bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hybrid Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter
Authors: Penny Stephen G. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Hybrid data assimilation methods combine elements of ensemble Kalman filters (EnKF) and variational methods. While most approaches have focused on augmenting an operational variational system with dynamic error covariance information from an ensemble, this study takes the opposite perspective of augmenting an operational EnKF with information from a simple 3D variational data assimilation (3D-Var) method. A class of hybrid methods is introduced that combines the gain matrices of the ensemble and variational methods, rather than linearly combining the respective background error covariances. A hybrid local ensemble transform Kalman filter (Hybrid-LETKF) is presented in two forms: 1) a traditionally motivated Hybrid/Covariance-LETKF that combines the background error covariance matrices of LETKF and 3D-Var, and 2) a simple-to-implement algorithm called the Hybrid/Mean-LETKF that falls into the new class of hybrid gain methods. Both forms improve analysis errors when using small ensemble sizes and low observation coverage versus either LETKF or 3D-Var used alone. The results imply that for small ensemble sizes, allowing a solution to be found outside of the space spanned by ensemble members provides robustness in both hybrid methods compared to LETKF alone. Finally, the simplicity of the Hybrid/Mean-LETKF design implies that this algorithm can be applied operationally while requiring only minor modifications to an existing operational 3D-Var system.
Assessment of the rotator cable in various rotator cuff conditions using indirect MR arthrography
Authors: Choo Hye Jung , Lee Sun Joo , Kim Dong Wook , Park Young-Mi , Kim Jung-Han 
Published: November 2013

Background The rotator cable is an important structure providing stress shield to the rotator cuff, similar to the mechanism of suspension bridge. Purpose To evaluate the visibility and appearance of the rotator cable in various conditions of the rotator cuff, using indirect magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography. Material and Methods Indirect MR arthrography images from 27 patients (age range, 20–63 years) with normal rotator cuffs, and 47 (age range, 20–73 years) with tendinosis, 32 (age range, 49–71 years) with partial-thickness tears, and 55 (age range, 44–75 years) with full-thickness tears in the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons (SST-ISTs) were included in this study. In these various rotator cuff conditions, the visibility and appearance (thickness and width) of the rotator cable and the relationships between the rotator cable appearance, rotator cuff tear size, rotator cuff thickness, and patient’s age were assessed. Results On the sagittal MR images, all rotator cables were visible in the normal rotator cuffs and tendinosis/partial-thickness tears of SST-ISTs. In the order of normal cuff, tendinosis, partial-thickness tear, and full-thickness tear of SST-ISTs, the rotator cable tended to become thicker (1.07, 1.27, 1.32, and 1.59 mm, respectively) and narrower (12.1, 10.68, 10.90, and 8.55 mm, respectively). The thickness of the rotator cable was significantly positively correlated with the rotator cuff thickness in the normal rotator cuffs (coefficient, 0.49; P = 0.010) and tendinosis of SST-ISTs (coefficient, 0.53; P < 0.001), but was not correlated with patients’ age. Conclusion On sagittal plane of indirect MR arthrography, most rotator cables were visible. The appearance of the rotator cable changed according to the rotator cuff condition.
Increased serum HMGB1 is related to oxidative stress in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Wu Yongbo , Zhang Kai , Zhao Lin , Guo Jie , Hu Xiaorong , Chen Zhiqiang 
Published: November 2013

