bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical and Morphological Findings on Mustard Gas [Bis(2-Chloroethyl)Sulfide] Poisoning
Authors: Eisenmenger W , Drasch G , von Clarmann M , Kretschmer E , Roider G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In 1984 and 1985, a total of eleven Iranian patients were transferred to hospitals in Munich, Germany, after a reported gas attack in the Iran-Iraq war. The initial symptoms and pretreatment in Teheran, Iran, as well as the admittance examination data, the clinical courses of the patients, and the clinical laboratory data in Germany, are reported. The main injuries were to the skin, the eyes, and the respiratory tract. One patient stopped breathing suddenly on the third day of treatment (eight days after the exposure). A large piece of mucous membrane blocking a bronchus was removed during an immediate bronchoscopy, but attempts at resuscitation failed. The most important autopsy findings in this case were severe pseudomembranous inflammation of the trachea and the bronchial tubes. The histological findings are reported. Chemical proof of the poison (mustard gas) was established. A review of the history of chemical warfare, the physical and chemical properties of mustard gas, and a literature survey of clinical findings (including, especially, experiences from World Wars I and II) contribute to the understanding of the actual cases.
Geriatric Offenders Examined at a Forensic Psychiatry Clinic
Authors: Rosner R , Wiederlight M , Harmon RB , Cahn DJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This descriptive research paper reports on 52 geriatric defendants accused of criminal offenses and referred for forensic psychiatric evaluation. It addresses demographic and clinical variables in that population. The authors hope that the data will assist in planning for forensic and therapeutic services for geriatric persons in the criminal justice system.
Matching Bullets to Bone Impact Signatures
Authors: Smith O'BC , Symes SA , Berryman HE , LeVaughn MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
When bone is penetrated or perforated by a bullet, the bullet's impacting surface is often uniquely modeled by the fractured bone. Reconstructing bone with simple superimposition of the bullet's contour lines allows matching of a particular bullet to its specific bone defect.
Fetal Death Following Maternal Trauma: Two Case Reports and a Survey of the Literature
Authors: Lifschultz BD , Donoghue ER 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
When a fetus dies after its mother has suffered trauma, questions often arise about whether the fetal death was linked to the maternal injury. Many state statutes make it a criminal act to cause the death of a fetus by injuring the mother. The authors present two cases in which fetal death resulted from maternal trauma. In addition, we review the pertinent literature on this subject and offer guidelines that may help forensic pathologists evaluate these difficult and often emotionally charged cases.
Detection of Bone and Bone-Plus-Bullet Particles in Backspatter from Close-Range Shots to Heads
Authors: Burnett BR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A victim was shot in the head with a 9-mm Smith & Wesson pistol using Winchester Silvertip® hollow-point ammunition. Of interest in this case was the distance from the muzzle of the weapon to the victim's head, since the wound characteristics were equivocal for firing distance. Two other handguns (revolvers) were involved in this shooting, in addition to a revolver owned by the victim. The handguns were sampled using tape lifts, and the casings were sampled by washing them in distilled water, followed by vacuum filtration of the washing water through 0.2-µm-pore Nuclepore filters. These materials were examined by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Calcium-phosphorous (bone) particles were detected on the 9-mm Smith & Wesson pistol, on two casings found at the scene, and on one of the revolvers. Two of the calcium-phosphorous particles on the casings had associated bullet fragments.
Test shots on live pigs destined for slaughter showed that bone particles are a feature of backspatter from close-range shots to heads. Contamination of nearby surfaces by bone fragments and bone-plus-bullet fragments, as well as other organic debris, appears to be quite heavy.
