bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amelioration of the Reduced Antinociceptive Effect of Morphine in the Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Model Mice by Noradrenalin but Not Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Authors: Ide Soichiro , Satoyoshi Hiroshi , Minami Masabumi , Satoh Masamichi 
Published: August 2015

Background Although alterations in not only the pain sensitivity but also the analgesic effects of opioids have been reported under conditions of stress, the influence of unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) on the antinociceptive effects of opioid analgesics remains to be fully investigated. The present study examined the influence of UCMS on the thermal pain sensitivity and antinociceptive effects of two opioid analgesics, morphine (an agonist of opioid receptors) and tramadol (an agonist of μ-opioid receptor and an inhibitor of both noradrenaline and serotonin transporters). We also examined the effects of pretreatment with maprotiline (a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor) and escitalopram (a serotonin reuptake inhibitor) on the antinociceptive action of morphine in mice under an UCMS condition. Results Unpredictable chronic mild stress did not affect the basal thermal pain sensitivity in a mouse hot-plate test. Although morphine dose-dependently induced thermal antinociceptive effects under both the UCMS and non-stress conditions, the thermal antinociceptive effect of 3 mg/kg morphine under the UCMS condition was significantly lower than under the non-stressed condition. Unlike the case with morphine, we observed no significant difference in the thermal antinociceptive effect of tramadol between the UCMS and non-stress conditions. Furthermore, the reduced thermal antinociceptive effect of 3 mg/kg morphine under the UCMS condition was significantly ameliorated by pretreatment with 10 mg/kg maprotiline but not 3 mg/kg escitalopram. Pretreatment with neither maprotiline nor escitalopram alone was associated with an antinociceptive effect under either condition. Conclusions We demonstrated that the antinociceptive effect of morphine but not tramadol was reduced in mice that had experienced UCMS. The reduced antinociceptive effect of morphine under the UCMS condition was ameliorated by pretreatment with maprotiline but not escitalopram. These results suggest that the reduced antinociceptive effects of morphine under conditions of chronic stress may be ameliorated by activation of the noradrenergic but not the serotonergic system.
Possible anti-diarrhoeal potential of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata in castor oil-induced rats
Authors: Aba Patrick Emeka , Joshua Parker Elija , Ezeonuogu Francis Chimaobi , Ezeja Maxwell Ikechukwu , Omoja Valentine Uneojo , Umeakuana Paschal Ugochukwu 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Background: Chromolaena odorata is a plant commonly used traditionally to treat ailments including diarrhoea in Nigeria.

Methods: The ethanol leaf extract of C. odorata was studied for its anti-diarrhoeal activity using electrolyte test and castor oil-induced diarrhoea rats’ models. Acute toxicity effect of the extract was also evaluated.

Results: The extract showed a dose-dependent protection against castor oil-induced diarrhoea at the tested doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body weights). The protection offered by pretreatment with 400 mg/kg body weight of the ethanol leaf extract of C. odorata with regards to reductions in the incidences of faecal wetness and rate of defaecations were statistically comparable to that achieved with Lomotil, a known anti-diarrhoeic drug. The result of the electrolyte test showed that the extract pretreated groups had significantly (p<0.05) lower potassium and sodium ions in their intestinal fluid when compared with the diarrhoeic untreated controls. This is well tolerated.

Conclusions: The results indicate that the ethanol leaf extract of C. odorata is safe and possesses anti-diarrhoeal activity with electrolyte reabsorption proposed as the possible mechanism of action.
Cooperative defence of female chamois successfully deters an eagle attack
Authors: Scornavacca Davide , Brunetti Claudia 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn mountain ungulates, antipredator behaviour is one of the main constraints on foraging behaviour and habitat selection, especially when newborn, vulnerable offspring are present. Golden eagles have been known to prey on ungulates successfully, but predation may be relatively rare on chamois. Here, we report an unsuccessful predation attempt by a golden eagle on a kid of Apennine chamois. The kid was grazing in a female kid mixed herd, and the attack by the eagle was deterred by cooperative defence of females. Chamois are a social species: defending other females’ fawns may be consistent with the importance of cooperative maternal behaviour in kin groups.
BASES MATEMÁTICAS DESARROLLADAS EN EL AULA DE CLASE PARA LA SEGURIDAD DE LOS DATOS EN REDES
Authors: Cáceres Miguel Ángel 
Published: August 2015

