bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SUGAR, WATER, AND CREATININE EXCRETION IN NORMAL AND IN B‐AVITAMINOTIC DOGS
Authors: Hamar N. 
Published: December 2014

1. In dogs in normal, in the prodromal, as well as in fully developed B‐avitaminotic stages, the blood and urine sugar concentrations were determined after intravenous glucose injection. At the same time the rate of glomerular ultrafiltration was determined by the use of the creatinine clearance test.2. It was found that the sugar content of the blood decreases morea slowly in the prodromal and fully developed stages' of B‐avitaminosis.3. The rate of ultrafiltration in the whole kidney of the normal animal shows a gradual decrease tending to reach an asymptotic minimum at the 50th minute. In both the prodromal and the fully developed stages of B‐avitaminosis, the rate of glomerular ultrafiltration is not gradually decreasing towards an asymptotic minimum, but shows great variations. There is a big fall in the rate of ultrafiltration during the 10‐20‐minute period, and this is followed by an increase. During the experimental period there is no asymptotic minimum.4. The sugar excretion in the whole kidney in prodromal and in fully developed B‐avitaminosis is increased as compared with the normal.5. The increased sugar excretion is due to two causes: an extrarenal and an intrarenal cause. The extrarenal cause is the greater sugar concentration in the glomerular ultrafiltrate‐due to the slower sugar uptake of the body‐cells; the intrarenal is a decrease in the efficiency of the tubular epithelium to absorb sugar from the ultrafiltrate.
THE CHEMICAL EXCITABILITY OF THE ISOLATED RABBIT SMALL INTESTINE
Authors: Chang Pei‐Yen , Hsu Fong‐Yen 
Published: December 2014

1. The motility of the isolated rabbit intestine was registered in Tyrode solution. One, two, or three segments sampled from different levels of the intestine were used at a time and their response to various chemical stimulants and depressants compared.2. Segments taken from upper levels of the intestine are generally more sensitive to acetylcholine, while those from lower levels are more senstitive to adrenaline.3. This gradient of chemical excitability is easily upset by shock and asphyxia of the animal during the preparation of the intestine.4. The stimulating action of barium, eserine, histamine, pilocarpine, and choline, and the depressing action of atropine, potassium, and magnesium are about equal in all the segments.5. The difference in excitability of the intestinal muscle to the neuro‐hormones is probably an innate property of the muscle fibres of the intestine which is closely related to the gradient of rhythmicity of the muscle. The possible physiological significance of the phenomenon is discussed.
ACTION OF INTRATHECALLY INJECTED PROSTIGMINE, ACETYLCHOLINE, AND ESERINE ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN MAN
Authors: Kremer Michael 
Published: December 2014

1. Prostigmine was injected in doses of 0·1‐1·5 mg. intrathecally 73 times in 37 patients (with evidence of pyramidal tract involvement) and in 3 subjects with normal central nervous system. In all cases it produced depression of muscle tone and reflexes by a direct action on the spinal cord. The distal part of the cord was involved first and the depression gradually ascended to involve the centres controlling the arms. The face was involved rarely. Changes in blood‐pressure, pulse‐rate and respiration were small and irregular. Nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness commonly occurred when large doses were employed. Voluntary movement was impaired. Bladder emptying was temporarily abolished. No changes in sensation were ever noted. Observations were made in patients with spinal block. Injection of prostigmine intrathecally below the level of the block produced depression of the spinal cord limited strictly to the cord below the level of the block. No general disturbances such as nausea or drowsiness developed. In such cases flexor tone, flexor spasms, and flexor reflexes were abolished at the same rate and to the same degree as extensor reflexes. All the above actions of prostigmine are unaffected by subcutaneous injections of atropine. They contrast markedly with the results of injection of prostigmine intramuscularly or intravenously.2. Intrathecally injected acetylcholine in doses of 2‐500 mg. had no effects on the spinal cord or elsewhere. 10 mg. of acetylcholine injected together with 0·1 mg. of prostigmine produced effects on the spinal cord in every way similar to those of larger doses of prostigmine.3. Eserine sulphate in doses of 0‐25‐1 mg. injected intrathecally produces an initial transient depression of spinal reflexes followed by a rapid return to a level exceeding that noted prior to the injection. Experiments in a case of spinal block show that both the initial depression and the secondary excitation are due to a direct action on the spinal cord—the effects being limited to the cord region distal to the block. In this case too the excitatory phase of the response was particularly striking, involving both flexor and extensor reflexes. Unlike prostigmine, eserine produces striking sensory changes including facilitation of sensory transmission. Suggestions are made to explain the difference in central action of prostigmine and eserine.This work was interrupted by the outbreak of the War. I gratefully express my thanks to Professor Francis Fraser in whose department the research was carried out, to Professor Samson Wright for his help in the preparation of the paper, and to the Medical Officer of Health, London County Council, for permission to include the notes on the patients.
SUBCUTANEOUS TEMPERATURES IN MODERATE TEMPERATURE BURNS
Authors: Mendelssohn K. , Rossiter R. J. 
Published: December 2014

