bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Law, Property and Ambiguity: The Uses and Abuses of Legal Ambiguity in RemakingIstanbul's Informal Settlements
Authors: Kuyucu Tuna 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWhat is the role of legal ambiguity in the creation and institutionalization of private property regimes? In what ways does the (ab)use of legal ambiguities affect market‐making processes? I address these questions through a detailed analysis of two large‐scale urban renewal projects in Istanbul that impose a formal private property regime on informal settlements. My research reveals that without the strategic utilization of legal ambiguities and administrative arbitrariness by public and private actors, private property cannot be easily created and hence capitalist markets cannot function efficiently. My findings challenge the assumptions of several social science traditions such as neoclassical and neoinstitutionalist economics, as well as most works within the law and economics tradition regarding the relationship between law, property and economic development. These approaches to economic development are underpinned by the legal certainty that private property entails as the most important element for an efficient economic order. However, in their unconditional support for private ownership, they fail to realize the degree of legal ambiguity and administrative arbitrariness needed to create the private property regime in the first place. As such their arguments remain theoretically and empirically incomplete. A more complete analysis of the relationship between law and economic dynamics must focus on how private property is constructed, and the extent to which legal ambiguities and loopholes are utilized in this process.
Color, Phenolics, and Antioxidant Activity of Blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.), Blueberry (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth.), and Apple Wines from Ecuador
Authors: Ortiz Jacqueline , Marín‐Arroyo María‐Remedios , Noriega‐Domínguez María‐José , Navarro Montserrat , Arozarena Iñigo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSeventy wines were produced in Ecuador under different processing conditions with local fruits: Andean blackberries (Rubus glaucus Benth.) and blueberries (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth.) and Golden Reinette apples. Wines were evaluated for antioxidant activity (AA) using the radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) method, total phenolic content (TPC) using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, total monomeric anthocyanins (TMAs) using the pH differential test, and color parameters using VIS‐spectrophotometry. For blackberry wines, ellagitannins and anthocyanins were also analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection (HPLC‐DAD). Apples wines (n = 40) had the lowest TPC (608 ± 86 mg/L) and AA (2.1 ± 0.3 mM Trolox). Blueberry wines (n = 12) had high TPC (1086 ± 194 mg/L) and moderate AA (5.4 ± 0.8 mM) but very low TMA (8 ± 3 mg/L), with a color evolved toward yellow and blue shades. Blackberry wines (n = 10) had the highest TPC (1265 ± 91 mg/L) and AA (12 ± 1 mM). Ellagitannins were the major phenolics (1172 ± 115 mg/L) and correlated well with AA (r = 0.88). Within anthocyanins (TMA 73 ± 16 mg/L), cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside (62%) and cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (15%) were predominant. Wines obtained by cofermentation of apples and blackberries (n = 8) showed intermediate characteristics (TPC 999 ± 83 mg/L, AA 6.2 ± 0.7 mM, TMA 35 ± 22 mg/L) between the blackberry and blueberry wines. The results suggest that the Andean berries, particularly R. glaucus, are suitable raw materials to produce wines with an in vitro antioxidant capacity that is comparable to red grape wines.
Indirect Color Prediction of Amorphous Carbohydrate Melts as a Function of Thermal History
Authors: van Sleeuwen Rutger M. T. , Gosse Anaїck J. , Normand Valery 
Published: May 2013

AbstractGlassy carbohydrate microcapsules are widely used for the encapsulation of flavors in food applications, and are made using various thermal processes (for example, extrusion). During manufacturing, these carbohydrate melts are held at elevated temperatures and color can form due to nonenzymatic browning reactions. These reactions can negatively or positively affect the color and flavor of microcapsules. The rate of color formation of maltodextrin and maltodextrin/sucrose melts at elevated temperatures was determined spectrophotometrically and was found to follow pseudo zero‐order kinetics. The effect of temperature was adequately modeled by an Arrhenius relationship. Reaction rate constants and Arrhenius parameters were determined for individual wavelengths in the visible range (360 to 700 nm at 1 nm intervals). Transient processes (temperature changes with time) were modeled as a sequence of small isothermal events, and the equivalent thermal history at a reference temperature calculated using the Arrhenius relationship. Therefore, spectral transmittance curves could be predicted with knowledge of the time/temperature relationship. Validation was conducted by subjecting both melts to a transient thermal history. Experimental transmittance spectrum compared favorably against predicted values. These spectra were optionally converted to any desirable color space (for example, CIELAB, XYZ, RGB) or derived parameter (for example, Browning Index). The tool could be used to better control nonenzymatic browning reactions in industrial food processes.
