bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Behaviour Change: From Social Norms to an Ingroup Focus
Authors: Reynolds Katherine J. , Subašić Emina , Tindall Karen 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSocial norms are of increasing interest to public policy experts and those conducting behaviour change interventions (e.g. safe driving, recycling). While there is agreement that social norms play a central role in explaining behaviour, such consensus is lacking when it comes to explaining the process through which this occurs. Economics, social marketing and political science focus on individual self‐interest and goal satisfaction and social (dis)approval. In contrast social psychology also incorporates collective interests through its analysis of social identity and ingroup processes. To fully understand behaviour change, it is argued that greater engagement is needed with the links between shifts in social identity, and ingroup norms. As definitions of who “we” are shift, so too does what “we” do. Implications for behaviour change interventions are discussed.
On Being Mindful: What Do People Think They're Doing?
Authors: Parkin Steven S. , Jarman Matthew S. , Vallacher Robin R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThoughts are typically dismissed as sources of distraction that hinder a mindful awareness of ongoing experience. Although this may be said of some thoughts, we focus on the undervalued role that regulatory thoughts play in the development and maintenance of mindful action. To do so, we explore the function of thoughts from the perspective of action identification theory. The application of action identification principles to mindfulness yields a new understanding of how the mind coordinates mindful action, with implications for mindfulness instruction, practice, and future research.
The endothermic ATP hydrolysis and crossbridge attachment steps drive the increase of force with temperature in isometric and shortening muscle
Authors: Offer Gerald , Ranatunga K. W. 
Published: January 2015

Key points
Muscle performance increases with temperature in a wide variety of animals but has been studied most fully in frogs and mammals.
While it has been previously proposed that the tension‐generating step in the muscle crossbridge cycle is temperature‐sensitive, this does not explain why tension increases after a rapid temperature rise much more slowly than after a length step.
We have developed a model of an unbranched crossbridge cycle that simulates the effects of temperature on the tension and force–velocity relationship of frog muscle and the tension rise after a rapid temperature rise.
We conclude that the increased tension produced by raising temperature is principally due to enhancement of the two steps before the tension‐generating step.
By integrating the interpretation of several key physiological experiments, this simplifies our understanding of the crossbridge cycle and the effect of temperature on human muscle performance.
AbstractThe isometric tetanic tension of skeletal muscle increases with temperature because attached crossbridge states bearing a relatively low force convert to those bearing a higher force. It was previously proposed that the tension‐generating step(s) in the crossbridge cycle was highly endothermic and was therefore itself directly targeted by changes in temperature. However, this did not explain why a rapid rise in temperature (a temperature jump) caused a much slower rate of rise of tension than a rapid length step. This led to suggestions that the step targeted by a temperature rise is not the tension‐generating step but is an extra step in the attached pathway of the crossbridge cycle, perhaps located on a parallel pathway. This enigma has been a major obstacle to a full understanding of the operation of the crossbridge cycle. We have now used a previously developed mechano‐kinetic model of the crossbridge cycle in frog muscle to simulate the temperature dependence of isometric tension and shortening velocity. We allowed all five steps in the cycle to be temperature‐sensitive. Models with different starting combinations of enthalpy changes and activation enthalpies for the five steps were refined by downhill simplex runs and scored by their ability to fit experimental data on the temperature dependence of isometric tension and the relationship between force and shortening velocity in frog muscle. We conclude that the first tension‐generating step may be weakly endothermic and that the rise of tension with temperature is largely driven by the preceding two strongly endothermic steps of ATP hydrolysis and attachment of M.ADP.Pi to actin. The refined model gave a reasonable fit to the available experimental data and after a temperature jump the overall rate of tension rise was much slower than after a length step as observed experimentally. The findings aid our understanding of the crossbridge cycle by showing that it may not be necessary to include an additional temperature‐sensitive step.
Barriers and Enablers to Physical Activity Among Older Australians Who Want to Increase Their Physical Activity Levels
Authors: Macniven Rona , Pye Victoria , Merom Dafna , Milat Andrew , Monger Claire , Bauman Adrian , van der Ploeg Hidde 
Published: January 2015

