bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of river flow in the migration of adult Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, through estuaries and rivers
Authors: MILNER N. J. , SOLOMON D. J. , SMITH G. W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAn assumption of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., management is that river flow influences their upstream migration; but the quantitative relationships between flow and movements are variable and inconsistent. A consensus has emerged that standard rules on salmon flow needs for water management across all rivers are unattainable. However, this does not preclude an underlying conceptual framework that should guide a consistent scientific basis to flow management for protecting salmon. This article examines the potential for a conceptual framework from a British Isles perspective, assuming that upstream migration is an emergent property from selection to optimise lifetime fitness. The template for this adaptation is the diversity of river types and hydro‐morphology in British rivers coupled with life‐history and migration adaptations that may be influenced by flow‐related factors. Models of adult salmon migration through estuaries and rivers are outlined that may provide a basis for developing generic guidance.
Photosynthetic acclimation and resource use by the C3 and C4 subspecies of Alloteropsis semialata in low CO2 atmospheres
Authors: Ripley Brad S. , Cunniff Jennifer , Osborne Colin P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDuring the past 25 Myr, partial pressures of atmospheric CO2 (Ca) imposed a greater limitation on C3 than C4 photosynthesis. This could have important downstream consequences for plant nitrogen economy and biomass allocation. Here, we report the first phylogenetically controlled comparison of the integrated effects of subambient Ca on photosynthesis, growth and nitrogen allocation patterns, comparing the C3 and C4 subspecies of Alloteropsis semialata. Plant size decreased more in the C3 than C4 subspecies at low Ca, but nitrogen pool sizes were unchanged, and nitrogen concentrations increased across all plant partitions. The C3, but not C4 subspecies, preferentially allocated biomass to leaves and increased specific leaf area at low Ca. In the C3 subspecies, increased leaf nitrogen was linked to photosynthetic acclimation at the interglacial Ca, mediated via higher photosynthetic capacity combined with greater stomatal conductance. Glacial Ca further increased the biochemical acclimation and nitrogen concentrations in the C3 subspecies, but these were insufficient to maintain photosynthetic rates. In contrast, the C4 subspecies maintained photosynthetic rates, nitrogen‐ and water‐use efficiencies and plant biomass at interglacial and glacial Ca with minimal physiological adjustment. At low Ca, the C4 carbon‐concentrating mechanism therefore offered a significant advantage over the C3 type for carbon acquisition at the whole‐plant scale, apparently mediated via nitrogen economy and water loss. A limiting nutrient supply damped the biomass responses to Ca and increased the C4 advantage across all Ca treatments. Findings highlight the importance of considering leaf responses in the context of the whole plant, and show that carbon limitation may be offset at the expense of greater plant demand for soil resources such as nitrogen and water. Results show that the combined effects of low CO2 and resource limitation benefit C4 plants over C3 plants in glacial–interglacial environments, but that this advantage is lessened under anthropogenic conditions.
Effects of simulated heat waves on an experimental plant–herbivore–predator food chain
Authors: Sentis Arnaud , Hemptinne Jean‐Louis , Brodeur Jacques 
Published: November 2012

AbstractGreater climatic variability and extreme climatic events are currently emerging as two of the most important facets of climate change. Predicting the effects of extreme climatic events, such as heat waves, is a major challenge because they may affect both organisms and trophic interactions, leading to complex responses at the community level. In this study, we set up a simple three‐level food chain composed of a sweet pepper plant, Capsicum annuum; an aphid, Myzus persicae; and a ladybeetle, Coleomegilla maculata, to explore the consequences of simulated heat waves on organism performance, trophic interactions, and population dynamics. We found that (1) heat waves do not affect plant biomass, significantly reduce the abundance and fecundity of aphids, and slightly affect ladybeetle developmental time and biomass, (2) heat waves decrease the impact of ladybeetles on aphid populations but do not modify the effect of aphids on plant biomass, and (3) food chains including predatory ladybeetles are more resistant to heat waves than a simple plant–aphid association, with aphid abundance being less influenced by heat waves in the presence of C. maculata. Our results suggest that more biodiverse ecosystems with predators exerting a strong biotic control are likely to be less influenced by abiotic factors and then more resistant to extreme climatic events than impoverished ecosystems lacking predators. Our study emphasizes the importance of assessing the effects of climatic change on each trophic level as well as on trophic interactions to further our understanding of the stability, resilience, and resistance of ecological communities under climatic forcing.
