bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of OLIG2 immunostaining in pediatric brain tumors with embryonal morphology
Authors: Alturkustani Murad , Walker Adam D , Castañeda Everardo A , Cotter Jennifer A 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study evaluates the diagnostic utility of OLIG2 immunohistochemistry for distinguishing between pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG) and embryonal tumors (ETs) of the CNS. Utilizing a retrospective pediatric cohort (1990-2021) of 56 CNS tumors, classified initially as primitive neuroectodermal tumors or CNS ET, we reclassified the cases based on WHO CNS5 criteria after comprehensive review and additional molecular testing that included next-generation sequencing and DNA methylation profiling. Our results indicate that OLIG2 immunopositivity was negative or minimal in a significant subset of pHGG cases (6 out of 11). At the same time, it showed diffuse expression in all cases of CNS neuroblastomas with FOXR2 activation (5/5), demonstrating its limited specificity in differentiating between pHGG and ET. Variable OLIG2 expression in other ETs, ATRT, and ETMR suggests the broader diagnostic implications of the marker. Furthermore, incidental findings of OLIG2 positivity in cases traditionally expected to be negative, such as medulloblastoma and ependymoma, introduce an additional layer of complexity. Together, these findings highlight the challenges of relying solely on OLIG2 immunostaining for accurate tumor classification in pediatric CNS neoplasms and underscore the importance of an integrated diagnostic approach.
The anti-rheumatoid arthritic activity of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. (traditional Chinese/Mongolian medicine) extract in collagen-induced arthritis in rats
Authors: Han Xiao-Yan , Han Ya-Ru , Xu Hao-Yu , Hu Ya-Wei , Yan Xiao-Yan , Du Guan-Hua , She Zhan-Fei , Xiao Bin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) seriously affects the daily life of people. The whole plant of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. (AOK) has been used in folk medicine. This study aimed to investigate the in vivo anti-RA effects of AOK extract (AOKE) on collagen-induced arthritis in rats.

Methods
AOKE (400, 200, or 100 mg/kg) was administered orally to animals for 30 days. Body weight, paw swelling, arthritis index, thymus, and spleen indices, and pathological changes were assessed for effects of AOKE on RA. Furthermore, the inflammatory cytokines in rat serum were detected. In addition, the expressions of STAT3, Caspase-3, Galectin-3, and S100A9 in synovial tissue were researched using immunohistochemistry.

Key findings
The AOKE significantly reduced the arthritis indices, paw swelling, spleen, and thymus indices. Meanwhile, AOKE (400 mg/kg) decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and increased the level of IL-10 in rat serum. Histopathological examination showed that AOKE reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and cartilage erosion. Then, AOKE decreased the expressions of STAT3, Galectin-3, S100A9, and increased the expression of Caspase-3.

Conclusion
AOKE had interesting anti-RA activity in rats, which deserved further research for the development and clinical use of this medicinal resource.
Association between triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio and a risk of diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhong Hongjing , Luo Laiming , Wang Xiaomei , Xiao Yao 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the link between the triglyceride-to-high–density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) and the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods
PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched for cohort and case-control studies that reported on the link between TG/HDL-C and a risk of T2DM, with no restrictions on criteria used for the definition and categorization of low and high TG/HDL-C ratios.

Results
A total of 20 studies were included. There was considerable variability in terms of categorization of low or normal and higher TG/HDL-C ratio among the studies. Patients with high TG/HDL-C ratio had markedly higher risk of developing T2DM compared with patients with low or normal TG/HDL-C. Each unit increase in the ratio correlated with the increased risk of diabetes. Subgroup analysis based on sex showed an increased risk of T2DM in males and females with a high ratio compared with the group with a low/normal ratio.

