bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing English Vocabulary Skills Through The Singing Method At Elemantary Publich School Baruh 3 Sampang
Authors: Salim Halimah 
Published: August 2024

Background. Learning English is something that must be done at the time this modern. The learning process also plays an important role in acquisition of the language. Schools need additional language lessons English because of the lack of teaching hours from local teachers.
Purpose. Children's needs in the school is something that must be completed because of learning English must be introduced from the elementary school level.
Method. Learning English through songs can be an effective means qualified in improving the memory and ability of students in learning English, this can be proven by the ease with which songs are followed and remembered by the students..
Results. Presence of the English teachers at schools will greatly assist the early learning process from a foreign language, especially if the teacher can teach English in various ways.
Conclusion. At the elementary level, such as elementary school, the emphasis on language learning should be emphasized English is at the most basic and most necessary language elements, namely: vocabulary, pronunciation, simple grammar, and simple conversation. Beside elements of the language, one thing that should always be remembered by English teachers is the importance of creating a comfortable and arousing situation and motivation to learn English.
Nationally determined contribution (NDCs) and green finance in India: an overview.
Authors: Hazra Nanda Dulal 
Published: August 2024

Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs) and Green Finance in India: An Overview*
Abstract: To achieve India’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, India need approximately Rs. 162.5 lakh crores( USD 2.5 trillion) from 2015 to 2030 or approximately 11 lakh crores (USD 170 billion ) per year. To bridge the gap between the requirement of funds and availability of fund to achieve the India’s NDCs, concept of Climate finance or Green finance developed. In a broader term ‘Green Finance’ can be defined as funding for the environmental friendly technologies, product, services, industries, businesses and for environmental friendly initiatives. Green finance includes all the actions and initiatives such as developing, implementing and promoting projects that have sustainable impacts. Considering the importance of ‘Green Finance’ in the light of India’s NDCs, it is important to study the a) India’s journey towards the fulfilment of India’s NDCs by 2030 b) benefits and challenges of Green Finance and c) current status of Green Finance flows in India. From the study it is found that India is taking the issue of climate change very seriously from long past and there is a huge gap between the requirement of funds and availability of the fund to achieve India’s NDCs. Green finance in India is mostly (about 85 %) supplied domestically and again in domestic fund (about 60%) are supplied by the private players. If we look into the growth of total global climate finance, growth of climate finance from private sources and growth of climate finance from public sources during the period 2011-12 to 2019-20, we will find a CAGR of 11.67%, 8.84% and 14.87 % respectively. There are different advantages of green finance such as leading to low carbon economy, sustainable environment and sustainable development, ultimate better human life without destroying nature. It has also some challenges such as high borrowing cost of green bond in comparison to other corporate and Government bonds in India, false claims of environmental compliance made by the different corporates and government agencies.
Key Words: Green Finance, Climate finance, Sustainable finance, Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), Panchamrita, Green Bonds, Green Mortgage etc.
*Dr. Nand Dulal Hazra, Assistant Professor of Commerce, Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya, Tamluk, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India, e-mail-nanda.hazra@tmv.ac.in
Demand and supply projection of cereals: consequence to food security in India and Nigeria
Authors: Sanusi Sanusi 
Published: August 2024

The paper presents demand and supply projection of major cereals for the year 2030, 2040 and 2050 for both India and Nigeria and the implication on food security challenge. The demand projections were computed using simple growth rate model under the assumptions of 6, 7 and 8 per cent GDP growth rate representing low-, moderate- and high-income growth. Results indicated that in both India and Nigeria increase in income do not cause any significant increase in the demand for cereals. It is concluded that India would be a self-sufficient in rice, wheat and maize with deficit in sorghum for the years 2030, 2040 and 2050 respectively. On the other hand, Nigeria would be plunging into a huge deficit in rice, wheat and a marginal surplus in maize and sorghum for the year 2030 with deteriorating deficits in the years 2040 and 2050 in rice, wheat, maize and sorghum respectively. In the study period, there would be surplus of cereals in the India with exception of sorghum; these prospects need to be strengthened and expand to sorghum through vigorous expansionary production programs as well ensure more availability, accessibility and affordability of cereal among poor families of India. For Nigeria to meet the future food requirements, the country shall have to either increase agricultural production, or depend on imports. As such, the paper suggests that the policy focus needs to be lunched, towards massive production, productivity enhancement in agriculture, through public investment in irrigation, credit facilities, research and extension.
