bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cancer stage at diagnosis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus and transplant recipients
Authors: Shiels Meredith S. , Copeland Glenn , Goodman Marc T. , Harrell Janna , Lynch Charles F. , Pawlish Karen , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Engels Eric A. 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUNDIt is unknown whether immunosuppression results in more aggressive, advanced stage cancers. Because cancer stage is influenced both by tumor biology and medical surveillance, the authors assessed cancer stage in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and solid organ transplant recipients, 2 immunosuppressed groups with differences in their health care use.METHODSThe authors used data on all cases of 15 cancer types diagnosed during 1996 through 2010 in 2 studies that linked US cancer registries with HIV and transplant registries. Odds ratios (ORs) for advanced (vs local) disease were estimated comparing HIV and transplant populations with immunocompetent individuals in polytomous logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, registry, and year.RESULTSA total of 8411 of 4.5 million cancer cases occurred in HIV‐infected individuals and 7322 of 6.4 million cancer cases occurred in transplant recipients. Compared with immunocompetent patients with cancer, those infected with HIV were more likely to be diagnosed with distant stage lung (OR, 1.13), female breast (OR, 1.99), and prostate (OR, 1.57) cancers, whereas transplant recipients had fewer distant stage lung (OR, 0.54), female breast (OR, 0.75), and prostate (OR, 0.72) cancers. Both immunosuppressed populations had a shift toward advanced stage melanoma (ORs of 1.97 for HIV‐infected individuals and 1.82 for transplant recipients) and bladder cancer (ORs of 1.42 for HIV‐infected individuals and 1.54 for transplant recipients).CONCLUSIONSBladder cancer and melanoma were more likely to be diagnosed at a nonlocal stage in both HIV‐infected individuals and transplant recipients, suggesting a role for immunosuppression in their progression. In addition, we observed a shift for some common cancers toward later stages in HIV‐infected individuals and toward earlier stages in transplant recipients, which is consistent with differential access to medical care or surveillance. Cancer 2015;121:2063–2071. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Bifunctional Metal‐Free Catalysis of Mesoporous Noble Carbons for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions
Authors: Sakaushi Ken , Fellinger Tim‐Patrick , Antonietti Markus 
Published: March 2015

AbstractElectrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are key reactions in lithium–oxygen batteries (LOBs) being a promising candidate to store renewable energies due to their high specific energy. However current development on LOBs is suffering from unsuitable catalysts. In particular, carbon‐based catalysts were found to perform poorly in this system. Here, we show that metal‐free mesoporous nitrogen‐doped carbons (meso‐NdCs) offer highly promising performances in both ORR and OER; they act as bifunctional catalysts, and can be synthesized by a very simple method. The efficient electrocatalytic activity of ORR and OER was used in a LOB cell during discharge and charge, respectively, and the present system showed a lower overpotential comparable to metal‐based catalysts in LOB system. Thus, we demonstrate that meso‐NdCs act as a new and affordable candidate for the efficient bifunctional oxygen catalysis, therefore can be applied to many energy‐related applications.
