bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generic and Subtribal relationShipS in neotropical cymbidieae (orchidaceae) baSed on matK/ycf1 plaStid data
Authors: Whitten W Mark , Neubig Kurt M , Williams N H 
Published: September 2014

Relationships among all subtribes of Neotropical Cymbidieae (Orchidaceae) were estimated using combined matK/ycf1 plastid sequence data for 289 taxa. The matrix was analyzed using RAxML. Bootstrap (BS) analyses yield 100% BS support for all subtribes except Stanhopeinae (87%). Generic relationships within subtribes are highly resolved and are generally congruent with those presented in previous studies and as summarized in Genera Orchidacearum. Relationships among subtribes are largely unresolved. The Szlachetko generic classification of Maxillariinae is not supported. A new combination is made for Maxillaria cacaoensis J.T.Atwood in Camaridium.
Electrical Characterization of Polyaniline-ZnO nano-composite Langmuir-Blodgett thin films by Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Bhullar Gurpreet Kaur , Kaur Ramneek , Raina K. K. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTPolyaniline–Zinc oxide nano-composite material was prepared by chemical polymerization of aniline with ZnO nano-particles doping. Surface Pressure-Area (π-A) isotherms of Polyaniline (PANi) and Polyaniline–Zinc oxide nano-composite shows phase transformations of monolayer during compression process. Multiple isotherms indicate that the monolayer of the composite material can retain its configuration during compression-expansion cycles. The structural, topographical and electrical properties of these deposited Langmuir Blodgett films were studied and characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Conductive Atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) respectively. For detailed investigations of the LB film properties, Conductive AFM is used to measure the I-V relationship of a surface of Langmuir Blodgett (LB) films of Polyaniline and Polyaniline–Zinc oxide nano-composite. The contact size of the AFM cantilever tip can be as small as a few nanometers, so, the local variation of the electrical property, which is unseen in the macroscopic level, can be observed by the I-V curve. A current ranging up to 3 nA and 20 nA have been observed in the case of PANi and PANi-ZnO nano-composite LB film, respectively. Conductive data images of the ITO substrate, PANi and PANi-ZnO nano-composite LB film on the ITO substrate obtained with an applied bias voltage of 4V showed that the distribution of current on the whole surface is almost uniform and very less inhomogeneities have been observed in the surface conductance of the PANi and PANi-ZnO nano-composite LB film.
Effect of Organically-Modified Titania Nanoparticles on the Performance of Poly(3-hexythiophene): PCBM Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Park Sun Young , Ahn Haeng Hee , Yoon Jiyeon , Kim Sang Yong , Hwang Bora , Yoon Tae Gi , Kwon Yong Ku 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe modified TiO2 nanoparticles were incorporated into the Bulk heterojunction system of P3HT:PCBM to improve the performance of P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. The organically-modified TiO2 nanoparticle compounds were synthesized in aqueous media at room temperature. These TiO2 compounds in various solution concentrations were deposited on the top of the P3HT:PCBM active layer by spin coating. The performance of organic solar cells was carefully investigated in the respect of the scattering and the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) that couple strongly to the incident light. In addition to the device, P3HT:PCBM solar cells with the use of the TiO2 nanoparticles, enhanced Fill Factor (FF) due mainly to improved shunt resistance (Rsh). The TiO2 plays a critical role in improving the interface between P3HT:PCBM active layer and Al electrode.
Thermal stability of post-growth-annealed Ga-doped MgZnO films grown by the RF sputtering method
Authors: Hsueh Kuang-Po , Cheng Po-Wei , Lin Wen-Yen , Chiu Hsien-Chin , Wang Hsiang-Chun , Sheu Jinn-Kong , Yeh Yu-Hsiang 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTA radio-frequency magnetron sputtering technique and subsequent rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 600, 700, 800, and 900 °C were implemented to grow high-quality Ga-doped MgxZn1-xO (GMZO) epi-layers. The GMZO films were deposited using a radio-frequency magnetron sputtering system and a 4 inch ZnO/MgO/Ga2O3 (75/20/5 wt %) target. The Hall results, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmittance were determined and are reported in this paper. The Hall results indicated that the increase in mobility was likely caused by the improved crystallization in the GMZO films after thermal annealing. The XRD results revealed that MgxZn1-xO (111) and MgO2 (200) peaks were obtained in the GMZO films. The absorption edges of the as-grown and annealed GMZO films shifted toward the short wavelength of 373 nm at a transmittance of 90%. According to these results, GMZO films are feasible for forming transparent contact layers for near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes.
A Basic Monte Carlo Model of Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition Using Kinetic Theory
Authors: Osman Hayley R. , Mitra Saibal 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTInitiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD) is a well-known method for depositing polymers that are used in chemical, biological, and electrical applications. It is a variation of hot filament deposition and can used to produce conformal coatings of polymer films at relatively low reaction temperatures. It is also a solventless technique in which thin polymeric films are deposited by introducing controlled ratios of monomer and initiator gasses into the reaction chamber. Low temperatures in the reaction chamber allow the deposition of polymer films on a wide variety of substrates that include biological substrates.We have simulated the growth of a monolayer of polymer films on two-dimensional surfaces using Monte Carlo simulation. We saw the formation of polymer chains over a time scale on the order of microseconds. We have assumed the substrate to be at room temperature while the reactor pressure close of 800 mTorr.The grid on which we have simulated this polymer growth is represented by a 100x100 matrix, on which a series of specialized functions are executed in each time-step, or iteration. These functions can be divided into three categories: population, translation, and polymerization.The goal of this simulation is to observe the initial growth of the iCVD surface reaction. We have obtained favorable results with the simulation and we are now looking to compare these results with experimental results for initiation growth.
Improving Materials Selection in a Mechanical Engineering Capstone Course
Authors: Smyser Bridget M. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe Capstone Design course in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Northeastern University requires students to build a physical prototype by the end of the two semester sequence. Although students have long been required to take an introductory materials science course as part of their curriculum, there was concern that materials selection was a weakness in the design process. Beginning in Fall 2011, the CES Edupack materials selection software was introduced into the Capstone Design class. The current work means to investigate: 1) how to assess designs for effective materials selection 2) whether the new software was actually used by the student teams and 3) whether there was evidence of improved materials selection in the projects that occurred after the new software was introduced. Final capstone design reports from 10 previous terms were examined to look for evidence of systematic materials selection procedures and clear discussion of materials properties as the basis for selecting a material. References to the software were also noted. Results show that 24% of the groups used the CES Edupack software in the first three terms that the software was available. In addition, there was an increase in the number of groups that used a systematic selection process based on research into published materials properties rather than choosing materials based on rough experimentation or convenience. Finally, there has been an increase in the number of projects which consider or incorporate composites, high temperature alloys, and advanced polymers as the software has increased awareness of these options.
We Can Do Better
Authors: Wilk Kevin E. 
Published: September 2014

