bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESTABLISHING OPTIMAL RESPONSE STRATEGIES USING REAL-TIME CURRENT OBSERVATIONS: A LOCAL, COOPERATIVE APPROACH1
Authors: Salvesen John , Stong Beatrice A. , Byers David G. , Smith Austin G. , Arnhart Richard , Gaudet Scott , Tomblin Thomas G. , Teichman Kelly M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
With the mandates of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 requiring stockpiles of mechanical recovery equipment, an effective baseline response strategy was needed for the U. S. Coast Guard Houston/Galveston Captain of the Port Zone. A small group of federal, state, and industry volunteers established a study team to set baseline response and equipment deployment strategies based on local tide and current data. Procedures consisted of strategically positioning a series of buoys within a known area of concern and tracking the buoys with a hand-held global positioning system unit. Patterns and trends were established, tested in a field deployment exercise, and shared with members of the oil spill response community. The study resulted in the following observations:Federal-state-industry cooperation in response planning is essential.A pragmatic methodology is best suited for determining tidal and current trends and the potential effect on response equipment deployment strategies.
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON OIL POLLUTION PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE AND COOPERATION—AN OVERVIEW1
Authors: Mahapatra Ashok 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The casualties of Torrey Canyon in 1967 and the Amoco Cadiz in 1977 gave rise to the Civil Liability Convention 1969, the Fund Convention 1971, and the Salvage Convention 1989. The Exxon Valdez casualty in 1989 gave rise to the Oil Pollution Act 1990. It also gave rise to a new Convention known as the Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation Convention 1990. This convention is likely to receive greater approval from the shipping industry as it concentrates on mitigating loss and damage resulting from oil pollution through preparedness and early response and on preventing pollution by encouraging salvage.
The basic operative provisions of the convention are oil pollution emergency plans and reporting procedures, action on receiving an oil pollution report, national and regional response systems, international cooperation in pollution response, research and development, technical cooperation, bilateral and multilateral cooperation, institutional arrangements, and reimbursement of cost of assistance.
While not imposing any legal liabilities, the convention will undoubtedly motivate the shipping industry and all maritime states to prepare adequately for disasters and accidents. This will ultimately benefit the environment, and is a welcome start to be built upon.
MODERNIZING THE COPENHAGEN AGREEMENT
Authors: Thorell Dan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Copenhagen agreement concerning Cooperation in Measures to Deal with Pollution of the Sea by Oil came into force in October 1971. The new Copenhagen agreement, signed on March 29, 1993, encompasses cooperation regarding measures to deal with pollution of the sea by oil as well as other harmful substances. This will be done through cooperation in contingency planning, research and development, response actions, and aerial surveillance. The agreement extends the parties’ internal water, territorial water, and other areas at sea to the limits of the continental shelf, fishery zone, and economic zone.
During the past three years great efforts have been made to cooperate more closely, for example, in areas with joint borders of territorial waters, in aerial surveillance, technical development, research and development, and education.
THE BRAER INCIDENT: SHETLAND ISLANDS, JANUARY 1993
Authors: Harris Chris 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On Tuesday, January 5, 1993, the tanker Braer laden with 84,700 metric tons of Norwegian Gullfaks crude oil drifted aground at Garths Ness, Shetland Islands. Over the next eight days, the vessel's total cargo of crude oil was spilled.
The Marine Pollution Control Unit immediately activated the Marine Emergencies Information Room in London and deployed staff to Shetland. It was agreed with Shetland Islands Council to establish a joint response center at Sumburgh Airport to coordinate and control the shoreline cleanup.
The incident affected an area of international environmental importance and also threatened the local economy. Because of the lightness of Gullfaks crude and the severe weather, the bulk of the oil dispersed naturally and very little came ashore. The land beyond the shoreline was polluted by airborne oil spray carried on the storm force winds.
