bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructural parameter estimation in vivo using diffusion MRI and structured prior information
Authors: Clayden Jonathan D. , Nagy Zoltan , Weiskopf Nikolaus , Alexander Daniel C. , Clark Chris A. 
Published: May 2015

PurposeDiffusion MRI has recently been used with detailed models to probe tissue microstructure. Much of this work has been performed ex vivo with powerful scanner hardware, to gain sensitivity to parameters such as axon radius. By contrast, performing microstructure imaging on clinical scanners is extremely challenging.MethodsWe use an optimized dual spin‐echo diffusion protocol, and a Bayesian fitting approach, to obtain reproducible contrast (histogram overlap of up to 92%) in estimated maps of axon radius index in healthy adults at a modest, widely‐available gradient strength (35 mT m). A key innovation is the use of influential priors.ResultsWe demonstrate that our priors can improve precision in axon radius estimates—a 7‐fold reduction in voxelwise coefficient of variation in vivo—without significant bias. Our results may reflect true axon radius differences between white matter regions, but this interpretation should be treated with caution due to the complexity of the tissue relative to our model.ConclusionsSome sensitivity to relatively large axons (3–15 μm) may be available at clinical field and gradient strengths. Future applications at higher gradient strength will benefit from the favorable eddy current properties of the dual spin‐echo sequence, and greater precision available with suitable priors. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of theCreative Commons AttributionLicense, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Magn Reson Med 75:1787–1796, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance.
Demonstration of glucose‐6‐phosphate hydrogen 5 enrichment from deuterated water by transaldolase‐mediated exchange alone
Authors: Coelho Margarida , Valente‐Silva Paula , Tylki‐Szymanska Anna , Henriques Tiago , Barosa Cristina , Carvalho Filipa , Jones John G. 
Published: May 2015

PurposeEnrichment of glucose position 5 (H5) from deuterated water (2H2O) is widely used for quantifying gluconeogenesis. Exchanges of hexose and triose phosphates mediated by transaldolase have been postulated to enrich H5 independently of gluconeogenesis, but to date this mechanism has not been proven. We determined the enrichment of glucose‐6‐phosphate (G6P), the immediate precursor of endogenously produced glucose, from 2H2O in erythrocyte hemolysate preparations. Here, transaldolase exchange is active but gluconeogenesis is absent.MethodsHemolysates were prepared from human erythrocytes and incubated with a buffer containing 5% [U‐13C]G6P, unlabeled fructose 1,6‐bisphosphate, and 10% 2H2O. G6P 2H‐enrichment and 13C‐isotopomer distributions were analyzed by 2H and 13C NMR following derivatization to monoacetone glucose.Results2H NMR analysis revealed high 2H‐enrichment of G6P hydrogens 2, 4, and 5; low enrichment of hydrogen 3, and residual enrichments of hydrogens 1, 6R, and 6S. 13C NMR isotopomer analysis revealed that [U‐13C]G6P was converted to [1,2,3‐13C3]G6P, a predicted product of transaldolase‐mediated exchange, as well as [1,2‐13C2]G6P and [3‐13C]G6P, predicted products of combined transaldolase and transketolase exchanges.ConclusionHydrogen 5 of G6P was enriched from 2H2O through exchanges mediated by transaldolase. These studies prove that G6P can be enriched in hydrogen 5 by 2H2O independently of gluconeogenesis. Magn Reson Med 75:1781–1786, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scoping review of adherence promotion theories in pelvic floor muscle training – 2011 ics state‐of‐the‐science seminar research paper i of iv
Authors: McClurg Doreen , Frawley Helena , Hay‐Smith Jean , Dean Sarah , Chen Shu‐Yueh , Chiarelli Pauline , Mair Frances , Dumoulin Chantale 
Published: May 2015

AimsThis paper, the first of four emanating from the International Continence Society's 2011 State‐of‐the‐Science Seminar on pelvic‐floor‐muscle training (PFMT) adherence, aimed to summarize the literature on theoretical models to promote PFMT adherence, as identified in the research, or suggested by the seminar's expert panel, and recommends future directions for clinical practice and research.MethodsExisting literature on theories of health behavior were identified through a conventional subject search of electronic databases, reference‐list checking, and input from the expert panel. A core eligibility criterion was that the study included a theoretical model to underpin adherence strategies used in an intervention to promote PFM training/exercise.ResultsA brief critique of 12 theoretical models/theories is provided and, were appropriate, their use in PFMT adherence strategies identified or examples of possible uses in future studies outlined.ConclusionA better theoretical‐based understanding of interventions to promote PFMT adherence through changes in health behaviors is required. The results of this scoping review and expert opinions identified several promising models. Future research should explicitly map the theories behind interventions that are thought to improve adherence in various populations (e.g., perinatal women to prevent or lessen urinary incontinence). In addition, identified behavioral theories applied to PFMT require a process whereby their impact can be evaluated. Neurourol. Urodynam. 34:???–???, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pelvic‐floor‐muscle‐training adherence “modifiers”: A review of primary qualitative studies—2011 ICS State‐of‐the‐Science Seminar research paper III of IV
