bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PROBLEM OF LANGUAGE IN THE PROCEDURE FOR GRANTING REFUGEE STATUS
Authors: Perkowska Magdalena , Jurgielewicz Emilia 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Refugees constitute one of the most serious international problems that the world faces today. The problem of guarantee of access to a language that is understood by the applicant in the procedure for granting refugee status, presented in this paper, is strongly associated with this matter. Due to the fact that this is an issue which affects a considerable number of states, both interna- tional and domestic regulations concerning the granting of refugee status were selected for examination in the present paper. The provisions of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as of the Act of 13 June 2003 on granting protection to foreigners within the territory of the Republic of Poland were considered. The paper focuses on an analysis of the guarantee to make provision for communication in an understandable language, which does not create a barrier for the person applying for refugee status while communicating with administrative agencies that are decisive in granting the aforementioned status.
Steam drum level control studies of a natural circulation multi loop reactor
Authors: Kumar R. , Contractor A. D. , Srivastava A. , Lele H. G. , Vaze K. K. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The proposed heavy water moderated and light water cooled pressure tube type boiling water reactor works on natural circulation at all power levels. It has parallel inter-connected loops with 452 boiling channels in the main heat transport system configuration. These multiple (four) interconnected loops influence the steam drum level control adversely through the common reactor inlet header. Alternate design studies made earlier for efficient control of SD levels have shown favorable results. This has lead to explore further the present scheme with the compartmentalization of CRIH into four compartments catering to four loops separately. The conventional 3-element level control has been found to be working satisfactorily. The interconnections between ECCS header and inlet header compartments have also increased the safety margin for various LOCA and design basis events. The paper deals with the SD level control aspects for this novel MHT configuration which has been analyzed for various PIEs (Postulated Initiating Events) and found to be satisfactory.
Dual-Specificity Phosphatase 14 (DUSP14/MKP6) Negatively Regulates TCR Signaling by Inhibiting TAB1 Activation
Authors: Yang Chia-Yu , Li Ju-Pi , Chiu Li-Li , Lan Joung-Liang , Chen Der-Yuan , Chuang Huai-Chia , Huang Ching-Yu , Tan Tse-Hua 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
T cell activation is dependent upon phosphorylation of MAPKs, which play a critical role in the regulation of immune responses. Dual-specificity phosphatase 14 (DUSP14; also known as MKP6) is classified as a MAPK phosphatase. The in vivo functions of DUSP14 remain unclear. Thus, we generated DUSP14-deficient mice and characterized the roles of DUSP14 in T cell activation and immune responses. DUSP14 deficiency in T cells resulted in enhanced T cell proliferation and increased cytokine production upon T cell activation. DUSP14 directly interacted with TGF-β–activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-binding protein 1 (TAB1) and dephosphorylated TAB1 at Ser438, leading to TAB1–TAK1 complex inactivation in T cells. The phosphorylation levels of the TAB1–TAK1 complex and its downstream molecules, including JNK and IκB kinase, were enhanced in DUSP14-deficient T cells upon stimulation. The enhanced JNK and IκB kinase activation in DUSP14-deficient T cells was attenuated by TAB1 short hairpin RNA knockdown. Consistent with that, DUSP14-deficient mice exhibited enhanced immune responses and were more susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction. Thus, DUSP14 negatively regulates TCR signaling and immune responses by inhibiting TAB1 activation.
Autoimmune Vitiligo Does Not Require the Ongoing Priming of Naive CD8 T Cells for Disease Progression or Associated Protection against Melanoma
Authors: Byrne Katelyn T. , Zhang Peisheng , Steinberg Shannon M. , Turk Mary Jo 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Vitiligo is a CD8 T cell–mediated autoimmune disease that has been shown to promote the longevity of memory T cell responses to melanoma. However, mechanisms whereby melanocyte/melanoma Ag-specific T cell responses are perpetuated in the context of vitiligo are not well understood. These studies investigate the possible phenomenon of naive T cell priming in hosts with melanoma-initiated, self-perpetuating, autoimmune vitiligo. Using naive pmel (gp10025–33–specific) transgenic CD8 T cells, we demonstrate that autoimmune melanocyte destruction induces naive T cell proliferation in skin-draining lymph nodes, in an Ag-dependent fashion. These pmel T cells upregulate expression of CD44, P-selectin ligand, and granzyme B. However, they do not downregulate CD62L, nor do they acquire the ability to produce IFN-γ, indicating a lack of functional priming. Accordingly, adult thymectomized mice exhibit no reduction in the severity or kinetics of depigmentation or long-lived protection against melanoma, indicating that the continual priming of naive T cells is not required for vitiligo or its associated antitumor immunity. Despite this, depletion of CD4 T cells during the course of vitiligo rescues the priming of naive pmel T cells that are capable of producing IFN-γ and persisting as memory, suggesting an ongoing and dominant mechanism of suppression by regulatory T cells. This work reveals the complex regulation of self-reactive CD8 T cells in vitiligo and demonstrates the overall poorly immunogenic nature of this autoimmune disease setting.
