bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Biofertilization and Rootstock Type on the Development of Grafted Citrus aurantifoia Seedlings
Authors: Abbas Atheer Talib , Abdulkadhim Sabaa Jawad 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the canopy of Al-Musaib Technical College during the period from September 2023 until June 2024 to study effect of Rootstock type, organic fertilization, and biofertilization on the growth of grafted Citrus aurantifoia seedlings. According to a completely randomized block design (R.C.B.D.), the results showed that there were significant differences between the Rootstocks. Rootstock sour orange gave the highest averages in all traits, including (seedling height, main stem diameter, number of branches, percentage of phosphorus in leaves, percentage of potassium in leaves, leaf content of Chlorophyll) (77.36 cm, 7.54 mm, 6.95 plant branches, 0.46%, 2.41%, 78.46) respectively. Volkameriana rootstock gave the lowest averages for all traits. The results showed significant differences in vermicomposting fertilization. The concentration (10%) gave the highest averages in (plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, percentage of phosphorus in the stem, percentage of potassium, content The leaves contain chlorophyll (74.95 cm, 7.33 mm, 7.30 plant branches, 0.74%, 2.41%, 80.66) respectively. The results showed significant differences in bio fertilization, as inoculation with the Mycorrhizae fungus (B2) gave the highest averages in (Plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, chlorophyll content of leaves (78.09 cm, 8.98 mm, 8.00 plant branches) respectively, and gave the highest average concentration of (B3) in (percentage of phosphorus, percentage of potassium) (0.50%, 2.56). In comparison with control treatment B0, it gave the lowest averages in (plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, chlorophyll content of leaves). (68.22 cm, 5.13 mm, 4.82, 68.79) respectively. The lowest averages were given at (0.38% and 1.85), respectively. As for the two- and three-way interactions between Rootstocks, vermicompost, and bio fertilization, there are significant differences in some of the studied traits.
The Selection by Honey Comb Design and its Effect on Disk Area and Yield Under Three Plant Densities in Sunflower
Authors: Ibrahim Muayad M. , Abdulhamed Zeyad A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of honeycomb selection design on the production of high-yielding genotypes of sunflower. A field experiment was conducted in the Abu Sedira area of Saqlawiyah / Fallujah District / Anbar Governorate. Five genotypes were used, and selection was carried out using the honeycomb selection design for two seasons. Ten genotypes were obtained, five of which were the original and five were selected genotypes. These are the original genotypes: Aqmar, Haisin, Ishaqi, Sakha, and Flami, and the selected genotypes: Aqmar, Haisi, Ishaqi, Sakha, and Flami. The seeds were planted in three selection cycles in 2022 using honeycomb selection method at a distance of 1.3 m between the furrows and 1.5 m between plants. The selection was based on the largest disk area of the sunflower crop. The superior plants were produced, which were self-pollinated, and then their seeds were mixed and planted and left for random pollination in the third season. The seeds resulting from random pollination were planted in a comparison experiment to compare the original and selected genotypes at three plant densities of 88.88, 66.66, and 53.33 thousand plants ha-1. The results showed that the Aqmar original genotype had the shortest days to flowering, at 66.78 days. The Ishaqi selected genotype had the longest days to flowering at 72.11 days. The Aqmar selected genotype also had the highest leaf area, at 0.7211 m2, compared to the original genotype, which had 0.5222 m2. The Ishaqi selected genotype had the highest disk area, at 421.9 cm2, while the original had 300.7 cm2. The Sakha selected genotype had the highest number of seeds per disk, at 1472.0 seeds, while the original had 1135.5 seeds. The Sakha selected genotype also had the highest plant yield, at 7.938 tons ha-1. The low plant density (53.33 thousand plants ha-1) had the highest number of seeds per disk, at 1395.9 seeds, while the medium and high plant densities (66.66 and 88.88 thousand plants ha-1) had the lowest number of seeds per disk, at 1292.2 and 1152 seeds, respectively. The high plant density had the highest grain yield, at 7.355 tons ha-1, compared to the low density, at 5.887 tons ha-1. In the interaction between genotypes and plant densities, the Flami selected genotype had the highest disk area, at 476.1 cm2, at the low plant density of 53.33 thousand plants ha-1, while the original had 375.7 cm2. The Sakha selected genotype had the highest yield trait at the high plant density, at 8.806 tons ha-1. We recommend using the Sakha selected genotype with the medium and high plant densities of 66.66 and 88.88 thousand plants ha-1.
