bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating complex I deficiency in Purkinje cells and synapses in patients with mitochondrial disease
Authors: Chrysostomou Alexia , Grady John P. , Laude Alex , Taylor Robert W. , Turnbull Doug M. , Lax Nichola Z. 
Published: September 2015

AimsCerebellar ataxia is common in patients with mitochondrial disease, and despite previous neuropathological investigations demonstrating vulnerability of the olivocerebellar pathway in patients with mitochondrial disease, the exact neurodegenerative mechanisms are still not clear. We use quantitative quadruple immunofluorescence to enable precise quantification of mitochondrial respiratory chain protein expression in Purkinje cell bodies and their synaptic terminals in the dentate nucleus.MethodsWe investigated NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 protein expression in 12 clinically and genetically defined patients with mitochondrial disease and ataxia and 10 age‐matched controls. Molecular genetic analysis was performed to determine heteroplasmy levels of mutated mitochondrial DNA in Purkinje cell bodies and inhibitory synapses.ResultsOur data reveal that complex I deficiency is present in both Purkinje cell bodies and their inhibitory synapses which surround dentate nucleus neurons. Inhibitory synapses are fewer and enlarged in patients which could represent a compensatory mechanism. Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy demonstrated similarly high levels of mutated mitochondrial DNA in cell bodies and synapses.ConclusionsThis is the first study to use a validated quantitative immunofluorescence technique to determine complex I expression in neurons and presynaptic terminals, evaluating the distribution of respiratory chain deficiencies and assessing the degree of morphological abnormalities affecting synapses. Respiratory chain deficiencies detected in Purkinje cell bodies and their synapses and structural synaptic changes are likely to contribute to altered cerebellar circuitry and progression of ataxia.
Majority of symptoms in esophageal reflux PPI non‐responders are not related to reflux
Authors: Roman S. , Keefer L. , Imam H. , Korrapati P. , Mogni B. , Eident K. , Friesen L. , Kahrilas P. J. , Martinovich Z. , Pandolfino J.E. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundGenesis of persistent gastro‐esophageal reflux symptoms despite proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is not fully understood. We aimed at determining reflux patterns on 24‐h pH‐impedance monitoring performed on PPI and correlating impedance patterns and symptom occurrence in PPI non‐responders.MethodsSeventy‐eight PPI non‐responder patients underwent 24‐h pH‐impedance monitoring on PPI. Reflux impedance characterization included gastric and supragastric belches and proximal extent of reflux. Symptoms were considered associated with reflux if occurring within 5 min after a reflux event. Patients were classified into three groups: persistent acid reflux (acid esophageal exposure [AET] >5% of time), reflux sensitivity (AET <5%, symptom index [SI] ≥50%), and functional symptoms (AET <5%, SI <50%). Dominant impedance pattern was determined for each patient.Key ResultsSeven patients (9%) had persistent acid reflux, 28 (36%) reflux sensitivity, and 43 (55%) functional symptoms. A total of 4296 reflux events were identified (median per patient 45 [range 4–221]). Although liquid reflux was the most common pattern in all groups, patients with reflux sensitivity and functional symptoms had much more variability in their pattern profile with a large proportion being associated with gastric and supragastric belching. Only 417 reflux events (9.7%) were associated with symptoms. Reflux with a supragastric component and proximal extent were more likely to be associated with symptoms.Conclusions & InferencesThe impedance reflux profile in PPI non‐responders was heterogeneous and the majority of reflux events were not associated with symptoms. Thus, the treatment of PPI non‐responders should focus on mechanisms beyond reflux, such as visceral hypersensitivity and hypervigilance.
