bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Inverted Trapezoidal Microstructures for Heat Transfer and Microfluidics Applications
Authors: Ems Henry , Ndao Sidy 
Published: December 2014

In the present work, a novel fabrication technique of inverted trapezoidal microstructures on a silicon substrate is presented. The novel microstructures caused the inherently hydrophilic silicon surface to become hydrophobic without the use of coating or thin film deposition. The microstructures were fabricated on a Silicon On Insulator (SOI) wafer through steps of photolithography, dry/wet etching, and bounding. Starting with a (100) plane SOI wafer, squares were patterned into a nitrite etch mask. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) anisotropic wet etchant was then used to etch the wafer, as a result created pits with flat sloping {111}-oriented sidewalls and a flat (100)-oriented bottom of the silicon device layer (i.e., at SiO2 layer). To get the inverted trapezoids, wafer bonding was carried out after etching, and the handle wafer along with the SiO2 layer were completely etched to expose the small openings of the trapezoids.
SEM images were taken to investigate the surface and to measure the dimensions of the square openings from both sides before and after bonding. Contact angle measurements demonstrated the ability of the novel surfaces to form Cassie wetting states with a liquid droplet, sustaining large contact angles above 90 degrees, whereas bare silicon surfaces were measured to have contact angles of around 40 degrees. Shifts in contact angles were attributed to air entrapment.
Gut Microbiota as an Epigenetic Regulator: Pilot Study Based on Whole-Genome Methylation Analysis
Authors: Kumar Himanshu , Lund Riikka , Laiho Asta , Lundelin Krista , Ley Ruth E. , Isolauri Erika , Salminen Seppo 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

The core human gut microbiota contributes to the developmental origin of diseases by modifying metabolic pathways. To evaluate the predominant microbiota as an epigenetic modifier, we classified 8 pregnant women into two groups based on their dominant microbiota, i.e.,
Bacteroidetes
,
Firmicutes
, and
Proteobacteria
. Deep sequencing of DNA methylomes revealed a clear association between bacterial predominance and epigenetic profiles. The genes with differentially methylated promoters in the group in which
Firmicutes
was dominant were linked to risk of disease, predominantly to cardiovascular disease and specifically to lipid metabolism, obesity, and the inflammatory response. This is one of the first studies that highlights the association of the predominant bacterial phyla in the gut with methylation patterns. Further longitudinal and in-depth studies targeting individual microbial species or metabolites are recommended to give us a deeper insight into the molecular mechanism of such epigenetic modifications.

