bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined Global GNSS Velocity Field
Authors: Santamaría-Gómez A. , Rietbroek R. , Rebischung P. , Frederikse T. , Legrand J. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractA global combined GNSS velocity field with almost 13,400 sites has been derived by the International Association of Geodesy’s Joint Working Group 3.2. The combined field is aligned to the ITRF2020 and gathers global and regional velocity fields computed by nineteen groups using different approaches. In addition to the combined velocities and their uncertainties, the combination also provides the alignment of each velocity field to the ITRF2020, the scaling of their velocity uncertainty and the estimated repeatability of the velocity estimates across the different groups at almost 3,000 sites. The median repeatability is at the level of 0.17 and 0.27 mm/yr for the horizontal and vertical velocities. Up to 11 % of the sites show poor velocity repeatability exceeding 3 times the median values.
US-China Health Relations During COVID-19: Insights from Past Collaborations and Future Considerations
Authors: Kaufman Joan , Gallo Michael 
Published: July 2024

AbstractChina and the U.S. have had a long and fruitful collaboration on many global health threats since the SARS pandemic of 2003. Following, and as a result of the SARS pandemic, the U.S. CDC began working closely with the Chinese CDC on pandemic preparedness. Soon after, a CDC Global AIDS Program office in Beijing was established that worked closely with the Chinese government on its newly launched domestic AIDS response. U.S.-China health collaboration was at its height as a major part of the U.S. government’s Strategic and Economic Dialogue exchange mechanisms. In the years leading up to the COVID-19 pandemic, staffing of the two CDC program offices were greatly reduced due to geopolitical tensions, adversely affecting the ability of CDC’s trained epidemiologists to assist China in its initial response and limiting the sharing of data. This chapter examines lessons learned from earlier collaboration that should frame future efforts.
America Through the Eyes of Chinese Youth During COVID-19
Authors: Prytherch Mallie 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe imposition of travel restrictions and social distancing protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic severely curtailed opportunities for cross-border interactions, impacting vital person-to-person domains like education, tourism, and the arts. A significant outcome of this evolving landscape has been the reshaping of perceptions within China concerning the U.S. This transformation is particularly pronounced among the younger generation of Chinese citizens, who, prior to the pandemic, enjoyed unprecedented access to international education and cross-cultural encounters. Conducted in Beijing during the pandemic, this survey specifically examines views toward America among students from the top two elite colleges in China. Three key trends are identified: a reevaluation of plans to live or work in the U.S. due to rising anti-Asian sentiment and perceived shortcomings in the American public health system, a growing disillusionment with the “American Dream,” and increased support for the Chinese government. This chapter provides a timely, updated analysis of the opinions held by China's future leaders and serves as a valuable resource for shaping diplomatic strategies both now and in the future.
Automated Machine Learning
Authors: Karl Florian , Thomas Janek , Elstner Jannes , Gross Ralf , Bischl Bernd 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn the past few years automated machine learning (AutoML) has gained a lot of traction in the data science and machine learning community. AutoML aims at reducing the partly repetitive work of data scientists and enabling domain experts to construct machine learning pipelines without extensive knowledge in data science. This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the current leading AutoML methods and sets AutoML in an industrial context. To this extent we present the typical components of an AutoML system, give an overview over the stateof-the-art and highlight challenges to industrial application by presenting several important topics such as AutoML for time series data, AutoML in unsupervised settings, AutoML with multiple evaluation criteria, or interactive human-in-the-loop methods. Finally, the connection to Neural Architecture Search (NAS) is presented and a brief review with special emphasis on hardware-aware NAS is given.
Coherence through Cultures of Remembrance? A Design-Based Research Project at the Intersection of Literary Studies, Subject Didactics and School Practice
Authors: Reiser Frank , Zaki Katja 
Published: July 2024

