bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motives to Drink or Not to Drink: Longitudinal Relations Among Personality, Motives, and Alcohol Use Across Adolescence and Early Adulthood
Authors: Anderson Kristen G. , Briggs Kristen E. L. , White Helene R. 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundAdolescent selective intervention programs for alcohol have focused on the identification of youth at risk as a function of personality and associated alcohol‐related cognitions. Research into the role of personality, drinking motivations, and alcohol‐related outcomes has generally focused exclusively on motives to drink. We expand on this literature by focusing on both motives to drink and motives not to drink across time from adolescence to early adulthood in a community sample.MethodsUsing 3 waves of data from 3 cohorts from the Rutgers Health and Human Development Project (n = 1,380; 49.4% women), we modeled the influence of baseline alcohol consumption, disinhibition (DIS), and harm avoidance (ages 15, 18, and 21 years) on drinking motives and motives not to drink 3 years later (ages 18, 21, and 24 years) and alcohol use and drinking‐related problems 7 years subsequently (ages 25, 28, and 31 years).ResultsPath analytic models were relatively invariant across cohort. Across cohorts, DIS and baseline alcohol consumption related to later positive reinforcement drinking motives, but less consistency was found for the prediction of negative reinforcement motives to drink. While positive reinforcement motives were associated with greater alcohol consumption and problems 7 years later, negative reinforcement motives were generally associated with problems alone. Positive reinforcement motives for drinking mediated relations between baseline consumption and later consumption. However, results were mixed when considering DIS as a predictor and drinking problems as an outcome. Similarly, personality and baseline consumption related to later motives not to drink and such motives predicted subsequent alcohol‐related problems. However, mediation was not generally supported for pathways through motives to abstain.ConclusionsThe results of this study replicate and extend previous longitudinal findings with youth and add to the growing literature on motivations not to engage in alcohol use.
Microinjections of Acetaldehyde or Salsolinol into the Posterior Ventral Tegmental Area Increase Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell
Authors: Deehan Gerald A. , Engleman Eric A. , Ding Zheng‐Ming , McBride William J. , Rodd Zachary A. 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundPublished findings indicate that acetaldehyde (ACD; the first metabolite of ethanol [EtOH]) and salsolinol (SAL; formed through the nonenzymatic condensation of ACD and dopamine [DA]) can be formed following EtOH consumption. Both ACD and SAL exhibit reinforcing properties within the posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA) and both exhibit an inverted “U‐shaped” dose–response curve. The current study was undertaken to examine the dose–response effects of microinjections of ACD or SAL into the pVTA on DA efflux in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh).MethodsFor the first experiment, separate groups of male Wistar rats received pulse microinjections of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or 12‐, 23‐, or 90‐μM ACD into the pVTA, while extracellular DA levels were concurrently measured in the AcbSh. The second experiment was similarly conducted, except rats were given microinjections of aCSF or 0.03‐, 0.3‐, 1.0‐, or 3.0‐μM SAL, while extracellular levels of DA were measured in the AcbSh.ResultsBoth ACD and SAL produced a dose‐dependent inverted “U‐shaped” response on DA release in the AcbSh, with 23‐μM ACD (200% baseline) and 0.3‐μM SAL (300% baseline) producing maximal peak responses with higher concentrations of ACD (90 μM) and SAL (3.0 μM) producing significantly lower DA efflux.ConclusionsThe findings from the current study indicate that local application of intermediate concentrations of ACD and SAL stimulated DA neurons in the pVTA, whereas higher concentrations may be having secondary effects within the pVTA that inhibit DA neuronal activity. The present results parallel the studies on the reinforcing effects of ACD and SAL in the pVTA and support the idea that the reinforcing effects of ACD and SAL within the pVTA are mediated by activating DA neurons.
