bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New capabilities in warfare: an overview of contemporary technological developments and the associated legal and engineering issues in Article 36 weapons reviews
Authors: Backstrom Alan , Henderson Ian 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe increasing complexity of weapon systems requires an interdisciplinary approach to the conduct of weapon reviews. Developers need to be aware of international humanitarian law principles that apply to the employment of weapons. Lawyers need to be aware of how a weapon will be operationally employed and use this knowledge to help formulate meaningful operational guidelines in light of any technological issues identified in relation to international humanitarian law. As the details of a weapon's capability are often highly classified and compartmentalized, lawyers, engineers, and operators need to work cooperatively and imaginatively to overcome security classification and compartmental access limitations.
Sympatric Polymorphism in Lake Trout: The Coexistence of Multiple Shallow‐Water Morphotypes in Great Bear Lake
Authors: Chavarie Louise , Howland Kimberly L. , Tonn William M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPolymorphism in northern fishes is common, but the extent to which polymorphism occurs in Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush, a species generally associated with low intraspecific variation, is not well known. This study examined the polymorphism of Lake Trout inhabiting the shallow‐water zones (≤30 m) of Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories. We combined an analysis of classical morphometric and traditional linear measures with shape analysis (geometric morphometrics) to quantify morphological differences in body shape, head shape, and fin and body length measurements among 558 adult and 55 juvenile shallow‐water Lake Trout from Great Bear Lake. A UPGMA cluster analysis on adult Lake Trout distinguished three different morphs that coexist in the shallow‐water habitat. The most important differences among adult morphotypes were associated with head and fin measurements, whereas body shape variation was less distinct. A fourth, albeit rarer, morph was supported by a multivariate ANOVA that indicated significant differences in head and fin characteristics among the four groups. The divergent morphologies among the shallow‐water Lake Trout of Great Bear Lake are consistent with traits generally associated with feeding and swimming. In contrast to adult trout, no consistent patterns were found for juveniles, suggesting that phenotypic differences develop at a later stage. This unusual level of endemic diversity in the shallow‐water habitat expands our knowledge of Lake Trout diversity beyond the predominant focus on shallow‐ versus deepwater forms.
Sampling Sufficiency for Fish Assemblage Surveys of Tropical Atlantic Forest Streams, Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Freitas Terra Bianca , Hughes Robert M , Araújo Francisco Gerson 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Knowledge of the adequacy of field sampling protocols is critical for detecting species and assessing biological conditions. Several studies have been conducted to determine the appropriate electrofishing distance for estimating fish assemblage richness in temperate North American streams. We tested whether electrofishing 40 times the mean wetted channel width was sufficient for estimating species richness and developing precise metrics for Atlantic Forest streams in southeastern Brazil. We sampled 32 sites with differing gradients, substrates, and anthropogenic pressures. Our results show that 40 channel widths were not sufficient to estimate species richness in those systems, presumably because of the high number of rare species. However, 40 channel widths were sufficient for applying other metrics of assemblage condition (e.g., number of common species, percentage of tolerant individuals, percentage of Characiform species, percentage of Siluriform species, percentage of water column species, percentage benthic species, Shannon diversity, dominance). This suggests that 40 channel widths are an appropriate sampling distance for applying environmental assessment protocols to Atlantic Forest streams.
