bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localization of liposomal mTHPC formulations within normal epithelium, dysplastic tissue, and carcinoma of oral epithelium in the 4NQO‐carcinogenesis rat model
Authors: de Visscher Sebastiaan A.H.J. , Witjes Max J.H. , van der Vegt Bert , de Bruijn Henriëtte S. , van der Ploeg – van den Heuvel Angélique , Amelink Arjen , Sterenborg Henricus J.C.M. , Roodenburg Jan L.N. , Robinson Dominic J. 
Published: October 2013

Background and ObjectiveFoslip and Fospeg are liposomal formulations of the photosensitizer mTHPC (Foscan), which is used for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of malignancies. Literature suggests that liposomal mTHPC formulations have better properties and increased tumor uptake compared to Foscan. To investigate this, we used the 4NQO‐induced carcinogen model to compare the localization of the different mTHPC formulations within normal, precancerous, and cancerous tissue. In contrast to xenograft models, the 4NQO model closely mimics the carcinogenesis of human oral dysplasia.Materials and MethodsFifty‐four rats drank water with the carcinogen 4NQO. When oral examination revealed tumor, the rats received 0.15 mg/kg mTHPC (Foscan, Foslip, or Fospeg). At 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, or 96 hours after injection the rats were sacrificed. Oral tissue was sectioned for HE slides and for fluorescence confocal microscopy. The HE slides were scored on the severity of dysplasia by the epithelial atypia index (EAI). The calibrated fluorescence intensity per formulation or time point was correlated to EAI.ResultsFospeg showed higher mTHPC fluorescence in normal and tumor tissue compared to both Foscan and Foslip. Significant differences in fluorescence between tumor and normal tissue were found for all formulations. However, at 4, 8, and 24 hours only Fospeg showed a significant difference. The Pearson's correlation between EAI and mTHPC fluorescence proved weak for all formulations.ConclusionIn our induced carcinogenesis model, Fospeg exhibited a tendency for higher fluorescence in normal and tumor tissue compared to Foslip and Foscan. In contrast to Foscan and Foslip, Fospeg showed significantly higher fluorescence in tumor versus normal tissue at earlier time points, suggesting a possible clinical benefit compared to Foscan. Low correlation between grade of dysplasia and mTHPC fluorescence was found. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:668–678, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Whole‐heart chemical shift encoded water–fat MRI
Authors: Taviani Valentina , Hernando Diego , Francois Christopher J. , Shimakawa Ann , Vigen Karl K. , Nagle Scott K. , Schiebler Mark L. , Grist Thomas M. , Reeder Scott B. 
Published: November 2013

PurposeTo develop and evaluate a free‐breathing chemical‐shift‐encoded (CSE) spoiled gradient‐recalled echo (SPGR) technique for whole‐heart water–fat imaging at 3 Tesla (T).MethodsWe developed a three‐dimensional (3D) multi‐echo SPGR pulse sequence with electrocardiographic gating and navigator echoes and evaluated its performance at 3T in healthy volunteers (N = 6) and patients (N = 20). CSE‐SPGR, 3D SPGR, and 3D balanced‐SSFP with chemical fat saturation were compared in six healthy subjects with images evaluated for overall image quality, level of residual artifacts, and quality of fat suppression. A similar scoring system was used for the patient datasets.ResultsImages of diagnostic quality were acquired in all but one subject. CSE‐SPGR performed similarly to SPGR with fat saturation, although it provided a more uniform fat suppression over the whole field of view. Balanced‐SSFP performed worse than SPGR‐based methods. In patients, CSE‐SPGR produced excellent fat suppression near metal. Overall image quality was either good (7/20) or excellent (12/20) in all but one patient. There were significant artifacts in 5/20 clinical cases.ConclusionCSE‐SPGR is a promising technique for whole‐heart water–fat imaging during free‐breathing. The robust fat suppression in the water‐only image could improve assessment of complex morphology at 3T and in the presence of off‐resonance, with additional information contained in the fat‐only image. Magn Reson Med 72:718–725, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unexplained right atrial enlargement may be a sign of Holt–Oram syndrome in the fetus
