bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water Electrolysis with a Conducting Carbon Cloth: Subthreshold Hydrogen Generation and Superthreshold Carbon Quantum Dot Formation
Authors: Biswal Mandakini , Deshpande Aparna , Kelkar Sarika , Ogale Satishchandra 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA conducting carbon cloth, which has an interesting turbostratic microstructure and functional groups that are distinctly different from other ordered forms of carbon, such as graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, was synthesized by a simple one‐step pyrolysis of cellulose fabric. This turbostratic disorder and surface chemical functionalities had interesting consequences for water splitting and hydrogen generation when such a cloth was used as an electrode in the alkaline electrolysis process. Importantly, this work also gives a new twist to carbon‐assisted electrolysis. During electrolysis, the active sites in the carbon cloth allow slow oxidation of its surface to transform the surface groups from COH to COOH and so forth at a voltage as low as 0.2 V in a two‐electrode system, along with platinum as the cathode, instead of 1.23 V (plus overpotential), which is required for platinum, steel, or even graphite anodes. The quantity of subthreshold hydrogen evolved was 24 mL cm−2 h−1 at 1 V. Interestingly, at a superthreshold potential (>1.23 V+overpotential), another remarkable phenomenon was found. At such voltages, along with the high rate and quantity of hydrogen evolution, rapid exfoliation of the tiny nanoscale (5–7 nm) units of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are found in copious amounts due to an enhanced oxidation rate. These CQDs show bright‐blue fluorescence under UV light.
Low‐Temperature Activation of Hematite Nanowires for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Ling Yichuan , Wang Gongming , Wang Hanyu , Yang Yi , Li Yat 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHematite (α‐Fe2O3) nanostructures have been extensively studied as photoanode materials for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. However, the photoactivity of pristine hematite nanostructures is fairly low and typically requires thermal activation at temperature of 650 °C or above. Here, we report a new method for enhancing the photocurrent of hematite nanowires at a substantially lower temperature of 350 °C by means of a two‐step annealing process (activation process). Hydrothermally grown β‐FeOOH nanowires were first annealed in a pure N2 environment at 350 °C to form magnetite, followed by partial oxidation in air to convert magnetite to hematite. During this process, Fe2+ sites (oxygen vacancies) were intentionally created to increase the donor density and therefore the electrical conductivity of hematite. The oxygen‐deficient hematite nanowire photoanode created at low temperature (350 °C) show considerably enhanced photoactivity compared to pristine hematite sample that prepared by thermal annealing of β‐FeOOH nanowires at 550 °C in air. Moreover, this low‐temperature annealing method can be coupled with an element doping method to further increase the photoactivity of hematite nanowire. Sn‐doped hematite nanowires prepared by the same low‐temperature annealing method show at least three fold enhanced photocurrent compared to the undoped sample. Significantly, the highest temperature in the entire annealing process was 350 °C, which is the lowest activation temperature ever reported for hematite nanowire photoanodes.
Electrocatalytically Switchable CO2 Capture: First Principle Computational Exploration of Carbon Nanotubes with Pyridinic Nitrogen
Authors: Jiao Yan , Zheng Yao , Smith Sean C. , Du Aijun , Zhu Zhonghua 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe front cover artwork for issue 12/2013 is provided by the group of Prof. Zhonghua Zhu, in collaboration with Prof. Sean C. Smith of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Prof. Aijun Du from Queensland University of Technology. The image shows how carbon nanotubes and/or graphene with doped pyridinic nitrogen could be applied for controllable, highly selective, and reversible CO2 capture. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201300624
Ion Charge Separation in a Multi‐Species Plasma Flowing through a Magnetic Transport System
Authors: Paperny V. L. , Korobkin Yu. V. , Krasov V. I. , Lebedev N. V. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEnergy spectra of ions of various charged states at different cross‐section of a titanium plasma flow produced with a dc vacuum arc were studied. It was established that ions with different charges states were spatially separated during their travel through a plasma transport system based on a curved magnetic field. Ions with greater charge states were concentrated in the inner part of the curved plasma flow, i.e. closer to the centre of curvature of the field lines, so that the average charge state of ions in this area was higher than that at the outer part of the flow. A computer simulation of guiding a multi‐species plasma flow by a curved magnetic field qualitatively agreed with the experimental data. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stereoselective Synthesis of Dithia[3.3]cyclophane S,S′‐Dioxides with Planar and Central Chirality
Authors: Barattucci Anna , Di Gioia Maria Luisa , Leggio Antonella , Minuti Lucio , Papalia Teresa , Siciliano Carlo , Temperini Andrea , Bonaccorsi Paola 
Published: February 2014

Abstract5,8‐Dimethyl‐1,12‐dimethylene‐2,11‐dithia[3.3]cyclophane 2,11‐dioxides with planar and central chirality were synthesized in high yields, starting from 2,5‐dimethyl‐1,4‐benzenedimethanethiol, through the formation of suitable transient sulfenic functions that add to the triple bonds of disubstituted benzenes. Experimental observations allowed mechanistic and stereochemical insights into the key step of the synthetic pathway, and NMR experiments were diagnostic for the structure assignments of the cage‐like compounds. The stereochemical characteristics of the new dithiacyclophane S,S′‐dioxides synthesized may be applicable in the field of organocatalysis.
