bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situsynchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis of deformation behaviour in Ti–Ni-based thin films
Authors: Wang Hong , Sun Guangai , Wang Xiaolin , Chen Bo , Zu Xiaotao , Liu Yanping , Li Liangbin , Pan Guoqiang , Sheng Liusi , Liu Yaoguang , Fu Yong Qing 
Published: November 2014

Deformation mechanisms of as-deposited and post-annealed Ti50.2Ni49.6, Ti50.3Ni46.2Cu3.5and Ti48.5Ni40.8Cu7.5thin films were investigated using thein situsynchrotron X-ray diffraction technique. Results showed that initial crystalline phases determined the deformation mechanisms of all the films during tensile loading. For the films dominated by monoclinic martensites (B19′), tensile stress induced the detwinning of 〈011〉 type-II twins and resulted in the preferred orientations of (002)B19′parallel to the loading direction (∥ LD) and (020)B19′perpendicular to the LD (⊥ LD). For the films dominated by austenite (B2), the austenite directly transformed into martensitic variants (B19′) with preferred orientations of (002)B19′ ∥ LD and (020)B19′ ⊥ LD. For the Ti50.3Ni46.2Cu3.5and Ti48.1Ni40.8Cu7.5films, martensitic transformation temperatures decreased apparently after post-annealing because of the large thermal stress generated in the films due to the large differences in thermal expansion coefficients between the film and substrate.
REVIEW: On the species abundance distribution in applied ecology and biodiversity management
Authors: Matthews Thomas J. , Whittaker Robert J. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe species abundance distribution (SAD) is an important concept in ecology, and much work has focused on theSADin a theoretical context. However, less focus has been placed on the utility ofSADs in applied ecology and biodiversity management, which therefore forms the focus of the present article. We illustrate that study of theSADallows inferences beyond those that flow from many simple diversity indices, enabling workers to identify patterns in the commonness and rarity of species in a community.First, we discuss how incorporatingSADanalyses into the study of ecological communities can generate useful information for the management of biodiversity. In particular, we argue that deconstructing ecological assemblages into various subsets and analysing how each subset contributes to the overallSADcan reveal patterns of interest to managers. Secondly, we review the many applications ofSADs in applied ecological fields, including disturbance ecology, conservation planning and conservation biological control.Using examples we show that theSADcan be useful in applied ecology as it is visually intuitive, easy to implement in a broad variety of ecological contexts, and does not require substantial species‐specific data. We provide a summary of the various methods available for plotting theSADand illustrate how each method provides information of value for applied ecologists.Using empirical and simulated data, we show that theSADcan provide early warning of the effects of disturbance on ecological communities and that a number ofSADmodels represent useful tools for comparing communities in a management context.Synthesis and applications. Applied ecologists require tools that allow for relatively quick assessments of ecosystem health and/or the success of management prescriptions aimed at ameliorating the effects of disturbance. We demonstrate that that the methods reviewed herein provide such tools and that the species abundance distribution (SAD) has additional applied uses beyond traditional applications in disturbance ecology. We hope that this synthesis will provide a catalyst for advancing a more utilitarianSADresearch agenda.
What am I ‘living’ with? Growing up with HIV in Uganda and Zimbabwe
Authors: Bernays Sarah , Seeley Janet , Rhodes Tim , Mupambireyi Zivai 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAs paediatric HIV treatment has become increasingly available across the world, the global perinatally infected cohort is ageing. However, we know surprisingly little about what it is like to grow up with HIV in resource‐stretched settings. We draw on findings from a prospective, qualitative study with HIV‐positive children, their carers and healthcare workers from four clinics in Uganda and Zimbabwe to examine children's experiences of living with HIV on treatment. We consider how the HIV experience is made in a symbiotic relationship between children, carers and healthcare workers and shaped by broader discourses. Despite the radical development in prognosis for children, their experience of HIV is largely constructed in relation to a language of ‘sickness’ through the promotion of medicalised talk and the recounting of past illness stories. This narrow narrative framework both reflects and reproduces core dimensions of the lived experience of growing up with HIV, which emphasises an absence of resilient healthiness in the face of ongoing vulnerability and risk. The challenges that children encounter in articulating alternative narratives that prioritise the relative buoyancy of their health is indicative of the broader uncertainty that exists around the future for these children at this point in the epidemic.
