bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integral Management of Risks: From Corrective to Preventive Approach
Authors: Montes E. F.Oliveros 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT
The Pipeline Trnsmission System of Camisea, in Peru, consists of a pipeline of Natural Gas (NG) and other Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) and crosses regions Jungle, mountain and Coast. Due to its geotechnical, socio-environmental and operational complexity, some important activities have been developed with a corrective approach, which has led to problems for the normal development of the operation.
Since 8 years ago and as a part of the current operation of the system, maintenance activities are being carried which, within its objectives for improvement, seek to establish a preventive approach through interaction and communication among the areas that had worked under conditions of corrective jobs. The involved areas are geo-technics, pipelines, environment, communities and integrity.
This paper describes the process named Integral Plan for Operating Risks. This process is a result of the updating of the geological-geotechnical base-line, in relation to the environmental and social context, allowing a comprehensive analysis of the status of the relation between the Community, environment and works as well as planning prevention tasks able to guarantee the stability of the right of way (RoW) and the pipeline integrity. This job is performed by both desk work (remote interpretation) and field work conducted by multidisciplinary teams, which ensures a transverse communication flow. All of this is backed by a digital database and a geographical information system (GIS). A Technical Atlas is constructed as a graphic document containing a series of cartographic and text cards regarding the sector under study as a useful instrument of preventive management for intervention in a given area.
To date, a comprehensive remote analysis of the RoW has been completed and an in-site field analysis has started, upon which strategies are being developed in order to control items such as geological hazards, geological architecture, vegetation architecture, RoW stability, etc. Jobs were competed along the first 12 km as a pilot experience, which is being replicated all along the RoW.
Benefits of a Dedicated Industrial Water Treatment Plant
Authors: Aldaz K. Pazmiño , Kohatsu J. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
An oilfield services company’s activities at its operations base in Ecuador have expanded in recent years, generating increasing volumes of aqueous fluid mixed with materials such as grease, oil, hydrocarbons and suspended solids. This aqueous fluid was being treated off-site, incurring increasing transport and treatment requirements.
An analysis was performed to determine the potential benefits and operational requirements of a dedicated on-site industrial water treatment plant. Objectives included reducing the need for transport services, effectively managing maintenance of grease traps, reducing treatment costs, and meeting Ecuadorian and provincial regulatory requirements.
A new water treatment plant was built, providing a process that comprised the separation of fats and oils, followed by dissolved air flotation (DAF), then filtering through an activated carbon filter and a nutshell and rice filter. As a result of the new treatment plant, overall expenditure for industrial water treatment at the base decreased significantly. In 2010, 581,000 liters of industrial water required transporting for treatment off-site. In 2012, despite an increase in the level of field operations, only 145,000 liters of industrial water effluent required transporting for further treatment: a 75% reduction.
The plant has the ability to treat up to one cubic meter per hour, but is currently working at 50% of its capacity at 5,500 liters per working day. This gives sustainability to the project, as the plant has capacity to accommodate increases in industrial water treatment requirements at the base and/or support water treatment for some of the company’s other bases in the area.
The water treatment operations comply with the Ecuadorian legislation and the bylaws where the operations are located, as well as the company’s own stringent standards. The treatment process is helping to maintain the integrity of natural water resources because no industrial water is discharged. In addition, treated water is being reused for processes such as washing tools, reducing overall resource usage.
Integrity Management System Based on Risk Analysis: A Tool To Prevent Failures on Pipelines Which Crossing Amazonian Jungles and the Andes
Authors: Moya J. Malpartida 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The hydrocarbon transmission system belonging to Transportadora de Gas del Perú (TGP) and operated by Compañia Operadora del Gas del Amazonas (COGA), consist of two parallel pipelines that start their route in the Amazonian jungle of Cuzco-Peru, cross the Andes arriving at 4827masl and go down to the Pacific Ocean coast. One of the pipelines, with a length of 557 km, transports Natural Gas Liquids and the other one, with a length of 729Km plus 105km of Loop in its coastal area, transports Natural Gas.
As a part of the Integrity Management Program (IMP), it has been identified, Weather and Outside Forces as main threat which increases the risk of the system in environmentally sensible areas as jungle and mountains. This threat produces mainly ruptures (leak or spill of hydrocarbon). TgP’s Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS) uses and manages the information provided by the various techniques of inspections and monitoring of the pipeline and Right of Way (ROW), and perform accurate risk analysis. All this information is supported in a Geographic Information System (GIS), which allows viewing and analyzing spatially the data and the risk assessment, making easy to take decisions.
