bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A taxonomic re‐evaluation reveals that Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. cinnamomi var. parvispora are separate species
Authors: Scanu B. , Hunter G. C. , Linaldeddu B. T. , Franceschini A. , Maddau L. , Jung T. , Denman S. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryBetween 2008 and 2011, severe dieback associated with root and collar rot was reported on Arbutus unedo in several sites in Sardinia, Italy. Isolations from infected tissues and rhizosphere soil samples consistently yielded a Phytophthora species. It was initially identified as Phytophthora cinnamomi var. parvispora Kröber and Marwitz by comparing morphological features with the original description and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences with those present in GenBank. A multigene phylogeny based on DNA sequence data from two nuclear (ITS and β‐tubulin) and two mitochondrial (cox1 and cox2) gene regions combined with extensive morphological and physiological properties of these isolates, including the ex‐type culture of P. cinnamomi var. parvispora, demonstrates that this taxon is unique and it is redesignated here as Phytophthora parvispora sp. nov. Although morphologically similar to P. cinnamomi, P. parvispora differs by its smaller‐sized sporangia, chlamydospores, oogonia and oospores, higher oospore wall index, single‐celled antheridia, higher minimum and maximum temperatures for growth and faster growth at optimum temperature. In the phylogeny, P. parvispora falls within Phytophthora ITS clade 7a, grouped in a well‐supported clade sister to P. cinnamomi. In pathogenicity tests, P. parvispora and P. cinnamomi were equally aggressive towards A. unedo seedlings. The possible geographic origin of P. parvispora is also discussed.
Interactions between biochar stability and soil organisms: review and research needs
Authors: Ameloot N. , Graber E. R. , Verheijen F. G. A. , De Neve S. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe stability of biochar in soils is the cornerstone of the burgeoning worldwide interest in the potential of the pyrolysis/biochar platform for carbon (C) sequestration. While biochar is more recalcitrant in soil than the original organic feedstock, an increasing number of studies report greater C‐mineralization in soils amended with biochar than in unamended soils. Soil organisms are believed to play a central role in this process. In this review, the variety of interactions that occur between soil micro‐, meso‐ and macroorganisms and biochar stability are assessed. In addition, different factors reported to influence biochar stability, such as biochar physico‐chemical characteristics, soil type, soil organic carbon (SOC) content and agricultural management practices are evaluated. A meta‐analysis of data in the literature revealed that biochar‐C mineralization rates decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, biochar‐C content and time. Enhanced release of CO2 after biochar addition to soil may result from (i) priming of native SOC pools, (ii) biodegradation of biochar components from direct or indirect stimulation of soil organisms by biochar or (iii) abiotic release of biochar‐C (from carbonates or chemi‐sorbed CO2). Observed biphasic mineralization rates suggest rapid mineralization of labile biochar compounds by microorganisms, with stable aromatic components decomposed at a slower rate. Comparatively little information is available on the impact of soil fauna on biochar stability in soil, although they may decrease biochar particle size and enhance its dispersion in the soil. Elucidating the impacts of soil fauna directly and indirectly on biochar stability is a top research priority.
High‐dose rapamycin blocks mossy fiber sprouting but not seizures in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Heng Kathleen , Haney Megan M. , Buckmaster Paul S. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryPurposeThe role of granule cell axon (mossy fiber) sprouting in temporal lobe epileptogenesis is unclear and controversial. Rapamycin suppresses mossy fiber sprouting, but its reported effects on seizure frequency are mixed. The present study used high‐dose rapamycin to more completely block mossy fiber sprouting and to measure the effect on seizure frequency.MethodsMice were treated with pilocarpine to induce status epilepticus. Beginning 24 h later and continuing for 2 months, vehicle or rapamycin (10 mg/kg/day) was administered. Starting 1 month after status epilepticus, mice were monitored by video 9 h per day, every day, for 1 month to measure the frequency of spontaneous motor seizures. At the end of seizure monitoring, a subset of mice was prepared for anatomic analysis. Mossy fiber sprouting was measured as the proportion of the granule cell layer and molecular layer that displayed black labeling in Timm‐stained sections.Key FindingsExtensive mossy fiber sprouting developed in mice that experienced status epilepticus and were treated with vehicle. In rapamycin‐treated mice, mossy fiber sprouting was blocked almost to the level of naive controls. Seizure frequency was similar in vehicle‐treated and rapamycin‐treated mice.SignificanceThese findings suggest that mossy fiber sprouting is not necessary for epileptogenesis in the mouse pilocarpine model. They also reveal that rapamycin does not have antiseizure or antiepileptogenic effects in this model.
Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype is defined by Ca2+‐dependent transcription factors
Authors: Kudryavtseva Olga , Aalkjær Christian , Matchkov Vladimir V. 
Published: July 2013

Ca2+ is an important second messenger in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Therefore, VSMCs exercise tight control of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by expressing a wide repertoire of Ca2+ channels and transporters. The presence of several pathways for Ca2+ influx and efflux provides many possibilities for controlling [Ca2+]i in a spatial and temporal manner. Intracellular Ca2+ has a dual role in VSMCs; first, it is necessary for VSMC contraction; and, second, it can activate multiple transcription factors. These factors are cAMP response element‐binding protein, nuclear factor of activated T lymphocytes, and serum response factor. Furthermore, it was recently reported that the C‐terminus of voltage‐dependent L‐type Ca2+ calcium channels can regulate transcription in VSMCs. Transcription regulation in VSMCs modulates the expression patterns of genes, including genes coding for contractile and cytoskeleton proteins, and those promoting proliferation and cell growth. Depending on their gene expression, VSMCs can exist in different functional states or phenotypes. The majority of healthy VSMCs show a contractile phenotype, characterized by high contractile ability and a low proliferative rate. However, VSMCs can undergo phenotypic modulation with different physiological and pathological stimuli, whereby they start to proliferate, migrate, and synthesize excessive extracellular matrix. These events are associated with injury repair and angiogenesis, but also with the development of cardiovascular pathologies, such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. This review discusses the currently known Ca2+‐dependent transcription factors in VSMCs, their regulation by Ca2+ signalling, and their role in the VSMC phenotype.
Fatigue crack growth testing at negative stress ratios: discussion on the comparability of testing results
Authors: Benz C. , Sander M. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTIt is an accepted fact in fatigue community that compressive loads contribute to fatigue crack growth. Evidences range from fatigue crack growth under fully compressive loads to effects of compressive underloads to negative stress ratio loading. Because the crack closes under compression and the crack flanks transmit compressive stresses, the loading situation is completely different to those of tensile loading. The present paper addresses the comparability of crack growth testing procedures at negative stress ratios. It reveals that compressive loading at the crack tip differs in different specimens for an equal maximum stress intensity factor Kmax and negative stress ratio R. Furthermore, the crack length can significantly influence the loading conditions at the crack tip for tension–compression loading. Depending on the specimen type and crack length, a negative force ratio may lead to a change of algebraic sign of the stresses at the crack tip or not. As a consequence, the comparability of available literature results for R ≤ 0 tests is not ensured. Proposals to improve the comparability of tension–compression crack growth testing will be given.
Staged spawning migration in Icelandic capelin (Mallotus villosus): effects of temperature, stock size and maturity
Authors: Olafsdottir Anna H. , Rose George A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCapelin (Mallotus villosus) is the largest commercial fish stock in Icelandic waters and also an important forage fish. Every winter pre‐spawning capelin migrate 500–1000 km from their offshore (>200 m bottom depth) northern feeding areas (67–71°N) to inshore (<200 m bottom depth) southern spawning areas (63–65°N). The major migration route is east of Iceland. The route consists of both offshore and inshore phases. The migration begins offshore as capelin skirt the shelf edge north of 65°N, then abruptly veer inshore between latitudes 64° and 65°N. Hydro‐acoustic data from 1992–2007 demonstrated that the timing of the offshore phase migration varied by as much as 1 month, from 22 December to 21 January. A combination of larger spawning stock and colder feeding ground temperatures (August–December) resulted in earlier offshore migration. The timing of the inshore migration phase was not dependent on the offshore migration timing, and never began prior to the first week of February. Many cohorts arrived at latitudes 64–65°N in early January but staged offshore at latitudes 63.8–65.8°N until early February. The longest observed delay in the staging area was 5 weeks. Timing of the inshore migration was controlled by gonad maturity, with migration beginning when roe content attained 12–14%. Staging limited the time capelin spent on the continental shelf before spawning to 3 weeks. We suggest that offshore staging evolved to minimize temporal overlap with predatory gadoids, especially Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).
