bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INTERSECTIONAL FIFTH BLACK WOMAN
Authors: Carbado Devon W. , Gulati Mitu 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn 1989, Kimberlé Crenshaw published Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics, an article that drew explicitly on Black feminist criticism, and challenged three prevailing frameworks: 1) the male-centered nature of antiracist politics, which privileged the experiences of heterosexual Black men; 2) the White-centered nature of feminist theorizing, which privileged the experiences of heterosexual White women; and 3) the “single-axis”/sex or race-centered nature of antidiscrimination regimes, which privileged the experiences of heterosexual White women and Black men. Crenshaw demonstrated how people within the same social group (e.g., African Americans) are differentially vulnerable to discrimination as a result of other intersecting axes of disadvantage, such as gender, class, or sexual orientation.This essay builds on that insight by articulating a performative conceptualization of race. It assumes that a judge is sympathetic to intersectionality and thus recognizes that Black women are often disadvantaged based on the intersection of their race and sex, among other social factors. This essay asks: How is that judge likely to respond to a case in which a firm promotes four Black women but not the fifth? The judge could conclude that there is no discrimination because the firm promoted four people (Black women) with the same intersectional identity as the fifth (a Black woman). We argue that this evidentiary backdrop should not preclude a finding of discrimination. It is plausible that our hypothetical firm utilized racially associated ways of being—performative criteria (self presentation, accent, demeanor, conformity, dress, and hair style)—to differentiate among and between the Black women. The firm might have drawn an intra-group, or intra-intersectional, line between the fifth Black women and the other four based on the view that the fifth Black woman is “too Black.” We describe the ease with which institutions can draw such lines and explain why doing so might constitute impermissible discrimination. Our aim is to broaden the conceptual terms upon which we frame both social categories and discrimination.
POST-INTERSECTIONALITY
Authors: Cho Sumi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAlthough intersectionality analysis originates in a critique of legal doctrine and its confining approach to subject formation, intersectionality has been adopted widely outside of legal scholarship—nationally and internationally—to explain how fields of power operate and interact to produce hierarchy for any limitless combination of identities. Yet, within law, some scholars have raised questions precisely about the capacity of intersectionality to grapple with subjects who occupy multiple social positions and those with “partially privileged” identities in particular. Thus, over roughly a decade, a critique took shape about the theoretical capacity and normative commitment of intersectionality theory to address particular subgroups.This essay tells part of the curious story about how a race-sexuality critique of intersectionality emerged, what may have motivated it, and how it has facilitated an emerging progressive masculinities literature that is “post-intersectional,” i.e., positioned over and against intersectionality. Like other post-intersectionality approaches, multidimensionality theorists decidedly seek to ‘get beyond’ something, and that ‘something’ that underwrites the turn away from intersectionality appears not as substantive theoretical or analytical content, or as political strategy, but rather, as identity-driven and engendered.
„Ich wünschte, ich wäre muskulöser”: Eine teststatistische Überprüfung der deutschsprachigen Fassung der Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS)
Authors: Waldorf Manuel , Cordes Martin , Vocks Silja , McCreary Don 
Published: January 2014

Die Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) ist der am häufigsten verwendete Fragebogen zur Erfassung des Muskulositätsstrebens. Ziel der Studie war die psychometrische Überprüfung der deutschsprachigen Version der DMS. 601 Männer aus muskel- und kraftorientierten Sportarten wurden am Computer oder mit der Papierversion der DMS und mit weiteren Skalen befragt. Interne Konsistenz und Retest-Reliabilität der DMS liegen im sehr guten Bereich (>.88), ebenso die Korrelation mit einem Alternativtest (Male Body Attitudes Scale: .81). Muskulositäts- und Schlankheitsstreben lassen sich eindeutig differenzieren (Eating Disorder Inventory-2-DT: .11). Die durchgeführten Faktorenanalysen stützen die Einteilung in eine kognitive und eine korrelierte behaviorale Subskala. Es zeigten sich Zusammenhänge mit körperbezogenem Selbstwert und körperdysmorphen Sorgen. Die deutschsprachige DMS ist ein reliables und valides Instrument zur Erfassung des Muskulositätsstrebens in Forschung und klinischer Einzelfallanwendung.
Foveal analysis and peripheral selection during active visual sampling
Authors: Ludwig Casimir J. H. , Davies J. Rhys , Eckstein Miguel P. 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Picking up visual information from our environment in a timely manner is the starting point of adaptive visual-motor behavior. Humans and other animals with foveated visual systems extract visual information through a cycle of brief fixations interspersed with gaze shifts. Object identification typically requires foveal analysis (limited to a small region of central vision). In addition, the next fixation location needs to be selected using peripheral vision. How does the brain coordinate these two tasks on the short time scale of individual fixations? We show that the uptake of information for foveal analysis and peripheral selection occurs in parallel and independently. These results provide important theoretical constraints on models of eye movement control in a variety of visual-motor domains.
Direct conversion of patient fibroblasts demonstrates non-cell autonomous toxicity of astrocytes to motor neurons in familial and sporadic ALS
Authors: Meyer Kathrin , Ferraiuolo Laura , Miranda Carlos J. , Likhite Shibi , McElroy Sohyun , Renusch Samantha , Ditsworth Dara , Lagier-Tourenne Clotilde , Smith Richard A. , Ravits John , Burghes Arthur H. , Shaw Pamela J. , Cleveland Don W. , Kolb Stephen J. , Kaspar Brian K. 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Direct conversion is a recently established method to generate neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) from skin fibroblasts in a fast and efficient manner. In this study, we show that this method can be used to model neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Because the origin of ALS is mainly sporadic with unknown cause, methods to model the disease are urgently needed. The produced NPCs are differentiated into astrocytes, which are involved in motor neuron death in ALS. Strikingly, skin-derived astrocytes show similar toxicity toward motor neurons as astrocytes from autopsies of patients. This tool now allows studying ALS while the patient is still alive and can help in testing potential therapeutics for individual patients.
Electron flow in multiheme bacterial cytochromes is a balancing act between heme electronic interaction and redox potentials
Authors: Breuer Marian , Rosso Kevin M. , Blumberger Jochen 
Published: January 2014

SignificanceCertain bacteria use complex assemblies of multiheme proteins to shuttle electrons from the inside of the cell over distances exceeding 100 Å to extracellular substrates. Recently, the first crystal structure of a representative deca-heme protein was solved, but the mechanism of electron conduction remains difficult to probe experimentally. Here we provide detailed molecular-level insight into the kinetics and thermodynamics of charge conduction in this biological wire using high-performance computational tools. Our study reveals an evolutionary design principle of significance to an entire class of heme proteins involved in mediating electron flow between bacterial cells and their environment, a phenomenon both bearing great geochemical importance and opening up a multitude of potential biotechnological applications.
Tunable nonequilibrium dynamics of field quenches in spin ice
Authors: Mostame Sarah , Castelnovo Claudio , Moessner Roderich , Sondhi Shivaji L. 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Spin ices are a class of magnetic compounds exhibiting a unique ground state in the form of a so-called magnetic Coulomb liquid that has as its excitations emergent magnetic monopoles. It is through the motion of these monopoles that spin ices are dynamical; dynamical studies thus exhibit new behavior on account of the exotic magnetic phase and also provide experimental evidence of its unusual monopole excitations. We find that nonequilibrium dynamics is an ideal setting for achieving both goals—in particular, it brings together notions from different types of dynamical systems popular in other branches of the natural sciences, such as reaction-diffusion problems, dimer physics, and kinematically constrained dynamics. Such dynamics can be transparently understood theoretically and simply probed experimentally.
