bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Torque Vibrations in Automatized Screw Assembly: Reasons, Elimination and Virtual Testing
Authors: Hoernig T. , Kopfer H. W. , Friedrich C. 
Published: April 2014

Today the torque controlled tightening method for screw assembly is an established process in industries undertaking large scale productions [12]. In this tightening method an instability of friction during the tightening procedure leads to an imprecise stop of the electronic tightening tool affecting the preload. Besides this heavy noise emission occurs due to vibrations.
Because of shorter and shorter cycle times in automated screw assembly, higher precision requirements, new surface pairings (e.g. Cr(VI)-free) with changed coefficients of friction and more complex assemblies with difficult access to the joint, result in an increased number of torque vibrations on automatized screw assembly (also called stick-slip). Due to highly interconnected production flows, the productivity is hereby significantly interrupted. This means significant financial loss because of a small screw which stops the entire production line. This contribution entitles the reasons for the origin of torque vibrations as well as advices for elimination.
Energy and Mission Optimization of an Airship by Constructal Design for Efficiency Method
Authors: Trancossi Michele , Dumas Antonio , Madonia Mauro 
Published: April 2014

It is possible to define a novel design method, which aims overcoming both traditional, the traditional Multidisciplinary Design Optimization, and to solve a fundamental issue relating to the actual formalization of the Constructal optimization method. It aims only to enhance and integrate the constructal design method and aims to produce designs, which could be, optimized both at system level and subsystem definition. This novel method is based on the second principle of thermodynamics and the constructal law. It aims to produce a design process based on two steps. The first step aims producing a theoretical design of a system to reach energetic and operative optimization. The second aims to optimize the subcomponents of the system according the bottom up approach defined by constructal design optimization. A third step relating to the readiness against technology analysis is necessary to develop an effective industrial design. This method has named Constructal Design for Efficiency.
In this paper the authors, starting from the experience produced by the MAAT EU FP7, about the design of a cruiser-feeder and energy self sufficient airship for transport has produced the optimization of a medium altitude airship for transport, focused on the optimization of flying vehicle architecture to minimize by design the energy consumption during flight. The produced results allow defining a novel airship concept, which optimizes the airship shape to reach three fundamental energetic goals: energy consumption minimization; photovoltaic energy production maximization; definition of the conditions for energetically self-sufficient flight. The defined architecture can maximize the operative possibilities realizing an airship, which can ensure a point-to-point ground, based logistic models without any airport infrastructure with potential breakthrough impacts because of a better integration with any other terrestrial, maritime and aerial transport mode. Notwithstanding the use of hydrogen, it ensures an increased perception of safety by potential customers. It presents a safer ballooning architecture, without internal air ballonets, a cabin not directly attached to the bottom part of the balloon, which can be detached and piloted safely on the ground in case of serious accident during flight.
Measurement and Simulation of Electric Power Consumption of Feed Drive Systems
Authors: Hayashi Akio , Sato Ryuta , Iwase Ryoma , Hashimoto Masayuki , Shirase Keiichi 
Published: April 2014

In this study, in order to investigate the power consumption of feed drive system, a mathematical model to predict for the electric power consumption of feed drive systems is proposed by using the single-axis experimental apparatus. This can be driven by either of ball screw or linear motor and it is possible to change the mechanical properties of the machine such as grease viscosity of the table.
The power consumption is simulated by proposed simulation method based on the mathematical model of feed drive system and the simulated results are compared with the measured results of the experimental apparatus to confirm the validity of the simulated results.
In addition, it is clarified that the energy usages of the feed drive system. The energy losses of the feed drive system are divided into the loss of viscous friction, coulomb’s friction, servo amplifier, and motor. These energy losses are calculated by the proposed model. Then, it is investigated that the influence of the velocity and the friction to the power consumption of feed drive system experimentally.
As the results, it is confirmed that proposed simulation method can accurately predict the power consumption of the ball-screw feed drive system. It is also clarified that the friction energy loss of ball-screw drive is larger than one of linear motor drive, and the friction characteristics of linear guides influences the power consumption of linear motor drive system.
The Relationship Between Surface Roughness and Corrosion
Authors: Toloei Alisina , Stoilov Vesselin , Northwood Derek 
Published: April 2014

