bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are fern stomatal responses to different stimuli coordinated? Testing responses to light, vapor pressure deficit, and CO2 for diverse species grown under contrasting irradiances
Authors: Creese Chris , Oberbauer Steve , Rundel Phil , Sack Lawren 
Published: July 2014

Summary

The stomatal behavior of ferns provides an excellent system for disentangling responses to different environmental signals, which balance carbon gain against water loss.

Here, we measured responses of stomatal conductance (gs) to irradiance, CO2, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) for 13 phylogenetically diverse species native to open and shaded habitats, grown under high‐ and low‐irradiance treatments. We tested two main hypotheses: that plants adapted and grown in high‐irradiance environments would have greater responsiveness to all stimuli given higher flux rates; and that species' responsiveness to different factors would be correlated because of the relative simplicity of fern stomatal control.

We found that species with higher light‐saturated gs had larger responses, and that plants grown under high irradiance were more responsive to all stimuli. Open habitat species showed greater responsiveness to irradiance and CO2, but lower responsiveness to VPD; a case of plasticity and adaptation tending in different directions. Responses of gs to irradiance and VPD were positively correlated across species, but CO2 responses were independent and highly variable.

The novel finding of correlations among stomatal responses to different stimuli suggests coordination of hydraulic and photosynthetic signaling networks modulating fern stomatal responses, which show distinct optimization at growth and evolutionary time‐scales.
Mesophyll photosynthesis and guard cell metabolism impacts on stomatal behaviour
Authors: Lawson Tracy , Simkin Andrew J. , Kelly Gilor , Granot David 
Published: July 2014

SummaryStomata control gaseous fluxes between the internal leaf air spaces and the external atmosphere. Guard cells determine stomatal aperture and must operate to ensure an appropriate balance betweenCO2uptake for photosynthesis (A) and water loss, and ultimately plant water use efficiency (WUE). A strong correlation betweenAand stomatal conductance (gs) is well documented and often observed, but the underlying mechanisms, possible signals and metabolites that promote this relationship are currently unknown. In this review we evaluate the current literature on mesophyll‐driven signals that may coordinate stomatal behaviour with mesophyll carbon assimilation. We explore a possible role of various metabolites including sucrose and malate (from several potential sources; including guard cell photosynthesis) and new evidence that improvements inWUEhave been made by manipulating sucrose metabolism within the guard cells. Finally we discuss the new tools and techniques available for potentially manipulating cell‐specific metabolism, including guard and mesophyll cells, in order to elucidate mesophyll‐derived signals that coordinate mesophyllCO2demands with stomatal behaviour, in order to provide a mechanistic understanding of these processes as this may identify potential targets for manipulations in order to improve plantWUEand crop yield.ContentsSummary1064I.Introduction1064II.Coordination between mesophyll and stomata1066III.The mesophyll signal1066IV.Arguments against a mesophyll‐driven signal other thanCi1068V.Guard cell osmoregulation and evidence for a role of sucrose1069VI.Degradation of starch1070VII.Guard cell photosynthetic production of Suc1070VIII.Guard cell Suc imported from the mesophyll1070IX.Sugar sensing and metabolism1071X.The importance of malate as a mesophyll‐driven signal1072XI.Role of aquaporins1074XII.Guard cell manipulation and possible future directions1074Acknowledgements1076References1076
Herbivore‐mediated material fluxes in a northern deciduous forest under elevated carbon dioxide and ozone concentrations
Authors: Meehan Timothy D. , Couture John J. , Bennett Alison E. , Lindroth Richard L. 
Published: July 2014

Summary

Anthropogenic changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) are known to alter tree physiology and growth, but the cascading effects on herbivore communities and herbivore‐mediated nutrient cycling are poorly understood.

We sampled herbivore frass, herbivore‐mediated greenfall, and leaf‐litter deposition in temperate forest stands under elevated CO2 (c. 560 ppm) and O3 (c. 1.5× ambient), analyzed substrate chemical composition, and compared the quality and quantity of fluxes under multiple atmospheric treatments.

