bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capacity building for emergency care: Training the first emergency specialists in Myanmar
Authors: Phillips Georgina Ann , Soe Zaw Wai , Kong James Han Boon , Curry Chris 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe Myanmar Ministry of Health has formed a partnership with Australasian professional colleges and international medical specialists to deliver a comprehensive programme for emergency care training and development. We describe this programme, emphasising the training of the first emergency specialists for Myanmar.MethodsEighteen junior specialists (EM18) joined a new postgraduate diploma in emergency medicine (Dip EM) through the University of Medicine (1) (UM1), Yangon. Diploma content included an introductory course, clinical rotations, 2 months in the emergency receiving centre (ERC) of the Yangon General Hospital (YGH) supervised by a volunteer Australasian emergency physician (FACEM), several short courses and an educational visit to Hong Kong. Curriculum and assessments comprising written and oral exams were devised and delivered by volunteer FACEMs and Hong Kong specialists.ResultsAll EM18 completed the 18 month programme and passed the final assessments to graduate in February 2014. Course strengths included the supervised clinical rotation to the ERC and short course teaching on emergency medical, surgical, trauma, paediatric and disaster topics. The educational visit to Hong Kong enabled the EM18 to visualise more advanced EM systems that could be adapted to the Myanmar context. The participating international clinicians provided expert strategic advice on ED design, staffing, equipment, nursing and pre‐hospital systems to leaders within universities, hospitals and the Ministry of Health.ConclusionThe first Myanmar postgraduate diploma in EM provides an example of collaborative and responsive clinical health capacity building in a context of very limited resources.
Impact of Lauric Arginate Application Form on its Antimicrobial Activity on the Surface of a Model Meat Product
Authors: Terjung Nino , Monville Christin , Loeffler Myriam , Gibis Monika , Hinrichs Jörg , Weiss Jochen 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of Nα‐Lauroyl‐L‐arginine ethyl estermonohydrochloride (lauric arginate), sodium lactate, and sodium diacetate at various concentrations against Listeria innocua, Escherichia coli C600, and Lactobacillus curvatus (102 CFU/g) on “Lyoner style” sausage slices as a function of application form. We want to investigate if the results of a surface application of lauric arginate in various applications forms may differ from that of an in‐matrix application since different physicochemical processes occur at surfaces than in matrices. Lauric arginate was applied on the surface of meat emulsions as aqueous solution, as oil‐in‐water emulsion, and as solid lipid particles. The sausages slices were stored at 6 °C for 24 d and bacterial growth was assessed every 3rd day. The growth of L. curvatus was not impacted by lactate and diacetate at any tested concentration. In contrast, L. innocua and E. coli were inhibited over 24 d in the presence of ≥3.0 × 103 μg/g diacetate. Aqueous lauric arginate solutions of 2.0 and 2.5 × 103 μg/g were required for total inhibition of L. curvatus and L. innocua, respectively. The growth of E. coli was not affected by application of lauric arginate. The use of lauric arginate in an oil‐in‐water emulsion or solid lipid particles reduced antimicrobial effectiveness on the surface of Lyoner slices, which is in stark contrast to a previously conducted in‐matrix application of the same systems. Results were attributed to molecular interactions and mass transport processes that rendered lauric arginate less active when applied as emulsions or solid lipid particles. Results highlight the importance of understanding physicochemical properties when using interfacially active antimicrobials.
