bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE KUWAIT NATIONAL CONTINGENCY PLAN IN ACTION
Authors: Al-Nakib Namir A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The implementation of a contingency plan in an exercise differs enormously from reality. The paper will discuss what is practiced in an exercise and relate it to an actual incident, detailing the differences between the exercise and the real incident. Problems can arise from where they are least expected and may jeopardize the preparations made beforehand.
OIL SPILL INCIDENTS AND DISPERSANT APPLICATIONS IN KUWAIT
Authors: Al-Mazidi Salah M. , Samhan Omar 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since the discovery of oil in Kuwait, most oil-related activities have been located along the coastline 50 km south of Kuwait City. Other related industrial activities have been developed in this area apart from oil and petroleum products export in order to diversify the national sources of income. For these reasons, the potential for large oil spills in Kuwait's marine environment is highest along the south coast, where oil refineries and exporting facilities are located. An average of 219 barrels of oil were spilled annually between 1979 and 1985, and 2,100 gallons of dispersants were used in cleanup operations. The majority of incidents involved less than 5 barrels of oil and 500 gallons of dispersants. Incidents involving more than 100 barrels of oil and 5,000 gallons of dispersants were confined to the Sea Island and Mina Al-Ahmadi North and South Piers. This distribution undoubtedly affects the concentration of petroleum residues in various components of the marine environment, resulting in an increase in tar ball density along this coast, reaching a maximum at Ras Az-Zor, and significantly higher levels of vanadium and petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments and oysters collected south of Mina Al-Ahmadi.
The objective of this paper is to report on the number, volume, and frequency distribution of oil spill incidents in Kuwait and the usage of dispersants in cleanup operations. Vanadium and petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations also are described as is the sensitivity of the southern coastal environment to oil spills. Recommendations have been made on how to conduct cleanup operations for any future oil spill incidents along the southern shoreline of Kuwait.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE ARCO ANCHORAGE OIL SPILL, PORT ANGELES, WASHINGTON1
Authors: Lindstedt-Siva June , Chamberlain Dilworth W. , Mancini Eugene R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On December 21, 1985, the tanker Arco Anchorage ran aground in Port Angeles Harbor. Approximately 5,960 bbl (239,000 gal) of Alaska North Slope crude oil were released from two gashes in the ship's hull. Weather conditions permitted the effective operation of containment booms and skimmers. Once the vessel was secured, first priority during the response was protection of environmentally sensitive areas to the east of the spill site, including a National Wildlife Refuge with large populations of marine birds, fishes, and invertebrates. Heaviest shoreline contamination was on Ediz Hook in Port Angeles Harbor, but oil was observed as far east as Dungeness Bay and as far west as Neah Bay. Approximately 2,000 seabirds were known to be oiled during the spill. Removal of oiled debris was a successful cleanup strategy for all beaches except Ediz Hook, and concentrations of oil in the sediments returned to background levels within weeks. Oil penetrated into coarse sediments at the most heavily oiled sites on Ediz Hook. A unique cleanup method incorporating a combination of physical agitation and high-pressure water jets was devised to remove most of the entrained oil. Concentrations of oil in these sediments and biological recruitment are being monitored. Recommendations are made to further reduce the environmental impacts of such incidents.
EFFECT OF INFAUNAL BURROW STRUCTURE ON OIL PENETRATION INTO SEDIMENTS
Authors: Howard S. , Little D. I. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The presence of an infaunal burrow structure facilitated the penetration of a medium fuel oil mousse into subsurface sediments to a greater depth than similar sediments lacking a burrow structure (destroyed by digging). The increased penetration of oil appeared to be related to better drainage characteristics resulting from the burrow structure. Oil was found to penetrate burrows of all sizes down to at least 1 mm diameter. Penetration of oil into the burrows occurred within 24 hours and was accompanied by a decrease in feeding rate of the lugworm Arenicola marina, although there were no detectable toxic effects of the oil on the small-sized infaunal community during the one-month experiment. Depending on the toxic properties of the oil, reworking of oiled sediments by the infauna may return oil to the surface, thus promoting degradation.
