bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovery of target bryophytes in floating rich fens after 25 yr of inundation by base‐rich surface water with lower nutrient contents
Authors: Kooijman A.M. , Cusell C. , Mettrop I.S. , Lamers L.P.M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractQuestionWhat are the changes in mineral‐rich fens (H7410A) after 25 yr of improved surface water quality in a national park?LocationStobbenribben floating‐fen complex in National Park Weerribben‐Wieden, the Netherlands.MethodsBryophyte species composition, peak above‐ground biomass and vascular plant nutrients, as well as electrical conductivity of various layers in the peat were measured between 1988 and 2013.ResultsThe eutrophic moss Calliergonella cuspidata clearly decreased in aerial extent over the 25‐yr study, especially near the ditch supplying base‐rich surface water to the fen. In contrast, the characteristic rich fen species Scorpidium scorpioides expanded locally near the ditch. In the rich fen zone, peak above‐ground biomass decreased from ca. 1000 to 250 g·m−2. Also, foliar N:P ratios in vascular plant tissues increased from 16 to more than 22 g·g−1, which clearly point to lower P availability over time. Improved surface water quality probably also promoted persistence of rich fen habitats in a different way. A large part of the rich fen peatland in 1988 changed into Sphagnum peatland by 2013, probably due to the reduction of base‐rich water from below the floating root mat. This mat had become ca. 35 cm thicker in the past 50 yr. However, in areas closer to the ditch, rich fen species persisted, due to inundation with base‐rich water during high water periods. Base‐rich water probably no longer comes to the surface through the floating root mat, but more likely from the ditch.ConclusionsWater quality improvement can be important in the long‐term re‐establishment of target fen species. Also, local inundation can be helpful if regional groundwater access becomes limited. In the national park, rich fens are more threatened than Sphagnum peatlands. This study suggests that the rich fen stage can be maintained, and succession towards Sphagnum peatland prevented, with occasional inundation with high pH, nutrient‐poor water.
Relationships between Endogenous Plasma Biomarkers of Constitutive Cytochrome P450 3A Activity and Single‐Time‐Point Oral Midazolam Microdose Phenotype in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Woolsey Sarah J. , Beaton Melanie D. , Choi Yun‐Hee , Dresser George K. , Gryn Steven E. , Kim Richard B. , Tirona Rommel G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDue to high basal interindividual variation in cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) activity and susceptibility to drug interactions, there has been interest in the application of efficient probe drug phenotyping strategies, as well as endogenous biomarkers for assessment of in vivo CYP3A activity. The biomarkers 4β‐hydroxycholesterol (4βHC) and 6β‐hydroxycortisol (6βHCL) are sensitive to CYP3A induction and inhibition. However, their utility for the assessment of constitutive CYP3A activity remains uncertain. We investigated whether endogenous plasma biomarkers (4βHC and 6βHCL) are associated with basal CYP3A metabolic activity in healthy subjects assessed by a convenient single‐time‐point oral midazolam (MDZ) phenotyping strategy. Plasma 4βHC and 6βHCL metabolic ratios (MRs) were analysed in 51 healthy adult participants. CYP3A activity was determined after administration of an oral MDZ microdose (100 μg). Simple linear and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess relationships between MDZ oral clearance, biomarkers and subject covariates. Among study subjects, basal MDZ oral clearance, 4βHC and 6βHCL MRs ranged 6.5‐, 10‐ and 13‐fold, respectively. Participant age and alcohol consumption were negatively associated with MDZ oral clearance (p = 0.03 and p = 0.045, respectively), while weight and female sex were associated with lower plasma 4βHC MR (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.032, respectively). Neither 4βHC nor 6βHCL MRs were associated with MDZ oral clearance. Plasma 4βHC and 6βHCL MRs do not relate to MDZ single‐time‐point metabolic phenotype in the assessment of constitutive CYP3A activity among healthy individuals.