Iron‐Catalyzed Allylic C–H Amination of Substituted 1,3‐Dienes
Authors: Murru Siva , Srivastava Radhey S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA catalytic method for the selective allylic C–H amination of dienes and trienes using arylhydroxylamines has been developed. This iron‐catalyzed approach involves the in situ generation of activated nitrosoarenes, which in turn react with dienes or trienes to give the corresponding aminomethyl dienes or trienes as the major products, and hetero‐Diels–Alder adducts as minor products. The selectivity depends on the structures of both the catalyst and the substrate. We have also studied substituent effects using p‐substituted phenylhydroxylamines.
The effect of soil properties on the toxicity of silver to the soil nitrification process
Authors: Langdon Kate A. , McLaughlin Mike J. , Kirby Jason K. , Merrington Graham 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Silver (Ag) is being increasingly used in a range of consumer products, predominantly as an antimicrobial agent, leading to a higher likelihood of its release into the environment. The present study investigated the toxicity of Ag to the nitrification process in European and Australian soils in both leached and unleached conditions. Overall, leaching of soils was found to have a minimal effect on the final toxicity data, with an average leaching factor of approximately 1. Across the soils, the toxicity was found to vary by several orders of magnitude, with concentrations of Ag causing a 50% reduction in nitrification relative to the controls (EC50) ranging from 0.43 mg Ag/kg to &gt;640 mg Ag/kg. Interestingly, the dose–response relationships in most of the soils showed significant stimulation in nitrification at low Ag concentrations (i.e., hormesis), which in some cases produced responses up to double that observed in the controls. Soil pH and organic carbon were the properties found to have the greatest influence on the variations in toxicity thresholds across the soils, and significant relationships were developed that accounted for approximately 90% of the variability in the data. The toxicity relationships developed from the present study will assist in future assessment of potential Ag risks and enable the site-specific prediction of Ag toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1170–1178. © 2014 SETAC
Hepatic cytochrome P450 ubiquitination: Conformational phosphodegrons for E2/E3 recognition?