Generalization of the jump postulate and Brayton‐Moser's mixed potential for the analysis of RTD circuits
Authors: Thiessen Tina , Popp Michael , Zorn Christoph , Mathis Wolfgang 
Published: March 2015

SummaryIn this paper, the series connection of resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) will be analyzed with respect to their stability properties. An alternative approach to the commonly used loadline construction for the analysis of circuits utilizing the series connection of RTDs is presented. Furthermore, the basins of attraction of multiple operating points will be determined analytically by Brayton‐Moser's mixed potential function. Therewith, the jump postulate by Andronov et al. will be generalized for series connected N‐type nonlinearities. In addition, the numerical results will be verified by measurements. At the end, the discussed method is applied to the monostable‐bistable transition logic element, which today is one of the most promising logic circuits in nanoelectronics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life history and biology of Fascioloides magna (Trematoda) and its native and exotic hosts
Authors: Malcicka Miriama 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHost–parasite interactions are model systems in a wide range of ecological and evolutionary fields and may be utilized for testing numerous theories and hypotheses in terms of both applied and fundamental research. For instance, they are important in terms of studying coevolutionary arms races, species invasions, and in economic terms the health of livestock and humans. Here, I present a comprehensive description of the life history, biogeography, and biology of the giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, and both its intermediate and definitive hosts. F. magna is native to North America where it uses several species of freshwater snails (Lymnaeidae) as intermediate hosts and four main species of ungulates as definitive hosts. The fluke has also been introduced into parts of Europe where it is now established in two lymnaeid snail species and three ungulate species. This study gives a comprehensive description of different developmental stages of the fluke in its two host classes, as well as detailed notes on historical and present distributions of F. magna in North America and Europe as well as in its snail and deer hosts (with range maps provided). Aberrant and dead‐end hosts are also discussed in detail, and descriptive phylogenies are provided for all of the organisms. I briefly discuss how F. magna represents a model example of multiple‐level ecological fitting, a phenomenon not yet described in the empirical literature. Lastly, I explore possible future scenarios for fluke invasion in Europe, where it is currently expanding its range.
Evidence for inbreeding depression in a species with limited opportunity for maternal effects
Authors: Vega‐Trejo Regina , Head Megan L. , Jennions Michael D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIt is often assumed that mating with close relatives reduces offspring fitness. In such cases, reduced offspring fitness may arise from inbreeding depression (i.e., genetic effects of elevated homozygosity) or from post‐mating maternal investment. This can be due to a reduction in female investment after mating with genetically incompatible males (“differential allocation”) or compensation for incompatibility (“reproductive compensation”). Here, we looked at the effects of mating with relatives on offspring fitness in mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki. In this species, females are assumed to be nonplacental and to allocate resources to eggs before fertilization, limiting differential allocation. We looked at the effects of mating with a brother or with an unrelated male on brood size, offspring size, gestation period, and early offspring growth. Mating with a relative reduced the number of offspring at birth, but there was no difference in the likelihood of breeding, gestation time, nor in the size or growth of these offspring. We suggest that due to limited potential for maternal effects to influence these traits that any reduction in offspring fitness, or lack thereof, can be explained by inbreeding depression rather than by maternal effects. We highlight the importance of considering the potential role of maternal effects when studying inbreeding depression and encourage further studies in other Poeciliid species with different degrees of placentation to test whether maternal effects mask or amplify any genetic effects of mating with relatives.
Heterogeneous and homogenous catalysts for hydrogen generation by hydrolysis of aqueous sodium borohydride (NaBH4) solutions
Authors: Brack Paul , Dann Sandie E. , Wijayantha K. G. Upul 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIt is clear that in order to satisfy global energy demands whilst maintaining sustainable levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases, alternative energy sources are required. Due to its high chemical energy density and the benign by‐product of its combustion reactions, hydrogen is one of the most promising of these. However, methods of hydrogen storage such as gas compression or liquefaction are not suitable for portable or automotive applications due to their low hydrogen storage densities. Accordingly, much research activity has been focused on finding higher density hydrogen storage methods. One such method is to generate hydrogen via the hydrolysis of aqueous sodium borohydride (NaBH4) solutions, and this has been heavily studied since the turn of the century due to its high theoretical hydrogen storage capacity (10.8 wt%) and relatively safe operation in comparison to other chemical hydrides. This makes it very attractive for use as a hydrogen generator, in particular for portable applications. Major factors affecting the hydrolysis reaction of aqueous NaBH4 include the performance of the catalyst, reaction temperature, NaBH4 concentration, stabilizer concentration, and the volume of the reaction solution. Catalysts based on noble metals, in particular ruthenium (Ru) and platinum (Pt), have been shown to be particularly efficient at rapid generation of hydrogen from aqueous NaBH4 solutions. However, given the scarcity and expense of such metals, a transition metal‐based catalyst would be a desirable alternative, and thus much work has been conducted using cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni)‐based materials to attempt to source a practical option. “Metal free” NaBH4 hydrolysis can also be achieved by the addition of aqueous acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) to solid NaBH4. This review summarizes the various catalysts which have been reported in the literature for the hydrolysis of NaBH4.
