bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Streptomycin resistance-aided genome shuffling to improve doramectin productivity of Streptomyces avermitilis NEAU1069
Authors: Zhang Ji , Wang Xiangjing , Diao Jinna , He Hairong , Zhang Yuejing , Xiang Wensheng 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Genome shuffling is an efficient approach for the rapid engineering of microbial strains with desirable industrial phenotypes. In this study, a strategy of incorporating streptomycin resistance screening into genome shuffling (GS-SR) was applied for rapid improvement of doramectin production by Streptomyces avermitilis NEAU1069. The starting mutant population was generated through treatment of the spores with N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, respectively, and five mutants with higher productivity of doramectin were selected as starting strains for GS-SR. Finally, a genetically stable strain F4-137 was obtained and characterized to be able to yield 992 ± 4.4 mg/l doramectin in a shake flask, which was 7.3-fold and 11.2-fold higher than that of the starting strain UV-45 and initial strain NEAU1069, respectively. The doramectin yield by F4-137 in a 50-l fermentor reached 930.3 ± 3.8 mg/l. Furthermore, the factors associated with the improved doramectin yield were investigated and the results suggested that mutations in ribosomal protein S12 and the enhanced production of cyclohexanecarboxylic coenzyme A may contribute to the improved performance of the shuffled strains. The random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis showed a genetic diversity among the shuffled strains, which confirmed the occurrence of genome shuffling. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that GS-SR is a powerful method for enhancing the production of secondary metabolites in Streptomyces.
Return to Being Black, Living in the Red: A Race Gap in Wealth That Goes Beyond Social Origins
Authors: Killewald Alexandra 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In the United States, racial disparities in wealth are vast, yet their causes are only partially understood. In Being Black, Living in the Red, Conley (1999) argued that the sociodemographic traits of young blacks and their parents, particularly parental wealth, wholly explain their wealth disadvantage. Using data from the 1980–2009 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I show that this conclusion hinges on the specific sample considered and the treatment of debtors in the sample. I further document that prior research has paid insufficient attention to the possibility of variation in the association between wealth and race at different points of the net worth distribution. Among wealth holders, blacks remain significantly disadvantaged in assets compared with otherwise similar whites. Among debtors, however, young whites hold more debt than otherwise similar blacks. The results suggest that, among young adults, debt may reflect increased access to credit, not simply the absence of assets. The asset disadvantage for black net wealth holders also indicates that research and policy attention should not be focused only on young blacks “living in the red.”
Missing Minorities? The Phases of IRCA Legislation and Relative Net Undercounts of the 1990 vis-à-vis 2000 Decennial Census for Foreign-born Cohorts
Authors: Kaneshiro Matheu 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The quality of the decennial census of the United States is compromised by population undercount, which often misses immigrants and racial/ethnic minorities, thereby diminishing federal resources allocated to such groups. Using a modified version of demographic analysis and informed by the latest contributions of emigration scholarship, this research estimates net undercount for the 1990 census relative to the 2000 census by age, sex, year-of-entry, and place-of-birth cohorts. Ordinary least squares estimates suggest that males, recent arrivals, and cohorts aged 15–44 had higher relative net undercount for 1990 compared with 2000. Much higher relative net undercount was found for cohorts from Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean (excluding Cuba and Puerto Rico) who were ineligible for amnesty under the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (i.e., those fitting the profile of an undocumented immigrant). Larger implications of these findings suggest that the political climate in which a person is embedded—particularly for persons who may feel threatened or marginalized by the government and/or the public—affects that person’s willingness to respond to the census.
Selling Italy by the sound: cross-cultural interchanges through cover records
Authors: PRATO PAOLO 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSince the beginning of modern canzone, cover versions have represented a shortcut to importing and exporting songs across national borders. By breaking language barriers, these records have played the role of ambassadors of Italian music abroad and, vice-versa, of Anglo-American music at home. Although cover records mania boomed especially in the 1960s, the history of Italian popular music is disseminated by such examples, including exchanges with French- and Spanish-speaking countries as well. After reflecting on the nature of ‘cover’ and offering a definition that includes its being a cross-cultural space most typical of Italy and other peripheral countries in the age of early contact with pop modernity, the paper focuses on the economic, aesthetic and sociological paradigms that affect the international circulation of cover records and suggests a few theoretical explanations that refuse the obsolete ‘cultural imperialism’ thesis in favour of a more flexible view hinged upon the notion of ‘deterritorialisation’. In the final section the paper provides a short history of Italian records that were hits abroad, decade by decade, and ends by highlighting those artists that played the role of cultural mediators between Italy and the world.
