bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limits to sustained energy intake XXI: effect of exposing the mother, but not her pups, to a cold environment during lactation in mice
Authors: Valencak Teresa G. , Wright Paul , Weir Ashleigh , Mitchell Sharon E. , Vaanholt Lobke M. , Hambly Catherine , Krol Elzbieta , Speakman John R. 
Published: August 2013

Summary
The capacity of females to dissipate heat may constrain sustained energy intake during lactation. However, some previous experiments supporting this concept have confounded the impact of temperature on the mothers with the impact on the pups. We aimed to separate these effects in lactating laboratory mice (MF1 strain) by giving the mothers access to cages at 2 ambient temperatures (10 and 21°C) joined by a tube. Food was available only in the cold cage, but females could also choose go to this cage to cool down while pups were housed in the warmer cage. Control animals had access to the same configuration of cages but with both maintained at 21°C. We hypothesised that if females were limited by heat dissipation, alleviating the heat load by providing a cool environment would allow them to dissipate more heat, intake more food, generate more milk and hence wean heavier litters. We measured maternal energy budgets and monitored time courses of core body temperature and physical activity. To minimize the variance in energy budgets all litters were adjusted to 12 (±1) pups. Females in the experimental group had higher energy intake (F1,14= 15.8; P=0.0014), higher assimilated energy (F1,13= 10.7; P=0.006) and provided their pups with more milk (F1,13= 6.65; P=0.03), consistent with the heat dissipation limit theory. Yet, despite keeping demand constant, mean pup growth rates were similar (F1,13=0.06; P=0.8) thus our data emphasise the difficulties of inferring milk production indirectly from pup growth.
Trade-off between camouflage and sexual dimorphism revealed by UV digital imaging: the case of Australian Mallee Dragons (Ctenophorus fordi)
Authors: Garcia Jair E. , Rohr Detlef , Dyer Adrian G. 
Published: August 2013

Summary
Colour patterns displayed by animals may need to balance the opposing requirements of sexual selection through display and natural selection through camouflage. Currently little is known about the possibility of the dual purpose of an animal colour pattern in the UV region of the spectrum, which is potentially perceivable by both predators and conspecifics for detection or communication purposes. Here we implemented linearised digital UV photography to characterise and quantify the colour pattern of an endemic Australian Agamid lizard classically regarded as monomorphic when considering data from the visible region of the spectrum. Our results indicate a widespread presence of UV elements across the entire body of the lizards and these patterns vary significantly in intensity, size, and frequency between genders. These results were modeled considering either lizard or avian visual characteristics revealing that UV reflectance represents a trade-off between the requirements of sexual displaying to con specifics, and concealment from avian predators.
Phylogeny and effects of anoxia on hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated channel gene expression in the heart of a primitive chordate, the Pacific Hagfish (eptatretus stoutii)
Authors: Wilson Christopher M. , Stecyk Jonathan A. W. , Couturier Christine S. , Nilsson Goran E. , Farrell Anthony P. 
Published: August 2013

Summary
The aneural heart of the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii, varies heart rate four-fold during recovery from anoxia. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, which play an important role in establishing the pacemaker rate of vertebrate hearts, were postulated to be present in this ancestral vertebrate heart and that changes in hagfish heart rate with oxygen availability involved altered HCN expression. Partial gene cloning revealed, six HCN isoforms in the hagfish heart. Hagfish representatives of HCN2, HCN3 and HCN4 were discovered, with HCN2 and HCN3 existing as isoforms designated HCN2a, HCN2b, HCN3a, two paralogs of HCN3b, and HCN3c. Phylogenetic analysis revealed HCN3b and HCN3c to be ancestral, followed by HCN3a, HCN4 and HCN2. Moreover, HCN3a expression was dominant in both the atrial and ventricular chambers, suggesting that the HCN4 dominance in adult mammalian hearts appeared after hagfish divergence. HCN expression was higher in the atrium than in the ventricle, as might be expected given that atrial beating rate is known to be faster than the ventricular rate. In addition, mRNA expression under normoxic conditions was compared with that following 24 h of anoxia, and either a 2-h or a 36-h recovery in normoxic water. In the ventricle, anoxia decreased HCN3a but not HCN4 expression. In contrast, atrial HCN3a expression significantly increased following 2 h of recovery, before returning to control levels following 36 h of recovery, possibly contributing to heart rate changes previously observed under these conditions.
High metabolic and water-loss rates in caterpillar aggregations: evidence against the resource-conservation hypothesis
Authors: Schoombie Ruben E. , Boardman Leigh , Groenewald Berlizé , Glazier Douglas S. , van Daalen Corné E. , Clusella-Trullas Susana , Terblanche John S. 