Effect of extent and rate of wilting on nitrogen components of grass silage
Authors: Edmunds B. , Spiekers H. , Südekum K.‐H. , Nussbaum H. , Schwarz F. J. , Bennett R. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWilting grass prior to ensiling generally increases the dry matter (DM) intake but the effect of wilting on animal performance is still poorly understood. There is a need to improve understanding of the effects of wilting on the nutritional components and chemical composition of grass silage. This study focused on the effects of the extent and rate of wilting on N components of grass silage. Meadow grass was wilted to four DM contents (200, 350, 500, 650 g kg−1) at two different rates (fast, slow), creating a total of eight silages. Crude protein (CP) fractions were measured using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Utilizable CP at the duodenum (uCP), a measure of feed protein value, was estimated using the modified Hohenheim gas test. Ruminally insoluble, undegraded feed CP (RUP) was measured using an in situ technique. Amino acid (AA) composition prior to and after rumen incubation was also investigated. Utilizable CP at the duodenum, RUP and true protein fractions B2 and B3 were increased by rapid wilting and high DM content (DM > 500 g kg−1), although the increase with DM was only mild for uCP, probably due to lower ME content in the DM‐650 silages. Non‐protein‐N decreased with increasing DM and rapid wilting. The higher RUP content from both DM‐650 silages leads to a higher total AA content after rumen incubation. Treatment also influenced the AA composition of the ensiled material, but the AA composition after rumen incubation was similar across treatments. Rapid and extensive wilting (DM > 500 g kg−1) improved protein value and reduced CP degradability. Increased uCP may result in higher milk protein yield, while reduced degradability may reduce N lost from urinary excretion. The primary effect of wilting on post‐ruminal AA supply from RUP appeared to be quantitative, rather than qualitative.
Leukaemias into the 21st century: part 1: the acute leukaemias
Authors: Brown C. M. S. , Larsen S. R. , Iland H. J. , Joshua D. E. , Gibson J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe leukaemias are a biologically and clinically heterogeneous group of malignancies, which manifest as clonal expansions of a single cell at different stages of lympho‐haemopoietic development. The transformed cell acquires an unrestrained capacity for self‐renewal and, in the case of the acute leukaemias, also fails to differentiate into functional mature cells. Historically leukaemias were classified using a combination of clinical and (presumed) cell lineage criteria. Thus, the four major subgroups of acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia and acute and chronic lymphoid leukaemia were recognised. Up until the last 10–15 years, patients within each major subgroup were treated along broadly similar lines. Genetic abnormalities have been recognised in certain leukaemias for over 50 years; however, the recent explosion in our understanding of the frequency and complexity of molecular abnormalities in the leukaemias has ‘opened the door’ for the design of more targeted therapies with the expectation that their incorporation into therapeutic regimens will be associated with greater efficacy and less off‐target toxicity.
Nutritional status of long‐term patients in the acute care setting
Authors: Bauer J. D. , Hiscocks K. , Fichera R. , Horsley P. , Martineau J. , Denmeade S. , Bannister M. , de Groot E. , Lee S. , Waterhouse M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe nutritional status of 926 patients (51.4% female) at an acute tertiary private hospital with a length of stay ≥14 days was assessed using Subjective Global Assessment. The prevalence of malnutrition was 42.5% (37.2% length of stay of 14–27 days, 51.6% ≥28 days). From logistic regression analysis, length of stay and age were independent predictors of malnutrition. It is important that the nutritional status of longer stay patients is monitored and appropriate nutrition support is commenced.
On Turbulence: Entanglements of Disorder and Order on a Devon Beach
Authors: Cresswell Tim , Martin Craig 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper considers the importance of the notion of turbulence for the theorisation of mobility. Turbulence, as disordered and unpredictable mobilities, can be contrasted with smooth ‘laminar’ flow – where everything is moving ‘correctly’. This paper borrows from the philosophies of Michel Serres and Manuel DeLanda to think about turbulence as a process which makes visible the always‐contingent orderings of infrastructural mobilities. The paper is illustrated with examples from container shipping and, particularly, the grounding of the MSC Napoli container ship off the coast of Southern England. Turbulent mobilities are contrasted with the smooth operation of infrastructural mobilities that are supposed to remain silent and invisible. The dramatic and very visible instances of turbulence, that no system can ever predict or make disappear, provide an entry point into the ordering of a mobile world.
Agency Problems in Public Firms: Evidence from Corporate Jets in Leveraged Buyouts
Authors: EDGERTON JESSE 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper uses novel data to examine the fleets of corporate jets operated by both publicly traded and privately held firms. In the cross‐section, firms owned by private equity funds average 40% smaller fleets than observably similar public firms. Similar fleet reductions are observed within firms that undergo leveraged buyouts. Quantile regressions indicate that these results are driven by firms in the upper 30% of the conditional jet distribution. The results thus suggest that executives in a substantial minority of public firms enjoy excessive perquisite and compensation packages.
