bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choice-related Activity in the Anterior Intraparietal Area during 3-D Structure Categorization
Authors: Verhoef Bram-Ernst , Michelet Pascal , Vogels Rufin , Janssen Peter 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The anterior intraparietal area (AIP) of macaques contains neurons that signal the depth structure of disparity-defined 3-D shapes. Previous studies have suggested that AIP's depth information is used for sensorimotor transformations related to the efficient grasping of 3-D objects. We trained monkeys to categorize disparity-defined 3-D shapes and examined whether neuronal activity in AIP may also underlie pure perceptual categorization behavior. We first show that neurons with a similar 3-D shape preference cluster in AIP. We then demonstrate that the monkeys' 3-D shape discrimination performance depends on the position in depth of the stimulus and that this performance difference is reflected in the activity of AIP neurons. We further reveal correlations between the neuronal activity in AIP and the subject's subsequent choices and RTs during 3-D shape categorization. Our findings propose AIP as an important processing stage for 3-D shape perception.
Atmospheric Response to Mesoscale Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies: Assessment of Mechanisms and Coupling Strength in a High-Resolution Coupled Model over the South Atlantic*
Authors: Byrne David , Papritz Lukas , Frenger Ivy , Münnich Matthias , Gruber Nicolas 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Many aspects of the coupling between the ocean and atmosphere at the mesoscale (on the order of 20–100 km) remain unknown. While recent observations from the Southern Ocean revealed that circular fronts associated with oceanic mesoscale eddies leave a distinct imprint on the overlying wind, cloud coverage, and rain, the mechanisms responsible for explaining these atmospheric changes are not well established. Here the atmospheric response above mesoscale ocean eddies is investigated utilizing a newly developed coupled atmosphere–ocean regional model [Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling–Regional Ocean Modelling System (COSMO-ROMS)] configured at a horizontal resolution of ~10 km for the South Atlantic and run for a 3-month period during austral winter of 2004. The model-simulated changes in surface wind, cloud fraction, and rain above the oceanic eddies are very consistent with the relationships inferred from satellite observations for the same region and time. From diagnosing the model’s momentum balance, it is shown that the atmospheric imprint of the oceanic eddies are driven by the modification of vertical mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer, rather than secondary flows driven by horizontal pressure gradients. This is largely due to the very limited ability of the atmosphere to adjust its temperature over the time scale it takes for an air parcel to pass over these mesoscale oceanic features. This results in locally enhanced vertical gradients between the ocean surface and the overlying air and thus a rapid change in turbulent mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer and an associated change in the vertical momentum flux.
Implications of Ural Blocking for East Asian Winter Climate in CMIP5 GCMs. Part II: Projection and Uncertainty in Future Climate Conditions
Authors: H. N. Cheung Hoffman , Zhou Wen 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Multiple model ensembles (MMEs) of Ural blocking frequency in 20 CMIP5 GCMs show no apparent increase or decrease in RCP4.5 and 8.5 runs throughout the twenty-first century. However, a significant increasing or decreasing trend of the Ural blocking index (UBI) is identified in individual GCMs, and the trend appears to be correlated with the trend of the Siberian high index (SHI), which measures the East Asian winter climate. Regression analyses reveal that the trend of UBI is related to upstream circulation over the Euro-Atlantic region, such as the intensification of the Atlantic jet stream and the propagation of a quasi-stationary Rossby wave across Eurasia.
In the late twenty-first century, the year-to-year variation of UBI appears to show a stronger linkage with the large-scale circulation over the Kara and Laptev Seas. Meanwhile, UB likely exerts a stronger impact on East Asia on synoptic and seasonal time scales. The uncertainty of UB might present a challenge for accurate prediction of the subseasonal and long-term variation of the East Asian winter climate. To further evaluate the uncertainty in projections of UB, additional work should assess the atmospheric response to the sea surface temperature over the Atlantic and the reduction of sea ice.
Atmospheric Flow Development and Associated Changes in Turbulent Sensible Heat Flux over a Patchy Mountain Snow Cover
Authors: Mott Rebecca , Daniels Megan , Lehning Michael 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this study, the small-scale boundary layer dynamics and the energy balance over a fractional snow cover are numerically investigated. The atmospheric boundary layer flows over a patchy snow cover were calculated with an atmospheric model (Advanced Regional Prediction System) on a very high spatial resolution of 5 m. The numerical results revealed that the development of local flow patterns and the relative importance of boundary layer processes depend on the snow patch size distribution and the synoptic wind forcing. Energy balance calculations for quiescent wind situations demonstrated that well-developed katabatic winds exerted a major control on the energy balance over the patchy snow cover, leading to a maximum in the mean downward sensible heat flux over snow for high snow-cover fractions. This implies that if katabatic winds develop, total melt of snow patches may decrease for low snow-cover fractions despite an increasing ambient air temperature, which would not be predicted by most hydrological models. In contrast, stronger synoptic winds increased the effect of heat advection on the catchment’s melt behavior by enhancing the mean sensible heat flux over snow for lower snow-cover fractions. A sensitivity analysis to grid resolution suggested that the grid size is a critical factor for modeling the energy balance of a patchy snow cover. The comparison of simulation results from coarse (50 m) and fine (5 m) horizontal resolutions revealed a difference in the spatially averaged turbulent heat flux over snow of 40%–70% for synoptic cases and 95% for quiescent cases.
Early versus Late Tracheostomy
Authors: Liu C. Carrie , Livingstone Devon , Dixon Elijah , Dort Joseph C. 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate whether early tracheostomy leads to improved outcomes compared with late tracheostomy.Data SourcesOvid MEDLINE (including PubMed), Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.Review MethodsA systematic search was performed of the above‐mentioned databases according to PRISMA guidelines. Data were collected on the following outcomes of interest: hospital mortality, intensive care unit length of stay, length of mechanical ventilation, incidence of pneumonia, laryngotracheal injury, and sedation use. Analysis was performed using the RevMan 5 software (Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, England).ResultsEleven studies were included for analysis. There was a significant decrease in the intensive care unit length of stay in the early tracheostomy group (weighted mean difference, −9.13 days; 95% confidence interval [CI], −17.55 to −0.70; P =. 03). There was no significant difference in hospital mortality (relative risk, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.04; P =. 11). A pooled analysis was not performed for the incidence of pneumonia or length of mechanical ventilation, secondary to considerable heterogeneity among the studies. None of the studies reporting laryngotracheal outcomes found a significant difference between the early and late tracheostomy groups, whereas all 3 studies reporting sedation use found a significant decrease in the early tracheostomy group.ConclusionEarly tracheostomy performed within 7 days of intubation was associated with a decrease in intensive care unit length of stay. No difference was found in hospital mortality. Insufficient data currently exist to make conclusions about the effect of early tracheostomy on the incidence of pneumonia, length of mechanical ventilation, laryngotracheal injury, or sedation use.
Biomechanical Analysis of Articular-Sided Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tear and Repair
Authors: Mihata Teruhisa , McGarry Michelle H. , Ishihara Yoko , Bui Christopher N.H. , Alavekios Damon , Neo Masashi , Lee Thay Q. 
Published: December 2014

