bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SyDeR—System design for reusability
Authors: FELDKAMP FRANK , HEINRICH MICHAEL , MEYER-GRAMANN KLAUS DIETER 
Published: July 2002

A fixed set of components with a fixed set of properties
is often regarded as a defining characteristic of configuration
design problems. In configuration design for larger and
more complex systems (e.g., street cars), however, this
often is not really true. The reason is that sometimes
the component library offers no component that meets the
actual requirements, so that a new component has to be
added to the library. In general, configuration design
for larger products must be interactive: interactive in
the sense that the user controls the configuration process
and in the sense that the phases of knowledge acquisition
and configuration are partly mixed. This paper describes
a method and a corresponding software tool (SyDeR, System
Design for Reusability) that support the interactive configuration
design of complex products, especially in the tendering
phase. It combines three different technologies:[bull ] structural modeling of technical systems;[bull ] a library for technical solutions, which is based
upon taxonomies and allows the reuse of the technical solutions;[bull ] constraint techniques to propagate design decisions and
check designs for consistency to support interactive configuration
design.This paper gives an overview of the functionality of the SyDeR
tool and describes the main ideas behind the modeling language,
which is especially oriented towards the requirements of system
design problems. It also explains how we integrated structural
modeling, taxonomies, and advanced constraint reasoning techniques
into real-world applications.
The relationship between abnormalities detected in live lambs

on farms and those detected at post mortem meat inspection
Authors: GREEN L. E. , BERRIATUA E. , MORGAN K. L. 
Published: July 2002

A prospective longitudinal study of diseases of lambs born in December

and January and

housed through to slaughter was carried out on three flocks (A, B and C)

between 1989 and

1991. In the first year of the investigation (1989–90) three cohorts

of approximately 80 lambs

were examined in detail on a regular (weekly or fortnightly) basis. This

involved over 2000

examinations and at least one clinical abnormality was observed in each

lamb. In the second

year (1990–1) the farmers were asked to present sick lambs for

treatment on the farm. Farmers

from flocks A and B participated in this part of the study; a total of

97/1295 lambs that were slaughtered received at least one treatment.The carcases and visceral organs of lambs from each flock were observed

after slaughter.

There was no association between the abnormalities observed during

routine examination of

the cohort lambs (year 1) and those observed at post mortem meat inspection.

However, in

year 2, in lambs from flock A, there was a significant association between

lambs treated for

arthritis or pneumonia on the farm and the presence of arthritic or

pleuritic lesions,

respectively, post mortem. In both years of the study lambs which were

older when slaughtered

were significantly more likely to have pleuritic, pneumonic or arthritic

lesions at meat inspection.It was concluded that routine examination of groups of lambs is an

inefficient and possibly

ineffective method to identify lambs with lesions at slaughter. However,

lambs which have been

treated for disease, and the older lambs in a flock, had an increased

prevalence of lesions post

mortem and hence more detailed inspection of these animals would

increase the efficiency of meat inspection.
Georgian harmonic clusters:
phonetic cues to phonological representation
Authors: Chitoran Ioana 
Published: July 2002

Georgian, a South Caucasian language belonging to the Kartvelian
family,
is characterised by the ability of its consonants to combine in extensive
clusters. Among the possible combinations are a series of two-member
clusters which are argued to behave phonologically as single segments
(Tschenkeli 1958, Vogt 1958, 1971, Aronson 1982, 1991, Deprez 1988 and
others). They are known as ‘harmonic’ clusters, because the
laryngeal
quality is constant across the cluster. Its two members are both voiced
([dg bg dγ bγ]), both aspirated
([thkh tshkh
thχ tshχ]) or both ejective
([t'k' ts'k' p'k' t'q' ts'q']).
They can occur either word-initially or in word-medial
position. Harmonic clusters do not contrast with identical sequences of
segments, except for sequences formed at the junction of two words.
There is no evidence that across word boundaries harmonic clusters are
derived by some sort of restructuring.The purpose of the present study is to review the phonological
arguments brought in the literature in favour of treating harmonic clusters
as single segments, and to look for acoustic evidence that would motivate
the distinction made between harmonic clusters behaving as single
segments, on the one hand, and simple sequences of consonants, on the
other hand. The study uses phonetic data to address the issue of
phonological representation. If the difference between a harmonic cluster
and a simple sequence of segments is present in the phonology, then it
should ideally also be visible in the acoustic signal, for example in the
presence or absence of a release burst, or in timing differences, as
suggested by previous studies of complex vs. simple segments in
various
languages (Maddieson & Ladefoged 1989, Maddieson 1989, 1990). The
results show that the treatment of Georgian harmonic clusters as complex
segments is not supported by the acoustic data.The paper is organised as follows: § 2 presents the phonological
behaviour of consonant clusters in Georgian, § 3 reviews phonetic
evidence
for complex segments, and spells out the predictions made by the present
study. The acoustic study is described in § 4, followed by the presentation
and discussion of results in § 5. The conclusions and areas for further
study are presented in § 6.
Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Macphee Graeme JA , Stewart David A 
Published: July 2002

