bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications of the Index Cholecystectomy and Timing of Referral for Radical Resection of Advanced Incidental Gallbladder Cancer
Authors: Tsirlis T , Ausania F , White SA , French JJ , Jaques BC , Charnley RM , Manas DM 
Published: February 2015

Introduction Advanced (pT2/T3) incidental gallbladder cancer is often deemed unresectable after restaging. This study assesses the impact of the primary operation, tumour characteristics and timing of management on re-resection. Methods The records of 60 consecutive referrals for incidental gallbladder cancer in a single tertiary centre from 2003 to 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. Decision on re-resection of incidental gallbladder cancer was based on delayed interval restaging at three months following cholecystectomy. Demographics, index cholecystectomy data, primary pathology, CA19–9 tumour marker levels at referral and time from cholecystectomy to referral as well as from referral to restaging were analysed. Results Thirty-seven patients with pT2 and twelve patients with pT3 incidental gallbladder cancer were candidates for radical re-resection. Following interval restaging, 24 patients (49%) underwent radical resection and 25 (51%) were deemed inoperable. The inoperable group had significantly more patients with positive resection margins at cholecystectomy (p=0.002), significantly higher median CA19–9 levels at referral (p=0.018) and were referred significantly earlier (p=0.004) than the patients who had resectable tumours. On multivariate analysis, urgent referral (p=0.036) and incomplete cholecystectomy (p=0.048) were associated significantly with inoperable disease following restaging. Conclusions In patients with incidental, potentially resectable, pT2/T3 gallbladder cancer, inappropriate index cholecystectomy may have a significant impact on tumour dissemination. Early referral of breached tumours is not associated with resectability.
The Nottingham Prognostic Index: five- and ten-year data for all-cause Survival within a Screened Population
Authors: Fong Y , Evans J , Brook D , Kenkre J , Jarvis P , Gower-Thomas K 
Published: February 2015

Introduction The Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) is an established prognostication tool in the management of breast cancers (BCs). Latest ten-year survival data have demonstrated an improved outlook for each NPI category and the latest UK five- and ten-year survival from BC has been reported to be 85% and 77%, respectively. We compared survival of each NPI category for BCs diagnosed within the national breast screening service in Wales (Breast Test Wales (BTW)) to the latest data, and reviewed its validity in unselected cases within a screened population. Methods All women screened between 1998 and 2001 within BTW were included. The NPI score for each cancer was calculated using the size, nodal status, and grade of the primary tumour. Survival data (all-cause) were calculated after ten years of follow-up. Results In the three-year screening period, 199,082 women were screened. A total of 1,712 cancers were diagnosed, and 1,546 had data available for calculating the NPI. Overall five-year and ten-year survival was 94% and 82%, respectively. Conclusions Overall five-year and ten-year survival (all-cause) has improved even when compared with UK data for BC-specific survival. We found that the NPI remains valid for BC treatment, and that our data provide a reference for updating the all-cause survival of women diagnosed with BCs within a screened population.
Detection of Fetal Subchromosomal Abnormalities by Sequencing Circulating Cell-Free DNA from Maternal Plasma
Authors: Zhao Chen , Tynan John , Ehrich Mathias , Hannum Gregory , McCullough Ron , Saldivar Juan-Sebastian , Oeth Paul , van den Boom Dirk , Deciu Cosmin 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The development of sequencing-based noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) has been largely focused on whole-chromosome aneuploidies (chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y). Collectively, they account for only 30% of all live births with a chromosome abnormality. Various structural chromosome changes, such as microdeletion/microduplication (MD) syndromes are more common but more challenging to detect. Recently, several publications have shown results on noninvasive detection of MDs by deep sequencing. These approaches demonstrated the proof of concept but are not economically feasible for large-scale clinical applications.

METHODS
We present a novel approach that uses low-coverage whole genome sequencing (approximately 0.2×) to detect MDs genome wide without requiring prior knowledge of the event's location. We developed a normalization method to reduce sequencing noise. We then applied a statistical method to search for consistently increased or decreased regions. A decision tree was used to differentiate whole-chromosome events from MDs.

RESULTS
We demonstrated via a simulation study that the sensitivity difference between our method and the theoretical limit was &lt;5% for MDs ≥9 Mb. We tested the performance in a blinded study in which the MDs ranged from 3 to 40 Mb. In this study, our algorithm correctly identified 17 of 18 cases with MDs and 156 of 157 unaffected cases.

