bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of the Measurement of Lipids and Lipoproteins in Mice
Authors: Tailleux Anne , Staels Bart 
Published: January 2015

AbstractExperimental mouse models are widely used for preclinical research on dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and cardiometabolic diseases. This unit reports the most commonly used biochemical analysis methods available to determine the lipid and lipoprotein phenotype in the mouse. The discussed methods include: the qualitative and quantitative analysis of lipids, apolipoproteins, and lipoproteins (with a specific emphasis on species‐specificities of mice and humans), and the activity assay of major enzymes involved in lipoprotein remodeling (LCAT, PLTP, and LPL). The unit also discusses the most frequently used functional tests to analyze lipid/lipoprotein metabolism in vivo, including triglyceride metabolism, reverse cholesterol transport, intestinal lipid absorption, and secretion. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:265‐277 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Epidemiology of Posterior Heel Pain in the General Population: Cross‐Sectional Findings From the Clinical Assessment Study of the Foot
Authors: Chatterton Benjamin D. , Muller Sara , Roddy Edward 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveTo identify the population prevalence of posterior heel pain (HP), related disability, and associated factors.MethodsA total of 9,334 adults ages ≥50 years were mailed a questionnaire. Participants reporting foot pain in the last month shaded the foot pain location on a manikin. The Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index assessed disabling foot pain. Population prevalence of any, bilateral, and disabling posterior HP was estimated using weighted logistic regression accounting for nonresponse. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated between posterior HP and age, sex, neighborhood deprivation, occupational class (professional, intermediate, and manual), body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), physical activity, heel height, and diabetes mellitus.ResultsA total of 5,109 questionnaires were received (adjusted response 56%). Six hundred seventy‐five respondents (13%) reported posterior HP, of whom 382 had bilateral symptoms. A total of 398 (8%) reported disabling posterior HP. Posterior HP in either foot was associated with increasing BMI (25.0–29.9 [OR 1.58], 30.0–34.9 [OR 2.13], and ≥35.0 [OR 4.09]) and with manual occupations (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.47–2.62). Bilateral posterior HP was associated with increasing BMI (25.0–29.9 [OR 1.79], 30.0–34.9 [OR 2.43], and ≥35.0 [OR 5.79]), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.07–2.05), and manual occupations (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.48–3.30). Disabling posterior HP was associated with increasing BMI (25.0–29.9 [OR 1.44], 30.0–34.9 [OR 2.50], and ≥35.0 [OR 4.69]), age (≥75 years OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.01–1.96), manual occupations (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.35–2.88), and diabetes mellitus (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.04–1.95). High physical activity was negatively associated with posterior HP in either heel (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.33–0.56), bilateral posterior HP (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.25–0.49), and disabling posterior HP (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.23–0.46).ConclusionPosterior HP is prevalent and associated with obesity, manual occupations, and physical inactivity. Prospective studies should assess the roles of obesity in causation and weight loss in treatment.
