bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anodic Behavior of Titanium and Commercial Alloys in Sulfuric Acid
Authors: LEVY MILTON 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The anodic polarization behavior of commercially pure alpha titanium 75A (annealed), beta alloy 13V-llCr-3Al (annealed) and alpha-beta alloy 6Al-6V-2Sn (heat treated to strength levels of 140, 160 and 180 ksi) in hydrogen saturated 5, 12 and 20 percent sulfuric acid solutions was investigated at 20, 35, 50 and 65 ± 1 C, using a potentiostatic technique.
All specimens exhibited active to passive transition at temperatures above 20 C and acid concentrations greater than 5 percent Titanium alloy 13V-11Cr-3Al showed transpassive behavior which was attributed to the 11 percent chromium content Increasing acid concentration increased me critical current for passivity and shifted the critical potential for passivity in the noble direction. Increasing the temperature served only to increase the critical current for passivity.
Temperature coefficients and activation energies were the right order of magnitude for a reaction controlled by reactivity at the metal surface. For the alpha beta alloy 6Al–6V–2Sn the critical current for passivity increased as the ratio of amount of alpha to beta phase increased with increasing strength level. The dissolution is accelerated, probably, by the galvanic effects and the unfavorable area ratio. Ti 75A, a commercially pure metal and Ti 13V-11Cr-3Al, a homogeneous single phase alloy, had a smaller critical current for passivity values man did Ti 6Al-6V-2Sn, a multiphase alloy, which was expected.
The effect of Fe3+, Cu2+ and Cl− on polarization of Ti 6Al-6V-2Sn (180 ksi) was investigated also. Fe3+ and Cu3+ inhibited the anodic dissolution reaction and Cl− facilitated passivation.
Effect of the Polarization Technique on Dezincification Rates and the Physical Structure of Dezincified Zones
Authors: LANGENEGGER E. E. , ROBINSON F. P. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Accelerated dezincification has been produced by employing anodic polarization techniques. Polarizing currents were supplied either potentiostatically or by means of a constant voltage method. Extensive use of both techniques has been made; it was found that although rates of dezincification produced by the constant voltage method were slightly lower, there is less scatter of results. Furthermore, the constant voltage method proved to be the more suitable for research into the physical structure of dezincified areas, because anodically-produced dezincification was accompanied by less uniform corrosion and pitting.
Roles of Composition and Microstructure in Sulfide Cracking of Steel
Authors: SNAPE E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The sulfide cracking behavior of a number of carbon and low alloy steels is described. Susceptibility to sulfide cracking is shown to depend primarily on microstructure. Steels with uniform, spheroidized carbides in a ferrite matrix have the greatest cracking resistance at any given strength level. The presence of untempered martensite in the microstructure drastically reduces cracking resistance. Lamellar carbides resulting from either normalizing and tempering or isothermal transformation give rise to cracking resistance intermediate between steels fully quenched and tempered and steels containing untempered martensite.
Improved Data Recording for Automatic Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements
Authors: FRANCE W. D. , LIETZ R. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Improvements in instrumentation for automatically plotting potentiodynamic polarization curves by using a scanning potentiostat, a logarithmic converter, and an X-Y recorder are described. An accessory circuit permits uninterrupted recording of polarization currents from 10−2 to 107 μa and virtually eliminates operator attention. In addition, a low-pass filter reduces extraneous electrical noise in the electrochemical circuit and thereby provides smooth experimental curves.
The Relationship of Heat Treatment to the Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Alloys
Authors: BROWN M. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Information is presented on the response to sensitizing heat treatments of Incoloy 800, Incoloy 825, Carpenter 20 Cb-3, Inconel 600, Inconel 625, and Hastelloy G. None of the alloys investigated was found to be consistently immune to the development of susceptibility to intergranular corrosion as measured by nitric acid and ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid evaluation tests. In most cases the two test methods were in substantial agreement but the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test was less sensitive to thermal effects for Incoloy 825 and more sensitive for Hastelloy G. In general, variability in resistance to sensitization as a function of prior processing history appears to be more pronounced in the higher nickel alloys than in the 300 series stainless steels.