CONCLUSIONS
The limit of detection for any given MD syndrome is constrained by 4 factors: fetal fraction, MD size, coverage, and biological and technical variability of the event region. Our algorithm takes these factors into account and achieved 94.4% sensitivity and 99.4% specificity.
Japanese marriage migrants in ‘imagined’ multicultural Australia: Facing gaps between expectation and reality
Authors: Takeda Atsushi 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This article uses qualitative data to explore Japanese marriage migrants’ preconceptions of Australia prior to their emigration to Queensland. In particular, it focuses on two dominant images of Australia: its natural environment and its multicultural society. I argue that the preconceived images accord with Japanese media representations of Australia, providing examples of cultural texts that reflect such images. Second, I highlight the disparity between anticipated settlement experiences influenced by preconceived images of Australia and actual lived experience. In Japanese migrants’ imagination, multicultural Australia has no racial prejudice or discrimination, and therefore they do not expect to encounter any. However, some migrants have faced adverse experiences that ultimately contest the preconceived image of a harmonious Australia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and some informants avoided discussing racist experiences and some even adopted a defensive attitude. This article lastly explores why some participants find it difficult to share their negative experiences.
Relationship between Crop Growth Parameters and Seed Yield in CMS Analogues in Sunflower
Authors: Tyagi Vikrant , Dhillon S. K. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNine newcmsanalogues on the base of diversifiedcmssources were developed and evaluated for morphological, agronomic, physiological and biochemical traits, including the field resistance to the prevalent diseases of sunflower under Punjab conditions. As a result of this study, the most prospectivecmsanalogues were designated for future use in hybrid breeding programme. The results revealed that selection for tall plants with large head size and high chlorophyll content may be associated with high grain yield as well as oil content and high oleic acid content in sunflower. Leaf dry weight, biological yield, harvest index, specific leaf weight and relative leaf water content had direct positive effect on grain yield. The harvest index, specific leaf weight/plant, leaf area index and leaf area had indirect effects (through leaf dry weight) on grain yield. These traits are advocated as selection criteria for grain yield improvement in sunflower.
Hydrophobic materials based on cotton linter cellulose and an epoxy-activated polyester derived from a suberin monomer
Authors: Li Dongfang , Iversen Tommy , Ek Monica 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSuberin is a natural hydrophobic material that could be used to improve the water repellency of cellulose surfaces. It is also abundant in the outer bark of birch (Betula verrucosa); birch bark is a side-stream product in Scandinavia from the forest industry, which is generally burned for energy production. A suberin monomer, cis-9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, was isolated from birch outer bark and polymerized via lipase (immobilizedCandida antarcticalipase B). The resulting epoxy-activated polyester was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and size exclusion chromatography. Then the polyester was cured with tartaric or oxalic acid, and the crosslinked polyesters were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry. Hydrophobic materials were prepared by compression molding of polyester-impregnated cellulose sheets, and the final products were characterized by FTIR, cross-polarization magic angle spinning13C NMR, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The water contact angle was significantly increased from 0° for the original cellulose sheets to over 100° for the produced hydrophobic materials.
Is epidural analgesia during labor related to retained placenta?
Authors: Sarit Avraham , Sokolov Amit , Many Ariel 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTo explore the influence of epidural analgesia on the course of the third stage of labor and on the incidence of the complete retained placenta as well as retained parts of the placenta.This is a population-based cohort study in a tertiary medical center. We collected data from all 4227 spontaneous singleton vaginal deliveries during 6 months and compared the incidence of retained placenta in deliveries with epidural analgesia with those without analgesia. Multivariable logistic regression was used to control for possible confounders.More than two-thirds of the women (69.25%) used epidural analgesia during their delivery. A need for intervention due to placental disorder during the third stage of labor was noted in 4.2% of all deliveries. Epidural analgesia appeared to be significantly (P=0.028) related to placental disorders compared with no analgesia: 4.8% vs. 3%, respectively. Deliveries with manual interventions during the third stage, for either complete retained placenta or suspected retained parts of the placenta, were associated with the use of epidural analgesia (P=0.008), oxytocin (P=0.002) and older age at delivery (P=0.000), but when including all factors in a multivariable analysis, using a stepwise logistic regression, the factors that were independently associated with interventions for placental disruption during the third stage of delivery were previous cesarean section, oxytocin use and, marginally, older age.Complete retained placenta and retained parts of the placenta share the same risk factors. Epidural analgesia does not directly influence the incidence of complete retained placenta or retained parts, though clinically linked through increased oxytocin use. The factors that were independently associated with interventions for placental disruption during the third stage of delivery were previous cesarean section, oxytocin use and older age.
The extrusion of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) in an extruder with a modified feed zone. Part 1: extrusion process
Authors: Sikora Janusz W. , Samujło Bronisław , Stasiek Andrzej 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The work presents the results of experimental studies of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) extruded by a single-screw extruder with a modified feed section. The variable factors were the feed opening width, the feed pocket depth in the extruder barrel, and the rotational speed of the screw. The following parameters were studied: extrudate temperature Tw (°C), screw torque M (Nm), polymer mass flow rate G (kg/h), unit consumption of energy supplied to the extruder Ejc (J/g), and extrusion process energy efficiency κ (%). It was found that the increase in the depth of the pocket and the decrease in the width of the feed opening influence the extrusion process in a positive way.
Study on the deformation behavior of polyamide under the backward extrusion process
Authors: Manafi Babak , Saeidi Mehdi , Shatermashhadi Vahid , Abrinia Karen , Faraji Ghader 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This study explores the deformation behavior of polyamide in the process of backward extrusion at room temperature by both finite element (FE) and design of experiment (DOE) procedures. The distributions of effective strain through the length and the thickness of processed polyamide tube by cold backward extrusion are investigated and compared with ductile metals. The die parameters are comprised of slope angle, corner radius of punch and container which are selected as input parameters. The Taguchi DOE approach is exploited in order to decrease repeated simulations, after which 16 results are carried out. Analysis of variance is performed on simulation results, and it is proved that the corner radius of punch has the greatest effect among die parameters in the mentioned process, in reducing the processing load. The influence of this parameter is obtained as 98%. Eventually, the optimum condition is proposed. Also, the deformation behavior and the probability of failure based on the normalized Cockroft-Latham criterion are studied under this condition.
Die Berechnung freier Schwingungen nach der Maxwellschen Theorie
Authors: Klein Eberhard , Jenckel Ernst 
Published: March 2015

