bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventing Ischial Pressure Ulcers: I. Review of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
Authors: Kaplan Hilton M. , Loeb Gerald E. 
Published: March 2015

Objective:Pressure ulcers (PUs) are common and debilitating wounds that arise when immobilized patients cannot shift their weight. Treatment is expensive and recurrence rates are high. Pathophysiological mechanisms include reduced bulk and perfusion of chronically atrophic muscles as well as prolonged occlusion of blood flow to soft tissues from lack of voluntary postural shifting of body weight. This has suggested that PUs might be prevented by reanimating the paralyzed muscles using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). A review of the published literature over the past 2 decades is detailed.Outcomes:Historically gluteus maximus (GM) has been an important target for NMES, but results have been difficult to interpret and suitable technology has been lacking.Conclusions:NMES of the buttock muscles appears to be valuable in terms of its trophic effects, improving vascularity and soft tissue bulk. It remains unclear, however, whether GM can actually achieve sufficient unloading of normal forces to permit blood flow in the capillary beds of the skin and muscle. Analysis of the skeletal biomechanics is required to assess the relative value of GM vs. hamstring (HS) hip extensors in this regard.
Recent Observations in Surface Electromyography Recording of Triceps Brachii Muscle in Patients and Athletes
Authors: Asraf Ali Md. , Sundaraj Kenneth , Badlishah Ahmad R. , Ahamed Nizam Uddin , Anamul Islam Md. 
Published: March 2015

