bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The place of civilians in policing
Authors: Alderden Megan , G. Skogan Wesley 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the correlates of job satisfaction among civilian employees of law enforcement agencies, to assess how features of the policing workplace influence employee morale.

Design/methodology/approach
– The data for this study were drawn from surveys conducted as part of the National Police Research Platform. In total, 472 civilians from 19 police agencies completed the survey.

Findings
– The findings indicate that contentment with pay and benefits, lower levels of work-related stress, equality in the workplace, and feelings of acceptance were associated with civilian employee satisfaction.

Research limitations/implications
– The analyses presented here focusses on factors more unique to policing and did not include all of factors correlated with job satisfaction in past literature. Future research should address this as well as control for the effect of organizational-level factors.

Practical implications
– The research identifies key factors in each of those categories that inhibit the effective incorporation of civilians into the workforce. It indicates that reaping the full advantages of civilianization is complex and requires attention to fundamental aspects of police organizations. How administrators deal with this reality will impact the efficiency and effectiveness of their organizations in important ways.

Originality/value
– To date, much of what has been written about the place of civilians in policing consists of descriptions of their numeric representation and discussions of the presumed advantages of hiring them in larger numbers. Less is known about how well civilians have been integrated into the policing workforce.
Survival in macaroni penguins and the relative importance of different drivers: individual traits, predation pressure and environmental variability
Authors: Horswill Catharine , Matthiopoulos Jason , Green Jonathan A. , Meredith Michael P. , Forcada Jaume , Peat Helen , Preston Mark , Trathan Phil N. , Ratcliffe Norman 
Published: May 2014

Summary

Understanding the demographic response of free‐living animal populations to different drivers is the first step towards reliable prediction of population trends.

Penguins have exhibited dramatic declines in population size, and many studies have linked this to bottom‐up processes altering the abundance of prey species. The effects of individual traits have been considered to a lesser extent, and top‐down regulation through predation has been largely overlooked due to the difficulties in empirically measuring this at sea where it usually occurs.

For 10 years (2003–2012), macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) were marked with subcutaneous electronic transponder tags and re‐encountered using an automated gateway system fitted at the entrance to the colony. We used multistate mark–recapture modelling to identify the different drivers influencing survival rates and a sensitivity analysis to assess their relative importance across different life stages.

Survival rates were low and variable during the fledging year (mean = 0·33), increasing to much higher levels from age 1 onwards (mean = 0·89). We show that survival of macaroni penguins is driven by a combination of individual quality, top‐down predation pressure and bottom‐up environmental forces. The relative importance of these covariates was age specific. During the fledging year, survival rates were most sensitive to top‐down predation pressure, followed by individual fledging mass, and finally bottom‐up environmental effects. In contrast, birds older than 1 year showed a similar response to bottom‐up environmental effects and top‐down predation pressure.

We infer from our results that macaroni penguins will most likely be negatively impacted by an increase in the local population size of giant petrels. Furthermore, this population is, at least in the short term, likely to be positively influenced by local warming. More broadly, our results highlight the importance of considering multiple causal effects across different life stages when examining the survival rates of seabirds.
Gastric cancer: Australian outcomes of multi‐modality treatment with curative intent
Authors: Chen Yufei , Awan Nida , Haveman Jan Willem , Apostolou Christos , Chang David K. , Merrett Neil D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundGastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. Large Western trials have shown overall 5‐year survival rates of 36–47%. Surgical resection remains the mainstay of curative treatment. We report the outcomes at a single Australian centre.MethodsWe analysed a prospectively kept database of patients after gastric resection for adenocarcinoma at a tertiary Australian hospital. Disease‐specific survival (DSS) was considered the primary end‐point.ResultsOne hundred and seventy‐three patients underwent gastrectomy with curative intent. Average age at diagnosis was 68, with 72% being male patients. One hundred patients had a total gastrectomy and 73 had subtotal. The average number of lymph nodes examined was 23. All patients were discussed in a multidisciplinary setting. Perioperative morbidity rate was 31%, with 3.5% 30‐day mortality. Five‐year DSS was 67.4% with 91.2%, 76.7% and 39.3% for stage 1, 2 and 3 disease, respectively. Five‐year overall survival considering death from any cause was 47.4%.ConclusionThis large Australian single centre study shows outcomes equivalent to other Western series and approaches that of Japanese data. High survival figures can be achieved when gastrectomy is performed by an experienced institution through a multi‐modality approach with adequate staging, aggressive and appropriate resection and selective use of perioperative therapy.
Evaluation of lecithinized human recombinant super oxide dismutase as cardioprotectant in anthracycline‐treated breast cancer patients
Authors: Broeyer Frederik J. F. , Osanto Susanne , Suzuki Jun , de Jongh Felix , van Slooten Henk , Tanis Bea C. , Bruning Tobias , Bax Jeroen J. , Ritsema van Eck Henk J. , de Kam Marieke L. , Cohen Adam F. , Mituzhima Yutaka , Burggraaf Jacobus 
Published: May 2014