<p>En el artículo se exponen los fundamentos matemáticos en los cuales se basa la criptografía cuando se pretende, con el fin de garantizar su seguridad, modificar códigos o mensajes que se envían a través de medios electrónicos. Las matemáticas, y en especial la rama que se dedica al estudio de los números primos, a pesar de su complejidad, presentan un sinnúmero de posibilidades para que, mediante procedimientos algorítmicos de programación, se logre el cifrado de los códigos o palabras de salida y el descifrado de los códigos de entrada al receptor indicado. La aplicación de los principios de la matemática modular en la codificación/decodificación de los caracteres, palabras o frases encriptados es uno de los avances tecnológicos en donde las matemáticas son la fuente de aplicación.</p>
Novel Proppant Surface Treatment Yields Enhanced Multiphase Flow Performance and Improved Hydraulic Fracture Clean-up
Authors: Palisch Terry , Chapman Mark , Leasure Joshua 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Traditional proppants used in hydraulic fracturing have strongly water-wet surfaces, which retain water within the proppant pack and reduce the relative permeability to hydrocarbons. Oil-wet proppants have been evaluated, but pose significant operational challenges and have yielded poor recovery of treating fluids in the laboratory suggesting unsatisfactory hydrocarbon production if applied in the field. This paper describes the development and testing of a new proppant designed to exhibit a neutrally-wet surface. The modified surface does not have a preferential affinity for oil, gas or water, and therefore will not promote the preferential entrapment of any phase within the proppant pack. This concept yields significant advantages under multiphase flow conditions.
Laboratory results are presented showing dramatic improvement in the multiphase flow performance of the neutrally wet proppant. Pressure losses due to the simultaneous flow of water, gas and liquid hydrocarbons are significantly reduced leading to an improvement in relative permeability to hydrocarbon production. The surface treatment is resistant to abrasion, can withstand both acidic and basic environments, and can be used at reservoir temperatures up to 400° F. Testing and field application have also confirmed the compatibility with common fracturing fluid systems.
The neutral wettability proppant is expected improve the recovery of frac fluids, achieving longer effective fracture lengths through superior clean-up of the fracture. In addition to improved frac lengths, production rates are further increased by improved effective conductivity under realistic multiphase conditions. Field results will be presented which illustrate the positive results.
This proppant technology and the results described in this paper should be useful for completions, production and reservoir engineers dealing with hydraulically fractured wells, particularly in oil and condensate-rich reservoirs that are particularly challenged by multiphase flow. The implementation of this technology should improve completion effectiveness and well economics.
Treatment effects of skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ and Herbst appliances: A retrospective clinical study
Authors: Celikoglu Mevlut , Buyuk Suleyman Kutalmis , Ekizer Abdullah , Unal Tuba 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To evaluate the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of the Forsus FRD appliance with miniplate anchorage inserted in the mandibular symphyses and to compare the findings with a well-matched control group treated with a Herbst appliance for the correction of a skeletal Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrusion.

Materials and Methods:
The sample consisted of 32 Class II subjects divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 16 patients (10 females and 6 males; mean age, 13.20 ± 1.33 years) treated using the Forsus FRD EZ appliance with miniplate anchorage inserted in the mandibular symphyses. Group II consisted of 16 patients (9 females and 7 males; mean age, 13.56 ± 1.27 years) treated using the Herbst appliance. Seventeen linear and 10 angular measurements were performed to evaluate and compare the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of the appliances using paired and Student's t-tests.

