bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Point Prevalence Study of Pediatric Inpatients Who Are Unable to Communicate Effectively About Pain
Authors: Hill Douglas L. , Carroll Karen W. , Dougherty Susan , Vega Cassandra , Feudtner Chris 
Published: October 2014

Objective:
Pediatric inpatients may be at risk for inadequate pain management if they are unable to communicate effectively because of age, physical or cognitive impairment, or medical procedures. We conducted a point prevalence study to estimate the proportion of inpatients at a children’s hospital who have difficulty communicating to hospital staff.

Methods:
We obtained nurse reports of ability to communicate for all inpatients aged ≥12 months in a pediatric hospital. Demographic information was obtained from the medical record.

Results:
Questionnaires were completed for 254 inpatients. Forty percent of inpatients had some difficulty communicating, and 69% had experienced pain during the hospitalization. Patient ability to communicate was not related to experiencing pain (χ2 test, P = .30) or effectiveness of pain management (χ2 test, P = .80) but was associated with difficulty communicating about pain and nurses needing help from the caretaker to communicate with the patient (χ2 tests, Ps &lt; .001).

Conclusions:
A substantial proportion of inpatients aged ≥12 months at a large children’s hospital had difficulties communicating effectively and experienced pain during hospitalization. These communication difficulties were not associated with nurse reports of the effectiveness of pain management. However, patients who had difficulties communicating in general were also more likely to have difficulty communicating about pain specifically, and nurses were more likely to need help from the caregiver to understand these patients. Future directions include identifying which conditions, procedures, and medications are associated with inability to communicate.
Utilization of Viral Molecular Diagnostics Among Children Hospitalized With Community Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Schulert Grant S. , Hain Paul D. , Williams Derek J. 
Published: October 2014

Objective:
To examine whether results of a polymerase chain reaction–based respiratory viral panel (RVP) are associated with changes in antibiotic use or differential clinical outcomes among children hospitalized with pneumonia.

Methods:
We retrospectively identified otherwise healthy children hospitalized over a 3-year period at a single institution with community-acquired pneumonia who had an RVP performed within 24 hours of admission. We examined associations between RVP results and clinical outcomes as well as management decisions including initiation and duration of intravenous antibiotics.

Results:
Among 202 children, a positive RVP (n = 127, 63%) was associated with a more complicated clinical course, although this was due largely to more severe disease seen in younger children and those with respiratory syncytial virus (n = 38, 30% of positive detections). Detection of a virus did not influence antibiotic therapy. Included children were younger and had more severe illness than children hospitalized with pneumonia at the same institution without an RVP obtained.

Conclusions:
In our study, only respiratory syncytial virus was associated with a more severe clinical course compared with RVP-negative children. Regardless of the virus detected, RVP positivity did not influence antibiotic usage. However, RVP use focused primarily on children with severe pneumonia. Whether similar testing influences management decisions among children with less severe illness deserves further study.
Galicyjskie górnictwo i hutnictwo w świetle Powszechnej Wystawy Krajowej we Lwowie w 1894 roku
Authors: Paduchowski Wojciech 
Published: October 2014