Conclusion
Higher TG/HDL-C ratio correlates with increased risk of T2DM. Despite limitations, the study demonstrates a possible value of using TG/HDL-C ratio as a biomarker for diabetes risk.
Red blood cell alloimmunization in transfused patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: a retrospective study from northern China
Authors: Wang Li , Xu Xiaoxin , Wang Shichun , Li Ruidong , Zhang Pengyu 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective
Alloimmunization against red blood cell (RBC) antigen is an important concern in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) patients with chronic transfusion, causing potential risk for hemolytic reaction and limited supply of compatible blood. However, there is little data addressing RBC alloimmunization in this patient cohort among the Chinese population. This study aims to evaluate the incidence, specificity of antibodies, and RBC units transfused before antibody formation and its significance in a population of patients consistently receiving RhD-matched RBC units.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the transfusion and clinical information of all transfused patients with MDS enrolled in our hospital from 2012 to 2022. The cumulative incidence of alloimmunization was analyzed by a Kaplan-Meier plot. Alloimmunization incidence was compared based on different transfused RBC units using the log-rank test.

Results
A total of 103 patients with MDS were included in this study; alloantibody formed in 8 (7.8%) patients. Before reaching 32 RBC units, 87.5% of the alloimmunized patients had developed their alloantibodies. All but 1 of the alloantibodies developed were antibodies to Rh antigens. The RBC transfusion intensity and frequency were significantly higher following alloimmunization in the alloimmunized patients (P = .008, P = .008, respectively).

Conclusion
The antibodies detected mostly involve the Rh system among MDS patients in China. The alloimmunization tended to occur early prior to reaching 32 RBC units in patients with MDS. Rh antigen matching should be considered early in the patient’s transfusion history and completed before receiving 32 RBC units.
Influence of the Type of Physical Training on the Physical Fitness of Army Cadets
Authors: Pascoa Mauro Alexandre , Langer Raquel David , Borges Juliano Henrique , Cirolini Wagner Xavier , Guerra-Júnior Gil , Gonçalves Ezequiel Moreira 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Military Physical Training programs represent a constant challenge for the Armed Forces to improve body composition indices and physical fitness levels. This study aimed to verify the influence of the type of training on the physical fitness and body composition of army cadets, using 2 strategies: a sports program (Athletes group) and conventional physical training (Traditional group).

Materials and Methods
This study involved new entrant male cadets who were selected for the Athletes group (n = 243, 19.08 ± 1.23 years) or the Traditional group (n = 356, 18.89 ± 0.97 years), with assessments occurring before and after the period of training (31.4 ± 3.9 weeks). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the bone mineral content (BMC), fat mass (FM), percentage of fat mass (%FM), and lean soft tissue (LST). The physical tests evaluated the 3,000 m run (RUN), 50 m swim (SWIM), pull-ups (PULL) on the horizontal bar, push-ups (PUSH) on the ground, and abdominal flexion (SITUP).

Results
Time × group interaction effects were observed for BMC (P &lt; .001), LST (P &lt; .023), RUN (P &lt; .001), PULL (P = .006), PUSH (P &lt; .001), SITUP (P = .007), and SWIM (P &lt; .001). A significant effect of time was noted for all variables analyzed in both groups, except %FM. The Athletes group achieved better results in body composition and in PULL, PUSH, RUN, and SWIM at baseline and after the training period. The Traditional group demonstrated higher relative changes (%) after the training period in the LST (P = .001), PULL (P &lt; .001), PUSH (P &lt; .001), SITUP (P &lt; .004), and SWIM (P &lt; .001) compared to the Athletes group.

