bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AI-Driven drug discovery: Accelerating the development of novel therapeutics in biopharmaceuticals
Authors: Decheng Huang  , Mingxuan Yang  , Xin Wen  , Siwei Xia  , Bo Yuan  
Published: August 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in drug discovery, revolutionizing the biopharmaceutical industry's approach to developing novel therapeutics. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of AI-driven drug discovery, focusing on its applications in accelerating the development of innovative treatments. We examine the fundamental AI technologies employed in drug discovery, including machine learning algorithms, deep learning architectures, and natural language processing techniques. The paper analyzes the integration of AI across various stages of the drug discovery pipeline, from target identification to clinical trial design, highlighting significant improvements in efficiency and accuracy. We explore the impact of big data on AI-driven drug discovery, discussing the challenges and opportunities presented by multi-omics data integration, electronic health records mining, and the need for data standardization. The study also addresses ethical considerations and regulatory challenges associated with AI implementation in drug development. Finally, we present emerging trends and prospects for AI in biopharmaceuticals, emphasizing the importance of collaborative ecosystems and the potential for AI to revolutionize personalized medicine. This review synthesizes current research and industry practices, providing insights into the transformative potential of AI in drug discovery and the challenges that lie ahead in realizing its full potential.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Drug Discovery, Biopharmaceuticals, Machine Learning.
Atmospheric H2 observations from the NOAA Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network
Authors: Pétron Gabrielle , Crotwell Andrew M. , Mund John , Crotwell Molly , Mefford Thomas , Thoning Kirk , Hall Bradley , Kitzis Duane , Madronich Monica , Moglia Eric , Neff Donald , Wolter Sonja , Jordan Armin , Krummel Paul , Langenfelds Ray , Patterson John 
Published: August 2024

Abstract. The NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML) measures atmospheric hydrogen (H2) in grab samples collected weekly as flask pairs at over 50 sites in the Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network. Measurements representative of background air sampling show higher H2 in recent years at all latitudes. The marine boundary layer (MBL) global mean H2 was 552.8 ppb in 2021, 20.2 ± 0.2 ppb higher compared to 2010. A 10 ppb or more increase over the 2010–2021 average annual cycle was detected in 2016 for MBL zonal means in the tropics and in the Southern Hemisphere. Carbon monoxide measurements in the same-air samples suggest large biomass burning events in different regions likely contributed to the observed interannual variability at different latitudes. The NOAA H2 measurements from 2009 to 2021 are now based on the World Meteorological Organization Global Atmospheric Watch (WMO GAW) H2 mole fraction calibration scale, developed and maintained by the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Jena, Germany. GML maintains eight H2 primary calibration standards to propagate the WMO scale. These are gravimetric hydrogen-in-air mixtures in electropolished stainless steel cylinders (Essex Industries, St. Louis, MO), which are stable for H2. These mixtures were calibrated at the MPI-BGC, the WMO Central Calibration Laboratory (CCL) for H2, in late 2020 and span the range 250–700 ppb. We have used the CCL assignments to propagate the WMO H2 calibration scale to NOAA air measurements performed using gas chromatography and helium pulse discharge detector instruments since 2009. To propagate the scale, NOAA uses a hierarchy of secondary and tertiary standards, which consist of high-pressure whole-air mixtures in aluminum cylinders, calibrated against the primary and secondary standards, respectively. Hydrogen at the parts per billion level has a tendency to increase in aluminum cylinders over time. We fit the calibration histories of these standards with zero-, first-, or second-order polynomial functions of time and use the time-dependent mole fraction assignments on the WMO scale to reprocess all tank air and flask air H2 measurement records. The robustness of the scale propagation over multiple years is evaluated with the regular analysis of target air cylinders and with long-term same-air measurement comparison efforts with WMO GAW partner laboratories. Long-term calibrated, globally distributed, and freely accessible measurements of H2 and other gases and isotopes continue to be essential to track and interpret regional and global changes in the atmosphere composition. The adoption of the WMO H2 calibration scale and subsequent reprocessing of NOAA atmospheric data constitute a significant improvement in the NOAA H2 measurement records.
(Un)Perfect Fit: Evaluating the Fitness of the Model Rules in Law School Codes of Conduct
Authors: Kramer Tear Katie 
Published: August 2024

