bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doubt and Belief in Literature
Authors: Lundin Roger 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The story of belief and doubt in modern literature begins with the emergence of open [CE1]unbelief at roughly the midpoint of the nineteenth century. For the first generation of writers—including such greats as Herman Melville, Emily Dickinson, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Fyodor Dostoevsky—the sense of conflict and uncertainty was palpable, as they grappled on new ground with classic questions concerning the nature and existence of God, the problem of evil, and the meaning of human life. In the generations that followed, from the rise of naturalism to the heights of modernism into the postmodern, eclectic age we call our own, the overtly Christian nature of the question of belief began to recede from view, and a politically oriented understanding took center stage. To a significant extent, on matters having to do with the relationship between literature and belief, the twentieth century was to witness an ever-widening gap between the view of those matters from the ivory tower and the perspective from the pews and the private regions of the heart. As a result, while powerful theoretical developments were fueling academic skepticism about the role of religion within the academy, outside the academy’s walls men and women continued to grapple with God and to record their struggles for others to read, to hear, and to heed. Given the infinitely diverse and widely dispersed nature of modern culture, these individual accounts of faith and doubt perhaps have not had the same cultural resonance that the explosive explorations of the nineteenth-century writers did. Yet at the same time, they testify to the ongoing vitality of belief, and unbelief, in contemporary literature and experience. At their best, such works are marked by a creative pugnacity, and in their willingness to mention the unmentionable, they continue to serve as a counter-cultural force challenging the pieties of the modern literary and theoretical establishments.
Iconoclasm
Authors: Mochizuki Mia M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Understanding iconoclasm simply as the breaking of images fails to adequately address why reformers of all eras have sought to decapitate, maim, and otherwise erase sacred art. This chapter takes a long view of iconoclasm as the active interrogation of objects by objects—through case studies from ancient, medieval, and reformation art to today’s contemporary crises—to consider the power of religious art from the frankly object-centered perspective of “applied criticism,” censorship, and renunciation. Following a chronological overview of the many historical iconoclasms, it weighs the issues at stake through the lens of close looking, before closing with a range of objects whose hammer’s inflections intimate the potency of a methodology premised on fertile absence. Interpretation via the matrix of lack, fragility, and mystery is the proposition iconoclasm tenders whenever art and religion intersect.
Gender, Imagery, and Religious Imagination
Authors: Miles Margaret M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In the field of Religion and Art, gender plays an important role in developing methods for the analysis of artworks in relation to the cultures and societies in which they were created. Images offer a means to correct a pervasive contemporary misrepresentation of Western Christianity as focused on ideas, doctrines, and theology—that is, on language. Imagery and religious imagination are intertwined in the testimony of many historical people from Francis of Assisi to Catherine of Siena. This article examines the interrelationships between religion, art, and gender. It discusses disciplines that address the nexus of gender, imagery, and religious imagination, and how each field has spawned studies of historical women before studies of gender relations. These include Gender and Art, Film Studies, Gender Studies, Feminist Studies, Religious Studies, and Women’s Studies.
