bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reading Fluency Estimates of Current Intellectual Function: Demographic Factors and Effects of Type of Stimuli
Authors: Simos Panagiotis G. , Sideridis Georgios D. , Kasselimis Dimitrios , Mouzaki Angeliki 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe study explores the potential clinical value of reading fluency measures in complementing demographic variables as indices of current intellectual capacity. IQ estimates (based on the PPVT-R, WASI Vocabulary and Block Design subtests) were obtained from a representative, non-clinical sample of 386 Greek adults aged 48–87 years along with two measures of reading efficiency (one involving relatively high-frequency words—WRE—and the second comprised of phonotactically matched pseudowords—PsWRE). Both reading measures (number of items read correctly in 45 s) accounted for significant portions of variability in demographically adjusted verbal and performance IQ indices. Reading measures provided IQ estimates which were significantly closer to those predicted by demographic variables alone in up to 22% of individuals with fewer than 7 (across all ages) or 13 years of formal education (in the 70–87 year age range). PsWRE scores slightly outperformed WRE scores in predicting a person's estimated verbal or performance IQ. Results are discussed in the context of previous findings using reading accuracy measures for low-frequency words with exceptional spellings in less transparent orthographic systems such as English. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–7)
Disparities in Completion of Substance Abuse Treatment between and within Racial and Ethnic Groups
Authors: Guerrero Erick G. , Marsh Jeanne C. , Duan Lei , Oh Christine , Perron Brian , Lee Benedict 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion between and within racial and ethnic groups in publicly funded treatment in Los Angeles County, California.Data SourceThe Los Angeles County Participant Reporting System with multicross‐sectional annual data (2006–2009) for adult participants (n = 16,637) who received treatment from publicly funded programs (n = 276) for the first time.Study DesignRetrospective analyses of county discharge and admission data. Hierarchical linear regressions models were used to test the hypotheses.Data CollectionClient data were collected during personal interviews at admission and discharge for most participants.Principal FindingsAfrican Americans and Latinos reported lower odds of completing treatment compared with Whites. Within‐group analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within racial and ethnic groups, highlighting primary drug problem, days of drug use before admission, and homelessness as significant factors affecting treatment completion. Service factors, such as referral by the criminal justice system, enabled completion among Latinos and Whites only.ConclusionsThese findings have implications for reducing health disparities among members of racial and ethnic minorities by identifying individual and service factors associated with treatment adherence, particularly for first‐time clients.
Incidental sonographic diagnosis of neonatal carotid occlusion
Authors: Raets Marlou MA , Lequin Maarten H , Plaisier Annemarie , Dudink Jeroen , Govaert Paul 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCranial ultrasonography including colour Doppler can detect neonatal carotid flow problems at an early stage, even before symptoms occur. Different pathogeneses can be identified. The condition is more frequent than previously reported. If the circle of Willis is fully developed, this can prevent brain injury even in case of total carotid flow obstructionConclusionScreening of the carotid artery in critically ill neonates may detect complications of treatment at an early stage.
The developmental transition of ovine adipose tissue through early life
Authors: Pope M. , Budge H. , Symonds M. E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimHypothermia induced by cold exposure at birth is prevented in sheep by the rapid onset of non‐shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Changes in adipose tissue composition in early life are therefore essential for survival but also influence adiposity in later life and were thus examined in detail during early development.MethodsChanges in adipose composition were investigated by immunohistochemistry and qRT‐PCR between the period from the first appearance of adipose in the mid gestation foetus, through birth and up to 1 month of age.ResultsWe identified four distinct phases of development, each associated with pronounced changes in tissue histology and in distribution of the BAT specific uncoupling protein (UCP)1. At mid gestation, perirenal adipose tissue exhibited a dense proliferative, structure marked by high expression of KI‐67 but with no UCP1 or visible lipid droplets. By late gestation large quantities of UCP1 were present, lipid storage was evident and expression of BAT‐related genes were abundant (e.g. prolactin and β3 receptors). Subsequently, within 12 h of birth, the depot was largely depleted of lipid and expression of genes such as UCP1, PGC1α, CIDEA peaked. By 30 days UCP1 was undetectable and the depot contained large lipid droplets; however, genes characteristic of BAT (e.g. PRDM16 and BMP7) and most characteristic of white adipose tissue (e.g. leptin and RIP140) were still abundant.ConclusionAdipose tissue undergoes profound compositional changes in early life, of which an increased understanding could offer potential interventions to retain BAT in later life.
