bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Biomass Pretreatment Process Time on Furfural Extraction from Birch Wood
Authors: Brazdausks Prans , Puke Maris , Vedernikovs Nikolajs , Kruma Irena 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Furfural is a biomass derived-chemical that can be used to replace petrochemicals. In this study, dilute sulphuric acid hydrolysis was used for hemicelluloses secession from birch wood. The reaction was investigated at different biomass treatment times (10-90 min, increasing it by 10 min). We found that the greatest amount of furfural 1.4-2.6%, which is 9.7-17.7% from theoretical possible yield, was formed in the first 30 min of the beginning of birch wood pentoses monosaccharide dehydration, but the greatest yield of furfural 10.3%, which is 70.0% from the theoretical yield, can be obtained after 90 min. Given that furfural yield generally does not exceed 50% from the theoretical amount, the result can be considered as very good.
Design and Economic Analysis of a Heating/Absorption Cooling System Operating with Municipal Solid Waste Digester: A Case Study of Gazi University
Authors: Coşar Gökhan , Pooyanfar Mirparham , Amirabedin Ehsan , Topal Hüseyin 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Recovering energy from municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the most important issues of energy management in developed countries. This raises even more interest as world fossil fuel reserves diminish and fuel prices rise. Being one of main processes of waste disposal, anaerobic digestion can be used as a means to reduce fossil fuel and electricity consumption as well as reducing emissions. With growing demand for cooling in Turkey, especially during warm seasons and considering the energy costs, utilizing heat-driven absorption cooling systems coupled with an anaerobic digester for local cooling purposes is a potentially interesting alternative for electricity driven compression cooling. The aim of this article is to study the viability of utilizing biogas obtained from MSW anaerobic digestion as the main fuel for heating facilities of Gazi University, Turkey and also the energy source for an absorption cooling system designed for the central library of the aforementioned campus. The results prove that the suggested system is sustainably and financially appealing and has the potential to replace the conventional electricity driven cooling systems with a reasonable net present worth; moreover, it can notably reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
Technologies for Decreasing Mining Losses
Authors: Valgma Ingo , Väizene Vivika , Kolats Margit , Saarnak Martin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn case of stratified deposits like oil shale deposit in Estonia, mining losses depend on mining technologies. Current research focuses on extraction and separation possibilities of mineral resources. Selective mining, selective crushing and separation tests have been performed, showing possibilities of decreasing mining losses. Rock crushing and screening process simulations were used for optimizing rock fractions. In addition mine backfilling, fine separation, and optimized drilling and blasting have been analyzed. All tested methods show potential and depend on mineral usage. Usage in addition depends on the utilization technology. The questions like stability of the material flow and influences of the quality fluctuations to the final yield are raised.
Improved Project Management via Advancement in Evaluation Methodology of Regional Cooperation Environmental Projects
Authors: Zvingule Laura , Kalnins Silvija Nora , Blumberga Dagnija , Gusca Julija , Bogdanova Marija , Muizniece Indra 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The financial mechanism within the European Union that is accessible for environmental issues is a tool by which it is possible to maintain and improve the state of the environment in the Baltic Sea region countries. However, the accessibility and use of finances cannot be considered indicators which mark the success of a programme. There are various evaluation types which can be conducted, such as ex ante to assess the impact desirable to help gauge what projects best to support. Ex post evaluations can also be applied to pool lessons learned to make recommendations for further development. Evaluation is important for checking progress, to further support successful initiatives and to avoid financing activities which do not produce results. Evaluation of environmental projects can be particularly difficult due to their diversity in approaches and applied technologies, however currently there is a risk to limit the assessment of projects to the activity-level (what outputs have been produced, such as number of seminars and publications or campaigns, technologies installed), rather than on the primary goal - specific impacts made on the environment. The goal of this research is to develop a methodology and set of indicators for the evaluation of environmental projects to improve the evaluation of project efficiency, impact and sustainability. Regional Cooperation Environmental Projects are selected and an evaluation is conducted on these projects.
