bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective Youth Ministry: Theology-driven in a Cultural Context
Authors: Strong Philippa 
Published: July 2015

Recently Youth Ministry finds itself mostly in a crisis as it is wrongly presented. In a nutshell the crisis can be described as falling short of leading young people to become mature Christian adults. Research shows that there are a variety of contributing factors to this crisis. This article focuses on two of these contributing factors. Firstly, Youth Ministry today is skill and socially driven, rather than theology or spiritually driven. The discussion commences by indicating the importance of establishing theology as the foundation of Youth Ministry. A Christ-centric theological framework as foundation for effective Youth Ministry is proposed. The article emphasises the meaning and essence of theology, with the Sola Scriptura approach being followed throughout. The second contributing factor discussed is the issue that cultural relevance is wrongly being made the heartbeat and foundation of Youth Ministry instead of theology. The article gives culture its rightful and relevant place in Youth Ministry, without it overshadowing the foundation of effective Youth Ministry, namely theology. Postmodernism and subculture also receive attention and in the conclusion the emphasis falls on a call to return to a Youth Ministry that is theology driven in a cultural context.Effektiewe Jeugbediening: Teologies-gedrewe in ’n Kulturele Konteks. Tans verkeer Jeugbediening grootliks in ’n krisis, aangesien dit verkeerd aangebied word. Kortliks behels hierdie krisis dat Jeugbediening daarin te kort skiet om jongmense tot volwasse Christenskap te lei. Navorsing toon verskeie faktore wat tot hierdie krisis bydra. Die artikel fokus op twee van hierdie bydraende faktore. Eerstens val die soeklig op die feit dat Jeugbediening tans metode- en sosiaal-gedrewe eerder as teologies- of spiritueel-gedrewe is. Die bespreking toon die belangrikheid daarvan om teologie en die behoefte daaraan as fondament in Jeugbediening te vestig. Die aanbeveling is dat daar ’n Christelik-teologiese raamwerk as fondament vir effektiewe Jeugbediening moet wees. Die fokus is op die betekenis en essensie van teologie met die Sola Scriptura benadering as deurgaans sentraal. Die tweede bydraende faktor tot die krisis is die feit dat kulturele relevansie in plaas van teologie verkeerdelik die hartklop en fondament van Jeugbediening gemaak word. Die artikel bied aan kultuur sy regverdige en relevante plek in Jeugbediening gebied sonder dat dit die fondament van Jeugbediening, naamlik teologie oorskadu. Postmodernisme en subkultuur geniet ook aandag. Ten slotte word die waarde van die artikel uitgelig deur die oproep tot die terugkeer na Jeugbediening wat teologies vanuit ’n kulturele konteks gedryf word.
Wounds as probes of electrical properties of skin
Authors: Wahlsten O. , Apell P. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
We have built a model where we use a wound as a probe of the dielectric properties of skin. In this way one is able to infer information about skin dielectric properties in situ. We introduce the notion of a skin electrochemical capacitor. This gives good agreement with recent measurements for the electric potential landscape around a wound. Possible diagnostic consequences are briefly touched upon.
Magnetic induction pneumography: a planar coil system for continuous monitoring of lung function via contactless measurements
Authors: Gürsoy Doğa , Scharfetter Hermann 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Continuous monitoring of lung function is of particular interest to the mechanically ventilated patients during critical care. Recent studies have shown that magnetic induction measurements with single coils provide signals which are correlated with the lung dynamics and this idea is extended here by using a 5 by 5 planar coil matrix for data acquisition in order to image the regional thoracic conductivity changes. The coil matrix can easily be mounted onto the patient bed, and thus, the problems faced in methods that use contacting sensors can readily be eliminated and the patient comfort can be improved. In the proposed technique, the data are acquired by successively exciting each coil in order to induce an eddy-current density within the dorsal tissues and measuring the corresponding response magnetic field strength by the remaining coils. The recorded set of data is then used to reconstruct the internal conductivity distribution by means of algorithms that minimize the residual norm between the estimated and measured data. To investigate the feasibility of the technique, the sensitivity maps and the point spread functions at different locations and depths were studied. To simulate a realistic scenario, a chest model was generated by segmenting the tissue boundaries from NMR images. The reconstructions of the ventilation distribution and the development of an edematous lung injury were presented. The imaging artifacts caused by either the incorrect positioning of the patient or the expansion of the chest wall due to breathing were illustrated by simulations.
Surfzone to inner‐shelf exchange estimated from dye tracer balances
Authors: Hally‐Rosendahl Kai , Feddersen Falk , Clark David B. , Guza R. T. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSurfzone and inner‐shelf tracer dispersion are observed at an approximately alongshore‐uniform beach. Fluorescent Rhodamine WT dye, released near the shoreline continuously for 6.5 h, is advected alongshore by breaking‐wave‐ and wind‐driven currents, and ejected offshore from the surfzone to the inner‐shelf by transient rip currents. Novel aerial‐based multispectral dye concentration images and in situ measurements of dye, waves, and currents provide tracer transport and dilution observations spanning about 350 m cross‐shore and 3 km alongshore. Downstream dilution of near‐shoreline dye follows power law decay with exponent −0.33, implying that a tenfold increase in alongshore distance reduces the concentration about 50%. Coupled surfzone and inner‐shelf dye mass balances close, and in 5 h, roughly half of the surfzone‐released dye is transported offshore to the inner‐shelf. Observed cross‐shore transports are parameterized well (
, best fit slope
) using a bulk exchange velocity and mean surfzone to inner‐shelf dye concentration difference. The best fit cross‐shore exchange velocity
is similar to a temperature‐derived exchange velocity on another day with similar wave conditions. The
magnitude and observed inner‐shelf dye length scales, time scales, and vertical structure indicate the dominance of transient rip currents in surfzone to inner‐shelf cross‐shore exchange during moderate waves at this alongshore‐uniform beach.
Review of wave‐turbulence interactions in the stable atmospheric boundary layer
Authors: Sun Jielun , Nappo Carmen J. , Mahrt Larry , Belušić Danijel , Grisogono Branko , Stauffer David R. , Pulido Manuel , Staquet Chantal , Jiang Qingfang , Pouquet Annick , Yagüe Carlos , Galperin Boris , Smith Ronald B. , Finnigan John J. , Mayor Shane D. , Svensson Gunilla , Grachev Andrey A. , Neff William D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFlow in a stably stratified environment is characterized by anisotropic and intermittent turbulence and wavelike motions of varying amplitudes and periods. Understanding turbulence intermittency and wave‐turbulence interactions in a stably stratified flow remains a challenging issue in geosciences including planetary atmospheres and oceans. The stable atmospheric boundary layer (SABL) commonly occurs when the ground surface is cooled by longwave radiation emission such as at night over land surfaces, or even daytime over snow and ice surfaces, and when warm air is advected over cold surfaces. Intermittent turbulence intensification in the SABL impacts human activities and weather variability, yet it cannot be generated in state‐of‐the‐art numerical forecast models. This failure is mainly due to a lack of understanding of the physical mechanisms for seemingly random turbulence generation in a stably stratified flow, in which wave‐turbulence interaction is a potential mechanism for turbulence intermittency. A workshop on wave‐turbulence interactions in the SABL addressed the current understanding and challenges of wave‐turbulence interactions and the role of wavelike motions in contributing to anisotropic and intermittent turbulence from the perspectives of theory, observations, and numerical parameterization. There have been a number of reviews on waves, and a few on turbulence in stably stratified flows, but not much on wave‐turbulence interactions. This review focuses on the nocturnal SABL; however, the discussions here on intermittent turbulence and wave‐turbulence interactions in stably stratified flows underscore important issues in stably stratified geophysical dynamics in general.
Addendum zu 1,2‐Epoxypropan [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2015]
Authors: Bader M. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA) und Biologische Leitwerte (BLW)
, 22. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2015

