bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Signatures of Hydrometeor Species from Airborne Passive Microwave Data for Frequencies 10–183 GHz
Authors: Leppert Kenneth D. , Cecil Daniel J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPassive microwave brightness temperatures (BTs) collected above severe thunderstorms using the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer and Conical Scanning Millimeter-Wave Imaging Radiometer during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment are compared with a hydrometeor identification applied to dual-polarimetric Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler radar data collected at Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma (KVNX). The goal of this work is to determine the signatures of various hydrometeor species in terms of BTs measured at frequencies used by the Global Precipitation Measurement mission Microwave Imager. Results indicate that hail is associated with an ice-scattering signature at all frequencies examined, including 10.7 GHz. However, it appears that frequencies ≤ 37.1 GHz are most useful for identifying hail. Low-level (below 2.5 km) hail becomes probable for a BT below 240 K at 19.4 GHz, 170 K at 37.1 GHz, 90 K at 85.5 GHz, 80 K at 89.0 GHz, 100 K at 165.5 GHz, and 100 K at 183.3 ± 7 GHz. Graupel may be distinguished from hail and profiles without any hydrometeor species by its strong scattering signature at higher frequencies (e.g., 165.5 GHz) and its relative lack of scattering at frequencies ≤ 19.4 GHz. There is a clearer distinction between profiles that contain liquid precipitation and profiles without any hydrometeors when the liquid is associated above with hail and/or graupel (i.e., a hydrometeor category with a strong scattering signature) than when the liquid is associated with smaller ice. Near-surface precipitation is much more likely for a 19.4-GHz BT < 250 K, 37.1-GHz BT < 240 K, 89.0-GHz BT < 220 K, and 165.5-GHz BT < 140 K.
Estimating the Response of Extreme Precipitation over Midlatitude Mountains to Global Warming
Authors: Shi Xiaoming , Durran Dale R. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGlobal warming–induced changes in extreme orographic precipitation are investigated using a hierarchy of models: a global climate model, a limited-area weather forecast model, and a linear mountain wave model. The authors consider precipitation changes over an idealized north–south midlatitude mountain barrier at the western margin of an otherwise flat continent. The intensities of the extreme events on the western slopes increase by approximately 4% K−1 of surface warming, close to the “thermodynamic” sensitivity of vertically integrated condensation in those events due to temperature variations when vertical motions stay constant. In contrast, the intensities of extreme events on the eastern mountain slopes increase at about 6% K−1. This higher sensitivity is due to enhanced ascent during the eastern-slope events, which can be explained in terms of linear mountain wave theory as arising from global warming–induced changes in the upper-tropospheric static stability and the tropopause level. Similar changes to these two parameters also occur for the western-slope events, but the cross-mountain flow is much stronger in those events; as a consequence, linear theory predicts no increase in the western-slope vertical velocities. Extreme western-slope events tend to occur in winter, whereas those on the eastern side are most common in summer. Doubling CO2 not only increases the precipitation, but during extreme western slope events it shifts much of the precipitation from snow to rain, potentially increasing the risk of heavy runoff and flooding.
Global Ensemble Forecast Tracks for Tropical Storm Debby
Authors: Colby Frank P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOperational-model track forecasts for Tropical Storm Debby (June 2012) diverged as much as 180°, making the National Hurricane Center forecast particularly challenging. Forecast tracks from the members of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) were similarly divergent; some forecast Debby to turn westward, some forecast Debby to go northward, and others forecast Debby to go eastward. Part of the divergence in the operational models can be from differences in model code, but the divergence in the GEFS is due only to differences in initial conditions. To understand the meteorological reasons for this model divergence, GEFS forecasts for Debby were examined in detail. Debby formed in the south-central Gulf of Mexico and then became a tropical storm by 1200 UTC 23 June 2012. Careful examination of the GEFS tracks showed that those storms turning east were stronger and deeper than those turning west. The storm strength was measured by the mean sea level pressure at the center of the storms and the maximum 10-m wind speed. The correlation coefficients between these two quantities and the longitude 12 and 24 h later were between 0.60 and 0.90, for all GEFS model runs initialized between 0000 UTC 24 June and 1200 UTC 26 June 2012. Further investigation showed that the initial midlevel moisture (specific humidity at 850 and 700 hPa) determined the subsequent strength and depth of the member storms. This variation in depth changed the effective layer for steering currents, which determined the direction to which the storms moved.
Reflections of a group of South African teenage mothers: Sexual health implications
Authors: Singh Shakila , Hamid Alvi 
Published: March 2015

