bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of major histocompatibility complex class I allele polymorphisms in common marmosets
Authors: Li T. , Xu Y. , Yin S. , Liu B. , Zhu S. , Wang W. , Wang Y. , Liu F. , Allain J.‐P. , Li C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCurrently, little information is available for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐I that conditions the T‐cell response of marmosets. In this study, 471 clones of MHC‐I cDNA sequences were isolated from 12 marmosets. Twenty full‐length sequences of class I G (Caja‐G) alleles were obtained from these marmosets, 15 of them were novel. Among these 20 Caja‐G alleles, 10 were found in individual animals while the rests were in two to four marmosets, but none was common to all animals. Ten marmosets possessed one to three Caja‐G alleles, and two marmosets carried five or six alleles, which suggested that the Caja‐G locus was duplicated in marmoset's genome. The high polymorphisms of Caja‐G sequences provided important information helpful for understanding the cellular immune response in virus‐infected marmosets.
The Medical Research Council (UK)/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS – ‘25 years of research through partnerships’
Authors: Kaleebu P. , Kamali A. , Seeley J. , Elliott A. M. , Katongole‐Mbidde E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFor the past 25 years, the Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS has conducted research on HIV‐1, coinfections and, more recently, on non‐communicable diseases. Working with various partners, the research findings of the Unit have contributed to the understanding and control of the HIV epidemic both in Uganda and globally, and informed the future development of biomedical HIV interventions, health policy and practice. In this report, as we celebrate our silver jubilee, we describe some of these achievements and the Unit's multidisciplinary approach to research. We also discuss the future direction of the Unit; an exemplar of a partnership that has been largely funded from the north but led in the south.
Extracorporeal photopheresis for graft‐versus‐host disease: the role of patient, transplant, and classification criteria and hematologic values on outcome—results from a large single‐center study
Authors: Berger Massimo , Albiani Roberto , Sini Bruno , Fagioli Franca 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundExtracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) has been shown as active therapy for graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD).Study Design and MethodsThe aim was to ascertain the role of ECP in 71 patients with steroid‐refractory or ‐dependent acute and chronic GVHD (aGVHD and cGVHD) with special focus on hematologic variables and GVHD staging classification. A total of 34 patients were treated for aGVHD and 37 for cGVHD.ResultsThe overall response rate (ORR) for aGVHD was 65% and the complete aGVHD‐free survival was 50% (95% confidence interval [CI], 36%‐70%). The ORR for cGVHD response was 81% while the complete cGVHD‐free survival was 50% (95% CI, 34%‐73%). The aGVHD‐free survival was associated with aGVHD grading (Grade II 81%, Grade III 33%, and Grade IV 0%, p ≤ 0.00) and the absence of visceral involvement (77% vs. 33%, p = 0.03). The cGVHD‐free survival was associated with the female sex (67% vs. 25%, p = 0.01) and with the limited form according to the Seattle classification (67% vs. 20%, p = 0.003). No role for hematologic values or apheresis cell count was found, except for the cGVHD ORR (p = 0.037). Transplant‐related mortality and overall survival were associated with ECP response 0% versus 54% (p = 0.0001) and 77% versus 45% (p = 0.03) for aGVHD patients and 7% versus 14% (p = 0.02) and 73% versus 20% (p = 0.0003) for cGVHD patients, respectively.ConclusionsWhile confirming a higher probability of GVHD responses for early GVHD, our study shows no role of hematologic values or apheresis cell count on GVHD response.
Kinesiophobia After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Physically Active Individuals
Authors: Cozzi Arika L. , Dunn Kristina L. , Harding Josie L. , McLeod Tamara C. Valovich , Bacon Cailee E. Welch 
Published: October 2014

