bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speaking what truth to whom? The uneasy relationship between practitioner and academic knowledge in public administration
Authors: Gow J. I. , Wilson V. Seymour 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis article reflects on the observation that no one group – practitioners, academics, or clients – can claim to possess the full truth on any question in public administration (PA).PAis enriched and afflicted by its practical nature; its students try to persuade colleagues and political and administrative elites of the truth of their findings. MostPAliterature presents propositions as logical means to reach desired ends, but disagreement is possible and likely over means and ends. Beyond disagreements on values, many disciplines relevant toPAalso ensure differing perspectives. We argue for varied methodologies that recognize stakeholder interests and which minimize methods of persuasion promising too much and ignoring important problems.SommaireCet article se penche sur le constat qu'il n'y a pas un seul groupe – qu'il s'agisse des praticiens, des universitaires ou des clients – qui puisse prétendre posséder toute la vérité sur une question quelconque en administration publique. L'administration publique est enrichie et affaiblie par sa nature pratique; ses étudiants essaient de persuader non seulement leurs collègues, mais aussi les élites politiques et administratives de la vérité de leurs conclusions. La plus grande partie de la documentation sur l'administration publique présente des propositions comme moyens logiques d'atteindre les fins souhaitées, mais la divergence d'opinions est possible et très probable à la fois sur les fins et les moyens. Au‐delà des divergences d'opinions sur les valeurs, les nombreuses disciplines pertinentes à l'administration publique assurent également des perspectives divergentes. Nous défendons diverses méthodologies qui reconnaissent les intérêts des parties prenantes et qui minimisent les méthodes de persuasion en promettant trop et en ignorant des problèmes importants.
Safety and performance of liver biopsies in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Alten Tim A. , Negm Ahmed A. , Voigtländer Torsten , Jaeckel Elmar , Lehner Frank , Brauner Christin , Wedemeyer Heiner , Manns Michael P. , Lankisch Tim O. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundLiver biopsy in patients after liver transplantation (OLT) serves as a diagnostic tool to establish the cause of liver pathology. However, liver biopsy may cause life‐threatening complications. Very limited information is available about complications and success rates of liver biopsies in patients after OLT. Our aim was to investigate biopsy‐related complications and quality of specimen obtained by liver biopsy after OLT and to evaluate risks and benefits of this procedure.MethodsRetrospective analysis of patients after OLT presenting for liver biopsy between January 2000 and October 2012. All patients were observed for 24 h after intervention. Twelve or more portal tracts were required for liver biopsy specimens to be considered as adequate.ResultsOf 703 liver biopsies were performed in 409 patients. Thirteen (1.9%) liver biopsies did not have an adequate number of portal tracts. Only 10 (1.4%) liver biopsies caused complications. Five patients suffered from pain, three patients developed post‐procedural fever, and three patients had subcapsular/intercostal bleeding. One patient suffered from a vasovagal reaction. Pain was treated by analgesics; none of the patients required blood transfusion or surgery.ConclusionsLiver biopsy is a safe and adequate diagnostic tool in patients after OLT.
The role of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors in the management of post‐transplant malignancy
Authors: Klintmalm Goran B. , Saab Sammy , Hong Johnny C. , Nashan Björn 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPost‐transplant malignancies, which occur either de novo or as cancer recurrences, are due to chronic exposure to immunosuppressive agents and are often more aggressive than those that develop in the non‐transplant setting. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have antitumor and immunosuppressive effects. The dual effects of this class of agents may provide adequate immunosuppression to prevent organ rejection while simultaneously reducing the risk of post‐transplant malignancy. mTOR inhibitors have become established approved agents for treating renal cell carcinoma and other cancers and, as reviewed herein, accumulating experience among organ transplant recipients collectively points toward a potential to prevent the development of de novo malignancies of various types in the post‐transplant period. To date, most research efforts surrounding mTOR inhibitors and cancer control in the transplant population have been in the area of skin cancer prevention, but there have also been interesting observations regarding regression of post‐transplant Kaposi's sarcoma and post‐transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder that warrant further study.
