bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Layout synthesis of fluid channels using generative graph grammars
Authors: Hooshmand Amir , Campbell Matthew I. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper presents a new technique for shape and topology optimization of fluid channels using generative design synthesis methods. The proposed method uses the generative abilities of graph grammars with simulation and analysis power of conventional computational fluid dynamics methods. The graph grammar interpreter GraphSynth is used to carry out graph transformations, which define different topologies for a given multiple-inlet multiple-outlet problem. After evaluating and optimizing the generated graphs, they are first transformed into meaningful three-dimensional shapes. These solutions are then analyzed by a computational fluid dynamics solver for final evaluation of the possible solutions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is checked by solving a variety of available test problems and comparing them with those found in the literature. Furthermore, by solving very complex large-scale problems, the robustness and effectiveness of the method is tested. To extend the work, future research directions are presented.
Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Cambodian children
Authors: SCHOPFER K. , RIEDER H. L. , STEINLIN-SCHOPFER J. F. , van SOOLINGEN D. , BODMER T. , CHANTANA Y. , STUDER P. , LAURENT D. , ZWAHLEN M. , RICHNER B. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYWe analysedMycobacterium tuberculosisstrains from children, hospitalized from January 2004 to July 2008 in the largest paediatric hospital complex in Cambodia. Specimens were tested for drug susceptibility and genotypes. From the 260 children, 161 strains were available. The East African-Indian genotype family was the most common (59·0%), increasing in frequency with distance from the Phnom Penh area, while the frequency of the Beijing genotype family strains decreased. The drug resistance pattern showed a similar geographical gradient: lowest in the northwest (4·6%), intermediate in the central (17·1%), and highest in the southeastern (30·8%) parts of the country. Three children (1·9%) had multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The Beijing genotype and streptomycin resistance were significantly associated (P < 0·001). As tuberculosis in children reflects recent transmission patterns in the community, multidrug resistance levels inform about the current quality of the tuberculosis programme.
Physiological stress reactivity and physical and relational aggression: The moderating roles of victimization, type of stressor, and child gender
Authors: Murray-Close Dianna , Crick Nicki R. , Tseng Wan-Ling , Lafko Nicole , Burrows Casey , Pitula Clio , Ralston Peter 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe purpose of the present investigation was to examine the association between physiological reactivity to peer stressors and physical and relational aggression. Potential moderation by actual experiences of peer maltreatment (i.e., physical and relational victimization) and gender were also explored. One hundred ninety-six children (M= 10.11 years,SD= 0.64) participated in a laboratory stress protocol during which their systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and skin conductance reactivity to recounting a relational stressor (e.g., threats to relationships) and an instrumental stressor (e.g., threats to physical well-being, dominance, or property) were assessed. Teachers provided reports of aggression and victimization. In both boys and girls, physical aggression was associated with blunted physiological reactivity to relational stress and heightened physiological reactivity to instrumental stress, particularly among youth higher in victimization. In girls, relational aggression was most robustly associated with blunted physiological reactivity to relational stressors, particularly among girls exhibiting higher levels of relational victimization. In boys, relational aggression was associated with heightened physiological reactivity to both types of stressors at higher levels of peer victimization and blunted physiological reactivity to both types of stressors at lower levels of victimization. Results underscore the shared and distinct emotional processes underlying physical and relational aggression in boys and girls.
Profiles of the forms and functions of self-reported aggression in three adolescent samples
Authors: Marsee Monica A. , Frick Paul J. , Barry Christopher T. , Kimonis Eva R. , Muñoz Centifanti Luna C. , Aucoin Katherine J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn the current study, we addressed several issues related to the forms (physical and relational) and functions (reactive and proactive) of aggression in community (n= 307), voluntary residential (n= 1,917), and involuntarily detained (n= 659) adolescents (ages 11–19 years). Across samples, boys self-reported more physical aggression and girls reported more relational aggression, with the exception of higher levels of both forms of aggression in detained girls. Further, few boys showed high rates of relational aggression without also showing high rates of physical aggression. In contrast, it was not uncommon for girls to show high rates of relational aggression alone, and these girls tended to also have high levels of problem behavior (e.g., delinquency) and mental health problems (e.g., emotional dysregulation and callous–unemotional traits). Finally, for physical aggression in both boys and girls, and for relational aggression in girls, there was a clear pattern of aggressive behavior that emerged from cluster analyses across samples. Two aggression clusters emerged, with one group showing moderately high reactive aggression and a second group showing both high reactive and high proactive aggression (combined group). On measures of severity (e.g., self-reported delinquency and arrests) and etiologically important variables (e.g., emotional regulation and callous–unemotional traits), the reactive aggression group was more severe than a nonaggressive cluster but less severe than the combined aggressive cluster.
