bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Hunter Antler-Size Selection through an Age-Specific Comparison of Harvested and Naturally Cast Antler Metrics
Authors: Schoenebeck Casey W. , Peterson Brian C. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Deer antler metrics have been used to index the physical condition of deer populations, but those sampled at deer-check stations may not be representative of the population at large if deer hunters select for larger antlered individuals. The objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate whether white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus hunters exhibit selective behavior through an age-specific comparison of harvested antler metrics to naturally cast antlers; and 2) evaluate the potential value of cast antlers to monitor herd condition via antler seal depth to identify individual health. Antler metrics representing antler mass (main beam basal circumference), length (main beam length), and the number of antler points were taken on yearling (aged 1.5 y) hunter-harvested deer during the 2009, 2010, and 2011 November firearm seasons and compared with freshly cast yearling antlers collected during the corresponding 2010, 2011, and 2012 antler-casting seasons. The antler metric indicative of antler mass was greater in harvested deer than the deer herd at large, providing empirical evidence of size-selective hunter behavior. We suggest that cast antlers be used as a less-biased alternative to measurements taken of antlers of harvested deer to assess herd characteristics.
Probing Peroxisome Dynamics and Biogenesis by Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Jauregui Miluska , Kim Peter K. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPeroxisomes are the most recently discovered classical organelles, and only lately have their diverse functions been truly recognized. Peroxisomes are highly dynamic structures, changing both morphologically and in number in response to both extracellular and intracellular signals. This metabolic organelle came to prominence due to the many genetic disorders caused by defects in its biogenesis or enzymatic functions. There is now growing evidence that suggests peroxisomes are involved in lipid biosynthesis, innate immunity, redox homeostasis, and metabolite scavenging, among other functions. Therefore, it is important to have available suitable methods and techniques to visualize and quantify peroxisomes in response to various cellular signals. This unit includes a number of protocols that will enable researchers to image, qualify, and quantify peroxisome numbers and morphology—with both steady‐state and time‐lapse imaging using mammalian cells. The use of photoactivatable fluorescent proteins to detect and measure peroxisome biogenesis is also described. Altogether, the protocols described here will facilitate understanding of the dynamic changes that peroxisomes undergo in response to various cellular signals. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 62:21.9.1‐21.9.20. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The fate of terrigenous dissolved organic carbon in a river‐influenced ocean margin
Authors: Fichot Cédric G. , Benner Ronald 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe mineralization of terrigenous dissolved organic carbon (tDOC) discharged by rivers can impact nutrient and trace metal cycling, biological productivity, net ecosystem metabolism, and air‐sea CO2 exchange in ocean margins. However, the extreme heterogeneity of river‐influenced ocean margins represents a major challenge for quantitative assessments of tDOC transformations and thereby obscures the role of tDOC in biogeochemical cycles. Here a lignin‐based optical proxy for tDOC and a shelf‐wide mass balance approach were used to quantitatively assess the fate of tDOC discharged from the Mississippi‐Atchafalaya River System (M‐ARS) to the Louisiana shelf. The mass balance revealed that ~40% of the tDOC discharged by the M‐ARS during March 2009–2010 was mineralized to CO2 on the Louisiana shelf, with two thirds of the mineralization taking place in the mixed layer. A strong seasonality in tDOC mineralization was observed, with mineralization rates severalfold higher during summer than during winter. Independent assessments of specific mineralization processes indicated biomineralization accounted for ~94% of the tDOC mineralization on an annual basis and suggest that photochemical transformations of tDOC enhanced biomineralization by ~50% in the mixed layer. Direct photomineralization accounted for a relatively small fraction (~6%) of the tDOC mineralization on an annual basis. This quantitative assessment directly confirms that ocean margins are major sinks of the tDOC discharged by rivers and indicates that tDOC mineralization rates in the shelf mixed layer are sufficiently large to influence whether the Louisiana shelf is a net sink or source of atmospheric CO2.
