bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
R Squared, Adjusted R Squared
Authors: Miles Jeremy 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

R
‐squared and adjusted
R
‐squared are statistics derived from analyses based on the general linear model (e.g., regression, ANOVA). It represents the proportion of variance in the outcome variable which is explained by the predictor variables in the sample (
R
‐squared) and an estimate in the population (adjusted
R
‐squared).
True Positives, True Negatives, False Positives, False Negatives
Authors: Schwenke Carsten , Schering AG 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In the clinical development of diagnostic procedures, studies are performed to measure the efficacy of the new method in the target population. Those new methods could be new laboratory tests, which measure some tumor marker to evaluate the disease status of a patient. Other examples are imaging methods like ultrasound, where several raters are asked to assess the images.
Intrarater Reliability
Authors: Gwet Kilem L. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Intrarater reliability refers to the ability of a rater or a measurement system to reproduce quantitative or qualitative outcomes under the same experimental conditions. In this article, we review two statistical measures often used in the literature for quantifying intrarater reliability. The first measure is the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), which is the preferred measure for continuous data. The second measure is the kappa coefficient and its many kappa‐like variants recommended for nominal data. Also included in this article are guidelines for optimizing the number of subjects and number of replicates per subject when designing an intrarater reliability study for quantitative measurements. We also explore important extensions of the kappa coefficient to ordinal and interval data, which may also be used to analyze multivariate ratings obtained by rating subjects on multiple characteristics. For the intraclass correlation coefficient and kappa‐like statistics, we discuss a framework for statistical inference within which to evaluate the precision of estimations.
Markov ChainMonteCarlo (MCMC)
Authors: Barnes Katherine 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRealistic statistical models often give rise to probability distributions that are computationally difficult to use for inference. Fortunately, we now have a collection of algorithms, known as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), that has brought many of these models within our computational reach. MCMC is a simulation technique that allows one to make (approximate) draws from complex, high dimensional probability distributions. Over the last 20 years a staggering amount of research has been done on both the theoretical and applied aspects of MCMC. This article does not intend to be a complete overview of MCMC but only hopes to get the reader started in the right direction. To this end, this article begins with a general description of the types of problems that necessitate the use of MCMC. It then introduces the fundamental algorithms and addresses some general implementation issues. Discussion of the Markov chain theory underpinning MCMC algorithms has intentionally been avoided.
Retracted: Knockdown of tumor protein D52‐like 2 induces cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: He Yongchun , Chen Fengshan , Cai Ying , Chen Sihui 
Published: September 2014

The above article, published online on 13 October 2014 in Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbin.10388/abstract), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor, Sergio Schenkman, and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed because the authors discovered after publication that one of the cell lines described in the article had been unintentionally misidentified. The experiments described in the article as being conducted on Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma cell line KB were in fact conducted on a Human Oral Epidermal‐like Cancer cell line.The authors and publisher apologise for any inconvenience.ReferencesHe Y, Chen F, Cai Y and Chen S (2015) Knockdown of tumor protein D52‐like 2 induces cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Biology International 39: 264‐271. doi: 10.1002/cbin.10388
Bmi‐1 regulates the migration and invasion of glioma cells through p16
Authors: Liang Jun , Wang Peng , Xie Shao , Wang Weifeng , Zhou Xiuping , Hu Jinxia , Shi Qiong , Zhang Xianli , Yu Rutong 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBmi‐1 is involved in the development of several human cancers; however, its significance in glioma progression remains largely unknown. We report that downregulation of Bmi‐1 clearly reduces glioma cell migration and invasion. Downregulation of Bmi‐1 promotes the expression of the tumor suppressor p16, which is important in glioma cell motility. Reduction in glioma cell invasion due to downregulation of Bmi‐1 could be rescued by p16 downregulation. These results show that Bmi‐1 contributes to the motility of glioma cells by regulating the expression of p16.
