bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Diversity in Maintainer and Restorer Lines of Pearl Millet
Authors: Nepolean T. , Gupta S. K. , Dwivedi S. L. , Bhattacharjee R. , Rai K. N. , Hash C. T. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTMolecular markers facilitate rapid and environment‐neutral characterization of the pattern of genetic diversity. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) at Patancheru, India, has developed a large number and diverse range of maintainer lines (B‐lines) and restorer lines (R‐lines) of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] in last three decades. In the present study, 213 lines (98 B‐lines and 115 R‐lines) were genotyped using high throughput assay and 38 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, which detected 308 alleles averaging 8.1 alleles per locus. Restorer lines were genetically more diverse than B‐lines, as higher average gene diversity was detected among R‐lines (0.62) than among B‐lines (0.50). A neighbor‐joining tree based on simple matching dissimilarity distance matrix clearly differentiated B‐lines from R‐lines into two clusters, with further subdivision of B‐lines into four subclusters and R‐lines into five subclusters. Seven B‐lines clustered with R‐lines, and only two R‐lines clustered with B‐lines. Few unique alleles (1 to 3) were detected in 14 B‐ and 30 R‐lines, which could be used to distinguish them from each other as well as from the remaining lines used in this study. The SSR alleles of each of the parental lines along with distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) characterization may enable ICRISAT to protect these lines from any kind of infringement by the multiple users who have received these lines for hybrid development.
Diet Composition and Dry Matter Intake of Beef Steers Grazing Tall Fescue and Alfalfa
Authors: Boland Holly T. , Scaglia Guillermo , Notter David R. , Rook Andrew J. , Swecker William S. , Abaye Azenegashe O. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTAlkanes are a noninvasive method to estimate dry matter intake (DMI) of grazing herbivores. Other cuticular wax components such as long chain fatty alcohols (LCOH) have been used for estimation of diet composition of ruminants eating mixed diets. This study estimated diet composition using n‐alkanes and LCOH and estimated DMI using naturally occurring and dosed n‐alkanes. Beef steers (Bos taurus) (16 mo. old, 358 ± 9 kg) grazing vegetative adjacent monocultures of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. subsp.sativa) were used in this study, which also evaluated diet preference. The LCOH (C26, C28, and C30) added additional characterization of the forages, but diet composition estimates were not different (P≥ 0.22) than when estimated using four n‐alkanes (C27, C29, C31, and C33). Diet composition estimation indicated that steers consumed similar (P= 0.13) diets of 79 and 70% alfalfa in Year 1 and Year 2, respectively, corresponding to previous work showing a partial preference for legumes. Dry matter intake in Year 2 was lower (P= 0.0002, 4.7 kg d−1) than Year 1 (9.2 kg d−1), likely due to hot weather in Year 2. This study suggests that if n‐alkane profiles of the forages being grazed are distinct, the additional analysis needed to determine LCOH concentrations may not be necessary. Analyzing preliminary forage and fecal samples for n‐alkanes to estimate diet composition could reduce labor and expenses by eliminating additional laboratory analyses.
Quantitative Trait Loci and Candidate Loci for Heading Date in a Large Population of a Wide Barley Cross
Authors: Ponce‐Molina Luis Jonatan , María Casas Ana , Pilar Gracia María , Silvar Cristina , Mansour Elsayed , Thomas William B.T. , Schweizer Günther , Herz Markus , Igartua Ernesto 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTSpanish barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces exhibit good adaptation to Mediterranean conditions. This study aims at revealing the genetic control of heading date on a large population of 464 doubled haploid lines from the cross between the Spanish line SBCC145 (a 6‐row barley with low vernalization requirement and good agronomics) and the German cultivar Beatrix (a 2‐row, spring‐type, short stature, high yield, malting quality barley). The population was evaluated using augmented designs in two field trials with contrasting sowing dates. The study was done in a two‐step process to optimize cost effectiveness of genotyping. First, a sample of 184 lines was genotyped with 1536 single nucleotide polymorphisms, which allowed building a map with 408 markers. Then the entire population was further genotyped with markers from flowering time genes VrnH1, VrnH2, VrnH3, and PpdH1 and a simple sequence repeat linked to Eam6. Quantitative trait loci were detected for growth habit, heading date, plant height, and individual grain weight on chromosome 3H in a region that possibly contains the denso gene. The effect of VrnH3 on heading date confirmed previous results from association mapping, and showed an interaction with PpdH1, to which it is linked in the photoperiod pathway. PpdH1 had an opposite effect on heading date at the two trials. Besides revealing interesting effects for particular alleles of the genes studied, this population demonstrates that it is possible to combine short stature with early heading date and good grain size in six‐row barley and shows good prospects for its use in breeding.
