bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and characterization of fish oil supplements based on fatty acid analysis combined with a hierarchical clustering algorithm
Authors: Khoomrung Sakda , Raber Georg , Laoteng Kobkul , Francesconi Kevin A. 
Published: January 2014

We report a method for simple screening and quality assessment of fish oil supplements based on fatty acid profiles of 25 commercial fish oil supplements determined by using GC/MS with a hierarchical clustering algorithm. Different fatty acid profiles were obtained for the various fish oil products derived from different sources and processes. The contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n‐3) and DHA (22:6 n‐3), and of other specific fatty acids as well, could be used as a chemotaxonomic marker to characterize the fish oils. A hierarchical clustering algorithm was then generated and used to efficiently categorize the fish oil products in terms of fish origin, oil components, and production process.Identification of fish oil supplements.
Low‐temperature chemical glycerolysis to produce diacylglycerols by heterogeneous base catalyst
Authors: Zhong Nanjing , Deng Xiaoting , Huang Jianrong , Xu Li , Hu Kun , Gao Yongqing 
Published: January 2014

The present study aimed to develop a heterogeneous catalysis process for diacylglycerols (DAG) production through low‐temperature chemical glycerolysis. Of the heterogeneous catalysts evaluated, MgO‐supported KOH (KOH–MgO) was found effective for the low‐temperature chemical glycerolysis, and the KOH–MgO was characterized by FT‐IR and powder XRD. Reaction temperature was of paramount importance and 80°C was found necessary to enhance the present reaction. Molar ratio of oil to glycerol at stoichiometric ratio (2:1) gave more DAG formation. 41.8 ± 0.8 wt% of DAG was obtained under these conditions: KOH–MgO concentration 4.5 wt% based on oil, acetone dosage 3:1 (acetone to oil in weight ratio), molar ratio of oil to glycerol 2:1, reaction temperature 80°C and time 12 h.Practical applications: Heterogeneous catalysis has been recognized as green process, it is advantageous over the homogeneous catalysis in terms of separation and reusability of catalysts. The MgO‐supported KOH catalyst described in this study can effectively catalyze the low‐temperature chemical glycerolysis, it could be considered for practical applications.
The Acrylamide Moiety as an Activated Alkene Component in the Intramolecular Baylis–Hillman Reaction: Facile Synthesis of Functionalized α‐Methylene Lactam and Spirolactam Frameworks
Authors: Basavaiah Deevi , Reddy Guddeti Chandrashekar , Bharadwaj Kishor Chandra 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA facile strategy for the intramolecular Baylis–Hillman reaction by utilizing an acrylamide moiety as an activated alkene component was developed, which thus provides a convenient protocol for obtaining five‐ and six‐membered α‐methylene lactam and spirolactam derivatives.
anti‐Dioxylation of Cyclohex‐4‐ene‐1,2‐diamine Derivatives: Asymmetric Routes to Hydroxy‐ and Amino‐Substituted Cyclohexane and 7‐Azanorbornane
Authors: Savoia Diego , Balestri Davide , Grilli Stefano , Monari Magda 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe highly diastereoselective anti‐dioxylation of (1R,2R)‐1,2‐bis[(1S)‐phenylethylamino]cyclohexene was accomplished through epoxidation of the double bond with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) in the presence of a sulfonic or trihaloacetic acid and ring opening of the epoxide in situ in the presence of sulfonate or carboxylate anions. The two procedures, after basic quenching and reductive removal of the N‐substituents, provide stereoselective access to 2‐exo‐5‐endo‐5‐amino‐7‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan‐2‐ol and 4,5‐diaminocyclohexane‐1,2‐diol, respectively. The different outcomes are explained by differing chair conformations of the protonated diamine‐epoxide intermediates, which undergo ring opening through a preferred anti‐diaxial mechanism.
