bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for GC-biased gene conversion as a driver of between-lineage differences in avian base composition
Authors: Weber Claudia C , Boussau Bastien , Romiguier Jonathan , Jarvis Erich D , Ellegren Hans 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Background
While effective population size (Ne) and life history traits such as generation time are known to impact substitution rates, their potential effects on base composition evolution are less well understood. GC content increases with decreasing body mass in mammals, consistent with recombination-associated GC biased gene conversion (gBGC) more strongly impacting these lineages. However, shifts in chromosomal architecture and recombination landscapes between species may complicate the interpretation of these results. In birds, interchromosomal rearrangements are rare and the recombination landscape is conserved, suggesting that this group is well suited to assess the impact of life history on base composition.

Results
Employing data from 45 newly and 3 previously sequenced avian genomes covering a broad range of taxa, we found that lineages with large populations and short generations exhibit higher GC content. The effect extends to both coding and non-coding sites, indicating that it is not due to selection on codon usage. Consistent with recombination driving base composition, GC content and heterogeneity were positively correlated with the rate of recombination. Moreover, we observed ongoing increases in GC in the majority of lineages.

Conclusions
Our results provide evidence that gBGC may drive patterns of nucleotide composition in avian genomes and are consistent with more effective gBGC in large populations and a greater number of meioses per unit time; that is, a shorter generation time. Thus, in accord with theoretical predictions, base composition evolution is substantially modulated by species life history.
An evaluation of the brain distribution of [11C]GSK1034702, a muscarinic-1 (M1) positive allosteric modulator in the living human brain using positron emission tomography
Authors: Ridler Khanum , Cunningham Vincent , Huiban Mickael , Martarello Laurent , Pampols-Maso Sabina , Passchier Jan , Gunn Roger N , Searle Graham , Abi-Dargham Anissa , Slifstein Mark , Watson Jeanette , Laruelle Marc , Rabiner Eugenii A 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Background
The ability to quantify the capacity of a central nervous system (CNS) drug to cross the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides valuable information for de-risking drug development of new molecules. Here, we present a study, where a suitable positron emission tomography (PET) ligand was not available for the evaluation of a potent muscarinic acetylcholine receptor type-1 (M1) allosteric agonist (GSK1034702) in the primate and human brain. Hence, direct radiolabelling of the novel molecule was performed and PET measurements were obtained and combined with in vitro equilibrium dialysis assays to enable assessment of BBB transport and estimation of the free brain concentration of GSK1034702 in vivo.

Methods
GSK1034702 was radiolabelled with 11C, and the brain distribution of [11C]GSK1034702 was investigated in two anaesthetised baboons and four healthy male humans. In humans, PET scans were performed (following intravenous injection of [11C]GSK1034702) at baseline and after a single oral 5-mg dose of GSK1034702. The in vitro brain and plasma protein binding of GSK1034702 was determined across a range of species using equilibrium dialysis.

Results
The distribution of [11C]GSK1034702 in the primate brain was homogenous and the whole brain partition coefficient (V
T) was 3.97. In contrast, there was mild regional heterogeneity for GSK1034702 in the human brain. Human whole brain V
T estimates (4.9) were in broad agreement with primate V
T and the f
P/f
ND ratio (3.97 and 2.63, respectively), consistent with transport by passive diffusion across the BBB.

Conclusion
In primate and human PET studies designed to evaluate the transport of a novel M1 allosteric agonist (GSK1034702) across the BBB, we have demonstrated good brain uptake and BBB passage consistent with passive diffusion or active influx. These studies discharged some of the perceived development risks for GSK1034702 and provided information to progress the molecule into the next stage of clinical development.

