bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transforming the African Missionary Narrative: Rhetorical Innovation in Martin Delany'sOfficial Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party
Authors: McClish Glen 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThis rhetorical analysis investigates Martin Delany's (1861) innovative yet understudied Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party as a significant instance of nineteenth-century African American generic transformation and constitutive pan-Africanism. I explore how Delany recasts the genre of the mid-nineteenth-century African missionary narrative—with its white supremacist standpoint—into a lean, tightly controlled secular report intended to establish (1) Delany's African American readers’ agency as potential African emigrants; (2) the value of Delany's leadership in the emigration movement; and (3) a powerful constitutive pan-African ideological foundation for the emigration movement and for black uplift more generally.
RNA-Pareto: interactive analysis of Pareto-optimal RNA sequence-structure alignments
Authors: Schnattinger Thomas , Schöning Uwe , Marchfelder Anita , Kestler Hans A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Summary: Incorporating secondary structure information into the alignment process improves the quality of RNA sequence alignments. Instead of using fixed weighting parameters, sequence and structure components can be treated as different objectives and optimized simultaneously. The result is not a single, but a Pareto-set of equally optimal solutions, which all represent different possible weighting parameters. We now provide the interactive graphical software tool RNA-Pareto, which allows a direct inspection of all feasible results to the pairwise RNA sequence-structure alignment problem and greatly facilitates the exploration of the optimal solution set.
Availability and implementation: The software is written in Java 6 (graphical user interface) and C++ (dynamic programming algorithms). The source code and binaries for Linux, Windows and Mac OS are freely available at http://sysbio.uni-ulm.de and are licensed under the GNU GPLv3.
Contact: hans.kestler@uni-ulm.de
A radical route to interstellar propylene formation
Authors: Rawlings J. M. C. , Williams D. A. , Viti S. , Cecchi-Pestellini C. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Complex organic molecules, such as propylene (CH3CHCH2), are detected in molecular clouds (such as TMC1) with high fractional abundances (∼2 × 10−9, relative to hydrogen) that cannot be explained by gas-phase chemical reactions under normal dark-cloud conditions. To obtain such high abundances requires an efficient grain-driven chemistry to be operating, coupled with effective desorption of the complex organics back into the gas phase. We propose that the mechanism that we have previously described – rapid high-density gas-phase chemistry in the gas released following sudden, total, ice mantle sublimation – can explain the high abundances, without recourse to ill-defined surface chemical pathways. Our model provides a natural explanation for why it is that some sources harbour high abundances of propylene, whilst others do not, based on the age and level of dynamical activity within the source (which affects the ice composition), and the chemical composition of the ambient gas.
Stringent constraints on the H i spin temperature in two z &gt; 3 damped Lyman α systems from redshifted 21 cm absorption studies
Authors: Roy Nirupam , Mathur Smita , Gajjar Vishal , Patra Narendra Nath 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Physical properties of damped Lyman α (DLA) absorbers and their evolution are closely related to galaxy formation and evolution theories and have important cosmological implications. H i 21 cm absorption study is one useful way of measuring the temperature of these systems. In this work, very strong constraints on the temperature of two DLA absorbers at z &gt; 3 are derived from low radio frequency observations. The H i spin temperature is found to be greater than 2000 K for both the absorbers. The high spin temperature of these high-redshift systems is in agreement with the trend found in a compilation of temperatures for other DLA absorbers. We also argue that the temperature–metallicity relation, reported earlier in the literature, is unlikely to be a spurious line-of-sight effect, and that the redshift evolution of the spin temperature does not arise due to a selection effect. All of these are consistent with a redshift evolution of the warm gas fraction in DLA systems.
First Report of Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus Infecting Eggplant in Laos
Authors: Tang Y. F. , He Z. F. , Du Z. G. , Lu L. H. 