AimAnthracycline‐induced cardiotoxicity is (partly) mediated by free radical overload. A randomized study was performed in breast cancer patients to investigate whether free radical scavenger super oxide dismutase (SOD) protects against anthracycline‐induced cardiotoxicity as measured by changes in echo, electrocardiography and an array of biomarkers.Method and ResultsEighty female, chemotherapy‐naïve breast cancer patients (median age 49, range 24–67 years) scheduled for four or five courses of adjuvant 3 weekly doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide (AC) chemotherapy, were randomly assigned to receive 80 mg PC‐SOD (human recombinant SOD bound to lecithin) or placebo, administered intravenously (i.v.) immediately prior to each AC course. The primary end point was protection against cardiac damage evaluated using echocardiography, QT assessments and a set of biochemical markers for myocardial function, oxidative stress and inflammation. Assessments were performed before and during each course of chemotherapy, and at 1, 4 and 9 months after completion of the chemotherapy regimen. In all patients cardiac effects such as increases in NT‐proBNP concentration and prolongation of the QTc interval were noticed. There were no differences between the PC‐SOD and placebo‐treated patients in systolic or diastolic cardiac function or for any other of the biomarkers used to assess the cardiac effects of anthracyclines.ConclusionPC‐SOD at a dose of 80 mg i.v. is not cardioprotective in patients with breast carcinoma treated with anthracyclines.
Measurement Issues: Review of four patient reported outcome measures: SDQ, RCADS, C/ORS and GBO – their strengths and limitations for clinical use and service evaluation
Authors: Wolpert Miranda , Cheng Helen , Deighton Jessica 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundThere is an international drive for routine use of Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) across all health services including in relation to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). A number of reviews have summarized the validity and reliability of well‐being and mental health measures for children but there are fewer attempts to consider utility for routine use.MethodThis review considers four child self‐report measures: the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS), (Child) Outcomes Rating Scale (C/ORS) and Goals Based Outcomes (GBOs). It explores the strengths and limitations of each and considers how they can be used to support both clinical practice and service evaluation.ResultsThere is evidence for the clinical utility of RCADS, C/ORS and GBOs, although the utility of the SDQ as a feedback measure remains unclear. For service evaluation, the SDQ has the greatest evidence for norms making it useful for comparison and there is evidence that the RCADS may be the most sensitive to change of the measures reviewed; C/ORS has issues around ceiling effect, data error and data manipulation. More research is required around GBOs before their use for service evaluation can be determined.ConclusionsIn summary, these different measures may be viewed as complementary tools and determining the best way to make use of them severally and individually in clinical and community settings is a current focus for child mental health practitioners.
Real‐Time Modelling of Fibrous Muscle
Authors: Kohout J. , Kukačka M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRelatively recently it has become apparent that providing human kind with a better healthcare requires personalized, predictive and integrative medicine, for which the building of virtual physiological human (VPH) framework accessible via virtual patient avatar is necessary. Real‐time modelling and visual exploration of such a complex avatar is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a real‐time method for automatic modelling of an arbitrarily large number of muscle fibres in the volume of a muscle represented by its surface mesh. The method is based on an iterative morphing of predefined fibres template into the muscle volume exploiting harmonic scalar field computed on the surface of muscle. Experiments with muscles of thighs and pelvis show that the method produces realistic shapes of fibres. Our sequential VTK‐based C++ implementation is capable of producing 64 fine fibres within a muscle of 10K triangles in less than 170 ms on commodity hardware making the method suitable for VPH purposes as well as for interactive educational medical software.
Young women's risk of sexual aggression in bars: The roles of intoxication and peer social status
Authors: Graham Kathryn , Bernards Sharon , Abbey Antonia , Dumas Tara , Wells Samantha 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsPrevious research suggests a link between women's drinking and sexual victimisation; however, little is known about other factors that influence risk and how risks are linked to drinking‐in‐the‐event. We examined how amount of alcohol consumed and peer group factors were associated with whether young women were targeted for sexual aggression on a night out at a bar.Design and MethodsOne hundred and fourteen women recruited in small groups in the bar district reported how many drinks they had consumed and were breath‐tested at recruitment and on their way home. At recruitment, they also ranked other members of their group in terms of status (e.g. popularity, group influence). In the exit survey, they reported any sexual aggression they experienced that night (i.e. persistence after refusal and unwanted sexual touching).ResultsOver a quarter (28.9%) of women reported persistence only, 5.3% unwanted touching only and 18.7% both. Sexual aggression was associated with consuming more alcohol on the survey night and whether other group members experienced sexual aggression that night. The relationship with amount consumed was stronger for touching than for persistence. Having a lower status position in the group was associated with increased risk of sexual aggression among women who had consumed five or more drinks.Discussion and ConclusionsPrevention should address social norms and other factors that encourage men to target specific women for sexual aggression, including perceptions by staff and patrons that intoxicated women are ‘easy’ or more blameworthy targets and the possible role of women's social status in their peer groups. [Graham K, Bernards S, Abbey A, Dumas T, Wells S. Young women's risk of sexual aggression in bars: The roles of intoxication and peer social status. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:393–400]
Patterns and pathways of calcification in the developing brain
Authors: McCartney Emily , Squier Waney 
Published: May 2014

