bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advanced Turbine Systems Program and Coal Applications
Authors: Webb H. A. , Parsons E. L. , Bajura R. A. 
Published: February 2015

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is conducting a program to develop ultra high-efficiency, cost-effective, environmentally benign gas turbine systems for industrial and utility applications. The Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) Program, jointly managed by the DOE’s Office of Fossil Energy (DOE/FE) and Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy (DOE/CE), will lead to the commercial offering by industry of systems meeting full program goals by the years 2000–2002. It is expected that some advanced technology will already have been commercialized in intermediate systems before that time. Teams, led by U.S. turbine manufacturers, will conduct most of the development work in the ATS Program. However, a substantial technology base element of the program will see universities and others conduct significant research and development (R&D) on generic technology issues relevant to the program.
The program is primarily aimed at developing natural gas-fired turbine systems. Although the conversion of ATS to firing with coal or biomass fuels will be addressed in the analysis of ATS, tests will not be conducted in the program to verify conversion to alternate fuel firing. The program will, however, include work to transfer advanced technology to the coal- and biomass-fueled systems being developed in other DOE programs.
Ceramic Gas Turbine Technology Development and Applications
Authors: Smyth J. R. , Morey R. E. , Schultze R. W. 
Published: February 2015

Under the ongoing DOE/NASA-funded Advanced Turbine Technology Applications Project (ATTAP), Garrett Auxiliary Power Division (GAPD) is continuing to address the issues of developing and applying structural ceramics to production gas turbine engines. Several critical technologies are being developed to advance this issue, including design methods development, component design, component fabrication, material characterization, and engine testing. The brittle nature of structural ceramics highlights concerns regarding impact damage. Through analysis and experimentation, design methods are being developed to improve the resistance of ceramic components to impact damage. Ceramic component designs now integrate these design methods into practice and proof testing methods are being developed to verify the results for actual engine components. Ceramic component fabrication processes are being optimized by selected subcontractors, resulting in deliveries of high-quality ceramic components which fully meet engine test needs. Verification of the component material properties is being achieved through comparisons of material property data from test bars cut from actual engine components with data generated from ceramic material test specimens. All these efforts are aimed at demonstrating endurance of the AGT101 all-ceramic turbine engine at the maximum operating temperature conditions up to 2500F (1371C).
These critical ceramics technologies being developed under ATTAP are also providing a critical launch pad into production-oriented programs. GAPD has three concurrent programs underway, aimed at integrating ceramics into production Auxiliary Power Units (APUs). These include: installing and evaluating ceramic turbine nozzles under actual field conditions in a well-established product line (the 85 Series Ceramic Nozzle Demonstration Program); incorporating ceramic first-stage turbine stators and blades in a three-stage axial turbine APU (the 331-200 Ceramic Demonstration Program); and incorporation of a ceramic first-stage turbine stator in our latest APU design, the G250 Auxiliary Power Generation System (APGS) for the USAF F-22 fighter aircraft.
Hot Section Turbine Disk Lifing Philosophies
Authors: Goswami Tarun K. 
Published: February 2015

The life prediction of critical gas turbine engine components is carried out using a bank of laboratory test data which is also verified by a comprehensive program on full scale fatigue tests. These tests include carcass for containment, canopy for foreign body ingestion, disks for bolt hole and dovetail/firtree root cracks and blades for thermal shock and fatigue.
The life of the majority of these components is limited by low cycle fatigue which eventually is based on ‘initiation’ concepts and first detection of a crack 0.8 mm deep. Safe life design requires a high confidence of 99.9% probability of crack free components. Using safe life design concepts there is a large number of prematurely retired disks from service which have a high potential of useful life left in them.
Damage tolerance or fracture mechanics based lifing concepts attempt to utilize this ‘useful’ life by analyzing the cracks. However, these concepts depend on the accuracy of detecting cracks by Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI) techniques. The probability of detection curves do not follow a fixed statistical distribution to give sufficient confidence level to fix the next inspection interval. Probabilistic and deterministic fracture mechanics based lifing philosophies are overviewed.
Gas Turbines in Ship Propulsion: Design Constraints in Relation to Ship Types
Authors: Bakountouzis L. N. 
Published: February 2015

In recent years merchant marine propulsion has been dominated by the diesel engine (primarily the slow speed type) with fuel costs being the principal factor in favour of their selection. Fuel costs, however, constitute but one of the major constraints entering the design and operation of the marine power plant.
Following a systems approach, the design problem of the marine power plant (within the framework of the overall ship design and seaborne transport systems) is considered, with the view to properly identify and classify the complete set of machinery constraints and their interactions, in relation to different ship applications.
On this basis, the gas turbine is compared with its internal combustion rival by considering the most significant constraints, but with due reference to other factors (of a lesser importance), where appropriate. It is shown that, in this way, the predominance of one type of prime mover over the other, in different applications can be easily explained.
Finally, consideration is given to future developments in terms of high-speed marine transportation demands, possible legislation requirements for environmental protection and potential advances in prime movers themselves. It is concluded that the gas turbine could well assume a more prominent role in marine propulsion, in the near or distant future.
A Power Increase of 17% for the EGT Typhoon Gas Turbine
Authors: Sanders A. T. , Gallimore S. , Whitehouse P. 
Published: February 2015

