bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obstetric brachial plexus injury: expectations before and satisfaction three months after secondary surgery on the shoulder
Authors: Westin Britt , Hultgren Tomas , Von Koch Lena 
Published: April 2013

Introduction Children affected by obstetrical brachial plexus injury frequently have residual externalrotation weakness in the shoulder. Secondary surgical procedures are available for improvement. The aim ofthis study was to describe and compare children's and parents’ expectations, the importance of selectedarm/hand function, and performance of activities before and satisfaction after surgical correction of rotationdeformity in the shoulder. Method In the Department of Hand Surgery, Södersjukhuset Sweden, all patients ≥4-year-olds (n = 42)affected by obstetrical plexus injury who underwent secondary surgery to release rotation contracture of the shoulder were included in this study between November 2001 and May 2006. A disease-specific questionnaire was developed and used. Results The expectations before surgery were that the majority of the activities and functions would be improved. There were some differences between the adolescents’ and their parents’ expectations. After surgery, both children and parents were overall satisfied. Conclusion This study shows that expectations before surgery were high and both children and parents reported positive experiences three months after surgery. A longterm study is warranted if final conclusions are to be drawn.
Structure-Function Relationship Between Corneal Nerves and Conventional Small-Fiber Tests in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Sivaskandarajah Gavasker A. , Halpern Elise M. , Lovblom Leif E. , Weisman Alanna , Orlov Steven , Bril Vera , Perkins Bruce A. 
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE
In vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCCM) has been proposed as a noninvasive technique to assess small nerve fiber structural morphology. We investigated the structure-function relationship of small fibers in diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSP).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Ninety-six type 1 diabetic subjects with a spectrum of clinical DSP and 64 healthy volunteers underwent IVCCM examinations to determine corneal nerve structure, including corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL), fiber density (CNFD), branch density (CNBD), and fiber tortuosity (CNFT). Small nerve fiber function was assessed by cooling detection thresholds (CDTs), axon reflex–mediated neurogenic vasodilatation in response to cutaneous heating by laser Doppler imaging flare technique (LDIFLARE), and heart rate variability (HRV). Linear associations between structural and functional measures in type 1 diabetic subjects were determined using Spearman correlation coefficients and linear regression analysis.

RESULTS
Of the type 1 diabetic subjects, with a mean age of 38.2 ± 15.5 years and a mean HbA1c of 7.9 ± 1.4%, 33 (34%) had DSP according to the consensus definition. Modest correlations were observed between CNFL, CNFD, and CNBD and all functional small-fiber tests (rs = 0.25 to 0.41; P ≤ 0.01 for all comparisons). For example, quantitatively every 1 mm/mm2 lower CNFL was associated with a 0.61°C lower CDT, a 0.07 cm2 lower LDIFLARE area, and a 1.78% lower HRV. No significant associations were observed for CNFT and the functional small-fiber measures.

CONCLUSIONS
Small nerve fiber structural morphology assessed by IVCCM correlated well with functional measures of small nerve fiber injury. In particular, CNFL, CNFD, and CNBD demonstrated clear structure-function relationships.
Bioclimatic, ecological, and phenotypic intermediacy and high genetic admixture in a natural hybrid of octoploid strawberries
Authors: Salamone Isabella , Govindarajulu Rajanikanth , Falk Stacey , Parks Matthew , Liston Aaron , Ashman Tia‐Lynn 
Published: April 2013

