bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA based vaccines offer improved vaccination supply for the developing world
Authors: González‐Valdez José , Aguilar‐Yáñez José Manuel , Benavides Jorge , Rito‐Palomares Marco 
Published: February 2013

AbstractVaccination is a major line of defense against infectious diseases. However, with many current vaccines production methods can be both time‐consuming and expensive. These characteristics, together with the low number of vaccine manufacturers and the occurrence of region‐specific diseases, prevent the ready availability of vaccines worldwide. These shortcomings particularly affect developing countries and present real vaccine supply concerns in the event of a global pandemic. DNA‐based vaccines are now emerging as a potential alternative that could provide broader access to vaccination around the world. Although this technology is still in its initial research and development stages, production, processing and distribution of these kinds of vaccines could be greatly simplified since DNA is in essence a simple‐to‐handle molecule. With the proper methodologies and protocols, health care efforts around the world could enormously benefit from this technology ensuring better life‐quality standards in less developed regions. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Molecular mechanisms involved in cochlear implantation trauma and the protection of hearing and auditory sensory cells by inhibition of c‐jun‐N‐terminal kinase signaling
Authors: Eshraghi Adrien A. , Gupta Chhavi , Van De Water Thomas R. , Bohorquez Jorge E. , Garnham Carolyn , Bas Esperanza , Talamo Victoria Maria 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in electrode insertion trauma (EIT) and to test the otoprotective effect of locally delivered AM‐111.Study Design:An animal model of cochlear implantation.Methods:Guinea pigs' hearing thresholds were measured by auditory brainstem response (ABR) before and after cochlear implantation in four groups: EIT; pretreated with hyaluronate gel 30 minutes before EIT (EIT+Gel); pretreated with hyaluronate gel/AM‐111 30 minutes before EIT (EIT+AM‐111); and unoperated contralateral ears as controls. Neurofilament, synapsin, and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐phalloidin staining for hair cell counts were performed at 90 days post‐EIT. Immunostaining for 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (HNE), activated caspase‐3, CellROX, and phospho‐c‐Jun were performed at 24 hours post‐EIT.Results:ABR thresholds increased post‐EIT in the cochleae of EIT only and EIT+Gel treated animals. There was no significant increase in hearing thresholds in cochleae from either EIT+AM‐111 treated or unoperated control ears. AM‐111 protection of organ of Corti sensory elements (i.e., hair cells [HCs], supporting cells [SCs], nerve fibers, and synapses) was documented at 3 months post‐EIT. Immunostaining of 24‐hour post‐EIT specimens demonstrated increased levels of HNE in HCs and SCs; increased levels of CellROX and activation of caspase‐3 was observed only in SCs, and phosphorylation of c‐Jun occurred only in HCs of the EIT‐only and EIT+Gel specimens. There was no immunostaining for either HNE, CellROX, caspase‐3, or phospho‐c‐Jun in the organ of Corti specimens from AM‐111 treated cochleae.Conclusions:Molecular mechanisms involved in programmed cell death of HCs are different than the ones involved in programmed cell death of SCs. Local delivery of AM‐111 provided a significant level of protection against EIT‐induced hearing losses, HC losses, and damage to neural elements. Laryngoscope, 123:S1–S14, 2013
Double‐blind randomized trial on the efficacy of the Gufoni maneuver for treatment of lateral canal BPPV
Authors: Mandalà Marco , Pepponi Emanuela , Santoro Giovanni Paolo , Cambi Jacopo , Casani Augusto , Faralli Mario , Giannoni Beatrice , Gufoni Mauro , Marcelli Vincenzo , Trabalzini Franco , Vannucchi Paolo , Nuti Daniele 
Published: February 2013

Objectives/HypothesisThe need for class I and II studies on the efficacy of liberatory maneuvers in the treatment of lateral canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (LC‐BPPV) motivated the present double‐blind randomized trial on the short‐term efficacy of the Gufoni liberatory maneuver (GLM).Study DesignDouble‐blind randomized controlled trial.MethodsSeventy‐two patients with unilateral LC‐BPPV were recruited for a multicentric study. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment by GLM (n = 37) or sham treatment (n = 35). Subjects were followed up twice (at 1 hour and 24 hours) with the supine roll test by blinded examiners.ResultsAt 1‐ and 24‐hour follow‐up, 75.7% and 83.8% of patients, respectively, undergoing GLM had recovered from vertigo, compared to around 10% of patients undergoing the sham maneuver (P < 0.0001).ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first class I study on the efficacy of the GLM in the treatment of LC‐BPPV in both geotropic and apogeotropic forms. GLM proved highly effective compared to the sham maneuver (P < 0.0001). The present class I study of the efficacy of the GLM changes the level of recommendation of the method for treating LC‐BPPV from level U to level B for the geotropic variant and from level B to level A for the apogeotropic variant of LC‐BPPV.Level of Evidence1b. Laryngoscope, 2013