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder affecting at least 120 000 persons in the UK today. Age is the most potent risk factor. With the rising numbers of elderly, PD will become an increasingly important cause of disability and mortality. This has significant implications for health planning.In recent years, there has been growing emphasis on the key role of the specialist clinic, interdisciplinary team and the PD specialist nurse in the management of the condition, as well as recognition that quality of life for people with PD and their carers relates to more than motor disability and disease severity. Appropriate care planning requires skilled assessment, and a new paradigm, incorporating four progressive clinical management stages (diagnosis, stable maintenance stage, complex stage and palliative stage) may be useful. The importance of all these aspects to successful holistic management of PD should be emphasized but is beyond the scope of this review, as is diagnosis, which is the subject of a separate contribution.
How to judge the quality and value of weather forecast products
Authors: Thornes John E , Stephenson David B 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn order to decide whether or not a weather service supplier is giving good value for money we need to monitor the quality of the forecasts and the use that is made of the forecasts to estimate their value. A number of verification statistics are examined to measure the quality of forecasts –including Miss Rate, False Alarm Rate, the Peirce Skill Score and the Odds Ratio Skill Score –and a means of testing the significance of these values is presented. In order to assess the economic value of the forecasts a value index is suggested that takes into account the cost‐loss ratio and forecast errors. It is suggested that a combination of these quality and value statistics could be used by weather forecast customers to choose the best forecast provider and to set limits for performance related contracts. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Trade reform and environmental externalities in general equilibrium: analysis for an archetype poor tropical country
Authors: LÓPEZ RAMÓN 
Published: July 2002

This paper provides a conceptual and empirical general equilibrium framework for the analysis of the impact of trade reform on welfare and the environment. The analysis is applied to Côte d'Ivoire explicitly considering externalities affecting biomass (natural vegetation), which is shown to be an important factor determining agricultural productivity.The simulation general equilibrium analysis shows that the agricultural output composition effect dominates the agricultural expansion effect for the case of complete trade liberalization. Thus, in this case trade liberalization causes a significant improvement in the rural biomass stock by cutting land area cultivated, increases agricultural productivity, and induces dramatic welfare gains. That is, trade liberalization is a win–win type of policy in this case. However, partial trade liberalization that only reduces protection to non-agricultural goods (and does not reduce tariffs to agricultural import substitutes and does not reduce export taxes) causes a further deterioration of the biomass resources and reduces welfare.
Generative processes and the electronic arts
Authors: Dorin Alan 
Published: July 2002

