bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of forward and backward Second Harmonic Generation images to probe the nanoscale structure of collagen within bone and cartilage
Authors: Houle Marie‐Andrée , Couture Charles‐André , Bancelin Stéphane , Van der Kolk Jarno , Auger Etienne , Brown Cameron , Popov Konstantin , Ramunno Lora , Légaré François 
Published: September 2015

Collagen ultrastructure plays a central role in the function of a wide range of connective tissues. Studying collagen structure at the microscopic scale is therefore of considerable interest to understand the mechanisms of tissue pathologies. Here, we use second harmonic generation microscopy to characterize collagen structure within bone and articular cartilage in human knees. We analyze the intensity dependence on polarization and discuss the differences between Forward and Backward images in both tissues. Focusing on articular cartilage, we observe an increase in Forward/Backward ratio from the cartilage surface to the bone. Coupling these results to numerical simulations reveals the evolution of collagen fibril diameter and spatial organization as a function of depth within cartilage.
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Nutrient digestibility and colonic fermentation processes in species of the families Mustelidae and Canidae fed the same diet
Authors: Gugołek Andrzej , Juśkiewicz Jerzy , Strychalski Janusz , Konstantynowicz Małgorzata , Zwoliński Cezary 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTNutrient digestibility was compared and the influence of colonic fermentation processes on nutrient digestibility was determined in the American mink (Neovison vison) and the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes). It was hypothesized that gut microbiota exert varied effects on digestion processes in the analyzed species. The experiment was performed in December, on a group of 10 male mink and 10 male foxes. All animals were fed identical diets for fur‐bearing carnivores, with the following chemical composition (%): dry matter (DM)—33.12, total protein (TP)—12.01, ether extract (EE)—8.64, crude fiber (CF)—12.01, N‐free extracts (N‐FE)—9.32, and gross energy (GE)—7.313 MJ/kg−1. The coefficients of DM, OM, TP and EE digestibility were significantly higher in foxes than in mink. Mink were characterized by significantly higher utilization of N‐FE. In foxes, as compared with mink, fermentation rates were higher in the final section of the gastrointestinal tract, which improved nutrient digestibility. In mink, characterized by lower fermentation rates in the colon, increased enzyme secretion by bacterial cells is one of the physiological mechanisms that enable to optimize nutrient absorption in the large intestine. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 637–644, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex steroid hormone secretion in the wall lizard Podarcis sicula testis: The involvement of VIP
Authors: Rosati Luigi , Prisco Marina , Di Fiore Maria Maddalena , Santillo Alessandra , Sciarrillo Rosaria , Valiante Salvatore , Laforgia Vincenza , Coraggio Francesca , Andreuccetti Piero , Agnese Marisa 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTVasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide involved in different functions, including testosterone synthesis. Recently, we reported the presence of VIP in the testis of Podarcis sicula, throughout the reproductive cycle. Now, we investigated the effects of the VIP on steroidogenesis in significant periods of the Podarcis reproductive cycle: winter stasis, reproductive period, and summer stasis. Using VIP treatments in testis culture in absence or presence of receptors antagonists, we demonstrated for the first time that in P. sicula, VIP is involved not only in testosterone synthesis, as in mammals, but in 17β‐estradiol synthesis too. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 714–721, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Opening the doors of memory: is declarative memory a natural kind?
