bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paul Rothemund and S. Ferguson MacDonald, and their Namesake Reactions – The Influence of the Fischer School on my Life in Porphyrin Chemistry
Authors: Chang Chi K. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Rothemund reaction and the MacDonald 2+2 condensation are two named reactions widely recognized in porphyrin syntheses. Yet not much has been written about the persons whose work paved the way to various porphyrins and porphyrinoids now realized. Paul Rothemund and S. Ferguson MacDonald both obtained their doctorate under Hans Fischer at Munich. Here I attempt to piece together the life stories of the two chemists, tracing back to the connections with the Fischer School, and giving the historical context to their namesake reactions. The pioneering discoveries of Fischer and his students, with later modifications, have become standard methods in the modern era for the synthesis of sizable quantities of porphyrins and porphyrinoids employed for enzyme models, catalysts, drugs, sensors, and building blocks of materials and biomedical research. This essay highlights the pioneers’ achievements, renders history relevant, and recounts the influence they had on my research.
Peri‐implant bone response to retrieved human zirconia oral implants after a 4‐year loading period: A histologic and histomorphometric evaluation of 22 cases
Authors: Kohal Ralf‐Joachim , Schwindling Franz Sebastian , Bächle Maria , Spies Benedikt Christopher 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate the bone tissue response to surface modified zirconia oral implants retrieved from humans.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐nine one‐piece zirconia implants showed increased marginal bone loss and did not response to the applied peri‐implantitis therapy. After their removal using a trephine bur, 22 of the implant‐bone biopsies were suitable for an evaluation and immediately immersed in formalin for two weeks. Subsequent, the retrieved specimens were histologically prepared and the regions still showing osseointegration computer‐assisted analyzed regarding the bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) and bone density using a transmitted‐light microscope.ResultsThe removed implants were in situ for a mean time period of 47.7 months. After their removal, compact bone could be depicted at the apical regions. The remaining bone that was attached to the implants contained a regular lamellar structure with osteons and osteocytes. The BIC ranged from 58.1% to 93.7% (mean: 76.5%) and the bone area/density within the implant threads ranged from 57% to 97.2% (mean: 84.8%).ConclusionsThe porous zirconia implants showed a sufficient BIC in the areas where bone still was attached. Although the implants had to be removed due to increased bone loss, it seems that the presented zirconia implant surface per se elicited appropriate osseointegration. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1622–1631, 2016.
Effect of Two-Year Caloric Restriction on Bone Metabolism and Bone Mineral Density in Non-Obese Younger Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Villareal Dennis T , Fontana Luigi , Das Sai Krupa , Redman Leanne , Smith Steven R , Saltzman Edward , Bales Connie , Rochon James , Pieper Carl , Huang Megan , Lewis Michael , Schwartz Ann V ,   for the CALERIE Study Group
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Although caloric restriction (CR) could delay biologic aging in humans, it is unclear if this would occur at the cost of significant bone loss. We evaluated the effect of prolonged CR on bone metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD) in healthy younger adults. Two-hundred eighteen non-obese (body mass index [BMI] 25.1 ± 1.7 kg/m2), younger (age 37.9 ± 7.2 years) adults were randomly assigned to 25% CR (CR group, n = 143) or ad libitum (AL group, n = 75) for 2 years. Main outcomes were BMD and markers of bone turnover. Other outcomes included body composition, bone-active hormones, nutrient intake, and physical activity. Body weight (–7.5 ± 0.4 versus 0.1 ± 0.5 kg), fat mass (–5.3 ± 0.3 versus 0.4 ± 0.4 kg), and fat-free mass (–2.2 ± 0.2 versus –0.2 ± 0.2 kg) decreased in the CR group compared with AL (all between group p &lt; 0.001). Compared with AL, the CR group had greater changes in BMD at 24 months: lumbar spine (–0.013 ± 0.003 versus 0.007 ± 0.004 g/cm2; p &lt; 0.001), total hip (–0.017 ± 0.002 versus 0.001 ± 0.003 g/cm2; p &lt; 0.001), and femoral neck (–0.015 ± 0.003 versus –0.005 ± 0.004 g/cm2; p = 0.03). Changes in bone markers were greater at 12 months for C-telopeptide (0.098 ± 0.012 versus 0.025 ± 0.015 μg/L; p &lt; 0.001), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (0.4 ± 0.1 versus 0.2 ± 0.1 U/L; p = 0.004), and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) (–1.4 ± 0.4 versus –0.3 ± 0.5 U/L; p = 0.047) but not