bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paracelsian Medicine and Theory of Generation in ‘Exterior homo’, a Manuscript Probably Authored by Jan Baptist Van Helmont (1579–1644)
Authors: Hedesan Georgiana D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis article discusses a Latin manuscript that can be found in the Jan Baptist Van Helmont (1579–1644) archives in Mechelen (Malines), Belgium. The manuscript bears no author and no title, and begins with the words ‘Exterior homo’, hence being referred by this provisional title in the analysis. Ecclesiastical prosecutors investigating Van Helmont for heresy in 1634 considered that it was written by him, but this was vehemently denied by the Flemish physician. The present article takes a first detailed look at the content of the treatise and ideas contained therein. It hence identifies the manuscript as belonging to a seventeenth-century physician influenced by the ideas of Theophrastus Paracelsus (1493–1541) and his interpreter Petrus Severinus (1542–1602), and containing a complex medical philosophy drawn on alchemical thought. Thus, the anonymous author presents a comprehensive view on the nature and structure of man, as well as an idiosyncratic theory of human generation. Following the analysis of the treatise, the article further compares it with the known works of J.B. Van Helmont, and finds that it is very similar to his ideas. Hence, the article concludes that it is ‘likely’ that the manuscript is indeed written by Van Helmont, although lack of direct evidence prevents certain attribution.
A new primitive eucryptodiran turtle from the Upper Jurassic Phu Kradung Formation of the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand
Authors: TONG HAIYAN , NAKSRI WILAILUCK , BUFFETAUT ERIC , SUTEETHORN VARAVUDH , SUTEETHORN SURAVECH , DEESRI UTHUMPORN , SILA SAITONG , CHANTHASIT PHORNPHEN , CLAUDE JULIEN 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA new genus and new species of primitive eucryptodiran turtle, Phunoichelys thirakhupti gen. et sp. nov., is described on the basis of shell remains from the lower part of the Phu Kradung Formation, at Phu Noi locality, Kalasin Province, NE Thailand. It is assigned to Xinjiangchelyidae on the basis of the marginals covering the lateral end of the costals and the anal scutes invading the hypoplastra. The new taxon is further characterized by a low and rounded carapace without a cervical notch; the whole carapace and plastron covered with a clear ornamentation consisting of tiny irregular vermiculated furrows; a complete neural series that reaches the suprapygal; a very wide and short cervical scute; relatively wide vertebral scutes; and a long first thoracic rib that extends along the full width of the first costal. The sutured plastron/carapace connection and the marginals covering the lateral end of the second to seventh costals suggest that the turtles from Phu Noi may be related to some primitive xinjiangchelyids from the Sichuan Basin. The discovery of a xinjiangchelyid turtle in the lower part of the Phu Kradung Formation supports a Late Jurassic age for that part of the formation.
Narratives of home and place: findings from the Housing and Independent Living Study
Authors: MACKENZIE LYNETTE , CURRYER CASSIE , BYLES JULIE E. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAs populations age, increased focus is given to the importance of enabling older people to age in place. The study reported in this paper explored the extent to which older people considered their homes and neighbourhoods to be ‘supportive’, and sought to increase understanding of the needs and experiences of older people and their expectations of future housing needs. This paper reports qualitative data from the Housing and Independent Living (HAIL) study carried out in Australia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 202 community-dwelling people aged 75–79 years. Interviews were transcribed, coded and analysed using computer-assisted qualitative analysis and a narrative approach to identify broad themes. Thematic analysis was used to examine and understand how occupants subjectively viewed their homes, and how they planned to adapt/modify either their activities or homes to accommodate changing needs. Six key themes emerged, namely housing choice, attachment to place, financial issues, changes to the home over time, transport, and anticipating the future. In this study, people who most strongly identified with and felt connected to their neighbours/communities had more positive perceptions of their homes and communities, and may be better able to remain in their home despite increasing disability or frailty. Housing policies and home and urban design should ensure home and neighbourhood environments are safe, accessible, promote positive associations, and are adaptable to facilitate independence and accommodate change as people age.
