bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of energetic electron precipitation on middle mesospheric night‐time ozone during and after a moderate geomagnetic storm
Authors: Daae M. , Espy P. , Nesse Tyssøy H. , Newnham D. , Stadsnes J. , Søraas F. 
Published: October 2012

Using a ground‐based microwave radiometer at Troll Station, Antarctica (72°S, 2.5°E,L = 4.76), we have observed a decrease of 20–70% in the mesospheric ozone, coincident with increased nitric oxide, between 60 km and 75 km altitude associated with energetic electron precipitation (E > 30 keV) during a moderate geomagnetic storm (minimum Dst of −79 nT) in late July 2009. NOAA satellite data were used to identify the precipitating particles and to characterize their energy, spatial distribution and temporal variation over Antarctica during this isolated storm. Both the ozone decrease and nitric oxide increase initiate with the onset of the storm, and persist for several days after the precipitation ends, descending in the downward flow of the polar vortex. These combined data present a unique case study of the temporal and spatial morphology of chemical changes induced by electron precipitation during moderate geomagnetic storms, indicating that these commonplace events can cause significant effects on the middle mesospheric ozone distribution.
Identification of sites in apolipoprotein A-I susceptible to chymase and carboxypeptidase A digestion
Authors: Usami Yoko , Kobayashi Yukihiro , Kameda Takahiro , Miyazaki Akari , Matsuda Kazuyuki , Sugano Mitsutoshi , Kawasaki Kenji , Kurihara Yuriko , Kasama Takeshi , Tozuka Minoru 
Published: October 2012

MCs (mast cells) adversely affect atherosclerosis by promoting the progression of lesions and plaque destabilization. MC chymase cleaves apoA-I (apolipoprotein A-I), the main protein component of HDL (high-density lipoprotein). We previously showed that C-terminally truncated apoA-I (cleaved at the carboxyl side of Phe225) is present in normal human serum using a newly developed specific mAb (monoclonal antibody). In the present study, we aimed to identify chymase-induced cleavage sites in both lipid-free and lipid-bound (HDL3) forms of apoA-I. Lipid-free apoA-I was preferentially digested by chymase, at the C-terminus rather than the N-terminus. Phe229 and Tyr192 residues were the main cleavage sites. Interestingly, the Phe225 residue was a minor cleavage site. In contrast, the same concentration of chymase failed to digest apoA-I in HDL3; however, a 100-fold higher concentration of chymase modestly digested apoA-I in HDL3 at only the N-terminus, especially at Phe33. CPA (carboxypeptidase A) is another MC protease, co-localized with chymase in severe atherosclerotic lesions. CPA, in vitro, further cleaved C-terminal Phe225 and Phe229 residues newly exposed by chymase, but did not cleave Tyr192. These results indicate that several forms of C-terminally and N-terminally truncated apoA-I could exist in the circulation. They may be useful as new biomarkers to assess the risk of CVD (cardiovascular disease).
Defining Life Histories of Precocious Male Parr, Minijack, and Jack Chinook Salmon Using Scale Patterns
Authors: Johnson June , Johnson Tyler , Copeland Timothy 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMale Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha have multiple life history strategies tied to smolting, age, and size at maturation. Precocious strategies include mature parr, minjacks, and jacks; however, there are conflicting definitions of what constitutes a minijack. We describe the variety of growth and life history patterns in precocious spring–summer Chinook salmon in the Snake River basin as inferred from scale patterns. We found six repeatable patterns on the scales collected that differed in average number of freshwater and saltwater circuli and average spacing of circuli during the period of fastest growth. This represented four life histories with two variations. These life histories were differentiated by length distribution: mature headwater parr that never left their natal stream (8–15‐cm fork length), mature river parr (17–24 cm), minijacks that spent 3–4 months in the estuary or ocean (24–37 cm), and jacks that spent one winter in the ocean (≥36 cm). Thus, male Chinook salmon have a continuum of life history strategies. Mature parr spend their entire life in freshwater, mature headwater parr have parr marks, and the mature river parr are more silver in appearance. Neither of these stages have scale resorption. Some parr stay in headwater streams while others make short‐distance migrations to larger rivers. Minijacks make long‐distance migrations to the estuary or ocean but only stay a few months before returning to the spawning grounds. Jacks spend 1 year in the ocean and have many saltwater circuli. Minijacks and jacks are spotted similar to full‐size spawning adults and have scale resorption consistent with a long spawning migration. Finally, our data demonstrate that minijacks are capable of successfully traveling from Idaho to the Columbia River estuary and back (a minimum of 2,600 river kilometers from the Pahsimeroi River) within approximately 4 months.
