bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Starch‐Powered Biofuel Cell Activated by Logically Processed Biomolecular Signals
Authors: Mailloux Shay , MacVittie Kevin , Privman Marina , Guz Nataliia , Katz Evgeny 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAn overview of the application of signal‐switchable electrodes in biofuel cells is provided, concentrating on sophisticated systems where logically processed biomolecular signals can activate power production by switchable biofuel cells. The discussion is directed to the formulation of a new concept of physiologically controlled biofuel cells with the power production on demand, particularly in the case of implantable biofuel cells operating in vivo under physiological conditions. The practical realization of the novel concept may be in separating the signal‐processing and power‐producing sub‐systems which communicate electronically. The general conceptual discussion is exemplified with a system where a biomolecular logic system represented by a single Boolean OR logic gate is used to activate enzyme‐release to produce glucose‐biofuel from starch to activate power generation by a biofuel cell. The presented example is aiming at the concept demonstration rather than immediate practical application. Further sophistication of the given example is possible based on the rapidly developing biocomputing approach and integration of signal‐processing systems with switchable materials, electrodes and biofuel cells.
Thermal‐ and Photo‐Induced Phase‐Transition Behaviors of a Tapered Dendritic Liquid Crystal with Photochromic Azobenzene Mesogens and a Bicyclic Chiral Center
Authors: Kim Dae‐Yoon , Lee Sang‐A , Choi Yu‐Jin , Hwang Seok‐Ho , Kuo Shiao‐Wei , Nah Changwoon , Lee Myong‐Hoon , Jeong Kwang‐Un 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA ribbon‐shaped chiral liquid crystalline (LC) dendrimer with photochromic azobenzene mesogens and an isosorbide chiral center (abbreviated as AZ3DLC) was successfully synthesized and its major phase transitions were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and linear polarized optical microscopy (POM). Its ordered structures at different temperatures were further identified through structure‐sensitive diffraction techniques. Based on the experimental results, it was found that the AZ3DLC molecule exhibited the low‐ordered chiral smectic (Sm*) LC phase with 6.31 nm periodicity at a high‐temperature phase region. AZ3DLC showed the reversible photoisomerization in both organic solvents and nematic (N) LC media. As a chiral‐inducing agent, it exhibited a good solubility, a high helical‐twisting power, and a large change in the helical‐twisting power due to its photochemical isomerization in the commercially available N LC hosts. Therefore, we were able to reversibly “remote‐control” the colors in the whole visible region by finely tuning the helical pitch of the spontaneously formed helical superstructures.
Constrained‐Geometry Bisphosphazides Derived from 1,8‐Diazidonaphthalene: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characteristics, Structural Features, and Theoretical Investigations
Authors: Kögel Julius F. , Abacılar Nuri C. , Weber Felicia , Oelkers Benjamin , Harms Klaus , Kovačević Borislav , Sundermeyer Jörg 
Published: March 2014

AbstractInvestigations on the Staudinger reaction between 1,8‐diazidonaphthalene and phosphorous(III) building blocks, a key step in the synthesis of superbasic bisphosphazene proton sponges, yielded a set of bisphosphazides with a constrained geometry 1,8‐disubstituted naphthalene backbone. This compound class has attracted our interest not only due to their surprisingly high stability, but in particular because of their theoretically predicted basicity in the range of their bisphosphazene analogues that can be referred to the constrained geometry interaction of two highly basic nitrogen atoms. Eleven new bisphosphazides bearing simple P‐amino groups as well as P‐guanidino substituents, azaphosphatrane moieties, P2 building blocks, or chiral P‐amino substituents derived from L‐proline are presented. They were studied concerning their spectroscopic properties and partly also their chromophoric and structural features. In the case of the pyrrolidino‐substituted TPPN(2N2) (TPPN=1,8‐bis(trispyrrolidinophosphazenyl)naphthalene), the stepwise nitrogen elimination is investigated theoretically and experimentally, which led to the isolation and structural characterization of TPPN(1N2) bearing a phosphazide and a phosphazene functionality in one molecule. Attempts to protonate the obtained bisphosphazides and to prove the computationally predicted pKBH+ values through NMR titration reactions resulted in their decay, which again was rationalized by theoretical calculations. Altogether we present the so far most extensive spectroscopic, structural and theoretical investigation of constrained geometry bisphosphazides and their Brønsted and Lewis basic properties.
