bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation between Neopterin, Biopterin and Nitrite/Nitrate in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Child Patients with Neurological Diseases
Authors: Kawakami Yasuhiko , Sakamoto Mayuko , Shimada Ken-ichi , Noguchi Eiji , Kuwabara Kentaro , Fukui-Kobayashi Tomoko , Shirota Kazuhiko , Ogawa Ko-ichi , Fujita Takehisa , Fujino Osamu , Kojima Shuji , Fukunaga Yoshitaka 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neopterin been previously reported in various diseases. In this study CSF neopterin, biopterin, and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) Contents were measured and the correlation between them in child patients with various kinds of neurological diseases were investigated. Changes in the CSF neopterin levels in patients with bacterial meningitis were similar to those previously reported for those with bacterial meningitis; on the 2th hospital day they were significantly higher than on admission, and on the 6th hospital day they were tapered. The CSF biopterin levels and CSF NOx content in patients with bacterial meningitis on admission were significantly higher than those with other categories and were decreased gradually. Although patients with high levels of CSF neopterin tended to have high CSF biopterin levels in any categories, there was no significant correlation between CSF neopterin and biopterin levels. The CSF biopterin and NOx levels in patients with convulsions were higher than those with aseptic meningitis. Since the neuro-protective or anticonvulsant role for NO was previously reported, high CSF biopterin and NOx levels in patients having epilepsy or febrile convulsions may be regarded as one of the endogenous mechanisms for recovery from an overexcitatory brain in patients with convulsive diseases.
Follow-up of Urinary Neopterin Concentrations in two Healthy Children until Adolescence
Authors: Winkler Christiana , Frick Barbara , Schroecksnadel Katharina , Wirleitner Barbara , Fuchs Dietmar 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Neopterin is a sensitive marker of the activated cellular (= Thl-type) immune response. Neopterin concentrations in healthy children are higher compared with those of adults and are declining with increasing age. In this study, we present a follow-up of urinary neopterin to creatinine concentrations in two healthy children until adolescence. Data were available from one female (7 - 23 years) and her brother (0 - 18 years), of whom early morning urine specimens were collected on an irregular basis throughout 18 years. In total, neopterin and creatinine concentrations were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 343 urinary specimens. In both children, concentrations of urinary neopterin were highest at study entry. With increasing age neopterin concentrations decreased continuously to reach rather constant levels around the age of fifteen years. On several occasions at which individuals presented with common sickness, mostly of infectious origin, neopterin concentrations were found highly increased. In the absence of such infectious episodes, neopterin/creatinine measurements of both individuals fit well to previously established normal ranges. However this was true only for specimens collcctcd when children were older than 10 years, before that age concentrations of neopterin were frequently found to be higher than the established upper limits of the normal range.
The Intracellular Distribution of Folate Derivatives in Pea Leaves
Authors: Chan Sherwin Y. , Cossins Edwin A. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
After hydrolysis of polyglutamate derivatives, leaf extracts of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings were examined for individual folates using high performance liquid chromatography and microbiological assays employing Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Pediococcus acidilactici. 14-day seedlings contained 0.17+0.01 nmol folate mg'1 protein that was predominantly methylated and associated with the cytosolic fraction. Percoli gradient-purified mitochondria and chloroplasls contained 11,0±2.3% and 8.4±0.6% of cellular folate, respectively. Mitochondrial folates (0.47+0.11 nmol folate mg"' protein) were predominately (90%) formylatcd and unsubstituted. In contrast, chloroplasts contained a less concentrated (0.02±0.001 nmol folate mg"' protein) folate pool consisting of approximately 30% methylated folate.
The total folate content of pea leaves increased by 40% when dark-grown (etiolated) 9-day seedlings were exposed to light for 48 hours. During this light treatment, the mitochondrial folate pool, on a per mg protein basis, increased 10-fold. This light treatment also changed the composition of the mitochondrial folate pool with a shift occurring from methylated to formylated and unsubstituted derivatives. These changes in the folates of greening tissues are discussed in relation to the metabolism of glycine and serine that accompanies photorespiration in leaf itssues.