Forensic Use of A Subtropical Blowfly: The First Case Indicating Minimum Postmortem Interval (mPMI) in Southern Brazil and First Record of Sarconesia Chlorogaster from a Human Corpse
Authors: Vairo Karine P. , Corrêa Rodrigo C. , Lecheta Melise C. , Caneparo Maria F. , Mise Kleber M. , Preti Daniel , de Carvalho Claudio J.B. , Almeida Lucia M. , Moura Mauricio O. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSouthern Brazil is unique due to its subtropical climate. Here, we report on the first forensic entomology case and the first record of Sarconesia chlorogaster (Wiedemann) in a human corpse in this region. Flies' samples were collected from a body indoors at 20°C. Four species were found, but only Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) and S. chlorogaster were used to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (mPMI). The mPMI was calculated using accumulated degree hour (ADH) and developmental time. The S. chlorogaster puparium collected was light in color, so we used an experiment to establish a more accurate estimate for time since initiation of pupation where we found full tanning after 3 h. Development of C. albiceps at 20°C to the end of the third instar is 7.4 days. The mPMI based on S. chlorogaster (developmental time until the third instar with no more than 3 h of pupae development) was 7.6 days.
Failings of Trauma‐Specific and Related Psychological Tests in Detecting Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder in Forensic Settings
Authors: Kleinman Stuart B. , Martell Daniel 
Published: November 2014

AbstractJudges and juries tend to be particularly impressed by test data, especially quantitative test data. Psychometric tests specific for assessing the presence of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are commonly employed by forensic mental health evaluators. Most of these instruments, however, have been designed to detect PTSD in treatment or research, and not forensic, settings. Those who rely on these measures without adequate awareness of their often significant limits in correctly identifying malingering may induce finders of fact to inordinately confidently accept the presence of PTSD. This article reviews problematic structural and content components of trauma‐specific and related instruments used to evaluate PTSD and discusses the utility of specific techniques liable to be used in forensic settings to “fool” these measures.
County‐Level Correlates of Terrorist Attacks in the United States
Authors: LaFree Gary , Bersani Bianca E. 
Published: November 2014

Research SummaryWe develop a set of hypotheses informed by a social disorganization framework and test them using newly available data on nearly 600 terrorist attacks in U.S. counties from 1990 to 2011. Our results show that terrorist attacks were more common in counties characterized by greater language diversity, a larger proportion of foreign‐born residents, greater residential instability, and a higher percentage of urban residents. Contrary to the social disorganization perspective but in keeping with most prior research, terrorist attacks were less common in counties marked by high levels of concentrated disadvantage. More generally, we found steady declines in the number of terrorist attacks on U.S. soil from 1990 to 2011. We discuss the implications of the results for theory, future research, and policy.Policy ImplicationsTerrorism, like ordinary crime, is highly concentrated. Of the 3,144 counties in the United States, only 250 (7.95%) experienced a terrorist attack from 1990 to 2011; 5 counties (0.002% of total U.S. counties) accounted for 16% of all attacks. Moreover, counties at greatest risk of terrorist attack have identifying characteristics. Just as random preventive patrol policing has generally been replaced by more targeted strategies, efforts to counter terrorism might benefit from strategies that target certain counties: those with high population heterogeneity and great residential instability that are highly urban. And just as targeting particular neighborhoods raises equity concerns in policing, policies aimed at counties with particular characteristics pose a challenge for countering terrorist attacks. However, unlike the situation in policing ordinary crime, high‐terrorism‐risk counties are generally not characterized by economic disadvantage or a large proportion of racial and ethnic minorities.
