bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is It Feasible to Make Common Carriers of Natural Gas Transmission Lines?
Authors: Wyer Samuel S. 
Published: June 2014

Over 8,000,000 people in the United States depend on natural gas for theircooking, heating and lighting service. This service has been made possible onlyby the investment of large amounts of capital in transportation linesconnecting the gas wells to the various communities, thus combining a hazardousmining operation with a public utility service. The effect that making theselines "common carriers" will have on the present and future service tothese 8,000,000 or more people is of far reaching ethical and economicimportance, and deserves careful consideration. As an introduction, it must beconceded that:Natural gas, although a mineral and obtained by a mining operation with moreuncontrollable and uncertain features to cope with than exist in the mining ofcoal or other minerals when served to the public becomes a public utilityservice.The governmental power to regulate all public utilities in the interests ofthe public cannot be successfully disputed.Mere suggestion of inconvenience to the utility is wholly irrelevant, as itcannot be considered or allowed to influence in making a defense againstgovernmental regulation. Unfortunately it is not generally appreciated that:Legislative enactments are not necessarily laws, and cannot abrogateeconomic laws or alter engineering facts.There is a clear distinction between "common carrier' and "publicutility," although the terms are frequently confused. "A common carrieris one who undertakes for hire to transport persons or goods, or both, fromplace to place for all persons indifferently, the term implying indifference asto whom shall be served, and an equal readiness to serve all who apply, in theorder of their application."
On the other hand, property becomes a "public utility" only "whenfor a particular purpose the public have a right to resort to the premises and make use of them."
It is, therefore, important to note that not all public utilities can beregarded as common carriers.
AIME 048–42
The Origin of Petroleum
Authors: Von Hofer Hans 
Published: June 2014

Apart from the hypothesis of a cosmic origin (which failed of acceptancebecause it was not adequately supported by facts), the only important controversy concerning the origin of petroleum has been, fora, long time, between the advocates of inorganic and of organic origin respectively. Each of these theories has had along history of development, and is still being perfected, under the influence of two causes:the increasinglyextensive and thorough study of the oil-fields (of which new examples are periodically discovered and opened; andthe progressof synthetic experiments devoted to this question.
Moreover, the advance in our physical and chemical knowledge of theproperties of this peculiar natural product has necessarily modified all criticism of conflicting views.

I. The Hypothesis of Inorganic Origin
That the nation of an inorganic origin of petroleum, first set forth byBerthelot in 1866, and afterward ingeniously developed and formulated by Mendelejeff, should thus have proceeded chieflyfrom chemists, is quite natural; for the question was one of possible chemical processes in the earth's interior, and of imaginedchemical reactions to be verified by experiment. Hypotheses of this kind were suggested by many chemists, of whomtwo, P. Sabatier and J. H. Senderens, may be specially named by reason of their highly interesting chemicalexperiments.
Among geologists, Mendelejeff's hypothesis was received at first with muchinterest and favor; for it rested on the assumption of a central terrestrial mass of iron carbide, and the geologistshad good reasons for adopting that assumption.
Yet comparatively few of them attempted to furnish geological proofs of thehypothesis: the majority either silently believed in it, or for one or another reason rejected it altogether.
An apparently weighty support of Mendelejeff's view was furnished by theAmerican, G. F. Becker, who found in the oil-regions of the United States important and abnormal disturbances of the isogons ofterrestrial magnetism, and inferred that in these regions the central iron mass must come nearer to the surface thanelsewhere.
AIME 048–43
Rock Disturbances Theory of Petroleum Emanations vs. the Anti-clinal or Structural Theory of Petroleum Accumulations
Authors: Coste Eugene 
Published: June 2014