• Premise of the Study: Hybrid zones provide “natural laboratories” for understanding the processes of selection, reinforcement, and speciation. We sought to gain insight into the degree of introgression and the extent of ecological–phenotypic intermediacy in the natural hybrid strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa subsp. cuneifolia.• Methods: We used whole‐plastome sequencing to identify parental species‐specific (Fragaria chiloensis and F. virginiana) chloroplast single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and combined the use of these with nuclear microsatellite markers to genetically characterize the hybrid zone. We assessed the potential role of selection in the observed geographic patterns by bioclimatically characterizing the niche of the hybrid populations and phenotypically characterizing hybrid individuals of known genomic constitution.• Key Results: Significant admixture and little overall maternal bias in chloroplast or nuclear genomes suggest a high degree of interfertility among the parental and hybrid species and point to a long history of backcrossing and genetic mixing in the hybrid zone. Even though hybrids were phenotypically intermediate to the parental species, there was a discernible fingerprint of the parental genotype within hybrid individuals. Thus, although the pattern of introgression observed suggests geographic limitations to gene flow, it may be reinforced by selection for specific parental traits in the bioclimatically intermediate habitat occupied by the hybrid.• Conclusions: This work uncovered the genetic complexity underlying the hybrid zone of the wild relatives of the cultivated strawberry. It lays the foundation for experimental dissection of the causes of genomic introgression and nuclear–cytoplasmic disassociation, and for understanding other parts of Fragaria evolutionary history.
The Elements of Taste: How Many Are There?
Authors: Wertz S.K. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
What is the number of tastes or flavors we have? Is it five, as most Chinese believe? None, as the ancient Taoists asserted? Four, as Western science traditionally claims? Recently, umami has been added to the traditional four: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter (the Chinese added another: spicy or pungent). Aristotle and Raghavan Iyer (of India) thought there were seven components of taste: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, astringent, pungent, and harsh. In 2001 Gary Kunz and Peter Kaminsky argued for fourteen in their book. Not to be outdone, Jean Anthelme Brillat- Savarin thought the number of tastes is infinite, because each one is unique. Some recent studies by Richard Mattes on rats show that fats do have taste and can be chemically detected in their blood, so we may be adding a sixth component to the scientific perspective: fat. The number of elements continues to expand with the development of analysis and experimentation of the gustatory experience. Many of these elements are shared by the world cuisines that tell us something about human nature or constitution.
Disability Rates for Cardiovascular and Psychological Disorders Among Autoworkers by Job Category, Facility Type, and Facility Overtime Hours
Authors: Landsbergis Paul A. , Janevic Teresa , Rothenberg Laura , Adamu Mohammed T. , Johnson Sylvia , Mirer Franklin E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundWe examined the association between long work hours, assembly line work and stress‐related diseases utilizing objective health and employment data from an employer's administrative databases.MethodsA North American automobile manufacturing company provided data for claims for sickness, accident and disability insurance (work absence of at least 4 days) for cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension and psychological disorders, employee demographics, and facility hours worked per year for 1996–2001. Age‐adjusted claim rates and age‐adjusted rate ratios were calculated using Poisson regression, except for comparisons between production and skilled trades workers owing to lack of age denominator data by job category. Associations between overtime hours and claim rates by facility were examined by Poisson regression and multi‐level Poisson regression.ResultsClaims for hypertension, coronary heart disease, CVD, and psychological disorders were associated with facility overtime hours. We estimate that a facility with 10 more overtime hours per week than another facility would have 4.36 more claims for psychological disorders, 2.33 more claims for CVD, and 3.29 more claims for hypertension per 1,000 employees per year. Assembly plants had the highest rates of claims for most conditions. Production workers tended to have higher rates of claims than skilled trades workers.ConclusionsData from an auto manufacturer's administrative databases suggest that autoworkers working long hours, and assembly‐line workers relative to skilled trades workers or workers in non‐assembly facilities, have a higher risk of hypertension, CVD, and psychological disorders. Occupational disease surveillance and disease prevention programs need to fully utilize such administrative data. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:755–764, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic compartmental analysis of sulpiride double‐peak absorption profile after oral administration to human volunteers
Authors: Helmy Sally A. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe pharmacokinetics of oral drugs that exhibit double peaks cannot be described adequately by using conventional compartmental models.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe the double‐peak plasma pharmacokinetic profile of sulpiride after oral administration to healthy volunteers based on physiological and biopharmaceutical considerations.MethodsA single 100 mg dose of sulpiride was given to 16 healthy volunteers. Blood samples were drawn at different times and analysed by a validated HPLC assay method. Plasma profiles were evaluated by non‐compartmental and compartmental approaches.ResultsThe non‐compartmental parameters determined were k (0.079 ± 0.008 h‐1), t1/2 (9.0 ± 2.9 h), Vd/F (330.5 ± 87.3 L), Cl/F (38.2 ± 9.8 L/h) and AUC0→∞ (1402.5 ± 404.7 ng.h/mL). The compartmental analysis was described appropriately using a two‐compartment body model, with first order absorption from two different sites in the gut. The parameters determined were k21 (0.68 ± 0.2 h‐1), ka1 (0.7 ± 0.27 h‐1), ka2 (2.7 ± 1.8 h‐1), Vc/F (45.1 ± 15.7 L), α (33.3 ± 1.5 h‐1), β (0.11 ± 0.03 h‐1) and time for the beginning of the absorption from the second site (4.4 ± 2.1 h).ConclusionThe developed analytical method was suitable for use in pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring implementation. Sulpiride was well tolerated by the patients without any serious adverse events being observed. The double peaks in the serum concentration–time profiles could be due to differential rates of absorption along the gastrointestinal tract. The discontinuous absorption model with two sites of absorption was adequate to describe the double‐peak of the sulpiride plasma profile. ClinicalTrials. gov identifiers: NCT01777685. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symptomatic reduction in free testosterone levels secondary to crizotinib use in male cancer patients
Authors: Weickhardt Andrew J. , Doebele Robert C. , Purcell W. Thomas , Bunn Paul A. , Oton Ana B. , Rothman Micol S. , Wierman Margaret E. , Mok Tony , Popat Sanjay , Bauman Julie , Nieva Jorge , Novello Silvia , Ou Sai‐Hong Ignatius , Camidge D. Ross 
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUNDCrizotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor active against ALK, MET, and ROS1. We previously reported that crizotinib decreases testosterone in male patients. The detailed etiology of the effect, its symptomatic significance, and the effectiveness of subsequent testosterone replacement have not been previously reported.METHODSMale cancer patients treated with crizotinib had total testosterone levels measured and results compared with non‐crizotinib‐treated patients. Albumin, sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), and/or luteinizing hormone (LH) were tracked longitudinally. A subset of patients had free testosterone levels measured and a hypogonadal screening questionnaire administered. Patients receiving subsequent testosterone supplementation were assessed for symptomatic improvement.RESULTSMean total testosterone levels were −25% below the lower limit of normal (LLN) in 32 crizotinib‐treated patients (27 of 32 patients below LLN, 84%) compared with +29% above LLN in 19 non‐crizotinib‐treated patients (6 of 19 below LLN, 32%), P = .0012. Levels of albumin and SHBG (which both bind testosterone) declined rapidly with crizotinib, but so did FSH, LH, and free testosterone, suggesting a centrally mediated, true hypogonadal effect. Mean free testosterone levels were −17% below LLN (19 of 25 patients below LLN, 76%). Eighty‐four percent (16 of 19) with low free levels, and 79% (19/24) with low total levels had symptoms of androgen deficiency. Five of 9 patients (55%) with low testosterone given testosterone supplementation had improvement in symptoms, coincident with increases in testosterone above LLN.CONCLUSIONSSymptoms of androgen deficiency and free or total/free testosterone levels should be tracked in male patients on crizotinib with consideration of testosterone replacement as appropriate. Cancer 2013;119:2383‐2390. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Targeting cells in motion: Migrating toward improved therapies
Authors: Griffith Jason W. , Luster Andrew D. 
Published: April 2013