Effect of Newer Herbicide in Controlling Weeds Associated with Bread Wheat
Authors: Hammood Watheq Falhi , Safi Suhad Mathkoor A. , Al-Khafaji Mustafa J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Due to the great losses caused by weeds to the crop, it is necessary to continue testing new herbicides that may be more efficient than the herbicides used that can reduce competition between weeds and crops, Therefore. The experiment aimed to study the effect of the herbicide (the newly introduced herbicide (Yamabic 30 Ec) and Axial @1.5 L.ha-1 and the comparison treatment) on the weeds associated with wheat. The herbicides were applied in four stages of wheat growth. The experiment was carried out according to the RCBD system within the arrangement of split plots and with three replications. The results showed the superiority of the herbicide Yamabic at an application rate of 640 ml. ha-1 reducing weed density and increasing the percentage of control compared to the control treatment, which was reflected positively in increasing grain yield when applying herbicides compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest results.
The Effect of Spraying with Plant Extracts on Some Growth Characteristics and Active Ingredients of Basil Plant
Authors: Hasan Ahmad Radhiyah Ali 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a leafy plant used for fresh food, medicinal purposes, and aromatic purposes (including the extraction of volatile essential oil and active compounds), was the subject of a worker experiment at the College of Education for Pure Sciences Ibn Al-Haitham / University of Baghdad during the 2023 growing season. The experiment aimed to determine the effects of spraying the basil plant’s vegetative system with aqueous extracts of watercress and parsley on the plant’s growth characteristics and the production of active compounds. The experiment included two factors, the first factor, the aqueous extract of the watercress plant in three concentrations (0, 5, 10) g l-1 and the second factor, the aqueous extract of the parsley plant with three concentrations (0, 5, 10) g l-1. Spraying with watercress extract and parsley achieved a significant effect in increasing all measured growth qualities and producing active compounds, and the interaction treatment (5 g l-1 watercress extract and 10 g l-1 parsley extract) had a clear significant superiority, which recorded the highest values in the mean number of leaves (54.00 leaf), the percentage of dry matter (29.30%), estimation of chlorophyll (38.23 SPAD), volatile oil (1.60%) and ratios of Linalool, Methylcinnamate and camphor compounds in volatile oil (8.33, 72.98, 3.00%) respectively compared to the control treatment recorded (28.67 leaf, 18.267%, 26.433 SPAD, 0.60%, 6.02%, 70. 16%, 1.58%) respectively for the same characteristics. The results of the study showed the response of the basil plant to spraying with plant extracts as a supplement to half the fertilizer recommendation of mineral fertilizer and giving it the best results when treating the combination (5 g l-1 watercress extract and 10 g l-1 parsley extract).
Effect of Seeding Rates and Genetic Compositions on some Growth and Yield Traits of European Rye (Secale cereale L.)
