bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is p‐tert‐butylphenol‐formaldehyde resin (PTBP‐FR) in TRUE Test® (Mekos test) sensitizing the tested patients?
Authors: Stenberg Berndt , Bruze Magnus , Zimerson Erik 
Published: April 2015

SummaryBackgroundIn a population study using TRUE Test®, we noted late reactions to p‐tert‐butylphenol‐formaldehyde resin (PTBP‐FR) in 0.5% of subjects tested.ObjectivesIn order to explore possible test sensitization, differences in the contents of sensitizers within PTBP‐FR in test preparations for TRUE Test® and Finn Chambers® were analysed. Subjects allergic to PTBP‐FR and subjects with late reactions to PTBP‐FR were retested in order to explore whether these groups reacted to different PTBP‐FR sensitizers.Patients/materials/methodsFour individuals with late reactions and 5 subjects with established allergy to PTBP‐FR were retested with defined PTBP‐FR sensitizers. PTBP‐FR constituents in patches from TRUE Test® were analysed with high‐performance liquid chromatography. Previously analysed samples of PTBP‐FR constituents served as a reference.ResultsThe pattern of reaction to PTBP‐FR sensitizers was similar in both groups. Subjects with suspected sensitization had somewhat stronger reactions than controls. The concentrations of monomers, dimers and trimers were generally higher in the TRUE Test® resin than in reference substances.ConclusionsRetesting did not add information regarding causes of possible sensitization. Analysis showed that the resin used in TRUE Test® has a lower degree of polymerization or condensation, which may enhance its sensitizing properties. A follow‐up of late reactions to PTBP‐FR in TRUE Test® should be carried out.
A neutral theory with environmental stochasticity explains static and dynamic properties of ecological communities
Authors: Kalyuzhny Michael , Kadmon Ronen , Shnerb Nadav M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the forces shaping ecological communities is crucial to basic science and conservation. Neutral theory has made considerable progress in explaining static properties of communities, like species abundance distributions (SADs), with a simple and generic model, but was criticised for making unrealistic predictions of fundamental dynamic patterns and for being sensitive to interspecific differences in fitness. Here, we show that a generalised neutral theory incorporating environmental stochasticity may resolve these limitations. We apply the theory to real data (the tropical forest of Barro Colorado Island) and demonstrate that it much better explains the properties of short‐term population fluctuations and the decay of compositional similarity with time, while retaining the ability to explain SADs. Furthermore, the predictions are considerably more robust to interspecific fitness differences. Our results suggest that this integration of niches and stochasticity may serve as a minimalistic framework explaining fundamental static and dynamic characteristics of ecological communities.
The olfactory bulb volume in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease
Authors: Paschen L. , Schmidt N. , Wolff S. , Cnyrim C. , van Eimeren T. , Zeuner K. E. , Deuschl G. , Witt K. 
Published: April 2015

Background and purposeThis study addresses the question of whether the neuropathological findings on the olfactory bulb (OB) in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) correspond to a detectable change in volume of the OB. Additionally, the relationship between OB volume and residual olfactory function, clinical disease characteristics and age are investigated.MethodsFifty‐two IPD patients were investigated and compared to 31 healthy age‐matched controls. All participants were scanned using a 3 T magnetic resonance imaging MRI scanner including a T2 DRIVE sequence in coronal slices through the OB. The OB volumes were measured via manual segmentation of the OB. Olfactory testing was carried out using the Sniffin’ Sticks test battery.ResultsThe OB volume in the IPD group was 42.1 mm³ (SD ± 11.6) for the right and 41.5 mm³ (SD ± 11.7) for the left OB and showed no difference from the controls. Additionally, there were no significant correlations between OB volume and disease characteristics such as disease duration or Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score. Likewise, patients’ residual smell function did not correlate with their OB volume. In contrast, controls indicated a correlation between smell function and OB volume.ConclusionThe study shows that high resolution MRI does not show a detectable volume loss of the OB in PD patients. It is concluded that OB measurement using in vivo high resolution MRI at 3 T is not helpful to identify IPD.
An attack on two fronts: predicting how changes in land use and climate affect the distribution of stream macroinvertebrates
Authors: Kuemmerlen Mathias , Schmalz Britta , Cai Qinghua , Haase Peter , Fohrer Nicola , Jähnig Sonja C. 
Published: April 2015

Summary

Global environmental change entails not only climatic alterations, but also changes in land use. Freshwater ecosystems are particularly sensitive to both of these changes, and their sustainable management requires better information on likely responses.