The development of clinical therapeutics that interfere with the migration of leukocytes has revolutionized the treatment of multiple sclerosis and holds great promise for the treatment of a wide range of inflammatory diseases. As the molecules essential for the multi‐step adhesion cascade that mediates cellular migration have been elucidated, the number of potential targets available to modulate leukocyte trafficking has increased exponentially. In this Viewpoint, we briefly review our current understanding of these mole‐cular targets and how these targets vary by tissue and leukocyte subset with emphasis on T cells. We then describe the two currently approved therapeutics that target cell migration, natalizumab and fingolimod, and discuss how an improved understanding of their function could pave the way for the development of safer and more efficacious therapies for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Metabolomic characterization of rhubarb species by capillary electrophoresis and ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatography
Authors: Tseng Yufeng Jane , Kuo Chun‐Ting , Wang San‐Yuan , Liao Hsiao‐Wei , Chen Guan‐Yuan , Ku Yuan‐Ling , Shao Wei‐Cheng , Kuo Ching‐Hua 
Published: April 2013

This study developed CE and ultra‐high‐pressure LC (UHPLC) methods coupled with UV detectors to characterize the metabolomic profiles of different rhubarb species. The optimal CE conditions used a BGE with 15 mM sodium tetraborate, 15 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, 30 mM sodium deoxycholate, and 30% ACN v/v at pH 8.3. The optimal UHPLC conditions used a mobile phase composed of 0.05% phosphate buffer and ACN with gradient elution. The gradient profile increased linearly from 10 to 21% ACN within the first 25 min, then increased to 33% ACN for the next 10 min. It took another 5 min to reach the 65% ACN, then for the next 5 min, it stayed unchanged. Sixteen samples of Rheum officinale and Rheum tanguticum collected from various locations were analyzed by CE and UHPLC methods. The metabolite profiles of CE were aligned and baseline corrected before chemometric analysis. Metabolomic signatures of rhubarb species from CE and UHPLC were clustered using principle component analysis and distance‐based redundancy analysis; the clusters were not only able to discriminate different species but also different cultivation regions. Similarity measurements were performed by calculating the correlation coefficient of each sample with the authentic samples. Hybrid rhizome was clearly identified through similarity measurement of UHPLC metabolite profile and later confirmed by gene sequencing. The present study demonstrated that CE and UHPLC are efficient and effective tools to identify and authenticate herbs even coupled with simple detectors.
Spatiotemporal distribution patterns of dissolved methane in lakes: How accurate are the current estimations of the diffusive flux path?
Authors: Hofmann Hilmar 
Published: April 2013

