bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient-Reported Outcomes Associated With Use of Physical Therapist Services by Older Adults With a New Visit for Back Pain
Authors: Rundell Sean D. , Sherman Karen J. , Heagerty Patrick J. , Mock Charles , Jarvik Jeffrey G. 
Published: October 2014

Background
Among older adults, it is not clear how different types or amounts of physical therapy may be associated with improvements in back pain and function.

Objective
The study objective was to investigate the association between types or amounts of physical therapist services and 1-year outcomes among older adults with back pain.

Design
This was a prospective cohort study.

Methods
A total of 3,771 older adults who were enrolled in a cohort study and who had a new primary care visit for back pain participated. Physical therapy use was ascertained from electronic health records. The following patient-reported outcomes were collected over 12 months: back-related disability (Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire) and back and leg pain intensity (11-point numerical rating scale). Marginal structural models were used to estimate average effects of different amounts of physical therapy use on disability and pain for all types of physical therapy and for active, passive, and manual physical therapy.

Results
A total of 1,285 participants (34.1%) received some physical therapy. There was no statistically significant gradient in relationships between physical therapy use and back-related disability score. The use of passive or manual therapy was not consistently associated with pain outcomes. Higher amounts of active physical therapy were associated with decreased back and leg pain and increased odds of clinically meaningful improvements in back and leg pain relative to results obtained with no active physical therapy.

Limitations
The fact that few participants had high amounts of physical therapy use limited precision and the ability to test for nonlinear relationships for the amount of use.

Conclusions
Higher amounts of active physical therapy were most consistently related to the greatest improvements in pain intensity; however, as with all observational studies, the results must be interpreted with caution.
Widening of the basilar bifurcation angle: association with presence of intracranial aneurysm, age, and female sex
Authors: Tütüncü Fatih , Schimansky Sarah , Baharoglu Merih I. , Gao Bulang , Calnan Daniel , Hippelheuser James , Safain Mina G. , Lauric Alexandra , Malek Adel M. 
Published: October 2014

Object
Arterial bifurcations represent preferred locations for aneurysm formation, especially when they are associated with variations in divider geometry. The authors hypothesized a link between basilar apex aneurysms and basilar bifurcation (α) and vertebrobasilar junction (VBJ) angles.

Methods
The α and VBJ angles were measured in 3D MR and rotational angiographic volumes using a coplanar 3-point technique. Angle α was compared between age-matched cohorts in 45 patients with basilar artery (BA) aneurysms, 65 patients with aneurysms in other locations (non-BA), and 103 nonaneurysmal controls. Additional analysis was performed in 273 nonaneurysmal controls. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed on parametric BA models with increasing angles.

Results
Angle α was significantly wider in patients with BA aneurysms (146.7° ± 20.5°) than in those with non-BA aneurysms (111.7° ± 18°) and in controls (103° ± 20.6°) (p < 0.0001), whereas no difference was observed for the VBJ angle. A wider angle α correlated with BA aneurysm neck width but not dome size, which is consistent with CFD results showing a widening of the impingement zone at the bifurcation apex. BA bifurcations hosting even small aneurysms (< 5 mm) had a significantly larger α angle compared with matched controls (p < 0.0001). In nonaneurysmal controls, α increased with age (p < 0.0001), with a threshold effect above 35 years of age and a steeper dependence in females (p = 0.002) than males (p = 0.04).

Conclusions
The α angle widens with age during adulthood, especially in females. This angular widening is associated with basilar bifurcation aneurysms and may predispose individuals to aneurysm initiation by diffusing the flow impingement zone away from the protective medial band region of the flow divider.
The Programmed Death-1 Immune-Suppressive Pathway: Barrier to Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Ostrand-Rosenberg Suzanne , Horn Lucas A. , Haile Samuel T. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1, also known as B7 homolog 1 or CD274) is a major obstacle to antitumor immunity because it tolerizes/anergizes tumor-reactive T cells by binding to its receptor programmed death-1 (CD279), renders tumor cells resistant to CD8+ T cell– and FasL-mediated lysis, and tolerizes T cells by reverse signaling through T cell–expressed CD80. PD-L1 is abundant in the tumor microenvironment, where it is expressed by many malignant cells, as well as by immune cells and vascular endothelial cells. The critical role of PD-L1 in obstructing antitumor immunity has been demonstrated in multiple animal models and in recent clinical trials. This article reviews the mechanisms by which PD-L1 impairs antitumor immunity and discusses established and experimental strategies for maintaining T cell activation in the presence of PD-L1–expressing cells in the tumor microenvironment.
Essence et fondation
Authors: Carnino Pablo 
Published: October 2014

