bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of Krathom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Dependence Scale (KDS): A Dependence Screen for Internationally Emerging Psychoactive Substance
Authors: Saingam Darika , Assanangkornchai Sawitri , Geater Alan F. , Lerkiatbundit Sanguan 
Published: May 2014

Background Krathom ( Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) is the most commonly used illicit substance in Thailand, and its use has become widespread internationally. Studies on krathom dependence and its health impact are scarce, as there has been no instrument to measure its dependence syndrome and classify krathom users. This study aimed to develop and explore the factor structure, reliability, and validity of a Krathom Dependence Scale (KDS). Methods This study comprised 2 phases. First, cross-sectional surveys were conducted with 523 (Phase I) and 595 (Phase II) male villagers aged >25 years who were regular, occasional, ex-, or nonusers of krathom. Scale construction was based on the qualitative results from users and previous literature. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using maximum likelihood extraction with oblimin rotation was conducted in Phase I and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in Phase II to confirm the construct of the scale. Internal consistency of the KDS was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Discriminative validity was examined by checking its ability to differentiate between regular and occasional users and patterns of krathom use and its concurrent validity by comparing its levels of score with the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). The KDS contains 16 items on a 0–3 (never–always) rating scale, making a total score of 0–48. Results Phase I EFA revealed a single-factor solution for the scale, which was confirmed by the CFA in Phase II, with an alpha coefficient of .98. The KDS discriminates regular from occasional users reasonably well and is highly correlated with the FTND score. Two cutoffs were suggested: 34/35 for distinguishing moderate from high dependence and 13/14 for low from moderate. Conclusions The KDS appears to capture key theoretical constructs and correlates with indices of drug dependence by standard criteria. It should be useful in early intervention for those with krathom use disorders in community and primary care settings.
The Spirit’s Work of Transformation: Part 2
Authors: Raith Charles 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of Chapter 4 regarding the believer’s life of grace. Both Aquinas and Calvin interpret the “I” of 7:14–25 as the graced Apostle Paul, but they provide different accounts of Paul’s struggle. I analyze Aquinas’s and Calvin’s descriptions of the Apostle Paul’s “flesh” and “spirit” and then unfold the portraits of Paul’s moral life that emerge from their commentaries on 7:14–25. Aquinas’s account supports his belief that justification transforms a believer into a just person even while the just believer continues to struggle with the flesh. Calvin’s account demonstrates why he is convinced that both believers and their works remain condemnable in se. To stand before God as just, then, requires for Calvin a justice extra nos.
Simultaneous Structure in Phonology
Authors: Ladd D. Robert 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe chapters of this book are free-standing but closely linked pieces on the shortcomings of one-dimensional idealizations of language. Theories of both phonology and syntax rely heavily on the assumption that the objects they are modelling are formally strings of elements. Many well-known linguistic phenomena make problems for this assumption (e.g. vowel harmony, ablaut morphology, pitch features both tonal and intonational), and many attempts have been made to incorporate these troublesome characteristics into our models (e.g. autosegmental phonology), but much theoretical effort in linguistics continues to be directed toward accounting for properties of strings. The chapters assembled here deal with various aspects of the problematical non-sequential phenomena. The topics covered include distinctive features, systematic phonetics, the definition of ‘prosody’, aspects of vocal paralinguistic communication and ‘gradience’, and duality of patterning. Each chapter reviews a wide range of relevant literature, generally going back to the beginnings of modern linguistics in the early twentieth century.
Why Ethics is Hard
