bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a Fuzzy Expert System on Toxicological Data Quality Assessment
Authors: Yang Longzhi , Neagu Daniel , Cronin Mark T. D. , Hewitt Mark , Enoch Steven J. , Madden Judith C. , Przybylak Katarzyna 
Published: January 2013

AbstractQuality assessment (QA) requires high levels of domain‐specific experience and knowledge. QA tasks for toxicological data are usually performed by human experts manually, although a number of quality evaluation schemes have been proposed in the literature. For instance, the most widely utilised Klimisch scheme1defines four data quality categories in order to tag data instances with respect to their qualities; ToxRTool2is an extension of the Klimisch approach aiming to increase the transparency and harmonisation of the approach. Note that the processes of QA in many other areas have been automatised by employing expert systems. Briefly, an expert system is a computer program that uses a knowledge base built upon human expertise, and an inference engine that mimics the reasoning processes of human experts to infer new statements from incoming data. In particular, expert systems have been extended to deal with the uncertainty of information by representing uncertain information (such as linguistic terms) as fuzzy sets under the framework of fuzzy set theory and performing inferences upon fuzzy sets according to fuzzy arithmetic. This paper presents an experimental fuzzy expert system for toxicological data QA which is developed on the basis of the Klimisch approach and the ToxRTool in an effort to illustrate the power of expert systems to toxicologists, and to examine if fuzzy expert systems are a viable solution for QA of toxicological data. Such direction still faces great difficulties due to the well‐known common challenge of toxicological data QA that “five toxicologists may have six opinions”. In the meantime, this challenge may offer an opportunity for expert systems because the construction and refinement of the knowledge base could be a converging process of different opinions which is of significant importance for regulatory policy making under the regulation of REACH, though a consensus may never be reached. Also, in order to facilitate the implementation of Weight of Evidence approaches and in silico modelling proposed by REACH, there is a higher appeal of numerical quality values than nominal (categorical) ones, where the proposed fuzzy expert system could help. Most importantly, the deriving processes of quality values generated in this way are fully transparent, and thus comprehensible, for final users, which is another vital point for policy making specified in REACH. Case studies have been conducted and this report not only shows the promise of the approach, but also demonstrates the difficulties of the approach and thus indicates areas for future development.
Convergence of finite element method for linear second‐order wave equations with discontinuous coefficients
Authors: Deka Bhupen , Ahmed Tazuddin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA finite element method is proposed and analyzed for hyperbolic problems with discontinuous coefficients. The main emphasize is given on the convergence of such method. Due to low global regularity of the solutions, the error analysis of the standard finite element method is difficult to adopt for such problems. For a practical finite element discretization, optimal error estimates in L∞(L2) and L∞(H1) norms are established for continuous time discretization. Further, a fully discrete scheme based on a symmetric difference approximation is considered, and optimal order convergence in L∞(H1) norm is established. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013
G‐Protein coupled receptor 64 promotes invasiveness and metastasis in Ewing sarcomas through PGF and MMP1
Authors: Richter Günther HS , Fasan Annette , Hauer Kristina , Grunewald Thomas GP , Berns Colette , Rössler Sabine , Naumann Ivonne , Staege Martin S. , Fulda Simone , Esposito Irene , Burdach Stefan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMetastatic spread in Ewing sarcomas (ES) is frequent and haematogenous. G‐protein coupled receptor 64 (GPR64), an orphan receptor with normal expression restricted to human epididymis is specifically over‐expressed in ES among sarcoma, but also up‐regulated in a number of carcinomas derived from prostate, kidney or lung. Inhibition of GPR64 expression in ES by RNA interference impaired colony formation in vitro and suppressed local tumour growth and metastasis in Rag2−/−γC−/− mice. Microarray analysis after GPR64 knock down revealed a GPR64‐mediated repression of genes involved in neuronal development like SLIT, drosophila, homolog of, 2 (SLIT2), and genes regulating transcription including pre‐B cell leukemia homeobox 2 (PBX2). Concurrently, the suppression of GPR64 increased ES susceptibility to TRAIL induced apoptosis. Moreover, a GPR64‐mediated induction of placental growth factor (PGF) in ES was observed. PGF suppression by RNA interference resulted in a reduction of metastatic growth similar to that observed after GPR64 knock down. Importantly, inhibition of GPR64 as well as PGF expression was associated with a reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1 and invasiveness in vitro. Furthermore, MMP1 knock down abrogated lung metastasis in Rag2−/−γC−/− mice. Thus, GPR64 expression in ES maintains an immature phenotype that is less sensitive to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis and via its up‐regulation of PGF and MMP1 orchestrates and promotes invasiveness and metastatic spread. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soft ionization mass spectroscopy: Insights into the polymerization mechanism
