bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ORGAN PRESERVATION
Authors: Southard, M.D James H. , Belzer, M.D Folkert O. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Organ preservation is the supply line for organ transplantation. Currently, the liver, pancreas, and kidney can be successfully preserved for up to two days by flushing the organs with the University of Wisconsin (UW) organ preservation solution and storing them at hypothermia (0–5° C). The UW solution is effective because it uses a number of cell impermeant agents (lactobionic acid, raffinose, hydroxyethyl starch) that prevent the cells from swelling during cold ischemic storage. Additionally, the UW solution contains glutathione and adenosine, agents that may stimulate recovery of normal metabolism upon reperfusion by augmenting the antioxidant capacity of the organs (glutathione) or by stimulating high-energy phosphate generation (adenosine) upon reperfusion. Although this method of organ preservation is effective, some organs (5–15% of livers and 20–30% of kidneys) do not function well upon transplant. Injury may be preservation related but may also result from donor and recipient factors that render the organs more susceptible to preservation damage. Results with continuous perfusion of kidneys in the clinics show a reduction in preservation/reperfusion damage. This may be a more appropriate preservation method than cold storage. In this chapter we discuss the development and use of the UW solution and present clinical results. Although intraabdominal organs are well preserved at present, intrathoracic organs (lungs and heart) are less well preserved, and better methods for preservation of these organs are needed for increased use of lung and heart transplantation.
Progress with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia: A Personal Perspective over Four Decades
Authors: Nowell Peter C. 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  Our understanding and treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) has progressed since 1960 in parallel with work on cancer in general. CML provided the first evidence of a specific genetic change associated with a human cancer (the Philadelphia chromosome) and the clonal nature of these disorders. With improved cytogenetic and molecular techniques over subsequent decades, the specific genetic rearrangements of CML and many other tumors were defined and the complex mechanisms of carcinogenesis gradually unraveled. During this period, improved treatments for CML (chemotherapy, interferon, bone marrow transplantation) were implemented, and therapy targeted to the specific genetic change in the leukemic cells has recently been brought to promising clinical trials. Similar efforts are under way for other human cancers, and although the problem is enormously complex, there is real hope for major improvements in controlling these disorders.
MEDICATION COMPLIANCE AS A FEATURE IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Kastrissios and H. , Blaschke T. F. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Well-designed clinical trials maximize the information that can be obtained regarding the clinical pharmacology of a drug and, in turn, can streamline and enhance the drug development process. Until recently, little emphasis has been placed on integrating the role of variability in individual patterns of drug-taking into the drug development process. With the use of electronic monitoring, the temporal relationship between an individual's pattern of dosing and the prescribed regimen may be examined, and individual drug exposure may be estimated based on the actual history of dosing. As a result, accurate estimation of exposure-response relationships (or surrogate markers of response) can be obtained. Considerations in the design of clinical trials must therefore be expanded to include appropriate methods to measure compliance, sufficient frequency of monitoring to allow the time course of response to be mapped, and the use of statistically valid methods of data analysis.
Throwing Out the Baby with the Bath Water: A Comment on Green, Kim, and Yoon
Authors: Beck Nathaniel , Katz Jonathan N. 
Published: July 2002

Donald P. Green, Soo Yeon Kim, and David H. Yoon argue that many findings in quantitative international relations that use the dyad-year design are flawed. In particular, they argue that the effect of democracy on both trade and conflict has been vastly overstated, that researchers have ignored unobserved heterogeneity between the various dyads, and that heterogeneity can be best modeled by “fixed effects,” that is, a model that includes a separate dummy for each dyad.We argue that the use of fixed effects is almost always a bad idea for dyad-year data with a binary dependent variable like conflict. This is because conflict is a rare event, and the inclusion of fixed effects requires us to not analyze dyads that never conflict. Thus while the 90 percent of dyads that never conflict are more likely to be democratic, the use of fixed effects gives democracy no credit for the lack of conflict in these dyads. Green, Kim, and Yoon's fixed-effects logit can tell us little, if anything, about the pacific effects of democracy.Their analysis of the impact of democracy on trade is also flawed. The inclusion of fixed effects almost always masks the impact of slowly changing independent variables; the democracy score is such a variable. Thus it is no surprise that the inclusion of dyadic dummy variables in their model completely masks the relationship between democracy and trade. We show that their preferred fixed-effects specification does not outperform a model with no effects (when that model is correctly specified in other ways). Thus there is no need to include the masking fixed effects, and so Green, Kim, and Yoon's findings do not overturn previous work that found that democracy enhanced trade.We agree with Green, Kim, and Yoon that modeling heterogeneity in time-series cross-section data is important. We mention a number of alternatives to their fixed-effects approach, none of which would have the pernicious consequences of using dyadic dummies in their two reanalyses.
