bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution, population dynamics and growth rates of Thysanopoda acutifrons, Thysanoessa inermis and Nematobrachion boöpis in the Irminger Sea, North Atlantic
Authors: Saunders R.A. , Rasmussen J. , Tarling G.A. , Brierley A.S. 
Published: November 2012

Euphausiids are an important component of the northern North Atlantic ecosystem and several species are found in the Irminger Sea. However, data on euphausiids in this region are few, particularly for Thysanopoda acutifrons, Thysanoessa inermis and Nematobranchion boöpis. In this paper, we present the first data since the 1930s on the seasonal distribution and population dynamics of these species from net haul data collected in the Irminger Sea during winter, spring and summer 2001–2002. Thysanoessa inermis was the most numerically abundant (0.63–26.62 ind. 1000 m−3) of the three species in the region and comprised a biomass of 3.92–41.74 mg 1000 m−3. The species was largely found in the upper regions of the water column (0–400 m) and was distributed in the more on-shelf/shelf-break regions around East Greenland and Iceland. Growth rates were around 0.03 mm d−1for T. inermis and there was some evidence that either the timing of spawning was delayed, or larval development was prolonged in the region. Thysanopoda acutifrons was predominantly distributed below 400 m in more oceanic regions and had a low abundance (1.23–1.64 ind. 1000 m−3) throughout the Irminger Sea. However, the species comprised a relatively high proportion of biomass (19.39–31.33 mg 1000 m−3) due to its large body size. Our data showed that the species had low rates of growth (0.04 mm d−1) and development throughout the year, and that the reproductive season occurred during the overwintering period (November/December) once individuals had reached two years of age. Nematobranchion boöpis mainly occurred below 400 m at low abundance (0.06–0.18 ind.1000 m−3) levels throughout the region. The species was largely found where Atlantic waters prevailed in the Irminger Current and its growth rates were variable (0.02–0.06 mm d−1). Nematobranchion boöpis was a year-round spawner and the species had fairly rapid rates of post-larval development, with the newly spawned 0-group reaching sexual maturity within the first 6 months. Data presented in this paper provide useful baselines for understanding the possible impacts of long-term, broad-scale environmental change on the ecology of euphausiid communities in the Irminger Sea.
Description ofMooreonuphis bidentataa new species of Onuphidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Mexican Caribbean with remarks on the distribution of the genus
Authors: Rupit-Arteaga Samantha Karina , Hernández-Alcántara Pablo , Solís-Weiss Vivianne 
Published: November 2012

Mooreonuphis bidentata, a new species of onuphid polychaete, is newly described from the Mexican Caribbean. It was found in dead coral rocks at depths of 2.2 m and can be distinguished from its congeners by having simple filaments branchiae from chaetigers 19–24, as well as bi- and tridentate pseudocompound falcigers and large median simple tridentate hooded hooks in the first four chaetigers. IncludingM. bidentatasp. nov., the genusMooreonuphisincludes 19 species, which have been exclusively collected on the American coasts, mainly in tropical and temperate waters. From the Caribbean Sea, six species have been recorded. Of these,M. bidentatasp. nov,M. cirrata,M. dangrigaeandM. intermediaare the only species having theirlocus typicusin this tropical region. A taxonomic key is presented for all the species ofMooreonuphisrecorded from both sides of the American seas.
Britain's Men on the Spot in China: John Jordan, Yuan Shikai, and the Reorganization Loan, 1912–1914
Authors: KOJI HIRATA 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this paper I examine British policy towards the Yuan Shikai government in China between 1912 and 1914 through a consideration of the role of Britain's ‘men on the spot’ in China (i.e. British diplomats and bankers resident there). In doing so, I synthesize two bodies of literature that rarely interact: British imperial history and work by China historians. Three main elements shaped British policy in China: first, British policy-makers were determined to support Yuan Shikai's consolidation of power in China; second, in the making of its China policy, the Foreign Office relied heavily on Britain's men on the spot; and, finally, these men were anxious about the vulnerability of the Yuan Shikai government and were therefore manipulated to a certain extent by Chinese politicians. I suggest that British policy-makers were reacting to, rather than controlling, Chinese politics and that in this period collaboration with British imperialism was a rational choice for the Yuan Shikai government.