Authors: Correia Maria Almira , Wang YongQiang , Kim Sung‐Mi , Guan Shenheng 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) integral cytochromes P450 (P450s) are monooxygenases engaged in the biotransformation and elimination of endo‐ as well as xenobiotics. Of the human liver P450s, CYP3A4 is the major and most dominant catalyst responsible for the biotransformation of over 50% of clinically prescribed drugs. CYP2E1 metabolizes smaller molecular weight compounds (EtOH), carcinogens, environmental toxins, and endobiotics, and is justly implicated in various toxigenic/pathogenic mechanisms of human disease. Both P450s are notorious for their potential to generate pathogenic reactive oxygen species (ROS) during futile oxidative cycling and/or oxidative uncoupling. Such ROS not only oxidatively damage the P450 catalytic cage, but on their escape into the cytosol, also the P450 outer surface and any surrounding cell organelles. Given their ER‐monotopic topology coupled with this high potential to acquire oxidative lesions in their cytosolic (C) domain, not surprisingly these P450 proteins exhibit shorter lifespans and are excellent prototype substrates of ER‐associated degradation (“ERAD‐C”) pathway. Indeed, we have shown that both CYP3A4 and CYP2E1 incur ERAD‐C, during which they are first phosphorylated by protein kinases A and C, which greatly enhance/accelerate their ubiquitination by UBC7/gp78 and UbcH5a/CHIP/Hsp70/Hsp40 E2/E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. Such P450 phosphorylation occurs on Ser/Thr residues within linear sequences as well as spatially clustered acidic (Asp/Glu) residues. We propose that such S/T phosphorylation within these clusters creates negatively charged patches or conformational phosphodegrons for interaction with positively charged E2/E3 domains. Such P450 S/T phosphorylation we posit serves as a molecular switch to turn on its ubiquitination and ERAD‐C. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(2):78–88, 2014
ENABLING AND CONSTRAINING FACTORS IN THE LIVELIHOODS OF POOR FISHERS IN WEST SUMATRA, INDONESIA
Authors: Stanford Richard J. , Wiryawan Budy , Bengen Dietriech G. , Febriamansyah Rudi , Haluan John 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDespite a growing national economy and a raft of initiatives designed to improve livelihoods, 39% of fishers in West Sumatra are poor. In this paper, we present the results of interview‐based research with stakeholders in 25 fishing communities in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Thirty‐one enabling and constraining livelihood development factors are identified and classified according to the Sustainable Livelihoods Analysis. We recommend that these factors form a basis from which decision makers ensure that future livelihood improvement programs adequately recognize the integrated nature of poverty amongst poor fishers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DrRad51 is required for chiasmata formation in meiosis in planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis
Authors: Chinone Ayako , Matsumoto Midori 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYRad51, a conserved eukaryotic protein, mediates the homologous‐recombination repair of DNA double‐strand breaks that occur during both mitosis and meiosis. During prophase I of meiosis, homologous recombination enhances the linkage between homologous chromosomes to increase the accuracy of segregation at anaphase I. In polyploidy situations, however, difficulties with homologous chromosome segregation often disrupt meiosis. Yet, triploid individuals of the planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis are able to produce functional gametes through a specialized form of meiosis. To shed light on the molecular mechanisms that promote successful meiosis in triploid D. ryukyuensis, we investigated rad51 gene function. We isolated three genes of the Rad51 family, the Rad51 homolog Dr‐rad51 and the Rad51 paralogs Dr‐rad51B and Dr‐rad51C. Dr‐rad51 was expressed in germ‐line and presumably in somatic stem cells, but was not necessary for the regeneration of somatic tissue. RNA‐interference (RNAi) depletion of Dr‐rad51 during sexualization did not affect chromosome behavior in zygotene oocytes, but did result in the loss of chiasmata at the diplotene stage. Thus, homologous recombination does not appear to be necessary for synapsis, but is needed for crossover and proper segregation in D. ryukyuensis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: ???–???, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnostic overview of blood‐based dysferlin protein assay for dysferlinopathies
