bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transoral laser surgery versus radiotherapy for tumour stage 1a or 1b glottic squamous cell carcinoma: systematic review of local control outcomes
Authors: O'Hara J , Markey A , Homer J J 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackground:Previous literature reviews comparing transoral laser surgery versus radiotherapy for glottic carcinoma treatment have analysed ‘early stage’ disease as one group. The current review aimed to assess local control outcomes, comparing these two treatment modalities, specifically for either tumour stage 1a or stage 1b lesions.Methods:The three authors conducted independent, structured literature searches. Simple weighted means were calculated.Results:Thirty-six publications were analysed. Three-year local control rates for tumour stage 1a tumours were 88.9 per cent for transoral laser surgery (n = 1308) and 89.3 per cent for radiotherapy (n = 2405). For tumour stage 1b tumours, the local control rates were 76.8 per cent for transoral laser surgery (n = 194) and 86.2 per cent for radiotherapy (n = 492).Conclusion:From this analysis of level four evidence, there was no demonstrable difference in local control rates for tumour stage 1a glottic squamous cell carcinoma treated by transoral laser surgery or radiotherapy. There was a trend towards improved local control of tumour stage 1b tumours treated with radiotherapy, but this finding was based on a limited number of published outcomes (n = 194).
Filamentation instability of a laser beam in an inhomogeneous plasma in an arbitrarily oriented external magnetic field
Authors: HASANBEIGI A. , MOUSAVI A. , MEHDIAN H. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe interaction of a short pulse laser beam with an inhomogeneous plasma has been studied in the presence of an obliquely applied external magnetic field. The dispersion relation and the analytical growth rate have been obtained solving the nonlinear wave equation. It is found that the growth rate and the cut-off wavenumber are strongly influenced by the direction and magnitude of the applied magnetic field. Moreover, the growth rate has been modified by plasma inhomogeneity.
Deep-water Buccinidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) from sunken wood, vents and seeps: molecular phylogeny and taxonomy
Authors: Kantor Yu.I. , Puillandre N. , Fraussen K. , Fedosov A.E. , Bouchet P. 
Published: July 2013

Buccinidae—like other canivorous and predatory molluscs—are generally considered to be occasional visitors or rare colonizers in deep-sea biogenic habitats. However, casual observations during tropical deep-sea cruises suggest that associations between buccinids and sunken wood, in particular, are not fortuitous. Enigmatocolus monnieri has been found to co-occur in Madagascar with bathymodiolines, vesicomyids and solemyids, indicating the presence of seeps, and species of Thermosipho gen. nov. have been sampled by submersibles and remotely operated vehicles, exclusively from hydrothermal vents. A molecular phylogeny (based on CO1, 12S and 28S genes) reveals that buccinid genera potentially associated with sunken wood (Eosipho, Gaillea gen. nov., Calagrassor gen. nov., and Manaria) are closely related to taxa from vents (Thermosipho gen. nov.) and seeps (Enigmaticolus). The anatomy of several dissected species did not reveal any special trait that could be interpreted as a special adaptation to biogenic substrates. Buccinids from sunken wood are most diverse in the Indo-Pacific centre of marine biodiversity, the ‘Coral Triangle’, at depths between 100 and 1000 m, with numerous species still undescribed.
The Chinese Welfare State in Transition: 1988–2007
Authors: GAO QIN , YANG SUI , LI SHI 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIs China a welfare state? If so, how big is it and what does it look like? Further, how does the Chinese welfare state affect income inequality? Is it progressive or regressive? Using the China Household Income Project 1988–2007 data, this article provides updated empirical evidence on the size, structure and redistributive effect of the Chinese welfare state. We find that the Chinese welfare state is highly divided along urban–rural lines: the urban social benefit system, or the urban welfare state, stands among the more comprehensive and generous ones, similar to those in the western industrialised countries, while the rural system is minimal and residual, and similar to those in the least developed countries. The urban system has consistently reduced income inequality and has remained progressive over time. The rural system has had little impact on reducing income inequality and has been largely regressive. Social benefit for migrants has seen significant increases between 2002 and 2007 and has played an increasingly larger redistributive role. These results and recent policy changes suggest that the Chinese welfare state is likely to become more integrated, generous and progressive in the future.