Conclusion
Both physical training programs improved body composition and physical performance.
Depletion of CpG dinucleotides in bacterial genomes may represent an adaptation to high temperatures
Authors: Forni Diego , Pozzoli Uberto , Mozzi Alessandra , Cagliani Rachele , Sironi Manuela 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Dinucleotide biases have been widely investigated in the genomes of eukaryotes and viruses, but not in bacteria. We assembled a dataset of bacterial genomes (&gt;15 000), which are representative of the genetic diversity in the kingdom Eubacteria, and we analyzed dinucleotide biases in relation to different traits. We found that TpA dinucleotides are the most depleted and that CpG dinucleotides show the widest dispersion. The abundances of both dinucleotides vary with genomic G + C content and show a very strong phylogenetic signal. After accounting for G + C content and phylogenetic inertia, we analyzed different bacterial lifestyle traits. We found that temperature preferences associate with the abundance of CpG dinucleotides, with thermophiles/hyperthemophiles being particularly depleted. Conversely, the TpA dinucleotide displays a bias that only depends on genomic G + C composition. Using predictions of intrinsic cyclizability we also show that CpG depletion may associate with higher DNA bendability in both thermophiles/hyperthermophiles and mesophiles, and that the former are predicted to have significantly more flexible genomes than the latter. We suggest that higher bendability is advantageous at high temperatures because it facilitates DNA positive supercoiling and that, through modulation of DNA mechanical properties, local or global CpG depletion controls genome organization, most likely not only in bacteria.
Mental health and employment outcomes in working-age US adults, 2010–2019
Authors: Jou J , Hicks A , Johnson P J 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Individuals with severe mental illness experience greater unemployment and barriers to workforce re-entry. However, less is known about additional indicators of employment stability for individuals across mental illness severity.

Aims
This study aims to examine associations between mental illness severity, use and adequacy of mental health treatment, and indicators of employment stability.

Methods
In this repeated cross-sectional study, 2010–2019 data from the U.S. National Survey of Drug Use and Health were used to construct multivariate logistic regression models predicting the odds of part-time employment, past-year work interruption, number of past-year employers, and past-month health-related work absence by mental illness severity and adequacy of mental health treatment.

Results
Compared to individuals with no mental illness, those with any and severe mental illness had significantly higher odds of part-time employment (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] = 1.51 and 2.16, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] 1.4–1.6 and 2.0–2.3), multiple past-year employers (AORs = 1.78 and 2.34, CIs 1.7–1.9 and 2.1–2.6), past-year work interruption (AORs = 1.69 and 2.20, CIs 1.6–1.8 and 2.1–2.4), and &gt;7 days of past-month work absence (AORs = 2.51 and 3.82, CIs 2.3–2.8 and 3.3–4.5). Among respondents with mental illness, perceived inadequacy of mental treatment predicted higher odds of all adverse employment outcomes.

Conclusions
Compared to those with no mental illness, individuals with mental illness of any severity have higher odds of employment instability. Policy and programmatic support aimed at addressing the needs of individuals with mental illness, including access to adequate mental health treatment, are needed to facilitate continued, competitive employment.
Immune-related encephalitis after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
Authors: Buckley Monica W , Balaji Warner Aanika , Brahmer Julie , Cappelli Laura C , Sharfman William H , Fuchs Ephraim , Kang Hyunseok , Forde Patrick M , Gladstone Douglas E , Ambinder Richard , Kelly Ronan J , Lipson Evan J , Gojo Ivana , Lee Edward J , Johnson Tory P , Saidha Shiv , Llinas Rafael , Ostrow Lyle W , Naidoo Jarushka , Probasco John C 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized cancer treatment but can trigger immune-related encephalitis. We report one of the largest case series of patients with immune-related encephalitis and review of the literature.

Methods
Retrospective series of patients with immune-related encephalitis and literature review.

Results
Fourteen patients with cancer treated with ICI (50% combination therapy) developed immune-related encephalitis. Diagnostic testing revealed cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytic pleocytosis (85%) and elevated protein (69%), abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) (33%) or brain FDG-PET (25%), electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities (30%), and autoantibodies (31%). Encephalitis treatment included: corticosteroids (86%), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) (36%), plasmapheresis (7%), and rituximab (29%). There were no deaths and 12 patients had significant recovery, although long-term complications were observed. All patients discontinued ICI. Longitudinal follow-up demonstrated anti-cancer response to ICI at 3 months (85%) and 6 months post-ICI initiation (77%). A literature review identified 132 patients with immune-related encephalitis. Most were treated with PD-1 inhibitors (18% combination). Common abnormalities included elevated CSF protein (84%) or pleocytosis (77%), abnormal brain MRI (65%), or autoantibodies (47%). Nearly all were treated with corticosteroids, many required additional therapy with IVIg (26%) or rituximab (12%). Most patients had clinical improvement (81%) but a minority (10%) had a clinical relapse after completing corticosteroid taper. ICIs were resumed in 7 patients (5%), with relapse in 3.

