bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the long-term consequences of adverse medical events among older adults
Authors: Carter Mary W , Zhu Motao , Xiang Jun , Porell Frank W 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate the long-term effect of medically serious adverse medical events (AMEs) among older adults.MethodsWe linked nationally representative survey and claims data from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (1998–2004) with non-response files (1999–2005) and the Area Resource File, providing 12 541 beneficiaries with 428 373 person-months for analysis. Latent class analysis was used to assign severity status to episodes. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify AME risk factors. The long-term consequences of AMEs on Medicare expenditures were examined by population average models. Survival analyses examined the long-term risk of death.ResultsNearly 19% of participants experienced at least one AME, with 62% from outpatient claims. The risk of AMEs is greater among participants in poorer health, and increases with comorbidity and with impairment in performing activities of daily living or instrumental activities of daily living. Medicare expenditures during an AME episode increased sharply and remained higher than what would have otherwise been expected in quarters following an AME episode, and failed to return to pre-AME expenditure levels. Differences in survival rates were observable long after the AME episode concluded, with only 55% of the patients sustaining an AME surviving to the end of the study. In contrast, nearly 80% of those without an AME were estimated to have survived.ConclusionsThe impacts of AMEs are observable over extended periods of time and are associated with considerable excess mortality and costs. Efforts to monitor and prevent AMEs in both acute care and outpatient settings are warranted.
Layout of Embedding Circulant Networks into Linear Hexagons and Phenylenes
Authors: RAJASINGH INDRA , AROCKIARAJ MICHEAL 
Published: May 2014

Circulant network has been used for decades in the design of computer and telecommunication networks due to optimal fault-tolerance and routing capabilities. Further, it has been used in VLSI design and distributed computation. Hexagonal chains are of great importance of theoretical chemistry because they are the natural graph representations of benzenoid hydrocarbons, a great deal of investigations in mathematical chemistry has been developed to hexagonal chains. Hexagonal chains are exclusively constructed by hexagons of length one. Phenylenes are a class of chemical compounds in which carbon atoms form 6 and 4 membered cycles. Graph embedding has been known as a powerful tool for implementation of parallel algorithms or simulation of different interconnection networks. An embedding f of a guest graph G into a host graph H is a bijection on the vertices such that each edge of G is mapped into a path of H. The wirelength (layout) of this embedding is defined to be the sum of the length of the paths corresponding to the edges of G. In this paper we obtain the minimum wirelength of embedding circulant networks into linear hexagonal chains and linear phenylenes. Further we discuss the embedding of faulty circulant networks into linear hexagonal chains and linear phenylenes.
Wireless Fair Intelligent Congestion Control — A QoS Performance Evaluation
Authors: FURQAN FATIMA , HOANG DOAN B. 
Published: May 2014

In Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) networks, provisioning of Quality of Service (QoS) is absolutely essential for real time and non real time services. Congestion in these networks can lead to deterioration in QoS experienced by the network users. Congestion avoidance is rarely considered to ensure the QoS of wireless connections. Efforts are mainly aimed at reducing the overload once it has occurred. To avoid congestion at the base station in WiMAX networks, the WiMAX Fair Intelligent Congestion Control (WFICC) was proposed to ensure the traffic is scheduled in such a way that the base station output buffer operates around a target operating point without violating the QoS requirements of connections. The aim of this paper is to investigate WFICC thoroughly and evaluate its performance in terms of throughput, delay and jitter for different Classes of Services (CoSs) under various parameter settings of the algorithm. A detailed and comprehensive simulation study on various settings of parameters is performed in ns-2. The results show that WFICC performs excellently in allocating resources fairly among Class of Services (CoSs) and also preserves their QoS requirements. Furthermore, WFICC is robust and easily adapted to various traffic conditions.
Using mechanical models to investigate the controls on fracture geometry and distribution in chalk
Authors: Welch Michael J. , Souque Christine , Davies Russell K. , Knipe Rob J. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Chalk is an important reservoir rock. However, owing to its low permeability, fractures are key to producing hydrocarbons from chalk reservoirs. Fractures in chalk usually form one of three geometric patterns: localized fractures (commonly concentric rings) developed around tips, bends and splays in larger faults; regularly spaced regional fracture sets; and fracture corridors comprising narrow zones of closely spaced parallel fractures. Localized fracture patterns are likely to give only local permeability enhancement; regional fracture sets and, especially, fracture corridors may provide long, high-permeability flow pathways through the chalk. Field mapping shows that both localized fracture patterns and fracture corridors often nucleate around larger faults; however, the fracture corridors rapidly propagate away from the faults following the regional stress orientation. It is therefore not necessary to know the detailed fault geometry to predict the geometry of the fracture corridors, although the fault density can help to predict the spacing of the fracture corridors. Mechanical modelling shows that while localized fracture patterns can form under normal fluid pressure conditions as a result of local stress anomalies around fault bends, tips and splays, fracture corridors can only form under conditions of fluid overpressure. Once they nucleate, they will continue to propagate until they either intersect another fault or the fluid pressure in them is dissipated.
Inhibition of miR-17 and miR-20a by Oridonin Triggers Apoptosis and Reverses Chemoresistance by Derepressing BIM-S
Authors: Weng Hengyou , Huang Huilin , Dong Bowen , Zhao Panpan , Zhou Hui , Qu Lianghu 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Cancer cell chemoresistance arises in part through the acquisition of apoptotic resistance. Leukemia cells resistant to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis have been found to be sensitive to oridonin, a natural agent with potent anticancer activity. To investigate its mechanisms of action in reversing chemoresistance, we compared the response of human leukemia cells with oridonin and the antileukemia drugs Ara-C and VP-16. Compared with HL60 cells, K562 and K562/ADR cells displayed resistance to apoptosis stimulated by Ara-C and VP-16 but sensitivity to oridonin. Mechanistic investigations revealed that oridonin upregulated BIM-S by diminishing the expression of miR-17 and miR-20a, leading to mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. In contrast, neither Ara-C nor VP-16 could reduce miR-17 and miR-20a expression or could trigger BIM-S–mediated apoptosis. Notably, silencing miR-17 or miR-20a expression by treatment with microRNA (miRNA; miR) inhibitors or oridonin restored sensitivity of K562 cells to VP-16. Synergistic effects of oridonin and VP-16 were documented in cultured cells as well as mouse tumor xenograft assays. Inhibiting miR-17 or miR-20a also augmented the proapoptotic activity of oridonin. Taken together, our results identify a miRNA-dependent mechanism underlying the anticancer effect of oridonin and provide a rationale for its combination with chemotherapy drugs in addressing chemoresistant leukemia cells. Cancer Res; 74(16); 4409–19. ©2014 AACR.
hMOB3 Modulates MST1 Apoptotic Signaling and Supports Tumor Growth in Glioblastoma Multiforme
Authors: Tang Fengyuan , Zhang Lei , Xue Gongda , Hynx Debby , Wang Yuhua , Cron Peter D. , Hundsrucker Christian , Hergovich Alexander , Frank Stephan , Hemmings Brian A. , Schmitz-Rohmer Debora 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
