bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rayleigh wave phase velocity and error maps up to the fifth overtone
Authors: Durand Stéphanie , Debayle Eric , Ricard Yanick 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe present a global data set of phase velocity maps for Rayleigh waves, with their errors. These maps are obtained from the tomographic inversion of phase velocity curves measured in the period range 40–250 s by Debayle and Ricard (2012), completed with new measurements at longer periods, between 150 and 360 s. The full data set includes ∼22,000,000 phase velocity measurements combined to build 60 phase velocity maps covering the period range 40–360 s for the fundamental mode and up to the fifth overtone. Each phase velocity map is provided with its a posteriori error, resulting in a unique data set which can be combined with other seismic measurements (surface waves, normal modes, and body waves) in regional and global tomographic studies. A preliminary inversion of this data set shows that it provides constraints on the shear velocity structure down to 1000 km depth.
The Rosetta Ion and Electron Sensor (IES) measurement of the development of pickup ions from comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko
Authors: Goldstein R. , Burch J. L. , Mokashi P. , Broiles T. , Mandt K. , Hanley J. , Cravens T. , Rahmati A. , Samara M. , Clark G. , Hässig M. , Webster J. M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe Rosetta Ion and Electron Sensor (IES) has been measuring solar wind ions intermittently since exiting from hibernation in May 2014. On 19 August, when Rosetta was ~80 km from the comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko, which was ~3.5 AU from the Sun, IES began to see ions at its lowest energy range, ~4–10 eV. We identify these as ions created from neutral species emitted by the comet nucleus, photoionized by solar UV radiation in the neighborhood of the Rosetta spacecraft (S/C), and attracted by the small negative potential of the S/C resulting from the population of thermal electrons. Later, IES began to see higher‐energy ions that we identify as having been picked up and accelerated by the solar wind. IES continues to measure changes in the solar wind and the development of the pickup ion structure.
Magnetic forces associated with bursty bulk flows in Earth's magnetotail
Authors: Karlsson Tomas , Hamrin Maria , Nilsson Hans , Kullen Anita , Pitkänen Timo 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe present the first direct measurements of magnetic forces acting on bursty bulk flow plasma in the magnetotail. The magnetic forces are determined using Cluster multispacecraft measurements. We analyze 67 bursty bulk flow (BBF) events and show that the curvature part of the magnetic force is consistently positive, acting to accelerate the plasma toward Earth between approximately 10 and 20 RE geocentrical distances, while the magnetic field pressure gradient increasingly brakes the plasma as it moves toward Earth. The net result is that the magnetic force accelerates the plasma at distances greater than approximately 14 RE, while it acts to decelerate it within that distance. The magnetic force, together with the thermal pressure gradient force, will determine the dynamics of the BBFs as they propagate toward the near‐Earth tail region. The determination of the former provides an important clue to the ultimate fate of BBFs in the inner magnetosphere.
Seasonal to multiyear variability of glacier surface velocity, terminus position, and sea ice/ice mélange in northwest Greenland
Authors: Moon Twila , Joughin Ian , Smith Ben 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGlacier ice discharge, which depends on ice velocity and terminus fluctuations, is a primary component of Greenland Ice Sheet mass loss. Some research suggests that ice mélange influences terminus calving, in turn affecting glacier velocity. The details and broad spatiotemporal consistency of these relationships, however, is undetermined. Focusing on 16 northwestern Greenland glaciers during 2009 through summer 2014, we examined seasonal surface velocity changes, glacier terminus position, and sea ice and ice mélange conditions. For a longer‐term analysis, we also produced extended records of four glaciers from 1999 to 2014. There is a strong correspondence between seasonal near‐terminus sea ice/mélange conditions and terminus change, with rigid ice mélange conditions associated with advance and open water associated with retreat. Extended sea ice‐free periods and reduced rigid mélange are also linked with anomalously large terminus retreat. In all but one case, sustained multiyear retreat of greater than 1 km during both the 15 year and 6 year records was accompanied by interannual velocity increases. Seasonal velocity patterns, however, correspond more strongly with runoff changes than terminus behavior. Projections of continued warming and longer sea ice‐free periods around Greenland indicate that notable retreat over wide areas may continue. This sustained retreat likely will contribute to multiyear speedup. Longer melt seasons and earlier breakup of mélange may also alter the timing of seasonal ice flow variability.
