bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Oil Burning Efficiency- Development of a Burning Bench
Authors: JEZEQUEL Ronan 
Published: August 2014

Since the Deepwater Horizon spill (2010), the controlled In Situ Burning (ISB) of oil has demonstrated to be a possible solution to treat offshore oil spill. As other techniques usually deployed (mechanical recovery, dispersion), ISB efficiency depends on various parameters such as the oil nature, its evaporation degree, water content. In order to assess the influence of these parameters on the ignitability and burning efficiency, an experimental device was developed at Cedre. The burning bench comprises a burning cell which was created to avoid any boilover phenomenon. Glass barriers, specific hood and plume exhaust system complete the device to ensure safety conditions. Burning tests are conducted on a 100 mL volume of oil sample. During the combustion, the flame is characterized by using various temperature probes set at different heights. In addition, temperature of seawater is also recorded during each test. A gravimetric impactor is mounted in the hood to collect continuously the particles produced during the burning and afterwards to quantify the PM 2.5, PM 10 and PAH content in the soot. At the end of a burning test, residues are collected and quantified after solvent extraction. Different analyses are then performed on the residues: density, viscosity, simulated distillation, chemical family separation (saturates, aromatics, resins, asphaltens), PAH and alkanes distribution and content, … Potential PAH transfer from the oil to the water column is measured after SBSE (Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction) of water samples and quantification by GC-MS.
During the burning bench development, many tests were performed on different products (light refined products, fresh crude oil, weathered crude oil, heavy fuel oil, …). The preliminary results highlighted a very good reproducibility of the tests. For the refined product, more than 70% of the product burnt. For most of the fresh crude oils tested, the burning efficiency was between 50 and 60%. While testing heavy fuel or weathered product, the burning efficiency never exceeded 40%. In addition, different burning techniques were investigated such as igniter efficiency, compressed air influence, thermo resistant sorbent efficiency, …
Visualising spill risk: understanding and assessing regions of heightened vulnerability associated with increased seaborne transport of oil.
Authors: Stevens Lisa 
Published: August 2014

Understanding and assessing the risk posed by oil spills is an essential starting point in oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response. However, it is a complex process and displaying results of a risk analysis can be particularly challenging. By modelling and analysing volumes of oil transported globally over a ten year period from 2001 to 2011, using data obtained from Lloyds' List Intelligence and historical data from ITOPF's tanker spills database, an informative and useful representation of risk can be derived. Incorporation of local marine sensitivity data into the model can further improving the risk assessment process.
Although there has been a significant increase in seaborne oil trade over the last thirty years and this is predicted to continue for the foreseeable future, the number of accidental oil spills involving tankers is continuing to decline. GIS tools such as the one we describe are an important part of focusing the on-going efforts of government and industry. These tools can help build awareness of the risks through training courses and seminars and by developing regional initiatives in those areas where they can provide greatest benefit to minimise the threat of future incidents.
This poster shows how by using a GIS platform to graphically visualise information, regional areas of heightened vulnerability are more effectively identified and communicated.
Using Foraminifera as Indicators of Habitat Recovery following Remediation of Sheltered Tidal Flats in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Priest Brant M. , Hale Jason A. , Minter Thomas G. , Cormack Christopher D. , Cotsapas Ion , Risk Michael J. 
Published: August 2014

After nearly 20 years of limited natural recovery of intertidal habitats along the Gulf Coast of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, large-scale remediation projects were conducted on approximately 1800 ha of tidal flat and salt marsh habitat. In Fall, 2011, multiple passes of mechanical tilling were used to break up oiled cohesive sediment layer across a heavily degraded sand tidal flat, to reduce subsurface liquid oil, and accelerate natural recovery.
Rates and degrees of test deformities in three foram genera were measured from samples collected at degraded and healthy sand tidal flat sites. Dominant genera and rates of test deformity at a heavily oiled sand tidal flat (average surface and subsurface total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) = 10,000 ppm ) were: Peneroplis (41.0%), Ammonia (38.7%), Elphidium (54.7%). Rates of deformity in the same three genera collected at a healthy sand tidal flat habitat were: Peneroplis (11.8%), Ammonia (7.5%), Elphidium (13.9%).
Nearly two years after the remediation event, results indicate a decreasing trend in percent foram deformities at the remediation site, which suggests oil toxicity as an ecological stressor has decreased as a result of remediation activities.