New therapeutic targets are needed that circumvent inherent therapeutic resistance of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Here, we report such a candidate target in the uncharacterized adaptor protein hMOB3, which we show is upregulated in GBM. In a search for its biochemical function, we found that hMOB3 specifically interacts with MST1 kinase in response to apoptotic stimuli and cell–cell contact. Moreover, hMOB3 negatively regulated apoptotic signaling by MST1 in GBM cells by inhibiting the MST1 cleavage-based activation process. Physical interaction between hMOB3 and MST1 was essential for this process. In vivo investigations established that hMOB3 sustains GBM cell growth at high cell density and promotes tumorigenesis. Our results suggest hMOB3 as a candidate therapeutic target for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Cancer Res; 74(14); 3779–89. ©2014 AACR.
Episomal Expression of Truncated Listeriolysin O in LmddA-LLO–E7 Vaccine Enhances Antitumor Efficacy by Preferentially Inducing Expansions of CD4+FoxP3− and CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Chen Zhisong , Ozbun Laurent , Chong Namju , Wallecha Anu , Berzofsky Jay A. , Khleif Samir N. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Studies have shown that Listeria monocytogenes (Lm)–based vaccine expressing a fusion protein comprising truncated listeriolysin O (LLO) and human papilloma virus (HPV) E7 protein (Lm-LLO–E7) induces a decrease in regulatory T cells (Treg) and complete regression of established, transplanted HPV-TC-1 tumors in mice. However, how the Lm-based vaccine causes a decrease in Tregs remains unclear. Using a highly attenuated Lm dal dat ΔactA strain (LmddA)–based vaccine, we report here that the vector LmddA was sufficient to induce a decrease in the proportion of Tregs by preferentially expanding CD4+FoxP3− T cells and CD8+ T cells by a mechanism dependent on and directly mediated by LLO. Episomal expression of a nonhemolytic truncated LLO in Lm (LmddA-LLO) significantly augmented the expansion, thus further decreasing Treg frequency. Although adoptive transfer of Tregs compromised the antitumor efficacy of the LmddA-LLO–E7 vaccine, a combination of LmddA-LLO and an Lm-based vaccine expressing E7 protein (Lm–E7) induced complete regression against established TC-1 tumors. An engineered LLO-minus Lm expressing perfringolysin O (PFO) that enables the recombinant bacteria to exit from the phagolysosome without LLO confirmed that the adjuvant effect was dependent on LLO. These results suggest that LLO may serve as a promising adjuvant by preferentially inducing the expansions of CD4+FoxP3− T cells and CD8+ T cells, thus reducing the ratio of Tregs to CD4+FoxP3− T cells and to CD8+ T cells favoring immune responses to eradicate tumor. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(9); 911–22. ©2014 AACR.
In VitroCharacterization of the Anti-PD-1 Antibody Nivolumab, BMS-936558, andIn VivoToxicology in Non-Human Primates
Authors: Wang Changyu , Thudium Kent B. , Han Minhua , Wang Xi-Tao , Huang Haichun , Feingersh Diane , Garcia Candy , Wu Yi , Kuhne Michelle , Srinivasan Mohan , Singh Sujata , Wong Susan , Garner Neysa , Leblanc Heidi , Bunch R. Todd , Blanset Diann , Selby Mark J. , Korman Alan J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor serves as an immunologic checkpoint, limiting bystander tissue damage and preventing the development of autoimmunity during inflammatory responses. PD-1 is expressed by activated T cells and downmodulates T-cell effector functions upon binding to its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, on antigen-presenting cells. In patients with cancer, the expression of PD-1 on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and its interaction with the ligands on tumor and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment undermine antitumor immunity and support its rationale for PD-1 blockade in cancer immunotherapy. This report details the development and characterization of nivolumab, a fully human IgG4 (S228P) anti-PD-1 receptor-blocking monoclonal antibody. Nivolumab binds to PD-1 with high affinity and specificity, and effectively inhibits the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands. In vitro assays demonstrated the ability of nivolumab to potently enhance T-cell responses and cytokine production in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and superantigen or cytomegalovirus stimulation assays. No in vitro antibody-dependent cell-mediated or complement-dependent cytotoxicity was observed with the use of nivolumab and activated T cells as targets. Nivolumab treatment did not induce adverse immune-related events when given to cynomolgus macaques at high concentrations, independent of circulating anti-nivolumab antibodies where observed. These data provide a comprehensive preclinical characterization of nivolumab, for which antitumor activity and safety have been demonstrated in human clinical trials in various solid tumors. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(9); 846–56. ©2014 AACR.
Delay in Filling First Clopidogrel Prescription After Coronary Stenting Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Death and Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Cruden Nicholas L. , Din Jehangir N. , Janssen Christian , Smith Reginald , Hilton J. David , Klinke W. Peter , Carere Ron G. , Robinson Simon D. , Siega Anthony Della 
Published: May 2014