Multilayer diffusion‐based molecular communication
Authors: Mustam Saizalmursidi Md , Syed Yusof Sharifah Kamilah , Nejatian Samad 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDiffusion‐based molecular communication (DBMC) has emerged as a promising communication option, particularly for biomedical and healthcare applications. Although, numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate and analyse DBMC system, investigation on DBMC through multilayer channels has had less attention. In this paper, a closed‐form expression is derived for the mean molecular concentration over an n‐layer channel. An averaged diffusion coefficient for thin, dissimilar and multilayer propagation channels is determined through the addition of a diffusion resistance for each medium analogously to the sum of series resistors in circuit theory. The channel characteristics such as impulse response, time delay and attenuation are analytically obtained using amplitude detection technique. The effects of layer thickness and the distance between a transmitter nanomachine and a receiver nanomachine on the channel time delay and channel attenuation under the pulse modulation scheme are evaluated and discussed. The results show that increasing the diffusion coefficient leads to time delay decrements; however, the channel attenuation remains unchanged. Moreover, lengthening the transmission distance increases the time delay and decreases the channel attenuation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization by response surface methodology of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of flavour compounds from Chinese liquor vinasse
Authors: Xu Honggao , Xu Xiang , Tao Yidi , Yuan Fang , Gao Yanxiang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractLiquor vinasse is of interest under the biorefinery context and the aim of the present study was the recovery of flavour compounds. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) extraction is an optimal method for liquor vinasse flavour compounds recovery. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis showed that more than 50 compounds were identified in the SC‐CO2 extract. The predominant compounds were esters and acids, and ethyl (9Z)‐9‐octadecenoate was the major ester. The effects of different extraction parameters, including pressure (8.2–41.8 MPa), temperature (32.8–67.2 °C) and CO2 rate (6.4–23.6 l/h), on the yield of volatile compounds with SC‐CO2 extraction were furthermore investigated. The most efficient extraction parameters for the maximum flavour compounds yield and better selection for ethyl (9Z)‐9‐octadecenoate were the following: pressure of 24.98 MPa, temperature of 51.28 °C and a CO2 rate of 13.48 l/h. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methods for Association Analysis and Meta‐Analysis of Rare Variants in Families
Authors: Feng Shuang , Pistis Giorgio , Zhang He , Zawistowski Matthew , Mulas Antonella , Zoledziewska Magdalena , Holmen Oddgeir L. , Busonero Fabio , Sanna Serena , Hveem Kristian , Willer Cristen , Cucca Francesco , Liu Dajiang J. , Abecasis Gonçalo R. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTAdvances in exome sequencing and the development of exome genotyping arrays are enabling explorations of association between rare coding variants and complex traits. To ensure power for these rare variant analyses, a variety of association tests that group variants by gene or functional unit have been proposed. Here, we extend these tests to family‐based studies. We develop family‐based burden tests, variable frequency threshold tests and sequence kernel association tests. Through simulations, we compare the performance of different tests. We describe situations where family‐based studies provide greater power than studies of unrelated individuals to detect rare variants associated with moderate to large changes in trait values. Broadly speaking, we find that when sample sizes are limited and only a modest fraction of all trait‐associated variants can be identified, family samples are more powerful. Finally, we illustrate our approach by analyzing the relationship between coding variants and levels of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in 11,556 individuals from the HUNT and SardiNIA studies, demonstrating association for coding variants in the APOC3, CETP, LIPC, LIPG, and LPL genes and illustrating the value of family samples, meta‐analysis, and gene‐level tests. Our methods are implemented in freely available C++ code.
