bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PASSPORT PLOTS: B. TRAVEN'S DAS TOTENSCHIFF AND THE CHRONOTOPE OF MOVEMENT CONTROL
Authors: Gulddal Jesper 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThis article analyses B. Traven's 1926 novel Das Totenschiff in the light of its persistent references to the emerging international passport system of the interwar period. Building on Bakhtin's concept of the chronotope, understood in this context as a principle of narrative organisation, I argue that these references can be analysed productively as a ‘chronotope of movement control’ – that is, an interface linking a specific historical movement control regime and a specific mode of literary expression. Pursuant to this idea, I provide an overview of contemporaneous passport and movement control practices and proceed on this basis to demonstrate how these practices are not merely documented in Traven's novel, but activated as a means of articulating its spatial, narrative and thematic dimensions. By way of conclusion, I offer a broader characterisation of the novel's chronotopical strategy of emplotment while at the same time sketching its place within a hitherto unacknowledged tradition in European literary history of actively engaging with movement control as one of the defining institutions of modernity.
WRITINGS OF HISTORY: AUTHENTICITY AND SELF‐CENSORSHIP IN WILLIAM L. SHIRER'S BERLIN DIARY
Authors: Strobl Michael 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTWilliam L. Shirer's best‐selling Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent 1934–1941 profoundly shaped US‐American public opinion about Hitler and Nazi Germany. It has been and still is widely used as a source in historiography and historical journalism. The Berlin Diary was also the starting point of Shirer's writing career that led to the publication of the seminal The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (1960). Contrary to the book's self‐image, its paratextual shape and reception, it is not an ‘authentic day‐to‐day record of events’, but a highly edited and literary text: this article compares – for the first time – the distinctly different version of Shirer's diary that can be found among his papers and the published work. Firstly, an error in judgment of 1935 about Hitler that Shirer censored in his 1941 publication (and which he reinstated in 1984 in his memoirs) is analysed in detail. Secondly, further examples of seemingly minor alterations in entries of 1939/40 illustrate to what extent and with what intentions Shirer altered his diary for publication.
‘Distributed health literacy’: longitudinal qualitative analysis of the roles of health literacy mediators and social networks of people living with a long‐term health condition
Authors: Edwards Michelle , Wood Fiona , Davies Myfanwy , Edwards Adrian 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe role of one's social network in the process of becoming health literate is not well understood. We aim to explain the ‘distributed’ nature of health literacy and how people living with a long‐term condition draw on their social network for support with health literacy‐related tasks such as managing their condition, interacting with health professionals and making decisions about their health.DesignThis paper reports a longitudinal qualitative interview and observation study of the development and practice of health literacy in people with long‐term health conditions, living in South Wales, UK. Participants were recruited from health education groups (n = 14) and community education venues (n = 4). The 44 interview transcripts were analysed using the ‘Framework’ approach.ResultsHealth literacy was distributed through family and social networks, and participants often drew on the health literacy skills of others to seek, understand and use health information. Those who passed on their health literacy skills acted as health literacy mediators and supported participants in becoming more health literate about their condition. The distribution of health literacy supported participants to manage their health, become more active in health‐care decision‐making processes, communicate with health professionals and come to terms with living with a long‐term condition. Participants accessed health literacy mediators through personal and community networks.ConclusionDistributed health literacy is a potential resource for managing one's health, communicating with health professionals and making health decisions.
Linking Food Security, Migration and Development
Authors: Crush Jonathan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe issue of food security is strikingly absent from current debates about the relationship between migration and development. The current international food security agenda displays a similar disregard for migration. There thus appears to be a massive disconnect between these two global development agendas. The reasons are hard to understand since the connections between migration and food security seem obvious. This article addresses possible reasons for the disconnect and then presents and discusses the implications for linking migration and food security of a recent survey in 11 African cities. The results show a consistent pattern of difference between urban migrant and non‐migrant households in relation to levels of food insecurity, sources of income, food procurement strategies, and participation in urban agriculture. This article therefore seeks to initiate a conversation between the separate worlds of migration and development on the one side, and food security on the other.
