bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The geometry of taking flight: Limb morphometrics in Mesozoic theropods
Authors: Hedrick Brandon P. , Manning Phillip L. , Lynch Eric R. , Cordero Samantha A. , Dodson Peter 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTTheropoda was one of the most successful dinosaurian clades during the Mesozoic and has remained a dominant component of faunas throughout the Cenozoic, with nearly 10,000 extant representatives. The discovery of Archaeopteryx provides evidence that avian theropods evolved at least 155 million years ago and that more than half of the tenure of avian theropods on Earth was during the Mesozoic. Considering the major changes in niche occupation for theropods resulting from the evolution of arboreal and flight capabilities, we have analyzed forelimb and hindlimb proportions among nonmaniraptoriform theropods, nonavian maniraptoriforms, and basal avialans using reduced major axis regressions, principal components analysis, canonical variates analysis, and discriminant function analysis. Our study is the first analysis on theropod limb proportions to apply phylogenetic independent contrasts and size corrections to the data to ensure that all the data are statistically independent and amenable to statistical analyses. The three ordination analyses we performed did not show any significant groupings or deviations between nonavian theropods and Mesozoic avian forms when including all limb elements. However, the bivariate regression analyses did show some significant trends between individual elements that suggested evolutionary trends of increased forelimb length relative to hindlimb length from nonmaniraptoriform theropods to nonavian maniraptoriforms to basal avialans. The increase in disparity and divergence away from the nonavian theropod body plan is well documented within Cenozoic forms. The lack of significant groupings among Mesozoic forms when examining the entire theropod body plan concurrently suggests that nonavian theropods and avian theropods did not substantially diverge in limb proportions until the Cenozoic. J. Morphol. 276:152–166, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of high temperature on grain filling period, yield, amylose content and activity of starch biosynthesis enzymes in endosperm of basmati rice
Authors: Ahmed Nisar , Tetlow Ian J , Nawaz Sehar , Iqbal Ahsan , Mubin Muhammad , Nawaz ul Rehman Muhammad Shah , Butt Aisha , Lightfoot David A , Maekawa Masahiko 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDHigh temperature during grain filling affects yield, starch amylose content and activity of starch biosynthesis enzymes in basmati rice. To investigate the physiological mechanisms underpinning the effects of high temperature on rice grain, basmati rice was grown under two temperature conditions – 32 and 22 °C – during grain filling.RESULTSHigh temperature decreased the grain filling period from 32 to 26 days, reducing yield by 6%, and caused a reduction in total starch (3.1%) and amylose content (22%). Measurable activities of key enzymes involved in sucrose to starch conversion, sucrose synthase, ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch phosphorylase and soluble starch synthase in endosperms developed at 32 °C were lower than those at 22 °C compared with similar ripening stage on an endosperm basis. In particular, granule‐bound starch synthase (GBSS) activity was significantly lower than corresponding activity in endosperms developing at 22 °C during all developmental stages analyzed.CONCLUSIONResults suggest changes in amylose/amylopectin ratio observed in plants grown at 32 °C was attributable to a reduction in activity of GBSS, the sole enzyme responsible for amylose biosynthesis. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Post‐Polymerization of Urease‐Induced Calcified, Polymer Hydrogels
Authors: Rauner Nicolas , Buenger Lea , Schuller Stefanie , Tiller Joerg C. 
Published: October 2014

Urease‐induced calcification is an innovative method to artificially produce highly filled CaCO3‐based composite materials by intrinsic mineralization of hydrogels. The mechanical properties of these hybrid materials based on poly(2‐hydroxyethylacrylate) cross‐linked by triethylene glycol dimethacrylate are poor. Increasing the degree of calcification to up to 94 wt% improves the Young's moduli (YM) of the materials from some 40 MPa to more than 300 MPa. The introduction of calcium carbonate affine groups to the hydrogel matrix by copolymerizing acrylic acid and [2‐(methacryloyloxy) ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride, respectively, does not increase the stiffness of the composites. A Young's modulus of more than 1 GPa is achieved by post‐polymerization (PP) of the calcified hydrogels, which proves that the size of the contact area between the matrix and calcium carbonate crystals is the most crucial parameter for controlling the stiffness of hybrid materials. Switching from low Tg to high Tg hydrogel matrices (based on poly(N,N‐dimethyl acrylamide)) results in a YM of up to 3.5 GPa after PP.
