bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated Spectral Reflectance Band Recognition and Artificial Neural Network Intelligence Model for monitoring water quality
Authors: Jassam Jamilah D , Sayl Khamis N , Mawlood Ibtihal A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Due to high costs and site accessibility, it is sometimes impractical to monitor water quality indicators in waterbodies or isolated watersheds. An approach that utilizes remote sensing and is cost-effective was created to forecast water quality metrics across a vast and logistically challenging region. In order to monitor water quality parameters for the Euphrates River in Ramadi, Anbar Governorate, Iraq, this study integrated survey data and remote sensing with artificial neural networks (ANNs). Water quality parameters, such as pH, alkalinity (ALK), orthophosphate (PO4), nitrate (NO3), sulfate (SO4), chloride (Cl), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), total suspended solid (TSS), temperature, turbidity, and electrical conductivity (EC), during the wet and dry seasons were all quantified using a neural network model. The outcomes show that a good link between the simulated and observed water quality metrics was provided by the neural network model that was created. Calculations were made to show how beneficial this approach is for predicting water quality parameters in complicated ecosystems. These calculations included the quantities of chemical and physical parameters that were stored in the column of water.
A Study in Preserving Cultural Heritage Using Portable Laser Devices Embedded in Mobile Phones
Authors: Aljadire Ahmed Adnan , Khalaf Yousif H. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
There is a need for more documentation and quantitative data on architectural and cultural objects, especially considering the deteriorating condition of certain historical assets and the required treatments for them. In this circumstance, it is crucial to have metric documentation of the history being investigated in order to comprehensively comprehend the asset and aid engineers and architects in the restoration process. 3D data acquisition technologies, such as the photogrammetric approach, are frequently associated with high costs. Alternatively, it may necessitate a significant investment of both time and effort, prompting users to explore cost-effective solutions that nevertheless allow them to achieve their desired levels of precision. Recently, geomatic equipment and processes have been developed to optimize efficiency and cost-effectiveness in surveying cultural assets. Apple has incorporated a LiDAR sensor into its products, enabling the creation of a three-dimensional representation of objects or locations. This project aims to assess the precision and practicality of this sensor in generating three-dimensional depictions of cultural artifacts. The study explores the capacity of iPhone lidar (IPL) to aid in the conservation of cultural heritage, examines potential barriers and difficulties that may develop, and evaluates its effectiveness in certain areas. To assess the accuracy of each technique, a scan was performed on the case study utilizing Close Range Photogrammetric (CRP) & iPhone 13 pro max, with confirmed artificial targets monitored by Total Station (TS). The results indicated that the root mean square error (RMSE) for IPL was 8mm, whereas for TLS it was 3 mm. The lidar sensor has rapid scanning capabilities at a relatively cheap expense while maintaining an acceptable level of precision. However, it should not be regarded as a replacement for TLS, as the latter is an indispensable instrument for collecting data over wider distances. The causes for this are the sensor’s precision, its ability to cover vertical space, and its restricted range, which is capped at a maximum of 5 meters. The sensor’s specification is expected to undergo additional improvements and advancements, despite these limitations. A crucial tool for collecting data over extensive regions.
Land use mapping from sentinel satellite imagery using remote sensing and GIS techniques
Authors: Abdullah Abbas Hamid , Sabah Jaber Hussein , Salman Alaa D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The need to classify sentinel-2 satellite images to extract land use /land cover (LULC) are essential to analysis the processes of environment problems and to improve living conditions. Hence, this research aims to create LULC maps from sentinel-2 satellite images through Maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm using remote sensing and GIS. The selected study area for this research is Baghdad city because of it has a unique political stability and due to rapid urbanization, that lead to rise additional request for natural resources and affected on LULC in Baghdad city. After preprocessing and processing of satellite images, thematic maps were created and classified into five main classes based on visual interpretation and visit the field of the study area that containing: urban, vegetation, soil, asphalt roads, and water bodies. The results showed that classification accuracy assessment of ML algorithm is acceptable because of overall accuracy and Kappa index equal (86%, 0.82) respectively.
Feasibility Study for Implementing a Suggested Road to Solve the Problem of Delay in the Road Network of Hilla City
Authors: Saadi Musllim Ali , Abdul Ameer Alwash Ali 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Hilla city (the center of Babil Governorate) is subjected to extremely high traffic volume due to its geographical placement in the middle of the Middle Euphrates governorates, especially 60th Street. This high traffic volume will lead to traffic jams, delays, accidents and environmental pollution. Therefore, this paper suggested a ring road as a solution to the problem of internal congestion in the city. The project has contributed to reducing the travel time for vehicles using the (external-external) route, as the travel time is reduced by 68%. The total project cost was approximately 90.5 billion Iraqi dinars. The benefits of the project are calculated and it is found that the project will achieve profits after the eighth year of the project’s opening. The transactions that achieve the effectiveness of the project are also calculated, which are the net present value and the cost-benefit ratio. It was found that the project is economically feasible, as the two transactions were successful in the evaluation. An indicator is also devised that describes the effectiveness of the road to be built in advance, as it will provide subsequent studies with the ease of choosing the road according to coefficients (1-0). It has shown that the current project is effective and feasible because its index is between the numbers (1-0), where the ratio is 0.28.
