bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A proposed baroclinic wave test case for deep‐ and shallow‐atmosphere dynamical cores
Authors: Ullrich Paul A. , Melvin Thomas , Jablonowski Christiane , Staniforth Andrew 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIdealised studies of key dynamical features of the atmosphere provide insight into the behaviour of atmospheric models. A very important, well understood, aspect of midlatitude dynamics is baroclinic instability. This can be idealised by perturbing a vertically sheared basic state in geostrophic and hydrostatic balance. An unstable wave mode then results with exponential growth (due to linear dynamics) in time until, eventually, nonlinear effects dominate and the wave breaks.A new, unified, idealised baroclinic instability test case is proposed. This improves on previous ones in three ways. First, it is suitable for both deep‐ and shallow‐atmosphere models. Second, the constant surface pressure and zero surface geopotential of the basic state makes it particularly well‐suited for models employing a pressure‐ or height‐based vertical coordinate. Third, the wave triggering mechanism selectively perturbs the rotational component of the flow; this, together with a vertical tapering, significantly improves dynamic balance.
Comparison of an autumn biomass harvest with a spring prescribed burn in restored native grass fields
Authors: Rave David P. , Fieberg John , Kotts Kevin 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTWildlife managers use spring prescribed burns to set back succession in managed grasslands throughout the prairie pothole region. Yet, prescribed burns are expensive and weather dependent. Autumn biomass harvest of native prairie plants may also simulate natural disturbances and help prevent the invasion of woody species. As such, biomass harvest can be an attractive management option that can augment, and in some cases, replace spring burning programs. We compared vegetation characteristics (vegetation ht and density, and residual litter depth) and changes to the plant community (e.g., species richness, relative abundance of native and exotic plant species) in restored native grasslands of Minnesota, during 2007–2009, in response to spring prescribed burns and autumn biomass harvest. We used a randomized block design to control for site‐to‐site variability, and compared treatments using mixed models that accounted for this source of variation as well as within‐plot repeated measures. This framework also allowed us to consider additional variables (e.g., Julian date, yr effects) thought to influence response patterns, and also additional fields that were treated with an autumn biomass harvest during the same time period. Vegetation characteristics exhibited substantial site‐to‐site and temporal variability, but, with the exception of litter depths, vegetation characteristics were largely similar in biomass harvest and burned subplots. We conclude that autumn biomass harvests deserve more consideration as a potential grassland management tool. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
The Dublin SURGE Project: geochemical baseline for heavy metals in topsoils and spatial correlation with historical industry in Dublin, Ireland
Authors: Glennon M. M. , Harris P. , Ottesen R. T. , Scanlon R. P. , O’Connor P. J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe Dublin SURGE (Soil Urban Geochemistry) Project is Dublin’s first baseline survey of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in topsoils and is part of a Europe-wide initiative to map urban geochemical baselines in ten cities. 1,058 samples were collected as part of a stratified random sampling programme in the greater Dublin area to give an overview of baseline conditions in the city. Samples were analysed for 31 inorganic elements including heavy metals. Analysis of results indicates that the concentrations of lead, copper, zinc and mercury are strongly influenced by human activities, with elevated concentrations in the city docklands, inner city and heavy industry areas. Sources of heavy metals in these areas may include historical industry, coal burning, re-use of contaminated soil, modern traffic and leaded paint and petrol. Concentrations of other inorganic elements in topsoil show patterns which are strongly related to regional bedrock parent material. The spatial distributions of heavy metals, in particular Pb and As, are explored in detail with respect to regional geology and the influence of historical industry on soil quality. Exploratory data, geostatistical and correlation analyses suggest that the concentrations of heavy metals tend to increase as the intensity of historical industrial activity increases. In particular, drinks production, power generation, oil/gas/coal, metals and textile historical industries appear to be the contamination source for several heavy metals. The data provide a geochemical baseline relevant to the protection of human health, compliance with environmental legislation, land use planning and urban regeneration.
