bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmaceutical Cost Savings of Treating Obesity with Weight Loss Medications
Authors: Greenway Frank L. , Ryan Donna H. , Bray George A. , Rood Jennifer C. , Tucker Elizabeth W. , Smith Steven R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGREENWAY, FRANK L., DONNA H. RYAN, GEORGE A. BRAY, JENNIFER C. ROOD, ELIZABETH W. TUCKER, AND STEVEN R. SMITH. Pharmaceutical cost savings of treating obesity with weight loss medications. Obes Res.Objective: To evaluate, in compliant patients, the pharmaceutical costs of treating obesity with fenfluraminel/mazindol, fenfluramine/phentermine, caffeine/ephedrine, or mazindol relative to the pharmaceutical costs of treating obesity‐related comorbid conditions and reducing cardiovascular risk.Methods and Procedures: Subjects were between 18 and 60 years of age with a BMI of >30 kg/m2. Pharmaceutical costs were evaluated in 73 of 220 subjects taking medications for diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or hypertension before and after treatment using fenfluramine with mazindol or phentermine. The pharmaceutical cost of weight loss, cardiac risk reduction, and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol reduction was calculated for fenfluramine with mazindol or phentermine, caffeine with ephedrine, or mazindol alone, and compared to approved lipid‐lowering medications.Results: Losses of 6% to 10% of initial body weight reduced pharmacy costs $122. 64/month for insulin treated diabetes, $42. 92/month for sulfonylurea‐treated diabetes, $61. O7/month for hyperlipidemia treated with medication, and $0. 20/month for hypertension treated with medication. Blood pressure and laboratory evidence of insulin resistance improved in all medication groups. Caffeine/ephedrine was most cost‐effective of the three treatments in reducing weight, cardiac risk, and LDL cholesterol.Discussion: Obesity medications produced a substantial weight loss in compliant patients and resulted in a net pharmaceutical cost savings compared to treating obesity related comorbid conditions.
Biologic Response to Peripheral and Central Administration of Recombinant Human Leptin in Dogs
Authors: LeBel Carl , Bourdeau Amy , Lau David , Hunt Pamela 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLEBEL, CARL, AMY BOURDEAU, DAVID LAU, AND PAMELA HUNT. Biologic response to peripheral and central administration of recombinant human leptin in dogs. Obes Res.Objective: Because leptin is believed to act within the central nervous system, the objective of this study was to test that presumption by comparing the biologic responses to recombinant human leptin (rHuLeptin) when delivered either subcutaneously or intrathecally in a large animal species, the beagle dog.Methods and Procedures: Adult beagle dogs were used for all studies (n = 3 to 14). Treatment with rHuLeptin was either as daily subcutaneous or intermittent intrathecal injections.Results: Subcutaneously administered rHuLeptin was absorbed with peak concentrations appearing at 2 to 4 hours. After intrathecal administration, cerebral spinal fluid concentrations declined in a bi‐phasic manner with a terminal half‐life of −6 to 8 hours. When lean beagles were given leptin subcutaneously, at 0. 05 to 5 gkglday for up to 6 months, reductions in body weight (up to 30%) and food intake (up to 75%) were observed. Body fat loss was observed in both lean and obese dogs, and confirmed by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry and histology of adipose tissue. When rHuleptin was delivered intrathecally at 4 to 1000 μg/dose for up to 3 months, the primary effects observed were reductions in body weight and food intake. In general all findings reported in the intrathecal studies were consistent with those noted in the subcutaneous studies; however, the required intrathecal dose was substantially lower than that for subcutaneous delivery.Discussion: These studies demonstrate that both subcutaneous and intrathecal treatment of rHuLeptin was associated with effects on body weight, food intake, and body fat in dogs. These results support the concept that the central nervous system is the probable primary site of action for leptin and suggest that rHuLeptin has similar physiologic activities that influence body weight, body fat, and metabolism in large animals to those reported previously in rodents.
