bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous non‐tuberculous mycobacterial infections
Authors: Lamb Ruth C. , Dawn Goutam 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMycobacteria cause a range of diseases in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed individuals and may affect many different organs. The most noticeable recent change in patterns of cutaneous mycobacterial infection refers to the increase in non‐tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections. This review focuses on the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of cutaneous NTM infections. The MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases were searched using the keywords “non‐tuberculous mycobacteria,” “atypical mycobacteria,” and “mycobacteria other than tubercle bacilli”. Publications on cutaneous NTM infections written in English were included in this review. Literature published by the World Health Organization was examined for further material. References in review articles were screened for other studies not already identified. The clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of NTM infections were reviewed. Cutaneous mycobacterial disease may take many guises and may appear benign in nature. Chronic cutaneous lesions at the sites of trauma or surgical procedures, especially those that fail to respond to standard antibiotic therapy, should prompt the consideration of mycobacterial disease. The lack of rapid techniques for the identification of pathogens makes diagnosis challenging. The lack of randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of antimicrobial agents means that empiric therapy may fail, necessitate prolonged combinations of antibiotics, and increase the probability of side effects and diminished compliance.
Identification of a novel U2HR mutation in a Korean woman with Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis
Authors: Yun Seok‐Kweon , Cho Yong‐Gon , Song Ki Hun , Hwang Su‐Ran , Kim Yoon Sung‐Joo , Choi Keon‐Woo , Kim Han‐Uk , Park Jin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMarie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (MUHH) is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by progressive non‐scarring hair loss. Mutation of the U2HR gene, located in chromosome 8p21, is generally responsible for MUHH development. Until now, 17 mutations of U2HR have been identified from various ethnic backgrounds, but U2HR mutations have been identified mostly in Chinese families and only one Japanese patient with MUHH among Asian populations. Here, we report the first Korean case of MUHH with a novel heterozygous missense mutation (c.80C>T) in U2HR that has not been documented to date. Genetic analysis further revealed that this mutation is responsible for the hair morphology phenotype presented in this case. This finding contributes to expansion of the mutant spectrum of U2HR, supporting the possibility of racial differences in terms of genetic mutations of MUHH.
Hidradenitis suppurativa: the role of immune dysregulation
Authors: Kelly Genevieve , Sweeney Cheryl M. , Tobin Anne‐Marie , Kirby Brian 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disease of follicular occlusion characterized by boils, sinus tracts, fistulae, and scarring. It has a significant underestimated morbidity. Antimicrobial, immunosuppressive, anti‐androgenic, and surgical approaches have been used with varying results. Knowledge of the pathogenesis of HS is fragmented, and treatment choices have hitherto been empiric without an exact understanding of the scientific basis for their use. Tumor necrosis factor‐α inhibitors have shown promise in the treatment of HS in recent years, and the concept of HS as an immunological condition has come to the fore. The focus of this review is to discuss the immunological abnormalities underpinning HS as elucidated to date.
Basosquamous carcinoma and metatypical basal cell carcinoma: a review of treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery
Authors: Allen Kattie J. , Cappel Mark A. , Killian Jill M. , Brewer Jerry D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundBasosquamous carcinoma (BSC) and metatypical basal cell carcinoma (MBCC) are uncommon tumors poorly defined in the literature. Available studies suggest these tumors carry a greater risk of recurrence and metastases than basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and, in some studies, squamous cell carcinomas. Formal treatment recommendations are not fully established.ObjectiveTo analyze BSC and MBCC separately, evaluate whether they are distinct tumor subtypes, and analyze Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) efficacy for BSC and MBCC.MethodsRetrospective review of medical records and histologic specimens was conducted for 293 patients with 303 biopsy‐proven BSCs or MBCCs treated with MMS between 1996 and 2004. In total, 32 BSCs and 128 MBCCs were identified. Surgical and follow‐up data were analyzed.ResultsKaplan–Meier estimates of recurrence‐free survival after MMS were 100% at one year for both tumor subtypes and were 100% for BSC and 93.8% for MBCC at 5 years. Initial mean sizes were 1.5 cm for BSC and 1.3 cm for MBCC. Approximately 7% represented recurrent tumors at surgery. Of six patients with recurrences, none had known metastatic disease.LimitationsLimitations include retrospective design, analysis of only head and neck sites, and small sample sizes.ConclusionBSC and MBCC showed no significant distinguishing characteristics to separate them into two BCC subtypes. Reported recurrence rates for BSC and MBCC are 12–45% with wide local excision; estimated recurrence rates are 4.1% with MMS. Our study showed recurrence‐free survival of 95.1% at five years. Hence, MMS is effective in treating these BCC subtypes.
Epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Afro‐Caribbean people: a 7‐year retrospective study in Guadeloupe
Authors: Coquart Nolwenn , Cadelis Gilbert , Tressières Benoît , Cordel Nadege 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundThere are no reliable epidemiological data on sarcoidosis in the French West Indies, although this disease is known to be more frequent and more severe in Black African‐Americans and West Indians.ObjectivesThis retrospective study aimed to assess the incidence and prevalence of sarcoidosis in Guadeloupe over a 7‐year period and to determine its epidemiological, clinical, and evolutionary characteristics.MethodsPatients were identified through the computerized databases of the three pathology laboratories and two hospitals on the islands of Guadeloupe. Histologically proven cases of sarcoidosis were selected. All patients were recalled at a single study time‐point.ResultsA total of 75 patients were identified. These included 44 women and 31 men (sex ratio: 1.4), with a mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of 47 ± 14 years and Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI. The average incidence was 2.28 per 100,000 inhabitants per year (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.69–3.02). The prevalence of sarcoidosis in 2009 was 21.09 per 100,000 inhabitants (95% CI 16.00–26.18). Most patients (61/71, 85.9%) exhibited multiple organ involvement; the mean ± SD number of organs involved was 2.6 ± 1.1. The initiation of systemic therapy was required in 75.7% of cases. Several lines of treatment were necessary in 41.5% of affected patients. At the study time‐point, seven patients were found to have died. Four of these deaths were directly attributable to sarcoidosis (mortality rate: 5.3%).ConclusionsThis epidemiological study on sarcoidosis in Guadeloupe reveals a low incidence of the disease and a high degree of severity as evidenced by the average number of affected organs, the high frequency of extrathoracic organ involvement, the frequent use of corticosteroids, and a mortality rate of 5.3%.
Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Javed A. , Jumean M. , Murad M. H. , Okorodudu D. , Kumar S. , Somers V. K. , Sochor O. , Lopez‐Jimenez F. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryBackgroundThe ideal means of identifying obesity in children and adolescents has not been determined although body mass index (BMI) is the most widely used screening tool.ObjectiveWe performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies assessing the diagnostic performance of BMI to detect adiposity in children up to 18 years.MethodsData sources were EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science and SCOPUS up to March 2013. Studies providing measures of diagnostic performance of BMI and using body composition technique for body fat percentage measurement were included.ResultsThirty‐seven eligible studies that evaluated 53 521 patients, with mean age ranging from 4 to 18 years were included in the meta‐analysis. Commonly used BMI cut‐offs for obesity showed pooled sensitivity to detect high adiposity of 0.73 (confidence interval [CI] 0.67–0.79), specificity of 0.93 (CI 0.88–0.96) and diagnostic odds ratio of 36.93 (CI 20.75–65.71). Males had lower sensitivity. Moderate heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 48%) explained in meta‐regression by differences across studies in race, BMI cut‐off, BMI reference criteria (Center for Disease Control vs. International Obesity Task Force) and reference standard method assessing adiposity.ConclusionBMI has high specificity but low sensitivity to detect excess adiposity and fails to identify over a quarter of children with excess body fat percentage.
