bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection Out: How Firms Choose Workers to Lay Off
Authors: Feldman Daniel , Ng Thomas 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAlthough most of the selection literature focuses on how organizations choose outsiders to become members of their firms, this chapter addresses how organizations choose current employees to let go during downsizing. First, we address the factors that lead organizations to downsize their workforce. Next, we examine the organization's strategic decision about how to downsize. When do firms choose to downsize via vertical cuts (elimination of whole units), horizontal cuts (termination of some employees in each unit), early retirement incentive programs, and natural attrition with nonreplacement of personnel? Then, for each of these four strategies, we consider how firms use various criteria (e.g., merit, seniority, job type) to identify specific individuals to let go. In the following section, we consider the relative effectiveness of these four strategies for turning around firm performance and for maintaining the performance and morale of “survivors.” Finally, we discuss best practices in designing and implementing layoffs.
Foundations of an Ecological Approach to Psychology
Authors: Heft Harry 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEnvironmental psychology developed in the midst of a wave of scientific and social movements of the past century rooted in large measure among the ecological sciences. And yet work in the field proceeded mostly untouched by an ecological perspective, as it remained wedded to a mechanistic mode of thought that has long gripped psychology more broadly. Frameworks more sympathetic to ecological thinking had been simmering among psychology’s early writings, notably in William James’s radical empiricism and Kurt Lewin’s field theory, but became realized only in the 1960s through the works of James J. Gibson, Roger G. Barker, and others. These frameworks share many of the assumptions of the ecological sciences and, collectively, can be located within a transactional worldview. When applied to psychology, this perspective emphasizes the central place of meaning in psychological phenomena. These approaches can function to guide environmental psychology into the fold of the ecological sciences.
Therapeutic Uses of Nature
Authors: Russell Keith C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt has been proposed that our growing separation from nature is a driving force behind a multitude of physical, psychological, and emotional ailments pervasive in modern-day society. This chapter provides an overview of the therapeutic use of nature. The history of this use, including the rise of the camping movement, is reviewed to provide the foundation for modern day programs and practice. A theoretical framework of the wilderness experience illustrates how various factors present in nature-based experiences work to restore mental fatigue and revitalize mind, body, and spirit. A review of wilderness therapy programs provides a practical example of how wilderness experiences are integrated with clinical treatment models to effectuate change in adolescents and young adults. The chapter concludes by describing emerging programs and other therapeutic uses of nature, including nature-based programs for cancer survivors and returning veterans, and rites of passage programs for people seeking renewed perspectives on their lives.
Rehabilitation Outcomes and Assessment: Toward a Model of Complex Adaptive Rehabilitation
Authors: Merbitz Nancy Hansen , Merbitz Charles T. , Ripsch Judy P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractVigorous international debate continues regarding standards of evidence in rehabilitation and guidelines for evidence reviews, as these impact reimbursement and drive scientific and clinical practices. A large portion of rehabilitation research funding in the United States goes toward the development of standardized rating scales and taxonomies of treatments. Another trend—quality improvement—is increasingly evident in the study of services in medicine, nursing, and psychotherapy, and is just beginning to enter the rehabilitation literature. Among many contributions, international communities collaborating in quality improvement have promoted greater awareness of the challenges and opportunities posed by complex adaptive systems. In this chapter, after reviewing dominant trends, we describe how methods of research from the quality improvement tradition and other methods compatible with it may transform processes and outcomes in rehabilitation.
Cardiovascular Rehabilitation
Authors: Bennett Paul 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the psychological impact of the acute onset of coronary heart disease before addressing how cardiac rehabilitation may moderate any negative consequences of such an event. The chapter identifies three key goals for cardiac rehabilitation programs: helping people adjust physically and emotionally to their illness, symptom control, and changing behaviors that maintain or increase risk for cardiac disease. The chapter considers the comparative impact of educational and “behavioral interventions” based on Bandura's social cognitive theory, live versus distance approaches, interventions targeting those most in need, and more specific interventions on each of these goals. It concludes that “behavioral interventions” are central to maximizing the impact of rehabilitation; that distance interventions appear to be as effective as clinic-based interventions, but no more cost-effective; and that the next generation of research may best focus on who benefits most from each type of intervention.
