bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi recolonize revegetated grasslands?
Authors: Gibson‐Roy Paul , McLean Cass , Delpratt John C. , Moore Greg 
Published: January 2014

SummaryFifteen native and common exotic herbaceous species from four functional groups (C4 grass, C3 grass, chamaephyte and hemicryptophyte) occurring within remnant and revegetated grassland and grassy woodlands were sampled for evidence of structures associated with functioning arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from across a broad geographical range of central and south‐western Victoria, Australia. Revegetated communities had been established on ex‐agricultural land by direct seeding. They included sites that had been kept fallow with herbicide for up to 3 years prior to seeding and those from which topsoil had been removed (scalped) to a depth of 100 mm prior to seeding. Structures associated with AMF (external and internal aseptate hyphae, arbuscules and vesicles) were observed in root samples from all native and exotic species, regardless of site history (remnant or revegetated; fallowed or scalped). These findings indicate that AMF are ubiquitous in the herbaceous flora of this region (native and exotic), even in situations where sites had been intensively disturbed prior to revegetation treatment. However, while there was evidence of AMF in all revegetated communities, only sites which had been scalped prior to direct seeding supported species‐rich native herbaceous communities.
Co‐benefits of planting species mixes in carbon projects
Authors: Standish Rachel J. , Hulvey Kristin B. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThe carbon market offers a unique opportunity to achieve large‐scale ecological restoration of degraded agricultural landscapes. Here, we outline some of the benefits of planting mixes of native species rather than monocultures in carbon plantings as a step towards creating biodiverse carbon‐rich forests and woodlands in Australia. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge and emphasise the importance of setting benchmarks for carbon projects to maximise their potential to deliver co‐benefits such as habitat provision for wildlife. On the whole, we are optimistic that ongoing refinement of joined biodiversity conservation and carbon credit initiatives will help to develop a carbon market that can drive ecological restoration of Australian agricultural landscapes.
Mortality of native grasses after a summer fire in natural temperate grassland suggests ecosystem instability
Authors: Sinclair Steve J. , Duncan David H. , Bruce Matthew J. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThe exclusion of regular fire and the introduction of livestock grazing have altered native grassland composition on Victoria's volcanic plains, commonly resulting in spear‐grass and wallaby‐grass pastures replacing Kangaroo Grass grasslands. The effect of reintroducing fire to these pastures is currently unknown, although it may be an important part of restoring this ecosystem. We measured the changes in basal area of the dominant grasses in a mixed Spear‐grass/Wallaby‐grass pastures after a summer wildfire, which we assume burnt a relatively homogenous grass sward. We found a 90–95% reduction in the basal area of live spear‐grass tussocks in burnt plots compared with unburned controls, due to the mortality of tussocks. This suggests that caution and structured experimentation should be applied when using fire to manage spear‐grass‐dominated grasslands.
Novel ‘stratified‐meander’ technique improves survey effort of the rare Pagoda Rock Daisy growing remotely on rocky cliff edges
Authors: McCaffrey Nic B. , Blick Raymond A. J. , Glenn Vanessa C. , Fletcher Andrew T. , Erskine Peter D. , van Osta John 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThis pilot study of the rare Pagoda Rock Daisy (Leucochrysum graminifolium) in the western Blue Mountains of New South Wales (Australia) proposes a simple survey method combining timed meander and grid‐cell survey design to improve the survey effort required for monitoring of species growing in remote and/or inaccessible field locations. Where Pagoda Rock Daisies were known to be present, detection time was both rapid and effective (mean of 4.9 min for each 1 ha grid). Notably, the total survey effort remained constant for all grids, even though Pagoda Rock Daisies were unevenly distributed in the landscape (approximately 17 min/ha). Ultimately, the time required to traverse the landscape was deemed to be the primary limiting factor affecting survey effort. The application of this method is not restricted to challenging locations such as cliff edges; this method could be scaled according to the landscape or organism under investigation, providing a rapid method for surveying and monitoring rare, introduced or other plants from a site‐based scale to a broader geographic area.