Urea formaldehyde resin with low formaldehyde content modified by phenol formaldehyde intermediates and properties of its bamboo particleboards
Authors: Zhang Yunfei , Zheng Jian , Guo Huilong , Li Yinwen , Lu Mangeng 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTPhenol formaldehyde reaction solution (PFS) was used to synthesize urea–formaldehyde resins (PFSUF resins) with low formaldehyde content. In addition, the prepared PFSUF resins were used as adhesives to bond bamboo particleboards. Mechanical properties, fracture morphology, water absorption ratio, and dimensional stability of bamboo particleboards have been studied by tensile tests, SEM tests, water absorption analysis, and swelling ratio analysis, respectively. The results demonstrate that the main ingredient of PFS is phenol formaldehyde intermediate 2,4,6‐trimethylolphenate and proper amount of PFS can be used to reduce the formaldehyde content of UF resins effectively. The results also show that bamboo particleboards bonded with PFSUF resins exhibit better mechanical properties, water resistance, and dimensional stability than that bonded with pure UF resin. However, the results of TG and mechanical properties analysis exhibit that alternative curing agents to ammonium chloride should be studied to improve the curing properties of the PFSUF resins with low formaldehyde content. Taken together, this work provides a method of preparing environment‐friendly PFSUF resins with low phenol and low formaldehyde content and the prepared resins have potential application in wood industry. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42280.
Rock shelters as indicators of mobility patterns in the inland Pilbara
Authors: Bird Caroline , Rhoads James W. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA land‐use model widely used by consulting archaeologists in the Pilbara depicts rock shelters as ephemeral and atypical sites. We evaluate assemblages from excavated rock shelters in the Chichester Range against predicted characteristics of sites used on a short‐term basis by small highly mobile groups. The results show that rock shelters do not clearly conform to the model. Comparison of selected shelter assemblages with neighbouring surface sites suggests that rock shelters are likely to be among the most complex and diverse sites in the study area.
Soft‐Templating Synthesis of N‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Bayatsarmadi Bita , Zheng Yao , Jaroniec Mietek , Qiao Shi Zhang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe development of ordered mesoporous carbon materials with controllable structures and improved physicochemical properties by doping heteroatoms such as nitrogen into the carbon framework has attracted a lot of attention, especially in relation to energy storage and conversion. Herein, a series of nitrogen‐doped mesoporous carbon spheres (NMCs) was synthesized via a facile dual soft‐templating procedure by tuning the nitrogen content and carbonization temperature. Various physical and (electro)chemical properties of the NMCs have been comprehensively investigated to pave the way for a feasible design of nitrogen‐containing porous carbon materials. The optimized sample showed a favorable electrocatalytic activity as evidenced by a high kinetic current and positive onset potential for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) due to its large surface area, high pore volume, good conductivity, and high nitrogen content, which make it a highly efficient ORR metal‐free catalyst in alkaline solutions.
How do we optimize third‐generation algal biofuels?
Authors: Xia Ao , Herrmann Christiane , Murphy Jerry D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAlgae can be a source of third‐generation gaseous transport biofuel (either biomethane or biohydrogen). An optimal system is suggested which combines dark fermentation, anaerobic digestion, and carbon dioxide biofixation. Biogas upgrading through removal of carbon dioxide is required prior to utilization as a transport biofuel. Traditional upgrading systems are energy intensive and expensive. Carbon dioxide biofixation by microalgae, with a bicarbonate/carbonate cycle, offers energy and cost savings over traditional upgrading systems. The microalgae, which remove carbon dioxide, can be used as substrate for biogas, forming an energy efficient closed loop system. The proposed system has significant advantages in reducing parasitic energy demand in upgrading biogas, enhancing the energy yield three‐fold, and minimizing carbon dioxide emission. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Chemical and Pharmacological Progress on Polyacetylenes Isolated from the Family Apiaceae
Authors: Chen Yuemei , Peng Shiyi , Luo Qiongzhi , Zhang Juan , Guo Qiang , Zhang Yuan , Chai Xingyun 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis review presents an up‐to‐date survey of natural polyacetylenes isolated from the family Apiaceae, and their biosynthesis and biological activities up to May 2013, with 107 references. A total of 103 polyacetylenes from 72 species of 41 genera of Apiaceae have been isolated so far, among which falcarinol‐type polyacetylenes are most widely distributed.
