bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of a Clinical Prediction Rule for Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma
Authors: Hymel Kent P. , Armijo-Garcia Veronica , Foster Robin , Frazier Terra N. , Stoiko Michael , Christie LeeAnn M. , Harper Nancy S. , Weeks Kerri , Carroll Christopher L. , Hyden Phil , Sirotnak Andrew , Truemper Edward , Ornstein Amy E. , Wang Ming 
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:To reduce missed cases of pediatric abusive head trauma (AHT), Pediatric Brain Injury Research Network investigators derived a 4-variable AHT clinical prediction rule (CPR) with sensitivity of .96. Our objective was to validate the screening performance of this AHT CPR in a new, equivalent patient population.METHODS:We conducted a prospective, multicenter, observational, cross-sectional study. Applying the same inclusion criteria, definitional criteria for AHT, and methods used in the completed derivation study, Pediatric Brain Injury Research Network investigators captured complete clinical, historical, and radiologic data on 291 acutely head-injured children &lt;3 years of age admitted to PICUs at 14 participating sites, sorted them into comparison groups of abusive and nonabusive head trauma, and measured the screening performance of the AHT CPR.RESULTS:In this new patient population, the 4-variable AHT CPR demonstrated sensitivity of .96, specificity of .46, positive predictive value of .55, negative predictive value of .93, positive likelihood ratio of 1.67, and negative likelihood ratio of 0.09. Secondary analysis revealed that the AHT CPR identified 98% of study patients who were ultimately diagnosed with AHT.CONCLUSIONS:Four readily available variables (acute respiratory compromise before admission; bruising of the torso, ears, or neck; bilateral or interhemispheric subdural hemorrhages or collections; and any skull fractures other than an isolated, unilateral, nondiastatic, linear, parietal fracture) identify AHT with high sensitivity in young, acutely head-injured children admitted to the PICU.
Mechanical Properties and Simulated Wear of Provisional Resin Materials
Authors: Takamizawa T , Barkmeier WW , Tsujimoto A , Scheidel D , Erickson RL , Latta MA , Miyazaki M 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to determine flexural properties and erosive wear behavior of provisional resin materials. Three bis-acryl base provisional resins—1) Protemp Plus (PP), 2) Integrity (IG), 3) Luxatemp Automix Plus (LX)—and a conventional poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) resin, UniFast III (UF), were evaluated. A resin composite, Z100 Restorative (Z1), was included as a benchmark material.
Six specimens for each of the four materials were used to determine flexural strength and elastic modulus according to ISO Standard 4049. Twelve specimens for each material were used to examine wear using a generalized wear simulation model. The test materials were each subjected to wear challenges of 25,000, 50,000, 100,000, and 200,000 cycles in a Leinfelder-Suzuki (Alabama) wear simulator. The materials were placed in custom cylinder-shaped stainless-steel fixtures, and wear was generated using a cylindrical-shaped flat-ended stainless-steel antagonist in a slurry of nonplasticized PMMA beads. Wear (mean facet depth [μm] and volume loss [mm3]) was determined using a noncontact profilometer (Proscan 2100) with Proscan and AnSur 3D software. The laboratory data were evaluated using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; factors: 1) material and 2) cycles) followed by Tukey HSD post hoc test (α=0.05).
The flexural strength ranged from 68.2 to 150.6 MPa, and the elastic modulus ranged from 2.0 to 15.9 GPa. All of the bis-acryl provisional resins (PP, IG, and LX) demonstrated significantly higher values than the PMMA resin (UF) in flexural strength and elastic modulus (p&lt;0.05). However, there was no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) in flexural properties among three bis-acryl base provisional resins (PP, IG, and LX). Z1 demonstrated significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher flexural strength and elastic modulus than the other materials tested. The results for mean facet wear depth (μm) and standard deviations (SD) for 200,000 cycles were as follows: PP, 22.4 (5.0); IG, 51.0 (6.5); LX, 63.7 (4.5); UF, 70.5 (8.0); and Z1, 7.6 (1.2). Volume loss (mm3) and SDs for 200,000 cycles were as follows: PP, 0.311 (0.049); IG, 0.737 (0.074); LX, 0.919 (0.053); UF, 1.046 (0.127); and Z1, 0.111 (0.017). The two-way ANOVA showed a significant difference among materials (p&lt;0.001) and number of cycles for both facet depth and volume loss. The post hoc test revealed differences (p&lt;0.05) in wear values among the tested materials examined in this study. The findings provide valuable information regarding the flexural properties and the relative wear behavior of the provisional resins examined in this study.