Background
Patients frequently experience difficulties with medication compliance after hospital discharge. We investigated the effect of a delay in filling a first clopidogrel prescription after hospital discharge on clinical outcomes subsequent to coronary stenting.

Methods and Results
Hospital administrative, community pharmacy, and cardiac revascularization data were determined for all patients receiving a coronary stent in British Columbia 2004–2006 with follow‐up out to 2 years. Cox's proportional hazard regression analysis, adjusting for baseline demographics and procedural variables, was performed to examine the effects of delay in filling a clopidogrel prescription after hospital discharge on clinical outcomes.

Of 15 629 patients treated with coronary stents, 3599 received at least 1 drug‐eluting stent (
DES
), whereas 12 030 received bare metal stents (
BMS
) alone. In total, 1064 (30%) and 3758 (31%) patients in the
DES
and
BMS
groups, respectively, failed to fill a prescription within 3 days of discharge (median, 1 day; interquartile range [
IQR],
1 to 3). After regression analysis, a delay of >3 days was predictive of mortality and recurrent myocardial infarction (
MI
) irrespective of stent type (
DES
: hazard ratio [
HR],
2.4; 95% confidence interval [
CI],
1.7 to 3.4; and
HR,
2.0; 95%
CI,
1.5 to 2.7, respectively, and
BMS
:
HR,
2.2; 95%
CI,
1.9 to 2.6; and
HR,
1.8; 95%
CI,
1.5 to 2.1, respectively). This excess hazard was greatest in the 30‐day period immediately after hospital discharge (mortality:
HR,
5.5; 95%
CI,
3.5 to 8.6; and
MI
:
HR,
3.1; 95%
CI,
2.4 to 4.0, for all patients).

Conclusions
Delays in patients filling their first prescription for clopidogrel after coronary stenting are common and associated with adverse clinical outcomes, irrespective of stent type. Strategies to reduce delays have the potential to improve clinical outcomes.
Severity of Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes Among Patients With HIV Is Related to Markers of Inflammation and Coagulation
Authors: Nordell Anna D. , McKenna Matthew , Borges Álvaro H. , Duprez Daniel , Neuhaus Jacqueline , Neaton James D. ,   the INSIGHT SMART, ESPRIT Study Groups, and SILCAAT Scientific Committee
Published: May 2014

Background

In the general population, raised levels of inflammatory markers are stronger predictors of fatal than nonfatal cardiovascular disease (
CVD
) events. People with
HIV
have elevated levels of interleukin‐6 (
IL
‐6), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs
CRP
), and D‐dimer;
HIV
‐induced activation of inflammatory and coagulation pathways may be responsible for their greater risk of
CVD
. Whether the enhanced inflammation and coagulation associated with
HIV
is associated with more fatal
CVD
events has not been investigated.

Methods and Results

Biomarkers were measured at baseline for 9764 patients with
HIV
and no history of
CVD
. Of these patients, we focus on the 288 that experienced either a fatal (n=74) or nonfatal (n=214)
CVD
event over a median of 5 years. Odds ratios (
OR
s) (fatal versus nonfatal
CVD
) (95% confidence intervals [
CIs
]) associated with a doubling of
IL
‐6, D‐dimer, hs
CRP
, and a 1‐unit increase in an
IL
‐6 and D‐dimer score, measured a median of 2.6 years before the event, were 1.39 (1.07 to 1.79), 1.40 (1.10 to 1.78), 1.09 (0.93 to 1.28), and 1.51 (1.15 to 1.97), respectively. Of the 214 patients with nonfatal
CVD
, 23 died during follow‐up. Hazard ratios (95%
CI
) for all‐cause mortality were 1.72 (1.28 to 2.31), 1.73 (1.27 to 2.36), 1.44 (1.15 to 1.80), and 1.88 (1.39 to 2.55), respectively, for
IL
‐6, D‐dimer, hs
CRP
, and the
IL
‐6 and D‐dimer score.

Conclusions

Higher
IL
‐6 and D‐dimer levels reflecting enhanced inflammation and coagulation associated with
HIV
are associated with a greater risk of fatal
CVD
and a greater risk of death after a nonfatal
CVD
event.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrial.gov
Unique identifier: SMART: NCT00027352, ESPRIT: NCT00004978, SILCAAT: NCT00013611.
Self‐Rated Health Predicts Healthcare Utilization in Heart Failure
Authors: Chamberlain Alanna M. , Manemann Sheila M. , Dunlay Shannon M. , Spertus John A. , Moser Debra K. , Berardi Cecilia , Kane Robert L. , Weston Susan A. , Redfield Margaret M. , Roger Véronique L. 
Published: May 2014

Background

Heart failure (
HF
) patients experience impaired functional status, diminished quality of life, high utilization of healthcare resources, and poor survival. Yet, the identification of patient‐centered factors that influence prognosis is lacking.