IMPORTANCE
Epigenetics encompasses genomic modifications that are due to environmental factors and do not affect the nucleotide sequence. The gut microbiota has an important role in human metabolism and could be a significant environmental factor affecting our epigenome. To investigate the association of gut microbiota with epigenetic changes, we assessed pregnant women and selected the participants based on their predominant gut microbiota for a study on their postpartum methylation profile. Intriguingly, we found that blood DNA methylation patterns were associated with gut microbiota profiles. The gut microbiota profiles, with either
Firmicutes
or
Bacteroidetes
as a dominant group, correlated with differential methylation status of gene promoters functionally associated with cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, differential methylation of gene promoters linked to lipid metabolism and obesity was observed. For the first time, we report here a position of the predominant gut microbiota in epigenetic profiling, suggesting one potential mechanism in obesity with comorbidities, if proven in further in-depth studies.
Flow diverter stent treatment for ruptured basilar trunk perforator aneurysms
Authors: Peschillo Simone , Caporlingua Alessandro , Cannizzaro Delia , Resta Mariachiara , Burdi Nicola , Valvassori Luca , Pero Guglielmo , Lanzino Giuseppe 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveBasilar trunk perforator (BTP) aneurysms are rare. Treatment options traditionally considered for these uncommon lesions have included direct surgery, endovascular therapy, or conservative management. Flow diverters represent a newer therapeutic option for BTP aneurysms but pitfalls and complications are unknown. We describe three patients with BTP aneurysms treated with flow diverter stents.MethodsAll three patients had ruptured BTP aneurysms and, after loading doses of dual antiplatelet agents, underwent treatment with a flow diverter alone (two patients) or in combination with an intracranial stent (one patient).ResultsComplications directly (two thromboembolic events) or indirectly (one hemorrhage at the external ventricular drain site, probably facilitated by the dual antiplatelet therapy) occurred in all three patients and resulted in permanent morbidity in one case. Imaging follow-up confirmed obliteration in all three patients, and no episodes of rebleeding from the aneurysms were observed at follow-up.ConclusionsFlow diverters are effective in obliterating BTP aneurysms. However, given the challenges and complications encountered, especially in patients with ruptured lesions, their use must be carefully weighed against other available therapeutic modalities, including observation.
Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transitioned Circulating Tumor Cells Capture for Detecting Tumor Progression
Authors: Satelli Arun , Mitra Abhisek , Brownlee Zachary , Xia Xueqing , Bellister Seth , Overman Michael J. , Kopetz Scott , Ellis Lee M. , Meng Qing H. , Li Shulin 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to detect cell-surface vimentin (CSV) on the surface of epithelial–mesenchymal transitioned (EMT) circulating tumor cells (CTC) from blood of patients with epithelial cancers.
Experimental Design: In this study, 101 patients undergoing postsurgery adjuvant chemotherapy for metastatic colon cancer were recruited. EMT CTCs were detected from blood of patients using the 84-1 monoclonal antibody against CSV as a marker. EMT CTCs isolated were characterized further using EMT-specific markers, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and single-cell mutation analysis.
Results: Using the 84-1 antibody, we detected CSV exclusively on EMT CTCs from a variety of tumor types but not in the surrounding normal cells in the blood. The antibody exhibited very high specificity and sensitivity toward different epithelial cancer cells. With this antibody, we detected and enumerated EMT CTCs from patients. From our observations, we defined a cutoff of &lt;5 or ≥5 EMT CTCs as the optimal threshold with respect to therapeutic response using ROC curves. Using this defined threshold, the presence of ≥5 EMT CTCs was associated with progressive disease, whereas patients with &lt;5 EMT CTCs showed therapeutic response.
Conclusion: Taken together, the number of EMT CTCs detected correlated with the therapeutic outcome of the disease. These results establish CSV as a universal marker for EMT CTCs from a wide variety of tumor types and thus provide the foundation for emerging CTC detection technologies and for studying the molecular regulation of these EMT CTCs. Clin Cancer Res; 21(4); 899–906. ©2014 AACR.
Safety and Effect of Metoclopramide to Prevent Pneumonia in Patients With Stroke Fed via Nasogastric Tubes Trial
Authors: Warusevitane Anushka , Karunatilake Dumin , Sim Julius , Lally Frank , Roffe Christine 
Published: December 2014

Background and Purpose—
Pneumonia is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with stroke fed via nasogastric tubes and may be because of vomiting and gastro-oesophageal regurgitation. The aim of the study was to assess whether regular treatment with metoclopramide, a D2-receptor antagonist with antiemetic and gastric prokinetic actions, could reduce the rate of aspiration and pneumonia.

Methods—
Patients with no signs of pneumonia within 7 days of stroke onset and 48 hours of insertion of a nasogastric tube were recruited into a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Participants received metoclopramide 10 mg or placebo 3× daily via the nasogastric tube for 21 days or until nasogastric feeds were discontinued. Clinical signs of pneumonia were recorded daily. Pneumonia was diagnosed if the patient had relevant clinical signs, high inflammatory markers, and new infiltrates on the chest radiograph.

Results—

Sixty patients (mean age, 78 years; 38 women; mean National Institutes for Health Stroke Scale score, 19.25) were randomized in a 1:1 ratio. There were significantly more episodes of pneumonia in the placebo group than in the metoclopramide group (rate ratio, 5.24;
P
<0.001). There were also significant differences in favor of metoclopramide in the rate of aspiration, oxygen saturation, highest inflammatory markers, and National Institutes for Health Stroke Scale. There was no significant difference in mortality between the groups.