Susceptibility of Juvenile Steelhead to Avian Predation: the Influence of Individual Fish Characteristics and River Conditions
Authors: Hostetter Nathan J. , Evans Allen F. , Roby Daniel D. , Collis Ken 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIdentification of the factors that influence susceptibility to predation can aid in developing management strategies to recover fish populations of conservation concern. Predator–prey relationships can be influenced by numerous factors, including prey condition, prey size, and environmental conditions. We investigated these factors by using juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss from the Snake River (Pacific Northwest, USA), a distinct population segment that is listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. During 2007–2009, steelhead smolts (n = 25,909) were captured, examined for external condition characteristics (e.g., body injuries, descaling, external signs of disease, fin damage, and ectoparasite infestations), marked with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, and released to continue their out‐migration. Recoveries of PIT tags on a downstream colony of Caspian terns Hydroprogne caspia (n = 913 tags) indicated that steelhead susceptibility to Caspian tern predation increased significantly with decreases in steelhead external condition, decreased water discharge, and decreased water clarity. Susceptibility to Caspian tern predation also increased with increasing steelhead fork length up to 202 mm but then decreased for longer steelhead. Recoveries of PIT tags on a downstream colony of double‐crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus (n = 493 tags) indicated that steelhead susceptibility to double‐crested cormorant predation increased significantly with declining external condition of steelhead, and that steelhead of hatchery origin were more susceptible than their wild counterparts. Results indicate that steelhead susceptibility to avian predation is dependent on fish condition and length and is influenced by river conditions and rearing environment.
The Potential for Vessel Interactions with Adult Atlantic Sturgeon in the James River, Virginia
Authors: Balazik Matthew T. , Reine Kevin J. , Spells Albert J. , Fredrickson Charles A. , Fine Michael L. , Garman Greg C. , McIninch Stephen P. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In 2012, all populations of Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus were listed as either threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. During 2007–2010, researchers documented 31 carcasses of adult Atlantic sturgeon in the tidal freshwater portion of the James River, Virginia. Twenty-six of the carcasses had gashes from vessel propellers, and the remaining five carcasses were too decomposed to allow determination of the cause of death. The types of vessels responsible for these mortalities were not explicitly demonstrated. Most (84%) of the carcasses were found in a relatively narrow reach that was modified to increase shipping efficiency. To explore the number of Atlantic sturgeon being hit and their horizontal and depth distributions in relation to vessel draft, we conducted telemetry experiments on three living fish (all males) and six dead specimens. While staging (holding in an area from hours to days, with minimal upstream or downstream movements), the adult male Atlantic sturgeon spent most (62%) of the time within 1 m of the river bottom. Assuming that behavior is not modified by vessel noise, adult male Atlantic sturgeon in the James River would rarely encounter small recreational boats or tugboats with shallow drafts; instead, mortalities are likely caused by deep-draft ocean cargo ships, which have drafts that coincide with the distribution of the tracked adult males. Dead specimens (n = 6) drifted with the current for several hours to almost 4 d before beaching at distances ranging from 0.5 to over 50 river kilometers from the point of release. We estimated that current monitoring in the James River documents less than one-third of vessel strike mortalities. A better understanding of Atlantic sturgeon behavior in the presence of vessels will aid in restoring this federally endangered species.
Received February 20, 2012; accepted July 19, 2012
The Use of a One-Step Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR) for the Surveillance of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) in Minnesota
Authors: Phelps Nicholas B. D. , Patnayak Devi P. , Jiang Yin , Goyal Sagar M. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a highly contagious and pathogenic virus of fish. The virus infects more than 70 fish species worldwide, in both fresh and salt water. A new viral strain (VHSV-IVb) has proven both virulent and persistent, spreading throughout the Great Lakes of North America and to inland water bodies in the region. To better understand the geographic distribution of the virus, we used a modified real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay for high-throughput testing of fish for VHSV. The assay was shown to be twice as sensitive as the gold standard, virus isolation, and did not cross react with other viruses found in fish. In addition, the diagnostic turnaround time was reduced from 28 to 30 d for virus isolation to 2–4 d for rRT-PCR. To demonstrate the usefulness of the rRT-PCR assay, 115 high-priority water bodies in Minnesota were tested by both methods from April 2010 to June 2011. All survey sites tested negative for VHSV by both methods. The survey results have informed fisheries managers on the absence of VHSV in Minnesota and have better prepared them for the eventual arrival of the disease. In addition, the results demonstrate the value of this rRT-PCR as a surveillance tool to rapidly identify an outbreak so that it can be controlled in a timely manner.
Received April 24, 2012; accepted July 2, 2012
The Italian role in the Libyan spring revolution: is it a shift from soft to hard power?
Authors: Kashiam Mustafa Abdalla A. 
