bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Do Predators Learn to Recognize a Mimetic Complex: Experiments with Naive Great Tits and Aposematic Heteroptera
Authors: Hotová Svádová Kateřina , Exnerová Alice , Kopečková Michala , Štys Pavel 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe tested the importance of innate wariness, avoidance learning, memory and generalization for the formation of predatory behaviour in naive great tits (Parus major) towards mimetic complex of four aposematic species of true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera): Lygaeus equestris, Spilostethus saxatilis, Pyrrhocoris apterus and Graphosoma lineatum. The birds showed almost no innate wariness against the aposematically coloured bugs, although a hidden wariness elicited by defensive chemicals of some of the bug species is not excluded. Naive birds learned to avoid different species at different rates, which resulted in different prey mortalities. The avoidance learning was faster when the defensive chemicals produced an immediate irritating effect (particularly when squirted into distance – G. lineatum) than when they caused sickness several minutes after the consumption (P. apterus). The experience of birds from learning to avoid a particular species of bug affected their subsequent behaviour to other species – experience with better‐defended species resulted in longer attack latencies, more cautious attacks, broader generalization and lower prey mortality. The least defended species, P. apterus, benefited from the experience of birds with better‐defended species, whereas the birds' experience with P. apterus did not reduce mortality risk of the other species comparably. Judging from the inexperienced young birds, the mimetic relationships are likely to be quasi‐Batesian. However, as wild‐caught great tits avoid all the four species to the same extent, the relationships may become more mutualistic (quasi‐Müllerian) in later phases of learning under natural conditions. The relationships among species in the mimetic complex thus seem to depend on the amount of experience of the bird predators.
Western Gorilla Vocal Repertoire and Contextual Use of Vocalizations
Authors: Salmi Roberta , Hammerschmidt Kurt , Doran‐Sheehy Diane M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDespite considerable interest in the vocal communication of non‐human primates and its possible relevance to theories of language evolution, we know surprisingly little about how vocal communication varies between closely related species inhabiting differing environments. Here, we provide the first quantitative description of the vocal repertoire, calling rates, and call usage in wild western gorillas and compare it to the previous work on mountain gorilla vocal behavior. During 1572 h of focal follows (n = 533), we collected behavioral data on and recorded vocalizations (n = 2163) of eight individuals in one group atMondikaResearchCenter (Republic ofCongo). We supplemented these data with opportunistic recordings of an additional adult male in a second group. We used discriminant function analysis to test how well calls can be categorized by their acoustic structure and used behavioral data to determine the typical usage of western gorilla call types. The vocal repertoire comprised of 17 call types. Twelve of 17 call types were given primarily in a single context. Our results were similar to previous studies of mountain gorillas in that grunts, and grumbles were used most frequently and the silverback male vocalized more frequently than other group members. However, compared to mountain gorillas, western gorillas used an additional call type (sex‐whinny), used a second call type (hoot series) in a completely different context and by all age–sex classes, and used many more call types in a more context‐specific fashion. Our study suggests that although vocal production is highly constrained by morphology and phylogeny, differing social and ecological conditions can yield differences in the use and function of calls, even between two closely related species such as western and mountain gorillas.
Alternative ontogenies and developmental plasticity: implications for ecological and evolutionary studies on species complexes
Authors: Vilizzi Lorenzo , Kováč Vladimir 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAccording to modern evolutionary biology, for understanding ontogenetic (i.e. early development) processes, it is necessary to focus on the interactions between genotype and developing phenotype, that is on both genetic and developmental epigenetic sources of information and variation. However, despite the large number of available comparative ontogenetic and eco‐morphological studies on fish, there are still several studies that have so far focussed on the genotype only, in spite of advice for alternative/complementary investigations. This study bridges the knowledge gap resulting from an imbalance between studies rooted on gradual development and genetics and those based on comparative ontogeny and focussed on eco‐morphology and developmental plasticity. As a case study using literature data, a new perspective is proposed on the early ontogeny of some species in the genus Hypseleotris in the light of the concept of alternative ontogenies and developmental plasticity. Based on this framework, an alternative explanation is proposed for the co‐occurrence of empire gudgeon (H. compressa) and firetailed gudgeon (H. galii) in similar habitats, and for the possible existence of intraspecific twin forms within western carp gudgeon (H. klunzingeri) and of interspecific species pairs in the ‘problematic’ carp gudgeon complex (Hypseleotris spp.). Central to this paper is the model of alternative ontogenies (as opposed to the historical, descriptive approach based on ‘normal stages’ of development) and its scientific potential to provide a new reference framework for existing genetic and phylogenetic studies on problematic fish species complexes, for which only genetic studies are currently available.