Investigating the Influence of Prenatal Androgen Exposure and Sibling Effects on Alcohol Use and Alcohol Use Disorder in Females from Opposite‐Sex Twin Pairs
Authors: Ellingson Jarrod M. , Slutske Wendy S. , Richmond‐Rakerd Leah S. , Martin Nicholas G. 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundThere are robust sex differences for alcohol phenotypes, with men reporting more drinking and alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms than women. However, the sources of these effects are not completely understood. Sex hormones, a substantial biological sex difference, exert neurobehavioral influences and are candidates for influencing sex differences in alcohol phenotypes. This study investigated the effects of prenatal androgens based on the hypothesis of prenatal hormone transfer, which posits that hormones from one twin influence the development of a cotwin.MethodsThis study compared female twins from opposite‐sex (OSF) and same‐sex (SSF) pairs to investigate associations between prenatal androgens and alcohol phenotypes. Additional analyses distinguished prenatal and postnatal effects by comparing OSFs and SSFs with a close‐in‐age older (CAO) brother.ResultsOSFs endorsed more lifetime AUD symptoms than SSFs (d = 0.14). Females with a CAO brother reported greater intoxication frequency (d = 0.35), hangover frequency (d = 0.24), typical drinking quantity (d = 0.33), and max drinks (i.e., the most drinks ever consumed in a 24‐hour period; d = 0.29). Controlling for postnatal effects, OSFs still endorsed more lifetime AUD symptoms than SSFs with a CAO brother (d = 0.16).ConclusionsPrenatal exposure to a male cotwin was associated with increases in AUD symptoms, above the effect of postnatal exposure to a male sibling. Prenatal exposure to a male cotwin was not associated with increases in other alcohol‐related phenotypes, but postnatal exposure to older male siblings produced medium effect sizes for indicators of alcohol consumption. Sex differences in AUDs, but not alcohol use, may be partially due to the neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal androgens. However, sibling effects may be larger than any effect of prenatal androgen exposure.
Attitudes towards family–staff relationships in Australian residential aged care settings: Development and psychometric evaluation of the ‘Family and Staff Relationship Attitude Tool’ (FASRAT)
Authors: Bauer Michael , Fetherstonhaugh Deirdre , Lewis Virginia 
Published: December 2012

AimTo develop and psychometrically evaluate the Family and Staff Relationship Attitude Tool (FASRAT) for use in Australian residential aged care facilities to assess the attitudinal beliefs of residential aged care staff towards staff–family relationships.MethodsDevelopment and testing of the psychometric properties of the 26‐item FASRAT occurred in three phases which included item development based on a systematic review of the research literature, interviews with aged care staff and families, expert panel review and testing with aged care staff.ResultsContent validity and internal consistency of the FASRAT support its use as an instrument to measure staff attitudinal beliefs about staff–family relationships in the residential aged care setting.ConclusionThe FASRAT will enable residential aged care facilities to measure the attitudinal beliefs of its staff about staff–family relationships and provide a basis for the development and implementation of interventions to address identified gaps which impact on relationship quality.
The effect of inner tube placement on resistance and work of breathing through tracheostomy tubes: a bench test
Authors: Carter A. , Fletcher S. J. , Tuffin R. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryTo reduce the risk of tracheostomy tube blockage, a removable inner tube can be used. However, this will reduce the size of the lumen and will increase airflow resistance and work of breathing. The magnitude of this increase in workload is unknown. We undertook a bench test to measure the effect. A lung model was developed to ‘breathe’ through the tracheostomy tube. We created pressure–volume curves from which we calculated work of breathing with and without an inner tube using 6–10 mm tracheostomy tubes over a range of respiratory rates and tidal volumes. The inner tube increased the resistive work of breathing by an average factor of 2.2. The extra work of breathing imposed easily exceeded the normal total work of breathing. Our results will aid a risk–benefit analysis when deciding whether to use inner tubes. Selecting a larger tracheostomy tube is likely to aid weaning from mechanical ventilation.