Results:
Both appliances were effective in correcting skeletal class II malocclusion and showed similar skeletal and soft tissue changes. The maxillary incisor was statistically significantly more retruded in the skeletally anchored Forsus FRD group (P &lt; .01). The mandibular incisor was retruded in the skeletally anchored Forsus FRD group (−4.09° ± 5.12°), while it was protruded in the Herbst group (7.50° ± 3.98°) (P &lt; .001).

Conclusion:
Although both appliances were successful in correcting the skeletal Class II malocclusion, the skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ appliance did so without protruding the mandibular incisors.
Development of microsatellite markers in Ilex kaushue (Aquifoliaceae), a medicinal plant species
Authors: Qin Lan‐Fang , Qu Xin‐Cheng , Hu Gang , Huang Yun‐Feng , Zhang Qi‐Wei 
Published: August 2015

Premise of the study:Microsatellite markers were developed for Ilex kaushue (Aquifoliaceae), a medicinal plant with extremely small wild populations that exists in fragmented habitats, to assess and protect its genetic diversity.Methods and Results:Using 454 GS FLX Titanium sequencing, 16 microsatellite primer sets were isolated and characterized. Fifteen of these markers were polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to nine across 22 individuals from both cultivated and wild populations. The observed and expected heterozygosity in these two populations ranged from 0.000 to 1.000 and from 0.000 to 0.785, respectively.Conclusions:These markers will be useful in studies on genetic diversity of I. kaushue.
Mantle‐driven uplift of Hangai Dome: New seismic constraints from adjoint tomography
Authors: Chen Min , Niu Fenglin , Liu Qinya , Tromp Jeroen 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe origin of Hangai Dome, an unusual large‐scale, high‐elevation low‐relief landform in central Mongolia, remains enigmatic partly due to lack of constraints on its underlying seismic structure. Using adjoint tomography—a full waveform tomographic technique—and a large seismic waveform data set in East Asia, we discover beneath the dome a deep low shear wave speed (low‐V) conduit indicating a slightly warmer (54 K to 127 K) upwelling from the transition zone. This upwelling is spatially linked to a broader uppermost mantle low‐V region underlying the dome. Further observations of high compressional to shear wave speed ratios and positive radial anisotropy in the low‐V region suggest partial melting and horizontal melt transport. We propose that the mantle upwelling induced decompression melting in the uppermost mantle and that excess heat associated with melt transport modified the lithosphere that isostatically compensates the surface uplift at upper mantle depths (>80 km).
Global and seasonal variations in three‐dimensional gravity wave momentum flux from satellite limb‐sounding temperatures
Authors: Alexander M. Joan 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSatellite limb‐sounding methods provide the best global temperature data available for simultaneous measurement of gravity wave horizontal and vertical structures needed to estimate momentum flux and constrain wave effects on general circulation. Gravity waves vary in the three spatial dimensions and time, so the ideal measurement observes all three dimensions at high resolution nearly simultaneously. High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) measurements give near‐simultaneous profiles in close proximity and at high vertical resolution, but these coincident profiles lie only along the plane of the measurement track. Here we combine HIRDLS and radio occultation data sets to obtain three‐dimensional properties of gravity waves on a global scale as well as seasonal variations. The results show dramatic changes from previous estimates using either data set alone. Changes include much larger momentum fluxes and latitudinal variations in propagation direction that support an enhanced role for gravity wave forcing of middle atmosphere circulation.
Skill metrics for evaluation and comparison of sea ice models
Authors: Dukhovskoy Dmitry S. , Ubnoske Jonathan , Blanchard‐Wrigglesworth Edward , Hiester Hannah R. , Proshutinsky Andrey 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFive quantitative methodologies (metrics) that may be used to assess the skill of sea ice models against a control field are analyzed. The methodologies are Absolute Deviation, Root‐Mean‐Square Deviation, Mean Displacement, Hausdorff Distance, and Modified Hausdorff Distance. The methodologies are employed to quantify similarity between spatial distribution of the simulated and control scalar fields providing measures of model performance. To analyze their response to dissimilarities in two‐dimensional fields (contours), the metrics undergo sensitivity tests (scale, rotation, translation, and