bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The birth of a new era: the introduction of the systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt for the treatment of cyanotic congenital heart disease
Authors: Vricella Luca A. , Jacobs Marshall L. , Cameron Duke E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCardiac surgery was revolutionized on November 29, 1944, when Eileen Saxon underwent the first systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America. The systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt was initially developed in the laboratory and then applied to patients through the unique collaboration of Vivien Thomas, Alfred Blalock, and Helen B. Taussig. This innovation was the first operation to successfully treat cyanotic cardiac disease. The history of the first operation to successfully treat cyanotic heart disease is an extraordinary history of courage, innovation, and scientific breakthrough. Just as striking is perhaps the ability of the protagonists of this story to overcome seemingly insurmountable barriers of racial and gender discrimination and revolutionize medicine.
Relaxing constraints as a conservation policy
Authors: Groom Ben , Palmer Charles 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEco-entrepreneurs in developing countries are often subject to market or institutional constraints such as missing markets. Conservation interventions which relax constraints may be both cost effective and poverty reducing. A simulation using data from an intervention in Madagascar to relax the technological constraints of forest honey production investigates this possibility. Cost-effectively achieving dual environment-development goals is shown to depend on the severity of constraints, relative prices, along with the nature and efficiency in use of technology. Success is more likely for technologies exhibiting close to constant returns to scale or high-input complementarity. Forest honey does not meet these requirements. Ultimately, where market or institutional constraints are present, knowledge of the recipient technology is required for more informed, efficient and perhaps more politically acceptable conservation policy.
An implementation intervention to encourage healthy eating in centre-based child-care services: impact of the Good for Kids Good for Life programme
Authors: Bell A Colin , Davies Lynda , Finch Meghan , Wolfenden Luke , Francis J Lynn , Sutherland Rachel , Wiggers John 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the impact of an implementation intervention designed to introduce policies and practices supportive of healthy eating in centre-based child-care services. Intervention strategies included staff training, resources, incentives, follow-up support, and performance monitoring and feedback.DesignA quasi-experimental design was used to assess change over 20 months in healthy eating policy and practice in intervention and comparison child-care services.SettingThe Hunter New England (HNE) region of New South Wales (NSW), Australia.SubjectsAll centre-based child-care services (n 287) in the intervention region (HNE) were invited and 240 (91 % response rate) participated. Two hundred and ninety-six services in the rest of NSW were randomly selected as a comparison region and 191 participated (76 % response rate). A sub-analysis was conducted on those services that provided children food (n 196 at baseline and n 190 at follow-up). Ninety-six provided menus for analysis at baseline (HNE, n 36; NSW, n 50) and 102 provided menus at follow-up (HNE, n 50; NSW, n 52).ResultsServices in the intervention region were significantly more likely to provide only plain milk and water for children (P = 0·018) and to engage parents in nutrition policy or programmes (P = 0·002). They were also more likely (P = 0·056) to have nutrition policy on home packed food. In addition, menus of services that provided lunch were significantly more likely to comply with healthy eating guidelines for sweetened drinks (P < 0·001), fruit (P < 0·001) and vegetables (P = 0·01).ConclusionsAn implementation intervention was able to modify policy and practice in a large number of child-care services so that they were more supportive of healthy eating.
Payments for ecosystem services: durable habits, dubious nudges, and doubtful efficacy
Authors: HIEDANPÄÄ JUHA , BROMLEY DANIEL W. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract:Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have become a popular approach to bring about improved environmental behaviors. When such programs are launched in developing countries, an additional benefit is that they are said to improve incomes for the poor. In this paper, we argue that PES schemes arenot‘market-based’. Indeed, they are not even ‘market-like’. The incentive properties said to be present in such programs are of doubtful efficacy. We suggest that PES schemes are instances of a new class of transaction – theinducing transaction– whose purpose is to make certain resource users the instruments of the desires of others. We relate the success of PES schemes to Veblenian ‘habituation’ and Peircean ‘habit breaking and habit taking’ to suggest that PES schemes face a daunting challenge if they are to bring about durable behavioral changes.
