bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EARTH CHARTER AND JOURNEY OF THE UNIVERSE: AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR BIODEMOCRACY
Authors: Tucker Mary Evelyn 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe principles of the Earth Charter and the cosmological story of Journey of the Universe provide a unique synergy for rethinking a sustainable future. The Great Story inspires the Great Work of the transformation of the political, social, and economic orders. Such a synergy can contribute to the broadened understanding of sustainability as including economic, ecological, social, and spiritual well‐being. This integrated understanding may be a basis for creating biodemocracies, which will involve long‐term policies, programs, and practices for a planetary future that is not only ethically sustainable, but also sustaining for human energies.
GLOBAL VISIONS AND COMMON GROUND: BIODEMOCRACY, POSTMODERN PRESSURES, AND THE EARTH CHARTER
Authors: Eaton Heather 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe theme of this article is a rise in notions of a planetary community, and the tensions this evokes in global‐local and universal‐contextual debates. The primary focus is the realization that new visions are needed to respond to ecological dilemmas in a culturally diverse yet global world and interconnected Earth. Of the many ways to discuss this, I first consider the growing interest in and expansion of biodemocracy as a way to combine these dimensions. Insights and issues from postmodern perspectives follow this, surveying the suspicion of what lurks behind “global.” The next segment turns to ecological postmodernists who realize that a unifying path must be found for a viable planetary future. A brief and final section considers the Earth Charter to be an initiative responsive to postmodern pressures, and yet seeking a global vision and common ground for an emerging world community.
THE EARTH CHARTER AND BIODEMOCRACY IN THE TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY
Authors: Riley Matthew T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis essay introduces the themes that motivate the three articles that follow. Their common aim is to explore the connections between the Earth Charter and the concept of biodemocracy with the intention of highlighting ways of thinking about the relationship between science, religion, and the environment in the twenty‐first century. Informed by the science of ecology and written by scholars of religion, the articles included here seek to integrate movements and ideas as diverse as postmodern thought, the much‐debated thought of Lynn White, jr. (his preferred spelling), and the synergy emerging between the Earth Charter and Journey of the Universe.
Mill Steam Inerting System Review and Performance Validation
Authors: Lin Qingsheng , Collins Todd 
Published: November 2014

NFPA 85, Chapter 9.5.4 states “A pulverizer that is tripped under load shall be inerted and maintained under an inert atmosphere until confirmation that no burning or smoldering fuel exists in the pulverizer or the fuel is removed”. Pulverizer systems with the potential for a resident inventory of combustible material upon trip must be designed and equipped with an inerting system that is capable of maintaining an inert atmosphere to meet this requirement. Proper design of the inerting system and operating procedure, integrated with the mill operation during start-up, shut down and emergency trip is critical for safe mill operation.
This paper presents a mill steam inerting system review and performance validation. The technology has been applied to ball tube mill systems at Hoosier Energy’s Merom Generating Station. A testing technique, used to validate performance of the steam inerting system at this generating plant, is described. It quantifies the compliance of the steam inerting system to meet NFPA requirements during start-up and shut down of the pulverizer. This type of operation is considered to be the most difficult for inerting as the primary air is flowing through the system. The developed testing approach can be applied to evaluate the performance of either existing or newly installed steam inerting systems. The validation technology, developed based on a ball tube mill system, can be readily applied on other types of mill systems, since the steam inerting principle is the same and inerting system requirements are similar, regardless of different mill types.
Introducing ASME PTC 48
Authors: Le Galudec Olivier , Oszewski James , Preston John , Thimsen David 
Published: November 2014

