bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Contents of Perception and the Contents of Emotion
Authors: Wringe Bill 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSeveral philosophers think there are important analogies between emotions and perceptual states. Furthermore, considerations about the rational assessibility of emotions have led philosophers—in some cases, the very same philosophers—to think that the content of emotions must be propositional content. If one finds it plausible that perceptual states have propositional contents, then there is no obvious tension between these views. However, this view of perception has recently been attacked by philosophers who hold that the content of perception is object‐like. I shall argue for a view about the content of emotions and perceptual states which will enable us to hold both that emotional content is analogous to perceptual content and that both emotions and perceptual states can have propositional contents. This will involve arguing for a pluralist view of perceptual content, on which perceptual states can have both contents which are proposition‐like and contents which are object‐like. I shall also address two significant objections to the claim that emotions can have proposition‐like contents. Meeting one of these objections will involve taking on a further commitment: the pluralist account of perceptual content will have to be one on which the contents of perception can be non‐conceptual.
Healing images. Gems and medicine
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe main purpose of magical gems was to secure divine protection, avert evil influences and heal various diseases. Some body parts are especially addressed, such as the stomach and the uterus. This concern seems to relate to ‘societal diseases’ also found in contemporary literature. How do these ‘healing pictures’ function? The analysis of the pictorial elements reveals different levels of therapeutic efficacy. Some images use visual plays upon words, others combineEgyptian andGraeco‐Roman elements, allowing ‘bilingual’ readings. The mnemonic function of images,charakteresandvoces magicaealso requires further investigations. Objects could transmit the memory of oral rituals and knowledge. The transfer of magical figures on other media is very rare, but when it occurs, as on a few medical devices, it may help us to understand the mechanism of medico‐magical performance, combining formalism and inventiveness.
The Late Roman Landscape of the Northern Levant: A view from Tell Qarqur and the lower Orontes River Valley
Authors: Casana Jesse 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThis paper presents a review and synthesis of archaeological surveys in western Syria and southern Turkey, alongside finds from recent excavations at Tell Qarqur, Syria, revealing regional patterns of late Roman settlement and land use in the lower Orontes River Valley. Survey data show that the late Roman period witnessed a peak in settlement density, with the extension of occupation into previously unoccupied areas and widespread agricultural intensification. Excavations of a typical lowland site at Tell Qarqur reveal an opulent building complex, possibly a church, with a columned hall, elaborate mosaic floor and frescoed interior. Analysis explores the process of agricultural intensification during the late Roman period, the relationship between lowland settlements and the better‐known Dead Cities of the limestone massif to the east, and the ultimate abandonment of the settlement system following the seventh century AD.
Visual working memory gives up attentional control early in learning: Ruling out interhemispheric cancellation
Authors: Reinhart Robert M. G. , Carlisle Nancy B. , Woodman Geoffrey F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCurrent research suggests that we can watch visual working memory surrender the control of attention early in the process of learning to search for a specific object. This inference is based on the observation that the contralateral delay activity (CDA) rapidly decreases in amplitude across trials when subjects search for the same target object. Here, we tested the alternative explanation that the role of visual working memory does not actually decline across learning, but instead lateralized representations accumulate in both hemispheres across trials and wash out the lateralized CDA. We show that the decline in CDA amplitude occurred even when the target objects were consistently lateralized to a single visual hemifield. Our findings demonstrate that reductions in the amplitude of the CDA during learning are not simply due to the dilution of the CDA from interhemispheric cancellation.
Herbicides Can Negatively Affect Seed Performance in Native Plants
Authors: Wagner Viktoria , Nelson Cara R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHerbicides are widely used to control invasive non‐native plants in wildlands, yet there is little information on their non‐target effects, including on native plants that are intended to benefit from the treatment. Effects at the seed stage have been particularly understudied, despite the fact that managers commonly seed native plants immediately after herbicide application. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to explore the effects of two broadleaf‐specific herbicides (aminopyralid and picloram) on seedling emergence and biomass for 14 species that grow in dry grasslands of NW North America. For each species, we placed 50 seeds in soil‐filled pots that were sprayed with a water control or one of the herbicides at one of two rates (1× and 0.01× of the recommended rate). After 5 weeks, we assessed seedling emergence and dry aboveground biomass per pot. At the recommended rate (1×), both her bicides significantly suppressed seedling emergence and lowered biomass. At the diluted rate (0.01×), the effect of picloram was comparable to the effect at the recommended rate, whereas aminopyralid had no effect. There was no difference in effects of herbicides on native versus non‐native species. Although both herbicides are considered to be broadleaf‐specific, monocots were just as vulnerable as dicots at the recommended rate. Our results show that herbicides can harm non‐native and native plants at the seed stage, alike. Land managers should avoid spraying if recruitment of native species from the seedbank is a goal and should not seed directly after spraying.
The Deviance Information Criterion: 12 Years on
Authors: Spiegelhalter David J. , Best Nicola G. , Carlin Bradley P. , Linde Angelika 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe essentials of our paper of 2002 are briefly summarized and compared with other criteria for model comparison. After some comments on the paper's reception and influence, we consider criticisms and proposals forimprovement made by us and others.
Granulocyte‐reactive antibodies are associated with red blood cell alloimmunization
Authors: Schönbacher M. , Heinzl M. W. , Dauber E.‐M. , Mayr W. R. , Panzer S. , Körmöczi G. F. 
Published: April 2014