Thermal Stability of Hastelloy Alloy C-276
Authors: LEONARD R. B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Hastelloy Alloy C has long been of major importance to the chemical process industry, but in many applications, vessels fabricated from Alloy C had to be solution heat treated to remove harmful weld heat affected zone precipitates which reduced corrosion resistance. Modification of the chemical composition produced Hastelloy Alloy C-276, which is more resistant to the precipitation of grain boundary particles than Alloy C. In order to fully utilize the improved alloy, and to understand its responses to fabrication techniques, it is helpful to understand the time-temperature-transformation characteristics. Grain boundary precipitates can form in Alloy C-276 when it is exposed to temperatures from 1200 to 2000 F (649 to 1093 C). The precipitation characteristics of Alloy C-276 compared to those of Alloy C can be shown through the use of a time-temperature-transformation curve (T-T-T). The precipitates have been identified as either “P” or Ni7Mo6-type phases. No M6C precipitate was found in Alloy C-276, whereas a considerable amount is normally found in Alloy C. The maximum precipitation occurs at 1600 F (871 C) with a sharp drop at higher and lower temperatures. However, the times required to form these precipitates are at least 30 times longer than those of Alloy C. When precipitates form in Alloy C-276, they decrease its corrosion resistance in both oxidizing and reducing environments. In a ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid environment, the greatest loss in corrosion resistance was found in material heat treated at 1600 F (871 C). This is the temperature of maximum precipitation and indicates an impoverishment of chromium in the areas surrounding the precipitate. When a hydrochloric acid test is used, maximum loss in corrosion resistance occurs in material heat treated at 1400 F (760 C). This indicates a difference in the precipitation phenomenon at this temperature when compared to higher temperatures, and is confirmed through electron microscopy. Impoverishment of molybdenum in the matrix areas surrounding the precipitate could account for the loss of corrosion resistance in this environment. Even though precipitation may occur under certain conditions, the alloy can be used in the as-fabricated condition without solution heat treatment if the time-temperature relationships used during fabrication are controlled to prevent precipitation. Heavy plate of Alloy C-276 has been welded without loss of corrosion resistance. Vessel “heads” made of heavy plate have been hot formed without loss of corrosion resistance using the best practice determined from the T-T-T diagram. Similarly brazing, stress relieving of clad composites, roll bonding and braze bonding can be successfully adapted to Alloy C-276.
Role of the Chloride Ion in Iron Corrosion
Authors: FOLEY R. T. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The role of the chloride ion in iron corrosion is assessed from the viewpoint of developing the concept that would lead to a general explanation. The experimental observations relating to such factors as the oxygen effect, concentration, cation, temperature, and pH dependence are reviewed. Some of the observations on the relative corrosion effects of various ions are described. These experimental factors are discussed in terms of oxide film theory (including colloidal films) and adsorption mechanisms. It is concluded that the anion effects can best be interpreted in terms of the complexes that are formed between Fe and the anion. In neutral chloride solutions, the complex is transitory unless it is “trapped” in a pit or crevice. In many acid solutions, halide complexes (compounds) are stable enough to inhibit corrosion.
Dissolution Behavior of Fe-Fe3 Structures as a Function of pH, Potential, and Anion – An Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: CRON C. J. , PAYER J. H. , STAEHLE R. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A phenomenological study of the dissolution behavior of an Fe-Fe3C structure was conducted using electron transmission microscopy as the primary investigative tool. Four distinct modes of attack were observed, i.e., carbide attack, matrix attack, general attack, and interface attack. The morphology of dissolution was found to depend upon pH, potential, and anion present. The results are rationalized in terms of: (1) thermodynamic calculations of the stability of carbides in aqueous environments, (2) known effects of pH, potential, and anion on dissolution kinetics, and (3) the influence of complexes formed with oxidized or reduced species. There were a number of significant results observed: (1) Iron carbide will dissolve at potentials in the range of –1000 mVH where Fe is thermodynamically stable. (2) The dissolution behavior of pearlite at pH 4 can shift modes between preferential attack at the ferrite, the carbide, and the interface as a result of changing only the anion. (3) Despite the general thermodynamic similarities for the stability of carbon and of iron carbide, their kinetic processes are greatly different. (4) The general patterns of dissolution behavior do not suggest any particular synergistic effects between the ferrite, carbide, and interface.