Peptaibol, Secondary‐Metabolite, and Hydrophobin Pattern of Commercial Biocontrol Agents Formulated with Species of the Trichoderma harzianum Complex
Authors: Degenkolb Thomas , Fog Nielsen Kristian , Dieckmann Ralf , Branco‐Rocha Fabiano , Chaverri Priscila , Samuels Gary J. , Thrane Ulf , von Döhren Hans , Vilcinskas Andreas , Brückner Hans 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe production of bioactive polypeptides (peptaibiotics) in vivo is a sophisticated adaptation strategy of both mycoparasitic and saprotrophic Trichoderma species for colonizing and defending their natural habitats. This feature is of major practical importance, as the detection of peptaibiotics in plant‐protective Trichoderma species, which are successfully used against economically relevant bacterial and fungal plant pathogens, certainly contributes to a better understanding of these complex antagonistic interactions. We analyzed five commercial biocontrol agents (BCAs), namely Canna®, Trichosan®, Vitalin®, Promot® WP, and TrichoMax®, formulated with recently described species of the Trichoderma harzianum complex, viz. T. afroharzianum, T. simmonsii, and T. guizhouense. By using the well‐established, HPLC/MS‐based peptaibiomics approach, it could unequivocally be demonstrated that all of these formulations contained new and recurrent peptaibols, i.e., peptaibiotics carrying an acetylated N‐terminus, the C‐terminus of which is reduced to a 1,2‐amino alcohol. Their chain lengths, including the amino alcohol, were 11, 14, and 18 residues, respectively. Peptaibols were also to be the dominating secondary metabolites in plate cultures of the four strains obtained from four of the Trichoderma‐ based BCAs, contributing 95% of the UHPLC‐UV/VIS peak areas and 99% of the total ion count MS peak area from solid media. Furthermore, species‐specific hydrophobins, as well as non‐peptaibiotic secondary metabolites, were detected, the latter being known for their antifungal, siderophore, or plant‐growth‐promoting activities. Notably, none of the isolates produced low‐molecular weight mycotoxins.
Suppression of Splenic Lymphocyte Proliferation by Eucommia ulmoides and Genipin
Authors: Yang Gabsik , Kyoung Seo Eun , Lee Je‐Hyun , Young Lee Joo 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe investigated the modulation of innate and adaptive immune cell activation by Eucommia ulmoides Oliver extract (EUE) and its ingredient genipin. As an innate immunity indicator, the phagocytic activity of macrophages was determined by measuring engulfed, fluorescently labeled Escherichia coli. As a surrogate marker for the respective activation of cellular and humoral adaptive immunity, concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction of primary splenocyte proliferation was assayed in in vitro and ex vivo systems. EUE and genipin suppressed the proliferation of primary splenic lymphocytes induced by Con A or LPS, but not macrophage phagocytosis. Oral administration of EUE and genipin to mice decreased splenic lymphocyte proliferation induced by Con A or LPS. These results revealed that E. ulmoides and genipin suppressed cellular and humoral adaptive immunity, and they suggest that E. ulmoides and genipin are promising candidates for immunosuppressive drugs that target diseases that involve excessive activation of adaptive immunity.
