bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information needs for the OR and PACU electronic medical record
Authors: Herasevich V. , Hebl J.R. , Brown M.J. , Pickering B.W. , Ellsworth M.A. 
Published: July 2014

Summary
Objective: The amount of clinical information that anesthesia providers encounter creates an environment for information overload and medical error. In an effort to create more efficient OR and PACU EMR viewer platforms, we aimed to better understand the intraoperative and post-anesthesia clinical information needs among anesthesia providers.
Materials and Methods: A web-based survey to evaluate 75 clinical data items was created and distributed to all anesthesia providers at our institution. Participants were asked to rate the importance of each data item in helping them make routine clinical decisions in the OR and PACU settings.
Results: There were 107 survey responses with distribution throughout all clinical roles. 84% of the data items fell within the top 2 proportional quarters in the OR setting compared to only 65% in the PACU. Thirty of the 75 items (40%) received an absolutely necessary rating by more than half of the respondents for the OR setting as opposed to only 19 of the 75 items (25%) in the PACU. Only 1 item was rated by more than 20% of respondents as not needed in the OR compared to 20 data items (27%) in the PACU.
Conclusion: Anesthesia providers demonstrate a larger need for EMR data to help guide clinical decision making in the OR as compared to the PACU. When creating EMR platforms for these settings it is important to understand and include data items providers deem the most clinically useful. Minimizing the less relevant data items helps prevent information overload and reduces the risk for medical error.
Citation: Herasevich V, Ellsworth MA, Hebl JR, Brown MJ, Pickering BW. Information needs for the OR and PACU electronic medical record. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 630–641http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-02-RA-0015
The challenges of managing glioblastoma multiforme in developing countries
Authors: Salem Ahmed , Hashem Sameh A. , Al-Rashdan Abdulla , Ezam Najeeb , Nour Ala’a , Alsharbaji Amer , Sughayer Maher , Mohamad Issa , Elyan Maher , Addas Ala’a , Al-Hussaini Maysa , Almousa Abdelatif 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
The management of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in developing countries is hindered by the paucity of clear protocols due in part to growing economic constraints and the lack of availability of expensive chemotherapeutic agents. We evaluated the deliverable treatment protocols and achievable outcomes for patients with GBM in a low-income country prior and subsequent to the worldwide adoption of temozolomide.

DESIGN AND SETTING:
Retrospective case series.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Charts of consecutive patients with a pathologic diagnosis of high-grade glioma diagnosed between January 2003 and December 2008 were retrospectively reviewed.

RESULTS:
We identified 146 adult patients, including 105 males and 41 females between 19 and 81 years of age (median age, 51 years), with histologically confirmed high-grade glioma. All patients underwent craniotomy. Eighty-two patients were treated with radiotherapy and temozolomide, of whom 42 patients received temozolomide concurrent with radiation followed by adjuvant temozolomide; 40 patients received irradiation followed sequentially by 6 cycles of temozolomide. In 40 patients irradiation was utilized as a single modality treatment adjuvant to surgery. The follow-up ranged from 1 to 56 months (median, 9.4 months). The median survival for the whole cohort was 10.2 months. The median survival for the radiotherapy-alone group was 5.3 months and for combined radiotherapy/temozolomide was 14.8 months. survival was similar in both concurrent and sequential groups. Temozolomide conferred a statistically significant survival benefit of 9 months compared with standard therapeutic modalities.

CONCLUSIONS:
The results compare favorably to those reported in developed nations. Current management of GBM in developing countries should include maximal surgical resection followed by radiotherapy/temozolomide whenever medically and/or financially feasible. outcomes comparable to those obtained within the context of randomized trials can be expected in low-income settings if healthcare delivery is carefully planned. Our results indicate that concurrent and sequential regimens are equally effective in these patients.
Age at transplantation and outcome after autologous stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: El Cheikh Jean , Kfoury Elias , Calmels Boris , Lemarie Claude , Stoppa Anne-Marie , Bouabdallah Reda , Coso Diane , De Collela Jean-Marc Schiano , Ladaique Patrick , Gastaut Jean-Albert , Mohty Mohamad , Chabannon Christian , Blaise Didier 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
The optimal treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) is not well defined, in part because these patients are underrepresented in clinical studies. Autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT) after high-dose melphalan chemotherapy can result in a prolonged response duration and survival in patients under 65 years of age.

