bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Stature from the Length of the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Segments of the Spine in American Whites and Blacks
Authors: Jason DR , Taylor K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In order to estimate stature from the length of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, thoraco-lumbar (T-L) and cervico-thoracolumbar (C-T-L) segments of the spine, measurements were made on white and black Americans, both male and female, autopsied during 1977–1993. Sample sizes were as follows: white males = 167; white females = 58; black males = 43; black females = 31. Separate measurements were made of the vertebral segments along the anterior surface of the spine. Regression formulae were calculated for each segment in each of the four groups. Standard errors of estimate ranged from 2.60 to 7.11 cm. Comparison was made with previous work published for Japanese. The Japanese formulae could not predict stature of the American populations using our data. The method is useful for estimating the stature of severely burned or multilated bodies.
The Current Status of Research in Forensic Psychophysiology and Its Application in the Psychophysiological Detection of Deception
Authors: Yankee WJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Since 1986 there have been unparalleled advances in the psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD) processes and procedures. This paper traces the emergence of a new emphasis in PDD research; the development of forensic psychophysiology as an academic discipline; provides an overview of computerized polygraphs now in use for collecting physiological data; introduces statistical algorithms for analyzing physiological data; identifies new sensors and transducers currently under study; and describes a new instrument now under development.
Determinations of Dangerousness in Forensic Patients: An Archival Study
Authors: Rogers R , Sewell KW , Ross M , Ustad K , Williams A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The involvement of mental health professionals in determinations of dangerousness is both common and controversial. Among the various contexts for these evaluations, the release of potentially violent forensic patients from maximum security facilities evokes justified concern from involved experts and apprehension to outrage from the immediate community. We sought to examine how conclusions are reached on dangerousness at two sequential stages: clinical recommendations and Manifest Dangerousness Hearings decisions. In an archival study of 245 patients, we found that lack of progress in the institution and physical assaultiveness were the strongest correlates with dangerousness. In contrast, experts and review boards appeared to be relatively less influenced by diagnosis, types of treatment, and sociodemographic variables.
Sources of Error in Forensic Handwriting Evaluation
Authors: Beck J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Failure to follow certain basic principles underlying forensic handwriting evaluations is very likely to result in erroneous conclusions. While there are many potential sources of error, including methodological and psychological ones, this paper addresses just three specific ones that appear to have become more frequent in recent experience: (1) failure to give proper weight to differences; (2) failure to consider crucial writing movement characteristics; and (3) using self-serving exemplars. Illustrations show actual case examples.
An Evaluation of the Reliability of Widmark Calculations Based on Breath Alcohol Measurements
Authors: Friel PN , Logan BK , Baer J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study evaluated the reliability of Widmark calculations, based on breath ethanol readings (BrACs), for estimating the amount of alcohol consumed. A standard ethanol dose (males 0.51 g/kg; females 0.43 g/kg) was given to 115 college seniors, and BrACs were measured for two hours. Calculations of ethanol dose were performed using BrACs taken at 60, 75, 105, and 125 minutes after drinking. Mean calculated ethanol doses were lower than actual doses at each time point (P &lt; 0.001). Mean underestimates were 13, 12, 15, and 14 mL of 100 proof vodka at 60, 70, 105, and 125 min after drinking. Calculated doses overestimated actual doses in 11, 10, 3, and 3 subjects at 60, 75, 105, and 125 min after drinking. The maximum overestimates were 13, 11, 6, and 8 mL of vodka at 60, 75, 105, and 125 min after drinking. At the 95% confidence level, the calculated dose at 105 and 125 min did not overestimate the true dose, but could underestimate it by as much as 30 mL vodka.