Injuries With Electric vs Conventional Scooters and Bicycles
Authors: Fernandez Adrian N. , Li Kevin D. , Patel Hiren V. , Allen Isabel Elaine , Ghaffar Umar , Hakam Nizar , Breyer Benjamin N. 
Published: July 2024

ImportanceMicromobility, the use of small vehicles (primarily scooters and bicycles), has become a standard transportation method in the US. Despite broad adoption of electric micromobility vehicles, there is a paucity of data regarding the injury profiles of these vehicles, particularly in the US.ObjectiveTo characterize micromobility injury trends in the US, identify demographic characteristic differences in users of electric and conventional vehicles, and identify factors associated with hospitalization.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study queried the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, a comprehensive database that collates injury data associated with consumer products from emergency departments across the US to provide national estimates, from calendar year 2017 to 2022. Data on micromobility vehicle injuries (bicycles, scooters, electric bicycles [e-bicycles], and electric scooters [e-scooters]) were obtained.Main Outcomes and MeasuresTrends in injury and hospitalization counts, injury characteristics, and factors associated with hospitalization.ResultsFrom 2017 to 2022, the US recorded 2 499 843 bicycle (95% CI, 1 948 539-3 051 147), 304 783 scooter (95% CI, 232 466-377 099), 45 586 e-bicycle (95% CI, 17 684-73 488), and 189 517 e-scooter (95% CI, 126 101-252 932) injuries. The median age of the riders was 28 (IQR, 12-51) years; 72% were male, 1.5% Asian, 13% Black, 12% Hispanic, and 49% White. Annual e-bicycle and e-scooter injuries increased from 751 (95% CI, 0-1586) to 23 493 (95% CI, 11 043-35 944) and injuries increased from 8566 (95% CI, 5522-11 611) to 56 847 (95% CI, 39 673-74 022). Compared with conventional vehicles, electric vehicle accidents involved older individuals (median age, 31 vs 27 years; P &amp;lt; .001) and a higher proportion of Black riders (25% vs 12%; P &amp;lt; .001). Helmet use was less in electric vehicle incidents compared with conventional vehicles (43% vs 52%; P = .02), and injuries were more common in urban settings (83% vs 71%; P = .008). Age-adjusted odds of hospitalization among all Black individuals compared with White individuals was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.59-0.98; P = .04).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of micromobility vehicles, an increased number of injuries and hospitalizations was observed with electric vehicles compared with conventional vehicles from 2017 to 2022. These findings suggest the need for change in educational policies, infrastructure, and law to recenter on safety with the use of micromobility vehicles.
A perspective: Molecular detections of new agents in finfish—Interpreting biological significance for fish health management: Response to comment
Authors: Meyers Theodore R. , Hickey Nora 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Impact statement The original paper provides a suggested pathway of investigative criteria to determine viability and pathogenicity of agents detected by molecular methods in fish for the purpose of interpreting biological significance for fish health management. This response defends this position regarding the requirement of certain scientific facts to determine the importance of a particular molecular discovery.
