bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concurrent occurrence of gastric adenocarcinoma and duodenal neuroendocrine cell carcinoma: a composite tumour or collision tumours ?
Authors: Fukui H , Takada M , Chiba T , Kashiwagi R , Sakane M , Tabata F , Kuroda Y , Ueda Y , Kawamata H , Imura J , Fujimori T 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUNDNeuroendocrine cell (NEC) carcinoma is occasionally accompanied by adenocarcinoma but the relationship between these two morphologically distinct tumours is unclear. Two hypotheses have arisen regarding the mechanism for the association of adenocarcinoma and NEC carcinoma. One is that both are derived from a common multipotential epithelial stem cell. The second hypothesis is that adenocarcinoma and NEC carcinoma arise from a multipotential epithelial stem cell and a primitive NEC, respectively.AIMSTo elucidate the relationship between the two histologically distinct tumours, adenocarcinoma of the stomach and NEC carcinoma of the duodenum.PATIENT/METHODSWe present a case in which the tumour extended across the pyloric ring, the gastric portion of which revealed adenocarcinoma while the duodenal portion showed argyrophil NEC carcinoma. The two histologically distinct lesions of the tumour were examined by immunohistochemistry and genetic analysis of p53.RESULTSThe gastric region was negative for chromogranin A staining but positive for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) staining. In contrast, the duodenal region was positive for chromogranin A but negative for CEA. All tumour regions showed a point mutation in p53 gene at exon 7 (GGC (glycine)→GTC (valine) at codon 245). The distal portion of the duodenal tumour showed an additional point mutation inp53 gene at exon 5 (GCC (alanine)→GTC (valine) at codon 129).CONCLUSIONSThe two histologically distinct tumours, adenocarcinoma of the stomach and NEC carcinoma of the duodenum, appear to be derived from a common epithelial cell.
Psychiatric disorders and fitness to drive
Authors: Niveau Gérard , Kelley-Puskas Melissande 
Published: July 2002

Objective—In Switzerland, as in some other European countries, medical doctors may breach patient confidentiality and report to police authorities any patient who seems prone to automobile accidents or traffic violations. The aim of this study was to see if those patients reported to authorities actually represent a higher risk than drivers not reported to the police.Design—This study was designed following a case-control study comparing the characteristics of a group of psychiatric patients who were reported to authorities for preventive purposes, with the characteristics of another group of people who had disorders that were noticed at the time of an accident or traffic violation.Results—The results show that medical doctors tended to report male patients, patients with a low level of education, and patients with a severe psychiatric background. The subjects of the control group, who had often been involved in accidents or committed traffic violations in the past, did not possess these characteristics.Conclusions—The breach of medical confidentiality by doctors in reporting to authorities patients who are allegedly at risk is ethically questionable as long as the evaluation of driving performance does not rely on objective bases.
Literary narrative in medical practice
Authors: Kottow M , Kottow A 
Published: July 2002

It is generally accepted that the practice of medicine could be improved by turning to the humanities in general, and to narrative and text interpretation in particular. Neverthless, there is hardly any agreement as to the nature of the clinical text, whether it be the patient's narrative that needs to be richly understood, or the patient as patient who must be both personally and clinically deciphered.We suggest that literary narratives depicting medical situations might serve as testimonials of the way medicine has or is being practised in a variety of social settings, and of the ways patients experience disease and medical care. By reading these texts, health care professionals could compare the situations and values involved in such narratives with current medical practices, thus perceiving how clinical encounters have changed and improved or, perhaps, continue to carry a burden of past flaws.
Amiodarone-induced thyroid disorders: a clinical review
Authors: Loh Keh-Chuan 
Published: July 2002

