bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical oxidation of cholesterol: An easy way to generate numerous oxysterols in short reaction times
Authors: Weber Dieter , Ni Zhixu , Vetter Daniel , Hoffmann Ralf , Fedorova Maria 
Published: May 2015

Oxysterol species are formed in vivo by enzymatic and non‐enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol. Oxysterols were shown not only to be intermediates in the biosynthesis of bile acids and steroid hormones but also to possess versatile bioactivities. Many functions of oxysterols are not fully understood, others may not have been discovered yet, especially those of non‐enzymatic origin. The limited accessibility to standard compounds challenges both analytics and functional studies. Here an amperometric flow‐through electrochemical (EC) oxidation of cholesterol was applied to generate numerous oxidation products within short reaction times. Besides nine oxysterols confirmed with standard compounds (LC‐MS), more than 10 additional, not identified oxidation products were present. The oxidation sites of the identified compounds were in agreement to the expected accessibility of the cholesterol backbone to free radical driven oxidation. Additionally, the presence of three products which are known to be synthesized enzymatically in vivo demonstrated a successful mimicking of these processes by EC as well. Several of the unidentified species showed the same analytical behavior (retention time and MS/MS) as compounds observed in extracts from a cardiomyocyte cell model of nitrosative stress. Further investigation of electrochemically generated compounds will allow identification and characterization of new oxysterols in vivo.Practical applications: Electrochemical oxidation of cholesterol generates numerous oxysterols in short reaction times. The identified products were oxysterols known to be generated in vivo by both free radical and enzymatic processes. Among the unidentified oxidation products were species which showed the same analytical behavior as substances in extracts from stressed cell cultures. Further investigation of EC‐generated compounds may facilitate identification and characterization of new in vivo relevant oxysterols and the synthesis of standards for biological and analytical applications.Electrochemical oxidation of cholesterol generates numerous oxysterols in short reaction times. The nine identified products were oxysterols known to be generated in vivo by both free radical and enzymatic processes. Among the 15 unidentified oxidation products were species which showed the same analytical behavior as substances in extracts from stressed cell‐cultures, indicating biological significance of the new electrochemically generated oxysterols.
Typical Versus Atypical Anorexia Nervosa Among Adolescents: Clinical Characteristics and Implications for ICD‐11
Authors: Silén Yasmina , Raevuori Anu , Jüriloo Elisabeth , Tainio Veli‐Matti , Marttunen Mauri , Keski‐Rahkonen Anna 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThere is scant research on the clinical utility of differentiating International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 diagnoses F50.0 anorexia nervosa (typical AN) and F50.1 atypical anorexia. We reviewed systematically records of 47 adolescents who fulfilled criteria for ICD‐10 F50.0 (n = 34) or F50.1 (n = 13), assessing the impact of diagnostic subtype, comorbidity, background factors and treatment choices on recovery. Atypical AN patients were significantly older (p = 0.03), heavier (minimum body mass index 16.7 vs 15.1 kg/m2, p = 0.003) and less prone to comorbidities (38% vs 71%, p = 0.04) and had shorter, less intensive and less costly treatments than typical AN patients. The diagnosis of typical versus atypical AN was the sole significant predictor of treatment success: recovery from atypical AN was 4.3 times (95% confidence interval [1.1, 17.5]) as likely as recovery from typical AN. Overall, our findings indicate that a broader definition of AN may dilute the prognostic value of the diagnosis, and therefore, ICD‐11 should retain its distinction between typical and atypical AN. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Evaluating the heat resistance of thermal insulated sandwich composites subjected to a turbulent fire