Predictive Genetic Testing of a Bone Marrow Recipient–Ethical Issues Involving Unexpected Results, Gender Issues, Test Accuracy, and Implications for the Donor
Authors: Sexton A. , Rawlings L. , Jenkins M. , Winship I. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe present a case where an apparently straightforward Lynch syndrome predictive genetic test of DNA from a blood sample from a woman yielded an unexpected result of X/Y chromosome imbalance. Furthermore, it demonstrates the complexities of genetic testing in people who have had bone marrow transplants. This highlights the potential for multiple ethical and counselling challenges, including the inadvertent testing of the donor. Good communication between clinics and laboratories is essential to overcome such challenges and to minimise the provision of false results.
Spatial pattern of habitat quality modulates population persistence in fragmented landscapes
Authors: Ye Xinping , Wang Tiejun , Skidmore Andrew K. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractHabitat quality is one of the important factors determining population dynamics and persistence, yet few studies have examined the effects of spatial heterogeneity in within‐patch habitat quality. In this paper, we use a spatially explicit agent‐based model to investigate how habitat fragmentation and spatial pattern of within‐patch habitat quality affect population dynamics and long‐term persistence. We simulate three levels of habitat fragmentation (ranges from continuous to highly fragmented) and three types of spatial patterns in habitat quality within patches (i.e., negatively autocorrelated, randomly distributed, and positively autocorrelated). Hypothetical species differ in their niche specialization. The results demonstrate explicitly that the spatial pattern of within‐patch habitat quality plays an important role in modulating the effects of habitat fragmentation on populations. Populations become less variable in size, and experience lower probability of extinction in landscapes with positively autocorrelated within‐patch habitat quality. Specifically, specialized species are more vulnerable to habitat fragmentation, but this vulnerability is greatly mitigated by positively autocorrelated habitat quality within patches, in other words, exhibiting higher resistance to habitat fragmentation. The findings of this study suggest that managing habitat quality in existing habitat remnants is important to preserve species in habitats undergoing fragmentation, particularly for those with specialized habitat requirements.
Management of spinal deformity in cerebral palsy: Conservative treatment
Authors: Rutz Erich , Brunner Reinald 
Published: August 2013

Introduction The incidence of scoliosis in Cerebral Palsy (CP) is directly related to the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level. The natural history of untreated scoliosis in patients with CP is one of progression and factors implicated in deterioration include type of involvement (quadriplegia), poor functional status (nonambulatory, GMFCS levels IV and V), and curve location (thoracolumbar). The generally accepted incidence in the overall CP population is 20–25 %. Materials and methods We recently published our short term results for 31 children treated with a short lumbar brace. In cases of a “positive hands up test” we recommend a short lumbar brace, and in patients with scoliosis with a Cobb angle >20° a double shelled brace. Results In our study, there was a correction of 37 % for the lumbar Cobb angle and 39 % for the thoracic Cobb angle at a mean follow-up of 28 months. Conclusion The incidence of scoliosis in the overall CP population is 20–25 % and is directly related to the GMFCS level. Therefore, we recommend early treatment and prescribe a short lumbar brace in patients with dynamic instability of the trunk, and in scoliosis with a Cobb angle >20° a double shelled brace.
