bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fructo-oligosaccharides and iron bioavailability in anaemic rats: the effects on iron species distribution, ferroportin-1 expression, crypt bifurcation and crypt cell proliferation in the caecum
Authors: Lobo Alexandre R. , Gaievski Eduardo H. S. , De Carli Eduardo , Alvares Eliana P. , Colli Célia 
Published: September 2014

The present study investigated the effects of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on the bioavailability of Fe from ferric pyrophosphate (FP), a water-insoluble compound, in Fe-deficient anaemic rats that were subjected to a Hb repletion assay. Male Wistar rats (n64) were fed adequate or low (8 mg/kg) Fe diets for 15 d followed by 1 or 2 weeks of Fe repletion with diets providing 35 mg Fe/kg as ferrous sulphate (FS), FP or FP that was mixed with 7·5 % FOS in the form of yacon flour or Raftilose P95 (RAF), a purified source of FOS. The effects of FOS were observed within the 1st week of the repletion period. Fe bioavailability was improved by FOS supplementation, as measured by Hb regeneration efficiency and hepatic Fe stores, which were more pronounced in the RAF group. Moreover, RAF supplementation resulted in a higher biological value relative to that of the FP group. FOS supplementation resulted in caecal enlargement, in addition to acidification and Fe species redistribution in the caecal contents relative to the control rats. These effects occurred concomitantly with decreased ferroportin (FPN)-1 expression in the caecal mucosa, which was similar in magnitude to that observed in the FS group. Caecum mucosal morphometry was influenced by FOS supplementation, whereas crypt fission and cell proliferation were highest in the caecum of the RAF group. These results reinforce the effects of FOS as Fe bioavailability enhancers in anaemic rats that are sustained by early changes in their caecal environment (decreased mucosal FPN-1 expression and increased Fe absorbability, crypt fission and cellularity).
A Preponderance of Politics: The Auténtico Governments and US–Cuban Economic Relations, 1945–1951
Authors: PETTINÀ VANNI 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article analyses the bilateral economic negotiations between Washington and Havana during the era of the Cuban PRCA (Auténtico) governments led by Ramón Grau San Martín and Carlos Prío Socarrás (1944–52). This work shows that, initially, the PRCA governments took advantage of the economic bargaining capacity that Cuba had developed with Washington during the Good Neighbor era, but after 1947 this declined as the Truman administration's Cold War foreign policy agenda assigned only a marginal position to Latin America and Cuba. Havana's inability to obtain further economic support from the United States had a powerful destabilising effect, complicating Cuba's economic governance and delegitimising the PRCA politically. The study of this episode enhances our comprehension of a period largely overlooked by the historiography on Cuba and our understanding of the demise of the Auténtico project, the last attempt to transform Cuba's social structures in a progressive and democratic manner.
Late preterm birth, post-term birth, and abnormal fetal growth as risk factors for severe mental disorders from early to late adulthood
Authors: Lahti M. , Eriksson J. G. , Heinonen K. , Kajantie E. , Lahti J. , Wahlbeck K. , Tuovinen S. , Pesonen A.-K. , Mikkonen M. , Osmond C. , Barker D. J. P. , Räikkönen K. 
Published: September 2014

Background.Late preterm births constitute the majority of preterm births. However, most evidence suggesting that preterm birth predicts the risk of mental disorders comes from studies on earlier preterm births. We examined if late preterm birth predicts the risks of severe mental disorders from early to late adulthood. We also studied whether adulthood mental disorders are associated with post-term birth or with being born small (SGA) or large (LGA) for gestational age, which have been previously associated with psychopathology risk in younger ages.Method.Of 12 597 Helsinki Birth Cohort Study participants, born 1934–1944, 664 were born late preterm, 1221 post-term, 287 SGA, and 301 LGA. The diagnoses of mental disorders were identified from national hospital discharge and cause of death registers from 1969 to 2010. In total, 1660 (13.2%) participants had severe mental disorders.Results.Individuals born late preterm did not differ from term-born individuals in their risk of any severe mental disorder. However, men born late preterm had a significantly increased risk of suicide. Post-term birth predicted significantly increased risks of any mental disorder in general and particularly of substance use and anxiety disorders. Individuals born SGA had significantly increased risks of any mental and substance use disorders. Women born LGA had an increased risk of psychotic disorders.Conclusions.Although men born late preterm had an increased suicide risk, late preterm birth did not exert widespread effects on adult psychopathology. In contrast, the risks of severe mental disorders across adulthood were increased among individuals born SGA and individuals born post-term.
