bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clopidogrel Use in End‐Stage Kidney Disease
Authors: Tanios Bassem Y. , Itani Houssam S. , Zimmerman Deborah L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractClopidogrel irreversibly binds to the P2Y12 platelet receptor and acts as a potent inhibitor of platelet activation and aggregation. It is currently recommended for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes, recent ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Clopidogrel is a prodrug requiring hepatic conversion into its active metabolite. In the general population, genetic polymorphisms in the CYP2C19 gene interfering with hepatic conversion and the ABCB1 gene interfering with gut absorption of clopidogrel, account for the large interindividual response to clopidogrel and clopidogrel resistance. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ESKD are independent risk factors for clopidogrel resistance; 50–80% of patients with ESKD have high on‐treatment residual platelet reactivity when treated with clopidogrel. This may partially explain the abysmal outcomes for patients with kidney disease post coronary intervention. Several assays are used to determine residual on‐treatment platelet reactivity; however, their use in tailoring the suitability of clopidogrel treatment in patients with ESKD is unclear. Although clopidogrel decreased cardiovascular events in the general population after acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous intervention in the CURE and CREDO trials, a reanalysis of these studies in patients with CKD (eGFR <60 ml/minute) showed either a reduced or no benefit from clopidogrel treatment. ESKD patients were not represented in these two large trials; this is true for most of the trials that established clopidogrel as an integral part of the therapeutic armamentarium for cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, clopidogrel has been associated with an increased risk of death, death from bleeding, and hospitalization for bleeding in patients with ESKD. In conclusion, current evidence suggests that ESKD patients may not derive the same benefits from clopidogrel therapy as the general population and this therapy may be associated with harm. Properly designed observational studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the role of clopidogrel in patients with ESKD, the use of platelet assays to tailor therapy, and the role of other antiplatelet agents such as prasugrel or ticagrelor in patients who exhibit high on‐treatment residual platelet reactivity.
Thinking about Others versus Another: Three Reasons Judgments about Collectives and Individuals Differ
Authors: Critcher Clayton R. , Dunning David 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this article, we review evidence that people are more positive in assessments of specific individuals than they are about collectives of others, even when people have essentially no information about the individual or collective they are judging. We offer three explanations for this difference. First, evaluative “attacks” on individuals are more aversive than similar attacks on collectives. Second, to encourage or smooth interaction, people sometimes “assume the best” about individuals until proven wrong. Social interaction occurs between specific individuals, so such optimism does not extend to people in general. Third, in making judgments of individuals versus collectives, people naturally focus on different types of information. For an individual, people spontaneously consider influences that operate inside an individual (e.g., one's will, one's moral conscience). But for collectives, people instead contemplate influences that operate at a social level (e.g., social influence, social norms). We explore how these three proposals help predict when judgments of individuals and collectives do or do not differ.
Asymmetries Between Positives and Negatives
Authors: Hsee Christopher K. , Rottenstreich Yuval , Tang Judy 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHow people react to negatives (what they dislike) is not always symmetric to how they react to positives (what they like). We propose a theoretical framework that links three potentially general types of positive–negative asymmetries: asymmetry in prediction errors (people err more when predicting others' attitudes about positives than about negatives), asymmetry in consensus (people agree more among themselves about negatives than about positives), and asymmetry in base rates (there are more negatives than positives). Our theory further explores a moderator for these asymmetries – importance of the stimulus to the self: greater importance engenders greater positive–negative asymmetries. We provide empirical evidence for our theory and discuss the boundaries and implications of our propositions and findings.
Behavioral Norms: Variants and Their Identification
Authors: Anderson Joanna E. , Dunning David 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBehavioral norms influence human interaction in virtually every situation, yet the study of norms in the behavioral sciences lags relative to their real‐world power and significance. We describe basic distinctions in norms emerging in the behavioral and social sciences – in particular, how norms may be descriptive (i.e,, what people commonly do) versus injunctive (i.e,, what people should do), and social (i.e,, beliefs about what other people think one should do) versus moral (i.e,, what one privately thinks one should do). We further describe empirical methods that researchers can use to examine whether any particular behavior is inspired by norms and which variant might be responsible. We end by describing emerging findings and questions in recent work on norms. Thus, the purpose of this review is to attempt to organize scholarship about norms for social and personality psychology, in the hope that it may foster empirical investigation of norm‐driven behavior and thus build connections to other behavioral sciences.
Systematic Review of Impact of Lifestyle‐Modification Programs on Metabolic Risks and Patient‐Reported Outcomes in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Lin Chia‐Huei , Chiang Shang‐Lin , Tzeng Wen‐Chii , Chiang Li‐Chi 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is primarily attributed to an unhealthy lifestyle, which is a modifiable risk factor. Researchers have been exploring various strategies, including lifestyle‐modification programs (LMPs), to prevent the progression of MetS. However, the effectiveness of LMPs on metabolic risks and patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) among adults with MetS remains inconclusive.AimTo evaluate the effectiveness of LMPs on the metabolic risks and PROs among adults with MetS.MethodsA systematic review of randomized controlled trials published from January 1985 to June 2014 was conducted. The review extracted LMP interventions that included outcomes on the metabolic risks and PROs (quality of life and any other psychological health indicators). The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration criteria.ResultsAmong the five trials included, the most commonly applied intervention components were diet plans, supervised exercise, health education, individual counseling, behavioral modification, and motivational interviewing. Three fifths of the studies were nurse‐led, and only one of the selected trials was theory‐guided. LMPs can effectively reduce triglyceride levels, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure. However, few trials consistently confirmed the benefits of metabolic risks, and none revealed a significant effect on high‐density lipoprotein, fasting blood glucose, or any PRO, except quality of life. The duration of LMPs in the included trials ranged from 4 to 24 weeks, and durations of at least 12 weeks significantly improved quality of life.Linking Evidence to ActionLMPs had positive effects on some metabolic risks and on quality of life, whereas longer‐duration LMPs may have highly beneficial effects on quality of life. The essential elements of LMPs need to be evaluated more thoroughly to determine their effectiveness. Larger and more rigorous randomized controlled trials are required to assess the effectiveness of LMPs on metabolic risks and PROs among adults with MetS.
Integration of Laser Surface Scanning and Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis for the Assessment of Volumetric Corrosion in Pipeline Fittings
Authors: Andrews Robert M. , Hadden Matthew , Casson Paul , Kashap Tamsin , Johnstone Steven A. 
Published: December 2014

