bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adipocyte IL-15 Regulates Local and Systemic NK Cell Development
Authors: Liou Yae-Huei , Wang Szu-Wen , Chang Chin-Ling , Huang Po-Lin , Hou Mau-Sheng , Lai Yein-Gei , Lee Gilbert Aaron , Jiang Si-Tse , Tsai Ching-Yen , Liao Nan-Shih 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
NK cell development and homeostasis require IL-15 produced by both hematopoietic and parenchymal cells. Certain hematopoietic IL-15 sources, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, are known, whereas the source of parenchymal IL-15 remains elusive. Using two types of adipocyte-specific Il15−/− mice, we identified adipocytes as a parenchymal IL-15 source that supported NK cell development nonredundantly. Both adipocyte-specific Il15−/− mice showed reduced IL-15 production specifically in the adipose tissue but impaired NK cell development in the spleen and liver in addition to the adipose tissue. We also found that the adipose tissue harbored NK progenitors as other niches (e.g. spleen) for NK cell development, and that NK cells derived from transplanted adipose tissue populated the recipient’s spleen and liver. These findings suggest that adipocyte IL-15 contributes to systemic NK cell development by supporting NK cell development in the adipose tissue, which serves as a source of NK cells for other organs.
Evaluation of Ankle Tightrope Syndesmosis Fixation
Authors: Al-azzani Waheeb AK , Sabah Tarique , Paringe Vishal , O'Doherty Declan 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Ankle sprains are among the most common of bone and joint injuries. Historically, distal tibiofibular syndesmotic injuries have been treated using syndesmotic metal screws to prevent diastasis. However, the use of screws meant that physiological micro-movement between the tibia and fibula was lost which often results in loosening and breaking of the screws. Tightrope fixation was a new technique that has been developed to overcome these complications and allowed some degree of flexibility similar to that offered by natural ligaments. The aim of our study was to evaluate such injuries.

Materials and methods
We conducted a retrospective study reviewing all clinical records of cases of patients with injuries of the distal tibofibular syndesmosis treated with the ankle tightrope (Arthrex Inc) in our institution between January 2008 and January 2011.

Results
A total of 42 patients were reviewed. We encountered five cases with complications (12%). Of those: three required removals due to prominent knot, one soft-tissue irritation and one with uncomplicated wound infection.

Conclusion
Our study, one of the largest so far evaluating complications of tightrope fixation, demonstrates that one in eight patients treated with tightrope will experience complication.

How to cite this article
Al-azzani WAK, Sabah T, Paringe V, O'Doherty D. Evaluation of Ankle Tightrope Syndesmosis fixation. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2014;1(1):1-4.
Migration circulaire, tourisme de racines et développement local
Authors: Elamé Esoh 
Published: July 2014

L’objet de cette contribution est de montrer l’interaction entre tourisme de racines et développement local en partant de l’observation ethnographique des pratiques touristiques résultant de la migration circulaire des Duala de France en terre ancestrale. Plus concrètement, je vais prouver que les migrants duala en France pratiquent le tourisme de racines, ce qui m’amènera à m’interroger sur l’impact de ce tourisme dans la transmission d’un héritage socioculturel aux générations suivantes, comprenant les enfants arrivés en bas âge et ceux nés en France, et dans le développement local de la ville de Douala.Je me propose, dans la première partie de ma contribution, de préciser le cadre théorique et méthodologique de ma réflexion. Par la suite, je donnerai une caractérisation du tourisme de racines des migrants duala de France en terre ancestrale et de son impact dans le développement de leur ville d’origine.
Roots Tourism–Whose Roots?
Authors: Kadman Noga 
Published: July 2014

Israel is the contested homeland of both the Jewish-Israeli and the Arab-Palestinian peoples. In the practice of tourism, Israel highlights sites of Jewish history and tends to neglect those of Palestinian history.Many of the Palestinian villages and heritage sites were destroyed by Israel in 1948 and onwards, or were gradually dilapidated due to lack of official care. Large-scale Palestinian roots tourism does not exist, due to the impossibility of most Palestinians to gain access into Israel.This paper explores an unusual form of roots tourism: the encounter between Jewish-Israelis and Palestinian depopulated villages that are located today within the boundaries of Israeli tourist sites. The paper demonstrates that the villages are largely ignored or marginalized in the information given to the public. The tourism authorities therefore underestimate the roots of the Palestinians in the country and portray an overall picture of a Jewish country, with very minor Arab heritage.
Le site touristique aménagé des Gorges de la Fou en Pyrénées françaises
Authors: Suchet André 
Published: July 2014