Distribution of the vasotocin type 4 receptor throughout the brain of the chicken, Gallus gallus
Authors: Selvam Rajamani , Jurkevich Alexander , Kuenzel Wayne J. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe vasopressin 1a receptor (V1aR) has been shown to have a wide distribution throughout the mammalian brain and pituitary gland and mediates a number of physiological functions as well as social behavior following the binding of its agonist, vasopressin. The avian receptor homologous to the V1aR is the vasotocin 4 receptor (VT4R). Its mRNA distribution has been documented in brain regions of two species of songbird; however, its complete protein distribution in the brain has not been published to date for any avian species. The present work utilizes an antibody made to a sequence of the chicken VT4R to map its distribution from the olfactory bulbs to the caudal end of the brainstem in Gallus gallus. Unexpectedly, immunoreactivity (ir) for the VT4R was found not only in neurons but also in glia located in 10 circumventricular organs (CVOs), olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, and septum. Use of a second antibody made against vimentin provided evidence that some dual‐labeled glial cells were tanycytes and radial glia. Additionally, the VT4R was identified in nuclei related to motor function, including the oculomotor complex and motor nucleus of the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, tenth, and twelfth cranial nerves. Possible functions for the VT4R are suggested that should have relevance not only to avian species but to other vertebrates because most classes, except for mammals, use vasotocin as the natural ligand for that receptor. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:335–358, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An important role of endothelial hairy‐related transcription factors in mouse vascular development
Authors: Morioka Takashi , Sakabe Masahide , Ioka Tomoko , Iguchi Tomoko , Mizuta Ken , Hattammaru Miwa , Sakai Chihiro , Itoh Munehiro , Sato Genki E. , Hashimoto Aya , Fujita Masahide , Okumura Kazuki , Araki Mutsumi , Xin Mei , Pedersen Roger A. , Utset Manuel F. , Kimura Hiroshi , Nakagawa Osamu 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe Hairy‐related transcription factor family of Notch‐ and ALK1‐downstream transcriptional repressors, called Hrt/Hey/Hesr/Chf/Herp/Gridlock, has complementary and indispensable functions for vascular development. While mouse embryos null for either Hrt1/Hey1 or Hrt2/Hey2 did not show early vascular phenotypes, Hrt1/Hey1; Hrt2/Hey2 double null mice (H1ko/H2ko) showed embryonic lethality with severe impairment of vascular morphogenesis. It remained unclear, however, whether Hrt/Hey functions are required in endothelial cells or vascular smooth muscle cells. In this study, we demonstrate that mice with endothelial‐specific deletion of Hrt2/Hey2 combined with global Hrt1/Hey1 deletion (H1ko/H2eko) show abnormal vascular morphogenesis and embryonic lethality. Their defects were characterized by the failure of vascular network formation in the yolk sac, abnormalities of embryonic vascular structures and impaired smooth muscle cell recruitment, and were virtually identical to the H1ko/H2ko phenotypes. Among signaling molecules implicated in vascular development, Robo4 expression was significantly increased and activation of Src family kinases was suppressed in endothelial cells of H1ko/H2eko embryos. The present study indicates an important role of Hrt1/Hey1 and Hrt2/Hey2 in endothelial cells during early vascular development, and further suggests involvement of Robo4 and Src family kinases in the mechanisms of embryonic vascular defects caused by the Hrt/Hey deficiency. genesis 52:897–906, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo visualization of the development of the enteric nervous system using a Tg(−8.3bphox2b:Kaede) transgenic zebrafish
Authors: Harrison Colin , Wabbersen Tara , Shepherd Iain T. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe phox2b gene encodes a transcription factor that is expressed in the developing enteric nervous system (ENS). An enhancer element has been identified in the zebrafish phox2b locus that can drive tissue specific expression of reporter genes in enteric neuron precursor cells. We have generated a transgenic zebrafish line in which the Kaede fluorescent protein is under the control of this phox2b enhancer. This line has stable expression of the Kaede protein in enteric neuron precursor cells over three generations. To demonstrate the utility of this line we compared the migration and division rates of enteric neuron precursor cells in wild type and the zebrafish ENS mutant lessen. genesis 52:985–990, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allometric scaling relationship between above‐ and below‐ground biomass within and across five woody seedlings