Quantification of isocyanates and amines in polyurethane foams and coated products by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Mutsuga Motoh , Yamaguchi Miku , Kawamura Yoko 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAn analytical method for the identification and quantification of 10 different isocyanates and 11 different amines in polyurethane (PUR) foam and PUR‐coated products was developed and optimized. Isocyanates were extracted and derivatized with di‐n‐butylamine, while amines were extracted with methanol. Quantification was subsequently performed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Using this methodology, residual levels of isocyanates and amines in commercial PUR products were quantified. Although the recoveries of certain isocyanates and amines were low, the main compounds used as monomers in the production of PUR products, and their decomposition species, were clearly identified at quantifiable levels. 2,4‐ and 2,6‐toluenediisocyanate were detected in most PUR foam samples and a pastry bag in the range of 0.02–0.92 mg/kg, with their decomposition compounds, 2,4‐ and 2,6‐toluenediamine, detected in all PUR foam samples in the range of 9.5–59 mg/kg. PUR‐coated gloves are manufactured using 4,4′‐methylenebisphenyl diisocyanate as the main raw material, and a large amount of this compound, in addition to 4,4′‐methylenedianiline and dicyclohexylmethane‐4,4′‐diamine were found in these samples.
Influence of the K‐, Na‐ and K‐Na‐carbonate additions during the CO2 chemisorption on lithium oxosilicate (Li8SiO6)
Authors: Romero‐Ibarra Issis C. , Durán‐Muñoz Fernando , Pfeiffer Heriberto 
Published: January 2014

AbstractLithium oxosilicate (Li8SiO6) was synthesized and mechanically mixed with potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, or a mixture of both. While the product sample composition was characterized using X‐ray diffraction, the CO2 chemisorption was evaluated using dynamic (30–800 °C), isothermal (350–650 °C) and cyclic thermogravimetric analyses. The presence of the K, Na, or K‐Na‐carbonates in Li8SiO6 changes the sorption properties in a wide temperature range. K‐, Na‐, K‐Na‐Li8SiO6 samples captured a maximum weight of 32 wt% at 400 °C, 42 wt% at 550 °C, and 38 wt% at 600 °C, respectively. The results revealed that the weight gained on Li8SiO6 mixed with K‐, Na‐ and K‐Na‐carbonates was attributed to the formation of the eutectic phases. These materials would be suitable for CO2 capture over a wide temperature range depending on the application process. Nevertheless, the cyclic experiments showed important variations in their respective efficiencies, depending on the temperature.
Dissociable identity‐ and modality‐specific neural representations as revealed by cross‐modal nonspatial inhibition of return
Authors: Chi Yukai , Yue Zhenzhu , Liu Yupin , Mo Lei , Chen Qi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThere are ongoing debates on whether object concepts are coded as supramodal identity‐based or modality‐specific representations in the human brain. In this fMRI study, we adopted a cross‐modal “prime–neutral cue–target” semantic priming paradigm, in which the prime‐target relationship was manipulated along both the identity and the modality dimensions. The prime and the target could refer to either the same or different semantic identities, and could be delivered via either the same or different sensory modalities. By calculating the main effects and interactions of this 2 (identity cue validity: “Identity_Cued” vs. “Identity_Uncued”) × 2 (modality cue validity: “Modality_Cued” vs. “Modality_Uncued”) factorial design, we aimed at dissociating three neural networks involved in creating novel identity‐specific representations independent of sensory modality, in creating modality‐specific representations independent of semantic identity, and in evaluating changes of an object along both the identity and the modality dimensions, respectively. Our results suggested that bilateral lateral occipital cortex was involved in creating a new supramodal semantic representation irrespective of the input modality, left dorsal premotor cortex, and left intraparietal sulcus were involved in creating a new modality‐specific representation irrespective of its semantic identity, and bilateral superior temporal sulcus was involved in creating a representation when the identity and modality properties were both cued or both uncued. In addition, right inferior frontal gyrus showed enhanced neural activity only when both the identity and the modality of the target were new, indicating its functional role in novelty detection. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4002–4015, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
FROM MAID TO MOTHER: TRANSFORMING FACILITIES, STAFF TRAINING, AND CAREGIVER DIGNITY IN AN INSTITUTIONAL FACILITY FOR YOUNG CHILDREN IN NEPAL
Authors: Wright Amy Conley , Lamsal Dhirendra , Ksetree Mukunda , Sharma Aalok , Jaffe Kenneth 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThis article provides a case study of a project to improve the health, safety, and development of children birth to 6 years old in a large orphanage in Nepal. Two interventions were conducted: improvement of physical infrastructure and training, mentoring, and support for caregiving staff. As a result of these interventions, positive outcomes in terms of children's health and development have been observed, including reduction of communicable diseases and increased social interactions with caregivers. As part of the new trainining initiative, the caregivers began to meet regularly to share their ideas and experiences, and came to realize their vital role in the holistic development of the children in their care. One important change was a greater sense of dignity for the caregivers. The caregivers were formerly called Maids (Aaya), but asked to be called Mothers (Aama). The project also faced challenges, including communication barriers related to organizational structure.
