bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The hypothesis of sympatric speciation as the dominant generator of endemism in a global hotspot of biodiversity
Authors: Gastauer Markus , Saporetti‐Junior Amílcar Walter , Magnago Luiz Fernando Silva , Cavender‐Bares Jeannine , Meira‐Neto João Augusto Alves 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAllopatric or sympatric speciation influence the degree to which closely related species coexist in different manners, altering the patterns of phylogenetic structure and turnover among and between communities. The objective of this study was to examine whether phylogenetic community structure and turnover in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest permit conclusions about the dominant process for the formation of extant angiosperm richness of tree species. Therefore, we analyzed phylogenetic community structure (MPD, MNTD) as well as taxonomic (Jaccard similarity) and phylogenetic turnover (betaMPD, betaMNTD) among and between 49 tree communities distributed among three different habitat types. Mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature in each survey area were estimated. Phylogenetic community structure does not differ between habitat types, although MPD reduces with mean annual temperature. Jaccard similarity decreases and betaMNTD increases with spatial distance and environmental differences between study sites. Spatial distance explains the largest portions of variance in the data, indicating dispersal limitation and the spatial aggregation of recently formed taxa, as betaMNTD is related to more recent evolutionary events. betaMPD, that is related to deep evolutionary splits, shows no spatial or environmental pattern, indicating that older clades are equally distributed across the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. While similarity pattern indicates dispersal limitations, the spatial turnover of betaMNTD is consistent with a high degree of sympatric speciation generating extant diversity and endemism in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. More comprehensive approaches are necessary to reduce spatial sampling bias, uncertainties regarding angiosperm diversification patterns and confirm sympatric speciation as the dominant generator for the formation of extant species diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
Nanocarbon Electrochemistry and Electroanalysis: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Authors: Yang Nianjun , Swain Greg M. , Jiang Xin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis review provides a brief historical perspective on the use of carbon electrode materials in electroanalysis, and highlights recent progress and applications of various nanostructured carbon materials. We hope that this mini‐review provides the reader with some general knowledge of how these modern carbon materials are being used in electroanalysis.
Methyl jasmonate effectively enhanced some defense enzymes activity and Total Antioxidant content in harvested “Sabrosa” strawberry fruit
Authors: Asghari Mohammadreza , Hasanlooe Ali Rashid 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe use of chemicals in postharvest technology of horticultural crops is highly restricted and it is necessary to introduce safe food preserving methods. Strawberry is very susceptible to postharvest losses and more than 50% of harvested fruit is lost in Iran. Effect of postharvest treatment with methyl jasmonate (at 0, 8, and 16 μmol L−1) on some quality attributes of Sabrosa strawberry fruit during storage at 1 ± 0.5°C with 90–95% RH for 14 days followed by 24 h at 20°C was studied. Methyl jasmonate, at both concentrations, decreased weight loss and retained marketability of fruits. Catalase activity of treated fruits was decreased during the first days, but showed a substantial increase during the second week. Methyl jasmonate, in a concentration‐dependent manner, enhanced peroxidase activity. Fruit total antioxidant capacity was enhanced by methyl jasmonate treatment. The results indicated that methyl jasmonate plays a key role in establishing resistance against stresses, enhancing fruit defense systems, antioxidant capacity, and storage life leading to decreased postharvest losses. This phytochemical has a good potential to be used in postharvest technology of Sabrosa strawberry fruit and enhance the fruit postharvest life.