Conclusions and relevance
Immune-related encephalitis is treatable and improves with corticosteroids in most cases but may require additional immunosuppression. Re-emergence of encephalitis is rare and does not typically result in adverse outcomes, and this should be considered in neurological immune-related adverse event management guidelines.
Brood translocation increases post-release recruitment and promotes population restoration of Centrocercus urophasianus (Greater Sage-Grouse)
Authors: Meyerpeter Mary B , Coates Peter S , Mathews Steven R , Lazenby Kade D , Prochazka Brian G , Dahlgren David K , Delehanty David J 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Wildlife managers translocate Centrocercus urophasianus (Greater Sage-Grouse) to augment small populations, but translocated C. urophasianus often fail to reproduce post-release, hampering conservation objectives. We performed 2 C. urophasianus translocations in California and North Dakota from 2017 to 2020 using 2 methods at both sites: an established method of translocating females prior to nesting (i.e., a pre-nesting translocation), and a novel method wherein females were translocated with chicks after successfully hatching nests in source populations (i.e., a brood translocation). We radio-marked and monitored 135 translocated females and 284 source population females and used count data from leks in recipient and source populations to evaluate each method. Using an integrated population model (IPM), we estimated demographic parameters, including recruitment, by females translocated with each method. We estimated the finite rate of change in abundance (λ^) in recipient and source populations given multiple simulated translocation strategies using each method and evaluated them using a cost–benefit metric (i.e., a ratio of the simulated change in abundance at recipient and source sites). We found that recruitment in recipient populations was substantially higher when brood translocations were employed compared to when pre-nesting translocations were employed. Most females translocated pre-nesting forewent reproduction entirely, whereas most females translocated with their broods successfully reared offspring in recipient populations. A per capita comparison revealed that brood translocations resulted in λ^ that were 11–30% greater than pre-nesting translocations, but also revealed that the removal of brood-rearing females from source populations resulted in larger reductions in λ^ when compared with prenesting translocations. However, reductions in λ^ were small and the estimated cost–benefit metrics indicated that translocation of females with broods was a more effective method at spurring growth in recipient populations while minimizing impacts to source populations.
Pathways versus incentives: climate activism to climate aligned portfolio management
Authors: Roston Marc , Maire Julien , Seiger Alicia , Heller Thomas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Climate activists have pressured financial institutions to accelerate global decarbonization by aligning portfolios with Paris Agreement transition pathways and targets. We trace the progression from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and International Energy Agency (IEA) scenarios to corporate target setting via the Science-Based Targets Initiative (SBTi) and financial institutions’ portfolio alignment methods. We identify three critical weaknesses that will limit efficacy: the absence of rigorous GHG emissions accounting, reliance on centrally planned pathways, and tension with fiduciary duties. These issues undermine the theory of change behind activist and financial sector efforts. As an alternative, we propose Emissions Liability Management (ELM) which treats emissions as liabilities matched by removal assets, directing firms to maintain emissions solvency. Rather than chasing pathways, ELM provides incentives for emissions reductions and removals consistent with shareholder obligations derived from market prices. By reframing climate action in financial terms, ELM can engage financial markets as agents of change in a manner grounded in sound economics.
State, crime, and violence in Mexico, 1920–2000: Arbiters of impunity, agents of coercion
