bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell‐specific insulin resistance: implications for atherosclerosis
Authors: Rajwani A. , Cubbon R. M. , Wheatcroft S. B. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryInsulin resistance is increasingly acknowledged as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Despite this, our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that might account for this relationship remain incompletely understood. A key challenge has been in distinguishing between a ‘whole‐body’ milieu of inflammation and oxidative stress from the ramifications of cell‐specific resistance to insulin. Transgenic models have now begun to explore the cellular influences of insulin resistance on vascular biology, with novel implications for atherosclerosis across a range of cells including endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages and fibroblasts. Emerging data from these models have also begun to challenge conventional dogma. In particular, the findings across various cell types are disparate with some even implying a protective influence on vascular biology. We now review these data, highlighting recent advances in our understanding of cellular resistance to insulin as well as those areas where there remains a paucity of data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EPCAM–A novel molecular target for the treatment of pediatric and adult germ cell tumors
Authors: Schönberger Stefan , Okpanyi Vera , Calaminus Gabriele , Heikaus Sebastian , Leuschner Ivo , Nicholson James C. , Stoecklein Nikolas H. , Schneider Dominik T. , Borkhardt Arndt 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGerm cell tumors (GCTs) are thought to develop from totipotent primordial germ cells. Although the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) is expressed on embryonic stem cells as well as different tumor cells, it has not yet been extensively studied in GCTs. We analyzed EPCAM expression by quantitative RT‐PCR in 48 fresh‐frozen GCT specimens of different histology (10 mature teratoma, MT; 6 immature teratoma, IT; 7 dysgerminoma; 6 mixed malignant GCTs; 19 yolk sac tumor, YST) and in the GCT cell lines NCCIT, TE76.T, JAR and 2102Ep, and correlated its expression with AFP and hCG protein levels, histologic differentiation, and clinical follow‐up data. EPCAM protein was visualized by immunohistochemistry of selected corresponding paraffin embedded tumor tissues. EPCAM was expressed in malignant but not in benign GCTs irrespective of age, sex, site and clinical stage of tumor (P = 0.001). In primary teratomas, EPCAM expression increased with their grade of immaturity (mean 2−ΔCt values: MT 0.23, IT 1.61, P = 0.007) and significantly correlated with serum AFP (P = 0.03) and hCG (P = 0.03) levels in malignant GCTs. Particularly high EPCAM levels were found in nonseminomatous GCTs such as YSTs (8.49) and choriocarcinoma (13.54). Immunohistochemical analysis verified gene expression data showing a distinct EPCAM staining in YST. Similarly in vitro, highest EPCAM expression was measured in GCT cell lines comprising yolk sac (2102Ep: 5.59) or choriocarcinoma (JAR: 10.65) components. This first comprehensive analysis of EPCAM in GCTs revealed high EPCAM expression in YSTs and choriocarcinomas. Thus, these nonseminomatous GCTs may be interesting targets for EPCAM immunotherapy, which has to be evaluated in further studies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Adventures of Carbon Bond: Using a melodramatic game to explain CCS as a mitigation strategy for climate change
Authors: Feldpausch‐Parker Andrea M. , O'Byrne Megan , Endres Danielle , Peterson Tarla R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPolicy options for mitigating climate change have been severely limited in the USA by the clash of competing ideologies. People who oppose policies to mitigate climate change have successfully framed climate change as existing outside the realm of fact and empirical reality. Instead, opponents frame the issue as a melodramatic struggle between good and evil. While scientists and engineers tend to be uncomfortable with melodramatic framing, we argue that melodrama resonates with people. Constructing a different melodramatic frame can tap into people's tendency to conceptualize issues in terms of heroes and villains and assist in creating a shift in the political controversy from debating the factuality of climate change to a focus on mitigation. We developed an educational video game that uses this frame to teach students about climate change and carbon capture, and sequestration, to create an understanding of CO2 as the villain and humans as heroes through participation in mitigation strategies. The hero of this melodrama is aided by science and technology to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. We analyze The Adventures of Carbon Bond© as a medium for educating students about climate change and shifting framing. We begin with a discussion of melodrama and the rhetorical nature of video games. Then, through statistical analysis of surveys completed by students who played the game, we demonstrate that students experienced a knowledge increase as a result of game play. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for productively reframing climate change towards an emphasis on technological mitigation. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Neuromyelitis optica IgG does not alter aquaporin‐4 water permeability, plasma membrane M1/M23 isoform content, or supramolecular assembly
