bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transplanted glial restricted precursor cells improve neurobehavioral and neuropathological outcomes in a mouse model of neonatal white matter injury despite limited cell survival
Authors: Porambo Michael , Phillips Andre W. , Marx Joel , Ternes Kylie , Arauz Edwin , Pletnikov Mikhail , Wilson Mary Ann , Rothstein Jeffery D. , Johnston Michael V. , Fatemi Ali 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveNeonatal white matter injury (NWMI) is the leading cause of cerebral palsy and other neurocognitive deficits in prematurely‐born children, and no restorative therapies exist. Our objective was to determine the fate and effect of glial restricted precursor cell (GRP) transplantation in an ischemic mouse model of NWMI.MethodsNeonatal CD‐1 mice underwent unilateral carotid artery ligation on postnatal‐Day 5 (P5). At P22, intracallosal injections of either enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) + GRPs or saline were performed in control and ligated mice. Neurobehavioral and postmortem studies were performed at 4 and 8 weeks post‐transplantation.ResultsGRP survival was comparable at 1 month but significantly lower at 2 months post‐transplantation in NWMI mice compared with unligated controls. Surviving cells showed better migration capability in controls; however, the differentiation capacity of transplanted cells was similar in control and NWMI. Saline‐treated NWMI mice showed significantly altered response in startle amplitude and prepulse inhibition (PPI) paradigms compared with unligated controls, while these behavioral tests were completely normal in GRP‐transplanted animals. Similarly, there was significant increase in hemispheric myelin basic protein density, along with significant decrease in pathologic axonal staining in cell‐treated NWMI mice compared with saline‐treated NWMI animals.InterpretationThe reduced long‐term survival and migration of transplanted GRPs in an ischemia‐induced NWMI model suggests that neonatal ischemia leads to long‐lasting detrimental effects on oligodendroglia even months after the initial insult. Despite limited GRP‐survival, behavioral, and neuropathological outcomes were improved after GRP‐transplantation. Our results suggest that exogenous GRPs improve myelination through trophic effects in addition to differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. GLIA 2015;63:452–465
tBu3P/ZnR2 (R=Et, I) Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalysts for Functionalization and Reduction of CO2
Authors: Dobrovetsky Roman , Stephan Douglas W. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe functionalization and reduction of CO2 are important targets not only because of concerns about its accumulation or the impact of this greenhouse gas on Earth’s climate, but also because of its potential as a C‐1 feedstock. In this work, both functionalization and reduction of CO2 were performed using tBu3P/ZnR2 (R=Et, I) “frustrated Lewis pairs” (FLPs). Phosphine‐catalyzed carboxylation of alkyl‐Zn bonds and catalytic reduction of CO2 using silanes as hydride sources and tBu3P/ ZnR2 (R=Et, I) FLPs as catalysts are reported. This is also the first time Zn‐based FLP chemistry in functionalization of CO2 is reported.
Shock from Graying: Is the Demographic Shift Weakening Monetary Policy Effectiveness
Authors: Imam Patrick A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThere is mounting evidence that in advanced economies, changes in monetary policy have a more benign impact on the economy—given better anchored inflation expectations and inflation being less responsive to variation in unemployment—compared with the past. We examine another aspect that could explain this empirical finding, namely the demographic shift to an older society. The paper first clarifies potential transmission channels that could explain why monetary policy effectiveness may moderate in graying societies. Then, using Bayesian estimation techniques for the USA, Canada, Japan, the UK and Germany, a weakening of monetary policy effectiveness over time with regard to unemployment and inflation is confirmed. After proving the existence of a panel co‐integration relationship between ageing and a weakening of monetary policy, the study uses dynamic panel ordinary least squares techniques to attribute this weakening of monetary policy effectiveness to demographic changes. The paper concludes with policy implications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variability of tornado climatology across the continental United States
Authors: Farney Tory J. , Dixon P. Grady 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTPrevious tornado climatology research has relied primarily upon a mean value of tornadoes or tornado days fixed on one period to define regions of elevated tornado risk. However, a more comprehensive understanding of the climatological distribution of tornadoes is achieved by analysing the spatial and temporal variability of tornado days. Two methods of analysing tornado days for predefined areas across the continental United States using a refined version of the Storm Prediction Center's tornado data set for 1950–2011 are considered in this study. Statistical analyses of averages and return periods reveal the variability in the record, while consecutive tornado days present an alternative method to assess the seasonal repeatability and risk for historic, multi‐day tornado outbreaks. The results of this research better define the climatological variability of tornado events in addition to offering insight regarding the spatial patterns of locations with the greatest tornado risks, especially those with higher interannual variability.