Reactive mcl‐PHA: A Sustainable Alternative for Innovative Hybrid Materials
Authors: Moraes Raul P. , Smeets Niels M. B. , McKenzie Nathalie , Zhang Ying , Kontopoulou Marianna , Ramsay Bruce , Ramsay Juliana A. , McKenna Timothy F. L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe ability to incorporate medium chain length poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (mcl‐PHA) in the styrene miniemulsion polymerization process was investigated. As a result, novel poly(hydroxyalkanoate)‐co‐poly(stryrene) (PHA‐co‐PS) copolymers were synthesized in the form of stable organic–organic hybrid latexes. Evidence of chemical grafting of mcl‐PHA and cross‐linking of the PHA grafts was obtained using NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gel extraction, and rheological analysis. A high degree of mcl‐PHA grafting was achieved by maintaining proper miniemulsion polymerization conditions throughout the course of the polymerization. The incorporation of PHA grafts was a function of the level of PHA in the formulations as well as the reaction conditions, as evidenced by solvent extraction and rheological analysis. DSC showed shifts in the Tg of PS towards higher temperatures, indicating chemical interaction of PS‐PHA. magnified image
The safety of cefepime and ceftazidime in pediatric oncology patients
Authors: Hoffman James M. , Frediani Jamie , Herr Michael , Flynn Patricia M. , Adderson Elisabeth E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundConcern has been raised about possible increased mortality associated with the use of cefepime. There are limited data available on the pragmatic use of beta‐lactam antibiotics, especially in children.ProcedureThis retrospective study included 532 pediatric oncology patients. The outcomes of patients treated with cefepime for suspected serious bacterial infections were compared to those of patients treated with ceftazidime. Primary outcomes included 30‐ and 90‐day all‐cause mortality.ResultsThe demographic and clinical characteristics of 337 patients treated with ceftazidime were similar to those of 195 patients receiving cefepime. Thirty‐day and 90‐day all cause mortality rates were comparable (30‐day OR for cefepime: 3.48, 95% CI 0.31–38.84, P = 0.3; 90‐day OR: 0.99, 95% CI 0.29–3.42, P = 1.0). There were also no differences in infection‐related mortality rates, secondary infections, or adverse drug events. Deaths occurring within 30 days of hospitalization were judged to be attributable to infection, but not the result of treatment failure or adverse drug events. Deaths occurring between 30 and 90 days were associated with progressive or new malignancy. Secondary infection was significantly associated with mortality.ConclusionsThe use of cefepime in pediatric oncology patients is not associated with increased mortality when compared to ceftazidime, however the small number of deaths in this study limits the strength of this conclusion. Previous associations between antimicrobial therapy and increased all‐cause mortality may have been confounded by patients' demographic characteristics and co‐morbid conditions. All‐cause mortality may be an insensitive outcome for studies examining the efficacy and safety of these agents. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 806–809. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lateral shifts of waves transmitted through a medium with periodically varying permittivity and permeability
Authors: Mao Hongmin , Zang Taocheng , Sun Jian , Pan Tao , Xu Guoding 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBased on the invariant imbedding method and stationary phase approximation, we perform a theoretical investigation on the lateral shifts through an inhomogeneous medium, whose permittivity and permeability are sine functions of the thickness. We find the lateral shift is large near the angles of transmissivity resonances. Furthermore, using a numerical solution method, we discuss the dependence of lateral shift on the spatial period of permittivity, the angle of incidence, the slab's thickness and the signs of the permittivity and permeability, respectively. The results show that the angles of transmissivity resonance and the lateral shifts can be easily controlled by adjusting the parameters of the structure.
