bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problem‐formulation and problem‐solving in self‐organized communities: How modes of communication shape project behaviors in the free open‐source software community
Authors: Foss Nicolai j. , Frederiksen Lars , Rullani Francesco 
Published: September 2015

Research summary:Building on the problem‐solving perspective, we study behaviors related to projects and the communication‐based antecedents of such behaviors in the free open‐source software (FOSS) community. We examine two kinds of problem/project‐behaviors: Individuals can set up projects around the formulation of new problems or join existing projects and define and/or work on subproblems within an existing problem. The choice between these two behaviors is influenced by the mode of communication. A communication mode with little a priori structure is the best mode for communicating about new problems (i.e., formulating a problem); empirically, it is associated with project launching behaviors. In contrast, more structured communication fits subproblems better and is related to project joining behaviors. Our hypotheses derive support from data from theFOSScommunity.Managerial summary:We study how the way in which individuals communicate influence the project‐behaviors they engage in. We find that relatively unstructured communication is associated with the setting up new projects, while communication that is structured around an artifact is associated with joining projects. Our findings hold implications for understanding how management may influence project behaviors and problem‐solving: Firms that need to concentrate on more incremental problem‐solving efforts (e.g., because a sufficient number of attractive problems have already been defined) should create environments in which interaction is undertaken mainly via artifacts. On the other hand, if firms seek to generate new problems (e.g., new strategic opportunities), they should create environments in which open‐ended, verbal conversation is relatively more important than artifact‐based communication.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing the water cycle in Kenyan small‐scale maize farming systems: Part 1. Farmer perceptions of drought and climate variability
Authors: Muita Richard R. , van Ogtrop Floris , Ampt Peter , Vervoort R. Willem 
Published: September 2015

Farmer perceptions clearly influence the adoption of technology and adaptation to climate change, but may not be consistent with or captured by scientific measurements. There has been a significant research on how perceptions influence water resource management and adaptation to climate, but conclusions are unclear or contradictory. This research aimed to clarify what shapes perceptions and how this understanding can refine meteorological data collection and to make more relevant and useful tools for farmers to adapt to changes in the water cycle. A survey of 244 small‐scale maize farmers was conducted using a questionnaire and semi‐structured interviews in two districts in southern and western Kenya which differed in climate type and farming systems. Farmer perceptions of and adaptation to climate uncertainty were investigated and compared with meteorological data. Most farmers perceived changes in the patterns of rainfall and dry spells, including later onset of rains than in the past. They have already adjusted their management based on these perceptions, including later planting times. Despite this, analysis of meteorological data indicated no major trends in rainfall or dry spell patterns in the two regions. This research confirms that the perception that the water cycle is changing is based on a combination of climatic, economic, or social observations, and farmers are already changing their management to adapt to the perceived changes in climate. The article explores the reasons why these perceptions were inconsistent with the available meteorological data and suggests that research may improve the usefulness of meteorological data to farmers. WIREs Water 2016, 3:105–125. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1118This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
Electronic Tuneable Dynamic and Electrochemical Behavior of N‐(Diferrocenylmethylene)anilines
Authors: Saloman Sebastian , Hildebrandt Alexander , Korb Marcus , Schwind Manuel , Lang Heinrich 
Published: September 2015

AbstractN‐(Diferrocenylmethylene)anilines Fc2C=N‐4‐C6H4–R [3a R = CF3; 3b R = Cl; 3c R = H; 3d R = CH3; 3e R = OCH3; Fc = Fe(η5‐C5H4)(η5‐C5H5)] with different electron‐donating or ‐withdrawing functionalities were synthesized by a Schiff base reaction of substituted anilines H2N‐4‐C6H4‐R (2a–2e) with diferrocenyl ketone (1). Within variable temperature NMR experiments activation enthalpies between 68.1 and 72.3 kJ·mol–1 for an E/Z exchange reaction of the imines were determined. It could be shown that the inversion barrier depends on the nature of the substituent R. Furthermore, electrochemical measurements were performed, demonstrating that the ferrocenyl units are oxidized separately. The electron density at the nitrogen atom is influenced by the electronic nature of the aniline groups R thus giving rise to varying attractive electrostatic interactions to the ferrocenium units. This results in decreasing redox separations for the ferrocenyl oxidation with a decreasing electron‐withdrawing character of the anilines. Spectroelectrochemical measurements confirmed that the redox separations are mainly caused by electrostatic interactions as no electronic metal–metal coupling is observed. For 3a,b,d,e the molecular structure in solid state was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometry. In all compounds different forms of π–π interactions occur. Compound 3a shows a complex network of parallel‐ and T‐shaped π–π interactions, whereas 3d is forming 5‐ and 6‐membered cycles.