Associations of high sensitivity C‐reactive protein levels with the prevalence of asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis
Authors: Wang J. , Liu Y. , Zhang L. , Li N. , Wang C. , Gao X. , Zhou Y. , Wang A. , Wu S. , Zhao X. 
Published: January 2014

Background and purposeHigh sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), an inflammatory biomarker, has been demonstrated to contribute to the process of atherosclerosis and artery stenosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether hs‐CRP level is associated with asymptomatic intracranial artery stenosis (ICAS).MethodsA random sample of 5440 participants aged 40 years or older (40.1% women) were enrolled in the Asymptomatic Polyvascular Abnormalities Community study in 2010–2011. Information on the potential risk factors for ICAS was collected and the presence of ICAS was assessed by transcranial Doppler in 5309 participants. Participants were stratified into three groups according to hs‐CRP levels. A multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association between hs‐CRP levels and asymptomatic ICAS.ResultsThe prevalence of asymptomatic ICAS was 13.2% in this cohort. The median of hs‐CRP levels was positively associated with the increasing numbers of ICASs. After adjusting for possible risk factors, hs‐CRP ≥ 3 mg/l remained significantly associated with asymptomatic ICAS (odds ratio 1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.61).ConclusionsIn this large community‐based study, subjects with higher hs‐CRP levels showed a mild increase in the prevalence of asymptomatic ICAS, independent of traditional vascular risk factors. hs‐CRP is an independent predictor of asymptomatic ICAS and intracranial atherosclerotic burden.
Higher baseline international normalized ratio value correlates with higher mortality in intracerebral hemorrhage during warfarin use
Authors: Curtze S. , Strbian D. , Meretoja A. , Putaala J. , Eriksson H. , Haapaniemi E. , Mustanoja S. , Sairanen T. , Satopää J. , Silvennoinen H. , Niemelä M. , Kaste M. , Tatlisumak T. 
Published: January 2014

Background and purposeIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most feared complication of oral anticoagulation (OAC). Our aim was to investigate the impact of the international normalized ratio (INR) level on mortality in OAC‐associated ICH compared with non‐OAC‐associated ICH.MethodsA retrospective chart review of consecutive ICH patients treated at the Helsinki University Central Hospital from January 2005 to March 2010 (n = 1013) was performed. An ICH was considered to be OAC‐associated if the patient was on warfarin at ICH onset. The association of INR with 3‐month mortality was adjusted in a multivariable logistic regression model for factors influencing the crude odds ratios (ORs) in bivariable logistic regression by more than 5%.ResultsOne in eight ICHs was OAC‐associated (n = 132). Of these, 50% had therapeutic INR (2.0–3.0), 7% had INR <2.0 and 43% had high INR (>3.0) on admission. Patients on OAC were older (median 76 vs. 66 years; P < 0.001) with more severe symptoms (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 14 vs. 10; P < 0.001) and larger hematomas (median 11.4 vs. 9.7 ml; P < 0.001) on admission than patients not on OAC. After adjustment for confounders, 3‐month mortality in the whole cohort was associated with higher baseline INR (OR 1.06; CI 1.03–1.09 per 0.1 increment). Mortality was higher with both therapeutic (51% at 3 months; OR 3.59; CI 1.50–8.60) and high (61%; OR 5.26; CI 1.94–14.27) INR values compared with non‐OAC‐associated ICH (29%).ConclusionsPatients with OAC‐associated ICH had more severe strokes and higher mortality compared with patients with ICH not related to OAC. Higher baseline INR was associated with increased 3‐month mortality.
On specimen design for size effect evaluation in ultrasonic gigacycle fatigue testing
Authors: Paolino D. S. , Tridello A. , Chiandussi G. , Rossetto M. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTLiterature datasets showed that gigacycle fatigue properties of materials may be affected by the specimen risk‐volume, i.e., the part of the specimen subjected to applied stress amplitudes above a prescribed percentage of the maximum applied stress amplitude. The paper proposes a Gaussian specimen shape able to attain large risk‐volumes for gigacycle fatigue tests, together with a general procedure for its design: wave propagation equations are analytically solved in order to obtain a specimen shape characterised by a uniform stress distribution on an extended length and, as a consequence, by a larger risk‐volume. The uniformity of the stress distribution in the Gaussian specimen is numerically verified through a finite element analysis and experimentally validated by means of strain gauge measurements.
