bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sailing Between Scylla and Charybdis: The High Serum K–Low Dialysate K Quandary
Authors: Labriola Laura , Jadoul Michel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn HD patients, the optimal choice of dialysate K concentration is of paramount importance. Recent large observational studies have documented an association between low dialysate K concentration (< 2 or even <3 mEq/L) and a higher risk of sudden death. In this review, we first briefly discuss the available data concerning the link between hypokalemia and negative outcomes in non‐CKD populations, especially after an acute myocardial infarction or in congestive heart failure. We next review the pathophysiology of the arrhythmogenic effect related to K fluxes during HD and discuss the dialytic strategies aiming at making potassium fall more gradual and thus at reducing the electrical disturbances triggered by the HD session. We conclude with practical recommendations regarding the optimal choice of K bath and the importance of more frequent monitoring of serum K in some clinical scenarios.
Mother‐child interaction is associated with neurocognitive outcome in extremely low gestational age children
Authors: Rahkonen Petri , Heinonen Kati , Pesonen Anu‐Katriina , Lano Aulikki , Autti Taina , Puosi Riina , Huhtala Ea , Andersson Sture , Metsäranta Marjo , Räikkönen Katri 
Published: May 2014

Early mother‐child interaction is one of the factors suggested to have an impact on neurocognitive development of extremely low gestational age (ELGA) children. Our aim was to examine associations of mother‐child interaction with neurocognitive outcome, neurological impairments and neonatal brain injuries in ELGA children. A prospective study of 48 ELGA children, born before 28 gestational weeks (26.3 ± 1.2 weeks, birth weight 876 g ± 194 g), and 16 term controls. Brain MRI was performed at term‐equivalent age. At two years of corrected age, the mother‐child interaction was assessed in a structured play situation using the Erickson Scales and Mutually Responsive Orientation Scales. Neurocognitive outcome was assessed with Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales (GMDS) and Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development ‐ Third Edition (BSID‐III) and with Hempel neurological examination. Among ELGA children, higher quality of dyadic relationship and maternal sensitivity, responsiveness, and supportiveness were associated with positive neurocognitive outcome measured both with GMDS and BSID‐III (adjusted p < 0.05). This association remained after adjusting for mother's educational level. Neurological impairments at two years, white matter or gray matter abnormalities in MRI at term‐equivalent age, and grade III‐IV intraventricular hemorrhage during the neonatal period were not associated with mother‐child interaction. This study emphasizes the importance of the quality of mother‐child interaction after extremely preterm birth for neurocognitive development. Neonatal brain injury and neurological impairments were not associated with worse parent‐child interaction after two years.
COX‐2, mPGES‐1 and EP2 receptor immunohistochemical expression in canine and feline malignant mammary tumours
Authors: Millanta F. , Asproni P. , Canale A. , Citi S. , Poli A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractProstaglandin (PG) signalling is involved in human and animal cancer development. PG E2 (PGE2) tumour‐promoting activity has been confirmed and its production is controlled by Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and microsomal PGE synthase‐1 (mPGES‐1). Evidence suggests that mPGES‐1 and COX‐2 contribute to carcinogenesis through the EP2 receptor. The aim of our study was to detect by immunohistochemistry COX‐2, mPGES‐1 and EP2 receptor expression in canine (n = 46) and feline (n = 50) mammary tumours and in mammary non‐neoplastic tissues. COX‐2 positivity was observed in 83% canine and 81% feline mammary carcinomas, mPGES‐1 in 75% canine and 66% feline mammary carcinomas and the EP2 receptor expression was observed in 89% canine and 54% feline carcinomas. The frequency of COX‐2, EP2 receptor and mPGES‐1 expression was significantly higher in carcinomas than in non‐neoplastic tissues and adenomas. COX‐2, mPGES‐1 and EP2 receptor expression was strongly associated. These findings support a role of the COX‐2/PGE2 pathway in the pathogenesis of these tumours.