Mechanisms contributing to visceral hypersensitivity: focus on splanchnic afferent nerve signaling
Authors: Deiteren A. , De Man J. G. , Keating C. , Jiang W. , De Schepper H. U. , Pelckmans P. A. , Francque S. M. , De Winter B. Y. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundVisceral hypersensitivity is a main characteristic of functional bowel disorders and is mediated by both peripheral and central factors. We investigated whether enhanced splanchnic afferent signaling in vitro is associated with visceral hypersensitivity in vivo in an acute and postinflammatory rat model of colitis.MethodsTrinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)‐colitis was monitored individually by colonoscopy to confirm colitis and follow convalescence and endoscopic healing in each rat. Experiments were performed in controls, rats with acute colitis and in postcolitis rats. Colonic afferent mechanosensitivity was assessed in vivo by quantifying visceromotor responses (VMRs), and by making extracellular afferent recordings from splanchnic nerve bundles in vitro. Multiunit afferent activity was classified into single units identified as low threshold (LT), wide dynamic range (WDR), high threshold (HT), and mechanically insensitive afferents (MIA).Key ResultsDuring acute TNBS‐colitis, VMRs were significantly increased and splanchnic nerve recordings showed proportionally less MIA and increased WDR and HT afferents. Acute colitis gave rise to an enhanced spontaneous activity of both LT and MIA and augmented afferent mechanosensitivity in LT, WDR and HT afferents. Postcolitis, VMRs remained significantly increased, whereas splanchnic nerve recordings showed that the proportion of LT, WDR, HT and MIA had normalized to control values. However, LT and MIA continued to show increased spontaneous activity and WDR and HT remained sensitized to colorectal distension.Conclusions & InferencesVisceral hypersensitivity in vivo is associated with sensitized splanchnic afferent responses both during acute colitis and in the postinflammatory phase. However, splanchnic afferent subpopulations are affected differentially at both time points.
The effect of refractive error on the accommodative response gradient: a summary and update
Authors: Millodot Michel 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPurposeTo give a summary of the original paper ‘The effect of refractive error on the accommodative response gradient’ published in 1986 and to present a brief overview of the most salient, subsequent findings which have appeared since then.Recent findingsIntensive and prolonged near work as a precursor to myopia has been substantiated since the original paper and is thought to contribute to the remarkable increase in the prevalence of myopia in the world which has occurred in the last 30 years, consistent with the emergence of compulsory education, computers and urbanisation. Increased accommodation has not been found to be essential in the development of myopia, but inaccurate accommodation during near work in the form of accommodative lag with its consequent hyperopic defocus has been confirmed as an association with myopia, although it is not clear whether that association is causal or merely a consequence of myopia.SummaryThe premise of the original paper that near work engenders lower accommodation in myopes compared to emmetropes and hyperopes has been corroborated over the years, particularly in progressing myopes as distinct from stable adult myopes. Inaccurate accommodation resulting in accommodative lag has been amply confirmed in subsequent studies.
Myopia and cognitive dysfunction among elderly Chinese adults: a propensity score matching analysis
Authors: Sun Hong‐Peng , Liu Hu , Xu Yong , Pan Chen‐Wei 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPurposeThe association between myopia and cognitive dysfunction among elderly adults was assessed by applying a Propensity Score Matching (PSM) approach. This is a statistical method which allows investigators to estimate causal treatment effects using observational or nonrandomised data.MethodsThe study was designed as a community‐based cross‐sectional study based on a Chinese cohort aged 60 years or older in China. Objective refraction was measured using an autorefractor and subjective refraction was used to refine vision, using the results of the objective refraction as the starting point. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent value of less than −0.50 dioptre (D) in the right eye. The Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) was used for cognitive assessment. The propensity scores for myopia were formulated using 13 potential confounders. We matched the propensity scores for subjects with and without myopia within a caliper of 0.01 of logit function of propensity scores.ResultsAbout 4123 elderly adults who successfully completed the AMT were included in this analysis. The odds ratio (OR) of cognitive dysfunction for myopia before matching was 1.98 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.61, 2.44; p < 0.001). There were significant covariate imbalances between comparison groups and after propensity score matching, covariate imbalance was significantly reduced. After propensity score matching, the OR of cognitive dysfunction was marginally significant and the magnitude of association was reduced (OR: 1.31 95% CI 1.00, 1.71; p = 0.05). Traditional multivariate logistic regression modelling found an OR of 1.52 (95% CI 1.23, 2.06; p < 0.001) after adjusting for the 13 potential confounders.ConclusionsMyopia was associated with a higher prevalence of cognitive dysfunction among elderly Chinese aged 60 years or older in China. The PSM approach may be a useful method to address selection bias in observational studies when randomised trials cannot ethically be conducted.