Cellular communication during apoptosis
Authors: Halder Kalpataru , Sengupta Angana 
Published: August 2024

Apoptosis is a biological process to destroy cells. It is very much necessary for the normal growth and function of multicellular organisms. If there is any abnormality in controlling the death of cell, it can lead to a range of diseases like cancer, autoimmune disorders, or degenerative disorders. Apoptosis is triggered by a number of different signalling pathways each of which is activated by the actions inside or outside the cell. But all apoptosis signalling pathways congregate on the same system of cell dismantling process that is triggered by caspases (a family of cysteine-aspartate proteases) which slice proteins where aspartate residues are found in a particular sequence. Destruction and elimination of predestined cells is proficiently done by degrading of essential proteins of cell, degradation of DNA, and phagocytosis by other adjacent cells.
Sarcoidosis with Cardiac Localization: About 03 Cases
Authors: Rahmi M. , Merzouk F. , Ouarradi A. El , Habbal R. 
Published: August 2024

Background: Cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis is a serious localization that needs to be recognized, that’s why we report three cases of cardiac sarcoidosis, each with a different clinical presentation.
Case Presentation: In the first patient, cardiac involvement was revealed by exertional dyspnea and palpitations, which led to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showing 30% left ventricular dysfunction. In the second patient, cardiac localization was discovered following lipothymic malaise associated with complete atrioventricular block, for which a pacemaker was implanted. In the third patient, the workup for atypical precordialgia revealed signs of cardiac sarcoidosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed abnormalities compatible with cardiac localization of sarcoidosis in the first patient, presenting with left ventricular dysfunction on TTE. In the second patient, it showed no abnormalities, while in the third, it was not performed. Positron emission tomoscintigraphy (PET/CT) in all three patients revealed signs of metabolic hyperactivity in the first and third patients. In the second patient, who presented with atrioventricular block (AVB), the scan showed no abnormalities, and the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis was based solely on the presence of atrioventricular conduction disorder. All our patients benefited from long-term corticosteroid therapy, associated with the first patient with courses of methotrexate due to the presence of left ventricular dysfunction. The latter also received background treatment for chronic heart failure. After a follow-up of 11, 4 and 2 years respectively for the first, second and third patients, the evolution was favorable, with stable left ventricular function in the first patient and no symptomatological worsening in all three patients.
Conclusion: Cardiac sarcoidosis is a serious localization that needs to be detected on the basis of a clinical workup, complemented by imaging a cardiac MRI or PET scan, in order to confirm the diagnosis and propose specific treatment.
Standardization and Nutritional Evaluation of Minor Millet Based Instant Upma Mixes
Authors: Kumari B. Anila , Roberts Tatapudi Paul Pradeepa , Jyothsna E. , Soujanya Kanneboina , Soujanya Kanneboina , Varma Riddhi 
Published: August 2024

Traditional dry mix Indian foods are very popular worldwide. Upma is one of the famous breakfast foods of the southern India, is usually prepared from wheat semolina. Minor millets are a group of underutilised cereal crop with high nutritional and phytonutrient properties. The present investigation examined the quality of four minor millets, proso, barnyard, little and kodo millets for developing ready-to-cook instant upma mixes using soaking-drying, autoclaving-drying and roasting methods. The best method for processing millets into instant upma mixes was determined by the sensory quality of the product. Based on the sensory evolution, roasted minor millet based instant upma mixes were selected for the further study. The nutritional quality of developed instant upma mixes showed that they were good source of protein (6.26-10.68%), ash (3.37-4.27%), iron (7.32-11.28mg/100g), zinc (3.65-5.73mg/100g) and phytonutrients like phenols (1.98-6.07mg GAE/100g) and tannins (0.45-0.58mg TAE/100g). Results show that instant upma mixes can be stored for up to 90 days at ambient conditions in LDPE pouches without spoilage.
