bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cd(NO3)2.4H2O Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridine and Polyhydroquinoline Derivatives through the Hantzsch Multicomponent Condensation
Authors: Tafer Radia , Boulcina Raouf , Carboni Bertrand , Debache Abdelmadjid 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of various 1,4‐dihydropyridine and polyhydroquinoline derivatives was achieved in good to excellent yields using cadmium (II) nitrate as catalyst to promote the classical and modified Hantzsch conditions in good yields under mild conditions.
Dimethyl Carbonate as a Sacrificial Molecule for the Synthesis of 5‐Memebered N‐ and O‐Heterocycles
Authors: Aricò Fabio , Tundo Pietro 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn the last twenty years DMC has been employed as an efficient methylating and methoxycarbonylating agent with several monodentate and bidentate nucleophiles, showing great selectivity and unexpected results. In this short review we report on yet another application of DMC chemistry i.e. the synthesis of 5‐membered N‐ and O‐heterocycles. In these reactions DMC acts as a sacrificial molecule since it is not present in the final products, but only in the reaction intermediates as an halogen‐free leaving group. This DMC‐based synthesis of heterocycles resulted of general application, as it is effective for aliphatic and aromatic 1,4‐diols, incorporating several functionalities (primary, secondary, tertiary, allylic, phenolic), as well as, for bifunctional compounds i.e. 4‐amino‐1‐butanol. This synthetic procedure was also employed for industrially relevant compounds such as (‐)‐norlabdane oxide and isosorbide showing to maintain the chiral integrity of the substrate. In one case intramolecular cyclisation of isosorbide was also observed to achieve a strained tricyclic derivative. Comparing this reaction methodology with a chlorine based procedure, the DMC‐mediated pathway is quantitative, occurs in one step, does not require any chlorine‐based chemical or strong acid and does not produce any chlorinated waste material.
The Eltanin asteroid impact: possible South Pacific palaeomegatsunami footprint and potential implications for the Pliocene–Pleistocene transition
Authors: Goff James , Chagué‐Goff Catherine , Archer Michael , Dominey‐Howes Dale , Turney Chris 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLarge asteroid impacts are rare, and those into the deep ocean are rarer still. The Eltanin asteroid impact around 2.51 ± 0.07 Ma occurred at a time of great climatic and geological change associated with the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary. Numerical models of the event indicate that a megatsunami was generated, although there is debate concerning its magnitude and the region‐wide extent of its influence. We summarise the existing evidence for possible Eltanin megatsunami deposits in Antarctica, Chile and New Zealand, while also examining other potential sites from several locations, mainly around the South Pacific region. In reviewing these data we note that these events were unfolding at the same time as those associated with the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary and, as such, most of the geological evidence from that time has a climatic interpretation. The potential climatic and geological ramifications of the Eltanin asteroid impact, however, have failed to be considered by most researchers studying this time period. Although we are not advocating that all geological activity at that time is connected with the Eltanin asteroid impact, it raises interesting questions about the role potentially played by such catastrophic events in contributing to or even triggering epochal transitions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser Tools in the Manufacturing Process
Authors: Graudenz Matthias , Heitmanek Marco 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAdvanced joining technologies are the key to efficient lightweight design. Of course, this also includes the use of highly advanced laser technologies. Laser beam brazing and remote laser welding represent significant innovations in body manufacturing at Audi. These innovative developments combined with intelligent monitoring systems and process modeling computations are paving the way for comprehensively optimized production. They fulfill the most stringent quality requirements for automotive products.
Marking, Ablating, Cleaning, Cutting and even Micro Welding!
Authors: Löffler Norbert , Shannon Geoff 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDespite outstanding beam qualities, air cooled pulsed fiber lasers were previously mainly used for marking purposes due to their limited average power level. Increasing power levels enable those laser sources now to be used for applications that required totally different (more sophisticated/more complex) laser sources in the past. These latest developments will lead to a name change for the devices now called laser markers (source plus scanner) to “fine process lasers”, as they are able to mark, cut and weld small parts in the medical, automotive and defense industry sectors.