Contemporary minimally‐invasive extended pelvic lymph node dissection for prostate cancer before curative radiotherapy: Prospective standardized analysis of complications
Authors: Van Praet Charles , Decaestecker Karel , Fonteyne Valérie , Ost Piet , De Visschere Pieter , Verschuere Stephanie , Rottey Sylvie , Lumen Nicolaas 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesTo prospectively assess contemporary complication rates of minimally‐invasive staging pelvic lymph node dissection before curative radiotherapy for prostate cancer using a standardized classification.MethodsA total of 100 prostate cancer patients underwent laparoscopic or robot‐assisted pelvic lymph node dissection (95% extended). Surgical outcomes were compared with those of 43 patients undergoing open pelvic lymph node dissection (33% extended). Complications were recorded prospectively during hospitalization and follow‐up visits, and graded using Clavien–Dindo classification. Lymphocele size was measured on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography.ResultsOf the complications recorded, 10% were grade 1, 3% were grade 2 and 6% were grade 3. No grade 4–5 complications occurred. Compared with open pelvic lymph node dissection, minimally‐invasive pelvic lymph node dissection was associated with less blood loss (P = 0.001) and shorter hospital stay (median 3 vs 6 days; P < 0.001), but longer operation time (130 vs 98 min; P < 0.001). The complication rate was similar in both groups. For the entire cohort, overall and symptomatic lymphoceles were seen in 91 (64%) and 18 patients (13%), respectively. On multivariate logistic regression, minimally‐invasive surgery was the only independent predictor for lymphocele development (odds ratio 3.99; P = 0.015).ConclusionsMinimally‐invasive extended pelvic lymph node dissection before curative radiotherapy is associated with low morbidity. Asymptomatic lymphocele development rate is higher compared with open pelvic lymph node dissection.
Effect of hospital‐based telephone coaching on glycaemic control and adherence to management guidelines in type 2 diabetes, a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Varney J. E. , Weiland T. J. , Inder W. J. , Jelinek G. A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundFailure to achieve treatment targets is common among people with type 2 diabetes. Cost‐effective treatments are required to delay the onset and slow the progression of diabetes‐related complications.AimsThis study aimed to measure the effect of a 6‐month telephone coaching intervention on glycaemic control, risk factor status and adherence to diabetes management practices at the intervention's conclusion (6 months) and at 12 months.MethodThis randomised controlled trial recruited 94 adults with type 2 diabetes and an HbA1C > 7% from the Diabetes Clinic of St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne. People who were non‐English speaking, cognitively impaired, severely hearing impaired or without telephone access were excluded. Participants were randomised to receive usual care plus 6 months of telephone coaching focusing on achieving treatment targets and complication screening, or usual care only. The primary outcome was HbA1C at 6 months; secondary outcomes included other physiological and monitoring measures.ResultsSignificant interaction effects were observed between group and time at 6 months, demonstrating improvement in HbA1C, fasting glucose, diastolic blood pressure and physical activity. The intervention's effect on these parameters was not sustained at 12 months. Intervention group participants also improved compliance with foot examinations and pneumococcal vaccination by 6 months and retinal screening by 12 months.ConclusionsTelephone coaching improved glycaemic control and adherence to complication screening in people with type 2 diabetes, for the duration of its delivery, but these effects were not maintained on withdrawal of the intervention. Strategies that assist patients to sustain these benefits are required.
