bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Steady and Unsteady Flow Measurements Under Low Load Conditions in a Low Pressure Model Steam Turbine
Authors: Segawa Kiyoshi , Senoo Shigeki , Hamatake Hisashi , Kudo Takeshi , Nakamura Tateki , Shibashita Naoaki 
Published: October 2013

Four-stage low pressure model steam turbine tests are carried out under the low load conditions of 0% to 20% load. In such low load conditions, the reverse flow is generated from turbine exit. Steady pressure measurements using multi-hole pneumatic probes are made to specify the outer boundary of the reverse flow region. The reverse flow regions are determined from the flow angles measured by the multi-hole pneumatic probes, traversing in the radial direction which rotates 360 deg around the longitudinal axis. The outer boundary of the reverse flow regions varies depending on turbine loads and has good agreement with the results of the numerical analyses.
The pressure fluctuations are measured using unsteady pressure transducers installed on both the inner and outer side walls of the outlet stage and on the next-stage stationary blade surfaces to investigate the relation between pressure fluctuation and volumetric flow. It is found that the pressure fluctuations, which are defined by the standard deviation of unsteady pressure, become larger with decreased volumetric flow at the outer side as well as the inner side which is the same as the tendency seen for blade dynamic stress characteristics. The authors have previously reported good agreement between the experimental and numerical results.
The unsteady pressure probe as another measurement technique is employed to investigate the spanwise pressure fluctuations at the outlet of the moving blade. The results show that as the load decreases, large pressure fluctuations are observed in the vicinity of the outer side after the stages where the reverse flow is observed. This is the same tendency as the results of wall pressure measurements. The generation of large pressure fluctuations, detected by the two different measurement techniques, might have a relationship with the effects of not only the vortex motion in the reverse flow region but also the overall flow field (including main forward flow) oscillated by the multiple vortex motions in the reverse flow region as seen in both experiments and computations. The large pressure fluctuations in the vicinity of the outer side after the blade lead to the increase of exciting force and vibration stress on moving blades.
Detailed aerodynamic investigations of these part-load conditions are needed to analyze a blade excitation for further improvement of reliability and availability of steam turbines. The complicated flow structures at low load conditions in a steam turbine can be understood with the aid of both the steady and unsteady flow measurements and calculations.
The Convergence of Squeeze: With Respectable Speed, a New Gas Turbine Power Plant Rises at an Arizona Mine
Authors: Baker John , Ralph Marshall 
Published: October 2013

When muscular market forces and juicy resource opportunities fall into alignment, the usual pace of power plant capital development can give way to a literal sprint. The 2010 development by Mercator Minerals of a new 45 MW gas turbine power plant at the Mineral Park Mine in Arizona is an example of the respectable speed at which an LM6000 PF Sprint plant can be bought, fueled, built and fired up. In this case, a grand market opportunity dropped into the in-basket of a mine CEO prepared to pounce: Mercator Minerals got the opportunity to sell, in a short delivery window, a great amount of copper/molybdenum ore concentrate. The opportunity was blocked by a shortage of electricity needed to mine it and concentrate the ore. A long-planned 220kV transmission line could not be permitted and built in time. Mercator recognized that a gas pipeline could be built, however, and was within the capabilities of Mercator’s construction resources. Solution: a gas-fired mine-site power plant. On Christmas Eve, 2009, Mercator summoned its power supply consultant to the mine.
Power plant engineers earn part of their keep by inserting a moderating element into these spirited discussions. But when the engineers met with Mercator’s CEO on Christmas Eve, they found themselves pressed “vigorously” on the spot for a review of plant and equipment options, and an AFE-level cost of electricity estimate. The mad pace continued: the final consultant report, and Mercator’s command to proceed, came before New Year’s Day. After a multi-month scramble to find financing and an investigation into used, gray-market and new turbine availability, the engineers located a new LM6000 high in GE’s queue and temporarily homeless due to a schedule change. All parties agreed that EPC would be too slow. Mercator undertook to procure and build the entire project, employing the consultant as the design engineer. The plant’s completion and entry into service in 2010 was no surprise to Mercator. For others involved, the project seemed to finish before it had a chance to start. The project, now running productively, is a vivid testimony to Mercator’s ability to move decisively to develop a power plant crucial to the Mineral Park Mine’s production commitments.
A Feasibility Study on Various Power-Conversion Cycles for a Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor
Authors: Dragunov Alexey , Saltanov Eugene , Bedenko Sergey , Pioro Igor 
Published: October 2013

