bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some methodological issues related to corpus-based investigations of recent syntactic changes in English
Authors: Davies Mark 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on “observing recent change” in the English language. It includes sections that deal with syntactic changes that have taken place primarily in the past half-century or so, whereas others can be traced to the 1800s. In all cases, the changes are still underway and exhibit interesting genre-based and stylistically-based variation in contemporary English. This introduction discusses methodological issues, paying special attention to the types of corpora and text archives that can provide us with the most useful data for looking at recent change in English. It first looks at large text collections such as Google, Google Books, and large text archives. It then examines “structured” corpora and considers the question of size—especially the way in which large corpora like the Corpus of Historical American English provide insight that might not be available otherwise. Also covered in the discussion are “monitor corpora,” an example of which is the Corpus of Contemporary American English.
Forms of early mass communication: The religious domain
Authors: Rütten Tanja 
Published: February 2013

Abstract“Early mass communication” is generally believed to be a phenomenon of the Early Modern period. In the religious domain, the kind of mass communication found in pamphlets and newspapers has obvious predecessors. One example is the Late Middle English cycle sermon, which provides a form of mass communication before the advent of print but has so far received little attention from scholars. This article looks at late medieval cycle sermons from the perspective of mass communication. It first introduces the various settings, audiences and purposes of such sermons, linking individual cases of sermonizing to the centrally designed doctrinal program upon which they were contingent. It then describes prominent linguistic features such as discourse structures, text functions, interactive properties, and aspects of performativity. The article concludes by demonstrating how sermon discourse was adopted as a textual scheme by early pamphleteers and shows that the advent of the new print technology in Early Modern English is more a “catalyst” than an “architect” of mass communication.
English in Ireland: A complex case study
Authors: Crowley Tony 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article investigates English in Ireland in order to identify the factors involved in the relationship between language and social change, based on the idea that a linguistic change is a social change and social change is always embedded in language. This unique example of linguistic and social change has been shaped by colonialism and the responses to it. Nevertheless, a discussion of the Irish case will allow for an assessment of the complexity of the linguistic situation in Ireland, as well as the identification of factors which may have a key role in other cases of linguistic change such as legal prescription and proscription, economics and cultural hegemony. The article examines Irish polyglossia, the Gaelicization of the invaders and the eclipse of the English language between 1200 and 1537, and policy and practice with respect to Anglicization in 1537–1800. It also looks at the demise of the Irish language and the consolidation, spread, and hegemony of English between 1800 and 1922.
Language contact in the Scandinavian period
Authors: Lutz Angelika 
Published: February 2013

AbstractScholars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, most of whom were interested in lexical differences between Old English (OE) and later stages of the language, had made a twofold distinction between “Saxon” (consisting of OE and early Middle English) and “English” (which covers later Middle English and Modern English). This distinction, which can be related to language contact in a straightforward manner, reflects the marked lexical influence of French as a consequence of the Norman conquest and the eventual adoption of the English language by the French-speaking ruling classes. Old English differs from continental Old Saxon in a number of non-trivial ways. Some of these differences are mostly structural ones and can be attributed to the substratal influence of Insular Celtic. Other differences, mainly lexical ones, can be explained by Old Norse influence. This article shows that the lexical influences of Old Norse were essentially similar to the later influences of Old French, namely superstratal. Therefore, the French-dominated later period of English appears to have been preceded by a Scandinavian period.
Code-switching in English of the Middle Ages
Authors: Pahta Päivi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThroughout its history, English has had extensive contact with other languages, and the impact of these various contacts on the lexicon is a popular topic among researchers of the history of English. Most studies on contact-induced change in earlier English have been undertaken in the context of lexical borrowing. As linguistic phenomena concerning multilingualism in present-day speech communities, along with the processes of language change, continue to draw interest, language historians have also begun to reevaluate the notion of contact and its implications from new perspectives. A recently thematized language contact phenomenon is code-switching, which refers to the alternating use of units from two or more participating linguistic systems within a communicative event. A multitude of extant writings from the Middle Ages shows different types of mixture. This article explores the formal and functional characteristics of code-switching in such texts, considering the practice of code-switching in the multilingual context of medieval England, and as a source of new lexicon in the English language.
