bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Razor’s Edge
Authors: Ostovar Afshon 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how hostilities between the United States and Iran drew them perilously close to open war. Trump withdrew the United States from the JCPOA and imposed a “maximum pressure” campaign designed to compel Iranian capitulation under the threat of economic ruin. Iran responded in a campaign of escalation. Through attacks that included downing a US surveillance drone, striking Saudi Arabia’s Aramco oil installations at Abqaiq and Khurais, and attacks on U.S. forces by Shia militias in Iraq, Iran tested Trump’s appetite for conflict. U.S. counterstrikes on Kataib Hezbollah in Syria and the assassination of Qassem Soleimani by a U.S. hellfire missile followed Iran’s escalations. The latter led to dramatic retaliation: an Iranian ballistic missile barrage against U.S. forces stationed at Ayn al-Asad base in Iraq. Anticipating a response, IRGC missile forces shot down Ukraine Air Flight 752. Trump declined to respond to Iran’s aggression, averting war.
Individualization and New Techniques
Authors: Bernstein Alyssa G. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Palestinians in prison developed strategies to overcome the barriers to collective resistance enumerated in the previous chapters. New strategies included ‘strikes of the elite’, that is, strikes where a smaller, committed number participate so that cohesion is easier to maintain. Individuals also began going on hunger strike alone, primarily to protest their indefinite detention. These individual strikes sometimes lasted far longer than the body would normally be able to withstand and indicate that some were taking supplements or nutrition in order to sustain their fast, with the goal of survival. Additionally, the chapter describes three ‘removal activities’ that are also indicators of individual resistance: individual education (i.e. secretly taking university classes); creating ways to have and raise children from within prison; and escaping from prison. The new resistance activities were re-adjustments to the reality of the Prisoners Movement, and assertions of the importance of Palestinian life.
The 1921–1923 North Sakhalin Concession Agreement
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter relates the early history of the Maritime Arbitration Commission (MAC) and the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission (FTAC), which were founded in Moscow in 1930 and 1932, respectively, and of the nullification of the thirty-six-year-old North Sakhalin Concession Agreement made between Sinclair Exploration and the Government of the USSR by Soviet courts. For a short period from 1925 (Lenin having died in 1924), the USSR was willing to learn from the very negative foreign reaction to this nullification and to agree to ad hoc arbitration clauses in concessions so as to attract desperately needed foreign investment, that being a lesson that retains contemporary relevance.
Free Spirits—the Search for “International” Arbitration
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the philosophical question of seemingly high importance for the state of international commercial arbitration: which came first—the arbitral chicken or the arbitral egg? A comparison is drawn between the French and English approaches to (or concepts of) arbitration. The chapter acknowledges the enormous significance of France to the development of international commercial arbitration, with the formation of the International Criminal Court in Paris almost a century ago and its symbiotic relations with the Cour d’appel de Paris, which has benefited international commercial arbitration everywhere, and the suggestion is made that there is much to be learnt from the French school of arbitral philosophy.
The President's Dilemma in Asia
Authors: Lee Don S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This book provides the first comprehensive and comparative theory of presidential government formation. In the authoritarian era, presidents had greater control over key institutional actors in the process, such as the legislature, the ruling party, and the bureaucracy. However, after democratic transition, they have to navigate competing pressures from these political institutions. This book highlights the major trade-off that presidents of new democracies face in their relationship with the different political institutions, the so-called “president’s dilemma,” and their strategy in dealing with the dilemma. Existing studies of presidential government formation in new democracies have largely overlooked the entirety of the structure of the political institutions surrounding the president and its impact on the president’s government formation strategy. This book offers a view that government formation is a window to understanding how presidents weigh the benefits of appointing ministers representing different political institutions under a variety of given institutional circumstances. The question of which institution presidents attempt to accommodate through government formation is a high stakes one, and addressing it is important, because particular patterns of personnel distribution can influence the kind of policies political leaders adopt and the level of accountability and responsiveness to constituents these policies represent.
Interparty Competition and Presidential Cabinet Making
Authors: Lee Don S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines presidents’ appointment strategy in handling the party system surrounding them. The main prediction is that, facing stronger demands from opposition parties in more institutionalized party systems, presidents are more likely to appoint copartisan ministers, in order to enhance intraparty support. However, with greater dominance over less institutionalized party systems, presidents have greater leeway to choose nonpartisan ministers. The results of statistical analysis are overall in line with this prediction. While presidents are more likely to appoint ministers from the ruling party in more institutionalized party systems, they tend to choose nonpartisan ministers in less institutionalized party systems. Furthermore, an additional analysis of presidents’ portfolio allocation patterns shows that presidents are more likely to allocate cabinet posts in key policy areas to copartisans as party systems are more institutionalized.
