bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First observation of the anomalous electric field in the topside ionosphere by ionospheric modification over EISCAT
Authors: Kosch M. J. , Vickers H. , Ogawa Y. , Senior A. , Blagoveshchenskaya N. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe have developed an active ground‐based technique to estimate the steady state field‐aligned anomalous electric field (E*) in the topside ionosphere, up to ~600 km, using the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) ionospheric modification facility and UHF incoherent scatter radar. When pumping the ionosphere with high‐power high‐frequency radio waves, the F region electron temperature is significantly raised, increasing the plasma pressure gradient in the topside ionosphere, resulting in ion upflow along the magnetic field line. We estimate E* using a modified ion momentum equation and the Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter model. From an experiment on 23 October 2013, E* points downward with an average amplitude of ~1.6 μV/m, becoming weaker at higher altitudes. The mechanism for anomalous resistivity is thought to be low‐frequency ion acoustic waves generated by the pump‐induced flux of suprathermal electrons. These high‐energy electrons are produced near the pump wave reflection altitude by plasma resonance and also result in observed artificially induced optical emissions.
Abundance, distribution, and isotopic composition of particulate black carbon in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Yang Weifeng , Guo Laodong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThere exists increasing evidence supporting the important role of black carbon in global carbon cycles. Particulate black carbon (PBC) is allochthonous and has distinct reactivities compared to the bulk particulate organic carbon (tot‐POC) in marine environments. However, the abundance, geochemical behavior of PBC and its importance in oceanic carbon budget remain poorly understood. Here we report the abundance, distribution, and stable isotopic signatures of BC derived from the chemo‐thermal oxidation (CTO‐375) method (BCCTO) in the Gulf of Mexico. Our results show that BCCTO abundance decreased from shelf to basin, and more than a half of riverine BCCTO could be removed over the shelf. Moreover, BCCTO is much more refractory compared to the tot‐POC and has δ13C values lower than those of BC‐excluded POC. These results highlight the significance of PBC in marine carbon cycles and potentially suggest the need for a new end‐member term in quantifying POC sources in the ocean.
An integrated permeability‐depth model for Earth's crust
Authors: Kuang Xingxing , Jiao Jiu Jimmy 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPermeability, which generally decreases with depth, is the most important parameter that controls fluid flow in Earth's crust. There are two categories of models that describe the permeability‐depth relationship: one category forces permeability to approach infinity at the surface, and the other category leads to too much decrease in permeability with depth. Here we present a new model that integrates and reconciles existing models thus allowing for complete description of crustal permeability from the surface and through the entire crust. Our model provides improved description of observed data and is applicable to both continental crust and oceanic crust. It can be used to obtain a better understanding of the role of fluids in crustal processes.
Magnitude of extreme heat waves in present climate and their projection in a warming world
Authors: Russo Simone , Dosio Alessandro , Graversen Rune G. , Sillmann Jana , Carrao Hugo , Dunbar Martha B. , Singleton Andrew , Montagna Paolo , Barbola Paulo , Vogt Jürgen V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn extreme heat wave occurred in Russia in the summer of 2010. It had serious impacts on humans and natural ecosystems, it was the strongest recorded globally in recent decades and exceeded in amplitude and spatial extent the previous hottest European summer in 2003. Earlier studies have not succeeded in comparing the magnitude of heat waves across continents and in time. This study introduces a new Heat Wave Magnitude Index that can be compared over space and time. The index is based on the analysis of daily maximum temperature in order to classify the strongest heat waves that occurred worldwide during the three study periods 1980–1990, 1991–2001, and 2002–2012. In addition, multimodel ensemble outputs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 are used to project future occurrence and severity of heat waves, under different Representative Concentration Pathways, adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for its Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). Results show that the percentage of global area affected by heat waves has increased in recent decades. Moreover, model predictions reveal an increase in the probability of occurrence of extreme and very extreme heat waves in the coming years, in particular, by the end of this century, under the most severe IPCC AR5 scenario, events of the same severity as that in Russia in the summer of 2010 will become the norm and are projected to occur as often as every 2 years for regions such as southern Europe, North America, South America, Africa, and Indonesia.