Estimating stream solute loads from fixed frequency sampling regimes: the importance of considering multiple solutes and seasonal fluxes in the design of long‐term stream monitoring networks
Authors: Kerr Jason G. , Eimers M. Catherine , Yao Huaxia 
Published: October 2015

AbstractReduced sampling frequency is known to increase the error associated with estimates of stream solute load. However, the extent to which the magnitude of error differs among commonly measured solutes and across seasons is unclear. In this study, a high sampling frequency data set from two forested streams (one upland‐draining and one wetland‐draining stream) in south‐central Ontario was systematically sub‐sampled to simulate weekly, fortnightly and monthly fixed frequency sampling regimes for 12 stream solutes. We found that solutes which had a higher degree of temporal variation in concentration (i.e. higher %RSD) had poorer precision (Cv) in estimates of annual load relative to solutes with a lower %RSD. In addition, the magnitude and direction of bias varied considerably among solutes and were related to differences in spring concentration‐discharge relationships (m[spring Q vs C]) among the 12 solutes. Solutes which decreased in concentration with increases in spring flow (i.e. m[spring Q vs C] <0) exhibited positive bias in annual load while solutes which increased in concentration with increases in spring flow (i.e. m[spring Q vs C] >0) were negatively biased. In terms of differences between seasonal and annual load errors, precision was generally lower for estimates of seasonal load relative to annual load while bias varied in both magnitude and direction among seasons. When the root mean square error (RMSE) of load estimates was compared to a threshold of acceptable error (<15%), the proportion of solutes attaining acceptable levels of uncertainty ranged from 11/12 for annual load estimates at a weekly sampling frequency to only 4/12 at a monthly frequency when both annual and seasonal loads were considered. Our results demonstrate that commonly measured solutes do not behave uniformly in response to changes in sampling frequency and that estimates of seasonal loads are often less accurate than estimates of annual load. These findings provide important insights into the design of stream monitoring programs and the evaluation of existing long‐term data sets. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineering Design Thinking: High School Students' Performance and Knowledge
Authors: Mentzer Nathan , Becker Kurt , Sutton Mathias 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundBecause design is recognized as a critical element of engineering thinking, it is crucial for educators to utilize the most effective methods to teach engineering problem solving. Results from this study of students' thinking process may shape future teaching methods.PurposeThis article explores the differences in design processes between high school engineering students and expert engineers. It also examines the differences between high school freshmen who have taken one engineering course and seniors who have taken a series of engineering courses.Design/MethodFifty‐nine high school students from four states were asked to think aloud in a three‐hour design task that was audio and video recorded. Verbal reports from the audio and video became source data for protocol analysis. Results from previous studies provided expert design performance data for comparisons.ResultsStudents and experts alike spent a large portion of their time modeling. Students spent significantly less time in the process of information gathering than experts. Freshmen spent significantly less time in the idea generation process than seniors and experts. Freshmen and seniors spent significantly less time determining the feasibility of their ideas, evaluating alternative ideas, and decision making than experts.ConclusionsHigh school students engage in design thinking with little understanding of the problem from the client's perspective. Students tend to become fixated on a single solution rather than comparing alternatives. By encouraging development of alternative solutions, K‐12 engineering education could foster opportunities to critically evaluate students' design solutions.
Impact of price display on provider ordering: A systematic review
Authors: Silvestri Mark T. , Bongiovanni Tasce R. , Glover Janis G. , Gross Cary P. 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDDisplaying order prices to physicians is 1 potential strategy to reduce unnecessary health expenditures, but its impact on patterns of care is unclear.OBJECTIVETo review characteristics of previous price display interventions, impact on order costs and volume, effects on patient safety, acceptability to physicians, and the quality of this evidence.DESIGNSystematic review of studies that showed numeric prices of laboratory tests, imaging studies, or medications to providers in real time during the ordering process and evaluated the impact on provider ordering. Two investigators independently extracted data for each study and evaluated study quality using a modified Downs and Black checklist.RESULTSOf 1494 studies reviewed, 19 met inclusion criteria, including 5 randomized trials, 13 pre‐post intervention studies, and 1 time series analysis. Studies were published between 1983 and 2014. Of 15 studies reporting the quantitative impact of price display on aggregate order costs or volume, 10 demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in the intervention group. Price display was found to decrease aggregate order costs (9 of 13 studies) more frequently than order volume (3 of 8 studies). Patient safety was evaluated in 5 studies and was unaffected by price display. Provider acceptability tended to be positive, although evidence was limited. Study quality was mixed, with checklist scores ranging from 5/21 to 20/21.CONCLUSIONSProvider price display likely reduces order costs to a modest degree. Patient safety appeared unchanged, though evidence was limited. More high‐quality evidence is needed to confirm these findings within a modern context. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:65–76. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Synthesis and Characterization of Coumarin‐Containing Cyclic Polymer and Its Photoinduced Coupling/Dissociation
Authors: Li Min , Fan Wei , Hong Chunyan , Pan Caiyuan 
Published: October 2015

Cyclic polystyrene (PS) with a pendant coumarin group is prepared by the combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and “click” chemistry. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer process is observed in the fluorescence measurement of coumarin‐containing PS, and cyclic PS exhibits stronger emission than that of its linear precursor. When cyclic PS is irradiated under UV light at λ = 365 nm, 8‐shaped PS is achieved due to the dimerization of pendant coumarin group. Subsequently, 8‐shaped PS can be divided into single macrocycle under UV irradiation at λ = 254 nm via the photocleavage of coumarin dimer. The photoinduced coupling and dissociation are monitored by UV/vis spectra and gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
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Quercetin suppresses immune cell accumulation and improves mitochondrial gene expression in adipose tissue of diet‐induced obese mice
Authors: Kobori Masuko , Takahashi Yumiko , Sakurai Mutsumi , Akimoto Yukari , Tsushida Tojiro , Oike Hideaki , Ippoushi Katsunari 
Published: October 2015

ScopeTo examine the effect of dietary quercetin on the function of epididymal adipose tissue (EAT) in Western diet‐induced obese mice.Methods and resultsC57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet; a Western diet high in fat, cholesterol, and sucrose; or the same Western diet containing 0.05% quercetin for 18 weeks. Supplementation with quercetin suppressed the increase in the number of macrophages, the decrease in the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells in EAT, and the elevation of plasma leptin and tumor necrosis factor α levels in mice fed the Western diet. Comprehensive gene expression analysis revealed that quercetin suppressed gene expression associated with the accumulation and activation of immune cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes in EAT. It also improved the expression of the oxidative stress‐sensitive transcription factor NFκB, NADPH oxidases, and antioxidant enzymes. Quercetin markedly increased gene expression associated with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial DNA content.ConclusionQuercetin most likely universally suppresses the accumulation and activation of immune cells, including antiinflammatory cells, whereas it specifically increased gene expression associated with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Suppression of oxidative stress and NFκB activity likely contributed to the prevention of the accumulation and activation of immune cells and resulting chronic inflammation.