procollagen type 1 N-propeptide; at 24 months, only BSAP differed between groups (–1.5 ± 0.4 versus 0.9 ± 0.6 U/L; p = 0.001). The CR group had larger increases in 25-hydroxyvitamin D, cortisol, and adiponectin and decreases in leptin and insulin compared with AL. However, parathyroid hormone and IGF-1 levels did not differ between groups. The CR group also had lower levels of physical activity. Multiple regression analyses revealed that body composition, hormones, nutrients, and physical activity changes explained ∼31% of the variance in BMD and bone marker changes in the CR group. Therefore, bone loss at clinically important sites of osteoporotic fractures represents a potential limitation of prolonged CR for extending life span. Further long-term studies are needed to determine if CR-induced bone loss in healthy adults contributes to fracture risk and if bone loss can be prevented with exercise. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Adynamic Bone Decreases Bone Toughness During Aging by Affecting Mineral and Matrix
Authors: Ng Adeline H , Omelon Sidney , Variola Fabio , Allo Bedilu , Willett Thomas L , Alman Benjamin A , Grynpas Marc D 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Adynamic bone is the most frequent type of bone lesion in patients with chronic kidney disease; long-term use of antiresorptive therapy may also lead to the adynamic bone condition. The hallmark of adynamic bone is a loss of bone turnover, and a major clinical concern of adynamic bone is diminished bone quality and an increase in fracture risk. Our current study aims to investigate how bone quality changes with age in our previously established mouse model of adynamic bone. Young and old mice (4 months old and 16 months old, respectively) were used in this study. Col2.3Δtk (DTK) mice were treated with ganciclovir and pamidronate to create the adynamic bone condition. Bone quality was evaluated using established techniques including bone histomorphometry, microcomputed tomography, quantitative backscattered electron imaging, and biomechanical testing. Changes in mineral and matrix properties were examined by powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Aging controls had a natural decline in bone formation and resorption with a corresponding deterioration in trabecular bone structure. Bone turnover was severely blunted at all ages in adynamic animals, which preserved trabecular bone loss normally associated with aging. However, the preservation of trabecular bone mass and structure in old adynamic mice did not rescue deterioration of bone mechanical properties. There was also a decrease in cortical bone toughness in old adynamic mice that was accompanied by a more mature collagen matrix and longer bone crystals. Little is known about the effects of metabolic bone disease on bone fracture resistance. We observed an age-related decrease in bone toughness that was worsened by the adynamic condition, and this decrease may be due to material level changes at the tissue level. Our mouse model may be useful in the investigation of the mechanisms involved in fractures occurring in elderly patients on antiresorptive therapy who have very low bone turnover. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban in subjects with end‐stage renal disease on hemodialysis
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Tirucherai Giridhar , Marbury Thomas C. , Wang Jessie , Chang Ming , Zhang Donglu , Song Yan , Pursley Janice , Boyd Rebecca A. , Frost Charles 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAn open‐label, parallel‐group, single‐dose study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban in 8 subjects with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis compared with 8 subjects with normal renal function. A single oral 5‐mg dose of apixaban was administered once to healthy subjects and twice to subjects with ESRD, separated by ≥7 days: 2 hours before (on hemodialysis) and immediately after a 4‐hour hemodialysis session (off hemodialysis). Blood samples were collected for determination of apixaban pharmacokinetic parameters, measures of clotting (prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time), and anti‐factor Xa (FXa) activity. Compared with healthy subjects, apixaban Cmax and AUCinf were 10% lower and 36% higher, respectively, in subjects with ESRD off hemodialysis. Hemodialysis in subjects with ESRD was associated with reductions in apixaban Cmax and AUCinf of 13% and 14%, respectively. The percent change from baseline in clotting measures was similar in healthy subjects and subjects with ESRD, and differences in anti‐FXa activity were similar to differences in apixaban concentration. A single 5‐mg oral dose of apixaban was well tolerated in both groups. In conclusion, ESRD resulted in a modest increase (36%) in apixaban AUC and no increase in Cmax, and hemodialysis had a limited impact on apixaban clearance.
