bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common topics in eighteenth‐century prefaces to English school grammars: an application of theECEGdatabase
Authors: Rodríguez‐Álvarez Alicia , Rodríguez‐Gil María E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis paper aims to shed light on an issue which has remained unexplored hitherto: common topics in the prefaces to eighteenth‐century English school grammars. The study is based on a corpus of nineteen grammars, retrieved from the Eighteenth‐Century English Grammars database (ECEG), which fulfilled the following criteria: grammars (i) published as stand‐alone books, (ii) written by authors born in the British Isles, and (iii) intended for school use mainly. Our analysis contributes to broaden our understanding of the normative grammatical tradition by showing how these prefaces contain a highly homogeneous set of ideas, beliefs and objectives, while, at the same time, they show varied trends in their approaches.
John Newbery's An easy introduction to the English language (1745): audience, origin and the question of authorship
Authors: Navest Karlijn , Sairio Anni 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAn Easy Introduction to the English Language (1745) is the grammar in the Circle of the Sciences series, a children's encyclopaedia published by John Newbery. The volumes in the Circle series were established reading material for boys and girls in Georgian England, and the grammar targeted a broad audience of children, young men and women and non‐native speakers. A comparison between James Greenwood's (1711) and (1737) popular works shows that the Circle grammar was largely plagiarised from Greenwood's grammars. The grammar is generally attributed to Newbery, but an advertisement in the London Gazette links the Circle series to author and playwright Eliza Haywood.
Quality Properties, Fatty Acids, and Biogenic Amines Profile of Fresh Tilapia Stored in Ice
Authors: Kulawik Piotr , Özoğul Fatih , Glew Robert H. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis work determines quality properties and fatty acids content of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) stored in ice for 21 d. The quality properties consist of thiobarbituic acid (TBA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), trimethylamine (TMA), and microbiological analysis (total viable count (TVC), total coliform, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus) and determination of biogenic amines content (histamine, cadaverine, putrescine, spermine, spermidine, 2‐phenylethylamine, agmatine, tyramine, and ammonia). Moreover, the fat, moisture, and ash composition as well as fatty acids profile have also been analyzed. The TBA, TVB‐N, and biogenic amines analysis showed rather low levels of spoilage even after 21 d of storage. The microbiological analysis, however, showed that tilapia was unsuitable for consumption after just 10 d. The fat, ash, moisture, and fatty acids profile analysis showed that tilapia is not a good source of n−3 fatty acids. The research indicated that the microbiological analysis was the best method to establish spoilage of tilapia stored in ice, of all analytical methods performed in this study.
Inhibition of Bacterial and Filamentous Fungal Growth in High Moisture, Nonsterile Corn with Intermittent Pumping of Trans‐2‐Hexenal Vapor
Authors: De Lucca Anthony J. , Carter‐Wientjes Carol H. , Boué Stephen M. , Lovisa Mary P. , Bhatnagar Deepak 
Published: July 2013

AbstractTrans‐2‐hexenal (T2H), a plant‐produced aldehyde, was intermittently pumped over a 7 d period into a small, bench top model of stored corn (nonsterile, moisture content about 23%). Naturally occurring bacteria and fungi, including added Aspergillus flavus, grew rapidly on corn not treated with T2H vapor. However, intermittently pumped T2H (30 min per 2 h or 30 min per 12 h) significantly reduced bacterial and fungal viable populations, with nearly 100% fungal viability loss observed after either (1) one day of pumping at the 30 min per 2 h rate or (2) pumping cycles of 30 min per 12 h period over the initial 48 to 72 h of incubation. Data suggest that short‐term intermittent fumigation of stored corn with T2H could prevent growth of bacteria and mycotoxigenic fungi such as A. flavus.
Practical Real‐Time Lens‐Flare Rendering
Authors: Lee Sungkil , Eisemann Elmar 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe present a practical real‐time approach for rendering lens‐flare effects. While previous work employed costly ray tracing or complex polynomial expressions, we present a coarser, but also significantly faster solution. Our method is based on a first‐order approximation of the ray transfer in an optical system, which allows us to derive a matrix that maps lens flare‐producing light rays directly to the sensor. The resulting approach is easy to implement and produces physically‐plausible images at high framerates on standard off‐the‐shelf graphics hardware.
Photon Beam Diffusion: A Hybrid Monte Carlo Method for Subsurface Scattering
Authors: Habel Ralf , Christensen Per H. , Jarosz Wojciech 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe present photon beam diffusion, an efficient numerical method for accurately rendering translucent materials. Our approach interprets incident light as a continuous beam of photons inside the material. Numerically integrating diffusion from such extended sources has long been assumed computationally prohibitive, leading to the ubiquitous single‐depth dipole approximation and the recent analytic sum‐of‐Gaussians approach employed by Quantized Diffusion. In this paper, we show that numerical integration of the extended beam is not only feasible, but provides increased speed, flexibility, numerical stability, and ease of implementation, while retaining the benefits of previous approaches. We leverage the improved diffusion model, but propose an efficient and numerically stable Monte Carlo integration scheme that gives equivalent results using only 3–5 samples instead of 20–60 Gaussians as in previous work. Our method can account for finite and multi‐layer materials, and additionally supports directional incident effects at surfaces. We also propose a novel diffuse exact single‐scattering term which can be integrated in tandem with the multi‐scattering approximation. Our numerical approach furthermore allows us to easily correct inaccuracies of the diffusion model and even combine it with more general Monte Carlo rendering algorithms. We provide practical details necessary for efficient implementation, and demonstrate the versatility of our technique by incorporating it on top of several rendering algorithms in both research and production rendering systems.
Probabilistic Visibility Evaluation for Direct Illumination
Authors: Billen Niels , Engelen Björn , Lagae Ares , Dutré Philip 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe efficient evaluation of visibility in a three‐dimensional scene is a longstanding problem in computer graphics. Visibility evaluations come in many different forms: figuring out what object is visible in a pixel; determining whether a point is visible to a light source; or evaluating the mutual visibility between 2 surface points. This paper provides a new, experimental view on visibility, based on a probabilistic evaluation of the visibility function. Instead of checking the visibility against all possible intervening geometry the visibility between 2 points is now evaluated by testing only a random subset of objects. The result is not a Boolean value that is either 0 or 1, but a numerical value that can even be negative. Because we use the visibility evaluation as part of the integrand in illumination computations, the probabilistic evaluation of visibility becomes part of the Monte Carlo procedure of estimating the illumination integral, and results in an unbiased computation of illumination values in the scene. Moreover, the number of intersections tests for any given ray is decreased, since only a random selection of geometric primitives is tested. Although probabilistic visibility is an experimental and new idea, we present a practical algorithm for direct illumination that uses the probabilistic nature of visibility evaluations.
An Area‐Preserving Parametrization for Spherical Rectangles
Authors: Ureña Carlos , Fajardo Marcos , King Alan 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe present an area‐preserving parametrization for spherical rectangles which is an analytical function with domain in the unit rectangle [0, 1]2 and range in a region included in the unit‐radius sphere. The parametrization preserves areas up to a constant factor and is thus very useful in the context of rendering as it allows to map random sample point sets in [0, 1]2 onto the spherical rectangle. This allows for easily incorporating stratified, quasi‐Monte Carlo or other sampling strategies in algorithms that compute scattering from planar rectangular emitters.
A Topological Approach to Voxelization
Authors: Laine Samuli 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe present a novel approach to voxelization, based on intersecting the input primitives against intersection targets in the voxel grid. Instead of relying on geometric proximity measures, our approach is topological in nature, i.e., it builds on the connectivity and separability properties of the input and the intersection targets. We discuss voxelization of curves and surfaces in both 2D and 3D, and derive intersection targets that produce voxelizations with various connectivity, separability and thinness properties. The simplicity of our method allows for easy proofs of these properties. Our approach is directly applicable to curved primitives, and it is independent of input tessellation.
Line‐Sweep Ambient Obscurance
Authors: Timonen Ville 
Published: July 2013

AbstractScreen‐space ambient occlusion and obscurance have become established methods for rendering global illumination effects in real‐time applications. While they have seen a steady line of refinements, their computational complexity has remained largely unchanged and either undersampling artefacts or too high render times limit their scalability. In this paper we show how the fundamentally quadratic per‐pixel complexity of previous work can be reduced to a linear complexity. We solve obscurance in discrete azimuthal directions by performing line sweeps across the depth buffer in each direction. Our method builds upon the insight that scene points along each line can be incrementally inserted into a data structure such that querying for the largest occluder among the visited samples along the line can be achieved at an amortized constant cost. The obscurance radius therefore has no impact on the execution time and our method produces accurate results with smooth occlusion gradients in a few milliseconds per frame on commodity hardware.
Workplace representatives: strategic actors of union renewal?
Authors: Murray Gregor , Lévesque Christian , Dufour Christian , Hege Adelheid 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWorkplace representatives (shop stewards) provide insight into union transformations. This article explores the renewed research interest in terms of the representativeness of unionism and of workplace representatives, the complexity of the sites of representation and employer strategies, the search for new references and the centrality of workplace representatives in union renewal strategies.
