bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problem of Confidence and its Loss – the Role of a Family in Instilling Truthfulness
Authors: Ignatowski Grzegorz 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Confidence is one of the most essential elements which no social or professional group can exist without. As feature of character it is required in someone’s private, social and professional life. In all our relationships we lose it due to telling lies. Lies accompany our personal life on all its stages. Already three-year old children tell lies to satisfy their parents, check whether they are able to realize they are deceived or to demonstrate their dominance over them. Teachers and ethicists differentiate between useful didactic lies and ruthless and cynical comments harmful to others. Because of emotional ties and close relationships, a family is the best environment where a child should be taught to despise lies and respect trust
Institutional forms of support for the elderly
Authors: Świderska Mariola 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The development of social welfare homes occurred in the fifties of the last century and was the result of the transformation of previously functioning nursing homes. In addition to centers providing twenty-four-hour care, day care homes were also established and other forms of support for the elderly such as protected housing, family-based care homes or environmental nursing homes. These institutions, apart from securing the living needs of the elderly, are supposed to provide them with revitalization, activation, and integration. They organize their residents’ free time and care about their well-being
Normative Ethics and Sport: A Moral Manifesto
Authors: Kosiewicz Jerzy 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This article constitutes a strictly cognitive and completely non-ideological moral (or rather, amoral) manifesto that makes no value judgments. The article concerns relationships that, according to sport enthusiasts with varying levels of competence, occur between sport and normative ethics. The author of this article supports a standpoint he terms ethical negationism that rejects the need for moral rules to externally support and bolster the rules of sport competition. The author assumes that the rules of sport play and competition are, and should be, completely amoral and independent from ethics. While this article is a fully autonomous ethical manifesto, it also constitutes an introduction to other articles in this issue of the journal arguing that sport competition takes place beyond the scope of moral good and evil.
The author debates value judgments commonly held by sport enthusiasts who, albeit presumably driven by noble intentions, take great effort to bolster the formal, functional, and axiological status of sport. Most sport enthusiasts claim that sport has a unique moral and normative mission to propagate intuitively understood religious and non-religious good. They argue that sport constitutes something more than sport play and competition. The author rejects this point of view and assumes that normative ethics is unnecessary because what only matters is strictly following the rules of competition (referred to as pure play) and skillfully and praxeologically (i.e., effectively) using them during play, thus working towards the assumptions and aims of a given sport activity.
Is the absolute value of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene messenger RNA a prognostic factor, and does it predict the results of treatment of glioblastoma with temozolomide?
Authors: Tanaka Satoshi , Akimoto Jiro , Narita Yoshitaka , Oka Hidehiro , Tashiro Takashi 
Published: September 2014

Object
Methylation of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) has been reported to be a good prognostic factor for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). To determine whether the absolute value of MGMT messenger RNA (mRNA) might be a prognostic factor and useful for predicting the therapeutic effectiveness of temozolomide, especially with regard to GBMs, the authors measured the absolute value of MGMT mRNA in gliomas by using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Methods
MGMT mRNA was measured in 140 newly diagnosed gliomas by real-time RT-PCR using the Taq-Man probe. Among 73 GBMs, 45 had been initially treated with temozolomide and radiation.

Results
The mean MGMT mRNA value was significantly lower in oligodendroglial tumors than in other tumors. In the 73 GBMs, a significant prognostic factor for progression-free survival was fewer than 1000 copies/ μgRNA of MGMT mRNA (p = 0.0150). Of 45 patients with GBMs that had been treated with temozolomide and radiation, progression-free survival was significantly longer for those whose GMB had fewer than 1000 copies/μgRNA of MGMT mRNA than for those whose GBM had more than 1000 copies/μgRNA (p = 0.0090). In 32 patients with GBMs treated by temozolomide and radiation whose age was younger than 75 years and whose Karnofsky Performance Scale score was more than 70, progression-free and overall survival times were longer for those with GBMs of fewer than 5000 copies/μgRNA of MGMT mRNA than for those with GBMs of more than 5000 copies/μgRNA (p = 0.0365 and p = 0.0312).

