bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photocontrol of spore germination and elementary processes of development in fern gametophytes
Authors: Furuya Masaki 
Published: December 2012

SynopsisSpore germination and the subsequent processes of development in fern gametophytes such as the induction, swelling and phototropism and protonemal growth and the progression of component phases in the cell cycle are antagonistically regulated by phytochrome and chemically unknown, blue and near-ultraviolet light-absorbing pigment(s). The physiological capacity to adjust these developmental processes to the seasonal and other environmental changes by wavelength, timing and direction of irradiations with near-ultraviolet, visible and far-red lights and also the electric vector of polarised light, is crucial for fern development. The diversity of Pfr requirement and of recovery time from blue light-induced inhibition in a spore population results in variations in the timing of spore germination, so that wild fern species may find a chance for survival under natural conditions. Photocontrolled processes are differentiated temporally and spatially in the course of fern morphogenesis, especially in the haploid generation. Using this material, the premitotic positioning of the nucleus and protein synthesis were studied.
A phytogeographical analysis of the phanerogams of Pakistan and Kashmir
Authors: Ali S. I. , Qaiser M. 
Published: December 2012

SynopsisFour phytogeographical regions of Pakistan are recognised in an analysis of the phanerogams of Pakistan. Among the uniregionals, the most common element is Irano-Turanian (45.6%) followed by Sino-Japancse (10.6%), Saharo-Sindian (9.1%) and Indian (4.5%). Though in terms of the area, the Saharo-Sindian region occupies by far the biggest territory, the density of uniregional elements is lowest in this region. Overall there are only 6 endemic genera and an estimated 372 endemic species in Pakistan out of 4882 species. Highest numbers of uniregional endemics per unit area are met with in the Sino-Japanese region, followed by the Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Sindian region. Most of the endemics (78.22%) are confined to mountainous regions (c. 1200 m or above). Four areas, i.e. Sino-Japanese region of Kashmir (10.21% endemics), N Baluchistan (Irano-Turanian; 9.4% endemics) and Chitral (9.1% endemics), may be recognised as centres of radiation in Pakistan.
Late Quaternary and modern distribution of forest and some tree taxa in Turkey
Authors: Bottema Sytze 
Published: December 2012

SynopsisA broad outline is presented of forest distribution in Turkey during the last 15,000 years, based upon palynological evidence. The history of some selected taxa is given in more detail and compared with present day distributions. Considerable differences in forest composition were found between the mountain ranges N of the Anatolian plateau, the ranges S and SW of the plateau and the area SE of the eastern (Cilician) Taurus. Pinus dominated the northern part during most of the Late Glacial and the Holocene. In southwestern Anatolia a strong increase of Pinus halted SE of the Konya plain and this taxon did not cross the eastern Taurus. Cedrus and Abies fluctuated in relative importance during the period under discussion, but no marked shifts in the distribution are suggested by the pollen record. After c. 9000 BP, oak started to move into the treeless interior, especially in the SE where this tree settled on higher elevations in the steppe area. On the edges of the Anatolian plateau, oak acted as a pioneer, to be replaced by pine in the course of the Holocene. Birch, nowadays restricted mainly to higher elevations in eastern Turkey, was common in the Konya area during the last phase of the Late Glacial and the early Holocene. Beech increased in numbers during the second half of the Holocene. After the Late Glacial, mixed deciduous forest, rich in tree species, developed in the mountains of NW Turkey. It is assumed that in the Pleniglacial most of these species were present along the Black Sea coast, at lower elevations.
Prospects for renewable energy sources in the United Kingdom
Authors: Pooley D. 
Published: December 2012

SynopsisRenewable energy sources are assessed on the basis of the practically available size of the reserve and the economic competitiveness of its development. Solar water heating panels are expensive, but attention to passive solar heating and heat retention in house design is inexpensive and rewarding. Photovoltaic cells remain expensive for United Kingdom use but are likely to be useful in small specialised applications. Offshore wave power needs bulky and expensive structures, though economic generation may be possible at favoured points on rocky shores. Wind power is nearly competitive with conventional electricity generation and offers an attractive export market even with a small United Kingdom base. Total power promises to be economic but it involves very large installations where the obstacle is the huge initial investment. Geothermal energy from hot, dry rocks has yet to show acceptable heat generation rates. The most promising renewable energy source at present is man-made; domestic, industrial and agriculture waste used as fuel.
Flooding tolerance: a reinterpretation of Crawford's metabolic theory
Authors: Joly C. A. 
Published: December 2012