AimTo determine specific cell types and pathways involved in calcification of the developing brain.MethodWe examined the detailed histopathology of samples from 28 autopsied brains aged from 22 weeks' gestation to 14 years. The samples were selected because they showed calcification associated with a range of different diseases. Samples were examined with routine stains as well as stains to show calcification and specific markers for endothelium and macrophages.ResultsOur observations indicate that calcification develops via two main pathways: dystrophic and vascular. Dystrophic calcification results from membrane disruption and uncontrolled calcium entry into necrotic (dead) cells in ischaemia and infections. Vascular calcification appears to be initiated in protein globules, sometimes intracellular, but outside the endothelium of small vessels. One case with mutation of the occludin gene, implicating impaired endothelial integrity, showed this pattern, but identical vascular calcification was seen in other conditions, including Sturge–Weber syndrome. Another form of vascular calcification involved the adventitia of arteries; the endothelium was always spared.InterpretationCalcification in the developing brain that is not associated with tissue necrosis is initiated in cells associated with blood vessels. Calcium incrustation of blood vessels imposes rigidity, reduced vascular compliance, and altered permeability. This would explain associated atrophy, gliosis, and (in the developing brain) malformations of the cortex. Our findings suggest that pericytes initiate non‐dystrophic brain calcification, but further studies are needed to explore this possibility.
Vitamin D and cognitive function and dementia risk in a biracial cohort: the ARIC Brain MRI Study
Authors: Schneider A. L. C. , Lutsey P. L. , Alonso A. , Gottesman R. F. , Sharrett A. R. , Carson K. A. , Gross M. , Post W. S. , Knopman D. S. , Mosley T. H. , Michos E. D. 
Published: May 2014