Typically, the goal of any rehabilitation program is to return the patient/athlete to the preinjury level. This is the frequently used benchmark reported in the literature when determining rehabilitation goals or describing the outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament injury or reconstruction. The first question we should ask ourselves is, “Is returning a patient to the preinjury level good enough?” J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(9):634–635. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.0112
Echocardiographic Profile of Patients in Dhulikhel Hospital, A Medical College Hospital in Nepal
Authors: Humagain Sanjaya , Twayana Ramsundar , Koju Rajendra 
Published: September 2014

Background and Aim : Echocardiograph is an important diagnostic tool to evaluate cardiac disease and is indispensible for management. So it is important to know the spectrum of cardiac abnormalities that can be detected by echocardiograph and the frequency of these findings may vary depending on where the echocardiogram is performed. Aim of this study was to find out the spectrum of echocardiographic finding in different age group in a medical college hospital. Methods and materials : A retrospective observational study was done to at Dhulikhel Hospital to review Echocardiographic profile of 3310 patients who were indicated for echocardiogram over a period of 3 years. Data collected from echocardiograph report registry. Data analysis was done using SPSS 17. Result : Congenital Heart Disease(CHD) (37.74%),Normal finding( 21.19%), Pericardial Heart Disease(19.21%) and Rheumatic Heart Disease(RHD)(17.88%) were the echocardiographic finding in children. In adolescents and young adults Rheumatic Heart Disease (49.90%), Hypertensive Heart Disease (13.34%), Congenital Heart Disease (6.58%), and Pericardial Disease (4.38%) were found. Most common finding in middle age was cor-pulmonale (34.76%) followed by Diastolic Dysfunction (20.60%), Hypertensive Heart Disease(17.06%),Ischemic Heart Disease(IHD) (12.80%). In elderly age most common finding was Diastolic Dysfunction (57.14%). Conclusion : The spectrum of echocardiograph finding in a medical college hospital ranges from Congenital Heart Disease, Rheumatic Heart Disease, Ischemic Heart Disease ,Pericardial disease, Corpulmonale, Diastolic Dysfunction, systolic dysfunction and degenerative valve disease. Streptococcal sore throat leading to Rheumatic Heart Disease and complication of tuberculosis and parasitic infestation leading to pericardial diseases, as well as Hypertensive Heart Disease, and Ischemic Heart Disease constitutes burden in Nepal. Cor-pulmonale and ) Sanjaya Humagain, Ramsundar Twayana, Rajendra Koju. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v11i1.10976 Nepalese Heart Journal 2014;11(1): 13-17
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism & the effect of L-Thyroxine treatment: A hospital based study
Authors: Karki Prahlad , Pandey Ila , Bhandary Sangita , Lamsal Madhab , Shrestha Nikesh Raj 
Published: September 2014

Background & Aims: Diastolic dysfunction is the common condition with Subclinical Hypothyroidism and is reversible in many cases after treatment. We aimed to investigate the response of diastolic dysfunction to thyroid hormone replacement therapy in patients of Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Methods: Forty newly diagnosed cases of Subclinical Hypothyroidism (38 females and 2 males) and age more than 18 years were included. Diagnosis was made on the basis of history, clinical examination and thyroid function tests. Echocardiography was performed in all and was repeated after 4-6 months in those who had diastolic dysfunction. Distribution of Diastolic dysfunction among the involved cases and their response to treatment with L-thyroxine were studied. Results: The diastolic dysfunction was found in 15 (37.5%) and pericardial effusion (PE) in five (12.5%) patients. Fourteen of them had impaired relaxation abnormality and only one patient had pseudonormal pattern. With replacement therapy, 13 reverted back to the normal whereas one having grade 2 diastolic dysfunction (pseudonormal pattern) reverted to grade 1. One patient who had grade 1 diastolic dysfunction (impaired relaxation) did not improve. Pericardial effusion subsided in all 5 cases. Conclusions: Echocardiography may be a useful tool for monitoring the response of diastolic dysfunction to thyroid hormone replacement therapy in patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Our findings suggest that Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy may reverse diastolic dysfunction in Subclinical Hypothyroidism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v11i1.10979 Nepalese Heart Journal 2014;11(1): 33-38
Initial experience with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation following cardiac surgery in children with congenital heart disease
Authors: Sharma Apurb , Pokharel Jeju Nath , Upreti Murari Raj , Koirala Bhagawan , Sharma Jyotindra , Pradhan Siddartha , Bhatta Mahendra 
Published: September 2014

Background and Aim: Cardiac extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation is a mechanical life support system initiated in patients with extreme cardiopulmonary failure. Extracorporeal circulation after cardiac surgery supports the heart and lungs recover from the acute injuries of the surgery. Aims of this study were to present our initial experience about complications and outcome with the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation following open-heart surgery for congenital cardiac anomalies. Methods: Medical records of all pediatric and neonatal patients requiring extracorporeal life support following cardiac surgery for congenital cardiac anomalies were retrospectively reviewed. Patient and extracorporeal system characteristics were evaluated. Results: Between 2009 and 2012, eight children were treated at our institution with mechanical extracorporeal life support system following open heart surgery. Median age was four months and mean weight was 7.24 kilograms. The indications for initiation of extracorporeal support were difficulty in weaning off cardiopulmonary bypass despite maximal inotropic support, refractory pulmonary oedema immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass and right ventricular dysfunction in postoperative period. Two patients were weaned from the extracorporeal support successfully. Conclusions: Initial results of our extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation programme do not meet the international standards. It can still be a valuable strategy for saving lives after paediatric cardiac surgery. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v11i1.10980 Nepalese Heart Journal 2014;11(1): 39-44
Association between posterior fossa arteriovenous malformations and prenidal aneurysm rupture: potential impact on management
Authors: Kouznetsov Evgueni , Weill Alain , Ghostine Jimmy S. , Gentric Jean-Christophe , Raymond Jean , Roy Daniel 
Published: September 2014

Object
In patients with posterior fossa arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) who present with hemorrhage, feeding artery aneurysms are often the source of bleeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative proportions of cases of infra- and supratentorial AVMs in which patients presented with prenidal aneurysm rupture. The management and outcome of 9 cases of posterior fossa AVMs associated with prenidal aneurysm rupture are presented.

Methods
The authors retrospectively reviewed 233 consecutive AVM cases involving patients treated at their institution between April 2001 and August 2012. Patients with a prenidal aneurysm as the cause of the hemorrhage were identified. The frequencies of prenidal aneurysm-related ruptures were compared in cases of supra- and infratentorial AVMs. Management and clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score) of patients with posterior fossa AVMs treated for ruptured prenidal aneurysms were recorded.

Results
Of 233 AVMs, 25 (11%) were in the posterior fossa, and in 22 (88%) of these cases, the patients presented with hemorrhage, including 9 patients (41%) who presented with hemorrhage due to prenidal aneurysm rupture. Of 208 patients with supratentorial AVMs, 107 (51%) presented with hemorrhage, including 5 patients (4.7%) in whom the hemorrhage was associated with a prenidal aneurysm (p < 0.01). All 9 patients with posterior fossa AVMs and prenidal aneurysm rupture were treated with early embolization of the offending aneurysm. There was no early rebleeding or clinical complication related to this approach. At the end of follow-up (mean 46.8 months), 2 patients had an mRS score of 0, 1 had a score of 1, 3 had a score of 2, 2 patients were dead (mRS score of 6), and 1 patient was lost to follow-up.

