bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resilient gender order in entrepreneurship: the case of Swedish welfare industries
Authors: Sköld Birgitta , Tillmar Malin 
Published: February 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this article is to use quantitative empirical data to analyse the degree of resilience, as well as change or reproduction of the gender order, in the era of New Public Management. The propositions are constructed based on liberal- and socialist-feminist perspectives, and discussed in light of the empirical results.Design/methodology/approach– We report from a longitudinal quantitative study of female-dominated welfare industries. Data, available from Statistics Sweden, include the total population of entrepreneurs available on the individual level. However, the level of analysis that was used in the study was in accordance with the industry level. Data were processed from an aggregated level to the most detailed level of classification.Findings– The findings reveal resilience in the prevailing gender order. The order is being reproduced in the entrepreneurship context, in most of the industries that were studied.Practical implications– The results may potentially have profound impact on entrepreneurship policy, equality policy and public sector restructuring.Originality/value– This quantitative longitudinal study shows a complex pattern on the detailed industry level, which can be understood in terms of male gender labelling of entrepreneurship. The results thus support previous qualitative studies that have observed this phenomenon. Methodologically, this paper contributes to the field by showing that without breaking down the analysis into the different female-dominated industries on a five-digit level, the various results of the public sector reforms and the attendant gendered effects would not have been revealed.
The effects of healthcare governance and ownership structure on the performance of hospitals in Ghana
Authors: Abor Patience Aseweh 
Published: February 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of health-care governance and ownership structure on the performance of hospitals in Ghana.Design/methodology/approach– The study uses multiple regression models based on a sample of 132 hospitals in Ghana.Findings– The results of the study indicate that hospitals with a governing board perform better than those without a governing board. The results of this study also suggest that board characteristics and ownership structure are important in explaining the performance of hospitals in Ghana. The results further indicate that mission-based and private hospitals with effective board governance structures exhibit better performance than public hospitals.Originality/value– This study makes a number of new and meaningful contributions to the extant literature and the findings support managerialism, stakeholder and resource dependency theories. The findings also have important implications for the effective governance of hospitals.
Social entrepreneurship in the informal economy: a case study of re-enactment festivals
Authors: Gordin Valery , Dedova Mariya 
Published: February 2015

Purpose– The paper aims to generate new information on the types of entrepreneurial activities at the re-enactment festivals and their importance for the re-enactors.Design/methodology/approach– The study consisted of two stages: a content analysis of information available through online open access and a qualitative survey of re-enactors and a qualitative survey of re-enactors was organised and spanned from November 2012 to February 2013.Findings– The paper concludes that a specific form of entrepreneurship in the Russian market characterised by creation of social capital, a high level of devotion to engagement and, at the same time, non-profit-related gains has been emerged.Research limitations/implications– The socio-cultural phenomenon of entrepreneurship within re-enactment festivals is investigated. The study may be further developed by identifying various cultural events that may be characterised by the existence of an internal festival market.Originality/value– This paper highlights social entrepreneurial activities in informal sector by the example of re-enactment festivals.
A value-creating framework for enhancing entrepreneurial learning in networks
Authors: Nieminen Lenita , Lemmetyinen Arja 
Published: February 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize and outline the social infrastructure that nurtures and strengthens cooperation in business networks promoting cultural tourism and thereby facilitates entrepreneurial learning. The role of the higher-education (HE) provider is emphasized on different levels of the value-creating framework.

Design/methodology/approach
– To explore and analyze the benefits of cooperation in business networks promoting cultural tourism as perceived by entrepreneurs, participants in the fields of both culture and tourism in two workshops were observed. From the information produced in the workshops, ethnographically oriented data were selected.

Findings
– Benefits that inspired cooperation among the members of the tourism business network were identified, which were categorized as functional, relational and symbolic. On the functional level, the actors involved, the entrepreneurs, considered it important to have an opportunity to meet and discuss in a stimulating atmosphere. The role of the HE provider at this stage was that of a facilitator, in other words, to set the scene. On the level of relational cooperation it was more important to foster relations between the network actors, and the provider’s role changed to that of a matchmaker. On the symbolic level, it is essential that all parties of the cooperation work together to find new business solutions based on common values. At this stage, the role of the HE provider is that of a co-creator.

Research limitations/implications
– As a case study, this research represents the local context of entrepreneurial cooperation in business networks promoting cultural tourism. Further study is needed to develop a framework that encompasses change in the traditional roles of the learning environment.

Practical implications
– Teaching and training approaches derive from the contexts in which micro and small businesses and their networks learn. HE offers students a safe environment in which to experiment and innovate, thereby linking student academic work to “real-life” project performance.