Stable same‐sex friendships with higher achieving partners promote mathematical reasoning in lower achieving primary school children
Authors: DeLay Dawn , Laursen Brett , Kiuru Noona , Poikkeus Anna‐Maija , Aunola Kaisa , Nurmi Jari‐Erik 
Published: September 2015

This study was designed to investigate friend influence over mathematical reasoning in a sample of 374 children in 187 same‐sex friend dyads (184 girls in 92 friendships; 190 boys in 95 friendships). Participants completed surveys that measured mathematical reasoning in the 3rd grade (approximately 9 years old) and 1 year later in the 4th grade (approximately 10 years old). Analyses designed for dyadic data (i.e., longitudinal actor‐partner interdependence model) indicated that higher achieving friends influenced the mathematical reasoning of lower achieving friends, but not the reverse. Specifically, greater initial levels of mathematical reasoning among higher achieving partners in the 3rd grade predicted greater increases in mathematical reasoning from 3rd grade to 4th grade among lower achieving partners. These effects held after controlling for peer acceptance and rejection, task avoidance, interest in mathematics, maternal support for homework, parental education, length of the friendship, and friendship group norms on mathematical reasoning.
Genetic associations with viral respiratory illnesses and asthma control in children
Authors: Loisel D. A. , Du G. , Ahluwalia T. S. , Tisler C. J. , Evans M. D. , Myers R. A. , Gangnon R. E. , Kreiner‐Møller E. , Bønnelykke K. , Bisgaard H. , Jackson D. J. , Lemanske R. F. , Nicolae D. L. , Gern J. E. , Ober C. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryBackgroundViral respiratory infections can cause acute wheezing illnesses in children and exacerbations of asthma.ObjectiveWe sought to identify variation in genes with known antiviral and pro‐inflammatory functions to identify specific associations with more severe viral respiratory illnesses and the risk of virus‐induced exacerbations during the peak fall season.MethodsThe associations between genetic variation at 326 SNPs in 63 candidate genes and 10 phenotypes related to viral respiratory infection and asthma control were examined in 226 children enrolled in the RhinoGen study. Replication of asthma control phenotypes was performed in 2128 children in the Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC). Significant associations in RhinoGen were further validated using virus‐induced wheezing illness and asthma phenotypes in an independent sample of 122 children enrolled in the Childhood Origins of Asthma (COAST) birth cohort study.ResultsA significant excess of P values smaller than 0.05 was observed in the analysis of the 10 RhinoGen phenotypes. Polymorphisms in 12 genes were significantly associated with variation in the four phenotypes showing a significant enrichment of small P values. Six of those genes (STAT4, JAK2, MX1, VDR, DDX58, and EIF2AK2) also showed significant associations with asthma exacerbations in the COPSAC study or with asthma or virus‐induced wheezing phenotypes in the COAST study.ConclusionsWe identified genetic factors contributing to individual differences in childhood viral respiratory illnesses and virus‐induced exacerbations of asthma. Defining mechanisms of these associations may provide insight into the pathogenesis of viral respiratory infections and virus‐induced exacerbations of asthma.
Role of IFN‐γ, IL‐13, and IL‐17 on mucociliary differentiation of nasal epithelial cells in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: Jiao J. , Duan S. , Meng N. , Li Y. , Fan E. , Zhang L. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryBackgroundMucociliary dysfunction is a prominent pathophysiological feature of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP); however, the precise mechanisms underlying mucociliary dysfunction are still unclear.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effects of IFN‐γ, IL‐13, and IL‐17 on human nasal mucociliary differentiation and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in patients with CRSwNP.MethodsHuman nasal epithelial cells from tissue of patients with CRSwNP and control subjects were established as air–liquid interface (ALI) primary cultures. Confluent cultures were incubated with10 ng/mL each of IFN‐γ, IL‐13, or IL‐17 for 14 days and assessed for expression of specific morphological markers and factors associated with mucociliary differentiation, the percentage of ciliated and goblet cells, and CBF.ResultsIn comparison with control subjects, percentage of ciliated cells and CBF were decreased; while percentage of goblet cells, FOXJ1, and MUC5AC mRNA expression were increased in nasal polyp‐derived epithelial cultures. Treatment with IFN‐γ and IL‐13 significantly decreased the expression of β‐tubulin IV (specific cilia marker), ciliated cell number, and expression of FOXJ1 and DNAI2, in epithelial cultures derived from both CRSwNP patients and control subjects. Furthermore, while both IFN‐γ and IL‐13 treatment significantly decreased the CBF of cells from both CRSwNP patients and control subjects, IL‐13 additionally significantly increased goblet cell number and the expression of MUC5AC and CLCA1, in these cultures. IL‐17 treatment did not significantly affect ciliated or goblet cell differentiation, CBF, nor MUC5AC and CLCA1 expression, but increased both MUC5B mRNA and protein expression in these cultures.Conclusion and clinical relevanceThe demonstration that IFN‐γ and IL‐13 both significantly reduce ciliated cell differentiation and CBF in CRSwNP patients, and IL‐13 additionally induces significant goblet cell hyperplasia and MUC5AC mucin expression, as well as IL‐17 significantly increases MUC5B mucin expression, suggests that these inflammatory cytokines may be potential therapeutic targets in the management of CRSwNP.
