bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New long-stemmed eocrinoid from the Furongian Point Peak Shale Member of the Wilberns Formation, central Texas
Authors: Zamora Samuel , Sumrall Colin D. , Sprinkle James 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLlanocystis wilbernsensisn. gen. n. sp. (Eocrinoidea, Echinodermata) is described based on three specimens from the Furongian Point Peak Shale Member of the Wilberns Formation in central Texas. It displays a unique morphology including a very long stem constructed with holomeric columnals, few feeding appendages, and a polyplated theca. The specimens occur in an intraformational conglomerate deposited in a proximal carbonate platform environment and represent an example of the poorly documented “pelmatozoan” radiation that occurred in proximal facies by the end of the Cambrian.
Generic concepts in the Actinocrinitidae Austin and Austin, 1842 (class Crinoidea) and evaluation of generic assignments of species
Authors: Rhenberg Elizabeth C. , Ausich William I. , Kammer Thomas W. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe family Actinocrinitidae was a significant contributor to the global biodiversity peak of crinoids that occurred during the Mississippian and is referred to as the “Age of Crinoids.” Although the actinocrinitids are a major component of that high diversity, they are also a source of much taxonomic confusion. Previously, generic concepts were not applied equally between Europe and North America creating disparity in the definition of genera. In this contribution, all genera are defined objectively by discrete characters, and the generic assignments of all species are reevaluated. Twenty genera are described. A total of 206 species were evaluated of which 56 species and one taxon in open nomenclature are reassigned to different genera, 21 species are designated asnomina dubia, and three species and one genus are nowincertae sedis.A phylogenetic hypothesis is presented for the relationships of the genera of Actinocrinitidae genera based on a parsimony-based analysis and plotted against stratigraphic ranges. Although groupings were revealed in this analysis, the Actinocrinitidae cannot be readily subdivided into subfamilies. Rapid diversification occurred during the Tournaisian following the Hangenberg Extinction of probable fish predators. The late Devonian (Famennian) occurrence of the highly derived generaAbactinocrinusandPhysetocrinussuggests there is a more extensive, but undocumented, evolutionary history for the Actinocrinitidae during the Devonian.
A new middle Cambrian bradoriid arthropod from Greenland and western Canada
Authors: Peel John S. , Streng Michael 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCircum-Laurentian middle Cambrian (Cambrian Series 3) deposits in Greenland and British Columbia yield a new hipponicharionid bradoriid arthropod,Flumenoglaciesn. gen., characterized by a comarginal, ramp-like structure which is crested by a continuous lobe. The narrow lobe is the result of the medial fusion of anterior and posterior lobes, seemingly a recurrent theme in hipponicharionid evolution. The type species,F.groenlandican. sp., is described from the Ekspedition Brae Formation (Drumian Stage) of Peary Land but the description of two unnamed species from slightly older middle Cambrian strata of the Stephen Formation of British Columbia provides additional evidence for the wide distribution of Small Shelly Faunas during the Cambrian.
Providing more protected space for tigers Panthera tigris: a landscape conservation approach in the Western Ghats, southern India
Authors: Gubbi Sanjay , Mukherjee Kaushik , Swaminath M.H. , Poornesha H.C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractConservation of large carnivores is challenging as they face various threats, including habitat loss and fragmentation. One of the current challenges to tiger Panthera tigris conservation in India is the conversion of habitat to uses that are incompatible with conservation of the species. Bringing more tiger habitat within a protected area system and in the process creating a network of connected protected areas will deliver dual benefits of wildlife conservation and protection of watersheds. Focusing on the southern Indian state of Karnataka, which holds one of the largest contiguous tiger populations, we attempted to address this challenge using a conservation planning technique that considers ecological, social and political factors. This approach yielded several conservation successes, including an expansion of the protected area network by 2,385 km2, connection of 23 protected areas, and the creation of three complexes of protected areas, increasing the protected area network in Karnataka from 3.8 to 5.2% of the state's land area. This represents the largest expansion of protected areas in India since the 1970s. Such productive partnerships between government officials and conservationists highlight the importance of complementary roles in conservation planning and implementation.
