bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anschauungen über den Schulunterricht in Physik
Authors: Günther E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWahrscheinlich im Jahre 1934 gab der Deutsche Verein zur Forderung des mathematischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Unterrichts E. V. die Denkschrift über die „Bedeutung von Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften für die Erziehung des deutschen Menschen”︁ heraus, der der Abschnitt über die Physik entnommen sei. Die Arbeit, die offenbar einer kommenden Reform vorarbeiten sollte, betont die Bedeutung der naturwissenschaftlichen Fächer
Zum Luftwaffenhelfer‐Problem
Authors: Hahn K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn den Phys. BI. Heft 5–6, Seite 62–65 war der erste Teil eines Berichtes von Prof. Hahn mit dem Titel „Wissenschaftlicher Nachwuchs und höhere Schule im Kriege”︁ „wiedergegeben worden. Es folgt nun der Schlußteil. Während im ersten Teil allgemein darauf hingewiesen wurde, daß der Schule bei der Heranbildung des Forschers eine wichtige Aufgabe zufällt, da sie und das Elternhaus den befähigten Jungen auf die rechte Bahn lenken müssen, ist der Schlußteil des Aufsatzes mehr schulischen Einzelfragen der gegenwärtigen Kriegszeit gewidmet. Nachdem durch die Anforderungen des totalen Krieges der Schulunterricht zum Teil weiter eingeschränkt, zum Teil ganz eingestellt worden ist, sind die Ausführungen zwar teilweise überholt. Trotzdem glaubt der Herausgeber, die Ausführungen von Prof. Hahn ohne Anpassung an die heutigen Verhältnisse wiedergeben zu sollen, da sie insbesondere über dit Frage der Luftwaffenhelfer wertvolle Hinweise enthalten.
Keine Anekdoten — Prüfungsantworten!
Authors: Kliefoth W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractProf. Kliefoth, der an der Universität und Technischen Hochschule Breslau einen Lehrauftrag für Schulphysik erfüllt und Verfasser des Buches „Grundaufgaben des physikalischen Praktikums”︁ sowie eines bekannten Schulphysikbuches ist, berichtet hier aus seinen Erfahrungen bei Diskussionen mit Praktikumsbesuchern und bei Prüfungen. Wie beruhigend wäre es, wenn man wüßte, daß es nur in Breslau mit den Kenntnissen mancher Studierender so bestellt ist.
Porous crosslinked copolymers of octadecyl acrylate with acrylic acid as sorbers for crude petroleum spills
Authors: Atta Ayman M , Brostow Witold , Hagg Lobland Haley E , Hasan Abdul‐Raheim M , Perez Jose 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBulk and suspension polymerization were used to prepare octadecyl acrylate/acrylic acid (ODA/AA) copolymers. AA content ranged from 0 to 90 mol%. Divinyl benzene was used as a crosslinker at several concentrations (1, 4 and 10 wt%). Isopropyl alcohol or dioctyl phthalate and methyl benzoate were used as the reaction solvents in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) as a dispersing agent and 2,2‐azobis isobutyronitrile as the initiator. The polymers so prepared were coated onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) nonwoven (NWPET) fibers. The effects of copolymerization, feed composition, crosslinker concentration and reaction medium or solvent on morphology including porosity and the dynamic mechanical and swelling properties of the crosslinked polymers were determined. Swelling tests were performed in toluene and in 10% crude petroleum diluted with toluene. Bulk polymerization does not result in the formation of a continuous liquid absorbing material while suspension polymerization enables sorbers to be obtained with desired properties. Coating ODA/AA copolymers onto NWPET increases liquid absorption. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Pulmonary function in children and young adults with ataxia telangiectasia
Authors: McGrath‐Morrow Sharon A. , Lederman Howard M. , Aherrera Angela D. , Lefton‐Greif Maureen A. , Crawford Thomas O. , Ryan Timothy , Wright Jennifer , Collaco Joseph M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary disease contributes to significant morbidity and mortality in people with ataxia telangiectasia (A‐T). To determine the association between age and lung function in children and young adults with A‐T and to identify factors associated with decreased lung function, pulmonary function tests were performed in 100 consecutive people with A‐T.MethodsChildren and adults ranging from 6 to 29 years of age and with the diagnosis of A‐T were recruited, and underwent pulmonary function tests.ResultsThe mean forced vital capacity % predicted (FVC %) in the population was 56.6 ± 20.0. Males and females between 6 and 10 years of age had similar pulmonary function. Older females were found to have significantly lower FVCs % than both older males (P < 0.02) and younger females (P < 0.001). The use of supplemental gamma globulin was associated with significantly lower FVC %. A modest correlation was found between higher radiation‐induced chromosomal breakage and lower FVC % in males. No significant change in FVC % was found in a subset of subjects (n = 25) who underwent pulmonary function testing on two or more occasions over an average of 2 years.ConclusionIn children and young adults with A‐T, older females and people who required supplemental gamma globulin had significantly lower lung function by cross‐sectional analysis. Stable lung function is possible over a 2‐year period. Recognition of groups who are at higher risk for lower pulmonary function may help direct care and improve clinical outcomes in people with A‐T. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:84–990. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental changes in diaphragm muscle function in the preterm and postnatal lamb
Authors: Lavin T. , Song Y. , Bakker A.J. , McLean C.J. , Macdonald W.A. , Noble P.B. , Berry C.A. , Pillow J.J. , Pinniger G.J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRationaleThe preterm diaphragm is structurally and functionally immature, potentially contributing to an increased risk of respiratory distress and failure. We investigated developmental changes in contractile function and susceptibility to fatigue of the costal diaphragm in the fetal lamb to understand factors contributing to the risk of developing diaphragm dysfunction and respiratory disorders. We hypothesized that the functional capacity of the diaphragm will vary with maturational stage as will its susceptibility to fatigue.MethodsLambs were studied at 75, 100, 125, 145, 154, 168, and 200 days postconceptional age (term = 147 days). Lambs were euthanized (sodium pentobarbitone, 100 mg/kg) either at delivery or immediately prior to post‐mortem for postnatal lambs. Contractile function was assessed on longitudinal strips of intact muscle fibers and the remaining tissue frozen in liquid nitrogen for analysis of myosin heavy chain (MHC) mRNA expression and protein content.ResultsFetal development of diaphragm function was characterized by a significant increase in maximum specific force, increased susceptibility to fatigue, reduced twitch contraction times, and a progressive increase in MHCI and MHCII protein content. Postnatally, there was a progressive decrease in the susceptibility to fatigue that coincided with an increase in the MHC I:II protein ratio.ConclusionThese data indicate that the functional capacity of the diaphragm varies with maturational age and may be an important determinant of the susceptibility to preterm respiratory failure. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:640–648. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Induced sputum cell count and cytokine profile in atopic and non‐atopic children with asthma
Authors: Vizmanos‐Lamotte G. , Moreno‐Galdó A. , Muñoz X. , Gómez‐Ollés S. , Gartner S. , Cruz M.J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackground and aimSputum induction is a semi‐invasive technique used to detect and monitor airway inflammation. In this study, the cell profile, and Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels in induced sputum of asthmatic and healthy children (HC) are compared.MethodsSputum induction was performed in healthy and asthmatic children by inhalation of hypertonic saline solution. Differential cell count in the specimen obtained was carried out using optic microscopy. IFN‐γ, IL‐2, IL‐10, IL‐8, IL‐6, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and IL‐12p70 levels were determined in sputum sample supernatants by flow cytometry.ResultsSputum induction was performed in 31 HC and 77 asthmatic children (60 atopic and 17 non‐atopic asthma, NAA). Twenty‐four samples were obtained in HC and 64 in patients. Median eosinophil count in atopic asthma (AA; 2%) was higher than in NAA (P = 0.02) or HC (P = 0.01). IL‐4, IL‐5, IFNγ, IL‐2, and IL‐12p70 concentrations were higher in AA than in NAA or HC. IL‐8 was higher in asthmatic children (atopic and non‐atopic) than in healthy ones. IL‐10 was higher in the healthy group than in the AA group (P = 0.02).ConclusionsAs compared to HC, the inflammatory profile in induced sputum of children with asthma showed an increase in proinflammatory cytokines. Concentrations of IL‐10, an anti‐inflammatory cytokine, were lower in children with AA than in HC. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:1062–1069. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predictors of severity and mortality in children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infection in a tropical region
