bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Listeria monocytogenes ChiA Chitinase Enhances Virulence through Suppression of Host Innate Immunity
Authors: Chaudhuri Swarnava , Gantner Benjamin N. , Ye Richard D. , Cianciotto Nicholas P. , Freitag Nancy E. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

Environmental pathogens survive and replicate within the outside environment while maintaining the capacity to infect mammalian hosts. For some microorganisms, mammalian infection may be a relatively rare event. Understanding how environmental pathogens retain their ability to cause disease may provide insight into environmental reservoirs of disease and emerging infections.
Listeria monocytogenes
survives as a saprophyte in soil but is capable of causing serious invasive disease in susceptible individuals. The bacterium secretes virulence factors that promote cell invasion, bacterial replication, and cell-to-cell spread. Recently, an
L. monocytogenes
chitinase (ChiA) was shown to enhance bacterial infection in mice. Given that mammals do not synthesize chitin, the function of ChiA within infected animals was not clear. Here we have demonstrated that ChiA enhances
L. monocytogenes
survival
in vivo
through the suppression of host innate immunity.
L. monocytogenes
Δ
chiA
mutants were fully capable of establishing bacterial replication within target organs during the first 48 h of infection. By 72 to 96 h postinfection, however, numbers of Δ
chiA
bacteria diminished, indicative of an effective immune response to contain infection. The Δ
chiA
-associated virulence defect could be complemented in
trans
by wild-type
L. monocytogenes
, suggesting that secreted ChiA altered a target that resulted in a more permissive host environment for bacterial replication. ChiA secretion resulted in a dramatic decrease in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and Δ
chiA
mutant virulence was restored in
NOS2

−
/
−

mice lacking iNOS. This work is the first to demonstrate modulation of a specific host innate immune response by a bacterial chitinase.

IMPORTANCE
Bacterial chitinases have traditionally been viewed as enzymes that either hydrolyze chitin as a food source or serve as a defense mechanism against organisms containing structural chitin (such as fungi). Recent evidence indicates that bacterial chitinases and chitin-binding proteins contribute to pathogenesis, primarily via bacterial adherence to chitin-like molecules present on the surface of mammalian cells. In contrast, mammalian chitinases have been linked to immunity via inflammatory immune responses that occur outside the context of infection, and since mammals do not produce chitin, the targets of these mammalian chitinases have remained elusive. This work demonstrates that a
Listeria monocytogenes
-secreted chitinase has distinct functional roles that include chitin hydrolysis and suppression of host innate immunity. The established link between chitinase and the inhibition of host inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression may help clarify the thus far elusive relationship observed between mammalian chitinase enzymes and host inflammatory responses occurring in the absence of infection.
The time course of in vivo recovery of transverse strain in high-stress tendons following exercise
Authors: Wearing Scott C , Smeathers James E , Hooper Sue L , Locke Simon , Purdam Craig , Cook Jill L 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo evaluate the time course of the recovery of transverse strain in the Achilles and patellar tendon following a bout of resistance exercise.MethodsSeventeen healthy adults underwent sonographic examination of the right patellar (n=9) and Achilles (n=8) tendons immediately prior to and following 90 repetitions of weight-bearing quadriceps and gastrocnemius-resistance exercise performed against an effective resistance of 175% and 250% body weight, respectively. Sagittal tendon thickness was determined 20 mm from the enthesis and transverse strain, as defined by the stretch ratio, was repeatedly monitored over a 24 h recovery period.ResultsResistance exercise resulted in an immediate decrease in Achilles (t7=10.6, p<0.01) and patellar (t8=8.9, p<0.01) tendon thickness, resulting in an average transverse stretch ratio of 0.86±0.04 and 0.82±0.05, which was not significantly different between tendons. The magnitude of the immediate transverse strain response, however, was reduced with advancing age (r=0.63, p<0.01). Recovery in transverse strain was prolonged compared with the duration of loading and exponential in nature. The average primary recovery time was not significantly different between the Achilles (6.5±3.2 h) and patellar (7.1±3.2 h) tendons. Body weight accounted for 62% and 64% of the variation in recovery time, respectively.ConclusionsDespite structural and biochemical differences between the Achilles and patellar tendon, the mechanisms underlying transverse creep recovery in vivo appear similar and are highly time dependent. These novel findings have important implications concerning the time required for the mechanical recovery of high-stress tendons following an acute bout of exercise.
