bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Photochromic Sensor Microchip for High-performance Multiplex Metal Ions Detection
Authors: Huang Yu , Li Fengyu , Ye Changqing , Qin Meng , Ran Wei , Song Yanlin 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCurrent multi-analytes chips are limited with requiring numbers of sensors, complex synthesis and compounds screen. It is expected to develop new principles and techniques to achieve high-performance multi-analytes testing with facile sensors. Here, we investigated the correlative multi-states properties of a photochromic sensor (spirooxazine), which is capable of a selective and cross-reactive sensor array for discriminated multi-analytes (11 metal ions) detection by just one sensing compound. The multi-testing sensor array performed in dark, ultraviolet or visual stimulation, corresponding to different molecular states of spirooxazine metal ions coordination. The facile photochromic microchip contributes a multi-states array sensing method and will open new opportunities for the development of advanced discriminant analysis for complex analytes.
Hybrid photo‐receiver based on SiGe heterojunction photo‐transistor for low‐cost 60 GHz intermediate‐frequency radio‐over‐fibre applications
Authors: Viana C. , Tegegne Z.G. , Rosales M. , Polleux J.L. , Algani C. , Lecocq V. , Lyszyk C. , Denet S. 
Published: April 2015

The first results of an integrated hybrid photo‐receiver based on a 850 nm two‐terminal (2T) silicon germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar photo‐transistor (HPT) for low‐cost radio‐over‐fibre (RoF) applications is presented. A hybrid module was realised with two cascaded low‐noise amplifiers of 20 dB total gain and an SiGe 2T‐HPT exhibiting a −15 dB opto‐microwave gain at 5.15 GHz with a 1.6 GHz bandwidth. A 16% degradation of the error vector magnitude compared with back‐to‐back measurement for the transmission of a 2 GHz OFDM signal at 3 Gbit/s was measured based on the 60 GHz IEEE 802.15.3c standard transposed at the intermediate frequency (IF) of 5 GHz, according to an IF‐RoF distribution mode.
Landscape Prediction and Mapping of Game Fish Biomass, an Ecosystem Service of Michigan Rivers
Authors: Esselman Peter C. , Stevenson R. Jan , Lupi Frank , Riseng Catherine M. , Wiley Michael J. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The increased integration of ecosystem service concepts into natural resource management places renewed emphasis on prediction and mapping of fish biomass as a major provisioning service of rivers. The goals of this study were to predict and map patterns of fish biomass as a proxy for the availability of catchable fish for anglers in rivers and to identify the strongest landscape constraints on fish productivity. We examined hypotheses about fish responses to total phosphorus (TP), as TP is a growth-limiting nutrient known to cause increases (subsidy response) and/or decreases (stress response) in fish biomass depending on its concentration and the species being considered. Boosted regression trees were used to define nonlinear functions that predicted the standing crops of Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, Brown Trout Salmo trutta, Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu, panfishes (seven centrarchid species), and Walleye Sander vitreus by using landscape and modeled local-scale predictors. Fitted models were highly significant and explained 22–56% of the variation in validation data sets. Nonlinear and threshold responses were apparent for numerous predictors, including TP concentration, which had significant effects on all except the Walleye fishery. Brook Trout and Smallmouth Bass exhibited both subsidy and stress responses, panfish biomass exhibited a subsidy response only, and Brown Trout exhibited a stress response. Maps of reach-specific standing crop predictions showed patterns of predicted fish biomass that corresponded to spatial patterns in catchment area, water temperature, land cover, and nutrient availability. Maps illustrated predictions of higher trout biomass in coldwater streams draining glacial till in northern Michigan, higher Smallmouth Bass and panfish biomasses in warmwater systems of southern Michigan, and high Walleye biomass in large main-stem rivers throughout the state. Our results allow fisheries managers to examine the biomass potential of streams, describe geographic patterns of fisheries, explore possible nutrient management targets, and identify habitats that are candidates for species management.
Received May 20, 2014; accepted November 6, 2014
Assessing the Influence of Salmon Farming through Total Lipids, Fatty Acids, and Trace Elements in the Liver and Muscle of Wild Saithe Pollachius virens
