bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field test validation of Flex5, MSC.Adams, alaska/Wind and SIMPACK for load calculations on wind turbines
Authors: Zierath János , Rachholz Roman , Woernle Christoph 
Published: August 2015

AbstractLoad calculation is a very important part in the development of wind turbines. Prototype testing over the whole product life cycle is not possible. Accurate load calculations are necessary to ensure that the wind turbine withstands the loads during the expected lifetime. During the last 20years, Flex5 developed at the Danish Technical University has been used as standard tool for load calculation. Ongoing development leads to a more detailed simulation of wind turbines. A lot of general purpose multibody programs are available providing packages for load calculation of wind turbines. Within this contribution, the multibody codes Flex5, MSC.Adams, alaska/Wind and SIMPACK are compared with measurements on a prototype of a 2.05MW wind turbine developed by W2E Wind to Energy. The aim of this work is not to set one simulation package as reference but to validate all simulation packages by measurements on a physical wind turbine. A statistical and dynamical evaluation of simulation results and measurements by means of maximum, minimum, mean value, standard deviation and rainflow matrix has been performed to compare the simulation packages. The comparison of the values of wind turbine behaviour such as generated electrical power or rotor speed shows a good agreement between simulations and measurements. This could be expected because of the use of the same controller software as used on the physical wind turbine. Considering the interface loads of the wind turbine, differences occur between the simulation packages caused by different kinds of modelling. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Upwind preview to a horizontal axis wind turbine: a wind tunnel and field‐scale study
Authors: Howard Kevin B. , Guala Michele 
Published: August 2015

AbstractData collected at the Eolos wind research facility and in the Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel are used to study the impact of turbulent inflow conditions on the performance of a horizontal axis wind turbine on flat terrain. The Eolos test facility comprises a 2.5MW Clipper Liberty C96 wind turbine, a meteorological tower and a WindCube LiDAR wind profiler. A second set of experiments was completed using particle image velocimetry upwind and in a wake of a miniature turbine in the wind tunnel to complement LiDAR measurements near the Eolos turbine. Joint statistics, most notably temporal cross‐correlations between wind velocity at different heights and turbine performance, are presented and compared at both the laboratory and field scales. The work (i) confirms that the turbine exerts a blockage effect on the mean flow and (ii) suggests a key, specific elevation, above hub height, where the incoming velocity signal is statistically most relevant to turbine operation and control. Wind tunnel measurements confirm such indication and suggest that hub height velocity measurements are optimal for wind preview and/or as input for active control strategies in aligned turbine configurations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review: advances in in situ and satellite phenological observations in Japan
Authors: Nagai Shin , Nasahara Kenlo Nishida , Inoue Tomoharu , Saitoh Taku M. , Suzuki Rikie 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
To accurately evaluate the responses of spatial and temporal variation of ecosystem functioning (evapotranspiration and photosynthesis) and services (regulating and cultural services) to the rapid changes caused by global warming, we depend on long-term, continuous, near-surface, and satellite remote sensing of phenology over wide areas. Here, we review such phenological studies in Japan and discuss our current knowledge, problems, and future developments. In contrast with North America and Europe, Japan has been able to evaluate plant phenology along vertical and horizontal gradients within a narrow area because of the country’s high topographic relief. Phenological observation networks that support scientific studies and outreach activities have used near-surface tools such as digital cameras and spectral radiometers. Differences in phenology among ecosystems and tree species have been detected by analyzing the seasonal variation of red, green, and blue digital numbers (RGB values) extracted from phenological images, as well as spectral reflectance and vegetation indices. The relationships between seasonal variations in RGB-derived indices or spectral characteristics and the ecological and CO2 flux measurement data have been well validated. In contrast, insufficient satellite remote-sensing observations have been conducted because of the coarse spatial resolution of previous datasets, which could not detect the heterogeneous plant phenology that results from Japan’s complex topography and vegetation. To improve Japanese phenological observations, multidisciplinary analysis and evaluation will be needed to link traditional phenological observations with “index trees,” near-surface and satellite remote-sensing observations, “citizen science” (observations by citizens), and results published on the Internet.
