bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Developing Countries are at Disadvantage Position in WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism
Authors: Waqas Muhammad 
Published: April 2014

The Dispute Settlement Board of WTO aims to solve the disputes of WTO members regarding international trade. Dispute settlement process involves the parties and third parties to a case, and it operates through the DSB panels, the Appellate Body, the WTO Secretariat, arbitrators, independent experts and several specialized institutions. Although the dispute settlement mechanism provides opportunities to the developing countries to seek remedies if they are aggrieved by any other country, yet there are certain challenges for the developing countries to participate effectively in DSM. The study finds out the challenges that caused the role of developing countries less significant in the WTO dispute settlement process. Moreover, several recommendations have also been made for making the role of developing countries more effective.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i2.10103 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-1, issue-2: 60-63
Stress Build-Up during Multilayer Welding with Novel Martensitic Filler Materials*
Authors: Kromm A. , Kannengießer T. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Controlling the level of mostly detrimental residual stresses already during the welding process would be highly attractive as time and cost consuming post processing may be prevented. Innovative Low Transformation Temperature (LTT-) filler materials are specially designed for controlling weld residual stresses by means of adjusted martensite formation already during welding. Numerous publications can be found on this issue, but they provide only little insight into the interaction between martensite formation and resulting welding residual stresses. Within this study a component weld test was performed in a special large-scale testing facility. In-situ load analysis revealed that the amount of stress reduction during deposition of the individual weld runs is dependent on the weld volume undergoing phase transformation related to the shrinking volume. The residual stresses found after welding show that the desired residual stress control by using LTT alloys is sensitive to welding boundary conditions (i. e. weld geometry, plate thickness) and to be evaluated separately for varying weld scenarios.
Characterization of Residual Stress Evolved in Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloys*
Authors: Suzuki S. , Kwon E. P. , Tanaka S.-I. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

It is considered that complicated residual stresses may occur in shape memory alloys (SMAs) during deformation, as the matrix phase is transformed to martensitic phase during plastic deformation and the martensitic phase is reversely transformed by heating. Since the final shape of SMAs are influenced by residual stresses, it is important to characterize the residual stresses formed in SMAs during plastic deformation and annealing. The X-ray diffraction method was used to characterize the phase transformation and the residual stress formed in an Fe-Mn-Si-Cr SMA in this study. The samples were tensile-deformed to different strains and subsequently annealed. The results showed that a part of γ-phase with the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure was found to be transformed to ∊-phase with the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure by room-temperature tensile deformation in the SMA, and the ∊-phase was reversely transformed by subsequent heating. It has been also shown that the compressive stress occurred in the tensile direction of the γ-phase on tensile deformation and unloading. The compressive stress is believed to result from the formation of the ∊-phase during stress-induced martensitic transformation. After the deformed samples were annealed to recover their shapes, the residual stress was considerably released. This is considered to be due to the decrease in the amount of the transformed ∊-phase during annealing. These results indicated that residual stress in the fcc matrix phase is correlated with the shape recovery characteristics of the SMA after martensitic and reverse martensitic transformations.
Residual Stress Analysis of Thick Film Systems by the Incremental Hole-Drilling Method*
Authors: Held E. , Gibmeier J. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Residual stresses play an important role in coating systems as they determine their properties as well as their life-time behavior. In many industrial applications multi-layer systems are used. This work examines the applicability of the incremental hole drilling method to determine residual stress states in multi-layer coating systems, i.e. in the top-layer, in the interlayer and in the substrate. For this purpose systematic finite element (FE) simulations are carried out. Initially, the interfaces were assumed to be planar and subsequently rough interfaces were considered. The results indicate that thin interlayers with layer thicknesses smaller than 30 μm can be neglected in the evaluation of the measured strain relaxations, since they lead only to a minor stress deviation. In case of larger interlayer thicknesses a case-specific calibration, taking into account the exact build-up of the multilayer system, results in reliable determinations of the residual stress states, in the top-layer, the interlayer and the substrate. Finally the simulation results are applied to a model thick film system consisting of a thermally sprayed Al2O3-coating on a fine-grained construction steel (S690QL). Its residual stress state is determined experimentally by the incremental hole-drilling method.
Microstructure and Properties of Pearlitic Steel during Cold Wire Drawing: A Residual Stress Perspective*
Authors: Kriška M. , Tacq J. , Van Acker K. , Seefeldt M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