An Electrochemical Testing Method for Stress Corrosion Cracking by Separating Crack Anode from Cathode
Authors: SUZUKI TSUGUO , YAMABE MINORU , KITAMURA YOSHIHARU 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The initiation and propagation of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless steels in boiling 35% magnesium chloride solution, with the pH adjusted to 3.0, were investigated electrochemically by separating the crack anode from the cathode. The dissolution current accompanying crack propagation can be measured, by connecting the anode with the cathode through an external electric circuit, and as a result, the distinction between crack initiation and propagation becomes very clear. The passive-active cell of SCC, simulated by keeping the crack anode potential at the potential of the cathode using a potentiostat, prevents the coupled potential from falling during crack propagation step, accelerates the dissolution of crack anode, and reduces the time to failure. For materials and environments which have low susceptibility to SCC, it can clearly be determined whether SCC occurs or not, by comparing the critical potential for crack propagation, not for initiation, with the corrosion potential of the unstressed steel in the environment concerned. If the former is more active than the latter, SCC can occur. The present method was applied to predict SCC in some chemical equipment, and successful results were obtained.
Use of Charge Curve Analysis Technique for In Vivo Determination of Corrosion Rates
Authors: ARAGON P. J. , HULBERT S. F. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Type 316L stainless steel, commercially pure Ti (75A, TCA), and Ti-0.2Pd bone plates were attached to the femurs of adult New Zealand white rabbits using nylon screws. Corrosion rate-time determinations were conducted using linear polarization (LP) and charge curve analysis (CCA) techniques during 2160 hours following surgery. Of the materials tested, Ti-0.2Pd seems to be the most corrosion resistant and Type 316L stainless steel the least. At the end of the test period (90 days), corrosion rates (in mpy) were in the order of 0.02 for 316L SS, 0.005 for Ti and 0.001 for Ti-0.2Pd. Very good correlation was obtained between determinations made with LP and MCCA. Histopathologic examination of the bone plates and surrounding tissues were conducted. All plates were surrounded by a fibrous tissue capsule. Adverse tissue reaction was minimal.
Precipitation Reactions in Inconel Alloy 600 and Their Effect on Corrosion Behavior
Authors: SCARBERRY R. C. , PEARMAN S. C. , CRUM J. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Precipitation reactions that occur in Inconel Alloy 600 were studied and correlated with corrosion behavior in nitric acid and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility in polythionic acid and sodium hydroxide. It was found that exposure of the alloy to times and temperatures near the boundaries of the precipitation region on the TTT diagram results in continuous grain boundary carbides with continuous chromium depleted areas near the boundaries. Such a sensitized condition leads to high corrosion rates in nitric acid. Exposure of the alloy to conditions well within the precipitation region results in intragranular carbide precipitation, restructuring of grain boundary films into discrete particles, and replenishment of chromium depleted areas. The alloy is then considerably less susceptible to intergranular corrosion in nitric acid. The sensitized condition can be either beneficial or detrimental to the alloy's resistance to SCC, depending on the environment involved. If the environment tends to cause true SCC and does not attack chromium depleted areas, the continuous grain boundary films of sensitized material may block the progress of a crack. However, if the environment corrodes chromium depleted areas, cracking could be accelerated by grain boundary films and consequent chromium depletion.