A Nonlinear Mixed Effects Pharmacokinetic Model for Dapagliflozin and Dapagliflozin 3‐O‐glucuronide in Renal or Hepatic Impairment
Authors: van der Walt J‐S , Hong Y , Zhang L , Pfister M , Boulton DW , Karlsson MO 
Published: May 2013

Dapagliflozin is a sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitor in development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A semi‐mechanistic population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed for dapagliflozin and its inactive metabolite dapagliflozin 3‐O‐glucuronide (D3OG) with emphasis on renal and hepatic contribution to dapagliflozin metabolism. Renal and hepatic impairment decreased the clearance of dapagliflozin to D3OG and the clearance of D3OG. The fraction of D3OG formed via the renal route decreased from 40–55% in subjects with normal renal function (creatinine clearance (CLcr) > 80 ml/min) to 10% in subjects with severe renal insufficiency (CLcr = 13 ml/min). The model‐based simulations suggested that the increase of systemic exposure (AUCss) of dapagliflozin and D3OG was less than twofold in subjects with mild or moderate renal impairment. This population modeling analysis presents a useful approach to evaluate the impact of renal and hepatic function on the PK of dapagliflozin.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e42; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.20; advance online publication 8 May 2013
Quantum anti-Zeno effect without wave function reduction
Authors: Ai Qing , Xu Dazhi , Yi Su , Kofman A. G. , Sun C. P. , Nori Franco 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe study the measurement-induced enhancement of the spontaneous decay for a two-level subsystem, where measurements are treated as couplings between the excited state and an auxiliary state rather than the von Neumann's wave function reduction. The photon radiated in a fast decay of the atom, from the auxiliary state to the excited state, triggers a quasi-measurement, as opposed to a projection measurement. Our use of the term “quasi-measurement” refers to a “coupling-based measurement”. Such frequent quasi-measurements result in an exponential decay of the survival probability of atomic initial state with a photon emission following each quasi-measurement. Our calculations show that the effective decay rate is of the same form as the one based on projection measurements. The survival probability of the atomic initial state obtained by tracing over all the photon states is equivalent to that of the atomic initial state with a photon emission following each quasi-measurement.
Electronic excitation and structural relaxation of the adenine dinucleotide in gas phase and solution
Authors: Plasser Felix , Lischka Hans 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe excited states and potential surfaces of the adenine dinucleotide are analyzed in gas phase and in solution using a correlatedab initiomethodology in a QM/MM framework. In agreement with previous studies, a rather flat S1surface with a number of minima of different character is found. Specifically, our results suggest that exciplexes with remarkably short intermolecular separation down to ≈2.0 Å are formed. A detailed analysis shows that due to strong orbital interactions their character differs significantly from any states present in the Franck-Condon region. The lowest S1energy minimum is a ππ* exciplex with only a small amount of charge transfer. It possesses appreciable oscillator strength with a polarization almost perpendicular to the planes of the two adenine molecules.
Fevillea trilobata as a Natural Host of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus in Brazil
Authors: Boiteux L. S. , Spadotti D. M. A. , Rezende J. A. M. , Kitajima E. W. 
Published: May 2013

The antidote vines or nhandirobas (Fevillea trilobata L. [Cucurbitaceae]) are dioecious plant species native to the South American Neotropics (1). Genetic materials of these species are now being domesticated and evaluated as potential crops for seed-oil extraction aiming to produce biodiesel fuel (2). Plants of F. trilobata (Accession No. CNPH-001) were cultivated from seeds under open field conditions during the years 2008 through 2011 in Brasília-DF, Brazil. Approximately 200 plants exhibiting mosaic symptoms and severe leaf malformation (with typical bubble-like patches) were found in all fields every year. Apical mosaic was slightly more severe in female than in male plants. Electron microscopy examination of negatively stained extracts of symptomatic leaf tissue showed the presence of filamentous particles about 700 to 800 nm long. Analysis of ultra-thin sections of the same tissues revealed the presence of lamellar inclusions typical of a potyvirus infection. No aphid colonies were observed on field-grown F. trilobata plants. The virus was mechanically transmitted to healthy Cucurbita pepo cv. Caserta and Luffa cylindrica, causing systemic mosaic. Sap from these infected plants reacted in PTA-ELISA with polyclonal antiserum against Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), but not with antisera against Papaya ringspot virus – type W (PRSV-W), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus (ZLCV). Total RNA extracted from experimentally infected C. pepo was analyzed by RT-PCR using specific pairs of primers for the coat protein gene of ZYMV (3). A cDNA fragment of approximately 1,186 bp was amplified and the nucleotide sequence obtained by direct sequencing. Comparisons of the nucleotide (837 nt) and deduced amino acid (279 aa) sequences of the coat protein genomic segment (GenBank Accession No. JX502677) revealed 93 to 98% and 97 to 98% identity, respectively, with the corresponding nucleotide and amino acid sequences of a group of ZYMV isolates from distinct hosts (AY188994, AY279000, and NC_003224). The infection by ZYMV might cause fruit yield losses to F. trilobata. In addition, the infected F. trilobata crops might work as a reservoir of ZYMV providing inoculum to other cucurbit hosts since it has been managed as a semi-perennial crop. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the genus Fevillea as a natural host of ZYMV. References: (1) M. Nee et al. Syst. Bot. 34:704, 2009. (2) E. G. Shay. Biomass Bioenergy 4:227, 1993. (3) K. G. Thomson et al. J. Virol. Meth. 55:83, 1995.
