bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real‐time radar–rain‐gauge merging using spatio‐temporal co‐kriging with external drift in the alpine terrain of Switzerland
Authors: Sideris I. V. , Gabella M. , Erdin R. , Germann U. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe problem of the optimal combination of rain‐gauge measurements and radar precipitation estimates has been investigated. A method that attempts to generalize well‐established geostatistical techniques, such as kriging with external drift, is presented. The new method, besides allowing spatial information to be incorporated into the modelling and estimation process, also allows temporal information to be incorporated. This technique employs temporal data as secondary co‐kriged variables. The approach can be considered both straightforward and practical as far as design and programming aspects are concerned. Co‐kriging with external drift leads to significant improvements in the results compared with typical radar estimates. It also seems to be more advantageous than kriging with external drift in modelling stability terms. Evidence is provided showing the advantages of co‐kriging with external drift modelling over kriging with external drift. The difference becomes particularly pronounced for non‐robust input data. The theoretical background and mathematical structure of the method is demonstrated. The method has been applied to four events, three during summer and one during winter, that took place over the complex Swiss orography. It is shown that cross‐validation skill scores improve when the aggregation period of the input data increases from ten minutes to one hour. This improvement can be attributed to the increasing robustness of the input data with the period of aggregation. Moreover, a straightforward disaggregation scheme, which starts from hourly precipitation maps, produced by means of the aforementioned geostatistical technique and generating precipitation estimates at a temporal resolution of five minutes, is proposed.
Identification of imidacloprid metabolites in onion (Allium cepa L.) using high‐resolution mass spectrometry and accurate mass tools
Authors: Thurman E. Michael , Ferrer Imma , Zavitsanos Paul , Zweigenbaum Jerry A. 
Published: July 2013

RATIONALEImidacloprid is a potent and widely used insecticide on vegetable crops, such as onion (Allium cepa L.). Because of possible toxicity to beneficial insects, imidacloprid and several metabolites have raised safety concerns for pollenating insects, such as honey bees. Thus, imidacloprid metabolites continue to be an important subject for new methods that better understand its dissipation and fate in plants, such as onions.METHODSOne month after a single addition of imidacloprid to soil containing onion plants, imidacloprid and its metabolites were extracted from pulverized onion with a methanol/water‐buffer mixture and analyzed by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF‐MS) using a labeled imidacloprid internal standard and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis.RESULTSAccurate mass tools were developed and applied to detect seven new metabolites of imidacloprid with the goal to better understand its fate in onion. The accurate mass tools include: database searching, diagnostic ions, chlorine mass filters, Mass Profiler software, and manual use of metabolic analogy. The new metabolites discovered included an amine reduction product (m/z 226.0854), and its methylated analogue (m/z 240.1010), and five other metabolites, all of unknown toxicity to insects.CONCLUSIONSThe accurate mass tools were combined with LC/QTOF‐MS and were able to detect both known and new metabolites of imidacloprid using fragmentation studies of both parent and labeled standards. New metabolites and their structures were inferred from these MS/MS studies with accurate mass, which makes it possible to better understand imidacloprid metabolism in onion as well as new metabolite targets for toxicity studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural elucidation of palytoxin analogs produced by the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis ovata IK2 strain by complementary use of positive and negative ion liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Uchida Hideaki , Taira Yohsuke , Yasumoto Takeshi 
Published: July 2013

RATIONALEThe ovatoxins are palytoxin analogs of a dinoflagellate origin implicated in human intoxication. The structures of ovatoxin‐a, ovatoxin‐d, and ovatoxin‐e produced by the IK2 strain of Ostreopsis ovata collected in Japan were elucidated using liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOFMS). The novel structures and a new insight into the spectral data are presented.METHODSThe structural elucidations were carried out by complementary use of positive and negative ion LC/QTOFMS. Ostreocin‐D (C127H219N3O53), another palytoxin congener previously elucidated by negative fast‐atom bombardment collision‐induced tandem mass spectrometry (FAB CID MS/MS), was used as a reference.RESULTSPositive ion spectra allowed deduction of hydroxyl positions based on the conjugated polyene structures produced, while the negative ion spectra allowed assignments of cleavage sites of C–C bonds. The analysis could be performed using a small sample without extensive purification.CONCLUSIONSOvatoxin‐a IK2 (C129H223N3O52), ovatoxin‐d IK2 (C129H223N3O53), and ovatoxin‐e IK2 (C129H223N3O53) were tentatively assigned to 42‐hydroxy‐17,44,70‐trideoxypalytoxin, 42‐hydroxy‐17,70‐dideoxypalytoxin and 42,82‐dihydroxy‐17,44,70‐trideoxypalytoxin, respectively. The wide applicability of the method was suggested. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of pentane in exhaled breath, a potential biomarker of bowel disease, using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry
Authors: Dryahina Kseniya , Španěl Patrik , Pospíšilová Veronika , Sovová Kristýna , Hrdlička Luděk , Machková Naděžda , Lukáš Milan , Smith David 
Published: July 2013

