bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The demographic transition and economic growth: implications for development policy
Authors: Ranganathan Shyam , Swain Ranjula Bali , Sumpter David JT 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAn important transition in the economic history of countries occurs when they move from a regime of low prosperity, high child mortality and high fertility to a state of high prosperity, low child mortality and low fertility. Researchers have proposed various theories to explain this demographic transition and its relation to economic growth. In this article, we test the validity of some of these theories by fitting a non-linear dynamic model for the available cross-country data. Our approach fills the gap between the micro-level models that discuss causative mechanisms but do not consider if alternative models may fit the data well, and models from growth econometrics that show the impact of different factors on economic growth but do not include non-linearities and complex interactions. In our model, mortality and fertility decline and economic growth are endogenized by considering a simultaneous system of equations in the change variables. The model shows that the transition is best described in terms of a development cycle involving child mortality, fertility and GDP per capita. Fertility rate decreases when child mortality is low, and is weakly dependent on GDP. As fertility rates fall, GDP increases, and as GDP increases, child mortality falls. We further test the hypothesis that female education drives down fertility rates rather than child mortality, but find only weak evidence for it. The Bayesian methodology we use ensures robust models and we identify non-linear interactions between indicators to capture real-world non-linearities. Hence, our models can be used in policymaking to predict short-term evolutions in the indicator variables. We also discuss how our approach can be used to evaluate policy initiatives such as the Millennium Development Goals or the Sustainable Development Goals and set more accurate, country-specific development targets.
Archaeological destruction
Authors: Loosley Emma 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWith the growth of the so-called Islamic State in Syria and Iraq, the world is being forced to contemplate if there is any way we can ever comprehensively prevent cultural heritage of international significance falling into the hands of terrorists. The international community also has to consider the uncomfortable truth that how we handle the current crisis will send a clear message to the next group of extremists: Will the message be one of strength or impotence?
Path selection in the growth of rivers
Authors: Cohen Yossi , Devauchelle Olivier , Seybold Hansjörg F. , Yi Robert S. , Szymczak Piotr , Rothman Daniel H. 
Published: November 2015

Significance
The complex patterns of river networks evolve from interactions between growing streams. Here we show that the principle of local symmetry, a concept originating in fracture mechanics, explains the path followed by growing streams fed by groundwater. Although path selection does not by itself imply a rate of growth, we additionally show how local symmetry may be used to infer how rates of growth scale with water flux. Our methods are applicable to other problems of unstable pattern formation, such as the growth of hierarchical crack patterns and geologic fault networks, where dynamics remain poorly understood.
Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) constitutes a nucleoprotein component of extracellular inflammatory exosomes
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Deng Zhong , Dahmane Nadia , Tsai Kevin , Wang Pu , Williams Dewight R. , Kossenkov Andrew V. , Showe Louise C. , Zhang Rugang , Huang Qihong , Conejo-Garcia José R. , Lieberman Paul M. 
Published: November 2015

Significance
Loss of telomere repeats leads to cellular senescence and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. How telomere dysfunction is linked to this inflammatory phenotype and its role in aging and cancer is not yet understood. We show here that noncoding telomere RNA transcripts [telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA)] are secreted into the extracellular environment in exosome vesicle fractions. This cell-free TERRA (cfTERRA) is shorter and more stable than intracellular TERRA, is associated with histone proteins, and can induce inflammatory cytokines in responsive cells. These findings suggest that TERRA can have a cell extrinsic function and provide a mechanism through which telomere dysfunction can lead to the activation of inflammatory cytokine signals in the tissue microenvironment through the signaling capacity of cfTERRA.
PML IV/ARF interaction enhances p53 SUMO-1 conjugation, activation, and senescence
Authors: Ivanschitz Lisa , Takahashi Yuki , Jollivet Florence , Ayrault Olivier , Le Bras Morgane , de Thé Hugues 
Published: November 2015

