bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is there a case for a “liberal education”?
Authors: P. Abeles Tom 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– Since the creation of the trivium and quadrivium as the core for a post- secondary education, education itself has undergone substantive change, particularly since the end of the eighteenth century. Unspoken is the change in the population seeking such advanced knowledge, as well as the idea that the original elements might be recast as liberal studies and STEM (science/technology/engineering/mathematics); unspoken, too, are the ramifications. This paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– The increased emphasis on STEM and its applications has reduced funding for liberal studies, leading to the potential for seriously reducing the perceived importance of the humanities and related liberal studies. This creates a feedback loop, as the increasing cost of education shifts the focus towards “practical” knowledge.

Findings
– As with the trivium and quadrivium, where it was expected that the latter was focused on work-related skills, there may be an increasing split in society between those who have the fiscal resources and obtain a liberal education, and the balance who enter the applied professions, amplifying the increasing socioeconomic gap in today's society. It also becomes problematic for members of society to effectively participate in the political process.

Originality/value
– An innovative look at the need for liberal education in the modern world.
Contemporary liberal education: slowing down to discern
Authors: R. Delclos Victor , P. Donaldson Randall 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– This essay seeks to argue that contemporary liberal arts education can be viewed from the perspective of contemporary psychological understandings of human cognition combined with the classical pedagogy developed in the foundational concepts of Jesuit education. Through a description of the human cognitive system as discussed in the writing of Daniel Kahneman and the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola, the concepts of “slow thinking” and “discernment” are offered as important models that can inform development of a liberal education in an information-saturated society.

Design/methodology/approach
– The essay presents an interpretation of the essentially “liberating” nature of liberal education in light of the psychological literature that demonstrates how one's culture contributes to the formation of cognitive structures that allow largely automatic processing of information in a non-reflective, fast process that leads to understanding that is constrained and somewhat closed to alternative understanding. This interpretation is then discussed in light of a process of discernment that allows the individual to open up to new ideas.

Findings
– The essay thus derives the conclusion that a focus on pedagogy of discernment is the essential feature of a modern liberal education and leads to creative expression of new ideas in new ways.

Originality/value
– The essay presents an alternative view of contemporary liberal education that is based on a well-developed historical approach (Ignatian discernment) and supported by current psychological research.
The role of feedback in supervisor and workgroup identification
Authors: F. Young Stephen , A. Steelman Lisa 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which two factors are associated with identification, the feedback environment and feedback seeking: two forms of identification, supervisor identification and workgroup identification, were linked to matching sources of feedback environment and feedback seeking.Design/methodology/approach– An empirical study was carried out with a sample of working students representing a variety of industries in the USA. Students (n=256) completed a written questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.Findings– Results indicated that feedback seeking frequency partially mediated the effect of supervisor feedback environment on supervisor identification. Similarly, feedback seeking partially mediated the effect of coworker feedback environment on workgroup identification.Research limitations/implications– Despite a cross-sectional design, these results support the role of feedback as a primary explanatory mechanism for how people can come to identify with multiple targets in their work environment.Practical implications– In order to increase employee identification, organizations should train their managers to engage in contextual behaviors that support the feedback seeking process. Additionally, organizations may want to reinforce these coaching behaviors by incorporating them into the performance appraisal process for managers.Originality/value– The vast majority of identification research has examined why people come to identify with targets in their work environment. This study represents one of the first to examine how people come to identify with those sources, fulfilling an important gap in the literature.
