bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishing a New Information Paradigm
Authors: Doucette Dail DeWitt 
Published: April 2014

This paper suggests a new information paradigm and recommends the establishment of a new academic and scientific discipline, or a metaphysics of information, to be built on the premise that information is also a part of all the universes, elements, systems, and conditions. Therefore, it is also an integral part of all the other individual disciplines and sciences. It is essential to look beyond the limitations of how humans use and perceive information, or even how other living organisms use information. It is proposed that information is in a continuous and dynamic evolutionary process that ranges from simple to complex forms, at every level, across all scientific and academic domains, as well as being a significant element in everything that exists. Information is a trigger mechanism, an emphasis and a nutrient, not only for information activities, but also all physical, and biological elements, systems and activities. Each existing discipline has within it a significant core informational element, which helps formulate and define that discipline. The science of information will bring together core science and academic information elements to correlate, compare and assemble a combined theoretical base. This new discipline should coexist equally with traditional scientific and academic categories such as physical, social science, arts, and humanities. It should not compete with or replace other disciplines but should stand alongside them and assist them to build comparisons and consolidations amongst multiple disciplines regarding information theories, methodologies, practices—by adding new perspectives, resources, and developments. This paper is adapted from a presentation to the Fourth International Conference on the Foundation of Information Science, held in conjunction with the Chinese Association for Artificial Intelligence at the Huazhiong University of Science and Technology in August 2010 in Beijing, China.
Toward the Age of Neo-Entrepreneurs
Authors: Heinonen Sirkka , Ruotsalainen Juho 
Published: April 2014

The information society is becoming the experience society, and will eventually shift into the ubiquitous meanings society. The technological environment is created especially by the advancing Internet, mobile computing, cloud computing, social media, and application services. In a society driven by cultural meanings, people's needs and demands will be increasingly oriented toward genuine feelings, personal experiences and the purpose and meaning of life. Consequently, production will be aimed at satisfying these demands. Small enterprises with close relations to the customers and with a radically new corporate culture are needed to answer these needs. At the same time, we can foresee the emergence of the age of neo-entrepreneurs. The concept of entrepreneurship requires re-thinking: Society is moving away from ascetic Protestant values toward more hedonistic, romantic values, and so are the entrepreneurs. The future skills and competences are more generalized; high specialization is no longer enough. Multi-competent neo-entrepreneurs will excel in self-actualization and individual choices, added to enhanced possibilities for co-creation and collective creativity. Case results from a Futures Clinique exploring new business opportunities for entrepreneurs from 3-D worlds are also presented.
China's “One-Child” Policy
Authors: Nakra Prema 
Published: April 2014

More than 30 years ago, in what appeared as an open letter to members of the Communist Party and the Communist Youth League the Chinese government announced its “one child, one couple” population control policy. This, the most ambitious policy of its kind in world history, has changed the place of the People's Republic of China in the global economy. The policy has achieved remarkable success by curbing population growth, aiding economic expansion, and raising the population's standard of living. While China has made incremental changes in its “one-child” policy, its discontinuation is not on the nation's agenda in the foreseeable future. The author discusses positive and negative consequences of this policy and identifies the challenges for China in decades to come.
The Future of American Higher Education
Authors: Dew John R. 
Published: April 2014

Few would dispute that the development, dissemination, and application of knowledge will always strongly impact the course of the future. Historically, this knowledge management has primarily been a function of private nonprofit and public institutions of higher education. However, higher education itself is now embroiled in a dynamic set of forces that will shape how knowledge management and learning will occur in the future. This article examines 15 trends that are currently impacting higher education, along with changing expectations in accountability related to education, and some possible scenarios for the future of higher education. Each trend, in and of itself, is significantly disruptive to the status quo in higher education. In combination, their impact on students, faculty, staff, parents, and the institutions themselves may be very significant. Higher education can be organized in several broad categories, including traditional private institutions which often have their roots in church affiliations, and range in size from very small to very large; publicly funded institutions that include community colleges, regional universities, research universities; and private for-profit institutions that are often based on the use of online technology for course delivery.
HIV Provider–Patient Communication Regarding Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Sherer Renslow , Solomon Suniti , Schechter Mauro , Nachega Jean B. , Rockstroh Jurgen , Zuniga Jose M. 
Published: April 2014

