bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of 2 Trilostane Protocols for the Treatment of Canine Pituitary‐Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism: Twice Daily versus Once Daily
Authors: Arenas C. , Melián C. , Pérez‐Alenza M.D. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundTrilostane is the drug of choice to treat pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) in dogs, but there is still controversy about which protocol best controls the clinical signs and results of adrenal functioning test.ObjectivesTo compare the efficacy of twice daily (BID) versus once daily (SID) trilostane administration and to compare the safety of both protocols in the treatment of dogs with PDH.AnimalsThirty‐two client‐owned dogs diagnosed with PDH between 2008 and 2010 and treated with trilostane either BID or SID.MethodsIn this prospective randomized study, 2 trilostane protocols were evaluated on the basis of the owner′s perception of clinical signs, on the results of laboratory tests, and on the results of the ACTH stimulation test in dogs with PDH. Dogs were followed up for a period of 1 year.ResultsDuring the study, more dogs in the BID group had complete clinical recovery than in the SID group. However, there was no significant difference in the mean post‐ACTH cortisol concentration between groups. Basal cortisol concentration at 6 months was higher in animals treated SID compared with animals treated BID. Mean total daily doses of trilostane used to control PDH, as well as adverse effects observed in the course of the study, in both groups were not statistically different.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceAdverse effects were mild using either protocol of treatment. Using trilostane BID might increase the number of dogs with a good clinical response compared with using trilostane SID.
The Prognostic Utility of Degenerative Left Shifts in Dogs
Authors: Burton A.G. , Harris L.A. , Owens S.D. , Jandrey K.E. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundA degenerative left shift (DLS) in dogs is reported to be a poor prognostic indicator, but no studies have been reported to verify this claim.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo characterize the canine population affected by DLS and to determine if the presence and severity of the DLS are associated with increased risk of euthanasia or death.AnimalsThree‐hundred and nineteen dogs with DLS (cases) and 918 dogs without DLS (controls) presented to the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital between April 1, 1995 and April 1, 2010.MethodsRetrospective case–control study. All cases had a CBC performed within 24 hours of presentation that showed an immature neutrophil count higher than the mature neutrophil count. Controls were matched by year of presentation and primary diagnosis. Survival analysis was used to determine the risk of death or euthanasia associated with DLS and other potential predictors.ResultsHalf of cases versus 76% of controls were alive at discharge. Median in‐hospital survival time was 7 days for cases and 13 days for controls. DLS was a significant predictor of death or euthanasia in both univariate and multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, HR, 1.9; 95% CI 1.54–2.34).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDLS in dogs is associated with an increased risk of death or euthanasia. This finding, however, varies with disease diagnosis and should be interpreted in light of the individual patient.
Bone density in the loggerhead turtle: functional implications for stage specific aquatic habits
Authors: Maffucci F. , Annona G. , de Girolamo P. , Bologna M. A. , Meomartino L. , Montesano A. , Bentivegna F. , Hochscheid S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSeveral studies investigated how changes in bone density are related to the evolution of complex buoyancy control systems in aquatic mammals. Very little is known on sea turtles, although this is one of the most ancient tetrapod groups that successfully colonized the marine environments. Here, we investigated for the first time the relationship between bone density and body size in the loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, with the aim to elucidate possible functional connections with the species’ aquatic habits. Humeri were extracted from the carcasses of 72 loggerhead turtles ranging in size from 7 to 89 cm (males = 18, females = 44, unknown = 10). Whole bone density was determined by Archimedes’ principle. Sexes exhibited comparable humerus densities (t‐value = 0.49, P > 0.05). Mean humerus density (1.33 g cm−3) was intermediate within the range reported for marine mammals and suggested no extreme specialization towards an either pelagic or benthic lifestyle. Turtle size and humerus density were significantly correlated (Pearson's correlation = 0.638, P < 0.01). Small juveniles had very light bones compared to adults in accordance with their stage specific pelagic diving and foraging behaviour.
