bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Smart and Efficient Cooling System Design for High-Performance Electric Vehicle Battery Packs
Authors: Gokul Raj K , Nikhil Srinivas T , Jeswanth M G , Mohana Sundaram N 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This project aims to develop an efficient cooling system for high-performance Electric Vehicle (EV) battery packs, addressing the critical need for optimal thermal management to ensure battery performance, safety, and longevity. The proposed system employs a blend of active and passive cooling techniques to maintain the optimal temperature during the movement of vehicle. Microcontrollers are utilized to control the cooling system, monitor temperature sensors, and make real-time adjustments, ensuring the battery pack stay within the desired temperature limits. The methodology includes the design of the cooling system, the selection of appropriate cooling methods, integration of temperature sensors, and implementation using microcontroller-based hardware. A key feature is the real-time adjustments made by the microcontrollers, allowing for precise temperature control. The effectiveness of the cooling system is rigorously evaluated through testing under various operating conditions to validate enhanced battery performance, safety and overall efficiency. The combination of active and passive cooling, coupled with microcontroller-based control and real-time monitoring, represents a holistic approach to maintaining optimal battery temperature. This research not only advances the technology required for EVs but also contributes to the broader goal of sustainable and efficient transportation.
Sustainable Parking Innovations: Enhancing Security with IoT and Facial Image Recognition
Authors: Deenakonda Mamatha , Vijetha Inti V V , Chakravarthi B N Ch V , Rajyalakshmi Ch , Palleswari Y.T.R. , Siva A. , Kethan Sai Pranay M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Technology has advanced quickly today. The parking lot is one location where technology is used. The world’s most technologically advanced parking lots can currently recognize a vehicle plate image, but it is believed that by using Internet of Things (IoT) technology that is connected with facial recognition photographs, it will be even better. The manual screening done by security agents is one of the parking issues. Naturally, this will take time, and the level of security is also poor because there is no verification when you enter. Only at the moment of exit are checks made, and the officer making the check is not always the same and does not have the vehicle owner’s memory. The adoption of this facial image recognition technology is expected to increase the parking system’s security. This service does not require training data. The proposed system makes use of real-time data, low-cost sensors, and user-friendly applications to enable users to track parking availability in real time. The aim is to streamline the parking search process by automating the identification of optimal parking spots, whether it be the ideal floor, location, or lot, thereby minimizing manual search time. The integration of low-cost sensors not only enhances cost-effectiveness but also reduces the ecological footprint associated with traditional parking systems and also promotes a more resilient and eco-friendly urban environment for the benefit of both users and lot owners.
Introduction
Authors: Snowdon Paul F 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Introduction to this volume serves as a guide to the sixteen chapters that it contains. This book consists of papers written between 1980 and the present, all dealing with philosophical issues raised by perceptual experience and our thought about it. All of them have been previously published and are reprinted, more or less, in their original form. The book is divided into one part called “Issues” and another part called “Philosophers,” corresponding to differences in their focus. Snowdon goes in depth to describe the theoretical challenges, approaches, and themes that animate the set of interrelated problems addressed in the chapters. Sprinkled throughout are an array of candid reflections that serve both to illuminate substantive connections between the chapters as well as the historical and circumstantial contexts that occasioned their writing.
The Objects of Perceptual Experience
Authors: Snowdon Paul F 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
According to a widely held view, the concept of seeing an external object is best analysed by appeal to causation. This causalist analysis combines a positive and a negative claim: (1) if P (a subject) sees O (an object) then O is causally responsible for an experience (call it E) undergone by S; and (2) it is not sufficient for P to see O that O be causally responsible for an experience E undergone by P. It is argued here that any such analysis is mistaken: causation is no part of our ordinary concept of seeing. The causalist analysis could be correct only if there were a visual experience common to both genuine perceptions and illusions. But in order for a common element to be part of our concept of seeing, disjunctivism would have to be analytically false. Even if disjunctivism could be shown to be empirically false, no such demonstration can flow from an analysis of the concept of seeing.
What Is Realism?
Authors: Snowdon Paul F 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the paper by Michael Ayers to which the present chapter is a reply, Ayers argues that (1) there is a scholastic-Cartesian framework concerning the relation of thought and experience to their objects, in terms of which two philosophical approaches can be defined, namely the Cartesian stance and direct realism, both of which should be rejected by a plausible realism. In §I of this reply, it is argued that Ayers’s elucidation of the issues he is considering, in terms of idealism, but, more importantly, in terms of the scholastic-Cartesian framework he sets up, is not helpful. Ayers also contends that (2) the currently popular direct realist approach to perception, namely disjunctivism, should be rejected. §II of this reply attempts to counter Ayers’s objections. Finally, Ayers contends that (3) “Reality structures experience and so thought. We are that closely in touch with it. The supposed problem of comparing ‘conceptual scheme’ with reality does not arise.” In §III it is shown that two of the claims in (3) are hard to reconcile with the general approach to thought and experience that Ayers seems to adopt.