Conclusions—
This study suggests that metoclopramide may reduce the rate of pneumonia and may improve other clinical outcomes in patients with subacute stroke fed via nasogastric tube. These findings need to be confirmed in larger randomized and blinded trials.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu
. EudraCT no: 2006-002570-22, URL:
http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN18034911/18034911
.
Hyaluronidase in ophthalmic evisceration surgery
Authors: Gul Adem , Can Ertugrul , Niyaz Leyla , Yucel Ozlem Eski , Duran Mustafa , Ariturk Nursen 
Published: December 2014

Background To research the effectiveness of hyaluronidase in evisceration surgery. Methods A total of 34 patients were studied as three groups: conventional surgery group ( n = 13); isotonic fluid group ( n = 8); and hyaluronidase group ( n = 13). Hyaluronidase and isotonic fluid were introduced into the uveo-scleral space. Intraocular content was removed, if possible by a one-scoop method, with the aid of a spoon. Results Removing all the intraocular content as a one-scoop method was achieved in 10 of 13 (77%) in the hyaluronidase group and four of eight (50%) in the isotonic fluid group. The one-scoop method was not possible in any case without the introduction of fluid. The mean durations for the evisceration procedure were 32, 36.6 and 40.5 min in the three groups, respectively ( P < 0.05). Conclusions Using hyaluronidase in evisceration surgery greatly facilitates and speeds up the removal of all the intraocular content in ophthalmic evisceration surgery.
“First do no harm.” A systematic review of the prevalence and management of antipsychotic adverse effects
Authors: Young Su Ling , Taylor Mark , Lawrie Stephen M 
Published: December 2014

Aims: We aim to identify the prevalence and management strategies of nine clinically important categories of antipsychotic adverse effects, namely: extrapyramidal symptoms; sedation; weight gain; type II diabetes; hyperprolactinaemia; metabolic syndrome, dyslipidaemia; sexual dysfunction; and cardiovascular effects. Background: Antipsychotic drugs are widely prescribed for schizophrenia and other mental disorders. The adverse effects of antipsychotics are common, with a potential negative impact on adherence and engagement. Despite this, the scientific study of the prevalence or management of adverse antipsychotic effects is a neglected area. Method: A systematic review was undertaken using pre-defined search criteria and three databases, with hand searching of citations and references. Inclusion was agreed on by two independent researchers after review of abstracts or full text. Quality analysis of included studies was conducted using pre-agreed criteria. Results: In total, 53 studies met inclusion criteria, revealing the following: (1) antipsychotic polypharmacy was associated with increased frequency of adverse effects, and (2) a longer duration of treatment is associated with greater severity (e.g. higher BMI); (3) clozapine was more strongly associated with metabolic disturbance than other antipsychotics in three studies and olanzapine was associated with the most weight gain in three studies; (4) hyperprolactinaemia was more common in women than men, but 50% men noted sexual dysfunction versus 25–50% in women; (5) despite clinical guideline recommendations there is a low rate of baseline testing for lipids and glucose; and (6) seven studies described adverse effect management strategies, but only two examined their efficacy – one found a significant reduction in weight with non-pharmacological group therapy and the other found a significant reduction in dyslipidaemia with statins. Conclusions: Antipsychotic adverse effects are diverse and frequently experienced, but are not often systematically assessed. There is a need for further scientific study concerning the management of these side effects.
Similarities and differences between pediatric and adult patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Tarr T , Dérfalvi B , Győri N , Szántó A , Siminszky Z , Malik A , Szabó A J , Szegedi G , Zeher M 
Published: December 2014

