bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Droit, pouvoir et sciences humaines dans la pensée de Michel Foucault.
Authors: Laforest Guy 
Published: July 2014

RésuméMichel Foucault a été l'un des grands penseurs français du vingtième siècle, l'un des maîtres du soupçon à propos de notre civilisation. Ceux qui oeuvrent dans les domaines du droit et des sciences humaines sont conviés par lui à réfléchir sur la généalogie de leur champ respectif d'activité. En particulier, Foucault a remis en question l'aptitude du principal modèle juridique, celui de la souveraineté, à rendre compte du champ des relations de pouvoir au début de la modernité. Il s'est penché sur le façonnement des individus et des populations à travers une série de pratiques disciplinaires et régulatrices. Ces dernières auraient par ailleurs été impensables sans l'étroite collaboration des sciences humaines naissantes. Pour Foucault, les praticiens du droit et des sciences humaines se rejoignent dans la productivité ontologique du bio-pouvoir. Pour contrer une telle alliance, il faut d'abord prendre lucidement conscience de sa puissance.
Conflict, Compromise and Administrative Convenience: The Police Organization in Nineteenth-Century Toronto.
Authors: Boritch Helen 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRecent historical scholarship has stressed the importance of dominant political and economic interest groups in shaping the organization and role of nineteenth-century police institutions. While acknowledging the necessity of developing macro-structural interpretations of police development, this paper argues that a comprehensive understanding of policing requires greater attention to organizational concerns with legitimation, self-maintenance and self-determination as intervening variables in the evolution of urban police forces. Using data on policing in nineteenth-century Toronto, emphasis is placed on delineating the process by which police administrators sought to achieve insulation from external sources of control and to act as independent agents of change and innovation in the structure and functions of policing.
The Canadian Temperance Movement: Contemporary Parallels.
Authors: Schweighofer Anton R.F. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe similarities between the Canadian temperance movement and the contemporary war on drugs are examined. The similarities in rhetorical, educational, social and political tactics suggest that contemporary anti-drug policy relies on techniques Canadians rejected sixty years ago when they rejected alcohol prohibition. A rethinking of contemporary drug policy is therefore in order.
Law, Ideology and Corporate Crime: A Critique of Instrumentalism.
Authors: Sargent Neil 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe paper explores the limitations of class instrumentalist analyses of law in accounting for the failure of the criminal justice system to control corporate crime. The first part of the paper examines current theoretical perspectives in Canadian corporate crime research, with particular emphasis on the class instrumentalist analyses of law which predominate in the literature. The remainder of the paper seeks to develop a critical analysis of corporate crime which avoids the reductionism of such class instrumentalist analyses. In particular, it is argued that attempts to theorize the failure of the criminal justice system to respond to corporate crime require investigation not only of external factors influencing the enactment and enforcement of legislation, but also of the manner in which ideological discourses are articulated through the form and content of criminal law in such a way as to reproduce the popular consent for the differential treatment of suite and street crime. Failure to problematize the ideological role of criminal law in legitimating the differential treatment of corporate and street crime is likely to undermine attempts to make corporate offenders more accountable for their illegal behaviour by further criminalizing certain types of corporate behaviour.
Critical Legal Education: Paralysis with a Purpose.
Authors: Cassels Jamie , Maloney Maureen 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis essay explores the possibilities within Canadian legal education for the development of critical skills, attitudes and practices. It examines the structure and organizational culture of law school, and analyses the assumptions underlying the dominant model of legal knowledge. The conclusion drawn is that at every level, legal education teaches political values, and rewards personal characteristics that are conducive to the preservation of the status quo and which serve to marginalize critical knowledge and practice. The final section considers and commends several modest efforts to make some room for the critical analysis which is so lacking in legal education.
Medicare, Meech Lake, and the Federal Spending Power.
Authors: Barker Paul 
Published: July 2014

