bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assimilation of GPS Radio Occultation Refractivity Data with WRF 3DVAR and Its Impact on the Prediction of a Heavy Rainfall Event
Authors: Ha Ji-Hyun , Lim Gyu-Ho , Choi Suk-Jin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTo accommodate accurate analyses and forecasts of a heavy rainfall event over the Korean Peninsula, the authors assimilated the GPS radio occultation (RO) data by using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) and its three-dimensional variational data assimilation system (3DVAR). The employed datasets are from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) and Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) missions. The selected case was from late October 2006, which intensively hit the northeastern part of the Korean Peninsula with record-breaking rainfall. In this study, the local refractivity observation operator was used in assimilating GPS RO soundings. The results are more pronounced for the cycling assimilation of GPS RO data than for the one-time data assimilation. From all of the parameters investigated (temperature, geopotential height, specific humidity, and winds), the GPS RO soundings highly modified the moisture distribution in the lower troposphere and also changed the wind field via the model dynamics. For the heavy rainfall forecast, the quantitative accuracy of the precipitation forecast with the GPS RO data assimilation was in good agreement with observations in terms of the maximum rainfall amount and threat scores. The improved forecast in the experiment came from the exact positioning of the low pressure system and its consequent convergence near the rainfall area. When RO data and GPS precipitable water data were assimilated simultaneously, the moisture distribution changed horizontally and vertically such that it increased the amount of rainfall, and an accurate description of the convective system development was feasible.
Impact of Afternoon Thunderstorms on the Land–Sea Breeze in the Taipei Basin during Summer: An Experiment
Authors: Chen Tsing-Chang , Yen Ming-Cheng , Tsay Jenq-Dar , Liao Chi-Chang , Takle Eugene S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEnvironmental conditions for the roughly three million people living in the Taipei basin of Taiwan are greatly affected by the land–sea breeze and afternoon thunderstorm activities. A new perspective on the land–sea breeze life cycle and how it is affected by afternoon thunderstorm activity in the Taipei basin during the dry season is provided. During the summer monsoon break–revival phase, about 75% of rainfall in the Taipei basin is produced by afternoon thunderstorms triggered by sea-breeze interactions with the mountains to the south of this basin. Because the basic characteristics of the land–sea breeze and the changes it undergoes through the influence of afternoon thunderstorms have not been comprehensively analyzed/documented, a mini–field experiment was conducted during the summers of 2004 and 2005 to explore these aspects of the land–sea breeze in this basin. Thunderstorm rainfall is found to change not only the basin’s land–sea-breeze life cycle, but also its ventilation mechanism. On the nonthunderstorm day, the sea breeze supplies the open-sea fresh air for about 8 h during the daytime, but the land breeze persists on the thunderstorm day from afternoon to the next morning, acting to sweep polluted urban air out of the basin.
Rationalizing the Spatial Distribution of Mesoscale Eddy Diffusivity in Terms of Mixing Length Theory
Authors: Bates Michael , Tulloch Ross , Marshall John , Ferrari Raffaele 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObservations and theory suggest that lateral mixing by mesoscale ocean eddies only reaches its maximum potential at steering levels, surfaces at which the propagation speed of eddies approaches that of the mean flow. Away from steering levels, mixing is strongly suppressed because the mixing length is smaller than the eddy scale, thus reducing the mixing rates. The suppression is particularly pronounced in strong currents where mesoscale eddies are most energetic. Here, a framework for parameterizing eddy mixing is explored that attempts to capture this suppression. An expression of the surface eddy diffusivity proposed by Ferrari and Nikurashin is evaluated using observations of eddy kinetic energy, eddy scale, and eddy propagation speed. The resulting global maps of eddy diffusivity have a broad correspondence with recent estimates of diffusivity based on the rate at which tracer contours are stretched by altimetric-derived surface currents. Finally, the expression for the eddy diffusivity is extrapolated in the vertical to infer the eddy-induced meridional heat transport and the overturning streamfunction.
Weather Forecast Use for Winter Recreation*
Authors: Rutty Michelle , Andrey Jean 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Recent studies have begun to address the importance of weather information for leisure activities. This paper contributes to the understanding of how weather information is sourced, perceived, and used for the discretionary and weather-dependent winter activities of skiing, snowboarding, and snowmobiling. A survey of 1948 Ontario (Canada) skiers/snowboarders and snowmobilers is the empirical basis for the paper, providing insights into how winter recreationists are both similar to and different from the general public with respect to weather information. Results show that virtually all (≥97%) skiers/snowboarders and snowmobilers use weather forecasts when planning an outing, which are primarily (≥95%) sourced through Internet and mobile devices. Skiers/snowboarders and snowmobilers are also highly attentive to rain and freezing rain variables in the forecast, as it negatively affects participation. The results also demonstrate the importance of forecast use for planning travel to snow resorts and snowmobile trails, with poor road conditions likely to result in a postponed or cancelled trip. These findings underscore the differing weather needs of subpopulations, with the need for continued research to examine variations among weather forecast users for context specific decision making.
Factors Associated With Recurrence of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Involving the Temporal Bone
Authors: McRackan Theodore R. , Fang Te-Yung , Pelosi Stanley , Rivas Alejandro , Dietrich Mary S. , Wanna George B. , Labadie Robert F. , Haynes David S. , Bennett Marc L. 
Published: March 2014

