bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graded hypoxia acts through a network of distributed peripheral oxygen chemoreceptors to produce changes in respiratory behaviour and plasticity
Authors: Janes Tara A. , Xu Fenglian , Syed Naweed I. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRespiratory behaviour relies critically upon sensory feedback from peripheral oxygen chemoreceptors. During environmental or systemic hypoxia, chemoreceptor input modulates respiratory central pattern generator activity to produce reflex‐based increases in respiration and also shapes respiratory plasticity over longer timescales. The best‐studied oxygen chemoreceptors are undoubtedly the mammalian carotid bodies; however, questions remain regarding this complex organ's role in shaping respiration in response to varying oxygen levels. Furthermore, many taxa possess distinct oxygen chemoreceptors located within the lungs, airways and cardiovasculature, but the functional advantage of multiple chemoreceptor sites is unclear. In this study, it is demonstrated that a distributed network of peripheral oxygen chemoreceptors exists in Lymnaea stagnalis and significantly modulates aerial respiration. Specifically, Lymnaea breath frequency and duration represent parameters that are shaped by interactions between hypoxic severity and its time‐course. Using a combination of behaviour and electrophysiology approaches, the chemosensory pathways underlying hypoxia‐induced changes in breath frequency/duration were explored. The current findings demonstrate that breath frequency is uniquely modulated by the known osphradial ganglion oxygen chemoreceptors during moderate hypoxia, while a newly discovered area of pneumostome oxygen chemoreception serves a similar function specifically during more severe hypoxia. Together, these findings suggest that multiple oxygen chemosensory sites, each with their own sensory and modulatory properties, act synergistically to form a functionally distributed network that dynamically shapes respiration in response to changing systemic or environmental oxygen levels. These distributed networks may represent an evolutionarily conserved strategy vis‐à‐vis respiratory adaptability and have significant implications for the understanding of fundamental respiratory control systems.
Of Austerity, Human Rights and International Institutions
Authors: Salomon Margot E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAusterity measures have led to the denial of social rights and widespread socio‐economic malaise across Europe. In the case of countries subjected to conditionality imposed by international institutions, the resultant harms have highlighted a range of responsibility gaps. Two legal developments come together to expose these gaps: Greece's argument in a series of cases under the European Social Charter that it was not responsible for the impact on rights brought about by austerity measures as it was only giving effect to its other international obligations as agreed with the Troika; and the concern to emerge from the Pringle case before the European Court of Justice that European Union (EU) institutions could do outside of the EU what they could not do within the EU ‐‐disregard the Charter of Fundamental Rights. That the Commission and the European Central Bank were in time answerable to international organisations set up to provide financial support adds an additional layer of responsibility to consider. Taking Greece as a case study, this article addresses the imperative of having international institutions respect human rights.
Increases in benthic community production and metabolism in response to marine‐derived nutrients from spawning Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Samways Kurt M. , Cunjak Richard A. 
Published: May 2015

Summary

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and other anadromous fishes represent a major vector for transporting marine‐derived nutrients (MDNs) to Atlantic rivers. Marine‐derived nutrient subsidies may be key for maintaining ecological processes and ecosystem function in river basins.

Stream channels and mesocosms designed to approximate natural river systems were used to measure the response of stream productivity in two treatments, one with marine‐derived nutrients from spawning Atlantic salmon and one without marine‐nutrient subsidies (control). Biofilm biomass (measured as chlorophyll a) and benthic metabolism (measured as the net change in dissolved oxygen) were evaluated from artificial substrata encompassing pre‐spawning, spawning and post‐spawning periods. We calculated marine‐nutrient contributions from spawning salmon using a simple empirical process model.