Impact of sea level rise on the 10 insular biodiversity hotspots
Authors: Bellard Céline , Leclerc Camille , Courchamp Franck 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimDespite considerable attention to climate change, no global assessment of the consequences of sea level rise is available for insular ecosystems. Yet, over 180,000 islands world‐wide contain 20% of the world's biodiversity. We investigated the consequences of sea level rise for the 10 insular biodiversity hotspots world‐wide and their endemic species. This assessment is crucial to identify areas with the highest risk of inundation and the number of endemic species at risk of potential extinction.LocationTen insular biodiversity hotspots including the Caribbean islands, the Japanese islands, the Philippines, the East Melanesian islands, Polynesia‐Micronesia, Sundaland, Wallacea, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands (i.e. 4447 islands).MethodsWe investigated four scenarios of projected sea level rise (1, 2, 3 and 6 m) on these islands. For each scenario, we assessed the number of islands that would be entirely and partially submerged by overlying precise digital elevation model and island data. We estimated the number of endemic species for each taxon (i.e. plants, birds, reptiles, mammals, amphibians and fishes) potentially affected by insular habitat submersion using the endemic–area relationship.ResultsBetween 6 and 19% of the 4447 islands would be entirely submerged under considered scenarios (1–6 m of sea level rise). Three hotspots displayed the most significant loss of insular habitat: the Caribbean islands, the Philippines and Sundaland, representing a potential threat for 300 endemic species.Main conclusionsWith the current estimates of global sea level rise of at least 1 m by 2100, large parts of ecosystems of low‐lying islands are at high risk of becoming submerged, leading to significant habitat loss world‐wide. Therefore, the threat posed by sea level rise requires specific policies that prioritize insular biota on islands at risk as a result of near future sea level rise.
Life Satisfaction and Longevity: Longitudinal Evidence from the German Socio-Economic Panel
Authors: Guven Cahit , Saloumidis Rudy 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
We investigate the relationship between life satisfaction and mortality using the German Socio-Economic Panel, which allows us to follow around 15,000 people for more than two decades. Seventeen per cent of the respondents surveyed in 1984 died between 1984 and 2007. After controlling for initial health conditions, we find that people’s life satisfaction at the beginning of the survey is deeply linked to their life expectancy: a ten per cent increase in life satisfaction is connected to a four per cent decline in the probability of death in the period studied. The relationship between life satisfaction and mortality is stronger for the married and the men but life satisfaction does not matter for the women. We find some suggestive evidence that links between life satisfaction and mortality could be operating via accidents and mental health. Finally, we show that the life satisfaction measured in 1984 extends to the rest of life: people who were happier in 1984 more frequently experienced high levels of happiness in the rest of their lives. These results suggest that life satisfaction is a powerful risk-factor for later mortality and is more predictive of mortality than a host of other variables.
