bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optogenetic stimulation of astrocytes in the posterior hypothalamus increases sleep at night in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Pelluru Dheeraj , Konadhode Roda Rani , Bhat Narayan R. , Shiromani Priyattam J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA distributed network of neurons regulates wake, non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and REM sleep. However, there are also glia in the brain, and there is growing evidence that neurons and astroglia communicate intimately to regulate behaviour. To identify the effect of optogenetic stimulation of astrocytes on sleep, the promoter for the astrocyte‐specific cytoskeletal protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was used to direct the expression of channelrhodopsin‐2 (ChR2) and the linked reporter gene, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP), in astrocytes. rAAV‐GFAP‐ChR2 (H134R)‐EYFP or rAAV‐GFAP‐EYFP was microinjected (750 nL) into the posterior hypothalamus (bilateral) of mice. Three weeks later baseline sleep was recorded (0 Hz) and 24 h later optogenetic stimulation applied during the first 6 h of the lights‐off period. Mice with ChR2 were given 5, 10 or 30 Hz stimulation for 6 h (10‐ms pulses; 1 mW; 1 min on 4 min off). At least 36 h elapsed between the stimulation periods (5, 10, 30 Hz) and although 0 Hz was always first, the order of the other three stimulation rates was randomised. In mice with ChR2 (n = 7), 10 Hz, but not 5 or 30 Hz stimulation increased both NREM and REM sleep during the 6‐h period of stimulation. Delta power did not increase. In control mice (no ChR2; n = 5), 10 Hz stimulation had no effect. This study demonstrates that direct stimulation of astrocytes powerfully induces sleep during the active phase of the sleep–wake cycle and underlines the inclusion of astrocytes in network models of sleep–wake regulation.
Characterization of diffusivity‐based oxygen transport in Arctic organic soil
Authors: Chamindu Deepagoda T. K. K. , Elberling B. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryArctic terrestrial ecosystems are characterized by large deposits of near‐surface soil organic carbon in poorly drained areas. Recent changes in Arctic regions such as warming and changes in water balance have adverse effects on the dynamics of near‐surface oxygen, leading to a potential increase in oxidation of near‐surface carbon and emission ofCO2. This study investigated oxygen diffusivity characteristics, in both gaseous and liquid phases, in the upper 10 cm of an organic soil profile from a peatland in Disko, West Greenland (69°N). Two commonly used methods for calculating diffusivity of gaseous‐phase oxygen were applied and discussed to select the most appropriate method for highly porous media, for example peat soil. We measured diffusivity of gaseous‐phase oxygen with a one‐chamber diffusion set‐up in soil at different air contents (mimicking draining), and described it numerically with a previously developed parametric diffusivity model. We obtained precise measurements of liquid‐phase oxygen diffusivity along a depth profile (0–2 cm) in water‐saturated peat soil with a diffusivity microsensor coupled to a micromanipulator. The results show that the choice of an appropriate diffusivity model is critical for predicting oxygen diffusivity in organic soil and that diffusivity in mineral soil is not representative for organic soil. Furthermore, the importance of the non‐linear functionality between water saturation and diffusivity is demonstrated. This highlights the importance of measuring and modelling oxygen diffusivity rather than relying on measurements of observed water content in future studies ofCO2andCH4dynamics in Arctic soil systems subject to climate changes.
The Functions of Reflection in High‐Stakes Assessment of World Language Teacher Candidates
Authors: Troyan Francis J. , Kaplan Carolyn Shemwell 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn response to the call for improving teacher candidates' familiarity with the assessment tasks and format of the edTPA (Hildebrandt & Swanson, 2014), this single case study investigated the reflective writing development of Jena, a K–12 Spanish teacher candidate, and her evolution in a pedagogy that focused on the development of writing two reflective genres: personal private reflection (PPR) and critical academic reflection (CAR). Findings from functional linguistic analysis provide insights into the impact of explicit instruction in the organizational and linguistic features of CAR and clearly differentiate it in function and purpose from PPR. The linguistic analysis is supported by qualitative data regarding Jena's writing development and her performance on the edTPA. Data suggest that further research could investigate the positioning of PPR as a resource for developing CAR in ways that value the contribution of each type of writing in supporting the development of teacher candidates as individuals and as professionals.
Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Sgouras Dionyssios N. , Trang Tran Thi Huyen , Yamaoka Yoshio 
Published: September 2015

Three decades have passed since Warren and Marshall described the successful isolation and culture of Helicobacter pylori, the Gram‐negative bacterium that colonizes the stomach of half the human population worldwide. Although it is documented that H. pylori infection is implicated in a range of disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as associated organs, many aspects relating to host colonization, successful persistence, and the pathophysiological mechanisms of this bacteria still remain controversial and are constantly being explored. Unceasing efforts to decipher the pathophysiology of H. pylori infection have illuminated the crucially important contribution of multifarious bacterial factors for H. pylori pathogenesis, in particular the cag pathogenicity island (PAI), the effector protein CagA, and the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA. In addition, recent studies have provided insight into the importance of the gastrointestinal microbiota on the cumulative pathophysiology associated with H. pylori infection. This review focuses on the key findings of publications related to the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection published during the last year, with an emphasis on factors affecting colonization efficiency, cagPAI, CagA, VacA, and gastrointestinal microbiota.
Gastric Microbiota
Authors: Ianiro Gianluca , Molina‐Infante Javier , Gasbarrini Antonio 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAfter the discovery of Helicobacter pylori in 1983, the stomach was no longer considered a sterile environment. In 2015, evolving data shows that H. pylori is not the only inhabitant of the gastric mucosa. Using culture‐independent methods of analysis, a non‐H. pylori microbial community has been recently observed in the human stomach, the so‐called human gastric microbiota, along with H. pylori itself. Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that although H. pylori may be the most relevant, it is not the only local bacterial culprit leading to gastric diseases. Further studies are warranted to offer a better picture of the role and functions of gastric microbiota and to identify the best therapeutic modulators of gut microbiota for the management of gastric diseases.
Regulatory T‐cell development and function are impaired in mice lacking membrane expression of full length intercellular adhesion molecule‐1
Authors: Gottrand Gaëlle , Courau Tristan , Thomas‐Vaslin Véronique , Prevel Nicolas , Vazquez Thomas , Ruocco Maria Grazia , Lambrecht Benedicte , Bellier Bertrand , Colombo Bruno M. , Klatzmann David 
Published: September 2015

SummaryTo further investigate the contribution of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) to adaptive immune responses, we analysed T‐cell development and function in mice lacking full‐length ICAM‐1 (ICAM‐1tm1Jcgr). Compared with wild‐type (ICAM‐1WT) mice, ICAM‐1tm1Jcgr mice have impaired thymocyte development. Proportions and numbers of double negative, double positive, mature CD4+ and CD8+ thymocytes, as well as of regulatory T (Treg) cells were also significantly decreased. In the periphery, ICAM‐1tm1Jcgr mice had significantly decreased proportions and numbers of naive and activated/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as of Treg cells, in lymph nodes but not in the spleen. In vitro activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from ICAM‐1tm1Jcgr mice with anti‐CD3 antibodies and antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) resulted in a significantly weaker proliferation, whereas proliferation induced with anti‐CD3 and anti‐CD28 antibody‐coated beads was normal. In vivo immunization of ICAM‐1tm1Jcgr mice resulted in normal generation of specific effector and memory immune responses that protect against a viral challenge. However, contrary to ICAM‐1WT mice, immunization‐induced specific effectors could not eradicate immunogen‐expressing tumours. Treg cells from ICAM‐1tm1Jcgr mice have abnormal activation and proliferation induced by anti‐CD3 antibody and APCs, and have markedly decreased suppressive activity in vitro. In contrast to ICAM‐1WT mice, they were unable to control experimentally induced colitis in vivo. Hence, our results further highlight the pleiotropic role of ICAM‐1 in T‐cell‐dependent immune responses, with a major role in Treg cell development and suppressive function.