Trial registration
Clinical trial details: ‘Brain Uptake of GSK1034702: a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan Study.’; clinicaltrial.gov identifier: NCT00937846.
Cell segmentation and pipette identification for automated patch clamp recording
Authors: Yang Runhuai , Tam Chi Ho , Cheung Ka Lun , Wong Kai Chun , Xi Ning , Yang Jie , Lai King Wai Chiu 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A visual-based approach for identifying living cells and performing the automated patch clamp recording was reported. Based on the image processing and blob detection algorithm, the vision-based method was developed for the detection and identification of biological cells and micropipette. The method was implemented in a micromanipulation system that enabled the identification of the boundary and the center of the target cell and separation from its neighboring cells. The method successfully identified a batch of neuroblastoma cells with the highest yield of 90%. The results demonstrated that the visual-based approach can be integrated to the micromanipulation system to automatically manipulate the patch pipette tip to the center of the target cell, and as a result, the whole-cell recording can be performed precisely and effectively.
Characterization of the truncated hemoglobin THB1 from protein extracts of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Johnson Eric A. , Lecomte Juliette T.J. 
Published: December 2014

Truncated hemoglobins (TrHbs) belong to the hemoglobin superfamily, but unlike their distant vertebrate relatives, little is known about their principal physiologic functions. Several TrHbs have been studiedin vitrousing engineered recombinant peptides. These efforts have resulted in a wealth of knowledge about the chemical properties of TrHbs and have generated interesting functional leads. However, questions persist as to how closely these engineered proteins mimic their counterparts within the native cell. In this report, we examined THB1, one of several TrHbs from the model organismChlamydomonas reinhardtii.The recombinant THB1 (rTHB1) has favorable solubility and stability properties and is an excellent candidate forin vitrocharacterization. Linking rTHB1 to thein vivoprotein is a critical step in understanding the physiologic function of this protein. Using a simplified three-step purification protocol, 3.5-L batches of algal culture were processed to isolate 50–60 μL fractions enriched in THB1. These fractions ofC. reinhardtiiproteins were then subjected to physical examination. Using gel mobility, optical absorbance and immunoreactivity, THB1 was identified in these enriched fractions and its presence correlated with that of a heme molecule. Mass spectrometry confirmed this cofactor to be a typebheme and revealed that the native protein contains a co-translational modification consistent with amino-terminal acetylation following initial methionine cleavage.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rand Graham K. 
Published: December 2014

In Book Reviews, we review an extensive and diverse range of books. They cover theory and applications in operations research, statistics, management science, econometrics, mathematics, computers, and information systems. In addition, we include books in other fields that emphasize technical applications. The editor will be pleased to receive an email from those willing to review a book, with an indication of specific areas of interest. If you are aware of a specific book that you would like to review, or that you think should be reviewed, please contact the editor. The following books are reviewed in this issue of Interfaces, 44(6), November–December 2014: Improving Risk Analysis, Louis Anthony Cox, Jr.; Applying Analytics: A Practical Introduction, Evan S. Levine; Business Analytics: A Practioner’s Guide, Rahul Saxena and Anand Srinivasan; and Decision Aid Models for Disaster Management and Emergencies, Begoña Vitoriano, Javier Montero, and Da Ruan.
Sleep in obese patients
Authors: Strueva Natalya Victorova , Melnichenko Galina Afanas'evna , Poluektov Mikhail Gur'evich , Savel'eva Larisa Victorovna , Katsiya Gul'nara Victorovna , Goncharov Nikolay Petrovich 
Published: December 2014

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of duration and individual characteristics of sleep and chronotype on body weight, eating behavior, anxiety, depression, life quality, metabolic and hormonal parameters of obese patients. Materials and methods: 200 patients with primary obesity were studied: 83 men and 117 women at age from 18 to 61 years old, median age 41,5 years [31,0; 50,0]; body weight 107 kg [94; 128,5], waist circumference 112 cm [102; 124]; neck circumference 41 cm [38; 46], body mass index (BMI) 36,9 [32,8; 42,3]. Results: We found an association between sleep duration, chronotype and the emotional eating. Significant sleep reduction (to less than 6 hours) was associated with high level of anxiety, depression, emotional eating and insomnia. Younger age, early onset and shorter duration of obesity and brisk weight gain during last is connected to the evening chronotype. The emotional eating associated with hypersomnolence in the absence of statistically significant increase of anxiety and depression in individuals with evening chronotype. Sleep duration and chronotype have no significant effect on the body weight, metabolic, hormonal parameters and the dynamics of body. weight after 7±1 months of treatment of obesity.
Chronic fatigue syndrome in middle-aged women: the role of disorders of glucose metabolism
Authors: Pleshcheva Anastasiya V , Pigarova Ekaterina Aleksamdrovna , Dzeranova Larisa Konstantinovna 
Published: December 2014

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) among middle-aged women and to assess the role of glucose metabolism disturbances in the development of this pathology. Materials and Methods: The study included 231 women from 40 to 60 years old (mean age 52.3 ± 5 years), observed at urban polyclinic in Moscow, who was referred to or was observed by an endocrinologist (n = 142, group 1), therapist (n = 56, group 2) or had a prophylactic medical examinations (n = 33, group 3). We recorded demographic and anthropometric data, accessed levels of glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin and calculated BMI and HOMA indexes. Results: The prevalence of CFS in the whole group of patients studied was 27%. The highest frequency of CFS is registered in the group of patients observed by the endocrinologist – 35%, and at dispensary examination – 21%, which was significantly different from the prevalence of CFS in patients seeking an appointment with a therapist – 13% (p = 0.002 and p = 0.03 for Fisher's exact test, respectively). Higher BMI, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and HOMA insulin resistance index as naturally expected were observed in group 1, but after further division for the presence or absence of CFS, significant differences for patients with CFS were only higher fasting glucose levels in group 2. Conclusions: We determined the prevalence of CFS in the examined groups of patients and showed only a weak correlation of CFS and disturbances of glucose metabolism.
Nineteenth-Century World’s Fairs as Accountability Systems: Scopic Systems, Audit Practices and Educational Data
Authors: Sobe Noah W. , Boven David T. 
Published: December 2014

Late-19th century World’s Fairs constitute an important chapter in the history of educational accountability. International expositions allowed for educational systems and practices to be “audited” by lay and expert audiences. In this article we examine how World’s Fair exhibitors sought to make visible educational practices and institutions for external validation. Focusing especially on the American education exhibits mounted at Vienna (1873), Philadelphia (1876), Chicago (1893), and Paris (1900), we use historical documents connected with the preparation of exhibits as well as reports written during and after the Fairs to bring to light the curatorial principles and exhibitionary practices governing education exhibits. This examination helps us to understand educational accountability mechanisms and procedures not simply as technical undertakings, but as social systems with an important set of effects. The scopic systems at play and in contestation for accurately and fairly presenting education systems for outside scrutiny did much to shape the national/international contexts within which school systems operate as well as in what directions educators and policymakers sought to direct/redirect schooling.
Some local estimates and a uniqueness result for the entire biharmonic heat equation
Authors: Simon Miles , Wheeler Glen 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
We consider smooth solutions to the biharmonic heat equation on
ℝ
n
× [0,T] for
which the square of the
Laplacian at time t is globally bounded from above by k
0/t for some k
0 in
ℝ+, for all t ∈ [0,T].
We prove local, in space and time, estimates for such solutions. We
explain how these estimates imply uniqueness of smooth solutions in
this class.
Long-term biological variability of galectin-3 after heart transplantation
Authors: Franeková Janka , Kubíček Zdeněk , Hošková Lenka , Kotrbatá Markéta , Sečník Peter , Kautzner Josef , Jabor Antonín 
Published: December 2014

