bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redescription of Filenchus annulatus (Siddiqui & Khan, 1983) Siddiqi, 1986 based on specimens from Iran with contributions to the molecular phylogeny of the Tylenchidae
Authors: Atighi Mohammad Reza , Pourjam Ebrahim , Pereira Tiago José , Okhovvat Seyyed Mahmoud , Alizada Bashir Ahmad , Mundo-Ocampo Manuel , Baldwin James G. 
Published: February 2013

Filenchus annulatus is redescribed and males are characterised for the first time based on a population found in Northern Khorasan province, Iran. New morphological characterisation is based on light and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, molecular analyses based on 18S and 28S genes are included to test monophyly of the genus. Females from the Iranian population have a spermatheca typically filled with sperm. Generally males are similar to females, ranging from 306 to 426 μm long. Spicules are arcuate, cephalated and 11.5-14.0 μm long, the gubernaculum is minute and trough-shaped and the caudal alae are adanal. Phylogenetic analyses differed in results depending on the gene used: 28S gene strongly supports Filenchus as monophyletic whereas 18S shows Filenchus as polyphyletic. In both gene phylogenies, F. annulatus is placed as a sister taxon of F. quartus from Wyoming, USA. Although sequence divergence between these two species is only 3 base pairs and 1 base pair for 28S and 18S genes, respectively, strong morphological differences support their species status. Relationships between Filenchus and other Tylenchidae genera are also gene dependent. Such differences in tree topologies and branch support are related to the number of Filenchus species used in the analyses (greater for 18S gene) and gene resolution (greater for 28S gene). Molecular phylogenies also suggest that other Tylenchidae genera (i.e., Psilenchus, Cephalenchus and Eutylenchus) belong to separate clades, as is also suggested by some morphology-based classifications. The inclusion of more taxa and perhaps additional genes is needed further to clarify Filenchus relationships and further to test its monophyly.
Factors Influencing Consumers’ Financial Transactions in Islamic Banks Compared with Conventional Banks: Empirical Evidence from Selected Middle-East Countries with a Dual Banking System*
Authors: Alemu Aye Mengistu 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Despite various evidences that show Islamic banking has gained popularity even by non-Muslim consumers and businesses in many parts of the world, there is still a general misconception that consumer’s choice for Islamic banking is only influenced by religious obligations and thus it is just a Muslim-only affair. Yet, our knowledge of consumer motivations for choosing Islamic versus conventional banking services is modest and the research to date is limited and ambiguous on these key issues. Therefore, this study conducts a two-step empirical analyses and first identifies the factors influencing customer’s decision whether to choose Islamic or conventional banking using Linear Probability Model (LPM) and Tobit estimation method, and as a second step, it investigates the main attributing factors to consumers overall level of satisfaction with the services provided by Islamic banks compared to conventional banks using ordinal-logistic regression model. The study was based on a randomly selected 322 bank customers from Bahrain, Jordan, and UAE. The study confirms that although religious factors such as Shari’a compliance are important, other non-religious factors including better quality of services and information disclosure are also playing crucial roles for the growing consumers’ demand for Islamic banking. Nevertheless; factors such as better rate of return, accessibility to credit, and SMS banking are found to be the main significant determinants of consumers’ choice and satisfaction with the services provided by conventional banks. Overall, the recent experience especially after the financial crisis of 2008 demonstrates that Islamic banking system can be part of the solution since it is mainly based on stronger regulatory system.
Feminizing Development: The Political Sociology of Female Tokenism in the Nigerian Project
Authors: Ebohon Sylvanus I. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper interrogates the phenomena of gendered development and gendered opportunity structure in the context of the Nigerian project. On the basis of a body of empirical evidence, male dominance and female tokenism are presented. It is argued that while female participation has recorded steady growth, the emergence of women politicians in the “public face” makes a case for the exceptionality of agendered development in the Nigerian project. It is further argued that the rising profile e of women in the Nigerian ‘public space’ is not only one of the exceptionalities in the global discourse, but that it owes its emergence to post-colonial reform efforts. It is however argued that rising female profile under Goodluck Jonathan in the national executive space marks the rise of top-down approach to feminization of the public space. The paper also points out that the capacity of women to carve autonomous political space within the Nigerian project may be limited by the declining profile of bottom-up approach to female presence in elective offices. The sociological transition from biological femaleness to sociological maleness has engendered the phenomena of ‘female hybridization’ and token radicalism amongst women. The paper concludes with analysis of the sociological roots of de-empowerment located in the growth in women participation.