Granulocyte‐reactive antibodies may cause transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) and immune neutropenias. Risk factors for their acquisition other than previous alloexposition are largely unknown. In addition to the known association between human leucocyte antigen alloantibodies and red blood cell alloimmunization in selected cohorts of transfused patients, this study investigated a possible extension of this association to granulocyte‐reactive antibodies in women with a history of pregnancy. The overall prevalence of granulocyte‐reactive antibodies in 333 samples from women with a history of pregnancy (143 samples containing red cell alloantibodies) was 23·1%. The prevalence in the red cell‐alloimmunized group (32·9%) was significantly higher than in controls (15·8%, P < 0·001). This could suggest that some individuals may be strong immunological responders, forming alloantibodies more readily than others.
Curcumin counteracts loss of force and atrophy of hindlimb unloaded rat soleus by hampering neuronal nitric oxide synthase untethering from sarcolemma
Authors: Vitadello Maurizio , Germinario Elena , Ravara Barbara , Libera Luciano Dalla , Danieli‐Betto Daniela , Gorza Luisa 
Published: April 2014

Key points
Attenuation of disuse muscle atrophy by means of a pharmacological approach represents the wanted solution for patients who cannot exercise.
Nutraceutics, e.g. the vegetal polyphenol curcumin, are relatively safe substances.
By lowering oxidative stress, curcumin counteracted the loss of muscle mass and force of soleus muscles, reproduced in the laboratory rat by hindlimb unloading
Curcumin effects are mediated by the chaperone protein Grp94, which maintains active neuronal nitric oxide synthase molecules at their physiological site in the skeletal myofibre.
The systemic administration of very low doses of curcumin appears promising for counteracting muscle atrophy in bedridden patients.
AbstractAntioxidant administration aimed to antagonize the development and progression of disuse muscle atrophy provided controversial results. Here we investigated the effects of curcumin, a vegetal polyphenol with pleiotropic biological activity, because of its ability to upregulate glucose‐regulated protein 94 kDa (Grp94) expression in myogenic cells. Grp94 is a sarco‐endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, the levels of which decrease significantly in unloaded muscle. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with curcumin and soleus muscle was analysed after 7 days of hindlimb unloading or standard caging. Curcumin administration increased Grp94 protein levels about twofold in muscles of ambulatory rats (P < 0.05) and antagonized its decrease in unloaded ones. Treatment countered loss of soleus mass and myofibre cross‐sectional area by approximately 30% (P ≤ 0.02) and maintained a force–frequency relationship closer to ambulatory levels. Indexes of muscle protein and lipid oxidation, such as protein carbonylation, revealed by Oxyblot, and malondialdehyde, measured with HPLC, were significantly blunted in unloaded treated rats compared to untreated ones (P = 0.01). Mechanistic involvement of Grp94 was suggested by the disruption of curcumin‐induced attenuation of myofibre atrophy after transfection with antisense grp94 cDNA and by the drug‐positive effect on the maintenance of the subsarcolemmal localization of active neuronal nitric oxide synthase molecules, which were displaced to the sarcoplasm by unloading. The absence of additive effects after combined administration of a neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor further supported curcumin interference with this pro‐atrophic pathway. In conclusion, curcumin represents an effective and safe tool to upregulate Grp94 muscle levels and to maintain muscle function during unweighting.
Contrasting actions of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in distinct mouse striatal neurones
Authors: Partridge John G. , Lewin Amanda E. , Yasko Jessica R. , Vicini Stefano 
Published: April 2014

