bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purification and characterization of kraft lignin
Authors: Fang Wenwen , Alekhina Marina , Ershova Olga , Heikkinen Sami , Sixta Herbert 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTo upgrade the utilization of kraft lignin (KL) for high-performance lignin-based materials (e.g., carbon fiber), the purity, molecular mass distribution (MMD), and thermal properties need to be improved and adjusted to target values. Therefore, different methods, such as ultrasonic extraction (UE), solvent extraction, dialysis, and hot water treatment (HWT), were applied for the purification of KL. The chemical and thermal properties of purified lignin have been characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared, gel permeation chromatography, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The lignin fractions obtained by UE with ethanol/acetone (E/A) mixture (9:1) revealed a very narrow MMD and were nearly free of inorganic compounds and carbohydrates. Further, the E/A-extracted lignin showed a lower glass transition temperature (Tg) and a clearly detectable melting temperature (Tm). Dialysis followed by HWT at 220°C is an efficient method for the removal of inorganics and carbohydrates; however, lignin was partly forming condensed structures during the treatment.
Assessment of right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction by echocardiography: from geometric approximations to realistic shapes
Authors: Ostenfel Ellen , Flachskampf Frank A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction are challenging to assess by echocardiography, but are well established as functional and prognostic parameters. Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography has become widespread and relatively easy to use, making calculation of these parameters feasible in the large majority of patients. We review past attempts to estimate right ventricular volumes, current strengths and weaknesses of 3D echocardiography for this task, and compare with corresponding data from magnetic resonance imaging.
Conversion of the LIN-1 ETS Protein ofCaenorhabditis elegansfrom a SUMOylated Transcriptional Repressor to a Phosphorylated Transcriptional Activator
Authors: Leight Elizabeth R , Murphy John T , Fantz Douglas A , Pepin Danielle , Schneider Daniel L , Ratliff Thomas M , Mohammad Duaa H , Herman Michael A , Kornfeld Kerry 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe LIN-1 ETS transcription factor plays a pivotal role in controlling cell fate decisions during development of the Caenorhabditis elegans vulva. Prior to activation of the RTK/Ras/ERK-signaling pathway, LIN-1 functions as a SUMOylated transcriptional repressor that inhibits vulval cell fate. Here we demonstrate using the yeast two-hybrid system that SUMOylation of LIN-1 mediates interactions with a protein predicted to be involved in transcriptional repression: the RAD-26 Mi-2β/CHD4 component of the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NuRD) transcriptional repression complex. Genetic studies indicated that rad-26 functions to inhibit vulval cell fates in worms. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we showed that the EGL-27/MTA1 component of the NuRD complex binds the carboxy-terminus of LIN-1 independently of LIN-1 SUMOylation. EGL-27 also binds UBC-9, an enzyme involved in SUMOylation, and MEP-1, a zinc-finger protein previously shown to bind LIN-1. Genetic studies indicate that egl-27 inhibits vulval cell fates in worms. These results suggest that LIN-1 recruits multiple proteins that repress transcription via both the SUMOylated amino-terminus and the unSUMOylated carboxy-terminus. Assays in cultured cells showed that the carboxy-terminus of LIN-1 was converted to a potent transcriptional activator in response to active ERK. We propose a model in which LIN-1 recruits multiple transcriptional repressors to inhibit the 1° vulval cell fate, and phosphorylation by ERK converts LIN-1 to a transcriptional activator that promotes the 1° vulval cell fate.
The use of MRI technology for studying the adhesion of microparticles
Authors: Sarvašová N. , Dvořák J. , Štěpánek F. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe very synthesis of functional microparticles is generally deemed the most necessary, but obviously not the only step in successful product development. The behavior of obtained microparticles has to be tested in environments resembling the end use conditions to ensure the desired functionality. During the testing, various problems concerning particles behavior can arise, e.g.unwanted adhesion(before the successful delivering of particles to the region of interest, they will adhere somewhere else, thus hindering the delivery of transported substance),insufficient adhesion(in cases, when the particle adhesion is desired, e.g. specific adhesion for targeted delivery, the end amount of adhered particles might not be sufficient for reaching the expected concentration of released substance, meaning adhesion is not strong enough under given conditions) orparticle breakage(some particles are of more fragile structure, which can result in condition limitations, in which they can exist without damage). Furthermore, regarding specific adhesion, the demonstration of such particle functionality should also be performed before testing on living organisms, preferably in conditions resembling the end use.
