bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What separates us? Sources of resistance to globalization
Authors: Head Keith , Mayer Thierry 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWith increasing sophistication, economists have been estimating gravity equations for five decades. Robust evidence shows that borders and distance impede trade by much more than tariffs or transports costs can explain. We therefore advocate investigation of other sources of resistance, despite the greater difficult involved in measuring and modelling them. From our selective review of recent findings, a unifying explanation emerges. A legacy of historical isolation and conflict forged a world economy in which neither tastes nor information are homogeneously distributed. Cultural difference and inadequate information manifest themselves most strongly at national borders and over distance.
Export‐supporting FDI
Authors: Krautheim Sebastian 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA large fraction of affiliates owned by multinational manufacturing companies operate in the wholesale and retail sectors. This paper proposes a model of trade, horizontal FDI, and export‐supporting FDI (ESFDI). ESFDI reduces distribution costs abroad, while production remains at home. ESFDI introduces a complementarity between trade and FDI, while trade and production abroad remain substitutes. German firm‐level FDI data show that ESFDI is quantitatively relevant. In line with the model, most firms choose either ESFDI or horizontal FDI in a given market; ESFDI is chosen by smaller parents and is strongest when distance from Germany is low.
Prescription of antidepressants is increased in Danish patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and is associated with hyperandrogenism. A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Altinok M. L. , Glintborg D. , dePont Christensen R. , Hallas J. , Andersen M. 
Published: November 2013

SummaryObjectiveQuality of life is impaired in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this study, we compared the time to first prescription of antidepressants (ADM) in PCOS vs two control groups.DesignRegister‐based cohort study.PatientsOne thousand and one hundred and twenty‐four premenopausal women with hirsutism and/or PCOS, premenopausal women with hypertension (HT, n = 301), and age‐ and sex‐matched population controls (controls, n = 4110).MeasurementsPrescriptions for ADM on secondary care contacts from regional registers.ResultsThe median age at cohort entry in PCOS, HT and controls was 29, 34 and 29 years, respectively. Among PCOS, HT and controls, 227 (20%), 74 (25%) and 633 (15%), respectively, had prescriptions of ADM. The median time to first prescription of ADM in the PCOS, HT and control cohorts was 6·8, 6·6 and 7·2 years, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio for time to prescription of ADM for HT vs PCOS was 1·36 [95% CI (1·02–1·82)], P = 0·039, and for controls vs PCOS, it was 0·75 [95% CI (0·64–0·88)], P < 0·001. Within patients with PCOS, hyperandrogenism contributed significantly to the model, likelihood ratio test P = 0·009. The adjusted hazard ratio for hyperandrogenism vs no hyperandrogenism was 1·97 (1·12–3·45), P = 0·018.ConclusionPatients with PCOS had moderately but significantly decreased time to first prescription of ADM compared with age‐matched healthy women, whereas patients with HT had the shortest time to prescription. In PCOS, prescription of ADM was associated with the presence of hyperandrogenism.
Thin lenticule Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty: single, slow pass technique
Authors: Vajpayee Rasik B , Maharana Prafulla K , Jain Shreyans , Sharma Namrata , Jhanji Vishal 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate the outcomes of single pass thin lenticule sutureless Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty with donor lenticules prepared using a 400 μm microkeratome head.DesignInterventional case series.ParticipantsCases with corneal endothelial dysfunction.MethodsFifteen cases with corneal endothelial dysfunction (eight pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, three Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy, three congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy and one failed graft) underwent thin lenticule Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty at a tertiary care hospital. Donor lenticule was prepared with a single pass 400 μm Carriazo Barraquer microkeratome (Moria, Antony, France) head. Sutureless Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty was performed in all the cases through a 3.5 mm corneoscleral tunnel using a Busin glide for graft insertion.Main Outcome MeasuresMain parameters evaluated were postoperative donor lenticule thickness and best‐corrected visual acuity.ResultsDonor lenticules were harvested successfully for all 15 cases without any complications. At 6‐months follow up, the mean logMAR best‐corrected visual acuity improved from 1.87 ± 0.52 to 0.109 ± 0.11 (P = < 0.0001). The mean donor lenticule thickness was 111 ± 17.62 μm (range 70–134 μm) at the last follow up. The mean endothelial cell loss was 26.33 ± 1.34%.Conclusions and RelevanceThin donor lenticules for Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty can be safely harvested using a single pass technique with 400 μm microkeratome head and can be used for a successful Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty surgery.
