bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunochemical Characterization of Cell Wall Protein Antigen Purified from the Cell Wall Autolysate of Clostridium botulinum Type A
Authors: Takumi Kenji , Kawata Tomio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe cell wall protein antigen was solubilized from the isolated cell walls of Clostridium botulinum type A by autolysis and purified by diethylaminoethyl‐cellulose column chromatography followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐150. The two fractions showed a high degree of the serological activity and produced a main fused precipitin line in immunodiffusion tests against the homologous antiserum. The fact that antigenic fractions contained various kinds of amino acids but no detectable amounts of amino sugars or carbohydrates suggests that the antigens were principally composed of proteins. The protein antigen possessed multiple antigenic components on immunoelectrophoresis. As serological activity, the antigen was heat‐stable and resistant to tryptic digestion but sensitive to the actions of pronase, nagarse or pepsin. The protein antigen appeared to be responsible for the common antigenicity among the proteolytic strains of C. botulinum.
An Electron Microscopic Study of Antagonism between Cephalexin and Erythromycin in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Nishino Takeshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis study concerns investigations at the cellular level of antagonism between cephalexin (CEX) and erythromycin (EM) with the aid of electron microscopes and a liquid scintillation counter. Exposure of Staphylococcus aureus 209‐P to CEX and EM in combination was found to result in a marked antagonism between the two antibiotics in their effects on the growth of the organism. Observations under a scanning electron microscope revealed lysed cells in the presence of CEX alone but almost no lysis in the presence of a combination of CEX and EM. Observations under a transmission electron microscope, on the other hand, disclosed that nearly all of the cells exposed to 20 μg/ml of CEX were transformed into protoplasts with their morphological changes being most marked after 4 hr of exposure. When 1 μg/ml of EM was allowed to act alone, this exposure resulted in thickening of the cell walls. The combined use of CEX and EM, however, resulted in neither thickening of the cell walls as in the presence of EM alone nor in the formation of protoplasts as in the presence of CEX alone but merely produced the swelling of separating walls. Cellular uptake of 14C‐L‐lysine and N‐acetylglucosamine‐1‐14C into the cell wall fraction and the protein fraction was affected by CEX and EM, respectively, when used alone or in combination.
Intraleukocytic Bactericidal Activity in Patients Receiving Corticosteroid and Radiation Therapy, and in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Okuda Kenji , Tadokoro Ichiro , Noguchi Yoshikuni 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTBactericidal activities of peripheral white blood cells obtained from patients and from healthy persons were examined in vitro. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Peripheral white blood cells from patients receiving corticosteroid and radiation therapy showed decreased levels of intracellular bactericidal activities against Staphylococcus aureus. The leukocytes from almost all patients examined displayed intense activities of intracellular bacterial killing against Streptococcus pyogenes. 2. Only polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and macrophages obtained from patients in severe stages of diabetes mellitus exhibited decreased levels of intracellular bactericidal activities against S. aureus. 3. The leukocytes from all patients examined exhibited the same levels of intracellular bactericidal effects against S. pyogenes as leukocytes from healthy persons. 4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was phagocytized by PMNs obtained from healthy persons, demonstrated a remarkable degree of resistance to any intracellular bactericidal effect.
Antigenic Analyses of Lactobacillus fermenti
Authors: Shimohashi Hirotaka 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAntigenic analyses of Lactobacillus fermenti were carried out by double immunodiffusion in agar using extracts prepared with cold trichloroacetic acid (TCA) or hot dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl). A common antigen of L. fermenti, designated as antigen f by the author, was extracted from whole cells with dilute HCl, but not with TCA. The antigen f was also observed in Lactobacillus casei. In addition, all strains isolated from human saliva contained antigen 6 in their cell walls, while the antigen was not observed in most of the isolates from human feces. Therefore, L. fermenti could be divided into two subgroups based upon the existence of antigen 6. Antigen 7 which was demonstrated in some strains of L. fermenti was shared by other species of lactobacilli belonging to the serological groups D and E. The common antigen 3 found in lactobacilli was extracted from all strains of L. fermenti. Sugar components of cell walls were mainly galactose, glucose and glucosamine (including N‐acetylglueosamine), but a small amount of rhamnose was present in the cell wall of only one strain. Inhibition tests with various sugars showed that the serologically active sugars were galactose for antigen f and glucose for antigen 6.
