bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shear degradation resistance of star poly(ethyleneimine) - polyacrylamides during elongational flow
Authors: Duan Ming , Fang Shenwen , Zhang Liehui , Wang Fuxiao , Zhang Peng , Zhang Jian 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAn experimental study of the flow-induced scission behaviour of four star hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HPMA) with different arms during planar elongational flow in a cross-slot flow cell is described. The results showed that the shear stability of linear HPAM in distilled water was not essentially different from star HPAM. Polymer scission was not observed in either system in a shear rate range from 20,000 to 100,000s-1, which can be attributed to the strong polyelectrolyte behaviour of HPAM in distilled water. However, at the same shear rate, the star HPAMs exhibited superior shear stability in comparison to the linear HPAMs in aqueous solutions containing NaCl (CNaCl=0.2-1.0%wt) and, in particular, the initial reduction rate of relative viscosity (R) decreased with the degree of branching of the HPAMs. In addition, it was found that the R of five HPAMs in NaCl aqueous solutions exhibited an exponential dependence on shear rate, in which the coefficient C1 can be used to quantitatively evaluate shear stability. In star HPAM NaCl aqueous solutions, the increase of R with shear rate is very likely due to the decrease of the hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of these HPAMs, while the increase of R with NaCl concentrations can be attributed to the relatively low viscosity of these polymers at high NaCl concentrations.
Fractional isolation and structural characterization of hemicellulosic polymers from Caragana sinica
Authors: Xiao Ling-Ping , Xu Feng , Sun Run-Cang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe cell wall material of Caragana sinica was fractionated by successive extractions with distilled water at 80 °C for 2 h, 70% ethanol, 70% ethanol containing 1% NaOH, 1 M KOH, 1 M NaOH, 3 M KOH, and 3 M NaOH at 75 °C for 3 h. The sequential treatments resulted in a total dissolution of 86.7% of the original hemicelluloses and 80.1% of the original lignin from dewaxed C. sinica. The current results showed that the four alkali-soluble hemicellulosic preparations, comprising almost 80% xylose of the total neutral sugars, were more linear and acidic, but lower molecular weights (Mw, 28420-55140 g/mol) than the other two organosolv-soluble hemicelluloses (Mw, 57930-96470 g/mol). The 1 M KOH-soluble hemicellulosic fraction was characterized by sugar analysis and 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy and was found to be composed of a linear (1→4)-β-D-xylopyranosyl main chain with a 4 Omethylglucuronic acid substituting the C-2 position of approximately every eight xylose unit, which is typical of a hardwood acidic 4-O-methylglucuronoxylan (MGX).
Percipitation copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid: Determination of reactivity ratio by various methods
Authors: Nazaripour Sedigheh , Rafizadeh Mehdi , Bouhendi Hosein 
Published: August 2014

AbstractCopolymers of acrylamide ( AM ) and acrylic acid ( AA) were prepared by precipitation polymerization method at 65 °C in the ethyl acetate as solvent. Copolymer composition was determined by elemental analysis. Monomer reactivity ratios were determined in low conversions. Mayo-Lewis, Finemann-Ross, Inverted Finemann-Ross, Ezrielev-Brokhina-Roskin, Kelen-Tudos, Extended Kelen-Tudos and Mao-Huglin methods, as linear methods, and Tidwell-Mortimer, as nonlinear method, were applied to calculate rAM and rAA r reactivity ratios. Monomer reactivity ratios of AM and AA were obtained 0.46 and 0.28, respectively. Comparing of reactivity ratios of AM and AA in this work by other solvents showed that hydrogen bonding and ionic strength are important parameters that can affect the reactivity ratios of monomers. Moreover, microstructure of copolymers was determined using reactivity ratios and conditional probability based on the kinetic model for free-radical polymerization.
Synthesis of artificial opals with core-shell morphology via emulsion polymerization technique
Authors: Shaghaghi Mehri , Yousefi Aliakbar , Pishvaei Maliheh 
Published: August 2014