Lysosomale Speicherkrankheiten: Therapeutische Optionen
Authors: Beck Michael 
Published: August 2015

Zusammenfassung
Für einige lysosomale Speicherkrankheiten steht eine Enzymersatz-Therapie zur Verfügung oder wird derzeit entwickelt. Um zu erreichen, dass intravenös applizierte Enzyme das Zentralnervensystem erreichen, werden Methoden entwickelt, durch Modifizierung der Enzyme oder durch Anwendung von Nanopartikeln die Bluthirnschranke zu überwinden. Eine andere Therapie-Option besteht in der Anwendung von Substrathemmern, die für den M. Gaucher und den M. Niemann-Pick Typ C eingesetzt werden. Derzeit werden Chaperone für verschiedene lysosomale Speicherkrankheiten entwickelt, die jedoch den Nachteil haben, dass sie nur bei bestimmten Mutationen eingesetzt werden können. „Read-Through“ Substanzen werden lediglich bei Vorliegen einer Nonsense-Mutation wirksam sein können. Auf dem Gebiet der lysosomalen Speicherkrankheiten wird eine Gen-Therapie derzeit nur im Rahmen klinischer Studien durchgeführt. Bevor dieses Behandlungs-Prinzip breite Anwendung finden kann, sollten jedoch noch Fragen zum Beispiel bezüglich der Langzeit-Sicherheit, der möglichen Immun-Reaktion und der Organ-Spezifität des für die Insertion verwendeten Vektors beantwortet werden. Um eine Behandlung einleiten zu können, bevor irreversible Organschäden auftreten, ist in vielen Ländern ein Neugeborenen-Screening für lysosomale Speicherkrankheiten eingeführt worden. Da jedoch damit mehr Mutationsträger diagnostiziert wurden als auf Grund epidemiologischer Untersuchungen zu erwarten war, muß angenommen werden, dass auch sehr leicht betroffene Patienten damit erfaßt werden. Eine sichere Aussage über den zu erwartenden Schweregrad kann jedoch auch durch eine Gen-Analyse nicht gemacht werden, so dass eine Therapie-Entscheidung im Einzelfall eventuell sehr schwierig ist. Für dieses Dilemma ist bisher noch keine Lösung gefunden worden.
Community‐based integration of management of non‐communicable diseases in China
Authors: Xiao Yue 
Published: August 2015

AbstractNon‐communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading cause of deaths and of disease burden in China. This paper analyzes the rationale and implications of a community‐based approach to a better coordinated NCDs care and management system in China. As argued by the author, the buildup of an integrated NCDs care delivery system is feasible now and large health expenditures will be saved if more stable outpatients with NCDs could be shifted to community health facilities to receive their medications. However, the key issues remain in building a general practitioner led (GP‐led) primary care delivery system in China. Some prominent issues include the shortage of quality generalists, lack of proper incentives and management mechanisms, and the absence of patients and provider, and restrictive arrangements in basic health insurance policies. Even with these hard‐to‐solve issues, some recent reform initiatives for integrated NCDs care delivery in some localities have demonstrated originality and creativeness in developing better coordination between primary and secondary NCDs care. However, without large‐scale public sector reform, innate issues with human resource development, income distribution and financing of public healthcare providers cannot be solved. It may take a long time to see deep integration of primary and secondary NCDs care in China.