A usage-based approach to early-discourse pragmatic functions of the Japanese subject markerswaandga*
Authors: UNO MARIKO 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis study investigates the emergence and development of the discourse-pragmatic functions of the Japanese subject markerswaandgafrom a usage-based perspective (Tomasello, 2000). The use of each marker in longitudinal speech data for four Japanese children from 1;0 to 3;1 and their parents available in the CHILDES database (MacWhinney, 2000) was coded and analyzed. Findings showed that the four children initially usedwaas awh-question marker. They then gradually shifted its use to convey the proposition of given information. In contrast, the use ofgavaried among the children. One child usedgawith dynamic verbs in the past tense to report events he witnessed/experienced, while the other three children used it with a particular stative predicate in the present tense, expressing their subjective feeling toward referents. Findings were explained by the frequency of input to which the children had been exposed.
Trust in a Masculine Space and a Community within a Community: Pre-1950 Auction Mart Culture in Lower Wharfedale, Yorkshire
Authors: ROWLING JANE E. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract:In an area characterised by livestock farming, the auction mart had a pivotal role, both economically and culturally, and was crucial to the continued success of the community and the businesses of the area. Although made up from the surrounding farming community, the community of the auction mart was separate and different, if only on a temporary basis, with its own physical and social boundaries, cultural norms, and traditions, which had a significant effect on the personal identities of those who counted themselves as members. This article explores the auction mart community, its links to a wider farming network, and its influence on rural ideas about masculine identity, through an oral history study of the Lower Wharfedale area. This offers a window onto a community and a culture which has received very little academic attention due to its closed nature. The article concludes that the auction mart regulars constituted a community within the farming community, in which the theme of trust ran through every interaction, linking the everyday activity of the mart space to wider debates about the meaning of masculinity, transitions and ritual, social networks, and the nature of community.
‘I think myself honestly decked’: Attitudes to the Clothing of the Rural Poor in Seventeenth-Century England
Authors: TANKARD DANAE 
Published: March 2015

Abstract:This article explores attitudes to the clothing of the rural poor in seventeenth-century England. It begins with an analysis of the representation of rural clothing in country themed ballads, showing how ‘homely’ country clothing was used to construct an image of a contented and industrious rural population. It then considers how such popular literary representations influenced the way that diarists Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn recorded their encounters with the rural poor. The final part of the article looks at attitudes of the rural poor to their own clothing, drawing on evidence from a range of documentary sources as well as the autobiographical writings of Edward Barlow. In contrast to the stereotypical depiction of the rural poor recorded by ballad writers and elite observers, the article will show that for the actual poor clothing could serve both as an expression of the ‘self’ and as a potent marker of social differences and moral and material inferiority.
PW1/Peg3 expression regulates key properties that determine mesoangioblast stem cell competence
Authors: Bonfanti Chiara , Rossi Giuliana , Tedesco Francesco Saverio , Giannotta Monica , Benedetti Sara , Tonlorenzi Rossana , Antonini Stefania , Marazzi Giovanna , Dejana Elisabetta , Sassoon David , Cossu Giulio , Messina Graziella 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMesoangioblasts are vessel-associated progenitor cells that show therapeutic promise for the treatment of muscular dystrophy. Mesoangioblasts have the ability to undergo skeletal muscle differentiation and cross the blood vessel wall regardless of the developmental stage at which they are isolated. Here we show that PW1/Peg3 is expressed at high levels in mesoangioblasts obtained from mouse, dog and human tissues and its level of expression correlates with their myogenic competence. Silencing PW1/Peg3 markedly inhibits myogenic potential of mesoangioblasts in vitro through MyoD degradation. Moreover, lack of PW1/Peg3 abrogates mesoangioblast ability to cross the vessel wall and to engraft into damaged myofibres through the modulation of the junctional adhesion molecule-A. We conclude that PW1/Peg3 function is essential for conferring proper mesoangioblast competence and that the determination of PW1/Peg3 levels in human mesoangioblasts may serve as a biomarker to identify the best donor populations for therapeutic application in muscular dystrophies.
