bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved 3D tetraculture system mimicking the cellular organisation at the alveolar barrier to study the potential toxic effects of particles on the lung
Authors: Klein Sebastian G , Serchi Tommaso , Hoffmann Lucien , Blömeke Brunhilde , Gutleb Arno C 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
Exposure to fine and ultra-fine ambient particles is still a problem of concern in many industrialised parts of the world and the intensified use of nanotechnology may further increase exposure to small particles. Complex in vitro coculture systems may be valuable tools to study particle-induced processes and to extrapolate effects of particles on the lung. A system consisting of four different human cell lines which mimics the cell response of the alveolar surface in vitro was developed to study native aerosol exposure (Vitrocell™ chamber). The system is composed of an alveolar type-II cell line (A549), differentiated macrophage-like cells (THP-1), mast cells (HMC-1) and endothelial cells (EA.hy 926), seeded in a 3D-orientation on a microporous membrane.

Results
The spatial distribution of the cells in the tetraculture was analysed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), showing a confluent layer of endothelial and epithelial cells on both sides of the transwell. Macrophage-like cells and mast cells can be found on top of the epithelial cells. The cells formed colonies under submerged conditions, which disappeared at the ALI. To evaluate the response to oxidative stress, the dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay was used together with 2,2’-azobis-2-methyl-propanimidamide-dihydrochloride (AAPH) as inducer of oxidative stress. The tetraculture showed less induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after being treated with a positive control compared to the monocultures of EA.hy 926, THP-1 and HMC-1. Submerged cultures showed elevated ROS and IL-8 levels compared to ALI cultures. The Vitrocell™ aerosol exposure system was not significantly influencing the viability. Using this system, cells were exposed to an aerosol of 50 nm SiO2-Rhodamine NPs in PBS. The distribution of the NPs in the tetraculture after exposure was evaluated by CLSM. Fluorescence from internalized particles was detected in CD11b-positive THP-1 cells only.

Conclusion
The system can be used in conjunction with a native aerosol exposure system and may finally lead to a more realistic judgement regarding the hazard of new compounds and/or new nano-scaled materials in the future. The results for the ROS production and IL-8 secretion suggest that submerged exposure may lead to an overestimation of observed effects.
Green synthesis of a typical chiral stationary phase of cellulose-tris(3, 5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)
Authors: Liu Run-Qiang , Bai Lian-yang , Zhang Yi-Jun , Zhang Yu-Ping 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
At present, the study on the homogeneous-phase derivatization of cellulose in ionic liquid is mainly focused on its acetylation. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no such report on the preparation of cellulose-tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (CDMPC) with ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride (AmimCl) so far.

Results
With ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl) as a reaction solvent, cellulose-tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (CDMPC) was synthesized by the reaction of 3,5-dimethylphenyl isocyanate and soluble microcrystalline cellulose in a homogeneous phase. The synthesized CDMPC was then coated onto the surfaces of aminopropyl silica gel to prepare a chiral stationary phase (CSP). The prepared CSP was successfully used in chiral separation of seven racemic pesticides by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Good chiral separation was obtained using n-hexane and different modifiers as the mobile phases under the optimal percentage and column temperature, with the resolution of metalaxyl, diniconazole, flutriafol, paclobutrazol, hexaconazole, myclobutanil and hexythiazox of 1.73, 1.56, 1.26, 1.00, 1.18, 1.14 and 1.51, respectively. The experimental results suggested it was a good choice using a green solvent of AmimCl for cellulose functionalization.

Conclusion
CDMPC was successfully synthesized as the chiral selector by reacting 3, 5-dimethylphenyl isocyanate with dissolved microcrystalline cellulose in a green ionic liquid of AmimCl.
Ventricular tachycardia – an atypical initial presentation of sarcoidosis: a case report
Authors: Ekka Meera , Sinha Sanjeev , Purushothaman Raghunandan , Naik Nitish , Narang Rajiv , Singh Lavleen 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Introduction
Symptomatic cardiac involvement is seen in less than 5% of all cases of sarcoidosis. Although clinically apparent cardiac sarcoidosis is an uncommon entity, ventricular tachyarrhythmias as the first presenting symptom are very rare.