Solar wind‐magnetosphere energy coupling efficiency and partitioning: HILDCAAs and preceding CIR storms during solar cycle 23
Authors: Hajra Rajkumar , Echer Ezequiel , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Gonzalez Walter D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA quantitative study on the energetics of the solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere system during High‐Intensity, Long‐Duration, Continuous AE Activity (HILDCAA) events for solar cycle 23 (from 1995 through 2008) is presented. For all HILDCAAs, the average energy transferred to the magnetospheric/ionospheric system was ~6.3 ×1016 J, and the ram kinetic energy of the incident solar wind was ~7.1 ×1018 J. For individual HILDCAA events the coupling efficiency, defined as the ratio of the solar wind energy input to the solar wind kinetic energy, varied between 0.3% and 2.8%, with an average value of ~0.9%. The solar wind coupling efficiency for corotating interaction region (CIR)‐driven storms prior to the HILDCAA events was found to vary from ~1% to 5%, with an average value of ~2%. Both of these values are lower than the> 5% coupling efficiency noted for interplanetary coronal mass ejection (and sheath)‐driven magnetic storms. During HILDCAAs, ~67% of the solar wind energy input went into Joule heating, ~22% into auroral precipitation, and ~11% into the ring current energy. The CIR‐storm Joule heating (~49%) was noticeably less than that during HILDCAAs, while the ring current energies were comparable for the two. Joule dissipation was higher for HILDCAAs that followed CIR‐storms (88%) than for isolated HILDCAAs (~60%). Possible physical interpretations for the statistical results obtained in this paper are discussed.
In situ stress analysis in the northern Newark Basin: Implications for induced seismicity from CO2 injection
Authors: Zakharova Natalia V. , Goldberg David S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe present detailed stress analysis in a deep well drilled in the northern Newark Rift Basin and evaluate the risk of induced seismicity for underground fluid injection at the locality. In situ stress orientation and magnitudes were estimated using quantitative analysis and modeling of borehole breakouts identified in high‐resolution wellbore images. The distribution of breakouts and natural fractures in the well suggests significant variability in orientation of the principal horizontal stresses in the depth range of 450–1450 m. Evidence from surface seismic reflection imaging indicates potential presence of faults at about 800 m and 1200 m that bound zones of distinctly different stress orientation at this locality. Stability of natural fractures and faults under injection conditions was evaluated for a range of potential stress magnitudes and the observed stress variability with depth. Shallow crust above ~800 m appears to be critically stressed under ambient conditions, and further pore pressure increase would put it at risk of frictional failure on favorably oriented fractures and faults. Deeper reservoirs, however, may allow over 10 MPa increase in pore pressure without fault reactivation due to a more relaxed state of stress. Additional in situ test data are needed to more accurately constrain the magnitude of the minimum horizontal stress in the basin and to enable a more complete assessment of the induced seismic risk from potential CO2 injection in the region.
LITHO1.0: An updated crust and lithospheric model of the Earth
Authors: Pasyanos Michael E. , Masters T. Guy , Laske Gabi , Ma Zhitu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe present the LITHO1.0 model, which is a 1° tessellated model of the crust and uppermost mantle of the Earth, extending into the upper mantle to include the lithospheric lid and underlying asthenosphere. The model is parameterized laterally by tessellated nodes and vertically as a series of geophysically identified layers, such as water, ice, sediments, crystalline crust, lithospheric lid, and asthenosphere. LITHO1.0 is created by constructing an appropriate starting model and perturbing it to fit high‐resolution surface wave dispersion maps (Love and Rayleigh, group and phase) over a wide frequency band (5–40 mHz). We examine and discuss the model with respect to key lithospheric parameters, such as average crustal velocity, crustal thickness, upper mantle velocity, and lithospheric thickness. We then compare the constructed model to those from a number of select studies at regional and global scales and find general consistency. It appears that LITHO1.0 represents a reasonable starting model of the Earth's shallow structure (crust and uppermost mantle) for the purposes in which these models are used, such as traveltime tomography or in efforts to create a 3‐D reference Earth model. The model matches surface wave dispersion over a frequency band wider than the band used in the inversion. There are several avenues for improving the model in the future by including attenuation and anisotropy, as well as making use of surface waves at higher frequency.
