bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracing mantle sources and Samoan influence in the northwestern Lau back‐arc basin
Authors: Lytle Marion L. , Kelley Katherine A. , Hauri Erik H. , Gill James B. , Papia Dominic , Arculus Richard J. 
Published: October 2012

Helium isotopes are commonly used as a diagnostic fingerprint of Samoan mantle in the northern Lau Basin, but the extent of input from Samoan sources can only be clearly resolved by coupling 3He/4He with other geochemical tracers such as trace elements and other isotope systems. We present new major element, dissolved volatile (H2O, CO2, S, Cl, F), trace element, and Sr‐Nd‐Pb‐Hf isotope data for new samples from the NW Lau Basin from five distinct regions (Rochambeau Rifts (RR), Northwest Lau Spreading Center (NWLSC), Peggy Ridge (PR), Lau Extensional Transform Zone (LETZ), and Central Lau Spreading Center (CLSC)) that range from distinctively elevated to normal mid‐ocean ridge basalt3He/4He. Helium isotopes variations are not correlated with radiogenic isotopes or trace element abundances. Our new data suggest two‐component mixing of MORB‐like mantle with an enriched mantle source, similar to Samoa, although consideration of a complete regional data set suggests there may be other sources of heterogeneity in the mantle beneath NW Lau. Models of mantle potential temperature (Tp) and primary melt equilibration temperatures indicate similar Tp of ∼1400°C for NW Lau, suggesting no strong temperature gradient. The pressure of melt equilibration deepens toward the north (∼1.1–1.2 GPa at PR, LETZ, CLSC; ∼1.3–1.4 GPa at RR, NWLSC), consistent with melting mantle of a constant Tp but variable H2O content. Samoan and MORB‐like sources are clearly present beneath the NW Lau basin, but geochemical diversity among the existing data suggest that more than two mantle sources may contribute to mantle enrichment beneath NW Lau.
Analyse syntaxique à l’aide des tables du Lexique-Grammaire du français
Authors: Tolone Elsa 
Published: October 2012

Lexicon-Grammar tables, whose development was initiated by Gross (1975), are a very rich syntactic lexicon for the French language. They cover various lexical categories such as verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs. This linguistic database is nevertheless not directly usable by computer programs, as it is incomplete and lacks consistency.
Tables are defined on the basis of features which are not explicitly recorded in the lexicon. These features are only described in literature. To use these tables, we must make explicit the essential features appearing in each one of them. In addition, many features must be renamed for consistency sake.
Our aim is to adapt the tables, so as to make them usable in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, in particular parsing. We describe the problems we encountered and the approaches we followed to enable their integration into a parser.

LGExtract
LGLex

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Lexique des Formes Fléchies du Français

