bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Multicenter Study of Shock Pathways for Subcutaneous Implantable Defibrillators
Authors: KUSCHYK JÜRGEN , MILASINOVIC GORAN , KÜHLKAMP VOLKER , ROBERTS PAUL R. , ZABEL MARKUS , MOLIN FRANCK , SHOROFSKY STEPHEN , STROMBERG KURT D. , DEGROOT PAUL J. , MURGATROYD FRANCIS D. 
Published: September 2013

Subcutaneous DefibrillationIntroductionA purely subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) requires higher energy but may be an effective alternative to transvenous ICDs to deliver lifesaving therapies.ObjectiveTo identify combinations of anteroposterior subcutaneous shock pathways and waveforms with defibrillation efficacy comparable to transvenous ICDs.MethodsDefibrillation testing was performed in 141 patients temporarily implanted with an active can emulator and subcutaneous coil electrodes. The patients were subdivided into 5 groups within 2 study phases. In all groups, a posterior electrode was positioned with its tip close to the spine. In the first study phase, 2 different can locations were evaluated: (1) an inframammary pocket (IM‐1–750), or (2) a conventional infraclavicular pocket (IC‐1–750). In both cases, a 70 J biphasic shock was used (peak voltage 750 V; 270 μF capacitance). In the second phase, configuration IC‐1–750 was enhanced by the addition of a second (parasternal) subcutaneous electrode (IC‐2–750). Furthermore, the effects of a different 70 J shock waveform (1,000 V, 160 μF) were evaluated for configurations IM‐1–750 and IC‐2–750 (becoming IM‐1–1000 and IC‐2–1000).ResultsThe proportion of patients satisfying a defibrillation safety margin test of 2 consecutive successes at ≤50 J was 74%, 11%, and 44%, respectively, for the IM‐1–750, IC‐1–750, and IC‐2–750 configurations, and 93% and 86% for the IM‐1–1000 and IC‐2–1000 configurations.ConclusionsDefibrillation efficacy comparable to that of a transvenous system was achieved with an anteroposterior subcutaneous ICD configuration, with 160 μF capacitance, 1,000 V, and 70 J output. An infraclavicular pocket location becomes feasible if a parasternal subcutaneous coil is added.
Number of circulating pro‐angiogenic cells, growth factor and anti‐oxidative gene profiles might be altered in type 2 diabetes with and without diabetic foot syndrome
Authors: Nowak Witold N , Borys Sebastian , Kusińska Katarzyna , Bukowska‐Strakova Karolina , Witek Przemysław , Koblik Teresa , Józkowicz Alicja , Małecki Maciej Tadeusz , Dulak Józef 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAims/IntroductionType 2 diabetes is often complicated by diabetic foot syndrome (DFS). We analyzed the circulating stem cells, growth factor and anti‐oxidant gene expression profiles in type 2 diabetes patients without or with different forms of DFS.Materials and MethodsHealthy volunteers (n = 13) and type 2 diabetes patients: (i) without DFS (n = 10); or with (ii) Charcot osteoneuropathy (n = 10); (iii) non‐infected (n = 17); (iv) infected (n = 11); and (v) healed ulceration were examined (n = 12). Peripheral blood endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and very small embryonic‐like (VSEL) cells were phenotyped using flow cytometry. Plasma cytokine concentrations and gene expressions in blood cells were measured by Luminex and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction assays, respectively.ResultsPatients with non‐complicated type 2 diabetes showed reduced HMOX1 expression, accompanied by HMOX2 upregulation, and had less circulating EPC, MSC or HSC than healthy subjects. In contrast, VSEL cells were elevated in the type 2 diabetes group. However, subjects with DFS, even with healed ulceration, had fewer VSEL cells, more CD45‐CD29+CD90+MSC, and upregulated HMOX1 when compared with the type 2 diabetes group. Patients with Charcot osteopathy had lowered plasma fibroblast growth factor‐2. Elevated plasma tumor necrosis factor‐α and decreased catalase expression was found in all diabetic patients.ConclusionsPatients with type 2 diabetes and different forms of DFS have an altered number of circulating stem cells. Type 2 diabetes might also be associated with a changed plasma growth factor and anti‐oxidant gene expression profile. Altogether, these factors could contribute to the pathogenesis of different forms of DFS.
Comparing accuracy of the Yale swallow protocol when administered by registered nurses and speech‐language pathologists
Authors: Warner Heather L , Suiter Debra M , Nystrom Karin V , Poskus Kelly , Leder Steven B 
Published: September 2013

