bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Klamert Marcus 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The Introduction explains the methodology used in the book, which involves the explication of unclear or inconsistent legal concepts. It also lays out the structure of the book, contrasting it with the approach common to most of the existent literature on the subject. Thus, a part on Cohesion deals with the role of loyalty as the rationale for the intervention of Union law in national law by instruments such as direct and indirect effect. A part on Cooperation is concerned with the delimitation of powers between the EU institutions and the Member States in matters such as supporting competences and mixed agreements. A final part on Construction discusses the role of loyalty in resolving conflicts within the EU and in relation to the Member States, the legal nature of loyalty, and how it relates to effectiveness and effet utile.
From Jus In Bello to Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Bartels Rogier 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses how to identify the moment when the law dealing with situations of armed conflict (jus in bello or international humanitarian law) ceases to apply and makes way for the law governing the period after the conflict ends. Neither the end of non-international armed conflicts nor the end of the temporal scope of international humanitarian law is defined in treaty law. This chapter proposes using the criteria and identifying factors for the lower threshold at the start of non-international armed conflicts to determine when such conflicts end and when international humanitarian law no longer applies. The chapter describes the challenges in using these criteria and factors, and sets out a modified framework that can serve to identify when the fighting between the parties to the conflict drops below the threshold of intensity and organization and when it thus ceases to be a non-international armed conflict.
Jus Post Bellum and the Politics of Exit
Authors: Zaum Dominik 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The chapter examines whether key exit mechanisms and instruments, transition policies, and the negotiations between external and local actors over the transition of political authority are shaped by jus post bellum concerns. It suggests that while exit practices are not explicitly guided by jus post bellum norms, related normative frameworks, especially about local ownership and about the character of political institutions and relationships, have shaped the timing of exit, key exit mechanisms, and transition planning mechanisms. The chapter first examines the evolution of the debate about exit from peace operations; second, it examines specific exit mechanisms, including exit benchmarks and UN planning instruments for exit and transition; and third, it examines the impact that such norms have had on decisions on the timing of exit. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the impact of jus post bellum norms on exit, and on the implications of this for peace operations.
Facilitating Post-Conflict Reconstruction
Authors: Baetens Freya 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The UN Peacebuilding Commission (PBC), an intergovernmental advisory body, was created as an institutional mechanism addressing the needs of states emerging from conflict. This chapter examines the PBC’s legal and institutional framework, its performance so far, its key relationships with international and regional actors, and the critical conclusions of the 2010 Review Committee. The underlying question is: how can international organizations contribute to the development of guidelines for conflict termination? The chapter analyses how the PBC could help ensure that peacekeeping operations are not executed in vain. This Commission has important tools at its disposal and significant regional support. Hence, it could fill an institutional gap in the coordination of post-conflict efforts towards peacebuilding, but so far it largely marks a missed opportunity in terms of furthering local ownership, mutual accountability, and sustainable development—thereby losing out on a chance to advance jus post bellum.
Beyond Social Investment. Which Concepts and Values for Social Policy-making in Europe?
Authors: Cantillon Bea 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the main findings and put them into the perspective of the changed post-war balance between growth, employment and social inclusion. Clearly, the experience in the EU before the crisis is indicative of though trade-offs between employment-centred welfare reform, social investment and poverty reduction. Disappointing poverty trends in Europe not only signal structural difficulties of developed welfare states today to reduce income poverty, but also limitations of the newpolicy paradigm itself to overcome these deficiencies. Social investment entails the danger of instrumentalisation and undervaluation of social redistribution and of the underestimation of the trade-offs welfare states are confronted with. The new policy paradigm is an important stepping stone towards social progress on the condition that a better distribution of jobs, adequate social protection and care, effective social redistribution supported by social innovation are part and parcel of the investment strategy, and vice versa.
Thutmose III in Asia
Authors: Manassa Colleen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe story Thutmose III in Asia possesses significant intertextualities with the story The Capture of Joppa and the Battle of Kadesh “poem.” Composed during the Nineteenth Dynasty, yet set during the reign of Thutmose III, Thutmose III in Asia appears in a single papyrus copy, Turin 1940+1941, with only one well-preserved column. The unplaced fragments, a previously unread section at the beginning of the tale, and several elements within the narrative all point towards the story being a fictional version of the Battle of Megiddo. The quotation of part of the Kadesh Battle poem in the story suggests that the author intended to equate the two warrior pharaohs Ramesses II and Thutmose III and their military achievements in the Battle of Kadesh and Battle of Megiddo respectively.
Limb Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Attenuates Lung Injury after Pulmonary Resection under Propofol–Remifentanil Anesthesia
Authors: Li Cai , Xu Miao , Wu Yan , Li Yun-Sheng , Huang Wen-Qi , Liu Ke-Xuan 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background:
Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) may confer the protection in critical organs. The authors hypothesized that limb RIPC would reduce lung injury in patients undergoing pulmonary resection.