Second language varieties of English
Authors: Sharma Devyani 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn postcolonial regions, English is widely used as a second language (L2). Some L2 varieties in postcolonial regions (e.g. Tanzania, India) and contiguous regions (e.g. Nepal, Sri Lanka) are currently undergoing indigenization without significantly displacing local languages and lingua francas, while others (e.g. Singapore) are starting to shift towards greater numbers of native speakers, moving closer to the native end of a continuum of language shift. This article examines the historical development of L2 varieties of the English language and the social, historical, and linguistic factors that account for their distinctive characteristics. The focus is on societal indigenization in situations of English as a Second Language rather than English as a Foreign Language. The discussion draws parallels between the impact of adult L2 use on language change in contemporary postcolonial Englishes and L2-driven change in the history of English in Britain and the United States.
The drift of English toward invariable word order from a typological and Germanic perspective
Authors: Hawkins John A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article looks at Edward Sapir’s notion of ‘drift’ in the history of the English language and examines drifts from the perspective of John A. Hawkins’ Performance-Grammar Correspondence Hypothesis (PGCH). According to the PGCH the preferred word orders selected by users in languages with word order freedom are those that are grammaticalized in languages with less freedom and with more fixed and basic orderings. Languages with different verb positions are also predicted by the PGCH to have numerous different correlating properties. In the context of historical change, the PGCH provides a set of principles that are argued to have shaped the evolution of new conventions of grammar as languages change over time. What seem like unrelated changes in the history of English, currently reflected in contrasts between English and German, are examined from this language processing perspective. Many of these changes and contrasts involve greater ambiguity or vagueness in surface forms, both in the lexicon and in the syntax, and a tolerance for temporary ambiguities in performance resulting from the new basic verb position of Middle and Modern English.
Cycles and continua: On unidirectionality and gradualness in language change
Authors: Bermúdez-Otero Ricardo , Trousdale Graeme 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe history of English exhibits numerous instances of changes that proceed along crosslinguistically recurrent pathways, notably the life cycle of phonological processes and grammaticalization clines. These pathways of change bear striking resemblances to each other: both are predominantly unidirectional, and both produce ‘layering’ effects in which old and new patterns come to coexist in the synchronic grammar. We provide English examples of key stages in the life cycle of phonological processes, including the rise of new gradient processes of phonetic implementation, their stabilization as categorical phonological rules, and the narrowing of their morphosyntactic domains. Understanding this life cycle enables us to rethink classic problems, such as the history of word-final prevocalic consonants. We also examine the grammaticalization cycles in the development of grammatical words, clitics and affixes in English, and the micro-steps involved in the creation of new grammatical constructions. As with the discussion of phonological change, we explore continua (within and between morphosyntactic categories), and directionality, and show how such rethinking is relevant for our understanding of classic problems in the history of English morphosyntax, such as the development of markers of negation, and the s-genitive. The parallels between phonological and morphosyntactic change which we address suggest new ways of thinking about the nature of grammatical change.
Quantitative evidence for a feature-based account of grammaticalization in English: Jespersen's Cycle
Authors: Wallage Phillip 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA new post-verbal negative marker ‘not’ emerges in early English through a process of grammaticalization. The grammaticalization of new sentential scope negative markers often results from cyclic change, as described by Jespersen (1917), and well attested crosslinguistically. In early English, this change involves 3 stages. In the first stage negation is marked by a pre-verbal particle ne. In the second stage, negation is bipartite: the pre-verbal particle ne is supplemented by the word not postverbally. In the third stage, the pre-verbal particle ne disappears, leaving post-verbal not as the sole marker of sentential negation. I argue that many previous accounts of this change do not adequately model the distribution of each stage within data from the Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English. Quantitative analysis of these corpus data indicate that we should distinguish two forms of ne during the change. Using recent Minimalist syntactic frameworks, a suitable distinction is made in terms of morphosyntactic features. Therefore, I argue that competition between two morphosyntactically distinct forms of ne plays a central role in the grammaticalization of the sentential negative not in English.
Toward a unified theory of chain shifting
Authors: Dinkin Aaron J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractChain shifts offer important insights into the phonological history of the English language—from the prehistoric chain shift of Grimm’s Law that separates the Germanic languages from the rest of Indo-European, to the Great Vowel Shift (GVS) that is widely assumed to define the boundary between Middle English and Early Modern English. A chain shift refers to a set of phonetic changes that affect a group of phonemes so that as one phoneme moves in phonetic space, another phoneme moves toward the phonetic position abandoned by the first; a third may take over the original position of the second, and (perhaps) so on. The GVS is the phenomenon or set of phenomena whereby the Middle English long monophthongs became the upgliding diphthongs of present-day English. This article focuses on a modern parallel for the GVS, a major apparent chain shift currently underway involving at least five phonemes: the Northern Cities Shift.
