bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nietzsche's Readings on Spinoza: A Contextualist Study, Particularly on the Reception of Kuno Fischer
Authors: Urs Sommer Andreas 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Nietzsche's relation to Spinoza is highly puzzling. It was based mainly on secondary sources. This article explores for the first time what impact Nietzsche's reading about Spinoza—particularly of Kuno Fischer's History of Modern Philosophy—had on his conceptions. First, I consider how Nietzsche found a brother-in-arms in Spinoza upon leaving teleology behind. Second, I examine Nietzsche's concept of eternal recurrence in the context of Spinoza's teaching as it was presented by Fischer. Third, I investigate the relation between Nietzsche's amor fati and Spinoza's amor intellectualis dei. Finally, I discuss how the Spinozist concept of self-preservation (as it was modeled and discussed in nineteenth-century Spinoza research) became a critical point for Nietzsche in the horizon of evolutionary theory. It turns out that the knowledge of Nietzsche's sources is fundamental for an adequate understanding of the use Nietzsche made of Spinoza's philosophy. The article thus tries to find a new approach to Nietzsche's Spinoza with the help of the contemporary sources he used.
Nietzsche's Naturalism
Authors: Schacht Richard 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Nietzsche, I contend, and many agree, was a fundamentally “naturalistic” thinker. But there are many ways of thinking that can be called “naturalistic”; and it would be a mistake to suppose that any particular one of them is what he advocated and pursued—especially since there are some kinds of naturalism of which he himself is disdainful. So we need to consider what kind of naturalism Nietzsche's is—particularly as it relates to the natural sciences. I argue that it is one that respects and draws on these sciences but does not limit itself to reliance on them or take all of its cues from them. It is not a scientistic naturalism. I then discuss some types of human phenomena of which Nietzsche considers it important for us to be mindful and appreciative, both in the interpretation of human reality and in our understanding of the contours of his naturalism.
Carotid Endarterectomy: Outcome of “Old-Fashioned” Approach
Authors: Oldham Jeff , Saha Sibu 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to assess the 30-day postoperative incidence of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, wound complication, and cranial nerve damage after carotid endarterectomy using induced hypertension (systolic pressure ≥160 mmHg), selective shunting, and primary closure. We retrospectively analyzed the records of 206 patients who underwent a total of 239 carotid endarterectomy surgeries between January 2002 and August 2009 to identify the impact of selective shunting and primary closure on morbidity and mortality. Two hundred thirty-nine surgeries were performed on 206 patients. The study population was 55% men and 45% women with average age of 67 years (range 33–85 years). Of these patients, 181 had hypertension (88%), 82 had diabetes (40%), 73 had peripheral vascular disease (35%), 107 had coronary artery disease (52%), 142 had tobacco abuse (69%), and 146 had dyslipidemia (71%). Twenty-six patients (13%) presented with history of stroke, 77 (37%) with transient ischemic attack (TIA), 14 (7%) with amaurosis fugax, and 108 (52%) were asymptomatic. The average internal carotid stenosis was 74% as indicated by duplex, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or angiogram. Of the 239 surgeries, 3 (1%) required patch closure, and 7 (3%) required shunt. Thirty-day postoperative complication rates are as follows: stroke, 3 (1.3%); TIA, 4 (1.7%); bleeding, 5 (2.1%); superficial wound infection, 2 (0.8%); heart attack, 1 (0.4%); cranial nerve injury, 0; and hospital death, 0. One patient (0.4%) died at home from an unknown cause. In conclusion, carotid endarterectomy with selective shunting and primary closure is a safe and effective surgical means of preventing stroke.