Hausdorff dimension of level sets of generalized Takagi functions
Authors: ALLAART PIETER C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the Hausdorff dimension of the level setsf−1(y) of continuous functions of the form\begin{equation*} f(x)=\sum_{n=0}^\infty 2^{-n}\omega_n(x)\phi(2^n x), \quad 0\leq x\leq 1, \end{equation*}where φ(x) is the distance fromxto the nearest integer, and for eachn, ωnis a {−1,1}-valued function which is constant on each interval [j/2n,(j+1)/2n),j=0,1,. . .,2n− 1. This class of functions includes Takagi's continuous but nowhere differentiable function. It is shown that the largest possible Hausdorff dimension off−1(y) is$\log ((9+\sqrt{105})/2)/\log 16\approx .8166$, but in case each ωnis constant, the largest possible dimension is 1/2. These results are extended to the intersection of the graph offwith lines of arbitrary integer slope. Furthermore, two natural models of choosing the signs ωn(x) at random are considered, and almost-sure results are obtained for the Hausdorff dimension of the zero set and the set of maximum points off. The paper ends with a list of open problems.
A large multi-pathogen gastroenteritis outbreak caused by drinking contaminated water from antique neighbourhood fountains, Erzurum city, Turkey, December 2012
Authors: SEZEN F. , AVAL E. , AĞKURT T. , YILMAZ Ş. , TEMEL F. , GÜLEŞEN R. , KORUKLUOĞLU G. , SUCAKLI M. B. , TORUNOĞLU M. A. , ZHU B.-P. 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYWe investigated a gastroenteritis outbreak in Erzurum city, Turkey in December 2012 to identify its cause and mode of transmission. We defined a probable case as onset of diarrhoea (⩾3 episodes/day) or vomiting, plus fever or nausea or abdominal pain during 19–27 December, 2012 in an Erzurum city resident. In a case-control study we compared exposures of 95 randomly selected probable cases and 95 neighbourhood-matched controls. We conducted bacterial culture and real-time multiplex PCR for identification of pathogens. During the week before illness onset, 72% of cases and 15% of controls only drank water from antique neighbourhood fountains; conversely, 16% of cases and 65% of controls only drank bottled or tap water (adjusted odds ratio 20, 95% confidence interval 4·6–84, after controlling for age and sex using conditional logistic regression). Of eight stool specimens collected, two were positive forShigella sonnei, one for astrovirus, one for astrovirus and norovirus, and one for astrovirus and rotavirus. Water samples from the fountains had elevated total coliform (38–300/100 ml) andEscherichia coli(22–198/100 ml) counts. In conclusion, drinking contaminated fountain water caused this multi-pathogen outbreak. Residents should stop drinking water from these fountains, and clean water from the water treatment plant should be connected to the fountains.
Analyzing Text Complexity in Political Science Research
Authors: Cann Damon M. , Goelzhauser Greg , Johnson Kaylee 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes the text complexity of political science research. Using automated text analysis, we examine the text complexity of a sample of articles from three leading generalist journals and four leading subfield journals. We also examine changes in text complexity across time by analyzing a sample of articles from the discipline’s flagship journal during a 100-year span. Although it is not surprising that a typical political science article is difficult to read, it is accessible to intelligent lay readers. We found little difference in text complexity across time or subfield.
Vanillin formation from ferulic acid in Vanilla planifolia is catalysed by a single enzyme
Authors: Gallage Nethaji J. , Hansen Esben H. , Kannangara Rubini , Olsen Carl Erik , Motawia Mohammed Saddik , Jørgensen Kirsten , Holme Inger , Hebelstrup Kim , Grisoni Michel , Møller Birger Lindberg 
Published: June 2014

AbstractVanillin is a popular and valuable flavour compound. It is the key constituent of the natural vanilla flavour obtained from cured vanilla pods. Here we show that a single hydratase/lyase type enzyme designated vanillin synthase (VpVAN) catalyses direct conversion of ferulic acid and its glucoside into vanillin and its glucoside, respectively. The enzyme shows high sequence similarity to cysteine proteinases and is specific to the substitution pattern at the aromatic ring and does not metabolize caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid as demonstrated by coupled transcription/translation assays. VpVAN localizes to the inner part of the vanilla pod and high transcript levels are found in single cells located a few cell layers from the inner epidermis. Transient expression of VpVAN in tobacco and stable expression in barley in combination with the action of endogenous alcohol dehydrogenases and UDP-glucosyltransferases result in vanillyl alcohol glucoside formation from endogenous ferulic acid. A gene encoding an enzyme showing 71% sequence identity to VpVAN was identified in another vanillin-producing plant species Glechoma hederacea and was also shown to be a vanillin synthase as demonstrated by transient expression in tobacco.