AbstractTeacher education programs often lack opportunities for future teachers to develop networked knowledge structures by integrating knowledge from different fields. This article presents a design based research project that aims to link different domains of professional knowledge and enhance transferability to school practice in the form of an integrated seminar for student teachers of Spanish as a foreign language. The course combines team-teaching units with individual and collaborative problem-based learning tasks to promote co-constructive knowledge integration. Initial evaluation results indicate significant effects in terms of coherence construction and perception among students, but also reveal challenges and limitations of the integrated format (e.g., an above-average workload). Furthermore, fostering course coherence draws attention to other components of the teacher education program. On the one hand, integrating domains requires transparency about the knowledge acquired in previous courses, on the other hand, the creation of meaningful tasks implies matching them to the realities of professional practice in school. As initial surveys have shown, the implied tasks and related fostering of coherence result in a potentially fruitful but also tense relationship with university studies.
Die Entwicklung des Instituts für Höhere Studien anhand seiner Kennzahlen
Authors: Huber Andreas , König Thomas 
Published: July 2024

ZusammenfassungDas IHS wurde mit Mitteln der Ford Foundation in Österreich gegründet. Die Absicht war, moderne empirische Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften nach Österreich (und Zentraleuropa) zu bringen. Nach anfänglichen Widerständen wurde das Institut von den nationalen politischen Eliten akzeptiert: neben der postgraduellen Ausbildung des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses diente es unter anderem auch dazu, als wissenschaftlicher Think Tank angewandte, policy-relevante empirische Forschung durchzuführen. Der vorliegende Text unternimmt eine narrative Darstellung der Entwicklungs- und Wandlungsgeschichte des Instituts entlang von spezifischen Kennzahlen, die aus den zugänglichen Quellen systematisch ausgewertet werden konnten, insbesondere die jährlichen Budgets und die Personalzusammensetzung. Er zeichnet das Bild einer Einrichtung, die immer wieder mit unterschiedlichen Erwartungshaltungen konfrontiert ist, und die organisationalen wie strategischen Einschränkungen daraus konkrete Zielsetzungen abzuleiten.
Das Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung 1984–1997: Zur Etablierung eines empirisch-analytischen Forschungsprogramms in den außeruniversitären Sozialwissenschaften Deutschlands
Authors: Link Fabian 
Published: July 2024

ZusammenfassungMit der Gründung des Max-Planck-Instituts für Gesellschaftsforschung (MPIfG) in Köln Ende 1984 setzte die Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG) ein empirisch-analytisches Paradigma sozialwissenschaftlicher Forschung. Die Gründungsdirektorin Renate Mayntz, ihr Co-Direktor Fritz W. Scharpf und Mayntz‘ Nachfolger Wolfgang Streeck distanzierten sich von politischer Ideologisierung sozialwissenschaftlichen Wissens und folgten einer an Max Webers Wertneutralitätsprinzip orientierten Forschungsagenda. In diesem Beitrag wird die Phase von der Gründung des Instituts bis zur Emeritierung von Mayntz 1997 behandelt. Schwerpunkte bilden das von Mayntz entwickelte Forschungsprogramm, dessen Umsetzung sowie die epistemischen Wandlungen, die mit der Wahl Streecks im Jahr 1995 zum Nachfolger von Mayntz erfolgten. Der Artikel zeigt, dass eine sozialwissenschaftliche Grundlagenforschung nur in einem außeruniversitären Institut wie dem MPIfG möglich war, weil seine Direktoren nicht den zeitlich eng gesteckten Grenzen drittmittelbasierter Forschung folgen mussten. Der Aufsatz stellt ferner dar, dass der sozialwissenschaftliche Institutionalismus als Kern des Kölner Forschungsprogramms für die Forschungspraxis an diesem MPI bis heute richtungsweisend geblieben ist.
Globalisierte Gültigkeit: Internationale Politikanalyse am IIASA, 1972–1992
Authors: Duller Matthias , Dayé Christian 
Published: July 2024

ZusammenfassungDas International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) wurde 1972 in Laxenburg bei Wien gegründet und war das weltweit erste Forschungsinstitut, an dem – dem eigenen Anspruch zufolge – Wissenschaftler:innen von Ost und West gemeinsam an der Lösung globaler oder transnationaler Probleme arbeiten sollten. Nach einer Beschreibung der Gründung des IIASA wendet sich der vorliegende Beitrag den Analysemethoden zu, die bei IIASA zum Einsatz kamen, und zeichnet anhand der Geschichte dieser Analysemethoden Wechselwirkungen zwischen Organisationsform und Erkenntnisform nach, die den Forschungsalltag am IIASA in den ersten zwei Jahrzehnten seines Bestehens prägten. Aufgrund seiner spezifischen Ausrichtung und Organisationsform, bot das IIASA eine förderliche Umgebung für die Entwicklung eines innovativen Zugangs zu jenen epistemologischen, methodologischen und wissenspolitischen Problemen, mit denen sich eine global ausgerichtete Erforschung des Planeten und seiner Bewohner:innen in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts konfrontiert sah.
The Showcase of Czechoslovak Science: The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science
Authors: Franc Martin 
Published: July 2024

