bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Destructiveness of Scientism
Authors: Cassell Eric J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHealers: Extraordinary Clinicians at Work, by David Schenck and Larry R. Churchill, and What Patients Teach: The Everyday Ethics of Health Care, by Churchill, Joseph B. Fanning, and Schenck are both important and thought‐inspiring books. For the first, Schenck and Churchill recruited fifty practitioners, mostly physicians but some clinicians who practice alternative therapies, “identified by their peers as excellent healers,” and interviewed them to find out what they did to establish a good relationship with their patients. The results of their interviews and how they wrote their book makes this the best and most concrete understanding of a necessary step to healing that I have read. What Patients Teach examines the patients’ perspective about forming relationships with their clinicians. The patients’ clinicians were asked to nominate patients to be interviewed to help answer the question. This volume, while important, is less extraordinary than the first because we hear less what the patients want to say and more what the authors want to tell us. That aside, taken together, these two books are a major advance in the literature of healing.
Lateralization of brain activity pattern during unilateral movement in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Wu Tao , Hou Yanan , Hallett Mark , Zhang Jiarong , Chan Piu 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe investigated the lateralization of brain activity pattern during performance of unilateral movement in drug‐naïve Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with only right hemiparkinsonian symptoms. Functional MRI was obtained when the subjects performed strictly unilateral right hand movement. A laterality index was calculated to examine the lateralization. Patients had decreased activity in the left putamen and left supplementary motor area, but had increased activity in the right primary motor cortex, right premotor cortex, left postcentral gyrus, and bilateral cerebellum. The laterality index was significantly decreased in PD patients compared with controls (0.41 ± 0.14 vs. 0.84 ± 0.09). The connectivity from the left putamen to cortical motor regions and cerebellum was decreased, while the interactions between the cortical motor regions, cerebellum, and right putamen were increased. Our study demonstrates that in early PD, the lateralization of brain activity during unilateral movement is significantly reduced. The dysfunction of the striatum–cortical circuit, decreased transcallosal inhibition, and compensatory efforts from cortical motor regions, cerebellum, and the less affected striatum are likely reasons contributing to the reduced motor lateralization. The disruption of the lateralized brain activity pattern might be a reason underlying some motor deficits in PD, like mirror movements or impaired bilateral motor coordination. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1878–1891, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Osteoblast-Specific γ-Glutamyl Carboxylase-Deficient Mice Display Enhanced Bone Formation With Aberrant Mineralization
Authors: Azuma Kotaro , Shiba Sachiko , Hasegawa Tomoka , Ikeda Kazuhiro , Urano Tomohiko , Horie-Inoue Kuniko , Ouchi Yasuyoshi , Amizuka Norio , Inoue Satoshi 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that is necessary for blood coagulation. In addition, it has bone-protective effects. Vitamin K functions as a cofactor of γ-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), which activates its substrates by carboxylation. These substrates are found throughout the body and examples include hepatic blood coagulation factors. Furthermore, vitamin K functions as a ligand of the nuclear receptor known as steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) and its murine ortholog, pregnane X receptor (PXR). We have previously reported on the bone-protective role of SXR/PXR signaling by demonstrating that systemic Pxr-knockout mice displayed osteopenia. Because systemic Ggcx-knockout mice die shortly after birth from severe hemorrhage, the GGCX-mediated effect of vitamin K on bone metabolism has been difficult to evaluate. In this work, we utilized Ggcx-floxed mice to generate osteoblast-specific GGCX-deficient (GgcxΔobl/Δobl) mice by crossing them with Col1-Cre mice. The bone mineral density (BMD) of GgcxΔobl/Δobl mice was significantly higher than that of control Col1-Cre (Ggcx+/+) mice. Histomorphometrical analysis of trabecular bones in the proximal tibia showed increased osteoid volume and a higher rate of bone formation in GgcxΔobl/Δobl mice. Histomorphometrical analysis of cortical bones revealed a thicker cortical width and a higher rate of bone formation in GgcxΔobl/Δobl mice. Electron microscopic examination revealed disassembly of mineralized nodules and aberrant calcification of collagen fibers in GgcxΔobl/Δobl mice. The mechanical properties of bones from GgcxΔobl/Δobl mice tended to be stronger than those from control Ggcx+/+ mice. These results suggest that GGCX in osteoblasts functions to prevent abnormal mineralization in bone formation, although this function may not be a prerequisite for the bone-protective effect of vitamin K. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Progradation rates of coastal barriers estimated from the 14C age of soil organic matter
