bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender differences in sclerostin and clinical characteristics in type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Catalano Antonino , Pintaudi Basilio , Morabito Nancy , Di Vieste Giacoma , Giunta Loretta , Bruno Maria Lucia , Cucinotta Domenico , Lasco Antonino , Di Benedetto Antonino 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundSclerostin is an osteocyte-derived inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which acts as a negative regulator of bone formation. Published data on sclerostin levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are few.ObjectiveTo evaluate gender differences in sclerostin serum levels and the association among sclerostin, bone mass, bone metabolism, and the main clinical characteristics of subjects with T1DM.Design and methodsA total of 69 patients with T1DM (mean age, 33.7±8.1; 49% males) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study in a clinical research center. Bone mineral density was measured by phalangeal quantitative ultrasound (QUS); bone turnover markers (urinary pyridinoline, deoxypyridinoline (D-PYR), and urine hydroxyproline (OH-PRO) to evaluate bone resorption; serum bone alkaline phosphatase and BGP to evaluate bone formation) and sclerostin were assessed.ResultsD-PYR and sclerostin were significantly higher in women when compared with men (P=0.04). A disease duration >15 years was associated with higher sclerostin levels (P=0.03). Bone turnover markers and QUS parameters were not correlated with sclerostin. A significant negative correlation was observed among QUS parameters, BMI, and OH-PRO. Sclerostin serum levels were correlated with homocysteine (r=−0.34, P=0.005) and vitamin B12 (r=−0.31, P=0.02). Generalized linear model showed that macroangiopathy was the only predictor of sclerostin serum levels (β=−11.8, 95% CI from −21.9 to −1.7; P=0.02).ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that women with T1DM exhibit higher sclerostin levels than men and that circulating sclerostin is not associated with bone turnover markers and phalangeal QUS measurements. Macroangiopathy was associated with sclerostin levels.
Al-Tijārah wa al-Da’wah al-Islāmīyah: Dirāsah li Qaḍiyati Dukhūl al-Islām fī Indūnīsīyā
Authors: Kusmana Kusmana 
Published: June 2014

Among other things trade, politics, education, sufism and marriage are often deemed responsible for the spread of Islam. In the Indonesian context, however, trade is one of the most important methods. In the early period of maritime trade, the establishment of the Muslim community (ummah) and sate formation constitute the main characteristics-tightly linked to each other-of the Islamization of Nusantara. Muslims from different countries acted not only as trader but also ds propagators of Islam in some parts of Nusantara which later became centers of Islamic kingdoms.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v7i3.704
Muhammadiyah's 2000 Congress: Preparing for the New Millenium
Authors: Jamhari Jamhari 
Published: June 2014

