bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microscopic Diagnosis from Frozen Canine Tissues
Authors: Baraibar MA , Schoning P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Frozen tissues were studied microscopically to determine their value for diagnostic purposes. Sections were taken from lung, liver, kidney, small intestine, and brain of ten diseased dogs that died or were euthanatized. Some tissues were frozen, held for two or seven days, and then formalin-fixed. Tissues that were formalin-fixed immediately served as controls. Freezing changes such as transudate, cell shrinkage, fractures, hemolysis, and hematin formation were a nuisance, but usually did not prevent making a diagnosis. Viral inclusions, microfilaria, fibrosis, and intestinal bacteria remained distinct.
Dispensing Error Causing Fatal Chlorpropamide Intoxication in a Nondiabetic
Authors: Scala-Barnett DM , Donoghue ER 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A 38-year-old nondiabetic female developed fatal hypoglycemia when chlorpropamide (Diabinese®) was accidentally substituted for acetaminophen (Tylenol®) with codeine no. 3 in a pharmacy dispensing error. When found, the patient's serum glucose was less than 20 mg/dL. The serum chlorpropamide level on hospital admission was 124 µg/mL. The possibility of dispensing error should be considered whenever unexpected drug effects are encountered. In cases of suspected drug overdose, labels and contents of medicine vials found at the scene should be checked for discrepancy.
The Use of Bone Histomorphometry in Skeletal Identification: The Case of Francisco Pizarro
Authors: Stout SD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two lines of approach are utilized in a histomorphometric analysis of a rib sample from the postcranial remains believed to be those of Francisco Pizarro. Using a newly developed age predicting formula, age at death is estimated to be 62 years. This age agrees with several ages reported in historical documents. The histomorphometry of cortical area/total area (C/T) ratio, mean osteonal cross-sectional area, and mean annual Haversian bone formation rate conform to those of a healthy individual in his early sixties.
Dulcin: A Centennial Perspective
Authors: Goldsmith RH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The discovery of dulcin, the second synthetic sweetener, has been traced to the work of J. Berlinerblau. Early studies of this sweetener revealed a very effective sweetener that showed toxicity at high doses. Dulcin never achieved great recognition nor usage but was utilized slightly until a long-term study clearly pointed out its toxicity under sustained use with small doses.
A Critical Analysis of Quantitative Fingerprint Individuality Models
Authors: Stoney DA , Thornton JI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A critical analysis is presented of the seven principal models previously proposed for the quantitative assessment of fingerprint individuality. Although these models have been developed over a long period of time, there has been no systematic or comprehensive review of all seven models; indeed, two very significant models have escaped the attention of contemporary investigators altogether. The present work compares and contrasts these various models. Each of the models that has been proposed is described and discussed critically in relationship to the fingerprint comparison process. None of the models previously advanced is found to incorporate the essential features of fingerprint comparison. These essential features are summarized in the context of a quantitative fingerprint individuality model.
Detection of Cannabinoids in Homicide Victims and Motor Vehicle Fatalities
Authors: Garriott JC , Di Maio VJM , Rodriguez RG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) procedure is described for the detection and measurement of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in blood, or 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in urine. About 50% of all homicide victims and motor vehicle drivers killed in Bexar County in 1985 were tested for the presence of cannabinoids. Of 130 homicides and 69 drivers tested, blood was analyzed primarily in all but 15 and 3 cases, respectively. In these latter cases, blood was analyzed after urine was found to be positive. Of the homicide victims, 44 (34%), and of all drivers, 19 (28%), tested were positive for one or more of the cannabinoids. As a separate group, 16 motorcycle drivers tested had 38% positive as compared with 25% of the other vehicle drivers. Ethyl alcohol was present in 55% of the drivers, and in 63% of the homicide victims. Drugs other than alcohol or cannabinoids were found in 10% of the drivers, and in 12% of the homicide victims.
