bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between wildfire, salvage logging, and occupancy of nesting territories by northern spotted owls
Authors: Clark Darren A. , Anthony Robert G. , Andrews Lawrence S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) is one of the most intensively studied raptors in the world; however, little is known about the impacts of wildfire on the subspecies and how they use recently burned areas. Three large‐scale wildfires in southwest Oregon provided an opportunity to investigate the short‐term impacts of wildfire and salvage logging on site occupancy of spotted owls. We used Program MARK to develop single‐species, multiple‐season models of site occupancy using data collected during demographic surveys of spotted owl territories. In our first analysis, we compared occupancy dynamics of spotted owl nesting territories before (1992–2002) and after the Timbered Rock burn (2003–2006) to a reference area in the south Cascade Mountains that was not affected recently by wildfire. We found that the South Cascades had greater colonization probabilities than Timbered Rock before and after wildfire (${\rm {\hat {\beta }}} = 1.31$, 95% CI = 0.60–2.03), and colonization probabilities declined over time at both areas (${\rm {\hat {\beta }}} = - 0.06$, 95% CI = −0.12 to 0.00). Extinction probabilities were greater at South Cascades than at Timbered Rock prior to the burn (${\rm {\hat {\beta }}} = 0.69$, 95% CI = 0.23–2.62); however, Timbered Rock had greater extinction probabilities following wildfire (${\rm {\hat {\beta }}} = 1.46$, 95% CI = 0.29–2.62). The Timbered Rock and South Cascades study areas had similar patterns in site occupancy prior to the Timbered Rock burn (1992–2001). Furthermore, Timbered Rock had a 64% reduction in site occupancy following wildfire (2003–2006) in contrast to a 25% reduction in site occupancy at South Cascades during the same time period. This suggested that the combined effects of habitat disturbances due to wildfire and subsequent salvage logging on private lands negatively affected site occupancy by spotted owls. In our second analysis, we investigated the relationship between wildfire, salvage logging, and occupancy of spotted owl territories at the Biscuit, Quartz, and Timbered Rock burns from 2003 to 2006. Extinction probabilities increased as the combined area of early seral forests, high severity burn, and salvage logging increased within the core nesting areas (${\rm {\hat {\beta }}} = 1.88$, 95% CI = 0.10–3.66). We were unable to identify any relationships between initial occupancy or colonization probabilities and the habitat covariates that we considered in our analysis where theβcoefficient did not overlap zero. We concluded that site occupancy of spotted owl nesting territories declined in the short‐term following wildfire, and habitat modification and loss due to past timber harvest, high severity fire, and salvage logging jointly contributed to declines in site occupancy. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Coupled magnetic resonator optical waveguides
Authors: Liu Hui , Zhu Shining 
Published: March 2013

AbstractOptical resonators are important devices that control the properties of light and manipulate light–matter interaction. Various optical resonators are designed and fabricated using different techniques. For example, in coupled resonator optical waveguides, light energy is transported to other resonators through near‐field coupling. In recent years, magnetic optical resonators based on LC resonance have been realized in several metallic microstructures. Such devices possess stronger local resonance and lower radiation loss compared with electric optical resonators. This study provides an overall introduction on the latest progress in coupled magnetic resonator optical waveguide (CMROW). Various waveguides composed of different magnetic resonators are presented and Lagrangian formalism is used to describe the CMROW. Moreover, several interesting properties of CMROWs, such as abnormal dispersions and slow‐light effects, are discussed and CMROW applications in nonlinear and quantum optics are shown. Future novel nanophotonic devices can be developed using CMROWs.