There are different parameters which can affect electrochemical reactions such as type of electrolyte, velocity, temperature, oxidizing agents, impurities, anode material type and surface treatment. It has been shown that pre-treatment of working electrode (anode) through abrasion techniques is one of the most important parameters affecting on Tafel slopes and consequently corrosion rate. Surface roughness of the metal surface is a major influence on general corrosion, nucleation of metastable pitting and pitting potential as well.
In this study different surface roughnesses were created on nickel surface by SiC papers and corrosion properties were compared. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and profilometry tests were carried out on all the samples and the results were compared with another sample prepared through laser ablation method. Corrosion rate values were calculated and were compared with EIS results for all the samples and a trend in the effect of roughness on corrosion protection of nickel was introduced. SEM and 3D roughness images were taken and compared for all of the samples before and after corrosion tests. Different mechanisms were distinguished for samples created through different methods. The lower the roughness values, the more the corrosion resistance. Sample with patterns created through laser ablation method showed the best protection properties compared to other samples.
A Comparison of Continuum, DSMC and Free Molecular Modeling Techniques for Physical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Gott Kevin , Kulkarni Anil , Singh Jogender 
Published: April 2014

Advanced Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) techniques are available that produce thin-film coatings with adaptive nano-structure and nano-chemistry. However, such components are manufactured through trial-and-error methods or in repeated small increments due to a lack of adequate knowledge of the underlying physics. Successful computational modeling of PVD technologies would allow coatings to be designed before fabrication, substantially improving manufacturing potential and efficiency.
Previous PVD modeling efforts have utilized three different physical models depending on the expected manufacturing pressure: continuum mechanics for high pressure flows, Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) modeling for intermediate pressure flows or free-molecular (FM) dynamics for low pressure flows. However, preliminary calculations of the evaporation process have shown that a multi-physics fluidic solver that includes all three models may be required to accurately simulate PVD coating processes. This is due to the high vacuum and intermolecular forces present in vapor metals which cause a dense continuum region to form immediately after evaporation and expands to a rarefied region before depositing on the target surface.
This paper seeks to understand the effect flow regime selection has on the predicted deposition profile of PVD processes. The model is based on experiments performed at the Electron-Beam PVD (EB-PVD) laboratory at the Applied Research Lab at Penn State. CFD, DSMC and FM models are separately used to simulate a coating process and the deposition profiles are compared. The mass deposition rates and overall flow fields of each model are compared to determine if the underlying physics significantly alter the predicted coating profile. Conclusions are drawn on the appropriate selection of fluid physics for future PVD simulations.
Multiphase-Field Modeling of Micropore Formation in Metallic Alloys
Authors: Meidani Hossein , Rappaz Michel , Jacot Alain 
Published: April 2014

A multiphase-field model has been developed in order to study the evolution of micropores constrained to grow in a solid network, with a so-called pinching effect. The model accounts for the pressure difference due to capillarity between liquid and gas, the equilibrium condition at triple (solid-liquid-pore) lines, the partitioning and diffusion of dissolved gases such as hydrogen in aluminum alloys.
The model is used to study the growth of a pore in a solid network, reconstructed from X-ray tomography observations. It was observed that such calculations can help to better understand the experimental observations, which have a limited temporal and spatial resolution. The predicted morphology is also compared with the experimental observation.
Energetics of Shuttle Runs: The Effects of Distance and Change of Direction
Authors: Zamparo Paola , Zadro Ivan , Lazzer Stefano , Beato Marco , Sepulcri Luigino 
Published: April 2014

