bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of the MgO‐FeO‐SiO2system up to 140 GPa: Application to the crystallization of Earth's magma ocean
Authors: Boukaré C.‐E. , Ricard Y. , Fiquet G. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAt the end of Earth's accretion and after the core‐mantle segregation, the existence of a basal magma ocean at the top of the core‐mantle boundary (CMB) depends on the physical properties of mantle materials at relevant pressure and temperature. Present‐day deep mantle structures such as ultralow‐velocity zones and low‐shear velocity provinces might be directly linked to the still ongoing crystallization of a primordial magma ocean. We provide the first steps toward a self‐consistent thermodynamic model of magma ocean crystallization at high pressure. We build a solid‐liquid thermodynamic database for silicates in the MgO‐FeO‐SiO2system from 20 GPa to 140 GPa. We use already published chemical potentials for solids, liquid MgO, and SiO2. We derive standard state chemical potential for liquid FeO and mixing relations from various indirect observations. Using this database, we compute the ternary phase diagram in the MgO‐FeO‐SiO2system as a function of temperature and pressure. We confirm that the melt is lighter than the solid of same composition for all mantle conditions but at thermodynamic equilibrium, the iron‐rich liquid is denser than the solid in the deep mantle. We compute a whole fractional crystallization sequence of the mantle and show that an iron‐rich and fusible layer should be left above the CMB at the end of the crystallization.
Wave gradiometry and its link with Helmholtz equation solutions applied to USArray in the eastern U.S.
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Holt William E. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWave gradiometry is an array processing technique utilizing the shape of seismic wavefields captured by USArray TA stations to determine fundamental wave propagation characteristics. We first explore a compatibility relation that links the displacement spatial gradients to seismogram displacements and velocities through two unknown coefficients,
and
. These coefficients are solved for through iterative, damped least squares inversion to provide estimates of phase velocity, back azimuth, radiation pattern, and geometrical spreading. We show that the
coefficient corresponds to the gradient of logarithmic amplitude, and the
coefficient corresponds approximately to the local wave slowness.
and
vector fields are interpolated to explore a second compatibility relation through solutions to the Helmholtz equation. For most wavefields passing through the eastern U.S., we show that the
coefficients are generally orthogonal to the
coefficients. Where they are not completely orthogonal, there is a strong positive correlation between
and changes in geometrical spreading, which can be further linked with areas of strong energy focusing and defocusing. We finally obtain isotropic Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps for 15 periods between 20 and 150 s, by stacking results from 37 earthquakes, which show a velocity change along the approximate boundary of the early Paleozoic continental margin. We also observe two low‐velocity anomalies, one centered over the central Appalachians where Eocene basaltic volcanism has occurred and the other within the northeastern U.S., possibly associated with the Great Meteor Hotspot track.
Optical and hygroscopic properties of long‐range transported haze plumes observed at Deokjeok Island off the west coast of the Korean Peninsula under the Asian continental outflows
Authors: Jung Jinsang , Lee KwangYul , Cayetano Mylene G. , Batmunkh Tsatsral , Kim Young J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAn intensive field campaign was conducted on Deokjeok Island off the west coast of the Korean Peninsula during spring 2009 to characterize the optical and hygroscopic properties of Asian continental outflows. A slightly high wavelength dependence of light absorption coefficient, α of 1.6 ± 0.05 (average ± 1· standard deviation), and a low humidity‐dependent light scattering enhancement factor at 80% relative humidity, f(80%) (2.0 ± 0.2), were obtained when air masses originated from the northern part of China (N China), compared to those obtained when air masses originated from the eastern part of China (E China) (α = 1.4 ± 0.1; f(80%) = 2.4 ± 0.2). The relatively high α and low f(80%) during the N China compared to those during the E China were consistent with a relatively high mass ratio of organic aerosol to sum of SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ during the N China (1.01 ± 0.17) compared to the E China episode (0.25 ± 0.13). This result indicates the importance of organic aerosol on aerosol optical and hygroscopic properties of haze plumes. Single scattering albedo (SSA) of dry particulate matter with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5) (0.92 ± 0.01) and mass scattering efficiency (MSE) of dry PM2.5 at 550 nm wavelength during the E China episode (3.6 ± 0.3 m2 g−1) were higher than those previously obtained at the air mass source regions in China (SSA = ~0.8; MSE = ~3.0 m2 g−1), implying that optical properties of PM2.5 were significantly altered during long‐range atmospheric transport.
