bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Canadian Management of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Historical and Scientific Perspective, 1990-2014
Authors: Quimby Alexandra E. , Shamy Michel C.F. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOn February 11, 2015, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency announced that a cow born and raised in Alberta had tested positive for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease. BSE is a prion disease of cattle that, when transmitted to humans, produces a fatal neurodegenerative disease known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. We believe that this latest case of BSE in Canadian cattle suggests the timeliness of a review of the management of BSE in Canada from a historically and scientifically informed perspective. In this article, we ask: how did the Canadian management of BSE between 1990 and 2014 engage with the contemporary understanding of BSE’s human health implications? We propose that Canadian policies largely ignored the implicit medical nature of BSE, treating it as a purely agricultural and veterinary issue. In this way, policies to protect Canadians were often delayed and incomplete, in a manner disturbingly reminiscent of Britain’s failed management of BSE. Despite assurances to the contrary, it is premature to conclude that BSE (and with it the risk of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) is a thing of Canada’s past: BSE remains very much an issue in Canada’s present.
The effects of cannabis on memory function in users with and without a psychotic disorder: findings from a combined meta-analysis
Authors: Schoeler T. , Kambeitz J. , Behlke I. , Murray R. , Bhattacharyya S. 
Published: September 2015

Background.Effect of cannabis use on memory function is a contentious issue, with effects being different in healthy individuals and patients with psychosis.Method.Employing a meta-analytic approach we investigated the effects of cannabis use on memory function in patients with psychosis and healthy individuals, and the effect of diagnosis, memory dimension and moderating factors. A total of 88 studies were identified through a systematic literature search, investigating healthy (n = 7697) and psychotic (n = 3261) individuals. Standardized mean differences between the cannabis user and non-user groups on memory tasks were estimated using random-effects models and the effect-size statistic Cohen's d. Effects of potential moderating factors were tested using mixed-effects models and subgroup analyses.Results.We found that cannabis use was associated with significantly (p ⩽ 0.05) impaired global (d = 0.27) and prospective memory (d = 0.61), verbal immediate (d = 0.40) and delayed (d = 0.36) recall as well as visual recognition (d = 0.41) in healthy individuals, but a better global memory (d = −0.11), visual immediate recall (d = −0.73) and recognition (d = −0.42) in patients. Lower depression scores and younger age appeared to attenuate the effects of cannabis on memory. Cannabis-using patients had lower levels of depression and were younger compared with non-using patients, whilst healthy cannabis-users had higher depression scores than age-matched non-users. Longer duration of abstinence from cannabis reduced the effects on memory in healthy and patient users.Conclusions.These results suggest that cannabis use is associated with a significant domain-specific impairment in memory in healthy individuals but not in cannabis-using patients, suggesting that they may represent a less developmentally impaired subgroup of psychotic patients.
‘I know it exists … but I haven't experienced it personally’: older Canadian men's perceptions of ageism as a distant social problem
Authors: HURD CLARKE LAURA , KOROTCHENKO ALEXANDRA 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper examines how older men perceive, experience and internalise ageist prejudice in the context of their everyday lives. We draw on in-depth interviews with 29 community-dwelling Canadian men aged 65–89. Although one-third of our participants were unfamiliar with the term ageism, the majority felt that age-based discrimination was prevalent in Canadian society. Indicating that they themselves had not been personally subjected to ageism, the men considered age-based discrimination to be a socially distant problem. The men explained their perceived immunity to ageism in terms of their youthful attitudes and active lifestyles. The men identified three groups who they considered to be particularly vulnerable to age-based discrimination, namely women, older workers and frail elders residing in institutions. At the same time, the majority of our participants had internalised a variety of ageist and sexist stereotypes. Indeed, the men assumed that later life was inevitably a time of physical decline and dependence, and accepted as fact that older adults were grumpy, poor drivers, unable to learn new technologies and, in the case of older women, sexually unattractive. In this way, a tension existed between the men's assertion that ageism did not affect their lives and their own internalisation of ageist stereotypes. We consider our findings in relation to the theorising about ageism and hegemonic masculinity.
