bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Origins and Effects of Corporate Diversity Programs
Authors: Dobbin Frank , Kalev Alexandra 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Corporations have implemented a wide range of equal opportunity and diversity programs since the 1960s. This chapter reviews studies of the origins of these programs, surveys that assess the popularity of different programs, and research on the effects of programs on the workforce. Human resources managers championed several waves of innovations: corporate equal opportunity policies and recruitment and training programs in the 1960s; bureaucratic hiring and promotion policies and grievance mechanisms in the 1970s; diversity training, networking, and mentoring programs in the 1980s; and work/family and sexual harassment programs in the 1990s and beyond. It was those managers who designed equal opportunity and diversity programs, not lawyers or judges or government bureaucrats, thus corporate take-up of the programs remains very uneven. Statistical analyses of time-series data on the effects of corporate diversity measures reveal several patterns. Initiatives designed to quash managerial bias, through diversity training, diversity performance evaluations, and bureaucratic rules, have been broadly ineffective. By contrast, innovations designed to engage managers in promoting workforce integration—mentoring programs, diversity taskforces, and full-time diversity staffers—have led to increases in diversity in the most difficult job to integrate, management. The research has clear implications for corporate and public policy.
Leadership in a Diverse Workplace
Authors: Chrobot-Mason Donna , Ruderman Marian N. , Nishii Lisa 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Although there is a significant need to understand the implications of increasing demographic diversity for leadership, surprisingly little research has been conducted on the topic. In this chapter, we review the extant research in this area. We organize our review into three sections: how leaders lead themselves, others, and the organization. In the first section, we discuss issues related to social identity, and how leaders’ social identities interact with those of their employees in influencing what may be required for effective leadership. In the second section, we discuss the qualities that leaders are likely to need when managing employees from diverse backgrounds. We focus on developing quality relationships, cultivating an inclusive climate, spanning boundaries, and framing of diversity initiatives. In the last section, we discuss research related to the role leaders play in setting their organization’s diversity strategy, implementing diversity practices, managing conflict, responding to diversity crises, and measuring progress. We end with suggestions for future research.
Effective Diversity Training
Authors: Roberson Loriann , Kulik Carol T. , Tan Rae Yunzi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDiversity training is an important and widely used component of organizational diversity management initiatives. This chapter reviews theory and research on diversity training design, delivery, evaluation, and effectiveness. The review suggests that in the past 10 to 15 years of research, advancements have been made on several fronts. The research literature on diversity training includes frameworks for pretraining needs assessment, learning models to guide diversity training design choices, and empirical evidence of diversity training’s impact on training outcomes. However, the review also notes two major shortcomings. First, research has emphasized diversity training’s effect on short-term changes in trainees’ knowledge and attitudes, neglecting longer-term changes in their skills and behavior. Second, research has emphasized diversity training’s effect on individual-level learning outcomes, neglecting its impact on team- and organization-level outcomes. These shortcomings are unlikely to be addressed unless scholars and practitioners engage in more collaborative field-based research on diversity training.
Work–Life Interface and Flexibility: Impacts on Women, Men, Families, and Employers
Authors: Konrad Alison M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Traditional organizational cultures pressure workers to prioritize the paid work role and to sacrifice participation in other life domains. However, performance in the paid work role affects and is affected by other roles the worker considers important. Multiple roles often conflict, but they also create positive synergies whereby workers utilize skills, ideas, and resources gained in different domains to enhance performance in all of them. Supportive organizational cultures and work–life flexibility practices help workers manage the interface between paid work and other life domains, and evidence suggests that they enhance work attitudes and performance. Given that multiple roles enhance workers’ performance, commitment, and resilience, organizational structures and cultures that support employees’ participation in multiple life domains are likely to generate positive benefits for firms as well as employees. The chapter ends with a theoretical model intended to stimulate future research in this area.
Methods and Methodologies
Authors: Ackerly Brooke , True Jacqui 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article explores the various methods and methodologies used by feminist scholars for studying gender and politics, focusing on the methodological demands of the study of gender and politics and how feminist scholars met these demands. It introduces feminist methodological reflection and locates the methodologies and methods of the study of gender and politics within the context of the research questions they can address. This is followed by a section on the influences of how people understand feminist methodology as a field and the enumeration of three ways of thinking about feminist research. The article concludes with a discussion on several methods feminists use and examples of them.