The effect of sequential therapy with lansoprazole and ecabet sodium in treating iatrogenic gastric ulcer after endoscopic submucosal dissection: A randomized prospective study
Authors: Ahn Ji Yong , Choi Chang Hwan , Lee Jang Wook , Park Sung Jin , Kim Jeong Wook , Chang Sae Kyung , Han Seung Bong 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveEcabet sodium (ES) is a new non‐systemic anti‐ulcer agent belonging to the category of gastroprotective agents. In this study we aimed to compare the efficacy of a combination therapy with lansoprazole (LS) followed by ES with LS alone in treating endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)‐induced iatrogenic gastric ulcers.MethodsPatients diagnosed with gastric adenomas or early gastric cancer were randomly divided into either the LS group (30 mg once daily for 4 weeks; n = 45) or the LS + ES group (LS 30 mg once daily for one week followed by ES 1500 mg twice daily for 3 weeks; n = 45). Four weeks after ESD, a follow‐up endoscopy was conducted to evaluate the proportions of ulcer reduction and ulcer stages in the two groups.ResultsIn all, 79 patients were included in the final analyses. Both treatment modalities were well‐tolerated in most patients, with a drug compliance of over 80%. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the proportions of ulcer reduction (0.9503 ± 0.1215 in the LS group vs 0.9192 ± 0.0700 in the LS + ES group, P = 0.169) or ulcer stage (P = 0.446). The prevalence of adverse events related to drugs and bleeding were also similar between the two groups.ConclusionSequential therapy with LS + ES is as effective as LS alone against ESD‐induced gastric ulcers.
Use of antibiotics in patients with Crohn's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Su Jie Wen , Ma Jing Jing , Zhang Hong Jie 
Published: November 2014

ObjectivesSome studies have suggested that antibiotic treatment might be efficient for patients with active Crohn's disease (CD). However, the results are conflicting. The aim of this study was to summarize the available evidence on the efficacy of antibiotics, especially ciprofloxacin, in treating patients with CD.MethodsA literature search was conducted on the PubMed, Medline, Web of Science and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) for manuscripts published until March 2014. Randomized controlled trials that mainly evaluated the efficacy of antibiotic treatment in patients with CD using clinical remission or response as the key outcome of interest were included. Intention‐to‐treat analyses were used to evaluate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsIn all, 15 randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trials involving 1407 participants were included in the meta‐analysis. A pooled analysis revealed that compared with placebo, antibiotics benefited CD patients to a certain extent (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.17–1.51, P < 0.00001). The random‐effects model showed that there was no significant difference between patients treated with ciprofloxacin and placebo (combined RR 1.35, 95% CI 0.92–1.97, P = 0.12). However, ciprofloxacin exhibited significant clinical benefits in patients with perianal fistulas (RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.16–2.32, P = 0.005).ConclusionsThe utility of antibiotics was beneficial for patients with CD. Nevertheless, subgroup analyses indicated that treatment with ciprofloxacin alone was significantly efficient for CD patients with perianal fistulas.
Outcome of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer of conventional and expanded indications: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Peng Li Jun , Tian Shu Ni , Lu Lin , Chen Hao , Ouyang Yang Yang , Wu Yu Jing 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveCurrent guidelines for treating early gastric cancer (EGC) with endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) are being developed with broader criteria. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to assess the application of expanded indications (EIN) by comparing outcomes between conventional indication (CIN) and EIN groups.MethodsLiterature databases were searched. Short‐term outcomes, including endoscopic resection rates, complications and local recurrence, and long‐term outcomes including gastric cancer‐specific mortality and overall mortality were compared in the two groups.ResultsIn all, 13 studies were identified and evaluated. The EIN group had lower rates of en bloc (93.6% vs 97.0%, P < 0.0001), complete (87.8% vs 95.8%, P < 0.00001) and curative resection (82.4% vs 94.0%, P < 0.00001) than the CIN group. The rates of delayed bleeding and perforation were both significantly higher in the EIN group (3.9% vs 2.8%, P = 0.04 and 3.9% vs 1.8%, P < 0.0001). Local recurrence rates were 0.6% in the CIN group and 1.5% in the EIN group (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the gastric‐cancer specific mortality (P = 0.22) and the overall mortality (P = 0.37).ConclusionsLong‐term mortality in the EIN group did not significantly differ from those in the CIN group, although the EIN group was associated with more unfavorable short‐term outcomes. Thus, ESD could be recommended as an effective therapy for EGC of EIN.
