bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Efficient and Green Cascade Synthesis of 3‐Methyl‐substituted‐4‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐quinolin‐2(1H)‐ones under Solvent‐ and Catalyst‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Bhat Subrahmanya Ishwar , Trivedi Darshak R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe reaction proceeds via Knoevenagel—Michael cascade to yield symmetric products (III) and unsymmetric products (V).
ChemInform Abstract: On‐Demand Selection of the Reaction Path from Imino Diels—Alder to Ene‐Type Cyclization: Synthesis of Epiminopyrimido[4,5‐b]azepines.
Authors: Zhang Yuewei , Zhu Yue , Zheng Lianyou , Zhuo Lian‐Gang , Yang Fengzhi , Dang Qun , Yu Zhi‐Xiang , Bai Xu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe reactions of imine intermediates derived from aldehydes (I) and with anilines are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Reactions of Amino Alcohols with CH2O and Dithiols in the Synthesis of 1,3,5‐Dithiazepanes and Macroheterocycles.
Authors: Khabibullina Guzel R. , Akhmetova Vnira R. , Abdullin Marat F. , Tyumkina Tatiana V. , Khalilov Leonard M. , Ibragimov Askhat G. , Dzhemilev Usein M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA facile protocol allows the intermolecular three‐component cyclocondensation of dithiols, formaldehyde, and amines to give 1,3,5‐dithiazepanes and a wide variety of macroheterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Diversity‐Oriented Approach to Normuscopyridine and Its Analogues Through Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Waghule Gopalkrushna T. , Shirbhate Mukesh E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTwo RCM‐based approaches to normuscopyridine (Va) and its analogues are explored.
Postnatal growth of the human pons: A morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: Tate Matthew C. , Lindquist Robert A. , Nguyen Thuhien , Sanai Nader , Barkovich A. James , Huang Eric J. , Rowitch David H. , Alvarez‐Buylla Arturo 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTDespite its critical importance to global brain function, the postnatal development of the human pons remains poorly understood. In the present study, we first performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based morphometric analyses of the postnatal human pons (0–18 years; n = 6–14/timepoint). Pons volume increased 6‐fold from birth to 5 years, followed by continued slower growth throughout childhood. The observed growth was primarily due to expansion of the basis pontis. T2‐based MRI analysis suggests that this growth is linked to increased myelination, and histological analysis of myelin basic protein in human postmortem specimens confirmed a dramatic increase in myelination during infancy. Analysis of cellular proliferation revealed many Ki67+ cells during the first 7 months of life, particularly during the first month, where proliferation was increased in the basis relative to tegmentum. The majority of proliferative cells in the postnatal pons expressed the transcription factor Olig2, suggesting an oligodendrocyte lineage. The proportion of proliferating cells that were Olig2+ was similar through the first 7 months of life and between basis and tegmentum. The number of Ki67+ cells declined dramatically from birth to 7 months and further decreased by 3 years, with a small number of Ki67+ cells observed throughout childhood. In addition, two populations of vimentin/nestin‐expressing cells were identified: a dorsal group near the ventricular surface, which persists throughout childhood, and a parenchymal population that diminishes by 7 months and was not evident later in childhood. Together, our data reveal remarkable postnatal growth in the ventral pons, particularly during infancy when cells are most proliferative and myelination increases. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:449–462, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytogenesis in the adult monkey motor cortex: Perivascular NG2 cells are the major adult born cell type
Authors: Stanton Gregory B. , Kohler Shawn J. , Boklweski Jennifer , Cameron Judy L. , Greenough William T. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTWe used confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to look for new cells in the motor cortex of adult macaque monkeys that might form the cellular bases of improved brain function from exercise. Twenty‐four female Macaca fascicularis monkeys divided into groups by age (10–12 years, 15–17 years), postexercise survival periods, and controls, received 10 weekly injections of the thymidine analog, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to mark new cells. Sixteen monkeys survived 15 weeks (5 weeks postexercise) and 8 monkeys survived 27 weeks (12 weeks postexercise) after initial BrdU injections. Additionally, five Macaca mulatta female monkeys (∼5.5–7 years) received single injections of BrdU and survived 2 days, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks after BrdU injections. Neural and glial antibodies were used to identify new cell phenotypes and to look for changes in proportions of these cells with respect to time and experimental conditions. No BrdU+/DCx+ cells were found but about 7.5% of new cells were calretinin‐positive (Cr+). BrdU+/GABA+ (gamma‐aminobutyric acid) cells were also found but no new Cr+ or GABA+ cells colabeled with a mature neuron marker, NeuN or chondroitin sulfate antibody, NG2. The proportion of new cells that were NG2+ was about 85% for short and long survival monkeys of which two, newly described perivascular phenotypes (Pldv and Elu) and a small percentage of pericytes (2.5%) comprised 44% and 51% of the new NG2+ cells, respectively. Proportions of NG2+ phenotypes were affected by post‐BrdU survival periods, monkey age, and possibly a postexercise sedentary period but no direct effect of exercise was found. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:849–868, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three Dimensional Angular Distributions of X‐Rays in a 4 kJ Plasma Focus Device for Different Anode Tips Using TLD‐100 Dosimeters