Authors: Rossi Andrea , Ratelade Julien , Papadopoulos Marios C. , Bennett Jeffrey L. , Verkman A. S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNeuromyelitis optica (NMO) is thought to be caused by immunoglobulin G autoantibodies (NMO‐IgG) against astrocyte water channel aquaporin‐4 (AQP4). A recent study (Hinson et al. (2012) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:1245‐1250) reported that NMO‐IgG inhibits AQP4 water permeability directly and causes rapid cellular internalization of the M1 but not M23 isoform of AQP4, resulting in AQP4 clustering, enhanced complement‐dependent cytotoxicity, and tissue swelling. Here, we report evidence challenging this proposed mechanism of NMO‐IgG‐mediated pathology. We measured osmotic water permeability by stopped‐flow light scattering on plasma membrane vesicles isolated from AQP4‐expressing CHO cells, an approach that can detect changes in water permeability as small as 5% and is not confounded by internalization effects. We found similar single‐molecule water permeability for M1‐AQP4 tetramers and M23‐AQP4 clusters (orthogonal arrays of particles, OAPs). Exposure of AQP4 to high concentrations of NMO‐IgG from six seropositive NMO patients, and to high‐affinity recombinant monoclonal NMO antibodies, did not reduce AQP4 water permeability. Also, NMO‐IgG did not reduce water permeability in AQP4‐reconstituted proteoliposomes. In transfected cells expressing M1‐ or M23‐AQP4 individually, NMO‐IgG caused more rapid internalization of M23‐ than M1‐AQP4. In cells coexpressing both isoforms, M1‐ and M23‐AQP4 comingled in OAPs that were internalized together in response to NMO‐IgG. Super‐resolution imaging and native gel electrophoresis showed that the size of AQP4 OAPs was not altered by NMO sera or recombinant NMO antibodies. We conclude that NMO‐IgG does not: (i) inhibit AQP4 water permeability, (ii) cause preferential internalization of M1‐AQP4, or (iii) cause intramembrane AQP4 clustering. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why is there a special issue on perirhinal cortex in a journal called hippocampus? The perirhinal cortex in historical perspective
Authors: Murray Elisabeth A. , Wise Steven P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDespite its small size, the perirhinal cortex (PRh) plays a central role in understanding the cerebral cortex, vision, and memory; it figures in discussions of cognitive capacities as diverse as object perception, semantic knowledge, feelings of familiarity, and conscious recollection. Two conceptual constructs have encompassed PRh. The current orthodoxy incorporates PRh within the medial temporal lobe (MTL) as a memory area; an alternative considers PRh to be a sensory area with a role in both perception and memory. A historical perspective provides insight into both these ideas. PRh came to be included in the MTL because of two accidents of history. In evolutionary history, the hippocampus migrated from its ancestral situation as medial cortex into the temporal lobe; in the history of neuropsychology, a “memory system” that originally consisted of the amygdala and hippocampus came to include PRh. These two histories explain why a part of the sensory neocortex, PRh, entered into the conceptual construct called the MTL. They also explain why some experimental results seem to exclude a perceptual function for this sensory area, while others embrace perception. The exclusion of perceptual functions results from a history of categorizing tasks as perceptual or mnemonic, often on inadequate grounds. By exploring the role of PRh in encoding, representing, and retrieving stimulus information, it can be understood as a part of the sensory neocortex, one that has the same relationship with the hippocampus as do other parts of the neocortex that evolved at about the same time. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of combined perirhinal and postrhinal damage on complex discrimination tasks
