bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of retaining a phylogenetic perspective in traits‐based community analyses
Authors: Poteat Monica D. , Jacobus Luke M. , Buchwalter David B. 
Published: April 2015

Summary

Many environmental stressors manifest their effects via physiological processes (traits) that can differ significantly among species and species groups. We compiled available data for three traits related to the bioconcentration of the toxic metal cadmium (Cd) from 42 species representing the aquatic insect orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies) and Trichoptera (caddisflies). These traits included the propensity to take up Cd from water (uptake rate constant, ku), the ability to excrete Cd (efflux rate constant, ke) and the net result of these two processes (bioconcentration factor).

Ranges in these Cd bioaccumulation traits varied in magnitude across clades (some clades had a greater tendency to bioaccumulate Cd than others). Overlap in the ranges of trait values among different clades was common and highlights situations where species from different lineages can share a similar trait state, but represent the high end of possible physiological values for one clade and the low end for another.

Variance around the mean trait states differed widely across clades, suggesting that some groups (e.g. Ephemerellidae) are inherently more variable than others (e.g. Perlidae). Thus, trait variability/lability is at least partially a function of lineage.

Akaike information criterion comparisons of statistical models were more often driven by lineage than by the other tested potential biological or ecological explanations. Lineage‐driven models generally improved with increasing taxonomic resolution.

Together, these findings suggest that lineage provides context for the analysis of species traits and that failure to consider lineage in community‐based analysis of traits may obscure important patterns of species responses to environmental change.
Effects of food supplies and water temperature on growth rates of two species of freshwater tropical shrimps
Authors: Pérez‐Reyes Omar , Crowl Todd A. , Covich Alan P. 
Published: April 2015

Summary

Growth rates of individual freshwater shrimp of the species Atya lanipes and Xiphocaris elongata were measured in a second‐order stream in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico over 10 years (1997–2007). Shrimp living at lower altitudes in warmer water and wider stream channels with more algal and detrital foods were predicted to grow and reproduce more rapidly.

Shrimp were marked and recaptured periodically in pools located at three altitudes to determine whether temperature affected growth rates among individual A. lanipes and X. elongata.

Mean annual water temperatures ranged from 20 to 24 °C with the uppermost pool being cooler than the lower pools. Mean annual growth rates for Atya and Xiphocaris were 0.27 and 0.1 mm carapace length, respectively, for all three populations.

Differences in growth were partially influenced by how each species obtains its food. Atya is a filter feeder and scraper and has continuous access to suspended organic particles and biofilms. The slower growth rate for Xiphocaris elongata is most likely a result of the wider range in quality and accessibility of food resources.

Differences in pool morphology and depths probably affected differences in food availability. Increased leaf litter retention in the deeper upper and lower pools probably increased shrimp growth rates, while washout of leaf litter from the relatively shallow, elongate mid‐altitude pool decreased Atya lanipes growth rates.