The residual stress evolution during cold drawing of pearlitic steel wire was followed over a broad strain range by diffraction techniques. The present work discusses possible links between microstructural changes induced by severe deformation and their “footprints” left in the residual stresses on different – macro, micro and nano – scale levels. Energy dispersive synchrotron diffraction revealed a significant divergence in the grain microstress evolution among differently oriented ferrite grains in the high deformation regime beyond an accumulated true strain of about ∊t ≥ 2.3. A possible physical reason for the observed divergence is discussed in terms of a distinct microstructure development in this stage of the cold wire drawing.
Les représentations iconographiques du IVe apologue de la légende de Barlaam et Josaphat dans le Moyen Âge italien
Authors: Tagliatesta Francesca 
Published: April 2014

The iconographic representations of the fourth apologue of the Barlaam and Josaphat legend in the Italian middle age.
The legend of Barlaam and Josaphat is a well-known motif within the mediaeval literature and iconography of East and West. The present essay deals with an examination of the 4th apologue of the story and particularly with its iconographical representation in mediaeval art of Italy.
After a chronological presentation of the different textual branches by means of which the story has been spread from India (the origin) to Italy, the enquiry goes into details of images-repertory connected to the apologue and elaborated in the time of XIIth and XIVth centuries. Each representation is displayed in the cultural context in which has been shaped and, if that's the case, in its relationship with a textual source. Such a thoroughly examination suggested a lot of comparisons and correspondences from which some thematic and formal developments have been studied, including their reasons in adopting a particular feature.
The artists engaged in making the images inspired by the apologue have given some interpretations corresponding to particular choices in iconography. Nevertheless, some features are recurrent topics, like the scenes constantly flanking the representations of the apologue and whose intention is to emphasize the moral traits of the story. The man in the well, enchanted by the honey, symbolizes the human addiction to earthly goods and the vacuity of life as well.
Media literacy education for a new prosumer citizenship
Authors: García-Ruiz Rosa , Ramírez-García Antonia , Rodríguez-Rosell María-del-Mar 
Published: April 2014

Access to technology and the Internet is having a positive impact on all levels, personal, family, professional and social. However, the influence of the media has not been accompanied by the promotion of media literacy. The development of the media skill among citizens, especially young people and children, in order to exercise a critical and active role in relation to the media, is a key development in this society of «media prosumers». This paper discusses the results of a research project at state level, surveying a sample of 2.143 students from Kindergarten, Primary and Secondary School, in this study using a questionnaire ad hoc online. The objetive of the research project is to identify levels of media literacy amongst children and adolescents. It can be seen that a significant portion of the sample is proficient in the media, at an acceptable level. However, and despite belonging to the generation of socalled «digital natives» the sample does not possess the skills necessary to practice as a «media prosumers». We conclude the work highlighting the necessity of complementing the digital competence established in the school curriculum with media literacy as a key element into developing a «prosumer culture». This would resolve the convergence of an urgent need to improve the training of young audiences as responsible citizens capable of consuming and producing media messages in a free, responsible, critical and creative way.El acceso a las tecnologías y a Internet está teniendo consecuencias positivas en todos los niveles, personales, familiares, profesionales y sociales. Sin embargo, la influencia de los medios de comunicación no se ha acompasado con el fomento de la alfabetización mediática. El desarrollo de la competencia mediática en la ciudadanía, y especialmente en los jóvenes y niños para que puedan ejercer de forma crítica y activa su papel ante los medios, se revela como clave en esta sociedad de «prosumidores mediáticos». En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un proyecto de investigación de ámbito estatal con el objetivo de identificar los niveles de competencia mediática de niños y adolescentes, encuestando a una muestra de 2.143 estudiantes de Educación Infantil, Primaria, Secundaria y Bachillerato, mediante un cuestionario ad hoc online. Puede observarse que una importante parte de la muestra es competente ante los medios, en un nivel aceptable, sin embargo, y a pesar de que pertenecen a la generación de los denominados «nativos digitales», no poseen las habilidades necesarias para ejercer como «prosumidores mediáticos». Concluimos el trabajo destacando la necesidad de complementar la competencia digital establecida en el currículum escolar con la competencia mediática, como elemento clave para desarrollar una «cultura prosumidora», convergencia de imperiosa necesidad para mejorar la formación de las jóvenes audiencias como ciudadanos responsables capaces de consumir y producir mensajes mediáticos de manera libre, responsable, crítica y creativa.
Online and mobilized students: The use of Facebook in the Chilean student protests
Authors: Cabalín-Quijada Cristian 
Published: April 2014