Published: September 2013

Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLCKaV) is a bipartite begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) reported to infect tomato and eggplant in Thailand and Vietnam (1,2). In April 2013, eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) plants exhibiting yellow mosaic symptoms were found in a suburb of Vientiane, Laos. Three symptomatic samples were collected. Total DNA was extracted from leaves by the CTAB method, and used as template for PCR using the degenerate primer pair AV494/CoPR (3). The PCR results suggested that the plants were infected by a begomovirus. The begomoviral genome was amplified by rolling circle amplification (RCA) with TempliPhi kit (GE Healthcare) following the manufacturer's protocol. RCA product was digested with the endonucleases BamH I, EcoR I, Hind III, Kpn I, Pst I, and Xba I, respectively. The fragments about 2.1 kbp (with Pst I digestion) and 1.5 kbp (with Xba I digestion) in size were cloned and sequenced. The sequence of the 2.1-kbp fragment showed similarity with begomovirus DNA-A component. A pair of primers for amplification of the full-length DNA-A, AF (5′-CTTCATCGTTTCTCAGCATCAT-3′) and AR (5′-CACTTGCACACGATCTCTAAGA-3′) were designed from the 2.1-kbp sequence. The full-length DNA-A was 2,752 nucleotides and encoded six putative ORFs (GenBank Accession No. KF218820). The sequence of the 1.5-kbp fragment shared similarity with begomoviruses DNA-B. The begomoviral circular DNA-B was amplified using the pair of primers BF (5′-GTAACAGCCGAAGTGCACG-3′) and BR (5′-AATGGAGAGACACCAGTCTGCC-3′) designed from the 1.5-kbp sequence. PCR yielded a product of expected size (~1.4 kbp). The full-length DNA-B sequence was obtained by assembling the two sequences. The DNA-B was 2,734 nucleotides and encoded two putative ORFs (GenBank Accession No. KF218821). The sequences of DNA-A and DNA-B of isolate Laos shared the highest nucleotide sequences identities at 99.0% and 98.0% with those of TYLCKaV-[TH:Kan 1:01] (AF511529), and [TH:Kan 2:Egg:01] (AF511527), respectively. The results indicated that the virus associated with eggplant yellow mosaic disease was an isolate of TYLCKaV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this begomovirus in Laos. Our results indicate that this virus may be spreading in Southeast Asia and scientists there should be aware of this virus when developing begomovirus-resistant varieties of tomato or eggplant. References: (1) S. K. Green et al. Plant Dis. 87:446, 2003. (2) C. Ha et al. J. Gen. Virol. 89:312, 2008.(3) Z. F. He et al. Arch. Virol. 154:1199, 2009.
First Report of Mature Citrus Trees Being Affected by Fusarium Wilt in Tunisia
Authors: Hannachi I. , Rezgui S. , Cherif M. 
Published: September 2013

Citrus is an important crop in Tunisia and over 98% of trees of all varieties are grafted on sour orange rootstock. Since September 2010, unusual wilt symptoms have been observed in Takilsa, Bni-Khaled, and Manzel Bouzalfa fields that eventually caused tree death. The disease was observed on 10- to 25-year-old trees of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) ‘Washington Navel’ and on ‘Clementine’ tangerines (C. tangerina) ‘Cassar,’ ‘Hernandina,’ and ‘MA3,’ all grafted on sour orange (C. aurantum) ‘Bigarade Gou Tou.’ The most conspicuous symptoms were wilting of sections of the canopy, chlorosis and epinasty of young leaves, and discoloration of vascular tissue. No root rot was observed. The problem was widespread with a disease incidence of 45 to 67%. Similar symptoms were described by Timmer et al. (2) on Mexican lime (C. aurantiifolia) nursery plants and some other species of citrus. Three representative isolates of Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. from crown were single-spored and identified by the production of characteristic, three- to five-celled, sickle-shaped macroconidia with foot-shaped basal cells, ellipsoid microconidia borne in false heads on short monophialides, and chlamydospores in culture (1). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA and the elongation factor (TEF 1-α) were amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 and (TEF1/TEF2), respectively. GenBank accessions of ITS region are KC282838, KC282839, and KC282840, for TEF 1-α region are KF531633, KF537336, and KF537337, showed 99% homology with isolates of F. oxysporum in Fusarium-ID data. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 7-month-old seedlings of sour orange using 10 plants for each of the three isolates. Prior to inoculation, roots were scraping with a sterile scalpel and plants were dipped in a conidial suspension of F. oxysporum (106 conidia ml–1) for 10 min. Each seedling was planted in a separate pot containing 0.7 liter of sterile soil. Non-inoculated plants with scraped roots dipped in sterile distilled water served as controls. Plants were irrigated and placed in a greenhouse at 24 ± 2°C and 12-h photoperiod. One month after inoculation, leaf chlorosis was observed and 2 months later, 90% of inoculated plants presented a severe wilt. Symptoms on infected plants were similar to those observed in the field. F. oxysporum was successfully re-isolated from the stems, thereby completing Koch's postulates. Genomic DNA was isolated from the re-isolations and PCR amplification of the ITS region was performed with the same primers. There was 100% nucleotide identity with sequences of the original isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fusarium wilt of citrus trees in Tunisia. The pathogen may represent a new form species because previously, the disease was only reported from lime and lemon. References: (1) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. Page 256 in: The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Hoboken, NJ, 2006. (2) L. W. Timmer et al. Phytopathology 72:698, 1982.
A Membrane-Bound NAC Transcription Factor, ANAC017, Mediates Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ng Sophia , Ivanova Aneta , Duncan Owen , Law Simon R. , Van Aken Olivier , De Clercq Inge , Wang Yan , Carrie Chris , Xu Lin , Kmiec Beata , Walker Hayden , Van Breusegem Frank , Whelan James , Giraud Estelle 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Plants require daily coordinated regulation of energy metabolism for optimal growth and survival and therefore need to integrate cellular responses with both mitochondrial and plastid retrograde signaling. Using a forward genetic screen to characterize regulators of alternative oxidase1a (rao) mutants, we identified RAO2/Arabidopsis NAC domain-containing protein17 (ANAC017) as a direct positive regulator of AOX1a. RAO2/ANAC017 is targeted to connections and junctions in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and F-actin via a C-terminal transmembrane (TM) domain. A consensus rhomboid protease cleavage site is present in ANAC017 just prior to the predicted TM domain. Furthermore, addition of the rhomboid protease inhibitor N-p-Tosyl-l-Phe chloromethyl abolishes the induction of AOX1a upon antimycin A treatment. Simultaneous fluorescent tagging of ANAC017 with N-terminal red fluorescent protein (RFP) and C-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) revealed that the N-terminal RFP domain migrated into the nucleus, while the C-terminal GFP tag remained in the ER. Genome-wide analysis of the transcriptional network regulated by RAO2/ANAC017 under stress treatment revealed that RAO2/ANAC017 function was necessary for &gt;85% of the changes observed as a primary response to cytosolic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but only ∼33% of transcriptional changes observed in response to antimycin A treatment. Plants with mutated rao2/anac017 were more stress sensitive, whereas a gain-of-function mutation resulted in plants that had lower cellular levels of H2O2 under untreated conditions.
