bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overdracht van jaarlijkse vakantie bij ziekte: alle ambtenaren zijn gelijk, zelfs de EU-ambtenaren zijn niet langer (on)gelijker dan de ambtenaren van de lidstaten
Authors: De Becker Alexander 
Published: December 2014

Overdracht van jaarlijkse vakantie bij ziekte: alle ambtenaren zijn gelijk, zelfs de EU-ambtenaren zijn niet langer (on)gelijker dan de ambtenaren van de lidstaten
Het grondrecht op jaarlijkse vakantie impliceerde, volgens eerdere rechtspraak van het Hof van Justitie, ook een grondrecht op overdracht van door ziekte niet-opgenomen vakantiedagen op basis van hetgeen was bepaald in de Arbeidstijdenrichtlijn 2003/88. Dit recht op overdracht van jaarlijkse vakantie werd niettemin nog steeds ingeperkt in het statuut van de EU-ambtenaren. De heer Strack – EU-ambtenaar – vond dat hij niettemin aanspraak kon maken op de volledige overdracht van zijn door ziekte niet-opgenomen vakantiedagen. De Europese Commissie volgde zijn redenering echter niet omdat EU-ambtenaren niet rechtstreeks onder het toepassingsgebied van de Arbeidstijdenrichtlijn 2003/88 vallen. Het Gerecht voor ambtenarenzaken stelde de Commissie in het ongelijk, maar het Gerecht van eerste aanleg beslist dat de Commissie het wel bij het rechte eind had. Uiteindelijk oordeelde het Hof van Justitie, in het belang van de eenheid van de rechtspraak, dat de EU-ambtenaren ook aanspraak dienden te kunnen maken op de overdracht van hun door ziekte niet-opgenomen vakantiedagen. Het arrest van het Hof van Justitie staat in deze bijdrage centraal.
Ere wie ere toekomt
Authors: Althoff Martina 
Published: December 2014

Honour, violence and gender: a critical perspective
Honour, violence and masculinity are closely linked in traditional criminology, and are combined with an ethnic profile of the offender. This article discusses the conclusion of these assumptions as ethnocentric, but also as a simplification of the gendered idea of honour. Beliefs about honour, which are reduced to the male gender, and understood as conductive to crime, disregard insights regarding violent females, and awareness about the significance of honour in marginalized groups. Furthermore, this contribution discusses the supplementary value of a critical gender perspective, for discussion in criminology about honour and crime.
Actualiteiten geluid: twee jaar jurisprudentie SWUNG-1
Authors: Geerdink J.H. 
Published: December 2014

Actualiteiten geluid: twee jaar jurisprudentie SWUNG-1
Twee jaar geleden is de Wet modernisering instrumentarium geluidbeleid, geluidproductieplafonds in werking getreden. Daarbij is de Wet geluidhinder (Wgh) gewijzigd en hoofdstuk 11 Geluid aan de Wet milieubeheer (Wm) toegevoegd. Dit geheel aan regelgeving wordt aangeduid als SWUNG-1 (Samen Werken aan de Uitvoering van Nieuw Geluidbeleid, deel 1). Daarbij zijn geluidproductieplafonds ingevoerd in de Wm, de regels over geluidsbelastingkaarten en actieplannen van de Wgh overgeheveld naar de Wm en is de Wgh vereenvoudigd. Het is de eerste stap naar volledige integratie van de Wgh in de Wm. Dit artikel bevat een overzicht van de meest opvallende SWUNG-1-uitspraken van de afgelopen twee jaar.
Déclinaisons et figures ekphrastiques
Authors: Louvel Liliane 
Published: December 2014