L‐DOPA attenuates prolactin secretion in response to isolation stress in Holstein steers
Authors: Kasuya Etsuko , Yayou Ken‐ichi , Sutoh Madoka 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTo clarify endocrine responses to psychological stressors in cattle, the effects of isolation from familiar peers on plasma prolactin (PRL) and cortisol (CORT) concentrations, and the effect of 3,4‐dihydroxy‐L‐phenylalanine (L‐DOPA), a precursor of dopamine (DA), on stress‐induced PRL secretion were determined in Holstein steers. First, the potency of peripheral L‐DOPA administration on attenuation of central DA levels was confirmed. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from a chronic cannula in the third ventricle and plasma were sampled 1 h before and 3 h after intravenous injection of L‐DOPA (100 mg/head). DA concentrations in CSF increased just after L‐DOPA injection with subsequent decrease in PRL secretion. Injection of L‐DOPA increased CORT secretion. Second, one experimental steer was isolated in its stall by removing its peers for 2 h with or without‐ pre‐injection of L‐DOPA. The concentration of PRL was elevated by isolation treatment, whereas the effect of isolation on CORT concentration could not be detected. The increase in PRL concentration after isolation was abolished by pre‐injection of L‐DOPA. These results suggest that PRL responds to isolation and that DA neurons in the central nervous system may regulate stress‐induced PRL secretion in steers.
Low Risk and High Return – Affective Attitudes and Stock Market Expectations
Authors: Kempf Alexander , Merkle Christoph , Niessen‐Ruenzi Alexandra 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis experimental study investigates the impact of affective attitudes on risk and return estimates of stocks. Participants rate well‐known blue‐chip firms on an affective scale and forecast risk and return of the firms’ stock. We find that positive affective attitudes lead to a prediction of high return and low risk, while negative attitudes lead to a prediction of low return and high risk. This bias increases with participants’ confidence in their ratings and decreases with financial literacy. Firm characteristics such as a firm's marketing expenditures and the strength of its brand have a positive impact on its affective rating.
Medieval Consideration and Moral Pace
Authors: Clairmont David A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis essay examines the relationship between virtue and understandings of time through a comparative examination of two medieval Christian writers, Bernard of Clairvaux and Thomas Aquinas. By locating temporal dimensions of virtue primarily in discussions of prudence, this essay compares Thomas's account of the virtue of counsel as preparatory to prudent judgment with Bernard's earlier account of consideration as an integrating virtue that coordinates an examination of physical surroundings and social responsibilities with an examination of one's own inner life and history of moral decisions. The essay argues that accounts of virtue ethics focusing on tradition‐specific views of the human good and practical reasoning are insufficient if they do not also examine how practical reasoning interprets and responds to religious interpretations of time that disclose the distinctive kinds of moral problems arising in each historical period.
Assessing the molecular structure basis for biomass recalcitrance during dilute acid and hydrothermal pretreatments
Authors: Pu Yunqiao , Hu Fan , Huang Fang , Davison Brian H , Ragauskas Arthur J 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe production of cellulosic ethanol from biomass is considered a promising alternative to reliance on diminishing supplies of fossil fuels, providing a sustainable option for fuels production in an environmentally compatible manner. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels through a biological route usually suffers from the intrinsic recalcitrance of biomass owing to the complicated structure of plant cell walls. Currently, a pretreatment step that can effectively reduce biomass recalcitrance is generally required to make the polysaccharide fractions locked in the intricacy of plant cell walls to become more accessible and amenable to enzymatic hydrolysis. Dilute acid and hydrothermal pretreatments are attractive and among the most promising pretreatment technologies that enhance sugar release performance. This review highlights our recent understanding on molecular structure basis for recalcitrance, with emphasis on structural transformation of major biomass biopolymers (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) related to the reduction of recalcitrance during dilute acid and hydrothermal pretreatments. The effects of these two pretreatments on biomass porosity as well as its contribution on reduced recalcitrance are also discussed.