Ce travail propose une étude géographique et ethnographique du site des Gorges de la Fou : un canyon des Pyrénées orientales en France mis en tourisme par un ensemble d’aménagements (escaliers, passerelles, filet métallique de protection…) qui permettent la visite sécurisée pour tous les publics. Cet aménagement lourd du milieu naturel suscite une controverse paysagère. L’article présente le fonctionnement du site, les acteurs locaux du tourisme et la fréquentation (environ 80 000 visiteurs par an). L’étude met en évidence la non-médiation scientifique au profit d’une animation culturelle des Gorges, puis l’activation de ce géomorphosite en ressource territoriale.
Élaboration et évaluation de produits géotouristiques
Authors: Martin Simon , Regolini-Bissig Géraldine , Perret Amandine , Kozlik Lenka 
Published: July 2014

Lors de l’élaboration de produits géotouristiques, l’essentiel de l’attention est porté au site et au support — panneau, brochure ou appareil mobile. C’est du moins ce qui ressort ces dernières années des colloques scientifiques consacrés au géotourisme. Bien qu’essentielles, les considérations relatives aux processus de médiation ou aux approches méthodologiques pour la valorisation géotouristique demeurent rares.
Cet article tente une formalisation du processus d’élaboration des produits géotouristiques. Quatre domaines sont identifiés — le public, le site, le contenu et le support — qui soulèvent une série de questions. Leur résolution vise à obtenir un produit de médiation cohérent, base nécessaire à une entreprise didactique. Est-ce que la réalisation est adaptée au site et à ses particularités, intéresse le public, est structurée de manière à rendre possible la transmission d’un message ?
Sur cette même base est présentée une ébauche de méthode d’évaluation des produits, portant à la fois sur la qualité scientifique et la qualité de la démarche didactique. L’importance d’évaluations complémentaires sur la réelle efficacité didactique et les retombées socio-économiques de ces produits est signalée. L’ensemble de ces démarches vise à augmenter la qualité générale des produits géotouristiques et à leur permettre d’atteindre leurs buts didactiques ou de sensibilisation.
Les partenariats au coeur de la stratégie d’introduction du géotourisme en France
Authors: Venzal Christel 
Published: July 2014

L’UNESCO définit le géoparc comme une zone spéciale renfermant des éléments d’une rareté, d’une beauté ou d’un intérêt géologique particulier pouvant servir un développement touristique durable qualifié de géotourisme. Le texte, présentant les principes directeurs à l’intention des géoparcs nationaux souhaitant devenir membres du Réseau mondial des géoparcs (Global Geoparks Network — GGN —, soutenu par l’UNESCO), incite les gestionnaires de ces territoires géoréférencés à initier « toute forme de coopération dans les domaines de l’éducation, de la gestion, du tourisme, du développement durable et de la planification régionale » (UNESCO, 2008). Un géoparc se doit par conséquent de travailler avec les acteurs de son territoire pour favoriser et soutenir la création de nouveaux produits touristiques liés au patrimoine géologique dans un esprit de complémentarité avec les autres membres du réseau. Cette recherche s’est concentrée sur l’analyse de la politique de partenariats, initiée par l’un des membres fondateurs du Réseau européen des géoparcs (European Geoparks Network — EGN) : la réserve géologique de Haute-Provence (RNGHP). La question centrale de ce travail est de comprendre comment s’orchestre la stratégie de partenariats développée sur le territoire de la réserve géologique de Haute-Provence au service du développement du géotourisme en France.
L’application d’outils marketing au sein des associations touristiques
Authors: Pontier Monique 
Published: July 2014