Gender, Work, and the Sexual Division of Labor
Authors: Ferguson Lucy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article shows how work is gendered, both in how it plays out in labor markets and the ways it is constructed. It first looks at how the gender dynamics of paid work have been radically restructured worldwide over the last five decades and then shows the impact of the sexual division of labor on gender and work. The next sections study the restructuring of global production, two modern trends in gendered employment—labor migration and informalization—gender segregation in employment, and the influence of women’s unpaid labor in the labor market. The article also develops the argument that gender is not always the most prominent inequality.
Sex, Gender, and Civil Society
Authors: Strolovitch Dara Z. , Townsend-Bell Erica 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article discusses the way that gender forms civil society, particularly in the context of Latin America and the United States. It begins with a study of the history and development of the definition of civil society and its implications for women and gender. The next section discusses women’s historical and modern presence in civil society and considers whether civil society operates practically and conceptually as an autonomous sphere. The article also explores civil society’s ability to empower women and reproduce gendered norms of equality.
Local—Global—Local: Women’s Global Organizing
Authors: Joachim Jutta 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article provides a closer look at the interdependencies and relations present between the local and global. It uses social-movement literature and the concept of the rooted cosmopolitan to describe historically how the local and personal experiences of women have led to global campaigns and served as sources of conflict. This is followed by a discussion of modern debates and the ways global ideas and norms related to gender inform local debates and are organized to fit certain circumstances.
Political Representation
Authors: Childs Sarah , Lovenduski Joni 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article considers the centrality of political representation to feminist politics. It discusses the traditional theories of representation and then explains how scholars of gender and politics have used the term. The next section outlines the state of scholarship on the political representation and substantive representation of women. The last part of the article discusses eight questions that are deemed central to the modern research agenda on substantive representation.
Electoral Institutions
Authors: Krook Mona Lena , Schwindt-Bayer Leslie 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article serves as a review on electoral institutions, specifically on how they shape the election outcomes, the dynamics of democratic politics, and the emergence of candidates. It addresses the need to consider how electoral institutions are gendered and sheds some light on the political advantages men have long received from electoral institutions designed by men. The article also identifies the ways women contribute to—and benefit from—the basic frameworks of electoral politics.
Judicial Politics and the Courts
Authors: Cichowski Rachel 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article views law, courts, and constitutionalism using a gendered perspective. It examines several key debates and improvements in this field of study and presents a detailed conceptual framework of law and courts. In the next section, the article discusses three major areas that define the scholarship in this field (and are of special interest to scholars of gender and politics), namely, gender and the courts, gender, constitutionalism and human rights, and feminist jurisprudence. It also includes a template that can help in studying the global challenges faced by law and courts scholars today.
The State and Governance
Authors: Chappell Louise 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article takes a look at the changes in feminist thinking. It outlines the competing feminist theories, and studies the transition from a monolithic and patriarchal conception of the state to a differentiated and gendered conception of the state. The article then explains how gender functions within the state and how the state represents gender relations within society. Finally, it also considers feminist engagement with the state, which includes the venues, strategies, orientation, and results of the interaction.
Gender, Institutions, and Multilevel Governance
Authors: Bedford Kate 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article serves as an introduction to the debates about multilevel governance trends and how they relate to gender and politics, first discussing multilevel governance and the debates gender scholars and activists are having on the topic. It then considers the argument that multilevel governance is an important and gendered topic for concern, along with five specific themes that help in determining some significant questions being raised by feminist researchers. The article also attempts to broaden the disciplinary ground on which the conversations about multilevel governance rest.
Multiculturalism and Identity
Authors: Prins Baukje , Saharso Sawitri 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article is concerned with critical and liberal multiculturalism as well as the gender dilemmas between relativism and universalism. It identifies four liberal answers to the question of how to deal with the issue of universalism–relativism and discusses in detail the “multiculturalism versus feminism” debate. The article ends with a section on the important contributions of feminists to multiculturalism.
Italy and the First Age of Globalization, 1861–1940
Authors: James Harold , O’Rourke Kevin H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe paper presents trade policy as in line with that of other continental European powers, with a move to moderate levels of tariff protection for politically sensitive sectors, such as steel and textiles and clothing, but also in agriculture, with levels of protection falling slightly before the First World War. Monetary policy was similarly driven by the constraints of capital scarcity and by the political priority attached to reducing the cost of funding government debt. The most innovative area was probably in industrial policy, where after the 1880s and again in the 1930s, in response to severe shocks, quite creative institutional policies were adopted. In particular, financial restructuring was used as an opportunity to reshape the structure of industry.
