bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Floral scent composition predicts bee pollination system in five butterfly bush (Buddleja, Scrophulariaceae) species
Authors: Gong W.‐C. , Chen G. , Vereecken N. J. , Dunn B. L. , Ma Y.‐P. , Sun W.‐B. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTraditionally, plant–pollinator interactions have been interpreted as pollination syndrome. However, the validity of pollination syndrome has been widely doubted in modern studies of pollination ecology. The pollination ecology of five Asian Buddleja species, B. asiatica, B. crispa, B. forrestii, B. macrostachya and B. myriantha, in the Sino‐Himalayan region in Asia, flowering in different local seasons, with scented inflorescences were investigated during 2011 and 2012. These five species exhibited diverse floral traits, with narrow and long corolla tubes and concealed nectar. According to their floral morphology, larger bees and Lepidoptera were expected to be the major pollinators. However, field observations showed that only larger bees (honeybee/bumblebee) were the primary pollinators, ranging from 77.95% to 97.90% of total visits. In this study, floral scents of each species were also analysed using coupled gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Although the five Buddleja species emitted differentiated floral scent compositions, our results showed that floral scents of the five species are dominated by substances that can serve as attractive signals to bees, including species‐specific scent compounds and principal compounds with larger relative amounts. This suggests that floral scent compositions are closely associated with the principal pollinator assemblages in these five species. Therefore, we conclude that floral scent compositions rather than floral morphology traits should be used to interpret plant–pollinator interactions in these Asian Buddleja species.
Sex‐specific phenotypic selection and geographic variation in gender divergence in a gynodioecious shrub
Authors: Castilla A. R. , Alonso C. , Herrera C. M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn sexually polymorphic plant species the extent of gender divergence in floral morphology and phenology may be influenced by gender‐specific selection patterns imposed by pollinators, which may change geographically. Distribution margins are areas where changes in the pollinator fauna, and thus variation in gender divergence of floral traits, are expected. We tested for pollination‐driven geographic variation in the gender divergence in floral and phenological traits in the gynodioecious shrubDaphne laureola, in core and marginal areas differing in the identity of the main pollinator. Pollinators selected for longer corolla tubes in hermaphrodite individuals only in core populations, which in turn recorded higher fruit set. Consistent with these phenotypic selection patterns, gender divergence in flower corolla length was higher in core populations. Moreover, pollinators selected towards delayed flowering on hermaphrodite individuals only in marginal populations, where the two sexes differed more in flowering time. Our results support that a shift in main pollinators is able to contribute to geographic variation in the gender divergence of sexually polymorphic plant species.
The Subjects of Collectively Binding Decisions: Democratic Inclusion and Extraterritorial Law
Authors: Beckman Ludvig 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCitizenship and residency are basic conditions for political inclusion in a democracy. However, if democracy is premised on the inclusion of everyone subject to collectively binding decisions, the relevance of either citizenship or residency for recognition as a member of the polity is uncertain. The aim of this paper is to specify the conditions for being subject to collective decisions in the sense relevant to democratic theory. Three conceptions of what it means to be subject to collectively binding decisions are identified and examined, referring to those subject to legal duties and legal powers or to those subject to legal duties and state institutions. The contrast between them is most clearly illustrated in relation to non‐residents, those not present in the territory of the state. The extraterritorial dimension of the law thus highlights a fundamental ambiguity in the theory of democracy concerning the extension of political rights.
A Typological Reading of Prevailing Legal Theories
Authors: Novak Marko 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA classic debate in the history of philosophy is that between rationalists and empiricists concerning the “true” source of human knowledge. In legal philosophy this debate has been reflected in the classic opposition between natural law and legal positivist perspectives. Even the currently predominant inclusivist perspectives on the nature of law, such as inclusive legal positivism and inclusive legal non‐positivism, are not immune to such a dichotomy. In this paper I attempt to present an understanding of specific cognitive characteristics of prevailing legal theories from the perspective of the theory of psychological types as developed by Carl G. Jung.
Rhetoric Meets Rational Argumentation Theory
Authors: Paso Mirjami 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe theory of rhetoric is recognised and widely used in a number of disciplines, particularly in the social sciences. It is therefore slightly surprising that it has not gained an important footing in jurisprudence. It is often argued that rhetoric and argumentative justification are clearly different issues. However, the present paper argues that they are in fact two aspects of argumentation and that the theory of rhetoric may be used also in the context of legal reasoning.
