bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deliberating or Dithering? Ireland and Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research
Authors: Gough Fionnuala 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Disagreement about matters of public policy concerned with moral issues is inevitable in pluralist democracies. One approach to the resolution of moral conflicts in society is the concept of deliberative democracy, which emphasises the process or procedure which ultimately allows a political decision to be reached. The Republic of Ireland effectively has no legislative framework regulating human embryonic stem cell research (hESC research). This article proposes that Irish policymakers establish a procedural framework, similar to that used in other European democracies, to allow the development of appropriate regulations pertaining to hESC research in Ireland. In particular the article will consider how a three-tier model of procedural regulation has been used to achieve certainty in the area of hESC research in the United Kingdom and Germany and how this model might be applied to Ireland.
The Data Protection and Medical Device Frameworks — Obstacles to the Deployment of mHealth across Europe?
Authors: Quinn Paul , Habbig Ann-Katrin , Mantovani Eugenio , De Hert Paul 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This article examines the receptivity of the current EU legal regime towards innovative mHealth technologies and their deployment on a pan-European basis. At present, a coherent legal strategy towards the development of mHealth technologies does not exist. The deployment of such technologies is influenced in an uncoordinated way by various disparate European legislative initiatives. This article focuses on problems that may be encountered by mHealth platforms through application of the Medical Device and Data Protection Frameworks. Theses frameworks are analysed in this article through the lens of a pan-European deployment of mHealth technologies. The aim throughout is to look for potential problems for the deployment of such technologies posed by these frameworks and, where possible, to suggest improvements.
A New Style of End-of-life Cases: A Patient’s Right to Demand Treatment or a Physician’s Right to Refuse Treatment? The Futility Debate Revisited
Authors: Lemmens Christophe 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
A classic end-of-life conflict between a physician and a patient concerns a patient’s refusal of care. New conflicts have begun to emerge. This time the patient wants treatment while the physician refuses treatment based on a futility judgment. Most of the time the predominance of the physician’s view is stressed. In this article this predominance is critically analysed resulting in a re-appraisal of the patient’s will.
Obstacles to the Free Movement of Professionals: Mutual Recognition of Professional Qualifications in the European Union
Authors: van Riemsdijk Micheline 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
European states are experiencing a shortage of healthcare workers, and hiring managers are increasingly looking for foreign-trained health professionals to fill care shortages. However, these workers often experience difficulties with the transfer of their professional qualifications across national borders. This article investigates the recognition of Polish nursing qualifications in the EU, studying the directives for mutual recognition of nursing qualifications, negotiations over Poland’s Accession Treaty, and efforts by the Polish Chamber of Nurses and Midwives to reverse its discriminatory conditions. It is argued that the exclusion of the Polish nursing unions from the accession negotiations constitutes a democratic deficit, and that the creation of a single European market is not yet achieved. The findings are placed in a larger discussion about the Europeanization of healthcare delivery, the harmonization of curricula in higher education, and the consequences of these developments for the free movement of skilled workers within the EU.
Free Movement and the Fragmentation of Family Reunification Rights
Authors: Staver Anne 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Family reunification regulations in the EU are increasingly complex, and they vary for different groups of sponsors. This paper documents the existence of four parallel legal regimes for family reunification — national rules for citizens who do not move, EU rules for citizens who move within Europe, the Family Reunification Directive for third-country nationals in the EU, and since 2011, family reunification rights based on EU citizenship status. This paper asks how and why family reunification rules are being thus fragmented, and in particular why so-called ‘reverse discrimination’, where citizens are disadvantaged vis-à-vis non-citizens, is persisting and deepening. It draws on tools from political science, namely historical institutionalism and studies of policy transfer and Europeanization, to showcase the different logics that underlie these puzzling developments.
Direct Numerical Simulations of a Smoke Cloud–Top Mixing Layer as a Model for Stratocumuli
Authors: de Lozar Alberto , Mellado Juan Pedro 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
A radiatively driven cloud-top mixing layer is investigated using direct numerical simulations. This configuration mimics the mixing process across the inversion that bounds the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer. The main focus of this paper is on small-scale turbulence. The finest resolution (7.4 cm) is about two orders of magnitude finer than that in cloud large-eddy simulations (LES). A one-dimensional horizontally averaged model is employed for the radiation. The results show that the definition of the inversion point with the mean buoyancy of 〈b〉(zi) = 0 leads to convective turbulent scalings in the cloud bulk consistent with the Deardorff theory. Three mechanisms contribute to the entrainment by cooling the inversion layer: a molecular flux, a turbulent flux, and the direct radiative cooling by the smoke inside the inversion layer. In the simulations the molecular flux is negligible, but the direct cooling reaches values comparable to the turbulent flux as the inversion layer thickens. The results suggest that the direct cooling might be overestimated in less-resolved models like LES, resulting in an excessive entrainment. The scaled turbulent flux is independent of the stratification for the range of Richardson numbers studied here. As suggested by earlier studies, the turbulent entrainment only occurs at the small scales and eddies larger than approximately four optical lengths (60 m in a typical stratocumulus cloud) perform little or no entrainment. Based on those results, a parameterization is proposed that accounts for a large part (50%–100%) of the entrainment velocities measured in the Second Dynamics and Chemistry of the Marine Stratocumulus (DYCOMS II) campaign.
Healthy Trade: The Relationship Between Open Trade and Health
Authors: Stevens Philip , Urbach Jasson , Wills Gabrielle 
Published: May 2013