Machine learning‐based estimation of patient body weight from radiation dose metrics in computed tomography
Authors: Ichikawa Hajime , Ichikawa Shota , Sawane Yasuhiro 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPurposeCurrently, precise patient body weight (BW) at the time of diagnostic imaging cannot always be used for radiation dose management. Various methods have been explored to address this issue, including the application of deep learning to medical imaging and BW estimation using scan parameters. This study develops and evaluates machine learning‐based BW prediction models using 11 features related to radiation dose obtained from computed tomography (CT) scans.MethodsA dataset was obtained from 3996 patients who underwent positron emission tomography CT scans, and training and test sets were established. Dose metrics and descriptive data were automatically calculated from the CT images or obtained from Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine metadata. Seven machine‐learning models and three simple regression models were employed to predict BW using features such as effective diameter (ED), water equivalent diameter (WED), and mean milliampere‐seconds. The mean absolute error (MAE) and correlation coefficient between the estimated BW and the actual BW obtained from each BW prediction model were calculated.ResultsOur results found that the highest accuracy was obtained using a light gradient‐boosting machine model, which had an MAE of 1.99 kg and a strong positive correlation between estimated and actual BW (ρ = 0.972). The model demonstrated significant predictive power, with 73% of patients falling within a ±5% error range. WED emerged as the most relevant dose metric for BW estimation, followed by ED and sex.ConclusionsThe proposed machine‐learning approach is superior to existing methods, with high accuracy and applicability to radiation dose management. The model's reliance on universal dose metrics that are accessible through radiation dose management software enhances its practicality. In conclusion, this study presents a robust approach for BW estimation based on CT imaging that can potentially improve radiation dose management practices in clinical settings.
Off‐iso Winston‐Lutz test on seven linear accelerators
Authors: Gao Junfang , Anand David 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study is to find optimal gantry, collimator, and couch angles for performing single isocenter, multiple target stereotactic radiosurgery (SIMT‐SRS). Nineteen angle sets were tested across seven linear accelerators for radiation‐isocenter coincidence and off‐isocenter coincidence. The off‐isocenter Winston‐Lutz test was performed to evaluate the accuracy of isocenter alignment for each angle set, and optimal angle sets as well as maximum off‐isocenter distance to target for each angle set was determined. The influence of simulated patient weight on off‐iso Winston‐Lutz test accuracy was also inspected.MethodThe SNC MultiMet‐WL phantom and MultiMet‐WL QA Software v2.1 were used for the direct measurement and analysis of the off‐iso Winston‐Lutz test (also referred to as Winston‐Lutz‐Gao test). A two‐step method was developed to ensure precise initial placement of the target. Nineteen beams were delivered at 6X energy and 2 × 2 cm field size to each of six targets on the MultiMet Cube with couch kicks at five cardinal angles (90°, 45°, 0°, 315°, and 270°). To reduce imaging uncertainty, only EPID was used in target alignment and test image acquisition. A total of 200 Ibs (90.7 kg) of weight was also used to mimic patient weight. All tests were performed on both the free table and the weighted table.ResultsFor two new TrueBeam machines, the maximum offset was within the 1 mm tolerance when the off‐iso distance is less than 7 cm. Two older VitalBeam machines exhibited unfavorable gantry, couch, and collimator (GCC) angle sets: Linac No. 3 at (0,90,0), (0,270,0) and Linac No. 4 at (0,45,45) and (0,90,0). The C‐Series Linacs failed in the majority of GCC angle sets, with Linac No. 5 exhibiting a maximum offset of 1.53 mm. Four of seven machines show a clear trend that offset increases with off‐isocenter distance. Additionally, the IGRT table was less susceptible to the addition of simulated patient weight than the ExactCouch.ConclusionAmong the seven linear accelerators addressed, newer model machines such as the Varian TrueBeam were more precise than older models, especially in comparison to the C‐Series Linacs. The newer machines are more suitable for delivering SIMT‐SRS procedures in all GCC angle sets, and the results indicate that newer TrueBeams are capable of performing SIMT‐SRS procedures at all angle sets for targets of off‐iso distances up to 7 cm. The trend that offset between the target center and radiation field center increases with off‐iso distance, however, does not always hold true across machines. This may be comprised by the EPID's severe off‐axis horn effect. Lastly, the IGRT couch was less susceptible to patient weight compared to ExactCouch in the off‐isocenter Winston‐Lutz test.