In the spring of 1987, Canada's first ministers agreed to a package of proposals for reforming major elements of the country's constitution. The package, which has come to be known as the Meech Lake Accord, contains a number of significant provisions, one of which deals with the federal spending power and national shared-cost programs. This provision stipulates that the federal government must compensate provinces that decline to participate in future national sharedcost programs, but immediately adds that such compensation is conditional upon the non-participating provinces establishing “a program or initiative that is compatible with the national objectives.”The provision has led to a great deal of debate and discussion. Of special interest, and concern for some, has been the possible effect of the provision on the capacity of the federal government to use its spending power to set up national shared-cost programs. Some contend that Ottawa's capacity would be severely restricted or even eliminated by the provision. Others claim that it would have little or no impact, that the Accord would simply constitutionalize present practices. These conflicting views on the implications of the Meech Lake Accord for shared-cost programs doubtless flow from many sources, but a major one appears to be differing views on thepresentability of Ottawa to establish these types of arrangements.
The Possibilities and Perils of Legal Studies
Authors: Sargent Neil 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe paper explores the possibilities and perils of an interdisciplinary approach to legal studies emerging as an alternative intellectual paradigm to the doctrinal tradition within legal scholarship. The privileged status accorded to the doctrinal tradition within the legal academy is sustained by its continued importance in providing a link between law as a field of intellectual inquiry and law as a field of professional practice. Despite the promise of a more pluralistic intellectual climate within the legal academy, it seems unlikely that an interdisciplinary approach to legal studies will succeed in challenging the preeminence of legal doctrine as the primary source of professional-knowledge claims about law. At the same time, however, any attempt to claim legal studies as a separate field of intellectual inquiry outside the legal academy confronts many of the same doubts about the nature of law as a unitary object of knowledge as the doctrinal tradition from which it seeks to distance itself. The paradox of the legal studies project is that whenever it tries to free itself from the embrace of the doctrinal tradition, it confronts epistemological doubts about the conditions for its own existence. It appears, therefore, that the legal studies project is destined to continue its labours in the shadow of the law.
Communities in Conflict: The School Prayer in West Germany, the United States and Canada
Authors: Waltman Jerold 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThree remarkably similar court cases involving prayers in public schools have been decided in Germany, the United States, and Canada, all of which illustrate the issue of communities in conflict. Comparing these cases is especially pertinent for Canadian jurisprudence inasmuch as community has been trumpeted as important for giving life to the Charter. Developing four options for religiously plural federal societies, this article shows how these three countries each choose different routes, and how these choices relate to history and culture. Further, it points out that an emphasis on community in Charter interpretation is in tension with itself.
Labour and Arbitration in the Mowat Era
Authors: MacCallum Margaret E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Liberal government of Oliver Mowat, which held office in Ontario from 1872 to 1896, experimented with legislation providing for a formal arbitration structure to resolve labour disputes. Although labour had not requested the initial legislation, in the context of employer resistance to labour organizations, arbitration was viewed by some labour leaders as one way to get the employer to the bargaining table. Since Mowat's legislation did not compel the submission of disputes to arbitration, it was of little use in achieving this goal. Nonetheless, the legislation was used by the Mowat government as evidence of its commitment to equal justice for all classes.
Les dangers du secret: note sur l'État canadien et les sociétés secrètes au milieu du 19e siècle
Authors: Fecteau Jean-Marie 
Published: July 2014

RésuméAu milieu du 19e siècle canadien, époque où se met définitivement en place l'ordre politique libéral, la question du maintien de l'ordre public revêt une importance particulière. La détermination de la légitimité démocratique oblige en effet à redéfinir les limites au sein desquelles pourront s'exprimer les libertés civiles. Où la liberté d'expression devient-elle appel à la sédition? Jusqu' à quel point la liberté de s'assembler peut-elle aller sans prendre les formes de l'émeute ou de la rébellion? Quand le droit d'association peut-il se pervertir en complot contre l'État? C'est à ces questions que s'adresse avant tout le premier cabinet réformiste lorsque, en 1843, sous l'impulsion de Baldwin, il présente trois projets de loi touchant les assemblées publiques, les processions et les sociétes secrètes. Cet article analyse les conditions dans lesquelles ces projets de loi furent présentés et débattus, étudie leur teneur, et essaie de prendre la mesure de lews implications pour l'ordre politique naissant.
Vers de nouveaux droits humains? L'argument de la dérive
Authors: Duhamel André 
Published: July 2014

RésuméIl est souvent affirmé que la reconnaissance juridique de nouveaux droits humains de «troisième génération» entraînerait une dévaluation, une dérive des droits en tant que tels. Je montre que ce genre d'argument 1) est circulaire, présupposant la légitimité juridique des seuls droits existants, 2) est récurrent dans l'histoire et intrinsèque au discours moderne des droits. J'avance en conclusion l'hypothèse que l'argument exprime une crainte face au potentiel de la démocratie politique.
Pour une approche légaliste et non réductionniste des droits moraux
Authors: Couture Jocelyne 
Published: July 2014