Methods and Results

We determined the association of 2 measures of self‐rated health with healthcare utilization and skilled nursing facility (
SNF
) admission in a community cohort of 417
HF
patients prospectively enrolled between October 2007 and December 2010 from Olmsted County,
MN
. Patients completed a 12‐item Short Form Health Survey (
SF
‐12). Low self‐reported physical functioning was defined as a score ≤25 on the
SF
‐12 physical component. The first question of the
SF
‐12 was used as a measure of self‐rated general health. After 2 years, 1033 hospitalizations, 1407 emergency department (
ED
) visits, and 19,780 outpatient office visits were observed; 87 patients were admitted to a
SNF
. After adjustment for confounding factors, an increased risk of hospitalizations (1.52 [1.17 to 1.99]) and
ED
visits (1.48 [1.04 to 2.11]) was observed for those with low versus moderate‐high self‐reported physical functioning. Patients with poor and fair self‐rated general health also experienced an increased risk of hospitalizations (poor: 1.73 [1.29 to 2.32]; fair: 1.46 [1.14 to 1.87]) and
ED
visits (poor: 1.73 [1.16 to 2.56]; fair: 1.48 [1.13 to 1.93]) compared with good‐excellent self‐rated general health. No association between self‐reported physical functioning or self‐rated general health with outpatient visits and
SNF
admission was observed.

Conclusion

In community
HF
patients, self‐reported measures of physical functioning predict hospitalizations and
ED
visits, indicating that these patient‐reported measures may be useful in risk stratification and management in
HF
.
Defending Hinduism or Fostering Division? The Decision to Introduce Hindu Religious Instruction in Indian Schools in South Africa during the 1950s
Authors: Gopalan Karthigasen 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the debates and tensions that emerged during the 1950s, when the South African Hindu Maha Sabha approached education authorities about permitting Hindu religious instruction in selected primary schools. While important to the Maha Sabha, this move brought strong opposition from many quarters. Hindu reformers aimed to promote a ‘monolithic Hinduism’ and recreate it. However, given the heterogeneity of South African Hindus, who were divided by class, caste, language, region of origin, and the presence of Christian and Muslim Indians, many critical voices feared that teaching religion at school would foster divisions within the ‘Indian community’, which was considered anathema when it was perceived as necessary to unite against the racist policies of the white minority apartheid government. The deep-seated fears that were exposed by this debate reveal interesting insights about the multifaceted nature of Indian identity and Hindu identity in South Africa.
‘You Don’t Have to Pray to Somebody in Special English’: Style, Narration, and Salvation in Urban Kenya
Authors: Brummel Elizabeth J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this article I argue that salvation narratives are part of a transnational speech genre that is both produced by and produces the imaginary of a global Christian ecumene. Each token of the genre, however, takes on local accents—especially in terms of the nature of sin and salvation—that illuminate anxieties particular to the sociohistorical context in which they are told. I analyze one young Kenyan man’s narrative to suggest that mobilizing the genre appropriately and effectively is a key part of the process of Christian salvation. I show how a close linguistic analysis of narrative with attention to its form as well as its content offers unique insight into the ways born-again Christians make themselves recognizable as such as well as the ways they manage the ever-present tensions between continuity and rupture in Christian spiritual rebirth.
Free Movement or Benefit Tourism: The Unreasonable Burden of Brey
Authors: Verschueren Herwig 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This article analyses the Brey judgment of the eu Court of Justice, in which the cj had to rule on a claim for a social assistance benefit in a host Member State by an economically inactive migrant person. The legal context within which the Court had to deal with these questions differs from other cases regarding the politically highly sensitive question of the right to access to social benefits for economically inactive migrant Union citizens. It had to deal with the interpretation of the provisions in Social Security Coordination Regulation 883/2004 on the so-called ‘special non-contributory cash benefits’. This article examines the judgment in the light of previous political compromises and agreements on the relationship between Regulation 883/2004 and Citizens Directive 2004/38. It also looks into the consequences of the judgment for the concept of ‘social assistance’ in both these instruments and for the concept of ‘conflict rule’ in Regulation 883/2004. The issue of what claim should be considered as an ‘unreasonable burden’ on the host State’s social assistance system under Directive 2004/38 is assessed in more detail. The conclusion of the article is that this judgment has not only overruled previous political compromises but has also created more confusion than ever on the entitlement to social minimum benefits for economically inactive eu migrants.