Conclusions
MGMT mRNA might be useful as a prognostic factor and for predicting the results of therapy for GBMs treated by temozolomide. New individual adjuvant therapy based on the results of MGMT mRNA quantitation has been proposed.
Implementation of Ultraportable Echocardiography in an Adolescent Sudden Cardiac Arrest Screening Program
Authors: Vanhecke Thomas E. , Weber James E. , Ebinger Matthew , Bonzheim Kimberly , Tilli Frank , Rao Sunilkumar , Osman Abdulfatah , Silver Marc , Fliegner Karsten , Almany Steve , Haines David 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundOver a 12-month period, adolescent heart-screening programs were performed for identifying at-risk adolescents for sudden cardiac death (SCD) in our community. Novel to our study, all adolescents received an abbreviated, ultraportable echocardiography (UPE). In this report, we describe the use of UPE in this screening program.Methods and ResultsFour hundred thirty-two adolescents underwent cardiac screening with medical history questionnaire, physical examination, 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), and an abbreviated transthoracic echocardiographic examination. There were 11 abnormalities identified with uncertain/varying clinical risk significance. In this population, 75 adolescents had a murmur or high ECG voltage, of which only three had subsequent structural abnormalities on echocardiography that may pose risk. Conversely, UPE discovered four adolescents who had a cardiovascular structural abnormality that was not signaled by the 12-lead ECG, medical history questionnaire, and/or physical examination.ConclusionsThe utilization of ultraportable, handheld echocardiography is feasible in large-scale adolescent cardiovascular screening programs. UPE appears to be useful for finding additional structural abnormalities and for risk-stratifying abnormalities of uncertain potential of adolescents’ sudden death.
Antes de la manzana: el concepto del tiempo en Voces de mujer de Lourdez Ortiz
Authors: Zovko Maja 
Published: September 2014

La colección de relatos de Lourdes Ortiz, Voces de mujer, publicada por primera vez en 1991 bajo el título Los motivos de Circe y reeditada en 2007, está dedicada a los grandes personajes femeninos de la mitología griega, así como de la tradición judeocristiana. Mediante un lenguaje teñido de lirismo y cuidadosamente premeditado, la autora logra transmitir los procedimientos psicológicos de sus personajes a partir de un breve argumento, enriquecido y cargado de intensidad gracias a una serie de bellas imágenes sugestivas, al complejo uso de la metáfora y a los tiempos verbales intencionalmente elegidos.Este trabajo se propone investigar el concepto del tiempo en los cuentos de Lourdes Ortiz (ruptura con la linealidad del relato, construcciones paralelas y cíclicas, la distribución de los tiempos verbales y referencias temporales) elaborado en función del objetivo principal de la autora: desentrañar el interior de estas complejas figuras ancestrales y trasmitir de este modo una visión humanizada de los grandes relatos de nuestra memoria colectiva.
What’s Cruel About Cruelty Free: An Exploration of Consumers, Moral Heuristics, and Public Policy
Authors: Sheehan Kim Bartel , Lee Joonghwa 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In his book Reveille for Radicals, Saul Alinsky writes, "Most people are eagerly groping for . . . some way in which they can bridge the gap between their morals and their practices" (p. 94). Today, many consumers try to bridge that gap by participating in what has been termed ethical consumption: the intentional purchase of products and services that the customer considers to be ethically produced. But what happens if consumer perceptions do not match reality? This study investigates one aspect of ethical consumption by examining consumer perceptions of the term cruelty free. Various definitions of this term exist, and companies can (and do) use the term when the product or its ingredients were indeed tested on animals. This exploratory study suggests that many consumers use this term as a moral heuristic in decision-making. As a result, the use of the term creates a halo effect that elevates brand perceptions. When provided with information suggesting the heuristic is flawed, consumers slightly alter perceptions but attitudes remain relatively strong. While some countries have implemented regulation regarding the use of the phrase in some contexts, results suggest that a broader policy is necessary to correct misperceptions and avoid misleading consumers.
DRS // CUMULUS Oslo 2013. The 2nd International Conference for Design Education Researchers
Authors: Nielsen Liv Merete 
Published: September 2014

14-17 May 2013, Oslo, NorwayWe have received more than 200 full papers for the 2nd International Conference for Design Education Researchers in Oslo.This international conference is a springboard for sharing ideas and concepts about contemporary design education research. Contributors are invited to submit research that deals with different facets of contemporary approaches to design education research. All papers will be double-blind peer-reviewed. This conference is open to research in any aspect and discipline of design educationConference themeDesign Learning for Tomorrow - Design Education from Kindergarten to PhDDesigned artefacts and solutions influence our lives and values, both from a personal and societal perspective. Designers, decision makers, investors and consumers hold different positions in the design process, but they all make choices that will influence our future visual and material culture. To promote sustainability and meet global challenges for the future, professional designers are dependent on critical consumers and a design literate general public. For this purpose design education is important for all. We propose that design education in general education represents both a foundation for professional design education and a vital requirement for developing the general public’s competence for informed decision making.REGISTRATION AT http://www.hioa.no/DRScumulus
Editorial. Making, Materiality and Knowledge
Authors: Gulliksen Marte S. , Homlong Siri 
Published: September 2014