Objective: This study aimed to better identify factors associated with recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) involving the temporal bone. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary hospital. Sixty patients who were diagnosed over a 10-year period with SCC involving the temporal bone and underwent surgical resection were analyzed. All patients were staged based on the University of Pittsburgh staging system. Demographic, intraoperative, and pathologic data were analyzed with respect to recurrence. Results: Thirteen (21.7%) patients were T1, 8 (13.3%) T2, 7 (11.7%) T3, and 32 (53.3%) T4. Eighteen patients (30.0%) recurred in the study period. The mean time to recurrence was 5.8 months. Tumors originating in the skin overlying the parotid gland and the external auditory canal had higher recurrence rates than those from the auricle/postauricular skin and temporal bone ( P = .05). Direct parotid and perineural spread accounted for 15.0% of all routes of temporal invasion but resulted in 22.2% of all recurrences ( P = .04). Increased N stage was statistically associated with increased risk of recurrence ( P = .01). Cervical, as compared to perifacial and parotid, lymph node involvement was associated with increased risk of recurrence (odds ratio = 6.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–42.87). Conclusion: We have identified multiple factors that are associated with increased recurrence of SCC involving the temporal bone.
Laryngeal Granuloma in Experimental Rats With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Mechanically Injured Vocal Cord Mucosa
Authors: Shimazu Rintaro , Kuratomi Yuichiro , Aoki Shigehisa , Inokuchi Akira 
Published: March 2014

Objective: This study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanisms underlying laryngeal granuloma formation in a rat model of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with mechanically injured vocal cord mucosa. Methods: The rat model of GERD was surgically created by tying the pyloric sphincter and ligating the transitional region between the forestomach and the glandular portion (limiting ridge). The control rats received only a midline incision. In all the animals, a plastic bar was inserted into the trachea, and moved vertically thrice in 3 seconds to cause mechanical injury of the vocal cord mucosa. The rats were sacrificed 2 weeks postsurgically, and their pharynx and larynx were observed histologically. Results: Granulomas were observed in the vocal cord mucosa of the GERD group (3 of 5 animals); they presented a similar pathological structure to that of human laryngeal granulomas. In contrast, only abrasions and blisters were observed on the vocal cord mucosa in the control group (all 5 animals). Conclusions: The development of laryngeal granuloma may involve both mechanical injury and gastric acid reflux.
Symptom Overlap Between Laryngopharyngeal Reflux and Glottic Insufficiency in Vocal Fold Atrophy Patients
Authors: Patel Anju K. , Mildenhall Nicholas R. , Kim William , Carroll Thomas L. 
Published: March 2014

