bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Ambulatory Physician Opioid Prescription in the United States, 1997‐2009
Authors: Jeffrey Kao Ming‐Chih , Minh Lyly Cao , Huang Grace Y. , Mitra Raj , Smuck Matthew 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo describe the changing practice pattern of opioid medication prescription by health care providers and its relationship to shifts in the incidence of back pain, demographics, and health care access.DesignRetrospective analysis of nationally representative databases.SettingIn silico.ParticipantsPatients who presented at a set of randomly selected health care facilities on the days of data collection.MethodsNationally representative surveys from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (National Hospital and Ambulatory Medical Center Survey and National Ambulatory Medical Center Survey) were investigated for 3 ambulatory settings—emergency department (ED), primary care physician (PCP), and specialist physician offices—between the years 1997 and 2009. Diagnoses, prescription medications, insurance source, and demographics were determined. Weighted logistic regression modeling with the SAS program (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) was used to estimate 5‐year odds ratios (ORs) and covariate effects.Main Outcome MeasurementsDiagnoses, prescription medications, insurance source, and demographics were measured. The relationships between opioid medication prescription and (1) the chief complaint and (2) back pain diagnoses were studied. Domain analysis was used to properly account for the stochasticity introduced by subset analyses.ResultsFrom 1997 to 2009, increasing all‐diagnosis opioid prescription was accompanied by significant shifts in patient demographics and insurance access. For all‐diagnosis opioid prescription, after we adjusted for age, gender, race, and insurance source, the increase persisted at a 5‐year OR of 1.33, 1.29, and 1.53 for ED, PCP clinics, and specialist clinics (95% confidence interval 1.26‐1.41, 1.19‐1.40, and 1.37‐1.69), respectively. The increasing prevalence of back pain diagnosis was eclipsed by increasing opioid prescriptions, estimated at 5‐year ORs of 1.35, 1.38, and 1.75 for ED, PCP clinics, and specialist clinics (95% confidence interval 1.22‐1.48, 1.19‐1.61, 1.40‐2.19), respectively.ConclusionsIn the United States, from 1997‐2009, (1) variable increases in opioid prescription across ambulatory care settings were not accounted for by changing demographics and health care access; (2) significant disparities existed in opioid prescription as a function of age, gender, race/ethnicity, and payer source; and (3) for back pain, increasing opioid prescription was not accounted for by changing incidence.
Cyclical monotonicity and the ergodic theorem
Authors: BEIGLBÖCK MATHIAS 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIt is well known that optimal transport plans are cyclically monotone. The reverse implication that cyclically monotone transport plans are optimal needs some assumptions and the proof is non-trivial even if the costs are given by the squared euclidean distance on ${ \mathbb{R} }^{n} $. We establish this result as a corollary to the ergodic theorem.
TRUST AND CONDOM USE AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN RELATIONSHIPS IN DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA
Authors: HATTORI MEGAN KLEIN 
Published: January 2014

SummaryYoung adults in sub-Saharan Africa most often state ‘I trust my partner’ as the reason for not using condoms consistently. This study assesses the extent to which young adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, trust their partners, how trust influences condom use and whether certain relationship characteristics influence the relationship between trust and condom use. Data were taken from the 2003 Tanzania Trust Survey, and the level of trust reported by 509 male and female young adults aged 15–24 who were in relationships was examined. The analysis showed that reported trust in a partner has the expected negative relationship with consistent condom use. However, this negative association differs by relationship characteristics. To facilitate the interpretation of interactions between marriage and trust, the predicted probabilities of consistent condom use by level of trust were calculated for males and for females by marital status, showing that the negative association is strong among those who are not married, but that there is no association between trust and condom use among young married adults.