Authors: Rodríguez Diego Andrés , Rodríguez‐Martínez Carlos E. , Cárdenas Andrea Constanza , Quilaguy Ivonne Emilce , Mayorga Leydy Yasmin , Falla Luz Marlesvy , Nino Gustavo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIntroductionRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in infants and young children. Although ALRI is a major public health problem in developing countries located in tropical areas, studies about RSV epidemiology in these regions are scarce.MethodsIn a retrospective cohort study, we investigated the epidemiology and predictive variables that reflect disease severity and mortality in young children hospitalized with ALRI due to RSV in Colombia, South‐America, during a 2‐year period (2009–2011).ResultsOf a total of 6,344 children with a diagnosis of ALRI, we selected 2,147 (33.8%) that were positive for RSV. After controlling for pre‐existing conditions, we found that independent predictors of severe disease in our population included age <6 months (RR 2.01; CI 95% 1.70–2.38; P < 0.001), prematurity (RR 1.61; CI 95% 1.20–2.17; P = 0.001), congenital heart disease (RR 2.03; CI 95% 1.16–3.54; P = 0.013), and mixed RSV‐adenovirus infection (RR 2.09; CI 95% 1.60–2.73; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified that cancer (RR 31.60; CI 95% 5.97–167.13; P < 0.001) is a predictor of mortality in our RSV‐infected pediatric population independently of age and other co‐morbidities.ConclusionsRSV is an important cause of ALRI in infants and young children living in tropical regions, especially during the rainy season. The identified predictors of severe disease and mortality should be taken into account when planning interventions to reduce the burden of ALRI in young children living in these regions. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:269–276. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantum effects in silicon for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Ingenhoven P. , Anopchenko A. , Tengattini A. , Gandolfi D. , Sgrignuoli F. , Pucker G. , Jestin Y. , Pavesi L. , Balboni R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractQuantum confinement effects in silicon might help to overcome the theoretical efficiency limit of ∼33% of silicon cells [Shockley and Queisser, J. Appl. Phys. 32, 510 (1961)]. The dominant loss mechanism in solar cells is the thermalization of photo‐excited carriers to the band gap. Engineering of the band gap makes it in principle possible to obtain a conversion efficiency of ∼44% [Pavesi and Turan (eds.), Silicon Nanocrystals, Fundamentals Synthesis and Application (Wiley‐VCH, Berlin, 2010)]. Band gap engineering is achieved by controlling the silicon‐nanocrystal (Si‐NC) dimension. We currently use Si‐NCs in solar cells to modify the solar spectrum in a way that the incoming light is more efficiently converted into electricity and also, to realize multiple junction cells to minimize thermalization losses. The Si‐NC energy of the band gap and the Si‐NC optical properties depend strongly on the NC size, which can be controlled by the processing parameters. Therefore, light management is possible by varying the refractive index of the Si‐NCs to improve the antireflective coating (ARC) and by conversion of absorbed high energy photons re‐emitted in the red spectral region of light. Thus, in this approach Si‐NCs are used as spectral down‐shifters and for ARC optimization. Further, NCs allow the fabrication of higher band gap solar cells, to be used on top of standard silicon cells as tandem cell elements. Due to the tunability of the band gap, it is possible to construct all silicon multilayer or tandem cells. The concepts and research results for both ideas will be presented.
Objective tracking of African Easterly Waves in Met Office models
Authors: Bain C. L. , Williams K. D. , Milton S. F. , Heming J. T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA simple and computationally efficient objective tracking technique is used to assess the representation of African Easterly Waves (AEWs) in the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM). The algorithm takes Hovmöller diagrams of curvature vorticity at 700 hPa and uses object‐orientated image processing to identify the propagating waves. We use the tracking to evaluate how well AEWs are captured by the MetUM in comparison to ERA‐Interim reanalysis and GPCP rainfall data. The waves are inspected from a dynamical perspective and also from a rainfall‐coupling perspective. The results show that the MetUM is able to capture AEW features at weather forecasting and climate time‐scales and has reasonable representation of the large‐scale dynamics. Some rainfall coupling to waves is also captured in the forecasts. However, it is found that the rainfall enhancement due to wave passage is underestimated by the models, as is the strength and frequency of AEWs. Potential causes of forecast deficiency are investigated and both resolution and changes to convective parametrisation are found to have impacts on model performance. The implications for future model development over Africa are discussed and it is suggested that good convection representation within models is of key importance to realistic simulations of AEWs and their coupling to West African rainfall.