Year 2000-popularly called as new millennium era-is a year full of congress for social and political organization as a preparation for facing new challenges of the new era. Some social and political organization such as The Party of Crescent (Partai Bulan Bintang), The Struggle Party of Indonesian Democracy (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan), Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and also Muhammadiyah, the second largest Islamic social organization after NU. Mubammadiyah held its 44th congress in Jakarta. Along with the congress, some organization under-bow Muhammadiyah such as its women section, Aisyiah and Nasyiatul Aiqryiab, and its youth organization lkatan Remaja Mubammadiah (IRM) also held their congress.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v7i3.707
Adjustment Among Area Youth After the Boston Marathon Bombing and Subsequent Manhunt
Authors: Comer Jonathan S. , Dantowitz Annie , Chou Tommy , Edson Aubrey L. , Elkins R. Meredith , Kerns Caroline , Brown Bonnie , Green Jennifer Greif 
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUND:The majority of research on terrorism-exposed youth has examined large-scale terrorism with mass casualties. Limited research has examined children’s reactions to terrorism of the scope of the Boston Marathon bombing. Furthermore, the extraordinary postattack interagency manhunt and shelter-in-place warning made for a truly unprecedented experience in its own right for families. Understanding the psychological adjustment of Boston-area youth in the aftermath of these events is critical for informing clinical efforts.METHODS:Survey of Boston-area parents/caretakers (N = 460) reporting on their child’s experiences during the attack week, as well as psychosocial functioning in the first 6 attack months.RESULTS:There was heterogeneity across youth in attack- and manhunt-related experiences and clinical outcomes. The proportion of youth with likely attack/manhunt-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was roughly 6 times higher among Boston Marathon–attending youth than nonattending youth. Attack and manhunt experiences each uniquely predicted 9% of PTSD symptom variance, with manhunt exposures more robustly associated than attack-related exposures with a range of psychosocial outcomes, including emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and peer problems. One-fifth of youth watched &gt;3 hours of televised coverage on the attack day, which was linked to PTSD symptoms, conduct problems, and total difficulties. Prosocial behavior and positive peer functioning buffered the impact of exposure.CONCLUSIONS:Clinical efforts must maintain a broadened focus beyond simply youth present at the blasts and must also include youth highly exposed to the intense interagency pursuit and manhunt. Continued research is needed to understand the adjustment of youth after mass traumas and large-scale manhunts in residential communities.
Biofuel intercropping effects on soil carbon and microbial activity
Authors: Strickland Michael S. , Leggett Zakiya H. , Sucre Eric B. , Bradford Mark A. 
Published: June 2014

Biofuels will help meet rising demands for energy and, ideally, limit climate change associated with carbon losses from the biosphere to atmosphere. Biofuel management must therefore maximize energy production and maintain ecosystem carbon stocks. Increasingly, there is interest in intercropping biofuels with other crops, partly because biofuel production on arable land might reduce availability and increase the price of food. One intercropping approach involves growing biofuel grasses in forest plantations. Grasses differ from trees in both their organic inputs to soils and microbial associations. These differences are associated with losses of soil carbon when grasses become abundant in forests.We investigated how intercropping switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), a major candidate for cellulosic biomass production, in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations affects soil carbon, nitrogen, and microbial dynamics. Our design involved four treatments: two pine management regimes where harvest residues (i.e., biomass) were left in place or removed, and two switchgrass regimes where the grass was grown with pine under the same two biomass scenarios (left or removed). Soil variables were measured in four 1‐ha replicate plots in the first and second year following switchgrass planting. Under switchgrass intercropping, pools of mineralizable and particulate organic matter carbon were 42% and 33% lower, respectively. These declines translated into a 21% decrease in total soil carbon in the upper 15 cm of the soil profile, during early stand development. The switchgrass effect, however, was isolated to the interbed region where switchgrass is planted. In these regions, switchgrass‐induced reductions in soil carbon pools with 29%, 43%, and 24% declines in mineralizable, particulate, and total soil carbon, respectively.Our results support the idea that grass inputs to forests can prime the activity of soil organic carbon degrading microbes, leading to net reductions in stocks of soil carbon. Active microbial biomass, however, is higher under switchgrass, and this microbial biomass is a dominant precursor of soil carbon formation. Future studies need to investigate soil carbon dynamics throughout the lifetime of intercropping rotations to evaluate whether increases in microbial biomass can offset initial declines in soil carbon, and hence, maintain ecosystem carbon stocks.
Temana Field Rejuvenation: Looking for Maximizing Asset Value
Authors: Ali K. , Djoesan H. , Yeow N. C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractField rejuvenation is a continuous effort within PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd. This paper describes the effort taken to add value on the Temana field located in offshore Malaysia (Figure 1). In the development of the Temana Saddle Area within the Temana brown field, a multidisciplinary team was established with the objective to identify the opportunities and implementing the development in a timely and cost effective manner. The Temana Development Project Team applied PETRONAS Carigali Life of Field (LoF) workflow as the main guidelines on the reviewing and assessing the resource potential and evaluating the options on resources development strategy as well as surface facilities optimization.Figure 1 Location of Temana FieldTemana field is complex with numerous fault blocks and reservoirs (Figure 2). The seven unmanned ageing offshore structures strategically located around the field offered another unique set of challenges to the team. This paper also covers the process of abandonment the non-productive well to re-utilize to access other drainage location with technology applied.Figure 2 Main Fault Blocks and Location of Facilities
Benefits of Slow-Speed Pumping
Authors: Bommer Paul M. , Shrauner David 
Published: June 2014

