bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemie und Physik der Festkörperoberfläche
Authors: Ibach H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDie Festkörperoberfläche ist der Schauplatz einer Vielzahl von chemischen Prozessen: erwünschten, wie in der heterogenen Katalyse, und unerwünschten, wie bei Korrosionsvorgängen. Elektronische Eigenschaften der Oberfläche sind in der Halbleitertechnologie von großer Bedeutung. Praktischen Bezügen solcher Art verdankt die Oberflächenforschung einen Teil ihrer Attraktivität. Viele interessante, ungelöste Fragen zielen aber auch auf das grundlegende Verständnis.
Das EPR‐Paradoxon und die Unbestimmtheit der Realität
Authors: Mückenheim W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWie neuere Experimente unter sehr allgemeinen Voraussetzungen beweisen, betreffen die Unbestimmtheitsrelationen nicht nur unsere Kenntnis der Realität, sondern deren Existenz. Räumlich separierte Systeme zeigen ein Korrelationsverhalten, dessen Ursache nicht in ihnen enthalten sein kann. Dieser Sachverhalt — sofern man ihn nicht als unerklärbar hinnehmen will — zwingt dazu, fundamentale Prinzipien der Physik aufzugeben. In jedem Falle führt sowohl der Versuch einer Erklärung als auch der Verzicht darauf zu einer drastischen Revision der gewöhnlichen Realitätsvorstellung.
Chemical Characterization of the Long‐Term Ageing of Nitrogen‐Rich Plasma Polymer Films under Various Ambient Conditions
Authors: Girard‐Lauriault Pierre‐Luc , Dietrich Paul M. , Gross Thomas , Wirth Thomas , Unger Wolfgang E. S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNitrogen rich plasma polymer films (L‐PPE:N) were prepared by low‐pressure RF plasma using a 1:1 mixture of ethylene and ammonia and aged for 345 d in four different ambient conditions: (i) at room temperature (RT) in air; (ii) at RT in nitrogen; (iii) at −20 °C in air and; (iv) at −20 °C in nitrogen. The films were analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) at various intervals over the duration of the experiment. The ageing of primary amines, NH2, was followed by chemical derivatization with 4‐trifluoromethyl benzaldehyde. Storage at −20 °C, mostly independently of ambient atmosphere, slowed down ageing to almost undetectable levels as evaluated by the analytical methods used for this study.magnified image
Influence of Mg‐doping on the optical properties of ZnO thin films prepared via electrochemical deposition
Authors: Shi Hongtao , Alfaro Cristhyan F. , Barrera Kalie R. , Hessong Timothy L. , Halbert Stephanie R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPolycrystalline ZnO thin films were deposited on pure Al foils at 80 °C using electrochemical deposition (ECD) in solutions containing zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra between 20 and 200 K showed intense UV emissions near the band edge along with weak broad bands due to defects. When the source solution was slightly doped with Mg2+ ions, the defect‐induced band was suppressed along with a redshift, whereas the UV peak position and intensity remained the same. Surprisingly, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) revealed no Mg contents in the films within the detection limit. Based on the solubility products of Mg(OH)2 and Zn(OH)2, we put forward a mechanism to describe how metal impurities could be incorporated into ZnO in such an aqueous process, which was strongly supported by samples grown in Ca‐ or Cu‐doped solutions. To further corroborate, we also fabricated, for the first time via ECD, MgZnO alloys in Mg‐doped solutions with very high nitrate concentrations. Blue shift of the UV emission peak was clearly observed from as‐prepared samples on Al. MgZnO films, deposited on Si substrates under similar supersaturated conditions and annealed in ambient air at 350 °C for 30 min, showed a similar peak shift. This electrochemical route could therefore be used as an effective approach to enhance the optical properties of compound semiconductors, demonstrating its potential for deep UV applications as well.
Mid‐infrared (IR) – A hot topic: The potential for using mid‐IR light for non‐invasive early detection of skin cancer in vivo
Authors: Seddon Angela B. 