L’orthodoxie dans la littérature florissante au sujet de la fondation (grounding) suggère que cette notion ne peut être analysée ou exprimée en terme d’aucune autre. Par ailleurs, le primitivisme à propos de l’essence est considéré comme très plausible depuis l’article influent de Kit Fine à ce sujet1. Cela contraint les philosophes qui emploient ces deux notions à accepter une position doublement primitiviste. Mon objectif principal est de proposer une définition de la fondation en terme d’essence. Je commencerai par présenter la conception positive en question, puis je montrerai la façon dont elle répond à un certain nombre d’objections à son encontre. L’apport d’une telle approche, si elle est couronnée de succès, devrait être évident : les philosophes qui acceptent la fondation comme notion primitive n’auront plus à le faire, pour autant qu’ils emploient déjà la notion d’essence. Pour ceux qui refusaient de parler de fondation sous prétexte que la notion était indéfinissable, la présence d’une définition éliminera ipso facto leur raison d’être sceptique.
Sémantique formelle et engagement ontologique1
Authors: Giraud Thibaut 
Published: October 2014

Je montrerai en premier lieu comment et pourquoi la sémantique formelle peut être employée comme un outil pour déterminer l’engagement ontologique d’une théorie : je soutiendrai d’une part que la sémantique doit être prise au sérieux comme apte à décrire la vérifaction des formules du langage; d’autre part, que les engagements ontologiques d’une théorie sont déterminés par ses vérifacteurs. De là, j’exposerai une méthode générale permettant, étant donné un certain type d’ontologie, de construire une sémantique dont les engagements ontologiques sont en accord avec celle-ci. Pour cela, je définirai la notion de cadre ontologique : il s’agit d’une structure telle que toute sémantique cons-truite à partir de cette structure aura un certain engagement ontologique déterminé à l’avance. J’exposerai quatre cadres représentant deux types de nominalisme et deux types de réalisme, et j’esquisserai à partir de ces cadres quatre sémantiques pour les langages du premier ordre.
FRET Imaging by Laser Scanning Cytometry on Large Populations of Adherent Cells
Authors: Doan‐Xuan Quang‐Minh , Szalóki Nikoletta , Tóth Katalin , Szöllősi János , Bacso Zsolt , Vámosi György 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe application of FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) sensors for monitoring protein‐protein interactions under vital conditions is attracting increasing attention in molecular and cell biology. Laser‐scanning cytometry (LSC), a slide‐based sister procedure to flow cytometry, provides an opportunity to analyze large populations of adherent cells or 2‐D solid tissues in their undisturbed physiological settings. Here we provide an LSC‐based three‐laser protocol for high‐throughput ratiometric FRET measurements utilizing cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins as a FRET pair. Membrane labeling with Cy5 dye is used for cell identification and contouring. Pixel‐by‐pixel and single‐cell FRET efficiencies are calculated to estimate the extent of the molecular interactions and their distribution in the cell populations examined. We also present a non‐high‐throughput donor photobleaching FRET application, for obtaining the required instrument parameters for ratiometric FRET. In the biological model presented, HeLa cells are transfected with the ECFP‐ or EYFP‐tagged Fos and Jun nuclear proteins, which heterodimerize to form active AP1 transcription factor. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 70:2.23.1‐2.23.29. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Asymmetric braking and dawnward deflection of dipolarization fronts: Effects of ion reflection
Authors: Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Liu Jiang , Runov Andrei , Pan Dong‐Xiao 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDipolarization fronts (DFs), earthward propagating structures in the Earth's magnetotail with sharp enhancements of the northward magnetic field, can reflect and accelerate ions in the ambient plasma sheet. The ion reflection and acceleration process, which generates earthward flows ahead of the DF, also imposes a dynamic pressure on the DF to decelerate its earthward motion. It has been shown that the ion reflection process is not symmetric, with stronger ion accelerations at the evening side of the DF than at its morning side, which implies dawn‐dusk asymmetric reaction of the ambient plasma and consequently dawnward deflection of DFs. In this paper, we examine this scenario in detail, by carrying out statistical studies based on Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms observations from 2008 to 2011. We demonstrate the important role of the ion reflection process in the longstanding problems regarding DF evolution and bursty flow braking in the near‐Earth plasma sheet.
Inferring methane fluxes at a larch forest using Lagrangian, Eulerian, and hybrid inverse models
Authors: Ueyama Masahito , Takanashi Satoru , Takahashi Yoshiyuki 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMeasuring methane (CH4) flux at upland forests is challenging due to high levels of heterogeneity in upscaling chamber measurements and the detection limits of currently available micrometeorological methods. We estimated CH4 fluxes in an upland forest from vertical concentration profiles using three different inverse multilayer models: the Lagrangian localized near field theory, Eulerian, and hybrid Lagrangian‐Eulerian models. The approach could estimate spatially representative fluxes, and use of higher gradients within canopies than above them could minimize uncertainties associated with sensor noises. Comparing fluxes by the models and measurements by the micrometeorological hyperbolic relaxed eddy accumulation and chamber methods, daytime fluxes were reasonably reproduced, but nighttime fluxes were overestimated most likely due to an underestimation of stable conditions and storage effects. The models and measurements show that the forest acted as a CH4 sink during the study period, and the soil acted as the dominant sink. The estimated sink increased with increasing soil temperatures and decreasing soil water content. The CH4 sink estimated during the study period were 1.5 ± 0.2 nmol m−2 s−1 by the micrometeorological method, 2.4 ± 0.5 nmol m−2 s−1 by chambers, 2.8 ± 1.1 nmol m−2 s−1 by the Lagrangian model, 2.7 ± 1.0 nmol m−2 s−1 by the Eulerian model, and 3.7 ± 2.8 nmol m−2 s−1 by the hybrid model. The performance of the Lagrangian and hybrid models increased when the CH4 sink/source was assumed to only exist in the soil.
A mechanistic approach to tracing anthropometric charts: The extended mechanistic growth function method
Authors: Spada Elena , Gilli Giulio , Coscia Alessandra , Milani Silvano 
Published: October 2014