This Note considers the changes in the relationship between student and university—from the development of in loco parentis, the shift to the duty-focused connection, and finally, the development of the contract-based model seen today. It will then evaluate the historical origins of Model Rules and their path to inclusion within law school student handbooks and codes of conduct. Finally, this Note will evaluate the appropriateness of professional standards, like the Model Rules, given the espoused purpose of these programs, the current educational environment, and legal employment outcomes. Ultimately, this Note is intended to encourage discussion about whether professional ethics requirements, such as the Model Rules, should be included within the law school-student contract, i.e., schools’ codes of conduct.
São Paulo 1930/1940
Authors: Zanirato Silvia Helena 
Published: August 2024

Em meados dos anos 1930, São Paulo tornou-se a maior cidade brasileira, com uma população superior a 1 milhão de habitantes. Em suas esquinas cruzavam-se diferentes personagens que conviviam naquele mesmo espaço: barões do café, industriais, operários, comerciantes, artesãos. Mendigos e vadios também habitavam a cidade e compartilhavam os mesmos espaços com os demais paulistanos. Em trajes andrajosos, com andar arrítmico e passos incertos, contrastavam com o corre-corre da cidade e despertavam a atenção da polícia e de outros habitantes, que encontramnaquele titubear as razões para a pobreza.
The Early Bronze Age in Tyre
Authors: Aubet María Eugenia 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
A reexcavation of an ancient sounding in the acropolis of Tyre uncovered an important sequence of Early Bronze Age occupation levels and the foundation of a strategic transit harbor at the beginning of the Early Bronze III, if not earlier. The ancient island connected the fertile plains of the interior, the access to resources through the important route of the Litani valley, and an inexhaustible source of water near mainland Tyre, in the so-called Ushu or Palaeotyros of the ancient sources. It does not seem coincidental that its role as a port of transit began in the third millennium BC, when maritime trade between Egypt and Byblos intensified.
Iron Age Remains from Ashdod-Yam: An Interim Report (2013–2019)
Authors: Fantalkin Alexander , Itkin Eli , Chesnut Owen , Mazis Matasha , Lorenzon Marta , Bouzaglou Liora , Eshel Tzilla , Sharvit Jacob 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
The remains of the Iron Age at Ashdod-Yam (Ashdod-by-the-Sea), located at the southern coastal plain of Israel, were first investigated by Jacob Kaplan between 1965 and 1968. Renewed excavations at the Iron Age compound of Ashdod-Yam and at additional areas across the site were initiated in 2013, on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology at Tel Aviv University. This article presents an interim report of architectural remains and accompanying finds associated with the Iron Age sequence at Ashdod-Yam. The remains were attributed to two strata: Stratum IV (Iron Age IIB) and Stratum III (Iron Age IIC). This endeavor enables a new assessment and analysis of the site’s significance in a broader regional context during various stages of the late Iron Age.
Polish Immigrants in Civil War Louisiana
Authors: Pula James S. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The American Civil War, it can be argued, was the most significant formative event in the nation's history after the Revolutionary War and Constitutional Convention. Although reams of books are published each year on the conflict, some of them centering on issues related to immigration and ethnicity, very few have examined in any detail the role of Polish immigrants. Especially absent is any detailed investigation of Poles residing in the South except for the Panna Maria agricultural colony in Texas. This is the first attempt to use data from the 1860 census, business directories, and other primary sources to draw a realistic portrait of the characteristics of the Poles in Louisiana and their relationship to the crucial political issues of the day. Among the questions addressed are: What were the demographic attributes of the Poles in Louisiana? Was there a recognizable Polish “community”? Did Poles, as early writers claimed, universally shun slavery and support the North in the war? Were there Polish slaveholders? Was there really a “Polish Brigade” raised to fight for the South? This article begins to address the dearth of information on Poles in the South during this crucial national watershed by examining the nature of Polish immigrants in New Orleans, their largest population center outside Texas, and their views during the national fratricide.
Polish Americans and the Counterprotests against the Marches on Milwaukee, 1967–1968
Authors: Leahy Stephen M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The 1967–1968 Marches on Milwaukee led to the passage of a strong open housing city ordinance. The first march routes challenged what people then interpreted as Polish American space. Journalists and other observers assumed that Polish Americans led the opposition to the marchers. Certainly, there were Polish American bigots heckling the marchers. Polish Americans did complain using racist arguments in letters to public figures and to newspapers. Yet a nuanced survey of these documents in manuscript collections shows that these documents reflected the widespread racism found throughout the city. While the response to the first two marches reflected a racist response of local Polish American residents, white power organizations and other activists organized later counterprotests and counter marches. The counterprotests ended with the John Birch Society coopting the counterprotesters into a political organization with a legislative agenda. The white power protesters should be seen as more of a part of continuing American racism and the emerging New Right.
Analisis Univariat Keterlibatan Masyarakat dalam Penataan Ruang di Desa Upon Batu, Kabupaten Gunung Mas, Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah
Authors: Partawijaya Daniel , Permana Indrawan , Sutrisno Herwin , Hartanto Singgih , Susi Theresia , Perkasa Petrisly 
Published: August 2024

Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014, desa adalah kesatuan masyarakat hukum yang memiliki batas wilayah yang berwenang untuk mengatur dan mengurus urusan pemerintahan, kepentingan masyarakat setempat berdasarkan prakarsa masyarakat, hak asal usul, dan/atau hak tradisional yang diakui dan dihormati dalam sistem pemerintahan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Oleh karena itu desa berwenang menyusun peraturan desa baik mengenai anggaran pendapatan dan belanja desa, pungutan, tata ruang, maupun organisasi. Kendala yang muncul dalam pengembangan kawasan pedesaan yang diantaranya dapat menghambat pembangunan kawasan pedesaan adalah berupa konflik keruangan dan kepentingan yang dapat merugikan desa, terbatasnya sumber daya manusia, hingga terjadi penurunan kualitas dan kerusakan lingkungan hidup. Permasalahan pada penelitian ini adalah kurangnya kesadaran perangkat desa dan masyarakat akan pentingnya penataan ruang dalam pengembangan desa. Penelitian ini bertujuan membahas partisipasi masyarakat dalam proses penyusunan rencana tata ruang desa Upon Batu, Kabupaten Gunung Mas,Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah metode campuran kuantitatif dan kualitatif, dimana peneliti mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data, mengintegrasikan temuan, dan menarik kesimpulan dengan menggunakan dua pendekatan. Pada penelitian ini, data yang diperoleh dari kuesioner yang berupa data numerik akan didukung dengan data kualitatif yang diperoleh dari wawancara mendalam. Analisis data dilakukan secara bertahap yaitu dengan analisis univariat dengan menggunakan program komputer SPSS 26. Metode partisipasi masyarakat dalam proses penyusunan Rencana Tata Ruang Desa Upon Batu yang telah dilaksanakan, merupakan inisiatif dari Pemerintah Daerah untuk menjalankan visi dan misi pembangunan, masyarakat telah berpartisipasi dalam penyusunan ini dengan hadir dan memberikan saran, walaupun masih banyak yang hadir sebagai pendengar. Terbatasnya pengetahuan, pendidikan dan penghasilan yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat menjadi salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat dan bentuk partisipasi.
Hubungan Penerapan Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat dengan Status Gizi pada Balita di Pulau Nasi Kabupaten Aceh Besar
Authors: Bancin Zahwa Aurellia Lolona , Arbi Anwar , Septiani Riza 
Published: August 2024

Status gizi adalah ukuran keberhasilan dalam pemenuhan nutrisi untuk anak yang diindikasikan oleh berat badan dan tinggi badan anak. Salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan kurangnya status gizi pada balita adalah perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS). Cakupan PHBS yang rendah dapat menyebabkan suatu individu atau keluarga mudah terjangkit penyakit sehingga derajat kesehatan menjadi rendah dan dapat memicu terjadinya masalah gizi. Namun, masih banyak masyarakat yang tidak menerapkan PHBS dan masih jarang yang datang ke posyandu untuk melakukan pengecekan kesehatan pada balita. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan PHBS dengan status gizi pada balita. Metode yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross- sectional. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik pengambilan total sampling. Populasi yaitu ibu yang memiliki balita dengan jumlah 80 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data yang di gunakan adalah angket, dan wawancara sedangkan teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam bentuk tabel dan narasi untuk menginterpretasikan hasil data yang diolah. Hasil analisis univariat menunjukkan bahwa status gizi balita kurang 50,0%, normal 32,5% dan lebih 17,5%, memberikan ASI Eksklusif 51,2%, menimbang balita setiap bulan 31,3%, penggunaan air bersih 23,8%, melakukan CTPS 20%, menggunakan jamban sehat 20% dan merokok didalam rumah 46,3%. Hasil analisis bivariat ada hubungan antara pemberian ASI Eksklusif (p value = 0,014), menimbang balita setiap bulannya (p value = 0,005), penggunaan air bersih (p value = 0,015), CTPS (p value = 0,002) dengan status gizi balita. Tidak ada hubungan antara jamban sehat (p value = 0,076), tidak merokok didalam rumah (p value = 0,652) dengan status gizi balita. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ibu semakin paham akan pentingnya PHBS untuk meningkatkan derajat kesehatan dan menekan angka terjadinya permasalahan gizi pada balita.
Implementasi Nilai-Nilai Akidah Akhlak Dalam Membentuk Karakter Siswa
Authors: Andriani Ai 
Published: August 2024

