bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytogenetic and Sequence Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA Insertions in Nuclear Chromosomes of Maize
Authors: Lough Ashley N , Faries Kaitlyn M , Koo Dal-Hoe , Hussain Abid , Roark Leah M , Langewisch Tiffany L , Backes Teresa , Kremling Karl A G , Jiang Jiming , Birchler James A , Newton Kathleen J 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The transfer of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into nuclear genomes is a regularly occurring process that has been observed in many species. Few studies, however, have focused on the variation of nuclear-mtDNA sequences (NUMTs) within a species. This study examined mtDNA insertions within chromosomes of a diverse set of Zea mays ssp. mays (maize) inbred lines by the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization. A relatively large NUMT on the long arm of chromosome 9 (9L) was identified at approximately the same position in four inbred lines (B73, M825, HP301, and Oh7B). Further examination of the similarly positioned 9L NUMT in two lines, B73 and M825, indicated that the large size of these sites is due to the presence of a majority of the mitochondrial genome; however, only portions of this NUMT (∼252 kb total) were found in the publically available B73 nuclear sequence for chromosome 9. Fiber-fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis estimated the size of the B73 9L NUMT to be ∼1.8 Mb and revealed that the NUMT is methylated. Two regions of mtDNA (2.4 kb and 3.3 kb) within the 9L NUMT are not present in the B73 mitochondrial NB genome; however, these 2.4-kb and 3.3-kb segments are present in other Zea mitochondrial genomes, including that of Zea mays ssp. parviglumis, a progenitor of domesticated maize.
Convergent Loss of Awn in Two Cultivated Rice SpeciesOryza sativaandOryza glaberrimaIs Caused by Mutations in Different Loci
Authors: Furuta Tomoyuki , Komeda Norio , Asano Kenji , Uehara Kanako , Gamuyao Rico , Angeles-Shim Rosalyn B , Nagai Keisuke , Doi Kazuyuki , Wang Diane R , Yasui Hideshi , Yoshimura Atsushi , Wu Jianzhong , McCouch Susan R , Ashikari Motoyuki 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA long awn is one of the distinct morphological features of wild rice species. This organ is thought to aid in seed dispersal and prevent predation by animals. Most cultivated varieties of Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima, however, have lost the ability to form long awns. The causal genetic factors responsible for the loss of awn in these two rice species remain largely unknown. Here, we evaluated three sets of chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) in a common O. sativa genetic background (cv. Koshihikari) that harbor genomic fragments from Oryza nivara, Oryza rufipogon, and Oryza glaberrima donors. Phenotypic analyses of these libraries revealed the existence of three genes, Regulator of Awn Elongation 1 (RAE1), RAE2, and RAE3, involved in the loss of long awns in cultivated rice. Donor segments at two of these genes, RAE1 and RAE2, induced long awn formation in the CSSLs whereas an O. sativa segment at RAE3 induced long awn formation in O. glaberrima. These results suggest that the two cultivated rice species, O. sativa and O. glaberrima, have taken independent paths to become awnless.
High-Throughput Cloning of Temperature-Sensitive Caenorhabditis elegans Mutants with Adult Syncytial Germline Membrane Architecture Defects
Authors: Lowry Josh , Yochem John , Chuang Chien-Hui , Sugioka Kenji , Connolly Amy A , Bowerman Bruce 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The adult Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite gonad consists of two mirror-symmetric U-shaped arms, with germline nuclei located peripherally in the distal regions of each arm. The nuclei are housed within membrane cubicles that are open to the center, forming a syncytium with a shared cytoplasmic core called the rachis. As the distal germline nuclei progress through meiotic prophase, they move proximally and eventually cellularize as their compartments grow in size. The development and maintenance of this complex and dynamic germline membrane architecture are relatively unexplored, and we have used a forward genetic screen to identify 20 temperature-sensitive mutations in 19 essential genes that cause defects in the germline membrane architecture. Using a combined genome-wide SNP mapping and whole genome sequencing strategy, we have identified the causal mutations in 10 of these mutants. Four of the genes we have identified are conserved, with orthologs known to be involved in membrane biology, and are required for proper development or maintenance of the adult germline membrane architecture. This work provides a starting point for further investigation of the mechanisms that control the dynamics of syncytial membrane architecture during adult oogenesis.
Genome-Wide Association Study of Ureide Concentration in Diverse Maturity Group IV Soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] Accessions
Authors: Ray Jeffery D , Dhanapal Arun Prabhu , Singh Shardendu K , Hoyos-Villegas Valerio , Smith James R , Purcell Larry C , King C Andy , Boykin Debbie , Cregan Perry B , Song Qijian , Fritschi Felix B 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUreides are the N-rich products of N-fixation that are transported from soybean nodules to the shoot. Ureides are known to accumulate in leaves in response to water-deficit stress, and this has been used to identify genotypes with reduced N-fixation sensitivity to drought. Our objectives in this research were to determine shoot ureide concentrations in 374 Maturity Group IV soybean accessions and to identify genomic regions associated with shoot ureide concentration. The accessions were grown at two locations (Columbia, MO, and Stuttgart, AR) in 2 yr (2009 and 2010) and characterized for ureide concentration at beginning flowering to full bloom. Average shoot ureide concentrations across all four environments (two locations and two years) and 374 accessions ranged from 12.4 to 33.1 µmol g−1 and were comparable to previously reported values. SNP–ureide associations within and across the four environments were assessed using 33,957 SNPs with a MAF ≥0.03. In total, 53 putative loci on 18 chromosomes were identified as associated with ureide concentration. Two of the putative loci were located near previously reported QTL associated with ureide concentration and 30 loci were located near genes associated with ureide metabolism. The remaining putative loci were not near chromosomal regions previously associated with shoot ureide concentration and may mark new genes involved in ureide metabolism. Ultimately, confirmation of these putative loci will provide new sources of variation for use in soybean breeding programs.
Maturation, reproduction and early life history of anglerfish Lophius piscatorius in Faroese waters
Authors: Ofstad Lise H. , Petersen Torstein , Steingrund Petur 
Published: September 2015