Immunogenetics of HIV disease
Authors: Martin Maureen P. , Carrington Mary 
Published: June 2013

SummaryHost genetic factors are a major contributing factor to the inter‐individual variation observed in response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and are linked to resistance to HIV infection among exposed individuals, as well as rate of disease progression and the likelihood of viral transmission. Of the genetic variants that have been shown to affect the natural history of HIV infection, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I genes exhibit the strongest and most consistent association, underscoring a central role for CD8+ T cells in resistance to the virus. HLA proteins play important roles in T‐cell‐mediated adaptive immunity by presenting immunodominant HIV epitopes to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and CD4+ T cells. Genetic and functional data also indicate a function for HLA in natural killer cell‐mediated innate immunity against HIV by interacting with killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR). We review the HLA and KIR associations with HIV disease and discuss the mechanisms underlying these associations.
Mucosal immunology of HIV infection
Authors: Xu Huanbin , Wang Xiaolei , Veazey Ronald S. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryRecent advances in the immunology, pathogenesis, and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continue to reveal clues to the mechanisms involved in the progressive immunodeficiency attributed to infection, but more importantly have shed light on the correlates of immunity to infection and disease progression. HIV selectively infects, eliminates, and/or dysregulates several key cells of the human immune system, thwarting multiple arms of the host immune response, and inflicting severe damage to mucosal barriers, resulting in tissue infiltration of ‘symbiotic’ intestinal bacteria and viruses that essentially become opportunistic infections promoting systemic immune activation. This leads to activation and recruitment or more target cells for perpetuating HIV infection, resulting in persistent, high‐level viral replication in lymphoid tissues, rapid evolution of resistant strains, and continued evasion of immune responses. However, vaccine studies and studies of spontaneous controllers are finally providing correlates of immunity from protection and disease progression, including virus‐specific CD4+ T‐cell responses, binding anti‐bodies, innate immune responses, and generation of antibodies with potent antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity activity. Emerging correlates of immunity indicate that prevention of HIV infection may be possible through effective vaccine strategies that protect and stimulate key regulatory cells and immune responses in susceptible hosts. Furthermore, immune therapies specifically directed toward boosting specific aspects of the immune system may eventually lead to a cure for HIV‐infected patients.
A global approach to HIV‐1 vaccine development
Authors: Stephenson Kathryn E. , Barouch Dan H. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryA global human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) vaccine will have to elicit immune responses capable of providing protection against a tremendous diversity of HIV‐1 variants. In this review, we first describe the current state of the HIV‐1 vaccine field, outlining the immune responses that are desired in a global HIV‐1 vaccine. In particular, we emphasize the likely importance of Env‐specific neutralizing and non‐neutralizing antibodies for protection against HIV‐1 acquisition and the likely importance of effector Gag‐specific T lymphocytes for virologic control. We then highlight four strategies for developing a global HIV‐1 vaccine. The first approach is to design specific vaccines for each geographic region that include antigens tailor‐made to match local circulating HIV‐1 strains. The second approach is to design a vaccine that will elicit Env‐specific antibodies capable of broadly neutralizing all HIV‐1 subtypes. The third approach is to design a vaccine that will elicit cellular immune responses that are focused on highly conserved HIV‐1 sequences. The fourth approach is to design a vaccine to elicit highly diverse HIV‐1‐specific responses. Finally, we emphasize the importance of conducting clinical efficacy trials as the only way to determine which strategies will provide optimal protection against HIV‐1 in humans.