Winter 1941–1942
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Charity ball for the Red Crescent and meeting with Mary; debating about the British; palace intrigues; strange manners of the Maharaja of U. while visiting Bhopal; discussing world-war politics; organizing a cabaret with the Begum; the Nawab playing Krishna; affairs of the Italian prisoners of war; the Nawab’s durbar and birthday.
Spring[–Winter] 1945
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Brief visit to Agra, retiring to Ranikhet; different affairs of the royal party in Ranikhet; discussing Islam with the Begum and Sir Liaquat; the Berriens and their stories; Old Brownie and her stories; birthday of Faiza, the daughter of Princess Rabia; more affairs of the royal party in Ranikhet; illness of Princess Rabia; visit to Almora; meeting with Professor Boshi Sen; an account of Mahatma from Hairuja Khana; clubs and resting in Ranikhet; the story of Rex the dog; Rabia sets the house on fire; meeting with the Nawab of B.; more affairs from Ranikhet; bad news from Bhopal; Vera’s return visit to Almora; meeting with ‘European sadhus’ Alain Danielou and Raymond Burnier; another meeting with Anandamayi Ma; meeting with Swami Pranavananda; meeting with Jawaharlal Nehru; visit of Ramakrishna Mission in Almora; way back to Bhopal; troubles with Haider rekindled; account on the end of British Raj; Mark’s organization of the meeting of the Chamber of Princes; Colonel Habib wounded by a tiger; preparing to return to Europe; Vera bitten by a scorpion; the troubles of Princess Rabia; Vera scared for Mark’s life; Vera’s friend, Lady Bhore, suddenly dies; leaving for Europe.
Negative Emotions and Frustrated Desires
Authors: Boult Cameron 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Two approaches to resolving the puzzle of epistemic blame are examined. The first argues that epistemic blame is a negative emotional response. Three ways of pursuing this idea are considered—a bold, moderate, and sui generis version. It is argued that all three approaches are inadequate because they rely on attitudes that are out of place in the epistemic domain. The second approach argues that epistemic blame is the manifestation of an unsatisfied desire with distinctively epistemic content. This approach improves on negative-emotion views by accounting for epistemic blame’s significance with a conative component—something that seems more at home in the epistemic domain. However, it is argued that the approach does not go far enough in accounting for epistemic blame’s significance. The shortcomings of both approaches to epistemic blame reveal a role for relationships in epistemic blame.
The Value of Epistemic Blame
Authors: Boult Cameron 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Should we epistemically blame one another? This chapter examines the value of our epistemic blaming practices, and considers alternatives to epistemic blame. The chapter approaches these questions, first, by focusing on a case study: the realm of democratic participation. It is argued that epistemic blame—as understood on the relationship-based model—has value insofar as it constitutes a distinctive way of holding others, especially leaders, to account in the democratic sphere. The case study paves the way for more general observations about the value of epistemic blame. The chapter turns to a detailed examination of whether certain kinds of positively valanced epistemic relationship modification might be more fitting or productive (or both), as ways of responding to culpable epistemic failings. It is argued on the basis of considerations about autonomy, efficacy, and social justice that they are not.
Measuring Depletion in Multiple Registers
Authors: Rai Shirin M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the question of measurability of depletion as well as the methodological issues that we face in calculating depletion from the available quantitative data sets. It reflects on the model for calculating DSR and on the strengths and limitations of measuring the time spent in care work. It also discusses various datasets and methodologies such as the UNSNA, Household Satellite Account and time-use surveys and suggests that the model presented to calculate depletion has merit, even though it needs more testing. It then presents the Feminist Everyday Observatory Tool, which has been used in the book to understand depletion and suggests that both quantitative and qualitative methods can be used together to make the argument for addressing depletion harms.
Depletion on the Move
Authors: Rai Shirin M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Commuting intensifies depletion. Travel for paid as well as unpaid work, done over space and time in unequal contexts, stretches the margins of work-time and increases physical tiredness and the sense of insecurity, can damage reputations, family status, and is a tax on wages. The chapter maps the literature on commuting to work, and then examines the costs of commuting in different frames: time, timeliness, temporality, health costs, economic costs, and issues of sociality and solidarity during commuting. It explores these issues through a close discussion of three stories, of an Indian domestic worker, a low income homemaker and a journalist, whose different modes of travel to and from work and for care contribute to their depletion. The chapter identifies some policy gaps that can be seen because of overlooking the mobilities of care.