Positivism, Legal Validity, and the Separation of Law and Morals
Authors: Pino Giorgio 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe essay discusses the import of the separability thesis both for legal positivism and for contemporary legal practice. First, the place of the separability thesis in legal positivism will be explored, distinguishing between “standard positivism” and “post‐Hartian positivism.” Then I will consider various kinds of relations between law and morality that are worthy of jurisprudential interest, and explore, from a positivist point of view, what kind of relations between law and morality must be rejected, what kind of such relations should be taken into account, and what kind of such relations are indeed of no import at all. The upshot of this analysis consists in highlighting the distinction between two different dimensions of legal validity (formal validity and material validity respectively), and in pointing out that the positivist separability thesis can apply to formal validity only. On the other hand, when the ascertainment of material validity is at stake, some form of moral reasoning may well be involved (here and now, it isnecessarilyinvolved). The essay concludes with some brief remarks on the persisting importance of the positivist jurisprudential project.
Some Ontological Consequences of Atomism
Authors: Dumsday Travis 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIs there a fundamental layer of objects in nature? And if so what sorts of things populate it? Among those who answer ‘yes’ to the first question, a common answer to the second is ‘atoms,’ where an atom is understood in the original sense of an object that is spatially unextended, indivisible, and wholly lacking in proper parts (whether actual or potential). Here I explore some of the ontological consequences of atomism. First, if atoms are real, then whatever motion they appear to undergo must be discrete (discontinuous). The link between atomism and discrete motion goes back at least to Aristotle and is admitted by some atomists, but the full significance of that admission has been neglected. I argue that a commitment to discrete motion in turn entails significant and sometimes counter‐intuitive results. I also examine the implications of these results for the philosophy of mind and for discussions of metaphysical naturalism.
The Paradox of ‘Preferences’: Regional Trade Agreements and Trade Costs in Services
Authors: Miroudot Sébastien , Shepherd Ben 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe analyse the relationship between regional trade integration and trade costs in services. The analysis relies on theory‐consistent bilateral trade costs for 55 countries for 1999–2009 and an analysis of services commitments in 66 regional trade agreements to which these countries are parties. Despite the recent proliferation of services regional trade agreements (RTAs), we find that trade costs are only slightly lower due to these agreements. In addition, we find that the trade cost reductions that do take place tend to happen before the agreement is signed. This is consistent with countries using RTAs as a way of ‘locking in’ reforms. Finally, we find that the preferential margin of services RTAs is thin: members and non‐members both see slightly lower trade costs when an RTA is signed. However, the difference between the member and non‐member trade cost effects is 28 per cent for services and 40 per cent for goods, indicating a slimmer margin of preference in the former case. We discuss the possible explanations for these findings in terms of the nature of services RTAs and their relationship with regulatory reform. Based on these results, we argue that regionalism in the case of services seems relatively non‐discriminatory and does not lead to substantial trade preferences.
Effect of intravenous administration of romifidine on intraocular pressure in clinically normal horses
Authors: Marzok Mohamed A. , El‐khodery Sabry A. , Oheida Aiman H. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of intravenous administration of romifidine on the intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses.Animals studiedTwenty‐four horses with no ocular abnormalities.ProcedureHorses were randomly assigned into two equal groups (treatment and control). All horses in the treatment group received an intravenous (IV) injection of romifidine (40 μg/kg). The horses in the control group were administrated an intravenous injection of 0.9% saline (0.4 mL/100 kg). In both groups, theIOPvalues were measured immediately (T0) pre‐administration and at 5 (T5), 15 (T15), 30 (T30), 45 (T45), 60 (T60), 90 (T90), and 120 (T120) min after drug administration.ResultsThe pre‐treatment values (T0) ofIOPfor right and left eyes were 24.25 ± 3.5 and 25.16 ± 3.4 mmHg, respectively. A significant decrease inIOPvalues was observed in both right and left eyes of the horses in treatment group at T5, T15, T30, T45, T60, and T90in comparison with the baseline values (P < 0.05). The lowest level ofIOPin romifidine‐treated groups was recorded at T45for the right and left eyes (10.25 ± 2.3 and 11.25 ± 3.5 mmHg, respectively).ConclusionRomifidine significantly decreasedIOPin clinically normal horses and may be used safely for surgery or diagnostic ocular procedures in horses when specific control ofIOPis required.