Striving for survival and success: Chinese private higher education in the twenty‐first century
Authors: Lei Jing 
Published: May 2013

PurposeThis general review paper aims to examine the special features of Chinese private higher education institutions (HEIs), discuss the challenges that Chinese private HEIs face, and explore what is needed for the further development of Chinese private higher education.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes the form of a general review and comparison.FindingsSpecifically, Chinese private higher education is characterized by volatile development that is easily affected by government policy inconsistencies. Today's private higher education faces serious challenges, including perceived low quality and low reputation, fierce competition within the private sector, and with the public sector and international forces, and difficulties in recruiting students. To facilitate the further development and improvement of Chinese private higher education, it is crucial to have a mature and stable education policy‐making process that involves multiple stakeholders, to provide substantive government support, and to establish a quality assurance system.Originality/valueChinese private higher education has experienced both unprecedented rapid growth and significant fluctuations in the last three decades, and is now facing serious challenges to its further development. Some of these challenges are common for private higher education worldwide, while some are unique to China. By focusing on these challenges, this paper probes the fundamental questions about the nature of private higher education, examines the role it plays in the process of modernizing developing countries, identifies the major obstacles that private higher education faces, and explores how these obstacles can be overcome.
Policy changes and educational reforms in China: decentralization and marketization
Authors: Zhao Yong , Qiu Wei 
Published: May 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the major systemic educational reforms that China has undertaken over the past three decades and analyze the reasons behind their different degrees of success.Design/methodology/approachTwo running themes are identified among various reforms on the Chinese educational system: decentralization and marketization. The authors explore the driving forces behind these reforms and discuss whether the reforms were successful or not.FindingsIn conclusion, the authors highlight four takeaway lessons of Chinese educational reforms.Originality/valueThis is an original discussion of educational reforms in China in the contexts of decentralization and marketization.
Universal perspectivism: transcending “facta” and “futura” through foresight theory building
Authors: Øverland Erik F. 
Published: May 2013

PurposeContemporary foresight activities are increasingly dominated by commitment to research methods and an ambition to found a sound theory of futures thinking. Arguably, there has been a general failure to examine and explicate the relationship between theory and method. As Poli; Karlsen & Karlsen; Aaltonen; Inayatullah and others argue, there is both a need and a will to develop a substantial foundation of futures studies that not only goes beyond epistemology, but explicitly tries to establish an ontological rationale for futures research as a post‐positivist scientific activity. Following along this line, the purpose of this paper is to represent a radical constructivist approach to the theory of latents and level of realities that transcends traditional phenomenology.Design/methodology/approachThe paper also gives a brief outline on how Kant meets Latour and constitutes and reproduces two ontological areas, man and nature and argues in favour of a post‐post conception called “universal perspectivism”.FindingsIt is found that the foresight community and futurists must revert to some basic ontological assumptions about the future, e.g. as a reflection of human imagination or as a projection of today's situation, particularly the reproduction of the construction of an idea of the human being as such, and its opposite – what it is not.Originality/valueThe consequences for anticipation activities are tremendous: in forward looking activities we reproduce both the distinction between reality in itself and reality for us, or put differently, between appearances and latent. These are then linked to the differentiation between two basic ontological areas throughout all time modalities, nature and society (man). The link between pasts, presents and futures is getting closer.
Knowmad society: the “new” work and education
Authors: Moravec John W. 
Published: May 2013

PurposeThis essay aims to introduce the “knowmads” concept in the context of converging futures of work, learning, and how people relate to one another in a world driven by exponential, accelerating change.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual framework for understanding knowmad society is presented, with specific insight to how it impacts formal education systems. A summary of articles following this viewpoint in this issue of On the Horizon is presented to highlight key ideas and how the issue is structured.FindingsKnowmad society is already here, but education systems seem ignorant of this reality. This essay highlights that in this issue, ideas, approaches, and original solutions are offered for further discussion.Practical implicationsIt is too late to ignore the trends driving the creation of a knowmad society, and it has to be decided if there is to be an attempt to catch‐up to the present, or leapfrog ahead and create future‐relevant learning options today. Otherwise there is a risk of producing workers equipped for the needs of previous centuries, but not the kind that can apply their individual knowledge in contextually‐varied modes to create new value.Originality/valueThis essay presents a formal introduction to the knowmad concept, and calls for the co‐creation of a broader ecology of options for relevant learning in a knowmad society.