Shuttle runs can be used to study the physiological responses in sports (such as basketball) characterized by sprints (accelerations/decelerations) and changes of direction.Purpose:To determine the energy cost (C) of shuttle runs with different turning angles and over different distances (with different acceleration/deceleration patterns).Methods:Nine basketball players were asked to complete 6 intermittent tests over different distances (5, 10, 25 m) and with different changes of direction (180° at 5 and 25 m; 0°, 45°, 90°, and 180° at 10 m) at maximal speed (v ≍ 4.5 m/s), each composed by 10 shuttle runs of 10-s duration and 30-s recovery; during these runs oxygen uptake (VO2), blood lactate (Lab), and C were determined.Results:For a given shuttle distance (10 m) no major differences where observed in VO2 (~33 mL · min−1 · kg−1), Lab (~3.75 mM), and C (~21.2 J · m−1 · kg−1) when the shuttle runs were performed with different turning angles. For a given turning angle (180°), VO2 and Lab were found to increase with the distance covered (VO2 from 26 to 35 mL · min−1 · kg−1; Lab from 0.7 to 7.6 mM) while C was found to decrease with it (from 29.9 to 10.6 J · m−1 · kg−1); the relationship between C and d (m) is well described by C = 92.99 × d0.656, R2 = .971.Conclusions:The metabolic demands of shuttle tests run at maximal speeds can be estimated based on the running distance, while the turning angle plays a minor role in determining C.
Steroids Alone or as Adjunctive Therapy with Doxycycline Fail To Improve Oviduct Damage in Mice Infected with Chlamydia muridarum
Authors: Corr Tammy E. , Sullivan Jeanne , Frazer Lauren C. , Andrews Charles W. , O'Connell Catherine M. , Darville Toni 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

In women,
Chlamydia trachomatis
can ascend from the cervix to the fallopian tubes, where an overly aggressive host inflammatory response can cause scarring that leads to chronic pelvic pain, infertility, or ectopic pregnancy. Although screening and treatment programs for women have resulted in decreased rates of sequelae, morbidities associated with oviduct scarring continue to occur. Since corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects, we tested the ability of dexamethasone to inhibit inflammation and prevent oviduct scarring in mice genitally infected with
Chlamydia muridarum
. The administration of 1 or 2.5 mg/kg of body weight of dexamethasone on days 7 to 21 of infection resulted in reduced accumulation of inflammatory cells in the oviducts compared to that in controls. However, a concomitant increase in bacterial burden was observed, and chronic oviduct disease was not reduced. Adjunctive administration of a prolonged (21-day) or short (3-day) course of dexamethasone in combination with the antibiotic doxycycline also failed to reduce chronic oviduct pathology compared to antibiotic treatment alone. Steroids administered alone or adjunctively with antibiotics failed to prevent oviduct damage in this murine model of
C. trachomatis
infection.
Lymphoproliferative and Gamma Interferon Responses to Stress-Regulated Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Recombinant Proteins
Authors: Gurung Ratna B. , Begg Douglas J. , Purdie Auriol C. , de Silva Kumudika , Bannantine John P. , Whittington Richard J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTJohne's disease in ruminants is a chronic infection of the intestines caused byMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis. An important strategy to control disease is early detection, and a potentially efficient method for early detection is measurement of cell-mediated immune responses developed by the host in response to exposure or infection. One method is to measure lymphoproliferation and cytokine release from the host cells when exposed to the organism or parts of the organism. In this study, 10 recombinantM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisproteins known to be upregulated underin vitrostress conditions were evaluated by examining their ability to evoke memory as a result of exposure by vaccination or oral challenge with liveMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis. Out of 10 proteins, MAP2698c was found to induce higher cell-mediated immune responses in vaccinated and challenged sheep in comparison to healthy controls. The findings suggest that not all stress-regulated proteins have the diagnostic potential to detect cell-mediated immune responses in ovine paratuberculosis.
Three Clustered Cases of Candidemia Caused by Candida quercitrusa and Mycological Characteristics of This Novel Species
Authors: Xiao Meng , Wang He , Lu Juan , Chen Sharon C.-A. , Kong Fanrong , Ma Xiao-Jun , Xu Ying-Chun 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