Leaf‐chewing herbivores fluxed 6.2 g m−2 yr−1 of frass and greenfall from the canopy to the forest floor, with a carbon : nitrogen (C : N) ratio 32% lower than that of leaf litter. Herbivore fluxes of dry matter, C, condensed tannins, and N increased under elevated CO2 (35, 32, 63 and 39%, respectively), while fluxes of N decreased (18%) under elevated O3. Herbivore‐mediated dry matter inputs scaled across atmospheric treatments as a constant proportion of leaf‐litter inputs.

Increased fluxes under elevated CO2 were consistent with increased herbivore consumption and abundance, and with increased plant growth and soil respiration, previously reported for this experimental site. Results suggest that insect herbivory will reinforce other factors, such as photosynthetic rate and fine‐root production, impacting C sequestration by forests in future environments.
Drought effect on plant nitrogen and phosphorus: a meta‐analysis
Authors: He Mingzhu , Dijkstra Feike A. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryClimate change scenarios forecast increased aridity in large areas worldwide with potentially important effects on nutrient availability and plant growth. Plant nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations (plant [N] and [P]) have been used to assess nutrient limitation, but a comprehensive understanding of drought stress on plant [N] and [P] remains elusive.We conducted a meta‐analysis to examine responses of plant [N] and [P] to drought manipulation treatments and duration of drought stress.Drought stress showed negative effects on plant [N] (−3.73%) and plant [P] (−9.18%), and a positive effect on plant N : P (+ 6.98%). Drought stress had stronger negative effects on plant [N] and [P] in the short term (< 90 d) than in the long term (> 90 d). Drought treatments that included drying–rewetting cycles showed no effect on plant [N] and [P], while constant, prolonged, or intermittent drought stress had a negative effect on plant [P].Our results suggest that negative effects on plant [N] and [P] are alleviated with extended duration of drought treatments and with drying–rewetting cycles. Availability of water, rather than of N and P, may be the main driver for reduced plant growth with increased long‐term drought stress.
FgKin1 kinase localizes to the septal pore and plays a role in hyphal growth, ascospore germination, pathogenesis, and localization of Tub1 beta‐tubulins in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Luo Yongping , Zhang Hongchang , Qi Linlu , Zhang Shijie , Zhou Xiaoying , Zhang Yimei , Xu Jin‐Rong 
Published: July 2014

Summary

The Kin1/Par‐1/MARK kinases regulate various cellular processes in eukaryotic organisms. Kin1 orthologs are well conserved in fungal pathogens but none of them have been functionally characterized. Here, we show that KIN1 is important for pathogenesis and growth in two phytopathogenic fungi and that FgKin1 regulates ascospore germination and the localization of Tub1 β‐tubulins in Fusarium graminearum.

The Fgkin1 mutant and putative FgKIN1S172A kinase dead (nonactivatable) transformants were characterized for defects in plant infection, sexual and asexual reproduction, and stress responses. The localization of FgKin1 and two β‐tubulins were examined in the wild‐type and mutant backgrounds.

Deletion of FgKIN1 resulted in reduced virulence and defects in ascospore germination and release. FgKin1 localized to the center of septal pores. FgKIN1 deletion had no effect on Tub2 microtubules but disrupted Tub1 localization. In the mutant, Tub1 appeared to be enriched in the nucleolus. In Magnaporthe oryzae, MoKin1 has similar functions in growth and infection and it also localizes to septal pores. The S172A mutation had no effect on the localization and function of FgKIN1 during sexual reproduction.

