bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current Diagnosis of von Willebrand Disease in Italy: 3 Years Following the Release of the International Guidelines
Authors: Federici Augusto B. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe American Society of Hematology–International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis–National Hemophilia Foundation–World Federation of Hemophilia 2021 International Guidelines (IGL) on von Willebrand disease (VWD) have pointed out many challenges, mainly in the diagnostic approach of VWD patients. To determine the impact of these IGL on the current clinical and laboratory diagnosis of Italian VWD patients, we have recently conducted a survey among 43 centers affiliated with the Italian Association of Hemophilia Centers (AICE). Directors and colleagues responsible for the management of VWD patients were invited to report in a detailed questionnaire how IGL recommendations about the assessment of the specific activities of von Willebrand Factor (VWF) could be applied at their local sites. Results from such a survey showed that bleeding assessment tools, VWF antigen, and factor VIII procoagulant are currently in use in all centers. The automated assays for platelet-dependent VWF activity with or without ristocetin described in IGL have been used since 2021 in 37/43 (86%) centers. Among other laboratory tests, VWF collagen binding, ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination, multimeric analysis, VWF propeptide, VWF:FVIII binding assay were available in 49, 63, 26, 7, and 28% of AICE, respectively. Analyses of VWF gene defects are available only at 3/43 (7%) centers. Desmopressin (DDAVP) infusion trials at diagnosis, with measurements of VWF activities at 1 and 4 hours post-DDAVP, is currently performed at 38/43 (88%) centers. Based on this information, a simplified clinical diagnosis using a few automated tests before and after DDAVP has been proposed. Such a diagnostic approach will be validated prospectively in a large cohort of Italian VWD patients.
A Systematic Literature Review of Income Inequality in Central–Eastern European Countries
Authors: Dorjnyambuu Byambasuren 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This review offers a comprehensive perspective on income inequality literature in Central–Eastern European (CEE) nations, with a specific focus on six countries: Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Czechia, and Slovakia. By thoroughly examining existing research, this review uncovers the underlying factors and root causes contributing to varying income inequality levels and trends across CEE countries. The investigation is conducted through a systematic literature review and network analysis, focusing on the literature published since 1990, mainly on recent studies. The review is structured around three thematic frameworks (concept and measures, evidence, and causes). These three strands of the literature review not only offer a comprehensive picture of income inequality in CEE countries but also identify critical research gaps for further studies. The review underscores several critical areas for improvement within CEE studies. These include addressing gaps in geographical and temporal coverage, utilizing alternative measurements of income inequality, and investigating the causes of diverging trends in income inequality among CEE countries. Moreover, there is a pressing need to expand the understanding of the determinants influencing income inequality in these nations, which presents a significant opportunity for future research.
A platform for planar dynamic compression of crystalline hydrogen toward the terapascal regime
Authors: Schwemmlein A. K. , Collins G. W. , LaPierre A. J. , Sprowal Z. K. , Polsin D. N. , Jeanloz R. , Celliers P. M. , Eggert J. H. , Rygg J. R. 
Published: July 2024

We describe a method for laser-driven planar compression of crystalline hydrogen that starts with a sample of solid para-hydrogen (even-valued rotational quantum number j) having an entropy of 0.06 kB/molecule at 10 K and 2 atm, with Boltzmann constant kB. Starting with this low-entropy state, the sample is compressed using a small initial shock (&lt;0.2 GPa), followed by a pressure ramp that approaches isentropic loading as the sample is taken to hundreds of GPa. Planar loading allows for quantitative compression measurements; the objective of our low-entropy compression is to keep the sample cold enough to characterize crystalline hydrogen toward the terapascal range.
The anomalous Hall effect in the epitaxial-grown semiconducting CuCo2O4 thin film
Authors: Ji Xianghao , Zheng Biao , Xue Mingzhu , Liu Xue , Gao Wenshuai , Tian Mingliang , Chen Xuegang 
Published: July 2024

The high-quality inverse spinel CuCo2O4 thin films are epitaxially grown on (001) MgAl2O4 substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The electrical transport properties exhibit typical semiconducting characteristics, accompanying the enhancement of resistivity with the thinning of CuCo2O4 thickness. The transport properties could be well understood by the Mott variable range hopping model. The anomalous Hall effect with a clear hysteresis loop is observed below 100 K, indicating the existence of out-of-plane magnetization in the epitaxial-grown CuCo2O4 films. In addition, the negative magnetoresistance at low temperature reverses to the positive magnetoresistance (≥100 K), which is related to the changes from the decrease in spin/carrier scattering under the magnetic field at low temperature to the enhancement of carrier deflection due to the conventional Lorenz force (≥100 K). The observed physical properties are closely related to the orbital occupation of Cu ion in CuCo2O4 films, which is a significant difference compared to that of documented metallic NiCo2O4. This work is a good comprehensive study of inverse spinel oxide thin films.
Sexual risk and testing for sexually transmissible infections in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and non-Indigenous young South Australians: results of an online survey
Authors: Harfield Stephen , Elliott Salenna , Barzi Federica , Minto Kiara , Dean Judith A. , Ward James 
Published: July 2024