Objective: To determine in true vocal fold (TVF) atrophy patients if symptoms of throat clearing and mucus sensation, attributed to laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), are due to glottic insufficiency. Is the TVF atrophy population being prescribed proton pump inhibitors unnecessarily? Methods: A retrospective review of patients with TVF atrophy but no other underlying laryngeal pathology seen at a tertiary voice center from July 2009 to May 2012 was conducted. Patient demographics, symptoms, LPR diagnosis, interventions, and pre-intervention and post-intervention Voice Handicap Index–10 (VHI) and Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) scores were recorded. Results: Twenty-six patients met inclusion criteria, and 85% were treated for LPR. Throat clearing and mucus sensation (85%), dysphonia (54%), and globus sensation (46%) were recorded. Interventions included LPR medical management (65%), vocal fold augmentation (23%), and voice therapy (12%). Reflux Symptom Index scores improved in all groups. Voice Handicap Index–10 and RSI scores normalized in patients treated with augmentation. Globus was never present in patients who received augmentation. Conclusion: Throat clearing and mucus sensation may be due to underlying glottic insufficiency and changes of the aging larynx rather than LPR. High VHI and RSI scores normalized with TVF augmentation. Further work is needed to evaluate symptom presentation and risk versus benefit of treatment options, especially if it avoids unnecessary proton pump inhibitor trials.
Reliability of Clinical Office-Based Laryngeal Electromyography in Vocally Healthy Adults
Authors: Croake Daniel J. , Stemple Joseph C. , Uhl Timothy , Archer Sanford , Andreatta Richard D. 
Published: March 2014

Objective: This study aimed to conduct a 3-session reliability assessment of the laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) signal in healthy participants during intensity controlled vocalization tasks. We hypothesized that vocal intensity level and testing session would affect LEMG measures. Methods: This prospective study used a 2-factor repeated measures design. Seven participants underwent bipolar needle LEMG of the right thyroarytenoid muscle. Data were collected over 3 testing sessions using vocalization tasks performed with visually guided intensity feedback targets (65 and 75 dB SPL). Root mean square amplitudes in microvolts were analyzed for within-session and between-session reliability. Results: The main effect for intensity was found to approach significance ( F = 5.71, P = .054). However, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) using a 2-factor mixed random effect model indicated poor to fair signal reliability between testing sessions (ICC = 0.56 at 65 dB, 0.40 at 70 dB). Intraclass correlation coefficients for within-session data indicated excellent reliability for all testing conditions (0.84–0.98). Conclusion: Using a quantitative analysis protocol to inform an essentially qualitative technique, our results indicated that there was generally poor to fair reliability in the LEMG signal over testing sessions. Vocal intensity was an important variable that affected LEMG signal reliability. Standardization of LEMG protocols using vocal control parameters and quantitative analyses may help improve LEMG reliability in clinical settings.
Vulnerability to Acoustic Trauma in the Normal Hearing Ear With Contralateral Hearing Loss
Authors: Lim Hyun Woo , Lee Ji Won , Chung Jong Woo 
Published: March 2014

Objectives: We undertook an animal study to investigate the functional and histological changes that occur in the normal hearing ear of following acoustic trauma. Methods: As an animal model of unilateral hearing loss, the right ears of CBA mice were deafened by cochlear destruction at 6 weeks of age (SSD group). The control groups included mice that underwent a sham surgery, and mice that were exposed to noise binaurally and monaurally (by plugging the right ear completely). At 10 weeks of age, all mice were exposed to acoustic trauma (110 dB sound pressure level for 1 hour) that induced a transient threshold shift (TTS). Changes in the hearing thresholds of the left ear were assessed over the next 4 weeks by measuring the auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). Results: Following the noise exposure, the SSD group showed a permanent threshold shift (PTS) of about 10 dB, whereas the other groups showed full recovery from the TTS. The threshold of the DPOAEs of the left ears were increased after noise exposure but returned to normal in all groups, with no significant differences among the groups. Histological evaluation showed no apparent cellular loss or apoptosis in the left ears of all groups, including the SSD group. Conclusions: These results suggest that normal hearing ears are more vulnerable to acoustic trauma following contralateral unilateral cochlear ablation. This increased vulnerability may be due to damaged neural structures.
Esthesioneuroblastoma
Authors: Gallagher Kelly K. , Spector Matthew E. , Pepper Jon-Paul , McKean Erin L. , Marentette Lawrence J. , McHugh Jonathan B. 
Published: March 2014

