bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OLGA and OLGIM Stage Distribution According to Age and Helicobacter pylori Status in the Korean Population
Authors: Nam Ji Hyung , Choi Il Ju , Kook Myeong‐Cherl , Lee Jong Yeul , Cho Soo‐Jeong , Nam Su Youn , Kim Chan Gyoo 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment (OLGA) and the Operative Link on Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment (OLGIM) staging systems have been suggested to provide risk assessment for gastric cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of OLGA and OLGIM staging by age and Helicobacter pylori status.Materials and MethodsWe studied 632 subjects who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy for gastric cancer screening. Helicobacter pylori status and histologic changes were assessed using the updated Sydney system. Stage III and IV OLGA or OLGIM stages were considered as high‐risk stages.ResultsThe rate of H. pylori infection was 59.0% (373/632). Overall, the proportion of high OLGA and OLGIM stages was significantly increased with older age (p < .001 for both). Old age (OR = 5.17, 6.97, and 12.23 for ages in the 40's, 50's, and 60's, respectively), smoking (OR = 2.54), and H. pylori infection (OR = 8.46) were independent risk factors for high‐risk OLGA stages. These risk factors were the same for high‐risk OLGIM stages. In the H. pylori‐positive subgroup, the proportion of high‐risk OLGA stages was low (6.9%) before the age of 40, but increased to 23.0%, 29.1%, and 41.1% for those in their 40s, 50s, and 60s, respectively (p < .001). High‐risk OLGIM stages showed a similar trend of 2.8% before the age of 40 and up to 30.1% for those in their 60s. High‐risk OLGA and OLGIM stages were uncommon in the H. pylori‐negative group, with a respective prevalence of 10.3% and 3.4% even among those in their 60s.ConclusionsBecause high‐risk OLGA and OLGIM stages are uncommon under the age of 40, H. pylori treatment before that age may reduce the need for endoscopic surveillance for gastric cancer.
Petrogenesis of the late Cretaceous K‐rich volcanic rocks from the Central Pontide orogenic belt, North Turkey
Authors: Asan Kürşad , Kurt Hüseyin , Francis Don , Morgan Ganerød 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSubduction‐related volcanic rocks are widespread in the Central Pontides of Turkey, and represented by the Hamsaros volcanic succession in the Sinop area to the north. The volcanic rocks display high‐K calc‐alkaline, shoshonitic and ultra‐K affinities. 40Ar/39Ar age data indicate that the rocks occurred during the Late Cretaceous (ca 82 Ma), and the volcanic suites were coeval. Primitive mantle‐normalized trace element patterns of all the lavas are characterized by strong enrichments in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) (Rb, Ba, K, and Sr), Th, U, Pb, and light rare earth elements (LREE; La, Ce) and prominent negative Nb, Ta, and Ti anomalies, all typical of subduction‐related lavas. There is a systematic increase in the enrichment of incompatible trace elements from the high‐K calc‐alkaline lavas through the shoshonitic to the ultra‐K lavas. In addition, the shoshonitic and ultra‐K lavas have significantly higher 87Sr/86Sr (0.70666–0.70834) and lower 143Nd/144Nd (0.51227–0.51236) initial ratios than coexisting high‐K calc‐alkaline lavas (87Sr/86Sr 0.70576–0.70613, 143Nd/144Nd 0.51245–0.51253). Geochemical and isotopic data show that the shoshonitic and ultra‐K rocks cannot be derived from the high‐K calc‐alkaline suite by any shallow level differentiation process, and point to a derivation from distinct mantle sources. The shoshonitic and ultra‐K rocks were derived from metasomatic veins related to melting of recycled subducted sediments, but the high‐K calc‐alkaline rocks from a lithospheric source metasomatized by fluids from subduction zone.
Employment and Working Hour Effects of Minimum Wage Increase: Evidence from China
Authors: Jia Peng 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUsing a difference‐in‐differences model, the present paper provides empirical evidence of minimum wage effects on employment and working hours in China. The results show that male employment is not affected by a minimum wage increase, although men's working hours do increase. In contrast, female employment is more likely to be negatively affected by a minimum wage increase, while their working hours remain unchanged. This may lead to women being in a more disadvantaged position in the workforce, and adopting a monthly minimum wage may induce firms to extend men's working hours. Therefore, to better protect disadvantaged workers, we suggest that minimum wage regulation should focus on the target group of less‐educated women, and that a unified minimum hourly wage needs to be set for both full‐time and part‐time workers. Meanwhile, the importance of human capital accumulation should be addressed in alleviating the negative effects of minimum wage increases.
Effects of text modality in multimedia presentations on written and oral performance
Authors: van den Broek G.S.E. , Segers E. , Verhoeven L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA common assumption in multimedia design is that audio‐visual materials with pictures and spoken narrations lead to better learning outcomes than visual‐only materials with pictures and on‐screen text. The present study questions the generalizability of this modality effect. We explored how modality effects change over time, taking into account study strategies during learning and the modality of the final performance measure. Eighty‐four university students (Mage = 21.4) studied learner‐paced visual‐only or audio‐visual multimedia presentations and answered written and oral retention and transfer questions immediately after learning and after 1 day. There was no performance difference between the audio‐visual and the visual‐only groups immediately after learning, but after 1 day, the visual‐only group had significantly higher scores on three of four outcome measures. This reversed modality effect was independent of test modality, but both groups scored higher on written than on oral questions. While both groups spent on average 33 min studying, the visual‐only group went through the materials at a faster pace and repeated more slides. In sum, results contradict common multimedia design recommendations and instead suggest that learner‐paced presentations should include on‐screen text. Benefits of on‐screen text could be due in part to the successful use of reading strategies.