Skin Metastasis From Sigmoid Colon Cancer
Authors: Horiuchi Atsushi , Nozawa Keijiro , Akahane Takuya , Shimada Ryu , Shibuya Hajime , Aoyagi Yoshiko , Nakamura Keisuke , Hayama Tamuro , Yamada Hideki , Ishihara Soichiro , Matsuda Keiji , Watanabe Toshiaki 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSkin metastases from visceral cancers are rare and the reported incidence from all visceral cancers is 1.4% to 10%. Skin metastases from colorectal cancers account for only 5% of metastatic skin cancers, among which scalp metastases are very rare. We describe a 53-year-old man with scalp metastasis derived from sigmoid colon cancer that was diagnosed and surgically resected in 2005. Metastatic lung tumors that developed thereafter were surgically resected and then chemotherapy was administered. However, metastatic brain tumors occurred in 2008, and these were treated by γ-knife radiosurgery. Around the same time, a raised lesion that appeared on the scalp was diagnosed as skin metastasis and treated with best supportive care. Thereafter, the brain metastases continued to spread, and the patient died in October 2008.
Surgical Treatment for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Hiranyakas Art , Ho Yik-Hong 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The rapid in development of surgical technology has had a major effect in surgical treatment of colorectal cancer. Laparoscopic colon cancer surgery has been proven to provide better short-term clinical and oncologic outcomes. However this quickly accepted surgical approach is still performed by a minority of colorectal surgeons. The more technically challenging procedure of laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery is also on its way to demonstrating perhaps similar short-term benefits. This article reviews current evidences of both short-term and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery, including the overall costs comparison between laparoscopic surgery and conventional open surgery. In addition, different surgical techniques for laparoscopic colon and rectal cancer are compared. Also the relevant future challenge of colorectal cancer robotic surgery is reviewed.
Comparison of Lichtenstein and Laparoscopic Transabdominal Preperitoneal Repair of Recurrent Inguinal Hernias
Authors: Demetrashvili Z. , Qerqadze V. , Kamkamidze G. , Topchishvili G. , Lagvilava L. , Chartholani T. , Archvadze V. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The aim of our study was the comparative analysis of the results of two surgical methods: tension-free repair by the Lichtenstein technique and laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repair. In total 52 patients with recurrent inguinal hernia were randomly assigned to the two groups: Lichtenstein (28 patients) and TAPP (24 patients). Comparisons between these groups were done by several preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors. For postoperative factors both short-term and long-term results were considered. Average operation time for Lichtenstein group was 59.6 ± 9.9 minutes, compared with 64.4 ± 8.4 minutes for TAPP patients (P  =  0.068). In TAPP patients there was less pain in the postoperative period (P  =  0.002) and fewer sick-leave days (13.4 ± 1.7 versus 17.5 ± 2.6 days; P &lt; 0.001) and, correspondingly, faster recovery. In the Lichtenstein group a total of 4 postoperative complications (infection, hematoma, seroma, urinary retention) were observed, compared with 8 in the TAPP group (P  =  0.19). Statistically significant difference was only by urinary retention (0 for Lichtenstein, 4 for TAPP; P  =  0.039). There were no cases of hernia recurrence observed during the follow-up. Chronic pain developed in 5 patients from the Lichtenstein group (17.9%) and 2 patients from the TAPP group (8.3%; P  =  0.28) more than 1 year after the operation; 4 Lichtenstein patients (14.3%) and 1 TAPP patient (4.2%; P  =  0.23) more than 2 years after the operation; and 3 Lichtenstein patients (10.7%) and 1 TAPP patient (4.2%; P  =  0.36) more than 3 years after the operation. For the treatment of recurrent inguinal hernias, which are developed after use of conventional (nonmesh) methods, the first choice should be given to the laparoscopic method, especially for young, physically active, nonobese patients, and if there are any contraindications for the laparoscopy, the Lichtenstein approach should be recommended.