Objectives: In the context of women’s vulnerability to sexual violence, HIV infection and unintended pregnancy in South Africa, this paper explores the ways in which teenage mothers who are in school reflect on their experiences of pregnancy and motherhood. We attempt to understand how teenage mothers reflect on their experiences within the cultural and institutionalised discourses in which they are embedded, and how their reflections lead to critical assessment and questioning of the dominant discourses of femininity that compromise women’s sexual health. Methods: This paper draws on findings from a study with a selected group of teenage mothers in a Durban school. Main data collection strategies comprised individual and group interviews. Participants’ reflections on their experiences of teenage motherhood are discussed in relation to three themes: ‘regret and pride’, ‘contesting female victimhood’ and ‘lessons learned’. Results: Many teenage mothers indicate that being pregnant and having a child while still at school provides an impetus to take control of their lives. The data suggest that study participants use their reflections to construct a version of femininity that enables them to express themselves in ways that demonstrate greater agency. Conclusion: The greater agency expressed by teenage mothers has implications for their future sexual health and prevention of subsequent unintended pregnancies. In particular, it opens up possibilities for engaging them as peers in health education focusing on prevention of unintended pregnancy, by drawing on useful insights from lessons learned.
Extrinsic motivation, PSM and labour market characteristics: a multilevel model of public sector employment preference in 26 countries
Authors: Van de Walle Steven , Steijn Bram , Jilke Sebastian 
Published: March 2015

Research findings have been contradictory with respect to the determinants of why people choose a public sector job. In this article we use an internationally comparative design with data from 26 countries to explain public sector employment preference. The study shows that on the individual level, public service motivation and extrinsic motivation are both important drivers for this preference. Intrinsic motivation, in turn, is negatively related to people’s inclination to work for the public sector. Moreover, having a lower income and lower education is associated with a greater preference for public sector employment. This suggests that working for the public sector is seen as a good and safe career option. Our results furthermore show that variation in this preference can only partly be explained by country differences. Nevertheless, in countries with a career- rather than position-based system of public employment, people are more likely to prefer public employment. Points for practitioners Attracting the best and brightest to work for the public sector requires an insight into why people prefer public over private sector employment. This article looks at what makes people prefer public sector employment in 26 countries. Findings reveal that public service motivation (helping other people, being useful to society) and extrinsic motives (job security, a high income, opportunities for advancement) play an important role in this preference. Still, there are considerable differences between countries. In countries with a career-based system of public employment, working in the public sector is seen as more attractive.
The genetic truth of surrogate parentage
Authors: Goswami Gajendra K 
Published: March 2015

Old family laws presume that the husband is the father of any child born to a married couple; a socio-legal fiction. A social and biological father is presumed to be one and the same. The cocoon of legitimacy protects marriage but the child born outside valid marriage is recognised as ‘illegitimate’. Assisted reproduction technologies strengthened reproductive rights but confuse purity of lineage and genetically divorce socio-legal parentage from biological parentage. The lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender reproductive rights, surrogacy, gamete donation, delayed pregnancies using cryopreserved embryos, single parentage, virgin mothers (virgin birth), live-in relationship are increasingly recognised under the cover of human dignity but obscure parentage. In contrast to parental rights of reproductive autonomy, equity demands the child’s right to know its biological parentage, recognised under Article 7 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989. DNA profiling may clarify the genetic parentage with virtual certainty but with multiple limitations. DNA forensics ascertains the genetic makeup of a child linking putative parents irrespective of any social relationship between them. The right to know biological linkages gained paramount significance in cases like displacement, adoption, child trafficking and variants of cross-genetic in vitro fertilization including complete surrogacy. The ‘reproductive tourism’ promotes crossing borders and bodies, enabling conception in the countries with extreme religious and legal barriers.
Bone Marrow Edema in the Knee and Its Influence on Clinical Outcome After Matrix-Based Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
Authors: Niethammer Thomas R. , Valentin Siegfried , Gülecyüz Mehmet F. , Roßbach Björn P. , Ficklscherer Andreas , Pietschmann Matthias F. , Müller Peter E. 
Published: March 2015

