bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opposing Effects of CTLA4 Insufficiency on Regulatory versus Conventional T Cells in Autoimmunity Converge on Effector Memory in Target Tissue
Authors: Devarajan Priyadharshini , Miska Jason , Lui Jen Bon , Swieboda Dominika , Chen Zhibin 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Quantitative variations in CTLA4 expression, because of genetic polymorphisms, are associated with various human autoimmune conditions, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Extensive studies have demonstrated that CTLA4 is not only essential for the suppressive role of regulatory T cells (Treg) but also required for intrinsic control of conventional T (Tconv) cells. We report that a modest insufficiency of CTLA4 in mice, which mimics the effect of some human CTLA4 genetic polymorphisms, accompanied by a T1D-permissive MHC locus, was sufficient to induce juvenile-onset diabetes on an otherwise T1D-resistant genetic background. Reduction in CTLA4 levels had an unanticipated effect in promoting Treg function both in vivo and in vitro. It led to an increase in Treg memory in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid target tissue. Conversely, modulating CTLA4 by either RNA interference or Ab blockade promoted conventional effector memory T cell formation in the Tconv compartment. The CD4+ conventional effector memory T cells, including those within target tissue, produced IL-17 or IFN-γ. Blocking IL-7 signaling reduced the Th17 autoimmune compartment but did not suppress the T1D induced by CTLA4 insufficiency. Enhanced effector memory formation in both Tconv and Treg lineages may underpin the apparently dichotomized impact of CTLA4 insufficiency on autoimmune pathogenesis. Therefore, although the presence of CTLA4 plays a critical role in controlling homeostasis of T cells, its quantitative variation may impose diverse or even opposing effects on distinct lineages of T cells, an optimal sum of which is necessary for preservation of T cell immunity while suppressing tissue damage.
Diminished Viral Control during Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Is Associated with Aberrant PD-1hi CD4 T Cell Enrichment in the Lymphoid Follicles of the Rectal Mucosa
Authors: Mylvaganam Geetha H. , Velu Vijayakumar , Hong Jung-Joo , Sadagopal Shanmugalakshmi , Kwa Suefen , Basu Rahul , Lawson Benton , Villinger Francois , Amara Rama Rao 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) has been shown to regulate CD8 T cell function during chronic SIV infection; however, its role on CD4 T cells, specifically in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, is less well understood. In this study, we show that a subset of CD4 T cells expresses high levels of PD-1 (PD-1hi) in the rectal mucosa, a preferential site of virus replication. The majority of these PD-1hi CD4 T cells expressed Bcl-6 and CXCR5, markers characteristic of T follicular helper cells in the lymph nodes. Following a pathogenic SIV infection, the frequency of PD-1hi cells (as a percentage of CD4 T cells) dramatically increased in the rectal mucosa; however, a significant fraction of them did not express CXCR5. Furthermore, only a small fraction of PD-1hi cells expressed CCR5, and despite this low level of viral coreceptor expression, a significant fraction of these cells were productively infected. Interestingly, vaccinated SIV controllers did not present with this aberrant PD-1hi CD4 T cell enrichment, and this lack of enrichment was associated with the presence of higher frequencies of SIV-specific granzyme B+ CD8 T cells within the lymphoid tissue, suggesting a role for antiviral CD8 T cells in limiting aberrant expansion of PD-1hi CD4 T cells. These results highlight the importance of developing vaccines that enhance antiviral CD8 T cells at sites of preferential viral replication and support the need for developing therapeutic interventions that limit expansion of SIV+PD-1hi CD4 T cells at mucosal sites as a means to enhance viral control.
Detection of Carbapenemase Production in Gram-negative Bacteria
Authors: Asthana Sonal , Mathur Purva , Tak Vibhor 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTThe greatest threat to antimicrobial treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria is the production of carbapenemases. Metallo-beta-lactamases and plasmid-mediated serine carbepenemases like Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenemase are threatening the utility of almost all currently available beta-lactams including carbapenems. Detection of organisms producing carbapenemases can be difficult, because their presence does not always produce a resistant phenotype on conventional disc diffusion or automated susceptibility testing methods. These enzymes are often associated with laboratory reports of false susceptibility to carbapenems which can be potentially fatal. Moreover, most laboratories do not attempt to detect carbapenemases. This may be due to the lack of availability of guidelines and procedures or lack of knowledge and expertise. Because routine susceptibility tests may be unreliable, special tests are required to detect the resistance mechanisms involved. This document describes the standard methodology for detection of various types of carbapenemases, which can be put to use by laboratories working on antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.