Effect of rectal enema on intrafraction prostate movement during image‐guided radiotherapy
Authors: Choi Youngmin , Kwak Dong‐Won , Lee Hyung‐Sik , Hur Won‐Joo , Cho Won‐Yeol , Sung Gyung Tak , Kim Tae‐Hyo , Kim Soo‐Dong , Yun Seong‐Guk 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIntroductionRectal volume and movement are major factors that influence prostate location. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a rectal enema on intrafraction prostate motion.MethodsThe data from 12 patients with localised prostate cancer were analysed. Each patient underwent image‐guided radiotherapy (RT), receiving a total dose of 70 Gy in 28 fractions. Rectal enemas were administered to all of the patients before each RT fraction. The location of the prostate was determined by implanting three fiducial markers under the guidance of transrectal ultrasound. Each patient underwent preparation for IGRT twice before an RT fraction and in the middle of the fraction. The intrafraction displacement of the prostate was calculated by comparing fiducial marker locations before and in the middle of an RT fraction.ResultsThe rectal enemas were well tolerated by patients. The mean intrafraction prostate movement in 336 RT fractions was 1.11 ± 0.77 mm (range 0.08–7.20 mm). Intrafraction motions of 1, 2 and 3 mm were observed in 56.0%, 89.0% and 97.6% of all RT fractions, respectively. The intrafraction movements on supero‐inferior and anteroposterior axes were larger than on the right‐to‐left axes (P < 0.05). The CTV‐to‐PTV margin necessary to allow for movement, calculated using the van Herk formula (2.5Σ + 0.7σ), was 1.50 mm.ConclusionsA daily rectal enema before each RT fraction was tolerable and yielded little intrafraction prostate displacement. We think the use of rectal enemas is a feasible method to reduce prostate movement during RT.
Influence of killing method on Lepidoptera DNA barcode recovery
Authors: Willows‐Munro Sandi , Schoeman M. Corrie 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe global DNA barcoding initiative has revolutionized the field of biodiversity research. Such large‐scale sequencing projects require the collection of large numbers of specimens, which need to be killed and preserved in a way that is both DNA‐friendly and which will keep voucher specimens in good condition for later study. Factors such as time since collection, correct storage (exposure to free water and heat) and DNA extraction protocol are known to play a role in the success of downstream molecular applications. Limited data are available on the most efficient, DNA‐friendly protocol for killing. In this study, we evaluate the quality of DNA barcode (cytochrome oxidase I) sequences amplified from DNA extracted from specimens collected using three different killing methods (ethyl acetate, cyanide and freezing). Previous studies have suggested that chemicals, such as ethyl acetate and formaldehyde, degraded DNA and as such may not be appropriate for the collection of insects for DNA‐based research. All Lepidoptera collected produced DNA barcodes of good quality, and our study found no clear difference in nucleotide signal strength, probability of incorrect base calling and phylogenetic utility among the three different treatment groups. Our findings suggest that ethyl acetate, cyanide and freezing can all be used to collect specimens for DNA analysis.
Self‐reported depression among patients with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Shi Yan , Gu Fen , Hou Li‐li , Hu Yin‐qing 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundLung cancer is a disease with a poor prognosis and psychological impact. Lung cancer causes both physical and psychological burdens on patients, and financial burdens on families and society. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between depression and influencing factors in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.MethodsA quantitative study was applied. Data was obtained from the Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital in China. One hundred and four patients with NSCLC were surveyed. Self‐rating depression scale (SDS), social support rating scale (SSRS), and visual analog scale (VAS) were used.ResultsAmong the 104 patients, 48 (46.1%) were diagnosed with depression. Gender (P = 0.000), disease duration (P = 0.006), self‐care ability (P = 0.004), and pain (P = 0.003) were statistically significant predictors of self‐reported depression in non‐small‐cell lung cancer patients.ConclusionsSelf‐reported depression is highly prevalent in NSCLC patients. In addition, gender, disease duration, self‐care ability, pain and social support may increase self‐reported depression.
Nursing Diagnosis Development of Longing: Content Validation With Nursing Experts
Authors: Pehler Shelley‐Rae , Markwardt Michelle , Hibbard Danielle 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectivesValidate the defining characteristics, related factors, and definition of proposed nursing diagnosis: longing.MethodUsing Fehring's Diagnostic Content Validation model, expert nurses rated the frequency of longing seen in patients/caregivers. Agreement with the proposed definition was also tabulated.FindingsNone of the defining characteristics reached major criteria (>0.80). Six of the 84 characteristics achieved a weighted ratio of less than 0.50. The proposed definition and related factors were supported.ConclusionCurrent research supports the proposed development of a nursing diagnosis for the human response of longing.Practice ImplicationsBecause the psychosocial characteristics do not make longing easy to assess, continued research is needed to ask patients and caregivers about their personal experience with this human response.