Case presentation
We discuss the case of a 41-year-old Asian woman who presented to our hospital with intermittent palpitation and on evaluation was diagnosed to have systemic sarcoidosis with cardiac involvement. She was started on multiple antiarrhythmic drugs and corticosteroids without any satisfactory response.

Conclusions
Our case report indicates that sarcoidosis can manifest as ventricular tachycardia without any detectable systemic findings. This makes sarcoidosis an important diagnostic consideration in patients with ventricular tachycardia of unknown origin given the high mortality associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
How useful are child death reviews: a local area’s perspective
Authors: Mazzola Francesca , Mohiddin Abdu , Ward Malcolm , Holdsworth Gillian 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
Child Death Overview Panels (CDOP) provide a multidisciplinary and confidential forum to learn from and reduce deaths in those under 18 years. How well they perform and how to improve their effectiveness is a question posed at both local and national levels in England. With this in mind, this study looked at the child death review process in two London boroughs with a joint CDOP.

Findings
Data on cases reviewed from April 2008 to January 2011 were analysed focusing on cause of death and modifiable factors. Key stakeholders involved in the child death review process were interviewed regarding the effectiveness of the local death review process with responses analysed thematically.
105 (50.5%) of all notified deaths were reviewed to completion by CDOP of which 26.7% had modifiable factors. Neonates were the largest group of deaths (42.8%). Stakeholders found reviews time consuming, required significant administration and better integration with related processes e.g. hospital mortality meetings. Too much time was spent analysing cases of limited modifiability such as neonates. Implementation of recommendations needed strengthening and inclusion into the wider health and social care economy including joint strategic needs assessments and commissioning processes. Delayed reporting of information on cases contributed to a backlog.

Conclusions
The current process is bureaucratic, should better address neonatal deaths and needs more focus on implementing recommendations. Solutions include simpler forms, neonates-only subgroups, and linking recommendations to strategic initiatives such as Health and Wellbeing Boards.
Prevalence of malocclusions, oral habits and orthodontic treatment need in a 7- to 15-year-old schoolchildren population in Tirana
Authors: Laganà Giuseppina , Masucci Caterina , Fabi Francesco , Bollero Patrizio , Cozza Paola 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
The aim of present study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusions, oral habits and the need for orthodontic treatment in a sample of 7- to 15-year-old Albanese schoolchildren.

Methods
The final sample comprised 2,617 subjects (1,257 males and 1,360 females), all orthodontically untreated. Occlusal relationship and the functional analysis were recorded for all subjects. The prevalence rates for the dental health component of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) were calculated. Comparisons between genders were performed for the prevalence of malocclusions, oral habits and IOTN grades (chi-square tests).

Results
Class I, class II and class III malocclusions and asymmetries were observed in 40.4%, 29.2%, 3.2% and 27.1% of the sample, respectively. There were 2,108 subjects (80.6%) that showed oral habits, with females (82.1%) presenting with a greater prevalence rate than males (78.9%). The objective need for orthodontic treatment (grades 4 and 5 of IOTN) was registered in 1,077 subjects (41.2%). This prevalence rate is higher than those reported for other European countries. No significant differences between genders were found for the IOTN grades.

Conclusions
The findings of the present study revealed the need to improve public health plans for orthodontic prevention and screening and to organise the resources in this area in Albania.
The immunogenicity to the first anti-TNF therapy determines the outcome of switching to a second anti-TNF therapy in spondyloarthritis patients
Authors: Plasencia Chamaida , Pascual-Salcedo Dora , García-Carazo Sara , Lojo Leticia , Nuño Laura , Villalba Alejandro , Peiteado Diana , Arribas Florencia , Díez Jesus , López-Casla Maria Teresa , Martín-Mola Emilio , Balsa Alejandro 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Anti-TNF drugs have proven to be effective against spondyloarthritis (SpA), although 30% of patients fail to respond or experience adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation. In rheumatoid arthritis, the presence of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) against the first TNF inhibitor influences the outcome after switching. Our aim was to assess whether the response to a second anti-TNF drug is related to the previous development of ADA to the first anti-TNF drug SpA patients.

Methods
Forty-two SpA patients began a second anti-TNF drug after failing to respond to the first anti-TNF therapy. Clinical activity was assessed by the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) at baseline (at the beginning of the first and second anti-TNF therapy) and at 6 months after switching. The drug and ADA levels were measured by ELISA before each administration.