Design: Few global studies have assessed HIV clinician–patient communication regarding cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks. Methods: We conducted a multicountry, comparative, cross-sectional survey of HIV-infected individuals in 12 countries on 5 continents in 2010, with 100 to 200 enrollees per country. HIV-infected adults >17 years and on antiretroviral therapy were recruited in clinics and community organizations and surveyed via direct interview, telephone encounter, or online. Chi-square analyses were performed with an 80% power to detect a difference of >20%. Results: Of 2035 participants, 37% were women. Prevalence of self-reported CVD risk factors was 28% overall, and greater CVD risk was present in 55% of patients in North America, 12% in Africa, and 26% to 28% on other continents. Only 19% of patients ever discussed CVD with their physician, and 31% had ever discussed hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, family history of CVD, or smoking; these findings were true for HIV clinicians in all regions of the world. Forty-four percent of smokers reported never discussing smoking with their HIV clinician. Conclusion: We found that HIV clinicians worldwide are not sufficiently addressing CVD risk factors with their patients. Expanded training and education for HIV clinicians should include effective approaches to the mitigation of CV risk factors.
TPL2 kinase regulates the inflammatory milieu of the myeloma niche
Authors: Hope Chelsea , Ollar Samuel J. , Heninger Erika , Hebron Ellen , Jensen Jeffrey L. , Kim Jaehyup , Maroulakou Ioanna , Miyamoto Shigeki , Leith Catherine , Yang David T. , Callander Natalie , Hematti Peiman , Chesi Marta , Bergsagel P. Leif , Asimakopoulos Fotis 
Published: April 2014

Key PointsWe describe a novel, druggable pathway that controls myeloma growth through macrophages in the myeloma microenvironment. Macrophages are dominant orchestrators of the inflammatory milieu of the myeloma niche.
Id2 represses E2A-mediated activation of IL-10 expression in T cells
Authors: Masson Frederick , Ghisi Margherita , Groom Joanna R. , Kallies Axel , Seillet Cyril , Johnstone Ricky W. , Nutt Stephen L. , Belz Gabrielle T. 
Published: April 2014

Key Points
Loss of Id2 in T cells results in overexpression of IL-10 during influenza infection and GVHD and protects against GVHD immunopathology. Id2 represses the direct E2A-mediated activation of the Il10 locus in effector T cells.
Influence of temporomandibular disorder on temporal and masseter muscles and occlusal contacts in adolescents: an electromyographic study
Authors: Lauriti Leandro , Motta Lara Jansiski , de Godoy Camila Haddad Leal , Biasotto-Gonzalez Daniela Aparecida , Politti Fabiano , Mesquita-Ferrari Raquel Agnelli , Fernandes Kristianne Porta Santos , Bussadori Sandra Kalil 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background
The aim of the present study was to analyse the influence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) on electromyographic activity in the masseter and temporal muscles of adolescents and investigate a possible association with the number of occlusal contacts.

Methods
The Helkimo Index was administered for the diagnosis of TMD and classification of the adolescents into three groups: without TMD; with mild TMD; and with moderate/severe TMD. Carbon paper was used for the determination of occlusal contact points. A standardised electromyographic evaluation was performed on the masticatory muscles at rest, during habitual chewing and during maximum voluntary clenching. The readings were normalised to maximum voluntary clenching. Statistical analysis involved the chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test. The Kruskal-Wallis test and one-way analysis of variance with Dunn’s post hoc test were used to compare differences between groups. Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) were calculated for the determination of correlations between the number of occlusal contacts and RMS values.

Results
Electromyography revealed significant differences in the right and left masseter and temporal muscles at rest and during chewing among the three groups. These differences were not observed during maximum voluntary clenching. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups with and without TMD regarding the number of occlusal contacts.