Frozen soil degradation and its effects on surface hydrology in the northern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Cuo Lan , Zhang Yongxin , Bohn Theodore J. , Zhao Lin , Li Jialuo , Liu Qiming , Zhou Bingrong 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFrozen soil was simulated at six seasonally frozen and seven permafrost stations over the northern Tibetan Plateau using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model for the period of 1962–2009. The VIC model resolved the seasonal cycle and temporal evolution of the observed soil temperatures and liquid soil moisture well. The simulated long‐term changes during 1962–2009 indicated mostly positive trends for both soil temperature and soil moisture, and negative trends for soil ice content at annual and monthly time scales, although differences existed among the stations, soil layers, and seasons. Increases in soil temperature were due mainly to increases in daily air temperature maxima and internal soil heat conduction, while decreases in soil ice content were related to the warming of frozen soil. For liquid soil moisture, increases in the cold months can be attributed to increases in soil temperature and enhanced soil ice melt while changes in the warm months were the results of competition between positive precipitation and negative soil temperature effects. Precipitation and liquid soil moisture were strongly correlated with evapotranspiration and runoff but had various degrees of correlations with base flow during May–September. Seasonally frozen stations displayed longer and more active hydrological processes than permafrost stations. Slight enhancement of the surface hydrological processes at the study stations was indicated, due to the combined effects of precipitation changes, which were dominant, and frozen soil degradation.
Aurorasaurus: A citizen science platform for viewing and reporting the aurora
Authors: MacDonald E. A. , Case N. A. , Clayton J. H. , Hall M. K. , Heavner M. , Lalone N. , Patel K. G. , Tapia A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA new, citizen science‐based, aurora observing and reporting platform has been developed with the primary aim of collecting auroral observations made by the general public to further improve the modeling of the aurora. In addition, the real‐time ability of this platform facilitates the combination of citizen science observations with auroral oval models to improve auroral visibility nowcasting. Aurorasaurus provides easily understandable aurora information, basic gamification, and real‐time location‐based notification of verified aurora activity to engage citizen scientists. The Aurorasaurus project is one of only a handful of space weather citizen science projects and can provide useful results for the space weather and citizen science communities. Early results are promising with over 2000 registered users submitting over 1000 aurora observations and verifying over 1700 aurora sightings posted on Twitter.
The Shillong Plateau and the great 1897 Assam earthquake
Authors: England Philip , Bilham Roger 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPrevious analysis of triangulation data of the Survey of India concluded that the great 1897 Assam earthquake occurred on a south dipping fault near the northern edge of the Shillong Plateau, which was named the Oldham fault. This attribution has been questioned on geological and geodetic grounds. We refine the triangulation data, adding recently discovered observations, and demonstrate that they require average slip of 25 ± 5 m on a fault that dips south at ∼40° beneath the plateau. The best fitting solution to the geodetic observations gives a rupture length of 79 km. However, the Chedrang fault, immediately to the west of the Oldham fault, appears to have slipped as a subvertical tear fault during or shortly after the 1897 earthquake, with over 10 m of down‐to‐the‐west normal‐sense slip. This observation suggests that the western end of the main rupture approached within a few kilometers of the Chedrang fault, giving a length of 95 km for the rupture. This range of parameters gives a magnitude 8.15<Mw<8.35 for the earthquake. The triangulation data cannot be satisfied by slip on the north dipping faults that border the southern edge of the Shillong Plateau nor by slip on a south dipping fault that has been postulated in the Brahmaputra Valley. GPS velocities show that up to 5 mm/yr of shortening is taken up across the plateau and its borders; this suggests, via moment‐frequency relations, that the interval between great earthquakes in the region is several thousand years but that earthquakes of magnitude 7 or greater should occur roughly once per century.