The origin and evolution of the Peace Vallis fan system that drains to the Curiosity landing area, Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: Palucis Marisa C. , Dietrich William E. , Hayes Alexander G. , Williams Rebecca M. E. , Gupta Sanjeev , Mangold Nicholas , Newsom Horton , Hardgrove Craig , Calef Fred , Sumner Dawn Y. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe landing site for the Curiosity rover is located at the distal end of the Peace Vallis fan in Gale Crater. Peace Vallis fan covers 80 km2 and is fed by a 730 km2 catchment, which drains an upland plains area through a 15 km wide gap in the crater rim. Valley incision into accumulated debris delivered sediment through a relatively low density valley network to a main stem channel to the fan. An estimated total fan volume of 0.9 km3 matches the calculated volume of removal due to valley incision (0.8 km3) and indicates a mean thickness of 9 m. The fan profile is weakly concave up with a mean slope of 1.5% for the lower portion. Numerous inverted channels outcrop on the western surface of the fan, but on the eastern portion such channels are rare suggesting a change in process from distributary channel domination on the west to sheet flow on the eastern portion of the fan. Runoff (discharge/watershed area) to produce the fan is estimated to be more than 600 m, perhaps as much as 6000 m, indicating a hydrologic cycle that likely lasted at least thousands of years. Atmospheric precipitation (possibly snow) not seepage produced the runoff. Based on topographic data, Peace Vallis fan likely onlapped Bradbury Rise and spilled into a topographic low to the east of the rise. This argues that the light‐toned fractured terrain within this topographic low corresponds to the distal deposits of Peace Vallis fan, and in such a setting, lacustrine deposits are expected.
The impact of climate and reservoirs on longitudinal riverine carbon fluxes from two major watersheds in the Central and Intermontane West
Authors: Stackpoole S. M. , Stets E. G. , Striegl R. G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA nested sampling network on the Colorado (CR) and Missouri Rivers (MR) provided data to assess impacts of large‐scale reservoir systems and climate on carbon export. The Load Estimator (LOADEST) model was used to estimate both dissolved inorganic and organic carbon (DIC and DOC) fluxes for a total of 22 sites along the main stems of the CR and MR. Both the upper CR and MR DIC and DOC fluxes increased longitudinally, but the lower CR fluxes decreased while the lower MRs continued to increase. We examined multiple factors through space and time that help explain these flux patterns. Seasonal variability in precipitation and temperature, along with site‐level concentration versus discharge relationships proved to be significant factors explaining much of the difference among sites located below reservoirs as compared to sites located in more free‐flowing segments of the river. The characterization of variability in carbon exports over space and time provides a basis for understanding carbon cycling and transport within river basins affected by large reservoir systems, particular in arid‐to semi‐arid ecosystems.
A streamline splitting pore‐network approach for computationally inexpensive and accurate simulation of transport in porous media
Authors: Mehmani Yashar , Oostrom Mart , Balhoff Matthew T. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSeveral approaches have been developed in the literature for solving flow and transport at the pore scale. Some authors use a direct modeling approach where the fundamental flow and transport equations are solved on the actual pore‐space geometry. Such direct modeling, while very accurate, comes at a great computational cost. Network models are computationally more efficient because the pore‐space morphology is approximated. Typically, a mixed cell method (MCM) is employed for solving the flow and transport system which assumes pore‐level perfect mixing. This assumption is invalid at moderate to high Peclet regimes. In this work, a novel Eulerian perspective on modeling flow and transport at the pore scale is developed. The new streamline splitting method (SSM) allows for circumventing the pore‐level perfect‐mixing assumption, while maintaining the computational efficiency of pore‐network models. SSM was verified with direct simulations and validated against micromodel experiments; excellent matches were obtained across a wide range of pore‐structure and fluid‐flow parameters. The increase in the computational cost from MCM to SSM is shown to be minimal, while the accuracy of SSM is much higher than that of MCM and comparable to direct modeling approaches. Therefore, SSM can be regarded as an appropriate balance between incorporating detailed physics and controlling computational cost. The truly predictive capability of the model allows for the study of pore‐level interactions of fluid flow and transport in different porous materials. In this paper, we apply SSM and MCM to study the effects of pore‐level mixing on transverse dispersion in 3‐D disordered granular media.