Anti-Deposition Agents to prevent Spilled Oil from Fouling the Coastal Environment and Ecology
Authors: Lochhead Robert , Kemp Lisa , Morgan Sarah , Savin Daniel , Marks Giselle , Adams Andrew 
Published: August 2014

Following the recent Deepwater Horizon incident in the Gulf of Mexico, more than one million gallons of dispersant was deployed to the site of the spilled oil. The clean-up strategy in this case was to keep the oil at sea until it was microbiologically degraded. However, in many cases, such as near shore and inland water spills, conventional dispersants cannot be deployed. There is a need for oil treatments that prevent or at least minimize the wetting and spreading of oil on solid substrates, animate and inanimate. In response to the Deepwater incident, we devised anti-depositing dispersants to mitigate the deposition of oil on solid coastal surfaces including soil, sand, plants, and wild-life (especially birds). We focused on materials that were GRAS for human consumption by using commercially-available food-grade materials to provide an economical and environmentally friendly option for oil spill treatment. The dispersant comprises a primary surfactant, soy lecithin, which is biodegradable in the marine environment, and certain cellulose ethers as steric stabilizers to prevent deposition of oil at the oil/water/solid interfaces.
Our technology is set apart from others on the market as it accomplishes all of the following functions:Disperses the oil into small dropletsEncapsulates the dispersed oil dropletsProvides buoyancy to the encapsulated droplets to cause them to move out of the water column to the surface to permit removal by skimming or other conventional meansInherently contains nutrients to initiate microbial biodegradation of the encapsulated oilConfers anti-deposition properties to prevent fouling and penetration of coastal substrates (such as birds and sediment) for the oils that escape capture by skimming and absorption.Comprises natural, renewable, environmentally-friendly, edible componentsAbstract classification: #5: Chemical Response Agents (other than dispersants)
Makah IndianTribe – U.S. Coast Guard Memorandum of Agreement A Model for Meaningful Tribal-Federal Engagement
Authors: Bowechop Chad , Connor Andrew , Knutson Scott , Parker Heather A. , Lindgren LCDR Lance 
Published: August 2014

On 12 April 2013, the Makah Tribal Council Chairman and the District Commander of the 13th Coast Guard District (D13) signed into effect the “Memorandum of Agreement between the United States Coast Guard and the Makah Indian Tribe Regarding Interoperability and Coordination”. The purpose of this “Makah-USCG MOA” is to establish terms by which the two parties will coordinate and collaborate in the fulfillment of their mutual trust responsibility. The MOA's focus is to enhance consultation, improve leveraging of resources within each party's authorities, and improve collective all-hazards prevention and response posture in the Makah Treaty Area. Such an agreement between a federal agency and an Indian tribe is authorized by Executive Order 13175 - Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments, signed in 2000 and is consistent with the 2011 Department of Homeland Security Tribal Consultation Policy.
This groundbreaking document represents a 20 year relationship between key members of the Makah Tribe and the oil spill response members of CG D13 and Sector Puget Sound, and the trust developed over that period while working together to mutually support each party's oil spill prevention, preparedness and response readiness, as well as the desire to help and support each other by harmonizing efforts. With recent legislation such as the 2010 Coast Guard Authorization act, authorizing resources to engage tribes into training, exercises and other spill response preparedness activities particularly in the Northwest, it became clear there was a need to memorialize the strong supportive working relationship between the Makah and the CG, and provide some structure to our planning and development efforts. The MOA lays out a minimum of semi-annual meetings during which the two parties discuss overarching items of mutual interest and determine a work list of concrete, achievable goals to complete within the next 6 month period. An initial work list of common interest issues and responsibilities are outlined in the MOA, and fall into three general categories: Prevention; Preparedness and Response. The MOA also addresses the importance of Communication with the goal of enhancing mutual situational awareness via improved communication protocols between the Coast Guard and the Makah Tribe.
New Challenge in Latin American and Caribbean Oil Spill Control: Offshore Prevention and Response after the DWH Milestone
Authors: Sagrera Carlos 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
With offshore activities at different exploration and production stages in virtually all South American countries with sea coasts, a Central American country, and some Caribbean countries, the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) disaster has not gone unnoticed among the governments and the oil industry in the area. Organizational and human errors committed and highlighted in the investigations that have successively come to light in such a world power as the U.S.—a leader in the sector—, bring to mind the realities and systemic safety failures of the schemes and procedures in force, both in the oil industry and regulatory authorities, to control these potential environmental disasters. The offshore issue has become a priority in the Latin American and Caribbean oil industry and grows because of the recurrent confirmation of new oilfields and their successful exploration by international oil companies through block concessions, which is the only way to access the required effective technology for exploitation. Over the past decades and without exception, Latin America and the Caribbean has gone through emergency situations with spills from oil tankers, explosions and fires in refineries, pipeline fires and sabotage, and explosions and sinkings of oil rigs. The shy cooperation attempts between states and national oil companies obtained few concrete results despite the efforts of regional organizations such as ARPEL. This paper emphasizes the weaknesses in response procedures and standards through specific examples of recent incidents in “the Big Three” (Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela), which could become worse in the current offshore deep and ultra-deep water scenario. It challenges the National Contingency Plans that must now include offshore goals and an organization scheme, such as the Incident Command System, which must be adapted as soon as possible due to the new scenarios and the need for effective inclusion of environmental actors previously relegated. The paper also outlines response strategies applied in DWH and their possible use in offshore scenarios in the region, which will require coordinated efforts by all stakeholders. It emphasizes that this is an excellent opportunity for operational improvement of the Latin American and Caribbean oil sector with respect to safety, emergencies, and spill control.