Background:Physical activity interventions targeting older adults are optimized if barriers and enablers are better understood. This study identified barriers and enablers of physical activity and examined whether these were associated with meeting physical activity recommendations.Methods:2225 adults aged 65 years and above who perceived themselves to be insufficiently active but would like to be more physically active self-reported their barriers and enablers to physical activity in the 2009 New South Wales Falls Prevention Survey. Binary logistic regression analyses examined associations between barriers and enablers and meeting the physical activity recommendation.Results:After adjusting for gender, age, BMI, and education, people who listed ill health (52%; OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.70) as a barrier or who listed people to exercise with (4%; OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.88) as an enabler had significantly lower odds of meeting recommendations. Those citing too expensive (3%) as a barrier (OR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.11 to 3.87) or who listed nothing will help (29%; OR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.77) and making time to be active (9%; OR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.58) as enablers had significantly higher odds of meeting physical activity recommendations.Conclusions:These findings give insights into older adults’ perceptions of factors that influence their physical activity, which could assist physical activity program planning in this population.
Estimates of price and income elasticity in Greece. Greek debt crisis transforming cigarettes into a luxury good: an econometric approach
Authors: Tarantilis Filippos , Athanasakis Kostas , Zavras Dimitris , Vozikis Athanassios , Kyriopoulos Ioannis 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveDuring the past decades, smoking prevalence in Greece was estimated to be near or over 40%. Following a sharp fall in cigarette consumption, as shown in current data, our objective is to assess smokers’ sensitivity to cigarette price and consumer income changes as well as to project health benefits of an additional tax increase.MethodsCigarette consumption was considered as the dependent variable, with Weighted Average Price as a proxy for cigarette price, gross domestic product as a proxy for consumers’ income and dummy variables reflecting smoking restrictions and antismoking campaigns. Values were computed to natural logarithms and regression was performed. Then, four scenarios of tax increase were distinguished in order to calculate potential health benefits.ResultsShort-run price elasticity is estimated at −0.441 and short-run income elasticity is estimated at 1.040. Antismoking campaigns were found to have a statistically significant impact on consumption. Results indicate that, depending on the level of tax increase, annual per capita consumption could fall by at least 209.83 cigarettes; tax revenue could rise by more than €0.74 billion, while smokers could be reduced by up to 530 568 and at least 465 smoking-related deaths could be averted.ConclusionsPrice elasticity estimates are similar to previous studies in Greece, while income elasticity estimates are far greater. With cigarettes regarded as a luxury good, a great opportunity is presented for decisionmakers to counter smoking. Increased taxation, along with focused antismoking campaigns, law reinforcement (to ensure compliance with smoking bans) and intensive control for smuggling could invoke a massive blow to the tobacco epidemic in Greece.
Long-term prognosis after acute kidney injury (AKI): what is the role of baseline kidney function and recovery? A systematic review
