bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the conformations of septanoside sugars
Authors: Dey Supriya , Jayaraman N. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractConformational analysis of unnatural seven-membered sugars, namely, septanoses and septanosides are discussed herein. The conformational properties of these sugars in the solid state, solution phase and computational methods are presented. The analyses reveal that conformations of septanosides are diverse and largely unpredictable, as compared furanosides and pyranosides.
Law-invariant risk measures: Extension properties and qualitative robustness
Authors: Koch-Medina Pablo , Munari Cosimo 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
We characterize when a convex risk measure associated to a law-invariant acceptance set in L
∞ can be extended to Lp
,

1
≤
p
<
∞

$1\le p&lt;\infty $

, preserving finiteness and continuity. This problem is strongly connected to the statistical robustness of the corresponding risk measures. Special attention is paid to concrete examples including risk measures based on expected utility, max-correlation risk measures, and distortion risk measures.
Amyloid-β-Induced Action Potential Desynchronization and Degradation of Hippocampal Gamma Oscillations Is Prevented by Interference with Peptide Conformation Change and Aggregation
Authors: Kurudenkandy Firoz Roshan , Zilberter Misha , Biverstål Henrik , Presto Jenny , Honcharenko Dmytro , Strömberg Roger , Johansson Jan , Winblad Bengt , Fisahn André 
Published: September 2014

The amyloid-β hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) focuses on accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) as the main culprit for the myriad physiological changes seen during development and progression of AD including desynchronization of neuronal action potentials, consequent development of aberrant brain rhythms relevant for cognition, and final emergence of cognitive deficits.The aim of this study was to elucidate the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying the Aβ-induced degradation of gamma oscillations in AD, to identify aggregation state(s) of Aβ that mediate the peptides neurotoxicity, and to test ways to prevent the neurotoxic Aβ effect.We show that Aβ1-42in physiological concentrations acutely degrades mouse hippocampal gamma oscillations in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The underlying cause is an Aβ-induced desynchronization of action potential generation in pyramidal cells and a shift of the excitatory/inhibitory equilibrium in the hippocampal network. Using purified preparations containing different aggregation states of Aβ, as well as a designed ligand and a BRICHOS chaperone domain, we provide evidence that the severity of Aβ neurotoxicity increases with increasing concentration of fibrillar over monomeric Aβ forms, and that Aβ-induced degradation of gamma oscillations and excitatory/inhibitory equilibrium is prevented by compounds that interfere with Aβ aggregation.Our study provides correlative evidence for a link between Aβ-induced effects on synaptic currents and AD-relevant neuronal network oscillations, identifies the responsible aggregation state of Aβ and proofs that strategies preventing peptide aggregation are able to prevent the deleterious action of Aβ on the excitatory/inhibitory equilibrium and on the gamma rhythm.
Development of Fluorescence-based LIDAR Technology for Biological Sensing
Authors: Jonsson Per , Kullander Fredrik , Tiihonen Mikael , Nordstrand Melker , Tjænhage Torbjørn , Wæsterby Pær , Olofsson Gøran , Lindgren Mikael 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT:Results of our on-going development of biological warfare agents (BWA) detection systems based on spectral detection of ultraviolet (UV) laser induced fluorescence (LIF) are presented. A compact optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with intracavity sum-frequency mixing (SFM) to generate 293 nm UV laser irradiation was developed. The OPO/SFM device was pumped by a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), including subsequent second-harmonic generation (SHG) in an external periodically poled KTiOPO4 (PPKTP) crystal. The laser generated 1.8 ns pulses at 100 Hz with an average power of 44 mW at 532 nm. The whole system could be used to deliver approximately 30 μJ laser irradiation per pulse (100 Hz) at 293 nm. The spectral detection part of the system consists of a grating and a photomultiplier tube (PMT) array with 32 channels, which can measure fluorescence spectra in the wavelength band from 250 nm to 800 nm. The detector system was designed along with a trigger laser to enable measurement of fluorescence spectra from an individual aerosol particle of simulants for BWA upon excitation with a single nanosecond laser pulse. We demonstrate the successful detection and spectral characterization of simulants for BWA, i.e., Bacillus atrophaeus (BG), Bacillus thuringiensis (BT), and Ovalbumin (OA).
Lateral comparisons using Fishman's skeletal maturation assessment
Authors: Safer Abraham N. , Homel Peter , Chung David D. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To assess lateral differences between ossification events and stages of bone development in the hands and wrists utilizing Fishman's skeletal maturation indicators (SMIs).