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease with highest prevalence among women of childbearing age. However, children younger than 16 years also can develop SLE (childhood-onset lupus/juvenile-type SLE). The aim of our study was to compare the clinical course of adult and pediatric-onset SLE. Data from 342 adult patients followed at the University of Debrecen, Hungary, and 79 children documented in the Hungarian National Pediatric SLE registry were analyzed using hospital medical records. Organ manifestations, laboratory parameters, and immunoserological characteristics were reviewed and the results were evaluated using SPSS for Windows software. Gender distribution was not significantly different between groups with disease starting in childhood vs adulthood. The prevalence of the following manifestations was significantly higher for pediatric than for adult-onset disease including: lupus nephritis (43% pediatric vs 26.4% for adult-onset), hematological disorders (57% vs 36.4%), photosensitivity (20% vs 9%), butterfly rash (61% vs 35.5%) and mucosal ulceration (11.4% vs 4%). For adult-onset SLE, neurological symptoms (30% vs 6%) and polyarthritis (86% vs 68%) occurred significantly more frequently than in children. Anti-SSA, anti-SSB and antiphospholipid antibodies were detected at significantly higher levels in adult-onset patients compared to those in pediatrics. Children were more commonly given high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment (6.3% vs 0.6%) and mycophenolate mofetil (15.2% vs 5.3%) than adults. These results suggest that pediatric and adult-onset SLE differ in multiple aspects, and it is important to recognize these differences for optimal treatment and prognosis of these patients.
Analysis of disease activity and response to treatment in a large Spanish cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Pego-Reigosa J M , Rúa-Figueroa Í , López-Longo F J , Galindo-Izquierdo M , Calvo-Alén J , Olivé-Marqués A , del Campo V , García-Yébenes M J , Loza-Santamaría E , Blanco R , Melero-González R , Vela-Casasempere P , Otón-Sánchez T , Tomero-Muriel E , Uriarte-Isacelaya E , Fito-Manteca M C , Freire-González M , Narváez J , Fernández-Nebro A , Zea-Mendoza A , Carlos Rosas J 
Published: December 2014

Objectives The objectives of this paper are to study the impact of disease activity in a large cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and estimate the rate of response to therapies. Methods We conducted a nationwide, retrospective, multicenter, cross-sectional cohort study of 3658 SLE patients. Data on demographics, disease characteristics: activity (SELENA-SLEDAI), damage, severity, hospitalizations and therapies were collected. Factors associated with refractory disease were identified by logistic regression. Results A total of 3658 patients (90% female; median SLE duration (interquartile range): 10.4 years (5.3–17.1)) were included. At the time of their last evaluation, 14.7% of the patients had moderate-severe SLE (SELENA-SLEDAI score ≥6). There were 1954 (53.4%) patients who were hospitalized for activity at least once over the course of the disease. At some stage, 84.6% and 78.8% of the patients received glucocorticoids and antimalarials, respectively, and 51.3% of the patients received at least one immunosuppressant. Owing to either toxicity or ineffectiveness, cyclophosphamide was withdrawn in 21.5% of the cases, mycophenolate mofetil in 24.9%, azathioprine in 40.2% and methotrexate in 46.8%. At some stage, 7.3% of the patients received at least one biologic. A total of 898 (24.5%) patients had refractory SLE at some stage. Renal, neuropsychiatric, vasculitic, hematological and musculoskeletal involvement, a younger age at diagnosis and male gender were associated with refractory disease. Conclusions A significant percentage of patients have moderately-to-severely active SLE at some stage. Disease activity has a big impact in terms of need for treatment and cause of hospitalization. The effectiveness of the standard therapies for reducing disease activity is clearly insufficient. Some clinical features are associated with refractory SLE.
Report of an outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection caused by ribotype 053 in a neurosurgery unit
Authors: Nagar Aaron , Yew Peter , Fairley Derek , Hanrahan Mary , Cooke Stephen , Thompson Irene , Elbaz Wesam 
Published: December 2014

Background: We describe an outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) with ribotype 053, a possible hypervirulent strain that causes outbreaks, in a neurosurgical unit. Outbreak investigation: The outbreak was investigated by creating a timeline of all toxin positive patients with root cause analysis, supplemented with ribotyping results, hand hygiene and environmental audits. There were five cases of CDI, three caused by ribotype 053 indicating transmission. Infection prevention measures: These included a short period of ward closure to allow enhanced cleaning, including use of vaporised hydrogen peroxide, isolation of infected patients, reinforcement of hand hygiene, education of all staff on C. difficile, reduction of shared bay occupancy from six to four, and addressing staffing levels. Discussion: The patients with ribotype 053 all had long inpatient stays and had required several courses of broad-spectrum antibiotics for aspiration pneumonia. They also required enteral feeding, which can cause diarrhoea, and during long inpatient stays they had multiple toxin negative faecal samples making clinical diagnosis of CDI difficult. Hence they were not isolated promptly, leading to transmission. This is the first reported outbreak of C. difficile ribotype 053 in the UK and highlights the unique aspects of an outbreak in neurosurgical patients.
Influence of volar and dorsal static orthoses in different wrist positions on muscle activation and grip strength in healthy subjects
Authors: Marcolino Alexandre M , Fonseca Marisa , Colombari Fernanda , Rodrigues Eula , Tamanini Guilherme , Barbosa Rafael 
Published: December 2014

