bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation Chemistry
Authors: Allonas Xavier , Croutxé‐Barghorn Céline , Bögl Klaus W. , Helle Norbert , Schreiber Georg A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Radiation‐Induced Polymerization1.1.Introduction1.2.Mechanisms1.2.1.Initiation Processes1.2.2.Free‐Radical Polymerization1.2.3.Cationic Polymerization1.2.4.Characterization Methods1.3.UV and Visible‐Light Curing1.3.1.Photoinitiators1.3.2.Monomers and Oligomers1.3.3.Additives1.3.4.Typical Formulations1.3.5.Equipment1.3.6.Applications1.3.7.Health, Safety, and Environment1.4.High‐Energy‐Particle‐Induced Photopolymerization1.4.1.Equipment and Definitions1.4.2.Electron‐Beam Processes1.4.3.Health, Safety, and Environment1.5.Conclusion and Outlook2.Irradiation of Foods and Feeds2.1.Introduction2.2.Capabilities of Food and Feed Irradiation2.2.1.Prolongation of Shelf Life2.2.2.Quarantine Measures2.2.3.Control of Pathogenic Organisms2.3.History2.4.Effects of Food Irradiation2.4.1.Induced Radioactivity2.4.2.Chemical and Sensory Changes2.4.3.Changes in Nutritive Value2.4.4.Effects on Microorganisms2.4.5.Toxicological Consequences2.5.Regulations on the Irradiation of Foods and Feeds2.5.1.The European Community2.5.2.Federal Republic of Germany2.5.3.Other Countries2.5.4.International Organizations2.5.5.Consumers2.6.Industrial Irradiation of Foods and Feeds2.6.1.Irradiation Plants2.6.2.Costs2.6.3.Present Level of Use2.7.Inspection of Irradiated Foods
Yeasts
Authors: Athnasios Albert K. , Quantz Michael 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

The Yeast Cell

3.

Food and Feed Yeast

3.1.

Chemical Composition of Yeast

3.2.

Production of Yeast Biomass

3.2.1.

Baker's Yeast

3.2.2.

Active Dry Yeast (ADY) and Instant Active Dry Yeast (IADY)

3.2.3.

Candida utilis
(Torula) Yeast

3.2.4.

Dairy Yeasts

3.2.5.

Brewer's Yeasts

3.2.6.

Wine Yeasts

3.2.7.

Distiller's Yeasts

4.

Yeast‐Derived Products

4.1.

Flavor Products

4.2.

Nutritional Yeast

4.3.

Colorants Derived from Yeast

4.4.

Yeast‐Derived Enzymes

4.5.

Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Products

4.6.