Spatial parasite ecology and epidemiology: a review of methods and applications
Authors: PULLAN RACHEL L. , STURROCK HUGH J. W. , SOARES MAGALHÃES RICARDO J. , CLEMENTS ARCHIE C. A. , BROOKER SIMON J. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYThe distributions of parasitic diseases are determined by complex factors, including many that are distributed in space. A variety of statistical methods are now readily accessible to researchers providing opportunities for describing and ultimately understanding and predicting spatial distributions. This review provides an overview of the spatial statistical methods available to parasitologists, ecologists and epidemiologists and discusses how such methods have yielded new insights into the ecology and epidemiology of infection and disease. The review is structured according to the three major branches of spatial statistics: continuous spatial variation; discrete spatial variation; and spatial point processes.
Environmental determinants ofIxodes ricinusticks and the incidence ofBorrelia burgdorferisensu lato, the agent of Lyme borreliosis, in Scotland
Authors: JAMES M. C. , BOWMAN A. S. , FORBES K. J. , LEWIS F. , MCLEOD J. E. , GILBERT L. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYLyme borreliosis (LB) is the most common arthropod-borne disease of humans in the Northern hemisphere. In Europe, the causative agent,Borrelia burgdorferisensu lato complex, is principally vectored byIxodes ricinusticks. The aim of this study was to identify environmental factors influencing questingI. ricinusnymph abundance andB. burgdorferis.l. infection in questing nymphs using a large-scale survey across Scotland. Ticks, host dung and vegetation were surveyed at 25 woodland sites, and climatic variables from a Geographical Information System (GIS) were extracted for each site. A total of 2397 10 m2transect surveys were conducted and 13 250I. ricinusnymphs counted. Questing nymphs were assayed forB. burgdorferis.l. and the average infection prevalence was 5·6% (range 0·8–13·9%). More questing nymphs and higher incidence ofB. burgdorferis.l. infection were found in areas with higher deer abundance and in mixed/deciduous compared to coniferous forests, as well as weaker correlations with season, altitude, rainfall and ground vegetation. No correlation was found between nymph abundance and infection prevalence within the ranges encountered. An understanding of the environmental conditions associated with tick abundance and pathogen prevalence may be used to reduce risk of exposure and to predict future pathogen prevalence and distributions under environmental changes.
Psychological treatment of anxiety in primary care: a meta-analysis
Authors: Seekles W. , Cuijpers P. , Kok R. , Beekman A. , van Marwijk H. , van Straten A. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundGuidelines and mental healthcare models suggest the use of psychological treatment for anxiety disorders in primary care but systematic estimates of the effect sizes in primary care settings are lacking. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of psychological therapies in primary care for anxiety disorders.MethodThe Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO and Pubmed databases were searched in July 2010. Manuscripts describing psychological treatment for anxiety disorders/increased level of anxiety symptoms in primary care were included if the research design was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and if the psychological treatment was compared with a control group.ResultsIn total, 1343 abstracts were identified. Of these, 12 manuscripts described an RCT comparing psychological treatment for anxiety with a control group in primary care. The pooled standardized effect size (12 comparisons) for reduced symptoms of anxiety at post-intervention wasd = 0.57 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29–0.84,p = 0.00, the number needed to treat (NNT) = 3.18]. Heterogeneity was significant among the studies (I2 = 58.55,Q = 26.54,p < 0.01). The quality of studies was not optimal and missing aspects are summarized.ConclusionsWe found a moderate effect size for the psychological treatment of anxiety disorders in primary care. Several aspects of the treatment are related to effect size. More studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects given the chronicity and recurrent nature of anxiety.
Does exercise improve self-reported sleep quality in non-remitted major depressive disorder?