Technology Today Series articles are general, descriptive representations that summarize the state of the art in an area of technology by describing recent developments for readers who are not specialists in the topics discussed. Written by individuals recognized as experts in the area, these articles provide key references to more definitive work and present specific details only to illustrate the technology. Purpose: to inform the general readership of recent advances in various areas of petroleum engineering.

Abstract
One of the most significant operating costs (frequently the largest) associated with sucker-rod pumping is the expense of pulling and repairing the rods, pump, and tubing. Many wells are pulled for repairs so often that they are marginally economic. This problem is made worse by the days of lost production associated with the downtime. This work demonstrates how pumping slowly can solve these difficulties, making marginal wells economic over a long period of time.

Introduction
As a reservoir depletes, a sucker-rod pump will be able to lift more liquid than the reservoir can deliver. Excess pumping capacity results in excessive wear from shock loads caused by fluid pound and unnecessary friction and stress fluctuations. The customary method of limiting this damage is to pump intermittently. This is done by placing the unit on a timer or by installing a pump-off controller. Both methods have at least four drawbacks.• Intermittent pumping changes the frequency, but not the pumping speed. When the unit comes back on, the loads associated with motion and fluid pound reoccur.• During the time when the pumping unit is off, the reservoir is flowing liquid into the wellbore. This flow builds a liquid level in the casing, which creates backpressure on the producing formation. Maximum flow occurs with minimum backpressure, which is achieved by keeping the column of liquid in the casing as small as possible.• Starting the unit from a dead stop requires the maximum power usage. The start phase also is a significant shock on the pumping unit, rods, and pump.• If the well produces any solids, the downtime allows the solids to settle. These settled solids will increase the frequency of stuck plungers. Therefore, customary methods cannot eliminate all the shocks, unnecessary pump cycles, and unnecessary power use, nor can they provide the minimum backpressure against the reservoir at all times.
The Mechanics of Solving Engineering Problems Using Digital Computers
Authors: Tracy G.W. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A plan is presented for solving engineering problems with a high-speed digital computer in a central location for offices in remote cities. Included in this plan of operation is the transmission of data and calculated results to and from the computing center via the teletype or mail service. If the problems solved by a high-speed computer are restricted to those involving a large amount of computations; the cost of computing will be competitive with hand computations. This will leave engineers more time to interpret the computed results. Some additional advantages for using high-speed calculators are [1]computing errors can be reduced to a minimum, [2] more problems can be solved in a fixed length of time.

Introduction
Many oil producing companies have obtained digital computers of the medium or high-speed class. The use of such machines has been primarily in the accounting or research departments. However, the same equipment may be used to solve engineering problems. Since such machines involve the expenditure of a large amount of money either to rent or purchase, it behooves engineers to make the best use of such equipment.
There are several advantages to the use of a digital computer to solve engineering problems. These advantages are [1] engineers can spend more time in the work of analysis and less time doing hand computing; [2] computing errors can be reduced to a minimum; [3] more problems can be computed in a fixed length of time. It is often desirable to study the effect of changing one variable at a time over a wide range. This practice becomes practical with a high-speed digital computer.
The problems which are solved by engineers can be classified in three types:those involving a large number of computations per problem;those involving a small number of computations per problem, and the problem solved numerous times;problems involving a small number of computations and solved infrequently.
Of the three classes mentioned, an electronic digital computer has application in the first two types. Because of the costs involved in using a high-speed digital computer, problems involving a small amount of computations and solved infrequently [Item 3 above] can be performed more economically by hand.
Geologic CO2 Storage — Can the Oil and Gas Industry Help Save the Planet?
Authors: Bryant Steven 
Published: June 2014

Distinguished Author Series articles are general, descriptive representations that summarize the state of the art in an area of technology by describing recent developments for readers who are not specialists in the topics discussed. Written by individuals recognized as experts in the area, these articles provide key references to more definitive work and present specific details only to illustrate the technology. Purpose: to inform the general readership of recent advances in various areas of petroleum engineering.

