bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shaping subjects of globalisation: at the intersection of voluntourism and the new economy
Authors: Dlaske Kati 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Volunteer tourism is one of the latest branches of the ever expanding globalised tourism. The initiative Workaway, an expression of this trend, was established in the late 90s with the aim of promoting “cultural understanding between different peoples and lands throughout the world”. The figure of the workawayer as a new cosmopolitan subjectivity started to take shape. With the growth of the tourism industry, the Workaway scheme has started to be of interest also to tourism entrepreneurs, especially in the global peripheries such as northern Lapland, home to the indigenous minority language community of the Sámi. By signing up as a volunteer in a heritage tourism resort, the workawayer, the cultural adventurer, becomes linked up to the network of the globalised new economy. Drawing on aspects of governmentality studies, discourse studies and ethnographic approaches, this study traces the translocal formation of the figure of the workawayer through two crucial technologies of subjectification: the Internet portal workaway.info and the actuality of everyday work in a Sámi heritage tourist resort in northernmost Finnish Lapland. Although the Workaway initiative positions itself as non-capitalist if not anti-capitalist, the study shows how the workawayer is gradually shaped to meet the requirements of the contemporary neoliberal world of work. If Workaway offers new languages and cultures with a flavour of romanticised multiculturalism, in the tourist resort actual encounters are governed by straightforward market rationality. Here, languages are valued as skills among others, but not above others, since ultimately “you don’t necessarily need any language for money transactions”.
Translation as Taking Stances: The Emergence of Syriac Theodoranism in 5th Century Edessa
Authors: Kavvadas Nestor 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe sheer dimensions of the theological and ecclesio-political consequences of Theodor of Mopsuestia’s reception by eastern Syriac schools, theologians and bishops, a reception that shaped eastern Syriac Christianity like no other intellectual factor, raises the question of what triggered the reception process in the first place - about the concrete intentions behind the initiation of the Syriac Theodore translation project in fourth century Edessa, which formed the basis for all Syriac Theodore reception. An investigation of the historical contexts of this translation project suggests that the project first started as a reaction to the simultaneous promotion of Syriac Cyrillianism by bishop Rabbula of Edessa. It also points out the close connection between the translation project’s emergence on the one hand and the (theological only, at first) Syriac Cyrillians-Theodorans divide as well as the later schism between Miaphysites and Nestorians on the other
Motor Neuron Pools of Synergistic Thigh Muscles Share Most of Their Synaptic Input
Authors: Laine Christopher M. , Martinez-Valdes Eduardo , Falla Deborah , Mayer Frank , Farina Dario 
Published: September 2015

Neural control of synergist muscles is not well understood. Presumably, each muscle in a synergistic group receives some unique neural drive and some drive that is also shared in common with other muscles in the group. In this investigation, we sought to characterize the strength, frequency spectrum, and force dependence of the neural drive to the human vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles during the production of isometric knee extension forces at 10 and 30% of maximum voluntary effort. High-density surface electromyography recordings were decomposed into motor unit action potentials to examine the neural drive to each muscle. Motor unit coherence analysis was used to characterize the total neural drive to each muscle and the drive shared between muscles. Using a novel approach based on partial coherence analysis, we were also able to study specifically the neural drive unique to each muscle (not shared). The results showed that the majority of neural drive to the vasti muscles was a cross-muscle drive characterized by a force-dependent strength and bandwidth. Muscle-specific neural drive was at low frequencies (<5 Hz) and relatively weak. Frequencies of neural drive associated with afferent feedback (6–12 Hz) and with descending cortical input (∼20 Hz) were almost entirely shared by the two muscles, whereas low-frequency (<5 Hz) drive comprised shared (primary) and muscle-specific (secondary) components. This study is the first to directly investigate the extent of shared versus independent control of synergist muscles at the motor neuron level.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPrecisely how the nervous system coordinates the activity of synergist muscles is not well understood. One possibility is that muscles of a synergy share a common neural drive. In this study, we directly compared the relative strength of shared versus independent neural drive to synergistically activated thigh muscles in humans. The results of this analysis support the notion that synergistically activated muscles share most of their neural drive. Scientifically, this study addressed an important gap in our current understanding of how neural drive is delivered to synergist muscles. We have also demonstrated the feasibility of a novel approach to the study of muscle synergies based on partial coherence analysis of motor unit activity.
Neuronal-Targeted TFEB Accelerates Lysosomal Degradation of APP, Reducing Aβ Generation and Amyloid Plaque Pathogenesis
Authors: Xiao Qingli , Yan Ping , Ma Xiucui , Liu Haiyan , Perez Ronaldo , Zhu Alec , Gonzales Ernesto , Tripoli Danielle L. , Czerniewski Leah , Ballabio Andrea , Cirrito John R. , Diwan Abhinav , Lee Jin-Moo 
Published: September 2015