Quasi-static and Dynamic Nanoindentation Testing of Lamellar and Inter-lamellar Trabecular Bone
Authors: Staedler Thorsten , Donnelly Eve , Meulen Marjolein C. H. van der , Baker Shefford P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBone is a complex natural composite with a lamellar structure on the micro scale. In this study, scanning nanoindentation was used to assess the mechanical properties of individual lamellar and inter-lamellar components of trabecular bone under static and dynamic loading conditions. The combination of careful sample preparation, good topographical characterization of the sample surface, and a scanning nanoindenter provided insight into the mechanical properties of the individual lamellar structures. The results of quasi-static, as well as dynamic nanoindentation tests of bone are reported and discussed.A surface roughness of only 18-20 nm RMS was achieved. Nonetheless, indentation depths in the range of 100 nm and above were required in order to minimize the effect of topography on the measurement. This requirement conflicts with the need to keep the probed volume small enough to sample only one component at a time. A simple volume-averaging model was developed and used as a tool to determine when individual lamellar bone structures were being probed and to help determine the properties of the lamellar and inter-lamellar materials.
Practical Management of Bevacizumab-Related Toxicities in Glioblastoma
Authors: Brandes Alba A. , Bartolotti Marco , Tosoni Alicia , Poggi Rosalba , Franceschi Enrico 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Bevacizumab, currently an option for treatment of different types of tumors including glioblastoma, has a peculiar toxicity profile related to its antiangiogenic effect. Because some bevacizumab-related adverse events can be life threatening, it is important to identify risk factors and to establish treatment protocols to minimize treatment-related morbidity and mortality. In glioblastoma patients, the risk of developing certain side effects, such as gastrointestinal perforation, venous thromboembolism, and intracranial hemorrhages, is slightly higher than in patients treated with bevacizumab for other tumor types. We performed a systematic review of the side effects of bevacizumab and their incidence, causal mechanisms, and available treatments. Finally, we identified risk factors and proposed preventive and therapeutic measures for these adverse events.
An orchid bee of the genus <i>Eulaema</i> in Early Miocene Mexican amber (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Engel Michael S. 
Published: January 2015

The first fossil orchid bee from Early Miocene Mexican amber is described and figured. Eulaema (Apeulaema) zigrasi Engel, new species, represents the first non-meliponine bee fossil documented from Mexican amber as well as the first fossil of its genus. The new species is distinguished from its congeners and comments are briefly made regarding the geological history of Euglossini.
A diminutive pelecinid wasp from the Eocene Kishenehn Formation of northwestern Montana (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae)
Authors: Greenwalt Dale , Engel Michael S. 
Published: January 2015

A new genus and species of pelecinid wasp (Proctotrupoidea: Pelecinidae) is described and figured from a single male preserved in oil shale from the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation of northwestern Montana. Phasmatopelecinus leonae Greenwalt & Engel, new genus and species, is distinguished from other Tertiary and Mesozoic pelecinids as well as the Recent genus Pelecinus Latreille. Despite the fact that there are more than 15 times more fossil than living species in the family, P. leonae is only the second Tertiary member of the family discovered to date.