Significance
Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs) are subnuclear domains proposed to facilitate posttranslational modifications. Among NB partners, proteins are p53 and are most of the regulators. Overexpression of a single PML splice variant, PML IV, triggers p53-driven senescence. We demonstrate an interaction between PML IV C terminus and the ARF tumor suppressor. This interaction is required to promote p53 SUMOylation and subsequent stabilization. These results unexpectedly bridge three key tumor suppressors and stress the key role of PML NBs as SUMOylation factories and regulators of senescence.
Development and aging of cortical thickness correspond to genetic organization patterns
Authors: Fjell Anders M. , Grydeland Håkon , Krogsrud Stine K. , Amlien Inge , Rohani Darius A. , Ferschmann Lia , Storsve Andreas B. , Tamnes Christian K. , Sala-Llonch Roser , Due-Tønnessen Paulina , Bjørnerud Atle , Sølsnes Anne Elisabeth , Håberg Asta K. , Skranes Jon , Bartsch Hauke , Chen Chi-Hua , Thompson Wesley K. , Panizzon Matthew S. , Kremen William S. , Dale Anders M. , Walhovd Kristine B. 
Published: November 2015

Significance
Here we show that developmental and adult aging-related changes in cortical thickness follow closely the genetic organization of the cerebral cortex. A total of 1,633 MRI scans from 974 participants from 4.1 to 88.5 y of age were used to measure longitudinal changes in cortical thickness, and the topographic pattern of change was compared with the genetic relationship between cortical subdivisions of maximal shared genetic influence, obtained from an independent sample of 406 middle-aged twins. Cortical changes due to maturation and adult age changes adhered to the genetic organization of the cortex, indicating that individual differences in cortical architecture in middle-aged adults have a neurodevelopmental origin and that genetic factors affect cortical changes through life.
Host target modification as a strategy to counter pathogen hijacking of the jasmonate hormone receptor
Authors: Zhang Li , Yao Jian , Withers John , Xin Xiu-Fang , Banerjee Rahul , Fariduddin Qazi , Nakamura Yoko , Nomura Kinya , Howe Gregg A. , Boland Wilhelm , Yan Honggao , He Sheng Yang 
Published: November 2015

SignificancePathogen infections can cause significant crop losses worldwide and major disturbances in natural ecosystems. Understanding the molecular basis of plant disease susceptibility is important for the development of new strategies to prevent disease outbreaks. Recent studies have identified the plant jasmonate (JA) hormone receptor as one of the common targets of pathogen virulence factors. In this study, we modified the JA receptor and showed that transgenicArabidopsisplants with the modified JA receptor gained resistance to bacterial pathogens that secrete a potent JA-mimicking toxin to promote infection. Our results suggest that host target modification may be developed as a new strategy to protect the disease-vulnerable components of the susceptible plant against highly evolved pathogens.
Kinetics methods for clinical epidemiology problems
Authors: Corlan Alexandru Dan , Ross John 
Published: November 2015

SignificanceMedical predictions rely on probabilistic models that link the risk of future events to diagnostic and therapeutic variables. These models result from epidemiologic studies based on direct observation of events and variables in population samples. They work well for acute diseases in otherwise healthy individuals. For chronic, multiple conditions and diseases, more complex predictive models are needed. Such models have been developed for chemical kinetics problems that are analogous to epidemiologic problems if we view molecules as individuals and macroscopic systems as populations: Deterministic kinetics with one reaction are like most direct epidemiologic studies; the Arrhenius model is analogous to survival analysis. Stochastic systems with time-dependent reaction coefficients are worth exploring for deriving new epidemiologic methods.
Temperature compensation and temperature sensation in the circadian clock
Authors: Kidd Philip B. , Young Michael W. , Siggia Eric D. 
Published: November 2015

Significance
Circadian clocks in animals, plants, and fungi possess the remarkable property of temperature compensation: the clock has a temperature-insensitive period, while retaining the ability to synchronize to temperature cycles. The conservation of temperature compensation across clades means it is likely critical to the function of circadian clocks. Temperature compensation also places the circadian clock in contrast to other biological pathways, which generally have temperature-sensitive time scales. However, the mechanism of temperature compensation remains unknown. We present a general scheme by which a circadian oscillator can be temperature-compensated while still synchronizing to environmental temperature cycles. In particular, we give experimental evidence that the circadian clock consists of a temperature-insensitive core oscillator coupled to a specific adaptive temperature signaling pathway.
Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet after local destabilization of the Amundsen Basin
Authors: Feldmann Johannes , Levermann Anders 
Published: November 2015