Copper and Nickel Detection on Gunshot Targets by Dithiooxamide Test
Authors: Lekstrom JA , Koons RD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Identification of a hole or mark as one produced by a bullet and characterization of the type of bullet are often important in reconstruction of shooting incidents. Dithiooxamide is used for the visual detection of copper and nickel deposited on a bullet hole periphery by the passage of a jacketed bullet through target material. The discrimination of jacketed and nonjacketed ammunition can be made on the basis of target analysis alone. This technique may be used in conjunction with the Modified Griess Test and the sodium rhodizonate test for detection of bullet holes and muzzle-to-target distance determinations. The test for copper and nickel can also be used at a crime scene to determine the type of bullet producing a mark in a variety of target materials.
Color Comparison in Questioned Document Examination Using Microspectrophotometry
Authors: Olson LA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The work of the document examiner is often aided through the use of specialized analytical instruments. One such instrument, in use at the Immigration & Naturalization Service Forensic Document Laboratory (INSFDL), is the Nanometrics 10S Microspectrophotometer, manufactured by Nanometrics, Inc., of Sunnyvale, CA. This pseudo-dual-beam spectrophotometer performs nondestructive color analysis of objects down to 2 μm in size. First, an object to be examined (such as an ink line) is viewed through a microscope and the light reflected from it is measured over the visible spectrum. The reflected energy is then compared with a standard stored in the system's microprocessor, and a spectral curve is provided which is characteristic of the color of the object examined. At INSFDL, the Nanospec 10S™ has been successfully used to differentiate similarly colored printing inks, stamp pad inks, and fibers found on various travel and identity documents. Examples from recent cases will be demonstrated.
Subtyping Phosphoglucomutase-1 in Semen Stains and Bloodstains: A Report on the Method
Authors: Budowle B , Murch RS , Davidson LC , Gambel AM , Kearney JJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method is described for obtaining nondistorted, reproducible phosphoglucomutase-1 subtyping patterns from semen stains and bloodstains. Isoelectric focusing of phosphoglucomutase-1 was accomplished in 80 min in a 0.2-mm-thick polyacrylamide gel with an interelectrode wick distance of 8.0 cm. The gel contained 1.2% (w/v) N-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-N-3-propanesulfonic acid (EPPS) and pH 5 to 7 ampholytes (4% w/v). When maintained at room temperature, laboratory-prepared bloodstains and semen stains could be typed for phosphoglucomutase-1 up to four months and three weeks, respectively. An evaluation of phosphoglucomutase-1 typing by isoelectric focusing and the Group I system was performed on casework samples submitted to the FBI Laboratory. In addition to the increased discriminating probability of phosphoglucomutase-1 when subtyped, isoelectric focusing yielded an increase in positive calls on questioned bloodstains (65.6 versus 36.2%) and dried seminal stains (16.4 versus 13.1%) compared with the Group I system.
Video Superimposition of Skulls and Photographic Portraits—A New Aid to Identification
Authors: Bastiaan RJ , Dalitz GD , Woodward C 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Videosuperimposition of a skull with antemortem photographs of a person suspected to be deceased is a valuable adjunct in the police identification process. In this paper, the technique is described with its flexibility, variations, and limitations discussed.
Pseudoabuse—The Misdiagnosis of Child Abuse
Authors: Kaplan JM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
When a patient's problem is judged to be the result of child abuse and it is not, considerable harm may be done to the child, his parents, and the doctor-parent relationship. The case histories of 15 children who were thought to be abused are reviewed and their correct diagnoses are presented. Overdiagnosing the battered child syndrome can be as harmful as failing to consider it.
Mid-Facial Tissue Depths of White Children: An Aid in Facial Feature Reconstruction
Authors: Dumont ER 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Available facial tissue thickness standards for facial feature reconstruction are based on adult measurements. Mid-facial tissue thicknesses for male and female white adolescents are presented here. Measurements were taken from lateral radiographs produced in an orthodontic practice. Statistical analysis indicates that age, sex, and to some extent, dental occlusion pattern are factors that should be taken into account when attempting facial feature reconstructions.
