bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence and risk factors for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in New York City, 2006–2012
Authors: BAKER P. , COHEN B. , LIU J. , LARSON E. 
Published: September 2015

SUMMARYThis study aims to describe changes in incidence and risk factors for community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections upon admission to two New York City hospitals from 2006 to 2012. We examined the first hospitalization for adult patients using electronic health record and administrative data and determined the annual incidence/1000 admissions of total S. aureus, total MRSA, and CA-MRSA (within 48 h of admission) in clinical specimens over the study period. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with CA-MRSA in 2006 and 2012. In 137 350 admissions, the incidence of S. aureus, MRSA, and CA-MRSA/1000 admissions were 15·6, 7·0, and 3·5, respectively. The total S. aureus and MRSA isolations decreased significantly over the study period (27% and 25%, respectively) while CA-MRSA incidence was unchanged. CA-MRSA increased as a proportion of all MRSA between 2006 (46%) and 2012 (62%), and was most frequently isolated from respiratory (1·5/1000) and blood (0·7/1000) cultures. Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with isolation of CA-MRSA showed that age ⩾65 years [odds ratio (OR) 2·3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·2–4·5], male gender (OR 1·8, 95% CI 1·2–2·8) and history of renal failure (OR 2·6, 95% CI 1·6–4·2) were significant predictors of infection in 2006. No predictors were identified in 2012.
The Upper Limits of Pain and Suffering in Animal Research
Authors: BEAUCHAMP TOM L. , MORTON DAVID B. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract:The control of risk and harm in human research often calls for the establishment of upper limits of risk of pain, suffering, and distress that investigators must not exceed. Such upper limits are uncommon in animal research, in which limits of acceptability are usually left to the discretion of individual investigators, institutions, national inspectors, or ethics review committees. We here assess the merits of the European Directive 2010/63/EU on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes and its accompanying instruments, such as guides and examples. These documents present a body of legislation governing animal research in the European Union. We argue that the directive supplies a promising approach, but one in need of revision. We interpret the directive’s general conception of upper limits and show its promise for the establishment of high-quality policies. We provide a moral rationale for such policies, address the problem of justified exceptions to established upper limits, and show when causing harm is and is not wrongful. We conclude that if the standards we propose for improving the directive are not realized in the review of research protocols, loose and prejudicial risk-benefit assessments may continue to be deemed sufficient to justify morally questionable research. However, a revised EU directive and accompanying instruments could have a substantial influence on the ethics of animal research worldwide, especially in the development of morally sound legal frameworks.
The goddess Maia on denarii of Domitian
Authors: Buttrey T. V. 
Published: September 2015

This is one of the rarest types of Domitian's coinage, struck somewhere between September 95 and September 96, as shown by the dating of the tribunician power. The issue of TR P XV was known to Cohen only from a piece in trade (Rollin), and to Mattingly in BMCRE only from Cohen. Since the publication of BMCRE vol. 2, an example has been acquired by the British Museum and a few others have appeared on the market. To this day there is no example of it in the extensive collection of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. As to TR P XVI, no-one knew that the type had been struck up to that date until an example surfaced in the Mazzini collection, the only one ever to have been seen.The type was obviously struck in very small quantities, given the few examples that survive. The issues of TR P XV and TR P XVI were struck from the same reverse die, which suggests that the first was probably produced late in the tribunician year, say late August to mid-September of 96. The TR P XVI issue was probably struck for less than a week, Domitian's dies imperii falling on 14 September and his assassination on the 18th. It is reasonable to suppose, too, that the rarity of the latest coinage reflects the murder: any stocks of Domitian's coin still held at the mint or in the Aerarium would have been reduced to raw metal and re-used for Nerva.
Electrocardiac effects associated with lithium toxicity in children: an illustrative case and review of the pathophysiology
Authors: Singh Dhiraj , Akingbola Akinbolaji , Ross-Ascuitto Nancy , Ascuitto Robert 
Published: September 2015

