bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
North Atlantic Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleobiogeography
Authors: Berggren W. A. , Olsson R. K. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
A decade ago there was little information on the (quantitative) paleobiogeographic distribution of fossil calcareous plankton during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic (see early reviews by Berggren and Hollister, 1974; Berggren, 1978). The intervening years, however, have seen a concentrated effort towards delineating quantitatively based distribution patterns in both calcareous plankton and benthic foraminifera and relating these patterns to the evolution of surface and deep water masses in the Atlantic Ocean (i al., Haq and Lohmann, 1976; Haq and others, 1971; Tjalsma and Lohmann, 1983; Corliss, 1981; Miller, 1982; Miller and others, 1982; Nyong and Olsson, 1984; Roth and Bowdler, 1981; Thierstein, 1981).
Mesozoic paleobiogeography based on Atlantic microfossils is still in its infancy. Abyssal distributions of benthic foraminifera have been studied by Gradstein (1983), Nyong and Olsson (1984), and Sliter (1980). Numerous papers are available on the distribution of benthic foraminifera in shelf and epicontinental environments in Europe and North America but there is little information on the paleobiogeography of these in the North Atlantic basin. The record of Early and Middle Cretaceous plank- tonic foraminifera is scanty due to poor preservation because of an elevated calcite compensation depth (CCD). Late Cretaceous distribution of planktonic foraminifera is better known but quantitative studies are lacking. Calcareous nannofossil paleobiogeography is better known through quantitative studies by Doeven (1983), Roth and Bowdler (1981), and Thierstein (1981).
Summaries by Berggren (1978) and Thunell and Belyea (1982) on Atlantic Ocean Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal biogeography
Space systems as marine geologic sensors
Authors: Anderle R. J. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Space systems that provide measurements applicable to marine geologic studies can be divided into two categories: ground- based observations of artificial and natural satellites and stars, and satellite-borne sensors that make visual, infrared, and radiofrequency measurements of the ground and ocean. The ground- based measurements provide information on plate motion and intraplate deformation, as well as long-wavelength (&gt; 1000 km) information about the earth’s gravity field useful in tests of hypotheses of plate motion. The satellite-borne observations provide information on short-wavelength (&lt;100 km) variations in the gravity field that correlate with seamounts and other geologic features, observations of terrestrial lineations and other surface features, limited information about ocean depth in shallow areas, and direct observations of sedimentary plumes and plankton in surface water. Satellite-borne instruments also yield indirect data relating to sedimentary processes and plankton productivity and dispersal through observation of ocean currents and their meanders, rings, ocean surface temperature, icebergs and sea ice, surface waves and internal waves that affect these processes. Satellites also provide a valuable service in collecting and relaying data from remote fixed stations and from drifting buoys and also determine the position of buoys so that current patterns can be determined.
Long-wavelength features of the earth’s gravity field are determined from laser range or from radio frequency Doppler observations of artificial satellites. Doppler observations are an indirect form of range measurements, since the maximum rate of change of the Doppler measurements within a pass varies inversely with the range between the transmitter and receiver
Resource potential of the western North Atlantic Basin
Authors: Dillon William P. , Manheim Frank T. , Jansa Lubomir F. , Pálmason Gudmundur , Tucholke Brian E. , Landrum Richard S. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
We here consider the petroleum resources only of the off shelf portion of the western North Atlantic Ocean. Very little information is available for this region; off the eastern United States, only four petroleum exploration holes have been drilled in one restricted area seaward of the shelf, off the Baltimore Canyon trough. However, by interpreting seismic reflection profiles and Stratigraphie data from the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and other wells on the adjacent slope and shelf, we can evaluate the geologic conditions that existed during development of the basin and that might lead to petroleum accumulations.
The wellknown factors that lead to oil and gas accumulations are availability of source beds, adequate maturation, and the presence of reservoir beds and seals configured to create a trap. The western boundary of the area considered in this paper, the present sloperise break, is one that has developed from the interplay of sedimentation and erosion at the continental margin; these processes are affected by variations in margin subsidence, sedi-ment input, oceanic circulation, sea level, and other factors. Thus the sloperise break has migrated over time and is locally underlain by slope and shelf deposits, as well as deepbasin facies. These changes in depositional environments may well have caused juxtaposition of source and reservoir beds with effective seals.