Resilience in People with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Craig Ashley 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHistorically, research into the nature of resilience was applied mostly to children and adolescents exposed to problems such as ill-treatment in the family or drug abuse, and this resilience research employed a risk and protective factors model. Protective factors included attributes that minimize risk or act as a buffer by cushioning the person against negative outcomes, and included environmental, interpersonal, and individual personal factors. Being resilient, therefore, described a process that involved someone who had assets and resources that enabled him or her to self-protect and thus overcome the adverse affects of risk exposure. It is concerning that the model for research most often used when investigating outcomes for physical disabilities has been a risk-deficit model that focuses more upon factors, such as negative mood states, that may prevent a person from adjusting adaptively to his or her disability. Few studies have concentrated on both risk and resilience factors. In this chapter, resilience is defined as a process involving a person maintaining stable psychological, social, and physical functioning when adjusting to the effects of a physical disability and subsequent impairment. Research that has investigated protective factors in physical disability will be explored and implications for the management of these conditions discussed.
Reforming Primary and Secondary Schooling
Authors: Kochar Anjini 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides a summary of the state of primary and secondary education in India. It notes the achievements of the sector: increased enrollment, particularly in the primary stage, and a narrowing of many traditional gaps. The supply-side impetus to schooling—which occurred through a host of programs, from independence up the 1990s, and thereafter consolidated through the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan in 2002—has led to significant increase in access to schools throughout India. Indeed, one finding in the literature is that the probability of a school being located within a given distance of a child's habitation of residence does increase enrollment. However, school location policy also affects other characteristics of schools that are known to have important effects on learning. For instance, small school size, which tends to be the norm in India because of sparsely distributed and low populated habitations, means that the total numbers of teachers per school are small.
Population Dynamics in India and Implications for Economic Growth
Authors: Bloom David E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article looks at the consequences of India's demographic transition—higher population growth and transforming age structure—and its impact on growth. In a comparison group comprising select East Asian economies, approximately 2% of their growth in income per capita (over 1975–2005)—roughly one-third of the supposed miracle—can be attributed to demographic change. Counterfactual experiments based on low and medium fertility rates for India imply a sizeable demographic dividend—roughly to the order of an additional percentage point or more annually to per capita income growth (projecting forward to 2050). The key policy question is whether health and education allocations (at all levels) by the government will grow in tandem to transform India's youth advantage into productive employment.
The Dynamics and Status of India's Economic Reforms
Authors: Singh Nirvikar 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the political economy of pending economic reforms in India, with an emphasis on domestic reforms. Some of the specific issues addressed include a discussion of governance structures, implementation of the value added tax (VAT), the introduction of delivery mechanisms for public services, civil service reform, labor laws, corporate governance, bankruptcy laws, land markets, and agriculture reform. One of the main insights of the article is that discussions of reform in India usually list an ideal set of reforms, but do not analyze how such changes may be operationalized in a politically feasible manner. Specific areas such as agriculture, land markets, labor, education, and infrastructure all have special characteristics, either in terms of numbers, positions in the income hierarchy, complexity, expertise, or diversity of interests, which make progress more difficult. Recognizing such factors and incorporating them into policy design might be a better way to proceed rather than articulating ideal end points without any pathway for reaching them. Therefore, a crucial question this article addresses has to do with understanding when and how economic reform happens.
Rational Argument
Authors: Hahn Ulrike , Oaksford Mike 
Published: February 2013

AbstractArgumentation is an integral part of how we negotiate life in a complex world. In many contexts it matters, furthermore, that arguments be rational, not that they are simply convincing. Rational debate is subject to both procedural norms and to epistemic norms that allow the evaluation of argument content. This chapter outlines normative frameworks for argumentation (dialectical, logical, and Bayesian); it then summarizes psychological research on argumentation, drawn from cognitive psychology, as well as a number of applied domains.
Education and Evangelism in a Sierra Leonean Village
Authors: Bartolome Sarah J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Kagbere, a small subsistence-farming village in Sierra Leone, West Africa, has a rich and thriving musical community that embraces various musical traditions including log drumming, traditional dance, choral singing, ritual music, lamellaphone playing, hand-clapping songs, and childhood chants. Children are active participants in the Wesleyan Church Children’s Choir and lead the congregation through worship services filled with singing, movement, and instrument playing. This article explores the impact of the choir on the lives of the children and the community. Choir members benefit personally, socially, and musically from the education they receive through choir membership, acquiring a wide range of knowledge and skills as part of the choir experience. The church community and the community of Kagbere both benefit from the services provided by the members of the children’s choir; and the church itself benefits as musical emissaries go forth into the world to advance its evangelical mission.