Legendre multiwavelet collocation method for solving the linear fractional time delay systems
Authors: Yousefi Sohrab , Lotfi Ali 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In this article the Legendre multiwavelet basis with aid of collocation method has been applied to give approximate solution for fractional delay systems. The properties of Legendre multiwavelet are presented. These properties together with the collocation method are then utilized to reduce the problem to the solution of algebraic system. Numerical results and comparison with exact solutions in the cases when we have exact solution are given in test examples in order to demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of the method.
Two new odonate-like insect wings from the latest Norian of northern Germany
Authors: Barth Gregor , Nel André , Franz Matthias 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTTwo new well preserved odonate (damsel-dragonflies) insect wings from the latest Norian (Upper Triassic) of two different localities are described. Although the rather long distance of more than 250 km separates the localities, the holotypes occur in comparable lithologies and are thus described together. We describe an odonate forewing, Italophlebia baueri sp. n., from an abandoned quarry at Langenberg near Seinstedt north of the Harz Mountains (Lower Saxony), which is the first occurrence of this genus outside Italy. The second wing, Triassothemis gartzii sp. n., was found in the cored well Gartz 1 (NE Germany). In both occurrences the insect wings were associated with abundant autochthonous as well as allochthonous faunal and floral remnants of shallow subaquatic environments.
L'institution comme système. Une lecture systémique de l'institutionnel
Authors: Pain Jacques 
Published: October 2013

La pédagogie et la psychothérapie institutionnelles sont des pratiques que l’on peut lire comme systémiques. En effet, la structuration qu’elles revendiquent les situe dans une liaison opératoire de systèmes d’instances, d’activités, et de sous-systèmes articulant des institutions multiples, plurielles. Cette matrice de pensée qu’est l’Institutionnel a des fonctions génériques qui permettent de « systémiser » et systématiser des pratiques apparemment différentes, scolaires, éducatives, cliniques, à partir du moment où elles se reconnaissent comme institutionnelles.
Comment écrire un livre en équipe ? Liberté et créativité, structure et interactivité
Authors: Casimir Nathalie , Van den Broeck Danièle , Verdys Céline , Kinoo Philippe 
Published: October 2013

Il y a quatre ans, l’idée d’écrire un livre sur le travail en hôpital de jour pédopsychiatrique a été semée par l’un d’entre nous. L’idée a germé et le manuscrit s’est construit avec l’ensemble de l’équipe. Des réunions ont permis à chacun de se dévoiler un peu plus, d’exprimer ses émotions, de dire ses envies. Des binômes, des trios se sont organisés, chacun a mis en mots ses pratiques, ses doutes, ses savoir-faire, ses réflexions, avec cette envie de transmettre, de témoigner, de partager. Quel est le modèle institutionnel qui a permis une écriture collective ? Selon nous, c’est une expérience préalable de travail alliant d’une part cadre, structure et exigence, et d’autre part, liberté, créativité et interactivité de chacun dans son travail. L’article reprend deux types d’ateliers décrits dans le livre (« psychomotricité/école » et « ateliers avec parents ») pour illustrer le contenu de l’ouvrage. Ensuite, c’est le processus écriture, mis en résonance avec le « modèle institutionnel », qui est présenté.
ULF wave activity in high‐speed streams of the solar wind: Impact on the magnetosphere
Authors: Potapov A. S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn recent years, the study of solar‐magnetospheric interaction has increasingly been focusing on wave phenomena and the role of turbulence in the processes of energy and momentum transfer from the Sun to the Earth's magnetosphere. Here we consider one aspect of the problem — the impact of wave patterns associated with high‐speed solar wind streams (HSSs) on the variable geomagnetic field and the trapped radiation. The superposed epoch method was chosen as our research technique. We use observations of the solar wind plasma and the interplanetary magnetic field at libration point L1, as well as measurements of electron fluxes at geostationary orbit and of geomagnetic pulsations on ground. Data from 31 corotating interaction regions (CIR), their sources being coronal holes on the Sun, and 13 streams from coronal mass ejections (CME) were processed. The focus is on the regime of ultra‐low frequency (ULF) waves in high‐speed flows and ULF fluctuations in the magnetosphere. A significant difference has been revealed between the wave activity characteristics of the two HSS types in the solar wind and on the earth. Irregular pulses are typical for coronal mass ejections and wave‐like conditions are common for CIRs. For the latter, the temporal profile of the normalized ULF amplitude in the solar wind is similar to the pulsation amplitude profile on the ground. We also found that a high level of ULF activity in the magnetosphere during CIR intervals is favorable to 2 MeV electron flux enhancement, but does not affect the flux of less energetic electrons.