Significance
The Antarctic Ice Sheet is losing mass at an accelerating rate, and playing a more important role in terms of global sea-level rise. The Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica has most likely been destabilized. Although previous numerical modeling studies examined the short-term future evolution of this region, here we take the next step and simulate the long-term evolution of the whole West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Our results show that if the Amundsen Sea sector is destabilized, then the entire marine ice sheet will discharge into the ocean, causing a global sea-level rise of about 3 m. We thus might be witnessing the beginning of a period of self-sustained ice discharge from West Antarctica that requires long-term global adaptation of coastal protection.
Gating mechanisms of a natural anion channelrhodopsin
Authors: Sineshchekov Oleg A. , Govorunova Elena G. , Li Hai , Spudich John L. 
Published: November 2015

Significance
The recently discovered natural anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs) have exceptional properties for use as membrane-hyperpolarizing tools for neural silencing, but our knowledge about them is only rudimentary. We have gained, to our knowledge, first insights into the molecular mechanisms of their unique light-gated anion conductance by photocurrent measurements and mutant analysis. We identified a mutant constitutively open in the dark—to our knowledge, the first such mutant of any light-gated channel, invaluable for probing the structure of the channel open state—and a “step function” ACR mutant useful in some optogenetics protocols. Our results will help decipher the mechanism of channelrhodopsin ion conductance and facilitate rational design of inhibitory tools tailored to the needs of optogenetic studies and potential clinical applications.
The bioenergetic costs of a gene
Authors: Lynch Michael , Marinov Georgi K. 
Published: November 2015

Significance
A long-standing mystery in evolutionary genomics concerns the lineage-specific expansions of genome size in eukaryotes relative to prokaryotes. One argument is that the cellular complexity and elevated gene numbers in eukaryotes were impossible without a mitochondrion. However, the energetic burden of a gene is typically no greater, and generally becomes progressively smaller, in larger cells in both bacteria and eukaryotes, and this is true for costs measured at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels. These results eliminate the need to invoke an energetics barrier to genome complexity.
Fourteen babies born after round spermatid injection into human oocytes
Authors: Tanaka Atsushi , Nagayoshi Motoi , Takemoto Youichi , Tanaka Izumi , Kusunoki Hiroshi , Watanabe Seiji , Kuroda Keiji , Takeda Satoru , Ito Masahiko , Yanagimachi Ryuzo 
Published: November 2015

Significance
Men without spermatozoa or elongating spermatids in their testes have been considered sterile and are advised to consider using a sperm donor. However, these men may have round spermatids. We have been able to accurately identify these cells based on their structural and physical characteristics (verified by karyotyping and FISH). Round spermatid injection was effectively used in our clinic and resulted in the birth of 14 healthy babies. Although the current success rate of round spermatid injection is not very high compared with intracytoplasmic sperm injection, this procedure can be the last resort for men who cannot produce spermatozoa but wish to use their own genetic material to produce offspring.
Formation and evolution of molecular products in α-pinene secondary organic aerosol
Authors: Zhang Xuan , McVay Renee C. , Huang Dan D. , Dalleska Nathan F. , Aumont Bernard , Flagan Richard C. , Seinfeld John H. 
Published: November 2015

Significance
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) plays a pivotal role in climate and air quality. Characterizing the molecular makeup of SOA has been a major research goal for several decades, yet the chemical dynamics of most anthropogenic and biogenic SOA systems remain poorly resolved. We report here the time-resolved molecular characterization of SOA derived from the canonical α-pinene system, one of the most abundant biogenic emissions in the troposphere. We reveal distinct features of SOA components in terms of molecular structure, abundance, growth rates, evolution patterns, and responses to variations in temperature, relative humidity, and oxidant type. Our findings provide a comprehensive analysis of processes governing α-pinene SOA formation and aging.
Epidermal development, growth control, and homeostasis in the face of centrosome amplification
Authors: Kulukian Anita , Holland Andrew J. , Vitre Benjamin , Naik Shruti , Cleveland Don W. , Fuchs Elaine 
Published: November 2015