Es werden die Differentialgleichungen für die freie Schwingung verschiedener Maxwellscher Körper abgeleitet; die Lösungen dieser Differentialgleichungen sowie das logarithmische Dekrement werden angegeben. Die Berechnung freier Schwingungen mit Hilfe eines komplexen E-Moduls wird diskutiert.
Die theoretische Behandlung der Rückprallelastizität wird auf die freie Schwingung Maxwellscher Körper zurückgeführt.
Ergebnisse der Tieftemperaturforschung XVI. Die Atom- und Elektronenwärme des Tantals zwischen 10° und 273° K
Authors: Clusjus Klaus , Losa Celso Gutierrez 
Published: March 2015

An einem 250 g schweren Tantalzylinder wird die Atomwärme konstanten Druckes Cp zwischen 10° K und 0° C gemessen. Die Normalentropie bei 25° C ergibt sich zu 9,90 Clausius. Unterhalb von 19° K läßt sich die Atomwärme als Summe der Gitterwärme Cg, die dem T3-Gesetz folgt, und der Elektronenwärme Ce, die linear mit T verläuft, darstellen:
Tantal: Cp = Cʋ = Cg+Ce = 464,5(T/228)3+8,1 · 10-4 T.
Die Elektronenwärme zeigt somit einen für die Metalle der Übergangselemente charakteristisch hohen Wert, ist aber nach unseren Messungen kleiner als andere Autoren bei Heliumtemperaturen gefunden haben. Oberhalb von 20° K macht sich die Elektronenwärme in einem starken Abfall der Debyeschen Θ-Werte bemerkbar, wenn diese aus den auf Cv korrigierten Cp-Werten unmittelbar berechnet werden. Die Θ-Werte verschwinden bei T0 = 270°. Aus dieser Temperatur ergibt sich nach einer von Clusius und Bühler aufgestellten Formel γ zu 7,6 · 10-4 cal/g Atom Grad2. Mit diesem Wert erhält man für die Gitterwärme Cg = Cʋ-γT schließlich einen annähernd konstanten Verlauf der Θg-Werte zwischen den tiefsten Temperaturen und Zimmertemperatur, wobei der Θg-Wert nur zwischen 230° und 240° schwankt.
Winkelverteilung resonant gestreuter γ-Quanten
Authors: Wittmann F. 
Published: March 2015