Background: Articular-sided partial-thickness rotator cuff tears are common injuries in throwing athletes. The superior shoulder capsule beneath the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons works as a stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint. Purpose: To assess the effect of articular-sided partial-thickness rotator cuff tear and repair on shoulder biomechanics. The hypothesis was that shoulder laxity might be changed because of superior capsular plication in transtendon repair of articular-sided partial-thickness rotator cuff tears. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Nine fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were tested by using a custom shoulder-testing system at the simulated late-cocking phase and acceleration phase of throwing motion. Maximum glenohumeral external rotation angle, anterior translation, position of the humeral head apex with respect to the glenoid, internal impingement area, and glenohumeral and subacromial contact pressures were measured. Each specimen underwent 3 stages of testing: stage 1, with the intact shoulder; stage 2, after creation of articular-sided partial-thickness tears of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons; and stage 3, after transtendon repair of the torn tendons by using 2 suture anchors. Results: Articular-sided partial-thickness tears did not significantly change any of the shoulder biomechanical measurements. In the simulated late-cocking phase, transtendon rotator cuff repair resulted in decreased maximum external rotation angle by 4.2° ( P = .03), posterior shift of the humeral head (1.1-mm shift; P = .02), decreased glenohumeral contact pressure by 1.7 MPa (56%; P = .004), and decreased internal impingement area by 26.4 mm2 (65%; P < .001) compared with values in the torn shoulder. In the acceleration phase, the humeral head shifted inferiorly (1.2-mm shift; P = .03 vs torn shoulder), and glenohumeral anterior translation (1.5-mm decrease; P = .03 vs torn shoulder) and subacromial contact pressure (32% decrease; P = .004 vs intact shoulder) decreased significantly after transtendon repair. Conclusion: Transtendon repair of articular-sided partial-thickness supraspinatus and infraspinatus tears decreased glenohumeral and subacromial contact pressures at time zero; these changes might lead to reduced secondary subacromial and internal impingements and consequently progression to full-thickness rotator cuff tear. However, repair of the tendons decreased anterior translation and external rotation and changed the positional relationship between the humeral head and the glenoid. Clinical Relevance: Careful attention should be paid to shoulder laxity and range of motion when transtendon repair is chosen to treat articular-sided partial-thickness rotator cuff tears, specifically in throwing athletes.
Training Activities and Injuries in English Youth Academy and Schools Rugby Union
Authors: Palmer-Green Deborah S. , Stokes Keith A. , Fuller Colin W. , England Michael , Kemp Simon P.T. , Trewartha Grant 
Published: December 2014

