bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Avoidance in case of anticipatory breach of contract
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the provisions of Article 72, which entitles a party to avoid the contract before the other party’s obligations become due. The conditions to exercise this right are strict: a clear fundamental breach on behalf of the debtor in the future is required. The creditor must, if time permits, notify the other party of its intention to avoid the contract in order to grant it the opportunity to provide sufficient security, in which case the creditor will be deprived of the right to avoid the contract. On the other hand, in case of an anticipatory breach where the debtor has definitely declared that it will not fulfill its contractual obligations, the creditor has an unconditional right to declare the contract avoided at once and is not obliged to give notice to the debtor before it terminates the contract.
Mitigation of damages
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter tackles Article 77, which expresses that the party entitled to damages is required to mitigate damages. It explains that the duty resting on the aggrieved party to take all possible and appropriate measures to prevent the occurrence of loss or to mitigate its extent is seen by civil law authors as an expression of the general principle of good faith in international commerce. The rationale for the provision is that the aggrieved party does not deserve to be compensated for an avoidable loss. The discussion also highlights that the duty to mitigate damages does not only arise when a loss has already occurred but also before that time. Furthermore, it lays down the distinction between Articles 77 and 80.
Self-help and emergency sale of preserved goods
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the 1980 Sales Convention, which is a multilateral treaty concluded between State parties which the Convention’s text refers to as Contracting States. It explains that Articles 89–101 contains the Convention’s treaty law framework that define the public international law obligations that a State undertakes when becoming a Contracting State of the CISG. The content of Article 89-101 affects the performance of those obligations, which occurs by the Convention’s uniform provisions on contract conclusion and on the rights and obligations of buyers and sellers being applied to international sales contracts between private parties. The chapter discusses how Articles 89–101 define the treaty obligations of CISG Contracting States by providing rules about the creation of such obligations. The Preamble to the CISG describes it as the creation of uniform rules which govern contracts for the international sale of goods.
Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods 1974
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Schroeter Ulrich G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter recounts the diplomatic conference in New York that adopted the United Nations Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods on 14 June 1974. It refers to the deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification or accession required by Article 44 of the Convention, which caused the Limitation Convention to enter into force on 1 August 1988. The Limitation Convention was signed in 1974 on the basis of the travaux préparatoires for the CISG. The chapter looks at preliminary works differed in several aspects from the final version of the CISG, which was adopted in Vienna on 11 April 1980. An adaption of the Limitation Convention to the changes became necessary and the respective Protocol amending the Convention on the Limitation Period was adopted at the Vienna Conference on 11 April 1980 to adjust the scope of application ratione materiae et loci.
Modal weak Kleene logics: axiomatizations and relational semantics
Authors: Bonzio S , Zamperlin N 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Weak Kleene logics are three-valued logics characterized by the presence of an infectious truth-value. In their external versions, as they were originally introduced by Bochvar [4] and Halldén [30], these systems are equipped with an additional connective capable of expressing whether a formula is classically true. In this paper we further expand the expressive power of external weak Kleen logics by modalizing them with a unary operator. The addition of an alethic modality gives rise to the two systems $\textsf{B}_{\text{e}}^{\square }$ and $\textsf{PWK}^{\Box }_{\text{e}} $, which have two different readings of the modal operator. We provide these logics with a complete and decidable Hilbert-style axiomatization w.r.t. a three-valued possible worlds semantics. The starting point of these calculi are new axiomatizations for the non-modal bases $\textsf{B}_{\text{e}}$ and $\textsf{PWK}_{\text{e}}$, which we provide using the recent algebraization results about these two logics. In particular, we prove the algebraizability of $\textsf{PWK}_{\text{e}}$. Finally some standard extensions of the basic modal systems are provided with their completeness results w.r.t. special classes of frames.
Ecological Changes Exacerbating the Spread of Invasive Ticks has Driven the Dispersal of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Throughout Southeast Asia
Authors: Pérez Lester J , Baele Guy , Hong Samuel L , Cloherty Gavin A , Berg Michael G 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a tick-borne virus recognized by the World Health Organization as an emerging infectious disease of growing concern. Utilizing phylodynamic and phylogeographic methods, we have reconstructed the origin and transmission patterns of SFTSV lineages and the roles demographic, ecological, and climatic factors have played in shaping its emergence and spread throughout Asia. Environmental changes and fluctuations in tick populations, exacerbated by the widespread use of pesticides, have contributed significantly to its geographic expansion. The increased adaptability of Lineage L2 strains to the Haemaphysalis longicornis vector has facilitated the dispersal of SFTSV through Southeast Asia. Increased surveillance and proactive measures are needed to prevent further spread to Australia, Indonesia, and North America.
Structural basis of AUC codon discrimination during translation initiation in yeast
Authors: Villamayor-Belinchón Laura , Sharma Prafful , Gordiyenko Yuliya , Llácer Jose L , Hussain Tanweer 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In eukaryotic translation initiation, the 48S preinitiation complex (PIC) scans the 5′ untranslated region of mRNAs to search for the cognate start codon (AUG) with assistance from various eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs). Cognate start codon recognition is precise, rejecting near-cognate codons with a single base difference. However, the structural basis of discrimination of near-cognate start codons was not known. We have captured multiple yeast 48S PICs with a near-cognate AUC codon at the P-site, revealing that the AUC codon induces instability in the codon-anticodon at the P-site, leading to a disordered N-terminal tail of eIF1A. Following eIF1 dissociation, the N-terminal domain of eIF5 fails to occupy the vacant eIF1 position, and eIF2β becomes flexible. Consequently, 48S with an AUC codon is less favourable for initiation. Furthermore, we observe hitherto unreported metastable states of the eIF2-GTP-Met-tRNAMet ternary complex, where the eIF2β helix-turn-helix domain may facilitate eIF5 association by preventing eIF1 rebinding to 48S PIC. Finally, a swivelled head conformation of 48S PIC appears crucial for discriminating incorrect and selection of the correct codon-anticodon pair during translation initiation.
Placental lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus pregnancies associated with small for gestational age infants
Authors: Dhital Rashmi , Jacobs Marni , Smith Chelsey J F , Parast Mana M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Up to a quarter of pregnant individuals with SLE have small for gestational age (SGA) infants. We aimed to characterize placental pathology associated with SGA infants in SLE.

