bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental psychopathology in families of children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy
Authors: Sengupta Sarojini M. , Fortier Marie‐Ève , Thakur Geeta A. , Bhat Venkat , Grizenko Natalie , Joober Ridha 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundBoth genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We had previously suggested that exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) may be a valid basis for delineating a distinct subtype of ADHD, where children exposed to MSDP present with a more severe clinical picture. Here, we examine the psychopathology of parents in this group, to better understand the etiology of ADHD.MethodsUsing the Family Interview for Genetic Studies in a sample of 514 families of children with ADHD, we collected data pertaining to lifetime parental psychopathology. Families were stratified based on maternal smoking during the complete gestational period. The frequency of different disorders was compared using the χ2 statistic.ResultsIn the group where mothers smoked during pregnancy, both parents were significantly more likely to have antisocial personality disorder, and problems with alcohol and drug abuse. Mothers had a significantly higher frequency of major depressive disorder (MDD), while fathers showed a trend for both MDD and bipolar disorder.ConclusionsBased on the pattern of psychopathology in parents of children exposed to MSDP, as well as earlier reports of the severe clinical, behavioral, and cognitive phenotype in these children, combined with the large body of epidemiological evidence, we propose that these children present a distinct subtype of ADHD with comorbid conduct disorder. Furthermore, we propose that MSDP may be a proxy measure to help delineate this subtype.
Interaction effects of cell diffusion, cell density and public goods properties on the evolution of cooperation in digital microbes
Authors: Dobay A. , Bagheri H. C. , Messina A. , Kümmerli R. , Rankin D. J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMicrobial cooperation typically consists in the sharing of secreted metabolites (referred to as public goods) within the community. Although public goods generally promote population growth, they are also vulnerable to exploitation by cheating mutants, which no longer contribute, but still benefit from the public goods produced by others. Although previous studies have identified a number of key factors that prevent the spreading of cheaters, little is known about how these factors interact and jointly shape the evolution of microbial cooperation. Here, we address this issue by investigating the interaction effects of cell diffusion, cell density, public good diffusion and durability (factors known to individually influence costs and benefits of public goods production) on selection for cooperation. To be able to quantify these effects across a wide parameter space, we developed an individual‐based simulation platform, consisting of digital cooperator and cheater bacteria inhabiting a finite two‐dimensional continuous toroidal surface. Our simulations, which closely mimic microbial microcolony growth, revealed that: (i) either reduced cell diffusion (which keeps cooperators together) or reduced public good diffusion (which keeps the public goods closer to the producer) is not only essential but also sufficient for cooperation to be promoted; (ii) the sign of selection for or against cooperation can change as a function of cell density and in interaction with diffusion parameters; and (iii) increased public goods durability has opposing effects on the evolution of cooperation depending on the level of cell and public good diffusion. Our work highlights that interactions between key parameters of public goods cooperation give rise to complex fitness landscapes, a finding that calls for multifactorial approaches when studying microbial cooperation in natural systems.
Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Apoterritricha lutea n. g., n. sp. (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea, Hypotrichia): A Putative Missing Link Connecting Cyrtohymena and Afrokeronopsis
Authors: Kim Ji Hye , Vďačný Peter , Shazib Shahed Uddin Ahmed , Shin Mann Kyoon 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA new hypotrichous ciliate, Apoterritricha lutea n. g., n. sp., was discovered in a sample of a terrestrial liverwort from Korea. Its morphology was studied using detailed in vivo observation and protargol impregnation. Its phylogenetic relationships were revealed by analyses of the 18S rRNA gene. This new taxon is characterized by a combination of the following traits: (i) ellipsoidal to narrowly ellipsoidal body with an average size of 230 × 85 μm; (ii) two macronuclear nodules and two to five micronuclei; (iii) golden yellow cortical granules, forming small groups along the microtubular appendages of cirri, adoral membranelles, and dorsal kineties; (iv) typically three frontal cirri, one buccal cirrus, four frontoventral cirri, seven midventral cirri, two pretransverse cirri, seven transverse cirri, ca. 38 left, and ca. 36 right marginal cirri; and (v) on average six dorsal kineties, three dorsomarginal kineties, and three caudal cirri. In molecular phylogenies, A. lutea clusters with strong support within a clade containing Afrokeronopsis aurea and several “typical” oxytrichids having golden yellow to brown cortical granules. In this light we propose a hypothesis that is not unambiguously rejected by the present phylogenetic analyses, which shows how the Afrokeronopsis‐like pattern could have evolved from a Rubrioxytricha‐like ancestor via an Apoterritricha‐like stage by cirri‐multiplication.