In the field of Power Generation, Operators — Plant Owners, Utilities, IPPs … — have had to face severe constraints linked not only with price of electricity and cost of fuel, but also with more and more demanding environmental constraints. It appears that the next atmospheric emission coming under scrutiny is CO2. Some small scale laboratory size experiments and pilot scale tests demonstrating the ability to capture CO2 before it reaches the atmosphere have already been conducted, and some industrial scale demonstrators are already at the permitting stage and will soon reach construction.
In order to anticipate the needs of Performance Tests within this coming market, ASME decided to form a new committee in order to prepare and deliver ASME Performance Test Code – PTC 48 “Overall Plant Performance with Carbon Capture” test code. This new code may be seen as an evolution of ASME PTC 46 “Performance Test Code on Overall Plant Performance” 1996 (currently under revision), which goes beyond the sole verification of components to provide guidelines for testing a full Plant.
Capturing CO2 from fuel–fired power plants will have a significant impact on net capacity and net heat rate of the plant. Such plants will, in addition to the Power Block and Steam Generator, also include systems not commonly included in non-CO2 capture power plants. The addition of an ASU (Air Separation Unit, for oxy-combustion with CO2 capture) and/or CPU (CO2 Purification Unit, for oxy-combustion or post-combustion CO2 capture) has made necessary the preparation of a dedicated test code based upon same guiding principle than PTC 46, i.e. treating the plant globally as a “Black Box”. This approach allows correction of output and efficiency at the plant interfaces, but at the exclusion of internal parameters. It is anticipated that the code can inform development of regulations that define the rules and obligations of Operators.
Currently, the proposed PTC 48 aims at fossil fuel fired Steam-electric power plants using either post-combustion CO2 capture or oxy-combustion with CO2 capture technologies. Combined cycles and Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles — IGCCs — are not addressed.
Numerical Simulation and Analysis of the Two-Sided Windcatcher Inlet\Outlet Effect on Ventilation Flow Through a Three Dimensional Room
Authors: Niktash Amirreza , Huynh B. P. 
Published: November 2014

A windcatcher is a structure placed on the roof of a building for providing natural ventilation for interior space working by wind power. It draws out the inside stale air to the outside and supplies the outside fresh air for the building’s interior space.
In this paper, the effect of different types of windcatcher’s inlet\outlet on the air flow, flow velocity and flowrate through a three-dimensional room fitted with a two-sided windcatcher is observed numerically, using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package. The standard RANS K-ε CFD method is used in the simulations. The flow pattern, flow velocity and flowrate of the inside ventilation flow is considered for the six different types of a two-sided windcatcher’s inlet\outlet.
It is found that the shape of the inlet\outlet of windcatcher strongly affects flow pattern, flow velocity and flowrate and the performance of square windcatcher is higher than the circular one specially in ventilating the living area (lower part) of a room.
Diversification From a Combined Heat and Power Plant Owner to an Operations and Maintenance Service Provider
Authors: Judd Ian 
Published: November 2014

The aim of this paper is to introduce readers to the UK’s Combined Heat and Power (CHP) industry, whilst identifying the key influences to the industry’s steady decline and the future diversification from an asset owner to a credible CHP or Utilities Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Service provider. There is a lack of research specific to the CHP and Utility O&M sectors that identify how to focus on attaining service excellence that adds real value to customers and stakeholders.
The Service–Profit Chain (SPC) model developed by J. Heskett et al[1] is a recognised theory and business model that established the connection between profitability, customer loyalty, employee satisfaction and productivity. The application of the SPC model to the CHP and Utilities market sectors has identified a possible shortfall with the SPC model framework; in that it requires additional links to the resource support infrastructure and customer service cycle, whilst including the organization’s strategic service vision.
Going beyond the application of the SPC model, this study will identify the additional management tools required to enhance and support the diversification process. An O&M SPC implementation model and a site specific Key Performance Indicator (KPI) model have been designed to complement the organization’s diversification. In addition to this, 10 golden rules have been developed in conjunction with a six tier approach to attain a meaningful O&M Service culture, which should ensure a sustainable future for an O&M Service provider.
Opportunities for Distributed Electricity Generation at Wastewater Facilities
Authors: Liner Barry , Tarallo Steve , Fillmore Lauren , Peot Chris 
Published: November 2014