Treatment of hypertrophic scars using laser and laser assisted corticosteroid delivery
Authors: Waibel Jill S. , Wulkan Adam J. , Shumaker Peter R. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesHypertrophic scars and contractures are common following various types of trauma and procedures despite skilled surgical and wound care. Following ample time for healing and scar maturation, many millions of patients are burdened with persistent symptoms and functional impairments. Cutaneous scars can be complex and thus the approach to therapy is often multimodal. Intralesional corticosteroids have long been a staple in the treatment of hypertrophic and restrictive scars. Recent advances in laser technology and applications now provide additional options for improvements in function, symptoms, and cosmesis. Fractional ablative lasers create zones of ablation at variable depths of the skin with the subsequent induction of a wound healing and collagen remodeling response. Recent reports suggest these ablative zones may also be used in the immediate post‐operative period to enhance delivery of drugs and other substances. We present a case series evaluating the efficacy of a novel combination therapy that incorporates the use of an ablative fractional laser with topically applied triamcinolone acetonide suspension in the immediate post‐operative period.MethodsThis is a prospective case series including 15 consecutive subjects with hypertrophic scars resulting from burns, surgery or traumatic injuries. Subjects were treated according to typical institutional protocol with three to five treatment sessions at 2‐ to 3‐month intervals consisting of fractional ablative laser treatment and immediate post‐operative topical application of triamcinolone acetonide suspension at a concentration of 10 or 20 mg/ml. Three blinded observers evaluated photographs taken at baseline and six months after the final treatment session. Scores were assigned using a modified Manchester quartile score to evaluate enhancements in dyschromia, hypertrophy, texture, and overall improvement.LimitationsSmall sample size and lack of a control arm.ResultsCombination same session laser therapy and immediate post‐operative corticosteroid delivery resulted in average overall improvement of 2.73/3.0. Dyschromia showed the least amount of improvement while texture showed the most improvement.ConclusionCombination same‐session therapy with ablative fractional laser‐assisted delivery of triamcinolone acetonide potentially offers an efficient, safe and effective combination therapy for challenging hypertrophic and restrictive cutaneous scars. Lasers Surg. Med. 45: 135–140, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arraying Cell Cultures Using PEG‐DMA Micromolding in Standard Culture Dishes
Authors: Marel Anna‐Kristina , Rappl Susanne , Piera Alberola Alicia , Rädler Joachim Oskar 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA robust and effortless procedure is presented, which allows for the microstructuring of standard cell culture dishes. Cell adhesion and proliferation are controlled by three‐dimensional poly(ethylene glycol)‐dimethacrylate (PEG‐DMA) microstructures. The spacing between microwells can be extended to millimeter size in order to enable the combination with robotic workstations. Cell arrays of microcolonies can be studied under boundary‐free growth conditions by lift‐off of the PEG‐DMA layer in which the growth rate is accessible via the evolution of patch areas. Alternatively, PEG‐DMA stencils can be used as templates for plasma‐induced patterning. magnified image
Design of New Reaction Fields for Spherical Polypyrrole Particle Synthesis
Authors: Kobayashi Daisuke , Endo Yuko , Sakamoto Tadaaki , Takahashi Tomoki , Matsumoto Hideyuki , Kuroda Chiaki , Otake Katsuto , Shono Atsushi 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSummary: Polypyrrole conducting polymers have been investigated widely for various applications because of their thermal and environmental stability and good electrical conductivity. Using chemical oxidative polymerization for the synthesis of polypyrrole particles, the reaction rate is very fast. In this study, we designed two new reaction fields for the synthesis of spherical polypyrrole nanoparticles. In the first system, oxidative polymerization of monomer droplets infused in a water/oil (W/O) emulsion reaction field was investigated. The second system employed dispersed monomer in an aqueous solution with a low concentration of oxidant in which polymerization was augmented by ultrasonic irradiation. Effective control of the reaction rate was important for enabling the synthesis of fine spherical polypyrrole particles.
Quantitative NMR Spectroscopy and Determination of Polymer Microstructure of Ethylene‐Styrene and Ethylene‐Isobutylene Co‐Polymers
Authors: Kasalo Ruzica , Busch Markus 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSummary: Quantitative 13C NMR spectroscopy is used to determine reactivity ratios and end group and branching frequency of ethylene‐styrene and ethylene‐isobutylene co‐polymers synthesized at a temperature T = 205 °C and pressure p = 1650 bar at different levels of co‐monomer fraction. In the forefront of the studies quantitative 13C NMR conditions have to be investigated. Optimum conditions are achieved using a relaxation agent Chromium(III) acetylacetonate (Cr(acac)3) at measurement temperature T = 100 °C and a delay time d1 = 7 s with a 90° pulse and inverse‐gated decoupling. The analysis of conversion dependence of co‐monomer content shows an increase in conversion with increasing co‐monomer content for the ethylene‐styrene co‐polymerization, whereas conversion decreases with rising isobutene fraction in the co‐polymer. Reactivity ratios for ethylene‐styrene as well as for ethylene‐isobutylene co‐polymerization system are determined with values rES = 0.09 ± 0.007 and rSE = 2.3 ± 7.0 and rEIB = 3.3 ± 0.6 and rIBE = 6.3 ± 4.2. Frequency on methyl end groups, end‐of‐chain contributions caused by transfer to propionic aldehyde and butyl branches are gained. For the ethylene‐styrene co‐polymer system a decrease in frequency is observed, whereas for the ethylene‐isobutylene co‐polymer system the opposite occurs. Influence of the co‐monomers on the polymerization reaction steps as transfer to chain transfer agent and backbiting reaction is discussed.
