bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La fluidité de l'espace montréalais : étude sur la diffusion de la diversité ethnoculturelle à Montréal entre 2001 et 2006
Authors: Leloup Xavier 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe recent increase in ethno‐cultural diversity has raised numerous questions in countries of immigration. One of them focuses on the processes and mechanisms that lead to the creation of integrated or multiethnic neighbourhoods. To address it, various models were elaborated to explain the phenomenon. We will first recall the main features of these various models. Afterward, we test the hypothesis proposed by Germain and Poirier to explain the evolution of ethno‐cultural diversity in Montreal. This hypothesis supposes that it has evolved in a context where fluidity was central. Our aim is to propose an empirical test of this hypothesis using several methods (i.e., spatial analysis tools, regression model, and structural equation modeling). The results confirm the “fluidity” hypothesis, even if they also stress a stratification process between the various minority groups linked to neighbourhood socio‐demographic characteristics.
Osseoconductivity of a Specific Streptavidin–Biotin–Fibronectin Surface Coating of Biotinylated Titanium Implants – A Rabbit Animal Study
Authors: Kämmerer Peer W , Lehnert Michael , Al‐Nawas Bilal , Kumar Vinay V , Hagmann Sebastien , Alshihri Abdulmonem , Frerich Bernhard , Veith Michael 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundBiofunctionalized implant surfaces may accelerate bony integration and increase long‐term stability.PurposeThe aim of the study was to evaluate the osseous reaction toward biomimetic titanium implants surfaces coated with quasicovalent immobilized fibronectin in an in vivo animal model.Materials and MethodsA total of 84 implants (uncoated [control 1,n = 36], streptavidin–biotin coated [test 1,n = 24], streptavidin–biotin–fibronectin coated [test 2,n = 24]) were inserted 1 mm supracortically in the proximal tibia of 12 rabbits. The samples were examined after 3 and 6 weeks. Total bone‐implant contact (tBIC; %), bone‐implant contact in the cortical (cBIC; %) and in the spongious bone (sBIC; %) as well as the percentage of linear bone fill (PLF; %) were evaluated.ResultsAfter 3 weeks, streptavidin–biotin–fibronectin implants had a significant highersBIC(p = .043) andPLF(p = .007) compared with the uncoated samples. After 6 weeks, this difference was significant fortBIC(p = .016) andcBIC(p < .001). Additionally, uncoated screws showed a significant higher sBIC when compared with the fibronectin coating (p < .001). Streptavidin–biotin‐coated implants showed less bone growth at both time points of all examined parameters when compared with their counterparts (allp < .001).ConclusionsQuasicovalent immobilization of biotinylated fibronectin with the streptavidin–biotin–fibronectin system on smooth surface titanium shows a beneficial faster osseous healing in vivo. Besides, an antifouling effect of the streptavidin–biotin coating was proven.
Accounting for Complementarity to Maximize Monitoring Power for Species Management
Authors: TULLOCH AYESHA I. T. , CHADÈS IADINE , POSSINGHAM HUGH P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractTo choose among conservation actions that may benefit many species, managers need to monitor the consequences of those actions. Decisions about which species to monitor from a suite of different species being managed are hindered by natural variability in populations and uncertainty in several factors: the ability of the monitoring to detect a change, the likelihood of the management action being successful for a species, and how representative species are of one another. However, the literature provides little guidance about how to account for these uncertainties when deciding which species to monitor to determine whether the management actions are delivering outcomes. We devised an approach that applies decision science and selects the best complementary suite of species to monitor to meet specific conservation objectives. We created an index for indicator selection that accounts for the likelihood of successfully detecting a real trend due to a management action and whether that signal provides information about other species. We illustrated the benefit of our approach by analyzing a monitoring program for invasive predator management aimed at recovering 14 native Australian mammals of conservation concern. Our method selected the species that provided more monitoring power at lower cost relative to the current strategy and traditional approaches that consider only a subset of the important considerations. Our benefit function accounted for natural variability in species growth rates, uncertainty in the responses of species to the prescribed action, and how well species represent others. Monitoring programs that ignore uncertainty, likelihood of detecting change, and complementarity between species will be more costly and less efficient and may waste funding that could otherwise be used for management.Contabilización de la Complementariedad para Maximizar el Poder de Monitoreo para el Manejo de Especies
Improving effectiveness of systematic conservation planning with density data
Authors: Veloz Samuel , Salas Leonardo , Altman Bob , Alexander John , Jongsomjit Dennis , Elliott Nathan , Ballard Grant 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSystematic conservation planning aims to design networks of protected areas that meet conservation goals across large landscapes. The optimal design of these conservation networks is most frequently based on the modeled habitat suitability or probability of occurrence of species, despite evidence that model predictions may not be highly correlated with species density. We hypothesized that conservation networks designed using species density distributions more efficiently conserve populations of all species considered than networks designed using probability of occurrence models. To test this hypothesis, we used the Zonation conservation prioritization algorithm to evaluate conservation network designs based on probability of occurrence versus density models for 26 land bird species in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. We assessed the efficacy of each conservation network based on predicted species densities and predicted species diversity. High‐density model Zonation rankings protected more individuals per species when networks protected the highest priority 10‐40% of the landscape. Compared with density‐based models, the occurrence‐based models protected more individuals in the lowest 50% priority areas of the landscape. The 2 approaches conserved species diversity in similar ways: predicted diversity was higher in higher priority locations in both conservation networks. We conclude that both density and probability of occurrence models can be useful for setting conservation priorities but that density‐based models are best suited for identifying the highest priority areas. Developing methods to aggregate species count data from unrelated monitoring efforts and making these data widely available through ecoinformatics portals such as the Avian Knowledge Network will enable species count data to be more widely incorporated into systematic conservation planning efforts.
DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN LARGE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: EVIDENCE FROM U.S. BANK HOLDING COMPANIES
Authors: Zhang Zhichao , Xie Li , Lu Xiangyun , Zhang Zhuang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe investigate determinants of financial distress in large financial institutions based on the Distance‐to‐Default and Z‐Scores measures. Using data of U.S. bank holding companies (BHCs), we find that the housing price index is a consistently significant factor across all BHCs and the non‐performing loan ratio is the most powerful indicator for financial distress. Short‐term wholesale funding is also a reliable default risk indicator. We additionally find that all the three regulatory capital requirements are very important for controlling default risk, particularly in the post‐crisis period. (JEL C53, G14, G21, G28)
THE EFFICIENCY IMPLICATIONS OF USING PROPORTIONAL EVALUATIONS TO SHAPE THE TEACHING WORKFORCE
Authors: Koedel Cory , Li Jiaxi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe examine the efficiency implications of imposing proportionality in teacher evaluation systems. Proportional evaluations force comparisons to be between equally circumstanced teachers. We contrast proportional evaluations with global evaluations, which compare teachers to each other regardless of teaching circumstance. We consider a policy where administrators use teacher ratings to help shape the workforce and define efficiency in terms of student achievement. Our analysis shows that proportionality can be imposed in teacher evaluation systems without efficiency costs under a wide range of evaluation and estimation conditions. Proportionality is efficiency enhancing in some cases. These findings are notable given that proportional evaluations offer a number of other policy benefits. (JEL I20, J48)
Giving Direction and Clarity to Conservation Leadership
Authors: Bruyere Brett L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractConservation leadership is a term without a widely shared understanding of its scope and meaning. In this article, the author shares perspectives based on interviews, literature, and a survey to begin to identify strategies that define conservation leadership. Results indicate that some elements of conservation leadership are similar to strategies of effective leadership more broadly. Conservation leadership also includes distinguishing aspects, however, such as conflict management and partnership‐building. The purpose of this article is to provide some initial thoughts and ideas to address “What is conservation leadership?” The outcomes of this work can assist those in leadership positions and those who teach conservation leadership by defining the skills and strategies necessary to be effective in conservation leadership roles.
Translations of Gender Equality among Rural Arsi Oromo in Ethiopia
Authors: Tolo Østebø Marit 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTHow are global policies on women's rights and gender equality translated into local contexts and who are the translators in this process? This article describes and analyses contradictory and competing translations of gender equality in two districts in Ethiopia. Two main strands of translations are identified: ‘gender experts’ in the government's gender machinery emphasize the importance of changing the gendered division of labour while the ‘grassroots’ underscore the importance of collaborative work and mutual agreement through conjugal dialogue. Although these translations are similar in terms of their focus on labour, they represent fundamentally different visions of gender equality, the first reflecting a vision of equality as sameness, the latter ideals of gender complementarity. Rather than presenting one or both translations as examples of resistance against or misinterpretation of gender equality, I argue that contemporary theories of translation and discursively informed theories on global norm diffusion offer perspectives that allow us to recognize the potential of contestations in meaning creation. This opens up the translational space as the ‘grassroots’ are recognized as translators.
Filling the Institutional Void in Rural Land Markets in Southern China: Is there Room for Spontaneous Change from Below?