Methods:
In a randomized, prospective, parallel, controlled trial, 216 patients undergoing elective thoracic pulmonary resection under one-lung ventilation with propofol–remifentanil anesthesia were randomized 1:1 to receive either limb RIPC or conventional lung resection (control). Three cycles of 5-min ischemia/5-min reperfusion induced by a blood pressure cuff served as RIPC stimulus. The primary outcome was Pao
2/Fio
2. Secondary outcomes included other pulmonary variables, the incidence of in-hospital complications, markers of oxidative stress, and inflammatory response.

Results:
Limb RIPC significantly increased Pao
2/Fio
2 compared with control at 30 and 60 min after one-lung ventilation, 30 min after re-expansion, and 6 h after operation (238 ± 52 vs. 192 ± 67, P = 0.03; 223 ± 66 vs. 184 ± 64, P = 0.01; 385 ± 61 vs. 320 ± 79, P = 0.003; 388 ± 52 vs. 317 ± 46, P = 0.001, respectively). In comparison with control, it also significantly reduced serum levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after operation and malondialdehyde levels at 60 min after one-lung ventilation and 30 min after re-expansion (all P < 0.01). The incidence of acute lung injury and the length of postoperative hospital stay were markedly reduced by limb RIPC compared with control (all P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Limb RIPC attenuates acute lung injury via improving intraoperative pulmonary oxygenation in patients without severe pulmonary disease after lung resection under propofol–remifentanil anesthesia.
Mate finding, Allee effects and selection for sex‐biased dispersal
Authors: Shaw Allison K. , Kokko Hanna 
Published: April 2014

Summary

Although dispersal requires context‐dependent decision‐making in three distinct stages (emigration, transit, immigration), these decisions are commonly ignored in simple models of dispersal. For sexually reproducing organisms, mate availability is an important factor in dispersal decisions. Difficulty finding mates can lead to an Allee effect where population growth decreases at low densities.

Surprisingly, theoretical studies on mate finding and on sex‐biased dispersal produce opposing predictions: in the former, one sex is predicted to move less if the other sex evolves to search more, whereas in the latter, mate‐finding difficulties can select for less sex bias in dispersal when mate finding occurs after dispersal.

Here, we develop a pair of models to examine the joint evolution of dispersal and settlement behaviour.

Our first model resolves the apparent contradiction from the mate search and dispersal literatures. Our second model demonstrates that the relationship between mating system and sex‐biased dispersal is more complex than a simple contrast between resource defence monogamy and female defence polygyny.

Our results highlight that a key factor is the timing of mating relative to dispersal (before, during, or after). We also show that although movement has the potential to alleviate a mate‐finding Allee effect, in some cases, it can actually exacerbate the effect.
Dual fuels: intra‐annual variation in the relative importance of benthic and pelagic resources to maintenance, growth and reproduction in a generalist salmonid fish
Authors: Hayden Brian , Harrod Chris , Kahilainen Kimmo K. 
Published: April 2014

Summary

Ecological systems are often characterized as stable entities. However, basal productivity in most ecosystems varies between seasons, particularly in subarctic and polar areas. How this variability affects higher trophic levels or entire food webs remains largely unknown, especially in these high‐latitude regions.