Brillouin backward scattering in the nonlinear interaction of a short-pulse laser with an underdense transversely magnetized plasma
Authors: Paknezhad Alireza 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBrillouin backward scattering is investigated in the interaction of linearly polarized short laser pulse with a homogenous underdense transversely magnetized plasma by taking into account the relativistic and nonlinearity effects up to third order. The plasma is embedded in a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to both of propagation direction and electric vector of the radiation field. Temporal growth rate of instability is calculated by using of the nonlinear wave equation. Results are significantly different in comparison with lower order computations. The growth rate of Brillouin backward instability shows a decrease due to the presence of external magnetic field, while relativistic and higher order nonlinearities due to the external magnetic field, give rise the Brillouin backward scattering instability.
The influence of a shield on intense ion beam transportation
Authors: Pushkarev A.I. , Isakova Yu.I. , Khailov I.P. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article presents the results of a study on transportation of a pulse ion beam of gigawatt power. This beam is formed by a self-magnetically insulated diode with an explosive-emission cathode. The experiments have been performed using the TEMP-4M pulsed ion accelerator configured in double-pulse formation mode with the first negative pulse (300–500 ns, 100–150 kV), followed by the second positive pulse (150 ns, 250–300 kV). To increase the effectiveness of ion beam focusing, a metal shield is installed on a grounded electrode. Investigations are performed using a strip focusing diode, a cone diode, and a spiral diode with metal shields of different constructions. We observed that the beam diameter at the focus decreases from 60 mm (without shield) to 40–42 mm (with a shield), which leads to an increase in the energy density by a factor of 1.5–2 being 4–5 J/cm2 at the focus. We analyzed different mechanisms for ion trajectories deviation from an ideal one: Coulomb repulsion due to incomplete space charge neutralization, influence of electromagnetic fields, etc. It is found that for a strip focusing diode the concentration of low-energy electrons accompanying the ion beam exceeds the concentration of ions by 1.3–1.5 times. The use of a metal shield improves the transportation properties of the ion beam by keeping neutralizing electrons within the beam volume which ensures its space charge neutralization during the transport.
How We Count Hunger Matters
Authors: Lappé Frances Moore , Clapp Jennifer , Anderson Molly , Broad Robin , Messer Ellen , Pogge Thomas , Wise Timothy 
Published: July 2013

Hunger continues to be one of humanity's greatest challenges despite the existence of a more-than-adequate global food supply equal to 2,800 kilocalories for every person every day. In measuring progress, policy-makers and concerned citizens across the globe rely on information supplied by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), an agency of the United Nations. In 2010 the FAO reported that in the wake of the 2007–2008 food-price spikes and global economic crisis, the number of people experiencing hunger worldwide since 2005–2007 had increased by 150 million, rising above 1 billion in 2009. However, in itsState of Food Insecurity in the World 2012(SOFI 12) the FAO presented new estimates, having revamped its methods and reinterpreted its hunger data back to 1990. The revised numbers for the period 1990–1992 to 2010–2012 reverse the trend to a steadily falling one. Based on the FAO's new calculations, extreme undernourishment peaked in 1990 at a record-breaking one billion, followed by a significant decline through 2006, when progress stalled but did not reverse (see chart below).
