bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of island warblers: beyond bills and masses
Authors: Leisler Bernd , Winkler Hans 
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we take a closer look into the evolution of Acrocephalus warblers on islands in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The shape‐related morphological evolution of island species is characterized by changes in the hind limb, flight, and feeding apparatus. Birds on islands converged to a morphology with strong legs, shorter rictal bristles, and rounder, more slotted and broader wings. Because of their high variance among islands, body size and bill dimensions did not contribute to the separation of continental and island forms, although bills tend to be longer on islands. The wings of island birds hardly vary among islands, unsurprisingly due to a lack of the adaptive features associated with long distance flights. The tendency towards shorter rictal bristles in the island warblers can be explained by the diminished role of aerial feeding, and closer contact with various substrates in the course of extractive foraging. The shift towards stronger legs in several insular species is remarkable because reed warblers on continents have even stronger legs than other passerines of comparable size. This trait correlates with diverse, acrobatic feeding techniques that are typically associated with broad habitat use. Bills reach extreme lengths on some islands. However, short bills occur as frequently, rendering this character highly variable among islands. Short bills indicate gleaning feeding techniques, whereas long bills are typical for species that pursue hidden and difficult‐to‐access prey. Body sizes differ greatly from island to island. On average, the sizes of island birds do not differ from continental ones, however. We suggest that vegetation clutter is the major driving force for this variation.The main conclusion following from our results is that evolution on islands pertains to all functional complexes, and not only the hitherto studied body size and bill dimensions.
Impaired Olfaction and Risk of Delirium or Cognitive Decline After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Brown Charles H. , Morrissey Candice , Ono Masahiro , Yenokyan Gayane , Selnes Ola A. , Walston Jeremy , Max Laura , LaFlam Andrew , Neufeld Karin , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Hogue Charles W. 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of impaired olfaction in individuals presenting for cardiac surgery and the independent association between impaired olfaction and postoperative delirium and cognitive decline.DesignNested prospective cohort study.SettingAcademic hospital.ParticipantsIndividuals undergoing coronary artery bypass, valve surgery, or both (n = 165).MeasurementsOlfaction was measured using the Brief Smell Identification Test, with impaired olfaction defined as an olfactory score below the fifth percentile of normative data. Delirium was assessed using a validated chart review method. Cognitive performance was assessed using a neuropsychological testing battery at baseline and 4 to 6 weeks after surgery.ResultsImpaired olfaction was identified in 54 of 165 participants (33%) before surgery. Impaired olfaction was associated with greater adjusted risk of postoperative delirium (relative risk = 1.90, 95% confidence interval = 1.17–3.09, P = .009). There was no association between impaired olfaction and change in composite cognitive score in the overall study population.ConclusionImpaired olfaction is prevalent in individuals undergoing cardiac surgery and is associated with greater adjusted risk of postoperative delirium but not cognitive decline. Impaired olfaction may identify unrecognized vulnerability to postoperative delirium in individuals undergoing cardiac surgery.
Lower Blood Pressure and Apathy Coincide in Older Persons with Poorer Functional Ability: The Discontinuation of Antihypertensive Treatment in Elderly People (DANTE) Study Leiden
Authors: Moonen Justine E. F. , Bertens Anne Suzanne , Foster‐Dingley Jessica C. , Smit Roelof A. J. , van der Grond Jeroen , de Craen Anton J. M. , de Ruijter Wouter , van der Mast Roos C. 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesTo examine the association between blood pressure (BP) measures and symptoms of apathy and depression in older adults with various levels of functional ability.DesignCross‐sectional study using baseline data from the Discontinuation of Antihypertensive Treatment in Elderly people (DANTE) Study Leiden.SettingPrimary care setting, the Netherlands.ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling individuals aged 75 and older (N = 430).MeasurementsSystolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured during home visits. Symptoms of apathy and depression were assessed using the Apathy Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐15), respectively. Stratified linear regression was performed in participants with better and worse functional ability according to the median of the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale.ResultsIn participants with lower functional ability, each 10‐mmHg lower SBP, DBP, and MAP was associated with higher Apathy Scale scores (0.63, 0.92, and 0.94 points, respectively, all P < .005) but not with GDS‐15 scores. In participants with higher functional ability, BP measures were not associated with Apathy Scale or GDS‐15 scores.ConclusionIn older participants with poorer functional ability, lower BP was associated with more symptoms of apathy but not depression.
