bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The carbohydrate switch between pathogenic and immunosuppressive antigen‐specific antibodies
Authors: Collin Mattias , Ehlers Marc 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIgG antibodies have one conserved N‐glycosylation site at Asn 297 in each of their constant heavy chain regions. These Fc glycans influence the overall structure and pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory effector functions of IgG antibodies. The biantennary core glycan structure, consisting of four N‐acetyl‐glucosamine (GlcNAc) and three mannose residues, can be further decorated with fucose, a bisecting GlcNAc and terminal galactose or galactose plus sialic acid. Non‐galactosylated (agalactosylated; G0) IgG antibodies have long been associated with pro‐inflammatory effector functions in autoimmune patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In contrast, it has been shown that sialylated IgGs are responsible for anti‐inflammatory effects of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG; purified IgG from pooled human plasma), which is administered at high doses (2 g/kg) for the systemic treatment of autoimmune patients. It has become increasingly evident that pro‐inflammatory immune responses, such as autoimmune reactions, primarily induce antigen‐specific G0 IgGs, whereas tolerance induces immunosuppressive galactosylated and sialylated IgGs. Under physiological conditions, differentially glycosylated IgGs mediate their pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory effector functions obviously as immune complexes (IC) in an antigen‐specific manner. Therefore, antigen‐specific galactosylated and sialylated IgGs may be a promising therapeutic tool for re‐establishing tolerance against defined (self‐) antigens in autoimmune or allergic patients. Here, we summarize these findings and outline our viewpoint on the development and function of differentially glycosylated antigen‐specific IgG antibodies.
Mass‐flowering crops increase richness of cavity‐nesting bees and wasps in modern agro‐ecosystems
Authors: Diekötter Tim , Peter Franziska , Jauker Birgit , Wolters Volkmar , Jauker Frank 
Published: May 2013

AbstractConsiderable uncertainties exist on how increased biofuel cropping affects biodiversity. Regarding oilseed rape, the most common biofuel crop in the EU, positive responses of flower‐visiting insects to plentiful nectar and pollen seem apparent. However, previous investigations on this insect guild revealed conflicting results, potentially because they focused on different taxonomic groups representing a narrow range of ecological traits and considered only short time periods. Here, using trap nests in landscapes with independent gradients in area of oilseed rape and seminatural habitats, we assessed the whole community of cavity‐nesting bees and wasps, including early‐ and late‐emerging species. Our study's temporal resolution allowed determination of flowering and postflowering effects of oilseed rape on these species' richness, abundance, and mortality. Species richness of cavity‐nesting bees and wasps significantly increased with oilseed rape, although nesting activity was considerably higher after mass flowering. In addition to increasing richness independently of oilseed rape, the amount of seminatural habitat in the landscape was the sole positive driver of insect abundance once the community's dominant species was accounted for as a covariate. Thus, growth of the co‐occurring species' community is not stimulated by the resource pulse provided by oilseed rape early in the year, but by persistent resources provided by seminatural habitats after mass flowering. Early individuals of bivoltine species' first generations accumulated in seminatural habitats when these habitats were scarce, but became increasingly diluted when habitat availability increased. Once established, later foraging females generally benefited from the resource availability of seminatural habitats when initializing the second generation. We conclude that mass‐flowering crops, despite covering only a short interval of the community's main activity phase, benefit bee and wasp species richness. However, seminatural habitats are crucial in maintaining viable communities of flower‐visiting insects at the landscape scale, mitigating potential negative effects of high land‐use intensities in modern agro‐ecosystems.
