bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of variation and diachronic change in Piedmontese object clitic syntax
Authors: Tortora Christina 
Published: August 2014

AbstractVariation and change in Romance object clitic syntax reveals that complement clitics do not form a homogeneous group: apparently optional syntactic operations can at first affect certain clitic types but not others, resulting in a diachronic change that spreads through a language’s clitic inventory one ‘type’ at a time. This chapter addresses the change in object clitic syntax in Piedmontese compound tense clauses, whereby object clitics historically shifted from pre-auxiliary to post-participle position. The point of departure is Mair Parry’s research (1991; 1995; 2005), which relates a careful analysis of historical texts with an in-depth understanding of the relevant synchronic variability in object clitic syntax found in the dialects of Cairo Montenotte and Turin. Parry’s work sets the stage for a theoretical analysis which allows us to unify the Piedmontese phenomena with apparently unrelated variation and change in object clitic syntax found in Fassano (Ladin) and Spanish.
Gender assignment and pluralization in Italian and the Veneto
Authors: Trumper John B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAlthough gender assignment within standard Italian has often been discussed, this chapter represents a first attempt to examine the question in relation to dialects. It contains a review of the various principles—phonological, morphological, and semantic—that have been proposed in the previous literature and traces their interaction within earlier and modern stages Venetian. In particular, because of the phonological structure of this dialect, these principles can be shown to interact in special ways both with each other and with the default mechanism of gender assignment based on the unmarked nature of the masculine over the feminine. The chapter also contains a discussion of the effects of contact between the dialect and the standard language in this area of grammar. It thus represents a first step in the directios of providing an integrated account of the historical and geographical development of gender assignment mechanisms within the Italo-Romance domain.
Njála’s Unity Problem and the Very Beginning: Chapter 1
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter contains some general observations on critics’ problems with the saga’s unity, and a close reading of chapter 1 of the saga. It asks whether the saga has a unity problem, looking at the clumsy scene-shift after the first three sentences and the author’s conscious playing with saga convention. It questions why the saga begins with a 9-year-old girl playing on the floor, and looks at saga conventions of character introduction and this author’s manipulation of them. It highlights subtle and not so subtle forebodings, as well as taking a brief look at tact or lack thereof when characters fish for compliments, or when a parent is perhaps burdening others with his praise of his own children.
Making a Scene: Chapters 34–5, 48
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter contains as slap of Hallgerd sometime later, as it relates to how embarrassing incidents are handled, as well as a discussion of poise and tact. The sagas, and indeed the heroic, feature poise as a constituent virtue, but tact is sometimes harder to find. Yet we see evidence of it in certain styles of reticence, and above all perhaps in the remarkable restraint of the saga style itself. The importance of seating arrangements and visible signs of precedence are considered. We see that the initial fillip that begins the central feud of the saga, leading to the virtual extermination of the parties, arises because of the women refusing to give way on claiming the center seat. The chapter also discusses the privileges accorded Thorhalla Asgrimsdottir.
Bergthora vs. Hallgerd, Part II: Some Facts
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter contains a close reading of chapters 35–45 of the saga, with special attention devoted to various ‘little’ characters, such as the fully rounded Atli. We see just how astute Bergthora is at using Njal’s reputation for predicting the future against him. There is a discussion of this saga writer’s respect for the 'little people' of his saga, who have lives to lead, just as do the greatest. The chapter discusses the brutal but not stupid callousness of Bergthora involving Thord Freedmanson, her sons’ foster-father, in the feud with Hallgerd, and an explication of the ‘wit’ of the Little Dungbeard insult, and why it hits home. It highlights the legal justification for killing Sigmund, which is not a breach of Njal’s settlement with Gunnar over his killing of Thord. The chapter also focusses on the legalities of liability for complicity in a killing.
Setting up Thrain: Chapters 90–2
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter further discusses feud as politics. Thrain is targeted on the thinnest of pretexts, and Njal concocts a strategy to provoke Thrain and his men into insulting the Njalssons. Thrain is a marked man because he tries to establish himself as a competitor for local power against Njal and sons, just the man the Njalssons would not tolerate in that position, he having been complicit in the death of their foster-father years earlier. The Njalssons visit the Thrains with Kari; Skarphedin calls Hallgerd a puta, and she flings back the Dungbeard insult, which provides them with publicly acceptable grounds for not losing community support should they attack Thrain. There then follows Skarphedin’s spectacular smashing of Thrain’s skull as he slides by him on the ice, when he and his brothers attack Thrain and his men five on eight. Hrapp is also killed; Skarphedin grants quarter to some.
