bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HÁ OBRIGAÇÕES SEM DIREITOS?
Authors: Heller Agnes 
Published: August 2014

Em todas as relações de comando e obediência de assimetria recíproca, as obrigações, ou melhor, os deveres não acompanham normalmente os direitos correspondentes. Não há direitos relacionados a tais relações, ao menos não na presente compreensão da palavra “direito” (right), na medida em que são prerrogativas. Mas há obrigações, baseadas na moral, se não em direitos, em relações de reciprocidade assimétrica. Somente numa relação de reciprocidade simétrica os direitos aparecem como fundações/fundamentos (archai) para as pretensões, em ambos os sentidos, positivo e negativo. Nós temos obrigações com as futuras gerações, mesmo responsabilidades para corresponder às expectativas daquelas obrigações, porém as futuras gerações não podem ter direitos. Não há e não pode haver reciprocidade simétrica entre nós e qualquer futura geração e, de fato, não há reciprocidade alguma; há obrigações sem os direitos correspondentes. Os casos de responsabilidade prospectiva, de se estar encarregado ou no comando, também implicam obrigações sem restrição das circunstâncias, se as partes em relação às quais temos obrigações são titulares de direitos ou não. A justiça intergeracional não pressupõe direitos existentes, enquanto direitos potenciais são apenas projeções ou metáforas com pouca relevância, pois não são obrigatórios/vinculantes.
PÚBLICO E PRIVADO: OS PRINCÍPIOS FUNDAMENTAIS DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DEMOCRÁTICA
Authors: FIORAVANTI MAURIZIO 
Published: August 2014

Público e privado constituem as duas dimensões fundamentais da democracia. Dessa forma, parece inegável que uma das principais tarefas das Constituições democráticas – e da democracia constitucional como nova forma política emergente – é o estabelecimento do espaçoe da profundidade de um e do outro. Questiona-se, portanto, se há um verdadeiro modelo constitucional a partir do qual se possa orientar a relação entre ambos. A resposta aqui dada passa pela análise dos caracteres históricos essenciais da democracia constitucional, extraíveisdas Constituições democráticas do século XX. Parte-se, assim, da Constituição italiana de 1948, em análise que torna possível verificar que não se trata apenas de uma nova faceta da democracia parlamentar ou puramente popular – estritamente conectada à regra da maioria – como nomodelo antecedente. Com a afirmação da supremacia constitucional tem-se a construção da ideia de Constituição como garantia e limite, do caráter inviolável dos direitos fundamentais e do princípio da indivisibilidade dos direitos da pessoa. Demonstra-se que o ponto de equilíbrio da relação entre público e privado está na afirmação da Constituição contra o os desmandos e abusos de ambos. O público não pode mais se expressar com a linguagem do legislador onipotente, pensando poder normatizar todos os aspectos da vida individual e das relações travadas em sociedade, ao passo que o privado não pode se tornar espaço propício para o desenvolvimento de poderes desmedidos, sobretudo econômicos, incidentes de modo não menos perigoso sobre os direitos fundamentais. A Constituição pressupõe, portanto, uma sociedade política, mas não a mera societas, em que o vínculo basilar é exclusivamente a comum titularidade de direitos, mas sim universitas, dotada de unidade de escopo, ligada pelo entendimento comum de perseguir finalidades fundamentais.
RULE-OF-LAW E A TEORIA DA IMPREVISÃO EM INVESTIMENTOS ESTRANGEIROS DIRETOS: O CASO CMS GAS TRANSMISSION COMPANY vs. REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA
Authors: Meinero Fernando Pedro 
Published: August 2014

O presente trabalho aborda a aplicação da teoria da imprevisão no caso CMSGas Transmission Company vs. República Argentina, julgado pelo Centro Internacional deResolução de Diferenças em matéria de Investimentos. Apresenta as características do modelo de desenvolvimento implementado nos anos 1990 nos países latino-americanos, tendo a rule-oflaw como paradigma, materializada através de “boas práticas” institucionais, pela geração de clima de confiança para atrair os investidores externos. A crise econômica que atravessou o país dez anos depois provocou uma ruptura nesse clima. Busca-se analisar o instituto da teoria da imprevisão, para determinar se cabia a sua aplicação no caso em exame, de forma a justificar amudança nas regras do jogo. Aborda a questão desde a perspectiva do direito internacional e o direito interno argentino.