Originality/value
– Interaction/network theory is combined with the discussion on entrepreneurial learning.
Does Income Inequality Make Us Less Happy?
Authors: Nguyen Jeremy K. , Fleming Christopher M. , Su Jen‐Je 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis article presents evidence from Australia showing linkages between income inequality in an individual's geographical region and life satisfaction. Higher income inequality is associated with lower self‐rated life satisfaction. In contrast to expectations that inequality may primarily be an issue of concern for poorer individuals, the relationship holds strongly for higher income households, but the evidence for lower income households is less conclusive. Shadow price estimates indicate that, in order to offset the effect of annual changes in inequality over the sample period (2001–2009), an average Australian would require compensatory changes of approximately 3–9 per cent in income each year (about $3,689 in 2009).
The Australian Multi‐Factor Productivity Growth Illusion
Authors: Foster John 
Published: February 2015

AbstractOver the past decade, Australian multi‐factor productivity growth has been predominantly negative, often leading to the view that there is a ‘productivity problem’. It is shown that it is not a useful measure and is thus misleading. Exploratory econometric investigations suggest that economies of scale are the primary drivers of productivity growth. However, more research needs to be undertaken to understand the determinants of these economies of scale before any new policy to promote productivity growth is designed. There needs to be greater understanding of the underlying process of innovation that gives rise to economies of both scale and scope.
Caustic Ingestion—A Forensic Overview
Authors: Byard Roger W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe ingestion of corrosive substances may produce severe burns to the upper aerodigestive tract and stomach, particularly if the pH is greater than 12 or less than two. There is a biphasic age grouping with adult cases most often involving self‐harm and pediatric cases accidental ingestion. Three cases are reported to demonstrate characteristic features following the ingestion of potassium hydroxide, glacial acetic acid and Lysol®, respectively. All deaths were due to the effects of caustic burns to the upper aerodigestive tract, esophagus and stomach with perforation and/or hemorrhage. The extent of injuries in these cases depends on the nature, amount, and concentration of the agent and on the exposure time. A point to note at autopsy is that tissue damage may also occur from postmortem exposure. Typical injuries involve perioral, limb, and trunk burns, with extensive aerodigestive liquefactive/coagulative necrosis causing hemorrhage and perforation.
Ecological research in Australia: Identifying links versus gaps between hotspots of ecological research and biodiversity
Authors: Kumar Lalit , Khormi Hassan M. , Leis Katrina , Taylor Subhashni 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIncreasing anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity has been a cause for concern in Australia in recent years. Areas that hold high levels of endemic species and also face exceptional threats of destruction have been described as biodiversity hotspots. Ecological research focused on biodiversity hotspots will provide a better understanding of the flora and fauna of these regions and thus inform conservation strategies. Consequently, it is important to understand where biodiversity hotspots are located and how well they have been researched in the past. However, the choice of ecological research sites may be influenced by a variety of factors such as proximity to research institutions. This study utilized a geographic information system to investigate the spatial distribution of ecological research field sites in Australia and its territorial waters, the hotspots of the field sites around research institutions and the proximity of ecological research field sites from the main campus of the research institutions. Furthermore, these hotspots of ecological research were linked to biodiversity hotspots to identify the regions that were commonly depicted in the ecological literature and to identify others that may need more attention. We demonstrated that hotspots of ecological research were concentrated around research institutions, with a large number of field sites being located between 0 km and 500 km from the nearest institution, especially along the eastern coast. This study highlighted areas that have been the focus of much ecological research as well as areas that need more attention from ecologists to add new knowledge to Australian ecological science.
An Australian cohort of 210 patients with multiple invasive squamous cell carcinomas: risk factors and associated increased risk of melanoma and internal malignancies
Authors: Banan Parastoo , Marvi Salman K , McMeniman Erin , De'Ambrosis Brian 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundPatients with a history of non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) have a 50% risk of developing subsequent NMSC.13 Currently there are limited data on the association between multiple squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and the risk of other cancers, including melanomas.ObjectiveTo assess the risk factors in a cohort of 210 Australians with a history of multiple invasive SCC, focusing on the association between multiple SCC and other cancers.MethodsData were collected from patients of a private practice in south‐east Queensland.ResultsA fair complexion and childhood sun exposure were found to be common in this cohort. Approximately half the patients who had their first SCC at or before the age of 30 years subsequently developed a melanoma. There was also an increased risk of internal cancer, prostate cancer being the commonest, followed by bowel and breast cancer.ConclusionPatients with a history of multiple invasive SCC should be aware of their increased risk of future NMSC and of melanomas. The results of thisstudy suggest such patients and their care providers should also consider an appropriate screening for internal malignancies.
