bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunoelectron Microscopic Localization of Mammary Tumor Virus (MTV) Antigens in Normal and Cancerous Mammary Glands of Mice
Authors: Tsubura Airo , Shikata Nobuaki , Hilgers Jo , Zotter Stefan , Tanaka Harutaka , Morii Sotokichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPeroxidase‐labeled Fab' fragments of rabbit antisera against gp52 (major envelope protein) and A‐particles of mammary tumor virus (MTV) were prepared and used for investigation by immunoelectron microscopy of the replication cycle of MTV‐specific envelope and core antigens in normal and malignant mammary gland cells of female mice. The specificity of the antisera was proven by absorption tests and lack of reactivity to MTV‐free mammary tissues. Periodate‐lysine‐paraformaldehyde (PLP) fixation sufficiently preserved the antigenicity of gp52, while Zamboni's fixative was useful to preserve the core antigen. Saponin pretreatment was necessary to reveal the intracellular antigen of A particles but had no influence on gp52. In addition to its presence at the envelope of B particles, gp52 was clearly associated with the biomembrane system, including the nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane independent of the presence of virus particles. In mammary tumors, a significant level of gp52 antigen was often expressed on the entire cell surface membrane. In contrast, it was localized only to the apical plasma membrane in normal mammary gland cells. A particle antigens were confined to the intracytoplasmic A particles, usually visible as clusters, and to the inner part of B particles. These ultrastructural findings support the available biochemical data on the morphogenesis of MTV particles.
The Immune System Response to Campylobacter Infection
Authors: Melamed Aizic , Zakuth Vera , Schwartz David , Spirer Zvi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCampylobacter may be one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis (GE) in children. It has recently been suggested that it is one of the bacterial pathogens most likely to infect immune‐compromised children, and it may facilitate colonization of enteric pathogens. The immune system response was studied in 12 children with Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni (CBJ) infections. Serum concentrations of IgA, IgM, and IgG were analyzed using a Beckman auto‐analyzer. Sera specific Ab to CBJ were tested with CBJ specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes was performed to three lectins: Con A, PWM, and PHA. The lymphocyte blast transformation to Campylobacter was studied using the Campylobacter antigen. T‐cell subsets were studied using the monoclonal antibodies Leu 2, 3, and 4 (Becton Dickinson). Chemotaxis was measured in modified Boyden chambers; chemotactic stimulants were the Formyl Met Leu Phe, Campylobacter antigen virion, and E. coli 0111 B. Immunoglobulins were normal in nine cases and abnormal in two children previously diagnosed as agammaglobulinemic and one diagnosed as hypoagammaglobulinemic. Specific serum Ab level was significantly higher in the CBJ group, except in the agammaglobulinemic group. Stimulation indices to mitogens and monoclonal subset were in the normal range. The blastogenic transformation to CBJ Ag was decreased compared to normal lectins, and positive and high compared to controls. The chemotactic activity to campylobacter Ag was decreased in comparison to other stimulants. Most CBJ infections are self‐limiting due to a normal immune response and collaboration of all cellular limbs. When, however, the immune response is disturbed, we may find a prolonged and complicated course of CBJ.
Role of Pili in the Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Burn Infection
Authors: Sato Hisaaki , Okinaga Kota , Saito Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe present study using three isogenic mutants (F+P−, F−P+, F−P−) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa indicates that the presence of pili enhances the virulence of the organisms in experimental P. aeruginosa burn infection of mice. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) value for burned mice inoculated with non‐piliated (P−) mutant was at least ten times higher than those inoculated with piliated (P+) bacteria. Meanwhile the LD50 value for burned mice inoculated with non‐flagellated (F−) mutant was at least 105 times higher than those inoculated with flagellated (F+) bacteria. At 24 hr after inoculation, the bacterial counts in burned skin of mice inoculated with P+ bacteria were ten times higher than those inoculated with P− bacteria; and at 48 hr the bacterial counts became a hundred times higher in the former mice than the latter. At 24 hr after inoculation, P+ bacteria were isolated from blood, liver (F+P+), lung (F+P+), and kidney, while P− bacteria were not present in these tissues. And at 48 hr after inoculation, P+ bacteria were isolated from all tissues, while P− bacteria were isolated from some sites only. These results suggested that pili and flagella each play an important role as virulence factors independently, and that pili‐mediated enhancement of virulence of P. aeruginosa was attributed to pili‐mediated enhanced colonization of the organisms at the burned skin surfaces.
