bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implicit measurement of consumer attitudes towards whole grain products
Authors: Elizabeth Hellyer Nicole , Fraser Iain , Haddock-Fraser Janet 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to establish implicit consumer attitudes towards whole grain foods, following criticisms of explicit enquiries revealing an attitude-behaviour gap. For products considered to have social desirability (e.g. ethical and “health” products) bias may be observed, as respondents may provide responses that present them in a positive light, rather than those reflecting their actual attitudes, intentions or behaviours.

Design/methodology/approach
– The research employed an indirect measure, the shopping list method, analysed quantitatively in this case using factor analysis and regression, to examine the impression respondents form of whole grain consumers, using three discrete shopping lists and two discrete cover letters. Following a pilot survey to 79 people using Snowball sampling, the survey instrument was distributed to 3,000 UK households using a purchased mailing list.

Findings
– The findings demonstrated that respondents considered whole grain consumers to exhibit positive attributes of respectability and self-efficacy compared to their counterparts. These findings countered the negative, product attribute-based views of respondents when queried explicitly about their attitudes to whole grain foods.

Originality/value
– The research provides an original perspective on whole grain consumer attitudes, using a methodology which – whilst well-established – has been used less frequently in a quantitative manner. It provides particular value to food retailers and manufacturers looking to promote whole grain products, but also to policy makers seeking to change consumption habits towards whole grains – which have established health benefits compared to refined alternatives.
The food environment within the primary school fringe
Authors: G. Gallo Rachel , Barrett Lisa , A. Lake Amelia 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
– The school fringe environment (peripheral 400 m buffer) offers an important opportunity for young people to obtain food and drink. There is international evidence to suggest socio-economic influence on food outlet availability and healthfulness within these environments; however the situation in the UK is unclear. The purpose of this paper is to describe food outlet provision (frequency and type) within primary school fringes across the spectrum of deprivation.

Design/methodology/approach
– Ten primary schools in Newcastle upon Tyne were purposefully selected from a comprehensive list of all schools within the region. Two schools were chosen at random from each quintile of deprivation. A total of 400-metre buffer zones around schools were audited. School fringe food environments were classified using a Food Outlet Classification System. Access (i.e. frequency), and type of food outlets were compared to area level deprivation, obesity prevalence rates and area type.

Findings
– Food outlet frequency was highest in the most deprived school fringe area. Convenience stores and takeaways represented the greatest proportion of total food outlets across all school fringe environments. More total food outlets were observed in fringes with above national average obesity prevalence rates for children.

Research limitations/implications
– UK case study approach limits widespread and international applicability.

Practical implications
– Informs school, health and urban planning disciplines regarding current picture of UK school fringes.

Originality/value
– Provides evidence in UK context that area deprivation and Census 2001 Supergroup class show significant correlations with school fringe food environment.
Regulation governing non-profit organisations in developing countries
Authors: Zulkhibri Muhamed 
Published: August 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis on the regulation, the applicable law and the tax treatment in the operations of NPOs in developing countries.Design/methodology/approach– A comparative analysis in term of NPOs legal framework governing the formation, existence, restriction and fundraising of NPOs, as well as the tax treatment for the NPOs.Findings– The findings suggest that regulations of NPOs in these countries exhibit a mixed picture with respect to the establishment, operation, affiliation and fundraising, as well as their tax incentives and preferences. In some countries, NPOs have fewer restrictions and are eligible for generous tax incentives, while for other countries, various restrictions and lack of incentives are the norms. The legal frameworks for NPOs are burdensome and, to some extent, do not reflect the importance of NPOs as partner for development of society. The findings also suggest that tax treatments in these countries vary from simple to complex coupled with obscure tax exemptions rules.Originality/value– Around the globe, authorities and society are increasingly acknowledging the important role of NPOs in dealing with social needs from basic poverty, health and sustainable environments. This study’s focus on NPOs regulation will provide an understanding for authorities to design an appropriate framework for the growth and vibrancy of the NPOs.
The firm as a function of deals
Authors: Kantarelis Demetri 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to attempt a justification as to why a profit-making firm may be viewed as a function of its nucleus expertise and a risky portfolio of deals.