UV and dietary predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations among young shift-working nurses and implications for bone density and skin cancer
Authors: Wallingford Sarah C , Jones Glenville , Kobayashi Lindsay C , Grundy Anne , Miao Qun , Tranmer Joan , Aronson Kristan J 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectiveIn 2011, the US Institute of Medicine updated the definition of vitamin D inadequacy to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration of 30–<50 nmol/l and of deficiency to serum 25(OH)D < 30 nmol/l. We describe the prevalence of these conditions according to these definitions, seasonal variation in 25(OH)D and predictors of serum 25(OH)D concentrations among working, white women.DesignParticipants recorded lifestyle factors and dietary intake and provided fasting blood samples for measurement of serum 25(OH)D in both summer and winter. Predictors of serum 25(OH)D variation were analysed using linear regression and generalized linear mixed models.SettingKingston General Hospital in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, from April 2008 to July 2009.SubjectsFemale premenopausal nurses (n83) working full-time rotating shifts.ResultsDeficient or inadequate vitamin D status was observed in 9 % of participants following summer/autumn and in 13 % following winter/spring. Predictors of serum 25(OH)D concentration were vitamin D supplement use, tanning bed use and season. Tanning bed use increased serum 25(OH)D by 23·24 nmol/l (95 % CI 8·78, 37·69 nmol/l,P= 0·002) on average.ConclusionsAccording to the 2011 Institute of Medicine bone health guidelines, over 10 % of nurses had deficient or inadequate vitamin D status following winter. Higher serum concentrations were associated with use of tanning beds and vitamin D supplements. As health promotion campaigns and legal restrictions are successful in reducing tanning bed use among women, our data suggest that increased prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and deficiency may be a consequence, and that low vitamin D status will need to be countered with supplementation.
Cranberry in radiotherapy: dispelling the myths. A review of the literature
Authors: Gordon Lynne 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundTherapeutic radiographers routinely offer advice to patients regarding treatment-related side effects. Cranberry has long been used as a natural remedy for several health complaints and has more recently been suggested as having a role in the treatment and prophylaxis of urinary tract infection (UTI) and symptoms.PurposeThe aim of this review was to investigate whether there is a place for cranberry as part of the management of radiation cystitis caused by radiotherapy treatment of pelvic cancers, in order to aid therapeutic radiographers in tailoring their advice regarding pelvic side effects.Materials and methodsA structured search was carried out using PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases. A total of 25 articles were selected for review.ResultsThemes of mechanism of action of cranberry, composition of cranberry products, cranberry and UTI, use of cranberry in radiotherapy and further issues to consider were identified and explored.ConclusionA lack of high-quality data was identified in the literature reviewed and no firm evidence was found to support the continued recommendation of cranberry as part of management of radiation induced urinary tract side effects. Well-designed randomised controlled trials are required before further recommendations regarding the use of cranberry in radiotherapy are made.
Evaluating cell lines as tumour models by comparison of genomic profiles
Authors: Domcke Silvia , Sinha Rileen , Levine Douglas A. , Sander Chris , Schultz Nikolaus 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCancer cell lines are frequently used as in vitro tumour models. Recent molecular profiles of hundreds of cell lines from The Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and thousands of tumour samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas now allow a systematic genomic comparison of cell lines and tumours. Here we analyse a panel of 47 ovarian cancer cell lines and identify those that have the highest genetic similarity to ovarian tumours. Our comparison of copy-number changes, mutations and mRNA expression profiles reveals pronounced differences in molecular profiles between commonly used ovarian cancer cell lines and high-grade serous ovarian cancer tumour samples. We identify several rarely used cell lines that more closely resemble cognate tumour profiles than commonly used cell lines, and we propose these lines as the most suitable models of ovarian cancer. Our results indicate that the gap between cell lines and tumours can be bridged by genomically informed choices of cell line models for all tumour types.
