bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High hydrostatic pressure inactivation kinetics of the endogenous lipoxygenase in crude silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) extract
Authors: Qiu Chunjiang , Xia Wenshui , Jiang Qixing 
Published: April 2013

SummaryInactivation kinetics of endogenous lipoxygenase in crude silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) extract was studied for thermal (50–80 °C, ambient pressure) and high hydrostatic pressure combined with heat treatment (300–700 MPa at 50–80 °C) process conditions. Lipoxygenase (LOX) inactivation followed first‐order kinetics at all pressure–temperature combinations used. Moreover, LOX inactivation rates became less pressure dependent with increasing pressure at all temperatures studied and also showed less temperature dependence of the enzyme inactivation rate at various high pressure levels tested. It is evident that inactivation kinetics is complex affected by both pressure and temperature. Therefore, response surface methodology (RSM) was attempted to investigate combined temperature–pressure processing conditions on LOX inactivation kinetics in crude silver carp extract samples. In conclusion, the LOX inactivation rate constant was modelled as a function of both temperature and pressure conditions by a quadratic polynomial equation as follows: .
Use of banana purée from three indigenous Thai cultivars as food matrices for probiotics and application in bio‐set‐type yoghurt production
Authors: Srisuvor Nutthaya , Prakitchaiwattana Cheunjit , Chinprahast Ninnart , Subhimaros Suwanna 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThis research studied the use of banana purée from three indigenous Thai cultivars (Kluai Hom Thong, Kluai Namwa and Kluai Khai) as probiotic carrying agents in food and application in bio‐set‐type yoghurt. Kluai Khai purée had promising indication of prebiotic activity on Lactobacillus paracasei Lpc‐37 with the highest probiotic activity score. When Lpc‐37 cell was incorporated into Kluai Khai purée, its cell counts increased by 0.8 log CFU g−1 and it adhered to purée, as seen by the proliferating cells. Therefore, Kluai Khai purée mixed with Lpc‐37 was selected for the production of bio‐set‐type yoghurt. The results showed that viable cells increased more than 0.8 log CFU g−1 during storage. This study reflected the achievement of using Kluai Khai purée as food matrix for carrying ‘active probiotic cells’ in bio‐yoghurt production. This methodologically developed prototype could be an interesting alternative for value adding of indigenous fruits.
Preparation and characterisation of selected physicochemical and functional properties of β‐chitosans from squid pen
Authors: Youn Dal Kyoung , No Hong Kyoon , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon 
Published: April 2013

SummarySquid pen β‐chitosans prepared under various deacetylation conditions (30%, 35%, 40% and/or 45% NaOH for 15, 30 and/or 60 min) were characterised. β‐Chitosans (deacetylated with 35–45% NaOH for 15–60 min) had 87.1–96.2% degree of deacetylation (DD), 93.5–96.7% solubility and 120.5–654.9 mPa s viscosity. Treatment with 30% NaOH for 15–60 min yielded inadequately deacetylated β‐chitosans (DD = 51.9–80.2%). Two chitosans prepared under 35% NaOH for 15 min and 45% NaOH for 30 min (designated as 35%–15 and 45%–30, respectively) were further compared. Drying (sun‐drying vs. oven‐drying) methods did not affect DD. 35%–15 chitosan exhibited lower nitrogen, DD and bulk density, but higher viscosity compared with 45%–30 chitosan. Higher water‐ and fat‐binding capacity but lower DPPH radical scavenging activity were observed for 35%–15 chitosan compared with 45%–30 chitosan. Compared with 45%–30 chitosan, 35%–15 chitosan exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes, but lower antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli.
The Economic Contribution of Humanitarian Settlers in Australia
Authors: Hugo Graeme 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article assesses the economic role of refugee settlers in Australia. Refugee‐humanitarian labour force participation rates are lower than for other migrant groups or the Australia‐born. However, their labour market performance converges toward that of the Australia‐born over time. Moreover, the second generation performs at a higher level. There are a number of significant impediments to participation including language, education, structural disadvantage and discrimination. Indeed, there is evidence of a significant refugee gap which can only be explained by discrimination. It is shown that refugees represent a significant stock of human capital that is not being fully realized. They suffer more than other groups through non‐recognition and there is substantial “brain waste” with negative results for the economy and the migrants themselves. Finally, it is shown that refugee‐humanitarian settlers show greater propensity to form their own business than other migrants and that risk‐taking, entrepreneurialism and an ability to identify and take advantage of opportunities is a key characteristic of the group.
Policy Implications