Authors: Sawhney Simon , Mitchell Mhairi , Marks Angharad , Fluck Nick , Black Corrinda 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesTo summarise the evidence from studies of acute kidney injury (AKI) with regard to the effect of pre-AKI renal function and post-AKI renal function recovery on long-term mortality and renal outcomes, and to assess whether these factors should be taken into account in future prognostic studies.Design/SettingA systematic review of observational studies listed in Medline and EMBASE from 1990 to October 2012.ParticipantsAll AKI studies in adults with data on baseline kidney function to identify AKI; with outcomes either stratified by pre-AKI and/or post-AKI kidney function, or described by the timing of the outcomes.OutcomesLong-term mortality and worsening chronic kidney disease (CKD).ResultsOf 7385 citations, few studies met inclusion criteria, reported baseline kidney function and stratified by pre-AKI or post-AKI function. For mortality outcomes, three studies compared patients by pre-AKI renal function and six by post-AKI function. For CKD outcomes, two studies compared patients by pre-AKI function and two by post-AKI function. The presence of CKD pre-AKI (compared with AKI alone) was associated with doubling of mortality and a fourfold to fivefold increase in CKD outcomes. Non-recovery of kidney function was associated with greater mortality and CKD outcomes in some studies, but findings were inconsistent varying with study design. Two studies also reported that risk of poor outcome reduced over time post-AKI. Meta-analysis was precluded by variations in definitions for AKI, CKD and recovery.ConclusionsThe long-term prognosis after AKI varies depending on cause and clinical setting, but it may also, in part, be explained by underlying pre-AKI and post-AKI renal function rather than the AKI episode itself. While carefully considered in clinical practice, few studies address these factors and with inconsistent study design. Future AKI studies should report pre-AKI and post-AKI function consistently as additional factors that may modify AKI prognosis.
Smoking, sex, risk factors and abdominal aortic aneurysms: a prospective study of 18 782 persons aged above 65 years in the Southern Community Cohort Study
Authors: Jahangir Eiman , Lipworth Loren , Edwards Todd L , Kabagambe Edmond K , Mumma Michael T , Mensah George A , Fazio Sergio , Blot William J , Sampson Uchechukwu K A 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundAbdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a leading cause of death in the USA. We evaluated the incidence and predictors of AAA in a prospectively followed cohort.MethodsWe calculated age-adjusted AAA incidence rates (IR) among 18 782 participants aged ≥65 years in the Southern Community Cohort Study who received Medicare coverage from 1999–2012, and assessed predictors of AAA using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, overall and stratified by sex, adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, socioeconomic, medical and other factors. HRs and 95% CIs were calculated for AAA in relation to factors ascertained at enrolment.ResultsOver a median follow-up of 4.94 years, 281 cases were identified. Annual IR was 153/100 000, 401, 354 and 174 among blacks, whites, men and women, respectively. AAA risk was lower among women (HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.65) and blacks (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.69). Smoking was the strongest risk factor (former: HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.27 to 2.87; current: HR 5.55, 95% CI 3.67 to 8.40), and pronounced in women (former: HR 3.4, 95% CI 1.83 to 6.31; current: HR 9.17, 95% CI 4.95 to 17). A history of hypertension (HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.01) and myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass surgery (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.37 to 2.63) was negatively associated, whereas a body mass index ≥25 kg/m2(HR 0.72; 95% CI 0.53 to 0.98) was protective. College education (HR 0.6, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.97) and black race (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.67) were protective among men.ConclusionsSmoking is a major risk factor for incident AAA, with a strong and similar association between men and women. Further studies are needed to evaluate benefits of ultrasound screening for AAA among women smokers.
Diffusional Kurtosis and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Reveal Different Time-Sensitive Stroke-Induced Microstructural Changes
Authors: Weber Rachel A. , Hui Edward S. , Jensen Jens H. , Nie Xingju , Falangola Maria F. , Helpern Joseph A. , Adkins DeAnna L. 
Published: January 2015