Published: February 2013

Abstractmagnified imageAfter an introduction to the mid‐infrared (IR) spectral region, the tremendous significance of mid‐IR spectroscopic sensing is highlighted. The remarkable progress made towards mid‐IR spectral in vitro mapping of tissue and cancer detection is reviewed, with emphasis on diagnosis of skin cancer. The status quo of chalcogenide glass mid‐IR fibre optics and photonics for meeting opportunities for remote mid‐IR sensing in general, and in in vivo cancer detection in particular, is assessed. Raman spectroscopy is a sister technique to mid‐IR spectroscopy. The current success of Raman spectroscopy in medical diagnosis is appraised, with particular emphasis on Raman spectral imaging of tissue towards skin cancer diagnosis in vivo, based on a silica‐glass fibreoptic sensor‐head. The challenges to be met in chalcogenide glass science and technology towards facilitating analogous fibreoptic diagnostics based on mid‐IR spectroscopy are addressed.
Effects of organic matter on carbonate stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ18O values) – implications for analyses of bulk sediments
Authors: Oehlerich Markus , Baumer Marlene , Lücke Andreas , Mayr Christoph 
Published: February 2013

RATIONALEStable isotope ratio (δ13C, δ18O values) analyses of carbonates can be biased by CO2 release from organic impurities. This is most critical for carbonate isotope analyses from bulk sediments containing comparably high amounts of organic matter (OM). Several methods have been developed to remove OM prior to analyses, but none of them can be universally applied. Moreover, pretreatment methods cause isotopic bias in themselves and should probably best be avoided. Thus, it is essential to have indicators for reliable isotope values of untreated carbonate‐OM mixtures.METHODSArtificial mixtures of organic compounds with a standard carbonate were analyzed to investigate the bias on carbonate isotope ratios caused by OM in the sample. The total‐inorganic‐carbon to total‐organic‐carbon ratio (TIC/TOC) was used as a measure for the " organic impurity" of the sample. The target was to evaluate TIC/TOC as a measure for sample quality and to define TIC/TOC thresholds for reliable isotope measurements of mixtures between calcium carbonate and organic compounds.RESULTSThe effect of organic impurities on carbonate stable isotope values depended on the specific OM compound and the respective TIC/TOC ratio. Different CO2 release rates were determined for the pure OM compounds. A sample TIC/TOC ratio ≥0.3 was found to be a threshold for reliable measurements of the isotope composition of calcium carbonate.CONCLUSIONSBulk carbonate analyses from carbonate‐OM mixtures are reliable only if the TIC/TOC values do not fall below certain thresholds. This has implications for carbonate isotope studies from bulk sediments for which the TIC/TOC ratios should be considered as an easy‐to‐determine measure for sample‐quality assessment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Otolith oxygen isotopes measured by high‐precision secondary ion mass spectrometry reflect life history of a yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera)
Authors: Matta Mary Elizabeth , Orland Ian J. , Ushikubo Takayuki , Helser Thomas E. , Black Bryan A. , Valley John W. 
Published: February 2013

RATIONALEThe oxygen isotope ratio (δ18O value) of aragonite fish otoliths is dependent on the temperature and the δ18O value of the ambient water and can thus reflect the environmental history of a fish. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) offers a spatial‐resolution advantage over conventional acid‐digestion techniques for stable isotope analysis of otoliths, especially given their compact nature.METHODSHigh‐precision otolith δ18O analysis was conducted with an IMS‐1280 ion microprobe to investigate the life history of a yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera), a Bering Sea species known to migrate ontogenetically. The otolith was cut transversely through its core and one half was roasted to eliminate organic contaminants. Values of δ18O were measured in 10‐µm spots along three transects (two in the roasted half, one in the unroasted half) from the core toward the edge. Otolith annual growth zones were dated using the dendrochronology technique of crossdating.RESULTSMeasured values of δ18O ranged from 29.0 to 34.1‰ (relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water). Ontogenetic migration from shallow to deeper waters was reflected in generally increasing δ18O values from age‐0 to approximately age‐7 and subsequent stabilization after the expected onset of maturity at age‐7. Cyclical variations of δ18O values within juvenile otolith growth zones, up to 3.9‰ in magnitude, were caused by a combination of seasonal changes in the temperature and the δ18O value of the ambient water.CONCLUSIONSThe ion microprobe produced a high‐precision and high‐resolution record of the relative environmental conditions experienced by a yellowfin sole that was consistent with population‐level studies of ontogeny. Furthermore, this study represents the first time that crossdating has been used to ensure the dating accuracy of δ18O measurements in otoliths. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitigating colluding injected attack using monitoring verification in mobile ad‐hoc networks
