bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The microphysical properties of ice fog measured in urban environments of Interior Alaska
Authors: Schmitt Carl G. , Stuefer Martin , Heymsfield Andrew J. , Kim Chang Ki 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe microphysical properties of ice fog were measured at two sites during a small field campaign in January and February of 2012 in Interior Alaska. The National Center for Atmospheric Research Video Ice Particle Sampler probe and Formvar (polyvinyl formal)‐coated microscope slides were used to sample airborne ice particles at two polluted sites in the Fairbanks region. Both sites were significantly influenced by anthropogenic emission and additional water vapor from nearby open water power plant cooling ponds. Measurements show that ice fog particles were generally droxtal shaped (faceted, quasi‐spherical) for sub‐10 µm particles, while plate‐shaped crystals were the most frequently observed particles between 10 and 50 µm. A visibility cutoff of 3 km was used to separate ice fog events from other observations which were significantly influenced by larger (50–150 µm) diamond dust particles. The purpose of this study is to more realistically characterize ice fog microphysical properties in order to facilitate better model predictions of the onset of ice fog in polluted environments. Parameterizations for mass and projected area are developed and used to estimate particle terminal velocity. Dimensional characteristics are based on particle geometry and indicated that ice fog particles have significantly lower densities than water droplets as well as reduced cross‐sectional areas, the net result being that terminal velocities are estimated to be less than half the value of those calculated for water droplets. Particle size distributions are characterized using gamma functions and have a shape factor (μ) of between −0.5 and −1.0 for polluted ice fog conditions.
Environmental controls on coral skeletal δ13C in the northern South China Sea
Authors: Deng Wenfeng , Wei Gangjian , Xie Luhua , Yu Kefu 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the relationship between seasonal climatic and environmental variables, and the skeletal δ13C of modern and mid‐Holocene Porites lutea corals from the southern coast of Hainan Island in the northern South China Sea. No significant correlations were observed between δ13C in the modern coral and solar insolation or sea surface temperature. However, seasonal variability of δ13C in the modern coral covaries with rainfall on Hainan Island. Furthermore, the seasonal variations of δ13C in both the modern and mid‐Holocene coral are synchronous with those of the coral Δδ18O, which is a proxy for seawater δ18O and, in turn, largely controlled by local rainfall. These observations suggest that coral δ13C variations are closely associated with rainfall in this region. Given that river runoff contains dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) with a negative δ13C, we suggest that periods of high rainfall on Hainan Island deliver increased amounts of 13C‐depleted DIC to coastal seawater, resulting in an enhanced negative δ13C in the corals. Our findings, together with previous studies, appear to demonstrate that in coastal environments, coral skeletal δ13C levels are controlled mainly by terrestrial carbon input and are significantly influenced by terrestrial river runoff. Consequently, the geochemical interpretation of coral δ13C records may differ between coastal areas and offshore areas or the open ocean.
Type dependent patterns of human adenovirus persistence in human T‐lymphocyte cell lines
Authors: Markel Dominik , Lam Elena , Harste Gabriele , Darr Sebastian , Ramke Mirja , Heim Albert 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDisseminated adenovirus infections cause significant mortality in stem cell transplanted patients and are suspected to originate from asymptomatic adenovirus persistence (“latency”) in lymphocytes. The infection of three human T‐lymphocyte lines (Jurkat, PM1, and CEM) with human adenovirus types of species A (HAdV‐A31), B (HAdV‐B3, ‐B11), and C (HAdV‐C2, ‐C5) was investigated for 150 days in order to establish in vitro models for adenovirus persistence. HAdV‐C5 persisted with continuous production of infectious virus progeny (about 107 TCID50/ml) in PM1 cells. More than 100 copies of HAdV‐C5‐DNA per cell were detected by real‐time PCR but hexon immunostaining showed that only 7.5% of the cells were infected (“carrier state infection”). Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) expression was decreased in comparison to mock infected cultures suggesting selection of a semi‐permissive subpopulation of PM‐1 cells. By contrast, latency of HAdV‐DNA (10−3–10−4 copies/cell) without production of infectious virus progeny was observed in HAdV‐C2 infection of PM1 and Jurkat, HAdV‐A31 infection of PM1, and HAdV‐B3 infection of Jurkat cells. In addition, transcription of E1A, DNA polymerase and hexon mRNA was not detected by RT‐PCR suggesting an equivalent of clinical “HAdV latency.” Persistence of HAdV‐DNA was not observed in abortive infections of PM1 cells with HAdV‐B3 and ‐B11 and in productive, lytical infections of Jurkat cells with HAdV‐C5, HAdV‐B11, and HAdV‐A31. In conclusion, lytic and persistent infections with and without production of infectious virus were observed depending on the type of adenovirus. Genetic determinants for viral persistence may be investigated using these newly established infection models. J. Med. Virol. 86:785–794, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) association and latency profile in pediatric Burkitt's lymphoma: Experience of a single institution in Argentina
Authors: Lara Julia , Cohen Melina , De Matteo Elena , Aversa Luis , Preciado Maria Victoria , Chabay Paola 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to characterize EBV expression and latency pattern in pediatric Burkitt's lymphoma in a single institution in Argentina. EBV‐encoded RNA or protein was analyzed in 27 patients. EBERs was expressed in 37% of patients (29% of immunocompetent and 100% of immunosuppressed patients). EBV‐positive cases were observed exclusively in patients younger than 5 years old. EBV association with immunocompetent patients exhibits the sporadic pattern in region under study, while its presence in patients infected with HIV was higher than described previously. EBV latency I profile was present in most of the patients, except for two immunosuppressed patients who displayed LMP1 expression. J. Med. Virol. 86:845–850, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Architecture of the lower terraces and evolution of the Dordogne River at Bergerac (south‐west France) during the last glacial–interglacial cycle
Authors: BERTRAN PASCAL , FROUIN MARINE , MERCIER NORBERT , NAESSENS FABIEN , PRODEO FRÉDÉRIC , QUEFFELEC ALAIN , SIRIEIX COLETTE , SITZIA LUCA 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe lower terraces of the Dordogne River at Bergerac (south‐west France) were studied in detail using cores, trenches, ground penetrating radar profiles, and 14C, optically stimulated luminescence and infrared stimulated luminescence dating. This study shows that the lowest terrace (Fx) is made up of two major lithostratigraphic units: (i) dominantly horizontal gravel strata interpreted as compound bar deposits in a braided river, which pre‐date 18–17 ka, and (ii) thick lateral accretion gravel units (point bars) formed in an anabranching river during the Late Pleniglacial and Lateglacial. Most of the anabranching channels were abandoned at ca. 11–10 ka following shrinkage of the river bed into a single meandering channel and were partially filled by gyttjas during the Boreal chronozone. Finally, the channels were plugged by overbank fines until about 5 ka. Floods seldom reached the Fx terrace during the late Holocene and accretion became negligible. The main phase of bedrock incision spanned the Holocene, whereas the period of channel adjustment to change in river regime during late Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 only led to a redistribution of the Pleniglacial gravels. The higher terrace (Fw3) formed before the Eemian and was covered by colluvial fans, mainly during MIS 2 and 3. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling Interrill Erosion on Unpaved Roads in the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Cao Longxi , Zhang Keli , Dai Hailun , Liang Yin 
Published: September 2013

AbstractUnpaved roads play an important role in soil loss in small watersheds. In order to assess the impact of these unpaved roads in the Loess Plateau of China, runoff and sediment yields from road‐related sources must be quantified. Field rainfall simulation experiments were conducted under three slope gradients and five rainfall intensities on unpaved loess roads in a small watershed. Results showed that the runoff generation was very fast in loess road surface (time to runoff < 1 min) and produced a high runoff coefficient (mean value > 0·8). Soil loss rates were decreased as surface loose materials were washed away during a rainstorm. Rainfall intensity, initial soil moisture, and slope gradient are key factors to model surface runoff and sediment yield. Soil loss on loess road surface could be estimated by a linear function of stream power (R2 = 0·907). Four commonly interrill erosion models were evaluated and compared, and the interrill erodibility adopted in the Water Erosion Prediction Project model was determined as 1·34 × 106 (kg s m−4). A new equation taking into account different parameters like rainfall intensity, surface flow discharge, and slope gradient was established. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between the diffusion time and the diffusion MRI signal observed at 17.2 tesla in the healthy rat brain cortex