The calcium transporter Pmc1 provides Ca2+ tolerance and influences the progression of murine cryptococcal infection
Authors: Kmetzsch Livia , Staats Charley C. , Cupertino Julia B. , Fonseca Fernanda L. , Rodrigues Marcio L. , Schrank Augusto , Vainstein Marilene H. 
Published: July 2013

The Ca2+‐calcineurin signaling pathway in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is essential for adaptation to the host environment during infection. Calcium transporters regulate cytosolic calcium concentrations, providing Ca2+ loading into storage organelles. The three calcium transporters that have been characterized in C. neoformans, Cch1, Eca1 and Vcx1, are required for fungal virulence, supporting a role for calcium‐mediated signaling in cryptococcal pathogenesis. In the present study, we report the functional characterization of the putative vacuolar calcium ATPase Pmc1 in C. neoformans. Our results demonstrate that Pmc1 provides tolerance to high Ca2+ concentrations. The double knockout of C. neoformans PMC1 and VCX1 genes impaired the intracellular calcium transport, resulting in a significant increase in cytosolic calcium levels. Furthermore, Pmc1 was essential for both the progression of pulmonary infection and brain colonization in mice, emphasizing the crucial role of calcium signaling and transport for cryptococcal pathogenesis.
Engaging Élitism: the Mediating Effect of Work Engagement on Affective Commitment and Quit Intentions in TwoAustralianUniversityGroups
Authors: Ferrer Justine L , Morris Leanne 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSome universities rely on their élitism as one mechanism to attract and retain talented faculty. This paper examines two groups of élite and non‐élite universities and the mediating effect that work engagement has on affective commitment and intention to quit. Findings indicate partial support for the mediating effect of work engagement in the non‐élite group but no support in the élite university group. The implications of these diverse results are posed for the management of academics in élite and non‐élite universities, suggesting that a ‘one size fits all approach’ to performance outcomes does not always fit.
Impact of tamsulosin on urinary retention following early catheter removal after robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: A prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Jeong In Gab , You Dalsan , Yoon Jong Hyun , Hong Sungwoo , Lim Ju Hyun , Hong Jun Hyuk , Choo Myung‐Soo , Ahn Hanjong , Kim Choung‐Soo 
Published: July 2013

ObjectivesTo examine the impact of tamsulosin on the rate of acute urinary retention following early catheter removal after robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.MethodsA total of 236 patients who underwent robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer carried out by a single surgeon were enrolled in this randomized study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: treatment with tamsulosin (0.4 mg) from 1 day before to 14 days after surgery (tamsulosin group), or no tamsulosin treatment (control group). The urethral catheter was removed on the fifth postoperative day. The primary end‐point was the acute urinary retention rate. Changes in each domain of the International Continence Society male short‐form questionnaire and uroflowmetry parameters were secondary end‐points.ResultsThe primary end‐point was assessed in 218 patients (92.4%; n = 109 in each group). It was not assessed in 18 patients because of cystographic leak from the vesicourethral anastomosis. The acute urinary retention rate was lower in the tamsulosin group (7.3%) than in the control group (17.4%, P = 0.018). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified tamsulosin treatment and the operative experience of the surgeon as independent risk factors for acute urinary retention. Tamsulosin‐treated patients had a 0.30‐fold lower risk of developing acute urinary retention compared with control patients (95% confidence interval 0.12–0.76; P = 0.011). None of the International Continence Society male questionnaire domain scores showed significant changes between the groups.ConclusionsPerioperative treatment with tamsulosin in patients undergoing robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy reduces the rate of acute urinary retention after early catheter removal, without aggravating urinary incontinence.
Clinical utility of sequential venous blood gas measurement in the assessment of ventilatory status during physiological stress
Authors: Wallbridge P. D. , Hannan L. M. , Joosten S. A. , Irving L. B. , Steinfort D. P. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundVenous blood gases (VBG) are commonly utilised, particularly in the emergency setting, to assess and monitor patients at risk of ventilatory failure with limited evidence regarding their clinical utility in the assessment of ventilatory status over time.AimsThis study aims to assess agreement between arterial and venous pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) both before and after physiological stress, at each time point, and within the same subject between paired samples before and after bronchoscopy.MethodsProspective study of 30 patients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy under conscious sedation. Paired arterial and venous samples taken before and after bronchoscopy were analysed utilising descriptive statistics and bias plot (Bland–Altman) analysis to assess limits of agreement.ResultsCompared with baseline, post‐bronchoscopy arterial blood gas and VBG showed reduced pH (−0.05 ± 0.05 and −0.04 ± 0.04 respectively) and increased arterial and venous pCO2 (5.9 ± 6.7 and 3.5 ± 5.5 mmHg respectively), the differences being statistically significant (P = 0.035). There was statistical agreement between arterial blood gas and VBG parameters; however, the limits of agreement were wide at rest and, for pCO2, widened further post‐bronchoscopy.ConclusionSequential VBG provide an unpredictable means for assessing pCO2 in patients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy. Previously noted poor agreement between arterial and venous pCO2 worsens following physiological stress, with sequential VBG likely to underestimate changes in ventilatory status in patients with acute respiratory compromise, suggesting limited utility as a means for monitoring changes in ventilation.