RELATIONSHIP OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA GROWTH TO SEDIMENT OIL CONTENT FOLLOWING AN OIL SPILL
Authors: Alexander Steve K. , Webb James W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A single spill of crude oil in a salt marsh is generally considered to have limited biological effects. A crude oil spill in Dickinson Bayou (in the Galveston Bay system of Texas) in January 1984 provided the opportunity to test this hypothesis in salt marshes exposed to varying amounts of oil. Growth of Spartina alterniflora was unaffected in light to moderately oiled sediments (less than 5 mg oil/g sediment). However, growth was significantly reduced in sediments with high oil content (5 to 51 mg/g) through 18 months. Erosion of shoreline areas with high oil content was evident by 16 months and continued through 32 months. These results demonstrate the adverse effect of high concentrations of crude oil in salt marsh sediments. Each crude oil spill must be evaluated individually with regard to the likelihood of significant accumulation of oil in sediments before a decision is made regarding a cleanup response.
REGIONAL RESPONSE TEAM-HOSTED PUBLIC FORUM FOR SHELL OIL SPILL, SAN FRANCISCO BAY
Authors: Shimmin Kathleen G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On April 22 and 23, 1988, Shell Oil Company spilled more than 400,000 gallons of crude oil into northern San Francisco Bay from its refinery in Martinez, California. The resulting contamination of more than 11 miles of shoreline, marshes, beaches, and marinas attracted widespread public interest and extended investigation by governmental agencies and elected officials, as the cleanup extended for many weeks. The regional response team (RRT) was asked to host two public forums to present a unified governmental perspective on the incident and to give the public a chance to comment and express ideas for restoration and mitigation measures. This paper describes how this process was carried out and makes observations on the importance of the SPCC program. Reviewing a regional response to a discharge is a possible RRT activity described in the National Contingency Plan. This effort presents an opportunity for the RRT to solicit public views for use in its evaluation process.
USING OIL SPILL DISPERSANTS ON THE SEA
Authors: Butler James N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Primary consideration in this critical review was given to treating oil spills at sea with the intent of reducing the environmental impact of that oil if it should reach the shore. The general conclusions reached were:In carefully planned and monitored laboratory and sea tests, oil has been effectively dispersed; but at many field tests and at accidental spills, reported effectiveness has been low—perhaps because of poor targeting and distribution of aerial sprays, because the oils were too viscous to be dispersable, or the observations of effectiveness were inconclusive.The acute lethal toxicities of dispersant formulations currently in use are usually lower than those of the more volatile and soluble fractions of crude oils and their refined products; hence the toxicity of dispersed oil is due primarily to the oil and not to the dispersant.Sublethal effects of dispersed oil observed in the laboratory occur in most cases at concentrations comparable to or higher than those expected in the water column during treatment of an oil slick at sea (1 to 10 ppm) but seldom at concentrations less than are found several hours after treatment (less than 1 ppm). Since the times of exposure in the laboratory are much longer than predicted exposures during slick dispersal at sea (one to three hours), the effects would be correspondingly less.In open waters, organisms on the surface will be less affected by dispersed oil than by an oil slick, but organisms in the upper water column will experience greater exposure to oil components if the oil is dispersed. In shallow habitats with poor water circulation, benthic organisms will be more immediately affected by dispersed than untreated oil. Long-term effects of dispersed oil on some habitats, such as mangroves, are less, and the habitat recovers faster if the oil is dispersed before it reaches that area.Because the principal benefit of dispersant use is to prevent oil stranding on sensitive shorelines, and because dispersability of oil decreases rapidly with weathering, prompt response is essential.
EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION ON INDUSTRIAL WATER INTAKES1
Authors: Nichols J. A. , Parker H. D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spills in coastal waters sometimes give rise to concerns that oil may become entrained in the seawater intakes of power stations, desalination units, and other industrial plants. This paper reviews the findings of an investigation, undertaken by the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation and Sir M. MacDonald & Partners, on the effects of oil pollution on water-cooled electricity-generating stations and desalination plants using multistage flash distillation and reverse osmosis. The various components that could be contaminated by oil are described and, using case studies wherever possible, the effects on equipment, heat transfer surfaces, and potable water are discussed. Finally considered are various methods of minimizing the impact of oil and financial implications of oil contamination for the different types of industrial plant.
RISK ASSESSMENT: TOOLS FOR REDUCING LIABILITY FROM UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
Authors: Tucker William A. , Hearne Frank L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Although regulations are being implemented at federal, state, and local levels, many major oil companies have decided to do even more than is required by law to prevent leaks from underground storage tanks (USTs). On the other hand, regulatory agencies directing cleanup of contaminated sites may demand restoration that goes beyond reasonable concerns for protection of public health and the environment. These cross-currents indicate that simply complying with applicable codes and regulations may not be an adequate strategy for cost-effectively reducing the risks of handling light refined products.
To control risks, it is important first to understand them. Risk assessment is useful before a leak occurs as well as after. Before the leak occurs, risk assessment requires estimates of the probability of release as well as the likely consequences (damages). Techniques are presented that can be useful to managers of a large number of tanks or insurance underwriters to assess risks and prioritize risk reduction measures. Ultimately, these procedures could be used to determine an appropriate budget for tank upgrade programs.
After a leak, and armed with detailed site assessment data, relatively precise estimates of toxic risks are possible. More realistic risk estimates are possible for refined petroleum product losses than are possible at many hazardous waste sites because of the relatively homogeneous and predictable properties of refined products. Field-verified predictive techniques that can be used to support defensible risk estimates are reviewed. Cost-effective strategies for collecting data required to support risk assessment and remediation of contaminated sites are stressed.
Risks can be mitigated to generally acceptable levels at some sites even if contamination substantially exceeds federal maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). At other sites, remediation to lower levels would be advisable.
Use of Dispersants in the United States: Perception or Reality?
Authors: Cunningham John M. , Sahatjian Karen A. , Meyers Chris , Yoshioka Gary , Jordan Julie M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Dispersants have been a controversial oil spill response technique since their introduction during the Torrey Canyon oil spill off the coast of the United Kingdom in 1967. Despite reductions in the toxicity of dispersants and improvements in their application since then, dispersants have not been used extensively in the United States because of logistical difficulties, unfavorable weather conditions, and a lack of demonstrated effectiveness during actual spill conditions. In addition, there is a widely held perception in the United States that dispersant use has been limited by complex authorization procedures.
This paper reviews the dispersant policies of several European nations and Canada and compares them with those of the United States. Recent developments in U. S. dispersant policy are outlined, particularly those designed to expedite decision making. The paper concludes by examining some recent U. S. oil spills in which dispersant use was considered.
Dispersant use for Tropical Nearshore Waters: Jamaica
Authors: Thorhaug Anitra , Anderson Marcel , Teas Howard J. , Carby Barbara , Reese Richard , Aiken Karl , Walker Wendy , Miller Beverly , Gordon Valerie , McFarlane John , Sidrak George , Rodriquez Mike , McDonald Franklin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Jamaica's shoreline is at the intersection of five major petroleum tanker shipping routes, and is a cargo transshipment point for the Caribbean. The natural coastline resources are valuable economically, with two-thirds of exchange dollars coming through tourism associated with beaches, clear waters, coral reefs, and nearshore fishing. The most thorough examination of the feasibility of using dispersants ever carried out in a developing nation has been undertaken. Dispersant toxicity of various species of critical matrix organisms has been carried out with an array of 12 dispersants. Corals, fish, seagrasses, and mangroves were tested. Toxic dispersants and three very low toxicity compounds were identified at concentrations ten times those likely to occur and ten times longer exposures. Thus, a safety factor was built in. A sensitivity map of the coastline was constructed. Simulations of “near-miss” tanker accidents were done manually with disperse and nondisperse options. A policy study of European and North American dispersant use was undertaken by the Office of Disaster Preparedness, the Coast Guard and the Oil Spill Committee. A draft policy was prepared for nontoxic dispersant use. The recommendations for use of nontoxic dispersants—with primarily coral reef and fish sensitivity as paramount concerns—are Cold Clean, Corexit 9550 and Finasol OSR7. Several European nations also have approved lists with Corexit 9550 (or allied products) and Finasol OSR-7. A computer simulation of all potential occurrences is the future goal.