Antioxidants reduce TGF‐beta2‐induced gene expressions in human optic nerve head astrocytes
Authors: Yu Alice L. , Welge‐Lussen Ulrich 
Published: December 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  The goal of the present study was to investigate whether the antioxidants vitamin E, vitamin C and vitamin B1 can reduce the transforming growth factor‐beta2 (TGF‐β2)‐induced gene expressions in cultured human optic nerve head (ONH) astrocytes.Methods:  Cultured human ONH astrocytes were pretreated with different concentrations of vitamin E, vitamin C and vitamin B1 and then exposed to 1.0 ng/ml TGF‐β2 for 24 hr. Expression of the heat shock proteins Hsp27 and αB‐crystallin, the extracellular matrix (ECM) component fibronectin and the ECM‐modulating protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was detected by immunohistochemistry or real‐time PCR analysis.Results:  TGF‐β2 increased the expression of Hsp27, αB‐crystallin, fibronectin and CTGF in human ONH astrocytes. Pretreatment with different concentrations of vitamin E, vitamin C and vitamin B1 reduced the TGF‐β2‐stimulated gene expressions.Conclusion:  In cultured human ONH astrocytes, the TGF‐β2‐stimulated gene expressions could be reduced by pretreatment with vitamin E, vitamin C and vitamin B1. Therefore, the use of antioxidants in glaucomatous optic neuropathy might be a promising approach to prevent TGF‐β2‐induced cellular changes in ONH astrocytes.
Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and high HbA1c – a neurodevelopmental perspective
Authors: Nylander Charlotte , Toivonen Henri , Nasic Salmir , Söderström Ulf , Tindberg Ylva , Fernell Elisabeth 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimTo examine the association between neurodevelopmental problems and high HbA1c among paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes.MethodsA population‐based study was performed among patients with type 1 diabetes (5–16 years) in two Swedish counties (n = 233). The Five to Fifteen (FTF) questionnaire targeted neurodevelopmental qualities. Scores above the 90th percentile in the various domains are considered as definitive problems and scores above the 75th percentile as mild. FTF scores were compared with regard to HbA1c ≤73 mmol/mol and >73 mmol/mol (8.0%).ResultsThe response rate was 190 (82%). Neurodevelopmental problems were not overrepresented among patients in general. Memory and learning problems were associated with HbA1c >73 mmol/mol (p = 0.01). This correlation was especially seen in adolescents (12–16 years) where mild executive problems (adjOR 3.1), definite memory problems (adjOR 5.0) and definite learning problems (adjOR 5.0) were associated with HbA1c >73 mmol/mol after adjustment for gender, diabetes duration and age of onset.ConclusionOur findings that high HbA1c is more common in adolescent diabetes patients with neurodevelopmental problems generate the hypothesis that these problems might precede poor metabolic control. If so, early detection of neurodevelopmental problems would allow individually tailored treatment that may improve metabolic control and prevent complications.
The blockade of angiotensin AT1 and aldosterone receptors protects rats from synthetic androgen‐induced cardiac autonomic dysfunction
Authors: Marques Neto S. R. , Silva A. da H. , Santos M. C. P. dos , Ferraz E. F. , Nascimento J. H. M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAimThis study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of exercise and antagonists of the angiotensin II and aldosterone receptors on cardiac autonomic regulation and ventricular repolarization in rats chronically treated with nandrolone decanoate (ND), a synthetic androgen.MethodsThirty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: sedentary, trained, ND‐treated, trained and ND‐treated, trained and treated with both ND and spironolactone, and trained and treated with both ND and losartan. ND (10 mg kg−1 weekly) and the antagonists (20 mg kg−1 daily) of the angiotensin II AT1 (losartan) and aldosterone (spironolactone) receptors were administered for 8 weeks. Exercise training was performed using a treadmill five times each week for 8 weeks. Following this 8‐week training and treatment period, electrocardiogram recordings were obtained to determine the time and frequency domains of heart rate variability (HRV) and corrected QT interval (QTc).ResultsNandrolone decanoate treatment increased the QTc interval and reduced the parasympathetic indexes of HRV (RMSSD, pNN5 and high‐frequency power) in sedentary and trained rats. The ratio between low‐ and high‐frequency power (LF/HF) was higher in ND‐treated groups. Both losartan and spironolactone treatments prevented the effects of ND on the QTc interval and the HRV parameters (RMSSD, pNN5, high‐frequency power, and the LF/HF ratio).ConclusionOur results show that chronic treatment with a high dose of ND induces cardiac parasympathetic dysfunction and disturbances in ventricular repolarization in both sedentary and exercised rats. Furthermore, inhibiting the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system using losartan, or spironolactone, prevented these deleterious effects.
Does C‐reactive protein independently predict mortality in adult community‐acquired bacteremia patients with known sepsis severity?
Authors: Gradel Kim O. , Jensen Thøger G. , Kolmos Hans J. , Pedersen Court , Vinholt Pernille J. , Lassen Annmarie T. 