Competing source and loss mechanisms due to wave‐particle interactions in Earth's outer radiation belt during the 30 September to 3 October 2012 geomagnetic storm
Authors: Turner D. L. , Angelopoulos V. , Li W. , Bortnik J. , Ni B. , Ma Q. , Thorne R. M. , Morley S. K. , Henderson M. G. , Reeves G. D. , Usanova M. , Mann I. R. , Claudepierre S. G. , Blake J. B. , Baker D. N. , Huang C.‐L. , Spence H. , Kurth W. , Kletzing C. , Rodriguez J. V. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDrastic variations of Earth's outer radiation belt electrons ultimately result from various competing source, loss, and transport processes, to which wave‐particle interactions are critically important. Using 15 spacecraft including NASA's Van Allen Probes, THEMIS, and SAMPEX missions and NOAA's GOES and POES constellations, we investigated the evolution of the outer belt during the strong geomagnetic storm of 30 September to 3 October 2012. This storm's main phase dropout exhibited enhanced losses to the atmosphere at L* < 4, where the phase space density (PSD) of multi‐MeV electrons dropped by over an order of magnitude in <4 h. Based on POES observations of precipitating >1 MeV electrons and energetic protons, SAMPEX >1 MeV electrons, and ground observations of band‐limited Pc1‐2 wave activity, we show that this sudden loss was consistent with pitch angle scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the dusk magnetic local time sector at 3 < L* < 4. At 4 < L* < 5, local acceleration was also active during the main and early recovery phases, when growing peaks in electron PSD were observed by both Van Allen Probes and THEMIS. This acceleration corresponded to the period when IMF Bz was southward, the AE index was >300 nT, and energetic electron injections and whistler‐mode chorus waves were observed throughout the inner magnetosphere for >12 h. After this period, Bz turned northward, and injections, chorus activity, and enhancements in PSD ceased. Overall, the outer belt was depleted by this storm. From the unprecedented level of observations available, we show direct evidence of the competitive nature of different wave‐particle interactions controlling relativistic electron fluxes in the outer radiation belt.
Membranes for Produced Water Treatment
Authors: Hailemariam Leaelaf M. , Johnson Aaron , Roy Abhishek , Olanrewaju Kayode , Reyntjens Kevin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractProduced water can be defined as water present in a formation with, and brought to the surface with, crude oil or natural gas. More than 87 B barrels of produced water are generated globally each year, constituting the largest wastewater stream generated from petrochemical exploration and production. This amount is expected to grow over the next several years. Increased water demand and tighter regulations are leading to more produced water treatment. Membranes have recently attracted attention for removal of suspended solids, organics and dissolved solids. This article reviews the use of membranes for produced water treatment.
Lewis Acid‐Mediated Transformations of trans‐2‐Aroyl‐3‐aryl‐ cyclopropane‐1,1‐dicarboxylates into 2‐Pyrones and 1‐Indanones
Authors: Sathishkannan Gopal , Srinivasan Kannupal 
Published: March 2014

Abstracttrans‐2‐Aroyl‐3‐arylcyclopropane‐1,1‐dicarboxylates upon treatment with aluminium(III) chloride (AlCl3) underwent ring‐opening, fragmentation, recombination and lactonization to give highly substituted 2‐pyrones. Alternatively, when treated with titanium(IV) chloride (TiCl4), the cyclopropane diesters underwent a Nazarov cyclization to afford 1‐indanones with high diastereoselectivity.magnified image
Ene‐Carbonyl Reductive Coupling for the Synthesis of 3,3‐Disubstituted Phthalide, 3‐Hydroxyisoindolin‐1‐one and 3‐Hydroxyoxindole Derivatives
Authors: Yeh Chien‐Hung , Lin Yi‐Chuen , Mannathan Subramaniyan , Hung Kevin , Cheng Chien‐Hong 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAn efficient method for the synthesis of three classes of heterocyclic derivatives such as 3,3‐disubstituted phthalides, 3‐hydroxyisoindolin‐1‐ones and 3‐hydroxyoxindoles, is reported. In the presence of the simple reductive system, zinc (Zn)/ammonia (NH3) [or zinc‐copper (Zn‐Cu)/ammonia], a wide range of alkenes including acrylates, acrylonitrile, acrylamide and vinyl sulfoxide underwent reductive coupling with methyl 2‐acylbenzoates and subsequent lactonization to provide 3,3‐disubstituted phthalides in good to high yields at ambient temperature. In a similar manner, 3‐hydroxyisoindolin‐1‐one and 3‐hydroxyoxindole derivatives could also be easily prepared by direct reductive coupling of phthalimides and N‐substituted isatins with activated alkenes, respectively. Application of this methodology towards the synthesis of 1‐naphthol derivatives on a gram scale is also depicted. Furthermore, the intramolecular phthalimides–ene reductive coupling afforded the respective cyclization products with high diastereoselectivity.magnified image