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Produire des Annotations Syntaxiques à Grande Échelle
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A Comparative Study of Iron Uptake Mechanisms in Marine Microalgae: Iron Binding at the Cell Surface Is a Critical Step
Authors: Sutak Robert , Botebol Hugo , Blaiseau Pierre-Louis , Léger Thibaut , Bouget François-Yves , Camadro Jean-Michel , Lesuisse Emmanuel 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
We investigated iron uptake mechanisms in five marine microalgae from different ecologically important phyla: the diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira pseudonana, the prasinophyceae Ostreococcus tauri and Micromonas pusilla, and the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Among these species, only the two diatoms were clearly able to reduce iron, via an inducible (P. tricornutum) or constitutive (T. pseudonana) ferrireductase system displaying characteristics similar to the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) flavohemoproteins proteins. Iron uptake mechanisms probably involve very different components according to the species, but the species we studied shared common features. Regardless of the presence and/or induction of a ferrireductase system, all the species were able to take up both ferric and ferrous iron, and iron reduction was not a prerequisite for uptake. Iron uptake decreased with increasing the affinity constants of iron-ligand complexes and with increasing ligand-iron ratios. Therefore, at least one step of the iron uptake mechanism involves a thermodynamically controlled process. Another step escapes to simple thermodynamic rules and involves specific and strong binding of ferric as well as ferrous iron at the cell surface before uptake of iron. Binding was paradoxically increased in iron-rich conditions, whereas uptake per se was induced in all species only after prolonged iron deprivation. We sought cell proteins loaded with iron following iron uptake. One such protein in O. tauri may be ferritin, and in P. tricornutum, Isip1 may be involved. We conclude that the species we studied have uptake systems for both ferric and ferrous iron, both involving specific iron binding at the cell surface.
Bladder interstitial cells: an updated review of current knowledge
Authors: McCloskey K. D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe field of bladder research has been energized by the study of novel interstitial cells (IC) over the last decade. Several subgroups of IC are located within the bladder wall and make structural interactions with nerves and smooth muscle, indicating integration with intercellular communication and key physiological functions. Significant progress has been made in the study of bladder ICs' cellular markers, ion channels and receptor expression, electrical and calcium signalling, yet their specific functions in normal bladder filling and emptying remain elusive. There is increasing evidence that the distribution of IC is altered in bladder pathophysiologies suggesting that changes in IC may be linked with the development of bladder dysfunction. This article summarizes the current state of the art of our knowledge of IC in normal bladder and reviews the literature on IC in dysfunctional bladder.
Autonomic nervous control of the urinary bladder
Authors: Ochodnicky P. , Uvelius B. , Andersson K.‐E. , Michel M. C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of the urinary bladder function. Under physiological circumstances, noradrenaline, acting mainly on β3‐adrenoceptors in the detrusor and on α1A‐adrenoceptors in the bladder outflow tract, promotes urine storage, whereas neuronally released acetylcholine acting mainly on M3 receptors promotes bladder emptying. Under pathophysiological conditions, however, this system may change in several ways. Firstly, there may be plasticity at the levels of innervation and receptor expression and function. Secondly, non‐neuronal acetylcholine synthesis and release from the urothelium may occur during the storage phase, leading to a concomitant exposure of detrusor smooth muscle, urothelium and afferent nerves to acetylcholine and noradrenaline. This can cause interactions between the adrenergic and cholinergic system, which have been studied mostly at the post‐junctional smooth muscle level until now. The implications of such plasticity are being discussed.
Organization of the neural switching circuitry underlying reflex micturition
Authors: de Groat W. C. , Wickens C. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe functions of the lower urinary tract to store and periodically eliminate urine are regulated by a complex neural control system in the brain and spinal cord that coordinates the activity of the bladder and urethral outlet. Experimental studies in animals indicate that urine storage is modulated by reflex mechanisms in the spinal cord, whereas voiding is mediated by a spinobulbospinal pathway passing through a coordination centre in the rostral brain stem. Many of the neural circuits controlling micturition exhibit switch‐like patterns of activity that turn on and off in an all‐or‐none manner. This study summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the spinal and supraspinal micturition switching circuitry and describes a computer model of these circuits that mimics the switching functions of the bladder and urethra at the onset of micturition.
Different mechanisms causing loss of mismatched human leukocyte antigens in relapsing t(6;11)(q27;q23) acute myeloid leukemia after haploidentical transplantation
Authors: Tamaki Hiroya , Fujioka Tatsuya , Ikegame Kazuhiro , Yoshihara Satoshi , Kaida Katsuji , Taniguchi Kyoko , Kato Ruri , Tokugawa Taduko , Nakata Jun , Inoue Takayuki , Yano Aya , Eguchi Ryoji , Okada Masaya , Maruya Etsuko , Saji Hiroh , Ogawa Hiroyasu 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMismatched human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) on leukemic cells can be targeted by donor T cells in HLA‐mismatched/haploidentical stem cell transplantation. In two cases of acute myeloid leukemia with t(6;11)(q27;q23) abnormality presented here, flow cytometry analysis showed a lack of HLA‐A unshared between recipients and donors in relapsing leukemic cells after HLA‐haploidentical transplantation. However, high‐resolution HLA genotyping showed that one case lacked a corresponding HLA haplotype, whereas the other preserved it. These cases suggest that leukemic cells, which lacked mismatched HLA expression, might have an advantage in selective expansion under donor T‐cell immune surveillance after HLA‐haploidentical transplantation. Most importantly, down‐regulation of unshared HLA expression potentially occurs by genetic alterations other than loss of HLA alleles.
Hypocupremia associated cytopenia and myelopathy: a national retrospective review
Authors: Gabreyes Alemayehu A. , Abbasi Hina Naz , Forbes Kirsten P. , McQuaker Grant , Duncan Andrew , Morrison Ian 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCopper is an essential trace element that is involved in a number of important enzymatic processes throughout the body. Recent single case reports and small studies have shown that deficiency of copper can cause reversible haematological changes and irreversible neurological injury. We chose to undertake a national study, looking at all cases of copper deficiency in Scotland over a 5‐yr period using information from a national reference laboratory. From 16 identified patients, we determined that 86% had both haematological and neurological features of copper deficiency, while 18% had haematological features only at presentation. Twelve of the sixteen patients had high serum zinc concentrations (>18 μm/L) nine patients were using zinc‐containing dental fixatives at time of diagnosis. 94% of patients had haematological features as an initial manifestation of copper deficiency, which included anaemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. Patients who underwent later bone marrow testing had appearances in keeping with refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia, refractory anaemia with excess of blasts, unclassified marrow dysplasia or probable myelodysplasia (MDS). 75% of patients had neurological symptoms or signs, including progressive walking difficulties and paraesthesia, or gait difficulties without sensory signs. Clinical examination was in keeping with spastic paraparesis (either with or without sensory neuropathy). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed multifocal T2 hyper intense foci in the subcortical white matter, and atrophy of the cerebrum and cerebellum was also seen on computerised tomography (CT). MRI of the spinal cord showed signal change in the dorsal columns in either the cervical or thoracic cord. 93% of cytopenias responded to copper replacement and addressing the original cause of the copper deficiency, but only 25% of patients had improvement in their neurological function, while 33% deteriorated and 42% remained unchanged. Our study demonstrates that copper deficiency is an under‐recognised cause of several types of cytopenia, which are reversible but can progress to significant neurological injury if left untreated. We illustrate the importance of identifying these patients early to prevent irreversible neurological injury.
Programmed cell death pathways in cancer: a review of apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis
Authors: Ouyang L. , Shi Z. , Zhao S. , Wang F.‐T. , Zhou T.‐T. , Liu B. , Bao J.‐K. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractProgrammed cell death (PCD), referring to apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis, is proposed to be death of a cell in any pathological format, when mediated by an intracellular program. These three forms of PCD may jointly decide the fate of cells of malignant neoplasms; apoptosis and programmed necrosis invariably contribute to cell death, whereas autophagy can play either pro‐survival or pro‐death roles. Recent bulk of accumulating evidence has contributed to a wealth of knowledge facilitating better understanding of cancer initiation and progression with the three distinctive types of cell death. To be able to decipher PCD signalling pathways may aid development of new targeted anti‐cancer therapeutic strategies. Thus in this review, we present a brief outline of apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis pathways and apoptosis‐related microRNA regulation, in cancer. Taken together, understanding PCD and the complex interplay between apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis may ultimately allow scientists and clinicians to harness the three types of PCD for discovery of further novel drug targets, in the future cancer treatment.
Exploring the role of environmental variables in shaping patterns of seabed biodiversity composition in regional‐scale ecosystems
Authors: Roland Pitcher C. , Lawton Peter , Ellis Nick , Smith Stephen J. , Incze Lewis S. , Wei Chih‐Lin , Greenlaw Michelle E. , Wolff Nicholas H. , Sameoto Jessica A. , Snelgrove Paul V. R. 
Published: October 2012