Mediobasal hypothalamic and adenohypophyseal TRH‐degrading enzyme (PPII) is down‐regulated by zinc deficiency
Authors: Alvarez‐Salas Elena , Alcántara‐Alonso Viridiana , Matamoros‐Trejo Gilberto , Vargas Miguel Angel , Morales‐Mulia Marcela , de Gortari Patricia 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) synthesized in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus directs hypothalamus‐pituitary‐thyroid (HPT) axis function, regulating thyrotropin release from adenohypophysis and thyroid hormones serum concentration. Pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase II (PPII), a Zn‐dependent metallopeptidase located in adenohypophysis and medial‐basal‐hypothalamus degrades TRH released from the median eminence and participates in HPT axis function by regulating TRH‐induced thyrotropin release from adenohypophysis. It is unknown whether dietary Zn deficiency down‐regulates PPII. Our aim was to compare adenohypohyseal and medial‐basal‐hypothalamic PPII activity and expression of adult rats fed a Zn‐deficient diet (2 ppm) throughout their lifespan (DD), prenatally (DC) or after weaning (CD) vs. that of animals fed a control diet (20 ppm:CC).Female rats consumed a Zn‐deficient or control diet from two weeks before gestation and up to the end of lactation. We analyzed adenohypophyseal and medial‐basal‐hypothalamic PPII activity of dams and male offspring when adults; its relation to median eminence TRH, serum thyrotropin, leptin and thyroid hormones concentration. Offspring ate the same diet as their dams (CC, DD) or were switched from dietary regime after weaning (CD, DC) and until 2.5 months of age. DD males showed decreased adenohypophyseal and medial‐basal‐hypothalamic PPII activity, along with high thyrotropin serum concentration. Post‐weaning Zn‐deficiency (CD) decreased PPII activity only in adenohypophysis and increased thyrotropin circulating levels. Zn‐replenishment (DC) normalized PPII activity in both regions and serum thyrotropin concentration. Adenohypophyseal PPII activity decreased and prolactin levels increased in Zn‐deficient dams. We concluded that long‐term changes in dietary Zn down‐regulate PPII activity independently of T3, increasing thyrotropin serum concentration, overall resembling sub‐clinical hypothyroidism.
Lumbar Intradiskal Platelet‐Rich Plasma (PRP) Injections: A Prospective, Double‐Blind, Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Tuakli‐Wosornu Yetsa A. , Terry Alon , Boachie‐Adjei Kwadwo , Harrison Julian R. , Gribbin Caitlin K. , LaSalle Elizabeth E. , Nguyen Joseph T. , Solomon Jennifer L. , Lutz Gregory E. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether single injections of autologous platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) into symptomatic degenerative intervertebral disks will improve participant‐reported pain and function.DesignProspective, double‐blind, randomized controlled study.SettingOutpatient physiatric spine practice.ParticipantsAdults with chronic (≥6 months), moderate‐to‐severe lumbar diskogenic pain that was unresponsive to conservative treatment.MethodsParticipants were randomized to receive intradiskal PRP or contrast agent after provocative diskography. Data on pain, physical function, and participant satisfaction were collected at 1 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year. Participants in the control group who did not improve at 8 weeks were offered the option to receive PRP and subsequently followed.Main Outcome MeasuresFunctional Rating Index (FRI), Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain, the pain and physical function domains of the 36‐item Short Form Health Survey, and the modified North American Spine Society (NASS) Outcome Questionnaire were used.ResultsForty‐seven participants (29 in the treatment group, 18 in the control group) were analyzed by an independent observer with a 92% follow‐up rate. Over 8 weeks of follow‐up, there were statistically significant improvements in participants who received intradiskal PRP with regards to pain (NRS Best Pain) (P = .02), function (FRI) (P = .03), and patient satisfaction (NASS Outcome Questionnaire) (P = .01) compared with controls. No adverse events of disk space infection, neurologic injury, or progressive herniation were reported following the injection of PRP.ConclusionParticipants who received intradiskal PRP showed significant improvements in FRI, NRS Best Pain, and NASS patient satisfaction scores over 8 weeks compared with controls. Those who received PRP maintained significant improvements in FRI scores through at least 1 year of follow‐up. Although these results are promising, further studies are needed to define the subset of participants most likely to respond to biologic intradiskal treatment and the ideal cellular characteristics of the intradiskal PRP injectate.