Key points
Pharmacological activation of striatal Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) increases the occurrence of GABAA‐mediated currents in striatal spiny projection neurones (SPNs).
Genetically identified striatal interneurones are depolarized by Group I mGluR activation.
Group I mGluR activation elevates intracellular calcium in genetically identified striatal interneurones expressing a genetically encoded calcium indicator.
Group I mGluR activation results in increased intracellular calcium in SPNs only after priming with calcium influx.
Combined electrophysiology and calcium imaging reveals that mGluR activation is not accompanied by depolarization in SPNs.
AbstractIn mouse striatum, metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation leads to several modulatory effects in synaptic transmission. These effects range from dampening of glutamate release from excitatory terminals to depolarization of divergent classes of interneurones. We compared the action of group I mGluR activation on several populations of striatal neurones using a combination of genetic identification, electrophysiology, and Ca2+ imaging techniques. Patch‐clamp recordings from spiny projection neurones (SPNs) and various interneurone populations demonstrated that the group I mGluR agonist (RS)‐3,5‐dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) robustly depolarizes several interneurone classes that form GABAergic synapses onto SPNs. We further utilized the genetic reporter mouse strain Ai38, which expresses the calcium indicator protein GCaMP3 in a Cre‐dependent manner. Breeding Ai38 mice with various neurone selective, promoter‐driven Cre recombinase mice resulted in GCaMP3 expression in defined cell populations in striatum. Consistent with our electrophysiological findings, group I agonist applications increased intracellular levels of calcium ([Ca2+]i) in all interneurone populations tested. We also found that acute DHPG application evoked a transient, rapid increase in [Ca2+]i from only a small percentage of identifiable SPNs. Surprisingly, this fast [Ca2+]i response exhibited a robust enhancement or sensitization, in a calcium‐dependent fashion. Following several procedures to increase [Ca2+]i, the vast majority of SPNs responded with rapid changes in [Ca2+]i to mGluR agonists in a time‐dependent fashion. These findings extend our understanding on group I mGluR influence of striatal output via powerful, local GABAergic connections in addition to [Ca2+]i dynamics that impact on activity or spike‐timing‐dependent forms of synaptic plasticity.
Astrocyte calcium signalling orchestrates neuronal synchronization in organotypic hippocampal slices
Authors: Sasaki Takuya , Ishikawa Tomoe , Abe Reimi , Nakayama Ryota , Asada Akiko , Matsuki Norio , Ikegaya Yuji 
Published: April 2014