Au sein d’un contexte devenu concurrentiel, les associations touristiques se trouvent aujourd’hui face à des problématiques de recherche d’efficacité et de rentabilité nécessaires à leur survie, mais pouvant remettre en cause leur légitimité dans un secteur non lucratif. Des outils marketing sont ainsi mis en place afin de présenter aux publics une offre de qualité. Parmi ces méthodes, le marketing interne conduit les membres de l’association à devenir eux-mêmes acteurs de la commercialisation des offres de séjour.
La problématique émergeant de notre réflexion est la suivante : Quelles sont les conditions d’efficacité, au sein d’une association touristique, d’outils marketing visant à favoriser la participation des salariés à l’effort de commercialisation des séjours ?
Une étude menée au sein d’une association touristique apporte des pistes de réflexion en montrant dans quelle mesure les membres de l’association peuvent être impliqués dans une telle démarche. Elle nous permet ainsi de constater qu’il n’y a pas de remise en cause de la légitimité de la démarche étudiée, mais au contraire que, moyennant certaines conditions, le marketing interne se révèle un puissant outil de fédération des membres de l’organisation autour d’un objectif commun, celui de la satisfaction et de la fidélisation des vacanciers.
Combiner tourisme et conservation patrimoniale
Authors: Gallet Sébastien 
Published: July 2014

Du fait d’une pression touristique croissante sur les sites naturels ou culturels et leur environnement, la gestion de la fréquentation devient un enjeu majeur sur ces derniers. En présentant l’exemple du site de Carnac, cet article montre comment, par une démarche scientifique, des solutions originales de gestion de la fréquentation, adaptées aux caractéristiques parfois complexes de chaque site, peuvent être mises en oeuvre. Ainsi, la gestion de ce site est fondée sur une connaissance fine de l’écologie des milieux présents ainsi que sur une phase relativement longue d’observations et d’expérimentations.
Le protocole d’ouverture établi permet un contingentement des visiteurs en période de haute fréquentation et de grande sensibilité de la végétation, et une ouverture plus libre en hiver. En outre, il permet un accès du public sans aménagement interne au site, tout en préservant l’intégrité écologique et archéologique du site.
Dissonances identitaires
Authors: Lamoureux Diane 
Published: July 2014

En prenant appui sur les théories de l’intersectionnalité et postcoloniales, cet article se propose d’explorer les nouvelles grammaires de l’injustice sociale lorsqu’on prend au sérieux le caractère coextensif du capitalisme, du sexisme et du racisme conçus comme systèmes sociaux globaux et de dégager la signification des luttes sociales qui se développent contre ces injustices. Dans la première partie, en prenant appui sur les analyses de Young concernant les diverses facettes de l’injustice et sur celles de Renault qui propose une problématisation théorique de l’injustice, il est fait mention des procédés de domination/assujettissement qui confortent ces injustices. La deuxième partie s’appuie sur la notion de subjectivation politique développée par Rancière pour soutenir que les mouvements de luttes contre l’injustice ne peuvent se réduire à des mouvements identitaires, même s’ils sont susceptibles de recourir à ce que Spivak qualifie « d’essentialisme stratégique », et relèvent plutôt d’une volonté de rendre le monde véritablement commun. C’est d’ailleurs ce qui explique le recours au langage des droits pour construire ce monde commun en tentant d’échapper aux logiques de la domination.
Growth and reproduction in harbour porpoises (<i>Phocoena phocoena</i>) in Icelandic waters
Authors: Ólafsdóttir Droplaug , Víkingsson Gísli A , Halldórsson Sverrir Daníel , Sigurjónsson Jóhann 
Published: July 2014

A total of 1,268 harbour porpoises were obtained from fishing nets in Icelandic coastal waters from September to June in the years 1991 to 1997. Foetal sex ratio was 1.2:1 (male:female). The bias towards males increased further among older animals in the present collection. The modal year classes were 0 and 1 years but the oldest porpoise was a female estimated at 20 years of age. Length at birth was estimated as approximately 75 cm, and females grew faster and attained larger sizes than males. Asymptotic length was 149.6 cm for males and 160.1 cm for females. Estimated age and length at sexual maturity was 1.9 to 2.9 years and 135 cm for males and 2.1 to 4.4 years and 138 to 147 cm for females. Immature individuals were significantly shorter than pubertal and mature animals in both sexes in age classes 1 to 3. Testes weight increased only slightly with body size in immature males but increased rapidly around maturity. Pronounced seasonality was alsoobserved in testes weight, indicating a peak in testes activity in summer. Lack of data from the summer makes the exact timing of parturition and mating unknown. Births do, however, most likely peak in June and July and lactation lasts at least 7 to 8 months. Ovulation and pregnancy rates were 0.98.
Harbour porpoise (<i>Phocoena phocoena</i>) in the North Atlantic: Abundance, removals, and sustainability of removals
Authors: Stenson G B 
Published: July 2014