Predictive Model of Avian Electrocution Risk on Overhead Power Lines
Authors: DWYER J. F. , HARNESS R. E. , DONOHUE K. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractElectrocution on overhead power structures negatively affects avian populations in diverse ecosystems worldwide, contributes to the endangerment of raptor populations in Europe and Africa, and is a major driver of legal action against electric utilities in North America. We investigated factors associated with avian electrocutions so poles that are likely to electrocute a bird can be identified and retrofitted prior to causing avian mortality. We used historical data from southern California to identify patterns of avian electrocution by voltage, month, and year to identify species most often killed by electrocution in our study area and to develop a predictive model that compared poles where an avian electrocution was known to have occurred (electrocution poles) with poles where no known electrocution occurred (comparison poles). We chose variables that could be quantified by personnel with little training in ornithology or electric systems. Electrocutions were more common at distribution voltages (≤33 kV) and during breeding seasons and were more commonly reported after a retrofitting program began. Red‐tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) (n = 265) and American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) (n = 258) were the most commonly electrocuted species. In the predictive model, 4 of 14 candidate variables were required to distinguish electrocution poles from comparison poles: number of jumpers (short wires connecting energized equipment), number of primary conductors, presence of grounding, and presence of unforested unpaved areas as the dominant nearby land cover. When tested against a sample of poles not used to build the model, our model distributed poles relatively normally across electrocution‐risk values and identified the average risk as higher for electrocution poles relative to comparison poles. Our model can be used to reduce avian electrocutions through proactive identification and targeting of high‐risk poles for retrofitting.Modelo Predictivo del Riesgo de Electrocución de Aves en Líneas Eléctricas Elevadas
State Provision of Social Protection to International Migrants: The Relevance of Social Protection Frameworks
Authors: Swemmer Tracy 
Published: September 2013

SummaryHow relevant are social protection frameworks to understanding the provision of social protection to international migrants? Such frameworks have evolved against a backdrop of social protection which has been provided mainly to resident citizens, with international migrants often excluded from access. However, following an increase in remittance flows, more governments have moved to facilitate and promote migration and have extended the provision of social protection to citizens working abroad.By examining the policies of a major labour‐sending country, the Philippines, as well as policies from other countries where migration for employment is facilitated, it becomes apparent that dominant frameworks do inform policy‐making for international migrants. The analysis shows that policies which reflect the risk management and basic needs frameworks are most common. In the case of the Philippines, the rights framework is evident in the extension of political and social rights to international migrants, an extension which is less evident elsewhere. Polices rooted in asset‐based approaches are more limited in scope, as are transformative social protection policies for migrants.Overall, while the frameworks are potentially useful as theoretical bases, the features of the international system limit the effectiveness of the policies themselves. In addition, policies often appear to be contradictory, reflecting both the importance of ideology and the tension between the objectives of social protection for migrants and the economic imperatives of migration policy in labour‐sending countries.
Articular cartilage degeneration in the contralateral non‐surgical temporomandibular joint in mice with a unilateral partial discectomy
Authors: Cohen Wendy A. , Servais Jacqueline M. , Polur Ilona , Li Yefu , Xu Lin 
Published: September 2013

ObjectiveThe objective was to characterize the contralateral non‐surgical temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in mice that had an opposing osteoarthrosis(OA)‐like joint induced by unilateral partial discectomy.MethodsTMJs on one side in mice were subjected to partial discectomy. Both surgical and contralateral non‐surgical TMJs were collected at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks post‐surgery for histological examination. The morphology of the articular cartilage of the condyle was evaluated using a scoring system.ResultsA progression of articular cartilage degeneration was seen in the TMJs following unilateral partial discectomy, including increased proteoglycan staining in the extracellular matrix at 4 weeks, the appearance of chondrocyte clusters at 8 weeks, reduced proteoglycan staining and fibrillation at 12 weeks and the loss of articular cartilage at 16 weeks. In the contralateral non‐surgical TMJs, increased proteoglycan staining occurred in the articular cartilage of the condyle at 8 weeks and continued to age.ConclusionThe result indicated that OA‐like changes in one TMJ by partial discectomy could initiate early‐onset articular cartilage degeneration in the contralateral non‐surgical TMJ in mice.
