bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrate Leaching under Grassland as Affected by Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization and Cattle Urine
Authors: Decau M. L. , Simon J. C. , Jacquet A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTAn experiment was performed to better understand to what extent nitrogen fertilization rate and date and amount of urine deposition, when acting in combination, influence nitrate leaching under grassland. Leaching was studied during two successive winters using 2‐m2 grassed lysimeters under three levels of N fertilization (0, 150, and 300 kg N ha−1 yr−1, referred to as 0N, 150N, and 300N, respectively), two levels of 15N‐labeled urine (105 and 165 kg N ha−1, referred to as A2 and A3, respectively), and three dates of urine application (spring, summer, and fall). During the first winter, total N leaching losses varied between 2 and 50 kg N ha−1 When tested in combination, N applied as urine to grassland resulted in three times the total N loss by leaching that occurred following N fertilization in the first winter (4.3, 20.8, 34.9, 14.2, 17.1, and 28.7 kg NO−3–N ha−1 for no urine, A2, A3, 0N, 150N, and 300N, respectively). Leaching of 15N urine significantly depended on the date of application: 6.6, 17.3, and 29.1 kg for spring, summer, and fall, respectively. A similar pattern was observed for the contribution of 15N urine to total N leaching with 4.3, 12.9, and 21.4%. However, urine application, both in terms of amount and date, showed very little long‐term effect on these N losses in Year 2. In our conditions of low winter rainfall and drainage, grazing management (through season, urinary N amounts, and urine N concentration) resulted in a higher impact on water nitrate quality than moderate N fertilization management.
Longevity of Acid Discharges from Underground Mines Located above the Regional Water Table
Authors: Demchak J. , Skousen J. , McDonald L. M. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe duration of acid mine drainage flowing out of underground mines is important in the design of watershed restoration and abandoned mine land reclamation projects. Past studies have reported that acid water flows from underground mines for hundreds of years with little change, while others state that poor drainage quality may last only 20 to 40 years. More than 150 above‐drainage (those not flooded after abandonment) underground mine discharges from Pittsburgh and Upper Freeport coal seams were located and sampled during 1968 in northern West Virginia, and we revisited 44 of those sites in 1999–2000 and measured water flow, pH, acidity, Fe, sulfate, and conductivity. We found no significant difference in flows between 1968 and 1999–2000. Therefore, we felt the water quality data could be compared and the data represented real changes in pollutant concentrations. There were significant water quality differences between year and coal seam, but no effect of disturbance. While pH was not significantly improved, average total acidity declined 79% between 1968 and 1999–2000 in Pittsburgh mines (from 66.8 to 14 mmol H+ L−1) and 56% in Upper Freeport mines (from 23.8 to 10.4 mmol H+ L−1). Iron decreased an average of about 80% across all sites (from an average of 400 to 72 mg L−1), while sulfate decreased between 50 and 75%. Pittsburgh seam discharge water was much worse in 1968 than Upper Freeport seam water. Twenty of our 44 sites had water quality information in 1980, which served as a midpoint to assess the slope of the decline in acidity and metal concentrations. Five of 20 sites (25%) showed an apparent exponential rate of decline in acidity and iron, while 10 of 20 sites (50%) showed a more linear decline. Drainage from five Upper Freeport sites increased in acidity and iron. While it is clear that surface mines and below‐drainage underground mines improve in discharge quality relatively rapidly (20–40 years), above‐drainage underground mines are not as easily predicted. In total, the drainage from 34 out of 44 (77%) above‐drainage underground mines showed significant improvement in acidity over time, some exponentially and some linearly. Ten discharges showed no improvement and three of these got much worse.
