bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Spherical Catalyst Particles on Gas‐Liquid Flow Regimes in Minichannels with Square Cross Section
Authors: Haase Stefan , Langsch Robert , Bauer Tobias , Lange Rüdiger 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe design of process equipment involving minichannel structures necessitates detailed knowledge on the flow conditions inside the apparatus. Here, flow regimes in empty and sphere‐packed square channels were investigated by using optical flow visualization with a high‐speed camera. Flow maps as well as new correlations to predict the flow regime transitions based on the dimensionless gas and liquid Weber numbers are presented. Segmented flow regimes occurred in the studied empty and packed channels for very low gas and low liquid Weber numbers. Such a liquid flow in separate compartments may contribute to the design of highly efficient contacting apparatuses.
Microbial Fuel Cells as Discontinuous Portable Power Sources: Syntropic Interactions with Anode‐Respiring Bacteria
Authors: Gao Yaohuan , An Junyeong , Ryu Hodon , Lee Hyung‐Sool 
Published: February 2014

AbstractFor microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to work as portable power sources used in a discontinuous manner, anode‐respiring bacteria (ARB) should survive for at least several days in the absence of exogenous electron donors, and immediately generate current upon addition of an electron donor. Here, we proved that biopolymer‐accumulating bacteria provide substrate (fuel) for ARB to generate current in lack of exogenous electron donor in 4 days, which allows MFCs to be used as portable power sources.
Nickel–Tungsten Carbide Catalysts for the Production of 2,5‐Dimethylfuran from Biomass‐Derived Molecules
Authors: Huang Yao‐Bing , Chen Meng‐Yuan , Yan Long , Guo Qing‐Xiang , Fu Yao 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe development of new catalytic systems for the conversion of biomass‐derived molecules into liquid fuels has attracted much attention. We propose a non‐noble bimetallic catalyst based on nickel–tungsten carbide for the conversion of the platform molecules 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural into the liquid‐fuel molecule 2,5‐dimethylfuran (DMF). Different catalysts, metal ratios and reaction conditions have been tested and give rise to a 96% yield of DMF. The catalysts have been characterized and are discussed. The reaction mechanism is also explored through capture of reaction intermediates. The analysis of the reaction mixture over different catalysts is presented and helps to understand the role of nickel and tungsten carbide during the reaction.
Unprecedented Formation of the First Alkaline‐Earth‐Metal Complex Bearing an Asymmetrical gem‐Dithiolato Heteroscorpionato Ligand
Authors: Sánchez‐Barba Luis F. , Garcés Andrés , Fernández‐Baeza Juan , Otero Antonio , Honrado Manuel , Lara‐Sánchez Agustín , Rodríguez Ana M. , López‐Solera Isabel 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe reaction of the lithium dithioacetate derivative [Li(bdmpzdta)(THF)] [bdmpzdta = bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)dithioacetate] with 1 equiv. of C3H5MgCl proceeds in high yield to give the first alkaline‐earth‐metal complex bearing an asymmetrical gem‐dithiolato moiety, namely, [Mg(κ3‐NNS‐μ‐S‐bppbte)]3 (1) [bppbte = 1,1‐bis(3,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)pent‐4‐ene‐2,2‐bis(thiolate)]. This is achieved through an unprecedented insertion reaction of the allyl group into the C=S bond. In contrast, the reaction with the Grignard reagents MeMgCl or EtMgCl leads to the formation of the six‐coordinate sandwich species [Mg(κ3‐bdmpzdta)2] (2), as a result of a rapid ligand redistribution. The molecular structures of 1 and 2 in the solid state have been unambiguously established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies, which reveal a trinuclear entity with a twisted six‐membered core for 1, in which all magnesium centers are arranged in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry, whereas in 2 the magnesium center has an octahedral coordination environment with two heteroscorpionato ligands, which bind in a κ3‐NNS fashion with a relative trans disposition.