Characterization of inflamin, the first member of a new family of snake venom proteins that induces inflammation
Authors: Barnwal Bhaskar , Kini R. Manjunatha 
Published: July 2013

Unlike other sea snakes, Aipysurus eydouxii feeds exclusively on fish eggs. This unusual feeding habit prompted us to search for unique transcripts in their venom glands. In the present study we expressed a novel cysteine-rich secretory protein containing 94 amino acid residues that was identified in its cDNA library. As it induced inflammation and writhing in animals, this protein was named inflamin. It induced two waves of prostanoid production. The first wave peaked at 10 min and 6-oxo PGF1α (prostaglandin F1α) (6-keto PGF1α) was the major product. The second wave, specifically of 6-oxo PGF1α and PGE2 (prostanglandin E2), started after 2 h. In RAW 264.7 cells, COX-1 (cyclo-oxygenase-1) activity showed a transient increase at 10 min and is responsible for the first wave, but its expression was unaffected. COX-2 was induced after 3 h and is responsible for the second wave. Using specific inhibitors, we showed that cPLA2 (calcium-dependent phospholipase A2), and not sPLA2 (secretory phospholipase A2), iPLA2 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2) or DAG (diacylglycerol) lipase, plays a key role in arachidonate release. The cPLA2 activity showed a transient increase of 62% at 10 min; this increase was due to its phosphorylation and not due to an increase in its expression. Thus inflamin, the first member of a new family of snake venom proteins, leads to an increase in the cPLA2 and COX-1 activity resulting in inflammation and pain.
Intrinsic phase noise properties and frequency stability of millimetre‐wave module at 90 GHz
Authors: Bara‐Maillet R. , Parker S.R. , Le Floch J.‐M. , Tobar M.E. 
Published: July 2013

A report is presented on the residual intrinsic phase noise properties of a millimetre‐wave module used to generate W‐band signals from an X‐band analogue signal generator. The 90 GHz outputs of two nominally identical millimetre‐wave modules are heterodyned to measure their instantaneous frequency fluctuations and hence infer the close‐to‐carrier phase noise. The fractional frequency stability at 1 s integration time is 2 × 10−14, which corresponds to a total single‐sideband phase noise of −50 dBc/Hz at 1 Hz Fourier frequency offset from the carrier and a residual single‐sideband phase noise of −52 dBc/Hz at 1 Hz offset.
Dual‐band metal skin UHF RFID tag antenna
Authors: Du G.H. , Tang T. , Deng Y. 
Published: July 2013

A novel dual‐band metal skin UHF radio‐frequency identification tag antenna for 866/915 MHz applications is proposed, which is suitable for attaching to metallic objects. To achieve long read ranges within dual band on an ultra‐thin substrate, the antenna is designed with two patch arrays printed on a flexible substrate polypropylene for low‐cost production. The prototype antenna is fabricated and tested with the commercial tag chip by dual‐port connection. The experiment results show that it has similar radiation patterns for the dual band and the read ranges are 3.5 and 3.6 m for 866 and 915 MHz, respectively, when it is mounted on a metal plate.
Reduction of carbon proximity effects by including AlGaN back barriers in HEMTs on free‐standing GaN
Authors: Kaun S.W. , Wong M.H. , Lu J. , Mishra U.K. , Speck J.S. 
Published: July 2013

High‐electron‐mobility transistor (HEMT) structures were regrown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaN‐on‐SiC templates and free‐standing (FS) GaN substrates with very low threading dislocation density (TDD). To ensure a high buffer breakdown voltage, the thickness of the unintentionally doped (UID) GaN buffer layer, dUID, was reduced to 200 nm for the HEMTs regrown on FS GaN. A reduction in TDD entailed an increase in the three‐terminal breakdown voltage for passivated HEMTs. With a low dUID, the proximity effects of the carbon‐doped GaN buffer were evident. A power‐added efficiency (PAE) of 37% and continuous‐wave power output (Pout) of 4.2 W/mm were measured at 4 GHz with a drain bias of 40 V for a HEMT on FS GaN without a back barrier. By including a 5 nm Al0.3Ga0.7N back barrier, PAE and Pout improved to 50% and 6.7 W/mm, respectively, at a drain bias of 40 V.