These results indicate that FgKIN1 has kinase‐dependent and independent functions and it specifically regulates Tub1 β‐tubulins. FgKin1 plays a critical role in ascospore discharge, germination, and plant infection.
Emergence of apospory and bypass of meiosis via apomixis after sexual hybridisation and polyploidisation
Authors: Hojsgaard Diego , Greilhuber Johann , Pellino Marco , Paun Ovidiu , Sharbel Timothy F. , Hörandl Elvira 
Published: July 2014

SummaryHybridisation and polyploidy are major forces contributing to plant speciation. Homoploid (2x) and heteroploid (3x) hybrids, however, represent critical stages for evolution due to disturbed meiosis and reduced fertility. Apomixis – asexual reproduction via seeds – can overcome hybrid sterility, but requires several concerted alterations of developmental pathways to result in functional seed formation.Here, we analyse the reproductive behaviours of homo‐ and heteroploid synthetic hybrids from crosses between sexual diploid and tetraploidRanunculus auricomusspecies to test the hypothesis that developmental asynchrony in hybrids triggers the shift to apomictic reproduction.Evaluation of male and female gametophyte development, viability and functionality of gametes shows developmental asynchrony, whereas seed set and germinability indicate reduced fitness in synthetic hybrids compared to sexual parents. We present the first experimental evidence for spontaneous apospory in most hybrids as an alternative pathway to meiosis, and the appearance of functional apomictic seeds in triploids. Bypassing meiosis permits these triploid genotypes to form viable seed and new polyploid progeny.Asynchronous development causes reduced sexual seed set and emergence of apospory in syntheticRanunculushybrids. Apomixis is functional in triploids and associated with drastic meiotic abnormalities. Selection acts to stabilise developmental patterns and to tolerate endosperm dosage balance shifts which facilitates successful seed set and establishment of apomictic lineages.
Implications of 21st century science for nursing care: interpretations and issues
Authors: Yeo Michael T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe organizing theme for this special volume raises a momentous question: What are the implications of 21st century science for nursing care? The two terms the question relates – 21st century science and nursing care – are each of central importance for nursing and in philosophical enquiry about nursing as a practice, profession, or institution. These key terms are also highly charged and open to interpretation, as is the relationship of implication between them. Different interpretations or assumptions will steer the search for an answer in quite different directions.Putting the expectation of an answer in abeyance, this paper probes the question precisely in its openness to interpretation and contestation. In elaborating different ways in which the main terms of the question can be taken, and analysing how different interpretations of or assumptions about them lead to different responses, the paper delineates crucial issues and divisions in nursing and commentary about nursing today.
Activities and Health Status of Dispatched Public Health Nurses after the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Yokoyama Yoshie , Hirano Kayoko , Sato Mari , Abe Akiko , Uebayashi Mihoko , Kishi Emiko , Sato Mutsuko , Kuroda Yuuko , Nakaita Ikumi , Fukushima Fujio 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to elucidate the actual activities conducted by public health nurses during their dispatch and their health status during and after dispatch to the three prefectures most severely affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake.SampleA survey request was sent to a total of 2,237 facilities. Of these, 778 facilities returned questionnaires from dispatched public health nurses.ResultsThe participants of this study were 1,570 dispatched health nurses who participated in activities mostly at evacuation centers, followed by evacuees’ homes. After dispatch, an earlier postdisaster phase at the start of dispatch was independently associated with poor subjective well‐being, low mood, worsened sleep state, and intense fatigue. Work hours per day were associated with poor subjective well‐being and intense fatigue after dispatch.ConclusionResults suggest that the factor that most strongly affected the postdispatch health of the nurses was the phase that they began their dispatch.
Measurement of the uniaxial mechanical properties of rat skin using different stress–strain definitions
Authors: Karimi A. , Navidbakhsh M. 
Published: July 2014

Background/PurposeThe mechanical properties of skin tissue may vary according to the anatomical locations of a body. There are different stress–strain definitions to measure the mechanical properties of skin tissue. However, there is no agreement as to which stress–strain definition should be implemented to measure the mechanical properties of skin at different anatomical locations. Three stress definitions (second Piola–Kichhoff stress, engineering stress, and true stress) and four strain definitions (Almansi–Hamel strain, Green‐St. Venant strain, engineering strain, and true strain) are employed to determine the mechanical properties of skin tissue at back and abdomen locations of a rat body.MethodsThe back and abdomen skins of eight rats are excised and subjected to a series of tensile tests. The elastic modulus, maximum stress, and strain of skin tissues are measured using three stress definitions and four strain definitions.ResultsThe results show that the effect of varying the stress definition on the maximum stress measurements of the back skin is significant but not when calculating the elastic modulus and maximum strain. No significant effects are observed on the elastic modulus, maximum stress, and strain measurements of abdomen skin by varying the stress definition. In the true stress–strain diagram, the maximum stress (20%), and elastic modulus (35%) of back skin are significantly higher than that of abdomen skin.ConclusionThe true stress–strain definition is favored to measure the mechanical properties of skin tissue since it gives more accurate measurements of the skin's response using the instantaneous values.
Follow‐up of solar lentigo depigmentation with a retinaldehyde‐based cream by clinical evaluation and calibrated colour imaging
Authors: Questel E. , Durbise E. , Bardy A.‐L. , Schmitt A.‐M. , Josse G. 
Published: July 2014