Perikymata distribution in Homo with special reference to the Xujiayao juvenile
Authors: Xing Song , Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie , O'Hara Mackie , Wu Xiujie , Liu Wu , Reid Donald J. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesThis study investigates where the Xujiayao juvenile (I1 and C1) fits into the array of perikymata distribution patterns found within the genus Homo.Materials and MethodsIn addition to the I1 and the C1 of the Xujiayao juvenile, this study includes samples of early Homo (H. rudolfensis and H. erectus), Neandertals, early modern humans (Qafzeh), and recent modern humans from Southern Africa, Newcastle (UK), and North America (Inupiaq, AK). Three sets of analyses were undertaken, including a comparison of percentage of perikymata in the cervical half of the crown, repeated measures analysis of the percentage of total perikymata in each decile, and canonical variates analysis using both total perikymata number and the percentage of perikymata in the cervical half of the crown.ResultsThe I1 and C1 of early Homo and Neandertals have a lower percentage of perikymata in the cervical half of the crown than modern human samples. Repeated measures analysis reveals clear distinctions in the distribution of perikymata between the modern human and fossil samples. Canonical variates analysis suggests greater differences between modern humans and the fossil samples than within the fossil samples, and classifies the Xujiayao teeth among modern humans.DiscussionThe present study further clarifies variation of perikymata distribution patterns within the genus Homo. The perikymata distribution of the Xujiayao juvenile tends to be more similar to that of modern humans than to either early Homo or Neandertals. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:684–693, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cellulose nanofibers from the skin of beavertail cactus, Opuntia basilaris, as reinforcements for polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Ramezani Kakroodi Adel , Panthapulakkal Suhara , Sain Mohini , Asiri Abdullah 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, the skin of the beavertail cactus, Opuntia Basilaris, was used for the isolation of cellulose nanofibers using a chemo‐mechanical technique. It was shown that the skins had a relatively high cellulose content, whereas their lignin content was low. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction proved that the isolation of cellulose nanofibers from the amorphous components of the skins was performed successfully. The cactus skins were also shown to have a high content of calcium oxalate crystals. Morphological observations proved that the isolated cellulose fibers had diameters in the range of 10–50 nm. It was shown that the addition of nanofibers increased the modulus and strength of the polyvinyl alcohol matrix significantly, whereas the elongation at break decreased. Thermogravimetric analysis proved that: (i) isolated nanofibers had higher thermal stabilities than the cactus skins, and (ii) inclusion of nanofibers increased the stability of polyvinyl alcohol noticeably. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42499.
Chemical manipulation of the mTORC1 pathway in industrially relevant CHOK1 cells enhances production of therapeutic proteins
Authors: Dadehbeigi Nazanin , Dickson Alan J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is known as a central coordinator of protein synthesis and cell growth in response to the cellular environment. In this work, chemical manipulation of mTORC1 pathway was employed to enhance mAb production as well as increase understanding of intracellular pathways in GS‐CHOK1 cells. Using the phosphorylation status of mTORC1 downstream targets, S6K1 and 4E‐BP1, as read‐outs of mTORC1 activity, we investigated the contribution of each target protein to growth and/or productivity. Inoculation of cultures in the presence of rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTORC1, increased viability and final titer. The initial increase in specific productivity and inhibition of growth by rapamycin correlated with diminished phospho‐S6K1. However, inhibition was transient and cells recovered by unknown mechanisms. In contrast, phosphorylation of 4E‐BP1 was preserved in response to rapamycin. Finally, we examined the activity of mTORC1 after addition of a custom‐designed feed. Feeding led to substantial increase in growth and productivity and the phosphorylation of both targets was elevated. Though many details of mTORC1 signaling in CHO cells remain to be clarified, we have provided evidence that environmental manipulation of the mTORC1 pathway correlates with changes in cell growth and recombinant protein production.
