bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biting injuries and transmission ofTasmanian devil facial tumour disease
Authors: Hamede Rodrigo K. , McCallum Hamish , Jones Menna 
Published: September 2012

SummaryTheTasmanian devil is threatened with extinction by devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), a unique infectious cancer in which the tumour cells themselves, which derive from a single long‐dead host devil, are the infective agent and the tumour is an infectious parasitic cell line.Transmission is thought to occur via direct inoculation of tumour cells when susceptible and infected individuals bite each other or by fomitic transfer of tumour cells. The nature of transmission and the extent to which biting behaviour and devil ecology is associated with infection risk remains unclear. Until our recent study in north‐west Tasmania showed reduced population and individual impacts,DFTDhad caused massive population declines in all populations monitored.In this paper, we investigate seasonal patterns of injuries resulting from bites between individuals,DFTDinfection status and tumour location in two populations to determine whether the number of bites predicts the acquisition ofDFTDand to explore the possibility that the reduced impacts ofDFTDin north‐west Tasmania are attributed to reduced bite rates.Devils with fewer bites were more likely to developDFTDand primary tumours occurred predominantly inside the oral cavity. These results are not consistent with transmission occurring from the biter to the bitten animal but suggest that dominant individuals delivering bites, possibly by biting the tumours of other devils, are at higher risk of acquiring infection than submissive individuals receiving bites. Bite rates, which were higher during autumn and winter, did not differ between sites, suggesting that the reduced population impacts in north‐west Tasmania cannot be explained by lower bite rates.Our study emphasizes the importance of longitudinal studies of individually marked animals for understanding the ecology and transmission dynamics of infectious diseases and parasites in wild populations.
The ecological economics of kleptoparasitism: pay‐offs from self‐foraging versus kleptoparasitism
Authors: Flower Tom P. , Child Matthew F. , Ridley Amanda R. 
Published: September 2012

Summary

Animals commonly steal food from other species, termed interspecific kleptoparasitism, but why animals engage in kleptoparasitism compared with alternate foraging tactics, and under what circumstances they do so, is not fully understood.
Determining what specific benefits animals gain from kleptoparasitism could provide valuable insight into its evolution. Here, we investigate the benefits of kleptoparasitism for a population of individually recognizable and free‐living fork‐tailed drongos (Dicrurus adsimilis) in the southern Kalahari Desert.
Drongos engaged in two foraging behaviours: self‐foraging for small insects or following other species which they kleptoparasitized for larger terrestrial prey that they could not capture themselves. Kleptoparasitism consequently enabled drongos to exploit a new foraging niche.
Kleptoparasitism benefitted drongos most in the morning and on colder days because at these times pay‐offs from kleptoparasitism remained stable, while those from self‐foraging declined. However, drongos engaged in kleptoparasitism less than expected given the overall high (but more variable) pay‐offs from this behaviour, suggesting that kleptoparasitism is a risky foraging tactic and may incur additional foraging costs compared with self‐foraging.
This is the first study to comprehensively investigate the benefits of facultatively engaging in kleptoparasitism, demonstrating that animals may switch to kleptoparasitism to exploit a new foraging niche when pay‐offs exceed those from alternate foraging behaviours.
