bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of Small Integrin‐Binding LIgand N‐linked Glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) in the reparative dentin of rat molars
Authors: Xie Xiaohua , Ma Su , Li Changcheng , Liu Peihong , Wang Haixia , Chen Li , Qin Chunlin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimTo analyze the expression and distribution of Small Integrin‐Binding LIgand N‐linked Glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) in reparative dentin (RepD).MethodologyCavities on the mesial surfaces of rat molars were prepared to expose the pulp, and a calcium hydroxide agent was applied to cap the exposed pulp. The molars with pulp capping were extracted at postoperative 1, 2, and 4 weeks. The immunolocalization of four SIBLINGs, dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), dentin sialoprotein (DSP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) in RepD, was analyzed in comparison with reactionary dentin (ReaD) and primary dentin (PD).ResultsAt two weeks after operation, the region of the exposed pulp formed a layer of reparative dentin bridge sealing the communication between the cavity and pulp chamber. Dentinal tubules in RepD were more irregular in shape and fewer in number than PD. At postoperative 2 and 4 weeks, RepD had lower levels of DMP1 and DSP than PD. BSP and OPN were present in RepD, but not in PD. RepD showed certain similarities to ReaD in the expression of SIBLINGs.ConclusionsThe reduced levels of DMP1 and DSP may be associated with the decreased number of dentinal tubules in RepD. The expression of BSP and OPN in RepD indicates that the odontoblast‐like cells were attempting to produce a hard tissue at a very rapid pace. These findings suggest that in response to the surgical injury, the newly differentiated odontoblast‐like cells altered their synthesis of the dentinogenesis‐related proteins and produced a hard tissue that is an intermediate between dentin and bone.
Propolis decreases lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammatory mediators in pulp cells and osteoclasts
Authors: Neiva Kathleen G. , Catalfamo Dana L. , Holliday L. Shannon , Wallet Shannon M. , Pileggi Roberta 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundIntracanal medicaments are used to disinfect the root canal system, reduce interappointment pain and inflammation, and prevent resorption. Bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are implicated in the development of pulpal and periapical inflammation and inducing osteoclastogenesis. Propolis is a natural, non‐toxic substance collected from bee's wax that has been used for many years in folk medicine. Propolis has been demonstrated to have antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory properties. Our previous studies have shown that propolis inhibits osteoclast maturation. However, the effect of propolis on the inflammatory response of pulp cells and osteoclasts has not been explored.AimThe purpose of this study was to evaluate whether propolis alters the inflammatory response of three endodontically relevant cell lines: mouse odontoblast‐like cells (MDPC‐23), macrophages (RAW264.7), and osteoclasts.Material and methodsCells were exposed to 0–20 ug ml−1 LPS to induce an inflammatory response, in the presence of propolis or vehicle control. Culture supernatants were collected after 6 and 24 h, and expression of multiple soluble mediators was determined using Luminex® multiplex technology.ResultsPropolis was effective in reducing secretion of the LPS‐induced inflammatory cyto/chemokines: IL‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐12(p70), IL‐15, G‐CSF, TNF‐α, MIP‐1α, MCP‐1, and IP‐10.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that propolis suppresses the LPS‐induced inflammatory response of key cells within the root canal system.
