bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic promotion of physical activity
Authors: Kremers Stef P.
                J. , Schaalma Herman , Meertens Ree
                M. , Mechelen Willem
                van , Kok Gerjo
                J. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that physical activity has a positive impact on the physiological and psychological health of young people. This leads us to consider the question how we can promote such a lifestyle. In this chapter, we will present a general approach for the theory- and data-based development of health promotion interventions. We will illustrate this approach with examples concerning the promotion of physical activity amongst young people.
Hormonal responses and adaptations
Authors: Jürimäe Toivo , Jürimäe Jaak 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the available information about the effects of acute exercise and chronic training on the secretion of different growth and energy balance related hormones at different stages of linear growth and sexual maturation throughout childhood. In addition, the role of recently discovered hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin, that assist in regulating energy balance as well as somatic and pubertal growth in children are discussed.
Microbiology
Authors: Bye Louise A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter outlines microbiology for ophthalmology, including bacterial characteristics, virulence, and pathogenicity, gram staining and classification of bacteria, commensal eye flora, important ocular bacterial pathogens, viral characteristics, diagnostic tests and serology, important ocular viral pathogens, ocular fungal pathogens, ocular intracellular parasites, ocular helminth infections, principles of sterilization and disinfectants, antimicrobials, and antimicrobial resistance.
Immunology
Authors: Bye Louise A. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses immunology in ophthalmology, including principles of innate and acquired immunity, cells of the innate immune system, innate immune responses, complement, phagocytosis, acquired immunity, effector T cells, cytokines, effector B cells, transplantation immunology, autoimmunity, immunodeficiencies and immunosuppression, and host defence and the eye.
The Phenomenology of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: FerrãO Ygor A. , De Alvarenga Pedro G. , Hounie Ana G. , De Mathis Maria A. , De RosáRio Maria C. , Miguel Eurípedes C. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In clinical practice, the boundary between symptoms arising from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) is not easily determined, with important areas of overlap between tics and compulsions. The frequency of this behavioral comorbidity varies across studies, and rates differ between those of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and those of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatric comorbid diagnoses are more frequent in TS with comorbid OCD and include separation anxiety disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, grooming behaviors, posttraumatic stress disorder, and social and simple phobias. This chapter describes the complex phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in TS and highlights the impact of this comorbidity on the occurrence of other behavioral problems and the burden of other psychiatric comorbidities.
Genetic Susceptibility in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Fernandez Thomas V. , State Matthew W. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter evaluates all the different approaches used so far to explore the complex genetic contribution to Tourette syndrome (TS). Whereas early twin and family studies suggested the important role of genes in the etiology of TS, the early segregation analyses failed to identify a single specific causative genetic locus and nonparametric linkage analyses could not identify common TS risk alleles. Similar to other areas of medicine, candidate gene association studies in TS have not yielded significant reproducible findings. Genome-wide association studies have proven valuable for identifying and replicating loci for common complex traits and disorders. The first study of this kind in TS identified the COL27A1 gene as a possible contributing gene in a multi-ethnic TS cohort, but this finding requires replication. Some rare variant studies predating the era of genome-wide detection involved mapping de novo chromosomal abnormalities, yielding associations between a few candidate regions and TS. Only one mapping study so far led to the identification of a rare mutation in the SLITRK1 gene, but subsequent human genetic studies provided conflicting evidence in favor of its involvement. Linkage analysis of an individual outlier TS family identified a deleterious mutation in the HDC gene, suggesting that histaminergic neurotransmission may be involved in the pathobiology of TS, as suggested also by pathway analysis of rare copy number variants. Finally, there seems to be a significant overlap of genes mapping within rare copy number variants in TS and those identified in autistic spectrum disorders.
Infections and Tic Disorders
Authors: Murphy Tanya K. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Several associations between infections, particularly Sydenham chorea and group A streptococcal (GAS) infections, and subsequent Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms have been established, suggesting at least a nonspecific role of infections in a subgroup of patients with tics. In the late 1990s, researchers from the National Institute of Mental Health further characterized an entity they called “pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus” (PANDAS). Children with PANDAS are more likely to have dramatic-onset, or “overnight,” neuropsychiatric symptoms, remission of OCD or tic symptoms during antibiotic treatment, and evidence of GAS infections. The diagnosis of PANDAS requires more than laboratory evidence of exposure to streptococcal bacteria; it also requires evidence of a temporal association between repeated anti-streptolysin O titer elevation and the onset of OCD or tic symptoms. Although more evidence exists supporting the exacerbation of neuropsychiatric symptoms due to GAS infections, evidence also exists that Mycoplasma pneumoniae, respiratory infections, the common cold, and even stress have been linked to exacerbation of OCD and tic symptoms. The complex interaction of patient-specific attributes (neurochemical and immune vulnerability genes leading to maladaptive neuropsychiatric or immune function) with environmental attributes (psychosocial stress, injuries, substance exposures, and pathogen-specific properties) creates an interesting and ongoing research challenge.