Background: All rugby training activities carry an injury risk, but in the training environment these injury risks should be more controllable than during matches. Purpose: To (1) describe the incidence, severity, anatomic location, and type of youth rugby training injuries; (2) determine the injury events and type of training activities associated with injuries; and (3) compare 2 levels of play (professional academy vs school) within English youth rugby union. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A 2-season (2006-2007 and 2007-2008) study recorded exposure to training activities and time-loss injuries in male youth rugby union players (age range, 16-18 years) from 12 English Premiership academies (250 player-seasons) and 7 schools (222 player-seasons). Players from the Premiership academies, associated with the top-level professional clubs in England, represented the elite level of youth rugby; the school players were from established rugby-playing schools but were overall considered at a lower level of play. Results: There was a trend for training injury incidence to be lower for the academy group (1.4/1000 player-hours; 95% CI, 1.0-1.7) compared with the school group (2.1/1000 player-hours; 95% CI, 1.4-2.9) ( P = .06). Injuries to the ankle/heel and thigh were most common in academy players and injuries to the lumbar spine and ankle/heel region most common in school players. The training activities responsible for injury differed between the 2 groups: technical skills (scrummaging) for school players and contact skills (defense and ruck/maul drills) for academy players. Conclusion: For injury risk management in youth rugby, coaches of school players should focus on the development of the correct technique during practice of technical skills such as scrummaging, weight training, and skills training, and coaches of academy players should consider the extent to which contact drills are necessary during training.
How to survive in research: advice for the novice investigator
Authors: Siskind Dan , Parker Stephen , Loi Samantha , Looi Jeffrey C , Macfarlane Matthew D , Merry Sally , Smith Geoff , Kisely Steve 
Published: December 2014