ObjectivesThe Extended Mechanistic Growth Function (EMGF) method (Clementi et al. [1999]: Am J Med Genet 87:317–323) is a possible alternative to the Cole and Green LMS method ([1992] Stat Med 11:1305‐1319) to construct cross‐sectional anthropometric charts. It differs from the technique used by Kuczmarski et al. ([2002]: Vital Health Stat 11:1–190) to trace the CDC growth charts in that all centiles are simultaneously fitted with a single function. The aim of this study is to show how an EMGF model can be designed.MethodsTo illustrate the structure and properties of the EMGF method, the data of the Italian Neonatal Study (Bertino et al. [2010]: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 51:353–361) were analyzed. The dataset included the birth weight of 45,272 single liveborn babies with gestational ages ranging from 23 to 42 weeks. The EMGF method consists of three steps. In the preliminary step, selected age‐dependent raw centiles of the anthropometric trait are computed. In the smoothing step, all centiles are simultaneously fitted with a growth function extended with the inclusion of a few extra parameters. In the transformation step, estimates of the age‐dependent L (skewness), M (median), and S (coefficient of variation) parameters are derived.ResultsA four‐parameter generalized logistic function, extended with five parameters to model between‐sex differences, distance between centiles and their slope, was found to fit the raw centiles of birth weight distribution with a residual standard deviation of 51.3 g.ConclusionsThe EMGF method represents a bridge to link cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies and allows us to identify milestones of the median growth in a population in the same way used for individual profiles. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:175–183, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of obligatory training and prior training experience on attitudes towards performing basic life support: a questionnaire survey
Authors: Matsubara Hiroki , Enami Miki , Hirose Keiko , Kamikura Takahisa , Nishi Taiki , Takei Yutaka , Inaba Hideo 
Published: October 2014