Associations of maternal and fetal 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels with childhood lung function and asthma: the Generation R Study
Authors: Gazibara T. , den Dekker H. T. , de Jongste J. C. , McGrath J. J. , Eyles D. W. , Burne T. H. , Reiss I. K. , Franco O. H. , Tiemeier H. , Jaddoe V. W. V. , Duijts L. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryBackgroundExposure to low levels of vitamin D in fetal life might be a risk factor for childhood asthma.ObjectiveWe examined whether 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels in mid‐gestation and at birth were associated with higher airway resistance and inflammation, and increased risks of wheezing and asthma in school‐age children.MethodsWe performed a population‐based prospective cohort study among 3130 mothers and their children. Maternal blood samples in mid‐gestation and umbilical cord blood samples at birth were used to determine 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels. At age of 6, airway resistance (Rint) was measured by interrupter technique and airway inflammation by fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) using NIOX chemiluminescence analyser. Wheezing and asthma were prospectively assessed by annual questionnaires until age 6.ResultsMaternal levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D in mid‐gestation were not associated with Rint, FeNO, wheezing patterns, or asthma. Children in the lowest tertile of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels at birth had a higher Rint (Z‐score (95% confidence interval [95% CI]): −0.42 (−0.84, −0.01), P‐value for trend< 0.05), compared to those in the highest tertile group. The effect estimate attenuated when child's current 25‐hydroxyvitamin D level was taken into account [Z‐score (95% CI): −0.55 (−1.08, 0.01)].Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceLow levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D at birth were associated with a higher airway resistance in childhood. Additional adjustment for child's current 25‐hydroxyvitamin D level reduced the effect size of the association. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings and to examine mechanisms underlying the observed association and the long‐term consequences.
Challenges and opportunities of next‐generation sequencing: a cytopathologist's perspective
Authors: Vigliar E. , Malapelle U. , de Luca C. , Bellevicine C. , Troncone G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMolecular cytopathology has gene sequencing as its core technology. Until recently, cytological samples were only tested by sequential single‐gene mutational tests. Today, with the better understanding of the molecular events involved in malignancy and the mechanisms of pharmacotherapy, larger gene panels are more informative than a single biomarker. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS), matched with the multiplex capture of targeted gene regions and analysed by sophisticated bioinformatics tools, enables the simultaneous detection of multiple mutations in multiple genes. With the development of miniaturised technology and benchtop sequencers, it is not unlikely that NGS will soon be adopted for routine molecular diagnostics, including cytological samples. This review addresses (1) the most relevant methodological and technical aspects of the NGS analysis workflow and the diverse platforms available; (2) the issues related to daily practice implementation, namely, the cytological sample requirement and the validation procedures; and (3) the opportunities that NGS offers in different fields of cytopathology, to increase mutation detection sensitivity in paucicellular smears and to extend the analysis to a larger number of gene regions. Cytopathologists involvement and coordination in this rapidly evolving field is crucial for the effective implementation of NGS in the present and future cytological practice.
Comparison of lumbar epidural bupivacaine with fentanyl or clonidine for postoperative analgesia in children with cerebral palsy after single‐event multilevel surgery
Authors: Chalkiadis George A , Sommerfield David , Low Janette , Orsini Francesca , Dowden Stephanie J , Tay Michelle , Penrose Sueann , Pirpiris Marinis , Graham H Kerr 
Published: September 2015

AimTo compare diazepam use, muscle spasm, analgesia, and side effects when clonidine or fentanyl are added to epidural bupivacaine in children with cerebral palsy after multilevel orthopaedic surgery.MethodFifty children were prospectively randomized to receive clonidine (n=24, mean age 10y 10mo [SD 2y 11mo]) or fentanyl (n=26, mean age 10y 11mo [SD 2y 10mo]).ResultsThere was no difference in primary outcome measures: median diazepam use (fentanyl 0, interquartile range [IQR] 0–0; clonidine 0, IQR 0–0; p=0.46), any muscle spasm (no muscle spasms in: fentanyl, 36%; clonidine, 62%; p=0.11), painful muscle spasm (fentanyl 40%; clonidine 25%; p=0.46), or pain score ≥6 (none: fentanyl 44%; clonidine 42%; p=0.29). There were differences in secondary outcome measures: no vomiting (clonidine 63%; fentanyl 20%); vomiting occurred more frequently with fentanyl (32% vomited more than three times; clonidine none; p=0.001). Fentanyl resulted in more oxygen desaturation (at least two episodes: fentanyl 20%; clonidine 0; p<0.001). Clonidine resulted in lower mean (SD) area under the curve for systolic blood pressure (fentanyl 106.5 [11.0]; clonidine 95.7mmHg [7.9]) and heart rate (fentanyl 104.9 beats per minute [13.6]; clonidine 85.3 [11.5]; p<0.001).InterpretationClonidine and fentanyl provide adequate analgesia with low rates of muscle spasm, resulting in low diazepam use. The choice of epidural additive should be based upon the most tolerable side‐effect profile.