Authors: Kandah Farah , Singh Yashaswi , Zhang Weiyi , Wang Chonggang 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTMobile ad‐hoc networks (MANETs) have attracted significant research attention recently because of the fast growth of laptops, personal digital assistant, and 802.11/Wi‐Fi wireless networking. However, the flexible deployment nature and the lack of fixed infrastructure make MANETs suffer from a variety of security attacks. In this paper, we show how an adversary can utilize a colluding injected attack (CIA) in MANET by injecting malicious nodes in the network, while hiding their identities from other legitimate nodes. These injected nodes will work together (colluding) to create a collision at an arbitrary node, thus preventing it from receiving or relaying any packet. Because of this collision, a legitimate node could be reported as malicious nodes by monitoring nodes in the neighborhood. In this work, we propose a monitoring verification scheme to mitigate the effect of the CIA attack. Our proposed scheme is able to accurately detect malicious nodes in the network compared with previous detection schemes. Through simulations, we show that our proposed scheme outperforms previous detection schemes in terms of true/false detection of any malicious behavior in the network caused by the CIA attack. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nano‐SAR Development for Bioactivity of Nanoparticles with Considerations of Decision Boundaries
Authors: Liu Rong , Rallo Robert , Weissleder Ralph , Tassa Carlos , Shaw Stanley , Cohen Yoram 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe development of classification nano‐structure–activity Relationships (nano‐SARs) of nanoparticle (NP) bioactivity is presented with the aim of demonstrating the integration of multiparametric toxicity/bioactivity assays to arrive at statistically meaningful class definitions (i.e., bioactivity/inactivity endpoints), as well as the implications of nano‐SAR applicability domains and decision boundaries. Nano‐SARs are constructed based on a dataset of 44 iron oxide core nanoparticles (NPs), used in molecular imaging and nano‐sensing, containing bioactivity profiles for four cell types and four different assays. Class definitions are developed on the basis of ‘hit’ (i.e., significant bioactivity) identification analysis and self‐organizing map based consensus clustering; these class definitions enable construction of nano‐SARs of a high classification accuracy (>78%) with different NP descriptor combinations that include primary size, spin‐lattice and spin‐spin relaxivities, and zeta potentials. Analysis of the nano‐SAR performance for different class definitions suggests that H4 (i.e., class with at least four hits) is a reasonable endpoint (from a ‘regulatory’ viewpoint) for keeping the level of false negatives (i.e., incorrect labeling of bioactive NPs as inactive) low. The establishment of a quantitative nano‐SAR applicability domain is demonstrated, making use of a probability density with the H4 class definition and naive Bayesian classifier (NBC) model (with spin‐lattice relaxivity and zeta potential as descriptors). Decision boundaries are determined for the above H4/NBC nano‐SAR for different acceptance levels of false negative to false positive predictions, illustrating a practical approach that may assist in regulatory decision making with a consideration of reducing the likelihood of identifying bioactive NPs as being inactive.
Membrane Perturbation by Carbon Nanotube Insertion: Pathways to Internalization
Authors: Lelimousin Mickaël , Sansom Mark S. P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) can penetrate the membranes of cells, offering prospects for nanomedicine but problems for nanotoxicity. Molecular simulations are used to provide a systematic analysis of the interactions of single‐walled and multi‐walled CNTs of different radii with a model lipid bilayer membrane. The simulations allow characterization of the mechanism of spontaneous exothermic insertion of CNTs into lipid bilayer membranes. The size and type of CNT determine the nature and extent of the local perturbation of the bilayer. Single‐walled CNTs are shown to insert via a two‐step mechanism with initial transient formation of a water filled pore followed by full insertion of the CNT into the bilayer. The latter stage is associated with formation of a persistent inverted micelle arrangement of lipid molecules trapped inside the CNT. This suggests a possible vehicle for nano‐encapsulation of drugs, enabling their entry into and subsequent release within cells following endocytosis of CNT‐containing membranes.