The article discusses the various techniques and methodologies of monitoring and risk assessment (focused on geohazards), estimation of exposure to hazards, calculation of risk and reduction/mitigation techniques. The IMP based on Risk Analysis comprises the following steps: Input data and test its availability/quality.Quantitative Risk Assessment.Customized geohazard evaluation.Integrity assessments (each threat).Post integrity assessment actions.Specialized analyses (site-specific geotechnical investigations or reliability-based QRA studies).
By means of the pipeline Integrity Management System, it has been able to mitigate risks. We have been able to act before any event becomes critical, in other words, with no occurrence of ruptures. This system allows us simultaneously to optimize efforts and preserve the mechanical integrity of the pipelines. TgP NGL pipeline’s rupture rate (number of ruptures per 1000 kilometers years) decreases substantially from 5.4 to 0.9. For the whole system that rate decreases from 2.3 to 0.36.
Integrating inspections and monitoring systems as part of a PIMS based on risk assessments, it is possible to act in advance to potential critical events, mitigating and/or minimizing the occurrence of failures, optimizing efforts to preserve the integrity and minimizing personal, environmental and business impact.
Integrity Management for Third Party Damage of Transportadora de Gas del Peru Camisea Project
Authors: Astorayme Carlos Del 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The Pipeline Transportation System of Transportadora de Gas del Peru (TGP) crosses diverse areas of population density. The lack of awareness about the risk of their activities, the industry development and population growth, have led to significantly raise the number of activities carried out by third parties with potential risk of damage to pipeline integrity of TGP system. Moreover, there is no strict regulation by the authorities of these activities.
The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the management of third threat on TGP system. It seeks to mitigate risks and potential harm to people, the environment and the integrity of its facilities. Is worth mentioning that the energy mix of the country is changing to NG as new source (it only has 8 years). For the development of this management, TGP uses Preventive and Corrective methods: –Identification of third party–Communication program–Prevention and awareness workshops–Patrol Program–Survey of possible occurrence–Risk and issue action plan for possible occurrences–Using technology to detect possible occurrences–Using database in GIS–Review and continuous improvement process
Due to the nature of the threat, the control is not always predictive. However, third party management of TGP can effectively mitigate the risks associated with those activities. In addition, it is subject to continuous improvement on a regular basis so that the lessons learned are taken in order to safeguard the integrity of the people, the environment and company assets.
Managing risk mitigate the damages by third parties, which is the leading cause of pipeline failure worldwide, is developed by the establishment of preventive and corrective processes, (including working with GIS database). Management is subject to continuous improvement and is based on best industry practices.
Also, TGP management can be applied similarly to any system near urban development zones. This is important considering that the NG pipelines will be increase in Peru and this system will apply to all of them.
Working Together: Community Environmental Monitoring Program In Upper Urubamba
Authors: Guarderas R. , Urrutia A. M. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The jungle of Cusco forms part of the ecosystem of the Amazon and is one of the áreas with greatest biodiversity in the planet. Therefore, one of the greatest challenges for Transportadora de Gas del Peru (TgP) was to develop -and afterwards, operate-such a complex project in harmony with the environment and without affecting the quality of life of the inhabitants of the area.
Conscious of this responsibility, TgP has decided to implement a set of measures to prevent, control, and mitigate the possible environmental impacts of its activities; while having the support and involvement of the communities. Thus, the Community Environmental Monitoring Program was born (PMAC-AU). PMAC-AU is an independent and original program -in its application within the hydrocarbon sector- with the goal to promote the effective participation of native communities and rural population of the area of direct influence of TgP’s Pipeline Transportation System in the social and environmental watch of the activities carried out by the company; and, at the same time, to strengthen bonds of trust and transparency between the company and the community.
By implementing participatory workshops, community monitors are trained by a specialized technical entity - other than TgP- in order to identify and act in a timely manner while facing possible environmental and social impacts; as well as to guarantee transparency in the activities carried out by the company. The monitors are chosen in a voluntary and independent fashion by their communities of origin. Additionally, each monitor disseminates the results of the monitoring in their respective communities, strengthening their leadership capacities, and turning them into agents of change within their communities.
The PMAC has worked in a continuous manner for more than 8 years, which shows the commitment of communities with the program. Likewise, by the end of 2011, 100% of the observations registered by the PMAC have been addressed by TgP, which reveals the commitment between company and community in order to mitigate and prevent any potential socioeconomic impact. In this fashion, TgP has managed to establish relationships of trust and cooperation with the native communities in the areas of influence.