Changes in Daily Activity Patterns with Age in U.S. Men and Women: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–04 and 2005–06
Authors: Martin Kathryn R. , Koster Annemarie , Murphy Rachel A. , Van Domelen Dane R. , Hung Ming‐yang , Brychta Robert J. , Chen Kong Y. , Harris Tamara B. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesTo compare daily and hourly activity patterns according to sex and age.DesignCross‐sectional, observational.SettingNationally representative community sample: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–04 and 2005–06.ParticipantsIndividuals (n = 5,788) aged 20 and older with 4 or more valid days of monitor wear‐time, no missing data on valid wear‐time minutes, and covariates.MeasurementsActivity was examined as average counts per minute (CPM) during wear‐time; percentage of time spent in nonsedentary activity; and time (minutes) spent in sedentary (<100 counts), light (100–759), and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA (≥760)). Analyses accounted for survey design, adjusted for covariates, and were sex specific.ResultsIn adjusted models, men spent slightly more time (~1–2%) in nonsedentary activity than women aged 20 to 34, with levels converging at age 35 to 59, although the difference was not significant. Women aged 60 and older spent significantly more time (~3–4%) in nonsedentary activity than men, despite similarly achieved average CPM. With increasing age, all nonsedentary activity decreased in men; light activity remained constant in women (~30%). Older men had fewer CPM at night (~20), more daytime sedentary minutes (~3), fewer daytime light physical activity minutes (~4), and more MVPA minutes (~1) until early evening than older women.ConclusionAlthough sex differences in average CPM declined with age, differences in nonsedentary activity time emerged as men increased sedentary behavior and reduced MVPA time. Maintained levels of light‐intensity activity suggest that women continue engaging in common daily activities into older age more than men. Findings may help inform the development of behavioral interventions to increase intensity and overall activity levels, particularly in older adults.
Subduction and exhumation mechanisms of ultra‐high and high‐pressure oceanic and continental crust at Makbal (Tianshan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan)
Authors: Meyer M. , Klemd R. , Hegner E. , Konopelko D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe Makbal Complex in the northern Tianshan of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan consists of metasedimentary rocks, which host high‐P (HP) mafic blocks and ultra‐HP Grt‐Cld‐Tlc schists (UHP as indicated by coesite relicts in garnet). Whole rock major and trace element signatures of the Grt‐Cld‐Tlc schist suggest a metasomatized protolith from either hydrothermally altered oceanic crust in a back‐arc basin or arc‐related volcaniclastics. Peak metamorphic conditions of the Grt‐Cld‐Tlc schist reached ~580 °C and 2.85 GPa corresponding to a maximum burial depth of ~95 km. A Sm‐Nd garnet age of 475 ± 4 Ma is interpreted as an average growth age of garnet during prograde‐to‐peak metamorphism; the low initial εΝd value of −11 indicates a protolith with an ancient crustal component. The petrological evidence for deep subduction of oceanic crust poses questions with respect to an effective exhumation mechanism. Field relationships and the metamorphic evolution of other HP mafic oceanic rocks embedded in continentally derived metasedimentary rocks at the central Makbal Complex suggest that fragments of oceanic crust and clastic sedimentary rocks were exhumed from different depths in a subduction channel during ongoing subduction and are now exposed as a tectonic mélange. Furthermore, channel flow cannot only explain a tectonic mélange consisting of various rock types with different subduction histories as present at the central Makbal Complex, but also the presence of a structural ‘dome’ with UHP rocks in the core (central Makbal) surrounded by lower pressure nappes (including mafic dykes in continental crust) and voluminous metasedimentary rocks, mainly derived from the accretionary wedge.