The international food security agenda needs to consider the growing challenge of feeding rapidly growing cities with large migrant populations

The reality of internal and international migration should be mainstreamed into the food security agendas of international organizations and states

Food security and insecurity should be configured into the global debate on migration and development

International, regional and municipal policies need to pay particular attention to the food insecurity of migrant populations in the cities of the South.
Patient Perspectives on Choosing Buprenorphine Over Methadone in an Urban, Equal‐Access System
Authors: Gryczynski Jan , Jaffe Jerome H. , Schwartz Robert P. , Dušek Kristi A. , Gugsa Nishan , Monroe Cristin L. , O'Grady Kevin E. , Olsen Yngvild K. , Mitchell Shannon Gwin 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundRecent policy initiatives in Baltimore City, MD significantly reduced access disparities between methadone and buprenorphine in the publicly funded treatment sector.ObjectivesThis study examines reasons for choosing buprenorphine over methadone among patients with access to both medications.MethodThis study was embedded within a larger clinical trial conducted at two outpatient substance abuse treatment programs offering buprenorphine. Qualitative and quantitative data on treatment choice were collected for new patients starting buprenorphine treatment (n = 80). The sample consisted of predominantly urban African American (94%) heroin users who had prior experience with non‐prescribed street buprenorphine (85%), and opioid agonist treatment (68%). Qualitative data were transcribed and coded for themes, while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and bivariate statistics.ResultsParticipants typically conveyed their choice of buprenorphine treatment as a decision against methadone. Buprenorphine was perceived as a helpful medication while methadone was perceived as a harmful narcotic with multiple unwanted physical effects. Positive experiences with non‐prescribed “street buprenorphine” were a central factor in participants' decisions to seek buprenorphine treatment.ConclusionsDifferences in service structure between methadone and buprenorphine did not strongly influence treatment‐seeking decisions in this sample. Personal experiences with medications and the street narrative surrounding them play an important role in treatment selection decisions.Scientific SignificanceThis study characterizes important decision factors that underlie patients' selection of buprenorphine over methadone treatment. (Am J Addict 2013; 22:285–291)
Insomnia in Alcohol Dependence: Predictors of Symptoms in a Sample of Veterans Referred from Primary Care
Authors: Chakravorty Subhajit , Grandner Michael A. , Kranzler Henry R. , Mavandadi Shahrzad , Kling Mitchel A. , Perlis Michael L. , Oslin David W. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectivePatients with alcohol dependence presenting for treatment may have multiple associated co‐morbid conditions and limited social supports, which complicate treatment. Each of these factors has been independently associated with complaints of insomnia. In this preliminary study, we investigated the relations between insomnia complaints and socio‐demographic factors and psychiatric co‐morbidity in treatment‐seeking patients with alcohol dependence.MethodWe conducted a retrospective chart review on 84 consecutive patients referred to the Behavioral Health Laboratory of the Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center for evaluation of psychiatric and substance use disorders. Patients met DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence and completed a series of self‐assessments of sleep. Univariate and multivariable analyses were used to examine the relations amongst the variables of interest.ResultsIn multivariable models, Sleep Latency was significantly greater in individuals without partners (p = .01), those with psychiatric disorders (p = .03) and smokers (p = .01), with a non‐significant trend for those with past‐year suicidal ideation. No significant predictor of Wake Time After Sleep Onset was seen. Poor Sleep Quality was predicted by younger age (OR = .93 [.88, .98], p = .004) and the presence of a psychiatric disorder (OR = 20.80 [4, 102], p = .0002), with a non‐significant trend for suicidal ideation.ConclusionsInsomnia symptoms in treatment‐seeking alcohol dependent patients should prompt consideration of the individuals' psychiatric and psychosocial features. (Am J Addict 2013; 22:266–270)
Using Cloninger's Temperament Scales to Predict Substance‐Related Behaviors in Adolescents: A Prospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Hartman Christie , Hopfer Christian , Corley Robin , Hewitt John , Stallings Michael 
Published: April 2013

