bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colors of Jupiter's large anticyclones and the interaction of a Tropical Red Oval with the Great Red Spot in 2008
Authors: Sánchez‐Lavega A. , Legarreta J. , García‐Melendo E. , Hueso R. , Pérez‐Hoyos S. , Gómez‐Forrellad J. M. , Fletcher L. N. , Orton G. S. , Simon‐Miller A. , Chanover N. , Irwin P. , Tanga P. , Cecconi M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe nature and mechanisms producing the chromophore agents that provide color to the upper clouds and hazes of the atmospheres of the giant planets are largely unknown. In recent times, the changes in red coloration that have occurred in large‐ and medium‐scale Jovian anticyclones have been particularly interesting. In late June and early July 2008, a particularly color intense tropical red oval interacted with the Great Red Spot (GRS) leading to the destruction of the tropical red oval and cloud dispersion. We present a detailed study of the tropical vortices, usually white but sometimes red, and a characterization of their color spectral signatures and dynamics. From the spectral reflectivity in methane bands we study their vertical cloud structure compared to that of the GRS and BA. Using two spectral indices we found a near correlation between anticyclones cloud top altitudes and red color. We present detailed observations of the interaction of the red oval with the GRS and model simulations of the phenomena that allow us to constrain the relative vertical extent of the vortices. We conclude that the vertical cloud structure, vertical extent, and dynamics of Jovian anticyclones are not the causes of their coloration. We propose that the red chromophore forms when background material (a compound or particles) is entrained by the vortex, transforming into red once inside the vortex due to internal conditions, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, or to the mixing of two chemical compounds that react inside the vortex, confined by a potential vorticity ring barrier.
Tropospheric delay statistics measured by two site test interferometers at Goldstone, California
Authors: Morabito David D. , D'Addario Larry R. , Acosta Roberto J. , Nessel James A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSite test interferometers (STIs) have been deployed at two locations within the NASA Deep Space Network tracking complex in Goldstone, California. An STI measures the difference of atmospheric delay fluctuations over a distance comparable to the separations of microwave antennas that could be combined as phased arrays for communication and navigation. The purpose of the Goldstone STIs is to assess the suitability of Goldstone as an uplink array site and to statistically characterize atmosphere‐induced phase delay fluctuations for application to future arrays. Each instrument consists of two ~1 m diameter antennas and associated electronics separated by ~200 m. The antennas continuously observe signals emitted by geostationary satellites and produce measurements of the phase difference between the received signals. The two locations at Goldstone are separated by 12.5 km and differ in elevation by 119 m. We find that their delay fluctuations are statistically similar but do not appear as shifted versions of each other, suggesting that the length scale for evolution of the turbulence pattern is shorter than the separation between instruments. We also find that the fluctuations are slightly weaker at the higher altitude site.
Thermal Degradation and Flammability Properties of Polypropylene Nanocomposite Using Organoclay‐graft‐poly(Ethylene Glycol Methacrylate Phosphate)
Authors: Alsharif Mohammad Ali , Zadhoush Ali , Mortazavi Sayed Majid 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPhosphorus‐containing groups were grafted on organoclay using cold plasma technique, accompanied by polymerization of ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate monomers. The obtained compound as a new flame retardant (FR) was added to isotactic polypropylene (iPP) to produce pigmented iPP nanocomposite using twin‐screw micro extruder. Characterization was carried out for the best dispersion and chemical structure using scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Flammability and burning behavior of iPP nanocomposite were characterized by limiting oxygen index and mass loos cone calorimeter. Thermal properties were investigated by thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2014, 33, 21386; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21386
Studies on Gelling Characteristics of N‐Tertiary Butyl Acrylamide–Acrylic Acid Copolymer