Study the Causes and Effects of Frequent Failures of Roads Pavement in Iraq
Authors: Mohaisen Ali H. , Rashid Hatim A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Road deterioration continues to be one of the community’s main challenges and problems. Despite many previous research efforts related to identifying the causes and types of distresses spread on roads, there is still a lack of research investigating administrative problems and the effects of frequent failures. This paper tackles this knowledge gap in the context of highway maintenance operations in Iraq. For this purpose, the authors used an integrated research method that deals with (1) the selection and analysis of previous local and international studies and (2) conducting a comprehensive questionnaire in the departments concerned with the maintenance process. The authors were consulted on all research steps by experts in the field. Through the analysis of previous studies and the results of the questionnaire, the results show that the deterioration in the roads is the result of several factors, the most important of which is the absence of preventive maintenance and the resort to emergency interventions in most municipalities, as well as the late maintenance time, the insufficient funds allocated for maintenance, and the inaccurate identification of the causes of distresses, which caused the failure of many operations maintenance. This deterioration also, directly and indirectly, affects safety, the economy, and the environment. Ultimately, the research shows the most important causes and effects of distortions frequently appearing on Iraqi roads. It is considered a reference for many departments and researchers to find solutions and avoid falling into the same problems.
Evaluating the traffic characteristics of the road network in Ramadi city using sustainable transportation indicators (Hazard Index)
Authors: khudier Rafal M. , Mahmood Thaer Sh , Awad Hamid A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Annually, road accidents claim the lives of around 1.25 million individuals and leave a staggering 20 to 50 million people injured. The objective of this thesis is to create a hazard index for the primary highways in the metropolitan region of Al-Ramadi City, Iraq, covering the time span from 2018 to 2023. To achieve the main objective of this study, we will analyze how traffic characteristics, such as the logarithm of the average daily volume (Ln ADV), the daily volume of heavy vehicles (HVv), and the operation speed (OS), affect the frequency of accidents. We will use both fixed parameter model (FPM) and random parameter model (RPM) for this analysis. The model’s estimation outcomes indicate a positive correlation between LnADV and both the frequency and rate of all types of accidents. The models indicate that the parameter of LnADV is fixed for all models, indicating that this variable will not vary over all roadway segments. A 10% rise in LnADV results in a corresponding 65% increase in total accident frequencies, a 45% increase in slight damage accident frequencies, and a 70% increase in serious damage accident frequencies. There was a significant correlation between HVv (high vehicle volume) and the frequency of total, slight damage, and major damage accidents. The parameter estimates for HVv were found to be random parameters in the models for total, slight damage, and major damage accident frequencies. This indicates that the impact of Hvv on the rates of total, slight damage, and major damage accidents will differ according on the specific sections of the road. An increase of 10% in HVv results in a corresponding rise of 20% in total accident frequencies, 10% in slight damage accident frequencies, and 17% in serious damage accident frequencies. The examination of stochastic variables The model results indicate a positive correlation between the increase in OS and the increase in frequency of total, slight damage, and major damage accidents. A 10% increase in operating speed (OS) results in an 8% rise in the frequency of total accidents, a 6% increase in the frequency of slight damage accidents, and a 13% increase in the frequency of serious damage accidents.
SWOT Analysis for Kirkuk Irrigation Project
Authors: Salah Al-obaidi Riyam , Ridha Faris Mariwan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Kirkuk Irrigation Project is significant importance as one of Iraq’s foremost irrigation projects. The project now in operation provides irrigation to expansive regions inside the Kirkuk Governorate. The project was initiated in 1975, but remains unfinished in certain sections. Currently, only two phases of the project have been completed: the first phase, spanning from the Dibs area to Taza and the second phase, located within the administrative borders of Daquq . However, the third and fourth phases are still incomplete. The research aims to assess the project and identify its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The SWOT analysis serves as a solid foundation for informing and guiding decisions pertaining to the advancement of irrigation projects. The data indicates a significant decrease in the quantities of water within the project, as the discharge of the Kirkuk irrigation project in 2023 is limited to daily needs only and reached 30 cubic meters per second. This is a very low number compared to the period at the beginning of the project construction. To counteract these Threats, however, opportunities abound, such as the implementation of contemporary irrigation techniques for watering, the cultivation of water-efficient crops, and the utilization of groundwater in agriculture, given that a staggering 291,480 wells have been drilled throughout the governorate.