Aerial spraying of dispersant on oil on the sea took place on three days. Some environmentally sensitive areas were protected by booms and dams. Of the 39 sites considered at risk, only 9 beaches and other sites merited cleaning.
TECHNICAL CORRECTION OF THE PAINT FILTER LIQUIDS TEST
Authors: Schrader Ed , Mulvihill A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On April 30, 1985, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a final rule requiring the use of the Paint Filter Liquids Test (PET), Method 9095, to determine the presence of free liquids in either bulk or containerized waste. From the summer of 1993 to January 1994, the validity of the Paint Filter Test was challenged. Through extensive research, it was concluded to contain testing procedures which produced inaccurate evaluations of a sorbent's performance. Although the EPA plans to make modifications, the new proposal is not set for discussion until several years from now to clarify all existing problematic issues.
ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY AND PROTECTION FOR THE NORTHEAST CASPIAN SEA
Authors: Metzger Bernhard H. , Zholdasov Edgue , Little David I. , Gundlach Erich R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An environmental sensitivity and impact analysis was performed for the largest ever two-dimensional marine geophysical survey to be conducted in the Kazakhstan sector of the Caspian Sea. A total of 35,000 km of seismic lines are to be shot covering an offshore area of 100,000 km2. The purpose of the environmental studies is to identify critical environmental sensitivities and to develop operating rules for the seismic work to protect the environment.
THE EFFECTS OF IN SITU BURNING OF OIL ON FIRE BOOM
Authors: Lazes Richard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In situ burning of oil is an efficient way to get rid of spilled oil at sea. Recent tests have proven that the benefits associated with in situ burning of oil far outweigh the potential health hazards of the smoke from the oil fire. Fire-resistant materials are available for use in the construction of fireproof oil booms. The effects of oil fires on these booms were studied: more than a dozen tests were carried out on fire booms to evaluate the effectiveness of the booms for use with in situ burning of oil.
MMS GULF REGION GIS DATABASE FOR OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING
Authors: Penland Shea , Wayne Lynda , Froomer Norm 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Minerals Management Service (MMS) established the Coastal Marine Institute (CMI) at Louisiana State University as part of the Center for Coastal, Energy, and Environmental Resources to promote environmental research related to the oil, gas, and mining industries. One of the primary initiatives of CMI is to create an environmental information program to support government and industry oil spill contingency planning needs to fulfill the requirements of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and MMS compliance regulations. The MMS Gulf Region geographical information system (GIS) database will contain critical information about the location and character of environmental resources, infrastructure, and administrative boundaries that occur within the coastal region of the U.S. Northern Gulf of Mexico. Information needed to support the program will be collected from state and federal resource agencies, industry, and other data providers.
REGIONAL RESPONSE TEAM PREAPPROVAL OF IN-SITU BURNING FOR OPERATIONAL USE
Authors: Stacy Gus 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 7, 1994, Regional Response Team VI that covers the Gulf coast approved a plan that allows the federal on-scene coordinator to approve the use of burning three miles or farther off the coasts of Louisiana or Texas. This landmark action is the first preapproval for in-situ burning in the continental U. S. The plan was presented to the response team by the Marine Spill Response Corporation on behalf of the response industry and its clients.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPTIMAL OIL BOOM IN WAVES
Authors: Cho Il-Hyoung , Cho Byung-W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The performance of an air-inflated oil boom, recently developed by the authors, is investigated for the purpose of designing an optimal shape. Well-designed oil booms should be able to follow the water surface closely and also maintain a vertical position in waves. A numerical method based on a linear potential theory is developed to predict the motion characteristics of oil boom in waves; the optimal configuration of the boom is determined based on numerical studies. Hamilton's principle is employed to derive the equations of motion of the float and the skirt. The equations of motion are formulated for the case in which the float and the skirt are connected by a hinge. The computational method is limited to a two-dimensional approximation. Through the parameter study of physical properties (draft, shape of boom, weight of chain, water plane area), we can decide the optimal shape of oil boom to produce minimum relative heave response in waves.