Dapagliflozin compared with other oral anti‐diabetes treatments when added to metformin monotherapy: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Goring S. , Hawkins N. , Wygant G. , Roudaut M. , Townsend R. , Wood I. , Barnett A. H. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimsIndirect evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was used to estimate the effect of dapagliflozin, a new agent with a novel mechanism of action (SGLT‐2 inhibition), relative to other anti‐diabetes therapies after 1 year of treatment.MethodsA systematic literature review and Bayesian network meta‐analysis (NMA) of RCTs involving anti‐diabetes treatments added to metformin were conducted. RCTs enrolling subjects with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy were included. Comparators included dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), sulphonylureas, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) analogues and dapagliflozin. Outcomes of interest were mean change from baseline HbA1c, weight and systolic blood pressure, and incidence of hypoglycaemia.ResultsFrom 4270 abstracts, six RCTs were included in the primary analysis; no RCTs involving GLP‐1 analogues met primary inclusion criteria. All RCTs were actively controlled with sulphonylureas. The mean change in HbA1c from baseline was similar across comparators. The treatment effect (95% credible interval) of dapagliflozin on HbA1c was −0.08% (−0.25, 0.10) relative to DPP‐4 inhibitors, −0.02% (−0.24, 0.21) relative to TZDs and 0.00% (−0.16, 0.16) relative to sulphonylureas. Non‐sulphonylureas showed significantly lower risk of hypoglycaemia relative to sulphonylureas. Dapagliflozin had a significant effect on weight change: the relative difference was −2.74 kg (−5.35, −0.10) compared with DPP‐4 inhibitors, and −4.67 kg (−7.03, −2.35) compared with sulphonylureas. Systolic blood pressure was not meta‐analysed due to infrequent reporting.ConclusionCompared with DPP‐4 inhibitors, TZDs and sulphonylureas, dapagliflozin offers similar HbA1c control after 1 year, with similar or reduced risk of hypoglycaemia and the additional benefit of weight loss, when added to metformin.
Raising “Authentic” Indian Children in the United States: Dynamism in the Ethnotheories of Immigrant Hindu Parents
Authors: Ganapathy‐Coleman Hemalatha 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWhat deeply held beliefs guide first‐generation Asian Indian parents in the United States? How do parental conceptions of childrearing change as a result of immigration? What cultural conceptions of children and childrearing are maintained despite the pressures of assimilation? These were the core questions for this qualitative cultural psychological study of the ethnotheories of 10 Hindu parents of Asian Indian origin residing in Baltimore in the early 2000s. I employed caregiver diaries, ecological inventories, repeated in‐depth interviews, and informal observations to gain access to these ethnotheories. The parents emphasized interpersonal skills, family ties, and daily routines in relation to social responsibility—ideas that relate to contemporary psychological paradigms but that also resonate with some idealized traditional core concepts from Hinduism. This article explores the constancy of certain cultural ideals in parenting across two continents and highlights the creation of a new conception of parenting based on the shared experience of immigration from various parts of India. In the process, it provides insights into the psychology of parenting among parents who purposefully integrate their culture of origin into the culture of their U.S. host land to define a new “authentic” Indian identity for their children.
