bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective Septal Extension Graft for Asian Rhinoplasty
Authors: Kim Jae Hoon , Song Jin Woo , Park Sung Wan , Oh Won Suk , Lee Joo Heon 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundThis study aimed at overcoming the disadvantages of septal extension grafts and keeping the nasal tip as natural as possible by using different forms of the graft and additional supporting methods depending on the case.MethodsAmong 458 patients who received a septal extension graft from March 2008 to September 2011, 107 patients were selected who underwent at least a 6-month follow-up. Patients were categorized according to the primary objective of the operation; an upturned tip correction or tip lengthening, tip lengthening with tip projection, or retracted columella correction. Each group of patients received a different type of septal extension graft out of 3 different types of grafts based on the purpose of the operation. The evaluation of the results was made from by comparing preoperative and postoperative photographs of the tip angle, projection, and nasolabial angle.ResultsThe average tip angle for the patients in the upturned tip correction group was reduced to 98.3 from 124.9 degrees. For the patients in the tip lengthening with tip projection group, the average tip angle was reduced to 96.8 from 122.4 degrees and the average tip projection was increased to 27.5 from 23.2 mm. The average nasolabial angle for the patients in the retracted columella correction group was increased to 94.6 from 74.8 degrees.ConclusionsSufficient nasal tip lengthening and projection could be achieved by applying a septal extension graft using the graft best suited for the group of patients categorized by surgical objective.
La Charte Canadienne des droits et libertés à la lumière de la « révolution scientifique » et de la « révolution constitutionnelle » : l’exemple du droit constitutionnel du travail
Authors: Lafrance1 Sébastien 
Published: January 2014

L'année 2012 marquait deux anniversaires importants, d'une part, le trentième anniversaire de l'adoption de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés (« Charte ») et, d'autre part, le cinquantième anniversaire de la première parution de La structure des révolutions scientifiques de Thomas S. Kuhn. Tant l'une que l'autre soulèvent des questions qui sont toujours d'actualité. La Charte a instauré une véritable culture des droits et libertés au Canada, bien que son adoption n'ait pas entraîné un changement complet de l'ordre constitutionnel. La structure des révolutions scientifiques est un des ouvrages les plus marquants des trente dernières années. Partant, il faut se demander si la pensée scientifique peut nous éclairer dans la compréhension de l'interprétation du droit constitutionnel et, plus particulièrement, des droits et libertés constitutionnellement protégés. L'ouvrage de Kuhn peut alors se révéler intéressant pour l'étude du droit puisqu'il propose un modèle utilisable et applicable dans des domaines autres que la science. L'auteur est d'avis que le modèle analytique décrit par Kuhn pourrait servir à mieux comprendre certains aspects du raisonnement juridique des magistrats lorsqu'ils interprètent la Charte, par exemple dans le domaine du droit du travail. La pensée de l'auteur se trouve aux antipodes de celui tendant plutôt à faire valoir que les changements constitutionnels sont incohérents et anarchiques. L'auteur traite aussi du concept de « révolution constitutionnelle » de Robert J. Lipkin qui établit un parallèle entre les révolutions constitutionnelles et scientifiques.
Le système de pharmacovigilance Canadien en quête d’une réforme en profondeur ?
Authors: Largenté 1 Laurence 
Published: January 2014

Le médicament est un produit qui a pour objet de prévenir, traiter voire guérir les
maladies tant physiques que psychologiques. Cependant, il peut être aussi source de risques,
soit des effets indésirables qui peuvent avoir un degré variable de gravité, allant de la
simple démangeaison jusqu’au décès de l’utilisateur. Mis sur le marché après que les essais
cliniques aient démontré son innocuité, sa qualité et son efficacité, LE MÉDICAMENT doit
faire l’objet d’une surveillance accrue, car il est démontré statistiquement que des risques
inconnus apparaissent lorsqu’il est utilisé par une large population.
