bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and tolerability of fesoterodine versus tolterodine in older and younger subjects with overactive bladder: A post hoc, pooled analysis from two placebo‐controlled trials
Authors: DuBeau Catherine E. , Morrow Jon D. , Kraus Stephen R. , Creanga Dana , Bavendam Tamara 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimsTo assess the efficacy and tolerability of fesoterodine 8 mg versus tolterodine extended release (ER) 4 mg in subjects with overactive bladder (OAB) stratified by age (<65, 65–74, and ≥75 years).MethodsThis was a post hoc analysis of data from two double‐blind trials. Subjects reporting ≥1 urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) episode and ≥8 micturitions/24 hr at baseline were randomized to fesoterodine (4 mg for 1 week, 8 mg for 11 weeks), tolterodine ER 4 mg, or placebo. Subjects completed 3‐day bladder diaries, Urgency Perception Scale (UPS), Patient Perception of Bladder Condition (PPBC), and OAB questionnaire (OAB‐q) at baseline and week 12. The primary endpoint in both studies was change from baseline to week 12 in UUI episodes.ResultsAmong subjects <65 years (n = 2,670), improvements in UUI episodes, micturitions, urgency episodes, severe urgency episodes, frequency‐urgency sum, UPS, PPBC, and all OAB‐q scales and domains were significantly greater with fesoterodine versus tolterodine ER, and diary‐dry rates were significantly higher. Among subjects 65–74 years (n = 990), improvements in mean voided volume per void, PPBC, and OAB‐q Symptom Bother and Coping were significantly greater with fesoterodine versus tolterodine ER. Among subjects aged ≥75 years (n = 448), improvements in urgency episodes, severe urgency episodes, frequency‐urgency sum, UPS, and OAB‐q Symptom Bother were significantly greater with fesoterodine versus tolterodine ER. Both active treatments produced significant improvements in most outcomes versus placebo across age groups. Adverse event rates were similar among age groups.ConclusionsFesoterodine 8 mg consistently improved several OAB‐related variables versus tolterodine ER 4 mg in subjects aged <65, 65–74, and ≥75 years, with some differences reaching statistical significance, and was generally well tolerated. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:1258–1265, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What are the factors contributing to failure in improvement of subjective symptoms following silodosin administration in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia? investigation using a pressure‐flow study
Authors: Matsukawa Yoshihisa , Hattori Ryohei , Sassa Naoto , Yamamoto Tokunori , Gotoh Momokazu 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimsTo investigate the factors responsible for failure in improvement of subjective symptoms following silodosin treatment on the basis of findings of a pressure‐flow study (PFS).MethodsA post hoc analysis of a prospective study to investigate the efficacy of silodosin in patients with BPH was conducted, and 104 patients were analyzed. The patients were administered silodosin 8 mg/day for 4 weeks. At the baseline and after treatment, subjective symptoms were evaluated using the IPSS and OABSS. A PFS was conducted to measure storage and voiding function. The patients were divided into two groups: good responders (GR), patients with 25% or more improvement in IPSS, and poor responders (PR), <25% improvement. The clinical and objective findings for the two groups were compared.ResultsThe mean IPSS and OABSS significantly improved in GR, but no significant improvement was observed in PR. PFS analysis revealed that all voiding and storage function parameters improved significantly in GR. Although PR showed a significant improvement in the voiding function parameters, it did not show significant changes in the storage function. Involuntary detrusor contraction (IDC) resolved in 68.6% of the patients in GR and in only 30% of the patients in PR, thereby showing a significant difference in the remedial effect between the two groups.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that insufficient improvement in storage function is a contributing factor to the failure in improvement of subjective symptoms after silodosin treatment in patients with BPH. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 266–270, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The interactions between piperonyl butoxide and E4, a resistance‐associated esterase from the peach‐potato aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Philippou Despina , Borzatta Valerio , Capparella Elisa , Moroni Leni , Field Linda , Moores Graham 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: It has been reported previously that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) can inhibit both P450 and esterase activity. Although the method by which PBO combines with cytochrome P450 has been identified, the way in which it acts as an esterase inhibitor has not been established. This paper characterises the interactions between PBO and the resistance‐associated esterase in Myzus persicae, E4.RESULTS: After incubation with PBO/analogues, hydrolysis of 1‐naphthyl acetate by E4 is increased, but sequestration of azamethiphos is reduced. Rudimentary in silico modelling suggests PBO docks at the lip of the aromatic gorge.CONCLUSIONS: PBO binds with E4 to accelerate small substrates to the active‐site triad, while acting as a blockade to larger, insecticidal molecules. Structure–activity studies with analogues of PBO also reveal the essential chemical moieties present in the molecule. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Consumption of a durable termite bait matrix by subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and resulting insecticidal activity
Authors: Hamm Ronda L , DeMark Joseph J , Chin‐Heady Eva , Tolley Mike P 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundA novel durable termite bait was developed to enable continuous bait availability and lengthen the monitoring interval to 1 year. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the palatability and insecticidal activity of this bait to Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), R. virginicus (Banks), R. hesperus Banks, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Heterotermes aureus (Synder).ResultsConsumption of the blank durable bait matrix was significantly higher than consumption of a blank preferred textured cellulose matrix (PTC) by R. virginicus, R. flavipes and C. formosanus. R. flavipes, R. hesperus and H. aureus consumed significantly more durable bait than PTC when both contained the active ingredient noviflumuron. All bait treatments resulted in significant mortality relative to the untreated controls. Survivorship of R. virginicus, C. formosanus and H. aureus was 2% or less and not significantly different between the durable bait and PTC treatments containing noviflumuron. The durable bait matrix lagged behind the PTC matrix in mortality over time for all species tested except H. aureus.ConclusionThe durable bait was highly palatable and effective in inducing mortality to R. flavipes, R. virginicus, R. hesperus, C. formosanus and H. aureus in the laboratory. This unique bait matrix will be available to termites continuously and allows for an annual monitoring interval. The durability of this bait matrix is unprecedented, allowing for bait to remain active for years and thus providing continuous structural protection.
