bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Material or Bodily Dimension of Emotions
Authors: Pearson Giles 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Part III of the book (Chapters 9–10) considers some further challenges to the interpretation thus far developed. This chapter addresses the fact that Aristotle clearly holds that emotions essentially involve a material dimension. Some have thought that the way Aristotle specifies this (esp. in De anima I.1) shows he thinks emotions cannot be adequately defined at all without explicit reference to their material aspect. Against this, it is argued that Aristotle thinks emotions can be legitimately specified simply in terms of representational pleasures/distresses (directed at apparent instantiations of the emotion’s evaluative object). The chapter shows it is plausible that Aristotle thinks such definitions are extensionally equivalent to ones that include reference to their material dimension, and are themselves explanatorily significant. And it is argued that he thinks the material aspect need only be highlighted in certain contexts—in natural science investigations or when explanatorily helpful—but is unnecessary/unhelpful to specify in many other legitimate kinds of investigation.
Explaining Recalcitrant Emotions with Aristotle
Authors: Pearson Giles 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A notorious touchstone in recent discussions of emotions has been how different accounts can deal with recalcitrant emotions. This chapter argues that Aristotle’s view has a significant advantage over accounts that identify emotions with perceptual states, judgements, or quasi-judgements (such as passive assent or inclination to assent). All such views fail either to explain the existence of (all plausible cases of) recalcitrant emotions or to account for their irrationality (when they are irrational); even if that irrationality is specified in practical or motivational terms. By contrast, it is argued that Aristotle’s view, as developed in this book, enables him to do both these things. It is also argued that recalcitrant emotions are not necessarily irrational, but could be rational if they conflict with an irrationally formed judgement. This view is defended against those who take rationality to be simply a matter of coherence.
Introduction
Authors: Marvin Laurence W 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 outlines the reasons why Pope Innocent III called for a crusade. Its planning began in 1213, culminating in a general ecumenical council. In 1215 the participants at the Fourth Lateran council determined various details of the projected crusade, including a timeline for departure and financing, although they did not identify a specific operational target. The chapter also describes the Latin Christian and Islamic world of the Near East prior to the crusade. It explores the kind of men who went on it, as well as how western armies were organized and led. The chapter does the same thing for Ayyubid armies, explaining how they were organized, and the forces available to the Ayyubid rulers to defend themselves. The chapter explains the nature of “brown-water” or riverine warfare, which was a unique feature of this crusade since the major portion of it was fought along the Nile river. The chapter also explains how we can view this crusade through the various levels of military planning and thought: grand strategy, strategy, campaigns, operations, and tactics. Finally, the chapter describes in brief the most important primary sources of the crusade.
From Europe to the Holy Land, 1217–18
Authors: Marvin Laurence W 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 explains how the various groups which made up the Latin Christian army got from their embarkation points to the Holy Land. Frisian and Germans departed from the Netherlands in late May 1217. Along the Atlantic coast they encountered rough weather and nautical mishaps. In Lisbon, a portion of this force led by William of Holland attacked the Muslim-held fortress of Alcácer do Sal, which surrendered after a dramatic siege. Those who had not participated in the siege of Alcácer made their way further down the coast, conducting raids against Faro, Rota, and Cadiz. Forces from other parts of Europe made their way from Mediterranean ports in the summer and early fall of 1217 to the city of Acre. In late 1217 the crusaders conducted three raids in Muslim Syria, including against Mount Tabor. After that, the presumptive leader of the crusade, Andrew, king of Hungary, departed. In the winter and spring of 1218 other groups arrived in Acre and participated in talks to determine a specific operational target for the crusade. After much debate, the crusaders decided to attack the city of Damietta on the Egyptian coast in order to threaten Cairo. The goal was to convince the Ayyubid sultan, al-‘Adil, to return Jerusalem in exchange for not losing Cairo. Since Andrew’s departure, the pope had not formally designated another commander nor had the magnates of the army agreed upon one.