Selective area growth of GaN on r‐plane sapphire by MOCVD
Authors: Rozhavskaya Mariya M. , Lundin Wsevolod V. , Nikolaev Andrey E. , Zavarin Evgeniy E. , Troshkov Sergey I. , Brunkov Pavel N. , Tsatsulnikov Andrey F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this study we investigate the possibility of a‐GaN ELOG process and its peculiarities for stripes of various orientations. It is shown that stripe orientation allows governing such important parameters of ELOG‐process as lateral growth rate, voids high, fast growth direction. The intermediate orientations of stripe windows (differ from conventional (0001) and (1–100)) can be effectively used for double‐cross ELOG process. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
MOVPE growth of Inx Ga1‐xN (x ∼0.5) on Si(111) substrates with a pn junction on the surface
Authors: Yamamoto A. , Mihara A. , Hironaga D. , Sugita K. , Bhuiyan A. G. , Hashimoto A. , Shigekawa N. , Watanabe N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper reports the MOVPE growth of InxGa1–xN (x ∼0.5) on Si(111) with a pn junction on the surface. By optimizing growth temperature and TMI/(TMI+TEG) molar ratio, InGaN films with In content up to 0.5 are successfully grown without phase separation and metallic In incorporation. No significant differences in tilt fluctuation in grown InGaN are found among three different substrates; GaN/α–Al2O3(0001) template, p–Si(111) and n‐Si(111) with a p‐type layer on the surface. The tilt fluctuation increases with increasing In content in InGaN and shows the maximum at around In composition 0.5. The n‐InGaN/p–Si structures show good ohmic characteristics and the resistance obtained from the slope of I‐V curves is markedly reduced with increasing In content in InGaN. The Si pn junction beneath the In0.42Ga0.58N layer behaves well as a solar cell with an InGaN filter. For both n‐InGaN/p‐Si and n‐InGaN/pn‐Si structures, the presence of an AlN interlayer between the epilayer and the substrate does not have a significant contribution to the series resistance. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of (1 1 ‐2 2) GaN on m‐plane sapphire
Authors: Rajpalke Mohana K. , Kumar Mahesh , Roul Basanta , Bhat Thirumaleshwara N. , Krupanidhi S. B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe structural and optical properties of semipolar (1 1 ‐2 2) GaN grown on m‐plane (1 0 ‐1 0) sapphire substrates by molecular beam epitaxy were investigated. An inplane orientation relationship was found to be [1 ‐1 0 0] GaN || [1 2‐1 0] sapphire and [‐1 ‐1 2 3] GaN || [0 0 0 1] sapphire for semipolar GaN on m‐plane sapphire substrates. The near band emission (NBE) was found at 3.432 eV, which is slightly blue shifted compared to the bulk GaN. The Raman E2 (high) peak position observed at 569.1 cm–1, which indicates that film is compressively strained. Schottky barrier height (φb) and the ideality factor (η) for the Au/ semipolar GaN Schottky diode found to be 0.55 eV and 2.11, respectively obtained from the TE model. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lin28a Regulates Germ Cell Pool Size and Fertility
Authors: Shinoda Gen , De Soysa T. Yvanka , Seligson Marc T. , Yabuuchi Akiko , Fujiwara Yuko , Huang Pei Yi , Hagan John P. , Gregory Richard I. , Moss Eric G. , Daley George Q. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Overexpression of LIN28A is associated with human germ cell tumors and promotes primordial germ cell (PGC) development from embryonic stem cells in vitro and in chimeric mice. Knockdown of Lin28a inhibits PGC development in vitro, but how constitutional Lin28a deficiency affects the mammalian reproductive system in vivo remains unknown. Here, we generated Lin28a knockout (KO) mice and found that Lin28a deficiency compromises the size of the germ cell pool in both males and females by affecting PGC proliferation during embryogenesis. Interestingly however, in Lin28a KO males, the germ cell pool partially recovers during postnatal expansion, while fertility remains impaired in both males and females mated to wild-type mice. Embryonic overexpression of let-7, a microRNA negatively regulated by Lin28a, reduces the germ cell pool, corroborating the role of the Lin28a/let-7 axis in regulating the germ lineage.
