bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strong chemistry‐climate feedbacks in the Pliocene
Authors: Unger Nadine , Yue Xu 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe Pliocene epoch was the last sustained interval when global climate was significantly warmer than today but has been difficult to explain fully based on the external forcings from atmospheric carbon dioxide and surface albedo. Here we use an Earth system model to simulate terrestrial ecosystem emissions and atmospheric chemical composition in the mid‐Pliocene (about 3 million years ago) and the preindustrial (~1750s). Tropospheric ozone and aerosol precursors from vegetation and wildfire are ~50% and ~100% higher in the mid‐Pliocene due to the spread of the tropical savanna and deciduous biomes. The chemistry‐climate feedbacks contribute a net global warming that is +30–250% of the carbon dioxide effect and a net aerosol global cooling that masks 15–100% of the carbon dioxide effect. These large vegetation‐mediated ozone and aerosol feedbacks operate on centennial to millennial timescales in the climate system and have not previously been included in paleoclimate sensitivity assessments.
OMPS Limb Profiler instrument performance assessment
Authors: Jaross Glen , Bhartia Pawan K. , Chen Grace , Kowitt Mark , Haken Michael , Chen Zhong , Xu Philippe , Warner Jeremy , Kelly Thomas 
Published: December 2013

AbstractFollowing the successful launch of the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) aboard the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (SNPP) spacecraft, the NASA OMPS Limb team began an evaluation of instrument and data product performance. The focus of this paper is the instrument performance in relation to the original design criteria. Performance that is closer to expectations increases the likelihood that limb scatter measurements by SNPP OMPS and successor instruments can form the basis for accurate long‐term monitoring of ozone vertical profiles. The team finds that the Limb instrument operates mostly as designed and basic performance meets or exceeds the original design criteria. Internally scattered stray light and sensor pointing knowledge are two design challenges with the potential to seriously degrade performance. A thorough prelaunch characterization of stray light supports software corrections that are accurate to within 1% in radiances up to 60 km for the wavelengths used in deriving ozone. Residual stray light errors at 1000 nm, which is useful in retrievals of stratospheric aerosols, currently exceed 10%. Height registration errors in the range of 1 km to 2 km have been observed that cannot be fully explained by known error sources. An unexpected thermal sensitivity of the sensor also causes wavelengths and pointing to shift each orbit in the northern hemisphere. Spectral shifts of as much as 0.5 nm in the ultraviolet and 5 nm in the visible, and up to 0.3 km shifts in registered height, must be corrected in ground processing.
Determinants of Mortality Among Postmenopausal Women in the Women's Health Initiative Who Report Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kuller Lewis H. , Mackey Rachel H. , Walitt Brian T. , Deane Kevin D. , Holers V. Michael , Robinson William H. , Sokolove Jeremy , Chang Yuefang , Liu Simin , Parks Christine G. , Wright Nicole C. , Moreland Larry W. 
Published: December 2013

ObjectiveRheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. We measured anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti‐CCP) antibody levels and determined use of disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) among women in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Using these data, we undertook this study to assess total mortality over 10 years of followup among white, black, or Hispanic women with self‐reported RA in the WHI.MethodsUsing stored baseline serum, we measured anti‐CCP, rheumatoid factor (RF), and antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) in 9,988 women who reported having RA. Based on a previous chart review study, probable RA was defined as either self‐reported RA and anti‐CCP positivity, or anti‐CCP negativity and DMARD use. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model the relationship of self‐reported RA, DMARD exposure, and anti‐CCP positivity to total mortality, using followup data through April 2009.ResultsAt baseline, the mean age was 62.8 years; 24.5% of subjects were black and 10% were Hispanic. Prevalence of anti‐CCP positivity was 8.1% (n = 812), and 217 women were anti‐CCP negative but had reported use of DMARDs; therefore, 1,029 women (of 9,988) were classified as having probable RA, and 8,958 were classified as unlikely to have RA (with data on DMARD use missing for 1 subject). Age‐adjusted mortality rates were ∼2‐fold higher for anti‐CCP–positive women, with 20.2 deaths per 1,000 person‐years, as compared to 11.4 deaths per 1,000 person‐years among anti‐CCP–negative women with self‐reported RA who never used DMARDs. Among women who did not report any arthritis at baseline, we found 8.3 deaths per 1,000 person‐years. The increased risk among anti‐CCP–positive women with RA was not explained by age, RF positivity, ANA positivity, or DMARD use.ConclusionAnti‐CCP–positive RA was associated with substantial excess mortality among postmenopausal women in the WHI. This result was not explained by the risk factors we measured.
Linear trend of occurrence and intensity of heavy rainfall events on Northeast Brazil
Authors: de Oliveira Priscilla Teles , Silva Cláudio Moisés Santos e , Lima Kellen Carla 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA comprehensive dataset of daily rainfall covering the period from 1972 to 2002 was used to compute the climatology and trend of occurrence and intensity of heavy, weak and normal events of rainfall on Northeast Brazil (NEB). For selection of rainfall events, we used the technique of quantiles and the trend was identified using the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test. The heavy events are modulated by La Niña and El Niño occurrences and in general they presented negative trend concerning to number of episodes and positive trend to daily rainfall.
Randomized clinical trial of pigtail catheter versus chest tube in injured patients with uncomplicated traumatic pneumothorax
Authors: Kulvatunyou N , Erickson L , Vijayasekaran A , Gries L , Joseph B , Friese R F , O'Keeffe T , Tang A L , Wynne J L , Rhee P 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background
Small pigtail catheters appear to work as well as the traditional large-bore chest tubes in patients with traumatic pneumothorax, but it is not known whether the smaller pigtail catheters are associated with less tube-site pain. This study was conducted to compare tube-site pain following pigtail catheter or chest tube insertion in patients with uncomplicated traumatic pneumothorax.

Methods
This prospective randomized trial compared 14-Fr pigtail catheters and 28-Fr chest tubes in patients with traumatic pneumothorax presenting to a level I trauma centre from July 2010 to February 2012. Patients who required emergency tube placement, those who refused and those who could not respond to pain assessment were excluded. Primary outcomes were tube-site pain, as assessed by a numerical rating scale, and total pain medication use. Secondary outcomes included the success rate of pneumothorax resolution and insertion-related complications.

Results
Forty patients were enrolled. Baseline characteristics of 20 patients in the pigtail catheter group were similar to those of 20 patients in the chest tube group. No patient had a flail chest or haemothorax. Pain scores related to chest wall trauma were similar in the two groups. Patients with a pigtail catheter had significantly lower mean(s.d.) tube-site pain scores than those with a chest tube, at baseline after tube insertion (3·2(0·6) versus 7·7(0·6); P &lt; 0·001), on day 1 (1·9(0·5) versus 6·2(0·7); P &lt; 0·001) and day 2 (2·1(1.1) versus 5·5(1·0); P = 0·040). The decreased use of pain medication associated with pigtail catheter was not significantly different. The duration of tube insertion, success rate and insertion-related complications were all similar in the two groups.