Structure of CPV17 polyhedrin determined by the improved analysis of serial femtosecond crystallographic data
Authors: Ginn Helen M. , Messerschmidt Marc , Ji Xiaoyun , Zhang Hanwen , Axford Danny , Gildea Richard J. , Winter Graeme , Brewster Aaron S. , Hattne Johan , Wagner Armin , Grimes Jonathan M. , Evans Gwyndaf , Sauter Nicholas K. , Sutton Geoff , Stuart David I. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) allows the analysis of small weakly diffracting protein crystals, but has required very many crystals to obtain good data. Here we use an XFEL to determine the room temperature atomic structure for the smallest cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus polyhedra yet characterized, which we failed to solve at a synchrotron. These protein microcrystals, roughly a micron across, accrue within infected cells. We use a new physical model for XFEL diffraction, which better estimates the experimental signal, delivering a high-resolution XFEL structure (1.75 Å), using fewer crystals than previously required for this resolution. The crystal lattice and protein core are conserved compared with a polyhedrin with less than 10% sequence identity. We explain how the conserved biological phenotype, the crystal lattice, is maintained in the face of extreme environmental challenge and massive evolutionary divergence. Our improved methods should open up more challenging biological samples to XFEL analysis.
Incipient charge order observed by NMR in the normal state of YBa2Cu3Oy
Authors: Wu Tao , Mayaffre Hadrien , Krämer Steffen , Horvatić Mladen , Berthier Claude , Hardy W.N. , Liang Ruixing , Bonn D.A. , Julien Marc-Henri 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe pseudogap regime of high-temperature cuprates harbours diverse manifestations of electronic ordering whose exact nature and universality remain debated. Here, we show that the short-ranged charge order recently reported in the normal state of YBa2Cu3Oy corresponds to a truly static modulation of the charge density. We also show that this modulation impacts on most electronic properties, that it appears jointly with intra-unit-cell nematic, but not magnetic, order, and that it exhibits differences with the charge density wave observed at lower temperatures in high magnetic fields. These observations prove mostly universal, they place new constraints on the origin of the charge density wave and they reveal that the charge modulation is pinned by native defects. Similarities with results in layered metals such as NbSe2, in which defects nucleate halos of incipient charge density wave at temperatures above the ordering transition, raise the possibility that order–parameter fluctuations, but no static order, would be observed in the normal state of most cuprates if disorder were absent.
Triggering HIV polyprotein processing by light using rapid photodegradation of a tight-binding protease inhibitor
Authors: Schimer Jiří , Pávová Marcela , Anders Maria , Pachl Petr , Šácha Pavel , Cígler Petr , Weber Jan , Majer Pavel , Řezáčová Pavlína , Kräusslich Hans-Georg , Müller Barbara , Konvalinka Jan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHIV protease (PR) is required for proteolytic maturation in the late phase of HIV replication and represents a prime therapeutic target. The regulation and kinetics of viral polyprotein processing and maturation are currently not understood in detail. Here we design, synthesize, validate and apply a potent, photodegradable HIV PR inhibitor to achieve synchronized induction of proteolysis. The compound exhibits subnanomolar inhibition in vitro. Its photolabile moiety is released on light irradiation, reducing the inhibitory potential by 4 orders of magnitude. We determine the structure of the PR-inhibitor complex, analyze its photolytic products, and show that the enzymatic activity of inhibited PR can be fully restored on inhibitor photolysis. We also demonstrate that proteolysis of immature HIV particles produced in the presence of the inhibitor can be rapidly triggered by light enabling thus to analyze the timing, regulation and spatial requirements of viral processing in real time.