Motherhood and Resilience among Rwandan Genocide‐Rape Survivors
Authors: Zraly Maggie , Rubin Sarah E. , Mukamana Donatilla 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAnthropological scholarship on motherhood offers frameworks for studying the everyday lives of mothers to reveal a deeper understanding of what mothering means and how motherhood relates to broader sociocultural forms. Theory emerging from psychological anthropology explores the interplay of resilience and suffering in contexts of extreme adversity. Bringing together these bodies of work, this article engages with a lacuna in the scholarship and examines how motherhood shapes women's resilience among Rwandan genocide‐rape survivors. We elucidate how motherhood opened them to new forms of sociality in the context of postgenocide Rwanda. Maternal desire gave rise to a motherhood assemblage that fostered diverse modes of resilience, created the potential for new life possibilities, and placed limitations on opportunities. Our findings suggest that emotional experience is crucial to resilience among Rwandan genocide‐rape survivors who are mothers and point to future directions for research and health promotion among populations affected by conflict‐related sexual violence.
A K0‐based calibration procedure for the Weibull stress cleavage model
Authors: Qian X. , Chen S. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a simplified calibration procedure for the microscopic Weibull stress model to estimate the cumulative probability of cleavage fracture for ferritic steels. The proposed method requires two discrete values of the macroscopic Weibull scale parameter (K0) in contrast to the two sets of statistically significant fracture toughness data mandated in previous calibration schemes. The proposed approach predicates on the fundamental assumption that the macroscopic toughness, for specimens dominated by cleavage mechanisms, follow the three‐parameter Weibull model outlined in the testing standards. The calibration procedure thus generates two sets of fictitious toughness data corresponding to two sets of specimens with marked differences in crack‐front constraints. The calibrated Weibull parameters agree closely with the calibration results based on the conventional approach for the Euro steels. The proposed calibration also leads to an improved method to determine a limiting load level, beyond which extensive plastic deformation propagates in the specimen.
On the New Analytical Solution for a Well in Cartesian Coordinates with MODFLOW Comparisons
Authors: Batu Vedat 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this paper, the comparison process of Batu (2012) generalized three‐dimensional well hydraulics solution for confined aquifers in Cartesian coordinates with MODFLOW is presented. First, a brief description of Batu (2012) solution along with the governing equations and some of its key features are described. The final average drawdown expression in an observation well is given with the conversion expressions from Cartesian to radial coordinates. A generalized comparison using Batu (2012), Hantush (1964), and MODFLOW (Harbaugh et al. 2000), for vertical wells in horizontally isotropic aquifers, that is, ayx = Ky/Kx = 1, is presented. Comparisons are also presented with Batu (2012) and MODFLOW for horizontally anisotropic aquifers, that is, ayx ≠ 1. After that comparisons are presented for horizontal wells between Batu (2012) and MODFLOW.
Urine alkalization improves the problems of pain and sleep in hypersensitive bladder syndrome
Authors: Ueda Tomohiro , Yoshida Toru , Tanoue Hideki , Ito Masaaki , Tamaki Masahiro , Ito Yasuhiko , Yoshimura Naoki 
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of urine alkalization therapy using citrates in patients with hypersensitive bladder syndrome.MethodsA total of 76 patients with urinary frequency were assessed for their symptoms using a 2‐day voiding diary as well as the urine pH at each voiding during the screening period. Their symptoms were also assessed by pain score, King's health questionnaire, and O'Leary–Sant symptom and problem index scores. Finally, 50 patients were evaluated for changes in symptoms after oral treatment with citrates for 2–4 weeks after the screening period.ResultsAfter the treatment, significant increases in the urine pH (from 5.8 ± 0.4 to 6.3 ± 0.4; increment of 0.5 ± 0.4; P < 0.01), and significant decreases in the number of micturitions per day (from 14.5 ± 6.5 to 13.5 ± 5.9; P = 0.02) and the number of episodes of pain/discomfort per day (from 7.8 ± 6.8 to 6.1 ± 7.1; P = 0.02) were observed. In the King's health questionnaire, the sleep/energy domain score was significantly improved (from 60.0 ± 25.0 to 50.3 ± 29.6; P < 0.01). In a subgroup analysis based on urine pH (urine pH <6.2 and ≥6.2), significant improvements in the voiding symptoms, the sleep/energy domain score and the O'Leary–Sant problem index were observed in the group with urine pH of ≥6.2. There were statistically significant differences between the subgroups in the volume per voiding, maximum volume per voiding and the problem index. In addition, the subgroup, in which patients had pain in the screening period, showed statistically significant improvements in the number of micturitions per day, episodes of pain/discomfort per day, the sleep/energy domain score and the problem index.ConclusionsUrine alkalization therapy is likely to be effective in the treatment for hypersensitive bladder syndrome.