Synthesis of Hierarchically Porous SiCN Materials and Pd Catalysts based on it for the Oxidation of Methane
Authors: Schwarz Stefan , Friedrich Martin , Motz Günter , Kempe Rhett 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPolymer derived silicon carbon nitride (SiCN) ceramics are versatile materials with broad potential applications in industry and technology. Their high stability towards thermomechanical and chemical stress makes them a promising support material in heterogeneous catalysis. Due to the challenging process of synthesizing high‐surface‐area porous SiCN only a few examples of porous SiCN based catalysts are reported. Herein, we present a simple and efficient route to obtain mesoporous SiCN containing materials by impregnation of activated carbon with a polymeric silazane precursor. Oxidative removal of the template yields high‐surface‐area SiCN materials with a BET surface area from 200–470 m2·g–1 and high content of mesopores from 70–99 %. By incipient wetness impregnation with palladium, efficient catalysts for the total oxidation of methane were obtained.
Phenol Based‐Ligands with Two Adjacent N,N′,O‐Binding Pockets
Authors: Wilting Alexander , Kügler Merle , Siewert Inke 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe synthesis of three new ligands and their coordination behavior towards zinc ions with strongly coordinating anions and cobalt ions with weakly coordinating anions are reported. The ligands have two adjacent imidazolyl‐pyridinyl and pyrazolyl‐pyridinyl binding pockets, respectively, which are linked by a phenol unit. We also investigated the dynamic behavior of the ligand having the imidazolyl‐pyridiyl sidearm in solution. The reaction of the ligands and ZnCl2 yielded complexes of the type [LZn2Cl3]. When we used CoII salts with weakly coordinating anions, complexes of the general formula [L2Co2]2+ were formed.
Copper(I) Clusters with Trifunctional Silyl Amide Ligands. Synthesis and Crystal Structures of [Li(THF)4]2[Cu10{RSi(NPh)3}4] (R = Me, Ph, Vin)
Authors: Wagner Christoph , Merzweiler Kurt 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTreatment of CuCl with the lithiated silyl amides RSi(NLiPh)3 (R = Me, Ph, Vin) in THF as solvent led to the formation of the novel CuI cluster compounds [Li(THF)4]2[Cu10{RSi(NPh)3}4]. For each of the three compounds the X‐ray crystal structure analysis revealed similar Si4N12Cu10 cores which are based on cubane like Cu8 cores bearing two additional peripheral copper atoms. The copper atoms are coordinated nearly linearly by the μ5‐bridging silyl amide ligands with Cu–N distances in the range of 187.1(3) to 194.5(4) pm and N–Cu–N angles of 171.6(1) to 178.7(1)°. For each of the compounds the structural parameters are very similar which indicates that the structures are barely influenced by the different steric requirements of the organic groups bound to silicon.
Mitochondriopathien – neue Trends in Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Prokisch Holger , Sperl Wolfgang , Meitinger Thomas , Mayr Johannes A. 
Published: September 2015

Zusammenfassung
Mitochondriopathien sind eine klinisch, biochemisch und genetisch ausgesprochen heterogene Krankheitsgruppe mit Mutationen in mehr als 250 Genen, wobei ein Teil davon im mitochondrialen Genom liegt, der Großteil aber im Kerngenom. Die Verteilung der Mutationen auf eine derart große Anzahl an Genen verschaffte den Mitochondriopathien eine Vorreiterrolle bei der Einführung der Next-Generation-Sequenzierung (NGS) in die klinische Praxis, wobei die Exomsequenzierung zurzeit die Methode der Wahl darstellt. Die Bedeutung der funktionellen Tests, vor allem der biochemischen Messung von frischen oder gefrorenen Biopsieproben und der histologischen Untersuchung, bleibt bestehen, in vielen Fällen rücken diese Analysen aber an die zweite Stelle. Diese Analysen sind vor allem zur Bestätigung der genetischen Ergebnisse häufig unerlässlich und bei Akutpatienten weiterhin als initiale bzw. parallele Untersuchung zu wählen. Es ist auch darauf zu achten, dass Mutationen gewebespezifisch auftreten können, vor allem Mutationen der mitochondrialen DNA sind im Blut nicht immer nachweisbar.