Methods
We retrospectively analysed SLE deliveries with placental analysis at UCSD from November 2018 to October 2023, comparing SLE pregnancies resulting in SGA to those that did not, and additionally, to matched pregnancies with SGA but without SLE.

Results
Placental analysis was available only for 28/70 (40%) SLE deliveries, which had high rates of adverse outcomes (75%). All exhibited at least one histopathologic abnormality. Key findings distinguishing 12 SLE placentas resulting in SGA infants (vs.16 without) included small placental disc for gestational age (100% vs 56%, P = 0.01), placental disc infarct (50% vs 6%, P = 0.02) and increased perivillous fibrin deposition (PVFD, 58% vs 0%, P = 0.001). All seven SLE placentas with increased PVFD resulted in SGA infants. Compared with matched non-SLE pregnancies with SGA (n = 36), the only distinguishing placental lesion was a higher prevalence of increased PVFD in SLE-associated SGA (58% vs 22%, P = 0.03).

Conclusion
The higher prevalence of increased PVFD in placentas of SLE-associated SGA may indicate a specific mechanism of placental injury leading to SGA in this context. Thus, its presence, particularly in context of SGA, should prompt providers to screen for an underlying autoimmune disease, including SLE. Systematic placental examination in context of SLE and associated autoimmune diseases could help evaluate responses to existing therapies, comparative studies of novel therapies and correlation to adverse outcomes.
Describing the Landscape of Medical Education Preprints on MedRxiv: Current Trends and Future Recommendations
Authors: Maggio Lauren A. , Costello Joseph A. , Artino Anthony R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Purpose
A preprint is a version of a research manuscript posted to a preprint server prior to peer review. Preprints enable authors to quickly and openly share research, afford opportunities for expedient feedback, and enable immediate listing of research on grant and promotion applications. In medical education, most journals welcome preprints, which suggests that preprints play a role in the field’s discourse. Yet, little is known about medical education preprints, including author characteristics, preprint use, and ultimate publication status. This study provides an overview of preprints in medical education to better understand their role in the field’s discourse.

