bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community Health
Authors: Lacruz Marta Gil 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe social function of health psychology is the promotion of well-being and quality-of-life improvements, concepts that only become meaningful when they are analyzed in the real-life context of our communities. For social and community psychology, community health has always been a primary area for research and intervention, and the wide range of applications and theoretical frameworks that have been employed is a defining characteristic. This chapter discusses two such research models from the disciplines of mental health and community development: the ecological model and a model of empowerment and competence. Their origin and evolution encompass different geographical and epistemological circumstances and highlight the importance of cultural respect, risk prevention, and the optimization of community resources, with special emphasis placed on community participation.
Conclusion: The Achievements and Promise of Health Psychology
Authors: Friedman Howard S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe preceding chapters in this handbook reveal that the influences that fostered the emergence of health psychology could become a threat to health psychology if psychologists abandon the unconventional ideas that led to the field’s successful development. Health, recovery, and longevity are best approached with a science-based biopsychosocial model that often goes well beyond the traditional biomedical approach to disease. Hugely important are social relations, individual differences in reactions and behavior patterns across time, and interactions between biological predispositions and psychosocial environments. Improving population health and minimizing health disparities will likely require changes and improvements that go well beyond anything possible within the traditional biomedical health care system. Sophisticated research methods and sound measurements are a critical challenge of the complex biopsychosocial model but also a hallmark of excellent health psychology research.
Behavioral Observations
Authors: Leichtman Martin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIntroductory sections of test reports devoted to “Behavioral Observations” are among the most neglected and poorly handled aspects of psychological testing. To highlight the contributions these paragraphs can make to reports and provide a framework for presenting them, this article examines ways of conceptualizing the behavior in psychological test situations to which they are devoted. It also discusses the role of behavior observations in the inference process through which psychologists can seek answers to diagnostic questions, the function these paragraphs serve in reports, the Test Situation Apperception Test (TSAT), and the value of subjectivity.
Issues in Clinical Assessment with Women
Authors: Worell Judith , Robinson Damon Ann 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides a framework for integrating gender-relevant issues with practical procedures for the psychological assessment of women in clinical practice. It reviews some historical and current approaches to gender in the clinical-assessment process, and offers suggestions for information-collection strategies that acknowledge the influence of gender-related variables on women's psychological health and well-being. The article discusses some of the concerns and research associated with gender bias in assessment, evidence for the influence of bias in the diagnostic process, and the important role of gender in selected clinically relevant topics. Finally, it describes assessment strategies with women clients based on five themes, one of which is that women in all groups are at risk for repeated experiences of interpersonal violence and sexual abuse, which have significant and specific effects on their psychological health. The article deals primarily with assessment for the purposes of intervention and treatment, but many of the concepts presented are of importance in the consideration of gender variables in forensic and other types of evaluations.
Assessing Couples
Authors: Snyder Douglas K. , Heyman Richard E. , Haynes Stephen N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCouple distress has a high prevalence as well as high comorbidity with a broad range of emotional, behavioral, and physical health problems. Marriage and relationship problems also influence individuals' response to treatment for a wide range of psychological disorders. Hence, clinicians need to be skilled in conducting clinical assessment involving relationships in order to provide effective interventions, whether working primarily with individuals, couples, or the broader family system. This article first introduces brief screening measures and clinical methods for diagnosing couple distress in clinical as well as research applications. It then conceptualizes and assesses couple distress for the purpose of planning and evaluating treatment. The article also reviews empirical findings regarding behavioral, cognitive, and affective components of couple distress, and specific techniques derived from clinical interviews, behavioral observations, and self-reports. Finally, it considers emerging technologies for assessing intimate relationships and makes recommendations for future research.
Use of Self-Report Measures in Assessing Alcohol and Drug Abuse
Authors: Banken Joseph A. , Greene Roger L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides a conceptual framework for the use of self-report measures in assessing alcohol and drug abuse. It reviews the use of self-report measures for assessing a number of different issues, including screening for substance abuse; traditional scales used to identify drug or alcohol abuse; timing of clinical assessment within an alcohol/drug treatment program; specific psychological tests that have particular utility within the area; and identification of patients with dual disorders. The article highlights the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), but the results can be generalized to other self-report measures such as the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised, Addiction Admission Scale, Addiction Potential Scale, Alcohol Use Inventory, and Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory.
