bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of SiO2 content on performance of polypropylene separator for lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Liu Hongyu , Xu Jun , Guo Baohua , He Xiangming 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTComposite separators are prepared by introducing SiO2 nanoparticles on both sides of polypropylene separator with various SiO2 contents through a dip‐coating process, where polyvinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene is used as binder. Coated layers have highly porous structure, which is quantitatively analyzed by air permeability. Compared to pristine separator, composite separators show significant lower Gurley value, reduced thermal shrinkage, higher liquid electrolyte uptake, better mechanical properties, and better cell performance such as discharge C‐rate capability and cycle performance. The influence of SiO2 content on these properties is also studied, and the best SiO2 content is given. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41156.
Thermal properties and miscibility of semi‐crystalline and amorphous PLA blends
Authors: Gao Chengcheng , Bao Xianyang , Yu Long , Liu Hongsheng , Simon George P. , Chen Ling , Liu Xingxun 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe focus of this research is the study of the microstructures and miscibility at the interface between semi‐crystalline and amorphous PLAs [poly (l‐lactic acid)(PLLA) with poly (l,d‐lactic acid)(PDLLA), respectively]. The blends are prepared through thermal processing (extrusion and hot‐pressing). To increase the area of interface between PDLLA and PLLA, the fibers from PLLA and PDLLA are used. Thermal and microstructures of the blends were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), dynamic thermogravimetric analysis(DMA), small‐angle X‐ray diffraction(SAXS) and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The two PLAs are miscible in molten state. However, phase separation is detected after various thermal treatments, with PDLLA being excluded from the regions of interlamellar PLLA regions when PDLLA content is low, as determined from X‐ray diffraction studies. The compatibility between the two PLAs is not perfect in the molten state, since enthalpies of the various blends at Tg are lower than any pure PLA material. The semi‐crystalline PLLA fiber can recrystallize alone in the molten amorphous PDLLA, and a higher nuclei density is observed at the interface. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41205.
Fabrication and characterization of the orientated MMT/PI composite films via relatively low magnetic field
Authors: Lv Fengzhu , Xu Linan , Xu Zixian , Fu Liling , Zhang Yihe 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTAnisotropic cetylpyridinium modified magnetic montmorillonite/polyimide (CPC‐Fe3O4‐MMT/PI) composite films were prepared based on CPC‐Fe3O4‐MMT capable of exfoliation and magnetic‐field response via in situ polymerization and relatively low magnetic field adjustment (0.6 T) in the film casting followed by imidization. The stability of CPC‐Fe3O4‐MMT during the in situ polymerization over flow shearing of the polymers and longtime stirring was evaluated by comparison the composition of CPC‐Fe3O4‐MMT before and after polymerization via TG analysis and element analysis. Besides, the structural anisotropy of the produced CPC‐Fe3O4‐MMT/PI composite films deriving from orientation of plate‐like CPC‐Fe3O4‐MMT was confirmed by 1‐D and 2‐D XRD and SEM. The CPC‐Fe3O4‐MMT/PI composite films with structural anisotropy exhibit gas permeation, optical and magnetic anisotropic properties which would widen the application fields of the composite films. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41224.
Direct Photocatalysis for Organic Synthesis by Using Plasmonic‐Metal Nanoparticles Irradiated with Visible Light
Authors: Xiao Qi , Jaatinen Esa , Zhu Huaiyong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRecent advances in direct‐use plasmonic‐metal nanoparticles (NPs) as photocatalysts to drive organic synthesis reactions under visible‐light irradiation have attracted great interest. Plasmonic‐metal NPs are characterized by their strong interaction with visible light through excitation of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Herein, we review recent developments in direct photocatalysis using plasmonic‐metal NPs and their applications. We focus on the role played by the LSPR of the metal NPs in catalyzing organic transformations and, more broadly, the role that light irradiation plays in catalyzing the reactions. Through this, the reaction mechanisms that these light‐excited energetic electrons promote will be highlighted. This review will be of particular interest to researchers who are designing and fabricating new plasmonic‐metal NP photocatalysts by identifying important reaction mechanisms that occur through light irradiation.