Background and ObjectivesWe tested one of Cloninger's temperament theories – that high novelty seeking (NS), along with low harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD), and persistence (PE), predicts early‐onset substance problems.MethodsIn a community‐based sample of 777 adolescents examined at two time points (mean age 13 and 18, respectively), we examined whether Cloninger's four temperament dimensions at wave 1 predicted five substance‐related outcomes at wave 2: age of initiation for cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs, number of substance classes tried, and total number of DSM‐IV substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms.ResultsCloninger's predicted temperament pattern did significantly predict the number of SUD symptoms at wave 2. For initiation of cigarettes/illicit drugs and number of substance classes tried, HA/NS/PE fit the pattern, but RD did not. For onset of alcohol, only NS and PE fit Cloninger's prediction. Results for NS and PE were most consistent.Conclusions and Scientific SignificanceOverall, this study provides evidence that Cloninger's theory may hold true for predicting problem use more than for predicting “use” or experimentation. In addition, youth with high novelty seeking and low persistence may find substances especially reinforcing, and identifying these youth and intervening before initiation has occurred may reduce the risk of future substance‐related problems. (Am J Addict 2013; 22:246–251)
Pathological and Problem Gambling among Veterans in Clinical Care: Prevalence, Demography, and Clinical Correlates
Authors: Westermeyer Joe , Canive Jose , Thuras Paul , Oakes Michael , Spring Marline 
Published: April 2013