To examine the effects of climate and land use on the freshwater community, the distributions of stream macroinvertebrates of the Changjiang catchment in south‐east China were modelled. The present distributions of 72 taxa were predicted using environmental variables generated by regional climate, land‐use and hydrological models.

Hydrological predictors, sensitive to both climate and land use, were the most relevant predictors in the species distribution models (SDMs), followed by land use.

The stream macroinvertebrates’ distributions were then projected for the period 2021 to 2050 using three different future scenarios: (i) climate change, (ii) land‐use change and (iii) climate and land‐use change combined.

Land‐use change was predicted to have the strongest negative impact on the community, with reductions in local richness (−20%), predicted diversity (−0.3%) and range size (−25%) and a general shift towards higher altitudes (+12%). The climate‐change scenario had a negative effect on predicted diversity (−0.1%) and resulted in a moderate altitudinal shift (+3%) along with increased richness (+15%) and range size (+19%). In the combined scenario, climate and land‐use changes counterbalanced each other to a certain degree, but had an overall detrimental effect.

The results underscore the high relevance of land‐use change in future distribution predictions, exemplify the possible effect of interactions between land use and climate on hydrology and indicate how such responses can vary among freshwater taxa. The model also allows the detection of key environmental variables, the identification of vulnerable species and the definition of their potential distributions. This information is essential to establishing effective management and conservation strategies and gives a more comprehensive insight into the possible effects of global environmental change on freshwater ecosystems.
Quantifying surface albedo and other direct biogeophysical climate forcings of forestry activities
Authors: Bright Ryan M. , Zhao Kaiguang , Jackson Robert B. , Cherubini Francesco 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBy altering fluxes of heat, momentum, and moisture exchanges between the land surface and atmosphere, forestry and other land‐use activities affect climate. Although long recognized scientifically as being important, these so‐called biogeophysical forcings are rarely included in climate policies for forestry and other land management projects due to the many challenges associated with their quantification. Here, we review the scientific literature in the fields of atmospheric science and terrestrial ecology in light of three main objectives: (i) to elucidate the challenges associated with quantifying biogeophysical climate forcings connected to land use and land management, with a focus on the forestry sector; (ii) to identify and describe scientific approaches and/or metrics facilitating the quantification and interpretation of direct biogeophysical climate forcings; and (iii) to identify and recommend research priorities that can help overcome the challenges of their attribution to specific land‐use activities, bridging the knowledge gap between the climate modeling, forest ecology, and resource management communities. We find that ignoring surface biogeophysics may mislead climate mitigation policies, yet existing metrics are unlikely to be sufficient. Successful metrics ought to (i) include both radiative and nonradiative climate forcings; (ii) reconcile disparities between biogeophysical and biogeochemical forcings, and (iii) acknowledge trade‐offs between global and local climate benefits. We call for more coordinated research among terrestrial ecologists, resource managers, and coupled climate modelers to harmonize datasets, refine analytical techniques, and corroborate and validate metrics that are more amenable to analyses at the scale of an individual site or region.
Patterns of Adherence of Helicobacter pylori Clinical Isolates to Epithelial Cells, and its Association with Disease and with Virulence Factors
Authors: Vázquez‐Jiménez Flor Elizabeth , Torres Javier , Flores‐Luna Lourdes , Giono Cerezo Silvia , Camorlinga‐Ponce Margarita 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackground and aimAdherence to the gastric epithelium is one of the most important steps of Helicobacter pylori to remain and cause disease. The aim of this study was to analyze whether H. pylori isolates from patients with different gastroduodenal diseases present differences in the pattern of adherence to gastric epithelial cells (AGS), in the ability to induce IL‐8, and in the presence of virulence genes.MethodsWe tested 75 H. pylori strains isolated from nonatrophic gastritis, gastric cancer, and duodenal ulcer patients. The adhesion pattern and IL‐8 induction were determined in AGS cells, and invasion of AGS cells was studied using a gentamicin protection assay. The IL‐8 levels induced were determined by ELISA.ResultsHelicobacter pylori strains presented diffuse adherence (DA) and localized (LA) adherence patterns, similar to those described for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), were observed in AGS cells. A DA pattern was observed in 57% and LA in 43% of the strains, and DA was more frequent in isolates from patients with gastric cancer (p = 0.044). Strains with a LA pattern induced higher levels of IL‐8 (p = 0.042) in AGS cells.ConclusionThe adherence pattern was not associated with neither invasiveness nor with the presence of virulence genes. Our study shows that H. pylori strains present adherence patterns to AGS cells resembling those observed in EPEC and that these patterns may be associated with disease and with activity on AGS cells.
Mimesis and Colonialism: Emerging Perspectives on a Shared History
Authors: Roque Ricardo 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMimesis is an important human faculty and a fertile concept in Western intellectual traditions. Colonialism is a critical and lasting event in the history of European societies and their relationship with the wider world. This essay examines the significance of telling the shared history between these two phenomena. It surveys historical and anthropological literature that explores mimesis, imitation and mimicry as concepts and as practices in the history of European colonial and imperial expansionism, across three connected themes: indigenous resistance and anti‐colonialism; the making of identity and alterity in colonial encounters and post‐colonial relationships; and, finally, the presence of mimesis as theory and practice of empire‐building and colonization.
ARID1A expression in ovarian clear cell carcinoma with an adenofibromatous component
Authors: Nishikimi Kyoko , Kiyokawa Takako , Tate Shinichi , Iwamoto Masami , Shozu Makio 
Published: April 2015