Authors: Al-Hamidawi Ibtisam F. R. , Noaema Ali H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiment was carried out at Agricultural Experiment Station 2, Agriculture College, Muthanna University, in Al-Bander area during the agricultural season 2022-2023, to study the effect of four seeding rates (80 s1, 100 s2, 120s3, 140 s4) kg ha-1 on some yield and quality traits of three newly introduced genetic compositions of Rye (Krzuca v1, Daukowskie zlote v2, Horyzo v3). The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized block design according to the split-plot design with three replications. The seeding rates occupied the main plots and the genetic compositions in the subplots. The results of the experiment showed that the genetic compositions had a significant effect on some of the studied traits. The Daukowskie zlote genetic composition had the highest values of spikes number (257.19 spikes m-2), and grain number per spike (56.77 grains spike-1). The seeding or number of seed rates also had a significant effect. The 100 kg ha-1 level had the highest spike number (280.56 spikes m-2), and grain yield (2.397 t ha-1). The interaction between factors had a significant effect. The combination (V2×S3) had the highest values for number of spikes (337.1 spikes m-2), number of grains per spike (62.30 grains spike-1), and grain protein content (16.33%).
Improving the Effectiveness of some Antioxidants by Spraying with Vitamin E, B9 and Arginine of Two Varieties of Maize
Authors: Humadi Al-Hashimi Muayad Ghafil , Zeboon Najat Hussein 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Experiment Station - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriyah in the fall seasons of 2021 and 2022 to investigate the role of vitamins E and B9 and the amino acid arginine in enhancing the activity of antioxidant in two maize varieties. The experiment was implemented following the randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a split-plate arrangement with three replicates. It involved two factors: the main factor, comprising two maize varieties (Baghdad 3 and Sarah), and the secondary factor, included spraying vitamins E and B9 at concentrations of 1 and 2 g.L-1 and the amino acid arginine at two concentrations of 100 and 200 mg.L-1, in addition to the control treatment (without spraying). The first spray was applied when the plants had six fully grown leaves, the second spray was applied when they had eight fully grown leaves, and the third application was at the complete ten-leaf stage (for 75% of the plants). The antioxidant activity of the enzymes SOD, CAT, and APX increased in the variety Sarah, superior to the variety Baghdad 3 by 8.16 and 8.19%; 20.26 and 18.70 %; and 9.81 and 8.62% and the percentage of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the leaves of this variety decreased by 15.38 and 12.18% compared to the variety Baghdad 3 for the first and second seasons, respectively. Spraying the amino acid arginine, at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 was more effective than vitamins E and B9 in increasing the effectiveness of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and APX) in plant, while the effect of vitamin E at a concentration of 2 gm L-1 was clear in reducing H2O2 in plant for the first and second seasons.
Efficiency of Fine-Leaf Herbicides in Controlling Wild Barley Weeds Associated with Wheat Crop Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: Abdullah Hadeer Raad , Ahmed Mohammad Ramadan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out during the 2022-2023 agricultural season at the research station of the Field Crops Department of the College of Agriculture / Tikrit University, with the aim of increasing the effectiveness of fine herbicides to combat the wild barley weed (Hordeum spontaneum) in wheat fields (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment included two factors, the first was the bush pesticide Oxyal at the recommended concentration and 1/2 the recommended concentration, and the pesticide Topic at the recommended concentration and 1/2 the recommended concentration, in addition to the bush worker (Control). The second factor was the use of Tecnphyt PH with a concentration of 75 ml per 100 liters of water and 150 ml per 100 liters of water, in addition to the treatment without using this substance (distilled water only). It followed a randomized block design and was statistically analyzed according to Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% level. The study concluded that no significant differences were recorded in the inhibition rate of the pesticides used and the domestic treatment, and the same applies to spraying with diffusers. Also, in terms of plant height, no statistical differences were recorded in wheat crop plants for pesticide treatments, while spraying treatments with spreading materials at two concentrations (150 and 75) ml/100 liters of water were superior for the same trait.