Summary
Although amiodarone is regarded as a highly effective anti-arrhythmic agent, its use may lead to alterations in thyroid gland function and/or thyroid hormone metabolism, partly because of its rich iodine content. Patients treated with amiodarone may manifest altered thyroid hormone profile without thyroid dysfunction, or they may present with clinically significant amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism or amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. The former results from the inability of the thyroid to escape from the Wolff-Chaikoff effect. It prevails in areas with high dietary iodine intake, and it is readily managed by discontinuation of amiodarone or thyroid hormone replacement. Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis occurs more frequently in areas with low iodine intake; it may arise from iodine-induced excessive thyroid hormone synthesis (type I) or destructive thyroiditis with release of preformed hormones (type II). Type I should be treated with thionamides alone or in combination with potassium perchlorate, whereas type II benefits from treatment with glucocorticoids. Surgery may be a feasible option for patients who require long-term amiodarone treatment.
Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome
Authors: Garg R K 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is a newly recognised brain disorder that predominantly affects the cerebral white matter. Oedematous lesions particularly involve the posterior parietal and occipital lobes, and may spread to basal ganglia, brain stem, and cerebellum. This rapidly evolving neurological condition is clinically characterised by headache, nausea and vomiting, seizures, visual disturbances, altered sensorium, and occasionally focal neurological deficit. Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is often associated with an abrupt increase in blood pressure and is usually seen in patients with eclampsia, renal disease, and hypertensive encephalopathy. It is also seen in the patients treated with cytotoxic and immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin, tacrolimus, and interferon alfa. The lesions of posterior leukoencephalopathy are best visualised with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. T2 weighted MR images, at the height of symptoms, characteristically show diffuse hyperintensity selectively involving the parieto-occipital white matter. Occasionally the lesions also involve the grey matter. Computed tomography can also be used satisfactorily to detect hypodense lesions of posterior leukoencephalopathy. Early recognition of this condition is of paramount importance because prompt control of blood pressure or withdrawal of immunosuppressive agents will cause reversal of the syndrome. Delay in the diagnosis and treatment can result in permanent damage to affected brain tissues.
Whose standard is it, anyway? How the tobacco industry determines the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards for tobacco and tobacco products
Authors: Bialous Stella A , Yach Derek 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVETo describe the extent of the tobacco industry involvement in establishing international standards for tobacco and tobacco products and the industry influence on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).METHODSAnalysis of tobacco industry documents made public as part of the settlement of the Minnesota Tobacco Trial and the Master Settlement Agreement. Search words included “ISO”, “CORESTA”, “Barclay”, “compensation and machine smoking”, “tar and nicotine deliveries”, and the name of key players, in different combinations.RESULTSIt is clear that the tobacco industry, through the Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA), play a major role in determining the scientific evidence and suggesting the standards that are eventually adopted as international standards for tobacco and tobacco products in several areas, including the measurement of cigarette tar and nicotine yield.CONCLUSIONSISO's tobacco and tobacco products standards are not adequate to guide tobacco products regulatory policies, and no health claims can be made based on ISO's tobacco products standards. There is an urgent need for tobacco control advocates and groups worldwide to be more involved with the work of the ISO, both directly and through their national standardisation organisations.
Policy makers' perspectives on tobacco control advocates' roles in regulation development: Table 1
Authors: Montini Theresa , Bero Lisa A 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVETo identify, from policy makers' perspectives, strategies that enhance tobacco control advocates' effectiveness in the regulatory arena.DESIGNKey informant interview component of a comparative case study of regulatory agencies in the USA.SUBJECTSPolicy makers involved in the development of four regulatory tobacco control policies (three state and one federal).METHODSInterviews of policy makers, field notes, and deliberation minutes were coded inductively.RESULTSPolicy makers considered both written commentary and public testimony when developing tobacco control regulations. They triaged written commentary based upon whether the document was from a peer reviewed journal, a summary of research evidence, or from a source considered credible. They coped with in-person testimony by avoiding being diverted from the scientific evidence, and by assessing the presenters' credibility. Policy makers suggested that tobacco control advocates should: present science in a format that is well organised and easily absorbed; engage scientific experts to participate in the regulatory process; and lobby to support the tobacco control efforts of the regulatory agency.CONCLUSIONSThere is an important role for tobacco control advocates in the policy development process in regulatory agencies.
Second hand smoke and risk assessment: what was in it for the tobacco industry?
Authors: Hirschhorn Norbert , Bialous Stella Aguinaga 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVETo describe how the tobacco industry attempted to trivialise the health risks of second hand smoke (SHS) by both questioning the science of risk assessment of low dose exposure to other environmental toxins, and by comparing SHS to such substances about which debate might still exist.METHODSAnalysis of tobacco industry documents made public as part of the settlement of litigation in the USA (Minnesota trial and the Master Settlement Agreement) and available on the internet. Search terms included: risk assessment, low dose exposure, and the names of key players and organisations.RESULTS/CONCLUSIONThe tobacco industry developed a well coordinated, multi-pronged strategy to create doubt about research on exposure to SHS by trying to link it to the broader discussion of risk assessment of low doses of a number of toxins whose disease burden may still be a matter of scientific debate, thus trying to make SHS their equivalent; and by attempting, through third party organisations and persons, to impugn the agencies using risk assessment to establish SHS as a hazard.
Application of a rating system to state clean indoor air laws (USA)
Authors: Chriqui J F , Frosh M , Brownson R C , Shelton D M , Sciandra R C , Hobart R , Fisher P H , el Arculli R , Alciati M H 
Published: July 2002

