bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping the electron energy in Jupiter's aurora: Hubble spectral observations
Authors: Gérard J.‐C. , Bonfond B. , Grodent D. , Radioti A. , Clarke J. T. , Gladstone G. R. , Waite J. H. , Bisikalo D. , Shematovich V. I. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFar ultraviolet spectral observations have been made with the Hubble Space Telescope in the time‐tag mode using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) long slit. The telescope was slewed in such a way that the slit projection scanned from above the polar limb down to midlatitudes, allowing us to build up the first spectral maps of the FUV Jovian aurora. The shorter wavelengths are partly absorbed by the methane layer overlying part of the auroral emission layer. The long‐wavelength intensity directly reflects the precipitated energy flux carried by the auroral electrons. Maps of the intensity ratio of the two spectral regions have been obtained by combining spectral emissions in two wavelength ranges. They show that the amount of absorption by methane varies significantly between the different components of the aurora and inside the main emission region. Some of the polar emissions are associated with the hardest precipitation, although the auroral regions of strong electron precipitation do not necessarily coincide with the highest electron energies. Outputs from an electron transport model are used to create maps of the distribution of the characteristic electron energies. Using model atmospheres adapted to auroral conditions, we conclude that electron energies range between a few tens to several hundred keV. Comparisons of derived energies are in general agreement with those calculated from magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling models, with values locally exceeding the standard model predictions. These results will provide useful input for three‐dimensional modeling of the distribution of particle heat sources into the high‐latitude Jovian upper atmosphere.
Extensional inheritance and surface processes as controlling factors of mountain belt structure
Authors: Erdős Zoltán , Huismans Ritske S. , van der Beek Peter , Thieulot Cedric 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSurface processes and inherited structures are widely regarded as factors that strongly influence the evolution of mountain belts. The first‐order effects of these parameters have been studied extensively throughout the last decades, but their relative importance remains notoriously difficult to assess and document. We use lithospheric scale plane‐strain thermomechanical model experiments to study the effects of surface processes and extensional inheritance on the internal structure of contractional orogens and their foreland basins. Extensional inheritance is modeled explicitly by forward modeling the formation of a rift basin before reversing the velocity boundary conditions to model its inversion. Surface processes are modeled through the combination of a simple sedimentation algorithm, where all negative topography is filled up to a prescribed reference level, and an elevation‐dependent erosion model. Our results show that (1) extensional inheritance facilitates the propagation of basement deformation in the retro‐wedge and (2) increases the width of the orogen; (3) sedimentation increases the length scale of both thin‐skinned and thick‐skinned thrust sheets and (4) results in a wider orogen; (5) erosion helps to localize deformation resulting in a narrower orogen and a less well‐developed retro‐wedge. A comparison of the modeled behaviors to the High Atlas, the Pyrenees, and the Central Alps, three extensively studied natural examples characterized by different degrees of inversion, is presented and confirms the predicted controls of surface processes and extensional inheritance on orogenic structure.
Variability of fault slip behavior along the San Andreas Fault in the San Juan Bautista Region
Authors: Taira Taka'aki , Bürgmann Roland , Nadeau Robert M. , Dreger Douglas S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn improved understanding of the time history of fault slip at depth is an essential step toward understanding the underlying mechanics of the faulting process. Using a waveform cross‐correlation approach, we document spatially and temporally varying fault slip along the northernmost creeping section of the San Andreas Fault near San Juan Bautista (SJB), California, by systematically examining spatiotemporal behaviors of characteristically repeating earthquakes (CREs). The spatial distribution of pre‐1998 SJB earthquake (1984–1998) fault slip rate inferred from the CREs reveals a ~15 km long low creep or partially locked section located near the 1998 Mw 5.1 SJB earthquake rupture. A finite‐fault slip inversion reveals that the rupture of the 1998 SJB earthquake is characterized by the failure of a compact ~4 km2 asperity with a maximum slip of about 90 cm and corresponding peak stress drop of up to 50 MPa, whereas the mean stress drop is about 15 MPa. Following the 1998 earthquake, the CRE activity was significantly increased in a 5–10 km deep zone extending 2–7 km northwest of the main shock, which indicates triggering of substantial aseismic slip. The postseismic slip inferred from the CRE activity primarily propagated to the northwest and released a maximum slip of 9 cm. In this 5–10 km depth range, the estimated postseismic moment release is 8.6 × 1016 N m, which is equivalent to Mw 5.22. The aseismic slip distribution following the 1998 earthquake is not consistent with coseismic stress‐driven afterslip but represents a triggered, long‐lasting slow earthquake.