TLR9 signalling in microglia attenuates seizure-induced aberrant neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus
Authors: Matsuda Taito , Murao Naoya , Katano Yuki , Juliandi Berry , Kohyama Jun , Akira Shizuo , Kawai Taro , Nakashima Kinichi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPathological conditions such as epilepsy cause misregulation of adult neural stem/progenitor populations in the adult hippocampus in mice, and the resulting abnormal neurogenesis leads to impairment in learning and memory. However, how animals cope with abnormal neurogenesis remains unknown. Here we show that microglia in the mouse hippocampus attenuate convulsive seizure-mediated aberrant neurogenesis through the activation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), an innate immune sensor known to recognize microbial DNA and trigger inflammatory responses. We found that microglia sense self-DNA from degenerating neurons following seizure, and secrete tumour necrosis factor-α, resulting in attenuation of aberrant neurogenesis. Furthermore, TLR9 deficiency exacerbated seizure-induced cognitive decline and recurrent seizure severity. Our findings thus suggest the existence of bidirectional communication between the innate immune and nervous systems for the maintenance of adult brain integrity.
Demonstration of asymmetric electron conduction in pseudosymmetrical photosynthetic reaction centre proteins in an electrical circuit
Authors: Kamran Muhammad , Friebe Vincent M. , Delgado Juan D. , Aartsma Thijs J. , Frese Raoul N. , Jones Michael R. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPhotosynthetic reaction centres show promise for biomolecular electronics as nanoscale solar-powered batteries and molecular diodes that are amenable to atomic-level re-engineering. In this work the mechanism of electron conduction across the highly tractable Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centre is characterized by conductive atomic force microscopy. We find, using engineered proteins of known structure, that only one of the two cofactor wires connecting the positive and negative termini of this reaction centre is capable of conducting unidirectional current under a suitably oriented bias, irrespective of the magnitude of the bias or the applied force at the tunnelling junction. This behaviour, strong functional asymmetry in a largely symmetrical protein–cofactor matrix, recapitulates the strong functional asymmetry characteristic of natural photochemical charge separation, but it is surprising given that the stimulus for electron flow is simply an externally applied bias. Reasons for the electrical resistance displayed by the so-called B-wire of cofactors are explored.
Direction-Controlled Chemical Doping for Reversible G-Phonon Mixing in ABC Trilayer Graphene
Authors: Park Kwanghee , Ryu Sunmin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractNot only the apparent atomic arrangement but the charge distribution also defines the crystalline symmetry that dictates the electronic and vibrational structures. In this work, we report reversible and direction-controlled chemical doping that modifies the inversion symmetry of AB-bilayer and ABC-trilayer graphene. For the “top-down” and “bottom-up” hole injection into graphene sheets, we employed molecular adsorption of electronegative I2 and annealing-induced interfacial hole doping, respectively. The chemical breakdown of the inversion symmetry led to the mixing of the G phonons, Raman active Eg and Raman-inactive Eu modes, which was manifested as the two split G peaks, G− and G+. The broken inversion symmetry could be recovered by removing the hole dopants by simple rinsing or interfacial molecular replacement. Alternatively, the symmetry could be regained by double-side charge injection, which eliminated G− and formed an additional peak, Go, originating from the barely doped interior layer. Chemical modification of crystalline symmetry as demonstrated in the current study can be applied to other low dimensional crystals in tuning their various material properties.
Active control of electromagnetic radiation through an enhanced thermo-optic effect
Authors: Sheng Chong , Liu Hui , Zhu Shining , Genov Dentcho A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe control of electromagnetic radiation in transformation optical metamaterials brings the development of vast variety of optical devices. Of a particular importance is the possibility to control the propagation of light with light. In this work, we use a structured planar cavity to enhance the thermo-optic effect in a transformation optical waveguide. In the process, a control laser produces apparent inhomogeneous refractive index change inside the waveguides. The trajectory of a second probe laser beam is then continuously tuned in the experiment. The experimental results agree well with the developed theory. The reported method can provide a new approach toward development of transformation optical devices where active all-optical control of the impinging light can be achieved.
Pattern segmentation with activity dependent natural frequency shift and sub-threshold resonance
Authors: Shtrahman E. , Zochowski M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms underlying distributed pattern formation in brain networks and its content driven dynamical segmentation is an area of intense study. We investigate a theoretical mechanism for selective activation of diverse neural populations that is based on dynamically shifting cellular resonances in functionally or structurally coupled networks. We specifically show that sub-threshold neuronal depolarization from synaptic coupling or external input can shift neurons into and out of resonance with specific bands of existing extracellular oscillations and this can act as a dynamic readout mechanism during information storage and retrieval. We find that this mechanism is robust and suggest it as a general coding strategy that can be applied to any network with oscillatory nodes.