Molecular evolutionary and population genomic analysis of the nine‐spined stickleback using a modified restriction‐site‐associated DNA tag approach
Authors: Bruneaux Matthieu , Johnston Susan E. , Herczeg Gábor , Merilä Juha , Primmer Craig R. , Vasemägi Anti 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn recent years, the explosion of affordable next generation sequencing technology has provided an unprecedented opportunity to conduct genome‐wide studies of adaptive evolution in organisms previously lacking extensive genomic resources. Here, we characterize genome‐wide patterns of variability and differentiation using pooled DNA from eight populations of the nine‐spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius L.) from marine, lake and pond environments. We developed a novel genome complexity reduction protocol, defined as paired‐end double restriction‐site‐associated DNA (PE dRAD), to maximize read coverage at sequenced locations. This allowed us to identify over 114 000 short consensus sequences and 15 000 SNPs throughout the genome. A total of 6834 SNPs mapped to a single position on the related three‐spined stickleback genome, allowing the detection of genomic regions affected by divergent and balancing selection, both between species and between freshwater and marine populations of the nine‐spined stickleback. Gene ontology analysis revealed 15 genomic regions with elevated diversity, enriched for genes involved in functions including immunity, chemical stimulus response, lipid metabolism and signalling pathways. Comparisons of marine and freshwater populations identified nine regions with elevated differentiation related to kidney development, immunity and MAP kinase pathways. In addition, our analysis revealed that a large proportion of the identified SNPs mapping to LG XII is likely to represent alternative alleles from divergent X and Y chromosomes, rather than true autosomal markers following Mendelian segregation. Our work demonstrates how population‐wide sequencing and combining inter‐ and intra‐specific RAD analysis can uncover genome‐wide patterns of differentiation and adaptations in a non‐model species.
Bayesian inference of a complex invasion history revealed by nuclear and chloroplast genetic diversity in the colonizing plant, Silene latifolia
Authors: Keller Stephen R. , Gilbert Kimberly J. , Fields Peter D. , Taylor Douglas R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSpecies invading new ranges are subject to a series of demographic events that can strongly shape genetic diversity. Describing this demographic history is important for understanding where invasive species come from and how they spread, and is critical to testing hypotheses of postinvasion adaptation. Here, we analyse nuclear and chloroplast genetic diversity to study the invasion history of the widespread colonizing weed, Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae). Bayesian clustering and PCA revealed strong population structure in the native range of Europe, and although genotypes from multiple native sources were present in the introduced range of North America, the spatial distribution of genetic variance was dramatically reorganized. Using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), we compared support for different invasion scenarios, including the number and size of independent introduction events and the amount of admixture occurring between sources of introduced genotypes. Our results supported independent introductions into eastern and western North America, with the latter forming a bridgehead for a secondary invasion into the Great Lakes region of central North America. Despite small estimated founder population sizes, the duration of the demographic bottleneck after the initial introduction appeared extremely short‐lived. This pattern of repeated colonization and rapid expansion has effectively eroded the strong population structure and cytonuclear associations present in Europe, but has retained overall high genetic diversity since invasion. Our results highlight the flexibility of the ABC approach for constructing a narrative of the demographic history of species invasions and provide baseline for future studies of evolutionary changes in introduced S. latifolia populations.
Gastroparesis on the rise: incidence vs awareness?
Authors: Nusrat S. , Bielefeldt K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground  Recent reports provide a conflicting picture with a stable prevalence of gastroparesis (GP) in a population‐based study, but a more than doubling in hospitalizations for gastroparesis within the last 10 years. We hypothesized that this apparent discrepancy is due to changes in disease recognition and coding rather than prevalence.Methods  Using data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, Healthcare cost and utilization project, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, we examined time trends of resource utilization for GP and related disorders.Key Results  Between 1994 and 2009, annual hospitalizations for gastroparesis as primary diagnosis increased more than 18‐fold from 918 to 16 736. In the same time frame, hospitalizations for not otherwise specified functional disorders of the stomach decreased by nearly 50% from 13 430 to 6480 per year.Conclusions & Inferences  Although hospitalizations rates and emergency encounters for gastroparesis have increased dramatically within the last 2 decades, there was a concomitant decrease in resource utilization for other functional disorders of the stomach, suggesting that increased awareness contributed to this trend, which represents a shift in diagnoses rather than a true difference in the incidence and/or prevalence of these illnesses.