The oral mucosa immune environment and oral transmission of HIV/SIV
Authors: Wood Lianna F. , Chahroudi Ann , Chen Hui‐Ling , Jaspan Heather B. , Sodora Donald L. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThe global spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is dependent on the ability of this virus to efficiently cross from one host to the next by traversing a mucosal membrane. Unraveling how mucosal exposure of HIV results in systemic infection is critical for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on understanding the immune events associated with the oral route of transmission (via breastfeeding or sexual oral intercourse), which occurs across the oral and/or gastrointestinal mucosa. Studies in both humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) monkey models have identified viral changes and immune events associated with oral HIV/SIV exposure. This review covers our current knowledge of HIV oral transmission in both infants and adults, the use of SIV models in understanding early immune events, oral immune factors that modulate HIV/SIV susceptibility (including mucosal inflammation), and interventions that may impact oral HIV transmission rates. Understanding the factors that influence oral HIV transmission will provide the foundation for developing immune therapeutic and vaccine strategies that can protect both infants and adults from oral HIV transmission.
The immunological synapse: the gateway to the HIV reservoir
Authors: Kulpa Deanna A. , Brehm Jessica H. , Fromentin Rémi , Cooper Anthony , Cooper Colleen , Ahlers Jeffrey , Chomont Nicolas , Sékaly Rafick‐Pierre 
Published: June 2013

SummaryA major challenge in the development of a cure for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been the incomplete understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy. It is now realized that the establishment of a latently infected reservoir refractory to immune system recognition has thus far hindered eradication efforts. Recent investigation into the innate immune response has shed light on signaling pathways downstream of the immunological synapse critical for T‐cell activation and establishment of T‐cell memory. This has led to the understanding that the cell‐to‐cell contacts observed in an immunological synapse that involve the CD4+ T cell and antigen‐presenting cell or T‐cell–T‐cell interactions enhance efficient viral spread and facilitate the induction and maintenance of latency in HIV‐infected memory T cells. This review focuses on recent work characterizing the immunological synapse and the signaling pathways involved in T‐cell activation and gene regulation in the context of HIV persistence.
Staff representations and tobacco‐related practices in a psychiatric hospital with an indoor smoking ban
Authors: Keizer Ineke , Gex‐Fabry Marianne , Bruegger Aurélia , Croquette Patrice , Khan Aqal Nawaz 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe present study describes representations about smoking and practices related to patient smoking among staff of a large public psychiatric hospital. A survey was performed using a specially designed questionnaire. The return rate was 72.4% (n = 155). A large proportion of staff recognized the importance of both smoking status and mental health for patient's well‐being (46.9%), and believed that smoking cessation was possible for psychiatric patients (58.6%). However, the role of the psychiatric hospital was perceived as providing information (85.3%) and helping to diminish cigarette consumption (51%), rather than proposing smoking cessation (29.5%). Staff daily practice included reminding patients of smoking restrictions (43.9%), managing cigarettes (46.5%), and nicotine replacement therapy (24.3%). A principal component analysis of tobacco‐related practices revealed two main factors (59.8% of variance): basic hospital actions (factor 1) and more specialized interventions (factor 2), which were significantly associated with higher worries about personally developing smoke‐related illnesses (Spearman r = 0.38, P < 0.0001). Compared with non‐smokers, smokers reported higher perceived vulnerability to develop an illness due to tobacco and a higher level of worry about this. The discussion highlights the need to redefine roles and expectancies of mental health staff, and improve training and collaboration with experts, in order to improve efficiency concerning tobacco issues.
Facilitators and Inhibitors of Collective Action: A Case Study of a US‐Owned Manufacturing Plant
Authors: O'Sullivan Michelle , Turner Thomas 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis article develops a theoretical model of collective action at work using the key concepts of mobilization triggers, facilitating factors, and inhibiting factors. It then illustrates the value of this model for understanding why a low‐pay, low‐skill, blue‐collar manufacturing facility remained non‐union, drawing primarily on the accounts of a limited sample of redundant workers. These accounts are used to demonstrate the importance of social contexts where inhibiting conditions dominate and where management practices succeed in gaining worker consent and forestalling a collective response from workers.
Investigation of the Indentation‐Size Effect (ISE) in a Commercial SiAlON: Multifractal Scaling Analysis and Underlying Mechanisms
Authors: Shanholtz Eugene R. , LaSalvia Jerry C. 