Authors: Baharani M. D. , Habibi M. , Mohammadi Kh. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTime and energy integrated measurements of the 3‐D angular distribution of X‐rays emission within the chamber of a 4 kJ Mather‐type plasma focus is investigated employing four different anode shapes and using nitrogen as the filling gas by the TLD‐100 thermoluminescence dosimeters. The distributions of X‐ray radiation in the energy range of 5 keV to several hundred keV were bimodal for all of the anode tips, peaked approximately at ±15°. The intensity of X‐rays decreased abruptly along the central axis of the device where the quasi cylindrical plasma pinch was formed. High intensity of X‐ray was observed in the case of a tapered ?at‐end anode, whereas less was obtained with the cylindrical hollow‐end anode. The maximum nitrogen X‐rays were for the tapered flat‐end anode at 4.5 mbar and 13 kV. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spatial Uniformity of Atmospheric Pressure Discharges: A Simulation Study
Authors: Iqbal M. M. , Turner M. M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSpatial uniformity is important in most applications of dielectric barrier discharges operating at atmospheric pressure. However, such uniformity is not easily achieved. Under many conditions, a filamentary structure usually develops. In this paper, we employ a two‐dimensional self‐consistent fluid model to explore the influence of several factors on the evolution of spatial structure of dielectric barrier discharges. In particular, we contrast the behavior of discharges in pure helium and He‐N2 gas mixture, which represent the reduction in breakdown voltage of gas during the evolvement of uniform glow discharge plasma. The transformation from filamentary to uniform mode of discharge plasma is analyzed by the phenomenon of coalescence of filaments and we investigate the effect of several external discharge parameters, such as driving frequency and effect of overvoltage, and the dielectric constant of the barrier material for the uniform and filamentary discharge plasmas. This simulation study is useful to describe the spatio‐temporal profiles of electron density in different phases of the filamentary, uniform Townsend and glow discharge regimes under various constraints. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasma Diagnostics Using K‐Line Emission Profiles of Silicon
Authors: Chen Y. , Sengebusch A. , Reinholz H. , Röpke G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractModifications of K‐line profiles due to a warm dense plasma environment are a suitable tool for plasma diagnostics. We focus on Si Kα emissions due to an electron transfer from 2P to 1S shell. Besides 2P fine structure effects we also consider the influence of excited and higher ionized emitters. Generally spoken, a plasma of medium temperature and high density (warm dense matter) is created from bulk Si the greater part of atoms is ionized. The high energy of Kα x‐rays is necessary to penetrate and investigate the Si sample. The plasma effect influences the many‐particle system resulting in an energy shift due to electron‐ion and electron‐electron interaction. In our work we focus on pure Si using LS coupling. Non‐perturbative wave functions are calculated as well as ionization energies, binding energies and relevant emission energies using the chemical ab initio code Gaussian 03. The plasma effect is considered within a perturbative approach to the Hamiltonian. Using Roothaan‐Hartree‐Fock wave functions we calculate the screening effect within an ion‐sphere model. The different excitation and ionization probabilities of the electronic L‐shell and M‐shell lead to a charge state distribution. Using this distribution and a Lorentz profile convolution with a Gaussian instrument function we calculate spectral line profiles depending on the plasma parameters. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Designing Non‐uniform Wafer Micro‐topography for Macroscopic Uniformity in Multi‐scale CVD Processes
Authors: Kallikounis Nikolaos , Kokkoris George , Cheimarios Nikolaos , Boudouvis Andreas G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe potential of an additional degree of freedom (DOF) in the effort to meet film or deposition rate uniformity along the wafer in CVD processes is investigated. The investigation applies to cases of deposition on a wafer with micro‐topography where the common practice is a uniform density of patterns or features (e.g., trenches or holes), with the additional DOF as the feature density along the wafer. A non‐uniform density is designed with the objective of improving the uniformity; as a consequence, the differences in the profiles of the deposited films in all the features on the wafer will be compensated. A multi‐scale modeling framework is utilized for the design. The case study is aluminum metal‐organic (MO)CVD from dimethylethylamine alane under conditions of low macroscopic uniformity. Compared to a uniform density of the same number of trenches, the multi‐scale computations predict that the designed density of features, namely trenches, induces a remarkable improvement of both the macroscopic uniformity and the number of trenches on the wafer where the uniformity exceeds 0.95. The methodology is applied to features, i.e., the simplest unit cell of topography on a wafer, even if practical implementation of the variation of feature density is difficult. The same methodology can be applied to design the density of a cluster of features comprising a single device, or a die on the wafer.