Distribution of Morphine in Body Fluids and Tissues in Fatal Overdose
Authors: Chan SC , Chan EM , Kaliciak HA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Two cases of fatal overdose with morphine are presented. Large amounts of the drug were involved in both cases, one by oral ingestion, the other by intravenous injection. Morphine concentrations in various body fluids and tissues are compared to those in the literature.
A Case of Fatal Rotenone Poisoning in a Child
Authors: De Wilde A-R , Heyndrickx A , Carton D 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case of a fatal rotenone poisoning in a three-and-a-half-year-old girl is described. The case report and autopsy findings are mentioned. For the extraction of rotenone out of biological samples, a solvent partitioning and silica gel open column chromatographic cleanup procedure has been used. The determination of rotenone was performed by high pressure liquid chromatography.
A Review of Serological Methods in Forensic Science
Authors: Taylor HL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The American Association of Blood Banks has regularly produced an array of manuals and texts that cover a broad spectrum of laboratory blood tests and their interpretation. Some are concerned with these methods and their applications in the forensic science laboratory. The latest publication is the result of a half-day workshop held at the American Association of Blood Bank's 1985 annual meeting. The title of the book, Serological Methods in Forensic Science, sounds ambitious.
Forensic Biology—Is Recombinant DNA Technology in its Future?
Authors: Sensabaugh GF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic biology—paternity testing and the testing of biological evidence materials—has advanced dramatically over the last 15 years. Much of this progress has been fueled by the discovery of many new genetic polymorphisms among human proteins. A number of these new polymorphisms have worked their way into the forensic science repertoire with the result that more definitive genetic typing information can now be provided to the legal system. There has been a concomitant broadening of the technological base of the field as electrophoretic techniques have taken their place beside the traditional immunological and chemical testing procedures. These developments are all well documented in Gaensslen's Source-book [1].
Amylase Levels in Semen and Saliva Stains
Authors: Auvdel MJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Amylase levels were determined for 148 semen samples and 20 saliva samples as well as for their corresponding stains. The effect of aging on the detectability of amylase activity in these stains was also investigated. The Phadebas® amylase test was used for the quantitative assay of amylase. High levels of amylase in fluid saliva resulted in high levels being detected in saliva stains. Lower levels present in most seminal fluids produce little or no detectable amounts of amylase in stains. Interpretations are made as to the possible sources of amylase activity found in stains from laboratory casework based on both the amylase concentration and the elapsed time between collection and analysis. The evidential value of the presence or absence of amylase activity in casework stains is also discussed.
The Analysis of Polyvinylchloride Wire Insulation by Gel Permeation Chromatography
Authors: Baer BR , Rudolph TL , Bender EC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) insulated stereo speaker wire from a homicide case involving the strangulation of a child was received by the FBI Laboratory for analysis. A method utilizing gel permeation chromatography to analyze PVC wire insulation was developed which was capable of discriminating between different commercially available brands of wire insulation. Using this method, we were able not only to link the wire found at the crime scene with a source from a suspect's residence, but also to associate it with a particular commercial brand of wire. The analysis of this case sample and other brands of stereo speaker wire is described.
Confirmation of Syva Enzyme Multiple Immunoassay Technique (EMIT®) d.a.u. and Roche Abuscreen® Radioimmunoassay (RIA) (125I) Urine Cannabinoid Immunoassays by Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric (GC/MS) and Bonded-Phase Adsorption/Thin-Layer Chromatographic (BPA-TLC) Methods
Authors: Kogan MJ , Al Razi J , Pierson DJ , Willson NJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Thirty human urines screened positive by the Syva enzyme multiple immunoassay technique (EMIT®) d.a.u. urine cannabinoid assay were also positive for the major marijuana urinary metabolite 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) when assayed by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) and a noninstrumental qualitative bonded-phase adsorption/thin-layer chromatographic (BPA-TLC) technique. The noninstrumental BPA-TLC procedure was the simpler of the two techniques to perform and interpret. Assay of these same samples by the Roche Abuscreen® radioimmunoassay (RIA) for cannabinoids (125I) revealed that reliance on the 100-ng/mL equivalent positive calibrator yielded a high incidence of false negative results (10 out of 30). The performance of these same 4 assays on 30 true negatives also was evaluated. All samples were negative for cannabinoids by EMIT and RIA, and for THC-COOH by BPA-TLC. GC/MS assay, however, detected spurious low levels of approximately S-ng/mL THC-COOH in two instances. Because of this, a reliability level of 10 ng/mL was set for the routine quantitative confirmation of THC-COOH by the GC/MS method.
