bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Ash in Animal Feed: AOAC Official Method 942.05 Revisited
Authors: Thiex Nancy , Novotny Lawrence , Crawford Andy 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
AOAc Official MethodSM 942.05, Ash in Animal Feed, has been applied in feed laboratories since its publication in the Official Methods of Analysis in 1942. it is a routine test with renewed interest due to the incorporation of “ash values” into modern equations for the estimation of energy content of dairy feed, beef feed, and pet food. As with other empirical methods, results obtained are a function of the test conditions. For this method, the critical conditions are the ignition time, ignition temperature, and any other furnace or weighing conditions. complete ignition can be observed by the absence of black color (due to residual carbonaceous material) in the ash residue. to investigate performance of AOAc 942.05, 15 samples were chosen to be representative of a wide range of feed materials. these materials were tested at the conditions of AOAc 942.05 (ignition at 600°c for 2 h) and similar or more rigorous conditions. the additional conditions investigated included: 600°c for 4 h; 600°c for 2 h, cool, and ignite 2 additional h; 600°c for 2 h, cool, wet, dry, and ignite 2 additional h; 550°c for 6 h; 550°c for 3 h, cool, and ignite 3 additional h; and 550°c for 3 h, cool, wet, dry, ignite 3 additional h. results for all other conditions investigated were found to be significantly different from the current AOAc Method 942.05. All ignition conditions were significantly different from each other except two: 550°c for 3 h, cool, ignite 3 additional h; and 550°c for 3 h, cool, wet, dry, and ignite 3 additional h. recommendations for modification to AOAc Official Method 942.05 are suggested based on statistical analysis of the data and a review of the literature.
Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Quantitative LC/ID-MS Measurement of Total Choline and Free Carnitine in Food Standard Reference Materials
Authors: Phillips Melissa M , Sander Lane C 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals of AOAC INTERNATIONAL has declared both choline and carnitine to be priority nutrients in infant formulas, and ongoing efforts exist to develop or improve Official Methods of AnalysisSM for these nutrients. As a result, matrix-based certified reference materials are needed with assigned values for these compounds. In this work, traditional acid and enzymatic hydrolysis procedures were compared to microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis, and conditions optimized to provide complete sample hydrolysis and recovery of total choline from four food standard reference materials (SRMs): whole milk powder, whole egg powder, infant formula, and soy flour. The extracts were analyzed using LC on a mixed-mode column (simultaneous RP and ion exchange) with isotope dilution-MS detection to achieve simultaneous quantification of total choline and free carnitine. Total choline has been determined in these four food matrixes with excellent precision (0.65 to 2.60%) and accuracy, as confirmed by use of SRM 1849 Infant/Adult Nutritional Formula as a control material. Free carnitine has been determined in two of these food matrixes with excellent precision (0.69 to 2.19%) and accuracy, as confirmed by use of SRM 1849 Infant/Adult Nutritional Formula as a control material. Limitations in simultaneous determination of total choline and free carnitine resulted from extreme differences in concentration of the two components in egg powder and soy flour (at least three orders of magnitude). Samples required dilution to prevent poor LC peak shape, which caused decreased precision in the determination of low concentrations of free carnitine. Despite this limitation, the described method yields results comparable to current AOAC Official Method 999.14 Choline in Infant Formula, with a decrease of more than 2 h in sample preparation time.