In AD, an imbalance between Aβ production and removal drives elevated brain Aβ levels and eventual amyloid plaque deposition. APP undergoes nonamyloidogenic processing via α-cleavage at the plasma membrane, amyloidogenic β- and γ-cleavage within endosomes to generate Aβ, or lysosomal degradation in neurons. Considering multiple reports implicating impaired lysosome function as a driver of increased amyloidogenic processing of APP, we explored the efficacy of targeting transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal pathways, to reduce Aβ levels. CMV promoter-driven TFEB, transduced via stereotactic hippocampal injections of adeno-associated virus particles in APP/PS1 mice, localized primarily to neuronal nuclei and upregulated lysosome biogenesis. This resulted in reduction of APP protein, the α and β C-terminal APP fragments (CTFs), and in the steady-state Aβ levels in the brain interstitial fluid. In aged mice, total Aβ levels and amyloid plaque load were selectively reduced in the TFEB-transduced hippocampi. TFEB transfection in N2a cells stably expressing APP695, stimulated lysosome biogenesis, reduced steady-state levels of APP and α- and β-CTFs, and attenuated Aβ generation by accelerating flux through the endosome-lysosome pathway. Cycloheximide chase assays revealed a shortening of APP half-life with exogenous TFEB expression, which was prevented by concomitant inhibition of lysosomal acidification. These data indicate that TFEB enhances flux through lysosomal degradative pathways to induce APP degradation and reduce Aβ generation. Activation of TFEB in neurons is an effective strategy to attenuate Aβ generation and attenuate amyloid plaque deposition in AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTA key driver for AD pathogenesis is the net balance between production and clearance of Aβ, the major component of amyloid plaques. Here we demonstrate that lysosomal degradation of holo-APP influences Aβ production by limiting the availability of APP for amyloidogenic processing. Using viral gene transfer of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosome biogenesis in neurons of APP/PS1 mice, steady-state levels of APP were reduced, resulting in decreased interstitial fluid Aβ levels and attenuated amyloid deposits. These effects were caused by accelerated lysosomal degradation of endocytosed APP, reflected by reduced APP half-life and steady-state levels in TFEB-expressing cells, with resultant decrease in Aβ production and release. Additional studies are needed to explore the therapeutic potential of this approach.
Attention Determines Contextual Enhancement versus Suppression in Human Primary Visual Cortex
Authors: Flevaris Anastasia V. , Murray Scott O. 
Published: September 2015

Neural responses in primary visual cortex (V1) depend on stimulus context in seemingly complex ways. For example, responses to an oriented stimulus can be suppressed when it is flanked by iso-oriented versus orthogonally oriented stimuli but can also be enhanced when attention is directed to iso-oriented versus orthogonal flanking stimuli. Thus the exact same contextual stimulus arrangement can have completely opposite effects on neural responses—in some cases leading to orientation-tuned suppression and in other cases leading to orientation-tuned enhancement. Here we show that stimulus-based suppression and enhancement of fMRI responses in humans depends on small changes in the focus of attention and can be explained by a model that combines feature-based attention with response normalization.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) respond to stimuli within a restricted portion of the visual field, termed their “receptive field.” However, neuronal responses can also be influenced by stimuli that surround a receptive field, although the nature of these contextual interactions and underlying neural mechanisms are debated. Here we show that the response in V1 to a stimulus in the same context can either be suppressed or enhanced depending on the focus of attention. We are able to explain the results using a simple computational model that combines two well established properties of visual cortical responses: response normalization and feature-based enhancement.
A Disease Mutation Causing Episodic Ataxia Type I in the S1 Links Directly to the Voltage Sensor and the Selectivity Filter in Kv Channels
Authors: Petitjean Dimitri , Kalstrup Tanja , Zhao Juan , Blunck Rikard 
Published: September 2015