This paper gives a personal perspective on the application
and relevance of generative processes to art production.
This view is that of a computer programmer, rather than
that of a user of computer programs written (or
hardware constructed) by others. The programmer is in
the unique position of being able to describe and
manipulate abstract processes which may be used as a
unique means of artistic expression. This gives a greater
amount of freedom to the programmer/artist than is the
case when he or she is limited by programmed
procedures defined by others.Prior to the development of a formal means of
specifying visual and aural events, a concrete machine or
set of rules for their manipulation and a means of
bringing these representations back into the world as
physical events, abstract processes were things to be
contemplated but not experienced. Musical and spatial
notations employed by artists, engineers and others, in
concert with the programming of computing hardware,
have opened the way for those who wish to manipulate
processes in their artistic practice.In order to focus study and practice in the area of such
generative computer art, the Center for Electronic Media
Art (CEMA) has been established in Melbourne,
Australia. The Center has spawned an international
conference series on generative/process-based electronic
art called Iteration. The perceived roles of the Center and
Iteration conferences are discussed in this paper.
High effective inbreeding coefficients correlate with morphological abnormalities in populations of South Australian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Authors: Seymour Ayesha M. , Montgomery Margaret E. , Costello Brian H. , Ihle Sonja , Johnsson Greg , St. John Barbara , Taggart David , Houlden Bronwyn A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractKoalas have undergone a series of sequential founding events on islands in south‐eastern Australia in recent times. Populations in South Australia at the Eyre Peninsula and Mt Lofty Ranges were founded in the 1960s from a colony on Kangaroo Island. The Kangaroo Is. colony was derived from animals introduced to French Island from mainland Victoria over a century ago. In this study, we first use microsatellite markers to quantify levels of genetic variation within the South Australian koala populations and the relatively unperturbed Strzelecki Ranges population from mainland Victoria. This analysis revealed low levels of allelic diversity (1.7 ± 0.2 to 2.7 ± 0.5) and heterozygosity (0.208 ± 0.088 to 0.340 ± 0.110) in the three South Australian koala populations relative to the Strzelecki Ranges population, which has the highest levels of allelic diversity (4.7 ± 1.1) and heterozygosity (0.476 ± 0.122) in Victoria. Second, we measured the incidence of testicular aplasia, a unilateral or bilateral failure in testicular development, in the Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Is. populations, and in the ultimate founding population at French Is. Testicular aplasia was present at a frequency of 4.3% in French Is., 12.8% in Kangaroo Is. and 23.9% in the Eyre Peninsula, but was undetectable in the non‐bottlenecked Pilliga State Forest population of New South Wales. The incidence of testicular aplasia correlated positively with effective inbreeding coefficients derived from heterozygosity values (0.13 ± 0.06 in the Pilliga State Forest, 0.57 ± 0.17 in French Is., 0.63 ± 0.12 on Kangaroo Is. and 0.77 ± 0.12 in the Eyre Peninsula), which may indicate inbreeding depression. These findings are of concern when evaluating the long‐term conservation and viability of the South Australian koala populations, which may benefit from genetic augmentation in the future. Finally, unconfirmed reports suggested that animals from other states in Australia were introduced into the Mt Lofty Ranges population. Therefore, we quantified differentiation between the three South Australian populations and the Strzelecki Ranges and French Is. populations, based on microsatellites and mtDNA d‐loop region variation. R‐statistics and Goldstein's delta mu square distance revealed that differentiation at nuclear loci between populations paralleled known recent population history, except for the close relationship between Mt Lofty Ranges and French Is. This suggested a recent contribution to the Mt Lofty Ranges populations of animals derived from the French Is. translocation program. Furthermore, mtDNA d‐loop analysis found no evidence of contributions to the gene pool from animals of New South Wales or Queensland stock, implying that the population was derived exclusively from Victorian stock.
Developmental and Stress Regulation of Gene Expression for Plastid and Cytosolic Isoprenoid Pathways in Pepper Fruits
Authors: Hugueney P. , Bouvier F. , Badillo A. , Quennemet J. , d'Harlingue A. , Camara B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Plant cells synthesize a myriad of isoprenoid compounds in different subcellular compartments, which include the plastid, the mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum cytosol. To start the study of the regulation of these parallel pathways, we used pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit as a model. Using different isoprenoid biosynthetic gene probes from cloned cDNAs, we showed that only genes encoding the plastid enzymes (geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, and capasanthin-capsorubin synthase) are specifically triggered during the normal period of development, at the ripening stage. This pattern of expression can be mimicked and precociously induced by a simple wounding stress. Concerning the cytosol-located enzymes, we observed that the expression of the gene encoding farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase is constitutive, whereas that of farnesyl pyrophosphate cyclase (5-epi-aristolochene synthase) is undetectable during the normal development of the fruit. The expression of these later genes are, however, only selectively triggered after elicitor treatment. The results provide evidence for developmental control of isoprenoid biosynthesis occurring in plastids and that cytoplasmic isoprenoid biosynthesis is regulated, in part, by environmental signals.
cDNA Isolation and Gene Expression of the Maize Annexins p33 and p35
Authors: Battey N. H. , James N. C. , Greenland A. J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The isolation, cloning, and sequencing of two full-length cDNAs corresponding to the root tip forms of the maize (Zea mays L. cv Clipper) annexins p33 and p35 are described. These are the first complete sequences for the widely reported doublet of plant annexins. The predicted sequences can be divided into four repeat domains characteristic of the annexin family, but Ca2+ binding by the type-II site typical of annexins would be predicted to occur only in repeats 1 and 4. This reduced number of sites is consistent with previously reported biochemical data indicating a high Ca2+ requirement for membrane association. Although the two annexins are very similar (80% amino acid identity), their genes are quite distinct, as demonstrated by their different 3[prime] noncoding regions and Southern blotting. The predicted sequences of the root tip proteins are very similar to regions known from peptide sequencing of the coleoptile proteins. Because a rather small gene family is indicated, the implication is that there may be less functional diversity than in animal cells. Furthermore, the sequence data clearly show that plant annexins form a very distinct group compared with those from other kingdoms.
