bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zinc–Porphyrin Dyes with Different meso‐Aryl Substituents for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: Experimental and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Sirithip Kanokkorn , Prachumrak Narid , Rattanawan Rattanawalee , Keawin Tinnagon , Sudyoadsuk Taweesak , Namuangruk Supawadee , Jungsuttiwong Siriporn , Promarak Vinich 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA series of new zinc–porphyrin dyes that contain different meso substituents (phenyl, carbazole phenyl, and carbazole thiophenyl groups) and bithiophenyl cyanoacrylic acid as the π‐conjugated anchoring moiety were designed, synthesized, and characterized as sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The effects of these meso substituents on the properties of the porphyrin dyes were theoretically and experimentally investigated. By meso substitution of the porphyrin ring with carbazole‐aryl moieties, the short‐circuit current (Jsc) and open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of the DSSCs were improved as was the power conversion efficiency (η) owing to the influence of both the suppression of dye aggregations and the enhanced charge separation and charge‐injection efficiency of the dye to TiO2 films. Among these dyes, ZnPCPA made of the carbazole phenyl meso substituents gave rise to the highest η of 6.24 % (Jsc=13.38 mA cm−2, Voc=0.66 V, and fill factor of 0.71).
Universal evolution mechanisms and energy conversion characteristics of long‐lived mesoscale vortices over the Sichuan Basin
Authors: Fu Shenming , Li Wanli , Sun Jianhua , Zhang Jingping , Zhang Yuanchun 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe mesoscale southwest vortices (SWVs) over the Sichuan Basin during the summer of 2000–2013 were detected and tracked based on a high‐resolution reanalysis data and station observations. Four types of SWV were classified according to dynamical and thermodynamical standards, and their main features were compared. This study presents the first analysis of the universal evolution mechanisms and energy conversion characteristics of long‐lived SWVs by using the vorticity and kinetic energy budgets, as well as a new composite method under a normalized polar coordinate. Also, this study is the first work to reveal the three‐dimensional shape of SWVs.
Septal projections to nucleus incertus in the rat: Bidirectional pathways for modulation of hippocampal function
Authors: Sánchez‐Pérez Ana M. , Arnal‐Vicente Isabel , Santos Fabio N. , Pereira Celia W. , ElMlili Nisrin , Sanjuan Julio , Ma Sherie , Gundlach Andrew L. , Olucha‐Bordonau Francisco E. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTProjections from the nucleus incertus (NI) to the septum have been implicated in the modulation of hippocampal theta rhythm. In this study we describe a previously uncharacterized projection from the septum to the NI, which may provide feedback modulation of the ascending circuitry. Fluorogold injections into the NI resulted in retrograde labeling in the septum that was concentrated in the horizontal diagonal band and areas of the posterior septum including the septofimbrial and triangular septal nuclei. Double‐immunofluorescent staining indicated that the majority of NI‐projecting septal neurons were calretinin‐positive and some were parvalbumin‐, calbindin‐, or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)−67‐positive. Choline acetyltransferase‐positive neurons were Fluorogold‐negative. Injection of anterograde tracers into medial septum, or triangular septal and septofimbrial nuclei, revealed fibers descending to the supramammillary nucleus, median raphe, and the NI. These anterogradely labeled varicosities displayed synaptophysin immunoreactivity, indicating septal inputs form synapses on NI neurons. Anterograde tracer also colocalized with GAD‐67‐positive puncta in labeled fibers, which in some cases made close synaptic contact with GAD‐67‐labeled NI neurons. These data provide evidence for the existence of an inhibitory descending projection from medial and posterior septum to the NI that provides a "feedback loop" to modulate the comparatively more dense ascending NI projections to medial septum and hippocampus. Neural processes and associated behaviors activated or modulated by changes in hippocampal theta rhythm may depend on reciprocal connections between ascending and descending pathways rather than on unidirectional regulation via the medial septum. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:565–588, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel scheme for denitrifying biological phosphorus removal via nitrite from nutrient‐rich anaerobic effluents in a short‐cut sequencing batch reactor