Considering the relationship between new social media and youth political actions, the purpose of this article is to describe the use of Facebook during the 2011 Chilean student movement, through a content and textual analysis of Facebook’s page of the Student Federation of the University of Chile (FECH). In 2011, Chile experienced massive mobilizations for seven months. These were perhaps the most important social protests in Chile's recent history, where young people played a leading role in the discussion over education. During these events, Facebook was one of the digital social networks most widely used by the mobilized organizations. In FECH’s case, it utilized Facebook mainly to call for protest actions, to highlight the achievements of the movement, and to indicate their opponents. However, most of the content published on this Facebook page was produced by traditional media, demonstrating that conventional communication strategies of social movements are interrelated with new innovative practices. Therefore, this article rejects technological determinism, because it does not recognize the complex characteristics of student and youth movements.Considerando la relación entre los nuevos medios digitales y la acción política de los jóvenes, el objetivo de este artículo es describir el uso de Facebook durante el movimiento estudiantil chileno de 2011, a través de un análisis de contenido y textual de la página de Facebook de la Federación de Estudiantes de la Universidad de Chile (FECH). En 2011, Chile experimentó una serie de movilizaciones, quizás las más importantes de su historia reciente, donde los jóvenes fueron los protagonistas de la discusión sobre la educación. Durante estas manifestaciones, Facebook fue una de las redes sociales en Internet más utilizadas por las organizaciones participantes. En el caso de la FECH, esta agrupación estudiantil usó Facebook principalmente para convocar a las acciones de protestas, para resaltar los logros del movimiento y para señalar quiénes eran sus adversarios. Sin embargo, la mayor parte del contenido publicado fue generado por los medios de comunicación tradicionales, demostrando que en el nivel comunicacional también se entrelazan las estrategias usuales de los movimientos sociales con las nuevas prácticas más innovadoras. Por lo tanto, se rechaza la visión del determinismo tecnológico, porque no da cuenta de los fenómenos complejos que caracterizan el desarrollo de los movimientos estudiantiles y juveniles.
Internet as a haven and social shield. Problematic uses of the network by young Spaniards
Authors: Gomes-Franco-Silva Flávia , Sendín-Gutiérrez José-Carlos 
Published: April 2014

Universal access to the Internet among young people has been accompanied by new opportunities associated with online developments and practices, but the problematic use of the digital environment also involves threats. In the current scientific literature, there is no clear consensus on the definition of the behaviors that could arise from inappropriate use of the Web, which, as an attempt, is defined with the term addiction. This article combines a qualitative-quantitative approach, based on a competitive national research project, aiming to identify the main threats posed by digital immersion of Spanish youth between 12 and 17 years old. On the one hand, results obtained from this research confirm the discomfort experienced by young people when they have to be offline during a certain period of time, especially in those intensive users of social networks. On the other hand, it has been shown how damaged or conflicting family relationships lead individuals from 15 years old to spend more time connected to the Internet in an attempt to supplement or protest against their family interactions. This study confirms several trends already mentioned in the specialized literature, and presents new findings that suggest possible future lines of investigation on early detection of cyberpathologies.
La universalización del acceso a Internet entre los jóvenes va acompañada de nuevas oportunidades asociadas a las prácticas y desarrollos on-line, pero también de amenazas derivadas de un uso problemático del entorno digital. En la literatura científica actual, no se observa un consenso en la definición de las conductas que podrían derivarse de un uso inadecuado de la Red, al que, de manera aún tentativa, se define como adicción. Este trabajo combina una aproximación cualitativa y cuantitativa, a partir de un proyecto competitivo nacional, con el objetivo de identificar las principales amenazas que presenta la inmersión digital de los jóvenes entre 12 y 17 años en España. Los resultados obtenidos confirman, en primer lugar, el estrés y/o malestar experimentado por los jóvenes ante la imposibilidad de conectarse a Internet durante un determinado período de tiempo, especialmente en aquellos usuarios intensivos de redes sociales. En segundo lugar, se ha comprobado cómo las relaciones familiares deterioradas o conflictivas influyen en que los adoles-centes a partir de 15 años pasen más tiempo conectados a la Red, en un intento de suplir sus interacciones familiares o protestar frente a ellas. El trabajo confirma tendencias apuntadas en la literatura especializada y presenta nuevos hallazgos que sugieren líneas adicionales de interés para futuras investigaciones interdisciplinarias en torno al reconocimiento y la detección precoz de las ciberpatologías.
News consumption among Chilean adolescents: Interest, motivations and perceptions on the news agenda
Authors: Condeza-Dall’Orso Ana-Rayén , Bachmann-Cáceres Ingrid , Mujica-Holley Constanza 
Published: April 2014

