bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investor-State Arbitration: Evaluating Australia’s Evolving Position
Authors: Trakman Leon E. 
Published: April 2014

This article examines Australia’s contentious 2011 Trade Policy Statement in which the Federal Government indicated that it will no longer provide for investor-state arbitration (ISA) in future bilateral and regional trade agreements (BRTAs), choosing instead to rely on alternatives to ISA. These are likely to vary from encouraging investor-state parties to negotiate contracts that provide mechanisms for dispute resolution to providing by treaty that domestic courts resolve such disputes. Notwithstanding a change in Australia’s Federal Government in 2013, two years after the Policy Statement was announced, the new Liberal Government has retreated from that Policy notably by including ISA in the Korea-Australia Free Trade Agreement (KAFTA) concluded on 5 December 2013. However, it has not rejected the Policy, but has indicated instead that it will consider ISA in its treaties on a case-by-case basis. As a result, the Policy could still have significant ramifications for Australia in negotiating BRTAs; it could have a material impact on Australia’s inbound and outbound investors, as well as upon other states and investors directly or indirectly impacted by Australia’s Policy. It is also conceivable that other states will follow Australia’s initiative and reconsider whether to agree to ISA in their BRTAs.
In analysing the policy shift against ISA, the paper evaluates the nature of foreign direct investment (FDI) and its economic and legal significance to host and home states, as well as to inbound and outbound foreign investors. Following this analysis, the paper outlines the rationale behind Australia’s rejection of ISA in 2011. It evaluates the perceived advantages and disadvantages of alternatives to ISA, such as diplomatic intervention in investor-state disputes and conciliation proceedings between investor-state parties. However, it focuses on the most likely alternative to ISA, namely, reliance on domestic courts to resolve investment disputes. The paper argues against the complete rejection of ISA. It illustrates the challenges of Australia relying on domestic courts to resolve investor-state disputes in light of the impending Investment Chapter of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA) and the preservation of Australia’s investment interests in Asia.
As an alternative, the article proposes the adoption of a BIT policy which would provide investor-state parties with a choice among dispute-avoiding measures, including access to either domestic courts or ISA. The rationale is that such an approach is likely to preserve the national interests of Australia, while also gaining support within the international community of states and among foreign investors.
LDL cholesterol variability in patients with Type 2 diabetes taking atorvastatin and simvastatin: a comparison of two formulae for LDL-C estimation
Authors: Sathyapalan T , Atkin SL , Kilpatrick ES 
Published: April 2014

Background A new formula was recently proposed by Cordovo et al. that was more highly correlated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) measured directly than the Friedewald LDL formula. We conducted this prospective study to establish whether the new formula allows true variations in LDL within the same individual to be tracked more closely than that of the Friedewald formula. Methods A cross-over study of biological variation of lipids in 26 patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) taking either a short half-life statin, simvastatin 40 mg ( n = 10), or a long half-life statin, atorvastatin 10 mg. After three months on one statin, fasting lipids were measured on 10 occasions over a five-week period. The same procedure was then followed for the other statin. The LDL was measured by a direct LDL immunoassay and was compared to the LDL estimated by the Friedewald and Cordova (0.7516) × (total cholesterol [TC]−high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) formulae. Results As a group, the calculated or measured mean LDL was no different between statins. However, the biological coefficient of variation (CV) of directly measured LDL was far larger with simvastatin than atorvastatin. This difference was detected by Cordova LDL but not found with the Friedewald LDL formula. Conclusions In contrast to Friedewald LDL, Cordova LDL estimation revealed LDL to be much more stable in T2DM patients taking atorvastatin rather than simvastatin that was in accord with LDL when measured directly. Therefore, Cordova LDL which is a measure of non-HDL-cholesterol is the simplest, cheapest and the most convenient measurement for assessment of response to statin treatment.
Evidence-based practice supports among Canadian occupational therapists
Authors: Thomas Aliki , Law Mary C. 
Published: April 2014