Changes in the fruiting landscape relax restrictions on endozoochorous tree dispersal into deforested lands
Authors: Martínez Daniel , García Daniel 
Published: September 2014

AbstractQuestionPassive forest restoration is based on the natural recovery of degraded habitats. However, tree recruitment is frequently hampered in deforested lands. Tree seed dispersal is scarce and spatially constrained, confining the potential of forest regeneration to a narrow band surrounding forest remnants. Understanding how landscape configuration can favour endozoochorous seed dispersal into deforested lands is thus crucial to recover forest extent and the concomitant ecosystem services. Can distance restrictions on seed dispersal be modified as a result of temporal variability of fruit–frugivore systems?LocationDeforested montane pastures surrounding fragments of secondary temperate forest, Cantabrian Range, Spain.MethodsFor 2 yr, we evaluated the patterns of fruit production, frugivorous bird movement and tree seed dispersal through the landscape. Seed dispersal in deforested sampling stations was related to their distance to forest cover and the amount of forest cover in their surroundings.ResultsThe large‐scale spatial distribution of fruits varied strongly between years, with relatively higher fruit production in isolated trees within pastures in the second year, when birds were more frequently observed perching on isolated trees. In both years, few seeds were dispersed into deforested areas, and those dispersed occurred close to forest cover. Nevertheless, seed arrival at longer distances increased during the second year. When more fruits were produced within the pastures, birds more often overcame their reluctance to leave the forest, and this change in frugivore foraging patterns cascaded into the spatial patterns of seed dispersal.ConclusionsBy influencing frugivore activity, temporal dynamism in fruiting landscapes can relax the restriction on tree seed dispersal into deforested areas. Landscape biological dynamism should be taken into account in order to manage rewilding in European temperate forests.
Clinical Trial Design for HIV Prevention Research: Determining Standards of Prevention
Authors: Dawson Liza , Zwerski Sheryl 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis article seeks to advance ethical dialogue on choosing standards of prevention in clinical trials testing improved biomedical prevention methods for HIV. The stakes in this area of research are high, given the continued high rates of infection in many countries and the budget limitations that have constrained efforts to expand treatment for all who are currently HIV‐infected. New prevention methods are still needed; at the same time, some existing prevention and treatment interventions have been proven effective but are not yet widely available in the countries where they most urgently needed. The ethical tensions in this field of clinical research are well known and have been the subject of extensive debate. There is no single clinical trial design that can optimize all the ethically important goals and commitments involved in research. Several recent articles have described the current ethical difficulties in designing HIV prevention trials, especially in resource limited settings; however, there is no consensus on how to handle clinical trial design decisions, and existing international ethical guidelines offer conflicting advice. This article acknowledges these deep ethical dilemmas and moves beyond a simple descriptive approach to advance an organized method for considering what clinical trial designs will be ethically acceptable for HIV prevention trials, balancing the relevant criteria and providing justification for specific design decisions.
