bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Keel Pamela K. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge‐eating episodes coupled with inappropriate compensatory behaviors (e.g., vomiting) and body image disturbance. Bulimia nervosa is more common in women than men, in Western than non‐Western cultures, and in urban than rural settings. The disorder has become more common in adolescent and young adult women during a time of increasing idealization of thinness; indeed, weight concerns represent a risk factor for the development of bulimia nervosa. In addition, genetic makeup, physiology, personality, and peer environment influence the development of bulimia nervosa. Both cognitive behavioral therapy and fluoxetine have demonstrated treatment efficacy. Most individuals achieve recovery from bulimia nervosa 5 to 10 years following diagnosis; however, the eating disorder follows a chronic course in approximately 20% of women. In addition, bulimia nervosa is associated with increased risk of death, particularly death by suicide, underscoring the importance of research on prevention and treatment.
Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
Authors: Roberts Michael C. , Canter Kimberly S. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
is a professional and scientific journal published by the American Psychological Association with a focus on the informational needs of the psychological practice community. The journal publishes articles of interest to independent practitioners and psychologists in institutional practice as well as educators and trainees. Literature reviews, surveys, empirical research, and policy pieces form the journal content, covering the science of psychology and integrating science into practice through evidence‐based practice concepts.
Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Therapies: Long Term and Short Term
Authors: Messer Stanley B. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Psychoanalytic or psychodynamic therapy is a form of psychological treatment that attends to the playing out of transference and countertransference; the centrality of the therapeutic relationship or alliance as a key feature that allows therapy to progress and influences its outcome; the clarification and interpretation of resistance and defense; and the attainment of insight through the exploration of feelings, fantasies, and behavior. It can be open‐ended and long term or time‐limited and relatively brief. Techniques to make it briefer include a psychodynamic focus, a specified time limit, therapist activity, and goal setting. Empirical research has supported the efficacy of psychoanalytic therapy, especially the brief to medium‐length varieties, for several disorders, such as depression and borderline personality disorder.
Beck Depression Inventory (
BDI
)
Authors: Rosner Rachael I. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The Beck Depression Inventory (
BDI
) is a 21‐item self‐report assessment of the intensity of depression for use in both psychiatric and nonpsychiatric clinical populations. First created by the psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck in 1961, the
BDI
is now in its third iteration (
BDI‐II
) and remains one of the most widely used tests of the severity of depression. The
BDI‐II
has been tested extensively for convergent and discriminant (construct) validities, concurrent validity, and factorial validity, and it has been translated into over 20 languages. Short forms of the
BDI
have been constructed for use in screening for major depressive disorders in nonpsychiatric clinical populations and for use with children and adolescents. The
BDI
is not a tool for
diagnosing
depression but rather is an assessment of the
intensity
or
severity
of depressive symptoms.
Common (Nonspecific) Factors in Psychotherapy
Authors: Huibers Marcus J. H. , Cuijpers Pim 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCommon factors, factors that are common to all forms of psychotherapy, such as the relationship between patient and therapist (alliance), have been much discussed as potential mechanisms that explain how psychotherapy works. Fueled by the dodo bird verdict (the finding that many psychotherapies produce equivalent outcomes), this debate continues to date. Opponents of the common factor theory point to the correlational designs of common factor studies that do not allow causal inferences, whereas the proponents claim that the fact that most psychotherapies produce equivalent results shows that common factors must be responsible for the effects. In reality, there is little evidence that pleads for or against the common factor theory. Recent studies have begun to disentangle the temporal relation between therapeutic alliance and outcome (i.e., what changes first), but the findings are mixed. New lines of research are needed to resolve the debate. The question of which factors are responsible for the benefits of psychotherapy remains an empirical one.
Polygenic Transmission
Authors: Hall Rosine W. , Thomson Mary S. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Trait expression is due to the actions of many genes, influenced by environment and contingent upon historical and other factors within the organism. Thus, for most traits, transmission is non‐Mendelian. Human behaviors, in particular, result from the interplay of genetic influences and environmental factors. As such, the probability of occurrence of a behavioral trait given the presence of an associated gene mutation is much less than 100%. Research on the best studied psychiatric disorders has confirmed that all are polygenic. The implications of this include complexity of etiology, and the involvement of many, perhaps hundreds of genes.
Clinical Competencies
Authors: Kaslow Nadine J. , Graves Chanda C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCompetency‐based approaches increasingly are being incorporated to inform training efforts and guarantee the accountability and outcomes in the educational process. They also increasingly are driving credentialing at the generic and specialty levels. This chapter offers an overview of the state of competency development in professional psychology within the context of other health professions. Specifically, we identify the key activities that have advanced our understanding of the core competencies within professional psychology, summarize current efforts related to the assessment of competence for both trainees and professionals, review the relevant literature on competency‐based training, and underscore obstacles and future directions for such initiatives.
T
erman,
L
ewis
M
. (1877–1956)
Authors: Hogan John D. , Sy Megan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Lewis M. Terman (1877–1956) was a pioneer of intelligence testing in the United States. While a professor at Stanford University, he developed the Stanford Revision of the Binet–Simon Scales (known simply as the Stanford‐Binet), a measure of intelligence that became the standard against which other intelligence tests were measured for decades. He continued to play a central role in promoting psychological testing throughout his lifetime. In 1921, he began a longitudinal study of intellectually gifted young people that ultimately followed them through their lifetimes. The data collected on them are still being mined for insights on development. Terman also made significant contributions to the study of marital happiness. His leadership helped his department at Stanford grow into one of the most powerful and respected psychology departments in the country. In 1922, he served as president of the American Psychological Association.
Kuhn,ThomasS. (1922–96)
Authors: Blease Charlotte , Cooper Rachel 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThomas Kuhn (1922–96) is most famous forThe structure of scientific revolutions(Kuhn, 1962), one of the most influential books in twentieth‐century philosophy of science. Here Kuhn argues that scientists normally work within “paradigms.” On his view, science is essentially noncumulative; during a period of “normal science” members of a subdiscipline will structure their work according to some particular paradigm, but sooner or later this paradigm will come to be replaced by some incommensurable successor.
Kuhnian Paradigms
Authors: Blease Charlotte , Cooper Rachel 
Published: January 2015