Estimation of some Genetic Parameters of Flax Genotypes (Linum usitatissimum L.) at Different Concentrations of NPK Nano Fertilizer
Authors: Ali Abdullah Mahdi , Jassim Wael Mustafa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2022-2023 at the Field Crops Research Station of the College of Agriculture - Tikrit University. The experiment followed a totally randomized block design with three repetitions, organized in split plots. The primary panels consisted of three different concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mg L-1) of compound nano fertilizer, while the subsidiary panels contained additional information. The study examined six different genotypes of flax (Syrian, Sokha 6, Sokha 5, Short 8, Sokha 1, and Polish) to analyze various characteristics such as the duration from planting to 50% flowering, plant height, number of main branches, number of capsules, number of seeds per capsule, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield, total seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, and oil percentage. Genetic parameters were also estimated for these genotypes. The results for each concentration of the nanocomposite fertilizer can be summarized as follows: The genetic variation values exceeded the environmental variation values for the attributes under study, across all three concentrations of the nano-complex fertilizer. The coefficient of genetic and phenotypic variation for plant height, number of capsules, seed yield per plant, total seed yield, and harvest index showed a moderate value, while the other characteristics exhibited a low value for each fertilizer concentration. The values can be either The heritability in the broad sense exhibited high values for all traits, particularly for the number of capsules per plant and total seed yield. Plant height and weight of 1000 seeds showed a moderate heritability. On the other hand, the biological yield of the plant and the harvest index displayed low heritability for the remaining traits at each concentration of the nano-complex fertilizer.
Determining the Most Appropriate Concentration for Spraying with Potassium Silicate and the Best Planting Date for the Vegetative Growth Traits of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Authors: Malallah Aldoori Shahad Ali , Hameed Hossam Mamdooh 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in one of the agricultural fields in Al-Dour district of Salah al-Din province in the fall season of 2022 A.D, with the aim of determining the most appropriate concentration for spraying with potassium silicate and the best planting date in some traits of the vegetative growth of the safflower plant. The experiment included two factors, the first factor being potassium silicate, with three concentrations (0,200 and 400) ml L-1 and its symbols are (B0, B1 and B2), and the second factor is the planting dates and four different dates. The first date is 1/11, the second date is 15/11, the third date is 30/11, and the fourth date is 15/12 and its symbols are (A1 and A2, A3 and A4), as the results showed that the most appropriate concentration for spraying with potassium silicate is (400) ml L-1, as it gave the highest values for the height of the plant, the number of branches on the main stem, the leaf area, the percentage of chlorophyll at flowering, 50%, and the number of days until full maturity, as it reached 133.2 cm, 17.2 branches plant-1، 3184.5 cm2، 57.9 spad، and 198.5 days، respectively, while the best date was the first date, which reached 155.0 cm، 17.6 branches plant-1، 3394.0 cm2، 59.0 spad, and 207.7 days, respectively, for the mentioned traits above.
The Extent of Response to Spraying with Different Concentrations of Potassium Silicate and Planting Dates on Yield Traits of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Authors: Malallah Aldoori Shahad Ali , Hameed Hossam Mamdooh 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the fall of 2022 A.D., researchers in Salah al-Din Governorate’s Al-Dour district sprayed safflower plants with potassium silicates at varying concentrations and planted them at different times to see how the plants’ yield traits changed. The first of the two components of the experiment was a solution of potassium silicates in varying volumes (0, 200, and 400 ml). Using the symbols (B0, B1, and B2), the first part is the L-1. Second, there are four separate planting dates, which make up the second component. The symbols (A1, A2, A3 and A4) stand for the dates 1/11, 15/11, 1/12 and 15/12, respectively. Findings showed that the binary interaction treatment B2A1, which included potassium silicate spraying and planting dates, yielded the best results in terms of disc diameter, total seed yield (2.6 cm), number of discs per plant (39), number of seeds per disc (31), weight of 1000 seeds (41 g), and tons per hectare (4.3 ton).
