bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linking risk factors to risk treatment in ecological risk assessment of marine biodiversity
Authors: Astles K. L. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Implementing marine ecosystem-based management at regional and small spatial scales is challenging due to the complexity of ecosystems, human activities, their interactions and multilayered governance. Ecological risk assessments (ERAs) of marine biodiversity are often used to prioirtise issues but only give broad guidance of how issues might be addressed in the form of strategies. However, at small and regional spatial scales marine natural resource managers have to make decisions within these strategies about how to manage specific interactions between human uses and ecological components. By using the transition between risk characterization and risk treatment in ERA for marine biodiversity tractable ways through the complexity can be found. This paper will argue that specific management and research actions relevant to smaller spatial scales can be developed by using the linkage between risk factors and risk treatment in ERA. Many risk factors require risk treatments that extend beyond the boundary of local agencies or sector responsibilities. The risk factor-treatment platform provides a practical way that these boundaries can be opened up by providing a scientifically based and transparent process to engage all actors who need to be involved in addressing the issues raised by an ERA. First, the principles of the mechanism will be described. Second, how the mechanism is constructed will be introduced using examples from an urban estuary. Application of the mechanism reveals three different types of risk factors (stressor, ecological, and knowledge gap) that can be used to develop specific management and research actions to treat risks. The systematic approach enables the dual complexities of marine ecosystems and multiple human pressures to be unravelled to identify and target issues effectively. The risk factor treatment linkage provides a platform to negotiate and develop effective management and research actions across jurisdictional, disciplinary, community and stakeholder boundaries.
Assessing the potential biases of ignoring sexual dimorphism and mating mechanism in using a single-sex demographic model: the shortfin mako shark as a case study
Authors: Tsai Wen-Pei , Liu Kwang-Ming , Punt André E. , Sun Chi-Lu 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Most demographic models explicitly track the dynamics of a single sex. However, single-sex models may lead to rather poor results when vital rates and other demographic parameters differ between the sexes. Consequently, the population may not be optimally managed if management measures are based on a single-sex model, which suggests the need for two-sex models. The consequences of ignoring sexual dimorphism and mating mechanisms when proposed management strategies are based on single-sex demographic models are illustrated for shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus, in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Analyses based on single-sex models would underestimate the probability of decline risk. The findings imply that management decisions should be based on sex-specific models to better achieve management goals. The mating mechanism principally affects the proportion of breeding females, which has a large impact on the perceived population growth rate. Which mating function best describes the dynamics of shortfin mako populations is still unknown. More research is needed to avoid making inaccurate management decisions, such as genetic paternity studies to clarify the mating mechanism for this species.
Validation of Algorithms to Identify Invasive Electrophysiology Procedures Using Administrative Data in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Singh Sheldon M. , Webster Lauren , Calzavara Andrew , Wijeysundera Harindra C. 
Published: November 2014

Background:
Administrative database research can provide insight into the real-world effectiveness of invasive electrophysiology procedures. However, no validated algorithm to identify these procedures within administrative data currently exists.

Objective:
To develop and validate algorithms to identify atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial flutter (AFL), supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) catheter ablation procedures, and diagnostic electrophysiology studies (EPS) within administrative data.

Methods:
Algorithms consisting of physician procedural billing codes and their associated most responsible hospital diagnosis codes were used to identify potential AF, AFL, SVT catheter ablation procedures and diagnostic EPS within large administrative databases in Ontario, Canada. The potential procedures were then limited to those performed between October 1, 2011 and March 31, 2013 at a single large regional cardiac center (Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center) in Ontario, Canada. These procedures were compared with a gold-standard cohort of patients known to have undergone invasive electrophysiology procedures during the same time period at the same institution. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of each algorithm was determined.

Results:
Algorithms specific to each of AF, AFL, and SVT ablation were associated with a moderate sensitivity (75%–86%), high specificity (95%–98%), positive (95%–98%), and negative (99%) predictive values. The best algorithm to identify diagnostic EPS was less optimal with a sensitivity of 61% and positive predictive value of 88%.

Conclusions:
Algorithms using a combination of physician procedural billing codes and accompanying most responsible hospital diagnosis may identify catheter ablation procedures within administrative data with a high degree of accuracy. Diagnostic EPS may be identified with reduced accuracy.
Team interdependence and turnover: evidence from the NFL
Authors: L. Davis Justin , Fodor Andy , E. Pfahl Michael , Stoner Jason 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the interactive effect of turnover and task interdependence on performance in work teams. Based on pervious research, the authors contend that turnover will have a negative effect on team performance and this effect will be more pronounced as teams perform highly interdependent tasks.