Towards an Ecologically Sensitive Pneumatology
Authors: van der Kooi Cornelis 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Theology of creation has liberated itself from the shadows of the debate on natural theology. After Moltmann’s explorations on the theme of pneumatology and ecology others have moved towards more reality and experience-oriented conceptions. In this contribution some of these proposals are discussed and recommendations are made in order to develop a pneumatology that is informed by trinitarian-theological insights as well as empirical ecologically informed research.
Ecology and Pneuma: Needing and Finding Each Other?
Authors: Lombard Christo 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A discussion of early contributions on ecological spirituality, such as “rediscovering the Gospel of the Earth” (Tom Hayden), “telling a New Universe Story” (Thomas Berry) and “religion as roots and wings” (Jay McDaniel), serves as sounding board for the much earlier pneumatological reflections on humanity and nature by the Dutch scholar, A.A. van Ruler. In his Trinitarian theology, Van Ruler explored ways of overcoming dualism in Christianity and countering spiritless definitions of reality in science. Christology and ‘incarnation’ need supplementation by Pneumatology and indwelling’ of God’s Spirit in humanity and nature to eschatologically properly integrate ‘all things’ in God’s ecology.
Churches Unusual: Worship and Broad-Based Organizing in Two Brooklyn Congregations
Authors: Marshall Aarian 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The following is an ethnographical study of two ‘churches unusual’ in Brooklyn, New York, USA: ‘unusual’ because all are members of a local citizen’s organization. East Brooklyn Congregations (EBC) is itself an affiliate of the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF), a broad-based organizing network grounded in the idea that the most potent power is found in community relationships. The ethnography presented here of two EBC member institutions—Hope Christian Center and St Paul Community Baptist Church—moves back and forth between each congregation’s worship and participation in the citizens’ organization to which it belongs. In juxtaposing their religious practice and organizing, this article explores the relationship between them, asking how religious identities are changed in the organizing process.
Bitenosh’s Orgasm (1QapGen 2:9-15)
Authors: Van der Horst Pieter W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
It is certain that ancient Greek concepts of embryogenesis influenced Jewish theories about the coming-into-being of a foetus. In that light the enigmatic remark of Bitenosh in 1QapGen 2 about her “pleasure” in response to Lamech’s worried question about who fathered their child (Noah) becomes clear: she refers to her orgasm considered as a sign of her own seminal emission during their begetting of the child.
How Adab Became Literary: Formalism, Orientalism and the Institutions of World Literature
Authors: Allan Michael 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Lamenting that “the concept of literary study is broadened . . . so radically that it becomes identical with the whole history of humanity,” René Wellek implores scholars instead to “face the problem of ‘literariness’.” This essay considers Wellek’s formalist conception of literariness alongside what might appear its counterpoint: the historically situated understanding of adab. Just how universal is Wellek’s concept of literariness? In what ways does adab reaffirm or undermine its pertinence across textual traditions? Rather than present Wellek’s formalism and adab as opposites, this essay notes their common grounding in the pedagogical and ethical registers of the term literature—understood less as a canon of texts than as a set of practices and disciplines. Moving between the institutional foundations of modern literary study in Egypt, a footnote from Jirjī Zaydān’s literary history, and reflections on literature by the Orientalist H.A.R. Gibb, the various subsections consider how emergent definitions of literature and adab turn on assertions of how to read, respond and relate to texts. In the end, this shifted emphasis posits world literature less as an amalgam of particular textual traditions than as the disciplines and practices that inscribe how literature comes to matter.
Al-Azhar in the Bibliographic Imagination
Authors: Gubara Dahlia E. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article interrogates the discursive substance of the library in the modern production of knowledge. It proceeds in two parts: the first section explores the locations of the idea of the Library in the modern episteme, while the second analyzes its importation and application in Egypt, and its implications for reforms at al-Azhar. Beginning with an exploration of the place of books and libraries as symbols and indices of civilizational progress in the modern West, it then moves to their mobilization in national and imperial state projects. Shifting to Egypt, it shows how modern assumptions distort readings of a pre-modern text by an Azhari scholar, before analyzing the internalization of a Western bibliographic discourse in the late nineteenth-century and beyond, culminating in today’s ‘Azhar Online’ digitalization project, where technical, didactic and ideological aims are discursively positioned in a dialectic of ‘education for heritage, heritage for education.’