Distinguishing Ingested Ethanol from Microbial Formation by Analysis of Urinary 5-Hydroxytryptophol and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid
Authors: Helander A , Beck O , Jones AW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
During the metabolism of ethanol, the metabolic conversion of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is altered, and, as a consequence, the ratio of 5-hydroxytryptophol (5HTOL) to 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5HIAA) excreted in urine increases appreciably. The ratio of metabolites remains elevated for several hours after ethanol is no longer detectable. In the present study, urine specimens were supplemented with glucose and Candida albicans, a common human pathogenic yeast, and the formation of ethanol and the changes in the 5HTOL/5HIAA ratio were examined during one week of storage. Despite the production of high concentrations of ethanol (peak level 171 mmol/L, or 788 mg/dL), the 5HTOL/5HIAA ratio remained constant. The urinary 5HTOL/5HIAA ratio was also compared with urinary and blood ethanol levels in specimens selected at random during forensic autopsies. Elevated 5HTOL/5HIAA ratios were found in all specimens with detectable urinary ethanol. Some specimens showed elevated ratios of serotonin metabolites even though no ethanol was detected, indicating that these subjects had consumed ethanol prior to death but that the concentration had already returned to zero or was below the detection limit. In one case, postmortem ethanol formation was suspected, because blood ethanol concentration was 16.8 mmol/L (77 mg/dL) whereas urinary ethanol was zero. The urinary 5HTOL/5HIAA ratio fell within normal limits, which confirmed the suspicion of postmortem ethanol synthesis in the blood specimen. The present results indicate that the 5HTOL/5HIAA ratio in urine provides a useful method to distinguish between ethanol that might have been synthesized postmortem, or generated in vitro, from ethanol excreted in urine as a result of drinking.
Vitreous Humor Cocaine and Metabolite Concentrations: Do Postmortem Specimens Reflect Blood Levels at the Time of Death?
Authors: McKinney PE , Phillips S , Gomez HF , Brent J , MacIntyre M , Watson WA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The interpretation of postmortem cocaine concentrations is made in an attempt to estimate drug concentrations present at the time of death and thus infer not only drug presence but drug toxicity. Previous data suggest that changes in postmortem blood cocaine concentrations over time are not predictable and interpretation of cocaine levels should be done with caution. However, these data come from autopsy case series where vital information, such as blood cocaine concentration at the time of death, dose and time since last use, and postmortem interval is often not known. The purpose of this study was to characterize postmortem changes in cocaine and metabolite concentrations relative to premortem concentrations over time at two anatomic sites: peripheral blood and vitreous humor, in a controlled, large animal model. Juvenile swine were given cocaine HCl 10 mg/kg as an IV bolus which resulted in seizures and wide complex tachycardia. Five minutes after cocaine administration, animals were euthanized. At time of death and eight hours postmortem, femoral venous blood and vitreous humor (VH) samples were obtained for quantitation of cocaine, benzoyl ecgonine (BE), and ecgonine methyl ester (EME) by GC/MS. There were no significant increases over time in mean femoral vein concentrations of cocaine or BE. However, a large interanimal variability in direction and magnitude of concentration changes was seen. Mean EME concentrations at the femoral site increased significantly over 8 hours (P &lt; 0.03). Mean VH cocaine concentrations at time of death were significantly lower than corresponding blood concentrations (P &lt; 0.02). However, 8 hour postmortem VH cocaine concentrations increased in all animals and were similar to the femoral blood concentrations at time of death. These results emphasize the variability in postmortem cocaine concentrations and the need to consider the site of collection and postmortem interval as variables in interpreting postmortem cocaine and metabolite concentrations relative to premortem values.
A Review of Bones: A Forensic Detective's Casebook
Authors: Suchey JM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Bones: A Forensic Detective's Casebook, is a vivid account of some of Dr. Douglas Ubelaker's most intriguing forensic cases. This volume contains 25 relatively short chapters, many concentrating on a single forensic case involving the analysis of skeletal remains, The cases are related in an entertaining manner which makes the volume readable to the general public as well as the forensic specialist. There is a humorous vein throughout despite the tales of death which unfold. Woven into these skeletal cases is a wealth of information for forensic specialists. The reader is given information on the history of forensic anthropology and key figures in its development. In particular, Dr. Larry Angel (Ubelaker's predecessor at the Smithsonian) is described in the midst of his forensic work. Not only does Ubelaker describe pioneers in the field, he brings numerous colleagues and their contributions to light throughout these chapters.