One of the current engineering challenges is to design next generation (Generation IV) Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) with significantly higher thermal efficiencies compared to those of current NPPs to match or at least to be close to thermal efficiencies reached at thermal power plants (43–55%). A Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) is one of six concepts considered under the Generation IV International Forum (GIF). This concept is the only one from the Generation IV reactors, which is actually in operation in Russia.
In general, there are 3 possibilities for an SFR in terms of the secondary cycle:
1. Subcritical-pressure Rankine-“steam”-cycle through a heat exchanger (current approach used in Russian and Japanese power reactors).
2. Supercritical-pressure Rankine-“steam”-cycle through a heat exchanger (new approach).
3. Supercritical-pressure CO2 Brayton-gas-turbine-cycle through a heat exchanger (US approach).
The BN-600 reactor is a sodium-cooled fast-breeder reactor built at the Beloyarsk NPP in Russia. It has been in operation since 1980 and adopts the secondary subcritical-pressure Rankine-“steam”-cycle with heat regeneration. Steam extractions are taken from High-Pressure (HP), Intermediate-Pressure (IP) and Low-Pressure (LP) turbines.
The basic method of increasing the thermal efficiency of power plants is to improve it by increasing the operating pressure and temperature. With the advent of modern super alloys, the Rankine-“steam”-cycle has progressed into the supercritical region of the coolant and is generating net efficiencies into the mid 40% range. Calculations of thermal efficiency of a secondary sub- and supercritical-pressure Rankine-“steam”-cycle with heat regeneration are presented in the paper.
The Brayton-gas-turbine cycle is under consideration for future nuclear power reactors. The higher operating temperatures will be achieved, the higher thermal efficiency will be. Supercritical CO2 cycle is a new approach in Brayton-gas-turbine cycle. Carbon dioxide has a critical pressure of 7.38 MPa and a critical temperature of 31.0°C, which is significantly less than that of water (22.064 MPa and 373.95°C). However, liquid sodium is more compatible with SC CO2 than with water. Therefore, thermal efficiency of this SC CO2 cycle is also calculated.
Steam Turbine, Boiler, and Valve Optimization Strategies to Recover Parasitic Load and Provide Life Extension
Authors: Smiarowski Michael W. 
Published: October 2013

Coal-fired power plants that survive into the future and avoid being displaced by combined cycle plants and wind turbines will require air quality control (AQC) equipment to conform to EPA requirements per the Cross State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR). This AQCS can consume 5–10% parasitic load of a coal-fired unit’s output.
This paper will provide discussion on recent industry trends of utilities pushing to implement modernization projects for parasitic load recapture and also other benefits such as life extension, improved maintenance, better efficiency, availability, and reliability. The three main strategies discussed will be:
• Boiler and Turbine Optimization options
• Steam Turbine Modernization with the latest technology steam path
• Steam Valve Modernization
Coal-fired plants have been careful to implement these types of projects without additional heat input in- order to avoid any new source review issues.
Recent industry examples and development efforts will be discussed in this paper to provide an overview of these options current available or that will be available in the near future for coal-fired power plants.
Thermal Analysis Technique for Coolers Operating in Off and Low Load Conditions
Authors: Muldoon Thomas J. 
Published: October 2013

