bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outsourcing in Product Cycles
Authors: Chu Hsiao‐Lei 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this quality‐ladder product‐cycle model, a production process consists of core research and development (R&D), complementary R&D and manufacturing; and there exist northern imitation, southern innovation, and outsourcing of complementary R&D as well as manufacturing from the North to the South. It is found that a policy to protect intellectual property rights or to subsidize R&D may reduce the aggregate rate of innovation. In addition, not every globalized production strategy is innovation‐improving.
Democracy and Accession toGATT/WTO
Authors: Wong Ka‐fu , Yu Miaojie 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper we argue that the level of democracy of an applicant country affects the time it takes to gain General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO) accession. An extensive empirical search suggests that theGATT/WTOaccession duration is likely to be shorter for an applicant whose political regime is more democratic. Meanwhile, countries that initiated applications before 1995 took longer to accede toGATTthan those that initiated applications after 1995 to accede to theWTO. TheGATT/WTOaccession is shortened if the applicant country's economy is large. Such findings are robust to the choice of different econometric methods, data sets and model specifications.
The relationship between the Five‐Factor Model personality traits and peptic ulcer disease in a large population‐based adult sample
Authors: Realo Anu , Teras Andero , Kööts‐Ausmees Liisi , Esko Tõnu , Metspalu Andres , Allik Jüri 
Published: October 2015

The current study examined the relationship between the Five‐Factor Model personality traits and physician‐confirmed peptic ulcer disease (PUD) diagnosis in a large population‐based adult sample, controlling for the relevant behavioral and sociodemographic factors. Personality traits were assessed by participants themselves and by knowledgeable informants using the NEO Personality Inventory‐3 (NEO PI‐3). When controlling for age, sex, education, and cigarette smoking, only one of the five NEO PI‐3 domain scales – higher Neuroticism – and two facet scales – lower A1: Trust and higher C1: Competence – made a small, yet significant contribution (p < 0.01) to predicting PUD in logistic regression analyses. In the light of these relatively modest associations, our findings imply that it is certain behavior (such as smoking) and sociodemographic variables (such as age, gender, and education) rather than personality traits that are associated with the diagnosis of PUD at a particular point in time. Further prospective studies with a longitudinal design and multiple assessments would be needed to fully understand if the FFM personality traits serve as risk factors for the development of PUD.
Subset Selection in Linear Regression using Sequentially Normalized Least Squares: Asymptotic Theory
Authors: Määttä Jussi , Schmidt Daniel F. , Roos Teemu 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article examines the recently proposed sequentially normalized least squares criterion for the linear regression subset selection problem. A simplified formula for computation of the criterion is presented, and an expression for its asymptotic form is derived without the assumption of normally distributed errors. Asymptotic consistency is proved in two senses: (i) in the usual sense, where the sample size tends to infinity, and (ii) in a non‐standard sense, where the sample size is fixed and the noise variance tends to zero.
Feeling the Hands of Time: Intersections of Time and Emotion
Authors: Mullaney Jamie L. , Shope Janet Hinson 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWhile the fields of the sociology of time and the sociology of emotion have grown exponentially, missing from the literature is explicit theorizing on the intersections of emotion and time. In this review article, we begin by examining literature that explores both how time (e.g. temporal control, perceived amount) influences emotional responses and how emotions (e.g. emotional intensity, valence) impact perceptions of time. Although such research occurs in a variety of disciplines, much of it fails to look at individuals' active manipulation of time and emotion to produce desired experiences. After discussing the established concepts of emotion work (Hochschild 1979) and time work (Flaherty 2003), we illustrate how two newer concepts – “temporal emotion work” (Lois 2010, 2012) and “emoting time” (Mullaney and Shope 2012) – serve as starting points for thinking about how individuals actively use time in emotion work and emotions in time work. Although much of the thinking to date occurs within the scholarly literature on work and family, we call for more intentional and systematic theorizing about the relationship between time and emotion.