Authors: Frison Nicola , Katsou Evina , Malamis Simos , Fatone Francesco 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn this work a novel scheme was developed for nitrifying and denitrifying biological phosphorus removal via nitrite, the anaerobic co‐digestate of waste activated sludge, and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR).RESULTSThe on‐site available fermentation liquid of OFMSW was used to promote the biological via nitrite nutrient removal. The specific phosphorus uptake rate under anoxic conditions was, on average, 10.7 and 9.2 and mg P VSS−1 h−1 and occurred at nitrite concentrations exceeding 10 mg L−1 and up to 140 mg L−1. Biomass was able to acclimatise and cope with such nitrite concentrations and denitrifying phosphorus‐accumulating organisms steadily developed. From the phosphorus mass balances, the phosphorus removal was mainly attributed to phosphorus‐accumulating organisms (68–71%) and partly to heterotrophic biomass growth (19–22%).CONCLUSIONSThe denitrifying biological phosphorus removal via nitrite can be successfully integrated into existing municipal plants of anaerobic co‐digestion for short‐cut nitrogen removal and enhanced biological phosphorus accumulation. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Suppression of spring rain by surface greening over North China Plain
Authors: Zhang Xuezhen , Tang Qiuhong , Zheng Jingyun , Ge Quansheng , Mao Rui 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSurface greenness and rainfall in spring have changed from the 1980s to 1990s over the North China Plain (NCP). The greenness changes are characterized by large increase in north and little in south with an obvious greening zone from the centre of the NCP to the northeast. The rainfall change has a similar spatial pattern with reversed sign. The correlation between changes in greenness and rainfall is significant and the correlation (r = −0.71,p < 0.001) is highest for light rainfall. The number of light rainfall days decreased by only ∼10% at the stations where the Normalized Differences Vegetation Index (NDVI) did not change, whereas it decreased by up to ∼30% at the stations where NDVI increased by 20%. Further analyses found that surface greening increased evaporation wetting the atmosphere and, meanwhile, reduced sensible heat flux to cooling surface air. The cooling surface promotes the air stability and thus suppresses the occurrence of rainfall. This finding supports that surface cooling effects from greening play a more dominant role on occurrence of spring rainfall than the wetting effect in the NCP.
TGFβ and IL10 have an impact on risk group and prognosis in childhood ALL
Authors: Winkler B. , Taschik J. , Haubitz I. , Eyrich M. , Schlegel P.G. , Wiegering V. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundCytokines and their genes have been described to have an influence on incidence and prognosis in malignant, infectious and autoimmune disease. We previously described the impact of cytokine production on prognosis in paediatric standard‐risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL).ProcedureIn this study, we investigated the influence of cytokine gene polymorphisms (TNFα, TGFβ, IL10 and IFNγ) on frequency, risk group and prognosis in 95 paediatric ALL‐patients. We further report on intracellular production of these cytokines in T‐cells.ResultsIL10 high‐producer‐haplotypes were reduced in ALL‐patients compared with healthy controls and resulted in a reduced relapse rate compared with low‐producer haplotypes. TGFβ high‐producer‐haplotypes were correlated with a high initial blast‐count (codon 25: G/G) and were elevated in high‐risk ALL‐patients (codon 10: T/T).IL10 was positively and IFNγ‐production was negatively correlated with initial blast‐count. At diagnosis the expression of TNFα and IFNγ was reduced in patients compared with healthy controls. This was more pronounced in high‐risk and in T‐ALL‐patients.ConclusionWe conclude that gene‐polymorphisms of the regulatory/anti‐inflammatory cytokines, TGFβ and IL10, but not of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines, IFNγ and TNFα, have an impact on prognosis and risk‐group of ALL. However, the reduced capacity to produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines at diagnosis may serve as another important, functional risk factor. These data may help in further risk stratification and adaptation of therapy‐intensity in paediatric patients with ALL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:72–79. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tumour volume reduction after neoadjuvant chemotherapy impacts outcome in localised embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Dantonello Tobias M. , Stark Monika , Timmermann Beate , Fuchs Jörg , Selle Barbara , Linderkamp Christin , Handgretinger Rupert , Hagen Rudolf , Feuchtgruber Simone , Kube Stefanie , Kosztyla Daniel , Kazanowska Bernarda , Ladenstein Ruth , Niggli Felix , Ljungman Gustaf , Bielack Stefan S. , Klingebiel Thomas , Koscielniak Ewa ,   on behalf of the Cooperative Weichteilsarkom Studiengruppe [CWS]