Bacharelado em Turismo no Brasil: História e contribuições da Universidade Federal do Paraná
Authors: Oganauskas Daniela Sousa Nunes , Gomes Bruno Martins Augusto , Andrukiu Alcimara Meira Gonçalves 
Published: August 2014

As universidades têm como fundamento a construção e disseminação do conhecimento para a sociedade, formando profissionais e cidadãos nas diferentes áreas do saber. Nesta realidade a Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR, Curitiba, Brasil) se destaca na área do turismo, visto que o seu curso de bacharelado em turismo é um dos pioneiros do Brasil. Assim, diante da importância histórica da UFPR para o bacharelado em turismo no país, a pesquisa sócio-histórica sobre este curso possibilita uma contribuição para a história do ensino de graduação em turismo no Brasil. Dessa maneira, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo realizar uma investigação sócio-histórica sobre o curso de bacharelado em turismo da UFPR. Para tanto foi elaborado um marco teórico abordando o histórico do ensino de graduação em Turismo no Brasil bem como seus desafios e perspectivas. Na sequência os dados foram coletados por meio de pesquisa documental e as entrevistas foram verificadas pela análise de conteúdo. Como resultado observa-se que o curso de bacharelado em turismo da UFPR passou por diversas transformações em sua estrutura, especialmente na matriz curricular. Sua contribuição se faz presente por meio de centenas de egressos, diversos projetos vinculados à sociedade e pesquisas as quais geram novos conhecimentos na área do turismo. Assim, a partir de uma percepção atenta ao mercado, crítica em relação à realidade sociocultural, visando uma formação integral, o curso alcança o seu reconhecimento.
O Turismo de Negócios e Eventos em Cascavel (Paraná, Brasil): oportunidade para expansão e consolidação do segmento na cidade
Authors: Schulze Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2014

Essa pesquisa objetiva identificar uma oportunidade de expansão e consolidação no setor de turismo na cidade de Cascavel (Paraná, Brasil), com foco no segmento de negócios e eventos, visto que a cidade realiza eventos variados de repercussão nacional e internacional e que, a cada ano, têm seu público aumentado movimentando, assim, uma ampla gama de serviços da economia local e regional. Cascavel se destaca como polo regional econômico do Paraná no setor do agronegócio, educação, saúde, situando-se no oeste do estado e localiza-se próxima a pontos turísticos importantes como Cataratas do Iguaçu e Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu, alvo de visitação de grande número de turistas do Brasil e mundo, o que lhe oferece oportunidades de destaque no Turismo sob um prisma distinto do que vem ocorrendo no município até então. A metodologia utilizada foi de pesquisa bibliográfica e eletrônica que contêm definições, informações econômico-sociais do município, repercussão e dados econômicos dos eventos realizados na cidade. Como resultado foi possível perceber uma nova estratégia de atuação de empresas locais e foco de investimentos do setor público.
Programmed Application of Transforming Growth Factor β3 and Rac1 Inhibitor NSC23766 Committed Hyaline Cartilage Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Osteochondral Defect Repair
Authors: Zhu Shouan , Chen Pengfei , Wu Yan , Xiong Si , Sun Heng , Xia Qingqing , Shi Libing , Liu Huanhuan , Ouyang Hong Wei 
Published: August 2014

AbstractHyaline cartilage differentiation is always the challenge with application of stem cells for joint repair. Transforming growth factors (TGFs) and bone morphogenetic proteins can initiate cartilage differentiation but often lead to hypertrophy and calcification, related to abnormal Rac1 activity. In this study, we developed a strategy of programmed application of TGFβ3 and Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 to commit the hyaline cartilage differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) for joint cartilage repair. ADSCs were isolated and cultured in a micromass and pellet culture model to evaluate chondrogenic and hypertrophic differentiation. The function of Rac1 was investigated with constitutively active Rac1 mutant and dominant negative Rac1 mutant. The efficacy of ADSCs with programmed application of TGFβ3 and Rac1 inhibitor for cartilage repair was studied in a rat model of osteochondral defects. The results showed that TGFβ3 promoted ADSCs chondro-lineage differentiation and that NSC23766 prevented ADSC-derived chondrocytes from hypertrophy in vitro. The combination of ADSCs, TGFβ3, and NSC23766 promoted quality osteochondral defect repair in rats with much less chondrocytes hypertrophy and significantly higher International Cartilage Repair Society macroscopic and microscopic scores. The findings have illustrated that programmed application of TGFβ3 and Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 can commit ADSCs to chondro-lineage differentiation and improve the efficacy of ADSCs for cartilage defect repair. These findings suggest a promising stem cell-based strategy for articular cartilage repair.