Design and prototyping of an optimised axial‐flux permanent‐magnet synchronous machine
Authors: Mahmoudi Amin , Kahourzade Solmaz , Rahim Nasrudin Abd , Ping Hew Wooi , Uddin Mohammad Nasir 
Published: July 2013

This study presents the design and performance analysis of a prototype axial‐flux permanent‐magnet (AFPM) synchronous machine. First, the design of AFPM machine is optimised by genetic algorithm based sizing equation and finite element analysis. The design objectives of this machine are maximum power density, minimum total harmonic distortion (THD) of the sinusoidal back‐electromotive force (back‐EMF) waveform and low cogging torque. Based on the optimised design of the machine a prototype 1 kW, three‐phase, 50 Hz, four‐pole AFPM synchronous machine is built. Then, the performance of the prototype machine is tested to see the cogging torque, torque–speed characteristic, efficiency and the THD of the induced voltage. It is found that the prototype machine validates the design in terms of high‐power density, lowest possible THD of the back‐EMF, low cogging torque while maintaining high efficiency.
Medium-term electricity load forecasting and climate change in arid cities
Authors: Chandrasekharan Bhagyam , Colby Bonnie 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Electric utilities need to consider how potential changes in climate patterns will affect their peak loads. This study incorporates weather and socio-economic variables into a medium-term load forecasting model to consider potential climate change effects on the challenging summer peak season for utilities in the arid southwestern US. Our ‘average hourly load by month’ model shows marked improvement over a purely autoregressive approach to load forecasting used by some electric utilities. In light of climate change, electric utilities and society can benefit from minimizing inaccuracies in load predictions. Decision-making based on more climate-sensitive forecasts will reduce the water and carbon footprint of electric utilities and improve their investment strategies for renewable energy technologies.
Influence of terry fabrics structure on dynamic sorption
Authors: Stoyanova Germanova‐Krasteva Diana , Dimitrova Kandzhikova Galya , Grigorov Bochev Atanas 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of some structural characteristics of terry fabrics on the rate of sorption.Design/methodology/approachFabrics are produced by changing the weft density and the pile height. An experimental stand for dynamic measurement of water sorption is created. The quantities of water absorbed by the fabric over time are determined. The sorption rates are calculated and discussed.FindingsThe dynamics of the sorption process are assessed through the sorption curves presented. The sorption rates for the main sorption stages, as well the average rate for weft and warp direction, are calculated. Results are statistically worked out applying ANOVA. Appropriate conclusions about the influence of the investigated parameters on sorption process are made.Originality/valueThe originality/value of this paper is: determination of the rates of water sorption for the particular time intervals and the average rates for the entire test period; and assessment of the infuence of the loop height and weft density on the sorption rates.
Interactive assembly simulation with haptic feedback
Authors: Perret Jérôme , Kneschke Christoph , Vance Judy , Dumont Georges 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThe paper aims to present interactive simulation with haptic feedback as a valid method for solving complex assembly problems in the context of industrial product development. Its purpose is to clarify the position of interactive simulation with respect to other methods, and to emphasize its specific value for design engineers.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes the challenges faced by design engineers in the context of design for assembly and assembly process planning. It introduces and compares automatic path planning and interactive simulation as two different approaches for checking the feasibility of assembly tasks. It provides a review of the scientific challenges and technical issues faced when implementing interactive simulation with haptic feedback in this context. It presents recent research results in the domains of final insertion and human model simulation.FindingsThe paper provides an overview of the scientific, technological and practical aspects of interactive simulation with haptic feedback. It explains how this method benefits from the manual skills and cognitive capabilities of the human operator for solving complex assembly problems. It proposes an assessment of the technical maturity using the Technology Readiness Level approach.Originality/valueThe paper gives insights about the maturity and usability of interactive assembly simulation with haptic feedback, for the benefit of design engineers seeking new ways to decrease product development time and costs while increasing quality.