Ensembles of Subclass Characteristics in Physical Evidence Examination
Authors: Thornton JI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ensembles of class characteristics resulting from indifferent quality assurance in manufacturing techniques may legitimately transcend conventional attitudes concerning class characteristics. Ensembles of these subclass characteristics converge on individual characteristics. This is illustrated using the data describing Titan .25-caliber automatic pistols contained in the Criminalistics Laboratory Information System (CLIS) list.
Multicenter Evaluation of Ultrafiltration, Dialysis, and Thermal Coagulation as Sample Pretreatment Methods for the Colorimetric Determination of Paraquat in Blood and Tissues
Authors: de Zeeuw RA , Wijsbeek J , Piet Franke J , Bogusz M , Kłys M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Three methods of sample pretreatment for the rapid colorimetric determination of paraquat were compared: ultrafiltration, dialysis, and thermal coagulation. Spiked autopsy blood and tissue samples were examined in parallel in Groningen and Krakow and some samples were interchanged. All three methods gave recoveries between 87 to 102%; accuracy at the 20-mg/L level was within 10% of the target value and coefficients of variation in the 10 to 60-mg/L range were between 3 to 15%. Determinations in blood and liver in a fatal case of Gramoxone® poisoning showed excellent agreement. Because of its reliability, speed, and simplicity, ultrafiltration is the method of choice.
The Effect of Skin Cleansing Agents on Ethanol Results Measured with the Du Pont Automatic Clinical Analyzer
Authors: Ryder KW , Glick MR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The effect of various prepackaged skin cleansers on the results of serum ethanol analyses performed with the Du Pont automatic clinical analyzer has not been previously reported. When added directly to serum in concentrations of either 0.625 or 1.56% (v/v), neither polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine nor benzalkonium chloride affected the ethanol results. The cross-reactivity of isopropanol with the automatic clinical analyzer ethanol procedure was 3.9%. The greatest interference in the measured ethanol concentration was from the addition of green soap tincture, which contained 30% ethanol. The effect of improper phlebotomy technique on ethanol measurements was also investigated by performing venipunctures through a pool of 100% ethanol on the skin. No ethanol was detected in these samples unless an ethanol-soaked sponge was pressed over the venipuncture site while the needle was withdrawn from the skin. When correct phlebotomy technique is used, skin cleansing agents should not affect the results of ethanol measurements determined with the Du Pont automatic clinical analyzer.
Once More Unto the Breech: The Firearms Evidence in the Sacco and Vanzetti Case Revisited: Part I
Authors: Starrs JE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Sacco and Vanzetti case has a timeless appeal. It raises trenchant issues of the fairness of a criminal trial in the face of the public's hue and cry. It is a sorry reminder that physical evidence must be closeted with care and punctiliously marked for later courtroom uses. Claims of unfairness at the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti have evoked doubts of their guilt. On this issue, a Select Committee of firearms experts in 1983 reevaluated the existing firearms evidence from the Sacco and Vanzetti trial. Its conclusions, a number of which point unerringly to the guilt of Sacco and none of which add a scintilla to the case against Vanzetti, are analyzed in this paper, which is in two parts. Part I sets the stage by focussing on the facts of the crime in South Braintree, MA and the prosecutorial strategies in the use of the firearms evidence at the trial in Dedham, MA. The firearms evidence against Vanzetti is analyzed separately from that marshalled against Sacco. Part II will address the rampant charges of governmental misconduct in the handling of the firearms evidence. A concluding section of Part II reveals startling new evidence relevant to the guilt of Nicola Sacco.
