bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening Strategies for Hip Dysplasia: Long-term Outcome of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Laborie Lene B. , Engesæter Ingvild Ø. , Lehmann Trude G. , Eastwood Deborah M. , Engesæter Lars B. , Rosendahl Karen 
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVE:
Screening for hip dysplasia is controversial. A previous randomized controlled trial revealed that adding universal or selective ultrasound to routine clinical examination gave a nonsignificant reduction in rates of late presenting cases, but with higher treatment rates. This study assesses differences in outcome at skeletal maturity for the 3 newborn screening strategies in terms of radiographic markers of acetabular dysplasia and early degenerative change and avascular necrosis (AVN) secondary to neonatal treatment.

METHODS:
From the initial trial including 11 925 newborns, a population-based sample of 3935 adolescents was invited for follow-up at age 18 to 20 years. A standardized weight-bearing anteroposterior view was obtained. The outcomes evaluated were the radiographic findings of dysplasia (center-edge angle, femoral head extrusion-index, acetabular depth-width ratio, Sharp’s angle, subjective evaluation of dysplasia) and degenerative change (joint-space width). Signs of AVN were documented.

RESULTS:
Of the 3935 subjects invited, 2038 (51.8%) attended the maturity review, of which 2011 (58.2% female patients) were included: 551, 665, and 795 subjects from the universal, selective, and clinical groups, respectively. Rates per group of positive radiographic findings associated with dysplasia or degenerative change varied depending on radiographic marker used. No statistically significant differences were detected between groups. No AVN was seen.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although both selective and universal ultrasound screenings gave a nonsignificant reduction in rates of late cases when compared with expert clinical programs, we were unable to demonstrate any additional reduction in the rates of radiographic findings associated with acetabular dysplasia or degenerative change at maturity. Increased treatment rates were not associated with AVN.
Electro-coalescence of Water Droplets in Air Medium by Electrowetting
Authors: Aljuhani Abdulwahab S. , Chase George G. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Coalescence of water drops phenomena is important to many industrial applications. One approach for coalescing water droplets is by introducing electrical charges by applying an external voltage potential gradient across the drops. Electro-coalesce occurs when spreading and motion of the drops due to the electrical field brings two drops into contact. In this paper, the phenomena of electro-coalescence is investigated for different electrical and geometric spacing conditions applied to 5 microliter drops of deionized water on electrowettable surfaces. The electrowettable surfaces were prepared with poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) as the coated dielectric film followed by FluoroPel as the hydrophobic film. Coalescence was studied for two methods of applying the electrical field to the drops. The first method was by using a programmable power supply with 10 Volt/millisecond slew rate up to 200 VDC maximum. The second method for applying the field was by using a relay switch to give a sudden step change of 200 VDC. Coalescence events were video recorded in a high-speed frame rate and the coalescence of the drops were observed to coalesce within about 15 ± 5 milliseconds once the drops interfaces came in contact with each other regardless of the method used for applying the field. The rate limiting step for coalescence to take place was the method of applying the field.
A Method for Ranking the Musculoskeletal Risk of Operating Valves in Process Industries
Authors: Attwood Dennis A. , Tys Alicia T. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
One constant in every process plant is the high number and diversity of valves that control the flow of feedstock, products and service liquids and gases. The ergonomic issues associated with the design, operation and maintenance of valves include: Physical stress to open and close themPotential for injuries and subsequent related costsLack of access to process critical valvesDifficulty to remove and replace themPotential for process upsets when valves cannot be operated in the time required
A comprehensive program was developed for a major US refinery to assess the musculoskeletal risk associated with manually operated valves, then to rank each valve according to the risk each poses to plant operators and maintenance technicians.
Clearly, valve repair and replacement is expensive. So, the cost-effective approach was to assess only those valves that are critical to plant operation.
Analysis summaries and recommendations for improvement were provided to plant management for the top fifteen high-risk valves. Examples of recommendations are provided herein. It was also recommended that as the valves are repaired, modified or replaced, the assessment process is repeated to demonstrate how much musculoskeletal risk is reduced.
Hydraulic Fracturing and Organic Compounds - Uses, Disposal and Challenges
Authors: Carter Kimberly E. , Hakala J. Alexandra , Hammack Richard W. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing has allowed oil and natural gas producers in the U.S. to effectively tap reservoirs that would otherwise be unfeasible to produce. In recent years, the natural gas industry has experienced a boost in production through the increased use of hydraulic fracturing in shale and tight sand formations. Despite its production advantages, the hydraulic fracturing process is not without its concerns. Hydraulic fracturing utilizes large quantities of water which, together with a number of chemical additives known as the ‘fracturing fluid’, are injected into underground formations. After being injected, between 5 and 60 percent of this fluid mixture flows back to the surface as produced water carrying with it any remaining chemical additives and naturally occurring material from the formation. Due to the complicated cycling of water and organic compounds during hydraulic fracturing and produced water treatment, the ability to independently identify and quantify chemicals associated with fracturing activities at different stages of the shale gas water lifecycle remains challenging. The ability to identify and quantify organics may be relevant both for maximizing efficiency during fracturing and water treatment, and for environmental management.