Winter 1219 through the Battle of Fariskur, August 29, 1219
Authors: Marvin Laurence W 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 emphasizes the period from early February 1219 through the crusader defeat at Fariskur in August. The crusaders could not attack Damietta directly because of al-Kamil’s camp and underwater obstructions. Pelagius began asserting more control over certain aspects of the crusade, which made him unpopular and caused tensions between him and King John. The Egyptians suffered a crisis when al-Kamil uncovered a plot by Ibn al-Mashtub and other emirs to overthrow him and replace him with one of his younger brothers. Al-Kamil abandoned his camp, allowing the crusaders to cross the Nile without casualties and seize al-Adilya and its extensive supplies. They established it as their forward base but for protection against Egyptian relief forces, dug a circumvallation from al-Adilya to Damietta’s walls. The crusaders drew close to Damietta’s walls and essentially surrounded it. They launched multiple assaults by sea and land but were thrown back, and in turn suffered numerous Egyptian attacks. In August 1219 the common crusaders demanded a change of operational strategy, so the army marched out to confront al-Kamil’s army at Fariskur. The sultan seemingly abandoned his camp to the Latin Christian advance, but as the crusade army tarried there to loot, its members ran short of water. The Ayyubid army attacked the crusaders, causing a tactical rout as the crusaders panicked and retreated to Damietta. Despite the severe defeat the strategic situation had not changed.
Cracks, 1220–21
Authors: Marvin Laurence W 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 explains why the crusaders did not conduct an offensive in 1220. Both primary and secondary sources often criticize the crusaders for not advancing on Cairo immediately. The crusaders did not do so for sound reasons, among them the season, the army’s exhaustion, disputes over spoils and territory in Damietta, and al-Mu‘azzam’s attacks against crusader targets in Syria like Caesarea. The disposition of plunder caused conflicts and aggravated tensions between King John and Pelagius. After threats against Pelagius, some money was paid out. In February John departed for Acre to defend against al-Mu‘azzam, and to press his son’s case for the kingship of Cilician Armenia. As the only trusted military leader, his absence made the army unwilling to advance on Cairo, even as reinforcements arrived in the spring and summer. The crusaders believed that Frederick II, King of the Germans and Emperor of the Romans designate, would arrive with reinforcements, and take command. Pelagius unsuccessfully initiated a summer offensive because without a reliable military leader, the army refused. Al-Mu‘azzam’s efforts in Latin Syria caused crusaders to go defend it, ending the possibility of an offensive. In the first half of 1221, with Frederick now emperor, the crusaders believed he would arrive. Rumors of mysterious allies, notably Prester John or King David, also buoyed the Latin Christians. By the early summer Frederick’s deputy, Louis, Duke of Bavaria, came with reinforcements. The leaders of the army decided to attack al-Kamil at Mansoura rather than Cairo. Pelagius recalled King John to Egypt.
The Failed Campaign, Negotiations, and the End of the Crusade
Authors: Marvin Laurence W 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 explains how and why the offensive of 1221 ended as it did. The crusaders, pushed by Pelagius and Louis, prepared to advance without Frederick. This went against the pope’s and emperor’s wishes since the pope wanted Frederick to lead in person. John did not support an offensive either. His relationship with Pelagius never improved. By mid-July al-Kamil, aware of the Latin Christian army’s imminent advance, offered a deal like that of fall 1219. The crusaders made unrealistic counter-offers. The army marched to Fariskur and then Shirimsah. John recommended staying there, but all continued south. The army discounted the Mahalla canal opening on the Nile’s west side as an ingress point. By late July the army arrived at the intersection of the Nile and Tinnīs branch across from Mansoura. It could not cross to a hostile riverbank, so the men constructed a fortified camp. Forces led by al-Kamil’s brothers began arriving. Al-Kamil used the Mahalla canal to get ships behind the crusaders, strangling them logistically. After much dissention the crusaders retreated north as al-Kamil’s troops flooded the Nile’s eastern bank. During the retreat men got stuck or drowned and Muslim forces surrounded them. By August 28 the army was trapped near al-Barāmūn. It surrendered on August 30. The terms were generous given the circumstances. The two sides exchanged hostages. In Damietta some talked of refusing to turn over the city. Eventually the Latin Christians surrendered Damietta, and all either walked or sailed to Acre.