Design/methodology/approach
– This is a theoretical paper relying on mathematics, graphs and verbal arguments to describe concepts.

Findings
– A profit-making firm can gain even more if it reduces the risk of its portfolio of deals. In its effort to reduce such a risk, the firm needs to know each deal’s profit share and be able to estimate each dealing partner’s reliability (a random variable).

Research limitations/implications
– The proposed hypotheses are not empirically tested, an exercise left to future work.

Practical implications
– Pragmatically, a profit-making firm may be viewed as a function of its strategic nucleus and its strategic federation. The firm may increase its gains by minimizing deals’ risk through a portfolio of deals diversification. The more the firm considers factors such as mediation, optimal commitments and the like, the more effective and efficient becomes the management of the portfolio of deals.

Social implications
– As explained through examples and illustrations, viewing the firm as a function of deals benefits the parties in such deals as well as other stakeholders (community, region, nation, etc), e.g. less costly deals contribute to more profit and more growth.

Originality/value
– A profit-making firm is viewed as an entity that manages a risky portfolio of promisor- and promisee-type deals. The ideas in this paper may be of value to today’s global, knowledge-based, outsourcing/insourcing firms which may find it increasingly difficult to rely on conventional contracts.
Marketing challenges: a personal history
Authors: Firat A. Fuat 
Published: August 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges that have faced and do now face marketing scholars through the lens of one scholar who entered the field in early 1970s and who continues to observe the developments in the world and in the disciplines of marketing and consumer research.Design/methodology/approach– Historical journey through the trials and tribulations of one scholar as well as the developments in marketing and consumer research as experienced from this scholar’s point of view. A story of how this one scholar’s ideas and impressions grew out of his experiences.Findings– Challenges against introduction of new perspectives and ideas have existed in the disciplines of marketing and consumer research, and they continue to exist.Research limitations/implications– This is only a personal history of experiences one scholar has had in the field.Practical implications– For marketing and consumer research disciplines to positively contribute to humanity’s growth and search for meaning, how scholars in the field think of their disciplines, their relationship to ideologies and the purposes for their existence as scholars may need a radical change.Social implications– Considering the challenges faced and possibility of alternative modes of scholarship and knowledge generation, as well as the recognition of the key positional advantage of marketing and consumer research scholars in contemporary culture for understanding the human condition, will help humanity’s quest for a world with greater peacefulness and harmony.Originality/value– The paper presents a perspective of disciplinary history not often heard in the mainstream media of the two disciplines.
Mandarin version of the Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire: A valid instrument for assessing symptoms in Asians
Authors: Leow Hwong‐Ruey , Ching Siew‐Mooi , Sujarita Ramanujam , Yap Choon‐Fong , Chia Yook‐Chin , Ho Shiaw‐Hooi , Sithambaram Suresh , Tan Huck‐Joo , Goh Khean‐Lee , Mahadeva Sanjiv 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo develop and validate a Mandarin version of the Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire (M‐LDQ) in Asian patients with dyspepsia.MethodsThe M‐LDQ was developed according to standardized methods. The validity, internal consistency, test–retest reliability and responsiveness of the instrument were evaluated in both primary and secondary care patients.ResultsA total of 184 patients (mean age 54.0 ± 15.8 years, of whom 59% were women and 72.3% of whom had at least secondary level education) were recruited between August 2012 and March 2013, from both primary (n = 100) and secondary care clinics (n = 84). Both the internal consistency of all components of the M‐LDQ (Cronbach's α 0.79) and test–retest reliability (Spearman's correlation coefficient 0.78) were good. The M‐LDQ was valid in diagnosing dyspepsia in primary care (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve 0.84) and was able to discriminate between secondary and primary care patients (median cumulative LDQ score 13.0 vs 3.0, P < 0.0001). Among eight patients with organic dyspepsia, the median M‐LDQ score reduced significantly from 21.0 (pretreatment) to 9.5 (4 weeks post‐treatment) (P < 0.0001).ConclusionThe M‐LDQ is a valid and responsive instrument for assessing ethnic Chinese adults with dyspepsia.