Conclusion
For patients with a simple, uncomplicated traumatic pneumothorax, use of a 14-Fr pigtail catheter is associated with reduced pain at the site of insertion, with no other clinically important differences noted compared with chest tubes. Registration number: NCT01537289 (http://clinicaltrials.gov).
Identification of two forms of the Eso1 protein in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Chen Zhiming , Cao Hongshi , Guo Weichao , Lu Yingqiang 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Eso1p is a protein fusion. Two‐thirds of its N‐terminus is conserved to budding yeast Rad30, which functions in error‐free replication of UV‐damaged DNA. A third of the C‐terminus is highly conserved to budding yeast Eco1, a lysine acetyltransferase, which is essential for the establishment of cohesion. Both Rad30p and Eco1p need to be finely tuned in budding yeast. Given the distinct function existed in Rad30p and Eco1p, it is enigmatic how the Eso1p, the protein fusion regulated in S. pombe, works. We have identified two forms of the Eso1 protein by Western blot, and detected the Eco1‐homology fragment by M/S analysis following TAP purification of Eso1 protein. The result raises the possibility that Eso1 might be processed in vivo to release the Eco1‐homology fragment, which allows the independent regulation of Rad30‐homology and Eco1‐homology fragments.
Urothelial differentiation of human amniotic fluid stem cells by urothelium specific conditioned medium
Authors: Kang Henry H. , Kang Julia J. , Kang Hyung‐Gyoo , Chung Seyung S. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHuman amniotic fluid stem cells (HAFSCs) have a high proliferative capacity and a good differentiation potential, and may thus be suitable for regenerative medicine. To date, urothelial differentiation mechanisms of HAFSCs are poorly understood. We have investigated the urothelial differentiation potential of HAFSCs so that they can be therapeutically applied to cure defective diseases of bladder. To induce the stem cell differentiation, HAFSCs were cultured in a bladder cancer‐derived conditioned medium. After 2 weeks of culture, HAFSCs began to express the urothelial lineage‐specific markers (UPII, CK8 and FGF10). Meanwhile, pluripotency markers (Oct‐4, Sox‐2 and Nanog) were downregulated at both RNA and protein levels in the differentiated HAFSCs. Immunocytochemistry data revealed that differentiated HAFSCs expressed urothelial markers of UPII and CK8. We have screened the receptor tyrosine kinase arrays with the differentiated HAFSCs. The screening showed that MuSK, Tie‐1 and EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinases were upregulated, whereas EphA7 and FGF R1 kinases were downregulated in HAFSCs. The data suggest that HAFSCs can be an important urothelium cell source, which can be used for urinary tract engineering.
Effect of Interplanetary Disturbances and Geomagnetic Activities on Relativistic Electrons at Geosynchronous Orbit
Authors: Xiao‐Fang ZHANG , Jun LIU , Yao‐Ping WU , Lü ZHOU , Song‐Tao LIU 
Published: December 2013

AbstractUsing hourly averaged data of > 2 MeV electron fluxes measured with GOES 7/9/10/11 satellites during 1988–2010, this paper investigates statistically conditions of solar wind and geomagnetic activities during relativistic electrons flux (Fe) enhancements, and describes the dependence of relativistic electrons at geosynchronous orbit (GEO) on local time, magnetic storms. The results are as follows: (1) The local time dependence of GEO relativistic electrons is influenced by solar wind and geomagnetic activities. The noon/midnight electron flux ratio grows with increasing solar wind velocity (Vsw). On conditions of the Dst index above −50 nT, relativistic electrons show regular variation with local time, while during storms with Dst< −50 nT, the maximum electrons flux may not be measured at local noon. During the declining phase of a solar cycle relativistic electron fluxes approaching maximum, Vsw, the Kp index and the cube root of solar wind density (N) show better correlations with electron fluxes after 39∼57 h, 57∼80 h and 12∼24 h, respectively. (2) Before about two years of solar minimum and near the equinoxes, occurrence frequencies of intense relativistic electron flux enhancement events, in which the daily maximum relativistic electron flux Femax ≥ 104 pfu increased, while weaker events with 104 > Femax ≥ 103 pfu exhibited no such solar cycle and seasonal dependences. For most intense events, relativistic electron fluxes begin to increase during main phases of magnetic storms, while for weaker events, relativistic electron fluxes tend to increase during recovery phases. (3) The solar wind density shows as a good indicator of subsequent relativistic electron activities. For most electron flux enhancement events, relativistic electron flux decreased to its minimum after 0∼1 days of the maximum solar wind density, Nmax, while approaching the maximum after 0∼2 days of the minimum solar wind density, Nmin. (4) Above 90% of relativistic electron events occurred on conditions of high‐speed solar wind and geomagnetic disturbances, which are as follows: Vswmax > 516 km/s, Dstmin < −31 nT, Nmin < 2.8 cm−3, Nmax > 14.1 cm−3, Bzmin < −2.9 nT, AEmax > 698 nT. (5) For all magnetic storms, occurrence probability of daily maximum electron flux above 103 pfu after Dstmin, is about 53%, the percent of intense, weak events being 36%, 64%, respectively, which is hardly affected by intensities of storms. During storms, solar wind velocity, density, and the AE index are important indicators for subsequent relativistic electron activities.
3D Rheological Structure of the Continental Lithosphere Beneath China and Adjacent Regions
Authors: Yu‐Jun SUN , Shu‐Wen DONG , Tao‐Yuan FAN , Huai ZHANG , Yao‐Lin SHI 
Published: December 2013