A matter of time: rapid motor memory stabilization in childhood
Authors: Adi‐Japha Esther , Badir Rodayna , Dorfberger Shoshi , Karni Avi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAre children better than adults in acquiring new skills (‘how‐to’ knowledge) because of a difference in skill memory consolidation? Here we tested the proposal that, as opposed to adults, children's memories for newly acquired skills are immune to interference by subsequent experience. The establishment of long‐term memory for a trained movement sequence in adults requires a phase of memory consolidation. This results in substantial delayed, ‘offline’, performance gains, which nevertheless remain susceptible to interference by subsequent competing motor experience for several hours after training, unless sleep is afforded in the interval. Here we compared the gains attained overnight (delayed gains) by 9‐year‐olds and adults after training on a novel finger‐to‐thumb movement sequence, with and without subsequent interference by repeating a different movement sequence. Our results show that, in 9‐year‐olds, but not in adults, an interval of 15 min. between the training session and interfering experience sufficed to ensure the expression of delayed, consolidation phase, gains. Nevertheless, in the 9‐year‐olds, as well as in adults, the gains attained with no interference were significantly larger. Altogether, our results show that while the behavioral expressions of childhood and adult consolidation processes are similar, procedural memory stabilizes, in the waking state, at a much faster rate in children. We propose that, in children, rapid stabilization is a mechanism whereby the constraints on consolidating new experiences into long‐term procedural memory are relaxed at the cost of selectivity.
Two rooms, two representations? Episodic‐like memory in toddlers and preschoolers
Authors: Newcombe Nora S. , Balcomb Frances , Ferrara Katrina , Hansen Melissa , Koski Jessica 
Published: March 2014

AbstractEpisodic memory involves binding together what‐where‐when associations. In three experiments, we tested the development of memory for such contextual associations in a naturalistic setting. Children searched for toys in two rooms with two different experimenters; each room contained two identical sets of four containers, but arranged differently. A distinct toy was hidden in a distinct container in each room. In Experiment 1, which involved children between 15 and 26 months who were prompted with a very explicit cue (a part of the hidden toy), we found a marked shift in performance with age: while 15‐ to 20‐month‐olds concentrated their searches on the two containers that sometimes contained toys, they did not distinguish between them according to context, but 21–26‐month‐olds did. However, surprisingly, without toy cues, even the youngest children showed a fragile ability to disambiguate the two containers by room context. In Experiment 2, we tested 34‐ to 40‐month‐olds and 64‐ to 72‐month‐olds without toy cues. The 5‐year‐olds were nearly perfect, and the 3‐year‐olds showed a significant preference for the correct container given only the context. In Experiment 3, we filled in the age range, and also investigated the effects of the use of labels (i.e. names of experimenters and rooms) and of familiarization time, in groups of 34‐ to 40‐month‐olds, 42‐ to 48‐month‐olds, and 50‐ to 56‐month‐olds. Neither labels nor familiarization time had an effect. Across experiments, there was regular age‐related improvement in context‐based memory. Overall, the results suggest that children's episodic memory may undergo an early qualitative change, yet to be precisely characterized, and that continuing increments in the use of contextual cues occur throughout the preschool period. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkwEFw0UEz4&list=PLwxXcOKHPC0llAPVcJyW4EtzlA934A2Rz&index=1
Risk of cerebral palsy in relation to pregnancy disorders and preterm birth: a national cohort study
Authors: Trønnes Håvard , Wilcox Allen J , Lie Rolv T , Markestad Trond , Moster Dag 
Published: March 2014

AimTo assess the risk of developing cerebral palsy in relation to pregnancy disorders and preterm birth.MethodBy linking the Medical Birth Registry of Norway to other national registries, we identified all live births in Norway from 1967 through to 2001. Risks of cerebral palsy (CP) after preterm delivery and pregnancy disorders were estimated in different gestational age groups.ResultIn total, 1 764 509 children delivered at 23 to 43 weeks' gestation were included. The prevalence of CP was 1.8 per 1000 births. Absolute risk of CP was 8.5% among children born at 23 to 27 weeks' gestation, 5.6% at 28 to 30 weeks, 2.0% at 31 to 33 weeks, 0.4% at 34 to 36 weeks, and 0.1% thereafter. Placental abruption, chorioamnionitis, prolonged rupture of membranes, intrauterine growth restriction, pre‐eclampsia, multiple births, placenta previa, bleeding, cervical conization, and congenital malformation were all associated with CP. Before 32 weeks' gestation, absolute risk of CP was highest with chorioamnionitis (9.1%) and lowest with pre‐eclampsia (3.1%). Among those born after 31 weeks, the absolute risk of CP was more consistently (but also more slightly) increased with a recorded pregnancy disorder.InterpretationEarly delivery and pregnancy disorders were both strong risk factors for CP. The added risks with recorded pregnancy disorders varied within categories of gestational age.
