bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective memories: infants' encoding is enhanced in selection via suppression
Authors: Markant Julie , Amso Dima 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe present study examined the hypothesis that inhibitory visual selection mechanisms play a vital role in memory by limiting distractor interference during item encoding. In Experiment 1a we used a modified spatial cueing task in which 9‐month‐old infants encoded multiple category exemplars in the contexts of an attention orienting mechanism involving suppression (i.e. inhibition of return, IOR) versus one that does not (i.e. facilitation). At test, infants in the IOR condition showed both item‐specific learning and abstraction of broader category information. In contrast, infants in the facilitation condition did not discriminate across novel and familiar test items. Experiment 1b confirmed that the learning observed in the IOR condition was specific to spatial cueing of attention and was not due to timing differences across the IOR and facilitation conditions. In Experiment 2, we replicated the results of Experiment 1, using a within‐subjects design to explicitly examine learning and memory encoding in the context of concurrent suppression. These data show that developing inhibitory selective attention enhances efficacy of memory encoding for subsequent retrieval. Furthermore, these results highlight the importance of considering interactions between developing attention and memory systems.
New Methodological Approach to Improve Reproducibility of Brachial Artery Flow‐Mediated Dilatation
Authors: Kanahara Masaaki , Harada Haruhito , Katoh Atsushi , Ikeda Hisao 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundMeasurement of flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) is well known as a noninvasive method for an assessment of vascular endothelial function. However, the reproducibility is a major issue of FMD measurement. The purpose of this study is to examine the reproducibility of the new FMD measurement with medial epicondyle method.MethodsFirst, to evaluate the variability of the brachial artery diameter, 23 volunteers recruited from 32 healthy volunteers were examined for a brachial artery diameter at rest using with FMD equipment. Second, to evaluate the reproducibility of the FMD measurement, all volunteers underwent the FMD measurement, which was repeated at 2‐week interval using the traditional method and the medial epicondyle method. The reproducibility in both methods was evaluated by 2 independent observers who measured on the same subject to assess the inter‐observer reproducibility, and 1 observer who measured the same subject twice to assess the intra‐observer reproducibility regarding the baseline value of arterial diameter and FMD.ResultsThe variability of brachial artery diameter was 0.57 ± 0.27 mm in 23 healthy volunteers. In the study of inter‐ and intra‐observer reproducibility, 2 parameters including intra‐class correlation coefficient and Pearson's correlation coefficient by medial epicondyle method are superior to those by traditional method.ConclusionsThese results suggest that medial epicondyle methodological approach to measure FMD is superior to traditional method.
Combination of Real Time Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography with Diagnostic Catheterization to Derive Left Ventricular Pressure‐Volume Relations
Authors: Kutty Shelby , Li Ling , Padiyath Asif , Gribben Paul , Gao Shunji , Lof John , Bidasee Keshore R. , Danford David A. , Kuehne Titus 
Published: July 2013

AimsThe aim of this study was to investigate the left ventricular (LV) myocardial contractility index‐Emax using transesophageal real time three‐dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) combined with catheterization.MethodsTransesophageal RT3DE (single beat, X7‐2 × matrix, iE33, Philips) was used to obtain real time LV volumes in pigs. Volumes were integrated with LV pressures from conductance catheterization (CC) to create RT3DE pressure‐volume relations. At the same time, CC was used for measuring conventional pressure‐volume relations that served as reference. The slope Emax was determined from RT3DE and CC end‐systolic pressure‐volume relations. All measurements were made at rest and during dobutamine infusion.ResultsIn six pigs, the mean ± SD (mmHg/mL) values were Emax‐CC 1.86 ± 1.1 and Emax‐RT3DE 1.78 ± 1.2 (P = 0.502) at baseline. On dobutamine, mean Emax‐CC was 3.43 ± 1.5 and Emax‐RT3DE 3.60 ± 1.23 (P = 0.171). Bland–Altman analysis showed good agreements between the RT3DE‐ and CC‐derived Emax for measurements performed at baseline and on dobutamine.ConclusionsEmax can be determined from RT3DE integrated with catheterization‐derived pressures. RT3DE is a promising method for enhancing clinical applicability of pressure‐volume relations for assessment of myocardial contractility.