Significance
The full extent to which centrosome amplification might directly contribute to human disease is poorly understood. We generated a mouse model for the induction of centrosome amplification in the skin, a tissue that remains proliferative even after its development. We uncover defects in stratification of the epidermis during development, which can be attributed to mitotic errors. The skin exhibits remarkable resiliency by clearing out these defective cells via a cell death program, however. Despite sustained centrosome amplification, adult animals are healthy and do not develop tumors or skin abnormalities. Our findings challenge the role for centrosome amplification in the initiation of skin tumorigenesis and demonstrate that certain tissues are better able to cope with its burden.
High-resolution structures of the M2 channel from influenza A virus reveal dynamic pathways for proton stabilization and transduction
Authors: Thomaston Jessica L. , Alfonso-Prieto Mercedes , Woldeyes Rahel A. , Fraser James S. , Klein Michael L. , Fiorin Giacomo , DeGrado William F. 
Published: November 2015

Significance
The conduction of protons through the highly restricted paths of transmembrane proteins is an essential process of living systems and an intriguing problem in modern physical chemistry. The small size of the influenza M2 proton channel makes it an ideal system for the study of proton transport across a membrane. Additionally, the M2 channel has medical relevance as an anti-flu drug target. These high-resolution structures of the channel were obtained by crystallizing the protein in a membrane-like environment and reveal networks of hydrogen-bonded waters that change with temperature and pH. The locations of these waters, in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations that predict their hydrogen bond orientations, provide insight into the mechanism of proton stabilization and transduction within the channel.
Chronic centrosome amplification without tumorigenesis
Authors: Vitre Benjamin , Holland Andrew J. , Kulukian Anita , Shoshani Ofer , Hirai Maretoshi , Wang Yin , Maldonado Marcus , Cho Thomas , Boubaker Jihane , Swing Deborah A. , Tessarollo Lino , Evans Sylvia M. , Fuchs Elaine , Cleveland Don W. 
Published: November 2015