Objective To investigate the relationship between the serum concentration of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and oxidative stress in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods Patients with AF (paroxysmal or persistent) and matched control subjects were recruited. Serum HMGB1 concentration and malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined. Results Serum hs-CRP and HMGB1 concentrations and MDA activity were significantly higher in patients with persistent AF ( n = 33) or paroxysmal AF ( n = 53) than in controls ( n = 30). Serum SOD activity was significantly lower in both patient groups than in controls. In the patient group, HMGB1 concentration was significantly positively correlated with MDA activity ( r = 0.535), and negatively correlated with SOD activity ( r = −0.491). MDA, SOD, hs-CRP and HMGB1 were significant independent predictors of AF. Conclusions Increased oxidative stress may contribute to increased HMGB1 concentrations in patients with AF. Inhibition of oxidative stress may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for AF.
Effect of miR-29b-1* and miR-29c knockdown on cell growth of the bladder cancer cell line T24
Authors: Xu Feng , Zhang Qingling , Cheng Wen , Zhang Zhengyu , Wang Jiandong , Ge Jingping 
Published: November 2013

Objective To investigate the role of the microRNAs miR-29b-1-5p (miR-29b-1*) and miR-29c in bladder urothelial cancer (BUC). Methods Levels of miR-29b-1* and miR-29c in normal urothelial cells (HU609) and BUC cells (T24) were determined via quantitative real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. T24 cells were transfected with small interfering RNA targeting miR-29b-1* or miR-29c, and cell growth was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimehylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The predicted targets and oncogenic pathways of these microRNAs were determined using bioinformatics analysis. Results MiR29b-1* and miR-29c levels were higher in T24 cells than normal urothelial cells. Knockdown of miR-29b-1* or miR-29c suppressed T24 cell growth. Bioinformatic analysis showed that miR-29b-1* and miR-29c co-regulated a subset of putative target genes, about 10% of which have been experimentally validated. Conclusion Both miR-29b-1* and miR-29c regulate cell growth in BUC. The targets of miR-29b-1* and miR-29c may be functionally associated with proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis.
Treatment and Management Outcomes of Tibial Eminence Fractures in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Gans Itai , Baldwin Keith D. , Ganley Theodore J. 
Published: November 2013

Background: Tibial eminence fractures are rare but occur more frequently in children and adolescents. There are a variety of methods to surgically treat these fractures, but surgeons disagree about the optimal method of reduction and fixation. Hypotheses: Regarding clinical results and complications after treatment in children and adolescent patients with tibial eminence fractures, the authors hypothesize that (1) there is no difference between reduction and fixation with screws versus sutures, (2) there is no difference in arthroscopic versus open reduction and fixation, and (3) outcomes are better in patients with minimally displaced (types I and II) versus completely displaced (types III and IV) fractures. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed studying the treatment of tibial eminence fractures in children and adolescents to determine clinical results, functional outcomes, and complications. A meta-analytic technique on observational studies was used to compare outcomes when sufficient data were available. Results: The review identified 26 articles with extractable clinical results and data on complications: 1 level 3 article and 25 level 4 articles. Ten of 580 tibial eminence fractures identified in the literature had nonunion, with 60% of nonunions occurring in type III fractures treated by nonoperative modalities. Appreciable healing was noted for both open and arthroscopic fixation techniques as well as patients treated by screw or suture fixation. Laxity ( P < .001) and loss of range of motion ( P = .009) occurred significantly less after the treatment of minimally displaced fractures (types I and II). Conclusion: The level of evidence supporting various treatments of tibial eminence fractures in children and adolescents is low. There is insufficient evidence to conclude the superiority of open versus arthroscopic fixation or screw versus suture fixation techniques. Nonoperative treatment of completely displaced tibial eminence fractures results in higher rates of nonunion. Type III and IV fractures heal with greater laxity and greater loss of range of motion after treatment. Higher level studies are necessary to determine the optimal method of fixation for tibial eminence fractures.
Beyond Multiplication
Authors: Hsieh Chang-Ming 
Published: November 2013