4‐Cyano‐α‐methyl‐l‐phenylalanine as a Spectroscopic Marker for the Investigation of PeptaibioticMembrane Interactions
Authors: De Zotti Marta , Bobone Sara , Bortolotti Annalisa , Longo Edoardo , Biondi Barbara , Peggion Cristina , Formaggio Fernando , Toniolo Claudio , Dalla Bona Andrea , Kaptein Bernard , Stella Lorenzo 
Published: April 2015

AbstractTwo analogs of the ten‐amino acid residue, membrane‐active lipopeptaibiotic trichogin GA IV, mono‐labeled with 4‐cyano‐α‐methyl‐L‐phenylalanine, a potentially useful fluorescence and IR absorption probe of the local microenvironment, were synthesized by the solid‐phase methodology and conformationally characterized. The single modification was incorporated either at the N‐terminus (position 1) or near the C‐terminus (position 8) of the peptide main chain. In both cases, the replaced amino acid was the equally helicogenicα‐aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) residue. We performed a solution conformational analysis by use of FT‐IR absorption, CD, and 2D‐NMR spectroscopies. The results indicate that both labeled analogs essentially maintain the overall helical propensity of the naturally occurring lipopeptaibiotic. Peptidemembrane interactions were assessed by fluorescence and ATR‐IR absorption techniques. Analogies and differences between the two peptides were highlighted. Taken together, our data confirm literature results that some of the spectroscopic parameters of the 4‐cyanobenzyl chromophore are sensitive markers of the local microenvironment.
Melanogenesis‐Inhibitory Activity and Cancer Chemopreventive Effect of Glucosylcucurbic Acid from Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) Kernels
Authors: Zhang Jie , Kurita Masahiro , Ebina Kodai , Ukiya Motohiko , Tokuda Harukuni , Yasukawa Ken , Masters Eliot T. , Shimizu Naoto , Akihisa Momoko , Feng Feng , Akihisa Toshihiro 
Published: April 2015

AbstractTwo jasmonate derivatives, glucosylcucurbic acid (1) and methyl glucosylcucurbate (2), were isolated from the MeOH extract of defatted shea (Vitellaria paradoxa; Sapotaceae) kernels. These and their deglucosylated derivatives, cucurbic acid (3) and methyl cucurbate (4), were evaluated for their melanogenesis‐inhibitory and cancer chemopreventive potencies. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 exhibited potent melanogenesis‐inhibitory activities in α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH)‐stimulated B16 melanoma cells. Western‐blot analysis revealed that compounds 1 and 3 reduced the protein levels of MITF (=microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor), tyrosinase, TRP‐1 (=tyrosine‐related protein 1), and TRP‐2 mostly in a concentration‐dependent manner. In addition, compound 1 exhibited inhibitory effects against EpsteinBarr virus early antigen (EBV‐EA) activation induced with 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) in Raji cells, against TPA‐induced inflammation in mice, and against skin tumor promotion in an in vivo two‐stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test based on 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as initiator, and with TPA as promoter.
Selective Nickel‐Catalyzed Conversion of Model and Lignin‐Derived Phenolic Compounds to Cyclohexanone‐Based Polymer Building Blocks
Authors: Schutyser Wouter , Van den Bosch Sander , Dijkmans Jan , Turner Stuart , Meledina Maria , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Debecker Damien P. , Sels Bert F. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractValorization of lignin is essential for the economics of future lignocellulosic biorefineries. Lignin is converted into novel polymer building blocks through four steps: catalytic hydroprocessing of softwood to form 4‐alkylguaiacols, their conversion into 4‐alkylcyclohexanols, followed by dehydrogenation to form cyclohexanones, and Baeyer–Villiger oxidation to give caprolactones. The formation of alkylated cyclohexanols is one of the most difficult steps in the series. A liquid‐phase process in the presence of nickel on CeO2 or ZrO2 catalysts is demonstrated herein to give the highest cyclohexanol yields. The catalytic reaction with 4‐alkylguaiacols follows two parallel pathways with comparable rates: 1) ring hydrogenation with the formation of the corresponding alkylated 2‐methoxycyclohexanol, and 2) demethoxylation to form 4‐alkylphenol. Although subsequent phenol to cyclohexanol conversion is fast, the rate is limited for the removal of the methoxy group from 2‐methoxycyclohexanol. Overall, this last reaction is the rate‐limiting step and requires a sufficient temperature (>250 °C) to overcome the energy barrier. Substrate reactivity (with respect to the type of alkyl chain) and details of the catalyst properties (nickel loading and nickel particle size) on the reaction rates are reported in detail for the Ni/CeO2 catalyst. The best Ni/CeO2 catalyst reaches 4‐alkylcyclohexanol yields over 80 %, is even able to convert real softwood‐derived guaiacol mixtures and can be reused in subsequent experiments. A proof of principle of the projected cascade conversion of lignocellulose feedstock entirely into caprolactone is demonstrated by using Cu/ZrO2 for the dehydrogenation step to produce the resultant cyclohexanones (≈80 %) and tin‐containing beta zeolite to form 4‐alkyl‐ε‐caprolactones in high yields, according to a Baeyer–Villiger‐type oxidation with H2O2.