Pain experience during saline‐contrast sonohysterography differs between premenopausal and postmenopausal women
Authors: Opolskiene Gina , Radzvilaite Simona , Bartkeviciene Daiva , Ramasauskaite Diana , Zakareviciene Jolita , Drasutiene Grazina 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTPurposeTo evaluate whether the pain experienced during and after Saline‐contrast sonohysterography (SCSH) differs between premenopausal and postmenopausal women.MethodsSonohysterography was performed on 133 consecutive women because of suspected endometrial pathology. Of these, 34 women were excluded for the following reasons: they had cervical stenosis; they did not complete or return a questionnaire; or tenaculum or cervical dilatators were used during the procedure. All women were asked to fill out a questionnaire to characterize their pain and mark their pain experience on a 100‐mm pain visual analog scale.ResultsData from the 99 patients included were used for statistical analysis. It showed that sonohysterography was well tolerated overall: 41% of the women did not feel any pain. Postmenopausal women experienced pain during SCSH more often than premenopausal women did: 71% (17/24) compared with 32% (24/75) experienced pain; p < 0.002; the median tolerance on the 100‐mm visual analog scale was 43. The character of the pain differed between the two groups of women: postmenopausal women more often felt sharp pain (42%; 10/24), whereas premenopausal women more often felt gnawing and/or crampy pain (21%; 16/75) (p < 0.13).ConclusionsPostmenopausal women were twice as likely to experience pain during SCSH as premenopausal women were. Therefore, postmenopausal women might benefit from analgesia induced prior to the procedure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:267–271, 2016
On Small Separations in Cayley and Vertex Transitive Graphs
Authors: Giannoudovardi Martha 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDeVos and Mohar proved a rough structure theorem about small separations in vertex‐transitive graphs [5, 6]. By using a new version of Varopolous isoperimetric inequality, we give an improvement of their lower bound on the expansion in the case of infinite vertex‐transitive graphs. Specifically, let be a locally finite connected graph such that there is a group G acting discretely and transitively on X. If is nonempty and finite such that is connected and , then X has a ring‐like structure. Moreover, we give a similar asymptotic result under the assumption that X is an infinite vertex transitive graph. In the setting of finite groups, we use local expansion to show the existence of a nontrivial cyclic subgroup with an effectively bounded index. Finally, we prove that for any there is a graph T and a subgraph A of T, such that .