Therapeutic Effects of Systemic Vitamin K2 and Vitamin D3 on Gingival Inflammation and Alveolar Bone in Rats With Experimentally Induced Periodontitis
Authors: Aral Kübra , Alkan Banu Arzu , Saraymen Recep , Yay Arzu , Şen Ahmet , Önder Gözde Özge 
Published: January 2015

Background: The synergistic effects of vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 on bone loss prevention have been reported. This study evaluates the effects of vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 supplementation in conjunction with conventional periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing [SRP]) on gingival interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐10, serum bone alkaline phosphatase (B‐ALP) and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP‐5b), and calcium and alveolar bone levels in rats with experimentally induced periodontitis.Methods: Seventy‐two rats were divided into the following groups: 1) healthy; 2) periodontitis; 3) SRP; 4) SRP + vitamin D3; 5) SRP + vitamin K2; and 6) SRP + vitamins K2 and D3. Periodontitis was induced by ligature placement for 7 days, and vitamin K2 (30 mg/kg) and/or vitamin D3 (2 μg/kg) were administered for 10 days in the SRP + vitamin D3, SRP + vitamin K2, and SRP + vitamins K2 and D3 groups by oral gavage. On day 18, the animals were sacrificed, serum B‐ALP, TRAP‐5b, and calcium levels were measured, gingiva specimens were extracted for IL‐1β and IL‐10 analysis, and distances between the cemento‐enamel junction and alveolar bone crest were evaluated.Results: Alveolar bone levels in the periodontitis group were significantly greater than those in the other five groups. No significant differences were found in gingival IL‐1β and IL‐10, serum B‐ALP and TRAP‐5b, and calcium and alveolar bone levels between the groups receiving SRP and vitamins and the group receiving SRP alone.Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, vitamin D3 and K2 alone or in combination did not affect gingival IL‐1β and IL‐10, serum B‐ALP and TRAP‐5b levels, or alveolar bone compared with conventional periodontal therapy alone.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies on Removal of Cu(II) from Aqueous Solutions using Soil Nanoclays
Authors: Chen Yueh‐Min , Tsao Tsung‐Ming , Wang Ming‐Kuang , Yu Shen , Liu Cheng‐Chung , Li Hong‐Chun , Chiu Chih‐Yu , Wang Liaug‐Chi 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT: Soil clays (< 2,000 nm) (SC) and soil nanoclays (< 100 nm) (SNC) were used as adsorbents for removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution. The experiments were conducted with variables including pH, interaction time, concentration of Cu(II) and temperature. Four kinetic models have been employed to investigate adsorption mechanisms, and the experimental data more closely resemble a second‐order process of the kinetic model. Adsorption studies on soil nanoclays have been shown to be highly effective in removing of Cu(II) from aqueous solution. This adsorbent is widely available as a natural material, is mechanically stable and, most importantly, it is environmentally appealing. The maximum Cu(II) adsorption capacity of soil nanoclays (31.7 mg/g) is more than three times higher than natural soil clays (10.2 mg/g). Our study demonstrates that soil nanoclays can be used effectively for removal of Cu(II) from aqueous systems to achieve environmental cleaning purposes.
Belarusian Traditional Culture in the Legacy of Oskar Kolberg
Authors: Niakrasava Anastasiya 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The article examines the subject of Belarusian musical and
ethnographic materials collected by Oskar Kolberg. The materials
on Belarusian folk culture, which were collected by the researcher
throughout his whole life, were published almost 80 years after his
death in Volume 52 Belarus–Polesie, while some of them are also
to be found in Volume 53 Lithuania. Thus, the geography of these
materials extends far beyond the borders of contemporary Belarus.
However, individual regions of the country are not equally represented.
Using the works of his predecessors, Kolberg compiled information
about the culture and ethnography of Belarus and supplemented
it with his own research. The author of this article divides the materials
used to compile Volume 52 into two unequal groups: publications
of other authors and the personal field notes of Kolberg (together with
the materials sent to him by correspondents). The latter group, which
constitutes more than a quarter of all the materials and is essential
for assessing the Belarusian achievements of the Polish ethnographer,
has been analysed in the article. The abundance of Kolberg’s own
transcriptions of music in the volume makes his work into one
of the key sources in 19th-century Belarusian musical historiography
The author also puts forward a hypothesis concerning the Belarusian
beginnings of Kolberg’s entire collecting activity.
Kolberg and Jewish Music
Authors: Muszkalska Bożena 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The world of the Jews must have attracted Kolberg, who as an educated
member of the intelligentsia must have been conscious of what was
happening in Judaism in his times. The nineteenth century was
indeed a time of the flourishing Hasidism, the travelling hazanim, the
development of the Jewish Enlightenment movement (the Haskalah),
a great numbers of Jewish Tanzhaus openings. Jewish themes also
appear in almost every volume of Kolberg’s Complete Works. However,
Jews only formed the backdrop for the events taking place among
Poles. Only in the case of a few records left by Kolberg can we surmise
that the musical performers were themselves Jewish. This is most likely
true of five songs with texts in the Yiddish language. More melodies
set down in writing from the Jews or from the repertoire taken over
by Polish musicians are probably to be found among the pieces without
verbal text or referred to by Kolberg as ‘dances’. It is unknown whether
Jewish musicians played Jewish melodies for Kolberg, but we cannot
exclude the possibility of their performances constituting a basis
for some transcriptions of pieces that were not marked as Jewish.
