bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Effectiveness of Combined Pharmacologic and Mechanical Thromboprophylaxis versus Either Method Alone in Major Orthopedic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Sobieraj Diana M. , Coleman Craig I. , Tongbram Vanita , Chen Wendy , Colby Jennifer , Lee Soyon , Kluger Jeffrey , Makanji Sagar , Ashaye Ajibade , White C. Michael 
Published: February 2013

Study ObjectiveTo evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of combination pharmacologic and mechanical venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis versus either method alone in major orthopedic surgery.DesignSystematic review with meta‐analysis of six randomized controlled trials.PatientsPatients undergoing total hip replacement, total knee replacement, or hip fracture surgery who received VTE prophylaxis.Measurements and Main ResultsWe conducted a systematic literature search of the MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus databases (January 1980–July 2011) to identify trials that directly compared pharmacologic plus mechanical VTE prophylaxis to either strategy alone, evaluated United States Food and Drug Administration–approved agents, and reported rates of mortality, VTE, bleeding, and other adverse effects. Six trials were included, none of which were conducted in patients who had hip fracture surgery. The quality of each trial was evaluated, and the strength of evidence for each outcome was rated. No significant difference was found in the rate of pulmonary embolism or nonfatal pulmonary embolism when the combination of pharmacologic and mechanical prophylaxis was compared to pharmacologic prophylaxis alone, with low strength of evidence. The risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was significantly decreased in the combination group (relative risk [RR] 0.48 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32–0.72]), with moderate strength of evidence, with benefits of combination therapy persisting in the total knee replacement subgroup (RR 0.41 [95% CI 0.25–0.68]). There was insufficient evidence to evaluate other final or intermediate outcomes or harms. In the comparison of combined pharmacologic and mechanical prophylaxis to mechanical prophylaxis alone, there was insufficient evidence to evaluate any final health outcomes or harms. There was no significant difference in the risk of proximal DVT when comparing combination prophylaxis to mechanical prophylaxis alone (RR 0.78 [95% CI 0.35–1.74]) based on low strength of evidence.ConclusionsThe risk of DVT was decreased with the use of combination prophylaxis versus pharmacologic prophylaxis alone in patients undergoing total hip replacement or total knee replacement. However, due to primarily insufficient evidence for most outcomes evaluated, the balance of benefits to harms of combined pharmacologic and mechanical prophylaxis versus either strategy alone cannot be determined in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery.
Burning Characteristics of Ammonium Nitrate‐Based Composite Propellants Supplemented with Fe2O3
Authors: Naya Tomoki , Kohga Makoto 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAmmonium nitrate (AN)‐based composite propellants have attracted a considerable amount of attention because of the clean burning nature of AN as an oxidizer. However, such propellants have several disadvantages such as poor ignition and a low burning rate. In this study, the burning characteristics of AN‐based propellants supplemented with Fe2O3 as a burning catalyst were investigated. The addition of Fe2O3 is known to improve the ignitability at low pressure. Fe2O3 addition also increases the burning rate, while the pressure exponent generally decreases. The increasing ratio (R) of the burning rate of the AN/Fe2O3 propellant to that of the corresponding AN propellant vs. the amount of Fe2O3 added (ξ) depends on the burning pressure and AN content. R decreases at threshold value of ξ. The most effective value of ξ for increasing the burning rate was found to be 4 % for the propellant at 80 % AN, and the value generally decreased with decreasing AN content. According to thermal decomposition kinetics, Fe2O3 accelerates the reactions of AN and binder decomposition gases in the condensed‐ and/or gas‐phase reaction zones. The burning characteristics of the AN‐based propellant were improved by combining catalysts with differing catalytic mechanisms instead of supplementing the propellant with a single catalyst owing to the multiplicative effect of the former.
Comparison of the results of kinematic and dynamic approximations for parametric X‐ray radiation in the Bragg direction
Authors: Papadakis John , Trikalinos Christos 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA theoretical study on the kinematic and dynamic approximations of parametric X‐ray radiation (PXR) is presented. The results obtained are examined and compared. The ratio of the absolute maxima of kinematic and dynamic PXR can be obtained. The results are closer at lower energies and their correlation depends on the angle of incidence. These theoretical results indicate that in some energy regions and angle of incidence it may be necessary to apply the dynamic approximation of PXR for greater accuracy.
