bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention of enamel demineralization with a novel fluoride strip: enamel surface composition and depth profile
Authors: Lee Bor-Shiunn , Chou Po-Hung , Chen Shu-Yu , Liao Hua-Yang , Chang Che-Chen 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThere is no topically applicable low concentration fluoride delivery device available for caries prevention. This study was aimed to assess the use of a low concentration (1450 ppm) fluoride strip as an effective fluoride delivery system against enamel demineralization. The enamel surface composition and calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite or toothpaste treatments were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In vitro enamel demineralization was assayed using a pH cycling model and the dissolution of calcium ions from the treated specimens was quantified using ion chromatography. After 24-hr fluoride-strip treatment, the enamel was covered with a CaF2 layer which showed a granular morphology of 1 μm in size. Below the CaF2 layer was a region of mixed fluorapatite and CaF2. Fluoride infiltrated extensively in enamel to produce highly fluorinated fluorohydroxyapatite. In comparison, low-fluoride-level fluorinated fluorohydroxyapatite was formed on the enamel specimen exposed to toothpaste. The treatments with the fluoride strip as short as 1 hr significantly inhibited enamel demineralization. The fluoride strip was effective for topical fluoride delivery and inhibited in vitro demineralization of enamel by forming CaF2 and fluoride-containing apatites at the enamel surface. It exhibited the potential as an effective fluoride delivery device for general use in prevention of caries.
Imaging Fibrosis and Separating Collagens using Second Harmonic Generation and Phasor Approach to Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging
Authors: Ranjit Suman , Dvornikov Alexander , Stakic Milka , Hong Suk-Hyun , Levi Moshe , Evans Ronald M. , Gratton Enrico 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn this paper we have used second harmonic generation (SHG) and phasor approach to auto fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) to obtain fingerprints of different collagens and then used these fingerprints to observe bone marrow fibrosis in the mouse femur. This is a label free approach towards fast automatable detection of fibrosis in tissue samples. FLIM has previously been used as a method of contrast in different tissues and in this paper phasor approach to FLIM is used to separate collagen I from collagen III, the markers of fibrosis, the largest groups of disorders that are often without any effective therapy. Often characterized by an increase in collagen content of the corresponding tissue, the samples are usually visualized by histochemical staining, which is pathologist dependent and cannot be automated.
Intensity tunable infrared broadband absorbers based on VO2 phase transition using planar layered thin films
Authors: Kocer Hasan , Butun Serkan , Palacios Edgar , Liu Zizhuo , Tongay Sefaattin , Fu Deyi , Wang Kevin , Wu Junqiao , Aydin Koray 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPlasmonic and metamaterial based nano/micro-structured materials enable spectrally selective resonant absorption, where the resonant bandwidth and absorption intensity can be engineered by controlling the size and geometry of nanostructures. Here, we demonstrate a simple, lithography-free approach for obtaining a resonant and dynamically tunable broadband absorber based on vanadium dioxide (VO2) phase transition. Using planar layered thin film structures, where top layer is chosen to be an ultrathin (20 nm) VO2 film, we demonstrate broadband IR light absorption tuning (from ~90% to ~30% in measured absorption) over the entire mid-wavelength infrared spectrum. Our numerical and experimental results indicate that the bandwidth of the absorption bands can be controlled by changing the dielectric spacer layer thickness. Broadband tunable absorbers can find applications in absorption filters, thermal emitters, thermophotovoltaics and sensing.
Silicon photonic crystal thermal emitter at near-infrared wavelengths
