bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behçet's uveitis in Japan: evaluation of the long‐term efficacy and safety of infliximab treatment
Authors: Takeuchi M. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryRetrospective 13 multicenter observational study were performed using a questionnaire of 164 Behçet's patients treated with infliximab for more than 1 year were studied in Japan. The mean age at initiation of infliximab treatment was 42 years, and the mean treatment duration was 33 months. The frequency of ocular attacks significantly decreased significantly after infliximab treatment, and best collected visual acuityand was improved in approximately 55% of the eyes after treatment in all groups. However, the mean uveitis relapsed in 59% of all patients after infliximab treatment, and approximately 80% of relapses occurred within a year after the initiation of infliximab treatment. Ninety percent of them were controlled by increasing doses of topical corticosteroids and shortening the interval of infliximab infusion. Adverse effects were observed in 35%. Infliximab treatment was continued in 85% of the patients, but 15% of the patients discontinued infliximab treatment because of adverse effects or insufficient efficacy. Infliximab was effective and safereduced the frequency of ocular attacks and improved visual acuity in patients with Behçet‐related uveitis, and was generally well tolerated with few serious adverse events.
Difficulties in the diagnosis of achromic and hemorragic lesions
Authors: Desjardins L. 
Published: September 2015

Achromic choroidal lesions can be an achromic melanoma, a choroidal hemangioma or a metastasis.It is rarer to have scleritis ar the origin of an achromic chorodal mass but this can be seen in sarcoidosis rarely.Achromic choroidal melanomas are not rare. They are often mushroom shape and have a typical ultrasonographic aspect.In the presence of an achromic melanoma, it is always important to rule out the possibility of a metastasis by doing a chest and abdominal CT.Metastasis are easy to diagnose when they occur in a patient with known metastatic disease, when they are multiple or bilateral. They are trickier when they are unique with no known previous cancer. This is quite frequent in lung cancer where the choroidal mass is often the first manifestation Choroidal hemangioma have a typical orange color and can be easily diagnosed by indocyanin green angiography (early hyper and wash out on the late phase).Hemorragic mass are frequent in older patient, especially in case of diabetes and high blood pressure. If there is a doubt MRI with gadolinium injections or dopler ultrasonography can easily differentiate a hematoma from, a choroidal tumor.
Classification of uveitis
Authors: Androudi S. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe uveitis is a condition that involves inflammation of the uveal tract (i.e. iris, ciliary body, choroid) or adjacent ocular structures (e.g. retina, optic nerve, vitreous, sclera). In most cases, the etiology remains elusive and is often of an autoimmune nature. Classification and standardization of uveitis is important, as it enhances the precision and comparability of clinical research from different centers and assists in the development of a complete picture of the course of the disorders and their response to treatment. Uveitis may be classified in a number of ways, according to several systems and multiple descriptors. The most widely used classification of uveitis is the one devised by the International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG) in 1987, based on the anatomical location of the inflammation. This classification includes anterior uveitis (iritis, iridocyclitis, and anterior cyclitis), intermediate uveitis (pars planitis, posterior cyclitis, and hyalitis), posterior uveitis (focal, multifocal, or diffuse choroiditis, chorioretinitis, retinitis, and neuroretinitis) or panuveitis (anterior chamber, vitreous, retina, and choroid).
The Initial Consultation – when and how to suspect non‐organic visual loss
Authors: Spileers W. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryPurposeWhen a patient reports visual loss and the doctor can not immediately find the etiology, a non‐organic visual loss has to be excluded.MethodsDifferent testing methods can be of value in deciding on organic versus non‐organic visual loss: visual acuity and visual field measurements, pupillary reflexes, electrophysiologic testing, imaging techniques.ResultsThe value of these different methods will be discussed and illustrated.ConclusionThe investigation of possible non‐organic visual loss is a complex task.