A Sustainable Preparation of Glycerol Carbonate from Glycerol and Urea Catalyzed by Hydrotalcite‐Like Solid Catalysts
Authors: Sun Yongfa , Tong Xinli , Wu Zhidong , Liu Jinbiao , Yan Yongtao , Xue Song 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe selective synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea catalyzed by hydrotalcite‐like compounds has been performed under solvent‐free conditions. Different hydrotalcite‐like compounds have been prepared and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopic techniques (FTIR), which confirm the well‐defined structure of these materials. The investigations of the reaction of glycerol and urea showed that hydrotalcite‐like compounds including Mg, Zn, and Al elements have very high catalytic activity. As a result, 89.8 % conversion and 93.2 % selectivity for glycerol carbonate were obtained under suitable conditions. Compared to the addition of Zn, the addition of Ga and Ni is disadvantageous to the catalytic activity of Mg–Al hydrotalcite. These phenomena are consistent with the activity of the halides of these metals. The difference between the XRD and FTIR results of fresh and used catalysts showed the existence of dissolved metal, which was related to the catalytic activity in the reaction. The kinetic study with hydrotalcite catalysts was also performed. The relationship between the amounts of active species in liquid phase and the yield of product and recycling tests indicated that homogeneous catalysis was dominant during the entire reaction.
Polymer Solar Cells Processed Using Anisole as a Relatively Nontoxic Solvent
Authors: Venkatesan Swaminathan , Chen Qiliang , Ngo Evan C. , Adhikari Nirmal , Nelson Kelly , Dubey Ashish , Sun Jianyuan , Bommisetty Venkateswara , Zhang Cheng , Galipeau David , Qiao Qiquan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this study, a relatively nontoxic single solvent, anisole, was successfully used to process polymer solar cells. Blends cast with anisole showed higher polymer aggregation due to lower solubility. Polymer aggregation led to isolated regions that can trap charges in the polymer phase in anisole‐based cells, supported by photo‐charge extraction by the linearly increasing voltage (photo‐CELIV) technique. However, polymer aggregation resulted in lower bimolecular recombination due to a decreased amount of polymer–PCBM interface as seen in transient photocurrent/photovoltage measurements. The higher charge trapping was compensated by the lower bimolecular recombination and therefore cells fabricated with anisole solvent delivered comparable photovoltaic performance to reference to cells processed with chlorobenzene (CB). Overall anisole was proved to be a friendly solvent to process organic photovoltaics thereby decreasing the risk to human health for large scale production.
High‐resolution p‐adaptive DG simulations of flows with moving shocks
Authors: Panourgias Konstantinos T. , Papoutsakis Andreas , Ekaterinaris John A. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYHigh‐order accurate DG discretization is employed for Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations modeling of complex shock‐dominated, unsteady flow generated by gas issuing from a shock tube nozzle. The DG finite element discretization framework is used for both the flow field and turbulence transport. Turbulent flow in the near wall regions and the flow field is modeled by the Spalart–Allmaras one‐equation model. The effect of rotation on turbulence modeling for shock‐dominated supersonic flows is considered for accurate resolution of the large coherent and vortical structures that are of interest in high‐speed combustion and supersonic flows. Implicit time marching methodologies are used to enable large time steps by avoiding the severe time step limitations imposed by the higher order DG discretizations and the source terms. Sufficiently high mesh density is used to enable crisp capturing of discontinuities. A p − type refinement procedure is employed to accurately represent the vortical structures generated during the development of the flow. The computed solutions showed qualitative agreement with experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detecting changing river temperatures in England and Wales
Authors: Orr Harriet G. , Simpson Gavin L. , des Clers Sophie , Watts Glenn , Hughes Mike , Hannaford Jamie , Dunbar Michael J. , Laizé Cédric L. R. , Wilby Rob L. , Battarbee Richard W. , Evans Rob 
Published: February 2014

