bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interannual to decadal changes in the western boundary circulation in the Atlantic at 11°S
Authors: Hummels Rebecca , Brandt Peter , Dengler Marcus , Fischer Jürgen , Araujo Moacyr , Veleda Doris , Durgadoo Jonathan V. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe western boundary current system off Brazil is a key region for diagnosing variations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and the southern subtropical cell. In July 2013 a mooring array was installed off the coast at 11°S similar to an array installed between 2000 and 2004 at the same location. Here we present results from two research cruises and the first 10.5 months of moored observations in comparison to the observations a decade ago. Average transports of the North Brazil Undercurrent and the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) have not changed between the observational periods. DWBC eddies that are predicted to disappear with a weakening AMOC are still present. Upper layer changes in salinity and oxygen within the last decade are consistent with an increased Agulhas leakage, while at depths water mass changes are likely related to changes in the North Atlantic as well as tropical circulation changes.
Continuum‐scale characterization of solute transport based on pore‐scale velocity distributions
Authors: Porta G. M. , Bijeljic B. , Blunt M. J. , Guadagnini A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe present a methodology to characterize a continuum‐scale model of transport in porous media on the basis of pore‐scale distributions of velocities computed in three‐dimensional pore‐space images. The methodology is tested against pore‐scale simulations of flow and transport for a bead pack and a sandstone sample. We employ a double‐continuum approach to describe transport in mobile and immobile regions. Model parameters are characterized through inputs resulting from the micron‐scale reconstruction of the pore space geometry and the related velocity field. We employ the outputs of pore‐scale analysis to (i) quantify the proportion of mobile and immobile fluid regions and (ii) assign the velocity distribution in an effective representation of the medium internal structure. Our results (1) show that this simple conceptual model reproduces the spatial profiles of solute concentration rendered by pore‐scale simulation without resorting to model calibration and (2) highlight the critical role of pore‐scale velocities in the characterization of the model parameters.
Investigating decadal changes in sea surface salinity in oceanic subtropical gyres
Authors: Melzer Bryce A. , Subrahmanyam Bulusu 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSea surface salinity trends over the past six decades were analyzed, as salinity can be a potential diagnostic of the acceleration pattern of the global water cycle. Global salinity data from Simple Ocean Data Assimilation reanalysis highlight surface ocean salinity trends in evaporative‐dominated subtropical gyre systems over the period of 1950–2010. Global salinity observations from NASA's Aquarius and European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity missions were used with relation to more recent trends and future implications on global water cycle studies. Results indicated an average salinity increase of 0.12 practical salinity unit (psu) in the subtropical gyres over the 61 year study, with the greatest increase occurring in the southern hemisphere gyres. Lateral gyre drift was also inferred through salinity, as three of five gyres showed significant drift over 60 years within their respective basins. There is evidence of periodicity related to these migrations on multidecadal time scales. A comparison of satellite, in situ, and model simulations was conducted in an effort to resolve the near‐surface salinity stratification as it pertains specifically to the subtropical gyre regions and also to show the growing relevance of satellite data in global water cycle studies.
Relation between fine structure of energy spectra for pulsating aurora electrons and frequency spectra of whistler mode chorus waves
Authors: Miyoshi Y. , Saito S. , Seki K. , Nishiyama T. , Kataoka R. , Asamura K. , Katoh Y. , Ebihara Y. , Sakanoi T. , Hirahara M. , Oyama S. , Kurita S. , Santolik O. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe investigate the origin of the fine structure of the energy spectrum of precipitating electrons for the pulsating aurora (PsA) observed by the low‐altitude Reimei satellite. The Reimei satellite achieved simultaneous observations of the optical images and precipitating electrons of the PsA from satellite altitude (~620 km) with resolution of 40 ms. The main modulation of precipitation, with a few seconds, and the internal modulations, with a few hertz, that are embedded inside the main modulations are identified above ~3 keV. Moreover, stable precipitations at ~1 keV are found for the PsA. A “precipitation gap” is discovered between two energy bands. We identify the origin of the fine structure of the energy spectrum for the precipitating electrons using the computer simulation on the wave‐particle interaction between electrons and chorus waves. The lower band chorus (LBC) bursts cause the main modulation of energetic electrons, and the generation and collapse of the LBC bursts determines on‐off switching of the PsA. A train of rising tone elements embedded in the LBC bursts drives the internal modulations. A close set of upper band chorus (UBC) waves causes the stable precipitations at ~1 keV. We show that a wave power gap around the half gyrofrequency at the equatorial plane in the magnetosphere between LBC and UBC reduces the loss rate of electrons at the intermediate energy range, forming a gap of precipitating electrons in the ionosphere.