Bauphysikalische und mechanische Aspekte von Mauerwerk nach Flutkatastrophen
Authors: Alfes Christoph , Schäfers Martin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHochwasserereignisse treten in Deutschland immer wieder auf. Gebäude werden dabei bisweilen bis ins Obergeschoss überflutet. Der Beitrag geht auf die Trocknung von Mauerwerk mit unterschiedlichen Trocknungsmethoden ein und es wird erörtert, wie Trocknungszeiten durch maschinelle Unterstützung verkürzt werden können. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, wie sich mechanische Eigenschaften von Mauerwerk bei Durchfeuchtung sowie nach anschließender Trocknung darstellen. Abschließend wird auf die Möglichkeit eines Schutzes durch geeignete Abdichtungssysteme hingewiesen.Building physical und mechanical aspects of masonry after flood disaster. Flood incidences appear in Germany from time to time. Buildings were occasionally flooded up to the first floor. The contribution assumes drying of masonry, drying methods and how drying periods can be shortened by applying technical equipment. Furtheron it is pointed out, how mechanical properties chance during moisture penetration und perform after subsequent drying. Concluding, possibilities of protecting masonry by suitable sealing systems are indicated.
Estimates of direct and indirect effects for early juvenile survival in captive populations maintained for conservation purposes: the case of Cuvier's gazelle
Authors: Ibáñez Belén , Cervantes Isabel , Gutiérrez Juan P. , Goyache Félix , Moreno Eulalia 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTogether with the avoidance of any negative impact of inbreeding, preservation of genetic variability for life‐history traits that could undergo future selective pressure is a major issue in endangered species management programmes. However, most of these programmes ignore that, apart from the direct action of genes on such traits, parents, as contributors of offspring environment, can influence offspring performance through indirect parental effects (when parental genotype and phenotype exerts environmental influences on offspring phenotype independently of additive genetic effects). Using quantitative genetic models, we estimated the additive genetic variance for juvenile survival in a population of the endangered Cuvier's gazelle kept in captivity since 1975. The dataset analyzed included performance recording for 700 calves and a total pedigree of 740 individuals. Results indicated that in this population juvenile survival harbors significant additive genetic variance. The estimates of heritability obtained were in general moderate (0.115–0.457) and not affected by the inclusion of inbreeding in the models. Maternal genetic contribution to juvenile survival seems to be of major importance in this gazelle's population as well. Indirect genetic and indirect environmental effects assigned to mothers (i.e., maternal genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects) roughly explain a quarter of the total variance estimated for the trait analyzed. These findings have major evolutionary consequences for the species as show that offspring phenotypes can evolve strictly through changes in the environment provided by mothers. They are also relevant for the captive breeding programme of the species. To take into account, the contribution that mothers have on offspring phenotype through indirect genetic effects when designing pairing strategies might serve to identify those females with better ability to recruit, and, additionally, to predict reliable responses to selection in the captive population.
The Brazilian Cerrado: assessment of water and soil degradation in catchments under intensive agricultural use
Authors: Hunke Philip , Mueller Eva Nora , Schröder Boris , Zeilhofer Peter 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Brazilian Cerrado is recognized as one of the most threatened biomes in the world, as the region has experienced a striking change from natural Cerrado vegetation to intense cash crop production. This paper reviews the history of land conversion in the Cerrado and the development of soil properties and water resources under past and ongoing land use. We compared soil and water quality parameters from different land uses considering 80 soil and 18 water studies conducted in different regions across the Cerrado to provide quantitative evidence of soil and water alterations from land use change.Following the conversion of native Cerrado, significant effects on soil pH, bulk density and available P and K for croplands and less‐pronounced effects on pastures were evident. Soil total N did not differ between land uses because most of the sites classified as croplands were nitrogen‐fixing soybeans, which are not artificially fertilized with N. In contrast, water quality studies showed nitrogen enrichment in agricultural catchments, indicating fertilizer impacts and potential susceptibility to eutrophication. Regardless of the land use, P is widely absent because of the high‐fixing capacities of deeply weathered soils and the filtering capacity of riparian vegetation. Pesticides, however, were consistently detected throughout the entire aquatic system. In several case studies, extremely high‐peak concentrations exceeded Brazilian and European Union (EU) water quality limits, which were potentially accompanied by serious health implications. Land use intensification is likely to continue, particularly in regions where less annual rainfall and severe droughts are projected in the northeastern and western Cerrado. Thus, the leaching risk and displacement of agrochemicals are expected to increase, particularly because the current legislation has caused a reduction in riparian vegetation. We conclude that land use intensification is likely to seriously limit the Cerrado's future regarding both agricultural productivity and ecosystem stability. Because only limited data are available, we recommend further field studies to understand the interaction between terrestrial and aquatic systems. This study may serve as a valuable database for integrated modelling to investigate the impact of land use and climate change on soil and water resources and to test and develop mitigation measures for the Cerrado. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term follow‐up in optimally treated and stable heart failure patients: primary care vs. heart failure clinic. Results of the COACH‐2 study
Authors: Luttik Marie Louise A. , Jaarsma Tiny , van Geel Peter Paul , Brons Maaike , Hillege Hans L. , Hoes Arno W. , de Jong Richard , Linssen Gerard , Lok Dirk J.A. , Berge Marjolein , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. 