Although some of the observers who first paid especial attention to theoccurrences of oil and gas in the strata (such as Hunt in 1859, Andrews in1861; Winchell in 1865, Mendelejeff in 1876, Hofer in 1876, Minshall in 1881, and I. C. White in 1883) seem to have been impressed with the fact that oil andgas deposits were connected with the disturbances in the rocks caused by theirupheaval yet, with the exception of Mendelejeff, and possibly Andrews, theseobservers do not appear to have understood what is really the one essentialfactor in the occurrence of oil and gas in the strata: viz., the faulting, uplifting, fracturing, fissuring, and jointing always accompanying even slightrock disturbances, and in certain districts (petroliferous province) allowingsolfataric hydrocarbon emanations to force their way up from the interior andto reach and impregnate the porous portions of sediments subjected to thedisturbances. Instead of this simple explanation to account for the observedconnection between petroleum deposits and rock disturbances, most of theobservers mentioned above, and many others who have followed them on the samelines since, have entirely reversed the problem. To them, instead of thedissemination of gases from fissures into the sediments, it presented theaccumulation and concentration, according to anti-clinal or other geologicstructures, of oil and gas originally present throughout the whole mass of thestrata where they were produced by the decomposition or distillation of organicremains.
Whether this important problem involves accumulation from sources within thestrata themselves, or infiltration and dissemination from out- side sources, may be easily determined if all preconceived ideas are put aside and theestablished facts only are considered.
AIME 048–44
The Russian Oil Fields
Authors: Adiassevich A. 
Published: June 2014

Petroleum has been found in Russia in various localities from north tosouth, as may be seen from the list given below:In the basin of the Petchora river, Northern Russia.In the basin of the Volga river, in the governments of Samara andSaratoff.In the government of Astrakhan and in the Uralsk territory, close to thenorthern and eastern coast of the Caspian Sea.At Grozny in Northeastern Caucasus.In the Daghestan territory, Eastern Caucasus, on the Caspian Sea.On the Apsheron peninsula (Baku and other districts) close to the CaspianSea shore.On the island of Tcheleken in the Caspian Sea, also on the island ofSviatoi.In the Transcaspian territory on the Neftianaia Gora (Oil hill) and on thesurrounding hills.In the Ferghana valley in Russian Central Asia.On the Kertch and Taman peninsulas on the Black sea.In Siberia it has been discovered in the Transbaikal territory and on theisland of Sakhalin.
In the above-mentioned districts petroleum has been found to exist underdifferent geological conditions and to vary in its chemical and physicalproperties.
At the present time petroleum is produced in Russia at Baku, Grozny, on theisland of Tcheleken, in the Ferghana district, and in the Uralsk territory. Theyearly production in 1912 throughout the Russian Empire amounted to 69,400,000barrels, of which the Baku fields were responsible for 52,000,000 barrels. Thisshows that the Balm fields on the Apsheron peninsula are the chiefoil-producing centers in Russia, being at the same time the oldest of all ouroil fields. In this paper I shall discuss the Baku fields only, leaving all theothers until a later date.
The Apsheron peninsula in the Eastern Caucasus protrudes into the Caspian seain the shape of a triangle some 47 miles long covering a total area of some 750square miles.
AIME 048–48
Some New Methods for Estimating the Future Production of Oil Wells
Authors: Lewis J.O. , Beal Carl  H. 
Published: June 2014

Introduction
Oil wells usually reach their maximum daily output shortly after they arecompleted. From that time they decline in production; the rapidity of declinedepending on the output of the wells and on other factors governing theirproductivity. The production curve of a well shows the amount of oil producedper unit of time for several consecutive periods; if the conditions affectingthe rate of production are not changed by outside influences, the curve will befairly regular, and, if projected, will furnish useful knowledge as to thefuture production of the well. By the aid of this knowledge the value of aproperty may be judged, and proper depletion and depreciation charges may bemade on the books of the operating company. Certain difficulties peculiar tooil production are encountered when estimating the future production of oilwells, and the oil producer has been more uncertain regarding the futureproduction of his property than the producer of almost any other mineral.
In recent years much attention has been devoted to this problem, andconsiderable progress has been made in the development of methods forestimating future production. As valuable as these methods are, to the producerwho knows how to use them, they still leave much to be desired in accuracy andease of application. Methods are needed that are more dependable, that willfurnish closer estimates from data obtainable early in the life of theproperty, that show the limitation of the estimates, and that may be quicklyand easily applied. The present paper discusses some new methods which meetsome of these requirements.
So far as we know, the information given is new. The methods outlined havegreatly assisted us in evaluating oil properties in certain fields during thelast 2 years, and if confirmed by data now being gathered in other fields, their value will be still greater. Although the deductions here presented havebeen derived from enough data to warrant the belief that further investigationswill confirm them, some of them are advanced only tentatively.
AIME 059–48
Age of the Oil in Southern Oklahoma Fields
Authors: Powers Sidney 
Published: June 2014

