bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
δ15N natural abundance may directly disclose perturbed soil when related to C:N ratio
Authors: Conen Franz , Yakutin Mikhail V. , Carle Nina , Alewell Christine 
Published: April 2013

RATIONALENatural abundance δ15N values in soil samples analysed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) are often used to confirm a perturbation after it has been indicated by other parameters. We propose a concept of how δ15N values may a priori indicate a perturbation.METHODSWe analysed the δ15N values and C:N ratios of 102 soil samples from five regions in northern Eurasia by using an elemental analyser coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer.RESULTSUnperturbed samples ranged in δ15N values from –4.8 to 9.7 ‰ and in C:N ratio from 6.4 to 48.1. The δ15N values were linearly proportional to the inverse of the square root of the C:N ratio (R2 = 0.79). At any particular C:N ratio, 94 % of the δ15N values of the unperturbed samples were within ±2.4 ‰, but 72 % of perturbed samples had values outside this range.CONCLUSIONSThe δ15N natural abundance values, when related to the C:N ratios, may readily indicate perturbation of soil N cycling prior to other, more demanding investigations into related processes and extend the current use of IRMS in ecosystem research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Religion and Sustainable Development: Analysing the Connections
Authors: Narayanan Yamini 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTReligion's role in development has generally been viewed with suspicion, if not indifference, in scholarly and institutional concerns with development planning and policy. The last two decades, however, mark a departure, with a burgeoning interest in religion as a category of analysis in development studies. In this paper, I address the religion–sustainable development nexus specifically, and argue that religion – for both its constructive and destructive potential – must be considered in the sustainable development agenda. Specifically, I identify three ways in which religion may play an important role in enabling sustainable development – through its values, through its potential for social and ecological activism and in the realm of self‐development. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Pick Simply the Best: Sustainable Development is About Radical Analysis and Selective Synthesis, not About Old Wine in New Bottles
Authors: Spangenberg Joachim H. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTFor sustainable development, accepting limits is one of the two guiding principles identified by the Brundtland Commission (the other one being satisfying human needs). This can be achieved by slimming an economy, limiting the total amount of resources it consumes. While stabilizing resource consumption at the present levels seems to be a minor challenge, dematerializing the economy sufficiently to allow for equitable consumption of all the Earth's citizens, while reducing environmental pressures significantly, is a major challenge.A means to implement this could be a cap to resource use, combined with access allocation mechanisms not specified in this paper. With a depreciation of the input volumes, the result would be a change in the economic dynamics, and in the very functioning of the respective society and economy. Distribution issues would gain prominence, social security would be a key concern, private property would need to be complemented by a more efficient method of product use such as product sharing, and corporate ownership structures might change significantly.It has been questioned whether such a resource‐limited economy could still be a market‐driven one. By identifying some of the objections as based not on reality but on methodological flaws of economic theory, it can be shown that a market economy can survive such transformations, albeit with the need to complement it by other allocation mechanisms.The resulting society might still be called a capitalist one; it would significantly differ from current capitalism, but not resemble past socialist economies. Rather than categorizing it as one or the other, or than deriving new ‘‐isms’, the discussion should focus on the practical means to pursue the sustainable transformation of our societies and economies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Advanced Solute Conservation Equations for Dendritic Solidification Processes Part I: Experiments and Theory
Authors: El‐Bealy Mostafa Omar 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe macrosegregation formed in dendritic equiaxed structure during early stages of solidification of Al‐4.5%Cu alloy has been studied by experimental work and by metallurgical study of cast samples taken from the experimental work. An experimental work was conducted to study the coupled effect of natural convection streams, interdendritic strain and mushy permeability of Al‐4.5%Cu aluminum alloy solidified in horizontal rectangular parallelepiped cavity at different superheats. The metallurgical study includes macro‐microstructure evaluation, measurements of grain size of equiaxed crystals and macrosegregation analysis. This study shows that the level of surface segregation exhibiting as positive segregation varies with superheat whereas the rest of inner ingot areas show the light fluctuation in segregation values. In addition to experimental work, there is a mathematical study which contains a complete derivation of local solute redistribution equations based on Fleming's approach under different solute diffusion mechanisms in the dendritic solid. This derivation includes also the effects of interdendritic strain and mushy permeability on the local solute redistribution distribution. Owing to the length of the study, it is presented in two parts. The first part describes the experimental work and its results as well as a detail derivation of solute conservation equations. This part also involves comparison and discussion between existing and proposed solute conservation equations. The second part contains the mathematical analyses of a two dimensional mathematical model of fluid flow, heat flow, solidification, interdendritic strain and macrosegregation. Also, this part also contains the numerical simulations by using finite difference technique “FDT” to create convection patterns, heat transfer, interdendritic strain, and macrosegregation distributions. This part also includes comparisons between the available measurements and model predications as well as full discussion of different model simulations. The mechanism of interdendritic strain generation and macrosegregation formation during solidification of dendritic equiaxed structure under different diffusion mechanisms in dendritic solid has also been explained and discussed.