Proteomic profiling of patient‐derived glioblastoma xenografts identifies a subset with activated EGFR: implications for drug development
Authors: Brown Kristine E. , Chagoya Gustavo , Kwatra Shawn G. , Yen Timothy , Keir Stephen T. , Cooter Mary , Hoadley Katherine A. , Rasheed Ahmed , Lipp Eric S. , Mclendon Roger , Ali‐Osman Francis , Bigner Darell D. , Sampson John H. , Kwatra Madan M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe development of drugs to inhibit glioblastoma (GBM) growth requires reliable pre‐clinical models. To date, proteomic level validation of widely used patient‐derived glioblastoma xenografts (PDGX) has not been performed. In the present study, we characterized 20 PDGX models according to subtype classification based on The Cancer Genome Atlas criteria, TP53, PTEN, IDH 1/2, and TERT promoter genetic analysis, EGFR amplification status, and examined their proteomic profiles against those of their parent tumors. The 20 PDGXs belonged to three of four The Cancer Genome Atlas subtypes: eight classical, eight mesenchymal, and four proneural; none neural. Amplification of EGFR gene was observed in 9 of 20 xenografts, and of these, 3 harbored the EGFRvIII mutation. We then performed proteomic profiling of PDGX, analyzing expression/activity of several proteins including EGFR. Levels of EGFR phosphorylated at Y1068 vary considerably between PDGX samples, and this pattern was also seen in primary GBM. Partitioning of 20 PDGX into high (n = 5) and low (n = 15) groups identified a panel of proteins associated with high EGFR activity. Thus, PDGX with high EGFR activity represent an excellent pre‐clinical model to develop therapies for a subset of GBM patients whose tumors are characterized by high EGFR activity. Further, the proteins found to be associated with high EGFR activity can be monitored to assess the effectiveness of targeting EGFR.
imageThe development of drugs to inhibit glioblastoma (GBM) growth requires reliable pre‐clinical models. We validated proteomic profiles using patient‐derived glioblastoma xenografts (PDGX), characterizing 20 PDGX models according to subtype classification based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) criteria, TP53, PTEN, IDH 1/2, and TERT promoter genetic analysis, EGFR amplification status, and examined their proteomic profiles against those of their parent tumors. Proteins found to be associated with high EGFR activity represent potential biomarkers for GBM monitoring.
A dual role for AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) during neonatal hypoxic–ischaemic brain injury in mice
Authors: Rousset Catherine I. , Leiper Fiona C. , Kichev Anton , Gressens Pierre , Carling David , Hagberg Henrik , Thornton Claire 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPerinatal hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) occurs in 1–2 in every 1000 term infants and the devastating consequences range from cerebral palsy, epilepsy and neurological deficit to death. Cellular damage post insult occurs after a delay and is mediated by a secondary neural energy failure. AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular stress resulting from ATP depletion and/or calcium dysregulation, hallmarks of the neuronal cell death observed after HIE. AMPK activation has been implicated in the models of adult ischaemic injury but, as yet, there have been no studies defining its role in neonatal asphyxia. Here, we find that in an in vivo model of neonatal hypoxia–ischaemic and in oxygen/glucose deprivation in neurons, there is pathological activation of the calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ)‐AMPKα1 signalling pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of AMPK during the insult promotes neuronal survival but, conversely, inhibiting AMPK activity prior to the insult sensitizes neurons, exacerbating cell death. Our data have pathological relevance for neonatal HIE as prior sensitization such as exposure to bacterial infection (reported to reduce AMPK activity) produces a significant increase in injury.