Authors: O’Regan Bryan J. , Wang Yue , Krauss Thomas F. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractControlling thermal emission with resonant photonic nanostructures has recently attracted much attention. Most of the work has concentrated on the mid-infrared wavelength range and/or was based on metallic nanostructures. Here, we demonstrate the experimental operation of a resonant thermal emitter operating in the near-infrared (≈1.5 μm) wavelength range. The emitter is based on a doped silicon photonic crystal consisting of a two dimensional square array of holes and using silicon-on-insulator technology with a device-layer thickness of 220 nm. The device is resistively heated by passing current through the photonic crystal membrane. At a temperature of ≈1100 K, we observe relatively sharp emission peaks with a Q factor around 18. A support structure system is implemented in order to achieve a large area suspended photonic crystal thermal emitter and electrical injection. The device demonstrates that weak absorption together with photonic resonances can be used as a wavelength-selection mechanism for thermal emitters, both for the enhancement and the suppression of emission.
Tranexamic acid evokes pain by modulating neuronal excitability in the spinal dorsal horn
Authors: Ohashi Nobuko , Sasaki Mika , Ohashi Masayuki , Kamiya Yoshinori , Baba Hiroshi , Kohno Tatsuro 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic agent widely used to reduce blood loss during surgery. However, a serious adverse effect of TXA is seizure due to inhibition of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine receptors in cortical neurons. These receptors are also present in the spinal cord and antagonism of these receptors in spinal dorsal horn neurons produces pain-related phenomena, such as allodynia and hyperalgesia, in experimental animals. Moreover, some patients who are injected intrathecally with TXA develop severe back pain. However, the effect of TXA on spinal dorsal horn neurons remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of TXA by using behavioral measures in rats and found that TXA produces behaviors indicative of spontaneous pain and mechanical allodynia. We then performed whole-cell patch-clamp experiments that showed that TXA inhibits GABAA and glycine receptors in spinal dorsal horn neurons. Finally, we also showed that TXA facilitates activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the spinal cord. These results indicated that TXA produces pain by inhibiting GABAA and glycine receptors in the spinal dorsal horn.
Natural disturbance reduces disease risk in endangered rainforest frog populations
Authors: Roznik Elizabeth A. , Sapsford Sarah J. , Pike David A. , Schwarzkopf Lin , Alford Ross A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractNatural disturbances can drive disease dynamics in animal populations by altering the microclimates experienced by hosts and their pathogens. Many pathogens are highly sensitive to temperature and moisture and therefore small changes in habitat structure can alter the microclimate in ways that increase or decrease infection prevalence and intensity in host populations. Here we show that a reduction of rainforest canopy cover caused by a severe tropical cyclone decreased the risk of endangered rainforest frogs (Litoria rheocola) becoming infected by a fungal pathogen (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). Reductions in canopy cover increased the temperatures and rates of evaporative water loss in frog microhabitats, which reducedB. dendrobatidisinfection risk in frogs by an average of 11–28% in cyclone-damaged areas, relative to unaffected areas. Natural disturbances to the rainforest canopy can therefore provide an immediate benefit to frogs by altering the microclimate in ways that reduce infection risk. This could increase host survival and reduce the probability of epidemic disease outbreaks. For amphibian populations under immediate threat from this pathogen, targeted manipulation of canopy cover could increase the availability of warmer, drier microclimates and therefore tip the balance from host extinction to coexistence.
Steering control collision avoidance system and verification through subject study
Authors: Soudbakhsh Damoon , Eskandarian Azim 
Published: August 2015