Moving against and away from the world: The adolescent legacy of peer victimization
Authors: Rudolph Karen D. , Troop-Gordon Wendy , Monti Jennifer D. , Miernicki Michelle E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNicki Crick initiated a generative line of theory and research aimed at exploring the implications of exposure to overt and relational aggression for youth development. The present study aimed to continue and expand this research by examining whether early (second grade) and increasing (second–sixth grade) levels of victimization during elementary school contributed to youths’ tendencies to move against, away from, or toward the world of peers following the transition to middle school. Youth (M age in second grade = 7.96 years, SD = 0.35; 338 girls, 298 boys) reported on their exposure to victimization and their social goals (performance-approach, performance-avoidance, or mastery). Teachers reported on youths’ exposure to victimization and their engagement in antisocial, socially helpless, and prosocial behavior. Latent growth curve analyses revealed that early and increasing levels of both overt and relational victimization uniquely contributed to multifinality in adverse developmental outcomes, predicting all three social orientations (high conflictual engagement, high disengagement, and low positive engagement). The pattern of effects was robust across sex and after adjusting for youths’ early social motivation. These findings confirm that both forms of victimization leave an enduring legacy on youths’ social health in adolescence. Given that profiles of moving against and away from the world can contribute to subsequent psychopathology, understanding and preventing this legacy is pivotal for developing effective intervention programs aimed at minimizing the effects of peer adversity.
Social cognitions, distress, and leadership self-efficacy: Associations with aggression for high-risk minority youth
Authors: Leff Stephen S. , Baker Courtney N. , Waasdorp Tracy E. , Vaughn Nicole A. , Bevans Katherine B. , Thomas Nicole A. , Guerra Terry , Hausman Alice J. , Monopoli W. John 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUrban ethnic minority youth are often exposed to high levels of aggression and violence. As such, many aggression intervention programs that have been designed with suburban nonethnic minority youth have been used or slightly adapted in order to try and meet the needs of high-risk urban youth. The current study contributes to the literature base by examining how well a range of social–cognitive, emotional distress and victimization, and prosocial factors are related to youth aggression in a sample of urban youth. This study utilized data gathered from 109 9- to 15-year-old youth (36.7% male; 84.4% African American) and their parents or caregivers. A series of hierarchical multiple regressions were fit predicting youth aggression from social–cognitive variables, victimization and distress, and prosocial variables, controlling for youth gender and age. Each set of variables explained a significant and unique amount of the variance in youth aggressive behavior. The full model including all predictors accounted for 41% of the variance in aggression. Models suggest that youth with stronger beliefs supportive of violence, youth who experience more overt victimization, and youth who experience greater distress in overtly aggressive situations are likely to be more aggressive. In contrast, youth with higher self-esteem and youth who endorse greater leadership efficacy are likely to be less aggressive. Contrary to hypotheses, hostile attributional bias and knowledge of social information processing, experience of relational victimization, distress in relationally aggressive situations, and community engagement were not associated with aggression. Our study is one of the first to address these important questions for low-income, predominately ethnic minority urban youth, and it has clear implications for adapting aggression prevention programs to be culturally sensitive for urban African American youth.
Borderline personality features as a predictor of forms and functions of aggression during middle childhood: Examining the roles of gender and physiological reactivity
Authors: Banny Adrienne M. , Tseng Wan-Ling , Murray-Close Dianna , Pitula Clio E. , Crick Nicki R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe present longitudinal investigation examined borderline personality features as a predictor of aggression 1 year later. Moderation by physiological reactivity and gender was also explored. One hundred ninety-six children (M = 10.11 years, SD = 0.64) participated in a laboratory stress protocol in which their systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and skin conductance reactivity to recounting a relational stressor (e.g., threats to relationships or exclusion) were assessed. Teachers provided reports on subtypes of aggressive behavior (i.e., reactive relational, proactive relational, reactive physical, and proactive physical), and children completed a self-report measure of borderline personality features. Path analyses indicated that borderline personality features predicted increases in reactive relational aggression and proactive relational aggression among girls who evinced heightened physiological reactivity to interpersonal stress. In contrast, borderline personality features predicted decreases in proactive physical aggression in girls. Findings suggest that borderline personality features promote engagement in relationally aggressive behaviors among girls, particularly in the context of emotional dysregulation.