Dispersal and species’ responses to climate change
Authors: Travis Justin M. J. , Delgado Maria , Bocedi Greta , Baguette Michel , Bartoń Kamil , Bonte Dries , Boulangeat Isabelle , Hodgson Jenny A. , Kubisch Alexander , Penteriani Vincenzo , Saastamoinen Marjo , Stevens Virginie M. , Bullock James M. 
Published: July 2013

Dispersal is fundamental in determining biodiversity responses to rapid climate change, but recently acquired ecological and evolutionary knowledge is seldom accounted for in either predictive methods or conservation planning. We emphasise the accumulating evidence for direct and indirect impacts of climate change on dispersal. Additionally, evolutionary theory predicts increases in dispersal at expanding range margins, and this has been observed in a number of species. This multitude of ecological and evolutionary processes is likely to lead to complex responses of dispersal to climate change. As a result, improvement of models of species’ range changes will require greater realism in the representation of dispersal. Placing dispersal at the heart of our thinking will facilitate development of conservation strategies that are resilient to climate change, including landscape management and assisted colonisation.SynthesisThis article seeks synthesis across the fields of dispersal ecology and evolution, species distribution modelling and conservation biology. Increasing effort focuses on understanding how dispersal influences species' responses to climate change. Importantly, though perhaps not broadly widely‐recognised, species' dispersal characteristics are themselves likely to alter during rapid climate change. We compile evidence for direct and indirect influences that climate change may have on dispersal, some ecological and others evolutionary. We emphasise the need for predictive modelling to account for this dispersal realism and highlight the need for conservation to make better use of our existing knowledge related to dispersal.
Disentangling ecological, allometric and evolutionary determinants of the relationship between seed mass and elevation: insights from multiple analyses of 1355 angiosperm species on the eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Qi Wei , Guo Shuqing , Chen Xuelin , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. , Bu Haiyan , Du Guozhen , Cui Xianliang , Li Wenjin , Liu Kun 
Published: July 2013

Variation in abiotic conditions along altitudinal gradients may sort plant species from regional species pools according to their seed mass. With increasing elevation, seed mass is expected to be either larger for its advantage during seedling establishment in stressful high‐elevation environments (‘stress‐tolerance’ mechanism), or smaller owing to energy constraints. Using a large trait database involving 1355 species from the northeastern verge of the Tibetan Plateau, we found that, overall, these two opposing mechanisms balanced out one another, resulting in non‐significant seed mass–elevation relationship across all species after controlling for phylogeny. At the same time, we found that the influence of energy constraints on seed mass was indirect and mediated by the variation in plant height. Moreover, our results revealed a mass‐dependent seed mass variation along elevation gradients: with increasing elevation small seeds tended to increase ( supporting stress‐tolerance mechanism) but large seeds tended to decrease (supporting energy‐constraints mechanism). Finally, the seed mass–elevation relationships were significantly different among species with different life forms or different dispersal modes, but statistically similar for anemophilous and entomophilous species. This implies that life‐history cycle, resource allocation pattern and availability of dispersals agents, rather than pollination efficiency, can affect the responses of seed mass to elevation. Together our results suggest that a comprehensive perspective is necessary when interpreting geographic distribution of even a single trait.SynthesisWith increasing elevation, seed mass may be either larger for its advantage during seedling establishment (‘stress‐tolerance’ force), or smaller owing to energy constraints. Our paper shows some novel and importance results in the seed mass–elevation relationship in a northeastern Tibetan flora. Firstly, these two opposing forces operate simultaneously but overall balance out one another. Secondly, the balance tends to shift toward increased energy‐constraints (stress‐tolerance) with the increase (decreased) in average seed mass. Thirdly, energy constraints on seed mass is indirect and mediated by the variation in plant height. Finally, plant resource allocation pattern, life‐history cycle, and availability of dispersal agents can affect the responses of seed mass to elevation.
Ionic Diffusion Oxidation Model of Uranium
Authors: Gharagozloo Patricia E. , Kanouff Michael P. 