Rapid musculoskeletal ultrasound for painful episodes in adult haemophilia patients
Authors: Ceponis A. , Wong‐Sefidan I. , Glass C. S. , von Drygalski A. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryLittle objective information exists about musculoskeletal bleeding patterns in haemophilic arthropathy. Bleeding is assumed to be the cause of painful joints or muscles. Clotting factor treatment is provided empirically, but often does not alleviate pain. We hypothesized that perception of pain aetiology is unreliable, and introduced point‐of‐care high‐resolution musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSKUS) to differentiate intra‐articular bleeds vs. joint inflammation, and intra‐muscle bleeds vs. other regional pain syndromes. To assess painful musculoskeletal episodes in adult haemophiliacs, we used rapid MSKUS, employing grey scale and power Doppler examination. Forty episodes in 30 adult haemophiliacs were evaluated. Thirty three of the 40 episodes were patient‐reported as ‘bleeding’, five as ‘arthritis‐type’ pain and two as ‘undecided’. Of the 33 bleeding reports, only 12 were confirmed by MSKUS; the other episodes revealed other pathology. In contrast, three of five perceived arthritis flares were reclassified as bleeds. Similarly, physician assessment was incorrect in 18 of 40 instances. Swelling and warmth were present in approximately half of confirmed bleeding and non‐bleeding episodes, and therefore not useful clinically. Few of the painful episodes were symptom controlled at the time of MSKUS. Management changed based on objective imaging findings in >70% of episodes, which resulted in symptom improvement >60% of the time. Significant discrepancies exist between MSKUS findings and patient/physician‐perceived pain classification as bleeding or other musculoskeletal symptoms. Current practice of prescribing clotting factor or conservative measures based on pain perception seems inadequate and suggests that point‐of‐care imaging should be included into modern haemophilia care.
N‐Acetylglucosamine modulates function of the skin fibroblasts
Authors: Połubinska A. , Cwalinski J. , Baum E. , Bręborowicz A. 
Published: May 2013

SynopsisBackgroundFibroblasts are an important component of the skin determining its properties. N‐Acetylglucosamine (NAG) is the substrate for hyaluronan synthesis, and it also has anti‐inflammatory and anti‐senescent activity in mesothelial cells.MethodsWe tested in in vitro‐cultured human skin fibroblasts how supplementation of culture medium with NAG 10 mmol L−1 changes properties of these cells.ResultsFibroblasts cultured in presence of NAG produced more proteins and that was mainly due to increased synthesis of collagen (+33% vs. control, P < 0.05). Hyaluronan synthesis was increased (+107% vs. control, P < 0.001), but interleukin‐6 synthesis was reduced (−22% vs. control, P < 0.05). Fibroblasts cultured in medium with NAG 10 mmol L−1 demonstrated improved ability to heal the injured layer of cells (+34% vs. control, P < 0.05). Additionally senescence of fibroblasts undergoing replicative ageing in the presence of NAG was less pronounced, as reflected by smaller increase in the population doubling time (−70% vs. control, P < 0.05).ConclusionWe conclude that NAG induced changes in the skin fibroblasts' properties maybe important for prevention of the age‐dependent changes in its structure and function.
Cyanogenic potential of fresh and frozen cassava on retail sale in three Irish cities: a snapshot survey
Authors: O'Brien Gerard M. , Weir Ruth R. , Moody Kirsty , Liu Phoebe W. S. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryImported cassava roots can be found on retail sale in several Irish cities and towns. Fresh roots (n = 36 roots) and peeled frozen root pieces (n = 28 packs) were randomly purchased from five retailers in Belfast, Dublin and Limerick and assayed for cyanogenic potential (CNp). Total CNp of fresh root parenchyma varied from 37.5 to 242.9 mg kg−1 as HCN, dry weight basis – dwb), averaging 104.4 mg kg−1 HCN (dwb). Total CNp of frozen root parenchyma (n = 28 packs) ranged from 28.5 to 258.6 mg kg−1 HCN (dwb), averaging 81.7 mg kg−1 HCN (dwb). Around 78% of fresh roots, and 93% of packs of frozen parenchyma, complied with the Codex Alimentarius definition of ‘sweet’ cassava, but most (86.1% and 64.3%, respectively) exceeded European Union NETTOX recommendations for total CNp. In around one‐third of frozen parenchyma packs, nonglycosidic cyanogens accounted for 83–100% of total CNp. The toxicological implications are briefly discussed.
