bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding long‐term effects of topsoil removal in peatlands: overcoming thresholds for fen meadows restoration
Authors: Klimkowska Agata , van der Elst David J.D. , Grootjans Albert P. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractQuestionsWhat are the long‐term results of fen meadow restoration after topsoil removal on peatlands? What are the causes of slow fen‐meadow vegetation recovery on peat soils after topsoil removal?LocationDrentsche Aa Nature Reserve (53°00′49″N, 6°37′46″E) in the northeast Netherlands, with extensive natural and partially restored fen meadows (ca. 10,000 ha).MethodsRestoration measures consisted of removal of acidified and fertilized topsoil and improvement of local hydrology by blocking or removing drainage ditches. The effects of shallow (20 cm) and deep (40 cm) topsoil removal were compared. We monitored vegetation changes after restoration measures in permanent plots over a 13‐yr period, and analysed changes in species composition over time with ordination techniques (multivariate analysis: PCA and RDA). Soil conditions over time were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA.ResultsThe vegetation and environment shifted over time in response to restoration. At first the vegetation stagnated in a species‐poor phase for 5 yr, but eventually fen‐meadow species re‐established. At the end of the observation period, after 14 yr, the vegetation after both shallow and deep peat removal was similar. Soil acidification occurred immediately after topsoil removal (within the first 2–3 yr) due to pyrite oxidation when the soil was exposed to air after site excavation and the peat was temporarily desiccated.ConclusionsWe found poor re‐establishment of fen‐meadow vegetation and persistence of species‐poor communities during the first 5 yr after topsoil removal, probably resulting from internal soil acidification. After further rewetting, a rapid shift towards the target community composition was observed. The positive shift in development of fen‐meadow vegetation probably occurred due to increased groundwater discharge after successful hydrological measures were applied. Appropriate hydrological conditions (strong discharge of groundwater) are important for the success of restoration of these fen meadows, especially if pyrite is present in shallow soil layers.
Development of Equity Preferences in Boys and Girls Across Adolescence
Authors: Meuwese Rosa , Crone Eveline A. , de Rooij Mark , Güroğlu Berna 
Published: September 2014

The aim of the current study was to examine the development of equity preferences across adolescence, for boys and girls separately. Participants from 8 to 18 years old (M = 14.09 years; N = 1,216) played four economic allocation games. Analyses revealed a decrease in equity preferences with age and this decrease was stronger for boys than for girls. There was also an age‐related increase in the preference for efficient outcomes (i.e., maximization of total available resources), which was again stronger for boys than for girls. Overall, although equity remains as a strong social norm, adolescents are decreasingly strict in adhering to the equity norm and show increasing flexibility in equity preferences.
Developmental Relations Between Vocabulary Knowledge and Reading Comprehension: A Latent Change Score Modeling Study
Authors: Quinn Jamie M. , Wagner Richard K. , Petscher Yaacov , Lopez Danielle 
Published: September 2014

The present study followed a sample of first‐grade (N = 316, Mage = 7.05 at first test) through fourth‐grade students to evaluate dynamic developmental relations between vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension. Using latent change score modeling, competing models were fit to the repeated measurements of vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension to test for the presence of leading and lagging influences. Univariate models indicated growth in vocabulary knowledge, and reading comprehension was determined by two parts: constant yearly change and change proportional to the previous level of the variable. Bivariate models indicated previous levels of vocabulary knowledge acted as leading indicators of reading comprehension growth, but the reverse relation was not found. Implications for theories of developmental relations between vocabulary and reading comprehension are discussed.
Selecting cost‐effective areas for restoration of ecosystem services
Authors: Adame M. F. , Hermoso V. , Perhans K. , Lovelock C. E. , Herrera‐Silveira J. A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSelection of areas for restoration should be based on cost‐effectiveness analysis to attain the maximum benefit with a limited budget and overcome the traditional ad hoc allocation of funds for restoration projects. Restoration projects need to be planned on the basis of ecological knowledge and economic and social constraints. We devised a novel approach for selecting cost‐effective areas for restoration on the basis of biodiversity and potential provision of 3 ecosystem services: carbon storage, water depuration, and coastal protection. We used Marxan, a spatial prioritization tool, to balance the provision of ecosystem services against the cost of restoration. We tested this approach in a mangrove ecosystem in the Caribbean. Our approach efficiently selected restoration areas that at low cost were compatible with biodiversity targets and that maximized the provision of one or more ecosystem services. Choosing areas for restoration of mangroves on the basis carbon storage potential, largely guaranteed the restoration of biodiversity and other ecosystem services.Selección de Áreas Rentables para la Restauración de Servicios Ambientales
The Silent Board: How Language Diversity May Influence the Work Processes of Corporate Boards
Authors: Piekkari Rebecca , Oxelheim Lars , Randøy Trond 
Published: September 2014