Yeast Engineering
Micro Process Technology, 2. Processing
Authors: Hessel Volker , Noël Timothy 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Reaction Engineering Potential–Transport Intensification2.Reaction Engineering Potential—Chemical Intensification (Novel Process Windows)2.1.Chemical Applicability2.2.Chemical Intensification through Harsh Conditions: Novel Process Windows2.3.Chemical Intensification through Highly Reactive Intermediates: Flash Chemistry3.Process‐Design Intensification (Novel Process Windows)4.Micromixers4.1.Mixing Principles4.2.Active and Passive Micromixers4.3.Diffusion‐Based Micromixers4.3.1.Y‐ and T‐Type Lamination Mixing4.3.2.Hydrodynamic and Geometric Focusing for Lamellae Flows4.3.3.Multilaminating Mixing4.3.4.Cyclone Mixing4.4.Split‐and‐Recombine Micromixers4.4.1.Recycle‐Flow Coanda‐Effect Micromixer4.4.2.Barrier‐Embedded Micromixer4.4.3.Caterpillar Micromixer4.5.Chaotic Advection Micromixers4.5.1.Herringbone Groove Micromixer4.5.2.Bended Micromixer4.6.Turbulent Micromixers—Jet Mixing4.7.Design and Fabrication of Micromixers4.7.1.Microfabrication4.7.2.Modeling4.7.3.Micromixer Design Development and Related New Microfluidic Principles4.8.Mixing Characterization4.8.1.Analytical Techniques4.8.2.Hydrodynamics and Mixing4.8.3.Residence Time Distribution4.9.Applications of Micromixer Technologies4.9.1.Polymerization4.9.2.Organic and Bioorganic Reactions4.9.3.Particle Generation4.9.4.Droplet Generation, Encapsulation, and Polymer Particle Production4.9.5.Scale‐out and Fluid Distribution5.Micro Heat Exchangers5.1.Heat Exchange Fundamentals5.2.Classification of Micro Heat Exchangers5.2.1.Cross‐Flow Heat Exchanger5.2.2.Counterflow Heat Exchanger5.2.3.Electrically Powered Heat Exchangers5.2.4.Microwave Heat Exchanger5.2.5.Heat‐Pipe Heat Exchanger5.3.Heat‐Transfer Characterization and Enhancement5.4.Fouling of Micro Heat Exchangers5.5.Scale‐out of Micro Heat Exchangers6.Microevaporators7.Flow Separation7.1.State of the Art in Flow Separation7.2.Micro Extractors7.3.Micro Distillators/Rectificators7.4.Micro Chromatography Devices7.5.Micro Membrane Devices7.6.Integrated Reaction–Separation Devices
Process Systems Engineering, 9. Domain Engineering
Authors: Economou Ioannis G. , Pistikopoulos Efstratios N. , Liu Jen‐Pei , Kawajiri Yoshiaki , Gernaey Krist V. , Woodley John M. , Jiménez‐González Concepción , Bañares‐Alcántara René 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Molecular Modeling and Simulation for Chemical Product and Process Design1.1.Introduction1.2.Elementary Statistical Mechanics1.3.Major Molecular Simulation Methods1.3.1.Molecular Dynamics (MD)1.3.2.Metropolis Monte Carlo Simulation1.4.Applications1.4.1.Pharmaceuticals1.4.2.Polymer Membranes for Gas Separation1.4.3.Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Chemical Processes1.5.Conclusions2.Energy Systems Engineering2.1.Introduction2.2.Methods/Tools/Algorithm2.2.1.Superstructure‐Based Modeling2.2.2.Mixed‐Integer Programming (MIP)2.2.3.Multiobjective Optimization2.2.4.Optimization under Uncertainty2.2.5.Life‐Cycle Assessment2.3.Energy Systems Examples2.3.1.Example 1–Polygeneration Energy Systems2.3.2.Example 2–Hydrogen Infrastructure Planning2.3.3.Example 3–Energy Systems in Commercial Buildings2.4.Conclusions and Future Directions3.Pharmaceutical Processes3.1.Introduction3.2.Pharmaceutical Process Development and Operation3.2.1.Crystallization3.2.2.Chromatography3.3.Conclusion4.Biochemical Engineering4.1.Introduction4.2.Industrial Biotechnology Processes4.2.1.Fermentation Processes4.2.2.Microbial Catalysis4.2.3.Enzyme Processes4.3.Modeling of Bioprocesses4.3.1.Modeling of Bioprocesses–Mechanistic Models4.3.2.Modeling of Bioprocesses–Data‐Driven Models4.4.The Role of Process Systems Engineering4.4.1.Evaluation of Process Options4.4.2.Evaluation of Platform Chemicals4.4.3.Process Integration4.4.4.Biorefinery Design4.4.5.Biocatalyst Design4.5.Assessing the Sustainability of Bioprocesses4.5.1.Life‐Cycle Inventory and Assessment4.6.Future Outlook and Perspectives5.Policies and Policy Making5.1.Introduction5.2.Policies and Policy Measures5.3.Policy Making and the Systems Approach5.4.Similarities between Policy Formulation and Conceptual Process Design5.5.The Nature of Policy Formulation5.6.The Nature of Sociotechnical Systems5.7.Challenges for Modelers of Sociotechnical Systems5.7.1.Multiple Stakeholders5.7.2.Incommensurable Values5.7.3.Externalities5.7.4.Uncertainty5.7.5.Emergent Behavior5.7.6.Complexity of Causation5.7.7.Objectivity in Policy Analysis5.8.Types of Models used in the Analysis of Policies5.8.1.Macroeconomic Models (Mainstream, Descriptive, Aggregated, Mechanistic)5.8.2.Optimization Models (Mainstream, Normative, Aggregated, Mechanistic)5.8.3.Control Models (Mainstream, Normative, Aggregated, Mechanistic)5.8.4.Data‐Based Models5.8.5.Game Theory (Descriptive)5.8.6.System Dynamics (Aggregated, Mechanistic)5.8.7.Network Theory (Descriptive)5.8.8.Agent‐Based Approaches5.8.9.Some Conclusions on Models for the Analysis of Policies5.9.Synthesis of Policies5.10.Future Directions6.Acknowledgments
Micro Process Technology, 1. Introduction
Authors: Hessel Volker , Noël Timothy 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Micro Process Technology and its Superordinate Processing Embedment1.1.Market and Environmental Constraints1.2.Factory‐of‐the‐Future Concepts1.3.Sustainability and Life‐Cycle Analysis1.4.Green Chemistry1.5.Green Engineering1.6.Process Intensification1.7.Flow Chemistry1.8.Microreactors and Micro Process Technology2.Conclusions and Outlook
Plant and Process Safety, 5. Engineered Safety Measures
Authors: Hauptmanns Ulrich , Schrörs Bernd , Westphal Frank , Halstrick Victor 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Safety Techniques Based on Process Control

2.1.