Text–Picture Integration: How Delayed Testing Moderates Recognition of Pictorial Information in Multimedia Learning
Authors: Arndt Jana , Schüler Anne , Scheiter Katharina 
Published: August 2015

SummaryWhen learning with multimedia, text and pictures are assumed to be integrated with each other. Arndt, Schüler, and Scheiter (Learning & Instruction, 35, 62–72, 2015) confirmed the process of text picture integration for sentence recognition, not, however, for picture recognition. The current paper investigates the underlying reasons for the latter finding. Two experiments are reported, where subjects memorized text–picture stimuli that differed in the specificity of information contained in either sentences or pictures. In a subsequent picture recognition test, subjects showed no integration effect after a 30‐minute delay (Experiments 1 and 2), but only after a 1‐week delay (Experiment 2). Furthermore, eye‐tracking data showed that participants sufficiently processed the pictures during learning (Experiment 1). This data pattern speaks in favor of the assumption that after a short delay participants had available a short‐lived pictorial surface representation, which masked the integration effect for pictorial recognition.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the threshold of adulthood: A new approach for the use of maturation indicators to assess puberty in adolescents from medievalEngland
Authors: Lewis Mary , Shapland Fiona , Watts Rebecca 
Published: August 2015

ObjectivesThis study provides the first large scale analysis of the age at which adolescents in medieval England entered and completed the pubertal growth spurt. This new method has implications for expanding our knowledge of adolescent maturation across different time periods and regions.MethodsIn total, 994 adolescent skeletons (10–25 years) from four urban sites in medieval England (AD 900–1550) were analyzed for evidence of pubertal stage using new osteological techniques developed from the clinical literature (i.e., hamate hook development, cervical vertebral maturation (CVM), canine mineralization, iliac crest ossification, and radial fusion).ResultsAdolescents began puberty at a similar age to modern children at around 10–12 years, but the onset of menarche in girls was delayed by up to 3 years, occurring around 15 for most in the study sample and 17 years for females living in London. Modern European males usually complete their maturation by 16–18 years; medieval males took longer with the deceleration stage of the growth spurt extending as late as 21 years.ConclusionsThis research provides the first attempt to directly assess the age of pubertal development in adolescents during the 10th–17th centuries. Poor diet, infections, and physical exertion may have contributed to delayed development in the medieval adolescents, particularly for those living in the city of London. This study sheds new light on the nature of adolescence in the medieval period, highlighting an extended period of physical and social transition. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:48–56, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hybrid Volatolomics and Disease Detection
Authors: Broza Yoav Y. , Mochalski Pawel , Ruzsanyi Vera , Amann Anton , Haick Hossam 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis Review presents a concise, but not exhaustive, didactic overview of some of the main concepts and approaches related to “volatolomics”—an emerging frontier for fast, risk‐free, and potentially inexpensive diagnostics. It attempts to review the source and characteristics of volatolomics through the so‐called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from cells and their microenvironment. It also reviews the existence of VOCs in several bodily fluids, including the cellular environment, blood, breath, skin, feces, urine, and saliva. Finally, the usefulness of volatolomics for diagnosis from a single bodily fluid, as well as ways to improve these diagnostic aspects by “hybrid” approaches that combine VOC profiles collected from two or more bodily fluids, will be discussed. The perspectives of this approach in developing the field of diagnostics to a new level are highlighted.