Animal Models of Tics
Authors: Mccairn Kevin W. , Imamura Yukio , Isoda Masaki 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the different approaches used in the development of valid animal models of tic disorders, which represent important platforms to explore pathobiological mechanisms, as well as to test and validate experimental treatments. Rodent genetic and pharmacological models have been developed throughout the years, providing useful insight into the neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of tics and related behaviors. In particular, focal microinjections of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)-ergic antagonists have helped identify the role of specific structures and pathways in the basal ganglia and how they relate to discrete behaviors associated with Tourette syndrome. Immune-based models are instead aiming at identifying specific disease-causing agents and antigens, in light of the contribution of immune mechanisms to the generation of tics. Sensorimotor gating models are beginning to address the phenomenon of the premonitory urge and provide a generalized testing protocol that can be applied across the different experimental platforms that have been developed for Tourette syndrome. Continuing to combine empirical and theoretical data from the clinic and the laboratory will allow greater understanding of Tourette syndrome.
Comprehensive Assessment Strategies
Authors: King Robert A. , Landeros-Weisenberger Angeli 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to present the goals that a clinician should have beyond confirming a diagnosis of Tourette syndrome when assessing for the first time a patient with a tic disorder. Clinicians should assess the impact of the disorder on the patient and family, examine all the factors that exacerbate or mitigate symptoms, assess the burden of comorbidities, ensure the degree of understanding of the condition by the patient and family, and set up a collaborative relationship aiming at the correct identification of treatment objectives and priorities. The role of psychoeducational intervention will also be presented in general terms.
Neuropsychological Assessment in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Murphy Tara , Eddy Clare M. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Cognitive functioning is one of the most complex areas in Tourette syndrome (TS). The available evidence comes from a widely heterogeneous collection of studies, and the main objective of this chapter is to present a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of the existing literature on this topic. A thorough neuropsychological evaluation of TS patients can facilitate an individualized approach to meeting each patient’s needs. Tailored neuropsychological testing for children with TS may be particularly useful. For example, in detecting specific learning disabilities. The impact of comorbid disorders is a very important aspect of cognitive assessment in TS. Although patients with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are more likely display weaknesses in motor skills, cognitive flexibility, written expression, and attention, even individuals with pure TS may display problems with motor dexterity, sustained attention, emotion control, and social cognition. A group of TS patients might exhibit specific areas of neuropsychological strength. This area of research is in its dawning age but might contribute to promoting the individual’s success and resiliency in life.
Treatment of Psychiatric Comorbidities in Tourette Syndromes
Authors: Cardona Francesco , Rizzo Renata 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter is a literature review and a critical commentary of the available evidence on pharmacological treatment of psychiatric comorbidities in Tourette syndrome (TS). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in TS may be initially approached with behavioral treatment, especially if the symptoms are mild or the parents refuse pharmacological treatments. The latter currently include different classes of drugs. Alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonists (clonidine and guanfacine) showed efficacy in the treatment of both tics and ADHD symptoms and could be considered as first-line management, whereas psychostimulants and atomoxetine could represent a second choice. Although obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and TS are closely related, no clinical trial to date has specifically evaluated the treatment of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in TS patients. The main source of information on OCD management in patients with chronic tics or TS comes from a few clinical trials testing medications for obsessive-compulsive symptoms that included also patients with tics. Monotherapy with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI) or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) yielded the highest efficacy in these studies, although nearly half of OCD patients do not respond completely, and only very few become asymptomatic. Several alternative strategies have been proposed for OCD nonresponders; among these, antipsychotic augmentation is discussed in greater detail. Finally, despite the high rate and the clinical relevance of other psychiatric comorbidities (non-OCD anxiety disorders, self-injurious and disruptive behaviors) in TS patients, only a few studies have been devoted to investigating a specific therapeutic approach in these patients.
Myoclonus
Authors: Shorvon Simon 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Myoclonus was not a word used by Gowers, but he nevertheless made a clear description of what we would now call Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy and obviously recognized much of the wider range of myoclonic disorders. Myoclonus can be classified by clinical features, into epileptic, symptomatic, physiological and essential myoclonus. Epileptic myoclonus is probably largely cortical in origin and best considered as a ‘fragment of epilepsy’. It occurs principally in idiopathic generalized epilepsy, photic-induced and stimulus sensitive epilepsy, in some partial and symptomatic epilepsies, epilepsia partialis continua, childhood syndromes, progressive myoclonic epilepsy and in the later stages of status epilepticus. There are a long list of diverse causes of symptomatic myoclonus and also causes of progressive myoclonic epilepsy. These numerous genetic, biochemical and degenerative conditions are heterogeneous and involve different physiological pathways. The neurophysiological investigation of myoclonus includes EEG, EMG, back-averaged EEG and somatosensory evoked potentials. Treatment is largely the same, regardless of cause, and includes the use of valproate, benzodiazepines, levetiracetam, piracetam, and to a lesser extent barbiturate antiepileptic drugs or zonisamide.
Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Rickards Hugh 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Tic disorders are relatively common and have been confused with epilepsy in two situations: blank episodes can be mistaken for absence epilepsy and complex behaviors can be mistaken for localization-related epilepsy of frontal or temporal origin. Careful history taking, with focus on the patient’s subjective experiences, and careful observation during the relevant paroxysmal behavior can aid the distinction between tics and epilepsy.
Defective chromatin recruitment and retention of NHEJ core components in human tumor cells expressing a Cyclin E fragment
Authors: Chatterjee Payel , Plesca Dragos , Mazumder Suparna , Boutros Jean , Yannone Steven M. , Almasan Alexandru 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Exposure to genotoxic agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR), produces double-strand breaks, repaired predominantly in mammalian cells by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Ku70 was identified as an interacting partner of a proteolytic Cyclin E (CycE) fragment, p18CycE. p18CycE endogenous generation during IR-induced apoptosis in leukemic cells and its stable expression in epithelial tumor cells sensitized to IR. γH2AX IR-induced foci (IRIFs) and comet assays indicated ineffective NHEJ DNA repair in p18CycE-expressing cells. DNA pull-down and chromatin recruitment assays revealed that retention of NHEJ factors to double-strand breaks, but not recruitment, was diminished. Similarly, IRIFs of phosphorylated T2609 and S2056-DNA-PKcs and its target S1778-53BP1 were greatly decreased in p18CycE-expressing cells. As a result, DNA-PKcs chromatin association was also increased. 53BP1 IRIFs were suppressed when p18CycE was generated in leukemic cells and in epithelial cells stably expressing p18CycE. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated was activated but not its 53BP1 and MDC1 targets. These data indicate a profound influence of p18CycE on NHEJ through its interference with DNA-PKcs conformation and/or dimerization, which is required for effective DNA repair, making the p18CycE-expressing cells more IR sensitive. These studies provide unique mechanistic insights into NHEJ misregulation in human tumor cells, in which defects in NHEJ core components are rare.
Prevalence and predictors of anal incontinence during pregnancy and 1 year after delivery: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Johannessen HH , Wibe A , Stordahl A , Sandvik L , Backe B , Mørkved S 
Published: September 2013

ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence and predictors of anal incontinence (AI) in late pregnancy and 1 year after delivery.DesignProspective population‐based cohort study.SettingTwo maternity units in Norway 2009–2010.PopulationPrimiparae aged 18 years or over.MethodsPrimiparae answered questions on the St. Mark's score about AI during the last 4 weeks of pregnancy. One year later, the same questionnaires were distributed by postal mail. Socio‐economic and delivery‐related data were obtained from hospital records.Main outcome measuresSelf‐reported AI.ResultsAnswers on AI in late pregnancy were obtained from 1571 women, and 1030 responded 1 year later. Twenty‐four per cent experienced one and 4.7% experienced three or more AI symptoms in late pregnancy. One year later, this was reduced to 19% and 2.2%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied. Formed and loose stool incontinence were strongly associated at both time points. The main predictor of AI 1 year after delivery was AI in late pregnancy. Obstetric anal sphincter injury increased the risk of incontinence of stool and flatus (odds ratio [OR], 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7–9.6) after delivery. Urgency was associated with greater age (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0–3.3) and operative delivery (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3–2.9).ConclusionOne in four primiparae experienced AI in late pregnancy. One year later, still one in five suffered from incontinence. Sphincter injury predicted incontinence of stool and flatus, whereas greater age and operative delivery predicted urgency. The identification and adequate follow‐up of pregnant women with AI may reduce AI after delivery.
Pulsed Electric Field Processing of Orange Juice: A Review on Microbial, Enzymatic, Nutritional, and Sensory Quality and Stability
Authors: Buckow Roman , Ng Sieh , Toepfl Stefan 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDuring the last decades pulsed electric field (PEF) processing received considerable attention due to its potential to enhance food products or create alternatives to conventional methods in food processing. It is generally acknowledged that PEF processing can deliver safe and chill‐stable fruit juices with fresh‐like sensory and nutritional properties. Relatively low‐processing temperature and short residence times can achieve highly effective inactivation of microorganisms while retaining product quality. A first commercial application of PEF for preservation of fruit juices was launched in 2006 in the United States. Since then, industrial‐scale processing equipment for liquid and solid products were developed and, in Europe in 2009, an industrial juice preservation line was installed using 20 kV/cm pulses at 40 to 50 °C to extend the chill‐stability of fruit juices, including citrus juices and smoothies, from 6 to 21 d. The related PEF processing costs are in the range of US $0.02 to 0.03 per liter and are justified due to access to new markets and reduced return of spoiled product. However, despite its commercial success there are still many unknown factors associated with PEF processing of fruit and citrus juices and many conflicting reports in the literature. This literature review, therefore, aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current scientific knowledge of PEF effects on microbial, enzymatic, nutritional, and sensory quality and stability of orange juices.