Bodily maps of emotions
Authors: Nummenmaa Lauri , Glerean Enrico , Hari Riitta , Hietanen Jari K. 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Emotions coordinate our behavior and physiological states during survival-salient events and pleasurable interactions. Even though we are often consciously aware of our current emotional state, such as anger or happiness, the mechanisms giving rise to these subjective sensations have remained unresolved. Here we used a topographical self-report tool to reveal that different emotional states are associated with topographically distinct and culturally universal bodily sensations; these sensations could underlie our conscious emotional experiences. Monitoring the topography of emotion-triggered bodily sensations brings forth a unique tool for emotion research and could even provide a biomarker for emotional disorders.
Structural insights into gene repression by the orphan nuclear receptor SHP
Authors: Zhi Xiaoyong , Zhou X. Edward , He Yuanzheng , Zechner Christoph , Suino-Powell Kelly M. , Kliewer Steven A. , Melcher Karsten , Mangelsdorf David J. , Xu H. Eric 
Published: December 2013

Significance
The orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) serves as a central regulator of bile acid and cholesterol homeostasis via its transcriptional repression activity. Yet little is known about SHP structure and its mechanism of corepressor recruitment. In this paper, we present the crystal structure of SHP in complex with the transcriptional repressor E1A-like inhibitor of differentiation. Our structural and biochemical studies reveal an unexpected cofactor-binding site on SHP, representing a mode of binding that differs from the conventional understanding of how nuclear receptors recruit transcription cofactors. Disruption of this binding site affects SHP repressor function. Furthermore, the SHP crystal structure provides a rational template for drug design to treat metabolic diseases arising from bile acid and cholesterol imbalances.
André Gide's
Paludes
: A Diary Novel?
Authors: Ferguson Sam 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

André Gide's
Paludes
(1895) has been rediscovered and reinvented by successive generations of readers. In the process an aspect of the text has been obscured that has relevance both to the original context of the work's publication and for modern readers: its problematic status as diary-writing. The abundant and unconventional paratext makes conflicting claims about the nature of the work, invoking both novelistic and diaristic codes. These indeterminacies continue into the main text, in the principal narrative's ambiguous status as a
journal intime
, and in its oppositions with other narrative instances (especially the narrator's own literary project, also entitled ‘Paludes’). The diary-writing in the text plays a central role in the philosophical problems confronted by the narrator.
Paludes
occupies a critical point of experimentation in the trajectory of published diary-writing in Gide's career (and, as such, in the history of the publication of diaries in France), exploring the possible relationship of the diary with the literary œuvre, and its capacity for addressing philosophical and aesthetic questions. The pertinence of this experimentation to the modern field of life-writing makes this a suitable moment for another rediscovery of this text.
Obscenity and the Politics of Authorship in Early Seventeenth-Century France: Guillaume Colletet and the
Parnasse des poetes satyriques
(1622)
Authors: Roberts Hugh 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

In 1635 the poet Guillaume Colletet (1598–1659) became a founding member of the Académie française. Yet only a dozen years before this he had been exiled as a result of the poems he signed in
Le Parnasse des poetes satyriques
(1622), the same collection that provoked the trial of Théophile de Viau in 1623–25. Focusing on Colletet's contributions to the collections of lewd poetry known as the
recueils satyriques
, I argue that he uses obscenity as a sign of poetic superiority, transcending such concerns as propriety, and as the means by which he could attempt to bolster his reputation. The poetry provokes an imagined censor who will confirm this superiority, and the figure who rose to the bait was the Jesuit François Garasse, in his
Doctrine curieuse des beaux esprits de ce temps, ou prétendus tels
(1623). Colletet's crime was sociolinguistic, because in using taboo words (especially
foutre
) he revealed that the rules of linguistic propriety that were supposed to underpin the social hierarchy were at best arbitrary. Colletet's reaction to his exile reveals his ongoing concern with his reputation, his denials of obscenity being part of an attempt to gain the status that he had previously sought from the appearance of
libertinage
.