Differences in Fat, Carbohydrate, and Protein Metabolism between Lean and Obese Subjects Undergoing Total Starvation
Authors: Elia M. , Stubbs R. J. , Henry C. J. K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractELIA, M., R. J. STUBBS, AND C. J. K. HENRY. Differences in fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism between lean and obese subjects undergoing total starvation. Obes Res.Despite extensive experimental studies on total starvation, many of the findings relating to protein, fat (plus ketone body), and carbohydrate metabolism remain confusing, although they become more consistent when considered in relation to the degree of initial obesity. During prolonged starvation, protein loss and percent energy derived from protein oxidation are 2‐ to 3‐fold less in the obese than in the lean; percent urine N excreted as urea is 2‐fold less in the obese; and the contribution of protein to net glucose production is only about half in the obese compared to lean subjects. During short‐term starvation (first few days) the following differences are reported: hyperketonaemia is typically 2‐fold greater in lean subjects, but associated with a 2‐fold lower uptake of ketone bodies by forearm muscle; glucose tolerance becomes impaired more in lean subjects; and both protein turnover and leucine oxidation increase in the lean, but may show no significant change in the obese. It is no longer acceptable to describe the metabolic response to starvation as a single typical response. The differences between lean and obese subjects have important physiological implications, some of which are of obvious relevance to survival.
Clinical and Economic Burden of Opioid Use for Postsurgical Pain: Focus on Ventilatory Impairment and Ileus
Authors: Barletta Jeffrey F. 
Published: September 2012

Opioid‐related adverse drug events (ORADEs) can have a significant impact on patient recovery after surgery. This review investigates the impact of two ORADEs, respiratory depression and postoperative ileus (POI), on clinical and economic outcomes. Opioid‐induced ventilatory impairment is a potentially serious ORADE that can result in apnea and even death. The incidence of ventilatory impairment is approximately 1%, even among patients receiving opioids using patient‐controlled analgesia. Costs are increased in patients treated with opioids who are at high risk of ventilatory impairment due to the need for more intensive monitoring from nursing staff and the use of alarmed monitoring equipment. Opioids, together with other factors, contribute to the development of POI through a direct effect on gut motility. Postoperative ileus has been shown to significantly increase hospital length of stay and cost of care. A key determinant of ileus development, as well as length of stay and costs, is postsurgical opioid dose. Data from a retrospective analysis show that a daily hydromorphone dose of 2 mg/day markedly increases the risk of POI. In addition, although the incidence of POI is reduced in patients who undergo laparoscopic surgery or hand‐assisted laparoscopic surgery compared with open surgery, the reduction of POI can potentially be negated by excessive opioid use. Therefore, multimodal, opioid‐sparing strategies should be explored and used to reduce severe ORADEs and improve outcomes in the surgical setting.