IL7RA polymorphisms predict the CD4+ recovery in HIV patients on cART
Authors: Guzmán‐Fulgencio María , Berenguer Juan , Jiménez‐Sousa María Angeles , Micheloud Dariela , García–Álvarez Mónica , Bellón José María , Aldámiz‐Echevarría Teresa , García‐Broncano Pilar , Catalán Pilar , Diez Cristina , Pineda‐Tenor Daniel , Resino Salvador 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe IL7RA polymorphisms have recently been associated with CD4+ T‐cell decline in untreated HIV‐infected subjects and CD4+ T‐cell recovery in patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether IL7RA polymorphisms are associated with CD4+ T‐cell recovery in HIV‐infected patients on long‐term cART.Study designWe performed a retrospective study in 151 naïve cART patients with severe immunodeficiency (CD4+ counts ≤200 cells/mm3). IL7RA polymorphisms' genotyping was performed using Sequenom's MassARRAY platform. The outcome variable was the time to achieve the first value of CD4+ count ≥500 cells/mm3 during the follow‐up.ResultsTwo different trends of CD4+ T‐cell recovery were found in Kaplan–Meier analysis. During the first 48 months, 60 of 151 (39·7%) of the patients reached CD4+ T‐cell values ≥500 cells/mm3, and no differences were observed between IL7RA genotypes. After the first 48 months of follow‐up, 27 of 151 (17·8%) of the patients reached CD4+ T‐cell values ≥500 cells/mm3, with a different pattern of CD4+ recovery depending on IL7RA genotype. Patients with rs10491434 TT genotype and rs6897932 TT genotype were more likely of achieving CD4+ value ≥500 cells/mm3 than patients with rs10491434 CT/CC genotype (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 3·59; P = 0·005) and patients with rs6897932 CC/CT genotype (aHR = 11·7; P < 0·001).ConclusionsThe IL7RA polymorphisms seem to be associated with CD4+ T‐cell recovery in HIV‐infected patients who started cART with severe immunodeficiency, in the second phase of CD4+ T‐cell recovery after long‐term cART.
Semi-Parametric Estimates of Taylor Rules for a Small, Open Economy – Evidence from Switzerland
Authors: Nitschka Thomas , Markov Nikolay 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This article estimates the policy reaction function of the Swiss National Bank (SNB) using real-time internal inflation forecasts and output gap estimates from 2000 to 2012. We analyze potential nonlinearities of policy rate responses to economic fundamentals using a novel semiparametric approach. We find a linear response of the SNB’s policy rate to inflation forecasts but a strong nonlinear response of the policy rate to the output gap and exchange rate changes. This finding suggests that the SNB reacts to extreme movements of these variables if they become a concern for price stability and economic activity.