All Our Stuff: Families and Consumption
Authors: Yodanis Carrie , Schramm Michelle , Czekajlo Caroline 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this article, we provide a different lens through which to understand how we evaluate family relationships. There is general consensus that family relationships, whether between adults or between parents and children, should be rooted in love and caring. But how do we evaluate love and care? We review of literature that shows that consumption and commodities are key criteria through which we determine the quantity and quality of the love and care in family relationships.
Bestiality: An Overview and Analytic Discussion
Authors: Navarro John C. , Tewksbury Richard 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIndividuals who experience sexual and emotional attractions to animals are widely considered deviant in American society. Such a condition is frequently referred to as bestiality and zoophilia, which in fact describe two separate types of sexual behaviors. A multitude of studies have uncovered a range of prevalence rates across different demographic groups, which may vary due to the terminology and the type of data collection methods utilized. Dogs and horses are consistently chosen as the preferred animal to engage in sexual activities by humans, while male animals have been presented as the heavily favored sex of animal. It is questionable whether one's sexual orientation corresponds with the preference of the sex of the animal. Those engaged in human–animal sexual contacts vary in their reasoning behind their sexual behavior with animals, which are generally environmentally or belief based, and reinforce certain myths. Since the development of the Internet not only has it promoted an enhanced research perspective of the sexual behaviors of bestialists and zoophiles, but they have also found an environment populated by like‐minded individuals with similar sexual behaviors/interests.
Mode I Fracture Toughness of CNT‐Reinforced PMMA
Authors: Simhi T. , Banks‐Sills L. , Fourman V. , Shlayer A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe influence of carbon nanotube (CNT) concentration on the fracture toughness of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was examined on single‐edge V‐notched‐beam (SEVNB) specimens. Six groups of SEVNB specimens containing 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8.5 wt% of CNTs and neat PMMA as a reference were tested. First, a notch was introduced into the specimens by a specially made disk whose edge is V‐shaped with a 30∘ angle and a 30 μm tip width. As suggested by an American Society for Testing and Materials Standard for polymers, induction of a natural crack was attempted, without success. Therefore, fracture toughness values were determined with the ‘sharp’ machined notch by means of a calibration formula. These were compared to values obtained using a stress concentration factor and found to differ by less than 3%. The latter calculation takes into account the geometry of the notch. Results showed a decrease in the fracture toughness values with an increase in the CNT concentration. For specimens in which a natural crack was attempted, referred to as a razor‐cut notch, a significant increase in the apparent fracture toughness was observed, as a result of the induced damage.
Human Norovirus prevalence in Africa: a review of studies from 1990 to 2013
Authors: Kabue Jean Pierre , Meader Emma , Hunter Paul R. , Potgieter Natasha 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the contribution of Human Norovirus to diarrhoeal diseases in Africa.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of the PubMed and EMBASE databases for published articles of Human Norovirus in Africa between 1990 and 2013. Data were extracted from selected studies and analysed.ResultsA total of 208 eligible studies were identified, of which 55 (from 19 countries) met the inclusion criteria. Many cases were of sporadic gastroenteritis (70.9%) in children (82%), 65.4% of which were seen in an outpatient setting. Over half (59.4%) of the affected children were under 5 years of age. The pooled prevalence rate of Human NoV was 11% (95% CI 8–14%), and the meta‐analysis indicated significant heterogeneity between the studies. However, the conditional negative binomial regression could not clearly find the factors affecting the Human NoV prevalence rates reported. A close relationship was found between Human Norovirus strains from environmental and clinical samples.ConclusionUnreported sporadic gastroenteritis cases of Human Norovirus are common in Africa. Most are community‐associated infections. Possible environmental transmission routes have been documented. Combined environmental and clinical studies are required for targeted actions to control transmission of Human Norovirus in Africa. Systematic surveillance of Human Norovirus is needed to measure the burden of Norovirus‐induced gastroenteritis in Africa and support any requirements for vaccine development.