Laser with Real Time Check Increases Output
Authors: Mörtlbauer Melanie 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDefects in solder‐paste printing are responsible for at least 65 per cent of all electronic faults. Clean‐cut edges of SMD stencils are therefore crucial for reliable application of highly sensitive components onto circuit boards. If the openings are not cut out with precision, solder paste can escape, which may lead to bridging and thus short circuits. That is why photocad GmbH & Co. KG, a leading specialist in the production of SMT stencils, relies on the latest laser cutting technology, having invested 300,000 euro in a high‐speed system from LPKF. The StencilLaser G 6080 is specifically designed to produce high‐precision openings, while at the same time also speeding up the operating procedure. Hence the new system is equipped with the patented Real‐Time Process Control System, which checks each cut in real time. This allows production time to be significantly reduced and output to be increased by 20 per cent.
How will this New Invention Get Off the Ground?
Authors: Radig Guido 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAs a partner to developers and designers, toolcraft based in Georgensgmünd (Germany) develops precision parts and high‐quality assemblies. Customers come from the medical, automotive, motor sport and aviation sectors. With two machines from Concept Laser from Lichtenfels for metal laser melting (LaserCUSING®), toolcraft is expanding its product range in the areas of turning, milling, die‐sinking electrical discharge machining (EDM) and wire EDM to include a generative, powder‐metallurgic process. The novel thing here, according to Christoph Hauck, one of the 3 managing directors of the company, is the ability to finish components fabricated without the use of a mould with machining and turning where necessary. Tool‐less components can now be fabricated in the space of just a few working days. In addition, components are produced from original materials in powder form with almost identical material properties. This produces completely new solutions which can be employed immediately.
Injectable Nanohybrid Scaffold for Biopharmaceuticals Delivery and Soft Tissue Engineering
Authors: Tan Huaping , Shen Qing , Jia Xiaojia , Yuan Zipeng , Xiong Dangsheng 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAn injectable nanofibrous hydrogel scaffold integrated with growth factors (GFs) loaded polysaccharide nanoparticles was developed that specifically allows for targeted adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) encapsulation and soft tissue engineering. The nanofibrous hydrogel was produced via biological conjugation of biotin‐terminated star‐shaped poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG‐Biotin) and streptavidin‐functionalized hyaluronic acid (HA‐Streptavidin). The polysaccharide nanoparticles were noncovalently assembled via electrostatic interactions between low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) and N,N,N‐trimethylchitosan chloride (TMC). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was entrapped in the LMWH/TMC nanoparticles by affinity interactions with LMWH.
Investigating Cu(0)‐Mediated Polymerizations: New Kinetic Insights Based on a Comparison of Kinetic Modeling with Experimental Data
Authors: Haehnel Alexander P. , Fleischmann Sven , Hesse Pascal , Hungenberg Klaus‐Dieter , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA kinetic model is developed mimicking experimental results obtained via detailed kinetic investigation of Cu0‐mediated LRP processes of butyl acrylate in variable solvents at 50 °C. In all polymerizations, a pronounced offset in the $\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ versus conversion profile is observed. The kinetic modeling predicts that conventional FRP is responsible for a high molecular weight fraction of terminated polymer. The initial $\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ offset is congruent with a relatively slow establishment of the controlling equilibrium. Kinetic modeling and experiments demonstrate that the conversion versus time data cannot be adequately described by a first‐order kinetic analysis. For selected rate coefficients (ka, kd, and kdis_cu) a range is assigned, which affords a well controlled polymerization. magnified image
Zur Geschichte der Schilddrüsentherapeutika
Authors: Helmstädter Axel , Bernschneider‐Reif Sabine 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn einer Novelle Mark Twains fasst ein englischer Gentleman seine Eindrücke von einer Alpenreise wie folgt zusammen: “Ich bin zufrieden – ich habe die Hauptattraktionen der Schweiz gesehen, den Mont Blanc und den Kropf – und jetzt ab nach Hause!”.
Physiologie und Pathophysiologie der Schilddrüse
Authors: Zimmermann Martina 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEine Schilddrüsenunterfunktion (Hypothyreose) ist häufig durch Iodmangel bedingt; eine kongenitale Schilddrüsenaplasie führt unbehandelt zu Kretinismus. Eine Schilddrüsenüberfunktion (Hyperthyreose) geht mit gesteigerter Stoffwechselleistung einher und muss wegen des Risikos einer Stoffwechselentgleisung (thyreotoxische Krise) behandelt werden.