National Accounts, 1861–2011
Authors: Baffigi Alberto 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA great deal of new quantitative research has been produced over the last three decades which has radically changed the received interpretation of Italian economic development. Against this backdrop, the Bank of Italy, Istat and the University of Rome "Tor Vergata", together with academics from other institutions, developed a project to estimate a new historical national accounts time series. The reconstruction covers the 150 years following the political unification of Italy and is based on the most up-to-date results in the literature. It provides estimates of supply and uses at constant and at current prices. In this chapter a general picture of the new time series is drawn. Historically significant periods are taken into consideration, using them as case studies in order to illustrate some features of the new data, both technical and substantial. A detailed methodological account is given in the appendices.
Standards of Living
Authors: Brandolini Andrea , Vecchi Giovanni 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe chapter describes the evolution of the Italians' well-being during the 150 years since the country's unification. The progress in material standard of living has been substantial, with GDP per capita growing thirteen times between 1861 and 2011 and hours of work (and hence effort) falling considerably, but roughly in line with that experienced by most other European countries. By relying on a novel database on household budgets, it is shown that economic growth has been accompanied by a long-run reduction of inequality that however appears to have been reversed in the last two decades. Progress has not been limited to the economic domain: educational attainment has improved considerably, although less than in other countries, and life expectancy has grown at a spectacular pace, allowing Italians to lead current international rankings.
Migrations
Authors: Gomellini Matteo , Ó Gráda Cormac 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter is an analytic account of Italian emigration and immigration between 1861 and the present. After describing the economic and demographic characteristics of emigrants, it analyzes the causes and effects of their migrations. It explores the consequences of the two main waves of Italian emigration (before 1914 and after 1945) for those left behind, and reckons that in the long run, emigration accounted for 4-5% of the growth in GDP per capita, with the South benefiting considerably more than the North. The chapter also describes the impact of recent immigration on those in residence in Italy, with a particular focus on the links with the economic activity, the labor market, the balance of payments, crime and public opinion, on the other.
A Long-Run Perspective on Comparative Advantage
Authors: Federico Giovanni , Wolf Nikolaus 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe history of Italy since its unification in 1861 was accompanied by a dramatic increase in the country's integration with European and global commodity markets: foreign trade in the long run grew on average faster than the overall economy. Italy's comparative advantage changed fundamentally, from a high concentration of a few trading partners and a handful of rather simple commodities, into a wide diversification of trading partners and more sophisticated commodities. The chapter uses a new long-term database on Italian foreign trade at a high level of disaggregation to document and analyze these changes. The chapter concludes with an assessment of Italy's prospects from a historical perspective.
Measurement of Blend Concentrations of Conventional and Waxy Hard Wheats Using NIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Delwiche Stephen R. , Graybosch Robert A. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTBreeding development of waxy (amylose‐free) hard wheat lines adapted to the North American climate has been underway for more than a decade, with releases of competitive varieties imminent. Because of required identity preservation and a possible premium value placed on waxy lots, a rapid and accurate method is desired to identify and quantify the mixing of conventional wheat with waxy wheat, a condition that might occur at harvest or any point downstream. Our previous work demonstrated that lines pure with waxy starch can be identified from nonwaxy lines by use of near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy applied either on a whole kernel or ground meal basis. However, mixture quantification by NIR techniques has not been examined until now. Using hard winter wheat grown in two seasons (2011 and 2012) and at two locations (Nebraska and Arizona), a series of mixtures ranging in proportion (conventional/waxy) percentage by weight, from 0:100 to 100:0, were formed from nine pairs of waxy and nonwaxy varieties or lines, with year and location being consistent within a pair. Twenty‐nine mixtures (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, …, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100%) were formed for each pair. Partial least squares regression models were developed by using eight of the nine pairs, with model validation accomplished by using the pair excluded. This procedure was repeated for each pair. The results indicate that, regardless of sample format or spectral pretreatment, the optimal models typically produce coefficients of determination in excess of 0.98, with standard errors of 4–7%, thus demonstrating the feasibility of the use of the NIR technique to predict the mixture level to within 10% by weight.