This volume of FORMakademisk is a special issue which features articles based on presentations made at Making - an International Conference on Materiality and Knowledge, Notodden on September 24-27, 2012. This FORMakademisk publication is accompanied by special issues from two other scientific journals, the New Zeeland–based Studies in Material Thinking (Freitas & Lutnæs, 2013) and the Nordic journal Techne A Series, published by NordFo (2013; Johansson & Porko-Hudd, forthcoming).
Jubileum og visjoner - 75 år på Notodden
Authors: Sandven Jostein 
Published: September 2014

VELKOMMEN TILFAGKONFERANSE! Det er med glede vi på vegne av Institutt for forming og formgiving inviterer til fagkonferanse. 75 år på Notodden er verdt å markere! Vi står overfor nye store utfordringer og valg i et komplekst, globalt og uforutsigbart samfunn. Fagfeltet mener at estetikk og utdanning er viktigere enn noen sinne! Innholdet i fagkonferansen vil bære i seg: Faghistorie, undervisningspraksis i dag (ved HiT og skoleverket), fagutvikling gjennom studenters arbeider, forskning og kunstprosjekter, utfordringer i fagdidaktiske grunnlagsproblem og veier videre. Dette formidles gjennom forelesninger, utstillinger, kortere presentasjoner, workshop og konferansedeltakeres bidrag.
Hello Anthropocene, Goodbye Holocene
Authors: van der Pluijm Ben 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe debate about an Anthropocene Epoch that follows the Holocene Epoch is lively, extensive and contentious. Since its informal introduction about 15 years ago, some reject the need for a new epoch entirely, whereas others debate its exact start in the Geologic Timescale. This commentary argues that epoch status for both the Holocene and the Anthropocene is unjustified and that, instead, we should define a Pleistocene‐Anthropocene epoch boundary.
Brine formation in relation to climate changes and ice retreat during the last 15,000 years in Storfjorden, Svalbard, 76–78°N
Authors: Rasmussen T. L. , Thomsen E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractStorfjorden, Svalbard, is an area of intense brine formation. The brine is cold, dense, rich in oxygen and CO2, and has reduced pH. Storfjorden is unique because it contains well‐preserved agglutinated foraminifera dating back to the beginning of the last deglaciation. We have investigated the distribution of calcareous and agglutinated benthic foraminifera, benthic oxygen and carbon isotopes, calcium carbonate, total organic carbon, and ice‐rafted debris in five cores from Storfjorden comprising the Holocene and the deglaciation. The purpose of the study is to reconstruct brine formation in the past under different climate scenarios. The data indicate that in Storfjorden the ratio of agglutinated to calcareous benthic foraminifera can be taken as a measure of the strength of brine formation. The foraminiferal data, which are supported by stable isotopes, degree of fragmentation, and geochemical parameters, signify that brine formation intensified during cold periods and weakened during warm periods. During the deglaciation, increased brine flow coincides with the Older Dryas, the Intra‐Allerød Cold Period, and the Younger Dryas. Brine formation increased from circa 8200 years B.P. reaching periodic maxima during the last 4000 years B.P. in response to the unstable climate. Maximum brine production correlates with the Dark Ages Cold Period circa 1500–1100 years B.P. and the Little Ice Age circa 600–100 years B.P. Lower production correlates with the Roman Warm Period circa 2500–2000 years B.P. and the Medieval Warm Period circa 1000–700 years B.P.
Flavin Coenzymes
Authors: Ghisla Sandro , Edmondson Dale E 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Flavins are yellow chromophores in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans and essential for practically all metabolic processes. They occur in nature in a variety of forms. The core of the flavin cofactor is the (iso)alloxazine nucleus with the most common forms as flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). A number of flavin cofactors are covalently linked to their apoproteins. The covalent linkage is, in general, via a modification of the benzene subnucleus and functional groups of amino acid side chains. As cofactors, flavins are distinguished by their ability to catalyse a wide variety of different processes. These include oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions, the activation of dioxygen, electron transfer, photo(bio)chemistry, the emission of light, reactions such as rearrangements not involving apparent, net redox steps, regulation processes and structural roles.

Key Concepts:

A salient property of the flavin cofactor core is its ability to catalyse a vast variety of chemical reactions.

Chemical variation of a basic molecule (the isoalloxazine) leads to several (modified) coenzymes that can differ significantly in their catalytic properties.

The type and position of the modification is a key determinant for the properties of the (modified) coenzyme.

Modified cofactors can be used – upon substitution of the native cofactor – to study the mechanisms of the catalysed reactions.

The cofactor interacts with the protein in many different ways. These, in turn, affect the properties of the cofactor as a catalyst. The result is a disparate selection of catalytic functions.