Objective: To observe and analyse the literature on the use of surface electromyography electrodes, including the shape, size, and metal composition of the electrodes used, the interelectrode distance, and the anatomical locations on the muscle at which the electrodes are placed, for the observation of the triceps brachii muscle activity in patients and athletes.Methods: We searched the ScienceDirect and SpringerLink online databases for articles published in the English language during the last six years (between January 2008 and December 2013). We specifically searched for the keywords “EMG” and “triceps brachii” in the full text of each of the articles. The inclusion criteria were articles on the use of surface electromyography electrodes to observe the activity of the triceps brachii muscle in patients and athletes.Results: In the 23 selected articles, the activities of the triceps brachii muscle in a total of 402 subjects were measured using surface electromyography electrodes: 262 subjects in the studies that focused on the rehabilitation of patients with various disorders, and 140 subjects in the studies that focused on the sports performance of various athletes. To record the surface electromyography activity of the triceps brachii muscle, the electrodes were placed over the muscle belly or the three heads (lateral, long, and medial) of the triceps brachii muscle with diverse interelectrode distances. Seventeen studies used bipolar or triode silver/silver chloride electrodes, one study utilised bipolar gold electrodes, one study applied bipolar polycarbonate electrodes, one study used a linear array of four silver bar electrodes, one study utilised DELSYS parallel bar nickel silver electrodes, and two studies did not clearly mention the composition of the electrodes used.Conclusions: Bipolar silver/silver chloride circular-shaped electrodes are utilised more frequently than electrodes with a different metal composition and shape. The anatomical locations of the triceps brachii muscle that mainly considered for electrode placement are the lateral, long, and medial heads. A 10-mm electrode size is commonly used to measure the sEMG activity more efficiently. However, we found that an electrode size of up to 40 mm may be used to reliably measure the sEMG activity on the triceps brachii muscle. A 20-mm interelectrode distance is commonly used to measure the sEMG activity using the above mentioned muscle locations and silver/silver chloride electrodes. We also identified others factors that should be taken into account for the use of the sEMG recording technique on the triceps brachii under real-time conditions.
TH-302 in Combination with Radiotherapy Enhances the Therapeutic Outcome and Is Associated with Pretreatment [18F]HX4 Hypoxia PET Imaging
Authors: Peeters Sarah G.J.A. , Zegers Catharina M.L. , Biemans Rianne , Lieuwes Natasja G. , van Stiphout Ruud G.P.M. , Yaromina Ala , Sun Jessica D. , Hart Charles P. , Windhorst Albert D. , van Elmpt Wouter , Dubois Ludwig J. , Lambin Philippe 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Purpose: Conventional anticancer treatments are often impaired by the presence of hypoxia. TH-302 selectively targets hypoxic tumor regions, where it is converted into a cytotoxic agent. This study assessed the efficacy of the combination treatment of TH-302 and radiotherapy in two preclinical tumor models. The effect of oxygen modification on the combination treatment was evaluated and the effect of TH-302 on the hypoxic fraction (HF) was monitored using [18F]HX4-PET imaging and pimonidazole IHC stainings.
Experimental Design: Rhabdomyosarcoma R1 and H460 NSCLC tumor-bearing animals were treated with TH-302 and radiotherapy (8 Gy, single dose). The tumor oxygenation status was altered by exposing animals to carbogen (95% oxygen) and nicotinamide, 21% or 7% oxygen breathing during the course of the treatment. Tumor growth and treatment toxicity were monitored until the tumor reached four times its start volume (T4×SV).
Results: Both tumor models showed a growth delay after TH-302 treatment, which further increased when combined with radiotherapy (enhancement ratio rhabdomyosarcoma 1.23; H460 1.49). TH-302 decreases the HF in both models, consistent with its hypoxia-targeting mechanism of action. Treatment efficacy was dependent on tumor oxygenation; increasing the tumor oxygen status abolished the effect of TH-302, whereas enhancing the HF enlarged TH-302′s therapeutic effect. An association was observed in rhabdomyosarcoma tumors between the pretreatment HF as measured by [18F]HX4-PET imaging and the T4×SV.
Conclusions: The combination of TH-302 and radiotherapy is promising and warrants clinical testing, preferably guided by the companion biomarker [18F]HX4 hypoxia PET imaging for patient selection. Clin Cancer Res; 21(13); 2984–92. ©2015 AACR.
Nrf2 Activation Protects against Solar-Simulated Ultraviolet Radiation in Mice and Humans
Authors: Knatko Elena V. , Ibbotson Sally H. , Zhang Ying , Higgins Maureen , Fahey Jed W. , Talalay Paul , Dawe Robert S. , Ferguson James , Huang Jeffrey T.-J. , Clarke Rosemary , Zheng Suqing , Saito Akira , Kalra Sukirti , Benedict Andrea L. , Honda Tadashi , Proby Charlotte M. , Dinkova-Kostova Albena T. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 determines the ability to adapt and survive under conditions of electrophilic, oxidative, and inflammatory stress by regulating the expression of elaborate networks comprising nearly 500 genes encoding proteins with versatile cytoprotective functions. In mice, disruption of Nrf2 increases susceptibility to carcinogens and accelerates disease pathogenesis. Paradoxically, Nrf2 is upregulated in established human tumors, but whether this upregulation drives carcinogenesis is not known. Here we show that the incidence, multiplicity, and burden of solar-simulated UV radiation–mediated cutaneous tumors that form in SKH-1 hairless mice in which Nrf2 is genetically constitutively activated are lower than those that arise in their wild-type counterparts. Pharmacologic Nrf2 activation by topical biweekly applications of small (40 nmol) quantities of the potent bis(cyano enone) inducer TBE-31 has a similar protective effect against solar-simulated UV radiation in animals receiving long-term treatment with the immunosuppressive agent azathioprine. Genetic or pharmacologic Nrf2 activation lowers the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors IL6 and IL1β, and COX2 after acute exposure of mice to UV radiation. In healthy human subjects, topical applications of extracts delivering the Nrf2 activator sulforaphane reduced the degree of solar-simulated UV radiation–induced skin erythema, a quantifiable surrogate endpoint for cutaneous damage and skin cancer risk. Collectively, these data show that Nrf2 is not a driver for tumorigenesis even upon exposure to a very potent and complete carcinogen and strongly suggest that the frequent activation of Nrf2 in established human tumors is a marker of metabolic adaptation. Cancer Prev Res; 8(6); 475–86. ©2015 AACR.
Association of a 62 Variants Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score With Markers of Subclinical Atherosclerosis
Authors: Dauriz Marco , Porneala Bianca C. , Guo Xiuqing , Bielak Lawrence F. , Peyser Patricia A. , Durant Nefertiti H. , Carnethon Mercedes R. , Bonadonna Riccardo C. , Bonora Enzo , Bowden Donald W. , Florez Jose C. , Fornage Myriam , Hivert Marie-France , Jacobs David R. , Kabagambe Edmond K. , Lewis Cora E. , Murabito Joanne M. , Rasmussen-Torvik Laura J. , Rich Stephen S. , Vassy Jason L. , Yao Jie , Carr Jeffrey J. , Kardia Sharon L.R. , Siscovick David , O’Donnell Christopher J. , Rotter Jerome I. , Dupuis Josée , Meigs James B. 
Published: March 2015