Published: October 2014

AimsIt has been suggested that home‐based heart failure (HF) management in primary care may be an alternative to clinic‐based management in HF patients. However, little is known about adherence to HF guidelines and adherence to the medication regimen in these home‐based programmes. The aim of the current study was to determine whether long‐term follow‐up and treatment in primary care is equally effective as follow‐up at a specialized HF clinic in terms of guideline adherence and patient adherence, in HF patients initially managed and up‐titrated to optimal treatment at a specialized HF clinic.Methods and resultsWe conducted a multicentre, randomized, controlled study in 189 HF patients (62% male, age 72 ± 11 years), who were assigned to follow‐up either in primary care (n = 97) or in a HF clinic (n = 92). After 12 months, no differences between guideline adherence, as estimated by the Guideline Adherence Indicator (GAI‐3), and patient adherence, in terms of the medication possession ratio (MPR), were found between treatment groups. There was no difference in the number of deaths (n = 12 in primary care and n = 8 in the HF clinic; P = 0.48), and hospital readmissions for cardiovascular (CV) reasons were also similar. The total number of unplanned non‐CV hospital readmissions, however, tended to be higher in the primary care group (n = 22) than in the HF clinic group (n = 10; P = 0.05).ConclusionsPatients discharged after initial management in a specialized HF clinic can be discharged to primary care for long‐term follow‐up with regard to maintaining guideline adherence and patient adherence. However, the complexity of the HF syndrome and its associated co‐morbidities requires continuous monitoring. Close collaboration between healthcare providers will be crucial in order to provide HF patients with optimal, integrated care.
Trends in Managed Care Cost Containment: An Analysis of the Managed Care Backlash
Authors: Dugan Jerome 
Published: October 2014

SummaryConsumer dissatisfaction with the quality and limitations of managed health care led to rapid disenrollment from managed care plans and demands for regulation between 1998 and 2003. Managed care organizations, particularly health maintenance organizations (HMOs), now face quality and coverage mandates that restrict them from using their most aggressive strategies for managing costs. This paper examines the effect of this backlash on managed care's ability to contain costs among short‐term, non‐federal hospitals between 1998 and 2008. The results show that the impact of increased HMO penetration on inpatient costs reversed over the study period, but HMOs were still effective at containing outpatient costs. These findings have important policy implications for understanding the continuing role that HMOs should play in cost containment policy and for understanding how effective the latest wave of cost containment institutions may perform in heavily regulated markets. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PRACTICAL TOOLS FOR POLICY ANALYSIS IN DSGE MODELS WITH MISSING SHOCKS
Authors: Caldara Dario , Harrison Richard , Lipińska Anna 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYIn this paper we analyze the propagation of shocks originating in sectors that are not present in a baseline dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. Specifically, we proxy the missing sector through a small set of factors that feed into the structural shocks of the DSGE model to create correlated disturbances. We estimate the factor structure by either matching impulse responses of the augmented DSGE model to those generated by an auxiliary model or by using Bayesian techniques. We apply this methodology to track the effects of oil shocks and housing demand shocks in models without energy or housing sectors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Empirical Test of Pricing Kernel Monotonicity
Authors: Beare Brendan K. , Schmidt Lawrence D. W. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryA large class of asset pricing models predicts that securities which have high payoffs when market returns are low tend to be more valuable than those with high payoffs when market returns are high. More generally, we expect the projection of the stochastic discount factor on the market portfolio—that is, the discounted pricing kernel evaluated at the market portfolio—to be a monotonically decreasing function of the market portfolio. Numerous recent empirical studies appear to contradict this prediction. The non‐monotonicity of empirical pricing kernel estimates has become known as the pricing kernel puzzle. In this paper we propose and apply a formal statistical test of pricing kernel monotonicity. We apply the test using 17 years of data from the market for European put and call options written on the S&P 500 index. Statistically significant violations of pricing kernel monotonicity occur in a substantial proportion of months, suggesting that observed non‐monotonicities are unlikely to be the product of statistical noise. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.