AbstractColloidal crystals with a refractive index varying periodically on the scale of the light wavelengths have been prepared by various methods. These photonic crystals reflect light and exhibit, at sufficiently strong contrast, even a complete band-gap in which light cannot propagate in any direction. In this study we first synthesize the latex spheres with a hard, crosslinked core and a grafted-on elastomeric shell that flows at elevated temperatures under uniaxial compression much like other polymer melts. However, the spheres start crystallizing at the plates of the press, whereupon the crystalline order grows, layer by layer, into the flowing melt. The process is fast and yields large area films, thin or thick, in which the latex spheres are crystallized. The refractive index contrast of these purely polymeric films is too small for a complete band-gap photonic crystal, but the films are attractive color materials showing wavelength and angle dependent reflection colors.
Synthesis of new copolymers 4,4’-sulfinylbisphenol derivative with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone - photopolymerization and thermo-mechanical studies
Authors: Podkościelna Beata , Bartnicki Andrzej , Gawdzik Barbara 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSynthesis, structure and characterization of the new sulfur monomer sulfinylbis[benzene-4,1-diyl(oxy-2-hydroxypropane-3,1-diylmethacrylate)] (SO.DM) and its photopolymerization with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) are presented. SO.DM was obtained in the three-step reaction. In the first step, 4,4’- sulfinylbisphenol from 4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)thio]phenol was obtained. In the second step the epoxy compound was synthesized. It was obtained in the reaction of 4,4’- sulfinylbisphenol with 2-(chloromethyl)oxirane in the two phases liquid/liquid system including organic and aqueous phases. In the third step, ring opening of the obtained diglycidyl ether was carried out with the use of methacrylic acid in the presence of triethylbenzylammonium chloride (TEBAC) as a catalyst. Structures of new compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic methods (FT-IR, 1H and 13CNMR and DIP-MS). Photopolymerization of compositions containing different ratios of the monomers (SO.DM and NVP) and an initiator (Irgacure 651) was carried out. The following properties (before and after curing) were determined: density, polymerization shrinkage, glass transition temperature, Young’s modulus, hardness, tensile strength. Moreover, dynamic-mechanical and thermal properties were studied.
Production of microcellular foam based on PP/EPDM: The effects of processing parameters and nanoclay using response surface methodology
Authors: Keramati Mohsen , Ghasemi Ismaeil , Karrabi Mohammad , Azizi Hamed 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMicrocellular foam is a new class of material with superior properties due to smaller cell size and higher cell density compared to ordinary foams. In this work, microcellular foam of PP/EPDM/Organoclay with supercritical nitrogen as physical blowing agent was prepared via batch process. Experimental design was carried out according to Box-Behnken method and the effects of saturation pressure and foaming times as well as organoclay content on nucleation and final foam morphology were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). Three levels of saturation pressure, nanoclay content, and foaming time were chosen. The mathematical model and response surface graphs have been used to illustrate the relationship between considered parameters and foam properties. The results revealed that cell density and average cell diameter were affected by nanoclay content and pressure. Cell density was in the range of 109-1010 cell/cm3. Larger average cell sizes were observed as a result of increasing foaming time. Classic nucleation theory was used to study the nucleation mechanism. Nanoparticles acted as nucleating agents and changed nucleation mechanism from homogenous to heterogeneous by decreasing nucleating free energy. In order to find out nucleating energy reduction, gas-polymer-nanoparticle contact angle (Ө), was calculated by measuring surface and interfacial free energies of neat polymers and nanoparticle. In addition, nucleation efficiency of organoclay was estimated and the results showed that despite low nucleating efficiency, nucleation is dominated by presence of nanoclay.
Preparation and characterization of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/polystyrene nanocomposites
Authors: Yang Benhong , Li Meng , Wu Yun , Wang Kang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSeveral inorganic/organic nanocomposites were prepared via solution-blending of cage-like octahexyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (Oh-POSS) with polystyrene (PS) in THF solvent. FTIR and 29Si-NMR were employed to characterize the structures of the nanocomposites. SEM pictures showed that the sample films were smooth and no POSS aggregation was observed when POSS content was lower than 1.0 wt%. TGA and DSC were used to investigate the thermal property. The results showed that the incorporation of nanosized Oh-POSS enhanced the thermal stability of PS with low POSS content. When 1.0 wt% of Oh-POSS was incorporated into PS matrix, the Tg and Td increased by 7.7 °C and 8.2 °C, respectively. However, higher POSS contents (>1.0 wt%) would deteriorate the thermal property of the nanocomposites due to the severe congregation of POSS..
A new high-soluble precursor for in situ silver nanoparticle generation in polymers
Authors: Carotenuto Gianfranco , Palomba Mariano , De Nicola Sergio 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPerfectly transparent silver-polystyrene nanocomposites, characterized by a very strong SPR absorption band centered at 421nm, have been prepared by dissolving silver 1,5-cyclooctadiene hexafluoroacetylacetonate into amorphous polystyrene and thermally annealing this solid solution for 10s at 180 °C. The silver atoms generated during the [Ag(hfac)(COD)] thermal decomposition process slowly diffuse into the molten polymeric phase and clusterize, leading to the formation of a contact-free dispersion of silver nanoparticles characterized by a very intensive SPR absorption. Finally, silver 1,5-cyclooctadienehexafluoroacetylacetonate can be conveniently used to dye optical plastics by the strong SPR absorption of nanoscopic silver without transparency loss. In addition, the intensity of coloration can be varied by changing the amount of organic salt dissolved into the polymer.
Decreased levels of homoarginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine in children with type 1 diabetes: associations with cardiovascular risk factors but no effect by atorvastin
Authors: Krebs Andreas , Doerfer Jürgen , Grünert Sarah Catherina , Wöhrl Jan , Stier Bernhard , Schmidt-Trucksäss Arno , Lichte Kai , Winkler Karl , Grulich-Henn Jürgen , Holder Martin , Schwab Karl Otfried 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTo investigate homoarginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in controls compared to children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and if homoarginine and ADMA are affected by atorvastatin.Homoarginine and ADMA levels of 28 T1D patients were compared to levels of 41 controls. In T1D patients, homoarginine and ADMA were determined at baseline, 1 year, and 2 years at daily 10 mg atorvastatin or placebo within a double-blind study.At baseline, both homoarginine and ADMA were lower (p<0.001) in T1D patients compared to controls. In T1D patients, homoarginine and ADMA were not influenced by atorvastatin. Inverse correlations between homoarginine and HbA1c (p<0.001) and between ADMA and systolic blood pressure (p=0.005) and pulse pressure (p=0.003) were shown.Homoarginine and ADMA levels are decreased and associated with cardiovascular risk factors in children with T1D without being affected by atorvastatin.
Crystal structure of 2,2’-bipyridindiium (2,2’-bipyridyl-κ2N,N’)- tetrabromidorhodate(III) bromide, (C10H10N2)[RhBr4(C10H8N2)]Br, C20H18Br5N4Rh
Authors: Bujak Maciej , Frank Walter 
Published: August 2014