The Role of Profit Sharing in Dual Labour Markets with Flexible Outsourcing
Authors: König Jan , Koskela Erkki 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe combine profit sharing for high‐skilled workers and outsourcing of low‐skilled tasks in a partly imperfect dual domestic labour market, which means that only low‐skilled labour is represented by a labour union. In that framework we analyse how the implementation of profit sharing for high‐skilled workers influences the amount of outsourcing and the labour market outcome for low‐skilled worker. By doing this, we use some specific assumptions, e.g. exponentially increasing outsourcing costs or the wage for low‐skilled workers will be determined by a union whereas the wage for high‐skilled workers is given. Assuming that low‐skilled labour and outsourcing are interchangeable we show that profit sharing has a positive effect on the wage for low‐skilled workers and helps to decrease wage dispersion. However, under these circumstances, profit sharing enhances outsourcing. Concerning the employment effects for high‐ and low‐skilled workers, we show that there is an employment reducing effect due to higher wages for low‐skilled work, which can be offset by higher productivity of highly skilled workers, as the domestic labour inputs complement each other.
Postharvest transfer and survival of Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis on living lettuce
Authors: Waitt J.A. , Kuhn D.D. , Welbaum G.E. , Ponder M.A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The potential for postharvest transfer of Salmonella to ‘living lettuce’ is not well understood. In this study, the transfer of Salmonella enterica Enteritidis (6 log CFU g−1) from worker hands or contaminated roots to leaves of living lettuce was quantified. Transfer rates of Salmonella from contaminated gloves to sequentially handled lettuce heads ranged from 94% to head 1, 82% to head 2 and 69% to head 3. On average, 2·9 ± 0·1 log CFU g−1 (64%) Salmonella was transferred from inoculated roots to leaves resulting from typical postharvest handling activities for living lettuce. Salmonella persisted on leaves stored at recommended storage temperatures (4°C) and increased 0·5 log CFU g−1 when stored at temperature abuse conditions (12°C). Salmonella increased 1·6 log CFU g−1 on roots after 18-day storage at 12°C, emphasizing the need to maintain temperature control to reduce the risk of human illness.

Significance and Impact of the Study
Hydroponically grown lettuce packaged in plastic clamshells with intact roots, marketed as ‘living lettuce’, is increasing in popularity due to its extended shelf life. This study demonstrates the transfer of Salmonella from contaminated worker hands and contaminated roots to leaves where it persisted at 4°C for 18 day. Temperature abuse (12°C) increased Salmonella on roots and leaves. These findings suggest that failure to maintain temperatures below 12°C can pose a risk for consumers purchasing living lettuce at markets where recommended storage temperatures are not maintained.
Inhibition of ceramide de novo synthesis reduces liver lipid accumulation in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Kurek Krzysztof , Piotrowska Dominika M. , Wiesiołek‐Kurek Patrycja , Łukaszuk Bartłomiej , Chabowski Adrian , Górski Jan , Żendzian‐Piotrowska Małgorzata 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an insulin resistance‐related hepatic disorder which can transform to cirrhosis. Insulin resistance deregulates hepatic lipid metabolism, leading to accumulation of cytotoxic lipids including ceramide and diacylglycerols. Myriocin, obtained from fungi traditionally used in Chinese medicine in an effort to attain eternal youth, is a potent pharmacological inhibitor of ceramide de novo synthesis. We examined whether inhibition of ceramide de novo synthesis with myriocin ameliorate hepatic lipid accumulation and reverse NAFLD.MethodsThe experiment was carried out on male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four groups: (i) control group, fed standard rodent diet, (ii) group, fed standard diet also treated with myriocin for 7 days, (iii) group, fed high‐fat diet for 5 weeks, (iv) group, fed high‐fat diet and treated with myriocin. In liver samples sphingolipids: ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine‐1‐phosphatate and neutral lipids, such as diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols were measured. In peripheral blood samples, glucose and insulin levels and aminotransferases activities were measured.ResultsHigh‐fat diet feeding caused NAFLD, confirmed by histological assessment, with increased hepatic lipids accumulation and whole‐body insulin resistance. After treating with inhibitor of ceramide de novo synthesis, decrease in hepatic ceramide and other toxic lipids were noticed. Moreover, histological analysis of liver samples revealed that inhibition of ceramide de novo synthesis reduced hepatic steatosis.ConclusionsInhibition of ceramide de novo synthesis reduced hepatic lipid accumulation in rats with NAFLD, this led to amelioration of hepatic steatosis.
