bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering Characteristics of the Gulf Coast Continental Shelf
Authors: Willey M.B. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Louisiana Continental Shelf is a submarine area extending offshore asmuch as one hundred miles. The Gulf bottom in this region varies considerablyin extent, profile and composition and consists largely of sedimentarydeposits, predominantly those of the Mississippi River. It is very young in ageological sense.
Up to the present time few major structures have been erected offshore inthe Gulf and no comprehensive preliminary tests have been carried out. Resultsof pile-driving tests are of little value as actual bearing capacities farexceed the dynamic resistance to driving as measured by conventional formulas.Soils encountered are, with few exceptions, cohesive and piling consequentlydevelop their supporting power through surface friction.
Because of the time required and relatively high costs, no complete loadtests have been made. The results of those tests which have been made, andinformation obtained from pulling piling in one structure, indicate that designloadings could be considerably increased, and it is contended thatcomprehensive preliminary investigations including an actual load test, combined with borings and examination of materials encountered by competentsoil experts, would effect economies in design far in excess of their cost.

The Louisiana Continental Shelf - General
The Louisiana continental shelf is a submarine area which extends seawardfor as great a distance as one hundred miles off the present shoreline. TheGulf bottom in this region is characterized by low slopes and its outer marginis outlined by the fifty fathom (300'Ft.) contour. South of the margin of theshelf the slopes steepen abruptly in the continental slope zone and plunge intothe deeps of the Gulf of Mexico.
The engineer who is called upon to design a structure on this shelf isconcerned only with the uppermost portion to a depth generally not to exceed100 to 15? ft. This layer is very young in a geological sense, and it has thecharacteristics usually associated with infancy. A few of these are lack ofstrength, lack of uniformity, and high water content. It consists of thesedimentary deposits of the various rivers and streams entering the Gulf. Thesestreams are all heavily burdened in quantities sufficient to fill the areas attheir mouths, were it not for the fact that continual subsidence, equal orgreater in amount and acting directly opposite, prevail over the sedimentaryworkings of the streams. This subsidence has been estimated by geologists to beat the rate of at least one foot per century.

Influence of Mississippi River
The Mississippi River, which has been the predominant factor in theformation of practically all the Louisiana continental shelf, is one of tworivers flowing into the Gulf that have been able to build protruding deltas.The Mississippi has done so because of its enormous size and load. It depositssediments in amounts sufficient to replace and actually gain on the amount ofsubsidence.
T.P. 2323
Oil-Shale Resources of Colorado, Utah and Wyoming
Authors: Belser Carl 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper summarizes the data on the oil-shale deposits of westernColorado, Utah and Wyoming. It is based on published reports by the U. S.Geological Survey, on the results of core drilling and sampling by the Bureauof Mines, on the drill cuttings from the General Petroleum well, on a recentunpublished report by the Geological Survey on the geology of Naval Oil-ShaleReserves No. I and No.2, and from information supplied by geologists of privatecompanies who have investigated the Green River formation. The paper alsocontains a revised estimate of the grade and tonnage of minable thicknesses ofoil shale of western Colorado.

Introduction
The oil shales of the Green River formation of Colorado, Utah and Wyomingcomprise an important natural resource for the production of synthetic liquidfuels. The oil shale in western Colorado generally is more amenable toexploitation, apparently richer, and probably more persistent than in Utah orWyoming.
Work is now being done by the Bureau of Mines near Rifle, Colo. to ascertainthe best procedures for mining the oil shale, producing shale oil from the oilshale, and converting the oil into more salable products. As a part of thisprogram, holes were drilled and cores were taken of the oil shale on NavalOil-Shale Reserve No. 1. In addition, drill cuttings were obtained from a welldrilled through the Green River formation by the General Petroleum Co. about 18miles northerly of the Naval Oil-Shale Reserve.

Geology
During middle Eocene time a broad, shallow body of water, now called UintaLake, covered northwestern Colorado and east-central Utah; a similar lake, known as Gosiute Lake, was in southwestern Wyoming. Each of these contemporarylakes was bounded by high hills; the drainage was to the south. The Green Riverformation was laid down as sediments in the bottoms of these lakes.
T.P. 2358
Some Results of Gas and Water Drives on a Long Core
Authors: Holmgren C.R. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A large consolidated sand core was used in this investigation. Four groupsof experiments inc1uding gas drives, water drives, and water drives combinedwith gas injection, were made.
The results of the gas-drive experiments indicate that greater ultimaterecovery may be obtained by higher pressure gradients. However, otherconsiderations challenge the absolute veracity of this conclusion. Resultsindicate that with connate water present and a low pressure gradient during agas drive, less gas is required to produce a given amount of oil. Thesaturation gradient determined during a gas drive is presented.
Results of the water-drive experiments indicate that the recovery of oil isnot a function of either gradient or input rate. The presence of initial gassaturation resulted in a slightly lower final oil saturation. Injection ofsufficient gas to maintain the initial gas saturation during a water driveresulted in lower final oil saturation.

