenues for the regional budget used for public goods provision.
Does the Economic Cycle Change Our Prayers? A Discussion Based on Catholic Bulletins
Authors: Mourao Paulo Reis 
Published: October 2012

SummaryDoes the economy influence the focus of believers' prayers and their publicly acknowledged graces? This paper offers some preliminary answers to this question. Using cointegration analyses on Catholic bulletins, we found that the composition of published graces varies according to the economic cycle – a higher unemployment rate, a lower real GDP growth rate and electoral periods lead to a higher number of graces focused on economic issues (as opposed to graces motivated by other concerns, such as health). These results contribute to the literature by providing evidence that the economic cycle also influences believers' prayers and publicly acknowledged graces.
Education, Communication and Wellbeing: An Application to Sexual Satisfaction
Authors: Rainer Helmut , Smith Ian 
Published: October 2012

SummaryStandard theories of household decision making assume that family members have complete information about preferences and are able to reach efficient outcomes. However, partners in intimate relationships may often need to coordinate their choices in the face of incomplete information. To reduce uncertainty there is an incentive for partners to acquire information through communication. In this study we investigate empirically the determinants of communication between partners and its consequences in the specific context of sexual satisfaction. In particular we show the importance of schooling for information acquisition effort. Although education indirectly improves sexual satisfaction through the communication mechanism, we also find direct adverse effects of schooling on sexual wellbeing. This is interpreted in terms of opportunity cost effect arising from the market returns to schooling that make it more difficult to coordinate work and love lives. The econometric estimates show that the positive communication effects of education vanish at longer relationship durations as couples learn about their preferences. While sexual satisfaction is positively correlated with life satisfaction, it is only when controlling for sexual wellbeing that schooling has a statistically signification association with overall life satisfaction.
Insights into the morphology of the Serra da Cangalha impact structure from geophysical modeling
Authors: VASCONCELOS M. A. R. , WÜNNEMANN K. , CRÓSTA A. P. , MOLINA E. C. , REIMOLD W. U. , YOKOYAMA E. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract–Forward modeling is commonly applied to gravity field data of impact structures to determine the main gravity anomaly sources. In this context, we have developed 2.5‐D gravity models of the Serra da Cangalha impact structure for the purpose of investigating geological bodies/structures underneath the crater. Interpretation of the models was supported by ground magnetic data acquired along profiles, as well as by high resolution aeromagnetic data. Ground magnetic data reveal the presence of short‐wavelength anomalies probably related to shallow magnetic sources that could have been emplaced during the cratering process. Aeromagnetic data show that the basement underneath the crater occurs at an average depth of about 1.9 km, whereas in the region beneath the central uplift it is raised to 0.5–1 km below the current surface. These depths are also supported by 2.5‐D gravity models showing a gentle relief for the basement beneath the central uplift area. Geophysical data were used to provide further constraints for numeral modeling of crater formation that provided important information on the structural modification that affected the rocks underneath the crater, as well as on shock‐induced modifications of target rocks. The results showed that the morphology is consistent with the current observations of the crater and that Serra da Cangalha was formed by a meteorite of approximately 1.4 km diameter striking at 12 km s−1.
A defect in ATP‐citrate lyase links acetyl‐CoA production, virulence factor elaboration and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Griffiths Emma J. , Hu Guanggan , Fries Bettina , Caza Mélissa , Wang Joyce , Gsponer Joerg , Gates‐Hollingsworth Marcellene A. , Kozel Thomas R. , De Repentigny Louis , Kronstad James W. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe interaction of Cryptococcus neoformans with phagocytic cells of the innate immune system is a key step in disseminated disease leading to meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised individuals. Transcriptional profiling of cryptococcal cells harvested from cell culture medium or from macrophages found differential expression of metabolic and other functions during fungal adaptation to the intracellular environment. We focused on the ACL1 gene for ATP‐citrate lyase, which converts citrate to acetyl‐CoA, because this gene showed elevated transcript levels in macrophages and because of the importance of acetyl‐CoA as a central metabolite. Mutants lacking ACL1 showed delayed growth on medium containing glucose, reduced cellular levels of acetyl‐CoA, defective production of virulence factors, increased susceptibility to the antifungal drug fluconazole and decreased survival within macrophages. Importantly, acl1 mutants were unable to cause disease in a murine inhalation model, a phenotype that was more extreme than other mutants with defects in acetyl‐CoA production (e.g. an acetyl‐CoA synthetase mutant). Loss of virulence is likely due to perturbation of critical physiological interconnections between virulence factor expression and metabolism in C. neoformans. Phylogenetic analysis and structural modelling of cryptococcal Acl1 identified three indels unique to fungal protein sequences; these differences may provide opportunities for the development of pathogen‐specific inhibitors.