Grazing Behavior of Steers on Different Annual Ryegrass and White Clover Forage Systems
Authors: Solomon Juan K. Q. , Macoon Bisoondat , Lang David J. , Vann Rhonda C. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTStudying grazing behavior of ruminants may help increase the understanding of the use of forage systems of varying forage types and composition. This study was conducted during 2008 at Raymond, MS, to evaluate grazing time by ruminants on various forage systems to examine any relationship with pasture composition and stocking rate (SR). Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. ‘Marshall’) and white clover (Trifolium repens L. ‘Durana’) were used to create forage system treatments of either monoculture grass (MG) or monoculture legume (ML), a binary mixture of grass and legume (MIX), or a spatial system of adjacent grass and legume monocultures in a 50:50 land area ratio within the same paddock (SS). Two levels of SR (3 or 6 steers [Bos taurus] ha−1) were imposed on each of the four forage systems to give a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with two replicate paddocks of each treatment combination in a completely randomized design experiment. Two Angus crossbred yearling beef steers (236 ± 24 kg initial body weight [BW]) were randomly assigned to each of the 16 paddocks. Time spent grazing per animal on continuously stocked pastures was recorded for 10 d selected randomly during the months of April and May, with each day of observation lasting for 14 h (0615 to 2015 h). Forage system had an effect (P < 0.001) on time spent grazing daily. Animals grazing MG and MIX spent similar time grazing (mean = 442 min per animal), which was greater than daily grazing time on SS (380 min per animal). Grazing time was least on ML (341 min per animal). Also, SR had an effect (P < 0.001) on daily grazing time. Animals on high SR (431 min per animal) spent greater time grazing than those on low SR (371 min per animal). There was no difference in time spent grazing on each component of the adjacent monocultures of grass and legume within the SS (P = 0.23; 197 [the monoculture legume component of a SS] vs. 182 min per animal [monoculture grass component of a SS]). Less grazing time by animal on SS than MG and MIX may have implications for performance of animals grazing such a system because of expected lesser energy expenditure for grazing.
Genetic Diversity of Bolivian Accessions of Phaseolus Species Evaluated with Fluorescent Microsatellite Markers
Authors: Blair Matthew W. , Dávila Andrea M. , Reyes Ximena , Ávila Teresa 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe Andes of South America is a center of origin for common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and lima beans (P. lunatus L.) that has been less well studied than other regions due to its high diversity and multitude of subenvironments. The objective of this study was to evaluate 174 accessions from five Phaseolus species native to Bolivia to determine their relationships and total genetic diversity using a set of 36 fluorescent microsatellite markers that are highly polymorphic and differentiate both between and within species. The results showed that the common beans were divided into a range of Andean groups and one disperse group of Mesoamerican accessions. The other species were well differentiated, including two scarlet runner beans (P. coccineus L.), 22 lima beans, and wild relatives P. augusti Harms and P. bolivianus Piper. Within the Andean groups, accessions with bicolor seeds were frequent and were typical of race Peru, subgroup I. These “vaquita” type beans were different from other subrace Peru genotypes without bicolor seeds and were also different from type I growth habit beans from race Nueva Granada. This latter race was unexpected for the region as it is from the northern Andes but occurred with some frequency in Bolivia. The diversity of Phaseolus beans found in Bolivia is high with implications on germplasm conservation and the source of diversity in the Andean gene pool and in surrounding countries.