Lignosulfonate and elevated pH can enhance enzymatic saccharification of lignocelluloses
Authors: Wang ZJ , Lan TQ , Zhu JY 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundNonspecific (nonproductive) binding (adsorption) of cellulase by lignin has been identified as a key barrier to reduce cellulase loading for economical sugar and biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. Sulfite Pretreatment to Overcome Recalcitrance of Lignocelluloses (SPORL) is a relatively new process, but demonstrated robust performance for sugar and biofuel production from woody biomass especially softwoods in terms of yields and energy efficiencies. This study demonstrated the role of lignin sulfonation in enhancing enzymatic saccharification of lignocelluloses – lignosulfonate from SPORL can improve enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses, contrary to the conventional belief that lignin inhibits enzymatic hydrolysis due to nonspecific binding of cellulase.ResultsThe study found that lignosulfonate from SPORL pretreatment and from a commercial source inhibits enzymatic hydrolysis of pure cellulosic substrates at low concentrations due to nonspecific binding of cellulase. Surprisingly, the reduction in enzymatic saccharification efficiency of a lignocellulosic substrate was fully recovered as the concentrations of these two lignosulfonates increased. We hypothesize that lignosulfonate serves as a surfactant to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis at higher concentrations and that this enhancement offsets its inhibitive effect from nonspecific binding of cellulase, when lignosulfonate is applied to lignocellulosic solid substrates. Lignosulfonate can block nonspecific binding of cellulase by bound lignin on the solid substrates, in the same manner as a nonionic surfactant, to significantly enhance enzymatic saccharification. This enhancement is linearly proportional to the amount of lignosulfonate applied which is very important to practical applications. For a SPORL-pretreated lodgepole pine solid, 90% cellulose saccharification was achieved at cellulase loading of 13 FPU/g glucan with the application of its corresponding pretreatment hydrolysate coupled with increasing hydrolysis pH to above 5.5 compared with only 51% for the control run without lignosulfonate at pH 5.0. The pH-induced lignin surface modification at pH 5.5 further reduced nonspecific binding of cellulase by lignosulfonate.ConclusionsThe results reported in this study suggest significant advantages for SPORL-pretreatment in terms of reducing water usage and enzyme dosage, and simplifying process integration, i.e., it should eliminate washing of SPORL solid fraction for direct simultaneous enzymatic saccharification and combined fermentation of enzymatic and pretreatment hydrolysates (SSCombF). Elevated pH 5.5 or higher, rather than the commonly believed optimal and widely practiced pH 4.8-5.0, should be used in conducting enzymatic saccharification of lignocelluloses.
Effects of intravenous administration of allogenic bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells on functional recovery and brain repair markers in experimental ischemic stroke
Authors: Gutiérrez-Fernández María , Rodríguez-Frutos Berta , Ramos-Cejudo Jaime , Teresa Vallejo-Cremades M , Fuentes Blanca , Cerdán Sebastián , Díez-Tejedor Exuperio 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Stem cell therapy can promote good recovery from stroke. Several studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are safe and effective. However, more information regarding appropriate cell type is needed from animal model. This study was targeted at analyzing the effects in ischemic stroke of acute intravenous (i.v.) administration of allogenic bone marrow- (BM-MSC) and adipose-derived-stem cells (AD-MSC) on functional evaluation results and brain repair markers.

Methods
Allogenic MSC (2 × 106 cells) were administered intravenously 30 minutes after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) to rats. Infarct volume and cell migration and implantation were analyzed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and immunohistochemistry. Function was evaluated by the Rogers and rotarod tests, and cell proliferation and cell-death were also determined. Brain repair markers were analyzed by confocal microscopy and confirmed by western blot.

Results
Compared to infarct group, function had significantly improved at 24 h and continued at 14 d after i.v. administration of either BM-MSC or AD-MSC. No reduction in infarct volume or any migration/implantation of cells into the damaged brain were observed. Nevertheless, cell death was reduced and cellular proliferation significantly increased in both treatment groups with respect to the infarct group. At 14 d after MSC administration vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), synaptophysin (SYP), oligodendrocyte (Olig-2) and neurofilament (NF) levels were significantly increased while those of glial fiibrillary acid protein (GFAP) were decreased.

Conclusions
i.v. administration of allogenic MSC - whether BM-MSC or AD-MSC, in pMCAO infarct was associated with good functional recovery, and reductions in cell death as well as increases in cellular proliferation, neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, synaptogenesis and angiogenesis markers at 14 days post-infarct.
Dopant and Self-Diffusion in Extrinsic n-Type Silicon Isotopically Controlled Heterostructures
Authors: Silvestri Hughes H. , Sharp Ian D. , Bracht Hartmut A. , Nicols Sam P. , Beeman Jeff W. , Hansen John , Nylandsted-Larsen Arne , Haller Eugene E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe present experimental results of dopant- and self-diffusion in extrinsic silicon doped with As. Multilayers of isotopically controlled 28Si and natural silicon enable simultaneous analysis of 30Si diffusion into the 28Si enriched layers and dopant diffusion throughout the multilayer structure. In order to suppress transient enhanced self- and dopant diffusion caused by ion implantation, we adopted a special approach to dopant introduction. First, an amorphous 250-nm thick Si layer was deposited on top of the Si isotope heterostructure. Then the dopant ions were implanted to a depth such that all the radiation damage resided inside this amorphous cap layer. These samples were annealed for various times and temperatures to study the impact of As diffusion and doping on Si self-diffusion. The Si self-diffusion coefficient and the dopant diffusivity for various extrinsic n-type conditions were determined over a wide temperature range. We observed increased diffusivities that we attribute to the increase in the concentration of the native defect promoting the diffusion.
