bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occupational therapy in forensic psychiatry: Recent developments in our understandings (2007–2013)
Authors: Hitch Danielle , Hii QK , Davey Ian 
Published: September 2015

Introduction Occupational therapy in forensic settings has developed in recent decades, leading to an increasing amount of research being conducted in this field. There have been two previous attempts to provide overviews of this body of evidence and future directions for research; however, the rate of research has accelerated in recent years. This critical review addresses the following question: what evidence has been published about occupational therapy in forensic psychiatry over the past 7 years? Method A mixed methods approach was adopted, with four databases and a search engine consulted (OTDBase, CINAHL, AMED, PSYCHInfo, Google Scholar). The inclusion criteria were: (a) articles published in peer reviewed journals since 2007 and (b) authored by at least one occupational therapist. Twenty-five studies were identified for review, and the four dimensions of occupation – doing, being, becoming and belonging – were used to provide a theoretical context for the subsequent discussion. Findings The recent evidence base in forensic psychiatry focuses on doing and being, with fewer articles addressing becoming and belonging. Conclusion This review has identified increasing numbers of studies about forensic occupational therapy, which may reflect growth in both interest and the worldwide workforce.
Enhancing occupational performance in the virtual context using smart technology
Authors: Verdonck Michèle , Maye Fiona 
Published: September 2015

Statement of context Physical limitations restrict occupational performance in the virtual context for people with cervical spinal cord injuries. Critical reflection on practice A review of smart device goals in 10 health care records at one hospital identified three types of occupational therapy intervention. Compensation involved alternative methods of physical access, positioning, and customisation of devices. Acquisition involved providing opportunities for learning and overcoming challenges. Education and training sought to empower users and their families to use smart devices successfully. Implications for practice Occupational therapists need to incorporate virtual occupations and the use of personal smart devices within current practice. This requires keeping abreast of mainstream technology advances as well as providing clients with opportunities and support within the virtual context.
Visual search training in occupational therapy – an example of expert practice in community-based stroke rehabilitation
Authors: Turton Ailie J , Angilley Jayne , Chapman Marie , Daniel Anna , Longley Verity , Clatworthy Philip , Gilchrist Iain D 
Published: September 2015

Introduction Visual searching is an essential component of many everyday activities. Search training is practised as part of occupational therapy to improve performance skills both in people with hemianopia and those with spatial inattention post stroke. Evaluation of the effectiveness of such training first requires a systematic and detailed description of the intervention. To this end, this study describes the practice of a specialist occupational therapist. Method Single sessions of intervention delivered by the occupational therapist to five participants with visual search disorders post stroke were video recorded. The recordings were analysed for content using a framework approach. Results The occupational therapist educated participants about the impact of their visual impairment on everyday activities. She used instructions, spatial cueing, placement of objects and verbal feedback to train increased amplitudes of eye and head movements, to direct attention into the blind field or neglected space and to encourage systematic searching during occupations and activities. Activities were graded by manipulating the area for attention and complexity in the environment. Conclusion This investigation provides a detailed description of a specialist occupational therapist’s community-based intervention for improving visual search post stroke.
Exposure based therapy for problem gambling in a patient with Alzheimer’s dementia
Authors: Dham Pallavi , Larsen Amii , Baigent Michael 
Published: September 2015

Objectives: This case report discusses the response to exposure and response prevention therapy in a patient with problem gambling and comorbid early dementia. It further discusses neurobiology of exposure therapy and its application in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Conclusion: Studies show good response to the use of exposure therapy in patients with cognitive impairment and further studies are needed to study the neurobiological changes and response to the therapy in patients with cognitive impairment.
Salivary Biomarkers of Chronic Psychosocial Stress and CVD Risks
Authors: An Kyungeh , Salyer Jeanne , Brown Roy E. , Kao Hsueh-Fen Sabrina , Starkweather Angela , Shim Insop 
Published: September 2015