Assessment of Tenascin‐C Levels in Ventricular Noncompaction/Hypertrabeculation Patients: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Erer Hatice Betul , Guvenc Tolga Sinan , Kemik Ahu Sarbay , Yilmaz Hale , Kul Seref , Altay Servet , Oz Dilaver , Zeren Gonul , Ekmekci Ahmet , Zencirci Aycan Esen , Sayar Nurten , Eren Mehmet 
Published: July 2013

PurposeVentricular noncompaction/hypertrabeculation (NC/HT) is a rare form of congenital cardiomyopathy. We aimed to investigate the presence of serum tenascin‐C (TN‐C) in adult patients with NC/HT and evaluate its value.Methods and ResultsSerum TN‐C levels were measured by ELISA in 50 NC/HT patients both with/without systolic dysfunction and in 23 normal controls. Systolic dysfunction was defined as ejection fraction (EF) ≤ 40. Mann–Whitney U‐test and ROC curve analysis were done. Of 49 NC/HT patients, 24 (49%) patients had systolic dysfunction (mean age 36 ± 15) and 25 patients (51%) had normal systolic function (mean age 36 ± 17). The ages between groups were not different. The mean levels of serum TN‐C in patients with or without systolic dysfunction were 26 ± 10 ng/mL and 26 ± 8 ng/mL respectively, compared to normal controls, 7 ± 2 ng/mL (P < 0.001). No significance was observed between 2 groups of NC/HT patients regarding TN‐C levels (P = 0.8). The ROC curve analysis revealed that a TN‐C value of 11.7 ng/mL identified patients with NC/HT with 100% sensitivity and specifity.ConclusionHigh serum TN‐C levels are present in adult NC/HT cardiomyopathy even when left ventricular systolic function remains normal. Also, serum TN‐C levels could be regarded as a candidate biomarker in the diagnosis of NC/HT which needs to be tested in larger prospective studies.
In Defence of Proportionalism
Authors: Evers Daan 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn his book Slaves of the Passions, Mark Schroeder defends a Humean theory of reasons. Humeanism is the view that you have a reason to X only if X‐ing promotes at least one of your desires. But Schroeder rejects a natural companion theory of the weight of reasons, which he calls proportionalism. According to it, the weight of a reason is proportionate to the strength of the desire that grounds it and the extent to which the act promotes the object of that desire. In this paper, I aim to do three things: (1) to show why Schroeder's arguments against proportionalism do not refute it; (2) to identify the real trouble with proportionalism; and (3) to suggest a better way of understanding it (preferentialism). According to this theory, the overall strength of reasons is determined by the agent's preferences.
Epilepsy and risk of death and sudden unexpected death in the young: A nationwide study
Authors: Holst Anders Gaarsdal , Winkel Bo Gregers , Risgaard Bjarke , Nielsen Jonas Bille , Rasmussen Peter Vibe , Haunsø Stig , Sabers Anne , Uldall Peter , Tfelt‐Hansen Jacob 
Published: July 2013

SummaryPurposePatients with epilepsy are at increased risk of premature death from all causes and likely also from sudden unexplained death (SUD). Many patients with epilepsy have significant comorbidity, and it is unclear how much of the increased risk can be explained by epilepsy itself. We aimed to chart the incidence of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) and estimate the risk of death from all causes and SUD conferred by epilepsy independently.MethodsWe conducted a historical cohort study using data from Danish registries and a complete manual review of all death certificates. The population studied consisted of all Danish residents in the age group 1–35 years, in the period 2000–2006 (inclusive), and the main outcome measures were risk of death and SUD.Key FindingsWe identified 33,022 subjects with epilepsy (median follow‐up 3.7 years) and 3,001,952 subjects without (median follow‐up 7.0 years). Among 685 deaths in the population with epilepsy, we identified 50 cases of definite and probable SUDEP corresponding to an incidence rate of 41.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 31.6–54.9) per 100,000 person‐years. Incidence rates increased with age from 17.6 (95% CI 9.5–32.8) in the age group 1–18 years to 73.8 (95% CI 52.5–103.8) for the age group 24–35 years. Having epilepsy increased the crude risk of death with a hazard ratio (HR) of 11.9 (95% CI 11.0–12.9). When adjusting for sex and comorbidities often encountered in patients with epilepsy (neurologic disease including cerebral palsy, psychiatric disease including mental retardation, and congenital disorders), as well as the Charlson comorbidity score, the HR fell to 5.4 (95% CI 4.9–6.0). The crude HR for SUD was 27.5 (95% CI 18.1–41.8) and fell to 16.3 (95% CI 9.8–26.9) when adjusted for the same covariates as above.SignificanceEpilepsy in and of itself carries a significant risk of premature death and SUD. These findings highlight the potential gains of risk factor modification for the prevention of premature death and SUDEP in patients with epilepsy.
