bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radio signals from electron beams in terrestrial gamma ray flashes
Authors: Connaughton Valerie , Briggs Michael S. , Xiong Shaolin , Dwyer Joseph R. , Hutchins Michael L. , Grove J. Eric , Chekhtman Alexandre , Tierney Dave , Fitzpatrick Gerard , Foley Suzanne , McBreen Shelia , Bhat P. N. , Chaplin Vandiver L. , Cramer Eric , Fishman Gerald J. , Holzworth Robert H. , Gibby Melissa , von Kienlin Andreas , Meegan Charles A. , Paciesas William S. , Preece Robert D. , Wilson‐Hodge Colleen 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe show that the rate of association between terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) observed by the Fermi gamma ray burst monitor and VLF discharges detected by the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) depends strongly on the duration of the TGF, with the shortest TGFs having associated WWLLN events over 50% of the time, and the longest TGFs showing a less than 10% match rate. This correlation is stronger if one excludes the WWLLN discharges that are not simultaneous (within 200 µs) with the TGF. We infer that the simultaneous VLF discharges are from the relativistic electron avalanches that are responsible for the flash of gamma rays and the nonsimultaneous VLF discharges are from related intracloud lightning strokes. The distributions of far‐field radiated VLF stroke energy measured by WWLLN for the simultaneous and nonsimultaneous discharges support the hypothesis of two discrete populations of VLF signals associated with TGFs, with the simultaneous discharges among the strongest measured by WWLLN.
The effect of zonal asymmetries in the Brewer‐Dobson circulation on ozone and water vapor distributions in the northern middle atmosphere
Authors: Demirhan Bari D. , Gabriel A. , Körnich H. , Peters D. W. H. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe longitudinal variations in the time‐mean transport by the Brewer‐Dobson circulation are studied using a three‐dimensional (3‐D) residual circulation approach to analyze the effects on zonal asymmetries in stratospheric ozone (O3) and middle atmospheric water vapor (H2O). For January, the monthly mean residual winds, including both the Eulerian flow and the eddy‐induced time‐mean flow, were derived from general circulation model simulations with interactive chemistry (HAMMONIA), reanalysis (ERA‐Interim), and satellite data (Aura/MLS). Extending the picture of the zonal mean two‐dimensional Brewer‐Dobson circulation, we find a 3‐D circulation structure in relation to the zonal wave one in the middle atmosphere, including northward and downward residual winds over northern Europe/Asia with the downwelling directed toward the center of the polar vortex over northern Siberia, as well as southward and upward residual winds over the northern Pacific/Aleutians, and a pronounced cross‐polar transport from Asia to North America in the middle stratosphere. The residual advection of O3 and H2O shows that the observed wave one patterns in O3 and H2O are produced by the zonal asymmetries in the residual mass transport in which Eulerian and eddy time‐mean transports are largely counteracting. In comparison to observations, the model underestimates the effects of planetary waves but overestimates those of transient waves in configuring the stationary waves in O3 and H2O. Overall, the 3‐D residual circulation approach provides a useful diagnostic for understanding regional differences in middle atmospheric trace gas distributions and for validating general circulation models with interactive chemistry.
Tumour cells can employ extracellular Ins(1,2,3,4,5,6)P6 and multiple inositol-polyphosphate phosphatase 1 (MINPP1) dephosphorylation to improve their proliferation
Authors: Windhorst Sabine , Lin Hongying , Blechner Christine , Fanick Werner , Brandt Laura , Brehm Maria A. , Mayr Georg W. 
Published: December 2012