Introduction
Authors: Okita Kiyokazu 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The introduction situates the book in relation to current research. First, this book contributes to genealogical study in the field of Hinduism. It adds to the pioneering studies done by the Cardiff Genealogy Project led by James Hegarty and Simon Brodbeck, by exploring the concept of lineage in early modern North India. Second, the book explores the Sanskrit Knowledge Systems Project led by Sheldon Pollock as it focuses on the study of early modern Sanskrit material. It is also an attempt to remedy the lack of study on Purāṇic texts in the field of Classical Indology. Third, it is a substantial addition to Hindu theology which has been recently promoted by the scholars such as Francis Clooney. This section then introduces Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa, a Gauḍīya theologian in the eighteenth century, whose work is the main focus of the book.
Historical Background
Authors: Okita Kiyokazu 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter explores the historical context regarding the creation and the development of the Gauḍīya tradition in early modern North India, particularly paying attention to its relation to the Kachvāhās, who were one of the most powerful Rājput clans in the Mughal empire. This chapter first describes the central role the Kachvāhās played in the development of the Mughal regime from the time of its inception. Then it traces the intimate historical relationship between the Kachvāhā kings and the Gauḍīya leaders since the sixteenth century. Finally, the chapter examines the challenges the Gauḍīya authors such as Baladeva faced during the reign of Jaisingh II, arguably the most famous Kachvāhā king who established Jaipur in the eighteenth century.
The Genealogy of the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas
Authors: Okita Kiyokazu 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the issue of genealogy (sampradāya) that the Gauḍīya faced in the eighteenth century. By the time of Jaisingh II, it was widely accepted that there were only four legitimate Vaiṣṇava schools. These were the Śrī school of Rāmānuja, the Brahmā school of Madhva, the Rudra school of Nimbārka, and the Sanaka school of Vallabha. As a part of his moral discourse Jaisingh asked all the Vaiṣṇava groups in his kingdom to affiliate themselves with one of the four schools. In this context the Gauḍīya affiliated themselves with the Brahmā school. The earliest testimony that supports this claim is found in Kavi Karṇapūra's work written in the sixteenth century. After discussing the authenticity of this testimony, this chapter examines the school affiliation of Caitanya, the founder of the Gauḍīya school, and introduces a conceptual distinction between formal affiliation and theological affiliation in order to understand the complexity involved.
Bhāgavata Theologies in Comparison
Authors: Okita Kiyokazu 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter describes the theological uniqueness of the Gauḍīya school based on a study of Jīva Gosvāmī’s commentary on the core section of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa. Jīva was a prolific Gauḍīya writer in the sixteenth century who produced much of the foundational works in Gauḍīya theology. On the one hand, Caitanya taught that the Purāṇa is the most important scripture and Śrīdhara Svāmī the best commentator. On the other hand, Baladeva presented the Gauḍīyas as a part of the Madhva school. Through a comparative study of the commentaries on the Purāṇa by Śrīdhara, Madhva, and Jīva, this chapter demonstrates Jīva’s distinctness in terms of his exegesis, style, and arguments, and suggests that the Gauḍīya school is theologically distinct from the Madhva school, although they may have been formally affiliated.
Printing at Oxford in its European Context 1478–1584
Authors: Jensen Kristian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This chapter investigates the earliest printers in Oxford, from the first unknown printer of Rufinus' commentary on the Apostolic Creed in 1478 and Theodoric Rood in the 1480s, through John Scolar in 1517, to Joseph Barnes, who benefited from a Supplicatio submitted to Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester and Chancellor of the University in c.1584, requesting support in obtaining royal permission formally to print books for the University. The careers and publications of these different printers are considered, both in a local and a wider European context, as are their differing relationships to the University itself. This ‘prehistory’ of university printing in the city of Oxford is further contextualized through an examination of publishing in other European university cities, particularly Venice, Paris, Cologne, and Leipzig, and of the impact of the wider book trade on printing in Oxford and on the University more generally.