Moderate alcohol exposure during early brain development increases stimulus‐response habits in adulthood
Authors: Parker Matthew O. , Evans Alexandra M‐D. , Brock Alistair J. , Combe Fraser J. , Teh Muy‐Teck , Brennan Caroline H. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractExposure to alcohol during early central nervous system development has been shown variously to affect aspects of physiological and behavioural development. In extreme cases, this can extend to craniofacial defects, severe developmental delay and mental retardation. At more moderate levels, subtle differences in brain morphology and behaviour have been observed. One clear effect of developmental alcohol exposure is an increase in the propensity to develop alcoholism and other addictions. The mechanisms by which this occurs, however, are not currently understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that adult zebrafish chronically exposed to moderate levels of ethanol during early brain ontogenesis would show an increase in conditioned place preference for alcohol and an increased propensity towards habit formation, a key component of drug addiction in humans. We found support for both of these hypotheses and found that the exposed fish had changes in mRNA expression patterns for dopamine receptor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and μ‐opioid receptor encoding genes. Collectively, these data show an explicit link between the increased proclivity for addiction and addiction‐related behaviour following exposure to ethanol during early brain development and alterations in the neural circuits underlying habit learning.
Association between bipolar episodes and fluid and electrolyte homeostasis: a retrospective longitudinal study
Authors: Hochman Eldar , Weizman Abraham , Valevski Avi , Fischel Tsvi , Krivoy Amir 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesImbalance of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis has been suggested to be associated with the neuropathological processes underlying bipolar disorder. However, longitudinal data regarding the association of bipolar episodes with fluid balance are still lacking. We hypothesized that mania may be associated with a relative fluid retention and hemodilution, and depression with a relative hemoconcentration.MethodsPatients with bipolar disorder (n = 43) admitted to a mental health center, both with depressive and manic episodes, were retrospectively followed between 2005 and 2013. Fluid balance and electrolyte serum indices were compared between their manic and depressive episodes. We adjusted for physical and psychiatric comorbidities and for psychotropic treatment, using two‐way analysis of variance with repeated measures.ResultsThere was a significant reduction in serum fluid balance indices during mania compared to depression: mean hemoglobin concentration 13.9 ± 1.4 g/dL versus 14.5 ± 1.4 g/dL, paired t = −4.2, p < 0.0005; mean hematocrit 41.1 ± 4.1% versus 42.3 ± 3.7%, paired t = −3.0, p < 0.005; mean albumin concentration 4.2 ± 0.3 g/dL versus 4.5 ± 0.3 g/dL, paired t = −4.5, p < 0.0001; and mean sodium concentration 140.3 ± 2.0 mEq/L versus 141.0 ± 2.0 mEq/L, paired t = −2.1, p = 0.04, respectively. Controlling for physical and psychiatric comorbidities and psychotropic treatment did not alter these associations.ConclusionsOur results support the notion of an imbalance of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis among bipolar episodes, which is suggestive for relative hemoconcentration during depressive episodes and relative hemodilution during manic episodes. These findings may eventually lead to novel therapeutic targets.
The impact of mesenteric tension on pouch outcome and quality of life in patients undergoing restorative proctocolectomy
Authors: Wu X.‐R. , Kirat H. T. , Xhaja X. , Hammel J. P. , Kiran R. P. , Church J. M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimThe study aimed to establish a method for the measurement of mesenteric tension after ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis (IPAA) and to evaluate the impact of tension on clinical outcome and quality of life.MethodsAll consecutive patients undergoing an open IPAA from July 2008 to October 2009 were prospectively enrolled. After the creation of the anastomosis, mesenteric tension was estimated by the surgeon in the operating room on a 10‐point scale (1, least tension; 10, most tension). The association was analysed between mesenteric tension defined as low (1–2), medium (3–7) and high (8–10) and postoperative complications and quality of life (Cleveland Clinic Global Scale).ResultsA mesenteric tension score was obtained