The effect of smoke emission amount on changes in cloud properties and precipitation: A case study of Canadian boreal wildfires of 2007
Authors: Lu Zheng , Sokolik Irina N. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe investigate the influence of wildfire smoke aerosols on cloud microphysics and precipitation using a coupled aerosol‐cloud microphysics‐meteorology model WRF‐Chem‐SMOKE. The Wildfire Automated Biomass Burning Algorithm products are used to compute “online” hourly size‐ and composition‐resolved smoke emission fluxes during Canadian boreal wildfires in the summer of 2007. Comparisons with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aerosol optical depth, Ozone Monitoring Instrument aerosol index, and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation vertical feature mask demonstrate that WRF‐Chem‐SMOKE captures both the horizontal and vertical spatial distribution of smoke. However, estimated smoke emissions result in much lower aerosol optical depth values than those of observations (by about tenfold). Modeling experiments with varying amounts of smoke emissions of 5 to 10 times as high as the original load reveal that low smoke load favors the collision‐coalescence process at a certain stage, leading to either positive or negative changes in the cloud water path (CWP) relative to smoke‐free conditions. For high smoke emissions, changes in CWP are positive, as large as 0.5 kg/m2. A domain‐integrated increase in CWP is proportional to smoke loading. By contrast, both positive and negative changes in the rain water path (RWP) and the snow water path (SWP) are found. While domain‐integrated changes in RWP are negative, those in SWP go from negative to positive under a high smoke load. Higher smoke loadings suppress precipitation initially, because of smoke‐induced reduction of the collision‐coalescence and riming processes, but ultimately cause an invigoration of precipitation. We found that precipitation is highly sensitive to 3‐D smoke fields and varies in a nonlinear manner with smoke loads.
Inflammatory Changes of the Lumbar Spine in Children and Adolescents With Enthesitis‐Related Arthritis: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings
Authors: Vendhan Kanimozhi , Sen Debajit , Fisher Corinne , Ioannou Yiannis , Hall‐Craggs Margaret A. 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo describe and profile abnormalities of the lumbar spine in a cohort of patients with enthesitis‐related arthritis (ERA) as compared to a control group of adolescents with mechanical back pain.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lumbar spine scans of 79 patients (58 cases, 21 controls). The study was covered by institutional review board approval and informed consent was obtained for review of all clinical investigations. Images were reviewed by an expert MRI reader who was blinded to clinical details. The presence or absence of morphologic features of enthesitis, apophyseal joint synovitis, and inflammation of posterior elements was assessed at each lumbar vertebral level. The apophyseal joint inflammation was graded from 0 to 3 using a grading system that was adapted from one used in adults with inflammatory facet osteoarthropathy. STATA software was used for data analysis.ResultsOne or more abnormalities of the lumbar spine were found in 39 (67%) of 58 cases and sacroiliitis was present in 45 (78%) of the cases. Apophyseal joint synovitis was seen in 22 (38%) cases and in 1 (5%) control patient. This difference was highly significant (P = 0.004). Inflammatory changes in the interspinous ligaments were seen in a higher percentage of cases than controls and this observation was of statistical significance (P = 0.04).ConclusionStatistically significant inflammation of the lumbar apophyseal joints and interspinous ligaments was seen in our cohort of ERA patients, most of whom have concurrent sacroiliitis. This could be contributing to back pain in these patients.