Überblick – Grundlagenwissen zum motorischen Lernen
Authors: Stein Thorsten , Bös Klaus 
Published: June 2014

ZusammenfassungBewegungen sind die einzige Möglichkeit des Menschen, mit seiner Umwelt zu interagieren (z. B. Sprechen, Gesten oder Objektmanipulationen). Wie wichtig Bewegungen sind, fällt häufig erst auf, wenn motorische Störungen vorliegen. Andererseits ist es durch jahrelanges Training in Sport oder Musik möglich, Bewegungen in einer Art und Weise auszuführen, die für den Laien unvorstellbar ist. In diesem Beitrag werden Befunde zum motorischen Lernen aus der Sportwissenschaft, der Psychologie und der Neurowissenschaft aufgearbeitet und im Kontext der Neurorehabilitation diskutiert.
The role of right-wing authoritarianism, sexism and culture of honour in rape myths acceptance / El papel del autoritarismo de derechas, del sexismo y de la cultura del honor en la aceptación de los mitos sobre la violación
Authors: Canto Jesús M. , Perles Fabiola , Martín Jesús San 
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this work is to analyse how some ideological variables (ambivalent sexism, culture of honour, and right-wing authoritarianism) affect rape myths acceptance (RMA). Two hundred and fourteen university students (83 men and 131 women), mean age 20.39 years old, participated. The results show that there is a high correlation between RMA and hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, culture of honour, and right-wing authoritarianism. Hostile sexism and right-wing authoritarianism predict RMA in both male and female samples. Benevolent sexism predicts RMA in the female sample. In addition, in the male sample right-wing authoritarianism interacts with hostile sexism to predict RMA, while in the female sample right-wing authoritarianism interacts with benevolent sexism to predict RMA. These results show the close relationship existing between certain ideological variables and RMA.
Training load quantification in elite swimmers using a modified version of the training impulse method
Authors: García‐Ramos Amador , Feriche Belén , Calderón Carmen , Iglesias Xavier , Barrero Anna , Chaverri Diego , Schuller Thorsten , Rodríguez Ferran A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPrior reports have described the limitations of quantifying internal training loads using hear rate (HR)‐based objective methods such as the training impulse (TRIMP) method, especially when high‐intensity interval exercises are performed. A weakness of the TRIMP method is that it does not discriminate between exercise and rest periods, expressing both states into a single mean intensity value that could lead to an underestimate of training loads. This study was designed to compare Banister's original TRIMP method (1991) and a modified calculation procedure (TRIMPc) based on the cumulative sum of partial TRIMP, and to determine how each model relates to the session rating of perceived exertion (s‐RPE), a HR‐independent training load indicator. Over four weeks, 17 elite swimmers completed 328 pool training sessions. Mean HR for the full duration of a session and partial values for each 50 m of swimming distance and rest period were recorded to calculate the classic TRIMP and the proposed variant (TRIMPc). The s‐RPE questionnaire was self‐administered 30 minutes after each training session. Both TRIMPc and TRIMP measures strongly correlated with s‐RPE scores (r = 0.724 and 0.702, respectively; P < 0.001). However, TRIMPc was ∼9% higher on average than TRIMP (117 ± 53 vs. 107 ± 47; P < 0.001), with proportionally greater inter‐method difference with increasing workload intensity. Therefore, TRIMPc appears to be a more accurate and appropriate procedure for quantifying training load, particularly when monitoring interval training sessions, since it allows weighting both exercise and recovery intervals separately for the corresponding HR‐derived intensity.