Plant‐soil interactions in salt marsh environments: Experimental evidence from electrical resistivity tomography in the Venice Lagoon
Authors: Boaga Jacopo , D'Alpaos Andrea , Cassiani Giorgio , Marani Marco , Putti Mario 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe role of root water uptake in regulating soil water saturation in salt marshes is controversial. Modeling studies suggest that soil aeration is improved by transpiration, with implications for the distribution of vegetation species and of the associated topographic features controlling the hydraulic regime of the marshland and eventually its survival. Marsh vegetation plays a key role in the preservation of such critical environment, which represents unique marker for climatic change and impact studies. However, the direct quantification of space‐time aeration patterns has remained elusive, in part, because of the limitations posed by high salinity to conventional observation techniques such as time or frequency domain reflectometry. Here we show that time‐lapse microscale electrical resistivity tomography, coupled with tensiometric observations, allows the identification of variably saturated zones and the characterization of space‐time soil moisture dynamics in a salt marsh in the Venice Lagoon (Italy). This is the first quantitative observational experiment which confirms that periodically flooded plants are capable of producing a persistently aerated layer below the flooded surface when transpiration proceeds at a sufficiently high rate. The experimental results are compared against previously published model predictions.
Counter equatorial electrojet and overshielding after substorm onset: Global MHD simulation study
Authors: Ebihara Y. , Tanaka T. , Kikuchi T. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBy performing a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation, we have demonstrated for the first time that an electrojet at the dayside magnetic equator can be reversed and an overshielding condition can be established in the inner magnetosphere after substorm onset without northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field. Near the substorm onset, the plasma pressure is highly enhanced in the inner magnetosphere on the nightside. The Region 2 field‐aligned current diverges from the diamagnetic current on the surface of the dayside extension of the high‐pressure region, which is connected to the ionosphere in the relatively low‐conductivity region a few degrees equatorward of the main auroral oval that is formed as the projection of the plasma sheet. The separation of the equatorward boundary of the auroral region and the equatorward boundary of the Region 2 current results in dusk‐dawn electric fields that generate a counter electrojet (CEJ) at the dayside magnetic equator. Poleward electric fields in a narrow latitudinal width, which may be regarded as subauroral ion drift and subauroral polarization stream, are simultaneously intensified. The dusk‐dawn electric fields may propagate to the inner magnetosphere along a field line as shear Alfvén waves. Then, the inner magnetosphere is completely constrained by the overshielding condition. The intensity and polarity of the CEJ depend largely on at least the ionospheric conductivity that is related to the plasma pressure (probably associated with diffuse aurora). This may explain the observational fact that overshielding does not always occur after onset.
Strong E region ionization caused by the 1767 trail during the 2002 Leonids
Authors: Pellinen‐Wannberg Asta K. , Häggström Ingemar , Carrillo Sánchez Juan Diego , Plane John M. C. , Westman Assar 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIntensive E region ionization extending up to 140 km altitude and lasting for several hours was observed with the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) UHF radar during the 2002 Leonids meteor shower maximum. The level of global geomagnetic disturbance as well as the local geomagnetic and auroral activity in northern Scandinavia were low during the event. Thus, the ionization cannot be explained by intensive precipitation. The layer was 30–40 km thick, so it cannot be classified as a sporadic E layer which are typically just a few kilometers wide. Incoherent scatter radars have not to date reported any notable meteor shower‐related increases in the average background ionization. The 2002 Leonids storm flux, however, was so high that it might have been able to induce such an event. The Chemical Ablation Model is used to estimate deposition rates of individual meteors. The resulting electron production, arising from hyperthermal collisions of ablated atoms with atmospheric molecules, is related to the predicted Leonid flux values and observed ionization on 19 November 2002. The EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) located at some 1000 km north of the UHF site did not observe any excess ionization during the same period. The high‐latitude electrodynamic conditions recorded by the SuperDARN radar network show that the ESR was within a strongly drifting convection cell continuously fed by fresh plasma while the UHF radar was outside the polar convection region maintaining the ionization.