Evaluation of the VITEK 2 Gram Positive (GP) Microbial Identification Test Card: Collaborative Study
Authors: Crowley Erin , Bird Patrick , Fisher Kiel , Goetz Katherine , Boyle Megan , Benzinger, Jr M Joseph , Juenger Marc , Agin James , Goins David , Johnson Ronald L 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the VITEK® 2 Gram Positive (GP) identification card for use with the VITEK 2 automated microbial identification system. The GP test card is used in the identification of selected Gram positive organisms, including Listeria and Staphylococcus species. The VITEK 2 GP card is based on 43 biochemical tests measuring carbon source utilization, inhibition and resistance, and enzymatic activities. A total of 20 laboratories representing government, industry, and private testing laboratories throughout the United States participated. In this study, 720 Gram-positive inclusivity isolates were analyzed by the GP Identification method. Of the 720 well-characterized isolates, 714 were identified correctly, zero were misidentified, zero were unidentified, and six were not characterized as a Gram-positive organism by the VITEK 2 GP method. Additionally, 120 strains exclusive of Gram-positive organisms were screened by Gram stain. A total of 106 isolates were correctly excluded. Fourteen organisms were incorrectly characterized by Gram stain procedures, thus resulting in improper analysis and misidentification by VITEK GP. The VITEK 2 GP identification method is an acceptable automated method for the rapid identification of selected Gram-positive bacteria.
Analytical Methodology for the Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Vegetation
Authors: Beceiro-González Elisa , González-Castro María J , Muniategui-Lorenzo Soledad , López-Mahía Purificación , Prada-Rodríguez Darío 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Due to the extensive use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) for agricultural purposes and their high persistence and low biodegradability, they have become an important group of contaminants. Detection and quantification of pesticide residues in food, particularly fruits and vegetables, is of growing concern for producers, consumers, and governments. The most widely used pretreatment for the extraction of pesticides in plants is based on solvent extraction liquid-solid extraction (LSE). LSE can be carried out using Soxhlet, shake-flask, homogenization, sonication, and, more recently, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Furthermore, new analytical procedures using the extraction with sorbents, such as solid-phase micro-extraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, and matrix solid-phase dispersion, have also been used. On the other hand, a wide range of cleanup methods (liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, gel permeation chromatography, and dispersive solid-phase extraction; and chromatographic techniques with electron capture detector and mass spectrometry detector; and HPLC with a ultraviolet detector are reported in the literature. This article reviews the applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of various sample preparation techniques (traditional and new techniques) for the analysis of OCPs in different plants and plant materials. It covers more than 15 years of published methods in which pesticide residues have been determined in a wide range of vegetation samples (fruits, horticultural samples, medicinal plants, tree leaves, etc.) by the use of chromatographic techniques after various sample preparation steps. A great number of applications in different plant material are provided. To the best of the authors' knowledge, previously published reviews have not covered as wide and exhaustive range of vegetation matrixes as presented here. A summary of pesticide levels cited in the literature is included.
Intégration internationale et concurrence effective : quelques apports de la théorie de l’oligopole
Authors: Gaussens Olivier , Lecostey Sophie , Simon Geoffray 
Published: October 2012

L’objectif de ce papier est de présenter une sélection de contributions théoriques étudiant l’effet de l’intégration internationale des marchés sur la concurrence effective. L’analyse est menée en termes d’équilibre partiel. Elle mêle concurrence oligopolistique et intégration imparfaite et met l’accent sur les comportements stratégiques des firmes permettant ainsi de ne pas réduire le champ décisionnel des firmes au simple ajustement de leurs volumes de production ou de leurs prix. En cela, cette littérature relève d’une « économie industrielle de l’intégration internationale ». Le principal résultat auquel aboutissent les contributions présentées est qu’un accroissement de l’intégration internationale n’entraîne pas nécessairement un renforcement de la concurrence et, en corollaire, qu’une intégration plus poussée des marchés doit s’appuyer sur une politique de la concurrence renforcée et/ou une politique industrielle adaptée.
Competencies of Local Officials on Land Governance: Basis for Empowerment
Authors: Gatus Jose P. 
