bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in San Luis Potosí, México
Authors: López-Rocha Estela , Juárez-Álvarez Julio , Riego-Ruiz Lina , Enciso-Moreno Leonor , Ortega-Aguilar Francisco , Hernández-Nieto Julián , Enciso-Moreno José A , López-Revilla Rubén 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
Although epidemiologic and socioeconomic criteria and biomedical risk factors indicate high-priority for tuberculosis (TB) control in Mexico, molecular epidemiology studies of the disease in the country are scarce.

Methods
Complete sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from 248 of the 432 pulmonary TB (PTB) cases confirmed from 2006 to 2010 on the population under epidemiological surveillance in the state of San Luis Potosí, México. From most PTB cases with complete data Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) isolates were recovered and their spoligotypes, lineages and families, geographic distribution and drug resistance determined.

Results
Pulmonary tuberculosis incidence ranged from 2.4 to 33.4 (cases per 100,000 inhabitants) in the six state sanitary jurisdictions that were grouped in regions of low (jurisdictions I-II-III), intermediate (jurisdictions IV-V) and high incidence (jurisdiction VI) with 6.2, 17.3 and 33.4 rates, respectively. Most patients were poor, 50-years-median-age males and housewives. Among the 237 MTC spoligotyped isolates, 232 corresponded to M. tuberculosis (104 spoligotypes in 24 clusters) and five to M. bovis. The predominant Euro-American lineage was distributed all over the state, the East-Asian lineage (Beijing family) in the capital city, the Indo-Oceanic (Manila family) in eastern localities, and M. bovis in rural localities.

Conclusions
In San Luis Potosí TB affects mainly poor male adults and is caused by M. tuberculosis and to a minor extent by M. bovis. There is great genotypic diversity among M. tuberculosis strains, the Euro-American lineage being much more prevalent than the Indo-Oceanic and East-Asian lineages. The frequency of resistant strains is relatively low and not associated to any particular lineage.
Retrotransposition of gene transcripts leads to structural variation in mammalian genomes
Authors: Ewing Adam D , Ballinger Tracy J , Earl Dent ,   Broad Institute Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program and Platform, Harris Christopher C , Ding Li , Wilson Richard K , Haussler David 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Background
Retroposed processed gene transcripts are an important source of material for new gene formation on evolutionary timescales. Most prior work on gene retrocopy discovery compared copies in reference genome assemblies to their source genes. Here, we explore gene retrocopy insertion polymorphisms (GRIPs) that are present in the germlines of individual humans, mice, and chimpanzees, and we identify novel gene retrocopy insertions in cancerous somatic tissues that are absent from patient-matched non-cancer genomes.

Results
Through analysis of whole-genome sequence data, we found evidence for 48 GRIPs in the genomes of one or more humans sequenced as part of the 1,000 Genomes Project and The Cancer Genome Atlas, but which were not in the human reference assembly. Similarly, we found evidence for 755 GRIPs at distinct locations in one or more of 17 inbred mouse strains but which were not in the mouse reference assembly, and 19 GRIPs across a cohort of 10 chimpanzee genomes, which were not in the chimpanzee reference genome assembly. Many of these insertions are new members of existing gene families whose source genes are highly and widely expressed, and the majority have detectable hallmarks of processed gene retrocopy formation. We estimate the rate of novel gene retrocopy insertions in humans and chimps at roughly one new gene retrocopy insertion for every 6,000 individuals.

Conclusions
We find that gene retrocopy polymorphisms are a widespread phenomenon, present a multi-species analysis of these events, and provide a method for their ascertainment.
Modelling biomechanical requirements of a rider for different horse-riding techniques at trot
Authors: de Cocq Patricia , Muller Mees , Clayton Hilary M. , van Leeuwen Johan L. 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYThe simplest model possible for bouncing systems consists of a point mass bouncing passively on a mass-less spring without viscous losses. This type of spring–mass model has been used to describe the stance period of symmetric running gaits. In this study, we investigated the interaction between horse and rider at trot using three models of force-driven spring (–damper)–mass systems. The first system consisted of a spring and a mass representing the horse that interact with another spring and mass representing the rider. In the second spring–damper–mass model, dampers, a free-fall and a forcing function for the rider were incorporated. In the third spring–damper–mass model, an active spring system for the leg of the rider was introduced with a variable spring stiffness and resting length in addition to a saddle spring with fixed material properties. The output of the models was compared with experimental data of sitting and rising trot and with the modern riding technique used by jockeys in racing. The models show which combinations of rider mass, spring stiffness and damping coefficient will result in a particular riding technique or other behaviours. Minimization of the peak force of the rider and the work of the horse resulted in an ‘extreme’ modern jockey technique. The incorporation of an active spring system for the leg of the rider was needed to simulate rising trot. Thus, the models provide insight into the biomechanical requirements a rider has to comply with to respond effectively to the movements of a horse.
The Stigma of Having an Abortion: Development of a Scale and Characteristics of Women Experiencing Abortion Stigma
Authors: Cockrill Kate , Upadhyay Ushma D. , Turan Janet , Greene Foster Diana 
Published: May 2013