Authors: Arechavala-Lopez P. , Sæther B.-S. , Marhuenda-Egea F. , Sanchez-Jerez P. , Uglem I. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Saithe Pollachius virens are attracted to uneaten salmon feed underneath cages at open-cage salmon farms in Norway. The aggregated Saithe have modified their feeding habits as they have switched from wild prey to uneaten food pellets, which could lead to physiological and biochemical changes in the Saithe. Variations in profiles of total lipids, fatty acids, and trace elements in Saithe liver and muscle were measured to evaluate the influence of fish feed from salmon farms on wild Saithe populations. Farm-aggregated Saithe had higher fat content in liver tissues than did individuals captured more than 25 km away from farms, but no clear differences were found in muscle tissues. High proportions of fatty acids of terrestrial origin, such as oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, in liver and muscle tissues of farm-aggregated Saithe reflected the presence of wild Saithe at farms. Accordingly, low proportions of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids in Saithe tissues mirrored the feeding activity at farms. Variations in specific trace element signatures among fish groups also revealed the farming influence on wild Saithe. High levels of Fe, As, Se, Zn, and B in liver, but also As, B, Li, Hg, and Sr in muscle of Saithe captured away from farms indicated the absence of feeding at farms.
Received March 26, 2014; accepted December 10, 2014
Effects of elevated CO2 levels on eggs and larvae of a North Pacific flatfish
Authors: Hurst Thomas P. , Laurel Benjamin J. , Mathis Jeremy T. , Tobosa Lauren R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska support a number of commercially important flatfish fisheries. These high latitude ecosystems are predicted to be most immediately impacted by ongoing ocean acidification, but the range of responses by commercial fishery species has yet to be fully explored. In this study, we examined the growth responses of northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) eggs and larvae across a range of CO2 levels (ambient to 1500 µatm) to evaluate the potential sensitivity to ocean acidification. Laboratory-spawned eggs and larvae were reared at 8°C in a flow-through culture system in which CO2 levels were maintained via computer-controlled injection of CO2 into a seawater conditioning tank. Overall, we observed only minor effects of elevated CO2 level on sizes of northern rock sole larvae. Size at hatch differed among offspring from four different females, but there was no significant effect of CO2 level on egg survival or size at hatch. In three separate larval growth trials, there was little effect of CO2 level on growth rates through the first 28 d post-hatch (DPH). However, in the one trial extended to 60 DPH, fish reared at the highest CO2 level had lower condition factors after 28 DPH, suggesting that larvae undergoing metamorphosis may be more sensitive to environmental hypercapnia than earlier pre-flexion stages. These results suggest that while early life stages of northern rock sole are less sensitive to ocean acidification than previously examined flatfish, they may be more sensitive to elevated CO2 levels than a previously studied gadid with a similar geographic range.
Measuring and assessing the physical impact of beam trawling
Authors: Depestele Jochen , Ivanović Ana , Degrendele Koen , Esmaeili Moosa , Polet Hans , Roche Marc , Summerbell Keith , Teal Lorna R. , Vanelslander Bart , O'Neill Finbarr G. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Beam trawling causes physical disruption of the seabed through contact of the gear components with the sediment and the resuspension of sediment into the water column in the turbulent wake of the gear. To be able to measure and quantify these impacts is important so that gears of reduced impact can be developed. Here we assess the physical impact of both a conventional 4 m tickler-chain beam trawl and a “Delmeco” electric pulse beam trawl. We measure the changes in seabed bathymetry following the passage of these gears using a Kongsberg EM2040 multi-beam echosounder and use a LISST 100X particle size analyser to measure the concentration and particle size distribution of the sediment mobilized into the water column. We also estimate the penetration of the gears into the seabed using numerical models for the mechanical interaction between gears and seabed. Our results indicate that the seabed bathymetry changes between ∼1 and 2 cm and that it is further increased by higher trawling frequencies. Furthermore, our results suggest that the alteration following the passage of the conventional trawl is greater than that following the pulse trawl passage. There was no difference in the quantity of sediment mobilized in the wake of these two gears; however, the numerical model introduced in this study predicted that the tickler-chain trawl penetrates the seabed more deeply than the pulse gear. Hence, greater alteration to the seabed bathymetry by the tickler-chain beam trawling is likely to be a result of its greater penetration. The complimentary insights of the different techniques highlight the advantage of investigating multiple effects such as sediment penetration and resuspension simultaneously and using both field trials and numerical modelling approaches.
Utilizing the “Stable-to-be Vertebra” Saves Motion Segments in Growing Rods Treatment for Early-Onset Scoliosis
Authors: Dede Ozgur , Demirkiran Gokhan , Bekmez Senol , Sturm Peter F. , Yazici Muharrem 
Published: April 2015