Clinical Personality Assessment in the Employment Context
Authors: Butcher James N. , Gucker Donald K. , Hellervik Lowell W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractClinical personality assessment is not widely used in industrial/organizational psychology for employment selection. The assessment of personality and mental health problems in employment settings is primarily used in evaluating applicants for law enforcement, fire department, nuclear power plant, and airline pilot positions, in which high emotional stability, successful stress skills, and high responsibility are considered important to the performance of a high-risk job. The clinical personality assessment is characteristically conducted post hire and seen as analogous to the pre-employment medical examination. The most widely used psychological test in this application is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) which has a substantial research base (more than 600 studies) supporting its use. This article provides interpretive guidelines for the MMPI-2 in personnel screening and suggests an effective strategy (retest method) for dealing with defensive applicants.
Anticipating Ethical and Legal Challenges in Personality Assessments
Authors: Weiner Irving B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDespite their best intentions, practitioners of personality assessment sometimes painfully discover they have paid insufficient attention to what they should or should not have done. This article addresses ways in which personality assessors can anticipate ethical and legal challenges, and, by so doing, avoid them. The American Psychological Association's Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct is an ethics code that rests on the fundamental requirement for psychologists to be knowledgeable and responsible professionals who respect the rights and dignity of others, show concern for the welfare of their clients and colleagues, and present themselves fairly and honestly to their patients and their communities. Five sequential phases of clinical personality assessment, in each of which lurk some ethical and legal hazards, must be considered: accepting a referral; selecting the test battery; conducting the psychological testing; preparing and presenting a report; and managing case records.
Overview and Future Directions Chapter
Authors: Butcher James N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPersonality assessment emerged during the early twentieth century largely through two avenues: development of personality questionnaires for assessing characteristics considered pertinent to screening draftees in the military in World War I, and early experiments with inkblot perception. It broadened into other areas of applied and research psychology including clinical, forensic, and personnel applications as psychologists' professional roles expanded during the twentieth century. An increasing variety of personality inventories and behavioral assessment strategies are now available for use in clinical assessment, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. This book has explored personality-assessment techniques and instruments and highlighted current challenges for personality assessment, while also discussing its potential to contribute further to understanding of personality and adjustment by various approaches. It has also suggested new directions for personality assessment and described the international expansion or globalization of Western-based personality-assessment methodology. Moreover, the book has noted an increasingly broadened and effective cross-cultural collaborative environment for the study of personality and psychopathology with the growing development of personality psychology worldwide.
Race, Science, and Eugenics in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Turda Marius 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article aims to go beyond the existing scholarship on eugenics and to point out the complex intertwining of visions of racial improvement with eugenic hybrids during the twentieth century. It offers an insight into the convoluted relationship between race and eugenics. It contributes to the increasingly polarized current discussion about the eternal return of eugenics. It evaluates the degree and nature of conceptual transfers of eugenic knowledge and ideas and addresses eugenics' key components. Race is a central component in the eugenic imagination and this centrality provides an insight into a larger debate, known as the nature-nurture debate. The examples of eugenic thinking on race are provided in this article. It illustrates that the study of twentieth-century eugenics is currently undergoing a remarkable transformation and contributes in new and refreshing ways to our understanding of eugenics and race.
South Asia's Eugenic Past
Authors: Hodges Sarah 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The strong continuities between colonial eugenics agendas and postcolonial population control efforts are striking elements in the history of eugenics in South Asia. This article discusses the role of different strands within colonial eugenics—particularly neo-Malthusianism—at different points in time and in the region's different postcolonial nations. It mentions that eugenics in a poverty-stricken colonial context provides a powerful and enduring template for connecting reproductive behavior to the task of revitalizing the nation as a whole. This article relates the history of eugenics in colonial India with the history of birth control advocacy. It discusses in detail the eugenics associations that held public meetings and advocated contraceptive use. It provides an understanding of the relative insignificance of heredity to Indian eugenics in light of the conditions for the development of eugenic science in India.