Background and ObjectiveTo assess an objective method evaluating the effects of a retinaldehyde‐based cream (RA‐cream) on solar lentigines; 29 women randomly applied RA‐cream on lentigines of one hand and a control cream on the other, once daily for 3 months.MethodsA specific method enabling a reliable visualisation of the lesions was proposed, using high‐magnification colour‐calibrated camera imaging. Assessment was performed using clinical evaluation by Physician Global Assessment score and image analysis. Luminance determination on the numeric images was performed either on the basis of 5 independent expert's consensus borders or probability map analysis via an algorithm automatically detecting the pigmented area.ResultsBoth image analysis methods showed a similar lightening of ΔL* = 2 after a 3‐month treatment by RA‐cream, in agreement with single‐blind clinical evaluation.ConclusionHigh‐magnification colour‐calibrated camera imaging combined with probability map analysis is a fast and precise method to follow lentigo depigmentation.
Cost‐effectiveness of red blood cell transfusion vs. non‐intervention in women with acute anaemia after postpartum haemorrhage
Authors: Prick B. W. , Duvekot J. J. , van der Moer P. E. , van Gemund N. , van der Salm P. C. M. , Jansen A. J. G. , van Rhenen D. J. , Mol B. W. , Uyl‐de Groot C. A. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundRed blood cell (RBC) transfusion is frequently used to treat women with acute anaemia after postpartum haemorrhage. We aimed to assess the economic consequences of red blood cell transfusion compared to non‐intervention in these women.MethodsA trial‐based cost‐effectiveness analysis was performed alongside the Well‐Being of Obstetric patients on Minimal Blood transfusions (WOMB) trial. Women with acute anaemia [Hb 4·8–7·9 g/dl (3·0–4·9 mm)] after postpartum haemorrhage, without severe anaemic symptoms, were randomly allocated to RBC transfusion or non‐intervention. Primary outcome of the trial was physical fatigue (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, scale 4–20; 20 represents maximal fatigue). Total costs per arm were calculated using a hospital perspective with a 6 weeks time horizon.ResultsPer woman, mean costs in the RBC transfusion arm (n = 258) were €1957 compared to €1708 in the non‐intervention arm (n = 261; P = 0·024). The 13% difference in costs between study arms predominantly originated from costs of RBC units, as costs of RBC units were six times higher in the RBC transfusion arm. RBC transfusion led to a small improvement in physical fatigue of 0·58 points per day; thus, the costs to improve the physical fatigue score with one point would be €431.ConclusionIn women with acute anaemia after postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), RBC transfusion is on average €249 more expensive per woman than non‐intervention, with only a small gain in HRQoL after RBC transfusion. Taking both clinical and economic consequences into account, implementation of a non‐intervention policy seems justified.
Incidence and risk factors of poor mobilization in adult autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: a single‐centre experience
Authors: Lee K. H. , Jung S. K. , Kim S. J. , Jang J. H. , Kim K. , Kim W. S. , Jung C. W. , Kim D. W. , Kang E. S. 
Published: July 2014