Quantitative analysis of neuronal response properties in primary and higher‐order auditory cortical fields of awake house mice (Mus musculus)
Authors: Joachimsthaler Bettina , Uhlmann Michaela , Miller Frank , Ehret Günter , Kurt Simone 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBecause of its great genetic potential, the mouse (Mus musculus) has become a popular model species for studies on hearing and sound processing along the auditory pathways. Here, we present the first comparative study on the representation of neuronal response parameters to tones in primary and higher‐order auditory cortical fields of awake mice. We quantified 12 neuronal properties of tone processing in order to estimate similarities and differences of function between the fields, and to discuss how far auditory cortex (AC) function in the mouse is comparable to that in awake monkeys and cats. Extracellular recordings were made from 1400 small clusters of neurons from cortical layers III/IV in the primary fields AI (primary auditory field) and AAF (anterior auditory field), and the higher‐order fields AII (second auditory field) and DP (dorsoposterior field). Field specificity was shown with regard to spontaneous activity, correlation between spontaneous and evoked activity, tone response latency, sharpness of frequency tuning, temporal response patterns (occurrence of phasic responses, phasic‐tonic responses, tonic responses, and off‐responses), and degree of variation between the characteristic frequency (CF) and the best frequency (BF) (CF–BF relationship). Field similarities were noted as significant correlations between CFs and BFs, V‐shaped frequency tuning curves, similar minimum response thresholds and non‐monotonic rate‐level functions in approximately two‐thirds of the neurons. Comparative and quantitative analyses showed that the measured response characteristics were, to various degrees, susceptible to influences of anesthetics. Therefore, studies of neuronal responses in the awake AC are important in order to establish adequate relationships between neuronal data and auditory perception and acoustic response behavior.
Phylogenetic approaches for studying diversification
Authors: Morlon Hélène 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEstimating rates of speciation and extinction, and understanding how and why they vary over evolutionary time, geographical space and species groups, is a key to understanding how ecological and evolutionary processes generate biological diversity. Such inferences will increasingly benefit from phylogenetic approaches given the ever‐accelerating rates of genetic sequencing. In the last few years, models designed to understand diversification from phylogenetic data have advanced significantly. Here, I review these approaches and what they have revealed about diversification in the natural world. I focus on key distinctions between different models, and I clarify the conclusions that can be drawn from each model. I identify promising areas for future research. A major challenge ahead is to develop models that more explicitly take into account ecology, in particular the interaction of species with each other and with their environment. This will not only improve our understanding of diversification; it will also present a new perspective to the use of phylogenies in community ecology, the science of interaction networks and conservation biology, and might shift the current focus in ecology on equilibrium biodiversity theories to non‐equilibrium theories recognising the crucial role of history.
A single parameter to evaluate stress state in rail head for rolling contact fatigue analysis
Authors: Pun C. L. , Kan Q. , Mutton P. J. , Kang G. , Yan W. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTBased on the Smith‐Watson‐Topper (SWT) method, a phenomenological approach for multiaxial fatigue analysis, the maximum SWT parameter is proposed as a single parameter to evaluate the stress state in the rail head for assessing the fatigue integrity of the structure. A numerical procedure to calculate the maximum SWT parameter from a finite element analysis is presented and applied in a case study, where the stress and strain fields due to wheel/rail rolling contact are obtained from a three‐dimensional finite element simulation with the steady‐state transport analysis technique. The capability of the SWT method to predict fatigue crack initiation in the rail head is confirmed in the case study. Analogous to von Mises stress for strength analysis, the maximum SWT parameter can be applied to evaluate the fatigue loading state not only in rail head due to rolling contact fatigue but also in a generic structure subjected to a cyclic loading.
Respiratory syncytial virus‐ and human metapneumovirus‐associated emergency department and hospital burden in adults
Authors: Widmer Kyle , Griffin Marie R. , Zhu Yuwei , Williams John V. , Talbot H. Keipp 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveDetermine the burden of illness associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in adults, especially young adults.DesignProspective surveillance study using RT‐PCR for the diagnosis of RSV and HMPV.SettingOne academic Emergency Department (ED), one academic hospital and three middle Tennessee community hospitals.SampleWe prospectively enrolled Middle Tennessee residents ≥18 years old evaluated in the emergency department (ED) or hospitalized for respiratory symptoms May 2009 through April 2010. We collected nose/throat specimens for RSV and HMPV reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) testing and obtained demographic and clinical data.Main outcome MeasuresRates of ED visits and hospitalizations were calculated using the proportion of enrolled patients positive for each virus multiplied by the number of Middle Tennessee residents evaluated in EDs and/or hospitalized in Tennessee for acute respiratory illness during the study period.ResultsThree thousand two hundred and fifty six patients were eligible; 1477 (45·4%) were enrolled; 1248 (84·5%) of these consented to additional testing and had adequate samples. RT‐PCR identified 32 (2·6%) patients with RSV and 33 (2·6%) with HMPV. The median duration of symptoms before ED presentation was 3·3 days with RSV and 2·8 days with HMPV, and before hospital admission was 4·5 days with RSV and 3·5 days with HMPV. The annual hospitalization and ED visit rates were similar for RSV and HMPV. The hospitalization rate associated with each virus was about 10 per 10 000 persons aged ≥50 years; ED rates were approximately 2 times higher. Hospitalization rates were about 2 per 10 000 persons aged 18–49 years, with ED rates 5–6 times higher.ConclusionRSV and MPV are associated with substantial disease in adults, with hospitalization and ED visits rates increasing with age.
Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of a New Haptorian Ciliate, Chaenea mirabilis sp. n., with Implications for the Evolution of the Dorsal Brush in Haptorians (Ciliophora, Litostomatea)
Authors: Kwon Choon Bong , Vďačný Peter , Shazib Shahed Uddin Ahmed , Shin Mann Kyoon 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe discovered a new haptorian ciliate, Chaenea mirabilis sp. n., in brackish water collected near the town of Busan, Korea. Its morphology was studied using standard taxonomical methods and its phylogenetic relationships were assessed by phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rRNA gene. Chaenea mirabilis is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of the following traits: (i) a narrowly bursiform to flask‐shaped, 60–100 μm long body; (ii) 11–21 doughnut‐shaped or sometimes horseshoe‐shaped macronuclear nodules; (iii) two types of extrusomes: type I is rod‐shaped and 6–8 μm long, while type II is narrowly to broadly teardrop‐shaped and only 1.5–2 μm long; (iv) highly refractive special granules tightly arranged between the first and second brush row, forming a conspicuous bulge; and (v) 12–13 somatic kineties. In the 18S rRNA gene phylogeny, C. mirabilis clustered with full support with other congeners. However, there was no statistical support for classification of Chaenea into the families Fuscheriidae, Acropisthiidae, or Trachelophyllidae, but a sister relationship with the Lacrymariidae could not be excluded. Therefore, we establish a new family, Chaeneidae, within the order Lacrymariida. This affiliation is strongly corroborated by the distinctly subapical dorsal brush bearing cilium‐like bristles.
Primordial germ cells in the dorsal mesentery of the chicken embryo demonstrate left–right asymmetry and polarized distribution of the EMA1 epitope
Authors: Hen Gideon , Friedman‐Einat Miriam , Sela‐Donenfeld Dalit 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDespite the importance of the chicken as a model system, our understanding of the development of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) is far from complete. Here we characterized the morphology of PGCs at different developmental stages, their migration pattern in the dorsal mesentery of the chicken embryo, and the distribution of the EMA1 epitope on PGCs. The spatial distribution of PGCs during their migration was characterized by immunofluorescence on whole‐mounted chicken embryos and on paraffin sections, using EMA1 and chicken vasa homolog antibodies. While in the germinal crescent PGCs were rounded and only 25% of them were labeled by EMA1, often seen as a concentrated cluster on the cell surface, following extravasation and migration in the dorsal mesentery PGCs acquired an elongated morphology, and 90% exhibited EMA1 epitope, which was concentrated at the tip of the pseudopodia, at the contact sites between neighboring PGCs. Examination of PGC migration in the dorsal mesentery of Hamburger and Hamilton stage 20–22 embryos demonstrated a left–right asymmetry, as migration of cells toward the genital ridges was usually restricted to the right, rather than the left, side of the mesentery. Moreover, an examination of another group of cells that migrate through the dorsal mesentery, the enteric neural crest cells, revealed a similar preference for the right side of the mesentery, suggesting that the migratory pathway of PGCs is dictated by the mesentery itself. Our findings provide new insights into the migration pathway of PGCs in the dorsal mesentery, and suggest a link between EMA1, PGC migration and cell–cell interactions. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism underlying migration of PGCs in avians.