Published: October 2012

While France, Britain, Qatar and the United States played crucial political and military roles in the alliance of countries backing Libya’s ‘spring’ revolution from the beginning, Italy’s early stance towards the Libyan revolution was somewhat hesitant and vague. Its initial reticence was due to national security considerations, Italy’s calculation of its national interest and the complexity of contemporary international relations. However, as events unfolded, the Italian position became clearer and firmer, such that in time Italy played a leading role that helped the global efforts to rebuild the new contemporary democratic Libya post-Qadhafi.
The focus of this study is on the Italian role during the course of the Libyan ‘spring’ revolution, known now as the revolution of 17 February 2011, after the agreed date of its inception. Notwithstanding Rome’s initial hesitancy, Italy is considered among the leading actors that participated in the alliance galvanized to act under the terms of UN Security Council Resolutions 1970 and 1973. Here the contention is that Italy’s full participation in the global alliance that carried out the UN mandates represented a process of transition in the Italian orientation from that of a soft power to that of a hard power as well. Thus, it is argued, when Italy’s national security and interests are challenged in a global context, Italy is willing to use both soft and hard power.
The findings of this study supported, by and large, the initial expectations concerning the important types of internal and external elements influencing the role of Italy in the Libyan crisis. Thus, Italy’s position towards the Libyan revolution of 17 February 2011 may be attributed, among other factors, to its discernment of its national security and national interests in the context of competition in the Mediterranean region and the Middle East as well.
Role for Apyrases in Polar Auxin Transport in Arabidopsis
Authors: Liu Xing , Wu Jian , Clark Greg , Lundy Stacey , Lim Minhui , Arnold David , Chan Jing , Tang Wenqiang , Muday Gloria K. , Gardner Gary , Roux Stanley J. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that extracellular nucleotides regulate plant growth. Exogenous ATP has been shown to block auxin transport and gravitropic growth in primary roots of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Cells limit the concentration of extracellular ATP in part through the activity of ectoapyrases (ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases), and two nearly identical Arabidopsis apyrases, APY1 and APY2, appear to share this function. These findings, plus the fact that suppression of APY1 and APY2 blocks growth in Arabidopsis, suggested that the expression of these apyrases could influence auxin transport. This report tests that hypothesis. The polar movement of [3H]indole-3-acetic acid in both hypocotyl sections and primary roots of Arabidopsis seedlings was measured. In both tissues, polar auxin transport was significantly reduced in apy2 null mutants when they were induced by estradiol to suppress the expression of APY1 by RNA interference. In the hypocotyl assays, the basal halves of APY-suppressed hypocotyls contained considerably lower free indole-3-acetic acid levels when compared with wild-type plants, and disrupted auxin transport in the APY-suppressed roots was reflected by their significant morphological abnormalities. When a green fluorescent protein fluorescence signal encoded by a DR5:green fluorescent protein construct was measured in primary roots whose apyrase expression was suppressed either genetically or chemically, the roots showed no signal asymmetry following gravistimulation, and both their growth and gravitropic curvature were inhibited. Chemicals that suppress apyrase activity also inhibit gravitropic curvature and, to a lesser extent, growth. Taken together, these results indicate that a critical step connecting apyrase suppression to growth suppression is the inhibition of polar auxin transport.
An Endogenous Carbon-Sensing Pathway Triggers Increased Auxin Flux and Hypocotyl Elongation
Authors: Lilley Jodi L. Stewart , Gee Christopher W. , Sairanen Ilkka , Ljung Karin , Nemhauser Jennifer L. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe local environment has a substantial impact on early seedling development. Applying excess carbon in the form of sucrose is known to alter both the timing and duration of seedling growth. Here, we show that sucrose changes growth patterns by increasing auxin levels and rootward auxin transport in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Sucrose likely interacts with an endogenous carbon-sensing pathway via the PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) family of transcription factors, as plants grown in elevated carbon dioxide showed the same PIF-dependent growth promotion. Overexpression of PIF5 was sufficient to suppress photosynthetic rate, enhance response to elevated carbon dioxide, and prolong seedling survival in nitrogen-limiting conditions. Thus, PIF transcription factors integrate growth with metabolic demands and thereby facilitate functional equilibrium during photomorphogenesis.