SynopsisThe flooding tolerance strategy of three tropical gallery forest species,Sebastiana klotzchyana, Hymenaea courbarilvar.stilbocarpaandChorisia speciosawas studied. Data from the flood-intolerantSchyzolobium parahybahave been included for comparison.In the case ofS. klotzchyanaflooding induced an acceleration of glycolysis, with ethanol as the sole end product of anaerobic metabolism. Oxygen diffusion to the root system was not detectable.The results obtained forH. courbarilandC. speciosashow a compromise between metabolic and morpho-anatomical adaptations to enable them to occupy seasonally flooded areas. In both species, at the onset of the stress, the roots stop producing high amounts of ethanol and lactate. diverting part of the pyruvate produced to malate. The amount of pyruvate converted into malate is determined by the amount of oxygen diffused from the aerial part to the roots. This is used to oxidise pyruvate through Krebs' cycle and the excess is converted to malate. ATP production in the root system is predominantly aerobic and therefore not linked to malate production.The low level of acceleration of the fermentative pathway, coupled with the lack of oxygen diffusion to the root system, resulted in a significant decrease in the growth rate ofS. parahyba.
The Entextualization of Ayurveda as Intellectual Property
Authors: Wolfgram Matthew 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article documents the practices of pharmaceutical creativity in Ayurveda, focusing in particular on how practitioners appropriate multiple sources to innovate medical knowledge. Drawing on research in linguistic anthropology on the social circulation of discourse—a process calledentextualization—I describe how the ways in which Ayurveda practitioners innovate medical knowledge confounds the dichotomous logic of intellectual property (IP) rights discourse, which opposes traditional collective knowledge and modern individual innovation. While it is clear that these categories do not comprehend the complex nature of creativity in Ayurveda, I also use the concept of entextualization to describe how recent historical shifts in the circulation of discourse have caused a partial entailment of this opposition between the individual and the collectivity. Ultimately, I argue that the method exemplified in this article of tracking the social circulation of medical discourse highlights both the empirical complexity of so-called traditional creativity, and the politics of imposing the categories of IP rights discourse upon that creativity, situated as it often is, at the margins of the global economy.
Copyrighting Culture for the Nation? Intangible Property Nationalism and the Regional Arts of Indonesia
Authors: Aragon Lorraine V. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article analyzes how intangible cultural expressions are re-scripted as national intellectual and cultural property in postcolonial nations such as Indonesia. The mixing of intellectual and cultural property paradigms to frame folkloric art practices as national possessions, termed “intangible property nationalism,” is assessed through consideration of Indonesia's 2002 copyright law, UNESCO heritage discourse, and the tutoring of ASEAN officials to use intellectual and cultural property rhetoric to defend national cultural resources. The article considers how legal assumptions are rebuffed by Indonesian regional artists and artisans who do not view their local knowledge and practices as property subject to exclusive claims by individuals or corporate groups, including the state. Producers' limited claims on authority over cultural expressions such as music, drama, puppetry, mythology, dance, and textiles contrast with Indonesian officials' anxieties over cultural theft by foreigners, especially in Malaysia. The case suggests new nationalist uses for heritage claims in postcolonial states.
Introduction
Authors: Halliburton Murphy 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis issue aims to assess the state of claims over intangible forms of property, which have been expanding in recent decades enabled by Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property and other international conventions. The articles examine the nature and limitations of intellectual property law and related property-like claims over intangible products and expressions, and present cases from the expanding margins of intangible property provisions including analyses of how these trends are playing out in the Global South and in areas outside of intellectual property law. The contributors show how both expansions of intangible property provisions and resistances to these expansions increase the terrain of experience that is enclosed by proprietary claims and suggest alternative strategies for responding to the contemporary intangible property regime.
Reconstructing the “Cradle of Brazil”: The Detachability of Morality and the Nature of Cultural Labor in Salvador, Bahia's Pelourinho World Heritage Site
Authors: Collins John 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis essay examines theories of value and property in relation to conceptions of morality, correct comportment, and their influences on Afro-Bahians subject to late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century cultural heritage initiatives in the Pelourinho neighborhood of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. This urban space is the nation's most expressive site for the performance of Afro-Brazilian identity and the commemoration of tradition. In analyzing the role of morality in Pelourinho-based cultural property-making, I focus on popular critiques of heritage discourse to argue that, in conjuring a particular form of cultural heritage that bears a distinct resemblance to UNESCO's immaterial patrimony programs, the Bahian state has piggybacked on social scientific evaluations of local people's moral comportments in order to put together an archive of everyday life that exists as a standing reserve for histories of Brazil and the marketing of cultural heritage. This data produced in an effort to regulate the historical center has revolved around the state's evaluation of the moral probity and everyday habits of the Pelourinho's overwhelmingly Afro-Brazilian populace. The result is a conceptualization of cultural labor that emanates not from the capacities and struggles of producers, but from a decentered or distributed view of production, which I tie to the existence of this archive. Consumers, or visitors to the historical center, as well as historical archives thus play a critical role in this form of constructing property and understanding the sources and fungibility of labor in a global economy for multicultural difference that depends on an emphasis on futurity and market reflexivity.
Recycling Texts or Stealing Time?: Plagiarism, Authorship, and Credit in Science
Authors: Biagioli Mario 
Published: December 2012