Authors: Pyatigorskaya Nadya , Le Bihan Denis , Reynaud Olivier , Ciobanu Luisa 
Published: September 2013

PurposeTo investigate the diffusion time dependency of water diffusion in cortical brain tissue.MethodsWe have combined an oscillating gradient spin‐echo (OGSE) and a pulse gradient spin echo (PGSE) spin‐echo sequence to acquire diffusion‐weighted MRI images in vivo in healthy rat brains over a wide range of diffusion times (1.9–29.2 ms) and estimated the parameters of the biexponential and cumulant expansion diffusion MRI signal models. Diffusion images were obtained at 17.2 Tesla with maximum gradient strength of 1000 mT/m allowing 40 b values up to approximately 4000 s/mm2.ResultsAt all diffusion times the log plot of diffusion signal attenuation versus b value was curved, confirming that diffusion is not free, even at very short diffusion times. This suggests that the length scale of obstacles to diffusion must be smaller than the corresponding shortest observed diffusion distance (approximately 1.7 μm). The diffusion MRI signal was also not found in a steady‐state, even at our longest diffusion time (29.2 ms), suggesting some degree of segregation of water in pools.ConclusionOverall, the results showed that the parameters derived from the two diffusion models could not well be related to specific tissue features. More specific models must be developed taking into account diffusion signal behavior at high b values and short diffusion times. Magn Reson Med 72:492–500, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cardiac imaging at 7 tesla: Single‐ and two‐spoke radiofrequency pulse design with 16‐channel parallel excitation
Authors: Schmitter Sebastian , DelaBarre Lance , Wu Xiaoping , Greiser Andreas , Wang Dingxin , Auerbach Edward J. , Vaughan J. Thomas , Uğurbil Kâmil , Van de Moortele Pierre‐François 
Published: September 2013

PurposeHigher signal to noise ratio (SNR) and improved contrast have been demonstrated at ultra‐high magnetic fields (≥7 Tesla [T]) in multiple targets, often with multi‐channel transmit methods to address the deleterious impact on tissue contrast due to spatial variations in B1+ profiles. When imaging the heart at 7T, however, respiratory and cardiac motion, as well as B0 inhomogeneity, greatly increase the methodological challenge. In this study we compare two‐spoke parallel transmit (pTX) RF pulses with static B1+ shimming in cardiac imaging at 7T.MethodsUsing a 16‐channel pTX system, slice‐selective two‐spoke pTX pulses and static B1+ shimming were applied in cardiac CINE imaging. B1+ and B0 mapping required modified cardiac triggered sequences. Excitation homogeneity and RF energy were compared in different imaging orientations.ResultsTwo‐spoke pulses provide higher excitation homogeneity than B1+ shimming, especially in the more challenging posterior region of the heart. The peak value of channel‐wise RF energy was reduced, allowing for a higher flip angle, hence increased tissue contrast. Image quality with two‐spoke excitation proved to be stable throughout the entire cardiac cycle.ConclusionTwo‐spoke pTX excitation has been successfully demonstrated in the human heart at 7T, with improved image quality and reduced RF pulse energy when compared with B1+ shimming. Magn Reson Med 70:1210–1219, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
USB‐3.0‐Zeilenkameras
Authors: Gips Peter , Ahrens Dirk , Krischke Anja , Oechsner Ulrich 
Published: September 2013

AbstractUSB 3.0 ist im Moment ein viel beachtetes Thema in der Bildverarbeitungsbranche. Während Matrixkameras mit USB‐3.0‐Schnittstelle auf dem Markt schon etabliert sind, waren USB‐3.0‐Zeilenkameras bis vor kurzem nicht erhältlich (Abb. 1). Ihre Vorzüge sind unter anderem die hohe optische Auflösung, die freie Dimensionierung der Bildhöhe, die Synchronisierbarkeit jeder einzelnen Zeile und die hohe Geschwindigkeit der Sensoren. Die große Bandbreite der USB‐3.0‐Schnittstelle erlaubt die Erfassung der Kameradaten mit maximaler Zeilenfrequenz. Anschraub‐ und arretierbare USB‐Steckverbinder sowie ein robustes Gehäuse sorgen für Industrietauglichkeit. Aufgrund der großen Verbreitung der USB‐3.0‐Schnittstelle sind die Systemkosten gering. Dies macht sie zu einer interessanten Alternative zu anderen etablierten Schnittstellen.