“Wastewater treatment plants are not waste disposal facilities but are water resource recovery facilities that produce clean water, recover nutrients (such as phosphorus and nitrogen), and have the potential to reduce the nation’s dependence on fossil fuels through the production and use of renewable energy and the implementation of energy conservation.” This quote from the 2011 WEF Renewable Energy Position Statement clearly calls attention to the role of wastewater management through Water Resource Recovery Facilities (WRRF) to address the needs of the Utility of the Future.
The water resources utility of the future will integrate these three major concepts of Nutrients, Energy and Water, and many cutting edge utilities are already implementing this management goal of resource recovery. This focus may initially have been internal to the water or wastewater utility, investigating sustainable energy management through energy conservation, increased renewable energy production (where feasible), and focus on overall energy management. The overall societal benefit of the resilience improvement through distributed generation is starting to be realized. The fact that a water resource recovery facility (wastewater plant) that generates its own energy can operate when the power is out is an asset during extreme events. In addition, this capacity can be coordinated with electric utilities to address peak loads and other system needs. Valuable energy products generated on-site at wastewater plants can also supply a portion of energy demand within their respective service areas.
On average, the energy content of wastewater (chemical, hydraulic and thermal) is five times greater than the energy required for treatment. The most common opportunity for on-site power generation is through biogas created through anaerobic digestion. However, technologies such as gasification, pyrolysis, and incineration may be used to generate electricity or fuel. District energy systems, facilities to generate renewable diesel or aviation fuel, hydrogen fuel cells, and in-line hydropower are all being installed today.
However, becoming net energy positive is not the only goal. Optimizing overall sustainability may actually require using more energy or producing less energy onsite. Treating water to higher standards is often more energy intensive. Similarly, using biogas as a transportation fuel reduces onsite power production and increased energy use is required to further process biosolids to maximize reuse potential and to recover nutrients and minerals (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorous, magnesium).
A number of utilities worldwide have already taken the leap and begun this transformation towards resource recovery. While it is not practical for all water resource recovery facilities to become energy positive or neutral, all can take steps towards increasing sustainability while also improving resilience in the energy sector.
Parametric Effects on Exergetic Efficiency During H2-O2 Combustion Including Singlet Oxygen
Authors: Washington DeVon A. , Shapiro Howard N. 
Published: November 2014

Previous work conducted by the authors showed that for a stoichiometric inlet fuel-oxidizer ratio at 1 atm and 1200 K, an optimal range of exergetic efficiency exists for H2 combustion when singlet oxygen composes 0–20% of the oxidizer; with the maximum occurring at approximately 10%. Additionally, in the optimal range, 60% of the total exergy destruction occurs before ignition. These results provide encouraging evidence that it is possible to improve the exergetic efficiency of combustion inherently and thereby reduce fuel usage for a desired energy transfer. The focus of this study is to determine if the exergetic efficiency of combustion can be further optimized by varying other combustion parameters in addition to the inlet concentration of singlet oxygen.
The chemical kinetics simulation was accomplished by developing an adiabatic plug flow reactor model in CHEMKIN-PRO® and employing the Moscow State University H2-O2 mechanism. The ranges of parameters considered were: equivalence ratio 0.7–1.3, inlet temperature 1100–1300 K, inlet concentration of singlet oxygen 0–20%, and diluent type (Ar, N2, no dilution). Pressure was held fixed at 1 atm. The calculated quantities were: exergetic efficiency, exergy destruction before ignition, molar conversion of H2, exit temperature, ignition temperature, and ignition distance.
Results of the study show that over the optimum range the maximum exergetic efficiency occurs for an equivalence ratio of 1.3, with no dilution at 1300 K. Furthermore, the data show that for 20% inlet singlet oxygen there is significant variability in exergy destruction before ignition, ignition temperature, and ignition distance. Understanding how varying traditional combustion parameters impacts the enhancing effect that singlet oxygen has on the exergetic efficiency of H2 combustion provides a framework for directing future research efforts for hydrocarbon combustion under a broader range of operating conditions of practical engineering interest.
High Pressure Feedwater Heater Cup Forging Alteration
Authors: Muldoon Thomas R. , Cashner Bob , Vestfals Sara 
Published: November 2014