A neurobehavioral account for individual differences in resilience to chronic military stress
Authors: Lin T. , Vaisvaser S. , Fruchter E. , Admon R. , Wald I. , Pine D. S. , Bar-Haim Y. , Hendler T. 
Published: September 2014

Background.Military training is a chronic stressful period that often induces stress-related psychopathology. Stress vulnerability and resilience depend on personality trait anxiety, attentional threat bias and prefrontal–limbic dysfunction. However, how these neurobehavioral elements interact with regard to the development of symptoms following stress remains unclear.Method.Fifty-five healthy combat soldiers undergoing intensive military training completed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) testing while performing the dot-probe task (DPT) composed of angry (threat) and neutral faces. Participants were then stratified according to their bias tendency to avoidance (n = 25) or vigilance (n = 30) groups, categorized as high or low trait anxiety and assessed for post-stress symptom severity.Results.Avoidance compared to vigilance tendency was associated with fewer post-trauma symptoms and increased hippocampal response to threat among high anxious but not low anxious individuals. Importantly, mediation analysis revealed that only among high anxious individuals did hippocampal activity lead to lower levels of symptoms through avoidance bias tendency. However, in the whole group, avoidance bias was modulated by the interplay between the hippocampus and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC).Conclusions.Our results provide a neurobehavioral model to explain the resilience to post-trauma symptoms following chronic exposure. The model points to the importance of considering threat bias tendency in addition to personality traits when investigating the brain response and symptoms of trauma. Such a multi-parametric approach that accounts for individual behavioral sensitivities may also improve brain-driven treatments of anxiety, possibly by targeting the interplay between the hippocampus and the dACC.
Random logic programs: Linear model
Authors: WANG KEWEN , WEN LIAN , MU KEDIAN 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper proposes a model, the linear model, for randomly generating logic programs with low density of rules and investigates statistical properties of such random logic programs. It is mathematically shown that the average number of answer sets for a random program converges to a constant when the number of atoms approaches infinity. Several experimental results are also reported, which justify the suitability of the linear model. It is also experimentally shown that, under this model, the size distribution of answer sets for random programs tends to a normal distribution when the number of atoms is sufficiently large.
Delirium and severe illness: Etiologies, severity of delirium and phenomenological differences
Authors: Boettger Soenke , Jenewein Josef , Breitbart William 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjective:Our aim was to examine the characteristics of delirium in the severely medically ill cancer population on the basis of sociodemographic and medical variables, delirium severity, and phenomenology, as well as severity of medical illness.Method:All subjects in the database were recruited from psychiatric referrals at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC). Sociodemographic and medical variables, as well as the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scale and Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS) scores were recorded at baseline. Subsequently, these variables were analyzed with respect to the severity of the medical illness.Results:Out of 111 patients, 67 qualified as severely medically ill. KPS scores were 19.7 and 30.7 in less severe illness. There were no significant differences with respect to age, history of dementia, and MDAS scores. Although the severity of delirium did not differ, an increased frequency and severity of consciousness disturbance, disorientation, and inability to maintain and shift attention did exist. With respect to etiologies contributing to delirium, hypoxia and infection were commonly associated with severe illness. In contrast, corticosteroid administration was more often associated with less severe illness. There were no differences with respect to opiate administration, dehydration, and CNS disease, including brain metastasis.Significance of Results:Delirium in the severely medically ill cancer population has been characterized by an increased disturbance of consciousness, disorientation, and an inability to maintain and shift attention. However, the severity of illness did not predict severity of delirium. Furthermore, hypoxia and infection were etiologies more commonly associated with delirium in severe illness, whereas the administration of corticosteroids was associated with less severe illness.
A review of legal frameworks for physically restraining and administering intramuscular medications for rapid tranquillisation to a person detained under Section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983
Authors: Kuloor Chetan Bangra , Sethi Faisil , Parsons Andrew , O’Brien Aileen , Sweeney Caroline , Lepper Robert , Johnston Andy 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSection 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983 is routinely used by the police to remove a person thought to be suffering from a mental disorder, from a place to which the public have access, to a place of safety. Persons detained under Section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983 routinely spend significant amounts of time in a place of safety whilst awaiting a mental health assessment. During that time it is feasible that the patient will require intramuscular medications for rapid tranquillisation, often with the use of physical restraint. However, Section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983 does not grant the power to treat a person against their will and there is a lack of clarity on the most appropriate legal framework for physically restraining and administering intramuscular medications for rapid tranquillisation to a person detained under Section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983. In this article, we attempt to explore the various legal frameworks available and identify the one most appropriate for this purpose.