AbstractC
Big Data in Science and Healthcare: A Review of Recent Literature and Perspectives
Authors: Miron-Shatz T. , Lau A. Y. S. , Paton C. , Hansen M. M. 
Published: August 2014

Summary
Objectives: As technology continues to evolve and rise in various industries, such as healthcare, science, education, and gaming, a sophisticated concept known as Big Data is surfacing. The concept of analytics aims to understand data. We set out to portray and discuss perspectives of the evolving use of Big Data in science and healthcare and, to examine some of the opportunities and challenges.
Methods: A literature review was conducted to highlight the implications associated with the use of Big Data in scientific research and healthcare innovations, both on a large and small scale.
Results: Scientists and health-care providers may learn from one another when it comes to understanding the value of Big Data and analytics. Small data, derived by patients and consumers, also requires analytics to become actionable. Connectivism provides a framework for the use of Big Data and analytics in the areas of science and healthcare. This theory assists individuals to recognize and synthesize how human connections are driving the increase in data. Despite the volume and velocity of Big Data, it is truly about technology connecting humans and assisting them to construct knowledge in new ways.
Concluding Thoughts: The concept of Big Data and associated analytics are to be taken seriously when approaching the use of vast volumes of both structured and unstructured data in science and health-care. Future exploration of issues surrounding data privacy, confidentiality, and education are needed. A greater focus on data from social media, the quantified self-movement, and the application of analytics to “small data” would also be useful.
EHR Big Data Deep Phenotyping
Authors: Lenert L. , Lopez-Campos G. , Frey L. J. 
Published: August 2014