AbstractInThe structure of scientific revolutionsThomas Kuhn sketches an account of the history of science according to which scientists normally work withinparadigms. Scientists who work within the same paradigm share certain tacit and explicit knowledge that enables them to conduct their research. Kuhn understood science to be cyclical in nature; a period of “normal” scientific research, would give way to uncertainty and then revolution, with a new period of normal science emerging with the advent of a new “incommensurable” successor paradigm.
Personality Assessment Inventory (
PAI
)
Authors: Morey Leslie C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The Personality Assessment Inventory (
PAI
) is a multiscale personality inventory that measures a variety of constructs relevant to clinical diagnosis and decision making. The
PAI
is a questionnaire that has 344 self‐reported items arranged into 22 full scales, with various subscales and supplemental indices available to refine interpretation. First published in 1991, the
PAI
was developed using a construct‐validation approach that sought to incorporate modern developments in psychometric theory. It has been widely used in clinical, forensic, and selection settings, and it has been translated into numerous different languages. Extensive empirical research has been conducted using the
PAI
for various applications, providing information about norms, reliability, and validity in different contexts.
Gambling Disorder/Pathological Gambling
Authors: Bullock Scott A. , Potenza Marc N. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPathological gambling (PG), characterized by “recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior that disrupts personal, family, or vocational pursuits,” affects about 0.2–2.0% of the adult population. AsPGmay affect family members, employers, and society as a whole,PGis important to understand within a public health framework. Similarities have been identified between the pathophysiologies ofPGand substance use disorders. This has led to a proposal to conceptualize and categorizePGas a nonsubstance or “behavioral” addiction. Both substance and nonsubstance addictions are associated with alterations in brain structure and function, can be treated with behavioral and pharmacological therapies, and, if left untreated, may lead to devastating consequences.
J
anet,
P
ierre (1859–1947)
Authors: Hummer Justin F. , Davison Gerald C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
As a highly trained French scientist with educational roots in philosophy and medicine, Pierre Janet (1859–1947) was uniquely positioned to influence the early formation of psychology during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He developed a form of psychotherapy called psychological analysis, which predated the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), yet was more akin to a form of cognitive behavioral therapy rather than to the predominant psychodynamic and behaviorist viewpoints of the time. Janet was instrumental in the development of theories regarding dissociative, somatoform, and conversion disorders, and he was among the first to devise a systematic therapeutic approach to posttraumatic psychopathology.
Illness Anxiety Disorder/Hypochondriasis
Authors: Shikatani (née Gee) Bethany , Nowakowski Matilda E. , Antony Martin M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Illness anxiety disorder refers to an intense fear of having or acquiring a serious illness, based on the misinterpretation of bodily symptoms. It is a relatively common psychological disorder, with a 1‐ to 2‐year prevalence of 1.3% to 10% in the general population. Assessment of illness anxiety disorder can be conducted through self‐report measures, clinical interviews, and self‐monitoring of symptoms. Effective treatments for this disorder include psychoeducation, behavioral stress management, exposure and response prevention, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Pharmacological treatments, such as fluoxetine, have also demonstrated effectiveness for the treatment of illness anxiety disorder.
Pathoplasticity
Authors: Boroughs Michael S. , O'Cleirigh Conall 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Pathoplasticity, or the influence personality style has on mental health disorders, is a burgeoning area of research among a variety of highly prevalent psychological disorders including major depression, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders, particularly bulimia nervosa. The principles supporting further development of this theoretical model include an examination of cultural factors on an individual's personality and how these factors might predict and explain differential response to psychological intervention. This principle is furthered by studies that support tailored treatment, based upon an assessment of both a major mental disorder and a known pathoplastic feature, thought to influence the treatment outcome.
Prognosis
Authors: Samuel Winer E. , Salem Taban , Nadorff Michael R. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
A prognosis is a prediction about how (a) a particular patient is likely to fare over time or (b) patients with a particular diagnosis tend to fare, on average. Prognosis is a tool to be used carefully to inform patients of the expected course of treatment. Used wisely, and with important caveats, it can bring great relief. Used recklessly, it can make an already difficult path seem impassible.
Pyromania
Authors: Ward Ashley K. , Ruttle Erin M. , MacKay Sherri 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Pyromania has remained a contentious mental disorder and diagnosis since its original debut in biomedical and medicolegal literature during the early nineteenth century. The validity and utility of this diagnosis have yet to be clearly established. The entry below provides an overview of its historical and present‐day social context, major issues and debates in the field, and possible research avenues for nosological clarification.
DSM