Dans le prolongement de travaux antérieurs, l’auteure propose de thématiser la notion d’ekphrasis et ses modes particuliers de manifestation et de réalisation. En se référant à titre illustratif au roman House of Mirth d’Edith Wharton, elle définit ou affine le sens de notions centrales telles que l’« ekphrasis maïeutique », le « moment ekphrastique » et l’« ekphrasis monumentale ». Elle réfléchit en outre aux distinctions entre la description littéraire d’oeuvre « réelle » et la description d’oeuvre imaginaire, laquelle se rencontre notamment dans la « notional ekphrasis ». Les propositions qu’elle formule invitent à reconnaître l’amplitude intermédiale de l’ekphrasis, à en mesurer toute l’extension : du texte littéraire où elle se déploie jusqu’aux frontières de l’écrit sur l’art et de l’histoire de l’art qu’elle borde.
Toward the Decolonization of African Literature, « that now-classic manifesto of African cultural nationalism »
Authors: Ofoego Obioma 
Published: December 2014

Ce texte se propose d’analyser la problématique de la construction d’un sujet collectif (noir, africain, pan-africain), qui est au centre du manifeste littéraire Toward the Decolonization of African Literature : African Fiction and Poetry and Their Critics (1980), de la troïka igbo Chinweizu, Onwuchekwa Jemie et Ihechukwu Madubuike. Il s’agira de réfléchir sur la compatibilité entre l’ambition de ce projet et les stratégies prescriptives du manifeste, dont découle une esthétique « africaine ».
Terrestrial Salamander Abundances along and within an Electric Power Line Right-of-Way
Authors: Brannon M. Patrick , Allan Emily C. , Silinski Matthew C. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractElectric power line right-of-ways (ROWs) are a relatively understudied form of disturbance in otherwise continuous forested habitats in the southern Appalachian Mountains. At a study site within the Nantahala National Forest, Macon County, NC, we performed repeated daytime searches of natural cover objects and nighttime visual surveys within a ROW and at 15-m intervals up to 50 m into the adjacent forest to examine potential edge effects on the abundances of terrestrial salamanders. Data on a variety of microhabitat features were also collected during each sampling period, but no discernable edge effect was observed. Sunlight intensity was greater and leaf litter thinner in the ROW as compared to the adjacent forest, but no other habitat variable differed significantly. We found 218 surface-active salamanders at night and 21 beneath rotting logs during the day representing five species. Relative abundances of salamanders were similar between the ROW and the forest and did not demonstrate any significant variation with increasing distance from the edge. No salamanders were found in the ROW during the day beneath rotting logs, and those found at night were large adults. Salamanders persisting in ROWs appear to rely on availability of burrows. Although the narrowness of the canopy gaps and associated habitat features in power line right-of-ways appear to mitigate microclimate, mobility of salamanders in such areas may be restricted.
Acidic Seawater can Promote Larval Metamorphosis in the Marine Mud Snail, Nassarius obsoletus
Authors: Leise Esther M. , Washburn Jeremy T. , Long Joshua , Bridgewater Brandi , Shah Nishant 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 have had the unintended effect of acidifying the world's oceans by at least 0.1 pH unit since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Current models of the effects of continued CO2 release anticipate a further increase in ocean acidity by 0.14 to 0.4 pH units by the end of this century. Numerous marine organisms with calcareous shells or exoskeletons are expected to undergo deleterious effects, including shell or exoskeletal dissolution or calcification with increased metabolic costs. While many studies have documented potential effects of ocean acidity on adult calcareous organisms, less work has focused on embryonic or developmental changes. Alterations in ocean biochemistry can affect metabolic processes beyond calcification, and our investigations into the development of the local intertidal mudsnail, Nassarius obsoletus, led us to hypothesize that rising ocean acidity would increase incidents of larval shell decalcification, decrease larval growth rates, and induce precocious metamorphosis. As an initial study of potential effects of future acidic conditions on larval N. obsoletus, we raised larvae in seawater adjusted to lower than normal pH levels with hydrochloric acid (HCl), measured larval growth every 5 days in 15 randomly selected individuals from each culture, and conducted experiments on larval metamorphosis in physiologically competent larvae. We found no major trend in growth patterns of larvae from pH 8.2 to 7.7. However, results from a number of pharmacological experiments demonstrated that larvae grown in acidic conditions metamorphose more readily than controls. Our investigations are far from a definitive exploration of the effects of oceanic acidity on the development of this marine mollusc, but our data suggest that key developmental processes in marine invertebrates may be influenced in unexpected ways by continued climatic changes.