InsP6 [Ins(1,2,3,4,5,6)P6; phytate] is the most abundant inositol phosphate in mammalian cells with cytosolic/nuclear concentrations of up to 50 μM. We noticed that InsP6 in culture medium at a concentration of ≤50 μM significantly stimulates H1299 tumour cell growth, whereas larger concentrations of InsP6 inhibit growth. A detailed study of the fate of 30 μM InsP6 added to H199 cells revealed a major fraction of InsP6 initially precipitates as cell-surface metal complexes, but becomes slowly re-solubilized by extracellular dephosphorylation first to InsP3 isomers and subsequently to free myo-inositol. The precipitated metal–InsP6 complex is endocytosed in a receptor-independent but intact-glycocalyx-dependent manner and appears in lysosomes, where it is immediately dephosphorylated to Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 and very slowly to free inositol. By RNA knockdown, we identified secreted and lysosome targeted MINPP1 (multiple inositol-polyphosphate phosphatase 1), the mammalian 3-phytase, to be essentially involved both in extracellular and in lysosomal InsP6 dephosphorylation. The results of the present study indicate that tumour cells employ this enzyme to utilize the micronutrients myo-inositol and metal-phosphate when encountering extracellular InsP6 and thus to enhance their growth potential.
Dynamic Cleavages of ‘Welfare Rights and Duties’ in Public Attitude Towards Old-age Pensions
Authors: Ahn Sang-Hoon , Kim Soo-Wan 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT
This study investigated public attitudes towards pension spending in welfare states. By utilising a dataset covering 21 different Western European countries and conducting a multi-level analyses, three main findings resulted. First, as the welfare status model suggests, the status of welfare duties as well as the status of welfare rights proved to play a key role in shaping the political cleavages over public pensions at both macro- and micro-levels. Second, age and gender also seem to be significant sources of cleavage in addition to class-related variables. Finally, the study examined empirically the interaction effect of age and class-related factors to reveal that class-based interests offset generational interests.
Vertebrate herbivore‐induced changes in plants and soils: linkages to ecosystem functioning in a semi‐arid steppe
Authors: Chen Dima , Zheng Shuxia , Shan Yumei , Taube Friedhelm , Bai Yongfei 
Published: December 2012

Summary

Large grazing herbivores have been reported to determine the structure and function of grassland ecosystems. However, the ecological linkages between structure and functioning components have yet been thoroughly explored.

Here, we test the hypothesis of the impact of grazing on soil nematode community (e.g. structure and composition) and linkages to ecosystem functioning (e.g. soil N mineralization and ANPP) via changes in pathways of plant community, soil nutrients and soil environment using a field experiment maintained for 5 years with seven levels of grazing intensity in the Inner Mongolian grassland.

A structural equation model (SEM) with nematode abundances as response variables showed that plant‐feeding and fungal‐feeding nematodes were driven by changes in the plant community, and bacterial‐feeding nematodes were affected by soil abiotic nutrients and environment, while omnivorous + carnivorous nematodes were altered by soil environment and bacterial‐feeding nematodes. This indicates that the top‐down control by grazing leads to bottom‐up control in the soil food web.

We found that grazing affected the ecosystem functioning via different pathways. Grazing effects soil N mineralization by changing plant community, soil nutrients, soil environment and nematodes community structure, while it affects ANPP by altering soil N mineralization and soil environment.

Our findings could provide a better understanding of the responses of plants and soils to grazing and the linkages between structure and functioning of above‐ground and below‐ground in the semi‐arid steppe.
Gauging recovery of zooplankton from historical acid and metal contamination: the influence of temporal changes in restoration targets
Authors: Palmer Michelle E. , Keller Wendel (Bill) , Yan Norman D. 
Published: December 2012

Summary

Clearly defined restoration targets are necessary to judge the effectiveness of management actions in restoring damaged ecosystems. However, the identification of appropriate targets is difficult in a rapidly changing world. Historical reference conditions commonly provide recovery targets, but they may not be appropriate if present‐day environments have shifted in response to regional or global drivers. Such shifts may need to be incorporated into restoration targets to avoid erroneous conclusions about the recovery of ecosystems damaged by localized stressors. No previous study has examined whether the selection of historical vs. present‐day reference conditions alters judgments of the recovery of historically damaged ecosystems.

We examined 35‐year trends in the zooplankton communities of four lakes polluted by smelter emissions in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Recovery was assessed by comparing the Sudbury lakes to both historical (1983–1984) and present‐day (2004–2006) conditions in a set of minimally impacted reference lakes in south‐central Ontario.

Sudbury zooplankton communities improved substantially over time when compared with both the historical and present‐day recovery targets. However, recovery occurred later, and improvements differed quantitatively when judged against the present‐day vs. historical targets. These differences were attributable to regional shifts in zooplankton communities that happened after the historical sampling period but were reflected in the present‐day data.

Species richness in two Sudbury lakes met recovery targets and communities in all four lakes became more similar to those in the reference lakes. However, the continued absence of many daphniids, cyclopoids and large calanoids indicated that the lakes had not fully recovered and further monitoring is needed.