Conclusion
Electromyographic activity in the masseter and temporal muscles was greater among adolescents with moderate to severe TMD.
Silymarin improved 6-OHDA-induced motor impairment in hemi-parkisonian rats: behavioral and molecular study
Authors: Haddadi Rasool , Nayebi Alireza Mohajjel , Farajniya Safar , Brooshghalan Shahla Eyvari , Sharifi Hamdolah 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundNeuroinflammation and oxidative stress has been shown to be associated with the development of Parkinson disease (PD). In the present study, we investigated the effect of intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of silymarin, on 6-OHDA-induced motor-impairment, brain lipid per-oxidation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of inflammatory cytokine in the rats.ResultsThe results showed that silymarin is able to improve motor coordination significantly (p < 0.001) in a dose dependent manner. There was a significant (p < 0.001) increase in MDA levels of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats whereas; in silymarin (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, i.p. for 5 days) pre-treated hemi-parkinsonian rats MDA levels was decreased markedly (p < 0.001). Furthermore the CSF levels of IL-1β was decreased (p < 0.001) in silymarin (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) pre-treated rats up to the range of normal non-parkinsonian animals.ConclusionWe found that pre-treatment with silymarin could improve 6-OHDA-induced motor imbalance by attenuating brain lipid per-oxidation as well as CSF level of IL-1β as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. We suggest a potential prophylactic effect for silymarin in PD. However, further clinical trial studies should be carried out to prove this hypothesis.
Unraveling the structural characteristics of lignin in hydrothermal pretreated fibers and manufactured binderless boards from Eucalyptus grandis
Authors: Xiao Ling-Ping , Lin Zhi , Peng Wan-Xi , Yuan Tong-Qi , Xu Feng , Li Nian-Chun , Tao Qing-Song , Xiang Hang , Sun Run-Cang 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundEucalyptus grandisis one of the most abundant biomass from plantation in many parts of the world. The binderless board were manufactured from hydrothermal pretreated fibers ofEucalyptuswood and characterized for the chemical analyses and mechanical strengths in order to assess the mechanism of self-bonding. To make clear the self-bonding mechanism of these binderless boards, the structural characteristics of cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL) isolated fromEucalyptuswood, its hydrothermal pretreated fibers, and binderless boards were thoroughly investigated by chemical and spectroscopic methods.ResultsThe result revealed that hydrothermal pretreatment and hot pressing process could change cellulose crystalline structures by disrupting inter/intra hydrogen bonding of cellulose chains. During the hydrothermal pretreatment ofEucalyptuswood, acid-catalyzed cleavage of β-O-4′ linkages and ester bonds were the major mechanisms of lignin cleavage. This degradation pathway led to a more condensed lignin which has a high average molecular weight and more phenolic hydroxyl groups than the control. The hot pressing process resulted in the binderless boards with reduced lignin contents and decreased the glass transition temperature, thus making the lignin more accessible to the fiber surface. CEL isolated from the binderless boards showed an increased syringyl to guaiacyl propane (S/G) ratio but a lower molecular weight than those of the untreatedEucalyptuswood and the hydrothermal pretreated fibers.ConclusionsBased on the finding of this study, it is suggested that the combination of hydrothermal pretreatment and hot pressing process is a good way for conditioning hardwood sawdust for the production of binderless boards. The thermal softening of lignin, rich in phenolic hydroxyl groups, and increased condensed lignin structure contributed to the self-bonding formation of lignocellulosic materials.
The role of information search in seeking alternative treatment for back pain: a qualitative analysis
Authors: McClymont Hoda , Gow Jeff , Perry Chad 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Background
Health consumers have moved away from a reliance on medical practitioner advice to more independent decision processes and so their information search processes have subsequently widened. This study examined how persons with back pain searched for alternative treatment types and service providers. That is, what information do they seek and how; what sources do they use and why; and by what means do they search for it?

Methods
12 persons with back pain were interviewed. The method used was convergent interviewing. This involved a series of semi-structured questions to obtain open-ended answers. The interviewer analysed the responses and refined the questions after each interview, to converge on the dominant factors influencing decisions about treatment patterns.

Results
Persons with back pain mainly search their memories and use word of mouth (their doctor and friends) for information about potential treatments and service providers. Their search is generally limited due to personal, provider-related and information-supply reasons. However, they did want in-depth information about the alternative treatments and providers in an attempt to establish apriori their efficacy in treating their specific back problems. They searched different sources depending on the type of information they required.

Conclusions
The findings differ from previous studies about the types of information health consumers require when searching for information about alternative or mainstream healthcare services. The results have identified for the first time that limited information availability was only one of three categories of reasons identified about why persons with back pain do not search for more information particularly from external non-personal sources.
The effects of microRNAs on human neural stem cell differentiation in two- and three-dimensional cultures
Authors: Stevanato Lara , Sinden John D 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Stem cells have the ability to self-renew or to differentiate into numerous cell types; however, our understanding of how to control and exploit this potential is currently limited. An emerging hypothesis is that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a central role in controlling stem cell-fate determination. Herein, we have characterized the effects of miRNAs in differentiated human neural stem cells (hNSCs) by using a cell line currently being tested in clinical trials for stroke disability (NCT01151124, Clinicaltrials.gov).

Methods
HNSCs were differentiated on 2- (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) cultures for 1 and 3 weeks. Quantification of hNSC differentiation was measured with real-time PCR and axon outgrowth. The miRNA PCR arrays were implemented to investigate differential expression profiles in differentiated hNSCs. Evaluation of miRNA effects on hNSCs was performed by using transfection of miRNA mimics, real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry.