Muscle strength in youth and cardiovascular risk in young adulthood (the European Youth Heart Study)
Authors: Grøntved Anders , Ried-Larsen Mathias , Møller Niels Christian , Kristensen Peter Lund , Froberg Karsten , Brage Søren , Andersen Lars Bo 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundWhether muscle strength in youth is related to cardiovascular risk later in life independent of cardiorespiratory fitness is unclear.MethodsWe examined the independent association of isometric muscle strength in youth with cardiovascular risk factors in young adulthood using data from the Danish European Youth Heart Study; a population-based prospective cohort study among boys and girls (n=332) followed for up to 12 years. In youth maximal voluntary contractions during isometric back extension and abdominal flexion were determined using a strain-gauge dynamometer and cardiorespiratory fitness was obtained from a maximal cycle ergometer test. Cardiovascular risk factors were obtained in youth and in young adulthood. Associations were examined using multivariable-adjusted regression models including major confounding factors.ResultsEach 1 SD difference in isometric muscle strength in youth (0.17 N/kg) was inversely associated with body mass index (BMI; −0.60 kg/m2, 95% CI −0.97 to −0.22), triglyceride (−0.09 mmol/l, 95% CI −0.16 to −0.02), diastolic blood pressure (BP) (−1.22 mm Hg, 95% CI −2.15 to −0.29) and a composite cardiovascular risk factor score (−0.61 SD, 95% CI −1.03 to −0.20) in young adulthood in multivariable-adjusted analyses including fitness. Associations to triglyceride, diastolic BP and the cardiovascular risk factor score remained with additional adjustment for waist circumference or BMI. Each 1 SD difference in isometric muscle strength in youth was significantly associated with 0.59 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.87) lower odds of general overweight/obesity in young adulthood (p=0.007) and was marginally associated with incident raised BP, raised triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.ConclusionsThis study suggests that greater isometric muscle strength in youth is associated with lower levels of cardiovascular risk factors in young adulthood independent of fitness, adiposity and other confounding factors.
Effect of dynamic humeral centring (DHC) treatment on painful active elevation of the arm in subacromial impingement syndrome. Secondary analysis of data from an RCT
Authors: Beaudreuil Johann , Lasbleiz Sandra , Aout Mounir , Vicaut Eric , Yelnik Alain , Bardin Thomas , Orcel Philippe 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundThe physiotherapy dynamic humeral centring (DHC) aims to prevent subacromial impingement of rotator cuff tendons during elevation of the arm. The objective of the study was to determine whether DHC acts via an effect on subacromial impingement mechanism by assessing its effect on painful elevation of the arm in subacromial impingement syndrome.MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of results of a randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of DHC. Sixty-nine patients with subacromial impingement syndrome were prospectively included. Patients and the assessor were blinded to the study hypothesis and treatment, respectively. Patients underwent DHC or non-specific mobilisation as a control for 6 weeks in 15 supervised individual outpatient sessions with home exercises. Outcomes were pain-free range of motion and presence of painful arc of the shoulder, both in active flexion and abduction of the arm at 3 months.ResultsAt 3 months, pain-free range of motion, both flexion and abduction, was greater in the DHC group than in the mobilisation group. The number of patients with painful arc during flexion was decreased in the DHC group.ConclusionsDHC improves painful active elevation of the arm. We suggest that DHC may act via a specific effect on subacromial impingement mechanism.
