bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The asymmetry of the underwater horizontal light field and its implications for mirror‐based camouflage in silvery pelagic fish
Authors: Johnsen Sönke , Gassmann Ewa , Reynolds Rick A. , Stramski Dariusz , Mobley Curtis 
Published: October 2014

Many pelagic species, particularly teleost fish, have silvered lateral surfaces that are thought to primarily serve as a form of camouflage. The underlying argument is that the underwater light field is cylindrically symmetrical around the vertical axis; thus a vertical mirror reflects a region of the water column that matches the region directly behind the mirror. However, the degree of symmetry of the underwater light field itself has not been assessed. Modeled underwater radiances from the surface to a depth of 100 m using measured profiles of inherent optical properties and HydroLight radiative transfer software showed that the horizontal light field under sunny conditions was asymmetrical over a wide range of solar elevations. In addition, the maximum asymmetry at 100 m occurred not when the sun was near the horizon, but when it was 45° above it. We validated these modeled results in Hawaiian waters using a modification of a commercial radiometer. Both modeled and measured radiances showed that the inherent contrast of silvery fish was typically higher at longer wavelengths. However, models of the sighting distances of these surfaces showed that sighting distance was greatest at the peak wavelength of the downwelling irradiance (∼480 nm). The modeled and measured asymmetry of the horizontal light field implies that mirror camouflage is not always as successful as originally thought and suggests that there may be further refinements for this form of crypsis that have not been previously considered.
Temporal dynamics of nitrogen loss in the coastal upwelling ecosystem off central Chile: Evidence of autotrophic denitrification through sulfide oxidation
Authors: Galán Alexander , Faúndez Juan , Thamdrup Bo , Santibáñez Juan Francisco , Farías Laura 
Published: October 2014

Coastal upwelling areas are highly productive marine systems in which the development of oxygen‐depleted conditions and the availability of diverse electron donors (e.g., organic matter, , H2S) favor the processes involved in nitrogen (N) loss. We characterize the temporal and vertical variability of anammox and denitrification over the continental shelf off central Chile (36.5°S), through 15N and 13C tracer experiments, including amendments with H2S and along with measurements of 15N2 and 15N2O production and oceanographic variables during a year (2009 to 2010). Restricted to the bottom waters, both anammox and denitrification contributed similarly (∼ 500 nmol N2 L−1 d−1) to N loss during spring, while a marked decrease in the activity of these processes occurred in summer (103 and 14 nmol N2 L−1 d−1 for anammox and denitrification, respectively). During fall, denitrification was the only contributor to the observed nitrogen deficit (894 nmol N2 L−1 d−1). Interestingly, a substantial increase in the rates of denitrification (∼ 1200 nmol N2 L−1 d−1) and dark 13C assimilation were observed after the addition of H2S, indicating an autotrophic contribution to denitrification, which could be fueled in situ by H2S emitted from sediments or produced in the water column. The observed patterns seem to be controlled (stimulated or inhibited) by the availability of oxygen, organic matter, and H2S. This study establishes the magnitude and co‐occurrence of the different processes responsible for N removal in the coastal upwelling system of central Chile. This linkage of the nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur cycles is relevant to a global climate change scenario.
The Ocean's Biological Carbon pump as part of the global Carbon Cycle
Authors: Neuer Susanne , Iversen Morten , Fischer Gerhard 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe Biological Carbon Pump includes all those processes in the ocean that cause organic carbon formed photosynthetically by phytoplankton (primary production) in the sunlit surface layer (the euphotic zone) to be removed from contact with the atmosphere. It is a mechanism that sequesters carbon dioxide (CO2) for weeks to hundreds or even millions of years (geological time‐scales). Together with the physical carbon pump, the biological carbon pump constitutes the ocean's CO2 sink, and these two major processes in the global carbon cycle have removed about 2‐ 2.5 Pg Carbon per year (last decade average)(I Pg=1015g). Today, about half of the CO2 emitted from fossil fuel burning and land use changes remains in the atmosphere, and the other half is captured by land sinks and the ocean.The modern carbon cycle is often completely separated from the short- and long-term carbon cycles of the geological past, and students from biology or biogeochemistry rarely learn about these processes and the respective timescales in a joint lecture. The purpose of this interdisciplinary lecture thus is to cover processes related to the biological carbon pump and how it functions, while paying close attention to the relevant timescales in the global carbon cycle. Note that we focus mainly on the production and sinking of particulates, we do not delve into detailed mechanisms of carbon sequestration due to the removal of dissolved organic matter. Topics will include an introduction to the different carbon pumps (biological, carbonate and physical), followed by a detailed process-oriented introduction to the biological carbon pumps. This will also include the organismal aspects, such as an introduction to phytoplankton, primary production, distribution of primary producers in the global ocean, and the role of zooplankton in the biological carbon pump. More mechanistic aspects follow, such as the concepts of new and export production, the flux attenuation and the role of mineral ballasting. We cover specific aspects of the lecture as modules (Excursions) that give the reader/lecturer the chance to explore some topics in greater detail. These "Excursions" are entitled "Instrumentation: Quantifying Particle Flux", "Particle Sinking and Degradation" and "The Biological Carbon Pump on Geological Timescales".The lecture is intended for senior undergraduates/graduates students and can be used in courses such as Oceanography, Biogeochemistry, Geology, and Environmental Life Sciences.
Être ou ne pas être en politique : quelques déterminants de l’implication des femmes
Authors: Rinfret Natalie , Tougas Francine , Laplante Joelle , Beaton Ann M. 
Published: October 2014

La politique est un milieu difficile dans lequel les femmes doivent surmonter des embûches au quotidien. L’objectif général de cette étude est de comparer le profil des femmes politiquement engagées avec celui de celles qui le sont moins. Dans cette optique, un questionnaire a été acheminé à des femmes ayant participé à l’École Femmes et Démocratie (2004 à 2009), qui offre une formation à celles qui souhaitent se lancer en politique. Le questionnaire regroupait des énoncés que les chercheurs avaient identifiés comme mesurant des facteurs de prédiction de l’engagement des femmes en politique, mais sans nécessairement les avoir testés empiriquement auprès d’échantillons concernés. Deux groupes ont été constitués, les femmes qui s’engagent pleinement sur la voie de la politique et celles qui restreignent leur participation. Étant donné que la majorité des participantes ne sont pas encore actives en politique, la variable « engagement communautaire », identifiée comme un déterminant de l’engagement politique (Elder, 2004), a été utilisée pour séparer les deux groupes. Une analyse discriminante nous a permis d’identifier les facteurs distinguant ces deux groupes, dont la résilience, l’auto-évaluation de compétences personnelles, relationnelles et politiques. Cette étude contribue à une compréhension plus juste du vécu des femmes qui s’engagent sur la voie de la politique. On parle alors de contributions théorique et pratique.
Utopie et démocratie chez Miguel Abensour
Authors: Hurteau1 Philippe 
Published: October 2014

Afin de questionner l’association convenue entre État de droit et démocratie, cet article effectue un travail de mise en relation de deux concepts centraux dans l’oeuvre de Miguel Abensour, soit la démocratie et l’utopie. Pour Abensour, la démocratie, comprise comme surgissement du dêmos, opère une réduction phénoménale ramenant l’ordre institué à ses fondements ; tandis que l’utopie, loin des interprétations qui en font l’antichambre des totalitarismes, est comprise comme une structure de conscience spécifique permettant, par la découverte de l’existence d’un « écart absolu » entre le monde institué et ses principes instituant, de dégager l’espace nécessaire à l’irruption du dêmos sur la scène politique.
La redécouverte de Léon Gérin, premier sociologue du Canada
Authors: Fournier Marcel 
Published: October 2014

