bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE ACCELERATION AND INHIBITION OF HÆMOLYSIS.—I. THE INHIBITION OF SAPONIN AND TAUROCHOLATE HÆMOLYSIS BY SUCROSE
Authors: Yeager J. Franklin 
Published: December 2014

1. Curves expressing the relation between the amount of isotonic NaC1 and the amount of isotonic sucrose in the haemolytic system and the value of the resistance constant have been obtained for both saponin and sodium taurocholate hæmolysis.2. The form of these curves indicates that the rate of change of the resistance constant is inversely proportional to the completeness of the system with respect to the electrolyte NaC1.3. The results also imply that neither saponin nor sodium taurocholate will produce hæmolysis in a system in which all of the electrolyte is replaced by isotonic sucrose.4. Such electrolyte‐free systems have not been obtained, since the replacement of all the electrolyte NaC1 of a human red cell suspension by isotonic sucrose itself results in hsemolysis.5. The local inactivity (i.e. the value of I) of sodium taurocholate in concentrations of about 1 in 1000 passes through a maximum and finally tends to disappear as increasingly greater amounts of isotonic sucrose are contained in the system.6. Changes in the value of the resistance constant R are readily produced by variations in the method of formation of the haemolytic system.
SPINAL EXCITABILITY IN EMOTIONAL STATE
Authors: Marcu I. 
Published: December 2014

It is shown by experiments carried out on decerebrate cats that:1. Blood‐pressure rise caused by peripheral or central splanchnic stimulation increases spinal excitability by favouring the blood‐supply to the spinal cord.2. Besides this hæmodynamic action there is a specific action of the afferent splanchnic nerve‐fibres on the excitability of the cord.3. A viscero‐motor reflex contraction of a flexor muscle of the hind‐limb is evoked by stimulation of the central end of the splanchnic nerve.4. Correlation with emotional state of pain is discussed.I wish to express my gratitude to Sir Charles Sherrington for assistance in the preparation of this paper.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PRESSOR VASO‐MOTOR REFLEXES
Authors: Marcu I. 
Published: December 2014

1. The interaction of vaso‐motor responses taking place during stimulation of various afferent nerves has been studied and compared with similar interactions taking place in reflex contractions of skeletal muscles.2. The phenomenon of effacement taking place during intercurrent stimulation of two afferent nerves is described. This effacement is sometimes complete.3. Effacement is also observed during the interaction of a sensory and an efferent vaso‐motor nerve.4. The phenomenon of augmentation in vaso‐motor reflexes is described and critically examined.5. The mechanism of effacement is a peripheral one. In this respect the phenomenon of vaso‐motor effacement differs from that of occlusion observed in muscular spinal reflexes. The peripheral overlap of vascular areas involved is so great that it is impossible to determine whether a central overlap also exists.I wish to express my gratitude to Sir
Charles Sherrington for advice and criticism, and for the facilities afforded in his department for the performance of these experiments.
THE PHARMACOLOGY OF THE VENOM OF THE CAPE COBRA
Authors: Epstein David 
Published: December 2014

The pharmacological actions of the dried venom of the Cape cobra (Naia flava) have been studied.The minimum lethal dose for various animals has been determined, and the symptoms produced in the frog, cat, and rabbit described.The venom has a digitalis‐like action on the circulation.Respiratory failure is the usual cause of death. In the rabbit this is largely due to a curare‐like paralysis which is not seen in the cat.The venom has a direct action on involuntary muscle, contraction being followed by relaxation. Slight hæmolysis of red‐blood cells occurs in vitro. Lengthening of the coagulation‐time following lethal injections of venom occurs in the cat but not in the rabbit.The blood‐sugar of the rabbit is raised.Non‐toxicity of the venom via the alimentary canal is to be attributed to very slow absorption and perhaps also to destruction of the venom in the large gut.Solutions of the venom slowly deteriorate on keeping.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XVI. THE DEFLECTION OF THE COUNT BY IRRADIATED ERGOSTEROL
Authors: Climenko David Robert 
Published: December 2014