AbstractScientific plagiarism is as sui generis as the author function in science. A study of the specificity of scientific plagiarism and the ways in which it diverges from appropriation in other disciplines allows us to question traditional definitions that focus on the copying of published copyrighted materials. The form of plagiarism that is most damaging to scientists does not involve publications, is largely outside the scope of copyright law, and is unlikely to be detected by textual-similarity algorithms. The same features that make this kind of plagiarism difficult to identify and control also provide a powerful window on the unique construction of authorial credit in science, the problems of peer review, and the limitations of plagiarism surveillance technologies.
Cultural Heritage on the Web: Applied Digital Visual Anthropology and Local Cultural Property Rights Discourse
Authors: Hennessy Kate 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage specifies that communities are to be full partners in efforts to safeguard their intangible cultural heritage. Yet the notion of safeguarding has been complicated by the politics and mechanisms of digital circulation. Based on fieldwork in British Columbia and Thailand, I show that community-based productions of multimedia aimed at documenting, transmitting, and revitalizing intangible heritage are productive spaces in which local cultural property rights discourses are initiated and articulated. I argue that digital heritage initiatives can support decision making about the circulation—or restriction—of digital cultural heritage while drawing attention to the complexities of safeguarding heritage in the digital age.
The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys
Authors: Kessler Ronald C. , Aguilar-Gaxiola Sergio , Alonso Jordi , Chatterji Somnath , Lee Sing , Ormel Johan , Üstün T. Bedirhan , Wang Philip S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAims - The paper reviews recent findings from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys on the global burden of mental disorders. Methods - The WMH surveys are representative community surveys in 28 countries throughout the world aimed at providing information to mental health policy makers about the prevalence, distribution, burden, and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders. Results - The first 17 WMH surveys show that mental disorders are commonly occurring in all participating countries. The inter-quartile range (IQR: 25th-75th percentiles) of lifetime DSM-IV disorder prevalence estimates (combining anxiety, mood, externalizing, and substance use disorders) is 18.1–36.1%. The IQR of 12-month prevalence estimates is 9.8–19.1%. Prevalence estimates of 12-month Serious Mental Illness (SMI) are 4–6.8% in half the countries, 2.3–3.6% in one-fourth, and 0.8–1.9% in one-fourth. Many mental disorders begin in childhood-adolescence and have significant adverse effects on subsequent role transitions in the WMH data. Adult mental disorders are found to be associated with such high role impairment in the WMH data that available clinical interventions could have positive cost-effectiveness ratios. Conclusions - Mental disorders are commonly occurring and often seriously impairing in many countries throughout the world. Expansion of treatment could be cost-effective from both employer and societal perspectives
Lipid raft integrity affects GABAA receptor, but not NMDA receptor modulation by psychopharmacological compounds
Authors: Nothdurfter Caroline , Tanasic Sascha , Di Benedetto Barbara , Uhr Manfred , Wagner Eva-Maria , Gilling Kate E. , Parsons Chris G. , Rein Theo , Holsboer Florian , Rupprecht Rainer , Rammes Gerhard 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLipid rafts have been shown to play an important role for G-protein mediated signal transduction and the function of ligand-gated ion channels including their modulation by psychopharmacological compounds. In this study, we investigated the functional significance of the membrane distribution of NMDA and GABAA receptor subunits in relation to the accumulation of the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine (DMI) and the benzodiazepine diazepam (Diaz). In the presence of Triton X-100, which allowed proper separation of the lipid raft marker proteins caveolin-1 and flotillin-1 from the transferrin receptor, all receptor subunits were shifted to the non-raft fractions. In contrast, under detergent-free conditions, NMDA and GABAA receptor subunits were detected both in raft and non-raft fractions. Diaz was enriched in non-raft fractions without Triton X-100 in contrast to DMI, which preferentially accumulated in lipid rafts. Impairment of lipid raft integrity by methyl-β-cyclodextrine (MβCD)-induced cholesterol depletion did not change the inhibitory effect of DMI at the NMDA receptor, whereas it enhanced the potentiating effect of Diaz at the GABAA receptor at non-saturating concentrations of GABA. These results support the hypothesis that the interaction of benzodiazepines with the GABAA receptor likely occurs outside of lipid rafts while the antidepressant DMI acts on ionotropic receptors both within and outside these membrane microdomains.
Variability in the width of the tropics and the annular modes
Authors: Kidston J. , Cairns C. W. , Paga P. 
Published: December 2012

