bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Determination of Five Bioactive Components in Radix Glycyrrhizae by Pressurised Liquid Extraction Combined with UPLC–PDA and UPLC/ESI–QTOF–MS Confirmation
Authors: Zhou Shujun , Cao Jiliang , Qiu Feng , Kong Weijun , Yang Shihai , Yang Meihua 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTIntroductionGlycyrrhizae species are popular ingredients of herbal medicine in most traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions, and they mainly contain flavonoids and triterpene saponins. The contents of these bioactive compounds may vary in different batches and affect the therapeutic effects. Thus comprehensive quality control and monitoring of their herbal formulation are of paramount concern.ObjectiveTo establish a rapid, effective pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array (UPLC–PDA) method to evaluate the quality of Glycyrrhizae species.MethodsRadix Glycyrrhizae was extracted by PLE using 70% ethanol at 100°C for 15 min during three static extraction cycles. Separation was performed using an UPLC system to quantify five bioactive compounds, namely liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid, in 12 batches of samples of different origins in China. Furthermore, the samples were analysed using an ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation and time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI–QTOF–MS) system to confirm the results.ResultsThe calibration curves of all five analytes showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9997). Accuracy, precision and repeatability were all within required limits. The mean recoveries measured at the three concentrations were higher than 93.7% with RSDs lower than < 3.33% for the targets.ConclusionThe established PLE and UPLC–PDA method could serve as a rapid and effective method for quality evaluation of Radix Glycyrrhizae. The UPLC technique can be considered as an attractive alternative to HPLC in routine quality control of Chinese medicine, especially in situations where high sample throughput and fast analytical speed are required. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Two Tetranuclear Copper Complexes with End‐on Azido and Phenoxo Bridges Containing Chiral Schiff Base Ligands
Authors: Hou Xiao‐Kang , Wu Lin‐Fei , Xiao Hong‐Ping , Li Ming‐Xing , Zhu Shou‐Rong , Wang Zhao‐Xi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe copper complexes [Cu4(μ‐L1)2(μ1, 1‐N3)2·(CH3O)2] (1) and [Cu4(μ‐L2)2(μ1, 1‐N3)2(N3)2]·(H2O)2(2) [H2L1= (1R,3S)‐N′,N′′‐bis[salicylidene]‐1, 3‐diamino‐1, 2, 2‐trimethylcyclopentane and H2L2= (1R,3S)‐N′,N′′‐bis[5‐methylsalicylidene]‐1, 3‐diamino‐1, 2, 2‐trimethylcyclopentane] were synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Both are tetranuclear complexes consisting of dinuclear copper moieties [Cu2L1]2+or [Cu2L2]2+connected by two end‐on azido bridges. Low temperature magnetic studies indicate that weak antiferromagnetic couple dominates in1and2.
Retrospective analysis of whole genome sequencing compared to prospective typing data in further informing the epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of Shigella sonnei in the UK
Authors: McDONNELL J. , DALLMAN T. , ATKIN S. , TURBITT D. A. , CONNOR T. R. , GRANT K. A. , THOMSON N. R. , JENKINS C. 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to retrospectively assess the value of whole genome sequencing (WGS) compared to conventional typing methods in the investigation and control of an outbreak of Shigella sonnei in the Orthodox Jewish (OJ) community in the UK. The genome sequence analysis showed that the strains implicated in the outbreak formed three phylogenetically distinct clusters. One cluster represented cases associated with recent exposure to a single strain, whereas the other two clusters represented related but distinct strains of S. sonnei circulating in the OJ community across the UK. The WGS data challenged the conclusions drawn during the initial outbreak investigation and allowed cases of dysentery to be implicated or ruled out of the outbreak that were previously misclassified. This study showed that the resolution achieved using WGS would have clearly defined the outbreak, thus facilitating the promotion of infection control measures within local schools and the dissemination of a stronger public health message to the community.
Viral load of human bocavirus-1 in stools from children with viral diarrhoea in Paraguay
Authors: PROENCA-MODENA J. L. , MARTINEZ M. , AMARILLA A. A. , ESPÍNOLA E. E. , GALEANO M. E. , FARIÑA N. , RUSSOMANDO G. , AQUINO V. H. , PARRA G. I. , ARRUDA E. 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYSince their discovery, four species of human bocavirus (HBoV) have been described in patients with respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. However, a clear causal association between HBoV-1 and gastroenteritis has not been demonstrated. In this study, we describe the detection and quantification of HBoV-1 in stools from children with acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. HBoV-1 genome was detected in 10·6% of stools with frequent association with rotavirus and norovirus. The median of HBoV-1 viral load was 1·88 × 104 genome/ml, lower than previously shown in secretions of patients with respiratory infections, without any obvious association between high viral load and presence of HBoV as single agent. Thus, although HBoV-1 was frequently detected in these patients, there is no clear causal association of this agent with diarrhoea. Indeed, HBoV-1 DNA in stools of patients with gastroenteritis without respiratory symptoms may be a remnant of previous infections or associated with prolonged shedding of virus in the respiratory or digestive tracts.