Nonspecific Elicitation of Antibody‐Forming Cells in the Mouse Spleen by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Nakano Masayasu , Uchiyama Takehiko , Tanabe Masao J. , Saito Kazuhisa 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMechanisms of nonspecific elicitation of anti‐sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) hemolytic antibody plaque‐forming cells (PFC) in mouse spleens with an injection of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) were studied in comparison with the genesis of naturally occurring ‘background’ PFC in normal mouse spleens and of rapidly arising PFC in mouse spleens after immunization with SRBC. The cytokinetic pattern of anti‐SRBC PFC response after an injection of LPS was quite different from that of the response elicited after immunization with SRBC. In addition, even though LPS nonspecifically elicited anti‐SRBC PFC response in mice, LPS could not confer any immunological memory on mouse immunocytes for a ‘secondary‐type’ anti‐SRBC PFC response to restimulation with LPS or SRBC. The administration of rabbit anti‐mouse thymocyte immunoglobulin or anti‐SRBC antiserum in mice markedly suppressed the PFC response after immunization with SRBC, but did not do so after stimulation with LPS. Neonatally thymectomized mice could still respond to stimulation with LPS, producing anti‐SRBC PFC in their spleens. Injections of actinomycin D or cyclophosphamide into mice resulted in obvious reductions of the PFC responses elicited by either LPS or SRBC. However, injections of these immunosuppressive antisera or drugs did not affect the number of anti‐SRBC PFC in normal mouse spleens. These results suggest that the geneses of anti‐SRBC PFC developed under different conditions, i.e., background PFC, LPS‐stimulated PFC, and antigen‐stimulated PFC, are quite different from each other, and that the nonspecific elicitation of anti‐SRBC PFC by LPS does not require the helper function of T lymphocytes. No obvious difference, however, was observed in the time of ontogenic maturation among these three different anti‐SRBC PFC in the mouse spleens judging from when they were first manifested after birth.
The Skin‐Reactive Antigens of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: Mizutani Hiroko , Mizutani Hiromichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGuinea pigs experimentally infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae or immunized with the organism in combination with Freund's complete adjuvant developed a delayed hypersensitive skin reaction following on intradermal injection of the M. pneumoniae antigen. The amount of protein necessary to produce the delayed skin reaction was as low as 0.01 μg. When the sonicated whole cells were extracted with aqueous acetone, the delayed skin reactivity was found mostly in the acetone insoluble (lipid‐depleted) fraction. On the other hand, the lipid fraction which was isolated by a chloroform–methanol extraction of the acetone‐soluble fraction and had a high titer of complement‐fixing activity, exhibited little delayed skin reactivity. The lipid‐depleted antigens as the whole cell antigens produced delayed skin reactivities in human patients.
Changes of Ultrastructure in Spore Coat of Bacillus thiaminolyticus during Germination and Outgrowth
Authors: Watabe Kazuhito , Kondo Masaomi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTElectron microscopic observation showed that the spore coat of Bacillus thiaminolyticus consisted of at least four layers; a high electron dense outer spore coat layer with five prominent ridges, a middle spore coat layer including two layers of a high and a low electron density, and an inner spore coat layer composing six to seven laminated layers. Rapid breakdown of the cortex and swelling of the core occurred in spores which were allowed to germinate by L‐alanine for 45 min, whereas no change of surface feature was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Germination and outgrowth of spores in nutrient broth proceeded, being accompanied by morphological changes, in three steps; the first is a rapid breakdown of the cortex and swelling of the core, the second degradation of the inner layer at a prominent region of the spore coat, and the last rupture of the spore coat and emergence of a young vegetative cell.