Initial versus longer‐term effects of tadpole declines on algae in a Neotropical stream
Authors: Connelly Scott , Pringle Catherine M. , Barnum Thomas , Hunte‐Brown Meshagae , Kilham Susan , Whiles Matt R. , Lips Karen R. , Colón‐Gaud Checo , Brenes Roberto 
Published: March 2014

Summary

Information about temporal patterns of ecological responses to species losses is integral to our understanding of the ultimate effects of declining biodiversity. As part of the Tropical Amphibian Declines in Streams (TADS) project, we quantified changes in algal biomass and N cycling in algae in upland Panamanian streams following the widespread decline of larval anurans.

Reach‐scale monitoring during and after a catastrophic, disease‐driven amphibian decline showed significant 2.8‐fold increases (P < 0.05) in algal biomass in pools and 6.3‐fold increases in riffles in the 5 months following the decline. 3 years after the decline, the magnitude of this initial change dampened to increases (P < 0.05) of 2‐fold in pools and 3.5‐fold in riffles over pre‐decline levels. Similarly, total organic matter of benthic biofilms, measured as ash‐free dry mass (AFDM), increased significantly by 2.2‐fold in pools and 2.3‐fold in riffles in the initial 5‐month post‐decline period, with the magnitude of these changes dampening slightly to a 2‐fold increase in pools and 1.9‐fold increase in riffles over pre‐decline levels after 3 years (P < 0.05 for differences at 5 months and 3 years). There were initial increases (P < 0.05) in Chl a:AFDM ratios 5 months after the decline, but ratios had returned to pre‐decline levels after 3 years.

Algal food quality (as C/N) increased slightly, but not significantly, during the initial 5‐month post‐decline period and remained constant over 3 years. Mean δ15N in biofilms in pool habitat (measured over the reach scale) was significantly depleted initially following tadpole declines and remained significantly depleted 3 years after the decline (4.34 ‰ pre‐ versus 3.24‰ post‐; P < 0.05), suggesting that the loss of tadpoles reduced N recycling.

Increases in abundance and production of some grazing macroinvertebrate taxa after the decline may have contributed to the gradual reduction in the difference between initial and longer‐term post‐decline algal biomass. However, algal biomass was still 2‐fold greater than pre‐decline levels after 3 years, indicating that grazing macroinvertebrates did not fully compensate for the loss of tadpoles.