Published: June 2013

The indentation‐size effect (ISE) in a commercial SiAlON was investigated by conducting Knoop indentation between 0.1 and 20 kg. The resulting ISE was analyzed utilizing Meyer's Law, Proportional Specimen Resistance (PSR) model, and a Multifractal Scaling Law (MFSL). Meyer's law and the PSR model fits to the hardness–load data were not excellent. Further analysis based on the PSR model and MFSL revealed three piecewise linear fits corresponding to load regimes 0.1–0.3, 0.5–2, and 5–20 kg. Physical inference of MFSL fit parameters suggested that these three load regimes correspond to where indentation behavior is governed by deformation mechanisms limited to single grains, grain boundaries, and multiple grains, respectively. Independent of the ISE analysis results, comprehensive examination of indents by scanning electron microscopy revealed that changes in deformation mechanisms could also be grouped into these three load regimes. Corresponding changes in deformation mechanisms were microcleavage cracking, grain‐boundary cracking, and macrocracking, respectively. These observations are consistent with the findings of both the PSR model and MFSL with respect to the physical aspects of the governing mechanisms. It is concluded that these mechanisms are responsible for the observed ISE in this commercial SiAlON.
Competition and sensemaking in ethical situations
Authors: Caughron Jay J. , Antes Alison L. , Stenmark Cheryl K. , Thiel Chaise E. , Wang Xiaoqian , Mumford Michael D. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractCompetition was examined in relation to ethicality. The effect of a competitor being an in‐group vs. out‐group member, the competitor offering uncorroborated or corroborated information, and the impact of the competitor goals were examined. The findings suggest that the way competition is presented has an important influence on how individuals make sense of an ethically ambiguous situation and make ethical decisions. A main effect was found, such that when a competitor offered uncorroborated information, participants made less ethical decisions and used pro‐ethical reasoning strategies less often. An additional main effect was found suggesting that participants made more ethical decisions when working with an in‐group competitor rather than an out‐group competitor. Complex interactive effects were also found and discussed.
High Spatial Resolution Thermal Mapping of Radiofrequency Ablation Lesions Using a Novel Thermochromic Liquid Crystal Myocardial Phantom
Authors: CHIK WILLIAM W.B. , BARRY MICHAEL ANTHONY (TONY) , THAVAPALACHANDRAN SUJITHA , MIDEKIN CHRISTINE , POULIOPOULOS JIM , LIM TOON WEI , SIVAGANGABALAN GOPAL , THOMAS STUART P. , ROSS DAVID L. , McEWAN ALISTAIR L. , KOVOOR PRAMESH , THIAGALINGAM ARAVINDA 
Published: June 2013

High‐Resolution Thermal Mapping of RF Ablation LesionsBackgroundRadiofrequency (RF) ablation causes thermal mediated irreversible myocardial necrosis. This study aimed to (i) characterize the thermal characteristics of RF ablation lesions with high spatial resolution using a thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) myocardial phantom; and (ii) compare the thermochromic lesions with in vivo and in vitro ablation lesions.Methods and ResultsThe myocardial phantom was constructed from a vertical sheet of TLC film, with color change between 50 °C (red) to 78 °C (black), embedded within a gel matrix, with impedance titrated to equal that of myocardium. Saline, with impedance titrated to blood values at 37 °C, was used as supernatant.A total of 51 RF ablations were performed. This comprised 17 ablations in the thermochromic gel phantom, bovine myocardial in vitro targets and ovine in vivo ablations, respectively. There was no difference in lesion dimensions between the thermochromic gel and in vivo ablations (lesion width 10.2 ± 0.2 vs 10.2 ± 2.4, P = 0.93; and depth 6.3 ± 0.1 vs 6.5 ± 1.7, P = 0.74). The spatial resolution of the thermochromic film was tested using 2 thermal point‐sources that were progressively opposed and was demonstrated to be <300 μm.ConclusionsHigh spatial resolution thermal mapping of in vitro RF lesions with spatial resolution of at least 300 μm is possible using a thermochromic liquid crystal myocardial phantom model, with a good correlation to in vivo RF ablations. This model may be useful for assessing the thermal characteristics of RF lesions created using different ablation parameters and catheter technologies.