Design/methodology/approach
– Using longitudinal data from the National Football League (NFL), the authors empirically examine the effect of player turnover on NFL team performance (i.e. wins and losses in the subsequent year), and the difference in team performance based on the high/low task interdependence of the work team.

Findings
– Findings suggest a negative impact of turnover on organizational performance, regardless of the interdependent nature of work team tasks. In addition, the negative influence of turnover is enhanced by the task interdependence within a team.

Originality/value
– This is one of the few studies that examine task interdependence as a moderating variable of the turnover – team performance relationship. More specifically, by examining an industry with high team member turnover (i.e. The NFL), the findings from this study give practicing managers a guide as to which work teams managers should attempt to minimize turnover.
Followers’ reactions to self-serving leaders: the influence of the organization's budget policy
Authors: Decoster Stijn , Stouten Jeroen , M. Tripp Thomas 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– Even though leaders often are seen as responsible guides, they sometimes behave in a self-serving way, for example, by spending the company's budget on their own, frivolous needs. In this study, the authors explore an aspect of such behavior: the authors examine how an organizational budget policy makes such spending more legitimate in the eyes of followers. Specifically, the authors examine when followers will react to a leader's self-serving behavior as a function of: the role of organizational budget policies, and whether followers are directly affected by the leader's behavior. The authors test two particular budget policies, i.e. carry-forward vs non-carry-forward (a.k.a., “use-it-or-lose-it” budget policies), which differ on whether a department/team's allocations not spent by the end of the fiscal year flow back to the central administration. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– Study 1 is a multi-source field study that should enhance the external validity of the results. Study 1 was analyzed with regression analyses and bootstrapping techniques. To be able to draw causal inferences, the authors also conducted an experimental study (Study 2).

Findings
– Followers react more negatively – by showing increased turnover intentions and decreased commitment and cooperation – to a leader's self-serving behavior in a carry-forward policy than in a use-it-or-lose-it budget policy. Thus, organizational policies, such as the budget policy, affect how followers react to self-serving leaders.

Originality/value
– The authors focus on self-serving leader behavior. The authors show that followers’ reactions to self-serving leaders are not necessarily negative and are influenced by the specific organizational context in which the self-serving behavior occurs. More specifically, the authors add to the literature by introducing budget policies as influencing followers’ reactions to leaders’ behavior.
Significance of lymphovascular invasion in organ‐confined, node‐negative urothelial cancer of the bladder: data from the prospective p53‐MVAC trial
Authors: von Rundstedt Friedrich‐Carl , Mata Douglas A. , Groshen Susan , Stein John P. , Skinner Donald G. , Stadler Walter M. , Cote Richard J. , Kryvenko Oleksandr N. , Godoy Guilherme , Lerner Seth P. 
Published: November 2014

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and clinical outcome in organ‐confined, node‐negative urothelial cancer of the bladder (UCB) in a post hoc analysis of a prospective clinical trial. To explore the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) on outcome in the subset of patients whose tumours exhibited LVI.Patients and MethodsSurgical and tumour factors were extracted from the operative and pathology reports of 499 patients who had undergone radical cystectomy (RC) for pT1–T2 N0 UCB in the p53‐MVAC trial (Southwest Oncology Group 4B951/NCT00005047). The presence or absence of LVI was determined by pathological examination of transurethral resection or RC specimens. Variables were examined in univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models for associations with time to recurrence (TTR) and overall survival (OS).ResultsAmong 499 patients with a median follow‐up of 4.9 years, a subset of 102 (20%) had LVI‐positive tumours. Of these, 34 patients had pT1 and 68 had pT2 disease. LVI was significantly associated with TTR with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.78 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–2.77; number of events (EV) 95; P = 0.01) and with OS with a HR of 2.02 (95% CI 1.31–3.11; EV 98; P = 0.001) after adjustment for pathological stage. Among 27 patients with LVI‐positive tumours who were randomised to receive adjuvant chemotherapy, receiving MVAC was not significantly associated with TTR (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.16–3.17; EV 7; P = 0.65) or with OS (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.11–1.83; EV 9; P = 0.26).ConclusionsOur post hoc analysis of the p53‐MVAC trial revealed an association between LVI and shorter TTR and OS in patients with pT1–T2N0 disease. The analysis did not show a statistically significant benefit of adjuvant MVAC chemotherapy in patients with LVI, although a possible benefit was not excluded.
Water immersion colonoscopy facilitates straight passage of the colonoscope through the sigmoid colon without loop formation: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Asai Satoshi , Fujimoto Naoki , Tanoue Koujirou , Akamine Eisuke , Nakao Eisuke , Hashimoto Kirie , Ichinona Takumi , Nambara Mikio , Sassa Seitarou , Yanagi Hideo , Hirooka Norifumi , Mori Takuji , Ogawa Minoru , Ogawa Atsuhiro 
Published: November 2014