Personal Computer Oil Spill Response Model: Canadian Beaufort Sea
Authors: Jayko Katherine , Spaulding Malcolm L. , Howlett Eoin , Knauss Will , Isaji Tatsu , Anderson Eric L. , Goodman Ronald , McKenzie Bruce 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An oil spill response model, configured for operation on a personal computer, was developed for the Canadian Beaufort Sea (in the Mackenzie Bay-Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula area) for a consortium of oil companies operating in the region. The spill model predicts the drift, spread, evaporation, dispersion, emulsification, and shoreline interaction of spilled oil in ice-infested waters. Wind conditions and ice distribution data are input by the user. Currents are provided by a three-dimensional, fine-grid hydrodynamic model of the study region forced by river flow and wind. The spill model allows the user to reinitialize the spill location based on observations and to simulate either instantaneous or continuous spill scenarios. The model predicts the spill's trajectory, the areal distribution of the oil slick, the oiled shoreline, and the oil mass balance as a function of time. Model output is provided on a color ink printer or a color graphics monitor.
Coast Guard Research and Development for the 1990s1
Authors: Jensen Donald S. , Tebeau Peter A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Over the past 20 years, the U. S. Coast Guard pursued an extensive R&D effort in oil spill response technology, producing a number of systems that have defined the current state of the art. In the mid-1980s, the R&D effort was scaled back due to declining national emphasis, and to its reaching a point of diminishing returns. Following the Exxon Valdez and several other catastrophic spills, the Coast Guard began reexamining the mission needs and technology to formulate a revitalized R&D effort for the 1990s. Workshops were held within the Coast Guard and with other federal agencies and industry, to identify spill response needs and R&D efforts that would support those needs. Several technology assessment efforts are currently underway. Based on these workshops and technology assessments, a five-year R&D program has been developed. The elements of this program are described in detail, including plans for cooperative efforts with other agencies, other countries, and industry.
VESSEL RESPONSE PLAN REQUIREMENTS: OBSERVATIONS BY INTERTANKO
Authors: Corbett Charles R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. government has elected to proceed unilaterally with respect to oil spill response plans for vessels—despite the fact that it is party to two important treaties which support a globally unified system. While the timetable for implementing the vessel response plans required by U. S. legislation moves forward for tanker owners, the U. S. executive branch has not kept pace by providing badly needed guidelines—demanded by the same legislation. Of particular importance are the failure of revisions to the U. S. National Contingency Plan, area contingency plans, and oil spill cleanup contractor approval procedures and guidelines to appear.