Authors: Soeriyadi Alexander H. , R.Whittaker Michael , Boyer Cyrille , Davis Thomas P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis review (sourced from ± 300 references) is focused on the use of soft ionization mass spectroscopy to characterize the products of polymerization/degradation reactions thereby yielding mechanistic information. We provide a brief description of the different spectrometers techniques available for polymer analyses, including MALDI‐TOF, ESI‐MS, and a précis of mass spectrometer performance, together with a brief critique summarizing the limitations and advantages of each. On MALDI‐TOF, we detail the possible side reactions that can occur when the MALDI‐TOF technique is employed to analyze polymers, and emphasize the importance of correct sample preparation. ESI‐MS is also given attention and emphasis is placed on the limitations and optimization of samples for successful analyses. This review is presented in the context of polymer science research, with special attention focused on the use of MS data to gain insights into mechanistic processes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Microproteomics by liquid extraction surface analysis: Application to FFPE tissue to study the fimbria region of tubo‐ovarian cancer
Authors: Wisztorski Maxence , Fatou Benoit , Franck Julien , Desmons Annie , Farré Isabelle , Leblanc Eric , Fournier Isabelle , Salzet Michel 
Published: January 2013

PurposeWe have developed a new method for rapid analysis of a specific region on formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. This method combines advantages of direct tissue MS analysis keeping histological information and conventional proteomics approaches for confident identification of proteins in complex sample.Experimental designAfter histological annotation, heat‐induced antigen retrieval is performed on FFPE tissue. Using a chemical inkjet printer, trypsin is deposited on discrete regions of less than 1 mm2. After protein digestion, a liquid extraction is performed to retrieve all the peptides. Data coming from identification of proteins in cancer and benign region are compared.ResultsIn total, 3649 unique peptides were identified (with a peptide strict false discovery rate less than 1%) corresponding to 983 and 792 nonredundant protein groups identified in benign and cancer region, respectively. A total of 123 protein groups are found only in cancer region and 315 are specific to the benign part. From these data, it has been possible to obtain different important signaling pathways involved in cancer processes and some proteins already known as biomarkers.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThis new approach using a combination of localized on‐tissue protein digestion and liquid microextraction followed by LC‐MS/MS analysis is useful for advancing our understanding of cancer biology. It is a rapid and innovative technique that will contribute positively to clinical proteomics.
Study of New On‐Line Pre‐Hardening Technology of 3Cr2NiMo Plastic Die Steel
Authors: Zhu Dong‐Mei , Liu Guo‐Yong , Zhang Shao‐Jun , Li Mou‐Wei 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe thermal property parameters of 3Cr2NiMo plastic die steel were tested and the two‐dimensional finite element model was established in the paper. The temperature fields of 3Cr2NiMo plastic die steel plate with the thickness of 130 mm were calculated and analyzed under three quenching processes. The results showed that for all of the three processes the cooling rates could avoid the pearlite transformation zone when the temperature of the steel plate was more than 500°C. When the temperature was less than 500°C, the cooling rate of the third process was slower, and the temperature difference was effectively alleviated, which avoided large transformation stress appearance. For 3Cr2NiMo plastic die steel with the thickness of 130 mm, the third process was the best process. In the paper, the hardness and the microstructures were tested after the third process and tempering. After tempering process, the structures were all tempered sorbite, and the tempering hardness difference in the whole steel plate was less than 3HRC, and there were no cracks. The study provided references for on‐line pre‐hardening process formulation and optimization of large plastic die steel.
The Gambling Behavior of Indigenous Australians
Authors: Hing Nerilee , Breen Helen , Gordon Ashley , Russell Alex 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe gambling activities of minority groups such as Indigenous peoples are usually culturally complex and poorly understood. To redress the scarcity of information and contribute to a better understanding of gambling by Indigenous people, this paper presents quantitative evidence gathered at three Australian Indigenous festivals, online and in several Indigenous communities. With support from Indigenous communities, the study collected and analyzed surveys from 1,259 self-selected Indigenous adults. Approximately 33 % of respondents gambled on card games while 80 % gambled on commercial gambling forms in the previous year. Gambling participation and involvement are high, particularly on electronic gaming machines (EGMs), the favorite and most regular form of gambling. Men are significantly more likely to participate in gambling and to gamble more frequently on EGMs, horse/dog races, sports betting and instant scratch tickets. This elevated participation and frequency of gambling on continuous forms would appear to heighten gambling risks for Indigenous men. This is particularly the case for younger Indigenous men, who are more likely than their older counterparts to gamble on EGMs, table games and poker. While distinct differences between the gambling behaviors of our Indigenous sample and non-Indigenous Australians are apparent, Australian Indigenous behavior appears similar to that of some Indigenous and First Nations populations in other countries. Although this study represents the largest survey of Indigenous Australian gambling ever conducted in New South Wales and Queensland, further research is needed to extend our knowledge of Indigenous gambling and to limit the risks from gambling for Indigenous peoples.
