bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1258 Statin Therapy Following Carotid Revascularization Is Associated with Optimised Operative Outcomes and Long-Term Survival: A Literature Review
Authors: Alhussaini N 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Aim
Statin therapy is the standardized care for patients with coronaryartery stenosis, given its established cardiovascular benefits. However, it is poorly researched in noncoronary atherosclerosis patients. This review investigates the relationship between statin therapy and clinical outcomes after carotid endarterectomy, transcarotid artery revascularization and transfemoral carotid artery stenting.

Method
This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Through a comprehensive search of PubMed and Journal of Vascular Surgery until August 2018, eligible studies were identified. A total of 12 studies were included.

Results
The absence of perioperative statins in CEA and tfCAS correlated with higher in-hospital stroke and death, 1.7% vs 1.4% for CEA and 4.8% vs 2.8% for tfCAS. However, this association wasn't observed in TCAR patients. Long-term statistics demonstrated that excluding statins at discharge was linked to increased 5-year mortality post-CEA (15% vs 10%) and tfCAS (18% vs 14%). Symptomatic patients on statins during admission showed 25% reduced complications.
A population-level study signified that postoperative statins at moderate to high doses associates with lower adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events at 1 year (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.76) and persistent benefits at 5 years (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.75). Additionally, late anatomic failure of the surgical patch was associated with elevated serum cholesterol and lipid-lowering drugs were protective.

Conclusions
Continuous statin therapy perioperatively demonstrated lower short- and long-term adverse events in atherosclerotic disease. This aligns with Vascular Surgery Society recommendations and exhibits a quality improvement opportunity. In conjunction with other collaborative research, statin use is warranted following revascularization, both endovascular and open repair.
Randomized Trial of Occlusive Wrap for Heat Loss Prevention in Preterm Infants
Authors: Katheria Anup 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Occlusive wrap placed on preterm infants immediately after birth can reduce postnatal evaporative heat loss. The HeLP trial determined whether use of occlusive wrap reduces in-hospital mortality among infants born at 24 to 27 weeks’ gestation. Of 817 infants who were randomized to wrap or no wrap at birth, 801 were included in the analysis. There was no difference in the primary outcome of death (odds ratio [OR] 1.0; 95% CI 0.7 to 1.5, p = 0.85). Infants randomized to occlusive wrap had higher baseline (p &lt;0.001) and post-stabilization (p = 0.007) temperatures, and a lower incidence of pulmonary hemorrhage (OR 0.6; 95% CI 0.3 to 0.9). The study was stopped early for futility after 50% of the projected sample size had been enrolled.
Effect of Sustained Inflations vs Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation on Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia or Death Among Extremely Preterm Infants
Authors: Hay Susanne , Zupancic John 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Sustained inflation (SI) was recommended in some countries, and was compelling on physiological grounds. SAIL investigated the benefit and safety of SI in a large, international trial. Four hundred sixty extremely preterm infants requiring positive pressure resuscitation at birth were randomized to SI (peak pressure of 20 cm H2O for 15 seconds) or routine intermittent positive pressure ventilation. There was no difference in the composite primary outcome of death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age (63.7% SI, 59.2% control; p = 0.29). The SI group demonstrated increased mortality at 48 hours (7.4% vs 1.4%; p = 0.002), leading to early trial closure.
Long-term Effects of Caffeine Therapy for Apnea of Prematurity
Authors: Bassler Dirk 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Caffeine was a long-accepted treatment for AoP and one of the most frequently used medications in the NICU; however, at the time of this trial, reasonable doubt had emerged among the neonatal community about its safety and long-term effects. The international Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) trial was launched to determine whether survival without neurodevelopmental disability is improved if apnea of prematurity is managed without caffeine. Infants with birth weights of 500 to 1250 g were randomized to receive either caffeine or placebo. The primary composite outcome of death or neurodevelopmental disability was measured at a corrected age of 18 to 21 months. The CAP trial showed that neonatal caffeine therapy decreased death or neurodevelopmental disability (odds ratio adjusted for center 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.64 to 0.93, p = 0.008).
Target Ranges of Oxygen Saturation in Extremely Preterm Infants
Authors: Hagadorn James I. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Observational studies had suggested that maintaining low pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (SpO2) in extremely preterm infants reduce retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). However, the benefits and risks of different SpO2 ranges had not been adequately studied. SUPPORT randomized 1316 infants 24 to 27 weeks’ gestation to SpO2 85% to 89% versus 91% to 95% during routine care. The composite outcome of severe retinopathy or death did not differ between groups (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 0.90, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.06, p = 0.21). However, in the lower SpO2 group, death before discharge occurred more frequently (aRR 1.27, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.60, p = 0.04), while severe ROP was less frequent among survivors (aRR 0.52, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.73, p &lt;0.001). Ideal SpO2 management for extremely preterm infants on supplemental oxygen remains unclear, and requires trade-offs to be made dependent upon local rates of ROP and death.
