bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is the American dream dead? Inequality, mobility and entrepreneurship
Authors: Choi Young Back 
Published: August 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to question the frequently heard claims of a negative relationship between inequality and intergenerational mobility (such as the “Great Gatsby Curve” by Alan Krueger) and to propose entrepreneurship as the neglected prime countervailing force against the putative advantages of the rich.Design/methodology/approach– A critical examination of evidences marshalled to support the case for a negative relationship between inequality and mobility, in terms of the appropriateness of statistical inferences and the consistency between implications and observations. The paper adopts alternative approach of Austrian economic in emphasizing the role of entrepreneurship in generating mobility.Findings– The putative negative relationship between inequality and mobility is not supported by evidence. The result is partly that egalitarians tend to skip close examination when they run into evidence that seems to support their preconception. It is also partly that the dominant tradition in economics, based on the model of efficient allocation of given resources, induces them to overlook entrepreneurship, the prime wealth creator and generator of mobility.Research limitations/implications– The research outlines an argument that the rich do not have advantage in entrepreneurship because it depends not on the ownership of currently valued resources, but on the discovery and exploitation of profitable opportunities. This claim is made based on Kirznerian perspective and author’s own theory of inference and learning process. However, it would be nice to able to provide empirical evidence of this claim made in the paper.Social implications– Many policies of redistribution, based on the belief that increase in inequality (as measured by Gini coefficient) signifies a diminution of intergenerational mobility, should be re-examined since the alleged negative relationship between inequality and intergenerational mobility turns out to be untrue. For greater intergenerational mobility, entrepreneurs should be encouraged, by allowing them to experiment freely.Originality/value– Emphasizing the role of entrepreneurship in intergenerational mobility and the dealing with the question of whether or not the rich would have advantage in entrepreneurship is original to this paper.
Development policies and partnerships in Greece: experiences from Thessaloniki
Authors: Metaxas Theodore , Duquenne Marie Noelle 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of specific local development policies and partnerships for SME enterprises in Thessaloniki one of the metropolis of south Europe. The two main research questions are: first, what are the most important development policies for firms’ development? and second, in what level these policies receive different significance from firms belonging in different production sectors?

Design/methodology/approach
– In order to achieve the aims of the paper and answer the research questions, the study uses an extensive use of bibliography, and field research that has been implemented by administering questionnaires on a representative sample of 227 enterprises. The study comes up to valuable conclusions for the firms and the city through the use of exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis and clustering.

Findings
– The present research brings on important issues and questions about local economic development because it presents directly the estimations and views of a large number of local enterprises that reflect the image of local economy. Finally, this research gives a satisfactory overview of the inner growth of Thessaloniki and further the results could lead to an evaluation, planning, implementation, rejection or reconstruction of specific actions and policies locally.

Research limitations/implications
– The analysis is constrained by weakness since the sample of enterprises is rather small and the results concern only the enterprises located in Thessaloniki. Based on this fact, general conclusions can be drawed for other regions as well as for the whole Greece. This is subjected to more analysis.

Practical implications
– The added value of this research is essential since there are only few similar researches in South-East Europe and in Greece. Especially, the relationship between local development policies and firms’ development competitiveness has not been studied enough in the area under consideration.

Social implications
– Enterprises understand and designate the importance of specific policies that affect their development while at the same time through their evaluations they outline the character and dynamics of these policies in a unique dynamic, geographical and productive city like this of Thessaloniki.

Originality/value
– The analysis showed that enterprises recognize as positive factor the effort of the local authorities to set the area as a business pole in favour of enterprises and the broader area but policy problems of organization and planning arise that concern mainly the operation and support of local enterprises and specific those from the tourist and service sector. This image raises issues of competence on planning and organization of development polices by the local authorities focusing on specific productive sectors so as the effect of these policies to be effective with positive results for enterprises.
Bananas, the GATT, the WTO and US and EU domestic politics
Authors: de Melo Jaime 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to revisit the celebrated conflict that lasted close to two decades and pitted the EU against the USA and against MFN suppliers of bananas. It starts by recalling the major turning points in the dispute and argues that the EU-USA conflict could largely be explained by the changing landscape on trade-policy making on both sides of the Atlantic. As to the EU-MFN grower dispute, it can be largely explained by uncertainty on the distribution of quota rents and on the reluctance to use economic analysis in the panel decisions. Econometric and simulation estimates are given in support of this argument.