Contribution of Helicobacter hepaticus Cytolethal Distending Toxin Subunits to Human Epithelial Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptotic Death in vitro
Authors: Liyanage Namal P.M. , Dassanayake Rohana P. , Kuszynski Charles A. , Duhamel Gerald E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundCytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is the only known virulence factor found in H. hepaticus, the cause of chronic typhlocolitis and hepatitis leading to colonic and hepatocellular carcinomas in mice. Interaction of the tripartite polypeptide CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC subunits produced by H. hepaticus CDT (HhepCDT) causes cell cycle arrest and apoptotic death of cultured cells; however, the contribution of individual subunit to these processes has not been investigated.Materials and MethodsThe temporal relationship between cell cycle and apoptotic death of human epithelial HeLa and INT407 cells intoxicated with HhepCDT holotoxin or reconstituted recombinant HhepCDT was compared by flow cytometry. The genotoxic activity of individual and combinations of recombinant HhepCDT protein subunits or increasing concentrations of individual recombinant HhepCDT protein subunits transfected into HeLa cells was assessed at 72 hours post‐treatment by flow cytometry.ResultsSimilar time course of HhepCDT‐induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptotic death was found with both cell lines which reached a maximum at 72 hours. The presence of all three HhepCDT subunits was required for maximum cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of both cell lines. Transfection of HeLa cells with HhepCdtB, but not with HhepCdtA or HhepCdtC, resulted in a dose‐dependent G2/M arrest and apoptotic death.ConclusionAll three subunits of HhepCDT are required for maximum epithelial cell cycle arrest and progression to apoptotic death, and HhepCdtB subunit alone is necessary and sufficient for epithelial cell genotoxicity.
Short‐distance migration of Wrynecks Jynx torquilla from Central European populations
Authors: van Wijk Rien E. , Schaub Michael , Tolkmitt Dirk , Becker Detlef , Hahn Steffen 
Published: July 2013

European Wrynecks Jynx torquilla torquilla have generally been considered to be long‐distance Palaearctic–African migrants that spend the non‐breeding season in Sahelian Africa, where they have been reported regularly. Results from tracking individual birds showed that Wrynecks from two Central European populations migrated only relatively short distances to the Iberian Peninsula and northwestern Africa (c. 1500 km and 3000 km, respectively), compared with a minimum distance of about 4500 km to Sahelian Africa. Additionally, differences in wing lengths of populations from Central and Northern Europe support the idea of leap‐frog migration, populations from Northern Europe being long‐distance migrants with a non‐breeding distribution in Sahelian Africa.
Optimisation of the combined treatments of aqueous chlorine dioxide, fumaric acid and ultraviolet‐C for improving the microbial quality and maintaining sensory quality of common buckwheat sprout
Authors: Chun Ho Hyun , Song Kyung Bin 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe effects of the combined treatments with aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO2), fumaric acid and ultraviolet‐C (UV‐C) on the microbial quality of common buckwheat sprouts were examined using a response surface methodology. The populations of total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mould, and coliform decreased with increasing aqueous ClO2 and fumaric acid concentrations and increasing UV‐C irradiation dose. However, the increase in the UV‐C irradiation dose had a negative effect on the sensory quality. Therefore, the optimal combined treatment condition of 100 ppm aqueous ClO2, 0.31% fumaric acid and 1.9 kJ m−2 UV‐C was selected for the buckwheat sprouts by providing reductions of 3.9, 1.8 and 2.4 log CFU g−1 on the populations of total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mould, and coliform, respectively. The combined treatment also maintained an acceptable sensory quality. These results suggest that the optimised combined treatment can be used as a microbial inactivation method for buckwheat sprouts.
Antioxidant activities and functional properties of soy protein isolate hydrolysates obtained using microbial proteases
Authors: de Castro Ruann J. S. , Sato Hélia H. 
Published: July 2013

SummarySoy protein isolate (SPI) hydrolysates were prepared using microbial proteases to produce peptides with antioxidant activity. The process parameters (substrate and enzyme concentrations), hydrolysis time, functional properties and the effects of ultrafiltration were further investigated. The results showed that the soy protein isolate exhibited a 7.0‐fold increase in antioxidant activity after hydrolysis. The hydrolysis parameters, defined by the experimental design, were a substrate concentration of 90 mg mL−1 and the addition of 70.0 U of protease per mL of reaction. The maximum antioxidant activities were observed between 120 and 180 min of hydrolysis, where the degree of hydrolysis was approximately 20.0%. The hydrolysis increased solubility of the soy protein isolate; however, the hydrolysates exhibited a tendency to decrease in the interfacial activities and the heat stability. The SPI hydrolysates fractions obtained by ultrafiltration showed that the enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in samples with homogenous size and strong antioxidant activity.
Impact of pay‐for‐performance on management of diabetes: a systematic review
Authors: Huang Jin , Yin Senlin , Lin Yifei , Jiang Qian , He Yazhou , Du Liang 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo review and synthesize published evidence of pay‐for‐performance (P4P) effects on management of diabetes.MethodsDatabases including Ovid MEDLINE, EMbase, PubMed, The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2012) were comprehensively searched for the effects of P4P programs in terms of patient outcomes and physician behaviors. Studies covering detailed data were included and synthesized. The quality of the body of evidence for each quality indicator was determined using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system.ResultsAmong 742 identified articles, 12 interrupted time series studies, 7 controlled before‐after studies, and 2 cross‐sectional studies were included. Additionally, 12 studies were further included for quantitative analysis. Results of meta‐analysis showed that P4P produced generally positive effects in most indicators (eg, patients with records of total cholesterol or blood pressure). However, these results were inconsistent. The percentage of patients with HbA1c ≤ 7% or 53 mmol/mol showed a pooled odds ratio of 0.98 in patients, but a pooled mean difference of 19.71% in the physician groups. The odds ratios of receiving tests/reaching an outcome level were also diverse in patients (odds ratios ranged from 0.98 to 3.32). Besides, process indicators had higher rates of improvement than outcome indicators.ConclusionsP4P programs have variable impacts on patient outcomes of diabetes as well as physician behaviors, with various effects from negligible to strongly beneficial. Considering the low quality of the included studies, this conclusion should be cautiously interpreted.
Amyloid beta1–42 (Aβ42) up‐regulates the expression of sortilin via the p75NTR/RhoA signaling pathway
Authors: Saadipour Khalil , Yang Miao , Lim Yoon , Georgiou Kristen , Sun Ying , Keating Damien , Liu Jia , Wang Ye‐Ran , Gai Wei‐ping , Zhong Jin‐hua , Wang Yan‐Jiang , Zhou Xin‐Fu 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSortilin, a Golgi sorting protein and a member of the VPS10P family, is the co‐receptor for proneurotrophins, regulates protein trafficking, targets proteins to lysosomes, and regulates low density lipoprotein metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and regulation of sortilin in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A significantly increased level of sortilin was found in human AD brain and in the brains of 6‐month‐old swedish‐amyloid precursor protein/PS1dE9 transgenic mice. Aβ42 enhanced the protein and mRNA expression levels of sortilin in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner in SH‐SY5Y cells, but had no effect on sorLA. In addition, proBDNF also significantly increased the protein and mRNA expression of sortilin in these cells. The recombinant extracellular domain of p75NTR (P75ECD‐FC), or the antibody against the extracellular domain of p75NTR, blocked the up‐regulation of sortilin induced by Amyloid‐β protein (Aβ), suggesting that Aβ42 increased the expression level of sortilin and mRNA in SH‐SY5Y via the p75NTR receptor. Inhibition of ROCK, but not Jun N‐terminal kinase, suppressed constitutive and Aβ42‐induced expression of sortilin. In conclusion, this study shows that sortilin expression is increased in the AD brain in human and mice and that Aβ42 oligomer increases sortilin gene and protein expression through p75NTR and RhoA signaling pathways, suggesting a potential physiological interaction of Aβ42 and sortilin in Alzheimer's disease.
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Sortilin is the co‐receptor of p75NTR which signals the cell death induced by Aβ and proneurotrophins. We found that sortilin is increased in the AD brain and up‐regulated by Aβ and pro‐brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF). Aβ‐induced upregulation of sortilin is mediated by p75NTR and the down‐streaming RhoA‐ROCK signaling pathway. The Aβ/Sortilinp/75NTR signaling may play a role in the pathogenesis of AD.
Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Cognitive Behaviour in Elderly Men and Women
Authors: Hogervorst E. 
Published: July 2013

Over the last four decades, animal and cell culture studies have shown that sex steroids can have protective effects on the ageing brain. Limited short‐term positive effects (2–4 months) of oestrogen treatment were found in women without (as well as with) dementia. By contrast to these initial promising findings, several large treatment studies showed that longer‐term oestrogen treatment, particularly when given in combination with progesterone, could exert negative effects on cognitive function in women aged over 65 years. Several observational studies of older women and men also suggest that longer exposure to higher endogenous oestrogen levels at an older age might confer risk for accelerated cognitive decline and dementia. However, health of participants may modify this association and, in women closer to the age at the onset of menopause, positive associations of oestrogens with cognition were also found. The ‘healthy cell bias’ theory suggests that oestrogens have protective effects in healthy neurones, although cells undergoing pathological change show acceleration in their demise when exposed to oestrogens. In older men, most studies reported higher bioavailable testosterone levels to be associated with better cognitive function. Other studies have reported optimal testosterone levels for better global cognitive function and a reduced risk of cognitive decline. Variation in health status over time and the use of (in)sensitive cognitive tests and hormone assays may explain why this was not always found. In older women, this association (of testosterone with cognition) is less clear. Small studies reported some benefits of testosterone treatment in combination with oestrogen on cognition, although these were of short duration. Several observational studies, on the other hand, found negative associations between high testosterone levels and worse cognitive function in older women. Age, health status, duration of treatment and sex may thus modify effects of longer‐term elevated sex steroid levels on brain function.
Analysis of stress on mucosa and basal bone underlying complete dentures with different reliner material thicknesses: a three‐dimensional finite element study
Authors: Lima J. B. G. , Orsi I. A. , Borie E. , Lima J. H. F. , Noritomi P. Y. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the optimal thickness of reliner material that provides the least amount of stress on thin mucosa and supporting bone in patients with complete removable dentures using a three‐dimensional finite element analyses. The model was obtained from two CT scans of edentulous mandibles with dentures supported by the alveolar ridge. After virtual reconstruction, the three‐dimensional models were exported to the solidworks cad software and divided into six groups based on the thickness of the reliner material as follows: (i) without material, (ii) 0·5 mm, (iii) 1 mm, (iv) 1·5 mm, (v) 2 mm and (vi) 2·5 mm. The applied load was 60 N and perpendicular to the long axis of the alveolar ridge of all the prosthetic teeth, and the mucosal thickness used was 1 mm. The analyses were based on the maximum principal stress in the fibromucosa and the minimum principal stress in the basal bone. Stress concentration was observed in the anterior zone of the mandible in the mucosa and in the bone. The maximum and minimum principal stress in the mucosa and bone, respectively, decreased, whereas the thickness of the reliner material increased until 2 mm, which transmitted the lowest stress, compared with the control. Reliner materials with a thickness of 2·5 mm showed higher stress values than those with a thickness of 2 mm. In conclusion, reliner material with a thickness of 2 mm transmitted the lowest amount of stress to the mucosa and bone in 1 mm of mucosa thickness.