A comparative study to evaluate liquid dish washing soap as an alternative to xylene and alcohol in deparaffinization and hematoxylin and eosin staining
Authors: Pandey Pinki , Dixit Alok , Tanwar Aparna , Sharma Anuradha , Mittal Sanjeev 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Our study presents a new deparaffinizing and hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining method that involves the use of easily available, nontoxic and eco-friendly liquid diluted dish washing soap (DWS) by completely eliminating expensive and hazardous xylene and alcohol from deparaffinizing and rehydration prior to staining, staining and from dehydration prior to mounting. The aim was to evaluate and compare the quality of liquid DWS treated xylene and alcohol free (XAF) sections with that of the conventional H and E sections.
Materials and Methods: A total of 100 paraffin embedded tissue blocks from different tissues were included. From each tissue block, one section was stained with conventional H and E (normal sections) and the other with XAF H and E (soapy sections) staining method. Slides were scored using five parameters: Nuclear, cytoplasmic, clarity, uniformity, and crispness of staining. Z-test was used for statistical analysis.
Results: Soapy sections scored better for cytoplasmic (90%) and crisp staining (95%) with a statistically significant difference. Whereas for uniformity of staining, normal sections (88%) scored over soapy sections (72%) (Z = 2.82, P < 0.05). For nuclear (90%) and clarity of staining (90%) total scored favored soapy sections, but the difference was not statistically significant. About 84% normal sections stained adequately for diagnosis when compared with 86% in soapy sections (Z = 0.396, P > 0.05).
Conclusion: Liquid DWS is a safe and efficient alternative to xylene and alcohol in deparaffinization and routine H and E staining procedure. We are documenting this project that can be used as a model for other histology laboratories.
The Diagnostic Value and Accuracy of Conjunctival Impression Cytology, Dry Eye Symptomatology, and Routine Tear Function Tests in Computer Users
Authors: Bhargava Rahul , Kumar Prachi , Kaur Avinash , Kumar Manjushri , Mishra Anurag 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT
Aims and Objectives: To compare the diagnostic value and accuracy of dry eye scoring system (DESS), conjunctival impression cytology (CIC), tear film breakup time (TBUT), and Schirmer's test in computer users.
Methods: A case-control study was done at two referral eye centers. Eyes of 344 computer users were compared to 371 eyes of age and sex matched controls. Dry eye questionnaire (DESS) was administered to both groups and they further underwent measurement of TBUT, Schirmer's, and CIC. Correlation analysis was performed between DESS, CIC, TBUT, and Schirmer's test scores. A Pearson's coefficient of the linear expression (R 2) of 0.5 or more was statistically significant.
Results: The mean age in cases (26.05 ± 4.06 years) was comparable to controls (25.67 ± 3.65 years) (P = 0.465). The mean symptom score in computer users was significantly higher as compared to controls ( P < 0.001). Mean TBUT, Schirmer's test values, and goblet cell density were significantly reduced in computer users (P < 0.001). TBUT, Schirmer's, and CIC were abnormal in 48.5%, 29.1%, and 38.4% symptomatic computer users respectively as compared to 8%, 6.7%, and 7.3% symptomatic controls respectively. On correlation analysis, there was a significant (inverse) association of dry eye symptoms (DESS) with TBUT and CIC scores (R
2 > 0.5), in contrast to Schirmer's scores (R
2 < 0.5). Duration of computer usage had a significant effect on dry eye symptoms severity, TBUT, and CIC scores as compared to Schirmer's test.
Conclusion: DESS should be used in combination with TBUT and CIC for dry eye evaluation in computer users.
