bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'emploi faiblement rémunéré au Brésil
Authors: FONTES Adriana , PERO Valéria , BERG Janine 
Published: September 2012

Résumé.Bien que les bas salaires prévalent dans les pays en développement, le phénomène n'a guère étéétudié en profondeur. Pour combler cette lacune, les auteurs examinent la fréquence, la permanence et les caractéristiques de l'emploi faiblement rémunéré dans six zones métropolitaines du Brésil entre 2002 et 2009. Sa part dans l'emploi salarié a décru de 24,4 à 21,5 pour cent. Comme dans les pays à revenu élevé, le risque d'être faiblement rémunéré touche plus les femmes, les personnes de couleur, les jeunes et les moins instruits. L'analyse de leur mobilité montre que l'expérience professionnelle améliore les perspectives de progression, même des salariés peu rémunérés.
Low pay among wage earners and the self‐employed in India
Authors: RANI Uma , BELSER Patrick 
Published: September 2012

Abstract:While inequality and poverty in India have been much studied, little attention has been given to the underlying role of the labour market. To help remedy this gap, the authors examine low pay in India, giving particular attention to its magnitude, characteristics and determinants. An absolute low‐pay threshold is calculated that, if reached, would provide workers with a decent livelihood. Using household‐level micro‐data that cover wage earners and the self‐employed, the authors find that roughly half of India's workforce is low‐paid, revealing a serious “decent work” deficit. They propose policies to improve wages and productivity and thereby boost earnings.
Low wages and policy options in the Republic of Korea: Are policies working?
Authors: HWANG Deok Soon , LEE Byung‐Hee 
Published: September 2012

Abstract:Despite the introduction and expansion of collective bargaining, minimum wages and unemployment and in‐work benefits, low pay is increasingly common in the Republic of Korea. This is at odds with much of the literature – including the ILO's Global Wage Report 2010/11 – which suggests that protective policies will curb low pay. Focusing on the Republic of Korea, the authors examine this intriguing paradox and conclude that while the appropriate policy “menu” was implemented, its effectiveness was limited by incomplete coverage and insufficient benefit levels. They suggest this disappointing situation represents not only a labour market failure, but also a policy failure.
Empleo de baja remuneración: una perspectiva mundial
Authors: LEE Sangheon , SOBECK Kristen 
Published: September 2012

Resumen.El artículo proporciona una panorámica mundial de las tendencias en lo relativo al empleo de baja remuneración y de las políticas para reducir su frecuencia. Constituye la introducción al presente número monográfco, centrado en el Brasil, China, República de Corea, India y Sudáfrica, tras «Salarios bajos en Europa y Estados Unidos» (vol. 128 (2009), núm. 4). Se analizan definiciones y métodos de cálculo, además de dos políticas que generan diferencias entre países: la negociación colectiva y el salario mínimo, cuyo nivel, según los autores, ha de alcanzar un cierto umbral para que resulte eficaz frente al empleo de baja remuneración.
Baja remuneración entre asalariados y trabajadores por cuenta propia en la India
Authors: RANI Uma , BELSER Patrick 
Published: September 2012