Summary
Objectives: Given the quickening speed of discovery of variant disease drivers from combined patient genotype and phenotype data, the objective is to provide methodology using big data technology to support the definition of deep phenotypes in medical records.
Methods: As the vast stores of genomic information increase with next generation sequencing, the importance of deep phenotyping increases. The growth of genomic data and adoption of Electronic Health Records (EHR) in medicine provides a unique opportunity to integrate phenotype and genotype data into medical records. The method by which collections of clinical findings and other health related data are leveraged to form meaningful phenotypes is an active area of research. Longitudinal data stored in EHRs provide a wealth of information that can be used to construct phenotypes of patients. We focus on a practical problem around data integration for deep phenotype identification within EHR data. The use of big data approaches are described that enable scalable markup of EHR events that can be used for semantic and temporal similarity analysis to support the identification of phenotype and genotype relationships.
Conclusions: Stead and colleagues’ 2005 concept of using light standards to increase the productivity of software systems by riding on the wave of hardware/processing power is described as a harbinger for designing future healthcare systems. The big data solution, using flexible markup, provides a route to improved utilization of processing power for organizing patient records in genotype and phenotype research.
Clinical Research Informatics and Electronic Health Record Data
Authors: Horvath M. M. , Rusincovitch S. A. , Richesson R. L. 
Published: August 2014

Summary
Objectives: The goal of this survey is to discuss the impact of the growing availability of electronic health record (EHR) data on the evolving field of Clinical Research Informatics (CRI), which is the union of biomedical research and informatics.
Results: Major challenges for the use of EHR-derived data for research include the lack of standard methods for ensuring that data quality, completeness, and provenance are sufficient to assess the appropriateness of its use for research. Areas that need continued emphasis include methods for integrating data from heterogeneous sources, guidelines (including explicit phenotype definitions) for using these data in both pragmatic clinical trials and observational investigations, strong data governance to better understand and control quality of enterprise data, and promotion of national standards for representing and using clinical data.
Conclusions: The use of EHR data has become a priority in CRI. Awareness of underlying clinical data collection processes will be essential in order to leverage these data for clinical research and patient care, and will require multi-disciplinary teams representing clinical research, informatics, and healthcare operations. Considerations for the use of EHR data provide a starting point for practical applications and a CRI research agenda, which will be facilitated by CRI’s key role in the infrastructure of a learning healthcare system.
Surveying Recent Themes in Translational Bioinformatics: Big Data in EHRs, Omics for Drugs, and Personal Genomics
Authors: Denny J. C. 
Published: August 2014

