bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
North Atlantic circulation and reservoir age changes over the past 41,000 years
Authors: Stern Joseph V. , Lisiecki Lorraine E. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractConstraints on the timing of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) changes during the last deglaciation are fundamental to understanding the climate's rapid response to insolation forcing. However, uncertainty about high‐latitude North Atlantic (HLNA) radiocarbon reservoir ages has previously precluded robust age model development for this critical region. HLNA reservoir ages also serve as a proxy for AMOC strength. We present regionally averaged HLNA reservoir ages for 0 to 41 thousand years before the present (kyr BP) based on over 500 radiocarbon dates from 33 North Atlantic cores. An early deglacial increase to >1000 14C yr reservoir ages between 18.5 and 16.5 kyr BP suggests reduced AMOC before peak Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) ice‐rafted debris (IRD). A rapid decrease in reservoir ages coincident with the IRD maximum at 16 kyr BP indicates strong stratification of the upper water column caused by massive freshwater release.
Silicate liquid‐carbonatite liquid transition along the melting curve of model, vapor‐saturated peridotite in the system CaO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐CO2 from 1.1 to 2 GPa
Authors: Keshav Shantanu , Gudfinnsson Gudmundur H. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSolidus phase relations of carbon dioxide‐saturated (CO2 vapor) model peridotite in the system CaO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐CO2 in the 1.1–2.1 GPa pressure range are reported. The solidus has a positive slope in pressure‐temperature (PT) space from 1.1 to 2 GPa. Between 2 and 2.1 GPa, the melting curve changes to a negative slope. From 1.1 to 1.9 GPa, the liquid, best described as CO2‐bearing silicate liquid, is in equilibrium with forsterite, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, spinel, and vapor. At 2 GPa, the same crystalline phase assemblage plus vapor is in equilibrium with two liquids, which are silicate and carbonatitic in composition, making the solidus at 2 GPa PT invariant. The presence of two liquids is interpreted as being due to liquid immiscibility. Melting reactions written over 1.1–1.9 GPa are peritectic, with forsterite being produced upon melting, and the liquid is silicate in composition. Upon melting at 2.1 GPa, orthopyroxene is produced, and the liquid is carbonatitic in composition. Hence, the invariance between 1.9 and 2.1 GPa is not only the reason for the dramatic change in the liquid composition over an interval of 0.2 GPa, but the carbonated peridotite solidus ledge itself most likely appears because of this PT invariance. It is suggested that because carbonatitic liquid is produced at the highest solidus temperature at 2 GPa in PT space in the system studied, such liquids, in principle, can erupt through liquid immiscibility, as near‐primary magmas from depths of approximately 60 km.
Two likely stratospheric volcanic eruptions in the 1450s C.E. found in a bipolar, subannually dated 800 year ice core record
Authors: Cole‐Dai Jihong , Ferris David G. , Lanciki Alyson L. , Savarino Joël , Thiemens Mark H. , McConnell Joseph R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAn 800 year volcanic record is constructed from high‐resolution chemical analysis of recently obtained West Antarctica and central Greenland ice cores. The high accuracy and precision of the ice core chronologies are a result of dating by annual ice layer counting. Nineteen bipolar volcanic signals in this record represent large, explosive eruptions in the tropics with probable climatic impact. One of the two bipolar volcanic signals dated at 1453 and 1459 is probably left by the eruption of the submarine volcano Kuwae in the tropical Pacific, one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the last millennium. The discovery of the two signals in the 1450s casts doubt on the eruption year of 1452 or 1453 for Kuwae based on previous ice core records. The volcanic sulfate deposition patterns in this bipolar record suggest that the later signal is likely from the Kuwae eruption in 1458, although a firm attribution is not possible. Sulfur isotope composition in the volcanic sulfate in the central Greenland cores indicates that both eruptions in the 1450s injected sulfur gases into the stratosphere with probable impact on the global climate. These results are in agreement with tree ring records showing two short cold episodes during that decade. The bipolar volcanic record supports the hypothesis that unusually active volcanism in the thirteenth century contributed to the onset of the Little Ice Age and another active period in the mid fifteenth century may have helped to sustain the Little Ice Age.