Modernity and Metapoetry in Muḥammad ʿAfīfī Maṭar’s Hunt Poem: Ṭardiyyah
Authors: Stetkevych Jaroslav 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This study consists of an interpretation and full translation of a single poem by the contemporary Arab Egyptian poet Muḥammad ʿAfīfī Maṭar (1935-2010). The poet titles it Ṭardiyyah (Hunt Poem). With this title, the poem admits its link to the Umayyad-born and ʿAbbāsid-matured genre of the “poem of the courtly hunt,” ṭardiyyah. ʿAfīfī Maṭar’s understanding of his no longer courtly, modernist poem is therefore hermeneutically connected to his understanding of the old genre, informing his modern mythopoetic employ of the archaic motif of “the morning of the hunter.” This essay also discusses: ʿAfīfī Maṭar’s place among the European and American poets of radical Modernism, especially, regarding the mythopoetic stance of Wallace Stevens; the problem of the notorious difficulty and obscurity ( ṣuʿūbah and ghumūḍ ) of ʿAfīfī Maṭar’s poetic language; and the general search of modern Arab poets, among them Adūnīs, for a new poetic language. Finally, the essay singles out ʿAfīfī Maṭar’s Ṭardiyyah and his very personal mythopoesis as a total achievement in the presentation of a Modernist Arabic poem—an achievement analogous to Wallace Stevens’ “central poem,” that is, A Primitive like an Orb.
“Tremendous Damage” or “Mere Pinpricks”: The Costs of Piracy
Authors: Pearson Michael 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In the voluminous literature on historical piracy there is no convincing analysis of the actual impact of piracy on sea trade. This article attempts, in a preliminary way, such an analysis. Fragmentary data from the early modern Indian Ocean suggests that the cost of piracy was a minor imposition as compared with many other charges and dangers, some of them predictable, others not.
Bloodthirsty Pirates? Violence and Terror on the South China Sea in Early Modern Times
Authors: Antony Robert J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
All pirates had reputations for violence and terror, but in Asia people also depicted them as bloodthirsty demons who practiced cannibalism and human sacrifices. But how deserved were those reputations? Here I examine the images, nature, and meanings of pirate violence in the South China Sea between the fifteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Pirates consciously used violence and brutality to obtain money and goods, to seek vengeance against their enemies, and to instill fear in anyone who might resist them. In this article I focus on what I call the cultural construction of violence with Chinese characteristics.
Stories beyond Life and Death: Spiritual Experiences of Continuity and Discontinuity among Parents Who Lose a Child
Authors: Ganzevoort R. Ruard , Falkenburg Nette 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis is a study of parents’ spiritual experience of the loss of a child. Many parents experience continuing bonds with their deceased child as well as forms of posttraumatic growth. Twelve parents of children dying after severe illness were interviewed about their experiences. The interviews contain stories about premonitions, the intensity of the moment of the child’s death and the child’s presence after death. Thematically the stories reflect the dialectics of continuity and discontinuity in the relationship with the child. This is interpreted in terms of attributing meaning, significance and comprehensibility.
The Law of the Sea Convention and the Integrated Regulation of the Oceans
Authors: Barnes Richard 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores the extent to which an integrated approach to oceans regulation is embodied within the Law of the Sea Convention, and how subsequent developments in international law and at a regional level have advanced this approach. By examining how integration operates normatively, spatially, sectorally, and temporally, as well as across intellectual disciplines and between multiple users, it suggests that considerable progress has been made in realising this fundamental goal. However, it also notes that until proper institutional support for integration is provided, we are unlikely to make more significant progress.
The Functions and Role of the United Nations Secretariat in Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
Authors: Tarassenko Serguei , Tani Ilaria 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article provides an overview of the functions entrusted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and performed on his behalf by the United Nations Secretariat, namely the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea of the Office of Legal Affairs. In accordance with the commemorative spirit of this special issue, the article seeks to chronicle the major institutional steps through which the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea came into existence and was assigned with unique tasks in ocean and sea-related matters within the United Nations system. The functions of the Division are then briefly discussed.
The Continental Shelf Regime in the Law of the Sea Convention: A Reflection on the First Thirty Years
Authors: McDorman Ted L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The international legal regime of the continental shelf was largely adopted in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea without change from that in the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf. What was added in the 1982 Convention was that all States have a legal shelf out to 200 nautical miles (nm) and that beyond 200 nm there is a formula and process for States to establish their outer limit of the shelf. Amongst the several developments that have taken place in the last 30 years respecting the continental shelf regime noted in this article, the most surprising is the number of States that have indicated that they have an area of shelf beyond 200 nm, which far exceeds the number of States seen in 1982 as having such a possibility.
