bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les langues de la diffusion scientifique : une question pour les géographes et les géographies
Authors: Lemarchand Nathalie , Le Blanc Antoine 
Published: November 2014

In July 2014, the CNFG (French National Committee for Geographers) organized a two-day forum to discuss the relationship between languages, social contexts of scientific production, and the overtly admitted language of scientific exchange, that is, English. It invited all French-speaking geographers, from different "national" and "linguistic" contexts, but also all geographers and geographies interested in sharing their views and experience on the diffusion and production of knowledge in the global context. Indeed, globalization affects both the production and diffusion of scientific knowledge in all regions of the World, where English has become the de facto lingua franca of science. As it is the case in many countries, French geographers are more than ever under pressure to publish in English, and so are their scientific journals. This is often talked about as a fatality or else, as a necessity, in order to make one's work known in world geographic circles. But is there something lost in translation? More importantly, is there something lost in the production of scientific work in the social sciences within a single global language? Those questions go far beyond the simple question of the decline of French as an international language; it raises crucial interrogations such as the normalizing process of "scientific English" in the social sciences, the input of diversity in the global science, the disqualification of "local" case studies, etc. At this Forum, many countries were represented (Belgium, Canada, UK, Germany, Russia ...), which expressed a diverse International experience. The IGU President Vladimir Kolosov and Dieter Soyez of the UGI Executive Board participated. Four round tables were organized: Globalization of knowledge; Global science and the local; Knowledge dissemination; Academic Formation. The account of the Forum and the ideas and proposals that came out of it have been presented at the Congress of the IGU in Krakow in August 2014. The final report will be published in an International journal.
Discourse Analysis of Nature Conservation Policies in Africa: a Beninese Case Study
Authors: Pochet Fanny 
Published: November 2014

En quelques mots, la political ecology étudie la relation entre la nature et la société, problématique complexe qui a particulièrement intéressé ses chercheurs dans le contexte africain. Appliquée au champ de la conservation, cette approche permet de mettre en lumière les processus politiques et sociaux inhérents à la compréhension de la conservation de la biodiversité et à sa mise en œuvre, c’est-à-dire la création d’aires protégées. L’approche Foucaldienne du discours permet de focaliser sur le pouvoir et la manière dont il produit des « vérités », lesquelles orientent les politiques de la conservation de la nature. À partir de cette base théorique, les chercheurs poststructuralistes en political ecology ont mis en évidence l'existence de trois principaux discours influençant la mise en œuvre des politiques de conservation de la nature en Afrique : discours de la conservation « forteresse », discours basé sur les communautés et discours du « retour aux barrières ». Dans ce contexte, ce travail s’est donné pour objectif d’examiner l’évolution des politiques de la conservation au Bénin. La contribution de cet article consiste à confronter le cadre d'analyse défini par la political ecology à cette étude de cas et à vérifier si les éléments discursifs trouvés peuvent être rattachés aux trois discours susmentionnés. Il ressort que les discours de la conservation présents au Bénin depuis plus d’un siècle sont finalement relativement fort semblables à ceux du reste du continent. En outre, l'analyse a révélé un certain statu quo dans la manière dont les politiques de conservation de la nature sont menées depuis le début du XXe siècle et ce, malgré les profonds changements politiques et sociaux.
The Murine Pbx1-d Lupus Susceptibility Allele Accelerates Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation and Impairs Their Immunosuppressive Function
Authors: Lu Shun , Zeumer Leilani , Sorensen Heather , Yang Hong , Ng Yunfai , Yu Fahong , Riva Alberto , Croker Byron , Wallet Shannon , Morel Laurence 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Pre–B cell leukemia homeobox 1 (Pbx1)-d is a dominant-negative splice isoform of the gene Pbx1 that corresponds to the NZM2410 lupus susceptibility locus Sle1a1. Pbx1 is required to maintain stem cell self-renewal, including that of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs have immunosuppressive functions that require stem cell maintenance. We tested the hypothesis that the expression of Pbx1-d favors MSC differentiation and impairs their immunosuppressive functions. We demonstrate that Sle1a1 MSCs express high levels of Pbx1-d as compared with congenic C57BL/6J (B6) MSCs. Sle1a1 MSCs grew faster and differentiated significantly more rapidly into osteoblasts than did B6 MSCs. This corresponded to a significant decrease in the expression of genes associated with stemness and an increase in the expression of genes associated with differentiation. Additionally, Sle1a1 MSCs express a gene expression profile associated with an enhanced innate immunity and inflammation. Suppression of Ig production from TLR-activated B6 B cells and IL-2 secretion from activated B6 CD4+ T cells was significantly impaired in Sle1a1 MSCs as compared with B6 MSCs. B6.Sle1a1 MSCs showed intermediate activity in suppressing lupus immunophenotypes in three different mouse models. Taken together, these data suggest that the expression of the lupus susceptibility allele Pbx1-d isoform impairs MSC functions, which may contribute to lupus pathogenesis both through a defective immunosuppression and the promotion of a proinflammatory environment.