AbstractOne of the most successful institutes of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences was the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, which formed part of the Academy from the very beginning. Its origins date back to World War II. After the closure of the Czech universities in November 1939 the lecturers and students had to look for other opportunities. Some found refuge in industrial research and development, which later significantly influenced their academic work methods. This is especially true of the group of academicians around the future founder of the Institute, František Šorm, then working in the Association for Chemical and Foundry Production. The method was based on large teams focusing their research on a specific topic, anticipating its practical use in a particular time frame. Even though the Institute had been focused on basic research, they applied this as the principal concept in their academic work there, too. After the war, F. Šorm’s career progressed rapidly, especially after he joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. The university environment was not suited to his working methods, and he therefore went into non-university research, an area that saw dynamic development back then, and he also brought his colleagues along with him. In the early 1950s, he was involved in the preparations for the establishment of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, in which he incorporated his Institute. He became the first general secretary of the new institution, later its deputy chairman and in 1962–1969 he served as its chairman, a position that enabled him to advocate the aforementioned working methods as the basic model of academic work. He also continued in his political career, which he used to support his efforts to make the Institute a globally respected centre of chemical research, a goal which, however, was beyond the capacity of the Czechoslovak economy. František Šorm acted like a great man of science wielding considerable power, but that changed substantially after the August 1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia. He was stripped of all his offices, but his colleagues from the occupation era led the Institute until 1986, guaranteeing the continuation of his scientific methods.
Die „Klinik des Technikers“. Die Anfänge der Bundesversuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Arsenal
Authors: Pichler Rupert , Hofer Reinhold 
Published: July 2024

ZusammenfassungVersuchsanstalten sind Einrichtungen, in denen mit wissenschaftlichen Methoden Materialien, Produkte und Prozesse geprüft und weiterentwickelt werden. Spätestens seit der industriellen Revolution gehören Versuchsanstalten zur institutionellen „Grundausstattung“ entwickelter Forschungs- und Innovationssysteme, weil Universitäten und Hochschulen bei der Bearbeitung von Fragestellungen aus der Praxis (z. B. von Unternehmen) an organisatorische und disziplinäre Grenzen stießen. Auch wenn solche Versuchsanstalten keine genuinen Forschungseinrichtungen waren, konnten die Ergebnisse ihrer Tätigkeit dennoch zu neuen Erkenntnissen führen. Darüber hinaus stellten sie ein Instrument staatlicher Standortpolitik dar. In Österreich gelang es erst nach 1945, eine zentrale staatliche Versuchsanstalt einzurichten. Das dafür namengebende Wiener „Arsenal“ ist ein von 1848 bis 1945 militärisch genutztes Stadtgebiet in der Nähe des heutigen Hauptbahnhofs. Im Rahmen der anschließenden zivilen Nutzung entstand dort unter anderem die Bundesversuchs- und Forschungsanstalt, die umgangssprachlich aufgrund ihres Standorts auch oft nur als „Arsenal“ bezeichnet wurde.
Mäzenatentum und Institutsgründungen: das Institut für Radiumforschung und die Biologische Versuchsanstalt – innovative Grundlagenforschung außerhalb der Universitäten
Authors: Reiter Wolfgang L. 
Published: July 2024