The most conservatively designed power plant heat exchangers are designed to meet a maximum heat load with minimum fluid temperature differences. When the input temperatures are less than design maximums, the cooler will usually be in a position of over performance. This relationship is especially true when the heat exchanger is a closed Component Cooling Water (CCW) heat exchanger with inlet fluid at ambient conditions.
Maintaining a consistent cooling temperature is an important concern in the operation of a power plant. It is important that the cooling needs of the equipment such as the hydrogen coolers are maintained at a set temperature. Overcooling may not be of benefit to the equipment. The component which cools the service water with the local cooling water is a component cooling water heat exchanger (CCW). The two primary methods of controlling the heat rejection performance on these vessels is to throttling the tubeside flow to get a consistent shell outlet temperature with control valves or leave the tubeside flow constant and by-pass a portion of the shellside flow.
Estimating the performance of the heat exchanger with given set of inlet conditions and a fixed design point can be accomplished using a the Number Transfer Units (NTU) method. Opening and closing the control valve is based on the estimated performance. This analysis can be used by power plant personnel to gauge the operation of these vessels over varying operating conditions. The analysis can also include the effect of different values of cleanliness and the extent of throttling. As a unit experiences fouling, additional flow is required to meet the thermal requirements. Depending upon the extent of fouling, the inlet valve will be either opened or closed. Plant personnel may observe the cooling water inlet temperature and the extent to which the inlet valve is open, and use that information to determine possible fouling and setup a maintenance schedule. The following analytical approach for evaluating low, critical, or off load conditions is important in the design and operation of these types of power plant heat exchangers, piping and control valve systems.
Investigation of Hydrodynamic Loads Associated With Pyrotechnic Valve Actuation
Authors: Henry Christopher E. , Lim Jaehyok , Ozar Basar 
Published: October 2013

Pyrotechnic-actuated valves are utilized for various applications requiring remote actuation with high reliability. One such application is passive safety injection (SI) within the emergency core cooling system (ECCS) within the Generation III+ advanced commercial nuclear power plant designs. The pyrotechnic (explosive) actuation within the valve internals, which opens the valve for water flow, creates a vertical force that must be supported by the surrounding piping restraints. This is a well-known phenomenon that is accommodated in the design.
However, there exists also a subsequent, lesser-known axial (horizontal) force that must be accommodated also. A RELAP5/MOD3.3 (patch03) code [1] model for the pyrotechnic valve and the broader injection system was configured to analyze the extent of this water hammer. Typically, the pyrotechnic actuation occurs at relatively low reactor coolant system pressure since the injection itself will eventually be a passive gravity-driven feed. However, even at this low actuation pressure, the RELAP5 analysis demonstrates that the hydrodynamic loads can be substantial. Furthermore, the analysis shows that staggered actuation of a two-valve parallel configuration can exacerbate and magnify the load, compared to a single valve actuation.
Regulation of CTnDOT Conjugative Transfer Is a Complex and Highly Coordinated Series of Events
Authors: Waters Jillian L. , Salyers Abigail A. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

CTnDOT is a 65-kb conjugative transposon that is found in
Bacteroides
spp., which are one of the more abundant members within the lower human gastrointestinal tract. CTnDOT encodes resistance to the antibiotics erythromycin and tetracycline (Tc). An interesting feature of CTnDOT is that exposure to low levels of Tc induces a cascade of events that ultimately results in CTnDOT conjugative transfer. However, Tc is apparently not a switch that activates transfer but rather a signal that appears to override a series of negative regulators that inhibit premature excision and transfer of CTnDOT. In this minireview, we summarize over 20 years of research that focused on elucidating the highly coordinated regulation of excision, mobilization, and transfer of CTnDOT.

IMPORTANCE
Bacteroides
spp. are abundant commensals in the human colon, but they are also considered opportunistic pathogens, as they can cause life-threatening infections if they should escape the colon.
Bacteroides
spp. are the most common cause of anaerobic infections and are rather difficult to treat due to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance within this genus. Today over 80% of
Bacteroides
are resistant to tetracycline (Tc), and a study looking at both clinical and community isolates demonstrated that this resistance was specifically due to the conjugative transposon CTnDOT.
The effect of fall prevention exercise programmes on fall induced injuries in community dwelling older adults
Authors: El-Khoury Fabienne , Cassou Bernard , Charles Marie-Aline , Dargent-Molina Patricia 
Published: October 2013