CD39+ regulatory T cells attenuate allergic airway inflammation
Authors: Li P. , Gao Y. , Cao J. , Wang W. , Chen Y. , Zhang G. , Robson S. C. , Wu Y. , Yang J. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryBackgroundThe suppressive mechanism of regulatory T cells (Tregs) has remained incompletely clarified. Recent studies found that CD39 expressed by Tregs may participate in the immunoregulatory role of Tregs. CD39‐induced ATP hydrolysis and/or adenosine generation contribute to the suppressive mechanism of Tregs. Previous studies suggested that ATP is involved in allergic airway inflammation by acting on type 2 purinergic (P2) receptors, but the role of CD39 and CD39+Tregs in allergic airway inflammation has not been elaborated.ObjectiveTo investigate the role and underlying mechanism of CD39 expression by Tregs in allergic airway inflammation.MethodsA model of allergic asthma was developed with ovalbumin–alum in female Cd39 wild type (Cd39+/+) and deficient (Cd39−/−) C57BL/6 mice. Foxp3‐GFP knock‐in Cd39+/+ and Cd39−/− mice were used to sort CD4+GFP+cells (Tregs) for exploring the role of CD39 expression by Tregs in allergic asthma. The effects of modulating CD39 activity with ARL67156 (inhibitor) or apyrase were also observed.ResultsARL67156 greatly worsened airway inflammation including increased lung inflammatory cells infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia, and higher levels of Th2 and Th17 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), accompanied by an increment in transcription factor (GATA‐3 and RORγt) and P2R (P2Y2, P2Y4 and P2Y6) mRNA expression in lungs. This potentiating effect was rescued by intratracheal injection of apyrase. Airway inflammation was markedly increased in Cd39−/− mice compared to Cd39+/+ mice. In contrast to CD39−Tregs, CD39+Tregs showed stronger suppressive effects on airway inflammation. In vitro suppression assay suggested that CD39+Tregs have more potent suppressive effect on cytokines secretion from CD4+CD25− responder T cells and the inhibitory effects were reduced by addition of adenosine A2A receptor antagonist.ConclusionCD39 expressed on Tregs participates in the regulation of limiting allergic airway inflammation by regulating extracellular ATP and/or adenosine. CD39 may represent a new therapeutic target for asthma.
A comparison of youth resilience across seven South African sites
Authors: van Breda Adrian D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe resilience of children and youth is an increasingly important area of research. Young people growing up in distressed communities, characterized by poverty, crime and family troubles, are particularly vulnerable. Resilience can assist these young people in navigating through these challenges towards independent living, particularly as they transition out of adolescence and into young adulthood. Children in South Africa are almost universally vulnerable, but children growing up in residential care facilities and children from poverty‐stricken communities are particularly in need of resilience. This quantitative study of 575 South African children compared their resilience in terms of individual, family and community protective factors across seven sites, including child and youth care centres, schools in poor communities and schools in middle‐class suburban communities. Contrary to expectations, the study found that children in one of the children's homes and one of the poor communities had the highest levels of resilience. Moreover, all but one of the sites scored very high on at least one of the resilience variables, suggesting unique profiles of resilience across the sites. Practice implications for child and family social work are discussed.
Esthetic Evaluation of Implant Crowns and Peri‐Implant Soft Tissue in the Anterior Maxilla: Comparison and Reproducibility of Three Different Indices
Authors: Tettamanti Sandro , Millen Christopher , Gavric Jelena , Buser Daniel , Belser Urs C , Brägger Urs , Wittneben Julia‐Gabriela 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundA successful implant reconstruction with optimal esthetics consists of a visually pleasing prosthesis and complete and healthy surrounding soft tissue. In the current literature, numerous indices used to qualitatively assess esthetics have been described. However, studies comparing the indices and their reproducibility are scarce.PurposeThe aim of this study was to compare three different esthetic indices for the evaluation of single implant‐supported crowns.Materials and MethodsA total of 10 prosthodontists (P), 10 orthodontists (O), 10 general dentists (G), and 10 lay people (L) independently performed the same assessment using 30 photographs and corresponding casts with three different esthetic indices (Peri‐Implant and Crown Index [PICI], Implant Crown Aesthetic Index [ICAI], “Pink Esthetic Score/White Esthetic Score [PES/WES]) and repeated the evaluations 4 weeks later.ResultsThe PES/WES and the PICI showed significantly higher esthetic scores (pink, white, total) and clinical acceptance compared with the ICAI in all four groups and in both assessments. The highest intraobserver agreement was achieved using the PES/WES and the least with the ICAI. The mean Kappa per group ranged from 0.18 (group L with ICAI) to 0.63 (group G with PICI).ConclusionIn comparison with the ICAI, the PES/WES and PICI were more reproducible. Therefore, PES/WES and PICI seem to be more suitable as esthetic indices for single implant crowns.
Volumetric analysis of remodelling pattern after ridge preservation comparing use of two types of xenografts. A multicentre randomized clinical trial