UHRF1 regulation of the Keap1–Nrf2 pathway in pancreatic cancer contributes to oncogenesis
Authors: Abu‐Alainin Wafa , Gana Thompson , Liloglou Triantafillos , Olayanju Adedamola , Barrera Lawrence N , Ferguson Robert , Campbell Fiona , Andrews Timothy , Goldring Christopher , Kitteringham Neil , Park Brian K , Nedjadi Taoufik , Schmid Michael C , Slupsky Joseph R , Greenhalf William , Neoptolemos John P , Costello Eithne 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe cellular defence protein Nrf2 is a mediator of oncogenesis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and other cancers. However, the control of Nrf2 expression and activity in cancer is not fully understood. We previously reported the absence of Keap1, a pivotal regulator of Nrf2, in ∼70% of PDAC cases. Here we describe a novel mechanism whereby the epigenetic regulator UHRF1 suppresses Keap1 protein levels. UHRF1 expression was observed in 20% (5 of 25) of benign pancreatic ducts compared to 86% (114 of 132) of pancreatic tumours, and an inverse relationship between UHRF1 and Keap1 levels in PDAC tumours (n = 124) was apparent (p = 0.002). We also provide evidence that UHRF1‐mediated regulation of the Nrf2 pathway contributes to the aggressive behaviour of PDAC. Depletion of UHRF1 from PDAC cells decreased growth and enhanced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. UHRF1 depletion also led to reduced levels of Nrf2‐regulated downstream proteins and was accompanied by heightened oxidative stress, in the form of lower glutathione levels and increased reactive oxygen species. Concomitant depletion of Keap1 and UHRF1 restored Nrf2 levels and reversed cell cycle arrest and the increase in reactive oxygen species. Mechanistically, depletion of UHRF1 reduced global and tumour suppressor promoter methylation in pancreatic cancer cell lines, and KEAP1 gene promoter methylation was reduced in one of three cell lines examined. Thus, methylation of the KEAP1 gene promoter may contribute to the suppression of Keap1 protein levels by UHRF1, although our data suggest that additional mechanisms need to be explored. Finally, we demonstrate that K‐Ras drives UHRF1 expression, establishing a novel link between this oncogene and Nrf2‐mediated cellular protection. Since UHRF1 over‐expression occurs in other cancers, its ability to regulate the Keap1–Nrf2 pathway may be critically important to the malignant behaviour of these cancers. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Anion conductive aromatic polymers containing fluorenyl groups: Effect of the position and number of ammonium groups
Authors: Shimada Manai , Shimada Shigefumi , Miyake Junpei , Uchida Makoto , Miyatake Kenji 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTSynthesis and properties of anion conductive aromatic block copolymers, QPE‐bl‐3, QPE‐bl‐3 M2, and M4, containing fluorenylidene biphenylene groups as scaffold for ammonium groups are described. These copolymers share the same main chain structure, but the position and the number of ammonium groups on a fluorenyl group differ. High molecular weight quaternized block copolymers were obtained via typical chloromethylation reaction or using preaminated monomers, and were well‐characterized by 1H NMR spectra. Self‐standing bendable membranes were obtained by solution casting. QPE‐bl‐3 M4 membranes containing four ammonium groups per hydrophilic repeat unit (highest ammonium density) in the hydrophilic block exhibited well developed phase‐separated morphology, while QPE‐bl‐3 membranes containing two ammonium groups per hydrophilic repeat unit exhibited high anion conductivity. The highest anion conductivity (104 mS/cm) was obtained with QPE‐bl‐3 membrane (IEC = 2.1 meq/g) at 80 °C in water. An H2/O2 alkaline fuel cell was operable with the membrane to achieve 62 mW/cm2 of the maximum power density at 161 mA/cm2 of the current density. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 935–944
Fishing, reproductive volume and regulation: population dynamics and exploitation of the eastern Baltic cod
Authors: Wikström Anders , Knape Jonas , Casini Michele , Gårdmark Anna , Cardinale Massimiliano , Hjelm Joakim , Jonzén Niclas 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe relative importance of exploitation rate and environmental variability in generating fluctuations of harvested populations is a key issue in academic ecology as well as population management. We studied how the eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) is affected by fishing and environmental variation by using a newly developed single species state‐space model. Survey data and auxiliary environmental data were used to estimate the model parameters. The model was then used to predict future development of the eastern Baltic cod under different fishing mortalities and abiotic conditions. Abiotic condition was represented by an index: reproductive volume which is the volume of water suitable (in terms of salinity and oxygen