Objective: To develop and implement a system for rating state clean indoor air laws.Design: The public health interest of state clean indoor air laws is to limit non-smoker exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Current estimates of health risks and methods available for controlling ETS provided a framework for devising a ratings scale. An advisory committee applied this scale to each of seven site specific smoking restrictions and two enforcement related items. For each item, a target score of +4 was identified. The nine items were then combined to produce a summary score for each state. A state that achieved the target across all nine items would receive a summary score of 36 points and be eligible to receive an additional 6 points for exceeding the target on six of the nine items, resulting in a maximum summary score of 42 points. Individual scores were also adjusted to reflect state level preemption measures. Each state's law was evaluated annually from 1993 through 1999.Setting: USA.Main outcome measure: A summary score measuring the extensiveness of the state's clean indoor air law.Results: State laws restricting smoking in the seven individual locations of interest were relatively weak. The overall mean score across the location restrictions ranged from 0.72 in 1993 to 0.98 in 1999. Mean scores were higher for the enforcement items than for the location restrictions. Summary scores ranged from 0 to 20 in 1993 and 0 to 31 in 1994 through 1999. Average summary scores ranged from 8.71 in 1993 to 10.98 in 1999. By the end of 1999, scores increased for 22 states; however, between 1995 and 1997 there were no changes in the summary scores. Three states scored zero points across all years. From 1993 through 1999, there was a 41% increase in the number of states that had in place state level preemption measures.Conclusion: The number of newly enacted state clean indoor air laws has remained relatively stagnant since 1995. With a few exceptions, as of the end of 1999, progress in enacting state laws to meet specified public health targets for reducing exposure to ETS was relatively low. Thus, state laws in the USA provide, on average, only minimal protection in specified areas and, given the increase in preemption, are increasingly undermining those passed in localities.
HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY CAUSED BY CIRCULAR POLARIZED ZERO-POINT OSCILLATION
Authors: SUGAHARA MASANORI , BOGOLUBOV NICKOLAI N. 
Published: July 2002