Changes in preschool children's OHRQoL after treatment of dental caries: responsiveness of the B‐ECOHIS
Authors: Abanto Jenny , Paiva Saul Martins , Sheiham Aubrey , Tsakos Georgios , Mendes Fausto Medeiros , Cordeschi Thais , Vidigal Evelyn Alvarez , Bönecker Marcelo 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundOral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) measures should be tested for responsiveness to change if they are to be used as outcomes in randomized clinical trials.AimTo assess the responsiveness of the Brazilian ECOHIS (B‐ECOHIS) to dental treatment of dental caries.MethodsOne hundred parents of 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children completed the B‐ECOHIS prior to their children's treatment and 7–14 days after completion of treatment. The post‐treatment questionnaire also included a global transition judgment that assessed parent's perceptions of change in their children's oral health following treatment. Change scores, longitudinal construct validity, standardized effect sizes (ES) and standardized response mean (SRM) were calculated.ResultsImprovements in children's oral health after treatment were reflected in mean pre‐ and post‐treatment B‐ECOHIS scores. They declined considerably significantly from 17.4 to 1.6 (P < 0.0001), as did the individual domain scores (P < 0.0001). There were significant differences in the pre‐ and post‐treatment scores of children who reported little improvement (P < 0.0001) as well as in those who reported large improvements (P < 0.0001). The ES and SRM based on change scores mean for total scores and for categories of global transitions judgments were large.ConclusionsDental treatment resulted in significant improvement of the preschool children's OHRQoL. The B‐ECOHIS is responsive.
Oral health‐related quality of life in 6‐ to 12‐year‐old schoolchildren in Spain
Authors: Montero Javier , Rosel Eva , Barrios Rocío , López‐Valverde Antonio , Albaladejo Alberto , Bravo Manuel 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundThere is a lack of large epidemiological studies researching the major factors of the oral well‐being in schoolchildren.AimsTo quantify the impact of the different clinical conditions related to caries and periodontal and dento‐facial anomalies on the quality of life captured by the Child‐OIDP.DesignA standardized epidemiological study was conducted on 2041 Spanish schoolchildren, aged 6–12 years, to assess caries and periodontal and dento‐facial disease. Data on oral health‐related quality of life were collected using the Child‐OIDP. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the modulating factors in the perceived oral well‐being.ResultsThe prevalence of impact in this sample was 45.7%, mostly for eating (24.3%) but also for smiling (16.2%); however, 72.5% of the subjects had at least one type of normative needs, mainly for periodontal treatment (52.3%), followed by caries (32.3%) and orthodontic treatments (20.6%). The main predictors of the impact on quality of life were perceived dental treatment needs, caries, and periodontal diseases. Also, some demographic (age and gender) and behavioural factors (consumption of sweets) modulated the impact on several domains. Moreover, subjects who rated their general health as good or very good reported a significantly better oral well‐being than their counterparts.ConclusionsPain and aesthetic‐related domains (i.e., problems when eating or smiling) are the major components of the oral health‐related quality of life perceived by Spanish schoolchildren. Perceived treatment needs as well as dental and periodontal status were the strongest predictors of oral well‐being.
Child oral health from the professional perspective – a global ICF‐CY survey
Authors: Faulks Denise , Molina Gustavo , Eschevins Caroline , Dougall Alison 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundThe International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Children and Youth version (ICF‐CY) (WHO) may serve as a tool for the application of holistic models of oral health.AimThe ICF‐CY Global Oral Health Survey explored international professional opinion regarding factors relating to child oral health, including social environment, functioning, activity, and participation.MethodsNetworking resulted in 514 professionals from 81 countries registering for a two‐round Delphi survey online. Participants were pooled into 18 groups according to six WHO world regions and three professional groups. In a randomized stratification process, eight from each pool (n = 144) completed the survey. The first round consisted of eight open‐ended questions. Open‐expression replies were analysed for meaningful concepts and linked using established rules to the ICF‐CY. In the second round, items were rated for their relevance to oral health (86% response rate).ResultsA total of 86 ICF‐CY items and 31 other factors were considered relevant to child oral health and function by at least 80% of professionals.ConclusionsThe ICF‐CY can describe the holistic experience of oral health in children from the professional perspective. The data from this study will contribute to the development of an ICF‐CY Core Set in Oral Health.