Why do farmworkers delay treatment after debilitating injuries? Thematic analysis explains if, when, and why farmworkers were treated for injuries
Authors: Thierry Amy Danielle , Snipes Shedra Amy 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundFarmworkers who delay treatment after workplace injuries may increase injury severity and experience longer recovery times. To understand why farmworkers delay treatment we employed a mixed‐methods analysis of 393 farmworker injury narratives from the National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS).MethodsFirst, open‐ended injury narratives were coded for attitudes related to injury timing and delay. Next, narratives were compared against demographic survey attributes to assess contextual information and patterns linked to treatment timing.ResultsFour treatment timings were identified: immediate medical treatment (57.9%), delayed medical treatment (18.2%) self‐ administered treatment (14.9%), and no treatment at all (8.9%). Delay was primarily attributed to attitudes prioritizing work over pain, and when workers were able to work despite injury. However, immediate treatment was sought when workers were completely debilitated and unable to work, when a supervisor was notified, or when exposed to pesticides during injury. Timing choices varied by education, gender and migrant status.ConclusionsTraining on timely treatment, including notification of supervisors, may help reduce treatment delay for farmworkers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:178–192, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characteristics of nonfatal occupational injuries among U.S. workers with and without disabilities
Authors: Shi Junxin , Gardner Stephen , Wheeler Krista K. , Thompson Meghan C. , Lu Bo , Stallones Lorann , Xiang Huiyun 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundWorkers with disabilities have a higher risk of nonfatal occupational injuries than workers without disabilities. The characteristics of these injuries are not well described.MethodsUsing 1997–2011 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data, we compared the nonfatal occupational injuries sustained by U.S. workers with and without disabilities.ResultsOverexertion or strenuous movements and falls accounted for 56.7% of all occupational injuries in workers with disabilities, compared with 45.6% in workers without a disability. Workers with disabilities were more frequently injured in the lower extremity (32.3% vs. 26.6%) or torso (22.9% vs. 16.9%). Workers with disabilities sustained more unspecified injuries (13.5% vs. 7.9%) and fewer open wound injuries (15.7% vs. 24.2%) than their counterparts without a disability.ConclusionsU.S. workers with disabilities had a higher rate of occupational injuries and these injuries tended to be more severe and were more likely to be caused by overexertion/ strenuous movement or falls. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:168–177, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and validation of a fatigue assessment scale for U.S. construction workers
Authors: Zhang Mingzong , Sparer Emily H. , Murphy Lauren A. , Dennerlein Jack T. , Fang Dongping , Katz Jeffrey N. , Caban‐Martinez Alberto J. 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveTo develop a fatigue assessment scale and test its reliability and validity for commercial construction workers.MethodsUsing a two‐phased approach, we first identified items (first phase) for the development of a Fatigue Assessment Scale for Construction Workers (FASCW) through review of existing scales in the scientific literature, key informant interviews (n = 11) and focus groups (three groups with six workers each) with construction workers. The second phase included assessment for the reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the new scale using a repeated‐measures study design with a convenience sample of construction workers (n = 144).ResultsPhase one resulted in a 16‐item preliminary scale that after factor analysis yielded a final 10‐item scale with two sub‐scales (“Lethargy” and “Bodily Ailment”). During phase two, the FASCW and its subscales demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (alpha coefficients were FASCW [0.91], Lethargy [0.86] and Bodily Ailment [0.84]) and acceptable test‐retest reliability (Pearson Correlations Coefficients: 0.59–0.68; Intraclass Correlation Coefficients: 0.74–0.80). Correlation analysis substantiated concurrent and convergent validity. A discriminant analysis demonstrated that the FASCW differentiated between groups with arthritis status and different work hours.ConclusionsThe 10‐item FASCW with good reliability and validity is an effective tool for assessing the severity of fatigue among construction workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:220–228, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Newly Identified Antiatherosclerotic Activity of Methotrexate and Adalimumab: Complementary Effects on Lipoprotein Function and Macrophage Cholesterol Metabolism
Authors: Ronda Nicoletta , Greco Daniela , Adorni Maria Pia , Zimetti Francesca , Favari Elda , Hjeltnes Gunnbjørg , Mikkelsen Knut , Borghi Maria Orietta , Favalli Ennio Giulio , Gatti Rita , Hollan Ivana , Meroni Pier Luigi , Bernini Franco 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. The reduction in cardiovascular risk that is induced by methotrexate (MTX) and anti–tumor necrosis factor α agents in RA is considered secondary to their anti‐inflammatory action, but their effects on serum lipoprotein function and foam cell formation are unknown. The reduced capacity of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) to promote cell cholesterol efflux and the increased serum cell cholesterol‐loading capacity (CLC) demonstrated in RA may contribute to foam cell development. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of MTX and adalimumab treatment on serum cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) and CLC in RA patients and to study the in vitro effects of the two drugs on macrophage cholesterol handling.MethodsSera from RA patients treated with MTX (n = 34) or with adalimumab and MTX (n = 22) obtained before treatment, after 6 weeks of treatment, and after 6 months of treatment were analyzed for CEC and CLC by radioisotopic and fluorometric techniques, respectively. The influence of MTX and adalimumab on macrophage cholesterol efflux and uptake was evaluated in vitro using human THP‐1–derived macrophages.ResultsMTX treatment was associated with increases in serum HDL, low‐density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol levels and with ATP‐binding cassette G1–mediated and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR‐BI)–mediated increases in CEC; MTX treatment was not associated with modifications in CLC. Adalimumab treatment was associated with increases in serum HDL levels, a transient increase in SR‐BI–mediated CEC, a transient decrease in ATP‐binding cassette A1–mediated CEC, and a significant reduction in CLC; in addition, adalimumab reduced macrophage cholesterol uptake in vitro.ConclusionAntiatherosclerotic activity asso‐ciated with MTX and adalimumab may be mediated by beneficial and complementary effects on lipoprotein functions and on macrophage cholesterol handling. As a whole, these mechanisms may oppose foam cell formation.