DEMAND FOR LONG-ACTING AND PERMANENT CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS AMONG KURDISH WOMEN IN MAHABAD, IRAN
Authors: HOSSEINI HATAM , TORABI FATEMEH , BAGI BALAL 
Published: January 2014

SummaryIt is anticipated that the demand for contraceptives in Iran will increase in the near future as the number of women of reproductive age increases and with women wanting smaller families. The aim of this paper was to study the demand for long-acting and permanent contraceptive methods (LAPCMs), and its determinants, among Kurdish women in Mahabad city, Iran. Data were taken from the Mahabad Fertility Survey (MFS) conducted on a sample of over 700 households in April 2012. The results show that the demand for LAPCMs was 71.35% at the time of survey, although only 27.7% of women were using these methods. Thus, the number of unintended pregnancies is likely to increase in the future if this gap is not reduced. The multivariate analysis showed significant impacts on the dependent variables of the number of children ever born, perceived contraceptive costs and childbearing intentions. Moreover, women at the end of their reproductive lives and those with higher education were more likely to desire LAPCMs. It is concluded that despite a growing use of contraceptive methods in Iran in recent decades, the development of reproductive health services and promotion of the quality of family planning services remains a necessity.
Wer aufhört Fehler zu machen, lernt nicht mehr dazu
Authors: Weingardt Martin 
Published: January 2014

Fehler sind zu nichts nütze, man hat sie zu vermeiden oder auszumerzen so gut es geht – diese Auffassung bestimmt seit Jahrhunderten in unserem Kulturkreis das Denken der meisten Menschen und ihrer Institutionen. Aber der Umgang mit Fehlern in unserer Gesellschaft ändert sich, wird vielschichtiger und differenzierter. Der Beitrag geht dementsprechend in drei Schritten vor. Zunächst werden Tatbestände und Entwicklungen insbesondere in der Schule hinsichtlich der Ursachen von Fehlleistungen und des Umgangs mit ihnen skizziert. Dies führt notwendig zu einem aktualisierten, interdisziplinär anschlussfähigen Fehlerbegriff und der Forderung einer dreidimensionalen Fehleroffenheit in Bildungsprozessen. Abschließend werden überfachliche Anregungen für die Prävention von Fehlleistungen und deren therapeutische Bearbeitung gegeben.
Breath gas metabolites and bacterial metagenomes from cystic fibrosis airways indicate active pH neutral 2,3-butanedione fermentation
Authors: Whiteson Katrine L , Meinardi Simone , Lim Yan Wei , Schmieder Robert , Maughan Heather , Quinn Robert , Blake Donald R , Conrad Douglas , Rohwer Forest 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are chronically colonized by patient-specific polymicrobial communities. The conditions and nutrients available in CF lungs affect the physiology and composition of the colonizing microbes. Recent work in bioreactors has shown that the fermentation product 2,3-butanediol mediates cross-feeding between some fermenting bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and that this mechanism increases bacterial current production. To examine bacterial fermentation in the respiratory tract, breath gas metabolites were measured and several metagenomes were sequenced from CF and non-CF volunteers. 2,3-butanedione was produced in nearly all respiratory tracts. Elevated levels in one patient decreased during antibiotic treatment, and breath concentrations varied between CF patients at the same time point. Some patients had high enough levels of 2,3-butanedione to irreversibly damage lung tissue. Antibiotic therapy likely dictates the activities of 2,3-butanedione-producing microbes, which suggests a need for further study with larger sample size. Sputum microbiomes were dominated by P. aeruginosa, Streptococcus spp. and Rothia mucilaginosa, and revealed the potential for 2,3-butanedione biosynthesis. Genes encoding 2,3-butanedione biosynthesis were disproportionately abundant in Streptococcus spp, whereas genes for consumption of butanedione pathway products were encoded by P. aeruginosa and R. mucilaginosa. We propose a model where low oxygen conditions in CF lung lead to fermentation and a decrease in pH, triggering 2,3-butanedione fermentation to avoid lethal acidification. We hypothesize that this may also increase phenazine production by P. aeruginosa, increasing reactive oxygen species and providing additional electron acceptors to CF microbes.