Key points
In the brain, astrocytes detect neuronal activity and regulate neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission.
Recent studies show that calcium elevations that are localized within astrocyte processes upregulate endogenous neurotransmission at nearby synapses.
We demonstrated that at the network level calcium buffering in astrocytes caused a significant reduction in the correlated activity of neurons in cultured hippocampal slices.
In contrast, the uncaging of calcium in astrocytes triggered synchronized activity in neuronal populations.
This study provides experimental support for the functional relevance of astrocyte signalling to the maintenance of collective neuronal dynamics.
AbstractAstrocytes are thought to detect neuronal activity in the form of intracellular calcium elevations; thereby, astrocytes can regulate neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. Little is known, however, about how the astrocyte calcium signal regulates the activity of neuronal populations. In this study, we addressed this issue using functional multineuron calcium imaging in hippocampal slice cultures. Under normal conditions, CA3 neuronal networks exhibited temporally correlated activity patterns, occasionally generating large synchronization among a subset of cells. The synchronized neuronal activity was correlated with astrocyte calcium events. Calcium buffering by an intracellular injection of a calcium chelator into multiple astrocytes reduced the synaptic strength of unitary transmission between pairs of surrounding pyramidal cells and caused desynchronization of the neuronal networks. Uncaging the calcium in the astrocytes increased the frequency of neuronal synchronization. These data suggest an essential role of the astrocyte calcium signal in the maintenance of basal neuronal function at the circuit level.
The Role of Symptoms and Self-Efficacy in Predicting Physical Activity Change Among Older Adults With Arthritis
Authors: Sperber Nina , Hall Katherine S. , Allen Kelli , DeVellis Brenda M. , Lewis Megan , Callahan Leigh F. 
Published: April 2014

Background:Physical and psychological symptoms limit physical activity for people with arthritis. This study examined if self-efficacy mediated a relationship between symptom and physical activity (PA) frequency change.Methods:This was a secondary analysis of older adults with arthritis and joint pain in a trial of a lifestyle PA program (n = 339). Measures were depressive symptoms, pain, fatigue, arthritis self-efficacy, PA self-efficacy, and PA frequency. A panel model was used to analyze relationships at baseline and changes at 20 weeks.Results:The mean age was 68.8 years. At baseline, depression and fatigue were associated with arthritis self-efficacy (β = –.34 and –.24) and, in turn, PA self-efficacy (β = .63); PA self-efficacy was associated with PA (β = .15). Pain and depression changes were associated with arthritis self-efficacy change (β = –.20 and –.21) and, in turn, PA self-efficacy (β = .32) change; PA self-efficacy change was associated with PA change (β = .36).Conclusion:Change in symptom severity affected change in PA frequency. These relationships appeared to operate through self-efficacy. Over time, pain appeared to have a stronger relationship than fatigue with self-efficacy and PA. These findings support strategies to help people with arthritis strengthen their confidence for symptom coping and PA participation.
The Adoption and Spread of a Core-Strengthening Exercise Through an Online Social Network
Authors: Pagoto Sherry L. , Schneider Kristin L. , Oleski Jessica , Smith Brian , Bauman Michael 
Published: April 2014

Background:The present feasibility study describes engagement and spread of a Twitter-based core-strengthening challenge.Methods:A challenge that entailed completing a core-strengthening exercise using a hashtag (#PlankADay) was circulated via Twitter. This study surveyed users who joined during the first 2 months of the challenge to describe their characteristics, including social support for exercise and to what extent they invited others to join. The study continued to track total users for 10 months.Results:Of 407 individuals who joined in the first 2 months, 105 completed surveys. Among these, 81% were female and 86% white and mean age was 35.8. 72% participated for at least 1 month and 47% participated for at least 2 months. Survey participants reported that the challenge increased their enjoyment of abdominal exercise. Of the 68% of participants who invited others to participate, 28% recruited none, 66% recruited 1–5 users, and 6% recruited 10 or more users. Participants reported that online friends provided as much positive social support for exercise as family and in-person friends. In 14 months, 4941 users produced 76,746 tweets and mean total tweets per user was 15.86 (SD = 75.34; range = 1–2888).Conclusion:Online social networks may be a promising mechanism to spread brief exercise behaviors.
An Assessment of Schoolyard Features and Behavior Patterns in Children’s Utilization and Physical Activity
Authors: Anthamatten Peter , Brink Lois , Kingston Beverly , Kutchman Eve , Lampe Sarah , Nigg Claudio 
Published: April 2014