Relationships between physiological indicators in blood, and their yield, as well as chemical composition of milk obtained from organic dairy cows
Authors: Sakowski Tomasz , Kuczyńska Beata , Puppel Kamila , Metera Ewa , Słoniewski Krzysztof , Barszczewski Jerzy 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe occurrence of metabolic overload in cows maintained in organic herds is very likely, because organic production promotes feeding with high roughage diets and discourages supplementation with concentrates supplementation. It has the potential to negatively affect milk quality. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of physiological indicators in blood, reflecting the energy metabolism and liver status of dairy cows kept in organic herds, on the content of bioactive components in milk and the influence of lactation stage and feeding season on changes in milk components.ResultsA significant positive correlation was found between β‐hydroxybutyric acid and the daily milk yield of lactating cows. β‐Hydroxybutyric acid was negatively correlated with lactation phase and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as saturated fatty acids content in milk. A significant negative correlation was observed between average daily milk yield and alanine aminotransferase concentration in blood. A low level of production in organic farms had a positive impact on the content of conjugated linoleic acid (20% increase), vitamin A (21% increase) and vitamin E (11% increase).ConclusionThe study has shown significant correlations between metabolic profiles and milk yields, as well as milk composition. In addition, there is evidence that the intensity of the production system significantly influences the metabolic profile and chemical composition of cow's milk. It could even be concluded that the ecological system affects not only the quality of milk, but also the health of cows. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
The growth performance of Jade Tiger cultured abalone fed diets supplemented with fish oil and vegetable oils
Authors: Mateos Hintsa T , Lewandowski Paul A , Su Xiao Q 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe effects of fish oil (FO) supplementation and the dietary replacement of FO with flaxseed oil (FlaxO) and canola oil (CO) on the growth of cultured abalone was investigated. The study involved three growth experiments: (E1) diets containing 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% of FO, respectively; (E2) diets in which FO was serially replaced by 25, 50, 75 and 100% FlaxO, respectively; and (E3) diets in which FO was serially replaced by 25, 50, 75 and 100% CO, respectively.ResultsIn Experiment 1, abalone fed a diet supplemented with 1.5% FO showed a significantly higher (121.2 ± 1.1 mg day−1) daily growth rate of weight (DGRw) compared to control (70.1 ± 1.71 mg day−1). In Experiment 2, abalone fed 1.5% FO diet and diets containing 25–75% FlaxO showed no significant differences in DGRw. The diet containing 100% FlaxO showed significantly lower (63.3 ± 6.7 mg day−1) DGRw. In Experiment 3, abalone fed diets containing 25% and 50% CO showed similar DGRw as those fed a 1.5% FO diet. The diet containing 75% and 100% CO showed significantly lower (63.7 ± 5.0 to 95.4 ± 5.1 mg day−1) DGRw.ConclusionSupplementation with 1.5% of dietary FO can improve growth performance in cultured abalone. It is feasible to replace 75% of dietary FO with FlaxO and 50% of dietary FO with CO, without negative effect on growth performance.
Systematic Review and UK‐Based Study of PARK2 (parkin), PINK1, PARK7 (DJ‐1) and LRRK2 in early‐onset Parkinson's disease
Authors: Kilarski Laura L. , Pearson Justin P. , Newsway Victoria , Majounie Elisa , Knipe M. Duleeka W. , Misbahuddin Anjum , Chinnery Patrick F. , Burn David J. , Clarke Carl E. , Marion Marie‐Helene , Lewthwaite Alistair J. , Nicholl David J. , Wood Nicholas W. , Morrison Karen E. , Williams‐Gray Caroline H. , Evans Jonathan R. , Sawcer Stephen J. , Barker Roger A. , Wickremaratchi Mirdhu M. , Ben‐Shlomo Yoav , Williams Nigel M. , Morris Huw R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractApproximately 3.6% of patients with Parkinson's disease develop symptoms before age 45. Early‐onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) patients have a higher familial recurrence risk than late‐onset patients, and 3 main recessive EOPD genes have been described. We aimed to establish the prevalence of mutations in these genes in a UK cohort and in previous studies. We screened 136 EOPD probands from a high‐ascertainment regional and community‐based prevalence study for pathogenic mutations in PARK2 (parkin), PINK1, PARK7 (DJ‐1), and exon 41 of LRRK2. We also carried out a systematic review, calculating the proportion of cases with pathogenic mutations in previously reported studies. We identified 5 patients with pathogenic PARK2, 1 patient with PINK1, and 1 with LRRK2 mutations. The rate of mutations overall was 5.1%. Mutations were more common in patients with age at onset (AAO) < 40 (9.5%), an affected first‐degree relative (6.9%), an affected sibling (28.6%), or parental consanguinity (50%). In our study EOPD mutation carriers were more likely to present with rigidity and dystonia, and 6 of 7 mutation carriers had lower limb symptoms at onset. Our systematic review included information from >5800 unique cases. Overall, the weighted mean proportion of cases with PARK2 (parkin), PINK1, and PARK7 (DJ‐1) mutations was 8.6%, 3.7%, and 0.4%, respectively. PINK1 mutations were more common in Asian subjects. The overall frequency of mutations in known EOPD genes was lower than previously estimated. Our study shows an increased likelihood of mutations in patients with lower AAO, family history, or parental consanguinity. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society.