Occupational heat‐related illness emergency department visits and inpatient hospitalizations in the southeast region, 2007–2011
Authors: Harduar Morano L. , Bunn T.L. , Lackovic M. , Lavender A. , Dang G.T.T. , Chalmers J.J. , Li Y. , Zhang L. , Flammia D.D. 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundHeat‐related illness (HRI) is an occupational health risk for many outdoor, and some indoor, workers.MethodsEmergency department (ED) and inpatient hospitalization (IH) data for 2007–2011 from nine southeast states were analyzed to identify occupational HRI numbers and rates, demographic characteristics, and co‐morbid conditions.ResultsThere were 8,315 occupational HRI ED visits (6.5/100,000 workers) and 1,051 IHs (0.61/100,000) in the southeast over the study period. Out‐of‐state residents comprised 8% of ED visits and 12% of IHs. Rates for both, ED visits and IHs were significantly elevated in males and blacks. Younger workers had elevated rates for ED visits, while older workers had higher IH rates.ConclusionsThis is the first study to evaluate occupational HRI ED visits and IHs in the southeast region and indicates the need for enhanced heat‐stress prevention policies in the southeast. Findings from this study can be used to direct state health department tracking and evaluation of occupational HRI. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:1114–1125, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identifying knowledge activism in worker health and safety representation: A cluster analysis
Authors: Hall Alan , Oudyk John , King Andrew , Naqvi Syed , Lewchuk Wayne 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundAlthough worker representation in OHS has been widely recognized as contributing to health and safety improvements at work, few studies have examined the role that worker representatives play in this process. Using a large quantitative sample, this paper seeks to confirm findings from an earlier exploratory qualitative study that worker representatives can be differentiated by the knowledge intensive tactics and strategies that they use to achieve changes in their workplace.MethodsJust under 900 worker health and safety representatives in Ontario completed surveys which asked them to report on the amount of time they devoted to different types of representation activities (i.e., technical activities such as inspections and report writing vs. political activities such as mobilizing workers to build support), the kinds of conditions or hazards they tried to address through their representation (e.g., housekeeping vs. modifications in ventilation systems), and their reported success in making positive improvements. A cluster analysis was used to determine whether the worker representatives could be distinguished in terms of the relative time devoted to different activities and the clusters were then compared with reference to types of intervention efforts and outcomes.ResultsThe cluster analysis identified three distinct groupings of representatives with significant differences in reported types of interventions and in their level of reported impact. Two of the clusters were consistent with the findings in the exploratory study, identified as knowledge activism for greater emphasis on knowledge based political activity and technical‐legal representation for greater emphasis on formalized technical oriented procedures and legal regulations. Knowledge activists were more likely to take on challenging interventions and they reported more impact across the full range of interventions.ConclusionsThis paper provides further support for the concepts of knowledge activism and technical‐legal representation when differentiating the strategic orientations and impact of worker health and safety representatives, with important implications for education, political support and recruitment. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:42–56, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Entangled lives: Implications of the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis for bioarchaeology and the life course