Neopterin and Oxidation Products in the Blood of Patients with Various Forms of Dementia
Authors: Frick Barbara , Neurauter Gabriele , Diez-Ruiz Antonio , Schroecksnadel Katharina , Wirleitner Barbara , Leblhuber Friedrich , Fuchs Dietmar 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Human monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells produce increased amounts of neopterin derivatives upon stimulation with interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In parallel, such stimulated cells release a record of oxidizing specics as part of their cytocidal repertoire. Production of reactive oxygen species by stimulated immunocompetent cells may be the reason for the depletion of antioxidant vitamins and the development of oxidative stress during diseases with stimulated immune system. Noteworthy also neopterin derivatives are able to interfere with reactive oxygen, chlorine, and nitrogen species, and neopterin itself could contribute to oxidative stress. In vivo, neopterin concentrations thus allow not only to monitor cell-mediated immune response, they also allow to estimate the extent of oxidative stress which emerges during immune response. In certain diseases associations between higher neopterin levels and markers of oxidative stress have been reported. In neurodegenerative diseases, neopterin concentrations in scrum and cerebrospinal fluid also correlate with the cognitive decline in patients. In this studv we compared serum concentrations of neopterin with serum concentrations of peroxides and homocysteine in patients with various forms of dementia and in 5 healthy elderly controls. In patients of either form of dementia serum concentrations of peroxides and neopterin were increased compared to controls. There existed a positive correlation between age and concentrations of peroxides, neopterin and homocysteine. The data further supportile view that increased neopterin concentrations are associated with oxidative stress which could underlie c¡r increased demand of antioxidants in neurodegenerative disorders. It appears important that such changes can h> detected in the blood of patients with dementia, albeit its pathogenesis is considered to be confined to the brain The results further suggest that aging is associated with immune system activation which may lead to the increased production of peroxides.
Effects of Carnosine on the Toxicity of Doxorubicin in Rabbits and Mice
Authors: Zieba Remigiusz , Czarnecka Elzbieta , Wągrowska-Danilewicz Małgorzata , Dzielska-Olczak Malgorzata , Graczyk Julita 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish the effect of naturally occurring antioxidant - carnosine - on the doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in a rabbit model. For this purpose we evaluated the influence of doxorubicin administration alone and in a combined therapy with carnosine on the haemodynamic parameters and on the degree of cardiac muscle cells alterations in rabbits. The rabbits were divided into four groups. One group of rabbits was injccted with doxorubicin in a dose of 2 mg kg-1 weekly for 7 weeks to induce congestive heart failure. Another group of rabbits received the same doses of doxorubicin simultaneously with carnosine in a dose of 100 mg kg1 p.o. daily for 9 weeks. Administration of carnosine was started 1 week prior to the first dose of doxorubicin and was ended one week after the administration of the last dose of doxorubicin. The control groups of animals received 0.9% NaCl and carnosine alone. The following haemodynamic parameters were estimated: heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, stroke index and total peripheral resistance. Registration of the haemodynamic parameters in rabbits was performed by Doppler method. Carnosine normalised the values of mean arterial pressure in rabbits receiving doxorubicin, and increased the values of cardiac index and stroke index. The influence of carnosine on total peripheral resistance was not statistically significant, but there was a decreasing tendency. The degree of cardiac muscle cell alterations was examined by light microscopy using Mean Total Score technique. The histopathological studies revealed smaller damage of cardiac muscle in rabbits which received doxorubicin and carnosine, in comparison to animals receiving doxorubicin alone. Carnosine seems to be car dioprotective during doxorubicin administration
Wine and Grape Juice Modulate Interferon-y-induced Neopterin Production and Tryptophan Degradation in Human PBMC
Authors: Neurauter Gabriele , Wirleitner Barbara , Schroecksnadel Katharina , Schennach Harald , Fuchs Dietmar 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Population-based studies suggest moderate and regular consumption of alcoholic beverages and especially of red wine to reduce morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease. These beverages may interfere with immune activation cascades crucial in the pathogenesis of coronary heart diseases. Neopterin concentrations in human body tluids were found to increase in the course of coronary heart disease indicating the activity of the atherogenetic process. In this study, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with mitogens phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A were exposed to red and white wines, to ethanol and to grape juice as a non-alcoholic control in vitro. Neopterin production and tryptophan degradation were measured in supcrnalants. Both biochemical effects are induced by Th 1-type cytokine interferon-y and allow monitoring of immune actnation. In stimulated PBMC increased production of neopterin and degradation of tryptophan was observed Red and white wines, as well as grape juice inhibited these stimulation-induced effects, higher concentrations being more cffective. Ethanol had comparably small if any effect, Red and white wines as well as grape juice down regulate cytokine-mediated effects in PBMC. Most likely, antioxidant ingredients of wine and grape juice such as resveratrol are capable of interfering with immunologic pathways which appear to be of relevance, e g.. in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.