Abstract
Avoiding greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions will require large-scale implementation of several technologies. One of them is storage of CO2 in subsurface formations. This represents a substantial new business sector for the E&P industry. But taking advantage of this opportunity will require addressing several challenges, including characterizing target formations, developing a workforce, gaining confidence of the public and of regulators, and establishing CO2 as a commodity. Of these challenges, the most critical will be to train enough engineers and geoscientists for this new industry.

Introduction
How Big Could a Geologic CO2 Storage Industry Be? The concentration of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere has been rising steadily for a century, especially in the last 40 years. There is widespread, though not universal, evidence that the Earth is warming (Kerr 2006). Whether the first phenomenon is the cause of the second continues to be debated in some quarters, the latest consensus of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) not withstanding (IPCC 2007). Political considerations soon may override that debate, however, resulting in widespread implementation of GHG-emissions policies. Thus, it is timely to consider the implications of such policies here—that is, for the engineers and geoscientists currently engaged in finding and producing hydrocarbons.
If—and currently it must still be regarded as a big "if"—society embarks upon a serious campaign of GHG avoidance, it will have a tremendous effect on the oil and gas industry. The scale of the task is one compelling reason. To have any effect on the rate of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, it will be necessary to avoid or store several hundred Bcf/D of CO2. This requirement follows from three factors: the current rate of global emissions, which is approximately 7 billion tonne per year of carbon (Gt/a C) or approximately 1.4 Tcf/D CO2; the forecasted growth in emissions to 14 Gt/a C by 2050 under a "business as usual" scenario; and choosing a target atmospheric-CO2 concentration of 500 ppm (the current value is approximately 370 ppm).
Use of 3D Visualization Software for Multifinger Caliper Analysis at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska
Authors: Julian J. Y. , Cismoski D. A. , Younger R. O. , Burton J. P. , Lawrence M. W. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Multi-finger calipers have provided an excellent overview of internal tubing condition for the past fifty years. However, understanding the fine details of pipe condition over short intervals required familiarity and training in interpreting the raw curves produced by these tools. The development of digital caliper data and 3D visualization software has dramatically altered pipe condition evaluation at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska.
3D visualization software allows the average engineer to quickly and accurately understand the details of localized tubing damage. Additionally, computer processing of digital caliper data supports quick correlation of tubing damage to wellbore geometry, other leak detection logs, previous caliper data of the same well interval, and cross-correlation of data from different wells. This has resulted in dramatic improvements to recent wellwork decisions, allowing surgical placement of patches, plugs, and whipstocks. Caliper logs have been used to assess scale buildup prior to coiled tubing scale removal operations and have been run after removal to evaluate job effectiveness. Additionally, areal corrosion trends and velocity effects have been identified, resulting in recommendations to deter damage.
This paper presents several examples of how 3D visualization software has led to improved wellwork operations based on a study of approximately 500 calipers run in the Eastern Operating Area of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska.
Technology Enhancements for the Application of Magnetic Bearings in Critical Wet Sour Gas Applications
Authors: Gadangi Ravi , Wu Randy , Chevallier Gaetan , Weeber Konrad 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
As oil and gas reserves become more sour, the need for components that can withstand operation in contact with these process fluids is increasing. Current magnetic bearing technology does not meet the requirements for direct application in a wet sour gas environment. Magnetic bearings developed with components meeting NACE guidelines will eliminate the need for additional equipment and make operations more maintenance friendly and less costly. Developing magnetic bearings for wet sour gas applications raises several challenges, especially finding materials with good corrosion resistance and magnetic properties.
This paper covers details of the material selection, validation testing and field commissioning for this application.
Sand-Control Aspects for Long-Horizontal-Section Wells in Unconsolidated Heavy-Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Martins Andre Leibsohn , Calderon Agostinho 
Published: June 2014