Let's get ‘Fisical’ with bacterial nucleoid
Authors: Le Chat Ludovic , Espéli Olivier 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe mechanisms driving bacterial chromosome segregation remain poorly characterized. While a number of factors influencing chromosome segregation have been described in recent years, none of them appeared to play an essential role in the process comparable to the eukaryotic centromere/spindle complex. The research community involved in bacterial chromosome was becoming familiar with the fact that bacteria have selected multiple redundant systems to ensure correct chromosome segregation. Over the past few years a new perspective came out that entropic forces generated by the confinement of the chromosome in the crowded nucleoid shell could be sufficient to segregate the chromosome. The segregating factors would only be required to create adequate conditions for entropy to do its job. In the article by Yazdi et al. () in this issue of Molecular Microbiology, this model was challenged experimentally in live Escherichia coli cells. A Fis–GFP fusion was used to follow nucleoid choreography and analyse it from a polymer physics perspective. Their results suggest strongly that E. coli nucleoids behave as self‐adherent polymers. Such a structuring and the specific segregation patterns observed do not support an entropic like segregation model. Are we back to the pre‐entropic era?
Permanent Pacing in Patients with Chagas' Disease
Authors: ARCE MAURICIO , VAN GRIEKEN JORGE , FEMENÍA FRANCISCO , ARRIETA MARTÍN , MCINTYRE WILLIAM F. , BARANCHUK ADRIAN 
Published: October 2012

Background
:Chagas' disease is an endemic disease in most Latin American countries. The cardiomyopathy associated with this condition often requires permanent pacing due to bradycardia. The aim of this study was to compare the indications for pacemaker implantation, intraoperative measurements, and long‐term follow‐up of patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy (ChCM) and ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) referred for pacemaker implantation.
Methods
: Retrospective study including consecutive patients with ChCM (Group 1) and ICM (Group 2), who underwent pacemaker implantation in a single center.
Results
: We analyzed 360 patients. Patients in Group 1 were younger (66.29 ± 7.01 vs 75.3 ± 7.11 years; P = 0.0001) and more often male (72% vs 60%; P = 0.05). Sinus node dysfunction (SND) was more prevalent in Group 1 (70% vs 52%; P = 0.03). Atrioventricular block was less prevalent in Group 1 (30% vs 48%; P = 0.04). No significant differences were found with respect to left ventricular ejection fraction (54.2 ± 9.1 vs 53.4 ± 8.2%; P = NS) and baseline QRS duration (119 ± 34 vs 108 ± 29 ms; P = NS). Right bundle branch block was more frequent in Group 1 (44% vs 12%; P = 0.0001), and left bundle branch block in Group 2 (6% vs 22%; P = 0.0001). Implantation time was longer in Group 1 (39 ± 19 vs 29 ± 13 minutes; P = 0.001) and was with higher atrial and ventricular pacing thresholds (1.4 ± 0.8 vs 1.0 ± 0.5 V; P = 0.001 and 1.2 ± 0.8 vs 0.6 ± 0.8 V; P = 0.001, respectively). During a follow‐up of 42.8 ± 13.6 months, Group 1 had a higher incidence of new atrial fibrillation (34% vs 25.5%; P = 0.001), and there was a nonsignificant trend toward more displacements of the ventricular lead (6% vs 3.5%; P = 0.3). There were no deaths during the follow‐up.
