bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune Control in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development and Progression: Role of Stromal Cells
Authors: Sprinzl Martin F. , Galle Peter R. 
Published: November 2014

Immune control of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is executed by effector immune cells, which efficiently eliminate malignant transformed cells. However, progression of HCC clearly documents failure of tumor immune control, which led to the concept of immune subversion by the tumor environment.Particularly tumor-associated stromal cells cooperate within an inflammatory network, which is responsible for immune privilege. The stromal cell composition matures during tumor growth and is derived from surrounding noncancerous tissue or from circulating cells recruited to the tumor site. Therefore, immunosuppressive stromal cells represent heterogeneous cell lineages, including myeloid cells, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, which interact by direct cell contact, secretion of soluble factors, or production of extracellular matrix. As the stromal cells determine tumor immune control and clinical outcome of HCC, they represent a promising target for cancer immunotherapy.
Observations of Dicke narrowing and speed dependence in air-broadened CO2 lineshapes near 2.06 μm
Authors: Bui Thinh Q. , Long David A. , Cygan Agata , Sironneau Vincent T. , Hogan Daniel W. , Rupasinghe Priyanka M. , Ciuryło Roman , Lisak Daniel , Okumura Mitchio 
Published: November 2014

Frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy was used to study CO2 lineshapes in the (20013) ← (00001) band centered near 2.06 μm. Two rovibrational transitions were chosen for this study to measure non-Voigt collisional effects for air-broadened lines over the pressure range of 7 kPa–28 kPa. Lineshape analysis for both lines revealed evidence of simultaneous Dicke (collisional) narrowing and speed-dependent effects that would introduce biases exceeding 2% in the retrieved air-broadening parameters if not incorporated in the modeling of CO2 lineshapes. Additionally, correlations between velocity- and phase/state changing collisions greatly reduced the observed Dicke narrowing effect. As a result, it was concluded that the most appropriate line profile for modeling CO2 lineshapes near 2.06 μm was the correlated speed-dependent Nelkin-Ghatak profile, which includes all of the physical effects mentioned above and leads to a consistent set of line shape parameters that are linear with gas pressure.
Deciding whether follow-up studies have replicated findings in a preliminary large-scale omics study
Authors: Heller Ruth , Bogomolov Marina , Benjamini Yoav 
Published: November 2014

SignificanceThe use of big data is becoming a central way of discovering knowledge in modern science. Large amounts of potential findings are screened to discover the few real ones. To verify these discoveries a follow-up study is often conducted, wherein only the promising discoveries are followed up. Such follow-up studies are common in genomics, in proteomics, and in other areas where high-throughput methods are used. We show how to decide whether promising findings from the preliminary study are replicated by the follow-up study, keeping in mind that the preliminary study involved an extensive search for rare true signal in a vast amount of noise. The proposal computes a number, thervalue, to quantify the strength of replication.
Isotopic signals of summer denitrification in a northern hardwood forested catchment
Authors: Wexler Sarah K. , Goodale Christine L. , McGuire Kevin J. , Bailey Scott W. , Groffman Peter M. 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Denitrification is the most poorly understood process in the terrestrial N cycle. As a result, terrestrial N budgets are wildly unbalanced and our ability to address global nitrogen pollution is fundamentally constrained. Denitrification is controlled by multiple factors, often exhibiting extraordinary variation in time and space, especially in terrestrial environments. Temperate forests regularly receive much larger inputs of precipitation N than they export in streamwater. The fate of the rest has been elusive. We present stable isotope measurements revealing extensive evidence of denitrification from temperate-forest shallow groundwater in midsummer, even as concurrent measurements of streamwater show little sign of denitrification. These measurements support the importance of a disputed nitrogen removal process and its occurrence at a previously missed time and location.
Acceleration of evolutionary spread by long-range dispersal
Authors: Hallatschek Oskar , Fisher Daniel S. 
Published: November 2014