Background and purposeSome recent studies in older, largely white populations suggest that vitamin D, measured by 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], is important for cognition, but such results may be affected by reverse causation. Measuring 25(OH)D in late middle age before poor cognition affects behavior may provide clearer results.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort analysis of 1652 participants (52% white, 48% black) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Brain MRI Study. 25(OH)D was measured from serum collected in 1993–1995. Cognition was measured by the delayed word recall test (DWRT), the digit symbol substitution test (DSST) and the word fluency test (WFT). Dementia hospitalization was defined by ICD‐9 codes. Adjusted linear, logistic and Cox proportional hazards models were used.ResultsMean age of participants was 62 years and 60% were female. Mean 25(OH)D was higher in whites than blacks (25.5 vs. 17.3 ng/ml, P < 0.001). Lower 25(OH)D was not associated with lower baseline scores or with greater DWRT, DSST or WFT decline over a median of 3 or 10 years of follow‐up (P > 0.05). Over a median of 16.6 years, there were 145 incident hospitalized dementia cases. Although not statistically significant, lower levels of 25(OH)D were suggestive of an association with increased dementia risk [hazard ratio for lowest versus highest race‐specific tertile: whites 1.32 (95% confidence interval 0.69, 2.55); blacks 1.53 (95% confidence interval 0.84, 2.79)].ConclusionsIn contrast to prior studies performed in older white populations, our study of late middle age white and black participants did not find significant associations between lower levels of 25(OH)D with lower cognitive test scores at baseline, change in scores over time or dementia risk.
Superficial Artery Aneurysms Underlying Nummular Headache – 2 Cases and Proposed Diagnostic Work‐Up
Authors: López‐Ruiz Pedro , Cuadrado María‐Luz , Aledo‐Serrano Angel , Alonso‐Oviés Almudena , Porta‐Etessam Jesús , Ganado Tomás 
Published: May 2014

IntroductionNummular headache, considered a primary headache in the 3rd edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, has nonetheless been attributed in several occasions to underlying epicranial anomalies.Case reportsVascular imaging of the head in 2 patients with nummular headache revealed fusiform aneurysms of the scalp vessel in close relation to the painful area. One of the patients underwent surgical resection of the aneurysm with excellent response. A response to triptans was noted in both.DiscussionIn selected patients with nummular headache, vascular imaging of the scalp may reveal anomalies amenable to surgical treatment or triptan administration, sometimes resulting in disappearance of the pain.
Papillary ependymoma of the endometrium
Authors: Schuldt Maolly , Retamero Juan A , Bergeron Christine , Nogales Francisco F 
Published: May 2014

AimsTo report an exceptional case of papillary ependymoma occurring in the endometrium.Methods and resultsA clinicopathological study was performed regarding a case of papillary ependymoma occurring in the endometrial cavity of a 61‐year‐old patient who had presented with a solid‐type, stage III anaplastic ependymoma of the ovary, treated with cytoreductive surgery that included total abdominal hysterectomy. The uterus was enlarged and showed a dilated cavity, with broadly implanted papillary excrescences without myometrial invasion that were covered by tall, cylindrical cells. These cells had glial fibrillary acidic protein‐expressing cytoplasm that was also positive for cytokeratins 7, 8, 18, and 34β‐E12, epithelial membrane antigen, S100 protein, vimentin, and oestrogen and progesterone receptors.ConclusionsPathogenetically, the presence of this uterine ependymoma could represent either an example of multicentricity or a phenomenon of transtubal implantation of the ovarian tumour. Exceptionally, papillary ependymoma can occur in the endometrium, and may prompt differential diagnoses with other papillary endometrial tumours. Pathologists should consider this rare possibility in the differential diagnosis of papillary ovarian and endometrial lesions.
Human Rights and Prisoners' Rights: The British Press and the Shaping of Public Debate
Authors: McNulty Des , Watson Nick , Philo Gregory 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis article examines how the British press covered the debate around a prisoner's right to vote. It shows how Conservative ministers were put under pressure in early 2011 by newspapers on the right of the political spectrum to abandon proposals to end the ‘blanket ban’ on a prisoner's right to vote. Modification of the ban could have brought the UK into compliance with treaty obligations linked to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and judgments of the European Court. The focus of the debate, both in parliament and in the newspapers, was on sovereignty and judicial interference. Our research shows that very little of the media debate on a prisoner's right to vote was about human rights. Instead, outrage on the issue of prisoners' rights was linked to opposition to pro‐Europeans within the coalition government and demands for a radical shake‐up in Britain's relationship with the European Union (EU). The reform of human rights legislation and breaking the link with the European Convention is likely to be a centrepiece of Conservative policy at the next general election. The article is based on qualitative research of newspaper coverage in the period between February and mid‐April 2011 when the prisoners' rights' issue came to the fore, and audience reception studies involving focus groups.
Reactive Hot‐Pressing and Flexural Strength of ZrB2‐ZrCx‐Zr‐Based Cermets with SiC Additives
Authors: Guo Shuqi 
Published: May 2014