Objective: This article brings the discussions on incorporating perceived importance across study areas into the study of client satisfaction and cautions the use of multiplicative scores (multiplying satisfaction and importance scores) as a weighting method. An alternative weighting method is provided. Method: Analyze data from a client satisfaction survey of 103 clients of a publicly funded elderly case management service unit located in a large U.S. Midwest region city. Results: The alternative weighted score correlated higher with all the global client satisfaction measures than the multiplicative score. Conclusion: Using multiplicative scores to represent global client satisfaction should be avoided. The proposed alternative weighting method is a reasonable way to incorporate perceived importance to represent global client satisfaction.
The Effect of Subtalar Joint Position on Dorsiflexion of the Ankle/Rearfoot Versus Midfoot/Forefoot During Gastrocnemius Stretching
Authors: Johanson Marie A. , DeArment Amy , Hines Krystol , Riley Erin , Martin Meghan , Thomas Justin , Geist Kathleen 
Published: November 2013

Background: Limited ankle joint dorsiflexion passive range of motion (PROM) has been associated with common chronic lower extremity conditions, and clinicians often instruct patients in stretching exercises to increase dorsiflexion. However, little is known about how subtalar joint (STJ) position affects dorsiflexion at the midfoot/forefoot versus ankle/rearfoot during gastrocnemius stretching. The purpose of this study was to determine if more dorsiflexion occurs at the ankle/rearfoot and less at the midfoot/forefoot during gastrocnemius stretching with the STJ positioned in supination versus pronation. Methods: In this repeated measures design, 27 participants (23 females, 4 males; mean age = 31.3 years, SD = 10.7) with current or recent history of lower extremity chronic conditions and less than 10 degrees ankle dorsiflexion measured with the knee in extension on the involved side(s) performed five 30-second gastrocnemius stretching trials in pronation and supination on each side in a randomly determined sequence. A 7-camera Vicon Motion Analysis System and an AMTI force plate were used to measure midfoot/forefoot dorsiflexion, ankle/rearfoot dorsiflexion, knee extension, and normalized vertical ground reaction force. Results: Two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant increase in midfoot/forefoot dorsiflexion when stretching in pronation compared to supination ( P < .001). ANOVAs also demonstrated significantly more extension of the knee when stretching in supination compared to pronation ( P < .001), and increased normalized vertical ground reaction force when stretching in supination compared to pronation ( P = .032). With the numbers available, no significant difference in ankle/rearfoot dorsiflexion when stretching in supination compared to pronation could be detected ( P > .05). Conclusion: Gastrocnemius stretching in pronation resulted in more dorsiflexion at the midfoot/forefoot than stretching in supination. Clinical Relevance: Clinicians may want to consider STJ position during gastrocnemius stretching to either facilitate or limit recruitment of dorsiflexion motion at the midfoot/forefoot.
Natalizumab treatment alters the expression of T-cell trafficking marker LFA-1 α-chain (CD11a) in MS patients
Authors: Jilek Samantha , Mathias Amandine , Canales Mathieu , Lysandropoulos Andreas , Pantaleo Giuseppe , Schluep Myriam , Du Pasquier Renaud A 
Published: November 2013

Objective: To determine the long-term effect of natalizumab (NTZ) treatment on the expression of integrins and chemokine receptors involved in the migration of T cells towards the central nervous system (CNS). Methods: We drew the blood of 23 patients just before starting NTZ therapy and every 12 months thereafter, for up to 48 months of treatment. We assessed the ex-vivo expression of phenotype markers (CCR7 and CD45RA), CNS-addressing integrins (CD11a, CD49d and CD29) and chemokine receptors (CXCR3 and CCR6) in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell subsets by flow cytometry. Results: As compared to the pre-NTZ values, there was a marked increase in central memory (CCR7+/CD45RA-) CD4+ T cells and in effector memory (CCR7-/CD45RA-) CD8+ T cells at 12 and 24 months. In addition to an expected downregulation of both VLA-4 subunits (CD49d/CD29), we also found decreased T-cell expression of CXCR3 at 12 months, and of CD11a (LFA-1 αL subunit) at 12 months, but mostly at 24 months of NTZ treatment. Conclusion: Our data show a nadir of CD11a expression at 2 years of NTZ treatment, at the peak of incidence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), indirectly suggesting that a lack of these molecules may play a role in the onset of PML in NTZ-treated patients.
The class A scavenger receptor SR-A/CD204 and the class B scavenger receptor CD36 regulate immune functions of macrophages differently
Authors: Józefowski Szczepan , Biedroń Rafał , Śróttek Małgorzata , Chadzińska Magdalena , Marcinkiewicz Janusz 
Published: November 2013