Identification of a β1/β2‐Specific Sulfonamide Proteasome Ligand by Crystallographic Screening
Authors: Beck Philipp , Reboud‐Ravaux Michèle , Groll Michael 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe proteasome represents a validated drug target for the treatment of cancer, however, new types of inhibitors are required to tackle the development of resistant tumors. Current fluorescence‐based screening methods suffer from low sensitivity and are limited to the detection of ligands with conventional binding profiles. In response to these drawbacks, a crystallographic screening procedure for the discovery of agents with a novel mode of action was utilized. The optimized workflow was applied to the screening of a focused set of compounds, resulting in the discovery of a β1/β2‐specific sulfonamide derivative that noncovalently binds between subunits β1 and β2. The binding pocket displays significant differences in size and polarity between the immuno‐ and constitutive proteasome. The identified ligand thus provides valuable insights for the future structure‐based design of subtype‐specific proteasome inhibitors.
Giant Magnetoresistance in the Half‐Metallic Double‐Perovskite Ferrimagnet Mn2FeReO6
Authors: Li Man‐Rong , Retuerto Maria , Deng Zheng , Stephens Peter W. , Croft Mark , Huang Qingzhen , Wu Hui , Deng Xiaoyu , Kotliar Gabriel , Sánchez‐Benítez Javier , Hadermann Joke , Walker David , Greenblatt Martha 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe first transition‐metal‐only double perovskite compound, Mn2+2Fe3+Re5+O6, with 17 unpaired d electrons displays ferrimagnetic ordering up to 520 K and a giant positive magnetoresistance of up to 220 % at 5 K and 8 T. These properties result from the ferrimagnetically coupled Fe and Re sublattice and are affected by a two‐to‐one magnetic‐structure transition of the Mn sublattice when a magnetic field is applied. Theoretical calculations indicate that the half‐metallic state can be mainly attributed to the spin polarization of the Fe and Re sites.
MST radar observations of turbulent altocumulus layers
Authors: Worthington R. M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRadar studies of turbulent layers have focused on Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities caused by vertical shear of horizontal wind, also breaking gravity waves. This study examines another type of turbulent layer, common but rarely studied. Aberystwyth Meso‐Strato‐Troposphere (MST) radar shows layers of turbulence where there is no unusual wind shear or breaking gravity waves. In three case studies, these layers have a common characteristic of saturated air, reducing the stability to cause possible convective or shear instability. The associated cloud may be already well‐known altocumulus. Another case study using the MU radar shows how three‐dimensional convective structure can be revealed using a 64‐beam method.
Classification of Chinese herbs based on the cluster analysis of delayed luminescence
Authors: Pang Jingxiang , Yang Meina , Fu Jialei , Zhao Xiaolei , van Wijk Eduard , Wang Mei , Liu Yanli , Zhou Xiaoyan , Fan Hua , Han Jinxiang 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTraditional Chinese material medica are an important component of the Chinese pharmacopeia. According to the traditional Chinese medicinal concept, Chinese herbal medicines are classified into different categories based on their therapeutic effects, however, the bioactive principles cannot be solely explained by chemical analysis. The aim of this study is to classify different Chinese herbs based on their therapeutic effects by using delayed luminescence (DL). The DL of 56 Chinese herbs was measured using an ultra‐sensitive luminescence detection system. The different DL parameters were used to classify Chinese herbs according to a hierarchical cluster analysis. The samples were divided into two groups based on their DL kinetic parameters. Interestingly, the DL classification results were quite consistent with classification according to the Chinese medicinal concepts of ‘cold’ and ‘heat’ properties. In this paper, we show for the first time that by using DL technology, it is possible to classify Chinese herbs according to the Chinese medicinal concept and it may even be possible to predict their therapeutic properties. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biosynthesis of D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate from D‐xylose and polyphosphate through a minimized two‐enzyme cascade