Results
All patients were treated with anti-TNF drugs and mainly due to inefficacy were switched to a second anti-TNF drug. Eleven of 42 (26.2%) developed ADA during the first biologic treatment. At baseline, no differences in ASDAS were found in patients with or without ADA to the first anti-TNF drug (3.52 ± 1.03 without ADA vs. 3.14 ± 0.95 with ADA, p = 0.399) and to the second anti-TNF drug (3.36 ± 0.94 without ADA vs. 3.09 ± 0.91 with ADA, p = 0.466). At 6 months after switching, patients with previous ADA had lower disease activity (1.62 ± 0.93 with ADA vs. 2.79 ± 1.01 without ADA, p = 0.002) and most patients without ADA had high disease activity state by the ASDAS (25 out of 31 (80.6%) without ADA vs. 3 out of 11 (27.3%) with ADA, p = 0.002).

Conclusions
In SpA the failure to respond to the first anti-TNF drug due to the presence of ADA predicts a better clinical response to a second anti-TNF drug.
MicroRNA-21 promotes the ovarian teratocarcinoma PA1 cell line by sustaining cancer stem/progenitor populations in vitro
Authors: Chung Wei-Min , Chang Wei-Chun , Chen Lumin , Chang Ying-Yi , Shyr Chih-Rong , Hung Yao-Ching , Ma Wen-Lung 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Resistance of cancer stem/progenitor cells (CSPCs) to chemotherapy can lead to cancer relapse. Ovarian teratocarcinoma (OVTC) arises from germ cells and comprises pluripotent cells that can be used to study cancer cell stemness. In this study, we evaluated whether microRNA-21 (miR-21) promotes ovarian teratocarcinoma by maintaining cancer stem/progenitor populations.

Methods
The lentiviral delivery system was used to upregulate or to suppress the expression of miR-21 in the human ovarian teratocarcinoma cell line PA1 and cell growth assays were used to monitor the expression of miR-21 at different time points. Antibodies directed toward CD133, a stem cell marker, were used to identify CSPCs in the PA1 cell population, and the level of miR-21 expression was determined in enriched CSPCs. Stem cell functional assays (sphere assay and assays for CD133 expression) were used to assess the effects of miR-21 on progression of the CD133+ population.

Results
Knockdown of miR-21 in PA1 cells attenuated growth of PA1 cells whereas overexpression of miR-21 promoted cell growth. Moreover, knockdown of miR-21 resulted in a marked reduction in the CD133+ population and sphere formation of CSPCs. In contrast, overexpression of miR-21 resulted in a marked increase in the population of CD133+ cells as well as sphere formation of CSPCs.

Conclusions
MicroRNA-21 plays a significant role in cancer growth by regulating stemness in cancer cells.
α-arrestin 1 (ARRDC1) and β-arrestins cooperate to mediate Notch degradation in mammals
Authors: Puca Loredana , Chastagner Patricia , Meas-Yedid Vannary , Israël Alain , Brou Christel 
Published: July 2013