Inflammatory fibroid polyp of rectum mimicking rectal cancer
Authors: Jin Jong‐Shiaw , Wu Chiao‐Sen , Yeh Chih‐Haw , Huang Bee‐Piao , Tsao Tang‐Yi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractInflammatory fibroid polyps (IFPs) are rare benign tumors of the rectum. Mutation and activating platelet‐derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) contribute to tumor development. We present a case of IFPs in the middle rectum that mimic rectal cancer. A 65‐year‐old woman presented with the symptom of fresh blood in the stool and body weight loss of 6 kg in the preceding 3 weeks. A rectal polypoid tumor was noted upon digital examination. Sigmoidoscopy showed a middle rectal tumor measuring 3 × 2.7 cm with obstruction. Computed tomography (CT) scans of the abdomen showed a rectal tumor that had invaded the sacral bone and was associated with four enlarged lymph nodes greater than 1 cm. The radiological report suggested a diagnosis of rectal cancer with lymph node metastases. To remove the obstruction, the patient was initially treated with excision of the tumor and loop sigmoidal colostomy to the abdomen wall. Total mesorectal resection of rectal and sacral tumor followed 10 days later. Histopathological examination of the rectal and sacral tumor showed proliferation of vessels, fibroblast‐like spindle cells, and mixed inflammatory cells, including the plasma cells and eosinophils. The spindle cells were diffusely positive to PDGFRA and were focal positive to CD34 and smooth muscle actin. Based on histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, the diagnosis of IFP is indicated. This was the first reported case of IFPs of the rectum presenting with lymph node enlargement and attachment to the sacrum mimicking rectal cancer.
Evaluation der Integrierten Versorgung Gesundes Kinzigtal: Bisherige Ergebnisse
Authors: Siegel Achim , Stößel Ulrich 
Published: February 2013

Einleitung
Die Integrierte Versorgung Gesundes Kinzigtal (IVGK) ist ein populationsbezogenes integriertes Versorgungssystem. Hauptziel der IVGK ist es, sowohl den Gesundheitsnutzen der Versicherten als auch die Versorgungseffizienz zu erhöhen. Im Beitrag werden zunächst die Grundzüge des Versorgungssystems vorgestellt und die bisher vorliegenden finanziellen Ergebnisse der IVGK zusammengefasst. Anschließend gehen die Autoren auf die externe Evaluation der Versorgungsqualität ein und berichten bisherige Ergebnisse bzw. Ergebnistendenzen.
Non-modal stability of round viscous jets
Authors: Boronin S. A. , Healey J. J. , Sazhin S. S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHydrodynamic stability of round viscous fluid jets is considered within the framework of the non-modal approach. Both the jet fluid and surrounding gas are assumed to be incompressible and Newtonian; the effect of surface capillary pressure is taken into account. The linearized Navier–Stokes equations coupled with boundary conditions at the jet axis, interface and infinity are reduced to a system of four ordinary differential equations for the amplitudes of disturbances in the form of spatial normal modes. The eigenvalue problem is solved by using the orthonormalization method with Newton iterations and the system of least stable normal modes is found. Linear combinations of modes (optimal disturbances) leading to the maximum kinetic energy at a specified set of governing parameters are found. Parametric study of optimal disturbances is carried out for both an air jet and a liquid jet in air. For the velocity profiles under consideration, it is found that the non-modal instability mechanism is significant for non-axisymmetric disturbances. The maximum energy of the optimal disturbances to the jets at the Reynolds number of 1000 is found to be two orders of magnitude larger than that of the single mode. The largest growth is gained by the streamwise velocity component.
‘Threatening’ China and US security: the international politics of identity
Authors: TURNER OLIVER 
Published: February 2013

AbstractChina's increasing capabilities are a central focus of modern day US security concerns. The International Relations literature is a key forum for analyses of the so-called ‘China threat’ and yet it remains relatively quiet on the role of ideas in the construction and perpetuation of the dangers that country is understood to present. This article reveals that throughout history ‘threats’ from China towards the United States, rather than objectively verifiable phenomena, have always been social constructions of American design and thus more than calculations of material forces. Specifically, it argues that powerful and pervasive American representations of China have been repeatedly and purposefully responsible for creating a threatening identity. It also demonstrates that these representations have enabled and justified US China policies which themselves have reaffirmed the identities of both China and the United States, protecting the latter when seemingly threatened by the former. Three case studies from across the full duration of Sino-American relations expose the centrality of ideas to historical and contemporary understandings of China ‘threats’, and to the American foreign policies formulated in response.
Gender and agreement processing in children with Developmental Language Disorder
Authors: RAKHLIN NATALIA , KORNILOV SERGEY A. , GRIGORENKO ELENA L. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTTwo experiments tested whether Russian-speaking children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) are sensitive to gender agreement when performing a gender decision task. In Experiment 1, the presence of overt gender agreement between verbs and/or adjectival modifiers and postverbal subject nouns memory was varied. In Experiment 2, agreement violations were introduced and the targets varied between words, pseudo-words, or pseudo-words with derivational suffixes. In both experiments, children with DLD did not differ from typically developing children in their reaction time or sensitivity to agreement features. In both groups, trials with feminine gender resulted in a higher error rate. Children with DLD displayed lower overall accuracy, which was related to differences in phonological memory in both experiments. Furthermore, in Experiment 1 group differences were not maintained after phonological memory was entered as a covariate. The results are discussed with respect to various processing and linguistic theories of DLD.
Which dimensions of food-related lifestyle are likely to be associated with obesity in Italy?
Authors: Saba Anna , Cupellaro Elena , Vassallo Marco 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo compare obesev. non-obese consumers in terms of their general food-related lifestyles and to explore possible food-related factors affecting obesity in Italy.DesignThe data were collected using a self-completion questionnaire. Data included sociodemographic information, measures of the Food-Related Lifestyle scale (FRL) and self-reported weight and height. A logistic regression model was fitted for the sample with obesity as the dependent variable and sociodemographic characteristics and FRL dimensions as the independent variables.SettingThe survey was carried out in Italy between October and November 2010.SubjectsOne thousand respondents were recruited with equal quotas for menv. women. The sample was representative of the Italian population in term of age groups and geographic areas. The participants were over 18 years of age and were solely or jointly responsible for the family's food shopping.ResultsOur analyses revealed that sociodemographic, economic and cultural variables affect the increasing rate of obesity in Italy. Obese respondents appeared to find more enjoyment from shopping and interest in cooking compared with non-obese ones. Moreover, they were more likely to find self-fulfilment in foods. However, obese respondents appeared to be less interested in the nutritional content of foods, suggesting their weak involvement in nutritional aspects when they eat. In fact, the obese respondents gave preference to snacks over meals.ConclusionsThe outcome of the study would suggest that in targeted interventions for public health purposes in order to address obesity, attention should be placed on the role that food plays in obese consumers’ lives.
SELECTIVE WITHDRAWAL OF A TWO-LAYER VISCOUS FLUID
Authors: COSGROVE JASON M. , FORBES LAWRENCE K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSelective withdrawal of a two-layer fluid is considered. The fluid layers are weakly compressible, miscible and viscous and therefore flow rotationally. The lower, denser fluid flows with constant velocity out through one or more drain holes in the bottom of a rectangular tank. The drain is opened impulsively and the subsequent draw-down produces waves in the interface which travel outward to the edges of the tank and are reflected back with a $18{0}^{\circ } $ change of phase. The points on the interface that have the highest absolute gradient form regions of high vorticity in the tank, enabling mixing of the fluids. An inviscid linearized interface is computed and compared to contour plots of density for the viscous solution. The two agree closely at early times in the withdrawal process, but as time increases, nonlinear and viscous effects take over. The time at which the lighter fluid starts to flow out of the tank is dependent on the number of drains, their width, and the fluid flow rate and density, and is investigated here.