Impact of knowledge brokering on performance heterogeneity among business models
Authors: Nair Sujith , Nisar Arsalan , Palacios Miguel , Ruiz Felipe 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThe strategic management literature lacks a comprehensive explanation as to why seemingly similar business models in the same industry perform differently. This paper strives to explain this phenomenon.Design/methodology/approachThe model is conceptualized and accompanied by a case study on the airline industry to explain knowledge brokerage that creates value from the effective utilization of knowledge resources acquired from intra‐ and inter‐firm environments.FindingsThe model explains a cyclical view of business model flexibility in which the knowledge‐based resource accumulation of the business model is spread across the intra‐ and inter‐firm environments. Knowledge brokerage strategies from the inter‐ and intra‐firm environments result in improved performance of the business model. The flexibility that the business model acquires is determined by how efficiently resource accumulation is aligned with its external environment.Originality/valueThe paper effectively integrates the concepts of knowledge brokerage and business models from a resource accumulation‐based view and simultaneously arrives at the performance heterogeneity of seemingly similar business models within the same industry. It has performance implications for firms that start out without any distinct resources of their own, or that use an imitated business model, to attain better performance through business model evolution aligned with successful knowledge brokerage strategies. It adds to the resource accumulation literature by explaining how resources can be effectively acquired to create value.
Stakeholder relations and sustainability practices of US small and medium‐sized manufacturers
Authors: Theyel Gregory , Hofmann Kay 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the adoption of sustainability practices by small and medium‐sized manufacturing (SMM) firms, the ways these firms work with their stakeholders for social and environmental purposes, and the relationships between the adoption of sustainability practices, stakeholder interaction, and product and process innovation.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses data from telephone interviews with 296 companies, a sustainability typology, and descriptive and statistical regression analysis.FindingsThe majority of the firms are adopting sustainability practices at least to some degree, stakeholders such as community advocacy groups, employees, suppliers, customers, and the local media are influencing the adoption of sustainability practices, and firms with high adoption rates of environmental practices are more successful in product and process innovation.Practical implicationsThe results of this research can help firms and stakeholder groups with their joint efforts to develop sustainability strategies. Community advocacy groups, employees, suppliers, customers, and the local media are capable of motivating firms to give something back to the communities in which they conduct their business.Originality/valueThis paper contributes new understanding of the adoption of sustainability practices by SMM firms, the ways these firms work with their stakeholders for social and environmental purposes, and the relationships between the adoption of sustainability practices, stakeholder interaction, and product and process innovation.
Collaborative research: opinions and information technology utilization potential
Authors: Kimiloglu Hande , Ozturan Meltem , Sencer Erdem Asli 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is twofold. First, to study collaborative research in general and identify its characteristics, advantages and disadvantages by conglomerating various views and ideas from the literature and from expert opinion research. Second, to determine the importance of and attitudes toward the usage of information technology (IT) in collaborative research projects.Design/methodology/approachInitially, an extensive literature review and ten in‐depth interviews have been conducted to determine the identifying characteristics of collaborative research. Consequently, a questionnaire is used as the major data collection tool to assess academicians' opinions about collaborative research and attitudes toward IT utilization in such studies.FindingsCollaborative research has been most distinctively defined with the concepts of teamwork, knowledge and experience sharing and direct and continuous communication. Increased visibility and recognition of such projects and enhanced access to various resources have also been pinpointed as important advantages. Academicians have shown a highly positive tendency to utilize IT and adopt IT tools that will enhance convenience and communication and contribute to the conduction of various basic and support processes of collaborative research projects.Research limitations/implicationsThe major implication of this research is the general need for more collaborative research projects in academia and the necessity to develop and employ various IT tools that can be used in such studies. Similar studies can be done with larger sample sizes or across various contexts, for comparative purposes, to overcome the limitations of the study.Originality/valueIn this paper, the dispersed literature about collaborative research has been assembled and a unified scope has been drawn around the concept. Attitudes toward collaborative research and the potential value of utilizing IT in such projects, which has been studied at an inadequate level in the literature, have been evaluated comprehensively from the perspective of academicians.
Users' searching behaviour in using online databases at Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City
Authors: Hong Sinh Nguyen , Thi Hong Nhung Hoang 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThis paper seeks to focus on identifying the searching behaviours of users, their difficulties as well as their expectations from library supports while using online databases at the Central Library of Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City.Design/methodology/approachUsage reports of six online databases subscribed by the Central Library were analyzed, a survey by emailing users a questionnaire and four deep interviews were conducted.FindingsThe amount of usage increases yearly, however it is still low in comparison with the number of subscribers who have registered for using online databases. Users did search for their research and study rather than for their teaching or professional knowledge update. Often they looked for journal articles and theses rather than e‐books. Key words and titles were used the most when searching. Reading the guidance from the library websites or from the databases was most used. This suggested that most users did not know how to use the databases and preferred to learn by themselves. Email was preferred by users to communicate with library staff. English language and database searching skills were the biggest barriers preventing users from employing online databases.Originality/valueThis paper provides an understanding of users' behaviours and suggests that it is necessary to assist users in using online databases in Vietnam universities. Up to now, these issues have not been known. They are relevant to improving the utilization of online databases.