Several papers have been written on the hydrocarbon pros-pects of the (Jansa and MacQueen, 1978; Roberts and Caston, 1975; Dow, 1979; Hedberg, 1976; Mclver, 1975; Schott and others, 1975;
Subaerial volcanism in the western North Atlantic
Authors: Saemundsson Kristán 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Three regions of subaerial volcanism occur near the eastern edge of the North America plate: Iceland, Jan Mayen and the Azores. In Iceland the ridge axis emerges above sea level, most of the volcanic pile was generated subaerially along its trace, and superimposed flank zones are situated off the accretion zone. The Azores lie on both sides of the oceanic ridge axis topping an extensive platform adjoining it. The platform was generated by excess volcanic production on the transecting ridge crest similar to the ridge formation in Iceland. The islands are stratovolcanoes formed off the ridge crest by flank volcanism. The volcanism and tectonic setting of Jan Mayen and the Azores is compared to the flank zones of Iceland, of which they appear to be close analogs.
Direct access to an active oceanic spreading axis makes Iceland particularly significant. The crust generated there suffers erosion which exposes the uppermost 1–2 km for three dimensional view.
Subaerial volcanism in Iceland’s accretion zone produces a layered igneous sequence due to a wider rift zone and extensive lateral spread of lava flows as opposed to the deep ocean ridge with a much narrower rift and outflow zone of lava. Subaerial spreading may also have been important in early rifting of the North Atlantic margins (Hinz, 1981). As a result, submerged layered extrusives with units thickening downdip towards the spreading axis and offlapping in the direction of spreading may exist near some of the North Atlantic continental margins (Tucholke and Ludwig, 1982).
Model of crustal formation in Iceland, and application to submarine mid-ocean ridges
Authors: Pálmason Gudmundur 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
During the early 1960s, when the idea of seafloor spreading was crystallizing out of geophysical data gathered over oceanic areas, similar ideas were beginning to take shape in Icelandic geology, but on the basis of a different kind of data. Geological studies of the structure of the eastern Iceland Tertiary lava pile led Walker (1959, 1960) to suggest that regional dips of the lavas were due to sagging accompanying lava deposition in the active volcanic zone. These ideas were further elaborated by Bodvarsson and Walker (1964), who tried to estimate the amount of crustal drift that might have accompanied the injection of dikes as observed in the eastern Iceland lava pile, taking into account the increase in dike fraction with depth in the crust. Subsequent studies of the Tertiary lava pile in other parts of Iceland have essentially confirmed a structure analogous to that given by Walker for eastern Iceland (Saemundsson, 1978).
Observations from two distinct geological regions can be brought to bear on the process of crustal accretion in Iceland. One region is the present active zone of rifting and volcanism, the axial rift zone. The other region is the flanking Tertiary lava pile where the internal structure of the uppermost well-developed crust can be observed to a depth of 1–1.5 km in valleys that have been carved into the crust by glacier action.
In the axial rift zones the constructional processes of extrusive volcanism, faulting, and Assuring take place as discrete but closely associated events.
Seismicity along the eastern margin of the North American Plate
Authors: Einarsson Páll 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The eastern boundary of the North American Plate is marked by a narrow and continuous belt of seismic activity. The earthquake zone follows the crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and its associated fracture zones (F.Z.) (Fig. 1; Plate 8A; Vogt, this volume, Ch. 12.) and is intimately related to the process of plate separation, transform faulting, and generation of oceanic crust. This part of the Mid-Atlantic plate boundary has the advantage of being relatively close to the dense seismograph networks of North America and Europe, and has therefore been the subject of more study than most other parts of the oceanic rift system. For this reason it has sometimes been taken as the type example of an oceanic rift, which can be misleading. Other segments of the ridge system, such as parts of the East Pacific Rise, have been shown to possess a distinctly different seismicity pattern (Stover, 1973), with most earthquakes occurring along the fracture zones and practically no seismicity along the ridge axes.
In this paper we will describe the main features of the seismicity of the mid-oceanic ridge system in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and how it relates to the physical state and processes near the plate boundary. Intraplate earthquakes, that is events within the North American Plate, are dealt with by Zoback and others (this volume).
Because of the enormous amount of literature on the subject no attempt has been made to give complete reference to every paper. For more complete references
The Continental Margin
Authors: Haworth Richard T. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Over 80% of the continental margin of eastern Canada is underlain by a seaward-thickening wedge of Tertiary and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, a most attractive exploration target for oil and gas. The first offshore wells were drilled on the Grand Banks in 1966, just before publication of the 1970 edition of the Geology and Economic Minerals of Canada in which a mere 2,000 words attested to the fact that “the Mesozoic record of southeastern Canada [was] scant.” By 1981, a total of 158 wells had been drilled, significant shows of gas and/or oil had been recorded in 22 of the wells, and production appeared to be imminent in the Sable Island and northern Grand Banks areas. With the contemplation of production facilities comes a requirement for extensive information regarding the nature of the seabed and its stability, environmental hazards such as icebergs and their seabed scours, and the susceptibility of the coastal environment to the pollution created by marine oil spills. Thus, economic and environmental pressures have been largely responsible for the rapid accumulation of knowledge about the continental margin of eastern Canada.
