bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age of Onset of Functional Constipation
Authors: Malowitz Stanton , Green Mary , Karpinski Aryn , Rosenberg Allan , Hyman Paul E. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTIn a review of 538 children with functional constipation, we analyzed ages of presentation and onset, symptom duration, and behavioral/developmental problems. We divided the subjects into quartiles (Q1–Q4) based on age of onset. Median onset age was 2.3 years. The oldest group had the shortest symptom duration before referral at 1.8 ± 1.8 years (compared with Q3 to Q1, P = 0.039, P = 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). Of the Q4 subjects, 22% had a behavioral/developmental problem (P < 0.001 compared with Q1–Q3). We conclude that most children develop functional constipation as infants and toddlers, but those with later onset are more likely to have behavioral/developmental issues and see a specialist sooner.
Early Clinical Diagnosis of PC1/3 Deficiency in a Patient With a Novel Homozygous PCSK1 Splice‐Site Mutation
Authors: Härter Bettina , Fuchs Irene , Müller Thomas , Akbulut Ulas Emre , Cakir Murat , Janecke Andreas R. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTAutosomal recessive proprotein convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) deficiency, caused by mutations in the PCSK1 gene, is characterized by severe congenital malabsorptive diarrhea, early‐onset obesity, and certain endocrine abnormalities. We suspected PC1/3 deficiency in a 4‐month‐old girl based on the presence of congenital diarrhea and polyuria. Sequencing the whole coding region and splice sites detected a novel homozygous PCSK1 splice‐site mutation, c.544–2A>G, in the patient. The mutation resulted in the skipping of exon 5, the generation of a premature termination codon, and nonsense‐mediated PCSK1 messenger ribonucleic acid decay, which was demonstrated in complementary DNA derived from fibroblasts.
We as Spouses Have Experienced a Real Disaster!
Authors: Çömez Saadet , Karayurt Özgül 
Published: October 2015

Background:
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in Turkey. The emotional effects of this condition are experienced by the women and their families.

Objective:
The aim of the study was to describe the experiences of women with breast cancer and their spouses from diagnosis to treatment completion.

Methods:
This qualitative study with a descriptive qualitative design was conducted at participants’ homes. Fourteen women and their spouses were enrolled in the study (n = 28). Data were collected during in-depth interviews and analyzed with inductive content analysis.

Results:
The women with breast cancer and their spouses’ experiences were categorized into 4 main themes: “facing breast cancer,” “treatment process,” “coping with disease and treatment,” and “life after treatment.” Subthemes were also identified and described.

Conclusions:
The women with breast cancer and their spouses reported that they had positive and negative experiences in terms of their physical, psychological, and social status from diagnosis to completion of treatment, indicating that breast cancer is a disease of women and a condition of families.

Implications for Practice:
Knowledge of these experiences can help nurses plan care that is designed to improve the quality of life of women and their husbands.
Results From the NACC Uniform Data Set Neuropsychological Battery Crosswalk Study
Authors: Monsell Sarah E. , Dodge Hiroko H. , Zhou Xiao-Hua , Bu Yunqi , Besser Lilah M. , Mock Charles , Hawes Stephen E. , Kukull Walter A. , Weintraub Sandra 
Published: October 2015

Introduction:
Four new nonproprietary tests were recommended for use in the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center’s Uniform Data Set Neuropsychological Battery. These tests are similar to previous tests but also allow for continuity of longitudinal data collection and wide dissemination among research collaborators.

Methods:
A Crosswalk Study was conducted in early 2014 to assess the correlation between each set of new and previous tests. Tests with good correlation were equated using equipercentile equating. The resulting conversion tables allow scores on the new tests to be converted to equivalent scores on the previous tests.

Results:
All pairs of tests had good correlation (ρ=0.68 to 0.78). Learning effects were detected for Logical Memory only. Confidence intervals were narrow at each point estimate, and prediction accuracy was high.