The flavin has – depending on its redox and ionisation state – characteristic spectral properties (both with respect to absorbance and fluorescence). These are conveniently employed to analyse the different species, their properties and conversions.
Caulimoviridae
(Plant Pararetroviruses)
Authors: Geering Andrew DW 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Family
Caulimoviridae
comprises seven genera of plant viruses whose members replicate by reverse transcription and whose virions contain
double‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acid
. In a recent survey of the international scientific community,
Cauliflower mosaic virus
(CaMV), the type species of the family, was ranked sixth in the world in a list of the most scientifically or economically important plant viruses. This notoriety is due purely to the major conceptual advances that have been made in plant virology using CaMV as a model pathogen. However, several relatively lesser known viruses in the family, such as
Rice tungro bacilliform virus
and
Cacao swollen shoot virus
, are very serious constraints to crop production in tropical regions of the world. In this article, information on the taxonomy, replication cycle, vector transmission, epidemiology and disease management of this important group of plant viruses is summarised.

Key Concepts:

The
Caulimoviridae
is the only family of plant viruses with a double‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) genome, and in common with all viral retroelements, incorporates a reverse transcription step in the replication cycle.

Cauliflower mosaic virus
is the type species of the family, and has been a very important model plant virus for elucidating fundamental aspects of virus replication, cell‐to‐cell movement and aphid transmission.

Members of the
Caulimoviridae
are most prominent in tropical regions, where they cause serious diseases such as rice tungro, cacao swollen shoot and banana streak disease.

The most important component of a control programme for these viruses is to reduced inoculum levels by using clean planting material, avoiding overlapping crops, and removing diseased plants and alternative hosts of the virus.

In some host species, infection can arise as a consequence of activation of viral DNA that is integrated in the nuclear genome of the plant.
HIV
Life Cycle and Inherited Co‐Receptors
Authors: Bukrinsky Michael I 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) is a
Lentivirus
of the family
Retroviridae
, members of which cause a number of neurological and immunological diseases in humans and animals. HIV is the causative agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The disease is caused by virus‐mediated depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes, preferentially CCR5‐positive memory T cells. Most of these cells localise to mucosal tissue, in particular gut mucosa, and disruption of the gut mucosal barrier is an early feature of HIV infection that determines the pathogenesis of the disease. More than 20 years of intensive studies identified the molecular mechanisms underlying viral replication and disease pathogenesis and provided the foundation for development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccine. This article provides a brief overview of the HIV life cycle and focuses on receptors that determine viral binding and entry into the target cells.

Key Concepts:

Virus entry into target cell is initiated by interaction between gp120 and cell receptors.

HIV preferentially targets memory CD4+ T cells that localise to mucosal lymphoid tissue, in particular the gut mucosa.

HIV replication includes a number of distinct steps: virus–cell fusion and entry, uncoating, reverse transcription and formation of the pre‐integration complex (PIC), PIC nuclear entry and integration, transcription and translation of proviral DNA, viral assembly and release of nascent virions and maturation and formation of infectious virions.

To infect a target cell, virus needs to counteract the activity of multiple cellular antiviral factors (APOBEC3, SAMHD1, tetherin), most of which activated by interferon. HIV accessory proteins have evolved to perform this function.

Receptors determine not only the first step of HIV interaction with the target cell, but also regulate post‐entry events in viral replication.

Characterisation of the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV replication and interaction with the target cells provides an opportunity to develop anti‐HIV therapeutics and vaccine.
Fisheries Management
Authors: Pauly Daniel , Froese Rainer 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Fisheries management is the set of science‐based procedures used by government institutions to regulate fishers' access to fisheries resources; this involves temporal and spatial restrictions on the deployment of fishing gear, restrictions on features of these gear and constraints on the species and size composition of the catch, and its overall magnitude. The traditional goal of fisheries management was to achieve maximum sustainable yields. Maximum economic yields are obtained with slightly lower catches from larger fish stocks. Modern fisheries management aims for minimising the impact of fishing on the ecosystem and considers trophic interactions when determining catch levels. A new challenge is the assessment and management of data‐limited fish stocks, which constitute about three‐fourth of the exploited stocks.

Key Concepts:

Fish stocks must be maintained above levels that allow them to produce the maximum sustainable yield.

Mortality caused by fishing may not exceed the rate of mortality from natural causes such as predation, diseases or old age.

The size at first capture must be chosen such that fish can realise their potential for growth and reproduction.

Species with important ecosystem functions, such as forage fish, must be fished less.

Government subsidies to fisheries, by reducing the cost of fishing, allows fishing to continue even when fish stocks are depleted; reducing subsides to fisheries thus contributes to fishery sustainability.

Aquaculture can contribute to the global fish supply, but not when carnivorous fish are farmed, as they consume more fish than they produce.