Maturation, reproduction and early life history of Lophius piscatorius was investigated in Faroese waters. Length at first maturity (L50) was 58 cm for males and 84 cm for females, corresponding to an age of about four years for males and seven years for females. The proportions of females and males were similar in fish less than 55 cm long, and were skewed towards more males in medium sized fish (55–75 cm). Females were predominant in the larger fish (> 85 cm). Observations of spawning males and females, egg ribbons and pelagic anglerfish larvae, suggest that the main spawning season is from February to April and the spawning area seems to be southwest of the Faroe Plateau and in the Faroe Bank area. The Faroe Plateau probably serves as a nursery ground for juvenile anglerfish. Morphological transformation from larvae to juveniles occurred when the fish were about 7–9 cm long and they settled to the bottom when they were about 11 cm long. Thus, all life stages, as well as nursery areas, spawning areas and feeding areas of anglerfish are found in Faroese waters, indicating a separate stock in the area.
Evaluation of a Commercial Multiplex PCR for Rapid Detection of Multi Drug Resistant Gram Negative Infections
Authors: Chavada Ruchir , Maley Michael 
Published: September 2015

Introduction:
Community and healthcare associated infections caused by multi-drug resistant gram negative organisms (MDR GN) represent a worldwide threat. Nucleic Acid Detection tests are becoming more common for their detection; however they can be expensive requiring specialised equipment and local expertise. This study was done to evaluate the utility of a commercial multiplex tandem (MT) PCR for detection of MDR GN.