Following the successful introduction of the EGT Typhoon at a power rating of 4100 kW (5500 hp), planned enhancements have been introduced to increase the power to 4790 kW (6400 hp). The changes to meet the higher power requirement include an increase in rotational speed by 5% with resulting increases in mass flow and pressure ratio, thermal barrier coating of the combustion chambers, and the directional solidification of the hp rotor blade material.
The design changes are described along with the validation by rig work and engine running, building on the extensive field running of engines at the 4100 kW rating.
Gas Turbine Engine Noise Control Using Fiber Metal Lined Ducts
Authors: Clark Ray C. , Mekwinski Julius C. 
Published: February 2015

Fiber metal acoustic sheet materials are used in lined duct sound absorbers for gas turbine engine noise. Duct treatment utilizes a fiber metal face sheet backed by a cavity of controlled depth. The fiber metal facing and cavity depth provide a tuned system that is broadly effective in a desired frequency band. Fiber metal lined ducts are used in engine applications such as fan ducts, inlet cowls, auxiliary power units and environmental control systems. This approach is used in engine treatments to provide effective absorption within engine limits of weight and space.
This paper discusses design methodology for fiber metal ducts. Topics include frequency tuning the absorber, treated area versus noise reduction, matching the acoustical impedance of the fiber metal to the air in the duct, the effects of flow and sound pressure level in the duct on noise reduction, and an example of noise reduction achieved in an engine application.
Paralympic Sprint Performance Between 1992 and 2012
Authors: Grobler Lara , Ferreira Suzanne , Terblanche Elmarie 
Published: February 2015

The Paralympic Games have undergone many changes since their inception in 1960, one being the advances made in running-specific prostheses (RSPs) for track athletes with lower-limb amputations.Purpose:To investigate the sprinting-performance changes in athletes with lower-limb amputations since 1992 to assess whether the influence of developments in RSP technology is evident.Methods:The results of the Olympic and Paralympic Games ranging between 1992 and 2012 for the 100-m and 200-m were collected, and performance trends, percentage change in performance, and competition density (CD) were calculated.Results:The results indicate that the greatest performance increases were seen in athletes with lower-limb amputations (T42 = 26%, T44 = 14%). These performance improvements were greater than for Olympic athletes (<3%), as well as Paralympic athletes from other selected classes (<10%). The T42 and T44 classes also showed the lowest CD values.Discussion:These results suggest that although there is an overall trend for improved Paralympic sprint performances, RSP technology has played a noteworthy role in the progression of performances of athletes with amputations. It is also hypothesized that the difference in the performance improvements between the T42 and T44 classes is due to the level of disability and therefore the extent to which technology is required to enable locomotion.Conclusion:It is evident that RSP technology has played a significant role in the progression of performances in athletes with lower-limb amputations.
Accumulation of Domain-Specific Physical Inactivity and Presence of Hypertension in Brazilian Public Healthcare System
Authors: Turi Bruna Camilo , Codogno Jamile S. , Fernandes Romulo A. , Sui Xuemei , Lavie Carl J. , Blair Steven N. , Monteiro Henrique Luiz 
Published: February 2015

Background:Hypertension is one of the most common noncommunicable diseases worldwide, and physical inactivity is a risk factor predisposing to its occurrence and complications. However, it is still unclear the association between physical inactivity domains and hypertension, especially in public healthcare systems. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between physical inactivity aggregation in different domains and prevalence of hypertension among users of Brazilian public health system.Methods:963 participants composed the sample. Subjects were divided into quartiles groups according to 3 different domains of physical activity (occupational; physical exercises; and leisure-time and transportation). Hypertension was based on physician diagnosis.Results:Physical inactivity in occupational domain was significantly associated with higher prevalence of hypertension (OR = 1.52 [1.05 to 2.21]). The same pattern occurred for physical inactivity in leisure-time (OR = 1.63 [1.11 to 2.39]) and aggregation of physical inactivity in 3 domains (OR = 2.46 [1.14 to 5.32]). However, the multivariate-adjusted model showed significant association between hypertension and physical inactivity in 3 domains (OR = 2.57 [1.14 to 5.79]).Conclusions:The results suggest an unequal prevalence of hypertension according to physical inactivity across different domains and increasing the promotion of physical activity in the healthcare system is needed.
On Shijing's "Do Not HoldMy Tongue” (莫捫朕舌): An Etymological Explanation
Authors: Yang Hsiu-Fang 
Published: February 2015