Objectives: This paper, written by the RANZCP Committee for Research, provides an outline for how to survive in research, considering the ingredients likely to contribute to success, the role of supportive structures and the expected challenges. Learning how to survive in research is relevant for both trainees and for Fellows undertaking research at any stage of their career. Conclusions: Intellectual curiosity, perseverance, frustration tolerance, patience and humility are key for success as a researcher. Selection of the right supervisor is important, as is development and maintenance of a good working supervisor/supervisee relationship. The personal benefits of undertaking research include flexibility in work hours, and improved skills in writing, oral presentations, objectivity, critical thinking, problem solving and project management.
A scholarly endeavour: some practical tips on completing the scholarly project
Authors: Suetani Shuichi , Gill Shane , Galletly Cherrie 
Published: December 2014

Objectives: The current article aims to assist trainees to complete the scholarly project component of the 2012 Competency Based Fellowship Program. Practical tips on how to achieve competency in the scholarly project are outlined and discussed. Conclusion: The scholarly project provides trainees with a good opportunity to experience and enjoy academic psychiatry. It is important to set up a clear plan so that the project can be completed in a timely manner.
Teaching psychological processes and psychotherapy to medical students
Authors: Selzer Rob , Ellen Steven , Adler Robert 
Published: December 2014

Objective: Psychiatrists are in a key position to teach medical students about psychotherapy. Whilst at first it may appear a formidable task, it need not be so. It should however, have applicability to the bulk of students, who will not go on to psychiatry training. Conclusions: We outline some potentially useful strategies to help clinicians teach aspects of psychotherapy to students: making it easy and relevant, illustrating the broad applications of psychological concepts, introducing cultural references, as well as appreciating that assessment can drive learning.
Medical professionalism education for psychiatry trainees: does it meet standards?
Authors: Joiner Adam B , Husain Nusrat , Duddu Venu , Chaudhry Imran B 
Published: December 2014

Objective: Developing professionalism is an important part of a doctor’s training. Developing professional attributes is an expected part of postgraduate psychiatry training, as indicated by the curriculum. It is unknown whether this requirement is being met. Our aim was to explore whether psychiatry trainees are meeting current standards of professionalism education. Methods: This audit and evaluation was investigated using an online survey, inviting trainees from three National Health Service Trusts in North West England. Invitations were sent by email with a link to an online survey. Results: The results suggest that current standards are not being met. Trainees value professionalism education and feel it is important. However, there is a lack of formal teaching and a lack of adequate educational opportunities: 25% of trainees get any formal teaching and 78% feel this teaching is not adequate. There is also a concern that 20% of supervisors are not considered good role models. Conclusions: Recommendations to address this educational gap are presented. Recommendations include making time in trainees’ academic programmes for formal educational activities for professionalism development, and further exploration of why some supervisors are not considered good role models for professionalism.
An Analysis of 2 Fusion Methods for the Treatment of Osteomyelitis Following Fractures About the Ankle
Authors: Moore Jeffrey , Berberian Wayne S. , Lee Manuel 
Published: December 2014

Background: In the setting of chronic osteomyelitis following fractures about the ankle, reconstruction through bony arthrodesis may be used as a reconstructive alternative to amputation. During these cases, surgeons often avoid using internal fixation in an attempt to avoid reinfection or premature hardware failure. In this retrospective review, we analyzed the outcomes of chronic osteomyelitic patients who had an arthrodesis of the ankle using either internal or external fixation, focusing on salvage rates, infection clearance, union rates, and functional outcomes. No device was implanted into a known active infection. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of adult patients undergoing arthrodesis in the setting of a previously septic ankle following a traumatic injury. In each case, multiple irrigation and debridement procedures and local and systemic antibiotics were used. Infection status was determined by clinical exam, MRI, nuclear medicine studies, and ultimately bone biopsies. No fixation device was implanted in ankles with known active infections. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts: those fused with internal devices and those fused with external fixators. Thirty patients underwent a total of 32 arthrodesis procedures. Mean follow up time was 27 months (range, 6 to 144). Results: Nineteen fusions were performed using internal fixation; only 2 required amputations, therefore limb salvage was 90%. Fifteen were able to ambulate with or without the assistance of an orthosis (79%). Four patients experienced recurrent infection (21%) and 5 developed nonunion (26%). Of the 13 fusions performed with external fixators, only 1 required an amputation, putting limb salvage at 92%. Ten patients were able to walk with or without the assistance of an orthosis as their final functional status (77%). Two patients experienced recurrent infection (15%), and 4 went on to nonunion (31%). Conclusion: When analyzing these 2 fusion methods in posttraumatic patients with previously septic ankles, with the numbers available both methods achieved similar rates of limb salvage and final functional status in these patients, as well as similar rates of infection clearance and bony union. As internal fixation is often less labor-intensive for the surgeon and more palatable for the patient postoperatively, we encourage surgeons to consider arthrodesis with internal fixation once the infection is successfully eradicated, especially in a noncompliant patient population. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative series.
‘Lurk More’: An Interview with the Founders of ROFLCon
Authors: Hwang Tim , Xu Christina 
Published: December 2014