Background Disproportionate rates of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people are often attributed to risk-taking behaviours, but research rarely conducts direct comparison with their non-Indigenous peers to address this negative discourse. Methods ‘Let’s Talk About It 2019’ was a cross-sectional online survey of South Australians (16–29 years). It prioritised recruitment of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander respondents to compare behaviours with non-Indigenous peers using multivariable Poisson regression models. Results Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (n = 231) and non-Indigenous (n = 2062) respondents reported similar condom use (40% vs 43%, P = 0.477) and sexual debut median ages (16 years vs 17 years). Higher proportions of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander respondents reported a recent health check (48% vs 38%, P = 0.002), STIs (60% vs 49%, P < 0.001) and HIV (37% vs 28%, P = 0.006) testing, STI diagnosis (29% vs 21%, P = 0.042), and intoxication during last sex (30% vs 18%, P < 0.001). Conclusions Behaviours associated with STI transmission were mostly similar among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous respondents. Higher STI/HIV testing among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander respondents suggests effectiveness of targeted programs. Interventions targeting substance use and condom use among all young people are needed. Future interventions need to focus beyond behaviours and explore social determinants of health and sexual networks as contributors to disproportionate STI rates.
The interface of gravity and dark energy
Authors: Lackeos Kristen , Lieu Richard 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
At sufficiently large radii dark energy modifies the behavior of (a) bound orbits around a galaxy and (b) virialized gas in a cluster of galaxies. Dark energy also provides a natural cutoff to a cluster’s dark matter halo. In (a) there exists a maximum circular orbit beyond which periodic motion is no longer possible, and orbital evolution near critical binding is analytically calculable using an adiabatic invariant integral. The finding implicates the study of wide galaxy pairs. In (b), dark energy necessitates the use of a generalized Virial Theorem to describe gas at the outskirts of a cluster. When coupled to the baryonic escape condition, aided by dark energy, the results is a radius beyond which the continued establishment of a hydrostatic halo of thermalized baryons is untenable. This leads to a theoretically motivated virial radius. We use this theory to probe the structure of a cluster’s baryonic halo and apply it to X-ray and weak-lensing data collected on cluster Abell 1835. We find that gas in its outskirts deviates significantly from hydrostatic equilibrium beginning at

∼

1.3

Mpc

, the ‘inner’ virial radius. We also define a model dependent dark matter halo cutoff radius to A1835. The dark matter cutoff gives an upper limit to the cluster’s total mass of