Anticoagulation, delivered dose and outcomes in CRRT: The program to improve care in acute renal disease (PICARD)
Authors: Claure‐Del Granado Rolando , Macedo Etienne , Soroko Sharon , Kim YeonWon , Chertow Glenn M. , Himmelfarb Jonathan , Ikizler T. Alp , Paganini Emil P. , Mehta Ravindra L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDelivered dialysis dose by continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT) depends on circuit efficacy, which is influenced in part by the anticoagulation strategy. We evaluated the association of anticoagulation strategy used on solute clearance efficacy, circuit longevity, bleeding complications, and mortality. We analyzed data from 1740 sessions 24 h in length among 244 critically ill patients, with at least 48 h on CRRT. Regional citrate, heparin, or saline flushes was variably used to prevent or attenuate filter clotting. We calculated delivered dose using the standardized Kt/Vurea. We monitored filter efficacy by calculating effluent urea nitrogen/blood urea nitrogen ratios. Filter longevity was significantly higher with citrate (median 48, interquartile range [IQR] 20.3–75.0 hours) than with heparin (5.9, IQR 8.5–27.0 hours) or no anticoagulation (17.5, IQR 9.5–32 hours, P < 0.0001). Delivered dose was highest in treatments where citrate was employed. Bleeding complications were similar across the three groups (P = 0.25). Compared with no anticoagulation, odds of death was higher with the heparin use (odds ratio [OR] 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–3.32; P = 0.033), but not with citrate (OR 1.02 95% CI 0.54–1.96; P = 0.53). Relative to heparin or no anticoagulation, the use of regional citrate for anticoagulation in CRRT was associated with significantly prolonged filter life and increased filter efficacy with respect to delivered dialysis dose. Rates of bleeding complications, transfusions, and mortality were similar across the three groups. While these and other data suggest that citrate anticoagulation may offer superior technical performance than heparin or no anticoagulation, adequately powered clinical trials comparing alternative anticoagulation strategies should be performed to evaluate overall safety and efficacy.
The Evolution of Stroke Rehabilitation Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: McIntyre Amanda , Richardson Marina , Janzen Shannon , Hussein Norhayati , Teasell Robert 
Published: March 2014

Background In the interest of prioritizing resources and providing future direction for researchers, a complete overview of the landscape of stroke rehabilitation literature was conducted. Aim We aimed to examine the evolution of stroke rehabilitation randomized controlled trials, with respect to number, sample size, and methodological quality between 1970 and September 2012. Methods Using the Evidence-Based Review of Stroke Rehabilitation ( http://www.ebrsr.com ), all randomized controlled trials related to stroke rehabilitation interventions were eligible for inclusion and were divided into five groups based on the primary outcome (i.e., motor, cognitive, medical complications, psychosocial, and ‘other’). Results One thousand sixty-three randomized controlled trials met inclusion criteria, with motor studies accounting for 58·8% of the total. The total number of randomized controlled trials grew between 1970 and 2012, with 35·2% of all the studies published in the last five-years. Motor randomized controlled trials had the smallest median sample size compared with cognitive ( P < 0·018), medical complications ( P < 0·001), psychosocial ( P < 0·001), and ‘other’ ( P < 0·001) randomized controlled trials. Between 1973 and 1977 and 2008 and 2012, there was no statistically significant increase in median sample sizes ( P = 0·845). Psychosocial randomized controlled trials had higher median Physiotherapy Evidence Database scores when compared with motor ( P = 0·002), cognitive ( P = 0·035), and ‘other’ randomized controlled trials ( P = 0·036), but not medical complication randomized controlled trials ( P = 0·591). Over time, median Physiotherapy Evidence Database scores for all randomized controlled trials significantly increased from 5 (interquartile range 0·5) in 1973–1977 to 7 (interquartile range 3) in 2008–2012 ( P = 0·008). Conclusions Randomized controlled trials in stroke rehabilitation have increased over the past four decades, with an associated increase in methodological quality, but not sample size.
Method for improving the quality of discharge summaries written by a general medical team
Authors: Russell P. , Hewage U. , Thompson C. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe developed a writing rubric that assessed the quality of four common errors found in the synopsis of a discharge summary: relevance, accuracy, clarity and presentation (R‐A‐C‐P). We assessed the effect of an intervention that taught the essentials of discharge summary preparation. The intervention reduced the number of inadequate discharge summaries written by medical staff on a busy medical service. Writing the clinical synopsis of a discharge summary is a skill that can be taught quickly.