Economics for a creative world: some agreements and some criticism
Authors: PELIKAN PAVEL 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThese notes on the article by Koppl et al. (2014) contain some agreements and some criticism. Written upon the invitation of the editor-in-chief of this journal, they express personal views of an economist who has been searching in a similar direction – that is, for a better economic theory, more relevant to problems of modern, innovative, and thus possibly called ‘creative’ economies than the existing theories – but in a somewhat different, less abstract, and to standard economic terminology closer style. The strongest agreements are with both parts of the article's objective: to move away from mechanistic economic models and toward a more evolutionary and institutional approach to economic theory and policy. The pursuit of the first part is most seriously criticized for two illegitimate extensions of initially sound arguments, and the pursuit of the second part, for climbing up to a too abstract metatheoretic level, from which it loses the view of the concrete results that modern economics has already obtained.
We don't need another IRAC: identifying global legal skills
Authors: Whalen-Bridge Helena 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFor some time now, there has been a perceived need to prepare law students to handle legal issues beyond national borders. Much has been written on how globalisation should shape legal education, but no clear direction has emerged. There is also a contrary impulse to retain a focus on domestic law in order to prepare students for practice in their home jurisdiction. One way of addressing these apparently contrary impulses is to take a skills approach that articulates the analytical processes distinctively active in a more global context. Some of these skills could then be integrated into a variety of courses. However, skills in the global context should not merely replicate domestic conceptions of skills. This paper proposes that students develop abilities in comparative thinking and heuristic question framing, and reviews the advantages and disadvantages of a course in Comparative Advocacy designed to accomplish these goals.
The Asia-Pacific partnership and market-liberal discourse in global climate governance
Authors: McGee Jeffrey , Taplin Ros 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper shows how international law scholarship might adopt a constructivist interdisciplinary research design to better engage with the political and social context of legal rules and institutions. In 2005 the Asia-Pacific Partnership was launched by the United States and Australia as a climate change institution outside the UN climate process. Controversially, the Member States claimed the Asia-Pacific Partnership was complementary to the UN climate process. This paper investigates the veracity of this claim by analysing the normative compatibility of the Partnership and the UN climate process. The paper adopts Dryzek's discourse theory to analyse the shared ideas and assumptions underlying both institutions. This analysis indicates that the Asia-Pacific Partnership embodied a deep market-liberal discourse that is in significant tension with the more interventionist and equity-based principles underpinning the UN climate process. This market-liberal discourse is important for understanding recent developments in global climate governance.
The return of sociology in Danish socio-legal studies: a survey of recent trends
Authors: Hammerslev Ole , Madsen Mikael Rask 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper surveys recent trends in the development of the sociology of law in Denmark. The overall argument of the paper is that, currently, the sociology of law in Denmark is marked by a striking sociological and more specifically institutional and empirical turn. This new direction in scholarship suggests not only a renewed research focus on the institutional dimensions of law but it also – and very differently from work from the 1980s and 1990s – suggests a re-orientation towards sociology more generally. A clear consequence of this return to the sociological core of the sociology of law has been an empirical orientation towards how law is practised, how legal institutions work and, as part of that, how the legal profession takes part in both legal change and transformations of state and society. This new research relies not only on general sociological theory and method but also on the more specific elite sociology, sociology of professions and sociology of knowledge.
Symbolic regression of generative network models
Authors: Menezes Telmo , Roth Camille 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNetworks are a powerful abstraction with applicability to a variety of scientific fields. Models explaining their morphology and growth processes permit a wide range of phenomena to be more systematically analysed and understood. At the same time, creating such models is often challenging and requires insights that may be counter-intuitive. Yet there currently exists no general method to arrive at better models. We have developed an approach to automatically detect realistic decentralised network growth models from empirical data, employing a machine learning technique inspired by natural selection and defining a unified formalism to describe such models as computer programs. As the proposed method is completely general and does not assume any pre-existing models, it can be applied “out of the box” to any given network. To validate our approach empirically, we systematically rediscover pre-defined growth laws underlying several canonical network generation models and credible laws for diverse real-world networks. We were able to find programs that are simple enough to lead to an actual understanding of the mechanisms proposed, namely for a simple brain and a social network.
Communication: Phase diagram of C36 by atomistic molecular dynamics and thermodynamic integration through coexistence regions
Authors: Abramo M. C. , Caccamo C. , Costa D. , Munaò G. 