A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Method for Sex and Species Determination with Novel Controls for Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Template Length
Authors: Gaensslen RE , Berka KM , Grosso DA , Ruano G , Pagliaro EM , Messina D , Lee HC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Human X and Y chromosome α-satellite sequences lying within higher order repeats were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolated from blood, bone, and several other tissues and specimens of potential forensic science interest. X and Y sequences could be coamplified under some of the PCR conditions employed. Monomorphic sequences in the 3′-apolipoprotein B gene (designated “H”) and in an α-satellite higher order repeat on Chromosome 17 (p17H8, D17Z1) were likewise amplified in the specimens. X and Y sequence amplification can provide information about the sex of origin. Amplification of the X, H, and D17Z1 sequences was found to be primate-specific among the common animals tested and can thus provide species of origin information about a specimen. The authors suggest that amplification of X and D17Z1 or H sequences might provide “relaxed” and “stringent” controls for appropriate PCR amplification tests on forensic science specimens. Testing was carried out using PCR protocols that employed Thermophilus aquaticus (Taq) and Thermus flavis (Replinase) thermostable DNA polymerases.
Identification of Drugs by Their Near Infrared Spectra
Authors: Kohn WH , Jeger AN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fourier transform spectrometers in the near infrared-region, equipped with optical fiber bundles and driven by fast computers, can measure and identify drugs in a few seconds. A library with 37 spectra of drugs and other powders for stretching drugs, such as saccharoses, was generated. Assessment and optimization of a reference library by mathematical means is discussed. The method is simple, fast, and reliable and can be validated.
Ink Dating—The State of the Art
Authors: Brunelle RL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Over the past 20 years, no other field of forensic science has had greater impact on the detection of fraudulent documents than the scientific examination of writing inks. This paper traces the development of ink dating techniques from the 1930s to 1990. Techniques used during this period are described and, when possible, illustrated. The emphasis is on ink dating techniques used today, with discussion of the value and limitations of these procedures.
Handedness and the Bilateral Asymmetry of the Jugular Foramen
Authors: Glassman DM , Dana SE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper examines the proposed association of bilateral asymmetry of the jugular foramen as an indicator of handedness observable from cranial morphology. The jugular foramina of 54 subjects were observed for size asymmetry during routine autopsy procedures. Hand preference data were collected on each subject from family members. Of the 54 subjects, 47 were documented as being right-handed and 7 as being left-handed. These values approximate the average percentage of right-handed versus left-handed individuals from larger populations. Jugular foramen asymmetry was qualitatively identified for 36 subjects (66.7%) and was judged equivocal for the other 18 (33.3%). Of the 36 subjects exhibiting asymmetry, 28 (77.7%) showed positive correlation between the asymmetry direction and handedness. This moderate level of congruence, coupled with the result that 4 of the 7 left-handers exhibited dominant right-side foramina, casts doubt on the reliable use of jugular foramen asymmetry for estimating handedness.
Psychobiology of the Violent Offender
Authors: Volavka J , Martell D , Convit A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The antecedents of violent crime may include childhood victimization, head injuries, and alcohol and drug abuse. Neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric findings suggest temporal and frontal lobe dysfunctions in violent offenders; these dysfunctions appear to be more pronounced in the dominant hemisphere. Recent studies implicate disturbances of central serotonergic functions in impulsive homicide and arson. These results provide an adequate rationale for larger interdisciplinary studies using neurochemical, neuropsychiatric/neuropsychological, and psychosocial methods on the same subjects.