Intravenous nicardipine and labetalol use in hypertensive patients with signs or symptoms suggestive of end-organ damage in the emergency department: a subgroup analysis of the CLUE trial
Authors: Cannon Chad M , Levy Phillip , Baumann Brigitte M , Borczuk Pierre , Chandra Abhinav , Cline David M , Diercks Deborah B , Hiestand Brian , Hsu Amy , Jois Preeti , Kaminski Brian , Nowak Richard M , Schrock Jon W , Varon Joseph , Peacock W Frank 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of Food and Drug Administration recommended dosing of nicardipine versus labetalol for the management of hypertensive patients with signs and/or symptoms (S/S) suggestive of end-organ damage (EOD).DesignSecondary analysis of the multicentre prospective, randomised CLUE trial.Setting13 academic emergency departments in the USA.ParticipantsEligible patients had two systolic blood pressure (SBP) measures ≥180 mm Hg at least 10 min apart, no contraindications to nicardipine or labetalol and predefined S/S suggestive of EOD on arrival.InterventionsMedications were administered by continuous infusion (nicardipine) or repeat intravenous bolus (labetalol) for a study period of 30 min or until a specified target SBP ±20 mm Hg was achieved.Primary outcome measurePercentage of participants achieving a predefined target SBP range (TR) defined as an SBP within ±20 mm Hg as established by the treating physician.ResultsOf the 141 eligible patients, 49.6% received nicardipine, 51.7% were women and 81.6% were black. Mean age was 52.2±13.9 years. Median initial SBP did not differ in the nicardipine (210.5 (IQR 197–226) mm Hg) and labetalol (210 (200–226) mm Hg) groups (p=0.862). Nicardipine patients were more likely to have a history of diabetes (41.4% vs 25.7%, p=0.05) but there were no other historical, demographic or laboratory differences between groups. Within 30 min, nicardipine patients more often reached the target SBP range than those receiving labetalol (91.4% vs 76.1%, difference=15.3% (95% CI 3.5% to 27.3%); p=0.01). On multivariable modelling with adjustment for gender and clinical site, nicardipine patients were more likely to be in TR by 30 min than patients receiving labetalol (OR 3.65, 95% CI 1.31 to 10.18, C statistic=0.72).ConclusionsIn the setting of hypertension with suspected EOD, patients treated with nicardipine are more likely to reach prespecified SBP targets within 30 min than patients receiving labetalol.Clinical Trial RegistrationNCT00765648, clinicaltrials.gov
Fetal intracranial haemorrhages caused by fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: an observational cohort study of 43 cases from an international multicentre registry
Authors: Tiller Heidi , Kamphuis Marije M , Flodmark Olof , Papadogiannakis Nikos , David Anna L , Sainio Susanna , Koskinen Sinikka , Javela Kaija , Wikman Agneta Taune , Kekomaki Riitta , Kanhai Humphrey H H , Oepkes Dick , Husebekk Anne , Westgren Magnus 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo characterise pregnancies where the fetus or neonate was diagnosed with fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) and suffered from intracranial haemorrhage (ICH), with special focus on time of bleeding onset.DesignObservational cohort study of all recorded cases of ICH caused by FNAIT from the international No IntraCranial Haemorrhage (NOICH) registry during the period 2001–2010.Setting13 tertiary referral centres from nine countries across the world.Participants37 mothers and 43 children of FNAIT pregnancies complicated by fetal or neonatal ICH identified from the NOICH registry was included if FNAIT diagnosis and ICH was confirmed.Primary and secondary outcome measuresGestational age at onset of ICH, type of ICH and clinical outcome of ICH were the primary outcome measures. General maternal and neonatal characteristics of pregnancies complicated by fetal/neonatal ICH were secondary outcome measures.ResultsFrom a total of 592 FNAIT cases in the registry, 43 confirmed cases of ICH due to FNAIT were included in the study. The majority of bleedings (23/43, 54%) occurred before 28 gestational weeks and often affected the first born child (27/43, 63%). One-third (35%) of the children died within 4 days after delivery. 23 (53%) children survived with severe neurological disabilities and only 5 (12%) were alive and well at time of discharge. Antenatal treatment was not given in most (91%) cases of fetal/neonatal ICH.ConclusionsICH caused by FNAIT often occurs during second trimester and the clinical outcome is poor. In order to prevent ICH caused by FNAIT, at-risk pregnancies must be identified and prevention and/or interventions should start early in the second trimester.