AbstractRheological structure controls the intensity and styles of the lithospheric deformation. With the constraint of the upper mantle temperature derived from seismic velocity and the surface temperature from observation of meteorological stations, we have calculated the three‐dimensional thermal structure of the continental lithosphere beneath China and adjacent regions according to the observed thermal parameters. Based on the 3D thermal structure and strain rates derived from GPS observation, we have calculated the rheological structure of the continental lithosphere with the constraint of three deformation mechanisms: frictional strength, fracture strength, and creep strength. The results show that a weak ductile lower crust is widespread beneath China and adjacent regions. The weakest and thickest lower crust is found beneath the Tibetan Plateau. The rheological strength and effective viscosity of the lower crust are usually lower than that of the upper crust and the lithospheric mantle for two orders of magnitude. The lithospheric strength and effective viscosity of the Tibetan Plateau is lower than that of North China, South China and Indian plate. In general, the lateral variations of the lithospheric rheology are consistent with the spatial patterns of late Cenozoic crustal deformation and gravity lineament.
Microseismic Event Location Using Reverse‐Time Focusing and Interferometric Techniques for Surface and Borehole Observations
Authors: Chen‐Long WANG , Jiu‐Bing CHENG , Chen YIN , Hong LIU 
Published: December 2013

AbstractExploration and exploitation of unconventional reservoirs has become a new central issue of international hydrocarbon industry. For the unconventional reservoir has the characteristic of low‐permeability, multiple stages of hydraulic fracturing are usually required to create connected cracks through which hydrocarbons can flow. We can characterize the crack attributes (i.e., trending direction, density, etc.), evaluate the effect of hydrofracturing, analyze the rupture pattern, and infer the source mechanisms by locating and analyzing the induced microseismic events. Microseismic event locating can be achieved by using reverse‐time focusing technique. But many factors such as high noise, velocity errors, and sparsely‐sampled data will cause remarkable location errors. In this study, we combine the reverse‐time focusing technique with interferometric imaging, and discuss the multi‐sources locating method using multi‐component data acquired on the earth surface, in wells and jointly on the both conditions. Synthetic examples and case study reveal the advantage of suppressing artifacts and increasing accuracy. At the same time we point out the constraint factors of the reverse‐time focusing method in practical application, and provide some tactics.
Response of Nightside Aurora to Interplanetary Shock from Ground Optical Observation
Authors: Jian‐Jun LIU , Hong‐Qiao HU , De‐Sheng HAN , Zan‐Yang XING , Ze‐Jun HU , De‐Hong HUANG , Hui‐Gen YANG 
Published: December 2013

AbstractInteraction between interplanetary shock and magnetosphere frequently induces dayside enhancements of auroral activity, and subsequent enhancement of auroral precipitation referred as shock aurora propagating dawnward and duskward from noon to the night sector. In some cases, these interplanetary shocks also induce enhanced activity during which the power precipitated into the night sector may reach values as high as observed during typical magnetospheric substorms. Present study analyzes the nightside auroral responses to the interplanetary shock sudden compression based‐on the ground optical auroral observations from Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan (ZHS) and Arctic Yellow River (YRS) stations for the first time. The analysis result of 18 shock associated aurora cases indicated that nightside auroral responses can be classified into auroral breakup and weak intensification or quiescent events. Epoch time analysis showed that both the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling efficiency and electro‐magnetic environment inside magnetosphere determine the nightside auroral responses.
An Experimental Study on Evolution of the Thermal Field of En Echelon Faults During the Meta‐Instability Stage
Authors: Ya‐Qiong REN , Pei‐Xun LIU , Jin MA , Shun‐Yun CHEN 
Published: December 2013