Authors: Michaelian Kourken 
Published: September 2015

Klein's target article argues that autonoetic consciousness is a necessary condition for memory; this unusually narrow view of the scope of memory implies that only episodic memory is, strictly speaking, memory. The narrow view is opposed to the standard broad view, on which causal connection with past experience is sufficient for memory; on the broad view, both declarative (i.e., episodic and semantic) and procedural memory count as genuine forms of memory. Klein mounts a convincing attack on the broad view, arguing that it opens the ‘doors of memory’ too far, but this commentary contends that the narrow view does not open them far enough. It may be preferable to adopt an intermediate view of the scope of memory, on which causal connection is sufficient for memory only when it involves encoding, storage, and retrieval of content. More demanding than the simple causal condition but less demanding than the autonoesis condition, the encoding‐storage‐retrieval condition implies that both episodic and semantic memory count as genuine forms of memory but that procedural memory does not.WIREs Cogn Sci2015, 6:475–482. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1364This article is categorized under:Psychology > Memory
Reflexiones sobre adivinar en preguntas de opción múltiple y cómo afecta el resultado del examen
Authors: Jurado-Núñez Alma , Leenen Iwin 
Published: September 2015

Los exámenes de opción múltiple (EOM) son la herramienta más difundida en educación médica, pero su utilidad está supeditada a la confiabilidad del instrumento y la validez de las inferencias que emanan de la medición. La posibilidad de adivinar, inherente al formato de evaluación, puede introducir varianza irrelevante a la medición y reducir la representación del rasgo latente en la calificación del examen por diferencias individuales respecto a educated guessing, testwiseness y la tendencia a adivinar. En este artículo se presentan brevemente las características generales de la Teoría Clásica de los Tests (TCT) y la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI) y su abordaje al problema de adivinar. Asimismo, se propone un modelo teórico dentro de la TCT que integra los mecanismos que afectan la adivinación y se determina la variación de la probabilidad de aprobar un EOM, en función de ciertos supuestos respecto a adivinar a través de un análisis teórico dentro de un modelo TRI. Es posible concluir que algunas características de los ítems propician la adivinación, y cuando ésta ocurre se encuentran inmersas diversas variables, relacionadas o independientes, del rasgo que se pretende medir, que determinan la magnitud de su efecto.
Médicos residentes: rasgos de personalidad, salud mental e ideación suicida
Authors: Vargas-Terrez Blanca E. , Moheno-Klee Vanessa , Cortés-Sotres José F. , Heinze-Martin Gerhard 
Published: September 2015

Introduccion: El estrés es una condición presente en la formación médica de posgrado; sin embargo, la manera de reaccionar ante los estresores depende de los rasgos particulares de personalidad. Ambos aspectos, así como otras características sociodemográficas y el tipo de especialidad, son factores que intervienen en el desarrollo de sintomatología psiquiátrica en los residentes de diferentes especialidades.
Objetivo: Explorar la influencia de la personalidad y los factores sociodemográficos, en la salud mental y la ideación suicida en médicos residentes.
Método: Estudio transversal, descriptivo y correlativo. La muestra fue de 981 residentes de 1er y 2o año, de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Se utilizó el Inventario NEO FFI-R (60 ítems) para medir rasgos de personalidad, Symptom Check List 90 R (SCL-90-R) para las variables clínicas, y 3 preguntas sobre ideación suicida.
Resultados: El perfil de personalidad para la muestra total fue de bajo neuroticismo y alta diligencia; en el análisis de clusters las especialidades que presentaron mayores porcentajes en el perfil de personalidad en riesgo (19.6%) fueron: urología (38.9%), psiquiatría (34.1%), medicina legal (27.8%), medicina familiar (27.4%), medicina crítica (25.9%) y anestesiología (25.0%). El 20.2% presentó una puntuación ≥T65 en al menos una escala del SCL-90-R; los residentes de cirugía oncológica presentaron la media más alta del Índice Global de Severidad (IGS), seguido de psiquiatría y anestesiología. Sólo un 8.0% fueron casos positivos en las preguntas de ideación suicida. De los 78 casos de psicopatología, el 50.1% pertenece al cluster de perfil en riesgo de psicopatología.
Conclusiones: En los residentes que presentaron psicopatología global e ideación suicida predominan los rasgos de personalidad de tipo neurótico. En especialidades consideradas de alto estrés existe un mayor porcentaje de individuos con personalidad neurótica. Los hombres presentanprevalencias mayores globales de psicopatología al igual que los residentes sin pareja.