High-Flow Nasal Cannulae in Very Preterm Infants After Extubation
Authors: Roehr Charles Christoph 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The HIPERSPACE trial compared high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as post-extubation support, at a time when HFNC was being increasingly used for this indication, with minimal guiding evidence. In this multicenter, non-inferiority trial, 303 infants &lt;32 weeks’ gestation were randomized to either 6 to 8 cm H2O CPAP or 5 to 8 L/min HFNC after extubation. HFNC was found to be noninferior to CPAP for the primary outcome of extubation failure within 7 days, with a 20% margin of non-inferiority (34.2% HFNC versus 25.8% CPAP; risk difference [RD] 8.4, 95% CI –1.9 to 18.7). For infants with GA &lt;26 weeks’ (n = 62), failure rate was high in both treatment groups, but the RD was 20% in favor of CPAP (95% CI –1.9 to 41.8). Apart from less nasal trauma in the HFNC group, no statistically significant difference was observed between groups for secondary outcomes.
The Influence of the Thermal Environment Upon the Survival of Newly Born Premature Infants
Authors: Osborn David 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A previous study had shown improved survival of premature infants nursed in a relative humidity of 80%–90% compared with 30%–60%. This study tested the derived normothermic hypothesis, that supplying ample heat to premature infants to minimize metabolic demands improved survival. To test this hypothesis, premature infants were randomized to a “normothermic” group (incubator set at 31.7°C) or a “hypothermic” group (incubator set at 28.9°C) from admission to 120 hours age. Infants in the normothermic group had lower mortality at 5 days (16% versus 32%; RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.90, p = 0.02) and 28 days (22% versus 45%; RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.76, p = 0.002). This trial represents one of a series of path-breaking trials performed by Silverman and colleagues that largely introduced the concept of RCTs to identify critical needs of preterm infants.
Probiotic Effects on Late-Onset Sepsis in Very Preterm Infants
Authors: Thomas Deena , Shankar M. Jeeva 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Different probiotic strains have been suggested to reduce the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in very preterm infants. However their effect on late-onset sepsis is less clear. This trial was designed to evaluate the impact of a combination of 3 probiotics (Bifidobacterium infantis, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Bifidobacterium lactis) on the incidence of culture-positive late-onset sepsis in very preterm infants. A total of 1099 infants were randomized to daily probiotics or placebo. There was no difference in the incidence of late-onset sepsis (13.1% versus 16.2%; RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.08, p = 0.16). Among the secondary outcomes, the risk of NEC (Bell stage 2 or more) was significantly reduced in the probiotic group (2.0% versus 4.4%; RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.93, p = 0.03), but there was no apparent effect on mortality.
Higher or Lower Hemoglobin Transfusion Thresholds for Preterm Infants
Authors: Franz Axel R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Preterm infants universally develop anemia of prematurity, potentially impairing oxygen delivery to the brain. The TOP trial investigated the effect of higher versus lower hemoglobin transfusion thresholds on death or neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). 1824 infants with a birth weight ≤ 1000 grams or a gestational age &lt;29 weeks were randomized to either higher or lower transfusion trigger thresholds, achieving a 1.9 g/dL (1.18 mmol/L) difference in the pre-transfusion hemoglobin concentration between groups. There was no difference in the incidence of the primary outcome of death or NDI (50.1% high versus 49.8% low; relative risk adjusted for birth-weight stratum and center, 1.00, 95% confidence interval 0.92 to 1.10, p = 0.93), nor was there any difference in common serious complications of prematurity.
Effect of a Higher vs Lower Platelet Transfusion Threshold on Death or Major Bleeding in Preterm Infants
Authors: Patel Ravi Mangal 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Platelet transfusions administered at a platelet count threshold of 50 × 109/L or greater is common in neonates. The PlaNeT-2 trial investigated the effect of higher versus lower platelet transfusion thresholds in infants &lt;34 weeks’ gestation with severe thrombocytopenia and without evidence of significant hemorrhage within 72 hours of study entry. This multicenter trial in the United Kingdom and European centers randomized 660 infants to a platelet count threshold of 25 versus 50 × 109/L for prophylactic platelet transfusions. The risk of new major bleeding or death was greater in infants randomized to the higher threshold (26% versus 19%; adjusted odds ratio 1.57, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.32, p = 0.02). Infants randomized to the higher threshold group had a higher risk of survival with BPD (63% versus 54%; OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.30).