Methods for assessing volumetric corrosion in fittings such as bends or branch connections are not well developed, although limited guidance is given in some codes. For other components and cases where the corrosion profile is complex or there are large external loads, these methods cannot be applied. In addition, detailed analysis of the actual corrosion shape and the applied loads may demonstrate significant additional margins compared with the code method. To do this, the actual profile of the corroded shape is required. This paper reports an initial study investigating methods of non-contact scanning a corroded fitting, constructing a finite element (FE) model of the corroded shape and prediction of the failure pressure.
Two corroded welded branch connections which had been removed from a block valve installation were used. The surface profiles were measured using a laser scanner and the scans imported into a FE model generation system and detailed models of the damaged connections then developed. Non-linear analyses were carried out to predict the failure pressure using assumed and measured stress-strain curves. Failure was predicted to occur in the area of the weld between the forged connection and the header.
Hydrostatic burst tests were carried out on the connections. In both tests failure initiated in the header pipe remote from the branch and the corroded area, and as a result the failure pressures were below those predicted by the FEA. However, the failures did occur at pressures about 20% higher than the original hydrostatic test pressure. Strain gauge data from the pressure tests were in reasonable agreement with the numerical predictions. Large strains were predicted and measured in the large artificial defect introduced in the second test.
This program has demonstrated the feasibility of making detailed surface profile measurements of corroded components on site, and then using these profiles in a non-linear FEA to predict failure pressures. The development work needed for routine application is discussed, and the selection of a failure criterion for the FEA when analysing complex geometries where there may be substantial through wall bending is also considered.
Control of Weld HAZ Properties in Modern High Strength Pipeline Steels
Authors: Barbaro Frank , Kuzmikova Lenka , Zhu Zhixiong , Li Huijun 
Published: December 2014

Critical performance of modern high strength linepipe is related to the ability of the steel to maintain mechanical properties in the weld heat affected zone (HAZ). The region most susceptible to mechanical property degradation is the coarse grained HAZ, however in multipass welds, the intercritically reheated CGHAZ (ICCGHAZ) also presents challenges to maintain toughness.
Currently Ti is employed to minimise austenite grain coarsening through the grain boundary pinning action of TiN precipitates. This is effective because of the high thermal stability of TiN but control of the precipitate size distribution is very much dependent on alloy design and processing conditions to ensure final weld HAZ properties, particularly toughness. This can be difficult to maintain and alternative methods are required to further improve performance of the weldments.
It is now evident that increased additions of Nb in modern high temperature processed (HTP) steels have demonstrated increased control of HAZ microstructures with improved fracture toughness [1, 2]. The present paper details the microstructure - property relationship of two pipe steel grades with different alloy designs. Evaluation of the critical CGHAZ was achieved by simulation techniques, calibrated using real weld thermal cycles, to determine the influence of alloy design and specifically level of Nb on weld zone properties.
The results reveal that the fracture toughness of the simulated CGHAZ in the HTP steel is superior to that of a conventional microalloyed pipeline steel grade. Toughness was related to the distribution of martensite-austenite (M-A) constituent and the effective grain size which appeared to correspond to prior austenite grain size as evidenced by examination of cleavage facet size (CFS) on fractured Charpy specimens.
Review of Fracture Control Technology for Gas Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Zhu Xian-Kui 
Published: December 2014