Mit Hilfe des MössBAUER-Effektes wird das 129-keV-Niveau in Ir191 angeregt und die Winkelverteilung W(Θ) der Streustrahlung gemessen. Es ergibt sich:
W(Θ) =1+ (0,85 ±0,15) P2 (cos (Θ) + (0,02 ±0,18) P4 (cos (Θ).
Hieraus findet man zusammen mit Ergebnissen aus COULOMB-Anregungsmessungen das Mischungsverhältnis von Ml- und E2-Strahlung des Überganges sowie das Vorzeichen von δ.
Es ist δ = —0,36+0,04
-0,01.
The Half-life of 130Te Double β-decay
Authors: Takaoka N. , Ogata K. 
Published: March 2015

In order to determine the half-life of the 130Te double β-decay, the amounts and isotopic composition of xenon extracted from tellurium ores, from the Oya gold mine in Japan, have been measured with a high-sensitivity mass spectrometer. Compared with atmospheric xenon an excess was definitely found at mass numbers 129, 130 and 131 in the extracted xenon. The excess of 130Xe is predominant, the average amount in three samples being (1.32 ± 0.09) × 10-11 ccSTP/g 130Te. Attributing the excess 130Xe to the double β-decay of 130Te, the half-life is estimated to be (8.20 ± 0.64) × 1020 years, assuming an age of (9.06 ± 0.29) × 107 years for the Te ores. The latter value is the K-Ar age of porphyrite, which is in close geological connection with the Te ores.
In order to investigate the other excesses than that of 130Xe, isotopic analyses were also carried out on Xe from three other Te ores from the same mine. The ratios (129Xe/131Xe) excess=1.58 and (129Xe/130Xe) excess = 2.1 were found to be the same for all samples. The origin of these excesses is discussed.
In addition a small excess of 128Xe was found. If this is attributed to 128Te double β-decay, the half-life of 128Te is estimated to be 3 × 1022 years, a value shorter by about three orders of magnitude than the theoretically expected half-life. The above estimated half-life may be a lower limit of the 128Te half-life.
The general tendency of the isotopic abundances (except for the above excesses), of the xenon extracted from Te ores seems to be to slightly increase in excess as one moves toward the lighter isotopes (as compared with atmospheric xenon).
Die Bildung negativer Ionen aus SiCl4 und organischen Siliciumchloriden durch Elektronenstoß
Authors: Jäger K. , Henglein A. 
Published: March 2015

Appearance potentials and ionization efficiency curves of negative ions formed in SiCl4, CH3SiCl3, (CH3)2SiCl2, (CH3)3) 3SiCl, C2H3SiCl3, and C6H5SiCl3 by electron impact have been measured by using a Fox ion source. Negative molecular ions were observed in SiCl4, C2H3SiCl3 and C6H5SiCl3 besides several fragment ions. The electron affinity of the SiCl3 radical was found to be about equal to the electron affinity of the chlorine atom. The electron affinity of SiCl2 is shown to be higher than 2.5 eV.
Dissociative electron capture processes from SF6
– have been found in mixtures of SFe and silicon compounds (such as SF6
–+SiCl4 ➝ Cl–+SiCl3+SF6). It is concluded that in these processes the electron in SF6
– behaves like a free electron of zero kinetic energy. Various reactions of the O–-ion with the silicon compounds have also been observed.
Comparative Biochemical Studies on normal and on Poliomyelitis Virus Infected Tissue Cultures
Authors: Kovacs Ernest 
Published: February 2015