American Exchanger Services, Inc (AM-EX) performed a 2012 repair of a vertical head-up High Pressure (HP) Feedwater Heater breech lock channel during a shop based re-tube for the American Electric Power (AEP) Wilkes Power Plant, Unit 1. The 48 year old channel is a carbon steel cup-forging that had 1-1/2″ deep circumferential cracks extending radially into the tight knuckle radius at the channel barrel to tubesheet junction. A small area was also found on the backside of the tubesheet which had corroded to a depth of 7/16″.
Several methods to repair these types of failures may be employed, such as grinding out the crack and weld repair, grinding or machining out the crack, leaving as is and performing regular inspections and monitoring crack propagation, or leave as is and perform a fitness for service analysis (API 579-1/ASME FFS-1). A repair was chosen that reduced the stresses in the highly stressed corner radius and was validated using modern calculations. The channel barrel was in the re-tube process so immediate access to a vertical lathe was available and this, in part, lead to the crack removal approach. The design alteration was to machine a pocket to completely remove the crack, verify tubesheet stresses are within allowable stress limits by Finite Element Analysis (FEA), and prescribe future Nondestructive Examination (NDE) to monitor potential future cracking. The size of the machined “pocket” was determined by the actual crack length “as measured” and the repair was verified using FEA. The machined pocket was Dye Penetrant Tested (PT) in September of 2013 (after approximately one year of returning to service), and no defects were noted.
This is not a new repair method; in fact it was researched by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in 1988 symposium [1], and based on an EPRI 1985 [2] similar repair. In the 1985 repair similar methods of FEA were employed, however using less sophisticated forms of the calculation. Modern computing allows for 3D analysis with more complex geometries, and more conservative meshing. This analysis demonstrates that the earlier papers were correct in their understanding of the problem and the proposed solutions. The Wilkes HP feedwater heater was repaired in a similar manner with a machined radius that sufficiently reduced stresses to safe levels allowing an alteration of the vessel to be in compliance with National Board Inspection Code (NBIC) [3] and American Society of Engineers Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (ASME B&PV CODE) [4].
Modelling Chemical and Microstructural Evolution Across Dissimilar Interfaces in Power Plants
Authors: Clark J. W. G. , McCartney D. G. , Saghafifar H. , Shipway P. H. 
Published: November 2014

Dissimilar metal welds between different grades of ferritic steels or between ferritic steel and austenitic nickel alloys are used extensively in power plants. When such weldments are exposed to high temperature conditions, as might be found in service in a thermal power plant, local microstructural evolution will occur. This is due to diffusion, driven by chemical potential gradients, of solute atoms. Such diffusion can cause major changes in hardness and mechanical properties of joints and can lead to the formation of embrittling phases and/or softened zones. This can potentially lead to premature component failure by, for example, high temperature creep.
Whilst finite element modelling of mechanical behavior and damage evolution is well established this is not the case for chemical diffusion and microstructural evolution at weld interfaces. In the present study, the general purpose linked thermodynamic and kinetic software packages Thermo-Calc and DICTRA have been applied to simulate chemical diffusion and precipitation/dissolution (i.e. phase fraction evolution) in dissimilar weld joints using commercially available thermodynamic databases TCFE7 and TTNI6. Two approaches for modelling multiphase, multicomponent systems using this software will be presented and discussed and their implementation will be illustrated.
The paper will present results on modelling a range of dissimilar metal interfaces of both the ferritic-ferritic type and the ferritic-austenitic type (for example, grade 22 to grade 91 steel and grade 22 to Inconel 625). Ferritic-ferritic case studies will compare model predictions with a number of previously published experimental studies and it will be shown that the current approach can give good quantitative agreement in terms of carbon composition profiles and carbide depleted/carbide enriched zones. The results obtained from modelling a grade 22 steel-Inconel 625 system where the crystal structure of the matrix is different on either side of the weld will be compared with experimental observations on a weld overlaid tube component. The experimental results will include scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies of the weld interface regions and it will be shown that the predictions of diffusion and precipitate formation compare well with observations made experimentally following exposure at 650 °C. Also discussed are the options for further refining the computational model based on empirically observed phenomena, such as the unmixed zone of a weld.
Admission of Bypass Steam Into a Water Cooled Condenser and Air Cooled Condenser: Similarities, Differences and Areas of Concern
Authors: Nadig Ranga , Sanderlin Dave 
Published: November 2014