McDowell on Scepticism, Disjunctivism, and Transcendental Arguments
Authors: Snowdon Paul F 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
McDowell’s disjunctive account of perceptual knowledge contains a novel addition to his interesting response to scepticism by placing within it a transcendental argument. It is not clear that such addition strengthens it. McDowell’s disjunctivism seems to involve both epistemological and experience-theoretical commitments. It is a two-sided structure, from which questions could be raised about the assumed relation between the two sides. The purpose of this chapter is to make some progress with evaluating McDowell’s contribution to the discussion on perceptual knowledge and illuminate more general aspects of the debate about disjunctivism.
Private Experience and Sense Data
Authors: Snowdon Paul F 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the mid-1930s, Ludwig Wittgenstein was immersed in problems about experience, or perhaps one might say, our thought about experience. One record of his developing thinking are the notes that Rush Rhees made of the lectures by Wittgenstein on these topics, published under the title, “The Language of Sense Data and Private Experience,” in Philosophical Occasions. The ideas that Wittgenstein developed in these notes and lectures culminated in the discussion of the same topics in Philosophical Investigations. What views about sense data and private experience is Wittgenstein proposing? Wittgenstein suggests that bad philosophy is produced by the “bewitchment of intelligence by language.” In addition, he brings out a genuine contrast between the status of the idea of the private object account of perception and the idea of private objects as involved in the experience of sensations. It is natural to read Wittgenstein’s brief discussion of the so-called “visual room” in Philosophical Investigations as another engagement with the sense datum model of perception.
Blind Rule-Following, Properly Construed
Authors: Miller Alexander 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter develops responses to Paul Boghossian’s Inference Problem and Crispin Wright’s Minor Premise Problem (as outlined in Chapter 3). It does this by arguing that in each case the problem makes an assumption that Wittgenstein justifiably rejects in the second paragraph of Philosophical Investigations §201. The assumption in question is that following a rule necessarily involves interpretation. It connects the idea that there is a way of following a rule which does not involve interpretation to the notion of blind rule-following. Whereas Boghossian and Wright take the idea of following a rule blindly to involve the rejection of the idea that accepting a rule is an intentional state, the chapter argues that it leaves this idea intact but reasserts the lesson of §201. Blind rule-following is rule-following that is not based on an interpretation of the rule. The work seemingly done by “interpretation” is in fact done by the notion of training in a practice or custom.
A Non-Reductionist Response to Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s Sceptical Argument
Authors: Miller Alexander 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter uses the notion of blind rule-following defended in Chapter 4 to provide a non-reductionist response to the sceptical argument about meaning adumbrated in Chapter 2 above. Accepting a rule is a matter of intending to exercise an ability to conform one’s behaviour to the dictates of the rule; understanding a linguistic expression in a particular way is a matter of having an intention to exercise an ability to use the expression in accord with a correctness condition. Crucially, exercise of the relevant abilities needn’t be mediated by interpretation. The chapter shows how this form of non-reductionism avoids the objections to primitivism raised by Kripke’s Wittgenstein in the course of the sceptical argument. It argues that recent work fails to respect the insights of §201(b). It finishes by responding to a number of objections.
Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s Sceptical Argument
Authors: Miller Alexander 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines and expands on the sceptical paradox developed in chapter 2 of Kripke’s Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language. It does so in the context of the ACER model of rule-following introduced in Chapter 1 above. According to this argument, there are no facts about an agent’s psychological and/or social history capable of making it true that the agent accepts one rule rather than another (or means one thing rather than another by a linguistic expression or has a mental state with one content rather than another). Particular attention is paid to Kripke’s attack on reductive dispositionalist theories of meaning and to his objections to non-reductionist views which regard facts about meaning as primitive and sui generis. The chapter also considers “sceptical solutions”, according to which the integrity of meaning-ascribing practices can be preserved even in the absence of meaning-constituting facts. It is argued that such a position—whether construed as an error theory or as a form of non-factualism—is inherently unstable.
Estimating the magnitude and healthcare costs of melanoma in situ and thin invasive melanoma overdiagnosis in Australia
Authors: Lindsay Daniel , Bell Katy J L , Olsen Catherine M , Whiteman David C , Pathirana Thanya , Collins Louisa G 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Research suggests that a high proportion of melanoma in situ (MIS) may be overdiagnosed, potentially contributing to overtreatment, patient harm and inflated costs for individuals and healthcare systems. However, Australia-wide estimates of the magnitude of melanoma overdiagnosis are potentially outdated and there has been no estimation of the cost to the healthcare system.