These long‐lived, slow‐growing shrimp species transform a wide range of organic materials into their biomass. Because of the slow growth rates of these detritivores shrimp, tropical storms, hurricanes, droughts or other disturbances could have persistent, long‐term impacts on detrital processing and on the populations of their predators.
Random processes and phylogenetic loss caused by plant invasions
Authors: Lapiedra Oriol , Sol Daniel , Traveset Anna , Vilà Montserrat 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimAlthough biological invasions represent a major cause of biodiversity loss, the actual mechanisms driving species extinctions remain insufficiently understood. Here we investigate the role of three processes as drivers of phylogenetic loss in invaded local plant communities, namely the ‘biotic resistance’, ‘environmental filtering’ and ‘functional equivalence’ hypotheses.LocationBalearic Islands (western Mediterranean).MethodsWe quantified the phylogenetic diversity and structure of 109 pairs of invaded and non‐invaded local plant communities from two Mediterranean islands. Each pair contained one control plot and one plot invaded either by the deciduous tree Ailanthus altissima, the succulent subshrubs Carpobrotus spp. or the pseudoannual geophyte Oxalis pes‐caprae. We combined generalized linear models, analyses of phylogenetic community structure and generalized linear mixed models using a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique (MCMCglmm) to contrast the ‘biotic resistance’, ‘environmental filtering’ and ‘functional equivalence’ hypotheses.ResultsWhile the phylogenetic structure of the non‐invaded communities was not more clustered or overdispersed than expected by chance, minimum phylogenetic distance to the invasive species increased in invaded assemblages, in which the magnitude of phylogenetic diversity loss ranged from 6 to 37% depending on the invader's identity. Invader or island identity did not explain the probabilities of native species becoming locally extinct. Rather, the likelihood of extinction was mainly explained by species abundance, with scarcer species exhibiting a higher chance of becoming locally extinct. Species identity explained a small fraction of the variation in extinction risk (12%), independently of each species' evolutionary history.Main conclusionsThe most relevant driver of local extinction is a stochastic process where less abundant species tend to disappear more frequently irrespective of their evolutionary history. This has strong implications for conservation because it suggests that in the study region the invaders are unlikely to drive regional and global extinctions except in cases where the native species is already rare.
High‐grade fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung is a tumour with a fetal phenotype that shows diverse differentiation, including high‐grade neuroendocrine carcinoma: a clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and mutational study of 20 cases
Authors: Suzuki Masaki , Yazawa Takuya , Ota Satoshi , Morimoto Junichi , Yoshino Ichiro , Yamanaka Shoji , Inayama Yoshiaki , Kawabata Yoshinori , Shimizu Yoshihiko , Komatsu Masayo , Notohara Kenji , Koda Kenji , Nakatani Yukio 
Published: April 2015