Background: The use of salivary biomarkers in stress research is increasing, and the precision and accuracy with which researchers are able to measure these biomarkers have dramatically improved. Chronic psychosocial stress is often linked to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Salivary biomarkers represent a noninvasive biological method of characterizing the stress phenomenon that may help to more fully describe the mechanism by which stress contributes to the pathogenesis and outcomes of CVD. Objectives: We conducted a systematic review of 40 research articles to identify the salivary biomarkers researchers have most commonly used to help describe the biological impact of chronic psychosocial stress and explore its associations with CVD risk. We address strengths and weaknesses of specimen collection and measurement. Methods: We used PubMed, CINAHL, EBSCO host, Web of Science, BIOSIS Previews, Biological Sciences (ProQuest), and Dissertations/Theses (ProQuest) to retrieve 387 initial articles. Once we applied our inclusion/exclusion criteria to specifically target adult human studies dealing with chronic stress rather than acute/laboratory-induced stress, 40 studies remained, which we synthesized using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria. Results: Cortisol was the biomarker used most frequently. Sources of psychosocial stress included job strain, low socioeconomic status, and environmental factors. Overall, psychosocial stress was associated with CVD risks such as vascular pathology (hypertension, blood pressure fluctuation, and carotid artery plaque) as well as metabolic factors such as abnormal blood glucose, dyslipidemia, and elevated cardiac enzymes. Conclusion: Diverse salivary biomarkers have been useful in stress research, particularly when linked to CVD risks.
Risks of phase I research with healthy participants: A systematic review
Authors: Johnson Rebecca A , Rid Annette , Emanuel Ezekiel , Wendler David 
Published: September 2015

Background/aims: Tragedies suggest that phase I trials in healthy participants may be highly risky. This possibility raises concern that phase I trials may exploit healthy participants to develop new therapies, making the translation of scientific discoveries ethically worrisome. Yet, few systematic data evaluate this concern. This article systematically reviews the risks of published phase I trials in healthy participants and evaluates trial features associated with increased risks. Methods: Data on adverse events and trial characteristics were extracted from all phase I trials published in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, and PsycINFO (1 January 2008–1 October 2012). Inclusion criteria were phase I studies that enrolled healthy participants of any age, provided quantitative adverse event data, and documented the number of participants enrolled. Exclusion criteria included (1) adverse event data not in English, (2) a “challenge” study in which participants were administered a pathogen, and (3) no quantitative information about serious adverse events. Data on the incidence of adverse events, duration of adverse event monitoring, trial agent tested, participant demographics, and trial location were extracted. Results: In 475 trials enrolling 27,185 participants, there was a median of zero serious adverse events (interquartile range = 0–0) and a median of zero severe adverse events (interquartile range = 0–0) per 1000 treatment group participants/day of monitoring. The rate of mild and moderate adverse events was a median of 1147.19 per 1000 participants (interquartile range = 651.52–1730.9) and 46.07 per 1000 participants/adverse event monitoring day (interquartile range = 17.80–77.19). Conclusion: We conclude that phase I trials do cause mild and moderate harms but pose low risks of severe harm. To ensure that this conclusion also applies to unpublished trials, it is important to increase trial transparency.
The effects of contemporary behavioural weight loss maintenance interventions for long term weight loss: a systematic review
Authors: Gilmartin Jo , Murphy Monica 
Published: September 2015