Atypical fibrosarcoma in the skin of a Roborovski hamster (Phodopus roborovskii)
Authors: Johnson James G. , Blair Robert , Brandão João , Tully Thomas N. , Gaunt Stephen D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA 2.5‐year‐old intact male Roborovski hamster (Phodopus roborovskii) was presented with a large subcutaneous mass overlying the abdomen, affecting the animal's ambulation and access to different compartments of the cage through narrow tubing. Ultrasound examination delineated a well‐circumscribed mass in the subcutis of the caudoventral abdominal region. The mass was surgically excised and on cytologic examination showed, in a background of blood, a small population of individually arranged oval to spindle‐shaped cells that exhibited a moderate degree of anisokaryosis, coarsely stippled chromatin, one or more prominent nucleoli, and lightly basophilic well‐defined cytoplasmic processes. Histologically, the mass was composed of interlacing streams and bundles of pleomorphic spindle cells (ganglion‐like cells) with variable amounts of collagenous stroma. The neoplastic cells exhibited moderate features of malignancy. These cells stained intensely with vimentin, but not with any other markers, including antibodies to cytokeratin AE1/AE3, S100 protein, desmin, smooth muscle actin, synaptophysin, neurofilament, and androgen receptor. Based on histologic features, the mass was diagnosed as an atypical fibrosarcoma. This is the first report of an atypical fibrosarcoma in a Roborovski hamster and one of few reports of atypical fibrosarcoma in domesticated hamsters overall.
Spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography evaluation of the cornea, retina, and optic nerve in normal horses
Authors: Pinto Nelson I. , Gilger Brian C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPurposeTo determine the feasibility of using a handheld spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) instrument to characterize normal corneal, retinal, and optic nerve head anatomyin vivoin standing horses.MethodsClinically normal horses under sedation, palpebral nerve blockage, and pharmacologically induced mydriasis were imaged with aSD‐OCTinstrument (EnvisuSD‐OCT, Bioptigen, Inc., Morrisville,NC). Radial volumes from the cornea (axial, superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal), and rectangular volumes from the retina (dorsal, ventral, nasal, and temporal) and optic nerve head were acquired. Manual measurements of the corneal layers within the five regions, retinal and nerve fiber layer thickness in the four different regions adjacent to theONH, and vertical and horizontal axis of the optic nerve head (ONH) and optic cup (OC) were obtained using the same device.ResultsTotal corneal thickness (mean ±SD) measurements were 800 ± 50, 937 ± 61, 956 ± 61, 912 ± 65, and 884 ± 68 μm for the axial, superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal regions, respectively. The highest total retinal and nerve fiber layer thickness (mean ±SD), at the level of theONH, was found nasally 459 ± 115 and 377 ± 116 μm, respectively, followed by the temporal, dorsal, and ventral quadrants. The dimensions of theONHandOC(mean ±SD) were 3.682 ± 0.276 and 2.175 ± 0.502 mm for the horizontal, and 3.012 ± 0.278 and 2.035 ± 0.488 mm for the vertical axis.ConclusionsTheSD‐OCTinstrument employed in this study may be used on sedated horses and allows the acquisition of high‐resolution images, and thickness measurements involving the cornea, retina, and optic nerve.
Simulation of Movement in Three-Dimensional Musculoskeletal Human Lumbar Spine Using Directional Encoding-Based Neurocontrollers
Authors: Nasseroleslami Bahman , Vossoughi Gholamreza , Boroushaki Mehrdad , Parnianpour Mohamad 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Despite development of accurate musculoskeletal models for human lumbar spine, the methods for prediction of muscle activity patterns in movements lack proper association with corresponding sensorimotor integrations. This paper uses the directional information of the Jacobian of the musculoskeletal system to orchestrate adaptive critic-based fuzzy neural controller modules for controlling a complex nonlinear redundant musculoskeletal system. The proposed controller is used to control a 3D 3-degree of freedom (DOF) musculoskeletal model of trunk, actuated by 18 muscles. The controller is capable of learning to control from sensory information, without relying on pre-assumed model parameters. Simulation results show satisfactory tracking of movements and the simulated muscle activation patterns conform to previous EMG experiments and optimization studies. The proposed controller can be used as a computationally inexpensive muscle activity generator to distinguish between neural and mechanical contributions to movement and for study of sensory versus motor origins of motor function and dysfunction in human spine.