Background and AimOne of the major causes of pain during colonoscopy is looping of the instrument during insertion through the sigmoid colon, which causes discomfort by stretching the mesentery. There are many studies in colonoscope techniques, but they have not been assessed objectively with respect to colonoscope passage through the sigmoid colon without loop formation. The aim of the present study was to determine whether cap‐fitted colonoscopy and water immersion increase the success rate of insertion through the sigmoid without loop formation.MethodsA total of 1005 patients were randomized to standard colonoscopy, cap‐fitted colonoscopy or water immersion technique. All examinations were carried out under a magnetic endoscope imaging device. Main outcome was the success rate of insertion without loop formation.ResultsSuccess rate of insertion without loop formation was 37.5%, 40.0%, and 53.8% in the standard, cap, and water groups, respectively (standard vs water P = 0.00014, cap vs water P = 0.00186). There were no significant differences among the groups regarding cecal intubation rate, cecal intubation time and number of polyps ≥5 mm per patient.ConclusionsWater immersion increases the success rate of insertion through the sigmoid colon without loop formation. This practical technique, requiring only preparation of a cap and water, is useful without compromising cecal intubation rate, cecal intubation time, or polyp detection rate.
The relationship between trunk control in sitting and during gait in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy
Authors: Sæther Rannei , Helbostad Jorunn L , Adde Lars , Brændvik Siri , Lydersen Stian , Vik Torstein 
Published: November 2014