Aims and objectives(1) To describe the results of a web‐based teaching module used by registered nurses to identify patients at risk of aspiration and (2) to determine accuracy of the registered nurse‐administered 3‐ounce water swallow challenge protocol, that is, drinking three ounces of water, a basic cognitive screen and oral mechanism evaluation, when compared with blinded ratings from speech‐language pathology.BackgroundEarly identification of potential swallowing problems is important prior to ingestion of food, fluid and medications. Unfortunately, current nurse‐administered screens use a variety of non‐evidence‐based assessments. It would be beneficial to use a valid, reliable and evidence‐based screen, that is, the Yale swallow protocol.DesignProspective, blinded, referral‐based.MethodsFifty‐two registered nurses and 101 inpatients participated. First, each participant was administered the 3‐ounce water swallow challenge protocol by a speech‐language pathologist. Second, a nurse administered the protocol to the same patient within one hour and independently recorded results and diet recommendations. The nurse was blinded to the study's purpose and results of the speech‐language pathologist's initial screening. Out of view, but simultaneous with the nurse‐administered protocol, a speech‐language pathologist rerated the patient's challenge for comparison with initial results and determined the accuracy of the nurse‐administered protocol.ResultsIntra‐ and inter‐rater protocol agreements for the two speech‐language pathologists were 100%. Inter‐rater protocol agreement between registered nurses and speech‐language pathologists was 98·01%.ConclusionsResults confirm the reliability and accuracy of a registered nurse–administered Yale swallow protocol. The consequence of 98% accuracy combined with previously reported 96·5% sensitivity, 97·9% negative predictive value and <2% false negative rate allowed for adoption of the protocol for the entire general hospital population.Relevance to clinical practiceAvoidance of preventable prandial pulmonary aspiration as a cause of nosocomial infection is an important goal for all acute care hospitalised patients deemed at risk of aspiration.
Perceptions about family planning and contraceptive practice in a marital dyad
Authors: Lee Taewha , Lee Hyeonkyeong , Ahn Hyun Mi , Jang Younkyoung , Shin Hyejeong , Kim Myeong Seon 
Published: September 2013

Aims and objectivesTo examine couple interactions to predict wives' contraceptive use as well as that of their husbands in rural Ethiopia.BackgroundPrevious studies stated that men's power and their preferences regarding family planning have a significant role in the adoption of contraception, as well as women's general reproductive health. Spousal communication on reproductive matters helped couples to be aware of each other's perspectives and enhanced the usage of family planning through shared decision‐making.DesignA cross‐sectional descriptive design was used to analyse the Actor and Partner effects within the marital dyad. The study sample included 389 married couples who were recruited from households in seven enumeration areas randomly selected from Hetosa Woreda in Ethiopia.MethodsWe used a face‐to‐face interview survey. Data were collected between 22 October and 21 November 2010 and analysed using descriptive statistics, chi‐squared test, t‐test, Pearson's correlation and the Actor–Partner interdependence model.ResultsThere were significant differences in perceptions about family planning, contraceptive knowledge and contraceptive use between wives and husbands. Wives' perceptions about family planning affected theirs as well as that of their husbands' knowledge and use of contraceptive methods. However, husbands' perceptions about family planning did not affect their knowledge and use of contraceptive methods, but did influence their wives'.ConclusionsThe application of couple data enhanced our understanding of the complex interactions between wives and husbands, which may lead to novel dyadic‐based interventions to improve family planning practice.Relevance to clinical practiceCouples must be educated and informed not only about the adoption of contraception, but also about reproductive rights and responsibilities through changes in educational and motivational strategies.
Not All Great Minds Think Alike: Systematic and Intuitive Cognitive Styles
Authors: Sagiv Lilach , Amit Adi , Ein‐Gar Danit , Arieli Sharon 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIndividuals process information and make decisions in different ways. Some plan carefully and analyze information systematically, whereas others follow their instincts and do what “feels right.” We aimed to deepen our understanding of the meaning of the intuitive versus systematic cognitive styles. Study 1 (N = 130, 39% female, Mage = 24) compared cognitive styles of arts, accounting, and mathematics students. Cognitive styles were associated with values (Study 2: N = 154, 123, 78; female = 59%, 49%, 85.9%; Mage = 22, 23, 27) and traits (Study 3: N = 77, 140, 151; female = 59%, 66%, 46%; Mage = 22, 25, 23), and they interacted with experience in predicting performance (Study 4: N = 63, 48% female, Mage = 23; Study 5: N = 44, 39% female, Mage = 23). All participants were Caucasian Israeli students. The systematic style was most frequent among accountants, and the intuitive style was most frequent among artists, validating the meaning of the styles. Systematic style was positively correlated with Conscientiousness and with security values and negatively correlated with stimulation values. The intuitive style had the opposite pattern and was also positively correlated with Extraversion. Experience improved rule‐based performance among systematic individuals but had no effect on intuitive ones. Cognitive style is consistent with other personal attributes (traits and values), with implications for decision making and task performance.
Cyclodextrins improve oral absorption of a novel factor Xa inhibitor by interfering with interaction between the drug and bile acids in rats
Authors: Fujii Yoshimine , Takahashi Masayuki , Ishiguro Takako , Sakuma Shinji , Uekama Kaneto , Irie Tetsumi 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Objectives
Poor oral absorption of a factor Xa inhibitor, DX-9065, is partly due to the interaction with bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study is to improve the oral bioavailability of DX-9065 by cyclodextrins (CyDs) capable of interfering with such interaction.