A fracture control plan is often required for a gas transmission pipeline in the structural design and safe operation. Fracture control involves technologies to control brittle and ductile fracture initiation, as well as brittle and ductile fracture propagation for gas pipelines, as reviewed in this paper. The approaches developed forty years ago for the fracture initiation controls remain in use today, with limited improvements. In contrast, the approaches developed for the ductile fracture propagation control has not worked for today’s pipeline steels. Extensive efforts have been made to this topic, but new technology still needs to be developed for modern high-strength pipeline steels. Thus, this is the central to be reviewed.
In order to control ductile fracture propagation, Battelle in the 1970s developed a two-curve model (BTCM) to determine arrest toughness for gas pipeline steels in terms of Charpy vee-notched (CVN) impact energy. Practice showed that the BTCM is viable for pipeline grades X65 and below, but issues emerged for higher grades. Thus, different corrections to improve the BTCM and alternative methods have been proposed over the years. This includes the CVN energy-based corrections, the drop-weight tear test (DWTT) energy-based correlations, the crack-tip opening angle (CTOA) criteria, and finite element methods. These approaches are reviewed and discussed in this paper, as well as the newest technology developed to determine fracture arrest toughness for high-strength pipeline steels.
Advancements in the Detection and Sizing of “Pinhole” Metal Loss
Authors: Santamaria Wilson , Bluck Martin 
Published: December 2014

At IPC 2010 PII Pipeline Solutions (PII) presented the paper “VALIDATION OF LATEST GENERATION MFL IN-LINE INSPECTION TECHNOLOGY LEADS TO IMPROVED DETECTION AND SIZING SPECIFICATION FOR PINHOLES, PITTING, AXIAL GROOVING AND AXIAL SLOTTING”1, IPC 2010-31124. The suggestion was that this improvement would allow operators to make more informed pipeline integrity decisions in future.
In the 4 years since this paper was presented many hundreds of runs have been completed with this latest generation MFL ILI technology, capturing information on tens of thousands of kilometers of pipe, and generating a significant volume of dig verification data. In collaboration with Oil & Gas pipeline operators around the world this growing dig verification database has been utilized to improve software models, algorithms, & analysis processes to validate and further enhance system detection, sizing, & reporting capabilities.
This paper focuses on the recent collaboration between ExxonMobil and PII, to investigate system capabilities with respect to “Pinholes”, to address a known threat to a specific pipeline in the United Kingdom. This paper will describe the:
• Evolution of the “Pinhole” specification that captured the interest of ExxonMobil.
• Use of Finite Element models to predict entitlement for characterization of “Pinhole” type defects
• Detail of and results from the ExxonMobil sponsored test program that was conducted in early 2013
• The in-line inspection, analysis report, and dig verification that followed for the pipeline in question.
This joint paper, prepared and presented in collaboration by ExxonMobil & PII, will reflect the perspective and synergy of the Pipeline Owner/Operator and the ILI Vendor.
Design of Pipeline Composite Repairs: From Lab Scale Tests to FEA and Full Scale Testing
Authors: Her Remy , Renard Jacques , Gaffard Vincent , Favry Yves , Wiet Paul 
Published: December 2014

Composite repair systems are used for many years to restore locally the pipe strength where it has been affected by damage such as wall thickness reduction due to corrosion, dent, lamination or cracks.
Composite repair systems are commonly qualified, designed and installed according to ASME PCC2 code or ISO 24817 standard requirements. In both of these codes, the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) of the damaged section must be determined to design the composite repair. To do so, codes such as ASME B31G for example for corrosion, are used. The composite repair systems is designed to “bridge the gap” between the MAWP of the damaged pipe and the original design pressure.
The main weakness of available approaches is their applicability to combined loading conditions and various types of defects. The objective of this work is to set-up a “universal” methodology to design the composite repair by finite element calculations with directly taking into consideration the loading conditions and the influence of the defect on pipe strength (whatever its geometry and type).
First a program of mechanical tests is defined to allow determining all the composite properties necessary to run the finite elements calculations. It consists in compression and tensile tests in various directions to account for the composite anisotropy and of Arcan tests to determine steel to composite interface behaviors in tension and shear. In parallel, a full scale burst test is performed on a repaired pipe section where a local wall thinning is previously machined. For this test, the composite repair was designed according to ISO 24817.
Then, a finite element model integrating damaged pipe and composite repair system is built. It allowed simulating the test, comparing the results with experiments and validating damage models implemented to capture the various possible types of failures. In addition, sensitivity analysis considering composite properties variations evidenced by experiments are run.
The composite behavior considered in this study is not time dependent. No degradation of the composite material strength due to ageing is taking into account. The roadmap for the next steps of this work is to clearly identify the ageing mechanisms, to perform tests in relevant conditions and to introduce ageing effects in the design process (and in particular in the composite constitutive laws).
Guidelines for Interpretation and Application of API Standard 1104
Authors: Bruce William A. , Amend Bill , Rogers Geoff , Wang Yong-Yi , Rapp Steve 
Published: December 2014