Discussion:
The recommended new tests are well correlated with the previous tests. The equipercentile equating method produced conversion tables that provide a useful reference for clinicians and researchers.
Modes of migration and multilevel selection in evolutionary multiplayer games
Authors: Pichugin Yuriy , Gokhale Chaitanya S. , Garcia Julián , Traulsen Arne , Rainey Paul B. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe evolution of cooperation in group-structured populations has received much attention, but little is known about the effects of different modes of migration of individuals between groups. Here, we have incorporated four different modes of migration that differ in the degree of coordination among the individuals. For each mode of migration, we identify the set of multiplayer games in which the cooperative strategy has higher fixation probability than defection. The comparison shows that the set of games under which cooperation may evolve generally expands depending upon the degree of coordination among the migrating individuals. Weak altruism can evolve under all modes of individual migration, provided that the benefit to cost ratio is high enough. Strong altruism, however, evolves only if the mode of migration involves coordination of individual actions. Depending upon the migration frequency and degree of coordination among individuals, conditions that allow selection to work at the level of groups can be established.
Students’ entrepreneurial self-efficacy: does the teaching method matter?
Authors: Abaho Ernest , Olomi Donath  R. , Urassa Goodluck Charles 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the various entrepreneurship teaching methods in Uganda and how these methods relate to entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE).

Design/methodology/approach
– A sample of 522 final year students from selected universities and study programs was surveyed using self-reported questionnaires.

Findings
– There was a statistically significant positive relationship between ESE and lecturers’ business experience. Interacting with successful people, personal reading and handout notes, class presentations and imaginary case studies had a statistically significant positive relationship with ESE. There was no statistical significance in the relationship between ESE and some teaching methods. A positively significant correlation was also observed between lectures’ business experience and the choice of teaching method(s).

Research limitations/implications
– Further research should explore how various methods are used to teach different aspects of entrepreneurship as well as the attitudes and perceptions of entrepreneurship educators about entrepreneurial experience and its relevancy in entrepreneurship education.

Practical implications
– Lecturers should seek opportunities for attaining business experience through practice and business networks. Institutions should orient lecturers through different teaching styles and train them on how to relate learning outcomes to learning environments as well as investing in learning aids.

Originality/value
– The study provides insights about the most feasible methods of activating ESE in the most practical and efficient ways. It also informs readers about the state of learning technologies from a developing country’s perspective.
Workplace emotion through a psychological contract lens
Authors: McGrath Michelle L , Millward Lynne J. , Banks Adrian 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to identify how psychological contract perceptions are used as a lens through which employees make sense of their workplace emotions. Applying Rousseau’s (1995, 2011) conceptualisation of psychological contracts it examines how the emotions linked to both promise perceptions (broken/exceeded) and regulation are made sense of in relation to perceptions of contract type.Design/methodology/approach– This paper takes a unique perspective into the role perceptions of psychological contract type play in the process of emotional sensemaking using qualitative thematic analysis of 30 in-depth interviews. A range of occupations are represented and all participants worked in a full-time capacity.Findings– The paper identifies how the predominant relationship frame (transactional/relational) is used by employees when making sense of the emotions recalled during specific psychological contract events, as well as the emotions they feel are necessary to regulate while at work.Research limitations/implications– The mean age of the study sample was 26 years, comparatively young in terms of the span of the employment age bracket. Taking a lifespan approach would potentially broaden the understanding of how employees use their predominant relationship frame in the process of emotional sensemaking at different stages of their life and careers.Originality/value– This paper identifies an important work-related cue used in the active regulation of specific emotions whilst at work, contributing to both the psychological contract and emotion literature.
Increasing the usefulness of farm financial information and management
Authors: Halabi Abdel K. , Carroll Brendan 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine how farm management and farm accounting may be improved from the accountant’s perspective.

Design/methodology/approach
– There has been a dearth of qualitative studies examining accountant’s attitudes to financial reports. This study therefore interviews 13 rural accountants regarding their opinions on the usefulness of financial information they provide to farmers, and what types of financial information could aid farm management.

Findings
– Accountants generally agree that the present financial reports provided to farmers are of little decision-making value, since they are made for the purposes of compliance. In response, the accountants suggest a number of management accounting reports can better aid farmers.

Practical implications
– Accountants are important to the success of farms, yet in-depth responses have not previously been sought on the reports that accountants produce for farmers. This research provides accountants’ opinions on how reports could be more useful for farmers and how more focused management accounting reports can assist decision-making.