Published: October 2012

Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines “Empower the Local Government for Local Autonomy”, an aspiration of the government for a strong republic, so upon the enactment of RA-7160 – The Local Government Code of the Philippines in 1991, the DENR devolved its Cadastral Survey Program to the LGU. In 2009 the DENR took back the Cadastral survey because it was a failure. Among the cause that was determined was that the LGUs were not equipped or empowered, hence, this study. The study aims to determine the competency levels of the Village Officials in the administration and management of the land resources in selected urbanizing Villages in Cagayan de Oro City. The findings will be used as basis in coming up with the kind of intervention in empowering them on land governance. Basic laws on land administration and management were made part of the Survey Questionnaire to determine the extent of their knowledge and understanding on those laws. Hypothetical problems and situations were included to ascertain their knowledge and skills in sett ling land disputes with legal basis. Findings showed that majorities are college graduates but their level of competencies on land governance is very poor, hence, the recommendation for them to undergo trainings on land governance. Keywords – assessment, competencies, empowerment, land governance, knowledge, understanding, skills, legal basis.
Smallholder Dairy Farmers’ Group Development in Bhutan: Strengthening Rural Communities through Group Mobilization
Authors: Sonam Thubten , Martwanna Niwat 
Published: October 2012

This paper describes the mobilization processes of Smallholder Dairy Farmers’ Groups (SDFG) and its relevance to the process of community development in an integrated crop livestock forestry farming system in Bhutan. The group approach aims to ensure effective delivery of dairy services for strengthening collective self-help capacity, promoting self-reliance, group cooperation and solidarity of poor rural farmers through collective action. Data for the study were generated through focused group interviews and workshop organized among the relevant stakeholders involved in formation and development of dairy farmers’ groups. The study found that the group mobilization processes demanded new competencies in managing the different stages of group formation and development processes with professional support backed by new knowledge and skills. While the government encourages and supports the mobilization of dairy groups, the process of forming a group is still difficult due to a wide range of technical, socio-cultural, organizational, and physical challenges. However, despite the challenges and difficulties, SDFGs are slowly contributing to the enhancement of smallholder dairy farmers’ skills, achievement of economies-of-scale and improving their bargaining power. The SDFGs are helping to build trust among members, instill positive changes in attitude and commitment to achieve group’s success motivated by accrued financial benefits and easy access to other services. The formation and development of dairy groups needs to be supported by well-trained competent group mobilizers who are able to manage and facilitate group processes effectively. Keywords - service delivery, collective action, smallholder dairy farmers’ group, mobilization and integrated crop-livestock-forestry farming systems.
Viable Solutions in Addressing Climate Changes thru Private (BCCFI) –Public (LGU) Partnerships in the Province of Bataan: A Case Study
Authors: Baylon Angelica M. 
Published: October 2012

This paper articulates the partnership between the private sector represented by the Bataan Coastal Care Foundation Inc (BCCFI) and the public sector represented by the various local government units (LGUs) in the Province of Bataan. The partnership was initiated based on common objectives of these two (BCCFI and LGUs) likeminded institutions to build better coastal governance, increase awareness , promote community participation in coastal management and explore ways for dynamic and sustainable public-private partnerships in addressing climate changes . Since February 2000, BCCFI has actively led in partnering with its various stakeholders in the province‘s 11 municipalities and lone city to implement the Bataan Integrated Coastal Management Program (BICMP) with focus on the 87 coastal villages. As manifested in the socio-economic investment survey form that was accomplished by, among and between the BCCFI members in close collaboration with the local government units. Through varied approaches and entry points, BCCFI, serve as catalyst in protecting the environment in Bataan either individually or collectively, within their respective spheres of influence and capabilities. This is a case point that could be explored as one of the strategies and actions for ASIAN networking on coastal resource management in addressing climate changes. Keywords - Addressing Climate Changes, private- public partnerships, environmental protection, coastal resource management, Biodiversity Programs
Ultrathin Sticker‐Type ZnO Thin Film Transistors Formed by Transfer Printing via Topological Confinement of Water‐Soluble Sacrificial Polymer in Dimple Structure
Authors: Kim Suk Ho , Yoon Jongwon , Yun Su Ok , Hwang Youngkyu , Jang Hun Soo , Ko Heung Cho 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTo create ultrathin sticker‐type electronic devices that can be attached to unconventional substrates, it is highly desirable to develop printable membrane‐type electronics on a handling substrate and then transfer the printing to a target surface. A facile method is presented for high‐efficiency transfer printing by controlling the interfacial adhesion between a handling substrate and an ultrathin substrate in a systematic manner under mild conditions. A water‐soluble sacrificial polymer layer is employed on a dimpled handling substrate, which enables the topological confinement of the polymer residue inside and near the dimples during the etching and drying processes to reduce the interfacial adhesion gently, creating a high yield of transfer printing in a deterministic manner. As an example of an electronic device that was created using this method, a highly flexible sticker‐type ZnO thin film transistor was successfully developed with a thickness of 13 μm including a printable ultrathin substrate, which can be attached to various substrates, such as paper, plastic, and stickers.