The mutation F184C in Kv1.1 leads to development of episodic ataxia type I (EA1). Although the mutation has been said to alter activation kinetics and to lower expression, we show here that the underlying molecular mechanisms may be more complex. Although F184 is positioned in the “peripheral” S1 helix, it occupies a central position in the 3D fold. We show in cut-open oocyte voltage-clamp recordings of gating and ionic currents of the Shaker Kv channel expressed inXenopusoocytes that F184 not only interacts directly with the gating charges of the S4, but also creates a functional link to the selectivity filter of the neighboring subunit. This link leads to impaired fast and slow inactivation. The effect on fast inactivation is of an allosteric nature considering that fast inactivation is caused by a linked cytosolic ball peptide. The extensive effects of F184C provide a new mechanism underlying EA.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEpisodic ataxia (EA) is an inherited disease that leads to occasional loss of motor control in combination with variable other symptoms such as vertigo or migraine. EA type I (EA1), studied here, is caused by mutations in a voltage-gated potassium channel that contributes to the generation of electrical signals in the brain. The mechanism by which mutations in voltage-gated potassium channels lead to EA is still unknown and there is no consistent pharmacological treatment. By studying in detail one disease-causing mutation in Kv1.1, we describe a novel molecular mechanism distinct from mechanisms described previously. This mechanism contributes to the understanding of potassium channel function in general and might lead to a better understanding of how EA develops.
Altering Effort Costs in Parkinson's Disease with Noninvasive Cortical Stimulation
Authors: Salimpour Yousef , Mari Zoltan K. , Shadmehr Reza 
Published: September 2015

In Parkinson's disease (PD), the human brain is capable of producing motor commands, but appears to require greater than normal subjective effort, particularly for the more-affected side. What is the nature of this subjective effort and can it be altered? We used an isometric task in which patients produced a goal force by engaging both arms, but were free to assign any fraction of that force to each arm. The patients preferred their less-affected arm, but only in some directions. This preference was correlated with lateralization of signal-dependent noise: the direction of force for which the brain was less willing to assign effort to an arm was generally the direction for which that arm exhibited greater noise. Therefore, the direction-dependent noise in each arm acted as an implicit cost that discouraged use of that arm. To check for a causal relationship between noise and motor cost, we used bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex, placing the cathode on the more-affected side and the anode on the less-affected side. This stimulation not only reduced the noise on the more-affected arm, it also increased the willingness of the patients to assign force to that arm. In a 3 d double-blind study and in a 10 d repeated stimulation study, bilateral stimulation of the two motor cortices with cathode on the more-affected side reduced noise and increased the willingness of the patients to exert effort. This stimulation also improved the clinical motor symptoms of the disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn Parkinson's disease, patients are less willing to assign force to their affected arm. Here, we find that this pattern is direction dependent: directions for which the arm is noisier coincide with directions for which the brain is less willing to assign force. We hypothesized that if we could reduce the noise on the affected arm, then we may increase the willingness for the brain to assign force to that arm. We found a way to do this via noninvasive cortical stimulation. In addition to reducing effort costs associated with the affected arm, the cortical stimulation also improved clinical motor symptoms of the disease.
Effects of Peritoneal Sepsis on Rat Central Osmoregulatory Neurons Mediating Thirst and Vasopressin Release
Authors: Stare Jerneja , Siami Shidasp , Trudel Eric , Prager-Khoutorsky Masha , Sharshar Tarek , Bourque Charles W. 
Published: September 2015

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by the systemic inflammatory response to a bacterial infection. Although much is known about the cellular and molecular changes that characterize the peripheral inflammatory response to sepsis, almost nothing is known of the neuronal changes that cause associated perturbations in the central control of homeostasis. Osmoregulation is one of the key homeostatic systems perturbed during sepsis. In healthy subjects, systemic hypertonicity normally excites osmoreceptor neurons in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT), which then activates downstream neurons that induce a parallel increase in water intake and arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion to promote fluid expansion and maintain blood pressure. However, recent studies have shown that the early phase of sepsis is associated with increased AVP levels and suppressed thirst. Here we examined the electrophysiological properties of OVLT neurons and magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in acutein vitropreparations obtained from rats subjected to sham surgery or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We found that the intrinsic excitability of OVLT neurons was not affected significantly 18–24 h after CLP. However, OVLT neurons in CLP rats were hyperpolarized significantly compared with shams. Moreover, a reduced proportion of these cells displayed spontaneous electrical activity and osmoresponsiveness in septic animals. In contrast, the osmoresponsiveness of MNCs was only attenuated by CLP, and a larger proportion of these neurons displayed spontaneous electrical activity in septic animals. These results suggest that acute sepsis disrupts centrally mediated osmoregulatory reflexes through differential effects on the properties of neurons in the OVLT and supraoptic nucleus.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by the systemic inflammatory response to bacterial infection. Although the early phase of sepsis features impaired thirst and enhanced vasopressin release, the basis for these defects is unknown. Here, we show that cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats impairs the osmoresponsiveness of neurons in the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT; which drives thirst) and attenuates that of neurosecretory neurons in the supraoptic nucleus (SON; which secrete oxytocin and vasopressin). Notably, we found that OVLT neurons are hyperpolarized and electrically silenced. In contrast, CLP increased the proportion of SON neurons displaying spontaneous electrical activity. Therefore, CLP affects the properties of osmoregulatory neurons in a manner that can affect systemic osmoregulation.
The Historical Origins of Control over Deviant Groups in Malaysia: Official Fatwá and Regulation of Interpretation
Authors: Shiozaki Yuki 
Published: September 2015