STUDY QUESTIONAre fall prevention exercise interventions for older people living in the community effective in preventing different types of fall related injuries?SUMMARY ANSWERExercise programmes designed to prevent falls in older adults seem also to prevent injuries caused by falls, including the most severe injuries. Such programmes also reduce the rate of falls leading to medical care.
Service providers’ perspectives, attitudes and beliefs on health services delivery for Aboriginal people receiving haemodialysis in rural Australia: a qualitative study
Authors: Rix Elizabeth F , Barclay Lesley , Wilson Shawn , Stirling Janelle , Tong Allison 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveProviding services to rural dwelling minority cultural groups with serious chronic disease is challenging due to access to care and cultural differences. This study aimed to describe service providers’ perspectives on health services delivery for Aboriginal people receiving haemodialysis for end-stage kidney disease in rural Australia.DesignSemistructured interviews, thematic analysisSettingA health district in rural New South Wales, AustraliaParticipantsUsing purposive sampling, 29 renal and allied service providers were recruited, including nephrologists, renal nurses, community nurses, Aboriginal health workers, social workers and managers. Six were Aboriginal and 23 non-Aboriginal.ResultsImproving cultural understanding within the healthcare system was central to five themes identified: rigidity of service design (outreach, inevitable home treatment failures, pressure of system overload, limited efficacy of cultural awareness training and conflicting priorities in acute care); responding to social complexities (respecting but challenged by family obligations, assumptions about socioeconomic status and individualised care); promoting empowerment, trust and rapport (bridging gaps in cultural understanding, acknowledging the relationship between land, people and environment, and being time poor); distress at late diagnosis (lost opportunities and prioritise prevention); and contending with discrimination and racism (inherent judgement of lifestyle choices, inadequate cultural awareness, pervasive multilevel institutionalised racism and managing patient distrust).ConclusionsService providers believe current services are not designed to address cultural needs and Aboriginality, and that caring for Aboriginal patients receiving haemodialysis should be family focused and culturally safer. An Aboriginal-specific predialysis pathway, building staff cultural awareness and enhancing cultural safety within hospitals are the measures recommended. Increasing patient support for home haemodialysis may improve health and the quality of care outcomes.
YEATS4 Is a Novel Oncogene Amplified in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer That Regulates the p53 Pathway
Authors: Pikor Larissa A. , Lockwood William W. , Thu Kelsie L. , Vucic Emily A. , Chari Raj , Gazdar Adi F. , Lam Stephen , Lam Wan L. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Genetic analyses of lung cancer have helped found new treatments in this disease. We conducted an integrative analysis of gene expression and copy number in 261 non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) relative to matched normal tissues to define novel candidate oncogenes, identifying 12q13-15 and more specifically the YEATS4 gene as amplified and overexpressed in ∼20% of the NSCLC cases examined. Overexpression of YEATS4 abrogated senescence in human bronchial epithelial cells. Conversely, RNAi-mediated attenuation of YEATS4 in human lung cancer cells reduced their proliferation and tumor growth, impairing colony formation and inducing cellular senescence. These effects were associated with increased levels of p21WAF1 and p53 and cleavage of PARP, implicating YEATS4 as a negative regulator of the p21-p53 pathway. We also found that YEATS4 expression affected cellular responses to cisplastin, with increased levels associated with resistance and decreased levels with sensitivity. Taken together, our findings reveal YEATS4 as a candidate oncogene amplified in NSCLC, and a novel mechanism contributing to NSCLC pathogenesis. Cancer Res; 73(24); 7301–12. ©2013 AACR.
A Personalized Preclinical Model to Evaluate the Metastatic Potential of Patient-Derived Colon Cancer Initiating Cells
Authors: Puig Isabel , Chicote Irene , Tenbaum Stephan P. , Arqués Oriol , Herance José Raúl , Gispert Juan D. , Jimenez José , Landolfi Stefania , Caci Karina , Allende Helena , Mendizabal Leire , Moreno Debora , Charco Ramón , Espín Eloy , Prat Aleix , Elez Maria Elena , Argilés Guillem , Vivancos Ana , Tabernero Josep , Rojas Santiago , Palmer Héctor G. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Purpose: Within the aim of advancing precision oncology, we have generated a collection of patient-derived xenografts (PDX) characterized at the molecular level, and a preclinical model of colon cancer metastasis to evaluate drug-response and tumor progression.
Experimental Design: We derived cells from 32 primary colorectal carcinomas and eight liver metastases and generated PDX annotated for their clinical data, gene expression, mutational, and histopathological traits. Six models were injected orthotopically into the cecum wall of NOD-SCID mice in order to evaluate metastasis. Three of them were treated with chemotherapy (oxaliplatin) and three with API2 to target AKT activity. Tumor growth and metastasis progression were analyzed by positron emission tomography (PET).
Results: Patient-derived cells generated tumor xenografts that recapitulated the same histopathological and genetic features as the original patients' carcinomas. We show an 87.5% tumor take rate that is one of the highest described for implanted cells derived from colorectal cancer patients. Cecal injection generated primary carcinomas and distant metastases. Oxaliplatin treatment prevented metastasis and API2 reduced tumor growth as evaluated by PET.
Conclusions: Our improved protocol for cancer cell engraftment has allowed us to build a rapidly expanding collection of colorectal PDX, annotated for their clinical data, gene expression, mutational, and histopathological statuses. We have also established a mouse model for metastatic colon cancer with patient-derived cells in order to monitor tumor growth, metastasis evolution, and response to treatment by PET. Our PDX models could become the best preclinical approach through which to validate new biomarkers or investigate the metastatic potential and drug-response of individual patients. Clin Cancer Res; 19(24); 6787–801. ©2013 AACR.
Hypoxia-Regulated Overexpression of Soluble VEGFR2 Controls Angiogenesis and Inhibits Tumor Growth
Authors: Collet Guillaume , Lamerant-Fayel Nathalie , Tertil Magdalena , El Hafny-Rahbi Bouchra , Stepniewski Jacek , Guichard Alan , Foucault-Collet Alexandra , Klimkiewicz Krzysztof , Petoud Stéphane , Matejuk Agata , Grillon Catherine , Jozkowicz Alicja , Dulak Jozef , Kieda Claudine 
Published: October 2013

AbstractVEGFs are found at high levels in hypoxic tumors. As major components directing pathologic neovascularization, they regulate stromal reactions. Consequently, novel strategies targeting and inhibiting VEGF overproduction upon hypoxia offer considerable potential for modern anticancer therapies controlling rather than destroying tumor angiogenesis. Here, we report the design of a vector expressing the soluble form of VEGF receptor-2 (sVEGFR2) driven by a hypoxia-responsive element (HRE)-regulated promoter. To enable in vivo imaging by infrared visualization, mCherry and IFP1.4 coding sequences were built into the vector. Plasmid construction was validated through transfection into embryonic human kidney HEK293 and murine B16F10 melanoma cells. sVEGFR2 was expressed in hypoxic conditions only, confirming that the gene was regulated by the HRE promoter. sVEGFR2 was found to bind efficiently and specifically to murine and human VEGF-A, reducing the growth of tumor and endothelial cells as well as impacting angiogenesis in vitro. The hypoxia-conditioned sVEGFR2 expression was shown to be functional in vivo: Tumor angiogenesis was inhibited and, on stable transfection of B16F10 melanoma cells, tumor growth was reduced. Enhanced expression of sVEGFR2 was accompanied by a modulation in levels of VEGF-A. The resulting balance reflected the effect on tumor growth and on control of angiogenesis. A concomitant increase of intratumor oxygen tension also suggested an influence on vessel normalization. The possibility to express an angiogenesis regulator as sVEGFR2, in a hypoxia-conditioned manner, significantly opens new strategies for tumor vessel–controlled normalization and the design of adjuvants for combined cancer therapies. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(1); 165–78. ©2013 AACR.