bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERSISTENCE OF STRANDED OIL ON LOW ENERGY COASTS
Authors: Owens Edward H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Mechanical dispersion by waves is usually considered to be the primary factor that controls the persistence of spilled oil reaching the coast. This assumption is accurate for stable coasts that are not subject to net erosion or accretion and beaches where oil would not be buried by onshore, offshore, or alongshore movement of sediments. On high energy coasts, oil can be rapidly buried or eroded, depending on the stage of beach changes. Similarly, oil stranded on coasts subject to rapid net accretion or erosion is likely to be buried or dispersed. Rapid shoreline changes can occur in areas of low wave energy, so wave energy levels cannot be used alone as an indicator of oil persistence. Sections of the North American Beaufort Sea coast are undergoing net long term changes on the order of 10 meters per year, despite the short (3 month) open water season and the small fetch areas. Beach migration or cliff retreat on these low energy coasts often has a net rate on the order of one meter per month. In these situations, the changes in shoreline location due to sediment erosion and transport reflect the integrated effect of coastal processes and the materials on which the processes act. Rates of shoreline changes can be used as an indicator to estimate the residence time of stranded oil, irrespective of the shoreline character or the wave energy levels at the shoreline. Wave energy levels alone are an inadequate basis for estimating the residence time of stranded oil.
EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON ALGAL BLOOMS IN LAKE MARACAIBO
Authors: Parra-Pardi Gustavo , Sutton Emery A. , Rincón Nelson E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On the basis of a one-year program of monthly in situ bioassays and sampling at 10 stations near the incubation site, a study on the effect of petroleum on the massive algal blooms in the northeastern coastal area of Lake Maracaibo has been made. Experiments were conclusive in showing that, although crude oil by itself has an inhibitory effect on phytoplankton, in combination with other factors, mainly a nitrogen/phosphorus (NIP) ratio of 16:1, it can cause a sharp increase in the algal population, favoring Cyanophyta, particulary Anacystis, but generally inhibiting the other two divisions in the lake, Chlorophyta and Chrysophyta.
Statistically significant stimulatory interactions of three factors were observed in four experiments, the most striking one being that among oil, NIP ratio, and formation waters, the other three being oil + N/P + EDTA (ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid). True interactions between petroleum and N/P were also observed in five experiments, stimulus running to over 100 times the control assay. The composition of the algal blooms resembled much more closely that of the bioassays when the petroleum was present.
Data available supports the explanation that blue-green algae indigenous to Lake Maracaibo, mainly Anacystis, are tolerant of crude oil, while green algae and diatoms are severely inhibited by it, which gives bluegreens an effective advantage in the competition for the nutrients. It adds to the physical, chemical and biological advantages already enjoyed by Cyanophyta in the lake, contributing to an additional promotion of the lake eutrophication.
STANDARDIZING BOOM TEST PROCEDURES1
Authors: Borst M. , Lichte H. W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Interagency Technical Committee (OITC) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) facility sponsored a combined series of in-tank and open-water tests on five booms. The booms selected cover the wide range of sizes and design parameters often considered appropriate for spill control. The tests were conducted at the OHMSETT facility and in nearby Sandy Hook Bay between November 1983 and May 1984. The in-tank tests measured the oil-holding performance of the boom; the open-water tests demonstrated wave conformance and survivability. The objective was to correlate the two sets of data.
The five in-tank tests for each boom used a standardized test matrix for oil-holding ability. Wave conformance and endurance were observed under controlled conditions. The results of this testing compared favorably with historical tests performed in the test task.
The five booms were deployed in the bay over an extended period. The length of deployment varied from 14 to 27 days depending on the local weather conditions. The booms were observed and videotaped to document approximate sea-state limits of the booms. The booms deployed in the bay were approximately 500 ft long. The tank tests used 100 ft lengths. Wave conformance in the two tests was similar. The five-fold increase in boom length made any lack of conformance more obvious, however. The data derived from the open-water testing were based primarily on visual observations and sea-state estimates. The in-tank endurance tests did not correlate as well as expected with the open-water testing. Determining the deterioration of a boom during long-term deployment by in-tank testing was discounted by this program.
This paper documents the results of the initial in-tank and open-water tests, emphasizing the techniques of testing, and outlines plans for the future tests.