Active caspase‐3 in the lens and its response to oxidative stress induced by in vivo exposure to UVR
Authors: Talebizadeh N. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryPurposeTo determine the time evolution of active caspase‐3 protein expression after exposure to low dose UVR‐300 nm.MethodsForty rats were unilaterally exposed in vivo to 1 kJ/m2 UVR‐300 nm for 15 min. All lenses were processed for immunohistochemistry. Time evolution of active caspase‐3 expression was determined based on the differences in the probability of active caspase‐3 expression at 0.5, 8, 16, and 24 hrs after the UVR exposure. A logistic model was introduced for the expression of active caspase‐3.ResultsActive caspase‐3 expression was higher in the exposed lenses. The mean differences between the exposed and non‐exposed lenses were 0.17 ± 0.02, 0.20 ± 0.03, 0.21 ± 0.03, and 0.11 ± 0.04 (95% CI) for the 0.5, 8, 16, and 24 hr time groups, respectively. There was a difference when comparing the 0.5 and 24 hrs groups to the 8 and 16 hrs groups (95% CI = 0.06 ± 0.03). Exposure to UVR‐300 nm impacted on the parameters of the logistic model by time.ConclusionsExpression of active caspase‐3 in the lens epithelium increased after UVR exposure. The peak of expression was around 16 hrs after the exposure. The logistic model predicts the impact of exposure to UVR on the spatial distribution of active caspase‐3 expression, depending on time.
The origins of strabismus and loss of binocular vision. Implication of the corpus callosum
Authors: Bui Quoc E. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryStrabismus and loss of binocular vision (BV) are often linked disorders because the parallelism of the eyes is necessary for a proper BV. But no BV may exist in the absence of strabismus. If the question of the consequences of strabismus and loss of BV on the brain has been explored for decades, the core question of their origins is less understood. Strabismus is a developmental disorder which causes are numerous as assessed by the various forms of strabismus. Peripheral causes are sometimes responsible. But central causes are mostly the primum movens of strabismus and loss of BV. Normal interhemispheric callosal connections (CC) being necessary for a proper unification of both visual hemifields and for normal BV along the vertical meridian, we propose here that an abnormal development of the CC might be responsible for strabismus and loss of BV. A misrouting of ganglion cell axons or abnormal development of neuronal activity in the visual system or abnormal development of neuronal activity in the oculomotor system are also proposed to be implicated.ReferenceBui Quoc E, Milleret C. Origins of strabismus and loss of binocular vision. Front Integr Neurosci. 2014 Sep 25;8:71. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00071. eCollection 2014.
Bioactive lipids and early inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Al‐Shabrawey M. , Ibrahim A. , Beasley S. , Wang F. , Tawfik A. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness primarily due to hyperpermeability and subsequent macular edema. Recent studies showed association between dyslipidemia and DR. Diabetic dyslipidemia is characterized by increased arachidonic acid which is converted to inflammatory bioactive lipids via lipoxygenases (LOX), cycloxygenase, and cytochrome P450 enzymatic pathways. Our studies focus on the role of 12/15‐LOX in DR. We have demonstrated upregulation of retinal 12/15‐LOX and its products, 12‐ and 15‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), in retina of diabetic human and animals. Interestingly, 12‐ and 15‐HETEs were the main bioactive lipids generated in cultured human retinal endothelial cells (HREC) under hyperglycemia. Intravitreal injection of 12‐HETE induced DR phenotype in normal mice. Contrary, pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of 12/15‐LOX attenuated retinal hyperpermeability and inflammation in diabetic mice. 12‐ and 15‐ HETEs also disrupted HREC barrier function, increased leukocyte adhesion, migration and tube formation. This was associated with increased oxidative stress, nitric oxide generation and inflammatory cytokines. Thus, targeting 12/15‐LOX is a novel therapeutic strategy to treat DR.