A Channel Apart: Why the United Kingdom has Departed from the European Commission’s Recommendation on Class Actions
Authors: MULHERON Rachael 
Published: August 2015

AbstractOver the course of 2013–15, there have been significant developments in the reform of class actions in Europe. The European Commission published its Recommendation of common principles concerning collective redress in June 2013, whilst the Consumer Rights Act 2015 – which was introduced into the United Kingdom Parliament in January 2014 and obtained Royal Assent on 26 March 2015 – contains a class action for competition law infringements. Although there is some ‘common ground’ between these legislative instruments, their divergences are far more legally significant, and comprise the focus of analysis in this article. Regarding the two topics of standing to sue, and the opt-in versus opt-out approach to forming the class, the approaches of the European Commission and the UK Parliament differ markedly, reflecting the deep policy, political and judicial divisions which have manifested in this area of reform for over a decade. The legislators have also ultimately chosen different scopes of application, with the European Commission preferring a ‘horizontal’ approach to reform, whilst the UK Parliament has pursued a sector-specific reform agenda. In respect of standing to sue and the opt-in versus opt-out debate, there are numerous sound legal and political reasons that manifestly support the UK law-makers’ decision to depart from the 2013 Recommendation. However, in respect of the horizontal-versus-sectoral debate, the topsy-turvy history of reform at both European and domestic levels has resulted, ironically, in both the Commission and UK policy-makers reversing the views which each had initially adopted within the past decade. Undoubtedly, as these reform measures demonstrate, the collective redress landscape is both evolving and controversial.
The Use of International Treaty Law by the Court of Justice of the European Union
Authors: ODERMATT Jed 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Court of Justice of the European Union has on numerous occasions employed the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, to the extent that they represent principles of customary international law, in its judicial reasoning. At first glance, the Court’s use of the Vienna rules demonstrate fidelity towards international law; it can be seen as contributing to the ‘strict observance and the development of international law’. Upon closer examination, however, one finds that the Court applies these rules in a fashion that often deviates from the way in which other courts and bodies have applied the same principles. This article examines how the Court has used international treaty law, arguing that the Court often employs a novel, ‘European’ approach to certain principles. While the Court is free to apply treaty law in a manner it believes to be appropriate, the extent of this divergence risks undermining the integrity and uniform application of the Vienna rules.
Ratner’s property and mild mixing for smooth flows on surfaces
Authors: KANIGOWSKI ADAM , KUŁAGA-PRZYMUS JOANNA 
Published: August 2015

Let${\mathcal{T}}=(T_{t}^{f})_{t\in \mathbb{R}}$be a special flow built over an IET$T:\mathbb{T}\rightarrow \mathbb{T}$of bounded type, under a roof function$f$with symmetric logarithmic singularities at a subset of discontinuities of$T$. We show that${\mathcal{T}}$satisfies the so-called switchable Ratner’s property which was introduced in Fayad and Kanigowski [On multiple mixing for a class of conservative surface flows.Invent. Math.to appear]. A consequence of this fact is that such flows are mildly mixing (before, they were only known to be weakly mixing [Ulcigrai. Weak mixing for logarithmic flows over interval exchange transformations.J. Mod. Dynam.3(2009), 35–49] and not mixing [Ulcigrai. Absence of mixing in area-preserving flows on surfaces.Ann. of Math.(2)173(2011), 1743–1778]). Thus, on each compact, connected, orientable surface of genus greater than one there exist flows that are mildly mixing and not mixing.
Mid-Holocene bifacial tradition evidenced in Augila Oasis, Cyrenaica, Libya
Authors: Mason John P. , Lucarini Giulio 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis article considers three lithic artefacts (two sidescrapers and a gouge or plane) discovered at Augila Oasis, located in Cyrenaica along the dried riverbed of Wadi Nashoof and once directly in the line of the Western Desert trade and pilgrimage route. The three Augila tools belong to the so-called bifacial tradition, which spread in the eastern Sahara during the mid-Holocene, from c. 6000 to 4800 BC, and find parallels among the mid-Holocene production of the northern edge of the Farafra Oasis and other contexts of the Egyptian Western Desert. The presence of the bifacial tradition in the Lower Nile Valley and in the Libyan littoral could have unfolded through exchange networks during periods of favourable climatic condition in the mid-Holocene.
