bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain γ‐aminobutyric acid: a neglected role in impulsivity
Authors: Hayes Dave J. , Jupp Bianca , Sawiak Steve J. , Merlo Emiliano , Caprioli Daniele , Dalley Jeffrey W. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe investigation of impulsivity as a core marker of several major neuropsychiatric disorders has been greatly influenced by the therapeutic efficacy of drugs that block the reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain. As a result, research into the neural mechanisms of impulsivity has focused on the catecholamine systems as the loci responsible for the expression of impulsive behaviour and the primary mechanism of action of clinically effective drugs for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, abnormalities in the catecholamine systems alone are unlikely to account for the full diversity and complexity of impulsivity subtypes, nor can they fully explain co‐morbid brain disorders such as drug addiction. Here we review the lesser‐studied role of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in impulsivity, a major target of the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, and consider how abnormalities in this inhibitory neurotransmitter might contribute to several forms of impulsive behaviour in humans and experimental animals. Our analysis reveals several promising leads for future research that may help inform the development of new therapies for disorders of impulse control.
‘[I would like] a place to be alone, other than the toilet’ – Children's perspectives on paediatric hospital care in the Netherlands
Authors: Schalkers Inge , Dedding Christine W. M. , Bunders Joske F. G. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundAlthough it is widely recognized that children are willing, capable and legally entitled to be active participants in their health care, parents are generally invited to evaluate paediatric hospital care and services rather than children themselves. This is problematic because parents cannot serve as the only spokespersons for the perspectives and experiences of children.ObjectiveTo investigate children's experiences with and perspectives on the quality of hospital care and services in the Netherlands, and how they think care and services could be improved.DesignA qualitative study incorporating different participatory data collection methods, including photovoice and children writing a letter to the chief executive of the hospital.SettingPaediatric departments of eight hospitals in the Netherlands (two teaching and six regional).ParticipantsChildren and adolescents (n = 63) with either acute or chronic disorders, aged between 6 and 18 years.ResultsThe research results provide insights into children's health and social well‐being in hospitals. Important aspects of health, like being able to sleep well and nutrition that fits children's preferences, are structurally being neglected.ConclusionThe participatory approach brought children's ideas ‘alive’ and generated concrete areas for improvement that stimulated hospitals to take action. This demonstrates that participatory methods are not merely tools to gather children's views but can serve as vehicles for creating health‐care services that more closely meet children's own needs and wishes.
‘Marginal’ Crime: The Example of Blackmail in Representing Evolving Crime Narratives
Authors: Peelo Moira , Soothill Keith 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNewspaper representation of blackmail cases from over half a century (1960–2009) is used to illustrate ‘marginal’ crime reporting in an era of social change: we asked how such crimes fare in attracting public attention and what meanings they represent during a period of politicised, public and criminological narratives of crime and disorder. ‘Marginal’ crimes sit at the edges of crime narratives and at the boundaries of criminology, yet the example of blackmail indicates wider social concerns. A macro analysis of 252 cases showed a steady public profile with six major categories of blackmail reported. At a micro level, only 33 cases achieved sustained reporting, deriving meaning from current social anxiety; acted normatively – defining current group values; or were one of a palette of charges brought against individuals.
Interactions between larvae of the threatened saproxylic beetle Osmoderma eremita and other flower chafers in Mediterranean woodlands: implications for conservation
Authors: Chiari Stefano , Zauli Agnese , Audisio Paolo , Carpaneto Giuseppe M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Interactions between larvae of one of the most charismatic and threatened saproxylic beetles, Osmoderma eremita (Scopoli, 1763), and other flower chafer species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) were investigated by taking samples of wood mould, i.e. loose material inside the cavity, from 151 living hollow trees in two Mediterranean woodlands during August 2010.

Multi‐species occupancy models estimate low occupancy probabilities for both O. eremita (ψ ± SE = 0.36 ± 0.13) and other flower chafer species (0.42 ± 0.06), which showed similar microhabitat requirements without competing.

In cavities where larvae of both groups were present, the probability of detecting O. eremita during the sieving of 2 l of wood mould was not affected by whether larvae of other flower chafers occur in the same sample and vice versa.

Unexpectedly, larvae of O. eremita were detected with a higher probability when larvae of other flower chafers occurred in the cavity.

Model selection statistics strongly support that increasing the sampled volume of wood mould increases the probability of detecting larvae, especially for O. eremita.

Wood mould sampling resulted in a reliable method for detecting the presence of O. eremita larvae, but further studies are needed to investigate the potential damage caused by this procedure in the fragile microhabitat of tree cavities.