Differentiated squamous intraepithelial neoplasia associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal
Authors: Wasserman Jason K , Bateman Justin , Mai Kien T 
Published: September 2015

AimsDifferentiated squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (DSIN) has been described in several sites, including the upper aerodigestive tract and vulva, so this study investigated whether it also occurred in the anal canal.Methods and resultsAll cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) involving the anal canal diagnosed between 2009 and 2015 at our institution were reviewed. Eighty‐six cases were included, and 13 (15%) showed features consistent with DSIN: 10 were ‘pure’ DSIN, and three were ‘mixed’ DSIN and squamous intraepithelial lesion. DSIN was characterized by atypical keratinocytes limited to the basal/parabasal layers, acanthosis, and a ‘cobblestone’ appearance. Among specimens with pure DSIN, the surface was flat in eight cases. In five cases, the DSIN was extensive, and associated with deeply invasive SCC requiring radical surgical resection. Immunohistochemically, the epithelia showing changes consistent with DSIN were p16‐negative, whereas the invasive component was p16‐positive in 12 cases. Both Ki67 and p53 showed strong nuclear positivity in the basal/parabasal layers of DSIN.ConclusionsInvasive SCC associated with DSIN often presents at an advanced stage of disease, requiring radical surgical treatment. The neoplastic changes in DSIN are limited to the basal/parabasal layers, which may account for the negative diagnoses by anal cytopathology and late clinical diagnosis. The recognition of anal DSIN is important in order to avoid underdiagnosis in superficial biopsies.
Performance Evaluation of Doped Titanium Oxide for Low‐Voltage Applications
Authors: Begum Shahida , Daud Ida Rasyada , Ramasamy Agileswari 
Published: September 2015

Varistors are the electronic devices which are used in various industries to protect the electrical and electronic systems from sudden surges. In this research, the electrical properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) doped with tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tungsten trioxide (WO3), cobalt oxide (Co3O4), and bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) and fired at different temperatures were investigated for low‐voltage applications. The adequate amount of dopants at suitable sintering temperature had beneficial effect in improving the properties of TiO2. The relative density was found to be more than 97% of theoretical density when samples sintered between 1300°C and 1400°C for all composition compared to undoped samples. On the other hand, the addition of dopants enhanced hardness and compressive strength of varistor disks. The average grain size was also increased with the dopants system, making it suitable for low‐voltage application. Furthermore, the current–voltage characteristic of the TiO2 revealed a significantly high value of nonlinearity of 19.6. A high dielectric constant of 104 with minimum dissipation factor of 0.002852 at 1 kHz was also obtained, thereby making it suitable for low‐voltage application.
When Is a Liability Not a Liability? Textual Analysis, Dictionaries, and 10‐Ks
Authors: LOUGHRAN TIM , MCDONALD BILL 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTPrevious research uses negative word counts to measure the tone of a text. We show that word lists developed for other disciplines misclassify common words in financial text. In a large sample of 10‐Ks during 1994 to 2008, almost three‐fourths of the words identified as negative by the widely used Harvard Dictionary are words typically not considered negative in financial contexts. We develop an alternative negative word list, along with five other word lists, that better reflect tone in financial text. We link the word lists to 10‐K filing returns, trading volume, return volatility, fraud, material weakness, and unexpected earnings.
Stock Market Liquidity and the Business Cycle
Authors: NÆS RANDI , SKJELTORP JOHANNES A. , ØDEGAARD BERNT ARNE 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTIn the recent financial crisis we saw liquidity in the stock market drying up as a precursor to the crisis in the real economy. We show that such effects are not new; in fact, we find a strong relation between stock market liquidity and the business cycle. We also show that investors' portfolio compositions change with the business cycle and that investor participation is related to market liquidity. This suggests that systematic liquidity variation is related to a “flight to quality” during economic downturns. Overall, our results provide a new explanation for the observed commonality in liquidity.
Electric‐Field‐Driven Phase Transition Process in (K, Na, Li)(Nb, Ta, Sb)O3 Lead‐Free Piezoceramics
Authors: Feng Wei , Du Haiwei , Chen Chen , Huang Yanqiu 
Published: September 2015

The electric‐field‐driven phase transition in (K, Na, Li)(Nb, Ta, Sb)O3 lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics was investigated by X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectra, and the temperature dependences of permittivity spectra. After poling under different electric fields, phase of the ceramics transformed gradually from orthorhombic–tetragonal coexisting phase to orthorhombic phase, indicating that the crystal structure of ceramics was strongly sensitive to electric field as an external stimulus. A secondary phase K3Li2Nb5O15 induced by electric field was detected in the ceramics with Li content of 7 mol%, which was close to the solubility limit of lithium. This field‐induced secondary phase resulted from the movement of Li ions and the structural deformation induced by electric field. Moreover, piezoelectric constant d33 increased with the increasing poling field strength and the enhancement can be attributed to the field‐triggered domain switching. This study implied that in addition to temperature and composition, which has been reported in previous researches, electric field might be an effective way for inducing phase transition in lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics and improving the electrical performances simultaneously.