Authors: Bera Rabin , Dey Ayan , Chakrabarty Debabrata 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTOrganogel copolymers of N‐tertiary butyl acrylamide (in‐house synthesized) and acrylic acid were made by free radical polymerization using N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide as cross‐linker and different proportions of the comonomers. N‐tertiary butyl acrylamide and the gels were characterized by spectroscopic analysis, swelling performances, morphological studies, and thermal analysis. Swelling performances of the different gels as a function of cross‐link density of the gels, dipole characteristic, structure, and chemical composition of solvent were studied. Swelling and deswelling kinetics of the gels in some suitable solvents were also studied. An attempt has been made to utilize the deswelling characteristic of the swelled gels in slow and sustained release of volatiles as required in fire starters/fire gels or fragrance release. Swelling of the gel was maximum with 2 mol% of cross‐linker beyond which, it decreased. It was also dependent on the H‐bonding ability, dipole characteristic, chemical structure, and viscosity of the solvent. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2014, 33, 21387; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21387
Alternating Current Electrical Properties of Thin Films of Plasma Polymerized 1, 1, 3, 3‐Tetramethoxypropane
Authors: Afroze Tamanna , Bhuiyan A. H. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPlasma‐polymerized 1, 1, 3, 3‐tetramethoxy‐propane (PPTMP) thin films are prepared by using a capacitively coupled glow discharge reactor. The dielectric constant and the alternating current (AC) electrical conductivity of the PPTMP thin films are investigated in the frequency range from 30 to 104 Hz, and in the temperature range from 298 to 423 K. The AC electrical conduction mechanism in the PPTMP thin films is observed to be dominated by hopping of carriers between localized states. The trend of dielectric constant is to decrease slowly with the increasing frequency. The dielectric constant is weakly dependent on temperature (T). The dielectric loss tangent, tanδ decreases slightly with a broad minimum around 103 Hz and again increases with increasing frequency. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2014, 33, 21394; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21394
Nano and Hybrid Composites Based on Poly(ethylene terephthalate): Blending and Characterization
Authors: Barbosa Carlos N. , Gonçalves Frederico , Viana Júlio C. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis study addresses the characterization of nano and hybrid poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)‐based composites obtained by injection molding process. The aim is to demonstrate the effect of adding various nanoclay amounts on the morphology and mechanical behavior of unreinforced and glass fiber (GF) reinforced PET matrices. Also, it addresses the possibility of preserving the mechanical response of the composites while decreasing the amount of GF. Nanocomposites were prepared by adding 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 wt% of montmorillonite to the unreinforced PET matrix; hybrid composites were also prepared by adding the aforementioned nanoclay amounts to the 20% GF reinforced PET (PET20). A 35% GF reinforced PET was used as a reference material for the mechanical properties comparison. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that the characteristic (001) peak of the nanocomposite obtained by extrusion shifted to the lower angle region stating an intercalated structure. The subsequent injection molding process altered the morphological structure of the composites, reducing the basal distance for small loadings of nanoclays. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the addition of nanoclay increases the degree of crystallinity and decreases the cold crystallization temperature of both PET systems. Full exfoliation of the nanoclay was not attained but the nanoparticles dispersion in combination with their intercalated morphology improved the mechanical properties of PET composites optimally for 1% of incorporation. The envisaged mechanical properties of PET20 were improved (initial modulus ↑22%, stress at yield ↑14%, and strain at break ↑4%) for the aforementioned optimal value of incorporation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2014, 33, 21397; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21397
