bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutant and Wild-type Ras: Co-conspirators in Cancer
Authors: Hayes Tikvah K. , Der Channing J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Summary: Although the functional interplay between mutant and wild-type Ras in driving tumor initiation and growth has been described, a clear picture of the precise ramifications and mechanisms of this association remains elusive, sometimes with conflicting conclusions. A report in this issue of Cancer Discovery tackles this question, which may have important implications for therapeutic strategies to block mutant Ras for cancer treatment. Cancer Discov; 3(1); 24–6. ©2012 AACR.
See related article by Young et al., p. 112
Observational Occurrence of Tropical Cyclone Ducts from GPS Dropsonde Data
Authors: Ding Juli , Fei Jianfang , Huang Xiaogang , Cheng Xiaoping , Hu Xiaohua 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOn the basis of global positioning system dropsonde data, Japan Meteorology Agency Regional Spectral Model analysis data, National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data, satellite products from the Naval Research Laboratory, and best-track tropical-cyclone (TC) datasets from the Shanghai Typhoon Institute, the statistical characteristics of the ducts induced by TCs (TC ducts) over the western North Pacific Ocean were analyzed for the period from September 2003 to September 2006, and two typical strong-duct cases with remarkable differences in formation cause were analyzed and compared. Of the total of 357 dropsondes, there are 212 cases that show ducting conditions, with an occurrence percentage of ~59%. Of the 212 TC-duct events, profiles with multiple ducting layers make up nearly one-half, with the main type of ducts being elevated ducts; in contrast, weak ducts make up over one-half, resulting in a weak median duct strength and thickness. Ducts formed in the transition zone, especially on the left side of TC tracks, tend to be much stronger and thicker than those formed inside TCs. The former are induced by the interaction between TCs and their surrounding systems, such as the inrush of dry and cold air from the north on the left side of TC tracks. The latter are associated with successive subsidence in the gaps between spiral cloud bands. With increasing TC intensities, the associated ducts inside TCs tend to be much stronger and thicker and to appear at higher altitudes.
A Large-Eddy Simulation Study of Thermal Effects on Turbulence Coherent Structures in and above a Building Array
Authors: Park Seung-Bu , Baik Jong-Jin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThermal effects on turbulent flow in and above a cubical building array are numerically investigated using the parallelized large-eddy simulation model (PALM). Two cases (no heating and bottom heating) are simulated and are compared with each other, focusing on thermal effects on turbulence coherent structures. In the no-heating case, the streaky or streamwise-elongated structures of low-speed regions appear above the building array and ejections in the low-speed regions play an important role in transporting momentum downward. In the bottom-heating case, plume-shaped structures appear with streamwise-elongated structures and the magnitude of vertical turbulent momentum flux averaged over the low-speed regions increases. Elliptical structures of negative streamwise velocity perturbation and vortical structures similar to hairpin vortices appear above the building array in the conditionally averaged fields in both cases, and the coherent structures expand more vertically when the bottom is heated. At or just above the rooftop height, high-speed streaks are distinct and sweeps induced by the streaks or shear instability are important for momentum transport in both cases. In the bottom-heating case, the magnitude of vertical turbulent momentum flux at the tops of cavity spaces increases, partly owing to the strengthened ejections. Below the rooftop height, the high-speed streaks occasionally enter intersection spaces and induce spanwise diverging flow there in both cases. When the bottom is heated, intensified updrafts induce more organized secondary circular flow and the spanwise flow in the building array is strengthened by the secondary flow.
On the Mechanism Underlying the Spontaneous Emergence of Barotropic Zonal Jets
Authors: Bakas Nikolaos A. , Ioannou Petros J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Zonal jets are commonly observed to spontaneously emerge in a β-plane channel from a background of turbulence that is sustained in a statistical steady state by homogeneous stochastic excitation and dissipation of vorticity. The mechanism for jet formation is examined in this work within the statistical wave–mean flow interaction framework of stochastic structural stability theory (SSST) that makes predictions for the emergence of zonal jets in β-plane turbulence. Using the coupled dynamical SSST system that governs the joint evolution of the second-order statistics and the mean flow, the structural stability of the spatially homogeneous statistical equilibrium with no mean zonal jets is studied. It is shown that close to the structural stability boundary, the eddy–mean flow dynamics can be split into two competing processes. The first, which is shearing of the eddies by the local shear described by Orr dynamics in a β plane, is shown in the limit of infinitesimal shear to lead to the formation of jets. The second, which is momentum flux divergence resulting from lateral wave propagation on the nonuniform local mean vorticity gradient, is shown to oppose jet formation. The upgradient momentum fluxes due to shearing of the eddies are shown to act exactly as negative viscosity for an anisotropic forcing and as negative hyperviscosity for isotropic forcing. The downgradient fluxes due to wave flux divergence are shown to act hyperdiffusively.
A Formulation of Three-Dimensional Residual Mean Flow Applicable Both to Inertia–Gravity Waves and to Rossby Waves
Authors: Kinoshita Takenari , Sato Kaoru 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) residual mean flow is expressed as the sum of the Eulerian-mean flow and the Stokes drift. The present study derives formulas that are approximately equal to the 3D Stokes drift for the primitive equation (PRSD) and for the quasigeostrophic equation (QGSD) using small-amplitude theory for a slowly varying time-mean flow. The PRSD has a broad utility that is applicable to both Rossby waves and inertia–gravity waves. The 3D wave activity flux whose divergence corresponds to the wave forcing is also derived using PRSD. The PRSD agrees with QGSD under the small-Rossby-number assumption, and it agrees with the 3D Stokes drift derived by S. Miyahara and by T. Kinoshita et al. for inertia–gravity waves under the constant-Coriolis-parameter assumption. Moreover, a phase-independent 3D Stokes drift is derived under the QG approximation.
The 3D residual mean flow in the upper troposphere in April is investigated by applying the new formulas to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data. It is observed that the PRSD is strongly poleward (weakly equatorward) upstream (downstream) of the storm track. A case study was also made for dominant gravity waves around the southern Andes in the simulation by a gravity wave–resolving general circulation model. The 3D residual mean flow associated with the gravity waves is poleward (equatorward) in the western (eastern) region of the southern Andes. This flow is due to the horizontal structure of the variance in the zonal component of the mountain waves, which do not change much while they propagate upward.
A Simple GCM Study on the Relationship between ENSO and the Southern Annular Mode
Authors: Gong Tingting , Feldstein Steven B. , Luo Dehai 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and southern annular mode (SAM) events with an idealized general circulation model. A series of model calculations are performed to examine why positive (negative) intraseasonal SAM events are observed to occur much more frequently during La Niña (El Niño). Seven different model runs are performed: a control run, three El Niño runs (the first with a zonally symmetric heating field, the second with a zonally asymmetric heating/cooling field, and the third that combines both fields), and three La Niña runs (with heating fields of opposite sign).
The model runs with the zonally symmetric and combined heating fields are found to yield the same relationship between the phase of ENSO and the preferred phase for SAM events as is observed in the atmosphere. In contrast, the zonally asymmetric model runs are found to have the opposite SAM–ENSO phase preference characteristics. Since a reduced midlatitude meridional potential vorticity gradient has been linked to a greater frequency of positive-phase SAM events, and vice versa for negative SAM events, the meridional potential vorticity gradient in the various model runs was compared. The results suggest that the phase preference of SAM events during ENSO arises from the impact of the zonal-mean heating on the midlatitude meridional potential vorticity gradient.
Turbulence and Vertical Fluxes in the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Part II: A Novel Mixing-Length Model
Authors: Huang Jing , Bou-Zeid Elie , Golaz Jean-Christophe 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This is the second part of a study about turbulence and vertical fluxes in the stable atmospheric boundary layer. Based on a suite of large-eddy simulations in Part I where the effects of stability on the turbulent structures and kinetic energy are investigated, first-order parameterization schemes are assessed and tested in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)’s single-column model. The applicability of the gradient-flux hypothesis is first examined and it is found that stable conditions are favorable for that hypothesis. However, the concept of introducing a stability correction function fm as a multiplicative factor into the mixing length used under neutral conditions lN is shown to be problematic because fm computed a priori from large-eddy simulations tends not to be a universal function of stability. With this observation, a novel mixing-length model is proposed, which conforms to large-eddy simulation results much better under stable conditions and converges to the classic model under neutral conditions. Test cases imposing steady as well as unsteady forcings are developed to evaluate the performance of the new model. It is found that the new model exhibits robust performance as the stability strength is changed, while other models are sensitive to changes in stability. For cases with unsteady forcings, which are very rarely simulated or tested, the results of the single-column model and large-eddy simulations are also closer when the new model is used, compared to the other models. However, unsteady cases are much more challenging for the turbulence closure formulations than cases with steady surface forcing.
Squall-Line Intensification via Hydrometeor Recirculation
Authors: Seigel Robert B. , van den Heever Susan C. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated the intimate connection between microphysics and deep moist convection, especially for squall lines via cold pool pathways. The present study examines four numerically simulated idealized squall lines using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) and includes a control simulation that uses full two-moment microphysics and three sensitivity experiments that vary the mean diameter of the hail hydrometeor size distribution. Results suggest that a circulation centered at the freezing level supports midlevel convective updraft invigoration through increased latent heating. The circulation begins with hail hydrometeors that initiate within the convective updraft above the freezing level and are then ejected upshear because of the front-to-rear flow of the squall line. As the hail falls below the freezing level, the rear-inflow jet (RIJ) advects the hail hydrometeors downshear and into the upshear flank of the midlevel convective updraft. Because the advection occurs below the freezing level, some of the hail melts and sheds raindrops. The addition of hail and rain to the updraft increases latent heating owing to both an enhancement in riming and vapor deposition onto hail and rain. The increase in latent heating enhances buoyancy within the updraft, which leads to an increase in precipitation and cold pool intensity that promote a positive feedback on squall-line strength. The upshear-tilted simulated squall lines in this study indicate that as hail size is decreased, squall lines are invigorated through the recirculation mechanism.
Summer Land–Atmosphere Coupling Strength over the United States: Results from the Regional Climate Model RegCM4–CLM3.5
Authors: Mei Rui , Wang Guiling , Gu Huanghe 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis study investigates the land–atmosphere coupling strength during summer over the United States using the Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4)–Community Land Model version 3.5 (CLM3.5). First, a 10-yr simulation driven with reanalysis lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) is conducted to evaluate the model performance. The model is then used to quantify the land–atmosphere coupling strength, predictability, and added forecast skill (for precipitation and 2-m air temperature) attributed to realistic land surface initialization following the Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE) approaches. Similar to previous GLACE results using global climate models (GCMs), GLACE-type experiments with RegCM4 identify the central United States as a region of strong land–atmosphere coupling, with soil moisture–temperature coupling being stronger than soil moisture–precipitation coupling, and confirm that realistic soil moisture initialization is more promising in improving temperature forecasts than precipitation forecasts. At a 1–15-day lead, the added forecast skill reflects predictability (or land–atmosphere coupling strength) indicating that that model can capture the realistic land–atmosphere coupling at a short time scale. However, at a 16–30-day lead, predictability cannot translate to added forecast skill, implying that the coupling at the longer time scale may not be represented well in the model. In addition, comparison of results from GLACE2-type experiments with RegCM4 driven by reanalysis LBCs and those driven by GCM LBCs suggest that the intrinsic land–atmosphere coupling strength within the regional model is the dominant factor for the added forecast skill at a 1–15-day lead, while the impact of LBCs from the GCM may play a dominant role in determining the signal of added forecast skill in the regional model at a 16–30-day lead. It demonstrates the complexities of using regional climate model for GLACE-type studies.
The Atmospheric Imaging Radar: Simultaneous Volumetric Observations Using a Phased Array Weather Radar
Authors: Isom Bradley , Palmer Robert , Kelley Redmond , Meier John , Bodine David , Yeary Mark , Cheong Boon-Leng , Zhang Yan , Yu Tian-You , Biggerstaff Michael I. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Mobile weather radars often utilize rapid-scan strategies when collecting observations of severe weather. Various techniques have been used to improve volume update times, including the use of agile and multibeam radars. Imaging radars, similar in some respects to phased arrays, steer the radar beam in software, thus requiring no physical motion. In contrast to phased arrays, imaging radars gather data for an entire volume simultaneously within the field of view (FOV) of the radar, which is defined by a broad transmit beam. As a result, imaging radars provide update rates significantly exceeding those of existing mobile radars, including phased arrays. The Advanced Radar Research Center (ARRC) at the University of Oklahoma (OU) is engaged in the design, construction, and testing of a mobile imaging weather radar system called the atmospheric imaging radar (AIR). Initial tests performed with the AIR demonstrate the benefits and versatility of utilizing beamforming techniques to achieve high spatial and temporal resolution. Specifically, point target analysis was performed using several digital beamforming techniques. Adaptive algorithms allow for improved resolution and clutter rejection when compared to traditional techniques. Additional experiments were conducted during two severe weather events in Oklahoma. Several digital beamforming methods were tested and analyzed, producing unique, simultaneous multibeam measurements using the AIR.
A Control-Volume Model of the Compressible Euler Equations with a Vertical Lagrangian Coordinate
Authors: Chen Xi , Andronova Natalia , Van Leer Bram , Penner Joyce E. , Boyd John P. , Jablonowski Christiane , Lin Shian-Jiann 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Accurate and stable numerical discretization of the equations for the nonhydrostatic atmosphere is required, for example, to resolve interactions between clouds and aerosols in the atmosphere. Here the authors present a modification of the hydrostatic control-volume approach for solving the nonhydrostatic Euler equations with a Lagrangian vertical coordinate. A scheme with low numerical diffusion is achieved by introducing a low Mach number approximate Riemann solver (LMARS) for atmospheric flows. LMARS is a flexible way to ensure stability for finite-volume numerical schemes in both Eulerian and vertical Lagrangian configurations. This new approach is validated on test cases using a 2D (x–z) configuration.