1. The results of
Kennedy and
Thompson on the deviation of the Arneth count by ultra‐violet irradiation are confirmed.2. The deflection resulting from the parenteral administration of irradiated ergosterol is closely comparable to that produced by direct ultra‐violet rays.3. The blood‐calcium level is raised both by direct irradiation and by administration of irradiated ergosterol.4. While a combination of irradiated ergosterol and ultra‐violet rays produces an additive effect on the blood‐calcium level, no such additive influence is exerted on the Arneth count.5. In the control series no deflection or change in the blood‐calcium level was produced by either filtered ultra‐violet light or by non‐irradiated ergosterol.
THE INHIBITION OF (ESTRUS BY CORPUS LUTEUM EXTRACTS
Authors: Patel J. S. 
Published: December 2014

Kythin inhibits œstrus by producing pseudo‐pregnancy conditions in the injected mice. The inhibition of œstrin can be obtained for a long period (40 days in some cases) without causing any permanent injury to the ovaries. Preliminary experiments show that the œstrus is prevented by the inhibition of œstrin‐secretion from the ovary, whose reactivity to the œstrogenic stimulus of the pituitary is reduced (but not removed). The response of the vagina to œstrin is also slightly reduced. There is no “neutralisation” of œstrin by kythin. It is probable that the kythin also acts on the pituitary, inhibiting the secretion of the œstrogenic substance of the pituitary—a condition similar to that found during pregnancy.The writer desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor F. A. E.
Crew and to Dr B. P.
Wiesner for their kind criticism and help.
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION.—THE EFFECT UPON SALIVARY SECRETION OF THE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE AND AMMONIUM CARBONATE
Authors: Eddy Nathan B. 
Published: December 2014

When the submaxillary gland of the dog is made to secrete at a constant rate by continuous intravenous injection of pilocarpine after cutting the chorda tympani supplying the gland, the administration of ammonium chloride and of ammonium carbonate produces an initial increase and a subsequent decrease in the rate of secretion. With both agents the initial increase is more marked, and with ammonium carbonate the subsequent decrease is greater if the vago‐sympathetic is also cut before the injection.Both ammonium chloride and ammonium carbonate increase submaxillary blood‐volume flow. With the former the increase is greater with the vago‐sympathetic intact; with the latter it is greater with the nerve cut.Both substances in a dose of 1 c.c. per kilogram of M/6 solution produce a transient fall in blood‐pressure and a brief increase in pulmonary ventilation. Ammonium carbonate in a dose of 5 c.c. per kilogram lowers the blood‐pressure and depresses pulmonary ventilation, both for a short period only.It is believed that changes in blood‐volume flow and in acid base equilibrium are factors in the production of the effects upon salivary secretion of ammonium chloride and ammonium carbonate. Since ammonium carbonate may turn the tissues alkaline, an additional and stronger action of the ammonium ion seems indicated. Further, the possibility of modification of the results by the rate of penetration of the ions into the cells is discussed.I am greatly indebted to Professor
Robert Gesell, who cordially afforded me the privileges of his laboratory for the carrying out of the experiments upon which this series of papers is based. His interest and advice have been of great assistance throughout.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XVII. THE EFFECT OF ALTERATIONS OF THE SERUM‐CALCIUM LEVEL ON THE COUNT
Authors: Climenko David Robert 
Published: December 2014

1. A number of patients who were being treated with irradiated milk were examined. They showed no change in the Arneth count and the serum‐calcium level.2. Oral administration of colloidal calcium preparation in rabbits gave rise to no increase in the serum‐calcium level and had no effect on the count.3. Intramuscular injections of a colloidal calcium preparation raised the serum‐calcium level and produced a regenerative deflection of the count.4. Intravenous injections of calcium chloride raised the serumcalcium level and produced a regenerative deflection of the count.5. Intravenous injections of hypotonic solutions produced no demonstrable effect on the serum‐calcium level, but caused a regenerative deflection of the count.6. Intravenous injections of physiological saline solutions produced no effect on the serum‐calcium level and had no effect on the count.I beg to thank Professor F. A. E. CREW for permitting the experimental portion of this investigation to be conducted in his laboratory.This research was carried out during the tenure of a grant from the Littauer Fund. A portion of the costs was defrayed by a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund.
ON VARIATIONS IN THE WHITE‐CELL COUNT OF MAN
Authors: Ponder Eric , Saslow George , Schweizer Malvina 
Published: December 2014