Facile In Situ Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Ni/Ni(OH)2 Hybrid Sponges with Excellent Electrochemical Energy‐Storage Performances for Supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Wanren , Wang Wenhua , Wang Mengjiao , Guo Xiaohui 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHerein, we report the in situ growth of single‐crystalline Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes on a Ni support by using facile hydrothermal processes. The as‐prepared Ni/Ni(OH)2 sponges were well‐characterized by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, TEM, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The results revealed that the nickel‐skeleton‐supported Ni(OH)2 rope‐like aggregates were composed of numerous intercrossed single‐crystal Ni(OH)2 flake‐like units. The Ni/Ni(OH)2 hybrid sponges served as electrodes and displayed ultrahigh specific capacitance (SC=3247 F g−1) and excellent rate‐capability performance, likely owing to fast electron and ion transport, sufficient Faradic redox reaction, and robust structural integrity of the Ni/Ni(OH)2 hybrid electrode. These results support the promising application of Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes as advanced pseudocapacitor materials.
Meeting the Challenge of Intermolecular Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Cycloadditions of Alkynes and Allenes
Authors: Muratore Michael E. , Homs Anna , Obradors Carla , Echavarren Antonio M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe development of gold(I)‐catalyzed intermolecular carbo‐ and hetero‐cycloadditions of alkynes and allenes has been more challenging than their intramolecular counterparts. Here we review, with a mechanistic perspective, the most fundamental intermolecular cycloadditions of alkynes and allenes with alkenes.
Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune pancreatitis types 1 and 2
Authors: Fritz S , Bergmann F , Grenacher L , Sgroi M , Hinz U , Hackert T , Büchler M W , Werner J 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Background
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is characterized by diffuse or focal swelling of the pancreas. AIP has been divided into types 1 and 2. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the clinicopathological characteristics, therapy and outcome of patients with AIP.

Methods
The medical records of patients diagnosed with AIP between January 2003 and July 2011 were reviewed. Characteristics of patients with AIP types 1 and 2 were compared with those of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

Results
AIP was classified as type 1 in 40 patients and type 2 in 32 according to the HISORt (Histology, Imaging, Serology, Other organ involvement, Response to therapy) criteria. Patients with histologically confirmed AIP type 2 were younger than those with type 1 (P = 0·005). Some 30 of 32 patients with AIP type 2 were found to have a localized tumour-like pancreatic mass and underwent pancreatectomy, compared with only 16 of 40 with type 1 (P &lt; 0·001). Three of 25 patients with AIP type 2 presented with raised serum levels of IgG4 compared with 21 of 38 with type 1 (P &lt; 0·001). There was no difference in symptoms and involvement of other organs between AIP types 1 and 2. Presentation with weight loss was more common among patients with PDAC than those with AIP, but there was no difference in pain or jaundice between the groups. Raised serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels were more prevalent in patients with PDAC.

Conclusion
Patients with AIP type 2 frequently present with abdominal pain and a tumour-like mass. Differentiating AIP from PDAC is difficult, so making the clinical decision regarding operative versus conservative management is challenging.
Catalytic Enantioselective Amide Allylation of Isatins and Its Application in the Synthesis of 2‐Oxindole Derivatives Spiro‐Fused to the α‐Methylene‐γ‐Butyrolactone Functionality
Authors: Takahashi Masaki , Murata Yusuke , Yagishita Fumitoshi , Sakamoto Masami , Sengoku Tetsuya , Yoda Hidemi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article is a full account of the work exploring the potential utility of catalytic enantioselective amide allylation of various isatins using indium‐based chiral catalysts. A survey of various isatin substrates and NH‐containing stannylated reagents revealed that the reaction has a remarkably wide scope to result in extremely high yields and enantioselectivities (up to >99 %, 99 % ee) of variously substituted homoallylic alcohols. Several mechanistic investigations demonstrated that the substrate–reagent hydrogen‐bond interaction plays a critical role in the formation of the key transition states to result in enhanced catalytic reaction. The success of this approach allowed convenient access to chiral 2‐oxindoles spiro‐fused to the α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone functionality and their halogenated derivatives in almost enantiopure forms, thus highlighting the general utility of this synthetic method to deliver a large variety of antineoplastic drug candidates and pharmaceutically meaningful compounds.