Le droit canadien met en place depuis les années 1965, un système de surveillance
qui ne cesse d’être amélioré au grès des réformes. Dernièrement, les modifications apportées
au régime juridique de pharmacovigilance canadien a été très largement influencé par des
pressions internationales. Pour répondre aux volontés des organismes internationaux avec
lesquels Santé Canada souhaite coopérer, l’État canadien a décidé d’intégrer leurs
dispositions dans son corpus juridique. Ainsi, les dispositions des lignes directrices
élaborées par la Conférence Internationale sur l’harmonisation (ICH), le régime juridique
canadien s’inspire très largement du système de pharmacovigilance qui est adopté, entre
autres, en Europe et aux États-Unis. Actuellement, le droit canadien dirige des activités de
pharmacovigilance qui sont reconnues par les standards internationaux en matière de
pharmacovigilance. Chacune impliquant, des acteurs identiques et des procédures presque
similaires. Cependant, une réforme du droit canadien devrait aller plus loin dans l’approche
du risque en reconnaissant que celui-ci doit être appréhendé du début jusqu’à la fin de vie
du médicament. Cette réforme permettrait une vision globale et suivie du risque permettant
aux différents intervenants de mettre en place des mesures proactives de surveillance dès le
début du cycle de vie et de parfaire l’harmonie avec le droit international de la
pharmacovigilance.
Evolution of an oceanic anticyclone in the lee of Madeira Island: In situ and remote sensing survey
Authors: Caldeira Rui M. A. , Stegner Alexandre , Couvelard Xavier , Araújo Isabel B. , Testor Pierre , Lorenzo Alvaro 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIsland wakes are areas of a strong eddy activity influencing the availability and transport of organic matter in the ocean which, in turn impact biological productivity. Despite this, eddy formation in the lee of North Atlantic tropical islands is scarcely documented, except for the Canary Islands. Moreover, the occurrence of anticyclones leeward of Madeira has seldom been detected. During the summer of 2011, a multiplatform approach, combining satellite data with in situ measurements, was used to study an anticyclonic eddy generated in the lee of the Madeira Island. The main objective was to confirm recent numerical evidence suggesting that orographically perturbed winds can induce anticyclonic eddies leeward of Madeira, particularly during summer months. The high resolution sampling of the eddy's interior shows a strong downwelling of ≈100 m of the isopycnal layer below the mixed layer, typical of intrathermocline eddies. The 25 km radius of this anticyclonic structure exceeds the local deformation radius by a factor of 2. The vortex Rossby number remained moderate (Ro = 0.26) even if the relative core vorticity reached a finite value (ζ/f = −0.7). The occurrence of strong trade winds (10–15 m s−1) prior to the detection of the first surface eddy signatures (July 2011) concurrent with opposite flowing geostrophic currents, shows that the orographic wind forcing is the main mechanism for generating this mesoscale long‐lived eddy. After leaving the shelter of the island, the eddy traveled northwesterly following a perpendicular net Ekman transport pathway at a speed of 5 km/d, for at least 2 months. An interaction with a cyclonic partner generated in the area helped precipitate the northward trajectory. This study presents the first clear evidence of a wind‐induced mesoscale anticyclone in the lee of Madeira.
Unexpected Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐β‐Alkenyl Substituted β‐Amino Phosphonates through β,γ‐Dihydrogen Shift Reaction Catalyzed by a Copper(I) Complex and Iodine [Cu(MeCN)4]PF6/I2
Authors: Cai Yan , Lyu Hairong , Yu Chengbin , Miao Zhiwei 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA series of dialkyl α‐diazophosphonates has been prepared from natural amino acids. The diazo decomposition of these diazophosphonate compounds with tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) hexafluorophosphate/iodine, [Cu(MeCN)4]PF6/I2, as catalyst has been investigated. It was found that the diazo decomposition of dialkyl α‐diazophosphonates gave a mixture of β,γ‐dihydrogen shift and 1,2‐hydride migration products and afforded β‐alkenyl‐substituted β‐amino phosphonates with the Z configuration. The mechanism of this novel diazo decomposition process was discussed.magnified image
Skeletal robustness and bone strength as measured by anthropometry and ultrasonography as a function of physical activity in young adults