AimsThe carcinogenesis of ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) has been hypothesized to comprise two different pathways: an adenofibroma–carcinoma sequence and an endometriosis–carcinoma sequence. However, the difference in the genetic basis of these two pathways remains unclear. Recent studies have suggested that an ARID1A mutation and the loss of the corresponding protein, BAF250a, are frequent events in CCC. Herein, we investigated the difference in the loss of BAF250a expression in adenofibroma‐related CCC and endometriosis‐related CCC.Methods and resultsIn total, 93 cases of surgically treated CCC were evaluated. The presence of adenofibroma and endometriosis associated with carcinoma was determined by reviewing haematoxylin and eosin‐stained slides for each case. BAF250a expression in carcinoma was examined immunohistochemically. The loss of BAF250a expression was detected in carcinomas in 50 of 93 (54%) cases, including five of 18 (28%) with adenofibroma alone, 30 of 45 (67%) with endometriosis alone, eight of 18 (44%) with both conditions and seven of 12 (58%) with neither condition. The loss of BAF250a expression was significantly less frequent in CCC cases with adenofibroma than in cases with endometriosis (P = 0.01, Fisher's exact test).ConclusionsThe action of ARID1A in carcinogenesis differs between adenofibroma‐related CCC and endometriosis‐related CCC.
The winter diet of theAtlanticPuffinFratercula arcticaaround theFaroeIslands
Authors: Harris Michael P. , Leopold Mardik F. , Jensen Jens‐Kjeld , Meesters Erik H. , Wanless Sarah 
Published: April 2015

Most mortality of Atlantic Puffins occurs outside the breeding season but little is known about the species’ diet at that time. The stomach contents of 176 Puffins shot legally for food around the Faroe Islands between October and January in three winters were examined. The remains of 20 species of fish, six species of crustacea and single species of polychaete, chaetognathid and squid were identified. The most frequently recorded prey in terms of frequency of occurrence were 0 group (< 1 year old) Lesser SandeelAmmodytes marinus(82% of stomachs), followed by mesopelagic fish (52%), nereid worms (41%), Silver RocklingGaidropsarus argentatus(36%), crustacea (35%), large sandeel (32%) and other large fish (32%). In terms of calculated biomass, nereids (41%), large sandeel (23%) and other large fish (17%) made up the bulk of the diet but the latter two prey types were most important in energetic terms (46% despite accounting for only 9% of items). Stomach contents collected on the same day and location were significantly more similar than those collected on different dates and locations, suggesting that during the winter, Puffins are generalists, taking any prey they encounter.
Value of Utilizing Both Aspects and CT Angiography Collateral Score for Outcome Prediction in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Song Dongbeom , Lee Kijeong , Kim Eun Hye , Kim Young Dae , Kim Jinkwon , Song Tae-Jin , Lee Hye Sun , Nam Hyo Suk , Heo Ji Hoe 
Published: April 2015