Authors: Chappell Sophie Grace 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe thesis of this chapter is that one thing that ethics is centrally about is phenomenal contents, experience, and it’s hard to talk about experience. Much important ethical knowledge is knowledge ‘what it’s like’ of the key scenarios and interactions of human life; such knowledge can be communicated, for example, by poetry and drama. In having such experiences, either in real life or at second-hand through art, we can gain moral knowledge, rather as Mary the colour scientist can gain knowledge of colours; such knowledge is a real cognitive gain, but it is not knowledge of the propositional kind that philosophers have usually focused on.
The Deconstructed Church
Authors: Marti Gerardo , Ganiel Gladys 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The Emerging Church Movement (ECM) is a creative, entrepreneurial, religious movement that strives to achieve social legitimacy and spiritual vitality by actively disassociating from its roots in conservative, evangelical Christianity and “deconstructing” contemporary expressions of Christianity. Emerging Christians see themselves as overturning outdated interpretations of the bible, transforming hierarchical religious institutions, and reorientating Christianity outside the walls of church buildings toward working among and serving others in the “real world.” Drawing on ethnographic observations from emerging congregations, pub churches, neo-monastic communities, conferences, online networks, in-depth interviews, and congregational surveys in the US, UK, and Ireland, this book provides a comprehensive social scientific analysis of the development and significance of the ECM. Emerging Christians are shaping a distinct religious orientation that encourages individualism, deep relationships with others, new ideas around the nature of truth, doubt, and God, and innovations in preaching, worship, Eucharist, and leadership. More than other expressions of Christianity, the ECM simultaneously reacts against modernity while drawing on distinctly modern conceptions of self and community to produce a form of religiosity well-suited to our era.
Introduction
Authors: Marti Gerardo , Ganiel Gladys 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The Emerging Church Movement (ECM) is one of the most important reframings of religion within Western Christianity in the last two decades. The book argues that Emerging Christians share a religious orientation built on a continual practice of deconstruction by the religious institutional entrepreneurs who drive the movement. To introduce the movement the book provides four descriptive snapshots of various manifestations of the ECM: pub churches, Emerging Christian conferences, web-based networks, and neo-monastic communities. We outline the history of the ECM, emphasizing its evangelical roots yet locating it within wider religious trends. The “deconstructed churches” of the ECM represent religious communities with loose boundaries of belonging and belief (so that pluralism is not just tolerated, but celebrated as a positive religious value). At the same time, ECM “churches” encourage people to follow individualized religious paths. This religious individualization is complemented by a fierce relational ethic, a type of “cooperative egoism” that sustains community life within emerging congregations. The ECM therefore both reacts against modernity and draws on modern Western conceptions of the self and community to produce a form of spirituality that is well suited to our era.
Evol
and
ProDy
for bridging protein sequence evolution and structural dynamics
Authors: Bakan Ahmet , Dutta Anindita , Mao Wenzhi , Liu Ying , Chennubhotla Chakra , Lezon Timothy R. , Bahar Ivet 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Correlations between sequence evolution and structural dynamics are of utmost importance in understanding the molecular mechanisms of function and their evolution. We have integrated Evol , a new package for fast and efficient comparative analysis of evolutionary patterns and conformational dynamics, into ProDy , a computational toolbox designed for inferring pro tein dyn amics from experimental and theoretical data. Using information-theoretic approaches, Evol coanalyzes conservation and coevolution profiles extracted from multiple sequence alignments of protein families with their inferred dynamics.
Availability and implementation: ProDy and Evol are open-source and freely available under MIT License fromhttp://prody.csb.pitt.edu/.
Contact: bahar@pitt.edu
Testing the robustness of data-poor assessment methods to uncertainty in catch and biology: a retrospective approach
