bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraocular localization ofOnchocerca lupiadult worm in a dog with anterior uveitis: A case report
Authors: Komnenou Anastasia Th. , Thomas Angelos L. N. , Papadopoulos Elias , Koutinas Alex F. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveCanine ocular onchocercosis may represent an important ocular disease with zoonotic potential and widespread geographical distribution. An uncommon localization ofOnchocerca lupiadult worm in the anterior chamber of the eye is described for the first time.Animal studiedA 4‐year‐old, intact, male, mixed‐breed dog was admitted with profuse lacrimation and severe squinting. On the right eye, there were mucopurulent discharge, chemosis, and all typical signs of anterior uveitis which were attributed to the presence of a moving filarial worm within the anterior chamber.ProcedureRemoval of the parasite from the anterior chamber by a limbal incision revealed a mature adult male, 7.65‐cm‐longO. lupiworm. Periocular skin scrapings for the corresponding microfilariae were negative. Postoperatively, apart from systemic prednisolone and doxycycline hyclate and a topical antibiotic/steroid solution, parenteral melarsomine, followed by ivermectin, was given until the complete disappearance of the ocular lesions.ConclusionsIntraocular onchocercosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of canine anterior uveitis in endemic areas. This case highlights the atypical localization ofO. lupiin the canine eye emphasizing on the possibility for a complete cure after the surgical removal of the parasite and the filaricidal medication subsequently applied.
Ventral transpalpebral anterior orbitotomy: surgical description and report of 3 cases
Authors: McDonald Jessica E. , Knollinger Amy M. , Dees Darryl D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPurposeTo describe a surgical approach to allow access to the ventral anterior canine orbit and report outcomes of three cases.Surgical techniqueAfter induction of general anesthesia and aseptic preparation of the surgical site, a 2.5‐ to 3‐cm curvilinear skin incision was created through the inferior eyelid at the level of the ventral orbital rim. A combination of sharp and blunt dissection facilitated entrance into the ventral anterior orbital space for the removal of diseased tissues or allows for drainage of purulent debris. Two‐layer closure was performed, and postoperative lateral temporary tarsorrhaphy sutures were retained to provide globe protection.ResultsThree dogs underwent unilateral ventral transpalpebral anterior orbitotomy. Prior to surgery, apart from a complete ophthalmic examination, ocular ultrasound was used to diagnose orbital disease in two cases, and MRI was utilized in the third case. Exploratory orbitotomy revealed a large mucocele in case 1, orbital bacterial abscessation in case 2, and necrotizing zygomatic sialoadenitis in case 3. Clinical exophthalmos resolved immediately after surgery. The surgical site in all cases healed within 2 weeks. One patient had a superficial corneal ulceration 2 weeks after surgery which healed uneventfully. Recurrence of orbital disease was not noted in any case.ConclusionsVentral transpalpebral anterior orbitotomy is a simple procedure that allows easy access to the ventral anterior orbit to allow for removal of diseased tissues or to facilitate drainage of abscessation. Recurrence of orbital disease was not seen in any patient, with one patient experiencing blindness as a long‐term complication following the procedure.
Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection and Differentiation of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Clinical Samples
Authors: Qin Xuan , Klein Eileen J. , Galanakis Emmanouil , Thomas Anita A. , Stapp Jennifer R. , Rich Shannon , Buccat Anne Marie , Tarr Phillip I. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Timely accurate diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) infections is important. We evaluated a laboratory-developed real-time PCR (LD-PCR) assay targeting
stx
1
,
stx
2
, and

rfbE
O157

with 2,386 qualifying stool samples submitted to the microbiology laboratory of a tertiary care pediatric center between July 2011 and December 2013. Broth cultures of PCR-positive samples were tested for Shiga toxins by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (ImmunoCard STAT! enterohemorrhagic
E. coli
[EHEC]; Meridian Bioscience) and cultured in attempts to recover both O157 and non-O157 STEC.
E. coli
O157 and non-O157 STEC were detected in 35 and 18 cases, respectively. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) occurred in 12 patients (10 infected with STEC O157, one infected with STEC O125ac, and one with PCR evidence of STEC but no resulting isolate). Among the 59 PCR-positive STEC specimens from 53 patients, only 29 (54.7%) of the associated specimens were toxin positive by EIA. LD-PCR differentiated STEC O157 from non-O157 using