Background. Supports for evidence-based practice (EBP) and research utilization are needed for moving evidence into practice. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify the presence of individual and organizational EBP supports (based on a previous scoping review) and the attitudes toward the supports in a convenience sample of Canadian occupational therapists. Method. A cross-sectional survey was used to collect data from members of the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists. Findings. Data from 368 clinicians (21%) indicated that although factors that have been shown to support EBP, such as student supervision and participation in research and mentoring, were not common practice, attitudes toward these EBP supports were positive. Implications. EBP supports, although viewed favourably by clinicians, have yet to be integrated fully into clinical practice. These findings provide researchers with an opportunity to design studies to support clinicians who view EBP in a positive light in integrating evidence into their practice.
Audiovestibular Characteristics of Small Cochleovestibular Schwannomas in Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Authors: Holliday Michael A. , Kim Hung Jeffrey , Zalewski Christopher K. , Wafa Talah , Dewan Ramita , King Kelly A. , Brewer Carmen C. , Butman John A. , Asthagiri Ashok R. 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveDescribe the relationship between cochleovestibular schwannoma (CVS) volume, audiovestibular characteristics, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2).Study DesignSubgroup analysis of NF2 prospective natural history study from 2008 to 2011.SettingQuaternary medical research institute.Subjects and MethodsNF2 patients with small treatment‐naive CVSs (volume <1000 mm3) by ear; N = 49 ears (32 patients). Cross‐sectional analysis of the following parameters was performed: tumor size, auditory brainstem response (ABR), 4‐frequency pure‐tone average (4f‐PTA; 0.5, 1, 2, and 4KHz), cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP), caloric testing, 240° velocity step test (VST), and MRI findings.ResultsFor all physiologic measures but the 4f‐PTA, larger tumors correlated with abnormal responses (P <. 05). For abnormal ABR, mean tumor volume was 405 vs 151 mm3 (P =. 0007) for normal ABR. Similarly, larger tumors correlated with weak caloric responses (mean 521 vs 165 mm3; P =. 0007) and weak cVEMP (mean 357 vs 192 mm3; P =. 0262). Tumor volume was not significantly correlated with 4f‐PTA. Elevated intralabyrinthine protein on MRI fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery sequences was correlated with larger tumor volume (mean 333 vs 55 mm3; P =. 001) and abnormal ABR and 4f‐PTA (P <. 05) but did not correlate with cVEMP, VST, or caloric responses.ConclusionIn our cohort, ABR, caloric response, cVEMP, and elevated intralabyrinthine protein correlated with tumor volume, but 4f‐PTA did not. Abnormal ABR and 4f‐PTA correlated with elevated intralabyrinthine protein. These findings may provide insight on the effect of small CVS on the inner ear and cochleovestibular nerves, which may aid in their optimal management.
Liposuction for Submental Lymphedema Improves Appearance and Self‐Perception in the Head and Neck Cancer Patient
Authors: Brake Maria K. , Jain Lauren , Hart Robert D. , Trites Jonathan R. B. , Rigby Matthew , Taylor S. Mark 
Published: April 2014

ObjectivePatients who have undergone treatment for head and neck cancer are at risk for neck lymphedema, which can severely affect quality of life. Liposuction has been used successfully for cancer patients who suffer from posttreatment limb lymphedema. The purpose of our study was to review the outcomes of head and neck cancer patients at our center who have undergone submental liposuction for posttreatment lymphedema.Study DesignProspective cohort study.SettingOncology center in tertiary hospital setting.Subjects and MethodsHead and neck cancer patients who underwent submental liposuction for posttreatment lymphedema were included. Nine patients met the study criteria. Patients completed 2 surveys (Modified Blepharoplasty Outcome Evaluation and the validated Derriford Appearance Scale) pre‐ and postoperatively to assess satisfaction. Patients’ pre‐ and postoperative photos were graded by independent observers to assess outcomes objectively.ResultsOur study demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in patients’ self‐perception of appearance and statistically significant objective scoring of appearance following submental liposuction.ConclusionSubmental liposuction improves the appearance and quality of life for head and neck cancer patients suffering from posttreatment lymphedema by way of improving their self‐perception and self‐confidence.
Iatrogenic intraoperative type A aortic dissection following cardiac surgery
Authors: Narayan Pradeep , Angelini Gianni D , Bryan Alan J 
Published: April 2014

