bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social determinants of parent–child interaction in the UK
Authors: Brocklebank R. , Bedford H. , Griffiths L. J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundChildren are shaped in part by their environment and one rich in communication is therefore beneficial. Activities such as play and reading have long lasting positive effects on development. This study examined the social and demographic characteristics of mothers who play with, read to and tell stories to their child, using data from the UK‐wide Millennium Cohort Study (MCS).MethodsThe study included 14 034 mothers of singleton 5‐year‐old children. Using data from the first and third sweeps of the MCS, we examined how often mothers engaged with their child in playing, reading and telling stories, according to their social and demographic characteristics: ethnicity, socio‐economic status, highest academic qualification, lone mother status, age at birth of cohort child, number of children and employment status. Adjusted logistic regression analyses were conducted using Stata.ResultsWhen their children were 5 years old, 22% of mothers reported playing, 51% reading and 13% telling stories everyday. Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Black mothers were significantly less likely to play with their child at least weekly compared with White mothers. The same applied to lone mothers compared with those living with a partner. Mothers with academic qualifications lower than degree level were less likely to read at least once weekly. Compared with mothers who worked full‐time, those who worked part‐time, were ‘on‐leave’ or unemployed, were more likely to play with, and read to, their child at least weekly. Mothers with more than one child were significantly less likely to engage at least weekly in any of the three activities studied.ConclusionsWe found significant inequalities in the frequency of playing, reading and telling stories according to sociodemographic characteristics. This information is important to be able to target more effectively vulnerable children using established public health initiatives, like ‘Bookstart’ and ‘Surestart’, aimed at promoting play, reading and story telling.
Rhinoviral infection and asthma: the detection and management of rhinoviruses by airway epithelial cells
Authors: Parker L. C. , Stokes C. A. , Sabroe I. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryHuman rhinoviruses (HRV) have been linked to the development of childhood asthma and recurrent acute asthma exacerbations throughout life, and contribute considerably to the healthcare and economic burden of this disease. However, the ability of HRV infections to trigger exacerbations, and the link between allergic status and HRV responsiveness, remains incompletely understood. Whilst the receptors on human airway cells that detect and are utilized by most HRV group A and B, but not C serotypes are known, how endosomal pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect HRV replication products that are generated within the cytoplasm remains somewhat of an enigma. In this article, we explore a role for autophagy, a cellular homeostatic process that allows the cell to encapsulate its own cytosolic constituents, as the crucial mechanism controlling this process and regulating the innate immune response of airway epithelial cells to viral infection. We will also briefly describe some of the recent insights into the immune responses of the airway to HRV, focusing on neutrophilic inflammation that is a potentially unwanted feature of the acute response to viral infection, and the roles of IL‐1 and Pellinos in the regulation of responses to HRV.
Does aerobic exercise intensity affect health‐related parameters in overweight women?
Authors: Botero João P. , Prado Wagner L. , Guerra Ricardo L. F. , Speretta Guilherme F. F. , Leite Richard D. , Prestes Jonato , Sanz Adrián V. , Lyons Scott , de Azevedo Paulo H. S. M. , Baldissera Vilmar , Perez Sergio E. A. , Dâmaso Ana , da Silva Rozinaldo G. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe aim of this study was to compare the effect of a cycling training programme performed at intensity corresponding to the lowest value of the respiratory quotient (RQ) versus at intensity corresponding to the ventilatory threshold (VT), on body composition and health‐related parameters in overweight women. Thirty‐two sedentary obese women (27–42 years old) were studied in a randomized trial of either RQ (n = 17) or VT (n = 15). RQ and VT training sessions were equalized by time (60 min) and performed in a cycloergometer. Anthropometry, body composition, lipid profile, glucose, basal metabolic rate (BMR) and fitness (maximal oxygen uptake) were evaluated before and after 12 weeks of intervention. Body weight, body mass index, fatness and fitness were improved in both groups (P<0·001). Triglycerides (TG) levels decreased only in response to RQ (P<0·001) and fat‐free mass (FFM) to VT (P = 0·002). No differences were observed between groups. Both exercise intensities seem to be effective for improving health in overweight women. However, low‐intensity compared with the high‐intensity exercise training appears to have additional benefits on TG levels and to maintenance of FFM.
Gaze direction affects linear self‐motion heading discrimination in humans
Authors: Ni Jianguang , Tatalovic Milos , Straumann Dominik , Olasagasti Itsaso 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe investigated the effect of eye‐in‐head and head‐on‐trunk direction on heading discrimination. Participants were passively translated in darkness along linear trajectories in the horizontal plane deviating 2° or 5° to the right or left of straight‐ahead as defined by the subject's trunk. Participants had to report whether the experienced translation was to the right or left of the trunk straight‐ahead. In a first set of experiments, the head was centered on the trunk and fixation lights directed the eyes 16° either left or right. Although eye position was not correlated with the direction of translation, rightward reports were more frequent when looking right than when looking left, a shift of the point of subjective equivalence in the direction opposite to eye direction (two of the 38 participants showed the opposite effect). In a second experiment, subjects had to judge the same trunk‐referenced trajectories with head‐on‐trunk deviated 16° left. Comparison with the performance in the head‐centered paradigms showed an effect of the head in the same direction as the effect of eye eccentricity. These results can be qualitatively described by biases reflecting statistical regularities present in human behaviors such as the alignment of gaze and path. Given the known effects of gaze on auditory localization and perception of straight‐ahead, we also expect contributions from a general influence of gaze on the head‐to‐trunk reference frame transformations needed to bring motion‐related information from the head‐centered otoliths into a trunk‐referenced representation.
Effects of grazing on plant community structure and aboveground net primary production of semiarid boreal steppe of northernMongolia
Authors: Lkhagva Ariuntsetseg , Boldgiv Bazartseren , Goulden Clyde E. , Yadamsuren Oyunchuluun , Lauenroth William K. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe studied the effects of grazing on plant community structure and total plant biomass across the landscape while taking account of nutrient gradient, from wet and nutrient‐rich sites (north‐facing steppe) to dry and nutrient‐poor sites (south‐facing steppe) in semiarid steppe of northern Mongolia. Livestock grazing increased species richness of wet and nutrient‐rich sites, while no significant change was observed in dry and nutrient‐poor sites. The species richness increase in the wet and nutrient‐poor sites was explained by local colonization of grazing‐tolerant species. Species that adapted in the wet and nutrient‐rich sites were driven to local extinction as a consequence of competitive exclusion. At a large spatial scale, livestock grazing can have a potential negative effect on a regional species pool, as it excludes species adapted in wet and nutrient‐rich sites. Although grazing did not affect species richness in the dry and nutrient‐poor south‐facing steppe, plant communities under grazing shifted to dominance by short and prostrate forb species. A spatial difference of the total plant biomass across the landscape was higher in non‐grazed landscape but this difference lessened in grazed landscape. The greatest percentage reductions of the total plant biomass due to grazing were in wet and nutrient‐rich sites. In conclusion, at a community level, plant communities responded differently to livestock grazing, but at an ecosystem level, the total plant biomass decreased under grazing across the landscape of the semiarid boreal steppe. The livestock grazing in the wet and nutrient‐rich sites resulted in the disappearance of moss cover, which is the main insulator of permafrost. The loss of moss cover could potentially accelerate a thawing of permafrost and warming of this region. Also, we found different results on dominance ofArtemisia frigidaWilld. from those reported in the steppe of Inner Mongolia. At a regional scale, this species might not be considered as an indicator species of livestock grazing.
Factors affecting wetland ground beetle (Carabidae) assemblages: how important are habitats, conservation designations and management?
Authors: Williams Christopher D. , Hayes Margaret , Mc Donnell Rory J. , Anderson Roy , Bleasdale Andy , Gormally Michael J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe investigated factors affecting wetland carabid diversity and assemblage dynamics as part of the first national survey in the Republic of Ireland.Species richness was significantly different among habitat types and was significantly higher on designated as opposed to undesignated land. However, red‐data‐book species richness was significantly higher on undesignated land, highlighting the importance of land outside the conservation network. This was largely due to the prominence ofCarabus clatratusL. outside designated areas and often on high‐disturbance land. Management for species of conservation interest outside of designated areas, and in concert with existing agri‐environment, schemes is apparent.Shannon's entropy was significantly greater on grazed as compared to ungrazed land, further highlighting the importance of management in maintaining high diversity carabid assemblages, which should be included in future conservation plans for ground dwelling invertebrates.Models of diversity partitioning for a number of variables (location, habitat type, perceived habitat quality, designation status and grazing) indicated a significantly lower α (within sites) diversity than would be expected by chance, but significantly higher β diversities, indicating that diversity was significantly structured among rather than within groups of these variables.A multi‐response permutation procedure, however, indicated that carabid assemblage composition was significantly, but weakly, structured in terms of domestic grazing, location and both broad and narrow habitat classifications. This indicates a difference in the significance of the effects of variables on beta‐diversity as assessed through partitioning using a dimensionless value and assessments based on the pairwise dissimilarity matrix.
A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial to investigate the effect of Cynatine®HNS on skin characteristics
Authors: Beer C. , Wood S. , Veghte R. H. 
Published: July 2013