A Review of Forensic Science Handbook Volume III
Authors: Smith FP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This third volume follows what has become a tradition of indepth chapters written by recognized forensic experts. The editor has judiciously chosen topics that meet distinct and timely needs. This handbook, like Volumes I and II, is an indispensable reference for scientists, att6rneys, and students who are interested in or work with the forensic sciences.
The Role of Forensic Anthropology in the Recovery and Analysis of Branch Davidian Compound Victims: Techniques of Analysis
Authors: Owsley DW , Ubelaker DH , Houck MM , Sandness KL , Grant WE , Craig EA , Woltanski TJ , Peerwani N 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The recovery and analysis of human remains from the Branch Davidian Compound, Mount Carmel, Texas, was a multidisciplinary team effort. This presentation deals with one aspect of the forensic anthropological contribution to this collaborative endeavor—the examination and inventory of human skeletal remains and the interpretation of these osteological data. Briefly described first are the content and format of the skeletal inventory and the examination procedures used for data collection. Two subsequent sections illustrate the use of these data to determine (a) age, sex, ancestry, stature, and other distinguishing characteristics, and (b) the presence and nature of any premortem, perimortem, and postmortem trauma. The next section shows how these findings assist in establishing positive identification through, for example, comparison with medical, dental, and other background records, especially comparison of premortem and postmortem radiographs of bones or dentition. In this context, we consider also the sorting of commingled remains, which includes preliminary assessment of rapidly decomposing remains prior to autopsy to preserve information crucial to identification.
Decomposition of Buried Human Bodies and Associated Death Scene Materials on Coral Atolls in the Tropical Pacific
Authors: Spennemann DHR , Franke B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The decomposition of bodies and the decay of associated cultural materials, including clothing, personal ornaments, caskets, and grave goods, was investigated based on a series of exhumations on a small sand island on Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands. Decay data were documented for an interment period between 40 and 80 months.
Density Characterization of Armor Piercing Ammunition
Authors: Heye CL , Rios FG , Thornton JI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A 1986 Federal law regulates the manufacture, importation, and sale of armor piercing ammunition. The external appearance of various types of armor piercing ammunition are described, along with a method of density determination that will assist in distinguishing armor piercing ammunition from conventional ammunition.
Identification of Dynamite Explosives in Post Explosion Residues
Authors: Kolla P , Sprunkel A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The investigation of post blast residues of dynamite explosives with respect to the behavior of nitro-aromatic compounds is described. Experimental blasts were performed with free hanging charges. The samples taken from metal plates placed at different distances from the center of the explosion were analyzed by GC-TEA. The results were evaluated with respect to the relative amounts of the dinitrotoluene isomers to each other. The portions of the dinitrotoluenes showed good correspondance in the post blast residues with the original explosives.
GC/MS Data Interpretation for Petroleum Distillate Identification in Contaminated Arson Debris
Authors: Keto RO 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Extracted ion profiling (“mass chromatography”) and target compound analysis are compared as complementary techniques for the identification of petroleum distillates in fire debris. The positive and negative aspects of both techniques are discussed, including common pitfalls and interpretation suggestions. Neither technique is superior to the other; each has strong qualities where the other has deficiencies. It is recommended that both techniques be applied to GC/MS data for difficult high-back-ground samples.
Adolescent Psychopathy in Relation to Delinquent Behaviors, Conduct Disorder, and Personality Disorders
Authors: Myers WC , Burket RC , Harris HE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between psychopathy as measured by The Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R) and delinquent behaviors, conduct disorder, and personality disorders in psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents.
