bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What does the future hold for giving? An approach using the social representations of Generation Y
Authors: Urbain Caroline , Gonzalez Christine , Gall‐Ely Marine Le 
Published: October 2012

Nowadays, not‐for‐profit organizations and charities face the ageing of donors and a growing debate over monetary donation collection methods. They need to find solutions to attract younger generations of donors. Could this be done using the same methods applied to older generations? This present research investigates social representations (SRs) of giving by younger generations to understand how not‐for‐profit organizations and charities should approach them. The study focuses on SRs of a French sample of 276 individuals from Generation Y born between 1979 and 1991. It uses the free association technique. The results show paradoxical representations of giving. Institutionalization of giving is salient as representation of it as a freely consenting act. The paradox relies also in the strong presence of a relationship with others that parallels the gift as an individualistic choice.
Generation Y individuals appear to be sociable, yet they evoke more sharing and solidarity than charity. Institutionalized forms of giving, particularly via charities and not‐for‐profit organizations, are rejected. These individuals seem to express their individuality through practices that resemble sharing rather than giving. From a managerial point of view, these results shed light on the factors liable to cause members of this generation to give, such as (i) the use of social networks, (ii) appealing to pleasure, festivities and efficiency rather than to guilt and duty, and (iii) encouragement to “work within the not‐for‐profit organization”.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen related phenomena at the ITO/a‐Si:H/Si heterojunction solar cell interfaces
Authors: Ulyashin Alexander , Sytchkova Anna 
Published: October 2012

AbstractProperties of thin a‐Si:H and indium‐tin oxide (ITO) layers as well as properties of interfaces of Si based heterojunction (HJ) ITO/(p)a‐Si:H/n‐Si structures were analyzed by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning spreading resistance microscopy. It is shown that the morphology of thin ITO layers grown on n‐type polished crystalline Si or on (p)a‐Si:H/n‐Si substrates depends on the deposition temperature and has peculiarities on nano‐scale. Formation of highly conductive nano‐dots on the surface and in the bulk of ITO layers is found. The observed nano‐spots and nano‐dots are attributed to the influence of hydrogen initiated reduction process, which occurs upon deposition of ITO films on an a‐Si:H layer during the fabrication process of a HJ solar cell. This fact is confirmed by investigation of morphological properties of ITO surfaces after treatment by hydrogen plasma. It is shown that formation of conductive nano‐particles on the ITO surface initiated by hydrogen does not change essentially transparency of an ITO layer. It is concluded that conductive nano‐dots at the ITO/a‐Si:H interface can be considered as local conductive channels, which provide a current flow through the ITO/(p)a‐Si:H interface without essential shadowing of the solar cell structure. This finding opens an interesting way for the optimization of properties of the ITO/Si‐based HJ solar cells.
Facilely constructing robust nanohybrids comprising high dispersion of platinum–ruthenium nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes and their enhanced electrocatalytic performance
Authors: Cui Ying , Wu Bohua , Mao Liqiu , Yin Dulin 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA method for high dispersion of PtRu nanoparticles (NPs) on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based on noncovalently functionalized CNTs with dodecylamine (DA) is reported. The process of functionalization of CNTs by DA is simple and can be carried out at room temperature without the use of expensive chemicals or corrosive acids, thus preserving the electronic conductivity and the corrosion resistance of CNTs. PtRu NPs on DA‐functionalized CNTs show much better distribution with no formation of aggregates, higher electrochemically active surface (EAS) area, and higher electrocatalytic activity and stability for the electrooxidation of methanol as compared to that on conventional acid‐oxidized CNTs. magnified image
Single‐walled carbon nanotubes filled with nickel halogenides: Atomic structure and doping effect
Authors: Kharlamova M. V. , Yashina L. V. , Eliseev A. A. , Volykhov A. A. , Neudachina V. S. , Brzhezinskaya M. M. , Zyubina T. S. , Lukashin A. V. , Tretyakov Yu. D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractNiX2@SWCNT (X = Cl, Br) nanostructures were prepared by capillary filling of single‐walled carbon nanotube channels with nickel halogenide melts with slow cooling down to room temperature for better crystallization. The HRTEM data indicated formation of well‐ordered 1D NiBr2 crystals, with the experimental atomic structure representing a fragment of the bulk structure. The lattice constant coincides with the corresponding distance in bulk lattice. The 1D crystal structure was modeled using DFT within the PW‐GGA approach. According to the Raman, X‐ray photoelectron, X‐ray and optical absorption spectroscopic data and the DFT results obtained within the rigid band model, nickel halogenides display acceptor behavior with the corresponding charge transfer from the single‐walled carbon nanotube walls to the NiX2 nanocrystals.