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We show that in an in vivo model of neonatal hypoxia–ischaemic and in oxygen/glucose deprivation in neurons, there is a pathological activation of the CaMKKβ‐AMPKα1 signalling pathway. Inhibiting AMPK during OGD promotes neuronal survival; conversely, inhibiting AMPK prior to OGD exacerbates cell death. Our data have clinical relevance as prior sensitization (e.g. exposure to bacterial infection reducing AMPK activity) increases injury. AMPK, AMP‐activated protein kinase; HI, hypoxia–ischaemia; OGD, oxygen–glucose deprivation.
Factors That Influence the Development of Compassion Fatigue, Burnout, and Compassion Satisfaction in Emergency Department Nurses
Authors: Hunsaker Stacie , Chen Hsiu‐Chin , Maughan Dale , Heaston Sondra 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to determine the prevalence of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout in emergency department nurses throughout the United States and (b) to examine which demographic and work‐related components affect the development of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout in this nursing specialty.Design and MethodsThis was a nonexperimental, descriptive, and predictive study using a self‐administered survey. Survey packets including a demographic questionnaire and the Professional Quality of Life Scale version 5 (ProQOL 5) were mailed to 1,000 selected emergency nurses throughout the United States. The ProQOL 5 scale was used to measure the prevalence of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout among emergency department nurses. Multiple regression using stepwise solution was employed to determine which variables of demographics and work‐related characteristics predicted the prevalence of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout. The α level was set at .05 for statistical significance.FindingsThe results revealed overall low to average levels of compassion fatigue and burnout and generally average to high levels of compassion satisfaction among this group of emergency department nurses. The low level of manager support was a significant predictor of higher levels of burnout and compassion fatigue among emergency department nurses, while a high level of manager support contributed to a higher level of compassion satisfaction.ConclusionsThe results may serve to help distinguish elements in emergency department nurses’ work and life that are related to compassion satisfaction and may identify factors associated with higher levels of compassion fatigue and burnout.Clinical RelevanceImproving recognition and awareness of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout among emergency department nurses may prevent emotional exhaustion and help identify interventions that will help nurses remain empathetic and compassionate professionals.
Influence of intra‐oral sensory impairment by anaesthesia on food comminution and mixing in dentate subjects
Authors: Yoshida E. , Fueki K. , Wakabayashi N. 
Published: January 2015

SummarySensory input from sensory receptors regarding food morsels can affect jaw motor behaviours during mastication. The aim was to clarify the effects of intra‐oral sensory input on the food‐comminuting and food‐mixing capacities of dentate subjects. Eleven dentate subjects without sensory dysfunction in their oro‐facial region participated in this study. Local anaesthesia was achieved on the periodontal structures and on the oral mucosa of the subjects' preferred chewing side by injecting a lidocaine solution with adrenalin. At baseline (control) and after anaesthesia, data on the subjects' food‐comminuting and food‐mixing capacities were gathered. The food‐comminuting capacity was quantified by measuring the degree of pulverisation of peanuts (objective hardness; 45·3 [Newton, N]) after a prescribed 20 chewing strokes. The food‐mixing capacity was measured as the degree of immixture of a two‐coloured paraffin wax cube after 10 chewing strokes. Wax cubes of three different hardness levels were used (soft, medium and hard: 20·3, 32·6 and 75·5 [N], respectively) and were chewed in random order. After anaesthesia, the subjects' food‐comminuting capacity significantly decreased (P < 0·001), as did the food‐mixing capacity for each hardness level of the wax cubes (P < 0·01). A significant correlation was observed between the objective hardness values and the anaesthesia effects for the food‐mixing capacity (P < 0·05), indicating that after anaesthesia, deterioration of the mixing capacity increased as the hardness increased. In conclusion, intra‐oral sensory input can affect both food‐comminuting and food‐mixing capacities.
