bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body size and condition influence migration timing of juvenile Arctic grayling
Authors: Heim Kurt C. , Wipfli Mark S. , Whitman Matthew S. , Seitz Andrew C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFreshwater fishes utilising seasonally available habitats within annual migratory circuits time movements out of such habitats with changing hydrology, although individual attributes of fish may also mediate the behavioural response to environmental conditions. We tagged juvenile Arctic grayling in a seasonally flowing stream on the Arctic Coastal Plain in Alaska and recorded migration timing towards overwintering habitat. We examined the relationship between individual migration date, and fork length (FL) and body condition index (BCI) for fish tagged in June, July and August in three separate models. Larger fish migrated earlier; however, only the August model suggested a significant relationship with BCI. In this model, 42% of variability in migration timing was explained by FL and BCI, and fish in better condition were predicted to migrate earlier than those in poor condition. Here, the majority (33%) of variability was captured by FL with an additional 9% attributable to BCI. We also noted strong seasonal trends in BCI reflecting overwinter mass loss and subsequent growth within the study area. These results are interpreted in the context of size and energetic state‐specific risks of overwinter starvation and mortality (which can be very high in the Arctic), which may influence individuals at greater risk to extend summer foraging in a risky, yet prey rich, habitat. Our research provides further evidence that heterogeneity among individuals within a population can influence migratory behaviour and identifies potential risks to late season migrants in Arctic beaded stream habitats influenced by climate change and petroleum development.
How inhibiting nitrification affects nitrogen cycle and reduces environmental impacts of anthropogenic nitrogen input
Authors: Qiao Chunlian , Liu Lingli , Hu Shuijin , Compton Jana E. , Greaver Tara L. , Li Quanlin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAnthropogenic activities, and in particular the use of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizer, have doubled global annual reactive N inputs in the past 50–100 years, causing deleterious effects on the environment through increased N leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) emissions. Leaching and gaseous losses of N are greatly controlled by the net rate of microbial nitrification. Extensive experiments have been conducted to develop ways to inhibit this process through use of nitrification inhibitors (NI) in combination with fertilizers. Yet, no study has comprehensively assessed how inhibiting nitrification affects both hydrologic and gaseous losses of N and plant nitrogen use efficiency. We synthesized the results of 62 NI field studies and evaluated how NI application altered N cycle and ecosystem services in N‐enriched systems. Our results showed that inhibiting nitrification by NI application increased NH3 emission (mean: 20%, 95% confidential interval: 33–67%), but reduced dissolved inorganic N leaching (−48%, −56% to −38%), N2O emission (−44%, −48% to −39%) and NO emission (−24%, −38% to −8%). This amounted to a net reduction of 16.5% in the total N release to the environment. Inhibiting nitrification also increased plant N recovery (58%, 34–93%) and productivity of grain (9%, 6–13%), straw (15%, 12–18%), vegetable (5%, 0–10%) and pasture hay (14%, 8–20%). The cost and benefit analysis showed that the economic benefit of reducing N's environmental impacts offsets the cost of NI application. Applying NI along with N fertilizer could bring additional revenues of $163 ha−1 yr−1 for a maize farm, equivalent to 8.95% increase in revenues. Our findings showed that NIs could create a win‐win scenario that reduces the negative impact of N leaching and greenhouse gas production, while increases the agricultural output. However, NI's potential negative impacts, such as increase in NH3 emission and the risk of NI contamination, should be fully considered before large‐scale application.