ContextAlthough abortion is common in the United States, women who have abortions report significant social stigma. Currently, there is no standard measure for individual‐level abortion stigma, and little is known about the social and demographic characteristics associated with it.MethodsTo create a measure of abortion stigma, an initial item pool was generated using abortion story content analysis and refined using cognitive interviews. In 2011, the final item pool was used to assess individual‐level abortion stigma among 627 women at 13 U.S. Planned Parenthood health centers who reported a previous abortion. Factor analysis was conducted on the survey responses to reduce the number of items and to establish scale validity and reliability. Differences in level of reported abortion stigma were examined with multivariable linear regression.ResultsFactor analysis revealed a four‐factor model for individual‐level abortion stigma: worries about judgment, isolation, self‐judgment and community condemnation (Cronbach's alphas, 0.8–0.9). Catholic and Protestant women experienced higher levels of stigma than nonreligious women (coefficients, 0.23 and 0.18, respectively). On the subscales, women with the strongest religious beliefs had higher levels of self‐judgment and greater perception of community condemnation than only somewhat religious women. Additional differences were found by race, age, education, religiosity and motherhood status on the subscales.ConclusionThis valid and reliable scale can be used in research examining abortion stigma and related outcomes (e.g., women's health, relationships and behavior). The scale can also be used to evaluate programs and interventions that aim to reduce the stigma experienced by women who have abortions.
Fish and its fisherman. Paradigmatic and derivative length in Czech
Authors: Sukač Roman 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
It is argued that Czech length can be described as both “paradigmatic” and “derivative”. Derivative quantity is a cover term for any quantitative changes connected with derivation of words. Paradigmatic quantity means the distribution of quantity in declination and conjugation. My analysis here is limited to mainly disyllabic nouns and their disyllabic derivatives with -ař/-ář suffix (type rybář). Paradigmatic quantity depends on the key paradigmatic cases and nouns can be distributed among quantitative paradigms. Derivative quantity does not change in flexion and its distribution depends on the existence of the disyllabic, maximally threemoraic domain. However, this domain is regular only in certain derivative categories and only in certain synchronic level.
Textile Sensor- und Aktuatorlösungen für Prävention und Rehabilitation
Authors: Zschenderlein Dirk , Reichmann Volkmar , Möhring Uwe , Hanus Sibylle , Oschatz Heike , Gnewuch Katharina , Neudeck Andreas 
Published: May 2013

Zusammenfassung
In der Medizin wird eine Vielzahl funktioneller Textilien eingesetzt, da sie ein Höchstmaß an geometrischer und mechanischer Flexibilität bieten und die im Bereich der Prävention geforderte gute Patientencompliance gewährleisten. Die Integration von Sensoren und Aktuatoren in die Bekleidung selbst bietet dabei innovative Lösungen für die Prävention und Rehabilitation. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass vor allem textilbasierte Präventions- und Rehabilitationssysteme dem Patienten bestmögliche Mobilität und Lebensqualität kombiniert mit höchstem Komfort bieten.
Entwicklung eines Sensors zur spezifischen Proteindetektion am Beispiel von Norovirus-Kapsidprotein
Authors: Päßler Sandra , Vonau Winfried , Mertig Michael , Henseleit Anja , Quenzel Philipp , Boschke Elke , Lange Ada , Jäger Katrin , Rohayem Jacques , Pohl Andrea , Opitz Jörg , Haufe Nora 
Published: May 2013

Zusammenfassung
Es werden die Ergebnisse zur Entwicklung von molekular basierten Prinzipien zur Detektion von Proteinen z.B. Virusproteinen dargestellt. Diese bestehen im Wesentlichen im Nachweis der spezifischen Interaktion der Aptamere mit Proteinen durch impedimetrische Messverfahren und der Oberflächenplasmonenresonanz-Spektroskopie. Zudem werden die rekombinante Expression des Kapsidproteins des Norovirus und dessen Verwendung zur Selektion Norovirus-spezifischer Aptamere beschrieben.
Kamerabasierte Erfassung kardiorespiratorischer Signale
Authors: Lempe Georg , Zaunseder Sebastian , Wirthgen Tom , Zipser Stephan , Malberg Hagen 
Published: May 2013