Using the Late Spring Nitrate Test to Reduce Nitrate Loss within a Watershed
Authors: Jaynes D. B. , Dinnes D. L. , Meek D. W. , Karlen D. L. , Cambardella C. A. , Colvin T. S. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTExcessive nitrate leaching from the U.S. Corn Belt has created serious water quality problems and contributed to the expansion of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. We evaluated the effect of implementing the late spring nitrate test (LSNT) for corn (Zea mays L.) grown within a 400‐ha, tile‐drained subbasin in central Iowa. Surface water discharge and NO3 concentrations from the treated subbasin and two adjacent subbasins receiving primarily fall‐applied, anhydrous ammonia were compared. In two of four years, the LSNT method significantly reduced N fertilizer applications compared with the farmers' standard practices. Average corn yield from LSNT fields and nonlimiting N fertilizer check strips was not significantly different. Autoregressive (AR) models using weekly time series in surface water NO3 concentration differences between the LSNT and control subbasins indicated no consistent significant differences during the pre‐LSNT (1992–1996) period. However, by the second year (1998) of the treatment period (1997–2000), NO3 concentrations in surface water from the treated subbasin were significantly lower than the concentrations coming from both control basins. Annual average flow‐weighted NO3 concentrations for the last two years (1999–2000) were 11.3 mg N L−1 for the LSNT and subbasin and 16.0 mg N L−1 for the control subbasins. Based on these values and the AR models, widespread adoption of the LSNT program for managing N fertilizer where fall N application is typically practiced could result in a ≥30% decrease for NO3 concentrations in surface water.
Effect of Chemical and Microbial Amendments on Ammonia Volatilization from Composting Poultry Litter
Authors: DeLaune P. B. , Moore P. A. , Daniel T. C. , Lemunyon J. L. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTResearch has shown that aluminum sulfate (alum) and phosphoric acid greatly reduce ammonia (NH3) volatilization from poultry litter; however, no studies have yet reported the effects of these amendments on field‐scale composting of poultry litter. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate NH3 volatilization from composting litter by measuring both NH3 volatilization and changes in total nitrogen (N) in the litter and (ii) evaluate potential methods of reducing NH3 losses from composting poultry litter. Poultry litter was composted for 68 d the first year and 92 d the second year. Eleven treatments were screened in Year 1, which included an unamended control, a microbial mixture, a microbial mixture with 5% alum incorporated into the litter, 5 and 10% alum rates either surface‐applied or incorporated, and 1 and 2% phosphoric acid rates either surface‐applied or incorporated. Treatments in Year 2 included an unamended control, a microbial mixture, alum (7% by fresh wt.), and phosphoric acid (1.5% by fresh wt.). Alum and phosphoric acid reduced NH3 volatilization from composting poultry litter by as much as 76 and 54%, respectively. The highest NH3 emission rates were from microbial treatments each year. Compost treated with chemical amendments retained more initial N than all other treatments. Due to the cost and N loss associated with composting poultry litter, composting is not economical from an agronomic perspective compared with the use of fresh poultry litter.
A Simple Method to Predict Dissolved Phosphorus in Runoff from Surface‐Applied Manures
Authors: Vadas P. A. , Kleinman P. J. A. , Sharpley A. N. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTComputer models are a rapid, inexpensive way to identify agricultural areas with a high potential for P loss, but most models poorly simulate dissolved P release from surface‐applied manures to runoff. We developed a simple approach to predict dissolved P release from manures based on observed trends in laboratory extraction of P in dairy, poultry, and swine manures with water over different water to manure ratios. The approach predicted well dissolved inorganic (R2 = 0.70) and organic (R2 = 0.73) P release from manures and composts for data from leaching experiments with simulated rainfall. However, it predicted poorly (R2 = 0.18) dissolved inorganic P concentrations in runoff from soil boxes where dairy, poultry, and swine manures had been surface‐applied and subjected to simulated rainfall. Multiplying predicted runoff P concentrations by the ratio of runoff to rainfall improved the relationship between measured and predicted runoff P concentrations, but runoff P was still overpredicted for dairy and swine manures. We attributed this overprediction to immediate infiltration of dissolved P in the freely draining water of dairy and swine manure slurries upon their application to soils. Further multiplying predicted runoff dissolved inorganic P concentrations by 0.35 for dairy and 0.60 for swine manures resulted in an accurate prediction of dissolved P in runoff (R2 = 0.71). The ability of our relatively simple approach to predict dissolved inorganic P concentrations in runoff from surface‐applied manures indicates its potential to improve water quality models, but field testing of the approach is necessary first.