Preliminary results for the use of knee mega‐endoprosthesis in the treatment of musculoskeletal complications of haemophilia
Authors: Sunnassee Y. , Wan R. , Shen Y. , Xu J. , Southern E. P. , Zhang W. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryComplications of haemophilia in the knee region are rare and difficult to treat. Use of surgical treatments such as total knee arthroplasty cannot satisfactorily restore knee function in patients with these complications, which include massive haemophilic pseudotumour, fracture around the knee and haemarthrosis. To analyse the postoperative results of patients suffering from complications of haemophilia and treated with a knee mega‐endoprosthesis, to discuss and compare this type of surgical management with other types of treatments used in similar cases. We retrospectively analyse the surgical results of patients who were treated with a knee mega‐endoprosthesis for complications of haemophilia. Three severe haemophilic arthritic knees, of which two were combined with femoral condylar fractures, were treated in a one‐stage surgery, and another two knees which presented with massive haemophilic pseudotumours and bony defects were treated in a two‐stage operation. Mean age at time of surgery was 28.5 years old and mean follow‐up time was 22.8 months; the mega‐endoprosthesis surgery was successfully performed in four cases and the mean range of motion increased from 29.5° preoperatively to 96.75° postoperatively. The Knee society score function score value increased from 25 to 82.5. One knee was amputated because of uncontrollable recurrent haemorrhage. Roentgenograms did not show any signs of loosening of the prostheses. Use of Mega‐endoprosthesis in the treatment of complications of haemophilia can offer patients suffering from massive pseudotumours with bone defect, severe contracture knee haemophilic arthritis and fractures around a haemophilic knee a viable treatment option.
‘I wouldn't push that further because I don't want to lose her’: a multiperspective qualitative study of behaviour change for long‐term conditions in primary care
Authors: Hunter Cheryl , Chew‐Graham Carolyn A. , Langer Susanne , Drinkwater Jessica , Stenhoff Alexandra , Guthrie Elspeth A. , Salmon Peter 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundHealth outcomes for long‐term conditions (LTCs) can be improved by lifestyle, dietary and condition management‐related behaviour change. Primary care is an important setting for behaviour change work. Practitioners have identified barriers to this work, but there is little evidence examining practices of behaviour change in primary care consultations and how patients and practitioners perceive these practices.ObjectiveTo examine how behaviour change is engaged with in primary care consultations for LTCs and investigate how behaviour change is perceived by patients and practitioners.DesignMultiperspective, longitudinal qualitative research involving six primary health‐care practices in England. Consultations between patients with LTCs and health‐care practitioners were audio‐recorded. Semi‐structured interviews were completed with patients and practitioners, using stimulated recall. Patients were re‐interviewed 3 months later. Framework analysis was applied to all data.ParticipantsThirty‐two people with at least one LTC (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, asthma and coronary heart disease) and 10 practitioners.ResultsBehaviour change talk in consultations was rare and, when it occurred, was characterized by deflection and diffidence on the part of practitioners. Patient motivation tended to be unaddressed. While practitioners positioned behaviour change work as outside their remit, patients felt uncertain about, yet responsible for, this work. Practitioners raised concerns that this work could damage other aspects of care, particularly the patient–practitioner relationship.ConclusionBehaviour change work is often deflected or deferred by practitioners in consultations, who nevertheless vocalize support for its importance in interviews. This discrepancy between practitioners’ accounts and behaviours needs to be addressed within primary health‐care organizations.
THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS OF THE BILIARY TRACT
Authors: Ham J. M. , Bolin T. D. , Wilton N. , Stevenson D. , Jefferies S. 
Published: November 2014

An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with presumed functional disorders of the biliary tract (biliary dyskinesia) is described. The current diagnostic criteria are pain compatible with biliary pain in the absence of gallstones and other organic gastrointestinal disease, or other disorders which might produce abdominal pain, together with reproduction of the patient's symptoms by cholecystokinin, or morphine, or both. Other diagnostic methods are described together with their limitations.The results of operation in 38 of 45 patients seen in this Unit during the past six years are presented. The results were poor in 20% of patients, but two‐thirds of the group have had good results in the short term.
RUPTURED CHOLEDOCHAL CYST: RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Battersby Cameron 
Published: November 2014

A case is described of the rupture of a choledochal cyst in a 21‐year‐old man involved in a motor vehicle accident. At laparotomy, a haemoperitoneum was traced to a large haematoma in the lesser omentum which extended into the mesocolon and was found to be tinged with bile. Eventually it became apparent that the primary pathological condition was a large choledochal cyst into which opened the gallbladder. This cyst had split longitudinally down its anterior surface from the porta hepatis to the duodenum. Bile leakage was controlled by inserting a Foley catheter into the common hepatic duct, and inflating the balloon. Postoperative cholangiography showed massive cystic dilation of the intrahepatic ducts. Five days after the initial operation, a Roux‐en‐Y cystjejunostomy was performed, and the patient has been well since.Crucial points in the emergency management of this condition appear to be in its recognition, and the provision of an adequate method of primary biliary drainage, if the condition of the patient demands staged management. End‐to‐end cystjejunostomy provides a satisfactory method of final drainage.