AbstractGalectin-3 is an emerging biomarker of heart failure and of myocardial fibrosis risk. Monitoring of galectin-3 is essential during treatment with galectin-3 inhibitors. The aim of our study was to assess long-term biological variability in a specific group of unhealthy subjects.The biological variability of galectin-3 was measured in a group of 44 patients after heart transplantation (HTx). Six samples were taken from each patient during a 12-month period. Galectin-3 was measured with an Abbott Architect automated immunoassay.Intraindividual (CVThe concentrations of galectin-3 in patients followed 12 months after HTx fluctuated around the homeostatic point, with CV
Comparison between admission natriuretic peptides, NGAL and sST2 testing for the prediction of worsening renal function in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure
Authors: De Berardinis Benedetta , Gaggin Hanna K. , Magrini Laura , Belcher Arianna , Zancla Benedetta , Femia Alexandra , Simon Mandy , Motiwala Shweta , Bhardwaj Anju , Parry Blair A. , Nagurney John T. , Coudriou Charles , Legrand Matthieu , Sadoune Malha , Di Somma Salvatore , Januzzi James L. , from the Global Research on Acute C  
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn order to predict the occurrence of worsening renal function (WRF) and of WRF plus in-hospital death, 101 emergency department (ED) patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) were evaluated with testing for amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), BNP, sST2, and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL).In a prospective international study, biomarkers were collected at the time of admission; the occurrence of subsequent in hospital WRF was evaluated.In total 26% of patients developed WRF. Compared to patients without WRF, those with WRF had a longer in-hospital length of stay (LOS) (mean LOS 13.1±13.4 days vs. 4.8±3.7 days, p<0.001) and higher in-hospital mortality [6/26 (23%) vs. 2/75 (2.6%), p<0.001]. Among the biomarkers assessed, baseline NT-proBNP (4846 vs. 3024 pg/mL; p=0.04), BNP (609 vs. 435 pg/mL; p=0.05) and NGAL (234 vs. 174 pg/mL; p=0.05) were each higher in those who developed WRF. In logistic regression, the combination of elevated natriuretic peptide and NGAL were additively predictive for WRF (OR: In ED patients with ADHF, the combination of NT-proBNP or BNP plus NGAL at presentation may be useful to predict impending WRF (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT#0150153).
Numerical Analysis of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment Using Electro-Fenton Process
Authors: Davarnejad Reza , Pirhadi Masoud , Mohammadi Mohsen , Arpanahzadeh Shahrzad 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The important parameters in mineralization treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater by electro-Fenton process were successfully simulated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The effects of H2O2/PRW (ratio of mole of H2O2 per petroleum refinery wastewater volume), H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio, current density, pH and reaction time were numerically investigated. Materials distribution in the electrochemical cell was studied and CFD results demonstrated that distance between electrodes had no significant effect on the Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Furthermore, the results were compared with the experimental data. The simulated data showed that maximum COD removal was around 82.55% at H2O2/PRW of 0.04, H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio of 2.75, pH of 3.5, current density of 52.5 mA/cm2 and reaction time of 90 min while the experimental data obtained from the literature showed maximum COD removal of 77% in the same operating conditions. The simulated data showed a good agreement with the experimental ones.
The interior transmission eigenvalue problem
for a spherically-symmetric domain with
anisotropic medium and a cavity
Authors: Kirsch Andreas , Asatryan Hayk 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
We consider the scattering of spherically-symmetric acoustic waves by an anisotropic medium and a cavity. While there is a large number of recent works devoted to the scattering problems with cavities, existence of an infinite set of transmission eigenvalues is an open problem in general. In this paper we prove existence of an infinite set of transmission eigenvalues for anisotropic Helmholtz and Schrödinger equations in a spherically-symmetric domain with a cavity. Further in this paper we consider the corresponding inverse problem. Under some assumptions we prove the uniqueness in the inverse problem.
Workplace violence towards Congolese health care workers: A survey of 436 healthcare facilities in Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Muzembo Basilua Andre , Mbutshu Lukuke Hendrick , Ngatu Nlandu Roger , Malonga Kaj Francoise , Eitoku Masamitsu , Hirota Ryoji , Suganuma Narufumi 
Published: December 2014