SynopsisObjectiveA new, novel product, Cynatine® HNS was evaluated for its effects as a supplement for improving various aspects of skin in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial.MethodsA total of 50 females were included and randomized into two groups. The active group (n = 25) received two capsules totalling of Cynatine® HNS, comprised of Cynatine® brand keratin (500 mg) plus vitamins and minerals, per day, and the placebo group (n = 25) received two identical capsules of maltodextrin per day for 90 days. End points for skin moisture, skin elasticity, wrinkle reduction, skin compactness and skin appearance were measured.ResultsThe results show that subjects taking Cynatine® HNS showed statistically significant improvements in their skin when compared with placebo.ConclusionCynatine® HNS is an effective supplement for improving skin in 90 days or less.
CLINICAL UTILITY OF BIOMARKERS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND CHRONIC HEART FAILURE
Authors: Zachariah Donah , Olechowski Bartosz , Kalra Paul R. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYBiomarkers have an increasingly important clinical role in managing patients with heart failure as well as those with kidney disease, both common conditions with generally poor prognostic outcomes and huge impacts on healthcare economics. For patients with chronic heart failure, biomarkers have become centre place in streamlining diagnostic pathways as well as identifying those with worse prognosis. There is much interest in the role for biomarkers in identifying patients at risk of acute kidney injury, although a number of these currently remain as research tools or are in the early stages of evaluation in clinical practice. Patients with cardiorenal syndrome represent a particular challenge to the clinician, and recent studies have suggested a valuable clinical role for certain biomarkers in this setting, either on their own or in combination. This paper will focus on biomarkers with a current clinical role in patients with cardiorenal disease (natriuretic peptides and neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin), although brief reference will be made to other biomarkers with potential future application.
Internal challenge to clinical trial project management: strategies for managing investigator compliance
Authors: Cao Hongbo , Shang Hongcai , Mu Wei , Zhai Jinbo , Hou Yazhu , Wang Hui 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundManaging compliance in a clinical research, especially in a multi‐centre randomized clinical trial (MRCT) is vital. We now feel the need to take a look at the once overlooked area of investigator compliance as it may provide resources necessary for producing satisfactory trial outcomes.ObjectivesTo analyze investigator performance and examine their adherence behavior using data collected and information gained from the MISPS‐TCM, a Chinese national research project.MethodsFour researchers were responsible for collecting relevant information and investigating the compliance behavior of participants in MISPS‐TCM. The Data Management Committee of MISPS‐TCM offered us the number of withdrawal at each site and other site information. Reports on investigator compliance events were provided by the Monitoring Committee. Records of any misconduct of or errors made by the investigator were collected from the Center's daily management diary. Other information sources included trial managers and investigators at the Center or at different sites of the study.ResultsInvestigator compliance can be an important determinant of trial outcomes and the degree of compliance may have detrimental effects on the reliability of findings of an MRCT, directly or indirectly.ConclusionsTrial managers of future MRCTs should take a firm grip on investigator compliance from the following aspects. First, physicians should be provided with more opportunities. Second, we created and recommended the ‘Five Step Method’ for evaluating investigators. Third, measures must be taken to secure investigator compliance. Fourth, evaluation of investigator compliance in an MRCT needs to be made.
The molecular components of the extracellular protein‐degradation pathways of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus
Authors: Shah Firoz , Rineau Francois , Canbäck Björn , Johansson Tomas , Tunlid Anders 
Published: July 2013