Authors: Arnold Linsey M. , Heppell Selina S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe quality and quantity of data affect the reliability of all stock assessments. Over time, we expect data to improve and assessment predictions to become more reliable. There is a potential for strong bias in estimates of sustainable yield if the available data are not a good representation of stock dynamics, particularly for catch-based data-poor methods that rely on limited information and assumptions about stock status. We retrospectively investigated the interaction of data quantity and quality through time using the “real-world” data for a stock as it progressed from data-poor to data-rich. For this analysis, we chose a currently data-rich and overfished stock with historical assessments representing both a data-poor and data-moderate state, the canary rockfish (Sebastes pinniger). We asked how changes in the catch history and biological parameters over time affected the estimates of sustainable yield and the overfishing limit (OFL) predicted by two data-poor assessment tools, depletion-corrected average catch (DCAC) and depletion-based stock reduction analysis (DB-SRA). We found that both of these methods underestimated the “true” OFL in simulations with catch error alone. While there was slightly less bias for DB-SRA than DCAC, increasing error in the catch led to a more rapid increase in the variance of the DB-SRA harvest limit (HL). Our retrospective analysis showed that the expectation for a more accurate HL estimate between the data-poor and data-moderate canary rockfish assessments does not come from an increase in the quantity or quality of the catch data alone; a decrease in the quality of the biological data between assessments had the greatest impact. By evaluating these methods with historical data, our retrospective approach highlighted the impact of change in data quality and quantity on HL estimates for a long-lived rockfish, and could be used to define the amount and type of error included in simulation studies that further evaluate data-poor methods.
Fatal Chagas Disease Among Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients in Colombia
Authors: Gómez-P Carlos Fernando , Mantilla-H Julio César , Rodriguez-Morales Alfonso J. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Chagas disease continues to cause substantial morbidity and mortality in endemic areas in Latin America. Although there have been some well documented successes in halting the transmission of Chagas disease through preventive interventions to decrease vector-borne and blood-transfusion cases, this parasitic infection continues to be transmitted through these routes in some areas as well through perinatal and foodborne routes. In addition, transmission through solid-organ transplantation has been described in nonendemic settings due to the increasing globalization of Chagas disease to the United States of America, Europe, and other areas. Because there has been a concomitant increase in the number of solid-organ transplantations performed in Latin American settings endemic for American trypanosomiasis, there is increasing concern for the potential reactivation of Trypanosoma cruzi in a previously infected recipient and as a result of aggressive immunosuppression; or via transmission from organs donated by a latently infection donor transplanted onto an uninfected recipient. In this study, we report 2 cases of Chagas disease reactivation in 2 solid-organ transplant recipients in Northeastern Colombia, and we discuss the implications for screening as a crucial strategy for preventing transmission in endemic settings.
Capital is Back: Wealth-Income Ratios in Rich Countries 1700–2010 *
Authors: Piketty Thomas , Zucman Gabriel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHow do aggregate wealth-to-income ratios evolve in the long run and why? We address this question using 1970–2010 national balance sheets recently compiled in the top eight developed economies. For the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and France, we are able to extend our analysis as far back as 1700. We find in every country a gradual rise` of wealth-income ratios in recent decades, from about 200–300% in 1970 to 400–600% in 2010. In effect, today’s ratios appear to be returning to the high values observed in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (600–700%). This can be explained by a long-run asset price recovery (itself driven by changes in capital policies since the world wars) and by the slowdown of productivity and population growth, in line with the β=sg Harrod-Domar-Solow formula. That is, for a given net saving rate s = 10%, the long-run wealth-income ratio β is about 300% if g = 3% and 600% if g = 1.5%. Our results have implications for capital taxation and regulation and shed new light on the changing nature of wealth, the shape of the production function, and the rise of capital shares.
A Retrospective Feasibility Study of Salvage Pelvic Nodal Radiation in 6 Patients With Biochemical Failure Following Prostate Fossa Radiation
Authors: Symon Zvi , Ben-Bezalel Guy , Spieler Ben , Tsvang Lev , Alezra Dror , Berger Raanan , Dotan Zohar , Lawrence Yaacov R. , Goldstein Jeffrey 
Published: May 2014