High CDC20 expression is associated with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Moura Inês M. B. , Delgado Maria L. , Silva Patrícia M. A. , Lopes Carlos A. , do Amaral José B. , Monteiro Luís S. , Bousbaa Hassan 
Published: September 2013

ObjectivesHuman Cell Division Cycle 20 (CDC20) homolog is a crucial target of the spindle assembly checkpoint. It is an activator of the Anaphase‐Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) which promotes anaphase onset and mitotic exit through the ubiquitination of securin and cyclin B1. Overexpression of CDC20 was previously reported in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Here, we propose to explore the clinicopathological significance of CDC20 overexpression and its potential use as a prognostic marker in OSCC.MethodsUsing tissue microarray technology, we analyzed CDC20 expression in 65 primary OSCC tissues by immunohistochemistry. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of CDC20 expression in OSCC.ResultsOf the 65 cases of patients with OSCC studied, 37 (56.9%) showed high CDC20 protein expression. No clinicopathological features were correlated with CDC20 expression. Importantly, in univariable analysis, OSCC patients with higher CDC20 protein expression showed significantly shorter cancer‐specific survival rate (P = 0.018). Multivariable analysis identified high CDC20 expression as an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.032).ConclusionHigh CDC20 expression is associated with poor prognosis in OSCC and may be used to identify high‐risk OSCC patients and may serve as a therapeutic target.
Identification of genes for melatonin synthetic enzymes in ‘Red Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.cv.Red) and their expression and melatonin production during fruit development
Authors: Lei Qiong , Wang Lin , Tan Dun‐Xian , Zhao Yu , Zheng Xiao‐Dong , Chen Hao , Li Qing‐tian , Zuo Bi‐xiao , Kong Jin 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMelatonin is present in many edible fruits; however, the presence of melatonin in apple has not previously been reported. In this study, the genes for melatonin synthetic enzymes including tryptophan decarboxylase, tryptamine 5‐hydroxylase (T5H), arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase, and N‐acetylserotonin methyltransferase were identified in ‘Red Fuji’ apple. Each gene has several homologous genes. Sequence analysis shows that these genes have little homology with those of animals and they only have limited homology with known genes of rice melatonin synthetic enzymes. Multiple origins of melatonin synthetic genes during the evolution are expected. The expression of these genes is fully coordinated with melatonin production in apple development. Melatonin levels in apple exhibit an inverse relationship with the content of malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation. Two major melatonin synthetic peaks appeared on July 17 and on October 8 in both unbagged and bagged apple samples. At the periods mentioned above, apples experienced rapid expansion and increased respiration. These episodes significantly elevate reactive oxygen species production in the apple. Current data further confirmed that melatonin produced in apple was used to neutralize the toxic oxidants and protect the developing apple against oxidative stress.
Intense competition between arbuscular mycorrhizal mutualists in an in vitro root microbiome negatively affects total fungal abundance
Authors: Engelmoer Daniel J. P. , Behm Jocelyn E. , Toby Kiers E. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe root microbiome is composed of an incredibly diverse microbial community that provides services to the plant. A major question in rhizosphere research is how species in root microbiome communities interact with each other and their host. In the nutrient mutualism between host plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), competition often leads to certain species dominating host colonization, with the outcome being dependent on environmental conditions. In the past, it has been difficult to quantify the abundance of closely related species and track competitive interactions in different regions of the rhizosphere, specifically within and outside the host. Here, we used an artificial root system (in vitro root organ cultures) to investigate intraradical (within the root) and extraradical (outside the root) competitive interactions between two closely related AMF species, Rhizophagus irregularis and Glomus aggregatum, under different phosphorus availabilities. We found that competitive interactions between AMF species reduced overall fungal abundance. R. irregularis was consistently the most abundant symbiont for both intraradical and extraradical colonization. Competition was the most intense for resources within the host, where both species negatively affected each other's abundance. We found the investment ratio (i.e. extraradical abundance/intraradical abundance) shifted for both species depending on whether competitors were present or not. Phosphorus availability did not change the outcome of these interactions. Our results suggest that studies on competitive interactions should focus on intraradical colonization dynamics and consider how changes in investment ratio are mediated by fungal species interactions.