Impact of Momordica Charantia (Karela) on the Proportion of Hepatocytes with Intranuclear Inclusions in the StreptozotocinInduced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Mohal Shirin , Hossain Md. Afzal , Mondal Dulal Krishna , Ara Shamim , Shamim Khandaker Manzare 
Published: November 2014

Background: Momordica charantia has some hypoglycemic properties.Objective: The purpose of the present study was to find out the impact of Momordica charantia (karela) on the proportion of hepatocytes in the Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Methodology: This was an animal study carried out in the Department of Anatomy at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and Bangladesh Institute of Research & rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine & metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka. Healthy young Long Evans rats of male sex weighing 150 to 280gm with an age range of 10 to 12 weeks were used in this study. The rats were divided into 4 equal groups depending upon their different sorts of dietary feedings and drug treatment. The variation of different proportion of hepatocytes with intranuclear inclusions in different groups of rat was monitored.Result: Sixty five rats were included in this study. Mean proportion of hepatocytes with intranuclear inclusions on day 51 from Streptozotocin/vehicle injection in the control group which was known as Group-A was 0. In untreated diabetic group the mean proportion of hepatocytes with intranuclear inclusions was 3.71 ± 0.82. On the other hand, in the insulin-treated diabetic rats the mean proportion of hepatocytes with intranuclear inclusions was 0 and in the karela-treated diabetic rats, the proportion of hepatocytes with intranuclear inclusions was 0. The value in the insulin-treated diabetic rats (p=0.0001) and in the karela-treated diabetic rats (p= 0.0001) were significantly lower than that of the untreated diabetic rats; however, there was no significant difference between the insulin-treated diabetic rats & the karela-treated diabetic rats (P>0.05) in this regard.Conclusion: Karela showed a tendency of acting against hyperglycemic effects of Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and also acting against the rise in proportion of hepatocytes with intranuclear inclusions in Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v5i2.20761J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, 2013;5(2):84-86
La gestion des conflits culturels inhérents au choix éducatif à Djibouti : entre dénégation, défense et interculturation
Authors: Solomon Tsehaye Rachel 
Published: November 2014

Les relations d’interaction établies entre l’éducation formelle et l’éducation non formelle à Djibouti sont questionnées pour quatre types d’établissements : école publique, école privée catholique, école coranique et madrasa. Une première étude des assignations afférentes à ces modes éducatifs souligne la hiérarchisation des savoirs en place. Les discours des principaux acteurs (enseignants, parents, directeurs d’établissements, élèves et jeunes déscolarisés) sont ensuite analysés en se centrant sur les facteurs qui influencent le choix éducatif des familles. L’approche pluridisciplinaire de la confrontation de ces discours de vérité a mobilisé le courant des économies de la grandeur, les grilles conceptuelles de l’ethnopsychanalyse, la psychologie des contacts de cultures. Elle montre les processus de justification de la distance ou de la proximité culturelle entre les discours de vérité. Elle met en évidence les stratégies de gestion d’injonctions paradoxales qu’implique la cohabitation entre le dogme primant dans la société et la liberté de conscience prônée à l’école séculière.
Effets identitaires et sociaux du changement des politiques éducatives sur les acteurs
Authors: Bedoin Diane , Daverne-Bailly Carole 
Published: November 2014

La question du changement en éducation est abordée à partir de l’étude de deux politiques éducatives récentes : l’inclusion des élèves à besoins éducatifs particuliers (BEP) et les internats d’excellence. En empruntant deux concepts majeurs en sciences sociales –identité et socialisation – cet article met en évidence les effets des changements prescrits sur les acteurs concernés : les professionnels de la petite enfance et de l’éducation, d’une part, les internes d’excellence, d’autre part. L’analyse des données qualitatives recueillies permet d’interroger les tensions existantes entre identités, socialisations primaire/secondaire et socialisations familiale/scolaire.
Comment trouver un équilibre entre l'historicisme et l'universalisme ?
Authors: Fradet Pierre-Alexandre 
Published: November 2014

La pensée taylorienne se situe à mi-chemin entre l’historicisme et l’universalisme. En même temps qu’elle enracine l’homme dans un contexte culturel, elle milite en faveur d’un dialogue entre cultures dont la visée est l’atteinte de vérités objectives. Pour avoir mis l’accent, ici sur le rôle du contexte social, là sur l’importance de faire dialoguer les cultures, Taylor s’est attiré plus d’une objection. Ainsi, quand on ne l’accusa pas d’échouer à contourner le relativisme, on désavoua son projet de dialogue interculturel. Qu’en est-il donc de ces objections ? Atteignent-elles efficacement leur cible ou, au contraire, la ratent-elles ? Que la pensée taylorienne effleure le relativisme tout en parvenant à l’éviter, du moins dans ses intentions, et non sans difficultés, voilà l’idée que nous nous efforcerons de défendre ici, en plus de proposer une réflexion critique sur la portée, l’incidence et l’impact possibles de cette pensée.
4-1BB Ligand Signaling to T Cells Limits T Cell Activation
Authors: Eun So-Young , Lee Seung-Woo , Xu Yanfei , Croft Michael 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) and its receptor, 4-1BB, are both induced on T cells after activation, but little is known about the role of 4-1BBL. In this study we show that 4-1BBL can transmit signals that limit T cell effector activity under tolerogenic conditions. Cross-linking 4-1BBL inhibited IL-2 production in vitro, primarily with suboptimal TCR stimulation. Furthermore, naive 4-1BBL–deficient OT-II transgenic T cells displayed a greater conversion to effector T cells in vivo when responding to soluble OVA peptide in wild-type hosts, whereas development of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells was not altered. A greater number of effector T cells also differentiated from naive wild-type OT-II T cells when transferred into 4-1BB–deficient hosts, suggesting that APC-derived 4-1BB is likely to trigger 4-1BBL. Indeed, effector T cells that could not express 4-1BBL accumulated in larger numbers in vitro when stimulated with 4-1BB–expressing mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells. 4-1BBL was expressed on T cells when Ag presentation was limiting, and 4-1BBL was aberrantly expressed at very high levels on T cells that could not express 4-1BB. Trans-ligation, Ab capture, and endocytosis experiments additionally showed that T cell–intrinsic 4-1BB regulated internalization of membrane 4-1BBL, implying that the strong induction of 4-1BB on T cells may counteract the suppressive function of 4-1BBL by limiting its availability. These data suggest that 4-1BBL expressed on T cells can restrain effector T cell development, creating a more favorable regulatory T cell to effector cell balance under tolerogenic conditions, and this may be particularly active in mucosal barrier tissues where 4-1BB–expressing regulatory dendritic cells present Ag.
T-bet Is Critical for the Development of Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease through Controlling T Cell Differentiation and Function
Authors: Fu Jianing , Wang Dapeng , Yu Yu , Heinrichs Jessica , Wu Yongxia , Schutt Steven , Kaosaard Kane , Liu Chen , Haarberg Kelley , Bastian David , McDonald Daniel G. , Anasetti Claudio , Yu Xue-Zhong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractT-bet is a master regulator for IFN-γ production and Th1 differentiation. We evaluated the roles of T-bet and IFN-γ in T cell responses in acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and found that T-bet−/− T cells induced significantly less GVHD compared with wild-type or IFN-γ−/− counterparts in both MHC-mismatched and MHC-matched but minor histocompatibility Ag–mismatched models driven by CD4 T cells. T-bet−/−, but not IFN-γ−/−, CD4 T cells had a markedly reduced ability to cause tissue damage in liver and gut. This distinct outcome is reflected by the differential gene expression on donor CD4 T cells deficient for T-bet or IFN-γ. At mRNA and protein levels, we defined several T-bet–dependent molecules that may account for the impaired ability of T-bet−/− T cells to migrate into target organs and to produce Th1-related cytokines. Moreover, these molecules were independent of either endogenous IFN-γ, such as CXCR3 and programmed death-1, or systematic IFN-γ, such as NKG2D, I-Ab, and granzyme B. Although both T-bet−/− and IFN-γ−/− CD4 T cells are prone to differentiate into Th17 cells, polarized Th17 cells deficient for T-bet but not for IFN-γ had a significantly reduced ability to cause GVHD. Finally, T-bet−/− T cells had a compromised graft-versus-leukemia effect, which could be essentially reversed by neutralization of IL-17 in the recipients. We conclude that T-bet is required for Th1 differentiation and migration, as well as for optimal function of Th17 cells. Thus, targeting T-bet or regulating its downstream effectors independent of IFN-γ may be a promising strategy to control GVHD in the clinic.
Granzyme B–Activated p53 Interacts with Bcl-2 To Promote Cytotoxic Lymphocyte–Mediated Apoptosis
Authors: Ben Safta Thouraya , Ziani Linda , Favre Loetitia , Lamendour Lucille , Gros Gwendoline , Mami-Chouaib Fathia , Martinvalet Denis , Chouaib Salem , Thiery Jerome 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Granzyme B (GzmB) plays a major role in CTLs and NK cell–mediated elimination of virus-infected cells and tumors. Human GzmB preferentially induces target cell apoptosis by cleaving the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bid, which, together with Bax, induces mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. We previously showed that GzmB also induces a rapid accumulation of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 within target cells, which seems to be involved in GzmB-induced apoptosis. In this article, we show that GzmB-activated p53 accumulates on target cell mitochondria and interacts with Bcl-2. This interaction prevents Bcl-2 inhibitory effect on both Bax and GzmB-truncated Bid, and promotes GzmB-induced mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Consequently, blocking p53–Bcl-2 interaction decreases GzmB-induced Bax activation, cytochrome c release from mitochondria, and subsequent effector caspases activation leading to a decreased sensitivity of target cells to both GzmB and CTL/NK-mediated cell death. Together, our results define p53 as a new important player in the GzmB apoptotic signaling pathway and in CTL/NK-induced apoptosis.
Anti-angiogenic therapies for advanced esophago-gastric cancer
Authors: Fontana Elisa , Sclafani Francesco , Cunningham David 
Published: November 2014

AbstractNeo-vascularization is a vital process for tumor growth and development which involves the interaction between tumor cells and stromal endothelial cells through several growth factors and membranous receptors which ultimately activate pro-angiogenic intracellular signaling pathways. Inhibition of angiogenesis has become a standard treatment option for several tumor types including colorectal cancer, glioblastoma and ovarian cancer. In gastric cancer, the therapeutic role of anti-angiogenic agents is more controversial. Bevacizumab and ramucirumab, two monoclonal antibodies, which target vascular endothelial growth factor-A and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, respectively, have been demonstrated antitumor activity in patients with tumors of the stomach or esophagogastric junction. However, especially for bevacizumab, this antitumor activity has not consistently translated into a survival advantage over standard treatment in randomized trials. In this article, we provide an overview of the role of angiogenesis in gastric cancer and discuss the results of clinical trials that investigated safety and effectiveness of antiangiogenic therapies in this disease. A review of the literature has been done using PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov website and the ASCO Annual Meeting Library.
Hairy cell leukemia: A decade long experience of North Indian Hematology Center
Authors: Somasundaram Venkatesan , Purohit Abhishek , Aggarwal Mukul , Manivannan Prabhu , Mishra Pravas , Seth Tulika , Tyagi Seema , Mahapatra Manoranjan , Pati Hara P. , Saxena Renu 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Introduction: Hairy cell leukemia is a rare chronic B-cell disorder that follows an indolent but progressive course. This disorder is characterized by pancytopenia, splenomegaly, bone marrow fibrosis and the presence of atypical lymphoid cells with hairy projections in peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen. Treatment is mainly with nucleoside analog cladribine, which induces complete remission in up to 85% cases. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of Hairy cell Leukemia cases diagnosed and treated in the Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi between 2002 and 2013. Various parameters such as clinical features, laboratory parameters including complete blood cell count, bone marrow findings, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping by flowcytometry or immunohistochemistry, treatment protocol and complications secondary to treatment and relapse were reviewed. Results: A total of 35 cases were diagnosed during this period of 12 years of which 27 received cladribine and went in to remission. Median follow-up duration was 26 months. 5 (18%) cases had a relapse and all relapsed cases achieved second remission with cladribine; however, there was no case of second malignancy in our cohort. Conclusion: Cladribine has emerged as the treatment of choice for hairy cell leukemia given that the overwhelming majority of patients achieve long-lasting complete remissions. Upon relapse, these patients could be successfully salvaged with cladribine retreatment.
Thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphisms in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Linga Vijay Gandhi , Patchva Dorra Babu , Tulasi Krishna Mohan Mallavarapu Venkata , Kalpathi Krishnamani Iyer , Pillai Ashok , Gundeti Sadashivudu , Rajappa Senthil J , Digumarti Raghunadharao 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Introduction: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in children. 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and methotrexate are backbone drugs for maintenance phase of treatment. Purine Analogs 6-MP/6-thioguanine/azathiopurine are metabolized to its inactive form by the enzyme thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT). Ninety percent of the population harbor wild type on both alleles (TPMT wild/wild), 10% are heterozygous, that is, one allele is mutant (TPMT wild/mutant) and 0.3% are homozygous, that is, both allele are mutant (TPMT mutant/mutant). In heterozygous and homozygous variant, activity of enzyme is low, leading to a higher incidence of toxicity (myelosuppression). Aim: The primary objective was to access the polymorphism of the enzyme, TPMT, in Children with ALL. Secondary objective was to correlate TPMT genotype with 6-MP toxicities. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two children with newly diagnosed ALL during first maintenance phase were serially enrolled after obtaining consent. Five ml of peripheral blood was drawn and DNA extracted. TPMT 2 polymorphisms were performed using Allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and TPMT 3B and 3C are performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results: Sixty-nine children of 72 (95.8%) were wild for TPMT polymorphism and 3 (4.2%) were heterozygous for TPMT. Among the heterozygous variant one each (33.3%) were heterozygous for 2A, 3A, 3C. Febrile neutropenia was the most common toxicity in both wild and heterozygous group. Conclusion: The frequency of TPMT polymorphisms in children with ALL is 4.2%. Heterozygous variant is this study are one each (33%) of 2A, 3A, 3C.
Immediate treatment effects of high-dose methotrexate and cranial irradiation on neuropsychological functions of children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia at a regional cancer center
Authors: Chidambaram Sundaramoorthy , Seshachalam Arun , Elangovan Vidhubala , Rajendranath Rejiv 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Context: Overall cure rates for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have improved; however, the neuropsychological sequelae of ALL treatment have not been adequately documented in India. Aims: The present study assesses the immediate effects of ALL treatment on neuropsychological functioning, at the Regional Cancer Center in Chennai, South India. Materials and Methods: Newly diagnosed with ALL patients (n = 24) (aged 6-15 years; 13M:11F) registered between March 2008 and February 2009 were included. Patients who had received high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) and cranial radiotherapy (CRT) as part of their treatment were enrolled for the study. Neurocognitive assessments were done to assess various functions such as performance intelligence, visuo-perception, visuo-spatial, perceptual organization, processing speed, planning, working memory, and immediate verbal memory (IVM) (Malin′s intelligence scale); verbal fluency (ideation fluency test) and verbal attention (vigilance test). Three assessments were done during induction (baseline), after re-induction phase (second) and during the maintenance phase (third). Results: The patients performed significantly worse in the third assessment (mean duration from diagnosis 17.48 months) on performance intelligence quotient (PIQ), visuo-perception, visuo-spatial, processing speed, planning, IVM, verbal attention, and verbal fluency (P < 0.05), there were no significant changes observed in visuo-perceptual organization and working memory (P > 0.05). Significant difference was observed between age groups 6 and 10 (41.7%) and 11-15 years (58.3%) in perceptual organization, verbal fluency, and verbal attention (P < 0.05) and no gender difference was observed across the three assessments (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Combining HD MTX and CRT had an immediate effect on neuropsychological sequelae among the children with ALL, however, long-term evaluation is recommended to study the long-term effects.