Compassionate Imagining
Authors: Jack Chelsea A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractI will always remember my first months at The Hastings Center as set against a backdrop of calls for social justice and the protection of vulnerable populations. Following weeks of civil unrest sparked by police brutality in Ferguson, Missouri, the fatal strangulation of Eric Garner, a black man, by a white New York police officer gave rise to “die‐ins” across the country. I blogged for Bioethics Forum on the Ebola outbreaks in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, with a focus on retrofitting governance systems that ignored a dangerous lack of health infrastructure and created populations vulnerable to public health emergencies. Back home in Virginia, I celebrated with family and friends the legalization of same‐sex marriage after the Supreme Court let stand rulings in favor of it in five states. Voices of protest have focused our attention on the injustices faced by populations made vulnerable, particularly people of color, the poor, victims of public health crises, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer communities.
Growth Hormone Induces Transforming Growth Factor‐Beta‐Induced Protein in Podocytes: Implications for Podocyte Depletion and Proteinuria
Authors: Swathi Chitra P. , Swathi T. , Sahay Rakesh , Reddy G. Bhanuprakash , Menon Ram K. , Kumar P. Anil 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe glomerular podocytes form a major size selective barrier for the filtration of serum proteins and reduced podocyte number is a critical event in the pathogenesis of proteinuria during diabetic nephropathy (DN). An elevated level of growth hormone (GH) is implicated as a causative factor in the development of nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. We have previously shown that podocytes express GH receptor and are a target for GH action. To elucidate the molecular basis for the effects of GH on podocyte depletion, we conducted PCR‐array analyses for extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules in podocytes. Our studies reveal that GH increases expression of a gene that encodes transforming growth factor‐beta‐induced protein (TGFBIp) expression. Similarly, microarray data retrieved from the Nephromine database revealed elevation of TGFBIp in patients with DN. Treatment with GH results in increased secretion of extracellular TGFBIp by podocytes. Both GH and TGFBIp induced apoptosis and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of podocytes. Exposure of podocytes to GH and TGFBIp resulted in increased migration of cells and altered podocyte permeability to albumin across podocyte monolayer. Administration of GH to rats induced EMT and apoptosis in the glomerular fraction of the kidney. Therefore, we conclude that the GH‐dependent increase in TGFBIp in the podocyte is one of the mechanisms responsible for podocyte depletion in DN. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1947–1956, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population pharmacokinetic analysis of raltegravir pediatric formulations in HIV‐infected children 4 weeks to 18 years of age
Authors: Rizk Matthew L. , Du Lihong , Bennetto‐Hood Chantelle , Wenning Larissa , Teppler Hedy , Homony Brenda , Graham Bobbie , Fry Carrie , Nachman Sharon , Wiznia Andrew , Worrell Carol , Smith Betsy , Acosta Edward P. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractP1066 is an open‐label study of raltegravir in HIV positive youth, ages 4 weeks–18 years. Here we summarize P1066 pharmacokinetic (PK) data and a population PK model for the pediatric chewable tablet and oral granules. Raltegravir PK parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. A 2‐compartment model was developed using data from P1066 and an adult study of the pediatric formulations. Interindividual variability was described by an exponential error model, and residual variability was captured by an additive/proportional error model. Twelve‐hour concentrations (C12h) were calculated from the model‐derived elimination rate constant and 8‐hour observed concentration. Simulated steady‐state concentrations were analyzed by noncompartmental analysis. Target area under the curve (AUC0–12h) and C12h were achieved in each cohort. For the pediatric formulations, geometric mean AUC0–12h values were 18.0–22.6 μM‐hr across cohorts, and C12h values were 71–130 nM, with lower coefficients of variation versus the film‐coated tablet. A 2‐compartment model with first‐order absorption adequately described raltegravir plasma PK in pediatric and adult patients. Weight was a covariate on clearance and central volume and was incorporated using allometric scaling. Raltegravir chewable tablets and oral granules exhibited PK parameters consistent with those from prior adult studies and older children in P1066, as well as lower variability than the film‐coated tablet.