Synthesis and characterization of Ag–Co–Ni nanowires
Authors: RAI R.K. , SINGH M. PRATAP , SRIVASTAVA C. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThis work provides an electrodeposition‐based methodology for synthesizing multicomponent nanowires containing Ag, Co and Ni atoms. Nanowire morphology was obtained by using an anodic alumina membrane with cylindrical pores of ∼200‐nm diameter. Structural, compositional and magnetic characterization revealed that the as‐synthesized nanowires adopted a core–shell microstructure. The core (axial region) contained pure Ag phase volumes with a plate‐like morphology oriented perpendicular to the nanowire axis. The shell (peripheral region) contained pure Ag nanoparticles along with superparamagnetic Co and Ni rich clusters.
In Vitro Wear Behavior of Zirconia Opposing Enamel: A Systematic Review
Authors: Passos Sheila Pestana , Torrealba Ysidora , Major Paul , Linke Bernie , Flores‐Mir Carlos , Nychka John A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this systematic review was to assess enamel wear on teeth opposing zirconia restorations and to evaluate factors related to the wear of natural teeth opposing zirconia restorations.Materials and MethodsFive electronic databases were searched through May 2013 without limitations. The terms “antagonist*,” “enamel,” “wear,” and “zirconi*” were used. Titles and abstracts were initially screened, and those that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected for a full‐text assessment. Studies that evaluated only the material wear were not included.ResultsThe database search strategy retrieved 142 potentially eligible studies. After the duplicate studies were removed, 62 studies were obtained. Titles and abstracts that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected for a full‐text assessment (25). Seven laboratory studies met the inclusion criteria. In addition, reference lists from the finally selected studies were also screened.ConclusionsThere was a large variation in relation to wear test method quantification, applied force, lateral movement, number and frequency of cycles, number of specimens, and enamel specimen preparation. In all studies, enamel wear rates were lower against polished zirconia. Differences in the test methods did not allow for comparisons of wear rates among the studies. Clinical Significance: Polishing the surface is recommended for a full‐contour zirconia restoration because polished zirconia presents favorable wear behavior opposing natural teeth.
Detection, Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Indian Ralstonia solanacearum Isolates by Comparison of Partial hrpB Gene Sequences
Authors: Chandrasekhar Bhadvelu , Umesha Sharanaiah 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA species‐specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (sPCR) method was developed to identify and detect isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum, the cause of bacterial wilt disease in chilli. PCR primers for R. solanacearum were identified by alignment of hrpB gene sequences and selection of sequences specific for R. solanacearum at their 3′ ends. The primers were shown to be specific for R. solanacearum, as no PCR product was obtained when genomic DNA from other bacterial species including closely related Ralstonia species, were used as test species. Lone pair of primers (RshrpBF and RshrpBR) was designed using hrpB gene sequence, unique to R. solanacearum which amplified a predicted PCR product of 810 bp from 20 different isolates. Phylogenetic analysis was also attempted to understand the evolutionary divergence of Indian R. solanacearum isolates. Based on phylogenetic analysis, Indian isolates showed homology with the standard reference isolates from other countries but, interestingly, one new isolate showed complete evolutionary divergence by forming an out‐group.