Resumen.Son numerosas las investigaciones sobre desigualdad y pobreza en la India, pero los factores laborales subyacentes han recibido poca atención. Por ello los autores estudian aquí el problema de la baja remuneración, su magnitud, características y determinantes. Calculan un umbral absoluto de baja remuneración por encima del cual un trabajador puede llevar una vida digna. A partir de microdatos sobre trabajadores asalariados, ocasionales y por cuenta propia, constatan que alrededor de la mitad de la población activa india trabaja con baja remuneración, lo cual apunta a un grave déficit de trabajo decente. Se proponen políticas para aumentar los ingresos y la productividad del trabajo.
Tackling food security issues in indigenous communities in Canada: The Manitoba experience
Authors: FIELDHOUSE Paul , THOMPSON Shirley 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAims: The promotion of healthy living and chronic disease prevention are predicated on the ability of individuals and communities to make healthy choices. Having access to nutritious affordable food is one of the conditions required to make such choices possible but one that is too often not available, especially to families in remote regions of Canada. The present paper reviews food security issues as they pertain to indigenous communities, particularly in northern Manitoba, and describes community and government approaches to tackling food insecurity.Method: A narrative review was formed drawing on international literature and Canadian research and practice.Results: Strategies such as those described above have the potential to significantly enhance access to affordable, nutritious food in Northern Communities thereby improving food security, healthy living and preventing chronic disease.Conclusions: Community‐based action combined with structural changes and a supportive policy environment hold out the prospect of changing the conditions of food access that underlie the ultimate success of healthy living and chronic disease prevention efforts. While there appears to be a growing interest in local food production and the reintroduction of traditional foods to the diet, an important key to successful change is the engagement of youth, whose food habits and preferences have been heavily influenced by mainstream commercial food culture.
Prediction of macroscopic findings of hepatocellular carcinoma on hepatobiliary phase of gadolinium‐ethoxybenzyl‐diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: Correlation with pathology
Authors: Fujinaga Yasunari , Kadoya Masumi , Kozaka Kazuto , Shinmura Rieko , Matsui Osamu , Takayama Tadatoshi , Yamamoto Masakazu , Kokudo Norihiro , Kawasaki Seiji , Arii Shigeki 
Published: September 2012

AimWe aimed to correlate the macroscopic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC).MethodsThis was a multicenter study, whose study protocol was approved by each institutional review board. One hundred and forty‐six resected nodules in 124 patients who had received a preoperative hepatobiliary phase of gadolinium‐ethoxybenzyl‐diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid‐enhanced MRI (EOB‐MRI) were analyzed. In both findings, we compared the diameter of HCC and macroscopic types divided into five types: (i) small nodular type with indistinct margin (SN‐IM); (ii) simple nodular type (with distinct margin) (SN‐DM); (iii) simple nodular type with extranodular growth (SN‐EG); (iv) confluent multinodular type (CMN); and (v) infiltrative type (IF).ResultsThe diameters in each finding (Dsurg and DMRI) were significantly correlated (R = 0.961), although Dsurg was larger than DMRI (P = 0.0216). There were significant differences between Dsurg in SN‐IM and the other groups (P < 0.0001). Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 5.3, 99.2 and 87; 84.8, 62.7 and 81.4; 58.1, 91.3 and 84.2; 70.6, 91.5 and 89, in SN‐IM, SN‐DM, SN‐EG and CMN, respectively. The kappa value of every size was as follows: all sizes, 0.45; 20 mm or less, 0.23; more than 20 mm, 0.56.ConclusionEOB‐MRI could predict the macroscopic pathological findings except for SN‐IM. Small tumor size might be helpful to diagnose SN‐IM.
ProgramSPACECAP: software for estimating animal density using spatially explicit capture–recapture models
Authors: Gopalaswamy Arjun M. , Royle J. Andrew , Hines James E. , Singh Pallavi , Jathanna Devcharan , Kumar N. Samba , Karanth K. Ullas 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe advent of spatially explicit capture–recapture models is changing the way ecologists analyse capture–recapture data. However, the advantages offered by these new models are not fully exploited because they can be difficult to implement.To address this need, we developed a user‐friendly software package, created within theRprogramming environment, calledSPACECAP. This package implementsBayesian spatially explicit hierarchical models to analyse spatial capture–recapture data.Given that a large number of field biologists prefer software with graphical user interfaces for analysing their data,SPACECAPis particularly useful as a tool to increase the adoption ofBayesian spatially explicit capture–recapture methods in practice.
Role of the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier transporter as a cerebral clearance system for prostaglandin E2 produced in the brain
Authors: Tachikawa Masanori , Ozeki Go , Higuchi Takanori , Akanuma Shin‐ichi , Tsuji Kazuhiro , Hosoya Ken‐ichi 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAn increasing level of prostaglandin (PG) E2 is involved in the progression of neuroinflammation induced by ischemia and bacterial infection. Although an imbalance in the rates of production and clearance of PGE2 under these pathological conditions appears to affect the concentration of PGE2 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the regulatory system remains incompletely understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cellular system of PGE2 production via microsomal PGE synthetase‐1 (mPGES‐1), the inducible PGE2‐generating enzyme, and PGE2 elimination from the CSF via the blood–CSF barrier (BCSFB). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that mPGES‐1 was expressed in the soma and perivascular sheets of astrocytes, pia mater, and brain blood vessel endothelial cells, suggesting that these cells are local production sites of PGE2 in the CSF. The in vivo PGE2 elimination clearance from the CSF was eightfold greater than that of d‐mannitol, which is considered to reflect CSF bulk flow. This process was inhibited by the simultaneous injection of unlabeled PGE2 and β‐lactam antibiotics, such as benzylpenicillin, cefazolin, and ceftriaxone, which are substrates and/or inhibitors of organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3). The characteristics of PGE2 uptake by the isolated choroid plexus were at least partially consistent with those of OAT3. OAT3 was able to mediate PGE2 transport with a Michaelis–Menten constant of 4.24 μM. These findings indicate that a system regulating the PGE2 level in the CSF involves OAT3‐mediated PGE2 uptake by choroid plexus epithelial cells, acting as a cerebral clearance pathway via the BCSFB of locally produced PGE2.
Colonization of the oral cavity by yeasts in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis
Authors: Godoy Janine S. R. , de Souza Bonfim‐Mendonça Patrícia , Nakamura Sandra S. , Yamada Sérgio S. , Shinobu‐Mesquita Cristiane , Pieralisi Neli , Fiorini Adriana , Svidzinski Terezinha I. E. 
Published: September 2012