Originality/value
– The qualitative approach used in this research provides a fresh and richer perspective on the usefulness of accounting to farm management. Interviewing the adviser rather than the business owner is relatively uncommon in agricultural organisations. The interviews have allowed the thoughts and concerns of accountants to come to light in a manner not previously achieved in organisational studies which relate farming and accounting.
Unpacking the problem of research access(es)
Authors: Karjalainen Mira , Niemistö Charlotta , Hearn Jeff 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to unpack the question of research access(es), especially ethnographic access, seen as an intrinsic part of research projects that should be scrutinized carefully to gain a deeper understanding of the field. Two main questions are asked: what does the process of accessing knowledge-intensive businesses (KIBs), specifically large international consultancies (LICs), tell us about access more generally? And what does accessing KIBs, specifically LICs, tell us about these organizations more generally?Design/methodology/approach– The paper builds on discussions of research access issues in organizational ethnography, in part when setting out to employ shadowing as a method of inquiry. It focuses on the challenges of gaining access to KIBs, where confidentiality is central to the work. The empirical focus is a study of LICs from where the data for this paper is drawn.Findings– To answer the two questions, the paper provides an analysis of: accesses in the plural; ongoing processes of accessing; multiple levels of access and contradictory negotiations; research accesses, including access difficulties, as constitutive of research itself; and research accesses as dependent on and giving data on the organizations in question. Building on literatures on ethnographic access and empirical data gained while negotiating access to LICs, this paper contributes to prior research on access, focusing on LICs as an arena for organizational ethnography, whose particular character has to be taken into account when conducting research.Originality/value– This paper examines the processes of accessing, a neglected but important part of research: the phase(s) of negotiating and gaining access to the field, and the need to fully absorb these phases into the research process as a whole. Access as such multi-level ongoing processes is often neglected, however, in both academic writing and importantly in doctoral education curricula. Therefore, the paper offers guidelines for use in research training.
The importance of litter traits and decomposers for litter decomposition: a comparison of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems within and across biomes
Authors: García‐Palacios Pablo , McKie Brendan G. , Handa Ira Tanya , Frainer André , Hättenschwiler Stephan 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Plant leaf litter comprises the major common source of energy and nutrients in forested soil and freshwater ecosystems world‐wide. However, despite the similarity of physical and biochemical processes, generalizations across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems regarding litter decomposition drivers remain elusive.

We re‐analysed data from a published field decomposition experiment conducted in two ecosystems (forest floors and streams) across five biomes (from the tropics to subarctic) with increasing decomposer community complexity (microbes, microbes and mesofauna, microbes and meso‐ and macrofauna).

Using a wide litter quality gradient (15 litter combinations), we aimed to disentangle the roles of decomposer community complexity from that of leaf litter traits (18 traits encompassing four broad trait categories: nutrients, C quality, physical structure and stoichiometry) on litter C and N loss. Comparisons of decomposition drivers between ecosystems were evaluated across and within biomes.

Differences in environmental conditions (e.g. climate, soil/water fertility) and litter nutrients – with a particular focus on Mg and Ca – across biomes were the major drivers of litter C loss in both ecosystems, but decomposer complexity also played a prominent role in streams. Within biomes, we observed consistent effects of litter nutrients and stoichiometry on litter C and N loss between ecosystems, but the effects of decomposer complexity differed between streams and forest floors in the temperate, Mediterranean and tropical biomes.

Our results highlight that, beyond the litter traits commonly identified as controlling decomposition (e.g. C, N and lignin), micronutrients (e.g. Mg and Ca) can also play an important, and globally consistent, role in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, in forest streams the complexity of decomposer communities had similar importance as litter traits for predicting litter C and N turnover across all five biomes.

The identification of common drivers in our large‐scale ecosystem comparison suggests a basis to develop common models across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems for C and N dynamics during decomposition. Future modelling efforts should account for the global similarities (litter micronutrient effects) and biome‐level differences (contingent decomposer effects) found between ecosystems.
2.5D direct‐current resistivity forward modelling and inversion by finite‐element–infinite‐element coupled method
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Qiang Jianke , Tang Jingtian , Ren Zhengyong , Xiao Xiao 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTTo reduce the numerical errors arising from the improper enforcement of the artificial boundary conditions on the distant surface that encloses the underground part of the subsurface, we present a finite‐element–infinite‐element coupled method to significantly reduce the computation time and memory cost in the 2.5D direct‐current resistivity inversion. We first present the boundary value problem of the secondary potential. Then, a new type of infinite element is analysed and applied to replace the conventionally used mixed boundary condition on the distant boundary. In the internal domain, a standard finite‐element method is used to derive the final system of linear equations. With a novel shape function for infinite elements at the subsurface boundary, the final system matrix is sparse, symmetric, and independent of source electrodes. Through lower upper decomposition, the multi‐pole potentials can be swiftly obtained by simple back‐substitutions. We embed the newly developed forward solution to the inversion procedure. To compute the sensitivity matrix, we adopt the efficient adjoint equation approach to further reduce the computation cost. Finally, several synthetic examples are tested to show the efficiency of inversion.
Food‐web composition and plant diversity control foliar nutrient content and stoichiometry
Authors: Borer Elizabeth T. , Lind Eric M. , Ogdahl Eric J. , Seabloom Eric W. , Tilman David , Montgomery Rebecca A. , Kinkel Linda L. 
Published: October 2015