Based on the study of the word family "door" (門), this article suggests that the word "to hold" (捫) had the original meaning "to hold the door open/closed". This word developed extended meanings in two opposite directions. The phrases "to hold the tongue" (捫舌) seen in Shijing (詩經), meaning meaning "to not talk", or "to hold the foot" (捫足), meaning "to cover the foot", both derive from "to hold closed"; in contrast, "to hold tears" (捫淚), meaning "to let tears go, to wipe tears away", derives from "to hold open".
This article also reveals the crucial role of word families in the study of lexical development. For instance, once the etymological relationship among "door" (門), "to ask" (問) "to hear" (聞), "to muffle" (悶), and "to hold" (捫) is clear, the explanation underlying the grammatical characteristics of these words becomes clearer. This approach has general application to our understanding of the history of the Chinese lexicon as a whole.
Multiple Changepoint Detection Using Metadata
Authors: Li Yingbo , Lund Robert 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper examines multiple changepoint detection procedures that use station history (metadata) information. Metadata records are available for some climate time series; however, these records are notoriously incomplete and many station moves and gauge changes are unlisted (undocumented). The shift in a series must be comparatively larger to declare a changepoint at an undocumented time. Also, the statistical methods for the documented and undocumented scenarios radically differ: a simple t test adequately detects a single mean shift at a documented changepoint time, while a tmax distribution is appropriate for a single undocumented changepoint analysis. Here, the multiple changepoint detection problem is considered via a Bayesian approach, with the metadata record being used to formulate a prior distribution of the changepoint numbers and their location times. This prior distribution is combined with the data to obtain a posterior distribution of changepoint numbers and location times. Estimates of the most likely number of changepoints and times are obtained from the posterior distribution. Simulation studies demonstrate the efficacy of this approach. The methods, which are applicable with or without a reference series, are applied in the analysis of an annual precipitation series from New Bedford, Massachusetts.
External Influences on Modeled and Observed Cloud Trends
Authors: Marvel Kate , Zelinka Mark , Klein Stephen A. , Bonfils Céline , Caldwell Peter , Doutriaux Charles , Santer Benjamin D. , Taylor Karl E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Understanding the cloud response to external forcing is a major challenge for climate science. This crucial goal is complicated by intermodel differences in simulating present and future cloud cover and by observational uncertainty. This is the first formal detection and attribution study of cloud changes over the satellite era. Presented herein are CMIP5 model-derived fingerprints of externally forced changes to three cloud properties: the latitudes at which the zonally averaged total cloud fraction (CLT) is maximized or minimized, the zonal average CLT at these latitudes, and the height of high clouds at these latitudes. By considering simultaneous changes in all three properties, the authors define a coherent multivariate fingerprint of cloud response to external forcing and use models from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5) to calculate the average time to detect these changes. It is found that given perfect satellite cloud observations beginning in 1983, the models indicate that a detectable multivariate signal should have already emerged. A search is then made for signals of external forcing in two observational datasets: ISCCP and PATMOS-x. The datasets are both found to show a poleward migration of the zonal CLT pattern that is incompatible with forced CMIP5 models. Nevertheless, a detectable multivariate signal is predicted by models over the PATMOS-x time period and is indeed present in the dataset. Despite persistent observational uncertainties, these results present a strong case for continued efforts to improve these existing satellite observations, in addition to planning for new missions.
FOXF2 deficiency promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of basal-like breast cancer
Authors: Wang Qing-Shan , Kong Peng-Zhou , Li Xiao-Qing , Yang Fan , Feng Yu-Mei 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Our previous clinical study demonstrated that the under-expression of FOXF2 is associated with early-onset metastasis and poor prognosis of patients with triple-negative breast cancer. In this study, we further characterized the role of FOXF2 in metastasis of basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) and underlying molecular mechanisms.

Methods
RT-qPCR, immunoblot, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were performed to assess the expression of genes and proteins in cell lines and tissues. A series of in vitro and in vivo assays was performed in the cells with RNAi-mediated knockdown or overexpression to elucidate the function and transcriptional regulatory role of FOXF2 in breast cancer.

Results
We found that FOXF2 was specifically expressed in most basal-like breast cells. FOXF2 deficiency enhanced the metastatic ability of BLBC cells in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, FOXF2 deficiency induced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of basal-like breast cells. Furthermore, we identified that TWIST1 is a transcriptional target of FOXF2. TWIST1 was negatively regulated by FOXF2 and mediated the FOXF2-regulated EMT phenotype of basal-like breast cells and aggressive property of BLBC.