Termination 1 timing in radiocarbon‐dated regional benthic δ18O stacks
Authors: Stern Joseph V. , Lisiecki Lorraine E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBenthic δ18O changes are often assumed to be globally synchronous, but studies comparing 2–9 radiocarbon‐dated records over the most recent deglaciation (Termination 1) have proposed differences in the timing of benthic δ18O change between the Atlantic and Pacific, intermediate and deep, and North and South Atlantic. Because of the relatively small number of records used in these previous studies, it has remained unclear whether these differences are local or regional in scale. Here we present seven regional benthic δ18O stacks for 0–40 kyr B.P. that include 252 records with independent regional age models constrained by 852 planktonic foraminiferal 14C dates from 61 of these cores. We find a 4000 year difference between the earliest termination onset in the intermediate South Atlantic at 18.5 (95% confidence interval: 17.9–19.0) kyr B.P. and the latest in the deep Indian at 14.5 (14.1–15.0) kyr B.P. The termination onset occurs at 17.5 kyr B.P. in the intermediate and deep North Atlantic, deep South Atlantic, and deep Pacific. However, throughout the termination deep North Atlantic benthic δ18O leads the deep Pacific by an average of 1000 year and a maximum of 1700 year. Additionally, the intermediate Pacific termination onset at 16.5 (16.1–16.9) kyr B.P. demonstrates that intermediate‐depth benthic δ18O change was not globally synchronous. These regional stacks provide better age models than a global stack across Termination 1 and potentially important constraints on deglacial ocean circulation changes.
Estimating the vector electric field using monostatic, multibeam incoherent scatter radar measurements
Authors: Nicolls Michael J. , Cosgrove Russell , Bahcivan Hasan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn algorithm has been developed to image the local structure in the convection electric field using multibeam incoherent scatter radar (ISR) data. The imaged region covers about 4° in magnetic latitude and 8° in magnetic longitude for the specific geometry considered (that of the Poker Flat ISR). The algorithm implements the Lagrange method of undetermined multipliers to regularize the underdetermined problem posed by the radar measurements. The error on the reconstructed image is estimated by mapping the mathematical form to a Bayesian estimate and observing that the Lagrangian method determines an effective a priori covariance matrix from a user‐defined regularization metric. There exists a unique solution when the average measurement error is smaller than the average measurement amplitude. The algorithm is tested using synthetic and real data and appears surprisingly robust at estimating the divergence of the field. Future applications include imaging the current systems surrounding auroral arcs in order to distinguish physical mechanisms.
Technology of Active Shock Absorbers and Benefits in Regards of Ride and Handling
Authors: Schürr Heinrich , Kutsche Thomas , Maurischat Christian 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSince the 1980s, there has been ongoing development of the so‐called active shock absorbers and the performance is always compared to conventional dampers, which generate damping power by holes with consistent diameters and valves with constant settings. To make active dampers work, it is necessary to change the diameters of the holes or the valve settings during operation in the car.The positive effects of active dampers are demonstrated in this chapter, as well as the different designs of those dampers being shown in the figures. These figures also explain the historical development of active damping.Active damping needs sensors and an ECU, as the damper characteristic must be changed dynamically according to the driving situation. A short explanation is given to see the signal exchange with other systems in the car. The used control strategies are Skyhook, Groundhook, and H‐infinity control. Today, mostly Skyhook is used for practical application. This working principle is discussed more in detail.Real test drives show the benefits of the active dampers. It is possible to improve driving safety and driving comfort as well as driving dynamics.The given technological outlook is mainly driven by cost reasons, as the cars of the future may be smaller cars only with lower demands in technology and performance.
Permanent Magnet Machines for Traction Applications
Authors: Zhu Z.Q. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis chapter overviews various permanent magnet (PM) brushless machines for traction applications. PM brushless DC and AC machines and drives are firstly compared in terms of constant torque and constant power capabilities, and their controllability. Various stator winding configurations, rotor topologies, and basic and novel machine topologies, including fractional slot PM, stator PM, and variable flux PM machines, as well as their features are highlighted. Then, alternate methods for enhancing the PM excitation torque and reluctance torque components, and thereby improving the torque and power capability, are described, together with methods for reducing the torque ripples and improving the overload, flux weakening, fault‐tolerant, and demagnetization withstand capabilities.