Oskar Kolberg’s Volume on “Łużyce” [Lusatia]
Authors: Nowak Teresa 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Oskar Kolberg never visited Lusatia, and did not come
in direct contact with the Sorbs. Still, hoping to carry out his original
project of a collection of melodies from all Slavic nations, Kolberg
could not ignore Lusatian songs and dances. The volume Materiały
do etnografii Słowian Zachodnich i Południowych, Part 1: Łużyce is made
up of three sections. The first one contains Kolberg’s translations to the
Polish language and excerpts from Jan Arnošt Smoler’s monumental
work Volkslieder der Sorben in der Ober- und Niederlausitz / Pěsnički
hornich a delnich Łužiskich Serbow. The second part includes Sorbian
materials from the collection of Andrzej Kucharski, who in the years
1826–1827 studied the history, literature and language of Lusatians.
The third part contains Kolberg’s own rather scarce lexical and
bibliographical notes. The aim of this article is to take note of a not-sowell-
known volume of Kolberg’s folk-musical collection and to discuss
the meaning of this publication nowadays.
The Jurisprudential and Legal Principles of Environmental Protection
Authors: Alimoradi Amanollah , Alirezaei Farideh 
Published: January 2015

Environment is defined as the place where life continues to flow. The Quran and tradition, which are regarded as the principles of legislation and law-implementation, have emphasized the protection of such an asset. Hence, Islamic clerics have underscored the protection of environmental resources on behalf of the governments. Also, regarding this issue, strict rules and judiciary procedures have been codified and implemented in order to both protect and withstand the destruction of nature. Thereby, paying attention to the codification of jurisprudential and legal principles concerning environmental protection is the key issue in conserving it for people and governments and clarifies the importance and necessity of this issue. To this end, this study aims to establish an operational pattern as well as an efficient procedure for environmental protection. Besides, it exploits both a descriptive and an analytical method similar to library using different written and internet-based resources. The current research investigates the jurisprudential and legal principles regarding environmental protection. Hence, the formulated hypothesis in the current research emphasizes on the importance of the Quran, tradition, wisdom, custom, law, as well as judicial procedure in protecting and supporting our environment. The results of this study indicate that 'Fulfilling the Commandments of Allah and human nature' is the only way to solve the environmental problems in today's world. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v8i5.11857
Les marais de l'anse de Graignes et de Montmartin-en- Graignes (Sud-Est de Carentan, Manche) : Mise en valeur, historique des usages, gestion actuelle et protection (The swamps of Graignes and Montmartin-en-Graignes : development, historic of uses, management and protection)
Authors: Quillet Sandrine 
Published: January 2015

Les marais de l'anse de Graignes-Montmartin sont essentiellement représentés par de vastes étendues de prairies inondables sur histosols, enchâssées dans un haut pays de bocage. Ils subissent encore le poids, d'autant plus important qu'il régit aujourd'hui certains aspects de leur gestion.
Pendant des siècles, ils étaient le siège de multiples usages de la part des sociétés rurales, mais le pâturage et plus particulièrement le pâturage collectif semble être la pratique qui a le plus marqué l'histoire des marais.
Après de nombreux conflits et multiples tentatives d'aliénation, les marais sont devenus propriétés communales indivises vers 1840. Les travaux de dessèchement des marais au dix-huitième siècle ont permis à l'élevage laitier de se développer, au détriment des autres usages.
L'orientation récente de l'agriculture (intensification des pratiques agricoles, contrainte des quotas laitiers) conduit à une désaffection de plus en plus marquée des marais les plus contraignants. La vocation ancestrale d'élevage tend à laisser place à une vocation de loisirs : activités cynégétiques, projets touristiques. Aujourd'hui, au centre des débats, c'est le maintien d'une activité agricole extensive, source de diversité écologique, qui est en cause.
