bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meaningful Measurement for Community‐Based Adaptation
Authors: Faulkner Lucy , Ayers Jessica , Huq Saleemul 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEvidence indicates ongoing tensions over effective climate change adaptation measurement. Focusing on community‐based adaptation (CBA), we stress that some of these tensions stem from a lack of transparency around the knowledge and learning needs of different stakeholders engaged in CBA investments. Drawing on a participatory assessment of stakeholder information needs and appropriate scales required for effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) for CBA, this article presents a new M&E for CBA framework. The framework identifies four levels at which M&E is to be undertaken by CBA practitioners and associated project stakeholders: participatory M&E at community level; M&E at individual project level and comparison across multiple project sites; M&E of capacity of institutions implementing CBA; and M&E of community of practice. The proposed framework tailors its M&E approaches according to these levels. By moving beyond the existing dominant donor‐driven M&E perspective, we argue that this more nuanced approach enhances the usefulness of M&E by ensuring that the accountability of stakeholders engaged in CBA landscapes is legitimate across multiple scales. The framework is applicable for M&E of general development practice, as well as the climate change adaptation and resilience remit.
Linking Monitoring and Evaluation of Adaptation to Climate Change Across Scales: Avenues and Practical Approaches
Authors: Leiter Timo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMonitoring and evaluation (M&E) efforts to prepare for, adjust to, and reduce the impacts of climate change—a process known as adaptation—can help to understand the results of adaptation interventions and better account for progress over time. Information on adaptation is so far typically gathered through either project and program, or national‐level climate change adaptation M&E systems with limited connection between them. However, given that adaptation takes place at multiple scales, a complete picture of the adaptation progress can only be established if information from national and subnational levels is combined. The chapter outlines three avenues illustrated by examples from practice on how information on adaptation interventions and evaluation results can be connected across scales in order to improve the evidence base for adaptation planning and decision making.
Development of a Coking‐Resistant NiSn Anode for the Direct Methane SOFC
Authors: Bogolowski N. , Iwanschitz B. , Drillet J.‐F. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe present work reports on the development of a coking‐resistant NiSn‐based membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for internal CH4 reforming in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Catalyst powder was prepared in a centrifugal casting oven by melting stoichiometric amounts of Ni and Sn under vacuum. The formation of Ni3Sn2 intermetallic phase was confirmed by XRD analysis. Catalytic activity for CH4 reforming and stability of the NiSn powder were first evaluated in a quartz glass reactor for 4 h at 600–1,000 °C. The main reaction products H2 and CO were detected by gas chromatography while no carbon formation was detected during the experiments. Then, 3YSZ electrolyte‐supported MEAs were fabricated with a Ni3Sn2/YSZ anode and LSM/YSZ cathode and characterized under SOFC conditions. The MEA showed an excellent stability under CH4 atmosphere (3% H2O) at 850 °C over more than 650 h. No substantial decrease in cell potential was observed during this period.