Natural Productivity in Steelhead Populations of Natural and Hatchery Origin: Assessing Hatchery Spawner Influence
Authors: Lister D. Brent 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNatural productivity, the number of natural‐origin adult recruits per parent, is an important parameter for assessing population status of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (anadromous Rainbow Trout) and Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Hatchery‐origin adults comprise a majority of many salmon and steelhead spawning populations. In such cases, the utility of natural productivity estimates is affected by uncertain reproductive fitness of hatchery spawners and by possible ecological or genetic interactions among hatchery and natural fish. This study examined options for analyzing population census data to assess hatchery spawner effects on natural productivity of mixed steelhead populations including spawners of hatchery and natural origin. It compared productivity in three mixed and reference (natural) population pairs, and estimated productivity as natural recruits per total spawners of natural and hatchery origin (Rnat/Stot) or as natural recruits per natural spawner (Rnat/Snat). Natural productivity estimated as Rnat/Stot reflected hatchery program scale, not productive capacity of natal streams. This analytical approach masked natural production dynamics in populations with a major hatchery spawner proportion, and was therefore of limited use for determining hatchery spawner influence. Productivity estimated as Rnat/Snat indicated similar productivity of reference and mixed populations, and an absence of hatchery spawner effect, in the case of (1) a large hatchery stray component, and (2) a hatchery supplementation program. In the third pairing, Rnat/Snat productivity of the mixed population significantly exceeded that of the reference population, suggesting natural spawner abundance is below carrying capacity. Hatchery spawners contributed to natural productivity in that case, but in the presence of reduced natural spawner density. These findings suggest that hatchery spawners are unlikely to affect natural production of a mixed steelhead population unless natural spawner abundance is below carrying capacity.
Riverscape Patterns among Years of Juvenile Coho Salmon in Midcoastal Oregon: Implications for Conservation
Authors: Flitcroft R. , Burnett K. , Snyder J. , Reeves G. , Ganio L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPatterns of salmon distribution throughout a riverscape may be expected to change over time in response to environmental conditions and population sizes. Changing patterns of use, including identification of consistently occupied locations, are informative for conservation and recovery planning. We explored interannual patterns of distribution by juvenile Coho SalmonOncorhynchus kisutchin 11 subbasins on the midcoast of Oregon. We found that juvenile Coho Salmon distribution expanded and contracted around stream sections that were continuously occupied (core areas). Timing of expansion or contraction was synchronous among subbasins and appeared to be related to the size of the parental spawning run. Juvenile distribution expanded from core areas when adults were abundant and contracted into core areas at lower adult abundances. The “intrinsic potential” of stream sections to support high quality habitat for Coho Salmon also appeared to inform distribution patterns. In most subbasins, when populations expanded, they moved into areas of high intrinsic potential. We identified areas that were consistently used by juvenile Coho Salmon which may be important target locations for conservation and restoration. Our study contributes to the body of work that seeks to explain the processes behind spatial and temporal patterns of freshwater habitat use by salmonids in the Pacific Northwest, thereby enhancing understanding of the complexity of biological and environmental interactions over broad scales.
Novel SNP Genotyping Assays Facilitate Species Identification of Salvelinus Collected in a Recreational Fishery
Authors: DeHaan Patrick W. , Pascal Carita E. , Seeb James E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractMembers of the genus Salvelinus often occur sympatrically, exhibit a high degree of phenotypic plasticity, and commonly hybridize. These factors often complicate species identification and hybrid detection based solely on morphology. Many species and populations of Salvelinus are threatened or endangered and accurate species identification and hybrid detection are important for conservation. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers offer several advantages over other classes of genetic markers for species identification. We used DNA sequences from six species of Salvelinus to identify 16 SNPs that exhibited fixed differences among species and 16 additional SNPs that were variable within different species. These markers were used for species identification of putative Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus that were misidentified as Lake Trout S. namaycush in a recreational fishery in Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho. The markers developed in this study will be useful for Salvelinus species identification and provide important data for conservation efforts.
Ranking Site Vulnerability to Increasing Temperatures in Southern Appalachian Brook Trout Streams in Virginia: An Exposure‐Sensitivity Approach
Authors: Trumbo Bradly A. , Nislow Keith H. , Stallings Jonathan , Hudy Mark , Smith Eric P. , Kim Dong‐Yun , Wiggins Bruce , Dolloff Charles A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractModels based on simple air temperature–water temperature relationships have been useful in highlighting potential threats to coldwater‐dependent species such as Brook TroutSalvelinus fontinalisby predicting major losses of habitat and substantial reductions in geographic distribution. However, spatial variability in the relationship between changes in air temperature to changes in water temperature complicates predictions. We directly measured paired summer air and water temperatures over 2 years in a stratified representative sample of watersheds (<1–274 km2) supporting wild Brook Trout throughout Virginia near the southern edge of the species distribution. We used the temperature data to rank streams in terms of two important components of habitat vulnerability: sensitivity (predicted change in water temperature per unit increase in air temperature) and exposure (predicted frequency, magnitude, and duration of threshold water temperatures). Across all sites, sensitivity was substantially lower (median sensitivity = 0.35°C) than the 0.80°C assumed in some previous models. Median sensitivity across all sites did not differ between the 2 years of the study. In contrast, median exposure was considerably greater in 2010 (a particularly warm summer) than in 2009, but exposure ranks of habitat patches were highly consistent. Variation in sensitivity and exposure among habitat patches was influenced by landscape metrics (percent forested riparian corridor, patch area, and elevation), but considerable unexplained variation in sensitivity and exposure among sites was likely due to local‐scale differences in the extent of groundwater influence. Overall, our direct measurement approach identified significantly more Brook Trout habitat patches with low sensitivity and low exposure that may persist under warming air temperatures than did previous large‐scale models. Our sensitivity and exposure classification should provide a useful general framework for managers in making investment decisions for protecting and restoring Brook Trout habitat.