Optimisation of sunflower oil deodorising: balance between oil stability and other quality attributes
Authors: Suliman Talal E. , Meng Zong , Li Jin Wei , Jiang Jiang , Liu Yuanfa 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe effect of deodorising on basic quality attributes of sunflower oil (free fatty acids, colour, oil stability, total tocopherols) was investigated. The results revealed that the levels of all these quality attributes decreased significantly during the deodorising step. The processing parameters of sunflower oil deodorisation were optimised using response surface methodology. The results revealed the effects of process parameters (temperature, time) on free fatty acids (FFA), colour (LCY and LCR), oil stability index (OSI) and total tocopherols (VE). These new models can be used as a tool to identify optimum deodorisation conditions within chosen constraints. Based on the optimisation of high oil stability with minimum retained FFA and colour, deodorisation parameters can be defined. At a constant vacuum, 3 mmHg vacuum, a temperature range of 200–250 °C and deodorisation time of 30–90 min were defined. An optimum temperature and time appear to be 218–224 °C and 59–64 min, respectively.
Effect of microwave‐assisted extraction on the release of polyphenols from ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Authors: Rahath Kubra Ismail , Kumar Devender , Rao Lingamallu Jagan Mohan 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe significance of different variables viz. temperature, time and solvent at constant power in microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) process of ginger was studied and compared with conventional method. Aqueous ethanol (50%) provided higher yields of extract as well as the highest release of total polyphenols (TPP) than alcoholic solvents. The reason could be the high dielectric constant of aqueous ethanol as compared to alcohols. Microwave heating being a volumetric process, an exposure time of 1 min was found to be sufficient. The better penetration of microwaves and greater solubility at higher temperature resulted in higher yield of TPP and [6]‐gingerol. The resultant extract showed higher radical scavenging activity (RSA) values. Thus, MAE allowed higher recoveries compared to conventional extraction process, with improvement in the quantity and quality of extract in very short period of time.
Antifungal properties of Zinc‐compounds against toxigenic fungi and mycotoxin
Authors: Savi Geovana D. , Bortoluzzi Adailton J. , Scussel Vildes M. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryAntifungal and antimycotoxin properties of zinc (Zn) compounds were evaluated against toxigenic strains of Fusarium graminearum, Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus flavus. In addition, was verified the activity of these Zn‐compounds on conidia production, hyphae morphological alterations, mortality and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The Zn‐compounds treatments utilised were zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs), zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) and zinc perchlorate (Zn(ClO4)2). The Zn‐compounds effect on growth diameter of fungal colony was concentration dependent. Two treatments (ZnSO4 and Zn(ClO4)2) completely inhibited the fungal growth and their ability to produce mycotoxins. The conidia production of all fungi also was reduced after the treatment with Zn‐compounds. Morphological alterations occurred in the treated fungi showing hyphae damage. The treatments led to cell death and ROS production observed in the fungi hyphae. ZnSO4 and Zn(ClO4)2 were the compounds that showed better results as antifungal, presenting antimycotoxin activity and caused alterations in the fungi cell structure.
Estimating microbial survival parameters from dynamic survival data using Microsoft Excel
Authors: Chen Guibing 
Published: May 2013

SummaryReliable survival parameter estimation is an essential part of building predictive models for microbial survival. It has been demonstrated that these parameters can be accurately identified using a one‐step regression approach that fits a survival model to multiple dynamic data sets at once. However, the existing methods are not quite user‐friendly because their application requires relatively high computer skills. In this study, a recursive equation for the Weibull model was used to construct microbial survival curves under dynamic conditions. Based on this, a procedure was developed to estimate survival parameters by fitting the equation to dynamic survival data sets using the built‐in functions and Solver of Microsoft Excel. The results showed that the method provided an easy and accurate way for estimating microbial survival parameters.