Role of A20 in interferon‐α‐mediated functional restoration of myeloid dendritic cells in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Ma Li , Zhou Yun , Zhang Ying , Li Yuan , Guo Yonghong , He Yu , Wang Jiuping , Lian Jianqi , Hao Chunqiu , Moorman Jonathan P. , Yao Zhi Q. , Zhou Yongxing , Jia Zhansheng 
Published: June 2014

SummaryHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health problem characterized by a high rate of chronic infection, which may in part be due to a defect in myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs). This defect appears to be remedied by treatment with interferon‐α (IFN‐α) ‐based antiviral therapies; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying mDC dysfunction in HCV infection and restoration by IFN‐α treatment are unclear. The ubiquitin‐editing protein A20 plays a crucial role in controlling the maturation, cytokine production and immunostimulatory function of mDCs. We propose that the expression of A20 correlates with the function of mDCs during HCV infection and IFN‐α therapy. In this study, we observed that A20 expression in mDCs isolated from chronically HCV‐infected subjects was significantly higher than healthy subjects or subjects achieving sustained virological responses (SVR) following antiviral treatment. Notably, A20 expression in mDCs from HCV patients during IFN‐α treatment was significantly lower than for untreated patients, SVR patients, or healthy subjects. Besides, A20 expression in mDCs stimulated by polyI:C differed between HCV patients and healthy subjects, and this difference could be abrogated by the treatment with IFN‐α in vitro. Additionally, A20 expression by polyI:C‐activated mDCs, with or without IFN‐α treatment, negatively correlated with the expression of HLA‐DR, CD86 and CCR7, and the secretion of interleukin‐12 (IL‐12), but positively associated with the production of IL‐10. Importantly, silencing A20 expression using small interfering RNAs increased the production of IL‐12 in mDCs of chronically HCV‐infected individuals. These findings suggest that A20 plays a crucial role in negative regulation of innate immune responses during chronic viral infection.
Methodological integrative review of the work sampling technique used in nursing workload research
Authors: Blay Nicole , Duffield Christine M. , Gallagher Robyn , Roche Michael 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimTo critically review the work sampling technique used in nursing workload research.BackgroundWork sampling is a technique frequently used by researchers and managers to explore and measure nursing activities. However, work sampling methods used are diverse making comparisons of results between studies difficult.DesignMethodological integrative review.Data SourcesFour electronic databases were systematically searched for peer‐reviewed articles published between 2002–2012. Manual scanning of reference lists and Rich Site Summary feeds from contemporary nursing journals were other sources of data.Review MethodsArticles published in the English language between 2002–2012 reporting on research which used work sampling to examine nursing workload.ResultsEighteen articles were reviewed. The review identified that the work sampling technique lacks a standardized approach, which may have an impact on the sharing or comparison of results. Specific areas needing a shared understanding included the training of observers and subjects who self‐report, standardization of the techniques used to assess observer inter‐rater reliability, sampling methods and reporting of outcomes.ConclusionWork sampling is a technique that can be used to explore the many facets of nursing work. Standardized reporting measures would enable greater comparison between studies and contribute to knowledge more effectively. Author suggestions for the reporting of results may act as guidelines for researchers considering work sampling as a research method.
Do nurses wish to continue working for theUKNational Health Service? A comparative study of three generations of nurses
Authors: Robson Andrew , Robson Fiona 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimTo identify the combination of variables that explain nurses’ continuation intention in theUKNational Health Service. This alternative arena has permitted the replication of a private sector Australian study.BackgroundThis study provides understanding about the issues that affect nurse retention in a sector where employee attrition is a key challenge, further exacerbated by an ageing workforce.DesignA quantitative study based on a self‐completion survey questionnaire completed in 2010.MethodsNurses employed in twoUKNational Health Service Foundation Trusts were surveyed and assessed using seven work‐related constructs and various demographics including age generation. Through correlation, multiple regression and stepwise regression analysis, the potential combined effect of various explanatory variables on continuation intention was assessed, across the entire nursing cohort and in three age‐generation groups.ResultsThree variables act in combination to explain continuation intention: work–family conflict, work attachment and importance of work to the individual. This combination of significant explanatory variables was consistent across the three generations of nursing employee. Work attachment was identified as the strongest marginal predictor of continuation intention.ConclusionWork orientation has a greater impact on continuation intention compared with employer‐directed interventions such as leader–member exchange, teamwork and autonomy.UKnurses are homogeneous across the three age‐generations regarding explanation of continuation intention, with the significant explanatory measures being recognizably narrower in their focus and more greatly concentrated on the individual. This suggests that differentiated approaches to retention should perhaps not be pursued in this sectoral context.