AbstractDetecting earthquake precursors is a difficult task in earthquake prediction at home and aboard. Carrying out rock deformation experiments in the laboratory and observing the evolution of the characteristics and rules of related physical parameters are fundamental to exploring of earthquake precursors. In this study, a sample of a compressive en echelon fault set was used to perform deformation experiments. An infrared thermal image system recorded temperature variations of the rock sample during the deformation stage. The deformation process with precursory significance is divided into strongly‐off‐linearity stage, meta‐ instability stage and instability stage based on the stress‐time curve. The purpose of this work is to study the spatial and temporal variations of the thermal field in each stage especially the meta‐instability stage and summarize the possible precursory phenomena. The experimental results show that the temperature in the jog area increases because of compressive stress state during the strongly‐off‐linearity stage. The temperature inside the fault decreases due to the crack in the jog area and the high temperature points on the fault spread and connect due to the converting of fault dislocation from local to overall during the stage of meta‐instability. And the synergy of temperature increases on the fault and the synergy of temperature decreases between the faults (including the jog area), which are two important signals before the instability. The temperature of the whole sample decreases because of stress release except for increasing on the faults caused by friction during the instability stage. In short, there are evident characteristics of the thermal field in the stage of meta‐instability, which can help identify the meta‐instability state. The temperature varies in different deformation stages and different tectonic positions, which means the stage of the deformation and the tectonic position of anomalies should be taken into consideration when we attempt to find thermal anomalies related to tectonic activity.
Characteristics of Heat Flow and Lithospheric Thermal Structure in the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China
Authors: Song RAO , Sheng‐Biao HU , Chuan‐Qing ZHU , Xiao‐Yin TANG , Wei‐Wei LI , Ji‐Yang WANG 
Published: December 2013

AbstractCharacteristics of present‐day heat flow and thermal structure of lithosphere in basins are essential constraints to reveal the tectonic‐thermal evolution process and to reconstruct thermal history of the basins, which are of great significance for research of basin dynamics and evaluation of petroleum resources. This work is based on 11 newly measured high‐quality heat flow values from well‐log temperature data in 102 boreholes, oil‐test temperature data in over 400 new boreholes, and thermal conductivity data of 187 samples from 15 wells measured by optical scanning in the Junggar basin. Our purpose is to analyze features of heat flow and reveal thermal structure of lithosphere in this basin. The results show current geotemperature gradients between 11.6∼27.6 °C/km, 21.3+3.7 °C/km on average; and surface heat flow between 23.4∼56.1 mW/m2; 42.5+7.41 mW/m2 on average; which imply a cold basin with low geotemperature gradients and low heat flow. These values in the Junggar basin are distributed in largely consistent patterns, primarily controlled by the structural shape of the basement. They are the highest at the uplift in the east, next at the Luliang uplift, relatively low in the Wulungu depression, central depression, and the uplift in the west, and lowest in the range‐front depression of the North TianShan. Beneath the Junggar basin, the crustal heat flow is 18.8∼26.0 mW/m2, mantle heat flow 16.5∼23.7 mW/m2, the ratio of the former to the latter is 0.79∼1.58, indicative of a thermal structure of cold crust and cold mantle. The distribution of mantle heat flow values accords with topography of the Moho interface, which are high below uplifts and low beneath depressions in the basin.
Study of Rock Conductive Mechanism Based on Pore Structure
Authors: Tang‐Yan LIU , Tian‐Zhi TANG , Huan‐Hong DU , Hai‐Ning ZHANG , Hong‐Tao WANG 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe Classic Archie's Laws give solutions to quantitative logging analysis. Unfortunately, only in the reservoir with simple pore structure are the Archie's Laws suitable. For many complex reservoirs in oil exploration, the classic Archie's Laws fail to provide accurate solutions in logging analysis. Based on the sphere‐cylinder model, we study rock resistivity and obtain the numerical simulations for different pore structures and oil saturations. Analysis of these results shows that pore structure is the principal factor to cause data divergence in experiments of rock conductivity. Comparing the rock conductivity of different pore structures with the same oil saturations, we confirm that the complex pore structure can result in the low resistivity in oil‐bearing layers.