Prediction of Early Adverse Events After THA: A Comparison of Different Machine‐Learning Strategies Based on 262,356 Observations From the Nordic Arthroplasty Register Association (NARA) Dataset
Authors: Venäläinen Mikko S. , Panula Valtteri J. , Eskelinen Antti P. , Fenstad Anne Marie , Furnes Ove , Hallan Geir , Rolfson Ola , Kärrholm Johan , Hailer Nils P. , Pedersen Alma B. , Overgaard Søren , Mäkelä Keijo T. , Elo Laura L. 
Published: July 2024

ObjectivePreoperative risk prediction models can support shared decision‐making before total hip arthroplasties (THAs). Here, we compare different machine‐learning (ML) approaches to predict the six‐month risk of adverse events following primary THA to obtain accurate yet simple‐to‐use risk prediction models.MethodsWe extracted data on primary THAs (N = 262,356) between 2010 and 2018 from the Nordic Arthroplasty Register Association dataset. We benchmarked a variety of ML algorithms in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for predicting the risk of revision caused by periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), dislocation or periprosthetic fracture (PPF), and death. All models were internally validated against a randomly selected test cohort (one‐third of the data) that was not used for training the models.ResultsThe incidences of revisions because of PJI, dislocation, and PPF were 0.8%, 0.4%, and 0.3%, respectively, and the incidence of death was 1.2%. Overall, Lasso regression with stable iterative variable selection (SIVS) produced models using only four to five input variables but with AUROC comparable to more complex models using all 32 variables available. The SIVS‐based Lasso models based on age, sex, preoperative diagnosis, bearing couple, fixation, and surgical approach predicted the risk of revisions caused by PJI, dislocations, and PPF, as well as death, with AUROCs of 0.61, 0.67, 0.76, and 0.86, respectively.ConclusionOur study demonstrates that satisfactory predictive potential for adverse events following THA can be reached with parsimonious modeling strategies. The SIVS‐based Lasso models may serve as simple‐to‐use tools for clinical risk assessment in the future.
Gradient p‐Polyanion/n‐Polycation Heterojunction Endows Ionic Diodes with Vastly Boosted Output Voltage, Power Density and Sensitivity
Authors: Wang Hongkun , Du Mingyu , Jiang Hao , Zhou Ruixuan , Wang Yan , Sui Kunyan , Fan Wenxin 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIonic diode‐based generators show great superiority in harvesting low‐frequency mechanical energy from human motions for various wearable applications. The major challenge is to improve their extremely limited output voltage for the miniaturization/simplicity of ionic diode‐based self‐powered devices as well as further improvement of mechanoelectric conversion performance. Herein, the construction of gradient polycation/polyanion heterojunction is demonstrated to vastly boost the output voltage, energy‐harvesting efficiency, and sensing performance of ionic diode. Besides an inherent potential at the polyanion/polycation heterojunction interface, the additional transmembrane potentials can be generated across gradient polyanion and polycation conductors of ionic diodes due to their gradient charge distribution. Consequently, the gradient ionic diode‐based generators produce much higher output voltage (306.53 mV) than previously reported homogeneous ones (4.1–135 mV). Meanwhile, the high output voltage imparts gradient ionic diode‐based generator with ultrahigh power density (50.16 µW cm−2 or 250.8 µW cm−3) and pressure‐perception sensitivity (43582 mV/MPa), which are dramatically increased by 162.76% and 128.71%, respectively, compare to those of homogeneous one. Impressively, the resulting diode‐based generators can generate ultralarge current density (≈0.52 mA cm−2) with ultralong discharge time (>400 s), thus enabling the continuous power generation under the low‐frequency pressure for various wearable and implantable applications.
Ultrathin Protection Layer via Rapid Sputtering Strategy for Stable Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhao Fangjia , Feng Jianrui , Dong Haobo , Chen Ruwei , Munshi Tasnim , Scowen Ian , Guan Shaoliang , Miao Yue‐E , Liu Tianxi , Parkin Ivan P. , He Guanjie 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSurface side reactions and time‐consuming modification methods hinder the practical application of zinc‐ion batteries. This study introduces an ultrathin protection layer for the Zn anode via a rapid sputtering method. The dopants on the CN10@Zn anode create surface dipoles and local variations in charge distribution, facilitating zinc ion migration to pyrrolic nitrogen dopant sites with reduced adsorption barriers. Additionally, hydroxyl oxygen dopants enhance the hydrophilicity of the sputtering layer, forming a strong adhesion with the zinc anode and improving ion accessibility. This results in dense nucleation sites for uniform zinc deposition. Consequently, the sputtered layer achieves a Coulombic efficiency of 99.8% over 2,700 cycles in Cu||Zn cells and a lifespan of up to 2,100 h in zinc symmetric cells. When paired with Na0.65Mn2O4 cathodes, the sputtered layer retains 89% capacity over 1,000 cycles at 1 A g−1. This study presents a promising method for rapidly fabricating ultrathin electrode materials.