Summary1. Environmental variables are often used as indirect surrogates for mapping biodiversity because species survey data are scant at regional scales, especially in the marine realm. However, environmental variables are measured on arbitrary scales unlikely to have simple, direct relationships with biological patterns. Instead, biodiversity may respond nonlinearly and to interactions between environmental variables.2. To investigate the role of the environment in driving patterns of biodiversity composition in large marine regions, we collated multiple biological survey and environmental data sets from tropical NE Australia, the deep Gulf of Mexico and the temperate Gulf of Maine. We then quantified the shape and magnitude of multispecies responses along >30 environmental gradients and the extent to which these variables predicted regional distributions. To do this, we applied a new statistical approach, Gradient Forest, an extension of Random Forest, capable of modelling nonlinear and threshold responses.3. The regional‐scale environmental variables predicted an average of 13–35% (up to 50–85% for individual species) of the variation in species abundance distributions. Important predictors differed among regions and biota and included depth, salinity, temperature, sediment composition and current stress. The shapes of responses along gradients also differed and were nonlinear, often with thresholds indicative of step changes in composition. These differing regional responses were partly due to differing environmental indicators of bioregional boundaries and, given the results to date, may indicate limited scope for extrapolating bio‐physical relationships beyond the region of source data sets.4. Synthesis and applications. Gradient Forest offers a new capability for exploring relationships between biodiversity and environmental gradients, generating new information on multispecies responses at a detail not available previously. Importantly, given the scarcity of data, Gradient Forest enables the combined use of information from disparate data sets. The gradient response curves provide biologically informed transformations of environmental layers to predict and map expected patterns of biodiversity composition that represent sampled composition better than uninformed variables. The approach can be applied to support marine spatial planning and management and has similar applicability in terrestrial realms.
Aerial surveys of seabirds: the advent of digital methods
Authors: Buckland Stephen T. , Burt M. Louise , Rexstad Eric A. , Mellor Matt , Williams Adrian E. , Woodward Rebecca 
Published: October 2012