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Direct comparison of postoperative monitoring of free flaps with microdialysis, implantable cook‐swartz Doppler probe, and clinical monitoring in 20 consecutive patients
Authors: Frost Markus Winther , Niumsawatt Vachara , Rozen Warren Matthew , Eschen Gete Ester Toft , Damsgaard Tine Engberg , Kiil Birgitte Jul 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundThere is an increasing demand for successful free tissue transfer, with postoperative monitoring of flaps a key to early salvage. Monitoring methods have ranged from clinical techniques to invasive options, of which two are particularly applicable to buried flaps (Cook‐Swartz Doppler probe and microdialysis). The evidence for these options has been represented largely in separate cohort studies, with no single study comparing these three techniques. We aim to perform this comparison in a single cohort of patients.MethodsA prospective, consecutive cohort study comparing clinical monitoring, microdialysis and the implantable Doppler probe was undertaken. In 20 patients receiving 22 flaps, 21 flaps were monitored with microdialysis, 18 flaps with clinical observation, and 21 flaps with the Cook‐Swartz Implantable Doppler probe. Exclusion was based on applicability and availability intra‐operatively. Efficacy was assessed through sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values.ResultsNineteen of 22 flaps had no suspected anastomotic problems; 3 of 22 flaps were explored for anastomotic problems, with two salvaged and one lost. The implantable Doppler and microdialysis were found to detect flap statistically earlier than clinical assessment, with microdialysis better at detecting flap compromise: 100% specificity (confidence interval 31–100%) when compared to the implantable probe and clinical assessment (67%: 13–98% and 33%: 2–87%, respectively).ConclusionsEach of the Cook‐Swartz Doppler probe, microdialysis and clinical assessment was found suitable for monitoring in free tissue transfer. The implantable Doppler and microdialysis offer the potential for earlier detection of flap compromise. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:262–271, 2015.
Suppression of LPS‐induced transcription and cytokine secretion by the dietary isothiocyanate sulforaphane
Authors: Folkard Danielle L. , Melchini Antonietta , Traka Maria H. , Al‐Bakheit Ala'a , Saha Shikha , Mulholland Francis , Watson Andrew , Mithen Richard F. 
Published: October 2014

ScopeDiets rich in cruciferous vegetables are associated with lower levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to potential health‐promoting properties of these vegetables. We investigate whether sulforaphane (SF), an isothiocyanate (ITC) obtained from broccoli, could suppress LPS‐induced transcription and subsequent pro‐inflammatory cytokine secretion at a physiologically relevant concentration using in vitro models of chronic inflammation.Methods and resultsWe find that exposure of the LPS receptor Toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR4) to physiologically appropriate concentrations of SF under non‐reducing conditions results in covalent modification of cysteine residues 246 and 609. We further demonstrate that the changes in expression of 1210 genes (p ≤ 0.01) in THP‐1 monocytes and the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in both human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and THP‐1 monocytes induced by LPS exposure can be completely suppressed through exposure with physiologically appropriate concentrations of SF. Finally, we show that in vivo exposure of human PBMCs to ITCs within human circulation reduces secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines following subsequent ex vivo LPS challenge (p < 0.001).ConclusionCovalent modification of TLR4 by ITCs and resultant suppression of LPS‐induced cell signalling could lead to reductions in levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in people with chronic diseases who consume diets rich in cruciferous vegetables.