Plasmon Mechanism of Overdense Plasma Heating
Authors: Rajaei L. , Miraboutalebi S. , Shokri B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis paper attempts to introduce an effective mechanism of plasma heating of an overdense plasma layer. This mechanism is directly related to the phenomena of anomalous transparency of an overdense plasma layer. High temperature is achieved due to the resonant excitation of the coupled surface waves on both sides of the plasma layer. The dissipative energy of the collisional effects appears as an effective heating source in this mechanism. The solutions of the heat equation under the resonant situations are obtained in the steady and unsteady states conditions. The main factors, affecting the considered plasma heating mechanism, are also discussed. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A simple design of planar microstrip antenna on composite material substrate for Ku/K band satellite applications
Authors: Ahsan Md Rezwanul , Islam Mohammad Tariqul , Ullah Mohammad Habib 
Published: April 2015

SummaryA straight forward design of rectangular slotted microstrip planar antenna fed by 50 ohm microstrip line is proposed for Ku/K band satellite applications. The radiating patch of the antenna occupies an area of 17 × 17 mm2 and fabricated on 1.0 mm‐thick ceramic filled bioplastic composite material substrate whose dielectric constant (εr) is 10.0. The dual resonant square‐shaped antenna has been formed by inserting four arc shape slots at the corners with the combination of circle and square and wide square shape slot at the center. The results from the measured data show that the antenna has a lower resonant mode impedance bandwidth for S11 < −10 dB is of 18.4% (11.67–14.05 GHz) and upper resonant mode bandwidth is of 8.2% (18.19–19.75 GHz) centered at 12.94 GHz and 19.04 GHz, respectively. The antenna prototype has achieved maximum gains of 3.1 dBi and 4.13 dBi with average radiation efficiencies of 75.3% and 86.4% for the lower band and the upper band, respectively. The numerical data analyses of both the measured and simulated results show relatively good agreement. Moreover, the consistent and symmetrical radiation patters of the proposed antenna make it suitable candidate for the Ku/K band satellite applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Iodide Selective Carbon Paste Electrode with Modified Carbon Nanotubes by Potentiometric Method and Effect of CuS‐NPs on Its Response
Authors: Ghaedi Mehrorang , Jaberi Seyedeh Yasaman Shajaripour , Hajati Shaaker , Montazerozohori Morteza , Zarr Masoumeh , Asfaram Arash , Kumawat Lokesh Kumar , Gupta Vinod Kumar 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this research, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was oxidized and chemically modified through reaction with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propan‐1‐amine (TMSPA) and their subsequent reaction with 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy benzaldehyde. Subsequently, this material was metalized by reaction with copper acetate that lead to formation and impergeation of 2‐methoxy‐6‐((3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propylimino)methyl)phenol MMSPIMPMWCNT‐Cu. This novel material was identified with different techniques such as SEM and FT‐IR analysis. In this work, the reported material are exhibited high accurate and repeatable monitoring of iodide due to its high surface area with various reactive centre. It exhibited selectivity for iodide over the wide linear dynamic range between 1.8×10−6 and 1.15×10−1 M, with a Nernstian slope of −59.12±0.7 mV per decade of activity and detection limit of 1.8×10−6 M. Copper sulfide nanoparticles were prepared and their effect on the electrode response was investigated. The results were improved in the presence of nanoparticles with fast and stable response, good reproducibility, long‐term stability, high selectivity over the presence of common organic and inorganic anions, high detection limit and dynamic range. The proposed sensor has been applied as potentiometric determination of some iodine species over a pH range of 2.5–10.