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Reevaluierung

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Beziehung zwischen äußerer und innerer Belastung

Evaluierung des BAT‐Wertes
Complement: The Alternative Pathway
Authors: Zipfel Peter F , Skerka Christine 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

The alternative pathway of complement is a powerful and evolutionarily old defence system of innate immunity that recognises and destroys invading infectious microbes and also targets and eliminates modified self cells. For survival in an immunocompetent host, pathogenic microbes provide strategies to interfere with alternative pathway activation at their surface and they evade complement immune recognition. Recent evidence shows that mutations and sequence variations of important regulators of the alternative pathway cause a variety of autoimmune diseases, including age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) of the retina and kidney diseases in the form of atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) and C3 glomerulopathy (C3G). On the basis of its central relevance in immunity targeting, the complement system by specific therapeutic agents is a promising approach to treat autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disorders.

Key Concepts

Alternative pathway is a spontaneous self‐amplifying initiator of complement

AP is activated by default in blocked by inhibitors

Defective AP regulation results in serve autoimmune disease

Mutations in regulators and autoimmune forms cause diseases

Pathogenic infectious microbes block AP action by mimicking intact host surfaces

The C3 convertase of the AP is the central hub for complement activation

AP is controlled in fluid phase and on biological surfaces

Targeting AP action is a promising option to treat inflammatory autoimmune disorders

Animal behaviourists must participate in conservation planning to protect the future of biodiversity