Growth and characterization of thin Si–C films in RF plasma and optical emission spectroscopy
Authors: Kurcz Magdalena , Huczko Andrzej 
Published: October 2012

AbstractRadio frequency (RF; 13.56 MHz), non‐equilibrium low‐pressure plasma is a robust environment well suited for the deposition of thin films. The parametric research has been carried out in a novel system on the formation of SiC‐related thin films resulting from the decomposition of tetramethylsilane TMS, Si(CH3)4. The films were deposited under various conditions to determine the effects of process parameters on both deposition and quality of the films. Carbonaceous thin films (methane CH4 was used as a precursor) were deposited too, to prove broad applicability of RF plasma. Optical emission spectroscopy helped to better understand the chemical transformation of starting reactants.
Easy synthesis of Pd fullerene polymer structures from the molten state of tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)
Authors: Nitze Florian , Barzegar Hamid Reza , Wågberg Thomas 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPd fullerene composites were first synthesized and studied in the early 90s by for example Nagashima et al. In this study we present a novel and rapid approach to synthesize Pd fullerides based on direct reaction of C60 with Pd2dba3. We show that the Pd fullerene polymer phase forms at temperatures around the melting point of Pd2dba3 (150 °C) and that it proceeds upon further annealing while releasing dba. The synthesis reactions were studied in TGA/DSC. TEM revealed that the material easily collapses under the electron beam into nanoparticles. Under very low doses almost no particles can be found. Similarly, Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of Pd fulleride polymers but also supported the collapse of the Pd fulleride phase when irradiated by high laser power. CVD experiments have been conducted on directly coated Si substrates showing similar results to previous reports, namely that Pd2C60 is an efficient catalysts for the growth of helical carbon nanofibers. Our study gives both insights into the formation of nanoparticles as well as the synthesis of C60 polymers. The method is also compatible with direct coating processes making it useful for a broad spectrum of CVD and catalysis applications.
TiO2/WO3/Au/MWCNT composite materials for photocatalytic hydrogen production: Advantages and draw‐backs
Authors: Pap Zsolt , Karácsonyi Éva , Baia Lucian , Pop Lucian Cristian , Danciu Virginia , Hernádi Klára , Mogyorósi Károly , Dombi András 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTiO2/WO3/Au/MWCNT composite materials were obtained using different commercial titanias (Aldrich Anatase, Aldrich Rutile, and Evonik Aeroxide P25) and Aldrich WO3. The gold nanoparticles were deposited on the semiconductor oxides' surface by chemical reduction using sodium borohydride, and the MWCNT's were combined with the composite (in different concentrations 0.1–10 wt%) by applying an ultrasonication method. The obtained nanocomposites were successfully characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, etc. The aim of the present work was to find the optimal composition (i.e. carbon nanotube content) of the composite for photocatalytic hydrogen production using oxalic acid as a sacrificial agent.