Summary
Objective: To provide a survey of recent progress in the use of large-scale biologic data to impact clinical care, and the impact the reuse of electronic health record data has made in genomic discovery.
Method: Survey of key themes in translational bioinformatics, primarily from 2012 and 2013.
Result: This survey focuses on four major themes: the growing use of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) as a source for genomic discovery, adoption of genomics and pharmacogenomics in clinical practice, the possible use of genomic technologies for drug repurposing, and the use of personal genomics to guide care.
Conclusion: Reuse of abundant clinical data for research is speeding discovery, and implementation of genomic data into clinical medicine is impacting care with new classes of data rarely used previously in medicine.
Brain Iron Overload, Insulin Resistance, and Cognitive Performance in Obese Subjects: A Preliminary MRI Case-Control Study
Authors: Blasco Gerard , Puig Josep , Daunis-i-Estadella Josep , Molina Xavier , Xifra Gemma , Fernández-Aranda Fernando , Pedraza Salvador , Ricart Wifredo , Portero-Otín Manuel , Fernández-Real José Manuel 
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVE
The linkage among the tissue iron stores, insulin resistance (IR), and cognition remains unclear in the obese population. We aimed to identify the factors that contribute to increased hepatic iron concentration (HIC) and brain iron overload (BIO), as evaluated by MRI, and to evaluate their impact on cognitive performance in obese and nonobese subjects.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We prospectively recruited 23 middle-aged obese subjects without diabetes (13 women; age 50.4 ± 7.7 years; BMI 43.7 ± 4.48 kg/m2) and 20 healthy nonobese volunteers (10 women; age 48.8 ± 9.5 years; BMI 24.3 ± 3.54 kg/m2) in whom iron load was assessed in white and gray matter and the liver by MRI. IR was measured from HOMA-IR and an oral glucose tolerance test. A battery of neuropsychological tests was used to evaluate the cognitive performance. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify the independent associations of BIO and cognitive performance.

RESULTS
A significant increase in iron load was detected at the caudate nucleus (P &lt; 0.001), lenticular nucleus (P = 0.004), hypothalamus (P = 0.002), hippocampus (P &lt; 0.001), and liver (P &lt; 0.001) in obese subjects. There was a positive correlation between HIC and BIO at caudate (r = 0.517, P &lt; 0.001), hypothalamus (r = 0.396, P = 0.009), and hippocampus (r = 0.347, P &lt; 0.023). The area under the curve of insulin was independently associated with BIO at the caudate (P = 0.001), hippocampus (P = 0.028), and HIC (P = 0.025). BIOs at the caudate (P = 0.028), hypothalamus (P = 0.006), and lenticular nucleus (P = 0.012) were independently associated with worse cognitive performance.

CONCLUSIONS
Obesity and IR may contribute to increased HIC and BIO being associated with worse cognitive performance. BIO could be a potentially useful MRI biomarker for IR and obesity-associated cognitive dysfunction.
Beneficial Effect of Pistachio Consumption on Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, and Related Metabolic Risk Markers: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Hernández-Alonso Pablo , Salas-Salvadó Jordi , Baldrich-Mora Mònica , Juanola-Falgarona Martí , Bulló Mònica 
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVE
To examine whether a pistachio-rich diet reduces the prediabetes stage and improves its metabolic risk profile.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Prediabetic subjects were recruited to participate in this Spanish randomized clinical trial between 20 September 2011 and 4 February 2013. In a crossover manner, 54 subjects consumed two diets, each for 4 months: a pistachio-supplemented diet (PD) and a control diet (CD). A 2-week washout period separated study periods. Diets were isocaloric and matched for protein, fiber, and saturated fatty acids. A total of 55% of the CD calories came from carbohydrates and 30% from fat, whereas for the PD, these percentages were 50 and 35%, respectively (including 57 g/day of pistachios).

RESULTS
Fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA of insulin resistance decreased significantly after the PD compared with the CD. Other cardiometabolic risk markers such as fibrinogen, oxidized LDL, and platelet factor 4 significantly decreased under the PD compared with the CD (P &lt; 0.05), whereas glucagon-like peptide-1 increased. Interleukin-6 mRNA and resistin gene expression decreased by 9 and 6%, respectively, in lymphocytes after the pistachio intervention (P &lt; 0.05, for PD vs. CD). SLC2A4 expression increased by 69% in CD (P = 0.03, for PD vs. CD). Cellular glucose uptake by lymphocytes decreased by 78.78% during the PD (P = 0.01, PD vs. CD).

CONCLUSIONS
Chronic pistachio consumption is emerging as a useful nutritional strategy for the prediabetic state. Data suggest that pistachios have a glucose- and insulin-lowering effect, promote a healthier metabolic profile, and reverse certain metabolic deleterious consequences of prediabetes.