RESUMEN
el conocimiento sobre la pertinencia de protocolos de muestreo es un aspecto clave para detectar especies y evaluar condiciones biológicas. Se han llevado a cabo numerosos estudios encaminados a determinar la distancia más adecuada para la electro-pesca, aplicada a la estimación de riqueza de ensambles de peces en ríos templados de Norte América. En esta contribución se probó si la electro-pesca aplicada a una distancia de 40 veces el ancho promedio del canal de inundación, era suficiente como para estimar la riqueza específica y desarrollar medidas precisas para los ríos del bosque tropical del Atlántico, en el sureste de Brasil. Se muestrearon 32 sitios con diferentes gradientes, sustratos y grados de presión antropogénica. Nuestros resultados muestran que en esos sistemas, usar 40 veces el ancho del canal no era suficiente como para estimar la riqueza, presumiblemente porque el alto número de especies raras. Sin embargo, 40 veces el ancho sí fue suficiente para conocer otros indicadores de la condición de los ensambles (e.g. número de especies comunes, porcentaje de individuos tolerantes, porcentaje de especies Caraciformes, porcentaje de especies Siluriformes, porcentaje de especies que habitan la columna de agua, porcentaje de especies bentónicas, diversidad de Shannon, dominancia). Esto sugiere que 40 veces el ancho del canal de inundación es una distancia apropiada de muestreo para aplicarla en protocolos de evaluación ambiental en ríos de los bosques tropicales del Atlántico.
The Multiple Meanings of ‘Resilience’: An Overview of the Literature
Authors: Reid Richard , Botterill Linda Courtenay 
Published: April 2013

‘resilience is in danger of becoming a vacuous buzzword from overuse and ambiguity’ (Rose 2007: 384)‘Resilience’ is widely used in public policy debate in Australia in contexts as diverse as drought policy, mental fitness in the Australian Defence Force, and in discussion around the Australian economy's performance during the global financial crisis. The following paper provides an overview of the use of the term ‘resilience’ in the academic literature in both the natural and social sciences. The key conclusion from this research is that the term is highly ambiguous, it is used for different purposes in different contexts and in some cases the understandings of the term are diametrically opposed. The malleability of the term suggests that it might be politically risky if employed in policy debate unless clearly defined in each instance.
Identity as Constraint and Resource in Interest Group Evolution: A Case of Radical Organizational Change
Authors: Halpin Darren , Daugbjerg Carsten 
Published: April 2013

Research Highlights and Abstract demonstrates that the tools of Historical Institutionalism are valuable for interest group scholars in assessing change offers a way to conceptualize and empirically differentiate between radical and routine change within interest group organisations shows that a group's founding mission is both a constraint and a resource for radical group change. While group scholars have long noted instances of change in overall organisational form—say from amateur scientific group to environmental campaign group—the literature is short on persuasive accounts of the mechanism(s) that drive or constrain such radical types of change. How can we explain groups getting from form A to form B? In this article we explore how tools from the historical institutionalism literature might aid in the analytical process. Specifically we focus on the combination of focussing events, internal challengers to the status quo, and the capability of challengers to demonstrate to key audiences that the ‘radical’ change is in some way consistent with the founding identity of the group. We demonstrate the application of this approach by examining a case of radical change—a shift in overall form—in a well-known UK interest group, the Soil Association.
Light drinking versus abstinence in pregnancy – behavioural and cognitive outcomes in 7‐year‐old children: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Kelly Y , Iacovou M , Quigley MA , Gray R , Wolke D , Kelly J , Sacker A 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveTo assess whether light drinking in pregnancy is linked to unfavourable developmental outcomes in children.DesignProspective population‐based cohort.SettingUK.PopulationTen thousand five hundred and thirty‐four 7‐year‐olds.MethodsQuasi‐experimental using propensity score matching (PSM) to compare children born to light (up to 2 units per week) and non‐drinkers.Main outcome measuresBehavioural difficulties rated by parents and teachers; cognitive test scores for reading, maths and spatial skills.ResultsOrdinary least squares (OLS) regression and PSM analyses are presented. For behavioural difficulties, unadjusted estimates for percentage standard deviation (SD) score differences ranged from 2 to 14%. On adjustment for potential confounders, differences were attenuated, with a loss of statistical significance, except for teacher‐rated boys' difficulties. For boys, parent‐rated behavioural difficulties: unadjusted, −11.5; OLS, −4.3; PSM, −6.8; teacher‐rated behavioural difficulties: unadjusted, −13.9; OLS, −9.6; PSM, −10.8. For girls, parent‐rated behavioural difficulties: unadjusted, −9.6; OLS, −2.9; PSM, −4.5; teacher‐rated behavioural difficulties: unadjusted, −2.4; OLS, 4.9; PSM, 3.9. For cognitive test scores, unadjusted estimates for differences ranged between 12 and 21% of an SD score for reading, maths and spatial skills. After adjustment for potential confounders, estimates were reduced, but remained statistically significantly different for reading and for spatial skills in boys. For boys, reading: unadjusted, 20.9; OLS, 8.3; PSM, 7.3; maths: unadjusted, 14.7; OLS, 5.0; PSM, 6.5; spatial skills: unadjusted, 16.2; OLS, 7.6; PSM, 8.1. For girls, reading: unadjusted, 11.6; OLS, −0.3; PSM, −0.5; maths: unadjusted, 12.9; OLS, 4.3; PSM, 3.9; spatial skills: unadjusted, 16.2; OLS, 7.7; PSM, 6.4.ConclusionThe findings suggest that light drinking during pregnancy is not linked to developmental problems in mid‐childhood. These findings support current UK Department of Health guidelines on drinking during pregnancy.