To preserve populations of O. eremita and other flower chafers, management actions should be focused on increasing the density of hollow trees and the volume of tree cavities by favouring the natural ageing of trees and by creating artificial habitats in living trees.
Ethnicity, body shape differences and female consumers' apparel fit problems
Authors: Makhanya Bukisile P. , de Klerk Helena M. , Adamski Karien , Mastamet‐Mason Anne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis research compared body shapes, measurements, ratios and fit problems of 234 African (109) and Caucasian (125) women. A three‐dimensional (3D) full‐body scanner generated virtual body images from which circumferential, width, protrusion and height measurements were extracted. Thereafter, circumferential and height ratios were computed. Drop values of key circumferential measurements were used to classify participants' bodies that were later visually confirmed and adopted. Results revealed that triangle, hourglass and rectangle were the three most predominant shapes among African and Caucasian women. There was a significant association between the three most predominant body shapes and ethnicity. There were significant differences in some body measurements and ratios, most of which were observed between African and Caucasian triangle as well as some of the other body shapes and the Caucasian hourglass used in the apparel industry. The differences especially between Caucasian hourglass and the other body shapes may be resulting in the persistent fit problems reported by some of the predominant body shapes at some of the selected body parts. This study therefore concluded that multicultural markets need to identify characteristics of all prevalent shapes within a population in order to minimize apparel fit problems.
Prognostic value of 1p deletion for multiple myeloma: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Ouyang J. , Gou X. , Ma Y. , Huang Q. , Jiang T. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryIntroductionPrevious studies have indicated that a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 1 negatively predicts survival in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Due to the small sample size in each study, we performed this meta‐analysis to comprehensively investigate the association between the 1p deletion and survival in patients with MM.MethodsA literature search was conducted in both foreign and Chinese databases, including SinoMed, CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) in 11 eligible articles were extracted or calculated to analyze the pooled HR, which was estimated by fixed‐effect or random‐effect models based on the heterogeneity between included articles. A subgroup analysis and a meta‐regression were conducted, and Galbraith plots were generated to examine any possible heterogeneity.ResultsThe HRs for OS were available in nine articles, whereas five articles discussed HRs for PFS. The HR with 95%CI was 1.989 (95%CI 1.522–2.600, P = 0.017, I2 = 57.1%) when comparing the OS of patients with 1p deletion with the OS of those without this deletion. For PFS, 1p deletion still predicted a poor prognosis (HR 2.11, 95%CI 1.54–2.88, P = 0.292, I2 = 19.3%). Moreover, the subgroup analysis suggested that either the deleted gene on 1p or techniques for detecting chromosome abnormalities contributed to the heterogeneity, which was partially consistent with the results derived from a meta‐regression analysis and the Galbraith plot method.ConclusionOur meta‐analysis provides globally quantifiable confirmation of the adverse prognostic role of 1p deletion in OS and PFS for patients with MM.
Dental hospitalization trends in Western Australian children under the age of 15 years: a decade of population‐based study
Authors: Alsharif Alla T. , Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc 
Published: January 2014