Additive manufacturing to design a new material TiB2-reinforced SUS316L using TiB2-Fe composite powder
Authors: Otsuka R. , Kikuchi T. , Yamamoto T. , Katayama S. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The metal additive manufacturing (AM) process allows for the production of three-dimensional (3D) parts with unique geometries that could not be formed by conventional methods. However, our aim is to utilize the AM process to create never-before-seen new materials because we believe it holds potential not only for new processing but also for creating a new material. The TiB2-Fe composite powder developed as a new raw material of the AM process, which was used as an additive powder in additive manufactured (AMed) SUS316L for effectively improving the mechanical properties of AMed SUS316L. The TiB2-reinfoced SUS316L synthesized by a Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) method using the TiB2-Fe composite powder had an extremely high Vickers hardness and strength of about 400 HV and 1250 MPa, respectively, being close to twice those of AMed SUS316L.
Microstructure of additive manufactured materials for plasma-facing components of future fusion reactors
Authors: Wartacz D A H , Becker H , Antusch S , Ordás N , Gundlach C , Mishin O V , Pantleon W 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Two metallic materials considered for the divertor in fusion reactors are manufactured by powder bed fusion through electron beam melting: tungsten as armor of plasma-facing components and an age-hardenable CuCrZr alloy as heat sink material for the divertor. Cuboids are additively manufactured from both materials, and cross sections containing the build direction are characterized by electron backscatter diffraction. A peculiar heterogeneity is observed in the microstructure of tungsten and traced to the scanning strategy. Large columnar grains along the building direction with slight outward inclination are seen on both sides of the cross section i.e. where grains are observed in viewing planes perpendicular to the printing direction. Grains appear only slightly elongated in the center; neither their entire length nor their inclination is detected when the plane of view contains the printing direction. Many incidental twin boundaries are identified in the CuCrZr alloy; their occurrence is rationalized by the presence of an almost perfect <110> fiber texture. Additionally, X-ray computed tomography confirmed the low porosity of the CuCrZr specimen.
Micro-macro relationship between microstructure and mechanical behavior of 316L stainless steel fabricated using L-PBF additive manufacturing
Authors: Ozdogan C , Yildiz R A , Tavares L , Malekan M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Compared to traditional production techniques, additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic components has several benefits, mainly little material waste and more design freedom. AM process based on laser powder bed fusion has many key process parameters including scanning speed, layer thickness, build direction, and printing power. Each one of these parameters influences microstructure, and hence macro-mechanical behavior of the manufactured part, as the part microstructure plays a critical role in determining the mechanical properties. This work aims to address a relationship between micro-structure and macro-mechanical behavior of AM fabricated parts made of 316L Stainless Steel. Both as-built and heat-treated samples are being used for experimental testing and microstructure characterizations. Arcan fixture is used to evaluate the macro-mechanical fracture behavior of the material under mode-I, mode-II, and mixed-mode conditions. Microstructure evaluations of the fracture surfaces are done using scanning electron microscopy and X-Ray diffraction techniques. Finally, a correlation between micro-scale characteristics and macro-mechanical behavior is obtained together with different AM process parameters.
Additive Manufacturing of 7xxx Aluminium Alloys by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Zhang K , Wenner S , Marioara C D , Hovig E W , Du Q , Onsøien M , Marthinsen K 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Additive manufacturing of high strength wrought grade aluminium alloys is of great industrial and academic interests, but still difficult in practice due to the tendency of crack formations in the microstructure. This work aimed at producing dense crack-free samples of AA7075-type aluminium alloys by the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology, and to investigate the microstructure. It was found that LPBF of pure AA7075 powder gave micro-cracks for all tested 25 processing parameters which covered a wide range of laser power and speed. In order to avoid the cracks, different methods were tried including high preheating temperature, introducing nano-particles, and adding Si into the alloys. Introducing ZrH2 nano-particles into AA7075 by mechanical blending could successfully produce crack-free samples using LPBF. Adding 5% Si into the AA7075 powder by mechanical blending could also give crack-free samples with high relative density. It was also found that the as-built samples with preheating at 250°C had hardness as-low-as 70HV. Solutionizing at 480°C with water quenching followed by artificial aging at 120°C can bring the hardness to 140HV and 120HV, for the AA7075 variants with ZrH2 and with addition of Si, respectively. Detailed characterizations revealed clear influences of both preheating temperature and alloying on the microstructure. It is concluded that preheating temperature should be carefully selected for AM of high strength precipitation hardening Al alloys.