Aldol-type and Claisen Condensation Reactions of 1,3,6- and 1,3,7-Trimethyllumazines
Authors: Muranishi Shuichi , Soyka Rainer , Pfleiderer Wolfgang 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Various side-chain modifications of 6- and 7-substituted 1,3-dimethyl-lumazines are described. Wittig reactions with 1.3-dimelhyllumazin-6- (13) and 1,3-dimethyllumazin-7-yl-methyltriphenyIphosphonium bromide (10) Icad to styryl derivates (8, 9, 14) as well as a variety of structural analoges 15 - 27. Compound 10 could be converted by DBU in the stable 1,3-dimethyllumazin-7-yl-triphenylphosphoniumylide (11). 1,3.6-Trimethyl- (1) and 6-benzyl 1,3-dimethyllumazine (29) have been subject for Claisen-condensations with etbyl Oxalate to give 28 and 30 1,3-Dimethyllumazme-6-carbonylchloride (33) reacted well with the ethoxy-magnesium salt of ethyl malonatc. ethyl cyanoacctate, ethyl acetacetate and malononitrilc to form elongated side-chains (34 - 37).
Comparative Assessment of the Diagnostic Value of Neopterin and Acute Phase Proteins in Angiographically Assessed Stahle Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Gülmen Bahar , Turgan Nevbahar , Kayikçioglu Meral , Özmen Dilek , Ersöz Biltan , Kültürsay Hakan 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Assessment of markers of systemic inflammation, such as acute-phase reactants C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen and ceruloplasmin, sialic acid, a major component of these proteins and neopterin, a specific marker of cellular immune activation, in clinically stable coronary artery disease, may contribute to Staging and risk stratification. These markers were measured in 225 consecutive stable coronary artery disease patients before undergoing coronary angiography. According to their angiographic scores 32 patients were designated as having minor, 34 moderate and 96 severe coronary artery disease. 63 patients with negative angiograms were taken as the angiographic controls. High sensitive-CRP (hs-CRP) and fibrinogen were found to be higher in patients with angiographically established coronary artery disease, than in angiographic controls (p<0.05) and correlated with the severity and extent of disease. Ceruloplasmin and sialic acid concentrations did not differ between patients with and without angiographically cstablished coronary artery disease. Serum neopterin levels were sigificantly higher in patients undergoing coronary angiography than in healthy controls. Neopterin levels were similar between the different subgroups of coronary artery disease, suggesting that neopterin determinations do not contribute to the assessment of the presence and severity of disease in clinically stable patients. In stable angina, serum hs-CRP and plasma fibrinogen levels proved to be more effective than ceruloplasmin, sialic acid and neopterin in discriminating between patients with positive and negative angiograms and various degrees of coronary artery disease, thus in pointing out to increased risk. Our results, do not support the inclusion of neopterin in risk assessment of stable coronary artery disease.
Neopterin: a Mediator of the Cellular Immune System
Authors: Hoffmann Georg , Schobersberger Wolfgang 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
In this review, we will summarize our investigations on the potential biochemical, physiological, and pathophysiological effects of neopterin in the course of infection and inflammation. In a number of in v/'iro-studies wc could show that the pteridine compound neopterin manifested distinct biochemical properties via interfering with cellular redox mechanisms. Among the observed actions of neopterin are the stimulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and nitric oxide release, the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κΒ, the induction of apoptotic ccll death, the inhibition of erythropoietin synthesis and release, and the stimulation of tumor necrosis factor-α generation in different cell culture as well as organic models. By these means, neopterin may represent a part of the host-defence reactions. In addition, an excessive or continous release of neopterin due to a chronically activated cellular immune system may contribute to the deleterious events commonly observed in progressive infectious or inflammatory diseases. Our data are supported by the findings of a strong correlation between raised levels of neopterin and the severity and the outcome of these disorders.