The cysteine2/histidine2‐type transcription factor ZINC FINGER OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA 6‐activated C‐REPEAT‐BINDING FACTOR pathway is essential for melatonin‐mediated freezing stress resistance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Shi Haitao , Chan Zhulong 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMelatonin (N‐acetyl‐5‐methoxytryptamine) is not only a widely known animal hormone, but also an important regulator in plant development and multiple abiotic stress responses. Recently, it has been revealed that melatonin alleviated cold stress through mediating several cold‐related genes, including C‐REPEAT‐BINDING FACTORs (CBFs)/Drought Response Element Binding factors (DREBs), COR15a, and three transcription factors (CAMTA1, ZINC FINGER OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA 10 (ZAT10), and ZAT12). In this study, we quantified the endogenous melatonin level in Arabidopsis plant leaves and found the endogenous melatonin levels were significantly induced by cold stress (4°C) treatment. In addition, we found one cysteine2/histidine2‐type zinc finger transcription factor, ZAT6, was involved in melatonin‐mediated freezing stress response in Arabidopsis. Interestingly, exogenous melatonin enhanced freezing stress resistance was largely alleviated in AtZAT6 knockdown plants, but was enhanced in AtZAT6 overexpressing plants. Moreover, the expression levels of AtZAT6 and AtCBFs were commonly upregulated by cold stress (4°C) and exogenous melatonin treatments, and modulation of AtZAT6 expression significantly affected the induction AtCBFs transcripts by cold stress (4°C) and exogenous melatonin treatments. Taken together, AtZAT6‐activated CBF pathway might be essential for melatonin‐mediated freezing stress response in Arabidopsis.
Effects of probiotic Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the faecal microflora of pet rabbits
Authors: Benato L. , Hastie P. , O'Shaughnessy P. , Murray J.‐A. , Meredith A. 
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVESProbiotics are frequently used in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in pet rabbits based largely on anecdotal evidence of a beneficial effect. However, there has been little work performed to assess any such benefit in health or disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of probiotics on faecal levels of four important candidate gastrointestinal bacteria (Bacteroides species, Enterococcus faecium, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Clostridium spiroforme) in pet rabbits. Additional aims were to evaluate the effect of probiotics on bodyweight and faecal weight and diameter.MATERIALS AND METHODSDouble‐blind triple cross‐over study in six healthy rabbits orally administered two probiotic strains, Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC Sc47 and E. faecium NCIMB 30183. Levels of bacteria in faecal pellets were subsequently determined by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.RESULTSOral administration of probiotic E. faecium NCIMB 30183 was associated with a significant (P = 0 · 042) increase in faecal levels of E. faecium. However, probiotic treatment did not affect faecal levels of Bacteroides species, F. succinogenes or C. spiroforme, bodyweight, or faecal weight and diameter.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe inclusion of dietary probiotic supplementation using E. faecium NCIMB 30183 can increase faecal levels of certain bacterial flora of healthy adult rabbits. Further work is required to investigate the effects of probiotics in animals affected with gastrointestinal disease.
Use of Contrast‐Enhanced Fluid‐Attenuated Inversion Recovery Sequence to Detect Brain Lesions in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Merhof K. , Lang J. , Dürr S. , Stahl C. , Gorgas D. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundThe diagnostic value of a contrast‐enhanced T2‐weighted FLAIR sequence (ceFLAIR) in brain imaging is unclear.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThat the number of brain lesions detected with ceFLAIR would be no greater than the sum of lesions detected with nFLAIR and ceT1W sequence.AnimalsOne hundred and twenty‐nine animals (108 dogs and 21 cats) undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head between July 2010 and October 2011 were included in the study.MethodsA transverse ceFLAIR was added to a standard brain MRI protocol. Presence and number of lesions were determined based on all available MRI sequences by 3 examiners in consensus and lesion visibility was evaluated for nFLAIR, ceFLAIR, and ceT1W sequences.ResultsEighty‐three lesions (58 intra‐axial and 25 extra‐axial) were identified in 51 patients. Five lesions were detected with nFLAIR alone, 2 with ceT1W alone, and 1 with ceFLAIR alone. Significantly higher numbers of lesions were detected using ceFLAIR than nFLAIR (76 versus 67 lesions; P = 0.04), in particular for lesions also detected with ceT1W images (53 versus 40; P =.01). There was no significant difference between the number of lesions detected with combined nFLAIR and ceT1W sequences compared to those detected with ceFLAIR (82 versus 76; P =.25).Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceUse of ceFLAIR as a complementary sequence to nFLAIR and ceT1W sequences did not improve the detection of brain lesions and cannot be recommended as part of a routine brain MRI protocol in dogs and cats with suspected brain lesions.