Protective effect of hydrogen‐rich saline against radiation‐induced immune dysfunction
Authors: Zhao Sanhu , Yang Yanyong , Liu Wen , Xuan Zhiqiang , Wu Shouming , Yu Shunfei , Mei Ke , Huang Yijuan , Zhang Pei , Cai Jianming , Ni Jin , Zhao Yaoxian 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRecent studies showed that hydrogen can be used as an effective radioprotective agent through scavenging free radicals. This study was undertaken to evaluate the radioprotective effects of hydrogen on immune system in mice. H2 was dissolved in physiological saline using an apparatus produced by our department. Spleen index and histological analysis were used to evaluate the splenic structural damage. Spleen superoxide dismutase, GSH, MDA were measured to appraise the antioxidant capacity and a DCF assay for the measurement of radical oxygen species. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by an Annexin V‐FITC and propidium iodide staining method as well as the apoptotic proteins such as Bcl‐2, Bax, caspase‐3 and c‐caspase‐3. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells subtypes were detected by flow cytometry with FITC‐labelled antimouse CD4 and PE antimouse CD8 staining. Real‐time PCR was utilized to determine the CD4+ T cell subtypes and related cytokines. Our study demonstrated that pre‐treatment with H2 could increase the spleen index and attenuate the radiation damage on splenic structure. Radical oxygen species level was also reduced by H2 treatment. H2 also inhibited radiation‐induced apoptosis in splenocytes and down‐regulated pro‐apoptotic proteins in living mice. Radiation‐induced imbalance of T cells was attenuated by H2. Finally, we found that H2 could regulate the polarization of CD4+ T cells and the level of related cytokines. This study suggests H2 as an effective radioprotective agent on immune system by scavenging reactive oxygen species.
Evolution of body shape in differently coloured sympatric congeners and allopatric populations ofLakeMalawi's rock‐dwelling cichlids
Authors: Husemann M. , Tobler M. , McCauley C. , Ding B. , Danley P. D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe cichlid fishes ofLakeMalawi represent one of the most diverse adaptive radiations of vertebrates known. Among the rock‐dwelling cichlids (mbuna), closely related sympatric congeners possess similar trophic morphologies (i.e. cranial and jaw structures), defend overlapping or adjacent territories, but can be easily distinguished based on male nuptial coloration. The apparent morphological similarity of congeners, however, leads to an ecological conundrum: theory predicts that ecological competition should lead to competitive exclusion. Hence, we hypothesized that slight, yet significant, ecological differences accompanied the divergence in sexual signals and that the divergence of ecological and sexual traits is correlated. To evaluate this hypothesis, we quantified body shape, a trait of known ecological importance, in populations ofMaylandia zebra, a barred, widespread mbuna, and several sympatric nonbarred congeners. We found that the barred populations differ in body shape from their nonbarred sympatric congeners and that the direction of shape differences was consistent across all barred vs. nonbarred comparisons. Barred populations are generally deeper bodied which may be an adaptation to the structurally complex habitat they prefer, whereas the nonbarred species have a more fusiform body shape, which may be adaptive in their more open microhabitat. Furthermore,M. zebrapopulations sympatric with nonbarred congeners differ from populations where the nonbarred phenotype is absent and occupy less morphospace, indicating potential ecological character displacement. MitochondrialDNAas well as publishedAFLPdata indicated that the nonbarred populations are not monophyletic and therefore may have evolved multiple times independently. Overall our data suggest that the evolution of coloration and body shape may be coupled as a result of correlational selection. We hypothesize that correlated evolution of sexually selected and ecological traits may have contributed to rapid speciation as well as the maintenance of diversity in one of the most diverse adaptive radiations known.
Chlorophyll, anthocyanin, and gas exchange changes assessed by spectroradiometry in Fragaria chiloensis under salt stress
Authors: Garriga Miguel , Retamales Jorge B. , Romero‐Bravo Sebastián , Caligari Peter D.S. , Lobos Gustavo A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractChlorophyll and anthocyanin contents provide a valuable indicator of the status of a plant's physiology, but to be more widely utilized it needs to be assessed easily and non‐destructively. This is particularly evident in terms of assessing and exploiting germplasm for plant‐breeding programs. We report, for the first time, experiments with Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duch. and the estimation of the effects of response to salinity stress (0, 30, and 60 mmol NaCl/L) in terms of these pigments content and gas exchange. It is shown that both pigments (which interestingly, themselves show a high correlation) give a good indication of stress response. Both pigments can be accurately predicted using spectral reflectance indices (SRI); however, the accuracy of the predictions was slightly improved using multilinear regression analysis models and genetic algorithm analysis. Specifically for chlorophyll content, unlike other species, the use of published SRI gave better indications of stress response than Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. The effect of salt on gas exchange is only evident at the highest concentration and some SRI gave better prediction performance than the known Photochemical Reflectance Index. This information will therefore be useful for identifying tolerant genotypes to salt stress for incorporation in breeding programs.
MEASUREMENT, EVOLUTION, DETERMINANTS, AND CONSEQUENCES OF STATE CAPACITY: A REVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH
Authors: Savoia Antonio , Sen Kunal 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThere is increasing realization that state capacity is a fundamental ingredient for effective governance, and is a crucial element of long‐run economic development. This paper offers an overview of the strengths and limitations in current empirical research on the measurement of state capacity. The paper also surveys the fast emerging literature on the determinants and effects of state capacity. We argue that existing measures on governance quality used in cross‐national research can be usefully exploited to capture different aspects of state capacity, and show that post the end of the Cold War, developing economies have experienced improvements in legal, administrative and bureaucratic capacity, but the gap with advanced economies is still wide. Future research should address the short temporal coverage of available measures of state capacity, as well as providing a systematic quantitative assessment of the determinants of capacity and of its effects on development outcomes, such as health and education, which have not received sufficient scrutiny.
Association Between the Summer Season and Body Fatness and Aerobic Fitness Among Hispanic Children
Authors: Rodriguez Augusto X. , Olvera Norma , Leung Patrick , O'Connor Daniel P. , Smith Dennis W. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDFew studies have investigated changes in adiposity and fitness during the academic year (AY) and summer season (SS) in minority children. This study aimed to assess if adiposity indicators and fitness change during the school AY and SS in Hispanic children.METHODSOne hundred nineteen low‐income Hispanic children (9.2 ± 0.8) participated in the study. Demographic, body weight and height, percent body fat (% BF), and aerobic endurance were assessed at 3 time points: measurement 1 (M1), beginning of AY; M2, end of AY; and M3, end of SS. Using weight and height, body mass index (BMI) was calculated and normalized (BMI z‐scores). Mixed effects between‐within‐subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA) design was used to examine changes in selected variables.RESULTSA significant decrease of BMI z‐scores in overweight children (p = .024) was observed during the AY only, but not during the SS. Percent BF increased significantly over the AY and SS (p < .001), particularly in girls. Aerobic endurance showed a significant increase over the AY (p < .001), but it did not change over the SS (p = .552).CONCLUSIONSResults indicated that the SS might place Hispanic children at increased risk for additional adiposity and lower fitness.
Preliminary Assessment of a School‐Based Healthy Lifestyle Intervention Among Rural Elementary School Children
Authors: Ling Jiying , King Kristi M. , Speck Barbara J. , Kim Seongho , Wu Dongfeng 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDChildhood obesity has become a national public health crisis in America. Physical inactivity and unhealthy eating behaviors may contribute to the childhood obesity epidemic. School‐based healthy lifestyle interventions play a promising role in preventing and controlling childhood obesity. A comprehensive school‐based healthy lifestyle intervention was implemented in 4 rural elementary schools in Kentucky.METHODSThe intervention included 4 goals: improving physical education, health education, family/community involvement, and school wellness policies. Children's physical activity was assessed by pedometer, and nutrition was assessed by a previous day recall survey in January (baseline), February (t1), March (t2), April (t3), and May (t4) of 2011.RESULTSThe intervention had significant effects on increasing the percentages of children meeting physical activity (1% vs 5%, p < .01) and nutrition (15% vs 26%, p < .01) recommendations. The effects of the intervention on physical activity and nutrition depended on school, grade, and age of the children. There was an increasing linear trend of physical activity and an increasing quadratic trend of nutrition over time among children.CONCLUSIONSThe intervention had beneficial effects in improving healthy behaviors among children. Further studies are needed to assess its long‐term effects and cost‐effectiveness.
Assessment of School Wellness Policies Implementation by Benchmarking Against Diffusion of Innovation Framework
Authors: Harriger Dinah , Lu Wenhua , McKyer E. Lisako J. , Pruitt Buzz E. , Goodson Patricia 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe School Wellness Policy (SWP) mandate marks one of the first innovative and extensive efforts of the US government to address the child obesity epidemic and the influence of the school environment on child health. However, no systematic review has been conducted to examine the implementation of the mandate. The study examines the literature on SWP implementation by using the Diffusion of Innovations Theory as a framework.METHODSEmpirically based literature on SWP was systematically searched and analyzed. A theory‐driven approach was used to categorize the articles by 4 diffusion stages: restructuring/redefining, clarifying, routinizing, and multiple stages.RESULTSTwenty‐one studies were identified, and 3 key characteristics of the reviewed literature were captured: (1) uniformity in methodology, (2) role of context in analyzing policy implementation, and (3) lack of information related to policy clarification. Over half of the studies were published by duplicate set of authors, and only 1 study employed a pure qualitative methodology. Only 2 articles include an explicit theoretical framework to study theory‐driven constructs related to SWP implementation.CONCLUSIONSPolicy implementation research can inform the policy process. Therefore, it is essential that policy implementation is measured accurately. Failing to clearly define implementation constructs may result in misguided conclusion.
Clinical Review: Breast Development in Trans Women Receiving Cross-Sex Hormones
Authors: Wierckx Katrien , Gooren Louis , T'Sjoen Guy 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Introduction
In trans women (male-to-female transsexual persons), cross-sex hormone therapy is administered to induce feminization. Breast development is an important part of feminization for most trans women.