Barriers to care and quality of primary care services in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Jacob Eufemia , Childress Courtney , Nathanson Joana Duran 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimsThe aims of this study were: to (1) identify barriers to care in children with sickle cell disease; (2) examine the quality of primary care services received by these children and (3) examine the relationship between barriers to care and quality of primary care services in children with sickle cell disease.BackgroundEffective management in children with sickle cell disease requires early access to a comprehensive range of preventive screenings, urgent care treatments for vaso‐occlusive pain crisis and ongoing prophylactic treatments.DesignA cross‐sectional survey of parents of children with sickle cell disease was conducted between April–September 2011.MethodsParents of children with sickle cell disease completed the Barriers to Care Questionnaire and Parent's Perceptions of Primary Care.ResultsParents of children with sickle cell disease (n = 38) reported health system barriers such as inability to contact doctors or clinics, extended wait times and inconvenient clinic hours. Some barriers were reported more frequently among children with concurrent sickle cell disease and asthma, compared with those children without a concurrent asthma condition. Parents who reported more barriers were least likely to perceive their care as accessible, comprehensive and coordinated.ConclusionsMinimizing healthcare barriers may improve the quality of primary care services received by children with sickle cell disease and consequently prevent complications associated with sickle cell disease.Implications for nursing practiceNurses and other care providers need to identify healthcare barriers, so that access, coordination, comprehensiveness and overall quality of primary care services may be improved in children with sickle cell disease.
Anti‐irritant and anti‐inflammatory effects of glycerol and xylitol in sodium lauryl sulphate‐induced acute irritation
Authors: Szél E. , Polyánka H. , Szabó K. , Hartmann P. , Degovics D. , Balázs B. , Németh I.B. , Korponyai C. , Csányi E. , Kaszaki J. , Dikstein S. , Nagy K. , Kemény L. , Erős G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundGlycerol is known to possess anti‐irritant and hydrating properties and previous studies suggested that xylitol may also have similar effects.ObjectiveOur aim was to study whether different concentrations of these polyols restore skin barrier function and soothe inflammation in sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)‐induced acute irritation.MethodsThe experiments were performed on male SKH‐1 hairless mice. The skin of the dorsal region was exposed to SLS (5%) for 3 h alone or together with 5% or 10% of glycerol respectively. Further two groups received xylitol solutions (8.26% and 16.52% respectively) using the same osmolarities, which were equivalent to those of the glycerol treatments. The control group was treated with purified water. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin hydration were determined. Microcirculatory parameters of inflammation were observed by means of intravital videomicroscopy (IVM). Furthermore, accumulation of neutrophil granulocytes and lymphocytes, the expression of inflammatory cytokines and SLS penetration were assessed, as well.ResultsTreatment with the 10% of glycerol and both concentrations of xylitol inhibited the SLS‐induced elevation of TEWL and moderated the irritant‐induced increase in dermal blood flow and in the number of leucocyte‐endothelial interactions. All concentrations of the applied polyols improved hydration and prevented the accumulation of lymphocytes near the treatment site. At the mRNA level, neither glycerol nor xylitol influenced the expression of interleukin‐1 alpha. However, expression of interleukin‐1 beta was significantly decreased by the 10% glycerol treatment, while expression of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha decreased upon the same treatment, as well as in response to xylitol. Higher polyol treatments decreased the SLS penetration to the deeper layers of the stratum corneum.ConclusionBoth of the analysed polyols exert considerable anti‐irritant and anti‐inflammatory properties, but the effective concentration of xylitol is lower than that of glycerol.
Successful melanoma triage by a virtual lesion clinic (teledermatoscopy)
Authors: Congalton A.T. , Oakley A.M. , Rademaker M. , Bramley D. , Martin R.C.W. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundA Virtual Lesion Clinic (VLC) using teledermatoscopy was established to improve efficiency of the melanoma referral pathway.ObjectivesTo assess diagnostic accuracy and to compare wait‐times and costs of VLC and conventional clinics.MethodsPatients with suspected melanoma referred from primary care into a publicly funded health system attended local skin imaging centres, rather than hospital outpatient clinics. A teledermatologist assessed each lesion choosing specialist assessment/excision, General Practitioner (GP) follow‐up, to re‐image in 3 months, or self‐monitoring/no concern.Results613 skin lesions in 310 patients were evaluated over 12 months. Median time between receipt of referral and attendance at the VLC was 9 days compared to 26.5 days for standard outpatient assessment. Sixty‐six percent (404/613) of lesions were considered benign, and 12% (73/613) were suspicious for melanoma. Of 129 lesions excised, 98 were skin cancers including 48 histologically confirmed melanomas with one spitzoid tumour of unknown malignant potential (STUMP), i.e. one melanoma per 1.59 suspected lesions biopsied and one melanoma in every 12.8 referred to the service. There were 49 non‐melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). Teledermatoscopic diagnosis of melanomas was found to have a positive predictive value (PPV) of 63%. Compared to the conventional clinic, cost reductions from running the VLC for 1 year were in excess of NZ$364 000 (or NZ$1174/patient seen).ConclusionsThe VLC offered an efficient, accurate and cost effective way of processing suspected melanoma referrals to the public health system.
Two cases of uterine malignant lymphoma diagnosed by needle biopsy
Authors: Kasai Mari , Ichimura Tomoyuki , Murakami Makoto , Matsuda Makiko , Kawamura Naoki , Sumi Toshiyuki 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe incidence of primary malignant lymphoma arising in the female genital tract is extremely rare and constitutes approximately 0.05% of malignant tumors. Uterine malignant lymphoma develops in the endometrial stroma, causing minimal necrosis. It is therefore difficult to diagnose malignant lymphoma, as it does not involve genital bleeding or epithelial defects. We have performed transcervical needle biopsies from deep in the myometrium, with the purpose of diagnosing uterine muscle layer lesions, such as leiomyosarcoma, but this is an unusual method. In this report, we suggest that transcervical needle biopsy is useful in the diagnosis of uterine malignant lymphoma.
Effect of vitamin D on clinical and biochemical parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome women: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Jia Xin‐Zhuan , Wang Yong‐Mei , Zhang Na , Guo Li‐Na , Zhen Xiu‐Li , Li Hui , Wei Lan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimUsing a meta‐analysis framework, we investigated the association between the serum level of vitamin D and the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and further examined the therapeutic effect of vitamin D on the clinical features of PCOS.Material and MethodsMultiple databases were searched to retrieve studies. We chose clinical studies that investigated the relation between the serum level of vitamin D and the risk of PCOS or the therapeutic effect of vitamin D on PCOS. The search results were screened according to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria to select high‐quality studies for inclusion. Statistical analyses were carried out using stata 12.0.ResultsSeventeen studies were eligible in this meta‐analysis. The levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and the quantitative insulin‐sensitivity check index in the PCOS group were remarkably lower than in the controls, whereas the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in the PCOS group was markedly higher than in the controls. No statistically significant difference was observed in serum parathyroid hormone levels between the two groups. The 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly elevated after PCOS patients received vitamin D3 treatment, but serum parathyroid hormone concentration, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and quantitative insulin‐sensitivity check index did not show any significant changes, indicating a lack of therapeutic response.ConclusionOur results suggest that the serum level of vitamin D is associated with the risk of PCOS, but the therapeutic effect of vitamin D on PCOS remains to be further explored.