The status of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) populations in the North Atlantic has raised numerous concerns. Although a number of factors that may be adversely affecting harbour porpoise populations have been identified, focus has been on the impact of removals, primarily due to incidental catches in fishing gear. As a result, considerable efforts have been made to determine the levels and/or impact of bycatch in a number of areas. Unfortunately, many areas remain little studied. Currently, harbour porpoise are listed as threatened or vulnerable in many parts of their range. In order to determine if the current levels of removals are sustainable, information on stock identity and seasonal movements, population parameters, abundance, and the magnitude of removals is required. Although substantial progress has been made to improve our knowledge of these parameters in the last decade, significant gaps still exist. After reviewing the available data for each sub-population in the North Atlantic, it is clear that the information required to assess the status of harbour porpoise populations is still not available for most areas. Attempts have been made to assess the status of harbour porpoise based on trends in sightings or, in areas where information on abundance and bycatch are available, on models using arbitrary criteria and/or theoretical estimates of potential population growth. Detailed case-specific population models have been proposed but are not yet available.
An overview of genetic relationships of Canadian and adjacent populations of belugas (<i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>) with emphasis on Baffin Bay and Canadian eastern Arctic populations
Authors: De March BGE , Maiers L D , Friesen M K 
Published: July 2014

Our current knowledge of the molecular genetics of High Arctic beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) populations (West Greenland, Lancaster Sound/Barrow Strait, Grise Fiord) and populations that are related (southeast Baffin, Beaufort Sea), is presented. In general, genetic analyses confirm the designation of putative stocks and suggest the existence of more stocks than previously described. Comparisons based on mitochondrial DNA haplotypes show that West Greenland (1992) belugas were significantly differentiated from Lancaster Sound/Barrow Strait, Kimmirut, Iqaluit, and/or Pangnirtung but not from Grise Fiord. Grise Fiord haplotypes were not significantly differentiated from Lancaster Sound/Barrow Strait and not from southeast Baffin locations in some years. Lancaster Sound and southeast Baffin collections were not significantly differentiated from each other. These patterns existed for most years within locations, however a few yearly collections within major locations had different patterns. The collections that differed were small groups with few haplotypes, most likely relatives. Patterns in microsatellite differentiation were slightly different than those for haplotypes. This may be due to the fact that individuals in sampled summering populations breed with individuals in other populations during migration or in overwintering areas. West Greenland and Grise Fiord microsatellites were not significantly differentiated from each other. However, Greenland differed from Lancaster Sound and southeast Baffin Island, while Grise Fiord did not. In southeast Baffin Island, Pangnirtung samples differed from Kimmirut using both haplotypes and microsatellites. Iqaluit samples had intermediate genetic characteristics between Pangnirtung and Kimmirut. Patterns of significant differentiation among collections within locations was believed to be due to a combination of temporal patterns, sampling of relatives, chance, seasonal hunting, small sample sizes, and actual differences among populations.
Three recent ice entrapments of Arctic cetaceans in West Greenland and the eastern Canadian High Arctic
Authors: Heide-Jørgensen MP , Richard P , Ramsay M , Akeeagok S 
Published: July 2014

Three ice entrapments of Monodontids have been reported in the western North Atlantic since 1993. Hunters in Disko Bay, West Greenland, discovered one in March 1994 that included about 150 narwhals (Monodon monoceros). The entrapment occurred during a sudden cold period which caused ice to form rapidly. The trapped whales were subject to hunting, but about 50 of the killed whales could not be retrieved in the ice. The whales were trapped in a small opening in the ice and because of that they would probably have succumbed even if not discovered by hunters. Two entrapments involving white whales or belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) occurred in the eastern Canadian Arctic in May 1999; one in Lancaster Sound discovered by polar bear (Ursus maritimus) researchers and one in Jones Sound discovered by hunters. The first included one bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) and about 40 belugas that were being preyed upon by polar bears. The second involved at least 170 belugas, of which about 100 were killed by polar bears and 17 were taken by hunters. The entrapments in Disko Bay and Jones Sound both occurred in areas where entrapments have previously been reported, whereas the one in Lancaster Sound was in a new area.
Visibility of St Lawrence belugas to aerial photography, estimated by direct observation
Authors: Kingsley Michael CS , Gauthier Isabelle 
Published: July 2014