Analysis of Iron Corrosion Products Using Mössbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: GRAHAM M. J. , COHEN M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A brief outline of Mössbauer spectroscopy is presented, and previous work on its application to the field of corrosion is summarized. Practical corrosion products formed under a variety of conditions are identified using the Mössbauer effect, and in some cases the Mössbauer data have been complemented by X-ray diffraction analysis. α-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, γ-Fe2O3, and Fe3O4 are found in atmospheric corrosion products; Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3, α-FeOOH, FeCO3, and perhaps γ-FeOOH on buried pipelines; Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3, α-FeOOH, β-FeOOH, and perhaps γ-FeOOH on buried structures; Fe3O4 in boiler superheaters, and γ-Fe2O3, Fe3O4, α-FeOOH, and possibly γ-FeOOH on heat exchangers, and α-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, γ-Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and sometimes ZnxFe3-xO4 in galvanized potable water pipe. The ability of the Mössbauer effect to distinguish these oxides and hydrated oxides provides the corrosion engineer with a valuable method for analyzing iron corrosion products.
A Short Duration Test Method for Prediction of Crevice Corrosion Rates on Stainless Steels
Authors: DRUGLI JOHN M. , BARDAL EINAR 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The aim of the present work has been to develop a short duration test method by which it is possible to: (1) determine the necessary conditions for crevice corrosion, and (2) predict the corrosion rate in active crevices for different area ratios between free surface and crevice. The method consists of determination of cathodic and anodic polarization curves on separate cathode (free surface) and anode (crevice) specimens, respectively, by certain applied procedures. The results from short duration tests on three different stainless steels in chloride solutions have been compared with results from long duration tests, and fairly good agreement has been found. It is thought that the short duration method can be applied for determination of the most significant crevice corrosion properties. With minor adjustments, the method is also applicable for aluminum alloys in chloride solutions.
The Validity of Electrochemical Methods for Measuring Corrosion Rates of Copper-Nickel Alloys in Sea Water
Authors: SYRETT BARRY C. , MACDONALD DIGBY D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This work was stimulated by reports that electrochemical methods for measuring the polarization resistance of copper, nickel, or copper-nickel alloys in aqueous systems may lead to appreciable errors in the estimates of the corrosion rate. In the present work, the polarization resistance (Rp) of two copper-nickel alloys (90:10 Cu:Ni and 70:30 Cu:Ni) was monitored as a function of time in flowing sea water that contained 0.045, 0.85, 6.6, or 26.3 mg/dm3 dissolved oxygen. Rp values were obtained using the linear polarization, potential step, and AC impedance techniques. The total weight loss during the test period was calculated from the area under the 1/Rp versus time curve and compared with the measured weight loss. The experimental data support the validity of electrochemical methods for measuring corrosion rates of copper-nickel alloys in sea water, provided that a sufficient number of Rp measurements are made during the first 24 hours, and provided that proper consideration is given to the capacitive elements of the metal/solution interfacial impedance. Previous reports that electrochemical measurements may lead to underestimates of the corrosion rates are thought to have resulted primarily from undetected (and very high) corrosion rates at short exposure times. Reported overestimates of the corrosion rates are thought to have resulted from the use of a potential sweep rate that was too high (linear polarization technique), a time for current decay that was too short (potential step technique), or excitation frequencies that were insufficiently low (AC impedance technique).
Dependence of KISCC on Loading Rate and Crack Orientation in Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn
Authors: MOSKOVITZ J. A. , PELLOUX R. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The dependence of KISCC on loading rate was investigated for Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn in 3.5% NaCI for both the WR and RW orientations. Crack initiation was determined to occur when a spike in electrochemical potential was observed. The measured KISCC values were a minimum at an intermediate loading rate, which is indicative of hydrogen embrittlement through hydride formation. The strain rate at which minimum KISCC values were observed corresponded closely with the theoretical minimum strain rate for hydrogen transport by dislocations as Cottrell atmospheres. KISCC values were lower for RW specimens than for WR specimens due to a more favorable orientation of hydride habit planes with respect to the tensile axis.
The Effect of Oxygen Temperature Combinations on the Stress Corrosion Susceptibility of Sensitized Type 304 Stainless Steel in High Purity Water
Authors: FORD F. P. , POVICH M. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The variation in stress corrosion susceptibility and cracking morphology of sensitized Type 304 stainless steel in high purity water is reported as a function of combinations of oxygen (0.01 to 8 ppm) and temperature (75 to 288 C). The results are discussed both in terms of the fundamental parameters involved in stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and the relevance of the data vis a vis the prevention of cracking in operaitonal BWR's.
