bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Domain Splitting-Based Analytical Model for Rapid Assessment of Hydro-thermo-geomechanical Responses of Large Scale Heavy Oil Reservoirs: A Steamflood Application
Authors: Koohmareh Hosseini Behrooz , Chalaturnyk Rick 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
For stress-sensitive heavy oil reservoirs, geomechanical responses of the reservoir are taken into account as they play an important role in the accurate simulation of all thermal recovery techniques, such as SAGD, or steamflood. However full- field numerical simulations of multi-physics processes by any coupling strategies are technically impossible with current computer CPUs. Under these conditions, analytical methods can be used as approximate techniques instead of numerical simulators, as they are much faster and yet are useful tools for preliminary forecasting and sensitivity studies. In analytical models, inclusions of all flow variables impacts into geomechanics frameworks make the equations so complex and almost impossible to solve. This paper provides a flow-based domain decomposition workflow for performing different analytical coupling schemes in different reservoir compartments.
Since the intensity and complexity of reservoir geomechanics vary over reservoir domain, one can divide the reservoir to some sub-domains and assess different geomechanical responses separately in each sub-domain. The presented analytical proxy, suggest decomposition of the whole domain in into two parts of "heated zone" and "wetted zone", for rapid assessment of geomechanics. The heat flow equation was combined with mass and momentum convective transport equations to obtain an exact approach that correlates the saturation front of injected hot water to temperature front. The frontal velocities are dynamic interfaces for compartmentalization of the domain. In the heated zone, the total induced stresses, were considered due to both temperature and pressure increase, and in the wetted (saturated) zone beyond the temperature front, at each instance the total stress induced is only a function of pressure increase, and accordingly stress and strain induced are due to isotropic unloading. This technique provides a rapid estimate of geomechanical responses (stress and strain profile) in each part of the reservoir (near field and far field).
A numerical model was built and implemented in CMG-STARS for steam-flood case to show the robustness and applicability range of the model. The results were analyzed for synthetic case single-domain model and the model sensitivity on some reservoir parameters were checked, and at the same time geomechanical responses were not neglected anywhere (near-filed and far field) in the reservoir.
Beyond Behaviour Based Safety
Authors: Bowen Mathew 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Traditional Behavioural Based safety systems have been implemented in organizations and industries across the globe, with some success. Yet across organizations safety performance has reached a plateau and in many cases incidents and injuries are again on the rise. A key part of the reason is that a purely behavioural approach to safety is based on an incomplete understanding of human psychology. To truly influence people and impact on the way people behave and engage with safety processes requires a deeper understanding of the motivations that drive our behaviour and more than that, an understanding of how to influence individuals and groups toward safety.
This paper explores how current literature and research in the areas of cognitive psychology, social psychology, the psychology of change and neuroscience can add greatly to refining how we apply psychology to our safety systems, and go beyond the simple reward and punishment paradigm of behavioural based approaches. The presentation will shed light on what these theories mean for behavioural safety systems and provide safety leaders with insights to build an intrinsically motivated workforce who value safety.
The use of psychological theories and concepts can provide a wealth of opportunity for improving safety performance and culture, if we move past a purely behavioural approach to one that embraces a more broad understanding of individual and group psychology.
Exploration and Production in An Environmentally Sensitive Area - How Do We Protect the Rift Valley from Environmental Degradation and Protect Tourism?'
Authors: Ogunkoya Anthony Kunle 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
With oil discovery in the rift valley of East Africa, we must do everything possible to protect one of the most beautiful areas of Africa.
The rift valley apart from being a tourist mecca, it is the bread basket of East Africa.
East Africa generates more that 90% of its GDP from Tourism and Agriculture today and with oil finds in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania, there must be regulatory frame work in place to protect the environment and make sure the farmers continue to reap the fruit of their labour and tourism continues to contribute more to the GDP of the East African Countries.
We must make sure the that exploration operations expecially seismic activities and drilling operations and design of Rigs, Production platform design, Production Infrastructures and operations must be different from business as usual.
There must be zero tolerance for pollution, flaring must be prohibited right from inception of field development, production flowlines and pipelines must be buried underground.
Hefty fines to discourage non-compliance must be included in the legal frame work.
Social responsibility and sustainability must be part of field development plan.
Gas Flaring in Nigeria; Impacts and Remedies
Authors: Abdulhakeem Salaudeen Olayinka , Chinevu Amadi 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Nigeria is a country rich in oil reserve yet richer in natural gas deposits. A great percentage of this gas deposit occurs as associate gas; this raises the probability of huge quantities of associate gas being produced during oil exploration. Despite the enormous advantages of associate gas, Nigeria still flares a substantial amount of this valuable natural resources.