The phenotypic features used for distinguishing species within theCladonia furcatacomplex are highly homoplasious
Authors: Pino-Bodas Raquel , Burgaz Ana R. , Martín María P. , Ahti Teuvo , Stenroos Soili , Wedin Mats , Lumbsch H. Thorsten 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTheCladonia furcatacomplex treated here comprisesC. farinacea,C. furcata,C. multiformis,C. scabriuscula,C. stereoclada, andC. subrangiformis. The well-known taxonomic complexity of this group is caused by wide phenotypic variation and high morphological similarity among the species, for which reason we investigated the distribution in the phylogeny of the phenotypic characters traditionally used to distinguish the species in this complex. A phylogenetic analysis of theC. furcatacomplex is presented here, based on three loci (ITS rDNA, IGS rDNA andRPB2), representing specimens from a broad geographical range (Europe, North America and New Zealand). The phylogenetic reconstructions were performed using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses. In addition, 14 features traditionally used for species delimitation within this complex were mapped onto the Bayesian phylogeny. All the species currently accepted, with the exception ofC. stereoclada, turned out to be polyphyletic. Most of the phenotypic characters studied are highly homoplasious with the exception of the podetium type. The solid podetia represent a diagnostic character ofC. stereoclada.
Status assessment of the Endangered snow leopardPanthera unciaand other large mammals in the Kyrgyz Alay, using community knowledge corrected for imperfect detection
Authors: Taubmann Julia , Sharma Koustubh , Uulu Kubanychbek Zhumabai , Hines James E. , Mishra Charudutt 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Endangered snow leopardPanthera unciaoccurs in the Central Asian Mountains, which cover c. 2 million km2. Little is known about its status in the Kyrgyz Alay Mountains, a relatively narrow stretch of habitat connecting the southern and northern global ranges of the species. In 2010 we gathered information on current and past (1990, the last year of the Soviet Union) distributions of snow leopards and five sympatric large mammals across 14,000 km2of the Kyrgyz Alay. We interviewed 95 key informants from local communities. Across 49 400-km2grid cells we obtained 1,606 and 962 records of species occurrence (site use) in 1990 and 2010, respectively. The data were analysed using the multi-season site occupancy framework to incorporate uncertainty in detection across interviewees and time periods. High probability of use by snow leopards in the past was recorded in > 70% of the Kyrgyz Alay. Between the two sampling periods 39% of sites showed a high probability of local extinction of snow leopard. We also recorded high probability of local extinction of brown bearUrsus arctos(84% of sites) and Marco Polo sheepOvis ammon polii(47% of sites), mainly in regions used intensively by people. Data indicated a high probability of local colonization by lynxLynx lynxin 41% of the sites. Although wildlife has declined in areas of central and eastern Alay, regions in the north-west, and the northern and southern fringes appear to retain high conservation value.
The psychology of psychology: A thought experiment
Authors: Ceci Stephen J. , Williams Wendy M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn the target article, Duarte et al. allege that the lack of political diversity reduces research efficacy. We pose a thought experiment that could provide an empirical test by examining whether institutional review board (IRB) members, granting agencies, and journal reviewers filter scientific products based on political values, invoking scientific criteria (rigor, etc.) as their justification. When these same products are cast in terms highlighting opposite values, do these people shift their decisions?
Political homogeneity can nurture threats to research validity
Authors: Chambers John R. , Schlenker Barry R. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPolitical homogeneity within a scientific field nurtures threats to the validity of many research conclusions by allowing ideologically compatible values to influence interpretations, by minimizing skepticism, and by creating premature consensus. Although validity threats can crop in any research, the usual corrective activities in science are more likely to be minimized and delayed.
Political diversity versus stimuli diversity: Alternative ways to improve social psychological science
Authors: Kessler Thomas , Proch Jutta , Hechler Stefanie , Nägler Larissa A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractInstead of enhancing diversity in research groups, we suggest that in order to reduce biases in social psychological research a more basic formulation and systematic testing of theories is required. Following the important but often neglected ecological research approach would lead to systematic variation of stimuli and sometimes representative sampling of stimuli for specific environments.
