bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of shock index as a predictor of multiple‐trauma patients' pathways
Authors: Toccaceli Andrea , Giampaoletti Andrea , Dignani Lucia , Lucertini Carla , Petrucci Cristina , Lancia Loreto 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesThis research was conducted with the aim of investigating the accuracy of the shock index (SI) in distinguishing which multiple‐trauma patients should be admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) after treatment in an emergency room (ER).BackgroundThe SI is an easily obtained indicator, as it corresponds to an arithmetic ratio between the two parameters that are always measured during the first‐aid treatment of multiple‐trauma patients: heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). There are many studies examining the SI in the multiple‐trauma patients as a possible predictor of the destination unit. The SI is evaluated both at the trauma scene (pre‐hospital SI‐pH) and in the emergency room (SI‐ER).Design and methodsAn observational study with a retrospective approach was conducted on 158 adult patients with multiple trauma.ResultsThe mean SI‐pH and SI‐ER values were higher in ICU patients than in‐patients discharged or admitted to a normal ward, but the difference between these two patient groups was significant only for the SI‐ER. Analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves confirmed that only the SI‐ER is significant as a reliable indicator for ICU admission with a best cut‐off of 1·05. However, a threshold value of 0·75 was still able to establish the correct type of destination for multiple‐trauma patients, with a sensitivity of 57·3% and a specificity of 62·5%.ConclusionsThis research showed that the SI‐pH and SI‐ER values are correlated, but only the SI‐ER has shown statistical significance in terms of distinguishing the type of destination of multiple‐trauma patient (ICU, ordinary ward or discharge) after initial treatment in the ER.Relevance to clinical practiceThe results of this study suggest the possibility of using SI in multiple‐trauma patients as a triage indicator to assess the patients' care complexity and to guide the choice of proper clinical paths.
Staphylococcus aureus sporotrichoid lymphangitis without bacteremia in a transplant recipient
Authors: Rotemberg V. , Valins W. , Husan S. , Grossman M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPyogenic sporotrichoid infections are rare. There are only 4 reports in the literature of Staphylococcus aureus presenting as sporotrichoid lymphangitis (also known as lymphocutaneous syndrome or nodular lymphangitis). We report the first case, to our knowledge, of S. aureus sporotrichoid infection without bacteremia in an immunocompromised organ transplant recipient.
Integrated Multiscale Robust Design Considering Microstructure Evolution and Material Properties in the Hot Rolling Process
Authors: Goh Chung-Hyun , Ahmed Salman , Dachowicz Adam P. , Allen Janet K. , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: January 2015

A transmission gear is generally produced by a sequence of several processes from steelmaking to final machining and surface treatment. The intermediate processes such as hot rolling induce microstructure evolution and phase transformation which play a significant role in determining the mechanical properties and fatigue strength of gears. Therefore, these intermediate processes should be carefully considered in determining the performance and properties of the end product.
In this paper, an integrated multiscale robust design approach using the Inductive Design Exploration Method (IDEM) is implemented to improve robustness in the presence of uncertainty by exploring the solution space in order to find feasible solutions to satisfy technical requirements and/or customer aspirations. Four pass roll design with oval and round grooves is used to simulate the hot bar rolling process. The microstructure evolution, flow stress, and wear prediction models are implemented in the analysis model to account for the process-structure relationship in each roll pass. Surrogate models for some parameters such as ultimate tensile strength are then developed based on the analysis results. Using the relationship of processing-structure-property-performance, the integrated realization of engineered materials and products (IREMP) can be accomplished over multiple length scales. In IDEM, the range of the property-performance relationship is first evaluated by the requirements for the end product. Subsequently, the austenite and ferrite grain sizes and material properties are inductively determined by exploring the design space. Consequently roll pass design including the rolling conditions and the microstructure of billets are customized by the exploration of design variables based on IDEM.
Inverse Design of Manufacturing Process Chains
Authors: Kulkarni Nagesh , Gupta Rahul , Khan Danish , Gautham B. P. , Allen Janet K. , Panchal Jitesh , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: January 2015

Finding the input specifications to obtain the specified performance of a component being designed is an essential activity of a designer. However, obtaining solutions for this inverse problem is a complex task; especially when there are multiple steps with many-to-one mappings at each step in the forward problem. This complexity is further augmented in the presence of uncertainty of the parameters and models used.
The typical heat treatment process involves multiple steps and the same outcome can possibly be achieved through multiple routes. Obtaining suitable process parameters for desired final properties such as the hardness profile is a requirement of the process design. In this work an error metric called the Hyper Dimensional Error Margin Index (HD_EMI) is used for inverse process chain design where the objective is to obtain the process set points in a sequence of heat treatment operations involving carburization, quenching and tempering processes. We have validated the solution of inverse problem by solving the detailed forward problem. The application procedure used in this study to solve inverse problem is simple and results obtained are encouraging for further exploration of HD_EMI.
A Novel Framework for Product/Service Systems Using Environment-Based Design Methodology
Authors: Deng Xiaoguang , Zeng Yong 
Published: January 2015