AbstractLithium is a potent psychotherapeutic agent that has gained wide acceptance in paediatrics, especially as adjunct treatment for severe behavioural, anxiety, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders, along with bipolar conditions. Its cardiac toxicity has been well-documented in adults; however, information is limited regarding lithium’s effects on the heart in children. Therefore, paediatric cardiologists following-up children on lithium therapy should be cognizant of the cardiac side-effects and pathophysiology associated with this drug. In this manuscript, we used an illustrative case of a child who presented with lithium poisoning, in order to highlight adverse clinical manifestations that can arise from this medication. The cardiac cell membrane is thought to be the primary site of lithium’s action. Thus, we reviewed lithium’s effects on membrane electrogenic pumps and channels involved in the distribution and passage of sodium, potassium, and calcium across the sarcolemma, as these ions, and their associated currents, are the primary determinates of the action potentials underlying auto-rhythmicity and contractile activity of the heart.
Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma (TCS): tackle aggressively
Authors: Palled Siddanna , Patil Shekar , Kumar Rekha , Poppa Reddy Shashidara 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundSinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma (TCS) are highly aggressive and rare malignant tumours arising from the heterogeneous admixture of components of all the three germ cell layers. There are <60 cases that have been reported in the literature. In spite of aggressive therapy, the average survival is <3 years with multimodality therapy. In total, 70% of the patients who survived >1 year received regimen of combined surgery and adjuvant therapies and this suggests that aggressive therapeutic approaches may improve the treatment outcome.Materials and methodsWe are reporting a case study of sinonasal TCS treated with initial surgery followed with concurrent chemoradiotherapy using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) technique. The concurrent chemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy consisted of carboplatin and etoposide.ResultsThis aggressive treatment protocol of concurrent chemoradiation along with adjuvant chemotherapy is well tolerated and produced 5-year locoregional control and survival without any long-term morbidities.ConclusionOur treatment protocol was well tolerated and the outcome in this individual patient has been encouraging. This could justify a combined modality approach with post-operative simultaneous-integrated boost-IMRT and chemotherapy (concurrent and adjuvant) for future patient with sinonasal TCS.
Perceived and Objective Attentional Deficits in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Pöttgen Jana , Stephan Julia , Gold Stefan M. , Heesen Christoph , Penner Iris-Katharina 
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Initially we assessed self-rated cognitive deficits, depression and quality of life in MS patients and healthy controls (n = 299) by an online survey. Secondly, attention performance of MS outpatients (n = 33) was objectively assessed by the Test battery for Attention Performance and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Overall, MS patients rated themselves significantly worse than controls in attentional functioning. This was reflected by a weak performance in objective tests of phasic alertness and divided attention of the MS patients compared to normative data. Subscales of subjective cognitive functioning in the online survey showed significant associations with objective measures after statistical controlling for depression (r = .370 to r = .517). Results show the differences in perceived cognitive performance between MS patients and healthy controls, and self-reported instrument are able to provide relevant information on complex attention performance and hereby on everyday functioning.
Nanophotonic coherent light–matter interfaces based on rare-earth-doped crystals
Authors: Zhong Tian , Kindem Jonathan M. , Miyazono Evan , Faraon Andrei 
Published: September 2015