content) for the successful development of the early life stages of Baltic cod. The model included direct density dependence, fishing, and a lagged effect of reproductive volume. Our analysis showed that fishing rate is approximately three times more important than reproductive volume in explaining the population dynamics. Furthermore, our model suggests either under‐ or over‐compensatory dynamics depending on the reproductive volume and long term catch levels. It follows that fishing can either reduce or increase temporal oscillations of the cod stock depending on whether the dynamics is over‐ or undercompensatory, respectively. The sustainable level of fishing rate is however dependent on reproductive volume. Our model predicts a dual role of fishing rate, stabilizing when reproductive volume is high and destabilizing when it is low. Exploitation rate may therefore increase or decrease the risk of the population of cod dropping below a given biomass reference point depending on the environmental conditions, which has practical implications for fisheries management.
A retrospective cohort study of the association between midwifery experience and perinatal mortality
Authors: Lawton Beverley , Filoche Sara , Geller Stacie E. , Garrett Sue , Stanley James 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether experience of midwife‐only and nurse‐midwife lead maternity carers (LMCs) is related to perinatal mortality.MethodsIn a retrospective analysis, routinely collected data were obtained for all pregnancies resulting in live births (or stillbirth at ≥ 20 weeks or weighing > 400 g) in New Zealand in 2005–2009. An anonymized dataset of date of midwife registration was used. The main outcome measure was perinatal mortality (fetal deaths and neonatal deaths ≤ 27 days).ResultsAmong 233 215 eligible births, 84 043 were linked to a midwife‐only LMC and 150 172 to a nurse‐midwife LMC. Among pregnancies with midwife‐only LMCs, perinatal mortality was higher when the midwife had less than 1 year of experience than when the midwife had 5–9 years’ experience (rate ratio 1.33; 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.73), an absolute difference of two additional deaths per 1000 births. There was a decreasing rate of perinatal mortality with increasing experience (P = 0.031). Perinatal mortality rates did not differ by experience in the nurse‐midwife group.ConclusionPregnancies cared for by early‐career (< 1 year) midwife‐only LMCs were associated with a 33% increase in perinatal mortality. No association between experience and perinatal mortality was found for nurse‐midwives. Midwife‐only trained LMCs could require additional training and/or supervision in their first year of practice.
Curcumin induces crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis mediated by calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomal destabilization and mitochondrial events
Authors: Moustapha A , Pérétout PA , Rainey NE , Sureau F , Geze M , Petit J-M , Dewailly E , Slomianny C , Petit PX 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCurcumin, a major active component of turmeric (Curcuma longa, L.), has anticancer effects. In vitro studies suggest that curcumin inhibits cancer cell growth by activating apoptosis, but the mechanism underlying these effects is still unclear. Here, we investigated the mechanisms leading to apoptosis in curcumin-treated cells. Curcumin induced endoplasmic reticulum stress causing calcium release, with a destabilization of the mitochondrial compartment resulting in apoptosis. These events were also associated with lysosomal membrane permeabilization and of caspase-8 activation, mediated by cathepsins and calpains, leading to Bid cleavage. Truncated tBid disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis and enhance apoptosis. We followed the induction of autophagy, marked by the formation of autophagosomes, by staining with acridine orange in cells exposed curcumin. At this concentration, only the early events of apoptosis (initial mitochondrial destabilization with any other manifestations) were detectable. Western blotting demonstrated the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II (light chain 3), a marker of active autophagosome formation. We also found that the production of reactive oxygen species and formation of autophagosomes following curcumin treatment was almost completely blocked by N-acetylcystein, the mitochondrial specific antioxidants MitoQ10 and SKQ1, the calcium chelators, EGTA-AM or BAPTA-AM, and the mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibitor, ruthenium red. Curcumin-induced autophagy failed to rescue all cells and most cells underwent type II cell death following the initial autophagic processes. All together, these data imply a fail-secure mechanism regulated by autophagy in the action of curcumin, suggesting a therapeutic potential for curcumin. Offering a novel and effective strategy for the treatment of malignant cells.