Covalent functionalization of few‐wall carbon nanotubes by ferrocene derivatives for bioelectrochemical devices
Authors: Allali Naoual , Urbanova Veronika , Mamane Victor , Waldbock Jeremy , Etienne Mathieu , Mallet Martine , Devaux Xavier , Vigolo Brigitte , Fort Yves , Walcarius Alain , Noël Maxime , Soldatov Alexander V. , McRae Edward , Dossot Manuel 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe present work reports the covalent functionalization of few‐wall CNTs (FWCNTs) by ferrocene derivatives to (i) improve their dispersion efficiency in water and (ii) graft electroactive chemical groups on their side‐walls in order to promote electron transfer to biomolecules. The functionalized CNTs (f‐CNTs) are used to modify a glassy carbon electrode and this modified electrode is used for oxidizing the cofactor NADH (dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).
Molecular beam epitaxy of graphene on mica
Authors: Lippert G. , Dabrowski J. , Yamamoto Y. , Herziger F. , Maultzsch J. , Baringhaus J. , Tegenkamp C. , Lemme M. C. , Mehr W. , Lupina G. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractRealization of graphene devices is often hindered by the fact that the known layer growth methods do not meet the requirements of the device fabrication in silicon mainstream technology. For example, the relatively straightforward method of decomposition of hexagonal SiC is not CMOS‐compatible due to the high‐thermal budget it requires [Moon et al., IEEE Electron Device Lett. 31, 260 (2010)]. Techniques based on layer transfer are restricted because of the uncertainty of residual metal contaminants, particles, and structural defects. Of interest is thus a method that would allow one to grow a graphene film directly in the device area where graphene is needed. Production of large area graphene is not necessarily required in this case, but high quality of the film and metal‐free growth on an insulating substrate at temperatures below 1000 °C are important requirements. We demonstrate direct growth of defect‐free graphene on insulators at moderate temperatures by molecular beam epitaxy. The quality of the graphene was probed by high‐resolution Raman spectroscopy, indicating a negligible density of defects. The spectra are compared with those from graphene flakes mechanically exfoliated from native graphite onto mica. These results are combined with insights from density functional theory calculations. A model of graphene growth on mica and similar substrates is proposed. magnified image
Improved performance of silicon‐nanoparticle film‐coated dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Gupta Ravindra Kumar , Bedja Idriss M. , Aldwayyan Abdullah Saleh 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSilicon (Si) nanoparticles with average size of 13 nm and orange–red luminescence under UV absorption were synthesized using electrochemical etching of silicon wafers. A film of Si nanoparticles with thickness of 0.75 µm to 2.6 µm was coated on the glass (TiO2 side) of a dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The cell exhibited nearly 9% enhancement in power conversion efficiency (η) at film thickness of ∼2.4 µm under solar irradiation of 100 mW/cm2 (AM 1.5) with improved fill factor and short‐circuit current density. This study revealed for the first time that the Si‐nanoparticle film converting UV into visible light and helping in homogeneous irradiation, can be utilized for improving the efficiency of the DSSCs. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Auger carrier leakage in III‐nitride quantum‐well light emitting diodes
Authors: Deppner Marcus , Römer Friedhard , Witzigmann Bernd 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAuger induced leakage is shown to be a contributing factor for the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) droop in III‐nitride quantum‐well light emitting diodes (LEDs). The mechanism is based on leakage current from carrier spill‐out of the well originating from energy transfer during Auger recombination. Adding this leakage reduces the Auger coefficient by 50% when compared to a standard Auger model with cubic density dependence. As reference, experimental data of a green quantum‐well LED are taken. Direct leakage due to non‐ideal carrier capture and re‐emission out of the well affects the IQE at current densities much larger than the maximum IQE point. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Facile one‐step fabrication of highly transparent and flexible superhydrophobic substrate by room‐temperature ion irradiation method
Authors: Ghosh Pradip , Satou Shunsaku , Nakamori Hiroaki , Noda Takuto , Daisuke Ishii , Tanemura Masaki 
Published: October 2012