Method
The authors queried medRxiv, a preprint repository, to identify preprints categorized as “medical education” and downloaded related metadata. CrossRef was queried to gather information on preprints later published in journals. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results
Between 2019 and 2022, 204 preprints were classified in medRxiv as “medical education,” with most deposited in 2021 (n = 76; 37.3%). On average, preprint full-texts were downloaded 1,875.2 times, and all were promoted on social media. Preprints were authored, on average, by 5.9 authors. Corresponding authors were based in 41 countries, with 45.6% in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Almost half (n = 101; 49.5%) became published articles in predominantly peer-reviewed journals. Preprints appeared in 65 peer-reviewed journals, with BMC Medical Education (n = 9; 8.9%) most represented.

Conclusions
Medical education research is being deposited as preprints, which are promoted, heavily accessed, and subsequently published in peer-reviewed journals, including medical education journals. Considering the benefits of preprints and the slowness of medical education publishing, it is likely that preprint depositing will increase and preprints will be integrated into the field’s discourse. The authors propose next steps to facilitate responsible and effective creation and use of preprints.
Treatment of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: guidelines and new clinical trial results
Authors: Johnson Sindhu R. , Bernstein Elana J. 
Published: August 2024

Purpose of review
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the leading cause of death in patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD). The American College of Rheumatology (ACR), in conjunction with the American College of Chest Physicians (CHEST), recently published clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of adults with systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease-associated ILD, including SSc-ILD. Herein, we summarize evidence from randomized trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of pharmacologic therapies for the treatment of SSc-ILD.

Recent findings
In this review, we present findings from recent randomized controlled trials in SSc-ILD. The pharmacologic therapies discussed include immunosuppressive medications (mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide, rituximab, and tocilizumab) and antifibrotic medications (nintedanib and pirfenidone).

Summary
Randomized trials provide an evidence base for the SSc-ILD treatment recommendations put forth in the ACR/CHEST Guidelines for the treatment of ILD in people with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. These guidelines will help inform clinical practice and highlight areas in which further research is needed.
The Use of the Pedicled Nonislanded Foot Fillet Flap to Avoid an Above-the-Knee Amputation after Trauma
Authors: Xiao Connie , Gebremariam Nebiyou Ermias , Nthumba Peter 
Published: August 2024

Background:
Lower extremity trauma can have a devastating effect on the quality of the life of patients. To avoid limb amputation and its associated social stigma, many patients spend years undergoing multiple costly procedures, with prolonged hospital stays, all the while hoping for an elusive limb salvage. People with lower limb amputation experience higher energy requirements for walking, reduced aerobic capacity, and slower walking speeds, when compared with people with normal limbs. A below-knee amputation (BKA) is functionally superior to an above-knee amputation.

Methods:
Between 2012 and 2023, five patients underwent BKAs with a nonislanded foot fillet flap reconstruction of the BKA stump. Four of these patients had undergone previous multiple procedures in attempts at limb salvage. While two patients had sustained recent trauma, three were operated on electively.

Results:
All the BKA stumps healed without any complications. Only one patient complained of phantom limb pain. One patient will require the reconstruction of a lateral knee collateral ligament.