The reproducibility of temporomandibular joint vibrations over time in the human
Authors: Zhang J. , Whittle T. , Wang L. , Murray G. M. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThe aim of the study was to assess the reproducibility of vibrations recorded from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in a group of healthy subjects. The vibrations from TMJ were recorded bilaterally from 34 healthy subjects by electrovibratography in three sessions at intervals of 3 min and again after 1 week. The total integral of the vibration energy, the ratio of the integral between frequencies above 300 Hz and below 300 Hz (ratio of >300 Hz/<300 Hz), peak frequency, median frequency, peak amplitude and distance to centric occlusion position were calculated. Data were analysed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and two‐way anova for repeated measures. All variables showed good to excellent reliability across different sessions (ICCday1: 0·935–0·987; ICCday2: 0·910–0·992) and across different days (ICC: 0·738–0·907). According to anova for repeated measures, all variables showed good reproducibility (P > 0·05) between sessions at the same day. There was no significant difference between the 2 days for the frequency‐related variables including peak frequency (P = 0·083), median frequency (P = 0·188) and ratio of >300 Hz/<300 Hz (P = 0·26). There was a statistical difference between the 2 days for the intensity‐related vibration variables including total integral (P = 0·045) and peak amplitude (P = 0·026). The wave patterns of the power‐frequency spectra were qualitatively similar over both the sessions and days. Joint vibration analysis could provide a fast, non‐invasive, and repeatable method to record the status of TMJ. Further studies are needed to identify the characteristic waveforms for different subgroups of temporomandibular disorders and to evaluate the possibility of diagnostic value.
Protective effects of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) on hepatic lipid accumulation are mediated by hepatic FXR and independent of intestinal FGF15 signal
Authors: Schmitt Johannes , Kong Bo , Stieger Bruno , Tschopp Oliver , Schultze Simon M. , Rau Monika , Weber Achim , Müllhaupt Beat , Guo Grace L. , Geier Andreas 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsThere is a growing evidence that bile acids are involved in the regulation of triglyceride‐, cholesterol‐homoeostasis and fat absorption. In this study organ‐specific Fxr knockout mice were used to further investigate the influence of farnesoid X receptor FXR in lipogenesis.MethodsLiver‐ and intestine‐specific Fxr knockout mice were fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 28 days. Histological examination of frozen tissue sections included Sudan III/H&E, BODIPY staining and liver X receptor (LXR) immunohistochemistry. Liver triglycerides, serum cholesterol, serum bile acids and nuclear LXR protein were measured. mRNA expression of several genes involved in bile acid‐, cholesterol‐homoeostasis and lipogenesis was quantified by real‐time PCR.ResultsHepatic FXR deficiency contributes to lipid accumulation under 1% cholesterol administration which is not observed in intestinal Fxr knockout mice. Strong lipid accumulation, characterized by larger vacuoles could be observed in hepatic Fxr knockout sections, while intestinal Fxr knockout mice show no histological difference to controls. In addition, these mice have the ability to maintain normal serum cholesterol and bile acid levels. Hepatic Fxr knockouts were characterized by elevated triglycerides and bile acid levels. Expression level of LXR was significantly elevated under control and 1% cholesterol diet in hepatic Fxr knockout mice and was followed by concomitant lipogenic target gene induction such as Fas and Scd‐1. This protective FXR effect against hepatic lipid accumulation was independent of intestinal Fgf15 induction.ConclusionThese results show that the principal site of protective bile acid signalling against lipid accumulation is located in the liver since the absence of hepatic but not intestinal FXR contributes to lipid accumulation under cholesterol diet.