AimsHigh‐grade fetal adenocarcinoma (H‐FLAC) is a rare variant of pulmonary adenocarcinoma; this study aims to elucidate its clinicopathological features and genetic abnormalities.Methods and resultsClinicopathological, immunohistochemical and mutational analyses were performed on 20 surgically resected lung cancers that showed H‐FLAC histology in various proportions. These tumours predominantly occurred in elderly males and in 10 patients who were heavy smokers. Four cases were pure H‐FLAC, and 16 cases were mixed H‐FLAC, which were found to be combined with conventional‐type adenocarcinoma (15 cases), large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (three cases), small‐cell carcinoma (one case), enteric adenocarcinoma (two cases), choriocarcinoma (two cases), and a solid–clear cell pattern (seven cases). The fetal phenotype and diverse differentiation were supported by the immunoexpression of α‐fetoprotein (95%), thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TTF‐1) (50%), neuroendocrine markers (30–45%), proneural markers (50–69%), and CDX2 (40%). Except for TTF‐1 expression (pure H‐FLACs, 0%; mixed H‐FLACs, 63%), there were no significant differences in histological or immunohistochemical findings between pure and mixed H‐FLACs. EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations were identified in 20%, 0%, 0% and 7% of the tumours, respectively.ConclusionsLung adenocarcinomas with H‐FLAC features possess the potential for multidirectional differentiation, and are not strongly associated with known major driver gene mutations.
Nesting of solitary wasps and bees in natural and artificial holes in dead wood in young boreal forest stands
Authors: Westerfelt Per , Widenfalk Olof , Lindelöw Åke , Gustafsson Lena , Weslien Jan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLife history traits of solitary nest provisioning bees and wasps (Aculeata) are characterised by low fecundity and extensive parental care. Therefore, it can be expected that egg‐laying females are demanding in their nest choice.Dead wood in young boreal forest stands in mid‐Sweden were surveyed for holes made by different insect species and the occupancy of solitary bees or wasps in those holes was analysed. Artificial nests consisting of wooden poles with pre‐drilled holes were used for comparison.In 1634 wood objects, 5793 potential nesting holes of 16 types were labelled to insect species or genera that had made the hole. Only 1.8% of these were occupied by any bee or wasp species. In contrast to the natural wood objects, artificial nests had high occupancy (c. 30%).Hole diameter, rather than tree species, hole type or stand age, was the most important factor explaining occupancy of a certain aculeate species. Holes in standing dead wood (SDW) had higher occupancy than holes in stumps and logs.The results are discussed in the context of aculeate life history traits. It is argued that the reason for the low occupancy in the natural dead wood, especially in the stumps, was that most holes were situated in moist and decayed wood, and offered inferior conditions for offspring during the development from egg to adult.Retention and creation of SDW objects of different tree species at final felling is recommended.
Leisure time physical activity before and during mid‐pregnancy and offspring adiposity in mid‐childhood
Authors: Kong K. L. , Gillman M. W. , Rifas‐Shiman S. L. , Wen X. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundEffects of maternal leisure time physical activity (LTPA) on paediatric obesity are unknown. The objective of this study was to examine associations of maternal LTPA with offspring overall and central adiposity in mid‐childhood.MethodsWe analysed data from 802 mother–child dyads from Project Viva, a prospective pre‐birth cohort study. Women reported average weekly LTPA before and during mid‐pregnancy. At age 7–10 years, we measured fat, truncal fat and lean mass with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Using multivariable linear regression, we examined associations of maternal LTPA with offspring adiposity, adjusting for child age and sex, maternal race/ethnicity, education, age, pre‐pregnancy body mass index, marital status and smoking status.ResultsMean (standard deviation) of LTPA before and during mid‐pregnancy were 9.5 (8.1) and 7.1 (7.0) h week−1. At mean age 7.8 (0.8) years, childhood fat, truncal fat and lean mass indices were 4.3 (1.8), 1.4 (0.8) and 12.9 (1.4) kg m−2. We did not find that higher maternal LTPA was associated with lower child adiposity outcomes. For example, compared with 0–3 h week−1 of LTPA during mid‐pregnancy, children of mothers with +8 h week−1 had fat mass index 0.07 kg m−2 (95% confidence interval: −0.22, 0.36). In analyses of within‐person LTPA change from before to mid‐pregnancy, compared with +2 h week−1 decrease in LTPA, increased LTPA (2 ± h week−1) was associated with a 0.09 kg m−2 fat mass index (−0.25, 0.43).ConclusionsContrary to our hypothesis, higher LTPA before and during mid‐pregnancy, and the change between them, were not associated with lower adiposity in mid‐childhood.
Conditions associated with extreme hyperferritinaemia (>3000 μg/L) in adults