Authors: Rethorst C. D. , Sunderajan P. , Greer T. L. , Grannemann B. D. , Nakonezny P. A. , Carmody T. J. , Trivedi M. H. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundSleep disturbances are persistent residual symptoms following remission of major depressive disorder (MDD) and are associated with an increased risk of MDD recurrence. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of exercise augmentation on self-reported sleep quality in participants with non-remitted MDD.MethodParticipants were randomized to receive selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) augmentation with one of two doses of exercise: 16 kilocalories per kilogram of body weight per week (KKW) or 4 KKW for 12 weeks. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the clinician-rated Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS-C). The four sleep-related items on the IDS-C (Sleep Onset Insomnia, Mid-Nocturnal Insomnia, Early Morning Insomnia, and Hypersomnia) were used to assess self-reported sleep quality.ResultsSignificant decreases in total insomnia (p < 0.0001) were observed, along with decreases in sleep onset, mid-nocturnal and early-morning insomnia (p's <0.002). Hypersomnia did not change significantly (p = 0.38). Changes in total, mid-nocturnal and early-morning insomnia were independent of changes in depressive symptoms. Higher baseline hypersomnia predicted a greater decrease in depression severity following exercise treatment (p = 0.0057). No significant moderating effect of any baseline sleep on change in depression severity was observed. There were no significant differences between exercise treatment groups on total insomnia or any individual sleep item.ConclusionsExercise augmentation resulted in improvements in self-reported sleep quality in patients with non-remitted MDD. Given the prevalence of insomnia as a residual symptom following MDD treatment and the associated risk of MDD recurrence, exercise augmentation may have an important role in the treatment of MDD.
Effects of cortisol on memory in women with borderline personality disorder: role of co-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression
Authors: Wingenfeld K. , Driessen M. , Terfehr K. , Schlosser N. , Fernando S. Carvalho , Otte C. , Beblo T. , Spitzer C. , Löwe B. , Wolf O. T. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundStress and cortisol administration are known to have impairing effects on memory retrieval in healthy humans. These effects are reported to be altered in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but they have not yet been investigated in borderline personality disorder (BPD).MethodIn a placebo-controlled cross-over study, 71 women with BPD and 40 healthy controls received either placebo or 10 mg of hydrocortisone orally before undertaking a declarative memory retrieval task (word list learning) and an autobiographical memory test (AMT). A working memory test was also applied.ResultsOverall, opposing effects of cortisol on memory were observed when comparing patients with controls. In controls, cortisol had impairing effects on memory retrieval whereas in BPD patients cortisol had enhancing effects on memory retrieval of words, autobiographical memory and working memory. These effects were most pronounced for specificity of autobiographical memory retrieval. Patients with BPD alone and those with co-morbid PTSD showed this effect. We also found that co-morbid MDD influenced the cortisol effects: in this subgroup (BPD + MDD) the effects of cortisol on memory were absent.ConclusionsThe present results demonstrate beneficial effects of acute cortisol elevations on hippocampal-mediated memory processes in BPD. The absence of these effects in patients with co-morbid MDD suggests that these patients differ from other BPD patients in terms of their sensitivity to glucocorticoids (GCs).
Adolescent bullying, cannabis use and emerging psychotic experiences: a longitudinal general population study
Authors: Mackie C. J. , O'Leary-Barrett M. , Al-Khudhairy N. , Castellanos-Ryan N. , Struve M. , Topper L. , Conrod P. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundUsing longitudinal and prospective measures of psychotic experiences during adolescence, we assessed the risk of developing psychosis in three groups showing low, increasing and elevated psychotic experiences associated with bullying by peers and cannabis use in a UK sample of adolescents.MethodData were collected by self-report from 1098 adolescents (mean age 13.6 years; 60.9% boys) at five separate time points, equally separated by 6 months, across a 24-month period. General growth mixture modelling identified three distinct trajectories of adolescents reporting psychotic experiences: elevated, increasing and low.ResultsControlling for cannabis use, bullying by peers significantly predicted change in psychotic experiences between Time 2 and Time 5 in adolescents belonging to the increasing group. No effect was found for the elevated or low groups. Controlling for bullying, an earlier age of cannabis use and cannabis use more than twice significantly predicted change in psychotic experiences in adolescents belonging to the increasing group. Cannabis use at any age was significantly associated with subsequent change in psychotic experiences in the low group. Reverse causal associations were examined and there was no evidence for psychotic experiences at Time 1 predicting a subsequent change in cannabis use between Times 2 and 5 in any trajectory group.ConclusionsBullying by peers and cannabis use are associated with adolescents' reports of increasing psychotic experiences over time. Further research into the longitudinal development of psychosis in adolescence and the associated risk factors would allow for early intervention programmes to be targeted more precisely.