Rock and mineral transformations in a fault zone leading to permanent creep: Interactions between brittle and viscous mechanisms in the San Andreas Fault
Authors: Richard Julie , Gratier Jean‐Pierre , Doan Mai‐Linh , Boullier Anne‐Marie , Renard François 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCreep processes may relax part of the tectonic stresses in active faults, either by continuous or episodic processes. The aim of this study is to obtain a better understanding of these creep mechanisms and the manner in which they change in time and space. Results are presented from microstructural studies of natural samples collected from San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth borehole drilled through the San Andreas Fault, which reveal the chronology of the deformation within three domain types. (i) A relatively undeformed zone of the host rock reflects the first step of the deformation process with fracturing and grain indentations showing the coupling between fracturing and pressure solution. (ii) Shear deformation development that associates fracturing and solution cleavage processes leads to profound changes in rock composition and behavior with two types of development depending on the ratio between the amount of dissolution and deposition: abundant mineral precipitation strengthens some zones while pervasive dissolution weakens some others, (iii) zones with mainly dissolution trended toward the present‐day creeping zones thanks to both the passive concentration of phyllosilicates and their metamorphic transformation into soft minerals such as saponite. This study shows how interactions between brittle and viscous mechanisms lead to widespread transformation of the rocks and how a shear zone may evolve from a zone prone to earthquakes and postseismic creep to a zone of steady state creep. In parallel, the authors discuss how the creeping mechanism, mainly controlled by the very low friction of the saponite in the first 3–4 km depth, may evolve with depth.
Regional climate modeling over China with COSMO‐CLM: Performance assessment and climate projections
Authors: Bucchignani Edoardo , Montesarchio Myriam , Cattaneo Luigi , Manzi Maria Paola , Mercogliano Paola 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study presents the results of high‐resolution (0.125°) climate simulations over a Chinese area performed with an optimized configuration of the regional climate model COSMO‐CLM, driven by ERA‐Interim Reanalysis over the period 1979–2011 and by the output of the global model CMCC‐CM (resolution 0.75°) over the period 1979–2100. The main aim of this work was to analyze the capabilities of COSMO‐CLM to describe the climate of China in the recent past; validation revealed a good improvement in reproducing the precipitation and a reasonable improvement in 2 m temperature representation compared to results reported elsewhere. Climate projections, under the new IPCC RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios, show a significant warming expected in China over the 21st century, while precipitation changes are expected only on a regional scale: increases in precipitation are projected for both scenarios in the northern part of the domain, while the southern area will be affected by a reduction in winter.
Siberian tundra ecosystem vegetation and carbon stocks four decades after wildfire
Authors: Loranty Michael M. , Natali Susan M. , Berner Logan T. , Goetz Scott J. , Holmes Robert M. , Davydov Sergei P. , Zimov Nikita S. , Zimov Sergey A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTundra ecosystem fire regimes are intensifying with important implications for regional and global carbon (C) and energy dynamics. Although a substantial portion of the tundra biome is located in Russia, the vast majority of accessible studies describe North American tundra fires. Here we use field observations and high‐resolution satellite remote sensing observations to describe the effects of wildfire on ecosystem C pools and vegetation communities four decades after fire for a tundra ecosystem in northeastern Siberia. Our analyses reveal no differences between soil physical properties and C pools in burned and unburned tundra, which we attribute to low combustion of organic soil associated with low‐severity fire. Field and remote sensing data show no differences in aboveground C pools and vegetation communities indicating recovery to prefire conditions. These results are comparable to observations of ecosystem recovery in North American tundra. An assessment of literature data indicate that the average annual area burned in Russian tundra is an order of magnitude larger than that of Alaskan tundra, highlighting a crucial need to assess Russian tundra fire regimes in order to understand the current and future role of the biome wide fire regime in regional and global C and energy dynamics.