German Eugenics and the Wider World: Beyond the Racial State
Authors: Weindling Paul 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses German eugenics as being incorporated of two strands, one racially oriented and the other welfare oriented. Eugenics in Germany was also characterized by its intention to reach out to a wider world of German colonies and German ethnic groups beyond the frontiers of the state. Key issues such as rapid industrialization and urban growth and associated changes in morbidity, family size and structure, and sexuality are addressed. The article outlines a system of public health in which eugenically-trained physicians served the race and nation rather than merely the individual. It provides an understanding of racial hygiene within the context of German imperialism, but the postwar loss of colonies, of territories to the new Polish state, creates a shift of focus within the new welfare state.
The First-Wave Eugenic Revolution in Southern Europe: Science sans frontières
Authors: Quine Maria Sophia 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article focuses largely on Italy as a case study of eugenics in Catholic southern Europe. It shows the extent of transnational linkages and interconnectedness within eugenics, not only at the level of international science congresses, but also, through the formation of a “Latin” federation of eugenic organizations, spanning Europe and Latin America. It also examines Catholic responses to eugenics within a comparative context. Italian culture probably plays a large part in encouraging Italian eugenicists to question the absolute certainties and collectivist ambitions of some of their colleagues abroad. This article further discusses “social eugenics” used by social eugenicists to describe their aims and to distinguish their movement from those with a more hereditarian, selectionist, or eliminationist orientation.
Eugenics in Russia and the Soviet Union
Authors: Krementsov Nikolai 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The history of eugenics in Russia has attracted relatively little scholarly attention. Eugenics garnered a warm reception among Russian hygienists and public health doctors. This article is concerned with the rise and fall of medical genetics in Soviet Russia and identifies three key components of eugenics. It further proceeds with the discussion of eugenics in revolutionary society and mentions that Russian eugenics' life span, institutional and disciplinary composition, patronage pattern, and research foci differed substantially from those in other countries. It discusses the relative weight of structures and historic contingencies in shaping the history of eugenics during the three distinct periods of its existence in Russia. It also mentions the relative role of international contacts and local traditions in molding Russian eugenics' institutions and activities.
Eugenics Policy and Practice in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Mexico
Authors: Schell Patience A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article shows a range of influences and eugenics measures in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Mexico. In this comparison of the history of eugenics in these countries it is readily evident how adaptable eugenic concepts were to local political, social, and cultural contexts. Because of the importance of the Cuban concept of homiculture on the Latin American movement, this article begins with a discussion of that country. It then focuses on Puerto Rico, in which colonial and domestic modernizing eugenics interacted. Eugenics appealed to some Puerto Ricans because of the potential for reform and improvement of the island's population, through healthy reproduction. Finally, this article examines the influence of eugenics on Mexico after the triumph of a socially progressive revolution and mentions that rejecting the Cuban approach Latin Americans sought to offer alternative understandings of eugenics and solutions to eugenic problems; understandings that depicted their heterogeneous populations as able to contribute to national development.
Collective Action: Balancing Public and Particularistic Interests
Authors: Sager Tore 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores important motivations for urban planning, focusing on legitimation, the concept of public interest, and the communicative (collaborative) mode of planning. It offers a brief account of planning as uncertainty reduction, and discusses the contemporary planning debate on the public interest and related themes. The article identifies extensive dialogue as communicative planning theory's solution to the problem of public interest and highlights the role of planning in helping to legitimize political decisions.
Access
Authors: Krizek Kevin J. , Levinson David M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the access objective of urban planning. It aims to articulate a clear role for measures of metropolitan accessibility, and to demonstrate the utility of these measures in informing and influencing policy. The article describes the use and measurement of accessibility for metropolitan areas, evaluates the current state of knowledge and literature, and identifies important issues about measurement. It suggests that problem definitions should be reformed to bring them in line with current transportation goals and argues that the concept of accessibility may offer a compelling, attractive, and alternative basis for policies related to the built environment when operationalized using cumulative-opportunities measures.
Planning for Improved Air Quality and Environmental Health
Authors: Schweitzer Lisa , Marr Linsey 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the issue of improving air quality and environmental health in urban planning. It suggests that the planning assumptions about emissions reductions, air quality, and climate change may reflect more wishful thinking and project marketing than effective air quality and climate planning, and argues that the goal of planning analysis in air quality seldom, if ever, considers neighborhoods or people. The article also compares and contrasts current planning and regulatory approaches with how community and environmental justice advocates frame air-quality issues.