Critical Engine Layout Dimensions
Authors: Jenckes Charles H. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
A critical layout dimension is an engine parameter, which characterizes an aspect of an engine. Examples of critical layout dimension are: displacement, cylinder bore diameter, stroke, number of cylinders, connecting rod length, and deck height. Many factors drive the critical layout dimensions of an engine. The art of engine design is balancing the tradeoffs to meet the technical goals for the engine. This chapter discusses these critical layout dimensions.
Transmission and Driveline: Introduction
Authors: Vaughan Nicholas 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This chapter provides background information for the section of the Encyclopedia describing the transmission and driveline components within a powertrain system. This chapter also includes cross references where possible to other chapters or parts within the Encyclopedia to help the reader in understanding the overall structure and place this part in context. The principal features of the main transmission types are described and their relative importance in the global marketplace discussed. These transmission types are placed in a historical context by identifying their origins, which in most cases go back to the earliest days of motoring. There are also references made to the potential development of these transmissions with future manufacturing trends. There is a larger section devoted to the dual clutch transmission, as it was not possible to include a chapter specific to this transmission type. Finally, the logic of the organization and structure of the remaining chapters within this part of the Encyclopedia are described with cross‐referencing where appropriate.
Manual Transmissions
Authors: Krüttgen Rolf , Kunze Christian , Geis‐Drescher Wolfgang , Paluch Arnold 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Manual transmission systems will remain most popular in many global key markets through the forecast period to 2020. Market share of manual transmission are currently at around 50% and is expected to remain in that region through 2020. Manual transmission is characterized by low manufacturing cost, low integration effort without any required specific calibration and deliver by appropriate usage long term durability. This section focus on principle design features, performance criteria like NVH and shift comfort and provides a short explanation about transmission assembly and testing.
Split‐Path Transmissions
Authors: Vaughan Nicholas 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe topic of split‐path transmissions, by whatever name, has been well established in some mobile vehicle sectors and has more recently spread into the automobile and light vehicle segments. This chapter describes the concepts and potential advantages of using a continuously variable transmission system with more than one path between input and output. The basic concept is introduced and the simplest configurations to split the power flow are discussed. There is a detailed review of the analysis of the simple epicyclic gear in the form that is most amenable for split‐path analysis. This leads into an analysis and presentation of the main characteristics of split‐path transmissions using a single epicyclic gear. The most advantageous regions of operation are identified and representative implementations in the automobile sector using different variators are described. Attention is drawn to possible component speed and torque limits and the inclusion of some allowance for variator efficiency. The extension of the technique to the use of more than one epicyclic gear is introduced, and the difference in characteristics from a single epicyclic is identified. Reference is made to some implementations of these configurations, including multimode systems.
Coupling Connections and Splines
Authors: Hahn Steven 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Coupling connections and splines have been in use even before the industrial revolution. In this chapter, it is highlighted in driveshaft applications that are common connections with flanges and splines in automotive applications. A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of transmitting power. Couplings discussed here do not allow disconnection of shafts during operation. Splines are ridges or teeth on a driveshaft that mesh with grooves in a mating piece and transfer torque to it, maintaining the angular correspondence between them. The transmission of mechanical power between the two components from an input drive to a driven output are discussed and reviewed.
Semiconductor Sensors (2): Sensors for Safety Systems
Authors: Kanda Shoji 
Published: October 2014

AbstractKey automotive safety systems include airbag systems, which help protect the driver and passengers in a crash, and chassis control systems, which help reduce the likelihood of an accident. The operation of both types of systems depends on the detection of inertia‐related phenomena such as impacts and side slip. The physical quantities relevant to these phenomena are detected using inertia sensors.Airbag systems operate in combination with the seatbelts to help reduce the number of traffic accident fatalities. In these systems, the key role of detecting collisions is performed by semiconductor acceleration sensors. The latest systems have 10 acceleration sensors, 2 at the front of the vehicle, 6 at the sides, and 2 in the airbag ECU.Chassis control systems include antilock brake systems (ABS), electronic stability control (ESC), traction control systems (TCS), and the like. The aim of these systems is to help reduce the likelihood of an accident by stabilizing vehicle behavior in unexpected situations. Each control system detects vehicle behavior using multiple acceleration sensors and yaw‐rate sensors.This chapter describes the principles and structure of acceleration and yaw‐rate sensors as examples of semiconductor inertia sensors. It also details how such sensors are used in automotive safety systems. As both types of sensors are used in chassis control systems, the principles and structure of the sensors are described first, followed by application examples of both sensors in safety systems.