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpirical.Research Question/IssueCorporate boards often change their working language when they acquire foreign members. Consequently, boards “talk” in one language but “think” in another. The present study explores and explains how language diversity influences work processes of corporate boards.Research Findings/InsightsOn the basis of a multiple case study of nine multinational corporations (MNCs) from fourNordic countries, we discovered evidence of impoverished and silenced discussions in board meetings in those case companies that were unprepared to switch toEnglish as the new working language of the board. Some board members found it difficult to contribute to board meetings and articulate disagreement. In contrast, such effects were not revealed in the well‐prepared companies. Overall, the presence of employee representatives on the boards made it more difficult to conduct work processes inEnglish because these members often lacked sufficient language proficiency. Thus, our findings suggest that the board co‐determination act of theNordic corporate governance model may be associated with the hidden costs of using a non‐native language.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur study makes four contributions to research on board diversity. Firstly, it highlights the “silencing effect” of language diversity on board processes. Secondly, it emphasizes the linkage between language diversity and board processes. Thirdly, it provides additional evidence that language is a distinct dimension of diversity. Fourthly, it discovers language in board work as a new research topic that is worthy of scholarly attention.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsFirms need to anticipate the potential effects of language diversity on the work processes of their boards in order to ensure that “the voice of diversity” is heard. The board itself as well as the rest of the organization can take preparatory measures such as producing all board material in the new working language and selecting board members with the required language proficiency. Although these measures can be implemented gradually or at a faster pace, they need to be in place before foreign members join the board. Consistent use of one and the same language in the corporate board and the executive management team supports transparency and good corporate governance practices. In our opinion, reaping the benefits of board diversity is the particular responsibility of the chairperson. Even thoughEnglish is generally well understood in the Nordic countries, chairpersons should also consider the possible negative effects associated with the use of a board language that is non‐native to most of its members.
The Influence of Family Ownership on Corporate Social Responsibility: An International Analysis of Publicly Listed Companies
Authors: Rees William , Rodionova Tatiana 
Published: September 2014

Manuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueWe investigate the impact of family equity holdings on three indicators of corporate social responsibility: environmental, social, and governance (ESG) rankings. We further evaluate how firm governance mediates the effect of family ownership on environmental and social improvements and how national governance systems influence the response of family holdings to ESG.Research Findings/InsightsBased on a sample of 23,902 firm‐year observations drawn from 2002 to 2012 covering 46 countries and 3,893 firms, our findings show that both closely held equity and family ownership are negatively associated with ESG performance. When we control for governance, closely held equity is no longer associated with environmental and social rankings, but family ownership retains a significant negative association. These results are strong and consistent across liberal market economies (LME), whereas coordinated market economies (CME) exhibit generally weaker results and considerable diversity. Japan stands out as different from the other countries examined in depth.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur results are consistent with agency relationships driving decisions concerning ESG commitment in LMEs. They also emphasize the role of institutional differences given the weak and variable association between ownership and ESG in CMEs. We show that families may be able to influence decisions, possibly through participation in management, despite normally effective governance constraints. As the impact of ownership and governance varies across economies and ownership type, this implies that both agency and governance should be evaluated in the context of the economic environment.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur results offer insights to regulators and policy makers who intend to improve ESG performance. The results suggest that encouraging diversified ownership is particularly important in LMEs, that improvements in governance may benefit social and environmental performance where equity is closely held by institutions, but that governance may be less effective in the presence of family ownership.
Recipient body mass index and age interact to impact survival after heart transplantation
Authors: Weber Daniel J. , Hashmi Zubair A. , Gracon Adam S. A. , Hellman Yaron M. , Patel Ankur J. , Wozniak Thomas C. , Wang I‐wen 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlthough recipient body mass index (BMI) and age are known risk factors for mortality after heart transplantation, how they interact to influence survival is unknown. Our study utilized the UNOS registry from 1997 to 2012 to define the interaction between BMI and age and its impact on survival after heart transplantation. Recipients were stratified by BMI: underweight (<18.5), normal weight (18.5–24.99), overweight (25–29.99), and either moderate (30–34.99), severe (35–39.99), or very severe (≥40) obesity. Recipients were secondarily stratified based on age: 18–40 (younger recipients), 40–65 (reference group), and ≥65 (advanced age recipients). Among younger recipients, being underweight was associated with improved adjusted survival (HR 0.902; p = 0.010) while higher mortality was seen in younger overweight recipients (HR 1.260; p = 0.005). However, no differences in adjusted survival were appreciated in underweight and overweight advanced age recipients. Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) was associated with increased adjusted mortality in normal age recipients (HR 1.152; p = 0.021) and even more so with young (HR 1.576; p < 0.001) and advanced age recipients (HR 1.292; p = 0.001). These results demonstrate that BMI and age interact to impact survival as age modifies BMI–mortality curves, particularly with younger and advanced age recipients.
Olig2 overexpression accelerates the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in vitro
Authors: Yao Ruiqin , Wang Bei , Ren Chuanlu , Qu Xuebin , Luo Mengjiao , Zhang Qiang , Wang Huiping , Dong Fuxing , Wu Xiuxiang , Yang Lihua , Yu Hongli 
Published: September 2014