Synthesis and applications. Our results show that the choice of reference condition can alter recovery assessments. This finding emphasizes the importance of establishing clearly defined restoration goals to ensure appropriate choice of reference conditions. Restoration is unlikely to be judged as successful if an historical reference point is used to guide management actions meant to restore an ecosystem to present‐day regional conditions.
Tips and tricks for the assembly of a Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis genome using a semiconductor sequencer
Authors: Ramos Rommel Thiago Jucá , Carneiro Adriana Ribeiro , Soares Siomar de Castro , Santos Anderson Rodrigues dos , Almeida Sintia , Guimarães Luis , Figueira Flávia , Barbosa Eudes , Tauch Andreas , Azevedo Vasco , Silva Artur 
Published: December 2012

SummaryNew sequencing platforms have enabled rapid decoding of complete prokaryotic genomes at relatively low cost. The Ion Torrent platform is an example of these technologies, characterized by lower coverage, generating challenges for the genome assembly. One particular problem is the lack of genomes that enable reference‐based assembly, such as the one used in the present study, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar equi, which causes high economic losses in the US equine industry. The quality treatment strategy incorporated into the assembly pipeline enabled a 16‐fold greater use of the sequencing data obtained compared with traditional quality filter approaches. Data preprocessing prior to the de novo assembly enabled the use of known methodologies in the next‐generation sequencing data assembly. Moreover, manual curation was proved to be essential for ensuring a quality assembly, which was validated by comparative genomics with other species of the genus Corynebacterium. The present study presents a modus operandi that enables a greater and better use of data obtained from semiconductor sequencing for obtaining the complete genome from a prokaryotic microorganism, C. pseudotuberculosis, which is not a traditional biological model such as Escherichia coli.
Bio‐based production of organic acids with Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Wieschalka Stefan , Blombach Bastian , Bott Michael , Eikmanns Bernhard J. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryThe shortage of oil resources, the steadily rising oil prices and the impact of its use on the environment evokes an increasing political, industrial and technical interest for development of safe and efficient processes for the production of chemicals from renewable biomass. Thus, microbial fermentation of renewable feedstocks found its way in white biotechnology, complementing more and more traditional crude oil‐based chemical processes. Rational strain design of appropriate microorganisms has become possible due to steadily increasing knowledge on metabolism and pathway regulation of industrially relevant organisms and, aside from process engineering and optimization, has an outstanding impact on improving the performance of such hosts. Corynebacterium glutamicum is well known as workhorse for the industrial production of numerous amino acids. However, recent studies also explored the usefulness of this organism for the production of several organic acids and great efforts have been made for improvement of the performance. This review summarizes the current knowledge and recent achievements on metabolic engineering approaches to tailor C. glutamicum for the bio‐based production of organic acids. We focus here on the fermentative production of pyruvate, l‐ and d‐lactate, 2‐ketoisovalerate, 2‐ketoglutarate, and succinate. These organic acids represent a class of compounds with manifold application ranges, e.g. in pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry, as food additives, and economically very interesting, as precursors for a variety of bulk chemicals and commercially important polymers.
The methylation landscape of tumour metastasis
Authors: Cock‐Rada Alicia , Weitzman Jonathan B. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe metastatic cascade which leads to the death of cancer patients results from a multi‐step process of tumour progression caused by genetic and epigenetic alterations in key regulatory molecules. It is, therefore, crucial to improve our understanding of the regulation of genes controlling the metastatic process to identify predictive biomarkers and to develop more effective therapies to treat advanced disease. The study of epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation offers a novel approach for innovative diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. Recent discoveries provide compelling evidence that the methylation landscape (changes in both DNA methylation and histone post‐translational modifications) is profoundly altered in cancer cells and contributes to the altered expression of genes regulating tumour phenotypes. However, the impact of methylation events specifically on the advanced metastatic process is poorly understood compared with the initial oncogenic events. Moreover, the characterisation of a large number of histone‐modifying enzymes has revealed their active roles in cancer progression, via the regulation of specific target genes controlling different metastatic phenotypes. Here, we discuss two main methylating events (DNA methylation and histone‐tail methylation) involved in oncogenesis and metastasis formation. The potential reversibility of these molecular events makes them promising biomarkers of metastatic potential and potential therapeutic targets.
The role of belataceptin transplantation: results and implications of clinical trials in the context of other new biological immunosuppressant agents
Authors: Heemann Uwe , Viklicky Ondrej 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAlthough conventional immunosuppressive agents such as calcineurin inhibitors, have substantially reduced the risk of acute rejection, they have had less impact on the long‐term survival. This is likely to be related to the adverse effects of such agents in terms of impaired renal function, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. These pitfalls of the currently available agents stimulated the research for biologic agents. Several biologic agents are now in development and hold promise for improved long‐term outcomes in renal transplant recipients, particularly in those who receive sub‐optimal organs. This article gives an overview of these new biological agents with particular emphasis on belatacept and their possible impact on short‐ and long‐term outcomes, notably on marginal organs.
The sexually dimorphic on the Y‐chromosome gene (sdY) is a conserved male‐specific Y‐chromosome sequence in many salmonids
Authors: Yano Ayaka , Nicol Barbara , Jouanno Elodie , Quillet Edwige , Fostier Alexis , Guyomard René , Guiguen Yann 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAll salmonid species investigated to date have been characterized with a male heterogametic sex‐determination system. However, as these species do not share any Y‐chromosome conserved synteny, there remains a debate on whether they share a common master sex‐determining gene. In this study, we investigated the extent of conservation and evolution of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) master sex‐determining gene, sdY (sexually dimorphic on the Y‐chromosome), in 15 different species of salmonids. We found that the sdY sequence is highly conserved in all salmonids and that sdY is a male‐specific Y‐chromosome gene in the majority of these species. These findings demonstrate that most salmonids share a conserved sex‐determining locus and also strongly suggest that sdY may be this conserved master sex‐determining gene. However, in two whitefish species (subfamily Coregoninae), sdY was found both in males and females, suggesting that alternative sex‐determination systems may have also evolved in this family. Based on the wide conservation of sdY as a male‐specific Y‐chromosome gene, efficient and easy molecular sexing techniques can now be developed that will be of great interest for studying these economically and environmentally important species.
The English ‘Proto‐Gentry’ in the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II
Authors: Simpkin David 
Published: December 2012