Mapping contaminated soils: using remotely‐sensed hyperspectral data to predict pH
Authors: Ong C. C. H. , Cudahy T. J. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThis study assessed the feasibility of remote mapping and, thus, monitoring of soils contaminated by acid mine drainage. We report on the use of laboratory and airborne spectroscopy to determine pH. Reflectance spectra were obtained for rock and soil samples collected at our test site, the abandoned Brukunga Pyrite Mine in South Australia, using a laboratory‐based Analytical Spectral Devices Inc. (ASD) spectroradiometer. A partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to develop a predictive equation for pH based on the reflectance spectra. The validation results indicated that it is possible to generate satisfactory predictions of pH from spectral data, as demonstrated by the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) of 1.53, a relatively small root mean square error of prediction (RMSE) of 0.91 and an R2 value of 0.58. Evaluation of the predictive equation indicated that it depends on diagnostic spectral features related to secondary iron minerals resulting from acid mine drainage (AMD). The presence of these minerals was validated independently using X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The predictive equation was applied to airborne hyperspectral data, using a form of remote sensing that simultaneously acquires spatially co‐registered images in many spectrally contiguous bands (> 50). Hyperspectral data acquired by the HyMap sensor between 1998 and 2001 were used to produce multi‐temporal pH maps. Despite the inaccuracy of the global positioning system (GPS), locations of the validation samples and geographical inaccuracy of the airborne imagery, validation of the maps indicated that pH can be generated reliably from airborne hyperspectral data, as indicated by the relatively small RMSE of 0.57 and the R2 value of 0.72. These maps demonstrate the potential to provide environmental practitioners, including soil scientists, with a spatially comprehensive view of pH related to AMD conditions. This has implications for the application of remotely sensed hyperspectral data for monitoring soil pH related to AMD conditions, especially in the near future when such data will be available from satellite sensors such EnMap (Stuffler et al., 2009). Some examples of their use include a better understanding of the progress of restoration efforts and or to pinpoint areas where future efforts should be concentrated and to evaluate the extent of downstream impacts, including contamination of soil. More generically, soil pH data are routinely required by soil scientists as part of the suite of data for understanding soil characteristics and the ability to provide spatially comprehensive soil pH data, as demonstrated by this study, would be valuable.
External morphology explains the success of biological invasions
Authors: Azzurro Ernesto , Tuset Victor M. , Lombarte Antoni , Maynou Francesc , Simberloff Daniel , Rodríguez‐Pérez Ana , Solé Ricard V. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBiological invasions have become major players in the current biodiversity crisis, but realistic tools to predict which species will establish successful populations are still unavailable. Here we present a novel approach that requires only a morphometric characterisation of the species. Using fish invasions of the Mediterranean, we show that the abundance of non‐indigenous fishes correlates with the location and relative size of occupied morphological space within the receiving pool of species. Those invaders that established abundant populations tended to be added outside or at the margins of the receiving morphospace, whereas non‐indigenous species morphologically similar to resident ones failed to develop large populations or even to establish themselves, probably because the available ecological niches were already occupied. Accepting that morphology is a proxy for a species' ecological position in a community, our findings are consistent with ideas advanced since Darwin's naturalisation hypothesis and provide a new warning signal to identify invaders and to recognise vulnerable communities.
Vagus nerve stimulation for drug‐resistant epilepsy: A European long‐term study up to 24 months in 347 children
Authors: Orosz Iren , McCormick David , Zamponi Nelia , Varadkar Sophia , Feucht Martha , Parain Dominique , Griens Roger , Vallée Louis , Boon Paul , Rittey Christopher , Jayewardene Amara K. , Bunker Mark , Arzimanoglou Alexis , Lagae Lieven 
Published: September 2014

SummaryObjectiveTo gain insight into the long‐term impact of vagus nerve stimulation (with VNS Therapy) in children with drug‐resistant epilepsy, we conducted the largest retrospective multicenter study to date over an extended follow‐up period of up to 24 months.MethodsThe primary objective was to assess change in seizure frequency of the predominant seizure type (defined as the most disabling seizure) following VNS device implantation. Treating physicians collected data from patient records from baseline to 6, 12, and 24 months of follow‐up.ResultsThe analysis population included 347 children (aged 6 months to 17.9 years at the time of implant). At 6, 12, and 24 months after implantation, 32.5%, 37.6%, and 43.8%, respectively, of patients had ≥50% reduction in baseline seizure frequency of the predominant seizure type. The responder rate was higher in a subgroup of patients who had no change in antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during the study. Favorable results were also evident for all secondary outcome measures including changes in seizure duration, ictal severity, postictal severity, quality of life, clinical global impression of improvement, and safety. Post hoc analyses demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between VNS total charge delivered per day and an increase in response rate. VNS Therapy is indicated as adjunctive therapy in children with focal, structural epilepsies, who for any reason are not good candidates for surgical treatment following the trial of two or more AEDs. Children with predominantly generalized seizures from genetic, structural epilepsies, like Dravet syndrome or Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, could also benefit from VNS Therapy.SignificanceThe results demonstrate that adjunctive VNS Therapy in children with drug‐resistant epilepsy reduces seizure frequency and is well tolerated over a 2‐year follow‐up period. No new safety issues were identified. A post hoc analysis revealed a dose–response correlation for VNS in patients with epilepsy.