Published: August 2013

Summary
Several reasons have been proposed for animal aggregation, including energy or water conservation. However, the latter physiological hypotheses have not been well investigated. Here, we report the effects of aggregation on metabolic (VCO2) and evaporative water-loss rates (VH2O) of the gregarious caterpillar Eutricha capensis, by comparing individuals and groups of individuals (n=10-100). Contrary to findings from previous physiological studies, we did not find an advantage to aggregation: unexpectedly, VCO2 and VH2O did not decrease with increasing group size. VCO2 and VH2O generally remained constant or increased in larger groups relative to individuals. The amount of water lost per unit of CO2 exchanged (VH2O:VCO2 ratio) showed a marked increase in grouped caterpillars, particularly in larger groups. Other benefits of aggregation (e.g. reduced predation or increased growth rates) likely outweigh these potential costs, because individuals of E. capensis aggregate voluntarily despite no obvious energetic or hygric advantage, and other potentially confounding group effects (e.g. increased thermoregulatory advantage or whole-animal activity) are inconsequential. The results of this study provide an important exception to physiological studies reporting enhanced energy or water conservation in animal groups.
Visual Expression of Beauty and Ugliness in Adolescent Art
Authors: Kárpáti Andrea , Kay Lisa 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
In this article, we present preliminary findings of a cross-cultural pilot study undertaken on the common borders of education and therapy through art. We examine images of beauty and ugliness drawn by adolescents in Hungary and the United States. Using beautiful and ugly drawing tasks as a personality test was first developed by researchers at an interactive digital testing site in Hungary. However, this method had not been used as a research tool, so with the developers’ permission, a small pilot was performed to facilitate standardization of the task. The described research method is especially useful for adolescents and young adults whose verbal communication is richly supplemented by their creative imagery. Our analysis focused on themes, emotional responses in the drawings, which are vital signs that express adolescents’ perceptions about the two extreme aesthetic experiences. The use of the Ugly and Beautiful Image Task (UBIT) as an educational and therapeutic assessment tool is also addressed.
A tanulmány egy kultúraközi összehasonlító vizsgálat első eredményeit tartalmazza, amely a művészetterápia és a vizuális nevelés közös határain mozog. Magyar kamaszok alkotásait hasonlítjuk össze, akik a szépség és a rútság fogalmát próbálták meg kifejezni képi eszközökkel. A két ellentétes minőség megjelenítését pszichológiai tesztként alkalmazták először a Psychogalaxy weboldalt megalkotó kutatók. Korábban ezt a feladatot kutatási célra még nem alkalmazták. A fejleszők engedélyével egy kismintás pilot kísérletet végeztünk, amelyben a feladat értékelési rendszerének finomításához kívántunk hozzájárulni. A vizsgálati módszer különösen hasznos kamaszok és fiatal felnőttek esetében, akiknek a szóbeli kommunikációját gazdag információs háttérrel egészíti ki kreatív képi közléseik. Elemzésünkben a rajzok témáival és az alkotók érzelmi reakcióival foglalkoztunk, melyekből kitűnik, hogyan vélekednek az esztétikai ellentét-párról. Írásunk végén a Rút és Szép Képalkotó Feladat (RSZKF) pedagógiai és művészetterápiás alkalmazási lehetőségeit is felvetjük.
‘Silver Scorpion’ Communal comics and disability identities between the United States and Syria
Authors: Karr Valerie L 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This article will explore the development and expression of disability identity and agency through a cross-cultural communal art experience, the creation of comic book heroes with disabilities. The narrative voice of youth participants with disabilities from the U.S. and Syria was examined to understand ways in which this group learning experience in visual art facilitated their causal agency and the development of disability identity. This article explores artistic expression and human rights education as curricular spaces for the development of causal agency skills, and investigates how the final artistic product represented the vision of youth participants. The study found that the creative process encouraged the development of causal agency skills through visual narrative. For future educational interventions at the intersection of art, youth and disability culture, this framework may serve to illuminate particular youth and disability experiences through stories, goals, and representations.
Factors affecting low ceramics specialization decisions within the KNUST Industrial Art degree programme
Authors: Nortey Samuel , Opoku-Amankwa Kwasi , Bodjawah Edwin K. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This article looked at the trend of specialization within the four-year Industrial Art degree programme at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana. Specialization decisions during the period 1999–2011 were studied, which confirmed that ceramics receives low specialization after the first-year diagnostic studies. The Social Learning Theory provided the framework for the study to explore factors that influence students of the Industrial Art department in low ceramics majoring as compared to the other disciplines (textiles design and metals product design). Findings showed that there is a significant association between studying ceramics in high school and students’ decision to specialize in ceramics at the university level. The results obtained from the odds ratio (OR) further indicated that if students are taught ceramics in high school, then they are 115.96 times more likely to specialize in the course at the university level. The study also revealed using the logistic regression that the course content satisfaction and other explanatory variables such as age, gender and location influenced decisions. The findings of the study strongly support the idea of background student motivation and the need for teaching that is exploratory, practice focused, problem centred and process oriented to motivate first-year students in majoring in ceramics.
