bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Survey of Grime's Graves—First Report
Authors: Sieveking G. de G. , Longworth I. H. , Hughes M. J. , Clark A. J. , Millett A. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryNo accurate survey of a flint mine exists. It is planned to carry out such a survey at Grime's Graves over a period of several years. Its purpose is to study the growth of the flint-mine complex, the evaluation of mining techniques and ancillary industries, and trade relations; and to discover settlement sites related to the industrial complex. Preliminary field work was carried out in the summer of 1972. This included geophysical and chemical surveys, ground surveys, and aerial photography. Excavations were undertaken to test the results of the scientific surveys. A detailed contour map of the site was prepared by photogrammetry.
The metal industry of continental Italy, 13th to the 11th century BC, and its connections with the Aegean
Authors: Sestieri A. M. Bietti 
Published: February 2015

The existence of a close relationship between Mycenaean Greece and Italy is known to us through two main kinds of archaeological evidence: Mycenaean pottery found in Italy—mainly in Apulia and Siciliy, although a few finds also come from the Tyrrhenian coast (1)—and bronzes of Italian type present in Greece and Crete.The amount of information derived from these two groups is unequal. The majority of the Mycenaean pottery found in Italy has been readily identified and has offered a sound basis for the chronology of the Italian Bronze Age cultures, but the bronzes of Italian type found in the Aegean area have often been included in a group of ‘European’ elements, for years the object of discussions and controversial interpretations (2).The almost exclusive concentration of Mycenaean pottery in coastal sites of continental Italy and Sicily clearly indicates that it was only transported by sea, and was not used for large-scale exchanges with the populations of the inland areas (3). From the distribution map of Mycenaean pottery in Italy we can therefore see a series of fixed points—actual settlements or traces of sea-passages—but lack the possibility of identifying any kind of movement linking the Mycenaeans on the coasts with the interior and northern regions of Italy. It seems probable, on the other hand, that such movements actually took place, since some at least of the Italian-type bronzes found in the Aegean certainly were not produced in the same areas of Italy where the Mycenaean pottery is concentrated. For this reason, a close study of the distribution, cultural significance and relative chronology of these types in Italy would be important to explain their presence in the Aegean.
A technical study of opaque red glass of the Iron Age in Britain
Authors: Hughes M. J. 
Published: February 2015

This opaque red glass occurs at an early date in Egypt in the decoration of glass vessels (Fossing, 1940) and other material has been found from excavations in the Near East at Nimrud, as circular cakes (Turner, 1954, 454), and at Persepolis, as a bead, a slab and a lump (Matson, 1957, 130). This ‘specialized’ glass continued to be made in Mediterranean countries down to the Roman era, and chemical analyses have been published of specimens from a number of sites including Pompeii and the Isle of Elephantine; these have been recorded by Caley (1962), who has conveniently collected many analyses previously published in various journals.As a result of the present work it is clear that there are two distinct types of opaque red glass. In the type which occurs earlier and then continues in use the colour and opacity are due to metallic copper in a colloidal state; in the type which occurs later, for a more limited period, much lead oxide is present and the colour and opacity are caused by small particles of cuprous oxide. Previous authors have not always clearly distinguished between the two types and therefore the frequent identification of an opaque red glass as a cuprous oxide type must be treated with some caution unless supported by microscopic or chemical evidence.
Syrian and Anatolian Bronze Age figurines in Europe
Authors: Bouzek Jan 
Published: February 2015