AbstractQuantum light–matter interfaces connecting stationary qubits to photons will enable optical networks for quantum communications, precise global time keeping, photon switching and studies of fundamental physics. Rare-earth-ion-doped crystals are state-of-the-art materials for optical quantum memories and quantum transducers between optical photons, microwave photons and spin waves. Here we demonstrate coupling of an ensemble of neodymium rare-earth-ions to photonic nanocavities fabricated in the yttrium orthosilicate host crystal. Cavity quantum electrodynamics effects including Purcell enhancement (F=42) and dipole-induced transparency are observed on the highly coherent 4I9/2–4F3/2 optical transition. Fluctuations in the cavity transmission due to statistical fine structure of the atomic density are measured, indicating operation at the quantum level. Coherent optical control of cavity-coupled rare-earth ions is performed via photon echoes. Long optical coherence times (T2∼100 μs) and small inhomogeneous broadening are measured for the cavity-coupled rare-earth ions, thus demonstrating their potential for on-chip scalable quantum light–matter interfaces.
Coordination tuning of cobalt phosphates towards efficient water oxidation catalyst
Authors: Kim Hyunah , Park Jimin , Park Inchul , Jin Kyoungsuk , Jerng Sung Eun , Kim Sun Hee , Nam Ki Tae , Kang Kisuk 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe development of efficient and stable water oxidation catalysts is necessary for the realization of practically viable water-splitting systems. Although extensive studies have focused on the metal-oxide catalysts, the effect of metal coordination on the catalytic ability remains still elusive. Here we select four cobalt-based phosphate catalysts with various cobalt- and phosphate-group coordination as a platform to better understand the catalytic activity of cobalt-based materials. Although they exhibit various catalytic activities and stabilities during water oxidation, Na2CoP2O7 with distorted cobalt tetrahedral geometry shows high activity comparable to that of amorphous cobalt phosphate under neutral conditions, along with high structural stability. First-principles calculations suggest that the surface reorganization by the pyrophosphate ligand induces a highly distorted tetrahedral geometry, where water molecules can favourably bind, resulting in a low overpotential (∼0.42 eV). Our findings emphasize the importance of local cobalt coordination in the catalysis and suggest the possible effect of polyanions on the water oxidation chemistry.
Alteration in Nuclear Factor-KappaB Pathway and Functionality of Estrogen via Receptors Promote Neuroinflammation in Frontal Cortex after 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Treatment
Authors: Mitra Soham , Ghosh Nabanita , Sinha Priyobrata , Chakrabarti Nilkanta , Bhattacharyya Arindam 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe MPTP mediated neurodegeneration in substantia nigra has been well studied, but not the status of frontal cortex. The novelty of the present study is to explore the sex difference of frontal cortex during MPTP intoxication and to investigate the role of estrogen and its receptors in presence of glial cells in a time chase experiment; to identify which pathway of NF-kappaB exist to proceed the neuroinflammation; to investigate the estrogen binding with its nuclear or cytosolic receptors and whether any direct relation exists between estrogen receptor (ER) -beta and NF-kappaB molecules p65 and RelB. The progression of neurodegeneration occurred with the association of glial cells and functional (via its nuclear and cytosolic receptors) estrogen level. Both the canonical and/or non canonical pathways of NF-kappaB exist in frontal cortex of both the sexes after MPTP treatment. The homodimeric or heterodimeric form of ER-beta binds with NF-kappaB molecules p65 and RelB differently, but the canonical or non canonical pathways of NF-kappaB molecules could not be stopped or may be promoted. The changes in the molecular and cellular pattern in frontal cortex of both sexes during MPTP intoxication depends on the estrogen function via its nuclear or cytosolic estrogen receptors.
A Tubing-Free Microfluidic Wound Healing Assay Enabling the Quantification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration
Authors: Wei Yuanchen , Chen Feng , Zhang Tao , Chen Deyong , Jia Xin , Wang Junbo , Guo Wei , Chen Jian 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper presents a tubing-free microfluidic wound healing assay to quantify the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), where gravity was used to generate a laminar flow within microfluidic channels, enabling cell seeding, culture and wound generation. As the first systemic study to quantify the migration of VSMCs within microfluidic environments, the effects of channel geometries, surface modifications and chemokines on cellular migration were investigated, revealing that 1) height of the micro channels had a significant impact on cell migration; 2) the surface coating of collagen induced more migration of VSMCs than fibronectin coated surfaces and 3) platelet derived growth factor resulted in maximal cell migration compared to tumor necrosis factor alpha and fetal bovine serum. Furthermore, migrations of five types of VSMCs (e.g., the human vascular smooth muscle cell line, two types of primary vascular smooth cells and VSMCs isolated from two human samples) were quantified, finding that VSMCs from the cell line and human samples demonstrated comparable migration distances, which were significantly lower than the migration distances of two primary cell types. As a platform technology, this wound healing assay may function as a new model to study migration of VSMCs within microfluidic environments.
Evolution of periodicity in periodical cicadas
Authors: Ito Hiromu , Kakishima Satoshi , Uehara Takashi , Morita Satoru , Koyama Takuya , Sota Teiji , Cooley John R. , Yoshimura Jin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPeriodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) in the USA are famous for their unique prime-numbered life cycles of 13 and 17 years and their nearly perfectly synchronized mass emergences. Because almost all known species of cicada are non-periodical, periodicity is assumed to be a derived state. A leading hypothesis for the evolution of periodicity in Magicicada implicates the decline in average temperature during glacial periods. During the evolution of periodicity, the determinant of maturation in ancestral cicadas is hypothesized to have switched from size dependence to time (period) dependence. The selection for the prime-numbered cycles should have taken place only after the fixation of periodicity. Here, we build an individual-based model of cicadas under conditions of climatic cooling to explore the fixation of periodicity. In our model, under cold environments, extremely long juvenile stages lead to extremely low adult densities, limiting mating opportunities and favouring the evolution of synchronized emergence. Our results indicate that these changes, which were triggered by glacial cooling, could have led to the fixation of periodicity in the non-periodical ancestors.
The reshaping of Chinese consumer values in the social media era
Authors: Duan Jingyi , Dholakia Nikhilesh 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate how, in China, postings on social media site Weibo reflect as well as accelerate the reshaping of traditional values. As Chinese social media extend their reach outside China, the displays of visible desire, hedonism and materialism could influence global consumption ethos.