AbstractHighly transparent (transparency 96.5%), flexible and antireflective superhydrophobic (water contact angle >150°) surfaces have been fabricated at room temperature by the ion irradiation method. This one‐step fabrication route was fairly easy to carry out without any heat or chemical treatment and can be completed within few seconds. This novel chemical free fabricating strategy could be extended to numerous polymeric substrates to achieve transparent and flexible superhydrophobic structures for their potential applications in diverse fields. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Sustainable City: An Analytical–Deliberative Approach to Assess Policy in the Context of Sustainable Urban Development
Authors: Dassen Ton , Kunseler Eva , van Kessenich Lieke Michiels 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThe Sustainable City study of the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) uses an analytical–deliberative approach to generate integrated options for strategic, long‐term urban development policies in the Netherlands. Scenarios for the sustainable city were designed using visions and roadmaps that were actively developed by actors involved in urban development and planning. The subsequent scenario analysis on potential, coherence and distributional effects across socio‐economic groups was combined with the narratives from the stakeholder dialogues to develop model‐based narratives. These model‐based narratives indicate the necessity of extensive national and international policy choices in the fields of energy, transport and spatial planning for the ecological sustainability of cities. The local level emerges as crucial when it comes to social sustainability. A transition that would benefit sustainability on all dimensions may be reached when citizens and civic and private organizations start to value (more) aspects of urban design and development that contribute to and create a sustainable quality of life. Thus far, little attention has been paid to policy‐relevant knowledge on the urgency and complexity of triggering any such transitions. Based on the lessons learnt from this study, it can be concluded that, in the follow‐up to this study, issues crucial to urban sustainable development have to be made more specific and concrete and more attention is needed for technological, institutional and societal feasibility. Interaction with policy makers and other stakeholders is again crucial. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Emotional Exhaustion and Cognitive Performance in Apparently Healthy Teachers: A Longitudinal Multi‐source Study
Authors: Feuerhahn Nicolas , Stamov‐Roßnagel Christian , Wolfram Maren , Bellingrath Silja , Kudielka Brigitte M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe investigate how emotional exhaustion (EE), the core component of burnout, relates to cognitive performance, job performance and health. Cognitive performance was assessed by self‐rated cognitive stress symptoms, self‐rated and peer‐rated cognitive impairments in everyday tasks and a neuropsychological test of learning and memory (LGT‐3); job performance and physical health were gauged by self‐reports. Cross‐sectional linear regression analyses in a sample of 100 teachers confirm that EE is negatively related to cognitive performance as assessed by self‐rating and peer‐rating as well as neuropsychological testing (all p < .05). Longitudinal linear regression analyses confirm similar trends (p < .10) for self‐rated and peer‐rated cognitive performance. Executive control deficits might explain impaired cognitive performance in EE. In longitudinal analyses, EE also significantly predicts physical health. Contrary to our expectations, EE does not affect job performance. When reversed causation is tested, none of the outcome variables at Time 1 predict EE at Time 2. This speaks against cognitive dysfunctioning serving as a vulnerability factor for exhaustion. In sum, results underpin the negative consequences of EE for cognitive performance and health, which are relevant for individuals and organizations alike. In this way, findings might contribute to the understanding of the burnout syndrome. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unconscious Fearful Priming Followed by a Psychosocial Stress Test Results in Higher Cortisol Levels
Authors: Hänsel Alexander , von Känel Roland 
Published: October 2012

