bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thick Decisions: Expertise, Advocacy and Reasonableness in the Federal Court of Australia
Authors: Edmond Gary 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTDrawing from the litigation around the Hindmarsh Island Bridge (especially Chapman v Luminis Pty Ltd 2001) this article provides an analysis of judicial responses to anthropological expertise. Sensitive to the institutional responsibilities of judges, as well as rules of evidence, procedures and legal causes of action, it examines the strategic representation and appropriation of anthropological knowledge and practice. In exploring the relations between law and expertise the article illustrates how their combination shapes outcomes. In the process it explains how the judge could have produced a range of (in)consistent outcomes through the modulation of legal categories and their relations with prevalent images of anthropological expertise. This analysis positions the article to critically reflect on some of the implications for anthropologists working in and around legal or quasi‐legal settings as well as those commenting on that participation.
Of Winds, Worms and Mana: the Traditional Calendar of the Torres Islands, Vanuatu
Authors: MondragóN Carlos 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper explores how the expression of ‘capacity’ (mena, more commonly known as mana in other Oceanic settings) and the evocation of abundance are played out in relation to seasonal change and human‐environmental relations, as observed in the Torres Islands, Vanuatu. It considers the importance for communities of North and Central Vanuatu of the appearance of a ubiquitous sea worm known as the Palolo, in combination with the regular motions of the sun and the moon, the prevaling winds and various other ecological patterns. While human‐environmental relations are often mediated by the idea of mena, this also constitutes a basic social value that informs local senses of place and belonging. The study of temporality and environmental knowledge can help to de‐centre territorial notions of ‘place’ by situating this concept within the broader context in which people experience it. Finally, because these data bear on macro comparisons that span the Western Pacific, this article is aimed in part at putting the interpretation of time and calendrics within the Indo‐Pacific frame of reference that they should begin to take.
Feared Rumours and Rumours of Fear: The Politicisation of Ethnicity During the Fiji Coup in May 2000
Authors: Emde Sina 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIn this article I explore rumour and fear as crucial to the politicisation of ethnicity and the attempt of ethno‐nationalists to gain political hegemony during the coup in Fiji in May 2000. I discuss rumours during the Fiji crisis as emotional discourses articulating fears and anxieties that have influenced interethnic relations in Fiji since the indenture of Indian labour. I argue that these feelings of fear and insecurity are linked historically to issues of land, demography and race and investigate how the George Speight Team and Fijian ethno‐nationalists aimed at reinforcing and foregrounding these emotions to mobilise support. I also look at the role of rumours and fear in the silencing of dissent and opposing voices. I ask how rumours were in dialogue with other discourses circulating at the height of the crisis and how they complemented ethno‐nationalist political strategies. I suggest that part of the political success of the George Speight Team stems from their effective engagement of different local, national and global levels to reinforce an old discourse of ethnic Fijian unity and fear of Indo‐Fijian colonisation around which they mobilised ethnically based political support. The effect of this ‘indigenous articulation’ was a polarisation of Fijian and Indo‐Fijian positionings in the nation.
Strathern's Melanesian ‘dividual’ and the Christian ‘individual’: a Perspective from Vanua Lava, Vanuatu
Authors: Hess Sabine 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTWhat happens to people's concept of the person when their ‘dividuality’ engages with the Christian concept of the ‘individual’? According to Vanua Lava kastom, when people die they go to sere timiat, the place of the dead. But do they still go there when the person had been a Christian during their life time? Where is the Christian heaven and hell? Is there a separate Christian ‘soul’? Will the dead be eternally separated from each other and their ancestors? Can kastom and Christian concepts be reconciled? Depending on denomination and degree of conversion (devout, nominal, or ‘back‐slider’) people have found multiple answers that help them conceptualise their final resting place. Their answers are of relevance for theoretical debates in anthropology about dividuality, individuality and engagement with modernity.