Enhanced removal of groundwater‐borne nitrate in heterogeneous aquatic sediments
Authors: Sawyer A. H. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAnthropogenic nitrate loads to rivers and coasts deteriorate coastal water quality. The primary sink for nitrate is denitrification in aquatic sediments. Here I show that nitrate removal rates in upwelling groundwater are as much as 60 times more efficient in heterogeneous than equivalent homogeneous aquatic sediments, even when travel times are the same. Coupled flow and reactive transport simulations were used to quantify the removal of groundwater‐borne nitrate in aquatic sediments with sand and silt structures that represent infilled burrows, rip‐up clasts, or other core‐scale features. In silt structures with greater organic carbon content and microbial biomass, aerobic respiration consumes oxygen, creating localized zones of denitrification that would not otherwise exist in homogeneous sediments. While hot spots of denitrification have previously been shown to form in organic‐rich aggregates in soils and sediments, this study is the first to quantify their potentially large influence on groundwater‐borne nitrate loads to surface waters.
Traveling slippery patches produce thickness‐scale folds in ice sheets
Authors: Wolovick Michael J. , Creyts Timothy T. , Buck W. Roger , Bell Robin E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLarge, complex stratigraphic folds that rise as high as 60% of the local ice thickness have been observed in ice sheets on Antarctica and Greenland. Here we show that ice deformation caused by heterogeneous and time‐variable basal sliding can produce the observed structures. We do this using a thermomechanical ice sheet model in which sliding occurs when the base approaches the melting point and slippery patches develop. These slippery patches emerge and travel downstream because of a feedback between ice deformation, vertical flow, and temperature. Our model produces the largest overturned structures, comparable to observations, when the patches move at about the ice column velocity. We conclude that the history of basal slip conditions is recorded in the ice sheet strata. These basal conditions appear to be dynamic and heterogeneous even in the slow‐flowing interior regions of large ice sheets.
Explanatory Notes – General
Authors: Wittekind Ch. , Henson D. E. , Hutter R. V. P. , Sobin L. H. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
TNM Supplement. A Commentary on Uniform Use, Fourth Edition, extends and clarifies the most recent version of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, providing a monograph that amplifies and unifies the principles and practice of cancer staging. The TNM (Tumour‐Node‐Metastasis) classification remains the most widely employed system for staging of cancer and the anatomic extent of disease represented by the TNM system is the most important predictor of outcome for most tumours.
This chapter provides additional explanatory information for the general application of TNM providing more precise definitions for the general rules of the TNM system, definition of anatomical sites/ subsites, regional lymph nodes and T, N, and M categories that are generic or ambiguous.
Optional Proposals for Testing New Telescopic Ramifications of
TNM
Authors: Wittekind Ch. , Henson D. E. , Hutter R. V. P. , Sobin L. H. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In this chapter, various proposals for optional subdivision of the existing T, N and M categories, i.e., “telescopic” ramification, are presented. Telescoping accommodates the collection of additional data without altering the definitions of the existing TNM categories.

The concept of telescoping permits an orderly expansion of TNM elements to allow for

testing of subcategories for prognosis and

treatment planning considerations.

Telescoping accommodates “splitters” and “lumpers”, permits data from expansions to collapse into the standard categories and promotes testing of new hypotheses uniformly in different centres.
The editors recognize that staging has to be simple enough for universal use in both highly developed and developing countries and sufficiently uncomplicated so that medical professionals are not discouraged from using the system. On the other hand, for specialized institutions and for investigational purposes a relatively simple staging system is not sufficient and runs the risk of not being used. For these specialized institutions the TNM system may be made more attractive by further subdivision of the existing categories (telescopic ramification) and by including additional descriptors.