Imaginal, Semantic, and Surface-Level Processing of Concrete and Abstract Words: An Electrophysiological Investigation
Authors: West W. Caroline , Holcomb Phillip J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Words representing concrete concepts are processed more quickly and efficiently than words representing abstract concepts. Concreteness effects have also been observed in studies using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). The aim of this study was to examine concrete and abstract words using both reaction time (RT) and ERP measurements to determine (1) at what point in the stream of cognitive processing concreteness effects emerge and (2) how different types of cognitive operations influence these concreteness effects. Three groups of subjects performed a sentence verification task in which the final word of each sentence was concrete or abstract. For each group the truthfulness judgment required either (1) image generation, (2) a semantic decision, or (3) evaluation of surface characteristics. Concrete and abstract words produced similar RTs and ERPs in the surface task, suggesting that postlexical semantic processing is necessary to elicit concreteness effects. In both the semantic and imagery tasks, RTs were shorter for concrete than for abstract words. This difference was greatest in the imagery task. Also, in both of these tasks concrete words elicited more negative ERPs than abstract words between 300 and 550 msec (N400). This effect was widespread across the scalp and may reflect activation in a linguistic semantic system common to both concrete and abstract words. ERPs were also more negative for concrete than abstract words between 550 and 800 msec. This effect was more frontally distributed and was most evident in the imagery task. We propose that this later anterior effect represents a distinct ERP component (N700) that is sensitive to the use of mental imagery. The N700 may reflect the access of specific characteristics of the imaged item or activation in a working memory system specific to mental imagery. These results also support the extended dual-coding hypothesis that superior associative connections and the use of mental imagery both contribute to processing advantages for concrete words over abstract words.
Performance on Indirect Measures of Race Evaluation Predicts Amygdala Activation
Authors: Phelps Elizabeth A. , O'Connor Kevin J. , Cunningham William A. , Funayama E. Sumie , Gatenby J. Christopher , Gore John C. , Banaji Mahzarin R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We used fMRI to explore the neural substrates involved in the unconscious evaluation of Black and White social groups. Specifically, we focused on the amygdala, a subcortical structure known to play a role in emotional learning and evaluation. In Experiment 1, White American subjects observed faces of unfamiliar Black and White males. The strength of amygdala activation to Black-versus-White faces was correlated with two indirect (unconscious) measures of race evaluation (Implicit Association Test [IAT] and potentiated startle), but not with the direct (conscious) expression of race attitudes. In Experiment 2, these patterns were not obtained when the stimulus faces belonged to familiar and positively regarded Black and White individuals. Together, these results suggest that amygdala and behavioral responses to Black-versus-White faces in White subjects reflect cultural evaluations of social groups modified by individual experience.
Spike-Driven Synaptic Plasticity: Theory, Simulation, VLSI Implementation
Authors: Fusi Stefano , Annunziato Mario , Badoni Davide , Salamon Andrea , Amit Daniel J. 