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Artikel wird ein Messstand vorgestellt, der es ermöglicht, kamerabasierte Verfahren zur Erfassung kardiorespiratorischer Biosignale zu charakterisieren und weiterzuentwickeln. Zur Untersuchung der Möglichkeiten dieser Verfahren wurde der Messstand so entwickelt, dass konventionelle Biosignale zeitlich synchron mit den Daten verschiedener Kameras aufgenommen werden können. Zusätzlich zur technischen Realisierung des Messstandes werden die Ergebnisse zweier Pilotstudien zur kamerabasierten Erfassung der mittleren Atemfrequenz und der mittleren Herzrate präsentiert.
Evidence-Based Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Acne
Authors: Eichenfield Lawrence F. , Krakowski Andrew C. , Piggott Caroline , Del Rosso James , Baldwin Hilary , Friedlander Sheila Fallon , Levy Moise , Lucky Anne , Mancini Anthony J. , Orlow Seth J. , Yan Albert C. , Vaux Keith K. , Webster Guy , Zaenglein Andrea L. , Thiboutot Diane M. 
Published: May 2013

INTRODUCTION:
Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin conditions in children and adolescents. The presentation, differential diagnosis, and association of acne with systemic pathology differs by age of presentation. Current acknowledged guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pediatric acne are lacking, and there are variations in management across the spectrum of primary and specialty care. The American Acne and Rosacea Society convened a panel of pediatric dermatologists, pediatricians, and dermatologists with expertise in acne to develop recommendations for the management of pediatric acne and evidence-based treatment algorithms.

METHODS:
Ten major topic areas in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric acne were identified. A thorough literature search was performed and articles identified, reviewed, and assessed for evidence grading. Each topic area was assigned to 2 expert reviewers who developed and presented summaries and recommendations for critique and editing. Furthermore, the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy, including ratings for the strength of recommendation for a body of evidence, was used throughout for the consensus recommendations for the evaluation and management of pediatric acne. Practical evidence-based treatment algorithms also were developed.

RESULTS:
Recommendations were put forth regarding the classification, diagnosis, evaluation, and management of pediatric acne, based on age and pubertal status. Treatment considerations include the use of over-the-counter products, topical benzoyl peroxide, topical retinoids, topical antibiotics, oral antibiotics, hormonal therapy, and isotretinoin. Simplified treatment algorithms and recommendations are presented in detail for adolescent, preadolescent, infantile, and neonatal acne. Other considerations, including psychosocial effects of acne, adherence to treatment regimens, and the role of diet and acne, also are discussed.

CONCLUSIONS:
These expert recommendations by the American Acne and Rosacea Society as reviewed and endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics constitute the first detailed, evidence-based clinical guidelines for the management of pediatric acne including issues of special concern when treating pediatric patients.
Capital Gains Taxes and Stock Return Volatility
Authors: Dai Zhonglan , Shackelford Douglas A. , Zhang Harold H. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an empirical investigation of the impact of capital gains taxes on stock return volatility. We predict that the more stock returns are subject to capital gains taxation, the greater the increase in return volatility following a capital gains tax rate cut due to reduced risk-sharing in firms' cash flows between shareholders and the government. Consistent with this prediction, we find larger increases in the return volatility for more appreciated stocks than for less appreciated stocks and for non-dividend-paying stocks than for dividend-paying stocks after both 1978 and 1997 capital gains tax rate reductions. The findings imply that capital gains taxes convey a heretofore overlooked benefit of lower stock return volatility.
Obesity and the Food Environment: Income and Ethnicity Differences Among People With Diabetes
Authors: Jones-Smith Jessica C. , Karter Andrew J. , Warton E. Margaret , Kelly Maggi , Kersten Ellen , Moffet Howard H. , Adler Nancy , Schillinger Dean , Laraia Barbara A. 
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVE
It is unknown whether any association between neighborhood food environment and obesity varies according to individual income and/or race/ethnicity. The objectives of this study were to test whether there was an association between food environments and obesity among adults with diabetes and whether this relationship differed according to individual income or race/ethnicity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Subjects (n = 16,057) were participants in the Diabetes Study of Northern California survey. Kernel density estimation was used to create a food environment score for each individual’s residence address that reflected the mix of healthful and unhealthful food vendors nearby. Logistic regression models estimated the association between the modeled food environment and obesity, controlling for confounders, and testing for interactions between food environment and race/ethnicity and income.

RESULTS
The authors found that more healthful food environments were associated with lower obesity in the highest income groups (incomes 301–600% and &gt;600% of U.S. poverty line) among whites, Latinos, and Asians. The association was negative, but smaller and not statistically significant, among high-income blacks. On the contrary, a more healthful food environment was associated with higher obesity among participants in the lowest-income group (&lt;100% poverty threshold), which was statistically significant for black participants in this income category.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that the availability of healthful food environments may have different health implications when financial resources are severely constrained.
Chronotype Is Independently Associated With Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Reutrakul Sirimon , Hood Megan M. , Crowley Stephanie J. , Morgan Mary K. , Teodori Marsha , Knutson Kristen L. , Van Cauter Eve 
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVE
To examine whether chronotype and daily caloric distribution are associated with glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes independently of sleep disturbances.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patients with type 2 diabetes had a structured interview and completed questionnaires to collect information on diabetes history and habitual sleep duration, quality, and timing. Shift workers were excluded. A recently validated construct derived from mid-sleep time on weekends was used as an indicator of chronotype. One-day food recall was used to compute the temporal distribution of caloric intake. Hierarchical linear regression analyses controlling for demographic and sleep variables were computed to determine whether chronotype was associated with HbA1c values and whether this association was mediated by a higher proportion of caloric intake at dinner.

