bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing benchmarks of biological status from management reference points: A case study on Pacific salmon in Canada
Authors: HOLT CARRIE A. , IRVINE JAMES R. 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYFor fisheries with multiple, competing objectives, identifying and applying reference points for management can present difficult trade-offs between long-term biological and shorter-term socioeconomic considerations. The term biological benchmarks is proposed to demarcate zones of population status based on conservation and production considerations. These scientifically derived benchmarks contrast with management reference points that generally require additional shorter-term socioeconomic information best obtained through public consultations. This paper illustrates the distinction between biological benchmarks and management reference points with a case study on Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.). In Canada, the management and assessment of wild Pacific salmon are guided by a major 2005 conservation policy, which calls for the identification of biological benchmarks to categorize status of demographically isolated populations, and decision-support tools, such as management reference points, to integrate biological information with appropriate social and economic information. In the Fraser River (British Columbia, Canada), the selection of management reference points for sockeye salmon (O. nerka) fisheries explicitly considered trade-offs between the probability of meeting long-term biological objectives on component populations and harvest objectives on population aggregates. Decisions about reference points were made in a consultative process that included extensive stakeholder engagement. Other agencies are urged to distinguish biological benchmarks from management reference points to ensure transparency in the relative influence of biological versus socioeconomic information in decision making.
Estimating tree biomass and changes in root biomass following clear-cutting ofBrachystegia-Julbernardia(miombo) woodland in central Zambia
Authors: CHIDUMAYO EMMANUEL N 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYThis study aimed at developing allometric models from destructive sample field data for estimating both aboveground and belowground tree biomass and assessing changes in root biomass after old-growthBrachystegia-Julbernardia(miombo) woodland clearing in central Zambia. Logarithmic linear models were selected for estimating tree biomass because they gave the most accurate (low mean error) predictions. On average aboveground and belowground biomass in regrowth woodland represented 29% and 41%, respectively, of the biomass in old-growth woodland. The root:shoot ratios were 0.54 and 0.77 in old-growth and regrowth woodland, respectively. Ten years after clear-cutting old-growth woodland, root biomass loss was about 60% of the original biomass. The main cause of post clearing root biomass loss was fire which at the study sites occurred annually or biannually. Control of fire in cleared sites should be encouraged in forest management for carbon storage and sequestration in miombo woodland of southern Africa.
Consideration of reference points for the management of renewable resources under an adaptive management paradigm
Authors: IRWIN BRIAN J. , CONROY MICHAEL J. 
Published: June 2013

SUMMARYThe success of natural resource management depends on monitoring, assessment and enforcement. In support of these efforts, reference points (RPs) are often viewed as critical values of management-relevant indicators. This paper considers RPs from the standpoint of objective-driven decision making in dynamic resource systems, guided by principles of structured decision making (SDM) and adaptive resource management (AM). During the development of natural resource policy, RPs have been variously treated as either ‘targets’ or ‘triggers’. Under a SDM/AM paradigm, target RPs correspond approximately to value-based objectives, which may in turn be either of fundamental interest to stakeholders or intermediaries to other central objectives. By contrast, trigger RPs correspond to decision rules that are presumed to lead to desirable outcomes (such as the programme targets). Casting RPs as triggers or targets within a SDM framework is helpful towards clarifying why (or whether) a particular metric is appropriate. Further, the benefits of a SDM/AM process include elucidation of underlying untested assumptions that may reveal alternative metrics for use as RPs. Likewise, a structured decision-analytic framework may also reveal that failure to achieve management goals is not because the metrics are wrong, but because the decision-making process in which they are embedded is insufficiently robust to uncertainty, is not efficiently directed at producing a resource objective, or is incapable of adaptation to new knowledge.
Further improvement in stability criteria for linear systems with interval time‐varying delay
Authors: Souza Fernando O. 
Published: June 2013