1. Under conditions of moderate activity the large fluctuations in the total white‐cell count described by
Sabin, Cunningham, Doan, and
Kindwall have not been observed. These large fluctuations seem to be due principally to errors of method. The total white‐cell count shows, however, small fluctuations, not exceeding ±8 per cent., throughout the day; these persist even after all errors of method have been allowed for.2. These small fluctuations show no definite periodicity.3. The increase in the total white‐cell count during the afternoon is an inconstant although fairly frequent phenomenon.4. The increase which sometimes occurs during the afternoon and the smaller fluctuations which occur at short intervals are not due to the production of new polymorphs, but to a redistribution of white cells, i.e. to an alteration of the partition of white cells between the vessels of various parts of the body or between the vessels and the tissue spaces.
ON THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC. Fourth Article
Authors: Kuré Ken , Saégusa Gen‐ichi , Kawaguchi Ken , Yamagata Kenji 
Published: December 2014

In the cervical and lumbar regions the fine medullated fibres of the dorsal root belong almost exclusively to the spinal parasympathetic system ; they amount to about 40 per cent. of all fibres of the root.In the thoracic region one‐third or one‐half of the fine medullated fibres of the dorsal root belong to this system ; in the second sacral segment only one‐fifth.In the thirteenth thoracic segment the spinal parasympathetic fibres are exceptionally numerous.The first sacral segment shows in some individuals the type of the second sacral, in others the type of the lumbar region.In absolute number the spinal parasympathetic fibres show individual differences.The fibres in question supply the blood‐vessels of the viscera, viz. vasoconstrictors for the pulmonary vessels, and vasodilators for those of the stomach, intestine, kidney, suprarenal capsule, and testicle. They carry motor impulses to the muscular coat of the stomach and intestines.The number of spinal parasympathetic cells in the cord runs parallel with that of spinal parasympathetic fibres.The spinal parasympathetic system is most developed in the cervical and lumbar enlargements.The spinal parasympathetic fibres carry impulses to the sweat glands, skin‐vessels, and pilomotor muscles, and also to skeletal muscles, bones, and joints. This is illustrated by the study of cases of tabes, syringomyelia, and leprosy.
THE GONADOTROPIC HORMONES (ρ‐FACTORS). —I. THE PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF EXTRACTS OF ANTERIOR LOBE, PLACENTA, AND PREGNANCY URINE
Authors: Wiesner B. P. , Marshall P. G. 
Published: December 2014

(1) Two methods for the preparation of potent extracts containing the ρ‐factors from pregnancy urine have been elaborated, one of which involves the use of phosphotungstic acid as a precipitant, whilst the other is an alcohol precipitation method with various refinements introduced.(2) Methods are also given for the preparation of active extracts from the anterior lobe of the pituitary and human placenta.(3) The effect of prolonged injections of small quantities or fewer injections of large quantities of ρ‐factors is to inhibit the œstrous cycle in the mature mouse, whilst small quantities actually induce premature œstrus in immature mice. A theory is enunciated to account for these phenomena.(4) The active factors are not precipitated to any appreciable extent by dialysed iron, nor can they be ultrafiltered through an “ultrafein” membrane filter which is just impermeable to Congo red. Other chemical properties are in accord with the observations of previous workers.
THE CAUSATION OF MUCIFICATION AND CORNIFICATION IN THE VAGINA OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Robson J. M. , Wiesner B. P. 
Published: December 2014

(1) An extract of corpus luteum of cow produces either cornification or mucification of the vaginal epithelium of mature oöphorectomised mice, according to the dose administered.(2) Saponified extracts from pregnancy urine and extracts from follicular fluid, containing α‐hormone, can produce cornification or mucification according to the dosage.(3) The mucifying dose of α‐hormone is about one‐quarter to one‐half of the cornifying dose.(4) The production by α‐hormone of either cornification or mucification does not depend only on the total quantity of hormone administered but also on the concentration of α‐hormone in a dose. The conditions for the summation effect in mucification and cornification are discussed.
THE ACTION OF DIHYDROXYACETONE ON MAMMALIAN PLAIN AND CARDIAC MUSCLE
Authors: Gilding H. P. , Reeves H. Gordon , Renbom E. T. 
Published: December 2014

α‐dihydroxyacetone, even in low concentrations such as 0.01 percent., is toxic to mammalian cardiac and smooth muscle, and hence does not seem likely to play any important part in the metabolism of the tissues investigated.The expenses of this work were defrayed by a grant to one of us (H. G. R.) from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society.
THE RESPONSES OF THE BATRACHIAN ALIMENTARY CANAL TO AUTONOMIC DRUGS. XENOPUS LÆVIS (THE SOUTH AFRICAN CLAWED TOAD)—ARECOLINE
Authors: Epstein David 
Published: December 2014