Authors: Ankala Arunkanth , Nallamilli Babi R. , Rufibach Laura E. , Hwang Esther , Hegde Madhuri R. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Dysferlin deficiency causes dysferlinopathies. Among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the dysferlin protein is expressed specifically in CD14+ monocytes. Methods: We quantified dysferlin protein levels in PBMC lysates of 77 individuals suspected clinically of having a dysferlinopathy to screen for true positives. Subsequent molecular confirmation was done by Sanger sequencing and comparative genomic hybridization arrays to establish diagnosis. Results: Of the 44 individuals who had significantly reduced dysferlin levels (≤10%), 41 underwent molecular testing. We identified at least 1 mutation in 85% (35 of 41), and 2 mutations, establishing a dysferlinopathy diagnosis, in 61% (25 of 41) of these individuals. Among those with dysferlin protein levels of >10% (33 of 77), only 1 individual (of 14 who underwent molecular testing) had a detectable mutation. Conclusions: Our results suggest that dysferlin protein levels of ≤10% in PBMCs, are highly indicative of primary dysferlinopathies. However, this assay may not distinguish carriers from those with secondary dysferlin reduction. Muscle Nerve 50: 333–339, 2014
Two‐terminal metal‐inter‐connected multijunction III–V solar cells
Authors: Lin Chieh‐Ting , McMahon William E. , Ward James S. , Geisz John F. , Wanlass Mark W. , Carapella Jeffrey J. , Olavarria Waldo , Perl Emmett E. , Young Michelle , Steiner Myles A. , France Ryan M. , Kibbler Alan E. , Duda Anna , Moriarty Tom E. , Friedman Daniel J. , Bowers John E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA novel bonding approach with an interface consisting of a metal and dielectric is developed, and a “pillar‐array” metal topology is proposed for minimal optical and electrical loss at the interface. This enables a fully lattice‐matched two‐terminal, four‐junction device that consists of an inverted top two‐junction (2J) cell with 1.85 eV GaInP/1.42 eV GaAs, and an upright lower 2J cell with ~1 eV GaInAsP/0.74 eV GaInAs aimed for concentrator applications. The fabrication process and simulation of the metal topology are discussed along with the results of GaAs/GaInAs 2J and (GaInP + GaAs)/GaInAs three‐junction bonded cells. Bonding‐related issues are also addressed along with optical coupling across the bonding interface. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Permafrost in Alpine Rock Faces from Jotunheimen and Hurrungane, Southern Norway
Authors: Hipp T. , Etzelmüller B. , Westermann S. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe warming and degradation of mountain permafrost within alpine areas is an important process influencing the stability of steep slopes and rock faces. In the mountains of southern Norway (Jotunheimen), an increase in ground temperatures has been recorded during the last 12 years, and modelling studies suggest the possible degradation of most mountain permafrost during the 21st century. To better estimate the thermal state of permafrost in steep rock walls in Norway, five temperature loggers were installed in 2009 and 2010, measuring the near‐surface rock wall temperatures in vertical rock faces. Surface temperatures in rock walls in Norway are on average higher than the ambient air temperature, by about 1 °C in shaded faces to more than 3 °C in faces with other aspects. An aspect dependency of rock wall temperatures is mainly visible during summer, with deviations of up to 4 °C between north‐ and south‐facing walls. Based on a 1D transient heat flow model, the active‐layer thickness at the study sites was estimated to be in the range of 3 m to 5 m at 2300 m asl and 1600 m asl, respectively. As a first‐order approximation, a spatial regression model based on elevation and potential incoming short‐wave radiation was used to estimate the lower limit and distribution of rock wall permafrost under present‐day conditions and for a scenario with average air temperatures increased by 2 °C. Today, the lower limit ranges from 1200–1300 m asl to 1600–1700 m asl in north‐ and south‐facing rock walls, respectively. With a warming of 2 °C, the lower limit would increase to about 1700 m and 2100 m, respectively, which corresponds to a loss of 70 per cent of the rock walls underlain by permafrost today in the study area, where more than half of the rock walls potentially containing permafrost are situated below 1800 m asl. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Doping and characterization of impurity atoms in Si and Ge nanowires
Authors: Fukata Naoki 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSi and Ge nanowires (SiNWs and GeNWs) are of great interest due to their novel physical properties. They are considered to be desirable materials for the next‐generation metal‐oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MOSFETs) and solar cells. Impurity doping is one of the important techniques to functionalize SiNWs and GeNWs. The crucial point is how the states of impurity atoms can be clarified. In order to realize it, we applied Raman scattering, electron spin resonance, and x‐ray diffraction methods. These results showed that B and P atoms were doped and electrically activated in SiNWs and GeNWs, showing the formation of p‐type and n‐type NWs. Recently, Si/Ge and Ge/Si core‐shell NWs were grown and the site‐selective doping was demonstrated. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
N‐type in‐situ doping effect on vapour‐liquid‐solid silicon nanowire properties for gas sensing applications