Telemetric Ambulatory Arterial Stiffness Index, a Predictor of Cardio–Cerebro–Vascular Mortality, is Associated with Aortic Stiffness‐Determining Factors
Authors: Li Zhi‐Yong , Xu Tian‐Ying , Zhang Sai‐Long , Zhou Xiao‐Ming , Xu Xue‐Wen , Guan Yun‐Feng , Lo Ming , Miao Chao‐Yu 
Published: May 2013

SummaryBackgroundAmbulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) has been proposed as a new measure of arterial stiffness for predicting cardio–cerebro–vascular morbidity and mortality. However, there has been no research on the direct relationships between AASI and arterial stiffness‐determining factors.MethodsWe utilized beat‐to‐beat intra‐aortic blood pressure (BP) telemetry to characterize AASI in Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). By determination of aortic structural components and analysis of their correlations with AASI, we provided the first direct evidence for the associations between AASI and arterial stiffness‐determining factors including the collagen content and collagen/elastin.ResultsAmbulatory arterial stiffness index was positively correlated with pulse pressure in both WKY and SHR, less dependent on BP and BP variability than pulse pressure, and relatively stable, especially the number of BP readings not less than ~36. The correlations between AASI and aortic components were comparable for various AASI values derived from BP readings not less than ~36. Not only AASI but also BP variability and pulse pressure demonstrated a direct relationship with arterial stiffness.ConclusionsThese findings indicate AASI may become a routine measure in human arterial stiffness assessment. It is recommended to use a cluster of parameters such as AASI, BP variability, and pulse pressure for evaluating arterial stiffness.
Characterization of the T cell response in allergic contact dermatitis caused by corticosteroids
Authors: Baeck Marie , Soria Angèle , Marot Liliane , Theate Ivan , Hendrickx Emilie , Van Belle Astrid , Goossens An , Tennstedt Dominique , Dachelet Claire , Jaeger Johnathan , Pilette Charles , Renauld Jean‐Christophe , Van Baren Nicolas , Rozières Aurore , Nicolas Jean‐Fançois , Dumoutier Laure 
Published: May 2013

SummaryBackground Delayed allergic hypersensitivity reactions have classically been described as type IV reactions, which are caused by T cells; however, the respective roles of CD4+ and CD8+ cells are yet to be defined. A central role for CD8+ cytotoxic T cells as effector cells has been suggested.Objectives To determine the type of T cell involved in corticosteroid allergy.Methods We analysed the kinetics of T cell recruitment and the cytokine production profile in positive patch tests of 27 corticosteroid‐sensitized patients, as compared with control sites and control subjects. Skin biopsies, collected at 8, 24 and 48 hr following drug application, were embedded in paraffin for histological and immunohistological staining, and, in some cases, also deep‐frozen for gene expression analyses.Results CD3+ T cells were rapidly recruited in concert with the positivity of the patch test sites. High levels of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5 and, to a lesser extent, interferon‐γ suggested that both Th2 and Th1 cytokines were implicated. IL‐4 was also produced by γδ T cell receptor (TCR) lymphocytes.Conclusions This study showed that, in allergic contact dermatitis caused by corticosteroids, the inflammatory infiltrate is composed of CD3+ T cells with a predominant Th2 cytokine profile, among which IL‐4 is also produced by γδ TCR lymphocytes.
Clinical relevance of tixocortol pivalate‐positive patch tests and questionable bioequivalence of different hydrocortisone preparations
Authors: Shaw Daniel W. , Maibach Howard I. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryBackgroundTixocortol‐21‐pivalate (tixocortol pivalate) is used as a surrogate marker for contact allergy to hydrocortisone and other corticosteroids.ObjectiveTo review the results of repeated open application testing (ROAT) and patch testing with hydrocortisone creams and ointments in tixocortol pivalate patch test‐positive patients.MethodsROAT was performed when the history of hydrocortisone contact dermatitis was negative or equivocal. Hydrocortisone cream and/or ointment patch tests were performed in patients with and without histories of hydrocortisone contact dermatitis. Results were excluded in patients allergic to vehicle ingredients.ResultsROAT was positive in 15 of 20 patients (75%) with hydrocortisone cream versus 6 of 16 (38%) with hydrocortisone ointment (p = 0.02). Patch testing was positive with hydrocortisone cream in 23 of 27 patients (85%) versus 1 of 14 (7%) with hydrocortisone ointment (p < 0.0001). Only 1 of 26 tixocortol pivalate patch test‐negative patients had a positive patch test with hydrocortisone cream caused by a vehicle ingredient.ConclusionsClinical relevance was shown in most patients with positive tixocortol pivalate patch tests. Hydrocortisone creams gave positive patch tests and positive repeated open application tests much more often than hydrocortisone ointments. There were also significant differences in patch test reactivity among different hydrocortisone creams. We hypothesize that these differences may be explained by differences in hydrocortisone transepidermal penetration in different vehicles.
Sacral nerve stimulation: an effective treatment for chronic functional anal pain?
Authors: Dudding T. C. , Thomas G. P. , Hollingshead J. R. F. , George A. T. , Stern J. , Vaizey C. J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimChronic idiopathic anal pain is a common condition of unknown aetiology. Patients may have co‐existing psychiatric disorders and existing treatments are often ineffective. A small number of published case reports suggest that sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) could treat this condition. This pilot study aimed to investigate the efficacy of SNS for the treatment of chronic anal pain.MethodTen patients with chronic idiopathic anal pain were recruited. All had failed to respond to conservative treatments. Clinical and psychological evaluation was performed in all patients prior to SNS. Temporary stimulation of the S3 foramina was performed for 3 weeks and outcome assessed by comparison of a pain score diary and visual analogue score obtained during stimulation and at baseline. Primary outcome was defined as a > 50% reduction in pain score.ResultsOf the 10 patients recruited, five were found to have clinical depression. Four patients withdrew from the study prior to testing and six underwent peripheral nerve evaluation (PNE). Three patients had > 50% reduction in pain score and progressed to permanent SNS. Of these, only one had good pain control at latest follow‐up of 5 years; the remaining two patients obtained no benefit and had their devices removed or deactivated. These two patients both had depression that was also not improved by SNS.ConclusionThis study would suggest that SNS is not an effective treatment for chronic anal pain in the majority of patients. PNE is not an effective means of identifying which of these patients are likely to respond to permanent SNS.
Osteogenic differentiation of adipose‐derived stem cells prompted by low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound
Authors: Yue Y. , Yang X. , Wei X. , Chen J. , Fu N. , Fu Y. , Ba K. , Li G. , Yao Y. , Liang C. , Zhang J. , Cai X. , Wang M 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectivesBased on in vivo studies, low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation has been widely used in the clinic for advancing bone growth during healing of non‐union alignment, fractures and other osseous defects. In this study, we have investigated osteogenic differentiation of adipose stem cells (ASCs) regulated by LIPUS, and also in a preliminarily manner, we have discussed diverse effects of different duty ratio parameters.Materials and methodsMouse adipose stem cells were isolated and osteogenically induced. Then they were treated with LIPUS for 10 min/day for 3 days, 5 days and 7 days, respectively. Finally, effects of LIPUS on osteogenic differentiation of the ASCs were analysed by real‐time PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence.ResultsOur data indicated that LIPUS promoted mRNA levels of runt‐related transcription factor 2, osteopontin and osterix in the presence of osteo‐induction medium; moreover, protein levels of runt‐related transcription factor 2 and osteopontin were upregulated.ConclusionsWe successfully demonstrated that LIPUS enhanced osteogenesis of ASCs, specially at the duty ratio of 20%.