XFEM analysis of the effects of voids, inclusions and other cracks on the dynamic stress intensity factor of a major crack
Authors: Jiang S. , Du C. , Gu C. , Chen X. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper is devoted to the extraction of the dynamic stress intensity factor (DSIF) for structures containing multiple discontinuities (cracks, voids and inclusions) by developing the extended finite element method (XFEM). In this method, four types of enrichment functions are used in the framework of the partition of unity to model interface discontinuity within the classical finite element method. In this procedure, elements that include a crack segment, the boundary of a void or the boundary of an inclusion are not required to conform to discontinuous edges. The DSIF is evaluated by the interaction integral. After the effectiveness of the implemented XFEM program is verified, the effects of voids, inclusions and other cracks on the DSIF of a stationary major crack are investigated by using XFEM. The results show that the dynamic effects have an influence on the path independence of the interaction integral, and these voids, inclusions and other cracks have a significant effect on the DSIF of the major crack.
Hydrothermal monitoring in a quiescent volcanic arc: Cascade Range, northwestern United States
Authors: Ingebritsen S. E. , Randolph‐Flagg N. G. , Gelwick K. D. , Lundstrom E. A. , Crankshaw I. M. , Murveit A. M. , Schmidt M. E. , Bergfeld D. , Spicer K. R. , Tucker D. S. , Mariner R. H. , Evans W. C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOngoing (1996–present) volcanic unrest near South Sister, Oregon, is accompanied by a striking set of hydrothermal anomalies, including elevated temperatures, elevated major ion concentrations, and 3He/4He ratios as large as 8.6 RA in slightly thermal springs. These observations prompted the US Geological Survey to begin a systematic hydrothermal‐monitoring effort encompassing 25 sites and 10 of the highest‐risk volcanoes in the Cascade volcanic arc, from Mount Baker near the Canadian border to Lassen Peak in northern California. A concerted effort was made to develop hourly, multiyear records of temperature and/or hydrothermal solute flux, suitable for retrospective comparison with other continuous geophysical monitoring data. Targets included summit fumarole groups and springs/streams that show clear evidence of magmatic influence in the form of high 3He/4He ratios and/or anomalous fluxes of magmatic CO2 or heat. As of 2009–2012, summit fumarole temperatures in the Cascade Range were generally near or below the local pure water boiling point; the maximum observed superheat was <2.5°C at Mount Baker. Variability in ground temperature records from the summit fumarole sites is temperature‐dependent, with the hottest sites tending to show less variability. Seasonal variability in the hydrothermal solute flux from magmatically influenced springs varied from essentially undetectable to a factor of 5–10. This range of observed behavior owes mainly to the local climate regime, with strongly snowmelt‐influenced springs and streams exhibiting more variability. As of the end of the 2012 field season, there had been 87 occurrences of local seismic energy densities approximately ≥ 0.001 J/m3 during periods of hourly record. Hydrothermal responses to these small seismic stimuli were generally undetectable or ambiguous. Evaluation of multiyear to multidecadal trends indicates that whereas the hydrothermal system at Mount St. Helens is still fast‐evolving in response to the 1980–present eruptive cycle, there is no clear evidence of ongoing long‐term trends in hydrothermal activity at other Cascade Range volcanoes that have been active or restless during the past century (Baker, South Sister, and Lassen). Experience gained during the Cascade Range hydrothermal‐monitoring experiment informs ongoing efforts to capture entire unrest cycles at more active but generally less accessible volcanoes such as those in the Aleutian arc.