Viscosity of Fluoride‐Free Mold Fluxes Containing B2O3 and TiO2
Authors: Wang Zhen , Shu Qifeng , Chou Kuochih 
Published: February 2013

AbstractViscosities of B2O3 and TiO2‐bearing fluoride‐free mold fluxes have been measured by the rotating cylinder method in this work. Effects of different B2O3, TiO2 content, and basicities on the viscosity characteristics have been examined. Viscosity of fluoride‐free mold fluxes containing B2O3 and TiO2 was found to decrease with the increase of B2O3, TiO2 content, and basicity. The values of apparent activation energy for viscous flow of slags decrease with additions of B2O3 and TiO2 and the increase of basicity. Two parameters A and B in Riboud model were re‐evaluated based on the present experimental data, and the modified Riboud model was used to estimate the viscosity of fluoride‐free slag system investigated in present work. The viscosity values obtained by the experimental measurement were in good agreement with those calculated by the modified Riboud model.
Cardiac outflow tract anomalies
Authors: Neeb Zachary , Lajiness Jacquelyn D. , Bolanis Esther , Conway Simon J 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe mature outflow tract (OFT) is, in basic terms, a short conduit. It is a simple, although vital, connection situated between contracting muscular heart chambers and a vast embryonic vascular network. Unfortunately, it is also a focal point underlying many multifactorial congenital heart defects (CHDs). Through the use of various animal models combined with human genetic investigations, we are beginning to comprehend the molecular and cellular framework that controls OFT morphogenesis. Clear roles of neural crest cells (NCC) and second heart field (SHF) derivatives have been established during OFT formation and remodeling. The challenge now is to determine how the SHF and cardiac NCC interact, the complex reciprocal signaling that appears to be occurring at various stages of OFT morphogenesis, and finally how endocardial progenitors and primary heart field (PHF) communicate with both these colonizing extra‐cardiac lineages. Although we are beginning to understand that this dance of progenitor populations is wonderfully intricate, the underlying pathogenesis and the spatiotemporal cell lineage interactions remain to be fully elucidated. What is now clear is that OFT alignment and septation are independent processes, invested via separate SHF and cardiac neural crest (CNC) lineages. This review will focus on our current understanding of the respective contributions of the SHF and CNC lineage during OFT development and pathogenesis. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:499–530. doi: 10.1002/wdev.98This article is categorized under:

Birth Defects > Organ Anomalies
Specifying a hierarchical mixture of experts for hydrologic modeling: Gating function variable selection
Authors: Jeremiah Erwin , Marshall Lucy , Sisson Scott A , Sharma Ashish 
Published: February 2013

Key Points
Addressing model parameter and structural uncertainties in a Bayesian setting
Specifying catchment predictors for better model mixing and simulation
Predicting streamflow for ungauged basin by regionalising predictor coefficients
Use of NMR logging to obtain estimates of hydraulic conductivity in the High Plains aquifer, Nebraska, USA
Authors: Dlubac Katherine , Knight Rosemary , Song Yi‐Qiao , Bachman Nate , Grau Ben , Cannia Jim , Williams John 
Published: February 2013

Key Points
NMR-logging provides reliable estimates of hydraulic conductivity in aquifers
Provided equations to predict hydraulic conductivity in unconsolidated materials
Problems acquiring advanced geophysical logging data in unconsolidated materials
The Tetrakis‐(trifluoromethanesulfonato)‐aurate Anion: Syntheses and Properties of M[Au(CF3SO3)4] (M = Li – Rb, Ag)
Authors: Logemann Christian , Klüner Thorsten , Wickleder Mathias S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe reaction of Au(OH)3 and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (triflic acid) in the presence of M2CO3 (M = Li, Na, K, Rb) and Ag(CF3SO3), respectively, yielded yellow single crystals of M[Au(CF3SO3)4] (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Ag). They exhibit the [Au(CF3SO3)4]– anion with the gold atom in a square‐planar coordination of four monodentate triflate ions. The structural characteristics of the anion are well reproduced by theoretical calculations that allowed also for a reliable assignment of observed IR energies. Charge compensation for the anions is achieved by different M+ counter cations. According to their coordination requirements different crystal structures are adopted. For M = Li, Na, the compounds are triclinic [M = Li/Na: triclinic, P$\bar{1}$, Z = 1, a = 509.92(2)/525.43(2), b = 854.08(3)/902.08(4), c = 1044.67(4)/1080.28(5) pm, α = 94.006(2)/104.367(2)°, β = 92.935(2)/93.602(3)°, γ = 93.841(2)/90.706(2)°, V = 452.12(3)/494.83(4) Å3] and octahedral coordination of the cations is observed. The monoclinic Ag[Au(CF3SO3)4] [C2/c, Z = 4, a = 2218.83(5), b = 499.19(1), c = 1751.73(4) pm, β = 104.736(1)°, V = 1876.43(7) Å3] shows the Ag+ ion in trigonal prismatic surrounding of oxygen atoms. A coordination number of eight is found for K[Au(CF3SO3)4] [orthorhombic, Pbcn, Z = 4, a = 904.32(4), b = 1050.64(4), c = 2120.71(9) pm, V = 2014.92(15) Å3] and also for Rb[Au(CF3SO3)4] [monoclinic, P21/n, Z = 4, a = 919.80(3), b = 2121.77(6), c = 1083.40(3) pm, β = 90.120(2)°, V = 2114.36(11) Å3]. In both cases the [MO8] polyhedra have dodecahedral shape. The thermal decomposition of selected compounds was monitored up to 1050 °C and shows that a mixture of elemental gold and the respective alkaline metal sulfate is the residue. For M = Ag elemental silver is formed instead of a sulfate.