Background Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) represents the extent of irreversibly damaged tissue; while CT angiography collateral score (CTA-CS) denotes the degree of collaterals. Aims We investigated whether there is cumulative value in using both ASPECTS and CTA-CS for outcome prediction and attempted to determine the specific subgroup of patients who could benefit from successful reperfusion using these scores. Methods This is a retrospective observational study of stroke patients treated with intra-arterial reperfusion therapy for unilateral arterial occlusion in the anterior circulation. A favorable outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale ≤ 2 at three-months. Receiver operating characteristic comparison analysis was performed to decide whether outcome predictability increases when ASPECTS and CTA-CS are used together. Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was done to identify the variables that best predict outcome and define the specific subgroup of patients who could benefit from successful reperfusion. Results A total of 91 consecutive patients were included. Outcome predictability of ASPECTS with CTA-CS was better than that of ASPECTS ( P = 0·088) or that of CTA-CS ( P = 0·049). CART analysis revealed that ASPECTS > 5 was the primary determinant of favorable outcome, followed by CTA-CS > 1. Among 19 patients with ASPECTS ≤ 5, none had a favorable outcome. Successful reperfusion was associated significantly with favorable outcome in the 51 patients with ASPECTS > 5 and CTA-CS > 1, but not in the 21 patients with ASPECTS > 5 and CTA-CS ≤ 1. Conclusions Outcome predictability improves when using ASPECTS and CTA-CS together.
Thermal, Structural, and Crystallization Properties of New Tantalum Alkali‐Germanate Glasses
Authors: de Pietro Gabriele Matinatti , Pereira Camila , Gonçalves Rogeria Rocha , Ribeiro Sidney J. L. , Freschi Carolina Dakuzaku , Cassanjes Fábia Castro , Poirier Gael 
Published: April 2015

In this work, new glass compositions were prepared in the ternary system GeO2–K2O–Ta2O5. Potassium oxide was added to reach the complete melt of the starting mixture and two composition series were investigated: the first one with a constant K2O molar content of 10% in the ternary system (90–x)GeO2–10K2O–xTa2O5 and the second one with the same molar content of K2O and Ta2O5 in the ternary system (100–2x)GeO2–xK2O–xTa2O5. Homogeneous and transparent glasses could be obtained between x = 0 and 20. X‐ray diffraction analyzes of samples with x = 25 identified orthorhombic Ta2O5 in the first series and an isostructure of K3.8Ge3Nb5O20.4 in the second series where it is assumed that Ta5+ ions are inserted in the Nb5+ sites. As one of our goal with these materials is related with the preparation of glass‐ceramics containing Ta2O5 nanocrystals, the first series has been selected for further characterizations. An increase in glass‐transition temperatures with increasing Ta2O5 content as well as an increase of the thermal stability from x = 0 to 10 has been identified by differential scanning calorimetry. For higher contents, crystallization events were identified. Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopic characterizations allowed to point out the intermediary behavior of Ta2O5 in the vitreous network where TaO6 octahedra are inserted inside the germanate network with TaO6 clusters identified at higher Ta2O5 contents. Heat‐treated samples with high tantalum contents (x = 15 and 20) exhibit preferential precipitation of orthorhombic Ta2O5 with nanometric size, suggesting the possibility of obtaining transparent glass‐ceramics for optical applications.
Effect of Active Components of Sintering Atmosphere on Reduction/Oxidation Processes During Sintering of Cr‐Alloyed PM Steels
Authors: Hryha Eduard , Karamchedu Seshendra , Riabov Dmitri , Nyborg Lars , Berg Sigurd 
Published: April 2015