Consumption of ultra-processed foods and likely impact on human health. Evidence from Canada
Authors: Moubarac Jean-Claude , Martins Ana Paula Bortoletto , Claro Rafael Moreira , Levy Renata Bertazzi , Cannon Geoffrey , Monteiro Carlos Augusto 
Published: November 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate consumption of ultra-processed products in Canada and to assess their association with dietary quality.DesignApplication of a classification of foodstuffs based on the nature, extent and purpose of food processing to data from a national household food budget survey. Foods are classified as unprocessed/minimally processed foods (Group 1), processed culinary ingredients (Group 2) or ultra-processed products (Group 3).SettingAll provinces and territories of Canada, 2001.SubjectsHouseholds (n 5643).ResultsFood purchases provided a mean per capita energy availability of 8908 (se 81) kJ/d (2129 (se 19) kcal/d). Over 61·7 % of dietary energy came from ultra-processed products (Group 3), 25·6 % from Group 1 and 12·7 % from Group 2. The overall diet exceeded WHO upper limits for fat, saturated fat, free sugars and Na density, with less fibre than recommended. It also exceeded the average energy density target of the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Group 3 products taken together are more fatty, sugary, salty and energy-dense than a combination of Group 1 and Group 2 items. Only the 20 % lowest consumers of ultra-processed products (who consumed 33·2 % of energy from these products) were anywhere near reaching all nutrient goals for the prevention of obesity and chronic non-communicable diseases.ConclusionsThe 2001 Canadian diet was dominated by ultra-processed products. As a group, these products are unhealthy. The present analysis indicates that any substantial improvement of the diet would involve much lower consumption of ultra-processed products and much higher consumption of meals and dishes prepared from minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients.
Up-regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in menthol cigarette smokers
Authors: Brody Arthur L. , Mukhin Alexey G. , La Charite Jaime , Ta Karen , Farahi Judah , Sugar Catherine A. , Mamoun Michael S. , Vellios Evan , Archie Meena , Kozman Maggie , Phuong Jonathan , Arlorio Franca , Mandelkern Mark A. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
One-third of smokers primarily use menthol cigarettes and usage of these cigarettes leads to elevated serum nicotine levels and more difficulty quitting in standard treatment programmes. Previous brain imaging studies demonstrate that smoking (without regard to cigarette type) leads to up-regulation of β2*-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We sought to determine if menthol cigarette usage results in greater nAChR up-regulation than non-menthol cigarette usage. Altogether, 114 participants (22 menthol cigarette smokers, 41 non-menthol cigarette smokers and 51 non-smokers) underwent positron emission tomography scanning using the α4β2* nAChR radioligand 2-[18F]fluoro-A-85380 (2-FA). In comparing menthol to non-menthol cigarette smokers, an overall test of 2-FA total volume of distribution values revealed a significant between-group difference, resulting from menthol smokers having 9–28% higher α4β2* nAChR densities than non-menthol smokers across regions. In comparing the entire group of smokers to non-smokers, an overall test revealed a significant between-group difference, resulting from smokers having higher α4β2* nAChR levels in all regions studied (36–42%) other than thalamus (3%). Study results demonstrate that menthol smokers have greater up-regulation of nAChRs than non-menthol smokers. This difference is presumably related to higher nicotine exposure in menthol smokers, although other mechanisms for menthol influencing receptor density are possible. These results provide additional information about the severity of menthol cigarette use and may help explain why these smokers have more trouble quitting in standard treatment programmes.