Dietary habits of Samoan adults in an urban Australian setting: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Perkins Kym C , Ware Robert , Felise Tautalasoo Lemalu , Stanley Ranandy , Scanlan-Savelio Lote , Schubert Lisa 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe key characteristics of the dietary habits of Samoans residing in Logan, Queensland and to compare these characteristics with comparable populations.DesignDietary intake was measured using a self-administered structured questionnaire between December 2012 and March 2013. Demographic characteristics included age and sex. Questionnaire results were compared with data from samples of Brisbane residents of similar social and economic characteristics and Pacific Islanders in New Zealand. The association between demographic characteristics and diet was investigated.SettingLogan, Queensland, Australia.SubjectsSamoans aged 16 years and older.ResultsA total of 207 Samoans participated, ninety-six (46 %) of whom were male. Of the participants, seventy-nine (38 %) were aged 16–29 years, sixty-three (30 %) were aged 30–49 years and sixty-five (31 %) were aged ≥50 years. Younger adults were significantly more likely to eat hamburgers, pizza, cakes, savoury pastries, potato crisps, sweets and soft drinks (all variablesP<0·001). Among Samoans, 44·7 % consumed two or more pieces of fruit daily, compared with 43·8 % of comparable Brisbane residents (relative risk=1·0; 95 % CI 0·8, 1·2). Three or more servings of vegetables each day were consumed by 9·2 % of Samoans compared with 36·6 % of comparable Brisbane residents (relative risk=3·8; 95 % CI 2·5, 6·0).ConclusionsSamoans are consuming significantly fewer vegetables and more discretionary foods than other populations. Socio-economic factors, length of stay in Australia and cultural practices may impact upon Samoans’ diets. Further comprehensive studies on Samoans’ dietary habits in Australia are recommended.
DESIGN OF A NANOTORI-METALLOFULLERENE LOGIC GATE
Authors: LEE RICHARD K. F. , HILL JAMES M. 
Published: August 2015

We investigate the mechanics of a nano logic gate, comprising a metallofullerene which is located inside a square-shaped single-walled carbon nanotorus involving non-metallic, single-walled carbon nanotubes with perfect nanotoroidal corners. These are highly novel and speculative nanodevices whose construction, no doubt, involves many technical challenges. The energy for the system is obtained from the 6–12 Lennard-Jones potential with the continuous approximation. Our approach shows that there is not much difference between the energy when the metallofullerene is located in the tubes compared to when it is at the corners, and therefore the metallofullerene may be controlled by a small voltage. By applying two voltage inputs to produce external electric fields, one for the left–right motion and the other for the top–bottom motion, the metallofullerene can be moved to one of the four corners. Assuming that at the four corners there are charge detectors, the proposed device can be designed as a logic gate with different signals corresponding to particular gates.
The Role of Values in Attitudes towards Violence: Discrimination against Moroccans and Romanian Gypsies in Spain
Authors: Álvaro José Luis , Morais de Oliveira Thiago , Torres Ana Raquel Rosas , Pereira Cicero , Garrido Alicia , Camino Leoncio 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe first objective of this study was to investigate whether police violence is more tolerated when the victim is a member of a social minority (e.g., Moroccan immigrants and Romanian Gypsies in Spain) than when the victim is a member of the social majority (e.g., Spaniards). The second objective was to use Schwartz value theory to examine the moderating role of values on attitudes towards tolerance of police violence. The participants were 207 sociology and social work students from a public university in Madrid. Overall, in this study, police violence was more accepted when the victim was a member of a social minority; F(2, 206) = 77.91, p = .001, ηp2 = 0.433, and in general, values moderated this acceptance. Thus, greater adherence to the conservation and self-promotion values subsystems would strengthen support for police violence towards a social minority member. On the other hand, greater adherence to the openness to change and self-transcendence subsystems diminish this support.