Challenges in Diagnosing Muckle‐Wells Syndrome: Identifying Two Distinct Phenotypes
Authors: Kuemmerle‐Deschner Jasmin B. , Dembi Samba Samuel , Tyrrell Pascal N. , Koné‐Paut Isabelle , Marie Isabelle , Deschner Norbert , Benseler Susanne M. 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveThe diagnosis of Muckle‐Wells syndrome (MWS) remains challenging due to the clinical heterogeneity and lack of diagnostic criteria. The aims of this study were to describe key elements of the diagnostic evaluation process in MWS and compare identified variables between patients diagnosed in childhood and adulthood.MethodsA cohort study of consecutive patients with a clinical and genetic diagnosis of MWS was conducted at 2 reference centers for autoinflammatory diseases. Demographic information, clinical presentation, access to care, and preclinical evaluation variables were captured. Presenting symptoms were compared between groups of patients diagnosed in childhood and adulthood. Prediction analysis explored variables associated with late diagnosis. Correspondence analysis identified clinical phenotypes.ResultsA total of 34 MWS patients were included (16 males, 18 females) and median age at diagnosis was 31.5 years (range 0.5–75 years). Patients diagnosed during childhood reported musculoskeletal symptoms (62%), rash (62%), fever (54%), and abdominal pain (31%). Those diagnosed as adults described musculoskeletal symptoms (86%), rash (67%), hearing loss (52%), and fatigue (29%). Hearing loss was associated with late diagnosis, while access‐to‐care variables were not predictive. Correspondence analysis identified distinct clinical phenotypes as follows: an “inflammatory phenotype” (most commonly seen in patients diagnosed in childhood and characterized by relapsing fever and abdominal pain), an intermediate phenotype, and an “organ‐disease” phenotype in patients diagnosed during adulthood and characterized by fatigue and hearing loss.ConclusionDistinct clinical phenotypes were identified in patients with MWS. These are closely related to age at diagnosis. The presence of these phenotypes has to be considered when developing diagnostic criteria for MWS.
Association of Knee Confidence With Pain, Knee Instability, Muscle Strength, and Dynamic Varus–Valgus Joint Motion in Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Skou Søren T. , Wrigley Tim V. , Metcalf Ben R. , Hinman Rana S. , Bennell Kim L. 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveTo investigate associations between self‐reported knee confidence and pain, self‐reported knee instability, muscle strength, and dynamic varus–valgus joint motion during walking.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data from 100 participants with symptomatic and radiographic medial tibiofemoral compartment osteoarthritis (OA) and varus malalignment recruited for a randomized controlled trial. The extent of knee confidence, assessed using a 5‐point Likert scale item from the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, was set as the dependent variable in univariable and multivariable ordinal regression, with pain during walking, self‐reported knee instability, quadriceps strength, and dynamic varus–valgus joint motion during walking as independent variables.ResultsOne percent of the participants were not troubled with lack of knee confidence, 17% were mildly troubled, 50% were moderately troubled, 26% were severely troubled, and 6% were extremely troubled. Significant associations were found between worse knee confidence and higher pain intensity, worse self‐reported knee instability, lower quadriceps strength, and greater dynamic varus–valgus joint motion. The multivariable model consisting of the same variables significantly accounted for 24% of the variance in knee confidence (P < 0.001).ConclusionWorse knee confidence is associated with higher pain, worse self‐reported knee instability, lower quadriceps muscle strength, and greater dynamic varus–valgus joint motion during walking. Since previous research has shown that worse knee confidence is predictive of functional decline in knee OA, addressing lack of knee confidence by treating these modifiable impairments could represent a new therapeutic target.