The diversity of costumer’s needs requires manufacturers to provide a complex package of product and service. In contrast to traditional matured methods used for product design, Product/Service Systems (PSS) design still has a large room for development because of three following core research challenges: 1) development of a common shared structure to represent and understand PSS’s elements and their relations; 2) systematic modelling approaches to formulating design problems; and 3) holistic consideration of social, technological, economic and ecological elements.
This paper aims to propose a novel framework for PSS design by addressing three issues above. The proposed framework is derived step-by-step from a natural language description of PSS environment using Environment-Based Design (EBD) methodology. The proposed framework attempts to accommodate the recursive scenarios in PSS design along with PSS lifecycle. The PSS environment will be firstly analyzed through a question-asking strategy. Besides, a set of graphical tools will be presented to support the development of framework, such as product-environment system, performance network, and conflict map. A case study, concerning the service design of intellectual property protection in collaborative product development, will be presented to illustrate the proposed framework.
Limited-Memory Deflated Conjugate Gradient for Solid Mechanics
Authors: Yadav Praveen , Suresh Krishnan 
Published: January 2015

The primary computational bottle-neck in finite element based solid mechanics is the solution of the underlying linear systems of equations. Among the various numerical methods for solving such linear systems, the deflated conjugate gradient (DCG) is well-known for its efficiency and simplicity.
The first contribution of this paper is an extension of the “rigid-body agglomeration” concept used in DCG to a “curvature-sensitive agglomeration”. The latter exploits, classic Kirchoff-Love theory for plates and Euler-Bernoulli theory for beams. We demonstrate that curvature-sensitive agglomeration is much more efficient for highly ill-conditioned problems arising from thin structures.
The second contribution is a strategy for a limited-memory assembly-free DCG where neither the stiffness matrix nor the deflation matrix is assembled. The resulting implementation is particularly well suited for large-scale problems, and can be easily ported to multi-core architectures. For example, we show that one can solve a 50 million degree of freedom system on a single GPU card, equipped with 3 GB of memory.
An Individual Wheel Inverse Dynamics-Based Control Algorithm of a UGV in Stochastic Terrain Conditions
Authors: Salama Mostafa , Vantsevich Vladimir V. 
Published: January 2015

An All-Wheel Drive Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) equipped with individual electric motors for each wheel offers tremendous potential to control indirectly the torque delivered to each individual wheel and thus control UGV energy efficiency and mobility. The objective of this study is to develop an analytical method for a single wheel angular velocity control that is based on inverse longitudinal dynamics of a quarter-of-vehicle. The method includes a stochastic terrain model and an inverse dynamics-based control algorithm of a UGV single pneumatic wheel to overcome stochastic terrain behavior.
A stochastic terrain mathematical model was developed and used as a disturbance load in the control algorithm to introduce the on-line (real time) influence of the terrain conditions on a single wheel of UGV. The control algorithm is based on a developed strategy that utilizes the inverse dynamics approach and the wheel torque control that provides a wheel with both the specified/required angular velocity and rolling radius.
Such an approach opens up new ways of optimization and control of both unmanned ground vehicle dynamics and vehicle performance by distributing power between the drive wheels.
Modeling and Analysis of a Ball and Beam System Including Impacts and Dry Friction
Authors: Colón Diego , Bueno Átila Madureira , Diniz Ivando S. , Balthazar Jose M. 
Published: January 2015

The Ball and Beam system is a common didactical plant that presents a complex nonlinear dynamics. This comes from the fact that the ball rolls over the beam, which rotates around its barycenter. In order to deduce the system’s equations, composition of movement must be applied, using a non-inertial reference frame attached to the beam. In the Literature, a common hypothesis is to suppose that the ball rolls without slipping. If a viscous friction is supposed to be present, a simpler situation is obtained, where Lagrangean mechanics can be applied, and no contact force is known. Even then, the dynamics is very nonlinear.
However, this model does not include all the relevant phenomena, such as ball’s slipping at higher beam’s inclination angles, dry friction between the ball and the beam, and impacts between: 1) the ball and the ends of the beam, and 2) the beam and the base (ground). These additions to the model impose the necessity to calculate, in a simulation setting, the contact forces, and the Newton’s approach to determine the system’s equations becomes more convenient. Also, discontinuities in the model are introduced, and the simpler mathematical object for model such systems are the differential inclusion systems.
In this work, we deduce the Ball and Beam differential inclusion system, including dry friction and the impact between the ball and beam. We also present simulation results for the corresponding differential inclusion system in a typical situation.
Gear Train Optimization of a Hybrid Electric Off-Road Vehicle
Authors: Blanco Juan C. , Gobbi Massimiliano , Muñoz Luis E. 
Published: January 2015

