bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canals of Hering loss relates to the progression of the histological stages of primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Kakuda Yuko , Harada Kenichi , Nakanuma Yasuni 
Published: November 2014

AimsThe canals of Hering (CoH), which are the most peripherally located bile drainage pathway, are considered a niche of hepatic progenitor cells. Recently, CoH loss has been described as an early feature of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). We investigated the correlation between CoH loss and the histopathological variables of PBC.MethodsLiver biopsy specimens from 62 PBC patients (M:F=8:54, age=58±12 years) were evaluated prior to ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. Liver biopsies of patients with normal liver (n=11), chronic viral hepatitis (n=36) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (n=13) were used as controls. The number of CoH per definite area of hepatic parenchyma (c to p ratio) was calculated in individual cases. We compared the c to p ratios of PBC patients with that of controls and analysed the correlations with histological variables and clinical features.ResultsThe c to p ratios in PBC patients with mild and extensive fibrosis were lower than those in controls with each degree of fibrosis. The c to p ratios were negatively correlated with stage, fibrosis, bile duct loss, orcein-positive granule deposition and hepatitis activities in PBC (p<0.01) and with alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin levels at liver biopsies (p<0.05).ConclusionsThe number of CoH was low in early stages and further decreased with stage progression in PBC. CoH loss, reflecting a reduced supply of progenitor cells to the biliary tree, may be involved in the histological progression of PBC.
Getting sick and falling behind: health and the risk of mortgage default and home foreclosure
Authors: Houle Jason N , Keene Danya E 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundAn emerging literature shows that mortgage strain can lead to poor health outcomes, but less work has focused on whether and how health shocks influence mortgage distress. We examine the link between changes in health status and default/foreclosure risk among older middle-aged adults.MethodWe used National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 data and multivariate logistic regression models to examine the relationship between changes in health limitations and chronic conditions across survey waves and risk of mortgage default and foreclosure.ResultsWe found that changes in health limitations and chronic conditions increased the risk of default and foreclosure between 2007 and 2010. These associations were partially mediated by changes in family income and loss of health insurance.ConclusionsFrom a policy perspective, the strong link between the onset of illness and foreclosure suggests a need to re-examine the safety-nets that are available to individuals who become ill or disabled.
Stone materials used for monumental buildings in the historical centre of Turin (NW Italy): architectonical survey and petrographic characterization of Via Roma
Authors: Borghi Alessandro , Berra Valentina , d'Atri Anna , Dino Giovanna A. , Gallo Lorenzo M. , Giacobino Elena , Martire Luca , Massaro Gianluca , Vaggelli Gloria , Bertok Carlo , Castelli Daniele , Costa Emanuele , Ferrando Simona , Groppo Chiara , Rolfo Franco 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

One of the peculiarities of Turin (NW Italy) lies on the presence of monumental arcades which mainly consist of stone material. These arcades, characterized by more than 12 km of interconnected paths, represent one of the widest city
promenades
of Europe and are an architectural, aesthetic and socio-economic example unique in the world. This paper, analysing the urban axis of Via Roma (Rome Street), aims to study the material used in arcade construction. The main stones occurring in Via Roma have been identified and described from a petrographic and mineralogical point of view in order to find out the corresponding geological units and original quarry sites.

The minero-petrographic study is accompanied by an architectural survey that was performed applying different methods, as well as the geometric mapping and the perspective rectification of span-types, of block terminations and of other architectonical elements, in plan and in elevation, of the arcades.
This allows us to emphasize the merging of cultural and scientific interest for the stone materials used in the historical architecture of a town closely interconnected to the surrounding Western Alps orogenic chain.
At 120 msec You Can Spot the Animal but You Don't Yet Know It's a Dog
Authors: Wu Chien-Te , Crouzet Sébastien M. , Thorpe Simon J. , Fabre-Thorpe Michele 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Earlier studies suggested that the visual system processes information at the basic level (e.g., dog) faster than at the subordinate (e.g., Dalmatian) or superordinate (e.g., animals) levels. However, the advantage of the basic category over the superordinate category in object recognition has been challenged recently, and the hierarchical nature of visual categorization is now a matter of debate. To address this issue, we used a forced-choice saccadic task in which a target and a distractor image were displayed simultaneously on each trial and participants had to saccade as fast as possible toward the image containing animal targets based on different categorization levels. This protocol enables us to investigate the first 100–120 msec, a previously unexplored temporal window, of visual object categorization. The first result is a surprising stability of the saccade latency (median RT ∼155 msec) regardless of the animal target category and the dissimilarity of target and distractor image sets. Accuracy was high (around 80% correct) for categorization tasks that can be solved at the superordinate level but dropped to almost chance levels for basic level categorization. At the basic level, the highest accuracy (62%) was obtained when distractors were restricted to another dissimilar basic category. Computational simulations based on the saliency map model showed that the results could not be predicted by pure bottom–up saliency differences between images. Our results support a model of visual recognition in which the visual system can rapidly access relatively coarse visual representations that provide information at the superordinate level of an object, but where additional visual analysis is required to allow more detailed categorization at the basic level.
Searching for Inefficiency in Visual Search
Authors: Christie Gregory J. , Livingstone Ashley C. , McDonald John J. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The time required to find an object of interest in the visual field often increases as a function of the number of items present. This increase or inefficiency was originally interpreted as evidence for the serial allocation of attention to potential target items, but controversy has ensued for decades. We investigated this issue by recording ERPs from humans searching for a target in displays containing several differently colored items. Search inefficiency was ascribed not to serial search but to the time required to selectively process the target once found. Additionally, less time was required for the target to “pop out” from the rest of the display when the color of the target repeated across trials. These findings indicate that task relevance can cause otherwise inconspicuous items to pop out and highlight the need for direct neurophysiological measures when investigating the causes of search inefficiency.
Head and otolith morphology of the genera Hymenocephalus, Hymenogadus and Spicomacrurus (Macrouridae), with the description of three new species
Authors: SCHWARZHANS WERNER 
Published: November 2014