RATIONALEInflammatory bowel disease has a relatively large incidence in modern populations and the current diagnostic methods are either invasive or have limited sensitivity or specificity. Thus, there is a need for new non‐invasive methods for its diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, and breath analysis represents a promising direction in this area of research. Specifically, a method is needed for the absolute quantification of pentane in human breath.METHODSSelected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) has been used to study the kinetics of the O2+ reaction with pentane. Product ions at m/z 42 and 72 were chosen as characteristic ions useful for the quantification of pentane and the reactivity of these ions with water vapour was characterized. A pilot study has been carried out of pentane in the exhaled breath of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and of healthy volunteers.RESULTSAccurate data on the kinetics of the gas phase reaction of the O2+• ions with pentane have been obtained: rate coefficient 8 × 10–10 cm3 s–1 (±5%) and branching ratios into the following product ions C5H12+• (m/z 72, 31%); C4H9+ (m/z 57, 8%); C3H7+ (m/z 43, 40%), C3H6+• (m/z 42, 21%). A method of calculation of absolute pentane concentration in exhaled breath was formulated using the count rates of the ions at m/z 32, 42, 55 and 72. Pentane was found to be significantly elevated in the breath of both the CD (mean 114 ppbv) and the UC patients (mean 84 ppbv) relative to the healthy controls (mean 40 ppbv).CONCLUSIONSSIFT‐MS can be used to quantify pentane in human breath in real time avoiding sample storage. This method of analysis can ultimately form the basis of non‐invasive screening of inflammatory processes, including inflammatory bowel disease. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Categorization Model of Requirements Based on Max‐Neef's Model of Human Needs
Authors: Salado Alejandro , Nilchiani Roshanak 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTRequirements categorization is an inherent part of the requirements engineering activity. Conventional approaches use a designer perspective (requirements organized according to design needs or attributes), a contractual perspective (requirements organized according to procurement or acquisition needs), or a combination of both. Such models present several inconveniences that result in limitation of system affordability: facilitate the generation of overlapping requirements, of design‐dependent requirements, and of a mix of requirements applicable to different levels of the architecture decomposition or to different products. The present research proposes a Need‐based Categorization (NbC) model that is system‐centric: Requirements are organized around the system. Inspired by Max‐Neef's model of human needs, the proposed model supports requirement elicitation by defining only what the system does, how well, where, and what it uses to accomplish it. The model facilitates the identification of constraints that limit the solution tradespace without supporting the satisfaction of new needs, of overlapping requirements, and of requirements that are not applicable to the system. Finally, the proposed model defines requirements in subsets that are associated with value to stakeholders, thus reflecting the actual dependency nature of requirements at a given level of an architecture decomposition, which promotes holistic decisions instead of local optimizations.
Differential proinflammatory responses induced by diesel exhaust particles with contrasting PAH and metal content
Authors: Totlandsdal Annike I. , Låg Marit , Lilleaas Edel , Cassee Flemming , Schwarze Per 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTExposure to diesel engine exhaust particles (DEPs), representing a complex and variable mixture of components, has been linked with cellular production and release of several types of mediators related to pulmonary inflammation. A key challenge is to identify the specific components, which may be responsible for these effects. The aim of this study was to compare the proinflammatory potential of two DEP‐samples with contrasting contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals. The DEP‐samples were compared with respect to their ability to induce cytotoxicity, expression and release of proinflammatory mediators (IL‐6, IL‐8), activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and expression of CYP1A1 and heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS‐2B) cells. In addition, dithiothreitol and ascorbic acid assays were performed in order to examine the oxidative potential of the PM samples. The DEP‐sample with the highest PAH and lowest metal content was more potent with respect to cytotoxicity and expression and release of proinflammatory mediators, CYP1A1 and HO‐1 expression and MAPK activation, than the DEP‐sample with lower PAH and higher metal content. The DEP‐sample with the highest PAH and lowest metal content also possessed a greater oxidative potential. The present results indicate that the content of organic components may be determinant for the proinflammatory effects of DEP. The findings underscore the importance of considering the chemical composition of particulate matter‐emissions, when evaluating the potential health impact and implementation of air pollution regulations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 188–196, 2015.
The Relationship Between Trajectories of Family/Cultural Stressors and Depression and Suicidal Ideation Among Substance Using Mexican‐American Adults
Authors: Saint Onge Jarron M. , Cepeda Alice , Lee King Patricia A. , Valdez Avelardo 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe used an intersectional minority stress perspective to examine the association between family/cultural stress and mental health among substance‐using Mexican‐Americans. Employing a unique longitudinal sample of 239 socioeconomically disadvantaged, non‐injecting heroin‐using Mexican‐Americans from San Antonio, Texas, we examined how culturally relevant stressors are related to depression and suicidal ideation. First, we identified depression and suicidal ideation prevalence rates for this disadvantaged sample. Second, we determined how cultural stress is experienced over time using stress trajectories. Third, we evaluated how family/cultural stressors and stress trajectories are related to depression and suicidal ideation outcomes. Results showed high rates of baseline depression (24 %) and suicidal ideation (30 %). We used latent class growth analysis to identify three primary stress trajectories (stable, high but decreasing, and increasing) over three time points during 1 year. We found that the increasing stressors trajectory was associated with higher rates of depression and suicidal ideation, and that stress trajectories had unique relationships with mental illness. We also showed that baseline stressors, sum stressors, and high but decreasing stressors maintained positive associations with mental illness after controlling for baseline depression. Our results highlight the importance of focusing on within‐group, culturally specific stressors and addressing both operant and cumulative stressors in the study of mental health for marginalized populations and suggest the importance of early intervention in minimizing stressors.