The Epstein–Barr virus and the pathogenesis of lymphoma
Authors: Vockerodt Martina , Yap Lee‐Fah , Shannon‐Lowe Claire , Curley Helen , Wei Wenbin , Vrzalikova Katerina , Murray Paul G 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSince the discovery in 1964 of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in African Burkitt lymphoma, this virus has been associated with a remarkably diverse range of cancer types. Because EBV persists in the B cells of the asymptomatic host, it can easily be envisaged how it contributes to the development of B‐cell lymphomas. However, EBV is also found in other cancers, including T‐cell/natural killer cell lymphomas and several epithelial malignancies. Explaining the aetiological role of EBV is challenging, partly because the virus probably contributes differently to each tumour and partly because the available disease models cannot adequately recapitulate the subtle variations in the virus–host balance that exist between the different EBV‐associated cancers. A further challenge is to identify the co‐factors involved; because most persistently infected individuals will never develop an EBV‐associated cancer, the virus cannot be working alone. This article will review what is known about the contribution of EBV to lymphoma development. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new method of formalizing anonymity based on protocol composition logic
Authors: Feng Tao , Han Shining , Guo Xian , Ma Donglin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn order to make protocol composition logic (PCL) model satisfy the special needs of anonymous analysis, based on observational equivalence theory, this paper extended PCL to be anonymity PCL (APCL). In anonymity PCL, equivalent messages and equivalent traces were proposed. On the basis of equivalent traces, three kinds of anonymity were defined: sender anonymity, recipient anonymity, and relation anonymity. Finally, taking direct anonymous attestation (DAA) as an example, we formalized the anonymity of DAA by the new framework, the result of which demonstrates that DAA satisfies anonymity and verifies the correctness and feasibility of the new framework. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DO‐Fast: a round‐robin opportunistic scheduling protocol for device‐to‐device communications
Authors: Liu Junyu , Shi Yan , Zhang Yan , Wang Xijun , Sun Hongguang , Sheng Min 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the distributed opportunistic scheduling problem for the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM‐based device‐to‐device (D2D) communications, where D2D links contend for access to the dedicated spectrum with limited assistance from cellular infrastructures. Particularly, a synchronous distributed opportunistic scheduling protocol under fairness constraints (DO‐Fast) is prompted. In DO‐Fast, a round‐robin strategy is integrated with the opportunistic scheduling to tackle the trade‐off between system throughput and access fairness. Moreover, without instantaneous channel state information at receivers, we incorporate a priority allocation scheme, where access priorities are assigned randomly in a local fashion. Consequently, DO‐Fast is robust against imperfect channel estimates and inaccurate channel state information ordering. In addition, the opportunistic strategy in DO‐Fast is distinguished from the existing ones in that efficient spatial reuse is exploited by allowing concurrent transmissions based on the signal‐to‐interference ratio scheduling criterion. Meanwhile, access opportunities are moderately granted for poor quality links by the round‐robin strategy for fairness considerations. We analyze and compare three practical scheduling strategies in terms of the access probability. We also evaluate access fairness through Jain's Index. It is shown via numerical and simulation results that DO‐Fast could achieve efficient spectrum utilization and guarantee the short‐term fairness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating multi‐scale knowledge on cardiac development into a computational model of ventricular trabeculation
Authors: de Boer Bouke A. , Le Garrec Jean‐François , Christoffels Vincent M. , Meilhac Sigolène M. , Ruijter Jan M. 