∼

7
×

10

15

M

⊙

. Moreover, it is possible to derive an ‘outer’ hydrostatic equilibrium cutoff radius given a dark matter cutoff radius. A region of cluster gas transport and turbulence occurs between the inner and outer cutoff radii.
Evaluation of the performance of digital x-ray systems in pelvis radiography
Authors: Jreije Antonio , Krynke Leonid , Gricienė Birutė , Rimkus Bernardas , Dementavičienė Jūratė , Skovorodko Kirill 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of eight digital radiography systems and to optimise the dose-image quality relationship for digital pelvis radiography. The study involved eight digital radiography systems used for general examinations at Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos. An anthropomorphic pelvic phantom (CIRS, US) was used to simulate a patient undergoing clinical pelvis radiography. Dose quantities entrance surface dose, dose area product (DAP) and exposure parameters (kVp, mA, mAs) were measured and the effects on the images were evaluated, considering physical contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and observer-based evaluations as image quality metrics. Increasing the tube voltage by 5 kVp from standard protocol led to a reduction in radiation dose (DAP) by 12%–20% with a slight impact on image quality (CNR decreases by 2%–10%). There was an inter-observer variability in image rating across different equipment (kappa value between 0 and 0.3); however, both observers agreed that increasing kVp up to 85–90 kV had no effect on perceived image quality. The results indicate that optimisation strategies should be tailored specifically for each x-ray system since significant performance differences and wide variations in radiation dose exist across various digital radiography systems used in clinical settings. The use of high kVp can be used for dose optimisation in digital pelvis radiography without compromising image diagnostic accuracy.
Persistent and anti-persistent motion in bounded and unbounded space: resolution of the first-passage problem
Authors: Marris Daniel , Giuggioli Luca 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The presence of temporal correlations in random movement trajectories is a widespread phenomenon across biological, chemical and physical systems. The ubiquity of persistent and anti-persistent motion in many natural and synthetic systems has led to a large literature on the modelling of temporally correlated movement paths. Despite the substantial body of work, little progress has been made to determine the dynamical properties of various transport related quantities, including the first-passage or first-hitting probability to one or multiple absorbing targets when space is bounded. To bridge this knowledge gap we generalise the renewal theory of first-passage and splitting probabilities to correlated discrete variables. We do so in arbitrary dimensions on a lattice for the so-called correlated or persistent random walk, the one step non-Markovian extension of the simple lattice random walk in bounded and unbounded space. We focus on bounded domains and consider both persistent and anti-persistent motion in hypercubic lattices as well as the hexagonal lattice. The discrete formalism allows us to extend the notion of the first-passage to that of the directional first-passage, whereby the walker must reach the target from a prescribed direction for a hitting event to occur. As an application to spatio-temporal observations of correlated moving cells that may be either repelled or attracted to hard surfaces, we compare the first-passage statistics to a target within a reflecting domain depending on whether an interaction with the reflective interface invokes a reversal of the movement direction or not. With strong persistence we observe multi-modality in the first-passage distribution in the former case, which instead is greatly suppressed in the latter.
Electron-scale turbulence characteristics with varying electron temperature gradient in LHD
Authors: Nasu T. , Tokuzawa T. , Nakata M. , Ida K. , Inagaki S. , Nishiura M. , Yoshimura Y. , Yanai R. , Tanaka K. , Yoshinuma M. , Kobayashi T. , Ejiri A. , Watanabe K.Y. , Yamada I. ,   LHD Experiment Group
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Electron-scale turbulence, whose wavelength is the electron Larmor radius, is thought to have the potential to cause stiffness in an electron temperature gradient and degrade the confinement of future burning plasma in which the electron heating by alpha particles is dominant. The dependence of electron-scale turbulence and electron heat flux on the electron temperature inverse gradient length

R
ax

/

L

T
e

, were investigated. The electron temperature gradient was successfully varied in the range of

−
3
<

R
ax

/

L

T
e

<
12

by controlling the injection power of on/off-axis electron cyclotron heating. The results show a significant increase in the electron-scale turbulence with increasing

R
ax

/

L

T
e

, especially in conditions where Electron Temperature Gradient (ETG) instability is linearly unstable, suggesting the presence of ETG turbulence at high