Powszechna Wystawa Krajowa zorganizowana we Lwowie w 1894 roku, w setną rocznicę insurekcji kościuszkowskiej, miała pokazać dorobek ekonomiczno-kulturowy Galicji od czasu uzyskania przez nią autonomii politycznej. Miała objąć swoim zakresem życie duchowe i materialne mieszkańców Galicji i nie tylko, w tym przede wszystkim Polaków, dać przykłady bogactwa jej płodów, górnictwa, hutnictwa, rolnictwa, leśnictwa, łowiectwa; przedstawić życie ludności, zabytki sztuki ludowej, tzw. przemysł domowy, rękodzieła; pokazać rozwój instytucji finansowych, administracji publicznej, opieki zdrowotnej, komunikacji, inżynierii, budownictwa, literatury, szkolnictwa ogólnego i zawodowego, rozwój sztuk pięknych i architektury. Miała stać się okazją do integracji narodowej Polaków. Artykuł analizuje tylko fragment jej ogromnej spuścizny w zakresie dorobku galicyjskiego górnictwa i hutnictwa. Ukazuje dynamiczny rozwój przemysłu naftowego, wzrost produkcji soli, wytopu żelaza, węgla kamiennego i brunatnego. Jedynie produkcja wosku ziemnego (ozokerytu) nie dawała dobrych perspektyw i w konsekwencji zrezygnowano z jego wydobycia. Wystawiennictwo było jednym z elementów stymulujących gospodarkę w wielu dziedzinach. Sam zaś rozwój, zwłaszcza górnictwa naftowego, sprzyjał pozytywnym przemianom cywilizacyjnym. Wystawiennictwo zwiększyło niewątpliwie kapitał społeczny, co mogło owocować kolejnymi inicjatywami.
Indaziflam Effect on Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) Shoot Growth and Root Initiation as Influenced by Soil Texture and Organic Matter
Authors: Schneider Joseph G. , Haguewood John B. , Song Enzhan , Pan Xiaowei , Rutledge James M. , Monke Bruce J. , Myers Don F. , Anderson Stephen H. , Ellersieck Mark R. , Xiong Xi 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTIndaziflam is an alkylazine herbicide used for preemergence control of annual weeds in warm‐season turfgrass. Growth chamber studies were conducted to determine the effect of indaziflam rate on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) shoot and root initiation as influenced by soil texture and organic matter (OM). Bermudagrass plants propagated from stolons were planted in five different growing media, including pure sand (100% sand), sand (92% sand, 6% clay) with or without OM (2%), and loamy sand (82% sand, 12% clay) with or without OM (2%). Indaziflam at rates of 48 or 16 g ha−1 followed by drenches of 2.5 cm of water were applied to the bermudagrass plants after maximal root length reached 30 cm. Bermudagrass growing in pure sand, regardless of indaziflam rate, showed the most injury, with root and shoot biomass reduced to <10 and <32%, respectively, compared with the nonherbicide‐treated control 38 d after treatment (DAT). Increase in clay content and addition of OM at 16 g ha−1 indaziflam significantly improved root biomass to ≥40% at 38 DAT. Despite inhibitions to root growth, aboveground tissues of plants growing in sand and loamy sand with OM showed minimal or no changes in turf color and coverage at 16 g ha−1 indaziflam. Results of this study indicate that small amounts of clay and OM in sandy soil aid in reducing bermudagrass phytotoxicity risk of 16 g ha−1 indaziflam.
Crop Rotation and Management Effect on Fusarium spp. Populations
Authors: Marburger David A. , Venkateshwaran Muthusubramanian , Conley Shawn P. , Esker Paul D. , Lauer Joseph G. , Ané Jean‐Michel 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTFusarium spp. are common fungal pathogens that infect a number of field and vegetable crops. Crop rotation, genetic resistance, and fungicides are the primary methods used for managing these pathogens; however, there is a lack of information regarding the interactions between these management strategies and how they impact Fusarium spp. population dynamics. Therefore, the objective of this research was to quantify the effect of crop rotation and management (i.e., variety selection and fungicide use) on F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, and F. virguliforme populations in the soil using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Soil samples were collected in 2011 and 2012 from a long‐term corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation study near Arlington, WI, and populations for each species (spores g−1 of soil) were quantified from extracted soil DNA. Fusarium oxysporum was the most prevalent Fusarium sp. found. Crop rotation and management did not impact F. oxysporum populations nor F. virguliforme presence. A crop rotation by fungicide interaction was found for F. graminearum (P < 0.001), but this interaction was primarily affected by crop rotation. As expected, F. graminearum was found more often in plots with wheat as part of the rotation. This study found few interactions among crop rotation, variety selection, and fungicide use for controlling populations of three Fusarium spp. in the soil, and significant interactions or individual control methods were dependent on the species being examined.