RESULTS
We analyzed 194 completed questionnaires. Multiple regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, insulin use, depressed mood, diabetes complications, and perceived sleep debt found that chronotype was significantly associated with glycemic control (P = 0.001). This association was partially mediated by a greater percentage of total daily calories consumed at dinner.

CONCLUSIONS
Later chronotype and larger dinner were associated with poorer glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes independently of sleep disturbances. These results suggest that chronotype may be predictive of disease outcomes and lend further support to the role of the circadian system in metabolic regulation.
“Never Some Easy Flashback”
Authors: Armstrong Charles 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This paper provides a close reading of Paul Farley’s 160-line poem, “Thorns.” The poem is read in dialogue with William Wordsworth’s celebrated Romantic ballad “The Thorn.” Special attention is given to Farley’s treatment of memory and metaphor: It is shown how the first, exploratory part of the poem elaborates upon the interdependent nature of memory and metaphor, while the second part uses a more regulated form of imagery in its evocation of a generational memory linked to a particular place and time (the working-class Liverpool of the 1960s and 1970s). The tension between the two parts of the poem is reflected in the taut relationship between the poet and a confrontational alter ego. Wordsworth’s importance for Farley is shown to inhere not only in the Lake Poet’s use of personal memory, but also the close connection between his poetry and place, as well as a strongly self-reflective strain that results in an interminable process of self-determination. Farley’s independence as a poet also comes across, though, and is for instance in evidence in his desire to avoid the “booby trap” of too simple appropriation of the methods and motifs of his Romantic predecessor.
“The Tenth Talented” v. “The Hundredth Talented”: W. E .B. Du Bois’s Two Versions on the Leadership of the African American Community in the 20th Century
Authors: Jucan Marius 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Comparing two essays written by Du Bois at a great interval of time, “The Tenth Talented” (1903) and “The Hundredth Talented” or the “Guiding Hundredth” (1948), the author of this article intends to deal with Du Bois’s endeavor to cohere culturally and politically an answerable and duty-bound black leadership, and to acknowledge the different accents laid by the author of The Souls of Black Folk on culture and on politics. An accomplished essayist and journalist, a foremost militant for the cause of black emancipation, Du Bois strove to persuade both white and the black audience about the role of high culture, an idea which perfectly matched the towering ideals of Victorian culture, but ran counter to the rapid urbanization of America, and later on, to the times of the Great Depression. The utopian solving chosen by Du Bois in “The Hundredth Talented” mirrors the conflict between the political convictions of a great mind and American reality, as well as the winding course of intellectual ideas which brought black emancipation into life, only in the midst of the last century.
Identity and War in Michael Ondaatje’s
Authors: Enescu Anamaria 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of identity in relation to war through a close reading of Michael Ondaatje’s The English Patient. It investigates the connections between war and the construction of identity, focusing on aspects such as violence and death. In his novel Ondaatje uncovers private histories alongside the framing events of World War Two. Kip’s perception of war and his way of living through it suggest that the engagement on the world’s battlefield is riddled with inner conflicts separating people or bringing them together. In The English Patient what is at issue is the quest for a redefinition of the self: Hanna, Kirpal Singh and Almásy attempt to liberate the self through an investigation of the past. Thus, the novel problematizes the convolutions of human interaction zooming in on ideas of movement and metamorphosis as thematized in the war plot, functioning as the fundamental mechanisms that shape identity.
Character as a Vanishing Point in American Experimental Fiction
Authors: Karoui-Elounelli Salwa 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
My paper discusses the construction of character in some American experimental narratives within the optical paradigm of the vanishing point. In a first part the investment of the pictorial notion of the vanishing point in Faulkner’s Light in August will be discussed as an instance of the occasional confrontation in Modernist fiction of the limits of literary representation, even if the pictorial category is adapted (and so limited) to the specific issue of biracial identity. In a second part, William Gass’s short story “Mrs. Mean” and Paul Auster’s The Locked Room will be examined as instances of a sustained critical recasting of the very concept of character. The trope of the vanishing point is consciously deployed in both texts to reinvent fictional character within the challenging scope of borderlines between presence and absence, the life-like (mimetic) and the purely verbal.