On the stability of bow shocks generated by red supergiants: the case of IRC −10414
Authors: Meyer D. M.-A. , Gvaramadze V. V. , Langer N. , Mackey J. , Boumis P. , Mohamed S. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this Letter, we explore the hypothesis that the smooth appearance of bow shocks around some red supergiants (RSGs) might be caused by the ionization of their winds by external sources of radiation. Our numerical simulations of the bow shock generated by IRC −10414 (the first-ever RSG with an optically detected bow shock) show that the ionization of the wind results in its acceleration by a factor of 2, which reduces the difference between the wind and space velocities of the star and makes the contact discontinuity of the bow shock stable for a range of stellar space velocities and mass-loss rates. Our best-fitting model reproduces the overall shape and surface brightness of the observed bow shock and suggests that the space velocity and mass-loss rate of IRC −10414 are ≈50  km s−1 and ≈10−6  M⊙ yr−1, respectively, and that the number density of the local interstellar medium is ≈3 cm−3. It also shows that the bow shock emission comes mainly from the shocked stellar wind. This naturally explains the enhanced nitrogen abundance in the line-emitting material, derived from the spectroscopy of the bow shock. We found that photoionized bow shocks are ≈15–50 times brighter in optical line emission than their neutral counterparts, from which we conclude that the bow shock of IRC −10414 must be photoionized.
On the progenitor of the Type IIP SN 2013ej in M74
Authors: Fraser Morgan , Maund Justyn R. , Smartt Stephen J. , Kotak Rubina , Lawrence Andy , Bruce Alastair , Valenti Stefano , Yuan Fang , Benetti Stefano , Chen Ting-Wan , Gal-Yam Avishay , Inserra Cosimo , Young David R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
We use natural seeing imaging of SN 2013ej in M74 to identify a progenitor candidate in archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) + Advanced Camera for Survey images. We find a source coincident with the supernova (SN) in the F814W filter within the total 75 mas (∼3 pc astrometric uncertainty; however, the position of the progenitor candidate in contemporaneous F435W and F555W filters is significantly offset. We conclude that the ‘progenitor candidate’ is in fact two physically unrelated sources; a blue source which is likely unrelated to the SN, and a red source which we suggest exploded as SN 2013ej. Deep images with the same instrument on board HST taken when the SN has faded (in approximately two year's time) will allow us to accurately characterize the unrelated neighbouring source and hence determine the intrinsic flux of the progenitor in three filters. We suggest that the F814W flux is dominated by the progenitor of SN 2013ej, and assuming a bolometric correction appropriate to an M-type supergiant, we estimate that the mass of the progenitor of SN 2013ej was between 8 and 15.5 M⊙.
Physical and Molecular Characterization of Millet Starches
Authors: Annor George Amponsah , Marcone Massimo , Bertoft Eric , Seetharaman Koushik 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the physical and molecular starch characteristics of four Canadian‐grown millet species: pearl, foxtail, proso, and finger millet. The millet starch granules ranged from about 2.5 to 24 μm in size and were mainly polygonal with a few spherical ones. Their amylose contents ranged from 28.6 to 33.9%, with finger and pearl millets having much more of long amylose chains than short amylose chains compared with foxtail and proso millets. Starches also differed in the molecular structure of their branched amylose, with finger and pearl millets having longer glucan chains between branch points. The enthalpy of gelatinization of starch granules ranged from 11.8 to 13.2 J/g, and the enthalpy of melting of the retrograded starches ranged from 2.2 to 5.9 J/g. The onset temperature of gelatinization (To) of the starches ranged from 62.8 to 70.6°C. Addition of iodine vapor to the granular starches showed significant (P < 0.05) differences in the ratio of the absorbance to scattering coefficient (K/S) values, indicating differences in the rigidity of the glucan chains present in the granules. Starches with short amylose chains exhibited higher K/S values. Iodine vapor addition resulted in altered X‐ray diffractogram peak intensities. The study suggested differences in the structure and granular architecture of the millet starches.
