bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Inorganic Cement Mortar For Sulfuric Acid Service★
Authors: MERCER ROBERT S. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Silicate cement mortars, consisting of a chemically inert solid filler containing a fluoride setting agent and a liquid sodium or potassium silicate binder, have been used for many years in acid-proof construction for high temperature, strong acid service. While silicate cements have performed well under unusually tough conditions, they are not without their shortcomings in sulfuric acid service. Instances of corrosive attack are explained by breakdown of the setting agent and hydrate or alum formation.
A new material of construction, a silica cement mortar, has been developed which shows promise in sulfuric acid service. The binder is a silica sol instead of a solution of a sodium or potassium silicate which is alkaline. The setting agent permits an orderly gelation of silica resulting in a strong mortar.
Unit cell dimensions are given for a number of sulfates and alums. Seven physical properties are listed and compared for sodium silicate mortar, potassium silicate mortar and silica mortar. The comprehensive strengths of these three materials after immersion in sulfuric acid are reported. 6.6.5
Processes of Electrochemical Corrosion★
Authors: AKIMOV G. V. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Theoretical considerations involved in determining the potential of hydrogen and oxygen electrodes are reviewed briefly. Overvoltage is discussed in detail. The various connected stages involved in the process of the passage of ions into solution are outlined.
Use is made of the Evans diagram for real processes. In making the study of processes with hydrogen depolarization it was found convenient to use a model of a microelement. A comparison of experimental data obtained with models and from deductions from the Evans diagrams indicates that there was a complete agreement between the theory and experiment for processes with hydrogen depolarization.
Considerable attention was given to the factors affecting the rate of oxygen diffusion to the metal in view of the fact that the rate of corrosion processes with oxygen depolarization is determined mostly by the rate of oxygen diffusion toward the metal surface. A model was used to examine the part played by the electrical resistance of a cell with oxygen depolarization. It was found that it was only when the resistance became very large and the potential difference was close to the initial value that the current started to decrease. Experiments showed also that changing the anodic material did not influence the rate of the cathodic process when it was controlled by the rate of oxygen diffusion to the cathode.
The theory of microcells is examined in detail and a review made of some of the experimental data for processes with hydrogen depolarization. The influence of alloying elements on corrosion rates of metals in various media is discussed. A number of explanations are offered to show why the regularities observed on models are not applicable to corrosion of microelements.
The “difference effect” is discussed in connection with corrosion processes having hydrogen depolarization. Other topics considered include electrochemical cells with differential aeration, corrosion processes in a moisture film, and atmospheric corrosion. Extensive data are reported in 54 figures and 6 tables. 3.6.8
The Corrosion Resistance of Ductile Iron★
Authors: LaQUE F. L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The internal structure of ordinary grey iron, pearlitic ductile iron, ferritic ductile iron, malleable iron and mild steel are compared. Differences in the amount of carbon present and in the form in which it occurs are responsible for some differences in the corrosion behavior of these materials. This is explained on the basis of the electrochemical reactions which occur during corrosion. As corrosion proceeds, the graphite which is present in the cast materials may accumulate as a graphitic layer on the surface. The adherence and permeability of such graphitic layers and their influence on subsequent corrosion and on galvanic behavior are discussed. Corrosion data in acids, in neutral and alkaline solutions, in sea water, in the atmosphere and underground, in miscellaneous environments, and under conditions involving erosion are presented and interpreted in the light of the principles outlined above. By and large, it is concluded that ductile iron has satisfactory corrosion resisting properties which permit its use where grey iron, malleable iron, or steel are regularly employed. 6.2.2
Corrosion Protection for Pipe Type Electric Transmission Lines in the Chicago Area★
Authors: ROSE W. T. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Pipe type high voltage transmission lines used in the Chicago area were protected with either an asphalt mastic coating or a reinforced coal tar enamel coating. Both are factory applied. Cathodic protection was then applied to these lines to police the pin holes in the coating. Before cathodic protection could be economically applied, it was necessary to insulate the pipes from the station ground busses. It was also necessary to maintain a low resistance path between the pipes and the ground busses for fault current in the event of a service failure. This was accomplished by using oxide film cutout disc in the ground connections. Both magnesium anodes and a rectifier were used to provide cathodic protection. 7.2
Effect of Increasing the Area of Iron to Zinc On the Rate of Reversal of Potential in a Zinc-Iron System—A Technical Note
Authors: SHULDENER HENRY L. , LEHRMAN LEO 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
It is well known that under certain conditions iron becomes anodic to zinc in water systems. The experimental work carried out on the reversal of potential used a constant zinc to iron area. However, in galvanized pipes carrying water the area of iron exposed varies due to threaded joints, flaws in the zinc coating and solution of the zinc. As the ratio of iron to zinc area is increased it is shown that the reversal of potential is faster. 3.6.4
Corrosion of Refinery Equipment During Acid Cleaning★
Authors: WALSTON K. R. , DRAVNIEKS A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Economical, effective and relatively easy to handle, hydrochloric acid is being widely used as a solvent for chemical cleaning of refinery equipment. Inhibitors must be added to retard corrosion during cleaning operations, but these inhibitors must not prevent dissolution of the scale to be removed. Practical temperature ranges for cleaning are given. The corrosion rate increases exponentially with temperature and with acid concentration. The corrosion .rates of various metals in 5 percent inhibited hydrochloric acid are given. The influence of inhibitors on the rates of dissolution of iron oxides and sulfides are shown.
Four typical cases of corrosion occurring during acid cleaning are discussed with special safety precautions that should be observed during cleaning operations. The influence of commonly present substances such as hydrogen sulfide is shown to increase the rate of corrosion. 5.9.2
Staining of Copper and Brass★
Authors: MATTSSON EINAR 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Copper alloys are known for their fine lustre and high resistance to corrosion, but they will tarnish under certain conditions. A surface oxidation of the metals normally occurs under the influence of the atmosphere. At elevated temperatures this process may result in colored so-called temper films. The presence of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere may accelerate the reaction so that tarnishing occurs even at room temperature.
When copper alloys are exposed to an outside atmosphere a black film will soon form on the surface. After some years, however, the film usually will change to a pleasing green patina.
Ugly dark stains, “water stains,” are formed when copper-base material is left in contact with stationary water for a lengthy period. Such water damage may be caused by rain or condensed moisture in transit or in storage. A similar staining is caused by hygroscopic surface impurities. Typical examples are chlorides coming from tap water that has evaporated on the metal surface, solder residues, hand perspiration, sulfuric acid and dust.
Copper alloys can be protected from corrosion by means of passivating inhibitors, slushing compounds, lacquers or packaging. 6.3.6
Controlling Corrosion In Coal-Chemical Plants★
Authors: LARRABEE C. P. , MATHAY W. L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Data are presented showing the types of constructional materials that are resistant to the many corrosive environments in coal-chemical plants. The protection of structural-steel work by paints is viewed from the standpoint of minimizing maintenance costs. To minimize the corrosive attack, copper steels and high-strength low-alloy steels are frequently used for outside structural-steel work, and stainless steels are used for roofing and siding applications.
Coal-handling equipment, and processing equipment such as primary coolers, tar stills, and light-oil stripping-stills are discussed with regard to the mitigation of corrosion through the proper selection of materials and changes in process conditions. Stainless steels such as AISI Types 304 and 316 were found to be economically resistant to corrosive attack in primary coolers, ammonia saturators, tar stills and light-oil recovery equipment, but should be used only in locations where plant corrosion tests have shown the use of these steels to be justified. 8.8.1
Heat Transfer Through Coated Metal Surfaces★
Authors: LEE ROBERT P. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Tests were conducted to determine what effect protective coatings would have on heat transfer of metal surfaces. Experiments involved the use of a 4-mil thick phenolic coating and a 15-mil thick vinyl coating on heat exchangers. It was found that application of thin coatings to such surfaces in low to medium coefficient systems, not only decreases corrosion but also gives higher heat transfer rates than ultimately experienced with corroded, uncoated metal surfaces. This is true even though a somewhat lower heat transfer coefficient exists initially for the coated surface. 7.4.1
Statistical Concepts in The Testing of Corrosion Inhibitors★
Authors: NATHAN C. C. , EISNER E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Workers in the field of corrosion testing have long been familiar with the difficulties in obtaining reproducible data. These difficulties are especially pronounced in mildly corrosive systems in which steel is being protected by corrosion inhibitors of the adsorption type. The present paper discusses tests on both synthetic fluids and actual fluids from producing oil wells. It describes the fluctuations in weight losses of test coupons and the occurrence of accelerated weight losses and increased differential attack or pitting in systems where low concentrations of organic adsorption type inhibitors are employed.
Data from both static and dynamic test systems are analyzed. In particular, the large amount of data collected by laboratories cooperating in the NACE proposed T-1K sour crude inhibitor test have been evaluated. The data are shown to approximate a normal distribution and are treated by methods of statistical analysis. Other systems are discussed in which normal distribution and other types of distribution have been observed.
An explanation is advanced for statistical variations in data obtained from these systems. The explanation is based on present knowledge of adsorption type inhibitors, surface heterogeneities on steel, and interaction between local anodes and cathodes. 5.8.1
Corrosion of Zinc By Differential Aeration★
Authors: BlANCHI G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Tests were made to study the differential aeration corrosion of zinc in molar NaCl solutions under varying conditions of aeration, pH, and length of test time. Test results led to the conclusion that formation of differential aeration macrocells is due to passivity of zinc on the zones of the specimen where cathodic reduction of oxygen takes place, and that the principal process of corrosion is accompanied by local corrosion processes at the cathodic and anodic areas of the macrocell. With buffered solutions which do not permit the passivation of zinc, distribution of corrosion changes radically, a localized attack taking place at the water level line where the oxygen flux is at a maximum.3.6.2
Inhibition of Titanium In Fuming Nitric Acid
Authors: RITTENHOUSE J. B. , PAPP C. A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Storage tests were conducted to determine the effectiveness of oxygen in inhibiting the corrosion reaction of titanium in fuming nitric acid (FNA). In these tests, which were of 28 days duration at a temperature of 30 C, the samples investigated were ½-inch squares (0.020 inch thick) of commercially pure titanium (75A) and a binary 8 percent-manganese alloy (C110M). The specimens were stored in Teflon-lined aluminum pressure vessels at 50 percent ullage. The pressure vessels were of the following types: vented to the atmosphere, sealed with air in the vapor space, sealed with oxygen atmosphere in the vapor space, and equipped for a 1-ml/minute oxygen flow through the vapor space. Results of the investigation indicated no inhibition of titanium corrosion by oxygen, but confirmed the inhibiting effect of a water content of 1 to 2 percent by weight in the FNA. 4.3.2
Coal Tar Creosote Studies (Part 2—An Evaluation of Certain Fractions For Their Resistance to Marine Borer Attack)★
Authors: SWEENEY T. R. , PRICE T. R. , MILLERS S. M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A study was made of the effect of certain creosote fractions in preventing attack of wood by marine borers. Pine panels used in tests were impregnated with creosote over a range of 5 to 20 pounds per cubic foot and with fraction equivalents of 10 to 15 pounds per cubic foot. Tests were made to determine both initial borer resistance and long-term protective ability of cresote fractions. Data given include the relative performance rating compared to whole creosote of base-free creosote, acid-free creosote acid-and base-free creosote, solids-free creosote, tar-free creosote, petroleum ether-soluble creosote, distillation-residue-depleted creosote, distillation residue, acid-free petroleum-ether-soluble-creosote, and six distillation-fraction-depleted creosotes. 3.3.3
A Critical Analysis of Pitting Corrosion★
Authors: GREENE N. D. , FONTANA M. G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A critical analysis of the literature on pitting corrosion published during the past 35 years is presented. The definition of pitting and the factors influencing this type of attack are considered. An examination of the theories of pitting corrosion and the methods used to study this form of corrosion are also included. 3.2.2
An Electrochemical Study Of Pitting Corrosion in Stainless Steels (Part 1—Pit Growth)
Authors: GREENE N. D. , FONTANA M. G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
By means of a unique artificial pit specimen, pit growth on 18 percent chromium-8 percent nickel stainless steel has been measured and characterized. The effects of solution composition, agitation, atmosphere, corrosion current interruption, chloride ion concentration, and inhibitor additions have been investigated. Pit interaction during pit growth has also been determined. The autocatalytic nature of pitting has been verified, and evidence of ion screening at pit sites has been experimentally observed for the first time. 3.2.2
Methods for Investigating the Characteristics of Reactive Coatings★
Authors: KRONSTEIN MAX 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Characteristics of iron, zinc and manganese phosphate treatments are described. Methods are given for preparing standards whose content of reaction coatings can be used for comparison in determining the weight of reaction coatings on specimen coupons, through the use of emission spectroscopy. The role of the so-called metal accelerators is defined. Greater thicknesses can be obtained by using ultrasonic waves, especially on parts of intricate cross-section.
Data are given for zinc and manganese conversion coatings, and tests are described whereby the thicknesses of these coatings can be determined with a high order of accuracy. A method of determining volume of conversion coating through use of the decreasing resistance of a wash water is described.
Investigation showed that the function of a dichromate sealer is to release chromate ions, which are inhibitive. Coatings containing chromic compounds apparently have no inhibitive effect.
The investigation showed that a reaction product formed underneath organic coatings on steel and that it differed considerably from the composition of the paint. The amount of this reaction coating is small compared to that produced by liquid phosphatizing solutions and there was evidence that chromates in the paint are the active inhibiting agents. Another type of reaction not involving liquid phosphoric acid solutions is described for oleo-resinous paints. 5.9.4
Effect of Silicon on High Temperature Oxidation Of Stainless Steels★
Authors: RADAVICH JOHN F. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Growth of oxide films at 600 and 800 C on a series of 16 Cr-10 Ni-bal Fe stainless steels with silicon contents ranging from 0.17 to 3.55 percent was studied by electron microscopy, electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis techniques. Oxide scales and sub-scales formed during oxidation at 1000 C were studied optically in cross section as well as by X-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis.
Results show that as silicon content increases oxidation resistance increases rapidly until at the high silicon level, 3.55 percent, a very thin oxide film is formed at 60u and 800 G and very little oxide scale forms at 1000 C.
Mechanism of oxidation resistance imparted by silicon appears to be that it decreases the number of defects in the initial oxide films formed at the metal-oxide interface. With a lesser number of defects in the thin film, an enrichment of Cr at the metal-oxide interface and in the oxide films occurs and the rate of diffusion of iron outward to form the oxide scale is greatly retarded. 2.3.7
Corrosivity of Soil
Authors: TOMASHOV N. D. , MIKHAILOVSKY Y. N. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Consideration is given to the merits and drawbacks of methods used to determine the corrosive activity of soils. Data obtained by all methods considered failed to give comprehensive characteristics of the corrosive properties of soils.
A detailed discussion is given of the peculiarities of formation and functioning of macro- and micro-corrosion elements in corrosion of soils. Corrosion elements of differential aeration on the metal surface in soil resulted from the following developments: non-uniform oxygen diffusion of neighboring portions of the soil, local heterogeneity of soils, greater oxygen diffusion on the end of the structure and different depth of separate parts of the structure.