Evaluation of nanostructure and microstructure of bone regenerated by BMP‐2‐porous scaffolds
Authors: Del Rosario Carlos , Rodríguez‐Evora Maria , Reyes Ricardo , González‐Orive Alejandro , Hernández‐Creus Alberto , Shakesheff Kevin M , White Lisa J , Delgado Araceli , Evora Carmen 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this study, three systems containing BMP‐2 were fabricated, including two electrospun sandwich‐like‐systems of PLGA 75:25 and PLGA 50:50 and a microsphere system of PLGA 50:50 to be implanted in a critical size defect in rat calvaria. The in vivo BMP‐2 release profiles of the three systems were similar. The total dose was released during the first two weeks. To evaluate the nano and microstructure of the regenerated bone a multi‐technique analysis was used, including stereo microscope, X‐Ray; AFM, micro‐CT, and histological analyses. The progression of bone regeneration was followed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the microsphere system implantation whereas the two electrospun systems were evaluated at fixed 12 weeks. All the techniques applied showed high bone regeneration. The average values of bone volume density, bone mineral density, Young's modulus, and the percent of bone repair were ∼70% of the values of the native bone. Besides, SEM‐EDX analysis indicated that the main chemical elements in the new bone were oxygen, calcium, and phosphorus in a ratio similar to that of native bone. In comparison, the micro‐CT may provide an alternative to histology for the evaluation of bone formation at the defect size. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2998–3011, 2015.
Modulation of biomechanical properties of hyaluronic acid hydrogels by crosslinking agents
Authors: Choi Sung Chul , Yoo Mi Ae , Lee Su Yeon , Lee Hyun Ji , Son Dong Hoon , Jung Jessica , Noh Insup , Kim Chan‐Wha 
Published: February 2015

AbstractModulation of both mechanical properties and biocompatibilities of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels is very importance for their applications in biomaterials. Pure HA solution was converted into a hydrogel by using butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) as a crosslinking agent. Mechanical properties of the HA hydrogels have been evaluated by adding up different amount of BDDEs. While the mechanical properties of the obtained HA hydrogels were evaluated by measuring their crosslinking degrees, elastic modulus and viscosity, their in vitro biocompatibilities were done by measuring the degrees of anti‐inflammatory reactions, cell viabilities and cytotoxicity. The degrees of anti‐inflammatory reactions were determined by measuring the amount of nitric oxides (NOs) released from lipopolysaccharide(LPS)(+)‐induced macrophages; cell viability was evaluated by observing differences in the behaviors of fibroblasts covered with the HA hydrogels, compared with those covered with the films of Teflon and Latex. Cytotoxicity of the HA hydrogels was also evaluated by measuring the degrees of viability of the cells exposed on the extracts of the HA hydrogels over those of Teflon, Latex and pure HA solutions by the assays of thiazoly blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), neutral reds, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). The results showed that employment of BDDEs beyond critical amounts showed lower biocompatibility of the crosslinked HA hydrogels but higher crosslinking degrees and mechanical properties, indicating the importance of controlling the HA concentrations, BDDE amounts and their reaction times for the synthesis of the crosslinked HA hydrogels for their clinical applications as biomaterials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part: 103A: 3072–3080, 2015.
Osteoblast biocompatibility of novel chitosan crosslinker, hexamethylene‐1,6‐diaminocarboxysulfonate
Authors: Beringer Laura T. , Kiechel Marjorie A. , Komiya Yuko , Donius Amalie E. , Habas Raymond , Wegst Ulrike G. K. , Schauer Caroline L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractChitosan is a naturally occurring polysaccharide, which has proven to be an attractive candidate for bone tissue engineering, due to its ability to promote osteoblast mineralization. Electrospinning has become a well‐established cell scaffold processing technique, as it produces a high surface area to volume fibrous material that can mimic the three dimensionality of the extracellular matrix of a cell. In this study, we have investigated the osteoblast response to two different chemically crosslinked (hexamethylene‐1,6‐diaminocarboxysulfonate (HDACS) and genipin) electrospun chitosan scaffolds and their film counterparts in order to determine how material chemistry influences cellular behavior in conjunction with material topology. In addition, material properties of each fiber scaffold such as porosity and tensile strength were considered. MLO‐A5 osteoblast cells grown on chitosan‐HDACS scaffolds were found to display a more organized cellular network, along with significantly more filopodia extensions, compared to those grown on chitosan‐genipin scaffolds. After 2 days of growth on chitosan‐HDACS fibers, a higher level of alkaline phosphatase expression in MLO‐A5 cells was reported compared to that of either chitosan‐genipin fibers or films. These results indicate that not only chemistry, but also surface topology is an important effecter of cellular behavior. Ultimately, chitosan‐HDACS fiber scaffolds provided an adequate substrate for osteoblast attachment and proliferation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 3026–3033, 2015.