Mixed Medullary – Papillary Carcinoma Thyroid: An Uncommon Variant of Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Jain Manjula , Verma Deepti , Thomas Shaji , Chauhan Richa 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTMixed medullary-papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, a variant of medullary carcinoma is a rare thyroid malignancy accounting for less than 1% of the thyroid malignancies. We are presenting a case of 57-year-old lady with complaints of gradually increasing thyroid swelling for 1½ months. Fine-needle aspiration was suggestive of medullary carcinoma. Serum calcitonin levels were elevated. The patient underwent total thyoidectomy with regional cervical lymph node excision. Histopathologically, the diagnosis of mixed medullary-papillary carcinoma of the thyroid was made. It is important to know about this entity due to its prognostic implications and to prevent any diagnostic dilemmas.
Cooptation of Peer Support Staff: Quantitative Evidence
Authors: Alberta Anthony J. , Ploski Richard R. 
Published: September 2014

Objective In 2007, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) sent a letter to state Medicaid directors outlining requirements for implementing peer-based recovery support services (P-BRSS) as a Medicaid-funded service. Since then, 30 states have implemented these services. Although the literature describing implementation of P-BRSS has identified the cooptation of peer support staff (PSS) as a barrier to the effective provision of P-BRSS, the evidence for it remains anecdotal. This study attempts to determine if the context of employment in either a treatment organization or peer organization affected cooptation. Methods We conducted a survey of PSS in the fall of 2013. In all, 92 of the 181 respondents were working as PSS at the time, 53 in treatment organizations. Chi-square analysis was used to determine if the context of employment had an effect on the cooptation of peer staff. Results Peer staff working in treatment organizations reported that they were supervised by treatment staff and participated in employment-related training to improve their skills at providing treatment services more frequently than their counterparts in peer organizations. Peer staff working in treatment organizations also participated in training and education to prepare for employment as treatment professionals more frequently than peer staff working in peer organizations. Conclusions and Implications for Practice Peer staff members working in treatment organizations are subject to processes of acculturation into professional cultures that peer staff working in peer organizations are not. Effective implementation of P-BRSS should include specific efforts to minimize the cooptation of peer staff.
Multiplicador de emprego e salário: Estudo comparativo para a região sul e o restante do Brasil em 1999 e 2004
Authors: Fachinelli Angel dos Santos , Moretto Antônio Carlos , Guilhoto Joaquim José Martins , Rodrigues Rossana Lott , Sesso Filho Umberto Antonio 
Published: September 2014

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o efeito multiplicador de empregos e salários para as categorias formal e informal, em um sistema inter-regional de input-output. Para tal, foi utilizada a matriz da Região Sul e do Restante do Brasil, estimada para o ano de 1999 e 2004 organizadas em 23 setores, juntamente com microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) dos mesmos anos. Considera-se a caracterização dos indivíduos de acordo com: escolaridade, faixa etária, rendimento, gênero e categoria de emprego (formal e informal). Entre os principais resultados destacam-se queda da participação dos macros setores Agropecuária e Serviços nas regiões. Os Estados Paraná, Santa Catarina e Restante do Brasil apresentaram queda dos multiplicadores de salários nas categorias formal e informal para a maioria dos setores, fato não observado no Rio Grande do Sul. Os maiores multiplicadores de emprego tanto para a categoria formal quanto informal foram para os setores ligados à Indústria.
Métissage, multi-appartenance, créolité à l’Île de La Réunion
Authors: Pourchez Laurence 
Published: September 2014

Initialement déserte lors de son peuplement à partir de la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle, l’Île de La Réunion a été peuplée de Français, de Malgaches puis d’Indiens, d’hommes (les femmes étant particulièrement minoritaires) originaires d’Afrique de l’Est, d’Asie, et même, pour quelques-uns d’entre eux, d’Australie et de Polynésie. Durant les premières années d’occupation de l’Île, les mariages entre individus d’origines différentes étaient tolérés « pourvus que ceux-ci fussent baptisés ». Les premiers enfants nés dans l’Île étaient « métis », mais le gouverneur d’alors fit proclamer « l’interdiction faite aux blancs d’épouser des négresses » et « l’interdiction faite aux femmes blanches d’avoir commerce avec des noirs ». Cet édit fut renouvelé par trois fois sans être suivi d’effet par la population. Cet article se propose de discuter des notions de métissage, de multi-appartenance et de créolité à l’Île de La Réunion. Notre propos sera d’examiner, à l’aide de quelques exemples pris notamment dans la médecine traditionnelle, la manière dont les racines des Réunionnais se sont développées ; dans le sens parfois, de l’affirmation d’une créolité en terme de métissage et de création culturelle, d’une multi-appartenance qui peut être revendiquée (être Réunionnais et Français et…) ou parfois niée au profit du choix d’une appartenance unique associée à des racines supposées.