AbstractRecent research suggests that the 13th and 14th centuries were key to the development and formation of gentry identity in later medieval England. Notions of gentility certainly existed in this period; yet the term ‘gentry’ as used by modern historians is a construct and the divergent historiographical traditions within gentry studies make it difficult to ascertain with any certitude who the gentry were, how they perceived themselves and the world around them, and their influence on and interaction with their surroundings. In short, there is little agreement on the essence of gentry identity and the stages by which that identity became more precisely defined. In this paper an attempt is made to survey the main schools of thought in gentry studies over the last two to three decades, the extent to which these schools of thought diverge or intersect, and where this leaves gentry studies going forward. The focus is primarily on the reigns of Edward I and Edward II, a time when according to the researches of Professor Peter Coss, a ‘proto‐gentry’ began to materialise in England.
Effect of koji fermentation on generation of volatile compounds in soy sauce production
Authors: Feng Yunzi , Cui Chun , Zhao Haifeng , Gao Xianli , Zhao Mouming , Sun Weizheng 
Published: December 2012

SummaryThe generation of aroma compounds and the changes in sensory characteristics through the soy sauce koji fermentation were investigated to evaluate the crucial impact of the koji fermentation on soy sauce aroma. The sensory analysis showed a marked increase in ‘musty’ and ‘soy sauce‐like’ odours, whereas the beany attribute decreased significantly during koji fermentation. Aldehydes and alcohols were the major volatile classes present in the koji samples. Gas chromatography–olfactometry was used to identify the aroma‐active compounds in harvested koji, and the results showed that 1‐octen‐3‐ol, 3‐octanol, (E)‐2‐octenal, di‐epi‐α‐cedrene, benzeneacetaldehyde and 3‐(methylthio)‐propanal exhibited the greatest aroma intensities in harvest koji. Moreover, relative contents of (E)‐2‐octenal, benzeneacetaldehyde, 3‐(methylthio)‐propanal and 2‐phenylpropenal were found to be positively related to ‘musty’ and ‘soy sauce‐like’ odours. Results from principal component analysis showed that the growth and sporulation of Aspergillus oryzae had the important impacts on the volatile evolution.
Effect of the dry ice maceration and oak cask fermentation on colour parameters and sensorial evaluation of Tempranillo wines
Authors: Puertas Belén , Jiménez María J. , Cantos‐Villar Emma , Piñeiro Zulema 
Published: December 2012

SummaryThe impact of dry ice maceration (DIM) and oak cask fermentation (OCF) on characteristics of Tempranillo wines elaborated in a warm climate has been studied as an alternative procedure to traditional red winemaking (CT) to obtain highly coloured wines. Oenological and colour parameters were measured to determine the influence of these techniques on wines along the winemaking process. DIM and OCF techniques were found significantly different to CT for colour intensity and percentage of blue. Moreover, both induced easily perceptible changes in CIELAB coordinates (lower L*, higher a* and values) than CT and also affect main wine's sensory attributes (e.g. increased polyphenols extraction in DIM and to a lesser extent OCF, and therefore produced wines with higher colour than CT). Although differences tend to decrease with ageing, these practices seem feasible alternatives to improve quality characteristics of young red wines from grapes grown in warm climates.