bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possibilities of decarbonization of ironmaking processes using hydrogen
Authors: Karbowniczek Mirosław , Bernasowski Mikolaj , Migas Piotr 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In light of the European Green Deal arrangements regarding global warming and the tightening greenhouse gas (CO2) emission standards increasing emission fees, it is necessary to take decarbonization actions in the broadly understood metallurgical industry. Europe and the world have started work and research on the possibilities of decarbonizing iron and steel production technologies. The proposed manuscript presents the results of the thermodynamic analysis of iron oxide reduction with hydrogen in the solid state. The results will be compared to classical methods of reducing iron oxides using carbon as a reducing agent. Thermodynamic analyses will be used to initially describe the mechanisms and estimate the kinetics of mass and energy transfer of the reduction reaction using both reductants. When carbon is used, it acts as a reductant and simultaneously a heat source in the process, while when hydrogen is used, it acts only as a reductant, but an additional heat source must be provided.
Fostc3net: A lightweight YOLOv5 based on the network structure optimization
Authors: Ma Danqing , Li Shaojie , Dang Bo , Zang Hengyi , Dong Xinqi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Transmission line detection technology is crucial for automatic monitoring and ensuring the safety of electrical facilities. The YOLOv5 series is currently one of the most advanced and widely used methods for object detection. However, it faces inherent challenges, such as high computational load on devices and insufficient detection accuracy. To address these concerns, this paper presents an enhanced lightweight YOLOv5 technique customized for mobile devices, specifically intended for identifying objects associated with transmission lines. The C3Ghost module is integrated into the convolutional network of YOLOv5 to reduce floating point operations per second (FLOPs) in the feature channel fusion process and improve feature expression performance. In addition, a FasterNet module is introduced to replace the c3 module in the YOLOv5 Backbone. The FasterNet module uses Partial Convolutions to process only a portion of the input channels, improving feature extraction efficiency and reducing computational overhead. To address the imbalance between simple and challenging samples in the dataset and the diversity of aspect ratios of bounding boxes, the wIoU v3 LOSS is adopted as the loss function. To validate the performance of the proposed approach, Experiments are conducted on a custom dataset of transmission line poles. The results show that the proposed model achieves a 1% increase in detection accuracy, a 13% reduction in FLOPs, and a 26% decrease in model parameters compared to the existing YOLOv5. In the ablation experiment, it was also discovered that while the Fastnet module and the CSghost module improved the precision of the original YOLOv5 baseline model, they caused a decrease in the mAP@.5-.95 metric. However, the improvement of the wIoUv3 loss function significantly mitigated the decline of the mAP@.5-.95 metric.
Optimization of adaptive mechanism for pipeline robots
Authors: Sun Yiquan , Li Xuchong , Zhao Tao 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The environment inside the pipeline is complex, and it is now more reasonable to use pipeline robots to work inside the pipeline. This article delves into the adaptive mechanisms of pipeline robots, including their kinematics and dynamics, as well as the analysis using Jacobian matrices. Through a series of analyses, adaptive motion simulation was completed using SolidWorks and Simulink. To ensure the performance of the adaptive mechanism, we conducted simulation analysis on the mechanism. During the simulation process, we simulated various working conditions, such as the challenges faced when working in different terrains and environments, as well as working in pipelines of different diameters. Through simulation analysis, we have obtained important information about the obstacle clearance performance, diameter reduction performance, and energy efficiency of the optimized adaptive mechanism. This information can help us further optimize the design of the organization, making it more efficient, energy-saving, and environmentally friendly. In addition, we also studied the adaptive mechanisms of different types of pipeline robots to determine the optimal parameter design scheme. This will provide better performance and higher reliability for different types of pipeline robots. In order to make pipeline robots more flexible, efficient, and reliable. We have designed an adaptive mechanism on the basis of mechanical analysis. We have completed adaptive motion simulation and have optimized the adaptive mechanism based on the simulation results.
Corrigendum: Gaussian fluctuations of the elephant random walk with gradually increasing memory (2024 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 57 065203)
Authors: Aguech Rafik , El Machkouri Mohamed 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The standard elephant random walk (ERW) is a discrete-time random walk introduced by Schütz and Trimper (2004 Phys. Rev. E 70 045101) with the particularity that the next step of the walker depends on its whole past through a parameter

p
∈
[
0
,
1
]

. In this note, we give a correction for the central limit theorem in the superdiffusive regime of the ERW with gradually increasing memory established by Aguech and El Machkouri (2024 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.
57 065203, theorem 2). The mistake was pointed out by Roy et al (2024 arXiv:2403.02881, remark 1.1).