Authors: Cheng Dongliang , Ma Yuzhu , Zhong Quanling , Xu Weifeng 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAllometric biomass allocation theory predicts that leaf biomass (ML) scaled isometrically with stem (MS) and root (MR) biomass, and thus above‐ground biomass (leaf and stem) (MA) and root (MR) scaled nearly isometrically with below‐ground biomass (root) for tree seedlings across a wide diversity of taxa. Furthermore, prior studies also imply that scaling constant should vary with species. However, litter is known about whether such invariant isometric scaling exponents hold for intraspecific biomass allocation, and how variation in scaling constants influences the interspecific scaling relationship between above‐ and below‐ground biomass. Biomass data of seedlings from five evergreen species were examined to test scaling relationships among biomass components across and within species. Model Type II regression was used to compare the numerical values of scaling exponents and constants among leaf, stem, root, and above‐ to below‐ground biomass. The results indicated that ML and MS scaled in an isometric or a nearly isometric manner with MR, as well as MA to MR for five woody species. Significant variation was observed in the Y‐intercepts of the biomass scaling curves, resulting in the divergence for intraspecific scaling and interspecific scaling relationships for ML versus MS and ML versus MR, but not for MS versus MR and MA versus MR. We conclude, therefore, that a nearly isometric scaling relationship of MA versus MR holds true within each of the studied woody species and across them irrespective the negative scaling relationship between leaf and stem.
Preference for consistency and value dissimilarities in dehumanization and prejudice toward asylum seekers in Australia
Authors: Greenhalgh Elizabeth M. , Watt Susan E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRecent research has highlighted the importance of differential attribution of uniquely human characteristics in dehumanization and prejudice. Relatively little is known, however, about the importance of perceiving dissimilarities between the ingroup and outgroup in different types of values (beyond prosocial values), or the role of preference for consistency (PFC). This study investigated values, perceived dissimilarities in values, and PFC, in dehumanization of and prejudice toward asylum seekers in Australia. Results from a survey of 140 Australians revealed a strong relationship between dehumanization and prejudice. Individuals with stronger conservation and self‐enhancement values, and greater perceived dissimilarity to asylum seekers on self‐transcendence and self‐enhancement values, dehumanized asylum seekers more and were more prejudiced toward them. The relationships between perceived self‐transcendence and self‐enhancement dissimilarities and prejudice were mediated by dehumanization, whereas PFC moderated the relationship between conservation value differences and dehumanization. These findings offer important insight into the conditions that promote dehumanization and prejudice, which may in turn help explain the negative perceptions of asylum seekers in Australia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anger as driving factor of moral courage in comparison with guilt and global mood: A multimethod approach
Authors: Halmburger Anna , Baumert Anna , Schmitt Manfred 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlthough moral courage is a highly desirable behavior whose determinants need to be understood, research has largely neglected the emotions involved in moral courage. Does anger about the norm violation or (anticipated) guilt enhance such interventions even if general mood does not? As previous studies have often failed to overcome the limitations of self‐reported emotions and the use of behavior intention measures, we used a multimethod emotion measurement while observing real behavior. By realizing a real theft scenario in the laboratory (N = 68), we found that anger but neither guilt nor general mood predicted intervention behavior. Our findings complement and expand previous studies by showing that people who experience and express anger more strongly are able to overcome the psychological barrier of potential negative (social) consequences in a situation in which a fast and immediate intervention is needed, whereas others stand and watch. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alteration in Pimephales promelas mucus production after exposure to nanosilver or silver nitrate