CONTRAGESTION WITH RU 486: A NEW APPROACH TO POSTOVULATORY FERTILITY CONTROL
Authors: Baulieu E.‐E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe steroidal derivative RU 486 (17β‐hydroxy‐11β‐(4‐dimethyl‐aminophenyl)‐17α‐(prop‐1‐ynyl) estra‐4, 9‐dien‐3‐one) is the first potent antiprogestin to be used clinically. RU 486 blocks the action of progesterone by a reversible inhibition of the action of progesterone on its own receptors. This reversibility allows endocrine functions to return quickly to normal after discontinuation of treatment. However, target cells which depend upon a continuity of progesterone action will be irreversibly disrupted by receptor blockade. In normal women, RU 486 acts during the luteal phase in the endometrium, provoking bleeding, and decreasing pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and hence luteolysis. In pregnant women, it affects the decidua, increases myometrial contractility and ripening of the cervix and ultimately leads to termination of pregnancy. Detachment of the trophoblast leads to a further fall in gonadotropin production. Clinical studies indicate that RU 486 can be a very efficient agent for the termination of early pregnancy, and as a postcoital menstrual regulator. In about 20% of cases when RU 486 is given alone, termination of pregnancy fails. This can be overcome by taking in addition a small amount of prostaglandin.
CLINICAL TRIALS WITH RU 486 (MIFEPRISTONE): AN UPDATE
Authors: Ulmann A. , Dubois C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper reviews much of the clinical data obtained with the antiprogestin RU 486 (mifepristone) in the fields of obstetrics and gynecology. To interrupt early pregnancy (less than 50 days of amenorrhea) RU 486 as a single dose of 600 mg followed 36–48 hours later by a prostaglandin derivative, constitutes an alternative to vacuum aspiration or dilatation and curettage (D and C). All three methods have comparable efficacy, provided that they are performed in centers with adequate medical facilities. RU 486 is the first antiprogestational steroid available for clinical purposes. Its pharmacological properties have been reviewed in detail elsewhere (1,2). The present paper reviews the main clinical data obtained during trials monitored by Roussel Uclaf.
PROSTAGLANDINS AND ANTIPROGESTINS
Authors: Bygdeman M. , Swahn M.L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThere is considerable interest in the development of a non‐surgical method to terminate early pregnancy. During the three weeks immediately following the first missed menstrual period, several prostaglandin (PG) analogs such as sulprostone, gemeprost and 9‐methylene PGE2 have been used to terminate the pregnancy. Prostaglandins, however, at the doses required to induce disruption of the conceptus cause gastrointestinal side effects and uterine pain which are more severe than those subsequent to vacuum aspiration. Treatment with the antiprogestin, mifepristone counteracts the effects of progesterone in pregnancy and thus prevents maintenance of the pregnancy. Mifepristone administered alone causes termination of the pregnancy in most, but not all, cases. In addition to removing the influence of progesterone, mifepristrone also induces regular uterine contractions and significantly increased the sensitivity of the uterus to PG analogs. Mifepristone (50 mg/day) followed by an intramuscular injection of a low dose, (0.25 mg), of sulprostone (approximately 1/6 of the dose of prostaglandin necessary to induce abortion if used alone) was highly effective in terminating early pregnancy, causing complete abortion in 94% of cases. Gastrointestinal side effects were rare and uterine pain significantly less common than if PG analogs were used alone. Subsequently the combination of mifepristone and vaginal administration of gemeprost (0.5–1.0 mg) has been shown to be equally effective (1). Ideally, the PG analog would be administered orally rather than by injection or vaginal administration. Preliminary data indicate that 9‐methylene PGE2 but not PGE2 may be suitable for this purpose in combination with mifepristone. In a naturally occurring spontaneous abortions a decreased influence of progesterone and increased local production of PGF2α are thought to result in uterine contractions and hence termination of pregnancy. Thus sequential therapy with antiprogestin and a PG analog may mimic the physiological events of a spontaneous abortion.