Authors: Gowland Rebecca L. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTEpidemiological research since the 1980s has highlighted the consequences of early life adversity, particularly during gestation and early infancy, for adult health (the “Barker hypothesis”). The fast‐evolving field of molecular epigenetics is providing explanatory mechanisms concerning phenotypic plasticity in response to developmental stressors and the accumulation of disease risk throughout life. In addition, there is now evidence for the heritability of poor health across generations via epigenetic modifications. This research has the potential to invoke a paradigmatic shift in how we interpret factors such as growth insults and immune response in past skeletal remains. It demonstrates that health cannot be understood in terms of immediate environmental circumstances alone. Furthermore, it requires both a theoretical and practical re‐evaluation of disease biographies and the life course more generally. Individual life courses can no longer be regarded as discrete, bounded, life histories, with clearly defined beginning and end points. If socioeconomic circumstances can have intergenerational effects, including disease susceptibility and growth stunting, then individual biographies should be viewed as nested or “embedded” within the lives of others. This commingling of life courses may prove problematic to unravel; nevertheless, this review aims to consider the potential consequences for bioarchaeological interpretations. These include a greater consideration of: the temporal power of human skeletons and a life course approach to past health; infant health and the implications for maternal well‐being; and the impact of non‐proximate stressors (e.g., early life and ancestral environments) on the presence of health indicators. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:530–540, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multidimensionale elektronische Spektroskopie photochemischer Reaktionen
Authors: Nuernberger Patrick , Ruetzel Stefan , Brixner Tobias 
Published: August 2015

AbstractKohärente multidimensionale Spektroskopie kann zur Aufklärung verschiedener Reaktionskanäle in chemischen Reaktionen genutzt werden. Diese Herangehensweise ist daher nicht auf die Analyse von Energie‐ oder Ladungstransfer beschränkt (d.h. auf Photophysik), sondern sie kann auch dann angewendet werden, wenn das untersuchte System dauerhafte Strukturveränderungen vollzieht (d.h. in der Photochemie). Photochemische Modellreaktionen werden anhand eines molekularen Schalters auf Merocyanin‐/Spiropyranbasis behandelt, der vielfältige Reaktionskanäle aufweist, darunter eine Ringöffnungs‐ und Ringschlussreaktion, cis‐trans‐Isomerisierung, kohärente Schwingungswellenpaketbewegung, Radikalionenbildung und Populationsrelaxation. Durch Anwendung der Anrege‐Abfrage‐, der Anrege‐Wiederanrege‐Abfrage‐, der kohärenten zwei‐ und dreidimensionalen, der “Triggered‐exchange”‐2D‐ sowie der Quantenkontrollspektroskopie erhalten wir intuitive Abbilder davon, welches Produkt aus welchem Reaktanten entsteht und welche molekularen Reaktionsmoden daran beteiligt sind.
Von ultraschnellen Strukturbestimmungen bis zum Steuern von Reaktionen: mehrdimensionale gemischte IR/nicht‐IR‐Schwingungsspektroskopie
Authors: van Wilderen Luuk J. G. W. , Bredenbeck Jens 
Published: August 2015

AbstractUltraschnelle, mehrdimensionale Infrarot‐Spektroskopie ist eine leistungsstarke Methode, um Informationen über molekulare Strukturen und deren Dynamik zu erhalten, die mit linearer Spektroskopie nicht oder nur schwer zugänglich sind. IR‐Pulssequenzen mit resonanten oder nichtresonanten UV‐, Vis‐ oder NIR‐Pulsen erweitern den Einsatzbereich der mehrdimensionalen Schwingungsspektroskopie erheblich und schaffen Möglichkeiten, die weit über die eines reinen IR‐Experimentes hinausgehen. Dazu gehört die oberflächenspezifische 2D‐IR‐Spektroskopie, deren Empfindlichkeit die Untersuchung molekularer Monolagen ermöglicht, die ultraschnelle Strukturbestimmung in Nichtgleichgewichtssystemen, die getriggerte Austauschspektroskopie, die es erlaubt, Edukt‐ und Produktbanden miteinander zu korrelieren, Untersuchung des Zusammenspiels von elektronischen und Kernfreiheitsgraden, die Untersuchung von Wechselwirkungen zwischen Raman‐ und IR‐aktiven Moden, Bildgebung mit chemischem Kontrast, subensembleselektive Photochemie und sogar das Steuern von Photoreaktionen durch selektive IR‐Anregung. Im Folgenden stellen wir nützliche gemischte IR/nicht‐IR‐Pulssequenzen vor, diskutieren deren Eigenheiten und veranschaulichen ihr Anwendungspotenzial.