Methods:
The study was done on stored laboratory MDR GN isolates from sterile and non-sterile specimens (n=126, out of stored 567 organisms). Laboratory validation of the MT PCR was done to evaluate sensitivity, specificity and agreement with the current phenotypic methods used in the laboratory. Amplicon sequencing was also done on selected isolates for assessing performance characteristics. Workflow and cost implications of the MT PCR were evaluated.

Results:
The sensitivity and specificity of the MT PCR were calculated to be 95% and 96.7% respectively. Agreement with the phenotypic methods was 80%. Major lack of agreement was seen in detection of AmpC beta lactamase in enterobacteriaceae and carbapenemase in non-fermenters. Agreement of the MT PCR with another multiplex PCR was found to be 87%. Amplicon sequencing confirmed the genotype detected by MT PCR in 94.2 % of cases tested. Time to result was faster for the MT PCR but cost per test was higher.

Conclusion:
This study shows that with carefully chosen targets for detection of resistance genes in MDR GN, rapid and efficient identification is possible. MT PCR was sensitive and specific and likely more accurate than phenotypic methods.
Documentation of Focal Neurology on Patients with Suspected Cauda Equina Syndrome and the Development of an Assessment Proforma
Authors: Mehta Nisarg , Garbera David , Kaye Jeremy , Ramakrishnan Muthukrishnan 
Published: September 2015

Objective :
Cauda equina syndrome is a relatively rare condition with a disproportionately high medico legal profile. Definitive management involves prompt surgical decompression with outcome dependent on timing of surgery. Documentation of a comprehensive clinical and neurological assessment including examination of anal tone and perianal sensation is essential in reducing litigation and identifying patients requiring urgent surgical decompression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the documentation of focal neurology in patients with suspected cauda equina syndrome and devise an assessment proforma to use in the accident and emergency departments.

Methods :
A retrospective case note review was performed in all patients presenting to A&E with suspected cauda equina syndrome from January 2013 to March 2014. A full neurological examination was defined as having all modalities documented such as: MRC grade power, reflexes, sensory exam, vibration proprioception, anal tone & perianal sensation.

Results :
Sixty-nine patients with suspected cauda equina syndrome were identified with a median age of 44 (35-55) and a male to female ratio of 1:1.6. 4 patients (6%) had confirmed cauda equina syndrome and were transferred to a tertiary neurosurgical centre for further management. Only 2 patients (3%) had a complete neurological examination documented. 11 (16%) patients did not have any documentation of perianal sensation and 8 patients (12%) did not have documentation of anal tone

Conclusion :
Documentation of neurological was poor across our department. The introduction of an assessment proforma is proposed to increase documentation and optimise emergency department evaluation in these patients.
Real Time Intraoperative Monitoring of Blood Loss with a Novel Tablet Application
Authors: Sharareh Behnam , Woolwine Spencer , Satish Siddarth , Abraham Peter , Schwarzkopf Ran 
Published: September 2015

Introduction :
Real-time monitoring of blood loss is critical in fluid management. Visual estimation remains the standard of care in estimating blood loss, yet is demonstrably inaccurate. Photometric analysis, which is the referenced “gold-standard” for measuring blood loss, is both time-consuming and costly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a novel tablet-monitoring device for measurement of Hb loss during orthopaedic procedures.

Methods :
This is a prospective study of 50 patients in a consecutive series of joint arthroplasty cases. The novel System with Feature Extraction Technology was used to measure the amount of Hb contained within surgical sponges intra-operatively. The system’s measures were then compared with those obtained via gravimetric method and photometric analysis. Accuracy was evaluated using linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis.

Results :
Our results showed a significant positive correlation between Triton tablet system and photometric analysis with respect to intra-operative hemoglobin and blood loss at 0.92 and 0.91, respectively.