Dans toute histoire d’une discipline scientifique, se pose la question des précurseurs et du fondateur. Au Québec et aussi au Canada, Léon Gérin s’est d’abord vu attribuer le statut de « précurseur » puis celui de « premier sociologue canadien ». L’article comporte trois parties. D’abord l’auteur analyse la redécouverte de Léon Gérin dans les années 1960; il montre ensuite que la relecture de Gérin comporte, encore aujourd’hui, un enjeu indissociablement scientifique et institutionnel; enfin, s’appuyant sur ses propres recherches, il montre que tout n’a pas été dit sur Léon Gérin et il pose la question « Pourquoi Le Play et pas Durkheim? ». Et de conclure : il y a quelques bonnes raisons de ne pas oublier Léon Gérin.
Des sociologues en campagne : sociographie de la différenciation sociale du Québec rural francophone
Authors: Parent Frédéric 
Published: October 2014

Une relecture de la tradition monographique en sociologie du Québec, et plus particulièrement des travaux de Léon Gérin, permet de mettre en évidence, en première partie de l’article, la centralité des réseaux familiaux dans la production et la reproduction de la société canadienne-française du 19e et de la première moitié du 20e siècle. La structuration familiale des rapports sociaux était cependant différenciée entre les élites canadiennes-françaises et les populations rurales. À partir des résultats d’une enquête ethnographique dans un village québécois, nous examinerons, en deuxième partie, l’hypothèse que les réseaux familiaux, qui structurent l’enracinement territorial, demeurent encore aujourd’hui une logique dominante des rapports sociaux dans le village étudié, malgré la fragilisation des réseaux familiaux les plus anciens depuis la Révolution tranquille et la subséquente régionalisation des activités politiques. Nous montrerons enfin que la fragilisation des réseaux familiaux rappelle la différenciation sociale observée dans la tradition monographique en sociologie du Québec, entre les élites canadiennes-françaises et les populations rurales.
Mémoires disciplinaires et pratiques scientifiques : usages de la monographie en sociologie et en service social à l’Université Laval, 1943-1965
Authors: Charron Hélène 
Published: October 2014

Cet article propose une analyse comparative des usages de la monographie en service social et en sociologie entre les années 1940 et 1960 à l’Université Laval. Il interroge le rôle du rapport à la monographie dans la constitution des frontières disciplinaires entre la sociologie et le service social et met en évidence la centralité de la dualité théorie-empirie dans l’organisation sociale des sciences sociales. De manière transversale, il montre le caractère « genré » et hiérarchique de cette dualité qui contribue à la retraduction des inégalités de sexe dans le milieu académique. Après avoir rappelé les conditions de naissance des deux disciplines à l’Université Laval et analysé la démarche monographique des étudiants de cette université dans leurs travaux de fin d’études, il propose une comparaison de deux travaux d’enquête réalisés au début des années 1960 par le directeur du département de sociologie, Fernand Dumont – en collaboration avec Yves Martin – et par la directrice de l’École de service social Simone Paré.
L’attraction des diplômés universitaires en région périphérique : l’influence des facteurs régionaux
Authors: Beaudry Catherine , Laflamme Josée , Deschênes Andrée-Anne , Aguir Mounir 
Published: October 2014

En raison de la rareté du personnel dans certaines régions du Québec, les employeurs sont soucieux d’attirer une main-d’oeuvre qualifiée dans leurs organisations. Cet article a pour objectif d’identifier les facteurs influençant l’attraction régionale de futurs diplômés, les étudiants universitaires. Un questionnaire autoadministré a été rempli par 876 étudiants de huit universités francophones québécoises. Les résultats montrent que l’importance de la qualité de vie (offre culturelle, installations sportives et récréatives et politiques familiales) ainsi que celle accordée aux politiques régionales de gestion sont corrélées à l’intention des étudiants universitaires de travailler dans une organisation située en région périphérique.
Sustainability of a community‐based anti‐retroviral care delivery model – a qualitative research study in Tete, Mozambique
Authors: Rasschaert Freya , Decroo Tom , Remartinez Daniel , Telfer Barbara , Lessitala Faustino , Biot Marc , Candrinho Baltazar , Van Damme Wim 
Published: October 2014