Methods
The abilities of the CyDs to interfere with the interaction between DX-9065 and sodium chenodeoxycholate were evaluated using equilibrium dialysis. The interaction between DX-9065 and the CyDs was studied spectroscopically. Effects of the CyDs on the oral absorption of DX-9065 were examined in rats.

Key findings
Hydroxypropyl-β-CyD and γ-CyD were effective in interfering with the interaction between DX-9065 and sodium chenodeoxycholate as a representative bile acid. Spectroscopic studies revealed that DX-9065 was included into the CyD cavity to form inclusion complexes in an acidic medium. With dissociation of the carboxyl group of DX-9065 in a neutral medium, the stability of the complexes was decreased to such an extent that DX-9065 in the cavity is replaced with co-existing bile acids. The average area under the plasma concentration-time curve value after oral administration of DX-9065 with hydroxypropyl-β-CyD was 2.5 times higher than that of DX-9065 alone with a statistical difference in rats.

Conclusions
We suggest that the CyDs are useful in designing oral formulations of DX-9065 with an improved bioavailability.
Reduction in absorption of gallium maltolate in adult horses following oral administration with food: chemistry and pharmacokinetics
Authors: Pollina G. F. , Pepe M. , Dean A. , Di Marco V. , Marton D. 
Published: September 2013