Authors: Kandare Everson , Di Modica Pietro , Chevali Venkata S. , Gibson Geoff A. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe fire structural response of sandwich composite laminates incorporating bio‐derived constituents subjected to a turbulent flaming fire was investigated. Fire structural tests were conducted on thermal insulated sandwich composites incorporating a thin surface‐bonded non‐woven glass fibre tissue impregnated with char‐forming fire retardant, ammonium polyphosphate. The sandwich composite laminates were loaded in compression at 10%, 15% or 20% of the ultimate compressive strength while simultaneously subjected to turbulent flames imposing an incident heat flux of 35 kW/m2. Generally, the failure time increased with the reduced applied compressive load. The thermal insulated sandwich composite laminates had considerably improved fire resistance in comparison to their unmodified counterparts. The unmodified composites failed 96 s earlier than the thermal insulated specimens when the compression load was 10% of the ultimate compressive strength. The presence of ammonium polyphosphate at the heat‐exposed surface promoted the formation of a consolidated char layer, which slowed down heat conduction into composite laminate substrate. The fire reaction parameters measured via the cone calorimeter provided insights into the thermal response hence fire structural survivability of sandwich composite laminates. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternate wetting and drying irrigation maintained rice yields despite half the irrigation volume, but is currently unlikely to be adopted by smallholder lowland rice farmers in Nepal
Authors: Howell Katharine R. , Shrestha Pitambar , Dodd Ian C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAlternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation can save water while maintaining rice yields, but in some countries its adoption by farmers remains limited. Key knowledge gaps include the effect of AWD on early vegetative vigor and its relationship with yield; the effects of AWD on yield and water use efficiency of local cultivars used by smallholder farmers; and the socio‐economic factors influencing current irrigation scheduling. To address these questions, an on‐farm field trial of dry‐season (chaite) rice, comparing two locally important cultivars (Hardinath‐1 and CH‐45) under AWD imposed from 1 week after transplanting to flowering and continuous flooding (CF), was carried out in Agyauli in the central Terai region of Nepal, and triangulated with social research methods exploring the rationale for current irrigation scheduling and perceptions of AWD. Although AWD plots received on average 57% less irrigation water than CF plots, yields did not significantly differ between irrigation treatments, indicating that AWD could considerably enhance crop water use efficiency in this region. In the earlier flowering, more vigorous CH‐45, there were no treatment differences in any yield component while in the later flowering Hardinath‐1, an 11% decrease in filled grain number was compensated by a 14% increase in the percentage of effective tillers per hill. Although leaf elongation rate on the main tiller did not differ between treatments, tillering and green fraction (a measure of canopy closure) were significantly higher under AWD. Surveys established that most local farmers are already using a local adaptation of AWD to modify irrigation volumes, in some cases in response to a limited and unreliable water supply. However, farmers have few direct incentives to reduce overall water use under current water governance, and formal AWD practices are therefore unlikely to be adopted despite their viability as a water‐saving irrigation technique.
What are the Costs and Benefits of Providing Comprehensive Seven‐day Services for Emergency Hospital Admissions?