We found that biofilm accrual was significantly greater with MDN inputs, with mesocosms having higher biomass (34.8 ± 1.2 mg chl a m−2) and growth rates (0.071 ± 0.002 mg m−2 day−1) than the stream channels (24.4 ± 4.8 mg chl a m−2 and 0.052 ± 0.003 mg m−2 day−1, respectively). Both control mesocosms and stream channels had significantly lower biomass (10.4 ± 0.7 mg chl a m−2 and 6.3 ± 2.5 mg chl a m−2, respectively) and growth rates (0.042 ± 0.008 mg m−2 day−1 and 0.029 ± 0.009 mg m−2 day−1, respectively) than treatment channels. Despite having a lower biofilm biomass, stream channels yielded a significantly greater final gross primary production of 2343.5 mg C m−2 day−1. The presence of MDNs in the stream channels shifted biofilm metabolism from heterotrophy (P/R = 0.283) to autotrophy (P/R = 2.422) within 112 days.

Spawning Atlantic salmon contributed a total of 20.98 g m−2 of nitrogen and 1.04 g m−2 of phosphorous to each stream channel, through excretion and gametes alone. There was a strong predictable positive relationship between the increase in productivity and the amount of marine‐derived nitrogen and phosphorous delivered.

This study highlights the importance of marine‐derived nutrients from Atlantic salmon for driving and maintaining freshwater productivity. Marine‐nutrient subsidies relieve the ‘bottom‐up’ constraints on stream productivity by facilitating the production of enough energy to support the food web, lessoning the reliance on outside energy sources.
Trophic opportunism of central Amazon floodplain fish
Authors: Mortillaro J. M. , Pouilly M. , Wach M. , Freitas C. E. C. , Abril G. , Meziane T. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe food web of the central Amazon basin displays one of the largest discrepancies in food source utilisation versus availability for consumers. While C4macrophytes dominate the primary producing biomass in floodplains, the food web is dominated by the use of C3carbon sources. Amazon fish species have wide‐ranging diets and show feeding flexibility in response to spatial and temporal patterns in food source availability. Fish are therefore expected to use a range of available resources. Fatty acids and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions were studied to investigate their trophic behaviour and provide a better assessment of food source utilisation by nine fish species from two Amazon floodplains.Although nitrogen stable isotopes positioned detritivores at the base of the food chain, their large proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) suggest selection of a high‐quality food source, such as microalgae. Omnivores and insectivores displayed a wide range of food source utilisation, indicating opportunist feeding behaviour. Piscivores displayed the most15N‐enriched signature (up to 10.6‰), concomitant with their predator position in the studied food web.C3carbon was the dominant source for most species, which is a finding consistent with current classical knowledge. However, consumption of C4macrophytes was detected for the herbivoreSchizodon fasciatus, in line with the spatial availability of this food source in the floodplain system. Large amounts of polyunsaturated and essential FAs in these C4macrophytes indicate their high nutritive value. Our results suggest that this food source is rather neglected by fish due to low digestibility, with the exception of the herbivore that may possess modification of its digestive system that allows the use of C4plants.
Alien plants invade more phylogenetically clustered community types and cause even stronger clustering
Authors: Lososová Zdeňka , de Bello Francesco , Chytrý Milan , Kühn Ingolf , Pyšek Petr , Sádlo Jiří , Winter Marten , Zelený David 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimSeveral hypotheses postulate that species invasion is affected by an interplay between the phylogenetic position of the invading species and the phylogenetic structure of the invaded community type. Some of them suggest that phylogenetic relatedness of invaders to native species promotes naturalization, because phylogenetically related alien species tend to have similar environmental adaptations as native species. Others predict that phylogenetic relatedness hampers naturalization because of stronger competition of aliens with native species and shared enemies. Here we ask how phylogenetic diversity of native species affects invasion across community types.LocationCzech Republic.MethodsAll major plant community types at a national scale (n = 88) were characterized by their species pools, i.e. lists of species that can potentially occur there. Of the total number of 2306 species, 1785 were native, 246 were archaeophytes and 275 were neophytes. For each species pool, we related the number of alien species to the phylogenetic diversity of the native species pool, calculated as mean phylogenetic distance (MPD) and mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD), including null models.ResultsThe number of alien species was related both to the phylogenetic structure of community types and to the phylogenetic position of alien species. Frequently disturbed herbaceous community types with strong phylogenetic clustering were more invaded than others, possibly due to disturbance acting as an environmental filter. Here, alien species increased the degree of phylogenetic clustering as they tended to be from the same lineages as native species. Such trends were not detected for phylogenetically more diverse community types such as forests.Main conclusionsOur findings support the hypothesis that relatedness of invaders to native species promotes invasion because of their shared adaptations to the same environments. Alien species more strongly invade community types that are phylogenetically clustered, and because they tend to be related to native species, invaded community types become even more clustered.