The fishes of the genus Hymenocephalus live over continental slope terrain, chiefly between 300 and 1000 m water depths, in all tropical oceans, except the eastern Pacific. They are characterized by an elongated light organ with two lenses, striations on jugular and thorax, and by an extraordinary development of sensory reception organs: strongly enlarged eyes, exceptionally large and specialized sagittal otoliths and extremely wide and deep head canals resembling caverns and housing the cephalic sensory organ for motion reception (lateral line system). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential that a detailed analysis of the head and otolith morphology can offer for distinguishing the various species and assessment of their interrelationships. About 500 specimens were investigated, representing all 22 nominal species of the genus Hymenocephalus, except for H. barbatulus (specimens of which could not be located), the two species of the related genus Hymenogadus and three of the four species of Spicomacrurus. Because of the delicate and thin nature of the head bones and head skin typical for the fishes of the genus Hymenocephalus and the deteriorating effects of formalin to the aragonitic otoliths, only a fraction of the studied specimens actually contributed useful data, although that fraction represented all species studied. Otoliths in particular and aspects of the cephalic canal system were found to contribute additional characters that help to verify the status of certain controversial species such as H. heterolepis, H. nascens and species within the H. striatissimus and H. grimaldii Groups. Hymenocephalus longiceps is revised to represent a junior synonym of H. longibarbis. Eight species groups are defined within the genus Hymenocephalus. Three new species are being described in the course of this review: H. iwamotoi from off northwestern Australia, H. sazonovi from the Sala y Gomez and Nazca Ridges, and H. punt from northern Somalia and the Gulf of Aden, now raising the count of valid species in the genus to a total of 24. The specializations of the sensory reception organs show a variety of developments with well-expressed phylogenetic polarities that are discussed in the context of their evolution and interrelationships. A well-documented case of polarity reversal of certain characters in the H. aterrimus Group is interpreted as a functional adaptation to migration of these fishes into a deeper water environment that favors different specializations of the sensory reception.
Przemiany utopii w chorwackiej prozie insularnej drugiej połowy XX i początku XXI wieku na wybranych przykładach
Authors: Boguska Anna 
Published: November 2014

Transformations of utopia in the Croatian insular prose of the second half of 20th and the first half of the 21st centuries based on examplesThe article is an attempt to show a different means of presenting the newest Croatian literature than through topics such as the problem of the country’s national tradition, patriotism, post-communism, and issues of identity and emigration, which seems to be the most popular tendency among Polish researchers. Placing her research in the regionalistic stream, the author of the article discusses Croatian insular prose through the category of utopia. She sees The lost homeland [Izgubljeni zavičaj] by Slobodan Novak as an example of modern utopia, interprets The Island of Dreams [Otok snova] by Damir Miloš as a postmodern dystopia and perceives A Guide Across the Island [Vodič po otoku] by Senko Karuza as a vision of a new, post-postmodern type of utopia. Przemiany utopii w chorwackiej prozie insularnej drugiej połowy XX i początku XXI wieku na wybranych przykładachArtykuł jest próbą pokazania innego sposobu prezentowania najnowszej literatury chor­wackiej aniżeli poprzez takie tematy jak problematyka narodowej tradycji kraju, patriotyzm, postkomunizm, kwestie tożsamości i emigracji, co wydaje się najbardziej popularną tendencją wśród polskich badaczy. Autor artykułu, wpisując swoje badanie w nurt regionalistyczny, omawia chorwacką prozę insularną poprzez kategorię utopii. Izgubljeni zavičaj Slobodana Novaka widzi jako przykład utopii modernistycznej, Otok snova Damira Miloša interpretuje jako postmodernistyczną dystopię, zaś Vodič po otoku Senka Karuzy postrzega jako wizję nowego rodzaju utopii post-postmodernistycznej.
Gorycz zatrzymanego czasu. "Mirra, kadzidło i złoto"
Authors: Pająk Patrycjusz 
Published: November 2014