Field evaluation of some bait additives against Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) (Rodentia: Hystricidae)
Authors: MUSHTAQ Muhammad , HUSSAIN Iftikhar , MIAN Afsar , MUNIR Shahid , AHMED Irfan , KHAN Abdul Aziz 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis research study evaluated the effect of different additives on the bait consumption by Indian crested porcupine, a serious forest and agricultural pest, under field conditions. Different additives (saccharin, common salt, bone meal, fish meal, peanut butter, egg yolk, egg shell powder, yeast powder, mineral oil and coconut oil) at 2 and 5% each were tested for their relative preference, using groundnut–maize (1:1) as basic bait. All the additives were tested under a no‐choice test pattern. For control tests, no additive was mixed with the basic bait. Saccharin at 5% concentration significantly enhanced the consumption of bait over the basic bait, while 2% saccharin supplemented bait resulted in a non‐significant bait consumption. All other additives did not enhance the consumption of the bait material; rather, these worked as repellents. However, the repellency was lowest with the common salt, followed by egg yolk, egg shell powder, bone meal, peanut butter, mineral oil, fish meal and yeast powder, while coconut remained the most repellent compound. The present study suggested that groundnut–maize (1:1) supplemented with 5% saccharin was the preferred bait combination, and can be used with different rodenticides for the management of Indian crested porcupine.
The Effect of Gamma Irradiation as a Phytosanitary Treatment on Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Bartlett Pears
Authors: Abolhassani Yalda , Caporaso Fred , Rakovski Cyril , Prakash Anuradha 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA major concern in exporting agricultural commodities is the introduction or spread of exotic quarantine pests to the new area. To prevent spread of insect pests, various phytosanitary measures are used. Worldwide commercial use of irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment has increased greatly in recent years; however, trade has been limited to tropical fruits. Bartlett pear is a major summer variety of California pears with great potential and market for export. In this study, the effect of gamma irradiation at dose levels of 400, 600, and 800 Gy on physicochemical properties and sensory attributes of early and late harvest Bartlett pears was investigated. Firmness and color changes indicate that irradiation delayed the ripening of pears by 1 d. For the early harvest pears, scarring, bruising, and off flavor were significantly increased at the highest irradiation dose (800 Gy). The appearance of early harvest 800 Gy irradiated pears was the only attribute that received significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower scores than the control in consumer testing. For the late harvest pears, the 400 Gy fruit had lowest levels of scarring and bruising as rated by trained panelist but consumers did not score the control and 800 Gy fruit differently for any attribute. Titratable acidity, total soluble solids, and chroma were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased and hue increased by irradiation for the early harvest pears. These results suggest that there was a difference in radiotolerance of early and late harvest pears, but in both cases, irradiation at 400 to 600 Gy seemed to maintain best quality.
Nutraceutical Properties of Flour and Tortillas Made with an Ecological Nixtamalization Process
Authors: Méndez Lilia Irene Rodríguez , Cárdenas Juan de Dios Figueroa , Gómez Minerva Ramos , Lagunas Lilia Leticia Méndez 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe traditional nixtamalization (TN) process, used for obtaining maize‐based products, negatively affects bioactive compounds because of its highly alkaline pH. Recently, an ecological nixtamalization (EN) process has been developed that retains the pericarp and maintains the nejayote (wastewater) within the acidic‐neutral range. This study examines the effect of pH on the nutraceutical compounds (NC) of maize, such as polyphenolics and anthocyanins (ANT), as well as the effect on the antioxidant capacity (AC). The highest concentration of total phenolics (TP) in the maize kernel was found in the black and yellow genotypes, the highest concentration of ANT in the black genotypes, and the highest concentration of AC in the red and white genotypes. In the flour, TP levels were between 206 to 400 mg GA/100 g, ANT levels were 141 to 4107 mg cyanidin‐3 glucoside/kg, and AC levels were 2544 to 3001 mg AA/kg. In tortillas, TP levels were 255 to 319 mg GA/100 g, ANT levels were 32 to 3420 mg cyanidin‐3 glucoside/kg, and AC levels were from 1513 to 2695 mg AA/kg. The reduced loss of soluble solids, the pH, and the formation of compounds with proteins and carbohydrates from the EN process positively affected NC retention.