In‐office biopsy of upper airway lesions: Safety, tolerance, and effect on time to treatment
Authors: Lippert Dylan , Hoffman Matthew R. , Dang Phat , McCulloch Timothy M. , Hartig Gregory K. , Dailey Seth H. 
Published: November 2014

Objectives/HypothesisDefinitive tissue diagnosis for lesions warranting biopsy is shifting from the operating room to the office. Safety, tolerance, factors related to successful biopsy, and time to treatment are not well‐defined.MethodsRetrospective review of 116 patients undergoing in‐office biopsy of oropharynx, larynx, or hypopharynx were included. Logistic regression determined if demographics, site, T‐stage, or approach (transoral/transnasal) were related to success. Time to definitive treatment was also analyzed.ResultsNinety‐two transnasal and 24 transoral biopsies were performed on 73 laryngeal, 35 oropharyngeal, and 8 hypopharyngeal lesions. Of those, 97 of 116 diagnoses were made in‐office. There were no complications; two patients did not tolerate the procedure. Success was not related to age (P = 0.374), site (P = 0.527), T‐stage (P = 0.587), or approach (P = 0.566). Time to treatment was 24.2 ± 13.9 days with successful office biopsy and 48.8 ± 49.4 days without.ConclusionsHigh procedural completion rate was observed across patients, sites, and approaches. All patients should be considered for in‐office biopsy, a more time‐ and cost‐effective option leading to earlier treatment.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 125:919–923, 2015
Validation of CT‐MRI fusion for intraoperative assessment of stereotactic accuracy in DBS surgery
Authors: Mirzadeh Zaman , Chapple Kristina , Lambert Meg , Dhall Rohit , Ponce Francisco A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDeep brain stimulation is typically performed with intraoperative microelectrode recording and test stimulation for target confirmation. Recent studies have shown accurate, clinically efficacious results after lead placement without microelectrode recording or test stimulation, using interventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or intraoperative computed tomography (CT; iCT) for verification of accuracy. The latter relies on CT–MRI fusion. To validate CT–MRI fusion in this setting, we compared stereotactic coordinates determined intraoperatively using CT–MRI fusion with those obtained on postoperative MRI. Deep brain stimulation electrodes were implanted with patients under general anesthesia. Direct targeting was performed on preoperative MRI, which was merged with preimplantation iCT images for stereotactic registration and postimplantation iCT images for accuracy confirmation. Magnetic resonance imaging was obtained 6 weeks postoperatively for comparison. Postoperative MRI was obtained for 48 patients, with 94 leads placed over a 1‐year period. Vector error of the targeted contact relative to the initial plan was 1.1 ± 0.7 mm on iCT and 1.6 ± 0.7 mm on postoperative MRI. Variance comparisons (F‐tests) showed that the discrepancy between iCT‐ and postoperative MRI‐determined errors was attributable to measurement error on postoperative MRI, as detected in inter‐rater reliability testing. In multivariate analysis, improved lead placement accuracy was associated with frame‐based stereotaxy with the head of the bed at 0° compared with frameless stereotaxy with the head of the bed at 30° (P = 0.037). Intraoperative CT can be used to determine lead placement accuracy in deep brain stimulation surgery. The discrepancy between coordinates determined intraoperatively by CT–MRI fusion and postoperatively by MRI can be accounted for by inherent measurement error. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
In Situ Detection and Identification of Hesperidin Crystals in Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshiu) Peel Cells