Practical Directional Drilling Techniques and MWD Technology in Bakken and Upper Three Forks Formation in Williston Basin North Dakota to Improve Efficiency of Drilling and Well Productivity
Authors: Han Guangzhi , Davila Wilfredo A. , Magnuson Eric C. , Azizov Azar A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Bakken petroleum system, including the Bakken, Lower Lodgepole, and Upper Three Forks formations, is a widespread unit within the central and deeper portions of the Williston Basin in Montana, North Dakota, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba. The USGS estimated that the U.S. portion of the Bakken Formation contains between 3 and 4.3 billion barrels of undiscovered, recoverable oil, 1.85 Tcf of associated/dissolved natural gas and 148 million barrels of natural gas liquid; the Upper Three Forks Formation is estimated to contain 20 billion barrels of oil, with approximately 2 billion barrels of recoverable oil.There are extensive horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing activities targeting these two formations. Those horizontal wells typically have 10,000 ft lateral sections in pay zones and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing with 24 to 36 stages. The extensive well paths bring numerous challenges, including precisely landing the curve, enhancing drilling rig operating conditions to obtain measuring while drilling (MWD) system optimal performance, and avoiding drilling into undesirable formations. Overlooking some or all of these conditions could lead to unnecessary high dogleg severity (DLS), poor rate of penetration (ROP), unnecessary trips and sidetracks to name a few. All these conditions could ultimately add additional time and cost to the drilling and completion program of the well and in the worst-case lower future production rates to the operator.Several practical field techniques and technology applications are presented as solutions to help optimize ROP, reduce non-productive rig time and chances of sidetracks. Several field examples were analyzed. The techniques gained are valuable for developing optimal drilling practice procedures, and improving drilling operations and future well production.
Different Techniques for Characterizing the Filter Cake
Authors: Ba geri B. S. , Al-Mutairi S. H. , Mahmoud M. A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFilter cake occurs intentionally during the drilling operations to prevent fluid losses to the formation and allow good circulation for drilling fluids from the bottom hole to the surface. The filter cake composition depends on a well-designed drilling fluids and additives. The filter cake should allow for minimum filtration, prevent solid invasions to the formation, and withstand high differential overbalance pressures.This work involves a detailed discussion for the most important filter cake properties such as filter cake thickness, porosity, permeability, and filter cake mineralogy for both oil-based and water-based drilling muds. Moreover, it provides measuring methods for these filter cake properties and the range of accuracy in each method. The effect of each filter cake property on drilling operation and health of the drilled wellcan be investigated.The survey was found to provide a comprehensive study for filter cake properties and methods. The reader can easily use this paper to benchmark the produced data or select the right method.
Pressure and Rate Analysis of Fractured Low Permeability Gas Reservoirs: Numerical and Analytical Dual-Porosity Models
Authors: Teklu Tadesse Weldu , Akinboyewa John , Alharthy Najeeb , Torcuk Mehmet A. , AlSumaiti Ali M. , Kazemi Hossein , Graves Ramona M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Most oil and gas production comes from heterogeneous, fractured reservoirs. These fractures can be naturally induced or generated / re-activated through completion and stimulation techniques. In fractured reservoirs, the fluid flow is governed by both fracture and matrix rock-fluid characteristics. Hence, modeling of fractured reservoirs need special considerations to account for these rock-fluid interactions in the matrix and fractures. Currently used formulations of dual-porosity models give a good understanding of heterogeneous fractured reservoir systems. However, determining reservoir properties like effective permeability and estimating the pore-volume or reserves of fractured reservoirs (especially for tight formations) are some of the technical challenges related to reservoir characterization. In industry, similar reservoir properties can be estimated using prolonged rate or bottomhole pressure controlled drawdown analysis.
In this study, numerical dual-porosity models have been implemented and studied for a range of parameters. Grid geometry (radial / linear), type of well (vertical / horizontal), formation tightness (matrix permeability), mode of control (constant flowing pressure / constant flowing rate), and connectivity of fractures (connected and disconnected fracture-continuum) are among the cases investigated to capture the transient behavior of fractured tight gas formations using a numerical dual-porosity model. In addition, for the linear, flow rate controlled case, numerical and analytical model results are compared with good matches.
Fracture and matrix permeability, effective permeability, fracture conductivity, fracture and matrix storativity, and radius of investigation are among the reservoir parameters inferred / calculated from simulation results using the numerical model. Inferred results match the input values to an acceptable degree of accuracy. Hence, it can be concluded that numerical dual-porosity model is a very good tool to analyze transient response of tight formations.