SignificancePathogens, invasive species, rumors, or innovations spread much more quickly around the world nowadays than in previous centuries. The speedup is caused by more frequent long-range dispersal, for example via air traffic. These jumps are crucial because they can generate satellite “outbreaks” at many distant locations, thus rapidly increasing the total rate of spread. We present a simple intuitive argument that captures the resulting spreading patterns. We show that even rare long-range jumps can transform the spread of simple epidemics from wave-like to a very fast type of “metastatic” growth. More generally, our approach can be used to describe how new evolutionary variants spread and thus improves our predictive understanding of the speed of Darwinian adaptation.
Molecular insights into DNA interference by CRISPR-associated nuclease-helicase Cas3
Authors: Gong Bei , Shin Minsang , Sun Jiali , Jung Che-Hun , Bolt Edward L. , van der Oost John , Kim Jeong-Sun 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Bacteria can repel invader DNA and RNA molecules by using an adaptive immunity mechanism called clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs)-Cas. CRISPR loci in a host genome are a repository of DNA fragments obtained from previous encounters with an invader, which can be transcribed and activated into short RNA molecules (crRNA) with sequences complementary to invader DNA or RNA. In some CRISPR-Cas systems, crRNA is assembled into a targeting complex called “Cascade” that seeks invader DNA to form an R-loop that triggers recruitment of a nuclease-helicase, Cas3, to destroy invader DNA. In this study, we show atomic resolution structures of a full-length Cas3, revealing how Cas3 coordinates binding, ATP-dependent translocation, and nuclease digestion of invader DNA.
Late Miocene episodic lakes in the arid Tarim Basin, western China
Authors: Liu Weiguo , Liu Zhonghui , An Zhisheng , Sun Jimin , Chang Hong , Wang Ning , Dong Jibao , Wang Huanye 
Published: November 2014

Significance
The relative roles of the two plausible causes, Cenozoic global cooling and Tibetan Plateau uplift, for the Asian interior aridification/desertification are often difficult to disentangle. High-quality terrestrial records from the Tarim Basin document how enhanced aridification occurred over the last 7 my, from episodic lacustrine environments to the currently prevailing desert environments. During the Late Miocene–Early Pliocene period, episodic occurrences of great lakes and thus wetter climate closely corresponded to periods of high eccentricity and possibly high obliquity, suggesting that the uplifted plateau by then did not effectively block the moisture availability at optimum climatic conditions. The finally irreversible drying up of great lakes at ∼4.9 Ma could be attributed to the plateau uplift.
Directed evolution of an ultrastable carbonic anhydrase for highly efficient carbon capture from flue gas
Authors: Alvizo Oscar , Nguyen Luan J. , Savile Christopher K. , Bresson Jamie A. , Lakhapatri Satish L. , Solis Earl O. P. , Fox Richard J. , Broering James M. , Benoit Michael R. , Zimmerman Sabrina A. , Novick Scott J. , Liang Jack , Lalonde James J. 
Published: November 2014

SignificanceIt is clear that to address climate change, the amount of CO2released into the atmosphere by industrial processes has to be reduced. Carbonic anhydrase regulates CO2in nearly every single living organism and is one of the most efficient enzymes in nature. To leverage that efficiency, a β-class carbonic anhydrase was engineered using directed evolution to withstand some of the harshest conditions associated with an industrial carbon capture process. The approach laid out can be generally applied in the development of natural enzymes for their use in industrial applications.
Negamycin induces translational stalling and miscoding by binding to the small subunit head domain of the
Escherichia coli
ribosome
Authors: Olivier Nelson B. , Altman Roger B. , Noeske Jonas , Basarab Gregory S. , Code Erin , Ferguson Andrew D. , Gao Ning , Huang Jian , Juette Manuel F. , Livchak Stephania , Miller Matthew D. , Prince D. Bryan , Cate Jamie H. D. , Buurman Ed T. , Blanchard Scott C. 
Published: November 2014

