bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 Level Predicts Risk of Incident Cancers in Subjects with Type II Diabetes
Authors: Yu Tse-Ya , Li Hung-Yuan , Jiang Yi-Der , Chang Tien-Jyun , Wei Jung-Nan , Lin Chi-Ming , Chu Ching-Chi , Chuang Lee-Ming 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Background: Serum vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) predicts cancer-related mortality in diabetic subjects. However, whether serum VAP-1 predicts cancer incidence or cancer progression remains unclear. We conducted a cohort study to investigate whether serum VAP-1 and related clinical variables predict incident cancers in type II diabetic subjects.
Methods: From 1996 to 2003, we enrolled 568 type II diabetic subjects who were free of cancer at baseline. Serum VAP-1 at enrollment was measured by time-resolved immunofluorometric assay. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt;60 mL/min per 1.73 m2. The subjects were followed until first occurrence of cancer or until December 31, 2011.
Results: During a mean follow-up of 11.3 years, 71 subjects developed incident cancers. The HRs for incident cancers in subjects with highest tertile of serum VAP-1 and in subjects with CKD were 2.95 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.31–6.63; P = 0.009] and 2.29 (95% CI, 1.18–4.44; P = 0.015), respectively, after multivariate adjustment. There was an interaction between serum VAP-1 and CKD on the risk of incident cancers (P = 0.01 for log-transformed VAP-1 × CKD). The relationship among serum VAP-1, CKD, and incident cancers was similar if death was considered in the competing risk models or if subjects with shorter follow-up period were excluded.
Conclusions: Higher serum VAP-1 and CKD can independently predict future development of cancers in type II diabetic subjects.
Impact: Physicians should be aware of the early signs of cancer in diabetic individuals with elevated VAP-1 or renal dysfunction. More aggressive treatment strategies might be considered. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(7); 1366–73. ©2014 AACR.
Variability in Assessing Treatment Response: Metastatic Colorectal Cancer as a Paradigm
Authors: Zhao Binsheng , Lee Shing M. , Lee Hyun-Ju , Tan Yongqiang , Qi Jing , Persigehl Thorsten , Mozley David P. , Schwartz Lawrence H. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Purpose: The cutoff values currently used to categorize tumor response to therapy are neither biologically based nor tailored for measurement reproducibility with contemporary imaging modalities. Sources and magnitudes of discordance in response assessment in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) are unknown.
Experimental Design: A subset of patients' CT images of chest, abdomen, and pelvis were randomly chosen from a multicenter clinical trial evaluating insulin-like growth factor receptor type 1–targeted therapy in mCRC. Using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), three radiologists selected target lesions and measured “uni” (maximal diameter), “bi” (product of maximal diameter and maximal perpendicular diameter), and “vol” (volume) on baseline and 6-week posttherapy scans in the following ways: (i) each radiologist independently selected and measured target lesions and (ii) one radiologist's target lesions were blindly remeasured by the others. Variability in relative change of tumor measurements was analyzed using linear mixed effects models.
Results: Three radiologists independently selected 138, 101, and 146 metastatic target lesions in the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs (e.g., peritoneal cavity) in 29 patients. Of 198 target lesions total, 33% were selected by all three, 28% by two, and 39% by one radiologist. With independent selection, the variability in relative change of tumor measurements was 11% (uni), 19% (bi), and 22% (vol), respectively. When measuring the same lesions, the corresponding numbers were 8%, 14%, and 12%.
Conclusions: The relatively low variability in change of mCRC measurements suggests that response criteria could be modified to allow more accurate and sensitive CT assessment of anticancer therapy efficacy. Clin Cancer Res; 20(13); 3560–8. ©2014 AACR.
Relationship Between Valve Calcification and Long-Term Results of Percutaneous Mitral Commissurotomy for Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis
Authors: Bouleti Claire , Iung Bernard , Himbert Dominique , Messika-Zeitoun David , Brochet Eric , Garbarz Eric , Cormier Bertrand , Vahanian Alec 
Published: April 2014

Background—
Indications of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy (PMC) remain debated in calcific mitral stenosis. We analyzed long-term results of PMC for calcific mitral stenosis and the factors associated with late functional results.