Distinguished Author Series articles are general, descriptive representations that summarize the state of the art in an area of technology by describing recent developments for readers who are not specialists in the topics discussed. Written by individuals recognized as experts in the area, these articles provide key references to more definitive work and present specific details only to illustrate the technology. Purpose: to inform the general readership of recent advances in various areas of petroleum engineering.

Abstract
Gravel Packing is the most frequently applied sand-control technique for horizontal wells in the Campos and Espirito Santo basins, offshore Brazil. Because of critical conditions, such as the deep and ultradeep water and low fracture gradients, much precision is required to ensure openhole-gravelpacking (OHGP) success. An important scenario for offshore development in Brazil includes heavy-oil fields in deep water possibly requiring 2000 m of openhole horizontal sections. Gravel packing is a strong candidate for sand-control because of the wide experience acquired and the high reliability level of such applications (if pressure-loss issues can be overcome). Among the operational issues related to hydraulics, the following are critical: equivalent-circulating-density restrictions, fluid displacement while running the screens, and gravel-pack placement (if this is the adopted sand-control technique). This paper focuses on the following aspects: Petrobras experience in more than 270 OHGP completions in offshore environments, techniques for extending hydraulic limits (e.g., rathole zero, rathole bypass, multiple alpha waves, flow-divergence tools, and lightweight proppants), and a multidisciplinary approach to face challenging well designs for heavy-oil reservoirs, including research and development (R&D), tool development, and field implementation.

Introduction
Horizontal wells have become the main wellbore architecture for offshore development in unconsolidated oil reservoirs along the Brazilian coast. Most drilling challenges, especially concerning wellbore stability and cuttings transport, were overcome with experience. The major completion issue deals with sand control: OHGP techniques have been developed especially for Campos basin applications. More than 250 horizontal wells have been gravel packed successfully in Brazilian offshore fields (Marques et al. 2007). By 2000, Petrobras was discovering significant amounts of heavy oil in offshore turbidites. Marlim Sul, Roncador, Marlim Leste, Albacora Leste, Jubarte, and Oliva fields are examples of heavy-oil accumulations in Campos, Espirito Santo, and Santos basins. Fig. 1 highlights some of the most important heavy-oil provinces along the Brazilian coast.
Operating Limit of Gas Well Gravel Packed Completions – A Flux-Based Approach
Authors: Nnanna Erasmus , Ayoola Olakunle 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
A technique for determining the operating limit of internal gravel packed (IGP) gas wells has been developed. Consistent with the observations by Tiffin et al1 and Keck et al2, the non-dependence of sandface completion failure on pressure drawdown is established for 20 IGP gas wells in SPDC portfolio. Downhole flow velocity (flux) had earlier been established as the main factor contributing to screen erosion and GP failure (King et a1l and Tiffin et al2). Therefore, a flux-based operating limit for IGP gas wells is developed using Reynolds Number (NRe) evaluated at downhole conditions. Input data include production rate, perforation details and fluid properties.
Well files were reviewed to identify gas wells with screen erosion IGP failures. For such wells, the pressure drawdown, rate and fluid properties at the period of failure were captured for calculation of the flux and NRe. For comparison, a similar analysis was carried out for wells with healthy gravel packs. The maximum NRe for healthy gravel packs was established as 90,000 while the minimum for failed gravel packs was 200,000 suggesting the existence of a limiting NRe beyond which IGP failure occurs.
The applicability of the technique was demonstrated for a gas field requiring swing production commonly used to make up for supply shortfalls. The technique was also used to determine a theoretical maximum flux and maximum production rates for all the SPDC IGP gas wells.