RECENT ADVANCES IN DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION: EXPERIMENTAL AND FIELD ASPECTS
Authors: Desmarquest J. P. , Croquette J. , Merlin F. , Bocard C. , Castaing G. , Gatellier C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Although dispersants are used in different countries, it appeared from recent international meetings that more knowledge concerning dispersant effectiveness is still needed for a better response to oil spills. Large field trials which were conducted during the past two years raised some questions as to how dispersants work at sea. Even though the results obtained in different laboratory tests are generally in good accord, significant discrepancies of practical interest may be observed because of variations in the experimental conditions.
With EEC support, an experimental program has been conducted by CEDRE and Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP), both with the already-described French middle scale field test and with different laboratory tests (U.K. and French standard tests and the recently developed dilution test). With the objective of correlating the results obtained in field tests and in laboratory tests, several parameters were investigated at sea with different dispersants: the type and viscosity of the oil, slick thickness, and oil to dispersant ratio. Based mainly on the results obtained in the laboratory with dilution tests, new aspects of dispersant behavior have been identified, relating to the nature of the oil and the energy input.
A NEW APPROACH IN ENHANCED BIODEGRADATION OF SPILLED OIL: DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL DISPERSANT CONTAINING OLEOPHILIC NUTRIENTS
Authors: Bronchart Robert D. E. , Cadron Jan , Charlier Alain , Gillot Alain A. R. , Verstraete Willy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A research program has been set up to develop oil dispersants containing oleophilic nutrients. This new type of dispersant will not only dilute the oil slick into the sea, but also start and speed up the microbial growth around the fine oil droplets, because the nutrients remain at the oil/water interface and are not washed away in the water. Each of these newly synthesized nutrients is made of an oleophilic part (normal paraffine or olefine) and of a hydrophilic moiety (containing nitrogen and or phosphorus). This surfactant-like structure allows it to maintain a good level of dispersing efficiency.
The capacity to stimulate biodegradation of the various compounds was evaluated by measuring the microbial CO2 production (mineralization) in a gas train arrangement of 40 channels monitored by a 40-way valve. This guaranteed a constant air supply to each test vial. A practical partition coefficient of the nutrient between oil and water was determined to evaluate its ability to remain at the interphase. The influence of the following parameters on the biodegradation process was studied: Amount and chain length of the oleophilic part and type of nutrient, used as such or incorporated in a dispersant Replacement or no replacement of the water phase prior to degradation, to simulate the washing of nutrients into the sea Dispersing efficiency of HLB of the formulated dispersant
These results combined with pilot scale trials led to the formulation of a dispersant which exhibits a high dispersion efficiency and a quick-starting biodegradation of the dispersed crude oil.
A 100 TONS EXPERIMENTAL OIL SPILL AT HALTEN BANK, OFF NORWAY
Authors: Lange Rolf 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Norwegian Marine Pollution Research and Monitoring Programme organized a multidisciplinary field experiment at Halten Bank in 1982. Three research vessels, two oil recovery vessels, two airplanes, and a total of about 50 scientists took part. The main task of the experiment was to investigate the drift and spread of oil on the surface and in the water column. The drift of the slick was followed using Argos and Decca self-positioning drifting buoys and SLAR (side-looking airborne radar). The methods at present available for monitoring as well as forecasting the drift of oil on the sea surface appear to be good enough for all practical purposes.
The Continental Shelf Institute is developing a model which also tries to take the physical mixing of oil in the upper water masses into account. The experiment contributed to this work and further development opens the possibility of describing which water masses will contain damaging concentrations of oil, and how long these will remain there.
Microbial degradation of oil and associated ecological effects were also studied. Two independent methods gave values of 20 and 35 µg/L/day, respectively, for the (immediate) potential of microbial degradation of oil in water. With unlimited bacterial growth (a purely theoretical assumption) the above figures could increase by a factor of 1,000 during the experiment (one week). The amounts of nutrients, as well as oil, were not sufficient for the degradation potential to be realized. The exposure time was also relatively short. The rate of oil mineralization might have been just 10 percent of the estimated potential.
The biological studies, particularly, were designed to show possible effects on the turnover of nutrients and possible effects of oil on plankton. A daily comparison between oil-containing and clean water samples was made. The degree of similarity was measured by using multivariate (cluster) analysis on a data set of 75 different variables. The results show that any effect of oil was smaller than the natural day-to-day variations in the plankton. This is in conformation with the short exposure time and the low concentrations of oil measured.
A CASE HISTORY ILLUSTRATION OF EPA'S REGION 6 SPILL PREVENTION, CONTROL AND COUNTERMEASURES PROGRAM
Authors: Almquist Gerald L. , Forrest Robert G. , Gazda Charles A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An inspection program addressing oil spills and spill prevention was conducted in the environmentally sensitive Caddo Lake area of Texas and Louisiana. Eighty oil storage leases were inspected in this area, and 82.5 percent of these leases were found to be out of compliance. Through EPA's Region 6 oil spill prevention program, which includes working to promote compliance with the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasures (SPCC) regulations by the facility, all but one of the leases achieved compliance.