Effects of Fats and Oils on Rheological, Fatty Acid Profile and Quality Characteristics of South Indian Parotta
Authors: Tejaswi Kumar H. C. , Jeyarani T. , Milind  , Indrani D. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractKeeping in view the present day demand for foods with healthy fats, the effect of different fats namely hydrogenated fat (HF) and bakery fat (BF); oils—sunflower oil (SFO), soyabean oil (SBO), olive oil (OLO), palm oil (POO) and coconut oil (CNO) separately at the level of 7.5 % on the rheological, fatty acid profile and quality characteristics of parotta was studied. Addition of fats and oils decreased Farinograph water absorption, Amylograph peak viscosity, Alveograph resistance of dough to deformation and increased average abscissa at rupture. In the micrographs of parotta dough with fats, the protein matrix appeared thick and intact, whereas in the case of parotta dough with oils the protein matrix appeared slightly less intact. The spread ratio and overall quality of parotta with oils were higher than fats. The highest overall quality score was observed for parotta with OLO, followed in decreasing order by SFO, SBO, CNO, POO, HF and BF. Determination of fatty acid profile showed that the parottas with fats contained a high amount of trans fatty acids (TFA), while parottas with oils had no TFA. During storage up to 48 h, the parottas with oils remained softer than the parottas with fats.
The Impact of Educational Homogamy on Isolated Illiteracy Levels
Authors: Permanyer Iñaki , García Joan , Esteve Albert 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
In this article, we explore the impacts that education expansion and increased levels in educational homogamy have had on couples’ isolated illiteracy rates, defined as the proportion of illiterates in union that are married to an illiterate partner. First, we develop the methodology to decompose isolated illiteracy rates into two main components: one related to level of homogamy among illiterates, and the other related to the educational distribution of the spouses. Second, we use harmonized international census microdata from IPUMS and DHS data for 73 countries and 217 samples to investigate which of the two components is more important in shaping the level of isolated illiteracy. Our results indicate that the expansion of literacy has been more powerful than the increases in the tendency toward homogamy in its impact on isolated illiteracy rates. As the percentage of illiterates decreases over time, an increasingly large proportion of them marry literate individuals, showing that opportunities for intermarriage among illiterates expand despite the strengthening of homogamy.
Epitope‐based DNA vaccine for Alzheimer's disease: Translational study in macaques
Authors: Evans Claire F. , Davtyan Hayk , Petrushina Irina , Hovakimyan Armine , Davtyan Arpine , Hannaman Drew , Cribbs David H. , Agadjanyan Michael G. , Ghochikyan Anahit 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundClinical trials with passive and active Alzheimer's disease (AD) vaccines suggest that early interventions are needed for improvement of cognitive and/or functional performance in patients, providing impetus for the development of safe and immunologically potent active vaccines targeting amyloid β (Aβ). The AN‐1792 trial has indicated that Aβ‐specific T cells may be unsafe for humans; therefore, other vaccines based on small Aβ epitopes are undergoing preclinical and clinical testing.MethodsHumoral and cellular immune responses elicited in response to a novel DNA epitope‐based vaccine (AV‐1955) delivered to rhesus macaques using the TriGrid electroporation device were evaluated. Functional activities of anti‐Aβ antibodies generated in response to vaccination were assessed in vitro.ResultsAV‐1955 generates long‐term, potent anti‐Aβ antibodies and cellular immune responses specific to foreign T‐helper epitopes but not to self‐Aβ.ConclusionsThis translational study demonstrates that a DNA‐based epitope vaccine for AD could be appropriate for human clinical testing.
‘LET US RALLY AROUND THE FLAG’: FOOTBALL, NATION-BUILDING, AND PAN-AFRICANISM IN KWAME NKRUMAH'S GHANA
Authors: Darby Paul 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe nationalistic fervour that greeted Ghana's performances in the 2010 football World Cup in South Africa powerfully evoked memories of an earlier period in the history of the Ghanaian state that witnessed Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of independent Ghana, draw on the game as a rallying point for nation-building and pan-African unity. This article uncovers this history by analysing Nkrumah's overt politicisation of football in the late colonial and immediate postcolonial periods. This study not only makes a novel contribution to the growing historical and social scientific literature on what is arguably Africa's most pervasive popular cultural form but also deepens our understanding of one of the continent's most significant political figures.
Introduction: Domestic Courts as Agents of Development of International Law
Authors: TZANAKOPOULOS ANTONIOS , TAMS CHRISTIAN J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis introductory paper to the symposium hosted by theLeiden Journal of International Law, and edited by the authors, deals with the function of domestic courts as agents for the development of international law. The paper ‘sets the scene’ for the contributions to the symposium, which seek to trace the impact of domestic courts in the development of canonical areas of international law, such as jurisdiction, immunity, state responsibility, the law of international organizations/human rights, and the law of armed conflict/conduct of hostilities. It discusses the formal quality and actual influence of domestic-court decisions on the development of international-law, and introduces the concept of ‘agents’ of international-law development. This is the analytical perspective that the contributions to the symposium adopt.
Internationally Wrongful Acts in the Domestic Courts: The Contribution of Domestic Courts to the Development of Customary International Law Relating to the Engagement of International Responsibility
Authors: OLLESON SIMON 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe rules of customary international law governing when a state or international organization will be held to have committed an internationally wrongful act, thereby engaging its international responsibility, are relatively well settled in international practice and jurisprudence. A key point of reference in this regard is the work of the International Law Commission on State Responsibility and Responsibility of International Organizations. The present paper examines relevant practice of domestic courts from a variety of jurisdictions which have relied upon the ILC's work, and discusses the extent to which domestic courts may make a contribution to the further development of the rules relating to engagement of responsibility. It concludes that, due to the operation of rules of, inter alia, immunity and non-justiciability, the principal instance in which domestic courts may actually apply the rules of international law is where it is the responsibility of the forum state which is in issue.
Measuring Phonological Awareness in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children
Authors: Webb Mi-young L. , Lederberg Amy R. 
Published: July 2013