AbstractLakes have been identified as an important source of atmospheric methane. Here the spatiotemporal distribution of dissolved methane was measured in a medium‐sized freshwater lake. The data reveal that littoral zones (nearshore, shallow) are the predominant source of methane. Offshore‐directed gradients of dissolved methane suggest the transport of methane from the nearshore zone to the pelagic epilimnion. The distribution patterns of epilimnetic methane were highly heterogeneous, independent of the mean lake‐wide methane concentration. Consequently, the diffusive flux of methane to the atmosphere strongly varies with location in the lake. A comparison of the diffusive methane flux from different offshore sampling stations indicates that single‐point measurements are not necessarily sufficient to estimate lake‐wide emissions to the atmosphere accurately. Thus, spatially resolved measurements of methane emissions are needed to improve the reliability of estimates of the methane that lakes contribute to the global methane budget.
Testing a virtual reality intervention for pain control
Authors: Loreto‐Quijada D. , Gutiérrez‐Maldonado J. , Gutiérrez‐Martínez O. , Nieto R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed (1) to assess the validity of a virtual reality (VR) intervention designed specifically to gain control over pain, (2) to test whether the association between the virtual environment and pain can be potentiated using a differential conditioning procedure, and (3) to examine the effects of this VR intervention in a cold pressor experiment.MethodsThe VR intervention was based on a figure representing pain. This figure could be manipulated until reaching a no‐pain state. Participants were 64 undergraduate students, who were asked to evaluate this environment in terms of arousal and valence. A differential conditioning procedure was then applied, in which the pain figure was paired with electric shock and the no‐pain figure was presented without shock. Afterwards, participants performed a cold pressor task.ResultsIn the initial testing, the pain figure was evaluated as more arousing and more unpleasant than the no‐pain figure. After the conditioning procedure, these ratings significantly increased; with the pain figure being rated as more anxiety eliciting and a better predictor of shocks than the no‐pain figure. During cold pressor, the interaction with the conditioned VR figure led to significant increases in pain threshold and tolerance, as well as a significantly greater underestimation of time, but it did not affect pain intensity.ConclusionsThese results provide preliminary support for the use of our VR intervention to gain control over pain.
PLCs in Action: Innovative Teaching for Struggling Grade 3–5 Readers
Authors: D'Ardenne Charna , Barnes Debra G. , Hightower Elaine S. , Lamason Pamela R. , Mason Mary , Patterson Paula C. , Stephens Nancy , Wilson Carolyn E. , Smith Vickie H. , Erickson Karen A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA group of elementary school reading teachers used their time in a Professional Learning Community to develop a systematic intervention to address the needs of struggling readers in grades 3 to 5. Working as a team, they identified a collection of books that was culturally diverse, high interest, appealing to boys and girls, aligned with curriculum across the grades, and equally representative of fiction and non‐fiction. Using the collection of books as a starting place, the group wrote lessons that addressed decoding, vocabulary development, comprehension strategies, and responding to standardized test question stems. The resulting intervention led to growth in reading level as well as accelerated progress on the state mandated end of grade test in reading. The PLC offered this group of experienced reading teachers a district‐supported framework for working together to create a locally relevant solution for the students they teach.
Baseline Assessment of Inpatient Burn Care at Tenwek Hospital, Bomet, Kenya
Authors: Otteni Craig R. , Saruni Seno Ivan , Duron Vincent P. , Hedges Jeremy P. , White Russell E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundBurn injuries are a significant source of both death and disability in developing countries. The objective of this project was to create a database of baseline inpatient burn care data to facilitate improvement of preventive measures and clinical outcomes at Tenwek Hospital, Bomet, Kenya.MethodsBoth demographic and clinical data were obtained through a retrospective chart review conducted on inpatient burn patients admitted to Tenwek Hospital between January 1, 2006 and May 31, 2010.ResultsOf the 269 patients studied, 53 % were male and 47 % were female. More than half (59 %) of the burns occurred in children younger than age 5 years. All‐cause mortality rate of inpatient burn patients was 12 %. Cardiac arrest, sepsis, and respiratory failure/pneumonia caused 81 % of the deaths. Scalds caused 55 % of the burns. Thirteen percent of the burns were seizure‐related. Second degree burns accounted for 76 % of the burns. Forty‐three percent of patients received at least one surgical debridement during their hospital stay. Thirty‐seven percent of patients received at least one split‐thickness skin graft. Antibiotic treatment was administered to 55 % of patients. Fifty‐three percent of patients presented to Tenwek Hospital 1 day or more from the time of injury.ConclusionsWe propose that prevention efforts focus on minimizing children’s exposure to boiling liquids and open flames in homes, providing appropriate and consistent treatment to epileptics to prevent seizure‐related burns, and stressing the importance of early presentation for treatment. A more selective approach to antibiotic use should be encouraged to decrease costs to the patient and hospital and lessen the risk of antibiotic resistance.