rfbE
O157

, and LD-PCR results prompted successful recovery of
E. coli
O157 (
n
= 25) and non-O157 STEC (
n
= 8) isolates, although the primary cultures and toxin assays were frequently negative. A rapid “mega”-multiplex PCR (FilmArray gastrointestinal panel; BioFire Diagnostics) was used retrospectively, and results correlated with LD-PCR findings in 25 (89%) of the 28 sorbitol-MacConkey agar culture-negative STEC cases. These findings demonstrate that PCR is more sensitive than EIA and/or culture and distinguishes between O157 and non-O157 STEC in clinical samples and that
E. coli
O157:H7 remains the predominant cause of HUS in our institution. PCR is highly recommended for rapid diagnosis of pediatric STEC infections.
Global Multilocus Sequence Type Analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis Strains from 16 Countries
Authors: Herrmann Björn , Isaksson Jenny , Ryberg Martin , Tångrot Jeanette , Saleh Isam , Versteeg Bart , Gravningen Kirsten , Bruisten Sylvia 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

The Uppsala University
Chlamydia trachomatis
multilocus sequence type (MLST) database (
http://mlstdb.bmc.uu.se
) is based on five target regions (non-housekeeping genes) and the
ompA
gene. Each target has various numbers of alleles—
hctB
, 89; CT058, 51; CT144, 30; CT172, 38; and
pbpB
, 35—derived from 13 studies. Our aims were to perform an overall analysis of all
C. trachomatis
MLST sequence types (STs) in the database, examine STs with global spread, and evaluate the phylogenetic capability by using the five targets. A total of 415 STs were recognized from 2,089 specimens. The addition of 49
ompA
gene variants created 459 profiles. ST variation and their geographical distribution were characterized using eBURST and minimum spanning tree analyses. There were 609 samples from men having sex with men (MSM), with 4 predominating STs detected in this group, comprising 63% of MSM cases. Four other STs predominated among 1,383 heterosexual cases comprising, 31% of this group. The diversity index in ocular trachoma cases was significantly lower than in sexually transmitted chlamydia infections. Predominating STs were identified in 12 available
C. trachomatis
whole genomes which were compared to 22
C. trachomatis
full genomes without predominating STs. No specific gene in the 12 genomes with predominating STs could be linked to successful spread of certain STs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MLST targets provide a tree similar to trees based on whole-genome analysis. The presented MLST scheme identified
C. trachomatis
strains with global spread. It provides a tool for epidemiological investigations and is useful for phylogenetic analyses.
A Novel Reporter Phage To Detect Tuberculosis and Rifampin Resistance in a High-HIV-Burden Population
Authors: O'Donnell Max R. , Pym Alexander , Jain Paras , Munsamy Vanisha , Wolf Allison , Karim Farina , Jacobs William R. , Larsen Michelle H. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Improved diagnostics and drug susceptibility testing for
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
are urgently needed. We developed a more powerful mycobacteriophage (Φ
2
GFP10) with a fluorescent reporter. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) allows for rapid enumeration of metabolically active bacilli after phage infection. We compared the reporter phage assay to GeneXpert MTB/RIF for detection of
M. tuberculosis
and rifampin (RIF) resistance in sputum. Patients suspected to have tuberculosis were prospectively enrolled in Durban, South Africa. Sputum was incubated with Φ
2
GFP10, in the presence and absence of RIF, and bacilli were enumerated using FACS. Sensitivity and specificity were compared to those of GeneXpert MTB/RIF with an
M. tuberculosis
culture as the reference standard. A total of 158 patients were prospectively enrolled. Overall sensitivity for
M. tuberculosis
was 95.90% (95% confidence interval (CI), 90.69% to 98.64%), and specificity was 83.33% (95% CI, 67.18% to 93.59%). In acid-fast bacillus (AFB)-negative sputum, sensitivity was 88.89% (95% CI, 73.92% to 96.82%), and specificity was 83.33% (95% CI, 67.18% to 93.59%). Sensitivity for RIF-resistant
M. tuberculosis
in AFB-negative sputum was 90.00% (95% CI, 55.46% to 98.34%), and specificity was 91.94% (95% CI, 82.16% to 97.30%). Compared to GeneXpert, the reporter phage was more sensitive in AFB smear-negative sputum, but specificity was lower. The Φ
2
GFP10 reporter phage showed high sensitivity for detection of
M. tuberculosis
and RIF resistance, including in AFB-negative sputum, and has the potential to improve phenotypic testing for complex drug resistance, paucibacillary sputum, response to treatment, and detection of mixed infection in clinical specimens.
The burden of revision sinonasal surgery in the UK—data from the Chronic Rhinosinusitis Epidemiology Study (CRES): a cross-sectional study
Authors: Philpott Carl , Hopkins Claire , Erskine Sally , Kumar Nirmal , Robertson Alasdair , Farboud Amir , Ahmed Shahzada , Anari Shahram , Cathcart Russell , Khalil Hisham , Jervis Paul , Carrie Sean , Kara Naveed , Prinsley Peter , Almeyda Robert , Mansell Nicolas , Sunkaraneni Sankalp , Salam Mahmoud , Ray Jaydip , Panesaar Jaan , Hobson Jonathan , Clark Allan , Morris Steve 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the surgical revision rate in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in the UK CRS Epidemiology Study (CRES). Previous evidence from National Sinonasal Audit showed that 1459 patients with CRS demonstrated a surgical revision rate 19.1% at 5 years, with highest rates seen in those with polyps (20.6%).SettingThirty secondary care centres around the UK.ParticipantsA total of 221 controls and 1249 patients with CRS were recruited to the study including those with polyps (CRSwNPs), without polyps (CRSsNPs) and with allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS).InterventionsSelf-administered questionnaire.Primary outcome measureThe need for previous sinonasal surgery.ResultsA total of 651 patients with CRSwNPs, 553 with CRSsNPs and 45 with AFRS were included. A total of 396 (57%) patients with CRSwNPs/AFRS reported having undergone previous endoscopic nasal polypectomy (ENP), of which 182 of the 396 (46%) reported having received more than one operation. The mean number of previous surgeries per patient in the revision group was 3.3 (range 2–30) and a mean duration of time of 10 years since the last procedure. The average length of time since their first operation up to inclusion in the study was 15.5 years (range 0–74). Only 27.9% of all patients reporting a prior ENP had received concurrent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS; n=102). For comparison, surgical rates in patients with CRSsNPs were significantly lower; 13% of cases specifically reported ESS, and of those only 30% reported multiple procedures (χ2p<0.001).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that there is a high burden of both primary and revision surgery in patients with CRS, worst in those with AFRS and least in those with CRSsNPs. The burden of revision surgery appears unchanged in the decade since the Sinonasal Audit.
Electronic nicotine delivery devices, and their impact on health and patterns of tobacco use: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Glasser Allison M , Cobb Caroline O , Teplitskaya Lyubov , Ganz Ollie , Katz Lauren , Rose Shyanika W , Feirman Shari , Villanti Andrea C 
Published: April 2015