Summary

Proteins contribute to a major part of the organic nitrogen (N) in forest soils. This N is mobilized and becomes available to trees as a result of the depolymerizing activities of symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi. The mechanisms by which these fungi depolymerize proteins and assimilate the released N are poorly characterized.

Biochemical analysis and transcriptome profiling were performed to examine the proteolytic machinery and the uptake system of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Paxillus involutus during the assimilation of organic N from various protein sources and extracts of organic matter.

All substrates induced secretion of peptidase activity with an acidic pH optimum, mostly contributed by aspartic peptidases. The peptidase activity was transiently repressed by ammonium. Transcriptional analysis revealed a large number of extracellular endo‐ and exopeptidases. The expression levels of these peptidases were regulated in parallel with transporters and enzymes involved in the assimilation and metabolism of the released peptides and amino acids.

For the first time the molecular components of the protein degradation pathways of an ectomycorrhizal fungus are described. The data suggest that the transcripts encoding these components are regulated in response to the chemical properties and the availability of the protein substrates.
Allocation of gross primary production in forest ecosystems: allometric constraints and environmental responses
Authors: Chen Guangshui , Yang Yusheng , Robinson David 
Published: July 2013

Summary

Understanding the allocation of gross primary production (GPP) and its response to climate is essential for improving terrestrial carbon (C) modelling.

Here, we synthesize data on component GPP fluxes from a worldwide forest database to determine the allocation patterns of GPP across global gradients in climate and nitrogen deposition (Ndep).

