bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The risk for diabetic nephropathy is low in young adults in a 17‐year follow‐up from the Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS). Older age and higher BMI at diabetes onset can be important risk factors
Authors: Svensson M. K. , Tyrberg M. , Nyström L. , Arnqvist H. J. , Bolinder J. , Östman J. , Gudbjörnsdottir S. , Landin‐Olsson M. , Eriksson J. W. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimsThe main objective of this study was to estimate the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy in a population‐based cohort of patients diagnosed with diabetes as young adults (15–34 years).MethodsAll 794 patients registered 1987–1988 in the Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS) were invited to a follow‐up study 15–19 years after diagnosis, and 468 (58%) participated. Analysis of islet antibodies was used to classify type of diabetes.ResultsAfter median 17 years of diabetes, 15% of all patients, 14% T1DM and 25% T2DM, were diagnosed with diabetic nephropathy. Ninety‐one percent had microalbuminuria and 8.6% macroalbuminuria. Older age at diagnosis (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01–1.10 per year) was an independent and a higher BMI at diabetes diagnosis (HR 1.04; 95% CI 1.00–1.09 per 1 kg/m2), a near‐significant predictor of development of diabetic nephropathy. Age at onset of diabetes (p = 0.041), BMI (p = 0.012) and HbA1c (p < 0.001) were significant predictors of developing diabetic nephropathy between 9 and 17 years of diabetes. At 17 years of diabetes duration, a high HbA1c level (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.03–1.08 per 1 mmol/mol increase) and systolic blood pressure (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.05 1.12 per 1 mmHg increase) were associated with DN.ConclusionsPatients with T2DM diagnosed as young adults seem to have an increased risk to develop diabetic nephropathy compared with those with T1DM. Older age and higher BMI at diagnosis of diabetes were risk markers for development of diabetic nephropathy. In addition, poor glycaemic control but not systolic blood pressure at 9 years of follow‐up was a risk marker for later development of diabetic nephropathy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Point‐of‐care blood glucose measurement errors overestimate hypoglycaemia rates in critically ill patients
Authors: Nya‐Ngatchou Jean‐Jacques , Corl Dawn , Onstad Susan , Yin Tom , Tylee Tracy , Suhr Louise , Thompson Rachel E. , Wisse Brent E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundHypoglycaemia is associated with morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients, and many hospitals have programmes to minimize hypoglycaemia rates. Recent studies have established the hypoglycaemic patient‐day as a key metric and have published benchmark inpatient hypoglycaemia rates on the basis of point‐of‐care blood glucose data even though these values are prone to measurement errors.MethodsA retrospective, cohort study including all patients admitted to Harborview Medical Center Intensive Care Units (ICUs) during 2010 and 2011 was conducted to evaluate a quality improvement programme to reduce inappropriate documentation of point‐of‐care blood glucose measurement errors. Laboratory Medicine point‐of‐care blood glucose data and patient charts were reviewed to evaluate all episodes of hypoglycaemia.ResultsA quality improvement intervention decreased measurement errors from 31% of hypoglycaemic (<70 mg/dL) patient‐days in 2010 to 14% in 2011 (p < 0.001) and decreased the observed hypoglycaemia rate from 4.3% of ICU patient‐days to 3.4% (p < 0.001). Hypoglycaemic events were frequently recurrent or prolonged (~40%), and these events are not identified by the hypoglycaemic patient‐day metric, which also may be confounded by a large number of very low risk or minimally monitored patient‐days.ConclusionsDocumentation of point‐of‐care blood glucose measurement errors likely overestimates ICU hypoglycaemia rates and can be reduced by a quality improvement effort. The currently used hypoglycaemic patient‐day metric does not evaluate recurrent or prolonged events that may be more likely to cause patient harm. The monitored patient‐day as currently defined may not be the optimal denominator to determine inpatient hypoglycaemic risk. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of acarbose in different geographical regions of the world: analysis of a real‐life database
Authors: Weng Jianping , Soegondo Sidartawan , Schnell Oliver , Sheu Wayne H.‐H. , Grzeszczak Wladyslaw , Watada Hirotaka , Yamamoto Noriyuki , Kalra Sanjay 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundAlpha‐glucosidase inhibitors are recommended in some international guidelines as first‐line, second‐line and third‐line treatment options but are not used worldwide due to perceived greater effectiveness in Asians than Caucasians.MethodsData from ten post‐marketing non‐interventional studies using acarbose, the most widely used alpha‐glucosidase inhibitor, from 21 countries, provinces and country groups were pooled. Effects on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were analysed for four major ethnicity/region groups (European Caucasians and Asians from East, Southeast and South Asia) to identify differences in the response to acarbose.ResultsThe safety and efficacy populations included 67 682 and 62 905 patients, respectively. Mean HbA1c in the total population decreased by 1.12 ± 1.31% at the 3‐month visit from 8.4% at baseline (p < 0.0001). Reductions in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and post‐prandial plasma glucose were greater in patients with higher baseline values. Acarbose was well tolerated, with few episodes of hypoglycemia (0.03%) and gastrointestinal adverse events (2.76%). Data from 30 730 Caucasians from Europe and Asians from three major regions of Asia with non‐missing gender/age information and baseline/3‐month HbA1c data were analysed by multivariable analyses of covariance. After adjustment for relevant baseline confounding factors, Southeast and East Asians had slightly better responses to acarbose than South Asians and European Caucasians; however, the differences were small.ConclusionsAcarbose was effective in both European Caucasians and Asians; however, after adjustment for baseline confounding factors, significant small differences in response favoured Southeast and East Asians. © 2014 The Authors. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The changes of leukocyte telomere length and telomerase activity after sitagliptin intervention in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ma Delin , Yu Yuan , Yu Xuefeng , Zhang Muxun , Yang Yan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn recent years, increasing evidence suggests a potential importance of telomere biology in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine whether sitagliptin, a medicine generally used in diabetes, can influence the telomere and telomerase in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients.MethodsType 2 diabetic patients (T2D, n = 38) and non‐diabetic subjects (control, n = 31) were randomly selected from the outpatient of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong university of Science and Technology. Leukocyte telomere length ratio was measured using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction and was analysed. Telomerase activity was measured by polymerase chain reaction enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method. Peripheral insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment) was calculated from fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin.ResultsTelomere length of the type 2 diabetic patients (1.58 ± 0.57) was significantly shorter than those of control subjects (3.98 ± 0.90) and was significantly elongated after intervention by sitagliptin. There was no significant difference between the T2D and control group in telomerase activity, and the treatment of sitagliptin in T2D group showed no significant effect on the telomerase activity.ConclusionsIn type 2 diabetes patients, leukocyte telomere length is significantly reduced, whereas the telomerase activity seems less influenced. Sitagliptin might protect β‐cells in the pancreas by elongating the telomere length. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neonatal overexpression of estrogen receptor‐α alters midbrain dopamine neuron development and reverses the effects of low maternal care in female offspring
Authors: Peña Catherine Jensen , Champagne Frances A. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTMaternal behavior is dependent on estrogen receptor‐alpha (ERα; Esr1) and oxytocin receptor (OTR) signaling in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the hypothalamus, as well as dopamine signaling from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to forebrain regions. Previous studies in rats indicate that low levels of maternal care, particularly licking/grooming (LG), lead to reduced levels of MPOA ERα and VTA dopamine neurons in female offspring and predict lower levels of postpartum maternal behavior by these offspring. The aim of this study was to determine the functional impact on maternal behavior of neonatal manipulation of ERα in females that had experienced low versus high levels of postnatal maternal LG. Adenovirus expressing ESR1 was targeted to the MPOA in female pups from low and high LG litters on postnatal day 2–3. Overexpression of ESR1 in low LG offspring elevated the level of ERα‐immunoreactive cells in the MPOA and of tyrosine hydroxylase cells in the VTA to that observed in high LG females. Amongst juvenile female low LG offspring, ESR1 overexpression also decreased the latency to engage in maternal behavior toward donor pups. These results show that virally mediated expression of ESR1 in the neonatal rat hypothalamus results in lasting changes in ESR1 expression through the juvenile period, and can “rescue” hormone receptor levels and behavior of offspring reared by low LG dams, potentially mediated by downstream alterations within reward circuitry. Thus, the transmission of maternal behavior from one generation to the next can be augmented by neonatal ERα in the MPOA. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1114–1124, 2015
Asymmetric dispersal structures a riverine metapopulation of the freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera laevis
Authors: Terui Akira , Miyazaki Yusuke , Yoshioka Akira , Kaifu Kenzo , Matsuzaki Shin‐ichiro S. , Washitani Izumi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUnidirectional water flow results in the downstream‐biased, asymmetric dispersal of many riverine organisms. However, little is known of how asymmetric dispersal influences riverine population structure and dynamics, limiting our ability to properly manage riverine organisms. A metapopulation of the freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera laevis may be sensitive to river currents because mussels are repeatedly exposed to downstream drift during floods—a parasitic life stage is the only, limited period (~40 days) during which larvae (glochidia) can move upstream with the aid of host fish. We hypothesized that water‐mediated dispersal would overwhelm upstream dispersal via host fish, and therefore, that upstream subpopulations play a critical role as immigrant sources. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of both up‐ and downstream immigrant sources on the size of target subpopulations in the Shubuto River system, Hokkaido, Japan. We found that target subpopulation size was dependent on the upstream distribution range of reproductive subpopulations and the number of upstream tributaries, which are proxies for the number of potential immigrants moving downstream. In contrast, little influence was observed of downstream immigrant sources (proximity to downstream reproductive subpopulations). These results were consistent even after accounting for local environments and stream size. Our finding suggests that upstream subpopulations can be disproportionately important as immigrant sources when dispersal is strongly asymmetric.