Optimization of Synthesis Amounts of Polymers with Two Monomers by Different Methods Based on Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Tian Minglei , Park Haeun , Row Kyung Ho 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTo synthesize a monolithic polymer with two different monomers, 17‐run Box–Behnken design (BBD) and 20‐run central composite design (CCD) were investigated and optimized three factors (volume of monomer, cross‐link, and porogen). According to the variance of the fitted quadratic polynomial model, BBD was more suitable for the two monomers than CCD. The adjusted coefficient of determination (RAdj2) for the model (0.995 and 0.997 for the two monomers) as well as the probability (p < 0.0001) revealed high significance of the regression model. The following optimized synthesis conditions were suggested by the BBD method (0.54 mL of monomer, 2.93 mL of cross‐link, and 2.95 mL of porogen for methyl methacrylate (MAA); 0.55 mL of monomer, 2.98 mL of cross‐link, and 2.86 mL of porogen for 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2‐HEMA)). Finally, 5137.6 and 4789.9 mg of MAA and 2‐HEMA monomers were predicted, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2014, 33, 21405; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21405
Sacred populations of Cercopithecus sclateri: Analysis of apparent population increases from census counts
Authors: Baker Lynne R. , Tanimola Adebowale A. , Olubode Oluseun S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe development of effective conservation and management actions for populations of wild species generally requires monitoring programs that provide reliable estimates of population size over time. Primate researchers have to date given more attention to evaluating techniques for monitoring primates in natural habitats compared to populations that occur in villages or urban areas. We conducted censuses to estimate the abundance and density of two sacred, village‐dwelling populations (Lagwa and Akpugoeze) of Sclater's monkey (Cercopithecus sclateri), a threatened species endemic to southeastern Nigeria, and compared these data to previous census results. We recorded population increases in both sites: a 66% increase over 4½ years in Lagwa (from 124 to 206 individuals) at an annual rate of 10.2%, and a 29% increase over 4 years in Akpugoeze (from 193 to 249 individuals) at an annual rate of 5.7%. Mean group size also increased in both sites. Density in Lagwa was 24.2 individuals/km2, and density in a core survey area of Akpugoeze was 36–38 individuals/km2. Our results may have been affected by monkey ranging and grouping patterns and improved detectability due to our revised census technique, which included secondary observers. With further work on methodology for censusing populations that occur in human‐settled environments, techniques can be refined and customized to individual sites for more accurate estimates. Our investigation of Sclater's monkey in Lagwa and Akpugoeze, two sites critical for conservation of the species, indicated that both of these populations have increased, and neither faces immediate risk of extirpation. Such population growth, while encouraging, will likely exacerbate human–monkey conflict and thus should be understood in terms of potential socioeconomic impacts. Am. J. Primatol. 76:303–312, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasmonische Synthese von metallischen Nanostrukturen
Authors: Langille Mark R. , Personick Michelle L. , Mirkin Chad A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEdelmetall‐Nanostrukturen können in gewünschter Zusammensetzung, Größe und Form und mit ebenso maßgeschneiderten Eigenschaften hergestellt werden. Ihre Anwendungsmöglichkeiten sind äußerst vielfältig und reichen von der Medizin bis zur Elektronik. Besonders interessant ist die Möglichkeit, für ihre Synthese Licht zu verwenden. Im Prinzip kann man mit einer Anregungswellenlänge, die von den Nanostrukturen absorbiert wird, das Wachstum der Partikel gezielt steuern und z. B. aus einer heterogenen Ausgangspopulation eine homogene Endpopulation von Nanopartikeln gewinnen. Das beste Beispiel dafür ist die Synthese von Metall‐Nanopartikeln durch chemische Reduktion von Ag+ durch Citrat unter Anregung von Oberflächenplasmonen durch Licht. Als erstes wurde entdeckt, dass sich mithilfe von sichtbarem Licht sphärische Ag‐Nanopartikel in trigonale Ag‐Prismen umwandeln lassen. Diese plasmonische Synthese wurde dann zu einer leistungsfähigen Technik weiterentwickelt, um Ag‐Partikel sowie zahlreiche dimetallische Au‐Ag‐Nanostrukturen mit definierten Morphologien herzustellen. Wir erörtern, welche physikalischen und chemischen Faktoren für die strukturelle Selektion ausschlaggebend sind. Aus den Studien zu den plasmonischen Reaktionen folgern wir dann, welche Überlegungen für das Design der Partikelform wichtig sind. Diese Grundlagen lassen sich auf alle Synthesemethoden für Edelmetall‐Nanokristalle übertragen.