Each section of this report is a precis of each chapter of the synthesis volume, The Continental Margin: Eastern Canada. Data and interpretations will be displayed in the text on standard 1:10 million scale, page-size maps (Figs. 1, 2, 3) as background for discussion of the entire margin. A comprehensive bibliography will also be included. Contributions to the volume will be organized so as to make the clearest possible distinction between fact and interpretation, and in the latter case, present the different sides of controversial questions.
Atlantic continental margin of the United States
Authors: Grow John A. , Sheridan Robert E. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The objective of this Decade of North American Geology (D-NAG) volume will be to focus on the Mesozoic and Cenozoic evolution of the U.S. Atlantic continental margin, including the onshore coastal plain, related onshore Triassic-Jurassic rift grabens, and the offshore basins and platforms. Following multiple compressional tectonic episodes between Africa and North America during the Paleozoic Era that formed the Appalachian Mountains, the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras were dominated by tensional tectonic processes that separated Africa and North America. Extensional rifting during Triassic and Early Jurassic times resulted in numerous tensional grabens both onshore and offshore, which filled with nonmarine continental red beds, lacustrine deposits, and volcanic flows and debris. The final stage of this breakup between Africa and North America occurred beneath the present outer continental shelf and continental slope during Early or Middle Jurassic time when sea-floor spreading began to form new oceanic crust and lithosophere between the two continents as they drifted apart. Postrift subsidence of the marginal basins continued in response to cooling of the lithosphere and sedimentary loading.
Geophysical surveys and oil-exploration drilling along the U.S. Atlantic continental margin during the past 5 years are beginning to answer many questions concerning its deep structure and stratigraphy and how it evolved during the rifting and early sea-floor-spreading stages of the separation of this region from Africa. Earlier geophysical studies of the U.S. continental margin used marine refraction and submarine gravity measurements. Single-channel seismic-reflection, marine magnetic, aeromagnetic, and continuous gravity measurements became available during the 1960s.
The Gulf of Mexico Basin
Authors: Salvador Amos , Buffler R. T. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The accumulation of abundant geologic and geophysical information about the Gulf of Mexico Basin during the last few decades has contributed significantly to the understanding of the geologic history of this important geologic province—its birth during Late Triassic-Jurassic time, and the subsequent geologic events that have given the basin its present configuration.
Much of this information has been the product of extensive surface and sub-surface geologic studies, geophysical surveys, and drilling around the periphery of the basin, mainly in connection with the exploration for oil and gas. More recently, invaluable data have been obtained in the previously little-known central part of the basin by regional geophysical surveys—particularly seismic reflection and refraction—and the results of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. The geophysical surveys were conducted by academic institutions, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the petroleum industry.
The results of these geophysical surveys have shed much light on the seismic nature of the crust underlying the Gulf of Mexico Basin—“oceanic” in the deep central part and “transitional” around the periphery of the deep basin. (The term “transitional” is applied to crust intermediate in thickness between oceanic and continental crust, possibly the result of stretching during episodes of rifting or pull-apart.) The surveys have also for the first time contributed information concerning the distribution, thickness, and structural configuration of the extensive salt deposits, as well as of the thick sedimentary column that fills the central part of the basin.
This large volume of geologic and geophysical information is now scattered throughout the extensive literature on the Gulf of Mexico Basin.
The Caribbean Region
Authors: Case J. E. , Dengo Gabriel 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The Caribbean region has been an attractive area of the world since Columbus rediscovered it in 1492. In colonial times the Caribbean was an area of settlement, economic exploitation, and intense competition between the powerful nations of Spain, England, France, and Holland. Geological interest in the region, in a sense, started with the search for gold, silver, and precious stones, and the quest for the sources of the El Dorado legend. Many accounts of exploration during the conquest not only mention fabulous mines but also describe volcanoes, thermal springs, and the effects of earthquakes. It was only natural that in the initial days of modern geology the region should be intriguing to earth scientists. Thus, geologic accounts appear in the writings of such naturalists as von Humboldt, Karsten, De La Beche, Montessus de Ballore, and others. Within a global context, the first attempt to portray the geology of the region was by Suess in 1885.
In the early part of the 20th century, scientific interest, and the construction of the Panama Canal and exploration for oil greatly advanced geologic knowledge of the region. Many European scientists worked in the Caribbean during their Wanderjahren. Much of this knowledge was masterfully summarized by Schuchert (1935), and for the Central American part by Sapper (1937). Until that time, scientific contributions were mostly by geologists residing in countries outside the region; only a few indigenous geologists conducted Caribbean research, but some of their contributions were outstanding.
Long-range scientific programs were initiated shortly before World War II by Utrecht and Princeton Universities, but the work of both institutions was interrupted during the war years.