Published: October 2014

Insights into the mechanisms of development of the mammalian four‐chambered heart are based on biological observations at organ, tissue, cell, and molecular levels, but the full integration of these experimental data awaits a systems biology approach. Such an approach can be employed to formulate and test conceptual models in a computational simulation. To illustrate how this can be applied to heart development, we used the process of trabeculation, which is the formation of muscular strands during chamber development. We selected this process because it is localized, involves a restricted number of cell types, and a range of experimental data is available. Trabeculation of the ventricles is based on the interplay between endocardial and myocardial cells and involves molecular pathways underlying cell–cell interactions and tissue‐specific cell behavior. A cellular Potts model was used for the simulation of these multi‐scale processes. With fairly simple inputs, of which the relative contributions are unknown, an iterative exploration achieved an outcome that resembles the trabeculation process and allows further investigation of contributing factors. The systems biology pipeline from biological observations and conceptual modeling to a mathematical model and computational algorithms is described and discussed. The multi‐level biological observations provide the components and their connections of the conceptual model. However, the true strength of systems biology must be found in the biological test of the predictions that result from an experimental change in the computational model. These validated predictions will ultimately elucidate the functional role of a component or interaction in the process of heart development. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2014, 6:389–397. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1285This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods
Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models
Molybdenum(0)‐N2 Complexes Supported by the Tripod Ligand 1,1,1‐Tris(Diphenyl‐Phosphinomethyl)Ethane: Steric Influence on the Coordination of Mono‐ and Diphosphine Coligands
Authors: Krahmer Jan , Peters Gerhard , Tuczek Felix 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe syntheses and physicochemical properties of the three dinitrogen complexes [Mo(N2)2(tdppme)(PMe3)], [Mo(N2)(tdppme)(PMe3)2] and [Mo(N2)2(tdppme)(PMe2Ph)] supported by the tripodal ligand 1,1,1‐tris(diphenylphosphinomethyl)ethane (tdppme) are reported. The complexes are characterized by 31P NMR‐, IR‐ and Raman spectroscopy. The influence of the ligand tdppme on the coordination of PMe3, PMe2Ph, PMePh2, PPh3 and dcpm (bis(dicyclohexylphosphine) is investigated and compared to earlier results involving dppm and dmpm as co‐ligands.
A NEW CONGRUENCE MODULO 25 FOR 1-SHELL TOTALLY SYMMETRIC PLANE PARTITIONS
Authors: XIA ERNEST X. W. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFor any positive integer $n$, let $f(n)$ denote the number of 1-shell totally symmetric plane partitions of $n$. Recently, Hirschhorn and Sellers [‘Arithmetic properties of 1-shell totally symmetric plane partitions’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.89 (2014), 473–478] and Yao [‘New infinite families of congruences modulo 4 and 8 for 1-shell totally symmetric plane partitions’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.90 (2014), 37–46] proved a number of congruences satisfied by $f(n)$. In particular, Hirschhorn and Sellers proved that $f(10n+5)\equiv 0\ (\text{mod}\ 5)$. In this paper, we establish the generating function of $f(30n+25)$ and prove that $f(250n+125)\equiv 0\ (\text{mod\ 25}).$
Biopolitics, Occupational Health and State Power: The Marginalization of Sick Workers in China
Authors: Ho Wing-Chung 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article endeavours to address the experience of Chinese workers with occupational disease as an instantiation of Agamben's notion ofhomo sacer– the ultimate biopolitical subject whose life is located outside the “normal” political, economic and cultural practices and, hence, is rendered largely silent and unintelligible in the public realm. It argues that the victimization of the occupationally sick worker has become almost a blind spot at the centre of governmentality insofar as the specific set of social regulations and power relations has created a “double ambivalence” among the victims who are constantly and disturbingly caught in between the public and private, the productive and unproductive, and the culturally normative and the culturally deviant. Such experiences of marginality contribute to the understanding of the biopolitical nature of contemporary Chinese state power, which adopts extensive “stability maintenance” (weiwen) measures to reduce resisters to a state of “bare life” susceptible to the rule of exception.
Improving Information Provision for Neurosurgical Patients: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Bramall Alexa N. , Bernstein Mark 
Published: October 2014

Background:Patients confronted with the daunting prospect of a potentially life-altering procedure with uncertain outcome demonstrate high levels of anxiety and need for information. Regardless, many patients are left unsatisfied by the amount of information received from physicians. This study sought to examine the information-seeking patterns of patients and suggest ways to optimize the communication of medical information, specifically within the context of neurosurgery.Methods:Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 31 neurosurgical patients operated on for benign or malignant brain tumors. Interviews were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis in NVivo10.Results:Three major themes relating to information-seeking by neurosurgical patients were identified: 1) almost all patients searched for information on the Internet; 2) in addition to characterizing the tumor as benign or malignant, patients sought additional information such as the location of the tumor in the brain; and 3) patients with malignant tumors were less likely to seek information online and more likely to consider alternative therapies. To improve the provision of information to neurosurgical patients, physicians can 1) offer to review imaging results with patients; 2) promote an environment open to questions; 3) provide information in a forthright manner, avoiding the use of medical jargon; and 4) consider guiding patients to reliable Internet sites and facilitating written records of consultations.Conclusions:There are many ways that physicians can improve the provision of information to patients, including providing written information and physician recommended online resources, and being mindful of patient perceived time constraints and barriers to effective communication.