Published: September 2014

We report an atomistic molecular dynamics determination of the phase diagram of a rigid-cage model of C36. We first show that free energies obtained via thermodynamic integrations along isotherms displaying “van der Waals loops,” are fully reproduced by those obtained via isothermal-isochoric integration encompassing only stable states. We find that a similar result also holds for isochoric paths crossing van der Waals regions of the isotherms, and for integrations extending to rather high densities where liquid-solid coexistence can be expected to occur. On such a basis we are able to map the whole phase diagram of C36, with resulting triple point and critical temperatures about 1770 K and 2370 K, respectively. We thus predict a 600 K window of existence of a stable liquid phase. Also, at the triple point density, we find that the structural functions and the diffusion coefficient maintain a liquid-like character down to 1400–1300 K, this indicating a wide region of possible supercooling. We discuss why all these features might render possible the observation of the melting of C36 fullerite and of its liquid state, at variance with what previously experienced for C60.
Incidence of
q
statistics in rank distributions
Authors: Yalcin G. Cigdem , Robledo Alberto , Gell-Mann Murray 
Published: September 2014

Significance
The contents presented are of prime importance to the field of generalized statistical mechanics. We fulfill a longstanding need of exhibiting the kind of abundant real-world data that match the formal developments in this subject. These are size-rank distributions for which we provide a solid bridge between experimental data and theory. Also, this work delivers a working explanation for the existing duality between the two Tsallis-type entropy expressions that generalize the canonical expression. One relates to the distribution's power-law exponent whereas the other ensures entropy extensivity. The generalized entropies arise from a drastic reduction of configurations available to the system. We argue that this phase-space contraction is farthest for ranked data of the Zipf type.
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc13 controls breast cancer metastasis through a TAK1-p38 MAP kinase cascade
Authors: Wu Xuefeng , Zhang Weizhou , Font-Burgada Joan , Palmer Trenis , Hamil Alexander S. , Biswas Subhra K. , Poidinger Michael , Borcherding Nicholas , Xie Qing , Ellies Lesley G. , Lytle Nikki K. , Wu Li-Wha , Fox Raymond G. , Yang Jing , Dowdy Steven F. , Reya Tannishtha , Karin Michael 
Published: September 2014

Significance
We demonstrate that ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc13, whose expression is elevated in primary and metastatic breast cancer (BCa), promotes metastatic spread of BCa cells by controlling their lung-colonizing ability while having little effect on primary tumor growth. Mechanistically, Ubc13 is required for TGFβ-induced non-SMAD signaling via TAK1 and p38, a pathway that is first activated in the primary tumor. An Ubc13- and p38-dependent metastatic gene signature was identified, explaining how p38 may control metastasis and providing a measure for monitoring the effectiveness of pharmacologic p38 inhibition, which inhibits the growth of established metastatic lesions. We suggest that p38 inhibition should be considered as a potential treatment for metastatic BCa.
Biochar: an improver of nutrient and soil water availability - what is the evidence?
Authors: Scott H. L. , Ponsonby D. , Atkinson C. J. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Biochar has consistently been proposed for improving soil fertility by increasing nutrient and soil water availability. We critically reviewed the recent literature, focussing particularly on these agronomic aspects. We clarify the differences between biochar made from plant (plant-derived biochar, PDB) and animal feedstock (animal-derived biochar, ADB) and show how the pyrolysis temperature affects biochar properties. We also tabulate crop yield data against production variables using recent field and greenhouse studies. We found evidence to suggest that ADB supplies many more nutrients than PDB and that, in general, biochar can improve nutrient availability indirectly through changes in pH, CEC, soil structure, improved fertilizer efficiency, decreased nutrient leaching and may affect nutrient availability by changing nitrogenous gas release and the soil microbial community, which, under some circumstances translates into short-term, increased crop yield. Few studies however show complete nutrient budgets particularly for N and do not elaborate on the underlying mechanisms of interaction, especially with regards to microbial-induced changes. Also the longevity of the different beneficial effects is questionable as most studies are less than a year long. A synopsis of the literature concludes that biochar application promotes soil water-holding capacity, particularly in soils that are degraded or of low quality. Despite this conclusion, it is hard to find studies that have adopted methodologies which are fully appropriate to support an increase in available water, such as available water capacity and how this changes in response to crop uptake and soil drying. We conclude that the variability in biochar, due to the variable feedstock and pyrolysis process, as well as particle size and application method necessitates and also enables production of specific purpose-driven biochars to benefit particular aspects of crop production.