We investigated three nosocomial
Candida quercitrusa
candidemia cases occurring within 2 months in a Chinese hospital. Isolates were identifiable only by DNA sequencing of the rRNA genes. Genetic (via random amplified polymorphic DNA [RAPD]) and protein mass spectral (via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry [MALDI-TOF MS]) analyses yielded identical profiles suggesting an outbreak. The fluconazole MICs of all the strains were 16 to 32 μg/ml.
Antifungal Drug Susceptibility and Phylogenetic Diversity among Cryptococcus Isolates from Dogs and Cats in North America
Authors: Singer Lisa M. , Meyer Wieland , Firacative Carolina , Thompson George R. , Samitz Eileen , Sykes Jane E. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Molecular types of the
Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii
species complex that infect dogs and cats differ regionally and with host species. Antifungal drug susceptibility can vary with molecular type, but the susceptibility of
Cryptococcus
isolates from dogs and cats is largely unknown.
Cryptococcus
isolates from 15 dogs and 27 cats were typed using
URA5
restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP), PCR fingerprinting, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Susceptibility was determined using a microdilution assay (Sensititre YeastOne; Trek Diagnostic Systems). MICs were compared among groups. The 42 isolates studied comprised molecular types VGI (7%), VGIIa (7%), VGIIb (5%), VGIIc (5%), VGIII (38%), VGIV (2%), VNI (33%), and VNII (2%), as determined by
URA5
RFLP. The VGIV isolate was more closely related to VGIII according to MLST. All VGIII isolates were from cats. All sequence types identified from veterinary isolates clustered with isolates from humans. VGIII isolates showed considerable genetic diversity compared with other
Cryptococcus
molecular types and could be divided into two major subgroups. Compared with
C. neoformans
MICs,
C. gattii
MICs were lower for flucytosine, and VGIII MICs were lower for flucytosine and itraconazole. For all drugs except itraconazole,
C. gattii
isolates exhibited a wider range of MICs than
C. neoformans
. MICs varied with
Cryptococcus
species and molecular type in dogs and cats, and MICs of VGIII isolates were most variable and may reflect phylogenetic diversity in this group. Because sequence types of dogs and cats reflect those infecting humans, these observations may also have implications for treatment of human cryptococcosis.
Detection and Differentiation of Herpes Simplex Viruses by Use of the Viper Platform: Advantages, Limitations, and Concerns
Authors: Lang Amanda L. S. , Roberts Catherine , Mazzulli Tony , Hatchette Todd F. , LeBlanc Jason J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

The Viper HSV-Q
x
assay was evaluated for the detection of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 in specimens from oral, anogenital, and other miscellaneous sites. The HSV-Q
x
assay was found to be highly sensitive and accurate; however, a gray zone may be required for specimens with values falling between 50 and 800 maximum relative fluorescence units.
Characterizing Functional Domains for TIM-Mediated Enveloped Virus Entry
Authors: Moller-Tank Sven , Albritton Lorraine M. , Rennert Paul D. , Maury Wendy 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) and other TIM family members were recently identified as phosphatidylserine (PtdSer)-mediated virus entry-enhancing receptors (PVEERs). These proteins enhance entry of Ebola virus (EBOV) and other viruses by binding PtdSer on the viral envelope, concentrating virus on the cell surface, and promoting subsequent internalization. The PtdSer-binding activity of the immunoglobulin-like variable (IgV) domain is essential for both virus binding and internalization by TIM-1. However, TIM-3, whose IgV domain also binds PtdSer, does not effectively enhance virus entry, indicating that other domains of TIM proteins are functionally important. Here, we investigate the domains supporting enhancement of enveloped virus entry, thereby defining the features necessary for a functional PVEER. Using a variety of chimeras and deletion mutants, we found that in addition to a functional PtdSer-binding domain PVEERs require a stalk domain of sufficient length, containing sequences that promote an extended structure. Neither the cytoplasmic nor the transmembrane domain of TIM-1 is essential for enhancing virus entry, provided the protein is still plasma membrane bound. Based on these defined characteristics, we generated a mimic lacking TIM sequences and composed of annexin V, the mucin-like domain of α-dystroglycan, and a glycophosphatidylinositol anchor that functioned as a PVEER to enhance transduction of virions displaying Ebola, Chikungunya, Ross River, or Sindbis virus glycoproteins. This identification of the key features necessary for PtdSer-mediated enhancement of virus entry provides a basis for more effective recognition of unknown PVEERs.