Authors: BOSKI T. , ANGULO R.J. , SOUZA M.C. , BARBOZA E.G. , KNICKER H. , GONZÁLEZ‐PÉREZ J.A. , GONZÁLEZ‐VILA F.J. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe antecedent geomorphological and structural framework combined with nearshore dynamics and sediment budget provided the conditions necessary for the formation of coastal plains along the southern Brazilian littoral during the Holocene. To establish a temporal framework for littoral accretion, we applied 14C dating of humic organic material from the B‐horizon of spodosols. The dated soils developed under Atlantic tropical forest, which covers the coastal barriers along the Santa Catarina shoreline of south‐east Brazil. The obtained ages point to a highly coherent trend in barrier accretion and indicate that the transfer of organic matter from the surface to the B‐horizon has largely been occurring vertically at the same time as the sediment surface was colonized by Atlantic forest. Accretion of the strandplain in the coastal cell of Volta Velha began ca. 6800 cal a BP, initially at a rate of ca. 22 cm a−1 and reaching 58 cm a−1 during the last 3 ka. Structural analysis of the dated humic material was by analytical pyrolysis and solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Both techniques revealed marked compositional differences between the organic matter of different ages, which are discussed in terms of time‐dependent degradation processes.
Landscape sensitivity and ecological change in western Zambia: The long‐term perspective from dambo cut‐and‐fill sediments
Authors: BURROUGH S. L. , THOMAS D. S. G. , ORIJEMIE E. A. , WILLIS K. J. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTA series of small, shallow seasonally, or interannually, waterlogged depressions (dambos) in the upper Zambezi Valley in western Zambia hold shallow peat deposits and are bounded on their western margin by sandy lunette dunes. Using luminescence dating of sands, fossil pollen analyses and the macrocharcoal record from cored peat, the long‐term stability of these landforms and the vegetation they now support is investigated at a site east of the upper Zambezi. Although the upper lunette dune sediments accumulated between 14 ± 2 and 6 ± 1 ka, the onset of peat accumulation and preservation within the dambo did not occur until 2800 cal a BP, suggesting that only from this point onwards were conditions stable and wet enough year‐round to allow the formation and preservation of peat during this time. Results from this study indicate that the long‐term behaviour of the dambo conforms to a cut‐and‐fill dynamic, where under more arid conditions the dambo becomes a dry pan, providing a sediment source for the adjacent lunette dune. In contrast, during wetter times, when the dambo holds surface water year‐round, it becomes an organic‐rich sediment repository preserving a fossil pollen record of long‐term vegetation change.
Hydrological variations on the Central Tibetan Plateau since the Last Glacial Maximum and their teleconnection to inter‐regional and hemispheric climate variations
Authors: KASPER THOMAS , HABERZETTL TORSTEN , WANG JUNBO , DAUT GERHARD , DOBERSCHÜtz STEFAN , ZHU LIPING , MÄUSBACHER ROLAND 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTDecadal to sub‐decadal variability of inflow, evaporation and biological productivity derived from Lake Nam Co was used to reconstruct hydrological changes for the past ca. 24 k cal a BP. The timing of these variations corresponds to known climatic shifts on the Northern Hemisphere. After a dry and cold Last Glacial Maximum the lake level of Nam Co initially rose at ca. 20 k cal a BP. Moist but further cold conditions between ca. 16.2 and 14 k cal a BP correspond to Heinrich Event 1. A warm and moist phase between ca. 14 and 13 k cal a BP is expressed as a massive enhancement in inflow and biological productivity and might be associated with a first intensification of the Indian Ocean Summer Monsoon coinciding with the Bølling–Allerød complex. A two‐step decrease in inflow and a contemporaneous decline in biological productivity until ca. 11.8 k cal a BP points to cool and dry conditions during the Younger Dryas. Lake levels peak at ca. 9.4 k cal a BP, although hydrological conditions remain relatively stable during the Holocene with only low‐amplitude variations observed.