Background and Purpose—
Diffusion MRI is a promising, clinically feasible imaging technique commonly used to describe white matter changes after stroke. We investigated the sensitivity of diffusion MRI to detect microstructural alterations in gray matter after sensorimotor cortex stroke in adult male rats.

Methods—
The mean diffusivity (MD) and mean kurtosis of perilesional motor cortex were compared with measures in the contralesional forelimb area of sensorimotor cortex at 2 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, or 25 days after surgery. MD and mean kurtosis were correlated to the surface densities of glia, dendrites, and axons.

Results—
Perilesional mean kurtosis was increased at 72 hours and 25 days after stroke, whereas MD was no longer different from contralesional sensorimotor cortex at 24 hours after stroke. There was a significant increase in the density of glial processes at 72 hours after stroke in perilesional motor cortex, which correlated with perilesional MD.

Conclusions—
These data support that mean kurtosis and MD provide different but complimentary information on acute and chronic changes in perilesional cortex. Glia infiltration is associated with pseudonormalization of MD in the perilesional motor cortex at 72 hours after lesion; however, this association is absent 25 days after lesion. These data suggest that there are likely several different, time-specific microstructural changes underlying these 2 complimentary diffusion measures.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Risk of Incident Stroke in Community-Living Adults
Authors: Panwar Bhupesh , Jenny Nancy S. , Howard Virginia J. , Wadley Virginia G. , Muntner Paul , Kissela Brett M. , Judd Suzanne E. , Gutiérrez Orlando M. 
Published: January 2015

Background and Purpose—
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone that regulates phosphorus and vitamin D metabolism. Elevated FGF23 concentrations are associated with excess risk of cardiovascular disease. Associations of FGF23 with stroke outcomes are less clear.

Methods—
Using a case–cohort study design, we examined the association of baseline plasma FGF23 concentrations with incident stroke in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, a cohort of black and white adults aged ≥45 years. FGF23 was measured in 615 participants who developed incident stroke (cases) and in 936 participants randomly selected from the REGARDS cohort (comparison subcohort).

Results—
In multivariable-adjusted models, higher calcium and phosphorus concentrations, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher urine albumin excretion were independently associated with higher FGF23. There was no statistically significant association of FGF23 with risk of all-cause stroke in Cox models adjusted for demographic factors and established stroke risk factors (hazard ratio comparing fourth with first quartile 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–1.82). In prespecified models stratified by stroke subtypes, there was a graded association of FGF23 with risk of cardioembolic stroke in fully adjusted models (quartile 1, reference; quartile 2 hazard ratio, 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.63–3.47; quartile 3 hazard ratio, 1.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.89–4.44; quartile 4 hazard ratio, 2.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–5.91). There were no statistically significant associations of FGF23 with other ischemic stroke subtypes or with hemorrhagic strokes.

Conclusions—
Higher FGF23 concentrations were associated with higher risk of cardioembolic but not with other stroke subtypes in community-dwelling adults. Additional studies should delineate reasons for these findings.
Review of species of the Scaphoideus albovittatus group (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) from China, with a checklist and distribution summary for Chinese species in the genus
Authors: CHEN FANGYING , DAI WU , ZHANG YALIN 
Published: January 2015