The keys to university–community engagement sustainability
Authors: Clifford David , Petrescu Claudia 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFor universities to create beneficial and sustainable engagement with the community requires attention to three dimensions: internal (politics, organizational dynamics, and culture interior to the university); external (relationships and dynamics of the community, management of power and resource imbalances, and development of a community identity); and personal (the psychology, competencies, and career issues of the faculty). Sustainable types of engagement are those that lead to valued capacity building for the community and positively address each dimension. We offer illustrations of the challenges and strategies for building successful university–community relationships.
A Numerical Calibration Approach to Obtain Cutting Fluid Droplet Sizes in a Turning Process via an Imaging System
Authors: Ju Chuanxi , Michalek Donna J. , Sutherland John W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAirborne inhalable particulate in the workplace can represent a significant health hazard, and one of the primary sources of particles is mist produced through the application of cutting fluids in machining operations. The atomization process is one of the principal mechanisms associated with cutting fluid mist formation and generates droplets from fifty to a few thousand micrometers in size. These particles subsequently undergo vaporization and settling effects resulting in an aerosol to which workers may be exposed. While a variety of equipment is available to characterize the fine particulate in the breathing zone, standard equipment to measure the size of the atomized droplets is not available. In this paper, an imaging system is employed to characterize the large droplets produced by atomization in turning. One of the drawbacks of such a system is the time‐consuming experimental calibration procedure that is required to improve the accuracy of the droplet size measurements and extend the depth of field of the imaging system. With this in mind, an approach is introduced to predict droplet diameter based on measurement data without physical system calibration. The relationship between the actual diameter and the measured diameter is established based on an imaging system simulation model that includes a three dimensional point spread function and an image formation relationship grounded in the principles of geometric optics. These two components are combined using convolution integral theory to derive an image intensity profile. The introduction of halo width into the simulation greatly extends the image depth of field, which is a critical factor in capturing more droplets in one image and also minimizing particle size distribution bias towards larger droplets. The model predicts droplet diameter as a function of measured diameter and halo width. Model behavior of predicted diameters from the simulation compares well with those from a physical calibration of the system. The numerical calibration model is then used in the study of cutting fluid atomization in a turning process, and the measured droplet size distribution compares favorably with droplet sizes predicted by a mechanistic atomization model.
A Novel Method for Inhalation Control of Workplace Anthropogenic Pollutant Particles
Authors: Ali Mohammed 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis in vitro study investigated electrically charging effect on the deposition of inhaled workplace anthropogenic pollutant particles (APP) in a hollow throat cast model. Many occupational lung diseases are associated with exposure to workplace dust particles and other pollutants. Since the human throat is an effective filter, this study devised a novel idea of charging particles, and studying their deposition in the throat. Simulated workplace aerosol particles were generated from a commercially available nebulizer, and charged by a corona charger. Charged and uncharged particles were allowed to pass through a polyester resin cast of cadaver based throat, a replicate of a human oropharyngeal region. The aerosol particles' size and charge distribution were characterized by an Electronic Single Particle Aerodynamic Relaxation Time (ESPART) analyzer before and after passing the throat cast. The ESPART operates on the principle of Laser Doppler Velocimetry to measure simultaneously aerodynamic diameter and electrostatic charge on a single particle basis and in real time. The study results revealed that electrically charging increased agglomeration of smaller particles and increased deposition. Deposition of charged particles increased with increasing particle size which can be explained as the effect of inertial impaction.