AimTo determine the effect of Japanese obligatory basic life support training for new driver's license applicants on their willingness to carry out basic life support.MethodsWe distributed a questionnaire to 9,807 participants of basic life support courses in authorized driving schools from May 2007 to April 2008 after the release of the 2006 Japanese guidelines. The questionnaire explored the participants' willingness to perform basic life support in four hypothetical scenarios: cardiopulmonary resuscitation on one's own initiative; compression‐only cardiopulmonary resuscitation following telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation; early emergency call; and use of an automated external defibrillator. The questionnaire was given at the beginning of the basic life support course in the first 6‐month term and at the end in the second 6‐month term.ResultsThe 9,011 fully completed answer sheets were analyzed. The training significantly increased the proportion of respondents willing to use an automated external defibrillator and to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation on their own initiative in those with and without prior basic life support training experience. It significantly increased the proportion of respondents willing to carry out favorable actions in all four scenarios. In multiple logistic regression analysis, basic life support training and prior training experiences within 3 years were associated with the attitude. The analysis of reasons for unwillingness suggested that the training reduced the lack of confidence in their skill but did not attenuate the lack of confidence in detection of arrest or clinical judgment to initiate a basic life support action.ConclusionsObligatory basic life support training should be carried out periodically and modified to ensure that participants gain confidence in judging and detecting cardiac arrest.
Unmodified and esterified Kraft lignin‐filled polyethylene composites: Compatibilization by free‐radical grafting
Authors: Hu Lei , Stevanovic Tatjana , Rodrigue Denis 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, the effectiveness of free‐radical grafting as a compatibilization method applied to composites containing Kraft lignin (KL) and esterified lignin was comparatively investigated. Maleated lignin (ML) was first obtained via esterification of KL with maleic anhydride. KL and ML were respectively incorporated into high density polyethylene (HDPE) up to 60% wt and dicumyl peroxide was used as a free‐radical generator. The influence of lignin esterification and free‐radical grafting on the morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of lignin‐based composites was studied. The incorporation of lignins into HDPE resulted in poor mechanical strength because of low compatibility. Morphological and mechanical evidences indicate improved compatibility between lignins and HDPE following free‐radical grafting. The free‐radical scavenging properties of KL allowed better compatibilization of KL‐based composites compared with ML‐based composites. In addition, thermal analysis results showed that free‐radical grafting increases the thermal stability of ML‐based composites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41484.
Einfluss der Einbaudicke auf die Festigkeit und Dauerhaftigkeit von zementgebundenem Vergussbeton
Authors: Breitenbücher Rolf , Benra Melanie 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn der Richtlinie “Herstellung und Verwendung von zementgebundenem Vergussbeton und Vergussmörtel” des Deutschen Ausschusses für Stahlbeton [1] ist die Einbauhöhe für Vergussbetone auf das 25‐fache des Größtkorns beschränkt. Hintergrund sind Befürchtungen, dass sich der Beton bei größeren Einbaudicken so stark erwärmt, dass Festigkeitseinbußen, Mikrorisse und Beeinträchtigungen der Dauerhaftigkeit wie ein eingeschränkter Frostwiderstand oder eine potenzielle sekundäre Ettringitbildung auftreten.In einem Forschungsprojekt, gefördert vom Deutschen Beton‐ und Bautechnik‐Verein E.V., wurden am Lehrstuhl für Baustofftechnik der Ruhr‐Universität Bochum die potenziellen Auswirkungen einer höheren Temperatur während der Erhärtung von Vergussbetonen mit großen Einbauhöhen auf die Festigkeit und Dauerhaftigkeit untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass bei der derzeit begrenzten Einbauhöhe mehr oder weniger die gleichen thermischen Randbedingungen vorlagen wie bei größeren Einbauhöhen und sich keine signifikanten Auswirkungen auf die Festbetoneigenschaften zeigten [2].Influence of casting thickness on the strength and durability of cementitious grouting concreteIn the Guideline ”Production and use of cementitious grouting concrete and grouting mortar" [1] by the German Committee for Structural Concrete, the casting thickness is limited to 25‐times of the maximum aggregate size. Background are concerns that concrete with a larger thickness heats up so intensively that loss in strength, microcracking and impairment of durability as e.g. reduced frost resistance or potential secondary ettringite formation become relevant.In a research project, sponsored by the German Society for Concrete and Construction Technology, the Institute for Building Materials of the Ruhr‐University Bochum examined the effects of higher temperatures during hydratation of the cementitious grouting concrete with higher installation thickness on its strength and durability. It was found that, with the currently limited thickness, more or less the same thermal conditions are existent as with larger heights. Thus no impairs on the properties of hardened concrete could be observed [2].
Optimierungskonzepte für Deckensysteme – von Halbfertigteilen bis zur Fertigteilbauweise
Authors: Fastabend Michael , Albert Mark , Steller Veronika 
Published: October 2014