Clinical Scenario:There are approximately 200,000 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears reported annually in the United States. Patients who undergo ACL reconstruction followed by an aggressive rehabilitation protocol can often structurally and functionally progress to a preinjury level. Despite physical improvements with ACL-rehabilitation protocols, however, there are still a substantial number of individuals who do not return to preinjury level, particularly physically active individuals, of whom only 63% return to their full potential preinjury level. This may be due to continued pain, swelling, stiffness, and weakness in the knee. In addition, research concerning the topic of kinesiophobia (ie, fear of reinjury), which may prevent individuals from returning to their activities, has increased over the past several years. Kinesiophobia is defined as the irrational or debilitating movement of physical activity resulting in the feeling of vulnerability to painful injury or reinjury. Kinesiophobia may have a significant impact on physically active individuals, considering the proportion of patients who do not return to their sport. However, it is unknown whether kinesiophobia is associated with patients’ perceived physical-impairment levels after ACL reconstruction.Focused Clinical Question:Is kinesiophobia associated with self-perceived levels of knee function after ACL reconstruction?
The Impact of Adding an Eccentric-Exercise Component to the Rehabilitation Program of Patients With Shoulder Impingement: A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Valier Alison R. , Averett Ryan S. , Anderson Barton E. , Bacon Cailee E. Welch 
Published: October 2014

Clinical Scenario:Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal complaint and is often associated with shoulder impingement. The annual incidence of shoulder pain is estimated to be 7% of all injuries, and is the third-most-common type of musculoskeletal pain. Initial treatment of shoulder impingement follows a conservative plan and emphasizes rehabilitation programs as opposed to surgical interventions. Shoulder rehabilitation programs commonly focus on strengthening the muscles of the shoulder complex and, more specifically, the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff is a primary dynamic stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint, using both eccentric and concentric contractions. The posterior rotator cuff, including teres minor and infraspinatus, works eccentrically to decelerate the arm during overhead throwing. Exercises to strengthen the rotator cuff and the surrounding dynamic stabilizers of the shoulder girdle vary and include activities such as internal and external rotation, full-can lifts, and rhythmic stabilizations. Traditionally, shoulder rehabilitation programs have focused on isotonic concentric contractions. Common strengthening exercises typically involve movements that result in shortening the muscle length while simultaneously loading the muscles. However, recent attention has been given to eccentric exercises, which involve lengthening of the muscle during loading, for the treatment of a variety of different tendinopathies including those of the Achilles and patellar tendons. The eccentric, or lengthening, motion is thought to be beneficial for people who are involved in activities that place eccentric stress on their shoulder, such as overhead throwers. Based on studies related to the Achilles tendon, eccentric exercise may positively influence the tendon structure by increasing collagen production and decreasing neovascularization. The changes that occur as a result of eccentric exercises may improve function, strength, and performance and decrease pain more than concentric programs, producing better patient outcomes. Although eccentric strength training has been shown to provide strength gains, there are no clear guidelines as to the inclusion of this form of exercise training in shoulder rehabilitation programs for the purposes of improving function and decreasing pain.Focused Clinical Question:Does adding an eccentric-exercise component to the rehabilitation program of patients with shoulder impingement improve shoulder function and/or decrease pain?
The specificity of vesicle traffic to the Golgi is encoded in the golgin coiled-coil proteins
Authors: Wong Mie , Munro Sean 
Published: October 2014

You've got to pick a Golgi tether or two
The inside of the cell contains a large variety of different membrane transport vesicles, each of which needs to find and fuse with its correct target destination. The detailed mechanism specifying which vesicle can fuse with which target membrane has been the subject of an enormous amount of research. An additional layer of specificity in intracellular membrane trafficking across the Golgi complex is thought to involve particular membrane “tethers.” However, the importance of these tethers has been unclear. Wong and Munro used a clever trick to reveal how specific tethers can indeed ensure correct vesicle destination. Tether proteins experimentally expressed on mitochondria hijacked different transport vesicles and diverted them from their normal destination to the mitochondria.