THE BRAER OIL SPILL
Authors: Perry Robin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Braer oil spill caused little lasting damage to the environment. The reasons for this were the dispersability of the oil and the severe weather at the time of the spill. The bird population was relatively unscathed, and the principal economic effect was on the salmon farms in the affected area. Dispersants were used. This decision was a correct one, for, although the oil dispersed naturally, this was not known at the time. Lord Donaldson's report supported their use as the first line of defense in the UK. The command arrangements worked well, with good cooperation among all the agencies involved. Although media pressure was intense, it was generally handled very well.
EFFECT OF WAVES ON CONTAINMENT BOOM RESPONSE
Authors: Van Dyck Robert L. , Bruno Michael S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A series of generic model booms were developed, built, and tested in the Stevens towing tank. Precise measurements were made of heave response to waves for catenary tows. Drag force was also measured. Test variables included model size, buoyancy I weight ratio, speed, wave size and gap/length ratio.
COAST GUARD VOSS/NOFI/FIOCS/SEA SLUG AT-SEA EVALUATION
Authors: Furey D. A. , Eisenberg K. C. , Etxegoien J. F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
At-sea evaluations of the Coast Guard Vessel of Opportunity Skimming System (CGVOSS), the Norwegian NOFIVEE Sweep and the Fully Integrated Oil Collection System (FIOCS) oil-recovery systems were conducted to determine their seaworthiness and handling and towing characteristics. Tests were conducted off the coast of Groton, Connecticut. Dynamic data were collected for information on the stability and performance of each system. The Canflex Sea Slug storage device was also tested to determine the performance of an expandable containment vessel under tow. The data shows that the CGVOSS performed well in low sea states and low speeds, the NOFI and FIOCS systems perform well in low and high sea states, and the Sea Slug is stable at low towing speeds.
CASE STUDIES OF STANDARDIZED TECHNIQUES TO DOCUMENT SHORELINE OILING CONDITIONS
Authors: Owens Edward H. , Sergy Gary A. , Michel Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The concept of standard terms and definitions, forms or checklists, and sketches is intended as the foundation for a variety of field programs or surveys designed and tailored to meet specific goals. The idea of standardized assessment procedures has developed over recent years to meet the requirements of spill response managers and planners prior to shoreline cleanup or treatment. The approach has been adopted by Environment Canada and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as a primary technical support tool for oil spill response. This paper presents eight case studies that illustrate a range of applications.
A GENERAL MIGRATION MODEL FOR BIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Authors: Downing Keith 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To develop a tool to quantify the potential biological impacts of oil spills in the Barents Sea marginal ice zone, a generalized migration model, driven by biological field data, was made to reproduce detailed movement patterns of individuals within a population. This model (MIGMOD) has been coupled to the natural resource impact model system to provide a complete set of working tools for environmental impact assessment.
OIL SPILL BIOREMEDIATION AGENTS—CANADIAN EFFICACY TEST PROTOCOLS
Authors: Blenkinsopp Sandra , Sergy Gary , Wang Zhendi , Fingas Mervin F. , Foght Julia , Westlake Donald W. S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Thirteen commercial oil spill bioremediation agents (OSBAs) were tested over a two-year period during the development of a screening protocol designed to evaluate the hydrocarbon degradation efficacy of OSBAs under warm freshwater or cold marine water conditions. The OSBAs were added at the rate specified, to shaker flasks containing a standard test oil, nutrients if requested, and a defined medium. Standardized freshwater or marine microbial inocula were developed to act as internal controls for the screening protocol, that is, to ensure that conditions were suitable for oil biodegradation to occur in each test performed. After the incubation period, the oil was extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). The warm freshwater efficacy method exhibited good reproducibility but the cold marine test requires further refinement. The minimum acceptance standard for products tested under standard warm freshwater conditions is currently based on the product achieving GC-detectable total petroleum hydrocarbon (GCD-TPH), aliphatic, and aromatic reductions of 35, 30, and 10 percent, respectively, when compared with the weathered Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend (ASMB) source oil. These values may be adjusted with further experimental testing. Products with acceptable efficacy and toxicity results will be assumed to have good potential application in spill cleanup and will be identified as such to the spill response community.
IMMOBILIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR IN SITU BIODEGRADATION OF CRUDE OIL
Authors: Juwarkar Asha , Amin Aradhana , Oke Bharati , Khanna P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An immobilization technique was developed and standardized for seeding oil spills with specific oil degrading microorganisms, fertilizing them with nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing salts and controlling the further spread of the oil spill. Thermocol was used as a carrier molecule on which nutrients as well as microbial cells were adsorbed.
Studies were carried out to correlate the amount of biodegradation to that of release of nitrogen and phosphorus adsorbed on the carrier molecule. The release of nutrients from the carrier molecule was slow: 76 percent of the crude oil was degraded in 3 days at nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of 36.19 mg and 8.15 mg respectively as revealed by gas liquid chromatographic analysis. Without addition of nutrients, 62 percent of the crude oil was degraded in 9 days.
BIOREMEDIATION: RESULTS OF THE FIELD TRIALS OF LANDEVENNEC (FRANCE)
Authors: Merlin François-Xavier , Pinvidic Philippe , Chaumery Christian , Oudot Jean , Swannell Richard P. J. , Basseres Anne , Dalmazzone Christine , Ducreux Jean , Lee Kenneth , Reilly Tim 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Results of studies performed all around the world on bioremediation techniques are not often comparable because they have been performed through different methodologies. To address this problem, several organizations have combined their efforts to define a common methodology to assess bioremediation techniques’ efficiency through field experiments.
To confirm the validity of this protocol, a 9 month experiment was performed on oiled plots on a sheltered estuarine beach in France. In this experiment, biodegradation efficiency was assessed though multiple analyses (chemical and microbiogical) including changes in chemical composition of the residual oil.
VESSEL RESPONSE PLANS: A TILE IN THE MOSAIC OF THE NATIONAL RESPONSE SYSTEM1
Authors: Smith Duane Michael 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
With the implementation of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 came the requirement for vessels to develop plans for responding to oil spills from their vessels. While some companies had such plans in the past, the National Response System did not formally recognize their existence. Individual vessel response plans must now be viewed as an integral part of the National Response System. All of the parties that could be involved in an oil spill response must begin to view themselves as one tile of many that make up the mosaic known as the National Response System.
DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL RESOURCES PROTECTION GUIDELINES FOR ALASKA'S ON-SCENE COORDINATORS
Authors: Bergmann Pamela 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In recognition that oil spills and hazardous substance releases typically require response actions within the first 24 hours, the Alaska Regional Response Team (RRT) has developed draft Cultural Resources Protection Guidelines for Alaska to establish an emergency procedure for taking cultural resources into account during responses and to ensure that response actions comply with the National Historic Preservation Act. The draft guidelines were developed in consultation with the Alaska State Historic Preservation Officer and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. The mechanism for formally establishing the guidelines’ emergency procedures is a programmatic agreement, which will be signed by appropriate federal and state agencies’ historic preservation officials.
WORKER SAFETY AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Waldron Jonathan K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The current worker safety requirements focus primarily on land-based hazardous waste disposal sites and emergency operations at land sites. It is often difficult to interpret the application of these requirements in the context of marine-related oil spill response operations. Overlapping governmental jurisdictions can cause problems associated with worker safety activities and suggestions relating to the application of safety requirements to persons who may become involved with a response effort are offered.
