bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HOW TO CONSTRAIN YOUR M DWARF: MEASURING EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE, BOLOMETRIC LUMINOSITY, MASS, AND RADIUS
Authors: Mann Andrew W. , Feiden Gregory A. , Gaidos Eric , Boyajian Tabetha , Braun Kaspar von 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Precise and accurate parameters for late-type (late K and M) dwarf stars are important for characterization of any orbiting planets, but such determinations have been hampered by these stars’ complex spectra and dissimilarity to the Sun. We exploit an empirically calibrated method to estimate spectroscopic effective temperature (T
eff) and the Stefan–Boltzmann law to determine radii of 183 nearby K7–M7 single stars with a precision of 2%–5%. Our improved stellar parameters enable us to develop model-independent relations between T
eff or absolute magnitude and radius, as well as between color and T
eff. The derived T
eff–radius relation depends strongly on [Fe/H], as predicted by theory. The relation between absolute K

S
magnitude and radius can predict radii accurate to

3%. We derive bolometric corrections to the

and Gaia passbands as a function of color, accurate to 1%–3%. We confront the reliability of predictions from Dartmouth stellar evolution models using a Markov chain Monte Carlo to find the values of unobservable model parameters (mass, age) that best reproduce the observed effective temperature and bolometric flux while satisfying constraints on distance and metallicity as Bayesian priors. With the inferred masses we derive a semi-empirical mass–absolute magnitude relation with a scatter of 2% in mass. The best-agreement models overpredict stellar T
eff values by an average of 2.2% and underpredict stellar radii by 4.6%, similar to differences with values from low-mass eclipsing binaries. These differences are not correlated with metallicity, mass, or indicators of activity, suggesting issues with the underlying model assumptions, e.g., opacities or convective mixing length.
Asia, Australia and New Zealand Dyspnoea in Emergency Departments (AANZDEM) study: Rationale, design and analysis
Authors: Kelly Anne‐Maree , Keijzers Gerben , Klim Sharon , Graham Colin A , Craig Simon , Kuan Win Sen , Jones Peter , Holdgate Anna , Lawoko Charles , Laribi Said ,   AANZDEM Study Group
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectivesShortness of breath is a common reason for ED attendance. This international study aims to describe the epidemiology of dyspnoea presenting to EDs in the South East Asia‐Pacific region, to compare disease patterns across regions, to understand how conditions are investigated and treated, and to assess quality of care.Methods/DesignThis is a prospective, interrupted time series cohort study conducted in EDs in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia of consecutive adult patients presenting to the ED with dyspnoea as a main symptom. Data were collected over three 72 h periods in May, August and October 2014 (autumn, winter and spring), and included demographics, comorbidities, mode of arrival, usual medications, pre‐hospital treatment, initial assessment, ED investigations, treatment in the ED, ED diagnosis, disposition from ED, in‐hospital outcome and final hospital diagnosis. The primary outcomes of interest are the epidemiology and outcome of patients presenting to ED with dyspnoea. Secondary outcomes of interest are seasonal and geographic comparisons of diagnoses and outcomes, disease‐specific descriptions of epidemiology, investigation, treatment and disposition, and compliance with treatment guidelines.DiscussionThis novel study will explore dyspnoea from the viewpoint of the patient's symptom (shortness of breath) rather than that of a single disease. The results will provide robust data about the epidemiology, investigation, treatment and disposition of this diverse patient group. The obtained data also have the potential to inform service planning and to quantify the proportion of patients with mixed cardiac and respiratory disease.
Canine distemper virus as a threat to wild tigers in Russia and across their range
Authors: GILBERT Martin , SOUTYRINA Svetlana V. , SERYODKIN Ivan V. , SULIKHAN Nadezhda , UPHYRKINA Olga V. , GONCHARUK Mikhail , MATTHEWS Louise , CLEAVELAND Sarah , MIQUELLE Dale G. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCanine distemper virus (CDV) has recently been identified in populations of wild tigers in Russia and India. Tiger populations are generally too small to maintain CDV for long periods, but are at risk of infections arising from more abundant susceptible hosts that constitute a reservoir of infection. Because CDV is an additive mortality factor, it could represent a significant threat to small, isolated tiger populations. In Russia, CDV was associated with the deaths of tigers in 2004 and 2010, and was coincident with a localized decline of tigers in Sikhote‐Alin Biosphere Zapovednik (from 25 tigers in 2008 to 9 in 2012). Habitat continuity with surrounding areas likely played an important role in promoting an ongoing recovery. We recommend steps be taken to assess the presence and the impact of CDV in all tiger range states, but should not detract focus away from the primary threats to tigers, which include habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching and retaliatory killing. Research priorities include: (i) recognition and diagnosis of clinical cases of CDV in tigers when they occur; and (ii) collection of baseline data on the health of wild tigers. CDV infection of individual tigers need not imply a conservation threat, and modeling should complement disease surveillance and targeted research to assess the potential impact to tiger populations across the range of ecosystems, population densities and climate extremes occupied by tigers. Describing the role of domestic and wild carnivores as contributors to a local CDV reservoir is an important precursor to considering control measures.
Inducible pine rosin defense mediates interactions between an invasive insect–fungal complex and newly acquired sympatric fungal associates
Authors: CHENG Chihang , ZHOU Fangyuan , LU Min , SUN Jianghua 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMutualism between insects and fungi drives insect evolutionary diversification and niche expansion; for invasive insects, however, mechanisms by which they maintain mutualistic relationships with beneficial fungi have not been clearly explored. Here, we report that an invasive herbivorous insect, the red turpentine beetle (RTB), with its co‐invasive mutualistic fungus, Leptographium procerum, has newly acquired a set of sympatric fungi during invasion, which could potentially outcompete the RTB mutualistic fungus. Host pine Pinus tabuliformis exhibited more rosin‐based responses to the sympatric fungi than to RTB mutualistic fungus and, in return, the rapidly induced rosin suppressed the sympatric fungi more significantly than L. procerum. In addition, from direct fungal pairing competitions, we found that the antagonistic effects of sympatric fungi on L. procerum were drastically reduced under induced rosin defense. Our results together with previous findings imply that pine oleoresin defense (turpentine and rosin) might have been exploited by the invasive mutualistic fungus L. procerum, which helps to explain its invasion success and, by extension, its mutualistic partner RTB in China.
Diagnostic performance of anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide and rheumatoid factor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Chang Pi‐Yueh , Yang Cheng‐Tao , Cheng Ching‐Hui , Yu Kuang‐Hui 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimTo compare the diagnostic performance of rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti‐CCP) in the diagnosis of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Taiwan.MethodsSerum concentrations of RF and anti‐CCP were measured in 246 cases, including 39 patients with RA and 207 patients with other rheumatic diseases (non‐RA). The age, sex, clinical presentation, RF, anti‐CCP results and the final diagnoses were recorded and analyzed. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (LR+) and negative likelihood ratio (LR−) were calculated.ResultsAmong all 246 patients, 39 (15.9%) were diagnosed with RA and 207 (84.1%) were diagnosed with other rheumatic diseases (non‐RA). In the diagnosis of RA, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, LR+ and LR− of the RF test were 67%, 79%, 37%, 93%, 3.12, and 0.42, respectively. The corresponding data for the anti‐CCP test were 79%, 98%, 86%, 96%, 32.91 and 0.21, respectively. The presence of either anti‐CCP or RF increased the sensitivity to 85%, and when they both were present, the specificity increased to 98%. Among the 39 RA patients, 26 (66.7%) tested positive for RF, and 31 (79.5%) tested positive for anti‐CCP. RF was positive in two of eight anti‐CCP‐negative patients with RA, and anti‐CCP was positive in seven of 13 RF‐negative patients with RA.ConclusionsThe RF and anti‐CCP tests are complementary, and the co‐detection of these antibodies can increase the detection rate and provide important clinical value in the diagnosis of RA. Both anti‐CCP and RF positivity are useful for the diagnosis of RA, and use of both tests together improves the diagnostic sensitivity.
Third stage of labor risks in velamentous and marginal cord insertion: a population‐based study
Authors: Ebbing Cathrine , Kiserud Torvid , Johnsen Synnøve L. , Albrechtsen Susanne , Rasmussen Svein 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether anomalous cord insertion is associated with risk of complications in the third stage of labor.DesignA population‐based study.SettingNorwegian Medical Birth Register.PopulationAll singleton births (gestational age >16 weeks and <45 weeks) during the period 1999–2011 (n = 738 443 singletons). Deliveries by cesarean were excluded, leaving 628 680 vaginal singleton deliveries for the analyses.MethodsCalculation of odds ratios for complications in the third stage of labor (postpartum hemorrhage, manual delivery of the placenta, curettage) in velamentous and marginal cord insertion by logistic regression with adjustment for confounders.Main outcome measuresComplications in the third stage of labor, postpartum hemorrhage, manual placental removal and curettage.ResultsAnomalous cord insertion was associated with an increased risk of complications in the third stage of labor, the risk being higher for velamentous than for marginal insertion. The risks persisted after adjusting for possible confounding factors. Velamentous cord insertion carried a 5.6% risk of a need for manual removal of the placenta, compared with the risk of 1.1% for nonvelamentous insertion (odds ratio = 5.21, 95% confidence interval 4.71–5.76) in vaginal delivery, and we found increased risks of curettage (odds ratio = 3.29, 95% confidence interval 2.87–3.77) and postpartum hemorrhage (odds ratio = 2.06, 95% confidence interval 1.77–2.39).ConclusionsMarginal and especially velamentous cord insertion is associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage in the third stage of labor, need for manual removal of the placenta and curettage. Anomalous cord insertion can be identified prenatally and so possibly influence obstetric management.
Progressive inflammation‐mediated neurodegeneration after traumatic brain or spinal cord injury
Authors: Faden Alan I , Wu Junfang , Stoica Bogdan A , Loane David J 
Published: May 2015

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been linked to dementia and chronic neurodegeneration. Described initially in boxers and currently recognized across high contact sports, the association between repeated concussion (mild TBI) and progressive neuropsychiatric abnormalities has recently received widespread attention, and has been termed chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Less well appreciated are cognitive changes associated with neurodegeneration in the brain after isolated spinal cord injury. Also under‐recognized is the role of sustained neuroinflammation after brain or spinal cord trauma, even though this relationship has been known since the 1950s and is supported by more recent preclinical and clinical studies. These pathological mechanisms, manifested by extensive microglial and astroglial activation and appropriately termed chronic traumatic brain inflammation or chronic traumatic inflammatory encephalopathy, may be among the most important causes of post‐traumatic neurodegeneration in terms of prevalence. Importantly, emerging experimental work demonstrates that persistent neuroinflammation can cause progressive neurodegeneration that may be treatable even weeks after traumatic injury.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Inflammation: maladies, models, mechanisms and molecules. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2016.173.issue-4
Adenosine A2A receptors are necessary and sufficient to trigger memory impairment in adult mice
Authors: Pagnussat N , Almeida A S , Marques D M , Nunes F , Chenet G C , Botton P H S , Mioranzza S , Loss C M , Cunha R A , Porciúncula L O 
Published: May 2015

Background and PurposeCaffeine (a non‐selective adenosine receptor antagonist) prevents memory deficits in aging and Alzheimer's disease, an effect mimicked by adenosine A2A receptor, but not A1 receptor, antagonists. Hence, we investigated the effects of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists on memory performance and scopolamine‐induced memory impairment in mice.Experimental ApproachWe determined whether A2A receptors are necessary for the emergence of memory impairments induced by scopolamine and whether A2A receptor activation triggers memory deficits in naïve mice, using three tests to assess short‐term memory, namely the object recognition task, inhibitory avoidance and modified Y‐maze.Key ResultsScopolamine (1.0 mg·kg−1, i.p.) impaired short‐term memory performance in all three tests and this scopolamine‐induced amnesia was prevented by the A2A receptor antagonist (SCH 58261, 0.1–1.0 mg·kg−1, i.p.) and by the A1 receptor antagonist (DPCPX, 0.2–5.0 mg·kg−1, i.p.), except in the modified Y‐maze where only SCH58261 was effective. Both antagonists were devoid of effects on memory or locomotion in naïve rats. Notably, the activation of A2A receptors with CGS 21680 (0.1–0.5 mg·kg−1, i.p.) before the training session was sufficient to trigger memory impairment in the three tests in naïve mice, and this effect was prevented by SCH 58261 (1.0 mg·kg−1, i.p.). Furthermore, i.c.v. administration of CGS 21680 (50 nmol) also impaired recognition memory in the object recognition task.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese results show that A2A receptors are necessary and sufficient to trigger memory impairment and further suggest that A1 receptors might also be selectively engaged to control the cholinergic‐driven memory impairment.
IL‐14 and IL‐16 are expressed in the thyroid of patients with either Graves’ disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Authors: Helen Kemp Elizabeth , Ajjan Ramzi A. , Metcalfe Russell A. , Watson Philip F. , Weetman Anthony P. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryObjectivesCytokines have an important role in orchestrating the pathophysiology in autoimmune thyroid disease. The aim of the current study was to analyse the expression of interleukin (IL)‐14 and IL‐16 in the thyroid tissue of patients with Graves’ disease (GD), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) or multinodular goitre (MNG) and in that of normal individuals, in patients’ intrathyroidal CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and in patient and normal cultured thyroid follicular cells.MethodsThe expression of IL‐14 and IL‐16 mRNA and protein was investigated using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) amplification, and Western blotting and ELISAs, respectively.ResultsIL‐14 mRNA expression was detected in thyroid tissue from 8/9 GD, 3/4 HT and 3/13 MNG patients and 1/6 normal individuals, and IL‐16 mRNA expression in thyroid tissue from 9/9 GD, 4/4 HT and 9/13 MNG patients and 4/6 normal individuals. IL‐14 mRNA expression was detected in intrathyroidal CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from 2/2 GD and 2/2 HT patients, while IL‐16 mRNA was detected in samples from 1/2 HT patients but not in those from either patient with GD. IL‐14 and IL‐16 mRNA expression was found in thyroid follicular cells derived from 2/2 patient with GD and 1/1 normal individual. IL‐14 protein was detected in thyroid tissue from 6/6 GD, 1/1 HT and 0/6 MNG patients and 0/6 normal individuals, and IL‐16 protein in thyroid tissue from 6/6 GD, 1/1 HT and 1/6 MNG patients and 0/6 normal individuals. Expression of IL‐14 protein was stimulated in thyroid follicular cells derived from two patients with GD and one normal individual by peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)‐conditioned medium. Treatment of thyrocytes from two patients with GD and one normal individual with PBMC‐conditioned medium and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α stimulated IL‐16 protein expression. In normal thyrocytes, IL‐16 protein synthesis was induced also by IL‐1β, IL‐17A, IL‐4 and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β.ConclusionsThe data provide evidence that the intrathyroidal production of IL‐14 and IL‐16 is associated with the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid follicular cells display the ability to express IL‐14 and IL‐16 mRNA and can be stimulated to express IL‐16 protein, by a panel of cytokines, and IL‐14 protein, by as yet unidentified factors.
Association between systemic oxidative stress and insulin resistance/sensitivity indices – the PREDIAS study
Authors: Kopprasch Steffi , Srirangan Dheban , Bergmann Sybille , Graessler Juergen , Schwarz Peter E.H. , Bornstein Stefan R. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryObjectiveSystemic oxidative stress has been causally related to insulin resistance and the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). We investigated associations between circulating oxidative stress markers and different surrogate indexes of insulin sensitivity/resistance.PatientsCross–sectional data were obtained from 1183 subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 280 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 69 newly detected T2D individuals entering the PREDIAS (prevention of diabetes) study.MeasurementsFollowing oral glucose tolerance test, five different insulin sensitivity/resistance indices were estimated: homoeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA–IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), early phase insulin release (EPIR), insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and disposition index (DI). Additionally, circulating phagocyte generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured.ResultsAfter adjustment for five covariates, HOMA–IR was significantly increased in IGT and T2D subjects when compared to NGT subjects (P = 0·000). QUICKI (P = 0·000), ISI (P = 0·000), EPIR (0·005/0·012) and DI (P = 0·000) were significantly attenuated in IGT and T2D. The prevalence of IGT and T2D individuals increased with increasing ROS generation and TAC tertiles. Increased systemic ROS generation was paralleled by increased HOMA–IR (P < 0·001, tertile 1/T1/vs tertile 3/T3/), decreased QUICKI (P < 0·001, T1 vs T3) and decreased ISI (P < 0·05, T1 vs T3). A similar tendency for indices was observed when comparing TAC tertiles: increase in HOMA–IR, decrease in QUICKI and ISI (P < 0·001, T1 vs T3 each). EPIR and DI did not differ significantly across ROS generation and TAC tertiles.ConclusionsSystemic oxidative stress is associated with elevated insulin resistance index HOMA–IR, and decreased insulin sensitivity surrogates QUICKI and ISI.
Terrain Modelling from Feature Primitives
Authors: Génevaux Jean‐David , Galin Eric , Peytavie Adrien , Guérin Eric , Briquet Cyril , Grosbellet François , Benes Bedrich 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe introduce a compact hierarchical procedural model that combines feature‐based primitives to describe complex terrains with varying level of detail. Our model is inspired by skeletal implicit surfaces and defines the terrain elevation function by using a construction tree. Leaves represent terrain features and they are generic parametrized skeletal primitives, such as mountains, ridges, valleys, rivers, lakes or roads. Inner nodes combine the leaves and subtrees by carving, blending or warping operators. The elevation of the terrain at a given point is evaluated by traversing the tree and by combining the contributions of the primitives. The definition of the tree leaves and operators guarantees that the resulting elevation function is Lipschitz, which speeds up the sphere tracing used to render the terrain. Our model is compact and allows for the creation of large terrains with a high level o detail using a reduced set of primitives. We show the creation of different kinds of landscapes and demonstrate that our model allows to efficiently control the shape and distribution of landform features.
Neural underpinnings of the ‘agent brain’: new evidence from transcranial direct current stimulation
Authors: Cavazzana Annachiara , Penolazzi Barbara , Begliomini Chiara , Bisiacchi Patrizia Silvia 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIntentional binding (IB) refers to the temporal compression between a voluntary action and its sensory effect, and it is considered an implicit measure of sense of agency (SoA), that is, the capacity to control one's own actions. IB has been thoroughly studied from a behavioural point of view but only few studies have investigated its neural underpinnings, always using the same two paradigms. Although providing evidence that the supplementary motor complex is involved, findings are still too scarce to draw definitive conclusions. The aim of the present study was to establish a causal relationship between the pre‐supplementary motor area (pre‐SMA), known for its key role in action planning and initiation, and IB by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Participants underwent anodal, cathodal and sham control stimulations during three separate sessions (Experiment I). Subsequently, they underwent the same stimulation protocol (Experiment II) using as control a region potentially involved in the processing of the sensory effects of voluntary action (i.e., the right primary auditory cortex for the auditory effects of action). A significant reduction in IB was found only after stimulation of the pre‐SMA, which supports the causal contribution of this prefrontal area in the perceived linkage between action and its effects. As SoA could be disrupted in many psychiatric and neurological diseases, these results have direct clinical relevance as tDCS could be successfully used in this domain in virtue of the promising advantages it offers for rehabilitation.