(Pro)renin receptor is crucial for Wnt/β-catenin-dependent genesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Shibayama Yuki , Fujimori Takayuki , Nguyen Genevieve , Hirose Takuo , Totsune Kazuhito , Ichihara Atsuhiro , Kitada Kento , Nakano Daisuke , Kobori Hiroyuki , Kohno Masakazu , Masaki Tsutomu , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Yachida Shinichi , Nishiyama Akira 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAlthough Wnt/β-catenin signaling is known to be aberrantly activated in PDAC, mutations of CTNNB1, APC or other pathway components are rare in this tumor type, suggesting alternative mechanisms for Wnt/β-catenin activation. Recent studies have implicated the (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) is related to the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We therefore investigated the possible role of (P)RR in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Plasma s(P)RR levels were significantly (P < 0.0001) higher in patients with PDAC than in healthy matched controls. We also identified aberrant expression of (P)RR in premalignant PanIN and PDAC lesions and all the PDAC cell lines examined. Inhibiting (P)RR with an siRNA attenuated activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and reduced the proliferative ability of PDAC cells in vitro and the growth of engrafted tumors in vivo. Loss of (P)RR induced apoptosis of human PDAC cells. This is the first demonstration that (P)RR may be profoundly involved in ductal tumorigenesis in the pancreas.
ZnO-dotted porous ZnS cluster microspheres for high efficient, Pt-free photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Wu Aiping , Jing Liqiang , Wang Jianqiang , Qu Yang , Xie Ying , Jiang Baojiang , Tian Chungui , Fu Honggang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Pt-free photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) has been the focus in the photocatalysis field. Here, the ZnO-dotted porous ZnS cluster microsphere (PCMS) is designed for high efficient, Pt-free PHE. The PCMS is designed through an easy “controlling competitive reaction” strategy by selecting the thiourea as S2− source and Zn(Ac)2·2H2O as Zn source in ethylene glycol medium. Under suitable conditions, one of the PCMS, named PCMS-1, with high SBET specific area of 194 m2g−1, microsphere size of 100 nm and grain size of 3 nm can be obtained. The formation of PCMS is verified by TEM, XAES, XPS, Raman and IR methods. Importantly, a series of the experiments and theoretical calculation demonstrate that the dotting of ZnO not only makes the photo-generated electrons/hole separate efficiently, but also results in the formation of the active catalytic sites for PHE. As a result, the PCMS-1 shows the promising activity up to 367 μmol h−1 under Pt-free condition. The PHE activity has no obvious change after addition 1 wt.% Pt, implying the presence of active catalytic sites for hydrogen evolution in the PCMS-1. The easy synthesis process, low preparation cost of the PCMS makes their large potential for Pt-free PHE.
Novel inhibitor discovery and the conformational analysis of inhibitors of listeriolysin O via protein-ligand modeling
Authors: Wang Jianfeng , Zhou Xuan , Liu Shui , Li Gen , Zhang Bing , Deng Xuming , Niu Xiaodi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIncreasing bacterial resistance to available antibiotics makes the discovery of novel efficacious antibacterial agents a priority. A previous report showed that listeriolysin O (LLO) is a critical virulence factor and suggested that it is a target for developing anti-virulence drugs against Listeria monocytogenes infections. In this study, we report the discovery of LLO natural compound inhibitors with differential activity by using hemolysis assay. The mechanism of action of the inhibitors was consistent with that of fisetin, a natural flavonoid without antimicrobial activity, which we showed in our previous report via molecular simulation. Furthermore, a substantial increase in anti-hemolytic activity was observed when the single bond (C1-C2) was replaced by a double bond (C1-C2) in the inhibitor molecule. This change was based on the decomposition of the ligand-residue interaction, which indicated that the double bond (C1-C2) in the inhibitors was required for their inhibition of LLO. The current MD simulation work provides insights into the mechanism by which the compounds inhibit LLO at the atomic level and will be useful for the development of new, selective LLO inhibitors.