1. For a corresponding degree of narcosis, nembutal caused a lesser fall in the body temperature of guinea‐pigs than ether.2. The horizontal distribution of subcutaneous temperature under the previously described burning iron has been plotted.3. For temperatures of the burning iron ranging from 45° to 70°C., observations have been made of the final equilibrium subcutaneous temperature; similar observations have also been made on subcutaneous temperature reached after a 1‐minute application of the iron.4. The temperatures, at which the changes produced by burning occur, have been defined with greater accuracy.The authors wish to thank Professor R. A. Peters, F.R.S., for his continued interest and Dr. David Evans and Dr. M. C. Manifold for their help with the planning of this investigation. One of us (K. M.) is indebted to the Medical Research Council for a personal grant and the other (R. J. R.) to the Carnegie Trustees. The Medical Research Council has also contributed towards the cost of this research.
THE FATE OF ARSENIC IN THE BODY FOLLOWING TREATMENT OF RABBITS WITH CERTAIN ORGANIC ARSENICALS
Authors: Chance Averil C. , Crawford T. B. B. , Levvy G. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effect of changing the valency of the arsenic and of introducing substituents into the benzene ring on the distribution in the body and excretion of an aromatic arsenical has been studied, using phenylarsenoxide, phenylarsonic acid, m‐amino‐p‐hydroxyphenylarsen‐oxide (mapharsen), and m‐amino‐p‐hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, injected intravenously into rabbits.2. A high arsenic content was found in liver and kidney in all cases, and also in lung in the case of phenylarsenoxide.3. The ratio between the total amounts of arsenic excreted in the urine and in the feces varied widely with the different compounds, but the urinary output predominated in all experiments. The arsonic acids were cleared from the body more rapidly than the corresponding arsenoxides. Of the latter, unsubstituted phenylarsenoxide was the more slowly excreted.4. The slow rate of clearance of phenylarsenoxide may explain its high toxicity as compared with the other arsenicals studied. It is thought that the slow excretion and high toxicity of phenylarsenoxide, as compared with mapharsen, may be due to slower oxidation to the corresponding arsonic acid.
CONGESTIVE ATELECTASIS IN LUNGS OF RABBITS AND OTHER ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO THE ACTION OF LOW BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
Authors: Fegler J. , Banister Jean 
Published: December 2014

1. In rabbits, guinea‐pigs, rats, cats, and a dog subjected to the action of low barometric pressure, congestive lung atelectasis, of varying extent, has been found at post‐mortem examination.2. Experiments on rabbits exposed to decreased partial pressures of oxygen at different barometric pressures have shown that there is no relation between the incidence of congestive atelectasis and partial pressure of oxygen. The animals dying of anoxia at ground level or at barometric pressures between 500 and 300 mm. Hg showed all the usual lung changes but no congestive atelectasis.3. The animals decompressed from 3 or 5 atmospheres pressure to ground level also did not exhibit this lung change. There was no relation between the rate of decompression from the normal to low barometric pressures and the incidence or extent of congestive atelectasis.4. A direct relation between the level of decompression (300‐100 mm. Hg) and the incidence and extent of atelectasis was found, and it was concluded that the absolute rarefaction of air was the prime cause of congestive atelectasis formation.5. An increase of intra‐pulmonary pressure maintained in animals at low barometric pressures prevented lung atelectasis formation.6. The results of experiments of Hanson and Sjöstrand on the formation of lung atelectasis under the influence of different factors decreasing lung capacity at ground level are confirmed.7. The possible mechanism responsible for the lung atelectasis formation under the influence of low barometric pressure is discussed.We are very grateful to Professor I. de Burgh Daly for providing laboratory facilities and for his constant interest and advice. Our thanks are also due to Dr. Catherine Hebb and Dr. W. Missiuro for their help in carrying out some of the experiments. The expenses of this work were partially covered by a grant from the Polish Air Medical Council to J. Fegler.
THE EFFECT OF BAL ON THE EXCRETION OF ARSEN‐OXIDES
Authors: Chance Averil C. , Levvy G. A. 
Published: December 2014