AbstractInsbesondere bei Gewerbebauten umfassen die Deckensysteme ca. 15 % bis 20 % der Rohbaukosten und sind somit in einem entscheidenden Umfang baupreisbestimmend. Halbfertigteile und der Fertigteilbau mit kleinteiligen Elementen, deren Montage auch mit üblichen Hochbaukränen gelingt, bieten hierzu immer noch erhebliche Optimierungspotenziale in Beton, Bewehrung und Rüstung. Insbesondere innovative Anschlussdetails erlauben einfache Montagekonzepte. Anhand von Berechnungen und ausgeführten Beispielen können die Konzepte erläutert werden.Optimization concepts for ceiling systems – of semi‐finished elements to prefabricated constructionsParticularly by industry buildings the structural system covers 15 % to 20 % of the rough work costs, these are consequently price‐setting in a high range. Half‐prefabricated and prefabricated building methods with small elements, whose installation works also with common building cranes still offer heavy optimizing potential on concrete, reinforcement and armament. Especially innovative connecting details allow simple installation concepts. The concepts can be clarified on the basis of calculations and conducted examples.
Determination of cellulose crystallinity from powder diffraction diagrams
Authors: Lindner Benjamin , Petridis Loukas , Langan Paul , Smith Jeremy C. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTOne‐dimensional (1D) (spherically averaged) powder diffraction diagrams are commonly used to determine the degree of cellulose crystallinity in biomass samples. Here, it is shown using molecular modeling how disorder in cellulose fibrils can lead to considerable uncertainty in conclusions drawn concerning crystallinity based on 1D powder diffraction data alone. For example, cellulose microfibrils that contain both crystalline and noncrystalline segments can lead to powder diffraction diagrams lacking identifiable peaks, while microfibrils without any crystalline segments can lead to such peaks. This leads to false positives, that is, assigning disordered cellulose as crystalline, and false negatives, that is, categorizing fibrils with crystalline segments as amorphous. The reliable determination of the fraction of crystallinity in any given biomass sample will require a more sophisticated approach combining detailed experiment and simulation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 67–73, 2015.
Enhancement of Activity and Durability through Cr Doping of TiO2 Supports in Pt Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reactions
Authors: Kim Jun‐Hyuk , Kwon Gihan , Chun Hohwan , Kim Yong‐Tae 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA challenging issue in the commercialization of fuel cells is to improve the kinetics of the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and durability of the cathode electrocatalyst under corrosive ORR conditions. In this paper, we report a promising approach to address these two major issues by Cr doping of TiO2 supports in Pt‐based electrocatalysts. It was clearly revealed that Cr doping led to a marked enhancement of ORR kinetics, which was attributed to the compressive strain in the Pt lattice as well as the increased electronic conductivity of the Cr–TiO2 supports. Furthermore, Pt/Cr–TiO2 demonstrated a far superior durability to that of conventional Pt/C, which was assessed by accelerated durability tests (ADT) and in situ X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure studies. The specific activity of Pt/C decreased by 43 % after the ADT (141 μA cm−2 and 82 μA cm−2 before and after ADT, respectively), whereas that of Pt/Cr–TiO2 was merely reduced by 13 % (472 μA cm−2 and 409 μA cm−2).