bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisionist Accounts of Free Will: Origins, Varieties, and Challenges
Authors: Vargas Manuel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article deals with another kind of free-will theory, revisionism, that is comparatively new and has come into prominence only in the past decade. Rather that denying we have free will, revisionists with incompatibilist intuitions, who come to believe that an incompatibilist free will is impossible, would instead conclude that free will was not exactly what they previously thought it to be (i.e., it is not incompatibilist). They would, in effect, revise their view of free will in a compatibilist direction, rather than denying free will altogether. The article provides an informative account of the origin of revisionist views of this kind in recent philosophy and a useful taxonomy of kinds of revisionist views. It concludes with a discussion of future challenges for revisionist approaches to free will and moral responsibility.
Intuitions about Free Will, Determinism, and Bypassing
Authors: Nahmias Eddy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article draws on experimental studies of folk intuitions about free will and moral responsibility conducted in the past decade. It questions the claims of many philosophers that most ordinary persons have incompatibilist intuitions about free will and moral responsibility. In the studies, various deterministic scenarios are presented to undergraduate students who have not studied philosophy. In these scenarios, studies found that, although some students expressed incompatibilist intuitions, a majority expressed compatibilist intuitions, agreeing that agents could be free and morally responsible in these presumably deterministic scenarios. This article further argues that determinism seems to be a threat to free will and moral responsibility because it is often connected with something else that ordinary persons do take to be a threat to free will and moral responsibility. It calls this threat bypassing.
Too Much of a Good Thing? Trade-offs in Promotion and Prevention Focus
Authors: Scholer Abigail A. , Higgins E. Tory 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDifferent kinds of motivational orientations provide distinctive ways of perceiving the world, dealing with life's inevitable slings and arrows, regulating challenges and opportunities, and creating success. In this chapter, we explore these differences in the two motivational systems outlined in regulatory focus theory: the promotion and prevention systems (Higgins, 1997). In particular, we discuss these systems in terms of the trade-offs in each; what are the benefits and costs of a strong promotion focus? What are the advantages and drawbacks of a strong prevention focus? We explore the trade-offs of each system with regard to three significant aspects of self-regulation and motivation: emotional experiences, the balance between commitment versus exploration, and performance. We conclude by discussing the importance of constraints on these systems for effective self-regulation and by suggesting avenues for future research.
Curiosity and Motivation
Authors: Silvia Paul J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCuriosity is an old, intriguing, and vexing construct in the psychology of motivation. This chapter reviews the major strands of thought on curiosity and motivation: (1) curiosity as a motive to reduce negative states, such as uncertainty, novelty, arousal, drive, or information gaps; (2) curiosity as a source of intrinsic motivation that fosters learning and exploring for their own sakes; and (3) curiosity as a stable motivational difference between people that leads to differences in knowledge, goals, achievement, and experience. The scope of psychological thought on curiosity defies a simple integration, but it offers inspiration for researchers curious about why people learn and explore in the absence of obvious external rewards.
Interest and Its Development
Authors: Renninger K. Ann , Su Stephanie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter focuses on interest as a cognitive and affective motivational variable that develops and can be supported to develop. Interest and interest development as described by Hidi and Renninger's (2006) Four-Phase Model of Interest Development are (a) defined and then (b) contextualized in light of other conceptualizations that focus on specific aspects of interest (such as emotion, experience, task features, value, and vocational interest) and issues pertaining to the operationalization and measurement of interest. Following this, research addressing the development of interest is overviewed, with particular attention to (a) the triggering of interest in both earlier and later phases of interest, (b) maintaining interest once it has been triggered, (c) fluctuations in interest, and (d) shifts between phases in the development of interest. Finally, a Punnett square is employed to suggest next steps and open questions in the study of interest development.
Unconscious Goal Pursuit: Nonconscious Goal Regulation and Motivation
Authors: Aarts Henk , Custers Ruud 
Published: February 2013

AbstractExperimental research in psychology has discovered that human goal pursuit originates and unfolds in the unconscious. Our behavior is directed and motivated by goals outside of conscious awareness in the current situation or environment. In this chapter we review past and current research that examines these goal-priming effects. Our review is organized around two themes. The first theme deals with research that analyzes how people control their goal pursuit in the absence of conscious awareness, and it examines goal pursuit as automated behaviors resulting from habits as well as flexible behaviors that occur when habitual responding is not adequate to attain goals. The second theme concerns the quest to understand the unconscious source of human goal pursuit, and it explores recent work that considers the fundamental role of positive affect in reward processing and implicit motivation.
The Gendered Body Project: Motivational Components of Objectification Theory
Authors: Roberts Tomi-Ann , Waters Patricia L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, we attempt to explore the motivational questions that arise when we view the psychology of women through the lens of objectification theory, which highlights the centrality of appearance concerns, or “body projects,” for girls and women today. We examine theoretical perspectives on what motivates the sexual objectification of women, considering the ways this treatment may reflect an adaptive evolutionary mating strategy, may serve as a tool for the maintenance of patriarchal power, or may lend existential “protection” against the creaturely, death reminders that women's bodies provide. We then investigate both developmental processes and situational/contextual features that motivate girls and women to internalize a sexually objectifying view on their physical selves. And, finally, we review evidence that self-objectification, though motivating in itself, carries significant consequences for their health and well-being.
Relatedness Between Children and Parents: Implications for Motivation
Authors: Pomerantz Eva M. , Cheung Cecilia Sin-Sze , Qin Lili 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA significant goal in many countries around the world is promoting children's motivation so that ultimately they achieve at their full potential. There is much evidence supporting the idea that parents play a significant role in either facilitating or undermining children's motivation. The focus of this chapter is on how relatedness between children and their parents shapes the development of children's motivation as well as achievement. Three sets of ideas about how relatedness between children and their parents contributes to children's motivation are reviewed. An integration of the three is provided to highlight key themes as well as suggest key directions for future research.
Moods of Energy and Tension That Motivate
Authors: Thayer Robert E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Moods are perfect barometers of physiological and psychological functioning. Two biopsychological dimensions, Energetic and Tense Arousal, are keys to understanding moods. These dimensions interact under different activating conditions to form four complex moods that range from calm energy (pleasurable mood associated with full attentional focus, happiness, optimism, favorable athletic performance, and self-control) to tense tiredness (bad mood associated with depression, negative perception of problems, yielding to unwanted urges such as sugar snacking or smoking). Two other complex moods include tense energy (moderately positive state that combines vigor with moderate tension) and calm tiredness (ideal for restful sleep). Energetic and tense arousal are associated with many kinds of motivational processes, including various strategies of self-regulation (best strategy combines relaxation techniques, exercise, and cognitive control). Important to these moods are natural processes such as health, sleep, diet, diurnal energy cycles, movement (exercise), and stress. These moods are mediated by general bodily arousal states.
Motivation in Education
Authors: Wigfield Allan , Cambria Jenna , Eccles Jacquelynne S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter we discuss the nature of children's achievement motivation and how it develops over the school years. We focus on the competence-related belief, value, goal, interest, and intrinsic aspects of motivation that have been emphasized in much of the research on motivation. We then discuss how different aspects of classroom and school practices influence motivation, and how teacher–student relationships and peer relationships impact students’ motivation. We next consider how school transitions influence students’ motivation, describing important differences in the structure and organization of schools at different levels of schooling. In the final section we describe some recent intervention work to boost children's motivation in different ways. Suggestions for future research include how students’ motivation varies in different classroom contexts, the need to study motivation in diverse groups of children, methodological issues with respect to studying motivation, what other kinds of further motivation intervention studies are needed, and how work on motivation can inform educational policy.
Youth Motivation and Participation in Sport and Physical Activity
Authors: Weiss Maureen R. , Amorose Anthony J. , Kipp Lindsay E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSports and physical activities are ubiquitous achievement contexts for children and adolescents worldwide. Motivation to initiate, continue, and sustain physical activity involvement is important for ensuring positive developmental and healthy outcomes. In this chapter we synthesize and consolidate theory-driven knowledge about determinants and outcomes of youth motivation and participation in sport and physical activity. First, we discuss relevant theoretical frameworks for understanding youth motivation in the physical activity domain. Second, we review empirical research on social-contextual factors and individual differences related to youths’ desire to continue physical activity and opportunities for accruing the many benefits from such participation. Finally, based on our review of literature, we offer several avenues for future research that address gaps in the knowledge base about mechanisms of influence on youths’ motivation and participation in physical activity.
Evolutionary psychology in the round
Authors: Dunbar Robin , Barrett Louise 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article makes two general points on evolutionary psychology. First, the evolutionary approach enjoins a broad disciplinary perspective to the subject. Second, an evolutionary view does not commit to any particular assumptions about the genetic determination of behaviour. Indeed, learning, and by extension cultural transmission, play an especially important role in the behaviour of humans, and one will never be able to understand human behaviour without understanding culture and the way it influences what humans do. The important consideration in the present context is that the theory of evolution provides a framework within which a diverse range of intellectual questions can be integrated. The significance of this is well illustrated by the role it has played within biology. Evolutionary psychology, the article argues, is not a new and separate sub-discipline within psychology, but rather a framework theory that allows psychology's many diverse sub-disciplines to be integrated into a unitary whole.
Group-level evolutionary processes
Authors: Wilson David Sloan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article summarises the common language of multi-level selection theory. Every student of evolution learns that natural selection is based on relative fitness. It doesn't matter how well a trait enhances survival and reproduction, as long as it does so better than alternative traits. Traits that decrease absolute fitness can evolve if they decrease the fitness of everyone else even more. Traits that increase absolute fitness can fail to evolve if they increase the fitness of everyone else even more. Whenever a large population is subdivided into groups, relative fitness in the total population can be divided into two components: relative fitness among individuals within single groups; and relative fitness among groups within the larger population. The fact that the group as a whole suffers from resource overexploitation is irrelevant because natural selection is based only on relative fitness.
Homologizing the mind
Authors: Rendall Drew , Notman Hugh , Vokey John R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEvolution plays a central role in the design of all living things, producing a diversity of extraordinary adaptations. The details of evolutionary design can only be fully understood in a historical context, within the broader perspective it offers on how design solutions to recent specific environmental pressures are critically shaped by species' history — that is, by the requirement that they be integrated with the myriad pre-existing physical, physiological, and solutions of behaviour to other adaptive challenges that species' history entails. In short, organisms are a blend of adaptive potential and historical inertia; the degrees of freedom are not infinite and so what is evolutionarily possible over most timeframes depends critically on the starting conditions. This article outlines these frameworks and highlights broad conceptual weaknesses in them.
Risk and decision-making
Authors: Winterhalder Bruce 
Published: February 2013

Abstract`This article provides a brief survey of the analysis of outcome risk: what it is, in what circumstance it is important, what the analytical tools are for describing and analysing it, what examples demonstrate the utility of these tools, and what inferences can be drawn from a risk-sensitive approach to behaviour. It also summarises empirical evidence bearing on these ideas. A risk-sensitive analysis of a particular behaviour entails two steps: first, each possible option for the behaviour must be associated with a frequency distribution of its odds. A particular choice of cultivars for one particular field will result in a certain frequency distribution of yields, say of barley. Then each outcome, or in this case each yield, must be assigned a value which might be measured as fitness, utility or some other currency of relevance. Each yield of barley has a certain fitness value to the peasant family engaged in subsistence endeavour.
Ecological and socio-cultural impacts on mating and marriage systems
Authors: Low Bobbi S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores how human mating and marriage systems are affected by conditions of ecology, by cultural practices, and by the interactions of these two forces. Given the great diversity in marriage rules and rules about association and sexual conduct across societies, it would be easy to throw up one's hands and regard these patterns as somehow ‘purely cultural’. There are, however, often (sometimes non-obvious) influences of the distribution, abundance, and predictability of resources that shift the likelihood of success and persistence for different cultural systems. Thus, cultural and genetic changes over time seem to be inevitably linked, and marriage rules lie at the heart of this phenomenon. However, defining ‘culture’ in a way useful to hypothesis testing is difficult, and culture and genetics change in different ways.
Human evolution and social cognition
Authors: Schaller Mark , Park Justin H. , Kenrick Douglas T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMany aspects of human cognition — especially the processes that define the conceptual territory of social cognition — are adapted to the recurrent problems and opportunities posed by these other members of ancestral human populations. So, to understand social cognition fully and deeply, it is useful — perhaps even essential — to employ scientific strategy. First, it is important to identify the set of fitness-relevant ‘problems’ recurrently posed by human social environments. Second, one should employ an evolutionary cost-benefit analysis to deduce plausible cognitive adaptations that would have helped ‘solve’ those problems. When considered in an evolutionary light, human social cognition is not merely one domain of inquiry within the small scientific province of social psychology; it is instead a topic of relevance to any scientist who cares about the evolution and behavioural ecology of mammals in general.