Many of vehicle crash related fatalities are caused by run‐off‐road crashes and failures of the drivers to avoid obstacles in front of them. This can happen in near collision encounters, where the driver should steer in order to avoid a crash. In these situations, some drivers steer too much and go off the road, and some do not steer enough and collide with the obstacle. In this study, the authors developed a steering control collision avoidance system (SCCAS) to help drivers to safely perform severe manoeuvres and avoid such crashes. This system is activated by the driver's steering input, and was implemented in a car driving simulator to study human interactions. Testing the subjects with no collision avoidance feature resulted in collision with the obstacles in 61 out of 63 encounters; whereas, using the implemented SCCAS, the subjects avoided 44 out of 60 near collision encounters in a new scenario with the same level of difficulty as the original tests. The post‐experiment surveys revealed that besides the effectiveness of the system in reducing the crashes, it was acceptable to the drivers and they found the activation type intuitive.
Silicon anisotropic etching in Triton‐mixed and isopropyl alcohol‐mixed tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide solution
Authors: Yao Mingqiu , Tang Bin , Sato Kazuo , Su Wei 
Published: August 2015

The anisotropic silicon (Si) etching characteristics of Si (100) in 25 wt.% tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solutions containing Triton X‐100 and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) were studied. The etch rate, convex corners and roughness of the etched surface were investigated. In this reported work two central goals, a mirror‐like surface finish and a high reduction of undercutting, have been achieved. The best etched result was obtained in 25 wt.% TMAH + 0.25%v/v Triton + 16%v/v IPA, which has minimum convex corner undercutting and a smooth etched surface (Ra = 1 nm). This study is useful for engineering applications where the fabrication of microstructures for high‐quality devices should simultaneously contain smooth surfaces on a large area and less convex corner undercutting.
Optical properties of 2D fractional Talbot patterns under coherent EUV illumination
Authors: Kim H , Li W , Danylyuk S , Brocklesby W S , Marconi M C , Juschkin L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We investigate optical properties of (2D) fractional Talbot patterns under illumination with EUV laser light. The fractional Talbot effect, due to spatial frequency multiplication, can enable patterning of micro and nano-structures with various feature sizes using a micro-scale pitch mask. The experiment is performed with a free-standing mask fabricated by focused ion beam milling and a highly coherent illumination at 46.9 nm wavelength generated by a compact capillary discharge Ne-like Argon laser. As a result of spatial frequency multiplication, structure density of a square array of apertures in the mask was increased by a factor of up to 9 at the recording plane. The depth of field of the fractional Talbot images has been investigated using Fresnel diffraction analysis. Added field distribution complexity caused by asymmetry of the 2D arrays was observed both in simulation and in the experiment. This approach could be useful for sub-micron structuring of 2D patterns for various applications including among others the fabrication of photonic crystals, quantum dots, and also of submicron-electronic devices.
Simple metamaterial structure enabling triple-band perfect absorber
Authors: Van Dung Nguyen , Tung Bui Son , Khuyen Bui Xuan , Yoo Young Joon , Kim Young Ju , Rhee Joo Yull , Lam Vu Dinh , Lee Young Pak 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two resonators in metamaterial usually correspond only to two absorption peaks. In this report, by breaking the symmetry, we could create multi-fundamental resonances at GHz frequencies in both simulation and experiment. First, a dual-band metamaterial absorber (MA) was achieved for 4.6 and 10.6 GHz. Next, by modifying the relative position of inner square, the triple-band MA was obtained with enhanced absorption properties. In addition, dependence on the polarization of the incident electromagnetic (EM) wave was clarified. The mechanism is elucidated to be an alteration of the coupling strength, which is made by changing the geometrical configuration of the inner square and the outer ring. It is shown that our structural configuration can be applied to the fields where the interaction with a wide range of EM waves exists or is needed.
Phase resolved analysis of the homogeneity of a diffuse dielectric barrier discharge
Authors: Baldus Sabrina , Kogelheide Friederike , Bibinov Nikita , Stapelmann Katharina , Awakowicz Peter 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cold atmospheric pressure plasmas have already proven their ability of supporting the healing process of chronic wounds. Especially simple configurations like a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), comprising of one driven electrode which is coated with a dielectric layer, are of interest, because they are cost-effective and easy to handle. The homogeneity of such plasmas during treatment is necessary since the whole wound should be treated evenly. In this investigation phase resolved optical emission spectroscopy is used to investigate the homogeneity of a DBD. Electron densities and reduced electric field distributions are determined with temporal and spatial resolution and the differences for applied positive and negative voltage pulses are studied.
Imperial Law versus Geopolitical Interest: The Reichshofrat and the Protection of Smaller Territorial States in the Holy Roman Empire under Charles VI (1711–1740)
Authors: Milton Patrick 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
According to historians prior to 1945, the dispensation of justice at the Holy Roman Empire’s Reichshofrat—one of the two supreme Imperial judicial tribunals—was exploited by the Habsburgs to further Austrian power-political aims. Later historians continued to claim that the Reichshofrat’s protection of territorial subjects and weak princes in particular was a tool used, albeit subtly, to serve the Emperor’s politico-strategic, dynastic and confessional interests. However, a new recognition has developed that a central feature of Vienna’s Imperial policy was the protection of imperilled territorial princes against predation by more powerful rulers within the Empire, and that this was a mechanism of key importance for upholding an order of peaceful legality and territorial plurality. general has seldom been accompanied by detailed analyses of relevant case-studies. On the basis of archival research into five important case-studies during the reign of Charles VI (1711–40), this article argues that, despite energetic protective interventions which often depended on a combination of political interests and moral-ideological incentives of legal protection and justice, the Reichshofrat cannot be viewed simply as an instrument of Habsburg strategic and confessional-dynastic interests. Notwithstanding the recognised long-term interest ensuring the survival and loyalty of the Emperor’s traditional clientele among weaker princes, protective action was not undertaken exclusively or even primarily in order to strengthen Austria’s position of political power.
X-ray photometry
Authors: Page M. J. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
I describe a method for synthesizing photometric passbands for use with current and future X-ray instruments. The method permits the standardization of X-ray passbands and thus X-ray photometry between different instruments and missions. The method is illustrated by synthesizing a passband in the XMM–Newton European Photon Imaging Camera pn which is similar to the ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counter 0.5–2 keV band.
Switching to a Pediatric Dose O-Arm Protocol in Spine Surgery Significantly Reduced Patient Radiation Exposure
Authors: Su Alvin W. , Luo T. David , McIntosh Amy L. , Schueler Beth A. , Winkler Jennifer A. , Stans Anthony A. , Larson A. Noelle 
Published: August 2015