Published: September 2014

BackgroundResponse (tumour volume reduction) to induction chemotherapy has been used to stratify secondary local and systemic treatment of Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group III (IRSG‐III) embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RME) in consecutive CWS‐trials. To evaluate its actual impact we studied response‐related treatment and outcomes.ProcedurePatients with IRSG‐III RME <21 years and non‐response (NR, <33% volume reduction) in five consecutive CWS‐trials were analysed and compared with partial responders (PAR, ≥33% reduction). The NR was reviewed and sub‐classified as Objective Response (OR, <0%–33% reduction) or Stable/Progressive Disease (SPD).ResultsFifty‐nine of 529 patients had NR (n = 34 OR, n = 25 SPD). Primary risk‐factors including age, tumour size, and TN‐classification did not differ between NR and PAR groups but NR had more patients with unfavourable sites comparatively (P = 0.04). There were no differences in primary risk‐factors between OR and SPD. Significant factors associated with poor outcome in multivariate analysis were NR, TN‐classification, age >10 years, tumour size >5 cm and therapy in older trials. After response assessment n = 24 NR continued to receive induction chemotherapy, n = 32 received other combinations and n = 3 no further chemotherapy. Forty‐two non‐responders were irradiated, and the tumours were completely resected in n = 20. After a median follow‐up of 8 years, 34 NR are alive. Seventeen of 21 failures leading to disease‐related deaths were locoregional. The five‐year overall survival rate (OS) was 76 ± 4% for PAR, 79 ± 14% for OR, but only 40 ± 19% for SPD (P < 0.001).ConclusionResponse to induction chemotherapy appears to be an important surrogate marker of poor outcome in patients with SPD largely due to ineffective local control. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:16–23. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topical analgesia treats pain and decreases propofol use during lumbar punctures in a randomized pediatric leukemia trial
Authors: Whitlow Puja G. , Saboda Kathylynn , Roe Denise J. , Bazzell Susan , Wilson Cera 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundLumbar punctures are frequently performed in pediatric leukemia for central nervous system leukemic prophylaxis. The contribution of local anesthetic with deep sedation is unknown. The objective was to evaluate EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) cream as a pain reliever in conjunction with propofol in the setting of routine lumbar punctures.ProcedureWe included patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia aged 3–21 years requiring at least two routine lumbar punctures. Patients were randomly assigned to receive EMLA or placebo cream and the alternate treatment with the second procedure. Patients, personnel and outcome assessors were blinded to allocation. The primary outcome included three indirect measures of pain: total median propofol doses, patient movement and heart rate changes at the time of skin puncture in both treatment groups.ResultsTwenty‐six patients were enrolled and 25 were analyzed. With EMLA cream, 4 mg/kg (median) of propofol was required (95% CI 3.5–4.4). With placebo, 4.9 mg/kg of propofol was needed (95% CI 4.3–5.6; P = 0.008). When EMLA cream was applied, 8% of patients moved, whereas 84% moved with placebo cream (P < 0.0001). There was a lower average heart rate by seven beats in the EMLA treatment compared to placebo (95% CI −2.3–4.3; 4.1–12.4; P = 0.009). There were no adverse events in either treatment group.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that the combination of EMLA cream with propofol is beneficial. Topical analgesics are at the discretion of the oncologist, allowing us to advocate for patients by providing safe and efficacious pain management for lumbar punctures. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:85–90. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coronary artery dilation and left ventricular hypertrophy do not predict morbidity in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Johnson Mark C. , Johnikin Micean J. , Euteneuer Joshua C. , DeBaun Michael R. , Hildebolt Charles 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundLittle is known about the clinical significance of coronary artery dilation (CAD) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD).ProcedureIn a retrospective cohort, we studied the prevalence of CAD and LVH in 101 children with SCD in comparison to 93 healthy African–American patients without SCD. Hospital days, number of admissions, and intensive care unit admission after the echocardiogram were assessed as measures of morbidity.ResultsMultivariable analysis of echocardiographic measures of LVH and CAD did not predict subsequent intensive care unit admission, hospital days/year or number of hospital admissions/year during a median follow‐up time of 6.1 years. LVH as measured by left ventricular mass index was present in 46% of children with SCD and was inversely related to age (P = 0.0004). Height‐indexed dimensions in children with SCD demonstrated that the prevalence of dilation was 49% for the left main coronary artery (LMCA), 29% for the left anterior descending (LAD), and 6% for the right coronary artery (RCA). LMCA dilation was related to relative wall thickness (P = 0.006), inversely to age (P < 0.0006) and weakly to disease severity as determined by hemoglobin (P = 0.03). CAD and LVH were not related to a clinical history of vaso‐occlusive pain episode, acute chest syndrome, or cerebrovascular accident.ConclusionLVH and CAD are common findings in children with SCD; however, they are not associated with need for subsequent hospital or intensive care unit admission. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:115–119. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Control of cell migration through mRNA localization and local translation
Authors: Liao Guoning , Mingle Lisa , Van De Water Livingston , Liu Gang 
Published: September 2014

Cell migration plays an important role in many normal and pathological functions such as development, wound healing, immune defense, and tumor metastasis. Polarized migrating cells exhibit asymmetric distribution of many cytoskeletal proteins, which is believed to be critical for establishing and maintaining cell polarity and directional cell migration. To target these proteins to the site of function, cells use a variety of mechanisms such as protein transport and messenger RNA (mRNA) localization‐mediated local protein synthesis. In contrast to the former which is intensively investigated and relatively well understood, the latter has been understudied and relatively poorly understood. However, recent advances in the study of mRNA localization and local translation have demonstrated that mRNA localization and local translation are specific and effective ways for protein localization and are crucial for embryo development, neuronal function, and many other cellular processes. There are excellent reviews on mRNA localization, transport, and translation during development and other cellular processes. This review will focus on mRNA localization‐mediated local protein biogenesis and its impact on somatic cell migration. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:1–15. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1265This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
Translation > Translation Regulation
RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization
Genetic defects in dolichol metabolism
Authors: Buczkowska Anna , Swiezewska Ewa , Lefeber Dirk J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCongenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) comprise a group of inborn errors of metabolism with abnormal glycosylation of proteins and lipids. Patients with defective protein N‐glycosylation are identified in routine metabolic screening via analysis of serum transferrin glycosylation. Defects in the assembly of the dolichol linked Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 glycan and its transfer to proteins lead to the (partial) absence of complete glycans on proteins. These defects are called CDG‐I and are located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or cytoplasm. Defects in the subsequent processing of protein bound glycans result in the presence of truncated glycans on proteins. These defects are called CDG‐II and the enzymes involved are located mainly in the Golgi apparatus. In recent years, human defects have been identified in dolichol biosynthesis genes within the group of CDG‐I patients. This has increased interest in dolichol metabolism, has resulted in specific recognizable clinical symptoms in CDG‐I and has offered new mechanistic insights in dolichol biosynthesis. We here review its biosynthetic pathways, the clinical and biochemical phenotypes in dolichol‐related CDG defects, up to the formation of dolichyl‐P‐mannose (Dol‐P‐Man), and discuss existing evidence of regulatory networks in dolichol metabolism to provide an outlook on therapeutic strategies.