Evaluation of surface alterations in different retreatment nickel‐titanium files: AFM and SEM study
Authors: Sağlam Baran Can , Görgül Güliz 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate the surface changes of nickel titanium (Ni‐Ti) rotary retreatment files after three and five uses. Furthermore, the effects of 2% sodium hypochlorite and chloroform solutions and sterilization procedures on the NiTi rotary retreatment surfaces were investigated. ProTaper Retreatment files, R‐endo files, and Mtwo retreatment files were used for this study. The palatinal roots of maxillary molar teeth were obturated with gutta percha and Ah26. Retreatment procedures were performed with these retreatment file systems. The surface changes of untreated NiTi rotary files that were used three and five times, immersed in NaOCl and chloroform and subjected to sterilization procedures were investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The RMS values, three dimensional images and SEM images at various magnifications were obtained. RMS values showed that all three NiTi rotary retreatment file systems showed significant deteriorations after three and five uses. Cracks, damages and spiral construction deteriorations were detected in the SEM images after three and five uses. Furthermore, the Mtwo 15 file was broken off after five uses. AFM data indicated that 2% NaOCl caused significant surface deteriorations on NiTi rotary files and both AFM and SEM evaluation showed that chloroform solution and sterilization procedures did not cause significant surface deteriorations. In conclusion, ProTaper retreatment, R‐endo, and Mtwo retreatment files showed surface damages depending on retreatment procedures. Clinicians have to consider that retreatment files always have a tendency to break off after the third time they have been used. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:356–362, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The change of climate and terrestrial carbon cycle over Tibetan Plateau in CMIP5 models
Authors: Li Suosuo , Lü Shihua , Gao Yanhong , Ao Yinhuan 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTSix earth system models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project (CMIP5) are evaluated over Tibetan Plateau (TP) by comparing the modelled temperature (Tas), precipitation (Pr), net primary production (NPP) and leaf area index (LAI) with the observed Tas, Pr, International Geosphere Biosphere Program (IGBP) NPP and Max–Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPIM) LAI in the historical, and then we analysed the change of climate and carbon cycle and explored the relationship between the carbon cycle and main climatic drivers in the historical and representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) simulation over TP. While model results differ, their region spatial distributions from 1971 to 2000 agree reasonably with observed Tas, Pr and proxy LAI and NPP. The climatic variables, LAI and carbon flux vary between two simulations, the ration of NPP to gross primary production (GPP) does not change much in the historical and RCP4.5 scenarios. The linear trends of LAI and carbon flux show an obvious continuous increase from historical climatic period (1971–2000) to the first two climatic periods (2011–2040; 2041–2700) of RCP4.5, then the trends decrease in the third climatic period (2071–2100) of RCP4.5. The cumulative multi‐model ensemble (MME) net biome production (NBP) is 0.32 kg C m−2 year−1 during 1850–2005 and 1.43 kg C m−2 year−1 during 2006–2100, the TP is a carbon sink during the historical scenario, and TP will uptake more carbon from atmosphere during 2006–2100 than 1850–2005 under RCP4.5 scenario. LAI, GPP, NPP, Ra and Rh appear more related to the Tas than Pr and Rsds, and the Tas is the primary climatic driver for the plant growth and carbon cycle. With the climate change in 21st century under RCP4.5 scenario, Tas still is the primary climate driver for the plant growth and carbon cycle, but the effect of temperature on plant growth and carbon cycle gets weaker.
First Water‐Soluble Backbone Ru–Ru–Ni Heterometallic Organometallic Polymer
Authors: Scalambra Franco , Serrano‐Ruiz Manuel , Romerosa Antonio 
Published: March 2015

The water‐soluble backbone heterometallic polymer {[(PTA)2CpRu‐μ‐CN–RuCp(PTA)2‐μ‐NiCl3]}n (2) is synthesized using a reproducible and robust method and fully characterized by X‐ray single crystal diffraction. The Ru–Ru–Ni polymer is found to be stable in the solid state and soluble in water. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and light scattering studies show that the polymer is stable in water for several days in air.
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