Generators and Charging Control
Authors: Asada Tadatoshi 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Generators consist of alternators and regulators and function to charge the battery and to supply power to electrical loads such as the lamps and air conditioners. Alternators are driven by a belt from the engine and supply the required power by transforming mechanical into electrical energy. If the alternator power supply is less than the demand, extra power is drawn temporarily from the battery. However, in normal driving conditions, the alternator recharges the battery to a normal state. In addition, the generated voltage constantly fluctuates due to the driving conditions. For this reason, the regulator suppresses the voltage generated by the alternator and functions to supply the appropriate power to each item of electrical equipment and to charge the battery as required. Recently, the aim of charging control systems has been to improve fuel consumption by adjusting the generated voltage in accordance with the driving conditions, state of electrical load, and battery status. This fuel consumption improvement is achieved by suppressing generation during acceleration and increasing regeneration during deceleration.
Asymmetric Michael Addition of 5 H‐Oxazol‐4‐ones to Vinyl Sulfones: Stereoselective Synthesis of Monofluorinated Analogs of 2‐Tertiary Hydroxyl‐3‐Methyl‐Substituted Carboxylic Acidl Derivatives
Authors: Liu Qian , Qiao Baokun , Chin Kek Foo , Tan Choon‐Hong , Jiang Zhiyong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn asymmetric Michael addition of 5H‐oxazol‐4‐ones to vinyl sulfones has been developed. In the presence of 10 mol % of quinine‐based benzyl‐substituted thiourea as catalyst at 0 °C, the products could be obtained with excellent enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity (up to>99 % ee and>20:1 dr). 1.0 mol % of catalyst also produced the corresponding adducts with similar stereoselective results when the temperature was increased to 25 °C. The obtained adducts have been demonstrated as significant synthetic fragments to conveniently access the monofluorinated analogs of biologically important 2‐tertiary hydroxyl‐3‐methyl‐substituted carboxylic acid derivatives.magnified image
Oxidative Metalation as a Route to Size‐Mismatched Macrocyclic Complexes: Osmium Corroles
Authors: Alemayehu Abraham B. , Gagnon Kevin J. , Terner James , Ghosh Abhik 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHeavy‐element corroles are of great interest as optical sensors, near‐IR dyes, phosphors, organic light‐emitting diodes, and anticancer compounds. Insertion of 5d metals into corroles, however, is often a difficult and unpredictable process. Against this backdrop, oxidative metalation of meso triarylcorroles with [Os3(CO)12]/NaN3 in refluxing 1:2 diethylene glycol monomethyl ether/glycol has provided a convenient and relatively high‐yielding route to nitridoosmium(VI) corroles, three of which could be characterized with single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis.
Kaskadenreaktionen in der Totalsynthese von Akuammilin‐Alkaloiden
Authors: Smith Joel M. , Moreno Jesus , Boal Ben W. , Garg Neil K. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDie Akuammilin‐Alkaloide bilden eine Klasse faszinierender Naturstoffe, die vielfach Beachtung gefunden haben. Obwohl viele Akuammiline schon vor über 50 Jahren entdeckt wurden, ist es erst vor kurzem gelungen, diese Strukturen zu synthetisieren. Dieser Kurzaufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Geschichte der Akuammilin‐Alkaloide, einschließlich ihrer Isolierung, Strukturaufklärung, biologischen Aktivität und vorgeschlagenen Biosynthesen. Darüber hinaus werden kürzlich abgeschlossene Totalsynthesen vorgestellt. Diese Beispiele veranschaulichen nicht nur die Leistungsfähigkeit der Totalsynthese zum Aufbau von Alkaloiden, sie zeigen außerdem, wie die Molekülgerüste der Akuammiline die Entdeckung und Realisierung von innovativen Kaskadenreaktionen zum schnellen Aufbau komplexer Strukturen angeregt haben.