Ion‐Responsive Hemin–G‐Quadruplexes for Switchable DNAzyme and Enzyme Functions
Authors: Aleman‐Garcia Miguel Angel , Orbach Ron , Willner Itamar 
Published: March 2014

AbstractProgrammed nucleic acid sequences undergo K+ ion‐induced self‐assembly into G‐quadruplexes and separation of the supramolecular structures by the elimination of K+ ions by crown ether or cryptand ion‐receptors. This process allows the switchable formation and dissociation of the respective G‐quadruplexes. The different G‐quadruplex structures bind hemin, and the resulting hemin–G‐quadruplex structures reveal horseradish peroxidase DNAzyme catalytic activities. The following K+ ion/receptor switchable systems are described: 1) The K+‐induced self‐assembly of the Mg2+‐dependent DNAzyme subunits into a catalytic nanostructure using the assembly of G‐quadruplexes as bridging unit. 2) The K+‐induced stabilization of the anti‐thrombin G‐quadruplex nanostructure that inhibits the hydrolytic functions of thrombin. 3) The K+‐induced opening of DNA tweezers through the stabilization of G‐quadruplexes on the “tweezers’ arms" and the release of a strand bridging the tweezers into a closed structure. In all of the systems reversible, switchable, functions are demonstrated. For all systems two different signals are used to follow the switchable functions (fluorescence and the catalytic functions of the derived hemin–G‐quadruplex DNAzyme).
Encapsulated Cobalt–Porphyrin as a Catalyst for Size‐Selective Radical‐type Cyclopropanation Reactions
Authors: Otte Matthias , Kuijpers Petrus F. , Troeppner Oliver , Ivanović‐Burmazović Ivana , Reek Joost N. H. , de Bruin Bas 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA cobalt–porphyrin catalyst encapsulated in a cubic M8L6 cage allows cyclopropanation reactions in aqueous media. The caged‐catalyst shows enhanced activities in acetone/water as compared to pure acetone. Interestingly, the M8L6 encapsulated catalyst reveals size‐selectivity. Smaller substrates more easily penetrate through the pores of the “molecular ship‐in‐a‐bottle catalysts” and are hence converted faster than bigger substrates. In addition, N‐tosylhydrazone sodium salts are easy to handle reagents for cyclopropanation reactions under these conditions.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Triphenyl‐Substituted Radical and an Unprecedented Formation of a Carbene‐Functionalized Quinodimethane
Authors: Mondal Kartik Chandra , Samuel Prinson P. , Roesky Herbert W. , Niepötter Benedikt , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Stalke Dietmar , Ehret Fabian , Kaim Wolfgang , Maity Bholanath , Koley Debasis 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe trichlorosilylcarbene monoradical (CycAAC)SiCl3 (1) was directly converted to (CycAAC)SiPh3 (2) by substitution of the three chlorine atoms with phenyl groups without affecting the radical center adjacent to the silicon atom. In addition to the structure determination, compound 2 was studied by EPR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The three hyperfine lines in the EPR spectrum of 2 are due to the coupling with 14N nucleus. Functionalized 1,4‐quinodimethane Me2cAACC6H4CPh2 (7) was isolated, whereas carbon analogue of radical 2 was targeted. Cyclic voltammogram of 7 indicated that a stable radical‐anion 7, as well as a radical‐cation 7, can be prepared. Theoretical calculations showed that one‐electron ionization energy and electron affinity of 7 are 5.1 and 0.7 eV mol−1, respectively.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of Merkel cell carcinoma—A review of 69 cases
Authors: Shield Paul W. , Crous Heinrich 
Published: March 2014

This study reviewed the clinical presentation, cytologic findings, and the immunophenotype of 69 Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) cases sampled by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). Demographic and clinical data, the cytology findings, and results of ancillary testing were reviewed. Median patient age was 78 years (37−104) with a 1:1.8 female to male ratio. The most common FNA sites sampled included lymph nodes in the neck, the axillary region, the inguinal region and the parotid gland. Most patients had a history of MCC (68%) and/or non‐MCC malignancy (70%). The common cytologic pattern was a cellular smear with malignant cells arranged in a dispersed pattern with variable numbers of disorganized groups of cells. Cytoplasm was scant or absent and nuclei showed mild to moderate anisokaryosis, stippled chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli, and nuclear molding. Numerous apoptotic bodies were often present. Cell block samples (28 cases) were usually positive for cytokeratins in a perinuclear dot pattern, including 88% of cases with CK20 positivity. CD56 was the most sensitive (95%) neuroendocrine marker on cell blocks and was also positive with flow cytometry in nine cases tested. MCC is most commonly seen in FNA specimens from the head and neck of elderly patients, often with a history of previous skin lesions. Occasional cases present in younger patients and some may be mistaken for other round blue cell tumors, such as lymphoma. CD 56 may be a useful marker in cell block preparations and in flow cytometric analysis of MCC. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:924–928. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relationship between gestational fasting plasma glucose and neonatal birth weight, prenatal blood pressure and dystocia in pregnant Chinese women