Generation and Characterization of ALX-0171, a Potent Novel Therapeutic Nanobody for the Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
Authors: Detalle Laurent , Stohr Thomas , Palomo Concepción , Piedra Pedro A. , Gilbert Brian E. , Mas Vicente , Millar Andrena , Power Ultan F. , Stortelers Catelijne , Allosery Koen , Melero José A. , Depla Erik 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important causative agent of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and elderly individuals. Its fusion (F) protein is critical for virus infection. It is targeted by several investigational antivirals and by palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody used prophylactically in infants considered at high risk of severe RSV disease. ALX-0171 is a trimeric Nanobody that binds the antigenic site II of RSV F protein with subnanomolar affinity. ALX-0171 demonstrated
in vitro
neutralization superior to that of palivizumab against prototypic RSV subtype A and B strains. Moreover, ALX-0171 completely blocked replication to below the limit of detection for 87% of the viruses tested, whereas palivizumab did so for 18% of the viruses tested at a fixed concentration. Importantly, ALX-0171 was highly effective in reducing both nasal and lung RSV titers when delivered prophylactically or therapeutically directly to the lungs of cotton rats. ALX-0171 represents a potent novel antiviral compound with significant potential to treat RSV-mediated disease.
Low Frequency of Drug-Resistant Variants Selected by Long-Acting Rilpivirine in Macaques Infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Containing HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Melody Kevin , McBeth Sarah , Kline Christopher , Kashuba Angela D. M. , Mellors John W. , Ambrose Zandrea 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTPreexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using antiretroviral drugs is effective in reducing the risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, but adherence to the PrEP regimen is needed. To improve adherence, a long-acting injectable formulation of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor rilpivirine (RPV LA) has been developed. However, there are concerns that PrEP may select for drug-resistant mutations during preexisting or breakthrough infections, which could promote the spread of drug resistance and limit options for antiretroviral therapy. To address this concern, we administered RPV LA to macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus containing HIV-1 RT (RT-SHIV). Peak plasma RPV levels were equivalent to those reported in human trials and waned over time after dosing. RPV LA resulted in a 2-log decrease in plasma viremia, and the therapeutic effect was maintained for 15 weeks, until plasma drug concentrations dropped below 25 ng/ml. RT mutations E138G and E138Q were detected in single clones from plasma virus in separate animals only at one time point, and no resistance mutations were detected in viral RNA isolated from tissues. Wild-type and E138Q RT-SHIV displayed similar RPV susceptibilitiesin vitro, whereas E138G conferred 2-fold resistance to RPV. Overall, selection of RPV-resistant variants was rare in an RT-SHIV macaque model despite prolonged exposure to slowly decreasing RPV concentrations following injection of RPV LA.
CsrA Participates in a PNPase Autoregulatory Mechanism by Selectively Repressing Translation of
pnp
Transcripts That Have Been Previously Processed by RNase III and PNPase
Authors: Park Hongmarn , Yakhnin Helen , Connolly Michael , Romeo Tony , Babitzke Paul 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT

Csr is a conserved global regulatory system that represses or activates gene expression posttranscriptionally. CsrA of
Escherichia coli
is a homodimeric RNA binding protein that regulates transcription elongation, translation initiation, and mRNA stability by binding to the 5′ untranslated leader or initial coding sequence of target transcripts.
pnp
mRNA, encoding the 3′ to 5′ exoribonuclease polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), was previously identified as a CsrA target by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). Previous studies also showed that RNase III and PNPase participate in a
pnp
autoregulatory mechanism in which RNase III cleavage of the untranslated leader, followed by PNPase degradation of the resulting 5′ fragment, leads to
pnp
repression by an undefined translational repression mechanism. Here we demonstrate that CsrA binds to two sites in
pnp
leader RNA but only after the transcript is fully processed by RNase III and PNPase. In the absence of processing, both of the binding sites are sequestered in an RNA secondary structure, which prevents CsrA binding. The CsrA dimer bridges the upstream high-affinity site to the downstream site that overlaps the
pnp
Shine-Dalgarno sequence such that bound CsrA causes strong repression of
pnp
translation. CsrA-mediated translational repression also leads to a small increase in the
pnp
mRNA decay rate. Although CsrA has been shown to regulate translation and mRNA stability of numerous genes in a variety of organisms, this is the first example in which prior mRNA processing is required for CsrA-mediated regulation.