Leaching of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Carbon Dioxide Emission after Compost Application to Six Nutrient‐Depleted Forest Soils
Authors: Borken Werner , Xu Yi‐Jun , Beese Friedrich 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to assess the effect of compost application on soil respiration and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) output of nutrient‐depleted forest soils. An amount of 6.3 kg m−2 mature compost was applied to the forest floor of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.), and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands at Solling and Unterlüß, Germany. Cumulative soil respiration significantly increased by 499 g C m−2 in the spruce stand at Unterlüß and by 274 g C m−2 in the beech stand at Solling following compost application whereas soil respiration of the other four stands was not affected. The increases in soil respiration of the two stands were explained by improved microbial decomposition of soil organic matter. The DOC concentrations and fluxes in throughfall and seepage water at 10‐ and 100‐cm depths were determined from August 1997 to March 2000. In the control plots, cumulative DOC outputs at 10 cm ranged between 57 and 95 g C m−2, with the highest rates in the pine stands. Compost treatment significantly increased cumulative DOC outputs by 31 to 69 g C m−2 at 10 cm and by 0.3 to 6.6 g C m−2 at 100 cm. The mineral soils between the 10‐ and 100‐cm depths acted as significant sinks for DOC, as shown by much lower cumulative outputs at 100 cm of 3 to 11 g C m−2 in the control and 6 to 16 g C m−2 in the compost plots. Our results suggest that a single, moderate application of mature compost to nutrient‐depleted forest soils has little effect on C losses to the atmosphere and ground water.
The Effects of Oil Price Shocks on Stock Market Volatility: Evidence from European Data
Authors: Degiannakis Stavros , Filis George , Kizys Renatas 
Published: July 2013

The paper investigates the effects of oil price shocks on stock market volatility in Europe by focusing on three measures of volatility, i.e. the conditional, the realized and the implied volatility. The findings suggest that supply-side shocks and oil specific demand shocks do not affect volatility, whereas, oil price changes due to aggregate demand shocks lead to a reduction in stock market volatility. More specifically, the aggregate demand oil price shocks have a significant explanatory power on both current- and forward-looking volatilities. The results are qualitatively similar for the aggregate stock market volatility and the industrial sectors’ volatilities. Finally, a robustness exercise using short- and long-run volatility models supports the findings.
Sustained Zero‐Order Release of Intact Ultra‐Stable Drug‐Loaded Liposomes from an Implantable Nanochannel Delivery System
Authors: Celia Christian , Ferrati Silvia , Bansal Shyam , van de Ven Anne L. , Ruozi Barbara , Zabre Erika , Hosali Sharath , Paolino Donatella , Sarpietro Maria Grazia , Fine Daniel , Fresta Massimo , Ferrari Mauro , Grattoni Alessandro 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMetronomic chemotherapy supports the idea that long‐term, sustained, constant administration of chemotherapeutics, currently not achievable, could be effective against numerous cancers. Particularly appealing are liposomal formulations, used to solubilize hydrophobic therapeutics and minimize side effects, while extending drug circulation time and enabling passive targeting. As liposome alone cannot survive in circulation beyond 48 h, sustaining their constant plasma level for many days is a challenge. To address this, we develop, as a proof of concept, an implantable nanochannel delivery system and ultra‐stable PEGylated lapatinib‐loaded liposomes, and we demonstrate the release of intact vesicles for over 18 d. Further, we investigate intravasation kinetics of subcutaneously delivered liposomes and verify their biological activity post nanochannel release on BT474 breast cancer cells. The key innovation of this work is the combination of two nanotechnologies to exploit the synergistic effect of liposomes, demonstrated as passive‐targeting vectors and nanofluidics to maintain therapeutic constant plasma levels. In principle, this approach could maximize efficacy of metronomic treatments.