The Midcontinent Province
Authors: Sloss L. L. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Although Charles J. Mankin, Peter R. Vail, and L. L. Sloss constitute the group charged with planning, guiding, and expediting preparation of a volume titled The Midcontinent Province: United States for the series, The Geology of North America, this paper is a highly personal document put together without benefit of input from Mankin and Vail; they cannot be held responsible for the many sins of commission and omission that are recorded in the pages that follow.
Readers, especially those who are asked to consider individual regions within the Midcontinent province, should exercise an appropriate degree of compassion where outright errors of fact are found; such mistakes are inevitable when one person attempts to cover the Phanerozoic record of a major part of a continent, but all recognizable errors require early identification and correction. It should be noted further that the stratigraphie classification and correlation implicit in this preliminary treatment are not integrated with COSUNA (Correlation of Stratigraphie Units of North America) charts; these will be available shortly(?) and will be the framework for final texts.
Quaternary geology of Canada
Authors: Fulton R. J. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The objective of this volume is to synthesize the Quaternary geology of Canada. In essence, it is an update of “Quaternary Geology of Canada“ (Prest, 1970), which synthesized knowledge of the Quaternary geology of Canada up to 1965. This volume will present current knowledge, ideas, and concepts, with particular emphasis on limits of glaciation, concepts of ice-sheet dynamics, nature of surface materials, and the interaction between Quaternary geology and the activities of man. The volume will be in two parts, one dealing with fundamental Quaternary geology and stratigraphy and the other dealing with aspects of Quaternary geology related directly to man and land use.
Innuitian Orogen and Arctic Platform
Authors: Trettin H. P. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The outline presented and discussed in this paper is preceded by a brief introduction to the geology of the region that explains the proposed organization of geological topics. This introduction is restricted to Canada because several important reports on the geology of northern Greenland are currently in press or preparation. The summary is based mainly on the framework established by Thorsteinsson and Tozer (1970) with modifications necessitated by a large amount of more recent work.
Geology of the Canadian Appalachians
Authors: Williams Harold 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The Appalachian orogen in Canada is a northeast-trending belt of upper Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks that were deformed in late Precambrian (Avalonian), Middle Ordovician (Taconian), Devonian (Acadian), and Permian-Carboniferous (Alleghanian) times. The Canadian Appalachians lie southeast of the Canadian Shield and Interior Platform of North America, and the system is bounded to the east by the Atlantic Ocean (Figs. 1 and 2). Toward the southwest, its rocks can be traced through the southeast United States to Alabama. Toward the northeast, its submerged offshore extensions are covered by Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments of the Atlantic continental margin. Syntheses of the orogen and its offshore extensions in Canada and the United States are keyed to a similar format, using many of the same maps and illustrations for purposes of continuity and clarity.
Rocks and structures like those of the Canadian Appalachians reappear on the opposite side of the Atlantic Ocean in the British Caledonides and extend northward to East Greenland and Scandinavia. An overview of the East Greenland Caledonides will be included in the Canadian Appalachian volume, because these rocks are a natural extension of those along the west flank of the Appalachian orogen and because of contiguity with the North American continent.
The present stratigraphic and tectonic analysis of rocks of the Canadian Appalachians is based on both a temporal and spatial breakdown. Temporally, its rocks can be subdivided into four broad categories: those of late Precambrian-early Paleozoic age, those of middle Paleozoic age, those of late Paleozoic age, and those of early Mesozoic (Triassic) age.
The Appalachian/Ouachita Orogens
Authors: Hatcher Robert D. , Viele George W. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The Appalachians and Ouachitas are Paleozoic orogens developed along the eastern and southern Precambrian continental margins of North America. Their histories record considerable diversity in stratigraphic, deformational, metamorphic, and plutonic events. Our purpose here is to outline the various subdivisions of the orogens and comment upon what we know of their history at the present time.
The Appalachian orogen, as presently exposed, extends from Newfoundland to Alabama in eastern North America (Fig. 1). The Ouachita orogen extends from Arkansas to north-central Mexico (Fig. 2). The connections between these two orogens are buried beneath the Mississippi Embayment of the Gulf Coastal Plain; consequently, details of that region may never be precisely known.
The subdivisions outlined below for the Appalachians, and to some degree for the Ouachitas, represent a time-space categorization that we hope will serve to break down the classic geographic subdivisions that have historically dominated our descriptions of the Appalachians. These subdivisions provide a means by which the history of the orogens may be more easily described and related to the constructive processes that built them on the margins of North America during Paleozoic time. These subdivisions reflect the likely plate tectonics history of the orogens and the manner in which the present southern and southeastern continental margins of North America evolved throughout Paleozoic time.