Solvent Effect in PLA‐PEG Based Nanoparticles Synthesis through Surfactant Free Polymerization
Authors: Ferrari Raffaele , Cingolani Alberto , Moscatelli Davide 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSummary: In this work one‐pot synthesis of PEGylated PLA‐based nanoparticles (NPs) without using any surfactant has been performed. Adopting ring opening polymerization of L,L–Lactide and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), vinyl end functionalized poly(lactic acid) macromonomers (HEMA‐LAn) have been produced with tunable number of lactic acid units (larger than 5) and a low molecular weight distribution. Macromonomers have been further copolymerized with modified PEG chains (HEMA‐PEGm) through a monomer starved semi‐batch emulsion polymerization performed without using any surfactant. In these conditions, small and monodispersed NPs of around 150 nm are obtained. Since macromonomers with n larger than 5 are highly viscous at room temperature, they have to be dissolved in a solvent before their injection in the reactor. In this work the effects in changing the solvent adopted in the starved process (water miscible or non‐miscible) and its amount have been investigated. Moreover, the effect of both PEG chains concentration and MW on the final NPs properties has been elucidated. The colloidal stability of the NPs produced using different solvents has been verified in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution via dynamic light scattering measurements; in addition the critical coagulation concentration of these PEGylated NPs has been determined.
Encapsulation of Jojoba and Andiroba Oils by Miniemulsion Polymerization. Effect on Molar Mass Distribution
Authors: Cardoso Priscilla B. , Araújo Pedro H. H. , Sayer Claudia 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSummary: This paper aims to study the encapsulation of jojoba and andiroba oils via miniemulsion polymerization. The effect of different hydrophilic monomers (acrylic or methacrylic acid), co‐stabilizers (hexadecane, jojoba oil or andiroba oil) and initiator concentrations were evaluated. Results indicated the formation of particles with nanocapsule morphology when either hexadecane or jojoba oils were used. When andiroba oil was used no phase separation could be detected in polymer particles and molar mass distributions showed a shoulder of intermediate molar masses between those of the oil and of the pure polymer.
Synthesis of Core‐Shell Particles of Polystyrene and Poly(methyl methacrylate) Using Emulsion Photopolymerization
Authors: Chicoma D. L. , Carranza V. , Giudici R. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSummary: Submicron core‐shell particles of polystyrene (PS) and polystyrene‐co‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS‐co‐PMMA) coated with PMMA were obtained by emulsion photopolymerization. The seeds of PS or PS‐co‐PMMA were prepared by emulsion polymerization with or without emulsifier and a ratio of functional monomer and crosslinker (SVBS/EDGMA) in order to obtain different surfaces for the subsequent coating with PMMA. At each stage, the evolution of the average particle size were monitored by using photon correlation spectroscopy (DLS) and the final polymer particles was analyzed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The core‐shell morphology was identified as the increase of the average particle size in the second stage by DLS technique and by the direct observation by TEM of the differentiation between PS core and PMMA shell, and by the presence of two glass transition temperatures (Tg) as a consequence of the existence of two partially miscible phases.
Is TOR1A a risk factor in adult‐onset primary torsion dystonia?