Oxidation of the emerging contaminants amitriptyline hydrochloride, methyl salicylate and 2‐phenoxyethanol by persulfate activated by UV irradiation
Authors: Real Francisco J , Acero Juan L , Benitez Javier F , Roldan Gloria , Casas Francisco 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDDespite the small concentration of emerging contaminants (ECs) in water systems, in recent years numerous works have reported potential toxicological risks associated with their presence in the environment, and recommending their elimination by different procedures, such as chemical oxidation processes.RESULTSThe elimination of three selected ECs, amitriptyline hydrochloride, methyl salicylate and 2‐phenoxyethanol in aqueous solutions by photochemically activated persulfate has been investigated. The main operating conditions, such as persulfate dose, temperature, pH and buffer used, were varied and efficiencies of elimination and apparent pseudo‐first‐order rate constants of the oxidation reactions were determined for comparison purposes. The role of reactive oxygen species generated in the system, such as SO4·− and HO·, in the overall oxidation of the ECs was determined by using suitable scavenger compounds. Moreover, thermally activated persulfate was around 15–50 times less reactive than the UV/persulfate system. Finally, second‐order rate constants for the reaction between sulfate radical and each EC were determined by competition kinetics, and the values obtained were (4.8 ± 0.6) × 109 M−1 s−1 for amitriptyline hydrochloride, (9.2 ± 0.9) × 108 M−1 s−1 for methyl salicylate, and (1.38 ± 0.02) × 109 M−1 s−1 for 2‐phenoxyethanol.CONCLUSIONBoth radical species SO4·− and HO· play important roles in the oxidation of the ECs investigated when using the UV/persulfate system, with the contribution of sulfate radicals predominating for those compounds with low reactivity towards HO radicals. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Tips and tricks in endoscopic papillectomy of ampullary tumors: single‐center experience with large case series (with videos)
Authors: Tsuji Shujiro , Itoi Takao , Sofuni Atsushi , Mukai Shuntaro , Tonozuka Ryosuke , Moriyasu Fuminori 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEndoscopic papillectomy (EP) has been recognized as a safe and reliable treatment for ampullary adenomas. In this article, we describe important tips and tricks in EP of ampullary tumors on the basis of our large case series outcome. Between May 1999 and April 2014, 115 patients underwent EP at Tokyo Medical University hospital. The mean tumor diameter was 16.2 (6–35) mm. The final pathological diagnoses were adenoma, cancer in adenoma, cancer, and hyperplasia in 85, 13, 10, and seven patients, respectively. “En bloc” or “piecemeal” EP was performed with a polypectomy snare forceps using “Endocut® mode”. Prophylactic pancreatic duct stents were placed after EP. Consequently, a single treatment session was possible in 93 (80.9%) patients. Additional treatment was required in the remaining 22 (19.1%) patients. For these 22 patients, the postresection pathological diagnoses were adenoma in 15 patients and cancer in seven patients. Two patients with cancer and venous permeation required surgical operation. The final complete resection rate was 98.2%. Several complications observed included pancreatitis (10.4%), bleeding (18.2%), perforation (2.6%), cholangitis (1.7%), and papillary stenosis (4.3%). One patient died of procedure‐related complications. In conclusion, endoscopic papillectomy showed a high technical success rate. However, possible complications and occasional fatal complications should be considered when using EP.
Chondrocyte clusters adjacent to sites of cartilage degeneration have characteristics of progenitor cells
Authors: Hoshiyama Yoshiaki , Otsuki Shuhei , Oda Shuhei , Kurokawa Yoshitaka , Nakajima Mikio , Jotoku Tsuyoshi , Tamura Ryuichi , Okamoto Yoshinori , Lotz Martin K. , Neo Masashi 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate the site‐specific characteristics and roles of chondrocyte clusters in human knee osteoarthritis. Cartilage explants were obtained from 45 knees undergoing total knee replacement surgery. The explants were taken from 4 locations in the knee: the medial femoral condyle, the medial posterior femoral condyle (MPC), the lateral femoral condyle, and the lateral posterior femoral condyle (LPC). Cartilage degeneration, cell density, and cell arrangement were compared histologically. A live/dead cell viability assay and immunohistochemical analyses using antibodies against STRO‐1, FGF2, and Ki‐67 were performed. Cell proliferation and cartilaginous nodule production in MPC and LPC explants in monolayer culture were compared. Finally, MPC cartilage explants were cultured to observe histological changes. The cell density of the MPC explants was higher than that of the LPC because of clustering. MPC explants contained more live cells than the LPC did, and the expression of IHC markers in MPC explants was higher than that in LPC. Chondrocytes from MPC proliferated faster and produced more nodules in monolayer culture than those from the LPC and MPC explants were repaired during organ culture. In conclusion, chondrocyte clusters adjacent to severe cartilage degeneration have specific characteristics, with progenitor and proliferative potential. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:548–555, 2015.
Evaluation of different drying temperatures on physico‐chemical and antioxidant properties of water‐soluble tomato powders and on their use in pork patties
Authors: Kim Hyeong Sang , Chin Koo Bok 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDTomato and tomato products provide various antioxidant activities, which could be changed by the processing method. This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of water‐soluble tomato powder (WSTP) as affected by different oven temperatures (60, 80 and 100°C), and to evaluate the physico‐chemical properties and antioxidative activities of pork patties containing these powders.RESULTSThe contents of total phenolic compounds of WSTP ranged from 22.2 to 69.6 g kg−1 dry matter. The antioxidant activities increased significantly with increasing drying temperatures (P < 0.05). The physico‐chemical properties of pork patties containing tomato powders were also evaluated. WSTP at 100°C showed the highest redness value compared to those dried at 60 and 80°C. Lipid oxidation of pork patties was retarded by 7 days with the addition of WSTP. In particular, pork patties containing WSTP showed antimicrobial activity at 14 days of refrigerated storage, regardless of drying temperatures.CONCLUSIONWSTP, especially prepared at 100°C, could be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in meat products. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Contemporary diagnostics: Sarcoma pathology update
Authors: Brooks John S.J. , Lee Solomon 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSarcoma diagnosis continues to evolve as new information is discovered. Certain tumors have been downgraded (dermal leiomyosarcoma) and an atypical category designed for others. Recently entities include myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma, myoepithelioma, and pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma. The terms malignant fibrous histiocytoma and hemangiopericytoma are outdated. New immunostains (STAT6, SOX10, ERG) add diagnostic specificity, and new risk assessment models are described for sarcomas where grading and staging has failed to provide adequate prognosis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:513–519. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contemporary applications of frontal sinus trephination: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Patel Alpen B. , Cain Rachel B. , Lal Devyani 
Published: February 2015