Prevalence, trends, and determinants of menopause in India: NFHS 1992–93 to NFHS 2005–06
Authors: Mozumdar Arupendra , Agrawal Praween K. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of menopause in three rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), determine correlates of menopause, and estimate the age of start of menopause in Indian women.MethodsThree rounds of NFHS data collected during 1992–93, 1998–99, and 2005–06 were analyzed. The NFHS was carried out using a uniform sample design all over the country. Age adjusted complex sample analyses, multivariate logistic regression, and probit analysis were carried out.ResultsThe prevalence of menopause (natural and surgical) remained similar from 1992–93 to 2005–06 among Indian women. A higher prevalence and earlier onset of menopause was associated with farming, no education, belonging to a scheduled caste or scheduled tribe, underweight, higher parity, and motherhood before 16 years of age. The age of the start of menopause did not increase much from the first to third round of NFHS.ConclusionsWomen of poor socio‐economic status have an earlier age at menopause and may be unable to utilize their full reproductive potential. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:421–425, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asthma and respiratory symptoms among hairdressers in Denmark: Results from a register based questionnaire study
Authors: Lysdal Susan Hovmand , Mosbech Holger , Johansen Jeanne Duus , Søsted Heidi 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundHairdressers are at risk of developing occupational respiratory disorders due to persulfates and other hairdressing chemicals.MethodsA register based questionnaire study comprising 7,840 graduates from hairdressing vocational schools was conducted. The postal questionnaire concerned self‐reported asthma, airway symptoms, occupation, smoking, and atopic dermatitis.ResultsA response rate of 67.9% was obtained. The hairdressers reported asthma (11.2%), cough (25.3%), nasal congestion (24.0%), and rhinitis (18.2%). Less than 1/3 of all hairdressers with suspected occupational asthma reported their asthma as an occupational disease to the authorities. In total, 27.3% were daily smokers; the smoking pattern was similar between hairdressers with and without asthma. Local exhaust ventilation was only used consistently by 63.8% for permanent waving and hair coloring procedures.ConclusionsAsthma and especially respiratory symptoms were commonly reported by hairdressers, but rarely reported as an occupational disease. Local exhaust ventilation was inconsistently used. Our results underline the need for improved measures to ascertain and prevent occupational asthma in hairdressers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1368–1376, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copper(II)‐Responsive “Off‐On” Chemosensor Based on a Naphthalimide Derivative
Authors: Yu Chunwei , Zhang Jun 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn easily accessible fluorescent chemosensor bearing a naphthalimide group has been designed. The chemosensor is highly selective and sensitive for Cu2+ ions in ethanol‐water solution compared with other tested metal ions and anions. The chemosensor, which contains a CN group, fluoresces weakly when excited at 340 nm. Upon addition of Cu2+ ions, a fluorescent enhancement is observed with emission at λem=433 nm, and no such significant changes are found with other metal ions and anions. With optimized conditions, the linear fluorescence enhancement of the sensor towards Cu2+ ions is in the range of 0.05–1.5 μM with a detection limit of 0.025 μM.