Survival transcriptome in the coenzyme Q10deficiency syndrome is acquired by epigenetic modifications: a modelling study for human coenzyme Q10deficiencies
Authors: Fernández-Ayala Daniel J M , Guerra Ignacio , Jiménez-Gancedo Sandra , Cascajo Maria V , Gavilán Angela , DiMauro Salvatore , Hirano Michio , Briones Paz , Artuch Rafael , De Cabo Rafael , Salviati Leonardo , Navas Plácido 
Published: March 2013

ObjectivesCoenzyme Q10(CoQ10) deficiency syndrome is a rare condition that causes mitochondrial dysfunction and includes a variety of clinical presentations as encephalomyopathy, ataxia and renal failure. First, we sought to set up what all have in common, and then investigate why CoQ10supplementation reverses the bioenergetics alterations in cultured cells but not all the cellular phenotypes.Design Modelling studyThis work models the transcriptome of human CoQ10deficiency syndrome in primary fibroblast from patients and study the genetic response to CoQ10treatment in these cells.SettingFour hospitals and medical centres from Spain, Italy and the USA, and two research laboratories from Spain and the USA.ParticipantsPrimary cells were collected from patients in the above centres.MeasurementsWe characterised by microarray analysis the expression profile of fibroblasts from seven CoQ10-deficient patients (three had primary deficiency and four had a secondary form) and aged-matched controls, before and after CoQ10supplementation. Results were validated by Q-RT-PCR. The profile of DNA (CpG) methylation was evaluated for a subset of gene with displayed altered expression.ResultsCoQ10-deficient fibroblasts (independently from the aetiology) showed a common transcriptomic profile that promotes cell survival by activating cell cycle and growth, cell stress responses and inhibiting cell death and immune responses. Energy production was supported mainly by glycolysis while CoQ10supplementation restored oxidative phosphorylation. Expression of genes involved in cell death pathways was partially restored by treatment, while genes involved in differentiation, cell cycle and growth were not affected. Stably demethylated genes were unaffected by treatment whereas we observed restored gene expression in either non-methylated genes or those with an unchanged methylation pattern.ConclusionsCoQ10deficiency induces a specific transcriptomic profile that promotes cell survival, which is only partially rescued by CoQ10supplementation.
The child's body without fluid: mother's knowledge and practices about hydration and rehydration in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Larrea-Killinger Cristina , Muñoz Araceli 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundThe aim of this article was to anthropologically analyse knowledge and practices about hydration and rehydration in a specific ethnographic context, where diverse therapies are combined to treat and take care of child diarrhoea as part of a wider social process that circumscribes transactions between self-care and biomedicine.MethodsEthnographic data from a qualitative study in the neighbourhood of Nova Constituinte (Salvador, Bahia) which was part of an interdisciplinary project aimed at epidemiologically evaluating an environmental sanitation programme. These data results from a series of in-depth interviews of 29 interviewees and field observations collected over two stages (1997/1998–2003/2004).ResultsKnowledge about hydration and rehydration is practical knowledge that demonstrates some of the cultural limits of dehydration in terms of the normality or pathology criteria related to child diarrhoea. This knowledge belongs to local interpretations, treatment experiences and the care that mothers provide in relation to their child's diarrhoea. We observed a process of medicalisation in the discourse about hydration and self-care.ConclusionsUnlike rehydration, hydration is structural to self-care processes. While the former constitutes a way of alleviating diarrhoea, the latter is a type of care centred on healing. The difference between these practices does not lie in the type of remedies used but in the meaning attributed to them and the way they are combined.
Military treatment of splenic injury in the era of non-operative management
Authors: Mossadegh Somayyeh , Midwinter M , Sapsford W , Tai N 
Published: March 2013

ObjectivesManagement of blunt splenic injury (BSI) in battlefield casualties is controversial. Splenectomy is the traditional treatment, as setting the conditions for selective non-operative management (SNOM) is difficult in the operational environment. On mature operations, it may be feasible to adopt a more conservative approach and manage the patient according to civilian protocols. The aim of this study was to document the contemporary practice of deployed military surgeons when dealing with BSI and to compare this against a matched cohort of civilian BSI patients.MethodThe Joint Theatre Trauma Registry held at the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, was thoroughly examined to yield patients with BSI. The study encompassed a 55-month period ending September 2009. Data abstracted included patient demographics, injury epidemiology, grade of splenic injury, treatment and outcome. These data were compared with a registry database from a UK civilian major trauma centre.ResultOf 1516 military trauma patients, 16 (1%) had a splenic injury, of which five were excluded either because of fatalities due to overwhelming injury or penetrating trauma. The remaining 11 had a blunt component. Median (IQR) injury severity score (ISS) was 17 (15–21). Nine underwent a splenectomy with median (IQR) ISS of 17 (12–18). Of this group, organ injury grades were documented in 10 patients (four Grade V injuries, three Grade IV and three Grade II). All patients survived surgery. There were no complications in survivors as a result of splenic conservation in the military group. Data from the civilian major trauma centre database showed 160 (2%) patients sustained a splenic injury, of which 131 (82%) had a blunt mechanism, 43/160 (27%) and 9/160 (6%) patients underwent splenectomy and angio-embolisation, respectively.ConclusionsPatients with BSI, an uncommon finding in combat casualties, are occasionally selected for conservative management, contrary to previous military surgical paradigms but in keeping with the civilian shift to SNOM. Guidelines to clarify the place of SNOM are required to assist surgical decision making on deployed operations.