‐
5
Authors: Marty Meghan A. , Segal Daniel L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (
DSM
)

, published by the American Psychiatric Association, is a compendium of mental disorders, a listing of the diagnostic criteria used to diagnose them, and a detailed system for their definition, organization, and classification. This entry includes information on: (a) the planning and development of the fifth edition of the manual (

DSM
‐5

), (b) the general features of the

DSM
‐5

and changes from previous editions, (c) multicultural and diversity issues in the

DSM
‐5

, and (d) limitations and criticisms of the

DSM
‐5

.
Doctor of Psychology Degree (PsyD)
Authors: Gardner Frank L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) degree is the doctoral degree that was developed for individuals whose career ambitions were to provide direct clinical services. Affirmed at the Vail Conference in 1973,PsyDtraining is primarily focused on the development of skilled clinical practitioners who can effectively use scientific research in their psychology practice. Based on the scholar‐practitioner model,PsyDpractitioners are trained to provide competent assessment, intervention, consultation, and supervisory‐management related psychological services while effectively applying the findings of current psychological science research to their daily practice endeavors.
Mediation Analysis
Authors: MacKinnon David P. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Mediating variables are common in clinical research because they help explain how a mediator transmits the effects of an independent variable to an outcome variable. In clinical treatment research, theoretical mediating variables are targeted for change because they are causally related to the outcome variable. If the mediators are causally related to the outcome variable, then a treatment that changes the mediator will change the outcome. First, the single mediator model is described in detail both statistically and conceptually. Second, more complicated models and recent advances in mediation methods are outlined. The importance of a sustained research program that includes information from many sources is emphasized.
Malingering
Authors: Pierson Ashley , Rosenfeld Barry 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Malingering is defined as the exaggeration or fabrication of symptoms in order to achieve some type of external gain. In clinical settings, malingering must be distinguished from factitious disorders, in which deliberate symptom exaggeration is believed to be motivated by an internal, or psychological drive—a desire to assume the “sick role.” In mental health settings, symptom exaggeration might focus predominantly on “psychiatric” symptoms (e.g., psychotic symptoms, depression), exaggerated cognitive impairment (e.g., memory or concentration impairments), or a combination of the two. Because identifying the motivation behind symptom exaggeration can be challenging, clinicians often presume malingering whether a clear external incentive is present, such as in forensic settings (e.g., criminal prosecution, civil litigation, vocational disability/workman's compensation). Although malingering is estimated to occur in 15–20% of forensic settings, factitious disorders are thought to be rare (e.g., roughly 1% in clinical settings).
Trichotillomania/Hair Pulling Disorder
Authors: Zickgraf Hana F. , Franklin Martin E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Trichotillomania (TTM) is characterized by an inability to resist urges to pull hair from the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, pubic region, or other bodily regions, resulting in noticeable hair loss. Episodes of pulling are often linked to stress. TTM is associated with psychiatric comorbidity and significant functional impairment. Habit reversal training, a form of cognitive behavioral therapy, is recognized as an empirically supported treatment for TTM in adults; several pharmacotherapy options appear to hold promise as well. Although pediatric onset appears to be the norm, the literature on treatment for TTM in children and adolescents remains sparse. Initial indications suggest that habit reversal training is efficacious for this age group, and relapse may be less common in youth than it appears to be in adults. Treatment in the community is often inadequate; dissemination of habit reversal training remains a public health priority.
Therapist Self‐Care
Authors: Derthick Annie O. , Ivanovic Mariana , Swift Joshua K. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Developing healthy habits of self‐care is essential to the work of psychotherapy. Self‐care has been linked to decreased burnout and increased job satisfaction for therapists. It includes a holistic integration and as such should include cultivating healthy living habits in each the following six domains: maintaining balance, intrapersonal experiences, interpersonal relationships, the professional realm, physical health, and recreation.
Accreditation of Clinical Psychology Training Programs