This paper attempts to bring together all the figurines of Syrian and Anatolian character that have been recorded from Bronze Age Europe. Several groups are distinguished, Syrian figurines from south Russia, Hittite and Syrian figurines from Mycenaean Greece, figurines from northern Europe, and post-Mycenaean forms in Greece.Notes to the text appear at the end of the paper.
Relative and absolute dating of four late Neolithic enclosures: an exercise in the interpretation of radiocarbon determinations
Authors: Burleigh R. , Longworth I. H. , Wainwright G. J. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryIf the fine structure of the carbon-14 deviation curve published by Professor H. E. Suess (in Proceedings of the 12th Nobel Symposium, I. U. Olsson (ed.), 1970) is correct, then the period from c. 2200 bc to c. 1700 bc in radiocarbon years falls within one of the insensitive regions in which carbon-14 determinations could have a number of alternative chronological values and hence could not be used to order archaeological evidence. Without disputing the now well established general trend of radiocarbon variation, it is the purpose of this paper to suggest, from recurrent evidence drawn from four recently studied Late Neolithic enclosures, that the detailed structure of Suess' curve is not necessarily valid. Uncalibrated radiocarbon dates based on the conventional 5570 year half-life of carbon-14 are used throughout this paper.
The Introduction of Horse-Riding to Temperate Europe: A Contributory Note
Authors: Powell T. G. E. 
Published: February 2015

In his great study of practical ways and means of daily life in prehistoric Europe, our former Hon. Editor, and President, wrote of the archaeology of horse driving and riding as being ‘slight and difficult to interpret’ (Clark, 1952, 301), and these words have remained very true twenty years on. The study of horse drawn vehicles, and of items of bridling and harness, has, nevertheless, received a good deal of attention, and the leading references have been usefully brought together by Piggott (1968, 313–18), and by Littauer (1969, 300). Much more difficult is the matter of the ridden horse in temperate Europe not only for the scarcity of direct skeletal material, and the usually deplorable circumstances of its excavation, but on account of confusion in the application of terminology, zoological and veterinary, no less than in the existence of many traditional assumptions about the identity and characteristics of the earliest horse domesticators, not to speak of the animal itself. From an archaeological point of view, it has been too easy to forget the animal for the trappings, and to appear to assume that any horse could be decked out regardless of shape or size to perform specialized tasks.In this short contribution, most gladly dedicated to Grahame Clark, an attempt is made to bring together material for an interim statement, and to consider what guide lines in interpretation can be followed in the light of information on horsemanship in adjacent regions of the Ancient World that are considerably better documented.
Neolithic Knossos; the Growth of a Settlement
Authors: Evans John D. 
Published: February 2015

The investigation of settlements as functional units is one of the cornerstones of the approach to prehistory that Grahame Clark has done so much to foster over the years. I hope therefore that the following account of the earliest phases in the development of one which played a role of major importance in the prehistory of Crete, and so of Europe, may be an appropriate contribution to the present collection of essays in his honour.The beginnings and subsequent expansion of the Neolithic community of Knossos has become fully intelligible for the first time as a result of the two seasons of excavation carried out in 1969 and 1970. The early soundings of Evans and Mackenzie, though they indicated that the Neolithic deposit had covered a large area, threw little or no light on the growth of the settlement, and, apart from the Late Neolithic houses in the Central Court, which were cleared in 1923–4 (Evans, 1928, 1–21), none at all on its nature.
Late Palaeolithic Finds from Denmark
Authors: Becker C. J. 
Published: February 2015

During the last fifty years, research in the Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods in Denmark (to use the now generally accepted terms) was decisively influenced from outside. The interesting paper by Gustav Schwantes (1928) was unfortunately published when there was little activity in Denmark regarding ‘Early Stone Age’ problems. When J. G. D. Clark a few years later wrote his classic work The Mesolithic Settlement of Northern Europe (1936), the situation was different, and the book came just in time to stimulate one of the real active periods in the study of Danish Mesolithic. Since then many new finds and excavations have been known from this country but without altering the main lines and the general picture of the hunters and fishers during the Boreal and Atlantic phases.It would not be quite correct to say that our idea of Clark's first period in question has remained unchanged. The following lines are meant as a short survey of the time of the Northern reindeer-hunters or, according to later suggestions (e.g. by J. G. D. Clark (1950, 91)) the Late Palaeolithic. In 1936 it was only possible to register stray finds of implements here (mainly from reindeer-antler), and following Schwantes most of them were ascribed the still rather theoretical Lyngby culture (Schwantes, 1923; Ekholm, 1926). During the late thirties Alfred Rust began his revolutionary excavations in Holstein (1937; 1943), and they were, of course, followed with keen interest also by Danish archaeologists.
From Worsaae to Childe: The Models of Prehistory
Authors: Daniel Glyn 
Published: February 2015