REVIEW: Hulled Wheats: A Review of Nutritional Properties and Processing Methods
Authors: Hammed Ademola Monsur , Simsek Senay 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThere is renewed interest in adopting hulled wheats (emmer, einkorn, and spelt) into our food system, because of their nutritional qualities and improved organoleptic properties. Current research findings have been concisely put together in this review to show the extent of the current and past work in this area and suggest additional research areas. Breeding programs for hulled wheats have received a great deal of attention, and their research findings have shown potential to generate genotypes with improved qualities. More work is required to investigate the changes in nutritional and structural composition of hulled wheats during and after processing and to develop suitable processing methods.
Local injection of botulinum toxin A: An alternative therapy for axillary osmidrosis
Authors: Xie Aiguo , Nie Lanjun , Tan Qian 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of local injection of botulinum toxin A for treating axillary osmidrosis. One hundred and fifty patients with axillary osmidrosis were randomly divided to receive botulinum toxin A injection treatment (50 U of botulinum toxin A was injected intracutaneously into 6–20 different sites within each axilla, n = 74) or surgical excision of the apocrine glands (n = 76). The patients were followed up for 1–3 months to analyze the therapeutic effect and complications of the two methods. The curative effect in patients with mild and moderate axillary osmidrosis was not significantly different between the botulinum toxin A injection group and operation group. However, for patients with severe axillary osmidrosis, surgery treatment seemed to be superior to botulinum toxin A treatment (P = 0.005). There was also no significant difference in the modified Dermatology Life Quality Index between the two treatments. Two cases showed complications related to hemorrhage and incision infection in the operation group. In conclusion, local injection of botulinum toxin A is a safe, fast and effective treatment for mild and moderate axillary osmidrosis, but the long‐term effect remains to be further investigated.
Mechanism of pathogenesis of imiquimod‐induced skin inflammation in the mouse: A role for interferon‐alpha in dendritic cell activation by imiquimod
Authors: Ueyama Azumi , Yamamoto Mina , Tsujii Kenichiro , Furue Yoko , Imura Chihiro , Shichijo Michitaka , Yasui Kiyoshi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTopical application of imiquimod (IMQ), a Toll‐like receptor (TLR)7 ligand, can induce and exacerbate psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disorder. In a mouse model of IMQ‐induced psoriasis‐like skin inflammation, T‐helper (Th)17 cells and interleukin (IL)‐17/IL‐22‐producing γδ‐T cells have been shown to play a pivotal role. However, the mechanisms of induction of the Th17 pathway and development of psoriasis‐like skin inflammation by IMQ treatment remain unclear. In this study, we investigated pathogenic mechanisms of IMQ‐induced psoriasis‐like skin inflammation in mice. We first confirmed that, together with an increase in IL‐17 and IL‐22 production, application of IMQ to mouse skin induced the expression of cytokines required for activation of the Th17 pathway, and pro‐inflammatory mediators involved in the pathology of psoriasis. Analysis of Tlr7−/− mice demonstrated that most of the in vivo effects of IMQ were mediated via TLR7. In an in vitro study using plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs), IMQ induced production of interferon (IFN)‐α, IL‐23, IL‐6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. Furthermore, when we analyzed in vitro‐generated bone marrow‐derived DCs with features similar to TNF‐α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)‐producing DCs, IL‐23, IL‐6, IL‐1β, TNF‐α and iNOS/NO production was weakly induced by IMQ alone and further enhanced after co‐stimulation with IMQ and IFN‐α. These in vitro effects of IMQ were also mediated via TLR7 and the synergistic effect of IMQ, and IFN‐α was suggested to be caused by upregulation of TLR7 expression by IFN‐α. These results demonstrate part of the mechanism by which the Th17 pathway and psoriasis‐like skin inflammation are induced by IMQ and IFN‐α in a mouse model.