Background A major challenge in the treatment of obesity is the long term maintenance of weight loss and prevention of weight regain. The Department of Health in England has recommended that health professionals should consider behavioural weight loss interventions. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of behavioural weight loss interventions in maintaining long term weight loss. Methods Using the PRISMA statement we performed a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Data sources involved in the study are the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, psycINFO, CINAHL and the Web of Science. Studies were assessed independently by two authors to provide inter-rater reliability. Results This review presents the findings from 13 randomised controlled trials of weight loss maintenance utilising interventions that include diet strategies, behavioural strategies, lifestyle counselling and drug therapy, group therapy and the Internet. The sample population included adult participants of 18 years+ with a BMI > 30 kg/m2. The results revealed that lifestyle interventions targeting diet and physical activity are effective in sustaining weight loss up to two years with extended care. Moreover, pharmacology combined with lifestyle interventions was effective. Conclusion There is important evidence that the use of behavioural weight loss interventions are effective in sustaining long term weight loss, albeit limited. There was high heterogeneity among the studies; hence caution is required when interpreting the findings. Also, intentions to treat principles and methods to handle missing data are not clearly reported across some studies. Blinding of participants and outcome assessors is very limited.
Controlled Laboratory Comparison Study of Motion With Football Equipment in a Destabilized Cervical Spine
Authors: Prasarn Mark L. , Horodyski MaryBeth , DiPaola Matthew J. , DiPaola Christian P. , Del Rossi Gianluca , Conrad Bryan P. , Rechtine Glenn R. 
Published: September 2015

Background Numerous studies have shown that there are better alternatives to log rolling patients with unstable spinal injuries, although this method is still commonly used for placing patients onto a spine board. No previous studies have examined transfer maneuvers involving an injured football player with equipment in place onto a spine board. Purpose To test 3 different transfer maneuvers of an injured football player onto a spine board to determine which method most effectively minimizes spinal motion in an injured cervical spine model. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Five whole, lightly embalmed cadavers were fitted with shoulder pads and helmets and tested both before and after global instability was surgically created at C5-C6. An electromagnetic motion analysis device was used to assess the amount of angular and linear motion with sensors placed above and below the injured segment during transfer. Spine-boarding techniques evaluated were the log roll, the lift and slide, and the 8-person lift. Results The 8-person lift technique resulted in the least amount of angular and linear motion for all planes tested as compared with the lift-and-slide and log-roll techniques. This reached statistical significance for lateral bending ( P = .031) and medial-lateral translation ( P = .030) when compared with the log-roll maneuver. The lift-and-slide technique was significantly more effective at reducing motion than the log roll for axial rotation ( P = .029) and lateral bending ( P = .006). Conclusion The log roll resulted in the most motion at an unstable cervical injury as compared with the other 2 spine-boarding techniques examined. The 8-person lift and lift-and-slide techniques may both be more effective than the log roll at reducing unwanted cervical spine motion when spine boarding an injured football player. Reduction of such motion is critical in the prevention of iatrogenic injury.
Outcome of patients with distinct molecular genotypes and cytogenetically normal AML after allogeneic transplantation
Authors: Schmid Christoph , Labopin Myriam , Socié Gerard , Daguindau Etienne , Volin Liisa , Huynh Anne , Bourhis Jean Henri , Milpied Noel , Cornelissen Jan , Chevallier Patrice , Maertens Johan , Jindra Pavel , Blaise Didier , Lenhoff Stig , Ifrah Norbert , Baron Frédéric , Ciceri Fabio , Gorin Claude , Savani Bipin , Giebel Sebastian , Polge Emmanuelle , Esteve Jordi , Nagler Arnon , Mohty Mohamad 
Published: September 2015