Methods and Results—

We compared the characteristics and outcome of 314 patients undergoing PMC for calcific mitral stenosis with 710 patients with noncalcified valves followed up to 20 years. Calcification was defined by fluoroscopy, and its extent was graded from 1 to 4. Good immediate results (valve area ≥1.5 cm
2
with mitral regurgitation ≤2/4) were obtained in 251 patients (80%) with calcified valves and 661 (93%) with noncalcified valves (
P
<0.001). The hazard ratio for good functional results (survival without cardiovascular death, without mitral reintervention, and in New York Heart Association class I or II) was 2.5 (95% confidence interval [2.1–2.9];
P
<0.0001) in patients with calcified valves (12±3% at 20 years) relative to the noncalcified group (38±2% at 20 years). In the 251 patients with calcified valves who had good immediate results, 15-year rates of good functional results were 35±4% for minor (grade 1) calcification, 24±6% for grade 2, and 10±6% for severe (grades 3–4) calcification. Factors associated with poor late functional results on multivariable analysis were calcification extent, older age, higher New York Heart Association class, atrial fibrillation, and higher mean gradient after PMC.

Conclusions—
Although late results of PMC are less satisfying in calcific mitral stenosis, long-term functional outcome depends on calcification extent, patient characteristics, and immediate results of PMC. These findings support the use of PMC as first-line treatment in selected patients with calcific mitral stenosis.
Psychological Associations of Poststroke Fatigue
Authors: Wu Simiao , Barugh Amanda , Macleod Malcolm , Mead Gillian 
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose—
Fatigue is common after stroke but has no effective treatments. Psychological interventions improve fatigue in other conditions by targeting psychological factors such as mood. If psychological factors correlate with fatigue in stroke, this would justify the development of similar interventions for poststroke fatigue (PSF). We used systematic review and meta-analysis to determine psychological associations of PSF.

Methods—
We systematically searched for studies that reported psychological associations of PSF. We used odds ratios (ORs) to estimate the strength of associations and random-effects modeling to calculate summary estimates of ORs. We used stratified meta-analysis to investigate the impact of study design and conducted sensitivity analyses limited to studies that excluded patients with clinical depression and to studies that used depression scales without fatigue items.

Results—
Thirty-five studies (n=9268) reported the association between PSF and ≥1 psychological factor. For PSF and depressive symptoms, we identified 19 studies (n=6712; pooled OR=4.14; 95% confidence interval, 2.73–6.27); this association existed in patients without clinical depression (pooled OR=1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.27–1.53) and in studies using depression scales without fatigue items (pooled OR=5.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.54–18.93). For PSF and anxiety, we identified 4 studies (n=3884; pooled OR=2.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.98–5.58). Two studies (n=123) found an association with poor coping styles and 1 study (n=167) with loss of control. Six studies (n=1978) reported other emotional or behavioral associations.

Conclusions—
PSF is associated with depressive symptoms, anxiety, poor coping, loss of control, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. These factors are potential targets for treatment of PSF.
Influence of Stroke Infarct Location on Functional Outcome Measured by the Modified Rankin Scale
Authors: Cheng Bastian , Forkert Nils Daniel , Zavaglia Melissa , Hilgetag Claus C. , Golsari Amir , Siemonsen Susanne , Fiehler Jens , Pedraza Salvador , Puig Josep , Cho Tae-Hee , Alawneh Josef , Baron Jean-Claude , Ostergaard Leif , Gerloff Christian , Thomalla Götz 
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose—
In the early days after ischemic stroke, information on structural brain damage from MRI supports prognosis of functional outcome. It is rated widely by the modified Rankin Scale that correlates only moderately with lesion volume. We therefore aimed to elucidate the influence of lesion location from early MRI (days 2–3) on functional outcome after 1 month using voxel-based lesion symptom mapping.