DESIGN AND SETTING:
single-center, retrospective study of patients treated at Paoli-Calmettes Institute Cancer Centre, between January 1994 and January 2007 (96 months)

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
We compared the outcome of elderly (age >65 years) patients with younger patients aged between 60 and 65 years with MM.

RESULTS:
We compared 82 elderly patients with 104 younger patients. Except for age, both groups had comparable demographic features, disease characteristics, and prognostic factors. induction VAD chemotherapy was comparable between the elderly (87%) and younger (94%) group. Prior to auto-SCT, the calculated hematopoietic cell transplantation-specific co-morbidity index was also comparable. With a median follow-up of 41 months (range, 5-227 months) after auto-SCT, 120 patients were still alive. Disease progression (n=40; 61%) was the main cause of death, and it was comparable in the two groups. auto-SCT-related mortality was 3.8% (n=4/104) in younger and 3.7% (n=3/82) in older patients. Comparing younger/older subjects, progression-free survival was significantly higher in the younger group (P<.0001). However, disease response rates after the first auto-SCT was comparable and overall survival (OS) was also comparable (57% vs. 54% at 5 years, P=NS; 32% vs. 24% at 10 years, P=NS). in a Cox multivariate analysis model, none of the relevant characteristics was shown to be a critical prognostic feature for OS.