Purpose:
To evaluate salvage pelvic nodal radiation as an alternative to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with biochemical failure and lymph node recurrence following salvage prostate fossa radiation.

Methods:
Six patients with biochemical failure and lymph node recurrence following prostate fossa radiation were treated with salvage pelvic nodal radiation therapy. A gross target volume was contoured using Choline PET/CT, CT, or MRI imaging. The clinical target volume included pelvic nodes. Avoidance structures were created using isodose lines from previous prostate fossa radiation plans. Radiation was delivered using IMRT or VMAT techniques. Failure was defined as a confirmed rise of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) over 0.2 ng/mL.

Results:
Four patients had presalvage PSA values <1 and 2 patients had PSAs >1. Dose to the clinical target volume was 54 to 60 Gy. The gross target volume dose was 60 to 73.6 Gy. One of the 2 patients with a high PSA received 6 months of concomitant ADT. Mean follow-up after RT for all patients was 24.9 months (range, 18.1 to 33.0 mo). All 5 patients with no ADT had significant PSA responses. PSA reduction was 80% (62% to 100%) of pre-RT PSA. At last follow-up, 2 patients with initial PSA<1 ng/mL remain free of biochemical progression at 33 and 20 months. Four patients have had PSA rise and meet criteria for failure. This included both patients with initial PSA values > 1. Duration of response before failure was 18.1 to 30.7 months. ADT for failure has been started in 1 patient. There was no grade ≥2 GI or GU toxicity.

Conclusions:
Salvage lymph node irradiation for patients with early biochemical recurrence and radiologic evidence of pelvic nodal metastases is well tolerated and associated with a durable biochemical response and may be an alternative to or may delay the need for ADT in some patients.
Sperm should evolve to make female meiosis fair
Authors: Brandvain Yaniv , Coop Graham 
Published: May 2014

AbstractGenomic conflicts arise when an allele gains an evolutionary advantage at a cost to organismal fitness. Oögenesis is inherently susceptible to such conflicts because alleles compete for inclusion into the egg. Alleles that distort meiosis in their favor (i.e. meiotic drivers) often decrease organismal fitness, and therefore indirectly favor the evolution of mechanisms to suppress meiotic drive. In this light, many facets of oögenesis and gametogenesis have been interpreted as mechanisms of protection against genomic outlaws. That females of many animal species do not complete meiosis until after fertilization, appears to run counter to this interpretation, because this delay provides an opportunity for sperm-acting alleles to meddle with the outcome of female meiosis and help like alleles drive in heterozygous females. Contrary to this perceived danger, the population genetic theory presented herein suggests that, in fact, sperm nearly always evolve to increase the fairness of female meiosis in the face of genomic conflicts. These results are consistent with the apparent sperm dependence of the best characterized female meiotic drivers in animals. Rather than providing an opportunity for sperm collaboration in female meiotic drive, the ‘fertilization requirement’ indirectly protects females from meiotic drivers by providing sperm an opportunity to suppress drive.
Ownership structure, stock volatility and analyst independence
Authors: Song Xiaobao , Zheng Wenjia 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine securities analyst independence in China's capital market and the effect on analyst independence of institutional investors’ shareholding and separation between control rights and cash flow rights of ultimate controller.

Design/methodology/approach
– Using data of China's listed companies from 2006 to 2012, the authors empirically tested the relationship between analyst following and volatility of stock return. And based on the test, the authors investigated the role played by institutional investors’ ownership and separation between control rights and cash flow rights of ultimate controller.

Findings
– According to the empirical results, there is a significant negative correlation between analyst following and volatility of stock return. Also, shareholding of institutional investors and the separation between control rights and cash flow rights of ultimate controllers will have an impact on the relationship between analyst following and volatility of stock return. When institutional investors hold higher proportion or the separation between control rights and cash flow rights of ultimate controllers keeps at a high level, the negative correlation between analyst following and volatility of stock return will weaken.