Understanding Patterns of Young Children’s Physical Activity After School—It’s all About Context: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Engelen Lina , Bundy Anita C , Lau Jamie , Naughton Geraldine , Wyver Shirley , Bauman Adrian , Baur Louise 
Published: May 2014

Background:To promote healthy lifestyles, we need to understand more about the patterns of children’s activities after school.Methods:Twenty 5- to 7-year-old children and their parents participated in this study. Parents used ‘real-time’ diaries to report children’s activities and contextual information at 3 randomly selected times per day, over 4 week days. Reporting was repeated after 13 weeks. Simultaneously children wore Actical accelerometers.Results:Approximately 300 simultaneous accelerometer measurements and diary entries were compared. Mean physical activity levels were highest when children engaged in activities generally considered as “active” and lowest for doing “nothing.” However, the range within activities was very large; some children who reported TV/screen time accumulated high accelerometry counts and conversely, some children were practically sedentary during organized sports. Children spent most (78%) of their after school time indoors, but the children were significantly more active outdoors than indoors [t(74.8) = 5.0, P < .001].Conclusions:Accelerometer data in conjunction with real-time diaries provide a more complete understanding of the value of outdoor play in increasing movement opportunities for children’s after school activities.
The Cumulative Impact of Physical Activity, Sleep Duration, and Television Time on Adolescent Obesity: 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Authors: Laurson Kelly R. , Lee Joey A. , Eisenmann Joey C. 
Published: May 2014

Background:Physical activity (PA), television time (TV), and sleep duration (SLP) are considered individual risk factors for adolescent obesity. Our aim was to investigate the concurrent influence of meeting PA, SLP, and TV recommendations on adolescent obesity utilizing 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey (YRBSS) data.Methods:Subjects included 9589 (4874 females) high school students. PA, SLP, and TV were categorized utilizing established national recommendations and youth were cross-tabulated into 1 of 8 groups based on meeting or not meeting each recommendation. Logistic models were used to examine the odds of obesity for each group. Results: Youth meeting the PA recommendation were not at increased odds of obesity, regardless of SLP or TV status. However, not meeting any single recommendation, in general, led to increased odds of not meeting the other two. In boys, 11.8% met all recommendations while 14.1% met 0 recommendations. In girls, only 5.0% met all recommendations while 17.8% met none.Conclusions:Boys and girls not meeting any of the recommendations were 4.0 and 3.8 times more likely to be obese compared with their respective referent groups. Further research considering the simultaneous influence these risk factors may have on obesity and on one another is warranted.
Reconstruction of the maxilla using a fibula graft and virtual planning techniques
Authors: Rude Kristian , Thygesen Torben H , Sørensen Jens Ahm 
Published: May 2014

SummaryUse of a vascularised free fibula flap has been a popular method of osseous reconstruction because of its adequate length and acceptance of dental implants. In this article we describe a case of maxillary reconstruction in which virtual planning techniques and rapid prototyping were used to insert a microvascular osteomyocutaneous fibula graft, Medpor implant, and immediate dental implants.