Materials and Methods:
The skeletal ages of 125 subjects, aged 8 to 20 years, were determined with left and right hand-wrist radiographs using Fishman's SMI assessment. Each subject was also given the Edinburgh Handedness Questionnaire to assess handedness. The skeletal ages of both hand-wrist radiographs were analyzed against each other, handedness, chronologic age, and gender.

Results:
There were no significant differences overall in right and left SMI scores (P  =  .70); 79% of all patients showed no difference in right and left SMI scores, regardless of handedness, gender, or age. However, when patients were categorized based on clinical levels of SMI score for the right hand-wrist, there was a significant difference (P  =  .01) between the SMI 1-3 group and the SMI 11 group. Subjects in the SMI 1-3 group were more likely to show a left &gt; right SMI score, while subjects in the SMI 11 group were likely to show a right &gt; left SMI score.

Conclusion:
Although no significant overall lateral differences in SMI scores were noted, it may be advisable to obtain a left hand-wrist radiograph and/or additional diagnostic information to estimate completion of growth in young surgical patients.
Thermal fatigue behavior of cast superalloy Inconel 713LC
Authors: Mansuri Mohammadreza , Hadavi Seyed Mohammadmehdi , Zangeneh-Madar Karim , Abaszade Hasan , Zare Esmail , Hejazi Seyed Amir 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The thermal fatigue behavior of superalloy Inconel 713LC was investigated at peak temperatures of 900, 1 000 and 1 100 °C. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on self-constraint single-edge V-type notch specimens. The effect of the maximum temperature, T

max
in the thermal cycles on the crack characteristics was studied. Under identical test conditions a comparable crack propagation rate was observed for all three peak temperatures. The results showed that cycle numbers for crack initiation decreased while crack propagation rate increased with the increase in peak temperature. Therefore, it was concluded that in the current experimental conditions, thermal fatigue resistance reduced dramatically with the rise of upper temperature. Through optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy observation, it was found that the primary cracks generally propagated along a preferential direction. Microstructure changes after thermal fatigue are also discussed on the basis of scanning electron microscopy observation.
Connections Between Metric Characterizations of Superreflexivity and the Radon–Nikodým Property for Dual Banach Spaces
Authors: Ostrovskii Mikhail I. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractJohnson and Schechtman (2009) characterized superreflexivity in terms of finite diamond graphs. The present author characterized the Radon–Nikodým property (RNP) for dual spaces in terms of the infinite diamond. This paper is devoted to further study of relations between metric characterizations of superreflexivity and the RNP for dual spaces. The main result is that finite subsets of any setMwhose embeddability characterizes the RNP for dual spaces, characterize superreflexivity. It is also observed that the converse statement does not hold and thatM=l2is a counterexample.
Postoperative Venous Thrombotic Events in Asian Elderly Patients with Surgically Treated Hip Fractures with and without Chemoprophylaxis
Authors: Wong Keng L. , Daruwalla Zubin J. , Lan Chester J.H. , Tan Si H.S. , Shen Liang , Chua Weiliang , Manohara Ruben , Lingaraj Krishna 
Published: September 2014