Assessment of avocado seeds (Persea americana) to produce bio‐oil through supercritical liquefaction
Authors: Aysu Tevfik , Durak Halil 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAvocado (Persea americana) seeds were liquefied in supercritical ethanol and acetone with (KOH, ZnCl2) and without catalyst at various temperatures (250, 270, and 290 °C) in an autoclave under high pressure for production of bio‐oil. The effects of liquefaction parameters, such as type of solvent, temperature, and type of catalyst, on the liquefaction yields were studied. Acetone as solvent and zinc chloride as catalyst provide the optimum conditions for liquefaction. The results showed that the highest conversion (liquid + gaseous products) of 76.90 % was obtained in acetone at 290 °C with ZnCl2 (10%). The produced bio‐oils were analyzed and characterized by the methods including Elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). One hundred seventy and 195 different compounds were identified by GC‐MS in the bio‐oils obtained in acetone at 270 and 290 °C, respectively. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Does age affect gastric emptying time? A model‐based meta‐analysis of data from premature neonates through to adults
Authors: Bonner Jennifer J. , Vajjah Pavan , Abduljalil Khaled , Jamei Masoud , Rostami‐Hodjegan Amin , Tucker Geoffrey T. , Johnson Trevor N. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPurpose. Gastric emptying (GE) is often reported to be slower and more irregular in premature neonates than in older children and adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of age and other covariates on the rate of GE. Methods. The effect of age on the mean gastric residence times (MGRT) of liquid and solid food was assessed by analysing 49 published studies of 1457 individuals, aged from 28 weeks gestation to adults. The data were modelled using the nonlinear mixed‐effects approach within NONMEM version 7.2 (ICON, Dublin, Ireland), with evaluation of postnatal age, gestational age and meal type as covariates. A double Weibull function was selected as a suitable model since it could account for the typical biphasic nature of GE. Results. Age was not a significant covariate for GE but meal type was. Aqueous solutions were associated with the fastest emptying time (mean simulated gastric residence time of 45 min) and solid food was associated with the slowest (98 min). Conclusions. These findings challenge the assertion that GE is different in neonates, as compared with older children and adults due to age, and they reinforce the significance of food type in modulating GE. © 2015 The Authors. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Systematic review of surgery and outcomes in patients with primary aldosteronism
Authors: Muth A , Ragnarsson O , Johannsson G , Wängberg B 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Background
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. The main aims of this paper were to review outcome after surgical versus medical treatment of PA and partial versus total adrenalectomy in patients with PA.

Methods
Relevant medical literature from PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Embase OvidSP from 1985 to June 2014 was reviewed.