Lack of Temporal Variation in Egg Size in Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon from Lake Oahe, South Dakota
Authors: Wipf Matthew M. , Barnes Michael E. , Durben Dan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study examined 23 years of egg size data from a population entirely made up of hatchery‐maintained fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytschain Lake Oahe, South Dakota. Egg size data, obtained by water‐displacement during hatchery egg inventories, ranged from 4.2 to 6.6 eggs/mL over the 23 years. However, linear regression of data from either pooled lots of eggs (y = 0.0035x – 1.8116; P = 0.727) or individual spawns (y = 0.0003x + 5.3037; P = 0.907) indicated no significant change in mean egg size over time. The lack of change in egg size of Lake Oahe fall Chinook Salmon over the 23 years of this study indicates there was no hatchery‐induced evolutionary impacts on egg size.
A Data Integration and Visualization Resource for the Metabolic Network of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Authors: Maarleveld Timo R. , Boele Joost , Bruggeman Frank J. , Teusink Bas 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Data integration is a central activity in systems biology. The integration of genomic, transcript, protein, metabolite, flux, and computational data yields unprecedented information about the system level functioning of organisms. Often, data integration is done purely computationally, leaving the user with little insight in addition to statistical information. In this article, we present a visualization tool for the metabolic network of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, an important model cyanobacterium for sustainable biofuel production. We illustrate how this metabolic map can be used to integrate experimental and computational data for Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 systems biology and metabolic engineering studies. Additionally, we discuss how this map, and the software infrastructure that we supply with it, can be used in the development of other organism-specific metabolic network visualizations. In addition to the Python console package VoNDA (http://vonda.sf.net), we provide a working demonstration of the interactive metabolic map and the associated Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 genome-scale stoichiometric model, as well as various ready-to-visualize microarray data sets, at http://f-a-m-e.org/synechocystis.
Governance, Ownership Structure, and Performance of Entrepreneurial IPOs in AIM Companies
Authors: Farag Hisham , Mallin Chris , Ow‐Yong Kean 
Published: January 2014

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueThe study investigates the impact of venture capital (VC) ownership on corporate governance characteristics in entrepreneurial companies listed on the UK's Alternative Investment Market (AIM). In particular, the paper examines the impact of venture capital funds on the firm's governance structure post‐IPO and the dynamic inter‐relationship between corporate governance (CG), venture capital ownership and financial performance.Research Findings/InsightsUsing hand collected data from a sample of 271 entrepreneurial companies admitted to AIM during the period 2000–2007, we measure and track the corporate governance characteristics by constructing a CGAIM50 index. Our findings suggest a high level of VC ownership and its reputation leads to better corporate governance in our sample of entrepreneurial Initial Public Offering (IPO) companies. We also find a positive and significant relationship between corporate governance characteristics and financial performance, which suggests that outside shareholders such as VCs bring managerial know‐how and hence help improve IPO companies' performance.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThe study is the first to examine the CG characteristics of entrepreneurial (fast growth) companies on the AIM using a unique index. The inter‐relationship between venture capital ownership structure, corporate governance, and financial performance is modeled using the system GMM estimator of dynamic panel model in addition to the 3SLS methodology.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThe study offers practical implications for regulatory authorities and investors, as it highlights that venture capital funds investing in entrepreneurial companies on the AIM have a positive impact on both corporate governance and company performance, which improves after IPO admission, and also on subsequent performance.
Soil structure and microbial activity dynamics in 20‐month field‐incubated organic‐amended soils
Authors: Arthur E. , Schjønning P. , Moldrup P. , Razzaghi F. , Tuller M. , De Jonge L. W. 