Lipid bilayers provide the fundamental architecture of biological membranes.
Haematopoietic Growth Factors
Authors: Thomas Daniel , Lopez Angel F 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Haematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) regulate the production of all the cellular elements of blood by stimulating the proliferation, survival and differentiation of haematopoietic cells in various stages of maturation and also enhancing mature cell functions. Certain factors are critical for haematopoiesis in normal health (erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, interleukin‐7 and stem cell factor) while other growth factors (interleukin‐3, interleukin‐5, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐11 and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor) exert their effects principally in inflammatory states as a response to infection or trauma. Similar to immune cytokines, many HGFs exhibit overlapping roles (redundancy) and dramatic synergy when acting in combination. HGFs transduce their potent biological effects through growth factor receptors which bind HGFs with high affinity and signal through JAK family tyrosine kinases. Recombinant HGFs are used in a wide variety of clinical settings including the treatment for anaemia in kidney disease (erythropoietin), chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia (granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor) and immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (thrombopoietin) and to aid in the collection of bone marrow stem cells (G‐CSF).

Key Concepts

Haematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) are small, secreted extracellular glycoproteins that bind to receptors on the surface of haematopoietic cells

Growth factors that are critical for maintenance of blood cell production in normal health are erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, interleukin‐7 and stem cell factor

Interleukin‐3, interleukin‐5, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐11 and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor exert their effects principally in inflammatory states as a response to infection or trauma

HGFs are heavily glycosylated proteins that adopt an antiparallel 4‐α helical bundle structure

Clinical uses of HGFs continue to increase and include anaemia of renal disease, chemotherapy‐ and drug‐induced neutropenia‐, immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia, aplastic anaemia and anti‐tumour vaccination therapies

HGFs exert their effects through specific binding to unique or shared receptor subunits

In the case of heterodimeric receptors, the initial sequence of events involves the binding of cytokine to the major binding subunit of the receptor, the alpha subunit, followed by recruitment of the signalling subunit which then undergoes further oligomerisation to bring together two JAK‐2 molecules
Mitosis
Authors: Tanaka Kozo 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Mitosis is the process by which duplicated chromosomes are divided between the two daughter cells, thus transmitting genetic information to the next cell cycle. Mitosis comprises nuclear division (karyokinesis), which is followed by cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis), together forming the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle. Mitosis is a dynamic process that mechanically segregates chromosomes using the spindle apparatus, a microtubule (MT)‐based structure. Mitotic events, such as chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, chromosome segregation, nuclear envelope reformation, chromosome decondensation and cytokinesis must occur in a precise order. This is governed by the protein phosphorylation by cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) 1 and other mitotic kinases, and also ubiquitylation by the anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). For high‐fidelity chromosome segregation, proper attachment of microtubules to kinetochores is ensured by numbers of mechanisms. Failure in these mechanisms results in cell death or aneuploidy; the latter often leads to oncogenesis and cancer progression.

Key Concepts

CDK1 (cyclin‐dependent kinase 1) activity drives mitotic progression.

Spindle bipolarity is maintained by the balance of forces acting on microtubules.

Centrosomes act as spindle poles, but spindles can be formed without centrosomes.

Proper attachment of microtubules to kinetochores is essential for faithful chromosome segregation.

Spindle‐assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures the proper attachment of kinetochores to microtubules for all the chromosomes.