A test of the cosmogenic 3He production rate in the south‐west Pacific (39°S)
Authors: EAVES SHAUN R. , WINCKLER GISELA , SCHAEFER JOERG M. , VANDERGOES MARCUS J. , ALLOWAY BRENT V. , MACKINTOSH ANDREW N. , TOWNSEND DOUGAL B. , RYAN MATTHEW T. , LI XUN 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTCalculation of surface exposure ages, using in situ cosmogenic nuclides, requires accurate knowledge of local production rates. Here, we report the first attempt to calibrate cosmogenic 3He production in the south‐west Pacific region. We present a new radiocarbon chronology that precisely dates the emplacement of the Murimotu Formation, a large debris avalanche deposit in central North Island, New Zealand (ca. 830 m asl; 39°S), which occurred 10.4–10.6 cal ka BP. Measurements of cosmogenic 3He in pyroxene separated from large andesitic blocks exposed during this event yield a sea‐level high‐latitude production rate of 120 ± 12 atoms g−1 a−1 (‘Lm’ scaling). This is consistent with a recent global compilation, comprised predominantly of calibration sites located in the Northern Hemisphere. Thus, we conclude that the globally compiled cosmogenic 3He production rate is valid in the south‐west Pacific. Using independent, proximal calibrations of cosmogenic isotopes 10Be and 14C from quartz in New Zealand, we derive cosmogenic 3He/10Be and 3He/14C production ratios of 32.2 ± 3.2 and 10.6 ± 1.6, respectively.
Low‐cost modular phonosurgery training station: Development and validation
Authors: Holliday Michael A. , Bones Victoria M. , Malekzadeh Sonya , Grant Nazaneen N. 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivePhonosurgery requires technical precision and careful tissue handling. Typically, phonosurgical procedures require single‐operator techniques, making it difficult for novice residents to develop necessary skills. We developed a low‐cost phonosurgery simulator to allow practice and acquisition of microlaryngeal skills.Study DesignValidation study assessing the simulator's face and content validity in surgical education.MethodsFor construction, the simulator is composed of a simulation station and laryngeal modules, each constructed with inexpensive, easily accessible materials including plywood and polyvinyl chloride pipe. Laryngeal modules were constructed using rubber bands, bacitracin, and plastic wrap to simulate layers of the true vocal fold. Three separate modules were developed to address specific skills: 1) basic instrumentation; 2) papilloma debulking; 3) subepithelial and epithelial lesion excision. Papillomas, subepithelial, and epithelial lesions were simulated with grapefruit, caulk, and suture, respectively. The Kantor‐Berci video laryngoscope was used for visualization.For validation, face and content validity were assessed by attending otolaryngologists (n = 16), who performed the three specific skills using the simulation station and completed a 5‐point Likert‐type postsimulation questionnaire.ResultsMost participants (89%) strongly agreed that the simulator incorporates essential phonosurgery skills and that portions of the model simulated an actual case (content validity). All participants (100%) agreed that the simulator is an adequate training device to increase resident competency and would be interested in using it to train residents (face validity).ConclusionThis simulator has the potential to be an important component of phonosurgical education and preoperative preparation. Advantages include a realistic experience, modular design, and inexpensive construction.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 125:1409–1413, 2015
Less Heat — More Power
Authors: Rattunde Marcel , Berndt Michael 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe demonstrate a diode laser pumped semiconductor disk laser (SDL) at 2 μm wavelength of increased efficiency. By employing a novel pumping concept at a wavelength of 1470 nm, we optimize the power conversion efficiency of the 2 μm SDL. This is exemplarily shown for an SDL with an output power of over 20 W in continuous wave operation. This sets a new benchmark regarding efficiency and output power for these SDLs.
Direct Metal Laser Sintering
Authors: Grünberger Thomas , Domröse Robert 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA few years ago, 3D printing and additive manufacturing (AM) were next generation technologies and well known as methods for rapid prototyping. Less rapid manufacturing applications were on the market (e. g. manufacturing of dental crowns and bridges). Today, AM is on the step to serial production, industries ranging from aerospace and medical to energy and automotive benefit from the possibility to design and manufacture products in a completely new way. These industries require a detailed documentation of the process including automated in‐process quality inspection. Several technologies are used for quality assurance of the process and quality inspection of the parts. This paper describes how to setup an in‐process monitoring system to detect a process phenomenon called “splashy process” for the DMLS process.
Depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease are related to decreased hippocampus and amygdala volume
Authors: van Mierlo Tom J. , Chung Chin , Foncke Elisabeth M. , Berendse Henk W. , van den Heuvel Odile A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDepression and anxiety are common in Parkinson's disease (PD), and are among the non‐motor symptoms that interfere with quality of life dramatically. Motor, cognitive, and affective features overlap in PD, hampering diagnosis. To shed more light on the contribution of structural brain changes to the presence of PD‐related depressive symptoms, we conducted a Voxel‐Based Morphometry (VBM) study. We hypothesized that depressive symptoms in PD are related to regional gray matter (GM) volume loss within the limbic circuit. We analyzed the T1‐weigthed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of 67 PD patients with a mean disease duration of 2.95 (±3.39) years. Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and GM probability maps were analyzed by regression analysis to study the association between GM volume and severity of depressive symptoms. Results are reported at both the uncorrected and the family‐wise error (FWE) corrected level for multiple comparisons. The BDI scores correlated negatively with bilateral hippocampus and right amygdala volume and positively with the volume of the anterior cingulate cortex. These findings confirm the hypothesized involvement of the limbic circuit in PD‐related depressive symptoms. We speculate that non‐dopaminergic changes are essential in the pathophysiology of depressive symptoms in PD, because our findings suggest the involvement of extra‐striatal brain regions. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
An efficient algebraic multigrid method for quadratic discretizations of linear elasticity problems on some typical anisotropic meshes in three dimensions
Authors: Xiao Yingxiong , Zhou Zhiyang , Shu Shi 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe quality of the mesh used in the finite element discretizations will affect the efficiency of solving the discreted linear systems. The usual algebraic solvers except multigrid method do not consider the effect of the grid geometry and the mesh quality on their convergence rates. In this paper, we consider the hierarchical quadratic discretizations of three‐dimensional linear elasticity problems on some anisotropic hexahedral meshes and present a new two‐level method, which is weakly independent of the size of the resulting problems by using a special local block Gauss–Seidel smoother, that is LBGS_v iteration when used for vertex nodes or LBGS_m iteration for midside nodes. Moreover, we obtain the efficient algebraic multigrid (AMG) methods by applying DAMG (AMG based on distance matrix) or DAMG‐PCG (PCG with DAMG as a preconditioner) to the solution of the coarse level equation. The resulting AMG methods are then applied to a practical example as a long beam. The numerical results verify the efficiency and robustness of the proposed AMG algorithms. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chaotic dynamics and convergence analysis of temporal difference algorithms with bang‐bang control
Authors: Tutsoy Onder , Brown Martin 
Published: January 2015

SummaryReinforcement learning is a powerful tool used to obtain optimal control solutions for complex and difficult sequential decision making problems where only a minimal amount of a priori knowledge exists about the system dynamics. As such, it has also been used as a model of cognitive learning in humans and applied to systems, such as humanoid robots, to study embodied cognition. In this paper, a different approach is taken where a simple test problem is used to investigate issues associated with the value function's representation and parametric convergence. In particular, the terminal convergence problem is analyzed with a known optimal control policy where the aim is to accurately learn the value function. For certain initial conditions, the value function is explicitly calculated and it is shown to have a polynomial form. It is parameterized by terms that are functions of the unknown plant's parameters and the value function's discount factor, and their convergence properties are analyzed. It is shown that the temporal difference error introduces a null space associated with the finite horizon basis function during the experiment. The learning problem is only non‐singular when the experiment termination is handled correctly and a number of (equivalent) solutions are described. Finally, it is demonstrated that, in general, the test problem's dynamics are chaotic for random initial states and this causes digital offset in the value function learning. The offset is calculated, and a dead zone is defined to switch off learning in the chaotic region. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absorption threshold extended to 1.15 eV using InGaAs/GaAsP quantum wells for over‐50%‐efficient lattice‐matched quad‐junction solar cells