NATURAL RESOURCE PROTECTION IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Simons Edward A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On October 31, 1984, the vessel USS Puerto Rican exploded at sea off San Francisco. The disabled vessel was towed offshore and on November 3, 1984, the stern sank releasing, at least, an estimated 12,000 barrels of petroleum products. California experiences oil spills affecting natural resources every year. Rarely are these spills as large as the Puerto Rican spill, but natural resource protection minimized the losses of bird life as a result of this incident. Planning for oil spill cleanup helped prevent more losses to these natural resources. In addition, some bird cleaning and rehabilitation equipment and facilities have been provided. The equipment and facilities will remain available to reduce the effect of future spills of oil in, or offshore, California.
FIBER-OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS OF MECHANICALLY AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL IN WATER
Authors: Nilsen Jan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A new fiber optical transmittance meter has been designed to measure oil concentrations in water. No electronic components are placed in the underwater sensor housings which are made relatively small to avoid influence on the surroundings. Both the light emitting diode and the receiver are synchroned demodulated. This together with AC-linked amplifiers in both the sender and receiver electronics give appropriate noise reduction. A transmittance meter was calibrated in a 1,0000:1 laboratory tank. Results from this calibration with mechanically dispersed Ekofisk crude oil and Reginol SAE 30 water-in-oil emulsion are presented. It was found that the beam attenuation increased almost exponentially up to a certain oil concentration which was a function of the particle size distribution and length of the waterpath of the light beam.
The time changes in the concentration of dispersed oil under breaking waves in a wave tank in the laboratory have been measured at different depths below the surface. It was found that the oil concentrations decreased almost exponentially below the surface down to a depth approximately equal to the height of the breaking wave.
During a full scale field experiment with oil in the North Sea in May 1982 the oil leakage under two different oil booms was measured with a beam transmittance meter at 1.5 m depth about 5 m behind the oil booms. Two-minute mean values of the beam transmittance were recorded. The measurements showed large variations in the oil concentrations behind the oil booms. Transmittance meter measurements also were carried out during offshore full scale tests with different chemical dispersants. The instruments have been towed at different depths from small boats passing through the slicks, measuring oil concentrations continuously at different levels simultaneously under the slicks. At Frigg in June 1984, the concentration of dispersed oil at 1, 2, and 3 m depth varied from (approximately) 0 to 60 ppm under one slick.
AN EXPERIMENTAL HIGH PRESSURE WATERJET BARRIER
Authors: Meikle K. M. , Whittaker H. , Laperrière F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A novel barrier to contain or deflect floating oil has been developed using an array of high pressure waterjets. Preliminary experiments have demonstrated that oil can be controlled effectively with this technique even in the presence of waves. Trials of an experimental prototype have established that it is stable, has good mobility, and is able to maintain position as a deflector or as a collector in currents approaching 2 knots.
MARINE POLLUTION CONTINGENCY PLANNING—RECENT CHANGES IN UNITED KINGDOM ORGANIZATION
Authors: Stacey Michael L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The UK has recently carried out a major review of the oil pollution problem (Royal Commission Report No. 8) which has resulted in an authoritative assessment of the environmental impact of oil spills, a series of recommendations covering a wide variety of aspects of prevention and response, and government acceptance and the subsequent implementation of a number of these recommendations.
This paper summarizes the essential elements of the new environmental assessment, discusses the pros and cons of the recommendations, and describes those which government has accepted. It then goes on to deal in detail with the implications of the government's acceptance of the various recommendations and records progress in their implementation. The areas it covers in detail include: A new national organization for the central integration of sea and shore response in a single unit: the Marine Pollution Control Unit (MPCU), responsible within central government to the Department of Transport New structures and procedures to facilitate interaction between central and local government Redirection of emphasis in the R&D field, in the provision of sea and shore related response equipment, and in contingency planning in order to redress imbalances formerly existing between sea and shore related response Further development of the safe havens policy to facilitate salvage and cargo transfer operations Greater emphasis within the MPCU on the detection of violations of discharge regulations and the collection of evidence Arrangements for closer association between government and the oil industry in relation to provision of response equipment, the development of mutually supportive contingency planning, and response arrangements
COMPARATIVE COSTS OF OIL SPILL CLEANUP TECHNIQUES1
Authors: Moller T. H. , Parker H. D. , Nichols J. A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the costs of various cleanup techniques, drawing mainly on information from recent oil spills from ships. Analyses of the costs for dispersant application and for the use of offshore mechanical recovery equipment are compared in relation to their effectiveness and scope for reducing shoreline cleanup costs and damage from oil pollution. Spill size, oil type, coastline character, and the extent of pollution all contribute to the observed differences in shoreline cleanup and disposal costs. The influence of these factors is evaluated and criteria are proposed for selecting the most appropriate cleanup response to suit the circumstancees of a particular oil spill. On occasions, a response at sea is both necessary and worthwhile, but for most spills shoreline cleanup, including protection of sensitive resources, is likely to be the most cost-effective option.