Science
, this issue
10.1126/science.1256898
A Eukaryotic Expression Plasmid Carrying Chicken Interleukin-18 Enhances the Response to Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine
Authors: Wang Chen , Li Xiaokang , Zhang Chunjie , Wu Tingcai , Li Yinju , Cheng Xiangchao 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTInterleukin-18 (IL-18) is an important cytokine involved in innate and acquired immunity. In this study, we cloned the full-length chicken IL-18 (ChIL-18) gene from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryo spleen cells and provided evidence that the ChIL-18 gene in a recombinant plasmid was successfully expressed in chicken DT40 cells. ChIL-18 significantly enhanced gamma interferon (IFN-γ) mRNA expression in chicken splenocytes, which increased IFN-γ-induced nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by macrophages. The potential genetic adjuvant activity of the ChIL-18 plasmid was examined in chickens by coinjecting ChIL-18 plasmid and inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. ChIL-18 markedly elevated serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers and anti-hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (anti-HN)-specific antibody levels, induced the secretion of both Th1- (IFN-γ) and Th2- (interleukin-4) type cytokines, promoted the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes, and increased the populations of CD3+T cells and their subsets, CD3+CD4+and CD3+CD8+T cells. Furthermore, a virus challenge revealed that ChIL-18 contributed to protection against Newcastle disease virus challenge. Taken together, our data indicate that the coadministration of ChIL-18 plasmid and NDV vaccine induces a strong immune response at both the humoral and cellular levels and that ChIL-18 is a novel immunoadjuvant suitable for NDV vaccination.
Harmonization of Bordetella pertussis Real-Time PCR Diagnostics in the United States in 2012
Authors: Williams Margaret M. , Taylor Thomas H. , Warshauer David M. , Martin Monte D. , Valley Ann M. , Tondella M. Lucia 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Real-time PCR (rt-PCR) is an important diagnostic tool for the identification of
Bordetella pertussis
,
Bordetella holmesii
, and
Bordetella parapertussis
. Most U.S. public health laboratories (USPHLs) target IS
481
, present in 218 to 238 copies in the
B. pertussis
genome and 32 to 65 copies in
B. holmesii
. The CDC developed a multitarget PCR assay to differentiate
B. pertussis
,
B. holmesii
, and
B. parapertussis
and provided protocols and training to 19 USPHLs. The 2012 performance exercise (PE) assessed the capability of USPHLs to detect these three
Bordetella
species in clinical samples. Laboratories were recruited by the Wisconsin State Proficiency Testing program through the Association of Public Health Laboratories, in partnership with the CDC. Spring and fall PE panels contained 12 samples each of viable
Bordetella
and non-
Bordetella
species in saline. Fifty and 53 USPHLs participated in the spring and fall PEs, respectively, using a variety of nucleic acid extraction methods, PCR platforms, and assays. Ninety-six percent and 94% of laboratories targeted IS
481
in spring and fall, respectively, in either singleplex or multiplex assays. In spring and fall, respectively, 72% and 79% of USPHLs differentiated
B. pertussis
and
B. holmesii
and 68% and 72% identified
B. parapertussis
. IS
481
cycle threshold (