The initial state of the human gut microbiome determines its reshaping by antibiotics
Authors: Raymond Frédéric , Ouameur Amin A , Déraspe Maxime , Iqbal Naeem , Gingras Hélène , Dridi Bédis , Leprohon Philippe , Plante Pier-Luc , Giroux Richard , Bérubé Ève , Frenette Johanne , Boudreau Dominique K , Simard Jean-Luc , Chabot Isabelle , Domingo Marc-Christian , Trottier Sylvie , Boissinot Maurice , Huletsky Ann , Roy Paul H , Ouellette Marc , Bergeron Michel G , Corbeil Jacques 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Microbiome studies have demonstrated the high inter-individual diversity of the gut microbiota. However, how the initial composition of the microbiome affects the impact of antibiotics on microbial communities is relatively unexplored. To specifically address this question, we administered a second-generation cephalosporin, cefprozil, to healthy volunteers. Stool samples gathered before antibiotic exposure, at the end of the treatment and 3 months later were analysed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. On average, 15 billion nucleotides were sequenced for each sample. We show that standard antibiotic treatment can alter the gut microbiome in a specific, reproducible and predictable manner. The most consistent effect of the antibiotic was the increase of Lachnoclostridium bolteae in 16 out of the 18 cefprozil-exposed participants. Strikingly, we identified a subgroup of participants who were enriched in the opportunistic pathogen Enterobacter cloacae after exposure to the antibiotic, an effect linked to lower initial microbiome diversity and to a Bacteroides enterotype. Although the resistance gene content of participants’ microbiomes was altered by the antibiotic, the impact of cefprozil remained specific to individual participants. Resistance genes that were not detectable prior to treatment were observed after a 7-day course of antibiotic administration. Specifically, point mutations in beta-lactamase blaCfxA-6 were enriched after antibiotic treatment in several participants. This suggests that monitoring the initial composition of the microbiome before treatment could assist in the prevention of some of the adverse effects associated with antibiotics or other treatments.
Comparative Proteomic Insights into the Lactate Responses of Halophilic Salinicoccus roseus W12
Authors: Wang Hongyan , Wang Limin , Yang Han , Cai Yumeng , Sun Lifan , Xue Yanfen , Yu Bo , Ma Yanhe 
Published: September 2015

AbstractExtremophiles use adaptive mechanisms to survive in extreme environments, which is of great importance for several biotechnological applications. A halophilic strain, Salinicoccus roseus W12, was isolated from salt lake in Inner Mongolia, China in this study. The ability of the strain to survive under high sodium conditions (including 20% sodium lactate or 25% sodium chloride, [w/v]) made it an ideal host to screen for key factors related to sodium lactate resistance. The proteomic responses to lactate were studied using W12 cells cultivated with or without lactate stress. A total of 1,656 protein spots in sodium lactate-treated culture and 1,843 spots in NaCl-treated culture were detected by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and 32 of 120 significantly altered protein spots (fold change > 2, p < 0.05) were identified by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Among 21 successfully identified spots, 19 proteins were upregulated and 2 were downregulated. The identified proteins are mainly involved in metabolism, cellular processes and signaling and information storage and processing. Transcription studies confirmed that most of the encoding genes were upregulated after the cells were exposed to lactate in 10 min. Cross-protecting and energy metabolism-related proteins played an important role in lactate tolerance for S. roseus W12.
Proteomic analysis of embryonic kidney development: Heterochromatin proteins as epigenetic regulators of nephrogenesis
Authors: Dihazi Gry H. , Jahn Olaf , Tampe Björn , Zeisberg Michael , Müller Claudia , Müller Gerhard A. , Dihazi Hassan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractElucidation of the mechanisms underlying the nephrogenesis will boost enormously the regenerative medicine. Here we performed 2-D gel-based comparative proteome analyses of rat embryonic kidney from different developmental stages. Out of 288 non-redundant identified proteins, 102 were common in all developmental stages. 86% of the proteins found in E14 and E16 were identical, in contrast only 37% of the identified proteins overlap between E14 and P1. Bioinformatics analysis suggests developmental stage-specific pathway activation and highlighted heterochromatin protein 1 (Cbx1, Cbx3, Cbx5) and Trim28 as potential key players in nephrogenesis. These are involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene silencing and were down-regulated in the course of kidney development. Trim28 is a potential epigenetic regulator of the branching inhibitor Bmp4. Silencing of Trim28 in cultured kidneys resulted in branching arrest. In contrast knockdown of Cbx5 was associated with abnormal ureteric bud growth and slight impairment of branching. ChIP analysis showed that the H3K9me3 distribution on Bmp4 promoters at E14 and E19 inversely correlate with mRNA expression levels. The concentrated expression-pattern of heterochromatin proteins and the negative impact of their silencing on kidney development, suggest an important role in reciprocal and inductive signaling between the ureteric bud and the metanephric mesenchyme.