AbstractChanges in water temperature can have important consequences for aquatic ecosystems, with some species being sensitive even to small shifts in temperature during some or all of their life cycle. While many studies report increasing regional and global air temperatures, evidence of changes in river water temperature has, thus far, been site specific and often from sites heavily influenced by human activities that themselves could lead to warming. Here we present a tiered assessment of changing river water temperature covering England and Wales with data from 2773 locations. We use novel statistical approaches to detect trends in irregularly sampled spot measurements taken between 1990 and 2006. During this 17‐year period, on average, mean water temperature increased by 0.03 °C per year (±0.002 °C), and positive changes in water temperature were observed at 2385 (86%) sites. Examination of catchments where there has been limited human influence on hydrological response shows that changes in river flow have had little influence on these water temperature trends. In the absence of other systematic influences on water temperature, it is inferred that anthropogenically driven climate change is driving some of this trend in water temperature. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Sensitivity of the multiannual thermal dynamics of a deep pre‐alpine lake to climatic change
Authors: Valerio Giulia , Pilotti Marco , Barontini Stefano , Leoni Barbara 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe study of the multiannual thermal dynamics of Lake Iseo, a deep lake in the Italian pre‐alpine area, is presented. Interflow was found to be the dominant river entrance mode, suggesting future susceptibility of the lake thermal structure to the overall effects of climate change expected in the upstream alpine watershed. A lake model employed the results of a long‐term hydrologic model to simulate the effects of a climate change scenario on the lake's thermal evolution for the period 2012–2050. The model predicts an overall average increase in the lake water temperature of 0.012 °C/year and a reinforced Schmidt thermal stability of the water column in the winter up to 800 J/m2. Both these effects may further hinder the deep circulation process, which is vital for the oxygenation of deep water. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snow water equivalent time‐series forecasting in Ontario, Canada, in link to large atmospheric circulations
Authors: Sarhadi Ali , Kelly Richard , Modarres Reza 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe present study applies different time‐series models for forecasting daily and monthly snow water equivalent (SWE) data in Ontario, Canada, during 1987–2011. For daily time series, which showed a significant negative trend, four categories of the autoregressive moving‐average (ARMA) and ARMA model with exogenous variables (ARMAX) were applied. The North Atlantic Oscillation, Southern Oscillation Index and Pacific/North American Pattern, as large‐scale atmospheric anomalies, as well as temperature time series are considered as exogenous variables for ARMAX models. According to the multicriteria performance evaluation, a time‐trend ARMAX model demonstrated the best performance for modelling and forecasting daily SWE. Two models, seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) and SARIMA with exogenous variables (SARIMAX), were also fitted to the monthly SWE time series. The results revealed that the SARIMAX model showed a better performance than the SARIMA model according to multicriteria evaluation. The three nonparametric tests, Wilcoxon, Levene and Kolmogorov–Smirnov for forecasting evaluation demonstrated that the selected time‐series models had enough reliability for short‐term SWE forecasting in Ontario. The results of this study also demonstrate the importance of incorporating both trend and appropriate exogenous variables for SWE time‐series modelling and forecasting. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Benefits of Online Crowdfunding for Fund‐Seeking Business Ventures
Authors: Macht Stephanie A. , Weatherston Jamie 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCrowdfunding through the Internet, a new fundraising technique for small business ventures, can benefit fund‐seeking companies by helping to overcome funding difficulties, providing value‐added involvement, facilitating access to further funding, providing publicity and contacts, and enabling fundraising with only limited or no loss of control and ownership.
The Kinetic Model of n‐Decane Oxidation in the Presence of Inhibitory Composition
Authors: Tikhonova M. V. , Garifullina G. G. , Gerchikov A. Ya. , Spivak S. I. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis article addresses mathematical modeling of the reaction of inhibited organic compounds oxidation. It was proposed to solve the inverse problems of chemical kinetics by using the index method of constrained global minimization of the deviation between the calculated and experimental data. This approach allows us to use more complete information about the chemical process which, in its turn, reduces the range of possible solutions, narrows down the domain of uncertainty, and improves the quality of mathematical model of chemical reactions. The index method was applied to solving inverse kinetic problem for the reaction of n‐decane oxidation in the presence of a p‐oxydiphenylamine/n‐decyl alcohol inhibitory composition.