Authors: Seime Richard J. , Klonoff Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractProfessional psychology has responded to both governmental and the public's need for assuring quality of clinical psychology training. Accreditation criteria are the only recognized mechanisms to assure quality and essential for professional psychology and clinical psychology to remain on equal footing with other health professions. The American Psychological Association's Commission on Accreditation (CoA) accredits doctoral programs of various models, internships, and postdoctoral programs. The Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System accredits exclusively clinical psychological science programs. Challenges for accreditation reflect the conflict in higher education based upon friction between academic freedom and mandated standards for quality. There is increased emphasis in accreditation on the achievement of outcomes that are consistent with quality professional practice. TheCoAis addressing current challenges and dissatisfactions with accreditation and embarking upon a revision of theGuidelines and Principles for Accreditationto address the increased emphasis on competencies among many contemporary forces impacting clinical psychology training.
Small Sample Failure of Random Assignment
Authors: Strube Michael J 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
When small samples of participants are randomly assigned to experimental conditions, it is not usual for the resulting groups to be unequal in their distributions of individual differences (e.g., some groups having more men than women). The resulting correlation between individual‐difference variables and treatment makes it possible for individual differences to masquerade as treatment effects. The conditions under which erroneous inferences are most likely to occur, however, either are rare (e.g., very high correlations between the confounding variable and the outcome) or involve samples so small that the resulting low power prevents the biased effect from being statistically significant. Furthermore, any bias is random and cancels across studies. When confounding variables are likely, it is better to control them more aggressively (e.g., with matched random assignment) and to include them explicitly in the statistical analyses so their effects can be separated from those due to treatment.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (
ECT
) and Other Neuromodulation Therapies
Authors: Mantini Andrew Michael , McCall Vaughn 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Electroconvulsive therapy (
ECT
) has been used effectively to treat severe psychiatric disorders by electrically inducing seizures. It was introduced in the United States in the 1940s and continues to gain acceptance by patients and practitioners. The process of
ECT
has been refined over several years to maximize constructive results while minimizing harmful side effects. Additional neuromodulator therapies, including vagus nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and psychosurgery, have been used to treat mental illness with varying results. This entry examines the positive attributes and adverse effects, and clinical utility of those therapies for refractory major depressive disorder and obsessive‐compulsive disorder.
Trait‐State‐Occasion Models
Authors: Prenoveau Jason M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The trait‐state‐occasion (TSO) structural equation model is one of a class of latent trait‐state models designed to represent the expression of relative stability of psychological constructs over time. TSO models are applied to longitudinal data where multiple measures of a construct are administered at multiple time points. The TSO model partitions state variance of the construct at each time point into a time‐invariant portion, the trait factor, and a time‐varying component, that time point's occasion factor. The relations among psychological constructs can be obscured or misrepresented if their time‐invariant and time‐varying components are not separated. Therefore, TSO modeling can be used to improve psychopathology risk outcome research by properly accounting for the time‐invariant and time‐varying components of psychopathological constructs. Additional uses of the TSO model, as well as its strengths, limitations, and model specifications, are discussed.
Diagnostic Essentialism
Authors: Raley Kristin 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Diagnostic essentialism is a term used to describe a conceptual framework for understanding diagnostic categories, a framework that assumes each of these categories to have inherent properties that make them what they are, i.e., an underlying “essence.” The current diagnostic system operates within a medical model of mental illness, which many argue perpetuates the belief that mental disorders are discoverable entities that are naturally occurring kinds. This view of mental illness has been widely criticized as insufficient to address the complexity of psychopathology.