Training staff to implement brief stimulus preference assessments
Authors: Weldy Christina R. , Rapp John T. , Capocasa Kelli 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe trained 9 behavioral staff members to conduct 2 brief preference assessments using 30‐min video presentations that contained instructions and modeling. After training, we evaluated each staff member's implementation of the assessments in situ. Results indicated that 1 or 2 training sessions for each method were sufficient for teaching each staff member to implement each assessment. We briefly discuss the clinical implications of our findings.
Fabrication of a light‐emitting shape memory polymeric web containing indocyanine green
Authors: Torbati Amir H. , Mather Ryan T. , Reeder Jay E. , Mather Patrick T. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDye‐containing polymers are highly desired for a number of commercially and medically relevant applications, such as sensors, medical devices, and drug delivery. In particular, dyes that emit light in the NIR region of the electromagnetic spectrum are of great interest due to the window of transparency for mammalian soft tissue in this range. While the incorporation of dyes into polymeric hosts by diffusion is a method that has been widely used, this approach is problematic in that it lacks uniformity and control over the incorporation. Here, we sought to develop NIR‐emitting polymeric materials with high fluorescence intensity, addressing the problem of uniformity by incorporating the dye in a polymer host using dissolution in a mutual solvent and subsequent electrospinning into a fibrous web. This web could be prepared as a free‐standing film, a coating or, as we will show, a shrink‐wrap medical device label. The primary findings of this study were that an optimal concentration of dye in the polymer host exists, that the fluorescence intensity for fibrous webs greatly exceed that of comparable cast films, and that the dye‐containing webs feature water‐triggered contraction of use for application to medical devices, such as feeding tubes or catheters. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1236–1243, 2014.
Associations Between Perceived Social Reactions to Trauma‐Related Experiences With PTSD and Depression Among Veterans Seeking PTSD Treatment
Authors: Schumm Jeremiah A. , Koucky Ellen M. , Bartel Alisa 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Social Acknowledgment Questionnaire (SAQ; Maercker & Mueller, ) is a measure of trauma survivors’ perceptions of social acknowledgment and disapproval from others, and these factors are shown to be associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among civilian trauma survivors. This study seeks to validate the structure of the SAQ among U.S. military veterans and test the hypothesis that family and general disapproval are associated with PTSD and depression among veterans. Participants were 198 U.S. veterans who experienced military trauma and completed an intake evaluation through a Veterans Affairs PTSD treatment program. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results supported a well‐fitting 3‐factor model for the SAQ that was similar to prior studies in capturing the constructs of social acknowledgment, general disapproval, and family disapproval. SEM results also showed that all 3 of the SAQ factors were associated with veterans’ depression (−.31, .22, and .39, respectively), whereas only general disapproval was related to veterans’ PTSD. This is the first study of which we are aware to investigate the factor structure of the SAQ in a veteran sample and to investigate the relationship between SAQ factors and trauma survivors’ depression. Results build upon prior findings by showing the importance of positive and negative social reactions to veterans’ traumatic experiences.