AN ANTIPROGESTIN STEROID AND PGE2 FOR AN EARLY PREGNANCY TERMINATION
Authors: Hingorani V. , Malhotra U. , Kumar S. , Saraya L. , Sunesh K. , Buckshee K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA non‐surgical, preferably self‐administered, procedure would be an attractive alternative to vacuum for the termination of early pregnancy. 20 patients with 49 days of amenorrhea and confirmation of pregnancy by ultrasound, urine testing and human chorionic gonadotrophin (β‐hCG) analysis, were administered RU 486, 25 mg twice daily for 4 days, (Group I). A further 20 patients received the same dose of RU 486 for 3 days (Group II). All patients received an intramuscular injection of the prostaglandin derivative sulprostone, 0.25 mg, on the last day of RU 486 treatment. Outcome of therapy was assessed on the second follow up visit (day 15) on the basis of clinical course, ultrasound findings and hCG levels. In Group I, all patients had a complete abortion with a success rate of 100%. In Group II, a success rate of 95% was achieved. Side effects were minimal and did not require any medication. A dramatic fall was observed in the plasma β‐hCG and progesterone levels on days 8 and 14, correlating with the clinical course of abortion. Plasma cortisol levels remained within the normal range. It is concluded that sequential therapy with RU 486 and prostaglandin is a highly safe, simple and effective non‐surgical method for termination of early pregnancy.
Comparison of sole nurse and team‐delivered community clozapine services for people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia
Authors: Gage Heather , Family Hannah , Murphy Fenella , Williams Peter , Sutton Jane , Taylor Denise 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimTo compare sole nurse and doctor‐led multidisciplinary team delivery of community clozapine services for people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia.BackgroundAround 20% of people with schizophrenia are treatment resistant and fail to respond to front line medications. Clozapine, a second‐line treatment, has potentially serious side effects requiring regular monitoring. Different models of community clozapine services are emerging in the British National Health Service, but there is little evidence about which is best.DesignQuestionnaire survey of service users.MethodsAll patients on the lists of seven clozapine clinics (four sole nurse, three multidisciplinary team) in one trust were invited to participate, 2009–2010. Forward stepwise regression was used to investigate associations between patient well‐being, functioning, self‐efficacy and satisfaction, and clinic model attended, controlling for socio‐demographic and health characteristics and processes of care. Use (and costs) of other health and social services accessed was compared between models.ResultsSixty‐six service users (35% participation rate) responded. Well‐being and functioning were associated with patient characteristics and processes of care, not clinic model. Patients managed by sole nurses reported, over 3 months: more community psychiatric nurse visits and hospital psychiatrist appointments. Clinic list size affects costs per patient.ConclusionsMultidisciplinary team delivery may reduce use of other services. Although multidisciplinary team delivery is regarded as best practice, sole nurses can effectively provide clozapine services and may be warranted in areas of low population density.
Supplier Financing and Earnings Quality
Authors: García‐Teruel Pedro J. , Martínez‐Solano Pedro , Sánchez‐Ballesta Juan P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the effect of earnings quality on supplier credit in a sample of small and medium‐sized firms. After controlling for other determinants of trade credit, we show that firms whose earnings present lower variability, higher smoothing and predictability, and higher accruals quality have access to more trade credit from suppliers. This association suggests that earnings attributes associated to lower volatility and higher precision with respect to cash flows facilitate access to trade credit.
