bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in the Experiences of African American College Students: The Effects of Co-ethnic Support and Campus Diversity
Authors: Baker Christina N. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This study applies an intersectional framework to provide information about the ways in which race, gender, and on-campus social support influence the experiences of African American college students. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, I examine how co-ethnic social support from the college community and the college racial composition influence the experiences of African American students attending selective colleges. The results suggest that African American women and men are differentially influenced by co-ethnic support and college racial composition. African American women are more likely than are African American men to receive personal support from African American members of the campus community, take classes with African American professors, and participate in an African American student group. I also find that co-ethnic support is positively related to the academic and social experiences of African American women during college, and I find that the college satisfaction of African American women is positively related to campus diversity.
Child Welfare Practice in Domestic Violence Cases in New York City: Problems for Poor Women of Color
Authors: Lee Tina 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Domestic violence is a regularly occurring problem in child welfare cases, and, as a result of feminist research and activism, it is arguably taken more seriously now than at any time in the past. This paper will argue that, despite the influence of feminist understandings of and solutions to domestic violence in child welfare policy and practice, the most common way of dealing with cases remains problematic for the poor women of color who are the main "clients" of the child welfare system. These women are likely to be blamed for violence and are vulnerable to a loss of child custody, while their autonomy is limited by a narrow "one-size-fits-all" approach to their cases. This situation is partly due to attitudes about domestic violence and stereotypes of poor women of color that blame women and hold them almost solely accountable for the risks and/or harm their children face as a result of violence. However, it is also attributable to the structure of the child welfare system with its narrowly defined mandate and prevailing assumptions about the primacy of mothers in the care and well-being of children and the commonly used "parent-as-problem" approach to understanding harm and risk to children. That this situation continues raises further doubts about the wisdom of relying solely on state interventions to deal with domestic violence in the lives of poor women of color.
The Appendix as a Viable Source of Neural Progenitor Cells to Functionally Innervate Bioengineered Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Tissues
Authors: Zakhem Elie , Rego Stephen L. , Raghavan Shreya , Bitar Khalil N. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Appendix-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) have both neurogenic and gliogenic potential, but use of these cells for enteric neural cell therapy has not been addressed. The objective of this study was to determine whether NPCs obtained from the appendix would differentiate into enteric neural subsets capable of inducing neurotransmitter-mediated smooth muscle cell (SMC) contraction and relaxation. NPCs were isolated from the appendix and small intestine (SI) of rabbits. Bioengineered internal anal sphincter constructs were developed using the same source of smooth muscle and innervated with NPCs derived from either the appendix or SI. Innervated constructs were assessed for neuronal differentiation markers through Western blots and immunohistochemistry, and functionality was assessed through force-generation studies. Expression of neural and glial differentiation markers was observed in constructs containing appendix- and SI-derived NPCs. The addition of acetylcholine to both appendix and SI constructs caused a robust contraction that was decreased by pretreatment with the neural inhibitor tetrodotoxin (TTX). Electrical field stimulation caused relaxation of constructs that was completely abolished in the presence of TTX and significantly reduced on pretreatment with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride [l-NAME]). These data indicate that in the presence of identical soluble factors arising from intestinal SMCs, enteric NPCs derived from the appendix and SI differentiate in a similar manner and are capable of responding to physiological stimuli. This coculture paradigm could be used to explore the nature of the soluble factors derived from SMCs and NPCs in generating specific functional innervations.

Significance
This study demonstrates the ability of neural stem cells isolated from the appendix to differentiate into mature functional enteric neurons. The differentiation of neural stem cells from the appendix is similar to differentiation of neural stem cells derived from the gastrointestinal tract. The appendix is a vestigial organ that can be removed with minimal clinical consequence through laparoscopy. Results presented in this paper indicate that the appendix is a potential source of autologous neural stem cells required for cell therapy for the gastrointestinal tract.