Methods—
We analyzed clinical and MRI data of patients from a prospective European multicenter stroke imaging study (I-KNOW). Lesions were delineated on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images on days 2 to 3 after stroke onset. We generated statistic maps of lesion contribution related to clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale) after 1 month using voxel-based lesion symptom mapping.

Results—
Lesion maps of 101 patients with middle cerebral artery infarctions were included for analysis (right-sided stroke, 47%). Mean age was 67 years, median admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 11. Mean infarct volumes were comparable between both sides (left, 37.5 mL; right, 43.7 mL). Voxel-based lesion symptom mapping revealed areas with high influence on higher modified Rankin Scale in regions involving the corona radiata, internal capsule, and insula. In addition, asymmetrically distributed impact patterns were found involving the right inferior temporal gyrus and left superior temporal gyrus.

Conclusions—
In this group of patients with stroke, characteristic lesion patterns in areas of motor control and areas involved in lateralized brain functions on early MRI were found to influence functional outcome. Our data provide a novel map of the impact of lesion localization on functional stroke outcome as measured by the modified Rankin Scale.
Age-Dependent Neurovascular Dysfunction and Damage in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Authors: Park Laibaik , Koizumi Kenzo , El Jamal Sleiman , Zhou Ping , Previti Mary Lou , Van Nostrand William E. , Carlson George , Iadecola Costantino 
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose—
Accumulation of amyloid-β in cerebral blood vessels occurs in familial and sporadic forms of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and is a prominent feature of Alzheimer disease. However, the functional correlates of the vascular pathology induced by cerebral amyloid angiopathy and the mechanisms involved have not been fully established.

Methods—
We used male transgenic mice expressing the Swedish, Iowa, and Dutch mutations of the amyloid precursor protein (Tg-SwDI) to examine the effect of cerebral amyloid angiopathy on cerebrovascular structure and function. Somatosensory cortex cerebral blood flow was monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry in anesthetized Tg-SwDI mice and wild-type littermates equipped with a cranial window.

Results—
Tg-SwDI mice exhibited reductions in cerebral blood flow responses to whisker stimulation, endothelium-dependent vasodilators, or hypercapnia at 3 months when compared with wild-type mice, whereas the response to adenosine was not attenuated. However, at 18 and 24 months, all cerebrovascular responses were markedly reduced. At this time, there was evidence of cerebrovascular amyloid deposition, smooth muscle fragmentation, and pericyte loss. Neocortical superfusion with the free radical scavenger manganic(I-II)meso-tetrakis(4-benzoic acid) porphyrin rescued endothelium-dependent responses and functional hyperemia completely at 3 months but only partially at 18 months.

Conclusions—
Tg-SwDI mice exhibit a profound age-dependent cerebrovascular dysfunction, involving multiple regulatory mechanisms. Early in the disease process, oxidative stress is responsible for most of the vascular dysfunction, but with advancing disease structural alterations of the vasomotor apparatus also play a role. Early therapeutic interventions are likely to have the best chance to counteract the deleterious vascular effects of cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
Age of Collagen in Intracranial Saccular Aneurysms
Authors: Etminan Nima , Dreier Rita , Buchholz Bruce A. , Beseoglu Kerim , Bruckner Peter , Matzenauer Christian , Torner James C. , Brown Robert D. , Steiger Hans-Jakob , Hänggi Daniel , Macdonald R. Loch 
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose—

The chronological development and natural history of cerebral aneurysms (CAs) remain incompletely understood. We used
14
C birth dating of a main constituent of CAs, that is, collagen type I, as an indicator for biosynthesis and turnover of collagen in CAs in relation to human cerebral arteries to investigate this further.