Les transformations de la « question métisse » en Nouvelle-Calédonie (1853-2009)
Authors: Muckle Adrian , Trépied Benoît 
Published: September 2014

À la lumière de l’instauration en 2009 de catégories de recensement inédites permettant une identification officielle des « métis », cet article analyse les façons dont le métissage a été problématisé et représenté en Nouvelle-Calédonie depuis les débuts de la colonisation. L’examen des principales évolutions de la « question métisse » dans le débat public permet ici de montrer qu’en dépit de leur assimilation juridique aux catégories coloniales de « citoyen » ou d’« indigène », les métis en Nouvelle-Calédonie n’ont jamais été pour autant socialement invisibles, mais ont fait en réalité l’objet de discussions récurrentes. Cet article se penche en particulier sur les transformations des discours sur le métissage à l’époque coloniale (avant 1946), au moment des « évènements » violents des années 1980, puis sous l’ère des Accords de Matignon (1988) et de Nouméa (1998). Alors que la question métisse a le plus souvent disparu avec l’accession à l’indépendance des autres anciennes colonies françaises, le processus actuel de décolonisation en Nouvelle-Calédonie suscite au contraire de nouvelles évocations du métissage et de singulières expressions de l’identité métisse.
Et si Paul Sauvé n’avait jamais prononcé le « Désormais… » ?
Authors: Turgeon1 Alexandre 
Published: September 2014

« Désormais… ». Il n’y aurait pas de mots plus célèbres dans l’histoire du Québec. Le premier ministre Paul Sauvé l’aurait prononcé sans cesse à l’automne 1959, alors qu’il succède à Maurice Duplessis, afin de tirer un trait définitif entre deux mondes : la Grande Noirceur duplessiste et la Révolution tranquille. Que Paul Sauvé ait prononcé le « Désormais… », on ne saurait en douter. Les contemporains en attestent, maints historiens le confirment. Osons malgré tout une question : Et si Paul Sauvé n’avait jamais prononcé le « Désormais… » ? C’est ce qui apparaît au terme de recherches exhaustives menées dans les journaux et documents de l’époque. Cet article propose d’étudier comment le « Désormais… » est devenu un mythistoire.
Latitudinal GRBR‐TEC estimation in Southeast Asia region based on the two‐station method
Authors: Watthanasangmechai Kornyanat , Yamamoto Mamoru , Saito Akinori , Tsugawa Takuya , Yokoyama Tatsuhiro , Supnithi Pornchai , Yatini Clara Yono 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTotal electron content (TEC) is an important parameter for revealing latitudinal ionospheric structures, such as the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) in Southeast Asia. Understanding the EIA is beneficial for studying equatorial spread F. To reveal the structures, the absolute TEC as a function of latitude must be accurately determined. In early 2012, we expanded a GNU Radio Beacon Receiver (GRBR) network to provide latitudinal coverage in the Thailand‐Indonesia sector. We employed the GRBR network to receive VHF and UHF signals from polar low‐Earth‐orbit satellites. The TEC offset is an unknown parameter in the absolute TEC estimation process. We propose a new technique based on the two‐station method to estimate the offset for the latitudinal TEC estimation, and it works better than the original method for a sparse network. The TEC estimation system requires two iterations to minimize the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE). Once the RMSE reaches the global minimum, the absolute TECs are estimated simultaneously over five GRBR stations. GPS‐TECs from local stations are used as the initial guess of the offset estimation. The height of the ionospheric pierce point is determined from the ionosonde hmF2. As a result, the latitudinal GRBR‐TEC was successfully estimated from the polar orbit satellites. The two EIA humps were clearly captured by the GRBR‐TEC. The result was well verified with the TEC reconstructed from the C/NOFS density data and the ionosonde bottomside data. This is a significant step showing that the GRBR is a useful tool for the study of low‐latitude ionospheric features.