Whole exome sequencing in patients with congenital cataracts
Authors: Liskova P. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryNext‐generation sequencing (NGS) represents one of the most significant technological advances in the biological sciences of the past decade. NGS is now being introduced by many laboratories for routine diagnostic use. For genetically heterogeneous disorders approaches include custom‐designed target enrichment permitting analysis of disease‐associated gene panels and whole exome sequencing (WES). The sensitivity, speed and cost per sample makes WES a valuable tool and it is increasingly being used to identify the molecular genetic causes of inherited cataracts. The detection rate of disease‐causing mutations is high and the results enhance clinical diagnosis and genetic counselling of the affected families.
Vitreoretinal traction syndrome
Authors: Le Mer Y. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryIndividualized from the other vitreoretinal interface diseases in the 80’, the vitreoretinal traction syndrome has really been thoroughly described with the advances in OCT imaging.We'll present the proposed new international classification. By evaluating physiologic and pathological features, it allows to choose between different therapeutic options: watchful waiting, vitreolysis and vitrectomy.The new treatment using vitreolysis may in some cases avoid surgery in selected cases highlighted by this classification. We'll show some real life cases illustrating what we may really achieve with this non surgical therapy.
Work up of the patient with suspected pseudotumor cerebri syndrome
Authors: Szatmary G. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryWhile various etiologies of secondary pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS) have been recognized (e.g. venogenic,endocrine) the pathogenesis of primary PTCS remains unknown. The diagnostic criteria of PTCS has been revised (Modified Dandy criteria) in 2013 mainly owing to the increasingly recognized imaging features of the disease. This lecture will present the different etiologies of increased intracranial pressure. We will discuss the diagnostic workup of typical vs. atypical patients suspected of having PTCS. We will highlight red flags that should alert the clinician to pseudotumor cerebri mimics that carry serious neuro‐ophthalmological consequences and require high index of clinical suspicion. Finally, the take home massages and some of the difficult diagnostic dilemmas will be demonstrated through illustrative case presentations.
Defocus Incorporated Soft Contact (DISC) lens
Authors: Lam C.S. , Tang W.C. , To C.H. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryPurposeDISC lens is a concentric bifocal contact lens, combining myopia correction and constant myopic defocus. We investigate the effects of wearing time, eye dominance and pupil size on myopia control with DISC lens.Methods128 children completed a 2‐year double masked randomized clinical trial of myopic control (65 in DISC lens and 63 in single vision contact lenses). Refraction and axial length were measured with cylcoplegic autorefraction and IOL Master. Ocular dominance was determined with the Miles and Porta tests. Pupil images were captured by EAS‐1000 (Nidek) for children wearing the DISC lens, the area ratio of the two optical zones was then calculated.ResultsThose who have worn the DISC lens for 8 hours daily reached a 60% reduction in myopia progression. There were no significant differences in eye dominance with refractive changes (t‐test), association between myopic progression (chi‐square test) and correlation between the zones ratio at pupil and myopic progression (multiple linear regression analysis).ConclusionsWe identified a dosage effect on the DISC lens in slowing myopia progression. Ocular dominance and pupil size do not have any effect on myopia control using the DISC lens.
The obsession of the eyes in Luis Buñuel's work (Spain, 1900‐ Mexico, 1983)
Authors: Ascaso F. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryLuis Buñuel was a highly regarded Spanish film director particularly famous for his silent surrealist short movie he made with the famous Spanish painter Salvador Dalí: “An Andalusian Dog”. Released in 1929, it is considered as the first film produced purely from within the Surrealist movement, and a landmark in the history of cinema. Based on an exchange of dreams between Dalí and acclaimed director Luis Buñuel, this tale of unfulfilled desire opens innocently with the words “Once upon a time.” What follows is one of the most shocking and celebrated sequences in movie history: a razor slashing a woman's eye in extreme close up, along with the prolapsing vitreous. Buñuel's violent aggressions against sight actually force us back to his particular way of seeing. His world is seen first as a grey, hazy, distant jumble of undetermined things; no other director shoots a scene from quite that neutral, passive distance. Then the eye of the camera suddenly picks out an object that has been there all the time, or a revealing gesture, zooms into them, makes them come violently alive before again retiring to the indifferent point of view. This particular way of seeing also appears in: “This Strange Passion”, “Belle de jour” and “Viridiana”.