Poisoning from Oral Ingestion of Carbofuran (Furadan 4F), a Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Carbamate Insecticide, and Its Effects on Cholinesterase Activity in Various Biological Fluids
Authors: Ferslew KE , Hagardorn AN , McCormick WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case is presented of a fatal ingestion of Furadan (carbofuran), a cholinesterase-inhibiting carbamate insecticide. A 26-year-old white male was found dead with a partially filled 1-gal (3.8-L) container of Furadan 4F insecticide-nematocide (44.9% carbofuran). The individual had ingested approximately 345 mL of the mixture. Analysis of cholinesterase activity in various biological fluids was performed spectrophotometrically using propionylthiocholine and 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid [Sigma Diagnostics, cholinesterase procedure No. 422 (PTC)] which was measured at 405 nm and 30°C in a Gilford Stasar III Spectrophotometer. The cholinesterase activities were as follows: plasma, 245 units (U)/L (93% inhibition/7% normal activity); serum, 208 U/L (95.3% inhibition/4.7% normal activity); whole blood, 297 U/L (92.8% inhibition/7.2% normal activity); erythrocytes, 58 U/L (99% inhibition/1% normal activity); vitreous humor, 7 U/L; and bile, 148 U/L. Carbofuran was detected in the blood and gastric contents by thin-layer chromatography. No alcohol or other drugs were detected in the blood, urine, or gastric contents. Ingestion of the carbofuran produced acute visceral congestion and pulmonary edema. Death was caused by anoxia due to respiratory paralysis produced by cholinesterase inhibition from Furadan (carbofuran) ingestion.
A Review of Studies on Certain Forensic Aspects of Skull Identification and Individualization
Authors: Bass WM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This 85-page volume is the published version of P. Chandra Sekharan's doctoral dissertation submitted in 1989 to the University of Madras, Madras, India. He is the founder and president of the. Forensic Science Society of India and editor-in-chief of the Indian Journal of Forensic Sciences. He is now professor of forensic sciences and director of the Forensic Sciences Department of the government of Tamil Nadu state.
A Rapid Gas Chromatographic Method for the Fingerprinting of Illicit Cocaine Samples
Authors: Ensing JG , Racamy C , de Zeeuw RA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A gas chromatographic (GC) fingerprint method, based on the presence or absence of six congeners, was developed for illicit cocaine samples. The fingerprint utilizes the relative abundances of these congeners towards each other, disregarding cocaine as the main constituent, and can be expressed numerically or graphically in the form of pictograms for rapid visual comparison. The method can be applied directly to a solution of the sample in chloroform, without previous workup procedures. More than 70 unrelated samples were analyzed and a great variation was observed in the parameter composition. On the other hand, a remarkable similarity could be seen between related samples. The GC fingerprint method may be considered an important contribution for sample comparison, as is exemplified by a subdivision of the analyzed samples in different categories, based on the number and types of congeners found.
Differentiation of Side Chain Isomers of Ring-Substituted Amphetamines Using Gas Chromatography/Infrared/Mass Spectrometry (GC/IR/MS)
Authors: Soine WH , Duncan W , Lambert R , Middleberg R , Finley H , O'Neil DJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Common analytical methods used for identifying samples obtained from clandestine laboratories were evaluated for their ability to differentiate between possible amphetamine isomers and homologs. A series of ring-substituted (4-methyl, 4-methoxy, and 3,4-methylenedioxy) amphetamine and N-methylphenethylamine isomers was analyzed using color tests, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and GC/infrared (GC/IR). The N-acetyl derivatives of the isomers were analyzed using GC/IR/MS. GC/IR/MS readily differentiated the 4-methylphenylalkylamine isomers. MS and IR spectra were also obtained for each pair of the 4-methoxyphenylalkylamine isomers and the 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylalkylamine isomers, but differentiation via GC/IR/MS was difficult. The N-acetyl derivatives of each pair of isomers could be readily differentiated using GC/IR/MS. Good library researchable spectra for N-acetylamphetamine could be obtained for IR identification with 10 ng (on-column) and MS identification with 2 ng. The spectrometrically independent IR and MS data obtained for the N-acetyl derivatives indicated that the combination of GC/IR/MS can add a significant level of confidence in the analysis of ring-substituted arylalkylamines.
Correlation of Trauma and Cause of Death to Accident Reconstruction: A Case of a Flight Accident Report
Authors: Min J-X , Jia M-Z 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper reports on the disaster that occurred after a flight was hijacked at Baiyuen International Airport in Guangzhou, China, on Tuesday, 2 Oct. 1990. The authors show the results of analyses for the causes of death and trauma and compare the disaster with several previous flight accidents that have occurred in China. The authors show, with the analysis on this accident, the possibility and reliability of reconstructing a disaster by medicolegal investigation.