Children’s Musical Engagement with Trinidad’s Carnival Music
Authors: Smith Hope Munro 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses the historical factors that have led to children’s participation in the expressive traditions related to Trinidad and Tobago’s annual Carnival celebration. It analyzes the various institutions and strategies that foster music education in relation to Carnival music. It also considers the conflict between local music and imported cultural strands, particularly those from North America that are received via satellite television and the Internet.
Reflexive and Reflective Perspectives of Musical Childhoods in Singapore
Authors: Dairianathan Eugene , Lum Chee-Hoo 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores the musical world of children in Singapore. It draws upon on a series of interviews with and observations of Clara, a seven-year-old musical child, juxtaposed with the childhood experiences of one of the authors of this article and his pathways as ethnographer and auto-ethnographer. The childhoods of both Clara and the author are inextricably woven into practice, first, through the Euro-American art-music tradition in Singapore; and second, the dispositions and processes emergent in their pathways. Their lived and living realities are examined through the writings of Pierre Bourdieu, particularly a central mechanism in his understanding of practice, habitus.
The Role of Context and Experience among the Children of the Church of God and Saints of Christ, Cleveland, Ohio
Authors: Miller Terry E. , Miller Sara Stone 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The Church of God and Saints of Christ (CGSC) is an African-American denomination with local churches in several North American cities. This article examines the CGSC’s music pedagogy and the extent to which this technique is context or culture-specific. The system of musical training in the CGSC appears to be based on the premise that everyone has musical potential and is therefore to be part of the musical community. No one is excluded from musical activities, not the “tone-deaf child,” not the person with mental or physical challenges, nor the person with an aversion to performing. Children participate freely and without inhibitions because they are encouraged to and because there are no judgments about quality.
Cold-Blooded Cognition: Reptilian Cognitive Abilities
Authors: Wilkinson Anna , Huber Ludwig 
Published: February 2013

AbstractReptiles, birds, and mammals evolved from a common amniotic ancestor and it is likely that they share both behavioral and morphological traits. Equally, since this ancestor lived around 280 million years ago there is ample time for very different capacities and mechanisms to have evolved. To more fully understand the evolution of cognition, it is essential to examine the cognitive abilities of reptiles in a way that is comparable to the vast amount of work that has been conducted with mammals and birds. Though the processes underlying reptilian cognitive behavior remain far from understood, recent research has made some noteworthy progress. This chapter will review the literature on the acquisition of novel behavior, spatial, visual, and social cognition in a range of reptile species. We will interpret current evidence in the light of what is known about cognitive processes, and the mechanisms underlying these, in mammals and birds. Finally, we will discuss the importance of work with reptiles to gain a fuller understanding of cognitive evolution.
Cetacean Cognitive Specializations
Authors: Jaakkola Kelly 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an in-depth discussion of the cognition of the most well known cetacean—the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). First, observational and experimental evidence for various cognitive capacities is examined across four major areas: concepts and memory, physical cognition, social cognition, and symbolic cognition. The results suggest that dolphins possess a level of complex cognition largely on par with great apes, but surpass them in several areas of social cognition, and lag behind in one area of physical cognition. Next, evolutionary pressures hypothesized to account for the expansion of the dolphin neocortex and associated cognitive abilities are examined. It is suggested that, as with apes, the capacity for secondary representation may provide a key mechanism underlying dolphins' complex cognitive abilities.
The Evolution of Canine Cognition
Authors: Miklósi Ádám , Topál József 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThere has been a marked interest in the socio-cognitive abilities of dogs and their wild relatives. This change after basically total neglect of more than 50 years took place after researchers have recognized that evolution has acted to alter the social behavior set of the dogs in such a way to increase their chances of survival in the anthropogenic environment. Evidently, dogs evolved a social behavior set, which in some respects is functionally equivalent to respective human traits. In this review, we provide an evolutionary description of this process and also contrast different approaches that aim to grasp the key aspects of this change. Contrasting models invoke increased ability for cooperating, utilizing social cues, or modifications in specific social traits (e.g., fear). One key factor seems to be the increased sensitivity of dogs to react to the human social environment in general. They need much less social experience for achieving high levels of social skills in anthropogenic environments in comparison to wolves. We propose a model of social competence that facilitates the comparison of dogs and wolves, but, in addition, it could be utilized for dog-human (infant) and dog-chimpanzee comparisons.
Comparative Mental Time Travel: Is There a Cognitive Divide between Humans and Animals in Episodic Memory and Planning?