Strain dependence of diet‐induced NASH and liver fibrosis in obese mice is linked to diabetes and inflammatory phenotype
Authors: Farrell Geoffrey C. , Mridha Auvro R. , Yeh Matthew M. , Arsov Todor , Van Rooyen Derrick M. , Brooling John , Nguyen Tori , Heydet Deborah , Delghingaro‐Augusto Viviane , Nolan Christopher J. , Shackel Nicholas A. , McLennan Susan V. , Teoh Narci C. , Larter Claire Z. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsObese Alms1 mutant (foz/foz) NOD.B10 mice develop diabetes and fibrotic NASH when fed high‐fat(HF) diet. To establish whether diabetes or obesity is more closely associated with NASH fibrosis, we compared diabetic foz/foz C57BL6/J with non‐diabetic foz/foz BALB/c mice. We also determined hepatic cytokines, growth factors and related profibrotic pathways.MethodsMale and female foz/foz BALB/c and C57BL6/J mice were fed HF or chow for 24 weeks before determining metabolic indices, liver injury, cytokines, growth factors, pathology/fibrosis and matrix deposition pathways.ResultsAll foz/foz mice were obese. Hepatomegaly, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycaemia and hypoadiponectinaemia occurred only in foz/foz C57BL6/J mice, whereas foz/foz BALB/c formed more adipose. Serum ALT, steatosis, ballooning, liver inflammation and NAFLD activity score were worse in C57BL6/J mice. In HF‐fed mice, fibrosis was severe in foz/foz C57BL6/J, appreciable in WT C57BL6/J, but absent in foz/foz BALB/c mice. Hepatic mRNA expression of TNF‐α, IL‐12, IL‐4, IL‐10 was increased (but not IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, IL‐17A), and IL‐4:IFN‐γ ratio (indicating Th‐2 predominance) was higher in HF‐fed foz/foz C57BL6/J than BALB/c mice. In livers of HF‐fed foz/foz C57BL6/J mice, TGF‐β was unaltered but PDGFα and CTGF were increased in association with enhanced α‐SMA, CD147and MMP activity.ConclusionsIn mice with equivalent genetic/dietary obesity, NASH development is linked to strain differences in hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia inversely related to lipid partitioning between adipose and liver. Diabetes‐mediated CTGF‐regulation of MMPs as well as cytokines/growth factors (Th‐2 cytokine predominant, PDGFα, not TGF‐β) mobilized in the resultant hepatic necroinflammatory change may contribute to strain differences in NASH fibrosis.