A new model is proposed on the recently found non-cuprate high temperature superconductivity in crystal with 2D conduction plane which is composed of the planar connection of many circular localized orbits. Our findings are as follows: (i) the ground state of the doped 2D particle system in zero point oscillation is similar to the particle state in very strong magnetic field, (ii) Laughlin state with filling factor ν = 1/2 is the most stable state of the 2D particle system, (iii) the superposition of many fluctuating Laughlin states in pure crystal gives a coherent state with superfluidity. (iv) This model gives an estimation of the upper limit of the superconductivity transition temperature: [Formula: see text] for fcc C 60, and [Formula: see text] for Ag β Pb 6 CO 9, which are close to observation.
THE PROPERTIES OF STRANGE STARS IN THE QUARK MASS– DENSITY–DEPENDENT MODEL
Authors: BENVENUTO O. G. , LUGONES G. 
Published: July 2002

We study the general properties of compact objects made up of strange matter in the framework of a new equation of state in which the quark masses are parametrized as functions of the baryon density, so that they are heavy (light) at low (high) densities. This has been called the "quark mass-density-dependent model." In this approximation, the strange matter equation of state is rather similar to the corresponding to the MIT Bag Model, but it is significantly stiffer at low densities. Such a property modifies the structure of strange stars in a sizeable way. In this framework, we calculate the structure of strange stars (mass, radius, central density, gravitational redshift, moment of inertia, and total baryon number) finding that the resulting structures are rather similar to those obtained in the MIT Bag model, although some important differences appear. Comparing to the standard bagged case (with a bag constant in the range of B = 60 - 80 MeV fm-3), we find that these objects may be more massive and may show gravitational redshifts larger (up to ≈ 10%) than in the bag case. The moment of inertia and total baryon number may be larger than in the bagged case up to a factor of three. We also calculate the first three radial pulsation modes of these objects, finding that the relation of period vs. gravitational redshift is rather similar to the bag case. Also, we present an analytical treatment for such modes in the low-mass strange stars regime, which is in reasonable agreement with the numerical results.
RENORMALIZED LAPLACIANS ON A CLASS OF HILBERT MANIFOLDS AND A BOCHNER–WEITZENBÖCK TYPE FORMULA FOR CURRENT GROUPS
Authors: ARNAUDON MARC , BELOPOLSKAYA YANA , PAYCHA SYLVIE 
Published: July 2002

We define renormalized Laplacians and investigate their properties for a class of C2 functions on Hilbert manifolds modeled on a Hilbert space Hs(M, V) of sections of Sobolev class Hs of some vector bundle V based on a closed Riemannian manifold M, and such that the transition maps of the Hilbert manifold are pseudo-differential operators acting on smooth sections of the bundle V. Among these manifolds we find current groups Hs(M, G), s> dim M/2 where M is a closed manifold and G a Lie group. Weighted Laplacians are renormalized Laplacians which coincide with ordinary Laplacians when the underlying manifold M reduces to a point. We prove a Bochner–Weitzenböck type formula for weighted Laplacians and we point out how in some cases it can reduce to a relation of the type [Δ,∇]f= Ricci (∇f, ·) for a class of functions on certain current groups. Another type of renormalized Laplacian we define are Lévy-type Laplacians which coincide with Lévy Laplacians when the underlying manifold M is one-dimensional. We describe them as limit generators for a one-parameter family of regularized Brownian motions.
Universality of Tag Systems with
P
= 2
Authors: Cocke John , Minsky Marvin 
Published: July 2002

By a simple direct construction it is shown that computations done by Turing machines can be duplicated by a very simple symbol manipulation process. The process is described by a simple form of Post canonical system with some very strong restrictions.

This system is
monogenic
: each formula (string of symbols) of the system can be affected by one and only one production (rule of inference) to yield a unique result. Accordingly, if we begin with a single axiom (initial string) the system generates a simply ordered sequence of formulas, and this operation of a monogenic system brings to mind the idea of a machine.

The Post canonical system is further restricted to the “Tag” variety, described briefly below. It was shown in [1] that Tag systems are equivalent to Turing machines. The proof in [1] is very complicated and uses lemmas concerned with a variety of two-tape nonwriting Turing machines. The proof here avoids these otherwise interesting machines and strengthens the main result; obtaining the theorem with a best possible
deletion number P
= 2.