CONCLUSIONS:
Age was insignificant for both OS and transplant-related mortality. We conclude that there is no biological justification for an age-discriminate policy for MM therapy. Physiologic aging is likely more important than chronologic aging.
Philadelphia Merchants, Backcountry Shopkeepers, and Town-Making Fever
Authors: MacMaster Richard K. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
As the French and Indian War drew to a close, enterprising Pennsylvanians began laying out thirty new backcountry towns. This “town-making fever,” which peaked in 1761–64, reflected a fresh understanding of the frontier, no longer a defensive line, but an open door to land and opportunity beyond current settlements. Backcountry towns drew artisans, mostly young newcomers, priced out of the market for agricultural land. The men who platted these towns hoped they would draw the trade of the vicinity. As nodal points in networks of credit and commerce, these new towns marked the integration of the backcountry in an Atlantic economy.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Clinical Cytogenetics
Authors: Mikhail Fady M. , Watson Michael S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe goal of any clinical laboratory should be to provide patients with the most accurate test results possible. This is accomplished through various overlapping programs that continuously monitor and optimize all aspects of a test, including decisions by the laboratory to offer a test, the decision of providers to request the test, the testing itself, and the reporting of results to the referral source and patient. The levels at which test performance and accuracy can be optimized are encompassed under quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA). The monitoring of QC and QA problems allows for the integration of these parameters into a total quality management program. This unit reviews QC and QA guidelines, in addition to discussing how to establish a quality assurance program. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 82:8.2.1‐8.2.10. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantitative study on experimentally observed poroelastic behavior of Berea sandstone in two‐phase fluid system
Authors: Goto Hiroki , Aichi Masaatsu , Tokunaga Tomochika , Yamamoto Hajime , Ogawa Toyokazu , Aoki Tomoyuki 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCoupled two‐phase fluid flow and poroelastic deformation of Berea sandstone is studied through laboratory experiment and numerical simulation. In the experiment, compressed air was infiltrated from the bottom of a water‐saturated cylindrical Berea sandstone sample under hydrostatic external stress condition. Both axial and circumferential strains at half the height of the sample showed sudden extension and monotonic and gradual extension afterward. Numerical simulation based on thermodynamically consistent constitutive equations was conducted in order to quantitatively analyze the experimental results. In a simulation assuming isotropy of material properties, the volumetric discharge rate of water at the outlet and one of the axial, circumferential, and volumetric strains at half the height of the sample were reproduced well by each parameter set, while the other two strains were not. When introducing transverse isotropy, all the experimental data were reproduced well. In addition, the effect of saturation dependency of Bishop's effective stress coefficient on the deformation behavior of porous media was discussed, and it was found that strains, both axial and circumferential, are sensitive to the coefficient.
Forward propagation of the Zagros Simply Folded Belt constrained from magnetostratigraphy of growth strata
Authors: Ruh Jonas B. , Hirt Ann M. , Burg Jean‐Pierre , Mohammadi Ali 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe temporal evolution of the Zagros Simply Folded Belt is constrained by a magnetostratigraphic sequence containing a progressive unconformity on the southern limb of the Kuh‐e Ghol Ghol anticline, in the Central Fars. The investigated ~1400 m thick sequence exposes a regressive megacycle containing, from bottom to top, open and shallow marine marls and sandy limestones, fine‐ to coarse‐grained fluvial deposits and alluvial conglomerates. Correlating the magnetostratigraphic section with the geomagnetic polarity time scale constrains the transition from marine to fluvial sediment deposition at ~6 Ma. This transition was accompanied by a change in the accumulation rate from ~15 cm/ka to ~40 cm/ka, as measured on lithified sediments. Alluvial river deposits first occurred at ~3.2 Ma. The Kuh‐e Ghol Ghol anticline began to grow at ~3.8 Ma, witnessing fastest limb rotation rates of 40°/Ma at ~3.3 Ma. Reporting magnetostratigraphic sections and ages of growth strata on a map of NE Fars reveal an ~1 cm/a, southwestward migration rate of the deformation front during the middle and late Miocene.
Nonequilibrium water dynamics in the rhizosphere: How mucilage affects water flow in soils
Authors: Kroener Eva , Zarebanadkouki Mohsen , Kaestner Anders , Carminati Andrea 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe flow of water from soil to plant roots is controlled by the properties of the narrow region of soil close to the roots, the rhizosphere. In particular, the hydraulic properties of the rhizosphere are altered by mucilage, a polymeric gel exuded by the roots. In this paper we present experimental results and a conceptual model of water flow in unsaturated soils mixed with mucilage. A central hypothesis of the model is that the different drying/wetting rate of mucilage compared to the bulk soil results in nonequilibrium relations between water content and water potential in the rhizosphere. We coupled this nonequilibrium relation with the Richards equation and obtained a constitutive equation for water flow in soil and mucilage. To test the model assumptions, we measured the water retention curve and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of sandy soil mixed with mucilage from chia seeds. Additionally, we used neutron radiography to image water content in a layer of soil mixed with mucilage during drying and wetting cycles. The radiographs demonstrated the occurrence of nonequilibrium water dynamics in the soil‐mucilage mixture. The experiments were simulated by numerically solving the nonequilibrium model. Our study provides conceptual and experimental evidences that mucilage has a strong impact on soil water dynamics. During drying, mucilage maintains a greater soil water content for an extended time, while during irrigation it delays the soil rewetting. We postulate that mucilage exudation by roots attenuates plant water stress by modulating water content dynamics in the rhizosphere.
Formation and geomorphologic history of the Lonar impact crater deduced from in situ cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al
Authors: Nakamura Atsunori , Yokoyama Yusuke , Sekine Yasuhito , Goto Kazuhisa , Komatsu Goro , Kumar P. Senthil , Matsuzaki Hiroyuki , Kaneoka Ichiro , Matsui Takafumi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Lonar impact crater is one of a few craters on Earth formed directly in basalt, providing a unique opportunity to study an analog for crater degradation processes on Mars. Here we present surface 10Be and 26Al exposure dates in order to determine the age and geomorphic evolution of Lonar crater. Together with a 14C age of preimpact soil, we obtain a crater age of 37.5 ± 5.0 ka, which contrasts with a recently reported and apparently older 40Ar/39Ar age (570 ± 47 ka). This suggests that the 40Ar/39Ar age may have been affected by inherited radiogenic 40Ar (40Ar*inherited) in the impact glass. The spatial distribution of surface exposure ages of Lonar crater differs from that for Barringer crater, indicating Lonar crater rim is actively eroding. Our new chronology provides a unique opportunity to compare the geomorphological history of the two craters, which have similar ages and diameters, but are located in different climate and geologic settings.
Seismicity, faulting, and structure of the Koyna‐Warna seismic region, Western India from local earthquake tomography and hypocenter locations
Authors: Dixit Madan M. , Kumar Sanjay , Catchings R. D. , Suman K. , Sarkar Dipankar , Sen M. K. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAlthough seismicity near Koyna Reservoir (India) has persisted for ~50 years and includes the largest induced earthquake (M 6.3) reported worldwide, the seismotectonic framework of the area is not well understood. We recorded ~1800 earthquakes from 6 January 2010 to 28 May 2010 and located a subset of 343 of the highest‐quality earthquakes using the tomoDD code of Zhang and Thurber (2003) to better understand the framework. We also inverted first arrivals for 3‐D Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs and Poisson's ratio tomography models of the upper 12 km of the crust. Epicenters for the recorded earthquakes are located south of the Koyna River, including a high‐density cluster that coincides with a shallow depth (<1.5 km) zone of relatively high Vp and low Vs (also high Vp/Vs and Poisson's ratios) near Warna Reservoir. This anomalous zone, which extends near vertically to at least 8 km depth and laterally northward at least 15 km, is likely a water‐saturated zone of faults under high pore pressures. Because many of the earthquakes occur on the periphery of the fault zone, rather than near its center, the observed seismicity‐velocity correlations are consistent with the concept that many of the earthquakes nucleate in fractures adjacent to the main fault zone due to high pore pressure. We interpret our velocity images as showing a series of northwest trending faults locally near the central part of Warna Reservoir and a major northward trending fault zone north of Warna Reservoir.
m
RNA
Stability
Authors: Kaberdin Vladimir , Bläsi Udo 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