Background and purpose Chemothromboprophylaxis for hip fracture surgery has been under-practiced in Asia. We investigate the postoperative incidence of venous thrombotic events (VTE) in elderly Asian patients with hip fractures. Patients and methods Patients over 60 years old with surgically treated hip fractures were reviewed. All patients followed a hip fracture protocol, which included a post-operative ultrasound Doppler venous scan of both lower limbs five days after injury to detect any deep vein thrombosis (DVT). All patients were given mechanical prophylaxis. Patients who had additional chemoprophylaxis were included. Results From 2010 to 2012, 454 patients were reviewed. The overall incidence of DVT was 6.4% (29 patients). The incidence of PE was 1.3% (six patients). There was no significant correlation between DVT and age, gender, race, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, end stage renal failure, type of fracture and operation, preoperative haemoglobin, platelet count or urea and creatinine levels. Sixteen DVTs (55.2%) were on the ipsilateral side as the fracture, eight (27.6%) were on the contralateral side and five (17.2%) were bilateral. Chemoprophylaxis was not given to 399 patients, of which 27 (6.8%) developed DVT. Ten (2.5%) were proximal DVTs in which four (1%) developed PE. One (0.25%) patient developed PE without DVT. Fifty-five patients were on chemoprophylaxis, of which two (3.6%) developed DVT. Both were proximal DVTs with one subsequently developing PE. Conclusions The incidence of VTE in Asian patients may be lower compared to Western populations when mechanical prophylaxis is used. Chemoprophylaxis may assist in reducing the rates of DVT but not PE. The low incidence may not justify the use of routine chemoprophylaxis.
Balloon Tamponade Repair after Inadvertent Subclavian Artery Catheterization
Authors: Dunham Gregor M. , Vaidya Sandeep S. 
Published: September 2014

Purpose The approach to repair inadvertent subclavian artery catheterization has evolved to increasingly less invasive modalities. Most recently, endovascular balloon tamponade has become the preferred initial approach. We report our experience and review the technique. Methods Eleven patients underwent primary treatment with balloon tamponade from 2001 to 2012. Using either femoral or brachial approach, an appropriately sized balloon was placed directly adjacent to the site of hemorrhage and inflated for 5-25 min on the basis of operator preference and repeated as needed. Primary technical success defined as hemostasis was achieved with balloon tamponade. Results Technical success was achieved in nine of 11 patients. The mean follow-up time was 10.8 months. Two deaths were reported, both unrelated to catheter placement and removal. Of the successful cases, five achieved hemostasis with one inflation and four required two inflations. One patient developed a small thrombus at the thyrocervical trunk of no clinical significance. No other complications occurred. One of the nine patients had a double wall injury. The two patients with unsuccessful hemostasis underwent two & four inflations, respectively. Both patients had a double wall injury. One of the patients had a complication of distal ischemia and stroke. Conclusions In patients with inadvertent subclavian artery catheterization, balloon tamponade is an effective first step in management, with primary technical success approaching 100% in cases of single lumen injury. It appears less effective in patients with double lumen injury. However, the ease of transition from balloon tamponade to stent placement supports an initial attempt at hemostasis with tamponade prior to placement of a permanent stent.
Two-stage Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) Graft Implantation Technique that Avoids the use of a Femoral Bridging Dialysis Catheter
Authors: Yoon William J. , Lorelli David R. 
Published: September 2014

Purpose The purpose of this study is to report a novel two-stage Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) graft implantation technique that avoids the use of a femoral bridging hemodialysis catheter in internal jugular vein (IJV) catheter-dependent patients with contralateral central venous occlusion. Methods The first stage is to implant the ePTFE component and consists of: 1) performing two to three incisions in the upper arm ipsilateral to the preexisting IJV catheter, 2) tunneling the expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) component through these incision sites, and 3) placing the ePTFE component in the subcutaneous tissue without anastomosing it to the target artery. The preexisting IJV catheter is maintained to provide continuous dialysis access. The second stage is initiated in 4 weeks and includes: 1) thrombectomy and anastomosing the ePTFE component arterial end to the target artery, 2) insertion of the venous outflow component using the preexisting IJV catheter access site, and 3) connecting the venous outflow component to the ePTFE component in the standard fashion. Results The HeRO graft was successfully implanted in two stages without using a femoral bridging catheter. Immediate postimplant cannulatabilty was achieved upon completion of the second stage procedure. Conclusion This novel two-stage HeRO implantation technique is simple, yet allows immediate cannulation upon completion of the second stage procedure while avoiding the need of a femoral bridging catheter in IJV catheter-dependent patients with contralateral central venous occlusion, and thus lowering the risk of infection related to a femoral bridging catheter.
Structural approaches for prevention of sexually transmitted HIV in general populations: definitions and an operational approach
Authors: Parkhurst Justin O 
Published: September 2014