Space geodetic observations and models of postseismic deformation due to the 2005 M7.6 Kashmir (Pakistan) earthquake
Authors: Wang Kang , Fialko Yuri 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe use the L‐band Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) and C‐band Envisat interferometric synthetic aperture data and campaign GPS observations to study the postseismic deformation due to the 2005 magnitude 7.6 Kashmir (Pakistan) earthquake that occurred in the northwestern Himalaya. Envisat data are available from both the descending and ascending orbits and span a time period of ~4.5 years immediately following the earthquake (2005–2010), with nearly monthly acquisitions. However, the Envisat data are highly decorrelated due to high topography and snow cover. ALOS data are available from the ascending orbit and span a time period of ~2.5 years between 2007 and 2009, over which they remain reasonably well correlated. We derive the mean line‐of‐sight (LOS) postseismic velocity maps in the epicentral area of the Kashmir earthquake using persistent scatterer method for Envisat data and selective stacking for ALOS data. LOS velocities from all data sets indicate an uplift (decrease in radar range), primarily in the hanging wall of the earthquake rupture over the entire period of synthetic aperture radar observations (2005–2010). Models of poroelastic relaxation predict uplift of both the footwall and the hanging wall, while models of viscoelastic relaxation below the brittle‐ductile transition predict subsidence (increase in radar range) in both the footwall and the hanging wall. Therefore, the observed pattern of surface velocities indicates that the early several years of postseismic deformation were dominated by afterslip on the fault plane, possibly with a minor contribution from poroelastic rebound. Kinematic inversions of interferometric synthetic aperture radar and GPS data confirm that the observed deformation is consistent with afterslip, primarily downdip of the seismic asperity. To place constraints on the effective viscosity of the ductile substrate in the study area, we subtract the surface deformation predicted by stress‐driven afterslip model from the mean LOS velocities and compare the residuals to models of viscoelastic relaxation for a range of assumed viscosities. We show that in order to prevent surface subsidence, the effective viscosity has to be greater than 1019 Pa s.
Summertime Changjiang River plume variation during 1998–2010
Authors: Bai Yan , He Xianqiang , Pan Delu , Chen Chen‐Tung Arthur , Kang Yan , Chen Xiaoyan , Cai Wei‐Jun 
Published: August 2014

AbstractUsing an improved satellite‐derived salinity algorithm in the East China Sea (ECS), we presented and examined a general view on summertime Changjiang River plume variation during 1998–2010. Three types of plume shapes were identified: (1) the commonly known northeastward transportation, (2) a case in which most of the plume water crossed the Cheju Strait into the Tsushima‐Korea Straits with only a small fraction staying on the shelf of the ECS, and (3) a rare case in which the plume front moved southeastward. Satellite time‐series data suggested that, during the peak river discharge time in July with favorable southwest monsoon, the plume area was highly correlated with the river discharge of the same month. Interestingly, the plume area in August was also dominated by the discharge in July. In August, as the direct effect of freshwater discharge weakening, the plume area also became positively correlated with wind speed in the 45° and 60°direction, suggesting that the plume extension was more influenced by the southwesterly wind during periods of smaller discharge. Furthermore, a few special cases with unique plume extensions were found under extreme weather conditions. Finally, we found no significant long‐term trend of plume area change over 1998–2010 in summertime and concluded that the interannual variation was probably regulated by natural variation rather than anthropogenic effects, such as construction of the Three Gorges Dam. This study will have implications for biogeochemical and modeling studies in large river plume areas.