Authors: Scheffler Christiane , Gniosdorz Birgit , Staub Kaspar , Rühli Frank 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundDuring the last 10 years, skeletal robustness in children has generally decreased. The reasons for this phenomenon, as well as its outcomes, are undetermined so far.AimThe present study explores the association between anthropometric skeletal measurements, bone quality measurements, and physical activity in young adults.Subjects and Methods118 German young men (N = 68; 19–25 years old) and women (N = 50; 19–24 years old) were investigated by anthropometric methods (i.e., height, weight, shoulder, elbow breadth, and pelvic breadth) and quantitative ultrasound measurement (QUS). Strength and stability of Os calcis have been determined by speed of sound (in m/s) and broadband ultrasound attenuation (in dB/Mhz); individual physical activity was analyzed by a pedometer and by questionnaire.ResultsThe results show a correlation between sports hours per week and bone quality index in males. But no correlation exists between anthropometric data and QUSs for either sexes, as well as no correlation between total steps per day and internal bone quality or external bone dimensions.ConclusionThese results are discussed in the context of generally decreasing physical activity, the outcomes of prevention programs as well as evolutionary adaptation of human phenotypic plasticity in a changing environment. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:215–220, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short‐term heat acclimation is effective and may be enhanced rather than impaired by dehydration
Authors: Garrett A.T. , Goosens N.G. , Rehrer N.J. , Patterson M.J. , Harrison J. , Sammut I. , Cotter J.D. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTMost heat acclimation data are from regimes longer than 1 week, and acclimation advice is to prevent dehydration. Objectives: We hypothesized that (i) short‐term (5‐day) heat acclimation would substantially improve physiological strain and exercise tolerance under heat stress, and (ii) dehydration would provide a thermally independent stimulus for adaptation. Methods: Nine aerobically fit males heat acclimated using controlled‐hyperthermia (rectal temperature 38.5°C) for 90 min on 5 days; once euhydrated (EUH) and once dehydrated (DEH) during acclimation bouts. Exercising heat stress tests (HSTs) were completed before and after acclimations (90‐min cycling in Ta 35°C, 60% RH). Results: During acclimation bouts, [aldosterone]plasma rose more across DEH than EUH (95%CI for difference between regimes: 40–411 pg ml−1; P = 0.03; n = 5) and was positively related to plasma volume expansion (r = 0.65; P = 0.05), which tended to be larger in DEH (CI: −1 to 10%; P = 0.06; n = 9). In HSTs, resting forearm perfusion increased more in DEH (by 5.9 ml 100 tissue ml−1 min−1: −11.5 to −1.0; P = 0.04) and end‐exercise cardiac frequency fell to a greater extent (by 11 b min−1: −1 to 22; P = 0.05). Hydration‐related effects on other endocrine, cardiovascular, and psychophysical responses to HSTs were unclear. Rectal temperature was unchanged at rest but was 0.3°C lower at end exercise (P < 0.01; interaction: P = 0.52). Conclusions: Short‐term (5‐day) heat acclimation induced effective adaptations, some of which were more pronounced after fluid‐regulatory strain from permissive dehydration, and not attributable to dehydration effects on body temperature. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:311–320, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation of 2D:4D digit ratio and craniofacial shape in prepubertal children
Authors: Valla Kalliopy , Halazonetis Demetrios J. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesThe 2D:4D ratio is sexually dimorphic and is considered a proxy of prenatal androgen levels, or, according to recent evidence, is related to genes involved in ocular and palate development. Our aim was to investigate correlation between the 2D:4D ratio and the shape of the craniofacial skeleton in a population of prepubertal children.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study in a group of 58 male and 59 female prepubertal children aged 7–12 years. Craniofacial shape was evaluated using 15 skeletal landmarks on lateral cephalometric radiographs and fingers were measured with a computer‐assisted procedure that involved tracing the finger outline. Geometric morphometric analysis was applied to the craniofacial landmarks and multivariate regression between digit ratios and craniofacial shape was computed in shape space and form space.ResultsThe male 2D:4D ratio was smaller than the female ratio (Cohen's d: 0.275 left hand, 0.126 right hand), but the difference was not statistically significant. Craniofacial shape did not show sexual dimorphism, but males were larger than females. No correlation was found between digit ratio and craniofacial shape in prepubertal children, either for the whole sample or for any of the two sex groups.ConclusionsAs several factors might be involved in the development and growth of both the craniofacial complex and fingers, the 2D:4D ratio, a putative proxy for fetal sex‐hormone levels, is probably unable to impose a measurable effect within the variation of a normal population. Future research needs to examine an adult sample for potential covariation arising after the pubertal growth spurt. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:337–346, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photonische Kristalle für die Chemo‐ und Biosensorik