Introduction
Since the opening of the Wheeler oil and gas field in Carter County and thediscovery of oil near Lawton, Comanche County, Okla., in 1904, interest hasbeen aroused regarding the origin of the oil in the Permian ?Red Bed? regionwhich lies between the Wichita and Arbuckle Mountains on the north and the RedRiver on the south. The later development of the Healdton, Loco, Duncan, Fox, and Graham fields south and west of the Arbuckle Mountains has brought theregion into prominence, Recent discoveries of Ordovician and of Pennsylvanianfossils in wells in the Healdton field and of Pennsylvanian fossils in the Foxand Graham fields are of such importance from a scientific and a commercialstandpoint that the occurrences and the problems arising therefrom are herebriefly described.
Producing oil and gas sands in the southern Oklahoma fields, with the exceptionof those in the Cretaceous and underlying rocks in the vicinity of Madill, Marshall County, are associated with the Permian ?Red Beds? or with theunderlying Paleozoic strata. In the two fields farthest south of the ArbuckleMountains, Healdton and Loco, production has been entirely confined to sands atdepths of 700 to 1400 ft. (213 to 416 m.) and only recently has a producingsand as deep as 1860 ft. (567 m.) been encountered. These sands are found nearand below the base of the red rocks and were supposed by Wegemann and Heald tobelong in large part to the basal Permian, Wichita formation, or to theimmediately underlying formations. Fossils in the blue shales and in thelimestones associated with the deeper sands now prove them to be Pennsylvanianand all the producing sands at Healdton are found to be of this age.
AIME 059–51
Possible Existence of Deep-seated Oil Deposits on Gulf Coast
Authors: Lucas Anthony F. 
Published: June 2014

The discovery of oil in 1901 on the Spindletop dome, Texas, inaugurated anew industry on the Gulf Coast, an industry which has grown with the discoveryof successive fields, until today it engages the services of thousands ofworkers and employs enormous capital. New fields are being discovered from timeto time and doubtless some still remain to be found, though of late yearsdiscoveries have become more infrequent. Nowadays several hundred dry holes aredrilled each year in a fruitless and blind effort to discover new fields, foras yet geologic science has developed no effectual method of locating thecoastal oil deposits in advance of drilling.
Moreover, despite the occasional discovery of new fields, the totalproduction of the Gulf Coast is today no greater than it was in 1906, for theadded production of the new fields has been offset by the rapid decline andmore or less complete exhaustion of some of the older ones. Careful geologicwork within the fields has in some cases increased the production temporarily, but has developed no really new supplies. The Gulf Coast oil industry seems tohave passed its period of greatest expansion and to be declining at a fairlysteady rate, and this condition is naturally viewed with alarm by the morefarsighted operators.
In my opinion, the time has come for the adoption of radical and aggressivemethods of prospecting; and a fraction of the money wasted yearly in drillingshallow wells in hopeless locations might well be devoted to this purpose. Manyfacts lead me to believe that all the salt-dome oil has had a common origin;that it has migrated up from considerable depth along lines of structuralweakness; and that a deep well, properly located, stands an excellent chance ofdiscovering the parent reservoir and thus of developing new and probably greatsupplies. This paper is presented as a discussion - necessarily hypotheticaland based largely on personal opinion - of the possibility of encounteringdeep-seated oil deposits beneath the salt domes.