In the first of his three chapters forming Aspects of Prehistory (1970), Grahame Clark discussed one important aspect of prehistoric archaeology about which he has not hitherto written much, namely the historical development of that branch of historical science which, by his own researches in the last forty-five years, he has done so much to further. This chapter, the first of three lectures he delivered at Berkeley in the spring of 1970, is entitled ‘The Relevance of World Prehistory’, and is mainly concerned with listing the story of the discovery of archaeological facts. The interpretation of archaeological facts is of equal importance and in this paper I am concerned briefly with some aspects of the history of archaeological theory and interpretation, and more particularly with the changing models of thought used by prehistorians.Here, we need not go further back than the three-age technological model of C. J. Thomsen. Before that we note the mythological models of the medieval and later antiquaries who floated Trojans and Phoenicians and the sons of Noah across their invented prehistory, and the literary and theological models of the later antiquaries of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries who, eschewing invention, sought prehistorical information in the Bible and in Classical writers, and made over our prehistoric monuments to the Druids, and our gravels to an Universal Deluge.
The Cambridge excavations at La Cotte de St Brelade, Jersey—a preliminary report
Authors: McBurney C. B. M. , Callow P. 
Published: February 2015

The following is a preliminary report on excavations undertaken at this site under the aegis of the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology of the University of Cambridge. The work was carried out during a number of seasons over the past ten years, partly as a research project and partly as field training for third year and research students under the direction of C.B.M.McB. To P.C. fell the eventual task of collating and summarizing the extensive stratigraphical observations made by us and by previous excavators, and doing the same for the pollen samples and palaeontological data. Responsibility for the report as a whole is shared, but many others too numerous to thank separately at this stage have contributed basically to the collection and analysis of field and laboratory data. It is hoped that the full results after further field work will provide the material for a detailed monograph. The work would of course have been impossible but for the kind permission of the Société Jersiaise and the active assistance of many of its members on numerous occasions.The site, the largest and most productive cave or rock-shelter site in the British Isles, was originally made famous by the discovery of a rich Mousterian industry, fauna, and eventually fossil traces of Neanderthal man at the turn of the century.
The Impact of Radiocarbon Dating on the Establishment of the Prehistoric Chronology of Brittany
Authors: Giot P. R. 
Published: February 2015

From their onset, the first radiocarbon dates gave a range of the absolute chronology to come, but in their detail, they opened more problems than they settled, chiefly because of the possible or unsuspected questions in relation to the reliability of the samples themselves (Delibrias and Giot, 1970). It is only with the experience of great numbers of dates, and the possibility of considering them so to speak statistically, that one can evaluate the real implications of the time scales provided by the method.In Brittany, beginning with a few dates provided by the Groningen Laboratory under H. de Vries, we have been afterwards nearly totally supplied by the Centre des Faibles Radioactivités at Gif-sur-Yvette (Giot, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971; Coursaget and Le Run, 1968; Delibrias, Guillier and Labeyrie, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1970; Coppens, Durand and Guillet, 1968; Vogel and Waterbolk, 1963).We now benefit with more than 200 radiocarbon dates for Brittany alone. We shall consider here about 140 of them, disregarding some duplicates, dates pertaining to periods older than the Neolithic cultures or on the contrary later than the Iron Age, and dates only concerning geological natural sites, though these can be full of interest by their information about the botanical scenery and the effects of cultivation or pasture.
Die keltische Viereckschanze bei Tomerdingen, Kreis Ulm (Württemberg)
Authors: Zürn Hartwig 
Published: February 2015