C
T

) values for
B. pertussis
samples had coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 10% to 28%. Of the USPHLs that differentiated
B. pertussis
and
B. holmesii
, sensitivity was 96% and specificity was 95% for the combined panels. The 2012 PE demonstrated increased harmonization of rt-PCR
Bordetella
diagnostic protocols in USPHLs compared to that of the previous survey.
Rapid Identification of Major Escherichia coli Sequence Types Causing Urinary Tract and Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Doumith M. , Day M. , Ciesielczuk H. , Hope R. , Underwood A. , Reynolds R. , Wain J. , Livermore D. M. , Woodford N. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli
sequence types (STs) 69, 73, 95, and 131 are collectively responsible for a large proportion of
E. coli
urinary tract and bloodstream infections, and they differ markedly in their antibiotic susceptibilities. Here, we describe a novel PCR method to rapidly detect and distinguish these lineages. Three hundred eighteen published
E. coli
genomes were compared in order to identify signature sequences unique to each of the four major STs. The specificities of these sequences were assessed
in silico
by seeking them in an additional 98 genomes. A PCR assay was designed to amplify size-distinguishable fragments unique to the four lineages and was validated using 515
E. coli
isolates of known STs. Genome comparisons identified 22 regions ranging in size from 335 bp to 26.5 kb that are unique to one or more of the four predominant
E. coli
STs, with two to 10 specific regions per ST. These regions predominantly harbor genes encoding hypothetical proteins and are within or adjacent to prophage sequences. Most (13/22) were highly conserved (>96.5% identity) in the genomes of their respective ST. The new assay correctly identified all 142 representatives of the four major STs in the validation set (
n
= 515), with only two ST12 isolates misidentified as ST95. Compared with MLST, the assay has 100% sensitivity and 99.5% specificity. The rapid identification of major extraintestinal
E. coli
STs will benefit future epidemiological studies and could be developed to tailor antibiotic therapy to the different susceptibilities of these dominant lineages.
Interaction of Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus ORF119L with PINCH Leads to Dominant-Negative Inhibition of Integrin-Linked Kinase and Cardiovascular Defects in Zebrafish
Authors: Yuan Ji-Min , He Bai-Liang , Yang Lu-Yun , Guo Chang-Jun , Weng Shao-Ping , Li Shengwen Calvin , He Jian-Guo 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is the type species of the
Megalocytivirus
genus,
Iridoviridae
family, causing a severe systemic disease with high mortality in mandarin fish (
Siniperca chuatsi
) in China and Southeast Asia. At present, the pathogenesis of ISKNV infection is still not fully understood. Based on a genome-wide bioinformatics analysis of ISKNV-encoded proteins, we found that ISKNV open reading frame 119L (ORF119L) is predicted to encode a three-ankyrin-repeat (3ANK)-domain-containing protein, which shows high similarity to the dominant negative form of integrin-linked kinase (ILK); i.e., viral ORF119L lacks the ILK kinase domain. Thus, we speculated that viral ORF119L might affect the host ILK complex. Here, we demonstrated that viral ORF119L directly interacts with particularly interesting Cys-His-rich protein (PINCH) and affects the host ILK-PINCH interaction
in vitro
in fathead minnow (FHM) cells.
In vivo
ORF119L overexpression in zebrafish (
Danio rerio
) embryos resulted in myocardial dysfunctions with disintegration of the sarcomeric Z disk. Importantly, ORF119L overexpression in zebrafish highly resembles the phenotype of endogenous ILK inhibition, either by overexpressing a dominant negative form of ILK or by injecting an ILK antisense morpholino oligonucleotide. Intriguingly, ISKNV-infected mandarin fish develop disorganized sarcomeric Z disks in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, phosphorylation of AKT, a downstream effector of ILK, was remarkably decreased in ORF119L-overexpressing zebrafish embryos. With these results, we show that ISKNV ORF119L acts as a domain-negative inhibitor of the host ILK, providing a novel mechanism for the megalocytivirus pathogenesis.

IMPORTANCE
Our work is the first to show the role of a dominant negative inhibitor of the host ILK from ISKNV (an iridovirus). Mechanistically, the viral ORF119L directly binds to the host PINCH, attenuates the host PINCH-ILK interaction, and thus impairs ILK signaling. Intriguingly, ORF119L-overexpressing zebrafish embryos and ISKNV-infected mandarin fish develop similar disordered sarcomeric Z disks in cardiomyocytes. These findings provide a novel mechanism for megalocytivirus pathogenesis.
The Megavirus Chilensis Cu,Zn-Superoxide Dismutase: the First Viral Structure of a Typical Cellular Copper Chaperone-Independent Hyperstable Dimeric Enzyme
Authors: Lartigue Audrey , Burlat Bénédicte , Coutard Bruno , Chaspoul Florence , Claverie Jean-Michel , Abergel Chantal 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Giant viruses able to replicate in
Acanthamoeba castellanii
penetrate their host through phagocytosis. After capsid opening, a fusion between the internal membranes of the virion and the phagocytic vacuole triggers the transfer in the cytoplasm of the viral DNA together with the DNA repair enzymes and the transcription machinery present in the particles. In addition, the proteome analysis of purified mimivirus virions revealed the presence of many enzymes meant to resist oxidative stress and conserved in the
Mimiviridae
. Megavirus chilensis encodes a predicted copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), an enzyme known to detoxify reactive oxygen species released in the course of host defense reactions. While it was thought that the metal ions are required for the formation of the active-site lid and dimer stabilization, megavirus chilensis SOD forms a very stable metal-free dimer. We used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis and activity measurements to show that the supplementation of the bacterial culture with copper and zinc during the recombinant expression of Mg277 is sufficient to restore a fully active holoenzyme. These results demonstrate that the viral enzyme's activation is independent of a chaperone both for disulfide bridge formation and for copper incorporation and suggest that its assembly may not be as regulated as that of its cellular counterparts. A SOD protein is encoded by a variety of DNA viruses but is absent from mimivirus. As in poxviruses, the enzyme might be dispensable when the virus infects
Acanthamoeba
cells but may allow megavirus chilensis to infect a broad range of eukaryotic hosts.