Authors: Wormsbecker A. J. , Sweet D. D. , Mann S. L. , Wang S. Y. , Pudek M. R. , Chen L. Y. C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical significance of extreme hyperferritinaemia has come under scrutiny with the increasing recognition of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in adults. Most studies of hyperferritinaemia have focused on serum ferritin greater than 1000 μg/L, often in ambulatory patients. The conditions associated with more extreme hyperferritinaemia are poorly understood.AimsTo examine conditions associated with extreme hyperferritinaemia greater than 3000 μg/L in acutely ill adults at a quaternary care hospital.MethodsPatients with serum ferritin greater than 3000 μg/L at Vancouver General Hospital between 1 August 2011 and 1 August 2012 were identified. Those over 18 years of age and with clinical data available were included in the study.ResultsEighty‐three subjects were identified. Twenty‐one cases (25%) were due to transfusional iron overload, 16 (19%) due to liver disease and 15 (18%) due to mixed factors. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) was diagnosed in six of 83 patients (7%) with ferritin greater than 3000 μg/L, but six of eight patients (75%) with ferritin greater than 20 000 μg/L.ConclusionsExtreme hyperferritinaemia greater than 3000 μg/L is uncommon in adult patients. The highest serum ferritin values are seen in HLH, but the differential diagnosis for serum ferritin greater than 3000 μg/L remains broad with iron overload and liver disease being the most common causes.
Local and serum levels of adipokines in patients with obesity after periodontal therapy: one‐year follow‐up
Authors: Gonçalves Tiago Eduardo Dias , Zimmermann Glaucia Santos , Figueiredo Luciene Cristina , Souza Monique de Carvalho , da Cruz Daniele Ferreira , Bastos Marta Ferreira , da Silva Hélio Doyle Pereira , Duarte Poliana Mendes 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimThis study evaluated the effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum levels of adipokines in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) with or without obesity.MethodsTwenty patients with obesity and 20 patients without obesity, all with CP, received SRP. Serum and GCF levels of resistin, adiponectin, leptin, tumour necrosis factor [TNF]‐α and interleukin [IL]‐6 were evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months post‐therapy.ResultsSRP reduced the amounts of TNF‐α in deep sites and increased the concentration of adiponectin in shallow sites of non‐obese patients (p < 0.05). SRP increased the concentrations of TNF‐α and leptin in patients with obesity (p < 0.05). GCF levels of TNF‐α were higher in patients with obesity than in patients without obesity at all time‐points (p < 0.05). There were no changes in serum levels of any adipokines for any group after therapy (p > 0.05). Patients with obesity exhibited higher serum levels of leptin at all time‐points and IL‐6 at 3 months post‐therapy (p < 0.05).ConclusionsObesity may modulate systemic and periodontal levels of adipokines in favour of pro‐inflammation, independently of periodontal therapy. SRP did not affect the circulating levels of adipokines in patients with or without obesity.
The Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort: constructing a deep phenotyping collaborative
Authors: Calkins Monica E. , Merikangas Kathleen R. , Moore Tyler M. , Burstein Marcy , Behr Meckenzie A. , Satterthwaite Theodore D. , Ruparel Kosha , Wolf Daniel H. , Roalf David R. , Mentch Frank D. , Qiu Haijun , Chiavacci Rosetta , Connolly John J. , Sleiman Patrick M.A. , Gur Ruben C. , Hakonarson Hakon , Gur Raquel E. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundAn integrative multidisciplinary approach is required to elucidate the multiple factors that shape neurodevelopmental trajectories of mental disorders. The Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC), funded by the National Institute of Mental Health Grand Opportunity (GO) mechanism of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, was designed to characterize clinical and neurobehavioral phenotypes of genotyped youths. Data generated, which are recently available through the NIMH Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP), have garnered considerable interest. We provide an overview of PNC recruitment and clinical assessment methods to allow informed use and interpretation of the PNC resource by the scientific community. We also evaluate the structure of the assessment tools and their criterion validity.MethodsParticipants were recruited from a large pool of youths (n = 13,958) previously identified and genotyped at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. A comprehensive computerized tool for structured evaluation of psychopathology domains (GOASSESS) was constructed. We administered GOASSESS to all participants and used factor analysis to evaluate its structure.ResultsA total of 9,498 youths (aged 8–21; mean age = 14.2; European American = 55.8%; African American = 32.9%; Other = 11.4%) were enrolled. Factor analysis revealed a strong general psychopathology factor, and specific ‘anxious‐misery’, ‘fear’, and ‘behavior’ factors. The ‘behavior’ factor had a small negative correlation (−0.21) with overall accuracy of neurocognitive performance, particularly in tests of executive and complex reasoning. Being female had a high association with the ‘anxious‐misery’ and low association with the ‘behavior’ factors. The psychosis spectrum was also best characterized by a general factor and three specific factors: ideas about ‘special abilities/persecution,’ ‘unusual thoughts/perceptions’, and ‘negative/disorganized’ symptoms.ConclusionsThe PNC assessment mechanism yielded psychopathology data with strong factorial validity in a large diverse community cohort of genotyped youths. Factor scores should be useful for dimensional integration with other modalities (neuroimaging, genomics). Thus, PNC public domain resources can advance understanding of complex inter‐relationships among genes, cognition, brain, and behavior involved in neurodevelopment of common mental disorders.
Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Characterization of Coriandrum Sativum L. Essential Oil