AbstractHuman perception of stress includes an automatic pathway that processes subliminal presented stimuli below the threshold of conscious awareness. Subliminal stimuli can therefore activate the physiologic stress system. Unconscious emotional signals were shown to significantly moderate reactions and responses to subsequent stimuli, an effect called ‘priming’.We hypothesized that subliminal presentation of a fearful signal during the Stroop task compared with an emotionally neutral one will prime stress reactivity in a subsequently applied psychosocial stress task, thereby yielding a significant increase in salivary cortisol. Half of 36 participants were repeatedly presented either a fearful face or a neutral one. After this, all underwent a psychosocial stress task. The fearful group showed a significant increase in cortisol levels (p = 0.022). This change was not affected by sex, age and body mass index, and it also did not change when taking resting cortisol levels into account. Post‐hoc analyses showed that the increase in cortisol in the fearful group started immediately after the psychosocial stress test. Hence, subliminal exposure to a fearful signal in combination with the Stroop and followed by a psychosocial stress test leads to an increase in stress reactivity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal obstructive uropathy complicated by urinary ascites: outcome and prognostic value of fetal serum β‐2‐microglobulin
Authors: Spaggiari E. , Dreux S. , Czerkiewicz I. , Favre R. , Schmitz T. , Guimiot F. , Laurichesse Delmas H. , Verspyck E. , Oury J.‐F. , Ville Y. , Muller F. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo determine whether the prognostic value of fetal serum β‐2‐microglobulin is altered and whether the occurrence of fetal urinary ascites prevents kidney damage in cases of fetal obstructive uropathy with urinary ascites.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of cases of fetal bilateral obstructive uropathy that occurred between 2006 and 2010, for which both fetal serum and ascites samples were sent to our laboratory for analysis. β‐2‐microglobulin was assayed in both fetal serum and the corresponding ascites. Renal outcome was analyzed. Histological features of the kidney in cases of termination of pregnancy and renal function of liveborn infants were recorded.ResultsFourteen cases with analysis of fetal serum and fetal ascites in a context of urinary obstruction were included. Renal outcome was unfavorable in eight cases (57%) and favorable in six (43%). When fetal serum β‐2‐microglobulin was < 5 mg/L, renal outcome was favorable in all cases (4/4). When fetal serum β‐2‐microglobulin was ≥ 5 mg/L, 8/10 cases (80%) had an unfavorable renal outcome (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 66%).ConclusionFetal serum β‐2‐microglobulin reliably predicts postnatal renal outcome in obstructive uropathy complicated by urinary ascites. Moreover, urine extravasation does not seem to protect fetal renal function.
The behavioural semantics of Event-B refinement
Authors: Schneider Steve , Treharne Helen , Wehrheim Heike 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Event-B provides a flexible framework for stepwise system development via refinement. The framework supports steps for (a) refining events (one-by-one), (b) splitting events (one-by-many), and (c) introducing new events. In each of the steps events can be indicated as
convergent
(to be made internal) or
anticipated
(treatment deferred to a later refinement step). All such steps are accompanied with precise proof obligations. However, no behavioural semantics has been provided to validate the proof obligations, and no formal justification has previously been given for the application of these rules in a refinement chain. Behavioural semantics expresses a clear relationship between the first and last machines in a refinement chain. The framework we present provides a coherent justification for Abrial’s approach to refinement in Event-B, and its generalisation to interface extension: adding events to the interface. In this paper, we give a behavioural semantics for Event-B refinement, with a treatment for the first time of splitting events and of anticipated events, adding to the well-understood treatment of convergent events. To this end, we define a CSP semantics for Event-B and show how the different forms of Event-B refinement can be captured as CSP refinement. It turns out that the appropriate CSP refinement relationship is influenced by the particular Event-B
development strategy
taken. We present two such strategies, one allowing, the other disallowing interface extensions.
Introducing extra operations in refinement
Authors: Boiten Eerke A. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This paper reconsiders refinements which introduce actions on the concrete level which were not present at the abstract level. It considers a range of different basic refinement relations, covering the standard ones for formalisms like Event-B, Z, action systems, and CSP. It also describes a number of ways in which new operations may be introduced: extended interfaces, internal actions, stuttering steps, and action refinement. The main contribution of this paper is in exploring the interaction between those two dimensions. In particular, it shows how the “refining skip” method is incompatible with failures-based refinement relations, and consequently some decisions in designing Event-B refinement are more entangled than previously highlighted.