IMPORTANCE
Mimiviridae
are giant viruses encoding more than 1,000 proteins. The virion particles are loaded with proteins used by the virus to resist the vacuole's oxidative stress. The megavirus chilensis virion contains a predicted copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD). The corresponding gene is present in some megavirus chilensis relatives but is absent from mimivirus. This first crystallographic structure of a viral Cu,Zn-SOD highlights the features that it has in common with and its differences from cellular SODs. It corresponds to a very stable dimer of the apo form of the enzyme. We demonstrate that upon supplementation of the growth medium with Cu and Zn, the recombinant protein is fully active, suggesting that the virus's SOD activation is independent of a copper chaperone for SOD generally used by eukaryotic SODs.
Hallucinations and illusions in migraine in children and the Alice in Wonderland Syndrome
Authors: Smith R A , Wright B , Bennett Sophie 
Published: October 2014

DesignA prospective observational study over 1 year.SettingA District General Hospital, and Child and Adolescent Mental Health Department.PatientsChildren aged 8–18 years living in the catchment area of a district hospital service with any type of unexplained hallucinations or illusions associated with or without an established diagnosis of migraine.ResultsThe study identified nine children with a combination of migraine and a variety of hallucinations and illusions, including illusions of size, time, colour, body shape, movement and visual and auditory hallucination. An average of 10 symptoms (range 7–15) were reported.InterventionsNone.Main outcome measureNone.ConclusionsIt is important to recognise these symptoms to enable appropriate history taking and diagnosis. These symptoms are common and currently seem to go unrecognised and may pose diagnostic difficulties if onset is before typical migraine headaches occur.
Cellular reactions of the white grub larvae, Polyphylla adspersa, against entomopathogenic nematodes
Authors: Alvandi Jamileh , Karimi Javad , Dunphy Gary B. 
Published: October 2014

The haemocyte reactions of the white grub larvaePolyphylla adspersato entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), together with the host haemocyte types, have been studied. Six types of identified haemocytes included the prohaemocytes, granulocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids, coagulocytes and spherulocytes. The granulocytes were the dominant (65.2%) haemocyte type followed by the plasmatocytes (22.1%). Both haemocyte types encapsulate EPN. White grub larvae and last larval stage ofGalleria mellonellawere individually infected with monoxenicHeterorhabditis bacteriophoraorSteinernema glaseri. The maximum total haemocyte counts (THC) level of the white grub larvae against the nematodeS. glaserioccurred at 12 h post-injection. In addition, by 8 h post-injection, the granulocyte and plasmatocyte levels decreased. The cell reactions of the grubs againstH. bacteriophorain terms of THC and differential haemocyte counts and the encapsulation rate started earlier and were more pronounced than those againstS. glaseri. The maximum percentage of the encapsulation observed in the white grub larvae againstS. glaseri(27.3 ± 0.7%) andH. bacteriophora(36.5 ± 3.5%) occurred at 12 and 8 h post-injection, respectively. EPN-triggered encapsulation inP. adspersalarvae was more extensive than inG. mellonellalarvae.
Studies on the genus Sectonema Thorne, 1930 (Dorylaimida: Aporcelaimidae). Redescription of S. ventrale Thorne, 1930, the type species of the genus
Authors: Peña-Santiago Reyes , Álvarez-Ortega Sergio 
Published: October 2014

Sectonema ventrale, the type species of the genus, is redescribed on the basis of type material as well as other specimens originally examined by Thorne. Description, morphometrics and LM pictures are provided. An updated diagnosis is given and the identity of several (other than type) populations is discussed. It is characterised by its 7.09-10.42 mm long body, lip region offset by deep constriction and 25-27 μm broad, mural tooth 12-14 μm long ventrally, pharyngeal expansion occupying 68-73% of total neck length, uterus 2.5-4.2 times the corresponding body diam.,pars refringens vaginaewell developed, V = 48-56, female tail rounded conoid (47-71 μm, c = 117-174, c′ = 0.7-0.8), spicules 120 μm long, and eight or nine irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements with a hiatus. The nature of the stomatal protrusible structure is analysed and discussed, concluding that it is more a reduced odontostyle than a typical mural tooth, a point that should be the subject of further studies.