Impact of end‐diastolic and end‐systolic phase selection in the volumetric evaluation of cardiac MRI
Authors: Contijoch Francisco , Witschey Walter R.T. , Rogers Kelly , Gorman Joseph , Gorman Robert C. , Ferrari Victor , Han Yuchi 
Published: September 2015

PurposeTo evaluate the impact of end‐diastolic (ED) and end‐systolic (ES) cardiac phase selection methods, since task force recommendations have neither provided quantitative evidence nor explored errors introduced by clinical shortcuts.Materials and MethodsMultislice, short‐axis cine images were collected in 60 clinical patients on a 1.5T scanner. User‐initialized active contour segmentation software quantified global left ventricular (LV) volume across all cardiac phases. Different approaches for selection of ED and ES phase were evaluated by quantification of temporal and volumetric errors.ResultsFor diastole, the mid‐ventricular maximum slice volume coincided with maximum global volume in 82.1% of patients with ejection fraction (EF) ≥55% (P = 0.66) and 71.9% of patients with EF <55% (P = 0.28) and is an accurate approximation of maximum global volume while the first and last phases in a retrospectively electrocardiogram (ECG)‐gated acquisition introduced differences in cardiac phase selection (P < 0.001) which led to large errors in measured volume in some patients (12.7 and 10.1 mL, respectively). For systole, post‐systolic shortening occurred in a significantly higher number of patients with EF <55% (18.9%) compared to 3.6% of patients with EF ≥55% (P = 0.001), which differentially impacted end‐systolic volume estimation.ConclusionFor end‐diastolic phase selection, our results indicated that the use of the mid‐ventricular slice volume maximum provided accurate volume estimates, while selection of the first or last cardiac phase introduced differences in measured volume. For end‐systolic phase, patients with EF <55% had a higher prevalence of post‐systolic shortening, which suggests aortic valve closure should be used to estimate end‐systolic volume. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;43:585–593.
Being trusted: How team generational age diversity promotes and undermines trust in cross‐boundary relationships
Authors: Williams Michele 
Published: September 2015

SummaryWe examine how demographic context influences the trust that boundary spanners experience in their dyadic relationships with clients. Because of the salience of age as a demographic characteristic as well as the increasing prevalence of age diversity and intergenerational conflict in the workplace, we focus on team age diversity as a demographic social context that affects trust between boundary spanners and their clients. Using social categorization theory and theories of social capital, we develop and test our contextual argument that a boundary spanner's experience of being trusted is influenced by the social categorization processes that occur in dyadic interactions with a specific client and, simultaneously, by similar social categorization processes that influence the degree to which the client team as a whole serves as a cooperative resource for demographically similar versus dissimilar boundary spanner–client dyads. Using a sample of 168 senior boundary spanners from the consulting industry, we find that generational diversity among client team members from a client organization undermines the perception of being trusted within homogeneous boundary spanner–client dyads while it enhances the perception of being trusted within heterogeneous dyads. The perception of being trusted is an important aspect of cross‐boundary relationships because it influences coordination and the costs associated with coordination. © 2015 The Author Journal of Organizational Behavior Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Computational analysis of factors contributing to patellar dislocation
Authors: Fitzpatrick Clare K. , Steensen Robert N. , Tumuluri Aruna , Trinh Thai , Bentley Jared , Rullkoetter Paul J. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTTreatment for an initial incidence of patellar dislocation is usually conservative management; however, almost half of patients experience a subsequent, or multiple, dislocation(s). Patients often undergo multiple procedures which fail to treat the underlying anatomic abnormalities. The objective of this study was to evaluate interactions between key predisposing anatomic factors to patellar dislocation and identify combinations of abnormal factors which increase the risk of recurrent lateral dislocation. Four factors associated with lateral patellar dislocation were identified (sulcus angle, Insall‐Salvati ratio, tibial tubercle‐trochlear groove distance, and femoral anteversion). A finite element model of the patellofemoral joint was developed and parameterized so that a value for each factor could be applied and the model geometry/alignment would be modified accordingly. 100 combinations of the four factors were generated in separate computational simulations and resulting kinematics and forces of the patellofemoral joint were recorded. Sulcus angle was the most impactful factor on constraint. Multiple abnormal factors were generally required to produce the extremes of patellar alignment observed in this analysis. Understanding the underlying anatomic factors, and their effect on joint mechanics, for patients with recurrent lateral patellar dislocation will aid in determining optimal treatment pathways on a patient‐specific basis. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:444–453, 2016.