1. Arecoline causes contraction of every portion of the alimentary canal of Xenopus lævis (the South African clawed toad), and this is antagonised by atropine.2. These responses have been interpreted as proving that the whole of the digestive tract of X. lævis receives motor (excitatory) fibres from the parasympathetic system.3. Arecoline, under certain conditions, is a more suitable drug than pilocarpine for demonstrating the presence of parasympathetic motor (excitatory) fibres.
THE ACTION OF HISTAMINE ON THE MOTILITY OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
Authors: Tidmarsh C. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. Histamine injected intravenously evokes a typical motor response in different parts of the large intestine.2. This action is diminished but not abolished by previous injection of atropine.3. Histamine in 0·1 to 0·2 per cent. solution of HCl is absorbed from the small and large intestine in sufficiently large amounts to stimulate intestinal motility.I am indebted to professor B. P.
Babkin and Professor, J. C.
Meakins for advice and assistance.
ABSORPTION OF OXYGEN FROM THE SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES
Authors: Singh Indeyit 
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of absorption of oxygen from the subcutaneous tissue is very slow. It varies from ·6 to 1·2 c. c. per minute, when 500 c. c. are injected, the surface of absorption being almost half the subcutaneous region of the cat.2. The absorption becomes almost nil an hour or an hour and a half after injection. This, of course, is due to the lowering of oxygen tension owing to the diffusion of CO2 and N out from the tissues (
Campbell).3. The efficiency of the lungs to saturate the blood with oxygen is about 15 to 20 times greater than the whole subcutaneous region.I beg to thank Dr. J. A.
Campbell of the Medical Research Institute for help and advice in the publication of these results, and I also wish to express my acknowledgments to Dr. B. S.
Kahali, M. B., of the Medical College, Rangoon, for co‐operation in the work.
EXTENSOR REFLEXES OF THE CHRONIC SPINAL CAT
Authors: Matthes K. , Ruch T. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. The fraction of the maximum tension capacity of m. soleus which can be enlisted in reflex contraction from a large contralateral nerve is 75–85 per cent., in chronic spinal animals.2. The rate and type of recruitment in the crossed extensor reflex of spinal animals are largely determined by the proportion of excitatory and inhibitory fibres excited by a given intensity of stimulus.3. A single shock is a more effective stimulus to contralateral extension than is a tetanic series of such shocks. This discrepancy increases with strong stimuli. An interpretation is offered in terms of different time relations in the development of central excitation and inhibition from the crossed nerve.4. The “spinality” of crossed extensor reflexes is more apparent with tetanic than with single‐shock stimulation.5. Spinal “stepping” in the isolated soleus evoked by contralateral nerve‐trunk stimulation of varied intensity is described, and evidence is given for interaction of excitation and inhibition as a factor in the genesis of stepping.6. The myotatic reflex to slowly applied and to maintained stretch in chronic spinal cats usually remains scanty, despite recovery of proprioceptive arcs enabling the hind‐limbs to stand. An instance of well‐developed stretch‐reflex in soleus muscle of a chronic spinal cat is recorded.Expenses for materials were in part met by the Rockefeller Foundation. We wish to thank Professor
Sherrington for his advice, and for receiving us into his laboratory.
MODE OF ACTION OF RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS: I. MODE OF ACTION OF OXYGEN LACK
Authors: Selladurai S. , Wright Samson 
Published: December 2014

(1) The effects on respiration of inhalation of various concentrations of oxygen (ranging from 4 to 16 per cent.) and of nitrogen has been studied in the decerebrate cat and in the chloralosed animal.(2) With the sinus nerves and vagi eliminated, oxygen lack acts as a depressant to the “isolated” respiratory centre. The increase in breathing which is frequently obtained in the intact animal is wholly reflex, and depenads on excitatory afferent impulses in the sinus nerves and the vagi which overcome the direct depression of the centre which is simultaneously occurring.(3) The reflex stimulation from the sinuses may, under certain circumstances, be of greater importance than that produced by the vagi.(4) The integrity of the buffer nerves may enable the respiratory. centre to withstand for long periods degrees of anoxæmia which are lethal to it when it has been “isolated” by section of the vagi and denervation of the sinuses.(5) The classical theories accounting for the stimulating action of oxygen lack are reviewed, and it is suggested that in the light of the fresh evidence they are no longer tenable. Anoxsemia decreases the response of the “isolated” respiratory centre to carbon dioxide.
STUDIES ON THE REDISTRIBUTION OF LEUCOCYTES.—I. VARIATIONS IN THE WHITE‐CELL COUNT IN CATS SUBJECTED TO OPERATIVE PROCEDURE
Authors: Schweizer Malvina 
Published: December 2014