Integration of PCE into the Safety Concept

2.2.

Classification of PCE Systems

2.3.

PCE Control System, Basic Process Control System (BPCS)

2.4.

PCE Monitoring System

2.5.

PCE Safety Instrumented System (SIS, Preventive)

2.6.

PCE Safety Instrumented System (SIS, Mitigating)

2.7.

Requirements for PCE Equipment for Process Plant Safety and Design Principles

2.7.1.

General Requirements

2.7.2.

Low and High Risk Requirements (SIL1 and SIL2)

2.7.3.

Very High Risk Requirements (SIL 3)

2.8.

Principles for Design and Construction of PCE Safety Systems

2.8.1.

Operation of a PCE Safety System

2.8.2.

Documentation

2.8.3.

Fault Analysis

2.9.

Decommissioning, Restart, and Change of Limiting Values

2.9.1.

Decommissioning and Short‐Time Overrides

2.9.2.

Restart after Initiation of the Safety Function

2.10.

Summary

3.

Safety Devices

3.1.

Special (or Mechanical) Safety Devices

3.1.1.

Safety Valves

3.1.2.

Bursting Disks

3.1.3.

Combinations and Others

3.2.

Sizing of Pressure‐Relief Devices

4.

Explosion Protection

4.1.

Flame Arresters and Explosion Barriers

4.1.1.

Deflagration and Detonation Arresters for Gases

4.1.2.

Use of Flame Arresters in Practice

4.2.

Safety Concepts

4.3.

Flame Arresters for Dusts
Plant and Process Safety, 6. Risk Analysis
Authors: Hauptmanns Ulrich , Schatzmann Michael , Schönbucher Axel , Schälike Stefan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Process and Plant Safety Analysis1.1.Qualitative Methods1.1.1.What If? Analysis1.1.2.Checklists1.1.3.Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)1.1.4.Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Studies1.2.Qualitative Methods Appropriate for Quantification1.2.1.Event Tree Analysis1.2.2.Fault Tree Analysis1.3.Quantitative Analysis1.3.1.Failure Rates1.3.2.Constant Failure Probabilities1.4.Methods for Increasing Reliability1.4.1.Maintenance Models1.4.2.Recurrent Functional Tests1.5.Reliability Data1.6.Human Error1.7.Semiquantitative Methods1.7.1.LOPA (Layer of Protection Analysis)1.7.2.SQUAFTA (Semiquantitative Fault Tree Analysis)1.8.Numerical Evaluation of a Fault Tree Including Reliability Data Comparisons2.Consequence Analysis2.1.Pool Formation and Vaporization from Pools2.2.Vapor Cloud Dispersion2.2.1.Formulation of the Problem2.2.2.German Practice2.3.Pool Fires and Spill Fires2.3.1.Zones and Measurable Quantities2.3.2.Physical Characteristics2.3.3.Spill Fires and Fuel Layer Thickness Effects2.3.4.Soot Production2.3.5.Heat Transfer2.3.6.Large Pool Fires2.3.7.Modeling of Pool Fires2.3.8.Conclusions and Outlook2.4.Flash Fires, Fireballs, and Jet Fires2.4.1.Flash Fires2.4.2.Fireballs2.4.3.Jet Fires2.4.4.Thermal Radiation Impacts at a Distance from the Source2.5.Explosions2.5.1.TNT Equivalency Method2.5.2.Vapor Cloud Explosions (VCE)2.5.3.Boiling‐Liquid Expanding‐Vapor Explosion (BLEVE)2.5.4.Dust Explosions2.6.Vessel Fragmentation and Missile Flight2.7.Threshold Values, Probits, Damage3.Appendix A
Plant and Process Safety, 9. Risk Communication
Authors: Hauptmanns Ulrich 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Risk Perception

3.

Risk Communication

3.1.

Normative Procedures

3.2.

Formal Procedures

3.2.1.

Licensing Procedure Based on the BImSchG (Immission Law)

3.2.2.

Safety Report According to Art. 9 StörfallV (Incident Ordinance)

3.2.3.

Information on Safety Measures and Correct Behavior in Case of Emergencies

3.2.4.

External Emergency Contingency Planning

3.2.5.

Advice and Information of the Authorities in Case of an Accident

3.2.6.