Points on a Continuum: ESL Teachers Reporting on Collaboration
Authors: Bell Angela B. , Baecher Laura 
Published: August 2012

Today's K–12 English as a second language (ESL) teachers are encouraged to coplan or coteach with content teachers in order to support English language learners, thus moving English language support into the content area classroom, through push‐in or coteaching rather than the pull‐out model. However, results from a questionnaire of 72 K–12 ESL teachers across a wide range of settings suggest that collaboration may or may not take place within any of these models and can best be understood in terms of the intersection of the variables of frequency (limited to extensive) as well as type of practice (formal to informal). Results of this study have implications for administrator professional learning, teacher education, and teacher leadership.
An operational semantics for object-oriented concepts based on the class hierarchy
Authors: Colvin Robert J. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The formalisation of object-oriented languages is essential for describing the implementation details of specific programming languages or for developing program verification techniques. However there has been relatively little formalisation work aimed at abstractly describing the fundamental concepts of object-oriented programming, separate from specific language considerations or suitability for a particular verification style. In this paper we address this issue by formalising a language that includes the core object-oriented programming language concepts of field tests and updates, methods, constructors, subclassing, multithreading, and synchronisation, built on top of standard sequential programming constructs. The abstract syntax is relatively close to the core of typical object-oriented programming languages such as Java. A novel aspect of the syntax is that objects and classes are encapsulated within a single syntactic term, including their fields and methods. Furthermore, class terms are structured according to the class hierarchy, and objects appear as subterms of their class (and method instances as subterms of the relevant object). This helps to narrow the gap between how a programmer thinks about their code and the underlying mathematical objects in the semantics. The semantics is defined operationally, so that all actions a program may take, such as testing or setting local variables and fields, or invoking methods on other objects, appear on the labels of the transitions. A process-algebraic style of interprocess communication is used for object and class interactions. A benefit of this label-based approach to the semantics is that a separation of concerns can be made when defining the rules of the different constructs, and the rules tend to be more concise. The basic rules for individual commands may be composed into more powerful rules that operate at the level of classes and objects. The traces generated by the operational semantics are used as the basis for establishing equivalence between classes.
Effects of temperature and rainfall variation on population structure and sexual dimorphism across the geographical range of a dioecious species
Authors: Álvarez‐Cansino Leonor , Zunzunegui María , Díaz Barradas Mari Cruz , Correia Otilia , Esquivias Mari Paz 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe effects of climate (precipitation and temperature) on sexual dimorphism and population structure were analysed along a broad‐scale environmental gradient covering the distributional range of the endemic dioecious species Corema album, along the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula. We aimed to assess distribution constraints and sex‐related differences in demography and size associated with higher reproductive investment in females. Nine populations were chosen from across the geographic range of C. album and ten 10 × 10 m plots were established (10 m apart) along a 200‐m transect. All male, female and non‐reproductive shrubs were quantified within each plot and plant size, photosynthetic layer, height, sex ratio, population density and structure, and spatial segregation of sexes, under environmental conditions ranging from temperate to Mediterranean climate, were recorded and analysed. Increased aridity was related to lower population density and less structured populations, indicating an effect of higher temperature and lower precipitation on regeneration. Sexual dimorphism was influenced by climate, with size differences between sexes varying with aridity. However, demographic differences between sexes reflected in sex ratio deviations or the occurrence of spatial segregation were unrelated to any climatic variable, suggesting the existence of compensatory mechanisms that may counterbalance the higher reproductive effort of female plants. The results show the vulnerability of this endemic species to the increase in aridity expected in the southernmost limit of the biogeographical area due to global climate change, and demonstrate the importance of broad scale studies in the assessment of sexual dimorphism.