Evaluating information seeking and use in the changing virtual world: the emerging role of Google Analytics
Authors: CLARK D.J. , NICHOLAS David , JAMALI Hamid R. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe paper identifies changes that have occurred in the Web environment over the last decade which have gradually rendered server logs, once the preeminent source of intelligence on usage and information‐seeking behaviour, an ineffective, impractical, and uneconomic resource. It also looks at the implications of these changes for information professionals and publishers who have come to rely on this data to understand the behaviour of clients and customers in the virtual environment. Ubiquitous and expanding, Google Analytics generates statistics about a website's traffic and traffic sources, albeit from a marketers' perspective, is evaluated as a possible replacement; something which might plug the user knowledge gap which is worryingly opening up, or maybe even, put us in a better position overall. The paper is built on the knowledge and experience of evaluating server logs for more than a decade, mostly for publishers and libraries, and also on two recent projects where server log analysis was supplemented with Google Analytics.
“Protect Me”
Authors: Alvandi Roham 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of Iran from a client to a partner of the United States, from the announcement of the British withdrawal from the Persian Gulf in 1968 to the end of Nixon’s first term as president in 1972. The shah successfully lobbied the Nixon administration to abandon a policy of balancing Iran and Saudi Arabia as the “twin pillars” of the Gulf and to instead embrace Iran’s regional primacy under the Nixon Doctrine. Drawing on Iranian sources, this chapter reveals that the shah’s actions during the 1969 Shatt al-Arab border crisis between Iran and Iraq nearly sparked a war between the two countries. It also details the Nixon administration’s illegal funneling of American arms to Pakistan via Iran during the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War.
Iran’s Secret War with Iraq
Authors: Alvandi Roham 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Chapter abstract: In the first detailed history of the CIA’s covert operation in Iraqi Kurdistan from 1972 to 1975, this chapter examines how the shah used his partnership with Nixon and Kissinger to draw the United States into Iran’s secret war against Iraq in Kurdistan in 1972. The shah used the Americans to keep Mustafa Barzani’s Kurds fighting, in order to paralyze the Iraqi army and thereby neutralize the Iraqi threat to Iran’s oil-rich province of Khuzestan and Iranian shipping in the Shatt al-Arab and the Persian Gulf. When the shah defied Kissinger and signed the Algiers Agreement with Iraqi strongman Saddam Hussein in March 1975, whereby Iran abandoned the Kurds in exchange for Iraqi territorial concessions in the Shatt, Kissinger had no choice but to accept the shah’s decision as a fait accompli and to suffer subsequent domestic recriminations for having betrayed the Kurds.
An Overview of Aristotelian Logic as seen by Medieval Logicians
Authors: Parsons Terence 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCategorical propositions include universal, particular, and singular affirmative and negative propositions. ‘Every S is P’ contradicts ‘Some S isn’t P’; ‘No S is P’ contradicts ‘Some S is P’, and ‘n is P’ contradicts ‘n isn’t P’. Universal affirmatives and negatives are contraries, so universal affirmatives are false – and particular negatives true -- if either of their terms are empty. It seems odd that ‘Some chimera isn’t a rock’ is true just because there aren’t any chimeras, but medieval logicians took this as a datum. ‘Some S is a P’ converts to ‘Some P is an S’; likewise for ‘No S is a P’ and ‘No P is an S’. ‘Every S is a P’ converts by limitation (entails) to ‘Some P is an S’. Aristotle’s syllogisms are presented. The term-prefix ‘non’, called infinite negation, does not make a proposition negative. Aristotle defines validity modally, but his theory is formal.
Expanding the Notation
Authors: Parsons Terence 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMedieval logicians used complex sentences, so Linguish is extended. Adjectives can be substantivated and used as nouns. Intransitive verbs were held to need analysis into ‘is’ plus their present participles; they were substantivized too. Transitive verbs were treated the same, but their logical behavior differs because the participle of a transitive verb creates a grammatical role, the direct object of the verb. Such participles have relative supposition; I call them parasitic terms. They require additional logical rules. Complex terms such as ‘donkey seeing every horse’ are incorporated with additional grammatical rules and inference rules. Relative clauses allow for a great deal of logical complexity; they are included in the rules and semantics. Genitive constructions allow logicians to construct propositions with multiple denoting phrases: ‘Of some woman every daughter sees a donkey’. Demonstrative expressions are also covered, as are molecular propositions made with ‘and’, ‘or’, and ‘if’.