A Possibility of Jews
Authors: Jortner Adam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Peace meant work for American Jews, as they began formalizing and defining freedoms, shoring up their revolutionary credentials, and building a republican government and synagogue. The new synagogues of the United States became far more democratic and had multiple sources of authority. They also had to deal with former Jewish loyalists. Meanwhile, Jewish leaders often found themselves included as full members of new, patriotic civic groups. It was part of a general spirit of democratic inclusion in the 1790s. The chapter also highlights the importance of race in the consideration of citizenship, referencing how White Jews rarely extended their case for religious citizenship outward to include other disenfranchised groups.
Democratization
Authors: Jortner Adam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the democratization of American Judaism after the American Revolution. The chapter explains how the American Revolution gave rise to a different Jewish world, one with less hierarchy and more choice. Jews challenged and changed synagogue rules under the language of the revolution. These changes came in Jewish theology, synagogue organization, clergy, rituals, holidays, and observances. American Jews demanded the right to appoint their own leaders and interpret Jewish law and tradition without rabbis. Jewish men also began dueling while Jewish women made their own institutions and constructed Jewish thought and liturgy in the early republic.
The Flag-Waving Patriot
Authors: Craft Elizabeth T. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Launching his career with a series of hyper-patriotic musicals—Little Johnny Jones (1904), George Washington, Jr. (1906), The Yankee Prince (1908), and The American Idea (1908)—George M. Cohan developed a reputation for so-called flag-waving and became an emblem of a Rooseveltian America. These shows broke new ground with their contemporary settings and characters, colloquial language, snappy tunes, and patriotic themes. Critics questioned whether Cohan’s flag-waving was art, entertainment, or propaganda, but his tactics received ringing endorsement from the box office. Focusing on Little Johnny Jones (1904) and The American Idea (1908), this chapter demonstrates how they contributed to discourse about immigration and nationalism, modeling—and occasionally challenging—a Rooseveltian vision of America, with its ideal of “true Americanism.” Through the characters he played and the songs and shows he wrote, Cohan captured the period’s hopes and anxieties about race and nation, and he linked the emerging musical theater genre with American identity and nationalism.
The Irish American
Authors: Craft Elizabeth T. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Early in his career, George M. Cohan cast himself as a paragon of mainstream America, but in the mid-1910s, he became more outwardly invested in Irish American politics and culture in his personal life and wrote a series of musicals brimming with Irish American pride: The Voice of McConnell (1918), Little Nellie Kelly (1922), The Rise of Rosie O’Reilly (1923), and The Merry Malones (1927). This chapter examines how these shows worked through contemporary issues facing Irish Americans in the United States and advocated for them, frequently at the expense of other groups whom he depicted more negatively. As he had already defined and—for many—embodied what it meant to be a patriotic American, Cohan was particularly well positioned to write the Irish more fully into that definition.
The Anacoustic
Authors: Moreno Jairo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Spanish-American War films introduced to US society images of its successful military campaign overseas. Films capitalized on the development of new moving image technologies (e.g., Edison’s War-Graph). Despite lacking sound, crowds felt they were experiencing “the real thing.” This chapter conceptualizes this soundless spectacle under the notion of the anacoustic, an absence of sound where sound might have been heard (and copiously read about in the press). In the anacoustic, sound sources are seen but not heard, a condition of possibility for a particular sensorial engagement with war and violence marking the entrance of the United States into the theater of imperial warfare, an imperial aurality abetted by new technologies of moving images, their representational wagers, and the institutions involved. This sensorial assemblage constitutes a form of aesthetic capture, a deracinated and anesthetized sense of violence that made US imperialism inconceivable without the entanglements of the anacoustic’s silent but deadly aurality.
Tonality
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This encyclopedic book proposes a sweeping reformulation of the basic concepts of Western music theory, revealing simple structures underlying a wide range of practices from the Renaissance to contemporary pop. Its core innovation is a collection of simple geometrical models describing the implicit knowledge governing a broad range of music-making, much as the theory of grammar describes principles that tacitly guide speaking and writing. Each of its central chapters re-examines a basic music-theoretical concept such as voice leading, repetition, nonharmonic tones, the origins of tonal harmony, the grammar of tonal harmony, modulation, and melody. These are flanked by two largely analytical chapters on rock harmony and Beethoven. Wide-ranging in scope, and with almost seven hundred musical examples from the Middle Ages to the present day, it weaves philosophy, mathematics, statistics, and computational analysis into a new and truly twenty-first-century theory of music.