IntroductionAlthough biomedical HIV prevention efforts have seen a number of recent promising developments, behavioural interventions have often been described as failing. However, clear lessons have been identified from past efforts, including the need to address influential social, economic and legal structures; to tailor efforts to local contexts; and to address multiple influencing factors in combination. Despite these insights, there remains a pervasive strategy to try to achieve sexual behaviour change through single, decontextualized, interventions or sets of activities. With current calls for structural approaches to HIV as part of combination HIV prevention, though, there is a unique opportunity to define a structural approach to HIV prevention as one which moves beyond these past limitations and better incorporates our knowledge of the social world and the lessons from past efforts.DiscussionA range of interlinked concepts require delineation and definition within the broad concept of a structural approach to HIV. This includes distinguishing between “structural factors,” which can be seen as any number of elements (other than knowledge) which influence risk and vulnerability, and “structural drivers,” which should be reserved for situations where an empirically established relationship to a target group is known. Operationalizing structural approaches similarly can take different paths, either working to alter structural drivers or alternatively working to build individual and community resilience to infection. A “structural diagnostic approach” is further defined as the process one undertakes to develop structural intervention strategies tailored to target groups.ConclusionsFor three decades, the HIV prevention community has struggled to reduce the spread of HIV through sexual risk behaviours with limited success, but equally with limited engagement with the lessons that have been learned about the social realities shaping patterns of sexual practices. Future HIV prevention efforts must address the multiple factors influencing risk and vulnerability, and they must do so in ways tailored to particular settings. Clarity on the concepts, terminology and approaches that can allow structural HIV prevention efforts to achieve this is therefore essential to improve the (social) science of HIV prevention.
A descriptive analysis of perceptions of HIV risk and worry about acquiring HIV among FEM‐PrEP participants who seroconverted in Bondo, Kenya, and Pretoria, South Africa
Authors: Corneli Amy L , McKenna Kevin , Headley Jennifer , Ahmed Khatija , Odhiambo Jacob , Skhosana Joseph , Wang Meng , Agot Kawango ,   for the FEM‐PrEP Study Group
Published: September 2014