APC/C (anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome) triggers chromosome segregation and mitotic exit. Most cancer cells show aneuploidy, which is mainly caused by chromosomal instability.
Bandwagon Effect
Authors: Schmitt‐Beck Rüdiger 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The term “bandwagon effect” denotes a phenomenon of public opinion impinging upon itself: In their political preferences and positions people tend to join what they perceive to be existing or expected majorities or dominant positions in society. It has been most intensely discussed with regard to elections and issue attitudes. Only in recent years have carefully designed studies succeeded in demonstrating that bandwagon effects really exist. However, the observed bandwagon effects have usually been rather weak, and contingent on specific conditions.
Introduction: Renewable Energy
Authors: Boehm Robert F. , Yang Hongxing , Yan Jinyue 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In this introductory article to the Renewable Energy volume, a brief summary of the various topics covered in the volume is given. These topics include overviews of bioenergy, solar energy, wind, geothermal energy, and tidal energy technologies. The authors of the articles have included state of the art summaries, new advances in the fields of these renewable technologies, as well some possibilities for systems yet to be developed.
A Two‐Phase Anaerobic Digestion Process for Biogas Production for Combined Heat and Power Generation for Remote Communities
Authors: Zhang Dongke , Zhu Mingming , Zhou Wenxu , Yani Setyawati , Zhang Zhezi , Wu Jinhu 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn a conventional anaerobic digestion (AD) process, a feedstock rich in organic matters is converted to a combustible gas, known asbiogas, containing mainly methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide, under the action of microorganisms such as methanogenic microbes in the absence of oxygen. However, the conventionalADprocess is slow and difficult to control for optimal biogas production. A two‐phase anaerobic digestion (T‐PAD) process is a sequential anaerobic process, in which hydrogen andCO2are produced in the first phase and methane andCO2are produced in the second phase. The two streams are then combined to form a hydrogen‐enriched biogas, which has a much improved ignition quality if used in gas engines for combined heat and power (CHP) generation, an emerging technology especially for off‐the‐grid remote energy services. This article describes the principles of the T‐PADprocess, provides a sound technical procedure and engineering protocol for designing and integrating the T‐PADinto aCHPsystem, and completes with an illustration of the working of a case study of a pilot‐scale process demonstration unit.
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Generation Using Gas Engines Fueled with Pyrolysis Gases
Authors: Zhang Dongke , Zhu Mingming , Zhang Zhezi , Wu Jinhu 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article describes the technology for combined heat and power (CHP) generation using gas engines fueled with synthetic gaseous fuels from pyrolysis of biomass and municipal solid wastes (MSWs). The main pyrolysis gases of biomass and MSWs are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and an appropriate amount of hydrogen to improve the ignition quality. The yield of these gaseous products can be controlled by adjusting the operating parameters such as solid retention time, pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and vapor phase residence time. Biochar, a by‐product of pyrolysis, is an effective catalyst to crack tar to increase the yield of the pyrolysis gas. After cleaning and conditioning, the pyrolysis gas can be directly used in the gas engines for CHP generation with high efficiency, flexibility, and low investment, particularly in the low‐power output range, typically less than 5 MW.
Stand‐Alone Wind Power and Hybrid Solar–Wind Power
Authors: Lu Lin 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

In the remote areas without utility grid but with abundant wind resources, stand‐alone wind power system is a good option to provide power for rural homes, farms, or even entire communities. Wind power can be considered as a clean and cost effective alternative source of electricity. However, to provide a more reliable power supply, stand‐alone hybrid solar–wind power system with storage is expected considering the good complementary characteristics between solar energy and wind energy. Hybrid system configurations can be achieved by dynamically modeling the system in terms of system power supply reliability requirement and local weather conditions. For the required
LPSP
(loss of power supply probability), the configuration with the lowest levelised cost of energy (
LCE
) is considered as the optimal one.
Steam Power Generation
Authors: Mirandola Alberto , Stoppato Anna , Benato Alberto 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The steam turbine fossil‐fueled plants have been the principal systems used to generate electricity in the twentieth century. Starting from the first decades of the century, the configurations and the thermodynamic parameters of these plants were progressively modified and improved: so, the overall efficiency gradually increased, and the environmental impact per energy unit, which was really huge at the beginning, decreased to quite low values in the recent years. The evolution of these plants was closely connected with the improvement of (i) the thermodynamic cycles, (ii) the design, manufacture, and maintenance of the single components, (iii) the use of materials having suitable mechanical performance, (iv) the treatment of water, fuels, and flue gases, and (v) the operation modes and strategies.
Coal, in pulverized form, has been and still is the main fuel used in these plants; but, because of the environmental concern about greenhouse gas emissions, in recent years, there have been increasing acceptance problems of coal‐fired plants by the public opinion in the industrial countries. So, because large coal resources are still available, it is very important to further improve these plants in order to meet more and more severe environmental standards.
In fact, the coal‐fired plants technology has shown very important and progressive improvements; for example, the overall efficiency, which was about 15% in the first decades of the twentieth century, is expected to reach 55% by 2020. This article will retrace the history and the evolution of the coal‐fired plants over the past century, outline the present state of the art, and show the perspectives for the next years.
Post‐Combustion Carbon Capture
Authors: Fan Xianfeng 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCarbon capture and storage (CCS) has been seen as a promising means for reducingCO2emission from point sources. This article first reviews the typical post‐combustion carbon capture techniques, such as temperature swing, pressure swing, electrical swing processes, membrane separation, and the recent developments on adsorbents, adsorption, and absorption processes, and then focuses on opportunities and challenges in post‐combustionCO2capture. In the section on absorption processes, attention has been given to Kerr‐McGee/ABBLummus Crest technology, the Fluor EconamineFG PlusSMprocess, the Kansai Mitsubishi Carbon Dioxide Recovery Process, aqueous ammonia (NH3) process, chilled ammonia process, dual‐alkali absorption, and strong alkali absorption. In the section on adsorption processes, discussions start from fixed‐bed configuration, circulating fluidized beds, and counter‐current‐bed configurations, and then the focus will turn to various adsorbents, such as zeolites adsorbents, carbon adsorbents, amine‐functionalized adsorbents, wet impregnation, amine‐functionalizedTiO2nanotubes, amines covalently tethered to oxide supports, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), and alkali metal‐promoted metal oxides.