Synthesis of 7-Acyl-2,4-disubstituted Pteridines by Radical Nucleophilic Substitution and Displacement Reactions
Authors: Döring Thomas , Boruah Romesh C. , Pfleiderer Wolfgang 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
2,4-Disubstituted pteridine derivatives (1-3) react with acyl radicals very selectively in position 7 by a nucleophilic Substitution mechanism (4-10). Oxidation of the 2-methylthio group proceeds with m-chloroperbenzoic acid in good yields to the corresponding 7-acyl-2-methylsulfonyl-4-aminopteridines (11-16). The methylsulfonyl group can easily been displaced by nucleophiles such as aliphatic amines (27, 29, 32-42, 45), cyclic amines (56-
61), aromatic amines (30, 31) and amino acids (43-54). Oxygen nucleophiles lead to 7-acyl-isopterin derivatives (62-66). The acyl side-chain is also prone to structural modifications leading to the corresponding secondary alcohols on NaBH4 reduction (74-77) or to imino derivatives on reactions with amines (67-73) which can analogously been reduced to 2,4-disubstituted 7-( l-aminoalkyl)pteridines (80-85). An interesting H-shift was observed during heating of 32, 78 and 79 with benzylamine leading not to the benzylimines but the isomeric benzylideneamino derivatives 86-88. Various acetylations by acetic anhydride (AC2O) gave 89-93 and reduction of the pyrazine moiety to the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-pteridine derivatives 94-96 proceeded in the expected manner. The characterization of ther newly synthesized pteridine derivatives was performed by 1H-NMR spectra, UV-spectra and elemental analyses. Measurements of the basic pKa values of a selection of 2,4,7-trisubstituted pteridines were pteridines to characterize the dication, monocation and the neutral species by their UV-spectra.
AMAS (Austrian Moderate Altitude Study)-2000: Effects of Hiking Holidays at Moderate Altitude on Immune System Markers in Persons with Metabolic Syndrome.
Authors: Schobersberger Wolfgang , Hoffmann Georg , Fries Dietmar , Gunga Hanns-Christian , Greie Sven , Fuchs Dietmar , Klingler Anton , Humpeler Egon 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Recent studies have shown a strong association between indices of inflammation and metabolic Syndrome. Proinflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor-α may act as a trigger for insulin insensitivity. Therefore, patients with metabolic Syndrome might be at higher risk of insulin resistance when confronted with additional Stimuli of the immune system. These Stimuli are not restricted to the presence of pathogens but include environmental factors like physical exercise and hypoxemia as well. With respect to these interdependencies, one may assume higher risk for patients with metabolic Syndrome who perform physical exercise in alpine regions. We investigated the effects of a 3-weeks holiday with moderate sporting activities at moderate altitude (1700 m) on the conceiitrations of neopterin, tumor necrosis factor-α, serum soluble 75kD type TNF receptor (sTNF-R75), and interleukin-6 in vacationers with metabolic Syndrome. Only serum neopterin and sTNF-R75 concentrations transiently increased during the stay at moderate altitude compared to pre-altitude levels (P<0.05). Interestingly, after return to 500 m sea-level neopterin concentrations dropped beyond baseline concentrations (p<0.05). However, the variations in neopterin concentrations might not be of clinical relevance since they did not exceed the threshold indicating significant activation of the cellular immune system. We conclude that a 3-week sojourn at moderate altitude including individually adapted physical exercise does not represent accumulated risk factors in subjects with metabolic Syndrome.
Increase in Tetrahydrobiopterin Release from PC 12 Cells under Hypotonic Culture Conditions is Inhibited by HgCl2
Authors: Nakanishi Nobuo , Kurihara Kinji , Tomomura Akito , Tonosaki Keiichi , Hattori Yoshiyuki , Oguro Kazuya , Hasegawa Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) was released from PC 12 cells to the extracellular fluid. We found that the BH4 outward flow from the cells placed in Hanks medium was increased when NaCl concentration of the medium was decreased. Increase in the BH4 out flow was not observed when NaCl in the Hanks medium was substituted with sodium glutamate (0.14 M), choline chloride (0.14 M) or sucrosc (0.25 M). HgCl2, an inhibitor of water channel, aquaporin, prevented the increase in BH4 out flow caused by the hypotonic medium. The results suggested the presence of a site in BH4 transport which was stimulated by osmotic pressure and/or water influx.