Methods—

Forty-six ruptured and unruptured CA samples from 43 patients and 10 cadaveric human cerebral arteries were obtained. The age of collagen, extracted and purified from excised CAs, was estimated using
14
C birth dating and correlated with CA and patient characteristics, including the history of risk factors associated with atherosclerosis and potentially aneurysm growth and rupture.

Results—

Nearly all CA samples contained collagen type I, which was <5 years old, irrespective of patient age, aneurysm size, morphology, or rupture status. However, CAs from patients with a history of risk factors (smoking or hypertension) contained significantly younger collagen than CAs from patients with no risk factors (mean, 1.6±1.2 versus 3.9±3.3 years, respectively;
P
=0.012). CAs and cerebral arteries did not share a dominant structural protein, such as collagen type I, which would allow comparison of their collagen turnover.

Conclusions—
The abundant amount of relatively young collagen type I in CAs suggests that there is an ongoing collagen remodeling in aneurysms, which is significantly more rapid in patients with risk factors. These findings challenge the concept that CAs are present for decades and that they undergo only sporadic episodes of structural change.
Reason and the Rhetoric of Legal Obligation in Plato’s Crito
Authors: Diduch Paul J. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This paper examines Crito’s motives for wanting to help Socrates escape, and Socrates’ rhetorical strategy for handling Crito’s concerns, particularly Crito’s fear of the many. It concludes that Socrates’ admitted concern for his reputation provides the only adequate explanation for his obedience to the court, an explanation which does not rely on his explicit arguments for obligation, but which helps explain why he is concerned to come to the law’s defence. Joining others in suggesting that Socrates’ case for obligation be taken as rhetoric, the examination of the text reveals that not only are Socrates’ arguments too problematic to be an adequate defence of obligation, but these same arguments point to a criticism of punitive law that makes it unlikely that Socrates is philosophically invested in the defence he offers to Crito.
Le mythe du Politique à la lumière des Lois : un argument supplémentaire en faveur des trois phases
Authors: Brisson Luc 
Published: April 2014