RésuméLa critique des droits moraux témoigne d'un dilemme apparemment incontournable: ou bien affirmer le caractère opérationnel de ces droits, les soumettre à des exigences de positivité mais souscrire, ce faisant, au conventionnalisme en matière de morale ou bien insister sur la cohésion morale d'un systime de droits et se rallier à des entères fondationnels, mais satisfaire, ce faisant, de droits moraux dépourvus d'efficace pratique. Le présent article a pour but de montrer qu'en s'inspirant d'un modèle du fonctionnement des systèmes légaux, il est possible de concilier le cohérentisme en ce qui regarde l'émergence des droits moraux et le positivisme en ce qui regarde leurs conditions d'application. L'argument présuppose une analogie entre systèmes légaux et systèmes moraux en tant que pratiques sociales rationnellement déterminées, mais il n'implique pas que les droits moraux soient réductibles à des droits légaux.
Rights and Consequences: It All Depends
Authors: Nielsen Kai 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIt is argued that there are no moral or legal rights that may never rightly be overridden no matter what the consequences. There are human rights which are inalienable while still being rightly overrideable in certain circumstances. Even rights-based constructivist accounts of human rights do not provide a grounding for morality that escapes consequentialist critique. But the proper form of consequentialism is a weak form of consequentialism which is distinguished from utilitarian consequentialism.
La normativité nucléaire: Quelques réflexions
Authors: Boustany Katia 
Published: July 2014

RésuméLa technologie nucléaire a très tôt fait l'objet d'un encadrement juridique international et national, dont l'objet, pour l'essentiel, est de répondre aux spécificités d'un ensemble d'activités à forte composante de risque. Toutefois, le caractère souvent dérogatoire au droit commun que revêt la normativité nucléaire soulève de nombreuses interrogations relatives aux rapports entre l'ordre juridique et l'ordre technologique, notamment en matière d'adéquation du processus normatif aux valeurs sociales contemporaines (environnement et droits fondamentaux). En outre, la place majeure occupée par les experts scientifiques au niveau de l'éaboration et de la formulation des normales applicables au secteur nucléaire peut, à certains égards, affecter l'équilibre des pouvoirs et des organes étatiques quant à l'exercice de la démocratie. L'analyse et la comparaison de diverses situations nationales, à travers des pratiques différenciées du droit, montre que de nouveaux modèles de régulation des rapports entre la techno-industrie, la société et les instances politiques devraient être pensés pour répondre aux préoccupations exprimées à l'égard des activités civiles nucléaires.
Theses on Access to Justice
Authors: Macdonald Roderick A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn June 1989, the Minister of Justice of Quebec announced the creation of a Groupe de travail sur l'accessibilité à la justice (unofficially, a Task Force on Access to Justice) charged with evaluating the effectiveness of the Quebec Legal Aid Programme and other measures to make justice more accessible to the population at large. The Task Force submitted its Final Report, entitled Jalons pour une plus grande accessibilité à la justice, in September 1991. This essay offers a critical review of the deliberations of the Task Force, including an assessment of how the Task Force initially conceived its mandate, and the processes by which its Final Report was generated. The essay also attempts to situate the recommendations set out in the Final Report within the broader context of North American access to justice theory. Finally, the essay presents various theses about the relationship between legal theory and the outcome of structurally independent deliberative bodies that are subject to the pull of the policy audience.
La médiation et les concepts de garde au Canada
Authors: Cano Marlène 
Published: July 2014

RésuméAu Canada, la médiation connaît un essor grandissant surtout depuis les années 1970. Des auteurs soutiennent que la médiation offre plusieurs avantages tels que la réduction des coûts émotifs et financiers d'une séparation. Cet intérêt croissant se révèle à la lecture de nombreux ouvrages sur le sujet et à la mise sur pied des programmes rattachés aux tribunaux. De plus, certaines législations réfèrent à la médiation, sans toutefois la réglementer directement. Cette attention portée par l'État à la médiation dissimule, peut-être, une préoccupation pécuniaire. Malgré ses apparences progressives, l'intervention de l'État dans ce secteur nous préoccupe. Vise-t-on essentiellement à économiser les deniers publics sans égard aux plus démunis? Et qu' en est-il du caractère «privé» du processus de médiation et des ententes qui en découlent? N'y a-t-il pas là le risque d'agir au détriment de la partie la plus faible? C'est pourquoi, en dépit des avantages apparents de la médiation, il est important d'en examiner la teneur sous un oeil critique.Il sera question du processus de médiation, du rôle et de la formation des médiatrices. Ensuite, les concepts de garde dans les systèmes de droit civil et de common law canadiens seront examinés. Nous procéderons à une analyse critique de la médiation, en mentionnant l'importance de prendre en compte le phénomène de la violence conjugale. La toile de fond consiste à souligner que, malgré les lois en droit de la famille conférant l'égalité formelle entre conjoints, l'égalité véritable n'est pas acquise dans notre société.
Prohibition's Legacy: The Emergence of Provincial Policing in Nova Scotia, 1921–1932
Authors: Phyne John 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Depression is usually cited as the reason for the origins of provincial policing in Nova Scotia. This neglects the period preceding the Depression. In particular, the struggle to enforce prohibition between 1921 and 1929 resulted in the centralization of social control in Nova Scotia. Provincial policing became the unintentional public policy success of the prohibition era. A centralized temperance inspectorate formed the foundation of provincial policing. Moreover, between 1930 and 1932, the Nova Scotia Police was established to enforce the Nova Scotia Liquor Control Act which, in turn, generated revenue on behalf of an emerging welfare state. In the final analysis, provincial policing was influenced by middle-class prohibitionists, but it ultimately reflected the interests of state bureaucrats.
Adhesion to Canadian Indian Treaties and the Lubicon Lake Dispute
Authors: Flanagan Thomas 
Published: July 2014