Corneal Imaging Modalities – from Basic Science to Clinical Application
Authors: Stachs O. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThere are many modalities that acquire data about the cornea: shape, power, morphology, biomechanics, and so forth. This talk will review the technologies on corneal assessment techniques and devices available in experimental and clinical practice. Specifically, it will be discussed slit lamp biomicroscopy, ultrasound, magnet resonance tomography, confocal microscopy, ultrasound biomicroscopy, optical coherence tomography, keratometry, Scheimpflug imaging, and dynamic applanation procedures. In addition, I discuss the necessity of developing new technologies for assessing both the morphology and the physiology of the cornea.
Lessons talk by imaging about atrophy in retinal disease: Fundus autofluorescence
Authors: Lois N. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryFundus autofluorescence (AF) and near‐infrared autofluorescence (NIA) have been used for many years to assess clinically, in a non‐invasive manner, the status of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Their value in the evaluation of patients with posterior segment disorders has expanded; both are currently used in ophthalmic clinics throughout the world for the assessment of patients with degenerative, inflammatory and neoplastic disorders, among others. This talk will provide an overview on how AF and NIA have contributed to the characterisation of atrophy in retinal diseases, from lessons learnt using these imaging technologies on the understanding of mechanisms underlying this pathology, to identification of people at risk of visual loss as well as providing enhanced disease phenotyping and assessment of potential, unwanted, treatment effects. Recent advances, such as wide angle autofluorescence imaging, will likely contribute furthering the understanding of atrophy in retinal disease.
History of IOLs – did it start in Poland?
Authors: Grzybowski A. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryIt was reported that 1. the idea of IOL implantation originated from Italian itinerant oculist Tadini, 2. the first attempt of IOL implantation was conducted by Italian ophthalmologist Joannis Virgilius Casaamata (1741–1807) in 1795 in Dresden. The majority of these facts, however, is based on secondary sources and need verification. The study is based on analysis of original materials related to Tadini, Casanova and Casaamata and some contemporary descriptions related to this issue, including original doctoral dissertations. The study enabled to collect some information about life and work of Tadini and Casaamata. The original description of Tadini's concept of intraocular lens implantation was delivered in Casanova's Memoirs. It is clear that Tadini has never attempted this procedure. The interesting description of the first, although unsuccessful, attempt by Casaamata comes from the dissertation of Swiss surgeon Rudolph Schiferli (1775–1837) in 1797 entitled “On Cataract” (Theoretisch‐praktische Abhandlung über den grauen Starr). In conclusion, the first concept of intraocular lens implantation was created by Tadini, and the first attempt of this procedure by Casaamata.
High myopia
Authors: Stangos A. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryUrbanisation and increasing of education of modern societies is influencing normal homeostasis of eye growth, which in turn is causing an important myopic shift. Myopia is associated with increased vitreous liquefaction and premature synchisis and syneresis of the vitreous body. Syneresis can be anomalous in high myopes owing to stronger vitreoretinal adhesions. Foveoschisis, macular hole with or without retinal detachment, premacular membranes and paravascular retinal microholes are the most frequent myopic‐related vitreomacular intrface disorders.In this course we will explore the pathogenesis of those vitreomacular disorders and will discuss the therapeutic approaches.
Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) mtDNA mutations cause cell death by overproduction of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Sadun A. , Carelli V. , La Morgia C. , Karanjia R. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryLHON cases are due to point mutations of mtDNA affecting Complex I. Complex I is the first in a series of redox reactions along the mitochondrial inner membrane in which electrons are transferred. In LHON, ATP may be reduced and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduced. The actual pathophysiology of Complex I is just starting to be understood. In the Wallace mouse model, the mtDNA ND6 mutation in Complex I produces defects in oxidative phosphorylation and RGC loss. However the mouse synaptosomes demonstrated increased ROS without diminution of ATP production. Hence, ROS production at Complex I is important. We propose that alterations of the Complex I proteins disrupt the distance of electron transfer at the iron‐sulfate clusters. Mathematical analysis shows that if electrons only cross < 14 angstroms, then quantum electron tunneling (QET) is possible. The criticality of this distance may depend upon proteins that surround the cluster. Mutations that increase this critical distance may convert a QET electron transfer to a traditional chemical one. Thermodynamically, this will not only decrease the efficiency of electron transfer but also produce free electrons which lead to ROS overproduction and RGC death.
Corneal ultra‐high relocation OCT
Authors: Schmetterer L. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryOptical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized ophthalmology. Since its introduction more than 20 years ago there was an enormous improvement in resolution, speed and sensitivity. We present a method for imaging the human cornea with a resolution of approximately 1.3 micrometers. This allows for the visualization of corneal tissues with unprecedented precision enabling visualization of structures that could not be seen before. Most importantly the pre‐corneal tear film can be visualized and quantified. Data in patients with dry eye syndrome are presented as well as data on the effect of lubricants on tear film thickness. Furthermore the present talk will focus on the imaging of corneal pathologies using this novel device.
Systemic dysfunction in glaucoma
Authors: Schmetterer L. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe most important risk factors for the development of glaucoma is increased intraocular pressure. There is, however, evidence that systemic facts pay a role as well. As such it has been shown that patients with primary open angle glaucoma show signs of endothelial dysfunction as well as signs of systemic autonomic dysfunction. The latter is supported by data showing abnormal heart rate variability in glaucoma, particularly in normal tension glaucoma. In addition, studies have shown that glaucoma patients exhibit an abnormal systemic and ocular vascular response to warm‐cold stimulation. The consequences of systemic autonomic dysfunction in glaucoma may be wide including abnormal diurnal fluctuations of intraocular pressure, blood pressure and ocular blood flow.
Ocular lubrication
Authors: Schmetterer L. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryLubricants are the mainstay of dry eye treatment. Whereas they do not target the disease itself they relief from the symptoms associated with both tear‐deficient and hyper‐evaporative dry eye. The duration of action of lubricants critically depends on the residence time at the ocular surface. This is influenced by the viscosity of the eyedrops, their charge, but also by their ability to bind to mucins. Residence time of drugs at the ocular surface has traditionally been investigated using radio‐active labelling of the drugs. This does, however, have several drawbacks. Labelling changes the molecule thereby potentially changing the residence time. In addition, experiments are costly and require significant experimental effort. We have developed a technique that is capable of measuring tear film thickness using a custom‐built OCT. With this device it is possible to get insight into the residence time of topically administered lubricants. Data for hyaluronic acid, osmoprotective substances and chitosan thiomer are presented.
Retinal vasculature structure and function
Authors: Schmetterer L. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe inner retina is supplied from the retinal vasculature, which gets it input from the central retinal artery (CRA). At the optic disc that CRA bifurcates into several branches that provide the blood supply of the entire inner retina. The venous part of the retinal circulation is arranged in a similar way. The central retinal vein leaves the eye through the optic disc and drains blood into the cavernous sinus. The diameter of the CRA before it enters the eye as well as the diameters of the branch arteries is typically below 200 mm. Hence, these vessels are functionally arterioles, and the venous vessels are functionally venules. The larger retinal arteries are surrounded by an avascular zone, because the surrounding tissue receives its oxygen from diffusion through the vessel wall. The capillary network of the retina is organized in two layers. The inner layer lies within the nerve fiber and RGC layer and is called inner plexus, whereas the outer layer lies within the inner nuclear and outer plexiform layers and is called outer plexus. Locally restricted to the region around the optic nerve head is a third capillary layer that is located in the nerve fiber layer consisting of radial peripapillary capillaries.