Implementing bacterial acid resistance into cell‐free protein synthesis for buffer‐free expression and screening of enzymes
Authors: Kim Ho‐Cheol , Kim Kwang‐Soo , Kang Taek‐Jin , Choi Jong Hyun , Song Jae Jun , Choi Yun Hee , Kim Byung‐Gee , Kim Dong‐Myung 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTCell‐free protein synthesis utilizes translational machinery isolated from the cells for in vitro expression of template genes. Because it produces proteins without gene cloning and cell cultivation steps, cell‐free protein synthesis can be used as a versatile platform for high‐throughput expression of enzyme libraries. Furthermore, the open nature of cell‐free protein synthesis allows direct integration of enzyme synthesis with subsequent screening steps. However, the presence of high concentration of chemical buffers in the conventional reaction mixture makes it difficult to streamline cell‐free protein synthesis with pH‐based assay of the synthesized enzymes. In this study, we have implemented an enzyme‐assisted bacterial acid resistance mechanism into an Escherichia coli (E.coli) extract‐based cell‐free protein synthesis system in place of chemical buffers. When deployed in the reaction mixture for cell‐free synthesis of enzymes, through proton‐consuming conversion of glutamate into γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), an engineered glutamate decarboxylase (GADβ) was able to maintain the pH of reaction mixture during enzyme synthesis. Because the reaction mixture becomes free of buffering capacity upon the depletion of glutamate, synthesized enzyme could be directly assayed without purification steps. The designed method was successfully applied to the screening of mutant library of sialyltransferase genes to identify mutants with improved enzymatic activity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2630–2635. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term outcome in anorexia nervosa in the community
Authors: Mustelin Linda , Raevuori Anu , Bulik Cynthia M. , Rissanen Aila , Hoek Hans W. , Kaprio Jaakko , Keski‐Rahkonen Anna 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveFew studies have assessed outcomes of anorexia nervosa (AN) outside clinical settings. We aimed to assess mortality, recovery, and socio‐demographic outcomes of AN in a community sample.MethodWomen in the nationwide FinnTwin16 cohort (born 1975–1979) were followed for 10 years after baseline diagnostic assessment (mean age at follow‐up 34 years, N = 2188). We compared women with lifetime DSM‐IV AN (N = 40) with unaffected women from the same cohort.ResultsNone of the women with AN had died and 88% were weight‐recovered (BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2), but their mean BMI (22.0 kg/m2) was lower than among unaffected women (24.0 kg/m2, p = 0.008). University degrees (38 vs. 29%, p = 0.26), sickness absence during the past year (median 5 vs. 3 days, p = 0.21), or unemployment or disability pension (5 vs. 4%, p = 0.62) did not significantly differ between AN probands and their unaffected peers. More women with AN were still studying (15 vs. 4%, p = 0.003), and half of them had children, as compared to 66% of unaffected women (p = 0.05).DiscussionThe long‐term prognosis of AN in the community appears promising. Weight‐restoration is common and socio‐demographic outcomes are generally favorable. However, women with a history of AN may be less likely to have children. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:851–859).
A Heterodinuclear FeIIIZnII Complex as a Mimic for Purple Acid Phosphatase with Site‐Specific ZnII Binding
Authors: Roberts Asha E. , Schenk Gerhard , Gahan Lawrence R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPurple acid phosphatases (PAPs) are the only dinuclear metallohydrolases for which the necessity for a heterovalent active site (FeIII–MII; M = Fe, Zn or Mn) for catalysis has been established. A major goal for the synthesis of PAP biomimetics is to design a ligand in which the two coordination sites exhibit discrimination between the trivalent and divalent metal ions. With this goal in mind the ligand 2‐{[bis(2‐methoxyethyl)amino]methyl}‐6‐{[(2‐hydroxybenzyl)(2‐pyridylmethyl)amino]methyl}‐4‐methylphenol (BMMHPH2), with two distinct coordination sites, N2O2 (α) and NO3 (β), has been prepared. Although not exactly mimicking the active site of PAP, the ligand facilitated the formation of the complex [FeIIIZnII(BMMHP)(CH3COO)2](BPh4), which exhibited regioselectivity in the two metal binding sites. The phosphoesterase‐like activity of the complex in 50:50 acetonitrile/water was investigated by using the substrate bis(2,4‐dinitrophenyl) phosphate (BDNPP) yielding kinetically relevant pKa values of 6.89, 7.37 and 9.00, a KM of 10.8 ± 2.1 mM and a kcat of 3.20 ± 0.38 × 10–3 s–1 (at pH = 7.5). Attempts to prepare a diiron analogue resulted in a centrosymmetric dimer, [FeIII2(BMMHPH)2(μ‐OH)2](BPh4)2, with one six‐coordinate FeIII atom in each of the α‐sites, connected by two μ‐hydroxido groups. In this Fe(μ‐OH)2Fe diamond core the FeIII ions are weakly antiferromagnetically coupled, with J = –1.76 ± 0.03 cm–1. The β‐sites were vacant. Attempts to replace the ZnII ion with MgII resulted in the formation of a centrosymmetric trimer, i.e. [FeIII2MgII(BMMHPH)2(CH3COO)2(CH3O)2](BPh4)2.
Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular C–C Bond Cleavage To Construct 2‐Substituted Quinazolinones
Authors: Hu Ben‐Quan , Wang Li‐Xia , Yang Luo , Xiang Jun‐Feng , Tang Ya‐Lin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAn efficient method for a copper‐catalyzed intramolecular C–C bond cleavage to construct 2‐substituted quinazolinones has been developed. The C–C bond at the 2‐position of 2,2‐disubstituted‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinazolinone was selectively cleaved by a Cu/air catalytic system. The trend for the cleavage was dependent on the leaving group in the order of: alkyl > methyl > phenyl > substituted aryl. The process described herein provides an explanation for the mechanism of the reaction between substituted 2‐halobenzamides and α‐substituted arylmethanamines to construct 2‐substituted quinazolinones, which were previously reported and limited to the construction of 2‐arylquinazolinones.
Long‐term impacts of grazing intensity on soil carbon sequestration and selected soil properties in the arid Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Talore Deribe G , Tesfamariam Eyob H , Hassen Abubeker , Du Toit JCO , Klampp Katja , Jean‐Francois Soussana 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDLittle is known about how basic soil properties respond to contrasting grazing intensities in the Karoo biome, South Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate impacts of long‐term (>75 years) grazing at 1.18 heads ha−1 (heavy; CGH), 0.78 heads ha−1 (light; CGL), and exclosure on selected soil properties. Soil samples were collected to a depth of 60 cm from the long‐term experimental site of Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute, Eastern Cape. The samples were analyzed for C, N, bulk density and infiltration rate, among others.RESULTSGenerally, heavy and light grazing reduced soil N storage by 27.5% and 22.6%, respectively, compared with the exclosure. Animal exclusion improved water infiltration rate and C stocks significantly (P < 0.05), which was 0.128, 0.097, and 0.093 Mg ha−1 yr−1 for exclosure, CGL and CGH, respectively. Soil penetration resistance was higher for grazing treatments in the top 3–7 cm soil layer but for exclosure at the top 1 cm soil surface.CONCLUSIONAlthough livestock exclusion has the potential to improve C sequestration, a sufficient resting period for 1–2 years followed by three consecutive grazing years at light stocking rate would be ideal for sustainable livestock production in this arid region of South Africa. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
A framework for assessing ecosystem services in acequia irrigation communities of the Upper Río Grande watershed
Authors: Raheem N. , Archambault S. , Arellano E. , Gonzales M. , Kopp D. , Rivera J. , Guldan S. , Boykin K. , Oldham C. , Valdez A. , Colt S. , Lamadrid E. , Wang J. , Price J. , Goldstein J. , Arnold P. , Martin S. , Dingwell E. 
Published: June 2015

‘What we need to do is inventory the different types of agricultural landscapes and bring to light the typical rural architecture, such as the acequias and desagües (irrigation supply canals and excess water drains). We need to find ways of conserving the landscape, including the flora and fauna as well as the role the agricultural landscape has played in the evolution of the surrounding area. Before we abandon the past (flood irrigation) for the contemporary (drip irrigation), we need a thorough analysis of the pros and cons of each system for the whole cultural landscape. The future may be one where the old and new learn to coexist, such as the hoe with the plow’ (Arellano, 2014, p. 204). WIREs Water 2015, 2:559–575. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1091This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
Engineering Water > Planning Water
Human Water > Value of Water