The application of requirements contained in many industry codes and standards requires some interpretation by the user and by the regulator who is called upon to enforce their use. There are often differences in the way requirements are interpreted because of ambiguous specification language, unclear rationale behind the requirements, or novel or non-traditional applications. Some industry codes and standards contain guidance in the form of commentary sections or companion documents to assist in matters of interpretation and application. Until recently, this was not the case for API Standard 1104 – Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities,(1) where requests for interpretation have been frequent because of unclear requirements or an absence of information pertaining to rationale.
This paper describes a project sponsored by Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) and carried out by DNV GL that resulted in the development of a guidance document for API 1104.(2)
A Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis Process to Optimize and Better Defend the Pipeline Route Selection Process
Authors: Seel Kevin , Dragan Massimo , Coulombe-Pontbriand Moise , Laird Colleen Simpson , Campbell Curtis 
Published: December 2014

Linear infrastructure routing experts struggle with providing rationale for final route selections that are defensible, transparent, open to two-way stakeholder communication, and ultimately scientifically rigorous and repeatable. Likewise, proponents are wise to adopt a front-end, risk-based approach to proactively identify, mitigate or possibly avoid routing decisions that may result in stakeholder opposition and costly permitting and/or approval delays.
This paper discusses an approach using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and a highly structured multi-criteria spatial analysis (MCA) to identify potentially optimal corridors and routes based on best available environmental, social, economic and technical spatial datasets. This approach can be used by multidisciplinary project teams to systematically capture, explore and record routing protocols and assumptions, and then extrapolate these considerations through GIS modelling into simulated corridor and route options which can then be quantitatively analyzed, compared, documented and communicated.
Early identification and mitigation of project routing risks may help reduce or avoid costly project delays at later stages. Stakeholder communication and consultation can be incorporated at each stage in order to inform routes and explore trade-offs, as well as communicate routing rationale in an open, constructive and meaningful way.
The resulting benefits of this approach include a robust and comprehensive rationale, providing proponents with a clear and compelling “story” in support of public and stakeholder consultation as well as the regulatory approval process.
A Practical Approach to Continuous Quality Control of Pipeline System Records
Authors: Lutz Andrew R. , Bubenik Thomas A. 
Published: December 2014

In recent years there has been an industry wide initiative to verify operating pressures by reviewing source records and ensuring they are traceable, verifiable, and complete. A methodology was presented in a recent paper (A Practical Approach to Pipeline System Materials Verification by Lutz and Bubenik) to systematically review and organize records into an auditable framework (i.e. a GIS compatible listing or database). Once operators have completed their systematic records review, they are advised to maximize their investment by performing appropriate on-going records maintenance.
An effective records maintenance program will include the following elements to ensure effective management-of-change and continuous quality assurance and quality control. 1. Source documents will be made available to the company engineers and technicians that use the verified information to make everyday integrity and operational decisions (i.e. use a GIS interface to link verified information to the source documents). 2. A controlled process for management-of-change that effectively integrates new construction and replacement records into the existing database. 3. Continuously verify and cross-check pipeline system material properties with… a. …destructive material testing of any pipe that is removed or replaced. b. …in-the-ditch NDE methodologies, such as UT wall-thickness measurements and hardness to yield strength testing. c. …global survey data such as GIS and in-line inspection. 4. A controlled process to resolve records failures that includes the following steps: a. Identify and isolate the data point(s) that are the cause of the records failure. b. Establish a boundary around the potential extents of the records failure. c. Systematically investigate within the established boundary and verify the data discrepancies until the records failure is resolved to a reasonable certainty.
By implementing a records maintenance program with these elements, operators will ensure that their records database will be maintained and that the information being relied upon for daily integrity and operational decisions is reliable. Operators will decrease the likelihood of issues resulting from records failures and will ensure their records organization will with stand the scrutiny of future audits and records investigations.