In power plant locations with adequate supply of cooling water the steam from the steam turbine is condensed in a water cooled condenser. In most instances circulating water from the cooling tower is used to condense the turbine exhaust steam. In other instances once through cooling is deployed wherein water from a lake, river or sea is used to condense the turbine exhaust steam. In water challenged locations or locations where wet cooling cannot be deployed due to permitting or regulatory issues, the steam from the steam turbine is condensed in an air cooled condenser (ACC) wherein ambient air is used to cool and condense the turbine exhaust steam. In a combined cycle plant, during normal operation, the water or air cooled condenser condenses the turbine exhaust steam. During bypass operation, when the steam turbine is out of service, the high-pressure steam from the HRSG is attemperated in a pressure reducing/desuperheating (PRD) valve and then admitted into the water cooled or air cooled condenser. The bypass steam flow is substantially higher than the design turbine exhaust steam flow and the duration of bypass operation can vary from a few hours to several weeks.
The requirements for admission of bypass steam into a water cooled condenser are substantially different from that for an air cooled condenser. In a water cooled condenser the bypass steam is admitted in the steam dome. The bypass steam as well as the turbine exhaust steam is condensed outside the tubes. In an air cooled condenser the bypass steam is admitted in the large diameter steam duct. The bypass, as well as the turbine exhaust steam (normal operation), is condensed inside the tubes. There are similarities and differences in the requirements for admission of bypass steam into a water cooled and air cooled condenser. The differences must be identified and addressed to ensure safe and reliable performance of the condenser.
Application of ASME Piping Code Through a Stress Analysis Procedure and Comparison With the Italian Code
Authors: Grisolia Ottaviano , Scano Lorenzo 
Published: November 2014

A previously-developed procedure applies to evaporator section of bottom-supported heat-recovery steam generators (HRSG): The procedure features methods to use on pressure internal parts designed according to Section I, as required by the Boiler & Pressure Vessel (B & PV) Code. It uses ASME Power Piping Code B31.1, which is for external piping, to evaluate additional concerns on pressure parts that have already met Section I. This mainly because other sections of B & PV code do not cover flexibility analysis: Procedure includes classical methods for the static analysis of the lower header and a computer-modeled flexibility analysis. They investigate the stability of the harp high-temperature components, which may be critical because of their longitudinal dimensions, thermal expansions and loading: Preliminary stress evaluation showed that Italian pressure formula is largely conservative.
Methods’ application to a worked example using both ASME and Italian pressure formulae shows now that the pressure contribution is the greatest. Also, the maximum stress found out on the header in sustained case appears consistent with that from numerical model, though bending contribution the greatest; Sustained case appears less critical than thermal. So, the design should be safe from risks of static instability due to longitudinal pressure stress: deformation occasionally observed in field on the lower headers may be correctly imputed to thermal expansion. Herein, a bottom-supported HRSG double-width unity of combined cycle power plant is considered as the worked example.