Discovery of a monophagous true predator, a specialist termite-eating spider (Araneae: Ammoxenidae)
Authors: Petráková Lenka , Líznarová Eva , Pekár Stano , Haddad Charles R. , Sentenská Lenka , Symondson William O. C. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTrue predators are characterised by capturing a number of prey items during their lifetime and by being generalists. Some true predators are facultative specialists, but very few species are stenophagous specialists that catch only a few closely related prey types. A monophagous true predator that would exploit a single prey species has not been discovered yet. Representatives of the spider family Ammoxenidae have been reported to have evolved to only catch termites. Here we tested the hypothesis that Ammoxenus amphalodes is a monophagous termite-eater capturing only Hodotermes mossambicus. We studied the trophic niche of A. amphalodes by means of molecular analysis of the gut contents using Next Generation Sequencing. We investigated their willingness to accept alternative prey and observed their specific predatory behaviour and prey capture efficiency. We found all of the 1.4 million sequences were H. mossambicus. In the laboratory A. amphalodes did not accept any other prey, including other termite species. The spiders attacked the lateral side of the thorax of termites and immobilised them within 1 min. The paralysis efficiency was independent of predator:prey size ratio. The results strongly indicate that A. amphalodes is a monophagous prey specialist, specifically adapted to feed on H. mossambicus.
The Pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Further Developments in
our Understanding
Authors: Ajjan R. A. , Weetman A. P. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractHashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is part of a spectrum of thyroid autoimmune
conditions and this review provides an update on the latest developments in the
field. HT has a genetic predisposition with a number of immune-related and
thyroid-specific genes conferring disease susceptibility. However, disentangling
genes with protective and predisposing effect is a complex process that requires
further work. The recent increase in the incidence of HT implicates
environmental factors in disease pathogenesis including improved hygiene,
increased dietary iodine intake, new treatment modalities and chemical agents.
Additional unmodifiable predisposing factors include stress, climate, age and
gender. Both cellular and humoral immunity play a role in HT pathogenesis.
Defects in T regulatory cells and increased activation of follicular helper T
cells may have a role in disease initiation/perpetuation. Infiltrating
lymphocytes can be directly cytotoxic to thyroid follicular cells (TFC) or may
affect cell viability/function indirectly through cytokine production, which
alters TFC integrity and modulates their metabolic and immune function. Thyroid
peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies are present in the majority of HT
patients and help with management decisions. Antibodies against the sodium
iodide symporter and pendrin are present in a minority with little known about
their clinical relevance. In addition to immune cells, recent work has
identified DNA fragments, generated following cell death, and micro RNA as
potential factors in HT pathogenesis. Despite the large number of studies, the
mechanistic pathways in HT are still not fully understood and further work is
required to enhance our knowledge and identify novel preventative and
therapeutic clinical targets.
Graves’ Disease Mechanisms: The Role of Stimulating, Blocking, and Cleavage Region TSH Receptor Antibodies
Authors: Davies T. F. , Morshed S. A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe immunologic processes involved in Graves’ disease (GD) have one unique characteristic – the autoantibodies to the TSH receptor (TSHR) – which have both linear and conformational epitopes. Three types of TSHR antibodies (stimulating, blocking, and cleavage) with different functional capabilities have been described in GD patients, which induce different signaling effects varying from thyroid cell proliferation to thyroid cell death. The establishment of animal models of GD by TSHR antibody transfer or by immunization with TSHR antigen has confirmed its pathogenic role and, therefore, GD is the result of a breakdown in TSHR tolerance. Here we review some of the characteristics of TSHR antibodies with a special emphasis on new developments in our understanding of what were previously called “neutral” antibodies and which we now characterize as autoantibodies to the “cleavage” region of the TSHR ectodomain.
Breeding signatures of rice improvement revealed by a genomic variation map from a large germplasm collection
Authors: Xie Weibo , Wang Gongwei , Yuan Meng , Yao Wen , Lyu Kai , Zhao Hu , Yang Meng , Li Pingbo , Zhang Xing , Yuan Jing , Wang Quanxiu , Liu Fang , Dong Huaxia , Zhang Lejing , Li Xinglei , Meng Xiangzhou , Zhang Wan , Xiong Lizhong , He Yuqing , Wang Shiping , Yu Sibin , Xu Caiguo , Luo Jie , Li Xianghua , Xiao Jinghua , Lian Xingming , Zhang Qifa 
Published: September 2015

Significance
Intensive rice breeding over the past 50 y has produced many high-performing cultivars, but our knowledge of the genomic changes associated with such improvement remains limited. By analyzing sequences of 1,479 rice accessions, this study identified genomic changes associated with breeding efforts, referred to as breeding signatures, involving 7.8% of the rice genome. Accumulation of selected regions is positively correlated with yield improvement. The number of selected regions in a line may be used for predicting agronomic potential, and the selected loci may provide useful targets for rice improvement.
Obesity and Welfare Regimes
Authors: Offer Avner 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Among affluent countries, those with market-liberal welfare regimes (which are also English-speaking) tend to have the highest prevalence of obesity. The impact of cheap, accessible, high-energy food is often invoked in explanation. An alternative approach is that overeating is a response to stress and that competition, uncertainty, and inequality make market-liberal societies more stressful. This hypothesis was investigated in 2010 by means of a multivariate study of 11 advanced countries. The fast-food “shock” impact was found to be strongest in market-liberal countries. Economic insecurity, measured in several different ways, was almost twice as powerful as fast-food impact, whereas the impact of inequality was weak and went in the opposite direction. Since then, the findings have been confirmed in several multicountry panel studies with different research designs that have found market liberalism to be a powerful determinant of the prevalence of obesity.