A Highly Selective Mitochondria‐Targeting Fluorescent K+ Sensor
Authors: Kong Xiangxing , Su Fengyu , Zhang Liqiang , Yaron Jordan , Lee Fred , Shi Zhengwei , Tian Yanqing , Meldrum Deirdre R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRegulation of intracellular potassium (K+) concentration plays a key role in metabolic processes. So far, only a few intracellular K+ sensors have been developed. The highly selective fluorescent K+ sensor KS6 for monitoring K+ ion dynamics in mitochondria was produced by coupling triphenylphosphonium, borondipyrromethene (BODIPY), and triazacryptand (TAC). KS6 shows a good response to K+ in the range 30–500 mM, a large dynamic range (Fmax/F0≈130), high brightness (ϕf=14.4 % at 150 mM of K+), and insensitivity to both pH in the range 5.5–9.0 and other metal ions under physiological conditions. Colocalization tests of KS6 with MitoTracker Green confirmed its predominant localization in the mitochondria of HeLa and U87MG cells. K+ efflux/influx in the mitochondria was observed upon stimulation with ionophores, nigericin, or ionomycin. KS6 is thus a highly selective semiquantitative K+ sensor suitable for the study of mitochondrial potassium flux in live cells.
Conductive Elastomers with Autonomic Self‐Healing Properties
Authors: Guo Kun , Zhang Da‐Li , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Zhang Jian , Ding Li‐Sheng , Li Bang‐Jing , Zhang Sheng 
Published: August 2015

AbstractHealable, electrically conductive materials are highly desirable and valuable for the development of various modern electronics. But the preparation of a material combining good mechanical elasticity, functional properties, and intrinsic self‐healing ability remains a great challenge. Here, we design composites by connecting a polymer network and single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) through host–guest interactions. The resulting materials show bulk electrical conductivity, proximity sensitivity, humidity sensitivity and are able to self‐heal without external stimulus under ambient conditions rapidly. Furthermore, they also possess elasticity comparable to commercial rubbers.
Targeted Inhibition of Snail Activity in Breast Cancer Cells by Using a CoIII‐Ebox Conjugate
Authors: Vistain Luke F. , Yamamoto Natsuho , Rathore Richa , Cha Peter , Meade Thomas J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe transition from a non‐invasive to an invasive phenotype is an essential step in tumor metastasis. The Snail family of transcription factors (TFs) is known to play a significant role in this transition. These TFs are zinc fingers that bind to the CAGGTG Ebox consensus sequence. CoIII‐Ebox is a cobalt(III) complex attached to an Ebox oligonucleotide that confers specificity towards Snail TFs. CoIII‐Ebox has been shown to inhibit Snail‐mediated embryonic neural crest development in Xenopus laevis, but its efficacy in inhibiting Snail‐induced cancer cell invasiveness has not been explored. Here, we describe the efficacy of CoIII‐Ebox in inhibiting the invasive aspects of heregulin‐β1(HRG)‐treated breast cancer cells. CoIII‐Ebox was found to inhibit the capacity of Snail to repress target genes after HRG induction. Snail inhibition by CoIII‐Ebox reduced the invasive propensity of cells in 2D and 3D, thereby demonstrating promise in inhibiting metastasis.