Authors: Zhu Min , Cai Jing , Liu Shujuan , Huang Mingwei , Chen Yao , Lai Xiaolan , Chen Yuyu , Zhao Zhongwen , Wu Fangzhen , Wu Dongmei , Miu Haiyan , Lai Shenghan , Chen Gang 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the optimal cut‐off point of fasting plasma glucose for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus for pregnant Chinese women. This study investigates the relationship between gestational fasting plasma glucose and several variables: neonatal birth weight, prenatal blood pressure and dystocia rate of pregnant women. In this study, we hoped to provide a useful tool to screen gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant Chinese women.MethodsFor 1058 pregnant women enrolled in our hospital at pregnancy weeks 22–30, fasting plasma glucose, neonatal birth weight and prenatal blood pressure, as well as dystocia conditions, were examined. We analysed the correlations between the following: gestational fasting plasma glucose and neonatal birth weight; prenatal blood pressure and gestational fasting plasma glucose as well as dystocia rate and gestational fasting plasma glucose group.ResultsA modest correlation was observed between gestational fasting plasma glucose and neonatal birth weight (r = 0.093, p = 0.003). The macrosomia rate was smallest when the gestational fasting plasma glucose was in the range 3.51–5.5 mmol/L. Prenatal blood pressure increased linearly with increasing gestational fasting plasma glucose (p = 0.000). There was a significant difference between the dystocia rates in different fasting plasma glucose groups (chi‐squared = 13.015, p = 0.043). The results showed that the dystocia rate significantly increased when gestational fasting plasma glucose was >4.9 mmol/L; p = 0.03, OR = 2.156 (95% CI, 1.077–4.318).ConclusionWe suggest that the optimal range of gestational fasting plasma glucose for pregnant Chinese women is in the range 3.5–4.9 mmol/L. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are there conserved roles for the extracellular matrix, cilia, and junctional complexes in left‐right patterning?
Authors: Collins Michelle M. , Ryan Aimee K. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryMany different types of molecules have essential roles in patterning the left‐right axis and directing asymmetric morphogenesis. In particular, the relationship between signaling molecules and transcription factors has been explored extensively. Another group of proteins implicated in left‐right patterning are components of the extracellular matrix, apical junctions, and cilia. These structural molecules have the potential to participate in the conversion of morphogenetic cues from the extracellular environment into morphogenetic patterning via their interactions with the actin cytoskeleton. Although it has been relatively easy to temporally position these proteins within the hierarchy of the left‐right patterning pathway, it has been more difficult to define how they mechanistically fit into these pathways. Consequently, our understanding of how these factors impart patterning information to influence the establishment of the left‐right axis remains limited. In this review, we will discuss those structural molecules that have been implicated in early phases of left‐right axis development. genesis 52:488–502, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphological and life‐history responses of anurans to predation by an invasive crayfish: an integrative approach
Authors: Nunes Ana L. , Orizaola Germán , Laurila Anssi , Rebelo Rui 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPredator‐induced phenotypic plasticity has been widely documented in response to native predators, but studies examining the extent to which prey can respond to exotic invasive predators are scarce. As native prey often do not share a long evolutionary history with invasive predators, they may lack defenses against them. This can lead to population declines and even extinctions, making exotic predators a serious threat to biodiversity. Here, in a community‐wide study, we examined the morphological and life‐history responses of anuran larvae reared with the invasive red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, feeding on conspecific tadpoles. We reared tadpoles of nine species until metamorphosis and examined responses in terms of larval morphology, growth, and development, as well as their degree of phenotypic integration. These responses were compared with the ones developed in the presence of a native predator, the larval dragonfly Aeshna sp., also feeding on tadpoles. Eight of the nine species altered their morphology or life history when reared with the fed dragonfly, but only four when reared with the fed crayfish, suggesting among‐species variation in the ability to respond to a novel predator. While morphological defenses were generally similar across species (deeper tails) and almost exclusively elicited in the presence of the fed dragonfly, life‐history responses were very variable and commonly elicited in the presence of the invasive crayfish. Phenotypes induced in the presence of dragonfly were more integrated than in crayfish presence. The lack of response to the presence of the fed crayfish in five of the study species suggests higher risk of local extinction and ultimately reduced diversity of the invaded amphibian communities. Understanding how native prey species vary in their responses to invasive predators is important in predicting the impacts caused by newly established predator–prey interactions following biological invasions.