ObjectivesTo determine the frequency of yeast in the oral cavity of patients with chronic renal failure, undergoing hemodialysis (PCRFH); identification and antifungal susceptibility profile of yeast and demographic profile of patients.MethodsWe performed mouthwash in 146PCRFH; the rinse fluid was collected and cultured, yeasts grown were identified by phenotypic and molecular methods. The antifungal susceptibility profile was determined against nystatin, amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, and caspofungin based in Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (documentM27‐A3).ResultsPositive culture was observed in 39% of patients, of whom 53% were women; the median of dialysis time was 2.9 years. The age of the colonized patients varied between 26 and 84 years, with a median of 52.5 years.PCRFHover 45 years were significantly more colonized (P = 0.0108) as well as denture wearers (84.0%). We isolated 81 yeasts, predominantlyCandida albicans(63%) followed byCandida glabrata. In general, yeasts were sensitive to the evaluated antifungal agents, but there was significant variation in the minimum inhibitory concentration, especially among non‐C. albicans Candida(NCAC) compared to fluconazole, caspofungin, and amphotericin B.NCACrequired significantly higher concentrations of fluconazole (P < 0.01).ConclusionThe rate of colonization by yeasts inPCRFHwas high, and there was variability in species distribution and antifungal susceptibility profile. These results are little known in this group of patients and are important for controlling the risk of developing invasive fungal infections.
Facial esthetics in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate 3 years after alveolar bonegrafting combined with rhinoplasty between 2 and 4 years of age
Authors: Offert B. , Janiszewska‐Olszowska J. , Dudkiewicz Z. , Brudnicki A. , Katsaros C. , Fudalej P. S. 
Published: September 2012