A test of the integrated evolutionary speed hypothesis in a Neotropical amphibian radiation
Authors: Dugo‐Cota Álvaro , Castroviejo‐Fisher Santiago , Vilà Carles , Gonzalez‐Voyer Alejandro 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimThe evolutionary speed hypothesis is a mechanistic explanation for the latitudinal biodiversity gradient. The recently extended integrated evolutionary speed hypothesis (IESH) proposes that temperature, water availability, population size and spatial heterogeneity influence the rate of molecular evolution which, in turn, affects diversification. However, the evidence for some of the associations predicted by the IESH is not conclusive, and in some cases is contradictory.LocationThe Neotropics.MethodsUsing a comparative Bayesian method we tested the following predictions of the IESH: the association between the rate of molecular evolution and temperature (and elevation and latitude, as proxies), water availability (using precipitation and relative humidity as proxies), productivity and rate of diversification. We also accounted for the potential confounding effects of body size and UVB radiation. We tested these predictions separately in mitochondrial and nuclear genes.ResultsSubstitution rates of mitochondrial and nuclear genes were positively associated with temperature and negatively with elevation, while only the mitochondrial coding gene rate was associated with UVB radiation. However, when controlling for temperature, the association between substitution rate and elevation and UVB radiation disappeared, while a negative association with precipitation emerged. Moreover, diversification events were positively correlated with the rate of molecular evolution but only in mitochondrial genes.Main conclusionsOur results support two key predictions of the IESH. They highlight the important association between rate of molecular evolution and temperature within a recently diverged group and also confirm the positive association between molecular evolution and diversification rate, although only in mitochondrial genes. However, the lack of association between diversification and temperature and the low effect size of the relationship between substitution rates and diversification in mitochondrial genes emphasize the important role other factors, such as time, spatial heterogeneity and population size might have in the origin and maintenance of the latitudinal biodiversity gradient.
4. THE GADAMERIAN APPROACH TO THE RELATION BETWEEN EXPERIENCE AND LANGUAGE
Authors: NOSÁL MARTIN 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTNarrativism as a theory of historical depiction intuitively opens the question: what is left of reality when it is poured through the filter of language structures? And, extended a little bit further, questions arise: What is responsible for the final shape of a historical depiction? Is it experience or language? What is affecting what? Narrativism typically accuses language units of transforming experience in a specific way. However, even in asking these questions, the problem of the separation of experience from language and language from experience remains.In this article, I address this issue using Gadamer's hermeneutical frame. Wherever philosophical tradition insists on the separation of certain positions, Gadamer tries to show their ontological connections. For Gadamer, understanding is a basic ontological structure, within which both sides of a dialogue affect and constitute each other. In Gadamerian hermeneutical ontology, there is no “starting point” or first responsible position. In the understanding, dialogue has the permanently moving character of a play, where separate positions are erased.This Gadamerian view can also be applied to the question of language and experience and their mutual connection in depicting any experience via language. In Gadamer's example of the work of art, the original subject matter (Urbild) is articulated through its depiction. The subject matter dictates possible ways of depicting, which in turn dictate the final shape of depiction. In this article, I discuss Gadamer's term “articulation of the world,” by which he means a function of language. Articulation is simply a transformation of shapeless matter into a shape, and in our case it is a transformation of an experience into a language depiction. I show that the Gadamerian approach to language and experience can offer an interesting perspective on the issues discussed in reaction to narrativist philosophy of history.