A High Level of Carcinoembryonic Antigen as Initial Manifestation of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in a Patient With Subclinical Hyperthyroidism
Authors: Akbulut Sami , Sogutcu Nilgun 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a tumor marker with a glycoprotein structure, is frequently used in follow-up gastrointestinal malignancies. CEA levels may also increase in neuroendocrine tumors, including medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), and in some benign diseases. Patients whose blood tests show high CEA levels should have additional tests regarding MTC. Although MTC comprises only 3%–11% of all thyroid cancers, it should be tested because it has a poor prognosis and may accompany multiple endocrine neoplasia. We present the case of a 76-year-old man with subclinical hyperthyroidism with sporadic MTC who presented with initial high serum CEA levels. He underwent total thyroidectomy and left modified neck dissection. Pathologic specimens stained strongly for CEA. The patient's blood was analyzed for mutations in exons 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, and 16, but the RET proto-oncogene revealed no mutations. The patient was regularly followed by measurement of serum CEA levels and performance of positron emission tomography–computed tomography. Seventeen months after surgery, the patient has remained well and showed no signs of tumor recurrence.
Effect of Monomer Structure on Real‐Time UV‐Curing Shrinkage Studied by a Laser Scanning Approach
Authors: Jian Yu , He Yong , Zhao Liyan , Kowalczyk Agnieszka , Yang Wantai , Nie Jun 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThe very fast curing rate, low coating thickness (<100 µm), and a wide range of viscosity of ultraviolet (UV) systems hindered the study of UV‐curing shrinkage. A recently developed laser scanning method provided a chance to directly measure the real‐time (UV‐curing shrinkage. The effect of monomer chain lengths (degree of ethoxylation), monomer functionality, and monomer type (acrylate vs. methacrylate) on the shrinkage rates and shrinkage of UV monomers was systematically investigated. The concentration of double bonds and degree of conversion played the dominant role in the photopolymerization shrinkage and shrinkage rate. The main reason for the low shrinkage of methacrylate was that the low reactivity of methacrylate decreased the degree of conversion. The ethoxylation was an attractive way to lower the shrinkage and decrease the shrinkage rate due to significant reduction of the concentration of double bonds. The reduction of functionality was not obvious in decreasing the shrinkage or maximum shrinkage rate due to the combination effect of the concentration of double bonds and the degree of conversion. Besides, heat expansion attributed to polymerization could bring forward the maximum shrinkage rate from the shrinkage stage to the expansion stage. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 2013, 32, 21331; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21331
Phenolphthalein‐based cardo poly(arylene ether sulfone): Preparation and application to separation membranes
Authors: Gao Nian , Zhang Suobo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCardo poly(arylene ether sulfone)s are an important type of high performance engineering thermoplastics. They possess unique properties, including good processability, thermal stability, and good insulating and mechanical properties as well as excellent chemical resistance. They are potential candidates for the preparation of ion exchange, water purification, and gas separation membranes. This review focuses on the synthesis of phenolphthalein‐based cardo poly(arylene ether sulfone)s, including synthesis of cardo bisphenols and their polymers, and their application to separation membranes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Cyclopolymerization protocol for the synthesis of a poly(zwitterion‐alt‐sulfur dioxide) to investigate the polyzwitterion‐to‐poly(anion‐zwitterion) transition
Authors: Ali Shaikh A. , Haladu Shamsuddeen A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe zwitterionic monomer, 3‐(N,N‐diallyl,N‐carboethoxymethylammonio)propanesulfonate, on cocyclopolymerization with sulfur dioxide in DMSO using azoisobutyronitrile as the initiator afforded the polyzwitterion (PZ) copolymer in excellent yields. The PZ on acidic hydrolysis of the ester groups led to the corresponding polyzwitterionic acid (PZA). The pH‐responsive PZA on treatment with sodium hydroxide gave the new poly(eletrolyte‐zwitterion) (PEZ). The solubility, viscosity behaviors, and solution properties of the salt‐tolerant PZ, PZA, and PEZ were studied in detail. Like common PZs, PZ was found to be insoluble in salt‐free but soluble in salt‐added water. The apparent basicity constants of the carboxyl group in PEZ have been determined. As the name implies, the PEZ possesses dual type of structural feature common to both conventional anionic polyelectrolytes and PZs, and its aqueous solution behavior is found to be similar to that observed for a typical alternating anionic‐zwitterionic copolymer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Thermoplastic vulcanizate nanocomposites based on thermoplastic polyurethane and millable polyurethane blends reinforced with organoclay prepared by melt intercalation technique: Optimization of processing parameters via statistical methods