Visualization Method for Fingerprints on Skin by Impression on a Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Semirigid Sheet
Authors: Guo Y-C , Xing L-P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Based on the phenomenon that static electricity attracts dust, a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) semirigid sheet coated with printing ink was used to visualize impressions of fingerprints on the skin of living and dead bodies. Compared with visualization methods for perspiration fingerprints, this method recovers better images for a longer time after the fingerprint has been deposited on skin. Fingerprints transferred to the PET sheet are photographed with sidelighting using an ordinary light source. For fingerprints that yield inadequate contrast, an argon-ion laser can be used to improve the contrast.
Elevator Surfing: A Deadly New Form of Joyriding
Authors: Kohr RM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A new form of joyride, on top of an elevator as it moves up and down the elevator shaft, has surfaced on college campuses and in housing and apartment complexes with elevators. This practice is called “elevator surfing,” and an illustrative case is presented, which is believed to be the first such report in the medical literature.
Bullet Identification: A Case of a Fatal Hunting Accident Resolved by Comparison of Lead Shot Using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis
Authors: Capannesi G , Sedda AF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Bullet identification by chemical analysis often provides a powerful clue in forensic science. A case is reported in which a hunting accident was resolved by using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for direct comparison of the trace element content in lead shot.
Different preparation batches of lead shot appear to have a high within-group composition homogeneity, and good differentiation is achieved between different batches.
Determination of the nickel and antimony content on a bush branch demonstrated that the branch had been perforated by one of the shot pellets, and this helped the detectives in reconstruction of the crime scene.
Fungal Tunneling of Hair from a Buried Body
Authors: DeGaetano DH , Kempton JB , Rowe WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Tunnels produced in human head hair by fungal hyphae were examined with a light microscope and with a scanning electron microscope. The tunnels had small diameters and exhibited minimal branching. The use of a backscattered electron detector facilitated the locating of the openings of the tunnels in the surfaces of the hairs. In the backscattered electron image, tunnel openings appeared as dark spots. The tunneling hyphae did not show a preference for a particular location for entering the shaft of the hair. Some hyphae penetrated under the free edges of the cuticular scales, while others burrowed through the surfaces of the scales.
Sex Determination in Subadults Using Auricular Surface Morphology: A Forensic Science Perspective
Authors: Mittler DM , Sheridan SG , Sheridan SG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The determination of sex in subadult skeletons remains a problem for several areas of biological anthropology. To date, univariate and multivariate assessments of sex in the young using adult indicators have failed to produce reliable results. However, research in this area continues.
In 1980, Weaver proposed a modification of adult differences in auricular surface morphology as an effective means for sex determination in subadult remains. His method was indirectly evaluated by Hunt through a comparison of the sex ratios produced by this technique and the expected 1:1 ratio. The present investigation expands upon both studies by using a sample of subadults of known sex, and by evaluating Weaver's method from two perspectives: 1) what percentage of individuals can be correctly sexed using Weaver's criteria? and 2) what is the probability that an individual case will be correctly sexed based on the presence or absence of auricular surface elevation? The first is of interest to those reconstructing population patterns, while the second is critical to the forensic investigator faced with the diagnosis of an individual case.
The sample used in this study consisted of 58 ilia from subadults of known sex ranging in age from birth through 18. In each case, sufficient soft tissues were present to allow absolute sex diagnosis. Each ilium was subjected to a blind examination using Weaver's criteria for auricular surface elevation.
Weaver's technique proved most effective on the males in our sample, with an overall accuracy of 85.3%; however, accuracy in sexing females was only slightly better than chance at 58.3%. Our results corresponded closely to Weaver's own values of 85.4 and 57.7% respectively. Although not significant, the effectiveness of the method improved with age among subadults of both sexes at the population level. The present results suggest that during infancy and early childhood, auricular surface morphology for most individuals conforms to the male pattern.