Results
Of 2036 records, 43 articles were included in the final analysis. Twenty-one addressed surgical versus medical treatment of PA, four considered partial versus total adrenalectomy for unilateral PA, and 18 series reported on surgical outcomes. Owing to the heterogeneity of protocols and reported outcomes, only a qualitative analysis was performed. In six studies, surgical and medical treatment had comparable outcomes concerning blood pressure, whereas six showed better outcome after surgery. No differences were seen in cardiovascular complications, but surgery was associated with the use of fewer antihypertensive medications after surgery, improved quality of life, and (possibly) lower all-cause mortality compared with medical treatment. Randomized studies indicate a role for partial adrenalectomy in PA, but the high rate of multiple adenomas or adenoma combined with hyperplasia in localized disease is disconcerting. Surgery for unilateral dominant PA normalized BP in a mean of 42 (range 20–72) per cent and the biochemical profile in 96–100 per cent of patients. The mean complication rate in 1056 patients was 4·7 per cent.

Conclusion
Recommendations for treatment of PA are hampered by the lack of randomized trials, but support surgical resection of unilateral disease. Partial adrenalectomy may be an option in selected patients.
Some Problems with Randomized Controlled Trials and Some Viable Alternatives
Authors: Carey Timothy A. , Stiles William B. 
Published: January 2015

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are currently the dominant methodology for evaluating psychological treatments. They are widely regarded as the gold standard, and in the current climate, it is unlikely that any particular psychotherapy would be considered evidence‐based unless it had been subjected to at least one, and usually more, RCTs. Despite the esteem within which they are held, RCTs have serious shortcomings. They are the methodology of choice for answering some questions but are not well suited for answering others. In particular, they seem poorly suited for answering questions related to why therapies work in some situations and not in others and how therapies work in general. Ironically, the questions that RCTs cannot answer are the questions that are of most interest to clinicians and of most benefit to patients. In this paper, we review some of the shortcomings of RCTs and suggest a number of other approaches. With a more nuanced understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of RCTs and a greater awareness of other research strategies, we might begin to develop a more realistic and precise understanding of which treatment options would be most effective for particular clients with different problems and in different circumstances. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Practitioners can think more critically about evidence provided by RCTs and can contribute to progress in psychotherapy by conducting research using different methodologies.
Flow cytometric analysis of drug‐Induced basophil histamine release
Authors: Cop N. , Uyttebroek A. P. , Sabato V. , Bridts C. H. , De Clerck L. S. , Ebo D. G. 
Published: January 2015

Histamine and its release can be studied by multicolor flow cytometry on a single cell level by an enzyme affinity method (HistaFlow®). However, for the time‐being, the clinical and scientific application of the HistaFlow® technique remains limited. This study aims at verifying the reliability of the HistaFlow® as an instrument to quantify IgE‐mediated basophil responses to drugs, i.e., rocuronium, which are believed to be less potent basophil activators than large proteinaceous allergens.Ten patients and three exposed control individuals were included in this study. Each subject underwent in vitro basophil activation tests (HistaFlow®) with 0.16 and 1.6 mmol/L rocuronium.Patients showed an activation of basophils ranging from 11 to 86% of CD63 positive basophils and a median histamine release per cell from 68 to 100% after stimulation with an optimal concentration of 1.6 mmol/L rocuronium. For the control individuals no activation was demonstrable.This study confirms that the HistaFlow® technique is a reliable tool to study histamine release by individual cells in response to drugs. Although the HistaFlow® technique will probably not add to the diagnostic management of rocuronium allergy, our findings suggest that the technique could constitute an important asset for future studies on the pathomechanism(s) of immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Discrete FeII Spin‐Crossover Complexes of 2,2′‐Dipyridylamino‐Substituted s‐Triazine Ligands with Phenoxo, Cyanophenoxo and Dibenzylamino Functionalities
Authors: Scott Hayley S. , Ross Tamsyn M. , Phonsri Wasinee , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Chastanet Guillaume , Létard Jean‐François , Batten Stuart R. , Murray Keith S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFour 2,2′‐dipyridylamino‐s‐triazine‐substituted ligands, each of which incorporate different aromatic substituents (phenoxo, 4‐CN‐phenoxo and benzylamino) with different degrees of bulk and flexibility, have been formed and incorporated into a number of mononuclear FeII complexes of type trans‐[FeII(L)2(NCX)2]·solvent (in which X = S, Se and BH3). These ligands were designed to promote π–π stacking between complexes. The complexes reported have been comprehensively characterised using single‐crystal diffraction techniques in combination with magnetic susceptibility measurements. Light‐induced excited spin‐state trapping (LIESST) measurements have been performed on selected complexes. Light irradiation has shown the occurrence of a reversible photoswitching process at low temperature.
