bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poly(propylene carbonate)/aluminum flake composite films with enhanced gas barrier properties
Authors: Zhai Lipeng , Li Gaofeng , Xu Yan , Xiao Min , Wang Shuanjin , Meng Yuezhong 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTA series of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC)/aluminum flake (ALF) composite films with different ALF contents were prepared via a melt‐blending method. Their cross‐section morphologies, thermal properties, tensile strength (TS), and gas barrier properties were investigated as a function of ALF contents. SEM images reveal the good dispersion and orientation of ALF along with melt flow direction within PPC matrix. The oxygen permeability coefficient (OP) and water vapor permeability coefficient (WVP) of the composite films decrease continuously with ALF contents increasing up to 5 wt %, which are 32.4% and 75.2% that of pure PPC, respectively. Furthermore, the TS and thermal properties of PPC/ALF composite film are also improved by the incorporation of ALF particles. The PPC/ALF composite films have potential applications in packaging area due to its environmental‐friendly properties, superior water vapor, and oxygen barrier characteristics. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41663.
Mechanical/optical behaviors of imogolite hydrogels depending on their compositions and oriented structures
Authors: Shikinaka Kazuhiro , Koizumi Yumi , Shigehara Kiyotaka 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTA robust acrylamide (AAm) hydrogel reinforced by imogolite (IG), a perfect rigid nanotubular clay mineral, exhibited distinct tensile stress–strain characteristics and strain‐induced birefringence in accordance with the compositions of the gels. The gel showed a reversible anisotropic/isotropic structural transition in response to stretching/releasing before the breakdown strain. The strain‐induced birefringence of the IG‐reinforced gels could be fixed by the in situ interpenetrating polymerization of other AAm monomers that were impregnated into the gels in the stretched states. This resulted in gels with nonvolatile anisotropic birefringence, and therefore, the fixed anisotropic IG ordering showed specific stress–strain characteristics depending on the orientation of IG. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41691.
A facile synthesis of a novel three‐phase nanocomposite: Single‐wall carbon nanotube/silver nanohybrid fibers embedded in sulfonated polyaniline
Authors: Agrawalla Rajesh K. , Paul Subhasish , Sahoo Pratap K. , Chakraborty Amit K. , Mitra Apurba K. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTA three‐phase water‐soluble nanocomposite of single wall carbon nanotube/silver nanoparticle hybrid fibers embedded in sulfonated polyaniline has been synthesized by a simple chemical solution mixing process. The nanocomposite has been characterized by high resolution electron microscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Optical and electrical characteristics of the nanocomposite have been determined by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and four‐probe electrical conductivity measurement. A surface plasmon absorption band obtained around 460 nm indicates the presence of silver nanoparticles in the composite. The optical band gap calculation for sulfonated polyaniline vis‐a‐vis the nanocomposite supported the conductivity measurement. Over 1300 times increase in DC electrical conductivity has been observed for the three‐phase nanocomposite, with a filler loading of 20 wt %, at 306 K. This observation could be explained by Mott's variable range hopping model considering a three‐dimensional conduction. Such a nanocomposite has immense potential for use as a cathode material in lithium‐ion batteries and supercapacitors. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41692.