ZusammenfassungIn kurzer Folge wurden in Wien nach der Jahrhundertwende 1900 aufgrund mäzenatischer Initiativen zwei Forschungsinstitute gegründet, die zu ihrer Zeit disziplinär neue Ansätze in der experimentellen Biologie und bei der Erforschung der Radioaktivität institutionell und methodisch auf einem international sichtbaren Niveau etablieren konnten. Das Forschungsprogramm der 1902 begründeten Biologischen Versuchsanstalt orientierte sich an einem gegenüber der traditionellen universitären Forschung innovativen und interdisziplinären Ansatz der Beobachtung lebender Systeme unter veränderbaren Bedingungen. Das 1910 eröffnete Institut für Radiumforschung war das weltweit erste Institut, das sich exklusiv der Erforschung des damals relativ jungen Gebiets der Radioaktivität widmete. Als Einrichtung der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften und in organisatorischer Verbindung mit der Universität Wien fungierte das Radiuminstitut als eine lokale und zugleich internationale Plattform der Forschung. Beiden Instituten gemeinsam war eine Öffnung der Forschungseinrichtung für externe, nicht-lokale und internationale Kooperationen ohne institutionelle Hürden in Lehre und Forschung. Inwieweit die Organisationsform als außeruniversitäre Forschungseinrichtungen zur wissenschaftlichen Produktivität dieser beiden Institute beitrug und welche wissenschaftspolitischen und im weiteren Sinn politischen Randbedingungen für ihre Entwicklung maßgeblich waren ist Gegenstand dieses Beitrags. In einem Vergleich der beiden Forschungseinrichtungen soll das Verhältnis der jeweiligen organisatorischen und methodisch-disziplinären Bedingungen für die Forschung in ihren Wirkungen auf deren je spezifische Wissensproduktion näher betrachtet werden.
Using artificial intelligence to generate medical literature for urology patients: a comparison of three different large language models
Authors: Pompili David , Richa Yasmina , Collins Patrick , Richards Helen , Hennessey Derek B 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Large language models (LLMs) are a form of artificial intelligence (AI) that uses deep learning techniques to understand, summarize and generate content. The potential benefits of LLMs in healthcare is predicted to be immense. The objective of this study was to examine the quality of patient information leaflets (PILs) produced by 3 LLMs on urological topics.

Methods
Prompts were created to generate PILs from 3 LLMs: ChatGPT-4, PaLM 2 (Google Bard) and Llama 2 (Meta) across four urology topics (circumcision, nephrectomy, overactive bladder syndrome, and transurethral resection of the prostate). PILs were evaluated using a quality assessment checklist. PIL readability was assessed by the Average Reading Level Consensus Calculator.

Results
PILs generated by PaLM 2 had the highest overall average quality score (3.58), followed by Llama 2 (3.34) and ChatGPT-4 (3.08). PaLM 2 generated PILs were of the highest quality in all topics except TURP and was the only LLM to include images. Medical inaccuracies were present in all generated content including instances of significant error. Readability analysis identified PaLM 2 generated PILs as the simplest (age 14–15 average reading level). Llama 2 PILs were the most difficult (age 16–17 average).

Conclusion
While LLMs can generate PILs that may help reduce healthcare professional workload, generated content requires clinician input for accuracy and inclusion of health literacy aids, such as images. LLM-generated PILs were above the average reading level for adults, necessitating improvement in LLM algorithms and/or prompt design. How satisfied patients are to LLM-generated PILs remains to be evaluated.
On the accuracy of interpolation based on single-layer artificial neural networks with a focus on defeating the Runge phenomenon
Authors: Auricchio Ferdinando , Belardo Maria Roberta , Calabrò Francesco , Fabiani Gianluca , Pascaner Ariel F. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractArtificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are a tool in approximation theory widely used to solve interpolation problems. In fact, ANNs can be assimilated to functions since they take an input and return an output. The structure of the specifically adopted network determines the underlying approximation space, while the form of the function is selected by fixing the parameters of the network. In the present paper, we consider one-hidden layer ANNs with a feedforward architecture, also referred to as shallow or two-layer networks, so that the structure is determined by the number and types of neurons. The determination of the parameters that define the function, called training, is done via the resolution of the approximation problem, so by imposing the interpolation through a set of specific nodes. We present the case where the parameters are trained using a procedure that is referred to as Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) that leads to a linear interpolation problem. In such hypotheses, the existence of an ANN interpolating function is guaranteed. Given that the ANN is interpolating, the error incurred occurs outside the sampling interpolation nodes provided by the user. In this study, various choices of nodes are analyzed: equispaced, Chebychev, and randomly selected ones. Then, the focus is on regular target functions, for which it is known that interpolation can lead to spurious oscillations, a phenomenon that in the ANN literature is referred to as overfitting. We obtain good accuracy of the ANN interpolating function in all tested cases using these different types of interpolating nodes and different types of neurons. The following study is conducted starting from the well-known bell-shaped Runge example, which makes it clear that the construction of a global interpolating polynomial is accurate only if trained on suitably chosen nodes, ad example the Chebychev ones. In order to evaluate the behavior when the number of interpolation nodes increases, we increase the number of neurons in our network and compare it with the interpolating polynomial. We test using Runge’s function and other well-known examples with different regularities. As expected, the accuracy of the approximation with a global polynomial increases only if the Chebychev nodes are considered. Instead, the error for the ANN interpolating function always decays, and in most cases we observe that the convergence follows what is observed in the polynomial case on Chebychev nodes, despite the set of nodes used for training. Then we can conclude that the use of such an ANN defeats the Runge phenomenon. Our results show the power of ANNs to achieve excellent approximations when interpolating regular functions also starting from uniform and random nodes, particularly for Runge’s function.
Biogeochemical plumbing of pioneer mangrove intertidal flats in French Guiana
Authors: Aller Robert , Klingensmith Issac , Stieglitz Thomas , Heilbrun Christina , Waugh Stuart , Aschenbroich Adelaide , Thouzeau Gerard , Michaud Emma 
Published: July 2024