Published: July 2013

A theory‐driven model is formulated for the low‐temperature oxidation of uranium exposed to oxygen. The model is based on diffusion of oxygen ions through the oxide film driven by the electrostatic potential generated between the metal and adsorbed oxygen ions. The model fits published experimental data well for temperatures between 20°C and 200°C and for oxide film thicknesses less than 300 nm. The derived reaction rate coefficients for parabolic and inverse logarithmic growth regimes correspond well to the available published values and outperform the existing empirically derived forms. These reaction rate coefficients can be applied to the oxidation of any metal that is driven by the generated electrostatic potential.
SIV infection of rhesus macaques differentially impacts mononuclear phagocyte responses to virus‐derived TLR agonists
Authors: Wonderlich Elizabeth R. , Barratt‐Boyes Simon M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundDuring progressive simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, the ability of innate mononuclear phagocytes to function when responding to the invading pathogen has yet to be determined.MethodsWe generated single‐stranded RNA (ssRNA) oligonucleotides from the infecting strain of virus and utilized them to stimulate mononuclear phagocytes from blood and lymph nodes of naïve and SIVmac251‐infected rhesus macaques.ResultsSoon after infection and continuing through to chronic disease, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), monocytes, and macrophages from SIV‐infected macaques were less able to produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines after exposure to virus‐derived toll‐like receptor (TLR) agonists. In contrast, myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) became hyper‐responsive during acute and stable chronic infection.ConclusionsPlasmacytoid dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages may not instigate continued immune activation by recognizing the single‐stranded RNA from SIV as they are left dysfunctional after infection. Conversely, mDC functionality may be beneficial as their hyper‐responsiveness is related to slowed disease progression.
Circadian phase‐dependent effect of nitric oxide on L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels in avian cone photoreceptors
Authors: Ko Michael L. , Shi Liheng , Huang Cathy C.‐Y. , Grushin Kirill , Park So‐Young , Ko Gladys Y.‐P. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in phase‐shifting of circadian neuronal activities in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and circadian behavior activity rhythms. In the retina, NO production is increased in a light‐dependent manner. While endogenous circadian oscillators in retinal photoreceptors regulate their physiological states, it is not clear whether NO also participates in the circadian regulation of photoreceptors. In this study, we demonstrate that NO is involved in the circadian phase‐dependent regulation of L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels (L‐VGCCs). In chick cone photoreceptors, the L‐VGCCα1 subunit expression and the maximal L‐VGCC currents are higher at night, and both Ras‐mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (Erk) and Ras‐phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)‐protein kinase B (Akt) are part of the circadian output pathways regulating L‐VGCCs. The NO‐cGMP‐protein kinase G (PKG) pathway decreases L‐VGCCα1 subunit expression and L‐VGCC currents at night, but not during the day, and exogenous NO donor or cGMP decreases the phosphorylation of Erk and Akt at night. The protein expression of neural NO synthase (nNOS) is also under circadian control, with both nNOS and NO production being higher during the day. Taken together, NO/cGMP/PKG signaling is involved as part of the circadian output pathway to regulate L‐VGCCs in cone photoreceptors.
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In cone photoreceptors, the protein expression of neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and NO production are under circadian control. NO‐cGMP‐protein kinase G (PKG) signaling serves in the circadian output pathway to regulate the circadian rhythms of L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels (L‐VGCCs) in part through regulating the phosphorylation states of extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (Erk) and protein kinase B (Akt).
Understanding the Costs of Support Transactions in Daily Life
Authors: McClure M. Joy , Xu Joy H. , Craw Jeffrey P. , Lane Sean P. , Bolger Niall , Shrout Patrick E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe benefits of close relationships for mental and physical health are well documented. One of the mechanisms presumed to underlie these effects is social support, whereby close others provide practical and emotional assistance in times of need. Although there is no doubt that generalized perceptions of support availability are beneficial, research examining actual instances of support receipt has found unexpectedly mixed results. Receiving support sometimes has positive effects, but null or even negative effects are common. In this article, we review our multimethod program of research that seeks to understand and explain the costs of receiving social support. We focus on reductions in the recipient's sense of relationship equity and self‐efficacy as mechanisms of this effect and examine a number of other moderating factors. Although we have found that receiving support incurs costs on average, there is considerable variability yet to be explained. Using diary data from 312 persons preparing to take a challenging exam, we examined the potential of individual differences in neuroticism, agreeableness, and attachment insecurity to explain variability in experienced support costs. We close with new questions about why received support may be beneficial or benign in some situations while being especially toxic in others.