Hepatosplenic T‐cell lymphoma, immunosuppressive agents and biologicals: what are the risks?
Authors: Subramaniam K. , Yeung D. , Grimpen F. , Joseph J. , Fay K. , Buckland M. , Talaulikar D. , Elijah J. , Clarke A. C. , Pavli P. , Moore J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe present three cases of the rare hepatosplenic T‐cell lymphoma (HSTCL); two patients suffering from Crohn disease who developed HSTCL on azathioprine without exposure to biologicals, and a third patient who had psoriasis treated using etanercept, cyclosporine and methotrexate. The evidence for an association between HSTCL and immunosuppressive drugs and biologicals is reviewed. We argue for improved pharmacovigilance processes to help determine the benefit to risk ratios for the use of these and other new agents.
Clinical potential of gene therapy: towards meeting the demand
Authors: Macpherson J. L. , Rasko J. E. J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSince the discovery that new genetic material could be transferred into human cells resulting in induced expression of genes and proteins, clinicians and scientists have been working to harness the technology for clinical outcomes. This article provides a summary of the current status of developments within the broad discipline of clinical gene therapy. In pursuing the treatment of diverse clinical conditions, a wide variety of therapeutics, each tailor‐made, may be required. Gene therapy offers the possibility of accurately and specifically targeting particular genetic abnormalities through gene correction, addition or replacement. It represents a compelling idea that adds a new dimension to our portfolio of credible therapeutic choices.
A hybrid path‐relinking method for solving two‐stage stochastic integer problems
Authors: Amorim P. , Costa A. M. , Almada‐Lobo B. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPath relinking has been used for solving deterministic problems by exploring the neighborhood of elite solutions in an intelligent way. We present an algorithm that combines a mixed‐integer linear solver with a truncated path‐relinking method in order to solve two‐stage stochastic integer problems with complete recourse and first‐stage integer variables. This method takes advantage of a possible scenario‐based decomposition in an innovative way. Therefore, path relinking is used to combine optimized solutions from different scenarios in order to pursue good stochastic solutions. To assess the computational performance of this method, we use the stochastic lot sizing and scheduling problem dealing with perishable products. In this problem, first‐stage decision variables are linked to production sequences and production quantities. After the uncertain demand is unveiled, the second‐stage variables decide on the inventory usage. Computational results show a clear advantage of the proposed method when compared to a state‐of‐the‐art mixed‐integer linear solver.
A concept analysis of abductive reasoning
Authors: Mirza Noeman A. , Akhtar‐Danesh Noori , Noesgaard Charlotte , Martin Lynn , Staples Eric 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimTo describe an analysis of the concept of abductive reasoning.BackgroundIn the discipline of nursing, abductive reasoning has received only philosophical attention and remains a vague concept. In addition to deductive and inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning is not recognized even in prominent nursing knowledge development literature. Therefore, what abductive reasoning is and how it can inform nursing practice and education was explored.DesignConcept analysis.Data sourcesCombinations of specific keywords were searched in Web of Science, CINAHL, PsychINFO, PubMed, Medline and EMBASE. The analysis was conducted in June 2012 and only literature before this period was included. No time limits were set.MethodsRodger's evolutionary method for conducting concept analysis was used.ResultsTwelve records were included in the analysis. The most common surrogate term was retroduction, whereas related terms included intuition and pattern and similarity recognition. Antecedents consisted of a complex, puzzling situation and a clinician with creativity, experience and knowledge. Consequences included the formation of broad hypotheses that enhance understanding of care situations. Overall, abductive reasoning was described as the process of hypothesis or theory generation and evaluation. It was also viewed as inference to the best explanation.ConclusionAs a new approach, abductive reasoning could enhance reasoning abilities of novice clinicians. It can not only incorporate various ways of knowing but also its holistic approach to learning appears to be promising in problem‐based learning. As nursing literature on abductive reasoning is predominantly philosophical, practical consequences of abductive reasoning warrant further research.