Human Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Hepatic Regeneration in CCl4-Injured Rat Liver Model via Increased Autophagic Mechanism
Authors: Jung Jieun , Choi Jong Ho , Lee Youjin , Park Jong-Wan , Oh Il-Hoan , Hwang Seong-Gyu , Kim Kwang-Soo , Kim Gi Jin 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have great potential for cell therapy in regenerative medicine, including liver disease. Even though ongoing research is dedicated to the goal of bringing MSCs to clinical applications, further understanding of the complex underlying mechanisms is required. Autophagy, a type II programmed cell death, controls cellular recycling through the lysosomal system in damaged cells or tissues. However, it is still unknown whether MSCs can trigger autophagy to enhance regeneration and/or to provide a therapeutic effect as cellular survival promoters. We therefore investigated autophagy's activation in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-injured rat liver following transplantation with chorionic plate-derived MSCs (CP-MSCs) isolated from placenta. The expression markers for apoptosis, autophagy, cell survival, and liver regeneration were analyzed. Whereas caspase 3/7 activities were reduced (p &lt; .05), the expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and factors for autophagy, survival, and regeneration were significantly increased by CP-MSCs transplantation. Decreased necrotic cells (p &lt; .05) and increased autophagic signals (p &lt; .005) were observed in CCl4-treated primary rat hepatocytes during in vitro coculture with CP-MSCs. Furthermore, the upregulation of HIF-1α promotes the regeneration of damaged hepatic cells through an autophagic mechanism marked by increased levels of light chain 3 II (LC 3II). These results suggest that the administration of CP-MSCs promotes repair by systemically concomitant mechanisms involving HIF-1α and autophagy. These findings provide further understanding of the mechanisms involved in these processes and will help develop new cell-based therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine in liver disease.
Entinostat Prevents Leukemia Maintenance in a Collaborating Oncogene-Dependent Model of Cytogenetically Normal Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Ramsey Joanne M. , Kettyle Laura M.J. , Sharpe Daniel J. , Mulgrew Nuala M. , Dickson Glenda J. , Bijl Janet J. , Austin Pamela , Mayotte Nadine , Cellot Sonia , Lappin Terence R.J. , Zhang Shu-Dong , Mills Ken I. , Krosl Jana , Sauvageau Guy , Thompson Alexander 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The incidence of refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is on the increase due in part to an aging population that fails to respond to traditional therapies. High throughput genomic analysis promises better diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic intervention based on improved patient stratification. Relevant preclinical models are urgently required to advance drug development in this area. The collaborating oncogenes, HOXA9 and MEIS1, are frequently co-overexpressed in cytogenetically normal AML (CN-AML), and a conditional transplantation mouse model was developed that demonstrated oncogene dependency and expression levels comparable to CN-AML patients. Integration of gene signatures obtained from the mouse model and a cohort of CN-AML patients using statistically significant connectivity map analysis identified Entinostat as a drug with the potential to alter the leukemic condition toward the normal state. Ex vivo treatment of leukemic cells, but not age-matched normal bone marrow controls, with Entinostat validated the gene signature and resulted in reduced viability in liquid culture, impaired colony formation, and loss of the leukemia initiating cell. Furthermore, in vivo treatment with Entinostat resulted in prolonged survival of leukemic mice. This study demonstrates that the HDAC inhibitor Entinostat inhibits disease maintenance and prolongs survival in a clinically relevant murine model of cytogenetically normal AML.
p38α MAPK Regulates Adult Muscle Stem Cell Fate by Restricting Progenitor Proliferation During Postnatal Growth and Repair
Authors: Brien Patrick , Pugazhendhi Dhamayanthi , Woodhouse Samuel , Oxley David , Pell Jennifer M. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Stem cell function is essential for the maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. Controlling the balance between self-renewal and differentiation is crucial to maintain a receptive satellite cell pool capable of responding to growth and regeneration cues. The mitogen-activated protein kinase p38α has been implicated in the regulation of these processes but its influence in adult muscle remains unknown. Using conditional satellite cell p38α knockout mice we have demonstrated that p38α restricts excess proliferation in the postnatal growth phase while promoting timely myoblast differentiation. Differentiation was still able to occur in the p38α-null satellite cells, however, but was delayed. An absence of p38α resulted in a postnatal growth defect along with the persistence of an increased reservoir of satellite cells into adulthood. This population was still capable of responding to cardiotoxin-induced injury, resulting in complete, albeit delayed, regeneration, with further enhancement of the satellite cell population. Increased p38γ phosphorylation accompanied the absence of p38α, and inhibition of p38γ ex vivo substantially decreased the myogenic defect. We have used genome-wide transcriptome analysis to characterize the changes in expression that occur between resting and regenerating muscle, and the influence p38α has on these expression profiles. This study provides novel evidence for the fundamental role of p38α in adult muscle homeostasis in vivo.