Anterior segment morphology and morphometry in selected reptile species using optical coherence tomography
Authors: Rival Franck , Linsart Adeline , Isard Pierre‐François , Besson Christian , Dulaurent Thomas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo provide new and original images of the anterior segment (AS) of the eye of selected Ophidian, Chelonian, and Saurian species and to compare the AS architecture among and within these three groups.Animals studied17 Saurians, 14 Ophidians, and 11 Chelonians with no concurrent systemic or eye disease were included in the study.ProcedureAge, weight, nose‐cloaca distance (NCD), and pupil shape were collected for each animal. The AS was examined by optical coherence tomography (OCT). After gross description of the appearance of the AS, the central and peripheral corneal thickness (CCT, PCT) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured using the software provided with the OCT device. The ratio CCT/ACD was then calculated for each animal.ResultsPupil shape was a vertical slit in all the crepuscular or nocturnal animals (except for 1 chelonian and 1 ophidian). Each group had its own particular AS architecture. Saurians had a regularly thin cornea with a flat anterior lens capsule and a deep anterior chamber. Ophidians had a thick cornea with a narrow anterior chamber due to a very anteriorly anchored spherical lens. The spectacle was difficult to identify in all ophidians except in Python molurus bivitattus in which it was more obvious. Chelonians displayed an intermediate architecture which more closely resembled the Saurian type than the Ophidian type.ConclusionDespite grossly similar AS architecture, the three groups of reptiles in the study demonstrated differences that are suggestive of a link between anatomical disparities and variations in environment and lifestyle.
Developing Nursing and Midwifery Research Priorities: A Health Service Executive (HSE) North West Study
Authors: Parlour Randal , Slater Paul 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTAimThe primary purpose of this study was to identify research priorities for nurses and midwives across the Health Service Executive (HSE) North West region. The rationale for the study was underlined during meetings of HSE North West Directors of Nursing and Midwifery in January 2011. It was agreed that a more strategic approach to generating synergy among nursing and midwifery research, evaluation, and evidence‐based practice should be developed through the Nursing and Midwifery Planning and Development Unit.MethodsThe research design was founded upon collaborative processes for consensus building that included the Delphi technique and nominal group technique. The study sample included a panel of experts. Data were collected between March 2011 and December 2011.FindingsFindings from this study validate the efficacy of the research methodology in enabling the effective identification of priority areas for research. These include: (a) an evaluation of the impact of postgraduate nursing and midwifery education programs focusing upon patient, professional, and organizational outcomes; (b) development and evaluation of an effective culture of nurse‐ and midwife‐led audit across all services within a Regional Health Trust in Ireland; (c) an examination of the efficacy of approaches to clinical supervision within the context of the Irish health system; (d) an evaluation of the impact of an Advanced Nurse Practitioner role in supporting the effective management of long‐term conditions within the context of Regional Health Trust primary care settings in Ireland; and (e) Supporting and developing an ethical framework for nursing and midwifery research within a Regional Health Trust in Ireland.Linking Evidence to ActionIt is anticipated that future work, outlined within this paper, will lead to important improvements in patient care and outcomes. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that a strong nursing and midwifery research agenda can be established upon genuine collaborations and partnerships across varying levels of research knowledge and skills, but with a shared purpose and shared values.
Nutrition Support Protocols and Their Influence on the Delivery of Enteral Nutrition: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lottes Stewart Melissa 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundMalnutrition remains prevalent in critically ill adults and is associated with poor outcomes and increased cost of hospitalization.AimTo (a) determine whether implementation of a nutrition support protocol improves delivery of nutrients in critically ill patients, and (b) evaluate whether patients receiving nutrition support based on a protocol have better outcomes than those who do not.MethodsCINHAL and PUBMED databases were searched utilizing keywords “model,” “nutrition,” intensive care,” “algorithm,” “critical care,” “protocol,” and “feeding guidelines.” Selection criteria included original studies published in English with publication date between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2010; a critically ill adult population; and level 1 or 2 studies. Studies were collected and reviewed by a single reviewer. Data extraction and quality assessment were assured utilizing a standardized form. A narrative description of results was provided due to variability in methods and outcome measures of included studies.ResultsNinety‐nine studies emerged and 22 studies were considered for inclusion. Four studies were selected. Use of a nutrition support protocol was found to lead to increased efficacy in the delivery of nutrients via the enteral route.Linking Evidence to ActionThe use of a nutrition support protocol appears to increase the efficacy of enteral nutrition delivery. Further research is needed to determine the effect of increased enteral nutrition adequacy on patient outcomes. The use of an evidenced‐based protocol is recommended to improve protein and energy delivery in the critically ill.