Plasticization effect of transgenic soybean oil. I. on ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), as substitute for paraffin oil
Authors: Wang Zhao , Han Yue , Zhang Xing , Huang Zhaohui , Zhang Liqun 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTEthylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) compounds were prepared with different amounts of transgenic soybean oil (TSO), a renewable and reactive plasticizer. For comparison, similar compounds were prepared with petroleum‐based paraffin oil (PO), one of the most common plasticizers for EPDM. The plasticization effects of TSO and of PO were studied by Mooney viscometry, capillary rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and rubber processing analysis (RPA). The results showed that TSO has better plasticization effect than PO on EPDM. In addition, the curing characteristics of the EPDM compounds were studied. TSO was found to react with the curing agent dicumyl peroxide (DCP) during the curing process. Excessive amounts of TSO led to low crosslinking density, which was improved by adjusting the added amount of DCP. The mechanical properties, extraction resistance, and thermal stability of the EPDM vulcanizates plasticized with different amounts of TSO and PO were compared to determine the optimum amount of TSO to replace PO. At the same amount and no more than 15 phr of plasticizer, the TSO‐plasticized EPDM vulcanizate has higher tensile and tear strength, elongation at break, extraction resistance, and thermal stability, but lower Shore A hardness than the PO‐plasticized EPDM vulcanizate. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4457–4463, 2013
Effect of air gap on gas permeance/selectivity performance of BTDA‐TDI/MDI copolyimide hollow fiber membranes
Authors: Favvas Evangelos P. , Papageorgiou Sergios K. , Nolan John W. , Stefanopoulos Konstantinos L. , Mitropoulos Athanasios Ch. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTFabrication, morphology evaluation, and permeance/selectivity properties of three asymmetric BTDA‐TDI/MDI copolyimide hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) are reported. The asymmetric HFMs were spun using the dry/wet phase inversion process. The effect of one of the major spinning parameters, the air gap, on the permeance/selectivity properties of the produced HFM was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the morphological characteristics and the macroscopic structure of the developed HFM. The permeance values of He, H2, CH4, CO2, O2, and N2 gases were measured by the variable pressure method at different feed pressures and temperatures and the permselectivity coefficients were calculated. The higher selectivity values were evaluated for the Μ1 membrane and were found to be 49.33, 2.99, 5.13, 5.57, and 9.61 for H2/CH4, O2/N2, CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, and H2/CO2 gas mixtures, respectively. The selectivity experiments of H2/CH4, CO2/CH4, and O2/N2 mixtures were performed at 25°C. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4490–4499, 2013
Physical properties of PVA doped with algal glycerol
Authors: Allam Mohammad , Ayesh Ahmad I. , Mohsin Mahmoud A. , Haik Yousef 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTPhysical behavior of membrane blends of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) doped with different weight percentage (wt %) of algal glycerol is reported. Solid‐state PVA/glycerol membranes were prepared by the solution casting method. Electrical impedance measurements were conducted to test the effect of varying the percentage of glycerol on the conductivity of the membranes. The measurements were made in the frequency and temperature ranges 1 Hz–1 MHz and 303–423 K, respectively. It was observed that the ionic conductivity increased with the increase of glycerol concentration as well as temperature. The thermal properties of the films were characterized. It was found that the thermal properties, particularly the melting point (Tm), for PVA blends exhibit a reduced value proportional to the algal glycerol content. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was utilized to evaluate the interactions between the glycerol and PVA. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4482–4489, 2013
Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of Demethyl (C‐11) Cezomycin
Authors: Li Shao‐Gang , Wu Yikang 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe synthesis of (−)‐demethyl (C‐11) cezomycin was achieved through an efficient route that features the use of a Kulinkovich reaction to couple two multifunctionality‐containing fragments and a cascade of ring opening of cyclopropanol/1,5‐hydrogen shift/desilylation–oxidation. The hidden yet undeniable problem of irreproducible specific rotation for this family of compounds was solved by sufficient acidification. The absolute configuration for the natural product was thus established as the mirror image of the synthetic sample.