Morphological Study of the Accommodative Apparatus in the Monkey Eye
Authors: Hiraoka Mari , Inoue Kenichi , Senoo Haruki , Takada Masahiko 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTFor more than a century there has been debate concerning the mechanism of accommodation—whether the lens capsule or lens material itself determines the functional relationship between ciliary muscle contractility and lens deformation during refractive adaptation. This morphological study in monkey eyes investigates the composition and distribution of several connective tissue components in the accommodative apparatus relaying muscle force to lens organization. Elastin distributes on the marginal surface of the ciliary process. A zonule is composed of fibrillin produced by epithelial cells of the process. In the progress of extension over the posterior chamber, fibrils unite into strands and possess longitudinal plasticity. By induction of the elastin network, strands extend in a concentric direction covering the equatorial region of the capsule. Upon tethering to the lens, the strand ramifies into fibrils, penetrating deeply close to the epithelial layer of the lens and binding with the collagen of the intercellular spaces. Tight linkage of the zonule with the capsule transmits precise contractility. Inside the lens, the cortical layer's elastic connective tissue network forms widely spaced lamellae of crystalline fibers. In contrast, the central nuclear lamellae are tightly opposed. The accumulation of lamellae is greater in the anterior cortex than in the posterior, yielding a more variable anterior chamber depth in the visual axis. The plasticity of the zonule and connective tissue distribution inside the lens produces an adjustable configuration. Thus, tight linkage between the dynamism of the capsule with interaction of the lenticular flexibility provides a novel understanding of accommodation. Anat Rec, 298:630–636, 2015. © 2014 The Authors The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unravelling the Scent of Vetiver: Identification of Character‐Impact Compounds
Authors: Belhassen Emilie , Baldovini Nicolas , Brevard Hugues , Meierhenrich Uwe J. , Filippi Jean‐Jacques 
Published: November 2014

AbstractVetiver oil is a highly esteemed basic ingredient of modern perfumery, but the nature of the constituents that really impart its typical and most sought woody‐earthy scent has remained controversial. Indeed, vetiver oil is considered as one of the most complex essential oils, being mostly composed of several hundreds of sesquiterpene derivatives with a large structural diversity. Its complexity has hindered the direct identification of its odoriferous components. We thus aimed at using a combination of GC×GC/MS and GC‐Olfactometry in order to identify most of its odor‐impact constituents. The olfactory analysis of vetiver oil and vetiveryl acetate revealed a huge variety of odors in both products. While khusimone has almost unanimously been recognized as the most characteristic vetiver odorant, we have identified several even more important contributors to the typical vetiver character.
StructureOdor Relationships of Semisynthetic β‐Santalol Analogs
Authors: Delasalle Céline , de March Claire A. , Meierhenrich Uwe J. , Brevard Hugues , Golebiowski Jérôme , Baldovini Nicolas 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA series of eleven β‐santalol analogs, including nine new derivatives, was prepared by semisynthesis from natural (−)‐(Z)‐β‐santalol and studied by gas chromatography‐olfactometry (GC‐O) to characterize their olfactory properties and potencies. These compounds and 45 others selected in the literature were used to build three olfactophores by molecular modelling. Three models were obtained that gather structural and physicochemical constraints that will be useful for further design of new sandalwood odorants.
Niobium‐Based Nickel–Tungsten Hydrotreatment Catalysts with Enhanced Isomerization Properties
Authors: Bouadjadja‐Rohan Karolina , Bonduelle‐Skrzypczak Audrey , Hugon Antoine , Fournier Michel , Lamonier Carole , Lancelot Christine 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAlumina‐supported NiW catalysts doped with Nb were prepared with different W contents and different Ni/W ratios. Studies of the sulfide state by TEM and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated the influence of Nb on the sulfidation of W and Ni. The catalytic performance of the solids was evaluated in toluene hydrogenation and cyclohexane isomerization and was compared to that of Nb‐free catalysts. The presence of Nb resulted in a decrease of the hydrogenation activity at low W content and low Ni/W ratio, in agreement with XPS and TEM characterizations. However, increasing the W content and the Ni/W ratio increased the hydrogenation activity. Regardless of the W and Ni content, cyclohexane conversion was significantly improved by the presence of Nb. The most efficient catalyst of the series, with a W content of 15 wt % WO3 and a Ni/W ratio of 0.9, showed slightly higher activity for hydrogenation than that of a Nb‐free NiW catalyst. Also, the isomerization activity was greatly enhanced, demonstrating the potential of these Nb‐based catalyst formulations.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of a Sc3N@C80‐Corrole Electron Donor–Acceptor Conjugate
Authors: Liu Bin , Fang Hongyun , Li Xiaofang , Cai Wenting , Bao Lipiao , Rudolf Marc , Plass Fabian , Fan Louzhen , Lu Xing , Guldi Dirk M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEmbedding endohdedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) into electron donor–acceptor systems is still a challenging task owing to their limited quantities and their still largely unexplored chemical properties. In this study, we have performed a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of a corrole‐based precursor with Sc3N@C80 to regioselectively form a [5,6]‐adduct (1). The successful attachment of the corrole moiety was confirmed by mass spectrometry. In the electronic ground state, absorption spectra suggest sizeable electronic communications between the electron acceptor and the electron donor. Moreover, the addition pattern occurring at a [5,6]‐bond junction is firmly proven by NMR spectroscopy and electrochemical investigations performed with 1. In the electronically excited state, which is probed in photophysical assays with 1, a fast electron‐transfer yields the radical ion pair state consisting of the one‐electron‐reduced Sc3N@C80 and of the one‐electron‐oxidized corrole upon its exclusive photoexcitation. As such, our results shed new light on the practical work utilizing EMFs as building blocks in photovoltaics.