Quaternary deformation along the Meeman‐Shelby Fault near Memphis, Tennessee, imaged by high‐resolution marine and land seismic reflection profiles
Authors: Hao Yanjun , Magnani Maria Beatrice , McIntosh Kirk , Waldron Brian , Guo Lei 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA series of high‐resolution seismic reflection surveys was carried out in 2008, 2010, and 2011, providing a total of five new seismic profiles constraining the location and character of the Meeman‐Shelby Fault (MSF), about 9 km west of Memphis, Tennessee, in the Central U.S. The MSF is the best documented fault closest to Memphis yet discovered and shows a recurrent fault history. The fault, as imaged by the reflection profiles, is ~45 km long, strikes N25°E, and dips west‐northwest ~83°, exhibiting an up‐to‐the‐west sense of motion with a possible right‐lateral strike‐slip component. The data show that on average, the MSF offsets the Paleozoic unit ~77 m and folds the top of the Cretaceous unit and the Paleocene‐Eocene Wilcox Group ~44 and ~25 m, respectively. One seismic profile acquired along the Mississippi River images the bottom of the Quaternary alluvium warped up ~28 m, indicating recent activity of the MSF. Calculated vertical slip rates of the MSF during the deposition of the Upper Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene, and Quaternary sediments are 0.0022, 0.0010, 0.0004, and 0.2154 mm/yr, respectively, suggesting an increase in fault activity during the Quaternary. Consistent with the present stress field and the deformation of the New Madrid seismic zone fault system, we interpret the MSF as aPshear fault in the context of a left‐stepping, right‐lateral constraining strike‐slip fault system under a nearly east‐west oriented compressional stress field. Source scaling estimates indicate that the MSF is capable of generating aM6.9 earthquake if rupturing in one event.
Constructing the Longmen Shan eastern Tibetan Plateau margin: Insights from low‐temperature thermochronology
Authors: Tian Yuntao , Kohn Barry P. , Gleadow Andrew J. W. , Hu Shengbiao 
Published: April 2013

AbstractContrasting models of upper crustal shortening versus lower crustal flow have been proposed to explain the formation of thickened crust in the Longmen Shan (LMS), eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) margin. These models require different structural kinematics along the LMS, whose structural geometry is defined by three parallel NW‐dipping fault zones. From foreland (southeast) to hinterland (northwest), they are the Guanxian‐Anxian Fault, Yingxiu‐Beichuan Fault (YBF), and Wenchuan‐Maowen Fault (WMF). Newly derived and previously published low‐temperature thermochronology data from the LMS were synthesized to constrain the spatial exhumation and test previous models. The results show that (1) exhumation increases abruptly across the range‐bounding YBF, suggesting the fault being the main thrust boundary between the LMS and the Sichuan Basin to the east; (2) Younger Late Cenozoic cooling ages are found on the hinterland WMF, where a dichotomy of ages on the hanging wall versus footwall suggests Late Cenozoic thrust activity; and (3) toward the hinterland to the west, exhumation rates decrease twofold over a distance of ~30–40 km. This exhumation pattern indicates a westward decrease of tectonic uplift, providing the regional topography approached a steady state, whereby exhumation is in balance with tectonic uplift. The observed exhumation estimates support an upper crustal configuration where thrusts in the LMS merge gradually into a gentle detachment seated at a depth of ~20–30 km. Results of this study support a revised upper crustal thrusting model.
WLAV state estimation for power system containing multitype FACTS devices
Authors: Rakpenthai Chawasak , Uatrongjit Sermsak , Ngamroo Issarachai 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis paper presents the state estimation of power system in which not only the bus voltages but also the states of the flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) are considered as the state variables. By using the rectangular form of state variables and equivalent measurement techniques, a linear measurement model with constraints of FACTS device is obtained. The predictor–corrector interior point method based on the weighted least absolute value criterion is developed for solving the optimization problem. Simulation results on the modified IEEE 14‐bus and 118‐bus test systems are provided. The numerical results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Robust intelligent PCA‐based face recognition framework using GNP‐fuzzy data mining
Authors: Zhang Deng , Mabu Shingo , Hirasawa Kotaro 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTraditional principal component analysis (PCA) based face recognition algorithms have a low recognition accuracy due to the influence of noise and illumination changes. This paper proposes a robust, intelligent PCA‐based face recognition framework in the complicated illumination database when using multiple training images per person (MTIP‐CID). There are mainly two improvements in the proposed method. One is that a face‐recognition‐oriented genetic‐based clustering algorithm is introduced to reduce the influence of a large number of classes on the classification accuracy in the MTIP‐CID. The other is that a classifier based on fuzzy class association rules (FCARs) is applied to mine the inherent relationships between eigenfaces and to improve the robustness of PCA‐based face recognition in noisy environments. Experimental results on the extended Yale‐B database demonstrate that the proposed framework performs better and is more robust against noise compared with other traditional face recognition algorithms, i.e. linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and local binary patterns (LBPs). © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantification of the upstream‐to‐downstream influence in the Muskingum method and implications for speedup in parallel computations of river flow
Authors: David Cédric H. , Yang Zong‐Liang , Famiglietti James S. 