The steady‐state level of a
messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
is determined by both its rate of synthesis and degradation. The degradation of mRNA is an important tool employed by cells to control gene expression and to adjust the level of protein synthesis in response to physiological needs or environmental signals. The degradation of mRNA in all organisms is mastered by a rather restricted number of enzymes with major (endo‐ and exoribonucleases) and ancillary (e.g. RNA helicases) functions. Some of these enzymes are phylogenetically conserved across the three domains of life – bacteria, archaea and eukarya. Moreover, the main components of the RNA decay machinery can associate with each other to form multienzyme complexes, which enable to coordinate and control mRNA decay
in vivo
. This review provides a brief overview on the major factors and mechanisms involved in bacterial and eukaryal mRNA degradation.

Key Concepts:

The stability of individual mRNAs varies and is dependent on intrinsic properties (i.e. specific structure and sequence) of transcripts.

The enzymes and factors involved in mRNA decay in prokaryotes and eukaryotes can associate with each other to form multienzyme complexes such as degradosomes or exosomes

Mechanisms of mRNA decay in pro‐ and eukaryotes share many common steps.

Pro‐ and eukaryotic cells use specific mechanisms to eliminate defective mRNAs.

Numerous noncoding RNAs control mRNA decay in pro‐ and eukaryotes.
Protein‐Derived Cofactors
Authors: Davidson Victor L 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Protein‐derived cofactors are catalytic or redox‐active centres in proteins that are formed by covalent irreversible posttranslational modification of one or more amino acid residues. The mechanisms by which these posttranslational modifications are catalysed are quite diverse. In some cases, these modifications occur autocatalytically, and in other cases, they are enzyme catalysed. The formation of protein‐derived cofactors expands the range of chemical reactions that may be catalysed by enzymes in the absence of exogenous metal or organic cofactors. Protein‐derived cofactors typically function as electrophiles in catalysis and sometimes stabilise free‐radical intermediates or mediate biological electron transfer. This article describes the structures and functions of several protein‐derived cofactors and the diverse mechanisms of posttranslational modification through which they are generated.

Key Concepts:

Protein‐derived cofactors are formed by irreversible posttranslational modification of amino acid residues.

Protein‐derived cofactors typically serve as electrophiles or stabilise free radicals during enzyme catalysis.

Amino acid residues may acquire new catalytic or redox functions from posttranslational modification.