In today’s context of media proliferation and increasing access to diverse media content, it becomes necessary to address young people’s motivation to consume information. Researching this age group is relevant given that adolescence is a key period in people’s civic socialization. This study explores how 13 to 17 year old Chileans consume news, in a multiple-platform, convergent and mobile media context. There are few studies that focus on the information habits of this particular age group. Using a quantitative self-administered questionnaire applied to 2,273 high school adolescents from four different regions in the country, this paper analyses participants’ news consumption habits, their interest in news, their perception about the importance of different topics, and their motivations to being informed. The results show that surveyed teenagers access information mainly via social media like Facebook, to the detriment of traditional media. These adolescents are least interested in traditional politics, but they think this is the most prominent topic in the news. Their motivations to consume news have to do with their wish to be able to defend their points of view and deliver information to others. Also, they think that their portrayal in the news agenda is both inadequate and negative. These findings suggest that the news industry has a pending debt with young audiences.
En un contexto de proliferación de medios y creciente acceso a diversos contenidos mediáticos, se vuelve necesario examinar las motivaciones de las audiencias jóvenes para consumir información. El estudio de este grupo etario es relevante, dado que la adolescencia es un período fundamental en la socialización cívica de las personas. Esta investigación explora cómo chilenos de 13 a 17 años consumen noticias, en un contexto mediático de múltiples soportes, convergencia y cultura móvil. Pocos estudios se centran en los hábitos informativos de este grupo específico. A partir de un cuestionario cuantitativo autoaplicado en 2013 a 2.273 adolescentes en establecimientos educativos de cuatro regiones del país, se analizan sus hábitos de consumo, interés en las noticias, percepción sobre la importancia de los temas de la agenda y motivaciones informativas. Los resultados muestran que los jóvenes encuestados se informan principalmente a través de redes sociales como Facebook, en detrimento de los medios convencionales. El tema que menos les interesa es la política tradicional, que, a su juicio, es el que más aparece en las noticias. Sus motivaciones en el consumo informativo se relacionan con el deseo de defender sus puntos de vista y de transmitir información a otros. Además, estiman que su representación en la agenda informativa es inadecuada y negativa. Estos resultados sugieren una deuda pendiente de la industria informativa con los jóvenes.
Active audiences: Social audience participation in television
Authors: Quintas-Froufe Natalia , González-Neira Ana 
Published: April 2014

The combination of social networks, second screens and TV has given rise to a new relationship between viewers and their televisions, and the traditional roles in the communication paradigm have been altered irrevocably. Social television has spawned the social audience, a fragmentation of the real audience based on how they interact with social networks. This study is an attempt to analyze the factors which contribute to the success or failure of programs with a similar format in relation to their social audience. To do so, the study took as its subject three talent shows launched on the principal mainstream TV channels in Spain in September 2013. The study looked at the impact of these shows on the Twitter network, employing a control form [and developing a categorization and coding system for the analysis with the aim of collating all the data collected]. The results showed that the success of the shows was influenced by the activity in the social network accounts of the presenters and the judges. The conclusions reached in this analysis of the Spanish audience could be used as a development model for social audiences in other countries where social television is not so widespread.
La combinación de redes sociales, segundas pantallas y televisión ha propiciado la aparición de una nueva relación de los espectadores con la televisión en la que los habituales roles del paradigma de la comunicación se han alterado. La televisión social ha dado pie al nacimiento de la audiencia social entendida como una fragmentación de la audiencia real en función de su interactividad en las redes sociales. Este trabajo pretende estudiar los elementos que contribuyen al éxito o fracaso de programas con un mismo formato en relación a la audiencia social. Para ello se han tomado como objeto de estudio los tres talent show que lanzaron las principales cadenas generalistas españolas en septiembre del año 2013. Se ha procedido a la observación del impacto de dichos programas en la red social Twitter empleando una ficha de elaboración propia y se desarrolló un sistema de categorías de análisis y códigos con el fin de recopilar toda la información recogida. Los resultados obtenidos indican que en el éxito de los programas analizados en audiencia social influye la actividad de la cuentas de los presentadores y del jurado. Las conclusiones alcanzadas tras este análisis de la experiencia española pueden servir como modelo de desarrollo de la audiencia social para otros países en los que esta no se encuentre tan extendida.