This paper examines the reasons behind gas flaring in Nigeria. It takes a holistic approach while discussing impacts of gas flaring. It uses a ten year gas flaring estimate by Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation to examine the impacts of gas flaring using this approach, the negative impacts of gas flaring to the environment; on infrastructure, food chain, flora and fauna, relation to global warming is examined.
While considering the economic loss due to gas flaring which includes loss in jobs at various stages of gas capture and utilization and also loss in standard of living to gas consumers, in addition negative health impacts to the oil producing communities and facility workers are examined. Finally, various options for gas utilization are considered, their feasibility (technical and economic viability), bearing in mind the peculiarity of the Nigeria oil and gas industry.
Capital Project Development in Angola – Bridging from Planning to Execution
Authors: Guimaraes Luiz , Russo Vladimir , Tosse Grete , Bosco Joao 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Health, safety, environment and community (HSEC) issues affect business performance across project development. Delaying the incorporation of HSEC dialogue in the planning stages of a capital project increases the likelihood such risks will be introduced, overlooked or mismanaged. These risks, often discussed but poorly understood, can impact overall schedule and shift the project value curve.
Senior executives are increasingly vocal about the impact of environmental and social issues on their business. CEOs presenting at the last three CERAWeek conferences on insights into the energy future (and other industry events) have highlighted that maintaining a license to grow is among their top three concerns. Numerous industry studies suggest that as many as 70 per cent of major capital projects are being delayed, costing investors billions of dollars through improper allocation of capital. Recent work by Merrow1, which derives from a performance review of 130 mega oil and gas projects, indicates that only 1 in 5 projects can be deemed a success.
In advancing projects through internal stage gates, some developers in Angola are identifying, managing and mitigating environmental and social impacts as early as possible in the lifecycle of a target asset. These developers are beginning to break down siloes in technical functions (i.e., engineering, drilling, commercial, regulatory, social responsibility, legal and supply chain) as a means to embed HSEC considerations into operational routines and corporate processes.
This manuscript illustrates the parallel processing inherent in successfully embedding HSEC in risk management. Case studies features prioritization of potential HSEC liabilities to frame decisions that minimize development constraints. These prioritization and aligment strategies support decision making and management across the capital value chain. The case studies focus on two themes: An integration theme: value is created when core competencies (modelling, emergency response, stakeholder engagement and regulatory planning) align and content developed for one stream informs and calibrates risk management for the overall program (Statoil Angola);A bridging theme: an EPC sets the tone for sustainability by accounting for HSEC challenges in developing an environmental management framework for the operational phase of an energy project (Odebrecht Infrastructure – AH Cambambe, Angola).
Impact of ISO 14001 Certification in the Transformation of HSE Management in Oil and Gas Industry in Africa
Authors: Mustapha Adetoun , Ezenwaka Israel , Amadi Amadi 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Earth Summit) recognized the need for businesses to invest in environmental stewardship beyond regulatory requirements. In response to this, the International Standard Organization (ISO) a non-governmental organization that formulates technical and management standards, introduced the ISO 14001 environmental standards in 1995. As at 2013, ISO had 164 members, each representing a country with about 22% from Africa. The ISO 14001 standard requires participants to establish Environmental Management System (EMS) that is verifiable externally. Participants are required to pass an initial certification audit and subsequent annual recertification audits conducted by approved and accredited third-party organizations.
In 1996, Shell committed to external certification of its EMS, initially with EC EMAS (Eco-Management and Audit Scheme) and later with ISO 14001 EMS. Shell in Nigeria developed a phased approach to ISO 14001 certification of its operations, starting with the Alakiri Gas and Oil production facilities in 1997, with the goal to maintain transparency, demonstrate visibility and leadership commitment to continuous improvement in environmental performance.
This paper reviews the value added and lessons learnt from ISO 14001 implementation in Shell Nigeria. It assesses the company environmental performance prior to certification and 15years after, and the overall impact on Health Safety and Environment (HSE) management. Also, it takes a look at how ISO 14001 impacts management of HSE across the industry in Africa and discusses the challenges and opportunities offered by voluntary environmental governance vis-à-vis effectiveness of traditional style of government regulation and compliance driven approach.
Educating Youth in the Fight against HIV/AIDS: A Case Study from Africa
Authors: Muogbo Uche Yvonne , Barnier Muriel , Okorocha Uche , Stott ML 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The World Health Organization reports that young people account for 40% of all new infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), that globally an estimated 4.6 million youth are living with HIV, and that 69% of all people living with HIV are in Sub-Saharan Africa. Educating youth and raising awareness is an effective way to combat the spread of this disease.
In 2008, an oilfield services company launched HSE for Youth, an initiative that reaches out to young people to inform and empower them to make responsible decisions about health, safety, and environmental (HSE) topics. A key health-related topic of the initiative is raising HIV/AIDS awareness.
HSE for Youth has implemented educational workshops on HIV/AIDS in Africa. The workshops are led by trained volunteers using age-specific materials. Awareness on this health issue is raised through interaction at the workshops and the young people in attendance are encouraged to share what they learn with their peers and families. Several thousand youth have participated in the workshops throughout the region since the program's inception.
Nonempirical Apparent Permeability of Shale
Authors: Singh H. , Javadpour F. , Ettehadtavakkol A. , Darabi H. 
Published: June 2014

Summary
Physics of fluid flow in shale reservoirs cannot be predicted from standard flow or mass-transfer models because of the presence of nanopores, ranging in size from one to hundreds of nanometers, in shales. Conventional continuum-flow equations, such as Darcy's law, greatly underestimate the fluid-flow rate when applied to nanopore-bearing shale reservoirs. As a result of the existence of nanopores in shales, the molecular mean free path becomes comparable with the characteristic geometric scale, and we hypothesize that under this condition, Knudsen diffusion, in addition to correction for the slip boundary condition, becomes the dominant mechanism. Recently, a few models have been developed that use various empirical parameters to account for these modifications (Javadpour 2009; Civan 2010; Darabi et al. 2012). This paper aims to provide a different approach to modeling apparent permeability in shale reservoirs. The proposed model is analytical, free of any empirical coefficients, and has been derived without invoking the assumption of slip flow at the pore wall. Our model of apparent permeability represented by a single analytical equation, depends only on pore size, pore geometry, temperature, gas properties, and average reservoir pressure. The proposed model is valid for Knudsen numbers less than unity and it stands up under the complete operating conditions of a shale reservoir. Our model reasonably predicts results as reported by other models. Finally, the model shows that pore-surface roughness and mineralogy have a negligible influence on gas-flow rate, whereas pore geometry and pore size play a significant role in the proportion of diffusion in total flow rate. Our study shows that a combination of Darcy flow and Knudsen flow—ignoring the Klinkenberg effect—can describe gas flow for a range of Knudsen flow applicable to a shale-gas system.
Improving Driving Safety: Case Study of a Dedicated Journey Management Center for the Sub-Saharan Africa Region
Authors: Etendi Daniel Abuy , Zidan Ahmed 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The Oil and Gas Producers Association (OGP) reports that driving-related incidents are the highest cause of fatalities in its member company operations and the members have indicated that lack of compliance to international driving standards is one of the most common factors contributing to road traffic incidents.
To address this concern, an oilfield service company has established a global journey management center (GJMC) covering its key operational regions.
Journey management had been part of the company's driving safety program since 1998, with local journey management centers (JMCs) established in countries worldwide. The new centralized approach consolidated local centers, helping to improve driving safety through improved compliance verification, real-time tracking, and data analysis services.
The GJMC approach employs trained operators in a central office to ensure that every trip is in full compliance to the company's journey management standards throughout the driver's entire journey—with higher-risk driving locations having more strict controls and standards. Site-specific journey management procedures are defined, and the GJMC team monitors drivers' adherence to the journey management plan and intervenes in real-time, as required, to improve driving behavior.
This paper describes how the company developed a GJMC for the Sub-Saharan Africa region. It serves 14 countries in this region in 5 languages; interacts with more than 1, 200 drivers; and controls an average of 350 field trips per day.
The paper discusses how the centralized approach across the Sub-Saharan Africa region has proven effective in increasing drivers' compliance to the company's journey standards. In addition, data analysis by a dedicated team allows for detailed insight into driving safety trends. By defining, measuring, and shaping driving behaviors, the GJMC for the Sub-Saharan Africa region plays a key role to continuously improve drivers' performance and safety.
Water - Chemical Treatment and Management
Authors: Wiggett Adrian J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Recycling produced water for re-use in gas and oil fields for hydraulic fracturing and re-injection to maintain reservoir pressure is becoming increasingly important due to the scarcity of this natural resource. This is especially the case when these activities are not near a readily available source of ‘free water’ such as seawater or an aquifer.
This paper considers ways to use water management to lower operational expenditures OPEX by eliminating freshwater sourcing, transportation, storage and its treatment as well as the storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of produced or flow-back water.
The water management approach enables operators to re-use produced waters in hydraulic fracturing fluids. Pretreatment testing and analysis characterizes the chemistry of the water to ensure an effective fracturing fluid design and to determine the appropriate water treatment solution for every application. By using a comprehensive water treatment suite of technologies, we demonstrate that virtually any oilfield water can be treated. Posttreatment testing confirms the water meets the customer's specific requirements.
Integrating water management service technical expertise with water chemistry and chemical treatments maximizes hydrocarbon production, minimizes reservoir damage, and reduces the costs of freshwater sourcing by as much as 90%. The techniques also offer real routes for oil operators to meet regulatory requirements, mitigating environmental impact.
Environmentally Sustainable Water Management for Mature Oil Fields: A Case Study for Karakus Field, Adiyaman - Turkey
Authors: Ergun Ender , Ercelebi Ali Emre , Sahin Mehmet Oguz 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Water management is playing significant role in surface oil-water treatments as well as oil production. Sector employees are tackling with huge amount of disposal water because of producing approximately three barrels water in order to have one barrel hydrocarbon. Although process of water management has some negatively impact on environment, these detrimental effects can be reduced sharply with technically solutions.
In mature Karakus oil production field, there have been done some treatments and researches for reach most efficient water management operations to get rid of 96 percent waste water. Firstly, more than half of disposal water slightly 30,000 bbl/day is injected via free water knock outs (FWKO). By increments of pressure, better oil quality and recovery (100 bbl/month) are obtained as a field experience (SPE 164313), as a result, declines in electricity consumption (237,000 kWh/month), preventing 369,000 lb-CO2 emission then by preventing loss of oil, 900 bbl/month and not emitting 60,000 lb-CO2 equivalent to reproduce. After operating FWKO, 85 percent decrease of corrosion rate has dramatically reduce the oil spills into farms. Secondly, in the wash tank, light oil is recovered (1500 gal/month) by means of condensing unit and not emitting 2,400 lb-CO2 emission to reproduce oil. Thirdly electric motors that used in water injection pumps are replaced with highly efficient ones and 16,000 kWh/m energy is (preventing 25,000 lb-CO2 emission) saved. Not only environmentally oil water separation but also hot disposal water (~230 °F) is used with heat exchangers for heat the greenhouse. This is heated without any necessity burning fuel. Addition to emissions, instead of steel pipeline fiberglass is operated for injection line to reduce dramatically the friction loss with decreasing electricity consumption (95,760 kWh/month) so preventing to emit the 149,000 lb-CO2 equivalent and subsequently cease to be a threat to corrosion effects. Therefore, disposal water has never spilled into the farms.
Consequently, this study explains that how to operate environmentally oil water treatments at mature fields, with using the FWKO, condensing unit, fiberglass pipeline, water pumping system improvements. Challenges with more than 90 percent of water, Karakus Fields, are managed accomplishedly with these methods and treatments.
A Productive Technique to do Drilling Analysis and Risk Assessment
Authors: Sidaoui Ziad , Siddiqui Mohammed Abdul , Aldawood Jahad 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
There are always challenges associated with drilling and therefore continuous improvement of drilling programs to be in accordance with proper geological and petroleum fluids conditions is critical. Failure to do so may cause unplanned operational time also known as Non-Productive Time (NPT). Time lost during drilling in the form of NPT is a great ordeal of oil companies causes of which include equipment failure, stuck pipe or even poor decision making to mention a few. Hence, study of NPT and making risk registers for individual wells and sections drilled in a particular reservoir or field can aid in future drilling operations by lowering the severity and also reducing the probability of those NPT incidents.
The objective of this paper is to study and analyze the different drilling activities extracted from the Saudi Aramco Drilling Knowledge (SADK) database to identify the critical mistakes occurring during drilling so that they can be avoided in future drilling operations making the drilling program more enhanced and efficient. This was achieved by adopting an innovative way of benchmarking wells, creating drilling activity charts and risk registers.
The paper is supported by an actual case study from fifteen wells in Manifa field drilled during the field development plan of Manifa oilfield. Manifa field is located offshore and many problems were faced during the drilling activities and most of those problems were unexpected.
The results of analysis revealed that the major problems causing NPT are well control, stuck pipe and bottom-hole problems. The mitigation of such risks or problems is also presented in this paper.