Unusual Hanging Deaths
Authors: Clark MA , Kerr FC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Four unrelated hanging deaths involving young white males, all in enlisted status in the United States military, are presented. Taken in a military context, one scene served as a suicide note equivalent with the unmistakable message of extreme defiance toward military regulations. In two cases, the elaborate attire of the decedents could have lead to the misclassification of the manner of death if investigative information had not been considered. Extensive background investigation and review of medical records in the fourth case disclosed that the victim had an eight- to ten-year history of compressing his neck to cause unconsciousness. He left an extensive suicide note in which he concluded that “hanging would be good.” Each case has certain unique features, and as a group, the cases all demonstrate a continuum from obvious suicide to cases where the manner of death is, at first, equivocal.
A Fatality Involving Clomipramine
Authors: Fraser AD , Isner AF , Moss MA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A fatality following ingestion of the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine (Anafranil®), alprazolam (Xanax®), and ethyl alcohol is described. Clomipramine and N-desmethylclomipramine were quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography and alprazolam by gas liquid chromatography. Concentrations of clomipramine and N-desmethylclomipramine were: in blood—0.84 and 1.4 mg/L; in urine—0.56 and 0.62 mg/L. Alprazolam concentration in blood was 0.069 mg/L. Ethyl alcohol was measured by headspace gas chromatography and found to be 375, 385, and 435 mg/dL in blood, urine, and vitreous humor, respectively. These findings are compared to previous reports of clomipramine related fatalities and alprazolam toxicity combined with ethyl alcohol.
Metaplastic Regulation of CA1 Schaffer Collateral Pathway Plasticity by Hebbian MGluR1a-Mediated Plasticity at Excitatory Synapses onto Somatostatin-Expressing Interneurons
Authors: Vasuta Cristina , Artinian Julien , Laplante Isabel , Hébert-Seropian Sarah , Elayoubi Karim , Lacaille Jean-Claude 
Published: August 2015

AbstractCortical GABAergic interneurons represent a highly diverse neuronal type that regulates neural network activity. In particular, interneurons in the hippocampal CA1 oriens/alveus (O/A-INs) area provide feedback dendritic inhibition to local pyramidal cells and express somatostatin (SOM). Under relevant afferent stimulation patterns, they undergo long-term potentiation (LTP) of their excitatory synaptic inputs through multiple induction and expression mechanisms. However, the cell-type specificity of these different forms of LTP and their specific contribution to the dynamic regulation of the CA1 network remain unclear. Here we recorded from SOM-expressing interneurons (SOM-INs) in the O/A region from SOM-Cre-Ai3 transgenic mice in whole-cell patch-clamp. Results indicate that, like in anatomically identified O/A-INs, theta-burst stimulation (TBS) induced a Hebbian form of LTP dependent on metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1a (mGluR1a) in SOM-INs, but not in parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, another mainly nonoverlapping interneuron subtype in CA1. In addition, we demonstrated using field recordings from transgenic mice expressing archaerhodopsin 3 selectively in SOM-INs, that a prior conditioning TBS in O/A, to induce mGluR1a-dependent LTP in SOM-INs, upregulated LTP in the Schaffer collateral pathway of pyramidal cells. This effect was prevented by light-induced hyperpolarization of SOM-INs during TBS, or by application of the mGluR1a antagonist LY367385, indicating a necessity for mGluR1a and SOM-INs activation. These results uncover that SOM-INs perform an activity-dependent metaplastic control on hippocampal CA1 microcircuits in a cell-specific fashion. Our findings provide new insights on the contribution of interneuron synaptic plasticity in the regulation of the hippocampal network activity and mnemonic processes.