Slaveholders and slaves in Savannah's 1860 census
Authors: LOCKLEY TIMOTHY 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT:This article re-examines the 1860 census for Savannah Georgia. It melds the free and slave census to gain insights into slave ownership, owners’ occupations and makes tentative suggestions as to slave occupations. It argues that the concentration of slaveholding among a minority of locally born residents explains both the tensions evident in white society during the 1850s and actions taken to ease them. It also demonstrates that the widely used data for the number of urban slaves in Savannah overstates the actual number byc. 20 per cent. The census thus complicates our understanding of the vitality of late antebellum urban slavery.
Inventory, characterization and monitoring
Authors: Tixier-Boichard M. , Ayalew W. , Jianlin H. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryInventory of species and breeds, their population sizes, geographic distribution and possibly their genetic diversity is generally undertaken as a first step in any national programme for the management of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. The primary purpose of such an assessment is to document the current state of knowledge in terms of a population's ability to survive, reproduce, produce and provide services to farmers. Starting an inventory requires some knowledge of the inventory items and their characteristic attributes. Inventory and characterization are, therefore, complementary processes, in which the characterization step provides the baseline information as well as the criteria that will be used to establish and update the inventory. Characterization provides data on present and potential future uses of the animal genetic resources under consideration, and establishes their current state as distinct breed populations and their risk status. As use and management of animal genetic resources are dynamic processes, monitoring the status of a population has to be done on a regular basis. Thus, risk status indicators for use during the monitoring process need to be defined following the inventory and characterization steps.This paper discusses methods and criteria currently available, from research and past experience, for inventory, characterization and monitoring of animal genetic resources, with the view to assist in the development of a more comprehensive framework. Particular consideration is given to emerging tools and technologies. The scope of the review includes all livestock species and their wild ancestors and wild related species. Examples focus on cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens.
Sustainable use and genetic improvement
Authors: Nimbkar C. , Gibson J. , Okeyo M. , Boettcher P. , Soelkner J. 
Published: July 2014

SummarySustainable use of animal genetic resources for agriculture and food production is proposed as the best strategy for maintaining their diversity. Achievement of sustainable use would continue to support livelihoods and minimize the long-term risk for survival of animal populations. The concept of sustainable use has economic, environmental and socio-cultural dimensions. Sustainable use of animal genetic resources also contributes to food security, rural development, increasing employment opportunities and improving standards of living of keepers of breeds. Supporting the rearing of breeds through better infrastructure, services, animal health care, marketing opportunities and other interventions would make a significant contribution to the sustainable use of animal genetic resources.Sustainable use envisages the use and improvement of breeds that possess high levels of adaptive fitness to the prevailing environment. It also encompasses the deployment of sound genetic principles for sustainable development of the breeds and the sustainable intensification of the production systems themselves. Sustainable use and genetic improvement rely on access to a wide pool of genetic resources.Genetic improvement programmes need to be considered in terms of national agriculture and livestock development objectives, suitability to local conditions and livelihood security as well as environmental sustainability. Genetic improvement can involve choice of appropriate breeds, choice of a suitable pure breeding or crossbreeding system and application of within-breed genetic improvement. The choice of appropriate breeds and crossbreeding systems in developed countries has been a major contributor to the large increases in productivity, and has benefited greatly from the fact that developed country animal genetic resources are well characterized and relatively freely exchanged. Where proper steps have been followed by careful assessment of demand, execution, delivery, impact and cost-benefit analyses, successful within-breed improvement has been realized within indigenous populations in developing countries. Breeding objectives and programmes for subsistence oriented and pastoralist systems are likely to be entirely different from conventional programmes. Crossbreeding has been most successful where it is followed by a rigorous selection programme involving livestock owners' participation and substantial public sector investment in the form of technical support. In any genetic improvement programme, inbreeding needs to be monitored and controlled.Within-breed genetic improvement is normal practice in the developed world, and has become a highly technical enterprise, involving a range of reproduction, recording, computing and genomic technologies. Emerging genomic technologies promise the ability to identify better, use and improve developing world animal genetic resources in the foreseeable future. Useful systems can, however, be established without the need for application of advanced technology or processes.