Predictors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women infected with HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean: a cohort study
Authors: Kreitchmann R , Li SX , Melo VH , Fernandes Coelho D , Watts DH , Joao E , Coutinho CM , Alarcon JO , Siberry GK 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo examine maternal characteristics associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes among women infected with HIV.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingMultiple sites in Latin America and the Caribbean.PopulationWomen infected with HIV enrolled in the Perinatal (2002–2007) and the Longitudinal Study in Latin American Countries (LILAC; 2008–2012) studies of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) International Site Development Initiative (NISDI).MethodsFrequencies of adverse pregnancy outcomes assessed among pregnancies. Risk factors investigated by logistic regression analysis.Main outcome measuresAdverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm delivery (PT), low birthweight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), stillbirth (SB), and neonatal death.ResultsAmong 1512 women, 1.9% (95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 1.3–2.7) of singleton pregnancies resulted in a stillbirth and 32.9% (95% CI 30.6–35.4) had at least one adverse pregnancy outcome. Of 1483 singleton live births, 19.8% (95% CI 17.8–21.9) were PT, 14.2% (95% CI 12.5–16.1) were LBW, 12.6% (95% CI 10.9–14.4) were SGA, and 0.4% (95% CI 0.2–0.9) of infants died within 28 days of birth. Multivariable logistic regression modelling indicated that the following risk factors increased the probability of having one or more adverse pregnancy outcomes: lower maternal body mass index at delivery (odds ratio, OR, 2.2; 95% CI 1.4–3.5), hospitalisation during pregnancy (OR 3.3; 95% CI 2.0–5.3), hypertension during pregnancy (OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.5–4.8), antiretroviral use at conception (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.0–1.9), and tobacco use during pregnancy (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.3–2.2). The results of fitting multivariable logistic regression models for PT, LBW, SGA, and SB are also reported.ConclusionsWomen infected with HIV had a relatively high occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, and some maternal risk factors were associated with these adverse pregnancy outcomes. Interventions targeting modifiable risk factors should be evaluated further.
A Test of Hartnett's Revisions to the Pubic Symphysis and Fourth Rib Methods on a Modern Sample
Authors: Merritt Catherine E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEstimating age at death is one of the most important aspects of creating a biological profile. Most adult age estimation methods were developed on North American skeletal collections from the early to mid‐20th century, and their applicability to modern populations has been questioned. In 2010, Hartnett used a modern skeletal collection from the Maricopia County Forensic Science Centre to revise the Suchey‐Brooks pubic symphysis method and the İşcan et al. fourth rib methods. The current study tests Hartnett's revised methods as well as the original Suchey‐Brooks and İşcan et al. methods on a modern sample from the William Bass Skeletal Collection (N = 313, mean age = 58.5, range 19–92). Results show that the Suchey‐Brooks and İşcan et al. methods assign individuals to the correct phase 70.8% and 57.5% of the time compared with Hartnett's revised methods at 58.1% and 29.7%, respectively, with correctness scores based on one standard deviation of the mean rather than the entire age range. Accuracy and bias scores are significantly improved for Hartnett's revised pubic symphysis method and marginally better for Hartnett's revised fourth rib method, suggesting that the revised mean ages at death of Hartnett's phases better reflect this modern population. Overall, both Hartnett's revised methods are reliable age estimation methods. For the pubic symphysis, there are significant improvements in accuracy and bias scores, especially for older individuals; however, for the fourth rib, the results are comparable to the original İşcan et al. methods, with some improvement for older individuals.
Combining the serum pepsinogen level and Helicobacter pylori antibody test for predicting the histology of gastric neoplasm
Authors: Choi Hong Seok , Lee Sun‐Young , Kim Jeong Hwan , Sung In‐Kyung , Park Hyung Seok , Shim Chan Sup , Jin Choon Jo 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo determine whether the combination test of serum pepsinogen (PG) levels and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibody was effective for predicting the incidence and histology of gastric neoplasms.MethodsThis study included asymptomatic Korean adults who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy with blood tests for PG levels and H. pylori immunoglobulin G antibody test on the same day. Participants with extragastric malignancy, history of H. pylori eradication or gastric neoplasms, or recent antacid medication were excluded. Gastric atrophy was defined as a serum PG I/II ratio ≤3.0 and PG I ≤70 ng/mL. The participants were classified into four groups according to the presence (+) or absence (−) of gastric atrophy and H. pylori infection.ResultsOf the 3328 included participants, 17 were incidentally diagnosed as having either gastric adenoma or carcinoma. The incidence of gastric neoplasm was highest in the gastric atrophy (+)/H. pylori (−) group (4.17%; OR 25.8, P = 0.009), but the neoplasm exhibited the least advanced histology. The gastric atrophy (−)/H. pylori (−) group exhibited the lowest incidence of gastric neoplasm (0.17%) but the most advanced histology.ConclusionA combination of serum PG levels and H. pylori antibody test is useful for detecting gastric neoplasms based on the slow gastric carcinogenesis pathway progressing from gastric adenoma to Lauren's intestinal‐type gastric cancer, but not for those with advanced histology such as Lauren's diffuse‐type gastric cancer.