Environmental Information Law

4.

Informal Procedures

4.1.

Recommendations

4.2.

Summary of a Survey of Stakeholders' Views

4.3.

Elaboration of Accident‐Relevant Information

4.4.

Concept for Information of the Public

4.4.1.

Context Analysis

4.4.2.

Structure and Contents

4.4.3.

Rules of Behavior

4.4.4.

Layout

4.5.

Dissemination

4.5.1.

Options for Dissemination

4.5.2.

Supporting Measures

5.

A Practical Example
Adaptive range‐measurement‐based target pursuit
Authors: Fidan Barış , Dasgupta Soura , Anderson Brian D.O. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYThis paper presents an adaptive scheme for localization of a target from distance measurements and motion control of a mobile agent to pursue this target. The localization and motion control task of interest is approached within a parameter‐identifier‐based adaptive control framework, where the localization is formulated as a parameter identification problem and the motion control is achieved using an adaptive controller based on the produced location estimates of the target. First, a robust adaptive law is designed to generate location estimate of the target using distance measurements. Then, following the standard certainty equivalence approach, a motion control law is developed considering substitution of the estimate generated by the localization algorithm for the unknown location of the target. Noting that there is some incompatibility between the persistence of excitation requirements of the localization algorithm and the target pursuit goal of the motion control law, the base motion control law is (re)designed to eliminate the effects of this incompatibility. The novelty of this paper is in this motion control design eliminating the persistence of excitation incompatibility. Stability and convergence analysis for the overall adaptive control scheme is presented. The results are valid in both two and three dimensions of motion space. The applications of the adaptive scheme include rescue localization, surveillance of signal sources, and formation acquisition of autonomous multi‐robot/vehicle systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Optical‐Quality Single‐Crystal β‐BaB2O4 Microwires and Nanowires
Authors: Qu Guangyuan , Hu Zhifang , Wang Yipei , Yang Qing , Tong Limin 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of optical quality β‐barium borate microwires and nanowires (MNWs) is reported using an organic‐free hydrothermal method with BaCl2·6H2O, NaOH, and H3BO3 as source materials, and assisted with post‐annealing. As‐synthesized MNWs, with diameters ranging from 500 nm to 2 μm and lengths up to several hundred micrometers, show good optical‐waveguiding capabilities. Based on evanescent coupling between a single BBO MNW waveguide and a fiber taper, propagation losses of 0.30 dB μm−1 (at 532 nm) and 0.21 dB μm−1 (at 671 nm) are evaluated, respectively. An evident second‐harmonic generation (SHG) signal at 532 nm with a measured conversion efficiency of about 8.4% is observed when excited by waveguided 1064 nm, picosecond laser pulses within a BBO MNW with a length of the order of 100 μm. The dependence of the SHG conversion efficiency on the MNW diameter is also investigated. These results show a much‐higher SHG efficiency for BBO single‐crystal MNWs compared with bulk crystal, which suggests potential applications in future micro‐/nanoscale nonlinear optical applications such as optical modulation and frequency conversion.
The RSH/“Smith–Lemli–Opitz” Syndrome: Historical footnote
Authors: Opitz John M. , Furtado Larissa V. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThirty years after its clinical delineation in humans and its teratologic simulation in rats, a Garrodian error of metabolism was discovered in the autosomal recessive RSH/SLO syndrome, namely defective conversion of 7‐dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol due to the mutant 7‐dehydrocholesterol reductase. This opened the door to the study of several other defects of sterol biosynthesis in humans and the creation of animal “models.” The gross discrepancy between expected and observed birth prevalence suggests high embryolethality. The discovery of the role of cholesterol in the synthesis of the morphogen sonic hedgehog has greatly advanced our understanding of mammalian development. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome: Phenotype, natural history, and epidemiology
Authors: Nowaczyk Małgorzata J.M. , Irons Mira B. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSmith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a congenital multiple anomaly/intellectual disability syndrome caused by a deficiency of cholesterol synthesis resulting from a deficiency of 7‐dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) reductase encoded by DHCR7. SLOS is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. It is characterized by prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, microcephaly, a variable degree of intellectual disability that encompasses normal intelligence to severe intellectual deficiency, and multiple major and minor malformations. External malformations include distinctive facial features, cleft palate, postaxial polydactyly, 2–3 syndactyly of the toes, and underdeveloped external genitalia in males, while internal anomalies may affect every organ system. The clinical spectrum is wide, and rare individuals have been described with normal development and only minor malformations. The clinical diagnosis of SLOS is confirmed by demonstrating an abnormally elevated concentration of the cholesterol precursor, 7DHC, in serum or other tissues, or by the presence of two DHCR7 mutations. The enzymatic deficiency results in decreased cholesterol and increased 7DHC levels, both during embryonic development and after birth. The malformations found in SLOS may result from decreased cholesterol, increased 7DHC or a combination of these two factors. This review discusses the physical and behavioral phenotype of SLOS, the diagnostic approaches, the natural history from the prenatal period to adulthood, and current understanding of the pathophysiology of SLOS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence and abundance of Staphylococcus aureus in the middle meatus of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps, and asthma
Authors: Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Feazel Leah M. , Abrass Leah J. , Frank Daniel N. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an idiosyncratic and multifactorial disease process. Bacteria play a role in some patients, by infection or stimulation of inflammation. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) appears to be implicated in a number of infectious and inflammatory mechanisms, and may be particularly relevant in CRS patients with nasal polyps and asthma.MethodsMiddle meatus swabs from control and CRS patients collected during endoscopic sinus surgery were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR). Total bacterial count, SA prevalence, and SA abundance were examined with respect to patient demographics and disease characteristics.ResultsTotal bacteria, as measured by QPCR, was not statistically different between controls, CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), or CRS with asthma groups (p < 0.09). Total bacterial counts did not correlate with disease severity as measured by Lund‐Mackay computed tomography (CT) scores (p = 0.65). The prevalence of SA was similar between groups (15–25%); however, the abundance increased in CRS patients with allergic rhinitis, nasal polyps, and asthma.ConclusionThe paranasal sinuses are not sterile. SA is implicated in a subset of CRS patients with nasal polyps and/or asthma. Further study is required to predict this subset of patients, and to define the mechanisms of SA pathogenesis.
Dielectric and thermal studies of the segmental dynamics of poly(methyl methacrylate)/silica nanocomposites prepared by the sol–gel method
Authors: Kyriakos Konstantinos , Raftopoulos Konstantinos N. , Pissis Polycarpos , Kyritsis Apostolos , Näther Franziskus , Häußler Liane , Fischer Dieter , Vyalikh Anastasia , Scheler Ulrich , Reuter Uta , Pospiech Doris 
Published: October 2012