Aim
The aim of this study is to assess the effect of cross-sex hormone therapy on breast development in adult trans women. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the benefit or harm of administration of progestogens on breast development.

Methods
A review of the literature in Embase, Medline, The Cochrane Library, PsycINFO databases, PubMed, and Web of Knowledge until January 2014.

Main Outcome Measures
Effects of cross-sex hormone therapy and progestogens on breast development in trans women.

Results
Only few studies with low quality of evidence addressed these topics. The available evidence suggests that breast development is insufficient for the majority of trans women and that type and dosage of hormonal therapy seem not to have an important role on final breast size.

Conclusions
Our knowledge concerning the natural history and effects of different cross-sex hormone therapies on breast development in trans women is extremely sparse and based on low quality of evidence. Current evidence does not provide evidence that progestogens enhance breast development in trans women. Neither do they prove the absence of such an effect. This prevents us from drawing any firm conclusion at this moment and demonstrates the need for further research to clarify these important clinical questions.
Effects of Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment on Cortical Thickness in Transsexual Individuals
Authors: Zubiaurre-Elorza Leire , Junque Carme , Gómez-Gil Esther , Guillamon Antonio 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Untreated transsexuals have a brain cortical phenotype. Cross-sex hormone treatments are used to masculinize or feminize the bodies of female-to-male (FtMs) or male-to-female (MtFs) transsexuals, respectively.

Aim
A longitudinal design was conducted to investigate the effects of treatments on brain cortical thickness (CTh) of FtMs and MtFs.

Methods
This study investigated 15 female-to-male (FtMs) and 14 male-to-female (MtFs) transsexuals prior and during at least six months of cross-sex hormone therapy treatment. Brain MRI imaging was performed in a 3-Tesla TIM-TRIO Siemens scanner. T1-weighted images were analyzed with FreeSurfer software to obtain CTh as well as subcortical volumetric values.

Main Outcome Measures
Changes in brain CTh thickness and volumetry associated to changes in hormonal levels due to cross-sex hormone therapy.

Results
After testosterone treatment, FtMs showed increases of CTh bilaterally in the postcentral gyrus and unilaterally in the inferior parietal, lingual, pericalcarine, and supramarginal areas of the left hemisphere and the rostral middle frontal and the cuneus region of the right hemisphere. There was a significant positive correlation between the serum testosterone and free testosterone index changes and CTh changes in parieto-temporo-occipital regions. In contrast, MtFs, after estrogens and antiandrogens treatment, showed a general decrease in CTh and subcortical volumetric measures and an increase in the volume of the ventricles.

Conclusions
Testosterone therapy increases CTh in FtMs. Thickening in cortical regions is associated to changes in testosterone levels. Estrogens and antiandrogens therapy in MtFs is associated to a decrease in the CTh that consequently induces an enlargement of the ventricular system.