The Tea Party Movement and the 2012 House Election
Authors: McNitt Andrew D. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThis article examines Tea Party candidates for the US House of Representative in 2012. Tea Party and Tea Party–endorsed candidates are similar to other Republican candidates. Although they have served in the House for a shorter period, they have approximately the same financial resources, prior political experience, and reelection rate as other Republicans. Multivariate analysis finds that Tea Party membership and endorsement have no impact on electoral outcome when other political factors are controlled for (e.g., incumbency, running for an open seat, quality of opposing candidate, prior political experience, financial resources, and Obama’s vote). Consequently, the success of Tea Party candidates depends on acquiring the traditional political resources, having weak opponents, and running in favorably disposed constituencies rather than identification with this highly visible political movement.
What’s a Dog Story Worth?
Authors: Atkinson Matthew D. , Deam Maria , Uscinski Joseph E. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTJournalists consider the importance of events and the audience’s interest in them when deciding on which events to report. Events most likely to be reported are those that are both important and can capture the audience’s interest. In turn, the public is most likely to become aware of important news when some aspect of the story piques their interest. We suggest an efficacious means of drawing public attention to important news stories: dogs. Examining the national news agenda of 10 regional newspapers relative to that of theNew York Times, we evaluated the effect of having a dog in a news event on the likelihood that the event is reported in regional newspapers. The “dog effect” is approximately equivalent to the effect of whether a story warrants front- or back-page national news coverage in theNew York Times. Thus, we conclude that dogs are an important factor in news decisions.
The Diffusion of Support for Same-Sex Marriage in the US Senate
Authors: Theriault Sean M. , Thomas Herschel F. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTAdvocates for same-sex marriage have had much to celebrate. The last few years have shown that state after state and senator after senator have declared their support for full marriage equality. Such momentum suggests that their goals will be realized sooner rather than later. In this article, we analyze when senators announce their support for same-sex marriage. Contrary to the popularly held belief that their decisions will quickly snowball into filibuster-proof numbers, we find that most of the easy successes have already been achieved. The difficulty of securing the last few votes may take much longer.
Dax1 and Nanog act in parallel to stabilize mouse embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotency
Authors: Zhang Junlei , Liu Gaoke , Ruan Yan , Wang Jiali , Zhao Ke , Wan Ying , Liu Bing , Zheng Hongting , Peng Tao , Wu Wei , He Ping , Hu Fu-Quan , Jian Rui 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNanog expression is heterogeneous and dynamic in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, the mechanism for stabilizing pluripotency during the transitions between Nanoghighand Nanoglowstates is not well understood. Here we report that Dax1 acts in parallel with Nanog to regulate mouse ESC (mESCs) identity. Dax1 stable knockdown mESCs are predisposed towards differentiation but do not lose pluripotency, whereas Dax1 overexpression supports LIF-independent self-renewal. Although partially complementary, Dax1 and Nanog function independently and cannot replace one another. They are both required for full reprogramming to induce pluripotency. Importantly, Dax1 is indispensable for self-renewal of NanoglowmESCs. Moreover, we report that Dax1 prevents extra-embryonic endoderm (ExEn) commitment by directly repressingGata6transcription. Dax1 may also mediate inhibition of trophectoderm differentiation independent or as a downstream effector of Oct4. These findings establish a basal role of Dax1 in maintaining pluripotency during the state transition of mESCs and somatic cell reprogramming.