in 134 patients (71 men, 53.0%). Median age was 38.5 (29.3–47.0) years. Fifty‐six patients (41.8%) had a low, 59 (44.0%) a medium and 19 (14.2%) a high degree of mesenteric tension. Patients with a high mesenteric tension had a shorter anal transitional zone, a longer distance from the upper border of the symphysis pubis to the apex of the small bowel loop designated for the ileoanal anastomosis, a thinner abdominal wall at the stoma site and a longer distance from the pouch to the ileostomy. The proportion of patients with high mesenteric tension was less after stapled anastomosis. On long‐term follow‐up, patients with high mesenteric tension were more likely to suffer from anastomotic stricture and pouch failure. Pouch function was not influenced by mesenteric tension.ConclusionHigh mesenteric tension after IPAA is adversely associated with postoperative complications and pouch survival.
Dynamics of anti‐human leukocyte antigen antibodies after renal transplantation and their impact on graft outcome
Authors: de Souza Patrícia Soares , David‐Neto Elias , Panajotopolous Nicolas , Agena Fabiana , Rodrigues Hélcio , Ronda Carla , David Daísa Ribeiro , Kalil Jorge , Nahas Wiliam Carlos , de Castro Maria Cristina Ribeiro 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to sequentially monitor anti‐HLA antibodies and correlate the results with antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR), graft survival (GS), and graft function (GF). We collected sera from 111 kidney transplant recipients on transplant days 0, 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, 180, and 360 and analyzed PRA levels by ELISA. DSAs were analyzed by single‐antigen beads in rejecting kidneys. At pre‐transplant, 79.3% of the patients were non‐sensitized (PRA = 0%) and 20.7% were sensitized (PRA > 1%). After transplant, patients were grouped by PRA profile: no anti‐HLA antibodies pre‐ or post‐transplant (group HLApre−/post−; n = 80); de novo anti‐HLA antibodies post‐transplant (group HLApre−/post+; n = 8); sensitized pre‐transplant/increased PRA post‐transplant (group HLApre+/post↑; n = 9); and sensitized pre‐transplant/decreased PRA post‐transplant (group HLApre+/post↓; n = 14). De novo anti‐HLA antibodies were detected at 7–180 d. In sensitized patients, PRA levels changed within the first 30 d post‐transplant. Incidence of AMR was higher in HLApre−/post+ and HLApre+/post↑ than in HLApre−/post−, and HLApre+/post↓ (p < 0.001) groups. One‐yr death‐censored GS was 36% in group HLApre+/post↑, compared with 98%, 88% and 100% in groups HLApre−/post−, HLApre−/post+, and HLApre+/post↓, respectively (p < 0.001). Excluding first‐year graft losses, GF and GS were similar among the groups. In conclusion, post‐transplant antibody monitoring can identify recipients at higher risk of AMR.
Clinicopathologic features and outcome of mycophenolate‐induced colitis in renal transplant recipients
Authors: de Andrade Luis Gustavo M. , Rodrigues Maria Aparecida M. , Romeiro Fernando G. , Garcia Paula D. , Contti Mariana M. , de Carvalho Maria Fernanda C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractReports on the clinical course of mycophenolic acid (MPA)‐related colitis in kidney transplant recipients are scarce. This study aimed at assessing MPA‐related colitis incidence, risk factors, and progression after kidney transplantation. All kidney transplant patients taking MPA who had colonic biopsies for persistent chronic diarrhea, between 2000 and 2012, at the Kidney Transplantation Unit of Botucatu Medical School Hospital, Brazil, were included. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunohistochemistry was performed in all biopsy specimens. Data on presenting symptoms, medications, immunosuppressive drugs, colonoscopic findings, and follow‐up were obtained. Of 580 kidney transplant patients on MPA, 34 underwent colonoscopy. Colonoscopic findings were associated with MPA usage in 16 patients. The most frequent histologic patterns were non‐specific colitis (31.3%), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)‐like colitis (25%), normal/near normal (18.8%), graft‐versus‐host disease‐like (18.8%), and ischemia‐like colitis (12.5%). All patients had persistent acute diarrhea and weight loss. Six of the 16 MPA‐related diarrhea patients (37.5%) showed acute dehydration requiring hospitalization. Diarrhea resolved when MPA was switched to sirolimus (50%), discontinued (18.75%), switched to azathioprine (12.5%), or reduced by 50% (18.75%). No graft loss occurred. Four patients died during the study period. Late‐onset MPA was more frequent, and no correlation with MPA dose or formulation was found.
Spider cues stimulate feeding, weight gain and survival of crickets
Authors: BUCHER ROMAN , BINZ HELLENA , MENZEL FLORIAN , ENTLING MARTIN H. 
Published: August 2014