Lessons about identity formation from contemporary art
Authors: Mason Rachel , Vella Raphael 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This article describes and interprets artworks that interrogate identity and explores their potential application as a resource for teaching in schools. The artworks in question were selected for interdisciplinary curriculum experiments carried out by research teams taking part in the Images and Identity project funded by the European Commission. There is much public debate about the changing nature of identity today and the art and citizenship teachers collaborating on curriculum development during this project used contemporary artworks to encourage young people to reflect on, explore and express their understanding of their identities within the context of Europe. The article draws on social science theory to explicate some of the artworks sourced for the project that examine identity as a personal and/or socially constructed representation of self (ethnic, national, civic, etc.) and/or engage with identity politics in various ways. It ends with a brief discussion of ways art teachers could use contemporary art to explore citizen identifications with Europe.
Development of a 1200-mm-Diameter Round Panel Test for Post-Crack Assessment of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Bernard E. S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe ASTM C1550 round panel test is now used widely to assess the post-crack performance of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) and fiber-reinforced shotcrete (FRS) and is firmly established as the most repeatable means of post-crack performance assessment available for these materials. However, the 75-mm standard specimen thickness for this test method has limited its application to relatively thin-walled structures such as FRS linings in mines and tunnels. The performance characteristics of FRC in bending depend on the thickness of a member, and thus a specimen with a thickness close to that in the intended application should be used for representative performance assessment. For this reason, tests such as ASTM C1609/C1609M, based on a 150-mm-deep beam, are typically used for thick-walled applications such as FRC tunnel linings and pre-cast elements. Unfortunately, the high single-operator variability characteristic of performance parameters obtained using beam tests has burdened the construction industry with unnecessarily expensive FRC designs, because the resulting margin between target performance and design requirements becomes excessively large. In response to this, demand has arisen for an enlarged version of the 75-mm-thick ASTM C1550 panel that can be used as a quality assurance tool for thick-walled FRC applications. The present paper describes the development of a version of the ASTM C1550 round panel 150 mm thick and 1200 mm in diameter with specific emphasis on developing thickness correction factors and characterizing the single-operator variability for these large test specimens. It also establishes a correlation between residual strengths measured using ASTM C1609/C1609M beams and using 1200-mm-diameter round panels at comparable crack widths.
Preliminary Characterization of Physical Properties of Cross-Laminated-Timber (CLT) Panels for Hygrothermal Modelling
Authors: Alsayegh George , Mukhopadhyaya Phalguni , Wang Jieying , Zalok Ehab , van Reenen David 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Cross-laminated-timber (CLT) panels are a type of relatively new wood-based structural panel, typically manufactured by laminating three or more layers of lumber together, with each layer rotated 90° relative to the neighbouring layers. This study explored preliminary assessment of the physical properties of a range of specimens for the purpose of initiating generating material property data for hygrothermal simulation of CLT building enclosure assemblies. Three types of five-layer CLT panels (nominally 130 mm thick) were made with Canadian softwood species, including spruce-pine-fir (SPF) from Eastern Canada and British Columbia, and hem fir from British Columbia, all glued with emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI) as the adhesive applied between neighbouring layers. One type of three-layer CLT (nominally 90 mm thick) commercially manufactured in Europe using European spruce, with polyurethane adhesive, was also tested. Physical properties including density, thermal conductivity, liquid-water absorption, water-vapor permeability, sorption (moisture storage function), and air permeability were measured, mostly based on established international standards. To assess the impact of the adhesive on the hygrothermal properties of CLTs, test specimens used for most tests included at least one layer of adhesive, except those used for sorption tests, which used very small specimens. The properties were expected to mostly reflect the properties of the lumber used for CLT manufacturing. Variations in properties were found among these different CLT specimens; however, it was generally concluded that the differences caused by wood species and manufacturing methods would not be large enough to cause considerable differences in the hygrothermal properties or significantly impact the outcomes of hygrothermal simulation. With small-scale testing and very limited replication this study showed that the water-vapor permeability of CLT generally increased with an increase in relative humidity (RH), and the air permeance of the CLT specimens without visible gaps and checks was negligible.