Diabetes mellitus and advanced liver fibrosis are risk factors for severe anaemia during telaprevir‐based triple therapy
Authors: Crismale James F. , Martel‐Laferrière Valérie , Bichoupan Kian , Schonfeld Emily , Pappas Alexis , Wyatt Christina , Odin Joseph A. , Liu Lawrence U. , Schiano Thomas D. , Perumalswami Ponni V. , Bansal Meena , Dieterich Douglas T. , Branch Andrea D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsAdding telaprevir to pegylated‐interferon and ribavirin increased both response rates and side effects of hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment. We identified variables associated with severe anaemia during telaprevir‐based triple therapy.MethodsAn observational study was performed on 142 HCV‐infected patients between June 2011 and March 2012. All subjects completed 12 weeks of telaprevir‐based triple therapy or discontinued early because of anaemia. Severe anaemia was defined by a haemoglobin ≤8.9 g/dl; advanced fibrosis was determined by Fib‐4 ≥3.25.ResultsThe 47 (33%) patients who developed severe anaemia were similar to those who did not in sex, race, and prior response to dual therapy, but they were more likely to have diabetes (23.4% vs. 6.3%, P < 0.01), advanced fibrosis (46.8% vs. 29.5%, P = 0.04) and a history of anaemia during previous dual therapy (29.7% vs. 11.4%, P = 0.02). Patients developing severe anaemia were older (59 vs. 56 years, P = 0.02), had lower baseline platelet counts (134 vs. 163 × 109/L, P = 0.04), haemoglobin (14.0 vs. 15.0 g/dl, P < 0.01), estimated glomerular filtration rate (79 vs. 90 ml/min/1.73 m2, P = 0.03) and a higher median ribavirin/weight ratio (14.9 vs. 13.2 mg/kg, P < 0.01). In multivariable logistic regression, presence of diabetes (OR = 5.61, 95% CI: 1.59–19.72), Fib‐4 ≥3.25 (OR = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.28–7.46), higher ribavirin/weight ratio (OR = 1.31 per mg/kg, 95% CI: 1.13–1.52) and lower baseline haemoglobin (OR = 0.57 per g/dl, 95% CI, 0.41–0.80) were independently associated with developing severe anaemia.ConclusionsSevere anaemia occurred in one‐third of patients receiving telaprevir‐based triple therapy. Risk was greater in patients with diabetes, advanced liver fibrosis, higher ribavirin/weight ratio and lower baseline haemoglobin.
A model to predict antiviral treatment in HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B with alanine aminotransferase ≤2 upper limit of normal
Authors: Gao Shuai , Fan Yu‐Chen , Zhao Jing , Sun Feng‐Kai , Han Jie , Zhao Ze‐Hua , Wang Kai 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsLiver histological assessment is essential for predicting antiviral therapy in HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤2 upper limit of normal (ULN). The aim was to establish a model to predict antiviral treatment for those patients without liver biopsy.MethodsThree hundred and one consecutive treatment naive HBeAg negative CHB patients with HBV DNA ≥2000 IU/ml and ALT ≤2 ULN were retrospectively enrolled, among which 158 patients were for the training set and 143 for validation set. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed in the training set and validated in the validation set.ResultsOur model identified four independent factors for the timing of treatment: Age (OR 1.050, 95%CI 1.004–1.098), Ln(aspartate aminotransferase) (OR 17.425, 95%CI 5.394–56.292), Log10 [HBV DNA] (OR 0.704, 95%CI 0.514–0.963) and platelet (OR 0.980, 95%CI 0.970–0.990). It showed 94% sensitivity, 88% negative predictive value (NPV) in the training set and 93% sensitivity, 85% NPV in the validation set using the low cut‐off point of 5.16. Meanwhile, it showed 92% specificity, 88% positive predictive value (PPV) in the training set and 94% specificity, 92% PPV in the validation set using the high cut‐off point of 7.26. It could predict treatment for 179 of 301(59%) patients without biopsy.ConclusionsWe established a model to predict antiviral therapy in HBeAg negative CHB patients with ALT ≤2 ULN. Antiviral treatment should be initiated if the model value >7.26 and not if its value ≤5.16. Liver biopsy is needed only when its value between the two points.
Embryonic development and intracapsular feeding inHexaplex trunculus(Gastropoda:Muricidae)
Authors: Güler Mehmet , Lök Aynur 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSpawning, phases of embryonic development, intracapsular feeding mechanism and development mode of banded murexHexaplex trunculus(Linnaeus, 1758) were examined using specimens from theAegean Sea. In addition, the numbers and characteristics of non‐viable nurse eggs during different phases were examined in relation to the development phases of viable embryos. Females spawned between 59 and 162 egg capsules containing 306.76 ± 50.74 eggs. Trochophore larvae first appeared on the 15th day after spawning. Nurse egg consumption began on the 17th day after spawning when the embryos reached the early veliger stage. In the beginning, veligers consumed the nurse eggs by mechanically disintegrating them with velar cilia movement. From the 18th day after spawning, embryos began to consume whole nurse eggs, although mechanical disintegration continued until hatching. Viable embryos consumed the most developed nurse eggs first. The average number of nurse eggs consumed per embryo was 24.67 by the end of the intracapsular period. The average number of hatchlings was 11.95 ± 3.81 per capsule with 1321.48 ± 133.1 μm shell length. According to our observationsH. trunculusshows dispersal polymorphism, with most of the hatchlings completing metamorphosis after a short planktonic non‐feeding period (up to 2 days), while others metamorphose prior to hatching. Planktonic hatchlings had both foot and well developed four‐lobed velum and minimum 1 3/4 whorls. Both hatchling types could be seen in the capsule mass from the same female.