How bilingualism shapes the functional architecture of the brain: A study on executive control in early bilinguals and monolinguals
Authors: Costumero Víctor , Rodríguez‐Pujadas Aina , Fuentes‐Claramonte Paola , Ávila César 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe existence of a behavioral advantage of bilinguals over monolinguals during executive tasks is controversial. A new approach to this issue is to investigate the effect of bilingualism on neural control when performing these tasks as a window to understand when behavioral differences are produced. Here, we tested if early bilinguals use more language‐related networks than monolinguals while performing a go/no‐go task that includes infrequent no‐go and go trials. The RTs and accuracy in both groups did not differ. An independent component analyses (ICA) revealed, however, that bilinguals used the left fronto‐parietal network and the salience network more than monolinguals while processing go infrequent cues and no‐go cues, respectively. It was noteworthy that the modulation of these networks had opposite correlates with performance in bilinguals and monolinguals, which suggests that between‐group differences were more qualitative than quantitative. Our results suggest that bilinguals may differently develop the involvement of the executive control networks that comprise the left inferior frontal gyrus during cognitive control tasks than monolinguals. Hum Brain Mapp 36:5101–5112, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On a Family of Achievement and Shortfall Inequality Indices
Authors: Chakravarty Satya R. , Chattopadhyay Nachiketa , D'Ambrosio Conchita 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper identifies a family of absolute consistent inequality indices using a weakly decomposable postulate suggested by Ebert. Because one member employs an Atkinson type aggregation we refer to it as the Atkinson index of consistent inequality. A second member of this family parallels the Kolm index of inequality. Two innovative features of these indices are that no specific structure is imposed on the form of the index at the outset and no transformation of any existing index is considered to ensure consistency. Each of them regards an achievement distribution as equally unequal as the corresponding shortfall distribution. We apply these indices to study inequality in grip strength among 50+ year‐old Europeans. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Golgi Associated HIF1a Serves as a Reserve in Melanoma Cells
Authors: Lakhter Alexander J. , Lahm Tim , Broxmeyer Hal E. , Naidu Samisubbu R. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTHypoxia‐inducible factor‐1alpha (HIF1a) is a key transcriptional regulator that enables cellular metabolic adaptation to low levels of oxygen. Multiple mechanisms, including lysosomal degradation, control the levels of HIF1a protein. Here we show that HIF1a protein degradation is resistant to lysosomal inhibition and that HIF1a is associated with the Golgi compartment in melanoma cells. Although pharmacological inhibitors of prolyl hydroxylation, neddylation and the proteasome inhibited degradation of HIF1a, attenuation of lysosomal activity with chloroquine did not alter the levels of HIF1a or its association with Golgi. Pharmacological disruption of Golgi resulted in nuclear accumulation of HIF1a. However, blockade of ER‐Golgi protein transport in hypoxia reduced the transcript levels of HIF1a target genes. These findings suggest a possible role for the oxygen‐dependent protein folding process from the ER‐Golgi compartment in fine‐tuning HIF1a transcriptional output. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 853–859, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sink or Swim: Social Enterprise as a Panacea for Non‐profit Organisations?
Authors: Calvo Sara , Morales Andres 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe institutional frameworks and contexts that support social enterprises and the growth of hybrid organisations in Sub‐Saharan Africa require more concerted examination. Drawing upon a qualitative study, and examined through a framework of Postcolonial theory, this paper contributes to emerging discussions in this area through an investigation of the transformation of non‐profit organisations (NPOs) towards the social enterprise model and exploring the impact of hybridity on the management of these organisations in Tanzania. The study suggests that NPOs mimic social enterprise ‘best practices’ to secure financial resources and integrate their traditional values into the social enterprise model creating tensions resulting from hybridity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficiency enhancement of InP‐based inverted QD‐LEDs by incorporation of a polyethylenimine modified Al:ZnO layer
Authors: Kim Yohan , Ippen Christian , Fischer Bert , Lange Alexander , Wedel Armin 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe report efficiency enhancement of indium phosphide (InP) quantum dot‐based light‐emitting diodes (QD‐LEDs) by using an polyethylenimine (PEI) surface modifier. By adapting a solution processed PEI layer on top of a aluminum doped zinc oxide (Al:ZnO) nanoparticle (NP) film, the leakage current of the inverted device was substantially suppressed. In addition, the electron injection into the conduction band edge (CBE) of InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs was also facilitated by the low work function (WF) of the Al:ZnO film which was realized by the strong interfacial dipoles of the thin film of PEI. As a result, the charge balance in the inverted devices was controlled by the change of surface roughness, the WF and the thickness of neighboring layers via spin‐coating the PEI dissolved in alcohol mixture on the Al:ZnO layer such that the current efficiency was dramatically increased from 0.07 cd/A to 3.17 cd/A. The performance of our device is not comparable to Cd‐based devices; however, it shows the great potential for using an interfacial dipole layer to develop highly efficient InP‐based inverted QD‐LEDs.
Margin re‐excision and local recurrence in invasive breast cancer: A cost analysis using a decision tree model
Authors: Abe Shoko E. , Hill Joshua S. , Han Yimei , Walsh Kendall , Symanowski James T. , Hadzikadic‐Gusic Lejla , Flippo‐Morton Teresa , Sarantou Terry , Forster Meghan , White Richard L. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundSSO‐ASTRO recently published guidelines defining adequate margins in breast conservation therapy (BCT) as no tumor on ink based on studies demonstrating little difference in local recurrence (LR) with wider margins. We hypothesize that not routinely re‐excising close margins results in decreased costs without compromising care.MethodsA decision tree model was developed for the management of margins after BCT for invasive cancer. Patients were compared among three margin status groups: positive, close (≤2 mm) and negative (>2 mm). Ten publications provided re‐excision rates (RER) and LR rates. The model assumed 140,000 BCT/year. Sensitivity analyses determined the most cost‐effective strategy. Surgical costs were estimated using 2013 Medicare reimbursement rates.ResultsRe‐excising close margins was significantly more costly than the alternative, $233.1 million versus $214.3 million, per year in the United States. Total surgical cost was most sensitive to re‐excision of close margins—increasing the RER from 0% to 100% resulted in an $18.8 million cost difference.ConclusionsThe strategy of re‐excising close margins resulted in a predicted cost of $18.8 million per year. This does not include hospital costs, the cost of surgical complications after re‐excision, and underestimates the potential savings by using Medicare reimbursement rates. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015; 112:443–448. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transthoracic versus transhiatal resection for esophageal adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus: A value‐based comparison
Authors: Khullar Onkar V. , Jiang Renjian , Force Seth D. , Pickens Allan , Sancheti Manu S. , Ward Kevin , Gillespie Theresa , Fernandez Felix G. 
Published: September 2015

Background and ObjectiveOur objective was to compare clinical outcomes, costs, and resource use based on operative approach, transthoracic (TT) or transhiatal (TH), for resection of esophageal cancer.MethodsThis cohort analysis utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results—Medicare linked data from 2002 to 2009. Only adenocarcinomas of the lower esophagus were examined to minimize confounding. Medicare data was used to determine episode of care costs and resource use. Propensity score matching was used to control for identified confounders. Kaplan–Meier method and Cox‐proportional hazard modeling were used to compare long‐term survival.Results537 TT and 405 TH resections were identified. TT and TH esophagectomy had similar complication rates (46.7% vs. 50.8%), operative mortality (7.9% vs 7.1%), and 90 days readmission rates (30.5% vs. 32.5%). However, TH was associated with shorter length of stay (11.5 vs. 13.0 days, P = 0.006) and nearly $1,000 lower cost of initial hospitalization (P = 0.03). No difference in 5‐year survival was identified (33.5% vs. 36%, P = 0.75).ConclusionsTH esophagectomy was associated with lower costs and shorter length of stay in an elderly Medicare population, with similar clinical outcomes to TT. The TH approach to esophagectomy for distal esophageal adenocarcinoma may, therefore, provide greater value (quality/cost). J. Surg. Oncol. 2015; 112:517–523. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prosthetic breast reconstruction in previously irradiated breasts: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Lee Kyeong‐Tae , Mun Goo‐Hyun 
Published: September 2015

Background and ObjectivesThe present review evaluated the impacts of pre‐reconstruction radiotherapy on outcome of prosthetic breast reconstruction and compared the safety of prosthetic reconstruction with that of other modalities, including autologous tissue reconstruction and the combination of flap and implant in the setting of pre‐reconstruction radiation.MethodsStudies presenting outcomes of prosthetic breast reconstruction in the setting of pre‐reconstruction radiation published in the past 10 years were identified and reviewed.ResultsTwenty studies were analyzed. Prosthetic reconstruction in previously irradiated breasts showed significantly increased risks for complications, including reconstruction failure (relative risk, 2.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.86–3.57) than those cases without radiation, regardless of the specific surgical technique used, including one‐/two‐stage reconstruction, use of an acellular dermal matrix or not, and the timing of the reconstruction (immediate/delayed). Autologous tissue reconstruction and a combination flap and implant showed a 92% and 72% decreased risk of reconstruction failure, respectively, in previously irradiated breasts compared with that of prosthetic reconstruction.ConclusionsThe results suggest that prior irradiation significantly increases the risk of complications in patients undergoing prosthetic reconstruction, and using an autologous flap or combining it with an implant can be considered to reconstruct previously irradiated breasts. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015; 112:468–475. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Office‐based transurethral devascularisation of low grade non‐invasive urothelial cancer using diode laser. A feasibility study