Summary1. Aerial seabird surveys are often conducted so that changes in abundance may be monitored. For example, large‐scale offshore wind farms are proposed for UK waters, and surveys are currently being conducted to quantify numbers and distribution ahead of construction.2. Technological advances mean that strip transect surveys may now be conducted, using digital methods. We address survey design and data analysis issues for such digital surveys, contrasting them with visual aerial line transect surveys.3. We also explore the relative performances of the methods for estimating the size of a large aggregation of common scoters in Carmarthen Bay, Wales. We found that abundance estimates from two digital methods were closely comparable, while estimates from visual aerial surveys were appreciably lower.4. Synthesis and applications. Efficient survey methods to quantify abundance and distribution of seabirds are needed, to assess change arising from climate change, or developments such as the construction of large‐scale offshore wind farms. The traditional survey methods are visual surveys conducted along transects from ships or aircraft. Digital video and stills surveys can be conducted from aircraft flying sufficiently high to avoid disturbance, while still being able to detect and identify seabirds. Given the rapid technological developments, we expect digital surveys largely to replace visual surveys for seabirds in offshore regions.
Twenty‐five years of sagebrush steppe plant community development following seed addition
Authors: Hoelzle Timothy B. , Jonas Jayne L. , Paschke Mark W. 
Published: October 2012

Summary1. Plant community succession has been a major area of study over the past century with recent research focusing on the importance of initial colonisers following disturbance. Seed addition can accelerate ecosystem regeneration and is a method commonly used by land managers to restore disturbed lands. However, few studies have examined the effects of seeding treatments on long‐term community composition.2. A study was established in 1984 in the Piceance Basin of northwest Colorado to examine how various revegetation seed mixes affect plant community development following disturbance. The site was surveyed again in 2008 and 2009 to assess long‐term community development.3. Initial seed mix resulted in significant differences in plant community composition after 25 years. Seeding with native and exotic early‐seral species resulted in a community with significantly more exotic species and mid‐seral shrubs, while seeding with native late‐seral species resulted in a community dominated by perennial grasses. Additionally, an unseeded control resulted in a vegetation community dominated by both perennial grasses and mid‐seral shrubs, but community composition at the species level was considerably different from that of the seeded treatments. However, the plant community composition of each of the three treatments was significantly different from an adjacent undisturbed reference area, which was dominated by the late‐seral shrub, Artemisia tridentata, and perennial grasses.4. Synthesis and applications. Our results illustrate how initial colonisers (seed mix) can strongly affect subsequent community assemblage after 25 years of development. Restoration ecologists should give considerable thought to the species used in a restoration seed mix to ensure the success of restoration designs and to create the desired community assembly and associated ecosystem services.
Comparing large‐scale bioregions and fine‐scale community‐level biodiversity predictions from subtidal rocky reefs across south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Leaper Rebecca , Dunstan Piers K. , Foster Scott D. , Barrett Neville J. , Edgar Graham J. 
Published: October 2012

Summary1. In the absence of knowledge of the large‐scale structure and distribution of marine biota, bioregionalisations, that is, spatial classifications of data on a range of environmental and/or biological attributes, are often viewed as one of the most appropriate frameworks within which to develop networks of marine protected areas (MPAs). However, despite their potential usefulness, few studies have assessed whether bioregionalisations can be used for management of species other than those it was derived from or whether bioregionalisations capture fully fine‐scale community‐level biodiversity patterns.2. We investigated the large‐scale structure and distribution of demersal fishes and macroinvertebrates in south‐eastern Australia, using rank abundance distributions (RADs). We used a recently developed community modelling method that allows their multivariate distribution to vary according to environmental gradients, assessing the congruency of mapped biogeographic patterns between the different taxa, and in the light of the Interim Marine and Coastal Regionalisation for Australia (IMCRA).3. A clear pattern in our analysis based on RADs showed a large difference in assemblage structure (i.e. in abundance, richness and evenness) between South Australia, where assemblages were generally more species rich and even, and Victoria and Tasmania, where assemblages were generally more species poor and uneven. The strong longitudinal pattern in species richness and evenness was generally congruent for both demersal fishes and macroinvertebrates and related to regional differences in oceanography.4. We found that the regions of highest species richness were found in the ‘core’ bioregions rather than ‘transition’ bioregions as defined in the IMCRA and for both taxa. Moreover, we found that not all assemblage structures were equally alike and that South Australia had the greatest range of unique assemblage structures.5. Synthesis and applications. While bioregionalisations are typically based on data from a single taxon, our findings highlight that they can be used as a surrogate for biological patterns seen in other taxa. Bioregionalisations, however, may not capture fully fine‐scale community‐level biodiversity patterns, and this may compromise the ability of protected area networks to protect the full variability in assemblage types. We suggest that it may be necessary to validate existing regionalisations with additional data and analyses such as the RAD analyses conducted here.