Bioactive Glass Foam Scaffolds are Remodelled by Osteoclasts and Support the Formation of Mineralized Matrix and Vascular Networks In Vitro
Authors: Midha Swati , van den Bergh Wouter , Kim Taek B. , Lee Peter D. , Jones Julian R. , Mitchell Christopher A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractRemodelling of scaffolds and new bone formation is critical for effective bone regeneration. Herein is reported the first demonstration of resorption pits due to osteoclast activity on the surface of sol–gel bioactive glass foam scaffolds. Bioactive glass foam scaffolds are known to have osteogenic potential and suitable pore networks for bone regeneration. Degradation of the scaffolds is known to be initially solution mediated, but for effective bone regeneration, remodelling of the scaffold by osteoclasts and vascularisation of the scaffold is necessary. The culture of C7 macrophages on a bioactive glass scaffold induces the cells to differentiate into (TRAP+ve) osteoclasts. They then form distinctive resorption pits within 3 weeks, while MC3T3‐E1 pre‐osteoblasts deposit mineralized osteoid on their surfaces in co‐culture. The scaffolds are of the 70S30C (70 mol% SiO2, 30 mol% CaO) composition, with modal pore and interconnect diameters of 373 μm and 172 μm respectively (quantified by X‐ray micro‐tomography and 3D image analysis). The release of soluble silica and calcium ions from 70S30C scaffolds induces an increase in osteoblast numbers as determined via the MTT assay. Scaffolds also support growth of endothelial cells on their surface and tube formation (characteristic of functional microvasculature) following 4 days in culture. This data supports the hypothesis that 70S30C bioactive glass scaffolds promote the differentiation of the 3 main cell types involved in vascularized bone regeneration.
Molecular genetics research in ADHD: Ethical considerations concerning patients' benefit and resource allocation
Authors: Rothenberger Lillian Geza 
Published: October 2012

AbstractImmense resource allocations have led to great data output in genetic research. Concerning ADHD resources spent on genetic research are less than those spent on clinical research. But there are successful efforts made to increase support for molecular genetics research in ADHD. Concerning genetics no evidence based conclusive results have significant impact on prevention, diagnosis or treatment yet. With regard to ethical aspects like the patients' benefit and limited resources the question arises if it is indicated to think about a new balance of resource allocation between molecular genetics and non‐genetics research in ADHD. An ethical reflection was performed focusing on recent genetic studies and reviews based on a selective literature search. There are plausible reasons why genetic research results in ADHD are somehow disappointing for clinical practice so far. Researchers try to overcome these gaps systematically, without knowing what the potential future benefits for the patients might be. Non‐genetic diagnostic/therapeutic research may lead to clinically relevant findings within a shorter period of time. On the other hand, non‐genetic research in ADHD may be nurtured by genetic approaches. But, with the latter there exist significant risks of harm like stigmatization and concerns regarding data protection. Isolated speeding up resources of genetic research in ADHD seems questionable from an ethical point of view. There is a need to find a new balance of resource allocation between genetic and non‐genetic research in ADHD, probably by integrating genetics more systematically into clinical research. A transdisciplinary debate is recommended. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of UV‐curable hyperbranched polyurethane (meth)acrylate oligomers via thiol‐ene “click” chemistry
Authors: Han Wensong , Lin Baoping , Yang Hong , Zhang Xueqin 
Published: October 2012