The proposals for subdivisions and additional designations in this section are presented for investigational use and are
entirely optional
. Some proposals relate to subclassifications of M1 and are of interest to oncologists. Justification for each proposal is given based on published data or clinical experience.
Increasing the Reactivity of Amides towards Organometallic Reagents: An Overview
Authors: Pace Vittorio , Holzer Wolfgang , Olofsson Berit 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe nucleophilic addition of carbon nucleophiles to amides has traditionally been a difficult task, both due to reactivity and selectivity problems. When successful, these processes would represent straightforward routes towards carbonyl‐type or amine compounds, depending on the fate of the generated tetrahedral intermediate. The direct addition of nucleophiles to amides for the preparation of ketones has been studied and applied to the syntheses of several natural products. On the other hand, the addition of nucleophiles to amides to obtain substituted amines represented a major challenge, and only scattered applications on particular substrates have appeared. Initial improvements were based on the activation of amides by introduction of particular substituents, such as in N‐methoxy amides (Weinreb amides) or electron‐withdrawing groups able to increase the carbon nucleophilicity. Although these strategies facilitate the introduction of nucleophiles, chemoselectivity issues arise when additional electrophilic moieties (i.e., carbonyls) are present, thus decreasing the versatility of the methods. In recent years, important advancements towards fully chemoselective methods have been realized. The capture of tetrahedral intermediates with acids generates highly electrophilic iminium species able to undergo chemoselective additions of various nucleophiles, thus accessing substituted amines. Alternatively, the in situ generation of an iminium triflate ion allows highly chemoselective additions of nucleophiles, yielding amines, ketones or ketimines. Also thioamides can be used as precursors of ketones or α‐substituted amines. The success of the above methodologies is further showcased by the application in various syntheses of natural products or biologically active molecules.magnified image
3‐Alkyloxycyclobutanones as Useful Synthons for Heterocycle and Carbocycle Synthesis
Authors: Chen Shi , Shan Gang , Nie Pengju , Rao Yu 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSubstituted 3‐alkyloxycyclobutanones are highly valuable intermediates in organic synthesis, which demonstrate interesting and rich reactivity in different types of reactions due to the strain energy. Under Lewis acid catalysis, 3‐alkyloxycyclobutanones can form zwitterionic intermediates and participate in a series of cycloaddition reactions as three‐ or four‐carbon synthons. This Focus Review will mainly discuss formal [4+2], [3+2], and [3+3] annulations as well as other types of transformations with 3‐alkyloxycyclobutanones.
Integrating cortisol and isotopic analyses of archeological hair: Reconstructing individual experiences of health and stress
Authors: Webb Emily C. , White Christine D. , Van Uum Stan , Longstaffe Fred J. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTArcheological hair from 14 adults from the Nasca Region, Peru (c. AD1–1000) was analyzed for carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions and cortisol levels. We investigated the relationship between isotopic compositions, which reflect diet, and cortisol, which reflects biogenic cortisol production and chronic stress. Using a case study approach, we determined that there are consistent changes in cortisol production associated with the rapid dietary change characteristic of local mobility. Moreover, changes in nitrogen‐ and carbon‐isotope compositions, when integrated with cortisol levels, enabled inferences to be made about nitrogen metabolism and carbon routing, and elucidated the nature of potential stressors in the months before death. The isotopic and cortisol data suggested a relatively high rate of exposure to stress that is consistent with what is known about the Nasca Region social and physical environments. Of the 14 adults included in this study, six likely suffered from illness/trauma before death, and a further three experienced stress without an observable associated change in isotopic composition. Five individuals also experienced increased stress related to local mobility, inferred from co‐occurring changes in cortisol production and dietary shifting. The integration of cortisol and isotopic data revealed individual characteristics of hidden frailty and risk that would not be apparent using more traditional methods of evaluating health status. This approach will provide a powerful enhancement to the understanding of stress, morbidity, and well‐being developed through skeletal analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:577–594, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tuning Riboswitch‐Mediated Gene Regulation by Rational Control of Aptamer Ligand Binding Properties