Modeling Nanoindentation Creep Behavior of Asphalt Binder
Authors: Tarefder Rafiqul A. , Faisal Hasan M. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Researchers have used the Oliver-Pharr method to analyze nanoindentation test results for viscoelastic materials without considering the viscous effect. This study develops procedure to analyze nanoindentation creep results of asphalt binder considering the viscous effect. In particular, models such as Voigt, Burger, and others, which use spring, dashpot, and rigid body are used to fit the laboratory data. The spring-dashpot-rigid (SDR) element model uses the loading, holding, and unloading time-displacement data to predict the modulus, hardness, and indentation viscosity of the material. Modulus and hardness from the Oliver-Pharr model are much less than those from SDR model. In addition to modulus and hardness, the SDR model and other Voigt and Burger models can provide viscous parameters that are very important for the advanced modeling of asphalt concrete. In the study, the model parameter retardation time shows a clear decreasing trend with increase in loading rate, however, no clear trend is found between retardation time and dwell time (the time where maximum load is kept constant for a specific period of time). In the study, the nanoindentation test results are analyzed with both the nonlinear SDR model, as well as the linear SDR model. However, the nonlinear SDR model showed higher efficiency in prediction compared to the linear SDR model.
Mechanical Properties of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete with Different Densities
Authors: Chen Yu , Peng Mei , Zhang Ye , Liu Yanjun 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
With realizing the significant advantages of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) in green building development, an experimental investigation was undertaken to study mechanical properties of plain AAC produced in Beijing, China. AAC specimens of six different density grades, B03 to B08 with dry bulk densities between 300 to 800 kg/m3 were tested for their cube compressive strength, prism compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity. The measured values obtained in this investigation are compared with equations and data given by ACI, as well as by other institutes. It was found that ACI equations gave conservative predictions for AACs with density grades of B03 to B06, yet outlier data points abnormally low were found for the higher density grades B07 and B08 for their prism compressive strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity. The anomalous results for B07 and B08 were attributed to the replacement of silica sand with fly ash in the two AACs. Regression analysis was conducted in an attempt to relate mechanical properties based on measured values in this investigation and data merged from ACI. However, because of the limited number of testing, more research should be conducted to verify these equations. In conclusion, it is believed that information gathered in this study will be beneficial to the AAC producers in improving their product quality and to the specifiers in revising AAC-related specifications in China.
Residual Stresses in Welded Stiffened Steel Plates—An Experimental Comparative Study
Authors: Kenno Sara Y. , Das Sreekanta , Rogge Ronald B. , Gharghouri Michael A. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This paper examines the residual stress distributions at selected depths in three stiffened 350WT steel plates representing typical stiffened steel plates used in modern ship construction. Residual stresses can develop from the welding process, and the magnitude of these stresses can be high enough to cause an early onset of yielding. Therefore, fatigue or other failures can also occur when welding-induced residual stresses are combined with service-load-induced stresses. In this study, the welding-induced residual stresses of these stiffened steel plate specimens were quantified at the near surface using the X-Ray diffraction method and at various depths using the neutron diffraction method. Transverse and longitudinal stress components for all three specimens were collected and analyzed. The residual stress profiles determined from both methods were found to be similar. However, some disagreement was found within the heat-affected zone of the weld bead. This paper discusses the residual stress distributions found in the three specimens and compares the two methods of measurement.
Mortality in Cushing's syndrome: systematic analysis of a large series with prolonged follow-up
Authors: Ntali G , Asimakopoulou A , Siamatras T , Komninos J , Vassiliadi D , Tzanela M , Tsagarakis S , Grossman A B , Wass J A H , Karavitaki N 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveIn this study, we aim to assess the long-term survival and causes of death in a retrospective cohort study on patients with all aetiologies of endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) (except adrenal cancer), presenting to two large tertiary endocrine referral centres, and to identify variables predicting mortality.Subjects and methodsThe records of all patients presenting with endogenous CS in the Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxford, UK and the Department of Endocrinology, ‘Evangelismos’ General Hospital, Athens, Greece between 1967–2009 (Oxford series) and 1962–2009 (Athens series) were reviewed. The standardised mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated for the Oxford series.ResultsIn total, 418 subjects were identified (311 with Cushing's disease (CD), 74 with adrenal Cushing's (AC) and 33 with ectopic Cushing's (EC)). In CD, the probability of 10-year survival was 95.3% with 71.4% of the deaths attributed to cardiovascular causes or infection/sepsis. SMRs were significantly high overall (SMR 9.3; 95% CI, 6.2–13.4, P<0.001), as well as in all subgroups of patients irrespective of their remission status. In AC, the probability of 10-year survival was 95.5% and the SMR was 5.3 (95% CI, 0.3–26.0) with P=0.2. Patients with EC had the worst outcome with 77.6% probability of 5-year survival.ConclusionsIn this large series of patients with CS and long-term follow-up, we report that in CD the mortality is significantly affected, even after apparently successful treatment. The SMR of patients with AC was high, but this was not statistically significant. The implicated pathophysiological mechanisms for these findings need to be further elucidated aiming to improve the long-term outcome.