Conclusions:
This case series demonstrates the versatility of the pedicled foot fillet flap in addressing the different complications of lower extremity injury that may result in an unusable limb. The utility of this technique is especially valuable in low-resource settings where the built environment may be unfriendly to nonbipedal ambulation, and an urgent need for a return to economic productivity. Because prostheses are fairly accessible in Kenya, return to ambulation and economic productivity are anticipated following a BKA.
Implementation of In-house Computer-aided Design and Manufacturing for Accelerated Free Fibula Flap Reconstruction of Mandibular Defects in Cancer Patients
Authors: Lindhardt Joakim L. , Kiil Birgitte J. , Jakobsen Anders M. , Buhl Jytte , Krag Andreas E. 
Published: August 2024

Background:
Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is widely adopted for optimizing microsurgical reconstruction of mandibular defects. However, commercial solutions are hampered by costs and lengthy lead times, with the latter being problematic in cancer surgery. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of an in-house CAD/CAM service for expeditious planning and execution of free fibula mandibular reconstruction in head and neck cancer patients.

Methods:
This retrospective cohort study compared cancer patients undergoing segmental mandibulectomy and immediate free fibula flap reconstruction treated before and after implementation of in-house CAD/CAM. The primary endpoint was treatment delay from preoperative consultation to surgery. Cases in the two groups were matched on the number of fibula segments required for mandibular reconstruction. The control group underwent segmental mandibulectomy and fibula flap reconstruction by “freehand.” The CAD/CAM group underwent preoperative virtual surgical planning and CAD/CAM of intraoperative cutting guides for the mandibulectomy and fibula osteotomies. Outcomes were compared with the unpaired t test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

Results:
Sixteen patients were included in both groups. Treatment delay did not increase after implementation of in-house CAD/CAM with a median 6 (range 6–20) days wait in the CAD/CAM group and 8 (6–20) days wait in the control group (P = 0.48). Utilization of CAD/CAM significantly reduced fibula flap ischemia time with a mean of 18.4 [95% confidence interval 2.8; 33.9] minutes (P = 0.022).

Conclusions:
In-house CAD/CAM was implemented for free fibula flap mandibular reconstruction in head and neck cancer patients without causing treatment delay. Furthermore, CAD/CAM reduced fibula flap ischemia time.
Aortic stiffness: an age-related prognostic marker?
Authors: Torino Claudia , Lu Zuolin , Tilly Martijn J. , Ikram M. Kamran , Kavousi Maryam , Mattace-Raso Francesco 
Published: August 2024

Aortic stiffness, a consequence of vascular aging, is an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the impact of age and sex on its predictive performance remains unclear. We have included 6046 individuals from the population-based Rotterdam study. Survival analyses were performed to investigate the impact of age and sex on the link between aortic stiffness and outcomes, including coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. The added predictive value of aortic stiffness across age categories and by sex was assessed by using explained variation, Harrell's C index and Integrated Discrimination Improvement (IDI).
Aortic stiffness was independently associated with all outcomes [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval; CI): 1.16 (1.04–1.22) for CHD, 1.09 (1.00–1.19) for stroke, 1.11 (1.05–1.18) for CVD, 1.14 (1.05–1.23) for cardiovascular mortality, 1.08 (1.03–1.13) for all-cause mortality]. The strength of the association between aortic stiffness and stroke, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality decreased significantly by advancing age. The variance of the outcome (R
2) explained by aortic stiffness alone was noticeable in individuals younger than 60 years and negligible in the other age categories. The association of aortic stiffness and CHD was stronger in women than in men. Similarly, the difference in R
2 between women and men was greater for CHD than for the other considered outcomes. Our findings suggest that the gain in explained variation caused by aortic stiffness for CVD and mortality might be limited to individuals younger than 60 years.
Laparoscopic surgery of a rare giant paraesophageal hernia: a case report
Authors: Lukman Kiki , Rudiman Reno , Irawan Elit , Nugraha Prapanca 
Published: August 2024

Introduction and Importance:
In the case of a hiatal hernia, the weakening of the esophageal hiatus allowed part of the stomach to slide to the mediastinum. Although the identification of hernias in esophageal hiatus is prone to subjectivity because of anatomical diversity, it is thought to occur often in radiological or endoscopic tests, with a range of 10–20% in the western population. Although asymptomatic, a rare form of hiatal hernia called a paraesophageal hernia (PEH) can be linked to serious, perhaps fatal consequences such as stomach volvulus. Only symptomatic patients should receive surgical treatment. In this case study, the authors present and discuss a giant PEH patient treated with laparoscopic hernial repair and fundoplication. A laparoscopic approach to PEH is important because of the shorter length of stay and fewer complications.

