bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between employment category and gender on quality of life, physical activity and their barriers and motivators, for full-time university staff
Authors: Scott Leicht Anthony , M. Sealey Rebecca , Devine Sue 
Published: September 2013

Purpose
– There has been considerable interest in worksite health programmes to improve employee health and productivity with programme effectiveness possibly influenced by employment category and gender. The purpose of this paper is to examine the current quality of life (QOL), physical activity (PA) levels, sitting times, and barriers/motivators to undertaking PA between academic and professional, and male and female staff within a university workplace.

Design/methodology/approach
– Participants (105 males, 192 females, n=297) employed as full-time staff of a regional university completed an online survey with differences between staff categories (academic vs professional) and genders identified via ANCOVA using sitting time and working hours as covariates. Relationships between variables were assessed using Spearman's Rank correlations.

Findings
– Academic and male staff reported greater working hours (∼7-25 per cent, p<0.05) but similar QOL, seven-day total PA (∼3,600 MET-minutes per week) and sitting times (∼6-7 hours per day) compared to professional and female staff. The most common barriers for PA were lack of time or energy, with motivators including to feel good or improve health. Male staff reported these less frequently compared to females (∼13-25 per cent, p<0.05). Significant correlations between working hours and QOL (=−0.157 to −0.220, p<0.05), sitting time and QOL (=−0.195 to 0.171, p<0.05), and PA levels and QOL (=0.141-0.192, p<0.05) were identified for all staff.

Originality/value
– The current study has demonstrated significant employment and gender differences in working hours with staff exhibiting similar QOL, PA and sitting levels. Gender differences in working hours, and PA barriers/motivators may provide important foci for the development of worksite health programmes to improve staff health and well-being.
Physical activity barriers in the workplace
Authors: Edmunds Sarah , Hurst Louise , Harvey Kate 
Published: September 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore factors contributing to non-participation in a workplace physical activity (PA) intervention in a large UK call centre.

Design/methodology/approach
– In total, 16 inactive individuals (nine male/seven female), aged 27±9 years, who had not taken part in the intervention were interviewed to explore their perceptions of PA, the intervention and factors which contributed to their non-participation. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings
– Six superordinate themes were identified: self-efficacy for exercise; attitudes towards PA; lack of time and energy; facilities and the physical environment; response to the PA programme and PA culture. Barriers occurred at multiple levels of influence, and support the use of ecological or multilevel models to help guide future programme design/delivery.

Research limitations/implications
– The 16 participants were not selected to be representative of the workplace gender or structure. Future intentions relating to PA participation were not considered and participants may have withheld negative opinions about the workplace or intervention despite use of an external researcher.

Practical implications
– In this group of employees education about the importance of PA for young adults and providing opportunities to gain social benefits from PA would increase perceived benefits and reduce perceived costs of PA. Workplace cultural norms with respect to PA must also be addressed to create a shift in PA participation.

Originality/value
– Employees’ reasons for non-participation in workplace interventions remain poorly understood and infrequently studied. The study considers a relatively under-studied population of employed young adults, providing practical recommendations for future interventions.
Globalization of trust and internet confidence emails
Authors: Nikiforova Bistra , W. Gregory Deborah 
Published: September 2013

Purpose
– This paper aims to analyze Nigerian Letter scam emails in the context of processes of globalization in order to understand how and why they continue to defraud people despite the increased public awareness.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper analyses over 500 emails received in an institutional email box over a nine-year period. Distinct rhetorical strategies for conveying trust and reputation were identified as indicators of the global connectedness of scammers and their victims.

Findings
– Scammers from Third World countries and their First World victims share similar perceptions of trust and business reputation due to the global financial flows and transnational movement of people and labour, which is strengthened by the internet. They have transformed the rhetorical elements that establish trust and reputation within the Western rational context and imbued them with new value meanings intended to defraud their victims.

Originality/value
– This paper is the first to interpret the success of Nigerian Letter scams as a product of processes that go beyond scammers' and their victims' social and political realities. It is valuable for crime-fighting organizations because it accounts not only for the rhetorical strategies used by the scammers but also for the underlying context that enables the spread and success of the online Confidence Letter scams.
Conflict of interest in European public law
Authors: Nikolov Nikolay 
Published: September 2013

Purpose
– The aim of this article is to formulate and represent some common characteristics about conflict of interest as a global legal occurrence. All the conclusions made here are based upon 11 European countries legislations. As do similarities so do differences in every separate legislation give us the reasoning that there is a common European model on conflict of interest. The aim of the article is to provoke a discussion on this topic which is to help creating a new and better European legislation in the field of conflict of interest.

Design/methodology/approach
– The basic methods used for writing the article are comparison and analysis on the judicial system concerning conflict of interest in the treated European countries.