Background and ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to estimate prevalence rates of pathological gambling and problem gambling among veterans receiving VA care, since several studies have suggested that VA patients may be at increased risk to these conditions.Sampleconsisted of 1,999 veterans randomly selected from VA centers and community clinics in the Albuquerque and Minneapolis catchment areas. Women and younger veterans were oversampled, due to anticipated low rates in these two groups.Resultsrevealed that the lifetime prevalence rate of pathological gambling weighted for current VA patients was 2.0%, twice the general adult population rate. Current 1‐year weighted prevalence of pathological gambling was .9%, with an additional .2% having continued problem gambling and .9% recovered. Lifetime weighted problem gambling rate was 8.8%. Altogether, 10.7% had lifetime pathological gambling or problem gambling. Women had higher rates of pathological gambling, but similar rates of problem gambling compared to men. The greater prevalence of pathological gambling for younger veterans aged 20–29 (1.3%) compared to veterans aged 30–39 (.8%) was unusual and warrants further investigation.Conclusions and Scientific SignificanceVeterans in VA care have higher rates of gambling problems than the general adult population. Female and young veterans have rates higher than those observed in other surveys of women and young adults. (Am J Addict 2013; 22:218–225)
The Statistics of the Rare Earths Industry
Authors: Tyrer Mark , Sykes John P. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Rare earths are essential to green technologies, but China supplies 98% of them. Some have risen in price 200-fold – by 20 000% – in a year. Is China holding the world to ransom? A World Trade Organisation case is brewing. Rare earths are not rare, say Mark Tyrer and John P. Sykes; but it does need statistics to understand the likely outcome of the WTO case – and why the industry is important.
Hey Baby, What's Your Sign? How Children Born Under Sagittarius are Denied Day Care
Authors: Moodie Erica , Manges Amee , Hanley James 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Every working parent wants good day care for their children. But when resources are limited, some children lose out. And as Erica Moodie, Amee Manges and James Hanley found to their cost, for some children the odds are almost impossibly stacked…
Football and Marriage – And the UEFA Draw
Authors: Wallace Michael , Haigh John 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The draw for the matches in this year's UEFA Champions League produced a surprise: the draw result was exactly the same as at the rehearsal. Sixteen teams had been paired against each other in exactly the same way, twice running. Yet the draw was supposed to be random. Was it a 2 million to one coincidence? A fix? Or was it only to be expected? Michael Wallace and John Haigh draw some conclusions.
The self‐construal of nurses and doctors: beliefs on interdependence and independence in the care of older people
Authors: Voyer Benjamin G. , Reader Tom 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimTo compare the self‐construal of nurses and doctors and establish whether their roles affect perceptions of independence and interdependence.BackgroundPrevious research has identified that errors in patient care occur when health professionals do not work cohesively as a team and have divergent beliefs about collaboration. Thus, it is important to understand factors shaping these beliefs. Although these are usually explained by aspects of group norms, the concept of self‐construal may serve as an underlying explanation.DesignA quasi‐experimental design was used.ParticipantsOne hundred and two nurses and doctors working in three nursing homes in Belgium took part in this study in 2009.MethodsNurses' and doctors' self‐construal was measured at their workplace, using Singelis' self‐construal scale. Statistical differences between nurses and doctors were investigated using analysis of covariance.ResultsResults showed statistically significant differences between doctors' and nurses' self‐construal. Doctors reported higher and dominant levels of ‘independent self‐construal’ compared with nurses. There were no differences between nurses and doctors for interdependence. However, gender differences emerged with male doctors reporting lower levels of interdependent self‐construal than male nurses. Conversely, female doctors reported higher levels of interdependent self‐construal than female nurses.ConclusionsDifferences in the roles and training of nurses and doctors and in knowledge of their interdependencies may explain differences in self‐construal. This might be useful for understanding why nurses and doctors develop divergent attitudes towards teamwork. Training that focuses on sharing knowledge on team interdependencies may positively influence teamwork attitudes and behaviour.
Confirmatory and competitive evaluation of alternative gene‐environment interaction hypotheses
Authors: Belsky Jay , Pluess Michael , Widaman Keith F. 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundMost gene‐environment interaction (GXE) research, though based on clear, vulnerability‐oriented hypotheses, is carried out using exploratory rather than hypothesis‐informed statistical tests, limiting power and making formal evaluation of competing GXE propositions difficult.MethodWe present and illustrate a new regression technique which affords direct testing of theory‐derived predictions, as well as competitive evaluation of alternative diathesis‐stress and differential‐susceptibility propositions, using data on the moderating effect of DRD4 with regard to the effect of childcare quality on children's social functioning.ResultsResults show that (a) the new approach detects interactions that the traditional one does not; (b) the discerned GXE fit the differential‐susceptibility model better than the diathesis‐stress one; and (c) a strong rather than weak version of differential susceptibility is empirically supported.ConclusionThe new method better fits the theoretical ‘glove’ to the empirical ‘hand,’ raising the prospect that some failures to replicate GXE results may derive from standard statistical approaches being less than ideal.