Thirty adolescent inpatients were assessed for psychopathy, delinquent behaviors, DSM-III-R Axis I disorders, and personality disorders using the Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R), the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA-R), and the Structured Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SIDP-R).
Significant relationships were noted between elevated PCL-R psychopathy scores and delinquent behaviors, conduct disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder.
The validity of the PCL-R as a measure of psychopathy in adolescence was supported. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the clinical application of the PCL-R to adolescent populations.
Homicide in Psychiatric In-Patient Facilities: A Review, a Six-Year Study, and a Case Report
Authors: Ladds B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Many research studies have attempted to explore the apparent relationship between mental illness and violence. These studies have generally examined the rates of violence during one of three phases: before, after, or during psychiatric hospitalization. Violence that takes place during psychiatric hospitalization has unique implications for both patients, treatment facilities, and for research on violence. This area therefore deserves special study. This article focusses on the most extreme violence that can take place on the wards of a psychiatric facility, assaults resulting in death. This article reviews the literature in this area, reports on a study of the incidence of such occurrences in New York State, and reports in some detail on an additional case which occurred prior to the period under study. The study presented here found that amongst all psychiatric facilities in New York State in a six year period there were three cases of in-patient homicide. An average of approximately 90,000 people were served within these facilities during each of the years under study. Suggestions are made for further research in this area.
Rapid, Noninvasive Contraband Detection by Acoustic Response
Authors: Young C , Yohman R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We present here a simple, inexpensive method for the rapid detection of concealed contraband materials. This method exploits the difference in acoustic response between a hollow, contraband-laden host and a solid object of the same type. We model the concealment as a damped resonator and contrast it with the unperturbed unit, which is solid and therefore exhibits less damping upon excitation. Next we present the laboratory results that confirmed the efficacy of the technique, prior to on-site deployment as part of a narcotics investigation. Finally, we summarize the results in situ and offer concluding comments.
A Microspectrophotometric Method for Dating Ballpoint Inks—A Feasibility Study
Authors: Aginsky VN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A new approach to estimate the age of ballpoint ink-written texts has been offered. It is based on using the microspectrophotometric determination of the ratios of comparatively unstable and stable dyes in the surface layer of the questioned ink and in the whole ink film by comparing reflectance values measured in natural (specular reflection) and polarized (diffuse reflection) light, respectively. The older the ink, the less the mentioned dyes' ratio in the surface layer of the ink.
Limitations of the technique and of the equipment's accessories used are discussed. Suggestions for further work are proposed.
A Device for Sampling Aquatic Insects Associated with Carrion in Water
Authors: Vance GM , VanDyk JK , Rowley WA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A device that permits the sampling of aquatic insects associated with carcasses in water with minimal disturbance of the natural environment is described. A field study conducted in early summer documented strictly aquatic insects recovered from decaying pig carcasses in an Iowa freshwater lake using this sampling method. Forty carcasses of newborn pigs were placed in the devices and removed at two-day intervals to simulate a complete decomposition sequence. Twenty species of insects from twelve families in five orders were documented, along with water mites (Arachnida:Acari) and amphipods (Crustacea:Amphipoda).
Identification of Dog Repellent in the Clothes of an Assault Suspect Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Mongan AL , Buel E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Clothes from an assault case were recently submitted to our laboratory in order to determine if the suspect had been sprayed with Halt! Dog Repellent. The three major capsaicinoids of the Capsicum species, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin were extracted and identified using GC/MS. The spectra compared favorably with the remaining repellent in the can and cited literature values.
Evaluating the Work of Forensic Scientists by Citation Analysis
Authors: Jones AW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
“The Hottest in Forensics: Citations Tell Whodunnit” was the catchy rubric used to introduce the lead article in the January 1995 number of Science Watch, a newsletter published by the Philadelphia based Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). ISI is perhaps better known for producing the Science Citation Index (SCI) and Current Contents, two widely used tools for literature retrieval and bibliometric evaluation of science and scientists. The Science Watch newsletter team identifies trends and performances in basic and applied research by means of citation counts and thus helps to spot hot-topics and emerging research fronts. Science Watch also publishes interviews with scientific superstars and authors of highly cited papers.