Water atomized steel powder particles are covered by heterogeneous surface oxide, formed by thin (~ 6 to 8 nm) iron oxide layer covering most of the powder surface, and particulate features formed by thermodynamically stable oxides containing, for example, Cr and Mn with surface coverage about 5%. Development of sufficiently strong interparticle necks requires as minimum full removal of the iron surface oxide layer that can be achieved by gaseous reducing agents as CO and H2 as well as by carbon typically admixed in the form of graphite. The study evaluates the effect of concentration of reactive components of the sintering atmosphere, with special focus on carbon monoxide, on the reduction/oxidation and carburization/decarburization processes taking place during the whole sintering process. Results of the thermal analysis, SEM analysis of oxide characteristics, metallographic, and chemical analysis of the sintered compacts were correlated with thermodynamic simulation of the oxide stability in applied sintering atmospheres. High oxidation potential of the CO‐containing atmospheres in case of Cr‐alloyed PM steels was detected during heating stage until ~1000°C. Oxidation potential is linearly increasing with the increasing content of the carbon monoxide in the processing atmospheres and rather severe oxidation is observed if CO content exceeds 1 vol%.
Improved Energy Storage Properties of Fine‐Crystalline BaTiO3 Ceramics by Coating Powders with Al2O3 and SiO2
Authors: Liu Baibo , Wang Xiaohui , Zhao Qiancheng , Li Longtu 
Published: April 2015

The multilayer structure of capacitor demands for fine grain size of dielectric ceramics in devices, because the thinner layer which needs ceramics with fine grain size is helpful in enlarging the capacitance. In this paper, the aqueous chemical coating method was utilized to modify the BaTiO3 particles. The fine‐crystalline BaTiO3 ceramics with an average grain size below 200 nm without abnormal grain growth by co‐coating Al2O3 and SiO2 has been prepared. The phase composition, microstructures of coated particles and ceramics, and dielectric properties were investigated. For samples containing 3 wt% of Al2O3 and 1 wt% of SiO2, the energy storage density is 0.725 J/cm3 and the efficiency of the ceramic samples can keep above 80%. The breakdown strength was improved to about 190 kV/cm.
Direct long‐distance dispersal best explains the bipolar distribution of Carex arctogena (Carex sect. Capituligerae, Cyperaceae)
Authors: Villaverde Tamara , Escudero Marcial , Martín‐Bravo Santiago , Bruederle Leo P. , Luceño Modesto , Starr Julian R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimThe bipolar disjunction, a biogeographical pattern defined by taxa with a distribution at very high latitudes in both hemispheres (> 55° N; > 52° S), is only known to occur in about 30 vascular plant species. Our aim was to use the bipolar species Carex arctogena to test the four classic hypotheses proposed to explain this exceptional disjunction: convergent evolution, vicariance, mountain‐hopping and direct long‐distance dispersal.LocationArctic/boreal and temperate latitudes of both hemispheres.MethodsA combination of molecular and bioclimatic data was used to test phylogeographical hypotheses in C. arctogena. Three chloroplast markers (atpF–atpH, matK and rps16) and the nuclear ITS region were sequenced for all species in Carex sections Capituligerae and Longespicatae; Carex rupestris, C. obtusata and Uncinia triquetra were used as outrgroups. Phylogenetic relationships, divergence‐time estimates and biogeographical patterns were inferred using maximum likelihood, statistical parsimony and Bayesian inference.ResultsCarex sections Capituligerae and Longespicatae formed a monophyletic group that diverged during the late Miocene. Two main lineages of C. arctogena were inferred. Southern Hemisphere populations of C. arctogena shared the same haplotype as a widespread circumboreal lineage. Bioclimatic data show that Southern and Northern Hemisphere populations currently differ in their ecological regimes.Main conclusionsTwo of the four hypotheses accounting for bipolar disjunctions may be rejected. Our results suggest that direct long‐distance dispersal, probably southwards and mediated by birds, best explains the bipolar distribution of C. arctogena.