AbstractResearch shows that adhesions to the numbered treaties were of two types: “internal” and “external.” In an internal adhesion, a band living within the previously ceded area agreed to the terms of the treaty, and no new transfer of land was involved. In an external adhesion, a band living outside the previously ceded area agreed to the terms of the treaty, thus adding a previously unceded piece of territory to the treaty area.This distinction is essential to understanding the long-running Lubicon Lake dispute. From the federal government's point of view, all of northern Alberta was ceded in Treaty Eight; so the Lubicons, who live within this area, are entitled to make only an internal adhesion. In contrast, the Lubicons claim to live on unceded land and thus demand to make an external adhesion. Their claim to possess unextinguished aboriginal title to a specific tract of land is used to justify demands for compensation that would not be paid in the case of an internal adhesion.
Do Women Judges Make a Difference? An Analysis by Appeal Court Data
Authors: McCormick Peter , Job Twyla 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGiven the recent penetration of the judicial profession by women, and concomitant speculation about the possible impact of women judges upon judicial decision-making, the authors examine criminal appeals to the Alberta Court of Appeal between 1985 and 1992 to address in general statistical terms the parameters of the participation of women judges. The results suggest that there is little statistically identifiable difference in the performance of men and women judges, even on specific issues such as sexual assault offenses, and what modest differences can be found are in the opposite direction from those suggested by comparable research in the United States
Hypotheses, Statistics, and Women Judges: A Response
Authors: McCormick Peter , Job Twyla 
Published: July 2014

As recipients of a “Comment” longer than our own article, we cannot help being reminded of Abraham Lincoln's story about the man who was being tarred and feathered and run out of town on a rail. Queried by a bystander, the man replied: “Actually, if it wasn't for the honor of the thing, I'd rather walk.” We appreciate the courtesy of the Journal in permitting us to make a brief nonfeminist response to a self-described feminist critique of a nonfeminist article.We have, of course, the same ultimate destination as Ms. Brockman, that being some empirically grounded understanding of whether, and if so how, the participation of women judges is changing the judicial system. This is a very large and a very important question; our immediate and much more modest purpose, as our opening comments stressed, was “to assess one fragment of the accumulating evidence.” It seemed to us that it would have been important to know if women trial judges were reversed far more often than men, or if the performance of women appeal judges differed from that of their male colleagues in some way that could be generally characterized and linked to gender. This being so, it seemed just as important—although much less exciting—to report that there is (in one province, over a limited number of years, on criminal cases only) no clear indication of either of these trends.
Teaching Critically within a Modern Legal Genre
Authors: Conklin William E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper argues that the effort to teach law critically from the external viewpoint reinforces the ideological and social function of a professional law school in a modern state. One should realize that law is a language, a secondary language that conceals suffering as it parasitically assimilates all primary discourses. The professional law school of a modern state aids in the production of such concealment. Examples are offered from different areas of legal discourse as well as from the author's experiences. The suffering arises from the concealment of the languages of embodied subjects, whose harm can only be recognized through the chains of authoritative signifiers that the professor pro-fesses. The secondary legal language either excludes the primary languages or redefines the subject's experience. Further, the legal language is inculcated into the subject's language to the point that the citizen must identify with the secondary legal language or, if not, may be authoritatively en-forced to do so. The second sense of suffering aggravates the first.
Whores and Worthies: Feminism and Prostitution
Authors: McGinnis Janice Dickin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFeminism has a particular problem in dealing with questions of sexuality. This is directly tied to the fact that it is our sexuality which has so often been used to deny us rights. Our ambivalence has led some of us to make strange choices. For instance, some of us have joined with conservatives, our natural enemies, campaigning against pornography. This paper looks at another area in which conflicts within the feminist philosophy have worked to confuse our responses and allowed them to be used to undermine the very people we proclaim ourselves the protectors of: women. In two major cases since 1990, the Supreme Court of Canada has quoted feminist words to undermine the position of prostitutes in our society. In addition, LEAF failed to apply for intervenor status on behalf of prostitutes in either case. What does it mean when mainstream feminism finds itself unable to listen to the demands of prostitutes' rights groups and to help them get rid of the laws that make their work more difficult and dangerous? What does it say about feminism as a true “women's movement” that we find ourselves unable to honor other women's assessment of their position in society and their desires for change.