Significance
The identification of negamycin’s binding site within helix 34 of the small subunit head domain and the elucidation of its mechanism of action during messenger RNA decoding provide a physical framework for exploring structure–activity relationships of this largely unexplored antibiotic class. These findings lay the foundation for the rational design of improved negamycin analogs that may one day serve as potent antibacterial agents in the clinic.
Genetic activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase alters oxidative substrate selection to induce skeletal muscle insulin resistance
Authors: Rahimi Yasmeen , Camporez João-Paulo G. , Petersen Max C. , Pesta Dominik , Perry Rachel J. , Jurczak Michael J. , Cline Gary W. , Shulman Gerald I. 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Defects in mitochondrial substrate selection, mediated by inhibition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH), have been proposed to be a major contributor to lipid-induced muscle insulin resistance. To examine this hypothesis, we assessed insulin action in a genetic mouse model of constitutive PDH activation. Surprisingly, we found that preferential glucose oxidation in skeletal muscle in this mouse was accompanied by muscle insulin resistance. Muscle insulin resistance could be attributed to increased glucose oxidation at the expense of reduced fatty acid oxidation, leading to increased intramyocellular lipid accumulation and diacylglycerol-PKC-θ–mediated reductions in proximal insulin signaling. These findings have important clinical implications for novel antidiabetic therapies currently in development that activate PDH and enhance glucose oxidation in muscle.
Optimizing Fishing Quotas to Meet Target Fishing Fractions of an Internationally Exploited Stock of Pacific Sardine
Authors: Demer David A. , Zwolinski Juan P. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Two stocks of Pacific Sardine Sardinops sagax migrate seasonally and synchronously along the west coasts of Mexico, the USA, and Canada. Landings from the two stocks are currently combined in U.S. assessments of the northern stock, but the stocks may be differentiated by their associated seawater habitats, which are predominantly characterized by different ranges of sea surface temperature. We compared the combined and temperature-differentiated landings of the two stocks in each country for the period 1993–2011, demonstrating how different attributions of the landings affected the estimated annual fishing fraction (F) for the northern stock. Using combined or stock-differentiated landings and assessed biomasses, we found that the current harvest control rule (HCR) for Pacific Sardine has not consistently maintained a total F below the U.S. target value because the “distribution” parameter (used to account for the northern stock's proportion in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone [EEZ]), has not adequately accounted for northern stock landings in Mexico and Canada. We propose a refinement to the HCR, giving explicit consideration to the summed landings in Mexico and Canada, to more optimally set the annual U.S. quota. The performance of our method was compared with (1) the values of F that would have been achieved during the federal management period (2000–2011) if the U.S. quotas had always been met and (2) the generally lower actual values of F that were calculated using the default HCR formulation (1993–2011). We demonstrate that application of our method would permit more U.S. fishing for Pacific Sardine when the northern stock is large and predominantly located in the U.S. EEZ and would curtail U.S. fishing when a large proportion of the stock is present and fished in the Mexican EEZ, Canadian EEZ, or both.
Received December 12, 2013; accepted July 16, 2014
Microtubules Contribute to Tubule Elongation and Anchoring of Endoplasmic Reticulum, Resulting in High Network Complexity in Arabidopsis
Authors: Hamada Takahiro , Ueda Haruko , Kawase Takashi , Hara-Nishimura Ikuko 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of tubules and sheet-like structures in eukaryotic cells. Some ER tubules dynamically change their morphology, and others form stable structures. In plants, it has been thought that the ER tubule extension is driven by the actin-myosin machinery. Here, we show that microtubules also contribute to the ER tubule extension with an almost 20-fold slower rate than the actin filament-based ER extension. Treatment with the actin-depolymerizing drug Latrunculin B made it possible to visualize the slow extension of the ER tubules in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants expressing ER-targeted green fluorescent protein. The ER tubules elongated along microtubules in both directions of microtubules, which have a distinct polarity. This feature is similar to the kinesin- or dynein-driven ER tubule extension in animal cells. In contrast to the animal case, ER tubules elongating with the growing microtubule ends were not observed in Arabidopsis. We also found the spots where microtubules are stably colocalized with the ER subdomains during long observations of 1,040 s, suggesting that cortical microtubules contribute to provide ER anchoring points. The anchoring points acted as the branching points of the ER tubules, resulting in the formation of multiway junctions. The density of the ER tubule junction positively correlated with the microtubule density in both elongating cells and mature cells of leaf epidermis, showing the requirement of microtubules for formation of the complex ER network. Taken together, our findings show that plants use microtubules for ER anchoring and ER tubule extension, which establish fine network structures of the ER within the cell.
Conversion intentions of interns: what are the motivating factors?
Authors: Hurst Jessica L. , Good Linda K. , Gardner Phil 
Published: November 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate interns’ supervisory support expectations, psychological contract obligations, job satisfaction, perception of advancement opportunities and affective organisational commitment in an attempt to gain a better understanding of how these variables influence interns’ conversion intentions.Design/methodology/approachThis study focuses on college juniors and seniors who were enrolled in retail/service programs at one of three major US universities, and successfully completed a retail/service internship. An online survey was used to assess the influence of interns’ psychological contract expectations regarding employer obligations, supervisory support expectations, job satisfaction, perception of advancement opportunities, and affective organisational commitment on interns’ conversion intentions (intent to accept an offer for full‐time employment).FindingsFindings indicate that employers can establish a foundation for intern retention by fulfilling obligations, both implicitly and explicitly. Furthermore, to ensure continued success of their interns, retailers should rely on supervisors and/or mentors to provide guidance, support and feedback.Research limitations/implicationsResearch is limited to students who completed a retail/service internship during 2008.Practical implicationsResults provide practical implications to aid in internship program development, assist in interns’ educational and professional development, and enhance the likelihood of successful conversion of interns to employees for retail/service businesses.Originality/valueThis paper is based on actual feedback from interns. Findings will assist retailers in identifying how they can differentiate their internship programs from their competitors’, and how they can increase internship conversion rates. Additionally, the paper identifies salient factors that motivate interns to accept an offer for full‐time employment from their internship company.
Work placements and academic achievement: undergraduate computing students
Authors: Patel Nayna , Brinkman Willem‐Paul , Coughlan Jane 
Published: November 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate and understand whether students who complete a work placement as part of their degree course achieve a better classification of degree than those students who do not include a placement.Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted by extracting the profiles of computing students from the database of a UK based university. Data collected included the marks and academic performance throughout the course of the students’ degree, educational background, age and gender. In total, the profiles of 290 students were analysed to understand the impact of a work placement on their degree.FindingsThe results show that 58 per cent of those students who had been on a work placement achieved an upper second or first class degree, whereas only 37 per cent of non‐placement students achieved the same academic standards. Furthermore, this study also established that this result is not because work placement students are academically more capable to begin with, as originally believed by many researchers.Practical implicationsDirection for further research would involve investigating different cohorts of students and in different subject areas. However, the initial findings from this study could be used as a starting point in an attempt to encourage students to include a work placement as part of their degree.Originality/valueRather than simply performing a comparison of degree classifications between the placement and non‐placement students, this study goes further and investigates student performance during their entire three or four year degree course. Furthermore, this study also considers influences such as age, gender and educational background on the results.
University of Central Florida's Campus Connections Program
Authors: Mendelsohn Hal 
Published: November 2014