IntroductionE-cigarettes or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have recently attracted considerable attention. Among some individuals there is strong debate and a polarisation of views about the public health benefits versus harms of ENDS. With little regulation, the ENDS market is evolving, and new products are introduced and marketed constantly. Rapid developments in manufacturing, marketing and consumer domains related to ENDS will warrant frequent re-evaluation, based on the state of the evolving science. The purpose of this article is to describe a protocol for an ongoing comprehensive review of the published scientific literature on ENDS.Methods and analysisWe will undertake a systematic review of published empirical research literature on ENDS using the National Library of Medicine's PubMed electronic database to search for relevant articles. Data from included studies will be extracted into a standardised form, tables with study details and key outcomes for each article will be created, and studies will be synthesised qualitatively.Ethics and disseminationThis review synthesises published literature and presents no primary data. Therefore, no ethical approval is required for this study. Subsequent papers will provide greater detail on results, within select categories, that represent gaps in the literature base.
Cytoplasmic Accumulation of Sequestosome 1 (p62) Is a Predictor of Biochemical Recurrence, Rapid Tumor Cell Proliferation, and Genomic Instability in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Burdelski Christoph , Reiswich Viktor , Hube-Magg Claudia , Kluth Martina , Minner Sarah , Koop Christina , Graefen Markus , Heinzer Hans , Tsourlakis Maria Christina , Wittmer Corinna , Huland Hartwig , Simon Ronald , Schlomm Thorsten , Sauter Guido , Steurer Stefan 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Purpose: Sequestosome 1 (p62) is a multifunctional adapter protein accumulating in autophagy-defective cells.
Experimental Design: To evaluate the clinical impact and relationship with key genomic alterations in prostate cancer, p62 protein levels were analyzed by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray containing 12,427 prostate cancers. Data on ERG status and deletions of PTEN, 3p13, 5q21, and 6q15 were available from earlier studies.
Results: p62 immunostaining was absent in benign prostatic glands but present in 73% of 7,822 interpretable prostate cancers. Strong cytoplasmic p62 staining was tightly linked to high Gleason grade, advanced pathologic tumor (pT) stage, positive nodal status, positive resection margin, and early PSA recurrence (P &lt; 0.0001 each). Increased levels of p62 were significantly linked to TMPRSS2–ERG fusions, both by FISH and immunohistochemical analysis (P &lt; 0.0001 each). For example, moderate or strong p62 immunostaining was seen in 28.5% of cancers with TMPRSS2–ERG fusion detected by FISH and in 23.1% of cancers without such rearrangements (P &lt; 0.0001). Strong p62 staining was significantly linked to the presence of all tested deletions, including PTEN (P &lt; 0.0001), 6q15 (P &lt; 0.0001), 5q21 (P = 0.0002), 3p13 (P = 0.0088), and 6q15 (P &lt; 0.0001), suggesting a link between p62 accumulation and loss of genomic stability. The prognostic role of p62 protein accumulation was striking and independent of Gleason grade, pT stage, pN stage, surgical margin status, and preoperative PSA, regardless of whether preoperative or postoperative parameters were used for modeling.
Conclusions: Our study identifies cytoplasmic accumulation of p62 as a strong predictor of an adverse prognostic behavior of prostate cancer independently from established clinicopathologic findings. Clin Cancer Res; 21(15); 3471–9. ©2015 AACR.
Different Impacts of Time From Collapse to First Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on Outcomes After Witnessed Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Adults
Authors: Hara Masahiko , Hayashi Kenichi , Hikoso Shungo , Sakata Yasushi , Kitamura Tetsuhisa 
Published: April 2015

Background—
It is well known that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be attempted as early as possible after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, it is unclear about the impact of time to CPR on OHCA outcome by first documented rhythm (pulseless ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation [pVT/VF], pulseless electric activity [PEA], and asystole).

Methods and Results—

We enrolled 257 354 adult witnessed OHCA patients between 2007 and 2012 from a prospective nationwide population-based cohort database in Japan. We evaluated relationships between time from collapse to first CPR and neurologically favorable 1-month survival defined as Glasgow–Pittsburg cerebral performance category 1 or 2 by first documented rhythm after witnessed OHCA. We used logistic model for the estimation of prognosis. The number of OHCA patients with pVT/VF, PEA, and asystole were 38 661, 96 906, and 121 787, respectively. The overall neurologically favorable 1-month survival rates were 21.3% in patients with pVT/VF, 2.7% PEA, and 0.6% asystole. The proportion of asystole increased as the time from collapse to CPR delayed, whereas those of pVT/VF and PEA decreased (trend
P
<0.001). Estimated incidences of end-point after OHCA became lower as first CPR delayed irrespective of type of first documented rhythm, but were different by the rhythm. The average percentage point decreases in neurologically favorable 1-month survival probability for each incremental minute of CPR delay were 8.3%, 4.4%, and 6.4% for patients with pVT/VF, PEA, and asystole, respectively.