Authors: Hay‐Smith Jean , Dean Sarah , Burgio Kathryn , McClurg Doreen , Frawley Helena , Dumoulin Chantale 
Published: May 2015

AimsThis review aims to locate and summarize the findings of qualitative studies exploring the experience of and adherence to pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) to recommend future directions for practice and research.MethodsPrimary qualitative studies were identified through a conventional subject search of electronic databases, reference‐list checking, and expert contact. A core eligibility criterion was the inclusion of verbatim quotes from participants about PFMT experiences. Details of study aims, methods, and participants were extracted and tabulated. Data were inductively grouped into categories describing “modifiers” of adherence (verified by a second author) and systematically displayed with supporting illustrative quotes.ResultsThirteen studies (14 study reports) were included; eight recruited only or predominantly women with urinary incontinence, three recruited postnatal women, and two included women with pelvic organ prolapse. The quality of methodological reporting varied. Six “modifiers” of adherence were described: knowledge; physical skill; feelings about PFMT; cognitive analysis, planning, and attention; prioritization; and service provision.ConclusionsIndividuals' experience substantial difficulties with capability (particularly knowledge and skills), motivation (especially associated with the considerable cognitive demands of PFMT), and opportunity (as external factors generate competing priorities) when adopting and maintaining a PFMT program. Expert consensus was that judicious selection and deliberate application of appropriate behavior change strategies directed to the “modifiers” of adherence identified in the review may improve PFMT outcomes. Future research is needed to explore whether the review findings are congruent with the PFMT experiences of antenatal women, men, and adults with fecal incontinence. Neurourol. Urodynam. 34:???–???, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pelvic‐Floor‐Muscle Training Adherence: Tools, Measurements and Strategies—2011 ICS State‐of‐the‐Science Seminar Research Paper II of IV
Authors: Dumoulin Chantal , Alewijnse Dianne , Bo Kari , Hagen Suzanne , Stark Diane , Van Kampen Marijke , Herbert Julia , Hay‐Smith Jean , Frawley Helena , McClurg Doreen , Dean Sarah 
Published: May 2015

AimsThis paper on pelvic‐floor‐muscle training (PFMT) adherence, the second of four from the International Continence Society's 2011 State‐of‐the‐Science Conference, aims to (1) identify and collate current adherence outcome measures, (2) report the determinants of adherence, (3) report on PFMT adherence strategies, and (4) make actionable clinical and research recommendations.MethodData were amassed from a literature review and an expert panel (2011 conference), following consensus statement methodology. Experts in pelvic floor dysfunction collated and synthesized the evidence and expert opinions on PFMT adherence for urinary incontinence (UI) and lower bowel dysfunction in men and women and pelvic organ prolapse in women.ResultsThe literature was scarce for most of the studied populations except for limited research on women with UI. Outcome measures: Exercise diaries were the most widely‐used adherence outcome measure, PFMT adherence was inconsistently monitored and inadequately reported. Determinants: Research, mostly secondary analyses of RCTs, suggested that intention to adhere, self‐efficacy expectations, attitudes towards the exercises, perceived benefits and a high social pressure to engage in PFMT impacted adherence. Strategies: Few trials studied and compared adherence strategies. A structured PFMT programme, an enthusiastic physiotherapist, audio prompts, use of established theories of behavior change, and user‐consultations seem to increase adherence.ConclusionThe literature on adherence outcome measures, determinants and strategies remains scarce for the studied populations with PFM dysfunction, except in women with UI. Although some current adherence findings can be applied to clinical practice, more effective and standardized research is urgently needed across all the sub‐populations. Neurourol. Urodynam. 34:???–???, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
INTENDED AND UNINTENDED EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON POVERTY: WHAT RESEARCH TELLS US AND IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY
Authors: Bitler Marianne P. , Karoly Lynn A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDuring the mid‐1960s, the United States adopted a series of cash and in‐kind transfer programs, as well as human capital investment strategies, as part of the War on Poverty. A number of other programs were first proposed as part of this “war” but were not implemented until the mid‐1970s. These programs had noble goals: to increase incomes at the bottom of the income distribution, reduce poverty, and improve nutrition, heath, and human capital. However, various features of the programs also had the potential to produce unintended consequences: for example, means‐tested programs can discourage work. In this paper, we comprehensively evaluate the main War on Poverty programs that were aimed at the low‐income nonelderly population along with several follow‐on programs. We focus on both intended and unintended consequences, drawing on the most compelling causal evidence. We conclude with a series of lessons learned and questions that are outstanding.