SR-A/CD204 and CD36 are major receptors responsible for oxidized lipoproteins uptake by macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Both receptors also share the role as receptors for different pathogens, but studies on their signaling have been hampered by the lack of selective ligands. We report that, upon specific ligation by Ab, SR-A does not induce cytokine production, but mediates inhibition of LPS-stimulated production of IL-6 and IL-12/23p40, enhancement of IL-10 release, and has no effect on TNF-α and RANTES production in murine macrophages. In contrast, anti-CD36 Ab alone stimulated production of all these cytokines, with IL-10 production being exceptionally high. Effects of anti-CD36 Ab, except of IL-10 production, were mediated by CD14 and TLR2, whereas those of SR-A ligation by heterotrimeric Gi/o proteins and by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases. Surprisingly, we found that LPS uptake by macrophages was mediated in part by CD36 cooperating with CD14, whereas SR-A was not involved in this process. Finely, during in vitro Ag presentation to naïve CD4+ lymphocytes, pre-incubation of macrophages with anti-CD36 Ab enhanced IFN-γ production in the co-culture, but exerted the opposite effect under conditions enabling IL-10 accumulation. In contrast, anti-SR-A Ab was ineffective alone, but reversed the Th1-polarizing effect of LPS.
What’s New in Femoroacetabular Impingement Surgery
Authors: Gupta Anil K. , Abrams Geoffrey D. , Nho Shane J. 
Published: November 2013

Context: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) has been described as a common cause of hip pain in young adults. This leads to abnormal hip joint mechanics and contact pressures. The associated pathomechanics can lead to the development of early osteoarthritis. Better understanding of the anatomy and pathophysiology, biomechanics, and diagnostic and therapeutic advances has led to improved clinical outcomes. A growing body of evidence has set the foundation for future progress in the treatment of this commonly encountered condition. Evidence Acquisition: The PubMed database was searched for English-language articles pertaining to FAI over the past 15 years (1998-2013). Study Design: Retrospective literature review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: The authors evaluated and discussed the current evidence regarding the anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, imaging, and clinical outcomes of surgical intervention for FAI. Based on this information, future directions for improving the diagnosis and management of FAI are proposed. Conclusion: There remains a diverse approach to the diagnosis and management of cam- and/or pincer-type FAI. Recent advances in clinical diagnosis, imaging, indications, and arthroscopic techniques have led to improved outcomes and have set the foundation for future progress in the management of this condition. Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT): B
A prospective audit project into the adequacy of pain assessment in the medical and surgical wards in a North London District General Hospital
Authors: Atkinson Victoria J , Almahdi Basil 
Published: November 2013