A recurrent theme of the academic literature and wider public discourse is that free trade is bad for health as it promotes economic inequality and insecurity, polluting the environment and making processed foods more widely available. Such views are also widely promulgated by international policymaking organizations such as the World Health Organisation (WHO). However, there has been little empirical evidence to support these assertions, in particular the relationship between free trade and health. This is an important relationship, as it tells us more about the effect of economic policies on human welfare than bald statistics relating to GDP. This study aims to build on a nascent literature by examining the relationship between free trade and health, using a range of data relating to trade openness and human development. Our analysis finds that free trade does in fact appear to be associated with better health outcomes, with the relationship particularly pronounced for lower-income countries. There are two mechanisms that might be responsible for this relationship. On the one hand, trade promotes economic growth, which in turn provides greater sums for individuals to improve their living conditions and for authorities to spend on public health measures such as sanitation and universal vaccination. Another mechanism is ‘knowledge spillover’, wherein international trade increases the global diffusion of both knowledge and products that improve health—ranging from the basics of germ theory to modern pharmaceuticals and medical devices.
Anxiety and depression after thoracic aortic surgery or coronary artery bypass
Authors: Okamoto Yuko , Motomura Noboru , Murashima Sachiyo , Takamoto Shinichi 
Published: May 2013

Background: although the outcome of thoracic aortic surgery has improved remarkably, mortality remains high, and mental distress is often present. Psychological outcomes of coronary artery disease have been increasingly researched but few studies have been conducted in thoracic aortic surgery patients. Objective: to compare the psychological outcomes of patients undergoing thoracic aortic surgery with those of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods: a questionnaire was mailed to 190 patients who underwent thoracic aortic surgery or coronary artery bypass, at 1–5 years postoperatively. Psychological outcomes were assessed using the hospital anxiety and depression scale. Results: 128 patients responded; 49 had aortic surgery and 79 had coronary artery bypass. The incidence of borderline or significant anxiety was 14% in thoracic aortic surgery patients and 16% in coronary bypass patients; depression was present in 28% and 20%, respectively. Psychological outcome scores in the 2 groups did not differ significantly. Emergency surgery was associated with depression after aortic surgery, and symptoms such as chest pain and fatigue were associated with both anxiety and depression after coronary artery bypass. Conclusions: some psychological problems remain in the midterm following thoracic aortic surgery. While we expected a more psychologically compromised outcome in the thoracic aortic surgery group, psychological outcomes were quite similar to those in coronary artery bypass patients. The similarity of the profiles of both groups suggests that thoracic aortic surgery patients have a parallel course of midterm psychological improvement following surgery.
Preoperative embolization in surgical management of massive thoracic tumors
Authors: Khairy Mahmoud , Othman Moustafa HM , Ali Elsayed Mostafa , Eldin Eman Nasr 
Published: May 2013

Background: The surgical excision of a highly vascular giant tumor may be challenging. The aim of this study was to describe our experience with preoperative percutaneous embolization of massive vascular chest tumors before surgical excision. Methods: From 2009 to 2011, 8 cases of giant vascular thoracic tumor were treated at Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt, by preoperative embolization of the feeding arteries followed by successful excision after 48 h. Results: The median age of the 8 patients was 39 years. Embolization of their tumors resulted in a reduction of tumor size, and minimal blood loss was observed perioperatively. Perilesional edema and easy differentiation of ischemic tissue facilitated complete surgical removal of the tumors. Conclusions: Preoperative embolization of giant vascular thoracic tumors is useful to decrease perioperative blood loss and facilitate total excision.
Remote ischemic preconditioning improves spatial learning and memory ability after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats
Authors: Hu X , Lu Y , Zhang Y , Li Y , Jiang L 
Published: May 2013

Objective: Using a rodent model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we investigated the effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) on spatial learning and memory ability after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Method: Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into 3 groups (n=12, each): sham group, rats were subjected to sham operations without MCAO and RIPC; I/R group, rats were subjected to 1h of MCAO followed by 3 days of reperfusion; I/R+RIPC group, rats were subjected to RIPC and 1h MCAO followed by 3 days of reperfusion. The spatial learning and memory ability of the rats was measured by the Morris water maze task.The activity of cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) in the hippocampus CA1 region was observed by an immunohistochemistry method. Results: In the Morris water maze task, MCAO elicited a significant decrease of the ability of spatial learning and memory in contrast to the sham group. Meanwhile, RIPC induced a significantly shorter prolongation of the escape latency (p<0.05); greater number passing through the platform (p<0.05) and less time for exploring the target quadrant (p<0.05) as compared with values for the I/R group. Furthermore, the number of ChAT positive cells in the CA1 region in the I/R+RIPC group was strikingly more than those of the I/R group (p<0.05). Conclusions: RIPC could improve the ability of spatial learning and memory after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion probably due to its protection of the cholinergic neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region.
Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Type 2 Superior Labral Anterior Posterior Repairs in Elite Overhead Athletes
Authors: Park Jin-Young , Chung Seok-Won , Jeon Seung-Hyub , Lee Jun-Gyu , Oh Kyung-Soo 
Published: May 2013

Background: Although there are multiple reports on surgical outcomes of type 2 superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) repairs, a literature review noted a paucity of data on clinical and radiological outcomes in elite overhead athletes. Purpose: To determine midterm clinical outcomes of type 2 SLAP repairs in elite overhead athletes and whether labral integrity provides consistent return to play. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed of 24 elite overhead athletes who underwent arthroscopic type 2 SLAP repairs. There were 18 men and 6 women, and their mean age was 22.7 years (range, 19-30 years); the majority of them (16/24) were baseball players. Four outcome measures were used: visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and satisfaction, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, subjective feeling of recovery, and return to play. Multidetector computed tomographic arthrography was performed to evaluate labral integrity after surgery. Results: At a mean follow-up of 45.8 months (range, 24-68 months), overall pain and function improved significantly. The VAS for pain was 5.7 preoperatively and 2.0 postoperatively ( P < .01), and VAS for satisfaction was 8.6. The ASES score was 55.8 preoperatively and 87.1 postoperatively ( P < .01). The overall mean value of subjective feeling of recovery was approximately 76%. Twelve of 24 athletes (50%) returned to play after the operation. Although there was a trend toward higher return rate in the other overhead athletes (75%) compared with the baseball players (38%), this trend did not reach statistical significance ( P = .097). Labral retear with clinical significance was noted in 2 athletes who failed to return to play. Osteolysis was observed in 2 athletes, 1 of whom had a retear. A statistical relation between the integrity of the repair and return to play was not found ( P > .05). Conclusion: Arthroscopic SLAP repairs show favorable clinical and radiological outcomes; however, the study findings raise a concern that return to play may still be problematic in elite baseball players. This study also indicates that labral healing does not ensure consistent return to play in elite overhead athletes.
The relationship between dopamine and renalase in type 2 diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Gaber Eman W , El-Attar Hoda A 
Published: May 2013

Background: Diabetes clustered with hypertension and nephropathy is the commonest cause of end stage renal disease. Dopamine, an ancestral catecholamine, is involved in the regulation of sodium homeostasis and blood pressure. Renalase metabolises circulating catecholamines and is thought to regulate blood pressure. This study aimed to assess the relationship between dopamine and renalase in type 2 diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy. Methods: This study was conducted on 80 subjects. Group 1 included 10 healthy subjects as controls, group 2 included 60 type 2 diabetic patients with normal or increased albumin excretion rate (AER) and group 3 included 10 type 2 diabetic patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Thorough clinical assessment and laboratory investigations included estimation of serum levels of fasting glucose (FSG), creatinine, urea, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol (total and high and low-density lipoprotein) and triglycerides. Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) was estimated to assess AER and plasma dopamine and serum renalase were estimated. Results: There were no significant differences in the mean dopamine levels between the three studied groups. Renalase level was significantly higher in HD patients than controls and other diabetic patients. Diabetic patients with increased AER had significantly higher systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine and renalase levels than diabetic patients with normal AER. Diabetic patients with increased serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dl had significantly longer duration of diabetes and higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures. They also had significantly higher AER, FSG, dopamine and renalase levels than diabetic patients with serum creatinine < 1.5 mg/dl. ACR was positively correlated with duration of diabetes, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and serum creatinine and negatively correlated with the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Renalase was positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure, ACR, serum creatinine, phosphorus and dopamine Conclusion: Serum levels of renalase are increased in type 2 diabetic patients with renal dysfunction. Renalase levels may be increased to compensate for the increase in dopamine level. The higher renalase level in HD patients may be due to much lower renalase clearance, higher production or slower degradation in these patients.
Comparison of 12-W Versus 14-W Endovenous Laser Ablation in the Treatment of Great Saphenous Varicose Veins
Authors: Samuel Nehemiah , Wallace Tom , Carradice Daniel , Mazari Fayyaz AK , Chetter Ian C. 
Published: May 2013

Introduction: Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for lower limb varicose veins in the short and midterm results. This study reports the 5-year outcomes of EVLA technique at different power settings. Methods: Patients with primary symptomatic, unilateral varicose veins secondary to saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) incompetence and great saphenous vein (GSV) reflux were recruited and randomized to either 12W (intermittent laser withdrawal) or 14W (continuous laser withdrawal). They were assessed at baseline, 1, 6, 12, 52, 104 weeks, and 5 years. Outcome measures included: Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS), pain scores, time taken to return to normal functions, complications, recurrence, quality of life (QoL), and duplex ultrasound findings. Results: 76 consecutive patients, M: F 30:46, median age 54(IQR: 37.3-59) years were randomized. Intragroup analysis: Significant improvement was seen in both groups in VCSS, pain scores, Aberdeen varicose vein questionnaire (AVVQ) scores, Shortform-36 (SF-36) and Euroqol (EQ-5D) domains over the follow-up period ( P < 0.05). Intergroup analysis: Over 5 years, clinically recurrent varicosities and duplex detected SFJ incompetence was less frequent and patient satisfaction with cosmetic outcome significantly higher in the 14W group ( P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups in duration of procedure, postoperative pain scores, return to normal functioning, complications, VCSS, disease specific (AVVQ) and generic (SF36, EQ-5D) QoL measures ( P > 0.05). Conclusion: Late outcomes following EVLA were superior for the 14W continuous power settings achieving better long term venous occlusion and lowered recurrence rates without increasing post-operative morbidity. Hence 14W continuous setting should be the energy delivery mode of choice.
AML1-ETO mediates hematopoietic self-renewal and leukemogenesis through a COX/β-catenin signaling pathway
Authors: Zhang Yiyun , Wang Jianfeng , Wheat Justin , Chen Xi , Jin Shan , Sadrzadeh Hossein , Fathi Amir T. , Peterson Randall T. , Kung Andrew L. , Sweetser David A. , Yeh Jing-Ruey Joanna 
Published: May 2013

Key PointsAE induces hematopoietic self-renewal through a COX/prostaglandin E2/β-catenin signaling pathway. Clinically available COX inhibitors may target AML stem cells and suppress AML of various karyotypes.
Endemic Burkitt lymphoma is associated with strength and diversity of Plasmodium falciparum malaria stage-specific antigen antibody response
Authors: Aka Peter , Vila Maria Candida , Jariwala Amar , Nkrumah Francis , Emmanuel Benjamin , Yagi Masanori , Palacpac Nirianne Marie Q. , Periago Maria V. , Neequaye Janet , Kiruthu Christine , Tougan Takahiro , Levine Paul H. , Biggar Robert J. , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Bhatia Kishor , Horii Toshihiro , Bethony Jeffrey M. , Mbulaiteye Sam M. 
Published: May 2013

Key Points
eBL was positively associated with anti–HRP-II antibodies and inversely associated with anti-SE36 antibodies. Anti–HRP-II antibodies suggest that recent malaria infection triggers the onset of eBL; anti-SE36 antibodies suggest long-term infection and immunity.
Mast cell and macrophage chemokines CXCL1/CXCL2 control the early stage of neutrophil recruitment during tissue inflammation
Authors: De Filippo Katia , Dudeck Anne , Hasenberg Mike , Nye Emma , van Rooijen Nico , Hartmann Karin , Gunzer Matthias , Roers Axel , Hogg Nancy 
Published: May 2013

Key PointsMast cells contribute to early neutrophil recruitment. Mast cells and macrophages both make CXCL1 and CXCL2.
Long noncoding RNAs in biology and hematopoiesis
Authors: Paralkar Vikram R. , Weiss Mitchell J. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Genome and transcriptome sequencing have revealed a rich assortment of noncoding RNAs in eukaryote cells, including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which regulate gene expression independent of protein coding potential. LncRNAs modulate protein coding gene expression in many cell types by regulating multiple processes, including epigenetic control of transcription, mRNA stability, and protein localization. Although little is known about lncRNAs in hematopoiesis, they are likely to exert widespread roles in this process.
Exhaled volatile organic compounds predict exacerbations of childhood asthma in a 1-year prospective study
Authors: Robroeks Charlotte M. , van Berkel Joep J. , Jöbsis Quirijn , van Schooten Frederik-Jan , Dallinga Jan W. , Wouters Emiel F. , Dompeling Edward 
Published: May 2013

The hypothesis was that prediction of asthma exacerbations in children is possible by profiles of exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a noninvasive measure of airway inflammation. The aims of the present study were to determine: 1) whether VOCs in exhaled breath are able to predict asthma exacerbations; and 2) the time course and chemical background of the most predictive VOCs.A prospective study was performed in 40 children with asthma over 1 year. At standard 2-month intervals, exhaled nitric oxide fraction (FeNO), VOC profiles in exhaled breath samples, lung function and symptoms were determined in a standardised way. VOC profiles were analysed by gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry.16 out of 40 children experienced an exacerbation. With support vector machine analysis, the most optimal model of baseline measurementsversusexacerbation within patients was based on six VOCs (correct classification 96%, sensitivity 100% and specificity 93%). The model of baseline values of patients with compared to those without an exacerbation consisted of seven VOCs (correct classification 91%, sensitivity 79% and specificity 100%).FeNOand lung function were not predictive for exacerbations.This study indicates that a combination of different exhaled VOCs is able to predict exacerbations of childhood asthma.