bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competing cues in early syntactic development
Authors: Krajewski Grzegorz , Lieven Elena 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this chapter, a number of studies exploring young children's development of grammar within the Competition Model framework (Bates and MacWhinney 1989) are reviewed. It focuses on studies investigating children's ability to comprehend a simple transitive sentence, i.e., their ability to identify its subject and object, and in particular on the role that word order and case marking play in this process in different languages. The results suggest that children can initially process sentences which follow a prototypical pattern of their language and as such provide a number of redundant cues, and that the process of pulling apart individual cues is slow and gradual. The ability to use cues productively with novel items is more delayed and sentences with competing cues remain particularly difficult for a long time. The implications those results have for our understanding of early grammatical development are discussed.
Sentence grammar vs. thetical grammar: Two competing domains?
Authors: Kaltenböck Gunther , Heine Bernd 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe main goal of this chapter is to argue that linguistic discourse organization operates on two different planes, involving two different domains, namely Sentence Grammar and Thetical Grammar. Each of the two domains has its own internal organization, and the two tend to be separated from one another syntactically, prosodically, and semantically. Building on recent research on parenthetical structures, the chapter aims on the one hand to define the main characteristics of the two domains; on the other hand, it looks into the question of how the two compete in the construction of utterances.
Policy Processes and Food Price Crises
Authors: Chandra Babu Suresh 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
During the recent food crisis, developing countries responded with a wide variety of policy responses to protect their population. Understanding the policy-making process in developing countries is important to know how why such policy responses are made. In this chapter a framework is developed for analysing the policy process in developing countries and it is applied to study the food policy process during the food price crisis in selected countries. A synthesis of policy process analysis in 14 developing countries indicate that policy responses may differ depending on the nature and magnitude of roles actors in the policy process. Political institutions and organizational infrastructure for policy consultations, strategic analysis, knowledge management and monitoring, and timely warning of food crisis and its impact can determine the policy process and its outcomes. Several lessons for improving the policy process are derived from the country studies.
The Political Economy of Food Price Policy in Bangladesh
Authors: Raihan Selim 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Global food price hikes during 2007–8 resulted in a sharp rise in staple food prices in Bangladesh. Poor and marginalized households were particularly vulnerable to such an adverse situation as their real purchasing power eroded. Studies indicated that the adverse effects of the food price hike in Bangladesh were primarily manifested by the significant rise in the number of households falling below the poverty line income. At the political front, Bangladesh was run by an unelected and undemocratic ‘civil’ caretaker government backed by the military. The caretaker government remained in power until the end of 2008 and undertook several steps to contain price hikes. These measures included cuts in tariffs and taxes, increase in the allocation for subsidies, widening the scope and coverage of the social safety net programmes, public procurement, and distribution programmes, etc. Some of these policies and programmes were effective and some were not.
The Political Economy of Food Price Policy in India
Authors: Ganguly Kavery , Gulati Ashok 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
India did not experience food price spikes during 2007–8 when global prices erupted, partly due to a ban on exports of wheat and common rice. The fiscal stimulus in 2009 to avert economic recession, coupled with one of the worst droughts, led to rising food prices. The nature of food price inflation, however, changed from being cereals-led to high-value products (fruits and vegetables, and protein foods). While food inflation invited severe political protests, the situation did not escalate to any riots or violence. Government has been trying hard to cool down food prices by reining-in fiscal deficit, tightening monetary policy, releasing more grains from public stocks, and distributing subsidized grains through the public distribution system to targeted population. Yet it has not quite succeeded in containing a high level of food inflation, causing concern given the large number of people below the poverty line in India.
The Political Economy of Food Price Policy in China
Authors: Huang Jikun , Yang Jun , Rozelle Scott 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The overall goal of this chapter is to analyse the political economy of food price policies in China during the global food crisis. The results show that given China’s unique economic and political context and the nature of its agricultural markets, the government’s reaction to the crisis was swift and decisive. Responses, which considered the interests of the relevant stakeholders, included both short-term counter-measures that covered a wide range of domestic and border policies as well as long-term policy changes on biofuels and agricultural investment. This, in conjunction with the country’s political system, meant that the decision-making process encountered no problems and that the impacts of policy responses by the government achieved the envisaged objectives.