Published: January 2014

SummarySoil structure formation is essential to all soil ecosystem functions and services. This study aims to quantify changes in soil structure and microbial activity during and after field incubation and examine the effect of carbon, organic amendment and clay on aggregate characteristics. Five soils dominated by illites, one kaolinitic soil and one smectitic soil were sieved to 2 mm, and each soil was divided into two parts and one part amended with ground rape shoots (7.5 t ha−1) as an organic amendment. Samples were incubated in the field for 20 months with periodic sampling to measure water‐dispersible clay (WDC) and fluorescein diacetate activity (FDA). After incubation, WDC and FDA were measured on air‐dried 1–2‐mm aggregates. Tensile strength was measured on four aggregate classes (1–2, 1–4, 4–8 and 8–16 mm) and results used to assess soil friability and workability. Intact cores were also sampled to determine compressive strength. During incubation, the amount of WDC depended on soil carbon content while the trends correlated with moisture content. Organic amendment only yielded modest decreases (mean of 14% across all sampling times and soils) in WDC, but it was sufficient to stimulate the microbial community (65–100% increase in FDA). Incubation led to significant macroaggregate formation (>2 mm) for all soils. Friability and strength of newly‐formed aggregates were negatively correlated with clay content and carbon content, respectively. Soil workability was best for the kaolinite‐rich soil and poorest for the smectite‐rich soil; for illitic soils, workability increased with increasing organic carbon content. Organic amendment decreased the compression susceptibility of intact, incubated samples at smaller stress values (<200 kPa).
Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation in 540 Seriously Ill Older Adults: Effects of Increasing Age on Clinical Outcomes and Survival
Authors: Dermot Frengley J. , Sansone Giorgio R. , Shakya Kunjan , Kaner Robert J. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo investigate effects of older age, comorbidities, and physiological measures on outcomes of elderly adults requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV).DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingPublic long‐term acute care hospital (LTACH) with an active program for ventilator weaning from PMV.ParticipantsChronically seriously ill individuals with PMV aged 65 and older divided into six cohorts (65–69, 70–74, 75–79, 80–84, 85–89, ≥90) for comparative purposes (n = 540).MeasurementsMain outcomes were weaning criteria met, weaning success, discharge dispositions, and long‐term survival. Other outcomes included weaning duration, LTACH days, discharge physical function, tracheostomy decannulation, and relapses to ventilator support. Weaning success was defined as 4 weeks or longer entirely free from mechanical ventilator support.ResultsThe main finding from age cohort comparisons was that the likelihood of meeting weaning criteria (P = .001) and subsequent successful weaning (P = .002) decreased with age. Best predictors for weaning success in multivariable analysis were lower comorbidity burden (P < .001) and less‐severe illness (P = .001). Other clinically important predictors were more‐normal values in the respiratory physiology measures of rapid shallow breathing (P = .001) and static compliance (P = .003). Successful weaning was also associated with a 62% lower risk of death (P < .001).ConclusionAlthough meeting weaning criteria and being successfully weaned decreased with increasing age, age was not the dominant factor in predicting outcomes. More importantly, individuals with PMV with better respiratory physiology and lower comorbidity burdens were more likely to be weaned and have longer survival, no matter their age.
Comparison of a Schmidt and Haensch refractometer and an Atago PAL‐USG Cat refractometer for determination of urine specific gravity in dogs and cats
Authors: Tvedten Harold W. , Norén Aså 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundThe performance of a digital Atago PAL‐USG Cat refractometer (Atago) was compared with a Schmidt and Haensch, Goldberg type refractometer (S+H).Materials and MethodsSpecific gravity of 47 canine and feline urine samples was determined with both refractometers and the results were compared with Passing–Bablok and Bland–Altman plots. In addition, the specific gravity of dilutions of 10% glucose, 10% NaCl, and 3% albumin solutions was determined and compared with expected values.ResultsBoth refractometers consistently reported 1.000 with distilled water. The correlation between both refractometers based on Passing–Bablok plots of 47 urine samples was excellent (r = .99), but, in the Bland–Altman plots, there was a significant, proportional, negative error for the Atago readouts. This was also illustrated by the fact that 10 urine samples with an S+H result of > 1.030 were read out between 1.023 and 1.028 by Atago. Schmidt and Haensch results of various glucose solutions matched exactly expected values, but Atago results were lower. Likewise, S+H results with diluted NaCl solutions were closer to expected results than Atago results. In contrast, Atago results with dilutions of 3% albumin were closer to expected results than S+H results.DiscussionThe Atago refractometer reported lower specific gravity results in urine and standard solutions of glucose and NaCl, which could adversely affect clinical decisions concerning normal renal function based on solute concentrations determined in canine and feline urine samples.