Salt-Dome Structure
All of the oil produced in the coastal region of Texas and Louisiana isprobably associated with salt domes, though in Goose Creek, Edgerly, and one ortwo other fields no salt has yet been actually penetrated.
AIME 061–46
Oil Fields of Persia
Authors: Hunter Campbell M. 
Published: June 2014

Petroleum is found in almost every province in Persia. On the northernfrontier, along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, it is found near Enzelliand Shakhtesar and gas at Khoremabad. Oil is also found at Gumish Tepe, northwest of Astrabad, on the southeastern shore of the Caspian Sea. Furtherinland, to the south of Astrabad, oil is found at Dchahkuh-i-balae, also on themargin of the Khorasan desert at Semnan, 115 mi. (35 m.) east of Teheran.
Along the western frontier, from northwest to southeast, oil is encounteredat Ouschachi, north of Lake Urumieh; in the province of Azerbaijan, at Zohab, Khanikin, and other places in. the district of Kormanshah in the province ofArdelan. Further south, in the province of Luristan, oil is found east ofMendeli and in the Pusht-i-kuh districts. Considerable quantities of oil arealso obtained from Schuster, Maidani-Naphtun, Ram-Hormuz, Beheban, which arealmost on a straight line, running northwest and southeast along the foothil1sof the Bakhtiari Mountains. At Ahwaz, in the province of Arabistan, oil hasbeen found along another range of hills whose axis also lies in anorthwest-southeast direction.
In the Fars province, boring for oil has taken place at Daliki, andindications of oil are found at Kheri, Fasa, Darab, and other places. A gasshow is also recorded at Kuhi-Sung-Atush in this province, 30 mi. (48 km.) eastof Darab. In the south of Persia, oil is encountered on Qishm Island, also atAhmedi and other places north of Bunder Abbas. On the southeastern frontier, oil is found on the Sarhad range of hills. Thus, oil indications have beennoted over a distance of approximately 1100 mi. along the western and 700 mi.along the northern frontiers of Persia.

History
The first working of oil in Persia of which there is any record took placeat Kir-ab-us, Susiana, now known as Kirab, about 57 mi. northwest of Schuster.Herodotus (about B. C. 450) reported a well near Ardericca that produced threedifferent substances; namely, asphalt, salt, and oil. The oil, which was blackand had a strong smell, was called Rhadamance by the Persians.
AIME 065–06
Oil Possibilities in Northern Alabama
Authors: Semmes Douglas R. 
Published: June 2014

The possible oil territory of Alabama can be readily divided into tworegions, the Paleozoic area of the north, and the Coastal Plain province of Cretaceous and younger formations lying to the south. This latter area hasreceived much attention in the last few years and has been described by anumber of writers. Although the possibilities of the Cretaceous series havebeen much emphasized by recent writers, the fact remains that the two, orpossibly three, localities where oil or gas have been found in anything likepaying quantities are confined to the area of Carboniferous rocks. Moreover, almost all of the oil seeps and a good percentage of the gas seeps are confinedto this area.
Topographically, as well as structurally, the Paleozoic area can be dividedinto three rather well defined provinces:The broad, open Coosa Valleylying adjacent to the crystalline oldland, with comparatively little relief, except for occasional longitudinal ridges and rather intense folding;theplateau region of horizontal or gently warped Pennsylvanian strata broken byoccasional anticlinal valleys aligned northeast and southwest, outliers of theCoosa Valley proper, in which the older Paleozoic formations are exposed - aregion of much relief (200 to 300 ft.) and thorough dissection, well wooded, and of little agricultural importance; andthe Tennessee Valley region ofhorizontal or gently warped Pennsylvanian and Mississippian strata, where therelief is not so marked, the wooded area is less extensive, and the country isof more importance agriculturally.

