bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An introduction to methodological issues when including non‐randomised studies in systematic reviews on the effects of interventions
Authors: Reeves Barnaby C. , Higgins Julian P. T. , Ramsay Craig , Shea Beverley , Tugwell Peter , Wells George A. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundMethods need to be further developed to include non‐randomised studies (NRS) in systematic reviews of the effects of health care interventions. NRS are often required to answer questions about harms and interventions for which evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) is not available. Methods used to review randomised controlled trials may be inappropriate or insufficient for NRS.Aim and methodsA workshop was convened to discuss relevant methodological issues. Participants were invited from important stakeholder constituencies, including methods and review groups of the Cochrane and Campbell Collaborations, the Cochrane Editorial Unit and organisations that commission reviews and make health policy decisions. The aim was to discuss methods for reviewing evidence when including NRS and to formulate methodological guidance for review authors.Workshop formatThe workshop was structured around four sessions on topics considered in advance to be most critical: (i) study designs and bias; (ii) confounding and meta‐analysis; (iii) selective reporting; and (iv) applicability. These sessions were scheduled between introductory and concluding sessions.SummaryThis is the first of six papers and provides an overview. Subsequent papers describe the discussions and conclusions from the four main sessions (papers 2 to 5) and summarise the proposed guidance into lists of issues for review authors to consider (paper 6). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tourism Firms' Strategic Flexibility: the Case of Slovenia
Authors: Dwyer Larry Michael , Cvelbar Ljubica Knežević , Edwards Deborah J. , Mihalič Tanja A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTStrategic flexibility provides an approach for tourism destinations to respond more readily to turbulent environments. It is a management method that can assist tourism suppliers to meet the challenges of achieving competitive advantage. The paper also explores the importance that is accorded to the facilitators or drivers of strategic flexibility by Slovenian tourism industry stakeholders along with their performance in actioning these drivers. Importance performance analysis suggests the priority strategic actions to reduce the risk of strategic drift. The paper concludes with an assessment of the implications of these findings for emerging destinations generally. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial heterogeneity in habitat selection: Nest site selection by greater prairie‐chickens
Authors: Mcnew Lance B. , Gregory Andrew J. , Sandercock Brett K. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEcological relationships of animals and their environments are known to vary spatially and temporally across scales. However, common approaches for evaluating resource selection by animals assume that the processes of habitat selection are stationary across space. The assumption that habitat selection is spatially homogeneous may lead to biased inference and ineffective management. We present the first application of geographically weighted logistic regression to habitat selection by a wildlife species. As a case study, we examined nest site selection by greater prairie‐chickens at 3 sites with different ecological conditions in Kansas to assess whether the relative importance of habitat features varied across space. We found that 1) nest sites were associated with habitat conditions at multiple spatial scales, 2) habitat associations across spatial scales were correlated, and 3) the influence of habitat conditions on nest site selection was spatially explicit. Post hoc analyses revealed that much of the spatial variability in habitat selection processes was explained at a regional scale. Moreover, habitat features at local spatial scales were more strongly associated with nest site selection in unfragmented grasslands managed intensively for cattle production than they were in fragmented grasslands within a matrix of farmland. Female prairie‐chickens exhibited spatial variability in nest site selection at multiple spatial scales, suggesting plasticity in habitat selection behavior. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for spatial heterogeneity when evaluating the ecological effects of habitat components. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Whispering gallery mode microlasers and refractive index sensing based on single polymer fiber
Authors: Duong Ta Van , Chen Rui , Ma Lin , Jun Ying Yong , Dong Sun Han 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe realization of whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasing in polymer fibers is hindered by an appropriate method to dissolve the polymer and the gain material. In this work, microfibers fabricated by directly drawing from a dye doped polymer solution are exhibited as high quality microlasers and microsensors. Multi‐mode and even single‐mode lasing is observed from the fiber under optical pumping at room temperature. The linewidth of lasing mode is narrower than 0.09 nm. The lasing mechanism is unambiguously verified by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and ascribed to WGMs. Diameter‐ and polarization‐dependent lasing characteristics are systematically investigated, showing good agreement with the theoretical calculation. Particularly, application of the fiber laser for refractive index sensing based on resonant shift of lasing mode is demonstrated and the sensitivity up to about 300 nm/RIU is achieved. The promising potential of high quality polymer microfibers as optical sensors and multi‐function components for flexible photonic integrated systems is highly expected.