Assessing the Quality of Central Venous Catheter and Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Videos on the YouTube Video-Sharing Web site
Authors: Carr Peter J. , Alexandrou Evan , Jackson Gavin M. , Spencer Timothy R. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackground: Video sharing networks such as YouTube have revolutionized communication. Whilst access is freely available uploaded videos can contain non peer-reviewed information. This has consequences for the scientific and health care community, when the challenge in teaching is to present clinical procedures that follow empirical methods.Objective: To review 50 central venous catheter and peripherally inserted central catheter videos posted on YouTube. The aim was to appraise these videos using current evidenced-based guidelines.Methods: We searched YouTube using the key words central venous cannulation and peripherally inserted central catheter insertion on September 21, 2012. We consecutively reviewed 50 videos for both procedures.Results: There was poor adherence to evidence-based guidelines in the critiqued videos. There was a difference in adherence with the use of appropriate skin antisepsis in the 2 groups (18% for central venous catheters vs 52% for peripherally inserted central catheters; p = 0.009). And a large proportion in both groups compromised aseptic technique (37% for central venous catheters vs 38% for peripherally inserted central catheter; p = 0.940). The use of ultrasound guidance during procedures was also different between the 2 groups (33% for central venous catheters vs 85% for peripherally inserted central catheters; p = 0.017).Conclusions: This critique of instructional videos related to the insertion of central venous catheters and peripherally inserted central catheters uploaded to YouTube has highlighted poor adherence to current evidence-based guidelines. This lack of adherence to empirical guidelines can pose risks to clinical learning and ultimately to patient safety.
Three Academics’ Narratives in Transforming Curriculum for Education for Sustainable Development
Authors: Wahr Fiona , Underwood Jenny , Adams Luise , Prideaux Verity 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe expectation is that higher education curricula which purports to incorporate education for sustainable development (ESD) supports university graduates in becoming more sustainable. It would then follow that if academics are to offer such curricula they need to be adequately equipped with the motivations, knowledge and skills to teach it. However, the extent to which ESD has resulted in genuine higher education curriculum change, and academic readiness for it, is debatable. As such, this article presents the academic experiences of three of the authors involved in a curriculum change process to embed ESD within a Bachelor of Arts (Textile Design) degree program. Individual post-project narratives of our experiences are summarised and thematically analysed. The analysis reveals these experiences as disorienting, yet subsequently transformative. The findings suggest promoting academics’ transformative learning should be a focus of ESD curriculum change efforts. The findings support commitment to long-term, facilitated professional development to achieve transformative change; an often espoused, yet under-reported initiative.
How is freedom distributed across the earth?
Authors: Allik Jüri , Realo Anu 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAlthough Van de Vliert presented an entertaining story containing several original observations, an implicit assumption that climate affects human society identically through the history is not realistic. If almost everything is explained by cold winters or hot summers, then nothing is explained. Ignoring rival explanations does not make the proposed theory more convincing.
Frontier migration fosters ethos of independence: Deconstructing the climato-economic theory of human culture
Authors: de Oliveira Chen Stephanie , Kitayama Shinobu 
Published: August 2013

AbstractEvidence Van de Vliert draws on is more consistent with the idea that settlement in the frontier encourages independent mentality and individualistic social institutions. This cultural system can sometimes flourish, generating both wealth and power, but clearly not always. In our view, wealth is, for the most part, a measure of success of any given cultural group, and climate is important to the extent that it plays a role in creating rugged lands of frontier.
What is freedom–and does wealth cause it?
Authors: Iyer Ravi , Motyl Matt , Graham Jesse 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe target article's climato-economic theory will benefit by allowing for bidirectional effects and the heterogeneity of types of freedom, in order to more fully capture the coevolution of societal wealth and freedom. We also suggest alternative methods of testing climato-economic theory, such as longitudinal analyses of these countries' histories and micro-level experiments of each of the theory's hypotheses.
The need for psychological needs: A role for social capital
Authors: Locke John L. , Flanagan Catherine M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractVan de Vliert embraces a “supply side” model of human needs, underplaying a “demand” model whereby individuals, motivated by psychological needs, develop coping strategies that help them meet their personal goals and collectively exert an influence on social and economic systems. Undesirable climates may inflate the value of financial capital, but they also boost the value of social capital.
Toward an integrated, causal, and psychological model of climato-economics
Authors: Loughnan Steve , Bratanova Boyka , Kuppens Peter 
Published: August 2013

AbstractVan de Vliert puts forward a model of how climate and economics interact to shape human needs, stresses, and freedoms. Although we applaud the construction of this model, we suggest that more needs to be done. Specifically, by adopting a multi-level and experimental approach, we can develop an integrated, causal, and psychological model of climato-economics.