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh penelitian pendahuluan pada beberapa Madrasah Ibtidaiyah di Kabupaten Garut yang menunjukan bahwa nilai nilai akidah akhlak belum terimplementasikan secara optimal hal ini dikarenakan belum optimalnya dalam perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi sehingga berdampak negatif terhadap karakter siswa. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang perencanaan, pelaksanaan, penilaian, masalah dan solusi implementasi nilai nilai akidah akhlak dalam dalam membentuk karakter siswa di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri (MIN) 4 Kabupaten Garut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui triangulasi observasi, wawancara dan studi dokumentasi sedangkan sumber data melalui triangulasi: kepala madrasah, guru dan siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukan: Pertama, pada aspek perencanaan dilakukan melalui 3 tahapan yaitu : 1) Penetapan program, dengan melibatkan berbagai pihak yakni yayasan, komite, kepala dan guru madrasah; 2) Penetapan tujuan, mengacu pada tujuan pendidikan nasional, yang dikembangkan melalui visi, misi dan tujuan madrasah masing-masing; 3) Penentuan jadwal pembelajaran. Kedua, pada aspek pelaksanaan guru melaksanakan apa-apa yang telah dibuat pada perencanaan, mulai dari mengintegrasikan konten pendidikan karakter yang telah dirumuskan kedalam seluruh mata pelajaran kegiatan pendahuluan,inti dan penutup; mengintegrasikan pendidikan karakter kedalam kegiatan sehari-hari di sekolah; mengintegrasikan pendidikan karakter kedalam kegiatan yang diprogamkan atau direncanakan. Dan terakhir membangun komunikasi kerjasama antar sekolah dengan orang tua peserta didik. Ketiga, pada aspek penilaian yaitu meliputi evaluasi hasil belajar harian, tengah semester, akhir semester dan akhir kelulusan. Selanjutnya evaluasi proses dilaksanakan pada awal tahun pelajaran berikutnya. Keempat, pada aspek masalah yang dihadapi terdiri dari faktor internal (peserta didik) dan faktor eksternal (lingkungan) baik itu lingkungan keluarga, sekolah/ stake holder, maupun lingkungan masyarakat. Kelima, pada aspek solusi, guru menciptakan suasana pembelajaran yang menyenangkan, sesuai dengan usia dan karakter peserta didik sehingga anak fokus dan termotivasi serta tidak terpengaruh oleh lingkungan sekitar, meningkatkan kompetensi guru tidak terkecuali dalam hal Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter, juga membangun komunikasi dan kerjasama dengan orang tua demi tercapainya karakter yang baik pada diri siswa yang merupakan tanggung jawab bersama antara guru, orang tua, dan juga lingkungan sekitar.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of molecular genetic and bacteriological methods in determining heteroresistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis to rifampicin
Authors: Isakova A. I. , Mikhailova Yu. D. , Galkina K. Yu. , Nosova E. Yu. , Safonova S. G. 
Published: August 2024