Evidence‐based options for treatment‐resistant adult bipolar disorder patients
Authors: Poon Shi Hui , Sim Kang , Sum Min Yi , Kuswanto Carissa Nadia , Baldessarini Ross J 
Published: September 2012

Poon SH, Sim K, Sum MY, Kuswanto CN, Baldessarini RJ. Evidence‐based options for treatment‐resistant adult bipolar disorder patients. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 573–584. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Objectives:  Many patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD) respond incompletely or unsatisfactorily to available treatments. Given the potentially devastating nature of this prevalent disorder, there is a pressing need to improve clinical care of such patients.Methods:  We performed a literature review of the research findings related to treatment‐resistant BD reported through February 2012.Results:  Therapeutic trials for treatment‐resistant bipolar mania are uncommon, and provide few promising leads other than the use of clozapine. Far more pressing challenges are the depressive‐dysthymic‐dysphoric‐mixed phases of BD and long‐term prophylaxis. Therapeutic trials for treatment‐resistant bipolar depression have assessed anticonvulsants, modern antipsychotics, glutamate [N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)] antagonists, dopamine agonists, calcium‐channel blockers, and thyroid hormones, as well as behavioral therapy, sleep deprivation, light therapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep brain stimulation—all of which are promising but limited in effectiveness. Several innovative pharmacological treatments (an anticholinesterase, a glutamine antagonist, a calcium‐channel blocker, triiodothyronine, olanzapine and topiramate), ECT, and cognitive‐behavior therapy have some support for long‐term treatment of resistant BD patients, but most of trials of these treatments have been methodologically limited.Conclusions:  Most studies identified were small, involved supplementation of typically complex ongoing treatments, varied in controls, randomization, and blinding, usually involved brief follow‐up, and lacked replication. Clearer criteria for defining and predicting treatment resistance in BD are needed, as well as improved trial design with better controls, assessment of specific clinical subgroups, and longer follow‐up.
Mental disorders in offspring of parents with bipolar and major depressive disorders
Authors: Vandeleur Caroline , Rothen Stéphane , Gholam‐Rezaee Mehdi , Castelao Enrique , Vidal Sonia , Favre Sophie , Ferrero François , Halfon Olivier , Fumeaux Pierre , Merikangas Kathleen R , Aubry Jean‐Michel , Burstein Marcy , Preisig Martin 
Published: September 2012

Vandeleur C, Rothen S, Gholam‐Rezaee M, Castelao E, Vidal S, Favre S, Ferrero F, Halfon O, Fumeaux P, Merikangas KR, Aubry J‐M, Burstein M, Preisig M. Mental disorders in offspring of parents with bipolar and major depressive disorders. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 641–653. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Objectives:  There is limited information on the specificity of associations between parental bipolar disorder (BPD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) and the risk of psychopathology in offspring. The chief aim of the present study was to investigate the association between mood disorder subtypes in the two parents and mental disorders in the offspring.Methods: A total of 376 offspring (aged 6.0–17.9 years; mean = 11.5 years) of 72 patients with BPD (139 offspring), 56 patients with MDD (110 offspring), and 66 controls (127 offspring) participated in a family study conducted in two university hospital centers in Switzerland. Probands, offspring, and biological co‐parents were interviewed by psychologists blind to proband diagnoses, using a semi‐structured diagnostic interview.Results:  Rates of mood and anxiety disorders were elevated among offspring of BPD probands (34.5% any mood; 42.5% any anxiety) and MDD probands (25.5% any mood; 44.6% any anxiety) as compared to those of controls (12.6% any mood; 22.8% any anxiety). Moreover, recurrent MDD was more frequent among offspring of BPD probands (7.9%) than those of controls (1.6%). Parental concordance for bipolar spectrum disorders was associated with a further elevation in the rates of mood disorders in offspring (64.3% both parents versus 27.2% one parent).Conclusions:  These findings provide unique information on the broad manifestations of parental mood disorders in their offspring. The earlier onset and increased risk of recurrent MDD in the offspring of parents with BPD compared to those of controls suggests that the episodicity characterizing BPD may emerge in childhood and adolescence.