Organocatalytic Cascade Reactions: Towards the Diversification of Hydroisochromenes and Chromenes through Two Different Activation Modes
Authors: Cruz Cruz David , Mose Rasmus , Villegas Gómez Clarisa , Torbensen Stine V. , Larsen Martin S. , Jørgensen Karl Anker 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe organocatalytic enantioselective syntheses of functionalized hydroisochromenes and chromenes by trienamine‐mediated [4+2]‐cycloaddition/nucleophilic ring‐closing and iminium‐ion/aminal‐mediated oxa‐Michael/Michael/nucleophilic ring‐closing with 2‐nitroallylic alcohols are presented. The corresponding cycloadducts, with up to five stereocenters, are formed in good yield and excellent enantioselectivities. The synthetic applications of the obtained products have been demonstrated.
Direct Carbocyclizations of Benzoic Acids: Catalyst‐Controlled Synthesis of Cyclic Ketones and the Development of Tandem aHH (acyl Heck–Heck) Reactions
Authors: Miles Kelsey C. , Le Chi “Chip” , Stambuli James P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe formation of exo‐methylene indanones and indenones from simple ortho‐allyl benzoic acid derivatives has been developed. Selective formation of the indanone or indenone products in these reactions is controlled by choice of ancillary ligand. This new process has a low environmental footprint as the products are formed in high yields using low catalyst loadings, while the only stoichiometric chemical waste generated from the reactants in the transformation is acetic acid. The conversion of the active cyclization catalyst into the Hermman–Beller palladacycle was exploited in a one‐pot tandem acyl Heck–Heck (aHH) reaction, and utilized in the synthesis of donepezil.
Rat subthalamic nucleus and zona incerta share extensively overlapped representations of cortical functional territories
Authors: Kita Takako , Osten Pavel , Kita Hitoshi 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the zona incerta (ZI) are two major structures of the subthalamus. The STN has strong connections between the basal ganglia and related nuclei. The ZI has strong connections between brainstem reticular nuclei, sensory nuclei, and nonspecific thalamic nuclei. Both the STN and ZI receive heavy projections from a subgroup of layer V neurons in the cerebral cortex. The major goal of this study was to investigate the following two questions about the cortico‐subthalamic projections using the lentivirus anterograde tracing method in the rat: 1) whether cortical projections to the STN and ZI have independent functional organizations or a global organization encompassing the entire subthalamus as a whole; and 2) how the cortical functional zones are represented in the subthalamus. This study revealed that the subthalamus receives heavy projections from the motor and sensory cortices, that the cortico‐subthalamic projections have a large‐scale functional organization that encompasses both the STN and two subdivisions of the ZI, and that the group of cortical axons that originate from a particular area of the cortex sequentially innervate and form separate terminal fields in the STN and ZI. The terminal zones formed by different cortical functional areas have highly overlapped and fuzzy borders, as do the somatotopic representations of the sensorimotor cortex in the subthalamus. The present study suggests that the layer V neurons in the wide areas of the sensorimotor cortex simultaneously control STN and ZI neurons. Together with other known afferent and efferent connections, possible new functionality of the STN and ZI is discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:4043–4056, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The sodium channel isoform transition at developing nodes of ranvier in the peripheral nervous system: Dependence on a Genetic program and myelination‐induced cluster formation
Authors: Luo Songjiang , Jaegle Martine , Li Roy , Ehring George R. , Meijer Dies , Levinson Simon R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAmong sodium channel isoforms, Nav1.6 is selectively expressed at nodes of Ranvier in both the CNS and the PNS. However, non‐Nav1.6 isoforms such as Nav1.2 are also present at the CNS nodes in early development but gradually diminish later. It has been proposed that myelination is part of a glia‐neuron signaling mechanism that produces this change in nodal isoform expression. The present study used isoform‐specific antibodies to demonstrate that, in the PNS, four other neuronal sodium channel isoforms were also clustered at nodes in early development but eventually disappeared during maturation. To study possible roles of myelination in such transitions, we investigated the nodal expression of selected isoforms in the sciatic nerve of the transgenic mouse Oct6ΔSCE/βgeo, whose PNS myelination is delayed in the first postnatal week but eventually resumes. We found that delayed myelination retarded the formation of nodal channel clusters and altered the expression‐elimination patterns of sodium channel isoforms, resulting in significantly reduced expression levels of non‐Nav1.6 isoforms in such delayed nodes. However, delayed myelination did not significantly affect the gene expression, protein synthesis, or axonal trafficking of any isoform studied. Rather, we found evidence for a developmentally programmed increase in neuronal Nav1.6 expression with constant or decreasing neuronal expression of other isoforms that were unaffected by delayed myelination. Thus our results suggest that, in the developmental isoform switch of the PNS, myelination does not play a signaling role as that proposed for the CNS but rather serves only to form nodal clusters from existing isoform pools. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:4057–4073, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Free‐Standing Nitrogen‐doped Graphene Paper as Electrodes for High‐Performance Lithium/Dissolved Polysulfide Batteries
Authors: Han Kai , Shen Jingmei , Hao Shiqiang , Ye Hongqi , Wolverton Christopher , Kung Mayfair C. , Kung Harold H. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFree‐standing N‐doped graphene papers (NGP), generated by pyrolysis of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride, were successfully used as binder‐free electrodes for the state‐of‐the‐art Li/polysulfide‐catholyte batteries. They exhibited high specific capacities of approximately1000 mA h g−1 (based on S) after 100 cycles and coulombic efficiencies great than 98 %, significantly better than undoped graphene paper (GP). These NGP were characterized with XRD, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, AFM, electron microscopy, and Raman and impedance spectroscopy before and after cycling. Spectroscopic evidence suggested stronger binding of sulfide to NGP relative to GP, and modelling results from DFT calculation, substantiated with experimental data, indicated that pyrrolic and pyridinic N atoms interacted more strongly with Li polysulfides than quaternary N atoms. Thus, more favorable partition of polysulfides between the electrode and the electrolyte and the corresponding effect on the morphology of the passivation layer were the causes of the beneficial effect of N doping.
Eating disorder symptoms and quality of life: Where should clinicians place their focus in severe and enduring anorexia nervosa?