Fish peptone development using enzymatic hydrolysis of silver carp by‐products as a nitrogen source in Staphylococcus aureus media
Authors: Fallah Meysam , Bahram Somayeh , Javadian Seyed Roholla 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFish peptone was produced using enzymatic hydrolysis of silver carp filleting by‐products by alcalase and trypsin. Also, the efficiency of the hydrolysates as a nitrogen source in Staphylococcus aureus medium was compared with commercial TSB. The results indicated that the protein hydrolysate from alcalase and trypsin had high protein content (92.92%, 91.53 respectively), and degree of hydrolysis (4.94%, 4.6% respectively).The results showed that silver carp filleting waste can be an efficient source for fish peptone production as a nitrogen source for S. aureus medium. However, the type of the used proteolytic enzyme considerably affected the performance of the resulting peptone despite the same DH. Fish peptone produced by alcalese performed significantly (P < 0.05) better than commercial TSB as a media for the bacteria while the performance of the trypsin peptone was not as good as the commercial medium.
Recovery efficiency of nitrogen from liquid and solid fractions of pig slurry obtained using different separation technologies
Authors: Fangueiro David , Coutinho João , Borges Leandro , Vasconcelos Ernesto 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe characteristics of solid (SF) and liquid (LF) fractions resulting from solid–liquid separation of pig slurry depend on the separation technique used. It can be assumed that the separation technique will also affect the nitrogen (N) availability to plants. A pot experiment was performed with ryegrass to compare the N‐recovery efficiency of SFs and LFs obtained with four frequently used separation techniques (centrifugation [Cent], sediment settling during 20 h [Sed], enhanced settling during 20 h by addition of cationic polyacrylamide [Sed+PAM], sieving [Siev], sieving followed by treatment of the resulting liquid fraction by PAM addition [Siev+PAM]) with the untreated slurry (US) and an unfertilized control. Increases (2–17%) of ryegrass dry matter yield (DMY) were obtained in LF treatments relative to US. However, this increase was statistically significant only for the Siev+PAM‐L treatment. A significant decrease of ryegrass DMY was observed in SF treatments relative to US. All treatments with SFs led to similar values of DMY while only small differences were observed between treatments receiving LFs. A significant correlation (R2 = 0.968) was observed between the total DMY and the NH$ _4^+ $ ‐ N : Ntot ratio of the fraction applied suggesting that this is a major parameter to be considered when comparing separation techniques. Overall, the separation techniques showed only a weak effect on the dry matter yields and on the N ‐ recovery efficiency from LF and SF although they strongly affected the nutrient concentration and speciation in each fraction.
Tephra analysis in ombrotrophic peatlands: A geochemical comparison of acid digestion and density separation techniques
Authors: ROLAND T. P. , MACKAY H. , HUGHES P. D. M. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTOmbrotrophic peatlands often lack any substantial local mineral component and therefore present exceptional opportunities for the extraction and identification of tephra horizons. Following concerns of shard geochemistry alteration during isolation using acid digestion, an alternative methodology using heavy liquids has been proposed. However, harsh basic and acidic digestions are rarely required in organic‐rich, ombrotrophic peatlands. Consequently, this study tested for geochemical differences between tephra shards from a known rhyolitic eruption, isolated from the same stratigraphic depth of a peat sequence using density separation and an acid digestion methodology typically applied to ombrotrophic peat samples and analysed using electron probe microanalysis. Findings suggest that the two samples could not be geochemically distinguished using visual and statistical methods and that, in the context of rhyolitic tephras in ombrotrophic peats, acid digestion can be used without significant effects on the interpretation of results. Density separation may still be required in peatlands with high mineral input and further work is required to examine the effect of the acid digestion technique on tephra of non‐rhyolitic compositions.