Risk‐taking and the evolution of mechanisms for rapid escape from predators
Authors: Møller A. P. , Vágási C. I. , Pap P. L. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractFlight initiation distance (FID) is the distance at which an individual animal takes flight when approached by a human. This behavioural measure of risk‐taking reflects the risk of being captured by real predators, and it correlates with a range of life history traits, as expected if flight distance optimizes risk of predation. Given thatFIDprovides information on risk of predation, we should expect that physiological and morphological mechanisms that facilitate flight and escape predict interspecific variation in flight distance. Haematocrit is a measure of packed red blood cell volume and as such indicates the oxygen transport ability and hence the flight muscle contracting reaction of an individual. Therefore, we predicted that species with short flight distances, that allow close proximity between a potential prey individual and a predator, would have high haematocrit. Furthermore, we predicted that species with large wing areas and hence relatively low costs of flight and species with large aspect ratios and hence high manoeuvrability would have evolved long flight speed. Consistent with these predictions, we found in a sample of 63 species of birds that species with long flight distances for their body size had low levels of haematocrit and large wing areas and aspect ratios. These findings provide evidence consistent with the evolution of risk‐taking behaviour being underpinned by physiological and morphological mechanisms that facilitate escape from predators and add to our understanding of predator–prey coevolution.
A Two‐Stage Process for the Production of a Novel Cheese Flavor Powder
Authors: Ma Xiaolei , Wang Jianming , Lu Xingda , Qiao Changsheng 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA novel method to produce cheese flavor powder by combination mold fermentation and enzyme acceleration was developed. In this research, Actinomucor elegans was selected to ferment the milk. The optimum conditions for fermentation were 220 rpm, at the temperature 29C and for 2 days. In order to accelerate the flavor formation, the effects of lipase and protease to fermented milk were also investigated. According to the sensory evaluation scores, as well as the degree of hydrolysis, the optimum formula of enzymes were Palatase 2000 L 2‰ (m/v) and proteases 1‰ (m/v), proteases was prepared by mixing 2:1 (m/m) proportion of Flavourzyme 500MG and Neutrase 1.5MG. The optimum conditions for enzymolysis were 50C, 6.5 (initial pH) and 6 h (enzymolysis time), and the product of optimum process was tested by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). According to the sensory evaluation result and GC‐MS, the novel cheese flavor powder showed superior profile for its intensity and flavorful.Practical ApplicationCheese production has been considered as an important raw material of some food because of its great aroma and flavor. The novel cheese flavor powder is a product retaining the strong aroma and flavor of cheese, namely, creamy, odor, sour and pungent. The cheese flavor powder is mainly used as a spice in culinary preparations for imparting a characteristic cheese flavor. The product is generally light yellow in color and is stable in quality because of mealy structure and low moisture content. It is a ready‐to‐use preparation, which can be used in homes, restaurants and institutional catering. The development of novel cheese flavor powder with richer flavor, lighter weight and ease of use may be governed by a mass of customer favorite.
Nondisease‐Specific Problems and All‐Cause Mortality in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study
Authors: Bowling C. Barrett , Booth John N. , Safford Monika M. , Whitson Heather E. , Ritchie Christine S. , Wadley Virginia G. , Cushman Mary , Howard Virginia J. , Allman Richard M. , Muntner Paul 
Published: April 2013

ObjectivesTo evaluate the association between six nondisease‐specific problems (problems that cross multiple domains of health) and mortality in middle‐aged and older adults.DesignProspective, observational cohort.SettingU.S. population sample.ParticipantsParticipants included 23,669 black and white U.S. adults aged 45 and older enrolled in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study.MeasurementsNondisease‐specific problems included cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms, exhaustion, falls, impaired mobility, and polypharmacy. Age‐stratified (<65, 65–74, ≥75) hazard ratios for all‐cause mortality were calculated for each problem individually and according to number of problems.ResultsOne or more nondisease‐specific problems occurred in 40% of participants younger than 65, 45% of those aged 65 to 74, and 55% of those aged 75 and older. Compared with participants with none of these problems, the multivariable adjusted hazard ratio for all‐cause mortality associated with each additional nondisease‐specific problem was 1.34 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.23–1.46) for participants younger than 65, 1.24 (95% CI = 1.15–1.35) for those aged 65 to 74, and 1.30 (95% CI = 1.21–1.39) for those aged 75 and older.ConclusionNondisease‐specific problems were associated with mortality across a wide age spectrum. Future studies should explore whether treating these problems will improve survival and identify innovative healthcare models to address multiple nondisease‐specific problems simultaneously.