Authors: Rode Ambadas B. , Endoh Tamaki , Sugimoto Naoki 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRiboswitch‐mediated control of gene expression depends on ligand binding properties (kinetics and affinity) of its aptamer domain. A detailed analysis of interior regions of the aptamer, which affect the ligand binding properties, is important for both understanding natural riboswitch functions and for enabling rational design of tuneable artificial riboswitches. Kinetic analyses of binding reaction between flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and several natural and mutant aptamer domains of FMN‐specific riboswitches were performed. The strong dependence of the dissociation rate (52.6‐fold) and affinity (100‐fold) on the identities of base pairs in the aptamer stem suggested that the stem region, which is conserved in length but variable in base‐pair composition and context, is the tuning region of the FMN‐specific aptamer. Synthetic riboswitches were constructed based on the same aptamer domain by rationally modifying the tuning regions. The observed 9.31‐fold difference in the half‐maximal effective concentration (EC50) corresponded to a 11.6‐fold difference in the dissociation constant (KD) of the aptamer domains and suggested that the gene expression can be controlled by rationally adjusting the tuning regions.
Nanoribbon‐Structured Organo Zinc Phosphite Polymorphs with White‐Light Photoluminescence
Authors: Huang Hui‐Lin , Wang Sue‐Lein 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe first neutral organo zinc phosphites composed of 2.8 nm‐wide ribbons were obtained in pure phases and exhibit near‐white‐light photoluminescence (PL). By using the “mesitylene strategy”, interesting polymorphism in the system of NTHU‐14 was discovered. The S‐shaped ribbons are arranged into R and L arrays, resulting in RLR and RRR stacking for two polymorphs. π–π interactions exist within each array and hydrogen bonding between adjacent arrays. Besides a common ligand‐based emission band at 410 nm, the PL curves of polymorphs 14‐α and 14‐β are distinctly different: 14‐α gave a defect‐based emission at 565 nm, whereas 14‐β primarily shows a π‐excimer‐based emission at 535 nm. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data disclosed that radical species exist in the reaction and that the two phases were growing from different environments. Based on these results, the origin of the 565 nm band can be ascribed to lattice defects, and one possible cause of 14‐β not showing noticeable yellow emission is identified.
Wettability‐Regulated Extracellular Electron Transfer from the Living Organism of Shewanella loihica PV‐4
Authors: Ding Chun‐mei , Lv Mei‐ling , Zhu Ying , Jiang Lei , Liu Huan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractC‐type cytochromes located on the outer membrane (OMCs) of genus Shewanella act as the main redox‐active species to mediate extracellular electron transfer (EET) from the inside of the outer membrane to the external environment: the central challenge that must be met for successful EET. The redox states of OMCs play a crucial role in dictating the rate and extent of EET. Here, we report that the surface wettability of the electrodes strongly influences the EET activity of living organisms of Shewanella loihica PV‐4 at a fixed external potential: the EET activity on a hydrophilic electrode is more than five times higher than that on a hydrophobic one. We propose that the redox state of OMCs varies significantly at electrodes with different wettability, resulting in different EET activities.
Heteroatom‐embedded Medium‐Sized Cycloalkynes: Concise Synthesis, Structural Analysis, and Reactions
Authors: Ni Runyan , Mitsuda Naoto , Kashiwagi Takeru , Igawa Kazunobu , Tomooka Katsuhiko 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA variety of medium‐sized cycloalkynes were efficiently synthesized by the double Nicholas reaction of cobalt complex and bis(hetero)substituted acyclic compound. The alkyne moiety within the ring has a unique bent structure and high reactivity toward cycloaddition reactions. Furthermore, preparation of multifunctionalized alkynes was achieved by embedding the cycloalkyne within a peptide chain.