Cloud–cloud collision in the Galactic center 50 km s−1 molecular cloud
Authors: Tsuboi Masato , Miyazaki Atsushi , Uehara Kenta 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
We performed a search of star-forming sites influenced by external factors, such as SNRs, H ii regions, and cloud–cloud collisions (CCCs), to understand the star-forming activity in the Galactic center region using the NRO Galactic Center Survey in SiO v = 0, J = 2–1, H13CO+J = 1–0, and CS J = 1–0 emission lines obtained with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. We found a half-shell-like feature (HSF) with a high integrated line intensity ratio of ∫TB(SiO v = 0, J = 2–1)dv/∫TB(H13CO+J = 1–0)dv ∼ 6–8 in the 50 km s−1 molecular cloud; the HSF is a most conspicuous molecular cloud in the region and harbors an active star-forming site where several compact H ii regions can be seen. The high ratio in the HSF indicates that the cloud contains huge shocked molecular gas. The HSF can be also seen as a half-shell feature in the position–velocity diagram. A hypothesis explaining the chemical and kinetic properties of the HSF is that the feature originates from a CCC. We analyzed the CS J = 1–0 emission line data obtained with the Nobeyama Millimeter Array to reveal the relation between the HSF and the molecular cloud cores in the cloud. We made a cumulative core mass function (CMF) of the molecular cloud cores within the HSF. The CMF in the CCC region is not truncated at least up to ∼2500 M⊙, although the CMF of the non-CCC region reaches the upper limit of ∼1500 M⊙. Most massive molecular cores with Mgas &gt; 750 M⊙ are located only around the ridge of the HSF and adjoin the compact H ii region. These may be a sign of massive star formation induced by CCCs in the Galactic center region.
Quantitative neuroanatomy for connectomics inDrosophila
Authors: Schneider-Mizell Casey M. , Gerhard Stephan , Longair Mark , Kazimiers Tom , Li Feng , Zwart Maarten F. , Champion Andrew , Midgley Frank , Fetter Richard , Saalfeld Stephan , Cardona Albert 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNeuronal circuit mapping using electron microscopy demands laborious proofreading or reconciliation of multiple independent reconstructions. Here, we describe new methods to apply quantitative arbor and network context to iteratively proofread and reconstruct circuits and create anatomically-enriched wiring diagrams. We measured the morphological underpinnings of connectivity in new and existing reconstructions ofDrosophilasensorimotor (larva) and visual (adult) systems. Synaptic inputs were preferentially located on numerous small, microtubule-free “twigs” which branch off a single microtubule-containing “backbone”. Omission of individual twigs accounted for 96% of errors. However, the synapses of highly connected neurons were distributed across multiple twigs. Thus the robustness of a strong connection to detailed twig anatomy was associated with robustness to reconstruction error. By comparing iterative reconstruction to the consensus of multiple reconstructions, we show that our method overcomes the need for redundant effort through the discovery and application of relationships between cellular neuroanatomy and synaptic connectivity.
The role of social enterprises in shaping social bonds
Authors: Rymsza Marek 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of social enterprises in building social capital and strengthening social bonds.Design/methodology/approach– The analysis is based on the comparative method. The author compares the development of social entrepreneurship of the “old” social economy (born on the turn of nineteenth and twentieth centuries), and of the “new” social economy (developing on the turn of twentieth and twenty-first centuries); and the functioning of social enterprises of two kinds: work integration social enterprises (WISEs) and community-based social enterprises (CBSEs). Moreover, he distinguishes between economic and social re-integration; and reciprocity and vertical inclusion.Findings– The paper presents WISEs and CBSEs as tools of two different activation programmes: WISEs improve the employability of individuals who are marginalized in the labour market, while CBSEs serve as vehicles for the socio-economic development of the marginalized communities and territories. Furthermore, the author clarifies two methods of inclusion: through strengthening horizontal social ties (realized mainly by CBSEs, with their mutuality principle as a basis for building relations between participants) and building vertical social bonds (mainly by WISEs, based on the “inclusion of excluded” formula).Research limitations/implications– The paper stresses the importance of focusing research into social entrepreneurship on the role of social enterprises in shaping social bonds as well as using and producing of social capital of two main types: bonding and bridging.Practical implications– Recommendations for managing social enterprises as hybrid entities. The author argues that the most effective approach (in producing social value-added) is to combine the formula of the re-integration of individuals excluded from the labour market with the efforts to develop the whole local communities from marginalized territories.Originality/value– The author uses sociological perspectives in analysing economic entities and activation policies.