Review of Self-exclusion from Gambling Venues as an Intervention for Problem Gambling
Authors: Gainsbury Sally M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Self-exclusion programs are required to be provided by gambling operators in many international jurisdictions in an attempt to provide an option for those who have gambling problems to avoid further gambling. However, minimal robust and comprehensive research has been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of self-exclusion programs. There is much scope for reform and greater cohesion between jurisdictions, particularly neighbouring jurisdictions that would offer greater protection to individuals and industry bodies. This review outlines the evidence surrounding existing self-exclusion strategies, the benefits and limitations of such programs, and provides potential recommendations for an effective intervention program. Research suggests that self-exclusion programs are under-utilised by problem gamblers and are not completely effective in preventing individuals from gambling in venues from which they have excluded, or on other forms. Nonetheless, self-report indicates that self-excluders generally experience benefits from programs, including decreased gambling and increased psychological wellbeing and overall functioning. There are many areas in which existing programs could be improved, such as providing more resources for excluded individuals and reducing barriers to program entry, and more research is needed. However, self-exclusion programs are an important component of any public health strategy that aims to minimise gambling-related harms and these should be based as far as possible on empirical evidence for effective program components.
What is British nuclear culture? UnderstandingUranium 235
Authors: HUGHES JEFF 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn the ever-expanding field of nuclear history, studies of ‘nuclear culture’ are becoming increasingly popular. Often situated within national contexts, they typically explore responses to the nuclear condition in the cultural modes of literature, art, music, theatre, film and other media, as well as nuclear imagery more generally. This paper offers a critique of current conceptions of ‘nuclear culture’, and argues that the term has little analytical coherence. It suggests that historians of ‘nuclear culture’ have tended to essentialize the nuclear to the detriment of historical analysis, and that the wide variety of methodological approaches to ‘nuclear culture’ are simultaneously a strength and a more significant weakness, in that they have little shared sense of the meaning of the term, its theoretical underpinnings or its analytical purchase. The paper then offers a study of Ewan MacColl's 1946 playUranium 235, whose career reveals much about the diversity of cultures of the nuclear in post-war Britain. The study moves us away from a single, homogeneous ‘British nuclear culture’ towards a pluralistic critical history of cultural responses to nuclearization. These responses, I conclude, should be seen as collectively constitutive of the nuclear condition rather than as passive reflections of it.
Safeguarding the atom: the nuclear enthusiasm of Muriel Howorth
Authors: JOHNSON PAIGE 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThere was more than one response to the nuclear age. Countering well-documented attitudes of protest and pessimism, Muriel Howorth (1886–1971) models a less examined strain of atomic enthusiasm in British nuclear culture. Believing that the same power within the atomic bomb could be harnessed to make the world a ‘smiling garden of Eden’, she utilized traditionally feminine domains of kitchen and garden in her efforts to educate the public about the potential of the atom and to ‘safeguard’ it on their behalf. Boldly entering an overtly masculine arena in which, as a woman and a layperson, she was doubly an ‘other’, Howorth used a variety of publications, organizations and staged events to interpret atomic science and specifically to address women. Her efforts, dating roughly from 1948 to 1962, preceded but had broad overlaps with official Atoms for Peace programmes, and culminated in the formation of the Atomic Gardening Society in 1960 to promote the cultivation of gamma-irradiated seeds by British gardeners.
‘The monster’? The British popular press and nuclear culture, 1945–early 1960s
Authors: BINGHAM ADRIAN 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBritish popular newspapers were fascinated by the terrible power of the nuclear bomb, and they devoted countless articles, editorials and cartoons to it. In so doing, they played a significant role in shaping the nuclear culture of the post-war period. Yet scholars have given little sustained attention to this rich seam of material. This article makes a contribution to remedying this major gap by offering an overview of the coverage of nuclear weaponry in the two most popular newspapers in Britain, theDaily Expressand theDaily Mirror, in the period from 1945 to the early 1960s. Although both papers supported British possession of the bomb, claiming that it was essential for the maintenance of great-power status, their reporting was more complex and critical than the existing scholarship has tended to assume. This article argues that sceptical voices in the press often disrupted official narratives and that journalists emphasized the potential dangers involved in the nuclear arms race. Newspapers frequently highlighted, rather than downplayed, the horrors of the bomb: it was repeatedly portrayed as a ‘monster’ threatening the world.