Plasma Free Fatty Acids and Risk of Stroke in the Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Khawaja Owais , Maziarz Marlena , Biggs Mary L. , Longstreth William T. , Ix Joachim H. , Kizer Jorge R. , Zieman Susan , Tracy Russell P. , Mozaffarian Dariush , Mukamal Kenneth J. , Siscovick David S. , Djoussé Luc 
Published: January 2014

Background Although free fatty acids have been positively associated with risk factors for stroke, the role of plasma free fatty acids in the development of stroke has not been elucidated in older adults. Aims We sought to examine the association between plasma free fatty acids and incident stroke. Methods Prospective cohort of 4369 men and women ⩾65 years of age in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Plasma levels of free fatty acids were measured at the 1992–1993 examination and stroke events were adjudicated by a committee of experts including neurologists and neuroradiologists. Cox regression was used to estimate the relative risk of stroke associated with free fatty acids concentrations. Results The average age among participants was 75 ± 5·2 years. During a median follow-up of 11·4 years, 732 incident strokes occurred. The crude incidence rates of stroke were 14·5, 14·9, and 17·6 per 1000 person-years across increasing tertiles of plasma free fatty acids. The adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for incident stroke was 1·05 (0·97–1·14) per standard deviation increase in plasma free fatty acids. Restriction to ischemic stroke did not alter the results [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 1·04 (0·96–1·14) per standard deviation higher free fatty acids], and there was no effect modification by adiposity (P interaction = 0–18) or by diabetes (P interaction = 0·15). Conclusion Our data did not show an association of plasma free fatty acids with incident stroke among community dwelling older adults.
Transmylohyoid Orotracheal Intubation in Surgical Management of Canine Maxillofacial Fractures: An Alternative to Pharyngotomy Endotracheal Intubation
Authors: Soukup Jason W. , Snyder Christopher J. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo describe the surgical technique of transmylohyoid orotracheal intubation in surgical management of maxillofacial fractures in dogs.Study DesignCase series.AnimalsDogs (n = 4) with maxillofacial fractures.MethodsTransmylohyoid orotracheal intubation was used for airway management of dogs undergoing surgical repair of maxillofacial trauma. A stoma was surgically created by an incision through the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and mylohyoideus muscle immediately medial to the lingual cortex of the mandible at the level of the mandibular 1st molar tooth, so that an endotracheal tube could exit the oral cavity between the mandibular bodies bypassing the dentition.ResultsTransmylohyoid orotracheal intubation allowed excellent surgical visibility of the oral cavity and intraoperative control of occlusion during surgery. No complications were encountered during the procedure and the stoma healed without complication.ConclusionsTransmylohyoid orotracheal intubation is a safe, simple, and effective technique for bypassing the rostral oral cavity and dentition during surgical management of maxillofacial fractures.
Nursing practice in nutritional care: a comparison between a residential aged care setting and a hospital setting
Authors: Ullrich Sandra , McCutcheon Helen , Parker Barbara 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimTo explore the similarities and differences in the nursing practice in nutritional care between a residential aged care setting and a hospital setting.BackgroundDespite being preventable and treatable, undernutrition remains a problem for many older people in residential aged care and hospital settings. Nurses have a crucial role in assisting people who are unable to eat independently and are uniquely positioned to implement solutions that will lead to better nutritional care.DesignDuring 2007–2010, an action research study was conducted, underpinned by the principles of the participatory world view to address undernutrition in a residential aged care setting and a hospital setting.MethodsThe multimethod approach of data and between‐method triangulation were used to collect and analyse qualitative non‐participant observations and action research group data. Non‐participant observations and action research group data were qualitatively analysed using the Analytic Hierarchy.FindingsHow nurses chose to participate in the provision of nutritional care and assert their autonomy when changing practice to nutritional care affected the quality of the resident/patient mealtime experience. Operational efficiency influenced the choices that nurses made about the type of intervention to implement to improve nursing practice in nutritional care. Nurses required management approval to change practice in nutritional care.ConclusionThe reasons for undernutrition are multifactorial and more research is needed to investigate the organizational structures and processes that affect the delivery of nutritional care across role functions, how these affect the continuity of care and the nurses' role in defining the culture around resident/patient mealtimes.