High‐normal urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio is independently associated with metabolic syndrome in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross‐sectional community‐based study
Authors: Li Mei‐Fang , Feng Qi‐Ming , Li Lian‐Xi , Tu Yin‐Fang , Zhang Rong , Dong Xue‐Hong , Lu Jun‐Xi , Bao Yu‐Qian , Jia Wei‐Ping , Hu Ren‐Ming 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAims/IntroductionMicroalbuminuria is positively related to metabolic syndrome (MetS). Our aim was to investigate whether urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) within the normal range is independently associated with MetS in Chinese community‐based patients with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsA total of 514 participants (206 males and 308 females; mean age 66 years) with UACR less than 3.5 mg/mmol were enrolled from two downtown areas of Shanghai. The participants were stratified into quartiles according to UACR levels. The prevalence of MetS was assessed and compared among the four groups by binary logistic regression.ResultsCompared with participants with UACRs in the first quartile, the other quartiles had a higher prevalence of MetS (65.9%, 74.4% and 81.3%, respectively, P = 0.001) after adjustment for sex and age. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants in the second to the fourth quartile group had a 1.36‐, 1.84‐ and 2.73‐fold risk of MetS, respectively, relative to those in the lowest quartile. Furthermore, UACR, whether as quartile groups or as a continuous variable, is an independent predictor of MetS after fully adjusting for other variables.ConclusionsThese results suggest that UACR even within the normal range is independently associated with MetS in Chinese community‐based patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Trajectory of body mass index before the development of type 2 diabetes in Japanese men: Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 15
Authors: Heianza Yoriko , Arase Yasuji , Kodama Satoru , Tsuji Hiroshi , Tanaka Shiro , Saito Kazumi , Hara Shigeko , Sone Hirohito 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAims/IntroductionWe aimed to investigate the long‐term trajectory of general adiposity assessed by the body mass index (BMI) before the onset of type 2 diabetes in Japanese individuals.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively examined data on 1,553 Japanese men without diabetes. Mean BMI and incident cases of diabetes (diabetes indicated by fasting glucose concentrations ≥7.0 mmol/L, a self‐reported history of clinician‐diagnosed diabetes, or glycated hemoglobin ≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol) were assessed on an annual basis over a 10‐year period after the baseline examination.ResultsMean (standard deviation) BMI at the time of diagnosis was 24.4 kg/m2 (3.1 kg/m2) among cases of diabetes (n = 191). An increasingly high BMI was associated with the early stage of the disease development, such as an 8‐ to 10‐year prediagnosis period; individuals who developed diabetes experienced a prolonged and stable elevated BMI of ≥24.4 kg/m2 over the 8 years before the diagnosis of diabetes. The mean BMI among the non‐cases of diabetes did not exceed 23.2 kg/m2 throughout the period.ConclusionsThese results suggested that Japanese men who eventually developed diabetes during the 10‐year observation period were not characterized as obese, but had stable high‐normal BMIs before the onset of diabetes. Previous evidence showed that values for glycemic markers rapidly increased before the development of diabetes; however, the present study showed a slight gain in BMI in the earlier stage of the natural history of diabetes followed by a prolonged period of overweight.
Phylogenetic Relationships and Morphological Character Evolution of Photosynthetic Euglenids (Excavata) Inferred from Taxon‐rich Analyses of Five Genes
Authors: Karnkowska Anna , Bennett Matthew S. , Watza Donovan , Kim Jong Im , Zakryś Bożena , Triemer Richard E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPhotosynthetic euglenids acquired chloroplasts by secondary endosymbiosis, which resulted in changes to their mode of nutrition and affected the evolution of their morphological characters. Mapping morphological characters onto a reliable molecular tree could elucidate major trends of those changes. We analyzed nucleotide sequence data from regions of three nuclear‐encoded genes (nSSU, nLSU, hsp90), one chloroplast‐encoded gene (cpSSU) and one nuclear‐encoded chloroplast gene (psbO) to estimate phylogenetic relationships among 59 photosynthetic euglenid species. Our results were consistent with previous works; most genera were monophyletic, except for the polyphyletic genus Euglena, and the paraphyletic genus Phacus. We also analyzed character evolution in photosynthetic euglenids using our phylogenetic tree and eight morphological traits commonly used for generic and species diagnoses, including: characters corresponding to well‐defined clades, apomorphies like presence of lorica and mucilaginous stalks, and homoplastic characters like rigid cells and presence of large paramylon grains. This research indicated that pyrenoids were lost twice during the evolution of phototrophic euglenids, and that mucocysts, which only occur in the genus Euglena, evolved independently at least twice. In contrast, the evolution of cell shape and chloroplast morphology was difficult to elucidate, and could not be unambiguously reconstructed in our analyses.