This work presents an optimal approach to the embodiment stage of the engineering design of a gear train of a hybrid electric off-road vehicle. The powertrain of the given vehicle has a series configuration and is designed for extreme operation conditions, including narrow paths, highly irregular surface roughness and high grade scenarios. The gear train of interest has a predetermined configuration with a fixed total reduction ratio. The gear train is composed by three stages: first, a spur gear pair; in the second stage a bevel gear pair; finally in the third stage a planetary gear transmitting motion to the wheel. In addition to the structural constraints, the design optimization is strongly constrained by space limitations (packaging). The objective function is to minimize the overall mass of the gear train.
Three optimization routines were applied for the solution of this optimization problem: a gradient based optimization (GBA), genetic algorithms (GA) and a branch and bound algorithm for mixed integer problems (B&B). For the initial guess of each routine, a Sobol low discrepancy sequence (LDS) was used. After the formal statement of the optimization problem, a comparison between the performances of the different optimization algorithms is presented. The numerical results are also compared with some analytical results previously obtained.
It was found that the branch and bound algorithm developed was the most effective to find the mixed integer solution. The genetic algorithm was quite inaccurate, due to the binding geometric constraints of the problem.
Evaluating Ride Comfort for Wheelchair Passengers Utilizing a Motionbase Simulator
Authors: Vingbäck Johan , Jeppsson Peter , van Deventer Jan 
Published: January 2015

Ride comfort is an important aspect of any passenger vehicle. The challenge is to provide a comfortable, yet safe, ride for the driver and the passengers and there is often a trade-off between ride comfort and safety performance.
In the case of small wheelchair-accessible vehicles the challenge increases. The weight of a wheelchair with person may span from 50 kg to 500 kg, which means that the suspension must be tuned to have a broad working range. Also, a wheelchair-accessible vehicle has many restrictions on design space and tuning possibilities due to, e.g., the space needed for the wheelchair passenger to get in and out of the vehicle. Hence, there is an additional need to evalute ride comfort and performance before the vehicle is built in order to find the optimal design. Traditionally, this is done by computer simulations of vehicle handling complemented with testing followed by chassis tuning prior to production. However, some performance parameters regarding comfort, especially in the case of wheelchair passengers, are still not well investigated and documented, and there is a need to subjectively evaluate the ride comfort in early design phases.
In this paper we investigate the use of a motionbase simulator as a platform for evaluating ride comfort with different suspension setups. We are using a reversible sleeve air suspension bellow equipped with an adaptor cylinder giving the spring characteristics. The characteristics of four different adaptors have been measured in a universal test machine. The force-compression characteristics are imported into the simulation. The simulation model used is a half-car, two-degree of freedom producing bounce and pitch movement data for either the driver or the passenger positions. The data from the simulations are used as input to a motionbase simulator for subjective assessment of the ride comfort.
The primary results indicate that a motionbase simulator can be a useful tool when designing/developing suspension systems. Also, the results indicate that a motionbase simulator is useful for investigation of comfort parameters in order to determine objective assessment of subjective parameters.
Analysis of a Situational Adaptive Chassis With Respect to Maneuverability and Footprint
Authors: Schweizerhof Hans , Betz Alexander , Winner Hermann 
Published: January 2015

The specifications of ground vehicles considering requirements like maneuverability and footprint are mainly caused by the target traffic. Future population distribution is subject to rural exodus resulting in megacities with the corresponding rise of traffic density and immense parking-space shortage. The problems caused by the compromise between a small footprint due to traffic requirements and a large one due to safety reasons are well known by the automotive industry as urban concept cars from different automobile exhibitions attest [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]. One of the known approaches is active tilt as it seems to be promising to reduce the vehicle’s dimension while coping with lateral acceleration demand and roll-over safety [4] [7]. But, active tilt represents only one solution for a situational adaptive chassis.
The proposed paper analyzes two alternative concepts, a variable track width and a variable height of the CG, and compares them to the known active tilt principle [8]. By using the exemplary maneuver of “steady-state cornering” the potential of each function concerning an increase of maneuverability and a decrease of the footprint is investigated. The results are promising and justify further investigation on the subject as for example dynamic simulation which has not been part of the study. The presented analytical examination of the influence on the yaw velocity gain and roll-over safety may open the discussion about the chances and risks of variable chassis design.
A Novel Experimental Setup to Apply Controlled Disturbances to Bicycle Dynamics in a Safe Environment
Authors: Kiewiet H. , Bulsink V. E. , van de Belt D. , Koopman H. F. J. M. 
Published: January 2015