Dimethylmalonato Zinc Complexes as Molecular Precursors for Electronic Grade Zinc Oxide: Towards a Systematic Ligand Design by Understanding Molecular Decomposition Mechanisms
Authors: Hoffmann Rudolf C. , Schneider Jörg J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractZinc complexes with dimethyl 2‐hydroxyimino‐ and 2‐nitromalonate (dmm‐NOH and Hdmm‐NO2, respectively) were synthesized and examined as potential precursors for nanocrystalline zinc oxide. The functionalised 1,3‐diketones are sufficiently acidic to allow direct synthesis from hydrozincite or zinc 2‐propoxide as well as their full spectroscopic and analytical characterization. Their nominal elemental compositions of [Zn4O(dmm‐NO)6] and [Zn3(OH)4(dmm‐NO2)2] suggest the presence of multinuclear cage structures with oxo‐ or hydroxo‐bridging ligands. This assumption is in accordance with the obtained spectroscopic data. Thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy (TG/MS and TG‐IR) indicate the formation of dimethylcarbonate and methanol during the decomposition. Both precursors exhibit good film formation properties and the obtained zinc oxide was further characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and PL. Finally, the semiconducting electronic behaviour of the obtained nanocrystalline ZnO was studied in a field‐effect transistor (FET) device.
Nitrile‐Supported Coordination Polymers of Cerium(III) Bromide
Authors: Vasudevan Kalyan V. , Boncher William L. , Smith Nickolaus A. , Blair Michael W. , Scott Brian L. , Bennett Bryan L. , Hehlen Markus P. , Muenchausen Ross E. , Gordon John C. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA series of nitrile‐supported coordination polymers of cerium bromide (CeBr3) are reported, including adducts of trimethylacetonitrile, benzonitrile, and glutaronitrile. The identities of the compounds are established on the basis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data, and the compounds are further characterized by elemental analysis and photoluminescence. The photoluminescence spectra of the coordination polymers display considerably redshifted emission compared to the characteristic emission of CeBr3 single crystals.
Synthesis and Characterization of Tungstophosphoric Acid/Pentaethylenehexamine/ZrSBA‐15 and Its Use in the Selective Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Meng Ling‐Yan , Zhai Shang‐Ru , Li Shi , Zhai Bin , An Qing‐Da , Song Xiao‐Wei 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA layer‐by‐layer deposition strategy was employed for the immobilization of tungstophosphoric acid (HPW) onto a pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA)‐grafted ZrSBA‐15 framework to a give HPW/PEHA/ZrSBA‐15 composite. The resulting composite was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, N2 sorption, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and these methods showed that the composite was stable in polar environments. These properties were attributed to the method of preparation, which ensured that a dense and stable array of HPW was encapsulated within the pores of PEHA‐modified ZrSBA‐15. In the H2O2‐mediated oxidation of benzyl alcohol, the 25 % HPW/PEHA/ZrSBA‐15 catalyst exhibited high selectivity (>99 %) for benzaldehyde. Moreover, the oxidation reaction was performed under solvent‐free conditions, and the catalyst was recycled several times with negligible loss in selectivity and conversion. This HPW‐based catalyst was also efficient at selectively oxidizing other benzylic and alkyl alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes.