Recruiting High Skill Labour in North America: Policies, Outcomes and Futures
Authors: Boyd Monica 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article compares Canadian and US recruitment of highly skilled workers, defined by educational, skill, and occupational criteria. Analysis shows that Canada disproportionally recruits skilled workers as legal permanent residents whereas family reunification dominates in the US. But such contrast ignores the large temporary skilled worker flows to the US and the on‐going reliance on them, or the growing use of temporary labour in Canada, including skilled workers. Data is presented on the admission of skilled migrants; recent and future policy developments are discussed. Comprehensive immigration reform is back on the US agenda with potential to increase the migration of skilled immigrants, to utilize a point system for some, and to continue the role of employers in the H1B visa programme. Canada has recently moved to a model of high skill labour recruitment that is characterized by decentralized selection mechanisms, and is demand driven and employer instigated.
Policy Implications

In studies of high skill international worker flows, it is insufficient to focus only on permanent resident policies; temporary worker programmes also offer entry to high skilled workers.

Although skill can be defined by high education and professional or science based occupation, some countries seek skilled workers in the trades. New Canadian policy includes a Skilled Trades class.

In the United States, the congressional system often produces incremental change on aspects of skilled worker policy. In Canada, the consolidation of power in the parliamentary executive is allowing substantial change in how skilled international workers will be recruited.
Interleukin‐12 (IL‐12), but not IL‐23, induces the expression of IL‐7 in microglia and macrophages: implications for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Jana Malabendu , Mondal Susanta , Jana Arundhati , Pahan Kalipada 
Published: November 2013

SummaryInterleukin‐12 (IL‐12) p70 and IL‐23 are bioactive cytokines and their biological functions are becoming clear. Increased expression of IL‐7 in the central nervous system as well as in peripheral immune cells is associated with multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Here, we describe the induction of IL‐7 in primary mouse and human microglia, BV‐2 microglial cells, mouse peritoneal macrophages and astrocytes by IL‐12p70. Interestingly, IL‐12 strongly induced the expression of IL‐7 whereas IL‐23 and other p40 family members remained weak inducers of IL‐7 in these cell types. Consistently, IL‐12, but not IL‐23 and other p40 family members, induced IL‐7 promoter‐driven luciferase activity in microglial cells. Among various stimuli tested, IL‐12 emerged as the most potent stimulus followed by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and HIV‐1 gp120 in inducing the activation of IL‐7 promoter in microglial cells. Furthermore, increase in IL‐7 mRNA expression by over‐expression of IL‐12p35 subunit, but not p40 and IL‐23 p19 subunit, confirm that p35, but not p40 and p19, is responsible for the induction of IL‐7. Finally, by using primary microglia from IL‐12 receptor β1‐deficient (IL‐12Rβ1−/−) and IL‐12Rβ2−/− mice, we demonstrate that IL‐12 induces the expression of IL‐7 in microglia and macrophages via both IL‐12Rβ2 and IL‐12Rβ1. These studies delineate a novel biological function of IL‐12 that is absent in IL‐23 and other p40 family members.