1. The leucocyte count in the operated cat undergoes a spontaneous decrease for about an hour after the beginning of the operation. This decrease occurs in the visceral as well as in the peripheral vessels. The cells which are lost from the circulation are chiefly polymorphs.2. The fall in the count is caused by the operative procedure, and not by the anæsthetic nor by the changes in the general arterial pressure.3. The fall in the count can occur when all the abdominal viscera are removed from the circulation.4. The lungs, the kidneys, and the spleen are capable of retaining and releasing large numbers of white cells at various times.5. The leucocytes are not equally distributed in the various vessels of the body, and there is no constant relation between the counts in the peripheral and those in the visceral regions.I am indebted to the Dial Ciba Company for the supplies of dial used in these experiments.
ABERRANT VENTRICULAR BEATS IN THE DOG DURING VAGAL STIMULATION
Authors: Drury A. N. , MacKenzie D. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. A procedure is described by which means aberrant ventricular beats in the dog can be consistently obtained.2. The results offer an explanation of the aberrant beats which have been occasionally recorded during vagal stimulation, both in the dog and in the human subject.3. They indicate that the vagal stimulation in some way alters the impulse as it passes through the upper portions of the junctional tissues between auricle and ventricle, so that it is unable to pass a region of impaired conduction in a bundle branch, which the normal impulse can traverse without difficulty.
GROWTH, FERTILITY, ETC. IN ANIMALS DURING ATTEMPTED ACCLIMATIZATION TO CARBON MONOXIDE
Authors: Campbell J. Argyll 
Published: December 2014

1. Some mice and rabbits maintain their rate of growth when slowly acclimatized to about 0·3 per cent. of carbon monoxide in the inspired air. It is pointed out that man's ability to acclimatize gradually to the gas has never been properly tested, and, although not so resistant as certain animals appear to be, he probably possesses much greater resistance, to such gradual exposure, than has so far been suspected.2. The heart of the mouse is often much hypertrophied during slow acclimatization, and this organ is regarded as playing a chief part in the powers to acclimatize.3. The mouse appears to be more easily acclimatized to carbon monoxide than to low oxygen pressure in the air.4. Mice after acclimatization to 0·30 per cent. carbon monoxide are not fertile; true acclimatization is thus not attained.5. If carbon monoxide is consumed by living animals when breathing 0·30 per cent. of the gas, the consumption must be of a very low order, as is to be expected from Fenn and Cobb's results for frog's skeletal muscle exposed in vitro to 80 per cent. of the gas.6. The carbon monoxide pressure in the tissues is less than half that in the inspired air. Oxygen pressures in the tissues are reduced to half the normal value in an acclimatized animal breathing 0·30 per cent. carbon monoxide.I am indebted to my assistant Mr C. Pergande for much help with this research.
THE RELATION BETWEEN BRONCHIAL AND PULMONARY CIRCULATIONS IN THE HUMAN LUNG, INVESTIGATED BY RADIOPAQUE INJECTIONS
Authors: Berry J. L. 
Published: December 2014

1. The systemic arterial vessels reaching the human lungs and visceral pleura have been shown to be independent of the pulmonary vessels by their injection from the aorta with a radiopaque material which does not traverse capillaries.2. Vessels have been distended by radiopaque material to 14 µ in diameter, without passage of the material into the pulmonary circulation, showing that if anastomoses between the pulmonary and bronchial systems are present, they exist in the region of capillaries or by means of arterioles and venules less than 14 µ in diameter when fixed, i.e. they form a physiological connection and in this sense are not true anatomical anastomoses.3. The relations of the systemic vascular distribution in the human lung to various lung structures, are discussed and found to be analogous to those in the Dog except in the blood supply of the visceral pleura.4. In Man, the visceral pleural systemic blood supply serves not only the pleura, but over the medial surface, also the pleural nerve trunks.