Whole-Body Hypothermia for Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Onland Wes , van Kaam Anton H. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The incidence of death or severe neurodevelopmental impairment in infants born after perinatal asphyxia having hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is very high. The NICHD 2005 study investigated the benefit and safety of therapeutic hypothermia treatment in a large, multicenter trial. Two hundred eight infants ≥36 weeks’ gestation diagnosed with moderate to severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy were randomized to therapeutic hypothermia (33.5°C by a commercial servomechanism) or standard care. This study showed that hypothermia treatment initiated within 6 hours after birth for 72 hours significantly reduces the risk of death or neurodevelopmental impairment (adjusted relative risk 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.54 to 0.95, p = 0.01), without any serious adverse effects. No significant difference was found in any individual component of the composite primary outcome. Twenty-four percent of the infants died in the hypothermia group, and 37% in the control group (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.05, p = 0.08).
Preoperative Pregnancy Testing in Minors
Authors: Pealy Elizabeth Starker , Choi Ellen Y. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Preoperative pregnancy testing in a minor patient is commonly performed prior to a procedure, and this has many important ethical, legal, and financial considerations. These point-of-care tests help healthcare practitioners provide complete informed consent for the procedure based on pregnancy status. However, testing is not absolutely required and should be utilized after consideration of a patient’s legal and ethical rights, as well as financial cost to an institution. This chapter also discusses the ethical issues surrounding informed consent, informed assent, decision-making capacity, and confidentiality for minor patients with regards to preoperative pregnancy testing and pregnancy status. It is important for the practitioner to be familiar with state statutes on reproductive health in minors, including the medical decision-making rights of the pregnant minor.
Decision-Making Capacity and Surrogate Decision-Making for a Patient Who Lacks It
Authors: Caruso Brown Amy E. , Robins Berklee 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
When patients have decisional capacity (decision-making capacity), respect for autonomy requires that healthcare decisions made by the patient be honored. However, when a patient lacks or loses decisional capacity, either temporarily or permanently, healthcare professionals turn to a surrogate decision-maker who is charged with making decisions that align best with what the patient would choose if they had the ability to do so. Both ethics and the law provide guidance in this area. Surrogate decision-makers and healthcare professionals look first to the patient’s previously expressed preferences regarding their health and treatment. In the absence of such explicit known wishes, the surrogate decision-maker can help identify approaches that are most concordant with the patient’s values and views. When the surrogate decision-makers are not in agreement, or there is no identified surrogate decision-maker, the task of making important decisions about healthcare becomes even more complicated.
The Ethics of Research
Authors: Jotwani Rohan , Pryor Kane O. , Goldstein Peter A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A thorough understanding of the ethics involved in human subject research is essential to ensuring the safe and humane treatment of participants. Research ethics establishes a framework to guide principled and just decisions with respect to trial design, investigator conflicts of interest, and participant recruitment. Each person involved in conducting human subject research has a moral obligation to protect the dignity, autonomy, and natural rights of the individuals they hope to enroll in a research trial. Only with an unwavering commitment to ethical principles can investigators advance and improve human health through research and innovation without compromising the very ideals that inspire us.
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Authors: Pla Raymond A. , Cohen Ira Todd 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The psychomotor domain is the third domain of Bloom’s taxonomy. It is central to teaching skills and procedures. Inherent in the development of technical skills are physical movement, coordination, speed, and precision. By the mid-1970s, three models had been developed and published. Each model depicts categories that increase in complexity, drafted in a stepwise fashion to support the learner’s development of the skills and techniques necessary to effectively complete complex tasks. In the psychomotor domain, learners develop, refine, and master techniques to execute procedures. Once mastery is achieved, learners can apply their newly acquired abilities in novel and creative ways.
Understanding the Physician Code of Conduct
Authors: Marcucci Catherine , Alberts Carol Bodenheimer , Sandson Neil B. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the ethical, legal, and practical duties to report physician colleagues who are struggling with alcoholism, drug use and/or dependence, mental illness, and a number of other personal and professional impairments that can impact the delivery of safe and appropriate care and the stability of the practice environment. A brief history of the physician health movement is discussed, as well as practical, real-life advice and tips on recognizing physician impairment. Guidance is provided on overcoming the barriers that physicians contemplating the reporting of a colleague might face. A short discussion on reporting the unethical and incompetent physician is also included.
Human Telencephalization
Authors: Ströckens Felix , Amunts Katrin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The extension of the telencephalic neocortex (i.e., telencephalization) is one of the most prominent features of human brain evolution and has been related to an increase in telencephalic processing capacity, including cognitive performance. However, it might have had also adverse effects, in shape of neurological diseases, which are less common or even absent in nonhuman mammals, including the traditional neuroscientific model species. Within this chapter, the authors briefly outline the evolutionary history of humans and give an overview of the general anatomy of the mammalian brain. They then highlight specific differences in neuroanatomical macro- and microstructure between humans and most common animal model species and discuss their possible implications. Furthermore, this chapter serves as a basis for the following chapters, introducing important terminology and concepts, allowing for an easier access even for readers without a strong neuroscientific background.