Purpose
This study evaluated psychometric properties of 2 phonological awareness (PA) tests normed for hearing children when used with deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children with functional hearing. It also provides an in-depth description of these children's PA.

Method
One hundred and eight DHH children (mean age = 63.3 months) with cochlear implants or hearing aids were assessed in the fall and spring of the school year. Sixty-three percent communicated only with spoken language; 37% communicated with both sign and speech. Examiners administered PA subtests from the Phonological Awareness Test—2 and the Test of Preschool Early Literacy, along with assessments of speech perception and early literacy.

Results
Item analyses indicated that both tests showed good psychometric properties (e.g., high item discriminations and internal consistencies). DHH children scored higher on subtests and items that measured words, rhymes, and syllables than those that assessed phonemes. Although subtest difficulty influenced the factor structure in the fall, spring PA was best characterized as a single factor. PA correlated concurrently and predictively with early literacy.

Conclusions
This study suggests that these 2 standardized tests are valid for use with DHH children with functional hearing. Although delayed, these children's PA was structurally similar to that of hearing children.
Three Treatments for Bilingual Children With Primary Language Impairment: Examining Cross-Linguistic and Cross-Domain Effects
Authors: Ebert Kerry Danahy , Kohnert Kathryn , Pham Giang , Rentmeester Disher Jill , Payesteh Bita 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThis study examines the absolute and relative effects of 3 different treatment programs for school-age bilingual children with primary or specific language impairment (PLI). It serves to expand the evidence base on which service providers can base treatment decisions. It also explores hypothesized relations between languages and cognition in bilinguals with PLI.MethodFifty-nine school-age Spanish–English bilingual children with PLI were assigned to receive nonlinguistic cognitive processing, English, bilingual (Spanish–English), or deferred treatment. Participants in each of the 3 active treatments received treatment administered by nationally certified speech-language pathologists. Pre- and post-treatment assessments measured change in nonlinguistic cognitive processing, English, and Spanish skills, and analyses examined change within and across both treatment groups and skill domains.ResultsAll active treatment groups made significant pre- to post-treatment improvement on multiple outcome measures. There were fewer significant changes in Spanish than in English across groups. Between-group comparisons indicate that the active treatment groups generally outperformed the deferred treatment control, reaching statistical significance for 2 tasks.ConclusionResults provide insight into cross-language transfer in bilingual children and advance understanding of the general PLI profile with respect to relationships between basic cognitive processing and higher level language skills.