Authors: Paladini D. , Tiesi M. , Buffi D. , Tuo G. , Marasini M. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTwo cases of ultrasound diagnosis of Holt–Oram syndrome are described. Both were characterized by significant right atrial enlargement that was not due to concurrent tricuspid regurgitation or other cardiac anomalies. In both cases the associated skeletal anomaly was subtle and barely visible using ultrasound. Interestingly, despite the fact that Holt–Oram syndrome is also called atriodigital dysplasia, unexplained right atrial enlargement has not been described in this context in the fetus before. When such a finding is detected, we believe a thorough search for upper limb abnormalities should be carried out and genetic testing for Holt–Oram syndrome should be discussed with the parents. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Accuracy and implications of visually estimating age of male white‐tailed deer using physical characteristics from photographs
Authors: Gee Kenneth L. , Webb Stephen L. , Holman John H. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTVisually estimating age of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) using physical characteristics, commonly referred to as “aging on the hoof” (AOTH), has gained in popularity as part of management programs. However, AOTH has not been evaluated in reference to its accuracy or the accuracy of its users; and most importantly, AOTH is an unstandardized method for estimating age. To assess accuracy of AOTH as it currently is applied, we developed an accuracy examination consisting of a series of photographs of 70 wild, known‐aged, antlered, male deer from south‐central Oklahoma, USA, ranging in age from approximately 1.5 to ≥7.5 years. We distributed a pre‐assessment questionnaire and the accuracy examination to registrants from the 2009 annual meeting of the Southeast Deer Study Group and to select individuals known to use AOTH. One hundred six wildlife professionals that commonly used the technique completed the assessment and examination. Overall accuracy averaged 36% when placing deer into year classes (min. = 16%; max. = 56%). Accuracy tended to be greater for younger year‐classes (1.5–2.5 yr); accuracy generally declined as age increased. On average, 62%, 43%, 25%, 30%, 25%,15%, and 31% of deer were placed into the correct year‐class for the 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, and ≥7.5 year‐classes, respectively. We provide the first known accuracy assessment by users of the AOTH technique. It appears that the AOTH technique lacks accuracy for placing deer into specific year‐classes, which has implications for selective harvest decisions and research use. Accuracy may be improved by developing standardized protocols and criteria for using the technique and training observers. © 2013 The Authors Wildlife Society Bulletin published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Wildlife Society
Qualitative comparative analysis and applied public policy analysis: New applications of innovative methods
Authors: Hudson John , Kühner Stefan 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
QCA based methods have grown in popularity in recent years. Standing between quantitative and qualitative research, in principle they help balance the breadth of analysis provided by quantitative data with the depth of case study knowledge provided by qualitative analysis. The challenge of mixing depth and breadth has always been a particularly acute one for policy based research. Proponents of QCA techniques suggest they are better placed to handle the diversity of policy provision found in different spatial entities than standard linear quantitative methods, while also able to allow for hypothesis testing based upon a fine grained analysis that is more systematic in approach than the techniques typically employed in standard qualitative analyses. The full potential of these methods for policy analysis has yet to be realised however. Partly this is because knowledge of these methods remains at the margins of the policy analysis community, particularly amongst practitioners undertaking applied policy analyses such as policy evaluations. In the introduction to this volume we first outline some of the key principles of QCA research before moving on to identify some of its key advantages. We round off by highlighting key themes explored by the papers included within the volume.