Conclusion
Authors: Marvin Laurence W 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The conclusion analyzes why the Damietta Crusade failed. Its result did not blunt Latin Christian desire to crusade in the eastern Mediterranean. In 1249 King Louis IX led another army to Egypt and encountered more initial success but suffered a worse defeat than the first, with Louis himself taken captive. The Damietta Crusade is a snapshot of early-thirteenth-century Latin Christian grand strategic, strategic, operational, and tactical thinking. Its grand strategy and strategy were sound. Operationally its participants lacked the vision to accept a diplomatic solution and insisted on taking Damietta as recompense for the blood and treasure expended. The crusade thus failed at the operational level but was not the sole cause of the crusade’s defeat. Powell’s “leadership question” contributed: Pelagius and John never got along, but neither was unambiguously in charge nor was any other noble. Frederick II’s repeated delays sapped initiative and morale. The most effective leader on either side was al-Kamil, who exercised effective strategic and operational leadership, and proved to be adroit diplomatically. Ethnic and social tensions in the army contributed to the crusade’s failure, as well as the consistent departure of seasoned veterans who served only for a year or less. The campaign’s brown-water nature complicated things, despite the crusaders’ superior nautical expertise. Local knowledge of water ways and terrain trumped maritime skill. The crusade suggests that people have always served, fought, and died to achieve goals they did not understand or that changed along with the circumstances.
Bidirectional Associations between Probable Eating Disorders and Mental Health Conditions Among Military Service Members and Veterans
Authors: Sharifian Neika , Ray Travis N , Jacobson Isabel G , Klimek-Johnson Patrycja , McMaster Hope S , Geronimo-Hara Toni Rose , Rull Rudolph P , Maguen Shira ,   for the Millennium Cohort Study Team, Baccetti Anna , Belding Jenn , Boparai Satbir , Carey Felicia R , Castañeda Sheila F , Villalobos Javier , Kolaja Claire , Magallon Sandra , Rivera Anna , Roesch Scott , Seay Julia , Sheppard Beverly , Trone Daniel , Walstrom Jennifer , Zhu Katie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Although prior research has examined the prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) such as binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN) among military personnel, less is known regarding temporal associations between EDs and other mental health conditions. Using longitudinal data from 179,694 service members and veterans from the Millennium Cohort Study, temporal associations between EDs (BN, BED) and mental health conditions (posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and problem drinking) were investigated using a cross-lagged panel model approach. Results indicated consistent bidirectional associations between most mental health conditions and EDs; however, the magnitude of these cross-lagged associations varied across BN and BED. Cross-lagged effects of mental health conditions on subsequent BED were significantly stronger than BED to mental health condition cross-lagged effects. In contrast, cross-lagged effects of BN on subsequent mental health conditions were stronger than mental health conditions to BN. Preventive screening for those at risk for BN may have a stronger impact on mitigating downstream mental health conditions, while interventions among those with mental health conditions may play a greater role in eliminating maladaptive coping strategies including binge eating. Study findings underscore the importance of early detection of mental health conditions and EDs to maximize readiness among service members.