Authors: Long Tom , Smith Benjamin T 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The nature of the relationships among the Mexican state, organized crime and violence is much debated. Many accounts of state formation suggest that states increase their extractive and coercive capabilities in tandem: they monopolize the provision of ‘protection’ in Charles Tilly’s famous analogy. However, when unconsolidated states confront lucrative, illicit markets, state-building takes an unexpected turn. We argue that these states, like post-revolutionary Mexico, develop not as one protection racket, but as two. While the orthodox or licit protection racket collects tax from businesses and individuals in return for the protection of property and persons, the illicit protection racket (like that of a traditional mafia organization) collects extortion money from criminal groups in return for protection from prosecution. Though we use the case study of Mexico to tease out these conclusions, we argue that they can just as easily be applied to other states with weak tax bases, limited geographical reach, and profitable illicit markets.
Aberrant outputs of cerebellar nuclei and targeted rescue of social deficits in an autism mouse model
Authors: Cai Xin-Yu , Wang Xin-Tai , Guo Jing-Wen , Xu Fang-Xiao , Ma Kuang-Yi , Wang Zhao-Xiang , Zhao Yue , Xie Wei , Schonewille Martijn , De Zeeuw Chris , Chen Wei , Shen Ying 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The cerebellum is heavily connected with other brain regions, sub-serving not only motor but also nonmotor functions. Genetic mutations leading to cerebellar dysfunction are associated with mental diseases, but cerebellar outputs have not been systematically studied in this context. Here, we present three dimensional distributions of 50,168 target neurons of cerebellar nuclei (CN) from wild-type mice and Nlgn3R451C mutant mice, a mouse model for autism. Our results derived from 36 target nuclei show that the projections from CN to thalamus, midbrain and brainstem are differentially affected by Nlgn3R451C mutation. Importantly, Nlgn3R451C mutation altered the innervation power of CN→zona incerta (ZI) pathway, and chemogenetic inhibition of a neuronal subpopulation in the ZI that receives inputs from the CN rescues social defects in Nlgn3R451C mice. Our study highlights potential role of cerebellar outputs in the pathogenesis of autism and provides potential new therapeutic strategy for this disease.
Navigating Conflicting Incentives: Discursive Strategies of Political Parties in Germany’s Cooperative Federalism
Authors: Souris Antonios , Kropp Sabine , Nguyen Christoph 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Federal systems create complex institutional settings that foster and encourage cooperation while also enabling self-serving and even opportunistic political behavior. Focusing on parliamentary discourses, we argue that political parties can navigate these conflicting incentives skillfully, employing a set of five distinct discursive strategies that integrate both the need for cooperation and the possibility of self-interest. Leveraging a qualitative content analysis of 212 German parliamentary debates and 4,524 manually coded statements, we demonstrate that the use of these discursive strategies is shaped by parties’ level of integration into federal institutions. The data reveal that parties which are more strongly involved in intergovernmental bodies uphold a more cooperative discourse, while refraining from confrontational strategies toward federal institutions and actors. We also find that the linkage between the vertically integrated party system, which incentivizes co-partisans to stick together across levels and constituent units, and multiparty coalition governments, counteracts federal blame games.
A quadratic Vinogradov mean value theorem in finite fields
Authors: Mansfield Sam , Mudgal Akshat 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Let p be a prime, let $s \geq 3$ be a natural number and let $A \subseteq \mathbb{F}_p$ be a non-empty set satisfying $|A| \ll p^{1/2}$. Denoting $J_s(A)$ to be the number of solutions to the system of equations $$ \sum_{i=1}^{s} (x_i - x_{i+s}) = \sum_{i=1}^{s} (x_i^2 - x_{i+s}^2) = 0, $$ with $x_1, \dots, x_{2s} \in A$, our main result implies that $$ J_s(A) \ll |A|^{2s - 2 - 1/9}. $$ This can be seen as a finite field analogue of the quadratic Vinogradov mean value theorem. Our techniques involve a variety of combinatorial geometric estimates, including studying incidences between Cartesian products A × A and a special family of modular hyperbolae.