Background and AimThis study analyzed a decade of dental admission patterns in Western Australian children under the age of 15 years, examining associations with sociodemographic characteristics and with particular focus on dental decay and Indigenous children.MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed the data obtained for 43,937 child patients under the age of 15 years hospitalized for an oral‐health‐related condition, as determined by principal diagnosis (ICD‐10AM). Primary place of residency, age, gender, insurance status and Indigenous status were also analyzed.Results‘Dental caries’ and ‘embedded and impacted teeth’ were the most common reasons for hospitalization among children under the age of 15 years. ‘Dental caries’ were most common in non‐Indigenous patients, with ‘pulp and periapical’ most prevalent in Indigenous patients. The age‐standardized rate (ASR) of hospitalization for Indigenous children in the last decade increased to reach that of non‐Indigenous children in 2009. Total DRG costs of hospitalization, both public and private, were in excess of AUS $92 million over 10 years.ConclusionsThis study indicates the burden of oral‐health‐related conditions on Western Australian children and the hospital system, in terms of health and economical impact.
An application of genetic algorithm to a bidding problem in electricity markets
Authors: Fampa M. , Pimentel W. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we present the problem of strategic bidding under uncertainty in a wholesale energy market, where the economic remuneration of each electricity generator depends on the ability of its own management to submit price and quantity bids. This stochastic problem is highly nonconvex, and due to its difficulty there has been an intensive search for efficient algorithms to solve it. We present a bilevel formulation for the problem and propose a genetic algorithm for its solution, where the individual of the population represents the choice of the upper‐level decision maker. For each individual, the linear programming formulation of the lower level problem is considered and its exact optimum solution is obtained in a very efficient way. Numerical experiments with instances of configurations derived from the Brazilian power system demonstrate the quality of the results obtained by the proposed algorithm. An analysis of the results is also presented for a case study comparing strategic bids to cost‐based bids.
Accumulation of Amikacin in Synovial Fluid After Regional Limb Perfusion of Amikacin Sulfate Alone and in Combination With Ticarcillin/Clavulanate in Horses
Authors: Zantingh Alanna J. , Schwark Wayne S. , Fubini Susan L. , Watts Ashlee E. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo determine the effect of regional limb perfusion (RLP) with amikacin sulfate alone and in combination with ticarcillin/clavulanate on synovial fluid concentration and antimicrobial activity of amikacin.Sample PopulationExperimental study.MethodsRLP with amikacin alone (A; 2.5 g) or amikacin and ticarcillin/clavulanate (AT; 2.5 g amikacin, 7 g ticarcillin/clavulanate) was performed with a tourniquet placed at mid‐antebrachium in standing, sedated horses. Perfusate blood was collected immediately after injection and again before tourniquet release. Blood from the jugular vein was collected before tourniquet release. Synovial fluid from the middle carpal joint was collected 0, 30, and 60 minutes after tourniquet release. Amikacin concentration and antimicrobial activity of synovial fluid against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were determined.ResultsThere was significantly lower amikacin concentration in the middle carpal joint synovial fluid of group AT compared with group A at 30 minutes (AT = median 4.4 µg/mL, IQR 3.0–11.2 µg/mL; A = 17.5 µg/mL, 6.6–80.1 µg/mL) and 60 minutes (AT = median 4.6 µg/mL, IQR 3.1–8.1 µg/mL; A = 15.0 µg/mL, 6.7–61.7 µg/mL) after tourniquet release. Zones of inhibition for ticarcillin‐resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from group AT were significantly smaller than group A from synovial fluid at 30 and 60 minutes after tourniquet release and in the perfusate serum before tourniquet release.ConclusionsThe combination of amikacin with ticarcillin/clavulanate during RLP resulted in significantly lower amikacin synovial concentration and antimicrobial activity on amikacin susceptible and ticarcillin resistant cultures compared with amikacin alone.
Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus in a Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens)
Authors: Neilsen Colleen , Mans Christoph , Colopy Sara A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the successful management of gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) in a red panda.Study DesignClinical report.AnimalsRed panda diagnosed with GDV.ResultsA 12‐year‐old male red panda (Ailurus fulgens) was evaluated for acute onset inappetence, staggering, collapse, and tachypnea. Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) was diagnosed by radiography, abdominal ultrasonography, and exploratory celiotomy. Torsion of the stomach was corrected and an incisional gastropexy performed to prevent recurrence. No organs were devitalized, no other abnormalities detected, and the red panda recovered fully within 72 hours.ConclusionsGDV should be considered as a differential diagnosis for red pandas presenting with acute onset of unspecific signs such as collapse, inappetence, and abdominal distension. GDV in red pandas can be diagnosed and successfully treated as described in dogs.
Effect of Ulnar Ostectomy on Intra‐Articular Pressure Mapping and Contact Mechanics of the Congruent and Incongruent Canine Elbow Ex Vivo
Authors: Krotscheck Ursula , Kalafut Sarah , Meloni Gregory , Thompson Margret S. , Todhunter Rory J. , Mohammed Hussni O. , van der Meulen Marjolein C.H. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo determine (1) the effect of elbow incongruity on contact mechanics and (2) the effect of treatment of this incongruity with 1 of 2 ulnar ostectomies in the canine elbow.Study DesignEx vivo biomechanical study.Sample PopulationUnpaired cadaveric canine forelimbs (n = 17).MethodsIn a servohydraulic testing frame, thin‐film pressure sensors were placed into the lateral and medial compartments of the elbow. Specimens were tested in 135° of elbow joint flexion at 200 N of cyclic axial force, followed by a 20 seconds hold. Intra‐articular contact area (CA), mean contact pressure (mCP) and peak contact pressure (pCP) were measured in each compartment. After radial shortening, testing was repeated and limbs randomized into proximal ulnar ostectomy with IM pin (PUO) or sequential distal ulnar ostectomy (DUO), interosseous ligament release (DUO‐L), and ulnar attachment of the abductor pollicis longus muscle and interosseous membrane release (DUO‐ML). Paired t‐tests were used to compare each treatment to baseline values. Differences between treatment groups were evaluated with a mixed model with random effect to adjust for the clustering of limbs within dog. P < .05 was considered significant.ResultsRadial shortening resulted in shift of mCP and pCP from the lateral to the medial compartment. The PUO group resulted in normalization of medial compartment mCP and decrease of pCP, whereas in the DUO group return to baseline was achieved only after DUO‐ML.ConclusionPUO is effective in unloading medial compartment pCP in an incongruent joint.
Comparison of Tensile Strength and Early Healing of Acute Repeat Celiotomy Through a Ventral Median or a Right Ventral Paramedian Approach
Authors: Boone Lindsey Helms , Epstein Kira , Cremer Jeanette , Rogers Andrew , Foutz Tim , Quandt Jane , Howerth Elizabeth , Mueller P.O. Eric 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo compare tensile strength, failure location, and histologic features after acute repeat celiotomy through a ventral median (RVM) or a right ventral paramedian (RVP) celiotomy in horses.Study DesignEx vivoexperimental study.AnimalsAdult horses (N = 18).MethodsTwelve adult horses had original ventral median (OVM) celiotomy. Repeat celiotomy was performed 72 hours postoperatively through the original ventral median (RVM, N = 6) or a RVP (N = 6) celiotomy. Celiotomies were scored daily for edema, drainage, and dehiscence. Fourteen days after repeat celiotomy, horses were euthanatized and abdominal wall containing celiotomy(ies) were collected for biomechanical and histological evaluation. The abdominal wall of control horses (N = 6; no celiotomy) was collected for biomechanical testing. Vital sign variables, incisional edema, and histologic scores were compared using a Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. Incisional fibrotic depth and tensile strength per unit length (N/cm) was compared using repeated measures ANOVA.ResultsRVM and RVP horses had significantly less tensile strength compared to control horses, but no differences were observed between RVM and RVP horses. No differences in healing, inflammation, infection, or necrosis of repeat celiotomies was observed, but RVP horses accumulated more fibrin and hemorrhage within the incision. RVP horses had significantly greater incisional edema scores, but incisional drainage was more frequent in RVM horses.ConclusionsAcute repeat celiotomy through a RVM incision results in similar incisional healing and tensile strength compared with repeat celiotomy through a RVP incision.
Communication of stereotypes in the classroom: biased language use of German and Turkish adolescents
Authors: Schoel Christiane , Roessel Janin , Jacobsen Anja , Stahlberg Dagmar 
Published: January 2014