Authors: Barone Antonio , Toti Paolo , Quaranta Alessandro , Alfonsi Fortunato , Cucchi Alessandro , Calvo‐Guirado Jose L. , Negri Bruno , Di Felice Roberto , Covani Ugo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this randomized clinical trial was to analyse and compare the volumetric changes after ridge preservation procedures using two different biomaterials and to evaluate associations between outcome variables and pristine three‐dimensional aspects of the ridges.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐eight patients subjected to single‐tooth alveolar ridge preservation were enrolled in the present multicentre, single‐blind, prospective and randomized clinical trial. Fourteen sites were randomly allocated to each experimental group. The experimental sites were grafted with pre‐hydrated collagenated cortico‐cancellous porcine bone (coll group) or with a cortical porcine bone (cort group) and a collagen membrane; a secondary soft tissue healing was obtained for all experimental sites. Plaster casts were scanned (preoperative, at 1 and 3 months postoperative). Analysis of volumes and areas was performed, and all measured variables were statistically compared.ResultsIntragroup analyses at 3 months revealed that when examining changes related to three‐dimensional features of remodelling patterns (volume, surfaces, height and shape), the two biomaterials showed similar behaviours with a minor loss in volume and ridge surface. Intergroup analysis at 3‐month survey revealed that volume resorption of the coll group (244 mm3) was significantly lower (P = 0.0140) than that of the cort group (349 mm3). The reduction for basal surface appeared significantly different between the two groups at 1‐month survey only (P = 0.0137), while the final basal surface reduction was 4.9 and 12.2 mm2 for coll and cort group, respectively. The superior surface reduction was 40.8 mm2 for coll and 50.7 mm2 for cort group, with no significant difference between the two groups.ConclusionAt the 3rd month analysis, coll group showed a significantly lower reduction of ridge volume and a significantly smaller shrinkage of the basal area when compared to the cort group; moreover, the coll group experienced a smaller superior surface shrinkage when compared to the cort group, even though no significance was evaluated.
Optimal Digital Rights Management with Uncertain Piracy
Authors: Sun Daewon , Easley Robert , Kim Byung Cho 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTMany firms that sell digital copies of copyrighted materials online face a common dilemma: the use of digital rights management (DRM) to impede pirates can impose restrictions on legitimate use. We introduce a two‐period model in which the use of DRM in the first period affects the probability that a consumer finds a pirated copy in the second period; the threat of legal action reduces consumers’ consumption of pirated copies; and firms choose whether to sell, and at what prices, either strongly or weakly DRM‐protected products, or both. Furthermore, we incorporate the role of uncertainty concerning future levels of piracy. Using a two‐period model with uncertainty, we investigate a firm's optimal DRM strategies and present the optimal pricing strategy as well as product launch strategy under different market conditions. We find that one important characteristic of the optimal strategy is that it is optimal to maintain the same product line configuration strategy for both periods. We also characterize the conditions under which each strategy is optimal.
HIV‐associated pulmonary arterial hypertension: from bedside to the future
Authors: Correale Michele , Palmiotti Giuseppe Antonio , Lo Storto Maria Maddalena , Montrone Deodata , Foschino Barbaro Maria Pia , Di Biase Matteo , Lacedonia Donato 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life‐threatening complication ofHIVinfection. The prevalence ofHIV‐associatedPAH(HIV‐PAH) seems not to be changed over time, regardless of the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In comparison with the incidence of idiopathicPAHin the general population (1–2 per million),HIV‐infected patients have a 2500‐fold increased risk of developingPAH.HIV‐PAHtreatment is similar to that for allPAHconditions and includes lifestyle changes, general treatments and specific treatments.
Rapid detection of Fusarium circinatum propagules on trapped pine beetles
Authors: Fourrier C. , Antoine S. , Piou D. , Ioos R. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryPitch canker is a destructive disease of pine caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum. This taxon is listed as a quarantine fungus for several regional plant protection organizations throughout the world. Whereas long‐distance spread of the disease is made possible through the trade of infected pine seeds, local spread is caused by aerial dispersion or insect transportation of the fungal conidia. Developing a reliable and efficient tool to detect of F. circinatum in insects would be very useful to monitor the local spread of the pathogen. This tool would also provide the means to assess the range of insect species that could serve as potential vector of the fungus. A DNA extraction protocol was optimized and combined with a real‐time PCR test to detect F. circinatum on pine beetles. Using artificially contaminated Ips sexdentatus, it was shown that the test was able to detect down to 10 F. circinatum conidia per individual, and 20 conidia per batch of 10 insects, which is below the lowest inoculum load occurring in nature. With this technique, several batches of up to 10 insects may be analysed simultaneously, with a timescale for analysis reduced to <5 h and without the need for expertise in Fusarium taxonomy. This tool may be useful to monitor potential spread of the pathogen across regions. Using this method, to date, despite F. circinatum foci occurred in Northern Spanish regions across the border in France, the pathogen was not found on I. sexdentatus.