‘Printers to the University’ 1584–1658
Authors: Peacey Jason 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Between c.1584, when a Supplicatio formally requested the Chancellor's support in obtaining a royal grant to allow an university press, and 1658, which marked the appointment of Samuel Clarke as the University's first Architypographus, a succession of printers and printing partnerships were recognized as ‘printers to the University’. This chapter examines the influence of the University on the activities of these printers through financing, the supply of materials and premises, and the promotion or restriction of press output. The chapter analyzes the central roles of Chancellor William Laud and Gerard Langbaine, Keeper of the Archives, in acquiring the royal sanction of the University's right to print, the appointment of a delegacy to oversee printing, and the confirmation of these rights in the University's Great Charter of 1636. The political and social upheaval of the years surrounding the Civil War is assessed and its impact on the University and its printers considered.
The Fell Era 1658–1686
Authors: Larminie Vivienne 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The appointment of Samuel Clarke as Architypographus in 1658, the establishment of a new Delegacy of the Press in 1662 and the installation of presses owned by the University in the new Sheldonian Theatre in 1668 mark the beginnings of an institutional approach to the management of scholarly printing undertaken in the University's name. In 1671 the partnership of Leoline Jenkins, Thomas Yate, John Fell, and Joseph Williamson assumed control of the Learned Press and were directly answerable to the Delegates and through them to Convocation. The differing roles of Fell and his partners, as well as that of John Wallis, Keeper of the Archives, in the management of the Press are considered, and the commercial and scholarly successes and failures of the partnership are discussed. The chapter considers how Fell and his reforms differed from Laud's vision for the Press and concludes with Fell's death in 1686.
The University and the Press 1584–1780
Authors: Hegarty Andrew 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The chapter considers the relationship between printing and publishing and the University of Oxford by examining how the activities and reforms of the Press affected, or were affected by, university governance, the revision and publication of university statutes, the changing composition of the Delegacy, and the University's location in the broader political landscape. The significance of the Press's income and expenditures for the University's finances is discussed, with particular attention to the support for learned printing and to the changes in the management of the privilege. The chapter also examines the buildings of the Press, first the Sheldonian Theatre and later the Clarendon Printing House, in the context of the architectural and scholarly environment of the University of Oxford, with particular attention given to the influence of William Lancaster and George Clark, local patron of the architect Nicholas Hawksmoor, in the progress and design of university buildings.
The Workplace: Places, Procedures, and Personnel 1668–1780
Authors: Ould Martyn 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The core occupations of the printing house — type-casting, composing, proofing, printing, distributing, gathering, and collating — remained largely unchanged during the period studied in this book, and the technology of printing with its wooden presses, hand-made paper, and hand-set type remained similarly consistent. This chapter thus considers how these particular working practices and technologies were implemented in Oxford. It discusses the awkward organization of printing activities in the Sheldonian Theatre, with printing presses in the basement and compositors ceding the main floor to university ceremonies, and describes other buildings in Oxford used for printing and warehousing. The design of the new Clarendon Printing house allowed both the Bible Press and the Learned Press to operate in one building from 1713. The roles of the Architypographus and Warehouse Keeper are examined, as are the working conditions within the Press. The sources of the paper, type, and illustrations used by the Learned Press are also catalogued.
A Learned Press in a Commercial World
Authors: Feather John 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the Press as a commercial enterprise from 1585, analyzing the initial motivations for leasing its printing rights to independent tradesmen and the subsequent reasons for reassuming control of its own printing in the late seventeenth century. The financing and sales of books thereafter became as important to the Press's success as the learned reputation of its publications. The chapter identifies the financial strengths and weaknesses of the Press and examines how it made use of the mechanisms and systems developed by the London book trade. Relationships with the London trade were often hostile, but partnerships with other publishers arose, both formal and informal, from which both the University and the trade derived limited benefits. The chapter thus examines the internal commercial history of the Press — its finances, sales, and distribution — and contextualizes that history amid the growth, change, and conflict of the wider book trade.
The Learned Press: History, Languages, Literature, and Music
Authors: Kilburn Matthew 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Although music was part of the recognized curriculum — the University had awarded degrees in music since the late fifteenth century — history, modern languages, and literature in the vernacular were generally considered supplements to formal university education. Early historical publications included Henry Savile's edition of Tacitus, histories of the university and its collections, and a life of King Alfred; the later publishing programme was dominated by Clarendon's History of the Rebellion and the works of Thomas Hearne. Most of the works printed in Oxford in modern European languages were intended for elementary language teaching. The Press published some modern literature in Latin, but more often in English, notably Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy and Thomas Hanmer's illustrated edition of Shakespeare. The Press published a number of works on music theory, including John Case's Apologia Musices in 1588, but music types for printing scores were only acquired in 1672 and the quantity produced remained small.