Effects of nano-clay on the geotechnical properties of gypseous soil
Authors: Ali Shahad D. , Karkush Mahdi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Gypseous soils suffer from sudden settlement when subjected to water flow due to dissolving of gypsum salts, so all structures constructed on gypseous soil undergo significant deformations due to the soil’s ability to collapse. Around the world, specifically in the arid and semi-arid regions gypseous soils are mostly found also, and can be found in the west desert of Iraq and even in the southern regions, amounting about between 30 and 35% of the country’s total area. There are several techniques to improve the geotechnical properties of collapsible soils, but one of the most recent techniques is using the nano technology. Five different proportions of nano-clay (NC) were incorporated into a gypseous soil containing 80% gypsum in order to enhance its chemical and geotechnical characteristics (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%). The tests findings (chemical, physical, and mechanical tests) demonstrated that the addition of nano-clay to gypseous soil has a significant impact on the geotechnical properties of soil where it leads to decrease the gypsum content of soil, pH value, maximium dry density, specific gravity, and collapse index. On the other hand, the utilized of nano clay material causes to increase shear strength parameters (c and φ), optimum water content and liquid limit. Adding 4% of nano-clay results in a significant decrease of 53% in the collapse index and an increase of 311% in soil cohesion and 30% in the angle of internal friction.
Collapse Pattern in Gypseous Soil using Particle Image Velocimetry
Authors: Jawad Hala Mahmood , Jahanger Zuhair Kadhim 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Gypseous soil is prevalent in arid and semi-arid areas, is from collapsible soil, which contains the mineral gypsum, and has variable properties, including moisture-induced volume changes and solubility. Construction on these soils necessitates meticulous assessment and unique designs due to the possibility of foundation damage from soil collapse. The stability and durability of structures situated on gypseous soils necessitate close collaboration with specialists and careful, methodical preparation. It had not been done to find the pattern of failure in the micromechanical behavior of gypseous sandy soil through particle image velocity (PIV) analysis. This adopted recently in geotechnical engineering to track the motion of soil grains and using tracer particles by applying digital particle image analysis. It has also been used to study the displacement distribution in some cases of granular materials. Therefore, the goal of this study is to find out how gypseous sand medium moves when in contact with a rigid strip foundation that is under static stress and plane strain conditions. The experimental model would focus on two common types of wetting, namely water table rise and dry conditions. The PIV showed that the collapse pattern under the footing is of the type of punching shear failure. The predominant mechanism of soil deformation was the vertical compression of the gypseous granular soil. The results showed that understanding gypseous sandy grain displacement and failure patterns at the local scale is crucial for enhancing the design of foundations under static stress conditions.
Influence of Waste Rubber Nano-Material Utilization on The Engineering Properties of Asphalt Matrix
Authors: Mohammed Humam H. , Joni Hasan H. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The highway pavement construction industry is widely recognized as the most suitable establishment for recycling waste materials. Consequently, selecting sustainable materials constitutes a crucial concept for developing an innovative pavement construction characteristic. This research investigation aims to explore the consequences of utilizing waste rubber nanomaterial as a sustainable supplementary at four various weight ratios (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2) in bituminous material. The assessment involved physical features such as viscosity, ductility, penetration, penetration index, and softening point. A dry mixing process is also accomplished for modified asphalts by conducting a high shear mixer at 5000 rpm for 30 minutes at 160 °C was chosen to ensure optimal dispersion of the waste rubber nanomaterial. Overall, the results demonstrated that adding waste rubber nanomaterial increased viscosity and softening point temperature but decreased ductility and penetration. The enhanced penetration index values of the modified asphalts result from the incorporation of residual rubber nanomaterial. In contrast, the binder modified with 2% residual rubber nanomaterial and nano-rubberization exhibited a greater penetration index (PI); thus, it positively impacts the resistance to rutting failure.
Production of maps for bearing capacity of the shallow foundation in Baghdad city using SPTs and MATLAB software
Authors: Salman Alaa D. , Shimran Khadim Shrooq , Karkush Mahdi , Al-Rumaithi Ayad 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The standard penetration tests are considered one of the most important tests to determine the bearing capacity of the soil. In this research, a set of objective maps and equations were produced to estimate the bearing capacity of shallow foundations based on the results of SPTs conducted in Baghdad Governorate. The work includes drilling 213 wells 10 meters deep below the surface of the earth, and conducting three standard penetration tests (SPT) on each well at depths of 1.5, 6 and 9 m. The bearing capacity of the shallow foundations in the city of Baghdad was determined using the MATLAB program after the SPT values were corrected. Then several polynomial equations with multi-order interpolation are proposed to estimate the bearing capacity of the foundation, but the first-order polynomial equation is considered simpler and straightforward. Moreover, the root mean square error (RMSE) of all the proposed polynomial equations is almost the same. Thematic maps show the difference in the carrying capacity of shallow foundations across the total ground of Baghdad Governorate with respect to different depths. Then, a comparison was made between the calculated and estimated values of the foundation’s bearing capacity, where the results showed a discrepancy of 30% at a confidence level of 95%.
Influence of adding gypsum on the properties of lime-stabilized expansive soil
Authors: Salih Sarah R. , Mohammed Shafiqu Qassun S. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Expansive soils present major structural and geotechnical engineering problems. Expansive soil undergoes considerable changes in volume because of variations in water content. These variations in volume can occur as either swelling or shrinking and are commonly referred to as swell-shrink soils. Considering key aspects, such as the characteristics of the soil, is essential when dealing with swelling soils. There are expansive soils in both humid areas, where they pose problems with a high plasticity index, and in semi-arid or arid areas, where even moderately swelling soils can cause considerable damage. In order to solve problems related to expansive soil, it is important to stabilize it using various additives like gypsum, lime, and so on. The effects of adding three percentages of gypsum (2%, 4%, and 8%) to 6% lime-stabilized expansive soil to improve its engineering properties are investigated through several tests. The results of tests displayed that adding gypsum has improved properties of prepared soil with 6% lime. The optimum mixture for (gypsum-lime) that gets the highest improvement in soil properties is (6% lime + 4% gypsum). This mixture shows reducing in the free swell, swelling pressure, and plasticity index (from 8.51% to 2.81%, from 715.68 Kpa to 89.18 Kpa, from 33% to 29% respectively). Also, this mixture shows increasing in CBR (from 13.69% to 16.17%) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) for the curing time of 0, 7, and 14 days (from 264.318 Kpa to 492.131 Kpa, from 380.584 Kpa to 736.318 Kpa, and from 480.192 Kpa to 828.590 Kpa respectively). The maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) increase with increasing gypsum content, While the specific gravity decreases.
Study of the influence of aromatic hydrocarbons on the process of tar oxidation
Authors: Ahmed Adnan Al-Razoqi , Alexandra Shrubok , Alfarge Dheiaa K. , Veronika Zholnerkevich , Julia Harashchuk , Dmitry Kuziomkin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This study examines the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the oxidation of petroleum tar. An aromatic hydrocarbon concentrates isolated from extracts of selective oil purification using the polar industrial solvent N-methylpyrrolidone was employed as an additive to tar. The relationship between the softening temperature of oxidized bitumen and both the duration of oxidation and the properties of the initial raw material mixture was investigated. It has been established that the introduction of 10 wt.% aromatic additive will increase the oxidation rate by 6 °C/h. The conditions for producing road bitumen from the proposed raw material compositions were identified. The influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrate on the qualitative characteristics of bitumen during the tar oxidation process was determined. Aromatic additive is similar to a plasticizer, and reduces the softening temperature of bitumen by 9 °C. But the combined oxidation of tar with an aromatic additive and a catalyst makes it possible to obtain bitumen with a softening point of 44 °C and a penetration of 80 x0.1 mm, which corresponds to the grade of bitumen 70/100. Analysis of the group composition of oxidized bitumen revealed that the aromatic additive facilitates the intensification of the tar oxidation process.
Displacement of rocks and parameters of the trough of displacement
Authors: Asanbekovna Kadyralieva Gulzat , Torokulovich Djakupbekov Belek , Usenbekovna Isagalieva Seiilkan , Ataibekovich Aitkuliev Nurlan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This article examines the relevance of issues related to the movement of rocks and the determination of the parameters of the zone of propagation of the slide, since to this day, there are a number of unresolved problems in the field of its practical application. Returning to the origins of the formation of mining sciences and the field of their study, it can be noted that these issues have been moving from one group to another for a long time, but still related to the tasks of surveying. However, studying this issue gives a clear understanding that it should be solved in a wider range, involving knowledge in such fields as geology, physics and mechanics of rocks, surveying, mining science, as well as the necessary knowledge in the field of managing the state of the massif and its stress-strain state. The discipline that most fully embraces all of the above sciences for studying the processes of rock movement is geomechanics, from which side attempts were made to study it.
Unconventional Intersection Design to reduce The Delay Time for Bab Al Mashhad Intersection in Hilla City
Authors: Raty Ancer Kareem , Obaid Hayder Abbas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The study aims to evaluate and improve traffic movements for an intersection in Bab al-Mashhad in Hilla City, the improvement for this intersection is done by changing the intersection from a conventional model to an unconventional model. The video techniques were utilized to gather the traffic data. The traffic information was collected from the video by using the event program and arrangement by Excel sheet, the VISSUM software was used for the simulation process. This simulation shows the level of service before improvement (F) and after improvement (C) and emission co decreased with 64% so this is lead to activate the sustainability principles in the intersection. The results refer to the traffic volume had big effect on intersection sustainability classification The results refer to a good acceptance of using the unconventional intersection to improve this traffic movement intersection.
The Impact of Climate Change on Water Quality and Consumption in the Tigris River Basin (Mosul-Baghdad)
Authors: Saleh Rana Abdel Qader , Oleiwi Alyaa Shakir , Lateef Zahraa Qadra 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Iraq is one of a riparian country into the basin of Tigris River with (Turkey, Syria, and Iran). The region is currently facing water shortage problems due to climatic changes the rise of the demand on water. The meteorological data was used to estimate the water surplus and water deficit for the period (1990-2021), while the hydrological data was used to show the variation of the flow during the years due to climatic change on the Tigris River basin (2005-2021), and applying the SCS-CN method to estimate the surface runoff. The impact of climate change was estimated by calculating its effect on the physochemical characteristics in the river basin for the period (from January to December\2021) and compared it with standards specifications, in addition to comparing of amount of the water consumption in the Tigris River during the period (2017-2021). The results show a high ratio of water deficit in the downstream of the Tigris River basin due to decreasing the precipitation ratio in these areas. The Rainfall-Runoff-Depth was simulated using the SCS-CN method. The water quality parameters of Tigris River were within the standards of drinking water, except of TDS values at Tharthar-Tigris canal and Baghdad which exceeded the permissible limits. The results show an impact of climatic change on a Tigris River are different but it’s more effects in urban areas due to water consumption of the Tigris River.
Promoting Sustainability in Housing Sector Using Eco-Friendly Materials
Authors: Abbas Maher K. , Dhuha A. H. , Tabark M. A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The significance of sustainability in the housing sector is essentially demanded nowadays, driven by the global emphasis on sustainable development and urgent environmental challenges. It emphasizes the need for innovative strategies to enhance resource efficiency and mitigate negative environmental impacts during construction. Achieving sustainability requires incorporating environmental design principles and eco-friendly building materials, necessitating comprehensive considerations in urban planning and design. This involves promoting sustainable public transportation, communities, facilities, and green spaces. The aim of this study is to convert non-sustainable houses into sustainable ones; aiming to support Iraqis seeking housing that meets international sustainability standards. It also aims to assist the Iraqi government in fulfilling its commitments under the Paris Agreement and improve the quality of life for Karbala’s residents. The primary objective is to design a house that balances environmental, economic, and social factors, adhering to international environmental standards and sustainable development requirements. This involves utilizing sustainable techniques like renewable energy and eco-friendly materials. The project adopts a comprehensive approach that accounts for the various dimensions of sustainability during the design process.
Impact of Using Subsurface Water Retention Technology on Improving Water Use Efficiency of Furrow Irrigation System
Authors: Sadoon Mushab Fatima , Khairi Ibrahim Ali 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Evaluation was carried out on the existing furrow irrigation system located in an open agricultural field within Hor Rajabh Township, south of Baghdad, Iraq (latitude: 33°09’ N, longitude: 44°24’ E). Two plots were chosen for comparison: treatment plot T1, which used subsurface water retention technology (SWRT) with a furrow irrigation system. While the treatment plot T2 was done by using a furrow irrigation procedure without SWRT. A comparison between the two treatment plots was carried out to study the efficiency of the applied water on crop yield. In terms of agricultural productivity and water use efficiency, plot T1 outperformed plot T2, according to the study’s final findings. Compared with plot T2, the rate of increase in the efficiency of water and crop yield were found to be 44.9% and 14.2%, respectively. Additionally, compared to plot T1, the rate of increase in the applied water in plot T2 was 26.8%. The efficiency of plot T1 is attributed to the usage of SWRT membranes beneath the plant’s root zone, which helped conserve water and nutrients, which affected crop yield and water consumption.
Occurrence of Micro-Plastics in Tigris River Water in Middle of Iraq
Authors: Safaa Al-Azzawi Ahmed , Yaseen Al-Kindi Ghayda , Al Rifaie Jawad K 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Microplastics, which are emerging pollutants in the environmental world, have become a source of concern for researchers and the public by virtue of the increasing use of plastic and mismanagement of plastic waste. Currently, research focuses on marine environments, with less attention to freshwater environments, especially urban rivers. In this study, 11 samples were taken from surface water along the Tigris River in the city of Baghdad and from the Kut Dam. The process of chemical digestion using H2O2 (30%) was used to digest natural organic materials, separation by density to get rid of unwanted materials, and then examination under an optical microscope and FTIR. The abundance of plastic materials ranged from 27to74 particles/sample size. Polypropylene, polyethylene and polystyrene were common types of microplastics as they represented (66.92%) of the samples. Fibers and fragments were the dominant microplastic forms in all samples. White color is the dominant characteristic of all samples. It has been shown that hydrodynamic conditions and the locations of urban cities and industrial facilities affect the concentrations of microplastics. The study’s results at S9, S10, and S11 show that microplastics are accumulating in the dam, indicating that the dam might act as a sink for microplastics.