SWEDISH COAST GUARD STARTS USING THIRD GENERATION MARITIME SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
Authors: Fäst Olov 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since 1981, the Swedish Coast Guard has been conducting daily oil spill surveillance patrols using small aircraft equipped with a remote sensing system. During this time, the use of the aircraft has widened to include a number of Coast Guard tasks such as fishery protection and sea traffic surveillance. This has necessitated the acquisition of aircraft with greater endurance and more loading capability.
Two CASA 212 aircraft were delivered in 1986. In response to requests from Coast Guard operators, the remote sensing system has at the same time gone through a major revision. One of the main ideas in the third generation system is to give the operator computer aid in producing charts and reports for documenting routine missions, violations, and accidents. When necessary, as in the case of an accident, the charts can be immediately telecopied from the computer in the aircraft to a Coast Guard Command Center to ensure a quick and proper response.
FRENCH KNOW-HOW IN THE PREVENTION AND FIGHT AGAINST ACCIDENTAL OIL SPILLS
Authors: Marchand Guy , Bergot Gilles , Melguen Marthe , Peigne Georges 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As the victim of several oil spills caused by oil tanker accidents along its coasts during the 1970s, France has created a specific organization, including a research and documentation center, and developed all necessary means to prevent further major pollution and to protect its coastline.
The French program is unique in the fact that it is first of all concerned with the prevention of accidents. In addition, French know-how is characterized by the establishment of intervention plans (POLMAR plans, sea and land) which are designed to prepare for and coordinate the fight against accidental water pollution at sea and on the coastline.
An antipollution operation also relies on the existence of the necessary means to carry it out, as well as specialized equipment which is ready to be put to work at sea as well as on the coastline by competent authorities. In the case of oil spills occurring in other countries, France is prepared to share its experience and know-how thanks to its groups of experts such as those of CEDRE and of the port of Marseilles.
OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING AT NAVY SHORE ACTIVITIES
Authors: Biggers Rebecca L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill contingency planning at U.S. Navy shore activities focuses on the Navy oil spill contingency plan format. The format is designed to provide quick response in the event of an emergency. The plan lays out response information up front, with support information provided in appendixes. Each high-risk site has a response section with a map and corresponding text. The plan is developed under the guidance of a committee to ensure that response requirements are coordinated.
THE EFFICIENCY OF ELASTOMERS IN OIL SPILL CLEANUP
Authors: Waters Paul , Hadermann Albert F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When ultrahigh molecular weight elastomers are dissolved in hydrocarbon liquids the resulting solutions become highly cohesive under tensile stress. The effect increases with increasing molecular weight and concentration of the polymer, decreasing temperature, and increasing viscosity of the liquid. The benefits derived from using ultrahigh molecular weight elastomers in oil spill response and removal activities are: increased resistance to spreading, automatic separation of oil and water at the skimmer, and increased capacity of skimmer devices. In general, these benefits translate into reduced labor, transportation, storage or disposal costs.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL AND NATURAL DISPERSABILITY OF OIL
Authors: Fingas Mervin F. , Bobra Mark A. , Velicogna Ronald K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
We have reviewed the laboratory testing of the chemical and natural dispersion of oil, noting the weaknesses of the Mackay test and comparing it to other methods. Results of both chemical and natural dispersion tests show that anomalous test results are produced in the Mackay apparatus at 0° C. This is attributed to preferential viscous shearing when the oil viscosity is 30 to 200 centistokes (cs). A new test uses a small swirling flask. Dispersant effectiveness results for ten oils from the Mackay, Labofina, and swirling flask tests were compared and the correlation found to be low. Results from the new swirling flask test correlate well with physical property data, especially viscosity. Each laboratory test produces somewhat unique results, and no way has yet been found to determine which test most accurately represents reality.