Continued analyses of both the ‘hydraulic fracturing fluid’ and the produced water have shown that not all organic compounds that were injected into the well return to the surface. This suggests that adsorption/desorption and/or chemical transformation processes are taking place within the formation. Determination whether organic compounds detected in produced waters are synthetic or naturally-derived from the reservoir is complicated by the number of compounds that exist both naturally in the formation, and are injected with the hydraulic fracturing fluid. Depending on the fracturing job, roughly 4 – 10 different synthetic organic compounds are added to the hydraulic fracturing fluid at one time. A survey of 1000 API registered wells hydraulically fractured in Western Pennsylvania and West Virginia showed roughly 150 different organic compounds used as ingredients in the fracturing fluids. This makes identification and analysis of these compounds in produced waters difficult. Further complications for evaluating organics in the shale gas water life cycle stem from the use of recycled produced waters. Analysis of samples from produced water treatment facilities showed the presence of organic compounds in the inlet and effluent of the treatment facility. The effluent of many treatment plants is reused bringing with it the organic compounds that are still present to the next hydraulic fracture job. This paper looks into the different organic compounds used in the hydraulic fracturing process, their possible life-cycle after the process, the difficulties encountered when analyzing for these compounds, and possible challenges with site planning and environmental decision-making.
Maximizing Flowback Reuse and Reducing Freshwater Demand: Case Studies from the Challenging Marcellus Shale
Authors: Seth Kushal , Shipman Shawn , McCutchan Morgan , McConnell Drew 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The rapid development of horizontal drilling and fracturing has greatly increased the access to shale gas deposits in the Marcellus shale play. Multifold increase in water consumption and subsequent disposal issues are prompting the operators to look for more economic and environmentally sustainable options for hydraulic fracturing.
Two major operators in Marcellus were interested in reusing their flowback water for hydraulic fracturing to reduce the cost of sourcing and disposal. A holistic approach was taken, resulting in a single-step, environmentally preferred water treatment technology to sufficiently clean the water to be used as a mix for hydraulic fracturing operations. To date, over 600,000 bbl of flowback water have been treated and successfully used in over 240 stages of stimulation for the two operators.
With the improvement in produced water quality, the operators were able to increase the mix ratio of treated water to fresh water. This paper will validate the viability and value of produced water reuse reducing the demand for fresh water, waste disposal, and truck traffic. A description of the operations from analysis, treatment, fluid testing, and reuse operation demonstrates the need for continual optimization of the treatment process to ensure the variability of produced water is addressed.
Utilizing Diagnostics to Evaluate Completion Effectiveness in the Marcellus Shale
Authors: Pechiney J. , Ajayi B. , Cannon T. , Cardwell R. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Stimulation data obtained during a hydraulic fracture in unconventional shale gas reservoirs can be evaluated in combination with chemical tracer technology to give an indication of effectiveness of the completion operation. This paper will analyze the completion and flowback effectiveness of a Marcellus Shale well and will show how hydraulic fracture diagnostic tools such as chemical tracers, fracture pressure history matching models and statistical multiple linear regression models can be applied to describe reservoir heterogeneity and complex fracture geometry.
Tracer technology can supplement production and stimulation data to provide information as to the effectiveness of the completion design. In horizontal wells this technology has been used to evaluate flowback performance as it relates to changing lithology, wellbore trajectory and fracture geometry.
Observations from a recent well completion have shown varying degrees of flowback performance along with difficulties achieving fracturing rate and proppant placement metrics. The use of diagnostics in this case study was designed to explain how these changes translate to fracture geometry and completion effectiveness. An effective completion design is important in developing gas shales and the use of completion diagnostics would reduce the slope of the learning curve in an emerging play or else help optimize designs in developed areas.
Investigating Microseismic Responses and Interaction Between Offset Hydraulic Fracture Treatments During Horizontal Well Completions
Authors: Downie Robert , Reese Stephen , Ajayi Babatunde 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Observations of microseismic data collected during hydraulic fracturing treatments in horizontal wells often show variations in the numbers of events and/or the locations of the events that cannot be attributed to differences in the treatment schedule, local variations in geology, or rock properties. These variations might be related to induced stresses from previously completed hydraulic fracturing treatments in the same well or in nearby offset wells. The responses to local changes in stress can be difficult to visualize. A method to identify and evaluate the possible influences of induced stress using seismic moment is proposed.
Seismic moment is a measure of the intensity of the energy release that is detected as a microseismic event. Moment values can be related to the strains resulting from the deformation that produced the microseismic event. A simple summation of the moment values provides a measurement of the total deformation associated with the microseismic events and is used to compare the microseismic responses of offset fracturing treatments.
The cumulative moment responses can be compared to both the separation between consecutive stimulation treatments and the intervening time between those treatments. Two case histories are used to illustrate the observed responses. The first example highlights the effect that resting time between stimulation treatments in a single well has on the microseismic response. The second example examines the contemporaneous completion of multiple wells on a single drilling pad.
The initial results presented in this paper show that microseismic responses can be affected by both the time between stimulation treatments and the distance separating offset fracturing treatments even though there appears to be little difference in the external dimensions of the event clouds. The evaluation technique used minimizes monitor well bias when the monitoring tools are deployed in nearby wells. Cumulative moment-based responses therefore provide an analytical tool that can be used to evaluate microseismic responses during hydraulic fracturing treatments that incorporates the characteristics of the microseismic events.
Funding Sources and Excess CEO Compensation in Not-for-Profit Organizations
Authors: Gaver Jennifer J. , Im S. Mary 
Published: August 2013

SYNOPSIS
We examine the relation between funding composition and excess CEO compensation in not-for-profit organizations (NFPs). Our sample consists of 105,400 observations from 15,412 unique organizations during 1992 to 2007. The results suggest that excess CEO compensation is negatively related to funding from government grants, government-paid program service revenues, and public donations. Excess CEO compensation is positively related to funding from investment income. Our findings generally support the view that the demand for monitoring by fund providers is associated with agency costs in NFP organizations.
JEL Classifications: D23; L31; M48.
Data Availability: The data used in this study are available from the National Center for Charitable Statistics.
Determinants and Prognostic Value of Cardiovascular Autonomic Function in Coronary Artery Disease Patients With and Without Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Karjalainen Jaana J. , Kiviniemi Antti M. , Hautala Arto J. , Piira Olli-Pekka , Lepojärvi E. Samuli , Peltola Mirja A. , Ukkola Olavi H. , Hedberg Pirjo S.M. , Huikuri Heikki V. , Tulppo Mikko Paavo 
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVE
Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction is a common finding among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The reasons and prognostic value of autonomic dysfunction in CAD patients with T2D are not well known.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We examined the association between heart rate recovery (HRR), 24-h heart rate (HR) variability (SD of normal R-R interval [SDNN]), and HR turbulence (HRT), and echocardiographic parameters, metabolic, inflammatory, and coronary risk variables, exercise capacity, and the presence of T2D among 1,060 patients with CAD (mean age 67 ± 8 years; 69% males; 50% patients with T2D). Second, we investigated how autonomic function predicts a composite end point of cardiovascular death, acute coronary event, stroke, and hospitalization for heart failure during a 2-year follow-up.

RESULTS
In multiple linear regression model, exercise capacity was a strong predictor of HRR (R = 0.34, P &lt; 0.001), SDNN (R = 0.33, P &lt; 0.001), and HRT (R = 0.13, P = 0.001). In univariate analyses, a composite end point was predicted by reduced HRR (hazard ratio 1.7 [95% CI 1.1–2.6]; P = 0.020), reduced SDNN (2.0 [95% CI 1.2–3.1]; P = 0.005), and blunted HRT (2.1 [1.3–3.4]; P = 0.003) only in patients with T2D. After multivariate adjustment, none of the autonomic markers predicted the end point, but high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) remained an independent predictor.

CONCLUSIONS
Cardiovascular autonomic function in CAD patients is associated with several variables, including exercise capacity. Autonomic dysfunction predicts short-term cardiovascular events among CAD patients with T2D, but it is not as strong an independent predictor as hs-CRP.
Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction Predicts Severe Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A 10-Year Follow-up Study
Authors: Yun Jae-Seung , Kim Ji-Hyun , Song Ki-Ho , Ahn Yu-Bae , Yoon Kun-Ho , Yoo Ki-Dong , Park Yong-Moon , Ko Seung-Hyun 
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate the development of severe hypoglycemia (SH) in the presence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
From January 2001 to December 2002, a total of 894 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. A cardiovascular autonomic function test (AFT) was performed using the following heart rate variability parameters: expiration-to-inspiration ratio, response to Valsalva maneuver, and standing. From the results for each of the three tests (0 for normal, 1 for abnormal), a total AFT score of 1 was defined as early CAN, and an AFT score of ≥2 was defined as definite CAN.

RESULTS
The median follow-up time was 9.5 years. The mean age was 54.5 ± 10.1 years, and the mean duration of diabetes was 8.9 ± 6.3 years. One hundred ninety-six patients (31.4%) showed an abnormal cardiovascular AFT score at baseline. Sixty-two patients (9.9%) experienced 77 episodes of SH (1.33 per 100 patient-years). The number of SH events increased as the CAN score increased (23 patients [5.4%] with normal score; 17 patients [17.2%] with early CAN; and 22 patients [22.7%] with definite CAN; P for trends &lt; 0.001). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that SH was associated with definite CAN (normal vs. definite CAN: hazard ratio 2.43 [95% CI 1.21–4.84]; P = 0.012).

CONCLUSIONS
Definite CAN was an independent prognostic factor for the development of SH in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Management of acute streptococcal pharyngitis: still the subject of controversy
Authors: Mazur Elżbieta 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Although most cases of acute pharyngitis are viral in origin, antibiotics are overused in its treatment. Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus, GAS), the principal bacterial pathogen of acute sore throat, is responsible for merely 5–30% of cases. Moreover, GAS pharyngitis is currently the only commonly occurring form of acute pharyngitis for which antibiotic therapy is definitely indicated. Therefore the differentiation between GAS pharyngitis and that of viral etiology is crucial. Accordingly, scientific societies as well as respected advisory bodies in Europe and North America, issued guidelines for the management of acute pharyngitis with the aim of minimizing unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions in its treatment. The aim of this review work is to confront the state of the art in acute GAS pharyngitis diagnosis and treatment with different approaches to its management represented by current European and North American guidelines. Although based on scientific evidence, international guidelines differ substantially in opinions whether GAS pharyngitis diagnosis should be based on microbiological testing, clinical algorithm or a combination of both. On the other hand, some European guidelines consider GAS pharyngitis to be a mild, self-limiting disease that does not require a specific diagnosis or antimicrobial treatment except in high-risk patients. There is an agreement among guidelines that if antibiotic therapy is indicated, phenoxymethyl penicillin should be the drug of choice to treat GAS pharyngitis.
Ultra-trace determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in drinking water and alcoholic beverages using homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: Kinaree Samat , Chanthai Saksit 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in different sample matrices, including drinking water, distilled spirits and fruit wine, was carried out by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) after pre-concentration using homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction (HLLE). First, the HLLE method was optimised with lead diethyldithiocarbamate (Pb-DDTC) complex which was extracted with a perfluorooctanoate anion (PFOA−) dissolved in lithium hydroxide under acidic conditions. The optimum extraction conditions, using 0.01 M DDTC, 0.05 M PFOA−, 3 M HCl and 1 mL of 30 vol. % acetone, were obtained. The Pb-DDTC complex in the nitric acid digest of the samples (50–150 mL) was extracted quantitatively into a drop of 100 μL of sediment phase. The sediment phase dissolved in 1 vol. % HNO3 with at least 3–5 mL of the final volume was then determined by FAAS, affording a pre-concentration factor of 10–50. Hence, the HLLE method afforded an increase in both sensitivity and selectivity for the metal determination by conventional FAAS, resulting in ultra-trace level detection of Pb(II) in all samples analysed (drinking water, 9.2–23 ng mL−1; distilled spirits, 23–50 ng mL−1; fruit wine, 24–53 ng mL−1). In addition, the proposed method could successfully be applied to Cd(II) determination in these samples.
Effect of quaternary ammonium silane coating on adhesive immobilization of industrial yeasts
Authors: Kregiel Dorota , Berlowska Joanna 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe aim of the research was to study how the surface coating with quaternary ammonium silanes influences the attachment of industrial yeast cells. Three brewery and distillery strains belonging to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and one strain of Debaryomyces occidentalis with high amylolytic activity were used in this study. Native chamotte carriers were modified using two organo-silanes with different functional groups containing ethanolamine ([3-N(N,N,N-dimethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonio)propyl]trimethoxysilane) and octan-1-amine (octylamine) ([3-N(N,N,N-dimethyl-octylammonio)propyl]trimethoxysilane). The yeast cell surface charge was evaluated using an alcian blue retention assay. To determine the adhesion efficiency, light microscopy and methylene blue staining of cells were used. The viability of immobilized cells was confirmed by [2-chloro-4-(2,3 dihydro-3-methyl(benzo-1,3-thiozol-2-yl)-methylidene)-1-phenylquinolinium iodide] (FUN®1) staining. Modification of chamotte carriers increased the biomass load significantly; however, organo-silane with octylamine showed strong anti-yeast properties. This paper describes the use of inexpensive porous chamotte covered with active organo-silanes with quaternary ammonium groups as a way to improve yeast cell adhesion efficiency.