Authors: Inoue Tsuyoshi , Yoshinaga Arata , Takabe Keiji , Yoshioka Terutaka , Ogawa Kazunori , Sakamoto Masahiro , Azuma Jun‐ichi , Honda Yoichi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIntroductionHesperidin, a flavonoid known to have important pharmacological effects, accumulates particularly in the peels of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu). Although histochemical studies have suggested that hesperidin forms crystals in some tissues of the Rutaceae and Umbelliferae, there has been no rigorous in situ detection or identification of hesperidin crystals in C. unshiu.ObjectiveTo characterise the chemical component of the crystals found in C. unshiu peels using Raman microscopy.MethodsSections of C. unshiu peels were made. The distribution and morphology of crystals in the sections were analysed microscopically. Raman microscopy was used to detect hesperidin in the sections directly.ResultsThe crystals were more abundant in immature peel and were observed particularly in areas surrounding vascular bundles, around the border between the flavedo and albedo layers and just below the epidermal cells. In the morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy, needle‐shaped crystals aggregated and formed clusters of spherical crystals. Spectra obtained by Raman microscopy of the crystals in the peel sections were consistent with those of the hesperidin standard.ConclusionThis study showed the detailed distribution of crystals in C. unshiu peels and their main component was identified using Raman microscopy to be hesperidin for the first time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristic differences and reference ranges for mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary Doppler velocity waveforms during fetal life
Authors: Kurihara Yasushi , Tachibana Daisuke , Yanai Sakika , Kitada Kohei , Sano Miho , Wada Natsuko , Nakagawa Kayoko , Yamamoto Hiroko , Hamuro Akihiro , Nakano Akemi , Terada Hiroyuki , Ozaki Koji , Fukui Mitsuru , Koyama Masayasu 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectivesWe aimed to construct reference ranges for time intervals of each component of cardiac flow velocity waveforms in normal fetuses, comparing those variables between right and left ventricles.MethodsIn 359 fetuses at the gestational age of 17–38 weeks, the durations of atrioventricular (AV) valve opening (AVVO), AV valve closure (AVVC), total E‐ (total‐E) and A‐ (total‐A) waves, total ejection time (total‐ET), acceleration time (acc‐E for E‐wave, acc‐A for A‐wave, and acc‐ET for ejection time), and deceleration time (dec‐E for E‐wave, dec‐A for A‐wave, and dec‐ET for ejection time) were studied cross sectionally.ResultsBoth right and left acc‐E showed the strongest correlations with gestational age (r = 0.478 and r = 0.519, respectively). Left AVVO showed a stronger correlation (r = 0.474) than right AVVO (r = 0.282) and, conversely, right AVVC showed a stronger correlation (r = 0.399) than left AVVC (r = 0.195) with gestational age. Significant differences (all P values <0.001) were observed for all right and left parameters other than total‐A and acc‐E.ConclusionsCharacteristic differences between right and left ventricles were found in the reference ranges, suggesting the developmental properties of the fetal heart. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of amorphous silicon absorber materials: Kinetics of light‐induced degradation
Authors: Stuckelberger Michael , Billet Adrian , Riesen Yannick , Boccard Mathieu , Despeisse Matthieu , Schüttauf Jan‐Willem , Haug Franz‐Josef , Ballif Christophe 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe investigate the influence of the deposition parameters for intrinsic amorphous silicon absorber layers on light‐induced degradation (LID) of thin‐film silicon solar cells. The focus is on absorber layers with different bandgaps: on one side, solar cells with a wide‐bandgap absorber layer that provides open‐circuit voltages up to 1.04V; on the other, cells with short‐circuit current densities of 18.2mA/cm2 with a 300‐nm‐thick narrow‐bandgap absorber layer, and 20mA/cm2 