Authors: Bamford Bryony , Barras Christina , Sly Richard , Stiles‐Shields Colleen , Touyz Stephen , Le Grange Daniel , Hay Phillipa , Crosby Ross , Lacey Hubert 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the relationship between quality of life (QoL), weight, and eating disorder symptoms across treatment in individuals with severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (SE‐AN).MethodParticipants were 63 adult females with SE‐AN presenting to an outpatient, multisite randomized clinical trial. QoL was assessed using three well‐validated QoL questionnaire measures, the EDQOL, SF‐12, and WSAS. Participants' weight and severity of symptoms was assessed by Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and weekly BMI change.ResultsPredictors of QoL were evaluated in the context of concurrent, prospective,1 and lagged mixed‐effects models. Changes in both BMI and EDE were found to significantly affect current and future QoL ratings.DiscussionFindings suggest that improvements in QoL may be dependent on symptom change and weight gain. Treatments seeking solely to improve QoL may be unlikely to produce lasting change and clinicians should maintain a focus on weight and behavioral symptoms as much as on improvements in QoL. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:133–138)
Potential effects of climate change on the distribution range of the main silicate sinker of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Pinkernell Stefan , Beszteri Bánk 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFragilariopsis kerguelensis, a dominant diatom species throughout the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, is coined to be one of the main drivers of the biological silicate pump. Here, we study the distribution of this important species and expected consequences of climate change upon it, using correlative species distribution modeling and publicly available presence‐only data. As experience with SDM is scarce for marine phytoplankton, this also serves as a pilot study for this organism group. We used the maximum entropy method to calculate distribution models for the diatom F. kerguelensis based on yearly and monthly environmental data (sea surface temperature, salinity, nitrate and silicate concentrations). Observation data were harvested from GBIF and the Global Diatom Database, and for further analyses also from the Hustedt Diatom Collection (BRM). The models were projected on current yearly and seasonal environmental data to study current distribution and its seasonality. Furthermore, we projected the seasonal model on future environmental data obtained from climate models for the year 2100. Projected on current yearly averaged environmental data, all models showed similar distribution patterns for F. kerguelensis. The monthly model showed seasonality, for example, a shift of the southern distribution boundary toward the north in the winter. Projections on future scenarios resulted in a moderately to negligibly shrinking distribution area and a change in seasonality. We found a substantial bias in the publicly available observation datasets, which could be reduced by additional observation records we obtained from the Hustedt Diatom Collection. Present‐day distribution patterns inferred from the models coincided well with background knowledge and previous reports about F. kerguelensis distribution, showing that maximum entropy‐based distribution models are suitable to map distribution patterns for oceanic planktonic organisms. Our scenario projections indicate moderate effects of climate change upon the biogeography of F. kerguelensis.
Ecological divergence and evolutionary transition of resprouting types inBanksia attenuata
Authors: He Tianhua 
Published: July 2014

AbstractResprouting is a key functional trait that allows plants to survive diverse disturbances. The fitness benefits associated with resprouting include a rapid return to adult growth, early flowering, and setting seed. The resprouting responses observed following fire are varied, as are the ecological outcomes. Understanding the ecological divergence and evolutionary pathways of different resprouting types and how the environment and genetics interact to drive such morphological evolution represents an important, but under‐studied, topic. In the present study, microsatellite markers and microevolutionary approaches were used to better understand: (1) whether genetic differentiation is related to morphological divergence among resprouting types and if so, whether there are any specific genetic variations associated with morphological divergence and (2) the evolutionary pathway of the transitions between two resprouting types inBanksia attenuata(epicormic resprouting from aerial stems or branch; resprouting from a underground lignotuber). The results revealed an association between population genetic differentiation and the morphological divergence of postfire resprouting types inB. attenuata. A microsatellite allele has been shown to be associated with epicormic populations. Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis revealed a likely evolutionary transition from epicormic to lignotuberous resprouting inB. attenuata. It is concluded that the postfire resprouting type inB. attenuatais likely determined by the fire's characteristics. The differentiated expression of postfire resprouting types in different environments is likely a consequence of local genetic adaptation. The capacity to shift the postfire resprouting type to adapt to diverse fire regimes is most likely the key factor explaining whyB. attenuatais the most widespread member of theBanksiagenus.
Photoinduced Topological Transformation in Mesoscopic Inorganic Nanoparticles: Application as a UV Sensor
Authors: Das Santu , Thomas Preethi , Roy Soumyajit 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAchieving topological transformation in an inorganic chemical system is an ongoing challenge. We show that such a topological transformation can be achieved in a simple metal‐oxide based inorganic system of soft‐oxometalates (SOMs). Starting from a dispersion of heptamolybdate‐based SOM nanotubes, molybdenum blue SOM nanospheres were synthesised by application of UV‐irradiation. This transformation is accompanied by a colour change of the system from colourless to blue. The starting material and product were characterised based on an array of techniques including scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, horizontal attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The possibility of using this system as a UV detector is also discussed.