Background An increase in the incidence of intraoperative aortic dissection has been reported recently, attributed to the increasingly elderly patient population undergoing cardiac surgery and more off-pump coronary artery bypass. We performed this study to examine current trends, identify risk factors for iatrogenic dissection, and compare iatrogenic intraoperative aortic dissection with spontaneous aortic dissection. Methods The 15,144 consecutive patients who underwent cardiac surgery from April 1999 to April 2011 were studied retrospectively on data collected prospectively. Results Iatrogenic type A aortic dissection following cardiac surgery was diagnosed intraoperatively in 7 (0.04%) patients. Of the 4784 patients who had off-pump coronary artery bypass, only 2 (0.04%) developed iatrogenic intraoperative aortic dissection. Patients in the iatrogenic aortic dissection group were older by a decade (median age 72 vs. 62 years, p = 0.01). The cannulation site in conventional coronary artery bypass grafting and injury by the side-biting clamp in off-pump coronary artery bypass were the most common causes of dissection. Atheromatous disease was identified at the site of cannulation in 5 (71.4%) of the 7 cases. Conclusions Intraoperative aortic dissection remains a rare and unpredictable complication of cardiac surgery, with worse outcomes than spontaneous aortic dissection. Increased age and atheromatous disease at the site of cannulation are significant risk factors for iatrogenic dissection. In this series, off-pump coronary artery bypass did not appear to be a risk factor for iatrogenic aortic dissection.
The categorization of the relative complementizer phrase in third-language English: A feature re-assembly account
Authors: Hermas Abdelkader 
Published: April 2014

Research questions: The study considers (1) the nature of multilingual transfer in the pre-intermediate stage of third-language (L3) English and (2) the upper limit of L3 ultimate attainment with respect to the acquisition of definite and indefinite restrictive relative clauses. Methodology: The methodology used was four-point scale acceptability judgment tasks testing (un)-grammatical relative sentences. Data and analysis: The accuracy scores of two control groups of French ( n = 15) and English ( n = 12) natives and two groups of pre-intermediate ( n = 11) and advanced ( n = 15) adult learners of L3 English are submitted to parametric statistical analysis. Findings: The results of the pre-intermediate L3 learners indicate that the relative complementizer phrase structure is available as a block from the earlier stages, while the feature matrix of the complementizer is a hybrid of first-language (L1) Arabic and second-language (L2) French features [EPP, ±definite, –wh]. The L3 interlanguage at this stage presents simultaneous L1 non-facilitative and L2 facilitative transfer effects. The performance of the advanced L3 learners shows that they can successfully re-assemble the features of the complementizer matrix substituting the target [–wh] for the native [±definite]. Originality: This article uses a novel language triplet L1 Arabic–L2 French–L3 English to investigate the L3 acquisition of restrictive relatives in a formal foreign language context. The focus is on the interplay between the (in)-definiteness of the head noun and the nature of the complementizer. Significance/implications: The study extends the viability of Lardiere’s feature re-assembly account of L2 acquisition to L3 acquisition. The (in)-definiteness of the head noun of the relative clause needs adequate attention in language teaching, like the much-highlighted aspects of resumption.
The logical problem of second language acquisition of argument structure: Recognizing aspectual distinctions in Spanish psych-predicates
Authors: Soler Inmaculada Gómez 
Published: April 2014