Design/methodology/approach
– Using interpretive content analysis, over 250 Weibo postings of 8 selected Weibo users, from the network of one of the authors, were identified, coded and interpreted. The users were selected based on their frequency, variety and expressiveness of postings.

Findings
– Weibo is playing a critical role in transforming Chinese consumer values. Via Weibo, personal consumption experiences are available for public gaze. Consequently, desire for powerfully signified objects and experiences is more visible; “enjoy now” is turning out to be an appreciated life attitude, and materialism and hedonism are growing irresistibly. As a result, the traditional Chinese consumer values – suppressing desire, delaying gratification and thriftiness – are losing ground in Chinese society. Also, as Weibo makes the influence of the elite as well as electronic word-of-mouth very powerful, the values of the elite and grassroots groups are actually converging instead of being separated by substantial chasms that have existed historically.

Practical implications
– Sina Weibo had a US initial public offering (IPO) of its stock in April, 2014, and many other China-based Internet firms were getting set for US IPOs. This paper provides unique insights for Chinese social media companies’ potential global impact. Future social media contexts would be shaped by collision as well as convergence of Asia-centric and USA-centric platforms. This paper lays the groundwork for studying such interactions.

Originality/value
– In-depth interpretations of Weibo postings contribute to our understanding of how social media impact Chinese society now and would potentially affect global societies later. This is a pioneering study on the massive influences of social media on the macro-level consumer behavior.
Traits of neighbouring plants and space limitation determine intraspecific trait variability in semi‐arid shrublands
Authors: Le Bagousse‐Pinguet Yoann , Börger Luca , Quero José‐Luis , García‐Gómez Miguel , Soriano Sara , Maestre Fernando T. , Gross Nicolas 
Published: September 2015

Summary

Understanding how intraspecific trait variability (ITV) responds to both abiotic and biotic constraints is crucial to predict how individuals are assembled in plant communities, and how they will be impacted by ongoing global environmental change.