Effective thermal conductivity and thermal properties of phthalonitrile‐terminated poly(arylene ether nitriles) composites with hybrid functionalized alumina
Authors: Liu Mengdie , Jia Kun , Liu Xiaobo 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTA polymer‐based thermal conductive composite has been developed. It is based on a dispersion of micro‐ and nanosized alumina (Al2O3) in the phthalonitrile‐terminated poly (arylene ether nitriles) (PEN‐t‐ph) via solution casting method. The Al2O3 with different particle sizes were functionalized with phthalocyanine (Pc) which was used as coupling agent to improve the compatibility of Al2O3 and PEN‐t‐ph matrix. The content of microsized functionalized Al2O3 (m‐f‐Al2O3) maintained at 30 wt % to form the main thermally conductive path in the composites, and the nanosized functionalized Al2O3 (n‐f‐Al2O3) act as connection role to provide additional channels for the heat flow. The thermal conductivity of the f‐Al2O3/PEN‐t‐ph composites were investigated as a function of n‐f‐Al2O3 loading. Also, a remarkable improvement of the thermal conductivity from 0.206 to 0.467 W/mK was achieved at 30 wt % n‐f‐Al2O3 loading, which is nearly 2.7‐fold higher than that of pure PEN‐t‐ph polymer. Furthermore, the mechanical testing reveals that the tensile strength increased from 99 MPa for pure PEN‐t‐ph to 105 MPa for composites with 30 wt % m‐f‐Al2O3 filler loading. In addition, the PEN‐t‐ph composites possess excellent thermal properties with glass transition temperature (Tg) above 184°C, and initial degradation temperature (Tid) over 490°C. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41595.
Structure and properties of ultra‐high molecular weight bisphenol a polycarbonate synthesized by solid‐state polymerization in amorphous microlayers
Authors: Baick In Hak , Yang Woo Jic , Ahn Yun Gyong , Song Kwang Ho , Choi Kyu Yong 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe structure and properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polycarbonate synthesized by solid‐state polymerization in micro‐layers (SSPm) are reported. A low molecular weight prepolymer derived from the melt transesterification of bisphenol A and diphenyl carbonate as a starting material was polymerized to highly amorphous and transparent polycarbonate of molecular weight larger than 300,000 g mol−1 in the micro‐layers of thickness from 50 nm to 20 µm. It was observed that when the polymerization time in micro‐layers was extended beyond conventional reaction time, insoluble polymer fraction increased up to 95%. Through the analysis of both soluble and insoluble polymer fractions of the high molecular weight polycarbonate by 1H NMR spectroscopy and pyrolysis‐gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py‐GC/MS), branches and partially crosslinked structures have been identified. The thermal, mechanical and rheological properties of the ultra‐high molecular weight nonlinear polycarbonates synthesized in this study have been measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and rheometry. The nonlinear chain structures of the polymer have been found to affect the polymer's thermal stability, mechanical strength, shear thinning effect, and elastic properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41609.
Modification of microfiltration membranes by hydrogel impregnation for pDNA purification
Authors: Castilho Pedro H. , Correia Tiago R. , Pessoa de Amorim Maria T. , Escobar Isabel C. , Queiroz João A. , Correia Ilídio J. , Morão António M. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe huge efforts for the achievement of highly purified biomolecules are growing every day. A great number of efficient techniques, such as chromatography, are already available in laboratory for separation processes. However, membrane‐based technologies are the best match to assure simplicity, efficiency and easy scale‐up procedures. Herein we report the modification of a commercial microfiltration membrane for plasmid DNA purification by agarose gel impregnation. The membrane was characterized by SEM, ATR‐FTIR, EDS, contact angle, and porosity measurements. Additionally, the membrane pore radius was estimated from observed rejections of different proteins and with that information the rejection of a 6050 bp plasmid DNA (pDNA) molecule was estimated for different values of flux using a theoretical model of large flexible molecules in membranes with parallel cylindrical pores, which is applicable to pDNA ultrafiltration in conventional membranes, as recently shown in the literature. The experimental results show that the modified membrane has higher pDNA rejections than the predicted by the model, suggesting that the different type of porous structure that a hydrogel has, may have a positive effect on pDNA rejections as compared to other biomolecules with more rigid structures, making this type of modified membranes potential better candidates to be used for the selective recovery of pDNA in this type of bioprocesses. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41610.