Lenalidomide plus rituximab can produce durable clinical responses in patients with relapsed or refractory, indolent non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Tuscano Joseph M. , Dutia Mrinal , Chee Karen , Brunson Ann , Reed‐Pease Christine , Abedi Mehrdad , Welborn Jeanna , O'Donnell Robert T. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThis phase II study evaluated the safety and efficacy of lenalidomide in combination with rituximab in patients with relapsed/refractory, indolent non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Patients were treated with daily lenalidomide in 28‐d cycles and weekly rituximab for 4 weeks. Lenalidomide was continued until progression or unacceptable toxicity. Twenty‐two patients were assessed for FCGR3A polymorphisms. Thirty patients were enrolled; 27 were evaluable for response. The overall response rate (ORR) was 74% including 44% complete responses (CR); median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 12·4 months. The 13 rituximab refractory patients had an ORR of 61·5% (four CR/unconfirmed CR). The ORR was 77% in the 22 follicular lymphoma patients (nine CR/unconfirmed CR). At a median follow‐up time of 43 months, the median duration of response and time to next therapy were 15·4 and 37·4 months, respectively. Most common grade 3/4 adverse events were lymphopenia (45%), neutropenia (55%), fatigue (23%) and hyponatraemia (9%). The ORR and PFS in patients with low‐affinity FCGR3A polymorphisms (F/F and F/V) suggest that lenalidomide may improve the activity of rituximab in these patients. These data suggest that combining lenalidomide with rituximab can produce durable responses with acceptable toxicity in patients with indolent NHL.
Pennsylvanian carbonate platforms adjacent to deltaic systems in an active marine foreland basin (EscaladaFm.,CantabrianZone,NW Spain)
Authors: Bahamonde Juan Ramón , Merino‐Tomé Oscar , Della Porta Giovanna , Villa Elisa 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThePennsylvanian marine foreland basin of the Cantabrian Zone (NWSpain) is characterized by the unique development of kilometre‐size and hundred‐metre‐thick carbonate platforms adjacent to deltaic systems. DuringMoscovian time, progradational clastic wedges fed by the orogen comprised proximal alluvial conglomerates and coal‐bearing deltaic sequences to distal shelfal marine deposits associated with carbonate platforms (EscaladaFm.) and distal clay‐rich submarine slopes. A first phase of carbonate platform development (EscaladaI, upperKashirian‐lowerPodolskian) reached a thickness of 400 m, nearly 50 km in width and developed a distal high‐relief margin facing a starved basin, nearly 1000‐m deep. Carbonate slope clinoforms dipped up to 30° and consisted ofin situmicrobial boundstone, pinching out downslope into calciturbidites, argillaceous spiculites and breccias. The second carbonate platform (EscaladaII, upperPodolskian‐lowerMyachkovian) developed beyond the previous platform margin, following the basinward progradation of siliciclastic deposits. Both carbonate platforms include: (1) a lower part composed of siliciclastic‐carbonate cyclothems characterized by coated‐grain and ooid grainstones; and (2) a carbonate‐dominated upper part, composed of tabular and mound‐shaped wackestone and algal‐microbial boundstone strata alternating at the decametre scale with skeletal and coated‐grain grainstone beds. Carbonate platforms initiated in distal sectors of the foreland marine shelf during transgressions, when terrigenous sediments were stored in the proximal part, and developed further during highstands of 3rd‐order sequences in a high‐subsidence context. During the falling stage and lowstand systems tracts, deltaic systems prograded across the shelf burying the carbonate platforms. Key factors involved in the development of these unique carbonate platforms in an active foreland basin are: (1) the large size of the marine shelf (approaching 200 km in width); (2) the subsidence distribution pattern across the marine shelf, decreasing from proximal shoreline to distal sectors; (3) Pennsylvanian glacio‐eustacy affecting carbonate lithofacies architecture; and (4) the environmental conditions optimal for fostering microbial and algal carbonate factories.