Small‐Scale DNA Preparation for Rapid Genetic Identification of Campylobacter Species without Radioisotope
Authors: Ezaki Takayuki , Takeuchi Noriko , Liu Shulin , Kai Akemi , Yamamoto Hiroaki , Yabuuchi Eiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA simplified and rapid genetic identification method for Campylobacter species without radioisotope was established. Three different amounts of DNA (200, 50, and 12.5 ng) extracted from each type strain of Campylobacter species with standard Marmur's procedure were spotted on a nitrocellulose filter. DNA obtained from one ml bacterial suspension at a concentration of McFarland standard turbidity No. 1 of Campylobacter fetus, C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. pylori isolates were sufficiently labeled with photo‐biotin within 15 min and clearly hybridized with the type strain of the corresponding species within four to six hours. Hybridized spots were visualized with alkaline‐phosphatase‐conjugated streptavidin color‐detection method. The reaction was usually stopped within 30 min. Atypical clinical isolates such as a nitrate‐negative C. jejuni, two nalidixic acid‐resistant C. jejuni, and two strains of C. fetus able to grow at 42 C, which were tentatively identified as such, were definitely identified by the simplified DNA hybridization method presented here. This method will be applicable routinely for the definite identification of atypical strains of Campylobacter species and other gram‐negative bacteria difficult to identify biochemically.
In vitro Hexagonal Assembly of R‐Form Lipopolysaccharides: Effect of pH on the Mg+2‐Mediated Hexagonal Assembly
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Ohta Michio , Kido Nobuo , Ito Hideo , Naito Setsuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe R‐form lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli K‐12, from which cationic material had been removed by electrodialysis and the pH of which had fallen to 3.6, formed a rough hexagonal lattice structure with the lattice constant of about 19 nm. The rough hexagonal structure was maintained in buffers at pH 5 or lower but disintegrated into the ribbon‐like structures in buffers at pH 6 or higher. However, in the presence of 10 mm Mg2+, the hexagonal lattice structure was not disintegrated even at alkaline pH levels but conversely it became more dense. At pH 8.3 to 8.9, the hexagonal lattice structure with the shortest lattice constant (15 nm) was formed. The same optimal pH levels were obtained for formation of the dense hexagonal lattice structure (lattice constant, 14 to 15 nm) by the electrodialyzed LPS from Klebsiella pneumoniae strain LEN‐111 (O3‐:K1‐). The ability of Mg2+ to induce formation of the dense hexagonal lattice structure of the K‐12 LPS depends upon the presence of buffers showing the optimal pH levels, since a very high concentration of Mg2+ such as 500 mm was required for the lattice formation in distilled water. The amount of the magnesium bound to the K‐12 LPS did not significantly differ throughout the pH range of 3 to 9. Therefore, the optimal pH range is another essential factor for formation of the dense hexagonal lattice structure of the LPS in addition to binding of the magnesium to the LPS.
Purification and Antigenic Analysis of Flagella of Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Ueki Yuji , Fujimoto Shuji , Umeda Akiko , Amako Kazunobu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe flagella of Campylobacter jejuni strain FUM158432 were purified and a flagellin preparation consisting of only a single peptide of 63,000 daltons was obtained. The peptide of 92,000 daltons usually associated with a flagellar preparation was shown to be a peptide derived from the hook region. Antiserum was prepared by immunizing a rabbit with the flagellin preparation. The reaction of the antiserum was found to be highly specific for the flagellar filament by immunoelectron microscopy and for flagellin peptide by the immunoblotting method. Seventeen of 23 clinically isolated strains of C. jejuni reacted with this antiserum but the other six strains did not, indicating the existence of antigenic variation of the flagella of C. jejuni. The flagella of a few strains of C. coli also reacted with this antiserum.