The interaction between syntax, information structure, and prosody in word order change
Authors: Hinterhölzl Roland , van Kemenade Ans 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the role of information structure (IS), syntax, and prosody in accounting for word order variation and change in the history of the English language. First discussing the theoretical problems involved in the study of the interaction between these components of grammar, it goes on to embed changes in the history of English in a wider picture of developments in the Germanic languages. Word order variation is similar in Old English and Old High German, but the two languages subsequently diverge into different directions. This article therefore compares the major word order changes of English, namely the loss of OV-orders and the loss of V2 in (non-negative) declarative clauses, with the generalization of V2 and the loss of VO-orders in the history of German. It argues for considering IS to be part of grammar, and it fosters the functionalist approach to the interaction between grammar and pragmatics, albeit from a formal syntactic perspective.
Sonic Hospitality: Migration, Community, and Music
Authors: Phelan Helen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the impact of human migration on the formation, negotiation, and contestation of community and music. In particular, it examines migration patterns in the Republic of Ireland. The first section provides a context for contemporary migration by surveying migration patterns over the last thirty years. The second section explores the impact of migration on community and introduces the concept of sonic hospitality. The final section examines the links between migration and knowledge transfer, with particular reference to tacit, embodied knowledge and its implications for teaching and learning in a multicultural context.
Driving Forward Technology's Imprint on Music Education
Authors: Savage Jonathan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the challenges of establishing principles for educational change. It draws upon key principles from the Beyond Current Horizons research project. These principles were based on a review of the fields of futures research and educational futures, theoretical gains from social studies of technology, and insights from educational philosophy. It argues that these principles provide good foundations for re-imagining the use of technology in music education.
Commentary Critical Reflections and Future Action
Authors: McPherson Gary E. , Welch Graham F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article presents an overview of Section 7 of the Oxford Handbook of Music Education, Volume 2, which comprises 25 commentaries from established scholars and music educators who were invited to provide a personal, critical insight on a topic or issue that they cared deeply about and which they believed deserved to be aired within an international setting.
Preparation, Perseverance, and Performance in Music: Views from a Program of Educational Psychology Research
Authors: Martin Andrew J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses five directions that have the potential to contribute to research, education, and practice in music education. These are (1) integrative and multidimensional motivation; (2) buoyancy and resilience; (3) adaptability; (4) personal bests; and (5) interpersonal relationships.
Make Research, Not War: Methodologies and Music Education Research
Authors: Sims Wendy L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article argues that music education researchers need not define nor divide themselves by the types of research they choose to do. They should defend their choices only with respect to how well they address research questions, and not against some abstract set of presumed “nonbelievers.” They need not “take sides,” set up “camps,” or hurl salvos at those whose research pursuits are different from their own, but rather attempt to understand the differences, and respect and value them.
The Preparation of Music Teacher Educators: A Critical Link
Authors: Teachout David J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses the “ecosystem” within music education that defines teacher education, and reminds educators of their obligation to give music education students the tools needed for them to supersede current practices. It argues that music education is encased in a “closed-loop” system, where teachers teach how they were taught; and where opportunities for transformative change rarely occur within teacher education programs. Breaking this cycle is a key to developing more effective music educators who can question past practices and deal with current and future realities.
Team Structure: Tight Versus Loose Coupling in Task-Oriented Groups
Authors: Hollenbeck John R. , Spitzmuller Matthias 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBy definition, teams are made up of multiple, interdependent individuals. The individuals within a team are separate and holistic units with their own identity, but this interdependence also means that the team is a holistic unit with its own separate identity. The dual set of identities embodied in teams creates an inherent figure versus ground confusion. In this chapter we use the concept of loosely structured systems (Weick, 1976) to help unravel this figure versus ground paradox. We show how the literature has operationalized four specific dimensions of structural interdependence: (a) task allocation structure (horizontal interdependence), (b) decision-making structure (vertical interdependence), (c) reward structure (outcome interdependence), and (d) communication structure (spatial interdependence). The literature reveals that organizations can no longer compete successfully via uncoupled structures, but at the same time, organizations resist the formation of tightly coupled systems. We discuss the virtues and liabilities of each of the four types of interdependence in teams, and describe why loose coupling may be a normative, and not just a descriptive, practice of organizations.