Authors: Barick Aruna Kumar , Jung Ji‐Yoen , Choi Myung‐Chan , Chang Young‐Wook 
Published: December 2012

AbstractStatistical approaches including Taguchi design of experiments (DOE), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multiple linear regression analysis were employed to determine optimum processing conditions for successful preparation of a thermoplastic vulcanizate nanocomposite (TPVNC) based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/millable polyurethane (MPU) blend reinforced with an organoclay (TPU/MPU/organoclay = 50/50/3 wt/wt/wt) using an internal mixer. Total numbers of mixing layouts were designed by the application of Taguchi's orthogonal array (OA) methodology based on three parameters and three levels in the L9 selector matrix model. Mechanical properties of all runs were measured and fitted into the statistical software to determine signal to noise (S/N) ratio. Ranks of the parameters were determined based on the delta statistics of the larger is better case of the S/N ratio. The ANOVA parameters were analyzed and percentage contribution of each factor, along with the correlation coefficient of each variable, was measured. The multiple linear regression models for each property were correlated with the parameters through mathematical equations. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was performed to examine any interfacial interactions between polyurethane matrix and organoclay. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and field emission transmission electron microscope (FETEM) were employed to analyze the dispersion of organoclays in the polymer matrix. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was employed to observe cryo‐fractured morphology. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) were used to investigate dynamic mechanical properties and rheological properties of the trials, respectively. Based on all of these characterizations, an optimum processing condition was determined. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Barrier Enhancing Signals in Pulmonary Edema
Authors: Birukov Konstantin G. , Zebda Noureddine , Birukova Anna A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIncreased endothelial permeability and reduction of alveolar liquid clearance capacity are two leading pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema, which is a major complication of acute lung injury, severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, the pathologies characterized by unacceptably high rates of morbidity and mortality. Besides the success in protective ventilation strategies, no efficient pharmacological approaches exist to treat this devastating condition. Understanding of fundamental mechanisms involved in regulation of endothelial permeability is essential for development of barrier protective therapeutic strategies. Ongoing studies characterized specific barrier protective mechanisms and identified intracellular targets directly involved in regulation of endothelial permeability. Growing evidence suggests that, although each protective agonist triggers a unique pattern of signaling pathways, selected common mechanisms contributing to endothelial barrier protection may be shared by different barrier protective agents. Therefore, understanding of basic barrier protective mechanisms in pulmonary endothelium is essential for selection of optimal treatment of pulmonary edema of different etiology. This article focuses on mechanisms of lung vascular permeability, reviews major intracellular signaling cascades involved in endothelial monolayer barrier preservation and summarizes a current knowledge regarding recently identified compounds which either reduce pulmonary endothelial barrier disruption and hyperpermeability, or reverse preexisting lung vascular barrier compromise induced by pathologic insults. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol3:429‐484, 2013.
Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance: Underlying Causes and Modification by Exercise Training
Authors: Roberts Christian K. , Hevener Andrea L. , Barnard R. James 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMetabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant debate regarding the criteria and concept of the syndrome, this clustering of risk factors is unequivocally linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Regardless of the true definition, based on current population estimates, nearly 100 million have MS. It is often characterized by insulin resistance, which some have suggested is a major underpinning link between physical inactivity and MS. The purpose of this review is to: (i) provide an overview of the history, causes and clinical aspects of MS, (ii) review the molecular mechanisms of insulin action and the causes of insulin resistance, and (iii) discuss the epidemiological and intervention data on the effects of exercise on MS and insulin sensitivity. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol3:1‐58, 2013.