Large splenic volume may be a useful predictor for partial splenic embolization‐induced liver functional improvement in cirrhotic patients
Authors: Hayashi Hiromitsu , Beppu Toru , Masuda Toshiro , Okabe Hirohisa , Imai Katsunori , Hashimoto Daisuke , Ikuta Yoshiaki , Chikamoto Akira , Watanabe Masayuki , Baba Hideo 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundPartial splenic embolization (PSE) for cirrhotic patients has been reported not only to achieve an improvement in thrombocytopenia and portal hypertension, but also to induce PSE‐associated fringe benefit such as individual liver functional improvement. The purpose of this study was to clarify the predictive marker of liver functional improvement due from PSE in cirrhotic patients.MethodsFrom April 1999 to January 2009, 83 cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism‐induced thrombocytopenia (platelet count <10 × 104/μl) underwent PSE. Of them, 71 patients with follow‐up for more than one year after PSE were retrospectively investigated.ResultsIn liver tissues after PSE, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)‐positive hepatocytes were remarkably increased, speculating that PSE induced liver regenerative response. Indeed, serum albumin and cholinesterase levels increased to 104 ± 14% and 130 ± 65% each of the pretreatment level at one year after PSE. In a multiple linear regression analysis, preoperative splenic volume was extracted as the predictive factor for the improvement in cholinesterase level after PSE. Cirrhotic patients with preoperative splenic volume >600 ml obtained significantly higher serum albumin and cholinesterase levels at one year after PSE compared to those with less than 600 ml (P‐values were 0.029 in both).ConclusionA large preoperative splenic volume was the useful predictive marker for an effective PSE‐induced liver functional improvement.
Factors associated with early cancer‐related death after curative hepatectomy for solitary small hepatocellular carcinoma without macroscopic vascular invasion
Authors: Sasaki Kazunari , Matsuda Masamichi , Ohkura Yu , Kawamura Yusuke , Inoue Masafumi , Hashimoto Masaji , Ikeda Kenji , Kumada Hiromitsu , Watanabe Goro 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundUnexpected early cancer‐related death (ECRD) within 2 years due to recurrence after curative hepatectomy for solitary small (<5 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma without macroscopic vascular invasion (SSHCC) is occasionally observed.MethodA total of 415 patients were enrolled (19 patients with ECRD and 396 patients with non‐ECRD) to elucidate the risk factors of ECRD after curative hepatectomy for SSHCC. They were initially compared by limiting variables to preoperative factors to reveal predictors that could enable the modification of primary treatment. Subsequently, the same analysis was performed with all variables, including perioperative and histological factors.ResultsIn the preoperative factors, tumor size > 3 cm and elevation of tumor marker level were independent predictors of ECRD. In the analysis with all variables, excessive intraoperative blood loss, poor differentiation, and microscopic vascular invasion were predictors of ECRD. In the recurrence patterns, 79% of ECRD presented as advanced (four or more lesions) or extra‐hepatic recurrence, whereas these accounted for 18% in the non‐ECRD.ConclusionExcessive blood loss during the operation and histopathological findings of microscopic vascular invasion and poor differentiation are predictive factors of cancer‐related death within 2 years of a hepatectomy for SSHCC.