Objective: The Hyams grading system has been extensively used to predict prognosis in patients with esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB). However, most studies showing prognostic correlation group grading into I/II versus III/IV, essentially comparing low versus high grade. In addition, these studies include patients with variable treatment regimens, including some that were treated with chemoradiation alone. We aimed to determine whether additional histologic variables correlate with outcome with regard to disease free and overall survival in a series of patients universally treated with anterior skull base resection and +/– adjuvant chemoradiation. Study Design: A retrospective review of 27 patients with ENB was performed. Methods: The sections of tumor from these 27 patients were studied and reviewed with attention to percentage lobularity, degree of pleomorphism, degree of neurofibrillary matrix, and degree of apoptosis. In addition, the presence or absence of rosettes, necrosis, calcification, spindle cells, gland hyperplasia, and bone invasion were noted. Finally, the number of mitoses per high power field and the nature of chromatin (fine vs coarse) were recorded. The histopathologic features of these 27 ENBs were reviewed and correlated with clinical outcome. Results: There were 11 patients with recurrence (40.7% recurrence). There were 5 deaths (81.5% survival). The study cohort’s mean overall survival was 158 months and the mean disease-free survival was 70.6 months. In terms of overall survival, necrosis and mitosis (#/10hpf) were significant but not when multivariate analysis was performed, these were not individually significant. In terms of disease-free survival, mitosis (#/10hpf) was significant but not on multivariate analysis. Gland hyperplasia was found to be a positive prognostic variable, associated with longer overall and disease-free survival, but only in combination with no spindle features and without necrosis. Conclusions: An updated histologic grading system may provide more valuable prognostic information in patients with esthesioneuroblastoma treated with a standardized treatment paradigm.
Long-term results of aortic valve replacement with posterior root enlargement
Authors: Ghavidel Alireza Alizadeh , Omrani Gholamreza , Chitsazan Mitra , Totonchi Ziae , Givtaj Nader 
Published: March 2014

Background Posterior root enlargement provides the implantation of suitable-sized prosthetic valves in patients with a small aortic root. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term results of posterior root enlargement in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Methods Between 1997 and 2011, 103 patients with a small aortic annulus (indexed effective orifice area < 0.75 cm−2 · m−2) underwent aortic valve replacement with posterior aortic root enlargement. Forty-six (44%) patients were male. The mean age was 28.62 ± 18.56 years. Survivors were followed up for a mean of 45.6 ± 32.4 months. Results Early mortality was 9.6%. The most common cause of early mortality was low cardiac output syndrome (6 patients). There were 2 (1.9%) late deaths due to cerebrovascular events. During the follow-up period, mild paravalvular leakage occurred in only one (1%) patient, and one suffered a malfunction of the prosthesis. A significant reduction was seen in the peak pressure gradients across the replaced aortic valves ( p < 0.001). Moreover, a significant increase was noted in left ventricular ejection fraction ( p = 0.001). Conclusions Aortic root enlargement using the Manouguian technique can be applied with acceptable safety. It effectively decreases postoperative gradients and increases left ventricular ejection fraction. Short- and long-term mortality and morbidity rates are satisfactory.
Psychosocial Interventions for Women with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Hernandez Julieta P. , Macgowan Mark J. 
Published: March 2014