Authors: Yep Ray 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTDeng Xiaoping's market reforms have unleashed an irresistible drive towards urban expansion in China over the last three decades. Yet despite the relentless expansion of urban boundaries and the rapid growth of a property market in China, land transactions that involve the surrender of land leases by Chinese peasants are conducted in an unstable institutional setting. Increasingly, people are questioning the existing regulatory framework for rural land transactions, with the result that an institutional void is threatening to open up. This article focuses on one of the most important spontaneous efforts to fill this void in recent years: the Nanhai land‐based shareholding cooperative experiment in southern China. This is a story of institutional change at the grassroots level. The article identifies the source of institutional entrepreneurship, evaluates the dynamics of the insider‐driven process, and explains how and why the experiment is failing. An ineffective monitoring mechanism, growing conflict over the allocation of returns, a changing social landscape, and pecuniary temptation all play a role, while the ad hoc nature of the experiment also fails to instill the confidence and stability necessary for long‐term investment.
Kin selection and the Evolution of Mutualisms between Species
Authors: Zink Andrew G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHamilton's theory of kin selection has revolutionized and inspired fifty years of additional theories and experiments on social evolution. Whereas Hamilton's broader intent was to explain the evolutionary stability of cooperation, his focus on shared genetic history appears to have limited the application of his theory to populations within a single species rather than across interacting species. The evolutionary mechanisms for cooperation between species require both spatial and temporal correlations among interacting partners for the benefits to be not only predictable but of sufficient duration to be reliably delivered. As a consequence when the benefits returned by mutualistic partners are redirected to individuals other than the original donor, cooperation usually becomes unstable and parasitism may evolve. However, theoretically, such redirection of mutualistic benefits may actually reinforce, rather than undermine, mutualisms between species when the recipients of these redirected benefits are genetically related to the original donor. Here, I review the few mathematical models that have used Hamilton's theory of kin selection to predict the evolution of mutualisms between species. I go on to examine the applicability of these models to the most well‐studied case of mutualism, pollinating seed predators, where the role of kin selection may have been previously overlooked. Future detailed studies of the direct, and indirect, benefits of mutualism are likely to reveal additional possibilities for applying Hamilton's theory of kin selection to mutualisms between species.
Short‐crack modelling of the effect of corrosion pits on the fatigue limit of 12% Cr steel
Authors: Härkegård G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractComprehensive data on the fatigue limit of smooth uncorroded specimens and specimens with single corrosion pits of a 12% Cr steel for steam‐turbine blades have been generated by means of ultrasonic fatigue testing. The threshold for fatigue‐crack growth has also been determined. Available (short‐)crack models due to El Haddad and Härkegård and Smith and Miller generally yield safe predictions for the fatigue limit of the pitted specimens, whereas Murakami's √area model yields inconsistent predictions in the present case.
Prevalence of fear of falling in older adults, and its associations with clinical, functional and psychosocial factors: The Frailty in Brazilian Older People‐Rio de Janeiro Study
Authors: Malini Flávia Moura , Lourenço Roberto Alves , Lopes Claudia S 
Published: April 2015

AimThe present study estimated the prevalence of fear of falling in older adults, and its associations with clinical, functional and psychosocial factors.MethodsData from the Research Network Frailty in Brazilian Older People, specifically the Rio de Janeiro Study involving participants aged 65 years and older residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were analyzed. Fear of falling was assessed by the Brazilian version of Falls Efficacy Scale‐International. The following variables were assessed: history of falls, fracture after fall, number of comorbidities, number of medications, hospitalization in the previous year, use of walking support device, functional dependency in activities of daily living (including instrumental activities), hearing and visual impairments, hand grip strength, walking speed, self‐rated health, depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, living alone, social support, and activity level. Associations were evaluated by multiple logistic regression.ResultsAmong the 742 participants, 51.9% had a fear of falling, which was more prevalent in women and older participants. Fear of falling was associated with a history of one to two falls (odds ratio [OR] 2.18; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42–3.36), three or more falls (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.10–6.70), use of seven or more medications (OR 1.70, 95%CI 1.04–2.80), hearing impairment (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.10–2.49), functional dependence in activities of daily living (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.07–2.79), diminished gait speed (OR 1.64 95% CI 1.04–2.58), fair self‐rated health (OR 1.89, 95% CI, 1.30–2.74), poor/very poor self‐rated health (OR 4.92, 95% CI 1.49–16.27) and depressive symptoms (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.07–2.63).ConclusionsThe prevalence of fear of falling was high in this population, and was associated with history of falls, use of seven or more medications, hearing impairment, functional dependency in activities of daily living, diminished walking speed, fair and poor/very poor self‐rated health and depressive symptoms. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 16: 336–344.