Empowerment and union workplace delegates: a gendered analysis
Authors: Le Capitaine Catherine , Murray Gregor , Lévesque Christian 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article examines the empowerment of female and male workplace union delegates in the education sector in Quebec (Canada). Key power resources and strategic capabilities are significant variables for both sexes, highlighting commonalities in delegate empowerment. Other differences point to the gendered construction of delegate empowerment, with important consequences for union renewal strategies.
Did Jesus Discover Forgiveness?
Authors: Bash Anthony 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis essay explores Hannah Arendt's claim that Jesus was the “discoverer” of forgiveness. It assesses Charles Griswold's view that person‐to‐person forgiveness is in evidence in Greek culture and practice before Jesus. The essay refines Griswold's view and suggests that person‐to‐person forgiveness is a cultural universal. The essay makes observations about the significance of the different words that denote person‐to‐person forgiveness; it also explores the implications of reading the New Testament writings on person‐to‐person forgiveness in the chronological order in which they were written. From a close reading of the early New Testament documents, the essay makes two suggestions about the Western tradition of forgiveness. First, it suggests that Paul the apostle is the first to identify person‐to‐person forgiveness as a moral virtue. Second, it suggests that in the Synoptic tradition, Jesus is the first to identify person‐to‐person forgiveness as a discrete category of behavior distinct, for example, from pardoning, excusing, waiving, or ignoring the wrongs of others.
The Justice of Forgiveness
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: July 2013

AbstractOver the past generation, forgiveness has entered the political sphere in countries all over the globe that are addressing the past injustices of war, dictatorship, genocide, and the maltreatment of native peoples. Among the international community, however, the practice is controversial, criticized as unjust for burdening victims and foregoing deserved punishment. This essay argues that forgiveness is not contrary to justice but rather reflective of it if justice means restoration of right relationship, a concept embedded in the scriptures and traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Conceived of in this way, forgiveness can avoid the potential injustices with which it is charged and contribute positively to the reconstruction of political orders.
Forgiveness in The Arab and Islamic Contexts
Authors: Abu‐Nimer Mohammed , Nasser Ilham 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis essay explores the current and historical meaning of forgiveness in Arab and Islamic cultural and religious contexts. It also hopes to encourage further empirical research on this understudied topic in both religious and peacebuilding studies. In addition to the perceived meaning of forgiveness in an Arab Islamic context, this essay examines the links between forgiveness and reconciliation. Relying on religious sources including the Qur'an and Hadith, as well as certain events in Islamic history, the essay identifies various ways to conceptualize and explain the meaning of forgiveness. This theoretical and conceptual segment is followed by a section which explores current perceptions of forgiveness among Arab Muslim teachers in five different communities. The empirical data for this analysis is based on a larger comparative regional study that has been completed through surveys and structured interviews with educators from Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, and Palestinians from the West Bank and Israel. Our study concluded that the teachers' perceptions of forgiveness were mainly derived from religious sources and identities and that Islamic religious discourse provided a solid foundation for framing the meaning of forgiveness.
Moral Landscapes and Ethical Vistas
Authors: Zehr Nahed Artoul 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis book discussion demonstrates how the War on Terror—now spanning two American administrations—has affected the role and authority of historical American traditions on the justice of war. It highlights the continuing importance of four principles rooted in American moral and ethical traditions: legitimate authority; guidelines on preemption; the protection of civilians; and the importance of democratic discourse in the deliberation of American conduct.
L'Artiste comme ready‐made
Authors: Pedersen Christian Bank 
Published: July 2013

Cet article traite de « l'Œuvre de Beck », « Das Beckwerk », et de ses incursions artistiques et politiques dans la littérature danoise de ces dernières années. En prenant son point de départ dans la réflexion sur l'identité proposée par « Das Beckwerk », l'article étudie plus spécifiquement la question politique et esthétique que pose L'Action suicidaire. Le récit de la tentative d'introduire la Démocratie en Irak, l'an 2004 : quel est l'état de la démocratie aujourd'hui ? Cette question est discutée en relation avec l'histoire de l'art et de la littérature aux XIXe et XXe siècles.