R
ax

/

L

T
e

. The electron heat flux also increases steeply with increasing

R
ax

/

L

T
e

. In addition, the electron-scale turbulence is observed even at

R
ax

/

L

T
e

∼
0

, which is stable in linear GKV calculations. Finding the cause of this phenomenon is an interesting task for the future.
Summary of the 11th Conference on Magnetic Confined Fusion Theory and Simulation
Authors: HAO 郝 Guangzhou 广周 , XU 许 Jianqiang 健强 , SUN 孙 Youwen 有文 , GUO 郭 Zhibin 志彬 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This conference report summarizes recent progress in plasma theory and simulation that was presented in contributed papers and discussions at the 11th Conference on Magnetic Confined Fusion Theory and Simulation (CMCFTS) held in Chengdu, China, 27–30 October, 2023. Progress in various fields has been achieved. For example, results on zonal flow generation by mode coupling, simulations of the key physics of divertor detachment, energetic particle effects on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes in addition to ion- and electron-scale turbulence, physics of edge coherent modes and edge-localized modes, and the optimization of ion heating schemes as well as confinement scenarios using advanced integrated modeling are presented at the conference. In this conference, the scientific research groups were organized into six categories: (a) edge and divertor physics; (b) impurity, heating, and current drive; (c) energetic particle physics; (d) turbulent transport; (e) MHD instability; and (f) integrated modeling and code development. A summary of the highlighted progress in these working groups is presented.
Nehru
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
It is widely believed that Nehru embraced Fabian socialism while studying in Cambridge and London. This is an entirely erroneous impression. His conversion to any form of socialism did not occur until he visited England again in 1927, with a stop in the Soviet Union on the way back. At this time, he became a radical socialist, bordering communist. The chapter amasses a wealth of evidence showing this evolution. In all likelihood, it was during the deliberations of the National Planning Committee of Congress that he began shifting to a more moderate form of socialism, principally because of the pushback by the leading industrialists who were also members of the committee. This shift eventually led him to opt for the mixed economy model in which private and public sectors operated side by side.
The Nehru Development Model
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Nehru must be credited with the design of the economic policy framework that India adopted after independence. As such, it is entirely appropriate to label the model India adopted as the Nehru Development Model. Objectives Nehru set out for himself were the removal of poverty, self-sufficiency, and socialism. The strategy to achieve these objectives consisted of the development of heavy industry upfront to maximize long-run growth, small-scale industry to generate employment and production of consumer goods, agriculture to ensure the supply of food, and minimum reliance on international trade. Policy instruments deployed included public-sector control of the commanding heights of the industry, control of private-sector investment through licensing, import licensing, price and distribution controls, and the creation of institutions of technical education. The chapter systematically documents these facts by reference to the writings and speeches of Nehru.
Export and Foreign Investment Policies
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Until the sterling balances ran out, policymakers not only neglected exports but actively restricted them through export controls, export taxes on the major commodities, and anti-export domestic policies. The result was that India lost the opportunity to capture the space vacated by the United States and the United Kingdom in the world cotton textiles export market to Japan. After 1957, the need for export revenues was progressively recognized, but available fiscal resources to stimulate exports proved inadequate in the absence of devaluation. In contrast to his stance on the import and export policies, Nehru pursued a remarkably liberal foreign investment policy. He was keen on the rapid expansion of the public sector, but he was keener still on growth to eradicate India’s poverty. Therefore, when faced with a conflict between the expansion of the public sector and growth, he opted for the latter. Accordingly, his policy accommodated the private sector and, likewise, the foreign capital inflows.
The Political Leadership I
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Nehru’s socialism became integral to the thinking of the influential politicians who survived him. None of them publicly challenged the essential elements of his model. Lal Bahadur Shastri, who succeeded him, is believed to have lacked enthusiasm for the heavy industry but never mentioned it in his speeches. He died in 1966 and was succeeded by Indira Gandhi, who happened to be more socialist than Nehru, her father. In a power struggle with the conservative wing of Congress, she scored a decisive victory by painting them as the friends of the big business. Subsequently, the nationalization of the major banks, insurance, coal, and energy companies only increased her popularity. Although her rival Morarji Desai was able to gain power in 1977, his policies were hardly different from hers. She returned to power in 1980, and until the end of 1984, when she was assassinated, the grip of socialism on the economy remained tight.
Economists and Other Policy Analysts
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the impact of socialism on policy analysts, particularly economists. Remarkably, economists trained and raised in India have remained wedded to the socialist ideology even after the launch of the 1991 economic reforms. Until the mid-1980s, it was rare to come across any reform advocates from within India. Even in the mid-1980s, it was a tiny group of economists who had spent time abroad and worked inside the government that began pushing for baby steps toward liberalization. Though reform advocacy is no longer a lonely affair as it was even a decade ago, it remains the case that locally trained professional economists with a consistent record of advocacy of pro-market reforms are rare. For their part, leading Indian universities, including the Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi University, and Ashoka University, continue to be dominated by left or left-leaning economists.
Introduction
Authors: Antony Alexander K , Thompson William R 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the interplay between peace and transition. It highlights the significance of de-agrarianization in understanding the issue of contemporary war and peace. The democratic peace, the capitalist peace, economic interdependence, and boundary settlement or territorial peace are linked to the transition from the dominance of agricultural strategies to the dominance of industrial strategies in various ways. The chapter then looks into the alternative ways of examining the emergence of zones of peace. It provides an overview of the industrialization transition, which has not been operating universally as it diffused unevenly across the work after its origins in Western Europe.
A Dyadic Perspective
Authors: Antony Alexander K , Thompson William R 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a dyadic perspective on research programs focused on the interdependence of industrialization, democratization, capitalism, and border settlements. It discusses all four explanatory foci simultaneously in two iterations, which starts with how the industrialization transition is based on the percentage of a state’s labor force that is involved in non-agricultural economic activity. The other iteration involves the capitalist peace literature exhibiting less consensus about how best to measure change in the international political economy. The chapter also presents the results of Granger-causality tests for the relationships among industrialization transition, democracy, trade openness, and border settlement. It considers the decline of some types of interstate warfare.
More Measurement Issues for Diffusion, Zones of Peace, and Network Effects
Authors: Antony Alexander K , Thompson William R 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter tackles the measurement issues for diffusion, zones of peace, and network effects. The measurement of zones involves the identification of discrete regions according to the designation of the United Nations and the accounting of state neighborhoods based on their local environment. Moreover, measuring various zones of peace requires examining the overall pattern of structural relations between a state and the other actors in its neighborhood. The chapter then enumerates conflict zones, negative peace zones, positive peace zones, and security communities as the four neighborhood conflict and peace gradations identified in which a state can be located. It then details how to examine the influence of the neighborhood environment while using large-N, quantitative methods.