In Malaysia, official fatwá issued in each state played a crucial role in the regulation of ajaran sesat, or ‘deviant’ groups, such as Darul Arqam, Ahmadiyah, Taslim, Shi’a and many Sufi orders. The regulation of groups through official fatwá can be traced back to the 1930s. The development of control over them was deeply concerned with the upheavals in the Islamic world in the 1920s and the rise of the Salafi stream. The muftī in the Malay sultanates took the initiative in the regulation of ‘deviant’ groups. Among them was Sayyid Alawi Tahir al-Haddad, a muftī from Johor, who denounced the Salafism, or Kaum Muda, in Southeast Asia and other new streams through his fatwá. Sayyid Alawi was from Hadhramaut in Yemen, the stronghold of the Shafi‘i school. His attempt to strengthen the Shafi‘i school and regulate the new streams of Islamic thought was, in Malaysia, one of the origins of the efforts to gain control over ‘deviant’ groups through official fatwá.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v22i2.1917
Tajdīd al-Tarbīyah al-Islāmīyah ‘inda al-Shaykh al-Ḥājj Imam Zarkasyi
Authors: As'ad Mahrus 
Published: September 2015

This paper will investigate the essence of Imam Zarkasyi’s educational reform and its contribution to the development of globally orientated Indonesian madrasah. Based on a descriptive analytical approach, this investigation concludes that Zarkasyi’s educational reform refers to a radical and holistic change that combines modernity and tradition to emphasize not only methodological and institutional aspects but also the importance of the reformulation of the substantial and philosophical bases on which Islamic education should operate. His selective adoption of modern teaching and learning principles, resting firmly on the legacies of the indigenous and classical ‘ulamā’ in a boarding madrasah system, constitutes a cultural achievement that makes an important contribution to the development of modern Islamic science education and theory. Also, it makes a contribution in developing qualified madrasah suitable for providing education with an ‘Islamic character’ without ignoring the students’ academic needs in facing global challenges.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v22i2.1922
Isra Mikraj dalam Naskah-Naskah Indonesia
Authors: Suryadi Suryadi 
Published: September 2015

Th.C. van de Meij and N. Lambooij (eds. & transls.); with the assistance of Oman Fathurrahman, The Malay Hikayat Mi‘rāj Nabi Muhammad: The Prophet Muhammad’s Nocturnal Journey to Heaven and Hell. Leiden - Boston: Brill, 2014, xii +210 pp. (Bibliotheca Indonesica Vol. 37). ISBN 978 90 04 27661 8 (hardback), 978 90 04 27775 5 (e-book).This book provides readers with the Romanization and English translation of an Indonesian manuscript, Cod. Or. 1713, which is held at Leiden University Library in the Netherlands. Written in the eighteenth century and using Jawi script, the text focuses on the Prophet Muhammad’s nocturnal journey to heaven and hell. It is the last leg of the prophet’s two-part miraculous night journey which is well known in the Indonesian and Malay languages as Isra Mikraj Nabi Muhammad. In Indonesia, with the majority of its people embracing Islam, the story – as well as other stories about Muhammad’s life – have been much repeatedly retold by preachers in prayer houses without boredom and enthusiastically listened to with heart by audiences. This story significantly influences Indonesian Muslims’ conception of the ideal living in the world and their perception of the afterlife. Muhammad in his journey rode the heavenly steed of buraq to the seventh stage of the sky (langit ketujuh), where many ordinary Muslims belief hell and heaven are situated. This journey became the focus of the transcribed and translated text, suggesting Nusantara Muslims’ astonishment at this amazing story.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v22i2.1923
Study of the Structure, Electrophysical Properties of Thin Oxide Semiconductor Films on the Basis of SiO2, Cr2O3 and V2O5 Oxides
Authors: Karabanov Sergey , Karabanov Andrey , Suvorov Dmitriy V. , Gololobov Gennady , Slivkin Evgeny 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe paper presents complex research of the structure and electrophysical properties of thin films on the basis of Cr2O3, V2O5 and SiO2 oxides compounds. The paper studies binary compounds films of Cr2O3 -V2O5 and Cr2O3 - V2O5 -SiO2 films. The method of electron-beam evaporation is used for the films deposition; glass is used as the substrate. The films structure is studied by the methods of slow electron diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance. The films composition is determined by the X-ray microanalysis.In the course of studies the following regularities have been established:- dependence of the films structure on their composition;- dependence of electrophysical films properties on the their composition;- dependence of volt-ampere characteristics on the films composition (memory effect);- high film stability to the effect of electron flow and radiation in the discharge plasma.