The Influence of Cognitive Load on Transfer With Error Prevention Training Methods
Authors: Hutchins Shaun D. , Wickens Christopher D. , Carolan Thomas F. , Cumming John M. 
Published: January 2013

Objective: The objective was to conduct research synthesis for the U.S. Army on the effectiveness of two error prevention training strategies (training wheels and scaffolding) on the transfer of training. Background: Motivated as part of an ongoing program of research on training effectiveness, the current work presents some of the program’s research into the effects on transfer of error prevention strategies during training from a cognitive load perspective. Based on cognitive load theory, two training strategies were hypothesized to reduce intrinsic load by supporting learners early in acquisition during schema development. Method: A transfer ratio and Hedges’ g were used in the two meta-analyses conducted on transfer studies employing the two training strategies. Moderators relevant to cognitive load theory and specific to the implemented strategies were examined. The transfer ratio was the ratio of treatment transfer performance to control transfer. Hedges’ g was used in comparing treatment and control group standardized mean differences. Both effect sizes were analyzed with versions of sample weighted fixed effect models. Results: Analysis of the training wheels strategy suggests a transfer benefit. The observed benefit was strongest when the training wheels were a worked example coupled with a principle-based prompt. Analysis of the scaffolding data also suggests a transfer benefit for the strategy. Conclusion: Both training wheels and scaffolding demonstrated positive transfer as training strategies. As error prevention techniques, both support the intrinsic load–reducing implications of cognitive load theory. Application: The findings are applicable to the development of instructional design guidelines in professional skill-based organizations such as the military.
The effects of various lubricants on the friction properties of sewing threads
Authors: Gurarda Ayca , Yukseltan Esra , Kaplangiray Binnaz Meric , Kanik Mehmet 
Published: January 2013

This paper describes an experimental investigation into the effects of different types and amounts of lubricants on the friction properties of sewing threads. In this work, four types of sewing threads, CO, PET-spun, core-spun (PET/PET) and core-spun (PET/CO) were used. Three different lubricant types and lubricant feeding rates (0.5, 1 and 2 g/min) were applied to the sewing threads. The results of the research show that the type and amount of lubricant have important effects on the friction of the sewing threads. The friction coefficient values of all sewing thread types with paraffin-based lubricant were the lowest among the lubricants. As the amount of paraffin wax in the lubricants increased, the fiber/metal friction forces slightly decreased. To obtain the lowest friction coefficient, a 0.5 g/min lubricant feeding rate and a 2.5–3% lubricant amount should be used for sewing threads.
Macrolide Therapy for Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Pynnonen Melissa A. , Venkatraman Giri , Davis Greg E. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to systematically review patient‐reported outcomes of long‐term macrolide therapy, compared with any other treatment, for adults with chronic rhinosinusitis.Data SourcesEMBASE and PubMed databases were searched in October 2011.Review MethodsA total of 1216 citations were screened initially by a single author, 23 full‐text manuscripts were evaluated by 2 authors using structured data abstraction forms to assess for inclusion criteria and study quality, and 3 studies were included in the final review.ResultsThis review finds that 3 prospective clinical studies have evaluated the effect of macrolide therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis. Based on the limited data, there is limited scientific evidence to support the use of long‐term macrolide therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis.ConclusionFurther clinical research is needed to determine whether there may be a subgroup effect based on the underlying inflammatory disease process.
Value‐Based Analysis of Routine Pathologic Septal and Inferior Turbinate Specimens
Authors: Daniero James J. , Chu Jaemi S. , O’Hara Brian J. , Pribitkin Edmund A. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo determine the frequency and clinical relevance of unanticipated histopathologic results in routine sinonasal surgery and evaluate the necessity for histologic processing of nasal septal cartilage, bone, and inferior turbinate specimens.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care academic medical center.Subjects and MethodsA retrospective review of surgical pathology reports on adult patients undergoing sinonasal surgery during a 5‐year period from 2005 to 2010 was performed. All cases with the preoperative diagnosis of sinonasal neoplasia, autoimmune disease, or directed septal biopsies were excluded from review.ResultsA total of 1194 pathology reports were reviewed from 1172 individual patients. This included histopathologic evaluation of 1194 septal cartilage and bone specimens and 714 inferior turbinate specimens. None of the patients had unanticipated histopathologic findings that were clinically significant.ConclusionMany surgeons obtain histopathologic diagnoses on all tissue removed from a patient. Based on our institutional case series, histopathology of the septum and inferior turbinates in routine sinonasal cases may not be necessary. A value‐based approach to processing grossly unremarkable septal and turbinate tissue by waiving histologic processing and subsequent microscopic evaluation could provide significant cost savings.