Background:Careful research that elucidates how behavior relates to design in the context of elementary school grounds can serve to guide cost-efficient design with the goal of encouraging physical activity (PA). This work explores patterns in children’s PA behavior within playground spaces with the specific goal of guiding healthy playground design.Methods:Data on children’s utilization and PA behavior in 6 playgrounds divided into 106 observation zones were collected in 2005 and 2006 at Denver elementary school playgrounds using the System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth. Analyses of variance and t tests determined whether there were differences in utilization and behavior patterns across observations zones and between genders.Results:This study provides evidence that children prefer to use certain types of playground zones and that they are more likely to practice moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in some zones. The authors observed statistically significant differences between genders. Boys were more likely to engage in MVPA in zones without equipment, girls were more likely to use zones with equipment.Conclusions:This work suggests that the inclusion or omission of specific playground features may have an impact on the way that children use the spaces.
Steps That Count: Physical Activity Recommendations, Brisk Walking, and Steps Per Minute—How Do They Relate?
Authors: Pillay Julian D. , Kolbe-Alexander Tracy L. , Proper Karin I. , van Mechelen Willem , Lambert Estelle V. 
Published: April 2014

Background:Brisk walking is recommended as a form of health-enhancing physical activity. This study determines the steps/minute rate corresponding to self-paced brisk walking (SPBW); a predicted steps/minute rate for moderate physical activity (MPA) and a comparison of the 2 findings.Methods:A convenience sample (N = 58: 34 men, 24 women, 31.7 ± 7.7yrs), wearing pedometers and a heart rate (HR) monitor, performed SPBW for 10 minutes and 5 indoor sessions, regulated by a metronome (ranging from 60–120 steps/minute). Using steps/minute and HR data of the trials, a steps/minute rate for MPA was predicted. Adjustments were subsequently made for aerobic fitness (using maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) estimates), age, and sex as possible contributors to stepping rate differences.Results:Average steps/minute rate for SPBW was 118 ± 9 (116 ± 9; 121 ± 8 for men/women, respectively; P = .022); predicted steps/minute rate for MPA was 122 ± 37 (127 ± 36; 116 ± 39 for men/women, respectively; P < .99) and was similar to steps/minute rate of SPBW (P = .452), even after adjusting for age, sex, and aerobic fitness.Conclusion:Steps/minute rates of SPBW correlates closely with targeted HR for MPA, independent of aerobic fitness; predicted steps/minute rate for MPA relates closely to steps/minute rates of SPBW. Findings support current PA messages that use the term brisk walking as a reference for MPA.
Active WV: A Systematic Approach to Developing a Physical Activity Plan for West Virginia
Authors: Elliott Eloise , Jones Emily , Bulger Sean 
Published: April 2014

Background:Modeled after the National Physical Activity Plan (NPAP), ActiveWV 2015: The West Virginia Physical Activity Plan was developed to provide strategic direction for physical activity promotion within the state. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the systematic approach taken in developing ActiveWV.Method:Plan development began with establishing capacity and leadership among key stakeholders representing all societal sectors. A multiphase, statewide decision-making process allowed for input across sectors and geographic regions. The process results identified five priority areas that served as the conceptual framework for ActiveWV. Sector teams, comprised of key organization stakeholders across the eight sectors, finalized the sector-specific strategies and tactics using the NPAP evidence-based recommendations, results from a formalized strategic process, and the teams’ expertise and experience.Results:ActiveWV was officially released on January 19, 2012 at the State Capitol in Charleston, West Virginia. Community events throughout the state surrounded the release and celebrated West Virginia Physical Activity Day. Ongoing implementation and dissemination efforts are underway at state and local levels.Conclusions:As the NPAP calls for states and communities to develop plans that meet the needs of their particular context, other states may find the lessons learned from West Virginia helpful in the development process.