Authors: Hermann Gregers G. , Mogensen Karin , Lindvold Lars R. , Haak Christina S. , Haedersdal Merete 
Published: September 2015

Background and ObjectiveFrequent recurrence of non‐muscle invasive bladder tumours (NMIBC) requiring transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TUR‐BT) and lifelong monitoring makes the lifetime cost per patient the highest of all cancers. A new method is proposed for the removal of low grade NMIBCs in an office‐based setting, without the need for sedation and pain control and where the patient can leave immediately after treatment.Study Design/Patients and MethodsAn in vitro model was developed to examine the dose/response relationship between laser power, treatment time, and distance between laser fibre and target, using a 980 nm diode laser and chicken meat. The relationship between depth and extent of tissue destruction and the laser settings was measured using microscopy and non‐parametric statistical analysis. A patient with low grade stage Ta tumour and multiple comorbidity, and therefore not fit for general anaesthesia, had a tumour devascularised using the laser at the tumour base, in the outpatient department. The tumour was left in the bladder.ResultsIn the in vitro model, depth of tissue destruction increased with laser illumination up to 30 seconds, where median depth was 4.1 mm. With longer illumination the tissue destruction levelled off. The width of tissue destruction was 2–3 mm independent of laser illumination time. The in vivo laser treatments devascularised the tumour, which was later shed from the mucosa and passed out with the urine in the days following treatment. Pain score was 0 on a visual log scale (0–10). The tumour had completely disappeared two weeks after treatment.ConclusionThis diode laser technique may provide almost pain‐free office‐based treatment of low grade urothelial cancer using flexible cystoscopes in conscious patients. A prospective randomised study will be scheduled to compare the technique with standard TUR‐BT in the operating theatre. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:620–625, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Loss of membrane‐bound lytic transglycosylases increases outer membrane permeability and β‐lactam sensitivity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Lamers Ryan P. , Nguyen Uyen T. , Nguyen Ylan , Buensuceso Ryan N. C. , Burrows Lori L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of nosocomial infections. Its relatively impermeable outer membrane (OM) limits antibiotic entry, and a chromosomally encoded AmpC β‐lactamase inactivates β‐lactam antibiotics. AmpC expression is linked to peptidoglycan (PG) recycling, and soluble (sLT) or membrane‐bound (mLT) lytic transglycosylases are responsible for generating the anhydromuropeptides that induce AmpC expression. Thus, inhibition of LT activity could reduce AmpC‐mediated β‐lactam resistance in P. aeruginosa. Here, we characterized single and combination LT mutants. Strains lacking SltB1 or MltB had increased β‐lactam minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) compared to wild type, while only loss of Slt decreased MICs. An sltB1 mltB double mutant had elevated β‐lactam MICs compared to either the sltB1 or mltB single mutants (96 vs. 32 μg/mL cefotaxime), without changes to AmpC levels. Time–kill assays with β‐lactams suggested that increased MIC correlated with a slower rate of autolysis in the sltB1 mltB mutant – an antisuicide phenotype. Strains lacking multiple mLTs were more sensitive to β‐lactams and up to 16‐fold more sensitive to vancomycin, normally incapable of crossing the OM. Multi‐mLT mutants were also sensitive to bile salts and osmotic stress, and were hyperbiofilm formers, all phenotypes consistent with cell envelope compromise. Complementation with genes encoding inactive forms of the enzymes – or alternatively, overexpression of Braun's lipoprotein – reversed the mutants' cell envelope damage phenotypes, suggesting that mLTs help to stabilize the OM. We conclude that P. aeruginosa mLTs contribute physically to cell envelope stability, and that Slt is the preferred target for future development of LT inhibitors that could synergize with β‐lactams.