Metal‐Free Enantioselective Electrophilic Activation of Allenamides: Stereoselective Dearomatization of Indoles
Authors: Romano Ciro , Jia Minqiang , Monari Magda , Manoni Elisabetta , Bandini Marco 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe effective and unprecedented chiral BINOL phosphoric acid catalyzed (1–10 mol %) dearomatization of indoles through electrophilic activation of allenamides (ee up to 94 %), is documented. Besides the synthesis of 3,3‐disubstituted indolenine cores, a dearomatization/hydrogen transfer cascade sequence is also presented as a new synthetic shortcut toward highly enantiomerically enriched indolines.
Synthese, Struktur und Frequenzverdopplungseffekt von Calciumcyanurat
Authors: Kalmutzki Markus , Ströbele Markus , Wackenhut Frank , Meixner Alfred J. , Meyer H.‐Jürgen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCalciumcyanurat entsteht bei der Festkörpermetathesereaktion von Calciumchlorid mit Kaliumcyanat. Die Bildung der neuen Verbindung Ca3(O3C3N3)2 (CCY), die unter Cyclotrimerisierung von Cyanat‐Ionen erfolgt, wurde thermoanalytisch untersucht und die Kristallstruktur mittels Einkristallstrukturanalyse bestimmt. Die Struktur von CCY ist eng mit der Struktur des bekannten Oxoborats β‐BaB2O4 (BBO) verwandt. SHG‐Messungen an Kristallpulvern zeigen für CCY eine um ca. eine Größenordnung höhere SHG‐Effizienz als für BBO.
Elektronischer Energietransfer über lange Distanzen in lichtsammelnden supramolekularen Polymeren
Authors: Winiger Christian B. , Li Shaoguang , Kumar Ganesh R. , Langenegger Simon M. , Häner Robert 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDas effiziente Sammeln von Sonnenenergie beruht auf dem Design und der Entwicklung von präzise strukturierten lichtabsorbierenden Systemen. Wir beschreiben hier, dass supramolekulare, mit Pyren dotierte Phenanthrenpolymere effiziente Kollektoren von Lichtenergie sind. Die linearen Polymere bilden sich durch geordnetes Zusammenfügen kurzer, amphiphiler Oligomere in wässrigem Medium. Lichtenergie wird von Phenanthrenbausteinen absorbiert und über lange Distanzen (>100 nm) entlang der Polymere zu den Pyren‐Akzeptormolekülen transportiert. Die hohen Fluoreszenzquantenausbeuten belegen einen effizienten Energietransfer und lassen auf einen quantenkohärenten Mechanismus schließen.
Hydroboration of Arynes with N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Boranes
Authors: Taniguchi Tsuyoshi , Curran Dennis P. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractArynes were generated in situ from ortho‐silyl aryl triflates and fluoride ions in the presence of stable N‐heterocyclic carbene boranes (NHCBH3). Spontaneous hydroboration ensued to provide stable B‐aryl‐substituted NHC‐boranes (NHCBH2Ar). The reaction shows good scope in terms of both the NHC‐borane and aryne components and provides direct access to mono‐ and disubstituted NHC‐boranes. The formation of unusual ortho regioisomers in the hydroboration of arynes with an electron‐withdrawing group supports a hydroboration process with hydride‐transfer character.
Construction of Axial Chirality by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Dehydrogenative Heck Coupling of Biaryl Compounds with Alkenes
Authors: Zheng Jun , You Shu‐Li 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEnantioselective construction of axially chiral biaryls by direct CH bond functionalization reactions has been realized. Novel axially chiral biaryls were synthesized by the direct CH bond olefination of biaryl compounds, using a chiral [Cp*RhIII] catalyst, in good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The obtained axially chiral biaryls were found as suitable ligands for rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric conjugate additions.