Localized Corrosion of Amorphous Fe-Ni-Cr-P-B Alloys
Authors: DIEGLE RONALD B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Experiments were performed with a series of amorphous Fe-Ni-Cr-P-B alloys of varying Cr content to characterize their susceptibility to crevice corrosion. Potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarization of freely exposed specimens was performed in simulated crevice solutions (1M NaCI at pH 1–7, and 6% FeCI3 at PH 1.4). Crevice corrosion experiments were conducted in an artificial crevice cell. Polarization in the simulated crevice electrolytes indicated that alloys containing 2 to 16 At.% Cr can passivate in even 1M NaCI, pH 1, and they do not experience significant pitting at potentials active to that at which oxygen evolution occurs. In agreement with previously published results,1 only a few At.% Cr were needed to confer passivity; even the alloy containing 2% Cr achieved a passive current density of only 10−1 A/2 in 1 M NaCI at pH 1, and it did not pit below about 1.20 V(SCE). Results indicated, however, that the alloys meet certain requirements for susceptibility to crevice corrosion and occluded cell corrosion in general; that is, they passivate at sufficiently anodic potentials, and the intensity of active dissolution increases with decreasing pH. The amorphous alloys were considerably more inert to corrosion than T304 and Incoloy 800 steels, suggesting a lesser susceptibility to crevice attack. Experiments with the artificial crevice cell confirmed that the amorphous alloys can indeed be forced to crevice corrode, but only at very anodic (transpassive) potentials. They are considerably more resistant to crevice attack than the crystalline Cr-containing alloys.
Effect of Physical Parameters on the Pitting Corrosion of Mild Steel in Low Total Dissolved Solids, Oxygen Bearing Waters: A Nonpassivating Metal/Environment System
Authors: TAIT W. S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Potentiodynamic scanning was used to study the effects of solution temperature, test time, total dissolved solids (TDS) and local fluid velocities on pitting rates of AISI 1018 mild steel. Neutral, oxygen saturated waters of various TDS levels were utilized as corrosive fluids. Passivation of the steel did not occur in these fluids. The rate of pitting was found to be a very weak function of TDS levels. A semilog plot of temperature versus rate and a log-log plot of fluid velocity versus rate are straight lines. Temperature is the most dominant factor governing pitting rates in the systems studied.
Five novel mutations of GALNS in Korean patients with mucopolysaccharidosis IVA
Authors: Park Hyung‐Doo , Ko Ah‐Ra , Ki Chang‐Seok , Lee Soo‐Youn , Kim Jong‐Won , Cho Sung Yoon , Kim Se Hwa , Park Sung Won , Sohn Young Bae , Jin Dong‐Kyu 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA; OMIM #253000) is caused by the deficiency of N‐acetylgalactosamine‐6‐sulfate sulfatase (GALNS), a lysosomal enzyme involved in the catabolism of keratan and chondroitin sulfate. In this study, we examined biochemical and genetic data from 6 Korean patients presenting with classic MPS IVA by measuring GALNS activity in peripheral blood leukocytes and skin fibroblasts. We initially identified Korean patients with MPS IVA by clinical, biochemical, and genetic analyses. We performed PCR‐direct sequencing to identify molecular defects of the GALNS gene in patients and assessed the mutational statuses of family members as well as 50 healthy unrelated subjects. In silico analyses were performed to check for novel mutations. The mean age of the six female patients was 8.0 ± 5.2 years (range: 2–17 years), and were all found to have severe reductions of GALNS enzyme. A total of 12 mutant alleles were identified, corresponding to 7 different mutations. Five novel mutations were c.218A>G (p.Y73C), c.451C>A (p.P151T), c.725C>G (p.S242C), c.752G>A (p.R251Q), and c.1000C>T (p.Q334X). Two other mutations were c.1156C>T (p.R386C) and c.1243‐1G>A. Two mutations, c.451C>A and c.1000C>T, accounted for 58% of all mutations in this sample. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.