Schilddrüsenerkrankungen in der Schwangerschaft
Authors: Ude Miriam , Steri Ramona 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEine Schilddrüsenfehlfunktion kann negative Auswirkungen auf das ungeborene Kind haben. Fehlgeburten, Frühgeburten oder Wachstumsretardierungen können die Folge sein. Es können sowohl Hypo‐ wie auch Hyperthyreosen auftreten. Während der Schwangerschaft ist daher eine bestehende Schilddrüsenerkrankung zu behandeln und engmaschig zu kontrollieren. Auch die Iodsupplementierung sollte in ausreichendem Maß erfolgen. In der Apotheke ist die Kenntnis der unterschiedlichen Schilddrüsenproblematiken bei Kinderwunsch, in der Schwangerschaft sowie in der Stillzeit von immenser Bedeutung. Auch die jeweils einzusetzende Medikation mit möglichen Kontraindikationen und Wechselwirkungen muss für eine adäquate Beratung der betroffenen Patientin beherrscht werden.
Outcome of patients after market withdrawal of thioridazine: A retrospective analysis in a nationwide cohort
Authors: Purhonen Maija , Koponen Hannu , Tiihonen Jari , Tanskanen Antti 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveThioridazine is a first‐generation antipsychotic drug that was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2005. The outcome of clinically stable schizophrenia patients who used thioridazine before market withdrawal was evaluated.MethodsNationwide registers in Finland were utilized to study thioridazine use, hospitalization rate and length of hospital stay.ResultsAlthough thioridazine use continued to diminish year after year, the hospitalization rate remained constant until the withdrawal year of 2005, when the percentage of patients hospitalized for schizophrenia doubled.ConclusionThe market withdrawal of thioridazine predisposed many stable patients towards psychotic relapses. In order to minimize this kind of risk, an overall risk–benefit assessment and a clear‐cut plan for the replacement of an antipsychotic should be established before market withdrawal. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entropie entmystifiziert
Authors: Hinrichsen Haye 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEntropie ist eine thermodynamische Größe, die gerade Anfängern schwierig zu vermitteln ist. Es bietet sich deshalb an, den Begriff der Entropie zunächst informationstheoretisch zu motivieren. Mit diesem Rüstzeug kann man sich physikalischen Fragestellungen aus dem Blickwinkel der statistischen Mechanik nähern.
Leonardos Kreuz in der Teetasse
Authors: Schlichting Hans Joachim , Suhr Wilfried 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEine Blase auf der Oberfläche eines mit Wasser gefüllten Gefäßes erzeugt bei geeigneter Beleuchtung am Boden eine kreuzförmige Kaustik. Dieses schon Leonardo da Vinci bekannte Phänomen lässt sich dadurch erklären, dass sich an der Innen‐ und Außenseite der Blase ein Wassermeniskus ausbildet. Zudem deformiert der Überdruck in der Blase die Wasseroberfläche. Dies führt insgesamt zu vielfältigen Reflexionen und Lichtbrechungen, die in der Kaustik resultieren. Mit einfachen Mitteln lässt sich das Phänomen veranschaulichen.
Bedrohliche Wirbel
Authors: Riemer Michael 
Published: September 2012

AbstractUnter der starken Idealisierung eines Carnot‐Kreislaufs lässt sich eine theoretische Obergrenze für die Stärke eines Wirbelsturms herleiten. Die Bildung des Windmaximums in realistischen Stürmen kann diese Theorie jedoch nicht voll erfassen. Bei Hurrikanen, die unter dem Einfluss einer sich mit der Höhe ändernden Umgebungsströmung stehen, kann das Zusammenspiel von dynamischen und thermodynamischen Prozessen dazu führen, dass sich der Sturm durch seinen eigenen Niederschlag die Energiezufuhr abschnürt und dadurch erheblich abschwächt. Übersteht ein Wirbelsturm solch eine Scherströmung, kann er bis tief in die mittleren Breiten ziehen und dort am Strahlstrom, also starken Höhenwinden, ein Wellenmuster anregen, das die Wetterlage in den mittleren Breiten über Tausende von Kilometern erheblich beeinflusst.