Zu den eindrucksvollsten Geländedenkmälern der keltischen Zeit zählen nebst den grossen Stadtanlagen (oppida) die sog. Viereckschanzen. Ihre Hauptverbreitung (fig. 1) liegt im süddeutschen Raum, zwischen Main im Norden, dem Alpenrand im Süden, dem östlichen Schwarzwaldrand im Westen und dem Inn im Osten (Schwarz, 1959). Einige Schanzen finden sich auch in Frankreich (Schwarz, 1962, 74). Die Geschichte der Erforschung dieser Denkmälergruppe geht bis in das Jahr 1885 zurück und die im Laufe der folgenden Jahrzehnte ausgesprochenen Deutungen bewegen sich zwischen Befestigung, Gutshof, Viehpferch und Kultplatz (Schwarz, 1960, 7 ff., vgl. auch Berger, 1962, 26 ff.).Eine dieser Schanzen konnte in den Jahren 1958 und 1959, dank der Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, zu einem grossen Teil untersucht werden. Sie liegt im östlichen Teil der Schwäbischen Alb bei dem Ort Tomerdingen (fig. 1), nordwestlich von Ulm an der Donau. Die bis jetzt noch nicht publizierten Ergebnisse sollen hier in einem Vorbericht bekannt gegeben werden. Sie gewinnen insofern an Bedeutung, als sie die aufsehenerregenden Grabungen von K. Schwarz (1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, [1968]) in der Schanze von Holzhausen südlich von München zu bestätigen vermögen und aufzeigen, dass die Situation in solchen Schanzen, auch wenn sie weit voneinander liegen (von Holzhausen bis Tomerdingen sind es rund 140 km) etwa dieselbe ist.
The Early Settlement of Scotland: Excavations at Morton, Fife
Authors: Coles John M. , Allo J. , Candow R. D. M. , Clegg T. M. , Cowles G. S. , Hibbert F. A. , Higgs E. S. , Jarman M. R. , Laing D. , Mcmanus J. , Pettit M. , Switsur R. , Taylor C. B. , Wheeler A. , Whyte F. , Wilson G. 
Published: February 2015

The Mesolithic settlement at Morton lies some six miles north-north-west of St. Andrews in Fife, Scotland (fig. 1). The area around the site, north-eastern Fife, is surrounded on three sides by water, and projects as a blunt peninsula into the North Sea. The river Eden and the Firth of Tay serve as southern and northern boundaries of this peninsula, which consists today principally of the wind-deposited sands of Tentsmuir. The area of Tentsmuir, now afforested, is one of the relatively few regions in Britain where land is building up into the North Sea, and this process has been in action for many centuries (Sissons, 1967).The Tentsmuir Sands are a prolific source of later prehistoric and early historic finds, the earliest yet known being of the late third millennium B.C. In February 1957, while searching for such material on Tentsmuir, Mr R. Candow of Tayport collected some flints from molehills and other exposures on the high ground of the ‘Old Quarry’ field at Morton Farm (National Grid Reference NO 467257). Surface collections continued to be made until 1963 when excavations of the site were undertaken by Mr Candow in collaboration with Dundee Museum and Art Gallery (Candow, 1966). A total of 41 trenches were excavated between May 1963 and April 1967, and these are shown on the plan of site A (fig. 4, no. 1–41). In November 1967, site B in the same field was discovered and partially excavated (fig. 29, no. 51), before work was suspended and the writer was invited to continue the investigations.
Archaeological prospections on the Islands of Buvuma and Bugaia, Lake Victoria Nyanza (Uganda)
Authors: Nenquin Jacques 
Published: February 2015