Authors: Meacock Rachel , Doran Tim , Sutton Matt 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe English National Health Service is moving towards providing comprehensive 7‐day hospital services in response to higher death rates for emergency weekend admissions. Using Hospital Episode Statistics between 1st April 2010 and 31st March 2011 linked to all‐cause mortality within 30 days of admission, we estimate the number of excess deaths and the loss in quality‐adjusted life years associated with emergency weekend admissions. The crude 30‐day mortality rate was 3.70% for weekday admissions and 4.05% for weekend admissions. The excess weekend death rate equates to 4355 (risk adjusted 5353) additional deaths each year. The health gain of avoiding these deaths would be 29 727–36 539 quality‐adjusted life years per year. The estimated cost of implementing 7‐day services is £1.07–£1.43 bn, which exceeds by £339–£831 m the maximum spend based on the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence threshold of £595 m–£731 m. There is as yet no clear evidence that 7‐day services will reduce weekend deaths or can be achieved without increasing weekday deaths. The planned cost of implementing 7‐day services greatly exceeds the maximum amount that the National Health Service should spend on eradicating the weekend effect based on current evidence. Policy makers and service providers should focus on identifying specific service extensions for which cost‐effectiveness can be demonstrated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RNA sequencing provides insights into the toxicogenomic response of ZF4 cells to methyl methanesulfonate
Authors: Li Zhouquan , Long Yong , Zhong Liqiao , Song Guili , Zhang Xiaohua , Yuan Li , Cui Zongbin , Dai Heping 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWhole genome transcriptomic studies are powerful for characterizing the molecular mechanisms underlying the physiological effects of chemicals, and are informative for environmental health risk assessment. Alkylating agents are an abundant class of chemicals that can damage DNA in the environment, and are used for anticancer treatments. Currently, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms of toxic alkylating agents in zebrafish cell lines. In this study, RNA‐sequencing was used to investigate the transcriptomic responses of zebrafish ZF4 cells following exposure to the model genotoxicant methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). The half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of MMS was 639.16 ± 61.8 µm, and apoptosis was induced within 24 h of exposure. RNA sequencing identified 3601 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were upregulated and 3037 that were downregulated. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that most DEGs belonged to synthesis and metabolism categories. RNA‐associated processes were the most upregulated, while cell cycle and adhesion were the most repressed processes, and neuron‐related processes were the most downregulated developmental process. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis identified DNA damage repair, cell cycle, apoptosis and spliceosome as overrepresented terms. Six types of alternative splicing were detected. In total, 1156 alternative splicing DEGs were specifically expressed following MMS treatment, many of which belonged to metabolism and catabolic process categories. Cluster analysis of orthologs was able to extrapolate toxicotranscriptomic data between zebrafish and yeast. These results provide insight into the genome‐wide response of ZF4 cells following exposure to MMS, and this knowledge will inform future toxicogenomic data analysis and environmental health risk assessment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology of the teleost ampullary organs in marine salmontail catfish Neoarius graeffei (Pisces: Ariidae) with comparative analysis to freshwater and estuarine conspecifics
Authors: Gauthier Arnault R.G. , Whitehead Darryl L. , Bennett Michael B. , Tibbetts Ian R. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTWe hypothesized that due to the relative conductivity of the environment, and to maintain sensory function, ampullary organs of marine Neoarius graeffei would differ morphologically from those described previously for estuarine and freshwater conspecifics. Unlike the ampullary systems of N. graeffei from freshwater and estuarine habitats, the ampullary pores of marine specimens occur in two distinct patterns; numerous pores seemingly randomly scattered on the head and ventro‐lateral regions of the body, and pores arranged in distinctive vertical lines above the lateral line on the dorso‐lateral body of the fish. Light and electron microscopy revealed that the ampullary organs also differed morphologically from estuarine and freshwater specimens in the presence of longer ampullary canals, a hitherto unreported canal wall composition, and in the collagen sheath surrounding both the canal and the ampulla proper within dermal connective tissues. Ampullary