The bitterness of suspended time. "Gold, Frankincense and Myrrh" This article discusses the Croatian film "Gold, Frankincense and Myrrh", directed by Ante Babaja (1971). The film is a response to the unrealised vision of a communist utopia. It is set on a Dalmatian island during the era of real socialism. According to communist propaganda, real socialism is the fulfilled utopia, meaning the end of history. In Babaja’s interpretation, the end of history does not involve the victory of communism, but rather its defeat and the return of Catholic tradition as the only unquestionable value making sluggish, socialist everyday life possible to accept, since it gives sense and order to an axiologically degraded and alienated world.In this insular world, it is the traditional past and not the communist future which becomes an eternal present. Remaining outside of time among the relics of tradition is the only option in a situation where communist progress fails to produce the desired results. Tradition does not promise a new wonderful world and does not fix the current world, but it ensures balance between its contradictions. This situation leads to bitterness, since accepting it requires the acceptance of its dark side. The ironic attitude towards the Catholic tradition which is predominant in the first half of the film, turns into bitter affirmation of tradition in the second. Gorycz zatrzymanego czasu. "Mirra, kadzidło i złoto"Artykuł poświęcony jest chorwackiemu filmowi "Mirra, kadzidło i złoto", wyreżysero­wanemu przez Ante Babaję w 1971 roku. Film stanowi odpowiedź na niespełnioną wizję utopii komunistycznej. Jego akcja rozgrywa się na dalmatyńskiej wyspie w okresie realnego socjalizmu. Wedle komunistycznej propagandy realny socjalizm to urzeczywistniona utopia, co oznacza, że historia się skończyła. W interpretacji Babai koniec historii nie wiąże się ze zwycięstwem komunizmu, lecz z jego klęską i powrotem tradycji katolickiej, która okazuje się jedyną niekwestionowaną wartością, ponieważ gnuśną, socjalistyczną codzienność czyni możliwą do zaakceptowania. Zapewnia poczucie istnienia jakiegoś porządku i sensu w świecie aksjologicznie zdegradowanym i wyobcowanym.W wyspiarskim świecie to nie przyszłość, ale przeszłość staje się wieczną teraźniejszością. Trwanie poza czasem pośród reliktów tradycji jest jedynym wyjściem w sytuacji, w której komu­nistyczny postęp nie przynosi pożądanych rezultatów. Tradycja nie obiecuje nowego wspaniałego świata ani nie naprawia świata zastanego, ale zapewnia równowagę między rozdzierającymi go sprzecznościami. Ten stan rzeczy wywołuje gorycz, ponieważ jego akceptacja oznacza też koniecz­ność akceptacji jego mrocznej strony. Przeważająca w pierwszej połowie filmu ironiczna postawa wobec tradycji katolickiej w jego drugiej połowie przechodzi w gorzką afirmację tej tradycji.
Cyrk jako parodia komunizmu. Powieść "Kloktat dehet" Jáchyma Topola
Authors: Siedlecka Sylwia 
Published: November 2014

Circus as parody of communism. Gargling with Tar by Jáchym TopolThis article deals with humanism in Jáchym Topol’s novel Gargling with Tar (Kloktat dehet, Prague, 2005). The Czech writer’s perspective is close to the concepts of German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk, who claims that the Romans were not only the authors of the idea of humanitas but also the inventors of bloody games such as circuses. In Topol’s novel, the circus is a holistic political project. The novel refers to the ideas developed in Russia in the 1920s, when a large number of circus theories and artistic manifestos were formulated. The circus was then officially recognised as the most important form of social entertainment (together with cinema) and it gained religious, aesthetic and political functions. By using the grotesque, fantasy and parody (Czechoslovakia as a giant circus), Topol’s novel creates an alternative narrative about the Prague Spring and “normalisation”. New meanings for notions such as progress, revolution and community are also revealed. Cyrk jako parodia komunizmu. Powieść Kloktat dehet Jáchyma TopolaArtykuł analizuje pojęcie humanizmu w powieści Kloktat dehet Jáchyma Topola (Praga 2005). Czeski pisarz jest bliski koncepcji Petera Sloterdijka, który pisał, że Rzymianie oprócz idei humanitas stworzyli także krwawe igrzyska – cyrki. W powieści Topola cyrk to projekt polityczny, w którym widać wyraźne nawiązania autora do koncepcji formułowanych od lat dwudziestych XX wieku w Związku Radzieckim, kiedy cyrk (obok kina) propagowano jako najważniejszą gałąź sztuki łączącą wszystkie grupy społeczne. Wykorzystując groteskę, fan­tastykę, ale przede wszystkim parodię (figura wielkiego cyrku socjalistycznego) autor Kloktat dehet buduje alternatywną historię Praskiej Wiosny i czechosłowackiej „normalizacji”, w której nowych sensów nabierają pojęcia postępu, rewolucji i wspólnoty.
Tobacco cessation through community pharmacies: Knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceived barriers among pharmacists in Penang
Authors: Taha Nur Akmar , Guat Tee Ooi 
Published: November 2014