Authors: Dima Cristian , Ifrim George Adrian , Coman Gigi , Alexe Petru , Dima Ştefan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFor the present study, whole coriander seeds harvested in Romania were screened (<4 mm) and minced in order to obtain ground powder with various particle sizes. Three types of ground powder with particle sizes of 500, 630 and 710 μm were subjected to extraction with supercritical CO2. The extraction conducted over a period of 210 min was carried out at 150 bar and temperatures of 40 and 50C. The best extraction yield (0.57% w/w) was achieved for the 630‐μm particle size ground at 40C; for this temperature, the density of CO2 is higher as well as its solvation power. The chemical composition of the coriander essential oil extracted at maximum yield was determined through gas chromatography; 10 compounds that make up nearly 97% of the extract thus being identified. The antibacterial activity of the coriander essential oil was investigated on three foodborne pathogens: Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. The growth of the three pathogens, stored for 10 days at 10C, in the presence of coriander essential oil was proved to be significantly inhibited.Practical ApplicationsIn contrast with the direct use of powdered spices, the addition of spice extracts in food products does not affect their texture. The supercritical CO2 extraction of coriander essential oils is an environmentally friendly technique that results in pure solvent‐free extracts with high biological potential. In addition, the extraction takes place at low temperatures that help prevent the degradation of the biological components. The pure coriander essential oil thus obtained can be processed further (e.g., microencapsulation) to increase its efficiency in food products. The coriander essential oil obtained using the supercritical CO2 extraction has demonstrated an antibacterial activity, which qualifies its use both as condiment and as preservative.
Establishment of an Enzymatic Membrane Reactor for Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides Preparation from Wheat Germ Protein Isolates
Authors: He Ronghai , Xing Huan , Wang Zhiping , Ding Wenhui , Zhu Peipei , Liu Bin , Ma Haile 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this paper, an efficient enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR) was established for the preparation of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from wheat germ protein isolates (WGPI). It promoted the protein conversion and improved the enzyme utilization rate. ACE inhibitory peptides of WGPI were prepared using 5 kDa membrane device for enzyme membrane coupling. Based on the results of the protease activity preservation experiment, substrate intercept experiment, batch EMR experiment and continuous EMR experiment, the conditions of EMR were decided as follows: substrate concentration of 1.2% (w/v), alcalase quantity of 110 μL, temperature of 50C, pH of 9.0, effective volume of 0.4 L, permeation flux of 0.005 L/min and turn into 0.011 L/min after 10 min and runtime of 300 min. The continuous EMR method showed high conversion rate of protein (55.3%) and IC50 of peptides (0.50 mg/mL). The conversion rate of protein significantly increased by 36.17% and the IC50 of peptides significantly reduced by 30.6% compared with the traditional enzymatic hydrolysis method. Therefore, the continuous EMR is beneficial to the efficient production of ACE inhibitory peptides from WGPI.Practical ApplicationsUsing food protein as raw material, functional polypeptides products have been developed by employing enzymatic hydrolysis and series of high technologies. However, during the preparation of functional polypeptides, some problems of low reaction efficiency, product yield and product activity existed, which seriously influence the performance of technology industrialization. The enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR) is an effective mode which can achieve continuous operation by the integration of substrate enzymolysis, enzyme recovery and hydrolyzate separation in functional polypeptides producing. Utilization of the EMR technology will not only increase food protein commercial value, but will also satisfy the needs of the polypeptide processing industries for efficient, low‐cost producing.
Effect of Hospitalization on Inappropriate Prescribing in Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Lund Brian C. , Schroeder Mary C. , Middendorff Grant , Brooks John M. 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesTo determine whether acute hospitalization is associated with a change in potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use and whether use varies across geographic region.DesignObservational.SettingContinental United States.ParticipantsMedicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during 2007–08.MeasurementsPotentially inappropriate medication use was defined according to the High‐Risk Medications in Elderly Adults quality indicator from the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set. Prevalence of outpatient PIM use was determined at admission and discharge and then used to identify medications discontinued during hospitalization and incident medications started during this period.ResultsOf 124,051 older adults hospitalized for AMI, 9,607 (7.7%) were outpatient PIM users at admission, which increased to 8.6% at discharge (P < .001). Admission PIM rates varied according to geographic region, as did the effect of hospitalization. Admission PIM use was lowest in the northeast and remained unchanged during hospitalization (5.1–5.1%, P = .95). In contrast, admission PIM use was highest in the south and increased significantly during hospitalization (9.9–11.4%, P < .001). PIM use also increased from the long‐term perspective, with 6‐month period prevalence rates of 22.6% before admission and 24.6% after discharge (P < .001).ConclusionDespite intervention studies demonstrating up to 80% reduction in PIM use during acute hospitalization, a significant increase in PIM use was observed in a naturalistic setting in Medicare beneficiaries with AMI. Further research is needed to develop an approach to minimizing PIM use in the inpatient setting that is cost‐effective and suitable for widespread implementation.