Effect of Wheat Germ Agglutinin on T Lymphocyte Activation
Authors: Kawakami Kazuyoshi , Yamamoto Yusei , Onoue Kaoru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWheat germ agglutinin (WGA) is low mitogenic or nonmitogenic for human T lymphocytes and inhibits phytohemagglutinin (PHA)‐induced mitotic response of the lymphocytes. In this study, the effect of WGA was analyzed in terms of interleukin 2 (IL2) production, expression of IL2 receptor, and IL2 responsiveness of the T lymphocytes. WGA as well as PHA could induce IL2 mRNA and IL2 production and also elevate cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration. The IL2 production was reduced by inhibitors of calmodulin and protein kinase C. The IL2 receptor (Tac) expression was induced at about 20% of the lymphocytes by WGA and the expression induced by PHA was not blocked by the addition of WGA. The lymphocytes precultured with WGA for 3 days could proliferate by the addition of IL2 after removal of WGA. The IL2‐dependent proliferation of PHA‐blasts was blocked by the addition of WGA. These results indicate that WGA inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting the responsiveness of the lymphocytes to IL2 but not by interfering with IL2 production and IL2 receptor expression.
Effect of Rickettsial Antigen‐Specific T Cell Line on the Interaction of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi with Macrophages
Authors: Kodama Kazuya , Yasukawa Masaki , Kobayashi Yuzuru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of rickettsial antigen‐specific T cell line on macrophages infected with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi was studied. It was suggested that the T cells could produce a factor which acts cytotoxically and selectively on infected macrophages.
Mechanism of Streptomycin Resistance in Leptospira biflexa Strain Urawa
Authors: Fukunaga Masahito , Mifuchi Ichiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe mechanism of streptomycin resistance of Leptospira biflexa was investigated. A streptomycin‐resistant mutant of Leptospira showed cross‐resistance to dihydrostreptomycin but not to other antibiotics. Enzymatic inactivation of the drug could not be demonstrated in this mutant. Protein synthesis on the ribosomes from the mutant was insensitive to streptomycin. These results suggest that ribosomal resistance is the reason for streptomycin resistance in Leptospira biflexa.
The Isolation of Mycobacterium avium Complex from Soil, Water, and Dusts
Authors: Ichiyama Satoshi , Shimokata Kaoru , Tsukamura Michio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPreviously, it was difficult to isolate the Mycobacterium avium complex from soil, water, and dusts, because rapidly growing mycobacteria always overgrew slowly growing ones. We used Ogawa egg medium containing both ethambutol and ofloxacin, which inhibit the nonpathogenic slowly growing mycobacteria and most rapidly growing mycobacteria, respectively, as an aid to screen for pathogenic slowly growing mycobacteria; we could thereby isolate a number of the M. avium complex and M. scrofulaceum strains from soil, water, and dusts in this country.
Polyclonal B‐Cell Stimulative and Immunosuppressive Activities at Different Developmental Stages of Trypanosoma gambiense
Authors: Oka Mikio , Yabu Yoshisada , Ito Yoshihiro , Takayanagi Tan 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBloodstream trypomastigote and cultured procyclic (insect midgut) forms of a monomophic strain of Trypanosoma gambiense were tested for their abilities to induce polyclonal B‐cell activation (PBA) and immunosuppression (IS) in mice. Injection of a cell homogenate of bloodstream trypomastigotes induced both PBA and IS, while neither PBA nor IS was observed in mice injected with a cell homogenate of cultured procyclics. The results indicate that the substance(s) inducing PBA or IS is related to the developmental stage of the parasites.
Enhancement of Host Resistance against Listeria Infection by Lactobacillus casei: Efficacy of Cell Wall Preparation of Lactobacillus casei
Authors: Sato Katsumasa , Saito Hajime , Tomioka Haruaki , Yokokura Teruo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCell wall, cytoplasm, polysaccharide, and peptidoglycan fractions prepared from Lactobacillus casei, L. plantarum, and L. acidophilus were examined for their efficacies to enhance resistance of host mice against Listeria monocytogenes infection. Intraperitoneal injections of those cellular fractions of L. casei led to elicitation of inflammatory cells in the peritoneal cavity and the efficacy was highest in the case of peptidoglycan. Macrophage ratio in the resultant peritoneal exudate cells was also highest in mice given peptidoglycan. Macrophages induced with cell wall fraction of L. casei showed the most potent phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)‐triggered respiratory burst (chemiluminescence and O2− production determined on the basis of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction) followed by those elicited with peptidoglycan. All the macrophages induced with cell wall of L. casei (two strains) and L. acidophilus enhanced O2− production in response to PMA but L. plantarum did not enhance O2−‐producing ability in such a manner. The L. casei‐cell wall also enhanced in vitro listericidal activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages, but such an activity was not noted in the case of L. acdiophilus‐cell wall. When mice were intravenously given the cellular fractions 7 or 13 days before L. monocytogenes infection, cell wall fractions of L. casei caused the most potent protective activity. A weak protective activity was also found in peptidoglycan of L. casei. Therefore, the protective action of L. casei against L. monocytogenes infection in host mice may be attributed to cell wall compounds and partially to the peptidoglycan moiety.