Case Presentation:
A 46-year-old Asian entered the hospital with symptoms of frequent dyspepsia syndrome, and from a computed tomography (CT) scan, she was diagnosed with a giant paraesophageal hernia. Hernia repair and fundoplication were performed laparoscopically. She was discharged three days after the surgery without significant complications.

Clinical Discussion:
This report represents a rare case of giant PEH. Although there are some limitations to laparoscopic surgery, it might be associated to fewer complication rate, a shorter stay in the hospital, and a faster recovery.

Conclusion:
Laparoscopic hernia repair and fundoplication is a safe and applicable surgery for people with symptomatic PEH.
Primary Cardiac Hemangiopericytoma on 18F-FDG and 68Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT
Authors: Li Chuan , Deng Yichuan , Hu Xianwen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Hemangiopericytoma can occur anywhere in the body, mainly including the head and neck soft tissue, retroperitoneum, limbs, lung, pleura, pelvis, and meninges, whereas it arising in cardiac is rarely documented. Herein, we report 18F-FDG PET/CT and 68Ga-FAPI findings of hemangiopericytoma in the heart in a 23-year-old woman.
Elevated 68Ga-FAPI Activity in Tailgut Cyst Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Huang Yilin , Ou Lei , Zeng Chengrun , Chen Xiaoliang 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Tailgut cyst adenocarcinoma is a rare malignant tumor. We present 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT findings of tailgut cyst adenocarcinoma in a 46-year-old woman. Tailgut cyst adenocarcinoma on 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT showed increased tracer uptake. This case demonstrates the potential value of 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT for evaluating tailgut cyst adenocarcinoma.
Bilateral Internal Auditory Canal Metastasis From Lung Cancer on FDG PET/CT
Authors: Xiao Liu , Li Lin , Wu Chunyan , Zhang Wenjie 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The occurrence of metastatic tumor in the internal auditory canal is very rare. Thus, we report FDG PET/CT findings of bilateral Internal auditory canal metastasis from lung cancer in a 67-year-old man. FDG PET/CT and MRI showed nodules in the bilateral internal auditory canal with an SUVmax of 5.2. This case hints us that bilateral metastasis should be considered as differential diagnosis when we encounter bilateral nodule in the internal auditory.
Fasting Plasma Glucose as a Primary Screening Test for the Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hasan Md. Rakibul , Sultana Nusrat , Panthi Sandesh , Hasan Mashfiqul , Jahan Sharmin , Aktar Yasmin , Hasanat Muhammad Abul 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAimTo see the diagnostic efficacy of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in respect to OGTT during pregnancy.Materials and MethodIn this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 542 pregnant women 18 years or older by consecutive sampling irrespective of gestational age. 75gm three samples OGTT was done and categorized them to either normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) according to World Health Organization (WHO) 2013 criteria.ResultsThe sensitivity of FPG with a threshold of 5.1mmol/L was 47.3% among the study subjects, which was very low but specificity was very high (99.7%). However, changing the cut off value to 4.7mmo/L and 4.5mmol/L significantly increased the sensitivity to 64.8% and 73.3% with modestly decreased specificity to 86.2% and 73.2% respectively. In pregnant women with gestational age 24 to 28 weeks, FPG with a threshold of 4.5mmol/L could identify 75% of GDM subjects with specificity 76.8%. Furthermore, it has the highest sensitivity in detecting AGT in all three trimesters (80%, 74.4% and 68%) compared to 4.7mmol/L (80%, 68.9% and 50%) and 5.1 (80%, 47.8% and 30%) in 1st, 2ndand 3rdtrimester respectively. FPG had positive correlation with maternal age (r=0.138, p=0.001), BMI (r=0.164, p<0.001) but negative correlation with weeks of gestation (r= -0.242, p<0.001).ConclusionFPG with cut off value of 4.5mmol/L may be used as an initial screening test for GDM to reduce the need for OGTT.