Asymmetric Atomic Dual‐Sites for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Jia Guangri , Zhang Yingchuan , Yu Jimmy C. , Guo Zhengxiao 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAtomically dispersed active sites in a photocatalyst offer unique advantages such as locally tuned electronic structures, quantum size effects, and maximum utilization of atomic species. Among these, asymmetric atomic dual‐sites are of particular interest because their asymmetric charge distribution generates a local built‐in electric potential to enhance charge separation and transfer. Moreover, the dual sites provide flexibility for tuning complex multielectron and multireaction pathways, such as CO2 reduction reactions. The coordination of dual sites opens new possibilities for engineering the structure–activity–selectivity relationship. This comprehensive overview discusses efficient and sustainable photocatalysis processes in photocatalytic CO2 reduction, focusing on strategic active‐site design and future challenges. It serves as a timely reference for the design and development of photocatalytic conversion processes, specifically exploring the utilization of asymmetric atomic dual‐sites for complex photocatalytic conversion pathways, here exemplified by the conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals.
A Catalytic Intramolecular Aldehyde–Alkyne Metathesis Approach to Azepino[1,2‐a]indoles
Authors: Deka Upasana , Das Arup Jyoti , Nath Swapnil Kumar , Das Sajal Kumar 
Published: July 2024

AbstractReported herein is a method for the construction of azepino[1,2‐a]indoles via an intramolecular aldehyde–alkyne metathesis of 1‐(5‐aryl‐4‐pentynyl)indole‐2‐carbaldehydes. This Sc(OTf)3‐catalyzed reaction has several remarkable features, such as ready accessibility of the starting materials, broad substrate scope, operational simplicity, and high yields. The practicality of the process and the synthetic potential of the products were demonstrated with an upscaling experiment and downstream synthetic derivatizations of the obtained products. We have also extended this methodology to synthesize a 6,7‐dihydropyrido[1,2‐a]indole derivative.
Personalized Vascularized Models of Breast Cancer Desmoplasia Reveal Biomechanical Determinants of Drug Delivery to the Tumor
Authors: Offeddu Giovanni S. , Cambria Elena , Shelton Sarah E. , Haase Kristina , Wan Zhengpeng , Possenti Luca , Nguyen Huu Tuan , Gillrie Mark R. , Hickman Dean , Knutson Charles G. , Kamm Roger D. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDesmoplasia in breast cancer leads to heterogeneity in physical properties of the tissue, resulting in disparities in drug delivery and treatment efficacy among patients, thus contributing to high disease mortality. Personalized in vitro breast cancer models hold great promise for high‐throughput testing of therapeutic strategies to normalize the aberrant microenvironment in a patient‐specific manner. Here, tumoroids assembled from breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, SKBR3, and MDA‐MB‐468) and patient‐derived breast tumor cells (TCs) cultured in microphysiological systems including perfusable microvasculature reproduce key aspects of stromal and vascular dysfunction causing impaired drug delivery. Models containing SKBR3 and MDA‐MB‐468 tumoroids show higher stromal hyaluronic acid (HA) deposition, vascular permeability, interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), and degradation of vascular HA relative to models containing MCF7 tumoroids or models without tumoroids. Interleukin 8 (IL8) secretion is found responsible for vascular dysfunction and loss of vascular HA. Interventions targeting IL8 or stromal HA normalize vascular permeability, perfusion, and IFP, and ultimately enhance drug delivery and TC death in response to perfusion with trastuzumab and cetuximab. Similar responses are observed in patient‐derived models. These microphysiological systems can thus be personalized by using patient‐derived cells and can be applied to discover new molecular therapies for the normalization of the tumor microenvironment.