Workplace violence towards Congolese health care workers: A survey of 436 healthcare facilities in Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo: Basilua Andre MUZEMBO, et al. Division of Social Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University—ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate workplace violence by patients or their relatives towards health‐care workers in Congolese hospitals.MethodsThrough the autumn of 2012, a cross‐sectional survey on workplace violence was conducted in a sample of 2,210 registered health‐care workers (989 males and 1,221 females, aged 33 ± 8 years) from 436 hospitals located in the province of Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Verbal aggression, harassment and physical violence perpetrated by patients or their relatives within the previous year along with factors contributing to violence, were recorded, and the response rate was 99%.ResultsAbout 80.1% of the health‐care workers had experienced one or more types of workplace violence. Overall, the severity of workplace violence varied from verbal aggression (57.4%) and harassment (15.2%) to physical violence (7.5%). Patients were the major perpetrators of verbal aggression and harassment, whereas patients' relatives were mainly involved in physical violence. The frequency of workplace violence was similar across hospitals. Male health‐care workers were more likely to be victims of physical violence, whereas female health‐care workers were the prime target for harassment. Only 34.3% of the violent episodes were reported to a supervisor. Furthermore, disrespect for medical deontology was the main cause of workplace violence perceived by 68.8% of the health‐care workers. Conclusions: Although it has not been officially recognized, there has been workplace violence towards health‐care workers perpetrated by patients or their relatives despite the fact that health‐care workers have traditionally been highly respected in Congolese society. Further studies on this issue may suggest opportunities for combating violence in Congolese hospitals.
Variations on an Exegetical Theme: Tafsīr Foundations in the Malay World
Authors: Riddell Peter G. 
Published: December 2014

The field of tafsīr al-Qur’ān in Malay has attracted increasing scholarly attention in recent decades. The volume of commentaries has grown exponentially in the 20th century. Prior to that, Qur’anic exegesis in Malay was sporadic and varied. This paper will consider pioneering efforts by Malay commentators on the Qur’an, focusing on three key sets of materials. First, we will consider the earliest surviving fragments of tafsīr in Malay. Second, we will examine Tarjumān al-Mustafīd by ‘Abd al-Ra’ūf of Singkel, the first known commentary in Malay upon the whole Qur’an, written in the late 17th century and subsequently widely disseminated throughout the Malay world. Third, we will focus upon the early 20th century commentary by Muḥammad Sa‘īd bin ‘Umar of Kedah, regarded by many as the second commentary in Malay upon the whole Qur’an.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v21i2.1072
XBRL Diffusion in Social Media: Discourses and Community Learning
Authors: Perdana Arif , Robb Alastair , Rohde Fiona 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT
Multiple discourses are critical in determining the success of information technology (IT) diffusion. Since its inception, such discourses also appear in the eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) diffusion sphere. To help explain XBRL diffusion, we explore the discourses relative to XBRL in social media. A case study with text mining and content analysis was conducted to address three research questions covering community discourses, polarity of viewpoint, and learning surrounding XBRL in social media. Our sample data consisted of members' posts and comments in LinkedIn XBRL groups over the period 2010 to 2013. Our analysis finds that XBRL discourses in social media have largely revolved around the dissemination of XBRL information to raise awareness among potential adopters (i.e., theorization) and to properly implement XBRL (i.e., translation). Our findings indicate that XBRL's theorization is not in doubt, while XBRL's translation remains challenging. Professionals generally view XBRL positively. Those who view XBRL less favorably are more likely to be skeptical rather than dismissive. We also observe that social media like LinkedIn is a relevant channel for communities to learn about XBRL. We discuss the findings and include several insights and implications that may be useful in augmenting the future of XBRL.