Outcome Measures for Parkinson's Disease Dementia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Holden Samantha K. , Jones Wallace E. , Baker Keith A. , Boersma Isabel M. , Kluger Benzi M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) dementia (PDD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in PD, which severely affects patient functioning and quality of life and increases the risk for nursing home admission. Unfortunately, current treatment options for PDD are limited and have only marginal therapeutic effects. As novel treatments are developed, there will be a need to assess their efficacy in well‐designed, randomized, controlled trials. However, there is no consensus on the optimal outcome measures for use in PDD clinical trials.MethodsA systematic review of PDD clinical trials and empirical studies of outcome measures used in PDD was performed. Outcome measures were divided into 5 categories: (1) cognitive; (2) behavioral and mood; (3) activities of daily living and quality of life; (4) global; and (5) caregiver burden.FindingsA total of 20 PDD pharmacological clinical trials were identified. These trials incorporated a broad array of outcome measures, which were used inconsistently across trials. We summarize the psychometric properties and other relevant data on outcome measures used, including their diagnostic utility, inter‐rater reliability, test‐retest reliability, responsiveness, clinically meaningful change, and availability of alternate forms.ConclusionsWe have identified the best‐evidenced PDD outcome measures in each domain. Further research is needed to assess the validity, reliability, and clinically meaningful change of these measures in PDD to inform the design of future clinical trials and enhance the ability of clinicians, researchers, and policy makers to interpret study results. In addition, the development of outcome measures specific to PDD may be warranted.
Preconditioning methods for high‐order strongly stable time integration methods with an application for a DAE problem
Authors: Axelsson Owe , Blaheta Radim , Kohut Roman 
Published: September 2015

SummaryHigh‐order strongly stable time integration method enables use of large time steps and is applicable also for differential–algebraic problems, without any order reduction. At each time step, frequently a large‐scale linear algebraic system must be solved. To solve the arising block matrix systems, an efficient preconditioning method is presented and analysed. The method is applied for the solution of a consolidation problem arising in poroelasticity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Phase I Study of Clofarabine With Multiagent Chemotherapy in Childhood High Risk Relapse of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (VANDEVOL Study of the French SFCE Acute Leukemia Committee)
Authors: Nelken Brigitte , Cave Helene , Leverger Guy , Galambrun Claire , Plat Genevieve , Schmitt Claudine , Thomas Caroline , Vérité Cécile , Brethon Benoit , Gandemer Virginie , Bertrand Yves , Baruchel André , Rohrlich Pierre 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundCurrent outcome of very early relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children remains poor. As a single agent, clofarabine provided a response rate of 26% in childhood ALL second relapse and, in combination with cyclophosphamide and etoposide, a 44% complete remission and complete remission without platelet recovery (CR+CRp) rate. Further multi‐drug combinations need to be investigated. We used the VANDA regimen as a template, cytarabine being replaced by clofarabine.Patients and methodsA phase I study combining escalating doses of clofarabine (25% increments from 20 to 40 mg/m2/d) with fixed doses of mitoxantrone, etoposide, asparaginase, and dexamethasone was undertaken in children presenting with very early or second or post‐transplant ALL relapse.ResultsTwenty patients were enrolled, 19 were evaluable. Four patients had previously been allografted. Dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) appeared at dose level 3 (32 mg/m2), one out of six patients experienced a liver DLT. At dose level 4 (40 mg/m2), four DLT occurred (two fungal infection and two liver DLT). The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of clofarabine was thus determined to be 32 mg/m2. There was no toxic death. Eleven (57.9%) patients achieved a CR. Six patients proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplantation.ConclusionClofarabine MTD was 32 mg/m2/d in this combination which appeared feasible and effective in this population. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.