AbstractLittle is known about the linguistic transmission and maintenance of mutual stereotypes in interethnic contexts. This field study, therefore, investigated the linguistic expectancy bias (LEB) and the linguistic intergroup bias (LIB) among German and Turkish adolescents (13 to 20 years) in the school context. The LEB refers to the general phenomenon of describing stereotypes more abstractly. The LIB is the tendency to use language abstraction for in‐group protective reasons. Results revealed an unmoderated LEB, whereas the LIB only occurred when foreigners were in the numerical majority, the classroom composition was perceived as a learning disadvantage, or the interethnic conflict frequency was high. These findings provide first evidence for the use of both LEB and LIB in an interethnic classroom setting.
Lay beliefs about the causes of and solutions to dehumanization and prejudice: do nonexperts recognize the role of human–animal relations?
Authors: Costello Kimberly , Hodson Gordon 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe investigate laypeople's beliefs about the causes of and solutions to out‐group dehumanization and prejudice. Specifically, we examine whether nonexperts recognize the role that beliefs in the human–animal divide play in the formation and reduction of intergroup biases, as observed empirically in the interspecies model of prejudice. Interestingly, despite evidence in the present study that human–animal divide beliefs predict greater dehumanization and prejudice, participants strongly rejected the human–animal divide as a probable cause of (or solution to) dehumanization or prejudice. We conclude with a meta‐analytic test of the relation between human–animal divide and prejudice (mean r = .34) in the literature, establishing the human–animal divide as an important but largely unrecognized prejudice precursor. Applied implications for the development and implementation of prejudice interventions are considered.
Changing prejudiced attitudes by thinking about persuasive messages: implications for resistance
Authors: Cárdaba Miguel A. M. , Briñol Pablo , Horcajo Javier , Petty Richard E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis research showed that changing attitudes toward stigmatized groups can result from both the simple processes that require little thinking and the traditional elaborative forms of persuasion that require high thinking processes. Importantly, even when the obtained attitude change was equivalent for situations in which there was high and low message elaboration, the changes produced in high thinking conditions were found to be more resistant to further attacks than equivalent changes produced by less thoughtful mechanisms. Not only were those attitudes more resistant as measured objectively (Study 1) but participants also perceived their attitudes to be subjectively more resistant (Study 2). These studies suggest that examining the processes by which prejudice is changed can be important for understanding the consequences and long‐term implications of treatments and campaigns oriented to changing attitudes toward stigmatized groups.