We analyzed bacterial suspensions (mixtures) containing various proportions of resistant and susceptible strains to assess the effectiveness of molecular genetic tests and bacteriological methods for determination of the heteroresistant population of M. tuberculosis (MTB) to rifampicin (RIF). We established that the efficiency of determining the RIF-resistant MTB population in mixtures depends on the method of mutation detection used in the test system. The Genotype MTBDRplus, TB-TEST, and TB-BIOCHIP-1 tests showed the same results in detecting a resistant population with the Ser531Leu mutation. Genotype MTBDRplus more effectively detected His526Tyr, His526Asp, Asp516Val substitutions and less efficiently detected mutations determined by the absence of wild-type probes compared to TB-TEST and TB-BIOCHIP-1 tests.The efficiency of bacteriological detection of the resistant MTB population depends on the terms of cultivation. The method of serial microdilutions in the Middlebrook 7H9 liquid medium is the most effective in detecting RIF-resistance in the heteroresistant MTB population with the MTB cultivation for 21 days in comparison with the automated system Bactec MGIT 960 and the method of absolute concentrations on the L-J solid medium with the MTB cultivation for 28 days. It was noted that the proportion of resistant MTB strains detectection by Bactec MGIT 960, the method of absolute concentrations on a solid L-J medium for 28 days and by the method of serial microdilutions for 14 days did not differ significantly and amounted to 45.1; 44.1 and 38.9 respectively
Risk factors for cardiotoxic adverse reactions in the treatment of tuberculosis patients with MDR and XDR of the pathogen
Authors: Ivanova D. A. , Rodina O. V. , Litvinova N. V. , Borisov S. E. , Mitrofanova Yu. Yu. 
Published: August 2024

Modern treatment regimens for tuberculosis with multiple and broad drug resistance (MDR/XDR) of the pathogen provide for the simultaneous administration of several drugs with a proven cardiotoxic effect in the form of prolongation of the QTc interval and provocation of life-threatening arrhythmias. In conditions of the spread of cardiovascular and other comorbid pathology, it is important to assess the risk of cardiotoxic reactions and ensure the safety of patients during the entire course of treatment. The aim of the study was to assess the degree and risk of prolongation of the QTc interval in tuberculosis patients with MDR/XDR pathogen, including concomitant cardiological pathology, against the background of treatment regimens with the inclusion of bedaquiline.Materials and methods of research. The retrospective study included 185 tuberculosis patients with MDR/XDR of the causative agent: 70 people with cardiovascular pathology (except decompensation of heart failure, bradyarrhythmias, ventricular arrhythmias and QTc prolongation in the anamnesis) and 115 people. without it, who received chemotherapy with the inclusion of bedaquiline and fluoroquinolones. The dynamics of clinical symptoms and ECG were evaluated against the background of treatment. Risk factors for cardiotoxic reactions were determined using the method of multiple logistic regression.The results of the study. Prolongation of the QTc interval was observed in 58 people (31.4%, 95% CI 25.1–38.4%), clinically significant (more than 500 ms, 60 ms or more from the baseline, with ventricular arrhythmia) – 4.3%; bradycardia – 3.8%, cardialgic syndrome – 8.1%. Risk factors for prolongation of the QTc interval were the presence of any cardiovascular disease (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.23-4.41), simultaneous administration of three or more drugs that can lead to QTc prolongation (OR = 3.31, 95% CI 1.73–6.32), clarithromycin administration (OR = 4.01, 95%CI 1.4710.97), the number of points on the Tisdale scale is more than 6 (OR = 3.42, 95% CI 1.78–6.62).Conclusion. Prolongation of the QTc interval is a common adverse reaction in the treatment of tuberculosis with MDR /XDR pathogen, clinically significant in 4.3% of cases. The use of a standard ECG monitoring scheme is justified; it is necessary to avoid prescribing three or more drugs that affect the QTc interval to patients with any cardiovascular pathology with a Tisdale score of more than 6 points.
The Various Structures For Granting Petroleum Licenses Around the World
Authors: Egbert Darryl , Livingston Brian 
Published: August 2024

This paper summarizes the various structures used throughout the world to grant petroleum licenses to industry wishing to develop an oil and gas resource. It describes the various structures that are used, i.e. concessions, production sharing agreements, joint ventures etc. The paper goes on to describe the various economic obligations that governments impose on industry in return for granting rights under its petroleum licensing system. Finally, it describes the various processes used by governments to grant these right, i.e., a public auction of generic rights, a public request for proposal and negotiation, a restricted invitation and negotiation etc.

As a general theme, the paper concludes that no one petroleum licensing system or process for granting rights can be used in all cases. Rather, it suggests that these concepts should be tailored to the type of oil and gas resource to be developed.

The paper also contains a schedule describing the petroleum licensing systems and award process used by several countries.