Interstitial deletion of 3p22.3p22.2 encompassing ARPP21 and CLASP2 is a potential pathogenic factor for a syndromic form of intellectual disability: A co‐morbidity model with additional copy number variations in a large family
Authors: Marangi Giuseppe , Orteschi Daniela , Milano Valentina , Mancano Giorgia , Zollino Marcella 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTWe describe a family in which four individuals (the mother and three children) presented with an overlapping phenotype of minor physical anomalies and intellectual disability. Four previously unreported copy number variants were found inherited either from the affected mother or from the healthy father, consisting of a 3p22.3p22.2 deletion (2.5 Mb), a 3p24.3 deletion (0.55 Mb), a 6q22.31 duplication (0.74 Mb), all maternally inherited, and an 18q11.2 duplication (0.276 Mb) which was paternally inherited. The deletions on chromosome 3 were both found to segregate with the disease. However, being the 0.55 Mb deleted segment on 3p24.3 devoid of genes, we considered that the 2.5 Mb deletion on 3p22.3p22.2 acts as major pathogenic rearrangement in this condition. Among the transcribed genes residing in this interval, ARPP21 and CLASP2 are proposed as good candidate genes on the basis of their functional properties. A co‐morbidity role for the other small rearrangements detected in the affected individuals in association with the 3p22.3p22.2 deletion is also suggested, according to a second‐side model of pathogenesis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Die Wissenschaft von Proteinen im Reich der organischen Chemie begründen: Totalsynthese von SEP (synthetisches Erythropoeseprotein)
Authors: Kent Stephen B. H. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractErythropoietin, bekannt als EPO, ist ein hormonelles Glycoprotein, das die Produktion von roten Blutkörperchen stimuliert. Rekombinantes EPO wurde als “die wohl erfolgreichste Droge, die durch die Revolution der rekombinanten DNA‐Technologie hervorgebracht wurde”, beschrieben. In jüngerer Zeit hat das EPO‐Glycoproteinmolekül eine Renaissance als bedeutendes Ziel der organischen Synthesechemie erfahren. In diesem Kurzaufsatz möchte ich auf frühere wichtige Arbeiten zur chemischen Synthese eines maßgeschneiderten EPO‐Analogons eingehen, das volle biologische Aktivität und verbesserte pharmakokinetische Eigenschaften aufwies. Das Design und die Synthese dieses “synthetischen Erythropoeseproteins” waren damals ihrer Zeit voraus und haben in den letzten Monaten wieder neue Bedeutung gewonnen. Ich möchte hier die Geschichte einer der wesentlichen Leistungen der Synthesechemie etwas detaillierter dokumentieren, als es in der Primärliteratur möglich ist, wobei auch auf den heutigen Kontext eingegangen werden soll.
Graphene Analogues of Inorganic Layered Materials
Authors: Rao C. N. R. , Ramakrishna Matte H. S. S. , Maitra Urmimala 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe discovery of graphene has created a great sensation in chemistry, physics, materials science, and related areas. The unusual properties of graphene have aroused interest in other layered materials, such as molybdenum sulfide and boron nitride. In the last few years, single‐ as well as few‐layer as well as chalcogenides and other inorganic materials have been prepared and characterized by a variety of methods. These materials possess interesting properties, and some have potential applications. This Review provides an up‐to‐date account of these emerging two‐dimensional nanomaterials. Not only are the synthesis and characterization covered, but also important aspects such as spectroscopic and optical properties, magnetic and electrical properties, as well as applications. Salient features of the composites formed from the layered inorganic structures with graphene and polymers are presented along with a brief description of borocarbonitrides.
The Role of China in Asia's Evolution to Global Economic Prominence
Authors: Das Dilip K 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe objective of this article is to show how China's rapid growth was instrumental in integrating Asian economies with each other and mutually supporting rise of a dynamic Asia. It demonstrates the thorough structural transformations that the Chinese and Asian economies underwent over the last three decades. In a short span of three decades Chinese economy made a sizeable regional and global niche for itself. China's vertiginous growth became instrumental in integrating the real economies in the region. China and the neighbouring Asian economies influenced and shaped each other's economic evolution. Trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and vertically integrated production networks were the principal channels of market‐led integration. China's rise as a regional economic power, before becoming a global one, was a substantially significant economic event. A defining moment in China's economic relationship with its Asian neighbours was the outbreak of the regional financial crisis in 1997–98. Similarly when the global financial crisis (2007–09) struck, China's macroeconomic fundamentals were strong, and it helped propel regional growth. In several other important ways, China sways not only the regional economies but also the global economy.