Ephedra's Role as a Precursor in the Clandestine Manufacture of Methamphetamine
Authors: Andrews KM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In February 1993, an illicit, fully operational methamphetamine laboratory was confiscated in Vacaville, California. In addition to seizing ephedrine and pseudoephedrine tablets, approximately 1.3 kg of ephedra was found at the lab site. Ephedra (also referred to as Ma Huang) is a plant material that contains numerous alkaloids, including 1-ephedrine and d-pseudoephedrine. Ephedra products are currently sold over-the-counter in various forms such as tablets and capsules. Quantitative analysis reveals that some ephedra capsules and tablets contain as much methamphetamine precursors as a synthetic 25 mg ephedrine tablet. Because of this, ephedra is becoming a “substitute precursor” for ephedrine compounds for use in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine.
Ephedra samples were reacted with hydriodic acid and red phosphorus in much the same way as ephedrine would be reacted in order to produce methamphetamine. The progress of the reduction was monitored by obtaining aliquots of the reaction solution at time intervals followed by analyses using GC/IRD and GC/MS. An analysis of the final product of the reaction indicated that d-metham-phetamine, d-amphetamine and d-N,N-dimethylamphetamine had been produced as a result of the reduction of ephedra. The latter two compounds result from the reduction of norephedrine and N-methylephedrine, respectively (also present in ephedra), and therefore represent markers for this synthetic methodology.
Synthesis and Structure of the Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II) Complexes Produced in the Photoluminescent Enhancement of Ninhydrin Developed Fingerprints Using Group 12 Metal Salts
Authors: Davies PJ , Kobus HJ , Taylor MR , Wainwright KP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The complexation reactions involving Ruhemann's purple (RP) and either zinc(II) or cadmium(II), which are made use of in the enhancement of latent fingerprints that have undergone preliminary development with ninhydrin, have been investigated under a variety of conditions. Contrary to earlier reports it is now clear that metal complexes with either a 1:1 or 1:2 metal:ligand ratio can be formed under certain conditions. Polar solvents, which cause extensive ionization of the metal salt, facilitate the formation of the 1:2 complex whereas less polar solvents allow the formation of 1:1 complexes through retention of a covalently bound anion in the primary coordination sphere. Thus, Zn(RP)2 can be prepared from seemingly any zinc(II) salt and NaRP in water or methanol. It is a highly insoluble and kinetically stable red powder with fluorescence emission bands at 590 and 640 nm. The structure of an orange 1:1 Zn:RP complex, produced as crystals from ZnCl2 and NaRP in a 5:1 chloroform:methanol mixture, has been solved by X-ray diffraction and shown to correspond to a formula of NaZn2(RP)2Cl3CH3OH. This material is very rapidly decomposed into its components by water. The previously reported 1:1 Cd:RP complexes, which are red, form under a much wider range of conditions than their zinc(II) counterparts, however, if cadmium(II) perchlorate is combined with RP in water or methanol Cd(RP)2 precipitates instead. This is a golden-brown powder showing a strong fluorescence.
Study on the Wound Ballistics of Fragmentation Protective Vests Following Penetration by Handgun and Assault Rifle Bullets
Authors: Missliwetz J , Denk W , Wieser I 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This experimental study showed that when handgun and assault rifle bullets penetrate fragmentation protective vests (fpv) about one third of all bullets become immediately instable. This results in a shortening of the narrow channel. The diameters of the temporary wound cavities may decrease compared to unprotected persons, but may increase with high-energy bullets. The degree of injuries is thus variable and cannot be predicted in a general manner, but it can be determined empirically for specific bullets as well as for certain types of vests.