Die Therapie von Mitochondriopathien ist nach wie vor meist auf eine symptomatische Behandlung begrenzt, nur bei wenigen, vor allem bei cofaktorabhängigen Erkrankungen konnten bisher gute Therapieeffekte erzielt werden. Erfreulich ist die Entwicklung zahlreicher neuer Therapieansätze, die sich Fortschritte in der Proteinersatz- und Gentherapie zunutze machen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit hat in jüngster Vergangenheit die Option der Spende von Eizellmitochondrien erhalten, eine in Großbritannien kürzlich zugelassene Methode zur Prävention der Vererbung von Mutationen der mitochondrialen DNA.
Developmental and degenerative modulation of GABAergic transmission in the mouse hippocampus
Authors: Kim Jinwook , Son Yeonghoon , Kim Juhwan , Lee Sueun , Kang Sohi , Park Kyunghwan , Kim Sung‐Ho , Kim Jong‐Choon , Kim Jeongtae , Takayama Chitoshi , Im Heh‐In , Yang Miyoung , Shin Taekyun , Moon Changjong 
Published: September 2015

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in synaptic plasticity. GABAergic transmission is also implicated in developmental and degenerative processes in the brain. The goal of the present study was to understand the developmental and degenerative regulation of GABAergic transmission in the mouse hippocampus by examining changes in GABA receptor subunit mRNA levels and GABA‐related protein expression during postnatal development of the hippocampus and trimethyltin (TMT)‐induced neurodegeneration in the juvenile (postnatal day [PD] 24) and adult hippocampus (PD 56). During postnatal development, the mRNA levels of GABA A receptor (GABAAR) subunits, including α1, α4, β1, β2, and δ; GABA B receptor (GABABR) subunit 2; and the expression of GABA‐related proteins, including glutamic acid decarboxylase, vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), and potassium chloride cotransporter 2 increased gradually in the mouse hippocampus. The results of seizure scoring and histopathological findings in the hippocampus revealed a more pronounced response to the same administered TMT dose in juvenile mice, compared with that in adult mice. The mRNA levels of most GABA receptor subunits in the juvenile hippocampus, excluding GABAAR subunit β3, were dynamically altered after TMT treatment. The mRNA levels of GABAAR subunits γ2 and δ decreased significantly in the adult hippocampus following TMT treatment, whereas the level of GABABR subunit 1 mRNA increased significantly. Among the GABA‐related proteins, only VGAT decreased significantly in the juvenile and adult mouse hippocampus after TMT treatment. In conclusion, regulation of GABAergic signaling in the mouse hippocampus may be related to maturation of the central nervous system and the degree of neurodegeneration during postnatal development and TMT‐induced neurodegeneration in the experimental animals.
Inscribing/Inscribed: Bodies and Landscape in the Ritual of Embodied Remembrance at Souvenance Mystique
Authors: Mazzocca Ann E. 
Published: September 2015

There are many ways in which Haitian Vodou ceremonies defy Western binaries of ritual and performance, sacred and profane, and choreography and improvisation. Vodou, a danced religion, is an embodied practice. Souvenance Mystique refers to a place and an event. Eponymously named, it is a mystical remembrance that occurs annually in a weeklong ritual of Vodou ceremonies in the Artibonite Valley outside of Gonaives, Haiti. At Souvenance, the reference to memory and remembrance is embodied, and therefore Souvenance greatly reflects what Diana Taylor refers to as a repertoire of embodied memory. As a scholar, choreographer, and practitioner of Haitian folkloric dance, I have read this ritual in terms of its significations occurring through various signs such as the practitioners' clothing, their proximity to one another, movement, gesture, and ritual choreography.Souvenance is a site where the multiplicity of histories and bodies signify in relation to one another. While arguably an embodied history in itself, Souvenance also writes. The practitioners enacting the several-days-long ceremonies inscribe upon the surface of the earth. Repetition reinscribes ritual pathways, while a particularly important and meaningful pathway is traversed only twice—at daybreak toward a site and then at sundown returning to the central peristyle. It is the landscape that is inscribed by the practitioners. However, they also become written upon by sweat and sacred blood. In this paper, I will explore the ways in which the rituals at/of Souvenance write history annually and how, simultaneously, the history of Souvenance is being written.