Development of a Glucose Measuring System Using a Confocal Optical System
Authors: Miyauchi Yuki , Ishizawa Hiroaki , Koyama Shouhei , Tezuka Shin‐ichirou , Hara Hitoshi 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYOur research team has developed a confocal optical system using a near‐infrared laser that is capable of reducing the effects of scattering when measuring glucose concentration. We have measured the light reflection of our samples, and because our system has the depth resolution offered by a confocal optical system, it is able to limit the length of the light path and to detect light absorption at each depth level of the samples, thereby restricting the point of measurement. This report details the use of this system for a basic experiment involving measuring blood samples and predicting glucose concentration levels. The results show a high correlation between the glucose concentration and near‐infrared light absorption. We also demonstrate the potential for calculating glucose concentrations in living organisms using our system.
Statistical Outliers in Voxel SARs and Their Effect of Whole‐Body Average SARs in Pregnant Woman and Child for Far‐Field Exposure
Authors: Asayama Ryota , Wang Jianqing , Fujiwara Osamu , Nagaoka Tomoaki , Watanabe Soichi 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYThe World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the necessity of electromagnetic (FM) dosimetry evaluation of pregnant women with fetus and of children as an urgent research subject in 2006, with emphasis on studies of whole‐body average specific absorption rates (WBA‐SARs) in various numerical models of pregnant woman and children for the purpose of determining the safety limits of WBA‐SARs. The current safety limits were determined on the basis of behavior abnormalities in healthy adult animals in radio‐frequency FM exposure and FM absorption characteristics at resonant frequencies, but not in experiments using pregnant and young animals. In this investigation, we calculated the voxel SARs and WBA‐SARs in anatomically detailed models of pregnant woman and 3‐year‐old children at their resonant frequencies. The histograms and cumulative relative distributions of the voxel SARs were also derived to determine statistical outliers in the voxel SARs for pregnant woman and 3‐year‐old child models. We found that the mean voxel SARs agree with the WBA‐SARs, and that median voxel SARs in the pregnant woman and 3‐year‐old child models are 47% and 55% of their means, respectively, and the peak voxel SARs are 70 times the mean in both cases. This suggests the possibility that finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD)–calculated WBA‐SARs may be overestimated due to the existence of statistical outliers. It was also found that although the total number ratio of voxel SARs for the outliers is 0.36% for the pregnant woman model and 0.34% for the 3‐year‐old child model, WBA‐SARs excluding these outliers are less than those in the pregnant woman and 3‐year‐old child models by 6.8% and 5.7%, respectively.
RF‐SiP Reflectometer Technology for RF Testers
Authors: Kimishima Masayuki , Nakayama Yoshikazu , Kogami Yoshinori 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYTechnologies of small size reflectometers constructed in the form of RF functional systems in packages (SiPs) for RF testers are described. As primary concerns, focusing on the directivity and dynamic range of the reflectometer performance, we propose the construction and core circuit topologies to realize a very small reflectometer SiP that satisfies the functions of vector network analysis for RF testers. The reflectometer features a very small size, less than 1/50 of our conventional hybrid form reflectometer, and has good performance for RF testers.