Sacred and Secular in African American Music
Authors: Kirk-Duggan Cheryl A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Music, a source of motivation, well-being, entertainment, and survival in diverse lives of African Americans, has afforded them experiences of signifying their humanity amidst horrific oppression, while engaging in creativity, worship, and rituals of celebration. Rooted within African traditions, where sacred and secular are one, some African American musical genres are more fluid, engaging a tension between how people label and use music. This music shares common traditions and attributes. Using themes of poetry, praise, power, protest, philosophy, and politics, this analysis of African American sacred and secular music: (1) introduces the socio-historical, cultural, cosmological origins and terminology of this music; (2) examines selected musical typologies, from antebellum Spirituals to hip-hop and contemporary classical African American music that foregrounds tenets of so-called sacred and secular music; (3) explores a religious/spiritual impact of these cultural artifacts; and (4) concludes with a literature review of scholarship regarding African American sacred and secular music.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Frank Burch 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
When the arts are mapped onto the terrain of religion, art itself looks different, as does religion, and one sees more plainly how each shapes the other and, at times, becomes part of the other. There is a progressively wider distribution of religion scholarship concerned with artistic and aesthetic matters, whether explicitly religious or implicitly so (when it is often termed “spiritual”). That ever widening interest in religion and the arts is not, however, accompanied by an equally wide distribution of expertise. The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts is designed to draw on the best international scholarship to open up cross-disciplinary conversation that is increasingly needed so as to understand a fuller range of artistic ways of being religious, and of religious ways of being artistic. Artistry, far from receding in religious significance, as Hegel had predicted, has developed a life of its own that, nonetheless, transfigures the realm of religion, and is in turned changed by the forms of religion, both old and new. The mutual transfiguration of art and religion, in a variety of modes, is something scholars of both art and religion need to acknowledge and study as that transpires in new ways, some of which are only now coming into view.
Focus on Translational Research
Authors: McDowell John M. , Carr John , Lorito Matteo 
Published: February 2014

Readers of this journal are well aware how far our field has progressed towards mechanistic understanding of pathogenesis and immunity. Almost concurrently, this new fundamental knowledge is being translated into new tools for reducing disease losses in crops. This is obviously exciting for our research community and our varied stakeholders. Thus, the MPMI editorial board decided that the time is right for a special issue devoted to the topic of Translational Research. This issue comprises reviews, invited by the editors, and primary reports submitted in response to an open call. We are gratified to introduce articles that collectively encompass a wide range of applications and clearly illustrate the practical value of fundamental understanding of molecular plant-microbe interactions. Click on Next Article or Table of Contents above to view the articles in this Focus Issue. (From the mobile site, go to the MPMI March 2014 issue.)
Pulmonary Function after Emergence on 100% Oxygen in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Kleinsasser Axel T. , Pircher Iris , Truebsbach Suzan , Knotzer Hans , Loeckinger Alexander , Treml Benedict 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background:
During emergence from anesthesia, breathing 100% oxygen is frequently used to provide a safety margin toward hypoxemia in case an airway problem occurs. Oxygen breathing has been shown to cause pulmonary gas exchange disorders in healthy individuals. This study investigates how oxygen breathing during emergence affects lung function specifically whether oxygen breathing causes added hypoxemia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Methods:
This trial has been conducted in a parallel-arm, case-controlled, open-label manner. Fifty-three patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were randomly allocated (computer-generated lists) to breathe either 100 or 30% oxygen balanced with nitrogen during emergence from anesthesia. Arterial blood gas measurements were taken before induction and at 5, 15, and 60 min after extubation.

Results:
All participants tolerated the study well. Patients treated with 100% oxygen had a higher alveolar–arterial oxygen pressure gradient (primary outcome) compared with patients treated with 30% oxygen (25 vs. 20 mmHg) and compared with their baseline at the 60-min measurement (25 vs. 17 mmHg). At the 60-min measurement, arterial partial pressure of oxygen was lower in the 100% group (62 vs. 67 mmHg). Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide and pH were not different between groups or measurements.

Conclusions:
In this experiment, the authors examined oxygen breathing during emergence—a widely practiced maneuver known to generate pulmonary blood flow heterogeneity. In the observed cohort of patients already presenting with pulmonary blood flow disturbances, emergence on oxygen resulted in deterioration of oxygen-related blood gas parameters. In the perioperative care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, oxygen breathing during emergence from anesthesia may need reconsideration.