Key Points
In AML with normal cytogenetics, age, response to induction, and FLT3-ITD allow for an estimate of outcome after allogeneic HSCT in CR1. Neither variation of classical transplant techniques nor development of chronic GVHD outweighs the negative impact of FLT3-ITD.
Intra‐rater reliability of hallux flexor strength measures using the Nintendo Wii Balance Board
Authors: Quek June , Treleaven Julia , Brauer Sandra G. , O'Leary Shaun , Clark Ross A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the intra‐rater reliability of a new method in combination with the Nintendo Wii Balance Board (NWBB) to measure the strength of hallux flexor muscle.MethodsThirty healthy individuals (age: 34.9 ± 12.9 years, height: 170.4 ± 10.5 cm, weight: 69.3 ± 15.3 kg, female = 15) participated. Repeated testing was completed within 7 days. Participants performed strength testing in sitting using a wooden platform in combination with the NWBB. This new method was set up to selectively recruit an intrinsic muscle of the foot, specifically the flexor hallucis brevis muscle. Statistical analysis was performed using intra‐class coefficients and ordinary least product analysis. To estimate measurement error, standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable change (MDC) and percentage error were calculated.ResultsResults indicate excellent intra‐rater reliability (ICC = 0.982, CI = 0.96‐0.99) with an absence of systematic bias. SEM, MDC and percentage error value were 0.5, 1.4 and 12 % respectively.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that a new method in combination with the NWBB application is reliable to measure hallux flexor strength and has potential to be used for future research and clinical application.
Subsequent shock deliveries are associated with increased favorable neurological outcomes in cardiac arrest patients who had initially non-shockable rhythms
Authors: Kitamura Nobuya , Nakada Taka-aki , Shinozaki Koichiro , Tahara Yoshio , Sakurai Atsushi , Yonemoto Naohiro , Nagao Ken , Yaguchi Arino , Morimura Naoto ,   on behalf of the SOS-KANTO 2012 Study Group
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Previous studies evaluating whether subsequent conversion to shockable rhythms in patients who had initially non-shockable rhythms was associated with altered clinical outcome reported inconsistent results. Therefore, we hypothesized that subsequent shock delivery by emergency medical service (EMS) providers altered clinical outcomes in patients with initially non-shockable rhythms.

Methods
We tested for an association between subsequent shock delivery in EMS resuscitation and clinical outcomes in patients with initially non-shockable rhythms (n = 11,481) through a survey of patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the Kanto region (SOS-KANTO) 2012 study cohort, Japan. The primary investigated outcome was 1-month survival with favorable neurological functions. The secondary outcome variable was the presence of subsequent shock delivery. We further evaluated the association of interval from initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation to shock with clinical outcomes.

Results
In the univariate analysis of initially non-shockable rhythms, patients who received subsequent shock delivery had significantly increased frequency of return of spontaneous circulation, 24-hour survival, 1-month survival, and favorable neurological outcomes compared to the subsequent not shocked group (P <0.0001). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, subsequent shock was significantly associated with favorable neurological outcomes (vs. not shocked; adjusted P = 0.0020, odds ratio, 2.78; 95 % confidence interval, 1.45–5.30). Younger age, witnessed arrest, initial pulseless electrical activity rhythms, and cardiac etiology were significantly associated with the presence of subsequent shock in patients with initially non-shockable rhythms.

Conclusions
In this study of cardiac arrest patients with initially non-shockable rhythms, patients who received early defibrillation by EMS providers had increased 1-month favorable neurological outcomes.
The accuracy of presepsin (sCD14-ST) for the diagnosis of sepsis in adults: a meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Xin , Liu Dan , Liu You-Ning , Wang Rui , Xie Li-Xin 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Introduction
The early diagnosis of sepsis remains a challenge. Recently, soluble cluster of differentiation 14 subtype (sCD14-ST), also known as presepsin, has been identified as a potential biomarker of sepsis. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic accuracy of presepsin for sepsis in patients with systemic inflammation.

Methods
We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, Web of Knowledge and Cochrane databases. Studies were included if they assessed the diagnostic accuracy of presepsin for sepsis in adult patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Furthermore, a 2 × 2 contingency table was constructed based on these results. Two authors independently judged the studies and extracted the data. The diagnostic accuracy of presepsin in sepsis was calculated using a bivariate meta-analysis model. The Q-test and I2 index were used to test the heterogeneity.