Inhibition of Type 4 Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Blocks Intracellular TLR Signaling in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Normal Hematopoietic Cells
Authors: Tan Ying , Watkins Amanda A. , Freeman Benjamin B. , Meyers John A. , Rifkin Ian R. , Lerner Adam 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
A subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) BCRs interacts with Ags expressed on apoptotic cells, suggesting that CLL BCRs have the potential to internalize apoptotic cell RNA- or DNA-containing fragments with resultant activation of TLR7 or TLR9, respectively. By blocking cAMP degradation, type 4 cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitors activate cAMP-mediated signaling and induce apoptosis in CLL cells. In this study, we show that autologous irradiated leukemic cells induce proliferation in CLL cells and that such proliferation is blocked by a TLR7/8/9 inhibitor, by DNase, and by the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram. Rolipram also inhibited CLL cell proliferation induced by synthetic TLR7 and TLR9 agonists, as well as TLR agonist-induced costimulatory molecule expression and TNF-α (but not IL-6 or IL-10) production. Whereas treatment with a TLR9 agonist protected IgH V region unmutated, but not mutated, CLL cells from apoptosis, PDE4 inhibitors augmented apoptosis in both subtypes, suggesting that cAMP-mediated signaling may abrogate a TLR9-mediated survival signal in prognostically unfavorable IGHV unmutated CLL cells. Rolipram inhibited both TLR7/8- and TLR9-induced IFN regulatory factor 5 and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. PDE4 inhibitors also blocked TLR signaling in normal human immune cells. In PBMC and CD14-positive monocytes, PDE4 inhibitors blocked IFN-α or TNF-α (but not IL-6) production, respectively, following stimulation with synthetic TLR agonists or RNA-containing immune complexes. These results suggest that PDE4 inhibitors may be of clinical utility in CLL or autoimmune diseases that are driven by TLR-mediated signaling.
Lyme Borreliosis and Deficient Mannose-Binding Lectin Pathway of Complement
Authors: Sajanti Eeva M. , Gröndahl-Yli-Hannuksela Kirsi , Kauko Tommi , He Qiushui , Hytönen Jukka 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Risk factors for the widely endemic and much-debated tick-borne infection, Lyme borreliosis (LB), are unknown. The mannose-binding lectin (MBL) pathway of the complement cascade has an essential role in the eradication of Borrelia burgdorferi. A sufficient concentration of biologically active MBL in body fluids is an indicator of proper function of the MBL pathway. In this study, we investigated whether impaired MBL pathway function, represented by reduced serum MBL concentration, predisposes individuals to LB. First, we determined a serum MBL concentration cut-off level associated with diminished MBL pathway function in a group of 201 individuals. Then, we identified 350 borrelia Ab+ LB patient serum samples and 350 Ab− control samples from the archives of our laboratory and measured serum MBL concentrations in both sample groups. The concentration data were analyzed statistically using logistic regression, controlling for MBL cut-off, age, gender, and age and gender interaction. Serum MBL concentrations &lt; 787 and &lt; 445 ng/ml were associated with diminished and deficient MBL pathway function, respectively. Using these cut-offs, diminished (41.4 versus 27.4%, p = 0.0027) and deficient (26.3 versus 17.1%, p = 0.0361) MBL pathway functions were observed statistically more frequently in the LB patient samples than in the control samples. Also, the age-adjusted median serum MBL concentrations were significantly lower in the LB patient samples than in the non-LB controls. Our findings indicate that a deficiency in the MBL pathway of the complement cascade is a risk factor for developing disseminated Ab+ LB.
In Vivo Maintenance of Human Regulatory T Cells during CD25 Blockade
Authors: Huss David J. , Mehta Devangi S. , Sharma Akanksha , You Xiaojun , Riester Katherine A. , Sheridan James P. , Amaravadi Lakshmi S. , Elkins Jacob S. , Fontenot Jason D. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) mediate immune tolerance to self and depend on IL-2 for homeostasis. Treg deficiency, dysfunction, and instability are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous autoimmune diseases. There is considerable interest in therapeutic modulation of the IL-2 pathway to treat autoimmunity, facilitate transplantation tolerance, or potentiate tumor immunotherapy. Daclizumab is a humanized mAb that binds the IL-2 receptor α subunit (IL-2Rα or CD25) and prevents IL-2 binding. In this study, we investigated the effect of daclizumab-mediated CD25 blockade on Treg homeostasis in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. We report that daclizumab therapy caused an ∼50% decrease in Tregs over a 52-wk period. Remaining FOXP3+ cells retained a demethylated Treg-specific demethylated region in the FOXP3 promoter, maintained active cell cycling, and had minimal production of IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-17. In the presence of daclizumab, IL-2 serum concentrations increased and IL-2Rβγ signaling induced STAT5 phosphorylation and sustained FOXP3 expression. Treg declines were not associated with daclizumab-related clinical benefit or cutaneous adverse events. These results demonstrate that Treg phenotype and lineage stability can be maintained in the face of CD25 blockade.