pores were wider in marine individuals and opened to the longest ampullary canals reported for this species. The canal wall was lined by cuboidal and squamous epithelial cells. Each ampullary canal opened into a single ampulla proper containing significantly more receptor cells than estuarine and freshwater conspecifics. The distribution of ampullary pores as well as the microstructure of the ampullary organs indicates that the electrosensory system of marine N. graeffei differs from those of estuarine and freshwater specimens in ways that would be expected to maintain the functionality of the system in a highly conductive, fully marine environment, and reveals the remarkable plasticity of this species’ ampullary system in response to habitat conductivity. J. Morphol. 276:1047–1054, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of principal factor analysis to generate a corn silage fermentative quality index to rank well‐ or poorly preserved forages
Authors: Gallo Antonio , Giuberti Gianluca , Bruschi Sara , Fortunati Paola , Masoero Francesco 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo investigate corn silage fermentative quality, a principal factor analysis was carried out on a database consisting of 196 corn silages sampled from the core, lateral and apical parts of silo feed‐out face and characterised by 36 variables. Eleven principal factor components (PCs) were retained and interpreted. Two PCs were related to chemical and digestibility variables; four PCs were characterised by end‐products associated with clostridia, heterolactic, homolactic or aerobic fermentations; two PCs were associated with mycotoxins produced by Penicillium roqueforti or by Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium spp., while three PCs explained ensiling procedures adopted to store corn silages.RESULTSLower (P < 0.05) yeast or mould counts and greater (P < 0.05) aerobic stability were measured in core than in peripheral samples. Excluding PCs related to ensiling procedures, other PCs were able to predict microbiological counts, aerobic stability or biogenic amine content as verified by multiple linear regression analysis. Based on these results, several corn silage quality index calculations were computed by using a summative equation approach in which different PCs as well as diverse relative weights multiplying each PCs were combined. To compute definitive index calculation, only PCs explaining clostridia, heterolactic and homolactic fermentations were used with relative weights of 30%, 50% and 20%.CONCLUSIONSThe new proposed fermentative quality index was highly correlated to parameters related to corn silage fermentative quality, such as microbiological counts, aerobic stability or biogenic amines and it properly discriminated well‐ and poorly preserved forages. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Perspectives on pasture versus indoor feeding of dairy cows
Authors: Knaus Wilhelm 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe dairy industry in many regions of the world has moved towards a high‐input/high‐output system maximising annual milk production per cow, primarily through increasing concentrate‐based total mixed rations fed indoors year round, as opposed to allowing cows to feed on pasture. Pasture‐based dairy systems in regions like New Zealand and Ireland are oriented towards maximum milk yield per unit of pasture, which has led to Holstein strains that are 50 to 100 kg lighter, exhibit a higher body condition score, and produce roughly half the annual amount of milk as compared to their Holstein counterparts kept in confinement in North America and Europe. Freedom from hunger might not be guaranteed when high‐yielding dairy cows are kept on pasture without any supplemental feed, but at the same time no access to pasture can be considered an animal welfare concern, because pasturing is generally beneficial to the animals' health. On pasture, lighter‐weight dairy cows with a medium milk production potential have proven to be superior with regard to feed efficiency and fertility. The year‐round indoor feeding of high‐yielding dairy cows with total mixed rations containing substantial amounts of human‐edible crops from arable land puts global food security at risk and fails to utilise the evolutionary advantages of ruminants. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Analytical accuracy of hydrogen measurement using gas chromatography with thermal conductivity detection
Authors: Weijun Yao 
Published: May 2015

Gas chromatography employing a thermal conductivity detector with a nitrogen carrier gas and a molecular sieve 5 Å column is commonly used for the analysis of widely varying hydrogen concentrations. Flow variation of the column, caused by carrier gas adsorption, affects the peak shape and impacts the analytical accuracy. The mechanism and factors affecting the adsorption effect are explored, errors caused by the deviation from the linearity of the detector's response are considered, and practical advice is given for improving the analytical accuracy.