Analysis Techniques of Lattice Fringe Images for Quantified Evaluation of Pyrocarbon by Chemical Vapor Infiltration
Authors: Li Miaoling , Zhao Hongxia , Qi Lehua , Li Hejun 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSome image analysis techniques are developed for simplifying lattice fringe images of deposited pyrocarbon in carbon/carbon composites by chemical vapor infiltration. They are mainly the object counting method for detecting the optimum threshold, the self-adaptive morphological filtering, the node-separation technique for breaking the aggregate fringes, and some post processing algorithms for reconstructing the fringes. The simplified fringes are the foundation for defining and extracting quantitative nanostructure parameters of pyrocarbon. The frequency filter window of a Fourier transform is defined as the circular band that retains only those fringes with interlayer distance between 0.3 and 0.45 nm. Some judge criteria are set to define topological relation between fringes. For example, the aspect ratio and area of fringes are employed to detect aggregate fringes. Fringe coaxality and distance between endpoints are used to judge the disconnected fringes. The optimum values are determined by using the iterative correction techniques. The best cut-off value for the short fringes is chosen only when there is a reasonable match between the mean fringe length and the value measured by X-ray diffraction. The adopted techniques have been verified to be feasible and to have the potential to convert the complex lattice fringe image to a set of distinct fringe structures.
Disrupted auto-regulation of the spliceosomal gene SNRPB causes cerebro–costo–mandibular syndrome
Authors: Lynch Danielle C. , Revil Timothée , Schwartzentruber Jeremy , Bhoj Elizabeth J. , Innes A. Micheil , Lamont Ryan E. , Lemire Edmond G. , Chodirker Bernard N. , Taylor Juliet P. , Zackai Elaine H. , McLeod D. Ross , Kirk Edwin P. , Hoover-Fong Julie , Fleming Leah , Savarirayan Ravi ,   Care4Rare Canada, Boycott Kym , MacKenzie Alex , Brudno Michael , Bulman Dennis , Dyment David , Majewski Jacek , Jerome-Majewska Loydie A. , Parboosingh Jillian S. , Bernier Francois P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractElucidating the function of highly conserved regulatory sequences is a significant challenge in genomics today. Certain intragenic highly conserved elements have been associated with regulating levels of core components of the spliceosome and alternative splicing of downstream genes. Here we identify mutations in one such element, a regulatory alternative exon of SNRPB as the cause of cerebro–costo–mandibular syndrome. This exon contains a premature termination codon that triggers nonsense-mediated mRNA decay when included in the transcript. These mutations cause increased inclusion of the alternative exon and decreased overall expression of SNRPB. We provide evidence for the functional importance of this conserved intragenic element in the regulation of alternative splicing and development, and suggest that the evolution of such a regulatory mechanism has contributed to the complexity of mammalian development.
Land, irrigation water, greenhouse gas, and reactive nitrogen burdens of meat, eggs, and dairy production in the United States
Authors: Eshel Gidon , Shepon Alon , Makov Tamar , Milo Ron 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Livestock-based food production is an important and pervasive way humans impact the environment. It causes about one-fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions, and is the key land user and source of water pollution by nutrient overabundance. It also competes with biodiversity, and promotes species extinctions. Empowering consumers to make choices that mitigate some of these impacts through devising and disseminating numerically sound information is thus a key socioenvironmental priority. Unfortunately, currently available knowledge is incomplete and hampered by reliance on divergent methodologies that afford no general comparison of relative impacts of animal-based products. To overcome these hurdles, we introduce a methodology that facilitates such a comparison. We show that minimizing beef consumption mitigates the environmental costs of diet most effectively.
Modeling gating charge and voltage changes in response to charge separation in membrane proteins
Authors: Kim Ilsoo , Chakrabarty Suman , Brzezinski Peter , Warshel Arieh 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Determining voltage changes in response to charge separation within membrane proteins offers fundamental information on mechanisms of charge transport and displacement processes. However, correlating the observed voltage changes with the assumed mechanism is extremely challenging owing to uncertainties in macroscopic treatments and the fact that the electrode potential is not fixed. Here, we develop a coarse-grained model that determines the gating charges and the electrode potentials upon charge transfers in membrane proteins. The validity of the model is confirmed by comparing the calculated and measured voltage changes associated with electron and proton transfer in a bacterial photosynthetic reaction center. This model allows one to gain more confidence in the computational analysis than that obtained by continuum electrostatic assumptions.
Coordinated photomorphogenic UV-B signaling network captured by mathematical modeling
Authors: Ouyang Xinhao , Huang Xi , Jin Xiao , Chen Zheng , Yang Panyu , Ge Hao , Li Shigui , Deng Xing Wang 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Plants sense long-wavelength and low-intensity UV-B light as a signal for the induction of photomorphogenesis. Recently, a number of regulatory factors involved in this developmental process have been uncovered through the use of conventional genetic and molecular approaches. A systematic understanding of the whole photomorphogenic UV-B signaling network, however, has not been achieved to date. Thus, in our study, we use a combination of mathematical modeling and biological experiments to capture the plausible mechanisms coordinating the different pathways in UV-B light signal transduction, which are difficult to define accurately in traditional wet laboratory studies.