Photoinduced Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Click Chemistry by the Electron Transfer Process Using Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Yilmaz Gorkem , Iskin Birol , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: February 2014

Based on electron‐transfer reactions of the excited states of polynuclear aromatic compounds, such as anthracene, pyrene, and phenothiazine and Cu(II), a long‐wavelength photoinduced copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction is developed. Although at different rates, all the sensitizers are shown to efficiently reduce Cu(II) to Cu(I), which catalyzes the click reaction between small organic compounds. The applicability of the method for the construction of various macromolecular architectures, including telechelic polymers and block copolymers is demonstrated. Spectroscopic and chromatographic investigations reveal that successful macromolecular syntheses are achieved.
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Morphologic changes of dendritic spines of striatal neurons in the levodopa‐induced dyskinesia model
Authors: Nishijima Haruo , Suzuki Satoko , Kon Tomoya , Funamizu Yukihisa , Ueno Tatsuya , Haga Rie , Suzuki Chihiro , Arai Akira , Kimura Tamaki , Suzuki Chieko , Meguro Reiko , Miki Yasuo , Yamada Junko , Migita Keisuke , Ichinohe Noritaka , Ueno Shinya , Baba Masayuki , Tomiyama Masahiko 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTMaladaptive plasticity at corticostriatal synapses plays an important role in the development of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia. Recently, it has been shown that synaptic plasticity is closely linked to morphologic changes of dendritic spines. To evaluate morphologic changes of dendritic spines of two types of striatal medium spiny neurons, which project to the internal segment of globus pallidus or the external segment of globus pallidus, in the levodopa‐induced dyskinesia model, we used 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats chronically treated with levodopa. Dendritic spines were decreased and became enlarged in the direct pathway neurons of the model of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia. The same levodopa treatment to normal rats, in which no dyskinesia was observed, also induced enlargement of dendritic spines, but not a decrease in density of spines in the direct pathway neurons. These results suggest that a loss and enlargement of dendritic spines in the direct pathway neurons plays important roles in the development of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Simultaneous functional MRI acquisition of distributed brain regions with high temporal resolution using a 2D‐selective radiofrequency excitation
Authors: Finsterbusch Jürgen 
Published: February 2014

PurposeTo perform simultaneous functional MRI of multiple, distributed brain regions at high temporal resolution using a 2D‐selective radiofrequency (2DRF) excitation.MethodsA tailored 2DRF excitation is used to excite several, small regions‐of‐interest distributed in the brain. They are acquired in a single projection image with an appropriately chosen orientation such that the different regions‐of‐interest can be discriminated by their position in the projection plane. Thus, they are excited and acquired simultaneously with a temporal resolution comparable to that of a single‐slice measurement. The feasibility of this approach for functional neuroimaging (in‐plane resolution 2 × 2 mm2) at high temporal resolution (80 ms) is demonstrated in healthy volunteers for regions‐of‐interest in the visual and motor system using checkerboard and finger tapping block‐design paradigms.ResultsTask‐related brain activation could be observed in both the visual and the motor system simultaneously with a high temporal resolution. For an onset shift of 240 ms for half of the checkerboard, a delay of the hemodynamic response in the corresponding hemisphere of the visual cortex could be detected.ConclusionLimiting the excited magnetization to the desired target regions with a 2DRF excitation reduces the imaging sampling requirements which can improve the temporal resolution significantly. Magn Reson Med 73:683–691, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A randomized pilot trial of a telephone‐based couples intervention for physical intimacy and sexual concerns in colorectal cancer
Authors: Reese Jennifer Barsky , Porter Laura S. , Regan Katelyn R. , Keefe Francis J. , Azad Nilofer S. , Diaz Luis A. , Herman Joseph M. , Haythornthwaite Jennifer A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundWe previously developed and piloted a telephone‐based intimacy enhancement (IE) intervention addressing sexual concerns of colorectal cancer patients and their partners in an uncontrolled study. The current study tested the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of the IE intervention in a randomized, controlled trial.MethodsTwenty‐three couples were randomized to either the four‐session IE condition or to a wait list control condition and completed sexual and relationship outcomes measures. The IE intervention teaches skills for coping with sexual concerns and improving intimacy. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed through enrollment and post‐treatment program evaluations, respectively. Effect sizes were calculated by comparing differences in average pre/post change scores across completers in the two groups (n = 18 couples).ResultsRecruitment and attrition data supported feasibility. Program evaluations for process (e.g., ease of participation) and content (e.g., relevance) demonstrated acceptability. Engaging in intimacy‐building activities and communication were the skills rated as most commonly practiced and most helpful. For patients, positive effects of the IE intervention were found for female and male sexual function, medical impact on sexual function, and self‐efficacy for enjoying intimacy (≥.58); no effects were found on sexual distress or intimacy and small negative effects for sexual communication, and two self‐efficacy items. For partners, positive IE effects were found for all outcomes; the largest were for sexual distress (.69), male sexual function (1.76), communication (.97), and two self‐efficacy items (≥.87).ConclusionsThe telephone‐based IE intervention shows promise for couples facing colorectal cancer. Larger multi‐site intervention studies are necessary to replicate findings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orientation of electron spins in hybrid ferromagnet–semiconductor nanostructures
Authors: Akimov I. A. , Korenev V. L. , Sapega V. F. , Langer L. , Zaitsev S. V. , Danilov Yu. A. , Yakovlev D. R. , Bayer M. 