OYSTERS AS BIOMONITORS OF THE APEX BARGE OIL SPILL
Authors: Wade Terry L. , Jackson Thomas J. , McDonald Thomas J. , Wilkinson Dan L. , Brooks James M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The collision of the Greek tanker ship Shinoussa resulted in a spill of an estimated 692,000 gallons of catalytic feed stock oil into Galveston Bay on July 28, 1990. Oysters were collected from Galveston Bay Todds Dump (GBTD) 235 days previous to the spill and 6, 37, 132, and 495 days after the spill. Oysters were also collected from Galveston Bay Redfish Island (GBRI), a site known to be impacted by the spill, 37 and 110 days after the spill. The concentration of the 24 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) measured for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's national status and trends program (NS&T) site showed a sharp increase from about 100 ng/g to over 600 ng/g one week after the spill compared to concentrations 235 days previous to the spill. The concentration of the 24 NS&T PAH in oysters from GBRI ranges from 400 to over 1000 ng/g. Soon after the spill the concentration of the 24 NS&T PAH at Todds Dump decreased to levels not statistically different from pre-spill samples. However, analyses of alkylated and sulfur containing aromatic compounds indicate the oysters were still contaminated with Apex barge oil at least 37 and 110 days after the spill at GBTD and GBRI, respectively. Data from NS&T sampling at GBTD more than a year after the spill (495 days) indicates the presence of alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons that may be from Apex barge oil still in the area. It appears that a sink of Apex barge oil (i. e., in sediments) may periodically be released by storms or other events into the ecosystem near GBTD. Therefore, bioavailable Apex barge oil is still present and may adversely affect oysters 495 days after the spill.
NATURAL DISPERSION OF OIL BY DIFFERENT SOURCES OF TURBULENCE
Authors: Delvigne Gerard A.L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An earlier laboratory investigation by the author led to the acquisition of quantitative data on natural dispersion due to breaking waves, in terms of dispersion rate, droplet size distribution, and intrusion depth of the droplets in the water column. The present paper demonstrates that the relationships derived and empirical data can be applied to other dispersion sources as well. As found with breaking waves, these other dispersion sources must consist of a short-duration plunging process hitting the surface oil parcel. The following dispersion sources which apparently fulfill the requirement are discussed: flow over a dam, a cataract with a hydraulic jump, fast flow around an obstacle, and a ship sailing through an oil slick.
FEDERAL NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR RELEASES OF OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Authors: Hostage Barbara , Perry Gerain 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Federal notification requirements represent the first step in ensuring that the federal government is available to provide valuable oversight, resources, and expertise during responses to potentially dangerous releases of oil or hazardous substances into the environment. Beginning with the Clean Water Act of 1970 (CWA), and followed by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA), and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA), Congress has enacted provisions that direct responsible parties to notify cognizant federal, state, and local authorities as soon as possible about releases of oil or other substances that may pose a hazard to public health, welfare, or the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has had primary responsibility for developing reporting triggers that ensure that potentially dangerous releases are reported promptly, but at the same time do not overwhelm federal, state, and local response organizations with notifications to which they rarely, if ever, would respond. The agency is working constantly to clarify, streamline, and reduce any unnecessary burden. It also works to respond to concerns raised by the general public, industry, and Congress, and to eliminate inconsistencies and to ensure efficient and effective protection of public health, welfare, and the environment.
TEXSONDE '94—RADAR MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE CURRENTS FOR OIL SPILL MODELING
Authors: Hodgins Donald O. , Giammona Charles , Martin Robert , LaBelle Robert , Goodman Ronald 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The SeaSonde 12.5 MHz radar was used to measure surface currents offshore Galveston for a one month period (March 1994). The radar generally performed well when sited with open beach exposure; however, data return was found to vary with wind direction, which led to occasional reductions in the total coverage area. Although useful for input directly to oil spill models, the utility of the radar current data could be improved through assimilation into hydrodynamic flow models.
JIN SHIANG FA CASE STUDY: WHAT COULD HAVE BEEN DONE?
Authors: Capune William K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On October 14, 1993, the fishing vessel Jin Shiang Fa grounded at Rose Atoll with 100,000 gallons of fuel on board. Rose Atoll is one of the most pristine atolls in the world. Due to its extreme remoteness, responders had very limited options and were unable to recover any fuel. Six weeks after the grounding, a salvage vessel arrived on scene and found the Jin Shiang Fa completely destroyed by a storm, and a third of the reef dead. No response expense was spared. Yet no fuel was ever recovered. When traditional response methods are not feasible, alternative options should be considered.