Synthesis of Phenanthridine Derivatives Functionalized in the C‐Ring by Means of IMDAF Reactions under Microwave or Conventional Heating Conditions
Authors: Gulbrandsen Håkon Sætren , Hennum Martin , Osheka Maksim , Read Matthew Lovell , Gundersen Lise‐Lotte 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPhenanthridines functionalized in the C‐ring have been synthesized by IMDAF (intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction on furans) cyclization of ortho‐furyl(alkenylamino)arenes under both microwave and conventional heating conditions. The outcomes of the reactions are highly dependent on the substitution patterns both on the dienophile and on the arene components. 5,6‐Dihydrophenanthridines, which can easily be oxidized to fully aromatic phenanthridines, are formed under microwave conditions as long as the Diels–Alder adduct contains a hydrogen atom in the 6a‐position. Aromatization of the phenanthridine C‐ring does not occur when the cyclization is performed under conventional heating conditions. The IMDAF reaction can, under these conditions, lead to Diels–Alder adducts or to phenanthridines with partially saturated and functionalized C‐rings, depending on the detailed structure of the starting material.
Process‐based modeling of kilometer‐scale alongshore sandbar variability
Authors: Walstra D. J. R. , Ruessink B. G. , Reniers A. J. H. M. , Ranasinghe R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSubtidal nearshore sandbars may exhibit cyclic net offshore migration during their multi‐annual lifetime along many sandy coasts. Although this type of behavior can extend continuously for several kilometers, alongshore variations in cross‐shore bar position and bar amplitude are commonly observed. Alongshore variability is greatest when bars display km‐scale disruptions, indicative of a distinct alongshore phase shift in the bar cycle. An outer bar is then attached to an inner bar, forming a phenomenon known as a bar switch. Here, we investigate such large‐scale alongshore variability using a process‐based numerical profile model and observations at 24 transects along a 6 km section of the barred beach at Noordwijk, The Netherlands. When alongshore variability is limited, the model predicts that the bars migrate offshore at approximately the same rate (i.e. the bars remain in phase). Only under specific bar configurations with high wave‐energy levels is an increase in the alongshore variability predicted. This suggests that cross‐shore processes may trigger a switch in the case of specific antecedent morphological configurations combined with storm conditions. It is expected that three‐dimensional (3D) flow patterns augment the alongshore variability in such instances. In contrast to the observed bar behaviour, predicted bar morphologies on either side of a switch remain in different phases, even though the bars are occasionally located at a similar cross‐shore position. In short, the 1D model is not able to remove a bar switch. This data‐model mismatch suggests that 3D flow patterns are key to the dissipation of bar switches. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
POD enriched boundary models and their optimal stabilisation
Authors: Chen L. , Edeling W. N. , Hulshoff S. J. 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYModes obtained using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition are used as boundary enrichment functions within a variational multiscale method for the stochastically forced Burgers equation. Initially, large increases in accuracy are obtained using the enrichment functions without stabilisation terms. Then, optimal coefficients for the stabilisation parameter τ of the unresolved scale model are calibrated using a goal‐oriented model‐constrained optimisation technique, resulting in further improvements. As both the determination of the enrichment functions and the optimisation of the coefficients requires high‐accuracy reference data, a scaling procedure is introduced to allow their use over range of conditions. Numerical experiments confirm that the scaling procedure is effective. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sulfated Triterpenes from Lemon Balm
Authors: Tantry Mudasir A. , Bhat Gulzar A. , Idris Ahmed , Dar Javid A. , Yousef Al Omar Suliman , Masoodi Khalid Z. , Ganai Bashir A. , Kamili Azra N. , Shawl Abdul S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe hydroalcoholic (EtOH/H2O) extract of matured leaf margins of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) afforded a new 3,23‐disulfate of 2α,3β‐23,29‐tetrahydroxyolean‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid 28‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (1) and a new 23‐monosulfate of 2α,23‐dihydroxyurs‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (2), along with six known compounds, i.e., 23‐monosulfate of 2α,3β,19α,23‐tetrahydroxyurs‐12‐ene‐28‐oic acid 28‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (3), 3,5,6‐trihydroxydehydro‐α‐ionol 9‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (4), quadranoside III (5), rosmarinic acid (6), caffeic acid (7), and luteolin (8). All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimalarial, and cytotoxic activities. Only rosmarinic acid exhibited substantial antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, whereas sulfated terpenes showed considerably lower or no antimicrobial activity.