Significance
Centrosomes organize the microtubule cytoskeleton in interphase and mitosis. During mitosis, the centrosomes are important for the formation and positioning of the bipolar mitotic spindle on which chromosomes are segregated. The presence of more than two centrosomes can drive mitotic chromosome segregation errors and the formation of aneuploid cells. Centrosome amplification is a common feature of aneuploid cancer cells, but a long-standing question is whether this is a cause or a consequence of tumor development. To assess this question, we generated mice in which centrosome amplification can be induced widely. Despite chronic centrosome amplification, tumorigenesis was not enhanced, demonstrating that an excess of centrosomes is not sufficient to drive tumor development.
Effects of Hybridization between Nonnative Rainbow Trout and Native Westslope Cutthroat Trout on Fitness‐Related Traits
Authors: Drinan Daniel P. , Webb Molly A. H. , Naish Kerry A. , Kalinowski Steven T. , Boyer Matthew C. , Steed Amber C. , Shepard Bradley B. , Muhlfeld Clint C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHybridization between introduced and native fauna is a risk to native species and may threaten the long‐term persistence of numerous taxa. Rainbow TroutOncorhynchus mykisshas been one of the most widely introduced species around the globe and often hybridizes with native Cutthroat TroutO. clarkiiin the Rocky Mountains. Previous work has shown that hybridization negatively affects reproductive success, but identification of the traits contributing to that reduction has been elusive. In this study, we used a combination of field and laboratory techniques to assess how hybridization with Rainbow Trout affects seven traits during several stages of Westslope Cutthroat Trout development: embryonic survival, ova size, ova energy concentration, sperm motility, juvenile weight, juvenile survival, and burst swimming endurance. Rainbow Trout admixture was correlated with an increase in embryonic survival and ova energy concentration but with a decrease in juvenile weight and burst swimming endurance. These correlations differed from previously observed patterns of reproductive success and likely do not explain the declines in reproductive success associated with admixture. Future investigation of additional, unstudied traits and the use of different environments may shed light on the traits responsible for reproductive success in admixed Cutthroat Trout.
Trends in the Reproductive Phenology of two Great Lakes Fishes
Authors: Lyons John , Rypel Andrew L. , Rasmussen Paul W. , Burzynski Thomas E. , Eggold Bradley T. , Myers Jared T. , Paoli Tammie J. , McIntyre Peter B. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTo assess potential effects of climate change on Great Lakes fish populations, we evaluated trends in the reproductive phenology of Yellow Perch Perca flavescens (spring spawner) and Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush (autumn spawner). For Yellow Perch in Lake Michigan, the estimated reproductive midpoint date (50% of mature females ripe or spent, 50% not yet spawned) took place 6.2 d/decade earlier in the spring near Milwaukee from 1988 to 2012 and 1.8 d/decade earlier in Green Bay from 1980 to 2012. At both locations water temperatures at the spawning sites on the midpoint date showed no trends, but mean water temperatures during the spring at the spawning site and midlake increased over the study period. This suggests that Yellow Perch spawning areas were warming sooner in the spring and that Yellow Perch were spawning earlier to maintain a consistent spawning temperature. Lake Trout phenological patterns were more complex. For Lake Trout in Lake Michigan near Milwaukee, there was a marginally significant trend for spawning to take place 2.1 d/decade later in the autumn from 1983 to 2006. However, water temperatures at the spawning site at the midpoint date did not change and autumn temperatures at the site and at midlake did not show a warming trend. For Lake Trout in Lake Superior near the Apostle Islands, the midpoint date did not change from 1988 to 2012. Water temperatures at the spawning site on the midpoint date and during the autumn also showed no trends, but midlake summer and autumn water temperatures increased significantly. Overall, Yellow Perch in Lake Michigan have shifted reproductive timing in a manner consistent with a warming climate, but the relationship of climate change to reproductive phenology remains unclear for Lake Trout in Lake Michigan and Lake Superior.
Biochemical responses to ocean acidification contrast between tropical corals with high and low abundances at volcanic carbon dioxide seeps
Authors: Strahl J. , Francis D. S. , Doyle J. , Humphrey C. , Fabricius K. E. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAt two natural volcanic seeps in Papua New Guinea, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the seawater is consistent with projections for 2100. Here, the cover of massive scleractinian corals Porites spp. is twice as high at elevated compared with ambient pCO2, while that of branching corals such as Acropora millepora is greater than twofold reduced. To assess the underlying mechanisms for such community shifts under long-term exposure to elevated pCO2, biochemical parameters related to tissue biomass, energy storage, pigmentation, cell protection, and cell damage were compared between Porites spp. and A. millepora from control (mean pHtotal = 8.1, pCO2 = 323 µatm) and CO2 seep sites (mean pHtotal = 7.8, pCO2 = 803 µatm) each at two reefs. In Porites spp., only one of the biochemical parameters investigated (the ratio of photoprotective to light-harvesting pigments) responded to pCO2, while tissue biomass, total lipids, total proteins, and some pigments differed between the two reefs, possibly reflecting differences in food availability. Furthermore, some fatty acids showed pCO2 –reef interactions. In A. millepora, most pigments investigated were reduced at elevated pCO2, while other parameters (e.g. tissue biomass, total proteins, total lipids, protein carbonyls, some fatty acids and pigments) differed between reefs or showed pCO2–reef interactions. Tissue biomass, total lipids, and cell-protective capacities were distinctly higher in Porites spp. than in A. millepora, indicating higher resistance to environmental stress in massive Porites. However, our data suggest that important biochemical measures remain relatively unaffected in these two coral species in response to elevated pCO2 up to 800 µatm, with most responses being smaller than differences between species and locations, and also when compared with responses to other environmental stressors such as ocean warming.