The delay‐dependent stability problem for systems with time‐delay varying in an interval is addressed in this study. Based on Lyapunov–Krasovskii theory the proposed methods formulated as linear matrix inequality problems are able to check the stability interval when the time‐varying delay d (t) belongs to an interval [τ1, τ2]. The Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) selected in the present paper is simpler than some ones considered in the literature. However, the criteria obtained, based on this simple LKF, outperformed the similar existing ones in all numerical tests accomplished in this paper.Notation: Through out this paper the superscript T stands for transpose. 0 refers to a null matrix with appropriate dimensions. For a real symmetric matrix M, the notation M > 0 (< 0) means that M is the positive (negative) definite. The symmetric term in a matrix is denoted by *.
Temperature-Driven Decline of a Cisco Population in Mille Lacs Lake, Minnesota
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Martell Steven J. , Pitcher Tony J. , Varkey Divya A. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Mille Lacs Lake, Minnesota, has experienced a decline in the population of Cisco Coregonus artedi since the 1980s. Cisco is a coldwater stenotherm, and the population decline is often attributed to a general increase in the lake temperature. However, there also has been a fishery for this species during the last 20 years. To investigate the influence of temperature on this decline, three versions of a surplus production model (SPM) were formulated: (1) SPM with observation error only, (2) SPM with observation error and a maximum temperature anomaly, and (3) state-space SPM with a maximum temperature anomaly and random effects process error. Data on CPUE of sampling gill nets from 1985 to 2007 were used as an index of fish abundance for the lake population. The model parameters were estimated by fitting the predicted CPUE to the observed CPUE. The analysis indicated that temperature explained 36% (model 2) and 40% (model 3) of the change in Cisco abundance. Temperature-influenced, time-varying carrying capacity and maximum sustainable yield (MSY) were also estimated. We concluded that the causes of Cisco decline were a combination of temperature and fishing pressure.
Received April 26, 2012; accepted March 12, 2013
Gulf-Wide Decreases in the Size of Large Coastal Sharks Documented by Generations of Fishermen
Authors: Powers Sean P. , Fodrie F. Joel , Scyphers Steven B. , Drymon J. Marcus , Shipp Robert L. , Stunz Gregory W. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Large sharks are top predators in most coastal and marine ecosystems throughout the world, and evidence of their reduced prominence in marine ecosystems has been a serious concern for fisheries and ecosystem management. Unfortunately, quantitative data to document the extent, timing, and consequences of changes in shark populations are scarce, thwarting examination of long-term (decadal, century) trends, and reconstructions based on incomplete data sets have been the subject of debate. Absence of quantitative descriptors of past ecological conditions is a generic problem facing many fields of science but is particularly troublesome for fisheries scientists who must develop specific targets for restoration. We were able to use quantitative measurements of shark sizes collected annually and independently of any scientific survey by thousands of recreational fishermen over the last century to document decreases in the size of large sharks from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Based on records from fishing rodeos in three U.S. coastal states, the size (weight or length) of large sharks captured by fishermen decreased by 50–70% during the 20 years after the 1980s. The pattern is largely driven by reductions in the occurrence and sizes of Tiger Sharks Galeocerdo cuvier and Bull Sharks Carcharhinus leucas and to a lesser extent Hammerheads Sphyrna spp. This decrease occurred despite increasing fishing effort and advances in technology, but it is coincident with the capitalization of the U.S. commercial shark long-line fishery in the GOM.
Received April 10, 2012; accepted March 7, 2013
Synchrotron ultrafast techniques for photoactive transition metal complexes
Authors: Borfecchia Elisa , Garino Claudio , Salassa Luca , Lamberti Carlo 
Published: June 2013