Authors: Kim Jae‐Eung , Zhang Y.‐H. Percival 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTSugar phosphates cannot be produced easily by microbial fermentation because negatively‐charged compounds cannot be secreted across intact cell membrane. D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate (Xu5P), a very expensive sugar phosphate, was synthesized from D‐xylose and polyphosphate catalyzed by enzyme cascades in one pot. The synthetic enzymatic pathway comprised of xylose isomerase and xylulokinase was designed to produce Xu5P, along with a third enzyme, polyphosphate kinase, responsible for in site ATP regeneration. Due to the promiscuous activity of the ATP‐based xylulokinase from a hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima on polyphosphate, the number of enzymes in the pathway was minimized to two without polyphosphate kinase. The reactions catalyzed by the two‐enzyme and three‐enzyme pathways were compared for Xu5P production, and the reaction conditions were optimized by examining effects of reaction temperature, enzyme ratio and substrate concentration. The optimized two‐enzyme system produced 32 mM Xu5P from 50 mM xylose and polyphosphate after 36 h at 45°C. Biosynthesis of less costly Xu5P from D‐xylose and polyphosphate could be highly feasible via this minimized two‐enzyme pathway. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 275–282. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combinatorial pathway engineering for optimized production of the anti‐malarial FR900098
Authors: Freestone Todd S. , Zhao Huimin 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTAs resistance to current anti‐malarial therapeutics spreads, new compounds to treat malaria are increasingly needed. One promising compound is FR900098, a naturally occurring phosphonate. Due to limitations in both chemical synthesis and biosynthetic methods for FR900098 production, this potential therapeutic has yet to see widespread implementation. Here we applied a combinatorial pathway engineering strategy to improve the production of FR900098 in Escherichia coli by modulating each of the pathway's nine genes with four promoters of different strengths. Due to the large size of the library and the low screening throughput, it was necessary to develop a novel screening strategy that significantly reduced the sample size needed to find an optimal strain. This was done by using biased libraries that localize searching around top hits and home in on high‐producing strains. By incorporating this strategy, a significantly improved strain was found after screening less than 3% of the entire library. When coupled with culturing optimization, a strain was found to produce 96 mg/L, a 16‐fold improvement over the original strain. We believe the enriched library method developed here can be used on other large pathways that may be difficult to engineer by combinatorial methods due to low screening throughput. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 384–392. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alkyne‐Protected AuPd Alloy Nanoparticles for Electrocatalytic Reduction of Oxygen
Authors: Deming Christopher P. , Zhao Albert , Song Yang , Liu Ke , Khan Mohammad M. , Yates Veronica M. , Chen Shaowei 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDodecyne‐capped AuPd alloy nanoparticles of varying compositions were prepared through the co‐reduction of metal‐salt precursors with NaBH4. TEM measurements showed that the particles were largely in the range of 2–6 nm in diameter. XPS studies showed that the atomic Pd concentration varied from 65 to 100 %. Infrared spectroscopic measurements confirmed the bonding attachment of the dodecyne ligands on the nanoparticle surfaces, which rendered the nanoparticles readily dispersible in common organic media. Electrochemically, the resulting nanoparticles exhibited apparent catalytic activity in oxygen reduction with a volcano‐shaped variation with the metal composition. The best performance was identified with the sample composed of 91.2 at % Pd that exhibited a mass activity over eight times better than that of commercial palladium black, and almost twice as good in terms of specific activity. This remarkable performance was accounted for by both alloying with gold and surface functionalization with alkyne ligands that manipulated the electronic interactions between palladium and oxygen species.
Persistent Dialkylsilanone Generated by Dehydrobromination of Dialkylbromosilanol
Authors: Ishida Shintaro , Abe Takashi , Hirakawa Fumiya , Kosai Tomoyuki , Sato Katsuhiro , Kira Mitsuo , Iwamoto Takeaki 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA persistent dialkylsilanone was synthesized by the dehydrobromination of a dialkylbromosilanol with tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl potassium in solution at −80 °C: It was characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, and was tested in several reactions. In 29Si NMR spectrum in [D8]toluene, the signal due to the unsaturated silicon nuclei was observed at 128.7 ppm. Reactions of the dialkylsilanone with water and mesitonitrile oxide gave a silanediol and a [2+3] cycloadduct, respectively. The silanone remains intact in [D8]toluene below −80 °C for at least two days, while it undergoes unprecedented isomerization to give a siloxysilene by means of 1,3‐silyl migration at higher temperatures.