Administration of BAL (British Anti‐Lewisite) bastenied the excretion of arsenic in the urine of rabbits injected with phenylarsenoxide or mapharsen, except in one experiment in which only 10 per cent. of the arsenic remained in the body at the time of treatment.Permission from the Director‐General of Scientific Research (Defence). Ministry of Supply, to publish this work is gratefully acknowledged.
A GAS‐ANALYSIS APPARATUS FOR 200 c.mm. SAMPLES
Authors: Dirken M. N. J. , Heemstra H. 
Published: December 2014

A volumetric apparatus is described for the analysis of 200 c.mm. of gas. Simple construction, easy cleaning and handling, and great reliability are the points stressed. The various corrections to be applied in analysis of this kind are fully discussed.The apparatus handles directly samples containing from zero to 100 per cent. absorbable gases. The standard deviation amounts to 0·05‐0·08 vol. per cent. A complete analysis of CO2 and O2 requires about 10 min.A method is described for drawing alveolar samples in rabbits.
THE ACTION OF SOME HUMORAL AGENTS ON THE HORSE INTESTINE
Authors: Alexander Frank 
Published: December 2014

The actions of adrenaline, acetyl choline, histamine and posterior pituitary extract on the intestine of the horse have been investigated. The Magnus preparation and a perfusion technique were used. The perfusion method is described in detail.Propulsive movements of the horse ileum were only produced when the perfusion fluid contained red blood cells. The cat ileum performed propelling movements when perfused with Tyrode's solution.In the horse ileum both oral and aboral propulsion occurred, aboral propulsion predominating. The small colon did not propel its contents even when perfused with blood.Excepting adrenaline, the various humoral agents gave similar effects on the Magnus preparation and on the perfused bowel. Adrenaline produced a rise in tone with little change in the rhythmic contractions in isolated strips of ileum, Tyrode‐perfused ileum and isolated strips of the circular muscle of the large intestine; whereas it inhibited the movements of the blood‐perfused ileum and small colon. Acetyl choline and histamine caused a rise in tone and usually increased the rate of rhythmic contractions. Posterior pituitary extract produced little effect on the various preparations of intestine.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF COLD AND BURNS ON PROTEIN METABOLISM IN RATS
Authors: Lathe G. H. , Peters R. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. The comparative effects on nitrogen excretion of cold and burns have been investigated in preliminary experiments by a study of nitrogen excretion in rats receiving a constant calorie and protein intake on a high fat diet administered by tube.2. Under these conditions, as is to be expected, cold and burns produce an increase in nitrogen excretion within 24 or 48 hours.3. In two experiments the effects of cold and of burning on nitrogen excretion were not additive; in one at a colder temperature N loss was increased by burning.4. A methionine supplement does not reduce the excess nitrogen excretion due to cold, or the excess nitrogen excretion due to burning in the cold.We are grateful to R. W. Wakelin and Miss J. Jenkins for technical assistance in experiment 1, and to Miss C. Stayte for assistance in experiments 2, 3 and 4, and to T. F. Clarke for help with animals. We are also grateful for financial help from the Medical Research Council, and to the Ministry of Supply for methionine.
INITIAL RESPIRATORY RESPONSES TO THE INTRA‐TRACHEAL INHALATION OF PHOSGENE OR AMMONIA
Authors: Banister Jean , Fegler G. , Hebb Catherine 
Published: December 2014