In the last decade, the use of time-resolved X-ray techniques has revealed the structure of light-generated transient species for a wide range of samples, from small organic molecules to proteins. Time resolutions of the order of 100 ps are typically reached, allowing one to monitor thermally equilibrated excited states and capture their structure as a function of time. This review aims at providing a general overview of the application of time-resolved X-ray solution scattering (TR-XSS) and time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (TR-XAS), the two techniques prevalently employed in the investigation of light-triggered structural changes of transition metal complexes. In particular, we herein describe the fundamental physical principles for static XSS and XAS and illustrate the theory of time-resolved XSS and XAS together with data acquisition and analysis strategies. Selected pioneering examples of photoactive transition metal complexes studied by TR-XSS and TR-XAS are discussed in depth.
Managing ‘Generation Y’ occupational therapists: Optimising their potential
Authors: Hills Caroline , Ryan Susan , Warren‐Forward Helen , Smith Derek R. 
Published: June 2013

Background/aim‘Generation Y’ is a descriptor of those therapists born between 1982 and 2000. According to generational theory, each generation have unique characteristics due to the social and historical factors they have experienced during their formative years. Occupational therapy educators have reported on ‘Generation Y’ characteristics observed in occupational therapy students. This study aimed to investigate if managers considered there was a ‘Generation Y’ therapist and their observed characteristics in practice, as well as successful management strategies used to maximise their potential in the workplace.MethodsA hard copy survey based on the ‘Generation Y’ literature was sent to all managers listed on an Australian University database.ResultsAlmost all respondents considered there was a ‘Generation Y’ therapist. Overall, managers reported characteristics of this staff group as being hard working, confident with technology, needing positive feedback and demanding professional development opportunities. Managers also reported that this group may be a challenge to retain in work positions. Managers also viewed ‘Generation Y’ staff as a positive energy and considered that in the future they will be of benefit to the profession.ConclusionWhile there may be generational differences between therapists in the workplace, inclusive management styles may be the most appropriate management approach. Career guidance, facilitating creativity, increasing work responsibility and integrating new technologies like social networking into practice may be appropriate strategies for this staff group, to facilitate both their professional development and to retain them in the profession.
Comparative metagenomics: natural populations of induced prophages demonstrate highly unique, lower diversity viral sequences
Authors: McDaniel Lauren D. , Rosario Karyna , Breitbart Mya , Paul John H. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryTo understand the similarities and differences between a free living viral population and its co‐occurring temperate population, metagenomes of each type were prepared from the same seawater sample from Tampa Bay, FL. Libraries were prepared from extracted DNA of the ambient viruses and induced prophages from the co‐occurring, viral‐reduced microbial assemblage. Duplicate libraries were also prepared using the same DNA amplified by multiple displacement amplification. A non‐viral‐reduced, induced, amplified viral dataset from the same site in 2005 was reanalysed for temporal comparison. The induced viral metagenome was higher in identifiable virus sequences and differed from the other three datasets based on principal component, rarefaction, trinucleotide composition and contig spectrum analyses. This study indicated that induced prophages are unique and have lower overall community diversity than ambient viral populations from the same site. Both of the amplified contemporary metagenomes were enriched in single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) viral sequences. Six and 16 complete, circular ssDNA viral genomes were assembled from the amplified induced and ambient libraries, respectively, mostly similar to circoviruses. The amplified ambient metagenome contained genomes similar to an RNA‐DNA hybrid virus recently identified in a hot spring and to an ssDNA virus infecting the diatom Chaetoceros.
From models to pathogens: how much have we learned aboutStreptococcus pneumoniaecell division?
Authors: Massidda Orietta , Nováková Linda , Vollmer Waldemar 
Published: June 2013