‘Model-Platonism’ in economics: on a classical epistemological critique
Authors: KAPELLER JAKOB 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRoughly 50 years ago, the eminent German philosopher and social scientist Hans Albert presented a critique of ‘Model-Platonism’ in economics to describe essential elements of the ‘neoclassical style of economic reasoning’. Specifically, Albert advanced a series of epistemological arguments to illustrate conceptual shortcomings in neoclassical theory, which may be utilized to immunize the latter against conflicting empirical evidence. This article summarizes Albert's main arguments and illustrates his most important insights by using simple propositional logic. Based on these findings, a clarification and definition of ‘Model-Platonism’ is offered and the applicability of the Model-Platonism-critique to current developments in mainstream economics is assessed. Finally, two possible extensions of Albert's argument, the concepts ofoscillating informational contentandaxiomatic variation, are illustrated with respect to their potential for immunization against critique.
The species-rich assemblages of tintinnids (marine planktonic protists) are structured by mouth size
Authors: Dolan John R , Landry Michael R , Ritchie Mark E 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Many microbial taxa in the marine plankton appear super-saturated in species richness. Here, we provide a partial explanation by analyzing how species are organized, species packing, in terms of both taxonomy and morphology. We focused on a well-studied group, tintinnid ciliates of the microzooplankton, in which feeding ecology is closely linked to morphology. Populations in three distinct systems were examined: an Eastern Mediterranean Gyre, a Western Mediterranean Gyre and the California Current. We found that species abundance distributions exhibited the long-tailed, log distributions typical of most natural assemblages of microbial and other organisms. In contrast, grouping in oral size-classes, which corresponds with prey-size exploited, revealed a geometric distribution consistent with a dominant role of a single resource in structuring an assemblage. The number of species found in a particular oral size-class increases with the numerical importance of the size-class in the overall population. We suggest that high species diversity reflects the fact that accompanying each dominant species are many ecologically similar species, presumably able to replace the dominant species, at least with regard to the size of prey exploited. Such redundancy suggests that species diversity greatly exceeds ecological diversity in the plankton.
Creating a large topic map by integrating Wandora and Ontopia
Authors: Wu Yejun , Dunaway David J. 
Published: February 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present conceptual and technical knowledge about creating a large topic map by integrating the strengths of two topic maps creation tools (i.e. Ontopia and Wandora).Design/methodology/approachThis study is focused on the testing of the usefulness of the two topic map creation tools. Each tool is used to create a topic map with dozens of topics in order to find out the strengths and weaknesses of each tool and the interoperability of the two tools.FindingsWhen creating a large topic map, a developer may have many requirements of a desired topic maps creation tool, but may not be able to find a single tool that meets all the requirements. If multiple such tools implement the topic maps standard, there is some interoperability between the tools, and the developer may integrate these tools to meet the requirements.Practical implicationsAlthough this paper presents the strengths, weakness, and interoperability of two topic maps creation tools (i.e. Ontopia and Wandora), the findings can be applied to integrating other topic maps creation tools if they implement the topic maps standard. The technical knowledge presented in the paper can also serve as a tutorial of creating a topic map.Originality/valueThere is no published paper presenting the technical knowledge of how to integrate two topic map creation tools to create a large topic map.
Understanding science and technology information users through transaction log analysis
Authors: Park Minsoo , Lee Tae‐seok 
Published: February 2013

PurposeThis study seeks to provide insight into user interaction with a web‐based information system of science and technology, as extending the large‐scale research of search queries. Ultimately, this study aims to gain knowledge of user behavior in order to improve the IR system for the users.Design/methodology/approachThe paper quantitatively analyzed queries submitted to a web‐based IR system in science and technology. The data were collected in a full one‐year period beginning on Friday, 1 January 2010 through on Friday, 31 December 2010. More than 7,240,000 queries and 20,700,000 records were quantitatively analyzed in this period for this study.FindingsIn general, queries themselves tend to be short and simple (1.4 terms) for the web‐based IR system in science and technology. This indicates that users tend to invest a minimum of effort (cognitive and physical) and time in structuring their information needs to look for information on the system. However, user sessions on the IR system are longer (8.2 queries) than on web search engines. Most search sessions last less than 30 minutes with a mean of 24 minutes and 15 seconds, a minimum of one second, a maximum of ten hours, and a mode of ten seconds. Regarding the topic trends in science and technology, Life Science ranked first in 2010. Environment ranked first and Life Science, 11th in 2009.Originality/valueThe authors have presented a study which has characterized users' searching behaviors of an information system in science and technology over a full one‐year period, and suggested improvement issues in user interface and search functionality for the system. From this recent exploratory analysis, the authors believe that the user behavioral characteristics are valuable in monitoring the patterns and trends in use of an information system in the field of science and technology.
Design data for footwear: sweating distribution on the human foot
Authors: Smith Caroline J. , Machado‐Moreira Christiano A. , Plant Gijs , Hodder Simon , Havenith George , Taylor Nigel A.S. 
Published: February 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide footwear designers, manikin builders and thermo‐physiological modellers with sweat distribution information for the human foot.Design/methodology/approachIndependent research from two laboratories, using different techniques, is brought together to describe sweat production of the foot. In total, 32 individuals were studied. One laboratory used running at two intensities in males and females, and measured sweat with absorbents placed inside the shoe. The other used ventilated sweat capsules on a passive, nude foot, with sweating evaluated during passive heating and incremental exercise to fatigue.FindingsResults from both laboratories are in agreement. Males secreted more than twice the volume of sweat produced by the females (p<0.01) at the same relative work rate. Both genders demonstrated a non‐uniform sweat distribution, though this was less variable in females. Highest local sweat rates were observed from the medial ankles (p<0.01). The dorsal foot sweated substantially more than the plantar (sole) areas (p<0.01). Sweating on the plantar side of the foot was uniform. Wearing shoes limited the increase in sweat production with increasing load, while the sweat rate of uncovered feet kept increasing with work and thermal load.Practical implicationsThe observed variation in sweat rate across the foot shows that footwear design should follow the body mapping principle. Fabrics and materials with different properties can be used to improve comfort if applied to different foot surfaces. The data also demonstrate that foot models, whether physical (manikins) or mathematical, need to incorporate the observed variation across the foot to provide realistic simulation/testing of footwear.Originality/value
Understanding the role of representation in interorganizational knowledge integration
Authors: Werr Andreas , Runsten Philip 
Published: February 2013

PurposeThe current paper aims at contributing to the understanding of interorganizational knowledge integration by highlighting the role of individuals' understandings of the task and how they shape knowledge integrating behaviours.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents a framework of knowledge integration as heedful interrelating. Knowledge integration is conceptualized as help seeking, help giving and reflective reframing, and the paper discusses how these knowledge integrating behaviors are shaped by actors' representations of the situation and their role in it. The framework is illustrated and refined in relation to a qualitative case study of an IT outsourcing project.FindingsNarrow and separating representations of actors' roles, partly based on institutionalized ideas of the proper behaviors of “buyers” and “suppliers”, impede knowledge integration. Such representations render the knowledge integrating behaviors help seeking, help giving and reflective reframing illegitimate.Research limitations/implicationsResults call for attention to actors' representations of the situation and their role in it in order to understand knowledge integration. The interorganizational setting, with its institutionalized roles, provides unique challenges that need to be investigated further. As findings are based on a single case study, further research needs to extend the findings to other kinds of interorganizational collaboration.Originality/valueThe paper adds to the understanding of interorganizational knowledge integration by drawing attention to the importance of individual actors' representations and behaviors. Hereby, the dominant organizational and network levels of analysis in the literature on interorganizational knowledge integration are complemented by an individual level of analysis.
Corrosion and environmental degradation of bonded composite repair
Authors: Gkikas G. , Paipetis A. , Lekatou A. , Barkoula N.M. , Sioulas D. , Canflanca B. , Florez S. 
Published: February 2013

PurposeBonded composite patches are ideal for aircraft structural repair as they offer enhanced specific properties, case‐tailored performance and excellent corrosion resistance. Bonding minimizes induced stress concentrations unlike mechanical fastening, whilst it seals the interface between the substrate and the patch and reduces the risk of fretting fatigue that could occur in the contact zone. The purpose of this paper is to assess the electrochemical corrosion performance and the environmentally induced mechanical degradation of aerospace epoxy adhesives when carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used as an additive to the neat epoxy adhesive.Design/methodology/approachThe galvanic effect between aluminium substrates and either plain or CNT enhanced carbon fibre composites, was measured using a standard galvanic cell. Also, rest potential measurements and cyclic polarizations were carried out for each of the studied systems. The effect of the CNT introduction to a carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) on the adhesion efficiency, before and after salt‐spraying for 10, 20 and 30 days, was studied. The adhesion efficiency was evaluated by the single lap joint test.FindingsThe corrosion behaviour of the system is polymer matrix type dependent. CNT introduction to a CFRP may induce small scale localized degradation.Originality/valueThis paper fulfills an identified need to study how the shear strength and the response to galvanic corrosion are affected by epoxy resins modified by carbon nanotubes.
Base of the pyramid success: a relational view
Authors: Sánchez Carol M. , Schmid Alexandra S. 
Published: February 2013

PurposeThe paper uses a relational view of strategy framework to measure and assess the sustainable success of base of the pyramid (BoP) projects. The authors posit that the relational view is a powerful way to determine if a firm's project might lead to sustainable competitive advantage, because if partner resources combine to create relation‐specific capabilities and competences, they may provide sustainable value, and the paper applies this method of strategic analysis to selected BoP projects.Design/methodology/approachThe paper separates the secondary data analysis from the primary data analysis and offers four propositions, based on the combined relational view and BoP criteria. The authors apply the relational view framework to two BoP projects from Michigan‐based organizations. Each case is analysed using the framework, and the authors discuss how the resources of each of the BoP project partners create value, how tailored and scalable the projects are, how BoP end user needs are addressed, what resources partners contribute, and if the relation‐specific combination of resources create project level capabilities that are sustainable.FindingsThe sustainable success of BoP projects may be best achieved when the BoP project partners contribute valuable resources and when those resources combine to create relation‐specific capabilities that create sustainable success. It reinforces the importance of scale, BoP user needs, and engaging BoP customers as partners.Originality/valueThis paper tries to help explain why some BoP projects successfully create a sustainable competitive advantage, by building on strategic themes and using a variation of the relational view framework to examine resources and capabilities of the organizations that partner to serve people at the BoP.
Complementary role of a polymerase chain reaction test in the diagnosis of onychomycosis
Authors: Chandran Nisha Suyien , Pan Jiun‐Yit , Pramono Zacharias AD , Tan Hiok‐Hee , Seow Chew‐Swee 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe successful treatment of onychomycosis depends on accurate diagnosis. Conventional diagnostic methods, including direct microscopy and fungal culture, are non‐specific, insensitive and time‐consuming. Recently, PCR has shown promise in improving the diagnosis of onychomycosis. We aimed to evaluate a commercially available PCR kit for the in vitro detection of dermatophytes and specifically Trichophyton rubrum in nail specimens with suspected onychomycosis, and to compare the detection rates of PCR with conventional diagnostic methods.MethodsNail specimens were prospectively collected from patients with clinically suspected onychomycosis. All nail specimens were positive on direct microscopic examination. PCR and fungal cultures were administered, and the detection rates of dermatophytes were compared.Results In all, 107 nail specimens were analysed. The fungal culture was positive in 57 (53%) specimens (38 dermatophytes and 19 non‐dermatophytes). PCR was positive in 77 (72%) specimens (63 T. rubrum and 14 pan‐dermatophyte). A total of 37 specimens (35%) were positive for both fungal culture and PCR. PCR detected dermatophytes in 39 specimens that were missed by the fungal culture, increasing the diagnosis of dermatophyte‐positive specimens by 37%. Five dermatophyte–culture‐positive specimens were negative for PCR.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that PCR increases the sensitivity of detection of dermatophytes in nail specimens. Despite its limitations, the use of PCR can complement direct microscopic examination and fungal cultures to aid clinicians in the diagnosis of suspected dermatophytic onychomycosis.
Isolating the influence of pH on the amounts and forms of soil organic phosphorus
Authors: Turner B. L. , Blackwell M. S. A. 
Published: February 2013

SummarySoil pH influences the chemistry, dynamics and biological availability of phosphorus (P), but few studies have isolated the effect of pH from other soil properties. We studied phosphorus chemistry in soils along the Hoosfield acid strip (Rothamsted, UK), where a pH gradient from 3.7 to 7.8 occurs in a single soil with little variation in total phosphorus (mean ± standard deviation 399 ± 27 mg P kg−1). Soil organic phosphorus represented a consistent proportion of the total soil phosphorus (36 ± 2%) irrespective of soil pH. However, organic phosphorus concentrations increased by about 20% in the most acidic soils (pH < 4.0), through an accumulation of inositol hexakisphosphate, DNA and phosphonates. The increase in organic phosphorus in the most acidic soils was not related to organic carbon, because organic carbon concentrations declined at pH  < 4.0. Thus, the organic carbon to organic phosphorus ratio declined from about 70 in neutral soils to about 50 in strongly acidic soils. In contrast to organic phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus was affected strongly by soil pH, because readily‐exchangeable phosphate extracted with anion‐exchange membranes and a more stable inorganic phosphorus pool extracted in NaOH–EDTA both increased markedly as soil pH declined. Inorganic orthophosphate concentrations were correlated negatively with amorphous manganese and positively with amorphous aluminium oxides, suggesting that soil pH influences orthophosphate stabilization via metal oxides. We conclude that pH has a relatively minor influence on the amount of organic phosphorus in soil, although some forms of organic phosphorus accumulate preferentially under strongly acidic conditions.