IntroductionTo overcome patients’ reported barriers to accessing anti‐retroviral therapy (ART), a community‐based delivery model was piloted in Tete, Mozambique. Community ART Groups (CAGs) of maximum six patients stable on ART offered cost‐ and time‐saving benefits and mutual psychosocial support, which resulted in better adherence and retention outcomes. To date, Médecins Sans Frontières has coordinated and supported these community‐driven activities.MethodsTo better understand the sustainability of the CAG model, we developed a conceptual framework on sustainability of community‐based programmes. This was used to explore the data retrieved from 16 focus group discussions and 24 in‐depth interviews with different stakeholder groups involved in the CAG model and to identify factors influencing the sustainability of the CAG model.ResultsWe report the findings according to the framework's five components. (1) The CAG model was designed to overcome patients’ barriers to ART and was built on a concept of self‐management and patient empowerment to reach effective results. (2) Despite the progressive Ministry of Health (MoH) involvement, the daily management of the model is still strongly dependent on external resources, especially the need for a regulatory cadre to form and monitor the groups. These additional resources are in contrast to the limited MoH resources available. (3) The model is strongly embedded in the community, with patients taking a more active role in their own healthcare and that of their peers. They are considered as partners in healthcare, which implies a new healthcare approach. (4) There is a growing enabling environment with political will and general acceptance to support the CAG model. (5) However, contextual factors, such as poverty, illiteracy and the weak health system, influence the community‐based model and need to be addressed.ConclusionsThe community embeddedness of the model, together with patient empowerment, high acceptability and progressive MoH involvement strongly favour the future sustainability of the CAG model. The high dependency on external resources for the model's daily management, however, can potentially jeopardize its sustainability. Further reflections are required on possible solutions to solve these challenges, especially in terms of human resources.
Remote sensing of suspended particulate matter in turbid oyster‐farming ecosystems
Authors: Gernez Pierre , Barillé Laurent , Lerouxel Astrid , Mazeran Constant , Lucas Axel , Doxaran David 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHigh resolution satellite data of the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer in full resolution mode (MERIS FR, pixel size is 300 m) were used to study the impact of suspended particulate matter (SPM) on oyster‐farming sites in a macrotidal bay of the French Atlantic coast where SPM concentration can exceed 100 g m−3. Because MERIS standard SPM concentration retrieval saturates at about 50 g m−3, we developed an alternative method for turbid nearshore waters. The method consists in the combination of the Semi‐Analytical Atmospheric and Bio‐Optical (SAABIO) atmospheric correction with a regional bio‐optical algorithm based on a linear relationship between SPM concentration and the reflectance band ratio at 865 and 560 nm. MERIS FR‐derived SPM concentrations were validated from 10 up to 300 g m−3, and then merged with oyster ecophysiological responses to provide a spatial picture of the impact of SPM concentration on oyster‐farming sites. Our approach demonstrates the potential of high resolution satellite remote sensing for aquaculture management and shellfish‐farming ecosystems studies.
Structure of the turbidity field in the Guadalquivir estuary: Analysis of observations and a box model approach
Authors: Díez‐Minguito M. , Baquerizo A. , de Swart H. E. , Losada M. A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA study is presented on the transport of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Guadalquivir estuary during low river flow conditions. Observations show that tidally induced SPM exceeds that associated with catchment‐derived inputs. The main mechanisms that contribute to longitudinal transport are identified and quantified by analyzing the tidally averaged and depth‐integrated SPM flux decomposition over time and space. The net transport is generally directed upstream, although differences in the direction between spring and neap tides are identified. The transport is largely controlled by the mean advection, the tidal pumping associated with the covariance between SPM concentration and current, and the tidal Stokes transport. The convergence of the transport associated to these mechanisms alone explains the presence of primary and secondary estuarine turbidity maxima. The tidal reflection at the upstream dam appears to play a significant role in their generation, as evidenced by the convergence zones of the M4 and M2 induced tidal pumping transports. The spatial structure of the transport motivates the development of a box model that describes the concentration of SPM and its exchange between different stretches along the estuary at subtidal time scales. The model is fed by the net SPM transport obtained from observations. Analysis of the morphodynamical state of the estuary using the box model indicates that erosion is dominant in the stretches close to the estuary mouth and that this sediment is transported upstream and deposited in the middle part of the estuary. This process is more influential during spring tides than during neap tides.