CONTINUING EDUCATION: PREPARING PATIENTS TO CHOOSE A RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
Authors: Goovaerts Tony , Bagnis Isnard Corinne , Crepaldi Carlo , Dean Jessica , Melander Stefan , Mooney Andrew , Prieto‐Velasco Mario , Trujillo Carmen , Zambon Roberto , Nilsson Eva‐Lena 
Published: January 2015

SUMMARYBackgroundPatients with progressive chronic kidney disease face a series of treatment decisions that will impact the quality of life of themselves and their family. Renal replacement therapy option education (RRTOE), generally provided by nurses, is recommended by international guidelinesObjectivesTo provide nurses with advice and guidance on running RRTOE.DesignA consensus conference.ParticipantsFour nurses, 5 nephrologists and 1 clinical psychologist (9 renal units; 6 European countries) from units that had extensive experience in RRTOE or were performing research in this field.ApproachExperts brainstormed and discussed quality standards for the education team, processes, content/topics, media/material/funding and quality measurements for RRTOE.ResultsConclusions and recommendations from these discussions that are particularly pertinent to nurses are presented in this paper.ConclusionsThrough careful planning and smooth interdisciplinary cooperation, it is possible to implement an education and support programme that helps patients choose a form of RRT that is most suited to their needs. This may result in benefits in quality of life and clinical outcomes.Application to PracticeThere are large differences between renal units in terms of resources available and the demographics of the catchment area. Therefore, nurses should carefully consider how best to adapt the advice offered here to their own situation. Throughout this process, it is crucial to keep in mind the ultimate goal – providing patients with the knowledge and skill to make a modality choice that will enhance their quality of life to the greatest degree.
Interactions Between Rhizoctonia Root Rot and the Foliar Common Bean Diseases Anthracnose and Rust
Authors: Paula Júnior Trazilbo J. , Jesus Junior Waldir C. , Admassu Belayneh , Lehner Miller da Silva , Hau Bernhard 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe effects of co‐inoculation of Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum or Uromyces appendiculatus at different inoculum levels were studied on the disease dynamics and on the growth of bean plants under greenhouse conditions. Bean seeds were sown in R. solani‐infested soil. Additional experiments in which seedlings were transplanted to infested soil were also carried out. Conidial suspensions of C. lindemuthianum or uredospores of U. appendiculatus were inoculated onto leaves at plant developmental stages V2 and V3, respectively. Interactions between root rot and the aerial diseases were observed depending on the inoculum levels and on the timing of R. solani inoculation. Anthracnose severity tended to be higher on R. solani‐infected plants. Conversely, R. solani infection significantly reduced diameter of pustules and rust severity. When seedlings were transplanted to soil infested with low levels of R. solani, root rot severity and density of R. solani in the soil were magnified at high levels of C. lindemuthianum or U. appendiculatus. In these experiments, a synergistic interaction between root rot and anthracnose was observed to affect the plant dry weight. Antagonistic effects on the plant dry weight were found for the combination root rot/rust only when seeds were sown in infested soil.
First Report of Corn Whorl Rot Caused by Serratia marcescens in China
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Qiang , Bi Tao , Li Xiang‐Dong , Zhang Li‐Qun , Lu Shi‐En 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWhorl rot is a novel disease of corn found in the Huang‐Huai‐Hai Plain, China. Common symptoms of the disease in fields include yellowing and water‐soaked brown necrosis of young leaves in the whorl of corn plants, which often results in rot of the whorl. Bacterial streaming was always observed from diseased samples. Bacterial isolates were obtained from symptomatic tissue and further confirmed to be the casual agent of the disease using Koch's Postulates. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA, housekeeping gene groES‐groEL and BIOLOG tests revealed that the isolate B3R3 belongs to the bacterium Serratia marcescens. None of the corn cultivars evaluated showed acceptable resistance to the disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report on corn whorl rot caused by Serratia marcescens.