Our objective was to perform a systematic review of the literature on contemporary indications and outcomes for frontal sinus trephination and present an illustrative case of an endoscopically assisted repair of a subcutaneous frontal sinus fistula by trephination technique. PubMed and Ovid databases were used as data sources. A systematic review of the English literature was completed to review reports of frontal trephination from 1980 to 2014. Articles meeting inclusion criteria for inflammatory and noninflammatory indications were reviewed. Articles were systematically reviewed and graded by evidence‐based medicine level. An illustrative case from our institution is then presented. The systematic review identified 2,621 published studies. Thirty‐eight studies were identified for inclusion. The indications, techniques, outcomes, safety, and complications were reviewed for noninflammatory and inflammatory conditions. There were 32 retrospective case series, reports, or cohort studies (level 4), four systematic reviews (level 3), one prospective analysis (level 3), and one meta‐analysis (level 2). Due to the heterogeneity of study cases and inclusion criteria, a meta‐analysis was not feasible. We also present a novel closure of an anterior skull base defect resulting in a subcutaneous fistula with use of a frontal trephination approach. The frontal sinus trephination should not be regarded as a procedure of the past, as it useful in the armamentarium of the modern sinus and skull base surgeon. This approach provides access for instrumentation for hard‐to‐reach frontal sinus disease either purely through a trephination approach or as a supplementation to the transnasal endoscopic approach. Evidence supporting frontal sinus trephination is of levels 2, 3, and 4.Level of EvidenceNALaryngoscope, 125:2046–2053, 2015
A randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of AFQ056 for the treatment of chorea in Huntington's disease
Authors: Reilmann Ralf , Rouzade‐Dominguez Marie‐Laure , Saft Carsten , Süssmuth Sigurd D. , Priller Josef , Rosser Anne , Rickards Hugh , Schöls Ludger , Pezous Nicole , Gasparini Fabrizio , Johns Donald , Landwehrmeyer Georg Bernhard , Gomez‐Mancilla Baltazar 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundThis study investigated the hypothesis that AFQ056 (mavoglurant), a selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist, reduces chorea in Huntington's disease (HD).MethodsThis 32‐day randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, proof‐of‐concept study investigated AFQ056 (25‐150 mg [incremental doses], twice‐daily) versus placebo in patients with HD. Primary efficacy assessments were the chorea‐sum score and orientation index (nondominant hand) from the quantitative motor (Q‐Motor) grasping task at day 28. Key secondary efficacy assessments included finger‐tapping in the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale–Total Motor Score and Q‐Motor measures. Safety and tolerability were assessed.ResultsOverall, 42 patients were randomized. At day 28, no improvement was observed on the primary efficacy assessments (P > 0.10) with AFQ056 versus placebo. The Q‐Motor speeded‐tapping interonset interval variability was reduced with AFQ056 versus placebo for the nondominant hand (P = 0.01). The incidence of adverse events was 66.7% with AFQ056 and 57.1% with placebo.ConclusionsAFQ056 did not reduce choreatic movements in HD, but was well tolerated. The clinical relevance of the Q‐Motor findings (speeded‐tapping) are unknown and may warrant further investigation. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Design of Novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pantothenate Synthetase Inhibitors: Virtual Screening, Synthesis and In Vitro Biological Activities
Authors: Devi Parthiban Brindha , Jogula Sridhar , Reddy Asireddy Parameshwar , Saxena Shalini , Sridevi Jonnalagadda Padma , Sriram Dharmarajan , Yogeeswari Perumal 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPantothenate synthetase (PS) enzyme involved in the pantothenate biosynthetic pathway is essential for the virulence and persistent growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). It is encoded by the panC gene, and has become an appropriate target for developing new therapeutics for tuberculosis. Here we report new inhibitors active against MTB PS developed using energy based pharmacophore modelling of the available proteininhibitor complex (3IVX) and virtual screening of a large commercial library. The e‐pharmacophore model consisted of a ring aromatic (R), negative ionizable (N) and acceptor (A) sites. Compounds 5 and 10 emerged as promising hits with IC50s 2.18 µM and 6.63 µM respectively. Further structural optimization was attempted to optimize lead 10 using medicinal chemistry approach and six compounds were found to exhibit better enzyme inhibition compared to parent compound lead 10 (<6 µM).