Swapping symbionts in spittlebugs: evolutionary replacement of a reduced genome symbiont
Authors: Koga Ryuichi , Moran Nancy A 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Bacterial symbionts that undergo long-term maternal transmission experience elevated fixation of deleterious mutations, resulting in massive loss of genes and changes in gene sequences that appear to limit efficiency of gene products. Potentially, this dwindling of symbiont functionality impacts hosts that depend on these bacteria for nutrition. One evolutionary escape route is the acquisition of a novel symbiont with a robust genome and metabolic capabilities. Such an acquisition has occurred in an ancestor of Philaenus spumarius, the meadow spittlebug (Insecta: Cercopoidea), which has replaced its ancient association with the tiny genome symbiont Zinderia insecticola (Betaproteobacteria) with an association with a symbiont related to Sodalis glossinidius (Gammaproteobacteria). Spittlebugs feed exclusively on xylem sap, a diet that is low both in essential amino acids and in sugar or other substrates for energy production. The new symbiont genome has undergone proliferation of mobile elements resulting in many gene inactivations; nonetheless, it has selectively maintained genes replacing functions of its predecessor for amino-acid biosynthesis. Whereas ancient symbiont partners typically retain perfectly complementary sets of amino-acid biosynthetic pathways, the novel symbiont introduces some redundancy as it retains some pathways also present in the partner symbionts (Sulcia muelleri). Strikingly, the newly acquired Sodalis-like symbiont retains genes underlying efficient routes of energy production, including a complete TCA cycle, potentially relaxing the severe energy limitations of the xylem-feeding hosts. Although evolutionary replacements of ancient symbionts are infrequent, they potentially enable evolutionary and ecological novelty by conferring novel metabolic capabilities to host lineages.
Genetic‐Based Estimates of Adult Chinook Salmon Spawner Abundance from Carcass Surveys and Juvenile Out‐Migrant Traps
Authors: Rawding Daniel J. , Sharpe Cameron S. , Blankenship Scott M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDue to the challenges associated with monitoring in riverine environments, unbiased and precise spawner abundance estimates are often lacking for populations of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. listed under the Federal Endangered Species Act. We investigated genetic approaches to estimate the 2009 spawner abundance for a population of Columbia River Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha via genetic mark–recapture and rarefaction curves. The marks were the genotyped carcasses collected from the spawning area during the first sampling event. The second sampling event consisted of a collection of juveniles from a downstream migrant trap located below the spawning area. The parents that assigned to the juveniles through parentage analysis were considered the recaptures, which was a subset of the genotypes captured in the second sample. Using the Petersen estimator, the genetic mark–recapture spawner abundance estimates based on the binomial and hypergeometric models were 910 and 945 Chinook Salmon, respectively. These results were in agreement with independently derived spawner abundance estimates based on redd counts, area‐under‐the‐curve methods, and carcass tagging based on the Jolly–Seber model. Using a rarefaction curve approach, which required only the juvenile offspring sample, our estimate of successful breeders was 781 fish. Our genetic‐based approaches provide new alternatives to estimate adult Pacific salmon abundance in challenging environmental conditions or for populations with poor or unknown estimates of precision.
Localized Spatial and Temporal Variation in Reproductive Effort of Florida Bass
Authors: Shaw S. L. , Allen M. S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFew studies have explored annual reproductive effort of fish populations, yet factors such as skipped spawning could influence recruitment processes. We estimated the number of broods produced annually as an index of reproductive effort for Florida Bass Micropterus floridanus across four lakes in north‐central Florida. Snorkel surveys were used to estimate reproductive effort in the lakes from 2010 to 2012. Mark–recapture methods were used to estimate the abundance of Florida Bass in each lake during each year. All four lakes contained high‐density Florida Bass populations that showed evidence of relatively slow growth. Average relative weight in all populations was low, ranging from 65.4 to 68.8 for adults (≥25.0 cm TL). Annual reproductive effort (estimated number of broods) varied among lakes and across years. We found evidence for multiple spawning events per adult and for skipped spawning. Devils Hole Lake produced the highest number of broods in all 3 years, ranging from 1.62 broods/spawner in 2012 to 3.72 broods/spawner in 2011 (median = 3.24 broods/spawner in 2010). All other populations exhibited skipped spawning, with the proportion of nonreproductive adults varying across years. Picnic Lake fish had the lowest number of broods overall (only 0.02 broods/spawner in 2011 and 0.01 broods/spawner in 2012). The other two lakes showed variable levels of spawning effort. Spawner abundance in these populations was not related to the estimated annual number of broods, contrary to the general assumption made for many population models. Variability in annual reproductive effort may be more common than anticipated, potentially clouding the relationship between spawner abundance and recruitment. Estimation of annual reproductive effort may provide insight into density‐dependent population regulation and recruitment processes.