Antipsychotic compounds differentially modulate high-frequency oscillations in the rat nucleus accumbens: a comparison of first- and second-generation drugs
Authors: Olszewski Maciej , Piasecka Joanna , Goda Sailaja A. , Kasicki Stefan , Hunt Mark J. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Improved understanding of the actions of antipsychotic compounds is critical for a better treatment of schizophrenia. Abnormal oscillatory activity has been found in schizophrenia and in rat models of the disease. N-Methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, used to model certain features of schizophrenia, increase the frequency and power of high-frequency oscillations (HFO, 130–180 Hz) in the rat nucleus accumbens, a brain region implicated in schizophrenia pathology. Antipsychotics can be classified as first- and second-generation drugs, the latter often reported to have wider benefit in humans and experimental models. This prompted the authors to examine the pre- and post-treatment effects of clozapine, risperidone (second-generation drugs) and sulpiride and haloperidol (first-generation drugs) on ketamine and MK801-enhanced accumbal HFO. Both NMDAR antagonists increased HFO frequency. In contrast, clozapine and risperidone markedly and dose-dependently reduced the frequency of spontaneous and NMDAR-antagonist-enhanced HFO, whilst a moderate effect was found for sulpiride and a much weaker effect for haloperidol. Unexpectedly, we found reductions in HFO frequency were associated with an increase in its power. These findings indicate that modulation of accumbal HFO frequency may be a fundamental effect produced by antipsychotic compounds. Of the drugs investigated, first- and second-generation compounds could be dissociated by their potency on this measure. This effect may partially explain the differences in the clinical profile of these drugs.
Thermal model for analysis of Mars infrared mapping
Authors: Kieffer Hugh H. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe KRC numerical thermal model has been used in the analysis of observations from virtually all Mars missions with infrared sensors and for the selection of virtually all Mars' landing sites. It uses a physics‐based one‐layer atmosphere gray at solar and thermal wavelengths to determine the radiative effect of a dusty atmosphere. One gas component may condense to form a seasonal polar cap and affect the global surface pressure. The atmosphere may be omitted entirely to model airless bodies. KRC uses layers that become thicker geometrically with depth and it uses repeated time step doubling. The surface may be homogeneous or have two zones of material properties, each zone may have temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity and specific heat. Surface slopes or depressions are modeled to first order. Here KRC is described in detail and used to compute globally the annual average surface temperature accounting for albedo, thermal inertia, elevation, slope at 3 km resolution, and zonal climate. Comparisons with three other thermal models are discussed. The model is available for general use.
Multiscale Kinetic Modeling of Liposomal Doxorubicin Delivery Quantifies the Role of Tumor and Drug‐Specific Parameters in Local Delivery to Tumors
Authors: Hendriks BS , Reynolds JG , Klinz SG , Geretti E , Lee H , Leonard SC , Gaddy DF , Espelin CW , Nielsen UB , Wickham TJ 
Published: November 2012

Nanoparticle encapsulation has been used as a means to manipulate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety profile of drugs in oncology. Using pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) vs. conventional doxorubicin as a model system, we developed and experimentally validated a multiscale computational model of liposomal drug delivery. We demonstrated that, for varying tumor transport properties, there is a regimen where liposomal and conventional doxorubicin deliver identical amounts of doxorubicin to tumor cell nuclei. In mice, typical tumor properties consistently favor improved delivery via liposomes relative to free drug. However, in humans, we predict that some tumors will have properties wherein liposomal delivery delivers the identical amount of drug to its target relative to dosing with free drug. The ability to identify tumor types and/or individual patient tumors with high degree of liposome deposition may be critical for optimizing the success of nanoparticle and liposomal anticancer therapeutics.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2012) 1, e15; doi:10.1038/psp.2012.16; advance online publication 21 November 2012