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: This article explores the issue of second language (L2) acquisition of argument structure as it relates specifically to Spanish psych-verbs. These predicates are classified into three classes according to their distinct aspectual nature, which corresponds to different morphosyntactic properties. This study tests L2 learners’ ability to understand these subtle distinctions in spite of the impoverished input to which they are exposed and the lack of instruction and first language (L1) transfer. In particular, the research questions I explore are the following: (1) Are L2 learners aware of the fact that Class III has two possible word order configurations while Class II allows only one? (2) Do L2ers recognize that Class II allows antipassive se whereas Class III does not? Design/methodology/approach and data and analysis: A control group of 36 native Spanish speakers and an experimental group of 65 native English learners of Spanish across four proficiency levels conducted two scalar grammaticality judgment tasks. Their data, analyzed through repeated-measures ANOVA, showed that these L2ers had a good understanding of the morphosyntactic reflexes that distinguish eventive and stative psych-verbs. Findings/conclusions: Since these properties could neither have been learned through instruction nor transferred from the L1 or accessed straightforwardly from the input, learners must have resorted to universal mappings between meaning and syntax in order to achieve these target-like patterns of behavior. Originality: Although the acquisition of argument structure has been the topic of a considerable amount of early research in the field, this article looks at a completely novel instantiation of argument structure and its learnability. Significance/implications: This study contributes with new data to the long-standing debate on the poverty-of-the-stimulus (POS) argument by supporting positions that contend that L2 acquisition is characterized by a logical problem and that L2 learners can successfully overcome this POS by resorting to universal principles.
‘We are volunteers and that sometimes gets forgotten’: exploring the motivations and needs of volunteers at a healthy living resource centre in the North East of England
Authors: Warren Jon , Garthwaite Kayleigh 
Published: April 2014

Aims: This article explores the motivations and needs of volunteers in the delivery of community health services at a healthy living resource centre in the North East of England, United Kingdom. Methods: Four focus groups involving a total of 16 participants were conducted between March and May 2013. All sessions were digitally recorded with prior consent from participants. Data were then transcribed, thematically coded and analysed using NVivo software. Results: Relevant training tailored to individual needs is required in order to avoid alienating volunteers. Successful communication is also central to fostering positive relationships between volunteers and staff members within organisations. Finally, it is vital that the contribution volunteers make is fully recognised and appreciated. Conclusion: The place of volunteers within public services and their role in delivery have become increasingly prominent in recent years. Training, alongside clear communication and recognition of the contribution volunteers make, can help improve the experiences of those choosing to volunteer within the health services.
High Prevalence of Disc Degeneration and Spondylolysis in the Lumbar Spine of Professional Beach Volleyball Players
Authors: Külling Fabrice A. , Florianz Hannes , Reepschläger Bastian , Gasser Johann , Jost Bernhard , Lajtai Georg 
Published: April 2014

Background: Beach volleyball is an intensive sport with high impact on the lumbar spine. Low back pain (LBP) is frequent among elite players. Increased prevalence of pathological changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the lumbar spine of elite athletes has been reported. Hypothesis: There is an increased prevalence of disc degeneration and spondylolysis in the MRI of the lumbar spine of professional beach volleyball players. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Twenty-nine fully competitive professional male volleyball players (mean age, 28 years) completed outcomes questionnaires and underwent a complete clinical examination and an MRI of their lumbar spine. Results: Whereas 86% of players suffered from LBP during their career, the incidence of LBP in the last 4 weeks was 35%. Pain rated using a visual analog scale (VAS) averaged 3 points (range, 0-8). Twenty-three of 29 players (79%) had at least 1 degenerated disc of Pfirrmann grade ≥3. The most affected spinal levels were L4-5 in 14 (48%) and L5-S1 in 15 players (52%); both levels were involved in 5 players (17%). Six of 29 (21%) players showed a spondylolysis grade 4 according to the Hollenburg classification; there was evidence of spondylolisthesis in 2 players. There was no significant correlation between LBP and MRI abnormalities. Conclusion: In the lumbar spine MRI of professional beach volleyball players, the prevalence of disc degeneration is 79%. Spondylolysis (21%) is up to 3 times higher compared with the normal population. Abnormal MRI findings did not correlate with LBP, thus MRIs have to be interpreted with caution.
Murine coagulation factor VIII is synthesized in endothelial cells
Authors: Everett Lesley A. , Cleuren Audrey C. A. , Khoriaty Rami N. , Ginsburg David 
Published: April 2014

Key Points
Lman1 tissue-specific knockout mice reveal that endothelial cells, not hepatocytes, are the primary source of FVIII biosynthesis. F8 gene expression is heterogeneous among endothelial cell populations in different tissues.
Common carotid artery intima-media thickness is useful for diagnosis of the acute stage of Kawasaki disease
Authors: Wu Ting-Hsin , Kuo Hsuan-Chang , Tain You-Lin , Lin Kuan-Miao , Kuo Ho-Chang , Chien Shao-Ju 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background
This study aimed to investigate intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid arteries in children with acute Kawasaki disease (KD).

