bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunity-Based Abnormal Condition Accommodation of Aircraft Sub-System Failures
Authors: Togayev Adil , Perhinschi Mario G. , Al Azzawi Dia , Moncayo Hever , Moguel Israel , Perez Andres E. 
Published: December 2014

This paper describes the design, development, and flight-simulation testing of an artificial immune-system-based approach for accommodation of different aircraft sub-system failures/damages. The accommodation of abnormal flight conditions is regarded as part of a complex integrated artificial immune system scheme, which consists of four major components: detection, identification, evaluation, and accommodation. The accommodation part consists of providing compensatory commands under upset conditions for specific maneuvers.
The approach is based on building an artificial memory, which represents the self (nominal conditions) and the non-self (abnormal conditions) within the artificial immune system paradigm. Self and non-self are structured as a set of memory cells consisting of measurement strings, over pre-defined time windows. Each string is a set of features values at each sample time of the flight including pilot inputs, system states, and other variables. The accommodation algorithm is based on the cell in the memory that is the most similar to the in-coming measurement. Once the best match is found, control commands corresponding to this match will be extracted from the memory and used for control purposes.
The proposed methodology is illustrated through simulation of simple maneuvers at nominal flight conditions and under locked actuator.
The results demonstrate the possibility of extracting pilot compensatory commands from the self/non-self structure and capability of the artificial-immune-system-based scheme to accommodate an actuator malfunction, maintain control, and complete the task.
Access to medicines by child refugees in the East Midlands region of England: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Alkahtani S , Cherrill J , Millward C , Grayson K , Hilliam R , Sammons H , Choonara I 
Published: December 2014

ObjectivesTo explore access to primary healthcare and drug therapy by refugee children in the East Midlands region of England.DesignInterviews with refugees with children and a control group of British parents with children.SettingEast Midlands region of England.Participants50 refugees with children and a control group of 50 parents with children.Main outcome measuresNumber of medicines used by children in the last month and the past 6 months. Health of parents and children. Registration with a general practitioner (GP).ResultsAll families in both groups were registered with a GP. There was no difference in the number of children in the two groups experiencing illnesses .In the last month, 30 refugee children received 60 medicines and 31 control children 63 medicines. In the past 6 months, 48 refugee children received 108 medicines and 43 control children 96 medicines. There was no difference between the two groups of children in relation to the likelihood of receiving any medicines in either the last month (P=0.839) or the past 6 months (p=0.81). Children in the refugee group were more likely to receive prescribed medicines for the last month (p=0.008) and the past 6 months (p<0.001). They were also less likely to receive over the counter (OTC) medicines in the past 6 months (p=0.009).ConclusionsThe refugee children in this study in the East Midlands had access to primary healthcare, medicines and a family doctor. They were more likely to receive prescribed medicines and less likely to receive OTC medicines, especially paracetamol.
Radiotherapy Followed by Aurora Kinase Inhibition Targets Tumor-Propagating Cells in Human Glioblastoma
Authors: Li Nan , Maly Dustin J. , Chanthery Yvan H. , Sirkis Daniel W. , Nakamura Jean L. , Berger Mitchel S. , James C. David , Shokat Kevan M. , Weiss William A. , Persson Anders I. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. Radiotherapy fails to eliminate subpopulations of stem-like tumor-propagating cells (TPC), resulting in tumor regrowth. To identify kinases that promote TPC self-renewal rather than increasing proliferation in human GBM cultures, we screened a library of 54 nonselective tool compounds and determined their kinase inhibitor profiles in vitro. Most compounds inhibited aurora kinase (AURK) activity and blocked TPC self-renewal, while inducing GBM cell polynucleation and apoptosis. To prevent regrowth by TPCs, we used a priming dose of radiation followed by incubation with the pan-AURK inhibitor VX680 to block self-renewal and induce apoptosis in GBM cultures. In mice xenografted with human GBM cells, radiotherapy followed by VX680 treatment resulted in reduced tumor growth and increased survival relative to either monotherapy alone or VX680 treatment before radiation. Our results indicate that AURK inhibition, subsequent to radiation, may enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy by targeting radioresistant TPCs in human GBMs. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(2); 419–28. ©2014 AACR.
Associations of Plasma Kynurenines With Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris
Authors: Pedersen Eva Ringdal , Tuseth Nora , Eussen Simone J.P.M. , Ueland Per Magne , Strand Elin , Svingen Gard Frodahl Tveitevåg , Midttun Øivind , Meyer Klaus , Mellgren Gunnar , Ulvik Arve , Nordrehaug Jan Erik , Nilsen Dennis W. , Nygård Ottar 
Published: December 2014

Objective—
Enhanced tryptophan degradation, induced by the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-γ, has been related to cardiovascular disease progression and insulin resistance. We assessed downstream tryptophan metabolites of the kynurenine pathway as predictors of acute myocardial infarction in patients with suspected stable angina pectoris. Furthermore, we evaluated potential effect modifications according to diagnoses of pre-diabetes mellitus or diabetes mellitus.

Approach and Results—

Blood samples were obtained from 4122 patients (median age, 62 years; 72% men) who underwent elective coronary angiography. During median follow-up of 56 months, 8.3% had acute myocardial infarction. Comparing the highest quartile to the lowest, for the total cohort, multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.68 (1.21–2.34), 1.81 (1.33–2.48), 1.68 (1.21–2.32), and 1.48 (1.10–1.99) for kynurenic acid, hydroxykynurenine, anthranilic acid, and hydroxyanthranilic acid, respectively. The kynurenines correlated with phenotypes of the metabolic syndrome, and risk associations were generally stronger in subgroups classified with pre-diabetes mellitus or diabetes mellitus at inclusion (
P
int
≤0.05). Evaluated in the total population, hydroxykynurenine and anthranilic acid provided statistically significant net reclassification improvements (0.21 [0.08–0.35] and 0.21 [0.07–0.35], respectively).

Conclusions—
In patients with suspected stable angina pectoris, elevated levels of plasma kynurenines predicted increased risk of acute myocardial infarction, and risk estimates were generally stronger in subgroups with evidence of impaired glucose homeostasis. Future studies should aim to clarify roles of the kynurenine pathway in atherosclerosis and glucose metabolism.
Mongolian Mineral Products and Issues of International Trade
Authors: Damba Galsandorj 
Published: December 2014

The speedy growth of the Mongolian economy is inherently linked with the development of the mining sector. As a result of continued policies by the Mongolian Government to attract foreign direct investments, the volume of fdi in the mining sector has been increasing steadily.
World-class mines of strategic importance, like Tavan Tolgoi and Oyu Tolgoi, have started operating with high rates of coal and copper production and export earnings. However, mineral products continue to be exported to the international market at a price lower than the international market price. In addition, Mongolia’s mineral products exports remain highly disorganised, the quality of mineral products is not meeting international standards, while transportation and logistics solutions to the third market are still insufficient.
All of these pressing issues hinder Mongolia’s competitiveness in the international market. This paper argues for more research into those issues experienced in the mining sector and for the need to set up a mineral products exchange in Mongolia.
Studies of Madagascan Ptiliidae (Coleoptera) 4: The genus Bambara including eight new species and the first account of blindness and aptery in the genus
Authors: DARBY MICHAEL 
Published: December 2014

This is the fourth report detailing Ptiliidae collected from forest litter by the Moravian Museum (Brno, Czech Republic) expeditions to Madagascar 2010–2013. Eight new species are described and figured: B. edwardi sp. n.; B. lanquidula sp. n.; B. merina sp.n.; B. opaca sp. n.; B. problematica sp. n.; B. secubita sp. n.; B. thomasi sp. n. and B. verecunda sp. n., and new data recorded for B. dybasi Johnson. Problems concerning the genital morphology and species determination of the parthenogenetic members of the genus are discussed in relation to the findings, and the first blind and apterous species reported.A key to the known species from the island is provided.
Precipitation Seasonality over the Indian Subcontinent: An Evaluation of Gauge, Reanalyses, and Satellite Retrievals
Authors: Rana Sapna , McGregor James , Renwick James 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This paper evaluates the seasonal (winter, premonsoon, monsoon, and postmonsoon) performance of seven precipitation products from three different sources: gridded station data, satellite-derived data, and reanalyses products over the Indian subcontinent for a period of 10 years (1997/98–2006/07). The evaluated precipitation products are the Asian Precipitation–Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of the Water Resources (APHRODITE), the Climate Prediction Center unified (CPC-uni), the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP), the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) post-real-time research products (3B42-V6 and 3B42-V7), the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim). Several verification measures are employed to assess the accuracy of the data. All datasets capture the large-scale characteristics of the seasonal mean precipitation distribution, albeit with pronounced seasonal and/or regional differences. Compared to APHRODITE, the gauge-only (CPC-uni) and the satellite-derived precipitation products (GPCP, 3B42-V6, and 3B42-V7) capture the summer monsoon rainfall variability better than CFSR and ERA-Interim. Similar conclusions are drawn for the postmonsoon season, with the exception of 3B42-V7, which underestimates postmonsoon precipitation. Over mountainous regions, 3B42-V7 shows an appreciable improvement over 3B42-V6 and other gauge-based precipitation products. Significantly large biases/errors occur during the winter months, which are likely related to the uncertainty in observations that artificially inflate the existing error in reanalyses and satellite retrievals.
Preparing palliative home care nurses to act as facilitators for physicians’ learning: Evaluation of a training programme
Authors: Pype Peter , Mertens Fien , Wens Johan , Stes Ann , Van den Eynden Bart , Deveugele Myriam 
Published: December 2014

Background: Palliative care requires a multidisciplinary care team. General practitioners often ask specialised palliative home care teams for support. Working with specialised nurses offers learning opportunities, also called workplace learning. This can be enhanced by the presence of a learning facilitator. Objectives: To describe the development and evaluation of a training programme for nurses in primary care. The programme aimed to prepare palliative home care team nurses to act as facilitators for general practitioners’ workplace learning. Design: A one-group post-test only design (quantitative) and semi-structured interviews (qualitative) were used. Methods: A multifaceted train-the-trainer programme was designed. Evaluation was done through assignments with individual feedback, summative assessment through videotaped encounters with simulation-physicians and individual interviews after a period of practice implementation. Results: A total of 35 nurses followed the programme. The overall satisfaction was high. Homework assignments interfered with the practice workload but showed to be fundamental in translating theory into practice. Median score on the summative assessment was 7 out of 14 with range 1–13. Interviews revealed some aspects of the training (e.g. incident analysis) to be too difficult for implementation or to be in conflict with personal preferences (focus on patient care instead of facilitating general practitioners’ learning). Conclusion: Training palliative home care team nurses as facilitator of general practitioners’ workplace learning is a feasible but complex intervention. Personal characteristics, interpersonal relationships and contextual variables have to be taken into account. Training expert palliative care nurses to facilitate general practitioners’ workplace learning requires careful and individualised mentoring.
A genetic reduction in antioxidant function causes elevated aggression in mice
Authors: Garratt Michael , Brooks Robert 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMale-male aggression can have a large influence on access to mates, particularly in highly territorial animals such as mice. It has been suggested that males with impaired antioxidant defence and a consequential increased susceptibility to oxidative stress may have a reduced ability to invest in aggressive behaviours, which could limit their mating opportunities and reproductive success. Oxidative stress occurs as a result of an uncontrolled over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in relation to defence mechanisms (such as antioxidants), and can cause damage to a variety of different cellular components. Impairments in specific aspects of antioxidant defence, leading to oxidative stress, can limit investment in some reproductive traits in males, such as sperm quality and the production of sexual signals to attract males. However, a direct effect of impaired antioxidant defence on aggressive behaviour has not, to our knowledge, been reported. In this study we demonstrate that mice with experimentally elevated sensitivity to oxidative stress (through inhibition of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Sod1)) actually show the opposite response to previous predictions. Males completely deficient in Sod1 are more aggressive than both wild-type males and males that express 50% of this antioxidant enzyme. They are also faster to attack another male. The cause of this increased aggression is unknown, but this result highlights that aggressive behaviour in mice is not highly constrained by inhibited Sod1 expression, in contrast to other reproductive traits known to be impaired in this mouse model.
IPE: interprofessional education for HCAs
Authors: Hayes Catherine 
Published: December 2014

This article is written for both HCAs and their educators and provides a brief overview of interprofessional education (IPE)—also known as ‘interprofessional learning (IPL)’—of relevance to the HCA workforce. The notion of IPE has been popularised in recent years, with the need for healthcare practitioners to build capacity within and between different professional disciplines. The motivation for this is often that IPE and the improved multidisciplinary teamwork (MDT) it contributes to can have a direct, positive impact on the quality of patient-centred care. When HCAs are in the process of returning to education after a considerable time, they might not be familiar with the notions of IPE or MDT, or even have considered the relevance of either to the care they provide to patients and their families and carers. This article provides an insight into and an explanation of both IPE and MDT, using worked examples from practice. It also places value on the experiential learning that HCAs bring to the context of IPE for others. The everyday work and interaction at the front line of patient care of HCAs places them in an ideal position to share accounts of their experience from practice, so that others might learn from them. Finally, a key set of learning objectives in relation to IPE is presented, so that when HCAs contemplate their own IPE learning, whether formal or informal, they are better equipped to consider key elements that might be of direct relevance to their own contribution to practice.
The experiences of patients and carers in the daily management of care at the end of life
Authors: Hardy Beth , King Nigel , Rodriguez Alison 
Published: December 2014

Background Home is the preferred location for most people with an advanced disease and at the end of life. A variety of care professionals work in community settings to provide support to this population. Patients and their spouses, who also care for them (spouse-carers), are rarely accompanied by these sources of support at all times, and have to manage independently between their contact with care professionals. Aim To explore how patients and spouse-carers manage their involvement with care professionals in the community setting. Method Interpretive phenomenology informs the design of the research, whereby 16 interviews were conducted with the patients and spouse-carers. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using phenomenological techniques including template analysis. Findings Patients and spouse-carers were interdependent and both parties played a role in co-ordinating care and managing relationships with professional care providers. The patients and spouse-carers actively made choices about how to manage their situation, and develop and modify managing strategies based on their experiences. Conclusions When daily management is effective and care professionals acknowledge the dyadic nature of the patient and spouse-carer relationship, people have confidence in living with advanced disease.
The Signaling Role of Subsidies
Authors: Muñoz-Garcia Félix , Espinola-Arredondo Ana 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of monopoly subsidies on entry deterrence. We consider a potential entrant who observes two signals: the subsidy set by the regulator and the output level produced by the incumbent firm. We show that not only a separating equilibrium can be supported, where information about the incumbent’s costs is conveyed to the entrant, but also a pooling equilibrium, where the actions of regulator and incumbent conceal the monopolist’s type, thus deterring entry. We demonstrate that the regulator strategically designs subsidies to facilitate, or hinder, entry deterrence, depending on which outcome yields the largest social welfare. Furthermore, we compare equilibrium welfare relative to two benchmarks: complete-information environments and standard entry-deterrence games where the regulator is absent.
Sphingolipids in viral infection
Authors: Schneider-Schaulies Jürgen , Schneider-Schaulies Sibylle 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Viruses exploit membranes and their components such as sphingolipids in all steps of their life cycle including attachment and membrane fusion, intracellular transport, replication, protein sorting and budding. Examples for sphingolipid-dependent virus entry are found for: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which besides its protein receptors also interacts with glycosphingolipids (GSLs); rhinovirus, which promotes the formation of ceramide-enriched platforms and endocytosis; or measles virus (MV), which induces the surface expression of its own receptor CD150 via activation of sphingomyelinases (SMases). While SMase activation was implicated in Ebola virus (EBOV) attachment, the virus utilizes the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C protein 1 (NPC1) as ‘intracellular’ entry receptor after uptake into endosomes. Differential activities of SMases also affect the intracellular milieu required for virus replication. Sindbis virus (SINV), for example, replicates better in cells lacking acid SMase (ASMase). Defined lipid compositions of viral assembly and budding sites influence virus release and infectivity, as found for hepatitis C virus (HCV) or HIV. And finally, viruses manipulate cellular signaling and the sphingolipid metabolism to their advantage, as for example influenza A virus (IAV), which activates sphingosine kinase 1 and the transcription factor NF-κB.
Practical Intersubjectivity and Normative Guidance: Bratman on Shared Agency
Authors: Roth Abraham Sesshu 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn an important new book on shared agency, Michael Bratman develops an account of the normative demand for the coordination of intentions amongst participants in shared agency. Bratman seeks to understand this form of normative guidance in terms of that associated with individual planning intentions. I give reasons to resist his form of reductionism. In addition, I note how Bratman’s discussion raises the interesting issue of the function or purpose of shared intention and of shared agency more generally. According to Bratman, the function of shared intention is to promote interpersonal coordination of intention and action. I suggest that power sharing amongst participants must also be included as a function of shared intention.
Sounding the depths at the confluence of numerosity and language
Authors: Everett Caleb 
Published: December 2014

AbstractResearchers in a variety of disciplines are currently exploring how number words and other culturally variant symbols for quantities enable and enhance numerical cognition. In this article I survey the ways in which fieldwork among Amazonian languages is helping to elucidate the relationship between numerical cognition and language. I highlight several noteworthy findings in recent work on this topic, address their implications, and also consider the potential of future fieldwork on languages with typologically remarkable number systems.
Crystal structure of 1-[2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) ethyl]-1H-imidazole, C16H13Cl3N2OS
Authors: Pansuriya Pramod B. , Friedrich Holger B. , Maguire Glenn E. M. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract C16H13Cl3N2OS, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 10.0547(4) Å, b = 9.8289(3) Å, c = 16.6993(7) Å, β = 90.659(2)°, V = 1650.2 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0348, wRref(F2) = 0.0891, T = 173 K.