Authors: Gastelum Emily D. , Guilhardi Paulo , Burwell Rebecca D. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRats with combined lesions of the perirhinal (PER) and postrhinal (POR) cortices were trained on a complex discrimination in the simultaneous feature‐positive and feature‐negative discrimination task. In this task, a panel light (L) paired with an auditory stimulus determined whether a tone (T) or white noise (N) would be rewarded (+) or not rewarded (−). Thus, the light feature determined whether the target auditory stimuli were rewarded or not. In each session, trial types were LT+, T−, N+, and LN−. We had hypothesized that damage to the target regions would impair performance on this task. Acquisition was altered in the lesioned rats, but not in the predicted direction. Instead, lesioned rats exhibited significantly enhanced acquisition of the discrimination. Manipulation of intertrial intervals indicated that reduction of proactive interference did not explain the enhancement. Lesioned rats were not different from controls on a multiple‐cued interval timing task, providing evidence that the enhancement does not extend to all types of discriminations and is not due to a deficit in timing. Other research shows that rats with PER lesions are impaired on similar tasks, thus the enhancement is likely due to the effects of POR damage. Normally in this task, context is thought to accrue inhibitory control over other cues. Without this inhibitory control, animals might be expected to learn the task more efficiently. Our conclusion is that deficits in processing contextual information underlie the enhanced acquisition observed in rats with combined PER and POR damage on this complex discrimination task. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The perirhinal cortex modulates V2 activity in response to the agreement between part familiarity and configuration familiarity
Authors: Peterson Mary A. , Cacciamani Laura , Barense Morgan D. , Scalf Paige E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractResearch has demonstrated that the perirhinal cortex (PRC) represents complex object‐level feature configurations, and participates in familiarity versus novelty discrimination. Barense et al. [(in press) Cerebral Cortex, 22:11, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr347] postulated that, in addition, the PRC modulates part familiarity responses in lower‐level visual areas. We used fMRI to measure activation in the PRC and V2 in response to silhouettes presented peripherally while participants maintained central fixation and performed an object recognition task. There were three types of silhouettes: Familiar Configurations portrayed real‐world objects; Part‐Rearranged Novel Configurations created by spatially rearranging the parts of the familiar configurations; and Control Novel Configurations in which both the configuration and the ensemble of parts comprising it were novel. For right visual field (RVF) presentation, BOLD responses revealed a significant linear trend in bilateral BA 35 of the PRC (highest activation for Familiar Configurations, lowest for Part‐Rearranged Novel Configurations, with Control Novel Configurations in between). For left visual field (LVF) presentation, a significant linear trend was found in a different area (bilateral BA 38, temporal pole) in the opposite direction (Part‐Rearranged Novel Configurations highest, Familiar Configurations lowest). These data confirm that the PRC is sensitive to the agreement in familiarity between the configuration level and the part level. As predicted, V2 activation mimicked that of the PRC: for RVF presentation, activity in V2 was significantly higher in the left hemisphere for Familiar Configurations than for Part‐Rearranged Novel Configurations, and for LVF presentation, the opposite effect was found in right hemisphere V2. We attribute these patterns in V2 to feedback from the PRC because receptive fields in V2 encompass parts but not configurations. These results reveal two new aspects of PRC function: (1) it is sensitive to the congruency between the familiarity of object configurations and the parts comprising those configurations and (2) it likely modulates familiarity responses in visual area V2. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Layer V perirhinal cortical ensemble activity during object exploration: A comparison between young and aged rats
Authors: Burke S.N. , Hartzell A.L. , Lister J.P. , Hoang L.T. , Barnes C.A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObject recognition memory requires the perirhinal cortex (PRC) and this cognitive function declines during normal aging. Recent electrophysiological recordings from young rats have shown that neurons in Layer V of the PRC are activated by three‐dimensional objects. Thus, it is possible that age‐related object recognition deficits result from alterations in PRC neuron activity in older animals. To examine this, the present study used cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescence in situ hybridization (catFISH) with confocal microscopy to monitor cellular distributions of activity‐induced Arc RNA in layer V of the PRC. Activity was monitored during two distinct epochs of object exploration. In one group of rats (6 young/6 aged) animals were placed in a familiar testing arena and allowed to explore five different three‐dimensional objects for two 5‐min sessions separated by a 20‐min rest (AA). The second group of animals (6 young/6 aged) also explored the same