Published: December 2012

We evaluated whether sepsis severity and C‐reactive protein (CRP) level on admission prognostically corroborated or annulled each other in adult patients with incident community‐acquired bacteremia (Funen, Denmark, 2000–2008). We used logistic regression and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) to evaluate 30‐day mortality in four models: (i) age, gender, comorbidity, bacteria, and ward. (ii) Model 1 and sepsis severity. (iii) Model 1 and CRP. (iv) Model 1, sepsis severity, and CRP. Altogether, 416 of 1999 patients died within 30 days. CRP independently predicted 30‐day mortality [Model 4, odds ratio (95% CIs) for 100 mg/L: 1.16 (1.06–1.27)], but it did not contribute to the AUC (Model 2 vs Model 4: p = 0.31). In the 963 non‐severe sepsis patients, CRP independently predicted 30‐day mortality [Model 4: 1.42 (1.20–1.69)] and it increased the AUC (Model 2 vs Model 4: p = 0.06), thus CRP contributed as much as sepsis severity to prognosis.
Precore and basal core promoter mutations in Asian American patients with hepatitis B e antigen‐positive chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Vutien P. , Trinh H. N. , Nguyen K. , Garcia R. T. , Nguyen H. A. , Levitt B. S. , Nguyen L. , Ha N. B. , Ahmed A. , Daugherty T. , Garcia G. , Nguyen M. H. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryBackgroundPrior studies have shown that precore mutations abolish and basal core promoter (BCP) mutations down‐regulate hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) production. Thus, the presence of precore and BCP mutations in HBeAg‐positive patients indicates an infection with a mixed viral population of wild‐type and precore and/or BCP mutant hepatitis B virus (HBV). To date, there has been limited study of the prevalence and clinical significance of precore and BCP mutations in patients with HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B.AimTo determine the prevalence, predictors and clinical characteristics of mixed wild‐type and precore/BCP HBV infection, through a cross‐sectional study, in a US cohort of patients with chronic hepatitis B.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of 828 chronic hepatitis B patients with HBV genotype and mutation panel testing seen at three US gastroenterology and liver clinics from June 2005 to September 2009.ResultsA majority of our patients (92.3%) were either Vietnamese or Chinese American. In the HBeAg‐positive cohort, 17% of patients had precore mutations only, 28% had BCP mutations only and 5% had both BCP and precore mutations. On multivariate analyses, HBV genotype C, increasing age, lower HBV DNA level and an ALT quotient >2 were independent predictors for the presence of precore and/or BCP mutations.ConclusionsThe current distinction and management recommendations for HBeAg‐positive vs. HBeAg‐negative patients with chronic hepatitis B should be reassessed. Additional biomarkers and treatment endpoints should be studied for their usefulness in predicting continued viral suppression after treatment discontinuation.
Recent advances in video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer
Authors: Ikeda Norihiko , Saji Hisashi , Hagiwara Masaru , Ohira Tatsuo , Usuda Jitsuo , Kajiwara Naohiro 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAs a result of increased use of CT in both screening and daily practice, the number of early lung cancers has increased enormously. Surgeons pursue both curativity and reduced invasiveness in treating patients with early stage lung cancer; therefore, minimally invasive operations, such as video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy are now being routinely performed. Most previous reports have shown that there is no difference in mortality and local recurrence between open surgery and VATS in stage I patients. However, surgeons' improved technical experience and patients' demands could soon make VATS lobectomy the operative method of choice for early stage lung cancer. Moreover, the indications for VATS are expanding to encompass complex procedures such as segmentectomy or sleeve resection. Training and dissemination of the technique and the monitoring of outcomes are necessary.