Capacity Development for Knowledge Translation: Evaluation of an Experiential Approach through Secondment Opportunities
Authors: Gerrish Kate , Piercy Hilary 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundExperiential approaches to skills development using secondment models are shown to benefit healthcare organizations more generally, but little is known about the potential of this approach to develop capacity for knowledge translation (KT).AimTo evaluate the success of KT capacity development secondments from the perspective of multiple stakeholders.MethodsA pluralistic evaluation design was used. Data were collected during 2011–2012 using focus group and individual interviews with 14 clinical and academic secondees, and five managers from host and seconding organizations to gain insight into participants’ perceptions of the success of secondments and the criteria by which they judged success. Six After Action Reviews were undertaken with KT project teams to explore participants’ perceptions of the contribution secondees made to KT projects. Semistructured interviews were undertaken with three healthcare managers on completion of projects to explore the impact of secondments on the organization, staff, and patients. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify criteria for success. The criteria provided a framework through which the overall success of secondments could be judged.ResultsSix criteria for judging the success of the secondments at individual, team, and organization level were identified: KT skills development, effective workload management, team working, achieving KT objectives, enhanced care delivery, and enhanced education delivery. Benefits to the individual, KT team, seconding, and host organizations were identified.Implications for PracticeHosting teams should provide mentorship support to secondees, and be flexible to accommodate secondees’ needs as team members. Ongoing support of managers from seconding organizations is needed to maximize the benefits to individual secondees and the organization.Linking Evidence to ActionExperiential approaches to KT capacity development using secondments can benefit individual secondees, project teams, seconding, and host organizations.
The State of European Nursing Research: Dead, Alive, or Chronically Diseased? A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Richards David A. , Coulthard Vania , Borglin Gunilla ,   on behalf of the REFLECTION review team
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundReviews of nursing research have suggested that most is descriptive; with no more than 15% providing strong evidence for practice. No studies have examined this from the perspective of nursing research conducted in Europe.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to review reports of European clinical nursing research in the top 20 nursing journals in 2010 to establish a baseline of nursing research activity in the year immediately prior to the launch of a European Science Foundation network to increase the proportion of intervention research in Europe.MethodsWe identified eligible reports that were then data‐extracted by two independent reviewers. Disagreements were resolved through pair discussion and independent arbitration. We appraised and synthesized topics, methods, and the extent to which studies were programmatic. We synthesized data as proportions of study reports meeting our a priori categorization criteria.ResultsWe identified 1995 published reports and included 223 from 21 European countries, of which 193 (86.6%) reported studies of primary research only, 30 (13.5%) secondary research, and three (1.4%) a mix of primary and secondary. Methodological description was often poor, misleading, or even absent. One hundred (44.8%) articles reported observational studies, 87 (39.0%) qualitative studies. We found 26 (11.7%) articles reporting experimental studies, 10 (4.5%) of which were randomized controlled trials. We found 29 (13.0%) reports located within a larger program of research. Seventy‐six (34.1%) articles reported studies of nursing interventions.Linking Evidence to ActionEuropean research in nursing reported in the leading nursing journals remains descriptive and poorly described. Only a third of research reports concerned nursing interventions, and a tiny proportion were part of a programmatic endeavor. Researchers in nursing must become better educated and skilled in developing, testing, evaluating, and reporting complex nursing interventions. Editors of nursing journals should insist on systematic reporting of research designs and methods in published articles.
Digital Delivery Methods of Parenting Training Interventions: A Systematic Review
Authors: Breitenstein Susan M. , Gross Deborah , Christophersen Rebecca 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundAlternative delivery methods to implement evidence‐based parent training programs are emerging to address barriers related to parent attendance in face‐to‐face administration. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize and critically evaluate the research on the use of technology and digital delivery methods for parenting training and offer recommendations for advancing the science and practice of parent training using digital delivery methods.MethodsA systematic review was conducted using PubMed, PsychInfo, CINAHL, Scopus database, and ERIC to identify articles published between 2000 and 2012 reporting studies using digital methods to deliver parent training. Eleven studies were included in the review and were analyzed related to the digital delivery methods used, participant rates of intervention completion (dose), and the efficacy for improving parent and child outcomes.FindingsThe final sample of papers (n = 11) represent seven parent training interventions and nine digital delivery methods. Six of the nine used the Internet as the primary delivery method. The proportion of digitally delivered content completion ranged from 41.7% to 99.2%. Of the studies (n = 4) that reported behavioral outcomes of the interventions, the average effect size (Cohen's d) for child outcomes was .61 and for parent outcomes .46.Linking Evidence to ActionFindings from this review indicate that the use of technology and digital delivery is a growing and emerging method of delivering parent training interventions with high potential for increasing reach and sustainability as we implement interventions in real world settings. Gaps in the studies reviewed highlight the need for consistency of dose calculations using digital methods, more research related to efficacy and comparative effectiveness studies of delivery methods.