Objectives
To estimate the magnitude and cost of overdiagnosed MIS and thin invasive melanomas in Australia.

Methods
Using two different methods to calculate lifetime risk, we used routinely collected national-level data to estimate overdiagnosed MIS and thin invasive melanomas (stage IA) in Australia in 2017 and 2021, separately for men and women. We multiplied the number of overdiagnosed melanomas by the estimated annual cost of a MIS or thin invasive melanoma, to quantify the financial burden of melanoma overdiagnosis to the Australian healthcare system in the year following diagnosis.

Results
We estimated that 67–70% of MIS were overdiagnosed in 2017, rising to 71–76% in 2021, contributing to between 19 829 [95% confidence interval (CI) 19 553–20 105] and 20 811 (95% CI 20 528–21 094) cases of overdiagnosed MIS. In 2021, the estimated costs in Australia ranged between $17.7 million Australian dollars (AUD; 95% CI 17.4–17.9 million) and AUD$18.6 million (95% CI 18.3–18.8 million). We estimated that 22–29% of thin invasive melanomas were overdiagnosed in 2017, rising to 28–34% in 2021, contributing to between 2831 (95% CI 2726–2935) and 3168 (95% CI 3058–3279) overdiagnosed thin invasive melanomas. In 2021, the estimated costs from thin invasive melanoma overdiagnoses ranged between AUD$2.5 million (95% CI 2.4–2.6 million) and AUD$2.8 million (95% CI 2.7–2.9 million).

Conclusions
Melanoma overdiagnosis is a growing clinical and public health problem in Australia, producing significant economic costs in the year following overdiagnosis. Limiting melanoma overdiagnosis may prevent unnecessary healthcare resource use and improve financial sustainability within the Australian healthcare system.
A random mutagenesis screen enriched for missense mutations in bacterial effector proteins
Authors: Urbanus Malene L , Zheng Thomas M , Khusnutdinova Anna N , Banh Doreen , O’Connor Mount Harley , Gupta Alind , Stogios Peter J , Savchenko Alexei , Isberg Ralph R , Yakunin Alexander F , Ensminger Alexander W 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
To remodel their hosts and escape immune defenses, many pathogens rely on large arsenals of proteins (effectors) that are delivered to the host cell using dedicated translocation machinery. Effectors hold significant insight into the biology of both the pathogens that encode them and the host pathways that they manipulate. One of the most powerful systems biology tools for studying effectors is the model organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For many pathogens, the heterologous expression of effectors in yeast is growth inhibitory at a frequency much higher than housekeeping genes, an observation ascribed to targeting conserved eukaryotic proteins. Abrogation of yeast growth inhibition has been used to identify bacterial suppressors of effector activity, host targets, and functional residues and domains within effector proteins. We present here a yeast-based method for enriching for informative, in-frame, missense mutations in a pool of random effector mutants. We benchmark this approach against three effectors from Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular bacterial pathogen that injects a staggering &gt;330 effectors into the host cell. For each protein, we show how in silico protein modeling (AlphaFold2) and missense-directed mutagenesis can be combined to reveal important structural features within effectors. We identify known active site residues within the metalloprotease RavK, the putative active site in SdbB, and previously unidentified functional motifs within the C-terminal domain of SdbA. We show that this domain has structural similarity with glycosyltransferases and exhibits in vitro activity consistent with this predicted function.
Development of a sequential sampling plan for classifying Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations in onion fields
Authors: Komondy Lidia , Hoepting Christy A , Pethybridge Sarah J , Fuchs Marc , Nault Brian A 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, is a global pest of onion crops, causing substantial economic damage by diminishing bulb yields and transmitting plant pathogens. Insecticides are used to manage T. tabaci infestations with control decisions traditionally based on action thresholds that require visually counting thrips on a fixed, predetermined number of onion plants per field. However, this approach for treatment decisions is inefficient when thrips populations are well above or below the action threshold. The aim of this research was to develop a sequential sampling plan that would provide a rapid and reliable classification of thrips populations in commercial onion fields above or below prespecified management thresholds. The study was conducted in a total of 24 commercial onion fields in New York in 2021 and 2022. Taylor’s power law and Wald’s Sequential Probability Ratio Test were used in concert to develop each sampling plan. Simulated and historical field data of thrips populations were used to further validate the efficacy of each sampling plan. Results demonstrated the sequential sampling plan required an average of 78% fewer samples to make a control decision compared with the traditional fixed-sampling approach. Treatment decisions were reached in 72% of cases after inspecting only 10 plants, while only 6% of the cases required examining more than 25 plants. Comparisons with fixed-sample sizes ranging from 23 to 68 plants revealed a 96% agreement in decision-making and a 78% reduction in sampling effort when using the sequential sampling plans.
(330) COMPARING PDE5IS EFFICACY FOR ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION TREATMENT USING A NOVEL TRIFECTA OUTCOME
Authors: Capogrosso Dr Paolo , Belladelli Dr Federico , Pozzi Dr Edoardo , Corsini Dr Christian , Bertini Dr Alessandro , Raffo Dr Massimiliano , Negri Dr Fausto , Cattafi Dr Francesco , Oddo Dr Marco , Malvestiti Dr Marco , Ramadani Dr Riccardo , Candela Dr Luigi , Boeri Dr Luca , d'Arma Alessia , Montorsi Prof Francesco , Dehò Prof Federico , Salonia Prof Andrea 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Current data suggest that all available PDE5-inhibitors (PDE5is) appear equivalent for treating erectile dysfunction (ED). We aimed to compare the effectiveness of PDE5is in terms of a novel TRIFECTA outcome, including erectile function (EF), orgasmic function (OF), and psychological well-being.