Authors: Groen Justus L. , Ritz Katja , Tanck Michael W. , van de Warrenburg Bart P. , van Hilten Jacobus J. , Aramideh Majid , Baas Frank , Tijssen Marina A. J. 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundStudies of genetic association between TOR1A and adult‐onset primary torsion dystonia have contradictory results.MethodsThe authors genotyped TOR1A single nucleotide polymorphisms rs1801968, rs2296793, rs1182 and rs3842225 in a cohort of clinically well characterized cervical dystonia patients (n=367) and constructed haplotypes. The authors systematically reviewed the published case‐control TOR1A association studies in adult‐onset primary torsion dystonia.ResultsIn this Dutch cervical dystonia cohort, no significant association was found with TOR1A variants. In the meta‐analysis (eight studies, 1332 adult‐onset primary dystonia patients) no variant reached overall significance. However, in a selection of familial cases the functional variant p.Asp216His (rs1801968) was associated with increased dystonia risk (odds ratio 1.43; 95%CI 1.01–2.02).ConclusionsMeta‐analysis does not show association with common variants in TOR1A in adult‐onset primary dystonia, except for the functional variant rs1801968 in familial focal dystonia cases. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Globale Sprengbohrlochtechnik über und unter Tage mit einem Ausblick auf zukünftige Techniken und Abbauentwicklungen
Authors: Wennmohs Karl‐Heinz 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDie Bohr‐ und Sprengtechnik hat sich innerhalb der weltweiten Bergbauaktivitäten über und unter Tage als eine der effektivsten und sichersten Lösetechniken behauptet. Diese Aussage gilt nicht für Gewinnungsbetriebe, in denen die geologischen Bedingungen eine wirtschaftliche mechanische Lösetechnik zulassen. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Sprenglochbohrtechnik für den unter‐ und übertägigen Bergbau. Im Untertagebau kommen in Gesteinsformationen mit Druckfestigkeiten über 100 MPa schlagende Bohrverfahren mit Top‐ und Senkbohrhämmern zum Einsatz. In Tagebauen werden bis zu einer Gesteinsdruckfestigkeit zwischen 80 und 200 MPa bevorzugt Drehbohrverfahren mit Rollenmeißel eingesetzt; bei höheren Druckfestigkeiten kommen Senkbohrhämmer zur Anwendung. Praxisbeispiele zeigen, dass Massenförderung im Tief‐ und Tagebau mithilfe eines hochleistungsfähigen Bohrgeräteparks möglich ist.Global blast hole drilling technology above and below ground with an outlook to future technologies and developments in extractionDrill and blast technology has become established as one of the most effective and safe excavation methods in mining worldwide. This statement does not only apply to extraction operations, in which the geological conditions permit the economical use of mechanical excavation. The article offers an overview of the current state of blast hole drilling technology for underground and open cast mining. Below ground, percussion drilling with top or DTH hammers is used in rock formations with compressive strengths over 100 MPa. In open cast mining, rotary drills with disc cutters are preferred up to a rock compressive strength between 80 and 200 MPa; when higher strengths are encountered, DTH hammers are used. Practical examples show that bulk extraction is possible in underground and open cast mining with the assistance of high‐performance drilling machinery.
Flip angle mapping with the accelerated 3D look‐locker sequence
Authors: Wade Trevor , McKenzie Charles A. , Rutt Brian K. 