Physical health of patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Young A. H. , Grunze H. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveThis article reviews the characteristics of bipolar disorder and approaches to minimise physical health risks, as well as treatment options, and their influence on patient quality of life (QoL).MethodThe content of this article is based on the proceedings of a 1‐day standalone symposium in November 2011 exploring how to establish a bipolar clinic within the context of existing services in the UK's National Health Service.ResultsBipolar disorder is a common mental disorder and often under‐recognised in patients with major depressive episodes. Patients are largely dependent on family and carers to lead normal lifestyles and have difficulties maintaining relationships. Mental health and physical health are closely linked, with risk factors such as weight gain, metabolic syndrome, smoking and diabetes contributing to cardiovascular disease and early death. Antipsychotics may induce treatment‐related comorbidities, thus further contributing to a low QoL of patients. Symptoms of comorbidity or depression are frequently relieved through self‐medication and substance abuse, thus increasing patient health and suicide risk. Therefore, regular health monitoring and patient education in risk factor minimisation are required.ConclusionEarly pharmacotherapeutic and psychoeducational interventions are required to improve treatment outcomes, as well as improving patient understanding of ways to minimise comorbidity development.
Could pramipexole induce acute mania? A case report
Authors: Bet Pierre M , Franken Linda GW , Klumpers Ursula MH 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveIn patients with bipolar disorder, olanzapine is commonly used to prevent episodes of acute mania. The drug pramipexole can, in theory, undermine the protective effect of olanzapine. Olanzapine is a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist and pramipexole is a mixed dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist. These drugs may therefore theoretically counteract their pharmacological effects. To date, there are no known cases in the literature where this interaction has been described.MethodsWe report on a case where a patient with bipolar disorder developed mania after taking pramipexole in combination with olanzapine, and describe the pharmacological background of this interaction.ResultsA patient with bipolar I disorder was hospitalized with a manic episode characterized by agitation and insomnia after taking pramipexole for restless leg syndrome (RLS) in combination with olanzapine. Co‐medication, i.e., lithium and mirtazapine, and other circumstances are not likely to have contributed to this effect.ConclusionThere is a probable interaction between pramipexole and olanzapine, where pramipexole undermines the protective effect of olanzapine, provoking an episode of acute mania and hospitalization. This interaction is of clinical importance since pramipexole is the treatment of choice for RLS, a condition often seen in end‐stage renal disease, and has also been investigated as an antidepressant therapy in patients with bipolar disorder.
School burnout and engagement in the context of demands–resources model
Authors: Salmela‐Aro Katariina , Upadyaya Katja 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundA four‐wave longitudinal study tested the demands–resources model in the school context.AimTo examine the applicability of the demands–resources to the school context.MethodData of 1,709 adolescents were gathered, once during the transition from comprehensive to post‐comprehensive education, twice during post‐comprehensive education, and once 2 years later.ResultsThe hypotheses were supported, path analysis showing that study demands were related to school burnout a year later, while study resources were related to schoolwork engagement. Self‐efficacy was positively related to engagement and negatively to burnout. School burnout predicted schoolwork engagement negatively 1 year later. Engagement was positively related to life satisfaction 2 years later, while burnout was related to depressive symptoms. Finally, burnout mediated the relationship between study demands and mental health outcomes.ConclusionsThe demands–resources model can usefully be applied to the school context, including the associations between school‐related burnout and engagement among adolescents. The model comprises two processes, the energy‐depleting process and the motivational process.