Heterotrophic bacteria as major nitrogen fixers in the euphotic zone of the Indian Ocean
Authors: Shiozaki Takuhei , Ijichi Minoru , Kodama Taketoshi , Takeda Shigenobu , Furuya Ken 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDiazotrophy in the Indian Ocean is poorly understood compared to that in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. We first examined the basin‐scale community structure of diazotrophs and their nitrogen fixation activity within the euphotic zone during the northeast monsoon period along about 69°E from 17°N to 20°S in the oligotrophic Indian Ocean, where a shallow nitracline (49–59 m) prevailed widely and the sea surface temperature (SST) was above 25°C. Phosphate was detectable at the surface throughout the study area. The dissolved iron concentration and the ratio of iron to nitrate + nitrite at the surface were significantly higher in the Arabian Sea than in the equatorial and southern Indian Ocean. Nitrogen fixation in the Arabian Sea (24.6–47.1 μmolN m−2 d−1) was also significantly greater than that in the equatorial and southern Indian Ocean (6.27–16.6 μmolN m−2 d−1), indicating that iron could control diazotrophy in the Indian Ocean. Phylogenetic analysis of nifH showed that most diazotrophs belonged to the Proteobacteria and that cyanobacterial diazotrophs were absent in the study area except in the Arabian Sea. Furthermore, nitrogen fixation was not associated with light intensity throughout the study area. These results are consistent with nitrogen fixation in the Indian Ocean, being largely performed by heterotrophic bacteria and not by cyanobacteria. The low cyanobacterial diazotrophy was attributed to the shallow nitracline, which is rarely observed in the Pacific and Atlantic oligotrophic oceans. Because the shallower nitracline favored enhanced upward nitrate flux, the competitive advantage of cyanobacterial diazotrophs over nondiazotrophic phytoplankton was not as significant as it is in other oligotrophic oceans.
The worst North American drought year of the last millennium: 1934
Authors: Cook Benjamin I. , Seager Richard , Smerdon Jason E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDuring the summer of 1934, over 70% of western North America experienced extreme drought, placing this summer far outside the normal range of drought variability and making 1934 the single worst drought year of the last millennium. Strong atmospheric ridging along the West Coast suppressed cold season precipitation across the Northwest, Southwest, and California, a circulation pattern similar to the winters of 1976–1977 and 2013–2014. In the spring and summer, the drying spread to the Midwest and Central Plains, driven by severe precipitation deficits downwind from regions of major dust storm activity, consistent with previous work linking drying during the Dust Bowl to anthropogenic dust aerosol forcing. Despite a moderate La Niña, contributions from sea surface temperature forcing were small, suggesting that the anomalous 1934 drought was primarily a consequence of atmospheric variability, possibly amplified by dust forcing that intensified and spread the drought across nearly all of western North America.
Structural evolution triggers a dynamic reduction in active glacier length during rapid retreat: Evidence from Falljökull, SE Iceland
Authors: Phillips Emrys , Finlayson Andrew , Bradwell Tom , Everest Jez , Jones Lee 
Published: September 2014

AbstractOver the past two decades Iceland's glaciers have been undergoing a phase of accelerated retreat set against a backdrop of warmer summers and milder winters. This paper demonstrates how the dynamics of a steep outlet glacier in maritime SE Iceland have changed as it adjusts to recent significant changes in mass balance. Geomorphological evidence from Falljökull, a high‐mass turnover temperate glacier, clearly shows that between 1990 and 2004 the ice front was undergoing active retreat resulting in seasonal oscillations of its margin. However, in 2004–2006 this glacier crossed an important dynamic threshold and effectively reduced its active length by abandoning its lower reaches to passive retreat processes. A combination of ice surface structural measurements with radar, lidar, and differential Global Navigation Satellite Systems data are used to show that the upper active section of Falljökull is still flowing forward but has become detached from and is being thrust over its stagnant lower section. The reduction in the active length of Falljökull over the last several years has allowed it to rapidly reequilibrate to regional snowline rise in SE Iceland over the past two decades. It is possible that other steep, mountain glaciers around the world may respond in a similar way to significant changes in their mass balance, rapidly adjusting their active length in response to recent atmospheric warming.