Frege on the Normativity and Constitutivity of Logic for Thought I
Authors: Mezzadri Daniele 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis two‐part paper reviews a scholarly debate on an alleged tension in Frege's philosophy of logic. In Section 1 of Part I, I discuss Frege's view that logic is concerned with establishing norms for correct thinking and is therefore a normative science. In Section 2, I explore a different understanding of the role of logic that Frege seems to advance: logic is constitutive of the very possibility of thought, because it sets forth necessary conditions for thought. Hence, the tension: the view according to which logic is normative for thought seems to be incompatible with the idea that abiding by the laws of logic forms a precondition for thought. In Section 1 of Part II, I survey a number of interpretations of Frege's conception of logic that deal with this question. I show that they are for the most part either normative readings (emphasising the former understanding of the nature of logic) or constitutive readings (emphasising the latter). Finally, in Section 2, I adjudicate the debate and aim at reconciling the normative and the constitutive strands in Frege's conception of logic.
What a Loaded Generalization: Generics and Social Cognition
Authors: Wodak Daniel , Leslie Sarah‐Jane , Rhodes Marjorie 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper explores the role of generics in social cognition. First, we explore the nature and effects of the most common form of generics about social kinds (descriptive generics). Second, we discuss the nature and effects of a less common but equally important form of generics about social kinds (normative generics). Finally, we consider the implications of this discussion for how we ought to use language about the social world.
Free Will in Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta: Rāmānuja, Sudarśana Sūri and Veṅkaṭanātha
Authors: Freschi Elisa 
Published: September 2015

AbstractFree will may not be a universal problem, but it is also not only confined to Christianity, as shown in the case of Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta. The authors of this school of Indian philosophy, founded in the 11th c. and still influential up until today, had to face the challenge of accounting for human autonomy and God's omnipotence. Their solution was to create a precinct for free will in human minds, whereas all actions depend on God. Thus, God does not interfere with the initial determination of human free will and it later supports human intentions, thus permitting that they are turned into action.
Ibāḍism: History, Doctrines, and Recent Scholarship
Authors: Hoffman Valerie J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIbāḍism is the only surviving sect of Khārijism and thus represents the third main branch of Islam, after Sunnism and Shīʻism. Ibāḍīs, who number less than 1% of the world's Muslims, are found mainly in the Sultanate of Oman, in the Mzāb and Wārgla (Ouargla) regions of southeastern Algeria, in the Nafūsa mountain region of northwestern Libya, and on the island of Jirba (Djerba), Tunisia. The traditional narrative of Ibāḍism's origins dates it to ‘Abd Allāh ibn Ibāḍ's split from the radical Khārijism of Nāfi‘ ibn al‐Azraq in 64/684 CE. Ibāḍīs say that Jābir ibn Zayd (d. 93/711 CE) organized the sect in Baṣra, but recent scholarship questions much of this traditional narrative. This article discusses recent scholarship on Ibāḍism's historical development, summarizes its distinctive teachings in theology and jurisprudence, and offers a brief analysis of the relationship of Ibāḍism to the Bū Saʻīdī sultanate of Oman and Zanzibar.