Introduction
With the demand for petroleum products reaching an all-time record high andthe location and exploitation of new reserves becoming more difficult andexpensive, the oil industry must look to more thorough and efficient methods ofproducing the petroleum already located.
Much of the previous work along these lines is exploratory and suggests amore complete investigation. For example, a great amount of laboratory work hasbeen done on flooding sands initially saturated 100 pct with oil. Since sandssaturated 100 pct with oil rarely, if ever, exist in nature, and because thewater content is a vital factor in the ultimate recovery from the sand, laboratory investigations on cores without water must be supplemented bycomparable work on cores with water present.
Other investigators have done a considerable amount of laboratory work usinggas and water drives. Krutter and Day have reported results of investigationsusing cores saturated 100 pct with oil and have concluded that "theultimate recovery obtained, using air drive, from a completely oil-saturatedcore depends on the pressure gradients used. The higher the pressure gradient, the greater will be the recovery until a certain pressure range is reachedabove which the reward of increased recovery is much smaller for similarincrements in pressure."
T.P. 2403
Core Analysis of Fractured Dolomite in the Permian Basin
Authors: Atkinson Burton , Johnston David 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Evaluation of Ellenburger reservoirs in West Texas has beep an uncertainmatter at best because of the lack of cores and suitable core-analysis method.Large amounts of oil are produced from sections from which sample cuttings areobtained that contain little porosity and no oil saturation. It has long beenrealized that the formation in some areas contained numerous fractures andsolution cavities that probably contained the major part of the oil present butthe magnitude of the porous system containing oil has been unknown.
Diamond coring equipment, used in the mining industry for many years, hasbeen developed for oil-field use to obtain high core recovery in fractureddolomite that is not possible with conventional coring equipment.
A 36-ft section of the core recovered from a fractured Ellenburger reservoirwas analyzed by a unique but simple method to obtain the first definiteevaluation of one section of the producing formation. The cores and the methodof analysis used are described and the results are discussed in somedetail.

Discussion
The first successful known analyses of cores recovered from the Ellenburgerformation in the Permian Basin area were made on cores recovered with the useof diamond core heads. Conventional coring methods previously used have had lowcore recovery and standard methods of analysis have proved to be inadequate forevaluation of those cores that were recovered.

Core Description
The Ellenburger formation to be discussed was cored using diamond core headsand oil-base drilling fluid. Of the total 103 ft cored to a depth of 8893 ft inthe Ellenburger, 99 ft or 96 pct was recovered.
The dolomite cores were described as gray to white, crystalline to coarselycrystalline, with chert and calcite inclusions. Occasional shale partings 1/8to 1/4 in. in width were noted. A small amount of green clay was found in someof the coarsely crystalline material. No intergranular porosity was found byinspection in any of the cores.
The core was highly fractured over most of its length with not more than twocontinuous feet that failed to contain fractures. The fractures were nearlyvertical and varied in width from those barely visible to as much as onemillimeter.
T.P. 2432
Stresses Around a Deep Well
Authors: Miles A.J. , Topping A.D. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In this paper, the theory of elasticity has been applied to the rock about adeep well. It is assumed that the rock has a modulus of elasticity and aPoisson's ratio and that the theory of elasticity applies. It is necessary toknow or assume the state of stress existing in the rock before it is penetratedby the well drill.
The application of this theory indicates that stress concentration of shear, tensions, and compressions about the bore hole are of a high order. This isparticularly true when a horizontal compressive stress exists in one directiononly in the formation before drilling. If such an initial state of stressexists before drilling, then the rock will have stress concentrations of bothtension and compression at the same elevation and of such magnitude thatfailure of the rock is likely. Accompanying these is a shearing stress of largeproportion which is likely to produce spalling of the well walls. Internalpressure applied to the well bore will relieve the extreme compression but notthe tension and has little effect upon the shear. Plastic deformation of therock through a geological time tends to mitigate the stress concentrations.