Sensitivity of the water cycle over the Indian Ocean and Maritime Continent to parameterized physics in a regional model
Authors: Ulate Marcela , Dudhia Jimy , Zhang Chidong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA regional model was used to simulate the water cycle over the Indian Ocean (IO) and Maritime Continent (MC). Sixteen 92 day simulations were performed using different combinations of eight cumulus parameterization schemes and three planetary boundary‐layer (PBL) parameterization schemes. The strength of the water cycle in the IO and MC, measured by its domain mean precipitation and precipitable water, differs substantially among the simulations. The large spread of water cycle strength is mainly toward dry biases in comparison to global data assimilation products. The simulated water cycle, its spread, and biases differ between the IO and MC. Influences of PBL schemes can penetrate into the upper troposphere and those by cumulus schemes into the boundary layer. Dry biases in the simulations are produced mainly because of feedbacks among erroneously low diabatic heating peaks, shallow moisture convergence layers, dry lower troposphere, and weak surface evaporation. There is no single type of parameterization scheme that can be identified to be the main sources of the dry biases. It is the combination of errors from three types of parameterization schemes, namely, cumulus, PBL, and microphysics, that makes the simulated water cycle unrealistic. The lesson learned is that the tropical water cycle can be better simulated only by improving parameterization schemes of different processes all together as a package.
Sleep Disturbance in Osteoarthritis: Linkages With Pain, Disability, and Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Parmelee Patricia A. , Tighe Caitlan A. , Dautovich Natalie D. 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveIt is known that osteoarthritis (OA) increases the risk of sleep disturbance, and that both pain and sleep problems may trigger functional disability and depression. However, studies examining all 4 variables simultaneously are rare. The aim of this study was to examine cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations of self‐reported sleep disturbance with OA‐related pain and disability and depressive symptoms.MethodsAt baseline, 367 persons with physician‐diagnosed knee OA reported sleep disturbances, pain, functional limitations, and depressive symptoms. At 1‐year followup, all measures were repeated in 288 of the subjects. Baseline analyses examined the independent and interactive associations of sleep disturbance with pain, disability, and depression, net of demographics and general health. Longitudinal analyses used baseline sleep disturbance to predict the 1‐year change in pain, disability, and depression.ResultsAt baseline, sleep was independently associated with pain and depression but not disability. The sleep–pain relationship was mediated by depressive symptoms; sleep interacted with pain to exacerbate depression among persons with high levels of pain. Baseline sleep disturbance predicted increased depression and disability, but not pain, at followup.ConclusionThese data confirm known cross‐sectional relationships between sleep disturbance and pain and depression and provide new insights regarding longitudinal associations among those variables. Depression appears to play a strong role in the sleep–pain linkage, particularly when pain is severe. The unique predictive role of sleep in the progression of disability requires further study but may be an important point of intervention to prevent OA‐related functional decline among persons whose sleep is disrupted by OA‐related pain.
Evidence of skeletal treponematosis from the medieval burial ground ofSt.MarySpital,London, and implications for the origins of the disease inEurope
Authors: Walker Don , Powers Natasha , Connell Brian , Redfern Rebecca 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTTreponematosis is a syndrome of chronic infectious diseases. There has been much debate on its origins and spread, particularly with regard to venereal syphilis, an unsightly and debilitating disease in preantibiotic populations. The osteological analysis of 5,387 individuals excavated by Museum of London Archaeology from the medieval burial ground of St. Mary Spital in London (datedc1120–1539) provided an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the nature and prevalence of disease over a period of time. Twenty‐five individuals were found with suspected treponematosis, originating from all but the earliest period of the burial ground. Descriptions of affected individuals from each period, together with supporting images, are provided. In this work, particular emphasis was given to the distribution of lesions on the skeleton and the variation in patterns by sex and over time. Little change was observed in the distribution of bony change between individuals dated to pre‐ and post‐Columbian periods. However, a dramatic rise in the prevalence of the disease in the final period (c1400–1539) may reflect documentary reports of a European epidemic from the late 15th century. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:90–101, 2015 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.