In this study, ZrB2‐ZrCx‐Zr cermets with 20 vol% SiC additives were prepared via reactive hot‐pressing of Zr + B4C + SiC powder mixtures. Relative density exceeding 95% was obtained for the sintered cermets with 10 vol% excess Zr and without excess Zr. The resulting cermets composed of ZrB2, ZrCx, and SiC primary phases and zirconium silicide secondary phase. The presence of excess Zr improved densification of cermets as well as promoted formation of zirconium silicide. However, excess Zr led to the lowered room temperature flexural strength. The room temperature flexural strength of cermets was in the range of 384.2−409.2 MPa.
Acute leukemia during pregnancy: an investigative survey of the past 11 years
Authors: Nakajima Y. , Hattori Y. , Ito S. , Ohshima R. , Kuwabara H. , Machida S. , Shirasugi Y. , Miyazaki K. , Sakai R. , Tomita N. , Ando K. , Higashihara M. , Ishigatsubo Y. , Fujisawa S. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryIntroductionThe management of pregnant women with acute leukemia is usually challenging. We collected data concerning pregnant women with acute leukemia in the Kanagawa area in Japan.MethodsA questionnaire was sent to 24 institutions in the Kanagawa area.ResultsData were obtained for 11 patients, median age of 31 years (range, 20–36). Eight patients had acute myeloid leukemia and three had acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Six patients were diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy, one in the second trimester, and four in the third trimester. Five of six patients diagnosed in the first trimester had abortions before chemotherapy, and one had an elective abortion after receiving chemotherapy. All patients diagnosed in the second or third trimester delivered live infants. Of the six patients diagnosed in the first trimester, two died of recurrent leukemia, and four remained in remission. Of the five patients diagnosed in the second or third trimester, four achieved complete remission and remained in remission. One patient died of sepsis 4 days after cesarean section.ConclusionsCareful surveillance and monitoring of the fetus and close co‐operation among hematologists, gynecologists, and pediatricians are essential to successfully treat pregnant women with acute leukemia.
Hooking Workers and Hooking Votes: Enganche, Suffrage, and Labor Market Dualism in Latin America
Authors: Carnes Matthew E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLabor market dualism—the segmentation of workers between formal, legally protected employment and informal, unprotected status—has long drawn attention from scholars and policymakers in Latin America. This article argues that lasting patterns of economic and political segmentation of workers arose earlier in the region’s history than has previously been understood, well before the classic “incorporation” period. Late-nineteenth-century practices for the recruitment and retention of workers shaped Latin America’s first sets of labor laws, most notably those governing union organization and individual worker job stability. Subsequently, these first laws served as important templates for development, constraining and conditioning the labor codes adopted under mass-based politics. Using historical data drawn from Chile, Peru, and Argentina, this article shows how differing recruitment practices and variation in the extension of effective suffrage rights and electoral participation shaped early legal labor market segmentation and inequality in Latin America.