Phytogenic biosynthesis and emission of methyl acetate
Authors: JARDINE KOLBY , WEGENER FREDERIK , ABRELL LEIF , VAN HAREN JOOST , WERNER CHRISTIANE 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAcetylation of plant metabolites fundamentally changes their volatility, solubility and activity as semiochemicals. Here we present a new technique termed dynamic 13C‐pulse chasing to track the fate of C1–3 carbon atoms of pyruvate into the biosynthesis and emission of methyl acetate (MA) and CO2. 13C‐labelling of MA and CO2 branch emissions respond within minutes to changes in 13C‐positionally labelled pyruvate solutions fed through the transpiration stream. Strong 13C‐labelling of MA emissions occurred only under pyruvate‐2‐13C and pyruvate‐2,3‐13C feeding, but not pyruvate‐1‐13C feeding. In contrast, strong 13CO2 emissions were only observed under pyruvate‐1‐13C feeding. These results demonstrate that MA (and other volatile and non‐volatile metabolites) derive from the C2,3 atoms of pyruvate while the C1 atom undergoes decarboxylation. The latter is a non‐mitochondrial source of CO2 in the light generally not considered in studies of CO2 sources and sinks. Within a tropical rainforest mesocosm, we also observed atmospheric concentrations of MA up to 0.6 ppbv that tracked light and temperature conditions. Moreover, signals partially attributed to MA were observed in ambient air within and above a tropical rainforest in the Amazon. Our study highlights the potential importance of acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis as a source of acetate esters and CO2 to the atmosphere.
Variation in the carbon and oxygen isotope composition of plant biomass and its relationship to water‐use efficiency at the leaf‐ and ecosystem‐scales in a northern Great Plains grassland
Authors: FLANAGAN LAWRENCE B. , FARQUHAR GRAHAM D. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMeasurements of the carbon (δ13Cm) and oxygen (δ18Om) isotope composition of C3 plant tissue provide important insights into controls on water‐use efficiency. We investigated the causes of seasonal and inter‐annual variability in water‐use efficiency in a grassland near Lethbridge, Canada using stable isotope (leaf‐scale) and eddy covariance measurements (ecosystem‐scale). The positive relationship between δ13Cm and δ18Om values for samples collected during 1998–2001 indicated that variation in stomatal conductance and water stress‐induced changes in the degree of stomatal limitation of net photosynthesis were the major controls on variation in δ13Cm and biomass production during this time. By comparison, the lack of a significant relationship between δ13Cm and δ18Om values during 2002, 2003 and 2006 demonstrated that water stress was not a significant limitation on photosynthesis and biomass production in these years. Water‐use efficiency was higher in 2000 than 1999, consistent with expectations because of greater stomatal limitation of photosynthesis and lower leaf ci/ca during the drier conditions of 2000. Calculated values of leaf‐scale water‐use efficiency were 2–3 times higher than ecosystem‐scale water‐use efficiency, a difference that was likely due to carbon lost in root respiration and water lost during soil evaporation that was not accounted for by the stable isotope measurements.
Turbine Inflow Characterization at the National Wind Technology
Center
Authors: Clifton Andrew , Schreck Scott , Scott George , Kelley Neil , Lundquist Julie K. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Utility-scale wind turbines operate in dynamic flows that can vary significantly over time scales from less than a second to several years. To better understand the inflow to utility-scale turbines on time scales from seconds to minutes, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory installed and commissioned two inflow measurement towers at the National Wind Technology Center near Boulder, Colorado, in 2011. These towers are 135 m tall and instrumented with sonic anemometers, cup anemometers, wind vanes, and temperature measurements to characterize the inflow wind speed and direction, turbulence, stability and thermal stratification for two utility-scale turbines. In this paper, we present variations in mean and turbulent wind parameters with height, atmospheric stability, and as a function of wind direction that could be important for turbine operation, and for the persistence of turbine wakes. Wind speed, turbulence intensity, and dissipation are all factors that affect turbine performance. Our results show that these all vary with height across the rotor disk, demonstrating the importance of measuring atmospheric conditions that influence wind turbine performance at multiple heights in the rotor disk, rather than relying on extrapolation from conditions measured at lower levels.
Speed Line Computation of a Transonic Compressor Stage With Unsteady CFD Methods
Authors: Biesinger Thomas , Cornelius Christian , Nürnberger Dirk , Rube Christoph 
Published: July 2013

The flow through a transonic compressor stage is dominated by unsteady effects such as shock propagation and wake shedding. An accurate prediction of the performance of a compressor, i.e. operating range and efficiency, may require the modeling of unsteady effects. Steady CFD methods cease to converge too early when the stall limit is approached. Efficient unsteady CFD methods such as the transient time-inclining (TI) method and the perturbation based non-linear harmonic (NLH) method perform better and are becoming increasingly popular in the industry. Both methods consider the actual blade count ratio for each passage while using a single passage model.
The main objective of this paper is to explain these methods and benchmark their performance with respect to reliable near stall predictions. Computed compressor characteristics and blade row interaction effects of the Purdue Transonic Research Compressor are compared to measurement data. The stator row is found to be limited at the casing in all of the unsteady simulation results. This effect is also qualitatively predicted by steady results calculated at a lower back pressure level. The NLH method is significantly faster than the other transient methods and the TI method resolves more flow detail on identical meshes.