Design/methodology/approach
– Analytical interpretation of the conflict supported by graphical analysis. Econometric and simulation estimates to support the arguments.

Findings
– The paper shows that the EU-MFN grower dispute is largely explained by uncertainty on the distribution of quota rents as result of the move away from region-specific quotas to tarification.

Research limitations/implications
– Lack of better data on transport costs and unreliable price data discussed in the paper is an important caveat only partly remedied through simulation analysis.

Practical implications
– The use of the simple and transparent models here would have helped the panel reach an informed decisions on what tariff would have preserved the same market shares for MFN growers of bananas.

Originality/value
– This is the first thorough political-economy review of the dispute since the often cited paper: Cadot and Webber, (2002) “Banana splits: policy process, particularistic interests, political capture, and money in transatlantic trade politics.”
Intergenerational links, gender differences, and determinants of self-employment
Authors: Wu Dongxu , Wu Zhongmin 
Published: August 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of self-employment, using data from the British Household Panel Survey.Design/methodology/approach– Using the maximum likelihood estimation, the authors estimate the Probit models via disaggregation of the sample by male and female, and inclusion of regional and industrial controls.Findings– This paper finds that the intergenerational links in self-employment run significantly through father-son, and mother-daughter. In addition, the authors find that lump-sum endowment, aspiration, marriage and education attainment are all significant and positive determinants for female self-employed while insignificant for male self-employed. Variables including number of children, health of the individual, and age effect are more important determinants for male than for female self-employed.Research limitations/implications– The findings show that there are significant differences between male and female self-employed. Future studies on self-employment should therefore distinguish the two genders in their econometric models.Originality/value– The authors reinforce and add to the exiting literature on gender differences in the determinants of self-employment. The authors disaggregate the data by gender, and introduce some important variables for empirical studies, such as father self-employed, mother self-employed, aspiration, health of the individual, and age effect.
Criteria selection for evaluation of ERP systems implementation in large Brazilian companies
Authors: De Freitas Reinaldo José , Costa Helder Gomes , Pereira Valdecy , Shimoda Eduardo 
Published: August 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to identify criteria that can be used in assessing the successful implementation of ERP (enterprise resource planning) in large companies.Design/methodology/approach– Based on a systematic review conducted in 74 selected articles from a survey performed in Scopus bases and Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science, an initial set of 34 criteria was defined and used for evaluating the implementation of ERP systems. This set was submitted to a sample of 111 experts in ERP for evaluation via electronic forms provided through the EncuestaFácil site. The collected data were treated by applying the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) method. The criteria selection is based on the integration of two methodological approaches: systematic review and the application of CVR method for validation of ratings issued by experts.Findings– As a result of the research, 25 criteria were identified and validated to evaluate the implementation of ERP systems, focusing on large Brazilian companies.Practical implications– The research results can be very useful to managers using ERP systems and have significant utility for organizations that develop ERP systems.Originality/value– According to studied literature, no previous study has used this integration in the identification of criteria for assessing the implementation of ERP systems in large Brazilian companies. On the other hand, the use of these two approaches assured confidence in the validity of the findings.
Demography, traits and vulnerability to urbanization: can we make generalizations?
Authors: Brown Leone M. , Graham Catherine H. 
Published: August 2015

Summary

Human‐induced land cover change threatens species diversity and ecosystem services. The rapid pace of current change makes predicting species’ declines imperative, but leaves little time for thorough study of all species. One solution is to make generalizations about species’ vulnerability to urbanization based on traits common among studied species in decline.

To date, most generalizations about traits associated with species’ declines in response to urbanization are based on presence or abundance, or detailed studies of a few species. If these generalizations broadly reflect responses to urbanization, they should hold across the mechanisms driving patterns of abundance, such as survival or reproduction.