Mature Field Subsurface Integrity: Formulation of New Paradigm Through Hollistic Diagnostic Approach for D-Field, Malaysia
Authors: Ismail Wan Rokiah , Pradana Almag Fira 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Adherence to prudent implementation of subsurface integrity assurance activities, as one of the crucial responsibilities of the field operators, has often been sidelined due to the obscure nature of potential hazards in the wellbore. With the previous Gulf of Mexico oil spill incident still fresh in mind, immense attention in safety should be given to the integrity assurance of subsurface apparatus in the field operation philosophy.
As a field matures, to sustain production over the life span of the field, there is a crucial need to focus on integrity related issues such as hazard prevention and mitigation. The necessity to properly acknowledge and execute subsurface integrity assurance activities, are crucial in order to avoid such incident from happening within the wellbore by routinely ensuring the reliability of multiple downhole safety barriers in place.
The main challenge for D-field in Malaysia is related to CO2 corrosion as the field contains up to 70% of CO2. During the initial field development, the well design has been made as fit for purpose to cater the production need as per the reservoir data obtained from series of appraisal wells. However, extension of production requirements contrary to the early plans, together with production driven operation philosophy, and irregular well integrity surveillance, have exacerbated the integrity issues.
Diagnostic surveys and integrity logging were conducted to evaluate the current condition of completion strings, casing and cement. Furthermore, severe internal and external corrosion was observed from the retrieved completion strings during workover.
Consequently, production deferment as a result of the aggravated integrity problems has impacted the field’s revenue from the oil sale.
A series of concrete steps were taken as part of the field redevelopment such as: utilization of 13 chrome completion strings for all producers, carbon steel lined galvanized reinforced epoxy (GRE) with rice wrap, and 25 chrome accessories for injectors, upgrading water injection facility to achieve zero ppm oxygen in injected water and executing scheduled diagnostic surveys.
These steps have successfully ensured the longevity of the wells and reduce the production deferment. This paper will further expound on the journey of integrity assessments conducted, formulation of new production philosophy by the team in order to sustain production and ensuring the health and safety aspects of D-field operation.
Recycling Water: Case Studies in Designing Fracturing Fluids Using Flowback, Produced, and Nontraditional Water Sources
Authors: Fontenelle Lucas , Weston Melissa , Lord Paul , Haggstrom Johanna 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Well stimulation flowback water generally contains the chemicals and/or byproducts of a hydraulic fracturing process used on a specific well. Produced water is a different category, which is naturally occurring formation brine that is produced along with the hydrocarbons from the well, and can contain large quantities of dissolved salts, dispersed hydrocarbons, and other materials. Both of these waters are considered waste by-products of oil and gas production and typically present logistical difficulties for operators. Some of the challenges include transportation of waste water over long distances as well as local government and environmental regulations related to the safe disposal of the water from oil fields.
The ability to recycle flowback and produced water provides great opportunities for service providers and producers to help reduce the total amount of fresh water that is used in their operations. By reducing the volumes of fresh water that are used in hydraulic fracturing and, at the same time, reducing the amount of flowback and produced water that has to be transported and disposed, operators are able to show their commitment to the community, the environment and can potentially minimize logistics. These benefits, however, can come with difficulty. For example, the cost of purifying flowback and produced water to near potable quality might not be financially feasible, while bypassing treatment entirely can pose difficulties in using the water effectively for fracturing fluids. In this paper, new and customized fluid compositions that can be used effectively with recycled waters are discussed, as well as successful case studies.
Evaluation of neutrophil apoptosis in horses with acute abdominal disease
Authors: Krista Kathryn M. , White Nathaniel A. , Barrett Jennifer G. , Furr Martin O. , Buechner-Maxwell Virginia A. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Objective—To quantify peripheral blood neutrophil apoptosis in equine patients with acute abdominal disease (ie, colic) caused by strangulating or nonstrangulating intestinal lesions and compare these values with values for horses undergoing elective arthroscopic surgery.
Animals—20 client-owned adult horses.
Procedures—Peripheral blood was collected from horses immediately prior to and 24 hours after surgery for treatment of colic (n = 10) or elective arthroscopic surgery (10), and neutrophils were counted. Following isolation by means of a bilayer colloidal silica particle gradient and culture for 24 hours, the proportion of neutrophils in apoptosis was detected by flow cytometric evaluation of cells stained with annexin V and 7-aminoactinomycin D. Values were compared between the colic and arthroscopy groups; among horses with colic, values were further compared between horses with and without strangulating intestinal lesions.