Natural course of rotator cuff syndrome in a French working population
Authors: Bodin Julie , Ha Catherine , Petit Audrey , Descatha Alexis , Thomas Thierry , Goldberg Marcel , Leclerc Annette , Roquelaure Yves 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe aim was to assess the persistence of rotator cuff syndrome (RCS) in workers and to study associations with personal and work‐related factors, job change, exposure change and treatment.MethodsAt baseline, 274 workers suffered from RCS, of whom 150 were followed up. Three groups were constituted: (1) a RCS recovery group, (2) a shoulder pain without RCS group, and (3) a RCS without recovery group. We studied the differences between groups (1) and (3) because of the low number of workers in group (2).ResultsRecovery occurred in 61.5% of men and 51.4% of women. Factors related to work were associated with persistence of RCS in men whereas upper limb pain and absence of job rotation were associated with persistence of RCS in women.ConclusionThis descriptive study showed that a high percentage of workers recovered and several personal and work‐related factors were associated with persistent RCS. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these results. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:683–694, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed [3+3] Cyclocondensation of Bromoenals and Ketimines: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Dihydropyridinones
Authors: Zhang Han‐Ming , Jia Wen‐Qiang , Liang Zhi‐Qin , Ye Song 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe N‐heterocyclic carbene‐catalyzed enantioselective [3+3] cyclocondensation of bromoenals and ketimines was developed. The reaction gives the corresponding dihydropyridinones in high yields with high enantioselectivity.
C2‐Arylation of Substituted Pyridine N‐oxides with Heteroaryl Carboxylic Acids by Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Coupling
Authors: Suresh Rajendran , Muthusubramanian Shanmugam , Kumaran Rajendran Senthil , Manickam Govindaswamy 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA palladium catalyzed CH activation/ortho‐arylation of heteroaryl‐N‐oxides through a decarboxylative coupling of heteroaryl carboxylic acids is described. Heterobiaryl‐N‐oxides, which are difficult to access by conventional methods, can be obtained in a single step. A wide range of functional groups, including metal‐susceptible groups, such as bromo and iodo, can be tolerated under the reaction condition. The regioselectivity with respect to both carboxylic acid and N‐oxide is excellent. Further, the N‐oxides were used as a tool to examine the efficiency of decarboxylative coupling compared with aryl halide coupling.
Effects of sublingual immunotherapy for Dermatophagoides farinae on Th17 cells and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in peripheral blood of children with allergic asthma
Authors: Tian Man , Wang Yu , Lu Yueqing , Jiang Yan‐he , Zhao De‐yu 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundSublingual immunotherapy is becoming a more common treatment for allergic diseases, particularly in pediatric clinics. This type of treatment is highly effective for Dermatophagoides farinae allergy, but the mechanisms resulting in immune tolerance have not been investigated. We explored the effects of sublingual immunotherapy with D. farinae drops on populations of subsets of T immune cells, specifically Th17 cells and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells), in peripheral blood of children with allergic asthma.MethodsWe assessed immune cell populations in 60 patients allergic to D. farinae who were randomly divided into 2 groups: a treatment group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30), treated with sublingual administration of D. farinae drops or placebo, respectively, for 48 weeks. Clinical symptoms of asthma were scored for each individual before and after treatment, and the percentages of Th17 cells and CD4+CD25+ Treg cells in the peripheral blood were evaluated by flow cytometry at 12‐week intervals beginning at baseline.ResultsBoth the mean daily symptom scores and percentages of Th17 cells significantly declined in the treatment group throughout the study period (p < 0.05), and in the control group both declined but without significant differences between time points. In contrast, the percentages of Treg cells significantly increased in the treatment group throughout the study period (p < 0.05), but no statistical difference was observed among different sampling times.ConclusionSublingual administration of D. farinae drops alters T immune cell profiles and reduces asthma symptoms, likely resulting in enhanced immunosuppression in children with asthma.