Joining Copper Oxide Nanotube Arrays Driven by the Nanoscale Kirkendall Effect
Authors: Chun Shu Rong , Sasangka Wardhana Aji , Ng Mei Zhen , Liu Qing , Du Anyan , Zhu Jie , Ng Chee Mang , Liu Zhi Qiang , Chiam Sing Yang , Gan Chee Lip 
Published: February 2013

AbstractVarious annealing conditions (environment, temperature, and duration) are applied to study the nanoscale Kirkendall effect of copper (Cu) nanowire (NW) arrays on a Si substrate. The results show that an appropriate amount of oxygen supply is crucial for uniform transformation from Cu NWs (average diameter ∼50 nm) into Cu oxide nanotube arrays. An annealing duration of 30 min at 200 °C in a low vacuum environment reveals that the voids are not uniformly distributed at the Cu/Cu oxide interface. This suggests that void growth is due to surface diffusion of Cu along void surfaces. Annealing above 200 °C for 60 min resulted in complete transformation from Cu NWs into Cu oxide nanotubes. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization indicates that the Cu oxides formed at 200 °C and 300 °C are Cu2O and CuO, respectively. It is demonstrated that the transformation from Cu NW arrays into Cu oxide nanotube arrays can be combined with the joining of stacked Si chips in a single‐process step with reasonable joint shear strength. Transmission electron microscopy‐electron energy loss spectroscopy elemental mapping analysis reveals that the joint interface is Cu oxide. The outward diffusion of Cu driven by the nanoscale Kirkendall effect is believed to enhance the joining process. By controlling the environment, temperature, and duration, joined Cu2O or CuO nanotube stacked chips can be achieved, which serve as a platform for the further development of nanostructured, stacked devices.
Protein–Carbohydrate Complex Reveals Circulating Metastatic Cells in a Microfluidic Assay
Authors: Simone G. , Malara N. , Trunzo V. , Perozziello G. , Neuzil P. , Francardi M. , Roveda L. , Renne M. , Prati U. , Mollace V. , Manz A. , Di Fabrizio E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAdvances in carbohydrate sequencing technologies reveal the tremendous complexity of the glycome and the role that glycomics might have to bring insight into the biological functions. Carbohydrate–protein interactions, in particular, are known to be crucial to most mammalian physiological processes as mediators of cell adhesion and metastasis, signal transducers, and organizers of protein interactions. An assay is developed here to mimic the multivalency of biological complexes that selectively and sensitively detect carbohydrate–protein interactions. The binding of β‐galactosides and galectin‐3—a protein that is correlated to the progress of tumor and metastasis—is examined. The efficiency of the assay is related to the expression of the receptor while anchoring to the interaction's strength. Comparative binding experiments reveal molecular binding preferences. This study establishes that the assay is robust to isolate metastatic cells from colon affected patients and paves the way to personalized medicine.
The effects of age and ganglioside composition on the rate of motor nerve terminal regeneration following antibody‐mediated injury in mice
Authors: Rupp Angie , Cunningham Madeleine E. , Yao Denggao , Furukawa Koichi , Willison Hugh J. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTGangliosides are glycosphingolipids highly enriched in neural plasma membranes, where they mediate a diverse range of functions and can act as targets for auto‐antibodies present in human immune‐mediated neuropathy sera. The ensuing autoimmune injury results in axonal and motor nerve terminal (mNT) degeneration. Both aging and ganglioside‐deficiency have been linked to impaired axonal regeneration. To assess the effects of age and ganglioside expression on mNT regeneration in an autoimmune injury paradigm, anti‐ganglioside antibodies and complement were applied to young adult and aged mice wildtype (WT) mice, mice deficient in either b‐ and c‐series (GD3sKO) or mice deficient in all complex gangliosides (GM2sKO). The extent of mNT injury and regeneration was assessed immediately or after 5 days, respectively. Depending on ganglioside expression and antibody‐specificity, either a selective mNT injury or a combined injury of mNTs and neuromuscular glial cells was elicited. Immediately after induction of the injury, between 1.5% and 11.8% of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in the young adult groups exhibited healthy mNTs. Five days later, most NMJs, regardless of age and strain, had recovered their mNTs. No significant differences could be observed between young and aged WT and GM2sKO mice; aged GD3sKO showed a mildly impaired rate of mNT regeneration when compared with their younger counterparts. Comparable rates were observed between all strains in the young and the aged mice. In summary, the rate of mNT regeneration following anti‐ganglioside antibody and complement‐mediated injury does not differ majorly between young adult and aged mice irrespective of the expression of particular gangliosides. Synapse 67:382–389, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Initial neurogenesis in Drosophila