IMPORTANCE
CsrA protein represses translation of numerous mRNA targets, typically by binding to multiple sites in the untranslated leader region preceding the coding sequence. We found that CsrA represses translation of
pnp
by binding to two sites in the
pnp
leader transcript but only after it is processed by RNase III and PNPase. Processing by these two ribonucleases alters the mRNA secondary structure such that it becomes accessible to the ribosome for translation as well as to CsrA. As one of the CsrA binding sites overlaps the
pnp
ribosome binding site, bound CsrA prevents ribosome binding. This is the first example in which regulation by CsrA requires prior mRNA processing and should link
pnp
expression to conditions affecting CsrA activity.
Are brief interventions to increase physical activity cost-effective? A systematic review
Authors: GC Vijay , Wilson Edward CF , Suhrcke Marc , Hardeman Wendy , Sutton Stephen 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo determine whether brief interventions promoting physical activity are cost-effective in primary care or community settings.DesignSystematic review of economic evaluations.Methods and data sourcesWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EconLit, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, the Cochrane library, National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database and the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry up to 20 August 2014. Web of Knowledge was used for cross-reference search. We included studies investigating the cost-effectiveness of brief interventions, as defined by National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, promoting physical activity in primary care or the community. Methodological quality was assessed using Drummond's checklist for economic evaluations. Data were extracted from individual studies fulfilling selection criteria using a standardised pro forma. Comparisons of cost-effectiveness and cost-utility ratios were made between studies.ResultsOf 1840 identified publications, 13 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria describing 14 brief interventions. Studies varied widely in the methods used, such as the perspective of economic analysis, intervention effects and outcome measures. The incremental cost of moving an inactive person to an active state, estimated for eight studies, ranged from £96 to £986. The cost-utility was estimated in nine studies compared with usual care and varied from £57 to £14 002 per quality-adjusted life year; dominant to £6500 per disability-adjusted life year; and £15 873 per life years gained.ConclusionsBrief interventions promoting physical activity in primary care and the community are likely to be inexpensive compared with usual care. Given the commonly accepted thresholds, they appear to be cost-effective on the whole, although there is notable variation between studies.
Studying the time trend of Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) in Norway by use of non-stationary γ-Poisson distributions
Authors: Moxnes John F , Moen Aina E Fossum , Leegaard Truls Michael 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesStudy the time development of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and forecast future behaviour. The major question: Is the number of MRSA isolates in Norway increasing and will it continue to increase?DesignTime trend analysis using non-stationary γ-Poisson distributions.SettingTwo data sets were analysed. The first data set (data set I) consists of all MRSA isolates collected in Oslo County from 1997 to 2010; the study area includes the Norwegian capital of Oslo and nearby surrounding areas, covering approximately 11% of the Norwegian population. The second data set (data set II) consists of all MRSA isolates collected in Health Region East from 2002 to 2011. Health Region East consists of Oslo County and four neighbouring counties, and is the most populated area of Norway.ParticipantsBoth data sets I and II consist of all persons in the area and time period described in the Settings, from whom MRSA have been isolated.Primary and secondary outcome measuresMRSA infections have been mandatory notifiable in Norway since 1995, and MRSA colonisation since 2004. In the time period studied, all bacterial samples in Norway have been sent to a medical microbiological laboratory at the regional hospital for testing. In collaboration with the regional hospitals in five counties, we have collected all MRSA findings in the South-Eastern part of Norway over long time periods.ResultsOn an average, a linear or exponential increase in MRSA numbers was observed in the data sets. A Poisson process with increasing intensity did not capture the dispersion of the time series, but a γ-Poisson process showed good agreement and captured the overdispersion. The numerical model showed numerical internal consistency.ConclusionsIn the present study, we find that the number of MRSA isolates is increasing in the most populated area of Norway during the time period studied. We also forecast a continuous increase until the year 2017.