Introduction
It has long been known that the stresses about holes and re-entrant cornersof elastic solids under the influence of loads are different and generally moreintense than those imposed upon the body elsewhere. Stress concentration at are-entrant corner can be reduced by increasing the radius of the fillet at thecorner. Stress concentration at the end of a crack in a plate undergoing eithertension or compression can be relieved appreciably by drilling a hole at thevery end of the crack. Also, stresses can be increased in an elastic body intension or compression by making a hole in it. The stress concentration isgreatest at the edge of the hole.
Considerable knowledge of the stresses which exist about the bore hole of adeep well may be had by applying our knowledge of engineering mechanics; ormore particularly the theory of elasticity. It is, of course, necessary to makethe assumption that the rock is elastic and behaves as an elastic solid, thatis, that it obeys Hooke's law, has a modulus of elasticity, and a Poisson'sratio. It is also necessary to know, or assume, the state of stress whichexists in the rock prior to the penetration of the drill. With this knowledgeit is possible to compute the stresses about the bore hole.
The problem can be simplified by considering several simple cases separatelyand then by applying the principle of superposition to solve the more complexcases which are made up of the simpler ones.
T.P. 2411
Waters of Producing Fields in the Rocky Mountain Region
Authors: Crawford James G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Correlation of water with its reservoir zone or formation has been one ofthe applications of oil-field water analysis of greatest direct value to thepetroleum engineer. The water in each producing zone tends to have diagnosticcharacteristics by which it can be distinguished from every other water aboveor below that zone in that immediate vicinity. Representative analyses ofoil-field waters from producing oil and gas fields in the Rocky Mountain regionare included, and the diagnostic characteristics are discussed briefly. It isconcluded that the generally dilute nature of Rocky Mountain oilfield waters isa result of dilution by meteoric waters, and that there is no relationshipbetween presence or absence of commercial oil and the character of water in astructure.

Introduction
The study of waters associated with oil and gas began more than 50 years agoand has been well recognized by operators, engineers, and geologists for about30 years. It appears unnecessary at this time to recite the history ofoil-field water analysis; suffice to say that it has proved its worth manytimes to the production engineer suddenly confronted with water problems inproducing oil and gas wells.
Chemists and geologists have studied the possible origin of these waters andas yet the subject is unsolved in many important phases. There are both localand regional problems connected with the explanation of concentrations andcharacteristics peculiar to each field, each subsurface zone and each province.Criteria useful in postulating the occurrence of oil or gas in one provincecompletely fail when applied to another, and data carefully prepared andanalyzed from one field may be actually misleading when applied to another.
Correlation of water with its reservoir zone or formation has been one ofthe applications of oil-field water analysis of greatest direct value to theengineer. The concentrations and characteristics of the waters are essential tothe engineers and geologists making interpretations of electric logs in thisregion. The behavior of water under conditions of reservoir temperature andpressure is dependent to a great degree upon its concentration andcharacteristics, and thus important to the reservoir engineer. With the adventof secondary recovery methods in the Rocky Mountain region the characteristicsand treatment of water will become increasingly important.

Premises Upon Which Correlation Is Based
A brief review of the geochemical history of oil-field waters will sufficeto present the premises upon which correlations of the waters are based.Sedimentary rocks which are now stratified were first sediments in seas, lakesand streams. These sediments were filled interstitially with connate water.With burial the sediments were compressed and consolidated, integrated andindurated into bed rock and much of the connate water was dispelled.
T.P. 2383
A Note on the Valuation of Relative Permeability
Authors: Thornton Owen F. 
Published: June 2014

Recently equations have been presented by Rose and Bruce and by Rose, showing how the relative permeability of a reservoir rock may be determinedfrom the capillary character of the rock. In particular, equations weredeveloped to show the relationship between capillary pressure and the effectivepermeability to the wetting phase in a poly-phase flow system.
In measuring the flow of electric current through partially saturated coresamples, it has been observed that the electrical resistance usually is not asimple linear function of saturation. This fact indicates that the averagelength of path in the flow of electric current is not independent ofsaturation, but rather that the tortuosity of the path depends upon the averagesaturation to the conducting fluid as well as upon the characteristics of therock itself. Inasmuch as the flow of fluid and the flow of electric current inmany respects are analogous, it may be indicated further that the length ofpath for fluid also may not be independent of saturation.
The above equation suggests including a correction for tortuosity whencalculating the relative permeability of a reservoir rock to a wetting phase.The correction factor may be obtained from the resistivity-saturationrelationship.
It will be noted that the agreement between the calculated points and theobserved data is rather good. Further investigation of the above method forobtaining relative permeabilities may be merited.
The writer acknowledges the permission of The Texas Co. to submit this note forpublication.
Capital Formation in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Pogue J.E. , Coqueron F.G. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper describes the sources of funds required by the petroleum industryto finance capital expenditures and also presents a discussion of the effect ofrising construction costs on these expenditures. The petroleum industry obtainsits capital funds from several sources:internal, from retained cashearnings; andexternal, from borrowings and the sale of securities to thepublic.
The upward trend of capital expenditures of the petroleum industry is causedin the main by the influence of two powerful factors:the physical growthin the demand for oils; andthe rising cost of drilling wells andconstructing refineries, pipe lines, and other facilities.
The segregation ofthese factors is accomplished by deflating the actual capital expenditures sothat they are shown in terms of 1939 costs and then subtracting the adjustedseries from the actual figures to yield a set of data representing theexpenditures made on account of higher costs.
Rising costs affect prices and the portion attributable to this factor hadto be generated from the cash earnings of the industry, which called for higheroil prices.