Offert B., Janiszewska‐Olszowska J., Dudkiewicz Z., Brudnicki A., Katsaros C., Fudalej P. S. Facial esthetics in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate 3 years after alveolar bonegrafting combined with rhinoplasty between 2 and 4 years of age  Orthod Craniofac Res 2013; 16:36–43. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/SStructured AbstractObjectives –  To evaluate facial esthetics in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) after alveolar bone grafting combined with rhinoplasty between 2 and 4 years of age.Design –  Retrospective case‐control study.Setting –  The Department of Pediatric Surgery, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland.Material and Methods –  Photographs of full faces and cropped images of five nasolabial components: nasal deviation, nasal form, nasal profile, vermillion border, and inferior view were assessed by 5 professional and 14 layraters in 29 children (23 boys and 6 girls; mean age = 5.3 years, SD 0.5; Early‐grafted group) and 30 children (20 boys and 10 girls; mean age = 5.5 years, SD 1.0; Non‐grafted group) with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate repaired with a one‐stage closure. The groups differed regarding the timing of alveolar bone grafting: in the Early‐grafted group, alveolar bone grafting in combination with rhinoplasty (ABG‐R) was performed between 2 and 4 years of age (mean age = 2.3 years; SD 0.6); in the Non‐grafted group, the alveolar defect was grafted after 9 years of age. No primary nose correction was carried out in any group. To rate esthetics, a modified five‐grade esthetic index of Asher‐McDade was used, where grade 1 means the most esthetic and grade 5 – the least esthetic outcome.Results –  Esthetics of full faces and of all nasolabial elements in the Early‐grafted group was significantly better than in Non‐grafted group. The scores in the Early‐grafted group ranged from 2.30 to 2.66 points, whereas in the Non‐grafted group ranged from 2.66 to 3.17 points. All intergroup differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05).Conclusions –  Three years post‐operatively, early alveolar bone grafting combined with rhinoplasty is favorable for facial esthetics in children with UCLP, but a longer follow‐up is needed to assess whether the improvement was permanent.
Is gingival crevicular fluid volume sensitive to orthodontic tooth movement? A systematic review of split‐mouth longitudinal studies
Authors: Perinetti G. , Primožič J. , Castaldo A. , Di Lenarda R. , Contardo L. 
Published: September 2012