A Reusable Unsupported Rhenium Nanocrystalline Catalyst for Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of Alcohols through γ‐C–H Activation
Authors: Yi Jing , Miller Jeffrey T. , Zemlyanov Dmitry Y. , Zhang Ruihong , Dietrich Paul J. , Ribeiro Fabio H. , Suslov Sergey , Abu‐Omar Mahdi M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRhenium nanocrystalline particles (Re NPs), of 2 nm size, were prepared from NH4ReO4 under mild conditions in neat alcohol. The unsupported Re NPs convert secondary and benzylic alcohols to ketones and aldehydes, respectively, through catalytic acceptorless dehydrogenation (AD). The oxidant‐ and acceptor‐free neat dehydrogenation of alcohols to obtain dihydrogen gas is a green and atom‐economical process for making carbonyl compounds. Secondary aliphatic alcohols give quantitative conversion and yield. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Re K‐edge X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES), and X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data confirmed the characterization of the Re NPs as metallic rhenium with surface oxidation to rhenium(IV) oxide (ReO2). Isotope labeling experiments revealed a novel γ‐CH activation mechanism for AD of alcohols.
Kombination von On‐Chip‐Synthese einer fokussierten kombinatorischen Bibliothek mit computergestützter Vorhersage der biologischen Aktivität enthüllt Imidazopyridine als GPCR‐Liganden
Authors: Reutlinger Michael , Rodrigues Tiago , Schneider Petra , Schneider Gisbert 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAm Beispiel der Ugi‐Dreikomponentenreaktion stellen wir ein schnelles und effizientes Verfahren für die Kopplung von On‐Chip‐Mikroflusssynthesen mit einer neuen Methode zur Vorhersage biologischer Targets vor, um neue Liganden‐Protein‐Beziehungen zu entdecken. Wir konnten auf diese Weise eine GPCR‐modulierende, kombinatorisch zugängliche Verbindungsklasse identifizieren. Diese effizienten Liganden binden mit antagonistischen Eigenschaften an die humanen Adenosin‐A1/2B‐ und adrenergen α1A/B‐Rezeptoren. Die Integration von Mikrofluidiksystemen für die chemische Synthese mit computergestützten Targetvorhersagen ist ein vielversprechendes Verfahren zur raschen Erstellung fokussierter Substanzbibliotheken mit hohen Trefferraten.
Plasmon‐Mediated Syntheses of Metallic Nanostructures
Authors: Langille Mark R. , Personick Michelle L. , Mirkin Chad A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe ability to prepare noble metal nanostructures of a desired composition, size, and shape enables their resulting properties to be exquisitely tailored, which has led to the use of these structures in numerous applications, ranging from medicine to electronics. The prospect of using light to guide nanoparticle reactions is extremely attractive since one can, in principle, regulate particle growth based on the ability of the nanostructures to absorb a specific excitation wavelength. Therefore, using the nature of light, one can generate a homogenous population of product nanoparticles from a heterogeneous starting population. The best example of this is afforded by plasmon‐mediated syntheses of metal nanoparticles, which use visible light irradiation and plasmon excitation to drive the chemical reduction of Ag+ by citrate. Since the initial discovery that Ag triangular prisms could be prepared by the photo‐induced conversion of Ag spherical nanoparticles, plasmon‐mediated synthesis has become a highly controllable technique for preparing a number of different Ag particles with tight control over shape, as well as a wide variety of Au‐Ag bimetallic nanostructures. We discuss the underlying physical and chemical factors that drive structural selection and conclude by outlining some of the important design considerations for controlling particle shape as learned through studies of plasmon‐mediated reactions, but applicable to all methods of noble metal nanocrystal synthesis.