Boron subphthalocyanine polymers: Avoiding the small molecule side product and exploring their use in organic light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Lessard Benoît H. , Sampson Kathleen L. , Plint Trevor , Bender Timothy P. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, we set out the steps to efficiently synthesize boron subphthalocyanine (BsubPc)‐containing polymers while circumventing the formation of a known side product. The synthesis was achieved using the post‐polymerization coupling reaction of a carboxylic acid functional prepolymer with bromo‐BsubPc. We have earlier shown that when copolymerizing styrene and acrylic acid (AA) a significant amount of an undesired side product is formed. In this study, we have determined that this side product persisted when styrene was copolymerized with AA or n‐butyl acrylate but could be avoided when styrene was copolymerized with methacrylic acid (MAA), methyl methacrylate, or acrylonitrile. Therefore, MAA/styrene copolymer, synthesized by nitroxide‐mediated polymerization was chosen to be coupled to BsubPc. The resulting BsubPc polymer was found to have similar electrochemical properties, solution state absorption and photoluminescence characteristics when compared against a small molecule model compound although the solid‐state PL emission of the polymer was found to be excitation wavelength dependent. Finally, preliminary organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) were fabricated to assess the potential role(s) of the BsubPc polymer in organic electronic devices. These OLEDs represent the first‐solution processed organic electronic devices containing BsubPc polymers as a functional material. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 1996–2006
Social support and its implications in older, early‐stage breast cancer patients in CALGB 49907 (Alliance A171301)
Authors: Jatoi Aminah , Muss Hyman , Allred Jake B. , Cohen Harvey J. , Ballman Karla , Hopkins Judith O. , Gajra Ajeet , Lafky Jacqueline , Wolff Antonio , Kottschade Lisa , Gralow Julie , Hurria Arti 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundStudies point to a direct association between social support and better cancer outcomes. This study examined whether baseline social support is associated with better survival and fewer chemotherapy‐related adverse events in older, early‐stage breast cancer patients.MethodsThis study is a pre‐planned secondary analysis of CALGB 49907/Alliance A171301, a randomized trial that compared standard adjuvant chemotherapy versus capecitabine in breast cancer patients 65 years of age or older. A subset reported on the extent of their social support with questionnaires that were completed 6 times over 2 years.ResultsThe median age of this 331‐patient cohort was 72 years (range: 65, 90); 179 (55%) were married, and 210 (65%) lived with someone. One hundred forty‐five patients (46%) described a social network of 0–10 people; 110 (35%) of 11–25; and 58 (19%) of 26 or more. The Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) social support survey revealed that the median scores (range) for emotional/informational, tangible, positive social interaction, and affectionate social support were 94 (3, 100), 94 (0, 100), 96 (0, 100), and 100 (8, 100), respectively. Social support scores appeared stable over 2 years and higher (more support) than in other cancer settings. No statistically significant associations were observed between social support and survival and adverse events in multivariate analyses. However, married patients had smaller tumors, and those with arthritis reported less social support.ConclusionAlthough social support did not predict survival and adverse events, the exploratory but plausible inverse associations with larger tumors and arthritis suggest that social support merits further study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medical interventions to reverse pulmonary hypoplasia in the animal model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A systematic review
Authors: Eastwood Mary Patrice , Russo Francesca Maria , Toelen Jaan , Deprest Jan 
Published: May 2015

SummaryObjectiveWe aimed to systematically review all published pre‐clinical research on prenatal medical treatment of pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Background The neonatal mortality due to isolated CDH remains high. Whether fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) reduces mortality is still to be demonstrated. Therefore more potent preferentially medical therapy would be welcomed. Methods We searched MEDLINE (Pubmed), Embase and the Web of Science including all studies from the earliest date (1951) to December 2013. Article quality was assessed using the modified CAMRADES checklist. Inclusion criteria were those animal studies addressing prenatal medical interventions and principal variables were confirmation of a diaphragmatic defect, lung to body weight ratio (LBWR), formal airway morphometry or DNA/protein content. Results In total 983 articles were identified. Following abstract review, 96 articles were assessed by two authors in agreement with a third for eligibility. Of these, 43 were included in the final analysis. The median number of study quality checklist items (maximum 10) scored was 4 (IQ range: 2–5). Thirty (69.8%) of studies were in the nitrofen rat. The majority were treated with vitamins or glucocorticoids. Single studies reported some improvement in lung morphology with alternative therapies. It was impossible to identify a pattern in animal model selection or creation, mode, time point or duration of treatment and readouts. Only one study reported a sample size calculation. Conclusion Comparison in pre‐clinical studies in CDH is challenging due to methodological variation. Agreed standardized methods need to be applied in future investigation of new medical therapies. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:820–838. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retention time of chlorophacinone in black‐tailed prairie dogs informs secondary hazards from a prairie dog rodenticide bait