Our results reveal that allocation of GPP is governed in an integrated way by allometric constraints and by three trade‐offs among GPP components: wood production (NPPwood) vs fine‐root production (NPPfroot), NPPwood vs foliage production (NPPfoliage), and autotrophic respiration (Ra) vs all biomass production components. Component fluxes were explained more by allometry, while partitioning to components was related more closely to the trade‐offs. Elevated temperature and Ndep benefit long‐term woody biomass C sequestration by stimulating allometric partitioning to wood. Ndep can also enhance forest C use efficiency by its effects on the Ra vs biomass production trade‐off. Greater precipitation affects C allocation by driving the NPPwood vs NPPfoliage trade‐off toward the latter component.

These results advance our understanding about the global constraints on GPP allocation in forest ecosystems and its climatic responses, and are therefore valuable for simulations and projections of ecosystem C sequestration.
Extensive ossification of an intramuscular venous malformation in the submental region
Authors: Villar‐Puchades R. , Sánchez de las Matas M.J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe describe a 62‐year‐old male patient with an extensively ossified venous malformation within the mylohyoid muscle. Phleboliths and calcifications are characteristic of venous malformations, while massive ossification is rare. To our knowledge, no extensive ossified venous malformation within the mylohyoid muscle has been reported. Intramuscular vascular lesions occur with an incidence of 0.8 in 10, occurring in the head and neck region in 15% of cases. Most are venous malformations. The diagnosis is rarely made before surgery and requires a definitive histological analysis, as there are no pathognomonic clinical or radiographic findings, especially with extensive ossification. Spontaneous regression does not occur, and treatment must be based on aesthetic and functional disturbances. We reviewed the classification of vascular anomalies, focusing on differentiating between venous malformations and haemangiomas, which are frequently confused in the literature.
Longitudinal measurements of exhaled nitric oxide in children–what is a significant change in FENO?
Authors: Cutts Rebecca , Turner Steve 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe principle aim of this study was to describe the variability of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) concentrations over 10 months in children with and without asthma.MethodsFENO was measured on six occasions at 2‐month intervals in a community‐based cohort of children with and without asthma.ResultsThere were 178 children recruited, 47 had asthma, mean age 9.6 yr. A total of 851 FENO measurements were made. The change in FENO values was positively associated with the initial FENO concentration (p < 0.001) and duration between paired measurements (p = 0.016) but not asthma diagnosis; there was an interaction between initial FENO and duration between measurements. As an approximate rule‐of‐thumb, a child's FENO may rise by up to 100% of their current FENO over 2 and 4 months, independent of asthma.ConclusionsBoth the baseline FENO and interval between repeated FENO measurements are relevant to FENO values, independent of asthma. These findings may be useful to clinical interpretation of FENO results in children.
Characterization and downstream mannose phosphorylation of human recombinant α‐L‐iduronidase produced in Arabidopsis complex glycan‐deficient (cgl) seeds
Authors: He Xu , Pierce Owen , Haselhorst Thomas , von Itzstein Mark , Kolarich Daniel , Packer Nicolle H. , Gloster Tracey M. , Vocadlo David J. , Qian Yi , Brooks Doug , Kermode Allison R. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryMucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) I is a lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of α‐L‐iduronidase (IDUA) (EC 3.2.1.76); enzyme replacement therapy is the conventional treatment for this genetic disease. Arabidopsis cgl mutants are characterized by a deficiency of the activity of N‐acetylglucosaminyl transferase I (EC 2.4.1.101), the first enzyme in the pathway of hybrid and complex N‐glycan biosynthesis. To develop a seed‐based platform for the production of recombinant IDUA for potential treatment of MPS I, cgl mutant seeds were generated to express human IDUA at high yields and to avoid maturation of the N‐linked glycans on the recombinant human enzyme. Enzyme kinetic data showed that cgl‐IDUA has similar enzymatic properties to the commercial recombinant IDUA derived from cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (AldurazymeTM). The N‐glycan profile showed that cgl‐derived IDUA contained predominantly high‐mannose‐type N‐glycans (94.5%), and the residual complex/hybrid N‐glycan‐containing enzyme was efficiently removed by an additional affinity chromatography step. Furthermore, purified cgl‐IDUA was amenable to sequential in vitro processing by soluble recombinant forms of the two enzymes that mediate the addition of the mannose‐6‐phosphate (M6P) tag in mammalian cells—UDP‐GlcNAc:lysosomal enzyme N−acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)−1−phosphotransferase—and GlcNAc−1−phosphodiester α−N−acetylglucosaminidase (the ‘uncovering enzyme’). Arabidopsis seeds provide an alternative system for producing recombinant lysosomal enzymes for enzyme replacement therapy; the purified enzymes can be subjected to downstream processing to create the M6P, a recognition marker essential for efficient receptor‐mediated uptake into lysosomes of human cells.