Authors: Hartenstein Volker , Wodarz Andreas 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEarly neurogenesis comprises the phase of nervous system development during which neural progenitor cells are born. In early development, the embryonic ectoderm is subdivided by a conserved signaling mechanism into two main domains, the epidermal ectoderm and the neurectoderm. Subsequently, cells of the neurectoderm are internalized and form a cell layer of proliferating neural progenitors. In vertebrates, the entire neurectoderm folds into the embryo to give rise to the neural tube. In Drosophila and many other invertebrates, a subset of neurectodermal cells, called neuroblasts (NBs), delaminates and forms the neural primordium inside the embryo where they divide in an asymmetric, stem cell‐like mode. The remainder of the neurectodermal cells that stay behind at the surface loose their neurogenic potential and later give rise to the ventral part of the epidermis. The genetic and molecular analysis of the mechanisms controlling specification and proliferation of NBs in the Drosophila embryo, which played a significant part in pioneering the field of modern developmental neurobiology, represents the topic of this review. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:701–721. doi: 10.1002/wdev.111This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Repeating Patterns and Lateral Inhibition
Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling
Nervous System Development > Flies
Loneliness trajectories from middle childhood to pre‐adolescence: Impact on perceived health and sleep disturbance
Authors: Harris Rebecca A. , Qualter Pamela , Robinson Sarita J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe current study is the first to examine the association between chronic loneliness and perceived health, school absence due to illness, sleep duration and disturbance, in a sample of pre‐adolescents (N = 209). Loneliness was measured in three collection waves that were 18 months apart and covered the ages 8–11 years. Using growth mixture modeling, two groups were identified with discrete growth patterns of loneliness: (a) relatively high, reducing loneliness (48%), and (b) low, stable loneliness (52%). At age 11 years, those in the relatively high, reducing lonely group reported higher levels of depressive symptoms, poorer general health, took longer to get to sleep, and had greater sleep disturbance than children in the low, stable loneliness group. These findings suggest that there may be long‐term health effects of experiencing high loneliness in middle childhood, even when loneliness levels reduce to normal levels at pre‐adolescence.
The longitudinal causal directionality between body image distress and self‐esteem among Korean adolescents: The moderating effect of relationships with parents
Authors: Park Woochul , Epstein Norman B. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTThis study examined the longitudinal relationship between self‐esteem and body image distress, as well as the moderating effect of relationships with parents, among adolescents in Korea, using nationally representative prospective panel data. Regarding causal direction, the findings supported bi‐directionality for girls, but for boys the association was unidirectional, in that their self‐esteem predicted body image distress, but not vice versa. A gender difference also emerged in the moderating effect of quality of relationships with parents. For girls, relationships with parents moderated the effect of body image distress on self‐esteem, such that when relationships with parents were better, the effect of greater body image distress on subsequent lower self‐esteem was stronger than when relationships with parents were less positive. For boys, relationships with parents moderated the influence of self‐esteem on body image distress, such that self‐esteem reduced body image distress more when boys had better relationships with parents.
GROUPS WHOSE PROPER SUBGROUPS OF INFINITE RANK HAVE FINITE CONJUGACY CLASSES
Authors: DE FALCO M. , DE GIOVANNI F. , MUSELLA C. , TRABELSI N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA group $G$ is said to be an $FC$-group if each element of $G$ has only finitely many conjugates, and $G$ is minimal non$FC$ if all its proper subgroups have the property $FC$ but $G$ is not an $FC$-group. It is an open question whether there exists a group of infinite rank which is minimal non$FC$. We consider here groups of infinite rank in which all proper subgroups of infinite rank are $FC$, and prove that in most cases such groups are either $FC$-groups or minimal non$FC$.
The new climate leaders?
Authors: ACUTO MICHELE 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLittle interest has thus far been paid to the role of cities in world politics. Yet, several are the examples of city-based engagements suggesting an emerging urban presence in international relations. The Climate Leadership Group, despite its recent lineage, is perhaps the most significant case of metropolitan intersection with global governance. To illustrate this I rely on Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to develop a qualitative network analysis of the evolution of the C40 in the past seven years from a limited gathering of municipal leaders to a transnational organisation partnering with the World Bank. Pinpointed on the unfolding of a twin diplomacy/planning approach, the evolution of the C40 can demonstrate the key role of global cities as actors in global environmental politics. These cities have a pivotal part in charting new geographies of climate governance, prompting the rise of subpolitical policymaking arrangements pinpointed on innovative and hybrid connections. Yet, there remains some important rational continuity, in particular with neoliberalism, which ultimately limits the revolutionary potential these cities might have for international relations.