Discussion :
This novel system can accurately determine Hb loss contained within surgical sponges. We believe that this user-friendly software can be used for measurement of total intraoperative blood loss and thus aid in a more accurate fluid management protocols during orthopaedic surgical procedures.
Knowledge, prevalence and treatment practices of uterine prolapse among women of reproductive age in the Jhaukhel- Duwakot Health Demographic Surveillance Site, Bhaktapur, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Binjwala , Choulagai Bishnu , Onta Sharad , Shrestha Khadga B , Petzold Max , Krettek A 
Published: September 2015

Background: Uterine prolapse (UP) is a main contributor to reproductive health problems that infl uence women’s quality of life. In Nepal, the UP prevalence ranges from 7-27%. Women experience various diffi culties and symptoms due to UP, which are determined by the type as well as thestage of UP.Objectives: This study aimed to explore the knowledge, prevalence and treatment practices of uterine prolapse among women of reproductive age in the peri-urban Jhaukhel-Duwakot Health Demographic Surveillance Site (JD-HDSS) in the Bhaktapur district of Nepal.Methods: This cross-sectional study collected data in two stages. A structured survey of 3,124 households in JD-HDSS, incorporating 60% of all women of reproductive age, assessed knowledge of uterine prolapse and identifi ed self-reported disease prevalence (symptomatic). Next, we organised a fi ve day clinical screening camp at JD-HDSS to identify the prevalence of uterine prolapse in attendees.The household survey was conducted on September-December 2012 and the UP screening camp on May-June 2013. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the proportion of comprehensive knowledge regarding UP and the prevalence of UP.Results: Ninety-three percent of womenin JD-HDSS had heard of uterine prolapse and 55% of those had comprehensive knowledge. Self-reported (symptomatic) prevalence was 2.11% (8.5% including women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine prolapse). Among these, 52.6% had received no treatment. The most common reported treatments of uterine prolapse included surgery (53.2%), exercise and medicine (35.5%) and pessary (11.3%). Among women attending the outreach camp (N=303), UP prevalence was 15.18%.Conclusion: Knowledge of uterine prolapse among women in JD-HDSS is almost double that reported in a national survey. Similarly, the prevalence of self-reported uterine prolapse in JD-HDSS is almost three fold less than the national prevalence. Knowledge,early healthcare practices and availability of surgical care for uterine prolapse might have contributed to these fi ndings.Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 3, No. 4, Issue 10, Oct.-Dec., 2014Page: 136-143
Effect of hybrid reinforcement on the high temperature tensile behavior of magnesium nanocomposite
Authors: Hassan Syed Fida , Tun Khin Sandar , Gasem Zuhair M. , Al-Aqeeli Nasser , Gupta Manoj 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
In the present study, results revealed that hybrid (0.7 % yttria + 0.3 % copper) nano-particle reinforcement has a significant strengthening effect on commercially pure magnesium reaching 100 °C, which gradually diminishes with further increase in temperature. Due to the presence of reinforcement particles, magnesium matrix also completely recrystallizes at 100 °C. Hybrid nano-reinforcement also assisted in the deformation process and achieved large ductility at a relatively low temperature.
Bulk processing of fine grained OFHC copper by cyclic channel die compression
Authors: Satheesh Kumar S.S. , Raghu T. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The applicability of cyclic channel die compression (CCDC) for producing fine grained structure in oxygen free high conductivity (OFHC) copper is investigated in the present work. OFHC copper was severely plastically deformed at room temperature up to an effective plastic strain of 7.2 through three cycles of CCDC. Optical microscopy studies indicated microstructural inhomogeneity after the first cycle followed by considerable improvements in deformation homogeneity during subsequent straining. EBSD analysis of microstructural evolution revealed maximum grain refinement during the initial stages of strainitrun 2176 ng and lower grain refinement rates subsequently. Substantial grain refinement in CCDC processed samples was manifested by the formation of fine grained equiaxed structures (∼1 – 2 μm) from coarse grained (58 μm) starting material after three cycles. Grain boundary characteristics divulged continuous changes in the relative fraction of high-angle and low-angle boundaries with strain. The room temperature tensile behaviour indicated considerable improvement in yield strength by ∼3.5 times from 129 MPa to 422 MPa after the first cycle correlating with the structural refinement observed. Initially degraded room temperature ductility revealed a marginal gain at large strain owing to the restoration of strain hardening ability. Hardening and softening regimes revealed in a Hall–Petch plot are attributed to the relative evolution of grain boundary characteristics.