Introduction
Capital may be defined as "wealth employed in or available forproduction." All production requires capital. Expanding industries requiremore capital than static ones, and technological industries employ more capitalthan those in which little equipment is needed. The petroleum industry is bothrapidly growing and highly technological, and, being a large industry, itscapital requirements are prodigious, amounting to about one-seventh of thetotal of all American business, excluding agriculture.
Capital formation may be defined as the method by which the wealth orcapital needed in the productive processes is created. There are various waysin which capital funds may be obtained but there is only one way in whichcapital can be created - out of production in excess of consumption, that is, savings. The physical realities are simple, but the monetary concepts arecomplicated because the mechanism of credit can draw upon future savings.
T.P. 2431
Does Intent Modify Risk-Based Auditing?
Authors: Kachelmeier Steven J. , Majors Tracie , Williamson Michael G. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
Risk-based auditing implies that auditors invest more (fewer) resources as reporting risks increase (decrease). We find from an interactive experiment that participants in an audit-like role reflect this reasoning to a lesser extent when risks arise from intentional actions of human reporters than when the same risks arise from an unintentional source. We interpret this pattern as reflecting an emotive “valuation by feeling” when risks arise from human intent, meaning that the presence of risk is more influential than the magnitude of risk, whereas unintentional risks reflect a “valuation by calculation” that conditions audit resources on risk magnitudes. Because our experiment constrains intentional and unintentional risks to have equivalent magnitudes, probabilities, and consequences, these results could seem irrational in a strict economic sense. Outside the laboratory, however, reporters can strategically increase the level of intent-based risk in response to the auditor's low-risk strategy, such that an audit strategy that is relatively insensitive to the level of intent-based risk would be less vulnerable to strategic exploitation.
Taxodioxylon-like charcoal from the Late Miocene of western Bulgaria
Authors: Uhl Dieter , Dolezych Martina , Böhme Madelaine 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
We present the first anatomical description and taxonomic interpretation of macroscopic charcoal from the Late Miocene of the Staniantsi Coal Basin in western Bulgaria. The charcoal closely resembles the wood genus Taxodioxylon and thus can most likely be assigned to taxodioid Cupressaceae. This group of plants was part of the peat-forming swamp vegetation during generally drier periods, as shown by previous studies on palynomorphs from the basin. Our report presents the first solid evidence indicating which group of plants and probably which type of vegetation were affected by wildfires during deposition of the peat, although taxodioid Cupressaceae certainly were not the only group of plants affected by these fires; it also represents the first record of taxonomically identifiable palaeobotanical macroremains from the Staniantsi Basin.
Fabrication of Plga/Hap and Plga/Phb/Hap Fibrous Nanocomposite Materials for Osseous Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Krucińska Izabella , Chrzanowska Olga , Boguń Maciej , Kowalczuk Marek , Dobrzyński Piotr 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The study presents the manufacturing of nanofibrous structures as osteoconductive, osteoinductive materials for osseous tissue regeneration. The fibrous structures were obtained by electrospinning of poly(l-lactide-coglicolide) (PLGA) with addition of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and of a blend of PLGA with polyhydroxybutyrate with HAp added. The polymers used in the experiment were synthesised by an innovative method with a zirconium catalyst. First, the optimal electrospinning process parameters were selected. For the characterisation of the obtained osseous tissue reconstruction materials, the physical, macroscopic, functional, mechanical and thermal properties as well as crystallinity index were studied. The study of the radiation sterilisation influence on average molar mass, thermal and mechanical properties was made in order to analyse the degradation effect.
Sustentabilidad y Competitividad de la Industria Hotelera en México
Authors: Ibarra Michel M.C. Juan Pedro 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Sustainability has become a trend that has become dominant in the industry not only for their environmental implications but for its implications in reducing costs and corporate image in a market increasingly diverse and competitive. In the hotel industry as in all other branches of industry have had to adopt policies that tend to minimize these negative impacts that might have on the environment in which they are established, so the problem to raise is to choose which is the most appropriate method and strategies to achieve this goal of sustainability. The aim of this document is to make a review of the different methods that have been adopted in the hotel industry to make it friendlier with the environment and to know the benefits of these practices. Among the findings it was found that these methods range from human resource management, innovation and resource savings to its relationship with the community. In the end there´s a list of what for this author are considered most important elements or steps that may contribute to the construction of a sustainable hotel business