PurposeThe Campus Connections Program can help provide other universities with a better method to reach out to students so they can learn what resources are available to them on their university campus. This paper aims to address this issue.Design/methodology/approachAn investigation was performed to find out what services were on the University of Central Florida's campus. Determining that many of the necessary resources were not being promoted to the students, the Campus Connections Program was developed. A review of relevant literature highlighted the point that partnerships/working relationships are important to perform successful outreach to those you wish to contact.FindingsThrough a survey instrument it was concluded that a better way of reaching out to students was necessary. There are other outlets used to promote an organization's services, the difference shows that the Campus Connections Program provided a better forum for the exchange of information.Research limitations/implicationsA survey of nine questions was administered to representatives who participated in the Campus Connections Program. The survey sought to determine if the established method of reaching out to students was useful.Originality/valueStudent orientations are the normal route groups take to meet students and discuss their services. Providing the time and location within the library for those same groups to meet the students individually is what makes the Campus Connections Program unique.
“Modernising” away gender pay inequality? Some evidence from the local government sector on using job evaluation
Authors: Wright Angela 
Published: November 2014

PurposeThis paper aims to focus on the use of job evaluation used as a mechanism to increase gender pay equality, drawing on data from the UK local government sector.Design/methodology/approachSeveral research methods are used to collect data, including requesting information from local councils using the Freedom of Information Act, 2000, together with document analyses and interview data.FindingsWhile the paper questions the effectiveness of job evaluation in achieving pay equality objectives, within a pay and labour market that tends to favour male‐dominated jobs, it nevertheless finds some pay improvements for women resulting from job‐evaluated pay system changes and suggests the use of pay progression systems could lead to further pay advancements for women.Research limitations/implicationsThis research has a number of limitations and further inquiries are needed to assess the impact of the slow progress of pay and grading reviews within local government. Methodologically isolating the effect of job evaluation from that of the other pay determination factors presents a significant challenge.Originality/valueFocuses on the implementation in the local government sector of the 1997 single status agreement (SSA), which has been very slow. While overall funding and resources to implement the agreement have been low, there are, it is argued in this paper, other issues, centering on assumptions about job evaluation and its use to reduce gender pay inequality, which contribute to implementation difficulties.
Best management practices
Authors: Ng Luke C. 
Published: November 2014

PurposeManagement means “getting things done effectively through people”. This implies the importance of leadership and people skills in management practice to achieve optimal results. Great managers usually succeed for a number of reasons. They usually possess nine common management practices. This paper aims to identify these common denominators in their character and management practice that define them.Design/methodology/approachCase examples are used to illustrate the application of those management practices. Successful managers from well‐known industry giants such as IBM, Nestle's, P&G, Apple, Loews', GE and PepsiCo are profiled to demonstrate how their success can be traced back to those practices.FindingsThe paper demonstrates that every manager can easily apply the nine management practices daily to achieve a successful outcome. While some of these traits appear to be personal habits, it is these simple management habits that influence subordinates to perform their best.Originality/valueMost good managers are trained, not born. The nine personal practices identified in this paper can be easily adopted on a daily basis. With consistent practice, the nine personal traits help train managers to become more effective leaders in driving optimal performance and motivating subordinates to “get things done effectively”.