Modification of amino acids that provide ligands for metals can alter the properties of metalloenzymes.

Protein‐derived cofactors may be formed by a variety of autocatalytic and enzyme‐catalysed processes.
Enzymatic Rate Enhancements
Authors: Quinn Daniel M , Sikorski R Steven 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEnzymatic rate enhancements arise from the unmatched ability of enzymes to stabilise the transition states of the reactions that they catalyse. Comparison of rate constants of an enzyme‐catalysed reactions, that is,kcatandkcat/Km, to that of the corresponding reaction in the absence of the enzyme, that is,kN, provides quantitative measures of enzyme catalytic power. Moreover, the ratio ofkNtokcat/Kmprovides a quantitative measure of transition state stabilisation effected by enzymes, which in turn motivates the development of ultrapotent transition state analogue enzyme inhibitors. The purpose of this article is to discuss the magnitude and mechanistic origins of enzymatic rate enhancements. Selected enzymes are described that manifest a wide range of rate enhancements and corresponding catalytic strategies. Factors that affect the evolution of enzyme catalytic power are presented.Key Concepts:A catalyst is a species that accelerates a chemical reaction without affecting the equilibrium constant of the reaction.Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions that are necessary for life.The quantitative degree to which an enzyme accelerates a chemical reaction is a measure of the catalytic power of the enzyme.Enzymes derive their catalytic power from their marked abilities to stabilise the transition state(s) of the reactions that they catalyse.Enzymic catalytic power is quantitated as the ratio of rate constants of enzyme‐catalysed reactions to the rate constants for the corresponding reactions in the absence of enzyme.Enzymes whose catalytic power is highly evolved operate at the speed limit of biological catalysis; that is, they are diffusion controlled.
Caps on Eukaryotic mRNAs
Authors: Furuichi Yasuhiro 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA 5′‐terminal cap is added to most eukaryotic cellular and viralmessenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs)at an early stage of transcription. Capping is essential and modulates several subsequent events in gene expression including pre‐mRNA splicing, 3′‐poly(A) addition, overall stability, nuclear exit to cytoplasm, protein synthesis, and mRNA turnover initiated by decapping. These and other effects involve cap‐binding proteins that recognise the m7GpppN cap structure. Capping proceeds by a similar series of enzymatic steps in a wide range of systems, but differences exist between metazoans and unicellular eukaryotes and viruses, pointing to capping enzymes as potential targets for the development of selective drugs against some fungal, viral and parasitic infections. Moreover, the unique structural features of caps enable us to define the initiation sites and promoter regions of gene transcription, and provide a basis for advanced sequencer‐mediated high‐throughput genome‐wide profiling of gene expression in a wide range of cell types.Key Concepts:mRNA caps are now known to be essential components of gene expression in eukaryotic organisms.The history of the discovery of the presence of 5′ caps on messenger RNA and its subsequent scientific flowering is a good example of how a seemingly small biochemical observation can lead to the deeper understanding of a wide range of fundamental molecular biological phenomena.Evolution has resulted in wide variations in capping structure and function among organisms ranging from viruses to humans; the selective forces underlying such variation requires more research.Research that has documented viral‐specific capping reactions in viruses should prove to be a fertile source of research leading to new and novel anti‐viral agents.The ‘cap‐snatching’ strategies of influenza viruses is a remarkable example of an apparent adaptation to enhance infectivity and is a particularly compelling target for therapeutic intervention.The NMD mRNA surveillance pathway, which includes a pioneer round of translation with cap‐binding proteins, results in a striking decrease of defective mRNA in cells of patients with genetic diseases containing premature termination codons.Methylation of genomic DNA and mRNA is now widely accepted as a major pathway of the regulation of both transcription and translation in eukaryotes.Protein synthesis is a major field of gene expression where many players work for mRNA capping, decapping, decoding, quality control of gene transcripts and peptide elongation.Micro RNAs are now widely accepted as major players in the translational control of protein synthesis.The analysis of cap‐trapped sequences by high‐throughput sequencers enables one to carry out a genome‐wide identification of promoters together with quantification of their expression, thus elucidating a promoter‐based network of transcriptional regulation.