Background: Third-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is an established method for treatment of full-thickness cartilage defects in the knee joint. Subchondral bone marrow edema (BME) is frequently observed after ACI, with unknown pathogenesis and clinical relevance. Purpose: To investigate the occurrence and clinical relevance of BME after third-generation ACI in the knee joint during the postoperative course of 36 months. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 38 circumscribed full-thickness cartilage defects in 30 patients were included in this study. All defects were treated with third-generation ACI (Novocart 3D). A standardized MRI examination was carried out after 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. Bone marrow edema was observed in 78.9% of defects over the postoperative course, with initial occurrence in the first 12 months. The size of the BMEs were determined according to their maximum diameter and were classified as small (<1 cm), medium (<2 cm), large (<4 cm), and very large (diffuse; >4 cm). Clinical outcomes in patients were analyzed by use of the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scoring system and a visual analog scale for pain. Results: There were 5.3% (n = 2) small, 28.9% (n = 11) medium, 34.2% (n = 13) large, and 10.5% (n = 4) very large BMEs. In a subgroup analysis, cartilage defects of the medial femoral condyle showed significantly higher frequency of BME than did patellar defects. Clinical scores showed significant improvements throughout the entire study course ( P < .05). Clinical patient outcome did not correlate with presence of BME at any time period ( P > .05). Conclusion: Midterm clinical results of the matrix-based third-generation ACI showed a substantial amount of BME over a 36-month follow-up, but this did not correlate with worse clinical outcome. Patients with femoral cartilage defects were more often affected than were those with patellar cartilage defects.
Prospective Clinical and Radiologic Evaluation of Patellofemoral Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
Authors: Ebert Jay R. , Fallon Michael , Smith Anne , Janes Gregory C. , Wood David J. 
Published: March 2015

Background: While matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) has demonstrated encouraging outcomes in the treatment of knee chondral defects, there remains little available research specifically investigating its use in the patellofemoral joint. Purpose: To prospectively evaluate the clinical and radiologic outcome of MACI in the patellofemoral joint. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: In 47 consecutive patients undergoing patellofemoral MACI, clinical (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, visual analog scale for pain, 6-minute walk test, knee range of motion, and strength assessment) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments were undertaken before and 3, 12, and 24 months after surgery. The MRI was performed to assess graft infill and determine an overall MRI composite score. Results were analyzed according to (1) the patient sample overall and (2) after stratification into 4 subgroups per implant location (patella or trochlea) as well as whether or not adjunct tibial tubercle transfer for patellofemoral malalignment was required. Results: The overall patient sample, as well as each of the 4 procedural subgroups, demonstrated clinically and statistically significant ( P < .05) improvements over time for all clinical scores. Graft infill and the MRI composite score also demonstrated statistically significant ( P < .05) improvements over time, with no evidence of a main effect for procedure group or interaction between procedure group and time. At 24 months after surgery, 40.4% (n = 19) of patients exhibited complete graft infill comparable with the adjacent native cartilage, with a further 6.4% (n = 3) demonstrating a hypertrophic graft. A further 31.9% (n = 15) of patients exhibited 50% to 100% tissue infill, and 17% (n = 8) demonstrated <50% tissue infill. Two patients (4.3%) demonstrated graft failure. At 24 months after surgery, 85% (n = 40) of patients were satisfied with the results of their MACI surgery. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that MACI provides improved clinical and radiologic outcomes to 24 months in patients undergoing treatment specifically for articular cartilage defects on the patella or trochlea, with and without concurrent realignment of the extensor mechanism if required.
Psychiatrists’ awareness of partial- and non-adherence to antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: results from the Australian ADHES survey
Authors: Kulkarni Jayashri , Reeve-Parker Kate 
Published: March 2015

Objectives: The Adherence in Schizophrenia (ADHES) initiative aimed to assess physicians’ perspectives about treatment adherence in people with schizophrenia, and assess strategies to improve adherence. Methods: Between March and April 2012, a 20-question survey was delivered to Australian psychiatrists ( n = 3400). These anonymous surveys were returned by mail. The survey asked about the demographics of participating psychiatrists and the respondents’ perceptions of different factors that affect the adherence of people with schizophrenia to their treatment with antipsychotic medications. Adherence was defined by the proportion of prescribed doses taken: non-adherence, if < 30%; partial-adherence, 30%–90%; and adherent, > 90%. Data were reported descriptively and were not weighted. Results: Respondent psychiatrists ( n = 406; response rate 12%) reported that one-half (51%) of people with schizophrenia were either non-adherent (20%) or only partially adherent (31%). This was despite most (72%) psychiatrists’ reporting that they assessed adherence to medication at every visit. The main reported reasons for medication discontinuation were: lack of insight (45%), drug or alcohol abuse (3%), or side effects (29%). The preferred strategies for improving adherence were switching to or adding a long-acting antipsychotic (40%), or simplifying the medication regimen (30%). Conclusions: Lack of adherence to antipsychotic medication remains a problem. More proactive management is required, to improve adherence and long-term outcomes.
Stopping the run-around? A study of services for people with comorbid mental health and substance use disorders in northern Adelaide
Authors: Cairney Imelda , Galletly Cherrie , de Crespigny Charlotte , Liu Dennis , Moss John , Procter Nicholas 
Published: March 2015