Originality/value
– First, based on the theory of market intermediation, the paper examined analyst independence by investigating and analyzing the relationship between analyst following and volatility of stock return. Second, it analyzed the factors affecting analyst independence by integrating enterprise characteristic variable and market characteristic variable on the basis of introducing two variables – shareholding of institutional investors and the separation between control rights and cash flow rights of ultimate controllers.
The PIES for solving 3D potential problems with domains bounded by rectangular Bézier patches
Authors: Zieniuk Eugeniusz , Szerszen Krzysztof 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to apply rectangular Bézier surface patches directly into the mathematical formula used to solve boundary value problems modeled by Laplace's equation. The mathematical formula, called the parametric integral equation systems (PIES), will be obtained through the analytical modification of the conventional boundary integral equations (BIE), with the boundary mathematically described by rectangular Bézier patches.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper presents the methodology of the analytic connection of the rectangular patches with BIE. This methodology is a generalization of the one previously used for 2D problems.

Findings
– In PIES the paper separates the necessity of performing simultaneous approximation of both boundary shape and the boundary functions, as the boundary geometry has been included in its mathematical formalism. The separation of the boundary geometry from the boundary functions enables to achieve an independent and more effective improvement of the accuracy of both approximations. Boundary functions are approximated by the Chebyshev series, whereas the boundary is approximated by Bézier patches.

Originality\value
– The originality of the proposed approach lies in its ability to automatic adapt the PIES formula for modified shape of the boundary modeled by the Bézier patches. This modification does not require any dividing the patch into elements and creates the possibility for effective declaration of boundary geometry in continuous way directly in PIES.
Analysis of explosion in concrete by axisymmetric FE-SPH adaptive coupling method
Authors: De’an Hu , Chunhan Liu , YiHua Xiao , Xu Han 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to confirm that the axisymmetric finite element and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (FE-SPH) adaptive coupling method is effective to solve explosion problem in concrete based on the experiments.

Design/methodology/approach
– Axisymmetric FE-SPH adaptive coupling method is first presented to simulate dynamic deformation process of concrete under internal blast loading. Using calculation codes of FE-SPH coupling method, numerical model of explosion is approximated initially by finite element method (FEM), and distorted finite elements are automatically converted into meshless particles to simulate damage, splash of concrete by SPH method, when equivalent plastic strain of elements reaches a specified value.

Findings
– In this paper, damage process and pressure curve of concrete around explosive are analyzed and buried depth of explosive in concrete influence on damage effect under internal blast loading are obtained. Numerical analyses show that FE-SPH coupling method integrates high computational efficiency of FEM and advantages of SPH method, such as natural simulation to damage, splash and other characteristics of explosion in concrete.

Originality/value
– This work shows that FE-SPH coupling method has good performance to solve the explosion problem.
Application of 2D base force element method with complementary energy principle for arbitrary meshes
Authors: Peng Yijiang , Zong Nana , Zhang Lijuan , Pu Jiwei 
Published: May 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to present a two-dimensional (2D) model of the base force element method (BFEM) based on the complementary energy principle. The study proposes a model of the BFEM for arbitrary mesh problems.Design/methodology/approach– The BFEM uses the base forces given by Gao (2003) as fundamental variables to describe the stress state of an elastic system. An explicit expression of element compliance matrix is derived using the concept of base forces. The detailed formulations of governing equations for the BFEM are given using the Lagrange multiplier method. The explicit displacement expression of nodes is given. To verify the 2D model, a program on the BFEM using MATLAB language is made and a number of examples on arbitrary polygonal meshes and aberrant meshes are provided to illustrate the BFEM.Findings– A good agreement is obtained between the numerical and theoretical results. Based on the studies, it is found that the 2D formulation of BFEM with complementary energy principle provides reliable predictions for arbitrary mesh problems.Research limitations/implications– Due to the use of Lagrange multiplier method, there are more basic unknowns in the control equation. The proposed method will be improved in the future.Practical implications– This paper presents a new idea and a new numerical method, and to explore new ways to solve the problem of arbitrary meshes.Originality/value– The paper presents a 2D model of the BFEM using the complementary energy principle for arbitrary mesh problems.