Conclusions
FOXF2 is a novel EMT-suppressing transcription factor in BLBC. FOXF2 deficiency enhances metastatic ability of BLBC cells by activating the EMT program through upregulating the transcription of TWIST1.
A genomic data viewer for iPad
Authors: Thorvaldsdóttir Helga , Robinson James T , Turner Douglass , Mesirov Jill P 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) for iPad, based on the popular IGV application for desktop and laptop computers, supports researchers who wish to take advantage of the mobility of today’s tablet computers to view genomic data and present findings to colleagues.
Development of cancer genetic services in the UK: A national consultation
Authors: Slade Ingrid , Riddell Daniel , Turnbull Clare , Hanson Helen , Rahman Nazneen ,   for the MCG programme
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Background
Technological advances in DNA sequencing have made gene testing fast and affordable, but there are challenges to the translation of these improvements for patient benefit. The Mainstreaming Cancer Genetics (MCG) programme is exploiting advances in DNA sequencing to develop the infrastructure, processes and capabilities required for cancer gene testing to become routinely available to all those that can benefit.

Methods
The MCG programme held a consultation day to discuss the development of cancer genetics with senior representation from all 24 UK cancer genetic centres. The current service landscape and capacity for expansion was assessed through structured questionnaires. Workshop discussion addressed the opportunities and challenges to increasing cancer gene testing in the National Health Service (NHS).

Results
Services vary with respect to population served and models of service delivery, and with respect to methods and thresholds for determining risk and testing eligibility. Almost all centres want to offer more cancer gene testing (82%) and reported increasing demand for testing from non-genetic clinical colleagues (92%). Reported challenges to increasing testing include the complexity of interpreting the resulting genetic data (79%), the level of funding and complexity of commissioning (67%), the limited capacity of current processes and cross-disciplinary relationships (38%), and workforce education (29%).

Conclusions
Priorities to address include the development and evaluation of models of increasing access to gene testing, the optimal process for interpretation of large-scale genetic data, implementation of appropriate commissioning and funding processes, and achieving national consistency. The UK cancer genetics community have high expertise and strong commitment to maximising scientific advances for improved patient benefit and should be pivotally involved in the implementation of increased cancer gene testing.
Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of poly-3-d-hydroxybutyrate from xylose
Authors: Sandström Anders G , Muñoz de las Heras Alejandro , Portugal-Nunes Diogo , Gorwa-Grauslund Marie F 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Poly-3-d-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a promising biopolymer naturally produced by several bacterial species. In the present study, the robust baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered to produce PHB from xylose, the main pentose found in lignocellulosic biomass. The PHB pathway genes from the well-characterized PHB producer Cupriavidus necator were introduced in recombinant S. cerevisiae strains already capable of pentose utilization by introduction of the fungal genes for xylose utilization from the yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis. PHB production from xylose was successfully demonstrated in shake-flasks experiments, with PHB yield of 1.17 ± 0.18 mg PHB g−1 xylose. Under well-controlled fully aerobic conditions, a titer of 101.7 mg PHB L−1 was reached within 48 hours, with a PHB yield of 1.99 ± 0.15 mg PHB g−1 xylose, thereby demonstrating the potential of this host for PHB production from lignocellulose.
Enhanced xylose fermentation and ethanol production by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
Authors: Vilela Leonardo de Figueiredo , de Araujo Verônica Parente Gomes , Paredes Raquel de Sousa , Bon Elba Pinto da Silva , Torres Fernando Araripe Gonçalves , Neves Bianca Cruz , Eleutherio Elis Cristina Araújo 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that heterologous expression of a bacterial xylose isomerase gene (xylA) of Burkholderia cenocepacia enabled a laboratorial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain to ferment xylose anaerobically, without xylitol accumulation. However, the recombinant yeast fermented xylose slowly. In this study, an evolutionary engineering strategy was applied to improve xylose fermentation by the xylA-expressing yeast strain, which involved sequential batch cultivation on xylose. The resulting yeast strain co-fermented glucose and xylose rapidly and almost simultaneously, exhibiting improved ethanol production and productivity. It was also observed that when cells were grown in a medium containing higher glucose concentrations before being transferred to fermentation medium, higher rates of xylose consumption and ethanol production were obtained, demonstrating that xylose utilization was not regulated by catabolic repression. Results obtained by qPCR demonstrate that the efficiency in xylose fermentation showed by the evolved strain is associated, to the increase in the expression of genes HXT2 and TAL1, which code for a low-affinity hexose transporter and transaldolase, respectively. The ethanol productivity obtained after the introduction of only one genetic modification and the submission to a one-stage process of evolutionary engineering was equivalent to those of strains submitted to extensive metabolic and evolutionary engineering, providing solid basis for future applications of this strategy in industrial strains.