SummaryStreptococcus pneumoniaeis an oval‐shapedGram‐positive coccus that lives in intimate association with its human host, both as a commensal and pathogen. The seriousness of pneumococcal infections and the spread of multi‐drug resistant strains call for new lines of intervention. Bacterial cell division is an attractive target to develop antimicrobial drugs. This review discusses the recent advances in understandingS. pneumoniaegrowth and division, in comparison with the best studied rod‐shaped models,Escherichia coliandBacillus subtilis. To maintain their shape, these bacteria propagate by peripheral and septal peptidoglycan synthesis, involving proteins that assemble into distinct complexes called the elongasome and the divisome, respectively. Many of these proteins are conserved inS. pneumoniae, supporting the notion that the ovococcal shape is also achieved by rounds of elongation and division. Importantly,S. pneumoniaeand close relatives with similar morphology differ in several aspects from the model rods. Overall, the data support a model in which a single large machinery, containing both the peripheral and septal peptidoglycan synthesis complexes, assembles at midcell and governs growth and division. The mechanisms generating the ovococcal or coccal shape in lactic‐acid bacteria have likely evolved by gene reduction from a rod‐shaped ancestor of the same group.
Suitability of selected autochthonous lactic acid bacteria cultures for Pecorino Sardo Dolce cheese manufacturing: influence on microbial composition, nutritional value and sensory attributes
Authors: Mangia Nicoletta P , Murgia Marco A , Garau Giovanni , Fancello Francesco , Deiana Pietrino 
Published: June 2013

The use of an autochthonous starter culture made up by Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei in the production of experimental Pecorino Sardo Dolce PDO resulted in a high presence of presumptive mesophilic lactococci and lactobacilli, ~10 log colony‐forming units (cfu), and in significantly higher amount of total free amino acids and free fatty acids, 195.1 vs 178.9 and 328.6 vs 191.8 mg/100 g of experimental vs control cheese (made using a commercial starter) respectively. The experimental cheese also displayed better sensory properties such as taste and aftertaste.
Terms of Trade Shocks: What Are They and What Do They Do?
Authors: Jääskelä Jarkko P. , Smith Penelope 
Published: June 2013

This article describes and quantifies the macroeconomic effects of different types of terms of trade shocks and their propagation in the Australian economy. Three types of shocks are identified based on their impact on commodity prices, global manufactured prices and global economic activity. The first two shocks, a world demand shock and a commodity‐market‐specific shock, are fairly standard. The third shock, a globalisation shock that may result, for instance, from the increasing importance of China, India and eastern Europe in the global economy, is more novel. The globalisation shock is associated with a decline in manufactured prices, a rise in commodity prices and an increase in global economic activity.Determining the underlying source of variation in the terms of trade is shown to be important for understanding the impact on the Australian economy as all three shocks propagate through the economy in different ways. The relative contribution of each shock to inflation, output, interest rates and the exchange rate has also varied over time. The main conclusion of the article is that a higher terms of trade tends to be expansionary but is not always inflationary. A key result is that the floating exchange rate has provided an important buffer to the external shocks that move the terms of trade.
Closing the circle: how ecologists can prepare their own quality control material to increase confidence in stable isotope data
Authors: Hawke David J. , Ni Xiaozheng , Cheng Chao , Shigemi Nobuko 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Stable isotope analysis (SIA) is widely used in ecology but is usually performed by specialist facilities. Consequently, the reliability of SIA data depends completely on the facility's quality systems unless ecologists take steps themselves. Although widely recommended, practical advice on how to do this is lacking.

Here, we outline preparation of 150 vials of an in‐house quality control material (QCM) based on air‐dried soil as an exemplar and describe methods of data analysis applicable to any QCM matrix. Homogeneity testing of the candidate material involves duplicate analysis of 10 randomly chosen vials, a Cochran test for outliers and 1‐way anova. Given that many ecologists find SIA expensive, we propose that an ecologist preparing a soil QCM pretest for homogeneity using a simple colorimetric analysis of a soil quantity (bicarbonate‐extractable P) sensitive to inhomogeneity.

Once pretest homogeneity has been established, homogeneity under SIA can be tested. We obtained a 1‐way anova P value of 0·824 in our laboratory pretest, then 0·782 (δ13C) and 0·125 (δ15N). QCM stability should also be confirmed.