Stimulated emission from PbS‐quantum dots in glass matrix
Authors: Yue Fangyu , Tomm Jens W. , Kruschke Detlef , Glas Peter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe luminescence behavior of PbS‐quantum dots in glass matrix (PbS:Glass) is investigated. Steady‐state and time‐resolved photoluminescence are applied in a wide range of excitation densities up to pulse energies exceeding 50 µJ/cm2. While perfect linear recombination is observed across four orders of magnitude, an additional radiative recombination mechanism emerges at an excitation density of 1 µ J/cm2 per pulse at 390 nm excitation and increases the external quantum efficiency. The time constant of this process is ∼20–40 ps. It is ascribed to stimulated emission. No hint to any non‐linear non‐radiative processes such as Auger recombination is observed. Thermal effects, however, still set limits. This is encouraging news for PbS:Glass as potential laser material.
Mathematical Modeling of Arborescent Polyisobutylene Production in Batch Reactors
Authors: Zhao Yutian R. , McAuley Kimberley B. , Puskas Judit E. , Dos Santos Lucas M. , Alvarez Alejandra 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA novel model describes copolymerization of isobutylene and inimer (initiator‐monomer) via living carbocationic polymerization. Six different propagation rate constants and two types of equilibrium reactions are considered. Simplifying assumptions are made to enable implementation in PREDICI, so that the molecular weight distribution (MWD) could be predicted for molecules with different branching levels. Four apparent rate constants were estimated from experimental data with <5 branches per molecule. Model predictions provide a good fit to data, and simulation results show that polymers with high‐branching levels and ≥15 inimer units contribute significantly to the MWD, even though their concentrations are very low. magnified image
Authorship productivity in the knowledge management literature
Authors: Wallace Danny P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA Lotka analysis was conducted of 14,149 references to knowledge management publications retrieved from a search of the ABI/Inform database. Results indicate that the sample of knowledge management publications conforms to the negative power distribution typical of Lotka analyses. Calculated Lotka constants were within expected parameters. A Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test revealed no significant differences between observed and expected distributions. It is concluded that the knowledge management literature conforms to the principles of Lotka's Law. Analysis of author affiliations revealed that academics were prevalent among the most productive authors but that the top five authors in terms of productivity were practitioners.
A personal information management scheme using shared labels and implication links
Authors: Dubey Gaurav , Zhang Xiaolong (Luke) 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe tree‐based file management scheme is universally deployed as a personal information management approach; however, it has several weaknesses. In this paper, we identify and discuss some of the weaknesses of the tree‐based approach: these include conceptual fragmentation, conceptual non‐comprehensiveness, entry point restriction, and enforced ordering. After describing some previous attempts at building alternative schemes for PIM, we propose our own scheme, based on shared labels and implication links. Location addresses consist of unordered sets of labels, and each location has connections to other addresses that are subsets and supersets of the location's address. Implication links can be used to capture implication relationships between concepts: specifying a link from one label to another means that the first label will automatically be accompanied by the second in addresses.We discuss the components of the new scheme, in addition to methods for manipulating it. We describe the ways in which the new scheme addresses the problems identified with the tree‐based approach. We also present a mockup of a prototype application for browsing information repositories based on the new scheme. To conclude, we discuss future research directions, including theoretical analysis, implementation, and testing.
Favorite websites: Understanding prior knowledge of teens' mental models of public library websites for teens
Authors: Naughton Robin , Agosto Denise E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we explore teens' mental models of public library websites for teens (teen library websites/TLWs), specifically favorite websites as they relate to prior knowledge and experience. Thirty teen participants from three public libraries within three demographically diverse locations in New Jersey took part in the study. Each participant completed a questionnaire, a drawing task, and a semi‐structured individual interview. During the semi‐structured interview, participants described their drawings in detail, discussed and demonstrated their favorite websites and evaluated current TLWs. The results showed that teen public library users hold multiple mental models of TLWs. In addition, favorite websites data provided some understanding of the role of prior knowledge and experience in teens' use and expectations of TLWs. Based on analysis of the data, we offer design recommendations for making TLWs better match teens' design and use expectations and preferences.