Principles and practices of returning individual research results to participants in large studies of pregnancy and childhood
Authors: Mash Clay , McAllister Kimberly A , Wonnum Sundania , Vargas Ashley J , Dowling Gaya , Arteaga S Sonia , Blaisdell Carol J , Hardy Kristina K , Das Irene Prabhu , Raju Tonse N K , Gillman Matthew W 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Investigators conducting human subject research have typically conveyed only clinically actionable results back to individual participants. Shifting scientific culture around viewing participants as partners in research, however, is prompting investigators to consider returning as much data or results as the participant would like, even if they are not clearly actionable. Expanding return of individual results may add value for individual participants and their communities, refine future research questions and methods, build trust, and enhance retention of participants. Yet, gaps remain in understanding the implications of these changes for groups of “vulnerable” participants, including pregnant and pediatric participants. Here we present the findings of a National Institutes of Health workshop on returning individual research results, particularly as applicable to pregnant and pediatric participants. Research participants who were panelists at the workshop agreed that they desired to receive their results. Workshop findings and current literature indicate that participants have differing preferences for what results they receive. One way to address the limits of current practice is to develop flexible digital platforms that convey individual results along with researchers’ availability to answer questions, and to provide as much information as possible about actionable steps for controlling environmental exposures associated with disease risk.
Evaluating the desirability of outcome ranking and response adjusted for duration of antibiotic risk for clinical trials of antibiotics in pediatric pneumonia
Authors: VanBuren John M , Banks Russell K , Kuppermann Nathan , Gerber Jeffrey S , Ruddy Richard M , Casper T Charles , Florin Todd A ,   Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN)
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Objective outcomes for pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are lacking. The desirability of outcome ranking (DOOR) and response adjusted for duration of antibiotic risk (RADAR) outcome encompass clinical benefit and adverse effects, while also accounting for antibiotic exposure. We evaluated DOOR and RADAR (DOOR/RADAR) through simulations and compared sample-size considerations to noninferiority designs in a hypothetical trial comparing antibiotics and no antibiotics (ie, placebo) for children with mild CAP. We also evaluated a trial comparing different durations of antibiotic therapy. Three scenarios were considered: 1 with no difference in DOOR between the 2 groups, 1 in which placebo is more efficacious, and another in which amoxicillin is more efficacious than placebo. The power to detect a difference between arms was greater using DOOR/RADAR compared with DOOR alone. Assuming a sample size of 200, DOOR had 2.5%, 50%, and 65% power to detect a statistical difference between arms for scenarios 1-3, respectively, significantly less than DOOR/RADAR. Importantly, DOOR/RADAR incorrectly identified placebo as superior in scenario 3, where amoxicillin was truly efficacious. Sample size requirements for noninferiority designs were larger to achieve similar levels of power as DOOR and DOOR/RADAR. DOOR/RADAR has the potential to lead to an incorrect conclusion declaring placebo superior when amoxicillin is efficacious.
The Racial Ideology of the British Police: Protecting and Maintaining the Racial Interests of the White Institution
Authors: Wicks Nikhaela 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Previous canonical writings on racism and policing have focussed on the shift from overt to covert articulations (Loftus 2010; Holdaway and O’Neill 2013), finding that racism is communicated primarily by white, heterosexist men in ‘white spaces’ (Loftus 2008). This paper moves beyond individualistic conceptions of racism to explore how police officers subscribe to a white racial ideology (Bonilla-Silva 2018). By drawing upon over 600 h of observations and interviews and discussions with over 60 officers, this paper explores four police discourses that underplay, defend and maintain the unequal racial status quo in policing: (1) individualization, (2) historicization, (3) discursive deracialization and (4) racial stories.