Narrative review of the in vivo mechanics of the cervical spine after anterior arthrodesis as revealed by dynamic biplane radiography
Authors: Anderst William 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTArthrodesis is the standard of care for numerous pathologic conditions of the cervical spine and is performed over 150,000 times annually in the United States. The primary long‐term concern after this surgery is adjacent segment disease (ASD), defined as new clinical symptoms adjacent to a previous fusion. The incidence of adjacent segment disease is approximately 3% per year, meaning that within 10 years of the initial surgery, approximately 25% of cervical arthrodesis patients require a second procedure to address symptomatic adjacent segment degeneration. Despite the high incidence of ASD, until recently, there was little data available to characterize in vivo adjacent segment mechanics during dynamic motion. This manuscript reviews recent advances in our knowledge of adjacent segment mechanics after cervical arthrodesis that have been facilitated by the use of dynamic biplane radiography. The primary observations from these studies are that current in vitro test paradigms often fail to replicate in vivo spine mechanics before and after arthrodesis, that intervertebral mechanics vary among cervical motion segments, and that joint arthrokinematics (i.e., the interactions between adjacent vertebrae) are superior to traditional kinematics measurements for identifying altered adjacent segment mechanics after arthrodesis. Future research challenges are identified, including improving the biofidelity of in vitro tests, determining the natural history of in vivo spine mechanics, conducting prospective longitudinal studies on adjacent segment kinematics and arthrokinematics after single and multiple‐level arthrodesis, and creating subject‐specific computational models to accurately estimate muscle forces and tissue loading in the spine during dynamic activities. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:22–30, 2016.
Current and potential uses of bioactive molecules from marine processing waste
Authors: Suleria Hafiz Ansar Rasul , Masci Paul , Gobe Glenda , Osborne Simone 
Published: September 2015

AbstractFood industries produce huge amounts of processing waste that are often disposed of incurring expenses and impacting upon the environment. For these and other reasons, food processing waste streams, in particular marine processing waste streams, are gaining popularity amongst pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical industries as sources of bioactive molecules. In the last 30 years, there has been a gradual increase in processed marine products with a concomitant increase in waste streams that include viscera, heads, skins, fins, bones, trimmings and shellfish waste. In 2010, these waste streams equated to approximately 24 million tonnes of mostly unused resources. Marine processing waste streams not only represent an abundant resource, they are also enriched with structurally diverse molecules that possess a broad panel of bioactivities including anti‐oxidant, anti‐coagulant, anti‐thrombotic, anti‐cancer and immune‐stimulatory activities. Retrieval and characterisation of bioactive molecules from marine processing waste also contributes valuable information to the vast field of marine natural product discovery. This review summarises the current use of bioactive molecules from marine processing waste in different products and industries. Moreover, this review summarises new research into processing waste streams and the potential for adoption by industries in the creation of new products containing marine processing waste bioactives. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of selected polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and earthworm (Eisenia fetida) using a QuEChERS‐based method and gas chromatography with tandem MS
Authors: He Zeying , Wang Lu , Peng Yi , Luo Ming , Wang Wenwen , Liu Xiaowei 
Published: September 2015

Soil and earthworms are important objects in soil pollution assessment and environmental behavior and toxicity study for polychlorinated biphenyls. Accelerated solvent extraction and solid‐phase extraction are generally required for the extraction and clean‐up of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and earthworm, which are tedious and time‐consuming. In this work, a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure combined with gas chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of 20 selected polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in soil and earthworm. Different extraction times, solvents, and clean‐up adsorbents were compared and optimized. The average recoveries from spiked soils ranged between 70 and 120% with satisfactory relative standard deviations for all the polychlorinated biphenyls. In earthworm, the recoveries of polychlorinated biphenyls 180, 183, and 189 were relatively low (< 70% in some spiking levels) compared to that of the other polychlorinated biphenyls. The limits of quantification were in the range of 0.01–0.05 ng/g. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of 66 agricultural soils. To our knowledge, a combined method based on QuEChERS for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and earthworms has not been published before. The procedure proved to be simple, sensitive, efficient, and environmentally friendly.