Findings
– Conflict of interest is extremely important governmental instrument in the fight against corruption and spending funds or using public properties for private purposes. Besides some of the analyzed countries, i.e. Germany, where such an act is treated as a crime according to the criminal code, the conflict of interest is an administrative offence. Finding conflict of interest is a matter in the field of administrative control, so when there is a conflict of interest, it follows that administrative punishment should be enforced. There exists a conjunction between the substantive staff dealing with conflict of interest in much of the mentioned countries. Two main types of finding were described – by a specialized governmental body or by the appointment authority or by some other internal for the departmental system body.

Originality/value
– The article claims that conflict of interest aims for higher public trust towards institutions and to consolidate democracy. As far as conflict of interest is often applied when the concern is spending a considerable funds, including supranational, there comes the question for the need of a new supranational legislation. A review was made on the conflict of interest in European countries. Free movement of people, goods and capital in EU boundaries demands a broadening of the existing legislative system.
Beyond persuasion: a cultural perspective of behaviour
Authors: Spotswood Fiona , Tapp Alan 
Published: September 2013

Purpose– This research suggests that understanding problem behaviours through a cultural lens may offer multifarious layers of insight and provide opportunities for more effective intervention than the classical psychological perspective and cognitive models. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– In this ethnographic study of a deprived community in North West England, physical activity behaviours were researched through participant observation. Field notes were analysed using retroductive reasoning, with Bourdieu's “habitus” as a theoretical framework to guide a cultural understanding.Findings– This approach led to the identification of cultural mechanisms which influenced the observed lack of physical activity, and which would have been difficult to identify with a psychological theoretical base. These included a lack of perspective, participation and control. These mechanisms led to the observed preoccupations with family survival, withdrawal and fantasy, instant pleasure and image management.Practical implications– This paper argues that the identification of these mechanisms through culturally grounded analysis suggests that cognitive models are limited in scope and that the simple “marketing exchange” and favoured social marketing 4Ps approach is unlikely to make a significant impact on behaviour.Originality/value– Social marketers tend to rely on overtly cognitive models to underpin their audience research and intervention planning, and in alignment with the field's definition, social marketing interventions tend to rely on the voluntary engagement of the target audience in the “exchange” or marketing offer. In contrast, this research suggests culture change is a logical intervention approach, but it would contravene the existing definition of social marketing.
Drinking: Another glass ceiling? Social drinking and alcohol use among women inKorea
Authors: Chung Sulki , Yoon Hong Sik 
Published: September 2013

Korean society is experiencing a rapid increase in alcohol consumption among women. Research on women's alcohol use has focused mostly on problems and pathological symptoms associated with alcohol use. Focusing only on problems of alcohol use risks overlooking some important social phenomena where alcohol use is a medium. We examined the association between marital status, childcare responsibility, employment status and social drinking behaviour. Our aim was to examine how these factors influence women's alcohol consumption in order to provide an empirical explanation of how the traditional division of labour limits women's social drinking practices. Findings show that women are structurally excluded from social drinking behaviour due to domestic responsibilities (as a wife and a mother). In other words, social drinking has become another glass ceiling for women.Key Practitioner Message: ●Attention should be given to structural influences on women's alcohol use;●It is important to consider gender inequality in both formal and informal domains.
Virulence Gene Profiles and Population Genetic Analysis for Exploration of Pathogenic Serogroups of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli
Authors: Kobayashi Naoki , Lee Ken-ichi , Yamazaki Akiko , Saito Shioko , Furukawa Ichiro , Kono Tomomi , Maeda Eriko , Isobe Junko , Sugita-Konishi Yoshiko , Hara-Kudo Yukiko 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Infection with Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) is a serious public health concern, causing severe diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Patient symptoms are varied among STEC strains, possibly implying the presence of markers for STEC virulence other than Stx. To reveal the genotypic traits responsible for STEC virulence, we investigated 282 strains of various serogroups for the presence of 17 major virulence genes, i.e.,
stx
1
,
stx
2a
,
stx
2c
,
stx
2d
,
stx
2e
,
stx
2f
,
eae
,
tir
,
espB
,
espD
,
iha
,
saa
,
subA
,
ehxA
,
espP
,
katP
, and
stcE
. Next, we examined the prevalence of virulence genes according to the seropathotypes in which serotypes were classified (seropathotypes A through E) based on the reported frequencies in human illness, as well as known associations with outbreaks and with severe disease. Our results demonstrate that the presence of both
katP
and
stcE
in STEC, in addition to the genes located in the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), including
eae
,
tir
,
espB
, and
espD
, may indicate the most pathogenic genotype of STEC. A population structure analysis of the profiles of virulence genes statistically supported the pathogenic genotype and, furthermore, revealed that there are serogroups with potentially higher pathogenicity than previously thought. Some strains in serogroups O26, O145, and O165 may have high virulence equivalent to that of serogroup O157. Several serogroups, including O14, O16, O45, O63, O74, 119, O128, and O untypeable, also may be potentially pathogenic, although rarely in humans.
Evaluation of the βLacta Test, a Rapid Test Detecting Resistance to Third-Generation Cephalosporins in Clinical Strains of Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Renvoisé Aurélie , Decré Dominique , Amarsy-Guerle Rishma , Huang Te-Din , Jost Christelle , Podglajen Isabelle , Raskine Laurent , Genel Nathalie , Bogaerts Pierre , Jarlier Vincent , Arlet Guillaume 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