Synthesis and application of cotton‐based chelate fibers grafted with poly(1‐vinyl‐1,2,4‐triazole) side chains
Authors: Meng Xiangying , Yu Bing , Cong Hailin , Shuai Li , Yuan Hua , Xu Xiaodan , Xu Shaohui 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTCotton‐based chelate fibers grafted with poly(1‐vinyl‐1,2,4‐triazole) (PVTAZ) side chains were synthesized facilely by ozone‐induced graft polymerization of 1‐vinyl‐1,2,4‐triazole (VTAZ) monomer onto cotton fibers. The synthesis conditions were optimized to improve the yield and mechanical strength of the products. The obtained cotton‐g‐PVTAZ fibers were characterized and evaluated for batch adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ag(I), Pb(II), and Cu(II) on the fibers at pH 6.8 was 522, 330, and 184 mg/g, respectively. At 30% graft yield, the Young's modulus of cotton fiber increased about 26.5%, and its adsorption capacities of Ag(I), Pb(II), and Cu(II) increased about 2.6, 1.9, and 1.4 times, respectively. After washed with 0.1 mol/L HNO3 solutions, the adsorbed metal ions were eluted, and the regenerated cotton‐g‐PVTAZ fibers could be used repeatedly for water treatment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41617.
Oxidative solution polymerization of aniline hydrochloride onto electrospun nanofibers mats of polylactic acid: Preparation method and characterization
Authors: Al‐Jallad Mazen , Atassi Yomen , Mounif Eskandar , Aressy Matthieu , Tcharkhtchi Abbas 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT In this work, we present the preparation of polylactic acid (PLLA)/polyaniline (PANI) conductive composite nanofibers mats. They are prepared by bulk oxidative solution polymerization of PANI onto electrospun non‐woven fibers mats of PLLA. The PANI ratio in the composite is about 70%w/w. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that PLLA nanofibers are randomly oriented, beads free with diameters of 186 ± 85 nm, The PLLA/PANI composite nanofibers diameter values are 518 ± 128 nm with a good adherence between PANI and PLLA nanofibers. DSC and XRD measurements reveal an amorphous structure of the electrospun PLLA fibers due to the rapid evaporization of the solvent. FTIR and UV–vis spectra reflect good mutual interactions between PANI and PLLA chains. The DC‐conductivities (
) far better than other published ones for similar composites prepared by bulk oxidative solution polymerization of PANI onto other electrospun nanofiber mats or with electrospun nanofibers from a solution mixture of PLLA and PANI. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41618.
Current bycatch levels in Auckland Islands trawl fisheries unlikely to be driving New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri)population decline
Authors: Hamilton Sheryl , Baker G. Barry 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

New Zealand sea lions are incidentally killed in trawl fisheries around the Auckland Islands with most mortality having been attributed to the Auckland Islands squid fishery. Fishery management measures include the establishment of a 12 nautical mile marine reserve around the Auckland Islands excluding all fishing within that range, the instigation of mortality limits that can trigger spatio‐temporal closures, and widespread use of a ‘Sea Lion Excluder Device’ (SLED) that allows sea lions to escape from a trawl net. Although there has been controversy regarding SLED efficacy, the evidence from numerous research trials and assessments is that SLEDs have contributed to reduced rates of sea lion bycatch in the Auckland Islands squid fishery.
Population viability analysis (PVA) modelling, using VORTEX, of the Auckland Islands New Zealand sea lion population was undertaken to ascertain if the reported levels of bycatch of sea lions in trawl fisheries around the Auckland Islands are sustainable following substantial and effective mitigation to reduce bycatch, particularly in the Auckland Islands squid fishery.
Modelling indicated slow population growth of the Auckland Islands New Zealand sea lion population with current bycatch estimates from all Auckland Islands trawl fisheries. Additional modelling seeking explanations for observed population declines over the last decade indicated that epizootic events that reduce pup production may have a greater impact on population growth, especially if these events are more frequent than previously assumed.
Modelling results suggest that sea lion bycatch in the squid fishery and other trawl fisheries around the Auckland Islands is unlikely to be currently having a significant impact on the Auckland Islands New Zealand sea lion population. Therefore, resources should be directed towards other hypotheses for any continued sea lion population decline as well as continued refinement of mitigation techniques to reduce fisheries‐related mortality.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.