Authors: Hawkins Adam D. , Thornton Cammi , Steevens Jeffery A. , Willett Kristine L. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

The fish gill's ability to produce mucus effectively is a critical part of the stress response and protection against xenobiotic toxicity. Adult fathead minnows were exposed to silver nitrate (0.82 µg/L or 13.2 µg/L), polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles (11.1 µg/L or 208 µg/L), and citrate-coated silver nanoparticles (10.1 µg/L or 175 µg/L) for 96 h. Mucus concentrations based on glucose as a surrogate were determined at 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h and 24 h after re-dosing each day. Higher mucus production rates following silver treatment were observed at the beginning as compared to controls and compared to after 3 d of exposure. Control fish produced consistent mucus concentrations throughout the exposure (0.62 mg/L and 0.40 mg/L at 24 h and 96 h, respectively). Following 24 h of exposure, all silver treatment groups produced significantly more mucus than controls. Following 96 h of exposure, mucus concentrations in treatment groups were significantly reduced compared with each respective treatment at 24 h. Reduced mucus production following long-term silver exposure could prevent the gills from removing silver, and thus increase toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2869–2872. © 2014 SETAC
Cbfb Regulates Bone Development by Stabilizing Runx Family Proteins
Authors: Qin Xin , Jiang Qing , Matsuo Yuki , Kawane Tetsuya , Komori Hisato , Moriishi Takeshi , Taniuchi Ichiro , Ito Kosei , Kawai Yosuke , Rokutanda Satoshi , Izumi Shinichi , Komori Toshihisa 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT

Runx family proteins, Runx1, Runx2, and Runx3, play important roles in skeletal development. Runx2 is required for osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation, and haplodeficiency of RUNX2 causes cleidocranial dysplasia, which is characterized by open fontanelles and sutures and hypoplastic clavicles. Cbfb forms a heterodimer with Runx family proteins and enhances their DNA-binding capacity. Cbfb-deficient (Cbfb−/−) mice die at midgestation because of the lack of fetal liver hematopoiesis. We previously reported that the partial rescue of hematopoiesis in Cbfb−/− mice revealed the requirement of Cbfb in skeletal development. However, the precise functions of Cbfb in skeletal development still remain to be clarified. We deleted Cbfb in mesenchymal cells giving rise to both chondrocyte and osteoblast lineages by mating Cbfbfl/fl mice with Dermo1 Cre knock-in mice. Cbfbfl/fl/Cre mice showed dwarfism, both intramembranous and endochondral ossifications were retarded, and chondrocyte maturation and proliferation and osteoblast differentiation were inhibited. The differentiation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts were severely inhibited in vitro, and the reporter activities of Ihh, Col10a1, and Bglap2 promoter constructs were reduced in Cbfbfl/fl/Cre chondrocytes or osteoblasts. The proteins of Runx1, Runx2, and Runx3 were reduced in the cartilaginous limb skeletons and calvariae of Cbfbfl/fl/Cre embryos compared with the respective protein in the respective tissue of Cbfbfl/fl embryos at E15.5, although the reduction of Runx2 protein in calvariae was much milder than that in cartilaginous limb skeletons. All of the Runx family proteins were severely reduced in Cbfbfl/fl/Cre primary osteoblasts, and Runx2 protein was less stable in Cbfbfl/fl/Cre osteoblasts than Cbfbfl/fl osteoblasts. These findings indicate that Cbfb is required for skeletal development by regulating chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation and osteoblast differentiation; that Cbfb plays an important role in the stabilization of Runx family proteins; and that Runx2 protein stability is less dependent on Cbfb in calvariae than in cartilaginous limb skeletons. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Biodegradation of the endocrine disrupting chemical o‐phenylenediamine using intracellular enzymes from Citrobacter freundii and its kinetic studies