Conclusions—
The OHCA outcome differed by time to first CPR and first documented rhythm. Shortening of time to first CPR is crucial for improving the OHCA outcome.
Applying the Fluctuation–Dissipation Theorem to a Two-Layer Model of Quasigeostrophic Turbulence
Authors: Lutsko Nicholas J. , Held Isaac M. , Zurita-Gotor Pablo 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The fluctuation–dissipation theorem (FDT) provides a means of calculating the response of a dynamical system to a small force by constructing a linear operator that depends only on data from the internal variability of the unperturbed system. Here the FDT is used to estimate the response of a two-layer quasigeostrophic model to two zonally symmetric torques, both barotropic, with the same sign of the forcing in the two layers, and baroclinic, with opposite sign forcing in the two layers. The supercriticality of the model is also varied to test how the FDT fares, as this parameter is varied. To perform the FDT calculations the data are decomposed onto empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) and only those EOFs that are well resolved are retained in the FDT calculations. In the barotropic case good qualitative estimates are obtained for all values of the supercriticality, though the FDT consistently overestimates the response, perhaps because of significant non-Gaussian behavior present in the model. Nevertheless, this adds to the evidence that the annular-mode time scale plays an important role in determining the response of the midlatitudes to small perturbations. The baroclinic case is more challenging for the FDT. However, by constructing different bases with which to calculate the EOFs, it is shown that the issue in this case is that the baroclinic variability is poorly sampled, not that the FDT fails. The strategies developed in order to generate these estimates may be applicable to situations in which the FDT is applied to larger systems.
Observations of Ice Microphysics through the Melting Layer
Authors: Heymsfield Andrew J. , Bansemer Aaron , Poellot Michael R. , Wood Norm 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The detailed microphysical processes and properties within the melting layer (ML)—the continued growth of the aggregates by the collection of the small particles, the breakup of these aggregates, the effects of relative humidity on particle melting—are largely unresolved. This study focuses on addressing these questions for in-cloud heights from just above to just below the ML. Observations from four field programs employing in situ measurements from above to below the ML are used to characterize the microphysics through this region. With increasing temperatures from about −4° to +1°C, and for saturated conditions, slope and intercept parameters of exponential fits to the particle size distributions (PSD) fitted to the data continue to decrease downward, the maximum particle size (largest particle sampled for each 5-s PSD) increases, and melting proceeds from the smallest to the largest particles. With increasing temperature from about −4° to +2°C for highly subsaturated conditions, the PSD slope and intercept continue to decrease downward, the maximum particle size increases, and there is relatively little melting, but all particles experience sublimation.
Distriktssköterskans arbete med att stödja patienter i rökavvänjning
Authors: Persson Lisa , Rasmusson Emma , Pennbrant Sandra 
Published: April 2015

Background Smoking is a public health problem. Supporting patients to achieve lifestyle changes, such as smoking cessation, is one way for the district nurse to promote health. Aim To investigate how the district nurse promotes health and supports patients in smoking cessation. Method A questionnaire was sent to 124 district nurses working with smoking cessation in a region in western Sweden. The questionnaire contained both closed and open questions. The responses were analysed using descriptive statistics and manifest content analysis. Findings The district nurses’ work includes motivating, educating, supporting, informing and following up patients in need of smoking cessation. In total, 63% of the district nurses consider themselves to have an important function in smoking cessation. Lack of time is a substantial problem and district nurses devote 1–10 hours per week on smoking cessation. Of the 124 nurses, 43% felt that they did not have enough knowledge about smoking cessation. The district nurses wished to benefit from the experience of other colleagues. Conclusion District nurses experience lack of time and knowledge. In order to provide quality support for smoking cessation, district nurses should possess medical knowledge and be empathic and involved.
Immunohistochemical pattern of T lymphocytes population within bilharzial-associated bladder neoplasm microenvironment
Authors: El-Aal Amany Ahmed Abd , Emran Ashraf Mohamed , Al-Antably Abeer Said , El Saftawy Enas Ali , Bayoumy Ibrahim R , Hassan Nabila Salah , Badawi Manal 
Published: April 2015

The present work aimed to investigate the cellular and immunochemical pattern of T cells population in biopsy material from chronic schistosomiasis haematobium Egyptian patients complicated with bladder cancer. Digital real-time quantitative photocytometry was applied to auto-analyze 29 stained tissue sections from cases and 17 controls using STAT4, GATA3, FOXP3, and CD8 markers specific for Th1, Th2, T regulatory, and T cytotoxic cells, respectively. Area percentage showed significant high level of GATA, followed by FOXP3 and low level of both STAT and CD8 was reported. Tissue samples from five healthy bladder tissues showed significant lower optical density (OD) values. Tissue samples from 12 non-bilharzial bladder cancers showed variable OD values, reflecting wide disparity in the control group. Our results hypothesized an exclusive pattern of T population in long standing complicated schistosomiasis haematobium. Our cases were poorly controlled by unbalanced Th1/Th2 in which Th2 was dominated. FOXP3 increased significantly, however, failed to downregulate Th2, instead, the relation between Th1 and T cytotoxic was forcibly limited by the high level of FOXP3, resulting in loss of their power in defending the host against both parasite and carcinogenic changes. These results provide more clarification for the immune evasion process played by the parasite and tumor cells under the supervision of T regulatory cells. Additionally a critical role of FOXP3 is suggested in manipulating STAT4 and CD8 in favor of malignant transformation in this life-threatening parasite.