Perinetti G., Primožič J., Castaldo A., Di Lenarda R., Contardo L.  Is gingival crevicular fluid volume sensitive to orthodontic tooth movement? A systematic review of split‐mouth longitudinal studies  Orthod Craniofac Res 2013; 16:1–19. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstractTo assess the scientific evidence for detectable volume changes of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) incident to orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). A literature survey of longitudinal split‐mouth studies was performed searching PubMed, SCOPUS and the Cochrane Library, with the last access in 15 April 2012. After selection, 13 articles qualified for the final analysis. One study was judged to be of medium/high quality, six were of medium quality and the rest of low quality. Across all studies, there was very little or no statistically significant change in GCF volume incident to OTM. The changes seen were generally ascribed to the clinical or subclinical inflammation consequent to placement of the fixed orthodontic appliance. A reappraisal of the data provided in these studies was performed by comparing the GCF volume from the test (moved) and control (non‐moved) teeth, in terms of effects‐size (ES) coefficients and variations, as percentages. Generally, the ES coefficients and the variations were below 1.0 and 20%, respectively. Therefore, when using current methods to collect and measure GCF volume, there was no meaningful diagnostic potential for the GCF volume as an index of tissue remodelling incident to OTM. The GCF volume is not a reliable index for tissue remodelling incident to OTM.
A Six Degree of
Freedom Epicyclic-Parallel Manipulator
Authors: Chen Chao , Gayral Thibault , Caro Stéphane , Chablat Damien , Moroz Guillaume , Abeywardena Sajeeva 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
A new six-dof epicyclic-parallel manipulator with all actuators allocated on the ground is introduced. It is shown that the system has a considerably simple kinematics relationship, with the complete direct and inverse kinematics analysis provided. Further, the first and second links of each leg can be driven independently by two motors. The serial and parallel singularities of the system are determined, with an interesting feature of the system being that the parallel singularity is independent of the position of the end-effector. The workspace of the manipulator is also analyzed with future applications in haptics in mind.
OP01 Did Health Inequality Increase in English Children and Young People between 1999 and 2009? Evidence from two Cross-Sectional Surveys and Inpatient Activity Data
Authors: Hargreaves DS , Djafari-Marbini A 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundFrom 1999, the English government pursued a systematic strategy to reduce health inequalities. For interventions affecting children and young people, intermediate indicators may be more useful for evaluating short/medium term impact than the mortality targets chosen. This article investigates trends in inequalities for self/parent-reported health and use of health services by children and young people between 1999 and 2009.MethodsThrough the UK Data Archive (http://www.data-archive.ac.uk/), data were accessed for the Health Survey for England 1999 (SN4365) (N=2638(0–12 years), 874(13–16), 1148(17–24), 5573(25+)) and the Health Survey for England 2009 (SN6732) (N=3022(0–12), 969(13–16), 451(17–24), 4160(25+)). Self-reported health and General Health Questionnaire data (participants aged 13+) and parent/carer report of health (participants aged 0–12) were used, with appropriate binary outcomes created. Using logistic regression in SPSS (v19), adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of poor health were calculated between the highest and lowest socio-economic tertiles, defined by occupation of household members. Analyses were stratified by age, adjusted for sex and weighted to be nationally representative. Hospital Episode Statistics on Finished Consultant Episodes were analysed by Index of Multiple Deprivation decile, derived from the patient’s postcode. Concentration indices of inpatient activity were calculated for those aged 0–12 and 13–19 in 1999/2000 (N=1843862) and 2009/2010 (N=1774139).ResultsCompared to those in the highest occupations, parents/carers in the lowest tertile were more likely to report poor health in their children. The difference increased significantly from 1999 (AOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.4) to 2009 (AOR 4.1, 95% CI 2.5 to 6.7). Among adolescents, there was a non-significant increase in poor self-reported health over this time (AOR 2.3(1.2–4.3) vs. 3.2(1.6–6.4)). For young adults, there was a persistently weaker association between low socio-economic status and poor health (AOR 1.3(0.8–2.2) and 1.3(0.7–2.4)) than for older adults (AOR 3.1(2.6–3.6) and 3.2(2.6–3.9)). AORs for high General Health Questionnaire scores by age group showed a similar pattern.The concentration index for inpatient activity in adolescents (13–19) decreased from –0.102 in 1999 to –0.082 in 2009 (Males) and –0.247 to –0.189 (Females). The changes in the concentration index for 0-12s were much smaller (Male –0.136 vs. –0.139; Female –0.136 vs. –0.142).ConclusionDespite the policy importance given to tackling health inequalities, this decade saw inequality in parents’ reports of their children’s health widen significantly. Adolescent findings were mixed, with a non-significant increase in inequality for self-reported health but a reduction in inequality related to inpatient activity.
OP02 Socioeconomic Patterning of fat and lean mass in Later Life: Findings from a British Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Bann D , Cooper R , Wills A , Adams J , Kuh D 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundFat and lean mass have important implications for health and physical functioning. Studies have reported associations between low socioeconomic position (SEP) and high body mass index (BMI) in adulthood, but few have examined associations with fat and lean mass which BMI does not completely distinguish. We examined the associations between multiple indicators of SEP across life and objective measures of fat and lean mass in later adulthood.MethodsData were from 1350 men and women in England, Scotland and Wales participating in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans at age 60–64 years and had valid data for all indicators of SEP were included in analyses. Whole body fat and appendicular lean mass were ascertained and, to account for differences in height across SEP groups, height-adjusted indices were created. Associations of prospectively ascertained childhood SEP (paternal occupational class at 4 years), educational attainment (at 26 years) and adult SEP (household income at 60–64 years) with these outcomes were examined using the slope index of inequality (SII). Since high fat mass may increase muscle loading and lead to higher lean mass, associations with lean mass were adjusted for fat mass.ResultsLow SEP was consistently associated with high fat mass index: childhood SEP (mean difference in fat mass index comparing the lowest with the highest SEP (SII) in males: 0.92kg/m1.2, 95% CI –0.04 to 1.89; females: 2.49, 1.17 to 3.82), education (males: 1.61, 0.69 to 2.53; females: 2.20, 0.88 to 3.53), and adult SEP (males: 1.42, 0.47 to 2.38; females: 2.20, 0.88 to 3.53). In males, after adjustment for fat mass childhood SEP (0.16kg/m2, –0.07 to 0.38) and education (0.09, –0.13 to 0.30) were not associated with lean mass index, however, low adult SEP was associated with low lean mass index (–0.21, –0.44 to 0.01). Low SEP was consistently associated with low lean mass index in females after adjustment for fat mass: childhood SEP (–0.24, –0.42 to –0.07), education (–0.36, –0.55 to –0.17) and adult SEP (–0.20, –0.38, –0.03).ConclusionLow SEP across life was associated with high fat mass in early old age. In contrast, low SEP in adulthood in males and across life in females was associated with low lean mass (after adjustment for fat mass). Although further research is required to better understand the pathways underlying these associations, the socioeconomic patterning of these measures is likely to have important public health implications.