Authors: Feeney Miranda C. , Roberts William A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMental time travel is defined as the human ability to remember unique personal past experiences (episodic memory) and to anticipate and plan future events. Considerable debate has arisen around the question of whether nonhuman animals are also capable of mental time travel, ranging from complete denial of the ability in nonhumans to the suggestion that they have episodic memory and readily plan for the future. We evaluate the current evidence available from comparative cognition experiments and human-developmental research. Studies of episodic-like memory in birds and nonhuman mammals have centered on their ability to remember what, where, and when a single event occurred. Although clear evidence for memory of what and where has been shown, memory of when does not always appear and may depend on both the species tested and the experimental design used. We argue for a clear distinction between remembering when in absolute time an event occurred and remembering how long ago it occurred. Studies of neural processes indicate that the hippocampus is necessary for episodic memory in humans and episodic-like memory in rats. It is argued that studies of nonhumans should not focus on presence versus absence of human traits but should examine alternative mental time travel abilities in animals that may have evolved independently as adaptations to a particular ecological niche.
Female Preference Functions Provide a Window into Cognition, the Evolution of Communication, and Speciation in Plant-Feeding Insects
Authors: Cocroft Reginald B. , Sullivan-Beckers Laura E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWhen female mate choice is based on male signals, female responses can be characterized in the form of preference functions that relate signal variation to attractiveness. Within a population, male displays will vary in multiple dimensions; preference functions reveal which of these dimensions are important for female mating decisions, suggest how sensory information is processed, and allow us to make predictions about the relationship between male signal variation and fitness. Here we discuss how characterizing female preference functions helps us understand the process of diversification in plant-feeding insects, an important component of terrestrial biodiversity. In the clade of insects we are studying, speciation is initiated by a shift from one host plant species to another. Host shifts lead to changes in the timing and location of mating, but the evolutionary changes that occur in mating signals and preferences are just as important for reducing gene flow among populations on different hosts. We focus on a subset of male signal traits for which female preference functions differ in strength and shape, and explore the effect of female preferences on male fitness within a population and on reproductive isolation among species. Integration of studies in the laboratory and field reveal how preference functions provide insights into the cognitive processes underlying mate choice, as well as the evolutionary forces that shape signal evolution.
The Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Cooperation
Authors: Warneken Felix , Melis Alicia P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCooperative behaviors such as helping, sharing, and collaboration are important components of human social life. Here, we summarize recent experiments that provide insight into both the ontogenetic and phylogenetic origins of these behaviors. Specifically, by combining a developmental and comparative approach, these experiments investigate the emergence of these behaviors in human ontogeny, and highlight similarities as well as differences with those of chimpanzees and bonobos. We review altruistic and mutualistic behaviors as two broad classes of cooperative behaviors that are underlain by different motivational and cognitive processes, emphasizing the importance of investigating proximate mechanisms to gain a comprehensive understanding of human cooperation.
The Evolutionary and Comparative Psychology of Social Learning and Culture
Authors: Hopper Lydia M. , Whiten Andrew 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSocial learning allows for the transmission of information between individuals and, potentially, across generations. In addition to increasing the efficiency by which new behaviors are learned it can also facilitate the propagation of behavioral traditions and, ultimately, culture. In the first half of this chapter we describe the social learning mechanisms that define how information is transmitted, under what circumstances social learning is advantageous, and provide an evolutionary perspective by illustrating different species' propensities for social learning. Through the second half of this chapter we compare the behavioral traditions observed among animals in the wild. We discuss the defining features of human culture and whether any animals, other than ourselves, can be considered “cultural.” We conclude that although human material culture was long thought to be a defining hallmark of our species, current reports from both the wild and captivity have begun to dispel the notion that we are the only cultural beings.
Cognitive Imitation: Insights into the Development and Evolution of Social Learning
Authors: Subiaul Francys 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWhat is cognitive imitation and what does it tell us about the development and evolution of imitation and cultural learning? Here, evidence is reviewed demonstrating dissociations between different forms of social learning; Specifically, dissociations between the copying of end-results (i.e., emulation) and the copying of actions (i.e., imitation), as well as between the imitation of ordinal rules (cognitive imitation) and the copying of motor-spatial rules (motor imitation), in human and non-human populations that typically fail to learn in motor imitation paradigms. Together, this body of research suggests that imitation is a multifaceted faculty with numerous domain-specific copying mechanisms. These mechanisms are predicted to be both developmentally and phylogenetically discontinuous; a result of unique selection pressures favoring certain copying mechanisms over others.