Authors: Pichon L. , Rogel R. , Jacques E. , Salaun A. C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractN‐type in‐situ doped SiNWs based resistors are fabricated and used as gas (ammonia) sensors. SiNWs are prepared by vapour‐liquid‐solid method (VLS) using gold as catalyst. In‐situ doping level is adjusted by varying the phosphine to silane mole ratio. Because SiNWs can act as sensitive units specific design is developed to allow large sensing areas, following a process fabrication compatible with a mass production planar layout. SiNWs doping effect on ammonia detection is carried out under controlled ammonia/nitrogen mixture varying from 2 ppm to 700 ppm. Results highlight that the relative response, Sg=(I0‐Ig)/I0, where I0 and Ig are the current values in vacuum and reactive ambient respectively, follows a linear behaviour. The relative sensitivity, (S=ΔSg/Δ[NH3]) decreases, whereas the sensitivity (SxI0) increases with the increase of the VLS SiNWs doping level. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical and optical properties of mixed phase tungsten trioxide films grown by laser pyrolysis
Authors: Govender M. , Mwakikunga B. W. , Machatine A. G. J. , Kunert H. W. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLaser pyrolysis was chosen to synthesize tungsten trioxide starting with tungsten ethoxide precursor. The film was found to have a thickness that varied from 205 nm to 1 µm. X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of a mixture of hexagonal and tetragonal phase WO3 in the synthesized film, as well as tungsten bronzes. It was evident that annealing greatly influenced the phases and types of structures formed, and EDXS was carried out in an attempt to quantify the tungstate bronzes to tungsten oxide. I‐V curves of the films showed n‐type semiconducting behaviour, but the mixed phase appeared to cause a similar behaviour of dopants in a semiconductor. The refractive index decreased with increasing wavelength and gave values of up to 21 at low wavelengths. The average optical band gap was found to be 3.6 eV from UV/Vis spectroscopy. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed a mixture of nano‐ and microstructures after annealing. Nanorod structures were isolated and Pt‐contacted using FIB for possible applications such as an active sensing medium in gas sensors. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Profiling of rutin‐mediated alleviation of cadmium‐induced oxidative stress in Zygophyllum fabago
Authors: Yildiztugay Evren , Ozfidan‐Konakci Ceyda 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTZygophyllum fabago grows in arid, saline soil, or disturbed sites, such as former industrial or mining areas. This species is able to grow in coarse mineral substrates contaminated with heavy metals. To investigate the effects of the flavonoid rutin (Rtn) on certain heavy metal stress responses such as antioxidant defense systems and water status, seedlings were subjected to 100 and 200 μM CdCl2 treatment without or with 0.25 and 1 mM Rtn for 7 and 14 d (days). Cd stress decreased growth (RGR), water content (RWC), leaf osmotic potential (ΨΠ), and chlorophyll fluorescence, all of which could be partly alleviated by addition of Rtn. Activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase increased within the first 7 d after exposure to Cd. However, failure of antioxidant defense in the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evidenced by an abnormal rise in superoxide anion radical (
) and hydrogen peroxide contents and a decline in hydroxyl radical (OH•) scavenging activity, resulting in enhancement of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) as a marker of Cd‐induced oxidative stress. However, exogenously applied Rtn considerably improved the stress tolerance of plants via a reduction in Cd accumulation, modulation of POX activity, increase of proline (Pro) content, decrease in TBARS and ROS content and consequent lowering of oxidative damage of membrane. Overall, 0.25 and 1 mM Rtn could protect Z. fabago from the harmful effects of 100 μM Cd‐induced oxidative stress throughout the experiment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 816–835, 2015.
Non‐contact vacuum pumps
Authors: Salikeev Sergey , Burmistrov Aleksey , Bronshtein Mikhail , Fomina Marina 
Published: February 2014

AbstractNon‐contact oil‐free vacuum pumps are widely used in different technological processes such as nanomaterials industry, pharmaceuticals industry, food industry, medicine, etc., thanks to absence of oil seal, high discharge, long operating life, yet low energy consumption. Scroll pumps are of particular interest as they make it possible to isolate bearing assemblies with grease from the working volume of the pump with the help of bellows.Pumping characteristics of non‐contact vacuum pumps are greatly influenced by backward leakage through slot channels of the rotor mechanism. The conductance is the main value characterizing backward leakage. In this paper an efficient method for prompt conductance calculation of slot channels with any geometry with the minimal clearance at a certain point along gas flow direction is presented. The calculation error of the presented method does not exceed 6%.The presented method was used in mathematical models for the pumping process of scroll pumps, claw pumps and Roots pumps. This method is recommended for pumping characteristics calculation of different non‐contact pumps and gas flow rates in vacuum systems channels.