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) transplantation is receiving considerable attention in the field of regenerative medicine therapy for demyelinating diseases. Although embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been successfully induced to differentiate into OPCs with cytokines cocktails in vitro, the regulatory roles of many key transcription factors in this process are not clear. Here, we introduced oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (Olig2), a basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor, into mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to investigate its effects on the differentiation of mESCs into OPCs. The results showed that Olig2 overexpression alone did not affect pluripotency of mESCs, but in the stimulation of differentiating cocktails, Olig2 accelerated mESCs to differentiate into OPCs, shortening the induction time span from normal 21 days to 11 days. Further study demonstrated the Olig2‐mESCs derived OPCs were able to differentiate into C‐type natriuretic peptid (CNP) and Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) positive mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) in vitro, suggesting these induced OPCs might be favorable for myelin regeneration in vivo.
The search for the mechanism of early sympathetic islet neuropathy in autoimmune diabetes
Authors: Taborsky G. J. , Mei Q. , Hackney D. J. , Mundinger T. O. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis review outlines our search for the mechanism causing the early loss of islet sympathetic nerves in autoimmune diabetes. Since our previous work has documented the importance of autonomic stimulation of glucagon secretion during hypoglycaemia, the loss of these nerves may contribute to the known impairment of this specific glucagon response early in human type 1 diabetes. We therefore briefly review the contribution that autonomic activation, and sympathetic neural activation in particular, makes to the subsequent glucagon response to hypoglycaemia. We also detail evidence that animal models of autoimmune diabetes mimic both the early loss of islet sympathetic nerves and the impaired glucagon response seen in human type 1 diabetes. Using data from these animal models, we examine mechanisms by which this loss of islet nerves could occur. We provide evidence that it is not due to diabetic hyperglycaemia, but is related to the lymphocytic infiltration of the islet. Ablating the p75 neurotrophin receptor, which is present on sympathetic axons, prevents early sympathetic islet neuropathy (eSIN), but, interestingly, not diabetes. Thus, we appear to have separated the immune‐related loss of islet sympathetic nerves from the immune‐mediated destruction of islet β‐cells. Finally, we speculate on a way to restore the sympathetic innervation of the islet.
Environmental and economic impact assessment of alien and invasive fish species in Europe using the generic impact scoring system
Authors: van der Veer Gabriel , Nentwig Wolfgang 
Published: September 2014