Summary

The content and ratio of nutrients in plants can be constrained by a wide array of factors, including nutrient supply, light intensity, herbivory, infection or intrinsic growth rate and can, in turn, affect many ecosystem processes including photosynthesis, decomposition, resource limitation and nutrient cycling. Studies of plant stoichiometry and stoichiometric homeostasis have focused primarily on the role of nutrient supply as a constraint on plant tissue chemistry, yet recent work suggests that local plant diversity, plant species composition and consumers may change the nutrient composition of whole plant communities.

By experimentally removing insects, foliar fungi and soil fungi from a long‐term experiment manipulating plant diversity, we found that the foliar stoichiometry of individual plant species depends on biotic context.

Local plant diversity and the composition of the consumer community each altered foliar tissue carbon and nutrient chemistry of four different grassland species. The greatest impacts of consumers on foliar chemistry occurred at low plant diversity, and these changes induced by altering the food web were of a similar magnitude to the effects of fertilization or drought found in previous work. Consumers and plant diversity acted primarily on foliar carbon and nitrogen, whereas changes in foliar phosphorus were associated with the productivity of the local plant community. Thus, changes in whole‐community stoichiometry that have been documented in response to alterations of the consumer food web or plant community are underlain by stoichiometric changes in individual species as well as plant species compositional changes.

Synthesis. These results suggest a new pathway by which loss of consumer or plant diversity may significantly impact the wide variety of ecosystem processes that depend on foliar nutrient content.
Decay rates of leaf litters from arbuscular mycorrhizal trees are more sensitive to soil effects than litters from ectomycorrhizal trees
Authors: Midgley Meghan G. , Brzostek Edward , Phillips Richard P. 
Published: October 2015

SummaryWhile it is well established that leaf litter decomposition is controlled by climate and substrate quality at broad spatial scales, conceptual frameworks that consider how local‐scale factors affect litter decay in heterogeneous landscapes are generally lacking.A critical challenge in disentangling the relative impacts of and interactions among local‐scale factors is that these factors frequently covary due to feedbacks between plant and soil communities. For example, forest plots dominated by trees that associate with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi often differ from those dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in terms of their litter quality, microbial community structure and inorganic nutrient availability. Here, we evaluate the extent to which such factors alter leaf litter decomposition rates.To characterize variations in decomposition rates, we compared decay rates of high‐quality litter (maple;AM) and low‐quality litter (oak;ECM) across forest plots representing a gradient in litter matrix quality and nitrogen (N) availability driven by the relative proportions ofAMandECMtrees in each plot. In experiment two, we added litter from twoAMand threeECMtree species to forest plots with either a high‐quality litter matrix and high N availability (i.e.AM‐dominated plots) or a low‐quality litter matrix and low N availability (i.e.ECM‐dominated plots). In both experiments, we found thatAMlitter decomposed more rapidly thanECMlitter, and this effect was enhanced inAM‐dominated plots.Then, to separate the contributions of litter matrix effects from N availability effects, we added N fertilizer to a subset of plots from experiment two. Nitrogen addition increased decay rates of high‐quality litter across all sites, but had no effect on low‐quality litter, suggesting that low N availability, not litter matrix quality, constrains decomposition of high‐quality litters. Hence, N availability appears to alter litter decomposition patterns independently of litter matrix properties.Synthesis. Our results indicate that shifts in the relative abundance ofECM‐ andAM‐associated trees in a plot or stand have the potential to affect litter decay rates through both changes in litter quality as well as through alterations of the local‐scale soil environment.