Does Reputation Limit Opportunistic Behavior in the VC Industry? Evidence from Litigation against VCs
Authors: ATANASOV VLADIMIR , IVANOV VLADIMIR , LITVAK KATE 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTWe examine the role of reputation in limiting opportunistic behavior by venture capitalists towards four types of counterparties: entrepreneurs, investors, other VCs, and buyers of VC‐backed startups. Using a hand‐collected database of lawsuits, we document that more reputable VCs (i.e., VCs that are older, have more deals and funds under management, and syndicate with larger networks of VCs) are less likely to be litigated. We also find that litigated VCs suffer declines in future business relative to matched peers. These declines are larger for more reputable VCs, and for VCs that are defendants to multiple lawsuits or sued by entrepreneurs.
Private Equity Performance and Liquidity Risk
Authors: FRANZONI FRANCESCO , NOWAK ERIC , PHALIPPOU LUDOVIC 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTPrivate equity has traditionally been thought to provide diversification benefits. However, these benefits may be lower than anticipated as we find that private equity suffers from significant exposure to the same liquidity risk factor as public equity and other alternative asset classes. The unconditional liquidity risk premium is about 3% annually and, in a four‐factor model, the inclusion of this liquidity risk premium reduces alpha to zero. In addition, we provide evidence that the link between private equity returns and overall market liquidity occurs via a funding liquidity channel.
Unity and Disunity in the FMLN
Authors: Allison Michael E. , Alvarez Alberto Martín 
Published: November 2012

AbstractProblems of unity can affect an armed opposition group at many stages of its existence—during the war, in peace negotiations, and in its transition to political party. This article assesses how internal divisions affected the performance of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) in El Salvador. It finds that while the FMLN suffered significant internal divisions in the early years of the war, it remained remarkably unified from 1983 on. Significant divisions began to appear during the later war years but were not exacerbated until after the war's conclusion, when repeated fracturing occurred. The FMLN began to present itself as a programmatically coherent party only in 2005, and this ideological homogeneity allowed it to establish a series of partnerships with moderate, non-revolutionary sectors of Salvadoran society and to achieve victory in the 2009 presidential elections.
Azygous Anterior Cerebral Artery and Associated Aneurysms: Detection and Identification Using 3‐Dimensional Time‐of‐Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Authors: Wan‐Yin Shi , Ming‐Hua Li , Bin‐Xian Gu , Yong‐Dong Li , Hua‐Qiao Tan 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTAIMThe azygous anterior cerebral artery (Az) is a rarely observed anomaly of the anterior cerebral artery, and its associated aneurysm is even rarer. Our aim was to evaluate 3‐dimensional time‐of‐flight magnetic resonance angiography (3‐D‐TOF MRA) in the diagnosis of Az and associated aneurysms.MATERIALS AND METHODSThree thousand five hundred seventy‐two consecutive patients underwent 3‐D‐TOF MRA at 3.0 T. Postprocessing techniques, including volume rendering (VR) and single artery highlighting, were performed by a 3‐D specialist. All MRA data and clinical information were recorded and stored in a database for further analysis.RESULTSFourteen patients (.39%) were identified as having an Az. Among these cases, 3 males (21.43%) had an aneurysm located at the distal bifurcation of the Az, with a mean size of 9.43 ± 3.33 mm. In MRA, the common trunk of the Az was slightly larger in diameter than the A1 segment (2.62 ± .35 mm vs. 2.54 ± .35 mm; P = .008).CONCLUSIONSWith the VR technique, 3‐D‐TOF MRA is feasible and valuable in detecting an Az and associated aneurysm. Our MRA‐based study has proved that the Az is a rare anomaly but has a relatively high incidence of associated aneurysms.
Afterword: Literature and Philosophy 1850–1910: The View from New England
Authors: Greenham David 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this afterword I look at the period 1850–1910 from a Transatlantic perspective, focusing on key New England writers whose work spans the disciplines of philosophy and literature: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Emily Dickinson, Herman Melville and William James. I begin with Stanley Cavell’s claim that America first expressed itself philosophically in the ‘metaphysical riot’ of its literature, which, he argues, pre‐existed the disciplinary divides which were extant in Britain of the period. I then go onto suggest that this is a myth congruent with America’s perennial claims to begin things over again. Rather, I contend, literature is a space where disciplinary boundaries can always be overlooked or repressed, whether in Britain or America. I then examine several of the essays in the collection to show how this works. Finally I move onto Darwin’s influence on America in the philosophy of William James, who develops an evolutionary idea of ‘truth.’ I conclude that his pragmatist conception of truth as what works and therefore survives is appropriate to the truths of literature, which survive often more successfully than the truths of science and at least as well as the truths of philosophy.