Clinical efficacy of anti‐glycopeptidolipid‐core IgA test for diagnosing Mycobacterium avium complex infection in lung
Authors: Numata Takanori , Araya Jun , Yoshii Yutaka , Shimizu Kenichiro , Hara Hiromichi , Nakayama Katsutoshi , Kuwano Kazuyoshi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackground and objectiveIt is difficult to verify the bacteriological diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection. The anti‐glycopeptidolipid (GPL)‐core IgA antibody test was recently developed as a diagnostic method for MAC pulmonary disease. Only a few studies evaluate its clinical efficacy. We conducted retrospective evaluations of clinical characteristics of patients suspected of MAC infection to explore the usefulness of the anti‐GPL‐core IgA antibody test.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 296 patients who were suspected to have MAC infection and underwent anti‐GPL‐core IgA antibody test between March 2013 and July 2014 in Jikei University hospital.ResultsA total of 29 patients were diagnosed with ‘definite MAC’ based on the American Thoracic Society (ATS) criteria with multiple identifications of MAC. On the other hand, 106 patients were diagnosed with other pulmonary diseases than MAC. The sensitivity and specificity of anti‐GPL‐core IgA antibody test for MAC diagnosis were 58.6% and 98.1%, respectively. The definite MAC group showed no significant differences in strains, treatment history or number of segments involved. The duration of MAC disease in the positive‐antibody group was significantly longer than in the negative‐antibody group (P = 0.046). A significant increase in the false‐negative rate was observed in patients with malignant disease (P = 0.029).ConclusionsThe anti‐GPL‐core IgA antibody test demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of MAC infection especially in patients without malignant diseases.
Creating a Man for the Future: A Narrative Analysis of Male In‐Migrants and Their Constructions of Masculinities in a Rural Context
Authors: Aure Marit , Munkejord Mai Camilla 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMost research on rural masculinity focuses on sedentary and agricultural lifestyles. Based on fieldwork and interviews with 18 male newcomers, this article explores constructions of masculinities among in‐migrants engaged in several occupations and entrepreneurial activities in Finnmark, in Northern Norway. Building on the concept of hegemonic masculinities, we show how a specific combination of compact geography, a changing labour market and the Nordic dual‐earner family model and welfare state create a rural space of opportunities in which male in‐migrants construct themselves as men for the future. The respondents emphasise the importance of intensive fatherhood, being a supportive spouse, and commitment to leisure activities as well as their professional identities. Contrary to studies of rural masculinities emphasising ‘macho’ traits, our analysis demonstrates the prevalence of novel nonhegemonic masculinities among in‐migrants in northernmost Norway.
Cooperation Versus Competition Effects on Information Sharing and Use in Group Decision‐Making
Authors: Toma Claudia , Butera Fabrizio 
Published: September 2015

AbstractInformation processing in groups has long been seen as a cooperative process. In contrast with this assumption, group members were rarely found to behave cooperatively: They withhold unshared information and stick to initial incorrect decisions. In the present article, we examined how group members' cooperative and competitive motives impact on group information processing and propose that information sharing and use in groups could be seen as strategic behavior. We reviewed the latest developments in the literature investigating different forms of strategic information processing and their underlying mechanisms. This review suggests that explicit cooperative goals are needed for effective group decision‐making.
Accuracy of Social Perception: An Integration and Review of Meta‐Analyses
Authors: Nater Christa , Zell Ethan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis review examines the overall accuracy of social perception across several research topics and identifies factors that influence the accuracy of social perception. Findings from 14 meta‐analyses examining topics such as social/personality judgments, health judgments, legal judgments, and academic/vocational judgments were obtained. Social perception accuracy was generally moderate, yielding an average effect size (r) of .32. However, individual meta‐analytic effects varied widely, with some topics yielding small effects (e.g., lie detection, eyewitness identification) and other topics yielding large effects (e.g., educational judgments, health judgments). Several moderators of social perception accuracy were identified, including the nature of the information source, familiarity of the target, type of personality trait, and severity of the outcome being judged. These findings provide a comprehensive summary and novel integration of disparate findings on the accuracy of social perception. Concluding remarks highlight avenues for future research and call for cross‐disciplinary collaborations that would enhance our understanding of social perception.