Sugar consumption and global prevalence of obesity and hypertension: an ecological analysis
Authors: Siervo Mario , Montagnese Concetta , Mathers John C , Soroka Katrina R , Stephan Blossom CM , Wells Jonathan CK 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe nutrition transition model provides an integrated approach to analyse global changes in food consumption and lifestyle patterns. Whether variability in food availability for consumption, lifestyle and sociodemographic factors is associated with the worldwide prevalence distribution of overweight, obesity and hypertension is unclear.DesignEcological analysis.SettingCountry-specific prevalence estimates of overweight, obesity and hypertension were obtained. Prevalence estimates were then matched to year- and country-specific food and energy availability for consumption of cereals, sugar, sweeteners and honey, vegetable oils, fruits, starchy roots, pulses, total vegetables, alcoholic beverages, total meat, animal fat, eggs, milk, and fish and seafood. The per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), urbanization rates and prevalence of physical inactivity for each country were also obtained.SubjectsThe overweight, obesity and hypertension databases included information from 128, 123 and seventy-nine countries, respectively.ResultsConsumption of sugar and animal products were directly associated with GDP and urbanization rates. In a multivariate regression model, physical inactivity (B = 0·01, se = 0·005, P = 0·003), cereal consumption (B = −0·02, se = 0·006, P < 0·001) and sugar consumption (B = 0·03, se = 0·01, P = 0·03) were significant predictors of obesity prevalence. Midpoint age (B = 0·21, se = 0·10, P = 0·02), prevalence of overweight (B = 0·18, se = 0·08, P = 0·02) and consumption of cereals (B = −0·22, se = 0·10, P = 0·02) were significant predictors of hypertension. Women appeared to have a significant obesity excess compared with men.ConclusionsHigh sugar consumption and sedentary lifestyle are associated with increased obesity prevalence. The non-linear association of sugar consumption with prevalence of obesity suggests that effective strategies to reduce its consumption may have differential effects in countries at different stages of the nutrition transition.
Autonomy, vulnerability and capacity: a philosophical appraisal of the Mental Capacity Act
Authors: Mackenzie Catriona , Rogers Wendy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe UK Mental Capacity Act provides an important legislative framework for protecting persons who are vulnerable, by virtue of partial or total lack of capacity, from abuse, coercion, exploitation, disrespect or unwarranted intrusions on their privacy and liberty. In this article we argue, however, that in order to effectively implement the Act's governing principles and promote the autonomy of persons whose capacities are impaired, health and social welfare professionals must go beyond a primarily cognitive approach to capacity assessment and refer to a range of more demanding autonomy conditions relating to authenticity, diachronic coherence and consistency, accountability to others, and affective attitudes towards oneself. We suggest that these conditions are in fact implicit in the guidelines, scenarios and practical advice contained in the Act's accompanyingCode of Practice. To ground our analysis, we discuss two cases of end-of-life decision-making, and consider how these cases might have been assessed had the Mental Capacity Act been applied. We also address the question of whether the conditions for autonomy we identify raise the bar too high to be met by persons who are vulnerable because their capacity is partially compromised.