For decades, third-generation cephalosporins (3GC) have been major drugs used to treat infections due to
Enterobacteriaceae
; growing resistance to these antibiotics makes the rapid detection of such resistance important. The βLacta test is a chromogenic test developed for detecting 3GC-resistant isolates from cultures on solid media within 15 min. A multicenter prospective study conducted in 5 French and Belgian hospitals evaluated the performance of this test on clinical isolates. Based on antibiotic susceptibility testing, strains resistant or intermediate to cefotaxime or ceftazidime were classified as 3GC resistant, and molecular characterization of this resistance was performed. The rates of 3GC resistance were 13.9% (332/2,387) globally, 9.4% in
Escherichia coli
(132/1,403), 25.6% in
Klebsiella pneumoniae
(84/328), 30.3% in species naturally producing inducible AmpC beta-lactamases (109/360), and 5.6% in
Klebsiella oxytoca
and
Citrobacter koseri
(7/124). The sensitivities and specificities of the βLacta test were, respectively, 87.7% and 99.6% overall, 96% and 100% for
E. coli
and
K. pneumoniae
, and 67.4% and 99.6% for species naturally producing inducible AmpC beta-lactamase. False-negative results were mainly related to 3GC-resistant strains producing AmpC beta-lactamase. Interestingly, the test was positive for all 3GC-resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing isolates (
n
= 241). The positive predictive value was 97% and remained at ≥96% for prevalences of 3GC resistance ranging between 10 and 30%. The negative predictive values were 99% for
E. coli
and
K. pneumoniae
and 89% for the species producing inducible AmpC beta-lactamase. In conclusion, the βLacta test was found to be easy to use and efficient for the prediction of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, particularly in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains.
Complexity, Temporal Stability, and Clinical Correlates of Airway Bacterial Community Composition in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Authors: Rogers Geraint B. , Carroll Mary P. , Zain Nur Masirah M. , Bruce Kenneth D. , Lock Karen , Walker Woolf , Jones Graeme , Daniels Thomas W. V. , Lucas Jane S. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disease characterized by abnormalities in ciliary function, leading to compromised airway clearance and chronic bacterial infection of the upper and lower airways. The compositions of these infections and the relationships between their characteristics and disease presentation are poorly defined. We describe here the first systematic culture-independent evaluation of lower airway bacteriology in PCD. Thirty-three airway samples (26 from sputum, 7 from bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL] fluid) were collected from 24 PCD patients aged 4 to 73 years. 16S rRNA quantitative PCR and pyrosequencing were used to determine the bacterial loads and community compositions of the samples. Bacterial loads, which ranged from 1.3 × 10
4
to 5.2 × 10
9
CFU/ml, were positively correlated with age (
P
= 0.002) but not lung function. An analysis of ∼7,000 16S rRNA sequences per sample identified bacterial species belonging to 128 genera. The concurrently collected paired samples showed high bacterial community similarity. The mean relative abundance of the dominant genera was 64.5% (standard deviation [SD], 24.5), including taxa reported through standard diagnostic microbiology (members of the genera
Pseudomonas
,
Haemophilus
, and
Streptococcus
) and those requiring specific
ex vivo
growth conditions (members of the genera
Prevotella
and
Porphyromonas
). The significant correlations observed included a positive relationship between
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
relative abundance and age and a negative relationship between
P. aeruginosa
relative abundance and lung function. Members of the genus
Ralstonia
were also found to contribute substantially to the bacterial communities in a number of patients. Follow-up samples from a subset of patients revealed high levels of bacterial community temporal stability. The detailed microbiological characterization presented here provides a basis for the reassessment of the clinical management of PCD airway infections.
Comparative Analysis of Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Stability and Dynamics
Authors: Rayaprolu Vamseedhar , Kruse Shannon , Kant Ravi , Venkatakrishnan Balasubramanian , Movahed Navid , Brooke Dewey , Lins Bridget , Bennett Antonette , Potter Timothy , McKenna Robert , Agbandje-McKenna Mavis , Bothner Brian 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