Objective Recent research on psychosocial interventions addressing the well-being of women with HIV/AIDS has brought new options for practitioners. This study critically reviews the treatment features, methodological quality, and efficacy of these interventions. Methods A comprehensive search between 2000 and 2011 identified 19 studies employing 10 different interventions. Results In all, 11 studies were methodologically strong and 12 reported interventions superior to other treatments. Among those with positive results, Cohen’s effect sizes ranged from small ( d = 0.33) to large ( d = 1.50) across well-being outcomes. The Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management/Expressive Supportive and Structural Ecosystems Therapies ranked as probably efficacious. The Teaching, Raising and Communicating with Kids and the Maternal HIV Self-Care Symptom Management programs were ranked as promising treatments.
Book review: Henderson, Jeffrey. 2011: East Asian transformation: On the political economy of dynamism, governance and crisis and Payne, Anthony and Nicola Phillips. 2010: Development
Authors: Bangara Tamara , Bisung Elijah , Ngai Karen , Said Sherine , Scot Steffanie 
Published: March 2014

Henderson, Jeffrey. 2011: East Asian transformation: On the political economy of dynamism, governance and crisis. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. 184 pp. £28.99 paperback. £98.04 hardback. ISBN: 9780415547918 hardback. ISBN: 9780415547925 (paperback), ISBN: 978020383313 (e-book). Payne, Anthony and Nicola Phillips. 2010: Development. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press (Key Concepts in the Social Sciences Series). 196 pp. £15.99 paperback. £50 hardback. ISBN: 9780745630670 (hardback), ISBN: 9780745630685 (paperback).
Suboptimal glycaemic control enhances the risk of impaired prothrombotic state in youths with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kyrgios Ioannis , Maggana Ioanna , Giza Styliani , Stergidou Dorothea , Mouzaki Konstantina , Kotanidou Eleni P , Papadakis Emmanouil , Galli-Tsinopoulou Assimina 
Published: March 2014

Objective: To estimate markers of prothrombotic state and endothelial dysfunction in youths with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and investigate possible associations with anthropometric/demographic data, glycaemic control and lipid profile. Methods: In a cross-sectional design, we recruited 155 youths with T1DM and determined levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-antigen (PAI-1-Ag), von Willebrand factor-antigen (vWF-Ag), fibrinogen (FB), lipids and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Results: Of all the participants, 76 (49%) had increased levels of at least one of prothrombotic factors. Suboptimal glycaemic control was associated with a worse lipid profile and an eightfold increased risk of elevated vWF-Ag levels. Higher vWF-Ag concentrations were also correlated with impaired lipid profile and increased HbA1c values, whereas PAI-1-Ag was positively correlated only with triglyceride levels. After adjustment for potential confounders, only HbA1c contributed independently to the variation in vWF-Ag levels. Conclusion: Impaired prothrombotic state and consequently endothelial dysfunction are present in youths with T1DM, representing a cumulative risk factor for future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Achievement and maintenance of euglycaemia and normolipidaemia are crucial to decelerate progress of this process.
Gastrointestinal polypoid lesions: a poorly known endoscopic feature of portal hypertension
Authors: Lemmers Arnaud , Evrard Sylvie , Demetter Pieter , Verset Gontran , Gossum Andre Van , Adler Michael , Devière Jacques , Moine Olivier Le 
Published: March 2014

AimTo describe a poorly known endoscopic entity associated with portal hypertension, characterized by polypoid lesions either in the stomach or small intestine of patients with cirrhosis.MethodsBetween 2003 and 2012, patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension underwent endoscopic workup of portal hypertension in our endoscopy unit. The clinical expression, endoscopic features of these lesions, and their pathological characteristics are described.ResultsA total of 1538 patients were included, among which 14 (0.9%) presented polypoid lesions; these patients had evidence of portal hypertension and had dilated capillaries in the lamina propria. Four patients presented with severe anaemia or melaena and required treatment. Propranolol was administered to three patients, and one patient needed a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in order to control bleeding. For asymptomatic patients in whom polypoid lesions were resected, no recurrence of lesions was observed during follow‐up gastroscopy (median 36 months, range 7–85 months).ConclusionPortal hypertension‐associated gastric or small intestine polypoid lesions may be associated with a significant risk of bleeding and are responsive to adequate treatment of portal hypertension.