Authors: Paranji Saranya , Rajasekaran Muneeswari , Ganesan Sekaran 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDEndocrine disrupting chemicals are widely distributed in environment. o‐Phenylenediamine (OPD), an endocrine disruptor, is widely used in the leather, dyeing and polymer industries. There have been studies on the photocatalytic and biological degradation of OPD but there is no single report on the enzymatic degradation of OPD.RESULTSIn the present investigation, purified mixed intracellular enzymes (MIE) were used for the degradation of aqueous OPD from Citrobacter freundii, a marine bacterium. The degradation rate of OPD (concentration, 333 ppm) by MIE was achieved with maximum removal of 93%. The degrading efficiency using MIE was enhanced by Zn2+ to about 95.87%. The degradation of OPD using MIE of C. freundii followed pseudo‐second‐order rate kinetics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, high‐performance liquid chromatography and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterise the degradation of OPD by enzymatic treatment. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry were used for confirmation of the end product of OPD in enzymatic treatment.CONCLUSIONThe endocrine disruptor OPD was degraded into pyruvic acid, a non‐toxic end product, using MIE. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Biodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene by resting cells of Pseudomonas putidaCECT5279: influence of the oxygen transfer rate in the scale‐up from shaken flask to stirred tank reactor
Authors: Martinez Igor , Santos Victoria E , Gomez Emilio , Garcia‐Ochoa Felix 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn this work, the scale‐up of the biodesulfurization process at rest from shaken flask to stirred tank bioreactor cells has been studied taking into account the influence of the hydrodynamic conditions of the oxygen transfer rate.RESULTSDifferent hydrodynamic conditions to carry out the biodesulfurization in a stirred tank bioreactor have been studied and compared with the results obtained in a shaken flask. The best results were obtained at a stirrer speed of 400 rpm and an air flow rate of 2 vvm. The oxygen transfer rate has been found to be the rate‐limiting step, and there is a critical value, determined by a value for the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) of around 1.4 × 10−2 s−1, which cannot be exceeded without affecting the biodesulfurization process.CONCLUSIONThe 4S biodesulfurization pathway is highly sensitive to oxygen availability, even under oxygen limiting conditions. Results obtained in a shaken flask have been reproduced satisfactorily in a stirred tank bioreactor by combining different hydrodynamic conditions and the constant‐kLa scale‐up criterion has been used to validate this approach. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Mental Health Impacts of Forced Land Evictions on Women in Cambodia
Authors: Richardson Jayson W. , Nash John B. , Tan Karen , MacDonald Morgan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis research examines the mental health impacts of land evictions on 40 women in Cambodia based on interviews conducted in four Cambodian provinces. The results suggest that women subjected to forced land evictions display multiple symptoms of anxiety, post‐traumatic stress disorder and depression. Women who are forcibly evicted from their homes by the Cambodian government experience sadness, compulsive worry, difficulty in sleeping, difficulty in concentrating, emotional outbursts and a preoccupation with the safety of the family. Suggestions for assistance to this population are explored. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precipitation–temperature changes and evolution of a small glacier in the southeastern European Alps during the last 90 years
Authors: Colucci Renato R. , Guglielmin Mauro 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTVery small glaciers (area <0.1 km2) have received increased scientific attention during recent years, both for their rapid responses to the climate forcing and because they are characterized by microclimatic conditions, often marginal to glacier formation. They are particularly sensitive to climate changes and characterized by a great mass turnover, particularly evident in maritime areas with high precipitation. Here we consider the evolution from 1920 of the ‘Canin Eastern Glacier’ (Italian Southeastern Alps) in order to correlate its evolution to the precipitation–temperature trends. We reconstructed a precipitation–temperature record at the altitude of the glacier, filling a lack of knowledge in this alpine sector. We observed a decrease in the mean annual precipitation of 10% in 90 years and a warming trend of 0.1°C decade−1 since 1851, and of 0.7°C decade−1 in the last 20 years. An inverse correlation between precipitation and mean air temperature during summer and ablation periods was also observed. Glacier dynamics revealed a phase of stability between 1945 and 1985 that seems to be a peculiar characteristic of this area. Moreover, through a general regression model the glacial terminus variations seem to be statistically influenced only by winter precipitation. This fact opens interesting perspectives for the possible future evolution of this small glacier and, more in general, to other small glaciers in maritime areas in regard to climate change scenarios.