Transforming inequality: Eastern Tibetan pastoralists from 1955 to the present
Authors: Levine Nancy E. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This paper traces the recent history and major political and economic transformations that eastern Tibetan pastoralists have experienced from traditional times to the present and examines how changing rights over land and domestic animals have affected patterns of economic and social inequality in this population. Ethnographic data and responses to household surveys conducted in Sichuan and Gansu Provinces in China support the finding that the division of the grasslands to individual households through long-term contracts to state-owned land and government policies supporting sedentarisation are contributing to asset inequality and creating the foundation for class-based social differentiation in this population.
The politics of standardising and subordinating subjects: the nomadic settlement project in Tibetan areas of Amdo
Authors: Gyal Huatse 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Since 2006, Tibetan nomads have been resettled into centralised urban settlement towns as part of China's effort at 'Building a New Socialist Countryside' in Tibetan areas. The official narrative of this new policy falls very much within the ambit of neoliberal mantras, such as bringing modernisation, economic efficiency, market-oriented personhood, comfortable living and, most importantly, environmental protection and national security to its west. At the heart of such policies is the idea that the west would remain 'backward' and 'unruly' if left alone or uncared for. In this context, this paper aims to elucidate how a sense of backwardness that ostensibly poses a threat to social and political stability is transformed into the spatial and social reorganisation of Tibetan pastoral regions. Drawing on my ethnographic research in the summer of 2012, this paper takes the newly built resettlement village in Jentsa (established in 2009), Amdo, as a case study to explore how a multitude of actors on the ground have come to view, respond, and cope with this new policy by simultaneously relying on and incorporating the new space, and by constituting alternative forms of participation and social space. I argue that, if we are to understand the multiplicity of interactions and actors at play in the process of implementing nomadic settlement project in Tibetan areas in general, and in Jentsa in particular, we need to develop models of understanding these relationships that acknowledge their complexity.
Roles of mucilage in Emilia fosbergii, a myxocarpic Asteraceae: Efficient seed imbibition and diaspore adhesion
Authors: De‐Paula Orlando C. , Marzinek Juliana , Oliveira Denise M. T. , Paiva Élder A. S. 
Published: September 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Several angiosperm families have myxodiaspory, such as the Asteraceae in which cypselae are frequently wind‐dispersed. The roles of mucilage in cypselae remain misunderstood, and the route of water uptake from substrate to embryo remains unknown. In this work, we analyze the fruits of Emilia fosbergii aiming to clarify how the water is absorbed and how the structure of the pericarp can be related to the processes of diaspore adhesion and seed imbibition.METHODS:The anatomy and ultrastructure of the cypselae of Emilia fosbergii were analyzed with histochemical tests and light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We assessed the roles of mucilage in seed imbibition using apoplasmic tracing with Lucifer yellow and epifluorescence microscopy and in adhesion with a sand assay.KEY RESULTS:We describe structural and ultrastructural aspects of the exocarpic cells, especially the mucilaginous twin hairs. Lucifer yellow was absorbed only by the twin hairs, the cells where water primarily enters the seed during seed imbibition. In the sand assay, the mucilage was adhesive.CONCLUSIONS:The twin hairs on the surface of the cypselae can play a dual role in the establishment of new plants of this species. First, these trichomes constitute the main passage for water intake, which is essential for seed imbibition and germination, and after imbibition, they release mucilage that can adhere the diaspore. Therefore, the presence of myxocarpy in Asteraceae could be important in anemochoric species to avoid secondary dispersal.