Patient reported outcome measures in military patients with shoulder instability
Authors: Middleton Simon , Guyver P , Boyd M , Brinsden M 
Published: March 2013

ObjectivesThe Oxford Shoulder Instability Score (OSIS) is a measure of functional impairment of the upper limb, but it is unclear how it translates into military patients where lower scores, implying higher function, may still be insufficient to meet the increased demands of military service and necessitating surgery. This study aimed to compare OSIS in military and civilian patients undergoing shoulder stabilisation surgery.MethodsWe undertook a prospective, blinded cohort-controlled study with a null hypothesis that there was no difference in the Oxford Instability Scores between military and civilian patient groups. 40 patients were required in each group. A prospective clinical data base (iParrot, ByResults, Oxford, UK) was interrogated for consecutive patients undergoing shoulder stabilisation surgery at a single centre. The senior author—blinded to the outcome score—matched patients according to age, gender and diagnosis. Statistical analysis showed the data to be normally distributed and a paired samples t test was used to compare the two groups.Results110 patients were required to provide a matched cohort of 40 in each group (70 male, 10 female subjects). Age distribution was 16–19 years (n=6); 20–24 years (n=28); 25–29 (n=16); 30–34 (n=12); 35–49 (n=12); and 40–44 (n=6). 72 patients (90%) had polar group 1 instability and eight patients (10%) had polar group 2 instability. The mean OSIS in the civilian group was 17.25 and in the military group 18.25. There was no statistical difference between the two groups (p=0.395).ConclusionsThis study supports the use of the OSIS to assess military patients with shoulder instability and monitor the progress of their condition.
Trauma treatment in a Role 1 medical facility in Afghanistan
Authors: Vedel Pernille Nygaard , Helsø I , Jørgensen H L , Lauritzen J Bruun , Nissen L Ravnborg 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundMost of the emergency care delivered in Afghanistan is currently provided by the military sector and non-governmental organisations. Main Operating Base (MOB) Price in Helmand Province has a small medical centre and due to its location provides critical care to civilians and military casualties and this article describes the patterns in trauma patient care at the MOB Price medical centre regarding the types of patients and injuries.Materials and methodsThe study population consists of 64 consecutive critically injured patients treated in MOB Price during a 4-month period from September to December 2010. The outcomes were battle-related injuries, treatment received before arriving to MOB Price, types of injury and treatment.ResultsThere were 35 civilians (12 children and 23 adults), 28 Afghan National Security Forces and one International Security Assistance Force soldier; they were divided into three groups (civilian adults, civilian children and military). 22% of the patients suffered fragmentation injuries and civilians were more likely to incur fragment injury than military personnel (OR (95% CI) 7.04 (1.4 to 34.8)). Regarding intubation, there was a trend towards more civilians needing it than military personnel and significantly more children than adults underwent intubation (OR (95% Cl) 51 (5.2 to 498.5)). Gunshot wounds (GSW) occurred in 30% of the patients. Civilians patients had a lower OR for GSWs than military patients (OR (95% CI) 0.35 (0.1 to 1.1)). Other trends in injury types and treatment were apparent but did not reach significance due to the small number of patients.ConclusionsBoth civilians and military personnel benefitted from the in-theatre Role 1 medical facility treatment. The most frequent injuries were fragmentation damage and GSW.