Published: February 2014

The spin orientation of electrons is studied in ferromagnet (FM)–semiconductor (SC) hybrid structures composed of a (Ga,Mn)As ferromagnetic layer, which is placed in the direct vicinity of a non‐magnetic SC quantum well (QW). It is shown that the polarization of carriers in the SC QW is achieved by spin‐dependent tunnelling into the magnetized ferromagnetic layer. This leads to dynamical spin polarization of the electrons, which can be directly observed by means of time‐resolved photoluminescence. We find that the electron spin polarization grows in time after excitation with an optical pulse and may reach values as large as 30%. The rate of spin‐dependent capture grows exponentially steeply with decreasing thickness of the spacer between ferromagnetic layer and QW, and it persists up to the Curie temperature of the (Ga,Mn)As layer. From time‐resolved pump–probe Kerr rotation data, we evaluate a value of only a few eV for the energy splitting between the electron Zeeman sublevels due to interaction with the ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As layer, indicating that the equilibrium spin polarization is negligible.Schematic presentation of electron spin orientation in a semiconductor quantum well (QW) under linearly polarized excitation due to spin‐dependent capture of electrons in the ferromagnetic layer (FM). The arrows in the FM box indicate the orientation of the magnetization . The effect is detected by appearance of a circular polarization degree of photoluminescence after pulsed optical excitation (right). The data are shown for a spacer thickness of 5 nm.
Nrf2 protects the lung against inflammation induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles: A positive regulator role of Nrf2 on cytokine release
Authors: Delgado‐Buenrostro Norma L. , Medina‐Reyes Estefany I. , Lastres‐Becker Isabel , Freyre‐Fonseca Verónica , Ji Zhaoxia , Hernández‐Pando Rogelio , Marquina Brenda , Pedraza‐Chaverri José , Espada Sandra , Cuadrado Antonio , Chirino Yolanda I. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTTitanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans and they are an important nanomaterial widely used in pharmaceutical and paint industries. Inhalation is one of the most important routes of exposure in occupational settings. Several experimental models have shown that oxidative stress and inflammation are key mediators of cell damage. In this regard, Nrf2 modulates cytoprotection against oxidative stress and inflammation, however, its role in inflammation induced by TiO2NPs exposure has been less investigated. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of Nrf2 in the cytokines produced after 4 weeks of TiO2NPs exposure (5 mg/kg/2 days/week) using wild‐type and Nrf2 knockout C57bl6 mice. Results showed that Nrf2 protects against inflammation and oxidative damage induced by TiO2NPs exposure, however, Nrf2 is a positive mediator in the expression of IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and TGF‐β in bronchial epithelium and alveolar space after 4 weeks of exposure. These results suggest that Nrf2 has a central role in up‐regulation of cytokines released during inflammation induced by TiO2NPs and those cytokines are needed to cope with histological alterations in lung tissue. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 782–792, 2015.