The psychological impact of cardiovascular screening: the athlete's perspective
Authors: Asif Irfan M , Johnson Serena , Schmieg Jason , Smith Tiffany , Rao Ashwin L , Harmon Kimberly G , Salerno Jack C , Drezner Jonathan A 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundPublished guidelines suggest that ECG screening in US athletes may cause excessive anxiety, especially in those with false-positive findings. However, this has never been formally evaluated.Methods and study designProspective, non-randomised controlled trial. High school athletes received a standardised history and physical examination (control) or a history and physical examination with an ECG (experimental). Prescreen and postscreen assessments for health attitudes, anxiety and impact of screening on sport were conducted.Results952 athletes (49.7% girls, mean age 15.5 years) participated (control=150; experimental=802). 4.4% worried about having an underlying cardiac condition, and 73% wanted to learn if they had a cardiac abnormality prior to competition. In the experimental group, 576 had normal screens, 220 had an abnormal screen (by history 15.8%, physical examination 6.2% or ECG 1.7%) but normal work up (false-positive) and 6 were identified with a serious cardiac condition (true-positive, 0.75%). Compared with the control group, those who received an ECG were more likely to: (1) be significantly more satisfied with their screening (p<0.001), (2) feel safer during competition (p<0.01), (3) support that all athletes should receive cardiac screening (p<0.001) and (4) state the ECG positively impacted their training (p<0.001).False-positive athletes did not report anxiety during or after screening. Distress levels did not differ based on reason for needing further evaluation (history, physical examination or ECG, p=0.311). Compared with control participants, individuals with false-positive results: (1) reported no difference in postscreen anxiety (p=0.775), (2) felt safer during competition (p<0.001), (3) would recommend ECG screening to others (p<0.001) and (4) expressed a positive impact on training (p<0.001).ConclusionsExcessive anxiety should not be used as a reason to forego ECG screening in athletes.
Predicting energy expenditure through hand rim propulsion power output in individuals who use wheelchairs
Authors: Conger Scott A , Scott Stacy N , Bassett David R 
Published: May 2014

AimTo examine the relationship between hand rim propulsion power and energy expenditure (EE) during wheelchair wheeling and to investigate whether adding other variables to the model could improve on the prediction of EE.MethodsIndividuals who use manual wheelchairs (n=14) performed five different wheeling activities in a wheelchair with a PowerTap power meter hub built into the right rear wheel. Activities included wheeling on a smooth, level surface at three different speeds (4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 km/h), wheeling on a rubberised track at one speed (5.5 km/h) and wheeling on a sidewalk course that included uphill and downhill segments at a self-selected speed. EE was measured using a portable indirect calorimetry system. Stepwise linear regression was performed to predict EE from power output variables. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the measured EE to the estimates from the power models. Bland-Altman plots were used to assess the agreement between the criterion values and the predicted values.ResultsEE and power were significantly correlated (r=0.694, p<0.001). Regression analysis yielded three significant prediction models utilising measured power; measured power and speed; and measured power, speed and heart rate. No significant differences were found between measured EE and any of the prediction models.ConclusionEE can be accurately and precisely estimated based on hand rim propulsion power. These results indicate that power could be used as a method to assess EE in individuals who use wheelchairs.
Do adult obesity rates in England vary by insecurity as well as by inequality? An ecological cross-sectional study
Authors: Ulijaszek Stanley J 
Published: May 2014

ObjectiveGeographical variations in adult obesity rates have been attributed in part to variations in social and economic inequalities. Insecurity is associated with obesity at the cross-national level, but there is little empirical evidence to show that insecurity contributes to the structuring of adult obesity rates at the subnational level. This is examined in this study across local authorities in England, using a recently developed social classification for the British population.SettingModelled obesity rates from the Health Survey for England 2006–2008 were related to social class (as estimated from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey of 2011 and a nationally representative sample survey), across 320 local authorities in England.Primary and secondary outcome measuresComparisons of mean obesity rates across Z score categories for seven latent social classes were carried out using one-way analysis of variance. Pooled ordinary least square regression analyses of obesity rates by local authorities according to the proportion of different social classes within each of them were performed to determine the extent of geographical variations in obesity rates among the classes that were more greatly based on insecurity (emergent service workers, precariat), and those more closely based on inequality (elite, established middle class, technical middle class, new affluent workers, traditional working class).ResultsAdult obesity rates vary negatively across local authorities according to the proportion of people in the elite (F=39.06, p<0.001) and technical middle class (F=8.10, p<0.001) and positively with respect to the proportion of people of the established middle class (F=26.36, p<0.001), new affluent workers (F=73.03, p<0.001), traditional working class (F=23.00, p<0.001) and precariat (F=13.13, p<0.001). Social classes more closely based on inequality show greater association with adult obesity rates across local authorities than social classes more closely based on insecurity.ConclusionsBoth insecurity and inequality are associated with the geographical patterning of adult obesity rates across England.