AbstractFirst, the second‐generation hyperbranched poly(amine‐ester) (G2‐OH) was successfully prepared by thiol‐ene “click” chemistry. Subsequently, a series of photosensitive hyperbranched oligomers (G2‐ORs) were synthesized by facile modifications of the G2‐OH with acryloyl chloride, methacryloyl chloride, IPDI‐HEA, and IPDI‐HEMA, respectively. The structures of hyperbranched oligomers were characterized by element analysis, FT‐IR, 1H NMR, GPC and viscosity measurement. It was shown that these synthesized oligomers have narrow molecular weight distribution and low intrinsic viscosity at 30°C. UV–vis spectra results showed that the G2‐ORs had sharp absorption bands at around 202 nm. The results of photosensitivities measurement indicated that the G2‐Macr shows the highest photosensitive than other hyperbranched oligomers in the absence of photoinitiator. In addition, these UV‐cured photosensitive G2‐ORs had good thermal properties. The solubilities of the synthesized hyperbranched oligomers were also examined. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Surface and bulk analysis of bleaching soybean fabric in the presence of protein hydrolysate
Authors: Vynias D. , Owens H. , Carr C. M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe effect of oxidative and oxidative‐reductive bleaching on the colorimetric, topographical, and mechanical properties of soybean fabric has been investigated by yellowness index, abrasion resistance, tensile strength, Kawabata evaluation system for fabrics, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry in order to examine both the bulk and surface properties. Surface changes to the soybean fiber due to bleaching treatments have been evaluated and the protective effect of protein hydrolysates assessed. Improved tensile strength, flat abrasion performance, and handle maintenance of the soybean fabric was demonstrated with the incorporation of Byco C in both bleaching treatments. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation and characterization of thermally stable phosphonium organoclays and their use in poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites
Authors: Abdallah Wissam , Yilmazer Ulku 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPurification of montmorillonite rich bentonite followed by surface modification using organic salts was performed. The bentonite was purified by sedimentation and then surface modified by ion exchange using alkyl‐ and aryl‐based phosphonium salts. The thermal stability, morphology, melt flow, and mechanical properties of the poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nanocomposites prepared with these organoclays were studied with and without using a reactive elastomeric compatibilizer. TEM results showed that the alkyl based organoclay exhibited better dispersion and thus, higher tensile strength and elongation at break in the PET/organoclay/elastomer ternary nanocomposites than the aryl‐based organoclay did. The notched Charpy impact strength of PET increased from 2.9 to 4.7 kJ m−2 and 3.4 kJ m−2 for alkyl and aryl phosphonium organoclay‐based ternary nanocomposites, respectively. Upon compounding PET with alkyl and aryl phosphonium organoclays, the onset decomposition temperature of PET increased from 413°C to 420°C and 424°C, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis of defined polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane‐containing diblock and triblock methacrylate copolymers by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Janata Miroslav , Sikora Antonín , Látalová Petra , Čadová Eva , Raus Vladimír , Matějka Libor , Vlček Petr 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDefined diblock and triblock copolymers composed of methyl methacrylate‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate block and 3‐{3,5,7,9,11,13,15‐hepta(2‐methylpropyl)‐pentacyclo[9.5.1.13,9.15,15.17,13]‐octasiloxan‐1‐yl}propyl methacrylate block(s), i.e., P(MMA‐co‐GMA)‐b‐PiBuPOSSMA and PiBuPOSSMA‐b‐P(MMA‐co‐GMA)‐b‐PiBuPOSSMA, were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). First, monofunctional and bifunctional P(MMA‐co‐GMA) copolymers were synthesized by ATRP. Subsequently, these copolymers were successfully used as macroinitiators for ATRP of POSS‐containing methacrylate monomer. The process showed high initiation efficiency of macroinitiators and led to products with low dispersity. The synthesized block copolymers were characterized by size exclusion chromatography, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy and their glass transition temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013