Editor’s Note What follows is an interview between the co-editors of this issue, Laine Nooney and Laura Portwood-Stacer, and two of the founders of ROFLCon, Tim Hwang and Christina Xu. Many of this issue’s themes are echoed in Xu and Hwang’s account of the emergence of ROFLCon: people with shared sensibilities just wanting to hang out in shared space; amateur content creation giving way to commercialism; ambivalence in the face of ‘mainstreamed’ internet culture; and ongoing negotiations with anonymity, pseudonymity, and fame. Additionally, Hwang and Xu were adamant in pointing out the heterogeneity of ‘internet culture’ and the impossibility of defining such a phenomenon. Their words caution academics and other chroniclers about the difficulties of understanding and faithfully representing all the constituencies involved in cultural phenomena on the internet. Additionally, we were struck by the sense of humor running through Tim and Christina’s stories – as you read, please imagine the words accompanied by an ironic tone and copious laughter from all parties. If there is a significant takeaway from our conversation, and indeed from ROFLCon at large, it would be that behind every meme there stand many, many people in all their complexity – creating, consuming, sharing, and bringing the LOLs.
Assessing Bone Mineral Density Following Acute Hip Fractures
Authors: Emohare Osa , Wiggin Molly , Hemmati Pouya , Switzer Julie 
Published: December 2014

Objectives: In older patients, bone mineral density (BMD) diminishes with age, increasing susceptibility to femoral neck fractures. Evidence has emerged that patients who should have dual x-ray absorptiometry scans to evaluate their bone health are not doing so. Because computed tomography (CT) attenuation has now been correlated with BMD thresholds relating to osteoporosis, virtually any existing CT scan that includes the L1 vertebra can be used to assess BMD. This study evaluates the utility of CT attenuation in characterizing BMD in patients after femoral neck fractures. Methods: The electronic medical records of adults who presented to a level I trauma center with hip fractures were evaluated for eligibility. Those with a CT scan of the abdomen or other CT scan with a complete view of the L1 vertebra were included. To measure attenuation, a region of interest was selected to include the body of the L1 vertebra in the axial plane and exclude the cortices and posterior venous complex. Results: Of the 589 patients reviewed, 217 met inclusion criteria; 112 were aged 18 to 64, while 105 were ≥65. Eight (7.1%) patients in the younger cohort had a mean CT attenuation below the 110-HU threshold set for 90% specificity, whereas 31 (29.5%) patients in the older cohort had a mean CT attenuation below this threshold. Using the 160-HU threshold set for 90% sensitivity, 39 (34.8%) patients of the younger cohort and 74 (70%) patients of the older cohort were osteoporotic; all differences in CT attenuation by age were strongly significant ( P < .0001). Conclusions: A significantly larger proportion of older patients with hip fractures had osteoporosis, helping validate the utility of CT attenuation in this context. In addition, a large proportion of these patients already had these images available, thus potentially helping limit cost and unnecessary medical investigations.