Across 68 bird species in the north‐eastern USA, we investigated how food preference, nest location, habitat preference, migration distance, number of broods, clutch size, body mass and an interaction between urbanization and these traits affected survival and reproduction.

Mass was the strongest predictor of survival, followed by number of broods, migration distance and nest location. Nest location was the strongest predictor of reproduction, followed by migration distance. No interaction between urbanization and species’ traits affected survival; however, differences in response to urbanization among species with different food preferences, migration distances, masses, nest locations and number of broods were important in predicting reproduction.

Synthesis and applications. We found that some traits influenced demographic rates even though they were not associated with urbanization; identifying differences in species’ baseline demographic rates, irrespective of urbanization, is needed to guide management objectives. Reproduction, but not survival, was influenced by urbanization, suggesting that management in our region of study should target increasing suitable nest sites and reducing nest predation. Determining traits associated with demographic rates and urbanization across broad geographic extents can provide new insights for species’ management and help guide conservation initiatives.
Redundant synthesis of a conidial polyketide by two distinct secondary metabolite clusters in Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Throckmorton Kurt , Lim Fang Yun , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. , Zheng Weifa , Keller Nancy P. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryFilamentous fungi are renowned for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. Typically, one distinct metabolite is generated from a specific secondary metabolite cluster. Here, we characterize the newly described trypacidin (tpc) cluster in the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. We find that this cluster as well as the previously characterized endocrocin (enc) cluster both contribute to the production of the spore metabolite endocrocin. Whereas trypacidin is eliminated when only tpc cluster genes are deleted, endocrocin production is only eliminated when both the tpc and enc non‐reducing polyketide synthase‐encoding genes, tpcC and encA, respectively, are deleted. EncC, an anthrone oxidase, converts the product released from EncA to endocrocin as a final product. In contrast, endocrocin synthesis by the tpc cluster likely results from incomplete catalysis by TpcK (a putative decarboxylase), as its deletion results in a nearly 10‐fold increase in endocrocin production. We suggest endocrocin is likely a shunt product in all related non‐reducing polyketide synthase clusters containing homologues of TpcK and TpcL (a putative anthrone oxidase), e.g. geodin and monodictyphenone. This finding represents an unusual example of two physically discrete secondary metabolite clusters generating the same natural product in one fungal species by distinct routes.
Enacting corporate governance of healthcare safety and quality: a dramaturgy of hospital boards in England
Authors: Freeman Tim , Millar Ross , Mannion Russell , Davies Huw 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe governance of patient safety is a challenging concern for all health systems. Yet, while the role of executive boards receives increased scrutiny, the area remains theoretically and methodologically underdeveloped. Specifically, we lack a detailed understanding of the performative aspects at play: what board members say and do to discharge their accountabilities for patient safety. This article draws on qualitative data from overt non‐participant observation of fourNHShospital Foundation Trust boards in England. Applying a dramaturgical framework to explore scripting, setting, staging and performance, we found important differences between case study sites in the performative dimensions of processing and interpretation of infection control data. We detail the practices associated with these differences ‐ the legitimation of current performance, the querying of data classification, and the naming and shaming of executives – to consider their implications.
Unlocking Potentials of Microwaves for Food Safety and Quality
Authors: Tang Juming 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMicrowave is an effective means to deliver energy to food through polymeric package materials, offering potential for developing short‐time in‐package sterilization and pasteurization processes. The complex physics related to microwave propagation and microwave heating require special attention to the design of process systems and development of thermal processes in compliance with regulatory requirements for food safety. This article describes the basic microwave properties relevant to heating uniformity and system design, and provides a historical overview on the development of microwave‐assisted thermal sterilization (MATS) and pasteurization systems in research laboratories and used in food plants. It presents recent activities on the development of 915 MHz single‐mode MATS technology, the procedures leading to regulatory acceptance, and sensory results of the processed products. The article discusses needs for further efforts to bridge remaining knowledge gaps and facilitate transfer of academic research to industrial implementation.
HPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS‐Based Identification of Absorbed Constituents and Their Metabolites in Rat Serum and Urine after Oral Administration of Cistanche deserticola Extract
Authors: Li Wen‐Lan , Sun Xiang‐Ming , Song Hui , Ding Jing‐Xin , Bai Jing , Chen Qiang 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAs a famous health food in China, Cistanche deserticola (C. deserticola) suggested an estrogenic activity according to our previous study. However, no one clarifies its active material basis to date. To find more potentially active constituents and elucidate metabolic pathways of metabolites, a method to simultaneously analyze multiple absorbed constituents and metabolites from C. deserticola in rat serum and urine was established using high‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS). Based on HPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS method, a total of 24 components, involving 9 prototype constituents and 15 metabolites in rat serum and urine samples, were tentatively identified based on retention time, ultraviolet spectrum, MS data, compound fragmentation laws, published literatures, and reference substances. Most of the compounds existed in the form of metabolites. The proposed metabolic pathways of main metabolites were discussed, including methylation, demethylation, hydrolysis, hydroxylation, acetoxylation, glucuronidation, dehydrogenation, sulfation, esterification, and so on. Phenylethanoid glycosides were extensively metabolized and mutually transformed in vivo. This investigation provided valuable information for further study of the active ingredients and action mechanism of C. deserticola.
Estimation of the planning organ at risk volume for the lenses during radiation therapy for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer
Authors: Piotrowski Tomasz , Ryczkowski Adam , Adamczyk Marta , Jodda Agata 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIntroductionTo establish the optimal planning risk volume (PRV) of the lenses for patients who are receiving radiotherapy to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus (NCPSC).MethodsGeometrical uncertainties of the lenses were evaluated for a prospective group of patients (G1). Differences between planned and delivered maximum doses to the lenses were evaluated for every fraction. The relationship between dose differences and geometrical uncertainties were analysed to establish an optimal PRV for the lenses. Obtained results were verified in the second group (G2) of patients for whom calculated PRV was applied.ResultsData of 426 observations for 15 patients from G1 were investigated. The systematic and random errors equalled, respectively, 0.6 mm and 2.3 mm in the medio‐lateral direction; 0.8 mm and 1.6 mm in the cranio‐caudal direction; and 0.4 mm and 1.5 mm in the anterio‐posterior direction. The clinical PRV for the lenses was established at 2 mm. Applied margin was evaluated for 10 patients from G2. The dose distribution in the planning target volume (PTV) for G1 and for G2 was comparable (P = 0.122), whereas the differences between planned and delivered doses in the lenses were significantly smaller for G2 (P = 0.013).ConclusionThe study showed that for radiotherapy of NCPSC, the PRV for the lenses could be defined as 2 mm. This margin does not affect the dose distribution in the PTV and effectively reduces the differences between planned and delivered doses in the lenses.
Systematic review of barriers and facilitators to accessing and engaging with mental health care among at‐risk young people
Authors: Brown Adrienne , Rice Simon M. , Rickwood Debra J. , Parker Alexandra G. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIntroductionThis study aims to review the literature on barriers and facilitators to accessing and engaging with mental health care among young people from potentially disadvantaged groups, including young people identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (ATSI); culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD); lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI); homeless; substance using; and youth residing in rural or remote areas.MethodsFourteen databases were searched to identify qualitative and quantitative researches that examined barriers and/or facilitators to mental health care among the six groups of potentially disadvantaged young people.ResultsOut of 62 studies identified, 3 were conducted with ATSI young people, 1 with CALD young people, 4 with LGBTQI young people, 14 with homeless young people, 24 with substance‐using young people, and 16 with young people residing in rural or remote areas. Findings generally confirmed barriers already established for all young people, but indicated that some may be heightened for young people in the six identified groups. Findings also pointed to both similarities and differences between these groups, suggesting that ATSI, CALD, LGBTQI, homeless, substance‐using, and rural young people have some similar needs with respect to not only mental health care, but also other needs likely to reflect their individual circumstances.DiscussionThis systematic review highlights that young people from potentially disadvantaged groups have distinct needs that must be recognized to improve their experiences with mental health care. Future research of good methodological quality with young people is needed to increase accessibility of, and engagement with, mental health care.