Exploring the Enigmatic Link between Religion and Anti‐Black Attitudes
Authors: Howard Simon , Sommers Samuel R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis review explores social psychological perspectives on the complex relationship between religion and anti‐Black prejudice in the United States. We examine the different ways in which religiosity has been conceptualized by behavioral scientists. We consider the methodological limitations of previous research, as well as how the advent of priming research introduces new empirical questions regarding religiosity and anti‐Black prejudice, such as whether activation of different religious conceptions (e.g., God versus religion) or priming via different types of stimuli (e.g., words versus images) produces different outcomes. Finally, we discuss the lack of diverse samples in the present literature and highlight the need for additional research with Black American respondents. Conclusions consider the real world implications of links between religion and anti‐Blackness for both White individuals (e.g., intergroup relations) and Black individuals (e.g., psychological functioning).
Non‐invasive diagnosis of pink basal cell carcinoma: how much can we rely on dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy?
Authors: Witkowski A. M. , Łudzik J. , DeCarvalho N. , Ciardo S. , Longo C. , DiNardo A. , Pellacani G. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundNon‐pigmented ‘pink’ cutaneous lesions in differential diagnosis with basal cell carcinoma may present a challenge for clinicians. Our objective was to determine the potential improvement of diagnostic accuracy using combined dermoscopy‐reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) image evaluation.MethodsTwo hundred and sixty clinically equivocal ‘pink’ cutaneous lesions were evaluated retrospectively. Reader accuracy was tested with dermoscopy images only vs. RCM and combined dermoscopy‐RCM images.ResultsOut of 260 equivocal ‘pink’ cutaneous lesions, there were 114 basal cell carcinomas within a total of 140 malignancies that included 12 melanomas, 13 squamous cell carcinomas, and 1 other malignancy type. Dermoscopy only evaluation resulted in an overall sensitivity of 85.1% and specificity of 92.4%, resulting in a positive predictive value (PPV) of 89.8%, with 1 of 12 melanomas misdiagnosed. RCM evaluation resulted in an overall sensitivity of 85.1% and specificity of 93.8%, resulting in a PPV of 91.5%, with no melanomas misdiagnosed. Combined dermoscopy‐RCM evaluation resulted in an overall sensitivity of 77.2% and specificity of 96.6%, resulting in a PPV of 94.6%.ConclusionThe combination of dermoscopy‐RCM evaluation significantly improves the accuracy and safety threshold in equivocal ‘pink’ cutaneous lesions in the differential diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma.
The effects of exchange transfusion for prevention of complications during pregnancy of sickle hemoglobin C disease patients
Authors: Benites Bruno Deltreggia , Benevides Thais Celi Lopes , Valente Isabella Salvetti , Marques Jose Francisco , Gilli Simone Cristina Olenscki , Saad Sara Teresinha Olalla 
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUNDPregnancy represents a challenge for women with sickle cell disease (SCD), with higher rates of both maternal and fetal complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of prophylactic transfusion support administered specifically to pregnant women with sickle hemoglobin C disease.MATERIALS AND METHODSPatients were divided into two groups according to the type of transfusion support received: 10 women received prophylactic erythrocytapheresis or manual exchange transfusion at 28 weeks of gestation, and 14 received transfusions only on demand, due to acute complications, or received no transfusions at all.RESULTSOur results indicated higher frequencies of SCD‐related complications in the group that did not receive prophylactic transfusion support (35.7% vs. only 10% in the erythrocytapheresis group). Furthermore, these complications were more severe in this group and included all cases of acute chest syndrome. A significant difference was observed concerning gestational age at birth (38.7 weeks in the transfusion group vs. 34.4 weeks, p = 0.037), with a higher frequency of preterm births in the nontransfused group (69.23% vs. 30% in the transfusion group).CONCLUSIONWe demonstrated a clear reduction of unfavorable outcomes in patients receiving prophylactic transfusions, probably reflecting better maternal and fetal conditions, which corroborated to the more satisfactory indices of vitality, observed in newborns. Considering that erythrocytapheresis or manual exchange transfusions both represent feasible and safe procedures, they could represent important tools for the optimal management of these patients.