Locomotory capabilities in the Early Cretaceous ichthyosaurPlatypterygius australisbased on osteological comparisons with extant marine mammals
Authors: ZAMMIT MARIA , KEAR BENJAMIN P. , NORRIS RACHEL M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractReconstructing the swimming capabilities of extinct marine tetrapods is critical for unravelling broader questions about their palaeobiology, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography. Ichthyosaurs have long been the subject of such investigations because, alongside cetaceans, they are one of the few tetrapod lineages to achieve a highly specialized fish-like body plan. The dominant locomotory mode for the majority of derived, post-Triassic ichthyosaurs is hypothesized to have been caudal fin-driven propulsion. Limb-based swimming has however been suggested for some highly autapomorphic forms, such as the Cretaceous genusPlatypterygius, which has a remarkably robust humeral morphology and exceptionally broad paddle-like limbs. To evaluate this atypical lifestyle model, we conducted a comprehensive comparative osteological assessment ofPlatypterygiusin relation to extant marine mammals, whose analogous skeletal frameworks provide a structurally compatible selection of alternate propulsive strategies. Based on a proxy exemplar of the most completely known species,P. australisfrom the Early Cretaceous of Australia, the propodial shape, absence of functional elbow/knee joints, tightly interlocking carpals, hyperphalangy and extreme reduction of the pelvic girdle are most similar to cetaceans as opposed to pinnipeds or dugongs. There is no obvious structural consistency with aquatic mammals that use sustained forelimb-driven swimming. The exceptionally broad fore-paddle (a product of hyperdactyly) and extensive humeral muscle insertions might therefore have had a cetacean-like role in enhancing manoeuvrability and acceleration performance. We conclude that, despite its atypical features,P. australiswas most likely similar to other ichthyosaurs in using lateral sweeps of the tailfin to generate primary propulsive thrust.
Local cortical thinning links to resting-state disconnectivity in major depressive disorder
Authors: van Tol M.-J. , Li M. , Metzger C. D. , Hailla N. , Horn D. I. , Li W. , Heinze H. J. , Bogerts B. , Steiner J. , He H. , Walter M. 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundLocal structural and metabolic as well as inter-regional connectivity abnormalities have been implicated in the neuropathology of major depressive disorder (MDD). How local tissue properties affect intrinsic functional connectivity is, however, unclear. Using a cross-sectional, multi-modal imaging approach, we investigated the relationship between local cortical tissue abnormalities and intrinsic resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in MDD.MethodA total of 20 MDD in-patients and 20 healthy controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T for structural and functional imaging. Whole-brain cortical thickness was calculated and compared between groups. Regions with reduced cortical thickness defined seeds for subsequent whole-brain RSFC analyses. Contributions of structural tissue abnormalities on inter-regional RSFC were explicitly investigated.ResultsLower cortical thickness was observed in MDD in the right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), superior temporal gyrus/temporal pole, middle-posterior cingulate cortex, and dorsolateral PFC. No differences in local fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations were observed. Lower thickness in patients' dorsomedial PFC further directly and selectively affected its RSFC with the precuneus, which was unaffected by symptom severity. No effects of cortical thickness in other regions showing abnormal thickness were observed to influence functional connectivity.ConclusionsAbnormal cortical thickness in the dorsomedial PFC in MDD patients was observed to selectively and directly affect its intrinsic connectivity with the precuneus in MDD patients independent of depression severity, thereby marking a potential vulnerability for maladaptive mood regulation. Future studies should include an unmedicated sample and replicate findings using independent component analysis to test for morphometric effects on network integrity.
Hypochondriasis and obsessive-compulsive disorder in schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine vs other atypical antipsychotics
Authors: Grassi Giacomo , Poli Lorenzo , Cantisani Andrea , Righi Lorenzo , Ferrari Gabriella , Pallanti Stefano 
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence rates of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and hypochondriasis in schizophrenic patients treated with atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) and to investigate the different comorbidity rates of OCD and hypochondriasis between clozapine-treated patients and patients treated with other AAPs.MethodsWe therefore recruited 60 schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine or other AAPs. We assessed the prevalence rates of OCD or OC symptoms and hypochondriasis or hypochondriac symptoms in the whole group of patients and in clozapine-treated patients versus patients treated with other AAPs.ResultsSchizophrenic patients had a higher comorbidity rate of OCD (26.6% vs 1–3%) and hypochondriasis (20% vs 1%) than the general population. These comorbidities were more frequent in schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine versus patients treated with other AAPs (36.7% vs 16.7% and 33.3% vs 6.7%). Clozapine-treated patients showed a higher mean Y-BOCS and HY-BOCS score when compared to patients treated with other AAPs (10.90 vs 5.90, p = .099; 15.40 vs 8.93, p = .166). A statistical significant correlation was found between the Y-BOCS and HY-BOCS scores of the whole group (r = .378, p = 0.03). Furthermore, we found an inverse correlation between the global level of functioning and the diagnosis of hypochondriasis (p = .048) and the severity of hypochondriac symptoms (p = .047).ConclusionsHypochondriasis could represent an important clinical feature of schizophrenic patients treated with atypical antipsychotics, and further research is needed in this field.