objects for two 5‐min sessions, but the environment was changed between the first and the second epoch (AB). Behavioral data showed that both age groups spent less time exploring objects during the second epoch, even when the environment changed, indicating successful recognition. Although the proportion of active neurons between epochs did not change in the AA group, in the AB group more neurons were active during epoch 2 of object exploration. This recruitment of neurons into the active neural ensemble could serve to signal that familiar stimuli are being encountered in a new context. When numbers of Arc positive neurons were compared between age groups, the old rats had significantly lower proportions of Arc‐positive PRC neurons in both the AA and AB behavioral conditions. These data support the hypothesis that age‐associated functional alterations in the PRC contribute to declines in stimulus recognition over the lifespan. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Habitat-related benthic macrofaunal assemblages of bays and estuaries of the western United States
Authors: Ranasinghe J Ananda , Welch Kathy I , Slattery Peter N , Montagne David E , Huff David D , Lee II Henry , Hyland Jeffrey L , Thompson Bruce , Weisberg Stephen B , Oakden James M , Cadien Donald B , Velarde Ronald G 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Data from 7 coastwide and regional benthic surveys were combined and used to assess the number and distribution of estuarine benthic macrofaunal assemblages of the western United States. Q-mode cluster analysis was applied to 714 samples and site groupings were tested for differences in 4 habitat factors (latitude, salinity, sediment grain size, and depth). Eight macrofaunal assemblages, structured primarily by latitude, salinity, and sediment grain size, were identified: (A) Puget Sound fine sediment, (B) Puget Sound coarse sediment, (C) southern California marine bays, (D) polyhaline central San Francisco Bay, (E) shallow estuaries and wetlands, (F) saline very coarse sediment, (G) mesohaline San Francisco Bay, and (H) limnetic and oligohaline. The Puget Sound, southern California, and San Francisco Bay assemblages were geographically distinct, while Assemblages E, F and H were distributed widely along the entire coast. A second Q-mode cluster analysis was conducted after adding replicate samples that were available from some of the sites and temporal replicates that were available for sites that were sampled in successive years. Variabilities due to small spatial scale habitat heterogeneity and temporal change were both low in Puget Sound, but temporal variability was high in the San Francisco estuary where large fluctuations in freshwater inputs and salinity among years leads to spatial relocation of the assemblages. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 638–648. © 2010 SETAC
Diagnostic and prognostic significance of miRNA signatures in tissues and plasma of endometrioid endometrial carcinoma patients
Authors: Torres Anna , Torres Kamil , Pesci Anna , Ceccaroni Marcello , Paszkowski Tomasz , Cassandrini Paola , Zamboni Giuseppe , Maciejewski Ryszard 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe aim of our study was to define tissue and plasma miRNA signatures, which could potentially serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers in endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) and to investigate miRNA profiles in regard to clinicopathological characteristics. Tissue and plasma samples were collected from 122 women (77 EEC and 45 controls). Expression profiling of 866 human miRNAs and 89 human viral miRNAs was performed in 24 samples and was followed by qPCR validation in 104 patients. Expression of 16 miRNAs was analyzed in 48 plasma samples. Microarray study revealed regulation of 21 miRNAs in EEC tissues comparing to normal endometrium. Altered expression of 17 miRNAs was confirmed by qPCR performed in 104 tissue samples. Seven miRNAs were upregulated and two were downregulated in EEC plasma samples. Expression of a number of miRNAs was associated with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, grade, relapse and nodal metastases. Two miRNA signatures: miR‐92a/miR‐410 and miR‐92a/miR‐205/miR‐410 classified tumor tissues with higher accuracy in comparison to single miRNAs (AUC: 0.977, 95% CI: 0.927–0.996 and 0.984, 95% CI: 0.938–0.999, respectively). miRNA signature composed of miR‐205 and miR‐200a predicted relapse with AUC of 0.854 (95% CI: 0.691–0.951). Tissue miRNA signatures were independent prognostic markers of overall (miR‐1228/miR‐200c/miR‐429, HR: 2.98) and progression‐free survival (miR‐1228/miR‐429, HR: 2.453). Plasma miRNA signatures: miR‐9/miR‐1228 and miR‐9/miR‐92a, classified EEC plasma samples with high accuracy yielding AUCs of 0.909 (95% CI: 0.789–973) and 0.913 (95% CI: 0.794–0.976), respectively. We conclude that miRNA signatures hold a great promise to become noninvasive biomarkers for early EEC detection and prognosis.