Survival and Growth of Lake Sturgeon during Early Life Stages as a Function of Rearing Environment
Authors: Crossman James A. , Scribner Kim T. , Davis Christin A. , Forsythe Patrick S. , Baker Edward A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe need for hatchery programs to reflect the latest scientific knowledge is critical for understudied groups with unique ecologies such as Acipenseriform species, including Lake SturgeonAcipenser fulvescens. In order to address uncertainties regarding the efficacy of Lake Sturgeon culture techniques, we quantified and compared growth and survival at the egg, larval, and juvenile life history stages as a function of hatchery rearing environment over 2 years (two cohorts). Furthermore, we evaluated growth and survival of juveniles produced from three methods of progeny collection including direct gamete takes, collection of naturally spawned eggs from the stream substrate, and collection of larvae dispersing downstream from the spawning grounds. Progeny from each collection method were evenly divided between a streamside hatchery on the natal river and a traditional hatchery. Progeny reared at the streamside hatchery experienced a natural temperature regime and were exposed to natal water only filtered to remove larger sediments. We found that daily survival at the egg stage varied as a function of hatchery environment, duration of incubation, and maternal sources. Microbial infection during incubation contributed significantly to mortality, was higher, and occurred earlier in the incubation period at the streamside hatchery than at the traditional hatchery. Hatching rate was significantly higher at the streamside hatchery in 2006 than at the traditional hatchery. Daily survival at the larval stage was high at both hatcheries but was significantly higher at the streamside hatchery in 2006. Importantly, survival of progeny collected as dispersing larvae was significantly lower during the first week of rearing in both hatchery environments and years. Growth rates at the juvenile stage were comparable between hatcheries and inter‐individual variation in growth increased through the rearing period in both years. Natural temperature regimes resulted in variable egg incubation time and concomitant variation in larval size at hatch that extended into the juvenile stage. Results indicate conservation hatchery programs that incorporate rearing environments reflective of natural conditions can increase phenotypic variation in stocked progeny without compromising survival in the hatchery.
Spatially Varying Population Demographics and Fishery Characteristics of Lake Erie Walleyes Inferred from a Long‐Term Tag Recovery Study
Authors: Vandergoot Christopher S. , Brenden Travis O. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAlthough the Lake Erie population of Walleyes Sander vitreus exhibits complex spatial structuring, the extent to which population demographics also vary spatially is unknown. Using a spatial tag recovery model, we estimated region‐ and age‐specific mortalities and regional movement probabilities by using recoveries from a jaw tagging study initiated in 1990. The best‐performing model based on a comparison of quasi‐likelihood Akaike's information criterion values had age‐group‐specific movement probabilities, age‐ and region‐specific natural mortalities, and age‐group‐ and region‐specific annual fishing mortalities. Commercial fishing mortality varied considerably during the study, while recreational fishing mortality was more static. Natural mortality of age‐5 and older Walleyes was lower than that of younger fish in all regions, with values ranging from 0.30 to 0.40 for age‐4 and younger fish and from 0.13 to 0.27 for age‐5 and older fish. In Lake Erie's western basin, natural mortality of age‐4 fish was lower than that of age‐3 fish. Sensitivity analyses indicated that some natural mortality estimates were sensitive to (1) prior probability distributions assigned to mortality components and (2) assumed movement probabilities in regions where no tagging was conducted. The decline in natural mortality with age in Lake Erie's western basin matches what has been found for other populations, suggesting that such patterns are perhaps common in exploited Walleye populations. Movement probabilities in the western basin were greater than those in the combined central and eastern basins. The mortality rates and movement probabilities estimated in this study should assist in the parameterization and scaling of a spatially explicit Lake Erie Walleye assessment model, the development of which has been recommended for the lake's quota management system. Our study is one of the first to apply a spatial tag recovery model to a freshwater fish population for estimating mortality components. We encourage wider use of this method to improve the understanding of how mortality components and movements vary regionally within freshwater systems.