Introduction Orthoses are indicated for injuries of the wrist, although there is weak evidence for its influence on extensor muscle activation patterns. The purpose of this study was to compare two designs of volar and dorsal wrist orthoses in several positions, from flexion to extension, by surface electromyography wrist extensor muscle activation and grip strength in healthy subjects. Methods We analysed extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus, extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor digitorum comunis muscle activity by surface electromyography. The volunteers performed maximum and submaximum (50%) isometric grips, which were evaluated with a Jamar™ dynamometer using volar and dorsal orthoses with several positions of the wrist (0°, 15° and 30°), both in flexion and extension ( p < 0.05). Results Our results showed a significant decrease in extensor muscle activation at 15° and 30° of wrist extension in both volar and dorsal orthoses at 100% and 50% of maximum task. A decrease was also found at rest at 15° of wrist flexion volar orthoses. Decreased grip strength was found at 15° and 30° of wrist flexion in both volar and dorsal orthoses. Conclusions Based on the results of this sample, we would suggest, as orthotic prescriptions, 15° or 30° wrist extension orthoses as a supporting therapeutic modality for performance in new studies with lateral epicondylitis in association with low-intensity grip activity; or 15° of wrist flexion volar orthoses for rest, depending on the chronicity of the disease and individual assessment. Future studies with symptomatic patients are needed to confirm these findings.
Affinity of FVIII-specific antibodies reveals major differences between neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies in humans
Authors: Hofbauer Christoph J. , Whelan Shawn F. J. , Hirschler Maria , Allacher Peter , Horling Frank M. , Lawo John-Philip , Oldenburg Johannes , Tiede Andreas , Male Christoph , Windyga Jerzy , Greinacher Andreas , Knöbl Paul N. , Schrenk Gerald , Koehn Jadranka , Scheiflinger Friedrich , Reipert Birgit M. 
Published: December 2014

Key Points
A new technology is presented to assess apparent affinities of FVIII-specific antibodies, differentiated for isotypes and IgG subclasses. Affinities of FVIII-specific antibodies in patients with FVIII inhibitors are up to 100-fold higher than in patients without inhibitors.
At the Bedside: The emergence of group 2 innate lymphoid cells in human disease
Authors: Peebles R Stokes 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
ILC2s have been primarily identified at environmental-mucosal interfaces and can be activated quickly by environmental antigens and pathogens to produce large quantities of IL-5 and IL-13. As a result of the production of these cytokines, ILC2s have been implicated in the host response to allergens, viruses, and parasites. However, the exact role of ILC2s in any human disease state is presently unknown, as specifically eliminating these cells is not possible, given that potentially targetable cell-surface markers are shared with other immune cells. Likewise, selectively and completely inhibiting ILC2 activation is also not currently possible, as several activating cytokines, IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP, act in redundancy or are not specific for ILC2 stimulation. Therefore, at this point, we can only identify the relative abundance of ILC2s in organs and tissue identified as being involved in specific diseases, and the contribution of ILC2s in human disease can only be inferred from mouse studies. Given these limitations, in this article, we will review the studies that have examined the presence of ILC2s in human disease states and speculate on their possible role in disease pathogenesis. The intent of the review is to identify priority areas for basic research based on clinical research insights.
Henryana magnifica Yoshimoto (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Brazil: New Records for the Amazon Rainforest and Brazilian Dry Forest
Authors: Fernandes Daniell Rodrigo Rodrigues , Schoeninger Karine , Lara Rogéria Inês Rosa , Perioto Nelson Wanderley 
Published: December 2014

Henryana magnifica Yoshimoto (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is reported for the first time in an Amazon rainforest area of Amazonas State and in a Brazilian Dry Forest area of Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil.
Henryana magnifica Yoshimoto (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) no Brasil: Novos registros para a Floresta Amazônica e Caatinga

Resumo. Henryana magnifica Yoshimoto (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é relatada pela primeira vez em uma área de Floresta Amazônica do Estado do Amazonas e em uma área de Caatinga no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil.