bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential of Horticultural and Food Crops in Kuantan Singingi-Based Agropolitan
Authors: Sutikno A , Khoiri M A , Yunandra  , Mursyid H , Zamaya Y , AR N H , Pramana A , Othman Lie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
One of the main ways to hasten the process of implementing development and enhancing community services is through regional division. Additionally, regional growth during the age of regional autonomy has given regional governments more room to conduct independent development planning in Kuantan Singingi in line with the availability and carrying capacity of regional resources. This research aims to determine the leading sectors in Kuantan Singingi Regency based on information and data regarding the production of horticultural crops and food crops that are suitable for regional advantages and community conditions. It also analyzes the concept, potential implementation, and the impact of agropolitan development on the agricultural sector and economic growth in Kuantan Singingi Regency, in order to obtain recommendations for the regions and the recommended types of horticultural crops and food crops to be developed as agropolitan areas in Kuantan Singingi Regency. The analysis results indicate that the agricultural sector can be developed as a leading sector in Kuantan Singingi Regency, as evidenced by 65% of the total area in Kuantan Singingi Regency being productive land. Kuantan Tengah and Cerenti districts are recommended for the development of agropolitan areas with a focus on horticultural crops and food crops, including spinach, water spinach, durian, corn, and cassava as the leading commodities in Kuantan Singingi Regency. The total overall production of these commodities amounts to 1,427 tons per year.
Assessment of Increasing Rice Plant Index 400 with the Application of Environmentally Friendly Rice Cultivation Technology in Irrigation Land, Banjar City, West Java
Authors: Sutrisna N. , Surdianto Y. , Susanto B. , Susanto H. , Wiratno  , Haryati Y. , Nurawan A. , Ishaq I. , Syakir M. , Kilfi G.C. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Achieving rice self-sufficiency is the main target of the Ministry of Agriculture in order to meet the demand for rice consumption which continues to increase every year. Various efforts have been made, including through a program to increase the Rice Planting Index (PI) from 300 to 400 or from three times to four times in one year. The research aim was to determine the technical and financial feasibility of increasing PI Paddy 400 by applying Environmentally Friendly Rice Cultivation (EFRC) technology to irrigated paddy fields. The study was carried out in an irrigated paddy field in Pataruman Village, Pataruman District, Banjar City, West Java Province, Indonesia. The study used an adaptive research approach on 2.0 ha of farmers’ land involving 12 implementing farmers (cooperators). The assessment will be carried out in 2021, starting from the 2nd Planting Season (PS) to the 4th PS, while the 1st PS activities have been carried out by farmers. The technology adapted is the early maturing New Superior Varieties (NSV) Cakrabuana and M70D as well as setting cropping patterns and implementing EFRC technology packages. The results of the study show that the use of NSV Cakrabuana and M70D can speed up harvest time, so that they can harvest four times in one year. EFRC technology can increase rice production for one year by 24.24% from 16.5 to 20.5 tons of dry harvested grain (DHG). Farmers are still hesitant to develop PI 400 rice technology even though it is financially profitable and feasible with an RC Ratio of 1.84.
Volatile compounds characteristics of several Indonesian indigenous rice varieties
Authors: Kusbiantoro Bram , Handoko Dody D 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Information on the volatile compounds of scented/aromatic rice is crucial for plant breeders and food chemists in developing the rice varieties. One of the major hurdles in the improvement of aromatic rice through breeding in Indonesia is the lack of quantitative assay of volatile compounds. The objectives of the study were to characterize and identify volatile compounds that contribute to the flavor of aromatic rice. Twenty rice varieties were collected from four provinces in Indonesia, consisting of five varieties from North Sumatera, three varieties from South Sumatera, eight varieties from East Java, and four varieties from South Kalimantan. The rice volatile compounds were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction and then analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The GCMS analysis identified 94 volatile compounds from 8 compound classes, namely aldehydes (14 compounds), alcohols (20 compounds), ketones (15 compunds), benzenes (16 compounds), esters (15 compounds), acids (3 compounds), terpenes/mono+sesquiterpen (7 compounds), and aliphatic hydrocarbons (4 compounds). Mentik Wangi variety from East Java Province had the highest aroma impact compound of aromatic rice (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), followed by Siudang and Pandanwangi varieties (East Java). Another rice flavor compound, hexanal, that contributed to the unpleasant odor of rice (green or grass-like odor), was also found in Kuku Balam variety (North Sumatera) with the highest concentration among others. It was followed by Seluang variety (South Sumatera) and Cantik Manis variety (North Sumatera). There were five varieties, namely Pandan Wangi, Cantik Manis, Siudang, Serendah, and Mentik Wangi, can be used as the parent for improving aromatic rice variety.
The Effect of Seaweed Addition and Different Storage Time on Total Lactic Acid, Viscosity, and Syneresis of Goat Milk Yogurt with Spirulina platensis
Authors: Aurora N E , Nurwantoro  , Hartanto R , Cahyani AP 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Yogurt was a product from pasteurized milk that fermented. The aims of this research was to examine the impact of seaweed addition during different storage lengths of time. on total lactic acid, viscosity, and syneresis tests of goat’s milk yogurt with Spirulina platensis. The completely randomised (CRD) factorial pattern (3 × 3), with three replications for each, was used in the research design. The addition of seaweed (0%, 5%, and 10%) was the first factor. The second factor was storage time (0, 8, 16 days). Analyse the data used the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and if a significant treatment effect was discovered used the Duncan test. The analysis showed no interaction (P>0.05) between adding seaweed and different storage times on total acids, viscosity, and syneresis. The addition of seaweed concentration significantly affect on viscosity, syneresis (P<0.05) but not significantly affect on total lactic acid (P>0.05). Storage time significantly affect total lactic acid, viscosity, and syneresis (P<0.05). Adding Spirulina platensis with a concentration of 5% seaweed and a storage time of 0 days showed the best results based on its quality, although up to the 16 day it still shows the feasibility of consumption.
Shelf-life and antioxidant activity of beef meatball containing api-api mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaf flour
Authors: Novitasari A , Pramono Y B , Adiwinarti R 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Api-Api Mangrove (Avicennia marina) is one of the pioneers in the mangrove forest ecosystem. Avicennia marina belongs to the Verbenaceae family and is a cosmopolitan plant distributed along tropical and sub-tropical coastlines. Api-Api Mangrove (Avicennia marina) is a plant that is rich in bioactive substances such as antibacterial and antioxidant which are good for food preservation. Meatball is the one of the meat products which is easily damaged by bacteria and has a short shelf life. This study aimed to evaluate the microbiology quality and antioxidant activity of beef meatballs containing Api-Api Mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaf flour as a natural preservative. This research used a factorial completely randomized design. The treatments were meatballs containing Avicennia marina leaf flour 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% that were refrigerated during 5 different storage times (at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days). The shelf life of the meatballs was evaluated for microbial content, initially and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days (S0, S2, S4, S6, and S8) using a standard total plate count method. Antioxidant activity was analyzed at S0 and S8. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to examine shelf life, and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test followed. Descriptive analysis was done on antioxidant activity. The results showed that the treatments did not significant on the shelf life of the meatballs. The shelf life of meatballs containing 20% of Avicennia marina leaf flour was longer (P<0,05) than other treatments. On the fourth day of storage, the meatballs were spoilage as indicated by the number of bacteria reaching 106 colonies per gram except the meatballs containing 20% of Avicennia marina leaf flour. These indicated that the Avicennia marina leaf flour can suppress the growth of bacteria. The antioxidant activity of meatballs containing Avicennia marina leaf flour was higher than those of the control. It can be concluded that the use of Avicennia marina leaf flour can be used as a natural preservative to support the resilience of the food sector.
The Effect of Extraction Temperature on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Pectin From Banana Bunch
Authors: Nopiani Yanti , Hamzah Farida Hanum , Pato Usman , Zamzani dan Muhammad 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The banana bunch is a potentially large biomass that is just discarded. Banana bunch can be used to make high-value-added goods like pectin. Pectin is an industrial material derived from plant tissue that can be altered by a variety of conditions, including temperature extraction. Temperature extraction is one element that influences pectin properties and characteristics. The study aimed to determine the optimal temperature for extracting pectin from banana bunches. The investigation was carried out experimentally utilizing a complete randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications, yielding 15 experimental units. Temperature extraction at 75, 80, 85, 90, and 95°C was used in this investigation. Yield, moisture, ash, methoxyl, period of jelly formation, and brightness are among the observation parameters tested. To assess the difference in each treatment, the data was statistically evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple ranges (DMRT) at 5%. The results revealed that the extraction temperature had a substantial effect on moisture, ash, methoxyl, jelly formation time, and brightness. The P5 treatment (temperature extraction 95°C) produced the best results in this study, yielding 8.11%, moisture 10.52%, ash 8.15%, methoxyl 9.20%, period of jelly formation 2.24 minutes, and brightness (L) 28.14.
Yield, Citral Content, and Citral Yield of Lemongrass Leaf Oleoresin (Cymbopogon citratus) Prepared With Various Extraction Temperature
Authors: Khasanah L U , Praseptiangga D , Purwanto E , Ariviani S 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Oleoresin is a product obtained from extraction using organic solvents, which is a mixture of essential oils and resins. The extraction temperature affects the yield and the quality of oleoresin. This study aims to determine the effect of maceration extraction temperature (70, 75, and 80°C) on the yield, the citral content and the citral yield of lemongrass leaves oleoresin. Maceration extraction to obtain oleoresin from lemongrass leaves was carried out for 6 hours. HPLC analysis was performed to obtain the citral content in lemongrass leaves oleoresin, using a C18 column (15 cm x4.6 mm) with acetonitrile and water as mobile phases (70:30). The results showed that extraction temperature affects the yield of lemongrass leaves oleoresin, but does not affect the citral content and the citral yield. This means that if the targeted component of the oleoresin extraction is a citral component, then extraction is sufficient to be carried out at a temperature of 70°C with an extraction time of 6 hours.
Characterization of Biodegradable Films from Raw Seaweed (Kappaphycus Alvarezii) and Glycerol
Authors: Sari Wiwin Meisita , Supartono Wahyu , Suharno  
Published: July 2024

Abstract
To reduce the use of plastic, innovation is needed to make packaging materials that are environmentally friendly and easy to be degraded. As the main ingredient of this packaging material should be organic materials that are easily obtained. One of the organic materials is seaweed (Kappaphycus Alvarezii) which can be used as raw material for making biodegradable packaging and combined with glycerol. Biodegradable films with nine combinations of seaweed and glycerol were developed to gain the best composition. The yields of these combinations were tested on their tensile strength, elongation, Modulus Young, Water Vapor Permeability, and biodegradability. The Tensile Strength value of the film with 1 gram seaweed and 1 gram glycerol (S1G1) was the highest (22.366±2.148017 MPa), The elongations values of the films with 1.5 g glycerol and 2 g seaweed (18.99217±2.442663%) were highest significantly. The water vapor permeability (WVP) and the thickness of the composite films increased due to the increase of seaweed and glycerol amounts respectively. The biodegradability increased if the seaweed amounts decreased, but it increased if the glycerol amounts increased as well.
A Sustainability Revolution? The Role of Trade Agreements
Authors: Vidigal Geraldo , Claussen Kathleen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the essential scope and purpose of the book. It considers the meaning of a ‘sustainability revolution’ in global production and how the pursuit of such a revolution has been reflected in the development of trade agreements. We consider how, at the World Trade Organization, the interpretation of exceptions to trade agreement rules has evolved to allow the adoption of sustainability measures with extraterritorial effect. The chapter then provides an overview of the ways in which recent trade agreements go beyond exceptions and feature sustainability commitments as well as a variety of procedures and mechanisms for compliance control and enforcement.
Making Trade Agreements Contribute to Sustainability
Authors: van Aaken Anne 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Uses of behavioural science to promote sustainability in international trade law remain underexplored. Heeding a UN call to apply behavioural insights in promoting the Sustainable Development Goals, this chapter considers how these insights can contribute to the integration of sustainability objectives into international trade agreements. This contribution is examined on two levels. First, behavioural insights may be considered at the stage of interstate negotiations to facilitate agreement on provisions to promote sustainability. Second, these insights may be used in the design of commitments and procedures, to increase their contribution to the attainment of sustainability objectives. Combining a rationalist approach with insights from behavioural science, the chapter challenges traditional ideas about which provisions are desirable and makes recommendations for redesigning trade agreements for the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals.
Infusing Indigenous Worldviews in Trade and Sustainability Agreements
Authors: Schwartz Risa , Stoddart-Smith Carrie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the past decade, Indigenous Peoples have made significant headway in asserting their rights and interests in international trade policy. Although initially met with resistance from settler governments, recent developments have signalled a shift towards sustainability and inclusivity in trade. This shift could be attributed to the pressing challenges posed by the climate crisis and global pandemic compelling policymakers to re-evaluate trade policy. In international trade forums where Indigenous Peoples have traditionally been marginalized or excluded, there is an emerging trend of engagement to explore innovative approaches to trade policy that not only safeguards Indigenous rights, including economic and environmental rights, but also promotes inclusive and equitable trade practices.
Integrating Climate Action into Free Trade Agreements
Authors: Lydgate Emily 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Integrating climate objectives into free trade agreements (FTAs) remains unusual but is an area of rapid innovation. In recent FTAs, both the European Union and New Zealand have emerged as norm entrepreneurs in this area. EU innovations have relied on market power, increasing the enforceability of requirements on decarbonization and the Paris Agreement. New Zealand has adopted a soft power approach, encouraging cooperation on trade-related climate regulation. Some agreements led by the European Union, New Zealand, and others profoundly reconfigure traditional FTAs. Such agreements are no longer for ‘trade’ or ‘climate’ but fall at the intersection of the two. While revolutionary in breaking down silos, there are risks to transformative implementation: the agreement of standstill obligations, failure to cooperate effectively, weakening of domestic standards, atomization, and exclusion. These factors mean that rather than revolution, recent FTAs demonstrate evolution, with the potential to propel discussion in other fora and further a learning process about effective models for achieving climate cooperation through trade.
Enforcing Sustainability Obligations
Authors: Espa Ilaria 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines dispute settlement mechanisms concerning sustainability in trade agreements (TAs) to illustrate the evolution of the enforcement methods espoused in TAs to ensure the implementation of sustainability commitments. It identifies various (combinations of) models of adjudication and post-adjudication enforcement, with a focus on the approaches emerging out of US and EU TAs—as the ‘key proponents’ of sustainability provisions in TAs, on one hand, and major players in the context of the only two regional trade disputes directly concerning the enforcement of sustainability commitments resulting in reports to date, on the other. It aims to address the following questions: what are the main differences and commonalities between enforcement models espoused in TAs for the purposes of ensuring effective implementation of sustainability obligations? Is there any ascertainable convergence trend among them? What do the latest developments in adjudication and post-adjudication mechanisms tell us about the effectiveness of sustainability commitments?
Enforcing International Sustainability Standards on International and National Platforms
Authors: LeClercq Desirée 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the trade-offs between international and national platforms in influencing compliance with international labour and environmental standards. It begins by presuming that dissuasive penalties and perceptions of legitimacy are critical to that influence. On international platforms like the International Labour Organization, neutral and objective experts monitor compliance. Those platforms benefit from neutrality and expertise, which strengthen perceptions of legitimacy but lack the mandate to impose dissuasive penalties. On national platforms, state representatives monitor and enforce compliance and often seek to protect their domestic interests, to the detriment of perceived legitimacy. However, they can impose dissuasive penalties. Both platforms are generally closed to third-party participation, thus excluding critical input and grassroots voices to the detriment of perceived legitimacy. This chapter concludes by charting a path for institutional complementarity that would build on each platform’s relative strengths and open participation to third-party actors affected by environmental and labour standards.
Decentralized Enforcement of Sustainability Commitments
Authors: Vidigal Geraldo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines means of enforcing sustainability commitments in trade agreements that do not require a pronouncement by an adjudicative authority but can be employed by each party directly, in what is sometimes termed ‘horizontal’ or ‘decentralized’ enforcement. Decentralized enforcement can be ‘active’, involving active decisions by a government to sanction a particular actor, or ‘passive’, integrated into the day-to-day operation of trade policy and amounting to trade restrictions or production requirements. While some instances of decentralized enforcement might be justifiable, providing for it specifically in trade agreements secures consent and avoids legal challenges and charges of unilateralism. Recent agreements and practice suggest this could become a common and powerful technique for enforcing sustainability commitments and preserving the level playing field against illegitimate cost reduction. However, if unaccompanied by available and effective adjudication, decentralized enforcement may give rise to abuse, leading to accusations of ‘green’ or ‘blue’ protectionism or coercion.
Introduction
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S , González José Juan , Mostert Hanri , Montoya Milton Fernando , Banet Catherine 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Over the last decade, net zero has become the new central and organizing paradigm of natural resources law and policy. The widespread adoption of efforts towards net zero, and the associated changes in the demand and supply patterns of natural resources, is altering the fundamental law and policy frameworks that have for several decades governed the development, commercialization, use, and management of natural resources. This chapter maps and assesses both the contours and significance of the net zero discourse, and the fundamental questions on resource sovereignty, security, and solidarity that ongoing net zero programmes and initiatives raise. The chapter also outlines the overall aim and structure of the book, providing information on the work that the twenty-two chapters of the book have done to clarify the nature, scope, and guiding principles of natural resources law and policy in a net zero era.
Net Zero and Energy Diversification
Authors: Montoya Milton Fernando , Gutiérrez Rico Ana Paola 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the natural resources law and policy strategies that Colombia has adopted towards carbon neutrality and a totally clean energy matrix. Colombia is one of those countries whose electricity production matrix is relatively clean. Colombia is only responsible for 0.4 per cent of CO2 world emissions. However, due to its biodiversity, it is one of the countries that can be most affected by the consequences of climate change. Consequently, while the energy policy has focused on diversifying the electricity matrix with clean technologies, the national economy is highly dependent on the production and export of oil and other fossil fuels such as coal. This chapter explores the security challenges associated with reducing dependence on the exploitation and export of oil and coal in Colombia. Specific questions to be considered include: What are the consequences in fiscal matters of transition policies for the national energy matrix, and what are the complementary public policy strategies and regulations that must be adopted to achieve carbon neutrality while ensuring energy security?