A phase diagram for gene selection and disease classification
Authors: Li Hong-Dong , Xu Qing-Song , Liang Yi-Zeng 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIdentifying a small subset of discriminate genes is important for predicting clinical outcomes and facilitating disease diagnosis. Based on the model population analysis framework, we present a method, called PHADIA, which is able to output a phase diagram displaying the predictive ability of each variable, which provides an intuitive way for selecting informative variables. Using two publicly available microarray datasets, it’s demonstrated that our method can selects a few informative genes and achieves significantly better or comparable classification accuracy compared to the reported results in the literature. The source codes are freely available at:www.libpls.net.
Enzyme‐Treated Asparagus Extract Promotes Expression of Heat Shock Protein and Exerts Antistress Effects
Authors: Ito Tomohiro , Maeda Takahiro , Goto Kazunori , Miura Takehito , Wakame Koji , Nishioka Hiroshi , Sato Atsuya 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA novel enzyme‐treated asparagus extract (ETAS) has been developed as a functional material produced from asparagus stem. Studies were conducted to determine the effect of ETAS on heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression and alleviation of stress. HeLa cells were treated with ETAS, and HSP70 mRNA and protein levels were measured using a reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. ETAS showed significant increases in HSP70 mRNA at more than 0.125 mg/mL and the protein at more than 1.0 mg/mL. The antistress effect was evaluated in a murine sleep‐deprivation model. A sleep‐deprivation stress load resulted in elevation of blood corticosterone and lipid peroxide concentrations, while supplementation with ETAS at 200 and 1000 mg/kg body weight was associated with significantly reduced levels of both stress markers, which were in the normal range. The HSP70 protein expression level in mice subjected to sleep‐deprivation stress and supplemented with ETAS was significantly enhanced in stomach, liver, and kidney, compared to ETAS‐untreated mice. A preliminary and small‐sized human study was conducted among healthy volunteers consuming up to 150 mg/d of ETAS daily for 7 d. The mRNA expression of HSP70 in peripheral leukocytes was significantly elevated at intakes of 100 or 150 mg/d, compared to their baseline levels. Since HSP70 is known to be a stress‐related protein and its induction leads to cytoprotection, the present results suggest that ETAS might exert antistress effects under stressful conditions, resulting from enhancement of HSP70 expression.
Expression of Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors on Peritoneal Fluid Natural Killer Cell and Cytokine Production by Peritoneal Fluid Natural Killer Cell in Women with Endometriosis
Authors: Funamizu Ayano , Fukui Atsushi , Kamoi Mai , Fuchinoue Kohei , Yokota Megumi , Fukuhara Rie , Mizunuma Hideki 
Published: February 2014

ProblemTo investigate the relationship between the expression of natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) on peritoneal fluid (PF) natural killer (NK) (pfNK) cells and cytokine production by pfNK cells in women with endometriosis.Method of studyPeritoneal fluid was collected from women with endometriosis undergoing laparoscopic surgery (n = 21) and controls without endometriosis (n = 28). The expression of NK cell surface antigens such as CD16 and NCRs (NKp46, NKp44 and NKp30) on pfNK cells, and cytokines production by pfNK cells [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐4, IL‐10, GM‐CSF and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1] were measured using multicolor flow cytometry.ResultsThe percentages of CD56+/NKp46+ cells and CD56dim/NKp46+ cells in severe endometriosis group were significantly lower than that in controls. TNF‐α and IFN‐γ production by pfNK cells in severe endometriosis group was significantly higher than those in controls.ConclusionThe differential expression of NKp46, TNF‐α, and IFN‐γ on pfNK cells in women with severe endometriosis may allow the proliferation and angiogenesis of endometriotic cells.