Quantifying the Exposure to Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens Among Patients Discharged From a Single Hospital Across All California Healthcare Facilities
Authors: Datta Rupak , Brown Shawn , Nguyen Vinh Q. , Cao Chenghua , Billimek John , Avery Taliser , Lee Bruce Y. , Huang Susan S. 
Published: September 2015

OBJECTIVETo assess the time-dependent exposure of California healthcare facilities to patients harboring methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) upon discharge from 1 hospital.METHODSRetrospective multiple-cohort study of adults discharged from 1 hospital in 2005–2009, counting hospitals, nursing homes, cities, and counties in which carriers were readmitted, and comparing the number and length of stay of readmissions and the number of distinct readmission facilities among carriers versus noncarriers.RESULTSWe evaluated 45,772 inpatients including those with MRSA (N=1,198), VRE (N=547), ESBL (N=121), and CDI (N=300). Within 1 year of discharge, MRSA, VRE, and ESBL carriers exposed 137, 117, and 45 hospitals and 103, 83, and 37 nursing homes, generating 58,804, 33,486, and 15,508 total exposure-days, respectively. Within 90 days of discharge, CDI patients exposed 36 hospitals and 35 nursing homes, generating 7,318 total exposure-days. Compared with noncarriers, carriers had more readmissions to hospitals (MRSA:1.8 vs 0.9/patient; VRE: 2.6 vs 0.9; ESBL: 2.3 vs 0.9; CDI: 0.8 vs 0.4; all P<.001) and nursing homes (MRSA: 0.4 vs 0.1/patient; VRE: 0.7 vs 0.1; ESBL: 0.7 vs 0.1; CDI: 0.3 vs 0.1; all P<.001) and longer hospital readmissions (MRSA: 8.9 vs 7.3 days; VRE: 8.9 vs 7.4; ESBL: 9.6 vs 7.5; CDI: 12.3 vs 8.2; all P<.01).CONCLUSIONSPatients harboring antibiotic-resistant pathogens rapidly expose numerous facilities during readmissions; regional containment strategies are needed.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(11):1275–1282
Feeding practices of young children aged 12–23 months in different socio-economic settings: a study from an urban area of Indonesia
Authors: Santika Otte , Februhartanty Judhiastuty , Ariawan Iwan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPoor feeding practices among young children lead to malnutrition, and the poor are at a greater risk than the better off groups. Child-feeding practices in various socio-economic strata, especially in urban settings, have not yet been well studied in Indonesia. This study aims to explore the feeding practices of 12–23 months old children from different socio-economic status (SES) groups. A cross-sectional survey was conducted, which included low (n 207), medium-high (n 205), medium-low (n 208) and high SES households (n 194) in forty-three villages within thirty-three sub-districts of Bandung city. Two non-consecutive 24 h recall and eight core indicators of child-feeding practices were assessed through interviews. The results showed that children from the high SES group were more likely to be exclusively breast-fed and to continue breast-feeding up to 1 year of age, met minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet, and also consumed Fe-rich or Fe-fortified foods. In contrast, children from low SES consumed more energy-rich food (grain) but fewer foods from the other food groups. Consumption of major nutrients differed across the SES groups. Inadequate nutrition was higher among children from the lower SES groups. Fortified foods were consumed by a larger proportion of children from the high SES group and contributed considerably to their overall nutrient intake. This study shows that young children’s feeding practices were not adequate, most notably among the low SES households. However, after adjusting with potential confounders, there was not enough evidence to conclude SES as a risk factor for feeding practice.
