bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical-Pathologic Correlation: Vitrectomy With Epiretinal and Internal Limiting Membrane Peel
Authors: DeMarchis Emilia H. , Pershing Suzann , Moshfeghi Darius M. 
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To correlate clinical and pathologic findings in vitreoretinal surgeries with epiretinal membrane (ERM) and internal limiting membrane (ILM) peels.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
A retrospective review of the clinical and pathologic reports for 698 vitrectomy specimens involving ERM and/or ILM peels from 2008 to 2012.

RESULTS:
Labeling with clear operative clinical diagnoses — ERM, ILM or both — was available for 520 of 698 cases; 492 cases had a corresponding pathology result. Combined ERM-ILM specimens were the dominant clinical and pathologic diagnosis. Over 43% had differing operative and pathologic diagnoses, with 79.6% of cases labeled as ERMs, 75.0% of cases labeled as ILMs, and 22.1% cases labeled as ERM-ILM demonstrating incongruous specimens on pathology.

CONCLUSION:
It can be difficult to determine the nature of membranes pre- or intraoperatively. Combined ERM-ILM specimens may be more common than previously recognized, implying that the two membranes are not always distinct and surgically separable.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2014;45:218–221.]
Increased Medial Longitudinal Arch Mobility, Lower Extremity Kinematics, and Ground Reaction Forces in High-Arched Runners
Authors: Williams D. S. Blaise , Tierney Robin N. , Butler Robert J. 
Published: May 2014

Context:
Runners with high medial longitudinal arch structure demonstrate unique kinematics and kinetics that may lead to running injuries. The mobility of the midfoot as measured by the change in arch height is also suspected to play a role in lower extremity function during running. The effect of arch mobility in high-arched runners is an important factor in prescribing footwear, training, and rehabilitating the running athlete after injury.

Objective:
To examine the effect of medial longitudinal arch mobility on running kinematics, ground reaction forces, and loading rates in high-arched runners.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
Human movement research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 104 runners were screened for arch height. Runners were then identified as having high arches if the arch height index was greater than 0.5 SD above the mean. Of the runners with high arches, 11 rigid runners with the lowest arch mobility (R) were compared with 8 mobile runners with the highest arch mobility (M). Arch mobility was determined by calculating the left arch height index in all runners.

Intervention(s):
Three-dimensional motion analysis of running over ground.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Rearfoot and tibial angular excursions, eversion-to-tibial internal-rotation ratio, vertical ground reaction forces, and the associated loading rates.

Results:
Runners with mobile arches exhibited decreased tibial internal-rotation excursion (mobile: 5.6° ± 2.3° versus rigid: 8.0° ± 3.0°), greater eversion-to-tibial internal-rotation ratio (mobile: 2.1 ± 0.8 versus rigid: 1.5 ± 0.5), decreased second peak vertical ground reaction force values (mobile: 2.3 ± 0.2 × body weight versus rigid: 2.4 ± 0.1 × body weight), and decreased vertical loading rate values (mobile: 55.7 ± 14.1 × body weight/s versus rigid: 65.9 ± 11.4 × body weight/s).

Conclusions:
Based on the results of this study, it appears that runners with high arch structure but differing arch mobility exhibited differences in select lower extremity movement patterns and forces. Future authors should investigate the impact of arch mobility on running-related injuries.
Objective Functional Assessment After a Head Injury Using Movement and Activity in Physical Space Scores: A Case Report
Authors: Farnsworth James L. , McElhiney Danielle , David Shannon , Sinha Gaurav , Ragan Brian G. 
Published: May 2014

Objective:
To describe the potential benefit of using a global positioning system (GPS) and accelerometry as an objective functional-activity measure after concussion by creating Movement and Activity in Physical Space (MAPS) scores.

Background:
A 21-year-old female soccer player suffered a blow to the back of the head from an opponent's shoulder during an away match. No athletic trainer was present. She played the remainder of the match and reported to the athletic training facility the next day for evaluation.

Differential Diagnosis:
Concussion.

Treatment:
The athlete was removed from all athletic activities. Her symptoms were monitored based on the Zurich guidelines. She was also instructed to wear an accelerometer on her hip and to carry an on-person GPS receiver at all times for 10 days. Her total symptom scores for the 4 symptomatic days were 82, 39, 49, and 36. Her mean MAPS functional score for symptomatic days 3 through 5 was 900.9 and for asymptomatic days 6 through 11 was 2734.9.

Uniqueness:
We monitored the patient's function during the concussion-recovery process using an on-person GPS receiver and accelerometer to calculate personalized MAPS scores. This novel approach to measuring function after injury may provide a useful complementary tool to help with return-to-play decisions.

Conclusions:
An on-person GPS receiver and accelerometer were used to observe the patient's physical activity in a free-living environment, allowing for an objective measure of function during recovery. Her MAPS scores were low while she was symptomatic and increased as she became asymptomatic. We saw the expected inverse relationship between symptoms and function. In situations where accuracy of reported symptoms may be a concern, this measure may provide a way to verify the validity of, or raise doubts about, self-reported symptoms.
Events and the Critique of Ideology
Authors: MacKenzie Iain 
Published: May 2014

This paper defends the claim that the critique of ideology requires creative interventions in the symbolic order of society and that those creative interventions must be understood as events. This is what animates the work of both Ricoeur and Deleuze and yet helps to uncover the fundamental difference between them regarding the conditions that make such critique possible: a difference regarding how we understand the nature of events. While Ricoeur is the philosopher of the narrated event, Deleuze is the philosopher of the dramatic event. Instead of pursuing a point-by-point comparison of their respective philosophies of the event, a line of social and political inquiry is constructed that leads from Ricoeur to Deleuze with a view to establishing at what point these two thinkers take different paths. It will be argued that the crossroads is rather neatly signposted by Meillassoux’s critique of strong correlationism in After Finitude.
Liminality, the Australian State and Asian Nurse Immigrants
Authors: Willis E. M. , Xiao L. D. 
Published: May 2014

Over the last two decades the flow of Asians to Australia through legitimate immigration programs has accelerated. This is particularly the case for Asian nurses coming from countries that were once subjected to European colonisation. The difficulties encountered by nurses from Asian countries mirror those of earlier waves of migrants. These include navigating the language and differences in cultural mores, values, and beliefs, along with the loneliness that may come from leaving strong family ties at home. While racism has been evident for all earlier waves of migrants, Asians face an additional hurdle linked to the uneasy relationship Australians and the Australian state has with Asia. Australia is geographically in Asia, but culturally Anglo and European. The impact this might have on the working relationships of Asian and Australian born registered nurses is significant given the nature of their work in caring for the sick and elderly. This liminal relationship between the Australian state and Asians provides a theoretical insight into the particular difficulties experienced by Asian nurses and the integration programs that might assist them and their Australian colleagues to develop cohesive working relationships.
Cultural Patterns of Health Care Beliefs and Practices among Muslim Women in Uzbekistan
Authors: Tursunova Z. , Kamp M. , Azizova N. , Azizova L. 
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this ethnographic study is to describe and analyse the meanings and uses of healthpromotion practices and beliefs, healing practices and folk medicine for Uzbek Muslim women.Contemporary healing practices can be seen as combining shamanic and Islamic concepts aboutdisease and healing, Sufi Research focus.The research questions ask how participants make decisions to seek remedies throughhealing practices, and how and whether they experience these choices and actions as empowering.The research also asks about what sorts of conditions women seeks to address through traditionalhealing practices; those in this study discussed seeking out such healing for colds, bronchitis, heartdisease, arthritis, as well as emotional and economic distress.Significance. With the increasing migration of Uzbeks to Canada, strength-based health care provisionapproach based on person-centred care, empowerment, health promotion and prevention and collaborative partnership is crucial in achieving quality of care.
Modulation of total electron content by ULF Pc5 waves
Authors: Pilipenko V. , Belakhovsky V. , Murr D. , Fedorov E. , Engebretson M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn intriguing effect was found while analyzing the small‐scale variations of total electron content (TEC) derived from global positioning system (GPS) signals. We found a response in TEC variations to intense global Pc5 pulsations with periods of a few millihertz covering the corrected geomagnetic latitudes ~58°–75° during the recovery phase of the strong magnetic storms on 31 October 2003. Earlier studies demonstrated that the GPS‐TEC technique is a powerful method to study the propagation pattern of transient disturbances in the ionosphere, generated by seismic or internal gravity waves. This technique has turned out to be sensitive enough to ULF waves as well. During periods with intense Pc5 geomagnetic wave activity, distinct pulsations with the same periodicity were found in the TEC data from high‐latitude GPS receiving stations in Scandinavia. Wavelet and cross‐spectral analysis showed a high coherence (~0.9) between the periodic geomagnetic and TEC variations. Moreover, the relative amplitude of TEC periodic fluctuations ΔTEC/TEC was about or even larger than the relative amplitude of geomagnetic variations ΔB/B. So far, the effect of TEC modulation by Pc5 waves is not well understood and is still a challenge for the MHD wave theory. Various possible modulation mechanisms have been estimated, but no mechanism has been firmly identified.
Along‐arc variation in the 3‐D thermal structure around the junction between the Japan and Kurile arcs
Authors: Morishige Manabu , van Keken Peter E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe thermal structure in subduction zones has a strong influence on seismogenesis and arc volcanism. Traditional 2‐D models have been used to provide reasonable agreement between models and observations, but in a number of cases clear 3‐D effects are present. One such case is in the Northern Japan subduction system. At the junction between Japan and Kurile arcs, surface heat flow and the occurrence of intermediate‐depth seismicity are different than in the Tohoku and Hokkaido regions. We investigate the effects of 3‐D slab geometry and a local deepening of slab‐mantle decoupling depth on the thermal structure in this region based on 3‐D finite element approach. We find that both effects produce the along‐arc variation of slab surface temperature, which could reach ∼100°C. The warmer region arises through 3‐D effects of thermal conduction and the colder region arises through localized slow incoming flow in the case where 3‐D slab geometry is taken into account. 3‐D flow arises where a local deepening of slab‐mantle decoupling depth is assumed, which leads to both warmer and colder regions. The effects on surface heat flow are small. While intermediate‐depth seismicity in the subducted crust is suggested to be controlled by temperature‐dependent phase transitions, the predicted changes in thermal structure are not sufficient to cause the observed deepening of seismicity. This suggests that the thermal structure of this subduction zone may be more strongly influenced by time‐dependent deformation of the overriding crust and slab.
Thermospheric density perturbations in response to substorms
Authors: Clausen L. B. N. , Milan S. E. , Grocott A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe use 5 years (2001–2005) of CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload) satellite data to study average spatial and temporal mass density perturbations caused by magnetospheric substorms in the thermosphere. Using statistics from 2306 substorms to construct superposed epoch time series, we find that the largest average increase in mass density of about 6% occurs about 90 min after substorm expansion phase onset about 3 h of magnetic local time east of the onset region. Averaged over the entire polar auroral region, a mass density increase of about 4% is observed. Using a simple model to estimate the mass density increase at the satellite altitude, we find that an energy deposition rate of 30 GW applied for half an hour predominantly at an altitude of 110 km is able to produce mass density enhancements of the same magnitude. When taking into account previous work that has shown that 80% of the total energy input is due to Joule heating, i.e., enhanced electric fields, whereas 20% is due to precipitation of mainly electrons, our results suggest that the average substorm deposits about 6 GW in the polar thermosphere through particle precipitation. Our result is in good agreement with simultaneous measurements of the NOAA Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) Hemispheric Power Index; however, it is about 1 order of magnitude less than reported previously.
Enzyme Activity: Allosteric Regulation
Authors: Traut Thomas 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Cells can respond to changes in their environment by altering the flow through special, regulated metabolic steps performed by allosteric enzymes. These enzymes adopt either an active or inactive conformation in response to binding positive or negative effectors. As the energy difference between the two conformations is normally modest, the binding of a small metabolite ligand is adequate to stabilise the conformation that binds it. Most allosteric enzymes are K‐type, denoting that the principal feature that is altered is their affinity for their substrate, measured as the
K
M
constant. This enables them to become more or less active when the substrate concentration in the cell remains largely constant. A small, but important, subset of enzymes are V‐type, denoting that the important change is in their maximum activity, defined as
V
max
. These normally inactive enzymes can increase their activity by up to a million‐fold.

Key Concepts:

All protein enzymes are sufficiently flexible to modestly alter their folded structure and experience two or more different conformational states under normal physiological conditions.

Such conformational changes may modestly alter the position of amino acids around the catalytic site, thereby making the ability of the substrate to bind at this site more, or less, favourable.

The change in the free energy for such different conformations is quite modest (normally in the range of 2–7 kcal mol
−1
). Then, if one of these conformations has an appropriately formed binding site for a regulatory ligand, the binding energy with such a ligand binding with simple noncovalent interactions (normally in the range of 2–7 kcal mol
−1
) is adequate to stabilise that particular conformation, and make it more abundant in the cell.

For about a third of all enzymes there exist one or more cellular metabolite(s) that can bind to and stabilise either the more active or the less active conformation.

Many allosteric enzymes may also be regulated by being covalently modified, via the attachment of some chemical group. Though more than 20 different types of such regulatory adducts have been observed, phosphorylation is most common, being used with almost half of all allosteric enzymes.

Allosteric enzymes are defined as K‐type (approximately 30% of all enzymes) or V‐type (less than 1% of enzymes), depending on whether the major regulatory feature is their change in affinity (
K
M
) or their change in maximum activity (
V
max
).

More than 90% of K‐type enzymes display positive cooperativity, as they are converted from a fairly inactive T conformation to the active R conformation.

A fairly small subset of K‐type enzymes displays negative cooperativity, resulting when many of the catalytic sites, either in a single enzyme oligomer, or in the overall enzyme ensemble, have a normal affinity for the substrate, while the remaining sites have a much lower affinity. This feature greatly extends the concentration range over which the substrate can be used.
Multidomain Proteins
Authors: Traut Thomas 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Protein domains that have a necessary function are often used in many different proteins. Protein architecture has evolved to utilise a large set of such domains in forming the thousands of different proteins necessary for any living organism. Definitions for domains are still somewhat variable, and therefore current databases show domain sizes ranging from a few amino acids to more than 800 amino acids, with the great majority at 50–150 amino acids, or approximately 5–16 kDa. Simple proteins normally contain only one or two domains, whereas larger proteins may have incorporated more than 30 domains needed for the more complex cellular functions. At least two‐thirds of mammalian proteins have more than one domain. Only multicellular eukaryotes have a significant proportion of proteins with repeating domains.

Key Concepts:

Protein domains may represent the earliest or simplest proteins formed at the beginning of life.

Protein domains are usually the individual units for protein folding.

Protein domains often serve as structural units that define a protein.

By having useful functions that may be selected, protein domains become central units in the evolution of diverse proteins.

Almost all protein domains have a specific ligand‐binding function.

Conformational changes in a protein may involve a reorientation of two or more domains to form or disrupt a ligand‐binding site, and thereby control an enzyme's catalytic activity.
Ancient Human
DNA
: Phylogenetic Applications
Authors: Knapp Michael , Hofreiter Michael 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Ever since
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
was first extracted from the remains of long‐dead organisms in the 1980s, researchers have been interested in the investigation of ancient human DNA. Such studies of DNA extracted from ancient human remains attempt to shed light on the genetic makeup of archaic and extinct, anatomically modern human populations, as well as on the relationships between these individuals and modern humans. These studies have long been limited by several factors, including the contamination of ancient samples with modern human DNA, and the limited accessibility of nuclear DNA from ancient human remains. However, recent innovations in DNA sequencing technology have lead to a dramatic increase in DNA sequence data available from archaic or extinct human populations and to unexpected new insights into human evolution.

Key Concepts:

The study of ancient human DNA is complicated by potential contamination with modern human DNA.

Studies on ancient human DNA have long been limited by the availability of suitable DNA sequencing technologies.

The development of new high‐throughput sequencing technologies has revolutionised the study of ancient human DNA.

The latest genetic analyses of human evolution have provided increasingly more detailed insights into the origin and development of our own species.

Genetic data now also allow for the study of coevolution of humans and their pathogens.
Meselson, Matthew Stanley
Authors: Abir‐Am Pnina Geraldine 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe article highlights Meselson's unique position in science and society as an innovative scientist involved in several ‘crucial experiments’ in molecular biology; a policy analyst in the domain of biological and chemical weapons for US administrations in the 1960s and 1970s; and a public intellectual shaping the public opinion against the use of such weapons in both war and peace times. Meselson's role in the ‘Meselson–Stahl experiment’ (hereafter the ‘M–S experiment’) which established the semiconservative mode ofdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)replication for which both Meselson and Stahl remain best known, is highlighted.Meselson's role as a public intellectual is discussed mainly in terms of his sustained refutation of the US claim in the 1970s that its East Asian enemies used chemical weapons on civilians in the form of ‘yellow rain’. Meselson's association with Caltech in the 1950s and Harvard, since 1960, is discussed as a pertinent institutional context for his scientific and policy activities.
Stahl, Franklin William
Authors: Abir‐Am Pnina Geraldine 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis article highlights Stahl's role as a leading expert on the central biological process of ‘genetic recombination’ (Stahl, 1987, 1988) during the last six decades as his main research interest, as well as his collaborations indeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)replication, mutagenesis and genetic mapping. Starting with Stahl's PhD thesis (Stahl, 1956) on the genetic recombination of phage T4, and continuing with Stahl's seminal collaboration on the ‘Meselson–Stahl experiment’ which established how DNA replicates, a discovery for which both Meselson and Stahl remain best known, the article grounds Stahl's various contributions to molecular biology in his institutional legacies at the University of Rochester (PhD 1955), Caltech in the mid‐ and late 1950s and the University of Oregon at Eugene since 1959. The article further highlights Stahl's role as a foundation member of its Institute of Molecular Biology, his long‐term collaboration with his late spouse Mary Morgan Stahl (1934–1996), his mentorship of two generations of students and his current collaboration, as a professor emeritus, with his former PhD student and partner Henriette (Jette) Foss. Stahl's contributions to the history of molecular biology, as both author and editor, are also mentioned.