Inter‐specific interactions linking predation and scavenging in terrestrial vertebrate assemblages
Authors: Moleón Marcos , Sánchez‐Zapata José A. , Selva Nuria , Donázar José A. , Owen‐Smith Norman 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTPredation and scavenging have been classically understood as independent processes, with predator–prey interactions and scavenger–carrion relationships occurring separately. However, the mere recognition that most predators also scavenge at variable rates, which has been traditionally ignored in food‐web and community ecology, leads to a number of emergent interaction routes linking predation and scavenging. The general goal of this review is to draw attention to the main inter‐specific interactions connecting predators (particularly, large mammalian carnivores), their live prey (mainly ungulates), vultures and carrion production in terrestrial assemblages of vertebrates. Overall, we report an intricate network of both direct (competition, facilitation) and indirect (hyperpredation, hypopredation) processes, and provide a conceptual framework for the future development of this promising topic in ecological, evolutionary and biodiversity conservation research. The classic view that scavenging does not affect the population dynamics of consumed organisms is questioned, as multiple indirect top‐down effects emerge when considering carrion and its facultative consumption by predators as fundamental and dynamic components of food webs. Stimulating although challenging research opportunities arise from the study of the interactions among living and detrital or non‐living resource pools in food webs.
Changing paradigms in marine and coastal conservation: A case study of clam gardens in the Southern Gulf Islands, Canada
Authors: Augustine Skye , Dearden Philip 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMarine conservation is a global challenge and marine protected areas (MPAs) are one means of addressing this challenge. Progress in MPA designation is slow, partially due to objections to MPA establishment by local stakeholders and Indigenous peoples. This article suggests that a values‐based paradigm to conservation that emphasizes active management and further engagement of First Nations, as rights‐holders, should be given more emphasis. The re‐introduction of clam gardens into Gulf Islands National Park Reserve (GINPR) is used as an example of this approach. Clam gardens were constructed by First Nations on the Pacific Coast to augment the productivity of clam growth. Several former clam gardens are within GINPR. The primary mandate of national parks is to protect ecological integrity, potentially forbidding the re‐introduction of clam gardens. The literature suggests that there would be minimal ecological impacts at the park level from the re‐introduction of clam gardens. There could also be significant advantages both for conservation and First Nations communities. With a greater degree of decision‐making input and the opportunity to re‐introduce cultural practices, a values‐based paradigm may contribute to the acceptability of coastal PAs and promote the expansion of conservation values in the landscape.