Documenting as a “Passion and Obsession”: Photographs from the Lodz (Litzmannstadt) Ghetto
Authors: Löw Andrea 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Jews who lived in the Lodz (Litzmannstadt) ghetto endeavored in a variety of written ways to document their experiences for later generations. Photographers who lived in the ghetto also helped capture on film the daily reality of those who lived there. In this way, the foundation was laid for a later investigation of the ghetto—one from the perspective of the victims, who wanted to ensure that the perpetrators would not be able to monopolize future interpretations of what had transpired there. After providing a brief overview of the history of the ghetto and of the archive set up by the Jewish ghetto administration specifically for this task, the article focuses on the activities of two photographers in particular: Mendel Grossman and Henryk Ross, who secretly, and at great risk to their own lives, attempted to capture as many aspects of ghetto life as possible. The article discusses a number of their photographs, the way in which they came into being, and the likely motivation of those who made them.
Discovery of a Neoproterozoic granite in the Northern Alxa region, NW China: its age, petrogenesis and tectonic significance
Authors: ZHANG WEN , PEASE VICTORIA , MENG QINGPENG , ZHENG RONGGUO , THOMSEN TONNY B. , WOHLGEMUTH-UEBERWASSER CORA , WU TAIRAN 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA Neoproterozoic granite (Western Huhetaoergai granite) from the Northern Alxa region, southern Central Asia Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is first recognized by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb zircon dating (889±8 Ma). It is a highly fractionated potassium-rich calc-alkaline pluton with lowεNd(t) (−2.6 to −1.1) and high (87Sr/86Sr)t(0.727305–0.735626), and is probably derived from a mantle source and assimilated crustal rocks with very high87Sr/86Sr. Regional geology implies that it may reflect the existence of a microcontinent, and the formation of the Western Huhetaoergai granite is related to the assembly of Rodinia.
Molecular identification of the trematode Paragonimus in faecal samples from the wild cat Prionailurus bengalensis in the Da Krong Nature Reserve, Vietnam
Authors: Doanh P.N. , Hien H.V. , Tu L.A. , Nonaka N. , Horii Y. , Nawa Y. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractConventional identification of Paragonimus species and their natural definitive hosts is based on the morphological features of adult parasites isolated from the lungs of wild mammalian hosts. However, wild animals are protected by strict regulations and sampling is not always possible. Recently, molecular techniques have been developed to identify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of Paragonimus eggs in faeces/sputum of human patients. Also, mammalian hosts can be identified using the D-loop sequence of mitochondrial DNA in faecal samples. In this study, we used molecular techniques on faeces from wild animals collected in Da Krong Nature Reserve, Quang Tri province, central Vietnam, where Paragonimus metacercariae are highly prevalent in mountain crabs, to identify Paragonimus species and their natural definitive hosts. The results indicated that wild cats, Prionailurus bengalensis, were infected with at least three different Paragonimus species, P. westermani, P. skrjabini and P. heterotremus. Because all of these species can infect humans in Asian countries, human paragonimiasis should be considered in this area.
Early life trauma, depression and the glucocorticoid receptor gene – an epigenetic perspective
Authors: Smart C. , Strathdee G. , Watson S. , Murgatroyd C. , McAllister-Williams R. H. 
Published: September 2015

Background.Hopes to identify genetic susceptibility loci accounting for the heritability seen in unipolar depression have not been fully realized. Family history remains the ‘gold standard’ for both risk stratification and prognosis in complex phenotypes such as depression. Meanwhile, the physiological mechanisms underlying life-event triggers for depression remain opaque. Epigenetics, comprising heritable changes in gene expression other than alterations of the nucleotide sequence, may offer a way to deepen our understanding of the aetiology and pathophysiology of unipolar depression and optimize treatments. A heuristic target for exploring the relevance of epigenetic changes in unipolar depression is the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene (NR3C1) has been found to be susceptible to epigenetic modification, specifically DNA methylation, in the context of environmental stress such as early life trauma, which is an established risk for depression later in life.Method.In this paper we discuss the progress that has been made by studies that have investigated the relationship between depression, early trauma, the HPA axis and theNR3C1gene. Difficulties with the design of these studies are also explored.Results.Future efforts will need to comprehensively address epigenetic natural histories at the population, tissue, cell and gene levels. The complex interactions between the epigenome, genome and environment, as well as ongoing nosological difficulties, also pose significant challenges.Conclusions.The work that has been done so far is nevertheless encouraging and suggests potential mechanistic and biomarker roles for differential DNA methylation patterns inNR3C1as well as novel therapeutic targets.