Methods
We analysed 328 ED patients assessed at a single centre in 2010-2023. Patients were prescribed with either sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil or avanafil on-demand at the maximum effective dose for at least 1 month and with a minimum of 6 sexual attempts. The choice of PDE5i was based on clinical judgment and patient preference. All patients completed International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and Becks Inventory for Depression (BDI) at baseline and follow-up. The TRIFECTA outcome was defined as achieving an IIEF-EF&gt;=26 + IIEF-OF &gt;=8 + BDI score&lt;11 (indicating good psychological well-being). Kaplan-Meier estimated the probability of achieving TRIFECTA over time according to different PDE5is and Cox-regression analysis tested predictors of treatment efficacy.

Results
Median (IQR) age was 55(43-62) years. Median IIEF-EF, IIEF-OF and BDI score were 16(8-23), 8(5-10) and 6(2-11), with 53%(174) patients reporting moderate-severe ED and 28%(91) having depressive symptoms (BDI&gt;11). Overall, 16%(52), 39%(127), 28%(91) and 18%(58) received sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil and avanafil. The median treatment duration was 8(3-15) months. Overall, TRIFECTA was achieved in only 15%(48) of cases. Kaplan-Meier (figure) showed estimated TRIFECTA rates at 6 months of 20%(95%CI:8-45), 4%(95%CI:1-13), 12%(95%CI:5-28) and 18%(95%CI:6-46) for sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil and avanafil (p&lt;0.0001). At Cox-regression tadalafil was associated with a lower probability of achieving TRIFECTA over time (HR: 0.31, p=0.009) after adjusting for baseline characteristics.

Conclusions
PDE5is on-demand for ED are associated with a low overall probability of treatment success in terms of EF, OF and psychological well-being (TRIFECTA). According to our data sildenafil, vardenafil and avanafil should be preferred over tadalafil in order to achieve a TRIFECTA in the short term.

Conflicts of Interest
None.
Artificial Intelligence in Military Medicine
Authors: Leone Ryan M , Chambers James A , Donham Benjamin P , Junker Caesar A 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Artificial intelligence (AI) has garnered significant attention for its pivotal role in the national security and health care sectors. However, its utilization in military medicine remains relatively unexplored despite its immense potential. AI operates through evolving algorithms that process extensive datasets, continuously improving accuracy and emulating human learning processes. Generative AI, a type of machine learning, uses algorithms to generate new content, such as images, text, videos, audio, and computer code. These models employ deep learning to encode simplified representations of training data and generate new work resembling the original without being identical. Although many AI applications in military medicine are theoretical, the U.S. Military has implemented several initiatives, often without widespread awareness among its personnel. This article aims to shed light on two resilience initiatives spearheaded by the Joint Artificial Intelligence Center, which is now the Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office. These initiatives aim to enhance commanders’ dashboards for predicting troop behaviors and develop models to forecast troop suicidality. Additionally, it outlines 5 key AI applications within military medicine, including (1) clinical efficiency and routine decision-making support, (2) triage and clinical care algorithms for large-scale combat operations, (3) patient and resource movements in the medical common operating picture, (4) health monitoring and biosurveillance, and (5) medical product development. Even with its promising potential, AI brings forth inherent risks and limitations that require careful consideration and discussion. The article also advocates for a forward-thinking approach for the U.S. Military to effectively leverage AI in advancing military health and overall operational readiness.