Phrenic Nerve Injury: An Underrecognized and Potentially Preventable Complication of Pulmonary Vein Isolation Using a Wide‐Area Circumferential Ablation Approach
Authors: Yong Ji Sang , Dewire Jane , Barcelon Bernadette , Philips Binu , Catanzaro John , Nazarian Saman , Cheng Alan , Spragg David , Tandri Harikrishna , Bansal Sandeep , Ashikaga Hiroshi , Rickard Jack , Kolandaivelu Aravindan , Sinha Sunil , Marine Joseph E. , Calkins Hugh , Berger Ronald 
Published: June 2013

Phrenic Nerve InjuryIntroductionPhrenic nerve injury (PNI) is a well‐known, although uncommon, complication of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using radiofrequency energy. Currently, there is no consensus about how to avoid or minimize this injury. The purpose of this study was to determine how often the phrenic nerve, as identified using a high‐output pacing, lies along the ablation trajectory of a wide‐area circumferential lesion set. We also sought to determine if PVI can be achieved without phrenic nerve injury by modifying the ablation lesion set so as to avoid those areas where phrenic nerve capture (PNC) is observed.Methods and ResultsWe prospectively enrolled 100 consecutive patients (age 61.7 ± 9.2 years old, 75 men) who underwent RF PVI using a wide‐area circumferential ablation approach. A high‐output (20 mA at 2 milliseconds) endocardial pacing protocol was performed around the right pulmonary veins and the carina where a usual ablation lesion set would be made. A total of 30% of patients had PNC and required modification of ablation lines. In the group of patients with PNC, the carina was the most common site of capture (85%) followed by anterior right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV) (70%) and anterior right inferior pulmonary vein (RIPV) (30%). A total of 25% of PNC group had capture in all 3 (RSPV, RIPV, and carina) regions. There was no difference in the clinical characteristics between the groups with and without PNC. RF PVI caused no PNI in either group.ConclusionHigh output pacing around the right pulmonary veins and the carina reveals that the phrenic nerve lies along a wide‐area circumferential ablation trajectory in 30% of patients. Modification of ablation lines to avoid these sites may prevent phrenic nerve injury during RF PVI.
The Impact of Drug Discontinuation in Patients Treated with Temporary Pacemaker Due to Atrioventricular Block
Authors: KNUDSEN MARIA BISGAARD , THØGERSEN ANNA MARGRETHE , HJORTSHØJ SØREN PIHLKJÆR , RIAHI SAM 
Published: June 2013

The Impact of Drug Discontinuation in PatientsIntroductionPatients treated with a temporary pacemaker (TPM) due to atrioventricular (AV) block are often monitored after discontinuation of AV node blocking drugs to evaluate the indication for permanent pacing. However, the impact of drug discontinuation is sparsely documented. We investigated to what extent drug discontinuation abolished the need for permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation.Methods and ResultsAll hospital records of patients who received a TPM at Aalborg Hospital, Denmark, between January 2000 and March 2011 (n = 575) were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with AV block who were treated with a TPM and concomitant cessation of drug therapy were included if there was no other underlying mechanism causing the AV block. AV blocking drugs included antiarrhythmic agents classes II–IV and digoxin. Fifty‐five patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria.Forty‐seven patients had an indication for a PPM at the initial hospital admission, despite drug discontinuation. Of the remaining 8 patients who were discharged without a PPM, 3 subsequently experienced events: 2 had recurrence of AV block requiring a PPM, and 1 experienced syncope. Thus, in total, 49 (89%) patients had a final indication for a permanent pacemaker (PPM).Of patients receiving beta‐blocker monotherapy, 26 (96%) had an indication for a PPM. TPM implantation was complicated by infection or displacement in 11% of cases.ConclusionsThe vast majority of patients treated with a TPM due to AV block and who receive beta‐blockers alone or in combination with digoxin have a final indication for a PPM despite cessation of drug treatment. TPM are frequently associated with complications.