On the chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of a Nitrogen-contaminated Ti-6Al-4V component built by Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Hu D , Biswal R , Sahu V K , Fellowes J W , Zadehkabir A , Williams S W , Davis A E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) using recycled Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) feedstock material from wrought waste streams is a novel process that can reduce the overall energy cost and carbon (CO2) footprint when compared to primary-production routes. The potential contamination of recycled feedstock material (e.g. C, O, N and Fe) can affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of the component. In this work, a Ti64 test wall built using wire arc AM (WAAM) was studied, where the top half only was contaminated by N through the shielding gas during deposition. This allowed a direct comparison of Ti64 WAAM material with high and low N content, deposited under otherwise identical conditions, to replicate the worst-case scenario of N contamination from using recycled swarf. The hardness of the N-contaminated section was found to be 25% higher than the uncontaminated section of the wall, demonstrating the N solid solution strengthening in Ti64. The room temperature transformed microstructure was found to have a 25% coarser α-lath thickness, which was proposed to be an effect of the AM cyclical heating and increasing of the β-transus temperature due to a higher level of N. Additionally, the outer layer of the N-contaminated sample section was found to have a refined parent β grain structure.
Synthesis and characterization of the dealloyed hierarchical structure of AlSi10Mg-Cu alloys prepared using laser-powder bed fusion
Authors: Sun S , Zhang C F , Wang W Y , Godfrey A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Nanoporous structures with high surface area can be obtained by 3D printing of lattice structures and subsequent dealloying, with potential applications in the field of catalysis and batteries. Here we prepared a AlSi10Mg-Cu (38wt%) alloy by laser-powder bed fusion of mixed powders. A metastable structure was obtained after 3D printing, with significant differences in solidification structures in different regions. The solidification structure is inherited after dealloying, in which dendrites form submicron ligaments, and nanoscale ligaments are formed inside the dendrites. Dealloying of a 3D-printed lattice structure allows the preparation of hierarchical nanoporous copper with only limited crack formation.
Effects of cold-bonded artificial aggregate properties on the behaviour of concrete
Authors: Bekkeri Gopal Bharamappa , Shetty Kiran K , Nayak Gopinatha 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The study investigates the use of artificial aggregates (AAs), specifically manufactured from ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), to mitigate environmental harm caused by illegal quarrying due to the scarcity of natural aggregates (NAs). A cold-bonded pelletization technique was employed to produce five types of AAs with varying proportions of GGBFS & OPC as 82.5:17.5, 85:15, 87.5:12.5, 90:10, 95:5. The AAs with maximum OPC content exhibited a density of 1298 kg m−3, water absorption of 4.8%, and crushing and impact values of 28.6% and 26.3%, respectively. The impact of these AAs on concrete properties was assessed, revealing that AAs facilitated the production of workable concrete with low-density ranges between 1700–2337 kg m−3. Despite a decrease in concrete strength with higher AAs content, structural requirements were met, demonstrating AAs’ potential to effectively substitute natural coarse aggregates (NCAs). The concrete microstructure confirmed the formation of a strong interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and strength-developing cement-hydrated products. This research underscores the scientific contribution of AAs to address aggregate scarcity sustainably and recommends its application in structural elements by experimental validation.
Syntheses, characterization, luminescent and magnetic properties of polymer bifunctional fibers containing terbium complexes and Fe3O4 nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Lina , Wang Kexin , An Xiuyun , Wang Yujun , Shan Feng , Liu Jia , Tang Chunjuan , Su Jianfeng , Qin Ruifei 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The combination of electrospun nanofibers and nanoparticles is opening up potential in the field of bifunctional materials. Herein, polystyrene (PS, Mw ≈ 260, 000), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP, Mw ≈1, 300, 000), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, Mw ≈ 350, 000) bifunctional fibers containing Tb(acac)3phen complexes (acac: acetylacetone, phen: 1,10-phenanthroline) and Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by single-fluid electrospinning method. The structure of bifunctional microfibers was characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy spectrum (EDAX) and infrared spectrum (IR). The average diameters of PS, PVP and PMMA bifunctional fibers are 1.65, 0.313 and 0.571 μm, respectively. The TEM images indicated that Fe3O4 NPs were successfully incorporated into bifunctional fibers. No absorption peaks of terbium complexes and Fe3O4 NPs can be seen in the IR spectra of bifunctional fibers. The luminescent and magnetic properties of bifunctional fibers were also investigated. Due to the change of ligands environment, the main excitation peaks blue shifted about 5–8 nm in the bifunctional fibers. Bifunctional fibers exhibited characteristic emission of Tb3+ ions. The polymers have no effect on the fluorescence lifetimes of terbium complexes. All bifunctional fibers were soft ferromagnetic. In addition, mechanical performances of these nanofibers were also studied. The maximum stress, strain corresponding to the maximum stress and elastic modulus of sample PVP-Fe-Tb is the largest, which indicates that the tensile performance of sample PVP-Fe-Tb is the best.