MAKING HISTORY BY CONTEXTUALIZING ONESELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHY AS HISTORIOGRAPHICAL INTERVENTION
Authors: AURELL JAUME 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThis essay argues that, in their reflection of theoretical positions, autobiographies by historians may become valid historical writings (that is, both true narratives and legitimate historical interpretations) and, as a consequence and simultaneously, privileged sources for historiographical inquiry and evidence of its evolution. At the beginning of the twentyfirst century, following the model established by Carolyn Steedman, historians such as Geoff Eley, Natalie Z. Davis, Gabrielle M. Spiegel, Dominick LaCapra, Gerda Lerner, William H. Sewell, Jr., Sheila Fitzpatrick, and John Elliott created a new form of academic life‐writing that has challenged established literary and historiographical conventions and resisted generic classification. This article aims to examine this new historical‐autobiographical genre—including the subgenre of the “autobiographical paper”—and highlights its ability to function as both history (as a retrospective account of the author's own past) and theory (as a speculative approach to historiographical questions). I propose to call these writings interventional in the sense that these historians use their autobiographies, with a more or less deliberate authorial intention, to participate, mediate, and intervene in theoretical debates by using the story of their own intellectual and academic trajectory as the source of historiography. Traditional historians’ autobiographies, including ego‐historical essays, have provided us with substantial information about the history of historiography; these new performative autobiographies help us to better understand historiography and the development of the historical discipline. Interventional historians seek not only to understand their lives but also to engage in a more complex theoretical project.
FROM NIETZSCHE'S PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY TO KANT'S—AND BACK
Authors: Fenves Peter 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTReflecting on Anthony Jensen's Nietzsche's Philosophy of History, this essay describes Jensen's account of the three‐stage development of Nietzsche's historiographical practices and metahistorical positions: from his early philological writings, through The Birth of Tragedy, and into the mature philosophy of history that Jensen uncovers in Toward the Genealogy of Morality and Ecce Homo, which, so Jensen argues, consists in ontological realism combined with representational anti‐realism. While Jensen notes the importance of a like‐minded readership for the success of Nietzsche's historiographical projects, the essay asks whether Nietzsche did in fact have such a readership and further emphasizes that the Genealogy and Ecce Homo are structured in such a way that they seek to create one. A similar structure is identified in Kant's “Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Perspective.” The essay concludes by reflecting on the significance of this similarity in light of the doctrines of eternal recurrence that are expressed in both Nietzsche's late writings and Kant's youthful cosmology.
Weighing up the benefits and harms of a new anti‐cancer drug: a survey of Australian oncologists
Authors: Chim L. , Salkeld G. , Stockler M. R. , Mileshkin L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the relative importance that oncologists attribute to the benefits and harms of anti‐cancer drugs when considering treatment options with their patients.AimTo quantify the trade‐offs made between overall survival, progression‐free survival and adverse effects.MethodsA web‐based survey elicited importance weights for the benefits and harms of bevacizumab or everolimus. Combining the importance weights with trial‐based probabilities produced a score and ranking for each treatment option.ResultsA total of 40 responses was received for the bevacizumab scenario and 32 for the everolimus scenario. All respondents regarded overall survival and progression‐free survival as the most important attributes – more important than avoiding the potential harms regardless of drugs. Among the potential harms, respondents allocated the highest mean importance weight to gastrointestinal (GI) perforation and rated absolute improvement in overall survival as 1.6 times and 2.3 times as important as avoiding GI perforation in the two versions of the bevacizumab scenario respectively. For the everolimus scenario, stomatitis and pneumonitis were allocated the highest mean importance weights with absolute improvement in overall survival rated as 2.2 times as important as avoiding stomatitis/pneumonitis. All 40 respondents (100%) favoured treatment option with bevacizumab to no bevacizumab based on respondents' determined weights for treatment attributes. The converse was found for everolimus with 22 (69%) of respondents preferring the ‘no everolimus’ option.ConclusionOncologists' preferences over the benefits and harms of treatment do, when combined with evidence of effect, influence treatment decisions for anti‐cancer drugs.