Authors: Toprasertpong Kasidit , Fujii Hiromasa , Thomas Tomos , Führer Markus , Alonso‐Álvarez Diego , Farrell Daniel J. , Watanabe Kentaroh , Okada Yoshitaka , Ekins‐Daukes Nicholas J. , Sugiyama Masakazu , Nakano Yoshiaki 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBandgap engineering of strain‐balanced InGaAs/GaAsP multiple quantum wells (MQWs) allows high‐quality materials with an absorption edge beyond GaAs to be epitaxially grown in Ge/GaAs‐based multijunction solar cells. We demonstrate MQW solar cells with effective bandgaps ranging from 1.31 eV to as low as 1.15 eV. The bandgap‐voltage‐offset of MQWs is found to be independent of effective bandgaps and superior to a bulk reference by approximately 0.1 V. This implies the merit of high photovoltage as compared with bulk cells with the same bandgap in addition to their widely bandgap‐tunable property. Towards the realization of fully lattice‐matched quad‐junction devices, we demonstrate a 70‐period, 1.15‐eV bandgap MQW cell as a promising material in 0.66/1.15/1.51/1.99‐eV quad‐junction cells, whose practical efficiency has a potential to achieve over 50%. With such a large period number of MQWs, the reverse‐biased external quantum efficiency reaches an average of over 60% in the spectral region corresponding to a 1.15‐eV subcell; this is achieved with only a‐few‐percent drop at short‐circuit condition. The device presented here reaches the target open‐circuit voltage and over 75% of the current density required for realizing a 1.15‐eV subcell in a 50%‐efficient quad‐junction solar cell. We believe that future devices which exploit light‐trapping structures and enhanced carrier extraction will be able to reach the desired target. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and preliminary assessment of a robotic platform for neuroendoscopy based on a lightweight robot
Authors: Niccolini Marta , Castelli Virginia , Diversi Costanza , Kang Byungjeon , Mussa Federico , Sinibaldi Edoardo 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundVentriculostomy is a widely performed neurosurgical procedure; some risk factors can be mitigated by computer/robot‐assisted approaches. Platforms fostering synergistic robot–surgeon integration are pursued, for which lightweight robots with compliant controlled joints must be assessed (because compliance hampers accuracy).MethodsWe developed a platform encompassing, in particular, a lightweight robot and an optical tracker also used to enhance robot accuracy. Based on specifications by neurosurgeons, we designed a neuroendoscope‐handling interface and assessed targeting accuracy in a model ventriculostomy where the robot was operated both autonomously and in hands‐on (i.e. co‐operative) mode.ResultsTargeting errors were systematically below the procedure accuracy threshold (1 mm); the rms targeting errors were 0.51 and 0.54 mm for autonomous and hands‐on control, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the considered control modes. Very positive feedback was gathered from neurosurgeons.ConclusionsAccurate tool targeting under both autonomous and hands‐on control was achieved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surprising Stability of an Al/P‐Based Frustrated Lewis‐Pair Towards Protolysis: HX Adducts (X = F, Cl) with Intramolecular H···X Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Uhl Werner , Appelt Christian , Lange Merten 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe Al/P‐based Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) Mes2P‐C(=CH‐Ph)‐Al(CMe3)2 (1) reacted with anhydrous HF and HCl as an ion pair receptor by coordination of the proton to phosphorus and the halide anion to aluminum. Short intramolecular distances and the molecular conformation indicate the presence P–H···X–Al hydrogen bonds (X = F, Cl) and an approach of the phosphorus and halogen atoms with a possible weak P···X interaction.
The Crystal Structure of the THF Adduct of Monolithioferrocene
Authors: Förster Christoph , Heinze Katja 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSingle crystals of [Fe(η5‐C5H4)(η5‐C5H5)]2Li2(thf)4 (1) were obtained from a tetrahydrofuran solution containing monolithioferrocene. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 with a = 9.6589(5) Å, b = 17.4285(9) Å, c = 30.3116(15) Å, β = 91.911(2)° and V = 5099.8(5) Å3 with three independent molecules of 1. All individual molecules feature a non‐ symmetric almost planar Li2C2 four‐membered ring with two shorter (2.118–2.215 Å) and two longer Li–C distances (2.257–2.309 Å). The lithium cations are each coordinated by two carbanionic atoms of two ferrocenyl substituents and two tetrahydrofuran molecules in a distorted tetrahedral fashion. All ferrocenyl moieties display an eclipsed conformation of the C5 rings.