AimTo assess the relationship between trunk control in sitting and trunk control during gait in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodTwenty‐six children (17 males, nine females) with spastic CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System I–III [15 unilateral, 11 bilateral], mean age 13.5y), were included. Trunk control in sitting was assessed with the Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) and the Trunk Control Measurement Scale (TCMS), and trunk control during gait by a trunk‐worn accelerometer. The Pearson's rank correlation coefficient, partial correlation (rp), and linear regression analysis were applied to assess the relationship between trunk control in sitting and during gait.ResultsTrunk control in sitting assessed with the TCMS and the TIS total scores both correlated with trunk accelerations during gait (rp=0.67 and 0.60 respectively). Moreover, some subscale scores correlated equally well with trunk control during gait (the TCMS dynamic sitting balance‐reaching subscale score [DSB‐R]; rp=0.61) or even higher (TIS dynamic sitting balance subscale [DSB]; rp=0.66).InterpretationTrunk control in sitting has a moderate to good correlation with trunk control during gait. Our results suggest that the subscale DSB‐R of the TCMS, being less time consuming, may be applied in clinical assessment to gain information on trunk control during gait. Future studies are needed to explore how this information may be applied in the planning of ‘gait interventions’.
Multicolinearity and Indicator Redundancy Problem in World University Rankings: An Example Using Times Higher Education World University Ranking 2013–2014 Data
Authors: Kaycheng Soh 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWorld university ranking systems used the weight‐and‐sum approach to combined indicator scores into overall scores on which the universities are then ranked. This approach assumes that the indicators all independently contribute to the overall score in the specified proportions. In reality, this assumption is doubtful as the indicators tend to correlate with one another and some highly so. This causes the multicolinearity problem rending some predictors redundant. At the same time, some indicators may contribute so little to the overall score and thus making them non‐contributing. When overlapping and non‐contributing indicators are retained, the overall score takes on a meaning very different from what it is originally intended to be. Using data for the top 101 universities of the Times Higher Education World University Ranking 2013–2014, these problems are demonstrated and a solution is suggested. This resulted in a new overall scores made up of only two of the six indicators, namely ‘research’ and ‘citation’. The universities were then ranked on the basis of the new overall score and compared with the original. It was also noticed that some of the universities have had their original overall scores inflated by the non‐contributing indicators and hence were over‐ranked. Implications for using the new overall and ranking are discussed.
Exploring the Concept of Empire in Pacific History: Individuals, Nations, and Ocean Space Prior to 1850
Authors: Igler David 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe concept of empire pervades most scholarly discussions of transnational and world history, especially for the 18th and 19th centuries. However, empire as an analytical tool has its limitations for explaining the attitudes and behaviors of individuals in the early modern Pacific Ocean. Drawing on recent scholarship by scholars of the United States, Pacific, and world history, this essay highlights the individualistic activities and motivations of American traders and sailors as they sought profit in the Pacific borderlands prior to 1850.
An Introduction to the Environmental History of the Mamlūk Sultanate
Authors: Frenkel Yehoshua 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEnvironmental history, the study of the interaction of nature and society, is a research field that has only recently been applied to Mamlūk studies. It seeks to elucidate all aspects of relations between humans and their physical surroundings: agriculture, subsistence and water management, as well as the discourse about nature and coping of governors and communities with ecological hazards and catastrophes. Since it is anachronistic to use national unites and contemporary borders, this approach is particularly suitable to the study of pre‐modern states, lands and societies, like the Mamlūk Bilād al‐Shām. This paper aims first to map the field and the present state of the art. Its second goal is to delineate potential working theses and research topics that would guide further environmental studies. These investigations would bolster the study of history of rural and urban communities in the east Mediterranean and Near Eastern zone during a quarter of a millennium (1250–1517).
Effects of Flexion and Extension on the Diameter of the Caudal Cervical Vertebral Canal in Dogs
Authors: Ramos Renato M. , da Costa Ronaldo C. , Oliveira Andre L. A. , Kodigudla Manoj K. , Goel Vijay K. 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveTo quantify changes in the diameter of the vertebral canal with flexion and extension in the cervical vertebral column.Study DesignCadaveric biomechanical study.Sample PopulationCadaveric canine cervical vertebral column (n = 16 dogs).MethodsAll vertebral columns were evaluated with MRI. Group 1 consisted of 8 normal vertebral columns. Group 2 included 8 vertebral columns with intervertebral disc degeneration. Flexion, extension, compression, and tension were applied to the caudal cervical region (C4–5, C5–6, C6–7). Sagittal vertebral canal diameters (VCD) were obtained by measuring the distance between the ventral and dorsal aspects of vertebral canal.ResultsNo differences were seen between groups, thus the results are for both groups. Comparison of VCD between flexion and extension with no load revealed a difference of 2.2 mm (28.9%;P < .001). Comparison between neutral position and extension revealed a reduction of 1.5 mm (16.5%;P < .001), whereas comparison between neutral and flexion showed an increase of 0.7 mm (7.7%;P = .001) in VCD. Comparison between neutral with no load and neutral with compression showed a difference of 0.5 mm, with reduction of 5.5% in the vertebral canal (P = .006). Comparison of extension with no load versus extension with tension revealed an increase of 0.7 mm (9.2%) in the vertebral canal (P < .001).ConclusionsCervical vertebral canal diameter decreased significantly with extension and increased with flexion. The results support the presence of dynamic impingement possibly playing a role in diseases characterized by vertebral canal stenosis, such as cervical spondylomyelopathy.
Convergence of National Innovation Policy Mixes in Europe – Has It Gone Too Far? An Analysis of Research and Innovation Policy Measures in the Period 2004–12
Authors: Izsak Kincsö , Markianidou Paresa , Radošević Slavo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA national innovation policy mix comprises the measures that address the innovation policy challenges of the country in question. The data series of the Erawatch and INNO Policy TrendChart initiatives of the European Commission provide a unique opportunity to explore the profiles of the national innovation policy mixes and their evolution during the past decade. In this article, the innovation policy mix per country and changes in these mixes over time are identified. The analysis covers five main policy mix profiles of the EU Member States. An unexpected similarity and stability is found in the national innovation policy mixes of the Member States even though these countries face different innovation challenges. This reflects extensive transnational policy learning, which is a welcome development, but such a similarity among heterogeneous countries might indicate that innovation policies are not being tailored effectively to the real needs and situations in each Member State.
A new Classification of Diabetic Nephropathy 2014: a report from Joint Committee on Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Haneda Masakazu , Utsunomiya Kazunori , Koya Daisuke , Babazono Tetsuya , Moriya Tatsumi , Makino Hirofumi , Kimura Kenjiro , Suzuki Yoshiki , Wada Takashi , Ogawa Susumu , Inaba Masaaki , Kanno Yoshihiko , Shigematsu Takashi , Masakane Ikuto , Tsuchiya Ken , Honda Keiko , Ichikawa Kazuko , Shide Kenichiro ,   Joint Committee on Diabetic Nephropathy
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Joint Committee on Diabetic Nephropathy has revised its Classification of Diabetic Nephropathy (Classification of Diabetic Nephropathy 2014) in line with the widespread use of key concepts, such as the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In revising the Classification, the Committee carefully evaluated, as relevant to current revision, the report of a study conducted by the Research Group of Diabetic Nephropathy, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan. Major revisions to the Classification are summarized as follows: (i) eGFR is substituted for GFR in the Classification; (ii) the subdivisions A and B in stage 3 (overt nephropathy) have been reintegrated; (iii) stage 4 (kidney failure) has been redefined as a GFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2, regardless of the extent of albuminuria; and (iv) stress has been placed on the differential diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy versus non‐diabetic kidney disease as being crucial in all stages of diabetic nephropathy.