Relationship between HbA1c and risk of all‐cause hospital admissions among people with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Yu D. , Simmons D. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimTo investigate the relationship between HbA1c and the 2‐year risk of hospitalization among people with Type 2 diabetes.MethodsIn total, 4704 patients from 18 general practices in Cambridgeshire were included. Glycaemic exposure was assessed in 2008–2009. The primary outcome was all‐cause hospital admissions in 2010–2011. Adjusted relative risks for each HbA1c quintile were estimated using Cox models. Further relationships between HbA1c and risks were explored using spline models.ResultsThere was a non‐linear relationship between HbA1c and the risk of all‐cause, diabetes and vascular admissions (all P < 0.001 for linearity test) with an HbA1c threshold of 61 (95% CI 55–66) mmol/mol [7.7 (95% CI 7.2–8.2)%]. For every 11 mmol/mol (1%) HbA1c above the threshold, the risks increased by 6.3% for all‐cause admission, 6.4% for a diabetes admission and 15.9% for a cardiovascular admission (all P < 0.001). The overall hospitalization risks of having an HbA1c above, rather than at, the threshold, were 19.1 16.3 and 54.3% greater, respectively. There were non‐significantly greater risks of hospital admission below the threshold.ConclusionIn people with Type 2 diabetes, a non‐linear relationship exists between HbA1c and the risk of hospitalization. A threshold of 61 mmol/mol (7.7%) was associated with the lowest rate of all‐cause hospital admissions. Further research should investigate the causes of admissions below and above this threshold, with a view to developing strategies to reduce the excess hospitalization among patients with diabetes.
GSK256073, a selective agonist of G‐protein coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) reduces serum glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Dobbins R. L. , Shearn S. P. , Byerly R. L. , Gao F. F. , Mahar K. M. , Napolitano A. , Nachbaur G. J. , Le Monnier de Gouville A. ‐C. 
Published: May 2013

AimsThis clinical trial assessed whether a potent, selective GPR109A agonist, GSK256073, could, through inhibition of lipolysis, acutely improve glucose homeostasis in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.MethodsThirty‐nine diabetic subjects were enrolled in the randomized, single‐blind, placebo‐controlled, three‐period crossover trial. Each subject received placebo and two of four regimens of GSK256073 for 2 days. GSK256073 was dosed 5 mg every 12 h before breakfast and supper (BID), 10 mg every 24 h before breakfast (QD), 25 mg BID and 50 mg QD.ResultsThe change from baseline weighted mean glucose concentration for an interval from 24 to 48 h after the initial drug dose was significantly reduced for all GSK256073 regimens, reaching a maximum of −0.87 mmol/l (−1.20, −0.52) with the 25 mg BID dose. Sustained suppression of non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glycerol concentrations was observed with all GSK256073 doses throughout the 48‐h dosing period. Serum insulin and C‐peptide concentrations fell in concert with glucose concentrations and calculated HOMA‐IR scores decreased 27–47%, consistent with insulin sensitization. No marked differences were evident between either 10 and 50 mg total daily doses or QD versus BID dosing.ConclusionsAdministration of a GPR109A agonist for 2 days significantly decreased serum NEFA and glucose concentrations in diabetic subjects. Glucose improvements were associated with decreased insulin concentrations and measures of enhanced insulin sensitivity. Improved glucose control occurred with GSK256073 doses that were generally safe and not associated with events of flushing or gastrointestinal disturbances.
Feeding ability of a fluvial habitat‐specialist and habitat‐generalist fish in turbulent and still conditions
Authors: Vanderpham Jeffrey P. , Nakagawa Shinichi , Closs Gerard P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSpecies termed ‘habitat‐generalists’ are able to survive across a wide range of habitats, potentially enabled by the plastic behaviours and morphologies of individuals. This study aimed to compare habitat‐related adaptive specialisation in habitat‐generalists and specialists, by comparing feeding abilities of fish under varied hydrodynamic conditions. We compared the proportion of prey consumed by a New Zealand fluvial habitat‐specialist, the redfin bully, to a closely related habitat‐generalist found in fluvial and lacustrine habitats, the common bully, over a 6‐h period in either still or turbulent aquaria. We tested for intraspecific habitat‐specific adaptations by comparing feeding of common bullies from habitats with different hydrodynamic conditions. Within common bullies, previous research has documented a pattern of more lateral‐line system oculoscapular canal pores in fluvial habitats compared to lacustrine ones. By testing for a relationship between total pores and feeding success, we also aimed to identify the adaptive value of an increase in pores in turbulence. We identified decreased feeding (i.e., proportion of prey consumed) by both species in turbulence, but less so for redfin bullies. There was no clear indication of adaptation to habitat type by common bullies, with high variability in feeding by fish from all locations. We also found no statistical relationship between feeding and total oculoscapular canal pores. The results of this study suggest specialised adaptations of a habitat‐specialist to turbulent environments. The variability in feeding activity of common bullies also suggests the importance of behavioural plasticity in the survival of a habitat‐generalist across a wide range of conditions.