The correlation between unforced variability in the latitude of the edge of the Hadley cell (ΦHC) and latitude of the surface westerlies (ΦEDJ) is examined using a simplified moist general circulation model (GCM) and a suite of state of the art GCMs. The correlation can be determined by the time‐mean separation of the two features. When the separation is small, there is a positive correlation, and as the separation between them increases, the correlation reduces. In the simplified model, a weak negative correlation emerges at large separations.The location of the anomalous meridional mass flux associated with variations in the latitude of ΦEDJ, relative to the climatological Hadley cell position, determines the extent to which ΦHC is influenced by changes in ΦEDJ. Changes in the latitude of ΦEDJ are driven by anomalous eddy momentum flux convergence, and these are approximately balanced by the Coriolis torque on the meridional flow, as expected under quasi‐geostrophic scaling. Under changing time‐mean climates, the anomalous flow associated with ΦEDJ variability translates location so that it is approximately fixed relative to the time‐mean ΦEDJ. This means that the influence of ΦEDJ variability on ΦHC varies as a function of the time‐mean separation of the features.Initial indications are that the same causal relationship holds in a suite of state of the art GCMs and that this explains the seasonal variation in the correlation between ΦHC and ΦEDJ.
Principal magnetic storms recorded at the Huancayo Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1924
Authors: Parkinson W. C. 
Published: December 2012

(Latitude, 12°02.′7S; Longitude, 75°20.′4W or 5h01m W of Greenwich.)October 23 to 25, 1924.—A moderate disturbance, the general feature being a decreased value of H extending over a period of about 70 hours, rather than any violent fluctuations. The commencement is indefinite but a series of leisurely movements begin about 5h on October 23. Some brisk movements occur in H between 20h, October 23, and 2h, October 24, the larger ones being well marked in the D and Z traces. Similar movements occur between 20h, October 24, and 2h, October 25, and by the end of October 25 the traces have regained their normal positions.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory, November, 1928 to February, 1929
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: December 2012

November 10, 1928—A magnetic disturbance lasting only a few hours began at 6h 55m, with an increase of 25γ in horizontal intensity, and was marked by having the minimum at 15h 33m, which is about the usual time for the daily maximum. The vertical‐intensity trace showed practically no abrupt movements, but the declination trace was somewhat serrated during the height of the disturbance.November 11, 1928—A short magnetic disturbance began at 16h 56m, with a 10‐γ decrease in horizontal intensity, followed immediately by an increase of 100γ in five minutes. The trace was greatly disturbed during the first two hours after the beginning and showed several large and rapid changes. Following this there was a period of lesser disturbance lasting over two hours, which might ordinarily have passed for less than a storm condition. The vertical‐intensity and declination traces were somewhat serrated during the first two hours.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1938
Authors: Davies Frank T. 
Published: December 2012

October 6—Between 18 h 46 m and 18 h 55 m GMT, October 6, a very sharp increase of 33 gammas occurred in H, followed by a sharp decrease of 83 gammas. The traces for D and Z showed slight oscillations at the same time.October 7–8—At 10h GMT, October 7, a magnetic storm of moderate intensity developed gradually, continuing until 07h, October 8. A number of oscillations of large amplitude occurred in H with a very large decrease in the mean value of H at 16h 55m, October 7. Ranges: D, 10′.5; H, 287 gammas; Z, 118 gammas.
Letters to editor[ Photographic reproductions of plates in Lamont's Handbuch des Erdmagnetismus]
Authors: Eschenhagen M. 
Published: December 2012

Photographic reproductions of plates in Lamont's Handbuch des Erdmagnetismus (1849).—Professor Max Eschenhagen, in charge of the Potsdam Magnetic Observatory, informs the editor that he is in a position to be able to furnish those possessing a copy of Lamont's wellknown work, in which the plates are missing, with photographic reproductions of the same at cost price.Mean magnetic elements for the year 1897 at Observatory Infant D. Luiz (Lisbon).—The following data have been courteously sent the JOURNAL by the director, Senhor Capello:

urn:x-wiley:02727528:media:tem2137:tem2137-math-0001
Letters to editor[United States Hydrographic Office magnetic variation and dip chart for 1900]
Authors: Littlehales G.W. 
Published: December 2012

Photographic reproductions of plates in Lamont's Handbuch des Erdmagnetismus (1849).—Professor Max Eschenhagen, in charge of the Potsdam Magnetic Observatory, informs the editor that he is in a position to be able to furnish those possessing a copy of Lamont's wellknown work, in which the plates are missing, with photographic reproductions of the same at cost price.Mean magnetic elements for the year 1897 at Observatory Infant D. Luiz (Lisbon).—The following data have been courteously sent the JOURNAL by the director, Senhor Capello:

urn:x-wiley:02727528:media:tem2139:tem2139-math-0001