Also, the representation of the Turing machine in the present system has a lower degree of exponentiation, which may be of significance in applications.
These systems seem to be of value in establishing unsolvability of combinatorial problems.
What is Anthropological Enlightenment? Some Lessons of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Sahlins Marshall 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  A broad reflection on some of the major surprises to anthropological theory occasioned by the history, and in a number of instances the tenacity, of indigenous cultures in the twentieth century. We are not leaving the century with the same ideas that got us there. Contrary to the inherited notions of progressive development, whether of the political left or right, the surviving victims of imperial capitalism neither became all alike nor just like us. Contrary to the “despondency theory” of mid-century, the logical and historical precursor of dependency theory, surviving indigenous peoples aim to take cultural responsibility for what has been done to them. Across large parts of northern North America, even hunters and gatherers live, largely by hunting and gathering. The Eskimo are still there, and they are still Eskimo. Around the world the peoples give the lie to received theoretical oppositions between tradition and change, indigenous culture and modernity, townsmen and tribesmen, and other clichés of the received anthropological wisdom. Reports of the death of indigenous cultures—as of the demise of anthropology—have been exaggerated.
THE C2 OXIDATIVE PHOTOSYNTHETIC CARBON CYCLE
Authors: Tolbert N. E. 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  The C2 oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle plus the C3 reductive photosynthetic carbon cycle coexist. Both are initiated by Rubisco, use about equal amounts of energy, must regenerate RuBP, and result in exchanges of CO2 and O2 to establish rates of net photosynthesis, CO2 and O2 compensation points, and the ratio of CO2 and O2 in the atmosphere. These concepts evolved from research on O2 inhibition, glycolate metabolism, leaf peroxisomes, photorespiration, 18O2/16O2 exchange, CO2 concentrating processes, and a requirement for the oxygenase activity of Rubisco. Nearly 80 years of research on these topics are unified under the one process of photosynthetic carbon metabolism and its self-regulation.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONDUCTOR PROCESSING OF HIGH IRREVERSIBILITY FIELD SUPERCONDUCTORS
Authors: MacManus-Driscoll J. L. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This review discusses the current status and future of high irreversibility field superconductor processing for conductor applications. The topic is introduced by comparing the properties and processability of the most widely studied superconducting materials, and by highlighting the application goals requirements. A major section of the review is concerned with thin film routes for fabricating the high irreversibility superconductor, YBa2Cu3O7−x, because this is an area where there has been much recent success. The prospect of improved conductor properties through processing refinements, as well as the potential for scale-up and cost issues, is considered for the thin film routes. Bearing in mind the industrial limitations of the thin film technologies, the possibility of adopting an “all thick film” or hybrid “thin film/thick film” technology is considered, with examples of success in this area being given. Various thick film deposition methods are explored, as well as the reaction steps required to achieve the necessary film texture for high-current-carrying conductors.
SPIN-TUNNELING IN FERROMAGNETIC JUNCTIONS
Authors: Moodera Jagadeesh S. , Nassar Joaquim , Mathon George 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Based on the spin conservation in electron tunneling across an insulator (I) and the spin polarization of conduction electrons in ferromagnets (FM) established by Meservey and Tedrow, Jullière put forward a quantitative model (1975) showing that tunneling in FM-I-FM junctions should lead to a large junction magnetoresistance (JMR). This conjecture was realized with repeatable results only in 1995, and since then JMR values >30% have been achieved at room temperature. This phenomenon has tremendous potential for applications as nonvolatile magnetic memory elements, read heads, and picotesla field sensors. We review the experimental results and the current theoretical understanding of FM-I-FM tunneling and its dependence on bias, temperature, and barrier characteristics. The influence of inelastic tunneling processes and material properties on the JMR is extensively discussed. Early theories are reviewed and their relationship to the linear response theory is presented. Future directions, both from the point of fundamental physics as well as applications, are also covered.