MEXUSPAC: MEXICO/U.S. PACIFIC REGIONAL RESPONSE COORDINATION TEAM1
Authors: Whiting Daniel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Agreement of Cooperation Between the United States of America and the United Mexican States Regarding Pollution of the Marine Environment by Discharges of Hydrocarbons and other Hazardous Substances, signed in Mexico City in 1980, provides a framework for cooperation in response to pollution incidents that pose a threat to the waters of both countries. Under this agreement, MEXUSPAC organizes Mexican and U.S. response agencies to plan for and respond to pollution emergencies in the marine environment. The MEXUSPAC contingency plan designates the commandant of the Mexican Second Naval Zone and the chief of the U.S. Coast Guard 11th District Marine Safety Division as the MEXUSPAC Cochairmen, and defines on-scene commanders, joint operations centers, and communications protocols that would be needed to coordinate the response to pollution incidents affecting both countries.
OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING IN THE LATIN AMERICAN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
Authors: Moyano Juan Miguel , Brussoni Aldo Héctor 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A questionnaire was circulated between ARPEL (Asistencia Recíproca Petrolera Empresarial Latinoamericana) member companies in which their capacity to confront an oil spill contingency on their shores, separately and collectively, is determined. The results show that a need exists for preparing sensitivity maps to be utilized in the contingency plans. It can be concluded from this study that the Latin American petroleum industry centered in ARPEL should orient itself toward regional cooperation that would strengthen institutional capacity and maximize the effectiveness of government-industry collaboration in handling emergency situations.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOREMEDIATION FOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP IN COASTAL WETLANDS: PRODUCT IMPACTS AND BIOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL
Authors: Mendelssohn Irving A. , Lin Qianxin , Debusschere Karolien , Penland S. , Henry Charles B. , Overton Edward B. , Portier Ralph J. , Walsh Maude M. , Rabalais Nancy N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Although bioremediation for oil spill cleanup has received considerable attention in recent years, its satisfactory use in the cleanup of oil spills in the wetland environment is still questionable and generally untested. We have initiated a multidisciplinary experimental program to evaluate the use of both microbial seeding and fertilizer as means of enhancing oil biodegradation in coastal salt marshes. We are utilizing controlled greenhouse experiments as well as field trials to test the efficacy and ecological safety of these enhanced biodegradation methodologies. This paper summarizes the overall scope of the study and presents some preliminary findings concerning marsh plant response to the bioremediation agents. We shall report on the results of the first year of this three-year investigation.
Sods of marsh (soil and vegetation intact), approximately 30 cm in diameter and 25 cm deep, collected from the inland zone of a Spartina alterniflora dominated salt marsh in south Louisiana were used in a greenhouse experiment to identify the effects on plant and soil responses of the following treatments, with and without oil: seeding product, fertilizer product, and control (no product). Mesocosms were sampled for petroleum hydrocarbon chemistry to identify and quantify the degree of oil biodegradation, soil microbial response to determine the effect of the bioremediation products on the microbial communities that are performing the oil biodegradation, soil chemistry to determine the effect of the bioremediation products (such as nutrients, soil reducing conditions, and soil toxins) on those factors that limit the growth of microbes and plants, and plant response to evaluate the effects of the oil and products on plant vigor and growth. This paper presents selected plant responses that demonstrated that the bioremediation products tested had no adverse impact on plant growth. Additionally, soil respiration was increased by fertilizer, but not microbial, application.
A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO OIL SPILL AND HURRICANE IMPACTS
Authors: Debusschere Karolien , Lindstedt Dianne , Tao Qiang , Mendelssohn Irving A. , Lin Qianxin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The effects of a 1992 oil spill and hurricane on salt marsh recovery on a Louisiana barrier island was evaluated through a combination of landscape- and community-scale analyses. Landscape-scale analyses indicated that the hurricane had a profound effect on island land cover and morphology. The analyses indicated that the oil spill had minimal effect on island vegetation. The landscape analysis detected changes in vegetative cover in areas where oiling occurred in 1992. Field surveys identified additional small areas where oil had a negative effect on land cover. The community-scale analysis detected fine-scale vegetative responses to the spill.