Authors: Fenzl Christoph , Hirsch Thomas , Wolfbeis Otto S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDieser Aufsatz beschreibt die Funktionsweise photonischer Kristalle (PhCs) und deren Einsatz in der Sensorik chemischer und biochemischer Analyte. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf den verwendeten Materialien. Die einzelnen Abschnitte beschreiben a) die Grundlagen natürlicher und synthetischer photonischer Nanoarchitekturen, b) die verschiedenen Arten photonischer Kristallstrukturen, c) Reflexion und Lichtbrechung in PhCs, d) Aspekte der Sensorik auf der Grundlage mechanischer, thermischer, optischer, elektrischer, magnetischer und rein chemischer Einflüsse, e) biosensorische Anwendungen basierend auf Biomolekülen, die in den PhC eingebettet wurden, und f) aktuelle Trends und Einschränkungen solcher Sensoren.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of N‐Allylamines for the Synthesis of β‐Lactams
Authors: Li Wu , Liu Chao , Zhang Heng , Ye Keyin , Zhang Guanghui , Zhang Wangzheng , Duan Zhengli , You Shuli , Lei Aiwen 
Published: January 2014

Abstractβ‐Lactam scaffolds are considered to be ideal building blocks for the synthesis of nitrogen‐containing compounds. A new palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of N‐allylamines for the synthesis of α‐methylene‐β‐lactams is reported. DFT calculations suggest that the formation of β‐lactams via a four‐membered‐ring transition state is favorable.
A 200‐fold Quantum Yield Boost in the Photoluminescence of Silver‐Doped AgxAu25−x Nanoclusters: The 13 th Silver Atom Matters
Authors: Wang Shuxin , Meng Xiangming , Das Anindita , Li Tao , Song Yongbo , Cao Tiantian , Zhu Xiuyi , Zhu Manzhou , Jin Rongchao 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe rod‐shaped Au25 nanocluster possesses a low photoluminescence quantum yield (QY=0.1 %) and hence is not of practical use in bioimaging and related applications. Herein, we show that substituting silver atoms for gold in the 25‐atom matrix can drastically enhance the photoluminescence. The obtained AgxAu25−x (x=1–13) nanoclusters exhibit high quantum yield (QY=40.1 %), which is in striking contrast with the normally weakly luminescent AgxAu25−x species (x=1–12, QY=0.21 %). X‐ray crystallography further determines the substitution sites of Ag atoms in the AgxAu25−x cluster through partial occupancy analysis, which provides further insight into the mechanism of photoluminescence enhancement.
Crystallization and thermal properties of polylactide/palygorskite composites
Authors: Pillai Sreejarani Kesavan , Ojijo Vincent , Ray Suprakas Sinha 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTPolylactide palygorskite (fibrous clay) composites were prepared by solvent casting method. Both pristine and organically modified palygorskite were used for composite preparation. The detailed crystallization behavior, morphology, and thermal properties of neat polylactide and the corresponding composites were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and wide angle X‐ray diffraction techniques. The results showed that the crystallization and thermal characteristics of neat PLA were influenced significantly by the presence of palygorskite nanoparticles. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40414.
Fabrication and characterization of in situ synthesized iron oxide‐modified polyimide nanoweb by needleless electrospinning
Authors: Jain Naintara , Chakraborty Joy , Tripathi Santosh Kumar , Nasim Mohammed 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTA series of poly(amic acid) (PAA) solutions were prepared by sol–gel condensation of 4,4′‐oxydianiline (ODA) and 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA), containing various wt % (5, 10, 15) of an iron oxide precursor, that is, tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III) complex. The resulting PAA solutions were electrospun at 78 kV and collected as webs of nonwoven nanofibers of diameter ∼60–70 nm and subsequently converted to iron oxide‐modified polyimide (PI) nanofibers by slow thermal imidization. Aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) and tetraethoxyorthosilicate (TEOS) were used as coupling agent and silica precursor, respectively, to enhance the compatibility between organic polymer matrix and inorganic moieties. SEM images reveal smooth and defect‐free surface morphologies of the nanofibers. Superparamagnetic properties of the nanofibers were revealed by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). FT‐infrared spectroscopy (IR), powder XRD, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to systematically characterize material structural properties, thermal stabilities, etc. Nanowebs showed excellent thermal stability around 446°C, with a glass transition temperature around 270°C. The above study demonstrates a good example for fabrication of highly thermally stable bead‐free nanofiber webs by needleless electrospinning. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40432.