Solo Holiday Travellers: Motivators and Drivers of Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction
Authors: Bianchi Constanza 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA growing number of people are travelling alone for holidays, yet limited research addresses this topic. This paper explores the main motivators and drivers of satisfaction and dissatisfaction for solo holiday travellers using a critical incident technique to collect and analyse data. The findings show that drivers of satisfaction for solo holiday travellers are more related to personal feelings of freedom, relaxation and discovery (personal factors) and interaction with other people (human interaction factors) than with holiday destination factors. Safety (a destination factor) and unfriendly service providers (a human interaction factor) are the main sources of dissatisfaction for solo holiday travellers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrophysiologic monitoring correlates of recurrent laryngeal nerve heat thermal injury in a porcine model
Authors: Lin Yi‐Chu , Dionigi Gianlorenzo , Randolph Gregory W. , Lu I‐Cheng , Chang Pi‐Ying , Tsai Shan‐Yin , Kim Hoon Yub , Lee Hye Yoon , Tufano Ralph P. , Sun Hui , Liu Xiaoli , Chiang Feng‐Yu , Wu Che‐Wei 
Published: May 2015

Objectives/HypothesisThermal injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) may not be visually apparent and may go unrecognized intraoperatively. This study aimed to investigate the heat thermal tolerance of RLN and evaluate the electrophysiologic correlates of electromyographic (EMG) signal change during an acute RLN heat damage.Study DesignProspective porcine model with continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring (CIONM).MethodsTen pigs (20 RLNs) undergoing CIONM had their EMG tracings recorded and correlated with heated normal saline (NS) irrigation of varying temperature and duration.ResultsIn the initial pilot study, the EMG was without change during incremental heated NS irrigation (40/45/50/55 °C for 60 seconds), but adverse EMG combined events (CE) (amplitude decrease with a concordant latency increase) occurred and degraded to loss of signal (LOS) (by 17.5 ± 1.3 seconds) when the temperature was elevated to 60 °C (n = 4). Another 16 RLNs were evaluated to further compare the EMG pattern after various degrees of thermal stress (60/70 °C for 30/20 seconds). Electromyographic recordings showed CEs and LOS in all RLNs, and only six of eight RLNs with 60 °C exposure showed slight EMG amplitude recovery (16%–35%) after 20 minutes. None of the injured nerve segments were visually apparent, but all were detectable by IONM.ConclusionSixty degrees Celsius is a critical temperature to cause RLN thermal injury. Continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring can be used as a tool for the early detection of acute thermal stress and may guide use of energy‐based devices during thyroid procedures.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 125:E283–E290, 2015
Facilitating quality control for spectra assignments of small organic molecules: nmrshiftdb2 – a free in‐house NMR database with integrated LIMS for academic service laboratories
Authors: Kuhn Stefan , Schlörer Nils E. 
Published: May 2015

Abstractnmrshiftdb2 supports with its laboratory information management system the integration of an electronic lab administration and management into academic NMR facilities. Also, it offers the setup of a local database, while full access to nmrshiftdb2's World Wide Web database is granted. This freely available system allows on the one hand the submission of orders for measurement, transfers recorded data automatically or manually, and enables download of spectra via web interface, as well as the integrated access to prediction, search, and assignment tools of the NMR database for lab users. On the other hand, for the staff and lab administration, flow of all orders can be supervised; administrative tools also include user and hardware management, a statistic functionality for accounting purposes, and a ‘QuickCheck’ function for assignment control, to facilitate quality control of assignments submitted to the (local) database. Laboratory information management system and database are based on a web interface as front end and are therefore independent of the operating system in use. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and application of ion‐imprinted resin based on modified melamine–thiourea for selective removal of Hg(II)
Authors: Monier M , Elsayed Nadia H , Abdel‐Latif DA 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA novel Hg(II) ion‐imprinted resin based on thiourea‐modified melamine was manufactured for selective elimination of Hg2+ from aqueous solutions. The polymerizable thiourea–melamine ligand together with its Hg(II) complex were extensively investigated using elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H NMR spectroscopies. The Hg(II) complex was used in a condensation polymerization in the presence of formaldehyde crosslinker and then the Hg(II) ions were leached out from the crosslinked polymeric network to finally leave the ion‐imprinted Hg‐PMTF resin. Both ion‐imprinted Hg‐PMTF and non‐imprinted resins were examined utilizing scanning electron microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. The potential of the prepared resin for selective separation of Hg(II) ions from aqueous solutions was then evaluated by performing a series of batch experiments. Hg‐PMTF displayed an obvious rapid removal of Hg(II) ions with a pseudo‐second‐order kinetic pattern. In addition, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model exhibited the best fit with the experimental data with comparatively high maximum adsorption capacity (360.5 mg g−1). © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry