bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitution
Authors: Ruiz Manero Juan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by drawing the very basic distinction between types of norms, power conferring norms, and regulative norms. The relationships between the two types of norms are different whether we are talking about the legal system as a whole or the document at its apex that we call the ‘constitution’. As for the legal system as a whole, regulative norms can exist and be functionally important even in the absence of systematic interrelations with power-conferring norms; as for the document we call ‘constitution’, however, it has to incorporate to be such, by means of power-conferring norms, the establishment and competences of the higher organs of the State. Section II outlines a general typology of regulative constitutional norms and pays particular attention to constitutional principles and constitutional policies or guidelines, as well as to the distinction between explicit constitutional principles and implicit constitutional principles and, within the latter distinction, to a French peculiarity: the fundamental principles recognised by the laws of the Republic. Section III examines two types of constitutive constitutional norms and pays particular attention to the norms conferring power to legislate. Its last part examines the distinction between constitutive validity and regulative validity of laws, as well as an unresolved tension between constitutional criteria of legal validity.
Elections and voters
Authors: Tonge Jonathan , Braniff Máire , Hennessey Thomas , McAuley James W , Rice Clare , Whiting Sophie A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines the electoral fortunes of Alliance. Several of the Party’s early electoral performances were impressive for a new organization in the 1970s, particularly given the unfavourable backdrop of a polarizing conflict. However, the 14 per cent of the vote won by Alliance in the 1977 local election was to prove a ceiling for many decades. As Northern Ireland polarized even further, the political centre ground appeared slender. The onset of peace and the Good Friday Agreement saw Alliance’s vote fall even lower, marginalized to a greater extent by the creation of political institutions recognizing mainly unionism and nationalism. Recent years, however, have seen a surge in support for Alliance to become the third largest party, and we analyze each possible explanation, including frustration over Assembly collapses, Brexit, the rising proportion of non-unionist and nationalist electors, and the ‘Naomi Long’ leadership factor.
Conclusion
Authors: Tonge Jonathan , Braniff Máire , Hennessey Thomas , McAuley James W , Rice Clare , Whiting Sophie A 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The conclusion provides an assessment of Alliance’s role and future in Northern Ireland’s politics. It argues that Alliance’s survival is a significant achievement, given years of conflict and polarization. Alliance has always been different, as is reflected in its religious mix. Alliance shows there is a significant centre ground. The largest category of elector is neither unionist nor nationalist. If they all voted, Alliance would be the largest party. However, those eschewing unionism and nationalism are less likely to vote, often disinterested in the binary system. Having become Northern Ireland’s third largest party, Alliance is attempting to change the political rules. Yet alliance faces significant challenges in the event of a constitutional referendum. No constitutional option commands majority support among its members. Whilst unity in diversity has been a strength for Alliance, it would be tested in the event of a border poll—and it looks doubtful that the Party will take a position.
The Dark Past
Authors: Wiecek William M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Dark Past provides a historical overview and interpretive guide to all of the US Supreme Court’s major cases that affected the freedom and rights of Black Americans since 1800. It offers coherence to a chronicle of cases and connects the events of the past to the current era of racial inequality. The US Supreme Court sustained slavery, racial discrimination, segregation, racial inequality, and white preference through constitutional interpretation and legal doctrine. Moreover, The Dark Past incorporates structural racism as a principal definition of inequality in the contemporary Black legal experience. It elaborates on several significant cases affecting the rights of Black people, such as the Dred Scott decision and the Plessy v. Ferguson decision.
Exploring Possibilities: Experimenting and Practice to Mastery (Principle 6)
Authors: Boyatzis Richard E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 discusses how sustained, desired change requires periods of experimenting and then practicing the desired new thoughts or behavior. Practice must continue to the point of mastery, or new habits. To increase the sustainability of the learning or change, experimentation requires periodic excursions into the Positive Emotional Attractor (PEA) to replenish and revitalize the energy needed. Reinforcing a strength requires practice, and practice requires effort and self-control. To achieve mastery with the change, deliberate practice is needed, interspersed with moments of PEA to revitalize the effort. Successful practice is often experienced as a power law. Rhythm, dosage, feedback, training, stealth learning, and multitasking can help, but not the way they are typically offered. The chapter discusses visualizing as a type of practice that establishes new neural pathways, how the myth of 10,000 hours is exaggerated, and how coaching can offer development in organizations and for individuals wanting to change.
Metafiction, intertextuality, and consumerism in transmedia resemiotization: a postmodern analysis of a comic book adaptation of the Chinese classic Journey to the West
Authors: Zhang Kunkun , Wu Siying 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Classic Chinese novels have frequently been adapted into other media formats. Such transmedia adaptations involve shifts in meaning, which are often shaped by contemporary postmodern culture. This article explores the textual transformations in a comic book adaptation of the classic Chinese novel, Journey to the West, and the postmodern culture behind these transformations. Viewing transmedia adaptation as resemiotization, we analyse the metafictional strategies, intertextuality, and representation of consumerism in the comic book. These three aspects, which subvert the narrative of the original novel, define the postmodern nature of the comic book adaptation. We conclude that the comic book adaptation is not only a nostalgic representation but also a critical rewriting of the Chinese classic, which is shaped by postmodern norms and values. This study enriches our understanding of the adaptation and reception of the classical novel Journey to the West in contemporary popular culture, thus shedding light on the postmodern rewriting of Chinese classics in general.
Utilizing biological experimental data and molecular dynamics for the classification of mutational hotspots through machine learning
Authors: Davies James G , Menzies Georgina E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Benzo[a]pyrene, a notorious DNA-damaging carcinogen, belongs to the family of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons commonly found in tobacco smoke. Surprisingly, nucleotide excision repair (NER) machinery exhibits inefficiency in recognizing specific bulky DNA adducts including Benzo[a]pyrene Diol-Epoxide (BPDE), a Benzo[a]pyrene metabolite. While sequence context is emerging as the leading factor linking the inadequate NER response to BPDE adducts, the precise structural attributes governing these disparities remain inadequately understood. We therefore combined the domains of molecular dynamics and machine learning to conduct a comprehensive assessment of helical distortion caused by BPDE-Guanine adducts in multiple gene contexts. Specifically, we implemented a dual approach involving a random forest classification-based analysis and subsequent feature selection to identify precise topological features that may distinguish adduct sites of variable repair capacity. Our models were trained using helical data extracted from duplexes representing both BPDE hotspot and nonhotspot sites within the TP53 gene, then applied to sites within TP53, cII, and lacZ genes.

Results
We show our optimized model consistently achieved exceptional performance, with accuracy, precision, and f1 scores exceeding 91%. Our feature selection approach uncovered that discernible variance in regional base pair rotation played a pivotal role in informing the decisions of our model. Notably, these disparities were highly conserved among TP53 and lacZ duplexes and appeared to be influenced by the regional GC content. As such, our findings suggest that there are indeed conserved topological features distinguishing hotspots and nonhotpot sites, highlighting regional GC content as a potential biomarker for mutation.

Availability and implementation
Code for comparing machine learning classifiers and evaluating their performance is available at https://github.com/jdavies24/ML-Classifier-Comparison, and code for analysing DNA structure with Curves+ and Canal using Random Forest is available at https://github.com/jdavies24/ML-classification-of-DNA-trajectories.
Diagnostic testing and the evolution of detection avoidance by pathogens
Authors: Wood Jason , Ashby Ben 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Diagnostic testing is a key tool in the fight against many infectious diseases. The emergence of pathogen variants that are able to avoid detection by diagnostic testing therefore represents a key challenge for public health. In recent years, variants for multiple pathogens have emerged which escape diagnostic testing, including mutations in Plasmodium falciparum (malaria), Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia) and SARS-Cov-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) (Coronavirus disease 2019). However, little is currently known about when and the extent to which diagnostic test escape will evolve. Here we use a mathematical model to explore how the frequency of diagnostic testing, combined with variation in compliance and efficacy of isolating, together drive the evolution of detection avoidance. We derive key thresholds under which a testing regime will (i) select for diagnostic test avoidance, or (ii) drive the pathogen extinct. Crucially, we show that imperfect compliance with diagnostic testing regimes can have marked effects on selection for detection avoidance, and consequently, for disease control. Yet somewhat counterintuitively, we find that an intermediate level of testing can select for the highest level of detection avoidance. Our results, combined with evidence from various pathogens, demonstrate that the evolution of diagnostic testing avoidance should be carefully considered when designing diagnostic testing regimes.
A Study of Patient Concerns in the Modern Therapeutic Era of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Gsenger Victoria , Rodriguez Adriana , Araka Elizabeth , Oza Fouzia , Eskarous Hany , Kochar Bharati , Ananthakrishnan Ashwin N 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Patient concerns and preferences are important in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD: Crohn’s disease [CD], ulcerative colitis). In the absence of contemporary data, we aimed to determine patient concerns and preferences and establish if there are demographic or disease-related differences.

Methods
We surveyed patients with IBD at Massachusetts General Hospital between July and September 2023. The Rating Form of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patient Concerns (RFIPC) and a set of supplemental questions rated on a visual analog scale (0-100 mm) were administered to patients and compared by age, disease type, sex, and surgery status. Additionally, a survey administered to treating providers gathered insight into the difference between patient and provider perceptions of concerns.

Results
A total of 350 patients and 30 providers completed the survey. The mean age was 47 years; 50% were female, 49% had CD, and 80% were on advanced IBD therapy. Effects of medication (median = 54), energy level (median = 53), and having an ostomy bag (median = 52) were rated highest by patients. Older patients rated most disease complication and treatment-related concerns similar to younger adults; those aged 35-59 years had the greatest level of concern for most questions. Sex, disease activity, and prior surgical history also impacted patients’ concerns. Providers perceived patients’ worries as higher than those rated by patients themselves.

Conclusions
A shared decision-making model targeting the achievement of disease remission and addressing concerns rated highly by patients is important to meet the goal of care for patients with IBD.
Pregnancy complications and new-onset maternal autoimmune disease
Authors: Scime Natalie V , Grandi Sonia M , Ray Joel G , Dennis Cindy-Lee , De Vera Mary A , Banack Hailey R , Vigod Simone N , Boblitz Alexa , Brown Hilary K 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Autoimmune diseases disproportionately impact women and female-specific aspects of reproduction are thought to play a role. We investigated the time-varying association between pregnancy complications and new-onset autoimmune disease in females during the reproductive and midlife years.

Methods
We conducted a population-based cohort study of 1 704 553 singleton births to 1 072 445 females in Ontario, Canada (2002–17) with no pre-existing autoimmune disease. Pregnancy complications were preeclampsia, stillbirth, spontaneous preterm birth and severe small for gestational age (SGA). Royston-Parmar models were used to estimate the time-varying association between pregnancy complications and a composite of 25 autoimmune diseases from date of delivery to date of autoimmune disease diagnosis or censoring at death, loss of health insurance, or 31 March 2021. Models were adjusted for baseline socio-demographics, parity and comorbidities.

Results
At 19 years (median = 10.9 years of follow-up), cumulative incidence of autoimmune disease was 3.1% in those with a pregnancy complication and 2.6% in those without complications. Adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) curves as a function of time since birth were generally L-shaped. Universally, risks were most elevated within the first 3 years after birth [at 1 year: preeclampsia AHR 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–1.36; stillbirth AHR 1.36, 95% CI 0.99–1.85; spontaneous preterm birth AHR 1.30, 95% CI 1.18–1.44; severe SGA AHR 1.14, 95% CI 0.99–1.31] and plateaued but remained elevated thereafter.

Conclusions
Prior history of pregnancy complications may be an important female-specific risk factor to consider during clinical assessment of females for possible autoimmune disease to facilitate timely detection and treatment.
A Decade of Chronic Norovirus Infection Surveillance at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Research Center: Clinical Characteristics, Molecular Epidemiology, and Replication
Authors: Chaimongkol Natthawan , Kim Daniel Y , Matsushima Yuki , Durkee-Shock Jessica , Barton Karenna , Ahorrio Courtney N , Fahle Gary A , Bok Karin , Behrle-Yardley Allison , Johnson Jordan A , de Jesús-Díaz Dennise A , Parra Gabriel I , Levenson Eric A , Maeda Fernando Yukio , Sosnovtsev Stanislav V , Green Kim Y 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
Noroviruses are an important viral cause of chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals.

Methods
We collected norovirus-positive stool samples (n = 448) from immunocompromised patients (n = 88) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Research Center from 2010 to 2022. We assessed norovirus molecular epidemiology and infectivity in human intestinal enteroid (HIE) monolayers and clinical characteristics of the cohort.

Results
Noroviruses were genetically diverse: both genogroup I (GI.2, GI.5 and GI.6) and genogroup II (GII.1-GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.12, GII.14, and GII.17) genotypes were detected, with GII.4 variants (Osaka, Apeldoorn, Den Haag, New Orleans, and Sydney) predominant (51/88 [57.9%]). Viruses belonging to the GII.4 Sydney variant group that replicated in HIEs (n = 9) showed a higher fold-increase in RNA genome copies compared to others that replicated. Chronic norovirus infection was documented in thirty-nine patients with shedding levels ranging from 104 to 1011 genome copies/g of stool. The majority (32/39 [82%]) had clinical evidence of an inborn error of immunity (13 identified monogenic diseases), most with combined immunodeficiency (15 of 32) or common variable immunodeficiency (11 of 32).

Conclusions
Genetically and biologically diverse noroviruses established chronic infection in NIH patients with both inborn and acquired immunologic defects.
Reporting patient experiences within elective perioperative care: a scoping review
Authors: Mickan Sharon , Fletcher Jenna , Burrows Rosanne , Bateup Sarah , Stokes Alison , Tsung Jason 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Patient experience is an important descriptor of the human experience of healthcare. Specifically, it is described as the sum of all interactions, shaped by an organization’s culture, that influence patient perceptions, across the continuum of care. Currently, patient experience is measured with a focus on the hospital experience. By focussing on elective perioperative care, patient experience across the full continuum of care can be explored. A scoping review was designed to map the important components of patient experience, reported from previous studies of patients’ perspectives, across the full continuum of care. The aims of this scoping review were to identify (i) key components of patients’ experience and (ii) strategies where clinicians have influenced this experience. A systematic search of four key databases was performed in 2022 and updated in 2023 to identify primary research articles describing the complete perioperative experience for adults who have had elective surgery. Patient reports were extracted and compared to summarize key components of patient experience across preoperative, in-hospital, and postoperative care and to identify components of patient experience that clinicians could influence. From 10 included studies, four important patient experience themes have emerged as realistic expectations, accurate information, consistent communication, and individualized care. Four foci for clinicians to influence patients’ experience include careful monitoring around pain management, psychological recovery, coordination of care, and return to function. A matrix of clinicians’ points of influence and patient experience is presented to demonstrate how clinicians have influenced important components of patient experience across preoperative, in-hospital, and postoperative care. This review summarizes patients’ reports of their experience across the complete perioperative continuum of care. The multidimensional nature of the patient experience is represented in four patient experience themes. Four focus areas in which clinicians can influence patients’ experiences across the continuum of care are key to understanding and respecting the human experience in healthcare. This dynamic description of patient experience may focus clinicians’ understanding of this complex construct and assist their practical engagement with patients. Further work is needed to ensure these themes are sufficiently relevant and comprehensive for current and future patients. Practical strategies will be important for clinicians to individualize and deliver perioperative care that respects and enhances their patients’ experiences.
Learning to Fight Together: UN Peacekeeping Coalitions and Civilian Protection
Authors: Morgan Michael A , Morey Daniel S 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Since the end of the Cold War, the United Nations has increasingly used peacekeeping operations (PKOs) to manage crises between and within states. The mandates of contemporary PKOs are demanding, calling on peacekeeping personnel to separate belligerent parties, enforce ceasefire agreements, and protect the physical security of civilians. The pursuit of these distinct objectives presents a unique challenge for the UN because it relies on member states to volunteer personnel for these missions. Therefore, the achievement of mandated goals depends on the ability of diverse national contingents to overcome coordination problems and function as a cohesive force. Integrating research of PKOs and international military coalitions, we argue that as national contingents share operational experience within a UN mission, they develop common institutional practices, and become more effective at protecting the civilian population. Using monthly data on UN PKOs from 1990 to 2019, we find that increasing operational experience within a peacekeeping coalition reduces civilian fatalities significantly.
Ubiquitination plays an important role during the formation of chicken primordial germ cells
Authors: Gong Wei , Liu Xin , Lv Xiaoqian , Zhang Yani , Niu Yingjie , Jin Kai , Li Bichun , Zuo Qisheng 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
As an important posttranslational modification, ubiquitination plays an important role in regulating protein homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. In our previous studies, both the transcriptome and proteome suggested that ubiquitination is involved in the formation of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs). Here, affinity enrichment combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used to analyze the ubiquitome during the differentiation from embryonic stem cells to PGCs, and we identify that 724 lysine ubiquitinated sites were up-regulated in 558 proteins and 138 lysine ubiquitinated sites were down-regulated in 109 proteins. Furthermore, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that ubiquitination regulates key proteins to participate in the progression of key events related to PGC formation and the transduction of key signals such as Wnt, MAPK, and insulin signals, followed by the detailed explanation of the specific regulatory mechanism of ubiquitination through the combined proteome and ubiquitome analysis. Moreover, both the activation and inhibition of neddylation were detrimental to the maintenance of the biological characteristics of PGCs, which also verified the importance of ubiquitination. In conclusion, this study provides a global view of the ubiquitome during the formation of PGCs by label-free quantitative ubiquitomics, which lays a theoretical foundation for the formation mechanism and specific application of chicken PGCs.