From the perspective of forensic science, auricular surface morphology proved an effective predictor of sex only among a subset of children older than age nine. All subadults beyond age nine with an elevated surface were female and were therefore diagnosable. However, 26% of our female sample failed to develop an elevated surface thus making the attribute of nonelevation less indicative of male status.
Art Forgery: The Role of the Document Examiner
Authors: Hanna GA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Art fraud constitutes a new area of investigation. Consequently, the legal profession is exploring the use of various fields of expertise to assist them in determining the authenticity of art. This paper defines the latitude of the document examiner in such cases.
In so doing, it describes the types of art applicable to document examination, enumerates the inherent limitations and hazards, and discusses the process and conclusions of this type of examination.
A Psychiatric Study of Persons Charged with Arson
Authors: Leong GB 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A total of 29 court-referred individuals charged with arson were psychiatrically studied. From this pre-trial cohort from a large heterogeneous urban population base, a higher rate of psychosis was found than in other recent studies. However, consistent with these studies was the rarity of the diagnosis of pyromania. An important finding of this study was the substantial number of fires set by individuals who are homeless mentally disordered or substance abusing, or both.
Criminals' Explanations of Their Criminal Behavior, Part II: A Possible Role for Psychopathy
Authors: Harry B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The author reviewed the literature concerning the effect of criminals' current psychopathology on their explanations about their crimes. He then studied 100 incarcerated men, examining the associations between their explanations and various historically documented aspects of psychopathy. Previously and independently documented patterns of pathological lying, lack of remorse or guilt, callousness or lack of empathy, and failure to accept responsibility for their own behavior were significantly associated with the offenders not admitting responsibility for their crimes. Further, independently described histories of pathological lying were associated with criminals' blaming their convictions on a faulty criminal-justice system, while histories of failure to accept responsibility for their behavior were associated with blaming someone else for their index crimes.
The Decision Theory of Paternity Disputes: Optimization Considerations Applied to Multilocus DNA Fingerprinting
Authors: Krawczak M , Schmidtke J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The solution of paternity disputes using results from scientific analyses is studied from a decision-theoretical viewpoint. Two alternative approaches to decision making, the so-called ‘Bayes’ and ‘Minimax’ strategies, are described and discussed. If prior probabilities of paternity are exactly known, then Bayes decisions are (a) independent of the source of evidence and (b) optimal with respect to average losses caused by wrong decisions. However, it is concluded that Minimax decisions, which depend upon the employed test system but not upon prior probabilities, are more appropriate in paternity cases if equal prior good will towards disclaimed children and alleged fathers is demanded. It is further demonstrated that, when major evidence about paternity comes from multilocus DNA fingerprinting, prior probabilities must be known quite accurately for Bayes decisions to be superior with respect to average losses. Finally, we are able to show that ‘quasi’ Bayes decision making, that is, adopting a neutral prior probability of 0.5 but leaving thresholds for decision making unchanged, coincides with Minimax decision making if multilocus DNA fingerprinting is employed.
The Application of Immunoblotting to the Phenotyping of Haptoglobin
Authors: Cox KJ , Thomas AS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An immunoblotting method for phenotyping haptoglobin in serum and blood-stains has been developed. Haptoglobin isoproteins were separated by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis and then transferred to nitrocellulose by electroblotting. The use of 1 mm gels facilitated more rapid and effective transfer than conventional 3 mm thick gels. Nitrocellulose blots were developed by double antibody enzyme immunoassay. The detection limit for serum and bloodstains was improved 16 times compared to conventional staining using O-tolidine. The method could detect haptoglobin phenotypes from 0.001 μl of whole blood. This detection limit is approximately 8 times lower than that of group specific-component analysis by immunoblotting.