Tolerance of Lowland Quinoa Cultivars to Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate Salinity
Authors: Peterson Adam , Murphy Kevin 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTAs soil salinization becomes a more urgent threat to global agriculture, halophytic crops such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) may provide a route of adaptation to these marginal soil conditions. Until recently, little research had been conducted on the levels of salinity tolerance of Chilean lowland cultivars, which are best adapted to temperate latitudes and high temperatures characteristic of many saline‐affected regions. In this study, Chilean lowland cultivars Baer, UDEC‐1, QQ065, and CO407D and the salt‐tolerant barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar Albacete were exposed to a no‐salt control and to 8, 16, and 32 dS m−1 each of NaCl and Na2SO4 for a total of seven salinity treatments. Plants were provided with two fertilizer treatments, high (3 g N, 0.86 g P, 0.86 g K per pot) and low (1 g N, 0.29 g P, 0.29 g K per pot). Yield, plant height, and leaf greenness were measured. At 32 dS m−1, quinoa exhibited greater tolerance to Na2SO4 applications than to NaCl. Quinoa showed greater saline tolerance than barley in percent yield decline under 32 dS m−1 NaCl and for three of four quinoa cultivars under 32 dS m−1 Na2SO4. Substantial variation was found in salinity tolerance among the quinoa cultivars. Yield declines of quinoa cultivars at 32 dS m−1 compared with the no‐salt control ranged from 43.8 to 73.7% under NaCl and from 10.8 to 51.9% under Na2SO4. High fertilization had a toxic effect on yield except for cultivar UDEC‐1, which increased in yield under the high fertility treatment.
Elevated Carbon Dioxide Effects on Reproductive Phenology and Seed Yield among Soybean Cultivars
Authors: Bunce James A. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTSeed yield increases in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] caused by increased growth at elevated carbon dioxide concentrations primarily result from increased numbers of pods. Reasons for differences among cultivars in the increases in pod number are not clear. In experiments in controlled environment chambers, cultivars varied in how much elevated carbon dioxide delayed the transition of the apical node of the main stem from vegetative to reproductive growth. The longer the delay in the transition, the more main stem and total nodes and pods were produced, increasing the relative stimulation of seed yield. In free‐air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) systems in the field, the timing of the first open flower, and the rate of progression through reproductive stages was faster, slower, or unchanged by elevated carbon dioxide in three indeterminate cultivars. However, independently from these effects on the rate of progression through the flowering stages, elevated carbon dioxide concentration also differentially affected the overall duration of vegetative growth, and the number of main stem and total nodes and pods produced. The extension of the duration of vegetative growth caused by elevated carbon dioxide was highly correlated with the relative seed yield increase in the field, as well as in the controlled environment chamber experiments.
Searching for Climax
Authors: Lindsey Treva B. , Johnson Jessica Marie 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn August 2013, the newly launched YouTube channel, All Def Digital, posted a video entitled “The Harriet Tubman Sextape.” Reactions to the tape were swift and overwhelmingly negative. Decrying the desecration of the iconic Tubman and the positing of sexual transactions as a liberatory tool for enslaved black women, responses to the digital short shed light upon uncomfortable and complicated interpretations of the role of sex, sexuality, sexual economies, and sexual violence played in black lives during chattel slavery. Situating Tubman at the center of these dialogues offers an opportunity to pose new questions about the erotic life of slavery.This essay is a call to explore and a foundational excavation of the sexual