Evolution and island endemism of morphologically cryptic Baetis and Cloeon species (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) on the Canary Islands and Madeira
Authors: Rutschmann Sereina , Gattolliat Jean‐Luc , Hughes Samantha J. , Báez Marcos , Sartori Michel , Monaghan Michael T. 
Published: September 2014

Summary

The Canary Islands and Madeira are reportedly home to seven recognised species of baetid mayflies (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae), two of which also occur on the European mainland. Their species status remains unsure, and loss of habitat suggests they are of conservation concern.

We applied morphological characters and a general mixed Yule‐coalescent (gmyc) model analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene to delineate putative species within morphologically cryptic species groups Baetis (Rhodobaetis) and Cloeon dipterum s.l. We used a three‐gene mitochondrial data set (1450 base pairs) to infer phylogenetic relationships and a molecular clock calibrated using island geological ages to infer colonisation history.

Genetic and morphological evidence indicated the presence of 12 putative species, 11 of which were endemic to the islands. Only Baetis atlanticus, on Madeira, also occurs on the European mainland. Two lineages (B. pseudorhodani s.l. and B. canariensis s.l.) appear to have arisen in the past 15 million years (mya) and diversified in parallel throughout the Canary Islands. Within the canariensis lineage, sister species occur on the island of Gran Canaria and in North Africa.

Pronounced island endemism contradicts previous taxonomic work, which reported a depauperate fauna that included several mainland species. Recent diversification among islands and a close link to North Africa suggest a complex evolutionary history. Owing to their small population size and ongoing habitat alteration, several of these island endemics are among the most endangered aquatic insects in Europe.
An exploration of decision aid effectiveness: the impact of promoting affective vs. deliberative processing on a health‐related decision
Authors: Davis Esther L. , McCaffery Kirsten , Mullan Barbara , Juraskova Ilona 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundDecision aids (DAs) are non‐directive communication tools that help patients make value‐consistent health‐care decisions. However, most DAs have been developed without an explicit theoretical framework, resulting in a lack of understanding of how DAs achieve outcomes.ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of promoting affective vs. deliberative processing on DA effectiveness based on dual‐process theory.Design, setting and participantsOne hundred and forty‐eight female university students participated in a randomized controlled experiment with three conditions: emotion‐focused, information‐focused and control. Preference‐value consistency, knowledge, decisional conflict and satisfaction were compared across the conditions using planned contrast analyses.InterventionThe intervention comprised two different DAs and instructional manipulations. The emotion‐focused condition received a modified DA with affective content and instructions to induce an affective reaction. The information‐focused and control conditions received the same DA without the affective content. The information‐focused condition received additional instructions to induce deliberative processing.ResultsControlling for the experiment‐wise error rate at P < 0.017, the emotion‐focused and information‐focused conditions had significantly higher decisional satisfaction than the control condition (P < 0.001). The emotion‐focused condition did not demonstrate preference‐value consistency. There were no significant differences for decisional conflict and knowledge.DiscussionResults suggest that the promotion of affective processing may hinder value‐consistent decision making, while deliberative processing may enhance decisional satisfaction.ConclusionsThis investigation of the effect of affective and deliberative processes in DA‐supported decision making has implications for the design and use of DAs. DA effectiveness may be enhanced by incorporating a simple instruction to focus on the details of the information.