Objectives: Tobacco cessation is the primary goal of tobacco control measures. Community pharmacists are possible providers of tobacco cessation counselling due to their close contact with the public and the availability of non-prescription nicotine replacement therapies in pharmacies. However, community pharmacists often do not provide tobacco cessation interventions. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceived barriers to tobacco cessation counselling among community pharmacists in Penang, Malaysia. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Community pharmacies on Penang Island. Methods: A self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 107 registered pharmacists practising in community settings on Penang Island. Results: The response rate was 79.4% (85/107), with very few (16/85, 18.8%) reporting participation in the certified tobacco cessation training. Among the respondents, 27.1% had high, 44.7% had moderate and 28.2% had high levels of knowledge, and those who attended the certified training displayed higher levels of knowledge of nicotine replacement therapies ( p < 0.05). Most respondents showed positive attitudes towards tobacco cessation. However, the practice of tobacco cessation counselling based on the 5 As method was limited mainly to advising patients to quit smoking. The main barriers to tobacco cessation counselling included a lack of patient demand (71.8%), lack of education materials (69.4%) and lack of time (68.2%). Conclusions: More effort should be made to increase participation of community pharmacists in tobacco cessation continuing education, and strategies should be formulated to overcome barriers to tobacco cessation practice.
Ascaris lumbricoides and its invasion of the accessory cystic duct: An unusual presentation
Authors: Majid Zain , Masood Irfan , Pirzada Muhammad Taqi 
Published: November 2014

Around the world, Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common helminthic infection. We describe the case of a 25-year-old woman, known to have had Ascaris infestation, presenting with abdominal pain, constipation and jaundice together with fever and tachycardia. There was tenderness in the right hypochondrium and liver function tests confirmed cholestatic jaundice. An abdominal ultrasound showed multiple linear echogenic foci in the distal small intestine along with cholelithiasis and a thick-walled gall bladder with a single stone compressing the common bile duct (Mirizzi syndrome). The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy; more than 100 worms were found inside the small intestine and they were removed by enterotomy and manual decompression. No worm could be palpated within the common bile duct (CBD). Cholecystectomy was performed, during which an accessory cystic duct was noted opening into the common bile duct superiorly to the main cystic duct. A 10 cm live worm was found coming out of it and was removed via forceps. Later on an endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatogram (ERCP) showed a widened ampulla, a mildly dilated common bile duct, but without any filling defects. The patient made an uneventful postoperative recovery being discharged on the ninth day. Worms in an accessory cystic duct have not been report in the medical literature so far.
Risk of Dementia in Older Adults With Low Versus High Occupation-Based Motivational Processes
Authors: Fankhauser Sonja , Forstmeier Simon , Maercker Andreas , Luppa Melanie , Luck Tobias , Riedel-Heller Steffi G. 
Published: November 2014

Objectives: This study investigates the impact of occupation-based motivational processes and social network variables on the incidence of dementia over 8 years. Method: Data were derived from the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA75+), a population-based longitudinal study of individuals aged 75 years and older (n = 1692 at baseline). Motivational processes were estimated based on the main occupation using the Occupational Information Network database. Results: In a Cox proportional hazard model, motivational processes were not associated with the risk of dementia (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74-1.16). Individuals with a higher frequency of social contact at baseline had a significantly lower risk of dementia (HR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.91-0.99), while proximity of social contacts was not linked to the risk of dementia (HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.98-1.08). In individuals with low indices of motivational processes, the frequency of social contacts was associated with a lower risk of dementia (HR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.88-1.00). On the other hand, proximity of social contacts was linked to a higher risk of dementia in individuals with high indices of motivational processes (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01-1.19). Discussion: Results indicate that the frequency and proximity of social contacts have a differential impact on the risk of dementia according to lower or higher indices of motivational processes, while the impact of motivational processes on risk of dementia could not be confirmed. Future studies should carefully disentangle different aspects of social interactions and their association with motivational processes.