Wnt and Notch Signals Guide Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation into the Intestinal Lineages
Authors: Ogaki Soichiro , Shiraki Nobuaki , Kume Kazuhiko , Kume Shoen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The studies of differentiation of mouse or human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into specific cell types of the intestinal cells would provide insights to the understanding of intestinal development and ultimately yield cells for the use in future regenerative medicine. Here, using an in vitro differentiation procedure of pluripotent stem cells into definitive endoderm (DE), inductive signal pathways' guiding differentiation into intestinal cells was investigated. We found that activation of Wnt/β-catenin and inhibition of Notch signaling pathways, by simultaneous application of 6-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime (BIO), a glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor, and N-[(3,5-Difluorophenyl)acetyl]-L-alanyl-2-phenylglycine-1,1-dimethylethyl ester (DAPT), a known γ-secretase inhibitor, efficiently induced intestinal differentiation of ESCs cultured on feeder cell. BIO and DAPT patterned the DE at graded concentrations. Upon prolonged culture on feeder cells, all four intestinal differentiated cell types, the absorptive enterocytes and three types of secretory cells (goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and Paneth cells), were efficiently differentiated from mouse and hESC-derived intestinal epithelium cells. Further investigation revealed that in the mouse ESCs, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling act synergistically with BIO and DAPT to potentiate differentiation into the intestinal epithelium. However, in hESCs, FGF signaling inhibited, and BMP signaling did not affect differentiation into the intestinal epithelium. We concluded that Wnt and Notch signaling function to pattern the anterior-posterior axis of the DE and control intestinal differentiation.
Imaging high stage river‐water intrusion into a contaminated aquifer along a major river corridor using 2‐D time‐lapse surface electrical resistivity tomography
Authors: Wallin E. L. , Johnson T. C. , Greenwood W. J. , Zachara J. M. 
Published: February 2013

Key Points
Inland high‐stage river water intrusion is imaged using time‐lapse ERT.
Transient water‐table elevation constraints enable accurate imaging.
River water intrusion is dominated by preferred flow pathways.
Urapidil in the Preoperative Treatment of Pheochromocytomas: A Safe and Cost‐effective Method
Authors: Habbe Nils , Ruger Florian , Bojunga Jorg , Bechstein Wolf Otto , Holzer Katharina 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundSurgery for pheochromocytoma may lead to uncontrolled catecholamine secretion with severe hypertension and cardiac failure. Perioperative α1‐receptor‐blockade with orally administered phenoxybenzamine or intravenous urapidil therefore is a standard procedure in the treatment regime prior to surgery.MethodsMedical records of 30 patients who underwent surgery for pheochromocytoma during the years 2002–2011 were retrospectively analyzed. We investigated the difference in the clinical course of patients undergoing surgery for pheochromocytoma with either phenoxybenzamine or urapidil pretreatment with special regard to the intraoperative course and length of hospital stay and costs.ResultsNineteen (16 female, 3 male) patients (63 %) received a preoperative α‐block with orally administered phenoxybenzamine. Eleven patients (6 female, 5 male) (37 %) were treated with intravenous urapidil for 3 days prior to surgery. Intraoperative episodes of hypertension or hypotension did not differ significantly. The median total hospital stay in phenoxybenzamine‐treated patients was 17 days in contrast to 11 days in the urapidil group (p = 0.0087). Patients who received i.v. pretreatment spent significantly fewer days in the hospital prior to operation [median: 3 days (range: 3–7 days) versus 9 days (range: 3–21 days); p = 0.0001]. The reduction in the number of days in the hospital in the urapidil group led to a significantly elevated revenue per day (€637.49/day versus €412.50/day; p = 0.001).ConclusionsPerioperative treatment with the selective α1 blocker urapidil remains a simple and cost effective method in the treatment regime of patients with pheochromocytoma.
Barriers to the use of evidence-based medicine: knowledge and skills, attitude, and
external factors
Authors: Zwolsman Sandra E. , Van Dijk Nynke , Te Pas Ellen , Wieringa-de Waard Margreet 
Published: February 2013

Although efforts are made to integrate evidence-based medicine (EBM) into clinical
practice, physicians experience significant barriers to its implementation. The aim of
this study is to quantify the barriers that general practice (GP) trainees experience
when using EBM in practice. In September 2008, a questionnaire was administered to
140 GP trainees from three Dutch GP Speciality Training Institutes. The questionnaire
focused on barriers that GP trainees meet when using EBM in practice. Factor analysis
identified components in which barriers exist, and the validity and reliability of the
questionnaire were established. After removing four items that did not fit the
questionnaire structure, factor analysis identified three relevant components. All three
components had similar mean scores, indicating a similar negative influence of these
components on the practice of EBM: knowledge/skills (α = 0.72, mean score 2.9 ± 0.8),
attitude (α = 0.70, mean score 2.9 ± 0.6), and external factors (α = 0.66, mean score
3.0 ± 0.5). The barrier that trainees experienced most was lack of time to practise EBM.