Results
Eight studies involving a total of 1,815 patients were included in the present study. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were 0.86 (95 % CI: 0.79-0.91), 0.78 (95 % CI: 0.68-0.85), 22 (95 % CI: 10–48), 3.8 (95 % CI: 2.6-5.7), and 0.18 (95 % CI: 0.11-0.28), respectively. The area under the summary receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.89 (95 % CI: 0.86–0.92). Meta-regression analysis revealed that consecutive patient selection, sample size and setting significantly accounted for the heterogeneity of sensitivity.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that presepsin exhibits very good diagnostic accuracy (AUC=0.89) for the diagnosis for sepsis. Nevertheless, an overall assessment of all the clinical indexes for sepsis diagnosis and continual re-evaluation of presepsin during the course of the disease are needed.
Organ Preservation for Advanced Larynx Cancer: Issues and Outcomes
Authors: Forastiere Arlene A. , Weber Randal S. , Trotti Andy 
Published: September 2015

Purpose To provide a review of the clinical data, controversies, and limitations that underpin current recommendations for approaches to larynx preservation for locally advanced larynx cancer requiring total laryngectomy. Methods The key findings from pivotal randomized controlled trials are discussed, including quality of life, late effects, and function assessments. Trials investigating taxane inclusion in induction chemotherapy and trials of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition for radiosensitization are put into perspective for larynx cancer. Controversies in the management of T4 primaries and the opportunities for conservation laryngeal surgery are reviewed. Results There are data from clinical trials to support induction chemotherapy, followed by radiotherapy (preferred approach in Europe) and concomitant cisplatin plus radiotherapy (preferred in North America) for nonsurgical preservation of the larynx. Treatment intensification by a sequential approach of induction, followed by concomitant treatment, is investigational. Transoral laryngeal microsurgery and transoral robotic partial laryngectomy have application in selected patients. Conclusion The management of locally advanced larynx cancer is challenging and requires an experienced multidisciplinary team for initial evaluation, response assessment, and support during and after treatment to achieve optimal function, quality of life, and overall survival. Patient expectations, in addition to tumor extent, pretreatment laryngeal function, and coexisting chronic disease, are critical factors in selecting surgical or nonsurgical primary treatment.
Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase II Study of Ruxolitinib or Placebo in Combination With Capecitabine in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer for Whom Therapy With Gemcitabine Has Failed
Authors: Hurwitz Herbert I. , Uppal Nikhil , Wagner Stephanie A. , Bendell Johanna C. , Beck J. Thaddeus , Wade Seaborn M. , Nemunaitis John J. , Stella Philip J. , Pipas J. Marc , Wainberg Zev A. , Manges Robert , Garrett William M. , Hunter Deborah S. , Clark Jason , Leopold Lance , Sandor Victor , Levy Richard S. 
Published: September 2015

Purpose Patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma have a poor prognosis and limited second-line treatment options. Evidence suggests a role for the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway in the pathogenesis and clinical course of pancreatic cancer. Patients and Methods In this double-blind, phase II study, patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer who had experienced treatment failure with gemcitabine were randomly assigned 1:1 to the JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib (15 mg twice daily) plus capecitabine (1,000 mg/m2 twice daily) or placebo plus capecitabine. The primary end point was overall survival (OS); secondary end points included progression-free survival, clinical benefit response, objective response rate, and safety. Prespecified subgroup analyses evaluated treatment heterogeneity and efficacy in patients with evidence of inflammation. Results In the intent-to-treat population (ruxolitinib, n = 64; placebo, n = 63), the hazard ratio was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.53 to 1.18; P = .25) for OS and was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.52 to 1.10; P = .14) for progression-free survival. In a prespecified subgroup analysis of patients with inflammation, defined by serum C-reactive protein levels greater than the study population median (ie, 13 mg/L), OS was significantly greater with ruxolitinib than with placebo (hazard ratio, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.85; P = .011). Prolonged survival in this subgroup was supported by post hoc analyses of OS that categorized patients by the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score, a systemic inflammation–based prognostic system. Grade 3 or greater adverse events were observed with similar frequency in the ruxolitinib (74.6%) and placebo (81.7%) groups. Grade 3 or greater anemia was more frequent with ruxolitinib (15.3%; placebo, 1.7%). Conclusion Ruxolitinib plus capecitabine was generally well tolerated and may improve survival in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer and evidence of systemic inflammation.