Published: July 2002

We present a model for spike-driven dynamics of a plastic synapse, suited for a VLSI implementation. The synaptic device behaves as a capacitor on short timescales and preserves the memory of two stable states (efficacies) on long timescales. The transitions (LTP/LTD) are stochastic because both the number and the distribution of neural spikes in any finite (stimulation) interval fluctuate, even at fixed pre- and postsynaptic spike rates. The dynamics of the single synapse is studied analytically by extending the solution to a classic problem in queuing theory (Takàcs process). The model of the synapse is implemented in a VLSI and consists of only 18 transistors. It is also directly simulated. The simulations indicate that LTP/LTD probabilities versus rates are robust to fluctuations of the electronic parameters in a wide range of rates. The solutions for these probabilities are in very good agreement with both the simulations and measurements. Moreover, the probabilities are readily manipulable by variations of the chip's parameters, even in ranges where they are very small. The tests of the electronic device cover the range from spontaneous activity (3–4 Hz) to stimulus-driven rates (50 Hz). Low transition probabilities can be maintained in all ranges, even though the intrinsic time constants of the device are short (∼ 100 ms). Synaptic transitions are triggered by elevated presynaptic rates: for low presynaptic rates, there are essentially no transitions. The synaptic device can preserve its memory for years in the absence of stimulation. Stochasticity of learning is a result of the variability of interspike intervals; noise is a feature of the distributed dynamics of the network. The fact that the synapse is binary on long timescales solves the stability problem of synaptic efficacies in the absence of stimulation. Yet stochastic learning theory ensures that it does not affect the collective behavior of the network, if the transition probabilities are low and LTP is balanced against LTD.
Planning Biodegradable Waste Management in Stockholm
Authors: Björklund Anna , Bjuggren Charlotte , Dalemo Magnus , Sonesson Ulf 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe environmental impact of the management of biodegradable waste in Stockholm, based mainly on incineration and landfilling, was compared to systems with significant nutrient recycling; large‐scale composting, anaerobic digestion, and separate collection and utilization of urine. The systems' emissions, residual products, energy turnover, and resource consumption were evaluated from a life‐cycle perspective, using a computerized model, ORWARE (ORganic WAste REsearch model).Transportation was of relatively low importance to overall environmental impact, even at high rates of nutrient recycling. This is remarkable considering the geographical setting of Stockholm, with high population density and little nearby farmland. Ancillary systems, such as generation of electricity and district heating, were crucial for the overall outcome.Increased recycling of nutrients in solid biodegradable waste in Stockholm can reduce net environmental impact, whereas separation of human urine to be spread as fertilizer cannot yet be introduced without increased acidification. Increased nutrient recycling from solid biodegradable waste inevitably increases spreading of metals on arable land. Urine is by far the least contaminated residual product. Spreading of all other residuals would be limited by their metal content.
PREDATOR HANDLING FAILURES OF LATERAL PLATE MORPHS IN GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS: FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ANCESTRAL PLATE CONDITION
Authors: Reimchen T.E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe completely plated morph in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is considered to be the ancestral plate condition and is the predominant morph inhabiting marine waters and numerous northern freshwaters. Evolutionary aspects of this distribution have been widely addressed yet functional mechanisms remain obscure. Experiments described here using the common piscivore (Oncorhynchus clarki) show that the posterior plates of G. aculeatus interfere with the swallowing abilities of the piscivore, possibly by disrupting pharyngeal jaw retraction, and this leads to increased escape opportunities of the stickleback. The advantage of the completely plated condition is most expressed at higher ratios of prey diameter to predator mouth diameter and appears to have a defensive effect comparable to that of dorsal and pelvic spines. This attribute, combined with the physical protection that plates offer against puncturing, would be particularly beneficial where there is high probability of capture by toothed predators. Such a selection regime appears to characterize the predominantly limnetic and pelagic habitats where marine stickleback are found and may account for the wide geographical distribution of the completely plated morph and its persistence from the Miocene.