Evaluation of directly wind‐coherent near‐inertial surface currents off Oregon using a statistical parameterization and analytical and numerical models
Authors: Kim Sung Yong , Kosro P. Michael , Kurapov Alexander L. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDirectly wind‐coherent near‐inertial surface currents off the Oregon coast are investigated with a statistical parameterization of observations and outputs of a regional numerical ocean model and three one‐dimensional analytical models including the slab layer, Ekman, and near‐surface averaged Ekman models. The transfer functions and response functions, statistically estimated from observed wind stress at NDBC buoys and surface currents derived from shored‐based high‐frequency radars, enable us to isolate the directly wind‐forced near‐inertial surface currents. Concurrent observations of the wind and currents are crucial to evaluate the directly wind‐forced currents. Thus, the wind stress and surface current fields obtained from a regional ocean model, which simulates variability of the wind and surface currents on scales comparable to those in observations, are analyzed with the same statistical parameterization to derive the point‐by‐point transfer functions and response functions. Model and data comparisons show that the regional ocean model describes near‐inertial variability of surface currents qualitatively and quantitatively correctly. The estimated response functions exhibit decay time scales in a range of 3–5 days, and about 40% of the near‐inertial motions are explained by local wind stress. Among the one‐dimensional analytical models, the near‐surface averaged Ekman model explains the statistically derived wind‐current relationship better than other analytical models.
ENSO‐driven interhemispheric Pacific mass transports
Authors: McGregor Shayne , Spence Paul , Schwarzkopf Franziska U. , England Matthew H. , Santoso Agus , Kessler William S. , Timmermann Axel , Böning Claus W. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that ENSO's anomalous equatorial winds, including the observed southward shift of zonal winds that occurs around the event peak, can be reconstructed with the first two Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) of equatorial region wind stresses. Using a high‐resolution ocean general circulation model, we investigate the effect of these two EOFs on changes in warm water volume (WWV), interhemispheric mass transports, and Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). Wind stress anomalies associated with the first EOF produce changes in WWV that are dynamically consistent with the conceptual recharge oscillator paradigm. The ITF is found to heavily damp these WWV changes, reducing their variance by half. Wind stress anomalies associated with the second EOF, which depicts the southward wind shift, are responsible for WWV changes that are of comparable magnitude to those driven by the first mode. The southward wind shift is also responsible for the majority of the observed interhemispheric upper ocean mass exchanges. These winds transfer mass between the Northern and the Southern Hemisphere during El Niño events. Whilst water is transferred in the opposite direction during La Niña events, the magnitude of this exchange is roughly half of that seen during El Niño events. Thus, the discharging of WWV during El Niño events is meridionally asymmetric, while the WWV recharging during a La Niña event is largely symmetric. The inclusion of the southward wind shift is also shown to allow ENSO to exchange mass with much higher latitudes than that allowed by the first EOF alone.
The extension of lightning flashes from thunderstorms near Cape Canaveral, Florida
Authors: Fuelberg Henry E. , Walsh Ryan J. , Preston Ari D. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe horizontal distance that intracloud (IC) and cloud to ground (CG) lightning flashes extend from thunderstorms is presented for warm season nonsevere storms near Cape Canaveral, FL. The Warning Decision Support System–Integrated Information (WDSS‐II) software allowed us to ingest, display, and make distance calculations using radar reflectivity data from nearby National Weather Service Offices and lightning information from the National Lightning Detection Network and the local Lightning Detection and Ranging network. The flash distances were determined manually using a measuring tool within WDSS‐II. Six categories of flashes were investigated: (a) CG flashes measured from the edge of the convective core (30 dBZ) to the ground strike location that is beneath the attached anvil, (b) CG “bolt from the blue” flashes measured from cloud edge (0 dBZ) to the ground strike point that contains only 0 dBZ overhead, (c) CG bolt from the blue flashes as in Category B but measured from the edge of the precipitation (18 dBZ), (d) IC flashes that exit a portion of the cloud that is not an anvil, measured from cloud edge (0 dBZ), (e) IC flashes within anvils measured from the edge of convective precipitation (30 dBZ) to the termination point within the anvil, and (f) IC flashes exiting the edge (0 dBZ) of anvils. Results for each category are presented in the forms of frequency distributions of distances and their cumulative frequency distributions.