Langlebiger Quantenspeicher in Diamant
Authors: Hunger David , Pastawski Fernando , Meier Christian 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRobuste, langlebige Quantenspeicher sind unerlässlich für zukünftige Anwendungen der Quanteninformation, zum Beispiel für absolut betrugssichere Kreditkarten und fälschungssichere Ausweise. Allerdings stören bereits schwächste Umwelteinflüsse einen Quantenzustand und führen zu dessen schneller Zerstörung. Einen Quantenzustand in einem Diamantkristall für mehr als eine Sekunde bei Raumtemperatur zu speichern, gelang nun Wissenschaftlern an der Harvard Universität in Cambridge, des Max‐Planck‐Instituts für Quantenoptik in Garching und des Caltech in Pasadena. Durch weitere Optimierung lässt sich die Speicherdauer vermutlich noch signifikant erhöhen.
Tropfen auf dem kalten Wein
Authors: Vollmer Michael , Möllmann Klaus‐Peter 
Published: September 2012

AbstractViele kennen die leidvolle Erfahrung: Beim Frühstückstisch gießt man einen Schuss Milch in den Kaffee, und prompt spritzt eine kleine Fontäne aus der Tasse, und ein Tropfen landet – hier gilt Murphys Gesetz fast immer – auf dem frisch angezogenen Hemd oder mit etwas Glück nur auf der Tischdecke. Man kann dieses Phänomen unter kontrollierten Bedingungen mit Hochgeschwindigkeits‐Kameras analysieren und interessante Physik hinter den Spritzern aufspüren.
Gegenstrom‐Wärmetauscher im Schulunterricht
Authors: Wunder Michael , Salzmann Wiebke 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIm Rahmen einer Projektwoche haben Schüler der Klassen 7 bis 9 an der Kooperativen Gesamtschule Sehnde gelernt, wie in einem Haus Wärme beim Lüften zurückgewonnen werden kann. Dazu haben sie mit einfachsten Mitteln zwei Häuser aus Styropor gebaut, die beide gleich mit Ventilatoren über Lüftungskanäle mit Luft versorgt wurden. Aber nur ein Haus enthielt einen Wärmetauscher. Das Ergebnis war verständlich und überzeugend.
Knowledge, attitude and behaviour of the University of Ibadan women towards cancer of the cervix and its prevention
Authors: Asuzu Chioma Christie , Unegbu Julian , Akin‐odanye Elizabeth 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectivesThe two commonest cancers in Nigerian women are cancers of the breast and the cervix. Cancer of the cervix is the second commonest cancer and is a killer disease worldwide. The main objective of this study is to find out the knowledge, attitude and practices of the female university staff towards cancer of the cervix as a leadership group in the local effort towards cancer prevention.MethodologyA sample of 302 female staff of the University of Ibadan, which comprised 151 academic and 151 non‐academic staff was studied. These were all the female members of staff who were met during the study visitation of all the departments on the main campus of the university and who were willing to participate in the study. A self‐constructed and validated instrument called the knowledge, attitude and practice towards cervical cancer scale was used in collecting data for the study.ResultsTwo hundred and forty‐two (79.1%) were aware of the disease, whereas 19.9% (60) were not aware. The academic staff were statistically significantly more knowledgeable of cervical cancer than the non‐academic staff (p = 0.05).Two hundred and thirty‐two (232 or 76.82%) have a positive attitude towards preventive measures for cancer of the cervix such as Pap smear or ascetic acid test. However, as much as 210 (73.5%) of the women had never undertaken a Pap smear or other screening test for the condition.ConclusionThere is need for more education and promotion of cancer screening and services in this locality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Support service use and interest in support services among distressed family caregivers of lung cancer patients
Authors: Mosher Catherine E. , Champion Victoria L. , Hanna Nasser , Jalal Shadia I. , Fakiris Achilles J. , Birdas Thomas J. , Okereke Ikenna C. , Kesler Kenneth A. , Einhorn Lawrence H. , Given Barbara A. , Monahan Patrick O. , Ostroff Jamie S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined support service use and interest in support services among distressed family caregivers of patients recently entering comprehensive cancer care facilities.MethodsPrimary family caregivers of lung cancer patients (N = 83) were recruited from three medical centers within 12 weeks of the patient's new visit to the oncology clinic. All family caregivers were screened for psychological distress, and those reporting significant anxiety or depressive symptoms were eligible for this study. Caregivers completed a baseline assessment of support service use (i.e., use of mental health services and complementary and alternative medicine [CAM]) and interest in support services. Support service use was also assessed 3 months later.ResultsAlthough all caregivers reported clinically meaningful distress, only 26% used mental health and 39% used CAM services during the 3‐month study