at reverse bias for a cell with a 1000‐nm‐thick absorber layer. Between these extremes, we varied the hydrogen‐to‐silane ratio and the deposition pressure during the absorber layer deposition. The light‐induced degradation of these materials—covering the deposition regimes of low‐pressure, protocrystalline, polymorphous, and high‐pressure amorphous silicon—incorporated in single‐junction amorphous silicon solar cells is detailed here. For each pressure, we found an optimum hydrogen dilution with least LID close to the amorphous‐to‐microcrystalline transition. The relative LID is similar for all pressures at optimized hydrogen dilutions. Further, we present the influence of absorber layer thickness, p‐layer thickness, and deposition rate on the kinetics of light‐induced degradation to facilitate the choice of a material for its application in several types of multi‐junction thin‐film silicon solar cells. We show that the degradation kinetics depends, in semi‐logarithmic scale, only weakly on time but more on deposition conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of the source of free radicals in crosslinking of polyethylene
Authors: Rado R. , Lazár M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCrosslinked polyethylene, owing to changes in structure, is a product with technically important properties. The crosslinking may be brought about with the aid of various free radical sources, such as ultraviolet light, ionizing irradiation of high intensities, and organic peroxides. The kinetics and mechanism of the crosslinking process depend predominantly upon the free radical source employed for crosslinking of polyethylene. When peroxides are used, the kinetics and mechanism depend on both the chemical mechanism of the peroxide decomposition and the reaction of primary radicals with the polyethylene macromolecules. When radiation is used, the excited molecules dissociate after absorption of energy, hydrogen is evolved, and radicals from the polymer form crosslinks. The hydrogen atom eliminated is quite mobile and easily abstracts another hydrogen from the polymer. Hence, during a single primary reaction two polymer radicals or one crosslink and one hydrogen molecule are formed. The number of crosslinks as well as the amount of hydrogen produced are then simply proportional to the absorbed radiation dose. Crosslinking of polyethylene by the peroxide method is a more complicated process, the polymer radicals not forming directly, but by transfer to the polyethylene macromolecules of radicals produced by peroxide decomposition. In the termination reaction, in addition to crosslinkages, products of the reaction between primary and polymer radicals may form. When the peroxide decomposes by a chain mechanism the dependence of the crosslinks upon the initial peroxide concentration becomes more involved. In the induced decomposition, the free radical sources are inefficiently consumed and. owing to the difference in reaction orders of the simultaneous ineffective induced and effective self decomposition, of peroxide, the ratio between the two reactions varies in the course of the process. From a kinetic analysis of the experimental results quantitative relations between the formation of crosslinks in polyethylene and the free radicals produced from the various sources were established. Both the simplest cases of direct production of radicals capable of crosslinkage as well as the cases in which the formation of the primary radicals is determined by the initiation process and rate of radical transfer and the nature of the termination reactions are of major importance have been considered. Finally a still more complicated case, in which crosslinking of polyethylene takes place during chain decomposition of the peroxide, has been treated. With the aid of the derived equations and the experimentally determined rate constants the crosslink concentration was calculated and the results have been compared with experimental values.