Genetic dysregulation in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Authors: Rodman Regina , Mutasa Simukayi , Dupuis Crystal , Spratt Heidi , Underbrink Michael 
Published: January 2014

Objectives/HypothesisRecurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a devastating disease, caused by infection of the upper aerodigestive tract with human papillomavirus types 6 and 11. There is no cure for RRP, and surgical removal is the mainstay of treatment. The purpose of this project was to compare genes of cell cycle, apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokines in laryngeal papilloma versus normal tissue for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the disease to discover novel therapies.Study DesignBasic science research study.MethodsPapilloma tissue was obtained from patients requiring surgical debridement. For comparison, normal mucosa was obtained from the excised uvula of patients undergoing uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Total RNA was extracted from both groups and then probed using customized reverse transcriptase real time polymerase chain reaction gene arrays.ResultsThe custom arrays examine expression of 84 separate genes within the cell cycle, apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokine pathways. Our findings based on 11 papilloma samples run in comparison to normal mucosa shows that the MCL−1 gene of the apoptosis pathway is significantly downregulated. cytokine genes IL1‐A, IL‐8, IL‐18, and IL‐31 are also significantly dysregulated.ConclusionsGenes of cell cycle and apoptosis are generally upregulated and downregulated, respectively, as expected in papilloma tissue, with MCL‐1 achieving significance when compared to normal tissue. The finding of particular interest is that inflammatory cytokine genes were significantly downregulated, including IL1‐A, IL‐18, and IL‐31. This finding may explain why patients infected with the virus are unable to mediate a T‐cell immune clearance of their disease.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 124:E320–E325, 2014
A flexible blue light sensitive organic photodiode with high properties for the applications in low‐voltage‐control circuit and flexion sensors
Authors: Li Dong , Liu Xiaohui , Dong Guifang , Duan Lian , Zhang Deqiang , Zhao Haoyan , Wang Liduo , Qiu Yong 
Published: January 2014

AbstractLow‐voltage‐control circuit is one of the most important parts of the modern electrical control system due to the avoidance of operation risk and easy automation. Here, based on a C60: m‐MTDATA bulk heterojunction, a blue‐light‐sensitive organic photodiode (OPD) is explored for the development of flexible low‐voltage‐control circuit. The control of circuit under 2000 V high voltage is achieved. The influences of the organic‐layer thickness, the donor/acceptor volume ratio and the matching of energy levels on the photocurrent are investigated. The maximum light/dark current ratio and current transfer ratio of 1.3 × 104 and 1.3% are achieved, respectively. The highest photoresponse is up to 130 mA/W, markedly higher than some commercial inorganic photodiodes. This device could also be used as flexion and mechanical force sensors with the current density changing under different bending conditions. Therefore, this sort of OPD has a promising application in low‐voltage‐controlled, high‐voltage‐endurable hands for intelligent robots.