Results
The 3D substrate promoted enhanced hNSC differentiation coupled with a loss of cell proliferation. Differentiated hNSCs exhibited a similar miRNA profiling. However, in 3D samples, the degree and timing of regulation were significantly different in miRNA members of cluster mi-R17 and miR-96-182, and hsa-miR-302a. Overall, hNSC 3D cultures demonstrated differential regulation of miRNAs involved in hNSC stemness, cell proliferation, and differentiation.
The miRNA mimic analysis of hsa-miR-146b-5p and hsa-miR-99a confirmed induction of lineage-committed progenitors. Downregulated miRNAs were more abundant; those most significantly downregulated were selected, and their putative target mRNAs analyzed with the aim of unraveling their functionality. In differentiated hNSCs, downregulated hsa-miR-96 correlated with SOX5 upregulation of gene and protein expression; similar results were obtained for hsa-miR-302a, hsa-miR-182, hsa-miR-7, hsa-miR-20a/b, and hsa-miR-17 and their target NR4A3. Moreover, SOX5 was identified as a direct target gene of hsa-miR-96, and NR43A, a direct target of hsa-miR-7 and hsa-mir-17 by luciferase reporter assays. Therefore, the regulatory role of these miRNAs may occur through targeting NR4A3 and SOX5, both reported as modulators of cell-cycle progression and axon length.

Conclusions
The results provide new insight into the identification of specific miRNAs implicated in hNSC differentiation. These strategies may be exploited to optimize in vitro hNSC differentiation potential for use in preclinical studies and future clinical applications.
Going ballistic in the plankton: Anisotropic swimming behavior of marine protists
Authors: Schuech Rudi , Menden‐Deuer Susanne 
Published: April 2014

Lay AbstractPlankton are a critically important group of oceanic organisms, comprising the base of marine food webs and accounting for half of all biological carbon fixation on Earth. Although plankton have traditionally been thought of as passive drifters in the ocean, many of these organisms have the ability to move of their own accord. The twisting paths that swimming protists (single‐cell eukaryotic plankton) traced out in previous laboratory studies have frequently been compared with the paths that a molecule follows as it moves randomly through space due to thermal energy in a process called diffusion. However, it is also well known that many protists in the ocean undergo large vertical migrations of several meters or more, which can be explained only if the cells were able to swim in essentially straight vertical lines, known as ballistic motion. Although there have been a few direct observations of ballistic motion of protists in the laboratory, little quantitative proof has been accumulated thus far. We assembled a large data set of relatively long‐duration, three‐dimensional swimming paths for several protist species, both plant‐ and animal‐like, and calculated how long they tended to swim straight before turning. Since almost all the cells moved primarily in the vertical direction, we separated the horizontal dimensions from the vertical in this analysis. All the protist species observed here did make frequent horizontal (left/right) turns, matching a diffusion model at scales greater than a few seconds or fractions of a millimeter. However, turns in the vertical direction were extremely rare for almost all species, indicating vertical ballistic motion (i.e., moving either up or down without switching direction) at swimming speeds that match the large‐scale field observations of migratory behavior. Our observations show ballistic swimming for much longer than in several previous studies—up to 120 s or 6 mm for organisms sized about the diameter of a human hair. The habitat and biogeochemical footprint of these planktonic protists are therefore much larger than one might expect based on their microscopic size.
Repeatability of quantitative metrics derived from MR diffusion tractography in paediatric patients with epilepsy
Authors: Paldino M J , Hedges K , Rodrigues K M , Barboriak D P 
Published: April 2014

Objective:
To quantify the test–retest repeatability of mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography in a cohort of paediatric patients with localization-related epilepsy.

Methods:
30 patients underwent 2 DTI acquisitions [repetition time/echo time (ms), 7000/90; flip, 90°; b-value, 1000 s mm−2; voxel (mm), 2 × 2 × 2]. Two observers used Diffusion Toolkit and TrackVis (www.trackvis.org) to segment and analyse the following tracts: corpus callosum, corticospinal tracts, arcuate fasciculi, inferior longitudinal fasciculi and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculi. Mean MD and mean FA were calculated for each tract. Each observer independently analysed one of the DTI data sets for every patient.

Results:
Segmentation identified all tracts in all subjects, except the arcuate fasciculus. There was a highly consistent relationship between repeated observations of MD (r = 0.993; p &lt; 0.0001) and FA (r = 0.990; p &lt; 0.0001). For each tract, coefficients of variation ranged from 0.9% to 2.1% for MD and from 1.5% to 2.8% for FA. The 95% confidence limits (CLs) for change ranged from 2.8% to 6% for MD and from 4.3% to 8.6% for FA. For the arcuate fasciculus, Cohen's κ for agreement between the observers (identifiable vs not identifiable) was 1.0.

Conclusion:
We quantified the repeatability of two commonly utilized scalar metrics derived from DTI tractography. For an individual patient, changes greater than the repeatability coefficient or 95% CLs for change are unlikely to be related to variability in their measurement.

Advances in knowledge:
Reproducibility of these metrics will aid in the design of future studies and might one day be used to guide management in patients with epilepsy.