Objective: Comorbidity between mental health and alcohol and other drug (AOD) disorders is common. This study aimed to identify and describe all of the local government and non-government (NGO) mental health and AOD services in a socially disadvantaged urban region in Adelaide, South Australia. Method: Services were identified using telephone directories and the internet, and via information from workers employed by a wide range of mental health and AOD services. Results: Local mental health and AOD services were difficult to locate, but eventually we identified a total of 70 services. Soon after this, reorganisation of the mental health services and a new NGO funding round changed the service configuration, with a decrease in the number of services. The available services were fragmented, and rarely addressed comorbidity specifically. Conclusion: Our real-world study demonstrates the lack of a clear pathway for people to access existing services. Further, changes occur frequently as government funded services generally reorganise every couple of years, and NGO services come and go according to funding. There is a need for a central, widely available database for mental health and AOD services. More services addressing comorbid mental health and AOD disorders are required.
A three-dimensional phenomenological constitutive model for porous shape memory alloys including plasticity effects
Authors: Ashrafi MJ , Arghavani J , Naghdabadi R , Auricchio F 
Published: March 2015

Porous shape memory alloys are a class of very interesting materials exhibiting features typical of porous metals and of shape memory alloys. In contrast to dense shape memory alloys, considerable plastic strain accumulates in porous shape memory alloys even during phase transformation. Moreover, due to the microstructure of porous materials, phase transformation and plasticity phenomena are significantly pressure-dependent. In this article, we propose a three-dimensional phenomenological constitutive model for the thermomechanical behavior of porous shape memory alloys able to predict shape memory effect, pseudo-elastic behavior and plastic behavior under proportional as well as non-proportional multiaxial loadings. To this end, proper internal variables together with free energy and limit functions are introduced. The material parameters are determined for several available porous shape memory alloys with a wide range of porosity (from 16% to 51%), and a good agreement between numerical predictions of the proposed model and experimental results is observed. Moreover, plastic and transformation strain evolution during increasing and decreasing cyclic loadings are demonstrated through several examples. Finally, to show model capabilities, shape memory effect and pressure-dependent behavior as well as model response under non-proportional loadings are also presented.
A novel excitation method for pyroshock simulation
Authors: Houshmand Behnam , Lacher Alexander , Juengel Nikolas , Prasol Lukas , von Wagner Utz , Uhlmann Eckart 
Published: March 2015

Pyroshocks are structural responses to transient excitation caused by the essential use of pyrotechnic devices in aerospace applications. In order to avoid damage in aerospace structures due to pyroshocks, tests are performed on earth prior to launching space modules. In these tests, explosive loads are often replaced by alternative excitation methods such as hammer pendulums or shakers simulating on earth the impact taking place in space. However, there does not yet exist an adequate excitation method satisfying all requirements of a fast, reliable, predictable and repeatable test setup. Whereas hammers are poorely controllable in terms of generating desired shock spectra, shakers show limitations in terms of the bandwidths of up to 10 kHz which are prescribed in the test specifications. The authors present a novel contactless and non-destructive excitation method for pyroshock test devices based on a mechatronic coupling by applying Lorentz forces to the carrying structure. For generating the corresponding magnetic field, the capacitor of a Resistor-Inductor-Capacitor RLC resonator circuit is initially charged and then discharged leading to high currents in the coil which is placed close to the carrying structure. Latter is then inducing a counter current in the aluminum structure which reacts with high multidirectional Lorentz forces. Any adjustments are done by tuning the properties of the circuit such as initial charge, capacitance and inductance. By connecting several different coils, frequency modulation and by splitting the currents more complex signals can be generated matching the natural frequencies of the structure. Almost all disadvantages of common excitation methods are eliminated by the proposed mechanism.