Three key functional traits [plant height, leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA)] were assessed to quantify the range of ITV of four dominant plant species along a rainfall gradient in semi‐arid Mediterranean shrublands. Variance partitioning and confirmatory multilevel path analyses were used to assess the direct and indirect effects of rainfall, space limitation (crowding) and neighbouring plant traits on ITV.

The direct effect of the local neighbourhood on the trait values of subordinate individuals was as strong as the effect of rainfall. The indirect effect of rainfall, however, mediated by the effect of the local neighbourhood on the trait values of subordinate individuals, was weak. Rainfall decreased the height and SLA of subordinate individuals, but increased their LA. Neighbouring plant traits were just as strong predictors as crowding in explaining changes in ITV.

Synthesis. Our study provides a framework to disentangle the direct effects of abiotic factors and their indirect effects on ITV mediated by the local neighbourhood. Our results highlight that abiotic and biotic constraints are both substantial sources of trait variations at the individual level, and can blur processes underlying changes in ITV. Considering and disentangling combined sources with an individual perspective would help to refine our predictions for community assembly and functional ecology.
Nursing Students' Perceptions of Their Own Caring Behaviors: A Multicountry Study
Authors: Labrague Leodoro J. , McEnroe‐Petitte Denise M. , Papathanasiou Ioanna V. , Edet Olaide B. , Arulappan Judie , Tsaras Konstantinos 
Published: September 2015

PurposeThe aim of this study was to identify perceptions of caring behaviors in student nurses from four countries.MethodsThis study employed a descriptive, comparative survey design. Four hundred sixty‐seven students were recruited from four countries (Nigeria, India, Greece, and the Philippines) to participate in the study during the months of September 2013 to January 2014. Data were collected using the Caring Behavior Inventory.FindingsThe highest ranked subscale was “assurance of human presence” (4.827 ± 0.927), while “positive connectedness” (4.610 ± 0.949) was the lowest ranked subscale. There were no statistically significant correlations between the Caring Behavior Inventory scale and gender (F = 0.215, p = .643), educational level (F = 0.396, p = .529), and family structure of students (F = 0.680, p = .410), except for age (F = 9.380, p = .002, η2 = 0.141) and the country of origin (F = 5.772, p = .001, η2 = 0.036).ConclusionStudents from four countries possess positive caring behaviors, specifically on physically based caring interventions, while there is a need to emphasize expressive caring behaviors during nursing education and training.Implication for Nursing PracticeCaring interventions should be carried out in order to help students build or enhance their caring behaviors that can be adapted to clinical situations.
Apoptosis and necrosis mediate skeletal muscle fiber loss in age‐induced mitochondrial enzymatic abnormalities
Authors: Cheema Nashwa , Herbst Allen , McKenzie Debbie , Aiken Judd M. 
Published: September 2015

SummarySarcopenia, the age‐induced loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, results from the contributions of both fiber atrophy and loss of myofibers. We have previously characterized sarcopenia in FBN rats, documenting age‐dependent declines in muscle mass and fiber number along with increased fiber atrophy and fibrosis in vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscles. Concomitant with these sarcopenic changes is an increased abundance of mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations and electron transport chain (ETC) abnormalities. In this study, we used immunohistological and histochemical approaches to define cell death pathways involved in sarcopenia. Activation of muscle cell death pathways was age‐dependent with most apoptotic and necrotic muscle fibers exhibiting ETC abnormalities. Although activation of apoptosis was a prominent feature of electron transport abnormal muscle fibers, necrosis was predominant in atrophic and broken ETC‐abnormal fibers. These data suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributor to the activation of cell death processes in aged muscle fibers. The link between ETC abnormalities, apoptosis, fiber atrophy, and necrosis supports the hypothesis that mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations are causal in myofiber loss. These studies suggest a progression of events beginning with the generation and accumulation of a mtDNA deletion mutation, the concomitant development of ETC abnormalities, a subsequent triggering of apoptotic and, ultimately, necrotic events resulting in muscle fiber atrophy, breakage, and fiber loss.