Comparison of eleven commercially available rapid tests for detection of Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis and Yersinia pestis
Authors: Zasada A.A. , Formińska K. , Zacharczuk K. , Jacob D. , Grunow R. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Yersinia pestis, Bacillus anthracis and Francisella tularensis cause serious zoonotic diseases and have the potential to cause high morbidity and mortality in humans. In case of natural outbreaks and deliberate or accidental release of these pathogens rapid detection of the bacteria is crucial for limitation of negative effects of the release. In the present study, we evaluated 11 commercially available rapid test kits for the detection of Y. pestis, B. anthracis and F. tularensis in terms of sensitivity, specificity and simplicity of the procedure. The results revealed that rapid and easy-to-perform lateral flow assays for detection of highly pathogenic bacteria have very limited sensitivity. In contrast, the immunofiltration assays showed high sensitivity but limited specificity and required a too complicated procedure to be applied in the field by nonlaboratory workers (e.g. First Responders like fire, police and emergency medical personnel). Each sample - whether tested negative or positive by the rapid tests - should be retested in a reference laboratory using validated methods.

Significance and Impact of the Study
Rapid detection of highly pathogenic bacteria causing anthrax, plague and tularemia is crucial for the limitation of negative effects of a potential release (natural, accidental or deliberate). In the study, commercially available rapid tests for detection of Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis and Francisella tularensis were investigated in terms of sensitivity, specificity and ease-to-perform. The study showed problems which could be faced during testing and results interpretation. Conclusions from this study should be helpful not only in selection of the most appropriate test for particular group of First Responders but also in undertaking decisions in situation of a contamination suspicion which have high social and economical impacts.
Lactobacillus pentosus var. plantarum C29 ameliorates age-dependent memory impairment in Fischer 344 rats
Authors: Jeong J.-J. , Woo J.-Y. , Kim K.-A. , Han M.J. , Kim D.-H. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
To understand the anti-inflammaging effect of lactic acid bacteria, we selected NF-κB activation-inhibitory Lactobacillus pentosus var. plantarum C29 and investigated its memory-enhancing and anti-inflammatory effects in aged Fischer 344 rats. C29 (2 × 109 CFU rat−1), which was orally administered once a day (6 days per week) for 8 weeks, significantly restored age-reduced spontaneous alternation to 95·2% of that seen in young rats (P &lt;0·05). C29 treatment also shortened the escape latency on the 4th day to 53·8% of that seen in young rats (P &lt;0·05). Twenty hours after the last training session, C29 significantly increased the swimming time within the platform quadrant, which was shortened in the aged control rats. Oral administration of C29 restored age-reduced doublecortin (DCX) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) activation in aged rats. Treatment of aged rats with C29 suppressed the expression of p16, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, as well as the activation of Akt, mTOR, and NF-κB in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that C29 ameliorates ageing-dependent memory impairment by inhibiting NF-κB signalling pathway, inducing DCX and BDNF expression and activating CREB.

Significance and Impact of the Study
The anti-inflammatory Lactobacillus pentosus var. plantarum C29 had the memory-enhancing effect in aged Fischer 344 rats by restoring doublecortin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and suppressing p16 expression and NF-κB activation in the brain. Therefore, C29 may be useful in ameliorating age-related degenerative dementia.
Meanings and mess in collaborative participatory research
Authors: Davies Eleri 
Published: January 2015

AbstractParticipatory research can be seen as providing affordances for ‘listening’ to student voices. This study contributes to the debate around its affordances in ameliorating democratic processes in schools. Students in a northern city secondary school in England used multimodal methods to research questions based on ‘where do students feel good about themselves as learners?’ The participatory framework was stymied by the privileging of written text and the Discourse of Initiation/Response/Evaluation embedded in our local relations of power, and in my body, and it also provided affordances for autonomy and meaning making. Students took on identities as experts, exploring varied ideas, resisting the stillness and non‐socialness of written text‐based activities, and choosing multimodal ways to self‐author their findings, to communicate ‘differently’ and effectively to chosen audiences. Meanings were made from layers of data, some of it sensory and embodied, but the processes of meaning making distorted and left behind much that was also meaningful in the tumult of researching, denying a more open‐ended conclusion. The research explores whether including the tumult, communicating it in a variety of modes including the written, remains truer to the multivoiced, fragmentary, fluid nature of the research process.