Coping with the Refugee Wait: The Role of Consumption, Normalcy, and Dignity in Refugee Lives at Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya
Authors: Oka Rahul Chandrashekhar 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe relief discourse has long treated refugee camp economies and the resulting black markets and commercial consumption as detrimental for the relief process and the refugees. The consumption of “luxuries and comforts” is regarded as costly, trivial, unreasonable, and nonessential. However, despite the negative effects and the high costs of consumption, refugees make strenuous efforts to participate in these commercial economies. I analyze refugee commercial consumption at Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya, to argue that, despite its problems, the consumption is important, reasonable, and even essential. Using ethnographic data collected between 2008 and 2011, I suggest that this consumption has tangible benefits beyond the ability to fill relief gaps. It provides a forum whereby refugees can feel “normal” and gain “dignity,” and cope with the long wait and the static transience of refugee life. Attaining normalcy and dignity through consumption may even enable structural stability amid the dangerous and volatile conditions of refugee settlements as well as mitigate the long‐term effects of relief‐induced agonism. Given these benefits, I stress the importance of further research into the complexities of refugee commerce and consumption for policy makers and relief workers.
A route from olive oil production to natural dyeing: valorisation of prina (crude olive cake) as a novel dye source
Authors: Erdem İşmal Özlenen 
Published: February 2014

An attempt has been made to valorise an agroindustrial solid waste in natural textile dyeing as a novel dye source. The dyeing and fastness properties of prina (crude olive cake/pomace) extract were evaluated to fill the gap in this field. This very cheap biomass was utilised (80 g/l) by applying chemical solvent‐free aqueous extraction to dye wool fabric with only small amounts (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/l) of metallic mordants, namely alum, iron(II) sulfate, copper(II) sulfate, stannous chloride, and potassium dichromate, and avoiding the use of alkali, acid, chemicals, and auxiliaries in dyeing and washing processes. Colour shades of beige, cream, sandy, apricot, straw, cumin, mustard, olive, and khaki were obtained. Significant differences in colour strength and CIELab coordinates were observed, depending on mordant type and mordanting method. Copper(II) sulfate and iron(II) sulfate ensured the most significant colour changes and nuances, the darkest colours, and the best light fastness values. Prina extract itself (without mordant) has a light fastness of 3 (fair) and excellent wash fastness of 4–5, both for colour change and bleeding. Irrespective of the concentration and mordanting method, alum, stannous chloride, and potassium dichromate did not generate a light fastness improvement compared with the control sample. Although good light and wash fastness values have been achieved without mordants, it is necessary to use them to widen the colour gamut and to obtain increased colour strength.
Hemimegalencephaly: what happens when children get older?
Authors: Wu Nicky , Borlot Felippe , Ali Anfal , Krings Timo , Andrade Danielle M 
Published: February 2014

AimsHemimegalencephaly (HME) is a rare congenital malformation of cortical development, usually associated with developmental delay and severe epilepsy. This condition has rarely been reported in adults. The aim of this study was to examine and compare neurological findings in adult patients with HME.MethodWe retrospectively examined adult patients with HME by evaluating the presence of neurocutaneous disorders, current cognitive development, seizure control, and documentation of therapies for seizure management and outcomes.ResultsFive patients were included in the study (three males, two females; mean age 23y 9mo [SD 6y 1mo], range 18–34y). Four patients had HME that was associated with neurocutaneous syndromes and the remaining patient had isolated HME. Two patients required surgical treatment for seizures in childhood. One patient had no intellectual disability, while one had mild, and three severe intellectual disability. All patients presented motor deficits ranging from mild hemiparesis in two patients to non‐ambulation in one patient. Patients in whom seizure onset occurred after the 7 years of age had better seizure control and psychomotor development in adulthood than patients in whom seizure onset occurred in the first year of life.InterpretationIn our small sample of adults with HME, age at seizure onset, cognitive disability, and seizure control were found to be associated.