Mischaracterizing social psychology to support the laudable goal of increasing its political diversity
Authors: Eagly Alice H. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDuarte et al.'s arguments for increasing political diversity in social psychology are based on mischaracterizations of social psychology as fundamentally flawed in understanding stereotype accuracy and the effects of attitudes on information processing. I correct their misunderstandings while agreeing with their view that political diversity, along with other forms of diversity, stands to benefit social psychology.
An Efficient and Cost-Effective Method for Preparing Transmission Electron Microscopy Samples from Powders
Authors: Wen Haiming , Lin Yaojun , Seidman David N. , Schoenung Julie M. , van Rooyen Isabella J. , Lavernia Enrique J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe preparation of transmission electron microcopy (TEM) samples from powders with particle sizes larger than ~100 nm poses a challenge. The existing methods are complicated and expensive, or have a low probability of success. Herein, we report a modified methodology for preparation of TEM samples from powders, which is efficient, cost-effective, and easy to perform. This method involves mixing powders with an epoxy on a piece of weighing paper, curing the powder–epoxy mixture to form a bulk material, grinding the bulk to obtain a thin foil, punching TEM discs from the foil, dimpling the discs, and ion milling the dimpled discs to electron transparency. Compared with the well established and robust grinding–dimpling–ion-milling method for TEM sample preparation for bulk materials, our modified approach for preparing TEM samples from powders only requires two additional simple steps. In this article, step-by-step procedures for our methodology are described in detail, and important strategies to ensure success are elucidated. Our methodology has been applied successfully for preparing TEM samples with large thin areas and high quality for many different mechanically milled metallic powders.
Nanoleakage in Hybrid Layer and Acid–Base Resistant Zone at the Adhesive/Dentin Interface
Authors: Nikaido Toru , Nurrohman Hamid , Takagaki Tomohiro , Sadr Alireza , Ichinose Shizuko , Tagami Junji 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe aim of interfacial nanoleakage evaluation is to gain a better understanding of degradation of the adhesive–dentin interface. The acid–base resistant zone (ABRZ) is recognized at the bonded interface under the hybrid layer (HL) in self-etch adhesive systems after an acid–base challenge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate nanoleakage in HL and ABRZ using three self-etch adhesives; Clearfil SE Bond (SEB), Clearfil SE One (SEO), and G-Bond Plus (GBP). One of the three adhesives was applied on the ground dentin surface and light cured. The specimens were longitudinally divided into two halves. One half remained as the control group. The others were immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate solution, followed by photo developing solution under fluorescent light. Following this, the specimens were subjected to acid–base challenges with an artificial demineralization solution (pH4.5) and sodium hypochlorite, and prepared in accordance with common procedures for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination. The TEM images revealed silver depositions in HL and ABRZ due to nanoleakage in all the adhesives; however, the extent of nanoleakage was material dependent. Funnel-shaped erosion beneath the ABRZ was observed only in the all-in-one adhesive systems; SEO and GBP, but not in the two-step self-etch adhesive system; SEB.
A synthetic hydrogel for the high-throughput study of cell–ECM interactions
Authors: Rape Andrew D. , Zibinsky Mikhail , Murthy Niren , Kumar Sanjay 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIt remains extremely challenging to dissect the cooperative influence of multiple extracellular matrix (ECM) parameters on cell behaviour. This stems in part from a lack of easily deployable strategies for the combinatorial variation of matrix biochemical and biophysical properties. Here we describe a simple, high-throughput platform based on light-modulated hyaluronic acid hydrogels that enables imposition of mutually independent and spatially continuous gradients of ligand density and substrate stiffness. We validate this system by showing that it can support mechanosensitive differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. We also use it to show that the oncogenic microRNA, miR18a, is nonlinearly regulated by matrix stiffness and fibronectin density in glioma cells. The parallelization of experiments enabled by this platform allows condensation of studies that would normally require hundreds of independent hydrogels to a single substrate. This system is a highly accessible, high-throughput technique to study the combinatorial variation of biophysical and biochemical signals in a single experimental paradigm.