Contextual freedom: Absoluteness versus relativity of freedom
Authors: Pahlavan Farzaneh , Amirrezvani Ali 
Published: August 2013

AbstractOur commentary is focused on the idea that “freedom” takes on its full significance whenever its relativistic nature, in the short- and long terms, is taken into account. Given the transformations brought about by “globalization,” application of a general model of freedom based on ecological-economic factors clearly seems to be rather untimely. We examine this idea through egocentric and ethnocentric views of the social and environmental analyses of “freedom.”
Fundamental freedoms and the psychology of threat, bargaining, and inequality
Authors: Sparks Adam , Mishra Sandeep , Barclay Pat 
Published: August 2013

AbstractVan de Vliert's findings may be explained by the psychology of threat and bargaining. Poor people facing extreme threats must cope by surrendering individual freedom in service of shared group needs. Wealthier people are more able to flee from threats and/or resist authoritarianism, so their leaders must concede greater freedom. Incorporating these factors (plus inequality) can sharpen researchers' predictions.
Subtle variation in ambient room temperature influences the expression of social cognition
Authors: Vigil Jacob M. , Swartz Tyler J. , Rowell Lauren N. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSocial signaling models predict that subtle variation in climatic temperature induces systematic changes in expressed cognition. An experiment showed that perceived room temperature was associated with variability in self-descriptions, social reactions of others, and desiring differing types of social networks. The findings reflect the tendency to inflate capacity demonstrations in warmer climates as a result of the social networking opportunities they enable.
Shotgun metagenomics indicates novel family A DNA polymerases predominate within marine virioplankton
Authors: Schmidt Helen F , Sakowski Eric G , Williamson Shannon J , Polson Shawn W , Wommack K Eric 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Virioplankton have a significant role in marine ecosystems, yet we know little of the predominant biological characteristics of aquatic viruses that influence the flow of nutrients and energy through microbial communities. Family A DNA polymerases, critical to DNA replication and repair in prokaryotes, are found in many tailed bacteriophages. The essential role of DNA polymerase in viral replication makes it a useful target for connecting viral diversity with an important biological feature of viruses. Capturing the full diversity of this polymorphic gene by targeted approaches has been difficult; thus, full-length DNA polymerase genes were assembled out of virioplankton shotgun metagenomic sequence libraries (viromes). Within the viromes novel DNA polymerases were common and found in both double-stranded (ds) DNA and single-stranded (ss) DNA libraries. Finding DNA polymerase genes in ssDNA viral libraries was unexpected, as no such genes have been previously reported from ssDNA phage. Surprisingly, the most common virioplankton DNA polymerases were related to a siphovirus infecting an α-proteobacterial symbiont of a marine sponge and not the podoviral T7-like polymerases seen in many other studies. Amino acids predictive of catalytic efficiency and fidelity linked perfectly to the environmental clades, indicating that most DNA polymerase-carrying virioplankton utilize a lower efficiency, higher fidelity enzyme. Comparisons with previously reported, PCR-amplified DNA polymerase sequences indicated that the most common virioplankton metagenomic DNA polymerases formed a new group that included siphoviruses. These data indicate that slower-replicating, lytic or lysogenic phage populations rather than fast-replicating, highly lytic phages may predominate within the virioplankton.