Prevalence and clinical correlates of police contact prior to a first diagnosis of schizophrenia
Authors: Schumann Cornelia , Asmal Laila , Chiliza Bonginkosi , Emsley Robin 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundLittle is known about the reasons why people with schizophrenia have contact with police, especially prior to the first episode of illness.AimTo investigate the prevalence and correlates of police contact in first‐episode schizophrenia.MethodsThe prevalence and type of police contact was established among all 110 patients presenting to psychiatric services in one catchment area during a first episode of schizophrenia and among 65 non‐mentally ill controls, by participant and collateral interview and from records. Socio‐demographic and clinical characteristics were also recorded and the two groups compared.ResultsThe first episode of schizophrenia patients had more contact with police than controls, despite the higher prevalence of conduct disorder symptoms among the controls. The patients were not, however, more likely to be incarcerated or arrested. Among the patients, over half of the police call‐outs occurred during the period of untreated psychosis. Positive psychotic symptoms were independently associated with police contact, after allowing for socio‐demographics.ConclusionsAs over a third of people in a first episode of schizophrenia had been in contact with the police – more than twice the proportion among non‐psychotic controls – and contact was associated with untreated positive psychotic symptoms, better early detection and treatment of psychosis seems indicated. In the meantime, police services may be playing an important role in reducing the duration of untreated psychosis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical outcome of titanium‐nitride‐oxide‐coated cobalt‐chromium stents in patients with de novo coronary lesions: 12‐month results of the OPTIMAX first‐in‐man study
Authors: Karjalainen Pasi P. , Mikkelsson Jussi , Paana Tuomas , Nammas Wail 
Published: August 2015

ObjectivesWe explored the 12‐month clinical outcome of the titanium‐nitride‐oxide‐coated OPTIMAX stent based on cobalt‐chromium platform. Background: The OPTIMAX stent demonstrated a satisfactory 6‐month clinical outcome in de novo coronary lesions. Methods: We enrolled 224 consecutive symptomatic patients with significant (50%) stenosis in de novo coronary lesions, who were treated with OPTIMAX stent implantation. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events at 12‐month follow‐up, defined as a composite of cardiac death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction (MI), or ischemia‐driven target lesion revascularization (TLR). Stent thrombosis was adjudicated according to the definition of the Academic Research Consortium. Results: The mean age of the cohort was 67 ± 8 years (75% males). Patients presented with acute coronary syndrome in 62.1%. Radial access was used in 92%; complex (type B and C) lesions were treated in 79.9%. Both procedural and clinical success occurred in 100% of the cases. The mean follow‐up period was 366 ± 22 days. At 12‐month follow‐up, the primary endpoint occurred in 14 (6.3%) patients. Cardiac death occurred in three (1.3%) patients, non‐fatal MI in seven (3.1%) patients, and ischemia‐driven TLR in seven (3.1%) patients. No definite stent thrombosis occurred. Conclusions: In the current prospective observational study, implantation of the OPTIMAX stent demonstrated an adequate 12‐month clinical outcome, with a low rate of major adverse cardiac events, and no stent thrombosis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flare‐up reactions in severe drug hypersensitivity: infection or ongoing T‐cell hyperresponsiveness
Authors: Jörg‐Walther Lukas , Schnyder Benno , Helbling Arthur , Helsing Karin , Schüller Alexandra , Wochner Annette , Pichler Werner 
Published: August 2015

Key Clinical Message“Flare‐up” reactions are late manifestations of severe T‐cell‐mediated drug hypersensitivity reactions. Management is anti‐inflammatory treatment and avoiding unnecessary medicines. Symptoms like fever, lymph node swelling, and blood count abnormalities may lead to confusion with bacterial infections. For prompt recognition it is important to keep the differential diagnosis in mind.
Effect of a Barium Promoter on the Stability and Activity of Carbon‐Supported Cobalt Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis
Authors: Tarka Aleksandra , Zybert Magdalena , Truszkiewicz Elżbieta , Mierzwa Bogusław , Kępiński Leszek , Moszyński Dariusz , Raróg‐Pilecka Wioletta 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSamples of barium‐promoted carbon‐supported cobalt catalysts for ammonia synthesis were prepared; the cobalt content was constant (27.4 wt %) and the amount of barium introduced differed within the range of 0–0.88 mmol gC+Co−1. Turbostratic carbon was used as the support. Several techniques, including X‐ray powder diffraction, TEM, Thermogravimetric analysis–mass spectrometry (methanation studies) and H2 temperature‐programmed desorption were used to examine the properties of the carbon support or catalytic materials. The reaction rate measurements were performed under the following conditions: T=400 °C, p=9.0 MPa, x=8.5 mol %, H2/N2=3:1. It was found that barium is an important component of the cobalt catalysts supported on activated carbon for ammonia synthesis. Barium inhibits the process of carbon support methanation, which also results in a decrease in the sintering of the active phase (cobalt). Moreover, even a small amount of barium significantly activates the cobalt surface in ammonia synthesis, suggesting that barium locates primarily on the surface of cobalt.