Supercritical CO2 extraction of oleanolic acid from grape pomace
Authors: Chronopoulou Laura , Agatone Angelo C. , Palocci Cleofe 
Published: May 2013

SummaryIn this work, we investigated the possibility to extract oleanolic acid through supercritical fluid extraction from waste materials such as grape pomace, which can represent a yet unexploited source of highly added‐value products. Preliminary supercritical fluid extractions were performed on dried grape skin samples and compared with solid–liquid extraction. After optimising extraction parameters such as temperature, pressure and extraction time, the ratio between supercritical and solid–liquid extraction yields was approximately 1/5. Supercritical CO2 extractions were also carried out on dried grape pomace samples. In this case, the ratio between supercritical and solid–liquid extraction yields was increased up to 1/3, thanks to a combination of static and dynamic extraction and the use of ethanol as modifier. This extraction technique proved successful in extracting oleanolic acid from grape pomace samples with extraction yields that were comparable with those obtained with well‐established extraction techniques such as solid–liquid extraction.
The experiences of internationally educated nurses in the southeastern United States of America
Authors: Wheeler R.M. , Foster J.W. , Hepburn K.W. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundUS healthcare facilities have addressed nursing shortages in part by recruiting internationally educated nurses (IENs), and studies suggest IENs may make up a significant percentage of the nursing workforce in urban hospitals. Despite the economic recession of 2008–2012, international nurse migration is expected to continue. Little is known about IENs in the southeastern USA, and no studies have compared their perspectives to those of their US counterparts.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding about the experiences of IENs compared to those of US registered nurses (RNs) practising in two urban hospitals in southeastern USA.MethodsThis study involved two rounds of semi‐structured interviews of 82 IENs and US RNs. Interviews focused on themes relating to education, barriers to practice, intent to stay in nursing and IENs’ migration experiences.Findings and DiscussionMost IENs interviewed migrated to the USA after 1990 to join their family and do not plan to return to their home countries to practise. Most IENs initially received their Associate Degree in Nursing; many have obtained their Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree. IENs and newly licensed US RNs faced similar barriers when they began practising in the USA, but IENs faced additional challenges adjusting to the attitudes of US patients, the perceived lack of respect for nurses and delivering total patient care.ConclusionsIENs would benefit from orientation regarding the cultural differences in the USA. In other ways, their challenges are similar to those of US RNs; policies regarding education, recruitment and retention could target both groups together.
Investigating prejudice toward men perceived to be Muslim: cues of foreignness versus phenotype
Authors: Brown Lisa M. , Awad Germine H. , Preas Elizabeth J. , Allen Valerie , Kenney Jerry , Roberts Stephanie , Lusk L. Brooke 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPossible factors in prejudice toward Muslims and those perceived to be Muslims were investigated. We specifically investigated cues of foreignness that may communicate threat. Using a 2 (Complexion: dark vs. light) × 2 (Dress: Middle Eastern vs. Western) × 2 (Name: Allen vs. Mohammed) between‐subjects design, we expected cues of foreignness (dress and name) to have a greater impact on perceptions of targets than phenotype (complexion). Participants reviewed portraits of young men varying in the manipulated characteristics and gave their impressions. Generally, complexion did not affect perceptions, but portraits in Middle Eastern dress were rated less positively. There was a name by dress interaction in which Allen in Western dress was rated least negatively. Implications for future research are discussed.
Aspirations for a cooperative community and support for mental health advocacy: a shared orientation through opinion‐based group membership
Authors: Gee Alison , McGarty Craig 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis research examines the role of aspirations for cooperative relations between people with mental disorders and other community members in influencing commitment to stigma‐reducing practices and promoting positive social change. Two studies demonstrated that a measure of aspirations for a cooperative community is distinct from social and community identification measures and strongly predicts positive beliefs and behavioral intentions. Findings support the proposal that these aspirations reflect a shared ideology for members of an opinion‐based group that support mental health advocacy. The findings provide evidence that the aspirations construct adds to knowledge about collective identities and offers a useful tool for designing stigma reduction and social‐change strategies for the benefit of people with mental disorders.
Disambiguating discriminatory acts of typical versus atypical perpetrators: the moderating role of need for cognitive closure
Authors: Bucchianeri Michaela M. , Corning Alexandra F. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThree studies tested the interaction of the prototype effect, the notion that ambiguous behavior is more likely to be perceived as discriminatory when the executor is prototypical; and the need for cognitive closure, the tendency to seize on an answer. Study 1 provided bolstering evidence of the prototype effect's moderation by need for cognitive closure. Ambiguously sexist behavior enacted by a prototypical (male) executor was perceived as more discriminatory than the same behavior exhibited by a nonprototypical (female) executor, and this effect was exacerbated by higher trait levels of need for cognitive closure. In Studies 2 and 3, via situational induction, prototype reliance again was exacerbated, such that it overrode the influence of individual‐difference levels of need for cognitive closure.
The measurement of mistrust among religious group members inNorthernIreland
Authors: McAloney Kareena , Stringer Maurice , Mallett John 
Published: May 2013

AbstractCultural mistrust is a protective mechanism employed by minority group members when risk of victimization from majority group members is high. InNorthernIreland, depending on the context, bothCatholics andProtestants may perceive themselves at risk of discrimination, and use similar protective strategies. This study examined the appropriateness of theCulturalMistrustInventory in assessing mistrust among members of different religious groups withinNorthernIreland. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses resulted in an 11‐item, 3‐factor measure of religious mistrust. Mistrust appears to be experienced by bothCatholics andProtestants, regardless of group status; with males reporting significantly higher levels of mistrust of the “other” group. Higher levels of mistrust were associated with higher psychological distress.
Obesity as a status cue: perceived social status and the stereotypes of obese individuals
Authors: Vartanian Lenny R. , Silverstein Keri M. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTwo studies examined the relationship between social status and obesity stereotypes. In Study 1, obese individuals were seen as having lower status than non‐obese individuals, and status ratings were positively correlated with common obesity stereotypes. In Study 2, targets were depicted as overweight or lean, and as having a high‐status or low‐status job. High‐status heavy targets were rated as less lazy and more competent than were their low‐status counterparts, but status did not impact ratings of sloppiness or warmth. The findings indicate that obesity can serve as a status cue. Furthermore, the findings provide preliminary evidence that status is related to the attribution of certain stereotypes to obese individuals, while also highlighting the multifaceted nature of obesity stereotypes.
Domain‐based perceptions of risk: a case study of lay and technical community attitudes toward managed aquifer recharge
Authors: Leviston Zoe , Browne Alison L. , Greenhill Murni 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDespite growing water scarcity, communities in many parts of the developed world often reject technically and economically sound options for water augmentation. This paper reports findings from a study investigating risk perceptions associated with a proposed managed aquifer recharge scheme inAustralia.Q Methodology was used to compare decision‐making frameworks of lay community and “technical expert” participants. Technical expert participants were also asked to approximate the decision‐making framework of a “typical” community member. The emerging contrasts between lay community frameworks and those approximated by technical experts suggest that there are prevailing yet errant assumptions about lay community attitudes toward new technologies. The findings challenge the characterization of the lay community and technical experts as being in entrenched opposition with one another.
Situational motivational profiles and performance with elite performers
Authors: Gillet Nicolas , Vallerand Robert J. , Paty Benjamin 
Published: May 2013

AbstractInStudy 1, a sample of tennis players ranked at the national level (n = 173) completed aFrench version of theSituationalMotivationScale the day before a tennis competition. Results revealed the presence of a three‐cluster solution. Differences among clusters on subsequent sport performance were significant. Specifically, athletes with the least self‐determined motivational profile obtained the lowest levels of performance.Study 2 (n = 319) replicated the findings ofStudy 1 with a larger sample of national level tennis players. Overall, these results suggest that it is useful to analyze individuals' situational motivational profiles using a cluster analysis to understand the complex link between motivation and performance.