Quand la famille se déchire: analyse des sections divergentes cantonales lors des votations populaires 2003‐2011
Authors: Cappelletti Fabio , Dacorogna Basile 
Published: February 2014

RésuméL'apparition de sections cantonales divergentes lors des votations populaires est un phénomène récurrent en Suisse. Toutefois, malgré l'intérêt de son analyse pour apprécier la cohésion interne des partis, ce phénomène a été délaissé par la littérature récente. Nous comblons ce manque par une analyse à la fois quantitative et qualitative des sections divergentes lors des votations populaires des deux dernières législatures (2003‐2007 et 2007‐2011). L'analyse quantitative illustre une stabilité, voire une légère diminution, du phénomène. L'analyse qualitative (études de cas) quant à elle, relativise son impact sur la cohésion des partis: ses manifestations les plus importantes sont circonscrites à des domaines spécifiques et sont provoquées par des configurations particulières, ou des causes spécifiques.
Biochar amendment to coarse sandy subsoil improves root growth and increases water retention
Authors: Bruun E. W. , Petersen C. T. , Hansen E. , Holm J. K. , Hauggaard‐Nielsen H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCrop yields and yield potentials on Danish coarse sandy soils are strongly limited due to restricted root growth and poor water and nutrient retention. We investigated if biochar amendment to subsoil can improve root development in barley and significantly increase soil water retention. Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Anakin) was grown in soil columns (diameter: 30 cm) prepared with 25 cm topsoil, 75 cm biochar‐amended subsoil, and 30 cm un‐amended subsoil lowermost placed on an impervious surface. Low‐temperature gasification straw‐biochar (at 0, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 wt%) and slow pyrolysis hardwood‐biochar (at 2 wt%) were investigated. One wt% can be scaled up to 102 Mg/ha of char. After full irrigation and drainage, the in‐situ moisture content at 30‐80 cm depth increased linearly (R2 = 0.99) with straw‐biochar content at a rate corresponding to 0.029 m3/m3/%. The lab determined wilting point also increased linearly with char content (R2 = 0.99) but at a much lower rate (0.003 m3/m3/%). Biochar at concentrations up to 2% significantly increased the density of roots in the 40–80 cm depth interval. Addition of 1% straw‐biochar had the most positive effect on root penetration resulting in the highest average root density (54% coverage compared to 33% without biochar). This treatment also resulted in the greatest spring barley grain yield increase (22%). Improving the quality of sandy subsoils has global potentials, and incorporation of the right amount of correctly treated residues from bioenergy technologies such as straw‐biochar is a promising option.
Nature of Palaeozoic extension in Lofoten, north Norwegian Continental Shelf: insights from 3‐D seismic analysis of a Cordilleran‐style metamorphic core complex
Authors: Henstra Gijs Allard , Rotevatn Atle 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAnalyses of 3‐D seismic data reveal that pre‐Triassic basins are present underneath the Mesozoic North Træna Basin (Lofoten Margin, Norway). These are linked to a Cordilleran‐style metamorphic core complex that developed in Palaeozoic times, including rotated fault blocks with hanging wall ‘growth’ wedges, bounded by listric faults that sole into a sub‐horizontal detachment. On the basis of similarity in age, structural style and transport direction, we propose a kinematic link with a Permian mylonitic detachment documented onshore. This study presents the first offshore evidence for Palaeozoic detachment faulting, elucidating the mechanisms behind the long‐lived exhumation history of the Lofoten basement.
Reaction phenotyping of vinblastine metabolism in dogs
Authors: Achanta S. , Maxwell L. K. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractVinblastine is a vinca alkaloid used either as a single agent or in combination therapy for the treatment of canine mast cell tumours and lymphomas. The objective of this study was to determine which isoform of cytochrome P450 enzyme is responsible for the majority of vinblastine metabolism in dogs. A panel of eight recombinant canine cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A12, CYP3A26, CYP2B11, CYP2C41, CYP2C21 and CYP2D15) were incubated in vitro with vinblastine. Findings were confirmed by the use of canine polyclonal antibodies of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP3A12, CYP2B11 and CYP2C21) that were pre‐incubated with individual and pooled hepatic microsomes that were purified from canine liver. Substrate depletion was observed in the presence of recombinant CYP3A12, whereas depletion did not substantially occur when microsomes were pre‐incubated with polyclonal antibodies against CYP3A12. These findings confirmed that CYP3A12 is the major cytochrome P450 isoform responsible for the metabolism of vinblastine in dogs.