The Political Economy of Food Price Policy in South Africa
Authors: Kirsten Johann F. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter analyses the food price trends in South Africa during two periods of rapid food price inflation that occurred in the decade 2000–10 and unpacks the political reaction and policy responses to the food price crises. Based on a number of sources, the authors conclude that agricultural and food policy in South Africa remained largely unchanged with no controls or regulations introduced. The country has a substantive social welfare programme which has provided an important safety net during periods of high food prices. The South African government nevertheless implemented a set of ‘second class’ interventions that mostly target the poorer section of the population in an attempt to mitigate the negative effects of price changes and include elements such as food parcels, agricultural starter packs, and vegetable gardens.
US Policy Contributions to Agricultural Commodity Price Fluctuations, 2006–12
Authors: Rausser Gordon C. , de Gorter Harry 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Since 2006, global prices and price volatility for foodgrain commodities have spiked frequently and dramatically, with heaviest economic and social impact on developing nations where agriculture accounts for a sizable portion of economic activity. The chapter demonstrates how US public policies have contributed to these spikes. We first assess the impacts of US agricultural and macroeconomic policies on basic food commodity markets and their spillover effects on world markets prior to 2006. It then focuses on new causal mechanisms that have emerged since 2006, sourced with energy and environmental policies. The chapter also analyses the political economy of US biofuel policies, the changing US political landscape. The chapter demonstrates that the ‘iron triangle’ that once influenced governmental intervention in programme commodity markets has expanded into an ‘iron maze’ of environmental, energy, and agricultural organized interest groups.
Political Factors in the Growth of Social Assistance
Authors: Barrientos Armando , Pellissery Sony 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the significance of political factors in the rise of social assistance programmes in developing countries in the last decade. It finds this is a two-way process. Politics is crucial to the adoption, design, and implementation of social assistance programmes. They also have a feedback effect on local and national politics. The chapter develops a framework for distinguishing the different dimensions of influence. It applies this framework to study the development of social assistance in India, Brazil, and South Africa. It employs a comparative perspective to identify key approaches, findings, and knowledge gaps in the politics of social assistance.
The Gendered Politics of Securing Inclusive Development
Authors: Nazneen Sohela , Mahmud Simeen 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Political settlement frameworks are gender blind. This chapter interrogates this assertion by analysing selected country case studies of the gendered nature of political processes and identifying what contextual and structural factors promote gender-inclusive development policies and outcomes. These factors include: elite support for a gender equity agenda; ability of the women’s movement to contain oppositional elite or non-elite groups; transnational discourse and actors creating space for the gender equity agenda; presence of male allies and ‘femocrats’ within the state apparatus; and policy coalitions exerting pressure on the state. The political opportunity structure and the history of how women’s political entitlement was established influence the dynamics between these factors. The chapter concludes that a political settlement framework benefits from using a gender lens to allow for exploration of the role played by (gendered) ideas, (gender) ideology, informal relations, policy coalitions, and bottom-up strategies in how settlements are reached and sustained.
Transition and the end of empire
Authors: Darwin John 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In this schematic of European decolonization, Darwin outlines four key questions of transition that elicit modern parallels: from what?; through what?; how?; and to what? In terms of legacies, Darwin shows that legal, ideological, and cultural legitimacy underpinned imperialism, but it was a system founded on particular European geo-politics and a willingness to tolerate the burdens it conferred. Change came with the economic transformation of war, particularly the Second World War, and attempts to hang on to empire, which required a renewed injection of effort, were only briefly sustainable. Transition to new partnerships proved largely illusory, and conflicts were more prevalent, but the consequences of decolonization seem far from being concluded yet.
‘A graveyard for the British’? Tactics, military operations, and the paucity of strategy in Aden, 1964–1967
Authors: Edwards Aaron 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The killing of 22 British soldiers in two ambushes on 20 June 1967 in Aden, Britain’s only Middle Eastern colony, threw the withdrawal from Empire into sharp relief. Between 1964 and 1967 the British had been following a deliberate policy of preparing the Arabs of South Arabia for eventual independence, a process which was accelerated following the announcement by a British Labour Defence Secretary in 1966 that Britain would be leaving by 1968. The results were catastrophic. The NLF, the principal armed opponent to the British-backed Federal Government, were buoyed by the announcement and increased the tempo of their sophisticated campaign of terror in both the rural hinterland and inner urban area of Aden. The upsurge in violence drove the British to take even more coercive measures to curtail the chaos. In the end Arabization failed, culminating in the mutiny of Arab Federal forces and the deaths of British troops.
The Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
Authors: Braithwaite Rodric 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 to stabilize a strategically important country on their southern border. They planned to train up the Afghan army and police, reorganize Afghanistan’s political and economic system on ‘socialist’ lines, and withdraw quickly. Instead they were bogged down in a war which they could not win, even though they could not be defeated. After nine years they negotiated an orderly withdrawal. But their main political objectives remained unachieved. The objectives of the American-led invasion of 2001 were similar (substituting ‘democracy’ for ‘socialism’). It looks as if the results will not be much better. Afghanistan’s problems require political, not military solutions, which the Afghans will have to find for themselves.
Transitions and hybrid political orders
Authors: Mac Ginty Roger 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis chapter investigates the possibilities offered by the concept of hybridity for understanding contemporary peace-support and stabilization interventions. Hybridity allows us to move away from the static categories and binaries that often shape the study of international intervention. In particular, the concept helps us to see local agency and bottom-up processes, and thus see international intervention not simply as something that is ‘done to’ local communities. Drawing on a conceptual model of hybrid political orders, the chapter reassesses the unrealistic categories of ‘success’ and ‘failure’ that are often used by intervening states and international organizations to judge their peace-support interventions and programmes.
Delivering and conceptualizing transition
Authors: Rundell Peter 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Transition forced the Helmand Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) to refocus on gains that could be sustained, to prevent the instability that would come from disappointed expectations or Helmandis’ experience of deterioration. It identified areas of success—notably in sub-national governance—as well as areas where pressure to deliver had swiftly built up Government infrastructure beyond what could be maintained. Recognizing that only authorities seen as legitimate would survive transition, the PRT shifted its ways of working to fit within Afghan Government channels. Drawing lessons from its own experience as well as the literature, it identified ‘Seven Deadly Sins’ of stabilization practice, encapsulated in a Guidance for Transition note.
‘Gripping and Touching’ the Afghan National Security Forces
Authors: Lewis Oliver , Britton Andrew 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses the British experience in Helmand Province of the October 2011 shift in the ISAF campaign in Afghanistan from direct counter-insurgency to ‘security force assistance’. The authors were members of the task force headquarters and use this personal experience alongside the campaign documentation to make theoretical interventions about military reflexivity and catharsis. The authors discuss the receipt of irregular forms of knowledge into military institutions with ambiguous and interconnected chains of command. The chapter proposes that recent military doctrinal interventions in Afghanistan are a cathartic act of self-recognition of past failures rather than purely a prescription for the conduct of operations.
The Development of Old English
Authors: Ringe Don , Taylor Ann 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis volume traces the development of English phonology and morphology from Proto-Germanic to Old English of about the year 900 and describes Old English syntax in a modern framework from a historical perspective. An introduction describing the linguistic state of early Old English in general terms is followed by two chapters detailing the changes that can be shown to have occurred from Proto-Germanic to Proto-Northwest Germanic and from the latter to Proto-West Germanic. The fourth chapter is a grammatical sketch of Proto-West Germanic. There follows a chapter on developments that occurred in the northern part of the West Germanic speech area. Chapter 6 describes the phonological changes that occurred in the separate development of Old English, with special attention to the recoverable relative chronology of the changes; Chapter 7 does the same for morphological changes. Finally, Chapter 8 is a comprehensive description of Old English syntax in a modern theoretical framework, with notes on changes that occurred during the attested Old English period and on what little can be recovered of the syntactic prehistory of the language. The discussion throughout is technical; it is meant to be accessible especially to linguists who do not specialize in Old English nor in historical linguistics, but it will also be of use to students who already have some background in linguistics.
The development and diversification of Northwest Germanic
Authors: Ringe Don , Taylor Ann 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis chapter sketches the development from Proto-Germanic to Proto-Northwest Germanic and discusses some subsequent changes that were widely shared among Northwest Germanic dialects. In addition to discussions of sound changes narrowly datable to Proto-Northwest Germanic and those partially shared with Gothic, and a discussion of Proto-Northwest Germanic morphological innovations, the chapter treats a number of important innovations that are widespread but not uniform in North and West Germanic, at least some of which probably spread through a diversifying dialect continuum.
The northern West Germanic dialects
Authors: Ringe Don , Taylor Ann 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis chapter outlines several changes which occurred in the northern West Germanic (or "Ingvaeonic") dialects and are each common to some subset of Old Saxon, Old Frisian, and one or more Old English dialects. These include several important regular sound changes affecting low vowels and the system of unstressed vowels, as well as a major syncretism in verb inflection and the remodelling of class II and class III weak presents and of n-stem nouns. A few minor changes and lexical innovations are also noted.