Early Management of Patients With Acute Heart Failure: State of the Art and Future Directions—A Consensus Document from the SAEM/HFSA Acute Heart Failure Working Group
Authors: Collins Sean P. , Storrow Alan B. , Levy Phillip D. , Albert Nancy , Butler Javed , Ezekowitz Justin A. , Michael Felker G. , Fermann Gregory J. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Givertz Michael M. , Hiestand Brian , Hollander Judd E. , Lanfear David E. , Pang Peter S. , Frank Peacock W. , Sawyer Douglas B. , Teerlink John R. , Lenihan Daniel J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHeart failure (HF) afflicts nearly 6 million Americans, resulting in 1 million emergency department (ED) visits and over 1 million annual hospital discharges. The majority of inpatient admissions originate in the ED; thus, it is crucial that emergency physicians and other providers involved in early management understand the latest developments in diagnostic testing, therapeutics, and alternatives to hospitalization. This article discusses contemporary ED management as well as the necessary next steps for ED‐based acute HF research.
An activity stimulation programme during a child's first year reduces some indicators of adiposity at the age of two‐and‐a‐half
Authors: de Vries AGM , Huiting HG , van den Heuvel ER , L'Abée C , Corpeleijn E , Stolk RP 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimObesity tracks from childhood into adulthood. We evaluated the effect of early stimulation of physical activity on growth, body composition, motor activity and motor development in toddlers.MethodsWe performed a cluster randomised controlled single‐blinded trial in Dutch Well Baby Clinics, with seven nurses and 96 children (40% girls) randomised to the intervention group and six nurses and 65 children (57% girls) to the control group. Intervention nurses advised parents on stimulating motor development and physical activity during regular visits at 2 weeks and two, four, eight and 11 months. Baseline characteristics such as birthweight and mode of feeding were comparable. Outcomes at two‐and‐a‐half years included anthropometry, skinfold thicknesses, bioelectrical impedance analyses, motor development and daily physical activity. We used linear mixed models with nurses as cluster.ResultsWe evaluated 143 children (89 intervention, 54 control) as 18 dropped out. Skinfolds were significantly lower in intervention children (29.6 ± 4.7 mm) than controls (32.4 ± 6.0 mm), without differences in motor development or daily physical activity. Female interventions showed lower weight, skinfolds, waist and hip circumference.ConclusionAn activity stimulating programme during the child's first year improved indicators of adiposity when they were toddlers, especially in girls. Further research should determine whether these effects persist.
Drug−drug Interaction between Losartan and Paclitaxel in Human Liver Microsomes with Different CYP2C8 Genotypes
Authors: Mukai Yuji , Senda Asuna , Toda Takaki , Hayakawa Toru , Eliasson Erik , Rane Anders , Inotsume Nobuo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8*3 allele is associated with reduced metabolic activity of paclitaxel. This study was aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of losartan on paclitaxel metabolism in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and to determine the impact of the CYP2C8*3 polymorphism. HLMs that contained the CYP2C8*1 homozygote (HL60) or CYP2C8*3 heterozygote (HL54) genotype were used for the inhibition study. Losartan, at a concentration of 50 μmol/L, significantly inhibited paclitaxel metabolism by 29% and 57% in the HL60 (p < 0.001) and HL54 (p < 0.01), respectively. When using HL60, losartan and the CYP3A4‐selective inhibitors, erythromycin and ketoconazole, caused a greater inhibition of the paclitaxel metabolism than quercetin, a CYP2C8‐selective inhibitor. This demonstrated that the paclitaxel metabolism was mainly catalysed by CYP3A4 in HL60. There were no significant differences found for the inhibitory effects caused by the four inhibitors of the paclitaxel metabolism in HL54, indicating that both CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 play important roles in paclitaxel metabolism in HL54. These findings suggest that 50 μmol/L of losartan inhibits both CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in HLMs. In summary, losartan inhibited paclitaxel metabolism, with concentrations over 50 μmol/L in HLMs. The CYP2C8*3 allele carriers are likely susceptible to the interactions of losartan and CYP3A4 inhibitors to paclitaxel metabolism.