Committing under the shadow of tomorrow: Self‐control and commitment to future virtuous behaviors
Authors: Ein‐Gar Danit 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIndividuals acknowledge the importance of engaging in virtuous behaviors, but find them difficult. Past research suggests that a distant‐future focus may result in more commitment. This research demonstrates that, for certain consumers, distant‐future execution timing may discourage commitment. Specifically, whereas low self‐control consumers are indeed more likely to commit to distant‐future behaviors, high self‐control consumers are more likely to commit to near‐future behaviors. This is demonstrated when commitment does not hold a cost (study 1), but also when it does (study 2). Consumers' time availability certainty underlies the effect: Low self‐control consumers feel more certain that in the distant future they will be able to identify the time necessary to fulfill their commitments, whereas high self‐control consumers feel more certain regarding their ability to identify their available time in the near future (studies 3a–3b). The effect is shown to occur only when the commitment's time of execution reflects different levels of time concreteness: The effect is eliminated among consumers who perceive the near and distant future as equally concrete or abstract (study 4).
Collaboration in Multi‐Partner R&D Projects: The Impact of Partnering Scale and Scope
Authors: Mishra Anant , Chandrasekaran Aravind , MacCormack Alan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHow can firms design collaboration structures for effective performance in R&D projects that involve multiple partners? To address this question, we examine the theoretical underpinnings of collaboration structures in multi‐partner R&D projects—i.e., the scale and the scope of partnering efforts. Partnering scale captures the extent of resource interdependencies between a firm and its partners; partnering scope captures both the breadth and depth of the interdependencies between a firm and its partners. Using primary data from 147 multi‐partner R&D projects, we develop and test hypotheses that examine the impact of partnering scale and scope decisions on partnering performance. Results indicate that partnering scale has a curvilinear relationship with partnering performance. That is, intermediate levels of partnering scale are associated with higher partnering performance, compared to low or high levels of partnering scale. However, we also find that the nature of this relationship is moderated by the sub‐dimensions of partnering scope. Specifically, increase in partnering breadth appears to magnify the negative effect of partnering scale on performance. In contrast, increase in partnering depth appears to overcome this negative effect, allowing firms to operate at higher levels of partnering scale. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach to designing collaboration structures for multi‐partner R&D projects.
Vergangenheit und Nichtvergehenwollendes: Der ÖGD im Nationalsozialismus
Authors: Donhauser Johannes 
Published: September 2014

Einleitung
Der ÖGD in Deutschland wurde im Nationalsozialismus gegründet. Für ihre rassistische Bevölkerungspolitik benötigten die Nazis eine gut funktionierende, zentral gesteuerte Verwaltungsstruktur. Herzstück war das neu organisierte Gesundheitsamt unter staatlicher Aufsicht. Die nazistische „Erb- und Rassenpflege“ fungierte als ideologisches Fundament für Zwangssterilisierungen, Eheverbote und Krankenmord.
The determination of turbulence-model statistics from the velocity–acceleration correlation
Authors: Pope Stephen B. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFor inhomogeneous turbulent flows at high Reynolds number, it is shown that the redistribution term in Reynolds-stress turbulence models can be determined from the velocity–acceleration correlation. It is further shown that the drift coefficient in the generalized Langevin model (which is used in probability density function (PDF) methods) can be determined from the Reynolds stresses and the velocity–acceleration correlation. These observations are valuable, since the second moments of velocity and acceleration can be measured in experiments, in direct numerical simulations and in well-resolved large-eddy simulations (LES), and hence these turbulence-model quantities can be determined. The redistribution is closely related to the pressure–rate-of-strain, and the unknown in the PDF equation is closely related to the conditional mean pressure gradient (conditional on velocity). In contrast to the velocity–acceleration moments, these pressure statistics are much more difficult to obtain, and our knowledge of them is quite limited. It is also shown that the generalized Langevin model can be re-expressed to provide a direct connection between the drift term and the fluid acceleration. All of these results are first obtained using the constant-property Navier–Stokes equations, but it is then shown that the results are simply extended to variable-density flows.