Published: April 2013

Key Points
The influence between two river reaches in a Muskingum update is quantified.
This influence decreases with distance and becomes null in computer addition.
Such allows new parallel computing methods that are unprecedentedly fast.
Polyols and Polyurethanes from Crude Algal Oil
Authors: Petrović Zoran S. , Wan Xianmei , Bilić Olivera , Zlatanić Alisa , Hong Jian , Javni Ivan , Ionescu Mihail , Milić Jelena , Degruson Darin 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe composition of crude algal oil was analyzed and determined by several methods. Oil was converted to polyols by ozonolysis, epoxidation, and hydroformylation. Ozonolysis gave a polyol with lighter color but a low OH number and was unsuitable for polyurethane applications. Epoxidation also improved the color and gave a polyol with an OH number around 150 mg KOH/g, which with diphenylmethane diisocyanate gave a homogeneous, rubbery, transparent sheet. Desirable rigid foams were prepared with the addition of water to the formulation. Hydroformylation was carried out successfully giving an OH number of about 150 mg KOH/g, but the polyol was black. Casting the polyurethane sheet was difficult due to the very high reactivity of the polyol. Polyurethane foam of lower quality than from epoxidation polyol was obtained. More work on optimization of the foaming system would improve the foam. Crude algal oil is a viable starting material for the production of polyols. Better results would be obtained from refined algal oils.
Does proximal femoral varus osteotomy in Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease predispose to angular mal-alignment of the knee? A clinical and radiographic study at skeletal maturity
Authors: Tercier Stéphane , Shah Hitesh , Siddesh N. D. , Joseph Benjamin 
Published: April 2013

Background Though there is an impression that proximal femoral varus osteotomy (FVO) can result in a valgus deformity at the knee there is no agreement on this issue. This study was undertaken to ascertain whether a FVO predisposes to the development of genu valgum in children with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease (LCPD). Methods One hundred and one children with unilateral LCPD who underwent a FVO during the active stage of the disease and 32 children who were treated non-operatively were followed till skeletal maturity. The FVO was performed with a 20° varus angulation in all the patients and weight-bearing was not permitted till the stage of reconstitution. The alignment of the knee was assessed clinically at skeletal maturity. A subset of 33 operated children also had full length standing radiographs of the limbs. The mechanical axis deviation, femur-tibial angle, lateral distal femoral angle and the medial proximal tibial angle of both limbs were measured on these radiographs. Results The frequency of clinically appreciable mal-alignment of the knee was not greater on the affected side in patients who had undergone FVO when compared to the unaffected limb and also when compared to the affected limb in non-operated patients. The mechanical axis of the lower limb of operated children was relatively in more valgus than that of normal limbs but they fell within the normal range. Conclusion This study does not support the impression that a proximal femoral osteotomy for LCPD predisposes to clinically discernable degrees of genu valgum in children who have had 20° of varus angulation at the osteotomy site and who have avoided weight-bearing for a prolonged period following surgery. Further studies are needed to clarify if genu valgum would develop if early post-operative weight-bearing is permitted. Level of evidence III.
Big and beautiful? Evidence of racial differences in the perceived attractiveness of obese females
Authors: Ali Mir M. , Rizzo John A. , Heiland Frank W. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the relationships between body weight, race, and attractiveness in appearance and personality among adolescents. We study a sample of 5947 (non‐Hispanic) white and black girls age 12 to 18 who were interviewed by a group of 338 interviewers. We find that overweight and obese white female adolescents are, respectively, 23% and 40% less likely, on average, to be perceived as physically attractive compared to normal‐weight white girls. The physical appearance penalties are significantly smaller for overweight and obese black girls compared to white girls. These findings suggest that being overweight or obese is costly due to its negative impact on inner and outer perceived beauty, providing an explanation for the observed stigmatization of overweight and obesity among women in labor and relationship markets. The smaller beauty penalties for black girls above the normal‐weight range suggest that the range of body sizes considered attractive may be wider for black females.