The SOFIE project aims to improve the understanding of bicycle and rider stability in order to increase the safety of elderly cyclists. In the framework of this project, an advanced multi-body model of bicycle and rider dynamics, including the influences of the environment, is developed. The purpose of this model is to test, in the design phase, different concepts of so-called Intelligent Assist Devices (IADs) to enhance cycling safety. The model is validated in a novel experimental setup where under controlled and safe conditions the rider and bicycle can be perturbed to identify the properties of the control mechanisms.
In the setup the rear wheel of the instrumented bicycle rotates freely on a roller bench. The front wheel rotates on a treadmill to preserve the tire-road contact[9]; steering can still be used to maintain balance. The roller bench is situated on a 6 degrees of freedom Stewart platform. The movement of the platform can be controlled in each direction. Therefore, it is possible to apply disturbances to the roll, pitch and yaw and to apply lateral, posterior and superior disturbances to the bicycle with a predetermined multisine disturbance signal.
The bicycle is equipped with sufficient inertial sensors to accurately estimate the current orientations. Furthermore, the laboratory setup allows utilizing a marker-based video system to measure subject and bicycle movements in a global frame. The subject is secured in a safety harness. By analysing experiments in this setup in the mathematical model, the experiments may serve as validation data.
Preliminary results showed that it is well possible to perform perturbation experiments; the actual modelling of the tyre-floor contact proves important in determining the response. Further experiments will be done to estimate the properties of the control system in different categories of riders using system identification, allowing differences between young and elderly subjects to be studied. Subsequently, with the novel experimental setup it is possible to evaluate IADs.
Reduced Material Model of Composite Laminates for 3D Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Kumar Goldy , Shapiro Vadim 
Published: January 2015

Laminate composites are widely used in automotive, aerospace, medical, and increasingly in consumer industries, due to their reduced weight, superior structural properties and cost-effectiveness. However, structural analysis of complex laminate structures remains challenging. 2D finite element methods based on plate and shell theories may be accurate and efficient, but they generally do not apply to the whole structure, and require identification and preprocessing (dimensional reduction) of the regions where the underlying assumptions hold. Differences in and limitations of theories for thin/thick plates and shells further complicate modeling and simulation of composites. Fully automated structural analysis using 3D elements with sufficiently high order basis functions is possible in principle, but is rarely practiced due to the significant increase in computational integration cost in the presence of a large number of laminate plies.
We propose to replace the actual layup of the laminate structure by a simplified material model, allowing for a substantial reduction of the computational cost of 3D FEA. The reduced model, under the usual assumptions made in lamination theory, has the same constitutive relationship as the corresponding 2D plate model of the original laminate, but requires only a small fraction of computational integration costs in 3D FEA. We describe implementation of 3D FEA using the reduced material model in a meshfree system using second order B-spline basis functions. Finally, we demonstrate its validity by showing agreement between computed and known results for standard problems.
Vibration of Micro-Scale Structures: Accurate SPH Approach and Simplified Generalized Kelvin Model
Authors: Cramer Nick , Teodorescu M. 
Published: January 2015

Recent advances in polymer technology together with the growing need of smaller and lighter electronic components and biomedical equipment led to the development of new applications of polymers at micro scale. However, unlike traditional materials (e.g., metal silicon), polymers exhibit a significant time dependency in their response to load (e.g., viscoelastic, hyperelastic). Therefore, predicting the behavior of such polymer components at small scale requires accurate simulations of the effects of creep and relaxation within the systems. The current study uses a mesh-free particle method (smoothed particle hydrodynamics) to predict time-dependent mechanical response of polymers. As a first step towards investigating the response of a polymer microstructure under load, we simulate the behavior of a slender polymer rod compressed and tangentially dragged against a smooth glass surface.
It is shown that although accurate prediction of polymer deformation cannot be achieved with a fully analytic model, a simplified generalized Kelvin model could calibrated to capture most of the characteristics of the fully numerical model. This cold be used for predicting the behavior under load of a passive subsystem of imbedded in a control algorithm to extend the measuring domain of a possible sensor or prevent potentially dangerous operating conditions.