Exploration of dynamic query suggestions and dynamic search results for their effects on search behaviors
Authors: Shah Chirag , Liu Jingjing , González‐Ibáñez Roberto , Belkin Nicholas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhile search behavior using dynamic query suggestions is understudied, it is virtually non‐existent for dynamic search results (as currently experienced with Google Instant). We report results from a controlled lab study aimed at exploring the effects of these recent search interface developments – dynamic query suggestions and dynamic search results – on users' search behaviors. Based on the availability of these two features, 36 participants were assigned to three conditions and were asked to complete an exploratory search task. Analyses on user behaviors were conducted based on log data, screen videos, and eye tracking. Our results showed that while the dynamic search results feature exposed the participants to more search results pages, shorter querying time and shorter queries, such a functionality did not change users' general search process transition, as well as number of search sites, queries, and visited webpages. The findings also indicate a need to evaluate search interface features in the broader context of task completion rather than information searching and query running only.
Measuring science: Emerging tools for analysis of federal R&D investments
Authors:   AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellow, Assigned to the National Science Foundation, Office of the Assistant Director, Directorate for Biological Sciences,   AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellow, Assigned to the National Science Foundation, Office of the Assistant Director, Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences,   AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellow, Assigned to the National Science Foundation, Office of the Assistant Director, Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences,   AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellow, Assigned to the National Science Foundation, Division of Integrative Organismal Systems, Directorate for Biological Sciences
Published: January 2013

AbstractAssessment of federal funding for scientific research and development (R&D) has broad relevance across academia, government and industry. Over the last 20 years, public policy decision‐makers and federal administrators have generated legislation and guidelines for the development of new tools to support a deeper understanding of R&D investments. Led by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation, STAR METRICS and Research.gov are two new R&D data systems. Following an overview of these systems and tools, we will present the findings of two portfolio analysis projects. The first applied a topic model approach to assess the current coverage of funding regarding the social aspects of environmental sustainability. The second project generated a novel conceptual framework to identify awards and assess outcome‐based contributions to the “BioEconomy.” We conclude with a presentation of the political and practical challenges that emerged during the portfolio assessment for the BioEconomy, and a discussion of implications for the wider use of these new systems.
Unwiring and rewiring for the knowledge future
Authors: Bedford Denise A. D. , Moon Brian , Vala‐Webb Gordon , Uldrich Jack 
Published: January 2013

AbstractKnowledge is a dynamic thing. It is not static. It is constantly changing, challenged and tested against new and different ideas, applied and judged in different contexts and recast by people. The life cycle of knowledge is dynamic and chaotic. It reflects the human thought process. It is different from the information cycle which is linear and predictable. A critical step in the knowledge life cycle is “knowledge validation/invalidation.” Too often, this step takes the form of a check against an existing stock of information. The result is what we might call – knowledge sub optimization. What does it take to do a deep validation/invalidation of knowledge?
OTO: Ontology term organizer
Authors: Huang Fengqiong , Macklin James , Morris Paul J. , Sanyal Partha Pratim , Morris Robert A. , Cui Hong 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe believe biology ontologies should reflect the consensus of biologists. To promote consensus and assist the development of ontologies in biology domains, we implemented a web‐based ontology term organizer (OTO) to collect grouping and relationship opinions from biologists. Besides is_a and part_of relations (the most frequently used relations in biology domains), OTO can also be used to sort out ordered values in any domain. A demo dataset OTO_demo has been set up at http://biosemantics.arizona.edu/ONTNEW. Use username OTOdemo and password OTOdemopass to login.
Google books' coverage of Hawai'i and Pacific books
Authors: Weiss Andrew , James Ryan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis poster reports on a recent quantitative study of Google Books' coverage of Hawaiian and Pacific books using the University of Hawaii's collection as a benchmark. A total of 1,500 books were randomly selected from the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa's Hawaiian, Pacific, and general stacks collections. Their level of access was then determined in Google Books by observing whether the books had a metadata record, were full‐text searchable, and whether they were available in snippet, preview, or full‐text views. Results show that Google Books has a sizable number of metadata records for Hawaiian and Pacific books, but has only a limited number available for full‐text searching. In contrast, a larger number of books from the general stacks were available for full‐text searching.