We undertook a year‐long study of benthic (macroinvertebrate) and pelagic (zooplankton) resource availability, along with short (day/days: stomach content)‐, medium (month: liver δ13C and δ15N isotopes)‐ and long‐term (season: muscle δ13C and δ15N isotopes) assessments of resource use by a generalist fish, the European whitefish, in a deep, oligotrophic, subarctic lake in northern Europe. Due to the long ice‐covered winter period, we expected to find general benthic reliance throughout the year, but also a seasonal importance of zooplankton to the diet, somatic growth and gonadal development of whitefish.

Benthic and pelagic resource availability varied between seasons: peak littoral benthic macroinvertebrate density occurred in mid‐winter, whereas maximum zooplankton density was observed in summer. Whitefish stomach content revealed a reliance on benthic prey items during winter and pelagic prey in summer. A seasonal shift from benthic to pelagic prey was evident in liver isotope ratios, but muscle isotope ratios indicated a year‐round reliance on benthic macroinvertebrates. Whitefish activity levels as well as somatic and gonadal growth all peaked during the summer, coinciding with the zooplankton peak and the warmest water temperature.

Stable isotopes of muscle consistently depicted the most important resource, benthic macroinvertebrates, whereas short‐term indicators, that is, diet and stable isotopes of liver, revealed the seasonal significance of pelagic zooplankton for somatic growth and gonad development. Seasonal variability in resource availability strongly influences consumer growth and reproduction and may also be important in other ecosystems facing pronounced annual weather fluctuations.
Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Chemical Analysis of Food
Authors: Zheng Jinkai , He Lili 
Published: April 2014