Old English syntax
Authors: Ringe Don , Taylor Ann 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis chapter is a comprehensive description of the syntax of Old English, with some notes on its probable prehistory, in the generative tradition but largely on a descriptive level. Topics covered include clausal syntax, negation, and processes of rightward and leftward movement; headedness of the verb phrase; periphrastic and impersonal constructions; nominal phrases; and nonfinite and finite subordinate clauses. Reference is made throughout to previous work in the field, not only work in the generative tradition, but also recent and earlier work in other frameworks, including Mitchell's massive pretheoretical volumes on Old English syntax.
The question and the approach
Authors: Gibson David J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe essence of this chapter is to emphasize the importance of careful advanced planning in all plant population ecology research. The stage is set through presentation of a Q & A on ‘Some things you might panic about, but shouldn't’. Ways of addressing questions in plant population ecology are introduced based upon the philosophy of science and application of the hypothetic-deductive and hierarchy of hypotheses approaches. The importance of identifying dependent (response) and independent (explanatory) variables is emphasized along with a categorization and definitions of useful measurable and derived variables. Finally, the importance of collecting preliminary data and conducting pilot studies is discussed and reinforced.
Introduction: All “Mormon Elder-Berry’s” Children
Authors: Reeve W. Paul 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter situates the Mormon racial story in a moment of transition at the beginning of the twentieth century. It uses a political cartoon from Life magazine to frame the entire book. It situates the argument within racial and whiteness studies contexts and a fluid and illogical nineteenth-century American racial context. It uses the children in Mormon Elder Berry’s imagined family to frame the book. It argues that race is both something ascribed from the outside and aspired to from within. In the Mormon example, negative media representations, such as the cartoon in Life, kept the Mormons mired in a racialized past even as they struggled to reframe themselves as “white.”
“The New Race”
Authors: Reeve W. Paul 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers the ways in which Mormons were racialized as less than white and defined as a “new race.” It traces the steps in that process, with examples of labels like “Mormonite” or “Mormon” and “Mormon race” with an accumulating set of group characteristics. The Mormon body was defined as physically different by the 1860s, even though outsiders could not agree what this body looked like. Degraded Mormon male, female, and child bodies also emerged from the same context. Polygamy, in the minds of outsiders, was not merely destroying the American family; it was also destroying the white race. It represented racial decline into barbarism and savagery.
Red, White, and Mormon
Authors: Reeve W. Paul 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers Mormon theological views of Indians and their initial missionary efforts toward Native Americans. It then traces the three key ways in which Mormons were conflated with Indians up through 1847. They were accused of conspiring with Indians, marrying among Indians, and becoming Indians. This chapter also examines the origins of the phrase “nits make lice” and how the thinking behind it was passed down from generation to generation and finally used to justify slaughter of the Mormon “other.” Some of the same race-based slander used in justifying Indian removal and extermination was also used to justify tainting Mormons with the mark of “redness.”
Black, White, and Mormon: Black and White Slavery
Authors: Reeve W. Paul 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers the beginning of a race-based priesthood restriction within Mormonism and Brigham Young’s justifications. It offers the most thorough deconstruction to date of Young’s rationale and its impact upon a Mormon racial theology. It focuses on the 1852 territorial legislative session in which Mormon leaders decided what laws should govern enslaved blacks brought to the territory by their Mormon masters from the South. It traces the “servant code” that the legislature produces and explores its impact upon Mormon ideas concerning race mixing. It uses newly uncovered speeches from the legislative session to more fully contextualize and explain the evolving theology of race within Mormonism. It also considers the ways in which outsiders described polygamy as a version of white slavery irrespective of the black “servitude” Mormons legalized in 1852.
Black, White, and Mormon: “One Drop”
Authors: Reeve W. Paul 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers the evolution of the raced-based priesthood ban within Mormonism and the beginning of a raced-based temple restriction. It traces those internal policies to their culmination in the early twentieth century. It follows the story of Elijah Abel, a black priesthood holder, and his effort to secure temple privileges for himself; it was a cause also picked up by another black Mormon, Jane Manning James. It situates these policies within the context of post–Civil War segregation nationally and the use of “one drop” rules to reinforce that segregation in America, and Mormonism’s corresponding effort to do the same.