Summary
Notch signaling is a conserved signaling pathway implicated in embryogenesis and adult tissue maintenance. Notch signaling strength is strictly regulated, notably by maintaining a controlled pool of functional receptor at the cell surface. Mammalian non-activated Notch receptor is internalized, ubiquitylated by the Itch E3 ubiquitin ligase and degraded in the lysosomes. Here, we show that β-arrestins are necessary for Itch–Notch interaction and for Itch-driven ubiquitylation and degradation of Notch. Interestingly, β-arrestins do not directly bind Itch but heterodimerize with a member of another subfamily of arrestins called ARRDC1 or α-arrestin 1, which harbors PPxY motifs that allow direct interaction with Itch. Cells transfected with ARRDC1 mutated in PPxY motifs show reduced Itch-mediated Notch ubiquitylation and impaired lysosomal degradation of Notch, as observed in β-arrestin−/− or Itch−/− cells. Our data show for the first time that ARRDC1 and β-arrestins heterodimerize and cooperate in the same complex to promote non-activated Notch receptor degradation, thus acting as negative regulators of Notch signaling.
Ras activation and symmetry breaking duringDictyosteliumchemotaxis
Authors: Kortholt Arjan , Keizer-Gunnink Ineke , Kataria Rama , Van Haastert Peter J. M. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryCentral to chemotaxis is the molecular mechanism by which a shallow spatial gradient of chemoattractant induces symmetry breaking of activated signaling molecules. Previously, we have used Dictyostelium mutants to investigate the minimal requirements for chemotaxis, and identified a basal signaling module providing activation of Ras and F-actin at the leading edge. Here, we show that Ras activation after application of a pipette releasing the chemoattractant cAMP has three phases, each depending on specific guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs). Initially a transient activation of Ras occurs at the entire cell boundary, which is proportional to the local cAMP concentrations and therefore slightly stronger at the front than in the rear of the cell. This transient Ras activation is present in gα2 (gpbB)-null cells but not in gβ (gpbA)-null cells, suggesting that Gβγ mediates the initial activation of Ras. The second phase is symmetry breaking: Ras is activated only at the side of the cell closest to the pipette. Symmetry breaking absolutely requires Gα2 and Gβγ, but not the cytoskeleton or four cAMP-induced signaling pathways, those dependent on phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3], cGMP, TorC2 and PLA2. As cells move in the gradient, the crescent of activated Ras in the front half of the cell becomes confined to a small area at the utmost front of the cell. Confinement of Ras activation leads to cell polarization, and depends on cGMP formation, myosin and F-actin. The experiments show that activation, symmetry breaking and confinement of Ras during Dictyostelium chemotaxis uses different G-protein subunits and a multitude of Ras GEFs and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs).
Development of Ruthenium-loaded Alkaline-earth Titanates as Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis
Authors: Horiuchi Yu , Kamei Genki , Saito Masakazu , Matsuoka Masaya 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Ru-loaded alkaline-earth titanates show efficient catalytic activities for ammonia synthesis because of the electronic promotion effects induced by alkaline-earth elements and the low acidity of the support materials. Among those explored, the best catalytic performance was obtained by using barium titanate as the support material.
Licensing and Competition for Services in Open Source Software
Authors: August Terrence , Shin Hyoduk , Tunca Tunay I. 
Published: July 2013

Open source software is becoming increasingly prominent, and the economic structure of open-source development is changing. In recent years, firms motivated by revenues from software services markets have become the primary contributors to open-source development. In this paper we study the role of services in open source software development and explore the choice between open source and proprietary software. Specifically, our economic model jointly analyzes the investment and pricing decisions of the originators of software and of subsequent open-source contributors. We find that if a contributor is efficient in software development, the originator should adopt an open-source strategy, allowing the contributor to offer higher total quality and capture the higher end of the market while the originator focuses on providing software services to lower end consumers. Conversely, if the contributor is not efficient in development, the originator should adopt a proprietary software development strategy, gaining revenue from software sales and squeezing the contributor out of the services market. In certain cases an increase in originator development efficiency can result in increased contributor profits. Finally, we find that, somewhat counterintuitively, an increase in contributor development efficiency can reduce overall social welfare.
Der Koran und seine Rezeption
Authors: Renate Würsch Renate 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The focus of this paper lies on the Islamic approach to the Qurʾān, the exegesis of the text, and the significance of Qurʾānic revelation for Muslim societies (“Sitz im Leben”) for centuries up to the present day, paying also some attention to the history of the European perception of the Qurʾān, from which ultimately modern Western Qurʾānic research emerged. As an introduction, the specific formal and thematic features of the Qurʾān, Islam’s Holy Scripture, are explained and the history of the Qurʾānic text is summarized. The last topic is the historic, social, and literary contextualisation of the Qurʾān as well as its aesthetic dimension (e.g. the “audible” and the “visible” Qurʾān as artistic manifestations). The discussion includes a review of recent scholarship, which has developed some pioneering new concepts about early Qurʾānic textual history and the (re)location of the Qurʾān in its historical context in Late Antiquity.
Die Titelbilder der ‘Bible historiale’. Zwischen Standardisierung und Personalisierung
Authors: Flum Thomas 
Published: July 2013