Background—
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and cardiovascular disease share risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis (SCA) predicts events in those with and without diabetes mellitus. T2D genetic risk may predict both T2D and SCA. We hypothesized that greater T2D genetic risk is associated with higher extent of SCA.

Methods and Results—

In a cross-sectional analysis, including ≤9210 European Americans, 3773 African Americans, 1446 Hispanic Americans, and 773 Chinese Americans without known cardiovascular disease and enrolled in the Framingham Heart Study, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy studies, we tested a 62 T2D-loci genetic risk score for association with measures of SCA, including coronary artery or abdominal aortic calcium score, common and internal carotid artery intima-media thickness, and ankle-brachial index. We used ancestry-stratified linear regression models, with random effects accounting for family relatedness when appropriate, applying a genetic-only (adjusted for sex) and a full SCA risk factors–adjusted model (significance,
P
<0.01=0.05/5, number of traits analyzed). An inverse association with coronary artery calcium score in Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Europeans (fully-adjusted
P
=0.004) and with common carotid artery intima-media thickness in the Framingham Heart Study (
P
=0.009) was not confirmed in other study cohorts, either separately or in meta-analysis. Secondary analyses showed no consistent associations with β-cell and insulin resistance genetic risk sub-scores in the Framingham Heart Study and in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults.

Conclusions—
SCA does not have a major genetic component linked to a burden of 62 T2D loci identified by large genome-wide association studies. A shared T2D-SCA genetic basis, if any, might become apparent from better functional information about both T2D and cardiovascular disease risk loci.
Production of Near-Surface Vertical Vorticity by Idealized Downdrafts
Authors: Parker Matthew D. , Dahl Johannes M. L. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This study uses an idealized heat sink to examine the possible roles of the wind profile in modulating the production of surface vertical vorticity by a downdraft. The basic vorticity evolution in these idealized simulations is consistent with previous work: the process is primarily baroclinic and produces near-ground vertical vorticity within the outflow. Sensitivity experiments affirm that the only fundamental requirement for downdrafts to produce surface vertical vorticity is the existence of ambient downdraft-relative flow. Vertical vorticity production increases monotonically as the low-level downdraft-relative flow increases from zero up through intermediate values (in these experiments, 10–15 m s−1), followed by a monotonic decrease for greater values. This sensitivity has to do with the degree of cooling acquired by parcels as they pass through the idealized heat sink as well as the degree to which horizontal vorticity vectors subsequently attain an orientation that is normal to isosurfaces of vertical velocity. Although the addition of vertical wind shear is not directly helpful to surface vertical vorticity production in these simulations, increased realism of outflow structure is attained in hodographs with ambient streamwise vorticity. Furthermore, the necessary condition of flow through a region of downdraft forcing would in nature probably require the existence of ambient vertical shear. Therefore, shear in the lower troposphere has a possibly important indirect role in modulating the initial production of near-ground rotation.
2014 Rossi Award Lecture
Authors: Orr Larry L. 
Published: March 2015