Application of Lactobacillus johnsonii expressing phage endolysin for control of Clostridium perfringens
Authors: Gervasi T. , Lo Curto R. , Minniti E. , Narbad A. , Mayer M.J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is frequently found in food and the environment and produces potent toxins that have a negative impact on both human and animal health and particularly on the poultry industry. Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785, isolated from the chicken gastrointestinal tract, has been demonstrated to exclude Cl. perfringens in poultry. We have investigated the interaction of wild-type Lact. johnsonii FI9785 or an engineered strain expressing a cell wall-hydrolysing endolysin with Cl. perfringens in vitro, using a batch culture designed to simulate human gastrointestinal tract conditions. Co-culture experiments indicated that acid production by Lact. johnsonii is important in pathogen control. The co-culture of the endolysin-secreting Lact. johnsonii with Cl. perfringens showed that the engineered strain had the potential to control the pathogen, but the ability to reduce Cl. perfringens numbers was not consistent. Results obtained indicate that survival of high numbers of Lact. johnsonii will be essential for effective pathogen control.

Significance and Impact of the Study
The bacterium Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785 reduces numbers of the pathogen Clostridium perfringens in vitro. Biocontrol was improved by engineering the strain to produce and export a cell wall-hydrolysing endolysin, but good survival of the producer strain is essential. The production of bacteriophage endolysins by commensal bacteria has the potential to improve competitive exclusion of pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract.
Phylogeography of Heliconius cydno and its closest relatives: disentangling their origin and diversification
Authors: Arias Carlos F. , Salazar Camilo , Rosales Claudia , Kronforst Marcus R. , Linares Mauricio , Bermingham Eldredge , McMillan W. Owen 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe origins of the extraordinary diversity within the Neotropics have long fascinated biologists and naturalists. Yet, the underlying factors that have given rise to this diversity remain controversial. To test the relative importance of Quaternary climatic change and Neogene tectonic and paleogeographic reorganizations in the generation of biodiversity, we examine intraspecific variation across the Heliconius cydno radiation and compare this variation to that within the closely related Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius timareta radiations. Our data, which consist of both mtDNA and genome‐scan data from nearly 2250 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci, reveal a complex history of differentiation and admixture at different geographic scales. Both mtDNA and AFLP phylogenies suggest that H. timareta and H. cydno are probably geographic extremes of the same radiation that probably diverged from H. melpomene prior to the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary, consistent with hypotheses of diversification that rely on geological events in the Pliocene. The mtDNA suggests that this radiation originated in Central America or the northwestern region of South America, with a subsequent colonization of the eastern and western slopes of the Andes. Our genome‐scan data indicate significant admixture among sympatric H. cydno/H. timareta and H. melpomene populations across the extensive geographic ranges of the two radiations. Within H. cydno, both mtDNA and AFLP data indicate significant population structure at local scales, with strong genetic differences even among adjacent H. cydno colour pattern races. These genetic patterns highlight the importance of past geoclimatic events, intraspecific gene flow, and local population differentiation in the origin and establishment of new adaptive forms.
Novel therapeutic agents in neurogastroenterology: advances in the past year
Authors: Camilleri M. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Background
There have been significant advances in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms in patients with neurogastroenterological disorders including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional abdominal pain, functional diarrhea, chronic constipation, gastroparesis, and functional dyspepsia. These advances have led to the development of novel pharmacological therapy of neurogastroenterological disorders.
Purpose
To review peer‐reviewed articles or prominent preliminary communications presented in the past year regarding medications in development for functional gastrointestinal disorders or gastroparesis. The medications fall into two main categories: first, established classes of medications within established classes, such as 5‐HT3 receptor antagonists and 5‐HT4 receptor agonists, and second, new classes of medications such as a combined μ‐opioid agonist and δ‐antagonist, or a small molecule ghrelin agonist.