Conclusions
Posterior fossa AVM hemorrhages are frequently associated with prenidal arterial aneurysms. Urgent endovascular treatment of the aneurysm was effective in this case series.
Natural history of brain arteriovenous malformations: a systematic review
Authors: Abecassis Isaac Josh , Xu David S. , Batjer H. Hunt , Bendok Bernard R. 
Published: September 2014

Object
The authors aimed to systematically review the literature to clarify the natural history of brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs).

Methods
The authors searched PubMed for one or more of the following terms: natural history, brain arteriovenous malformations, cerebral arteriovenous malformations, and risk of rupture. They included studies that reported annual rates of hemorrhage and that included either 100 patients or 5 years of treatment-free follow-up.

Results
The incidence of BAVMs is 1.12–1.42 cases per 100,000 person-years; 38%–68% of new cases are first-ever hemorrhage. The overall annual rates of hemorrhage for patients with untreated BAVMs range from 2.10% to 4.12%. Consistently implicated in subsequent hemorrhage are initial hemorrhagic presentation, exclusively deep venous drainage, and deep and infrantentorial brain location. The risk for rupture seems to be increased by large nidus size and concurrent arterial aneurysms, although these factors have not been studied as thoroughly. Venous stenosis has not been implicated in increased risk for rupture.

Conclusions
For patients with BAVMs, although the overall risk for hemorrhage seems to be 2.10%–4.12% per year, calculating an accurate risk profile for decision making involves clinical attention and accounting for specific features of the malformation.
Seizure outcomes following radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Chen Ching-Jen , Chivukula Srinivas , Ding Dale , Starke Robert M. , Lee Cheng-Chia , Yen Chun-Po , Xu Zhiyuan , Sheehan Jason P. 
Published: September 2014

Object
Seizures are a common presentation of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The authors evaluated the efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for the management of seizures associated with AVMs and identified factors influencing seizure outcomes following SRS for AVMs.

Methods
A systematic literature review was performed using PubMed. Studies selected for review were published in English, included at least 5 patients with both cerebral AVMs and presenting seizures treated with SRS, and provided post-SRS outcome data regarding obliteration of AVMs and/or seizures. Demographic, radiosurgical, radiological, and seizure outcome data were extracted and analyzed. All seizure outcomes were categorized as follows: 1) seizure free, 2) seizure improvement, 3) seizure unchanged, and 4) seizure worsened. Systematic statistical analysis was conducted to assess the effect of post-SRS AVM obliteration on seizure outcome.

Results
Nineteen case series with a total of 3971 AVM patients were included for analysis. Of these, 28% of patients presented with seizures, and data for 997 patients with available seizure outcome data who met the inclusion criteria were evaluated. Of these, 437 (43.8%) patients achieved seizure-free status after SRS, and 530 (68.7%) of 771 patients with available data achieved seizure control (seizure freedom or seizure improvement) following SRS. Factors associated with improved seizure outcomes following SRS for AVMs were analyzed in 9 studies. Seizure-free status was achieved in 82% and 41.0% of patients with complete and incomplete AVM obliteration, respectively. Complete AVM obliteration offered superior seizure-free rates compared with incomplete AVM obliteration (OR 6.13; 95% CI 2.16–17.44; p = 0.0007).

Conclusions
Stereotactic radiosurgery offers favorable seizure outcomes for AVM patients presenting with seizures. Improved seizure control is significantly more likely with complete AVM obliteration.
Molecular and cellular biology of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a review of current concepts and future trends in treatment
Authors: Rangel-Castilla Leonardo , Russin Jonathan J. , Martinez-del-Campo Eduardo , Soriano-Baron Hector , Spetzler Robert F. , Nakaji Peter 
Published: September 2014

Object
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are classically described as congenital static lesions. However, in addition to rupturing, AVMs can undergo growth, remodeling, and regression. These phenomena are directly related to cellular, molecular, and physiological processes. Understanding these relationships is essential to direct future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The authors performed a search of the contemporary literature to review current information regarding the molecular and cellular biology of AVMs and how this biology will impact their potential future management.

Methods
A PubMed search was performed using the key words “genetic,” “molecular,” “brain,” “cerebral,” “arteriovenous,” “malformation,” “rupture,” “management,” “embolization,” and “radiosurgery.” Only English-language papers were considered. The reference lists of all papers selected for full-text assessment were reviewed.

Results
Current concepts in genetic polymorphisms, growth factors, angiopoietins, apoptosis, endothelial cells, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, medical treatment (including tetracycline and microRNA-18a), radiation therapy, endovascular embolization, and surgical treatment as they apply to AVMs are discussed.

Conclusions
Understanding the complex cellular biology, physiology, hemodynamics, and flow-related phenomena of AVMs is critical for defining and predicting their behavior, developing novel drug treatments, and improving endovascular and surgical therapies.