Heavy switchers in translearning: from formal teaching to ubiquitous learning
Authors: Peña‐López Ismael 
Published: May 2013

PurposeThe aim is to explore the role of personal learning environments in an already ICT‐dense context and in combination with some educational approaches in the field of technology enhanced education. The paper seeks to analyze how personal learning environments are not a device but a learning strategy that threatens the way educational institutions and their functions are understood, by contributing to enable a borderless learning society.Design/methodology/approachThe research begins by revisiting Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development and assesses the role of educators and educational institutions as the actual more knowledgeable others in scaffolding learners' learning paths. This role is put in relationship with different learning scenarios (formal, non‐formal, informal and autodidactic) according to their inner structure (or lack of) and degree (or absence) of planning. The research then puts PLEs in relationship with other “physical” spaces (VLEs and LMSs), the digitization of content (open educational resources), records and assessments (e‐Portfolios) and the possibility to flip some traditional tasks or processes that enabled regaining the social component in the classroom (Education 2.0).FindingsIt is suggested that PLEs have come to close the circle of ICTs in education with a highly transformative power: the power to blur the boundaries between formal teaching and informal learning. Indeed, the traditionally difficult transition from one learning scenario to a different one has been made smoother by the appearance of OER and, especially, social media constructs that can be used for learning purposes, especially within a PLE‐based strategy.Originality/valueIt is stated that institutions should embrace and even foster the possibility that learners could easily and intensively switch educational resources, just like they could shift among different registers and learning scenarios, as a newly enabled way to tear down the artificial divisions that formal learning edified.
Building better learning and learning better building, with learners rather than for learners
Authors: Mokhtar Noriega Farid , Heppell Stephen , Segovia Bonet Nieves , Heppell Julliette 
Published: May 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe the relevant role of users/learners as designers/creators of meaningful and effective learning places and spaces in both digital and virtual worlds.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on research and observation of changing trends in users' behavior in physical and digital collaborative workplaces and spaces all over the world.FindingsIn this third millennium, the new spirit of knowmadic workers and learners is breaking down old design concepts and rules. The progressively more subtle frontier between virtual and physical learning environments and working environments is changing the use by, and the behavior of, learners in these places and spaces. In this context, the transversal‐thinking, designer‐guided paradigm is rendered effectively useless. The era of user‐led design has started. User‐oriented design is an old trend; it has changed over time. In societies and economies based on learning, reflection and constant collaboration, the individualistic design guru has no place.Originality/valueThis paper discusses the evolving strategic role of users/learners as designers and co‐creators of their own places. Traditional design criteria and theories are outdated. The role of the designer as master/creator is not compatible with the collegiate and collaborative, reflective spirit of knowmadic learners. A consequence is a requirement for new strategies and a redefinition of the designer's role in the creation of space. The axis of design control has shifted.
The value ofCTimaging ofHorus in determining the method of mummification and the sex of the mummy
Authors: Davey Janet , Stewart Margaret Ellen Birchland , Drummer Olaf H 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIntroductionRadiology was used to determine the sex of a child mummy who had conflicting records based on two different translations of a name written in a section of papyrus inserted into the mummy wrappings and also to determine the type of mummification used to preserve the body.MethodsAncient texts ofHerodotus andDiodorusSiculus were consulted for references to mummification, andNicholsonMuseum records provided details of the mummy which was examined atCentralSydneyImaging usingToshibaAquilion 64CTmachine (Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Tochigi, Japan). The originalCTscan data were loaded into aVitrea 2 (Vital Images, Minnetonka, MN, USA) workstation at theVictorianInstitute ofForensicMedicine,Melbourne,Australia, for further study.ResultsThe scans showed that the child had been elaborately mummified according to ancient descriptions albeit with one variation. The provenance of the child was unknown but stylistically appeared to be from theGreco‐RomanPeriod of ancientEgypt. Interpretation of theCTimages determined that the child was male, had died of unknown cause and had been excerebrated and eviscerated post‐mortem when the heart was removed. Unexplained inclusions were identified within the abdomen and thorax. Broken and displaced ribs showed evidence of a previous endoscopic investigation.ConclusionThis study provided evidence thatCTscanning was an excellent non‐invasive modality to evaluate ancient mummies in its ability to demonstrate fine anatomical detail and identify post‐mortem changes. The study underlined the role of using current medical practice to determine sex rather than relying on ancient texts and uncorroborated opinion.