The Bible Press
Authors: Mandelbrote Scott 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The printing of the Bible and Book of Common Prayer was limited by royal privilege to three English publishers: the university presses of Oxford and Cambridge and the King's Printers in London. The chapter considers the transition of the 1670s, during which the Press ceased accepting a small fee from the King's Printers not to print Bibles and began to lease its privilege for substantially greater sums to designated independent printers. As the Bible Press grew and developed independently, it differed from the Learned Press in its financing, its work force, its distribution, and in the quantity and quality of its publications. The Bible Press did face difficulties in marketing its products, in maintaining textual standards and in facing criticism of the privileged monopoly of printing, but its annual output numbered in the tens of thousands and it provided an increasingly significant source of revenue for the University.
A very brief introduction of what is known about vision experimentally
Authors: Zhaoping Li 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter can be seen as a very brief introduction of the known facts about neural substrates in vision (from neurons to neural circuits) and some related visual perceptual behavior. The coverage is more heavily on the retina and the primary visual cortex (V1), for which there are the most data, and less on the extrastriate cortices, the neural circuits for eye movements and related behavior, and the effects of visual attention on neural activities. Simple models are used to describe or summarize these experimental findings.
The V1 hypothesis—creating a bottom-up saliency map for preattentive selection and segmentation
Authors: Zhaoping Li 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter gives a full account of the theoretical development and experimental investigations of the hypothesis that the primary visual cortex (V1) creates a bottom-up saliency map to guide visual attention exogenously. The chapter details the background motivations, theoretical formulation, and experimental tests of the hypothesis, as well as a neural circuit model of the primary visual cortex for the underlying neural mechanisms. The hypothesis links two bodies of data: one is of physiological data on intracortical interactions in V1 and the consequent contextual influences in V1 neural responses; the other is of behavioral data on attention capture, visual search, and visual segmentation. In light of the saliency map in V1, the chapter additionally discusses the roles of the extrastriate visual cortices, contrasts the roles of the central and peripheral visual fields, and reflects on the dissociation between attention capture and perceptual awareness.
Models of nucleotide substitution
Authors: Yang Ziheng 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter discusses Markov chain models of nucleotide substitution, such as JC69, K80, HKY85 and the general time-reversible (GTR) model, and their use in the calculation of the distance between two DNA sequences. It also introduces the theory of continuous time Markov chains used to model molecular sequence evolution, as well as statistical inference methods such as maximum likelihood (ML) and likelihood ratio test (LRT).
Bayesian phylogenetics
Authors: Yang Ziheng 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter discusses the implementation of various models of genetic sequence evolution in Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. It discusses the specification of priors for parameters in such models, as well as proposals that change those parameters. The chapter provides an extensive discussion of various tree perturbation algorithms used as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) proposals (such as nearest neighbour interchange (NNI), subtree pruning and regrafting (SPR), tree bisection and reconnection (TBR), etc.), as well as strategies for generating branch lengths in the new proposed tree. Several strategies for deriving the proposal ratios in sophisticated moves are illustrated with examples. The issue of extremely high posterior probabilities for trees or clades is discussed.
Neutral and adaptive protein evolution
Authors: Yang Ziheng 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter introduces the major theories of molecular evolution, such as the neutral theory, the nearly neutral theory, and the selectionist theory. It discusses the major neutrality tests designed to test the neutral theory using population data. The bulk of the chapter discusses various Markov chain models of codon substitution and their use in detecting Darwinian selection driving the fast evolution of protein-coding genes, as indicated by accelerated nonsynonymous substitution rates. Branch models, site models, and branch-site models are all covered in detail. The chapter then discusses empirical findings in genome scans for positive selection: genes involved in host–pathogen antagonism or in male and female reproduction, as well as duplicated genes that have acquired new functions are most often found to be under Darwinian selection.
Simulating molecular evolution
Authors: Yang Ziheng 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter introduces computer simulation and in particular simulation of the molecular evolutionary process. It covers the generation of random numbers as well as other discrete and continuous random variables. The chapter then discusses the simulation of the Poisson process, the variable-rate Poisson process, and discrete-time and continuous-time Markov chains. Different strategies for simulating sequence alignments through molecular evolution are then discussed.