Evaluation of the suitability of root cause analysis frameworks for the investigation of community‐acquired pressure ulcers: a systematic review and documentary analysis
Authors: McGraw Caroline , Drennan Vari M 
Published: June 2014

Aims and objectivesTo evaluate the suitability of root cause analysis frameworks for the investigation of community‐acquired pressure ulcers. The objective was to identify the extent to which these frameworks take account of the setting where the ulcer originated as being the person's home rather than a hospital setting.BackgroundPressure ulcers involving full‐thickness skin loss are increasingly being regarded as indicators of nursing patient safety failure, requiring investigation using root cause analysis frameworks. Evidence suggests that root cause analysis frameworks developed in hospital settings ignore the unique dimensions of risk in home healthcare settings.Design and methodsA systematic literature review and documentary analysis of frameworks used to investigate community‐acquired grade three and four pressure ulcers by home nursing services in England.ResultsNo published papers were identified for inclusion in the review. Fifteen patient safety investigative frameworks were collected and analysed. Twelve of the retrieved frameworks were intended for the investigation of community‐acquired pressure ulcers; seven of which took account of the setting where the ulcer originated as being the patient's home.ConclusionThis study provides evidence to suggest that many of the root cause analysis frameworks used to investigate community‐acquired pressure ulcers in England are unsuitable for this purpose.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study provides researchers and practitioners with evidence of the need to develop appropriate home nursing root cause analysis frameworks to investigate community‐acquired pressure ulcers.
Health promotion interventions to prevent early childhood human influenza at the household level: a realist review to identify implications for programmes inHongKong
Authors: Lam Winsome , Dawson Angela , Fowler Cathrine 
Published: June 2014

Aims and objectivesTo identify factors affecting the delivery of health promotion interventions to prevent early childhood human influenza at the household level.BackgroundYearly, influenza epidemics seriously affect all age groups, particularly those with weakened immune systems, including children. Influenza is transmitted easily from person to person through droplet and direct contact. Maintaining personal hygiene, avoiding close contact with the infected person and proper hand washing are recommended as the most effective means of preventing the transmission of influenza. However, it is not clear what programme‐related mechanisms and contexts are crucial to the successful delivery of interventions in the home. This study systematically reviewed published research studies to identify factors influencing the effective delivery of health promotion programmes targeting influenza in a household.DesignRealist review.MethodsA realist review methodology was selected to examine what interventions are effective in preventing and managing influenza at the household level and in what circumstances. A structured search of the peer‐reviewed primary research literature was undertaken using a defined search protocol.ResultsEight studies were retrieved for the analysis. Mechanisms impacting on intervention delivery were identified, including timing of implementation, programme reach, organisational and healthcare worker involvement, mode and place of delivery, contact with infected person, health practice compliance and sustainability at home.ConclusionThese findings suggest contextual factors that could be identified through ecological approaches to health promotion that are crucial for policymakers to consider when designing interventions.Relevance to clinical practiceThe active involvement of community nurses through an integrated household visiting programme may help to better deliver family‐based health promotion interventions to prevent illnesses such as influenza in children.
TREATMENT RESISTANT GASTRIC ANTRAL VASCULAR ECTASIA IN A PATIENT UNDERGOING HAEMODIALYSIS
Authors: Ahn Yeri , Wang Tom Kai Ming , Dunlop Joanna 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYGastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is an important cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and has a high prevalence in patients with renal insufficiency. We report the first documented case of a 52‐year‐old patient on haemodialysis with GAVE refractory to repeated endoscopic argon plasma coagulation (APC) therapy and highlight the difficulties in its management. We recognise the need for further studies to investigate the optimal management of this condition and suggest alternative treatment strategies to be considered in patients with APC refractory GAVE, such as endoscopic band ligation and changing dialysis modality.