Identification of New Sources of High Levels of Resistance to Dwarf Bunt and Common Bunt among Winter Wheat Landraces in the USDA‐ARS National Small Grains Collection
Authors: Goates Blair J. , Bockelman Harold E. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTAlthough seed treatments are available for control of common bunt and dwarf bunt of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and other Triticum species), host resistance is an important part of cultivar development in many areas of the world. Few resistance genes are used, creating vulnerability to new pathogenic races. Thousands of landraces from the USDA National Small Grains Collection were screened for resistance to common bunt and dwarf bunt race composites. Fifty‐five resistant lines were screened with six races of common bunt and three races of dwarf bunt that have characteristics that are useful for elucidating resistance factors. All previously known sources of useful bunt resistance and most of the other lines tested were susceptible to one or more races. Seven lines were identified that were resistant or immune to all of the races indicating the presence of unknown resistance genes. Some wheat versus race interactions indicated unknown resistance genes and also indicated the presence of unknown virulence factors in some of the bunt races. Previously, most resistant lines were identified on the basis of a high level of resistance to composites of pathogenic races. Using bunt races identified various common resistance factors among the lines that will enable the selection of diverse sources of resistance to be used as parents in breeding programs. The seven new lines that were resistant to all the bunt races should be valuable for the introgression of new sources of resistance, broadening the genetic diversity of bunt resistance in cultivars.
Selection Strategy for Sorghum Targeting Phosphorus‐limited Environments in West Africa: Analysis of Multi‐environment Experiments
Authors: Leiser Willmar L. , Rattunde H. Frederick W. , Piepho Hans‐Peter , Weltzien Eva , Diallo Abdoulaye , Melchinger Albrecht E. , Parzies Heiko K. , Haussmann Bettina I. G. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTAlthough sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in West Africa (WA) is generally cultivated with limited or no fertilization on soils of low phosphorus availability, no assessments of the genetic variation among WA sorghum varieties for adaptation to low soil P are known. We assessed grain yields of 70 diverse sorghum genotypes under −P (no P fertilization) and +P conditions at two locations in Mali over 5 yr. Genetic variation for grain yield under −P conditions and the feasibility and necessity of sorghum varietal testing for grain yield under −P conditions were evaluated. Delayed heading dates (0–9.8 d) and reductions of grain yield (2–59%) and plant height (13–107 cm) were observed in −P relative to the +P trials. High estimates of genetic variance and broad‐sense heritabilities were found for grain yield across both −P (h2 = 0.93) and +P (h2 = 0.92) environments. The genetic correlation for grain yield performance between −P and +P conditions was high (rG = 0.89), suggesting that WA sorghum varieties generally possess good adaptation to low‐P conditions. However, genotype × phosphorus crossover interaction was observed between some of the highest yielding genotypes from the −P and +P selected sets, with the variety IS 15401 showing specific adaptation to −P. Direct selection for grain yield in −P conditions was predicted to be 12% more efficient than indirect selection in +P conditions. Thus, selection under −P conditions should be useful for sorghum improvement in WA.
Physiological Response, Cell Wall Components, and Gene Expression of Switchgrass under Short‐Term Drought Stress and Recovery
Authors: Jiang Yiwei , Yao Yuan , Wang Yi 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTSwitchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) grown in marginal soils may frequently be subjected to water deficit conditions. The study was designed to determine physiological response, cell wall components, and expression of genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis of switchgrass under short‐term drought stress and recovery. Grasses were exposed to drought for 4 d in 2007 (Exp. 1) and 7 d in 2008 (Exp. 2) in a greenhouse and then rewatered for 1 d in both experiments, respectively. Drought stress reduced tissue water content, leaf dry weight, and chlorophyll fluorescence and increased total carotenoid concentration and electrolyte leakage, and the values of these parameters returned to those of the control levels after rewatering. Reductions in leaf hemicellulose and total plant hemicellulose concentrations and increases in stem and total plant lignin concentrations were observed in Exp. 1; however, LH and TH were not recovered after rewatering. The concentration of leaf acid detergent fiber increased under drought stress and was back to the control level after recovery while leaf neutral detergent fiber remained unchanged under drought stress but decreased after recovery. The transcript levels of CesA1, CesA6, and CesA12 encoding cellulose synthesis and CslH1 encoding hemicellulose were suppressed by drought stress but the suppressions were reversed by rewatering. These candidate genes can be used for further studying the mechanisms that regulate cell wall biosynthesis in switchgrass.
Downregulation of Maize Cinnamoyl‐Coenzyme A Reductase via RNA Interference Technology Causes Brown Midrib and Improves Ammonia Fiber Expansion‐Pretreated Conversion into Fermentable Sugars for Biofuels
Authors: Park Sang‐Hyuck , Mei Chuansheng , Pauly Markus , Ong Rebecca Garlock , Dale Bruce E. , Sabzikar Robab , Fotoh Hussien , Nguyen Thang , Sticklen Mariam 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTConversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars for biofuels requires expensive pretreatment processes involving the breakdown of the cell wall structure and/or removal of lignin to increase accessibility of enzymes to the crop structural carbohydrates. Lignin is synthesized from precursors through a complex biosynthesis pathway. One of the important enzymes in this pathway is cinnamoyl‐coenzyme A reductase (CCR), which catalyzes the transformation of feruloyl and p‐coumaryl thioesters to their respective aldehydes. In an attempt to reduce lignin content and potentially accelerate deconstruction of maize (Zea mays L.) stover structural carbohydrates into fermentable sugars, expression of maize CCR (ZmCCR1; EC 1.2.1.44) was downregulated via ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi). Thirty first generation independent ZmCCR1_RNAi transgenic lines were produced. Among 10 out of 30 randomly tested, six lines showed significantly reduced ZmCCR1 transcription. The second generation of these ZmCCR1 downregulated transgenic plants exhibited brown coloration of midribs, husk, and stems and 7.0 to 8.7% reduction in Klason lignin. Also, crystalline cellulose was slightly increased in the lignin downregulated maize stover and further increased conversion of the ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX)‐pretreated maize stover into fermentable sugars. The third generation of CCR downregulated plants showed further reduced CCR transcription as compared to their second generation of transgenic (T1) plants.
Leaf Transpiration Efficiency in Four Corn Cultivars Grown at Elevated Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Bunce James A. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTHigh leaf transpiration efficiency (TE) occurs in some cultivars of corn (Zea mays L.) and could be a useful trait to improve yield under water deficits. The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere continues to increase rapidly, and it is not certain that cultivar differences in leaf TE occurring at the current CO2 concentration would still occur at elevated CO2. Two cultivars of sweet corn with high leaf TE and two with low TE were grown for two seasons in plots with free‐air CO2 enrichment systems to determine whether elevated CO2 altered the ranking of the cultivars in leaf TE. Measurements were also made at ambient CO2 2 h and 5 d after termination of the CO2 application. The results indicated that growth at 1.4 times the current CO2 concentration resulted in one cultivar having about 25% higher leaf TE than the other three cultivars, which had similar values of TE. The changed ranking of one cultivar was a result of growth at elevated CO2 and not the elevated measurement concentration. Thus, in one cultivar, the high leaf TE trait was stable across growth CO2 conditions, but in another cultivar, the high TE trait was no longer evident when the plants were grown at elevated CO2. Screening of corn genotypes for high leaf TE at projected future CO2 concentrations may be more efficiently accomplished at those concentrations.
Potential Physiological Frameworks for Mid‐Season Field Phenotyping of Final Plant Nitrogen Uptake, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Grain Yield in Maize
Authors: Ciampitti Ignacio A. , Zhang Hao , Friedemann Pete , Vyn Tony J. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTImproved phenotyping tools for simultaneously characterizing maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes with superior grain yield (GY) and N use efficiency (NUE) would be beneficial for breeding progress. Possible phenotypic predictors of the crowding intensity and N availability effects on maize plant N uptake, GY, and NUE were evaluated for different genotypes in two environments. Our objectives were to develop phenotyping framework tools to predict plant N uptake, GY, and NUE via (i) identification of important mid‐season morpho‐physiological traits (from a total of 80 parameters), (ii) assessment of correlations between predictive traits (principal component analyses identified 21 traits), and (iii) arrangement of key traits into sequential pathways of mechanistic functions (3 traits). Plant phenotyping measurements taken during vegetative stages were poor predictors of GY and NUE. Plant N status at silk emergence was strongly associated with grain components. At silking, the chlorophyll contents (Soil Plant Analysis Development [SPAD] readings) were highly correlated to leaf N concentration, and the latter with the N nutrition index (NNI). As expected, NNI fairly reflected plant N uptake at silking and correlated well to relative GY. Maize plant biomass and N uptake at maturity were predicted via stem volume estimation at silking. The latter predictive model accurately simulated both GY and NUE in other field experiments. Physiologically based frameworks for mid‐season prediction of maize GY and NUE require further testing but hold promise.
Yield Response to Cultivar and Sowing Pattern in High‐Yielding Rice
Authors: Nakano H. , Tsuchiya S. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTForage rice (Oryza sativa L.) has attracted attention as a potential crop in Japan, but no optimal agricultural product system has been extensively established. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cultivar (high‐yielding indica cultivar Hokuriku 193, high‐yielding indica‐japonica hybrid cultivar Mizuhochikara, or standard japonica cultivar Akisayaka) and sowing pattern (broadcast or drilling) on grain yield using a new sowing machine for a well‐drained paddy field. Hokuriku 193 had the highest grain yields. Hokuriku 193 and Mizuhochikara had much more spikelets than Akisayaka. Hokuriku 193 and Akisayaka had a higher percentage of filled spikelets than Mizuhochikara. At full heading, Hokuriku 193 had the highest nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) amount. Thus, the high NSC amount of Hokuriku 193 supported a high grain yield and high percentage of filled spikelets in spite of its very many spikelets. Broadcast gave a higher rough grain yield, grain yield, and number of panicles than that of drilling, but it had no effect on the percentage of filled spikelets or the 1000‐grain weight. At full heading, broadcast gave a higher NSC amount than drilling. Therefore, broadcast of high‐yielding indica or indica‐japonica hybrid cultivars might increase grain yield, in spite of its very high panicle number, without decreasing the percentage of filled spikelets or the 1000‐grain weight by increasing the NSC amount at full heading.
On algebraic closure in pseudofinite fields
Authors: Beyarslan Özlem , Hrushovski Ehud 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe study the automorphism group of the algebraic closure of a substructureAof a pseudo-finite fieldF. We show that the behavior of this group, even whenAis large, depends essentially on the roots of unity inF. For almost all completions of the theory of pseudofinite fields, we show that overA, algebraic closure agrees with definable closure, as soon asAcontains the relative algebraic closure of the prime field.
Definable well-orders of H(ω2) and GCH
Authors: Asperó David , Friedman Sy-David 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAssuming 2ℵ0 = ℵ1 and 2ℵ1 = ℵ2, we build a partial order that forces the existence of a well-order of H(ω2) lightface definable over ⟨H(ω1), ∈⟩ and that preserves cardinal exponentiation and cofinalities.
A generalization of Sierpiński's paradoxical decompositions: Coloring semialgebraic grids
Authors: Schmerl James H. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA structure is an n-grid if each Ei, is an equivalence relation on A and whenever X and Y are equivalence classes of, respectively, distinct Ei, and Ej, then X ∩ Y is finite. A coloring χ: A → n is acceptable if whenever X is an equivalence class of Ei, then {x ∈ X: χ(x) = i} is finite. If B is any set, then the n-cube Bn = (Bn; E0, …, En−1) is considered as an n-grid, where the equivalence classes of Ei are the lines parallel to the i-th coordinate axis. Kuratowski [9], generalizing the n = 3 case proved by Sierpihski [17], proved that ℝn has an acceptable coloring iff 2ℵ0 ≤ ℵn−2. The main result is: if is a semialgebraic (i.e., first-order definable in the field of reals) n-grid, then the following are equivalent: (1) if embeds all finite n-cubes, then 2ℵ0 ≤ ℵn−2: (2) if embeds ℝn, then 2ℵ0 ≤ ℵn−2; (3) has an acceptable coloring.
The range property fails for H
Authors: Polonsky Andrew 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe work in, the untypedλ-calculus in which all unsolvables are identified. We resolve a conjecture of Barendregt asserting that the range of a definable map is either infinite or a singleton. This is refuted by constructing aλ-term Ξ such that ΞM= ΞI ⇔ ΞM≠ ΞΩ. The construction generalizes to ranges of any finite size, and to some other sensible lambda theories.
Kurepa trees and Namba forcing
Authors: König Bernhard , Yoshinobu Yasuo 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe show that strongly compact cardinals and MM are sensitive to λ-closed forcings for arbitrarily large λ. This is done by adding ‘regressive’ λ-Kurepa trees in either case. We argue that the destruction of regressive Kurepa trees requires a non-standard application of MM. As a corollary, we find a consistent example of an ω2-closed poset that is not forcing equivalent to any ω2-directed-closed poset.