Effects of pancrelipase on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Nagai Minako , Sho Masayuki , Satoi Sohei , Toyokawa Hideyoshi , Akahori Takahiro , Yanagimoto Hiroaki , Yamamoto Tomohisa , Hirooka Satoshi , Yamaki So , Kinoshita Shoichi , Nishiwada Satoshi , Ikeda Naoya , Kwon A‐Hon , Nakajima Yoshiyuki 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundPostoperative nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) has recently become recognized. However, the pathoetiology of postoperative NAFLD is largely unknown. Furthermore, the optimal treatment has not been established. The aim of this prospective study was to clarify whether pancrelipase, which contains digestive pancreatic enzymes, could reverse NAFLD.MethodsA collaborative clinical trial has been conducted (UMIN000006841). A total of 30 patients who developed NAFLD after PD were prospectively treated with pancrelipase. NAFLD was defined and evaluated by the liver‐to‐spleen attenuation ratio on computed tomography (CT). Clinical symptoms and laboratory findings were also assessed.ResultsThe mean liver‐to‐spleen CT ratio before surgery in 30 patients was 1.233. It declined to 0.453 at diagnosis of NAFLD. It was significantly improved by the treatment and the CT ratios at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment were 0.762, 0.958 and 0.904, respectively (vs. pretreatment, P < 0.001). The mild liver dysfunction was also improved. Total protein, albumin and total cholesterol levels were significantly improved by the treatment. Importantly, relatively severe diarrhea seen in 11 patients was also ameliorated.ConclusionsPancrelipase has a significant beneficial impact on NAFLD after PD. Maldigestion after pancreatic surgery may be a main cause for the development of postoperative NAFLD.
Fiscal Responses to Privatisation in Transition Economies: an Empirical Assessment
Authors: Erden Lutfi , Bolatoglu Nasip 
Published: June 2013

AbstractOne objective of privatisation is to provide a favourable fiscal position. Thus, the success of privatisation depends on fiscal responses of governments to privatisation. To assess the success of privatisation, the study uses a fiscal response model as an appropriate theoretical framework, modifying it to incorporate privatisation revenues. The resulting empirical equations allow us to examine the effects of privatisation on several fiscal variables. Applying the panel data from 22 transition economies to the empirical models, we find that while privatisation revenue has no impact on debt service or borrowing, it is related positively with expenditures and negatively with revenues. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The design and methods of the mental health module in the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1‐MH)
Authors: Jacobi Frank , Mack Simon , Gerschler Anja , Scholl Lucie , Höfler Michael , Siegert Jens , Bürkner Ariane , Preiss Stephanie , Spitzer Kathrin , Busch Markus , Hapke Ulfert , Gaebel Wolfgang , Maier Wolfgang , Wagner Michael , Zielasek Jürgen , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDEGS1‐MH is part of the first wave of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (DEGS1) covering all relevant health issues. Aims of DEGS1‐MH are to supplement DEGS1 by describing (1) the distribution and frequency, the severity and the impairments of a wide range of mental disorders, (2) risk factors as well as patterns of help‐seeking and health care utilization, and (3) associations between mental and somatic disorders, (4) and by comparisons with a similar survey in the late 1990s (GHS‐MHS), longitudinal trends and changes in morbidity over time. Out of all eligible DEGS1 respondents (nationally representative sample aged 18–79), N = 5318 subjects (conditional response rate 88%) were examined at their place of residence by clinically trained interviewers with a modified version of the standardized, computer‐assisted Composite International Diagnostic Interview (DEGS‐CIDI). Innovative additions were: a comprehensive neuropsychological examination, a broader assessment of psychosis‐like experiences, disorder‐specific disabilities, help‐seeking and health care utilization. The mental health module and its combination with the assessment of somatic and other health issues in DEGS1 allow for internationally unique, detailed and comprehensive analyses about mental disorders and the association of mental and somatic health issues in the community, constituting an improved basis for regular future surveys of this sort. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of fullerene photodimerization on the PCBM crystallization in polymer: Fullerene bulk heterojunctions under thermal stress
Authors: Piersimoni Fortunato , Degutis Giedrius , Bertho Sabine , Vandewal Koen , Spoltore Donato , Vangerven Tim , Drijkoningen Jeroen , Van Bael Marlies K. , Hardy An , D'Haen Jan , Maes Wouter , Vanderzande Dirk , Nesladek Milos , Manca Jean 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTFor an increased lifetime of polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells, an understanding of the chemical and morphological degradation phenomena taking place under operational conditions is crucial. Phase separation between polymer and fullerene induced by thermal stress has been pointed out as a major issue to overcome. While often the effect of thermal stress on the morphology of polymer:fullerene BHJ is investigated in the darkness, here we observe that light exposure slows down fullerene crystallization and phase separation induced at elevated temperatures. The observed photo‐stabilizing effect on active layer morphology is quite independent on the polymer and is attributed to light‐induced dimerization of the fullerene. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1209–1214
Pulmonary hypertension in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Clinical findings, cardiovascular anomalies and outcomes
Authors: del Cerro Maria Jesús , Sabaté Rotés Anna , Cartón Antonio , Deiros Lucia , Bret Montserrat , Cordeiro Malaika , Verdú Cristina , Barrios Maria Isabel , Albajara Luis , Gutierrez‐Larraya Federico 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectivePulmonary hypertension (PH) worsens the prognosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The following items have not been fully established for PH in BPD: clinical characterization, incidence of cardiovascular anomalies (CVAs), response to PH treatment, and outcome.Study DesignA review of clinical records, computed tomography (CT) images and catheterization data of 36 patients with PH‐BPD referred to our PH Unit (March 2006 to December 2011) was performed. Twenty‐nine patients without major congenital heart defects and with complete follow‐up data were included.ResultsThe diagnosis of PH was made at a median age of 4.5 months (IQR 2.4–7.8), with an echocardiography estimated median right ventricular pressure/systemic pressure ratio of 70% (IQR 60–80%). CT scanning was performed in 21 patients and catheterization in 14 patients. CVAs were found in 19 patients (65.5%): aortopulmonary collaterals (n = 9), pulmonary vein stenosis (n = 7), ASD (n = 4), and PDA (n = 9). Hemodynamic data: PVRI 4.3 UW m2 (2.7–7); PVRI/SVRI 0.44 (0.32–0.8); and transpulmonary gradient 28 mmHg (19–40). At a median follow‐up of 35 months (IQR 21–91), 6 patients had undergone shunts closure, 22 received specific PH drugs, 3 spontaneously improved of their PH, and 8 (26%) had died.ConclusionPH in BPD is not always a transient condition; it can be diagnosed at later stages and can have a protracted course. The incidence of associated CVAs is high. Prompt diagnosis, detection, and treatment of CVAs, and specific drug therapy can improve the outcome in these patients, although the mortality rate remains high. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:49–59. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Climate sensitivity in the Anthropocene
Authors: Previdi M. , Liepert B. G. , Peteet D. , Hansen J. , Beerling D. J. , Broccoli A. J. , Frolking S. , Galloway J. N. , Heimann M. , Le Quéré C. , Levitus S. , Ramaswamy V. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractClimate sensitivity in its most basic form is defined as the equilibrium change in global surface temperature that occurs in response to a climate forcing, or externally imposed perturbation of the planetary energy balance. Within this general definition, several specific forms of climate sensitivity exist that differ in terms of the types of climate feedbacks they include. Based on evidence from Earth's history, we suggest here that the relevant form of climate sensitivity in the Anthropocene (e.g. from which to base future greenhouse gas (GHG) stabilization targets) is the Earth system sensitivity including fast feedbacks from changes in water vapour, natural aerosols, clouds and sea ice, slower surface albedo feedbacks from changes in continental ice sheets and vegetation, and climate–GHG feedbacks from changes in natural (land and ocean) carbon sinks. Traditionally, only fast feedbacks have been considered (with the other feedbacks either ignored or treated as forcing), which has led to estimates of the climate sensitivity for doubled CO2 concentrations of about 3°C. The 2×CO2 Earth system sensitivity is higher than this, being ∼4–6°C if the ice sheet/vegetation albedo feedback is included in addition to the fast feedbacks, and higher still if climate–GHG feedbacks are also included. The inclusion of climate–GHG feedbacks due to changes in the natural carbon sinks has the advantage of more directly linking anthropogenic GHG emissions with the ensuing global temperature increase, thus providing a truer indication of the climate sensitivity to human perturbations. The Earth system climate sensitivity is difficult to quantify due to the lack of palaeo‐analogues for the present‐day anthropogenic forcing, and the fact that ice sheet and climate–GHG feedbacks have yet to become globally significant in the Anthropocene. Furthermore, current models are unable to adequately simulate the physics of ice sheet decay and certain aspects of the natural carbon and nitrogen cycles. Obtaining quantitative estimates of the Earth system sensitivity is therefore a high priority for future work.
Over-the-Counter Sale of Emergency Contraception: A Survey of Pharmacists in Delhi
Authors: Mishra Archana , Saxena Pikee 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Introduction
Pharmacists play a key role while dispensing over-the-counter emergency contraception (EC) to the client.

Aims
The study aims to evaluate the knowledge and over-the-counter services provided by the pharmacists in Delhi.

Methods
A prestructured questionnaire-based survey was conducted in Delhi, the capital city of India.

Results
Only 60 out of 85 pharmacies approached agreed to participate in the study. Number of packs sold in a month per pharmacy varied from 2 to 500 packs/month. Sixty-two percent of the pharmacists claimed that majority of the clients repeated use during the same month. Only 18% of the clients were referred by doctors while 82% directly approached the pharmacists. Nearly one third of the clients were adolescents. Sixty-seven percent of the pharmacists had adequate knowledge about EC. Only 3.3% asked about the last menstrual period or the time elapsed since the last unprotected intercourse. No pharmacist inquired whether there were one or multiple unprotected acts of intercourse, if any regular contraceptive method was being used, or explored the reason for EC intake. There were 91.7% who explained the dosage schedule to clients. Only half of them explained that the client may experience side effects. None of the pharmacists advised their clients for a sexually transmitted disease screening, and 35% counseled the clients regarding regular contraception.

Conclusion
Improving the quality of services provided by the pharmacists can clear misconceptions of the clients and promote subsequent regular contraception along with precautions to avoid sexually transmitted diseases.
Critical Hopefulness: A Person‐Centered Analysis of the Intersection of Cognitive and Emotional Empowerment
Authors: Christens Brian D. , Collura Jessica J. , Tahir Faizan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractLeaders in struggles for social justice agree on the importance and the difficulty of maintaining hopefulness while developing critical awareness of social issues. Research has indicated that the analogous components of psychological empowerment (emotional and cognitive) often do not co‐vary across populations. This study used a person‐centered analytic approach, latent class analysis, to identify subpopulations of participants (n = 1,322) according to the cognitive and emotional components of psychological empowerment. Four distinct sub‐groups emerged: those who were relatively (1) critical but alienated, (2) uncritical but hopeful, (3) uncritical and alienated, or (4) critical and hopeful. These clusters were then examined for demographic differences and relationships with a set of conceptually relevant variables including social capital, psychological sense of community, openness, organizational participation and mental wellbeing. Results shed light on the complexity of empowerment processes and yield implications for ongoing community research and action.
Inositol pyrophosphates: between signalling and metabolism
Authors: Wilson Miranda S. C. , Livermore Thomas M. , Saiardi Adolfo 
Published: June 2013

The present review will explore the insights gained into inositol pyrophosphates in the 20 years since their discovery in 1993. These molecules are defined by the presence of the characteristic ‘high energy’ pyrophosphate moiety and can be found ubiquitously in eukaryotic cells. The enzymes that synthesize them are similarly well distributed and can be found encoded in any eukaryote genome. Rapid progress has been made in characterizing inositol pyrophosphate metabolism and they have been linked to a surprisingly diverse range of cellular functions. Two decades of work is now beginning to present a view of inositol pyrophosphates as fundamental, conserved and highly important agents in the regulation of cellular homoeostasis. In particular it is emerging that energy metabolism, and thus ATP production, is closely regulated by these molecules. Much of the early work on these molecules was performed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, but the development of mouse knockouts for IP6K1 and IP6K2 [IP6K is IP6 (inositol hexakisphosphate) kinase] in the last 5 years has provided very welcome tools to better understand the physiological roles of inositol pyrophosphates. Another recent innovation has been the use of gel electrophoresis to detect and purify inositol pyrophosphates. Despite the advances that have been made, many aspects of inositol pyrophosphate biology remain far from clear. By evaluating the literature, the present review hopes to promote further research in this absorbing area of biology.