Is the loss of Australian digging mammals contributing to a deterioration in ecosystem function?
Authors: Fleming Patricia A. , Anderson Hannah , Prendergast Amy S. , Bretz Michael R. , Valentine Leonie E. , Hardy Giles E. StJ. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Despite once being described as common, digging mammal species have been lost from the Australian landscape over the last 200 years. Around half of digging mammal species are now extinct or under conservation threat, and the majority of extant species have undergone marked range contractions.
Our aim is to identify the role of digging mammals in ecosystem processes throughout Australia. We highlight how the actions of digging mammals are vital for maintaining ecosystem functioning and how their extirpation has led to loss of ecosystem functions.
A review of the literature indicates that many aspects of the influence of bioturbation on ecosystem functioning have been studied. The role of digging mammals in arid and semi‐arid zones has been previously established. We collate and review a broader scope of studies, including those carried out in the mesic woodlands and forests of Australia. We identify roles of digging mammals in the context of ecosystem functioning and conservation management.
Bioturbation significantly alters soil processes, increasing soil turnover and altering the chemical and structural properties of soil. Greater water infiltration and decreased surface run‐off and erosion alter soil hydrophobicity and increase soil moisture. Diggings capture organic matter, provide habitat for a diversity of microscopic and macroscopic organisms, and increase nutrient cycling. Mycophagous mammals disperse fungi (e.g. mycorrhizae), while all diggings can create suitable sites for fungal growth. Diggings also capture plant seeds, increasing seedling germination, recruitment and plant growth. The overall effect of mammal diggings is therefore increased plant vigour and resilience, increased biodiversity and consequently improved ecosystem functioning.
We propose that the loss of digging mammals has contributed to the deterioration of ecosystems in Australia. Recognising the roles of digging mammals will inform potential management options such as species translocations or reintroductions.
Anhydrous liquid line of descent of Yamato‐980459 and evolution of Martian parental magmas
Authors: Rapp Jennifer F. , Draper David S. , Mercer Cameron M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe report the results of nominally anhydrous equilibrium and fractional crystallization experiments on a synthetic Yamato‐980459 (Y98) bulk composition at 0.5 GPa. These experiments allow us to test a suggested fractional crystallization model, calculated using MELTS by Symes et al. (), in which a Y98‐like initial liquid yielded a magma closely resembling the bulk composition of QUE 94201. Although the two meteorites cannot be cogenetic owing to their age difference, they are thought to represent bona fide magmatic liquids rather than products of crystal accumulation, as are most Martian basaltic meteorites. Hence, understanding possible petrogenetic links between these types of liquids could be revealing about processes of melting and crystallization that formed the range of Martian basalts. We find that Y98 can, in fact, generate a residual liquid closely resembling QUE, but only after a very different crystallization process, and different degree of crystallization, than that modeled using MELTS. In addition, both the identity and sequence of crystallizing phases are very different between model and experiments. Our fractional crystallization experiments do not produce a QUE‐like liquid, and the crystallizing phases are an even poorer match to the MELTS‐calculated compositions than in the equilibrium runs. However, residual liquids from our experiments define a liquid line of descent that encompasses bulk compositions of parental melts calculated for several Martian basaltic meteorites, suggesting that the known Martian basaltic meteorites had their ultimate origin from the same or very similar source lithologies. These are, in turn, similar to source rocks modeled by previous studies as products of extensive crystallization of an initial Martian magma ocean.