Dosage and duration effects of nitrogen additions on ectomycorrhizal sporocarp production and functioning: an example from two N‐limited boreal forests
Authors: Hasselquist Niles J. , Högberg Peter 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Although it is well known that nitrogen (N) additions strongly affect ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal community composition, less is known about how different N application rates and duration of N additions affect the functional role EM fungi play in the forest N cycle.

We measured EM sporocarp abundance and species richness as well as determined the δ15N in EM sporocarps and tree foliage in two Pinus sylvestris forests characterized by short‐ and long‐term N addition histories and multiple N addition treatments. After 20 and 39 years of N additions, two of the long‐term N addition treatments were terminated, thereby providing a unique opportunity to examine the temporal recovery of EM sporocarps after cessation of high N loading.

In general, increasing N availability significantly reduced EM sporocarp production, species richness, and the amount of N retained in EM sporocarps. However, these general responses were strongly dependent on the application rate and duration of N additions. The annual addition of 20 kg·N·ha−1 for the past 6 years resulted in a slight increase in the production and retention of N in EM sporocarps, whereas the addition of 100 kg·N·ha−1·yr−1 during the same period nearly eliminated EM sporocarps. In contrast, long‐term additions of N at rates of ca. 35 or 70 kg·N·ha−1·yr−1 for the past 40 years did not eliminate tree carbon allocation to EM sporocarps, although there was a decrease in the abundance and a shift in the dominant EM sporocarp taxa. Despite no immediate recovery, EM sporocarp abundance and species richness approached those of the control 20 years after terminating N additions in the most heavily fertilized treatment, suggesting a recovery of carbon allocation to EM sporocarps after cessation of high N loading.

Our results provide evidence for a tight coupling between tree carbon allocation to and N retention in EM sporocarps and moreover highlight the potential use of δ15N in EM sporocarps as a relative index of EM fungal sink strength for N. However, nitrogen additions at high dosage rates or over long time periods appear to disrupt this feedback, which could have important ramifications on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in these forested ecosystems.
Measuring diurnal cycles of evapotranspiration in the Arctic with an automated chamber system
Authors: Cohen Lily R. , Raz‐Yaseef Naama , Curtis J. Bryan , Young Jessica M. , Rahn Thom A. , Wilson Cathy J. , Wullschleger Stan D. , Newman Brent D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractProperly quantifying evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical step in determining water and energy balances, especially in Arctic landscapes where spatial and temporal heterogeneity in soil water content and inundation is pronounced. Although the eddy covariance technique has gained popularity as an approach for estimating ET at aggregate scales, obtaining ET estimates at finer spatial scales remains problematic. Thus, ET is poorly estimated for highly variable tundra landscapes, despite the importance of this process for parameterization and validation of models. To overcome this methodological limitation, we developed an approach to measure diurnal ET by modifying a LI‐8100A (LI‐COR, Lincoln, NE, USA), a chamber‐based instrument typically used for measuring soil CO2 fluxes. To enable the use of the LI‐8100A for ET determinations, a calibration method was designed and implemented through laboratory and independent field measurements in Arctic and semi‐arid locations. Once calibrated, the instrument was deployed June–September 2013 for diel measurements of ET on the Arctic coastal plain near Barrow, Alaska, USA. We validated the system by comparison to four adjacent plots measured by a LI‐6400‐09 soil CO2 flux system that was also calibrated to calculate water vapour flux. In conclusion, we determined that with calibration, the LI‐8100A can make long‐term, high‐frequency measurements of ET, even in low flux, continuous‐permafrost landscapes. This technique provides an opportunity to assess fine‐scale ET and its topographic controls across low‐centre and high‐centre polygons and to rigorously compare such measurements with aggregate fluxes obtained with eddy covariance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Base‐Catalyzed Intramolecular 5‐exo‐dig Cyclization of 2‐Propynyl‐1,3‐dicarbonyl Compounds: An Atom‐Economic Route to Stereodefined 2‐Methylene‐2,3‐dihydrofurans
Authors: Ma Quan , Wang Yeming , Zhao Yuegang , Liao Peiqiu , Sun Bo , Bi Xihe 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA new and straightforward base‐catalyzed 5‐exo‐trig cyclization of 2‐propynyl‐1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds leads to the corresponding stereodefined 2‐methylene‐2,3‐dihydrofurans in excellent yields.
On the relationship between personal experience, affect and risk perception:The case of climate change
Authors: van der Linden Sander 
Published: July 2014

AbstractExamining the conceptual relationship between personal experience, affect, and risk perception is crucial in improving our understanding of how emotional and cognitive process mechanisms shape public perceptions of climate change. This study is the first to investigate the interrelated nature of these variables by contrasting three prominent social‐psychological theories. In the first model, affect is viewed as a fast and associative information processing heuristic that guides perceptions of risk. In the second model, affect is seen as flowing from cognitive appraisals (i.e., affect is thought of as a post‐cognitive process). Lastly, a third, dual‐process model is advanced that integrates aspects from both theoretical perspectives. Four structural equation models were tested on a national sample (N = 808) of British respondents. Results initially provide support for the “cognitive” model, where personal experience with extreme weather is best conceptualized as a predictor of climate change risk perception and, in turn, risk perception a predictor of affect. Yet, closer examination strongly indicates that at the same time, risk perception and affect reciprocally influence each other in a stable feedback system. It is therefore concluded that both theoretical claims are valid and that a dual‐process perspective provides a superior fit to the data. Implications for theory and risk communication are discussed. © 2014 The Authors.European Journal of Social Psychologypublished by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Affirming belief in scientific progress reduces environmentally friendly behaviour
Authors: Meijers Marijn H. C. , Rutjens Bastiaan T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMany people are reluctant to behave in environmentally friendly ways. One possible explanation might be that the motivation to behave in environmentally friendly ways is undermined by the way scientific progress is overstated in the popular media. Four experiments show that portraying science as rapidly progressing—and thus enabling society to control problems related to the natural environment and human health in the not‐too‐distant future—is detrimental to environmentally friendly behaviour because such a frame affirms perceptions of an orderly (vs chaotic) world. This in turn negatively affects the likelihood of engaging in environmentally friendly behaviour. Simultaneously, communication that questions (vs affirms) scientific progress leads to lower perceptions of order and consequential increases in environmentally friendly behaviour. These findings show that when the aim is to promote environmentally friendly attitudes and behaviour, it helps to not overstate scientific progress. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate protection needs societal change: Determinants of intention to participate in collective climate action
Authors: Rees Jonas H. , Bamberg Sebastian 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe aims of the current paper are to contribute to theorizing in the field of collective action and also to bring this body of research closer with the literature on climate change. We suggest integrating the concept of social norms into the social identity model of collective action, to investigate the determinants of individuals' collective climate action intention. We argue that perceived social norms will be helpful in understanding the social identity‐collective action link. Consistent with the proposed model, participants' (N = 538) intention to take part in a neighborhood‐based climate protection initiative was predicted via all of the model constructs (social identity, perceived collective efficacy, and group‐based emotions) but most strongly so by the perceived participation norm, which also fully mediated the effect of social identity on participation intention. Further analyses suggested that the emotional motivation to engage in collective climate action was based on group‐based guilty conscience rather than anger. Discussion focuses on the importance of social context in understanding and combating climatic change, the emotionally flexible motivations behind different forms of collective action, and the role of group identification in interventions aimed at promoting pro‐environmental behavior. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the interactive influence of facial appearance and explicit knowledge in social categorization
Authors: Rule Nicholas O. , Tskhay Konstantin O. , Freeman Jonathan B. , Ambady Nalini 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAlthough people form impressions of others with ease, sometimes one's initial perceptions of individuals conflict with what one knows about them. Here, we aimed to investigate the process by which explicit knowledge about people interacts with initial perceptions on the basis of cues from facial appearance. Participants memorized the sexual orientations of men's faces wherein half of the targets were encoded with a sexual orientation opposite to their actual orientation. Subsequent categorization showed that perceivers favored appearance‐based information when temporally constrained but favored explicit knowledge about group membership with increased viewing time. Additionally, real‐time measures of participants' categorizations showed greater vacillation between appearance‐based cues and explicit knowledge as viewing time increased. These findings suggest that explicit knowledge does not simply overrule appearance‐based cues past a particular threshold but that the two may interact recurrently with top‐down knowledge directing attention and perception at later processing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.