1. The reflex responses to inhaled phosgene or ammonia vapour have been observed in tracheotomised dogs, cats and rabbits, and the most important findings are:(a) Ammonia and phosgene in high concentrations produce similar initial reactions, which are characteristic of each species and are mainly mediated by the vagi.(b) The dog appears to possess an extra‐vagal afferent system sensitive to such irritants, this system either being absent or much less sensitive in the cat and rabbit.(c) Bronchoconstriction is apparently induced by both gases in the absence of the central connexions of the vagus.2. From studies on the isolated blood‐perfused lungs of dogs, it is found that(a) Bronchoconstriction is produced by inhalation of either phosgene or ammonia.(b) The bronchoconstrictor action of ammonia is specifically potentiated by eserine, an effect which can be reversed by atropine.(c) The stimulating action of greater‐than‐threshold doses of ammonia in non‐eserinized lungs is not affected by atropine, nicotine or anthisan.3. From the evidence obtained in the second group of experiments, it is suggested that ammonia may have a direct stimulating action on the bronchial smooth muscle in addition to any action mediated by peripheral nervous structures and the release of acetylcholine.
NOTE UPON THE STABILITY OF THE RATE OF PARAAMINO HIPPURATE FORMATION OF RAT LIVER AND KIDNEY SLICES AND OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN VITRO AFTER BURNING
Authors: van Bekkum D. W. , Peters R. A. , Lathe G. H. 
Published: December 2014

1. No significant difference in rate of formation of PAH, and in Qo2 of liver and kidney slices from rats, has been found between unburned and burned animals at the height of the nitrogen loss in the urine.2. Para‐amino benzoic acid with and without added glycine significantly depresses the Qo2 of liver slices from both burned and unburned animals.3. Glucose reduces the Qo2 of liver slices from unburned animals, and lactate significantly increases it in burned animals, but no significant difference is found between burned and unburned animals.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MOTILITY OF THE PERFUSED HORSE INTESTINE
Authors: Alexander Frank 
Published: December 2014

1. The magnitude of the rhythmic contractions of the perfused ileum varied with the supply of oxygen.2. Isotonic sodium chloride solution was as good as Tyrode's solution for suspension of the red cells in the perfusion fluid.3. Variation of the potassium and calcium content of the perfusion fluid had little effect on motility. Sodium ions had a specific function in maintaining motility.4. The chloride ions in the perfusion fluid were replaced by bromide, phosphate and sulphate ions without affecting motility. Iodide ions were toxic.5. The ileum perfused with a suspension of blood cells propelled light balloons at rates of 1‐4 cm./sec. in an aboral direction.
THE DIFFUSION OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES THROUGH FATS AND OILS
Authors: Davidson Dorothy , Eggleton Philip , Foggie Patricia 
Published: December 2014

1. An apparatus is described for measurement of both the solubility and the diffusion constant of a gas in a liquid solvent.2. Attention is drawn to the possibility of supersaturation of a gas in a solvent when "equilibration" is hastened by shaking.3. The solubilities and diffusion constants of H2 and 02 in olive oil and tetrahydronaphthalene are recorded, also the solubility and diffusion constant of N2 in olive oil, tetralin, oleic acid, and liquid ethyl palmitate.4. The behaviour of the gases N2, H2, and 02 in lard has been studied.5. It is shown that H2 can dissolve in, and diffuse through, stearic acid crystals at 25° C. though not in crystals of o‐chloro‐nitro‐benzene.6. Crystalline ethyl stearate and palmitate can dissolve CO2 but not nitrogen.7. The bearing of some of these results on the movement of dissolved nitrogen in the body is discussed.
Cushing's syndrome: from physiological principles to diagnosis and clinical care
Authors: Raff Hershel , Carroll Ty 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe physiological control of cortisol synthesis in the adrenal cortex involves stimulation of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) by hypothalamic corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and then stimulation of the adrenal by ACTH. The control loop of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is closed by negative feedback of cortisol on the hypothalamus and pituitary. Understanding this system is required to master the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of endogenous hypercortisolism – Cushing's syndrome. Endogenous Cushing's syndrome is caused either by excess ACTH secretion or by autonomous cortisol release from the adrenal cortex. Diagnosis of cortisol excess exploits three physiological principles: failure to achieve the normal nadir in the cortisol diurnal rhythm, loss of sensitivity of ACTH‐secreting tumours to cortisol negative feedback, and increased excretion of free cortisol in the urine. Differentiating a pituitary source of excess ACTH (Cushing's disease) from an ectopic source is accomplished by imaging the pituitary and sampling for ACTH in the venous drainage of the pituitary. With surgical removal of ACTH or cortisol‐secreting tumours, secondary adrenal insufficiency ensues because of the prior suppression of the HPA axis by glucocorticoid negative feedback. Medical therapy is targeted to the anatomical location of the dysregulated component of the HPA axis. Future research will focus on new diagnostics and treatments of Cushing's syndrome. These are elegant examples of translational research: understanding basic physiology informs the development of new approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Appreciating pathophysiology generates new areas for inquiry of basic physiological and biochemical mechanisms.
Two-Phase Pressure Drop Characteristics During Low Temperature Transients in PEMFCs
Authors: Banerjee Rupak , Kandlikar Satish G. 
Published: December 2014

Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells are being considered as the powertrain of choice for automotive applications. Automotive fuel cells experience transients during start-up, shut-down and changing load conditions, which constitute a significant part of the drive cycle. Transient behavior of PEMFCs can be classified into three categories: electrochemical, thermal and two-phase flow. Two-phase transients require a longer time to return to steady state than the electrochemical transient (which typically requires less than 1 second). Experiments have shown two-phase transients to be more prominent at the lower temperatures due to the increased presence of liquid water.
Overshoot / undershoot behavior of current and voltage has been observed during investigations of electrochemical transients. This study investigates similar overshoot / undershoot behavior in the two-phase pressure drop in the reactant channels. An increase in the current drawn from the PEMFC is accompanied by larger air flow rates and greater water generation. An in situ setup is utilized to measure the pressure drop in the reactant channels across the length of the channel, when the electrical load drawn from the PEMFC is changed. This pressure drop measurement along the length of the reactant channels is used to characterize the overshoot / undershoot behavior.
A parametric study is conducted to identify the factors which influence the overshoot / undershoot in two-phase flow pressure drop. The transient behavior is explored at the temperatures of 40, 60 and 80°C. Transient behavior is more pronounced at the lower temperature. Five different ramp rates have been used to show that faster ramp rates results in larger overshoot. The effect of magnitude of current change is investigated using four levels of load change. It was observed that increased magnitude of change results in increased overshoot behavior. However, no direct relationship has been observed between the magnitude of overshoot and the time required to return to steady state.
Bacteriophage Resistance Mechanisms in the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum: Linking Genomic Mutations to Changes in Bacterial Virulence Factors
Authors: Castillo Daniel , Christiansen Rói Hammershaimb , Dalsgaard Inger , Madsen Lone , Middelboe Mathias 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Flavobacterium psychrophilum
is an important fish pathogen in salmonid aquaculture worldwide. Due to increased antibiotic resistance, pathogen control using bacteriophages has been explored as a possible alternative treatment. However, the effective use of bacteriophages in pathogen control requires overcoming the selection for phage resistance in the bacterial populations. Here, we analyzed resistance mechanisms in
F. psychrophilum
after phage exposure using whole-genome sequencing of the ancestral phage-sensitive strain 950106-1/1 and six phage-resistant isolates. The phage-resistant strains had all obtained unique insertions and/or deletions and point mutations distributed among intergenic and genic regions. Mutations in genes related to cell surface properties, gliding motility, and biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides and cell wall were found. The observed links between phage resistance and the genetic modifications were supported by direct measurements of bacteriophage adsorption rates, biofilm formation, and secretion of extracellular enzymes, which were all impaired in the resistant strains, probably due to superficial structural changes. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) region was unaffected in the resistant isolates and thus did not play a role as a resistance mechanism for
F. psychrophilum
under the current conditions. All together, the results suggest that resistance in
F. psychrophilum
was driven by spontaneous mutations, which were associated with a number of derived effects on the physiological properties of the pathogen, including reduced virulence under
in vitro
conditions. Consequently, phage-driven physiological changes associated with resistance may have implications for the impact of the pathogen in aquaculture, and these effects of phage resistance on host properties are therefore important for the ongoing exploration of phage-based control of
F. psychrophilum
.