IMPORTANCE
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) and other TIM family members are recently identified phosphatidylserine (PtdSer)-mediated virus entry-enhancing receptors (PVEERs). These proteins enhance virus entry by binding the phospholipid, PtdSer, present on the viral membrane. While it is known that the PtdSer binding is essential for the PVEER function of TIM-1, TIM-3 shares this binding activity but does not enhance virus entry. No comprehensive studies have been done to characterize the other domains of TIM-1. In this study, using a variety of chimeric proteins and deletion mutants, we define the features necessary for a functional PVEER. With these features in mind, we generated a TIM-1 mimic using functionally similar domains from other proteins. This mimic, like TIM-1, effectively enhanced transduction. These studies provide insight into the key features necessary for PVEERs and will allow for more effective identification of unknown PVEERs.
Innate Nuclear Sensor IFI16 Translocates into the Cytoplasm during the Early Stage of
In Vitro
Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Is Entrapped in the Egressing Virions during the Late Stage
Authors: Dell'Oste Valentina , Gatti Deborah , Gugliesi Francesca , De Andrea Marco , Bawadekar Mandar , Lo Cigno Irene , Biolatti Matteo , Vallino Marta , Marschall Manfred , Gariglio Marisa , Landolfo Santo 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Intrinsic immune mechanisms mediated by constitutively expressed proteins termed “restriction factors” provide frontline antiviral defense. We recently demonstrated that the DNA sensor IFI16 restricts human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication by downregulating viral early and late but not immediate-early mRNAs and their protein expression. We show here that at an early time point during the
in vitro
infection of low-passage-number human embryonic lung fibroblasts, IFI16 binds to HCMV DNA. However, during a later phase following infection, IFI16 is mislocalized to the cytoplasmic virus assembly complex (AC), where it colocalizes with viral structural proteins. Indeed, upon its binding to pUL97, IFI16 undergoes phosphorylation and relocalizes to the cytoplasm of HCMV-infected cells. ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery regulates the translocation of IFI16 into the virus AC by sorting and trafficking IFI16 into multivesicular bodies (MVB), as demonstrated by the interaction of IFI16 with two MVB markers: Vps4 and TGN46. Finally, IFI16 becomes incorporated into the newly assembled virions as demonstrated by Western blotting of purified virions and electron microscopy. Together, these results suggest that HCMV has evolved mechanisms to mislocalize and hijack IFI16, trapping it within mature virions. However, the significance of this IFI16 trapping following nuclear mislocalization remains to be established.

IMPORTANCE
Intracellular viral DNA sensors and restriction factors are critical components of host defense, which alarm and sensitize immune system against intruding pathogens. We have recently demonstrated that the DNA sensor IFI16 restricts human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication by downregulating viral early and late but not immediate-early mRNAs and their protein expression. However, viruses are known to evolve numerous strategies to cope and counteract such restriction factors and neutralize the first line of host defense mechanisms. Our findings describe that during early stages of infection, IFI16 successfully recognizes HCMV DNA. However, in late stages HCMV mislocalizes IFI16 into the cytoplasmic viral assembly complex and finally entraps the protein into mature virions. We clarify here the mechanisms HCMV relies to overcome intracellular viral restriction, which provides new insights about the relevance of DNA sensors during HCMV infection.