Effect of application of a PVP‐iodine solution before and during subgingival ultrasonic instrumentation on post‐treatment bacteraemia: a randomized single‐centre placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Sahrmann Philipp , Manz Andrea , Attin Thomas , Zbinden Reinhard , Schmidlin Patrick R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundTo assess the effect of concomitant subgingival rinsing with 10% PVP‐iodine during subgingival instrumentation on the prevalence and magnitude of bacteraemia of oral origin.Materials and MethodsSubgingival instrumentation was performed with water or PVP‐iodine rinse in patients with periodontitis. Prior to instrumentation, subjects gargled for 1 min with the allocated liquid. Pockets were then rinsed for 1 min and subgingivally instrumented with liquid‐cooled (water/PVP‐iodine) ultrasonic scalers (1 min). Two minutes later, a blood sample from the arm vein was drawn using a lysis centrifugation blood culture system for quantitative microbiological analysis. Non‐parametric statistical tests were performed to assess differences in the prevalence and extent of bacteraemia between groups.ResultsOf the 19 samples in each group, oral‐borne bacteraemia was detected in 10 of the control and 2 of the test samples. With an average of 3.0 [1; 5] colony forming units, significantly less bacteria and bacteraemia were found in the test group compared to the controls (12.2 [1; 46]) (p = 0.003). Anaerobic bacteria were not found in the test group.ConclusionsBacteraemia after subgingival instrumentation with concomitant PVP‐iodine rinsing is reduced but not eliminated. Therefore, it might be recommended for patients at a high risk of endocarditis or infection of endoprostheses. However, preventive antibiotic treatment should not be omitted.
Quantitative targeted absolute proteomics of rat blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier transporters: comparison with a human specimen
Authors: Uchida Yasuo , Zhang Zhengyu , Tachikawa Masanori , Terasaki Tetsuya 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine absolute protein expression levels of transporters in rat choroid plexus, that is, the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and to compare them with the levels in the human choroid plexus. Plasma membrane fractions were prepared from pooled, freshly isolated choroid plexuses of 30 male Wistar rats and from frozen choroid plexus of one male human donor. Protein expression levels of 54 rat and 121 human molecules were measured, using a quantitative targeted absolute proteomics technique. In rat, oatp1a5 showed the most abundant protein expression (30.3 fmol/μg protein), and its expression level was 3.1‐, 4.5‐, 5.5‐, 8.4‐, 9.0‐, 9.9‐, 22‐, 91‐, and 95‐fold greater than those of glut1, oatp1c1, mrp1, mct1, oat3, pept2, mrp4, bcrp, and mdr1a, respectively. OATP1A2 (a possible homolog of rat oatp1a5), OATP1C1 and PEPT2 were not detected in human choroid plexus. MRP1, OAT3, and MRP4 showed 4.0‐, 1.8‐, and 1.7‐fold smaller expression levels in human than rat, respectively. MATE1 was detected in human, but not rat, and its expression level (8.61 fmol/μg protein) was the highest among the xenobiotic transporters examined in human choroid plexus. These findings should be useful for understanding rat blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier function and its differences from that in human.imageThis is the first study clarifying the absolute protein expression levels of many transporters in the plasma membrane fractions of rat and human choroid plexuses, that is, blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier, by means of quantitative targeted absolute proteomics (QTAP) technique. This study also identified the protein expressions of some transporters including MATE1 and ABCA8 in the choroid plexus for the first time.