Oil Spill Response Under the NCP and the NRF/Stafford Act - Incompatible Regimes?
Authors: Thuring Allen R. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
This paper examines oil pollution response during disaster situations when the Stafford Act is invoked by the President and the National Response Framework provides funding under ESF-10.
The interrelationship between the National Contingency Plan (NCP), created by various pollution statues (Clean Water Act/CWA, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability/CERCLA, Oil Pollution Act/OPA) and the National Response Framework (NRF), created to deal with declared disasters under the Stafford Act, is becoming more fractious as time passes and the financial scope of disasters grows. The paradigm that existed when Hurricane Katrina made landfall in 2005 was not in evidence when Hurricanes Isaac and Sandy made landfall in the fall of 2012.
The NCP envisions oil and chemical spill response in the context of a single spill, ideally with a known responsible party (RP), who takes action to respond to the spill. That RP is liable for costs and damages resulting from the spill. Action commences when the spill occurs and the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) determines that federal action is required. If the federal funds (Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund/OSLTF, CERCLA/SUPERFUND) are used, the federal government seeks cost recovery afterwards.
The NRF envisions the federal government acting like a “no-fault insurance” regime, providing federal resources/funds to states when their capabilities are overwhelmed and their citizens require immediate succor. FEMA action commences when the State requests and the President approves aid. The states agree to a cost share – not to exceed 25% of Federal funding. There is no private party liability when actions are complete.
The Homeland Security Act established the NRF, and operationally subsumes the NCP under it. However, the Homeland Security Act does not address what fund (Stafford or the pollution funds) will be used when a declared disaster occurs. Furthermore, the Stafford Act structure (State requests, Presidential approvals, Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Coordinating Officer (FEMA FCO) appointment, area surveys, mission assignments) becomes sclerotic in a large incident when compared to the much more nimble NCP process (spill, FOSC decision, immediate funding). The effect for Coast Guard (CG) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) field responders is to lean forward with NCP processes to protect the public. FEMA, faced with dwindling resources, observes this tendency and declines to provide disaster funding when the other federal funds “can be used”.
The paper proposes a new paradigm for the “Makris-Suiter” Agreement of 1998 between EPA and FEMA.
The opinions stated in this paper are the author's alone, and do not reflect the official policies of the United States Coast Guard.
Getting Big Results by Going Small - The Importance of Tabletop Exercises
Authors: Gleason Joseph J. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Smaller, more focused exercises are important to communities to help improve preparedness, strengthen contingency planning, and enhance inter-agency coordination. With the recent federal emphasis on META scenario exercises, it feels that “Bigger is Better” has been adopted as a premise for several exercise programs. There is a place in the exercise spectrum for full-scale and functional exercises but an over-reliance on such exercises does not always allow government agencies, private sector entities, and non-governmental organizations to focus on strategic-level issues. Discussion-based exercises such as tabletop exercises and workshops allow agencies and companies to address broad strategic issues through a smaller exercise.
For the past two years, the Coast Guard has reduced the size and scope of the Spill of National Significance (SONS) exercise to conduct workshops and executive-level tabletop exercises which have allowed the Coast Guard and other members of the National Response Team to work through many strategic-level issues such as responses in the Arctic and lessons learned from the Deepwater Horizon spill. In contrast to the 2010 SONS exercise which was a full-scale, multi-state exercise, the 2012 and 2013 SONS exercises were executive-level tabletop exercises that focused on response issues in the Arctic.
This paper outlines the benefits of discussion-based exercises and how significant change can occur by going small.
Local Level Stakeholder Coordination and Communications to Support Oil Spill Preparedness and Response
Authors: Walker Ann Hayward , Scholz Debra , Ott Gary 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Effective response to oil spills can be challenging, especially when multiple levels of government are involved. When an oil spill threatens the coast, local officials and communities are concerned about response strategies and potential impacts, which could affect their area. Local government authorities are responsible for addressing concerns of elected officials and other stakeholders at the community level. In the US and UK, a National Response System (NRS) provides oil spill coordination at the national level down to state level. The NRS can be strengthened by improving the capacity to effectively engage at the local level during preparedness. New opportunities to coordinate could improve response management going forward, by leveraging the relationships developed in emergency preparedness among local government, elected officials, and communities. Relationships and dialogue established during preparedness also support crisis communications with the public at large during response through traditional media, the Internet and social media.