A model of the relationship between weedy rice seed‐bank dynamics and rice‐crop infestation and damage in Jiangsu Province, China
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Dai Weimin , Song Xiaoling , Qiang Sheng 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDA heavy infestation of weedy rice leading to no harvested rice has never been predicted in China due to a lack of knowledge about the weedy rice seed bank. We studied the seed‐bank dynamics of weedy rice for three consecutive years and analyzed the relationship between seed‐bank density and population density in order to predict future weedy rice infestations of direct‐seeded rice at six sites along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China.RESULTSThe seed‐bank density of weedy rice in all six sites displayed an increasing trend with seasonal fluctuations. Weedy rice seeds found in the 0–10 cm soil layer contributed most to seedling emergence. An exponential curve expressed the relationship between cultivated rice yield loss and adult weedy rice density. Based on data collected during the weedy rice life‐cycle, a semi‐empirical mathematic model was developed that fits well with the experimental data in a way that could be used to predict seed‐bank dynamics.CONCLUSIONSBy integrating the semi‐empirical model and the exponential curve, weedy rice infestation levels and crop losses can be predicted based on the seed‐bank dynamics so that a practical control can be adopted before rice planting. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
COMBINING MULTIPLE MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS TO PREDICT TAXA UNDER REFERENCE CONDITIONS FOR STREAMS BIOASSESSMENT
Authors: Feio M. J. , Viana‐Ferreira C. , Costa C. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTIn the present study, we tested the potential of combining three machine learning techniques in a bioassessment tool to more accurately predict the pool of expected taxa at a site. This tool, the Hydra, uses the best performing technique from Support Vector Machines (SVM), Multi‐layer Perceptron and K‐Nearest Neighbour (KNN), to predict the taxa expected at a stream site, and further evaluates the quality of a site, though a classification system based on observed/expected values, similar to that used in River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System (RIVPACS) models. To test the procedure, we used a dataset composed of 137 training sites, 15 validation sites and 174 test sites (potentially disturbed) from Portuguese streams. The combined use of three machine learning techniques was more effective in the prediction of invertebrate taxa at a site than their individual use. The three methods were always tested for all invertebrate taxa, but from the three techniques tested, SVM and KNN were most often the best performing techniques (the most accurate among the three for a higher number of taxa) in the prediction of invertebrate taxa with the present dataset. The combination of all algorithms implemented in Hydra resulted in good models for stream bioassessment (e.g. SD OE50 < 0.2, regression of O vs E: R2 > 0.6, Spearman correlations with global degradation >0.7). We also found no advantage in removing rare taxa from the training dataset, and 50% accuracy is the most adequate accuracy level for calculation of OE ratios through Hydra. Future work should consist of comparing the performance of this technique with others, such as the RIVPACS models, using the same datasets. Considering the flexibility of this technique, self‐adjustment and easy implementation through a website (aquaweb.uc.pt), we expect it to be also useful in the prediction of other aquatic elements such as fishes and algae. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The RNA-Binding Protein Musashi-1 Regulates Proteasome Subunit Expression in Breast Cancer- and Glioma-Initiating Cells
Authors: Lagadec Chann , Vlashi Erina , Frohnen Patricia , Alhiyari Yazeed , Chan Mabel , Pajonk Frank 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells, similar to normal tissue stem cells, rely on developmental pathways, such as the Notch pathway, to maintain their stem cell state. One of the regulators of the Notch pathway is Musashi-1, a mRNA-binding protein. Musashi-1 promotes Notch signaling by binding to the mRNA of Numb, the negative regulator of Notch signaling, thus preventing its translation. CSCs have also been shown to downregulate their 26S proteasome activity in several types of solid tumors, thus making them resistant to proteasome-inhibitors used as anticancer agents in the clinic. Interestingly, the Notch pathway can be inhibited by proteasomal degradation of the Notch intracellular domain (Notch-ICD); therefore, downregulation of the 26S proteasome activity can lead to stabilization of Notch-ICD. Here, we present evidence that the downregulation of the 26S proteasome in CSCs constitutes another level of control by which Musashi-1 promotes signaling through the Notch pathway and maintenance of the stem cell phenotype of this subpopulation of cancer cells. We demonstrate that Musashi-1 mediates the downregulation of the 26S proteasome by binding to the mRNA of NF-YA, the transcriptional factor regulating 26S proteasome subunit expression, thus providing an additional route by which the degradation of Notch-ICD is prevented, and Notch signaling is sustained. Stem Cells 2014;32:135–144
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Inhibiting PDGF Receptors or Depleting Fibronectin Induces Mesodermal Progenitors with Endothelial Potential
Authors: Ball S. G. , Worthington J. J. , Canfield A. E. , Merry C. L. R. , Kielty C. M. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Realizing the full therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) awaits improved understanding of mechanisms controlling their fate. Using MSCs cultured as spheroids to recapitulate a three-dimensional cellular environment, we show that perturbing the mesenchymal regulators, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors or fibronectin, reverts MSCs toward mesodermal progenitors with endothelial potential that can potently induce neovascularization in vivo. MSCs within untreated spheroids retain their mesenchymal spindle shape with abundant smooth muscle α-actin filaments and fibronectin-rich matrix. Inhibiting PDGF receptors or depleting fibronectin induces rounding and depletes smooth muscle α-actin expression; these cells have characteristics of mesenchymoangioblasts, with enhanced expression of mesendoderm and endoderm transcription factors, prominent upregulation of E-cadherin, and Janus kinase signaling-dependent expression of Oct4A and Nanog. PDGF receptor-inhibited spheroids also upregulate endothelial markers platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 and vascular endothelial-cadherin and secrete many angiogenic factors, and in vivo they potently stimulate neovascularization, and their MSCs integrate within functional blood vessels that are perfused by the circulation. Thus, MSC potency and vascular induction are regulated by perturbing mesenchymal fate. Stem Cells 2014;32:694–705
α6-Integrin Is Required for the Adhesion and Vasculogenic Potential of Hemangioma Stem Cells
Authors: Smadja David M. , Guerin Coralie L. , Boscolo Elisa , Bieche Ivan , Mulliken John B. , Bischoff Joyce 
Published: September 2013

AbstractInfantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common tumor of infancy. Hemangioma stem cells (HemSC) are a mesenchymal subpopulation isolated from IH CD133+ cells. HemSC can differentiate into endothelial and pericyte/smooth muscle cells and form vascular networks when injected in immune-deficient mice. α6-Integrin subunit has been implicated in the tumorgenicity of glioblastoma stem cells and the homing properties of hematopoietic, endothelial, and mesenchymal progenitor cells. Therefore, we investigated the possible function(s) of α6-integrin in HemSC. We documented α6-integrin expression in IH tumor specimens and HemSC by RT-qPCR and flow cytometry. We examined the effect of blocking or silencing α6-integrin on the adhesive and proliferative properties of HemSC in vitro and the vasculogenic and homing properties of HemSC in vivo. Targeting α6-integrin in cultured HemSC inhibited adhesion to laminin but had no effect on proliferation. Vessel-forming ability in Matrigel implants and hepatic homing after i.v. delivery were significantly decreased in α6-integrin siRNA-transfected HemSC. In conclusion, α6-integrin is required for HemSC adherence to laminin, vessel formation in vivo, and for homing to the liver. Thus, we uncovered an important role for α6 integrin in the vasculogenic properties of HemSC. Our results suggest that α6-integrin expression on HemSC could be a new target for antihemangioma therapy. Stem Cells 2014;32:684–693
Experimental evaluation of seismic performance of low‐shear strength masonry infills with openings in reinforced concrete frames with deficient seismic details
Authors: Mansouri Ali , Marefat Mohammad S. , Khanmohammadi Mohammad 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYThe influence of openings on lateral behaviour of low‐shear strength masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames is investigated. The design of the reinforced concrete frames in this study are aimed to reflect common seismic design deficiencies, such as location of lap splices at bottom of columns, insufficient transverse reinforcements at column and beam ends and lack of stirrups at beam‐column joints. Six half‐scale single‐storey, single‐bay frame specimens were tested under in‐plane lateral loading. The investigated parameters include shape (window and door), size (regular and large windows) and location of the openings (eccentric and central). The results indicate that presence of openings alters the failure mode, increases the damage level and reduces ductility, strength and stiffness of the infilled frame. The door opening led to reductions of 29% in strength, 34% in the effective stiffness and 23% in the energy dissipation capacity. The window openings led to average reductions of 23% in strength, 8% in effective stiffness and 11% in the energy dissipation capacity. Empirical equations are proposed for estimating overall reductions in stiffness and strength of infilled frames because of the presence of openings, which take into account the effects of size, shape and location of openings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.