SPLIT-CLUTCH IVF: A TECHNIQUE TO EXAMINE INDIRECT FITNESS CONSEQUENCES OF MATE PREFERENCES IN STICKLEBACKS
Authors: Barber Iain , Arnott Stephen 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Although laboratory mate choice experiments and field studies often reveal certain traits of male three-spined sticklebacks (as well as other model species) to be attractive to mate searching females, evidence that mating with males possessing such traits improves offspring survival and performance is scarce. In particular, there is a lack of unambiguous data linking preferred male traits with inherited genetic 'viability', which are essential for 'good genes' models of sexual selection. In this paper, we provide a protocol for performing half-sibling crosses in three-spined sticklebacks using a split-clutch in vitro fertilisation (SC-IVF) technique. This approach controls for variable maternal investment and standardises parental care — two confounding variables that frequently distort the relationship between sire trait and offspring performance — allowing the detection of offspring viability characteristics linked to specific sire traits such as sexual coloration, body size or condition.
The influence of root diffusate, host age and water regimes on hatching of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne triticoryzae
Authors: Gaur Hari , Beane Jack , Perry Roland 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne triticoryzae, produces three kinds of
unhatched second stage juveniles (J2): i) those that hatch freely in water,
ii) those that require stimulus from rice root diffusate (RRD), and iii)
those that do not hatch even in the presence of RRD. The proportion of these
three types varies with generation, with the final generation produced on
senescing plants having a large proportion of unhatched J2 of the third
type, which is likely to equate with diapause. Dilution of RRD reduced its
hatching activity and there is no evidence of the presence of inhibitors in
the diffusate. The hatching response of M. triticoryzae may be modified
additionally by the growing conditions: submergence of infected plants may
have delayed hatch, possibly by causing anoxybiosis in unhatched J2, and
thereby delayed the appearance of the second and third generations of the
nematodes. Le nématode Meloidogyne triticoryzae produit trois types de
juvéniles de 2ème stade (J2) non encore éclos: i) ceux qui éclosent
d’eux-même dans l’eau; ii) ceux qui requièrent le stimulus produit par le
diffusat radiculaire de riz (RRD); enfin iii) ceux qui n’éclosent pas même
en présence de RRD. La proportion de ces trois types varie avec la
génération du nématode, la dernière génération, produite sur un hôte
sénescent, contenant une grande proportion de J2 non éclos de type 3, ce
fait représentant l’équivalent d’une diapause. La dilution du RRD diminue
l’éclosion et aucune évidence d’inhibiteurs n’a été relevée dans le
diffusat. Chez M. triticoryzae l’éclosion peut de plus être modifiée par les
conditions de croissance de l’hôte; ainsi la submersion des plants infestés
peut retarder l’éclosion, l’anoxybiose ainsi induite affectant
vraisemblablement les J2 non éclos et retardant de ce fait l’apparition des
deuxième et troisième générations du nématode.
Hemicriconemoides macrodorus n. sp. with observations on two other species of the genus (Nematoda: Criconematidae)
Authors: Castillo Pablo , Troccoli Alberto , Vovlas Nicola 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHemicriconemoides macrodorus n. sp. is described and illustrated from a bisexual population collected in a natural habitat at Santa Elena, Jaén, southern Spain. The new species falls into the 'group 2', based on lip patterns (Decraemer & Geraert, 1992), which contains 13 other species characterised by a cephalic region with an offset, raised, narrower oral disc, followed by broader head annuli. The main distinctive characters of the new species are: lip region truncate, very long stylet (90-100 μ m), long body 548-750 μ m, R = 127-148, conical tail, VL/VB = 1.0-1.5, spined juvenile cuticular ornamentation (multispined scales, indented at their edges) arranged in ten alternate rows, and male lateral field with four incisures. Morphometric data, illustrations and brief descriptions are presented for an Italian population of H. ortonwilliamsi Ye & Siddiqi, 1994, while, for the first time, morphometric data and illustrations are given for the male and the juvenile of H. alexis Vovlas, 1980. Hemicriconemoides macrodorus n. sp. et observations sur deux autres espèces du genre (Nematoda: Criconematidae) - Hemicriconemoides macrodorus n. sp. est décrit et figuré d'une population bisexuelle collectée dans un habitat naturel à Santa Elena, Jaén, le Sud d'Espagne. La nouvelle espèce appartient au ''groupe 2'' sur la base de la morphologie labiale (Decraemer & Geraert, 1992), groupe comptant 13 autres espèces caractérisées par une région céphalique avec un disque labial séparé du reste du corps, proéminent et rétréci, suivi des anneaux céphaliques plus larges. Les principaux caractères distinctifs de la nouvelle espèce sont: région labiale tronquée, très long stylet (90-100 μ m), corps long 548-750 μ m, R = 127-148, queue conique, VL/VB = 1.0- 1.5, ornementations cuticulaires des juvéniles avec épines (écailles avec plusieurs épines, indentées sur les côtés) arrangées en dix rangées alternées, et champ latéral du mâle comportant quatre incisures. Des données morphométriques, des illustrations et de brèves descriptions sont présentées pour une population italienne de H. ortonwilliamsi Ye & Siddiqi, 1994, alors que, pour la première fois, des données morphométriques et des illustrations sont produites pour le mâle et les juvéniles de H. alexis Vovlas, 1980.