Organic management and legume presence maintained phosphorus bioavailability in a 17-year field crop experiment
Authors: Gallaher Courtney , Snapp Sieglinde S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractLegumes have been shown to enhance bioavailability of phosphorus (P) from sparingly soluble pools, yet this functional trait remains underutilized in agriculture, and is untested at decadal scales. Management and legume presence effects on temporal soil properties were evaluated in a 17-year field crop experiment using soil samples collected in 1992, 2000 and 2006. Management systems compared included: (1) conventional corn–soybean–wheat rotation (C–S–W), (2) organic (C–S–W+red clover), (3) alfalfa and (4) early successional field. To evaluate the effects of long-term management versus recent management (residues and P fertilizer) on P and bio-availability to soybean, subplots of soybean were established with and without P-fertilizer (30 kg P ha−1), and compared to subplots and main plot with the long-term system. We evaluated soil properties (C, total P, Bray extractable inorganic P, particulate organic matter phosphorus) and soybean P uptake, biomass and yield. Recent fertilizer P inputs had no detectable influence on soil P, and total soil P stayed stable at ~350 mg P kg−1, whereas inorganic P (Pi) declined from an initial value of 54 to an average of 35 mg P kg−1. A P balance was constructed and showed a net loss of −96.7 kg P ha−1 yr−1 for the organic system, yet Bray-Pi and soybean P uptake were maintained under organic production at similar levels to the conventional, fertilized system. Particulate organic matter P was 57, 82 and 128% higher in organic, alfalfa and successional treatments, respectively, compared to conventional. A similar pattern was observed for soil C, soybean yield and bioavailable P, which were 20–50% higher in the organic, alfalfa and successional systems relative to conventional. This study provides evidence that long-term management history influences bioavailability of P.
The Religion of the Nonreligious and the Politics of the Apolitical: The Transformation of Falun Gong from Healing Practice to Political Movement
Authors: Li Junpeng 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article applies the conflict-amplification model to the development of Falun Gong. Falun Gong emerged in the early 1990s as a health-enhancing practice and part of the state-sanctionedqigongmovement in China. Faced with increasing state suspicion ofqigongand fierce competition from other groups, it metamorphosed into a new religious movement in the mid-1990s. State efforts to keep Falun Gong out of the political realm had the effect of releasing the group's political potential and led to its campaign of “truth clarification,” which further alerted the state to its ideological challenge and capacity to mobilize. Through a process of mutual feedback, the antagonism between the two parties culminated in religious violence and in Falun Gong's transformation into a political movement. The organizational evolution of Falun Gong is an illustration of the religion of the nonreligious and the politics of the apolitical in an authoritarian state.
Microevolution of Renibacterium salmoninarum: evidence for intercontinental dissemination associated with fish movements
Authors: Brynildsrud Ola , Feil Edward J , Bohlin Jon , Castillo-Ramirez Santiago , Colquhoun Duncan , McCarthy Una , Matejusova Iveta M , Rhodes Linda D , Wiens Gregory D , Verner-Jeffreys David W 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Renibacterium salmoninarum is the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, a major pathogen of salmonid fish species worldwide. Very low levels of intra-species genetic diversity have hampered efforts to understand the transmission dynamics and recent evolutionary history of this Gram-positive bacterium. We exploited recent advances in the next-generation sequencing technology to generate genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from 68 diverse R. salmoninarum isolates representing broad geographical and temporal ranges and different host species. Phylogenetic analysis robustly delineated two lineages (lineage 1 and lineage 2); futhermore, dating analysis estimated that the time to the most recent ancestor of all the isolates is 1239 years ago (95% credible interval (CI) 444–2720 years ago). Our data reveal the intercontinental spread of lineage 1 over the last century, concurrent with anthropogenic movement of live fish, feed and ova for aquaculture purposes and stocking of recreational fisheries, whilst lineage 2 appears to have been endemic in wild Eastern Atlantic salmonid stocks before commercial activity. The high resolution of the SNP-based analyses allowed us to separate closely related isolates linked to neighboring fish farms, indicating that they formed part of single outbreaks. We were able to demonstrate that the main lineage 1 subgroup of R. salmoninarum isolated from Norway and the UK likely represent an introduction to these areas ∼40 years ago. This study demonstrates the promise of this technology for analysis of micro and medium scale evolutionary relationships in veterinary and environmental microorganisms, as well as human pathogens.
Magnetically tunable singlet-triplet spin qubit in a four-electron InGaAs coupled quantum dot
Authors: Weiss K. M. , Miguel-Sanchez J. , Elzerman J. M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA pair of self-assembled InGaAs quantum dots filled with two electrons can act as a singlet-triplet spin qubit that is robust against nuclear spin fluctuations as well as charge noise. This results in a T2* coherence time two orders of magnitude longer than that of a single electron, provided the qubit is operated at a particular “sweet spot” in gate voltage. However, at this fixed operating point the ground-state splitting can no longer be tuned into resonance with e.g. another qubit, limiting the options for coupling multiple qubits. Here, we propose using a four-electron coupled quantum dot to implement a singlet-triplet qubit that features a magnetically tunable level splitting. As a first step towards full experimental realization of this qubit design, we use optical spectroscopy to demonstrate the tunability of the four-electron singlet-triplet splitting in a moderate magnetic field.
Modified current‐fed full‐bridge isolated power factor correction converter with low‐voltage stress
Authors: Trong Nha Quang , Chiu Huang‐Jen , Lo Yu‐Kang , Lin Chin‐Yu , Alam Mohammed Mahmood 
Published: October 2013

One drawback of the conventional current‐fed full‐bridge (CFFB) power factor correction (PFC) converters is extremely high‐voltage spikes on metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs), which cause many problems such as high‐voltage high‐cost devices used, unreliability and burdensome magnetising components imposed. To overcome above shortcomings, a new isolated CFFB PFC converter featuring efficiency improvement, high input current quality and good common mode (CM) noise performance is proposed in this study. The voltage spikes are effectively eliminated by using a non‐dissipative clamping structure resulting of no‐loss consumption and low‐voltage MOSFETs used. Additionally, to evaluate the conducted electromagnetic interference behaviour, the differential mode loop and CM loop models are also presented. Two testing hardware systems with 180–240 V input, 380 V/1 kW output of the conventional CFFB PFC and proposed PFC were built and inspected to compare their performances. The experimental results showed that the proposed topology completely eliminated the voltage spike on MOSFETs. The efficiency was largely improved by utilising of high‐performance MOSFETs. In consequence, the experimental results reveal the preponderance of the proposed PFC converter to the previous researches on this topic.
MSPrep—Summarization, normalization and diagnostics for processing of mass spectrometry–based metabolomic data
Authors: Hughes Grant , Cruickshank-Quinn Charmion , Reisdorph Richard , Lutz Sharon , Petrache Irina , Reisdorph Nichole , Bowler Russell , Kechris Katerina 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Motivation: Although R packages exist for the pre-processing of metabolomic data, they currently do not incorporate additional analysis steps of summarization, filtering and normalization of aligned data. We developed the MSPrep R package to complement other packages by providing these additional steps, implementing a selection of popular normalization algorithms and generating diagnostics to help guide investigators in their analyses.
Availability: http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/msprep
Contact: grant.hughes@ucdenver.edu
Supplementary Information: Supplementary materials are available at Bioinformatics online.