The Changing Latitude: Labor‐Sponsored Venture Capital Corporations in Canada
Authors: Johan Sofia , Schweizer Denis , Zhan Feng 
Published: March 2014

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueThis paper seeks to understand the role corporate governance and government policy plays in the portfolio choices of the labor‐sponsored venture capital corporations (LSVCCs) in Canada. We investigate whether or not the change in tax policy announced in Ontario (2005) had an impact on the investment behavior of Ontario LSVCCs and whether the unique corporate governance structure of LSVCCs enables them to focus on their investment mandate subsequent to this announcement.Research Findings/InsightsOur findings suggest that LSVCCs in Ontario are more likely to include public companies in their fund portfolios after the announcement of the change in tax policy. We find that after 2005, LSVCCs have increased their number of investments in public companies by 59.13 percent and in turn decreased their number of investments in private companies by 13.17 percent. On the other hand, we find no significant changes in investment behavior for LSVCCs in other provinces. In terms of the percentage of total investment in public companies, we find that the LSVCCs in Ontario are more likely to increase their total investment in public companies by 50 percent and to decrease their investment in the short term by 46.43 percent. LSVCCs in other provinces, however, are reducing their percentage of investment in public companies by 58.33 percent and increasing their total investment in private entrepreneurial firms by 38.33 percent in the same period.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWith a hand‐collected proprietary dataset, we are able to augment existing studies on the unique structure of LSVCCs in Canada with empirical evidence on the style drift due to the changes in government tax policy. We compare and contrast the investment behavior of LSVCCs before and after the tax policy change in Ontario as well as the investment behavior of LSVCCs in other provinces. We hypothesize that as a result of the elimination of the tax credits, the removal of certain investment restrictions, and weaker corporate governance, LSVCCs have drifted from their original mandate to invest in high‐risk venture companies to investing in less risky public companies. Such style drift may be a result of LSVCCs preparing for potential wealth transfer or liquidation by retail investors. More importantly, we find the unique corporate governance structure of LSVCCs may facilitate this drift from their original purpose of providing venture capital to small and medium‐sized entrepreneurial (SME) firms.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsWe highlight that the style drift of LSVCCs in Ontario may result in such funds behaving more like other types of mutual funds and the deviation from their original mandate to provide venture capital may not only prove detrimental to entrepreneurial investee firms seeking such capital, but also negate any diversification benefits sought by fund investors. Also, such deviation may not necessarily justify the higher management expense ratio charged by LSVCCs.
The Economic Impact of Entrepreneurship: Comparing International Datasets
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Johan Sofia , Zhang Minjie 
Published: March 2014

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueWhat is the impact of entrepreneurship on GDP/capita, unemployment, exports/GDP, and patents per population across countries? Is the impact of entrepreneurship mitigated by legal and cultural differences across countries? Do different international datasets provide different answers to these questions? We empirically compare the impact of entrepreneurship on GDP/capita, unemployment, exports/GDP, and patents per population across countries by examining three datasets from the World Bank, the OECD, and Compendia.Research Findings/InsightsBased on a comprehensive sample of all available countries and years, with the World Bank data being the most comprehensive, we find entrepreneurship has a significantly positive impact on GDP/capita, exports/GDP, and patents per population, and a negative impact on unemployment. Inferences from the Compendia data are very consistent. By contrast, inferences from the OECD data are not supportive of any of these propositions.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur findings point to institutional and cultural impediments to the effectiveness of entrepreneurship. Most notably, the impact of entrepreneurship is significantly mitigated by excessively strong creditor rights that limit entrepreneurial risk‐taking. Furthermore, the data indicate that cultural attitudes associated with low risk‐taking limit the effectiveness of entrepreneurship. By contrast, the impact of entrepreneurship on exports/GDP does not appear to be directly tied to costs of exporting, which is perhaps best explained by the new economy goods and services created by entrepreneurs that depend less on such costs. For some subsets of the data we find evidence consistent with the view that top tier venture capital funds enhance the impact of entrepreneurship on GDP/capita. Finally, our results show how different definitions of new business entry matter for empirical analysis of entrepreneurship across countries.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThe data highlight the importance of access to finance without downside costs so that entrepreneurs are encouraged to take risk. Further, the data highlight institutional differences in risk attitudes that more generally inhibit risk‐taking and thereby limit the effectiveness of entrepreneurship. Moreover, the data highlight a central role for careful measurement of entrepreneurial activities and for inclusion of as many countries and years as possible in order to effectively analyze the impact of entrepreneurship.