The microbial gene diversity along an elevation gradient of the Tibetan grassland
Authors: Yang Yunfeng , Gao Ying , Wang Shiping , Xu Depeng , Yu Hao , Wu Linwei , Lin Qiaoyan , Hu Yigang , Li Xiangzhen , He Zhili , Deng Ye , Zhou Jizhong 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Tibet is one of the most threatened regions by climate warming, thus understanding how its microbial communities function may be of high importance for predicting microbial responses to climate changes. Here, we report a study to profile soil microbial structural genes, which infers functional roles of microbial communities, along four sites/elevations of a Tibetan mountainous grassland, aiming to explore the potential microbial responses to climate changes via a strategy of space-for-time substitution. Using a microarray-based metagenomics tool named GeoChip 4.0, we showed that microbial communities were distinct for most but not all of the sites. Substantial variations were apparent in stress, N and C-cycling genes, but they were in line with the functional roles of these genes. Cold shock genes were more abundant at higher elevations. Also, gdh converting ammonium into urea was more abundant at higher elevations, whereas ureC converting urea into ammonium was less abundant, which was consistent with soil ammonium contents. Significant correlations were observed between N-cycling genes (ureC, gdh and amoA) and nitrous oxide flux, suggesting that they contributed to community metabolism. Lastly, we found by Canonical correspondence analysis, Mantel tests and the similarity tests that soil pH, temperature, NH4+–N and vegetation diversity accounted for the majority (81.4%) of microbial community variations, suggesting that these four attributes were major factors affecting soil microbial communities. On the basis of these observations, we predict that climate changes in the Tibetan grasslands are very likely to change soil microbial community functional structure, with particular impacts on microbial N-cycling genes and consequently microbe-mediated soil N dynamics.
Expression and localization of aging markers in lacrimal gland of chronic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Kawai Masataka , Ogawa Yoko , Shimmura Shigeto , Ohta Shigeki , Suzuki Takanori , Kawamura Naoshi , Kuwana Masataka , Kawakami Yutaka , Tsubota Kazuo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAging is commonly defined as the accumulation of diverse deleterious changes in cells and tissues with advancing age. To investigate whether aging changes are involved in the lacrimal glands of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) model mice, we obtained the specimens from cGVHD model mice, untreated aged and young mice and examined by histopathology and immunoblotting. Oxidative stress markers, 8-OHdG, 4-HNE and hexonoyl lesion (HEL) and other aging markers, p16 and p38, were used to assess the samples. The infiltrating mononuclear cells and endothelia of capillaries in the cGVHD and aged mice expressed the oxidative stress markers and other aging markers, but not in the young mice. Histological changes and the expression of aging markers in the samples from cGVHD mice exhibited similar features to those in aging mice. These results suggest that changes that typically appear with advanced age occur earlier in the lives of mice with lacrimal gland cGVHD.
Regulatory flexibility in the Nrf2-mediated stress response is conferred by conformational cycling of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein complex
Authors: Baird Liam , Llères David , Swift Sam , Dinkova-Kostova Albena T. 
Published: August 2013

Significance
We have developed a quantitative Förster resonance energy transfer-based methodology using multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to investigate in single live cells the interaction between the substrate adaptor protein Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1) and transcription factor NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the master regulator of the mammalian cell response to oxidants and electrophiles. The application of this methodology revealed that the system is much more dynamic than previously anticipated, whereby Keap1 utilizes a unique cyclic mechanism to target Nrf2 for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, which also leads to Keap1 regeneration. The nature of this mechanism allows rapid transcriptional responses to environmental changes and is capable of accommodating multiple modes of regulation.
Les conjonctions concessives à valeur réelle
Authors: Mossberg Mari 
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study is to compare the function and use of French and Swedish concessive conjunctions (bien que / quoique / encore que vs. trots att / fast / fastän). The analysis is based on a translation corpus, comprising French and Swedish fiction and non-fiction texts, and their translations into Swedish and French, respectively. It is argued that the semantic variation observed in the data is the result of a general diachronic semantic change including the following steps: nonsubjective > subjective > intersubjective. This reconstructive approach makes it possible to suggest a probable evolutionary path of the French and Swedish conjunctions and to determine their degree of grammaticalisation. The study also investigates differences in the use of the concessive conjunctions in fiction and non-fiction texts.