A Practical and Enantiospecific Synthesis of (−)‐(R)‐ and (+)‐(S)‐Piperidin‐3‐ols
Authors: Suresh Babu Meruva , Raghunadh Akula , Ramulu Konda , Dahanukar Vilas H. , Syam Kumar Unniaran K. , Kumar Dubey P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA highly enantiospecific, azide‐free synthesis of (−)‐(R)‐ and (+)‐(S)‐piperidin‐3‐ol in excellent yield was developed. The key step of the synthesis involves the enantiospecific ring openings of enantiomerically pure (R)‐ and (S)‐2‐(oxiran‐2‐ylmethyl)‐1H‐isoindole‐1,3(2H)‐diones with the diethyl malonate anion and subsequent decarboxylation.
A New Cyclic Peptide and a New Steroid from the Fungus Penicillium sp. GD6 Isolated from the Mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Authors: Zhou Zhen‐Fang , Yang Xiao‐Hong , Liu Hai‐Li , Gu Yu‐Cheng , Ye Bo‐Ping , Guo Yue‐Wei 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA rare new cyclic tetrapeptide, 5,5′‐epoxy‐MKN‐349A (1), featured by a MKN‐349A (5) skeleton and containing an uncommon ether bridge between C(5) and C(5′), and a new steroid, named 11‐O‐acetyl‐NGA0187 (2), together with two known steroids, 3 and 4, were isolated from an endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. GD6 associated with the Chinese mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with the data of related compounds reported in literature. Neither of the compounds 3 and 4, isolated in this study, showed obvious bioactivities in the antibacterial bioassay experiments.
Viability of Nonclassical Carbocations Proposed as Intermediates in the Biosynthesis of Atiserene, Beyerene, Kaurene, and Trachylobane Diterpenes
Authors: Hong Young J. , Tantillo Dean J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe results of quantum‐chemical calculations aimed at assessing the viability of nonclassical carbocations proposed to be involved in the biosynthesis of atiserne, beyerene, kaurene, and trachylobane diterpenes are presented. While the proposed edge‐protonated structure is much lower in energy than the proposed face‐protonated structure, neither is predicted to be a viable intermediate energetically.
Improved fuzzy entropy clustering algorithm for MRI brain image segmentation
Authors: Verma Hanuman , Agrawal Ramesh K. , Kumar Naveen 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain image segmentation is essential at preliminary stage in the neuroscience research and computer‐aided diagnosis. However, presence of noise and intensity inhomogeneity in MRI brain images leads to improper segmentation. The fuzzy entropy clustering (FEC) is often used to deal with noisy data. One major disadvantage of the FEC algorithm is that it does not consider the local spatial information. In this article, we have proposed an improved fuzzy entropy clustering (IFEC) algorithm by introducing a new fuzzy factor, which incorporates both local spatial and gray‐level information. The IFEC algorithm is insensitive to noise, preserves the image detail during clustering, and is free of parameter selection. The efficacy of IFEC algorithm is demonstrated by comparing it quantitatively with the state‐of‐the‐art segmentation approaches in terms of similarity index on publically available real and simulated MRI brain images.
Identification and extraction of brain tumor from MRI using local statistics of Zernike moments
Authors: Thapaliya Kiran , Kwon Goo‐Rak 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, a novel method is proposed for the detection of brain tumor in magnetic resonance images (MRIs). The features of Zernike moments are used to analyze the MRIs. The image is divided into two parts from the center of the image based on the average value of the pixel located at the center boundary, and new image vectors are formed to extract the tumor. The local statistics values obtained from the low and high order Zernike moments are used to calculate the appropriate threshold value for efficient tumor extraction. The proposed method successfully analyzes the tumor part of the image on testing with different MRIs.