Icosahedral viral capsids are obligated to perform a thermodynamic balancing act. Capsids must be stable enough to protect the genome until a suitable host cell is encountered yet be poised to bind receptor, initiate cell entry, navigate the cellular milieu, and release their genome in the appropriate replication compartment. In this study, serotypes of adeno-associated virus (AAV), AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, and AAV8, were compared with respect to the physical properties of their capsids that influence thermodynamic stability. Thermal stability measurements using differential scanning fluorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and electron microscopy showed that capsid melting temperatures differed by more than 20°C between the least and most stable serotypes, AAV2 and AAV5, respectively. Limited proteolysis and peptide mass mapping of intact particles were used to investigate capsid protein dynamics. Active hot spots mapped to the region surrounding the 3-fold axis of symmetry for all serotypes. Cleavages also mapped to the unique region of VP1 which contains a phospholipase domain, indicating transient exposure on the surface of the capsid. Data on the biophysical properties of the different AAV serotypes are important for understanding cellular trafficking and is critical to their production, storage, and use for gene therapy. The distinct differences reported here provide direction for future studies on entry and vector production.
Increased Escherichia coli-Induced Interleukin-23 Production by CD16+Monocytes Correlates with Systemic Immune Activation in Untreated HIV-1-Infected Individuals
Authors: Manuzak Jennifer A. , Dillon Stephanie M. , Lee Eric J. , Dong Zachary M. , Hecht Daniel K. , Wilson Cara C. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe level of microbial translocation from the intestine is increased in HIV-1 infection. Proinflammatory cytokine production by peripheral antigen-presenting cells in response to translocated microbes or microbial products may contribute to systemic immune activation, a hallmark of HIV-1 infection. We investigated the cytokine responses of peripheral blood myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and monocytes toin vitrostimulation with commensal entericEscherichia coliin peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from untreated HIV-1-infected subjects and from uninfected controls. Levels of interleukin 23 (IL-23) produced by PBMC from HIV-1-infected subjects in response toE. colistimulation were significantly higher than those produced by PBMC from uninfected subjects. IL-23 was produced primarily by CD16+monocytes. This subset of monocytes was increased in frequency and expressed higher levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in HIV-1-infected individuals than in controls. Blocking TLR4 on total CD14+monocytes reduced IL-23 production in response toE. colistimulation. Levels of soluble CD27, an indicator of systemic immune activation, were elevated in HIV-1-infected subjects and were associated with the percentage of CD16+monocytes and the induction of IL-23 byE. coli, providing a link between these parameters and systemic inflammation. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-23 produced by CD16+monocytes in response to microbial stimulation may contribute to systemic immune activation in HIV-1-infected individuals.
Discovery of a Unique Novel Clade of Mosquito-Associated Bunyaviruses
Authors: Marklewitz Marco , Zirkel Florian , Rwego Innocent B. , Heidemann Hanna , Trippner Pascal , Kurth Andreas , Kallies René , Briese Thomas , Lipkin W. Ian , Drosten Christian , Gillespie Thomas R. , Junglen Sandra 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Bunyaviruses are the largest known family of RNA viruses, infecting vertebrates, insects, and plants. Here we isolated three novel bunyaviruses from mosquitoes sampled in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Uganda. The viruses define a highly diversified monophyletic sister clade to all members of the genus
Orthobunyavirus
and are virtually equidistant to orthobunyaviruses and tospoviruses. Maximal amino acid identities between homologous putative proteins of the novel group and orthobunyaviruses ranged between 12 and 25%. The type isolates, tentatively named Herbert virus (HEBV), Taï virus (TAIV), and Kibale virus (KIBV), comprised genomes with L, M, and S segments of about 7.4 kb, 2.7 kb, and 1.1 kb, respectively. HEBV, TAIV, and KIBV encode the shortest bunyavirus M segments known and did not seem to encode NSs and NSm proteins but contained an elongated L segment with an ∼500-nucleotide (nt) insertion that shows no identity to other bunyaviruses. The viruses replicated to high titers in insect cells but did not replicate in vertebrate cells. The enveloped virions were 90 to 110 nm in diameter and budded at cellular membranes with morphological features typical of the Golgi complex. Viral RNA recovered from infected cells showed 5′-terminal nontemplated sequences of 9 to 22 nt, suggestive of cap snatching during mRNA synthesis, as described for other bunyaviruses. Northern blotting identified RNA species of full and reduced lengths, suggested upon analogy with other bunyaviruses to constitute antigenomic-sense cRNA and transcript mRNAs, respectively. Functional studies will be necessary to determine if this group of viruses constitutes a novel genus in the bunyavirus family.