Sola scriptura, An essay in comparative legal history on 'obligacions' in thirteenth century France and England
Authors: Zwalve W.J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt is contended in this article that the doctrine of litterarum obligatio, as developed by Jacques de Révigny on the basis of Inst. 3,21, was not inspired by Roman law, but by the 'lettre scellée' of contemporary French customary law. It is also argued, that the English deed is the equivalent of the 'lettre scellée' of medieval French customary law, like the English recognizance is the equal of the publicum instrumentum, the 'lettre de baillie', of French customary law. They were primarily executory instruments, devised to prevent litigation by allowing for executory proceedings to be initiated after a summary hearing in court. They were the products of a legal culture that did not, as yet, recognize national boundaries. Nevertheless, English law was about to break away from its continental origins, by continuing to employ legal expedients, such as the deed, which, on the continent, were beginning to become obsolete, or completely changed in character, on account of the persistent pressure of canon law and Roman law. The demise of the deed on the continent was mainly, if not exclusively, due to the influence of Roman law and canon law, which allowed for parole evidence to defeat any instrument. The persistence of the deed in English law was guaranteed by the fact that it did not allow this to happen.
The deathbed marriage of Karl Knutsson Bonde: legitimization by subsequent marriage, property and family strategies in late medieval Sweden
Authors: Korpiola Mia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe article discusses the reception of the canonical doctrine of legitimization by subsequent marriage in medieval Sweden. It analyzes what legal institutions were available in Sweden for pursuing individual property strategies. The article discusses especially how the doctrine was used in practice in the fifteenth-century case involving the marriage and inheritance of King Karl Knutsson Bonde. This case study demonstrates the conflict of interest between the presumptive heirs and the person using marriage as an instrument for changing the pool of presumptive heirs and effectively reducing the inheritance lots of the then heirs or disinheriting them altogether.
The 1906-07 Iranian Constitution and the Constitutional Debate on Islam
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAfter a brief sketch of the historical background, the mutual impact of Islam and constitutionalism is examined by looking closely at the process of constitution-making in the broad context of the constitutional politics of Iran between 1905 and 1911. The modification of modern constitutional concepts under the impact of Shiʿi Islam and through its custodians in the course of the reception of Western constitutionalism in this period is followed by an analysis of the impact of modern political ideas on Islam. The analysis is based on the texts of the Fundamental Law of 1906 and its 1907 Supplement, and on the contemporary tracts for and against constitutionalism from opposite Islamic viewpoints. Our detailed examination of these sources indicates no presumption that a constitution had to bebasedon Islam. Nor was there any notion of ‘the Islamic state,’ the slogan of the Islamic revolution of 1979. For the constitutionalists and anti-constitutionalist pamphleteers of the first decade of the twentieth century alike, the counterpart to the constitutional government was not the Islamic state but the autocratic monarchy of ‘the king of Islam.’
The Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Chehabi H. E. , Schirazi Asghar 
Published: February 2013

AbstractContemporary Iran plays a special role in the history of Islamic constitutionalism, as the constitution of 1979 was the first attempt since the debates over Pakistan’s Islamic Republic to derive the basic law of a modern state from Islamic principles. The Islamic Republic that came into being that year combines, as the name implies, Islamic and republican principles, which find institutional expression in a state that combines theocratic and republican organs. Iran was thus the first state in modern times in which sections of the ulema took direct control of the state. In this article we will first provide a historical context for the emergence of the idea of an Islamic state and its central principle, the dominion of the Shiʿi jurisprudent orvelāyat-e faqih(from Arabicwilāyat al-faqih). This will be followed by a discussion of the process of constitution making, leading to a close examination of the constitution itself and the debates to which its various parts gave rise.
Islam and Constitutionalism in Afghanistan
Authors: Tarzi Amin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA constitution is adopted to regulate the relationship between political authorities and the people in a society. Traditionally, this relationship was very loose in Afghanistan; over time, however, as amirs sought to consolidate political and social authority over their society, the establishment of a constitutional framework became a priority for each new leader. This article chronicles Afghanistan’s state formation and constitutional history, beginning with Amir Dust Mohammad Khan’s state consolidation efforts in 1838, and considering all of the constitutions of the country beginning in 1923 continuing to the present. It details the central role both Islam and Afghanistan’s ethno-sectarian diversity have played in constitutional efforts throughout Afghanistan’s history and emphasizes the need for both to ensure a representative, inclusive society in Afghanistan.