Expression of integrin and CD44 receptors recognising osteopontin in the normal and LPS‐lesioned rat substantia nigra
Authors: Ailane Sara , Long Philip , Jenner Peter , Rose Sarah 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe multifunctional protein osteopontin (OPN) is expressed in the substantia nigra (SN) and protects nigral dopaminergic neurones against toxic insult in animal models of Parkinson's disease, although the mechanisms involved are uncertain. In the periphery, OPN regulates inflammatory processes by interacting with integrin and CD44 receptors but the presence and distribution of these sites in SN is unknown. We investigated the expression of integrin receptor subunits and CD44 receptors in the normal SN and after induction of inflammation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and their interaction with OPN. In normal rat SN, integrin αv, β3 and β1, and CD44, receptors were expressed on neurones including TH‐positive cells but not on glia. LPS administration induced a loss of TH‐positive neurones in SN and increased expression of glial cells as shown by GFAP, OX‐6 and ED‐1 immunoreactivity. In LPS‐lesioned SN, there was up‐regulation of the expression of integrin β3 and CD44 receptors. Co‐localisation studies showed that this related to their increased expression on OX‐6‐, ED‐1‐ and GFAP‐positive cells. Furthermore, OPN interacted with integrin and CD44 receptors in the normal rat SN as demonstrated by co‐immunoprecipitation and pull‐down techniques. These data show that integrin and CD44 receptors are present on neurones in normal rat SN and that they are up‐regulated on glial cells following LPS‐mediated inflammation in SN, suggesting that they are functionally important in the inflammatory process. The interaction of OPN with these receptors suggests a role in the neuroprotective effect of this protein in the LPS model of Parkinson's disease.
On the Use of Law in Transatlantic Relations: Legal Dialogues between the EU and US
Authors: Fahey Elaine 
Published: May 2013

AbstractLaw plays a significant role in contemporary transatlantic relations outside of the bilateral context which, from the perspective of EU external relations law, might seem neither conventional nor apparent. Non‐bilateral transatlantic relations increasingly deploy law as a communication tool between the two legal orders. For example, in 2011, the US intervened informally and anonymously in the formulation of EU legislation, while the US House of Representatives passed legislation to prohibit the impact of EU law upon the US legal order. Another example is constituted by EU amicus curiae submissions before the US Supreme Court in death penalty cases. The so‐called Brussels effect is also the subject of recent scholarship, assessing the perceived spillover effect of EU regulatory standards onto US rules. The paper provides many vivid examples of the variable institutional and legal components of transatlantic relations not usually accounted for in scholarship on transatlantic relations.
There Must Be Some Way Out of Here: The Crisis, Labour Rights and Member States in the Eye of the Storm
Authors: Achtsioglou Eftychia , Doherty Michael 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article considers the impact of the economic, social and political crisis on the labour law regimes of two of the Member States of the EU most affected; Greece and Ireland. Both countries have been the recipients of ‘bail‐out’ deals, negotiated and monitored by what has become known as the ‘Troika’ of the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The article considers the extent to which both countries have been required to make amendments to their labour law regimes as a condition of their bail‐outs. It argues that the changes demanded reflect the basic norm now governing the EU legal order, namely that of ‘competition’; the logic of market integration based on the primacy of economic competition. The article sets the reforms in Greece and Ireland within the broader context of the ‘social deficit’ problem of the EU construction.