Abstract Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an emerging and promising technique for the chemical analysis of food. The use of metallic nanosubstrates improves the sensitivity and capacity of conventional Raman spectroscopy greatly. This paper comprehensively reviews the development and applications of SERS in the chemical analysis of food, mainly focusing on food additives and chemical contaminants. The progress of SERS development and their applications in chemical analysis of food, from detection and characterization of target analytes in simple solvents to complex food matrices, is summarized. The advantages and limitations of different SERS substrates and methodologies are discussed. As most of the current SERS research on chemical analysis of food is still in an early stage, there are still several hurdles for further advancing SERS techniques into real‐world applications for complex food products. This review includes our perspectives on the future trends of the SERS technique in the field of food analysis.
Perceptions of food risk and trust in non‐English speaking Greek and Vietnamese immigrants in South Australia
Authors: House Elizabeth , Coveney John , Pulvirenti Mariastella , Tsourtos George , Aylward Paul , Henderson Julie , Ward Paul 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTrust in the food supply is important when making food choices. However for non‐English speakers in an English‐speaking country, food choice may be problematic. Specifically, familiar foods may be limited and food safety information is often only communicated in English. This study aimed to identify factors that determine the nature and dimensions of consumer mis/trust in food in selected non‐English‐speaking populations.MethodsSemistructured, in‐depth interviews with 17 non‐English‐speaking participants.ResultsQualitative analysis revealed that participants felt that they had no choice but to trust a food system that they did not understand well. However some participants undertook activities to mitigate risk and bolster their trust in the foods they bought and prepared.ConclusionsThis study highlights a gap in culturally appropriate information for non‐English speakers which can affect trust in the food supply.
Development and application of ELISA assays for the detection of two members of the family Luteoviridae infecting legumes: Pea enation mosaic virus (genus Enamovirus) and Bean leafroll virus (genus Luteovirus)
Authors: Vemulapati B. , Druffel K.L. , Husebye D. , Eigenbrode S.D. , Pappu H.R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAn antigen‐coated plate enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ACP‐ELISA) method was developed and validated for the detection of Bean leafroll virus (BLRV) and Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV), two of the important viral pathogens of several legume crops. The coat protein (CP) gene of each of the viruses was bacterially expressed as a fusion protein containing an N‐terminal hexa‐histidine tag and used as an antigen to produce antisera in rabbits. The antiserum to BLRV could detect the virus in leaf samples in up to 1:1000 dilution, and the PEMV antiserum detected the homologous virus in leaf samples of dilutions up to 1:6400. No serological cross‐reactivity was observed between anti‐BLRV and anti‐PEMV sera. The ACP‐ELISA assays were then used for estimating the prevalence of these two viruses in alfalfa, pea and vetch over a three‐state area in the US Pacific Northwest over a 2‐year period and virus incidence was mapped. Availability of rapid and sensitive ELISA assays facilitate virus disease mapping efforts and screening germplasm for virus resistance.
Epicutaneously applied Der p 2 induces a strong TH2‐biased antibody response in C57BL/6 mice, independent of functional TLR4
Authors: Stremnitzer C. , Manzano‐Szalai K. , Starkl P. , Willensdorfer A. , Schrom S. , Singer J. , Reichart U. , Akira S. , Jensen‐Jarolim E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe major house dust mite allergen Der p 2 is a structural and functional homologue of MD‐2 within the TLR4–CD14–MD‐2 complex. An asthma mouse model in TLR4‐deficient mice recently suggested that the allergic immune response against Der p 2 is solely dependent on TLR4 signaling. We investigated whether similar mechanisms are important for Der p 2 sensitization via the skin.MethodsIn an epicutaneous sensitization model, the response to recombinant Der p 2 in combination with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was compared between C57BL/6 WT and TLR4‐deficient mice. We further analyzed possible adjuvant function of exogenous cysteine proteases.ResultsSensitization with rDer p 2 induced similar levels of allergen‐specific IgG1 and IgE antibodies in both mouse strains. LPS increased the systemic (antibody levels, cytokine release by restimulated splenocytes) and local (infiltration of immune cells into the skin) Th2 immune responses, which against our expectations were stronger in the absence of functional TLR4 expression. Barrier disruption by papain, a protease with structural homology to Der p 1, did not enhance the sensitization capacity of rDer p 2. However, the presence of LPS increased the stability of rDer p 2 against the protease.ConclusionOur data suggest that rDer p 2 alone can cause a strong TH2‐biased response via the skin being enhanced in the presence of LPS. This response is not reliant on functional TLR4, but vice versa TLR4 expression rather protects against epicutaneous sensitization to house dust mite allergen Der p 2.
Cognitive conflicts in major depression: Between desired change and personal coherence
Authors: Feixas Guillem , Montesano Adrián , Compañ Victoria , Salla Marta , Dada Gloria , Pucurull Olga , Trujillo Adriana , Paz Clara , Muñoz Dámaris , Gasol Miquel , Saúl Luis Ángel , Lana Fernando , Bros Ignasi , Ribeiro Eugenia , Winter David , Carrera‐Fernández María Jesús , Guàrdia Joan 
Published: April 2014

ObjectivesThe notion of intrapsychic conflict has been present in psychopathology for more than a century within different theoretical orientations. However, internal conflicts have not received enough empirical attention, nor has their importance in depression been fully elaborated. This study is based on the notion of cognitive conflict, understood as implicative dilemma (ID), and on a new way of identifying these conflicts by means of the Repertory Grid Technique. Our aim was to explore the relevance of cognitive conflicts among depressive patients.DesignComparison between persons with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder and community controls.MethodsA total of 161 patients with major depression and 110 non‐depressed participants were assessed for presence of IDs and level of symptom severity. The content of these cognitive conflicts was also analysed.ResultsRepertory grid analysis indicated conflict (presence of ID/s) in a greater proportion of depressive patients than in controls. Taking only those grids with conflict, the average number of IDs per person was higher in the depression group.In addition, participants with cognitive conflicts displayed higher symptom severity. Within the clinical sample, patients with IDs presented lower levels of global functioning and a more frequent history of suicide attempts.ConclusionsCognitive conflicts were more prevalent in depressive patients and were associated with clinical severity. Conflict assessment at pre‐therapy could aid in treatment planning to fit patient characteristics.Practitioner points

Internal conflicts have been postulated in clinical psychology for a long time but there is little evidence about its relevance due to the lack of methods to measure them.