Reinterpreting Responsiveness for Health Systems Research in Low and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Pratt Bridget , Hyder Adnan A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe ethical concept of responsiveness has largely been interpreted in the context of international clinical research. In light of the increasing conduct of externally funded health systems research (HSR) in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), this article examines how responsiveness might be understood for such research and how it can be applied. It contends that four features (amongst others) set HSR in LMICs apart from international clinical research: a focus on systems; being context‐driven; being policy‐driven; and being closely linked to development objectives. These features support reinterpreting responsiveness for HSR in LMICs as responsiveness to systems needs, where health system performance assessments can be relied upon to identify systems needs, and/or responsiveness to systems priorities, which entails aligning research with HSR priorities set through country‐owned processes involving national and sub‐national policymakers from host countries. Both concepts may be difficult to achieve in practice. Country ownership is not an established fact for many countries and alignment to their priorities may be meaningless without it. It is argued that more work is, therefore, needed to identify strategies for how the responsiveness requirement can be ethically fulfilled for HSR in LMICs under non‐ideal conditions such as where host countries have not set HSR priorities via country‐owned processes. Embeddedness is proposed as one approach that could be the focus of further development.
Why not Commercial Assistance for Suicide? On the Question of Argumentative Coherence of Endorsing Assisted Suicide
Authors: Kipke Roland 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMost people who endorse physician‐assisted suicide are against commercially assisted suicide – a suicide assisted by professional non‐medical providers against payment. The article questions if this position – endorsement of physician‐assisted suicide on the one hand and rejection of commercially assisted suicide on the other hand – is a coherent ethical position. To this end the article first discusses some obvious advantages of commercially assisted suicide and then scrutinizes six types of argument about whether they can justify the rejection of commercially assisted suicide while simultaneously endorsing physician‐assisted suicide. The conclusion is that they cannot provide this justification and that the mentioned position is not coherent. People who endorse physician‐assisted suicide have to endorse commercially assisted suicide as well, or they have to revise their endorsement of physician‐assisted suicide.
TRPV4 and KCa ion channels functionally couple as osmosensors in the paraventricular nucleus
Authors: Feetham C H , Nunn N , Lewis R , Dart C , Barrett‐Jolley R 
Published: November 2014

Background and PurposeTransient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) and calcium‐activated potassium channels (KCa) mediate osmosensing in many tissues. Both TRPV4 and KCa channels are found in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, an area critical for sympathetic control of cardiovascular and renal function. Here, we have investigated whether TRPV4 channels functionally couple to KCa channels to mediate osmosensing in PVN parvocellular neurones and have characterized, pharmacologically, the subtype of KCa channel involved.Experimental ApproachWe investigated osmosensing roles for TRPV4 and KCa channels in parvocellular PVN neurones using cell‐attached and whole‐cell electrophysiology in mouse brain slices and rat isolated PVN neurons. Intracellular Ca2+ was recorded using Fura‐2AM. The system was modelled in the NEURON simulation environment.Key ResultsHypotonic saline reduced action current frequency in hypothalamic slices; a response mimicked by TRPV4 channel agonists 4αPDD (1 μM) and GSK1016790A (100 nM), and blocked by inhibitors of either TRPV4 channels (RN1734 (5 μM) and HC067047 (300 nM) or the low‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium (SK) channel (UCL‐1684 30 nM); iberiotoxin and TRAM‐34 had no effect. Our model was compatible with coupling between TRPV4 and KCa channels, predicting the presence of positive and negative feedback loops. These predictions were verified using isolated PVN neurons. Both hypotonic challenge and 4αPDD increased intracellular Ca2+ and UCL‐1684 reduced the action of hypotonic challenge.Conclusions and ImplicationsThere was functional coupling between TRPV4 and SK channels in parvocellular neurones. This mechanism contributes to osmosensing in the PVN and may provide a novel pharmacological target for the cardiovascular or renal systems.