Prey Availability, Consumption, and Quality Contribute to Variation in Growth of Subyearling Chinook Salmon Rearing in Riverine and Reservoir Habitats
Authors: Tiffan Kenneth F. , Erhardt John M. , St. John Scott J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe examined prey availability, prey consumed, and diet energy content as sources of variation in growth of natural fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha subyearlings rearing in riverine and reservoir habitats in the Snake River. Subyearlings in riverine habitat primarily consumed aquatic insects (e.g., Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera), of which a high proportion was represented by adult, terrestrial forms. In the reservoir, subyearlings also consumed aquatic insects but also preyed heavily at times on nonnative lentic amphipods Corophium spp. and the mysid Neomysis mercedis, which were absent in riverine habitats. The availability of prey was typically much higher in the reservoir due to N. mercedis often composing over 90% of the biomass, but when this taxon was removed from consideration, biomass estimates were more often higher in the riverine habitat. Subyearling diets during 2009–2011were generally 17–40% higher in energy in the riverine habitat than in the reservoir. Observed growth in both length and weight were significantly higher in the riverine habitat than in the reservoir. Little is known about how temporal and spatial changes in the food web in large river landscapes influence populations of native anadromous fishes. Our results provide a glimpse of how the spread and establishment of nonnative prey species can reduce juvenile salmon growth in a large river impoundment, which in turn can affect migration timing and survival.
Association between 318C/T polymorphism of the CTLA‐4 gene and systemic lupus erythematosus in Iranian patients
Authors: Shojaa Mahdieh , Aghaie Mehrdad , Amoli Mahsa , Javid Naemeh , Shakeri Fatemeh , Khashayar Patricia , Tabarraei Alijan , Keshtkar Abbas A. , Joshaghani Hamid R. , Kouroshnia Arghavan , Qorbani Mostafa , Mahmoudi Faranak , Mohebbi Ramin , Ranjbarpour Neda 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundCytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4) is an important negative regulator of T‐cell response. It is a functional candidate gene connected with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We analyzed the role of −318C/T polymorphism in the promoter region of the CTLA‐4 gene in Iranian patients suffering from SLE.MethodsA total of 180 SLE patients and 304 healthy ethnically matched controls were enrolled in the study. DNA was extracted from blood samples according to the standard procedure. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragments length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) was used to analyze the genotype and allele frequencies of these polymorphisms.ResultsThe CC genotype was observed in 170 (94.5%) of the SLE patients, which was significantly different compared to the controls (251 [82.4%]; P = 0.0001, OR = 3.51 95%CI = 1.77–7.53). T allele was significantly more common in the controls (9.2%) compared to SLE patients 2.8% (P = 0.0001, OR = 0.26, 95%CI = 0.13–0.53). There was no significant correlation between different genotypes and age, gender or family history of SLE in the studied population.ConclusionIt can be concluded that −318C/T polymorphism of CTLA‐4 gene might play a significant role in the development of SLE in the Iranian patients.
Building Leadership among Laboratory‐Based and Clinical and Translational Researchers: The University of California, San Francisco Experience
Authors: Wides Cynthia , Mertz Elizabeth , Lindstaedt Bill , Brown Jeanette 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn 2005 the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) implemented the Scientific Leadership and Management (SLM) course, a 2‐day leadership training program to assist laboratory‐based postdoctoral scholars in their transition to independent researchers managing their own research programs. In 2011, the course was expanded to clinical and translational junior faculty and fellows. The course enrollment was increased from approximate 100 to 123 participants at the same time. Based on course evaluations, the number and percent of women participants appears to have increased over time from 40% (n = 33) in 2007 to 53% (n = 58) in 2011. Course evaluations also indicated that participants found the course to be relevant and valuable in their transition to academic leadership. This paper describes the background, structure, and content of the SLM and reports on participant evaluations of the course offerings from 2007 through 2011.