Effect of Spraying Dates with Concentrations of Nano-Zinc on some Maize Growth Traits, Yield Quality Traits and Field Emergence. Yield Traits
Authors: Mustafa Al-Rawi Adawiya Sajid , Shachai Naseer Faraj , Cheyed Saddam Hakeem 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
During the spring season of 2021, a field trial was conducted at the experimental field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad (located in Abu-Ghraib site). The objective was to investigate the impact of nano-zinc concentrations and their application dates on maize yield and its components. The experiment was designed as a split-plot experiment following a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot was assigned to spraying dates (at 50% tasseling (D1), 50% silking stage (D2), and completion of silking stage (D3). And Zinc concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg liter-1) were assigned to the sub-plots. The results of the statistical analysis revealed a significant impact of nano-zinc application timing on all studied traits. Notably, the earliest application date (D1) resulted in the highest average ear length (17.52 cm), number of ear rows (15.46 rows per ear), and number of grains per row (29.42 grains per row), seed ear weight (87.48 grams), and total grain yield of 6.65 tons per hectare. Moreover, nano-zinc concentrations demonstrated superiority across most yield component traits and grain yield, particularly at 300 mg L-1, This generated the highest average number of ear rows (17.82 rows per ear), grains per row (31.20 grains per row), ear grain weight (98.06 grams), and overall grain yield (7.49 tons per hectare). The study concludes that applying nano-zinc at the onset of the flowering stage is most effective, with the concentration of 300 mg L-1 standing out.
Effect of Seed Priming with Methyl Jasmonate and Salinity of Irrigation Water on the Emergence and Activity of Sunflower Seedlings
Authors: Mahmoud Maryam S. , Al-Fahad Ahmed Chyad 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the field in the autumn season of 2023, in the fields of the College of Agriculture, Anbar University. To study the effect of methyl jasmonate concentrations and salinity of irrigation water on the germination characteristics of sunflower. The experiment was implemented using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement (two factors) and three replications. The experiment included two factors: the first factor consisted of three concentrations of methyl jasmonate (1, 2, 3 mM (mM)), and the second factor consisted of three concentrations of saline irrigation water (4, 6, 8 dS.m-1). The concentration of 1 (mM) exhibited superiority in the traits of initial germination percentage, final germination percentage, plumule length, radicale length, and fresh weight, achieving the highest averages in these traits at 61.7 %, 80.83 %, 9.54 cm, 6.16 cm, 3.26 g respectively. Conversely, the control treatment recorded the lowest rates at 32.5%, 69.17%, 6.15 cm, 2.93 cm, 0.99 g respectively. Regarding salinity levels, the concentration of 4 (dS.m-1) recorded the highest average in initial germination percentage, final germination percentage, plumule length, radicale length, and fresh and dry weights of seedlings at (45 %, 79.17 %, 10.27 cm, 5.43 cm, 3.24 g % respectively. In contrast, the 8 dS.m-1 salinity level recorded the lowest average at 29.2 %, 65%, 4.12 cm, 2.41cm, 0.76 g respectively.
Estimation of Path Analysis and Genetic Parameters for Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Varieties in Different Environments
Authors: Ahmed Sharif Yaseen Obaid Noori , Madab Dawood Salman , Hindi Hussein Ali 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out during spring season of 2023 AD in Koldara area of Al-Tun Kubri district in Kirkuk Governorate. Field experiment was applied according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D), in a split-plots arrangement for two times with three replicates. Main plots included two levels of water stress namely (50, 70%), and secondary plots contains were five Levels of phosphate fertilization (0, 50, 75, 100, and 125) kg. P2O5 and secondary plots contains six varieties of Sorghum: Giza, Enqath, Rabeh, Bohouth, Lilo, and J. Traits were plant length, number of leaves per plant, green and dry forage yield and percentage of hydrocyanic acid were studied. Results study showed that: Genetic variance values were higher than environmental ones for all traits. Values of genetic and phenotypic coefficient of variation were high for trait green forage yield, medium for plant length and values of broad sense heritability degree were high for all traits. Phenotypic and genetic correlation for trait of dry fodder yield was highly significant with traits HCN and green forage yield and direct effect was negative and high. Significance between dry forage yield with hydrocyanic acid (-1.076), and highly significant positive for dry forage yield with green forage yield (1.842).