IntroductionRisk perception is a core construct in many behaviour change theories in public health. Individuals who believe they are at risk of acquiring an illness may be more likely to engage in behaviours to reduce that risk; those who do not feel at risk may be unlikely to engage in risk reduction behaviours. Among participants who seroconverted in two FEM‐PrEP sites – Bondo, Kenya, and Pretoria, South Africa – we explored perceived HIV risk and worry about acquiring HIV prior to HIV infection.MethodsFEM‐PrEP was a phase III clinical trial of once‐daily, oral emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV prevention among women in sub‐Saharan Africa. We asked all participants about their perceived HIV risk in the next four weeks, prior to HIV testing, during a quantitative face‐to‐face interview at enrolment and at quarterly follow‐up visits. Among participants who seroconverted, we calculated the frequencies of their responses from the visit conducted closest to, but before, HIV acquisition. Also among women who seroconverted, we conducted qualitative, semi‐structured interviews (SSIs) at weeks 1, 4 and 8 after participants’ HIV diagnosis visit to retrospectively explore feelings of HIV worry. Applied thematic analysis was used to analyse the SSI data.ResultsAmong participants who seroconverted in Bondo and Pretoria, 52% reported in the quantitative interview that they had no chance of acquiring HIV in the next four weeks. We identified four processes of risk rationalization from the SSI narratives. In “protective behaviour,” participants described at least one risk reduction behaviour they used to reduce their HIV risk; these actions made them feel not vulnerable to HIV, and therefore they did not worry about acquiring the virus. In “protective reasoning,” participants considered their HIV risk but rationalized, based on certain events or beliefs, that they were not vulnerable and therefore did not worry about getting HIV. In “recognition of vulnerability,” participants described reasons for being worried about getting HIV but said no or limited action was taken to reduce their perceived vulnerability. Participants with “no rationalization or action” did not describe any HIV worry or did not engage in HIV risk reduction behaviours.ConclusionsWomen who are at substantial risk of acquiring HIV may underestimate their actual risk. Yet, others who accurately understand their HIV risk may be unable to act on their concerns. Perceived HIV risk and risk rationalization are important concepts to explore in risk reduction counselling to increase the use of HIV prevention strategies among women at risk of HIV.
Moderating diets to feed the future
Authors: Davis Kyle F. , D'Odorico Paolo , Rulli Maria Cristina 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPopulation growth, dietary changes, and increasing biofuel use are placing unprecedented pressure on the global food system. While this demand likely cannot be met by expanding agricultural lands, much of the world's cropland can attain higher crop yields. Therefore, it is important to examine whether increasing crop productivity to the maximum attainable yield (i.e., yield gap closure) alone can substantially improve food security at global and national scales. Here we show that closing yield gaps through conventional technological development (i.e., fertilizers and irrigation) can potentially meet future global demand if diets are moderated and crop‐based biofuel production is limited. In particular, we find that increases in dietary demand will be largely to blame should crop production fall short of demand. In converting projected diets to a globally adequate diet (3000 kcal/cap/d; 20% animal kcal) under current agrofuel use, we find that 1.8–2.6 billion additional people can be fed in 2030 and 2.1–3.1 billion additional people in 2050, depending on the extent to which yields can improve in those periods. Therefore, the simple combination of yield gap closure and moderating diets offers promise for feeding the world's population but only if long‐term sustainability is the focus.
Remote sensing of fugitive methane emissions from oil and gas production in North American tight geologic formations
Authors: Schneising Oliver , Burrows John P. , Dickerson Russell R. , Buchwitz Michael , Reuter Maximilian , Bovensmann Heinrich 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn the past decade, there has been a massive growth in the horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing of shale gas and tight oil reservoirs to exploit formerly inaccessible or unprofitable energy resources in rock formations with low permeability. In North America, these unconventional domestic sources of natural gas and oil provide an opportunity to achieve energy self‐sufficiency and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions when displacing coal as a source of energy in power plants. However, fugitive methane emissions in the production process may counter the benefit over coal with respect to climate change and therefore need to be well quantified. Here we demonstrate that positive methane anomalies associated with the oil and gas industries can be detected from space and that corresponding regional emissions can be constrained using satellite observations. On the basis of a mass‐balance approach, we estimate that methane emissions for two of the fastest growing production regions in the United States, the Bakken and Eagle Ford formations, have increased by 990 ± 650 ktCH4 yr−1 and 530 ± 330 ktCH4 yr−1 between the periods 2006–2008 and 2009–2011. Relative to the respective increases in oil and gas production, these emission estimates correspond to leakages of 10.1% ± 7.3% and 9.1% ± 6.2% in terms of energy content, calling immediate climate benefit into question and indicating that current inventories likely underestimate the fugitive emissions from Bakken and Eagle Ford.
Microphysical, radiative, and dynamical impacts of thin cirrus clouds on humidity in the tropical tropopause layer and lower stratosphere
Authors: Dinh Tra , Fueglistaler Stephan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCloud‐resolving numerical simulations are carried out to study how in situ formed cirrus affect the humidity in the tropical tropopause layer and lower stratosphere. Cloud‐induced impacts on the specific humidity are evaluated separately in terms of (i) the dehydration efficiency and (ii) the increase in the saturation mixing ratio associated with cloud radiatively induced temperature adjustment. The numerical results show that the dehydration efficiency of cirrus clouds, which is measured by the domain average relative humidity, varies within 100 ± 15% in all model configurations (with/without heterogeneous ice nucleation and with/without cloud radiative heating and cloud dynamics). A larger impact on the specific humidity comes from temperature increase (of a few kelvins) induced by cloud heating. The latter is found to scale approximately linearly with the domain average ice mass. Resolving the cloud radiatively induced circulations approximately doubles the domain average ice mass and associated cloud‐induced temperature change.