Characteristics of Mouse Lymphoid Cells Proliferating in vitro by Recombinant Human Interleukin 2 (TGP‐3): Comparison between Normal and Nude Mice
Authors: Hinuma Shuji , Naruo Ken‐Ichi , Shiho Osamu , Tsukamoto Kyozo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVarious lymphoid cells obtained from BALB/c and BALB/c nu/nu mice were cultured in vitro with recombinant human interleukin 2 (rIL 2), and the characteristics of responder cells to rIL 2 were analyzed. Spleen cells, lymph node cells, and thymocytes except for bone marrow cells obtained from BALB/c mice remarkably proliferated in response to rIL 2. On the other hand, among lymphoid cells obtained from BALB/c nu/nu mice, only lymph node cells showed significant proliferation by rIL 2. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that mainly two types of lymphoid cells were proliferating in response to rIL 2 in BALB/c mice, i.e., Thy 1+, Lyt 1−, Lyt 2− and Thy 1+, Lyt 1−, Lyt 2+ cells. On the other hand, most of the proliferating cells were Thy 1+, Lyt 1−, Lyt 2− cells in BALB/c nu/nu mice. Treatment with various antibodies plus complement revealed that the majority of IL 2‐responsive cells in BALB/c mice were Thy 1+, Lyt 1+, and Lyt 2+, although a minor part of them were Thy 1−, Lyt 1−, and Lyt 2−. On the other hand, a predominant type of the IL 2‐responsive cells in BALB/c nu/nu mice were Thy 1−, Lyt 1−, and Lyt 2−, though some were Thy 1+. Nonspecific killer activity against tumor cells increased to variable extents in all of the lymphoid cells of both strains after culture with rIL 2. Our results indicate that mouse responder cells to rIL 2 have the following characteristics. First, the responder cells exist abundantly among spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus in normal mice, though their cell lineages are heterogeneous; one is of T cell lineage and the other of natural killer (NK) cell lineage. Second, nude mice are defective in the responder cells of T cell lineage but not of NK cell lineage. Moreover, the responder cells in nude mice predominantly accumulate in the lymph nodes but not other lymphoid organs.
Inhibition of Macromolecular Synthesis in Cultured Macrophages by Pseudomonas pseudomallei Exotoxin
Authors: Mohamed Rahmah , Nathan Sheila , Embi Noor , Razak Nyonya , Ismail Ghazally 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPseudomonas pseudomallei exotoxin was found to be a potent inhibitor of protein and DNA synthesis in cultured macrophages. Inhibition of DNA synthesis occurred at toxin concentrations as low as 1–2 μg/ml and inhibition of 3H‐thymidine uptake was almost complete at concentrations of 8 μg/ml or more. A close correlation between cell damage and inhibition by DNA synthesis was observed. For protein synthesis, inhibition was obtained at much lower doses (0.06–2.0 μg/ml) of the toxin. At similar toxin concentrations, DNA synthesis was marginally affected. Further, it was shown that protein synthesis inhibition occurred almost immediately after incubation, reaching its maximal inhibitory effect of 70% after 6 hr. DNA synthesis, however, was minimally affected by a similar toxin concentration even after 10 hr of incubation. The inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in macrophages by P. pseudomallei exotoxin may be relevant to its modulatory effect on the host defense mechanism.