Methods
Between 2009 and 2011, patients fulfilling the criteria for KD, including a fever lasting >5 days, were prospectively enrolled in this study. Laboratory data, echocardiography, and IMT were measured and compared with matched controls.

Results
A total of 70 common carotid IMTs were measured in 35 children. We studied 21 patients aged 3–60 months old with acute KD and 14 febrile patients aged 3–194 months old with acute infection and similar characteristics to those of KD patients. Children with KD had a significantly higher IMT compared with the controls (0.550 ± 0.081 mm vs. 0.483 ± 0.046 mm, P = 0.01).

Conclusions
IMT during the acute stage of KD is increased, suggesting that IMT could be a useful diagnostic tool in the early diagnosis of KD.
An analysis of causal asyndetic constructions in United States history textbooks
Authors: Fitzgerald Jason C 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOver the last three decades, an increased focus on engaging K-12 students in historical thinking has highlighted the importance of providing students with direct instruction regarding how causal relationships are formed in text. Many teachers provide this instruction by focusing on explicit causal structures, neglecting implicit forms of causation such as causal asyndetic constructions. Studies of United States history textbooks have found instances of causal asyndetic construction use, similar to the implicit constructions found in studies of spoken and written discourse. This study examines two questions: (1) Do causal asyndetic constructions occur in history textbooks with similar frequency to causal conjunctions and causal material processes? and (2) How is causal asyndetic cohesion signaled in history texts? A mixed methods analysis of two middle school and two high school textbooks demonstrates that causal asyndetic constructions are used as frequently, if not more frequently, than explicit means of expressing causation; they are signaled through authors’ uses of modals, mental processes, relational processes, and verbal processes. The use of mental processes to signal causal asyndetic constructions far outnumbered other implicit signals, accounting for 58% of the total. These findings suggest that teachers need to provide students with instruction about how to identify and make meaning of causal asyndetic constructions as well as causal conjunctions and explicit processes.
Cross-enhancement of ANGPTL4 transcription by HIF1 alpha and PPAR beta/delta is the result of the conformational proximity of two response elements
Authors: Inoue Tsuyoshi , Kohro Takahide , Tanaka Toshiya , Kanki Yasuharu , Li Guoliang , Poh Huay-Mei , Mimura Imari , Kobayashi Mika , Taguchi Akashi , Maejima Takashi , Suehiro Jun-ichi , Sugiyama Akira , Kaneki Kiyomi , Aruga Hirofumi , Dong Shoulian , Stevens Junko F , Yamamoto Shogo , Tsutsumi Shuichi , Fujita Toshiro , Ruan Xiaoan , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Nangaku Masaomi , Ruan Yijun , Kodama Tatsuhiko , Wada Youichiro 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Background
Synergistic transcriptional activation by different stimuli has been reported along with a diverse array of mechanisms, but the full scope of these mechanisms has yet to be elucidated.

Results
We present a detailed investigation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1 dependent gene expression in endothelial cells which suggests the importance of crosstalk between the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ and HIF signaling axes. A migration assay shows a synergistic interaction between these two stimuli, and we identify angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) as a common target gene by using a combination of microarray and ChIP-seq analysis. We profile changes of histone marks at enhancers under hypoxia, PPARβ/δ agonist and dual stimulations and these suggest that the spatial proximity of two response elements is the principal cause of the synergistic transcription induction. A newly developed quantitative chromosome conformation capture assay shows the quantitative change of the frequency of proximity of the two response elements.

Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that two different transcription factors cooperate in transcriptional regulation in a synergistic fashion through conformational change of their common target genes.