Reappraisal of sediment dynamics in the Lower Mekong River, Cambodia
Authors: Lu XiXi , Kummu Matti , Oeurng Chantha 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe Mekong Basin in southeast Asia is facing rapid development, impacting its hydrology and sediment dynamics. Although the understanding of the sediment transport rates in the Mekong is gradually growing, the sediment dynamics in the lower Mekong floodplains (downstream from Kratie) are poorly understood. The aim of this study is to conduct an analysis to increase the understanding of the sediment dynamics at the Chaktomuk confluence of the Mekong River, and the Tonle Sap River in the Lower Mekong River in Cambodia. This study is based on the data from a detailed field survey over the three hydrological years (May 2008–April 2011) at the two sites (the Mekong mainstream and the Tonle Sap River) at the Chaktomuk confluence. We further compared the sediment fluxes at Chaktomuk to an upstream station (i.e. Mukdahan) with longer time series. Inflow sediment load towards the lake was lower than that of the outflow, with a ratio on average of 84%. Although annually only a small amount of sediment load from the Tonle Sap contributes to the delta (less than 15%), its share is substantial during the February–April period. The annual sediment load transport from the confluence to the delta in 2009 and 2010 accounted for 54 and 50 Mt, respectively. This was on average only 55% of the sediment fluxes measured at Mukdahan, a more upstream station. Furthermore when compared to sediment loads further downstream at the Cambodia–Vietnam border, we found that the suspended sediment flux continued to decline towards the South China Sea. Our findings thus indicate that the sediment load to the South China Sea is much lower than the previous estimate 150–160 Mt/yr. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elevation‐dependent responses of streamflow to climate warming
Authors: Tennant Christopher J. , Crosby Benjamin T. , Godsey Sarah E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWarming will affect snowline elevation, potentially altering the timing and magnitude of streamflow from mountain landscapes. Presently, the assessment of potential elevation‐dependent responses is difficult because many gauged watersheds integrate drainage areas that are both snow and rain dominated. To predict the impact of snowline rise on streamflow, we mapped the current snowline (1980 m) for the Salmon River watershed (Idaho, USA) and projected its elevation after 3 °C warming (2440 m). This increase results in a 40% reduction in snow‐covered area during winter months. We expand this analysis by collecting streamflow records from a new, elevation‐stratified gauging network of watersheds contained within high (2250–3800 m), mid (1500–2250 m) and low (300–1500 m) elevations that isolate snow, mixed and rain‐dominated precipitation regimes. Results indicate that lags between percentiles of precipitation and streamflow are much shorter in low elevations than in mid‐ and high‐elevation watersheds. Low elevation annual percentiles (Q25 and Q75) of streamflow occur 30–50 days earlier than in higher elevation watersheds. Extreme events in low elevations are dominated by low‐ and no‐flow events whereas mid‐ and high‐elevation extreme events are primarily large magnitude floods. Only mid‐ and high‐elevation watersheds are strongly cross correlated with catchment‐wide flow of the Salmon River, suggesting that changes in contributions from low‐elevation catchments may be poorly represented using mainstem gauges. As snowline rises, mid‐elevation watersheds will likely exhibit behaviours currently observed only at lower elevations. Streamflow monitoring networks designed for operational decision making or change detection may require modification to capture elevation‐dependent responses of streamflow to warming. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Costly Communication and Delegation in Multiple‐Division Firms
Authors: Yost Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the costs and benefits of delegated decision making in a multi‐division firm. The delegation versus centralization decision hinges on the trade‐off between: (1) the costs of communication between divisions of the firm and the firm's headquarters under centralized decision making; and (2) gains from closer controls under centralized control. The performance of the two organizational designs are examined in a stylized principal‐agent model with the firm's central management represented by the principal and two divisions of the firm by two self‐interested agents. In a centralized scheme the agents report private information to the center who then sets production quotas and co‐ordinates the agents' production. Under delegation, the production and co‐ordination decisions are left to the agents. Central management simply rewards the agents based on observed performance. The advantages of centralization over delegation are shown to diminish when the correlation between the agents' private information approaches the polar extremes of perfect correlation and statistical independence.