Neutralizing Activities of Early and Late IgG Fragments from Rabbits Immunized with Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Shinkai Kenkichi , Yoshino Kamcsaburo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTRabbits immunized with herpes virus were bled periodically and bivalent and univalent fragments of IgG from each serum sample were prepared by enzymatic digestion. The 2‐week F(ab′)2 showed a low neutralizing activity only after addition of anti‐IgG. F(ab′)2 of the 4‐week serum retained almost all of the neutralizing activity of IgG, while its univalent fragments demonstrated none even when tested with anti‐IgG. In contrast to these early IgG fragments, univalent fragments of the 9‐week and 20‐week IgG neutralized the virus to considerable extents in the absence of anti‐IgG; after addition of anti‐IgG the activity equaled that of intact IgG in the cases of Fab′ and Fab‐II, though the activity of Fab‐I was relatively low. The three univalent fragments were all sensitive to heating at 70 C and to ultraviolet irradiation, whereas intact IgG resisted these treatments. F(ab′)2 was resistant to the heating and less sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation than univalent fragments. Neutralization kinetic curve experiments to test blocking effects of IgG fragments against the neutralization by intact IgG suggested that the early Fab′ did combine with the virus and that the late Fab′ exerted a higher blocking effect than the early Fab′.
Characterization of “Pasteurella” piscicida Isolated from White Perch and Cultivated Yellowtail
Authors: Koike Yasuo , Kuwahara Akira , Fujiwara Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of twelve “Pasteurella” piscicida strains isolated from white perch and yellowtail are described and the present uncertain taxonomic status of the organisms is discussed. The organisms isolated were gram‐negative rods showing bipolar staining and pleomorphism. No spores or flagella were observed. They were non motile and viscid colonies were formed. Growth was observed in a temperature range of 20 to 30 C and the salinity range of growth was between 0.5% and 4.0%. They were aerobic and facultative anaerobic. Oxidase and catalase were produced. Nitrates were not reduced to nitrites. Lysine and ornithine decarboxylases were not produced but arginine dihydrolase was produced. The egg yolk reaction was positive. Tween 80 and tributyrin were decomposed. Phosphatase was produced. Beta hemolysis was revealed on a medium containing defibrinated blood from chickens or carp but not from mammals. Methyl red and Voges–Proskauer tests were positive, and acetoin was produced from 2, 3‐butanediol. Glucose was fermented without gas production. Acid was produced from fructose, mannose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin and glycerol. These organisms differed from all other members of the genus Pasteurella with respect to nitrate reduction, arginine dihydrolase, Voges–Proskauer and methyl red tests. The formation of viscid colonies and inability to grow in a medium without sodium chloride or at 37 C were additional characteristics of these organisms.
Chemical and Immunological Studies on the Cell Walls of Propionibacterium acnes Strain C7 and Corynebacterium parvum ATCC 11829
Authors: Azuma Ichiro , Sugimura Kazuhisa , Taniyama Tadayoshi , Aladin Aminkham A. , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe chemical and immunological properties of the cell walls prepared from the cells of anaerobic coryneforms, Propionibacterium acnes C7 and Corynebacterium parvum ATCC 11829, were partially investigated. The cell walls prepared from P. acnes C7 and C. parvum ATCC 11829 were composed of fatty acids, polysaccharides consisting glucose, galactose and mannose and mucopeptides consisting mainly of alanine, glutamic acid, a, ε‐diaminopimelic acid, glycine, muramic acid and glucosamine. As the fatty acid constituents of the cell wall of P. acnes C7, iso‐pentadecanoic acid and iso‐heptadecanoic acid were detected as major components. Both cell walls prepared from P. acnes C7 and C. parvum ATCC 11829 showed potent adjuvant activity on the formation of circulating antibody and development of delayed type hypersensitivity in vivo and on the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes in vitro, however, could not augment helper function of carrier‐primed T cells and on the development of cell‐mediated cytotoxicity to mastocytoma P815‐X2 cells in C57BL/6J mice. It is also shown that the cell walls of P. acnes C7 and C. parvum ATCC 11829 act on mouse spleen cells as mitogen.
Effect of Light on Nonphotosynthetic Microorganisms
Authors: Koyama Yasumasa , Kato Fumio , Oshibi Shigenobu , Takamatsu Takeshi , Yamagishi Saburo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe effect of light on the pigmentation of various strains belonging to the genus Streptomyces was investigated. It was revealed that six species of streptomycetes, S. massasporeus, S. phaeopurpureus, S. chibaensis, S. salmonicida, S. fluvissimus and S. longispororuber, were photochromogenic, i.e., these strains can be photoinduced to synthesize pigments. On the basis of these results, pigmentation in Streptomyces is discussed.