Intestinal Uptake of 6(R)-L-erythro-Tetrahydrobiopterin is Distinct from the Liver-Type MTX-Sensitive Accumulation Process
Authors: Sawabe Keiko , Suetake Yasuko , Wakasugi Kazunori Osuke , Hasegawa Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
In order to increase the tissue level of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4 ) , supplementation with 6R-tetrahydrobiopterin (6RBH4) has been widely employed. In this work, the profile of BH4 accumulation was compared between the liver and the small intestine after feeding with 10mg/kg of 6RBH4 or 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (7,8BH2 ). Endogenous BH4 was 7.20 ± 0.28 and 1.59 ± 0.13 nmol/g in the liver and the intestine, respectively. BH4 levels rose to 12.5 ± 1.35 (1.7-fold) and 53.0 + 19.6 nmol/g (40-fold) in the liver and the intestine within 30 min, respectively. Administration of 7,8BH2 caused an even higher rise in BH4 (14.4 ± 2.79 nmol/g) in the liver, while it led to a considerable increase in tissue BH2 in the intestine. When dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor MTX was administered before the pterin feeding, BH4 did not increase in the liver, while it increased 20-fold in the intestine, although the rise was 45% less than that in the absence of MTX. These results suggest that 1) the liver was scarcely able to uptake BH4 in its reduced form; 2) accumulation of BH4 in the liver was achieved through the MTX-sensitive pathway presumably driven by dihydrofolate reductase; 3) a large concentration of BH4 accumulated in the intestine, bypassing the MTX-sensitive pathway, that is, it was taken up directly as the fully reduced form, BH4 ; 4) the other BH4 accumulated in the intestine seemed to have been converted from BH2 through the MTX-sensitive pathway, as in the liver.
Modulation of DNA Methyltransferase 1 Profile by γ-lrradiation Followed by Methyl Donor Starvation
Authors: Batra Vipen , Kesavan Vellappan , Mishra Kaushala P. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Role of one-carbon transfer agents methyl donors namely folate, choline and methionine in DNA methylation has been the subject of extensive investigation. The methylation pattern of DNA is established during embryogenesis and is subsequently maintained by maintenance methylation activity of the enzyme DNA methyltransferase 1 (dnmt 1). Ionizing radiation is known to extensively damage the DNA. Folate, a water-soluble vitamin, is known to contribute towards repair of damaged DNA due to its role in synthesis of nucleotide base adenine, guanine and thymidylate. Sufficient dietary availability of methyl donors, therefore, might have ability to modify radiation effects. In the present study, modifications in levels of dnmt 1 by g-irradiation followed by methyl donor starvation were observed. Experiments showed a dose and methyl donors starvation dependent attenuation in dnmt 1 activity. Attenuation of dnmt 1 activity was most significant for diet deprived of all the three methyl donors. Ionizing radiation and methyl donor deficiency were observed to act synergistically towards inhibiting dnmt 1 activity. Present results suggested possibility of interaction among folate, methionine and choline deficiency to potentate symptoms of ionizing radiation stress. These enzymatic modifications might contribute to altered DNA methylation after chronic feeding of methyl donor free diets after gamma irradiation. These results suggest that dietary availability of methyl donors and γ-radiation stress might significantly alter the dnmt 1 profile.
Pteridines, CXVI. (1) Synthesis and Reactivity of 6-Substituted l,3-Dimethyl-7-hydroxylumazines and 7-Substituted l,3-Dimethyl-(5H)-lumazin-6-ones
Authors: Arendt Reinhardt , Pfleiderer Wolfgang 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
6-Substituted 1,3-dimethyl-7-hydroxylumazines (5-7) have been synthesized from 1,3-dimethyluracil-5,6- diamine (1) and a-ketoacid esters (2-4) under weakly acidic conditions. The isomeric 7-substituted 1,3-dimethyllumazin- 6-ones (18-20) resulted from a regioselective Boon synthesis starting from 6-chloro-l,3-dimethyl-5- nitrouracil (8) and α-aminoacid esters (9-11) in a three-step procedure. H202 oxidations led with 6 and 7 to the corresponding 5-N-oxides (21, 22) whereas in the lumazin-6-onc scries only the 7-phenyl derivative (20) reacted also at N-5 position forming a cyclic hydroxamic acid (23). The newly synthesized compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses,1H-NMR and UV spectra based upon pKa-determinations.