Background: Accurate assessment of pain is associated with improved pain management, which can lead to better patient outcomes. It has been recommended that all patients have their pain assessed and the scores documented as the ‘fifth vital sign’. Method: All inpatients in the medical and surgical wards in our hospital were asked directly to score their pain according to the hospital-wide scoring system. Their observation charts and drug charts were then reviewed in order to determine the accuracy of documented pain assessments and the subsequent analgesic management. Results: Of the 208 patients reviewed, 20 (15%) patients on medical wards and 26 (38%) patients on surgical wards were in moderate to severe pain. Documentation of pain scores was not universal, with 29 (14%) patients having no score documented with their last set of observations. Of those with a score recorded, it was not found to correlate with the scores reported on direct questioning in 41% of medical patients and 71% of surgical patients. Provision of analgesia was also found to differ between medical and surgical wards. Discussion: The care of pain in the wards falls below the standards set by the Royal College of Anaesthetists. It is necessary to undertake a programme of education to increase awareness of the problem and to improve assessment and management to enhance the patient experience.
Lipid trait-associated genetic variation is associated with gallstone disease in the diverse Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Authors: Goodloe Robert , Brown-Gentry Kristin , Gillani Niloufar B , Jin Hailing , Mayo Ping , Allen Melissa , McClellan Bob , Boston Jonathan , Sutcliffe Cara , Schnetz-Boutaud Nathalie , Dilks Holli H , Crawford Dana C 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
Gallstone disease is one of the most common digestive disorders, affecting more than 30 million Americans. Previous twin studies suggest a heritability of 25% for gallstone formation. To date, one genome-wide association study (GWAS) has been performed in a population of European-descent. Several candidate gene studies have been performed in various populations, but most have been inconclusive. Given that gallstones consist of up to 80% cholesterol, we hypothesized that common genetic variants associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) would also be associated with gallstone risk.

Methods
To test this hypothesis, the Epidemiologic Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment (EAGLE) study as part of the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study performed tests of association between 49 GWAS-identified lipid trait SNPs and gallstone disease in non-Hispanic whites (446 cases and 1,962 controls), non-Hispanic blacks (179 cases and 1,540 controls), and Mexican Americans (227 cases and 1,478 controls) ascertained for the population-based Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).

Results
At a liberal significance threshold of 0.05, five, four, and four SNP(s) were associated with disease risk in non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans, respectively. No one SNP was associated with gallstone disease risk in all three racial/ethnic groups. The most significant association was observed for ABCG5 rs6756629 in non-Hispanic whites [odds ratio (OR) = 1.89; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.44-2.49; p = 0.0001). ABCG5 rs6756629 is in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs11887534 (D19H), a variant previously associated with gallstone disease risk in populations of European-descent.

Conclusions
We replicated a previously associated variant for gallstone disease risk in non-Hispanic whites. Further discovery and fine-mapping efforts in diverse populations are needed to fully describe the genetic architecture of gallstone disease risk in humans.
Strength gain through eccentric isotonic training without changes in clinical signs or blood markers
Authors: Alves Thâmara , Guarnier Flávia A , Campoy Fernanda AS , Gois Mariana O , Albuquerque Maíra C , Seraphim Patrícia M , Netto Jayme Junior , Vanderlei Luiz Carlos Marques , Padovani Carlos R , Cecchini Rubens , Pastre Carlos Marcelo 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
Localized exercises are widely used in rehabilitation processes. The predominant options are exercises with an emphasis on either concentric or eccentric contractions. Eccentric exercises promote greater strength gains compared to classical concentric stimuli, but can cause muscle damage. The aim of present study was to compare strength training composed of 10 sessions with progressive loads between groups with a predominance of concentric versus eccentric contraction through an analysis of isotonic strength, pressure pain threshold, creatine kinase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and cortisol.

Methods
One hundred twenty male subjects were divided into four groups: C1 and E1 – single session of maximum strength with emphasis on concentric and eccentric contraction, respectively; C10 and E10 – 10 sessions with progressive loads from 80% to maximum strength with emphasis on concentric and eccentric contraction, respectively.

Results
Isotonic strength increased by 10% in E10 following the ten training sessions. C1 and E1 exhibited a lower pressure pain threshold 48 hours after the sessions in comparison to C10 and E10, respectively. Creatine kinase was increased in C1 in comparison to baseline, with significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in comparison to E1 at 48 and 96 hours as well as C10 at 48, 72 and 96 hours. No significant differences were found in TNF-α or cortisol among the groups or evaluation times.

Conclusion
Eccentric contraction training promotes functional adaptation. Moreover, both concentric and eccentric contraction training have a protective effect on the muscle in relation to a single session of maximum strength exercise.

Trial registration

RBR-75scwh