Pseudo‐collaboration as a method to perform selective algorithmic mediation in collaborative IR systems
Authors: González‐Ibáñez Roberto , Shah Chirag , White Ryen W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTraditional recommendation systems suggest results based on data collected from users' actions. Many of the newer information retrieval (IR) systems incorporate social search or collective search signals as an extension to standard term‐based retrieval algorithms. Systems based on social or collaborative search methods, however, do not consider when, how, and to what extent such support could help or hurt their users' search performance. In this poster we propose a novel approach of selective algorithmic mediation capable of identifying when a user should be aided by a collaborator and to what extent such help could enhance search success. We demonstrate the applicability and benefits of our approach through simulations using a pseudocollaboration method on the log data of individual users and pairs of users gathered during a laboratory study with 131 participants. The results show that our approach can improve the search performance of both individual searchers and others collaborating intentionally by identifying and recommending regions in search processes with best chance of improvements, thus increasing the likelihood that users find more useful information with less effort.
Mining classifications from social‐ecological databases
Authors: Jensen Scott , Chen Miao , Liu Xiaozhong , Plale Beth , Leake David 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSocial‐ecological research is characteristic of long‐tail science, with many region‐specific studies of social and ecological phenomena that collectively yield a large volume of highly heterogeneous, small data sets. This variability makes it difficult to determine the applicability of a particular data set for a new research question, hindering the reuse of data that has been often collected through extensive effort. In this paper we present results of automatic classification of socio‐ecological data into categories defined by a domain model called the SES Framework. We have applied our methods to the classification of a relational database containing over 18 years of research on forest systems. Our preliminary results suggest that decision tree‐based classifiers along with textual features perform well at this task. Furthermore, social‐ecological data sets are found to exhibit distinct classification features in that the results are promising even for classes that comprise a relatively small portion of the database.
Exploring digital information using tags and local knowledge
Authors: Kipp Margaret E. I. , Buchel Olha , Neal Diane Rasmussen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper describes a pilot study examining user‐contributed metadata associated with the Library of Congress Flickr project in conjunction with the Library of Congress' more traditional metadata records. We collected all records from the LC Flickr Project which contained subject headings for the pilot study. These records were examined using basic descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis techniques to determine similarities and differences between the user‐contributed and traditional metadata, specifically in the areas of tag usage, comment contents, and associated notes. We discovered that many users were contributing local and personal knowledge to the Flickr records.
Integrating digital forensics into born‐digital workflows: The BitCurator project
Authors: Gengenbach Martin , Chassanoff Alexandra , Olsen Porter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThere is a growing body of work investigating the needs and desires of collecting institutions as they adapt to the acquisition of born‐digital materials. The incorporation of digital forensics tools and techniques into digital curation workflows offers great promise for addressing the complexities bound up in ingesting and preserving digital objects at multiple levels of representation. This poster presents preliminary results from ongoing research conducted as part of the BitCurator project, a two‐year grant funded initiative to build, test, and analyze systems and software for incorporating digital forensics methods into collecting institutions' workflows. The project arose out of a perceived need in the library, archives, and museum (LAM) communities for better documentation, interfaces, and functionality in processing born‐digital archival materials.
Information, photographs, & the cultural inventory: What John Collier, Jr. offers contemporary researchers
Authors: Leslie Thomson 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis poster provides historical, theoretical, and chiefly methodological insights into studying information based around the work of visual anthropologist John Collier, Jr. Collier pioneered “cultural” and “photographic inventories” as means to systematically capture social phenomena. First, Collier's inventorying method is introduced. Then, the analysis of a small sample of Collier's work is described in light of contemporary Information Studies' salient concerns. From this miniature case study, information scholars may learn to: utilize visual data gathering techniques effectively in their research designs; analyze visual data appropriately in their work; and incorporate visual data in their reports with maximal impact. This poster synthesizes hitherto diffuse advice about exploiting the toolkit of innovative, data‐enlivening methods proffered by visual approaches and makes the often‐fraught arena of visual research accessible to the information field.
ResultsSpace: An experimental collaborative search environment
Authors: Capra Robert , Chen Annie T. , Hawthorne Katie , Arguello Jaime 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this demonstration, we present a system called ResultsSpace to support collaborative information seeking by small groups. ResultsSpace is designed to help groups who are collaborating on searches asynchronously, and includes specific user interface features to increase awareness of collaborators' prior actions and progress. We present the main features of ResultsSpace including collaborative ratings and displays embedded into search results, a peripheral display of collaborators' previous queries, and a results filtering mechanism. We conclude with a summary of our current work to evaluate the system and describe scenarios of use that motivate our future work.