lives of black women during slavery, and more specifically, historical narratives of pleasure. Grappling with the erotic lives of black women during slavery offers a new lens with which to comprehend the lived experience of chattel slavery. Uncovering sensation, intimate interiority, and erotic experiences challenges a historiographical approach rooted in a twentieth century black liberation ethos and demands that we take seriously the erotic subjectivities of black women during slavery as part of an emancipatory politics. Using “The Tubman Sextape” as a point of entry, this essay examines how to create erotic maps of Tubman, and black women during slavery more broadly by engaging the historiography of slavery, popular representations of bondage, and emergent theories and conceptualizations of erotics.
Under-Theorized and Under-Taught
Authors: May Vivian M. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Interpretive tools used to document and examine black women's insurgency can stifle as much as they reveal. Harriet Tubman is deservedly remembered for her sustained resistance to multiple forms of oppression. Yet, she is often portrayed in ways that misrecognize, distort, or flatten. Tubman is often discussed as an exceptional but lone figure or in ways that animate stereotypes of black women's unparalleled strength. Her life's work is also often fragmented, meaning that her varied activism and different forms of coalition-building remain undertheorized and under-recognized. Furthermore, via lenses of the maternal or salvific, Tubman's militancy is often softened, better to be embraced into the folds of the nation's progress narrative (a triumphal tale that erases the ongoing nature of many forms of systemic oppression she sought to transform). In short, Tubman is often made visible as a historical figure piecemeal, within narrow frames and in attenuated ways. Unfortunately, forms of “checking” Tubman's contributions have gone relatively “unchecked” in feminist scholarship: I conclude by discussing Tubman's relative absence in women's studies, though her life's work can readily be understood as pertinent to many of the field's analytics and themes. Tubman's contributions merit more than passing reference (if that) in feminist scholarship and curricula.
Between History and Fantasy
Authors: Hobson Janell 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This essay explores representations of Harriet Tubman in African American art and contemporary popular culture. From art to children's literature to Hollywood films to public memorials, these works flatten the historical while hyperbolizing the fantastical elements of Tubman. Nonetheless, I argue for the importance of reconfiguring Tubman in the artistic and popular imaginary as an icon of resistance and a refutation of the national myths perpetuated in popular American history.
Frances Watkins (Harper), Harriet Tubman and the Rhetoric of Single Blessedness
Authors: Williams Andreá N. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Black activists Frances Ellen Watkins Harper and Harriet Tubman, during the height of their involvement in the antislavery movement, lived as unmarried women amid a mid-nineteenth-century culture that ostensibly devalued singleness. This essay examines nineteenth-century newspapers and William Still's social history The Underground Rail Road (1872) to reveal how antislavery culture wavered in its representation of single black women. On one hand, antislavery rhetoric emphasized black marriage as the epitome of civic freedom, while on the other hand admitting that women such as Tubman and Watkins Harper could lend their time and finances to abolitionism largely because they were not married. Eluding popular stereotypes of single black women as criminals and deviants, Tubman and Watkins Harper instead etched out more favorable reputations through the rhetoric of single blessedness, which considered single women's vocations and charity as indirectly supporting heteronormative marriage rather than challenging it. Reading through the lens of black feminist scholarship and recent research in singleness studies, this essay traces how the period of mid-life singleness for Tubman and Watkins Harper became a productive, but contested, stage of their public activism.
Single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion versus minimally invasive posterior cervical foraminotomy for patients with cervical radiculopathy: a cost analysis
Authors: Mansfield Haley E. , Canar W. Jeffrey , Gerard Carter S. , O'Toole John E. 
Published: November 2014

Object
Patients suffering from cervical radiculopathy in whom a course of nonoperative treatment has failed are often candidates for a single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) or posterior cervical foraminotomy (PCF). The objective of this analysis was to identify any significant cost differences between these surgical methods by comparing direct costs to the hospital. Furthermore, patient-specific characteristics were also considered for their effect on component costs.

Methods
After obtaining approval from the medical center institutional review board, the authors conducted a retrospective cross-sectional comparative cohort study, with a sample of 101 patients diagnosed with cervical radiculopathy and who underwent an initial single-level ACDF or minimally invasive PCF during a 3-year period. Using these data, bivariate analyses were conducted to determine significant differences in direct total procedure and component costs between surgical techniques. Factorial ANOVAs were also conducted to determine any relationship between patient sex and smoking status to the component costs per surgery.

Results
The mean total direct cost for an ACDF was $8192, and the mean total direct cost for a PCF was $4320. There were significant differences in the cost components for direct costs and operating room supply costs. It was found that there was no statistically significant difference in component costs with regard to patient sex or smoking status.

Conclusions
In the management of single-level cervical radiculopathy, the present analysis has revealed that the average cost of an ACDF is 89% more than a PCF. This increased cost is largely due to the cost of surgical implants. These results do not appear to be dependent on patient sex or smoking status. When combined with results from previous studies highlighting the comparable patient outcomes for either procedure, the authors' findings suggest that from a health care economics standpoint, physicians should consider a minimally invasive PCF in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy.
Microsurgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations in pediatric patients: the Boston Children's Hospital experience
Authors: Gross Bradley A. , Storey Armide , Orbach Darren B. , Scott R. Michael , Smith Edward R. 
Published: October 2014

OBJECT
Outcomes of microsurgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in children are infrequently reported across large cohorts.

METHODS
The authors undertook a retrospective review of departmental and hospital databases to obtain the medical data of all patients up to 18 years of age who were diagnosed with cerebral AVMs. Demographic and AVM angioarchitectural characteristics were analyzed, and for the patients who underwent surgery, the authors also analyzed the estimated intraoperative blood loss, postoperative angiographically confirmed obliteration rates, and neurological complications and outcomes classified according to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS).

RESULTS
Of 117 children with cerebral AVMs, 94 underwent microsurgical resection (80%). Twenty (21%) of these 94 patients underwent adjunctive preoperative embolization. The overall postoperative angiographically confirmed obliteration rate was 94%. As part of a new protocol, the last 50 patients in this series underwent immediate perioperative angiography, improving the subsequent obliteration rate from 86% to 100% (p = 0.01). No other factors, such as a hemorrhagic AVM, size of the AVM, location, drainage, or Spetzler-Martin grade, had a statistically significant impact on the obliteration rate. Perioperative neurological deficits occurred in 17% of the patients, but the vast majority of these (77%) were predictable visual field cuts. Arteriovenous malformations that were hemorrhagic or located in noneloquent regions were each associated with lower rates of postoperative neurological complications (p = 0.05 and 0.002, respectively). In total, 94% of the children had good functional outcomes (mRS Scores 0–2), and these outcomes were significantly influenced by the mRS score on presentation before surgery (p = 0.01). A review of 1- and 5-year follow-up data indicated an overall annual hemorrhage rate of 0.3% and a recurrence rate of 0.9%.

CONCLUSIONS
Microsurgical resection of AVMs in children is associated with high rates of angiographically confirmed obliteration and low rates of significant neurological complications. Implementation of a protocol using perioperative angiography in this series led to complete radiographically confirmed obliteration of all AVMs, with low annual repeat hemorrhage and recurrence rates.
A Randomized Trial in Healthy Subjects to Assess the Bioequivalence of an Atazanavir/Cobicistat Fixed-Dose Combination Tablet versus Administration as Separate Agents
Authors: Sevinsky Heather , Tao Xiaolu , Wang Reena , Ravindran Palanikumar , Sims Karen , Xu Xiaohui , Jariwala Navin , Bertz Richard 
Published: October 2014

Background Cobicistat (COBI) is an alternative pharmacoenhancer to ritonavir. A fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet containing atazanavir (ATV) and COBI has been developed for the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients. Methods This open-label, single-centre, single-dose, crossover study, randomized 64 healthy subjects to one of eight treatment sequences. Under light meal conditions, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) to infinity (AUCINF) and AUC to the last measurable concentration (AUC0–T) for ATV and COBI administered as an FDC of ATV/ COBI (300/150 mg) were compared to those following administration as separate agents given together; bio-equivalence was concluded if the 90% CIs of the geometric mean ratios fell within the predetermined range of 0.80, 1.25. ATV and COBI pharmacokinetic parameters following administration as the FDC or as separate agents were also compared under fasted conditions. The effect of food (light and high-fat meals) on the pharmacokinetics of ATV and COBI for the FDC was also assessed. Results ATV and COBI administered in an FDC tablet were bioequivalent to the individual agents when given with a light meal. Under fasted conditions, pharmacokinetic parameters for ATV and COBI were similar for the individual components and the FDC. For the FDC, systemic exposure to ATV increased with a light meal compared to fasted conditions, and ATV concentration 24 h post-dose was similar with a light meal compared with a high-fat meal. Conclusions ATV/COBI (300/150 mg) FDC tablet was bio-equivalent to coadministration as separate agents with a light meal in healthy subjects. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT01837719.