noise). Furthermore, in order to assess their ability to quantify resemblance of three‐dimensional fields, the metrics are subjected to sensitivity tests where tested fields have continuous random spatial patterns inside the contours. The Modified Hausdorff Distance approach demonstrates the best response to tested differences, with the other methods limited by weak responses to scale and translation. Both Hausdorff Distance and Modified Hausdorff Distance metrics are robust to noise, as opposed to the other methods. The metrics are then employed in realistic cases that validate sea ice concentration fields from numerical models and sea ice mean outlook against control data and observations. The Modified Hausdorff Distance method again exhibits high skill in quantifying similarity between both two‐dimensional (ice contour) and three‐dimensional (ice concentration) sea ice fields. The study demonstrates that the Modified Hausdorff Distance is a mathematically tractable and efficient method for model skill assessment and comparison providing effective and objective evaluation of both two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional sea ice characteristics across data sets.
Changing Biosynthetic Profiles by Expressing bldA in Streptomyces Strains
Authors: Gessner Arne , Heitzler Tanja , Zhang Songya , Klaus Christine , Murillo Renato , Zhao Hanna , Vanner Stephanie , Zechel David L. , Bechthold Andreas 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRecently we described an unusual way of activating a cryptic gene cluster when we explored the origin of the bald phenotype of Streptomyces calvus. Complementation of S. calvus with a correct copy of bldA restored sporulation and additionally promoted production of a new natural products. In this study we report on the expression of bldA in several Streptomyces strains that have been described as “poorly sporulating” strains. In seven out of 15 cases, HPLC profiling revealed the production of new compounds, and in two cases the overproduction of known compounds. Two compounds were isolated and their structures were determined.
A Robust Matching Method for Low‐Textured Images Based on Co‐Occurrence Probability of Geometry‐Optimized Pixel Patterns
Authors: AKIZUKI SHUICHI , HASHIMOTO MANABU 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARYIn this paper, we propose a template matching algorithm that is applicable to low‐texture images, such as range images. Among high‐speed template matching methods, the co‐occurrence probability‐based template matching (CPTM) method is useful and effective. This method uses some sets of selected pixel patterns that have relatively low occurrence probability in a template image. By using such a small number of distinctive data, reliable matching has been achieved, in addition to high‐speed processing. However, this method is problematic insofar as the extraction of distinctive pixels is difficult when the distribution of the occurrence probability is uniform. For example, this is frequently found in range images. We improve the CPTM method in order to address this problem. A key idea is to optimize geometric pixel relations in the pixel patterns when the proposed method calculates the occurrence probability of pixel patterns. Experimental results have confirmed that the proposed method increases the detection rate from 73% to 90% without sacrificing its capacity for high speed. This shows that the performance of our method is better than that of conventional methods.
Access Log Analysis with PageRank
Authors: KOKETSU TOMOHIRO , YANAGIMOTO HIDEKAZU , YOSHIOKA MICHIFUMI 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARYIn recent years there has been an increasing demand for access log analysis for use in marketing, because log data contains information about user behavior. If a user's behavior can be acquired, information about the efficient optimization of Web sites can be provided. The main objective in this paper is to discover knowledge about customers' behaviors in the purchase process based on access log data on an electronic commerce site. We construct a network from the access log data and measure the importance of Web pages by analyzing the network using the PageRank algorithm. Since the network represents customers' transition information, we can evaluate the Web pages according to the customers' behavior. We confirm that the proposed method found rival products and differences in customers' behavior among product categories. We also confirmed that the ranks generated with the proposed method were different from those generated by comparable approaches, specifically the PV and sojourn time.
Numerical Analysis of Substrate‐Incident Carbon Flux in Low‐Pressure Radio‐Frequency CH4 Plasmas for Deposition of Diamond‐Like Carbon Films
Authors: ODA AKINORI , KOUSAKA HIROYUKI 
Published: August 2015