Background: For much of the last 40 years, the evaluation profession has been consumed in a battle over internal validity. Today, that battle has been decided. Random assignment, while still far from universal in practice, is almost universally acknowledged as the preferred method for impact evaluation. It is time for the profession to shift its attention to the remaining major flaws in the “standard model” of evaluation: (i) external validity and (ii) the high cost and low hit rate of experimental evaluations as currently practiced. Recommendations: To raise the profession’s attention to external validity, the author recommends some simple, easy steps to be taken in every evaluation. The author makes two recommendations to increase the number of interventions found to be effective within existing resources: First, a two-stage evaluation strategy in which a cheap, streamlined Stage 1 evaluation is followed by a more intensive Stage 2 evaluation only for those interventions found to be effective in a Stage 1 trial and, second, use of random assignment to guide the myriad program management decisions that must be made in the course of routine program operations. This article is not intended as a solution to these issues: It is intended to stimulate the evaluation community to take these issues more seriously and to develop innovative solutions.
The effects of compression gloves on hand symptoms and hand function in rheumatoid arthritis and hand osteoarthritis: a systematic review
Authors: Hammond Alison , Jones Vivienne , Prior Yeliz 
Published: March 2015

Objective: to evaluate the effects of compression gloves in adults with rheumatoid arthritis and hand osteoarthritis. Data sources: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials identified from MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, PEDro, OT Seeker, The Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Knowledge, Science Direct and PubMed from their inceptions to January 2015. Review methods: Methodological quality of identified trials was evaluated using the PEDro scale by three independent assessors. Effects were summarized descriptively. Results: Four trials ( n=8-24; total n=74), comparing night wear of full-length finger compression gloves with placebo gloves, were assessed. Three were of moderate (PEDro score 4-5) and one low (score 3) methodological quality. Effect sizes or standardized mean differences could not be calculated to compare trials due to poor data reporting. In rheumatoid arthritis, finger joint swelling was significantly reduced, but results for pain and stiffness were inconclusive and no differences in grip strength and dexterity were identified. One study reported similar effects in pain, stiffness and finger joint swelling from both compression and thermal placebo gloves. Only one study evaluated gloves in hand osteoarthritis ( n=5) with no differences. Conclusions: All the trials identified were small with a high risk of Type I and II errors. Evidence for the effectiveness of compression gloves worn at night is inconclusive in rheumatoid arthritis and hand osteoarthritis.
Breastfeeding Supportive Hospital Practices in the US Differ by County Urbanization Level
Authors: Allen Jessica A. , Perrine Cria G. , Scanlon Kelley S. 
Published: March 2015

Background: Breastfeeding rates are lower among infants living in rural areas of the United States, yet there are limited data on whether hospital breastfeeding support differs between rural and urban areas. Objective: This study aimed to describe whether maternity care practices supportive of breastfeeding vary by level of urbanization. Methods: We linked data from the 2007, 2009, and 2011 Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) surveys with Rural-Urban Continuum Codes to categorize hospital counties as metropolitan urbanized, nonmetropolitan urbanized, less urbanized, and thinly populated. Results: From 2007 to 2011, the average hospital mPINC score, a composite quality score ranging from 0 to 100, increased from 64 to 71 in metropolitan urbanized counties and from 54 to 65 in thinly populated areas. Scores were lowest in thinly populated counties in 2007 and 2009 and in less urbanized counties in 2011. Examination of 2011 mPINC scores by 7 domains of care revealed that hospitals in less urbanized counties had lower scores than those in metropolitan urbanized counties for feeding of breastfed infants, breastfeeding assistance, staff training, and structural and organizational aspects of care delivery; for 3 of these practices, scores were 10 or more points lower—breastfeeding assistance, structural and organizational aspects of care, and staff training. In contrast, hospitals in thinly populated areas had higher scores than in metropolitan areas for mother–infant contact and facility discharge care; differences were less than 10 points. Conclusion: Interventions that specifically target rural hospitals may reduce the gap in access to hospital maternity care practices supportive of breastfeeding by population density.
Monocyte CD64 expression as a novel biomarker for the disease activity of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kikuchi-Taura A , Yura A , Tsuji S , Ohshima S , Kitatoube A , Shimizu T , Nii T , Katayama M , Teshigawara S , Yoshimura M , Kudo-Tanaka E , Harada Y , Matsushita M , Hashimoto J , Saeki Y 
Published: March 2015