Biomarkers Associated With Migraine and Their Potential Role in Migraine Management
Authors: Durham Paul , Papapetropoulos Spyros 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveThe focus of this review is to review potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers associated with migraine.BackgroundMigraine headache is a common disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Although well‐accepted diagnostic criteria exist for migraine, it is still a complex disorder that remains both underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed. The causes of migraine are likely a mix of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that, together with the individual's life history, translate into the observed clinical heterogeneity. Inherent clinical heterogeneity is an obstacle in developing more effective treatments. The lack of appropriate biomarkers is also an impediment to developing more effective therapeutic/preventive approaches. Ultimately, biomarkers may facilitate the goal of individualized medicine by enabling clinicians to more accurately diagnose and treat migraine and other types of headache.MethodsA comprehensive review was conducted of PubMed citations containing the key word “marker” OR “biomarker” combined with “migraine” OR “headache.” Other key words included “serum,” “saliva,” “cerebrospinal fluid,” “genes,” “blood,” and “inflammation.” The only restriction was English‐language publication. The abstracts of all articles meeting these criteria were reviewed, and full text was retrieved and examined for relevant references.ResultsData from human studies have begun to identify genetic mutations/polymorphisms and altered levels of specific proinflammatory and neuromodulatory molecules that strongly correlate with migraine as well as symptom severity. Results from a smaller number of studies have identified parameters, such as the neuropeptide calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), which are significantly associated with response to specific treatments for acute migraine attacks and prophylaxis. Epigenetic mechanisms may also be involved in the development of migraine, and understanding environmentally induced genetic changes associated with this disease may eventually guide the development of therapies capable of reversing these pathophysiological changes in gene function.ConclusionsThe understanding of the etiology of migraine is incomplete. Although the identification and validation of biomarkers has greatly advanced diagnostic precision and measures of therapeutic efficacy in other diseases, there are no currently accepted biomarkers for chronic or episodic migraine. However, the continued investigation and identification of genetic, epigenetic, and molecular biomarkers is likely to facilitate the goal of individualizing medicine by enabling clinicians to more accurately diagnose and treat migraine and other headache disorders.
What is the cause of palate lesions? A case report
Authors: Oliveira SC , Slot DE , Van der Weijden GA 
Published: July 2013

AbstractObjectivesTrauma to the oral tissues can be caused by fellatio. Few cases are reported in the literature.MethodsA case of oral palate lesions is presented and discussed.ResultsThe patient developed a large band of petechial haemorrhage extending across the soft palate following the practice of fellatio. The diagnosis was made through an interview with the patient, which disclosed a probable case for fellatio as the cause of the palatal spots. At the follow‐up visit 14 days later, the lesions disappeared.ConclusionsOral sex activity has increased over the last decades. The dental care professional should be aware that lesions of the palate may result from sexual behaviour. With this possibility in mind, those working in the area of head and neck medicine should consider fellatio as an addition to the differential aetiology of intraoral petechiae.
Is the reciprocating movement per se able to improve the cyclic fatigue resistance of instruments?
Authors: Kiefner P. , Ban M. , De‐Deus G. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimTo compare cyclic fatigue resistance of two geometrically similar nickel–titanium instruments, used in conditions similar to clinical use in reciprocating and continuous rotary motion.MethodologyFour groups of eighteen instruments each, Reciproc® files sizes ISO 25 and 40 (R25 and R40) and Mtwo® files sizes ISO 25 and 40 (M25 and M40), were tested in reciprocating and continuous rotary motion, employing a novel experiment device. An artificial root canal (diameter, 1.4 mm; angle of curvature, 60 °; and curvature radius, 5 mm) was milled into a stainless steel block. To simulate clinical conditions, instead of rotating the file in static position, the set‐up was designed to produce a continuous up‐and‐down pecking motion along the vertical axis of the instrument. Time to fracture (TTF) and push–pull cycles (PPC) were recorded, the number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was determined, and fractured instrument surfaces were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM).ResultsMean time to fracture was 34.44 ± 8.58 min for R25 in reciprocation motion, 35.77 ± 4.82 min for R40 in reciprocation motion, 12.15 ± 1.74 min for M25 in continuous rotary motion and 13.27 ± 2.02 min for M40 in continuous rotary motion, whereas 28.52 ± 3.27 min for R25 in continuous rotary motion, 23.87 ± 1.52 min for R40 in continuous rotary motion, 31.07 ± 1.79 min for M25 in reciprocation motion and 31.08 ± 3.26 min for M40 in reciprocation motion. There was a significant difference (P < 0.0001) for the cyclic fatigue resistance between the reciprocation motion and the continuous rotary motion groups. Reciproc® files in reciprocating movement had a significantly higher NCF than Mtwo® files, when used in continuous rotation. The highest resistance to failure was shown by Reciproc® files in reciprocation movement, followed by Mtwo® files in reciprocation and Reciproc® files in continuous motion. Mtwo® files in continuous rotary movement had the least resistance. SEM analysis of the fracture surface confirmed typical features of cyclic fatigue failure.ConclusionReciprocating movement increased the cyclic fatigue resistance of NiTi instruments.