SUMMARYCapacitively coupled hydrocarbon (CH4) plasmas used in the deposition of diamond‐like carbon films have been simulated using a self‐consistent one‐dimensional fluid model, incorporating the mass balance equations for electrons, ions, radicals, and nonradicals, as well as the electron energy balance equation, coupled with the Poisson equation. Despite the conditions in the low‐pressure CH4 gas, many positive‐ion species, such as C2H, CH, C2H, and CH have been found in the plasmas. Nonradical neutrals such as C2H4, C3H8, C2H2, and C2H6, have also been found at higher densities comparable to the source gas density. This result indicates that this complexity in the background gas of CH4 plasmas has a substantial effect on the electron energy distribution function, which is important when making determinations about the plasmas properties.
A novel liposomal drug delivery system for PMMA bone cements
Authors: Ayre Wayne Nishio , Birchall James C. , Evans Samuel L. , Denyer Stephen P. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe population in developed countries is ageing and the number of people experiencing joint‐related conditions, such as osteoarthritis, is expected to increase. Joint replacements are currently the most effective treatment for severe joint conditions and although many of these procedures are successful, infection developing after the procedure is still an issue, requiring complex and expensive revisions. Whilst incorporating a powdered antibiotic within the bone cement can reduce infection rates, the powder frequently agglomerates, resulting in poor antibiotic release characteristics and compromised mechanical performance of the cement. To overcome these issues, a novel delivery system consisting of antibiotic‐loaded nano‐sized liposomes was developed for inclusion into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement. This system was tested in a commercial cement (Palacos R) and consistently delivered a higher percentage (22%) of the incorporated antibiotic when compared to the powdered antibiotic cement (9%), meaning less antibiotic needs to be incorporated than with conventional cement. The novel system resulted in a controlled and gradual release of antibiotic over a longer, 30‐day period and enhanced the toughness, bending strength and Vickers hardness of the cement, without altering its polymerization or molecular structure. This new material has the potential to significantly reduce infections in cemented joint replacements leading to enhanced patient quality of life and reduced healthcare costs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1510–1524, 2016.
Earthworm calcite granules: a new tracker of millennial‐timescale environmental changes in Last Glacial loess deposits
Authors: PRUD'HOMME CHARLOTTE , ANTOINE PIERRE , MOINE OLIVIER , TURPIN ELODIE , HUGUENARD LAURE , ROBERT VINCENT , DEGEAI JEAN‐PHILIPPE 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTEarthworm calcite granules (ECG) are secreted by several earthworm species, mostly Lumbricus terrestris and Lumbricus rubellus, which release them at the surface and in the upper part of soil horizons. For a long time, they have been found in various calcareous Quaternary deposits, but more recently in Western European loess sequences where they can be abundant in specific layers. In this study, we present the first continuous record of ECG abundance variations from two loess sequences in northern France dating from the last glacial period. The aim of this research is to evaluate the reliability of ECG as a new palaeoenvironmental proxy for the study of loess environments. ECG counts reveal a link between their abundance and the nature of stratigraphic units, i.e. very high abundances in tundra gley and boreal brown soil horizons and almost none in typical calcareous loess. These abundance variations are similar to those of terrestrial molluscs. The ECG signal thus suggests, along with sedimentological parameters (grain size index, calcium carbonate, total organic carbon), that milder climatic conditions occurred during the development of tundra gleys during the Upper Pleniglacial (∼20–35 ka), and of boreal brown soils during the Middle Pleniglacial (∼35–40 ka).