Shamans, yogins and indigenous psychologies
Authors: Crook John H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article offers a brief account of the processes of world-view, particularly in selected representatives of the ‘ancient matrix’, and indicates how they may change as the second and third of Michail Bakhtin's phases impact upon them. The forms of religion found in hunter-gatherer societies of the ‘ancient matrix’ are commonly described as ‘shamanic’. Although they vary considerably in form and function, such cultures share several key attributes in common. Members of the society participate in a common understanding or world-view from which they draw an understanding of themselves in relation to their perception of the universe. Shamans usually have a deep knowledge of natural history and/or a sensitive appreciation of their social system and the personal tendencies of community members. Interpretation of social conflict on a ‘cosmological’ level removed from actual social process amounts to an appeal to a neutral world transcending actual interpersonal conflict or sickness.
Ethnic nepotism as heuristic: risky transactions and public altruism
Authors: Salter Frank 
Published: February 2013

AbstractKin selection, the popular name given to William Hamilton's theory of inclusive fitness, has been successful in predicting variation in human altruism shown towards kin of different proximity. Kin-selection theory interprets the behavioural universal of nepotism to be a product of evolutionary history. In that theory, the rigors of natural selection meant that altruism — including the unreciprocated giving of resources to another individual — was only viable when practiced between close kin. The theory of evolution underlying ethnic nepotism is not well developed. There are two main approaches. The first is to portray ethnic nepotism as a literal extension of the family variety, with shared homologies in emotions, psychological mechanisms, and releasers (such as perceived attacks on the group). The second approach is to allow for ethnic and kin motivation to be different.
Syntactic parsing
Authors: van Gompel Roger P. G. , Pickering Martin J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA crucial part of understanding a sentence is to construct its syntactic structure. Without this, it would be very difficult for language users to determine that sentence with different word orders. The processes involved in constructing syntactic structures during language comprehension are commonly referred to as parsing or syntactic processing. Sentence processing theories can roughly be divided into interactive accounts, in which all relevant information can be used immediately; and modular accounts, in which some information can be used immediately but some cannot. Modular models assume that the mind consists of modules which perform very specific processes. In contrast, interactive accounts assume that the processor immediately draws upon all possible sources of information during sentence processing, including semantics, discourse context, and information about the frequency of syntactic structures. In addition to the above, this article discusses syntax and semantics, lexical frequency, discourse effects, working memory capacity, structural complexity, and adoption of ungrammatical syntactic structures.
Connectionist principles in theories of speech production
Authors: Goldrick Matthew 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn psycholinguistics, speech production refers broadly to the processes mapping a message the speaker intends to communicate onto its form. If a speaker wishes to tell someone “The picture I'm looking at is an animal—a feline pet”, these processes allow the speaker to generate the spoken form “cat”. Psycholinguistic theories have focused on “formulation processes”: the construction/retrieval of a plan to produce an utterance. This plan specifies the phonological structure of the utterance. Subsequent articulatory/motoric processes execute this plan, producing the actual movements of the speech organs. Since the mid-1980s, connectionist architectures have served as the dominant paradigm for characterizing theories of formulation processes. This article examines how two connectionist principles (localist representations and spreading activation) have influenced the development of speech production theories. It discusses the use of these principles in framing theories of speech production and shows how the principles have been used to account for three sets of empirical observations. The article also examines distributed representations, focusing on learning and processing as well as learning and syntactic priming.
Brain-imaging studies of language production
Authors: Indefrey Peter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article adopts the production model of Levelt to discuss brain imaging studies of continuous speech. Conclusions about the involvement of brain regions in processes of language production are mainly drawn on the basis of the presence or absence of processing components of speaking in certain experimental tasks. Such conclusions are largely theory independent, because differences between current models do not concern the assumed processing levels but the exact nature of the information flow between them. In a second step, the article tests some of these conclusions by comparing the few available data on activation time courses of brain regions and independent evidence on the timing of processes in language production. It also discusses brain regions involved in word production, conceptually driven lexical selection, phonological code (word form) retrieval, phonological encoding, phonetic encoding and articulation, self-monitoring, whether the hemodynamic core areas are necessary for word production, and bilingual language production.