Es wurden zwei verschiedene Thymo-nucleodepolymerasen viskosimetrisch in Gewebekultur nachgewiesen. Bei beiden Fermenten beobachteten wir eine Aktivitätsabnahme nach Infizierung der Gewebekultur mit Poliomyelitis-Virus. In gleicher Weise hemmt virushaltige Flüssigkeit aus Gewebekultur die Aktivität kristalliner DNA-se von Kalbspankreas und die Aktivität der DNA-sen im Affennieren-Homogenat. Die Fermenthemmung im Organbrei war am größten. Die Versuche zeigen, daß die Hemmwirkung in den 3 verschiedenen Systemen (infizierte Gewebekultur, kristallisierte DNA-se, ungereinigter Organextrakt) ähnlicher Natur sind. Sie scheint von spezifischen und allgemeinen Inhibitoren verursacht zu sein. Während des durch die Viren bedingten Zellzerfalles beobachteten wir eine geringe temporäre Zunahme der DNA-ase-Aktivität; dann folgte die irreversible Abnahme. Die theoretische Bedeutung der Befunde wurde besprochen.
Two distinct thymonucleo-depolymerases were demonstrated in tissue cultures (TC), by viscosimetric techniques. An inhibition of their activity was found after virus inoculation and multiplication, in vitro. A similar depressive effect of virus-infected culture fluids was detected upon addition to crystalline DNA-ase of beef-pancreas or to crude enzymes of Rhesus kidney homogenate. The inhibition was more marked in the latter. These assays suggest that the analogous processes observed in the three different testsystems (infected cultivated cells, crystalline DNA-ase, unpurified tissueextract), are of similar nature. The decrease of DNA-ase activity seems to be caused by the presence of specific and general enzyme-inhibitors. During disintegration of the cells due to the cytopathogenic effect of the virus, a small, temporary rise of DNA-ase activities may be found, followed by irreversible loss of these nucleases. Theoretical bearings of the findings were discussed.
Das Verhalten der alkalischen und sauren Phosphatase in Zellkulturen aus Affennieren nach Infektion mit ECHO-Virus Serotyp 9 und Poliovirus hominis Typ 1
Authors: Albrecht W. , Mittelstrass H. K. , Sauthoff R. 
Published: February 2015

Nach Infektion in vitro gezüchteter Rh-Affennierenzellen mit ECHO-Virus Serotyp 9 und Poliomyelitis-Virus Typ 1 sinkt die Aktivität der sauren Phosphatase in der Zelle stark ab, um nach 9 und 12 Stdn. wieder einen langsamen Anstieg zu zeigen. Die Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase bleibt nach Infektion mit ECHO-Virus zunächst unverändert, um nach 9 und 12 Stdn. signifikant anzusteigen. Gleichzeitig ist nach anfänglichem Abfall eine Zunahme der RNS in Beziehung zur DNS zu beobachten. Nach Infektion mit Poliomyelitis-Virus zeigt die Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase ein ähnliches, jedoch nicht so ausgeprägtes Verhalten wie nach ECHO-Virus Infektion.
Diese Verschiebungen der Phosphatase-Aktivität in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit sind mit der Virusmultiplikation in Zusammenhang zu bringen.
Beziehungen zwischen Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit, endometaphasischer Kontraktion und der Bildung von Riesenchromosomen in den Nährzellen von Calliphora
Authors: Bier Karlheinz 
Published: February 2015

Die Polytänchromosomen der jungen Nährzellkerne der Schmeißfliege Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen zerfallen bei raschem Wachstum des Ei-Nährverbandes in 16 stark kontrahierte Chromatidenpaare, die sich in der anschließenden Endoanaphase gleichmäßig im Kernraum verteilen.
In Inzuchten tritt eine Abwandlung dieses Endomitosetyps auf. Heterochromatische Strukturen bleiben während der Prophase in allen Chromosomen erhalten. Die endomitotische Polyploidisierung läuft unter eingeschränkter Kontraktion der Chromatiden im polytänen Verband ab.
Wenn das Wachstum der Oocyten nur sehr langsam anläuft, dann verzögert sich die Auflösung der primären Polytänchromosomen um mehrere Endomitoseschritte, und die endometaphasische Kontraktion wird weitestgehend unterdrückt. Die Homologen bleiben als lockere Bündel parallel gelagert und in heterochromatischen Abschnitten oft unmittelbar verbunden.
Die durch die Auflösung der Polytänchromosomen freigewordenen Chromatiden vermehren sich erneut in polytäner Form und wachsen zu den lichtoptisch sichtbaren oligotänen Fibrillen heran. Diese erfüllen den herangewachsenen Nährzellkern entweder als Retikulum mit unspezifisch-heterochromatischen Haftstellen oder als Chromosomenbündel mit spezifisch-heterochromatischen Brücken, die die Ausgangspunkte für einen erneuten Zusammenschluß der Fibrillen zu sekundären Riesenchromosomen darstellen.