Rpl22 Loss Impairs the Development of B Lymphocytes by Activating a p53-Dependent Checkpoint
Authors: Fahl Shawn P. , Harris Bryan , Coffey Francis , Wiest David L. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Although ribosomal proteins facilitate the ribosome’s core function of translation, emerging evidence suggests that some ribosomal proteins are also capable of performing tissue-restricted functions either from within specialized ribosomes or from outside of the ribosome. In particular, we have previously demonstrated that germline ablation of the gene encoding ribosomal protein Rpl22 causes a selective and p53-dependent arrest of αβ T cell progenitors at the β-selection checkpoint. We have now identified a crucial role for Rpl22 during early B cell development. Germline ablation of Rpl22 results in a reduction in the absolute number of B-lineage progenitors in the bone marrow beginning at the pro–B cell stage. Although Rpl22-deficient pro–B cells are hyporesponsive to IL-7, a key cytokine required for early B cell development, the arrest of B cell development does not result from disrupted IL-7 signaling. Instead, p53 induction appears to be responsible for the developmental defects, as Rpl22 deficiency causes increased expression of p53 and activation of downstream p53 target genes, and p53 deficiency rescues the defect in B cell development in Rpl22-deficient mice. Interestingly, the requirement for Rpl22 in the B cell lineage appears to be developmentally restricted, because Rpl22-deficient splenic B cells proliferate normally in response to Ag receptor and Toll receptor stimuli and undergo normal class-switch recombination. These results indicate that Rpl22 performs a critical, developmentally restricted role in supporting early B cell development by preventing p53 induction.
β-Catenin Signaling Drives Differentiation and Proinflammatory Function of IRF8-Dependent Dendritic Cells
Authors: Cohen Sara B. , Smith Norah L. , McDougal Courtney , Pepper Marion , Shah Suhagi , Yap George S. , Acha-Orbea Hans , Jiang Aimin , Clausen Björn E. , Rudd Brian D. , Denkers Eric Y. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
β-Catenin signaling has recently been tied to the emergence of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs). In this article, we demonstrate a novel role for β-catenin in directing DC subset development through IFN regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) activation. We found that splenic DC precursors express β-catenin, and DCs from mice with CD11c-specific constitutive β-catenin activation upregulated IRF8 through targeting of the Irf8 promoter, leading to in vivo expansion of IRF8-dependent CD8α+, plasmacytoid, and CD103+CD11b− DCs. β-Catenin–stabilized CD8α+ DCs secreted elevated IL-12 upon in vitro microbial stimulation, and pharmacological β-catenin inhibition blocked this response in wild-type cells. Upon infections with Toxoplasma gondii and vaccinia virus, mice with stabilized DC β-catenin displayed abnormally high Th1 and CD8+ T lymphocyte responses, respectively. Collectively, these results reveal a novel and unexpected function for β-catenin in programming DC differentiation toward subsets that orchestrate proinflammatory immunity to infection.
An Overview of Small and Medium Enterprises in Malaysia and Pakistan: Past, Present and Future Scenario
Authors: Khan Muhammad Wasim Jan , Khalique Muhammad 
Published: November 2014

The main objective of this study was to identify the importance of SMEs in Malaysian and Pakistani economies. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in the development and growth of the Malaysian and Pakistani economies. However, their contribution to the national economies of both countries is still relatively small. Malaysian and Pakistani governments have made various fundamental steps to improve the growth of SMEs. In spite of this, SMEs are still facing heaps of challenges and obstacles that deter them from further expanding their businesses and sustainable growth. This study provides the review of the importance of SMEs in Malaysia and Pakistan.
Participation versus Consent: Should Corporations Be Run according to Democratic Principles?