Gender, educational and ethnic differences in active life expectancy among older Singaporeans
Authors: Chan Angelique , Malhotra Rahul , Matchar David B , Ma Stefan , Saito Yasuhiko 
Published: April 2015

AimThe aim of the present study was to compute total life expectancy (TLE), active life expectancy (ALE) and inactive life expectancy among older Singaporeans by gender, education and ethnicity.MethodsData from a longitudinal survey of older Singaporeans were used. No difficulty in carrying out activities of daily living or instrumental activities of daily living was considered as “active.” Transition probabilities across health states (active/inactive/dead) were assessed to develop multistate life tables, which estimated TLE, ALE and inactive life expectancy.ResultsAt age 60 years, women, versus men, had significantly higher TLE (25.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 24.0–27.8 vs 21.6, 95% CI 20.1–23.1), but similar ALE (18.1, 95% CI 17.0–19.2 vs 18.9, 95% CI 17.7–20.2). Those with high (secondary or higher), versus low (primary or less), education had significantly higher TLE (28.5, 95% CI 25.0–32.0 vs 22.5, 95% CI 21.1–23.9) and ALE (23.5, 95% CI 21.2–25.7 vs 17.1, 95% CI 16.1–18.0) at age 60 years. Those of Chinese, versus non‐Chinese, ethnicity had significantly higher ALE at age 60 years (19.4, 95% CI 18.4–20.3 vs 15.0, 95% CI 13.4–16.7).ConclusionUnlike Western nations, there was no gender difference in ALE among older adults in Singapore. However, difference in ALE by education among older Singaporeans was similar to that observed in Western societies. Policies focusing specifically on improving women's health at all ages, in addition to policies that increase population education levels, are promising approaches to improving ALE. Recognizing ethnic differences in ALE will help target policies that increase ALE in multicultural societies. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 466‐473.
Effects of two physical exercise protocols on physical performance related to falls in the oldest old: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ansai Juliana Hotta , Aurichio Thais Rabiatt , Gonçalves Raquel , Rebelatto José Rubens 
Published: April 2015

AimTo compare the effects of 16‐week multicomponent and resistance training, and 6‐week detraining on physical variables related to a higher risk of falls in very old people.MethodsA randomized, three‐arm, controlled trial was carried out. A total of 69 community‐dwelling older adults aged 80 years and older were allocated to three groups: control, multicomponent training and resistance training. They were assessed at baseline, after 16‐week training and 6‐week detraining. The control group did not perform any intervention. The multicomponent group performed protocol consisting of warm‐up, aerobic, strength, balance and cool‐down exercises. The resistance group underwent strength exercises using six adapted machines. The training sessions had progressive intensity, lasted 16 weeks and 12 included three 1‐h sessions per week. The assessment consisted of anamneses, five‐repetition sit‐to‐stand, one‐leg standing, tandem and dual task tests. For statistical analysis, α = 0.05 was used.ResultsThere were no significant differences between groups and assessments in any variable when analyzed by intention to treat. However, when analyzed, the older adults who adhered to the training, the multicomponent group, had a significant improvement in the sit‐to‐stand and the one‐leg standing (right support) tests. There was a significant main effect between times on the one‐leg standing (left support) test.ConclusionIn very old people, multicomponent training seems to be more beneficial and presents fewer adverse events when the adherence to protocol is higher. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 492‐499.
Smoking is a predictor of adverse pathological features at radical prostatectomy: Results from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital database
Authors: Zapata Daniel F , Howard Lauren E , Aronson William J , Kane Christopher J , Terris Martha K , Amling Christopher L , Cooperberg Matthew R , Freedland Stephen J 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveTo test the relationship of smoking and aggressive prostate cancer in men undergoing radical prostatectomy.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 2290 men who underwent radical prostatectomy from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital database from 2000 to 2013 was carried out. There were 1592 (70%) non‐smokers and 698 (30%) smokers at radical prostatectomy. Logistic regression was used to examine whether smoking predicted Gleason score (≥4 + 3), margin status, extracapsular extension or seminal vesicle invasion. Linear regression was used to test the relationship between smoking and tumor volume.ResultsSmokers were younger, more likely to be black, had lower body mass index, higher pathological Gleason score, more positive margins and extracapsular extension (all P < 0.05) versus non‐smokers. On crude analysis, smoking was associated with positive margins (odds ratio 1.32; P = 0.003) and extracapsular extension (odds ratio 1.26; P = 0.036). After adjusting for multiple clinical factors, smoking remained associated with a 19–35% increased risk of every adverse feature studied, though only the association with extracapsular extension reached significance. On multivariable analysis, a trend for smokers to have larger tumor volumes (geometric mean 5.8 vs 5.3 g; P = 0.062) was found.ConclusionsIn patients undergoing radical prostatectomy, there seems to be a trend for smokers to have worse pathological features compared with non‐/former smokers. If confirmed in future studies, smoking should be considered a modifiable risk factor for aggressive prostate cancer.