Stratigraphy
The following generalized section gives an approximate idea of the thicknessand lithologic character of the formations of the region as a whole. TheCarboniferous series, especially, shows lateral variations of strikingprominence, but certain horizons are persistent throughout the area.
AIME 065–17
Irvine Oil District, Kentucky
Authors: St. Clair Stuart 
Published: June 2014

In view of the great interest shown in the oil possibilities of Kentucky, one is impressed with the paucity of reliable literature on the oil fields ofthe state. A few brief reports by the Federal and State Geological Surveys areabout the only reliable data available. When the estimated production figures, for 1918, are published by the U. S. Geological Survey, they will show arevival of the oil industry in the Blue Grass State during the past halfdecade. There will also be an increase in the production for 1919 and 1920, atleast. Although as an oil-producing state Kentucky is small, compared with someof the other oil states, the present production and the area of undrilledproved territory is large enough to classify it as one of the important oilstates of the Union. This paper will be confined to the Irvine District and theimmediately adjoining areas which have been prospected with varying success.The Corniferous limestone or Irvine sand is the oil-producing formation in thearea discussed.
In my divisional nomenclature, the Irvine District includes the Irvine field, which extends from the town of Irvine eastward toward Campton; the Big Sinkingarea, which joins and lies to the south of the eastern part of the Irvinefield; the Beattyville area, which lies to the north and northeast of the townof that name and joins the Big Sinking area; and the Ross Creek pool, whichlies to the southwest of the big production and across the Kentucky River.Except for the Ross Creek pool, the main producing area is bounded on the eastby the L. &E. R. R. and on the west and south by the Irvine Branch of theL. &N. R. R. Winchester and Lexington form the gateways and Torrent on theeast, Irvine on the west, and Beattyville on the south are the principleentrances to the main fields. Evelyn, on the L. &N. R. R., south ofIrvine, is the point of entrance to the Ross Creek area.

Geology
The geology of the Irvine District is very simple. The rock formations withwhich the oil man should acquaint himself lie between the lower measures of thePennsylvanian sandstones and shales and the Devonian or Corniferous limestone, or Irvine formation. Only a very brief description of these formations will begiven, as they have been described fully by E. W. Shaw.
AIME 065–20
Value of American Oil-shales
Authors: Baskerville Charles 
Published: June 2014

Shales containing "kerogen," or bituminous matter, which ondestructive distillation yield oily and tarry matters resembling petroleum arehere designated as oil-shales. They differ from oil-bearing shales from whichpetroleum may be obtained by so-called mechanical means. The educts obtained bythe destructive distillation resemble some or all the varieties of petroleum, depending on the character of the shale and the mode of treatment. Some shaleoils have a paraffin base, some an asphaltic base, or a combination; some runhigh in sulfur compounds. The methods of refining and cracking, therefore, areessentially the same as are used in refining petroleums.
In 1860, in this country, over fifty companies were successfully distillingvarious natural bituminous materials for the production of "coal oil,"used for illuminating purposes. The discovery of petroleum and the failure ofthese companies to save and utilize the valuable byproduct, ammonia, broughtabout their inevitable doom. Prior to that time, more or less successfulefforts were made to produce from the shales of Scotland oils for illuminatingand heating purposes. Competition of native petroleum from the United Statesearly eliminated some of these companies and with the entrance of oil from theRussian and other fields into the world's markets, the Scottish oil-shaleindustry underwent serious and trying experiences until, in 1916, only four(Scottish) were paying concerns. These survived only through energy and theapplication of skill in saving valuable byproducts.
A few companies have successfully operated in France and New Zealand. TheCanadian Government showed active interest in the New Brunswick shales, whichexist in quantity and are more valuable than the Scottish shales. The retardeddevelopment of that valuable asset of the Province of New Brunswick was mostunfortunate, especially when the product was so much needed in the prosecutionof the war.
AIME 065–24