City Abandonment
Authors: Dewar Margaret , Weber Matthew D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the state of knowledge about how urban planning can comprehend and address the issues facing cities with extensive residential disinvestment and abandonment. It analyses why planning rarely addresses issues facing the most abandoned areas of cities, except to encourage growth and redevelopment, and how planners can think about or understand the causes of widespread urban abandonment. The article suggests that the principles of efficiency and equity can provide guidance for planners' interventions, and discusses the future of planning in the context of abandonment.
Introduction
Authors: Brooks Nancy , Donaghy Kieran , Knaap Gerrit‐Jan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This Introduction starts by discussing how this book came to be, namely from a desire to assemble original contributions reflecting a problem-driven but theoretically informed approach to bridging frontier research in urban economics and urban and regional planning. It then goes on to outline the contents of this book. The hope is that the analysis in this book will convey the breadth of topics and analytical tools that are of mutual interest and usefulness, to both economists and planners. The aim is to contribute to the development of a more intentional shared academic literature and research agenda that will improve the well-being of our communities for present and future generations.
Urban Poverty, Economic Segregation, and Urban Policy
Authors: Jargowsky Paul A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMost of the causes of poverty are relevant to any geographic locale: macroeconomic gyrations, low levels of human capital, discrimination, and factors that limit productivity, such as drug and alcohol addictions. However, urban poverty has additional causes and consequences related to the economic segregation of metropolitan regions. This article begins by examining the fundamental demographic shifts that created the current configuration of urban poverty. It then summarizes the main trends in urban poverty, economic segregation, and the concentration of poverty, as well as the ways in which economic segregation helps to perpetuate urban poverty. It argues that public policies have played and continue to play a role in fostering economic segregation. Finally, it suggests policies and practices that have the potential to address urban poverty by reducing economic segregation.
Urban Education: Location and Opportunity in the United States
Authors: Hanushek Eric A. , Yilmaz Kuzey 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe study of location and schooling has become a vibrant area of research in recent years. This article identifies the current state in both theoretical and empirical analyses of schools and location. It begins with a description of housing markets and schools in the United States. It then provides an overview of the relevant theoretical arguments on both location and local public good provision. The two primary relevant models involve urban location theory and the Tiebout choice of governmental services. While each has strengths, neither provides a clear picture of the underlying individual choice or of the outcomes of policy interventions. Following this, the article explores several areas of the interaction of policy with locational decisions. Finally, it states that a different set of governmental interventions, those involving increased school choice, can be thought of as methods of reducing the linkage of location and schooling.
Personal Characteristics of Delinquents
Authors: Peskin Melissa , Glenn Andrea L. , Gao Yu , Liu Jianghong , Schug Robert , Yang Yaling , Raine Adrian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews research on the personal characteristics of youth that predispose to crime, focusing on the biosocial origins of antisocial behavior. A significant empirical base suggests that certain biological characteristics interact with environmental risk factors to produce higher rates of delinquency. This theme is explored in reviewing research within the domains of genetics, neuroimaging, neurology, neuropsychology, psychophysiology, endocrinology, and early health risks. Efforts have been made to integrate biosocial findings into prevention programs. Although the juvenile justice system may not be in a position to alter biological risk factors, family courts that hear cases of child abuse and neglect may be able to mitigate psychosocial risk factors by mandating therapies for youth and parenting classes for caretakers. Intervention and prevention efforts that utilize this approach represent promising avenues for the future treatment and prevention of criminal and delinquent behavior.
Delinquency and Comorbid Conditions
Authors: Haegerich Tamara M. , Tolan Patrick H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractYouth who engage in delinquent acts are often more troubled than even their most antisocial behavior suggests. Much criminal behavior can be attributed to a child psychiatric disorder. Mental disorders are often seen in delinquent youth, and this relationship is known as comorbidity. Comorbid disorders may be different manifestations of the same disorder. This article reviews the existing evidence of comorbidity of delinquency with common disorders, the delinquent youth suffer from, including substance abuse and substance dependence, depression, etc. Methodological difficulties in assessing the comorbidity of delinquency and other disorders challenge the understanding of the issue and these are highlighted. It then discusses implications and new directions for research. Finally, it describes implications for juvenile justice policy, emphasizing the responsibility of the justice system for identifying and treating delinquent youth with comorbid disorders.