Synchronous Cell Differentiation in Caulobacter crescentus
Authors: Iba Hideo , Fukuda Akio , Okada Yoshimi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe growth of a stalked bacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, has been synchronized easily and reproducibly by a new method. When this bacterium is grown to a late log phase in nutrient broth at 30 C with aeration, swarmer cells are accumulated in the culture to 80% of the whole cell population. When this culture is inoculated into fresh pre‐warmed broth at twentyfold dilution, it immediately initiates synchronous cell growth. Simultaneously, synchronous cell differentiation is monitored by the susceptibility of the cells to RNA phage infection. The swarmer cells accumulated in the late log phase of growth possess nearly the same susceptibility to RNA phage infection as those in the early log phase of growth while RNA phage‐adsorbing capacity is lower in such swarmer cells. It is suggested that the swarmer cells accumulated in the late log phase of growth have lost some pili.
Further Studies of Specificity of Antibodies Contained in Antiserum against Poliovirus
Authors: Urasawa Shozo , Urasawa Tomoko , Kanamitsu Masatsugu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAntigenic components of Mahoney strain (poliovirus type 1) involved in virus neutralization reaction were analyzed with mutant Mahoney strains resistant to inhibitors in equine serum (inhibitor‐resistant mutants) by means of the kinetic neutralization test. It was shown that absorption of anti‐Mahoney serum with five inhibitor‐resistant mutants yielded sera with different antibodies, of which three had distinct specificities and two specificities possibly partly related to one of those three sera. Further, it was found that stepwise selection of Mahoney variants resistant to one, two, three and four different inhibitors resulted in gradual deviation of its antigenic composition from that of the original strain. From these results, the possible presence of three or more distinct antigenic determinant sites on the surface of Mahoney strain was indicated.
Anaerobic Coryneforms Isolated from Human Bone Marrow and Skin
Authors: Saino Yushi , Eda Junji , Nagoya Takao , Yoshimura Yoko , Yamaguchi Masahito , Kobayashi Fujio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTEighteen isolates of anaerobic coryneforms from human bone marrow and skin and four type strains of Propionibacterium were studied chemically, biochemically and antigenically. All of the isolates were identified as Propionibacterium acnes; of the 18 isolates, 16 belonged to serotype I and two to serotype II. By means of gas liquid chromatography and mass spectral analysis, a large amount of iso‐type fatty acids, such as iso‐pentadecanoic and iso‐heptadecanoic acids were detected in whole cells of isolates and type strains. Antitumor and adjuvant effects of the isolates and type strains were found to differ considerably among the strains. One of the isolates, P. acnes C‐7, which showed potent biological activities was fractionated by hot phenol‐water extraction. The resulting insoluble middle layer was found the most effective in tumor protection, adjuvant action in immune response and phagocytic activity in mice.
Immunosuppressive Effect of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide on Antibody Response
Authors: Nakano Masayasu , Tanabe Masao J. , Saito Tatsuo , Shimizu Tadayori 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTInjection of endotoxins (bacterial lipopolysaccharide: LPS) several days prior to immunization causes the suppression of antibody response. The suppressive effects of several kinds of LPS preparations on the plaque‐forming cell (PFC) antibody response in the spleen of mice were examined after immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Glycolipids obtained from heptoseless mutants (Re form) of salmonella or its lipid A preparation coupled artificially with bovine serum albumin (BSA) are capable, like LPS obtained from a wild type (S form) strain, of inducing suppression of the PFC response, while alkaline‐detoxified LPS can not. The refractory periods of the PFC response induced by LPS injection last only a few days. However, the use of cyclophosphamide (CY) together with LPS can extend the refractory periods of antigenic stimulation for several weeks. Injections of LPS and CY can also induce unresponsive states of OH agglutinin antibody response to antigenic stimulation with formalin‐killed organisms of Escherichia coli or Salmonella enteritidis (presumably both thymus‐independent antigens). These unresponsive states induced by LPS and CY are easily terminated by a transfer of syngeneic bone marrow cells but not by thymocyte transfer.