Conclusions
: ChCM patients receiving pacemakers are younger and more frequently have SND compared to those with ICM. Pacemaker implant is longer in patients with ChCM disease and is with higher pacing thresholds. The incidence of new atrial fibrillation during the follow‐up is significantly higher in patients with ChCM. (PACE 2012;35:1494‐1497)
Reduction of Procedure Duration and Radiation Exposure with a Dedicated Inner Lumen Mapping Catheter during Pulmonary Vein Cryoablation
Authors: PEYROL MICHAËL , SBRAGIA PASCAL , QUATRE AMANDINE , ORABONA MORGANE , CASALTA ANNE‐CLAIRE , BOCCARA GILLES , ZERROUK ZINEDINE , GUENOUN MAXIME , LÉVY SAMUEL , PAGANELLI FRANCK 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe Achieve catheter (AC; Medtronic‐CryoCath, Pointe‐Claire, Canada) is a circular mapping catheter introduced through the lumen of the cryoballoon (CB) catheter which is safe and effective to both navigate the CB to the pulmonary veins (PV) and allow PV potential recording during PV cryoablation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the use of the AC on procedural outcomes.MethodsSixteen consecutive patients (14 men) underwent AC‐guided PV isolation (PVI) for drug‐refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF; AC group). Clinical and procedural data of these patients were compared to those obtained from 16 consecutive patients who had undergone PVI for paroxysmal AF with the regular “single transseptal” approach (control group).ResultsClinical characteristics of patients enrolled in both groups did not differ significantly. In the AC group, 64 PVs were targeted using a single 28‐mm (n = 13) or 23‐mm (n = 3) CB catheter with PVI achieved in 62 PVs (97%). In the control group, 66 PVs were targeted using a single 28‐mm (n = 12) or 23‐mm (n = 4) CB catheter with PVI achieved in 62 PVs (94%), (P = non‐significant for CB size and PVI rate). Procedure duration and fluoroscopy time were significantly reduced in AC group compared to control group (96.6 ± 26 minutes vs 125.9 ± 25 minutes, P = 0.003 and 24.4 ± 10 minutes vs 32.6 ± 11 minutes, P = 0.04, respectively).ConclusionThe use of the AC significantly reduced procedure duration and radiation exposure during PVI with the CB technique.(PACE 2013; 36:24–30)
Long‐Term Follow‐up Impact of Dual‐Chamber Pacing on Patients with Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy
Authors: YUE‐CHENG HU , ZUO‐CHENG LI , XI‐MING LI , YUAN DAVID ZHE , DONG‐XIA JIN , YING‐YI ZHANG , HUI‐MING YANG , HONG‐LIANG CONG 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundPacing has been proposed as a treatment for patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), but there are few studies with long‐term follow‐up. We evaluated the long‐term effects of dual‐chamber pacing therapy for patients with HOCM, and to identify the most prognosis‐specific factors for predicting outcome in such treating methods.MethodsA total of 37 HOCM patients implanted with dual‐chamber pacemakers were enrolled consecutively and followed‐up. Thirty‐seven cases were followed for 1 year, 26 cases for 2 years, 10 cases for 3 years, and eight cases for 4 years. At each annual point of follow‐up after pacemaker implantation, the pacing frequency, pacing threshold, impedance, atrioventricular delay, and cumulative percentage of atrial and ventricular pacing were tested, respectively. In addition, left atrial dimension (LAD), left ventricular end diastolic dimension (LVEDd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPW), interventricular septum thickness (IVS), left ventricular outflow tract dimension (LVOTd), peak velocity of left ventricular outflow tract (VLVOT), left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient (LVOTPG), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) were measured. Mitral valve systolic anterior motion (SAM) was also observed. Pacing parameters and echocardiography indexes before and after pacemaker implantation were dynamically compared.ResultsPacing frequency and atrioventricular delay were adjusted to 60–70 beats per minute and 90–180 ms, respectively, in order to ensure the ratio of ventricular pacing was more than 98%. Pacing threshold and pacing impedance were kept in normal ranges. The differences of various pacing parameters were of no statistical significance within the 4 years of follow‐up (P > 0.05). Compared with prior to pacing, it was observed that the IVS, VLVOT, and LVOTPG declined significantly (P < 0.01), the LVOTd widened significantly (P < 0.01), and the SAM phenomenon improved obviously (P < 0.01) at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years after pacemaker implantation. Additionally, the changes in LAD, LVEDd, LVPW, LVEF, and PASP were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe cardiac structural reconstruction in patients with HOCM can be chronically improved by dual‐chamber pacing therapy. The IVS, LVOTd, VLVOT, and LVOTPG can be used as sensitive and specific factors in evaluating the long‐term effects of dual‐chamber pacing therapy for HOCM.(PACE 2013; 36:86–93)