Background:
There is no consensus on the selection of distal instrumentation levels in growing rod surgery. Many surgeons utilize the stable zone of Harrington, but there is not overwhelming evidence to support this preference. The aim of this study was to determine the value of bending/traction radiographs in selection of distal instrumentation levels of a growing rod construct in children with idiopathic or idiopathic-like early-onset scoliosis (EOS).

Methods:
Twenty-three consecutive patients with idiopathic or idiopathic-like EOS who underwent growing rod surgery at 2 separate institutions between 2006 and 2011 were included. Lengthening procedures were performed periodically at 6-month intervals. Analyses were performed retrospectively for age at index surgery, follow-up period, and radiographic measurements. Lower instrumented levels, neutral vertebra, stable vertebrae (SV), and stable-to-be vertebrae (StbV) were identified on the preoperative radiographs. Coronal Cobb angles, tilt of lower instrumented vertebra (LIV) and LIV+1, and disk wedging under the LIV and LIV+1 were measured on the early postoperative and latest follow-up radiographs.

Results:
Average age at index surgery was 83.6 months. Mean follow-up period was 68.1 months. Initial analysis showed that the relationship of LIV to the StbV was a better predictive of LIV+1 tilt than the SV at the final follow-up. Therefore, the patients were grouped according to the relationship of the LIV to the StbV. LIV was the StbV in 9 patients, proximal to the StbV in 8 patients, and distal to the StbV in 6 patients. At the latest follow-up, tilt of LIV+1 exceeded 10 degrees in 7 of the 8 patients where LIV was proximal to the StbV, whereas only in 1 of 9 patients where LIV was StbV, and in none of the 6 patients where LIV was distal to the StbV. The data indicate that selection of the StbV as the LIV could spare an average of 1.8 vertebral segments when compared with the SV, as StbV is never distal but almost always proximal to the SV.

Conclusions:
Choosing the StbV as the LIV saves motion segments and prevents distal adding on, while providing satisfactory deformity correction in idiopathic and idiopathic-like EOS.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative study.
Compartment Pressures in Children With Normal and Fractured Forearms: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Tharakan Sasha J. , Subotic Ulrike , Kalisch Markus , Staubli Georg , Weber Daniel M. 
Published: April 2015

Introduction:
Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) can lead to irreversible damage if fasciotomy is not performed in a timely manner. Needle manometry is a tool to confirm suspected ACS. The threshold for compartment pressures that can be tolerated has been debated. The aim of this study is to assess the normal compartment pressures in noninjured forearms of children. Further, we sought to quantify the maximum tolerable compartment pressures in fractured forearms of children, thus establishing a baseline and providing guidance in evidence-based decision making to evaluate children with suspected ACS.

Methods:
This prospective study included children up to the age of 16 years with forearm fractures that needed reduction with or without osteosynthesis. Between June 2009 and March 2013, 41 children were included. Mean age was 9.25 years (range, 4 to 15.4 y). We used needle manometry to measure the pressures in the superficial and deep volar as well as in the dorsal compartments (DCs) on both the forearms. The mean pressures between compartments in healthy versus injured arms were analyzed using a 1-sided, paired t test.

Results:
On the injured side, the mean compartment pressure was 19.12 mm Hg (range, 3 to 49 mm Hg) in the deep volar compartment, 15.56 mm Hg (range, 5 to 37 mmHg) in the DC, and 14.8 mm Hg (range, 2 to 35 mm Hg) in the superficial volar compartment. On the noninjured side, the mean compartment pressure was 12.9 mm Hg (range, 6 to 31 mm Hg) in the DC, 10.22 mm Hg (range, 3 to 22 mm Hg) in the deep volar compartment, and 9.66 mm Hg (range, 3 to 21 mm Hg) in the superficial volar compartment. We measured an absolute compartment pressure of >30 mm Hg in 15 patients on the fractured side. Three of them had an absolute compartment pressure of >45 mm Hg. Only 1 had ACS. This patient underwent fasciotomy and was excluded for further analysis. On follow-up (mean, 24.84 mo), no patient was found to have any sequelae of ACS.

Discussion:
This is the first study to report normal compartment pressure measurements in noninjured forearms and in fractured forearms without clinical suspicion of ACS in children.
The mean compartment pressure measured in the deep volar compartment (DVC) in healthy children was 10.22 mm Hg (range, 3 to 22 mm Hg) and therefore slightly higher than in adults. Some children with fractures tolerated absolute compartment pressures >30 mm Hg without clinical signs of ACS. Fasciotomy in children under close observation could eventually be delayed despite surpassing the accepted pressure limits for adults.

Level of Evidence:
Level I—prognostic.
Reliability and Effectiveness of Smartphone Technology for the Diagnosis and Treatment Planning of Pediatric Elbow Trauma
Authors: Paryavi Ebrahim , Schwartz Brandon S. , Meyer Carissa L. , Herman Martin J. , Abzug Joshua M. 
Published: April 2015

Background:
Mobile imaging, such as viewing radiographs as text messages, is increasingly prevalent in clinical settings. The purpose of this study was to determine whether remote diagnosis of pediatric elbow fractures using smartphone technology is reliable. In addition, this study aimed to determine whether the assessment regarding the decision for operative treatment is affected by evaluation of images on a mobile device as opposed to standard picture archiving and communication system (PACS).

Methods:
Standard anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of 50 pediatric elbow trauma cases were evaluated by 2 fellowship-trained pediatric orthopaedic surgeons and 2 senior orthopaedic residents. Raters were asked to classify the case as any of 6 diagnoses: supracondylar humerus, lateral condyle, medial epicondyle, radial neck fracture, positive posterior fat pad sign, or normal pediatric elbow. Raters were asked to choose operative or conservative treatment. After 1 week, photographs of the same images were taken from a standardized distance from a computer monitor with an iPhone 5 camera and transmitted by multimedia messaging to each rater. The same questions were again posed to raters. Interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities were calculated by Cohen κ-statistics with bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals.

Results:
Intraobserver reliability of classification of injuries on PACS compared with smartphone images was excellent, with an overall κ of 0.91. Treatment decision also demonstrated excellent intraobserver reliability (PACS vs. smartphones) with a κ of 0.86 for all raters.

Conclusions:
Diagnosis of pediatric elbow injuries can be made equally reliably based on either PACS or transmitted multimedia messaging images taken with an iPhone camera from a computer screen and viewed on a smartphone. Treatment decisions can also be made reliably based on either image modality.

Clinical Relevance:
Using smartphones to transmit and display radiographs, which is common in current clinical practice, is effective and reliable for diagnosis and treatment planning of pediatric elbow injuries.
Accuracy of Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Placement
Authors: Baird Evan O. , McAnany Steven J. , Overley Samuel , Skovrlj Branko , Guzman Javier Z. , Qureshi Sheeraz A. 
Published: April 2015

Study Design:
In vitro human cadaveric surgical technique study.

Objective:
To assess the accuracy of percutaneous pedicle screw placement in a human cadaveric model using standard fluoroscopic guidance technique, compared across varying levels of experience.

Summary of Background Data:
The current literature varies widely in the reported frequency of facet violation during placement of percutaneous pedicle screws. However, as of yet there are no studies examining the effect that training level has on accuracy of placement.

Materials and Methods:
Four surgeons with differing levels of training (PGY-2, PGY-4, fellow, attending) were evaluated on their accuracy of percutaneous placement of screws in a uniform manner. Each of the 10 cadavers was instrumented from L1 to S1 bilaterally, for a total of 120 screws. Specimens were dissected to evaluate for facet and pedicle wall violations. These were then recorded and analyzed to evaluate for correlation among participating surgeons, laterality, spinal level, and cadaver body mass index.

Results:
Of 120 screws placed, there were 35 total violations [26 superior articular facet violations (21.7%), 5 intra-articular facet joint violations (4.2%), and 4 pedicle breaches (3.3%)]. Among the trainees there was no difference in the likelihood of causing a violation (P=0.8863) but there was a difference when compared with the attending surgeon (P=0.0175). Laterality (P=0.1598), spinal level (P=0.3536), and body mass index (P=0.8547) did not correlate with the likelihood of a violation.

Conclusions:
Surgeons of differing training levels are able to safely and accurately place lumbar pedicle screws in a percutaneous manner, with a low likelihood of facet and pedicle wall violations.
The Effect of Concomitant Rib Deformity in Congenital Scoliosis on Spinal Curve Correction After Segmental Pedicle Screw Instrumentation
Authors: Ameri Ebrahim , Fouladi Daniel F. , Safari Mir Bahram , Tari Hossein Vahid , Ghandhari Hassan 
Published: April 2015

Study Design:
A single-center, prospective study.

Objective:
To investigate the effect of rib anomaly on surgical curve correction outcome in congenital scoliosis.

Summary of Background Data:
The presence of rib anomalies may complicate surgical correction of congenital scoliosis. The outcome of surgical correction, however, has not been documented in scoliotic patients with and without rib deformity.

Methods:
Percent Cobb angle decrease (CAD) after operation was calculated in 94 patients with congenital scoliosis. Posterior segmental pedicle screw instrumentation (posterior approach) with or without previous anterior spinal release and fusion (anterior approach) was the method of correction. The impact of vertebral anomaly and rib deformity on CAD was examined.

Results:
Although the type of vertebral anomaly had no significant effect on the mean CAD, it was significantly lower in 56 patients with rib deformity compared with that in the remaining patients without rib deformity (35.14%±15.83% vs. 51.54%±17.82%, P<0.001); particularly in those with complex, unilateral rib abnormalities, and in those with same-level vertebral and rib deformities. Patients’ sex and age at the time of operation, rib number abnormality, and the type of operation (ie, posterior-only approach vs. anterior and posterior approach) did not contribute significantly to Cobb angle change after operation.

Conclusions:
Concomitant rib deformities, particularly of complex and unilateral types, significantly compromise operative curve correction outcome in congenital scoliosis.
The Quantitated Internal Suture Browpexy: Comparison of Two Brow-Lifting Techniques in Patients Undergoing Upper Blepharoplasty
Authors: Baker Meredith S. , Shams Pari N. , Allen Richard C. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose:
To describe and evaluate 1) the quantitated internal suture browpexy (ISB), which combines the advantages of a browpexy and “brassiere suture,” 2) the endoscopic Endotine browplasty, and 3) to compare these two techniques in patients undergoing simultaneous upper blepharoplasty.

Methods:
Retrospective review of patients undergoing bilateral upper blepharoplasty alone, bilateral ISB with upper blepharoplasty, and bilateral Endotine (MicroAire, Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A.) browplasty with upper blepharoplasty by one surgeon was performed. ImageJ 1.47v software (Wayne Rasband, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.) and standardized photographs were used to measure pre- and postoperative brow position at three positions (central, medial, lateral). Statistical analysis was performed using Sigmaplot version 12.5 for Windows (Systat Software, Inc., San Jose, CA, U.S.A.).

Results:
Thirty-three patients undergoing ISB with blepharoplasty, 33 undergoing Endotine browplasty with blepharoplasty, and 30 patients undergoing blepharoplasty alone were included. The 3 groups were matched for age and gender. Patients undergoing upper blepharoplasty alone showed statistically significant brow descent at all three brow positions (mean: -1.7 mm [p ≤ 0.04]). The quantitated ISB prevented brow descent but provided minimal brow elevation (mean lateral elevation: right eye (OD) +1.3 mm [p = 0.03]; OS +0.9 mm [p = 0.08]). Endotine browplasty with upper blepharoplasty provided significant brow elevation at all brow positions, particularly laterally (OD +4.0 mm [p < 0.001]; OS +3.5 mm [p < 0.001]). There were no complications.

Conclusions:
Upper blepharoplasty alone is associated with brow descent; performing ISB simultaneously effectively prevents this descent. Endotine browplasty with upper blepharoplasty achieves significant brow elevation. Quantitation of the browpexy allows reproducible placement of the suture thereby producing consistent and symmetrical results.