Impact of remaining zinc oxide‐eugenol–based sealer on the bond strength of a resinous sealer to dentine after root canal retreatment
Authors: Rached‐Junior F. J. A. , Sousa‐Neto M. D. , Souza‐Gabriel A. E. , Duarte M. A. H. , Silva‐Sousa Y. T. C. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimTo evaluate the bond strength of a resin‐based sealer (AH Plus) to root canal dentine after the removal of a zinc oxide‐eugenol–based sealer (Endofill), using different retreatment techniques.MethodologyThe root canals of sixty‐four maxillary incisors were prepared with ProTaper and filled with Endofill/gutta‐percha. After thermocycling, the roots were randomly assigned according to the retreatment technique (n = 16): (A) ProTaper, (B) ProTaper/xylol, (C) ultrasound and (D) ultrasound/xylol and according to whether an operating microscope (OM) was used or not (n = 8): GI‐ direct vision (DV) and GII‐ indirect through the OM. Eight additional roots were instrumented and filled with AH Plus/gutta‐percha (control). Roots were sectioned to obtain 1‐mm‐thick slices. Slices were used in the push‐out test and in confocal microscopy. Data were submitted to anova and Tukey test (α = 0.05).ResultsThe specimens filled under the OM (2.50 ± 0.90) had higher bond strength values of sealer to root canal walls (P < 0.05). The control group had superior mean adhesion values (4.75 ± 1.47) that were significantly different from the others (P < 0.05). Ultrasound/xylol (2.53 ± 1.00) was superior to ultrasound (2.23 ± 0.72) (P < 0.05), ProTaper (2.20 ± 0.69), ProTaper/Xylol (2.12 ± 0.65), which were similar (P > 0.05). Bond strength was different in all thirds (P < 0.05) and decreased in the following sequence: cervical (3.19 ± 1.18), middle (2.58 ± 1.21) and apical (1.87 ± 0.68). Confocal analysis revealed residues of Endofill in dentinal tubules when the removal protocol was carried out with ProTaper, but not from ultrasound combined with xylol.ConclusionsThe OM was associated with higher bond strength values for filling material to root canals. The zinc oxide‐eugenol–based sealer negatively affected the bond strength of AH Plus to root canal walls, regardless of the retreatment technique.
Efficacy of different chemicals on shelf life extension of parsley stored at two temperatures
Authors: Ouzounidou Georgia , Papadopoulou Kalliope K. , Asfi Maria , Mirtziou Ioanna , Gaitis Fragiskos 
Published: July 2013

SummaryFour different chemical treatments,GA3, 1‐MCP, essential oils and nano‐Cu, were applied immediately after harvest toPetroselinum crispum(Mill) plants. The efficacy of the above chemicals on shelf life extension of parsley stored at 5 °C and 20 °C was determined by analysing physiological and biochemical factors that determine quality standards of storage fresh parsley. Nonsprayed parsley revealed the highest loss of weight, ascorbic acid, pigments and an enhancement ofCO2production and lipid peroxidation at 5 °C and 20 °C of storage. Nano‐Cu was more effective for delaying weight loss and revealed a better storage capacity.GA3, 1‐MCPand essential oils sprays were more effective in ascorbic acid retention at 20 °C than at 5 °C, whereas all substances protect samples from lipid peroxidation. Essential oils were more clearly inhibitory towards both total viable counts and yeast infection. Our results suggest thatGA3, 1‐MCP, essential oils andNano‐Cu exert their function through different mechanisms during ripening and could provide an effective and complementary means for maintaining high‐quality parsley leaves after harvest.