Assessment of mental health literacy using a multifaceted measure among a Chinese rural population
Authors: Yu Yu , Liu Zi-wei , Hu Mi , Liu Xi-guang , Liu Hui-ming , Yang Joyce P , Zhou Liang , Xiao Shui-yuan 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesThe present study aims to assess mental health literacy (MHL) using a standardised multifaceted 20-item instrument called Mental Health Knowledge Questionnaire (MHKQ) developed by the Chinese Ministry of Health, among a rural Chinese population.SettingFour villages in Liuyang county of Hunan province, China.ParticipantsThis was a cross-sectional study. A multistage cluster-sampling method was adopted, leading to a final sampling frame of 2377 residents aged 18–60 years from four villages of Liuyang county. Included in the study were residents aged 18–60 years living in their village for at least half a year; excluded were those not living in the areas during the research period, those with difficulty in communication due to serious physical or mental illness and those who were cognitively impaired or actively psychotic. Finally, 2052 participants completed the survey.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary outcome was correct response rate of the MHKQ; secondary outcome measures were association between sociodemographics and MHL, and association between MHL and health outcomes.ResultsCorrect response rates for the 20 MHKQ items ranged from 19% to 94%, with a mean rate of 58%. Younger age (r=−0.02, p<0.01), higher education (r: 1.38–2.69, p<0.01) and higher income (r=0.41, p<0.01), were independently associated with higher MHL. MHL was independently associated with self-rated general health (r=2.31, p<0.01), depression (r=−0.09, p<0.01) and anxiety (r=−0.07, p<0.05).ConclusionsMHL in the rural areas of Liuyang is lower than that reported in urban areas of China. There is much room for improvement with regard to MHL promotion in rural areas of China. Younger age, higher education and higher income are the three robust factors related to higher MHL, so cohort-specific educational intervention efforts may be indicated.
Finding the fifth intercostal space for chest drain insertion: guidelines and ultrasound
Authors: Bowness J S , Nicholls K , Kilgour P M , Ferris J , Whiten S , Parkin I , Mooney J , Driscoll P 
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesInternational guidelines exist for chest drain insertion and recommend identifying the fifth intercostal space or above, around the midaxillary line. In a recent study, applying these guidelines in cadavers risked insertion in the 6th intercostal space or below in 80% of cases. However, there are limitations of cadaveric studies and this investigation uses ultrasound to determine the intercostal space identified when applying these guidelines in healthy adult volunteers.MethodsOn each side of the chest wall in 31 volunteers, the position for drain insertion was identified using the European Trauma Course method, Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) method, British Thoracic Society's ‘safe triangle’ and the ‘traditional’ method of palpation. Ultrasound imaging was used to determine the relationship of the skin marks with the underlying intercostal spaces.ResultsFive methods were assessed on 60 sides. In contrast to the cadaveric study, 94% of skin marks lay over a safe intercostal space. However, the range of intercostal spaces found spanned the second to the seventh space. In 44% of women, the inferior boundary of the ‘safe triangle’ and the ATLS guidelines located the sixth intercostal space or below.ConclusionsCurrent guidelines often identify a safe site for chest drain insertion, although the same site is not reproducibly found. In addition, women appear to be at risk of subdiaphragmatic drain insertion when the nipple is used to identify the fifth intercostal space. Real-time ultrasonography can be used to confirm the intercostal space during this procedure, although a safe guideline is still needed for circumstances in which ultrasound is not possible.