Evolutionary Aspects of Glial Cells
Authors: Calì Corrado , Ackermans Nicole L. , Hof Patrick R. , Magistretti Pierre J. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Glial cells play a crucial role in brain development, function, and pathology. Despite substantial progress in understanding the many roles played by oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes in synaptic transmission, neurological diseases, and brain health, the specific contributions and underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. In relation to glial cell types and phylogenic origin, the current chapter summarizes knowledge on the evolutionary aspects of glial cells and their various roles in the emergence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the prospects for this field’s future are encouraging as glial cells have the ability to reveal fundamental principles underpinning brain function. They also offer innovative treatment options for neurological illnesses.
Alzheimer’s Disease, the Parietal Lobes, and the Evolution of the Human Genus
Authors: Bruner Emiliano , Jacobs Heidi I. L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Brain evolution is a key feature in the natural history of Primates, in particular of the human genus. Paleoneurology deals with the study of the endocranial anatomy, as proxy to investigate brain morphology in extinct species. Considering the fossil evidence, it has been hypothesized that modern humans experienced a recent expansion of the parietal cortex. The precuneus, for example, is much larger in humans than in apes and likely larger in Homo sapiens compared with fossil hominids. The deeper region of the precuneus is characterized by high heat load, complex topological organization, and allometric constraints, and it is interposed between major vascular territories. In this chapter, the authors discuss the evolutionary changes of the parietal cortex in the human genus, the parietal lobe changes in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, and how these changes can impact cognition and social aspects, integrating paleoneurological and neurobiological perspectives.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Swanepoel Annie 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder which is characterized by symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention that impact on functioning. It can be adaptive for an unborn child of a mother, who is stressed due to a dangerous environment, to undergo intra-uterine programming and develop ADHD, which predisposes individuals to a fast life history and increases the chances of reproduction in a harsh environment. In our modern society, children with ADHD may be conceptualized as being caught in an evolutionary mismatch between what they are adapted to cope with and the current school environment, where children are expected to sit still and pay attention. This raises ethical questions about whether medication is justified instead of adapting schools to allow more exercise and hands-on learning. Finally, people with ADHD may be better understood as being at the extreme end of a spectrum of neurodiversity, rather than having a disorder.
A practical classification of epilepsy with regard to comorbidity
Authors: Zuberi Sameer M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The classifications of seizure types, epilepsy types, and epilepsy syndromes in adults, children, and newborns have all been revised in recent years. One of the drivers for change was to emphasize the importance of recognizing and actively managing the comorbidities of epilepsy. The definition of epilepsy now allows a diagnosis, within the appropriate context, to be made after a single seizure and also acknowledges that epilepsy can resolve and need not be a lifelong disorder. The relationships a person with epilepsy has with their family, peers, and wider society are influenced by the concepts clinicians use in classifying and managing the condition. The language used in classification is becoming more accessible to non-specialists who can access medical knowledge more freely in the internet age. Also, the framework for classification of seizures guides more personalized management by leading the clinician through descriptions of the epilepsy phenotype, comorbidities, and aetiology.
Epilepsy, marriage, and other social relationships
Authors: Kinariwalla Neha , Sen Arjune 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Aside from the physiological disease, the psychosocial ramifications of the epilepsy greatly affect a person’s social relationships and, in turn, their quality of life. The social perception of epilepsy is shaped through a long history of stigma and discrimination, dating back millennia. Even in the 21st century, epilepsy can remain a very stigmatizing condition around the world. Stigma can influence nearly every component of a person’s life, from their education and workplace to marriage and childbearing. In addition to testing the resilience of those with the condition, epilepsy can apply additional pressure on parents, siblings, carers, and life partners. This chapter reviews these factors and discusses future directions for research in this field.
Neuropsychological Testing
Authors: Harris James C. , Coyle Joseph T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Developmental neuropsychological testing is an important component of the developmental neuropsychiatric examination. This chapter provides an orientation to using developmental neuropsychological testing in assessing mental functioning. It discusses a neuropsychological model of functional domains, proceeding from domain-general to domain-specific interactive specialization; introduces the construct of neuroconstructionism; reviews current issues in the application of tests and instrument development; provides a comparison of neuropsychological and clinical psychological approaches to assessment; considers the differences in brain–behavior relationships between adults and children on neuropsychological testing; reviews indications for neuropsychological testing; discusses assessment strategies for the neuropsychological capacities tested; and provides a description of the types of tests used and a rationale for their use.