Résumé
À la différence de la plupart des autres commentateurs, je soutiens que l’histoire de l’univers évoquée dans le mythe du Politique comprend trois périodes : le règne de Kronos décrit en 271c3-272d6, le monde laissé à lui-même évoqué en 272d6-273e4 et le règne de Zeus, le nôtre, décrit en 273e4-274d7. La période d’abandon ne peut correspondre à la nôtre, au cours de laquelle, suivant Platon, les dieux sont actifs et jouent un rôle important. Un passage du Timée (52d3-53c1) et surtout le dixième livre des Lois laissent en effet entendre qu’il s’agit là d’une « expérience de pensée », destinée à illustrer dans quel état serait le monde s’il était livré a lui-même.
Summer Season Squall-Line Simulations: Sensitivity of Gravity Waves to Physics Parameterization and Implications for Their Parameterization in Global Climate Models
Authors: Stephan Claudia , Alexander M. Joan 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Gravity waves have important effects on the middle atmosphere circulation, and those generated by convection are prevalent in the tropics and summer midlatitudes. Numerous case studies have been carried out to investigate their characteristics in high-resolution simulations. Here, the impact of the choice of physics parameterizations on the generation and spectral properties of these waves in models is investigated. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) a summertime squall line over the Great Plains is simulated in a three-dimensional, nonlinear, and nonhydrostatic mesoscale framework. The distributions of precipitation strength and echo tops in the simulations are compared with radar data. Unsurprisingly, those storm features are most sensitive to the microphysics scheme. However, it is found that these variations in storm morphology have little influence on the simulated stratospheric momentum flux spectra. These results support the fundamental idea behind climate model parameterizations: that the large-scale storm conditions can be used to predict the spectrum of gravity wave momentum flux above the storm irrespective of the convective details that coarse-resolution models cannot capture. The simulated spectra are then contrasted with those obtained from a parameterization used in global climate models. The parameterization reproduces the shape of the spectra reasonably well but their magnitudes remain highly sensitive to the peak heating rate within the convective cells.
Graupel and Hail Terminal Velocities: Does a “Supercritical” Reynolds Number Apply?
Authors: Heymsfield Andrew , Wright Robert 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This study characterizes the terminal velocities of heavily rimed ice crystals and aggregates, graupel, and hail using a combination of recent drag coefficient and particle bulk density observations. Based on a nondimensional Reynolds number (Re)–Best number (X) approach that applies to atmospheric temperatures and pressures where these particles develop and fall, the authors develop a relationship that spans a wide range of particle sizes. The Re–X relationship can be used to derive the terminal velocities of rimed particles for many applications. Earlier observations suggest that a “supercritical” Reynolds number is reached where the drag coefficient for large spherical ice—hail—drops precipitously and the terminal velocities increase rapidly. The authors draw on observations and model simulations for slightly roughened large ice particles that suggest that the critical Reynolds number is dampened and that the rapid increase in the terminal velocity of smooth spherical ice particles rarely occurs for natural hailstones.
The Impact of Horizontal Model Grid Resolution on the Boundary Layer Structure over an Idealized Valley
Authors: Wagner Johannes S. , Gohm Alexander , Rotach Mathias W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe role of horizontal model grid resolution on the development of the daytime boundary layer over mountainous terrain is studied. A simple idealized valley topography with a cross-valley width of 20 km, a valley depth of 1.5 km, and a constant surface heat flux forcing is used to generate upslope flows in a warming valley boundary layer. The goal of this study is to investigate differences in the boundary layer structure of the valley when its topography is either fully resolved, smoothed, or not resolved by the numerical model. This is done by performing both large-eddy (LES) and kilometer-scale simulations with horizontal mesh sizes of 50, 1000, 2000, 4000, 5000, and 10 000 m. In LES mode a valley inversion layer develops, which separates two vertically stacked circulation cells in an upper and lower boundary layer. These structures weaken with decreasing horizontal model grid resolution and change to a convective boundary layer over an elevated plain when the valley is no longer resolved. Mean profiles of the LES run, which are obtained by horizontal averaging over the valley show a three-layer thermal structure and a secondary heat flux maximum at ridge height. Strong smoothing of the valley topography prevents the development of a valley inversion layer with stacked circulation cells and leads to higher valley temperatures due to smaller valley volumes. Additional LES and “1 km” runs over corresponding smoothed valleys reveal that differences occur mainly because of unresolved topography and not because of unresolved turbulence processes. Furthermore, the deactivation of horizontal diffusion improved simulations with 1- and 2-km horizontal resolution.
Development of an educational video to improve HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and prevention among company workers in Ecuador
Authors: Cabezas María del Carmen , Fornasini Marco , Barmettler David , Ortuño Diego , Borja Teresa , Albert Adelin 
Published: April 2014

Objective: To develop and assess an innovative educational video package for improving HIV knowledge, attitudes and practices among company workers in Ecuador. Methods: The design and development of the HIV prevention educational video was based on the results of a large-scale survey conducted in 115 companies (commerce, manufacturing and real estate) and among 1,732 workers in the three most populous provinces of Ecuador (Pichincha, Guayas and Azuay). Two focus groups (workers of different job categories and HIV experts from various domains) evaluated the video by means of an 11-item questionnaire scoring the concept, script, technical aspects, potential impact, content and quality of the digital production. Results: The video produced was 16-minutes long. The two focus groups indicated their overall satisfaction with the initial version of the video and their scores were high. They felt the video kept their interest, was easy to understand, and evidenced the good use of graphics, voice audio and narrative to impact on the audience. The experts were, however, slightly more critical than workers and made some minor suggestions about the content and the need to test the video’s cultural appropriateness and degree of comprehension, both of which improved the video prior to its final release. Conclusion: Video-based HIV intervention programmes targeting company workers may have value in improving knowledge and reducing the risk of HIV transmission in Ecuador.