The depleted population of belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) inhabiting the St Lawrence estuary, Canada, was monitored by periodic photographic aerial surveys. In order to correct counts made on aerial survey film and to obtain an estimate of the true size of the population, the diving behaviour and the visibility from the air of these animals was studied. A Secchi-disk turbidity survey in the belugas’ summer range showed that water clarity varied between 1.5 m and 11.6 m. By studying aerial photographs of sheet-plastic models of belugas that had been sunk to different depths below the surface, we found that models of white adults could be seen down to about the same depth as a Secchi disk, but no deeper. Smaller models of dark-grey juveniles could only be seen down to about 50% of Secchi-disk depth. By observing groups of belugas from a hovering helicopter and recording their disappearances and re-appearances, it was found that they were visible for 44.3% of the time, and that an appropriate correction for single photographs would be to multiply the photographic count by about 222% (SE 20%). For surveys in which there was overlap between adjacent frames, the estimated correction would be 209% (SE 16%). This correction factor was slightly conservative and gave an estimate of the true size of the population, based on a single survey, of 1,202 belugas (SE 189) in 1997. An estimate for 1997 based on smoothing 5 surveys 1988–1997 was 1,238 (SE 119).
Review of experimental and natural invertebrate hosts of sealworm (<i>Pseudoterranova decipiens</i>) and its distribution and abundance in macroinvertebrates in eastern Canada
Authors: Marcogliese David J 
Published: July 2014

Experimental and natural invertebrate intermediate hosts of sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) as well as transmission experiments of sealworm from invertebrates to fish are reviewed and summarized. Experimental hosts include copepods, mysids, cumaceans, isopods, amphipods, decapods, annelids, and molluscs. Invertebrates collected from eastern Canada between 1989 and 1995 were checked for nematode infections by microscopic examination of dissected animals or enzymatic digestion of bulk samples. Third-stage larval sealworm were found in mysids (Neomysis americana, Mysis stenolepis) from Passamaquoddy Bay, the Bras d’Or Lakes, inshore Cape Breton, Sable Island and Sable Island Bank. Infected amphipods (Amphiporeia virginiana, Americorchestia megalophthalma, Gammarus spp.) were found only on Sable Island. Typical infection rates in macroinvertebrates were 1-4/1000. No sealworm infections were found in approximately 18,000 amphipods examined from Sable Island Bank, the site of the most heavily infected fishes in eastern Canada. In Wallace Lake, a brackish pond on Sable Island, infection rates were much higher in mysids than in amphipods. Estimates of rates of transmission of sealworm from invertebrates to fish were derived from infection levels in Wallace Lake and feeding experiments involving sticklebacks and invertebrate prey. It is concluded that mysids may be much more important than amphipods in transmitting sealworm to fish hosts.
A note on the variation in sealworm (<i>Pseudoterranova decipiens</i>) infection in shorthorn sculpin (<i>Myoxocephalus scorpius</i>) with host age and size at two locations in Norwegian inshore waters
Authors: Andersen Karin 
Published: July 2014

A total of 540 shorthorn sculpins were collected between 1991 and 1996 from Hvaler and Vega in Norway. The sculpins were caught in traps or by gillnets near seal haul-out sites in both areas. Size, age and intensity of P. decipiens infection were recorded for most fish sampled. Stomach contents of a subsample from each area were examined and the frequencies of occurrence of prey items were determined. Sealworm abundance (mean number of worms in all fish examined) increased significantly with host age and length within given age groups of sculpins from both areas. Sealwormabundance and mean intensity (mean number of worms per infected fish) in sculpins from Vega were lower than those found in the more rapidly growing fish from Hvaler. Abundance of sealworm peaked in 6 year old fish from Vega and in 4 year old fish from Hvaler. Fish and amphipods were the prey items found most frequently in the stomach of fish from Hvaler, while fish and decapods were found most frequently at Vega.