Zusammenfassung
Bei der “Bible historiale” handelt es sich um ein heiliges Buch, das weder textlich noch im Hinblick auf seine Ausstattung zu einer endgültigen Form gefunden hat. Während sich der Text tendenziell der Vulgata annäherte, haben sich die Illustrationen von diesem Vorbild gelöst. Ein hohes Maß an Standardisierung erreichten die Bibeln in der Regierungszeit Johanns des Guten und Karls V. Dies steht in Zusammenhang mit dem besonderen Interesse des Hofes an französischsprachiger Literatur und der effizienten Pariser Buchproduktion. Es bildete sich unter anderem eine neue Variante der Maiestas Domini heraus, bei der Christus als Mittler zwischen Altem und Neuem Bund im Zentrum steht.
Um 1400 entstanden im Umkreis bedeutender Sammler wie dem Herzog von Berry Werke, deren Illustrationen sich ikonographisch und malerisch von dem erreichten Standard abhoben und individuelle Akzente setzten. Einige der neu entwickelten Titelbilder zeugen von theologisch fundiertem Wissen ihrer Auftraggeber oder Konzepteure. An erster Stelle sind hier die beiden allegorischen Titelbilder zu nennen, die auf Zitaten des Boethius basieren. Trotz dieser auffälligen Gemeinsamkeit unterscheiden sie sich in der Bildaussage: Im einen Fall steht der Aufstieg des Geistes in höhere Sphären im Mittelpunkt, im anderen die biblische Tradition der Weisheit und die Lehre vom Alten und Neuen Bund. Somit entfernen sich diese komplexen Miniaturen vom ursprünglichen Konzept der “Bible historiale”, das auf leichte Verständlichkeit abzielte.
Das Titelbild der Pariser Handschrift fr. 20087 mit Petrus Comestor lässt demgegenüber eine besondere Nähe zu den didaktischen Ursprüngen der “Bible historiale” erkennen. Es hebt die Bedeutung des Gelehrten für den Urtext hervor, indem es die Lehre von den ‚drei Räumen eines königlichen Palastes’ und jene vom dreifachen Schriftsinn der Bibel in einer Wortillustration thematisiert. Bei der Textvariante dieser Bibel handelt es sich jedoch – wie um diese Zeit allgemein üblich – um eine große “Bible historiale”. Die Grundidee der “Historia Scholastica”, die historischen Bücher der Bibel in chronologischer Reihenfolge zu präsentieren, ist hier längst aufgegeben, was zu einer Diskrepanz zwischen dem Titelbild und dem tatsächlichen Inhalt der Bibel führt.
Das letzte Beispiel, die Wortillustration zum ersten Psalm aus der Pariser Bibel fr. 9, gehört zu den wenigen großformatigen Titelbildern der “Bible historiale”, die nicht am Anfang eines Teilbandes stehen. Es variiert die erste Bildseite des Utrecht-Psalters und belegt, dass die Bildauswahl auch von kennerschaftlichen Aspekten geprägt sein konnte. Der Wunsch, eine bestimmte Vorlage zu zitieren, scheint der Anlass gewesen zu sein, diese Miniatur zu erschaffen. Aus den überlieferten Handschriften der “Bible historiale” lässt sich die Miniatur nicht erklären.
Different Individuals Named Khunes in the Cataract Region
Authors: Jiménez-Serrano Alejandro 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to analyze the epigraphic data which contains the name of Khunes, recently enriched with some inscriptions from the island of Sehel. One of the texts can surely be dated to the reign of Pepy I. This has provoked some confusion among scholars with regard to chronology. Most of the inscriptions contain the name of Khunes, and these were identified with a single individual who should have been lived under the reign of Pepy I, Merenre and Pepy II. This identification has not taken into account the different titles mentioned. In this context, tomb nº 34h at Qubbet el-Hawa, prepared for a high official of Elephantine called Khunes, emerges as an important element in the chronological debate, given that it cannot be dated to before the end of Pepy II’s reign.
Une note sur Ipouer XII, 13–14
Authors: Winand Jean 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This paper is a reanalysis of a well known passage of the Admonitions (XII, 13–14). After reviewing the previous studies, the first conclusion that can be drawn is that the translations that have been proposed so far never meet the double criterion of grammatical correctness and sound contextual meaning. To reconcile these two points of view, it is here first suggested that jn-jw, which stands at the beginning of the sentence, experienced a process of lexicalisation (jn-jw ø “what does it mean, a shepherd who loves death?”). A second option would be to consider mnjw as the predicate of a subjectless nominal sentence (À ø “is that really a shepherd, the one who loves death?”).