We developed a method for identifying conflicts using the Repertory Grid Technique.

Depressive patients have higher presence and number of conflicts than controls.

Conflicts (implicative dilemmas) can be a new target for intervention in depression.

Cautions/Limitations

A cross‐sectional design precluded causal conclusions.

The role of implicative dilemmas in the causation or maintenance of depression cannot be ascertained from this study.
Childhood psychosocial development and fatal injuries in Gauteng, South Africa
Authors: Pretorius K. , Van Niekerk A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn South Africa, injuries are the third leading cause of death and disability. Children are especially susceptible to unintentional injuries, especially pedestrian injuries, burns and drowning. Injury risk is informed by children's exposure to adverse environmental circumstances, and individual capacities dependent on developmental maturity. Boys are at greater risk than girls. This study investigates the incidence of fatal childhood injuries as well as sex differences across psychosocial development stages.MethodsData on fatal injuries in Gauteng, South Africa's most populous province, were obtained from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System. The analysis drew on Erikson's psychosocial theory of development which was used to create meaningful age groups. Age‐specific population data from the 2011 Census were used to calculate rates, and significant differences were determined through the generation of risk ratios and confidence intervals.ResultsThere were 5404 fatal injuries among children in Gauteng from 2008 to 2011. The average age of victims was 8.9 years, and the majority male (65.6%). In infancy, the mortality rates for all injuries and non‐traffic unintentional injuries were significantly higher than for the other age groups. Burns were the most common cause of death in infancy and early childhood. Pedestrian injuries accounted for a third of mortality in preschool and school age, and homicide rates were significantly higher in adolescence than in the other developmental stages. For injuries in general, boys had significantly higher mortality rates than girls in all age groups except preschool. The only instance where the mortality rate for girls was significantly higher than for boys was for adolescent ingestion poisoning suicides.ConclusionsThe exposure to environmental and social risks is differentially moderated with maturing age and levels of autonomy. The sex of the child also informs risk. The nature of these risks is important when considering child injury prevention strategies.
Prevalence of hypocalcaemia and its associated features in 22q11·2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Cheung Evelyn Ning Man , George Susan R. , Costain Gary A. , Andrade Danielle M. , Chow Eva W. C. , Silversides Candice K. , Bassett Anne S. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryBackground22q11·2 deletion syndrome (22q11·2DS) is a relatively common yet under‐recognized genetic syndrome that may present with endocrine features. We aimed to address the factors that contribute to the high prevalence of hypocalcaemia.MethodsWe investigated hypocalcaemia in a well‐characterized sample of 138 adults with 22q11·2DS (65 m, 73 F; mean age 34·2, SD 11·8, years) using laboratory studies and lifelong medical records. Logistic regression modelling was used to identify features associated with lifetime prevalence of hypocalcaemia.ResultsOf the total sample, 111 (80·4%) had a lifetime history of hypocalcaemia. Eleven (84·6%) of 13 subjects with neonatal hypocalcaemia had documented recurrence of hypocalcaemia. Lifetime history of hypocalcaemia was associated with lifetime prevalence of hypoparathyroidism (P < 0·0001) and hypothyroidism (P = 0·04), as statistically independent factors. Hypomagnesaemia was associated with concurrent hypocalcaemic measurements, especially in the presence of concurrent hypoparathyroidism (P = 0·02).ConclusionsThe results suggest that, in addition to the major effect of hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism may play a role in hypocalcaemia in 22q11·2DS and that there is a high recurrence rate of neonatal hypocalcaemia. Hypomagnesaemia may contribute to hypocalcaemia by further suppressing parathyroid hormone (PTH). Although further studies are needed, the findings support regular lifelong follow‐up of calcium, magnesium, PTH and TSH levels in patients with 22q11·2DS. At any age, hypocalcaemia with hypoparathyroidism and/or hypothyroidism may suggest a diagnosis of 22q11·2DS.