Authors: Hielscher Stefan , Beckmann Markus , Pies Ingo 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT:The notion of “democracy” has become a much-debated concept in scholarship on business ethics, management, and organization studies. The strategy of this paper is to distinguish between a principle of organization that fosters participation (type I democracy) and a principle of legitimation that draws on consent (type II democracy). Based on this distinction, we highlight conceptual shortcomings of the literature on stakeholder democracy. We demonstrate that parts of the literature tend to confound ends with means. Many approaches employ type I democracy notions of participation and often take for granted that this also improves type II democratic legitimation. We hold this to be a mistake. We provide examples of the ambiguity of organizational procedures and show that under some circumstances a decrease in the degree of participation may actually increase legitimation because a governance structure that results in higher productivity can provide higher benefits for all parties involved, serve their interests and therefore meet their agreement. Less type I democracy may mean more type II democracy. We believe this to be an important insight for judging (and further improving) the legitimacy of both capitalistic firms and competitive markets.
Responding to Individual Differences in Inclusive Classrooms in Australia
Authors: van Kraayenoord Christina E. , Waterworth David , Brady Trish 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Responding to individual differences in classrooms in which there is increasing diversity is one of the challenges of inclusive education in Australia. The linking of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and assistive technologies (ATs) is one way in which this challenge can be addressed. This article describes an initiative, known as Planning for All Learners (PAL) of Independent Schools Queensland, in the state of Queensland, Australia. The PAL programme provides professional learning about UDL and ATs through workshops and ongoing support from the professional learning team. Based on the knowledge gained through the professional learning, the schools and teachers participating in the PAL programme develop year-long school- and/or classroom-based projects that involve the planning, design and implementation of units of work and lessons based on the integration of the principles of UDL and ATs.
The professional learning and support offered as part of PAL is outlined, before case studies of two schools that participated in 2011 and 2012 respectively are provided. The case studies describe the literacy-related projects guided by the principles of UDL and using ATs that involved students with learning difficulties and disabilities in their inclusive classrooms. We also report on the factors that influenced the uptake and implementation of UDL and ATs. Finally we provide recommendations for educational authorities and school administrators related to professional learning and in-school projects that aim to improve the knowledge and skills of teachers and the learning of all students by employing the principles of UDL and ATs.
Perspectives on Regular and Support Class Placement and Factors that Contribute to Success of Inclusion for Children with ASD
Authors: Carter Mark , Stephenson Jennifer , Clark Trevor , Costley Debra , Martin Jon , Williams Katrina , Browne Leah , Davies Louise , Bruck Susan 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
For young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in regular schools, ASD specific service delivery options include regular class placement with itinerant consultative support and support class placement. This study provided an examination of levels of parent, teacher and principal satisfaction with both regular class placement (n = 39) and a satellite support class option (n=35), which provides a more gradual transition into regular class. Given that regular class placement was the ultimate goal for children enrolled in the study, factors that either facilitated or acted as barriers to successful inclusion were examined for those children currently in regular classes. There were relatively high levels of parent, teacher and principal satisfaction with both satellite support class and regular class placement for children with ASD, with higher levels of parental satisfaction with satellite support placement. Across all respondents, the most frequently identified facilitating factors were related to teaching practices and skills. In contrast, barriers identified were generally related to child characteristics. A number of suggestions for future research are offered.
Case Reflections on Communication Support for Students with Multiple and Severe Disability in Australian General Classrooms
Authors: Arthur-Kelly Michael , Bennett Deone , Neilands Judith , Foreman Phil 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
This paper provides a descriptive narrative on some recent research processes and outcomes in general classrooms in Australia that include students with multiple and severe disability. A mentor-model approach to professional development for the teaching staff was employed and this paper outlines what happened, along with some of the specific needs and goals of the participating students and teaching personnel. Although the results were quite variable, a number of interesting findings relating to teacher effects and the limited role of peers in enhancing interactions with students with such complex needs are identified and discussed.
Inclusion and Equity in Australian Secondary Schools
Authors: Paterson David , Graham Lorraine , Stevens Robert 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
This paper presents findings from a large-scale, in-depth study of secondary schools in one Australian state that were achieving exceptional outcomes. The element of that study on which this paper focuses is equity and inclusion. We examine the Equity programs operating in seven sites where schools were including students experiencing some form of disadvantages significant enough to hinder their engagement with the school curriculum. These forms of disadvantage included students with intellectual disabilities as well as students from Aboriginal, non English-speaking and low socio-economic status backgrounds. At these sites, schools implemented equity programs targeting a range of student needs. It was noted that the success of those programs was largely dependent on the relationships between teachers and students and between teachers and their colleagues. Four themes emerged from analysis of interview and observational data; i) teachers focused on students' learning needs, ii) teachers worked collaboratively in effective teams in communities, iii) programs had adequate and well-managed resources and, iv) programs were developed to meet students' needs. Central to all of these themes was the learning needs of students. Rather than paying ‘lip service' to aspects of disadvantage, students in these schools were actually being included in the process of learning and programs had as their central focus the learning needs of individual students.