Barriers to the use of EBM were present in three components: knowledge/skills, attitude,
and external factors.
Erfolgskriterien für die indikationsbezogene Integrierte Versorgung
Authors: Amelung Volker E. , Wolf Sascha 
Published: February 2013

Einleitung
In der gesundheitspolitischen Diskussion steht die indikationsbezogene Integrierte Versorgung zumeist im Schatten von populationsorientierten Vollversorgungsprojekten. In der praktischen Umsetzung besitzen erstere jedoch erhebliche Vorteile: Behandlungsleitlinien können leichter entwickelt sowie Qualität und Kosten einfacher evaluiert werden. In der Versorgungsrealität sind es daher oftmals gerade die indikationsbezogenen Modelle, die auch in der Breite zu einer Verbesserung der medizinischen Versorgung beispielsweise von chronisch Kranken beitragen. Inzwischen ist das Angebot besonderer Versorgungsformen zu einem wichtigen Wettbewerbsinstrument der Krankenkassen geworden.
Maternal enhancement of cytotype regulation inDrosophila melanogasterby genetic interactions between telomericPelements and non-telomeric transgenicPelements
Authors: SIMMONS MICHAEL J. , RAGATZ LISA M. , SINCLAIR IAN R. , THORP MICHAEL W. , BUSCHETTE JARED T. , GRIMES CRAIG D. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe X-linked telomericPelements (TPs)TP5andTP6regulate the activity of the entirePelement family because they are inserted in a major locus for the production of Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). The potential for this cytotype regulation is significantly strengthened when eitherTP5orTP6is combined with a non-telomeric X-linked or autosomal transgene that contains aPelement. By themselves, none of the transgenicPelements have any regulatory ability. Synergism between the telomeric and transgenicPelements is much greater when the TP is derived from a female. Once an enhanced regulatory state is established in a female, it is transmitted to her offspring independently of either the telomeric or transgenicPelements – that is, it works through a strictly maternal effect. Synergistic regulation collapses when either the telomeric or the transgenicPelement is removed from the maternal genotype, and it is significantly impaired when the TPs come from stocks heterozygous for mutations in the genesaubergine,piwiorSu(var)205. The synergism between telomeric and transgenicPelements is consistent with a model in whichPpiRNAs are amplified by alternating, or ping-pong, targeting of primary piRNAs to sense and antisensePtranscripts, with the sense transcripts being derived from the transgenicPelement and the antisense transcripts being derived from the TP.
Estimation of breeding values for mean and dispersion, their variance and correlation using double hierarchical generalized linear models
Authors: FELLEKI M. , LEE D. , LEE Y. , GILMOUR A. R. , RÖNNEGÅRD L. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe possibility of breeding for uniform individuals by selecting animals expressing a small response to environment has been studied extensively in animal breeding. Bayesian methods for fitting models with genetic components in the residual variance have been developed for this purpose, but have limitations due to the computational demands. We use the hierarchical (h)-likelihood from the theory of double hierarchical generalized linear models (DHGLM) to derive an estimation algorithm that is computationally feasible for large datasets. Random effects for both the mean and residual variance parts of the model are estimated together with their variance/covariance components. An important feature of the algorithm is that it can fit a correlation between the random effects for mean and variance. An h-likelihood estimator is implemented in the R software and an iterative reweighted least square (IRWLS) approximation of the h-likelihood is implemented using ASReml. The difference in variance component estimates between the two implementations is investigated, as well as the potential bias of the methods, using simulations. IRWLS gives the same results as h-likelihood in simple cases with no severe indication of bias. For more complex cases, only IRWLS could be used, and bias did appear. The IRWLS is applied on the pig litter size data previously analysed by Sorensen & Waagepetersen (2003) using Bayesian methodology. The estimates we obtained by using IRWLS are similar to theirs, with the estimated correlation between the random genetic effects being −0·52 for IRWLS and −0·62 in Sorensen & Waagepetersen (2003).