Stakeholder engagement is process which can benefit the response organization and those affected by pollution incidents and other emergencies, e.g., storms. Stakeholder engagement and risk communication methodologies are ways to help cultivate realistic expectations and develop consensus about response options, before, during, and after an incident. Coordination and collaboration between the Incident Management Team (IMT) and affected communities can lead to shared objectives and improved information exchange. This is accomplished through traditional media and direct engagement to address emerging risk perceptions, questions, and concerns, especially about issues that spark social conflict, such as dispersant use in the US. Dialogue is necessary to learn about stakeholder and community risk perceptions associated with an incident, to assess the situation in relation to those perceptions, and then develop appropriate responses to their questions, concerns and perceptions.
This paper explores ways to enhance existing NRS processes to improve interactions and communications at the local level during preparedness, and the response and post response phases of an oil spill.
Responding to Oil Spills in Ice
Authors: Hansen Kurt A. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Responding to oil spills in ice is being addressed by many different organizations throughout the world, varying from oil producers to local responders. These efforts are needed to ensure spill response capabilities can be deployed in future spills in the Arctic. The US Coast Guard Research & Development Center (RDC) has sponsored a series of demonstrations in the Great Lakes to show existing stakeholders capabilities and identify potential gaps in response technologies and/or strategies to determine what area still need to be addressed within the United States. This was an attempt to take advantage of the existing Great Lakes ice conditions, vessels and logistics that are harder to access in Alaska. RDC has also participated in demonstrations in the Arctic off of Alaska in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate logistical and operational issues in that region. This paper will describe the demonstrations performed and the lessons learned with applications for any future Arctic spills and research still needed.
In Situ Oil Spill Countermeasures in Ice-Infested Waters: A Modeling Study of the Fate/Behaviours of Spilled Oil
Authors: Niu Haibo , Lee Kenneth , Boufadel Michel C. , Zhao Lin , Robinson Brian 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
The expansion of offshore oil and gas and marine transport activities in the Arctic have raised the level of risk for an oil spill to occur in the Arctic region. Existing technologies for oil spill cleanup in ice-covered conditions are limited and there is a need for improved oil spill countermeasures for use under Arctic conditions. A recent field study has assessed a proposed oil spill response technique in ice-infested waters based on the application of fine minerals in a slurry with mixing by propeller-wash to promote the formation of oil-mineral aggregates (OMA). While it was verified in the experimental study that the dispersion was enhanced and mineral fine additions promoted habitat recovery by enhancing both the rate and extent of oil biodegradation, limited monitoring data provide little insights on the fate of dispersed oil after the response. To help understand the oil transport process following mineral treatment in ice-covered conditions, mathematical modeling was used in this study to simulate the transport of OMA and calculate the mass balances of the spilled oil. To study the effects of ice and minerals on the fate and transport, the result was compared with scenarios without ice and without the addition of mineral fines. The results show general agreement between the modeling results and field observations, and further confirm the effectiveness and potential for using mineral treatment as a new oil spill counter-measure technology. This technique offers several operational advantages for use under Arctic conditions, including reduced number of personnel required for its application, lack of need for waste disposal sites, and cost effectiveness.
Oil Behaviour in Ice-Infested Waters
Authors: Fingas M.F. , Hollebone B.P. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
The current knowledge of the physical fate and behaviour of crude oil and petroleum products spilled in Arctic situations is reviewed. Oil in and under ice undergoes a variety of processes depending on location and environmental conditions. Modeling of oil in such environments becomes complex by the addition of these processes.
Spreading was evaluated for oil on ice, under ice, in snow, in brash ice, and between blocks of ice. Oil transport under sheet and broken ice are considered, both for sea and river conditions. The movement of oil under the ice may be governed by the undersea roughness as well as the relative velocity of the water with respect to the ice. The effects of oil on a growing ice sheet are examined, both for its effects on ice formation and for the thermal effects of oil inclusions in ice. The migration of oil through ice is examined, focussing primarily on the movement through brine channels. The effects of oil on the surface of ice are considered, with emphasis on the effects of surface pools on ice melt. Similar consideration is given to the effects of oil on snow on the surface of ice.
The quantitative studies of oil in open and dynamic ice conditions are reviewed. Observations of intentional small-scale spills in leads and ice fields are reviewed and compared with observations from real spills. The most common ultimate fate of oil in an ice field is release onto water.
Some of the measurements made in earlier years suffered from the lack of good measurement techniques. Further research is needed to improve the understanding of oil behavior in ice-infested waters.