Elucidation of the Enantioselective Cyclohexane‐1,2‐dione Hydrolase Catalyzed Formation of (S)‐Acetoin
Authors: Loschonsky Sabrina , Waltzer Simon , Brecht Volker , Müller Michael 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThiamine diphosphate (ThDP) dependent enzymes catalyze the formation of acetoin (3‐hydroxybutan‐2‐one) through one of three different pathways: homocoupling of pyruvate, homocoupling of acetaldehyde, or cross‐coupling of acetaldehyde (as acceptor) and pyruvate (as donor). The enantioselectivity of the resulting acetoin is highly dependent on the particular enzyme. We established that ThDP‐dependent cyclohexane‐1,2‐dione hydrolase (CDH) is able to form (S)‐acetoin with particularly high enantioselectivity (up to 95 % ee) by all three pathways. Mechanistic studies utilizing 13C‐labeled substrates revealed an unprecedented non‐acetolactate pathway for the homocoupling of pyruvate, which explains the high enantioselectivity in the CDH‐catalyzed formation of (S)‐acetoin.
Mediatorless Immunoassay with Voltage‐Controlled Intrinsic Amplification for Ultrasensitive and Rapid Detection of Microorganism Pathogens
Authors: Wang Jiapeng , Xu Yan , Yau Siu‐Tung 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA mediator‐less immunodetection method for microorganisms is realized by incorporating the newly developed field‐effect enzymatic detection (FEED) technique with the conventional electrochemical immunosensing approach. The gating voltage of FEED facilitates the transduction of electrical signal through the bulky immune complex so that the detection does not rely on the use of mediators or other diffusional substances. The voltage‐controlled intrinsic amplification provided by the detection system allows detection in low‐concentration samples without target pre‐enrichment, leading to ultrasensitive and rapid detection. The detection approach is demonstrated with E. coli O157:H7, a model microorganism, in milk with an estimated detection limit of 20 CFU mL−1 (where CFU is a colony‐forming unit) without performing sample pre‐enrichment and centrifugation of sample followed by the resuspension of the pellet in a buffer solution, resulting in a significantly shortened assay time of 67 min. Optimizing the gating voltage resulted in the detection of 12 CFU mL−1 of the bacterium in milk. The novel detection approach can be used as a detection platform for ultrasensitive, specific and rapid detection of microorganism pathogens.
An accurate test for the equality of covariance matrices from decomposable graphical Gaussian models
Authors: Wu Yanyan , Massam Hélène , Wong Augustine 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper derives a saddlepoint based approximation for the cumulative distribution function of the Bartlett–Box M‐statistic that tests the equality of covariance matrices for several samples from graphical Gaussian models Markov with respect to a decomposable graph. The proposed saddlepoint‐based method has third‐order accuracy (). Simulation results show that the proposed method has extremely good coverage properties even when the sample size is small. We apply our method to the well‐known Call Centre data set and show that the covariance matrix is not constant through time.The Canadian Journal of Statistics42: 61–77; 2014 © 2014 Statistical Society of Canada
Targeted Fluorination of a Nonsteroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drug to Prolong Metabolic Half‐Life
Authors: Shaughnessy Maxwell J. , Harsanyi Antal , Li Jingji , Bright Tara , Murphy Cormac D. , Sandford Graham 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn drug design, one way of improving metabolic stability is to introduce fluorine at a metabolically labile site. In the early stages of drug design, identification of such sites is challenging, and a rapid method of assessing the effect of fluorination on a putative drug’s metabolic stability would be of clear benefit. One approach to this is to employ micro‐organisms that are established as models of drug metabolism in parallel with the synthesis of fluorinated drug analogues. In this study, we have used the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans to identify the metabolically labile site of the nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug flurbiprofen, to aid in the design of fluorinated derivatives that were subsequently synthesised. The effect of the additional fluorine substitution on cytochrome P450‐catalysed oxidation was then determined via incubation with the fungus, and demonstrated that fluorine substitution at the 4′‐position rendered the drug inactive to oxidative transformation, whereas substitution of fluorine at either 2′ or 3′ resulted in slower oxidation compared to the original drug. This approach to modulating the metabolic stability of a drug‐like compound is widely applicable and can be used to address metabolic issues of otherwise good lead compounds in drug development.