Three-valued Logics in Modal Logic
Authors: Kooi Barteld , Tamminga Allard 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Every truth-functional three-valued propositional logic can be conservatively translated into the modal logic S5. We prove this claim constructively in two steps. First, we define a Translation Manual that converts any propositional formula of any three-valued logic into a modal formula. Second, we show that for every S5-model there is an equivalent three-valued valuation and vice versa. In general, our Translation Manual gives rise to translations that are exponentially longer than their originals. This fact raises the question whether there are three-valued logics for which there is a shorter translation into S5. The answer is affirmative: we present an elegant linear translation of the Logic of Paradox and of Strong Three-valued Logic into S5.
Repeat Migration and Remittances as Mechanisms for Wealth Inequality in 119 Communities From the Mexican Migration Project Data
Authors: Garip Filiz 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTo evaluate the distributional impact of remittances in origin communities, prior research studied how migrants’ selectivity by wealth varies with migration prevalence in the community or prior migration experience of the individual. This study considers both patterns; it examines selectivity separately in low- and high-prevalence communities and for first-time and repeat migrants. Based on data from 18,042 household heads in 119 Mexican communities from the Mexican Migration Project, the analyses show that (1) first-time migrants in low-prevalence communities come from poor households, whereas repeat migrants in high-prevalence communities belong to wealthy households; and (2) higher amounts of remittances reach wealthy households. These results suggest that repeat migration and remittances may be mechanisms for wealth accumulation in the study communities. Descriptive analyses associate these mechanisms with increasing wealth disparities between households with and without migrants, especially in high-prevalence communities. The study, similar to prior findings, shows the importance of repeat migration trips, which, given sustained remittances, may amplify the wealth gap between migrants and nonmigrants in migrant-sending communities. The study also qualifies prior findings by differentiating between low- and high-prevalence communities and observing a growing wealth gap only in the latter.
Three Dimensional Tracking of Exploratory Behavior of Barnacle Cyprids Using Stereoscopy
Authors: Maleschlijski S. , Sendra G. H. , Di Fino A. , Leal-Taixé L. , Thome I. , Terfort A. , Aldred N. , Grunze M. , Clare A. S. , Rosenhahn B. , Rosenhahn A. 
Published: August 2012

Surface exploration is a key step in the colonization of surfaces by sessile marine biofoulers. As many biofouling organisms can delay settlement until a suitable surface is encountered, colonization can comprise surface exploration and intermittent swimming. As such, the process is best followed in three dimensions. Here we present a low-cost transportable stereoscopic system consisting of two consumer camcorders. We apply this novel apparatus to behavioral analysis of barnacle larvae (≈800 μm length) during surface exploration and extract and analyze the three-dimensional patterns of movement. The resolution of the system and the accuracy of position determination are characterized. As a first practical result, three-dimensional swimming trajectories of the cypris larva of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides are recorded in the vicinity of a glass surface and close to PEG2000-OH and C11NMe3+Cl− terminated self-assembled monolayers. Although less frequently used in biofouling experiments due to its short reproductive season, the selected model species [Marechal and Hellio (2011), Int Biodeterior Biodegrad, 65(1):92–101] has been used following a number of recent investigations on the settlement behavior on chemically different surfaces [Aldred et al. (2011), ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 3(6):2085–2091]. Experiments were scheduled to match the availability of cyprids off the north east coast of England so that natural material could be used. In order to demonstrate the biological applicability of the system, analysis of parameters such as swimming direction, swimming velocity and swimming angle are performed.
Radiofrequency hot balloon catheter ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation: A 3‐center study in Japan
Authors: Sohara Hiroshi , Satake Shutaro , Takeda Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Yoshio , Toyama Hideko , Kumagai Koichiro , Kuwahara Taishi , Takahashi Atushi , Ohe Tohru 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe safety and efficacy of radiofrequency hot balloon catheter (Toray‐Satake balloon [TSB]) ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) was evaluated in a 3‐center pilot study.MethodsThirty patients (24 men; age, 61±8 years) with drug‐resistant AF (paroxysmal, n=24; persistent, n=6) were evaluated in this study. The pulmonary veins (PVs) and PV antrum were isolated using the TSB under general anesthesia (n=12) or deep sedation (n=18).ResultsComplete PV isolation was achieved in 110 (92%) of 120 PVs, and decreased PV potentials were observed in the right superior PV in 4 patients (13%), left superior PV in 4 patients (13%), and left inferior PV in 2 patients (7%). The mean total procedure time was 104±27 min. The mean total fluoroscopic and total application times were 32±14 min and 12±2 min, respectively. After a single session, 22 (73%) and 20 (67%) of the 30 patients were free from AF after 6 and 11.4±2.2 months of follow‐up, respectively. There were no device‐related severe complications such as stroke, esophageal fistula, symptomatic PV stenosis, phrenic nerve palsy, or pyloric spasm.ConclusionTSB catheter ablation might be a promising approach for the treatment of drug‐resistant AF.