This preliminary report is the result of an archaeological expedition to Uganda, which took place from February to April 1968, and was sponsored by the Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale at Tervuren (Belgium) and the Comité des Fouilles beiges en Afrique. The expedition staff consisted of Dr F. Van Noten and Mr E. Vertriest of the department of Prehistory at the Tervuren Museum, and the author. The voluntary help of Miss J. Renard during the excavations is gratefully acknowledged here, as well as the advice of Professor M. Posnansky and the administrative assistance of Mr P. Bulenzi of the Uganda Ministry of Culture and Community Development. Much useful information was given by Mrs M. McFarlane of the Uganda Geological Survey, who has elsewhere pointed out the archaeological importance of the Buvuma Island group (McFarlane, 1968). Mrs McFarlane also deposited a series of Sangoan implements in the Uganda Museum. All drawings in this paper are by Miss N. Nypels.The islands of Buvuma and Bugaia form part of the archipelago situated near the northern shore of Lake Victoria southeast of Jinja and about halfway between Entebbe and the Kavirondo Gulf. Both islands lie immediately to the North of the Equator, approx. between 0°00′–0°15′ North and 33°15′–33°20′ East, Bugaia being to the southwest of Buvuma (see the 1: 50.000 Dept. of Lands and Surveys map, Magyo, series Y 732, sheet 72/4, edition I-U.S.D.).As will be apparent from this report, several interesting sites were encountered on both islands, two of which were excavated, one on Buvuma and one on Bugaia.
Fortifications and Economy in Prehistoric New Zealand
Authors: Bellwood Peter 
Published: February 2015

The purpose of this paper is to give an account of the prehistoric fortifications (pa) of New Zealand, firstly by describing the cultural background as it is reconstructed by ethnographers for the period immediately preceding European contact, and then by presenting new information from two excavations which have yielded valuable results on the form and function of these sites.The New Zealand fortifications, which are mainly of the earthwork type with timber superstructures, have long been on record, and were first described by James Cook for the year 1769 (the initial discovery of New Zealand, by Tasman in 1642, was not accompanied by a landing). Recent surveys indicate that there are about 4,000 pa in New Zealand, most distributed in coastal situations in the North Island and northern South Island, and this distribution correlates with that of prehistoric populations living by simple horticulture and the exploitation of marine and forest resources. In the southerly parts of the South Island, where climate was not favourable for horticulture and where population density was slight, there appear to be no fully prehistoric fortifications. From 1769 onwards increasing European contact introduced pigs, the white potato, muskets, metals and other items which, in combination, gave rise to radically different technological and economic patterns. This paper is concerned solely with prehistoric Maori culture.Morphologically, New Zealand pa resemble the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age earthwork hillforts of north-western Europe, and many, by their size and strength, show clear evidence of engineering skill and the ability to organize large labour forces.
A Review of Henge Monuments in the Light of Recent Research
Authors: Wainwright G. J. 
Published: February 2015

At the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C. there became established in Britain the tradition of constructing ceremonial circles of earth, stone or timber. However, circular enclosures were being built much earlier in the 3rd millennium, which on account of their interrupted ditches have been called causewayed camps. These enclosures are unlikely to have been fortified village sites or cattle pounds as was originally suggested, but the pottery evidence from Windmill Hill and Robin Hood's Ball, to mention only two sites (Smith, 1965; Thomas, 1964), points to visits by groups of people coming from other regions. It has been suggested, therefore, that these camps may have served as centres or rally points for a fairly wide area where tribal ceremonies could be performed (Smith, 1965, 17–21). At Windmill Hill in particular, the abundance of pottery, grain-rubbers and querns and the remains of slaughtered animals testify to the consumption of food on a large scale and therefore possibly to communal feasts.If this interpretation be correct then one could suggest that the ceremonial circle tradition of the 2nd millennium derived ultimately from these earthworks. Both are essentially a British phenomenon, although the causewayed camps can be compared with causewayed ditched enclosures in the Michelsberg culture, and appear to represent indigenous traditions with no external influences. However, although the quantity of animal bones and domestic refuse from Durrington Walls and Gorsey Bigbury in the Mendips confirms the practice of feasting in connection with ceremonial circles, these sites are virtually unique in the quantity of human debris they have produced.