Motility analysis of bacteria‐based microrobot (bacteriobot) using chemical gradient microchamber
Authors: Park Daechul , Park Sung Jun , Cho Sunghoon , Lee Yeonkyung , Lee Yu Kyung , Min Jung‐Joon , Park Bang Ju , Ko Seong Young , Park Jong‐Oh , Park Sukho 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA bacteria‐based microrobot (bacteriobot) was proposed and investigated as a new type of active drug delivery system because of its useful advantages, such as active tumor targeting, bacteria‐mediated tumor diagnosis, and therapy. In this study, we fabricated a bacteriobot with enhanced motility by selective attachment of flagellar bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium). Through selective bovine serum albumin (BSA) pattering on hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) microbeads, many S. typhimurium could be selectively attached only on the unpatterned surface of PS microbead. For the evaluation of the chemotactic motility of the bacteriobot, we developed a microfluidic chamber which can generate a stable concentration gradient of bacterial chemotactic chemicals. Prior to the evaluation of the bacteriobot, we first evaluated the directional chemotactic motility of S. typhimurium using the proposed microfluidic chamber, which contained a bacterial chemo‐attractant (L‐aspartic acid) and a chemo‐repellent (NiSO4), respectively. Compared to density of the control group in the microfluidic chamber without any chemical gradient, S. typhimurium increased by about 16% in the L‐aspartic acid gradient region and decreased by about 22% in the NiSO4 gradient region. Second, we evaluated the bacteriobot's directional motility by using this microfluidic chamber. The chemotactic directional motility of the bacteriobot increased by 14% and decreased by 13% in the concentration gradients of L‐aspartic acid and NiSO4, respectively. These results confirm that the bacteriobot with selectively patterned S. typhimurium shows chemotaxis motility very similar to that of S. typhimurium. Moreover, the directional motilities of the bacteria and bacteriobot could be demonstrated quantitatively through the proposed microfluidic chamber. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 134–143. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A validated HPLC‐PDA method for identification and quantification of two bioactive alkaloids, ephedrine and cryptolepine, in different Sida species
Authors: Chatterjee Arnab , Kumar Satyanshu , Chattopadhyay Sunil K. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA simple, rapid, accurate and reproducible reverse‐phase HPLC method has been developed for the identification and quantification of two alkaloids ephedrine and cryptolepine in different extracts of Sida species using photodiode array detection. Baseline separation of the two alkaloids was achieved on a Waters RP‐18 X‐terra column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) using a solvent system consisting of a mixture of water containing 0.1% Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and acetonitrile in a gradient elution mode with detection at 210 and 280 nm for ephedrine and cryptolepine, respectively. The calibration curves were linear in a concentration range of 10–250 µg/mL for both the alkaloids with correlation coefficient values >0.99. The limits of detection and quantification for ephedrine and cryptolepine were 5 and 10 µg/mL and 2.5 and 5 µg/mL, respectively. Relative standard deviation values for intra‐day and inter‐day precision were 1.22 and 1.04% for ephedrine and 1.71 and 2.06% for cryptolepine, respectively. Analytical recovery ranged from 92.46 to 103.95%. The developed HPLC method was applied to identify and quantify ephedrine and cryptolepine in different extracts of Sida species. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experiences of Support Staff with Expanding and Strengthening Social Networks of People with Mild Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: van Asselt‐Goverts A. E. , Embregts P. J. C. M. , Hendriks A. H. C. , Frielink N. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTA supportive social network is crucial for facilitating social inclusion. The social networks of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are often small and typically include very little contact with friends and acquaintances who do not have ID. Professionals can play an important role in strengthening and expanding the social networks of clients. In this study, experiences with interventions aimed at doing this were examined. Six group interviews were held with a total of 27 professionals. The results showed interventions to strengthen social networks (e.g. attention to the maintenance of contact with network members) and interventions to expand social networks (e.g. participation in leisure time activities and working with volunteers). However, a large number of impeding factors was mentioned, such as the limited size of the social networks, characteristics of the client, different perceptions and clients falling between the cracks when it comes to leisure time. The large number of impeding factors shows the strengthening and expansion of social networks to be complicated in actual practice. Recommendations are thus made to strengthen and expand the social networks of clients in an innovative manner which also takes these impeding factors into account. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.