An international comparison of male and female breast cancer incidence rates
Authors: Ly Diana , Forman David , Ferlay Jacques , Brinton Louise A. , Cook Michael B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGlobal international trends in female breast cancer incidence have been described previously but no comparable analysis of male breast cancer incidence rates has been conducted. We obtained male and female case and population data using Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5). We calculated age‐adjusted, sex‐specific incidence rates and female‐to‐male incidence rate ratios (FMIRRs) and compared trends of such for the period 1988–2002. This analysis included 8,681 male breast cancer cases and 1.14 million female breast cancer cases. The highest male incidence rate was observed in Israel at 1.24 per 100,000 man‐years, and the highest female incidence rate was observed in the United States at 90.7 per 100,000 woman‐years. The lowest incidence rates for males (0.16) and females (18.0) were observed in Thailand. In general, male breast cancer incidence trends were variable; a minority of countries displayed evidence for an increase. In contrast, female incidence rates have been increasing in a majority of countries. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) for male and female breast cancer incidence rates by country during 1988–2002 was 0.69. Male breast cancer rates were generally less than 1 per 100,000 man‐years, in contrast to the much higher rates of female breast cancer, providing for an overall FMIRR of 122. The differences in both incidence rates and time trends between males and females may reflect sex differences in underlying risk factors, pathogenesis, and/or overdiagnosis. Conversely, the high correlation between male and female breast cancer incidences may indicate that both sexes share some common risk factors for breast cancer.
ZnS nanocrystal cytotoxicity is influenced by capping agent chemical structure and duration of time in suspension
Authors: Weilnau Justin N. , Black Sarah E. , Chehata Veronica J. , Schmidt Michael P. , Holt Kimberly L. , Carl Lindsay M. , Straka Collin J. , Marsh Anderson L. , Patton Walter A. , Lappas Courtney M. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTAs a result of their characteristic physical and optical properties, including their size, intense fluorescence, broad excitation, narrow emission and resistance to photobleaching, semiconductor nanocrystals are potentially useful for a variety of biological applications including molecular imaging, live‐cell labeling, photodynamic therapy and targeted drug delivery. In this study, zinc sulfide (ZnS) semiconductor nanocrystals were synthesized in the 3 to 4 nm size range with selected capping agents intended to protect the nanocrystal core and increase its biological compatibility. We show that the biocompatibility of ZnS nanocrystals with primary murine splenocytes is influenced by the chemical structure of the outer capping agent on the nanocrystal. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of ZnS nanocrystals increases markedly as a function of time spent in suspension in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). These data suggest that the potential therapeutic and/or biological use of ZnS nanocrystals is inherently dependent upon the proper choice of capping agent, as well as the conditions of nanocrystal preparation and storage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Respiratory‐induced vasoconstriction measured by light transmission and by laser Doppler signal
Authors: Shalom Eran , Noach Salman , Slovik Youval , Nitzan Meir 
Published: September 2012

AbstractChanges in finger tissue blood volume (TBV) measured by light transmission and in laser Doppler flow (LDF) were obtained during long breathing (of 12 s period) and associated with the respiratory phases, inspiration and expiration. For fifteen out of sixteen subjects TBV and LDF started to decrease 0–2 s after the start of expiration and increased during inspiration but the start of increase occurred before the start of inspiration, showing that the respiratory‐induced changes in TBV and LDF are mainly associated with the expiration. Decrease of TBV and LDF after expiration was also found during the inspiratory gasps (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)