Genetic Variation in Adipokine Genes and Associations with Adiponectin and Leptin Concentrations in Plasma and Breast Tissue
Authors: Llanos Adana A.M. , Brasky Theodore M. , Mathew Jeena , Makambi Kepher H. , Marian Catalin , Dumitrescu Ramona G. , Freudenheim Jo L. , Shields Peter G. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Background: Circulating adipokines may be associated with breast cancer risk. Genetic variants governing adipokines and adipokine receptors may also predict risk, but their effect on breast adipokine concentrations is unknown.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of functional SNPs in 5 adipokine genes [adiponectin, leptin (LEP), and their receptors] among 85 cancer-free women who were undergoing reduction mammoplasty.
Results: In multivariable-adjusted regression models, compared with the common GG genotype, the AA genotype of the LEP A19G SNP was associated with 27% lower plasma adiponectin [ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.54–0.98] and leptin (ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.55–0.96). Women with the AG genotype of LEP A19G had 39% lower breast leptin (ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.39–0.97) compared with those with the GG genotype. No associations were observed for SNPs in the remaining genes.
Conclusions: Genetic variation in LEP may alter endogenous adipokine concentrations in circulation and in breast tissues.
Impact: These preliminary findings may support the hypothesis that genetic variation in adipokine genes modifies circulating adipokine concentrations and possibly leptin concentrations in local breast tissues, which may be associated with breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(8); 1559–68. ©2014 AACR.
Molecular Pathways: Targeting Death Receptors and Smac Mimetics
Authors: Fulda Simone 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are overexpressed in multiple human malignancies, an event that is associated with poor prognosis and treatment resistance. Therefore, IAP proteins represent relevant targets for therapeutic intervention. Second mitochondrial activator of caspases (Smac) is a mitochondrial protein that is released into the cytosol upon the induction of programmed cell death and promotes apoptosis by neutralizing IAP proteins. On the basis of this property, a variety of small-molecule inhibitors have been developed that mimic the binding domain of the native Smac protein to IAP proteins. Evaluation of these Smac mimetics in preclinical studies revealed that they particularly synergize together with agents that trigger the death receptor pathway of apoptosis. Such combinations might therefore be of special interest for being included in the ongoing evaluation of Smac mimetics in early clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res; 20(15); 3915–20. ©2014 AACR.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approval: Obinutuzumab in Combination with Chlorambucil for the Treatment of Previously Untreated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Lee Hyon-Zu , Miller Barry W. , Kwitkowski Virginia E. , Ricci Stacey , DelValle Pedro , Saber Haleh , Grillo Joseph , Bullock Julie , Florian Jeffry , Mehrotra Nitin , Ko Chia-Wen , Nie Lei , Shapiro Marjorie , Tolnay Mate , Kane Robert C. , Kaminskas Edvardas , Justice Robert , Farrell Ann T. , Pazdur Richard 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
On November 1, 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved obinutuzumab (GAZYVA; Genentech, Inc.), a CD20-directed cytolytic antibody, for use in combination with chlorambucil for the treatment of patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In stage 1 of the trial supporting approval, patients with previously untreated CD20-positive CLL were randomly allocated (2:2:1) to obinutuzumab + chlorambucil (GClb, n = 238), rituximab + chlorambucil (RClb, n = 233), or chlorambucil alone (Clb, n = 118). The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), and secondary endpoints included overall response rate (ORR). Only the comparison of GClb to Clb was relevant to this approval and is described herein. A clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvement in PFS with medians of 23.0 and 11.1 months was observed in the GClb and Clb arms, respectively (HR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.11–0.24; P &lt; 0.0001, log-rank test). The ORRs were 75.9% and 32.1% in the GClb and Clb arms, respectively, and the complete response rates were 27.8% and 0.9% in the GClb and Clb arms, respectively. The most common adverse reactions (≥10%) reported in the GClb arm were infusion reactions, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, pyrexia, cough, and musculoskeletal disorders. Obinutuzumab was the first Breakthrough Therapy–designated drug to receive FDA approval. Clin Cancer Res; 20(15); 3902–7. ©2014 AACR.