Rethinking refugeehood: statelessness, repatriation, and refugee agency
Authors: BRADLEY MEGAN 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHannah Arendt's characterisation of the refugee as rightless and stateless has become a touchstone for scholars grappling with the nature of forced migration and exile. While aspects of Arendt's depiction continue to resonate, the notion of refugees as stateless, rightless ‘scum of the earth’ is now in many cases anachronistic, and no longer clearly reflects the challenges now faced by the majority of the world's refugees. This is attributable to structural changes in the refugee regime, particularly the increased focus on repatriation and the reconstitution of the relationship between refugees and their states of origin, a possibility largely unforeseen by Arendt. Drawing on the example of the Guatemalan repatriation movement, this article contends that indiscriminately portraying refugees as stateless represents a potential disservice to the displaced, as it may inadvertently undermine refugees' claims against their states of origin for the redress of their rights as citizens. There is a need to expand theorising on refugees from a narrow focus on the refugee as rightless and stateless to a broader conception of the refugee as a bearer of claims for the renegotiation of her relationship with her state.
Making sense of survival: refining the treatment of state preferences in neorealist theory
Authors: KADERCAN BURAK 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe assumption that ‘states' primary goal is survival’ lies at the heart of the neorealist paradigm. A careful examination of the assumption, however, reveals that neorealists draw upon a number of distinct interpretations of the ‘survival assumption’ that are then treated as if they are the same, pointing towards conceptual problems that surround the treatment of state preferences. This article offers a specification that focuses on two questions that highlight the role and function of the survival assumption in the neorealist logic: (i) what do states have to lose if they fail to adopt self-help strategies?; and (ii) how does concern for relevant losses motivate state behaviour and affect international outcomes? Answering these questions through the exploration of governing elites' sensitivity towardsregime stabilityandterritorial integrityof the state, in turn, addresses the aforementioned conceptual problems. This specification has further implications for the debates among defensive and offensive realists, potential extensions of the neorealist logic beyond the Westphalian states, and the relationship between neorealist theory and policy analysis.
Nomadic life's counter-attack: moving beyond the subaltern's voice
Authors: ROSENOW DOERTHE 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAccording to opponents of ‘neoliberal globalisation’ located in the postcolonial realm, multinational corporations are central agents in a structure of global hegemonic rule that leaves little or no space for the postcolonial subject to determine his/her own fate. This argument is contested by a number of scholars, who point out that presupposing a lack of agency on the side of subaltern is yet another way of silencing him/her. But how can his/her ‘true’ voice be recognised without at the same time disguising existing domination? In this article, it will be argued that one possibility is the development of a different theoretical framework that challenges the taken-for-granted assumption on which the dilemma is based: the existence of the subject and its conscious voice. For this purpose, the article will use Gilles Deleuze's theory of the various expressions and struggles of life. With the help of the analysis of a particular case, Monsanto's introduction of genetically modified cotton into India in 2002, the article will suggest that the multinational company (Monsanto) should not be regarded as yet another neo-colonial oppressor. Instead, it is awar machinethat unleashes flows enabling nomadic life assemblages to counter-attack.
Citizen, Academic, Expert, or International Worker? Juggling with Identities at UNESCO's Social Science Department, 1946–1955
Authors: Rangil Teresa Tomás 
Published: February 2013

ArgumentThis paper explores the links between the competing scientific, disciplinary, and institutional identifications of social scientists working for international organizations and the nature of the work produced in these establishments. By examining the case of UNESCO's Social Science Department from 1946 to 1955, the paper shows how the initial lack of organizational identification diminished the efficiency and productivity of the Department and slowed down the creation of an international system for research in the social sciences. It then examines how the elaboration of such identification resulted from a period of trial and error during which several national, academic, and scientific models were explored. The paper concludes that only the discourse of “moral sensitivity” kept the Department together at a time when disillusions regarding internationalism, the destabilization of the meaning of nation, and suspicion towards some Western disciplines rendered unacceptable the universalization of a single international social scientific identification.
Assessing Ecological Modernization in China: Stakeholder Demands and Corporate Environmental Management Practices in Guangdong Province
Authors: Yee Wai-Hang , Lo Carlos Wing-Hung , Tang Shui-Yan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper compares the key arguments of ecological modernization theory (EMT) with the reality of recent environmental reform in China. Based on data gathered from a survey and in-depth interviews with executives from Hong Kong-based enterprises operating in Guangdong province, we examine the changing roles of government, market, and civil society actors in the reform process, focusing on various types of pressures these actors have exerted on business enterprises. Compatible with Mol's (2006) conjectures, ecological concerns have gradually gained a foothold in existing political, economic, and to a lesser extent, social institutions. Yet, the relevant actors and their patterns of interactions differ from what EMT generalizes from Western European experiences. Specifically, local governments are assuming a more formalized relationship with firms in regulatory enforcement. Among market actors, organizational buyers along the supply chain have exerted more noticeable pressures on manufacturing firms than industrial associations and individual consumers. Civil society, while remaining less of an institutionalized actor in the environmental policy process, appears to pose a perceptible threat to at least some firms.