Results—Percentage recovery of neutrophils was significantly smaller in preoperative samples (median, 32.5%) and in all samples combined (35.5%) for the colic group, compared with the arthroscopy group (median, 66.5% and 58.0%, respectively). No significant differences in the percentages of apoptotic neutrophils were detected between these groups. Among horses with colic, those with strangulating intestinal lesions had a significantly lower proportion of circulating apoptotic neutrophils in postoperative samples (median, 18.0%) than did those with nonstrangulating lesions (66.3%).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The smaller proportion of apoptotic neutrophils in horses with intestinal strangulation suggested that the inflammatory response could be greater or prolonged, compared with that of horses with nonstrangulating intestinal lesions. Further investigations are needed to better understand the relationship between neutrophil apoptosis and inflammation during intestinal injury.
Peace of mind for patients with differentiated thyroid cancer?
Authors: Gerss J. , Maier T. , Schober O. , Vrachimis A. , Riemann B. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryDifferentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTC) have an excellent prognosis, with 10-year overall survival rates over 90%. In addition, DTC patients benefit from their lifelong medical surveillance. The aim of the study was to compare the patients’ overall survival with that of a matched general population. Patients and methods: We have analyzed 1497 consecutive patients with DTC, who underwent radioiodine therapy in Münster, Germany, according to international standards. We classified our patients according to the current 7th edition of the UICC (Union Internationale Contre le Cancer) classification and we compared the overall survival of the patients with the expected survival based on age and sex of the general population as provided by the Federal Statistical Office, Germany. Results: There were no significant differences in overall survival rates between DTC patients of the cohort in stages I to IVa compared to the expected survival based on age and sex of the general population. However, patients in stage IVc showed a significantly worse overall survival rate using the log-rank test (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Patients with DTC showed excellent overall survival rates in stages I, II, III and IVa. All patients, except for those in stage IVc (M1 ≥ 45 years), had overall survival rates similar to the general population.
Primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy of the canine elbow
Authors: Gielen I. , Saunders J.H. , Polis I. , Vermeire S. , Peremans K. , Dewulf J. , van Bree H. , Van Ryssen B. , de Bakker E. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryObjectives: To report the characteristics of two types of flexor enthesopathy, primary and concomitant, based on different diagnostic techniques.Materials and methods: Over a period of three years a prospective study was performed on dogs admitted for the complaint of elbow lameness. Based on the radiographic findings a selection of dogs underwent a complete series of different imaging modalities. With each technique, pathology of the medial epicondyle and the presence of other elbow disorders were recorded. All joints with signs of flexor pathology apparent with at least three techniques were selected. A distinction was made between primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy based on the absence or presence of other elbow disorders.Results: Primary flexor enthesopathy was diagnosed in 23 joints and concomitant flexor enthesopathy in 20 joints. In 43% of the joints with primary and in 75% of the joints with concomitant flexor enthesopathy, pathology at the medial epicondyle was demonstrated by all techniques. All joints with concomitant flexor enthesopathy had a diagnosis of medial coronoid disease, osteochondritis dissecans, or both.Clinical significance: Pathology at the medial epicondyle is a sign of flexor enthesopathy. It may be present as the only sign in a joint with primary flexor enthesopathy or concomitant with other elbow pathology. In both groups flexor lesions can be demonstrated with different imaging techniques. The distinction between the primary and concomitant form is based on the presence or absence of other elbow pathology, mainly medial coronoid disease. Recognizing both types is important for a correct treatment decision.
Carpal joint injuries in cats – an epidemiological study
Authors: Brunnberg M. , Gross M. , Nietz H. , Nakladal B. , vom Hagen F. , Brunnberg L. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryObjective: Injuries of the carpal joint are rare in cats. The most common cause is a fall from a height, known as ‘high-rise syndrome’. So far, only limited data about carpal joint injuries (CJI) in cats are available. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology, aetiology, location, and type of CJI in cats.Methods: Case records of cats diagnosed with CJI between 1998 and 2010 were retrospectively analysed. Data concerning signalment, history and type of CJI, accompanying systemic injuries and further orthopaedic injuries were collected.Results: During the study period, 73 cats were diagnosed with CJI (87 injured carpal joints) and the prevalence in our hospital population was 0.26% (73 out of 28,482). Cats with CJI were more likely to be presented in the period from April-October (85%, p = 0.003) compared with the rest of the year. Carpal joint injuries were caused by a fall from a height in 72.6% of the cases. Of all carpal joints, the ante-brachiocarpal joint was predominantly injured (50.6%, p = 0.001) and this was commonly caused by a fall from the fourth floor or higher (p = 0.002). The carpometacarpal joint was predominantly affected by a fall from heights up to the third floor (p = 0.004).Clinical significance: The data of this study confirm previous data with respect to time of occurrence and cause of injury. Of note, the height of the fall appears to influence the location of the injury within the carpus of cats.