Fruit anatomy and histogenesis in Mediterranean species of Arbutus (Ericaceae: Arbutoideae): ecological and morphogenetic aspects
Authors: Yatsenko Olga V , Sorokin Alexey N , Romanov Mikhail S , Bobrov Alexey V F Ch , Iovlev Petr S , Zdravchev Nikita S , Timchenko Anton S , Mikhaylova Anna A , Vasekha Natalia D , Kandidov Maxim V , Kuptsov Kirill V 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Details of fruit anatomy and pericarp histogenesis were studied in Mediterranean species of Arbutus with the aim to determine the morphogenetic fruit type, to reveal the functional and ecological significance of fruit structure, and to suggest the most probable scenarios of fruit structural transformations in Arbutoideae (Ericaceae). The pericarp of the coenocarpous berries of Arbutus is differentiated into: one-layered exocarp, multilayered parenchymatous mesocarp with scattered solitary and groups of sclereids, and one-layered endocarp composed of thin-walled cells. The warts covering the fruit surface are formed by parenchymatous cells of the mesocarp and the exocarp. The process of pericarp development in Arbutus is divided into four periods, which correlate with the phenology and climatic factors of the Mediterranean region. The origin of the dormancy period in the middle part of fruit development in Arbutus is interpreted as an important adaptation to the arid Mediterranean climate. The data obtained suggest that both the berry of Arbutus and the pyrenariums of Arctostaphylos and Arctous are highly specialized fruit types that could not have derived from each other. The capsule of Hamamelis type of Enkianthoideae is recognized as the original fruit type of the berries and pyrenariums of Arbutoideae.
Presynaptic hyperexcitability reversed by positive allosteric modulation of a GABABR epilepsy variant
Authors: Minere Marielle , Mortensen Martin , Dorovykh Valentina , Warnes Gary , Nizetic Dean , Smart Trevor G , Hannan Saad B 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
GABABRs are key membrane proteins that continually adapt the excitability of the nervous system. These G-protein coupled receptors are activated by the brain's premier inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They are obligate heterodimers composed of GABA-binding GABABR1 and G-protein-coupling GABABR2 subunits. Recently, three variants (G693W, S695I, I705N) have been identified in the gene (GABBR2) encoding for GABABR2. Individuals that harbour any of these variants exhibit severe developmental epileptic encephalopathy and intellectual disability, but the underlying pathogenesis that is triggered in neurons remains unresolved.
Using a range of confocal imaging, flow cytometry, structural modelling, biochemistry, live cell Ca2+ imaging of presynaptic terminals, whole-cell electrophysiology of human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 T cells and neurons and two-electrode voltage clamping of Xenopus oocytes, we have probed the biophysical and molecular trafficking and functional profiles of G693W, S695I and I705N variants.
We report that all three point mutations impair neuronal cell surface expression of GABABRs, reducing signalling efficacy. However, a negative effect evident for one variant perturbed neurotransmission by elevating presynaptic Ca2+ signalling. This is reversed by enhancing GABABR signalling via positive allosteric modulation.
Our results highlight the importance of studying neuronal receptors expressed in nervous system tissue and provide new mechanistic insights into how GABABR variants can initiate neurodevelopmental disease whilst highlighting the translational suitability and therapeutic potential of allosteric modulation for correcting these deficits.
The representation of noun–verb distinction in left posterior middle temporal gyrus: evidence from representation similarity analyses
Authors: Zhang Wenjia , Chen Xuemei , Wang Suiping 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Nouns and verbs are fundamental grammatical building blocks of languages. A key question is whether and where the noun–verb division was represented in the brain. Previous studies mainly used univariate analyses to examine this issue. However, the interpretation of activated brain regions in univariate analyses may be confounded with general cognitive processing and/or confounding variables. We addressed these limitations by using partial representation similarity analysis (RSA) of Chinese nouns and verbs with different levels of imageability. Participants were asked to complete the 1-back grammatical class probe (GCP; an explicit measure) and the 1-back word probe (WP; an implicit measure) tasks while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. RSA results showed that the activation pattern in the left posterior middle temporal gyrus (LpMTG) was significantly correlated with the grammatical class representational dissimilarity matrix in the GCP task after eliminating the potential confounding variables. Moreover, the LpMTG did not overlap with the frontal–parietal regions that were activated by verbs vs. nouns or the task effect (CRP vs. WP) in univariate analyses. These results highlight the role of LpMTG in distinguishing nouns from verbs rather than general cognitive processing.