Authors: Witmer Gary W , Snow Nathan P , Moulton Rachael S 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDSecondary toxicity in mammals and birds that consume animals containing residues of anticoagulant rodenticides represents a persistent conflict between conservation, agriculture and environmental contamination. Chlorophacinone residues in black‐tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) represent a secondary exposure hazard to predatory and scavenging avian and mammalian species in the Central Plains of the United States, especially considering efforts to re‐establish black‐footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes). Rozol® Prairie Dog Bait (chlorophacinone 0.005%) is registered to control black‐tailed prairie dogs in ten states throughout the midwestern and western United States.RESULTSWe fed Rozol Prairie Dog Bait to captive black‐tailed prairie dogs for 2 days and analyzed their livers and whole bodies (without livers) for chlorophacinone residue on days 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 18 and 27 post‐exposure. We found the greatest levels of residues in livers ( = 5.499 mg kg−1) and whole bodies ( = 1.281 mg kg−1) on day 3. Residues in both tissues declined rapidly over time, with estimated half‐lives of approximately 6 days post‐exposure. However, a risk assessment of secondary toxicity to non‐target mammals indicated acute risks for mammalian species up to 27 days post‐exposure and negligible risks for birds.CONCLUSIONThe results suggest that the greatest risk of secondary toxicity occurs ≤14 days post‐application of Rozol Prairie Dog Bait and declines thereafter. This corresponds to the time when chlorophacinone residues are high, and prairie dogs exhibit signs of intoxication and are perhaps most susceptible to predation and scavenging. These results confirm that Rozol Prairie Dog Bait should not be used in areas where black‐footed ferrets or other sensitive species occur. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Kolihapeltine trilobites, the spiniest scutelluids from the eastern Anti‐Atlas (Morocco, Early Devonian): evolution, environment and classification
Authors: Feist Raimund , Chatterton Brian D. E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNew material from five localities in the Pragian and Emsian of the south‐eastern Moroccan Tafilalt and Ma'der regions sheds new light on the morphology and function of the entire exoskeleton of kolihapeltine trilobites and on their ecology and taphonomy. Entire and articulated specimens are preserved in what appear to be slumped obrution deposits. Monospecific cavity infillings in the Hamar Laghdad mounds are considered to have resulted from transport of sclerites from nearby gregarious assemblages. Development of pronounced spinosity is mainly interpreted as a defensive strategy. The overall morphology, in particular the elongated shape of the tail, and the absence of strongly developed muscle attachment areas, points to an epibenthic bottom life rather than a swimming lifestyle. Evolutionary trends mainly concern morphological changes in the shape of the pygidia that narrow considerably and elongate through time. We provide a systematic assessment of the subfamily Kolihapeltinae. Hitherto poorly known species of Kolihapeltis Prantl and Přibyl are reviewed and their diagnoses completed; two new taxa, K. bassei sp. nov. and K. tafilaltensis sp. nov., are described. Sagittapeltis Kim is emended after revision of its type species S. triangularis. A new species, S. belkai sp. nov., is described. The genus Andegavia Pillet is discarded after we show that its type species is an indeterminable scutelluid fragment. The new genus Heliopeltis with two species, H. ihmadii gen. et sp. nov. and H. johnsoni gen. et sp. nov., is erected.
Are recent changes in the terrestrial small mammal communities related to land use change? A test using pellet analyses
Authors: Torre Ignasi , Gracia‐Quintas Laura , Arrizabalaga Antoni , Baucells Jordi , Díaz Mario 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHuman‐induced landscape changes are expected to have strong effects on the composition and structure of terrestrial small mammal communities (Orders Rodentia and Soricomorpha). However, testing such expectations is difficult due to low detectability of these animals. We used analyses of barn owl (Tyto alba) pellets sampled in the same roosting places during 1977–1991 and again in 2011–2014 to (a) document small mammal community changes and (b) relate them to changes in land use. Forest and synanthropic small mammals increased by a 7 % between both periods, whereas open‐land species decreased by 13 %. Man‐made loss (crops and meadows) and expansion (forest and urban) of relevant habitat types were closely related to these changes. Localities with land use changes opposite to the general trend showed also an opposite trend in small mammal community change. Land use heterogeneity increased and dominance decreased between both sampling periods, and this pattern was paralleled by an increasing trend in diversity and a decreasing trend in dominance in small mammal communities. Decreasing trends of some generalist northern species with restricted ranges may have been due to climate change. Diet monitoring of barn owls are thus valuable tools for both documenting and analyzing fine‐grained small mammal responses to global change.