Different Phototransduction Kinetics of Phytochrome A and Phytochrome B in Arabidopsis thaliana1
Authors: Casal Jorge J. , Cerdán Pablo D. , Staneloni Roberto J. , Cattaneo Laura 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The kinetics of phototransduction of phytochrome A (phyA) and phytochrome B (phyB) were compared in etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. The responses of hypocotyl growth, cotyledon unfolding, and expression of a light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein of the photosystem II gene promoter fused to the coding region of β-glucuronidase (used as a reporter enzyme) were mediated by phyA under continuous far-red light (FR) and by phyB under continuous red light (R). The seedlings were exposed hourly either to nmin of FR followed by 60 minus n min in darkness or ton min of R, 3 min of FR (to back-convert phyB to its inactive form), and 57 minus n min of darkness. For the three processes investigated here, the kinetics of phototransduction of phyB were faster than that of phyA. For instance, 15 min R h−1 (terminated with a FR pulse) were almost as effective as continuous R, whereas 15 min of FR h−1 caused less than 30% of the effect of continuous FR. This difference is interpreted in terms of divergence of signal transduction pathways downstream from phyA and phyB.
A Gene Coding for Tomato Fruit β-Galactosidase II Is Expressed during Fruit Ripening
Authors: Smith David L. , Starrett David A. , Gross Kenneth C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstractβ-Galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.23) constitute a widespread family of enzymes characterized by their ability to hydrolyze terminal, nonreducing β-d-galactosyl residues from β-d-galactosides. Several β-galactosidases, sometimes referred to asexo-galactanases, have been purified from plants and shown to possess in vitro activity against extracted cell wall material via the release of galactose from wall polymers containing β(1→4)-d-galactan. Although β-galactosidase II, a protein present in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) fruit during ripening and capable of degrading tomato fruit galactan, has been purified, cloning of the corresponding gene has been elusive. We report here the cloning of a cDNA, pTomβgal 4 (accession no. AF020390), corresponding to β-galactosidase II, and show that its corresponding gene is expressed during fruit ripening. Northern-blot analysis revealed that the β-galactosidase II gene transcript was detectable at the breaker stage of ripeness, maximum at the turning stage, and present at decreasing levels during the later stages of normal tomato fruit ripening. At the turning stage of ripeness, the transcript was present in all fruit tissues and was highest in the outermost tissues (including the peel). Confirmation that pTomβgal 4 codes for β-galactosidase II was derived from matching protein and deduced amino acid sequences. Furthermore, analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of pTomβgal 4 suggested a high probability for secretion based on the presence of a hydrophobic leader sequence, a leader-sequence cleavage site, and three possibleN-glycosylation sites. The predicted molecular mass and isoelectric point of the pTomβgal 4-encoded mature protein were similar to those reported for the purified β-galactosidase II protein from tomato fruit.
Decreased GA1 Content Caused by the Overexpression ofOSH1 Is Accompanied by Suppression of GA 20-Oxidase Gene Expression
Authors: Kusaba Shinnosuke , Fukumoto Masashi , Honda Chikako , Yamaguchi Isomaro , Sakamoto Tomoaki , Kano-Murakami Yuriko 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We previously reported that overexpression of the rice homeobox gene OSH1 led to altered morphology and hormone levels in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants. Among the hormones whose levels were changed, GA1 was dramatically reduced. Here we report the results of our analysis on the regulatory mechanism(s) ofOSH1 on GA metabolism. GA53 and GA20, precursors of GA1, were applied separately to transgenic tobacco plants exhibiting severely changed morphology due to overexpression of OSH1. Only treatment with the end product of GA 20-oxidase, GA20, resulted in a striking promotion of stem elongation in transgenic tobacco plants. The internal GA1 and GA20 contents inOSH1-transformed tobacco were dramatically reduced compared with those of wild-type plants, whereas the level of GA19, a mid-product of GA 20-oxidase, was 25% of the wild-type level. We have isolated a cDNA encoding a putative tobacco GA 20-oxidase, which is mainly expressed in vegetative stem tissue. RNA-blot analysis revealed that GA 20-oxidase gene expression was suppressed in stem tissue of OSH1-transformed tobacco plants. Based on these results, we conclude that overexpression ofOSH1 causes a reduction of the level of GA1by suppressing GA 20-oxidase expression.
Photosynthetic and Heterotrophic Ferredoxin Isoproteins Are Colocalized in Fruit Plastids of Tomato
Authors: Aoki Koh , Yamamoto Miyuki , Wada Keishiro 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Fruit tissues of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) contain both photosynthetic and heterotrophic ferredoxin (FdA and FdE, respectively) isoproteins, irrespective of their photosynthetic competence, but we did not previously determine whether these proteins were colocalized in the same plastids. In isolated fruit chloroplasts and chromoplasts, both FdA and FdE were detected by immunoblotting. Colocalization of FdA and FdE in the same plastids was demonstrated using double-staining immunofluorescence microscopy. We also found that FdA and FdE were colocalized in fruit chloroplasts and chloroamyloplasts irrespective of sink status of the plastid. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that FdA and FdE were randomly distributed within the plastid stroma. To investigate the significance of the heterotrophic Fd in fruit plastids, Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity was measured in isolated fruit and leaf plastids. Fruit chloroplasts and chromoplasts showed much higher G6PDH activity than did leaf chloroplasts, suggesting that high G6PDH activity is linked with FdE to maintain nonphotosynthetic production of reducing power. This result suggested that, despite their morphological resemblance, fruit chloroplasts are functionally different from their leaf counterparts.