Rasch analysis of The Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function
Authors: Randall Melinda , Imms Christine , Carey Leeanne M , Pallant Julie F 
Published: February 2014

AimThis study investigated the internal construct validity and dimensionality of the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function (Melbourne Assessment), a widely‐used measure of quality of upper limb movement, valid for children aged 2 years 6 months to 15 years with cerebral palsy.MethodRasch analysis was used to assess of Melbourne Assessment raw scores for 163 children (94 males, 69 females; mean age 8y, SD 3y 5mo). Analysis was undertaken on the full scale comprising 37 scores and on groups of scores separated into four distinct movement subscales: range of movement, accuracy, dexterity, and fluency. Tests were conducted to evaluate overall model fit, item fit, suitability of the response options, unidimensionality, and differential item functioning (DIF) for sex, child age, and different raters.ResultsThe results did not support the unidimensionality of the 37‐score scale. The four subscales showed adequate model fit after removal of some score items, and rescaling of others. The resulting subscales showed good internal consistency and no DIF for sex or child age.InterpretationThis study provides empirical support for a revised version of the Melbourne Assessment which comprises 14 tasks and 30 movement scores grouped across four separate subscales. Further testing is required to assess the responsiveness of subscales to clinically important change.
Visceral fat accumulation is associated with cerebral small vessel disease
Authors: Yamashiro K. , Tanaka R. , Tanaka Y. , Miyamoto N. , Shimada Y. , Ueno Y. , Urabe T. , Hattori N. 
Published: February 2014

Background and purposeObesity is associated with the risk of coronary artery disease and stroke. Visceral fat plays a significant role in the atherogenic effects of obesity. Whether visceral fat accumulation, as measured by computed tomography (CT), is an independent risk factor for the presence of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) was investigated.MethodsThis study comprised 506 Japanese subjects 35–74 years of age (mean 55.3 years) without a history of symptomatic cerebrovascular disease who underwent health screening tests, including brain magnetic resonance imaging, carotid echography and measurements of the visceral fat area (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) on abdominal CT. Visceral fat accumulation was defined as VFA ≥ 100 cm2. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the associations between visceral fat accumulation and cerebral SVD such as white matter lesions (WMLs) and silent lacunar infarction (SLI).ResultsThe prevalence of WMLs and SLI but not carotid plaque were significantly higher in subjects with VFA ≥ 100 cm2 than those with VFA < 100 cm2. A VFA ≥ 100 cm2 was associated with WMLs and SLI independent of age, cardiovascular risk factors and other measurements of obesity, such as waist circumference and body mass index. A large waist circumference was independently associated with SLI. SFA, the combination of VFA and SFA, and body mass index were not associated with WMLs or SLI.ConclusionsVisceral fat accumulation was independently associated with the presence of cerebral SVD in subjects without a history of symptomatic cerebrovascular disease.
Non‐Redundant Social Information Use in Avian Flocks with Multisensory Stimuli
Authors: Randolet Jacquelyn , Lucas Jeffrey R. , Fernández‐Juricic Esteban 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAnimals generally live in multisensory worlds; however, our understanding of multisensory perception is rather limited, despite its relevance for explaining the mechanisms behind social interactions, such as collective detection while foraging in groups. We tested how multisensory stimuli affected the antipredator behavior of dark‐eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) using alarm calls as an auditory signal and flushing behavior as a visual cue. We varied the degree of risk within the group by manipulating the number of group mates alarm calling and/or flushing using robotic birds. We assumed that alarm calling and flushing were redundant stimuli and predicted that they could generate one of three types of responses (enhancement, equivalence, or antagonism) depending on the mechanism of multisensory perception. We set up an artificial flock with three robotic juncos surrounding a live junco and controlled for multiple confounding factors (e.g., identity of the focal, body mass, food deprivation time). We found that the degree of alarm of live juncos increased when at least one robot flushed. However, the time it took the live individuals to react to the robots' behavior increased, rather than decreased, with at least one alarm call. This could be the result of an orienting response or sensory overload, as live juncos increased scanning behavior after being exposed solely to alarm calls. Contrary to some theoretical assumptions, alarm calling and flushing behavior elicited independent unimodal responses, suggesting that they are non‐redundant stimuli and that together they could reduce the occurrence of false alarms and facilitate flock cohesion.