Chyluria after partial nephrectomy: A rare but considerable complication
Authors: Komeya Mitsuru , Sahoda Tamayo , Sugiura Shinpei , Sawada Takuto , Kitami Kazuo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAn 82‐year‐old male patient underwent open left lower‐pole partial nephrectomy with a microwave tissue coagulator (Microtaze). Pathological findings showed clear cell renal cell carcinoma, pT1a, Fuhrman grade 2 with negative margins. Then 2 years later, he presented with urinary retention. His urine appeared cloudy and milky only after meals, but appeared normal at other times. He was diagnosed with chyluria after partial nephrectomy. Endoscopic sclerotherapy with silver nitrate was carried out, because his serum albumin decreased to 3.4 g/dL within 3 months. He had an uneventful postoperative course. His chyluria completely disappeared and has not recurred for 11 months. Although chyluria after nephrectomy is very rare, there is a possibility that the frequency of chyluria after partial nephrectomy might increase, because the number of partial nephrectomies continues to increase worldwide. We herein summarize this rare surgical complication and discuss the effectiveness of endoscopic sclerotherapy as a therapeutic tool.
Evaluating life‐history strategies of reef corals from species traits
Authors: Darling Emily S. , Alvarez‐Filip Lorenzo , Oliver Thomas A. , McClanahan Timothy R. , Côté Isabelle M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractClassifying the biological traits of organisms can test conceptual frameworks of life‐history strategies and allow for predictions of how different species may respond to environmental disturbances. We apply a trait‐based classification approach to a complex and threatened group of species, scleractinian corals. Using hierarchical clustering and random forests analyses, we identify up to four life‐history strategies that appear globally consistent across 143 species of reef corals: competitive, weedy, stress‐tolerant and generalist taxa, which are primarily separated by colony morphology, growth rate and reproductive mode. Documented shifts towards stress‐tolerant, generalist and weedy species in coral reef communities are consistent with the expected responses of these life‐history strategies. Our quantitative trait‐based approach to classifying life‐history strategies is objective, applicable to any taxa and a powerful tool that can be used to evaluate theories of community ecology and predict the impact of environmental and anthropogenic stressors on species assemblages.
Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning change along environmental stress gradients
Authors: Steudel Bastian , Hector Andy , Friedl Thomas , Löfke Christian , Lorenz Maike , Wesche Moritz , Kessler Michael 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPositive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has been observed in many studies, but how this relationship is affected by environmental stress is largely unknown. To explore this influence, we measured the biomass of microalgae grown in microcosms along two stress gradients, heat and salinity, and compared our results with 13 published case studies that measured biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships under varying environmental conditions. We found that positive effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning decreased with increasing stress intensity in absolute terms. However, in relative terms, increasing stress had a stronger negative effect on low‐diversity communities. This shows that more diverse biotic communities are functionally less susceptible to environmental stress, emphasises the need to maintain high levels of biodiversity as an insurance against impacts of changing environmental conditions and sets the stage for exploring the mechanisms underlying biodiversity effects in stressed ecosystems.
Immunohistochemical evidence suggests repeated intravesical application of botulinum toxin A injections may improve treatment efficacy of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome
Authors: Shie Jia‐Heng , Liu Hsin‐Tzu , Wang Yu‐Syuan , Kuo Hann‐Chorng 
Published: September 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?
A single set of botulinum toxin A (BoNT‐A) injections relieves clinical symptoms of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), but lacks long‐term effect. An inadequate anti‐inflammatory effect is likely to cause treatment failure.
The study shows that chronic inflammation and apoptotic signalling molecules are significantly reduced after repeated intravesical BoNT‐A injection in patients with IC/BPS. It also shows that repeated BoNT‐A injections are necessary to achieve greater success in the treatment of IC/BPS.
Objective
To investigate the mechanisms of action of botulinum toxin A (BoNT‐A) treatment on interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS).
Patients and Methods
A total of 23 women with IC/BPS who received single intravesical BoNT‐A injection were studied. Among them, 11 received three repeated injections every 6 months to improve their symptoms.