Submission of each batch of samples for SIA should be accompanied by a vial of the QCM, labelled as a normal sample. Control charting of the results then allows detection of within‐batch issues encompassing any component of the analytical process (transport to the laboratory, sample preparation and subsampling, sample analysis, results calculation and reporting) and assessment of long‐term analytical control. Any issue thus identified can form the basis of a conversation with the SIA laboratory about the affected batch of samples.
A comparison of Japanese and Australian consumers’ sensory perceptions of beef
Authors: Polkinghorne Rod J. , Nishimura Takanori , Neath Kate E. , Watson Ray 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis paper presents a comparison of Japanese and Australian consumer sensory responses to beef, based on Meat Standards Australia methodology. Japanese and Australian consumers evaluated paired beef samples according to four sensory traits, and the weighted results were combined to produce a Meat Quality score (MQ4). The consumers also categorized the beef samples to one of four grades (unsatisfactory, good everyday, better than everyday and premium). The proportion of samples assigned to each grade was similar for Japanese and Australian consumers for yakiniku and shabu shabu cooking methods; however, Japanese consumers assigned lower scores to the grill samples. In terms of the MQ4 boundary scores between grades, these were very similar for both Japanese and Australian consumers across all cooking methods. In terms of the weightings for the four sensory traits, juiciness was more important for Japanese consumers than Australian for grill and shabu shabu cooking methods. Flavor had the highest weighting for both consumer groups. This study showed that a beef description system based on the MQ4 score, with some adjustments to the weightings and cut‐off values, could be useful in describing the eating quality of beef for the Japanese consumer.
Involvement of Spinal CC Chemokine Ligand 5 in the Development of Bone Cancer Pain in Rats
Authors: Hang Li‐Hua , Shao Dong‐Hua , Chen Zheng , Chen Yuan‐Feng , Shu Wei‐Wei , Zhao Zhi‐Guo 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this study, we aimed to investigate the role of spinal CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) in the development of bone cancer pain (BCP). A BCP model was established by inoculation of Walker 256 cells into the intramedullary space of rat tibia. The levels of spinal CCL5 mRNA and protein expression significantly and time dependently increased in BCP rats compared with sham rats. On day 15 after inoculation, intrathecal administration of anti‐CCL5 neutralizing antibody (4 μg) significantly attenuated the established mechanical hyperalgesia in the Walker 256 cells‐injected rats, and the effect was abolished by intrathecal pre‐treatment with recombinant rat CCL5 (0.2 μg). These results suggest that the spinal CCL5 may be involved in the development of BCP. The findings of this study may provide an evidence for developing novel analgesic agents to treat BCP.
Use of rectus sheath catheters for pain relief in patients undergoing major pelvic urological surgery
Authors: Dutton Thomas J , McGrath John S. , Daugherty Mark O. 
Published: June 2013

Objective
To report on the safety and efficacy of rectus sheath blocks, ‘topped‐up’ using bilateral rectus sheath catheters (RSCs), in patients undergoing major open urological surgery.
Methods
The RSCs were inserted under ultrasound guidance into 200 patients between April 2008 and August 2011, of whom 106 patients underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) and 94 underwent open radical cystectomy (ORC).
A retrospective case‐note review was undertaken.
Outcomes included technical success and complication rates of the insertion and use of RSC, visual analogue pain scores, additional analgesia requirements and length of hospital stay (LOS).
Results
All RSCs were successfully placed without complication and used for a mean of 3.6 days for ORC and 2.1 days for RRP. Early removal occurred in 6.49% of patients.
Low overall pain scores were reported in both groups.
Patients were more likely to require a patient‐controlled analgesia system in the ORC group but the overall need for additional analgesia was low in both groups, reducing significantly after the initial 24 h.
In combination with an enhanced recovery programme, LOS reduced from 17.0 to 10.8 days in the ORC group and from 6.2 to 2.8 days in the RRP group.
Conclusion
The use of RSCs appears to offer an effective and safe method of peri‐operative analgesia in patients undergoing major open urological pelvic surgery.