Investigation of the factors causing chain structure change in ionic diene polymerization
Authors: Dolgoplosk B. A. , Belonovskaja G. P. , Boldyreva I. I. , Kropacheva E. N. , Nelson K. V. , Rosinoer Ja. M. , Chernova J. D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEther‐induced isomerization of crotyllithium to 3‐lithium‐butene‐1 may be regarded as a model of reactions taking place in the chain growth process during organolithium initiated diene polymerization. In this reaction, as is well known, ethers and other complexating agents considerably increase the number of 1,2‐ (and 3,4‐) links in the chain. Various ionic type catalysts (organoaluminum compounds, titanium halides, hydrogen halides) induce the cis‐trans isomerization of units of the polymer chain (natural rubber) at low temperatures. The process is accompanied by a significant fall in degree of unsaturation of the polymer. The oxidation of Ti3+ to Ti4+ under the influence of peroxides is accompanied by the formation of free radicals, initiating low temperature polymerization of monomers or structuration of rubbers. The oxidation of Ti3+ to Ti4+ effected by hydroperoxides in hydrocarbon media is also accompanied by radical reactions, leading to oxidation and degradation of the polymers. These secondary reactions are depressed by the conventional inhibitors of radical reactions. Alkylaluminumhalides formed during interaction of alkylaluminumnitrites with halides of variable valency metals are efficient cationic catalysts, inducing the polymerization of isobutylene and (3,3‐bischloromethyl)oxacyclobutane. During polymerization of butadiene and isoprene in the presence of alkylaluminumchloride, amorphous, insoluble polymers are formed with very high softening temperatures (410 and 370°C, respectively). Similar conversions are undergone by natural rubber in solution under the influence of titanium tetrachloride and alkylaluminumchloride. Under the action of alkylmagnesium halides 1,4‐polybutadiene in solution shows a considerable loss in degree of unsaturation and an elevation of the glass temperature, preserving at the same time its solubility, which evidently is due to the occurrence of intramolecular cyclization at the diallyl links. Apparently associated with such processes is the diminished unsaturation of sodium butadiene rubber (ca. 85% of the theoretical).
Investigation of maleate‐fumarate isomerization during esterification with various glycols
Authors: Vancsó‐Szmercsányi I. , Maros‐Gréger K. , Makay‐Bödi E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIt is known that maleic acid is partially and completely converted to fumaric acid, or its ester, on esterification. This phenomenon has a great practical importance, especially for unsaturated polyesters, because of the properties of the maleates, notably their reactivity during copolymerization, where their behavior is quite different from that of the fumarates. The effect of many factors relating to this phenomenon has not yet been clarified. In this paper is described a study in which the effect of glycols on the isomerization was determined by using glycols of different molecular structures. The following method was used: molten maleic anhydride was condensed with various glycols. In the course of the polycondensation, samples were taken, and the ratio of maleic to fumaric was determined. The determinations were carried out by polarography after saponification in the cold. For the polycondensation the following glycols were used: (1) ethylene glycol; (2) 1,2‐propylene glycol; (3) 1,3‐butylene glycol; (4) diethylene glycol. It was established that the structure of the glycol and the time of polycondensation, as well as the molecular weight of the polyester when identical glycols were used, exercise a considerable influence on the isomerization. When the degree of isomerization (quantity of fumaric acid, in per cent) is plotted as a function of the molecular weight, one obtains curves which become horizontal after the initial portion. The values of the ordinate at variable concentrations of fumaric acid are always constant; the slope of the curves changes according to the glycol used. A comparison of the number of linkages in the chain of the glycol used (chain length) and the steric configuration with the isomerization effect shows that in this case the polymerization is conditioned by stereochemical factors. The isomerization is greater, the denser the polyester chain. The stereochemical interpretation has also been confirmed by the utilization of compounds containing phenyl groups (phthalic anhydride); the mixed esters were obtained (for example, butylene glycol‐maleate phthalate). Conforming with our studies it was found that with mixed esters containing o‐phthalate, the isomerization of maleate into fumarate occurred in all cases to a greater extent than was the case with pure maleic acid.
Stereospecific polymerization of styrene
Authors: Hohenstein W. P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA short survey is presented of methods for the stereospecific polymerization of styrene by various types of catalysts. Possible mechanisms for these reactions are discussed. A correlation is attempted between the ionic character of the links existing between the carbonic and the metallic components of the metal‐organic catalytic compounds and complexes, and the mechanism of the reaction (ionic or radical) which these catalysts effect. The stereospecificity of the reactions possibly also depends on the same difference in the electronegativity of the components of the metal‐organic compounds or complexes.