Cardiovascular responses to retigabine in conscious rats – under normotensive and hypertensive conditions
Authors: Fretwell L V , Woolard J 
Published: April 2013

Background and PurposeRetigabine is a recently approved antiepileptic agent which activates Kv7.2–7.5 potassium channels. It is emerging that these channels have an important role in vascular regulation, but the vascular effects of retigabine in the conscious state are unknown. Hence, in the present study we assessed the regional haemodynamic responses to retigabine in conscious rats.Experimental ApproachMale Sprague Dawley rats were chronically instrumented with pulsed Doppler flow probes to measure regional haemodynamic responses to retigabine under control conditions and during acute hypertension induced by infusion of angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin. Further experiments were performed, using the β‐adrenoceptor antagonists CGP 20712A, ICI 118551 and propranolol, to elucidate the roles of β‐adrenoceptors in the responses to retigabine in vivo and in vitro.Key ResultsUnder normotensive conditions, retigabine induced dose‐dependent hypotension and hindquarters vasodilatation, with small, transient renal and mesenteric vasodilatations. In the acutely hypertensive state, the renal and mesenteric, but not hindquarters, vasodilatations were enhanced. The response of the hindquarters vascular bed to retigabine was mediated, in part, by β2‐adrenoceptors. However, in vitro experiments confirmed that retigabine did not act as a β‐adrenoceptor agonist.Conclusions and ImplicationsWe demonstrated that retigabine causes regionally specific vasodilatations, which are different under normotensive and hypertensive conditions, and are, in part, mediated by β2‐adrenoceptors in some vascular beds but not in others. These results broadly support previous findings and further indicate that Kv7 channels are a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular diseases associated with inappropriate vasoconstriction.
A role for vesicular glutamate transporter 1 in synaptic vesicle clustering and mobility
Authors: Siksou Léa , Silm Kätlin , Biesemann Christoph , Nehring Ralf B. , Wojcik Sonja M. , Triller Antoine , El Mestikawy Salah , Marty Serge , Herzog Etienne 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSynaptic vesicles (SVs) from excitatory synapses carry vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) that fill the vesicles with neurotransmitter. Although the essential function of VGLUTs as glutamate transporters has been well established, the evidence for additional cell‐biological functions is more controversial. Both VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 disruptions in mice result in a reduced number of SVs away from release sites, flattening of SVs, and the appearance of tubular structures. Therefore, we analysed the morphology, biochemical composition and trafficking of SVs at synapses of VGLUT1−/− mice in order to test for a function of VGLUTs in the formation or clustering of SVs. Analyses with high‐pressure freezing immobilisation and electron tomography pointed to a role of VGLUT1 transport function in the tonicity of excitatory SVs, explaining the aldehyde‐induced flattening of SVs observed in VGLUT1−/− synapses. We confirmed the steep reduction in the number of SVs previously observed in VGLUT1−/− presynaptic terminals, but did not observe accumulation of endocytotic intermediates. Furthermore, SV proteins of adult VGLUT1−/− mouse brain tissue were expressed at normal levels in all subcellular fractions, suggesting that they were not displaced to another organelle. We thus assessed the mobility of the recently documented superpool of SVs. Synaptobrevin2–enhanced green fluorescent protein time lapse experiments revealed an oversized superpool of SVs in VGLUT1−/− neurons. Our results support the idea that, beyond glutamate loading, VGLUT1 enhances the tonicity of excitatory SVs and stabilises SVs at presynaptic terminals.