The thirteen known leafhopper species of the Scaphoideus albovittatus species group, characterized by the presence of a dorsal white longitudinal stripe, are recognized. Eight species, including three new species, are reported in this group from China: S. albovittatus Matsumura (China: Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan; Japan, Korea, Russia), S. coniceus Li (China: Hainan, Yunnan), S. intermedius Matsumura (China: Taiwan), S. kumamotonis Matsumura (China: Anhui, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang; Japan), S. maai Kitbamroong & Freytag (China: Yunnan, Hainan; Thailand), S. rostratus sp. nov. (China: Yunnan), S. sagittatus sp. nov. (China: Yunnan) and S. yuani sp. nov. (China: Guangxi). The detailed morphology of the new species is described; photographs of external habitus and male and female genitalia of the species from China are given. A checklist and a key to the species in this group are also provided, as well as a checklist with distribution summaries for all valid species in the genus from China.
A New Generic Method for Quantifying the Scale Predictability of the Fractal Atmosphere: Applications to Model Verification
Authors: Fang Xingqin , Kuo Ying-Hwa 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The authors revisit the issue regarding the predictability of a flow that possesses many scales of motion raised by Lorenz in 1969 and apply the general systems theory developed by Selvam in 1990 to error diagnostics and the predictability of the fractal atmosphere. They then introduce a new generic method to quantify the scale predictability of the fractal atmosphere following the assumptions of the intrinsic inverse power law and the upscale cascade of error. The eddies (of all scales) are extracted against the instant zonal mean, and the ratio of noise (i.e., the domain-averaged square of error amplitudes) to signal (i.e., the domain-averaged square of total eddy amplitudes), referred to as noise-to-signal ratio (NSR), is defined as a measure of forecast skill. The time limit of predictability for any wavenumber can be determined by the criterion or by the criterion , where is the golden ratio and m is a scale index. The NSR is flow adaptive, bias aware, and stable in variation (in a logarithm transformation), and it offers unique advantages for model verification, allowing evaluation of different model variables, regimes, and scales in a consistent manner. In particular, an important advantage of this NSR method over the widely used anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) method is that it could detect the successive scale predictability of different wavenumbers without the need to explicitly perform scale decomposition. As a demonstration, this new NSR method is used to examine the scale predictability of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) 500-hPa geopotential height.
Variability and Trends in Surface Meteorology and Air–Sea Fluxes at a Site off Northern Chile
Authors: Weller Robert A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTime series of surface meteorology and air–sea exchanges of heat, freshwater, and momentum collected from a long-term surface mooring located 1600 km west of the coast of northern Chile are analyzed. The observations, spanning 2000–10, have been withheld from assimilation into numerical weather prediction models. As such, they provide a unique in situ record of atmosphere–ocean coupling in a trade wind region characterized by persistent stratocumulus clouds. The annual cycle is described, as is the interannual variability. Annual variability in the air–sea heat flux is dominated by the annual cycle in net shortwave radiation. In austral summer, the ocean is heated; the 9-yr mean annual heating of the ocean is 38 W m−2. Ocean cooling is seen in 2006–08, coincident with La Niña events. Over the full record, significant trends were found. Increases in wind speed, wind stress, and latent heat flux over 9 yr were 0.8 m s−1, 0.022 N m−2, and 20 W m−2 or 13%, 29%, and 20% of the respective 9-yr means. The decrease in the annual mean net heat flux was 39 W m−2 or 104% of the mean. These changes were found to be largely associated with spring and fall. If this change persists, the annual mean net air–sea heat flux will change sign by 2016, when the magnitude of the wind stress will have increased by close to 60%.
Two types of BCR interactions are positively selected during leukemia development in the Eμ-TCL1 transgenic mouse model of CLL
Authors: Iacovelli Stefano , Hug Eva , Bennardo Sara , Duehren-von Minden Marcus , Gobessi Stefania , Rinaldi Andrea , Suljagic Mirza , Bilbao Daniel , Bolasco Giulia , Eckl-Dorna Julia , Niederberger Verena , Autore Francesco , Sica Simona , Laurenti Luca , Wang Hongsheng , Cornall Richard J. , Clarke Stephen H. , Croce Carlo M. , Bertoni Francesco , Jumaa Hassan , Efremov Dimitar G. 
Published: January 2015

Key Points
Cell autonomous BCR interactions and interactions with low-affinity autoantigens drive leukemia development in an in vivo model of CLL. BCR signals induced by binding to external antigen can increase the aggressiveness of CLL.
How I treat juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
Authors: Locatelli Franco , Niemeyer Charlotte M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a unique, aggressive hematopoietic disorder of infancy/early childhood caused by excessive proliferation of cells of monocytic and granulocytic lineages. Approximately 90% of patients carry either somatic or germline mutations of PTPN-11, K-RAS, N-RAS, CBL, or NF1 in their leukemic cells. These genetic aberrations are largely mutually exclusive and activate the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the therapy of choice for most patients with JMML, curing more than 50% of affected children. We recommend that this option be promptly offered to any child with PTPN-11-, K-RAS-, or NF1-mutated JMML and to the majority of those with N-RAS mutations. Because children with CBL mutations and few of those with N-RAS mutations may have spontaneous resolution of hematologic abnormalities, the decision to proceed to transplantation in these patients must be weighed carefully. Disease recurrence remains the main cause of treatment failure after HSCT. A second allograft is recommended if overt JMML relapse occurs after transplantation. Recently, azacytidine, a hypomethylating agent, was reported to induce hematologic/molecular remissions in some children with JMML, and its role in both reducing leukemia burden before HSCT and in nontransplant settings requires further studies.