Published: March 2013

PurposeA new approach to mapping the flip angle quickly and efficiently in 3D based on the Look‐Locker technique is presented.MethodsWe modified the accelerated 3D Look‐Locker T1 measurement technique to allow rapid measurement of flip angle. By removing the inversion pulses and interleaving two radio frequency pulses with different amplitude, it is possible to fit directly for the true flip angle using a reduced number of parameters. This technique, non‐inverted Double Angle Look‐Locker, allows quick and efficient mapping of the flip angle in 3D.Resultsnon‐inverted Double Angle Look‐Locker is validated in vitro against the actual flip angle imaging technique for a range of flip angles and T1 values. Flip angle maps produced with non‐inverted Double Angle Look‐Locker can be acquired in approximately 1 min, and are accurate to within 10% of the actual flip angle imaging measurement. It is shown to accurately measure the excited slab profile of several different pulses. An application to correcting in vivo DESPOT T1 data is presented.ConclusionThe presented technique is a rapid method for mapping flip angles across a 3D volume, capable of producing a flip angle map in approximately 1 min. Magn Reson Med 71:591–598, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ionic electroactive polymer metal composites: Fabricating, modeling, and applications of postsilicon smart devices
Authors: De Luca Viviana , Digiamberardino Paolo , Di Pasquale Giovanna , Graziani Salvatore , Pollicino Antonino , Umana Elena , Xibilia Maria Gabriella 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSmart systems adapt to the surrounding environments in a number of ways. They are capable to scavenge energy from available sources, sense and elaborate external stimuli and adequately react. Electro Active Polymers are playing a main role in the realization of smart systems for applications if fields such as bio inspired and autonomous robotics, medicine, and aerospace. This paper focus on the possibility to use Ionic Polymer Metal Composites as a class of materials relevant to the realization of post silicon smart systems. The three main aspects of this new technology, i.e., fabrication methods, modeling, and applications are described with emphasis to most recent results. Attention is given to main challenges and shortcomings to be solved for technology, modelling, and control of IPMC based devices that need to be solved before this new technology can be fully exploited in real world applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013
Oligomeric states of the Shigella translocator protein IpaB provide structural insights into formation of the type III secretion translocon
Authors: Dickenson Nicholas E. , Choudhari Shyamal P. , Adam Philip R. , Kramer Ryan M. , Joshi Sangeeta B. , Middaugh C. Russell , Picking Wendy L. , Picking William D. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe Shigella flexneri Type III secretion system (T3SS) senses contact with human intestinal cells and injects effector proteins that promote pathogen entry as the first step in causing life threatening bacillary dysentery (shigellosis). The Shigella Type III secretion apparatus (T3SA) consists of an anchoring basal body, an exposed needle, and a temporally assembled tip complex. Exposure to environmental small molecules recruits IpaB, the first hydrophobic translocator protein, to the maturing tip complex. IpaB then senses contact with a host cell membrane, forming the translocon pore through which effectors are delivered to the host cytoplasm. Within the bacterium, IpaB exists as a heterodimer with its chaperone IpgC; however, IpaB's structural state following secretion is unknown due to difficulties isolating stable protein. We have overcome this by coexpressing the IpaB/IpgC heterodimer and isolating IpaB by incubating the complex in mild detergents. Interestingly, preparation of IpaB with n‐octyl‐oligo‐oxyethylene (OPOE) results in the assembly of discrete oligomers while purification in N,N‐dimethyldodecylamine N‐oxide (LDAO) maintains IpaB as a monomer. In this study, we demonstrate that IpaB tetramers penetrate phospholipid membranes to allow a size‐dependent release of small molecules, suggesting the formation of discrete pores. Monomeric IpaB also interacts with liposomes but fails to disrupt them. From these and additional findings, we propose that IpaB can exist as a tetramer having inherent flexibility, which allows it to cooperatively interact with and insert into host cell membranes. This event may then lay the foundation for formation of the Shigella T3SS translocon pore.
Bacterial microcompartment shells of diverse functional types possess pentameric vertex proteins
Authors: Wheatley Nicole M. , Gidaniyan Soheil D. , Liu Yuxi , Cascio Duilio , Yeates Todd O. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBacterial microcompartments (MCPs) are large proteinaceous structures comprised of a roughly icosahedral shell and a series of encapsulated enzymes. MCPs carrying out three different metabolic functions have been characterized in some detail, while gene expression and bioinformatics studies have implicated other types, including one believed to perform glycyl radical‐based metabolism of 1,2‐propanediol (Grp). Here we report the crystal structure of a protein (GrpN), which is presumed to be part of the shell of a Grp‐type MCP in Rhodospirillum rubrum F11. GrpN is homologous to a family of proteins (EutN/PduN/CcmL/CsoS4) whose members have been implicated in forming the vertices of MCP shells. Consistent with that notion, the crystal structure of GrpN revealed a pentameric assembly. That observation revived an outstanding question about the oligomeric state of this protein family: pentameric forms (for CcmL and CsoS4A) and a hexameric form (for EutN) had both been observed in previous crystal structures. To clarify these confounding observations, we revisited the case of EutN. We developed a molecular biology‐based method for accurately determining the number of subunits in homo‐oligomeric proteins, and found unequivocally that EutN is a pentamer in solution. Based on these convergent findings, we propose the name bacterial microcompartment vertex for this special family of MCP shell proteins.