In Defence of a Structural Account of Indirect Realism
Authors: Sollberger Michael 
Published: April 2013

AbstractCurrent orthodoxy in the philosophy of perception views indirect realism as misguided, wrongheaded or simply outdated. The reasons for its pariah status are variegated. Although it is surely not unreasonable to speculate that philosophical fashion is one factor that contributes to this situation, there are also solid philosophical arguments which put pressure on the indirect realist position. In this paper, I will discuss one such main objection and show how the indirect realist can face it. The upshot will be a defence of a new structural account of indirect realism which is immune to a number of objections that have been traditionally levelled at such theories of perceptual consciousness.
pH‐dependent disruption of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and model membranes by the human antimicrobial peptides hepcidin 20 and 25
Authors: Maisetta Giuseppantonio , Vitali Alberto , Scorciapino Mariano A. , Rinaldi Andrea C. , Petruzzelli Raffaele , Brancatisano Franca L. , Esin Semih , Stringaro Annarita , Colone Marisa , Luzi Carla , Bozzi Argante , Campa Mario , Batoni Giovanna 
Published: April 2013

The human hepcidin 25 (hep‐25) and its isoform hepcidin 20 (hep‐20) are histidine‐containing, cystein rich, β‐sheet structured peptides endowed with antimicrobial activity. We previously reported that, similar to other histidine‐containing peptides, the microbicidal effects of hep‐25 and hep‐20 are highly enhanced at acidic pH. In the present study, we investigated whether pH influences the mode of action of hep‐25 and hep‐20 on Escherichia coli American Type Culture Collection 25922 and model membranes. A striking release of β‐galactosidase by hepcidin‐treated E. coli was observed at pH 5.0, whereas no inner membrane permeabilization capacity was seen at pH 7.4, even at bactericidal concentrations. Similar results were obtained by flow cytometry when assessing the internalization of propidium iodide by hepcidin‐treated E. coli. Scanning electron microscope imaging revealed that both peptides induced the formation of numerous blebs on the surface of bacterial cells at acidic pH but not at neutral pH. Moreover, a phospholipid/polydiacetylene colourimetric vesicle assay revealed a more evident membrane damaging effect at pH 5.0 than at pH 7.4. The leakage of entrapped dextrans of increasing molecular size from liposomes was also assessed at pH 7.4. Consistent with the lack of β‐galactosidase release from whole E. coli observed at such a pH value, evident leakage of only the smallest 4‐kDa dextran (and not of dextrans of 20 or 70 kDa) was observed, indicating a poor ability of hepcidin peptides to permeabilize liposome vesicles at pH 7.4. Altogether, the data obtained in the present study using different approaches strongly suggest that the ability of hepcidins to perturb bacterial membranes is markedly pH‐dependent.
Satellite‐derived estimates of forest leaf area index in southwest Western Australia are not tightly coupled to interannual variations in rainfall: implications for groundwater decline in a drying climate
Authors: Smettem Keith R. J. , Waring Richard H. , Callow John N. , Wilson Melissa , Mu Qiaozhen 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThere is increasing concern that widespread forest decline could occur in regions of the world where droughts are predicted to increase in frequency and severity as a result of climate change. The average annual leaf area index (LAI) is an indicator of canopy cover and the difference between the annual maximum and minimum LAI is an indicator of annual leaf turnover. In this study, we analyzed satellite‐derived estimates of monthly LAI across forested coastal catchments of southwest Western Australia over a 12 year period (2000–2011) that included the driest year on record for the last 60 years. We observed that over the 12 year study period, the spatial pattern of average annual satellite‐derived LAI values was linearly related to mean annual rainfall. However, interannual changes to LAI in response to changes in annual rainfall were far less than expected from the long‐term LAI‐rainfall trend. This buffered response was investigated using a physiological growth model and attributed to availability of deep soil moisture and/or groundwater storage. The maintenance of high LAIs may be linked to a long‐term decline in areal average underground water storage and diminished summer flows, with an emerging trend toward more ephemeral flow regimes.