Gallium (Ga) is under study for the treatment of osteolytic disorders in equines. Previous studies indicate that oral gallium maltolate (GaM) would provide a higher bioavailability than oral Ga salts. However, oral administration to adult horses of 2 mg/kg of GaM, in the form of a solution mixed with food, did not lead to detectable Ga levels in plasma. Therefore, a study was performed to model the chemical behaviour of GaM in the digestive tract. The equilibrium formation constants for Ga(III) and maltol were calculated by means of UV–visible measurements and validated by 1H‐NMR measurements at selected pH values. Data indicate that the dissociation of GaM in aqueous solutions is very rapid, while the re‐association is slower. Based on these results, poor Ga absorption seems to be due to the equilibrium dissociation of GaM in the stomach and to its slow formation rate in the intestine. The concomitant presence of high concentrations of phytates (strong charged metal chelating agents, which represent about 1% of dry matter in vegetables) might also explain the low absorption of GaM by the gastrointestinal tract. Methods of optimizing Ga absorption after oral administration of GaM require further investigation.
Association of a potential functional pre‐miR‐218 polymorphism and its interaction with hepatitis B virus mutations with hepatocellular carcinoma risk
Authors: Han Yifang , Pu Rui , Han Xue , Zhao Jun , Li Weiping , Yin Jianhua , Zhang Yuwei , Shen Qiuxia , Xie Jiaxin , Zhang Qi , Jiang Shuang , Li Juhong , Zhang Hongwei , Wang Hongyang , Cao Guangwen 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsMicroRNA‐218 (miR‐218) can function as a tumour suppressor and inactivate cancer‐promoting inflammation. However, role of miR‐218 on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. To determine the contribution of miR‐218 genetic predisposition and its interaction with hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutations to HCC risk.Methodsrs11134527 located at putative promoter region of pre‐miR‐218 was genotyped in 1012 healthy controls, 302 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance subjects and 2011 subjects with chronic HBV infection (1021 with HCC) using quantitative PCR. HBV mutation was determined by sequencing.Resultsrs11134527 variant genotypes in dominant model was associated with HCC risk compared with all HCC‐free subjects [odds ratio (OR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04–1.43], HCC‐free HBsAg‐positive subjects (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.02–1.50) and HBsAg seroclearance subjects (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.08–1.96), adjusting for age and gender, and also associated with the generation of HBV preS deletion in men (adjusted OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.23–2.76). In multivariate regression analyses, rs11134527 in dominant model was associated with HCC risk (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.05–2.13), whereas its multiplicative interaction with viral mutation T1674C/G was inversely associated with HCC risk (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.21–0.96), adjusting for covariates including HBV mutations in the enhancer II‐precore region; its interaction with HBV preS1 start codon mutation was associated with HCC risk (OR = 4.44, 95% CI = 1.27–15.55), adjusting for covariates including HBV mutations in the preS region.Conclusionrs11134527 may be a novel genetic risk factor of HCC in HBV‐exposed subjects, can facilitate HBV preS deletion generation and predispose the host to the effect of T1674C/G and preS1 start codon mutation in hepatocarcinogenesis.
Toll‐like receptors and liver disease
Authors: Kesar Vivek , Odin Joseph A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractToll‐like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that play an important role in host defence by recognizing pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMP). Recent studies indicate that TLR signalling plays an important role in progression of chronic liver diseases. Ongoing clinical trials suggest that therapeutic manipulation of TLR pathways may offer novel means of reversing chronic liver diseases. Upon activation by their respective ligands, TLRs initiate an intracellular pro‐inflammatory/anti‐inflammatory signalling cascade via recruitment of various adaptor proteins. TLR associated signalling pathways are tightly regulated to keep a check on inappropriate production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and interferons thereby preventing various autoimmune and inflammatory processes. Herein, we review the current state of knowledge of hepatic distribution, signalling pathways and therapeutic modulation of TLRs in chronic liver diseases.
Is Infrastructure Spending an Effective Fiscal Policy?
Authors: Yanushevsky Camilla , Yanushevsky Rafael 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe impact of expansionary fiscal policy intended to increase economic growth by using infrastructure‐focused stimulus packages is analyzed by considering the debt to GDP ratio dynamics model. It is shown that for the data characterizing the current state of the US economy the government investment in infrastructure cannot decrease the debt to GDP ratio. The paper contributes to the ongoing fiscal policy debate whether government investment in infrastructure is an effective approach to boost the economy.
Evidence for phenotypic bistability resulting from transcriptional interference of bvgAS in Bordetella bronchiseptica
Authors: Mason Eliza , Henderson Michael W. , Scheller Erich V. , Byrd Matthew S. , Cotter Peggy A. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryBordetella species cause respiratory infections in mammals. Their master regulatory system BvgAS controls expression of at least three distinct phenotypic phases in response to environmental cues. The Bvg+ phase is necessary and sufficient for respiratory infection while the Bvg− phase is required for survival ex vivo. We obtained large colony variants (LCVs) from the lungs of mice infected with B. bronchiseptica strain RBX9, which contains an in‐frame deletion mutation in fhaB, encoding filamentous haemagglutinin. RBX9 also yielded LCVs when switched from Bvg− phase conditions to Bvg+ phase conditions in vitro. We determined that LCVs are composed of both Bvg+ and Bvg− phase bacteria and that they result from defective bvgAS positive autoregulation. The LCV phenotype was linked to the presence of a divergent promoter 5′ to bvgAS, suggesting a previously undescribed mechanism of transcriptional interference that, in this case, leads to feedback‐based bistability (FBM). Our results also indicate that a small proportion of RBX9 bacteria modulates to the Bvg− phase in vivo. In addition to providing insight into transcriptional interference and FBM, our data provide an example of an in‐frame deletion mutation exerting a ‘polar’ effect on nearby genes.
Ralstonia solanacearum type III secretion system effector Rip36 induces a hypersensitive response in the nonhost wild eggplant Solanum torvum
Authors: Nahar Kamrun , Matsumoto Iyo , Taguchi Fumiko , Inagaki Yoshishige , Yamamoto Mikihiro , Toyoda Kazuhiro , Shiraishi Tomonori , Ichinose Yuki , Mukaihara Takafumi 
Published: September 2013