Optimizing anterior esthetics of a single‐tooth implant through socket augmentation and immediate provisionalization: A case report with 7‐year follow‐up
Authors: Fu Po‐Sung , Wu Yi‐Min , Wang Jen‐Chyan , Huang Ta‐Ko , Chen Wen‐Cheng , Huang Jhih‐Wei , Hung Chun‐Cheng 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTooth extraction inevitably accompanies alveolar ridge resorption with loss of pre‐existing tissue morphology. Replacing missing teeth with dental implants has become popular, but restoring anterior teeth with implant‐supported restorations is a technique‐sensitive task and poses challenges for dentists. With the progress of implant dentistry, the demand for optimal esthetics has become linked with the desire for faster, easier techniques that shorten treatment time and also satisfy patients. Immediate provisionalization of a single‐tooth implant provides significant benefits compared with traditional delayed protocols, such as aiding the contouring of peri‐implant soft tissue and enhancing patient comfort and satisfaction. This article describes a meticulous approach to a hopeless maxillary central incisor with root fracture. The defect in the extraction socket was reconstructed using autogenous bone harvested from the chin. Four months later, an implant was installed and immediately restored. After another healing period of 6 months, the peri‐implant soft tissue had been shaped and matured according to the contours of the provisional restoration. The emergence profile was used to duplicate the definitive restoration. Peri‐implant esthetics was achieved through socket augmentation and immediate provisionalization of the implant. This treatment modality attained predictable and maintainable outcomes, both functionally and esthetically.
The institutional change in action: Transitioning to Economic Man
Authors: Tverdohleb Evelina 
Published: August 2012

This article sketches the roots and social underpinnings of both Economic Man (EM) and Soviet Man (SM) and looks at the interaction between the two archetypes during the transformation of former socialist nations since 1990. It depicts the creation of SM as the bearer of socialist “planned economy” ideology while also showing how EM was able to survive, albeit often underground, in the Soviet Union and its satellites. It also looks at the unique nature of the Soviet EM and to what extent SM has been dismantled.
This paper concludes by examining how well the Western, market-oriented economic ideology was implemented and why the process occurred differently in various former socialist countries. It illustrates the varying malleability of the human mentality and provides some insights into the possible outcomes of future efforts at sociopolitical transformation.
The efficiency of an array of tidal turbines partially blocking a wide channel
Authors: Nishino Takafumi , Willden Richard H. J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA new theoretical model is proposed to explore the efficiency of a long array of tidal turbines partially blocking a wide channel cross-section. An idea of scale separation is introduced between the flow around each device (or turbine) and that around the entire array to assume that all device-scale flow events, including ‘far-wake’ mixing behind each device, take place much faster than the horizontal expansion of the flow around the entire array. This assumption makes it possible to model the flow as a combination of two quasi-inviscid problems of different scales, in both of which the conservation of mass, momentum and energy is considered. The new model suggests the following: when turbines block only a small portion of the span of a shallow channel cross-section, there is an optimal intra-turbine spacing to maximize the efficiency (limit of power extraction) for a given channel height and width. The efficiency increases as the spacing is reduced to the optimal value due to the effect of local blockage, but then decreases as the spacing is further reduced due to the effect of array-scale choking, i.e. reduced flow through the entire array. Also, when the channel is infinitely wide, the efficiency depends solely on the local area blockage rather than on the combination of the intra-turbine spacing and the channel height. As the local blockage is increased, the efficiency increases from the Lanchester–Betz limit of 0.593 to another limiting value of 0.798, but then decreases as the local blockage is further increased.
Energy decay of vortices in viscous fluids: an applied mathematics view
Authors: Nordström Jan , Lönn Björn 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe energy decay of vortices in viscous fluids governed by the compressible Navier–Stokes equations is investigated. It is shown that the main reason for the slow decay is that zero eigenvalues exist in the matrix related to the dissipative terms. The theoretical analysis is purely mathematical and based on the energy method. To check the validity of the theoretical result in practice, numerical solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations are computed using a stable high-order finite difference method. The numerical computations corroborate the theoretical conclusion.