Single‐Electron‐Transfer‐Induced Coupling of Arylzinc Reagents with Aryl and Alkenyl Halides
Authors: Shirakawa Eiji , Tamakuni Fumiko , Kusano Eugene , Uchiyama Nanase , Konagaya Wataru , Watabe Ryo , Hayashi Tamio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractArylzinc reagents, prepared from aryl halides/zinc powder or aryl Grignard reagents/zinc chloride, were found to undergo coupling with aryl and alkenyl halides without the aid of transition‐metal catalysis to give biaryls and styrene derivatives, respectively. In this context, we have already reported the corresponding reaction using aryl Grignard reagents instead of arylzinc reagents. Compared with the Grignard cross‐coupling, the present reaction features high functional‐group tolerance, whereby electrophilic groups such as alkoxycarbonyl and cyano groups are compatible as substituents on both the arylzinc reagents and the aryl halides. Aryl halides receive a single electron and thereby become activated as the corresponding anion radicals, which react with arylzinc reagents, thus leading to the cross‐coupling products.
Temporal changes in the taxonomic and functional diversity of fish communities in shallow Chinese lakes: the effects of river–lake connections and aquaculture
Authors: Cheng Lin , Blanchet Simon , Loot Géraldine , Villéger Sebastien , Zhang Tanglin , Lek Sovan , Lek‐Ang Sithan , Li Zhongjie 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT

Habitat modification by humans has severe impacts on the biotic and abiotic components of freshwater ecosystems. In China, shallow lakes in the Yangtze River basin are facing major habitat modification owing to the loss of their natural connections with rivers and the development of aquaculture.
In this study, temporal data (ranging from 1970 to 2010) from a set of lakes (n = 8) were used to quantify the abiotic and biotic consequences (i.e. taxonomic and functional diversity of fish communities) of such human activities. There were significant abiotic changes that mainly occurred after the 1990s. Specifically, water transparency decreased and the total nitrogen content of the lakes increased considerably.
A trend (although not significant) was detected towards a decrease in fish species richness over the period studied. The taxonomic dissimilarity (i.e. beta‐diversity) among fish communities decreased significantly over the years, indicating a strong homogenization of the fauna across the lakes.
In addition, it was found that fish functional diversity has decreased in most lakes since the 1970s. In particular most migratory fish species with long life‐spans and large body size disappeared from the lakes, hence contributing substantially to the observed decrease in functional diversity.
Based on the findings, it is argued that both the abiotic and biotic integrity of the lakes were seriously affected after the lakes lost their connections to the rivers. It would therefore be helpful to reconnect the lakes to rivers with wise sluice‐gate management, and regulate fishery activities in those lakes to restore fish diversity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New perspective for biorefining cereals
Authors: Abecassis Joel , de Vries Huug , Rouau Xavier 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe present a novel approach for the valorization of cereals as major renewable resources for food, functional molecules, and materials as well as for bioenergy. We use a dual approach matching numerous production options (technology push) with the wide range of requested and needed end‐products in a bio‐based society (market pull or reversed engineering). The approach is based on the enlarged concept of biorefining, taking into account global and local requirements and trends. Hence, on one hand, it focuses on large‐scale, main stream production, thus following traditional supply chain methodologies with additional attention to the utilization of co‐ and by‐products (visualized as branches of a tree). On the other hand, it is centered on value‐added, small‐scale production of a wide range of cereal constituents for a wide range of end‐products (visualized as a complex network). In both cases, the innovation needs and research questions are highlighted in view of the diverse local and global challenges. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
DNA methylation reprogramming in cancer: Does it act by re‐configuring the binding landscape of Polycomb repressive complexes?
Authors: Reddington James P. , Sproul Duncan , Meehan Richard R. 
Published: November 2013

DNA methylation is a repressive epigenetic mark vital for normal development. Recent studies have uncovered an unexpected role for the DNA methylome in ensuring the correct targeting of the Polycomb repressive complexes throughout the genome. Here, we discuss the implications of these findings for cancer, where DNA methylation patterns are widely reprogrammed. We speculate that cancer‐associated reprogramming of the DNA methylome leads to an altered Polycomb binding landscape, influencing gene expression by multiple modes. As the Polycomb system is responsible for the regulation of genes with key roles in cell fate decisions and cell cycle regulation, DNA methylation induced Polycomb mis‐targeting could directly drive carcinogenesis and disease progression.Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays Unmasking risk loci: DNA methylation illuminates the biology of cancer predisposition Abstract