Moving Worlds: Fictionality and Illusion after Coleridge
Authors: Garratt Peter 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article examines Victorian philosophical responses to fictional worlds. It revisits Coleridge’s coinage of the ‘willing suspension of disbelief’, a phrase still taken to be an explanation of the mind’s inner experience of fictionality, before focusing on volition and illusion in John Stuart Mill, G. H. Lewes and James Sully. It ends by positioning these aspects of nineteenth‐century intellectual culture in relation to a recent revival of interest in reading practices and ‘cognitive’ literary criticism.
Existential Scrooge: A Kierkegaardian Reading of A Christmas Carol
Authors: Preston Shale 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article examines Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol (1843) through the lens of Søren Kierkegaard’s philosophical concept of anxiety. Owing to its enduring popularity, A Christmas Carol rarely elicits rigorous explication, much less philosophical exegesis. This critical blind spot, however, should not prevent those interested in establishing a nexus between literature and philosophy from examining it as a serious and important artefact within the history of ideas. A Christmas Carol is indeed historically important, so much so that it may have influenced or even inspired Søren Kierkegaard’s The Concept of Anxiety (1844). This work, published on 17 June 1844, put forward the nature of anxiety and explored the ways in which it became manifest. For Kierkegaard, anxiety must precede the qualitative leap of faith which is freedom. Indeed, it is only through anxiety that the self can come to understand its relation between the finite and the infinite, the temporal and the eternal. A seminal existential text, it influenced a range of thinkers including Heidegger, Sartre, Jaspers and Tillich. It is timely, however, to propose that one of the key concepts of anxiety that Kierkegaard expounds in this extraordinary work, that of ‘the demonic’ or neurotic individual, was actually anticipated 6 months earlier, in the fictional form of Ebenezer Scrooge, in Charles Dickens’s widely published and translated popular masterpiece, A Christmas Carol.
The Influences of Buddhism and Comparative Religion on Matthew Arnold
Authors: Franklin J. Jeffrey 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe life of Matthew Arnold (1822–1888) encompassed the period of the Western ‘discovery’ of Buddhism, the emergence of the comparative religious study of Eastern religions, and the spread of the appearance in British popular and literary works of such concepts as karma, reincarnation, and nirvana. This essay first provides a summary of the European encounter with Buddhism in the nineteenth century and the emergence of the field of comparative religion, which took Buddhism as a primary object. It then surveys Arnold’s exposure to Buddhism and to comparative religion, in particular his study of Eugene Burnouf’s Introduction to the History of Indian Buddhism. Finally, I analyze, as no previous scholar has, Arnold’s incorporation of Buddhist and comparative religious elements into his own religious criticism, focusing on Literature and Dogma (1873), a book about how to read the Bible that surprisingly draws upon certain aspects of Buddhist thought while rejecting others. Though writing as a devoted Christian, Arnold gained the conviction to challenge the central Protestant tenet of salvation by faith, as well as the traditional reliance on revelation through miracles, in part from the ethical focus and historicism that he learned from Buddhism and, even more so, from the methodology of comparative religion.
‘God’s Truth’: Kant, Mill and Moral Epistemology in Oliver Twist
Authors: Mangham Andrew 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis essay aims to demonstrate how Dickens’s search for ‘truth’ (and his understanding of what that abstraction consists of) entered into and emerged from one of the key philosophical discussions of the early‐nineteenth century: namely whether moral knowledge is the sum of one’s experiences or whether there are such things as a priori or ‘natural’ principles of ethics that transcend human practice.
The relationship between cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cortical microinfarcts in brain ageing and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kövari E. , Herrmann F. R. , Hof P. R. , Bouras C. 
Published: November 2012

AimsCerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) represents the deposition of amyloid β protein (Aβ) in the meningeal and intracerebral vessels. It is often observed as an accompanying lesion of Alzheimer's disease (AD) or in the brain of elderly individuals even in the absence of dementia. CAA is largely age‐dependent. In subjects with severe CAA a higher frequency of vascular lesions has been reported. The goal of our study was to define the frequency and distribution of CAA in a 1‐year autopsy population (91 cases) from the Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation, and Geriatrics, Geneva.Materials and methodsFive brain regions were examined, including the hippocampus, and the inferior temporal, frontal, parietal and occipital cortex, using an antibody against Aβ, and simultaneously assessing the severity of AD‐type pathology with Braak stages for neurofibrillary tangles identified with an anti‐tau antibody. In parallel, the relationships of CAA with vascular brain lesions were established.ResultsCAA was present in 53.8% of the studied population, even in cases without AD (50.6%). The strongest correlation was seen between CAA and age, followed by the severity of amyloid plaques deposition. Microinfarcts were more frequent in cases with CAA; however, our results did not confirm a correlation between these parameters.ConclusionThe present data show that CAA plays a role in the development of microvascular lesions in the ageing brain, but cannot be considered as the most important factor in this vascular pathology, suggesting that other mechanisms also contribute importantly to the pathogenesis of microvascular changes.