Health as Normal Function: a Weak Link in Daniels's Theory of Just Health Distribution
Authors: Krag Erik 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDrawing on Christopher Boorse's Biostatistical Theory (BST), Norman Daniels contends that a genuine health need is one which is necessary to restore normal functioning – a supposedly objective notion which he believes can be read from the natural world without reference to potentially controversial normative categories. But despite his claims to the contrary, this conception of health harbors arbitrary evaluative judgments which make room for intractable disagreement as to which conditions should count as genuine health needs and therefore which needs should be met. I begin by offering a brief summary of Boorse's BST, the theory to which Daniels appeals for providing the conception of health as normal functioning upon which his overall distributive scheme rests. Next, I consider what I call practical objections to Daniels's use of Boorse's theory. Finally I recount Elseljin Kingma's theoretical objection to Boorse's BST and discuss its impact on Daniels's overall theory. Though I conclude that Boorse's view, so weakened, will no longer be able to sustain the judgments which Daniels's theory uses it to reach, in the end, I offer Daniels an olive branch by briefly sketching an alternative strategy for reaching suitably objective conclusions regarding the health and/or disease status of various conditions.
To Donate a Kidney: Public Perspectives from Pakistan
Authors: Moazam Farhat , Jafarey Aamir M. , Shirazi Bushra 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDespite the majority opinion of Muslim jurists that organ donation is permitted in Sharia, surveys indicate continuing resistance by lay Muslims, especially to donating organs following death. Pakistan, a country with 165 million Muslims, currently reliant on live donors, is considering steps to establish deceased donor programs which will require public acceptance and support. This article analyzes the results of in‐depth interviews with 105 members of the public focusing on opinions and knowledge about juristic rulings regarding kidney donations, donor‐family dynamics in deceased donation decisions, and attitudes towards buying kidneys. The objective was to determine the influence if any of cultural and religious values, and norms of traditional family structures and kinships, on decisions to donate.Study participants view donation of kidneys, particularly from the deceased, through a different lens from that used by jurists and physicians, one that also does not conform to familiar paradigms defining ethical organ donation. A socially modulated understanding of Islam passed down the generations, and longstanding family‐centric norms, shape the moral worldview of many rather than academic juristic rulings or non‐contextual concepts of autonomy and rights. The results of this study also highlight that medical science may be universal but its application occurs within particularities of cultural and religious values, social constructs of the self and its relationship with others, and different ways in which humans comprehend illness, suffering, and death. These findings are of relevance both to transplant related professionals and bioethicists involved with this field.
Is the igeneration a ‘we’ generation? Social networking use among 9‐ to 13‐year‐olds and belonging
Authors: Quinn Sally , Oldmeadow Julian A. 
Published: December 2012

Research suggests that online communication is associated with increased closeness to friends and friendship quality. Children under 13 years of age are increasingly using social networking sites (SNSs), but research with this younger age group is scarce. This study examined the relationship between SNS use and feelings of belonging among children aged 9–13 years. A self‐report questionnaire was administered to 443 children (48.98% boys), asking about their SNS use and their sense of belonging to their friendship group. SNS users reported a stronger sense of belonging to their friendship group than non‐users, but this was found only among older boys. Furthermore, among boy SNS users, a positive linear relationship was found between the intensity of usage and feelings of belonging. No significant relationships were found for girls. These findings suggest that boys who use these sites are gaining friendship benefits over and above those boys who are non‐users or low‐intensity users. Longitudinal studies should investigate the causal relationships between SNS use and social effects within this age group.
Burge, Elizabeth et al ed (2011) Flexible pedagogy, flexible practiceAthabasca U Press (Edmonton, Canada) isbn 978‐1‐926836‐20‐1 348 pp CDN$34.95 (download free of charge) http://www.aupress.ca/index.php/books/120203
Authors: Martin Marie 
Published: December 2012

SummaryIn this excellently edited and stimulating book, targeted at all interested in post‐secondary education, practitioners in the fields of flexible pedagogy and distance education across the globe share and critically reflect on experiences of flexibility grounded in the gritty reality of practice. If the content of this book is likely to be relevant to you, I recommend that you arrange to borrow a copy for a while.Marie Martin
Fenwick, Tara et al (2012) Emerging approaches to educational researchRoutledge (New York & London) isbn 978‐0‐415‐57092‐3 215 pp £24.99 http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415570923/
Authors: Oddone Cristina 
Published: December 2012

SummaryThis book focuses on new approaches to educational research by offering novel perspectives to people interested in finding further paths; as such it assumes previous knowledge in the field. It is therefore suitable for experienced researchers who are already familiar with the issues and variables usually involved in research practices. If the book's content is likely to be relevant to you, I advise that you will probably find only parts of it of interest or use.Cristina Oddone