Bladder biopsy was obtained before each BoNT‐A injection and the clinical symptoms and urodynamic variables were recorded.
Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for TUNEL and mast cell activity, and western blotting analysis of tryptase, cytokines, Bax and phospho‐p38 (p‐p38) were carried out. We compared the clinical results and IHC data among baseline, single or repeated BoNT‐A treatments.
Results
Single BoNT‐A injection improved clinical symptoms, pain score and daytime urinary frequency.
Mast cell activity and apoptotic cell count did not decrease significantly, while Bax and p‐p38, but not tryptase, decreased significantly after a single BoNT‐A injection.
The 11 patients who received three repeated BoNT‐A injections had significantly lower pain scores than the remaining patients (mean [SD]: 5.80 [2.27] vs. 3.03 [2.30], P = 0), glomerulation degree (mean [SD]: 1.80 [1.06] vs. 1.20 [1.06], P = 0.026) and global response scores (mean [SD]: 0.30 [0.92] vs. 1.20 [1.06], P = 0) after treatment.
Tryptase, Bax, p‐p38 and apoptotic cell counts all decreased significantly.
25‐kD synaptosomal‐associated protein also decreased after BoNT‐A treatments, which confirmed the therapeutic effect of repeated BoNT‐A injections.
Conclusions
Chronic inflammation and apoptotic signalling molecules were significantly reduced after repeated BoNT‐A injections in patients with IC/BPS.
The IHC improvement was associated with clinical symptom improvement.
Repeated BoNT‐A injections are necessary to achieve a greater success rate in the treatment of IC/BPS.
Community‐Based Resource Management in Turkey: ‘Je Participe, Tu Participes, Il Participe… Ils Profitent’1
Authors: Akbulut Bengi 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThe current discourse and practice of natural resource management rest on the assumption that participatory decision‐making mechanisms offer efficient and equitable policy solutions. There is increasing recognition, however, that such mechanisms might fail in ensuring effective participation of all stakeholders and, consequently, be prone to (re)producing inequalities and remaining ineffective in environmental protection. Taking this observation as a backdrop, this study addresses the under‐investigated implications of state–society relationships on the operation of participatory processes. By employing a unique combination of data provided by focus groups, in‐depth interviews, and a survey administered to 377 individuals, it analyses the ‘failure’ of participatory decision making within the context of an internationally‐funded environmental conservation project in Sultan Sazlığı, Turkey. The article argues that the specific manifestations of state–society relationships and the political economy dynamics at the local level account for this failure. It shows that local materializations of state behaviour, interacting with local inequalities and perceptions of the decision‐making process, impinge on effective participation. In emphasizing that the capability of different groups to participate is shaped by the state in important ways, this article calls for more research on the political economy of state–society relationships and community‐based resource management.
Locational Stratification by Environment
Authors: CHEN BEEN‐LON , HUANG CHIEN‐CHIEH , WANG PING 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper develops an equilibrium sorting model wherein perfectly mobile agents decide their optimal residential locations, either in a clean city or in a dirty city where production takes place. While residents in a dirty city suffer a higher level of pollution, they incur less commuting cost when going to work. When workers of different abilities choose different locations in which to reside, a segregated spatial configuration emerges, where those residing in a clean city have higher working time, human capital, and income than those in the dirty city. Analytic comparative‐static and numerical welfare analyses are performed.
Behavioral Mechanism Design
Authors: KUCUKSENEL SERKAN 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper studies the mechanism design problem for the class of Bayesian environments where agents do care for the well‐being of others. For these environments, we fully characterize interim efficient (IE) mechanisms and examine their properties. This set of mechanisms is compelling, since IE mechanisms are the best in the sense that there is no other mechanism which generates unanimous improvement. For public good environments, we show that these mechanisms produce public goods closer to the efficient level of production as the degree of altruism in the preferences increases. For private good environments, we show that altruistic agents trade more often than selfish agents.