period. Patients' receipt of chemotherapy was positively associated with caregivers' mental health service use, whereas greater education and receiving assistance with caregiving tasks were associated with CAM use. Forty percent of caregivers who did not use CAM at baseline were interested in CAM. In addition, 29% of caregivers who did not receive mental health services at baseline were interested in professional psychosocial support, and 29% of caregivers who did not receive staff assistance with practical needs at baseline were interested in this service.ConclusionsFindings suggest that distressed family caregivers of lung cancer patients underuse mental health services and that a sizable minority are interested in professional help with psychosocial and practical needs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma Printing and Related Techniques – Patterning of Surfaces Using Microplasmas at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Thomas Michael , Borris Jochen , Dohse Antje , Eichler Marko , Hinze Alena , Lachmann Kristina , Nagel Krees , Klages Claus‐Peter 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe interest in applications of atmospheric‐pressure plasmas to solve surface‐technological tasks was originally motivated primarily by the expectation that major cost savings could be achieved if plasma‐based processes, conventionally run below 1 mbar, could now be performed at ambient pressure. However, it was soon recognized that, working at 1 bar, also completely new techniques are made feasible by the utilization of microdischarges, thanks to strongly reduced mean free paths of plasma constituents. The present contribution gives an overview of a number of possibilities, studied in the recent years, to apply atmospheric‐pressure microplasmas for the patterned coating or surface modification of two‐ and three‐dimensional substrates.magnified image
Estimation of Local Disability Schedules: an Evaluation of Relational Models
Authors: Marshall Alan 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTLocal information on the age‐specific prevalence of disability, distinguishing disability type, is important for planning purposes to inform the provision of specialist services appropriate to the needs of those at different ages. Projections of disability, which require estimates of age‐specific rates of disability as their base, are valuable as they enable planners to prepare for future service demands. However, in the UK, estimates that include detail of disability type, age, and sex are not reliably available for sub‐national areas. This paper evaluates relational models, a technique originally developed for the estimation of age‐specific mortality rates, as a potential solution to this information gap. Relational models are shown to be as successful in capturing sub‐national variability in levels of disability as individual‐level synthetic regression models. The relational approach has important advantages over more commonly used individual‐level synthetic regression models in terms of parsimony of parameters and assumptions. As such, relational models offer a valuable new approach for health researchers and policymakers interested in the estimation of local age‐specific rates of disability and more generally other health‐related characteristics with rates that follow mortality‐like age patterns. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating treatment effects in a two‐arm parallel trial of a continuous outcome
Authors: Nunney Ian , Clark Allan , Shepstone Lee 
Published: September 2012

For a continuous outcome in a two‐arm trial that satisfies normal distribution assumptions, we can transform the standardized mean difference with the use of the cumulative distribution function to be the effect size measure P(X < Y ).This measure is already established within engineering as the reliability parameter in stress–strength models, where Y represents the strength of a component and X represents the stress the component undergoes. If X is greater than Y, then the component will fail.In this paper, we consider the closely related effect size measure,
urn:x-wiley:02776715:media:sim5556:sim5556-math-0001This measure is also known as Somer's d, which was introduced by Somers in 1962 as an ordinal measure of association. In this paper, we explore this measure as a treatment effect size for a continuous outcome. Although the point estimates for λ are easily calculated, the interval is not so readily obtained. We compare kernel density estimation and use of bootstrap and jackknife methods to estimate confidence intervals against two further methods for estimating P(X < Y ) and their respective intervals, one of which makes no assumption about the underlying distribution and the other assumes a normal distribution. Simulations show that the choice of the best estimator depends on the value of λ, the variability within the data, and the underlying distribution of the data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.