The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and changing attitudes towards the Earth in the nuclear age
Authors: BURKETT JODI 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe nuclear age had a profound impact on politics and international affairs. More fundamentally, it altered the way people saw the planet and their relationship with it. These attitudes changed gradually in the post-war period, with the 1960s a key transitional moment. This article explores these changing attitudes towards the environment within the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). At the beginning of the 1960s CND's concerns about nuclear testing and fallout fit easily into the dominant anthropocentric view of the environment. However, by the end of the decade they espoused a much more holistic, even ecocentric, attitude. This article examines how attitudes towards the environment were changing in the 1960s through a close examination of attitudes within CND, and argues that the modern environmental movement was a product of the nuclear age.
Seven Days to Noon: containing the atomic threat
Authors: SEED DAVID 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe 1950 Boulting Brothers film Seven Days to Noon is one of the earliest British films to engage with the atomic bomb and uses a number of strategies to contain the public fears of the super-weapon. When an atomic scientist steals one such device and threatens to detonate it in central London, an elaborate but efficient security system swings into action. Drawing on the imagery and practices of civil defence during the Second World War, central London is evacuated while the army hunts down the scientist, who is presented as undergoing a psychological crisis as a result of his work. Although he is finally located and the bomb disarmed, the film only achieves its reassuring message by suppressing the Communist threat from within (which would become the subject of Roy Boulting's 1951 film High Treason) and from abroad, which differentiates Seven Days from comparable American films of the period. Presenting an idealized version of Londoners' stoicism, the film actually shows the disproportion between the specifics of daily life in the city and the massive destruction the new weapon could wreak. The acquiescence of Londoners in their orderly evacuation is only possible because of their virtually total ignorance of the true nature of the bomb.
Protect/Protest: British nuclear fiction of the 1980s
Authors: CORDLE DANIEL 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAnalyses of nuclear fiction have tended to focus on the literature of the United States, particularly that of the 1950s. This article not only switches attention to British literature, but makes the case for the 1980s as a nuclear decade, arguing that the late Cold War context, especially renewed fears of global conflict, produced a distinctive nuclear literature and culture. Taking its cue from E.P. Thompson's rewriting of the British government's civil-defence slogan, ‘Protect and Survive’, as ‘Protest and Survive’, it identifies a series of issues – gender and the family, the environment and socio-economic organization – through which competing nuclear discourses can be read. In particular, it argues, British fiction of this period functions by undercutting the idea that protection is possible. Hence, although few nuclear texts advocate particular policy positions, they are characterized by a politics of vulnerability. Proposing for the first time the existence of a distinctive 1980s nuclear culture, it seeks to suggest the broad parameters within which further research might take place.
‘Wind turbine syndrome’: fact or fiction?
Authors: Farboud A , Crunkhorn R , Trinidade A 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjective:Symptoms, including tinnitus, ear pain and vertigo, have been reported following exposure to wind turbine noise. This review addresses the effects of infrasound and low frequency noise and questions the existence of ‘wind turbine syndrome’.Design:This review is based on a search for articles published within the last 10 years, conducted using the PubMed database and Google Scholar search engine, which included in their title or abstract the terms ‘wind turbine’, ‘infrasound’ or ‘low frequency noise’.Results:There is evidence that infrasound has a physiological effect on the ear. Until this effect is fully understood, it is impossible to conclude that wind turbine noise does not cause any of the symptoms described. However, many believe that these symptoms are related largely to the stress caused by unwanted noise exposure.Conclusion:There is some evidence of symptoms in patients exposed to wind turbine noise. The effects of infrasound require further investigation.
Plasma radiation for atmospheric entry at Titan: Emission spectroscopy measurements and numerical rebuilding
Authors: SOBBIA R. , LEYLAND P. , BABOU Y. , POTTER D. , MARRAFFA L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEmission spectroscopy measurements on a plasma representative of Titan atmosphere composition were obtained in the Inductively Coupled Plasma wind tunnel facility (VKI-Minitorch) at the von Karman Institute in Belgium. Temperatures ranged from 3600 to 5000 K, pressure was fixed at 300 mbar, and the molar composition was 1.9% CH4 and 98.1% N2. The high-pressure plasma was produced to obtain conditions close to equilibrium. In conjunction, line-by-line calculations have been carried out to assess the reliability of two distinct sets of molecular electronic transition moments, recently released, by predicting the radiative signature of high-temperature N2–CH4 plasma. The radiative transfer problem was solved by considering the plasma plume at local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions in an axisymmetric configuration. Comparisons between the synthetic and experimental spectra demonstrated good agreement for the CN Violet and high-wavelength CN Red bands, while some discrepancies were observed for the C2 Swan bands and low-wavelength CN Red bands.