“DO I STAY OR DO I GO?”—JOB CHANGE AND LABOR MARKET EXIT INTENTIONS OF EMPLOYEES PROVIDING INFORMAL CARE TO OLDER ADULTS
Authors: Schneider Ulrike , Trukeschitz Birgit , Mühlmann Richard , Ponocny Ivo 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThis article examines whether providing informal eldercare to an older dependent person predicts employees' intentions to change jobs or exit the labor market and, if so, which particular aspects of both caregiving (e.g. time demands, physical/cognitive care burden) and their current work environment shape these intentions. We used data from a sample of 471 caring and 431 noncaring employees in Austria and split the analyses by gender. We found different aspects of informal caregiving to be associated with the intention to change jobs and with the anticipated labor market withdrawal of male and female workers. A time‐based conflict between informal eldercare and paid work was significantly and positively related to the intended job change of female workers but not of their male counterparts. Flexible work arrangements were found to facilitate the attachment of female workers to their jobs and the labor market. Intentions to exit the labor market of male workers appeared to be triggered by a physical care burden rather than time demands. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.HIGHLIGHTS

We studied the effects of providing informal eldercare on the turnover intention of men and women in a group of workers who were also the main carers providing support to a dependent older person with substantial care needs.
The intention of male and female workers to change jobs and exit the labor market is shaped by the different characteristics of informal caregiving.
Time‐based conflicts between informal care and paid work are associated with a higher relative risk of anticipating job changes for female workers. Flextime facilitates the job and labor market attachment of female workers with eldercare responsibilities.
The intensity of personal care provided to an older relative is significantly positively related to male workers' relative risk of anticipated labor market exit.
Care to an older person in need of supervision makes the labor market exit of female workers less likely, lending thus support to the idea of the respite effect of work.
The relative sensitivity of macrophyte and algal species to herbicides and fungicides: An analysis using species sensitivity distributions
Authors: Giddings Jeffrey M , Arts Gertie , Hommen Udo 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Lemna spp. are the standard test species representing aquatic macrophytes in the current risk assessment schemes for herbicides and plant growth regulators in the European Union and North America. At a Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 2008 workshop on Aquatic Macrophyte Risk Assessment for Pesticides (AMRAP), a Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) working group was formed to address uncertainties about the sensitivity of Lemna spp. relative to other aquatic macrophyte species. For 11 herbicides and 3 fungicides for which relevant and reliable data were found for at least 6 macrophyte species, SSDs were fitted using lognormal regression. The positions of L. gibba (the most commonly tested Lemna species) and Myriophyllum spicatum (for which standardized test methods are under development) in each SSD were determined where data were available. The sensitivity of standard algal test species required for pesticide registration in the United States under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) relative to the macrophytes in each SSD was also examined (algae were not included in the SSD). L. gibba was among the most sensitive macrophyte species for approximately 50% of the chemicals examined. M. spicatum was among the most sensitive macrophytes for approximately 25% of the chemicals. In most cases, the lowest FIFRA algal species endpoint was lower than the most sensitive macrophyte endpoint. Although no single species consistently represented the most sensitive aquatic plant species, for 12 of 14 chemicals L. gibba and the FIFRA algae included an endpoint near or below the 5th percentile of the macrophyte SSD. For the other compounds, M. spicatum was the most sensitive species of all aquatic plants considered. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013; 9: 308–318. © 2012 SETAC
Group Divisible Designs with Block Size Four and Group Type for
Authors: Wei Hengjia , Ge Gennian 
Published: December 2012

AbstractNonuniform group divisible designs (GDDs) have been studied by numerous researchers for the past two decades due to their essential role in the constructions for other types of designs. In this paper, we investigate the existence problem of ‐GDDs of type for . First, we determine completely the spectrum of ‐GDDs of types and . Furthermore, for general cases, we show that for each and , a ‐GDD of type exists if and only if , and , except possibly for , and .