Nonharmonic Tones
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter reconsiders the concept of nonharmonicity. It argues that the traditional picture, in which purely consonant harmonies are decorated by inessential melodic tones, works reasonably well in general, but fails dramatically in specific cases. These include the “Renaissance seventh,” a seventh chord formed by a suspension but not reducible to a triad, and the “ascending subdominant,” a IV–I progression with dominant-tonic characteristics. I argue that the harmonic/nonharmonic distinction should be viewed as approximate and heuristic. This is particularly important in nineteenth-century styles that use nonharmonic tones to augment the vocabulary of functional tonality. But it is also important in earlier music. For centuries, composers have been rebelling against the constraints of the nonharmonic system in both subtle and nonsubtle ways.
The Origins of Functional Tonality
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the very gradual development of functional harmony. The process begins with an ionian-mode “protofunctionality” dating back to the early sixteenth century and emphasizing fifth-motion between root-position primary triads. This protofunctionality first appears in popular styles like the Frottola and can be grounded in the basic geometry of triadic space. From there it gradually colonizes an ever-greater swathe of musical practice, including midcentury polyphonic compositions such as Palestrina’s Pope Marcellus Mass. During this time functional routines also grow more complex, with the supertonic replacing the subdominant as the primary predominant. The chapter uses statistics, corpus study, and close reading to show that the development of functionally tonal practice antedates its explicit theoretical codification.
Conclusion
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The collectional hierarchy, while not truly universal, is found in many different musical styles, justifying some of music theory’s Platonist ambitions. Implicitly learned schemas can often be grounded in the intrinsic geometry of musical possibility. Understanding this deep structure helps us see connections between genres, as well as extend traditional techniques to new domains. Reconceiving the past can help us imagine new futures.
On One Condition
Authors: Rogovoy Seth 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 of Within You Without You, “On One Condition,” closely examines George Harrison’s song, “If I Needed Someone,” as well as his other contributions to the Beatles album Rubber Soul. “If I Needed Someone” was both musically and lyrically complex, evincing Harrison’s growing interest in elements of Indian music (such as the drone note) and showcasing a newfound sophistication as a lyricist in his extensive use of the conditional tense. Rubber Soul also saw the full flowering of Harrison’s “orchestral” approach to guitar playing. Harrison’s song “Think for Yourself” hints at Harrison’s future role as a spiritually inclined songwriter (and a possible scold). Harrison’s use of sitar on Lennon’s song “Norwegian Wood” almost singlehandedly invented a new genre of pop-Indian fusion called “raga rock,” an early but essential development in a burgeoning interest in ethnic sounds that will soon be called “world music.”
That Ice Is Slowly Melting
Authors: Rogovoy Seth 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 18 of Within You Without You, “That Ice Is Slowly Melting,” examines the George Harrison song “Here Comes the Sun” from the Beatles’ Abbey Road album. The song has become one of the most popular in the Beatles catalog and the most-streamed Beatles song, twice as much so as the second-most streamed song, “Come Together.” Although simple sounding, featuring gorgeous acoustic-guitar fingerpicking and a singalong refrain, the song is complex both musically and lyrically, with time-signature changes and one of the earliest uses of the Moog synthesizer (played by Harrison) by a major rock band. Juxtaposing the emotional turmoil of darkness and a renewed sense of possibility and rebirth with spring, the song could well have been an epitaph for the failed promise of the sociocultural revolution of the 1960s, in the form of an ode to sunshine and renewal.
The Declaration of Independence
Authors: Rogovoy Seth 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 19 of Within You Without You, “The Declaration of Independence,” closely examines George Harrison’s first solo album, the landmark three-record set All Things Must Pass. The title of the album could not help being interpreted in context as a commentary on the breakup of the Beatles, although Harrison was writing the song by the same name several years earlier while still in the Beatles, who rehearsed the number during the Get Back/Let It Be sessions. The album, which spent eight weeks at number one, was a concept album deeply informed by Eastern beliefs, especially those about death and dying. It evinced the musical influence of The Band and Bob Dylan. And as if to say to his former bandmates, “I don’t need you anymore,” the first track, “I’d Have You Anytime,” was a song Harrison cowrote with Dylan.
The Constitution
Authors: Rogovoy Seth 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 23 of Within You Without You, “The Constitution,” closely examines George Harrison’s second solo album, Living in the Material World. Where All Things Must Pass was loud, eclectic, and sprawling, Living in the Material World was much more compact, controlled, and intimate. If All Things Must Pass was his Declaration of Independence, Living in the Material World was his Constitution, in which he laid down the law. The album opens with “Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth),” a cousin to “My Sweet Lord” that, like its predecessor, was a repetitive prayer that captured the ears of listeners on its way to the top of the pop charts. Instead of speaking to Harrison’s spiritual life, “Sue Me, Sue You Blues,” on the other hand, addresses the harsh reality of life in the material world—specifically the legal muck in which the post-Beatles found themselves mired.