AbstractInvasions by alien species are one of the major threats to the native environment. There are multifold attempts to counter alien species, but limited resources for mitigation or eradication programmes makes prioritisation indispensable. We used the generic impact scoring system to assess the impact of alien fish species in Europe. It prioritises species, but also offers the possibility to compare the impact of alien invasive species between different taxonomic groups. For alien fish in Europe, we compiled a list of 40 established species. By literature research, we assessed the environmental impact (through herbivory, predation, competition, disease transmission, hybridisation and ecosystem alteration) and economic impact (on agriculture, animal production, forestry, human infrastructure, human health and human social life) of each species. The goldfish/gibel complex Carassius auratus/C. gibelio scored the highest impact points, followed by the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and the topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva. According to our analyses, alien fish species have the strongest impact on the environment through predation, followed by competition with native species. Besides negatively affecting animal production (mainly in aquaculture), alien fish have no pronounced economic impact. At the species level, C. auratus/C. gibelio show similar impact scores to the worst alien mammals in Europe. This study indicates that the generic impact scoring system is useful to investigate the impact of alien fish, also allowing cross‐taxa comparisons. Our results are therefore of major relevance for stakeholders and decision‐makers involved in management and eradication of alien fish species.
Impact of online resources and social media on help‐seeking behaviour in youth with psychotic symptoms
Authors: Birnbaum Michael L. , Candan Kristin , Libby Ilana , Pascucci Olivia , Kane John 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimThe objective of the study was to explore the content of existing online resources available to information‐seeking youth as psychotic symptoms first emerge and determine how these resources may influence initiation of care.MethodsUsing 18 hypothetical search terms, developed by the Early Treatment Programme (ETP) staff, we searched three of the most popular websites used by the youth (Google, Facebook and Twitter) and extracted the first five hits from each. Sites were categorized into those that encouraged help seeking, those that potentially contribute to treatment delay, those with an undetermined impact and those that were unrelated to treatment.ResultsAn alarmingly few of the first five hits from the top three online resources encourage potentially psychotic youth to seek professional evaluation. The majority of our search results yielded unmonitored chat forums that lacked a unified message. The remainder promoted stigma, normalized potentially psychotic experiences or were completely unrelated to mental health.ConclusionWe must develop innovative, easy‐to‐access and youth‐focused online and social media experiences that encourage symptomatic youth to seek care.
Schizotypy and impaired basic face recognition? Another non‐confirmatory study
Authors: Bell Vaughan , Halligan Peter 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimAlthough schizotypy has been found to be reliably associated with a reduced recognition of facial affect, the few studies that have tested the association between basic face recognition abilities and schizotypy have found mixed results. This study formally tested the association in a large non‐clinical sample with established neurological measures of face recognition.MethodsTwo hundred and twenty‐seven participants completed the Oxford–Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences schizotypy scale and completed the Famous Faces Test and the Cardiff Repeated Recognition Test for Faces.ResultsNo association between any schizotypal dimension and performance on either of the facial recognition and learning tests was found. The null results can be accepted with a high degree of confidence.ConclusionsFurther additional evidence is provided for a lack of association between schizotypy and basic face recognition deficits.
The effects of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation on forecasts of species range shifts under climate change
Authors: Valladares Fernando , Matesanz Silvia , Guilhaumon François , Araújo Miguel B. , Balaguer Luis , Benito‐Garzón Marta , Cornwell Will , Gianoli Ernesto , van Kleunen Mark , Naya Daniel E. , Nicotra Adrienne B. , Poorter Hendrik , Zavala Miguel A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSpecies are the unit of analysis in many global change and conservation biology studies; however, species are not uniform entities but are composed of different, sometimes locally adapted, populations differing in plasticity. We examined how intraspecific variation in thermal niches and phenotypic plasticity will affect species distributions in a warming climate. We first developed a conceptual model linking plasticity and niche breadth, providing five alternative intraspecific scenarios that are consistent with existing literature. Secondly, we used ecological niche‐modeling techniques to quantify the impact of each intraspecific scenario on the distribution of a virtual species across a geographically realistic setting. Finally, we performed an analogous modeling exercise using real data on the climatic niches of different tree provenances. We show that when population differentiation is accounted for and dispersal is restricted, forecasts of species range shifts under climate change are even more pessimistic than those using the conventional assumption of homogeneously high plasticity across a species' range. Suitable population‐level data are not available for most species so identifying general patterns of population differentiation could fill this gap. However, the literature review revealed contrasting patterns among species, urging greater levels of integration among empirical, modeling and theoretical research on intraspecific phenotypic variation.
Predicting probability of occurrence and factors affecting distribution and abundance of three Ozark endemic crayfish species at multiple spatial scales
Authors: Nolen Matthew S. , Magoulick Daniel D. , DiStefano Robert J. , Imhoff Emily M. , Wagner Brian K. 
Published: September 2014

Summary

Crayfishes and other freshwater aquatic fauna are particularly at risk globally due to anthropogenic demand, manipulation and exploitation of freshwater resources and yet are often understudied. The Ozark faunal region of Missouri and Arkansas harbours a high level of aquatic biological diversity, especially in regard to endemic crayfishes. Three such endemics, Orconectes eupunctus, Orconectes marchandi and Cambarus hubbsi, are threatened by limited natural distribution and the invasions of Orconectes neglectus.

We examined how natural and anthropogenic abiotic factors influence these three species across multiple spatial scales. Local and landscape environmental variables were used as predictors in classification and regression tree models at stream segment and segmentshed scales to determine their relation to presence/absence and density of the three species.

Orconectes eupunctus presence was positively associated with stream size, current velocity and spring flow volume. Orconectes marchandi presence was predicted primarily by dolomite geology and water chemistry variables. Cambarus hubbsi was associated with larger stream size, with highest densities occurring in deep waters. Stream segment and segmentshed scale models were similar, but there were important differences based on species and response variables (presence/absence versus density). Stream segment scale models consistently performed better than or equal to segmentshed scale models.

Anthropogenic abiotic environmental variables were of minor importance in most models, with the exception of O. marchandi being negatively related to road density and human population density. Classification tree models predicting distribution performed well when compared to random assignment, but regression trees were generally poor in explaining variation in density.

We found that a range of environmental variables were important in predicting crayfish distribution and abundance at multiple spatial scales and their importance was species‐, response variable‐ and scale dependent. We would encourage others to examine the influence of spatial scale on species distribution and abundance patterns.