Type and Strain Variation in Induction of L Forms of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Ota Fusao , Ashton F.E. , Diena B.B. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTStrains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were inoculated onto brain heart infusion (Difco) agar supplemented with penicillin and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilizer and cultivated in a candle extinction jar. L‐form colonies became visible after a few days. They continued to grow and were viable for up to 38 days. The extent of inducibility of L forms of N. gonorrhoeae was examined semiquantitatively. It was found to be constant for each type and strain and to depend only slightly on the amount of penicillin added to the medium. None of the types of one strain produced L‐form colonies. In another strain, avirulent types(T3, T4) showed more ability to produce L forms than virulent types (T1, T2) and no L forms were produced by the subtypes of T1 and T2–T1a and T2a. In a third strain, only T4 produced L forms. Electron microscopic studies showed that the L forms consisted of a number of membranous vesicles and a variety of cell types such as those completely lacking cell walls and those with only remnants of cell walls. The results indicate the existence of subtypes of T1 and T2 of gonococci and the intrinsic inducibility of gonococcal types and strains to produce L forms.
Interaction of Human Waldenström's IgM Proteins with Guinea Pig and Human Complement1
Authors: Ikeda Masaharu , Onoue Kaoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe activity of purified human Waldenström's IgM proteins to fix complement of human and guinea pig origins was compared at different temperatures using the polystyrene latex particle‐adsorption method. It was shown that the interaction of the IgM proteins with complement differed depending on the source of complement and that a pronounced heterogeneity in complement‐fixing activity was observed among the IgM proteins when tested with guinea pig complement. Thus, by the use of guinea pig complement, six human IgM proteins examined were classified roughly into two groups, one having a high and the other a low activity at 3 C as well as at 37 C. With human complement, five proteins showed a rather uniform activity at 37 C. However, there was one protein with no detectable activity, suggesting the presence of non‐complement‐fixing protein in the IgM class. All the six proteins showed no significant activity with human complement at 3 C. No antigenic difference has been found as yet in the Fc or Cμ2 region among these IgM proteins examined.
Microorganism Capable of Decomposing N‐Acetylglucosaminyl Ribitol Teichoic Acid of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Iwata Sadako , Tochikubo Kunio , Kato Keijiro , Hirata Takanori , Kotani Shozo , Yagi Kunio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTEnzyme(s) capable of decomposing N‐acetylglucosaminyl ribitol teichoic acid prepared from the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209 P was obtained from the culture supernatant of a gram‐negative, rod‐shaped, spore‐forming soil bacterium. Properties of the bacterium were very similar to those of Bacillus circulans.
Behaviors of a Vigorous Protease‐Producing Strain of Staphylococcus aureus in the Skin Tissue of Mice
Authors: Takeuchi Syotaro , Suto Tsuneji 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe behaviors of a protease‐producing strain of Staphylococcus aureus, including the production of α‐ and β‐hemolysin, protease, and nuclease in the skin tissue of mice, were examined by the fluorescent antibody technique and hematoxylin and eosin staining. When about 106 viable cells were subcutaneously inoculated into a mouse, they were phagocytized by leukocytes and a suppurative focus developed in situ. No active extracellular substances other than α‐hemolysin were demonstrated in this mouse. When 107 viable cells were inoculated, most of them were also phagocytized by leukocytes, and a rather large suppurative focus was formed. In this focus a low degree of multiplication of the organisms was observed. Protease and α‐hemolysin could be detected in the neighborhood of the leukocytes. When 108 to 109 cells were inoculated, they multiplied transitorily in the subcutaneous tissue and produced the four substances mentioned above. The multiplication of bacterial cells as well as the production of extracellular substances ceased within a comparatively short period and the transitory state was similar to that in a batch fermenter. Necrotic and histolytic lesions were observed only in the mice inoculated with 108 to 109 viable cells. Similar dermatolytic lesions were also found in mice injected with 0.5 to 1.0 mg of pure protease.