DNA methyltransferase 3A promotes cell proliferation by silencing CDK inhibitor p18INK4C in gastric carcinogenesis
Authors: Cui He , Zhao Chengcheng , Gong Pihai , Wang Ling , Wu Huazhang , Zhang Kun , Zhou Rongping , Wang Li , Zhang Ting , Zhong Sheng , Fan Hong 
Published: September 2015

AbstractLittle is known about the roles of DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) in gastric carcinogenesis. Here, we reported that the exogenous expression of DNMT3A promoted gastric cancer (GC) cell proliferation by accelerating the G1/S transition. Subsequently, p18INK4C was identified as a downstream target of DNMT3A. The elevated expression of DNMT3A suppressed p18INK4C at least at the transcriptional level. Depletion of p18INK4C expression in GC cells induced cell cycle progression, whereas its re-expression alleviated the effect of DNMT3A overexpression on G1/S transition. Furthermore, we found that DNMT3A modulated p18INK4C by directly binding to and silencing the p18INK4C gene via promoter hypermethylation. In clinical GC tissue specimens analyzed, the level of methylation of p18INK4C detected in tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in paired non-tumor tissues. Moreover, elevated level of DNMT3A expression was associated with the differentiation of GC tissues and was negatively correlated with the p18INK4C expression level. Taken together, our results found that DNMT3A contributes to the dysregulation of the cell cycle by repressing p18INK4C in a DNA methylation-dependent manner, suggesting that DNMT3A-p18INK4C axis involved in GC. These findings provide new insights into gastric carcinogenesis and a potential therapeutic target for GC that may be further investigated in the future.
Microarray Profiling and Co-Expression Network Analysis of LncRNAs and mRNAs in Neonatal Rats Following Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Damage
Authors: Zhao Fengyan , Qu Yi , Liu Junyan , Liu Haiting , Zhang Li , Feng Yi , Wang Huiqing , Gan Jing , Lu Ruifeng , Mu Dezhi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in cellular homeostasis. However, little is known about their effect in developing rat brains with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). To explore the expression and function of lncRNA in HIBD, we analyzed the expression profiles of lncRNAs in hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brains and sham control using microarray analysis. The results showed a remarkable difference in lncRNA between HI and sham brains. A total of 322 lncRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in HI brains, compared to sham control. Among these, BC088414 was one of the most significantly urpregulated lncRNAs. In addition, 375 coding genes were differentially expressed between HI brains and sham control. Pathway and gene ontology analysis indicated that the upregulated coding genes mostly involved in wounding, inflammation and defense, whereas the downregulated transcripts were largely associated with neurogenesis and repair. Moreover, coding non-coding co-expression network analysis showed that the BC088414 lncRNA expression was correlated with apoptosis-related genes, including Casp6 and Adrb2. Silencing of lncRNA BC088414 in PC12 cells caused reduced mRNA level of Casp6 and Adrb2, decreased cell apoptosis and increased cell proliferation. These results suggested lncRNA might participate in the pathogenesis of HIBD via regulating coding genes.
Square Kilometre Array Telescope—Precision Reference Frequency Synchronisation via 1f-2f Dissemination
Authors: Wang B. , Zhu X. , Gao C. , Bai Y. , Dong J. W. , Wang L. J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project is an international effort to build the world’s largest radio telescope, with a one-square-kilometre collecting area. In addition to its ambitious scientific objectives, such as probing cosmic dawn and the cradle of life, the SKA demands several revolutionary technological breakthroughs, such as ultra-high precision synchronisation of the frequency references for thousands of antennas. In this report, with the purpose of application to the SKA, we demonstrate a frequency reference dissemination and synchronisation scheme in which the phase-noise compensation function is applied at the client site. Hence, one central hub can be linked to a large number of client sites, thus forming a star-shaped topology. As a performance test, a 100-MHz reference frequency signal from a hydrogen maser (H-maser) clock is disseminated and recovered at two remote sites. The phase-noise characteristics of the recovered reference frequency signal coincide with those of the H-maser source and satisfy the SKA requirements.