Electron Microscopic Study of a Herpes‐Type Virus Isolated from an Infant with Exanthem Subitum
Authors: Yoshida Mariko , Uno Fumio , Bai Zeng Liang , Yamada Masao , Nii Shiro , Sata Tetsutaro , Kurata Takeshi , Yamanishi Koichi , Takahashi Michiaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHuman lymphocytes and MT4 cells infected with a virus isolated from a patient with exanthem subitum were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The most striking characteristic of the ultrastructure of this herpes‐type virus was that nucleocapsids located outside the nucleus were each coated distinctly with a tegument of moderate electron density. Tubular structures formed due to some mistakes in the viral assembly were also detected in the nucleus. Morphological differentiation of this virus from the other human herpesviruses was discussed. From these observations it was concluded that this virus has the same ultrastructural characteristics as HBLV (HHV‐6).
Prevalence of Small Round Structured Virus Infections in Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in Tokyo
Authors: Sekine Seiji , Okada Shojiro , Hayashi Yukinao , Ando Tamie , Terayama Takeshi , Yabuuchi Kiyoshi , Miki Takashi , Ohashi Makoto 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDuring the three‐year period from 1984 to 1987, 506 acute gastroenteritis outbreaks involving 14,383 patients were reported to the Bureau of Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Eighty (4,324 patients) of 150 outbreaks (4,860 patients) from which etiologic agents were not identified were subjected to virological investigation. Spherical particles of 28–32 nm in diameter with capsomere‐like structures on the surface were detected in patients' stool specimens. Buoyant density of the particles appeared to be 1.36 to 1.40 g/ml in CsCl. Seroconversion to the particles was observed in patients by immune electron microscopy. From these observations, we concluded that the detected particles were members of small round structured virus (SRSV), and that they were implicated in the etiologically ill‐defined outbreaks encountered. Prevalence of SRSV infections in these outbreaks was examined by electron microscopy. SRSV was positive in 83.8% of the outbreaks, and 96.4% of the cases. SRSV‐positive outbreaks usually occurred during winter in contrast to bacterial outbreaks which often occurred in the summer season. Of 80 outbreaks examined, 53 were associated with the ingestion of oysters, and the remaining 27 mostly with food other than oysters. Oyster‐associated outbreaks usually occurred on a small scale, while unassociated ones on diverse scales ranged from family clusters to large outbreaks.
Strain Differences in the Early Development of the Thymus‐Dependent Cells: Precocity of T Lineage Cells in AKR Mice as Compared to Those in C3H Mice
Authors: Katsume Chikako , Fernandes Gabriel , Iwabuchi Kazuya , Ogasawara Kazumasa , Gotohda Toshihiko , Good Robert A. , Onoé Kazunori 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEarly development of T lineage cells were compared between AKR and C3H mice by using two experimental strategies—neonatal thymectomy (NTx) and bone marrow transplantation (BMT)—between these two strains of mice. After NTx, AKR mice developed less wasting disease and showed better maintenance of several T cell functions. In addition, the response of neonatal spleen cells to PHA and ConA was much greater in AKR mice than in C3H mice. Further, when AKR mice were used as recipients of BMT, cell numbers recovered from thymuses between 2 and 7 weeks after reconstitution were consistently much greater (about 10 times greater) than those from chimeras where C3H mice were used as recipients, regardless of the donor strains of bone marrow cells. However, 4 weeks after BMT the proliferative responses to ConA were consistently higher in the donor‐derived thymocytes from chimeras where AKR mice were used as bone marrow donors than in those from chimeras in which C3H were donors. The present findings suggest that these differences may be attributed to characteristics of recipient microenvironment (e.g., thymic stroma) which maintain developing thymocytes and supply them to the peripheral lymphoid tissue. Alternatively the differences may to some degree also be attributable to characteristics of the thymic progenitors themselves, which may determine the rates of maturation of thymocyte functions.
The Number of Large Ribosomal RNA Genes in Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira biflexa
Authors: Fukunaga Masahito , Mifuchi Ichiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe determined the number of large ribosomal RNA genes in five strains of Leptospira by hybridization of 15 restriction endonuclease digests of genomic DNA to the [32P]‐labeled fragment of 23s rRNA gene. Almost all the restriction gels gave two radioactive bands. The conclusion from these results is that there are at least two rRNA genes in these leptospiral strains. Furthermore, the hybridization patterns of L. icterohaemorrhagiae strains Ictero No. I and RGA are almost identical. The number of rRNA genes and taxonomic relationships of these leptospires were discussed.