SummaryRalstonia solanacearum is a Gram‐negative soil‐borne bacterium that causes bacterial wilt disease in more than 200 plant species, including economically important Solanaceae species. In R. solanacearum, the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) type III secretion system is required for both the ability to induce the hypersensitive response (HR) in nonhost plants and pathogenicity in host plants. Recently, 72 effector genes, called rip (Ralstonia protein injected into plant cells), have been identified in R. solanacearum RS1000. RS1002, a spontaneous nalixidic acid‐resistant derivative of RS1000, induced strong HR in the nonhost wild eggplant Solanum torvum in an Hrp‐dependent manner. An Agrobacterium‐mediated transient expression system revealed that Rip36, a putative Zn‐dependent protease effector of R. solanacearum, induced HR in S. torvum. A mutation in the putative Zn‐binding motif (E149A) completely abolished the ability to induce HR. In agreement with this result, the RS1002‐derived Δrip36 and rip36E149A mutants lost the ability to induce HR in S. torvum. An E149A mutation had no effect on the translocation of Rip36 into plant cells. These results indicate that Rip36 is an avirulent factor that induces HR in S. torvum and that a putative Zn‐dependent protease motif is essential for this activity.
The anagenetic world of spore‐producing land plants
Authors: Patiño Jairo , Carine Mark , Fernández‐Palacios José María , Otto Rüdiger , Schaefer Hanno , Vanderpoorten Alain 
Published: September 2013

SummaryA fundamental challenge to our understanding of biodiversity is to explain why some groups of species diversify, whereas others do not. On islands, the gradual evolution of a new species from a founder event has been called ‘anagenetic speciation’. This process does not lead to rapid and extensive speciation within lineages and has received little attention.Based on a survey of the endemic bryophyte, pteridophyte and spermatophyte floras of nine oceanic archipelagos, we show that anagenesis, as measured by the proportion of genera with single endemic species within a genus, is much higher in bryophytes (73%) and pteridophytes (65%) than in spermatophytes (55%).Anagenesis contributed 49% of bryophyte and 40% of endemic pteridophyte species, but only 17% of spermatophytes. The vast majority of endemic bryophytes and pteridophytes are restricted to subtropical evergreen laurel forests and failed to diversify in more open environments, in contrast with the pattern exhibited by spermatophytes.We propose that the dominance of anagenesis in island bryophytes and pteridophytes is a result of a mixture of intrinsic factors, notably their strong preference for (sub)tropical forest environments, and extrinsic factors, including the long‐term macro‐ecological stability of these habitats and the associated strong phylogenetic niche conservatism of their floras.
A Shift in Federal Policy Regulation of the Automobile Industry: Policy Brokers and the ACF
Authors: Diaz‐Kope Luisa M. , Lombard John R. , Miller‐Stevens Katrina 
Published: September 2013

The advocacy coalition framework (ACF) provides a means to explore complex policy issues and the dynamics of belief systems shared by multiple actors in the policy‐making process. Using a single case study, this article expands the application of the ACF to the complex policy subsystem of the U.S. automobile industry during the 2009 auto bailout and subsequent bankruptcy of General Motors and Chrysler. We examine the development and actions of policy coalitions and further expand the ACF by exploring the role of policy brokers during the automobile crisis. We also examine whether policy brokers are politically neutral actors as previous research debates and what actions they take if compromise cannot be reached between competing coalitions.Related Articles
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Shanahan, Elizabeth, Mark McBeth, and Paul Hathaway. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 39 (): 373‐400. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00295.x/abstract

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