NIETSCHE'S CONTRIBUTION TO A PHENOMENOLOGY OF INTOXICATION
Authors: Sikka Sonia 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThrough a reading of Nietzsche's texts, primarily of Thus Spoke Zarathustra, this article develops a phenomenological description of the variety of intoxication exemplified in conditions of drunkenness, or in states of emotional excess. It treats Thus Spoke Zarathustra as a literary expression of such intoxication, arguing against attempts to find a coherent narrative structure and clear authorial voice behind this text's apparent disorder. Having isolated the intoxicated characteristics of Thus Spoke Zarathustra - its hyperbolic rhetoric and emotions, its lack of balance, its injustice, its shifting and conflicting moods, and its self-contradictions - I then offer an interpretation of the work, and by extension of intoxication itself, in terms of Nietzsche's model of the self as a dynamic multiplicity of forces. At the same time, I argue for a multiple and dynamic conception of personality in general.
Diagenesis of trioctahedral clays in a Miocene to Pleistocene sedimentary–magmatic sequence in the Dead Sea Rift, Israel
Authors: Sandler A. , Nathan Y. , Eshet Y. , Raab M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe diagenetic evolution of clay minerals in a 4249 m sedimentary-magmatic sequence of the Zemah-1 drillhole in the Dead Sea Rift, Israel, was studied, mainly by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The parallel maturation of the organic matter was estimated by the thermal alteration index (TAI) method. Both parameters follow a progressive diagenesis with depth. The original clays, now encountered only at shallow depths, were dioctahedral, and mostly detrital. They transformed into Mg-rich trioctahedral clays starting with a saponite-dominated assemblage, followed by a saponite, ordered chlorite-smectite (C-S), and chlorite assemblage, and finally by a saponite, corrensite, chlorite and talc assemblage. Significant mineralogical composition gaps occur between saponite to corrensite and corrensite to chlorite. Short-range variations within the most evolved assemblage are controlled by bulk-rock composition. Depths of first occurrence and disappearance of minerals indicate a much higher geothermal gradient in the past whereas the TAI values suggest an even higher palaeogradient of ∼708C km–1.
Effect of grinding and water vapour on the particle size of kaolinite and pyrophyllite
Authors: Stepkowska E. T. , Pérez–Rodríguez J. L. , Jiménez de Haro M. C. , Sánchez–Soto P. J. , Maqueda C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe increase in specific surface of kaolinite (K) and pyrophyllite (P) induced by dry grinding in an oscillatory mill, proceeded during storage in water vapour. The average particle thickness, δ, changed from 42 nm (K) and 66 nm (P) in the original materials to 12 nm (K) and 20 nm (P) after water sorption (20 days at relative humidity RH = 1.0, at room temperature and pressure) and to similar values of 13 nm (K) and 16 nm (P) after grinding for 10 min (in agreement with some published data). The action of water molecules on ground clays (at the conditions indicated) resulted in a further decrease in δ. In pyrophyllite, prolonged grinding (30 min) and prolonged action of water molecules (36 days) caused a particle collapse. After pre-storing at RH = 0.5 the successive decrease in δ at RH = 1.0 was smaller.