Background:
Intraoperative computed tomography and image-guided navigation improve the accuracy of screw placement. Radiation exposure to the patient remains a primary drawback. The objective of the present study was to compare the total intraoperative radiation dose and assess the resultant image quality for O-arm-assisted pedicle screw insertion, among 3 protocols: default (manufacturer recommended), institutional (reduced dose utilized in our institution), and pediatric (new protocol with lowest dose).

Methods:
Thirty-seven consecutive patients under the age of 18 years underwent posterior instrumentation of the spine and underwent an intraoperative O-arm scan. Techniques (kV and mAs) for default and institutional dose settings were manually adjusted based on spinal level and body weight. Pediatric dose techniques were 80 kV/80 mAs with no adjustment for level or weight. The number of scans repeated because of inadequate imaging was assessed, and the mean estimated effective dose between the 3 protocols was compared.

Results:
Sixty-eight scans were performed in 37 consecutive patients with mean age of 14 years and mean weight of 55 kg. For reference, the effective radiation dose of a chest x-ray is approximately 0.10 mSv. Use of the default protocol resulted in higher mean effective dose per scan of 4.65 mSv, whereas institutional protocol resulted in 2.37 mSv. The pediatric protocol reduced the mean dose to 0.65 mSv. The total effective dose per surgery was: 1.17 mSv (pediatric), 3.83 mSv (institutional), and 12.79 mSv (default) (P<0.0001 each). All scans lead to satisfactory image quality except in 1 patient >100 kg with stainless steel implants. There were no neurological or other implant-related complications. The pediatric protocol resulted in satisfactory image quality with the lowest total radiation dose, only 1/10 of that of the default protocol.

Conclusions:
We successfully switched to a pediatric low-dose O-arm protocol in clinical practice, reducing the dose to <1/4 of the mean annual natural background radiation. This may allow use of intraoperative computed tomography and navigation for pedicle screw placement without excessive radiation exposure to young patients.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative study.
Beam Projection Effect in the Radiographic Evaluation of Ankle Valgus Deformity Associated With Fibular Shortening
Authors: Jang Woo Young , Park Moon Seok , Yoo Won Joon , Chung Chin Youb , Choi In Ho , Cho Tae-Joon 
Published: August 2015

Background:
Fibular shortening is one of the most common causes of ankle valgus deformity in children, and is frequently observed in patients with hereditary multiple exostoses (HME). It has been observed that the lateral distal tibial angle (LDTA) measured on the teleoradiograph differs from that on the ankle anteroposterior (AP) radiograph. The effect of the beam projection angle in the measurement of ankle valgus deformity associated with fibular shortening in HME patients was investigated.

Methods:
Fourteen ankles showing valgus deformity associated with fibular shortening from 14 HME patients comprised the short fibula group. Nineteen ankles with normal ankle alignment from 19 patients comprised the control group. The LDTA on the AP radiograph, teleoradiograph, and 3 coronal planes of 3-dimensional computed tomographic scans were measured and compared.

Results:
In the short fibula group, the LDTA measured on the ankle AP radiograph was significantly larger than that on the teleoradiograph (79.6±4.3 vs. 75.0±6.2 degrees, P=0.001), whereas there was no significant difference in the control group (P=0.36). In the short fibula group, the LDTAs measured on the 3 coronal planes of 3-dimensional computed tomography showed that the ankle valgus measurement significantly increased from anterior to posterior planes (P=0.001), whereas there was no significant difference in the control group (P=0.85).

Conclusions:
Measurement of ankle valgus deformity depends on the direction of beam projection and ankle valgus deformity is more severe in the posterior coronal plane of the ankle joint. This discrepancy should be taken into consideration in the planning of ankle valgus deformity management.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—diagnostic.
Adolescents With Congenital Heart Disease and Their Parents
Authors: Burström Åsa , Öjmyr-Joelsson Maria , Bratt Ewa-Lena , Lundell Bo , Nisell Margret 
Published: August 2015

Background:Patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) are in need of lifelong healthcare. For adolescents with CHD, this transfer to adult-care clinic can be difficult.Objective:The aim was to identify and describe the needs of adolescents with CHD and their parents during the transition before transfer to adult cardiologic healthcare.Methods:This study has an exploratory design with a qualitative approach, where 13 adolescents with CHD and their parents (n = 12) were individually interviewed. The interviews were analyzed with content analysis.Results:The analysis of the adolescents’ interviews resulted in 3 categories: change of relationships, knowledge and information, and daily living. The theme that emerged depicting the meaning of the categories found wasSafety and control, indicating needs of continuity, knowledge, and taking responsibility. Analysis of the parents’ answers gave 2 categories: change of relationship and daily living. The theme that emerged was safety and trust, indicating needs of continuity and shifting responsibility.Conclusions:The transition must be carefully planned to ensure that adolescents can master new skills to manage the transfer to adult cardiologic healthcare. A structured program may facilitate and fulfill the needs of the adolescents and their parents, taking into consideration the aspects of trust, safety, and control. However, the content and performance of such a program must also be examined. We plan to undertake an extensive research project in the area, and this study will be a baseline for further research.
SFS_CODE: More Efficient and Flexible Forward Simulations
Authors: Hernandez Ryan D. , Uricchio Lawrence H. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTSUMMARYModern implementations of forward population genetic simulations are efficient and flexible, enabling the exploration of complex models that may otherwise be intractable. Here we describe an updated version ofSFS_CODE, which has increased efficiency and includes many novel features. Among these features is an arbitrary model of dominance, the ability to simulate partial and soft selective sweeps, as well as track the trajectories of mutations and/or ancestries across multiple populations under complex models that are not possible under a coalescent framework. We also releasesfs_coder, a Python wrapper toSFS_CODEallowing the user to easily generate command lines for common models of demography, selection, and human genome structure, as well as parse and simulate phenotypes fromSFS_CODEoutput.Availability and ImplementationOur open source software is written inCand Python, and are available under the GNU General Public License athttp://sfscode.sourceforge.net.Contactryan.hernandez@ucsf.eduSupplementary informationDetailed usage information is available from the project website athttp://sfscode.sourceforge.net.