AbstractMigrating mudbanks are characteristic features of the vast Amazon-Guianas coastline along Northeastern South America. As illustrated by sites in French Guiana, consolidating mudflats that periodically transition to mangrove forest are permeated by extensive crustacean burrow systems, sometimes in isolation but more often in close association with morpho-sedimentary structures such as tidal pools and channels. Burrow structures are critical to mangrove growth. In this study, we evaluated the ways in which burrows act as complex conduits that plumb deposits for solute exchange with overlying water. We sampled burrows during low tide when irrigation is inhibited and burrow water rapidly becomes anoxic. The products of diagenetic reactions, for example: NH4+, N2, and Si(OH)4, build up with time, revealing sedimentary reaction rates and fluxes. When oxygenated, burrow walls are zones of intense coupled redox reactions such as nitrification-denitrification. Build-up often is lower in burrows connected directly to tidal pools where photosynthetic activity consumes remineralized nutrients, and burrows can remain periodically irrigated at low tide. During flood, burrows, particularly those that connect tidal pools laterally to channels, can be rapidly flushed and oxygenated as channel water rises and then spreads across flats. Burrow flushing produces enhanced concentrations of nutrients within the leading edge of the flood as seawater moves progressively towards and into adjacent mangroves. Estimates of burrow volumes obtained from drone surveys together with burrow solute production rates allow upscaling of burrow-sourced metabolite fluxes; however, these are extremely variable due to variable burrow geometries, connections between burrows, pools, and channels, and burrow water residence times (oxygenation). The flushing of burrows during flood results in a rectification of sediment-water fluxes shoreward and enhances the delivery of nutrients from the flats into adjacent mangroves and pools, presumably stimulating colonization and forest growth.
Stable Liftings of Polynomial Traces on Tetrahedra
Authors: Parker Charles , Süli Endre 
Published: July 2024

AbstractOn the reference tetrahedron $$K$$
K
, we construct, for each $$k \in {\mathbb {N}}_0$$

k
∈

N
0

, a right inverse for the trace operator $$u \mapsto (u, \partial _{\textbf{n}} u, \ldots , \partial _{\textbf{n}}^k u)|_{\partial K}$$

u
↦

(
u
,

∂
n

u
,
…
,

∂

n

k

u
)

|

∂
K

. The operator is stable as a mapping from the trace space of $$W^{s, p}(K)$$

W

s
,
p

(
K
)

to $$W^{s, p}(K)$$

W

s
,
p

(
K
)

for all $$p \in (1, \infty )$$

p
∈
(
1
,
∞
)

and $$s \in (k+1/p, \infty )$$

s
∈
(
k
+
1
/
p
,
∞
)

. Moreover, if the data is the trace of a polynomial of degree $$N \in {\mathbb {N}}_0$$

N
∈

N
0

, then the resulting lifting is a polynomial of degree N. One consequence of the analysis is a novel characterization for the range of the trace operator.