Survival of LLSVPs for billions of years in a vigorously convecting mantle: Replenishment and destruction of chemical anomaly
Authors: Mulyukova Elvira , Steinberger Bernhard , Dabrowski Marcin , Sobolev Stephan V. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe study segregation of the subducted oceanic crust (OC) at the core‐mantle boundary and its ability to accumulate and form large thermochemical piles (such as the seismically observed Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs)). Our high‐resolution numerical simulations of thermochemical mantle convection suggest that the longevity of LLSVPs for up to three billion years, and possibly longer, can be ensured by a balance in the rate of segregation of high‐density OC material to the core‐mantle boundary (CMB) and the rate of its entrainment away from the CMB by mantle upwellings. For a range of parameters tested in this study, a large‐scale compositional anomaly forms at the CMB, similar in shape and size to the LLSVPs. Neutrally buoyant thermochemical piles formed by mechanical stirring—where thermally induced negative density anomaly is balanced by the presence of a fraction of dense anomalous material—best resemble the geometry of LLSVPs. Such neutrally buoyant piles tend to emerge and survive for at least 3 Gyr in simulations with quite different parameters. We conclude that for a plausible range of values of density anomaly of OC material in the lower mantle—it is likely that it segregates to the CMB, gets mechanically mixed with the ambient material, and forms neutrally buoyant large‐scale compositional anomalies similar in shape to the LLSVPs.
Global transformation and fate of SOA: Implications of low‐volatility SOA and gas‐phase fragmentation reactions
Authors: Shrivastava Manish , Easter Richard C. , Liu Xiaohong , Zelenyuk Alla , Singh Balwinder , Zhang Kai , Ma Po‐Lun , Chand Duli , Ghan Steven , Jimenez Jose L. , Zhang Qi , Fast Jerome , Rasch Philip J. , Tiitta Petri 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSecondary organic aerosols (SOA) are large contributors to fine‐particle loadings and radiative forcing but are often represented crudely in global models. We have implemented three new detailed SOA treatments within the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) that allow us to compare the semivolatile versus nonvolatile SOA treatments (based on some of the latest experimental findings) and to investigate the effects of gas‐phase fragmentation reactions. The new treatments also track SOA from biomass burning and biofuel, fossil fuel, and biogenic sources. For semivolatile SOA treatments, fragmentation reactions decrease the simulated annual global SOA burden from 7.5 Tg to 1.8 Tg. For the nonvolatile SOA treatment with fragmentation, the burden is 3.1 Tg. Larger differences between nonvolatile and semivolatile SOA (up to a factor of 5) exist in areas of continental outflow over the oceans. According to comparisons with observations from global surface Aerosol Mass Spectrometer measurements and the U.S. Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network measurements, the FragNVSOA treatment, which treats SOA as nonvolatile and includes gas‐phase fragmentation reactions, agrees best at rural locations. Urban SOA is underpredicted, but this may be due to the coarse model resolution. All three revised treatments show much better agreement with aircraft measurements of organic aerosols (OA) over the North American Arctic and sub‐Arctic in spring and summer, compared to the standard CAM5 formulation. This is mainly due to the oxidation of SOA precursor gases from biomass burning, not included in standard CAM5, and long‐range transport of biomass burning OA at high altitudes. The revised model configurations that include fragmentation (both semivolatile and nonvolatile SOA) show much better agreement with MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometers (MODIS) aerosol optical depth data over regions dominated by biomass burning during the summer compared to standard CAM5, and predict biomass burning and biofuel as the largest global source of OA, followed by biogenic and fossil fuel sources. The large contribution of biomass burning OA in the revised treatments is supported by these measurements, but the emissions and aging of SOA precursors and POA are uncertain, and need further investigation. The nonvolatile and semivolatile configurations with fragmentation predict the direct radiative forcing of SOA as −0.5 W m−2 and −0.26 W m−2 respectively, at top of the atmosphere, which are higher than previously estimated by most models, but in reasonable agreement with a recent constrained modeling study. This study highlights the importance of improving process‐level representation of SOA in global models.
Using an ensemble data set of turbulent air‐sea fluxes to evaluate the IPSL climate model in tropical regions
Authors: Găinuşă‐Bogdan Alina , Braconnot Pascale , Servonnat Jérôme 
Published: April 2015

AbstractOcean‐atmosphere interactions represent a key component of the hydrological cycle in tropical regions and their variability has profound influences on low‐latitude climate. In order to evaluate how climate models represent these fluxes while taking into account the observational uncertainties, we assemble a comprehensive database of 14 climatological surface flux products, including in situ‐based, satellite, hybrid, and reanalysis data sets. We find that the large observational uncertainties are reflected in the climatological magnitudes, as well as in the spatial patterns and seasonal variations and that, for the most part, they do not carry specific signatures of product type. This data ensemble allows us to draw several conclusions on the current representation of the intertropical turbulent air‐sea fluxes in the atmospheric component of the Intitut Pierre Simon Laplace‐Coupled Model 5A, when forced by observed sea surface temperatures. Despite significantly underestimated near‐surface wind speeds over the entire tropical oceans domain, the atmospheric model produces generally well represented zonal and meridional wind stress values, and only weak biases in the spatial patterns and seasonality. The simulated latent heat flux develops a bias pattern matching that of the wind speed, but with no systematic underestimation. Compared to the same reference, the sensible heat flux is overestimated over the entire region of interest, in response to a significant overestimation of the sea‐air temperature contrast. The observational ensemble and analyses presented in this paper offer a good framework for large‐scale model surface flux evaluation.
The insular shelves of the Faial‐Pico Ridge (Azores archipelago): A morphological record of its evolution
Authors: Quartau R. , Madeira J. , Mitchell N. C. , Tempera F. , Silva P. F. , Brandão F. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractShelves surrounding reefless volcanic ocean islands are formed by surf erosion of their slopes during changing sea levels. Posterosional lava flows, if abundant, can cross the coastal cliffs and fill partially or completely the accommodation space left by erosion. In this study, multibeam bathymetry, high‐resolution seismic reflection profiles, and sediment samples are used to characterize the morphology of the insular shelves adjacent to Pico Island. The data show offshore fresh lava flow morphologies, as well as an irregular basement beneath shelf sedimentary bodies and reduced shelf width adjacent to older volcanic edifices in Pico. These observations suggest that these shelves have been significantly filled by volcanic progradation and can thus be classified as “rejuvenated.” Despite the general volcanic infilling of the shelves around Pico, most of their edges are below the depth of the Last Glacial Maximum, revealing that at least parts of the island have subsided after the shelves formed by surf erosion. Prograding lava deltas reached the shelf edge in some areas triggering small slope failures, locally decreasing the shelf width and depth of their edges. These areas can represent a significant risk for the local population; hence, their identification can be useful for hazard assessment and contribute to wiser land use planning. Shelf and subaerial geomorphology, magnetic anomalies and crustal structure data of the two islands were also interpreted to reconstruct the long‐term combined onshore and offshore evolution of the Faial‐Pico ridge. The subaerial emergence of this ridge is apparently older than previously thought, i.e., before ∼850 ka.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Memory Performance of Two Phenazine/Triphenylamine‐Based Organic Small Molecules through Donor‐Acceptor Design
Authors: Wang Chengyuan , Yamashita Masataka , Hu Benlin , Zhou Yi , Wang Jiangxin , Wu Jin , Huo Fengwei , Lee Pooi See , Aratani Naoki , Yamada Hiroko , Zhang Qichun 
Published: April 2015

AbstractTwo organic small molecule memory materials, TPA‐2BIPs and TPA‐3BIPs, containing triphenylamine (TPA) as a donor and 4,11‐bis((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)‐1 H‐imidazo[4,5‐b]phenazine (BIP) units as acceptors have been synthesized and characterized. Sandwich‐structure memory devices based on these two molecules have been fabricated and the as‐fabricated devices displayed similar switching behavior but different ON/OFF ratios. The analysis of AFM images indicates that increasing the numbers of acceptors changes the stacking of molecules in the solid state, which results in different morphology and microstructures in films. Although the switching behavior is not significantly different with increasing acceptor moieties, more acceptor groups do help to enhance the stacking of the molecules in the solid state to generate more consistent switching performance.
Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation in Indonesia
Authors: Patunru Arianto A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn 1990, 30 per cent of Indonesian population had no access to improved drinking water source. Almost 65 per cent lacked access to improved sanitation—and almost 40 per cent defecate in the open. One of the Millennium Development Goals' objectives is to halve these numbers of disadvantaged by 2015. We explore the recent progress using World Health Organization/United Nations Children Fund report and the Indonesia's Socio‐Economic Survey. We conclude that the country still face a great challenge to meet the targets, especially on sanitation. We next illustrate the importance of these facilities by estimating their impact on diarrhoea incidence. We find that the relative importance of sanitation is higher than that of water. A household with ‘unimproved’ drinking water source is about 12 per cent more likely to have diarrhoea than that otherwise. Lacking of improved sanitation, on the other hand, makes the household member about 23–27 per cent more likely to suffer from it.
Positive Effect of Water in Asymmetric Direct Aldol Reactions with Primary Amine Organocatalyst: Experimental and Computational Studies
Authors: Moteki Shin A. , Maruyama Hiroki , Nakayama Keiji , Li Hai‐Bei , Petrova Galina , Maeda Satoshi , Morokuma Keiji , Maruoka Keiji 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe origin of higher reactivity in water‐accelerated asymmetric aldol reactions with our designed primary amine organocatalyst was elucidated by both computational and experimental methods. As suggested by the calculated transition‐state structures for water‐promoted imine–enamine isomerization, anti‐selective aldol reaction and hemiaminal formation, the rate of this aldol reaction was found experimentally to be even more accelerated by the addition of cis‐2‐butene‐1,4‐diol as additive.
Benefits of Chromium Substitution in Na3V2(PO4)3 as a Potential Candidate for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Aragón María J. , Lavela Pedro , Ortiz Gregorio F. , Tirado José L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe effect of low‐level chromium substitution in Na3V2‐xCrx(PO4)3 (0≤x≤0.4), a potential cathode material in Na‐ion cells, has been examined. A suitable synthesis procedure is developed to obtain composites of crystalline NASICON phosphate and an amorphous carbon phase to enhance the electrical conductivity of the electrode. The optimized cathode materials were characterized by using X‐ray diffraction and spectroscopic techniques. The electrochemical evaluation was carried out by using galvanostatic and potentiostatic methods. The activity of the V5+/V4+ redox couple at approximately 4 V is remarkable for the samples containing chromium. A reversible capacity of 107 mAh g−1 with a coulombic efficiency of 99 % was determined for Na3V1.9Cr0.1(PO4)3 after 40 cycles. The observed performance correlates with a good kinetic response, resulting from low charge‐transfer resistance and high diffusion coefficient.
Less Is More: Three‐Coordinate C,N‐Chelated Distannynes and Digermynes
Authors: Novák Miroslav , Bouška Marek , Dostál Libor , Růžička Aleš , Hoffmann Alexander , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja , Jambor Roman 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe report here the synthesis of new C,N‐chelated chlorostannylenes and germylenes L3MCl (M=Sn(1), Ge (2)) and L4MCl (M=Sn(3), Ge (4)) containing sterically demanding C,N‐chelating ligands L3, 4 (L3=[2,4‐di‐tBu‐6‐(Et2NCH2)C6H2]−; L4=[2,4‐di‐tBu‐6‐{(C6H3‐2′,6′‐iPr2)N=CH}C6H2]−). Reductions of 1–4 yielded three‐coordinate C,N‐chelated distannynes and digermynes [L3, 4M]2 for the first time (5: L3, M=Sn, 6: L3, M=Ge, 7: L4, M=Sn, 8: L4, M=Ge). For comparison, the four‐coordinate distannyne [L5Sn]2 (10) stabilized by N,C,N‐chelate L5 (L5=[2,6‐{(C6H3‐2′,6′‐Me2)NCH}2C6H3]−) was prepared by the reduction of chlorostannylene L5SnCl (9). Hence, we highlight the role of donor‐driven stabilization of tetrynes. Compounds 1–10 were characterized by means of elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and in the case of 1, 2, 5–7, and 10, also by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The bonding situation in either three‐ or four‐coordinate distannynes 5, 7, and 10 was evaluated by DFT calculations. DFT calculations were also used to compare the nature of the metal–metal bond in three‐coordinate C,N‐chelating distannyne [L3Sn]2 (5) and related digermyme [L3Ge]2 (6).
Sustainable Hydrogen Production by Ethanol Steam Reforming using a Partially Reduced Copper–Nickel Oxide Catalyst
Authors: Chen Li‐Chung , Cheng Hongkui , Chiang Chih‐Wei , Lin Shawn D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHydrogen production through the use of renewable raw materials and renewable energy is crucial for advancing its applications as an energy carrier. In this study, we fabricated a solid oxide solution of Cu and Ni within a confined pore space, followed by a partial reduction, to produce a highly efficient catalyst for ethanol steam reforming (ESR). At 300 °C, EtOH is completely converted, a H2 yield of approximately 5 mol per mol is achieved, and CO2 is the main carbon‐containing product. This demonstrates that H2 production from bioethanol is an efficient and sustainable approach. Such a highly efficient ESR catalyst is attributed to the ability of the metal–oxide interface to facilitate the transformation of CHx adspecies from acetaldehyde decomposition into methoxy‐like adspecies, which are reformed readily to produce H2 and consequently reduce CH4 formation.
Space‐interweaving‐time‐convolutional space–time codes for full‐duplex MIMO relay networks
Authors: Liu Yi , Zhang Hailin , Li Yongzhao 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this paper, a space‐interweaving‐time‐convolutional space–time coding (SITC‐STC) scheme is proposed to collect cooperative diversity gain for full‐duplex multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) relay systems. It is shown that because of the loop channel interference and crosstalk interference caused by different transmit and receive antenna pairs of the MIMO relay, the full‐duplex mechanism cannot be achieved effectively in MIMO relay networks by directly adopting relaying methods for half‐duplex systems. The traditional method to deal with this issue is removing the interference as much as possible. While, the proposed SITC‐STC scheme only needs to cancel partial interference signals and then amplify together with interweaving in space by a power control matrix. That is, the loop signals are not directly cancelled but used for coding in the SITC‐STC scheme. Simulation results verify the proposed SITC‐STC scheme by comparing it with existing STC schemes and show that it can collect most of the diversity gain in MIMO relay networks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon dioxide capture and storage by pH swing mineralization using recyclable ammonium salts and flue gas mixtures
Authors: Wang Xiaolong , Sanna Aimaro , Maroto‐Valer M. Mercedes , Paulson Tom 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCO2 mineral sequestration through the employment of silicate rocks such as serpentine is an important technology for the mitigation of CO2 emissions. Most mineral carbonation works in this study use pure CO2. The indirect carbonation process employed different flue gases (5, 15, 25% CO2) and the presence of SOx and NOx. Also, the direct contact of CO2 with the Mg source was compared to the indirect reaction of Mg with CO2 as NH4CO3. The impact of variables such as temperature, solid‐liquid ration (S/L), and molar ratio of additives on carbonation rate and degree was studied. An average carbonation efficiency of about 90% was achieved at 80°C after 30 min for indirect mineral carbonation process. The carbonation efficiency decreased to 50‒60% when the process was directly employed. The carbonation efficiency obtained in the presence of 15‒25% CO2 was very similar to that with 100% CO2 at 140°C, while at 80°C, the carbonation efficiency in presence of flue gas (40‒55%) was much larger compared to that using pure C02 (10% after 3 h). SOx and NOx co‐removal efficiency was 54.4% and 18% at 140˚C and 20 bar, respectively.