Age is not a prognostic factor in children with Wilms tumor beyond stage I in Africa
Authors: Aronson D.C. , Hadley G.P. 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundPatients under age 4 with stage I favorable histology (FH) Wilms tumor have a reported survival advantage. Among children above 10 years, a poorer prognosis has been associated with a higher prevalence of diffuse anaplasia. Purpose: To determine if, in our practice, patients with Wilms tumors >8 years of age (stage II–V) have a poorer prognosis than those aged <8 years or <4 years.ProcedureCase‐control study of 19 patients >8 years with Wilms tumor stages II–V who were identified from a cohort of 192 new patients (2002–2012). For each patient two controls were chosen matched for stage and histology, one 0–3 years and one 4–7 years. Neo‐adjuvant chemotherapy was offered to all, combined with intensive supportive care. Postoperative treatment was determined by local stage and histology. OS and EFS at 5 years for the different age groups were compared.ResultsEach age group contained 19 patients, of whom 6 had stage II tumors, 3 stage III, 8 stage IV, and 2 stage V. Histology was intermediate risk (IR) in 17 and high risk (HR) in 2. OS at 5 years was 80.8% and EFS was 79.2% for the whole group. No significant difference in outcome could be shown between age groups. Loss to follow up was 6/57 (11%).ConclusionsThe survival advantage of young age (<4 years) associated with stage I FH could not be demonstrated in higher stages. Age had no significant impact on prognosis although a trend to better outcome was seen in children <4 years. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:987–989. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Easy, Convenient Cell and Tissue Extraction Protocol for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics
Authors: Matheus Nicolas , Hansen Sylvain , Rozet Eric , Peixoto Paul , Maquoi Erik , Lambert Vincent , Noël Agnès , Frédérich Michel , Mottet Denis , de Tullio Pascal 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIntroductionAs a complement to the classic metabolomics biofluid studies, the visualisation of the metabolites contained in cells or tissues could be a very powerful tool to understand how the local metabolism and biochemical pathways could be affected by external or internal stimuli or pathologies. Therefore, extraction and/or lysis is necessary to obtain samples adapted for use with the current analytical tools (liquid NMR and MS). These extraction or lysis work‐ups are often the most labour‐intensive and rate‐limiting steps in metabolomics, as they require accuracy and repeatability as well as robustness. Many of the procedures described in the literature appear to be very time‐consuming and not easily amenable to automation.ObjectiveTo find a fast, simplified procedure that allows release of the metabolites from cells and tissues in a way that is compatible with NMR analysis.MethodsWe assessed the use of sonication to disrupt cell membranes or tissue structures. Both a vibrating probe and an automated bath sonicator were explored.ResultsThe application of sonication as the disruption procedure led to reproducible NMR spectral data compatible with metabolomics studies. This method requires only a small biological tissue or cell sample, and a rapid, reduced work‐up was applied before analysis. The spectral patterns obtained are comparable with previous, well‐described extraction protocols.ConclusionThe rapidity and the simplicity of this approach could represent a suitable alternative to the other protocols. Additionally, this approach could be favourable for high‐ throughput applications in intracellular and intratissular metabolite measurements. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charge trapping and physical parameters of Er3+ doped light‐emitting field‐effect transistors
Authors: Ramírez J. M. , Berencén Y. , Garrido B. 
Published: January 2014

The electrical properties of light‐emitting field‐effect transistors with Er3+ doped gate oxides formed either by a Si‐rich oxide or by a SiO2 are studied. Measured output and transfer characteristics in combination with C–V curves allowed for the main device parameters determination (flat‐band voltage, Debye length, or low‐field mobility). Decreased threshold voltage, interface charge trapping and low‐field mobility enhancement in devices containing Si‐rich oxides respect to those with Er3+ doped SiO2 gate are found. In addition, the implantation of Er3+ ions in the gate oxide produced significant low‐field mobility reduction in the transistor inversion layer.Typical polarization scheme and device cross section of a light‐emitting field‐effect transistor (left). Erbium electroluminescence spectrum collected from the top of the polysilicon gate (right).
Surface preparation of non‐polar single‐crystalline AlN substrates
Authors: Bryan Isaac , Akouala Christer‐Rajiv , Tweedie James , Bryan Zachary , Rice Anthony , Kirste Ronny , Collazo Ramón , Sitar Zlatko 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA surface preparation technique has been developed for non‐polar m‐plane aluminum nitride (AlN) single crystalline substrates. Chemical surface treatments were conducted on chemomechanically polished m‐plane oriented AlN substrate surfaces. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize the surface chemistry after each processing step. A layer of mixed aluminum oxide‐hydroxide was identified on ambient air‐exposed surfaces. Analysis of the oxygen core level spectra showed oxygen in three bonding states, identified by the binding energies and relative separation of the fitted peaks as O2−, OH− and H2O. Molar ratios of different components showed the oxide to be dominantly bonded in the OH− state. Wet etching reduced the amount of surface oxides. Ammonia annealing at 1100 °C converted the aluminum oxide‐hydroxide layer to AlN. Although the overall amount of the oxide on the surface was reduced by surface treatments, the nature of the oxide remained predominantly of the OH−character. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)