Antigenic drift of H1N1 influenza A virus in pigs with and without passive immunity
Authors: Diaz Andres , Allerson Matthew , Culhane Marie , Sreevatsan Srinand , Torremorell Montserrat 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundThe genetic and antigenic characteristics of influenza A viruses (IAV) within and between species change over time due to antigenic shift and drift. Although pigs are known to play a key role in the epidemiology of IAV between species, little is known about the molecular evolution of IAV hemagglutinin (HA) in pigs.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the HA drift of an H1N1 IAV after infecting weaned pigs with or without maternally derived passive immunity.MethodsThree‐ to four‐week‐old piglets born either to vaccinated or unvaccinated sows were contact‐infected upon exposure with an IAV‐infected pig. Nasal swabs were collected daily from each pig and tested for IAV by RRT‐PCR. Full‐length HA sequences were obtained directly from positive nasal swabs and compared between groups.ResultsSynonymous and non‐synonymous mutations were detected in pigs with and without passive immunity. Most of the non‐synonymous mutations occurred within the HA1 region of the HA. Changes within HA1 region were only identified in antigenic site B in pigs without passive immunity and in antigenic sites A, B, and D in pigs with passive immunity. However, there was no association between the immune status of the pig and the amino acid substitutions observed.ConclusionsOverall, we demonstrated that amino acid substitutions within antigenic sites can happen in weaned pigs with or without passive immunity shortly after infection.
The evaluation of a nucleoprotein ELISA for the detection of equine influenza antibodies and the differentiation of infected from vaccinated horses (DIVA)
Authors: Galvin Pamela , Gildea Sarah , Arkins Sean , Walsh Cathal , Cullinane Ann 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundAntibodies against equine influenza virus (EIV) are traditionally quantified by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) or single radial haemolysis (SRH).ObjectivesTo evaluate an ELISA for the detection of antibodies against influenza nucleoprotein in the diagnosis and surveillance of equine influenza (EI).MethodsThe ELISA was compared with the SRH and HI tests. Serial serum samples from 203 naturally and 14 experimentally infected horses, from 60 weanlings following primary vaccination with five different vaccines (two whole inactivated vaccines, two ISCOM‐based subunit vaccines and a recombinant canarypox virus vaccine) and from 44 adult horses following annual booster vaccination with six different vaccines were analysed.ResultsFewer seroconversions were detected in clinical samples by ELISA than by SRH or HI but ELISA was more sensitive than SRH in naïve foals post‐experimental infection. The ELISA did not detect the antibody response to vaccination with the recombinant canarypox virus vaccine confirming the usefulness of the combination of this kit and vaccine to differentiate between naturally infected and vaccinated horses, that is, DIVA. No DIVA capacity was evident with the other vaccines.ConclusionThe results suggest that this ELISA is a useful supplementary test for the diagnosis of EI although less sensitive than HI or SRH. It is an appropriate test for EI surveillance in a naïve population and may be combined with the recombinant canarypox virus vaccine but not with other commercially available subunit vaccines, in a DIVA strategy.
The genetics of virus particle shape in equine influenza A virus
Authors: Elton Debra , Bruce Emily A. , Bryant Neil , Wise Helen M. , MacRae Shona , Rash Adam , Smith Nikki , Turnbull Matthew L. , Medcalf Liz , Daly Janet M. , Digard Paul 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundMany human strains of influenza A virus produce highly pleomorphic virus particles that at the extremes can be approximated as either spheres of around 100 nm diameter or filaments of similar cross‐section but elongated to lengths of many microns. The role filamentous virions play in the virus life cycle remains enigmatic.Objectives/MethodsHere, we set out to define the morphology and genetics of virus particle shape in equine influenza A virus, using reverse genetics and microscopy of infected cells.Results and ConclusionsThe majority of H3N8 strains tested were found to produce filamentous virions, as did the prototype H7N7 A/eq/Prague/56 strain. The exception was the prototype H3N8 isolate, A/eq/Miami/63. Reassortment of equine influenza virus M genes from filamentous and non‐filamentous strains into the non‐filamentous human virus A/PR/8/34 confirmed that segment 7 is a major determinant of particle shape. Sequence analysis identified three M1 amino acid polymorphisms plausibly associated with determining virion morphology, and the introduction of these changes into viruses confirmed the importance of two: S85N and N231D. However, while either change alone affected filament production, the greatest effect was seen when the polymorphisms were introduced in conjunction. Thus, influenza A viruses from equine hosts also produce filamentous virions, and the major genetic determinants are set by the M1 protein. However, the precise sequence determinants are different to those previously identified in human or porcine viruses.