Background and ObjectivesCollection of sufficient CD34+ cells for autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation is frequently failed in patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma (MM). We investigated the incidence and the predictive factors for poor mobilization.Materials and MethodsA total of 205 adult patients (101 lymphoma and 104 MM) were retrospectively included for identifying the incidence of mobilization failure and the predictive factors for poor mobilization in conventional G‐CSF‐based mobilization regimen. Another 17 patients who used plerixafor for mobilization were included.ResultsOverall, 14·1% of patients (21·8% of patients with lymphoma, 6·7% of patients with MM) were poor mobilizers. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis revealed an interval from G‐CSF administration to PBSC collection exceeding 10 days and peripheral blood mononuclear cells count on the first day of collection were predictive factors for poor mobilization in lymphoma, but not in MM. Among plerixafor‐treated patient group, 9 of 11 poor mobilizers who received second‐cycle plerixafor mobilization were able to collect higher number of CD34+ cells than that of CD34+ cells during the G‐CSF‐based first mobilization. All patients who had received initial plerixafor mobilization reached 2·0 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg during the four leukaphereses.ConclusionIn conventional G‐CSF‐based mobilization, early PBSC collection after G‐CSF administration might enhance CD34+ cell yield. A combination of a new mobilizing agent, plerixafor, would be helpful to harvest sufficient number of CD34+ cells for successful transplantation outcome while reducing the effort of collection procedures in poor mobilizers.
Flammability Limits of Low BTU Gases: Computations in a Perfectly Stirred Reactor and Experiments
Authors: Hermann Fredrik , Ruck Thomas , Klingmann Jens , Mauss Fabian 
Published: July 2014

The demand for gas turbines suitable for Low Btu gases is increasing worldwide. This paper presents a theoretical and experimental investigation of the flammability limits of Low Btu gases for gas turbine applications. Most modern gas turbines utilize premixed combustion, making it important to know at which fuel-air ratio the flame extinguishes. The flammability limit for a gaseous fuel is a property, which is coupled to both thermodynamic quantities and the shape of the combustion chamber. Consequently, this property is characteristic for each combustor and for each fuel.
The experiments were made in an atmospheric pressure premixed combustor at Alstom Power Technology Ltd. Switzerland, adapted for Low Btu gaseous fuels. Five different residual gases from chemical factories were investigated. The gases consisted of methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and nitrogen, with lower heating values about 2-3.5 MJ/kg for all examined gases (Table 1).
A steady state Perfectly Stirred Reactor (PSR) was used as a model for the primary combustion zone. The reactions were modeled by a detailed mechanism for methane with 61 species and 667 reactions, developed by Warnatz [1]. The PSR calculations were done by decreasing the residence time until the combustion in the PSR extinguished. These calculations were repeated for different equivalence ratios to obtain the relation between the residence time and the limit of flammability.
The calculations showed a relationship between the residence time in the PSR and the extinction point. It was found that the computed values of the flammability limits, or more correctly called stability limits, qualitatively follow the experimental results. However, since the computational results are strongly dependent on the residence time, a comparison with the experiments must include the residence time of the real burner, which is difficult to define.
Flashback in Lean Prevaporized Premixed Combustion: Non-Swirling Turbulent Pipe Flow Study
Authors: Schäfer Olaf , Koch R. , Wittig S. 
Published: July 2014

A fundamental study has been performed on the upstream flame propagation of a turbulent kerosene flame, stabilized in a confined stagnation flow at atmospheric pressure. Besides temperature and equivalence ratio, mixture properties and fluid dynamic parameters have been varied. The flashback phenomenon is discussed in terms of critical mean velocities and additionally based on detailed LDV data at the outlet of the premixing duct.
The largest critical velocities uc for flashback are found for the “perfectly” premixed case and equivalence ratios close to stoichiometric, which is in accordance with the theory on laminar flame propagation. In the case of a homogeneous mixture, flashback is determined by the velocity distribution at the outlet of the premixing section. In the undisturbed pipe flow the flame propagates through the wall boundary layer. The data for this case are compared with the theory of side-wall quenching in terms of a critical Peclet number and critical velocity gradients at the wall. Both are deduced from the experimental data. Reducing the velocity on the axis forces the flame to propagate through the center at a velocity predicted by correlations on turbulent flame velocity.