Team Participation and Empowerment: A Multilevel Perspective
Authors: Chen Gilad , Tesluk Paul 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, we review and integrate the literatures on team empowerment and team participation. We first delineate the individual and collective phenomena that underlie team empowerment and participation, and suggest that the two constructs collectively capture psychological and behavioral aspects of team engagement, respectively. Second, we delineate a multilevel framework that includes individual-level, team-level, and organizational-level antecedents and outcomes of team empowerment and participation. In building this framework, we propose that adopting a multilevel perspective that considers both emergent and contextual phenomena can enhance our understanding of the bases for, as well as nature and function of, team empowerment and participation. Following this framework, we end the chapter by suggesting a set of research questions that can help extend the current state of knowledge pertaining to team empowerment and participation.
Criteria Issues and Team Effectiveness
Authors: Mathieu John E. , Gilson Lucy L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDespite the proliferation of research about teams in the past few decades, relatively little attention has been devoted to understanding the criteria domain of team effectiveness. Accordingly, we identify two fairly general forms of criteria, namely tangible outputs and members’ reactions. We further differentiate three types of tangible outcomes: (a) productivity; (b) efficiency; and (c) quality, and also distinguish between team-level member reactions (i.e., emergent states) and individual-level attitudes, reactions, behaviors, and personal development. We illustrate alternative assessment schemes for each type of criteria. Finally, we discuss how gaining an appreciation for four temporal-related factors—(a) postdictive versus predictive designs; (b) aggregation lags and periods; (c) episodic cycles; and (d) developmental processes—will enhance our understanding of the team effectiveness criteria construct.
Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management
Authors: Argote Linda 
Published: February 2013

AbstractResearch on organizational learning and knowledge management has increased dramatically over the last 20 years. This chapter discusses reasons for the surge in research, describes approaches to defining organizational learning and knowledge, and discusses levels at which learning occurs. It presents major findings about creating, retaining, and transferring knowledge, identifying gaps in our understanding as well as directions for future research. Because organizational learning and effective knowledge management are sources of performance improvements in organizations, a greater understanding of these topics has the potential to advance practice as well as theory.
Organizational Development and Change: Linking Research from the Profit, Nonprofit, and Public Sectors
Authors: Ford J. Kevin , Foster-Fishman Pennie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe review the organizational psychology, community psychology, and organizational behavior literatures in order to provide an integrated perspective to change and the factors that impact the success or failure of organizational change initiatives. This chapter provides a historical context for the changing focus and key tensions in the field; describes key change theories that help us understand change processes; and reviews empirical work in the for-profit, nonprofit, and public sectors relevant to understanding core concepts of readiness for change, change capacity, and organizational learning. We identify recent conceptual and methodological approaches that bring a systems perspective to the study of change. The chapter concludes with thoughts on the sustainability of change and the identification of needed research that can inform practice.
Occupational Safety and Health
Authors: Tetrick Lois E. , Peiró José María 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOccupational health and safety reflects the effect of the work environment on employees, groups and work units in organizations, and organizations as a whole. This chapter provides an overview of the research on workplace safety and specifically discusses safety training, regulatory focus, safety climate, leadership, and job design as they relate to safety. Additionally, the literature on occupational health, drawing heavily on the occupational stress literature, discusses the employee-employer relationship from a psychological contract perspective, including climate for sexual harassment, collective burnout and its contagion, recovery, and organizational wellness programs. Particular attention is given to primary interventions to enhance safety, health, and well-being of employees and to eliminate the harmful effects that may arise through individual characteristics, group/work unit factors, and aspects of the organization.
The Research-Practice Gap in I/O Psychology and Related Fields: Challenges and Potential Solutions
Authors: Rynes-Weller Sara L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe gap between science and practice in I/O psychology and related fields is large and, some believe, getting larger. Although not everyone views this as a matter for concern, there is growing momentum to take actions to strengthen the interface between science and practice. This chapter examines three underlying sources of the gap: lack of awareness of what the other side knows and cares about; lack of belief or confidence in the knowledge generated or held by the other side; and lack of implementation of knowledge or ideas, even in the face of awareness and belief. Based on this analysis, proposed solutions are offered for each source of the gap, as are directions for future research and practice.