Bran Characteristics and Bread‐Baking Quality of Whole Grain Wheat Flour
Authors: Cai Liming , Choi Induck , Lee Choon‐Ki , Park Kwang‐Keun , Baik Byung‐Kee 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTVariations in physical and compositional bran characteristics among different sources and classes of wheat and their association with bread‐baking quality of whole grain wheat flour (WWF) were investigated with bran obtained from Quadrumat milling of 12 U.S. wheat varieties and Bühler milling of six Korean wheat varieties. Bran was characterized for composition including protein, fat, ash, dietary fiber, phenolics, and phytate. U.S. soft and club wheat brans were lower in insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and phytate content (40.7–44.7% and 10.3–17.1 mg of phytate/g of bran, respectively) compared with U.S. hard wheat bran (46.0–51.3% and 16.5–22.2 mg of phytate/g of bran, respectively). Bran of various wheat varieties was blended with a hard red spring wheat flour at a ratio of 1:4 to prepare WWFs for determination of dough properties and bread‐baking quality. WWFs with U.S. hard wheat bran generally exhibited higher dough water absorption and longer dough mixing time, and they produced smaller loaf volume of bread than WWFs of U.S. soft and club wheat bran. WWFs of two U.S. hard wheat varieties (ID3735 and Scarlet) produced much smaller loaves of bread (<573 mL) than those of other U.S. hard wheat varieties (>625 mL). IDF content, phytate content, and water retention capacity of bran exhibited significant relationships with loaf volume of WWF bread, whereas no relationship was observed between protein content of bran and loaf volume of bread. It appears that U.S. soft and club wheat bran, probably owing to relatively low IDF and phytate contents, has smaller negative effects on mixing properties of WWF dough and loaf volume of bread than U.S. hard wheat bran.
A Novel Protective Function for Cytokinin in the Light Stress Response Is Mediated by the ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE2 and ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE3 Receptors
Authors: Cortleven Anne , Nitschke Silvia , Klaumünzer Marion , AbdElgawad Hamada , Asard Han , Grimm Bernhard , Riefler Michael , Schmülling Thomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCytokinins are plant hormones that regulate diverse processes in plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants with a reduced cytokinin status (i.e. cytokinin receptor mutants and transgenic cytokinin-deficient plants) are more susceptible to light stress compared with wild-type plants. This was reflected by a stronger photoinhibition after 24 h of high light (approximately 1,000 µmol m−2 s−1), as shown by the decline in maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry. Photosystem II, especially the D1 protein, is highly sensitive to the detrimental impact of light. Therefore, photoinhibition is always observed when the rate of photodamage exceeds the rate of D1 repair. We demonstrate that in plants with a reduced cytokinin status, the D1 protein level was strongly decreased upon light stress. Inhibition of the D1 repair cycle by lincomycin treatment indicated that these plants experience stronger photodamage. The efficiency of photoprotective mechanisms, such as nonenzymatic and enzymatic scavenging systems, was decreased in plants with a reduced cytokinin status, which could be a cause for the increased photodamage and subsequent D1 degradation. Additionally, slow and incomplete recovery in these plants after light stress indicated insufficient D1 repair. Mutant analysis revealed that the protective function of cytokinin during light stress depends on the ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE2 (AHK2) and AHK3 receptors and the type B ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR1 (ARR1) and ARR12. We conclude that proper cytokinin signaling and regulation of specific target genes are necessary to protect leaves efficiently from light stress.
ECHIDNA Protein Impacts on Male Fertility in Arabidopsis by Mediating trans-Golgi Network Secretory Trafficking during Anther and Pollen Development
Authors: Fan Xinping , Yang Caiyun , Klisch Doris , Ferguson Alison , Bhaellero Rishi P. , Niu Xiwu , Wilson Zoe A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The trans-Golgi network (TGN) plays a central role in cellular secretion and has been implicated in sorting cargo destined for the plasma membrane. Previously, the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) echidna (ech) mutant was shown to exhibit a dwarf phenotype due to impaired cell expansion. However, ech also has a previously uncharacterized phenotype of reduced male fertility. This semisterility is due to decreased anther size and reduced amounts of pollen but also to decreased pollen viability, impaired anther opening, and pollen tube growth. An ECH translational fusion (ECHPro:ECH-YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN) revealed developmentally regulated tissue-specific expression, with expression in the tapetum during early anther development and microspore release and subsequent expression in the pollen, pollen tube, and stylar tissues. Pollen viability and production, along with germination and pollen tube growth, were all impaired. The ech anther endothecium secondary wall thickening also appeared reduced and disorganized, resulting in incomplete anther opening. This did not appear to be due to anther secondary thickening regulatory genes but perhaps to altered secretion of wall materials through the TGN as a consequence of the absence of the ECH protein. ECH expression is critical for a variety of aspects of male reproduction, including the production of functional pollen grains, their effective release, germination, and tube formation. These stages of pollen development are fundamentally influenced by TGN trafficking of hormones and wall components. Overall, this suggests that the fertility defect is multifaceted, with the TGN trafficking playing a significant role in the process of both pollen formation and subsequent fertilization.