1. To avoid predation, prey often change their behaviour upon encountering cues of predator presence. Such behavioural changes should enhance individual survival, but are likely to be energy‐demanding. This should deplete energy reserves of the prey, unless it increases food intake.2. These hypotheses were studied by conducting two microcosm experiments. In the first, crickets were kept on plants previously occupied by a spider or on control plants. After 3 days leaf consumption and weight gain of the crickets were quantified. In the second experiment, crickets were kept in the presence or absence of spider cues for 3 days. Spiders were then added and predation of the crickets was recorded during 24 h.3. Crickets that had previously experienced spider cues were more successful in avoiding predation. Moreover, crickets under predation risk tended to increase foraging in the first microcosm experiment and gained more weight in the second microcosm experiment.4. The results demonstrate that previous experience of predator cues decreases predation rate. Furthermore, they suggest that crickets are able to compensate for increased energy demands caused by antipredator behaviour. In more natural situations, moving to cue‐free plants may play an addition role.
Non‐neuronal acetylcholine as an endogenous regulator of proliferation and differentiation of Lgr5‐positive stem cells in mice
Authors: Takahashi Toshio , Ohnishi Hiroe , Sugiura Yuki , Honda Kurara , Suematsu Makoto , Kawasaki Takashi , Deguchi Tomonori , Fujii Takeshi , Orihashi Kaoru , Hippo Yoshitaka , Watanabe Takehiro , Yamagaki Tohru , Yuba Shunsuke 
Published: August 2014

Non‐neuronal acetylcholine (ACh) is predicted to function as a local cell signaling molecule. However, the physiological significance of the synthesis of non‐neuronal ACh in the intestine remains unclear. Here, experiments using crypt–villus organoids that lack nerve and immune cells in culture led us to suggest that endogenous ACh is synthesized in the intestinal epithelium to evoke growth and differentiation of the organoids through activation of muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs). The extracts of the cultured organoids showed a noticeable capacity for ACh synthesis that was sensitive to a potent inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase. Imaging MS revealed endogenous ACh localized in the epithelial layer in mouse small intestinal epithelium in vivo, suggesting that there are non‐neuronal resources of ACh. Treatment of organoids with carbachol downregulated the growth of organoids and the expression of marker genes for epithelial cells. On the other hand, antagonists for mAChRs enhanced the growth and differentiation of organoids, indicating the involvement of mAChRs in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of Lgr5‐positive stem cells. Collectively, our data provide evidence that endogenous ACh released from intestinal epithelium maintains homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cell growth and differentiation via mAChRs in mice.