Reference range for thyrotropin
Authors: Giacobino A. , Eckl W. , Wahl H.-G. , Midgley J. E. M. , Hoermann R. , Larisch R. 
Published: January 2015

SummarySetting the reference range for thyrotropin (TSH) remains a matter of ongoing controversy. Patients, methods: We used an indirect method to determine the TSH reference range post hoc in a large sample. A total of 399 well characterised subjects showing no evidence of thyroid dysfunction were selected for definition of the TSH reference limits according to the method of Katayev et al. To this end, the cumulative frequency was plotted against the individual logarithmic TSH values. Reference limits were calculated by extrapolating the middle linear part of the regression line to obtain the cut-offs for the 95% confidence interval. We also examined biological variation in a sample of 65 subjects with repeat measurements to establish reference change values (RCVs). Results: Based on these, the reference interval obtained by the novel technique was in close agreement with the conventionally established limits, but differed significantly from earlier recommendations. Discussion: Following unverified recommendations could result in a portion of patients with subclinical thyroid dysfunctions being missed, an important consideration in a setting with a high prevalence of thyroid autonomy. Conclusion: Indirect post hoc verification of reference intervals from a large retrospective sample is a modern approach that gives plausible results. The method seems particularly useful to assess the adequacy and performance of reference limits reported or established by others in a particular setting. The present data should encourage re-evaluation of reference systems on a broader scale.
Une défense des droits fondamentaux
Authors: du Quellennec Anne 
Published: January 2015

En 2011, le Défenseur des droits reprenait les attributions de la HauteAutorité de lutte contre les discriminations et pour l’égalité. Au nombre de ses missions, l’examen des réclamations déposées par les étrangers dont les plus nombreuses concernent l’accès à la nationalité française, l’asile, l’entrée et le séjour en France. Si la Halde avait montré quelques réticences à s’emparer de la question des discriminations fondées sur la nationalité, le Défenseur des droits s’y est engagé... avec plus ou moins de succès. Un point de vue de l’intérieur de l’institution.
Le chemin des mémoires : le cas des luttes pour le logement
Authors: Lévy-Vroelant Claire 
Published: January 2015

La question mémorielle fait couler beaucoup d’encre. Contradictiondes temps : alors que des pans entiers de l’histoire des luttes sont passés sous silence, les invisibles sont appelés à prendre la parole pour « raconter la vie » comme si la mémoire, auparavant regardée avec suspicion du fait de sa subjectivité, était devenue le terrain dédié de tous ceux qui n’avaient pas eu droit à l’Histoire. Chance ou illusion ? Quelles sont les conditions de l’avènement, et de la transmission, de mémoires de luttes ? Le domaine du logement offre des particularités tout en dévoilant des fondamentaux : en matière de mémoire, le passage de témoin est en soi une lutte.
Protective Efficacy of Individual CD8+ T Cell Specificities in Chronic Viral Infection
Authors: Johnson Susan , Bergthaler Andreas , Graw Frederik , Flatz Lukas , Bonilla Weldy V. , Siegrist Claire-Anne , Lambert Paul-Henri , Regoes Roland R. , Pinschewer Daniel D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Specific CD8+ T cells (CTLs) play an important role in resolving protracted infection with hepatitis B and C virus in humans and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in mice. The contribution of individual CTL specificities to chronic virus control, as well as epitope-specific patterns in timing and persistence of antiviral selection pressure, remain, however, incompletely defined. To monitor and characterize the antiviral efficacy of individual CTL specificities throughout the course of chronic infection, we coinoculated mice with a mixture of wild-type LCMV and genetically engineered CTL epitope-deficient mutant virus. A quantitative longitudinal assessment of viral competition revealed that mice continuously exerted CTL selection pressure on the persisting virus population. The timing of selection pressure characterized individual epitope specificities, and its magnitude varied considerably between individual mice. This longitudinal assessment of “antiviral efficacy” provides a novel parameter to characterize CTL responses in chronic viral infection. It demonstrates remarkable perseverance of all antiviral CTL specificities studied, thus raising hope for therapeutic vaccination in the treatment of persistent viral diseases.