Some Illustrative Topics
Authors: Parsons Terence 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDe Morgan famously claimed that certain logical inferences involving relational expressions are non-syllogistic. It is possible to validate the inferences he had in mind using the rules of Linguish. (Some of these involve parasitic terms.) John Buridan espoused certain distinctive views on the natures of subjects and predicates, ideas that do not occur in modern logic. His views are expounded; many of them can be captured within Linguish. Others seem to be problematic. Some logicians after Buridan developed algorithms for determining from surface grammar which strings of expressions form complex terms, and which are sequences of independent terms. This is vital for logical analysis. Following Karger, these algorithms are formulated and examined.
Relatives (Anaphoric Words)
Authors: Parsons Terence 
Published: June 2014

AbstractRelatives are anaphoric words. Logicians agree that a pronoun may be replaced by its antecedent if the antecedent is singular; otherwise not. A “singulation” theory was developed according to which pronouns remain unchanged when their antecedents change; in ‘Every cat sees itself; Tabby is a cat; therefore Tabby sees itself’, ‘itself’ has ‘cat’ as antecedent in the premise and ‘Tabby’ in the conclusion. This theory can be formulated within Linguish, and it works well. A non-reflexive pronoun was held to have the same mode of supposition as its antecedent, and to supposit for the same things as its antecedent, or for the things its antecedent is verified for. These accounts did not work well. But the singulation theory works well applied to any pronoun that occurs within the scope of its antecedent. Burley’s worries about certain pronouns are discussed. The theory covers anaphoric uses of ‘same’ and ‘other’.
Ampliation and Restriction
Authors: Parsons Terence 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTerms are ampliated by tense; in a past tense sentence the subject supposits for presently existing and formerly existing things signified by the term, and the predicate supposits for formerly existing things that it signifies. Similarly for the future. When a modal term modifies the copula, subjects supposit for all possible things that they signify; the predicate term depends on the modality. Semantic terminology ampliates terms; in ‘In any past tense sentence ‘dodo’ supposits for dodos’ the predicate term is ampliated to formerly existing dodos because of the semantical term ‘supposit’. When a sentence contains a word which pertains to the soul, terms signify merely possible things: ‘A bishop thinks about a golden mountain’. Intentional verbs affect their terms; an example is ‘I promise you a horse’ when no particular horse is promised. Some held that in such a context the word ‘horse’ is made to “appellate” the concept horse; this affects the sentence’s truth value.
Bargaining with a Rising India
Authors: Narlikar Amrita , Narlikar Aruna 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The need to negotiate effectively with India is only growing as its power rises. Understanding the negotiation culture wherein India's bargaining behaviour is embedded forms a crucial step to facilitate this process. In the literature on international negotiation, experimental studies point to specific behavioural characteristics of Indian negotiators. Empirical analyses confirm these findings, and suggest that the sources of India's negotiation behaviour are deep-rooted and culture-specific, going beyond what standard explanations of interest group politics, partisan politics, and institutional politics would suggest. But there are very few works that trace these sources. Extensive anthropological and sociological studies remain confined to their own fields and do not develop their implications for foreign policy or negotiation. There is a conspicuous lack of works that attempt to unpack the ‘negotiating culture’ variable using literary sources. This book aims to fill these gaps. It focuses on India's negotiating traditions through the lens of the classical Sanskrit text, the Mahabharata, and investigates the continuities and changes in India's negotiation behaviour as a rising power.
Playing Hardball?
Authors: Narlikar Amrita , Narlikar Aruna 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis chapter presents the intellectual puzzle that underlies the book: to what extent does India's bargaining behaviour, as a rising power, reflect cultural continuities? It offers a discussion on the methodology used. It highlights the importance of the culture variable as a route to understanding international negotiation, and further explains the logic that underlies our choice of the Mahabharata as a lens into India's bargaining traditions, norms, and beliefs. The chapter further provides a conceptualization of negotiation behaviour; the concepts introduced herein are used throughout the book. It presents a brief overview of the main characteristics that have come to be associated with India's negotiation style. It situates these characteristics within a debate on India's foreign policy and negotiation behaviour today that has perplexed and divided analysts. Finally, it outlines the structure of the book and discusses the contribution that this project makes to the existing literature.