Abstract Poly(methyl methacrylate)/silica (PMMA/SiOx) nanocomposites were synthesized via sol–gel method and studied by various techniques. The dispersion of the silica particles (10–100 nm) in the matrix was probed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while solid‐state NMR and Raman spectroscopy detected the formation of an inorganic network with high degree of crosslinking. To elucidate the impact of the filler on the molecular dynamics of the PMMA, different methods were used; namely differential scanning calorimetry, thermally stimulated depolarization current and broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. All three methods observed a significant impact of the nanoparticles on the segmental dynamics of the matrix, which was expressed as an increase of the glass transition temperature (Tg) in terms of calorimetry and as a shift of the α (segmental) relaxation to lower frequencies in terms of dielectric spectroscopy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Evaluation of the RF heating of a generic deep brain stimulator exposed in 1.5 T magnetic resonance scanners
Authors: Cabot Eugenia , Lloyd Tom , Christ Andreas , Kainz Wolfgang , Douglas Mark , Stenzel Gregg , Wedan Steve , Kuster Niels 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field of magnetic resonance (MR) scanners can result in significant tissue heating due to the RF coupling with the conducting parts of medical implants. The objective of this article is to evaluate the advantages and shortcomings of a new four‐tier approach based on a combined numerical and experimental procedure, designed to demonstrate safety of implants during MR scans. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first study analyzing this technique. The evaluation is performed for 1.5 T MR scanners using a generic model of a deep brain stimulator (DBS) with a straight lead and a helical lead. The results show that the approach is technically feasible and provides sound and conservative information about the potential heating of implants. We demonstrate that (1) applying optimized tools results in reasonable uncertainties for the overall evaluation; (2) each tier reduces the overestimation by several dB at the cost of more demanding evaluation steps; (3) the implant with the straight lead would cause local temperature increases larger than 18 °C at the RF exposure limit for the normal operating mode; (4) Tier 3 is not sufficient for the helical implant; and (5) Tier 4 might be too demanding to be performed for complex implants. We conclude with a suggestion for a procedure that follows the same concept but is between Tier 3 and 4. In addition, the evaluation of Tier 3 has shown consistency with current scan practice, namely, the resulting heat at the lead tip is less than 3.5 °C for the straight lead and 0.7 °C for the helix lead for scans at the current applied MR scan restrictions for deep brain stimulation at a head average SAR of 0.1 W/kg. Bioelectromagnetics 34:104–113, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.