Objective Interferon alpha (IFN-α) is a key cytokine associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). IFN-α induces the expression of CD64 on monocytes (mCD64). Although enhanced mCD64 expression has been reported in patients with SLE, it has never been assessed quantitatively. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not mCD64 expression correlates with SLE disease activity. Methods The mCD64 expression levels were assessed quantitatively in 40 patients with active or inactive SLE by using flow cytometry. The mCD64 expression levels were subsequently compared with the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) and levels of existing SLE activity biomarkers, such as anti-DNA antibody, complements, and so on. Results The mCD64 expression was significantly higher in active disease than in inactive disease SLE (median molecules/cell, interquartile range: 34,648, 8174–24,932 and 20,865, 6357–21,503, respectively; p < 0.001). The levels of mCD64 expression strongly correlated with SLEDAI ( r = 0.68, p < 0.001). Conclusion The mCD64 expression is a simple and useful biomarker for evaluating disease activity in patients with SLE.
Setting Conditions for Productive Debriefing
Authors: Der Sahakian Guillaume , Alinier Guillaume , Savoldelli Georges , Oriot Denis , Jaffrelot Morgan , Lecomte François 
Published: March 2015

Background. Debriefing is a fundamental step in simulation, particularly in the medical field. Simulation sometimes even serves as a pretext for debriefing. Most often, debriefing takes place easily, producing a qualitative feedback and an optimal learning transfer. But sometimes, the facilitator faces difficulties. An unproductive debriefing can be described as follows: the debriefing of a clinical simulation session is unproductive when facilitators or learners perceive the occurrence of an obstacle that has hindered the learning process. Objectives & method. Considering the difficulties encountered in this type of debriefing, we believe it is necessary to investigate the topic in depth in order to bring out some theoretical principles. Based on a Nominal Group Technique involving the authors of this article, this project aimed at drawing up and proposing informed recommendations for ensuring productive debriefing in simulation-based education in healthcare. Results. The authors make the following recommendations: Reflect on your own performances as an instructor (asking for feedback from the learners and peers, and being appropriately trained as an instructor who can facilitate learning) Establish simulation ground rules (preparing and briefing the learners before the simulation experience, controlling the timing of the simulation session and the quality of the scenarios) Manage unexpected events and intended learning objectives by using a confederate during scenarios. Respect the steps of the debriefing process and good practice recommendations regarding learning psychology. Maintain the balance between emotion and teaching by decontextualizing the experience from the participants during the debriefing. Manage the input from the peers during the debriefing so they do not antagonise the learning process. Conclusion. Six key recommendations are proposed. They have been deemed as core skills required of every simulation facilitator to prepare for productive debriefing and so the set learning objectives of a simulation session can be achieved successfully.
Effect of bilingualism on anticipatory oculomotor control
Authors: Singh Jay Prakash , Mishra Ramesh Kumar 
Published: March 2015

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: In this study we examined whether highly proficient bilinguals with superior proficiency in L2 have higher anticipatory control in the oculomotor domain compared to low proficiency bilinguals. Design/methodology/approach: We examined this in a task that had no conflict and did not require inhibitory control for target discrimination. Participants were instructed to programme a saccade towards a target only when the colour of the starting circle changed from one colour to another. Therefore to be fast, as well as accurate, participants should have prepared saccades in anticipation of this task. The task was simple enough to extract anticipatory behaviour in the oculomotor domain. Data and analysis: Thirty high proficiency and thirty low proficiency Hindi–English bilinguals participated in this study. We calculated saccade latency and also the number of anticipatory saccades in an eye-tracking study. Apart from this we did regression analysis to examine if language proficiency predicted anticipatory control. Findings/conclusions: Highly proficient bilinguals were overall faster compared to the less proficient bilinguals. Additionally, highly proficient bilinguals also made a greater number of anticipatory saccades than the low proficiency group. L2 proficiency also significantly correlated with saccade latency as well as with the number of anticipatory saccades. These results thus demonstrate that higher proficiency in language use leads to better anticipatory control in the oculomotor domain. Originality: This is the first study that shows the effect of language proficiency on anticipatory control in the oculomotor domain. Significance/implications: The results have significance for theories related to bilingualism and its effects on action control.