Theoretical foundations of a suggested method for the appraisal of the corrosiveness of soils are discussed in detail. A description is given of an apparatus designed to measure corrosion characteristics of soil under field conditions. Good results were obtained in field tests made with the instrument. Data are given to show the correlation between instrument readings and corrosion rates in various types of soils. 4.5.3
Effect of Molten Boron Oxide On Selected High Temperature Alloys★
Authors: ROLLER DAVID , ANDREWS C. R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This paper reports certain initial studies wherein unstressed selected high temperature alloys, representing four main classes by composition, were exposed to molten boron oxide. Test conditions ranged from 1600 to 2000 F in air and inert atmospheres for time periods of about 150 hours. A special, high temperature furnace operating under reproducible and closely controlled conditions, alternately cycled the specimens between the molten boron oxide liquid and gas atmosphere environments. Results showed that molten boron oxide is very corrosive, particularly to iron and cobalt base alloys at temperatures over 1800 F. Some alloy constituents as carbon, aluminum, titanium and iron at low concentration levels appear to reduce alloy resistance to molten boron oxide. Mechanical strength data showed that the alloy's plastic properties are more rapidly affected than the elastic properties. The effect of atmosphere, temperature, alloy composition and other factors are evaluated. Several mechanisms of corrosive attack by molten boron oxide are postulated to explain the data. 4.7
The Effect of Sigma Phase vs Chromium Carbides On The Intergranular Corrosion Of Type 316 and 316L Stainless Steel (Part 1—A Survey of the Literature)★
Authors: WARREN DONALD 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A detailed survey of the literature on the intergranular corrosion of stainless steels is given to determine the relative effects of chromium carbides and sigma phase. The survey showed that at least eight different acids can cause intergranular corrosion of austenitic stainless steels if a continuous carbide network is present: acetic, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, lactic, nitric, phosphoric, sulfurous and sulfuric acid. Only limited information was available on the effect of sigma phase on the intergranular corrosion resistance of stainless steels in these same acid environments. 3.2.2
Selecting Corrosion and Scale Inhibitors For Cooling Water★
Authors: SHIELDS HOBART , SORG L. V. , STUTZ R. L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Corrosion inhibitors for refinery cooling water were subjected to four phases of testing: bench-scale, pilot plant, small size commercial cooling tower, and full plant-scale. Only three of the 50 inhibitors investigated in the past nine years were given full-scale trial. Of these, only the chromate type proved satisfactory in all phases of testing. Organic chromates were found to be particularly effective for the river water used in the refinery concerned. Phosphates, while exhibiting fair corrosion protection, had the disability of depositing scale, even at low pH values.
Tests were run for both carbon steel and Admiralty metal. Metal penetration rate and scale deposition data are given for specimens used in bench and pilot-plant tests in the presence of phosphate and chromate inhibitors. 5.8.1
Study of Chemical Factors Affecting Corrosion of Carbon Steel AISI 1020 By Liquid-Phase Fuming Nitric Acid
Authors: RITTENHOUSE JOHN B. , MASON DAVID M. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Corrosion rates of cold reduced and annealed plain carbon steel AISI 1020 tubing in fuming nitric acid (FNA) were obtained by measuring the change in electrical resistance of the tube with time. Corrosion rates decreased with increasing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration in FNA in the range 0 to 14 weight percent and also decreased with increasing H2O content in the range 0 to 3.5 weight percent. This behavior indicates the possibility that nitronium ion (NO2+) or nitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) are involved in the rate-controlling step in the corrosion process.
Tentative or short-time passivation of the steel was obtained when the NO2 concentration was greater than about 9 weight percent and H2O concentration was 3.5 weight percent at the upper concentration range studied. Short-time passivation was also obtained when an oxide film formed under appropriate conditions was initially present on the specimen surface. Inhibition in the FNA media occurred only in those cases where the maximum rate of metal removal was less than 0.025 mil/min, corresponding to a weight of metal removed of approximately 0.1 mg/cm2 of apparent surface. Adding 1.5 weight percent of either perchloric acid (HClO4) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and 0.5 weight percent hydrofluoric acid (HF) produced inhibition in short-time experiments. 4.3.2