Morphology, Morphogenesis, and Molecular Phylogeny of Paraparentocirrus sibillinensis n. gen., n. sp., a “Stylonychine Oxytrichidae” (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida) Without Transverse Cirri
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Bharti Daizy , Marinsalti Silvia , Insom Emilio , Terza Antonietta La 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA terrestrial oxytrichid ciliate Paraparentocirrus sibillinensis n. gen., n. sp., which was found in soil samples of a beech forest stand within the National Park of Sibillini Mountains, Italy, was investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation. The morphology of interphase, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny inferred from SSU rDNA sequences of this ciliate were studied. Paraparentocirrus n. gen., is mainly characterized by a semirigid body, an undulating membrane in the Oxytricha pattern, six fronto‐ventral (FV) rows, the absence of transverse cirri, one right and one left row of marginal cirri, four dorsal kineties, two dorsomarginal rows, and caudal cirri at the end of dorsal kinety 4. During morphogenesis, oral primordia develop through the proliferation of basal bodies from some cirri of FV rows 4 and 5, and FV row 6 takes part in the anlagen formation of the proter. The dorsal morphogenesis was typical of oxytrichids, with simple fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3, and the dorsomarginal rows developed from the right marginal row. Phylogenetic analyses based on the SSU rDNA sequences support the classification of this new genus in the stylonychines.
Plasma antibody profiles in non‐human primate tuberculosis
Authors: Ravindran Resmi , Krishnan Viswanathan V. , Dhawan Rajeev , Wunderlich Michelle L. , Lerche Nicholas W. , Flynn JoAnne L. , Luciw Paul A. , Khan Imran H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundTuberculosis (TB) in non‐human primates (NHPs) is highly contagious, requiring efficient identification of animals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculin skin test is usually used but lacks desirable sensitivity/specificity and efficiency.MethodsWe aimed to develop an immunoassay for plasma antibodies against M. tuberculosis. A key challenge is that not all infected animals contain antibodies against the same M. tuberculosis antigen. Therefore, a multiplex panel of 28 antigens (Luminex®‐Platform) was developed.ResultsData revealed antibodies against eight antigens (Rv3875, Rv3875–Rv3874 fusion, Rv3874, Rv0934, Rv3881, Rv1886c, Rv2031, Rv3841) in experimentally infected (M. tuberculosis strains: Erdman and H37Rv) NHPs (rhesus and cynomolgus macaques). In a naturally acquired M. tuberculosis infection, rhesus macaques (n = 15) with lung TB pathology (n = 10) contained antibodies to five additional antigens (Rv0831, Rv2220, Rv0054, Rv1099, and Rv0129c).ConclusionsResults suggest that this user‐friendly and easily implementable multiplex panel, containing 13 M. tuberculosis antigens, may provide a high‐throughput alternative for NHP TB screening.
Image analysis of food particles can discriminate deficient mastication of mixed foodstuffs simulating daily meal
Authors: Sugimoto K. , Hashimoto Y. , Fukuike C. , Kodama N. , Minagi S. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryBecause food texture is regarded as an important factor for smooth deglutition, identification of objective parameters that could provide a basis for food texture selection for elderly or dysphagic patients is of great importance. We aimed to develop an objective evaluation method of mastication using a mixed test food comprising foodstuffs, simulating daily dietary life. The particle size distribution (>2 mm in diameter) in a bolus was analysed using a digital image under dark‐field illumination. Ten female participants (mean age ± s.d., 27·6 ± 2·6 years) masticated a mixed test food comprising prescribed amounts of rice, sausage, hard omelette, raw cabbage and raw cucumber with 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of the number of their masticatory strokes. A single set of coefficient thresholds of 0·10 for the homogeneity index and 1·62 for the particle size index showed excellent discrimination of deficient masticatory conditions with high sensitivity (0·90) and specificity (0·77). Based on the results of this study, normal mastication was discriminated from deficient masticatory conditions using a large particle analysis of mixed foodstuffs, thus showing the possibility of future application of this method for objective decision‐making regarding the properties of meals served to dysphagic patients.