Dominated rejection algorithms for generating random variates
Authors: Hall Timothy 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis focus article presents a practical modified version of the von Neumann dominated rejection method for generating univariate random variates using a distribution density function, a uniform variate over a finite interval, and an independent uniform variate over the unit interval. An example generated variate from the normal distribution family is included for demonstration purposes. WIREs Comput Stat 2012, 4:561–564. doi: 10.1002/wics.1230This article is categorized under:

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Algorithms
Applications of Computational Statistics > Computational Mathematics
Algorithms and Computational Methods > Random Number Generation
TAPP or TEP? Population‐Based Analysis of Prospective Data on 4,552 Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair
Authors: Gass Markus , Banz Vanessa M. , Rosella Laura , Adamina Michel , Candinas Daniel , Güller Ulrich 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundWhether total extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (TEP) is associated with worse outcomes than transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (TAPP) continues to be a matter of debate. The objective of this large cohort study is to compare outcomes between patients undergoing TEP or TAPP.MethodsBased on prospective data of the Swiss association of laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery, all patients undergoing unilateral TEP or TAPP between 1995 and 2006 were included. The following outcomes were compared: conversion rates, intraoperative and postoperative complications, duration of operation.ResultsData on 4,552 patients undergoing TEP (n = 3,457) and TAPP (n = 1,095) were collected prospectively. Average age and American Society of Anesthesiologists score were similar in the two groups. Patients undergoing TEP had a significantly higher rate of intraoperative complications (TEP 1.9 % vs. TAPP 0.9 %, p = 0.029) and surgical postoperative complications (TEP: 2.3 % vs. TAPP: 0.8 %, p = 0.003). The postoperative length of stay was longer for patients undergoing TAPP (2.9 vs. 2.3 days, p = 0.002), whereas the duration of the operation was longer for TEP (66.6 vs. 59.0 min, p < 0.001) and the conversion rate was higher (TEP 1.0 % vs. TAPP 0.2 %, p = 0.011).ConclusionsThis study is one of the first population‐based analyses comparing TEP and TAPP in a prospective cohort of more than 4,500 patients. Intraoperative and surgical postoperative complications were significantly higher in patients undergoing TEP. TEP is also associated with longer operating times and higher conversion rates. Therefore, on a population‐based level, the TAPP technique appears to be superior to the TEP repair in patients undergoing unilateral inguinal hernia repair.
Apparent low ability of liver and muscle to adapt to variation of dietary carbohydrate:protein ratio in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Skiba-Cassy Sandrine , Panserat Stéphane , Larquier Mélanie , Dias Karine , Surget Anne , Plagnes-Juan Elisabeth , Kaushik Sadasivam , Seiliez Iban 
Published: September 2012

The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exhibits high dietary amino acid requirements and an apparent inefficiency to use dietary carbohydrates. Using this species, we investigated the metabolic consequences of long-term high carbohydrates/low protein feeding. Fish were fed two experimental diets containing either 20 % carbohydrates/50 % proteins (C20P50), or high levels of carbohydrates at the expense of proteins (35 % carbohydrates/35 % proteins – C35P35). The expression of genes related to hepatic and muscle glycolysis (glucokinase (GK), pyruvate kinase and hexokinase) illustrates the poor utilisation of carbohydrates irrespective of their dietary levels. The increased postprandial GK activity and the absence of inhibition of the gluconeogenic enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase activity support the hypothesis of the existence of a futile cycle around glucose phosphorylation extending postprandial hyperglycaemia. After 9 weeks of feeding, the C35P35-fed trout displayed lower body weight and feed efficiency and reduced protein and fat gains than those fed C20P50. The reduced activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4-E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) in the muscle in this C35P35 group suggests a reduction in protein synthesis, possibly contributing to the reduction in N gain. An increase in the dietary carbohydrate:protein ratio decreased the expression of genes involved in amino acid catabolism (serine dehydratase and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase E1α and E1β), and increased that of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, suggesting a higher reliance on lipids as energy source in fish fed high-carbohydrate and low-protein diets. This probably also contributes to the lower fat gain. Together, these results show that different metabolic pathways are affected by a high-carbohydrate/low-protein diet in rainbow trout.