bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of sp2 carbon nanomaterials in biological systems: pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and ecological uptake
Authors: Xue Fumin , Yang Sheng-Tao , Chen Lingyun , Wang Xiao , Wang Zhenhua 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The sp2 carbon nanomaterials have fantastic properties and hold great potential in diverse areas, including electronics, energy, environment, biomedicine, and so on. The wide applications of sp2 carbon nanomaterials require the thorough investigations on their biosafety. The quantification of sp2 carbon nanomaterials is the first and crucial step in the biosafety evaluations. In this review, we summarized the quantification technologies for sp2 carbon nanomaterials and compared the advantages/disadvantages of these technologies. The pharmacokinetics, the biodistribution, and the ecological uptake of sp2 carbon nanomaterials were achieved by using the quantification technologies. Furthermore, the influence factors such as surface modification, size, shape, and exposure pathway were concerned, and the general rules in the biological behaviors of sp2 carbon nanomaterials were proposed. The implications to the biomedical applications and biosafety evaluations of sp2 carbon nanomaterials are discussed.
Antibacterial, antifungal and antimycobacterial activities of some pyrazoline, hydrazone and chalcone derivatives
Authors: Evranos-Aksöz Begüm , Onurdağ Fatma Kaynak , Özgacar Selda Özgen 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Twenty-seven previously reported chalcones and their pyrazoline and hydrazone derivatives as well as two further chalcones have been screened for their antimicrobial, antifungal and antimycobacterial activities against standard microbial strains and drug resistant isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of each compound was determined by a two-fold serial microdilution technique. The compounds were found to possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities with MIC values of 8–128 μg/mL. One compound [(E)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-p-tolylprop-2-en-1-one] had equal activity with gentamycin (8 μg/mL) against Enterococcus faecalis. Chalcones were found to be more active than their hydrazone and 2-pyrazoline derivatives against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and E. faecalis ATCC 29212.
Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is associated with invasive characteristics of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents
Authors: Iliadou Paschalia K , Effraimidis Grigoris , Konstantinos Michalakis , Grigorios Panagiotou , Mitsakis Periklis , Patakiouta Frideriki , Pazaitou-Panayiotou Kalliopi 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundThe association between chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) and thyroid cancer is an interesting topic. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if demographic and histological characteristics as well as the long-term outcome of thyroid cancer was different in children and adolescents with and without CLT.MethodsThe medical records of children and adolescents (≤21 years old) were reviewed. The following data were recorded: gender, year and age at diagnosis, family history of thyroid cancer, history of external radiation therapy, histological type (papillary and variants, follicular and variants), tumour size, multifocality, infiltration of thyroid parenchyma or surrounding soft tissues, vascular invasion, presence of lymph node and distant metastases. Information about the presence of TgAb and TPOAb was also collected.ResultsOne hundred eight children and adolescents (median age 19.0, interquartile range 4.0 years) were diagnosed with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC); 31 patients (28.7%) presented histological characteristics compatible with CLT. Infiltration of thyroid parenchyma was more frequent in patients with CLT compared to patients without (74.2% vs 48.1% respectively, P=0.024). Familial papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) was more frequent in patients with CLT compared to those without CLT (20.7% vs 2.8% respectively, P=0.009). There was no better outcome with respect to the presence of CLT or not.ConclusionsChildren and adolescents with CLT present more frequently familial PTC as well as thyroid cancer with invasive characteristics.
Tricycle Injuries Presenting to US Emergency Departments, 2012–2013
Authors: Bandzar Sean , Vats Atul , Gupta Shabnam , Atallah Hany , Pitts Stephen R. 
Published: September 2015

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the characteristics of tricycle-related injuries in children presenting to US emergency departments (EDs).

METHODS:
Data regarding tricycle injuries in children younger than 18 years of age were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for calendar years 2012 and 2013. Data included body regions injured, ED disposition, and demographics.

RESULTS:
There were an estimated 9340 tricycle-related injuries treated in US EDs from 2012 to 2013. The average age was 3 years. Children 2 years of age had the highest frequency of injuries. Boys accounted for 63.6% of all injuries. Children 1 to 2 years of age represented 51.9% of all injuries. Lacerations were the most common type of injury. Internal organ damage was the most common type of injury in 3- and 5-year-olds. Contusions were the most common type of injury in 1- and 7-year-olds. The head was the most commonly injured region of the body and the most common region to endure internal damage. The elbows were the most commonly fractured body part. The upper extremity was more frequently fractured than the lower extremity. Approximately 2.4% of all injured children were admitted to the hospital.

CONCLUSIONS:
The upper extremity of children, particularly the elbow, was more frequently fractured than the lower extremity. The head was the most common body part to endure internal damage. By elucidating the characteristics of tricycle-related injuries, preventive measures can be implemented to decrease the incidence of tricycle-related injuries and ED visits.
Residential Exposure to Pesticide During Childhood and Childhood Cancers: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chen Mei , Chang Chi-Hsuan , Tao Lin , Lu Chensheng 
Published: September 2015

CONTEXT:
There is an increasing concern about chronic low-level pesticide exposure during childhood and its influence on childhood cancers.

OBJECTIVE:
In this meta-analysis, we aimed to examine associations between residential childhood pesticide exposures and childhood cancers.

DATA SOURCES:
We searched all observational studies published in PubMed before February 2014 and reviewed reference sections of articles derived from searches.

STUDY SELECTION:
The literature search yielded 277 studies that met inclusion criteria.

DATA EXTRACTION:
Sixteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. We calculated effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by using a random effect model with inverse variance weights.

RESULTS:
We found that childhood exposure to indoor but not outdoor residential insecticides was associated with a significant increase in risk of childhood leukemia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47; 95% CI, 1.26–1.72; I2 = 30%) and childhood lymphomas (OR = 1.43; 95% CI, 1.15–1.78; I2 = 0%). A significant increase in risk of leukemia was also associated with herbicide exposure (OR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.10–1.44; I2 = 0%). Also observed was a positive but not statistically significant association between childhood home pesticide or herbicide exposure and childhood brain tumors.

LIMITATIONS:
The small number of studies included in the analysis represents a major limitation of the current analysis.

CONCLUSIONS:
Results from this meta-analysis indicated that children exposed to indoor insecticides would have a higher risk of childhood hematopoietic cancers. Additional research is needed to confirm the association between residential indoor pesticide exposures and childhood cancers. Meanwhile, preventive measures should be considered to reduce children’s exposure to pesticides at home.
Timing of the Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Miodovnik Amir , Harstad Elizabeth , Sideridis Georgios , Huntington Noelle 
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are core features of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often present with similar symptoms and may receive a diagnosis of ADHD first. We investigated the relationship between the timing of ADHD diagnosis in children with ASD and the age at ASD diagnosis.

METHODS:
Data were drawn from the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children's Health, which asked parents to provide the age(s) at which their child received a diagnosis of ADHD and/or ASD. Using weighted prevalence estimates, we examined the association between a previous diagnosis of ADHD and the age at ASD diagnosis, while controlling for factors known to influence the timing of ASD diagnosis.

RESULTS:
Our study consisted of 1496 children with a current diagnosis of ASD as reported by parents of children ages 2 to 17 years. Approximately 20% of these children had initially been diagnosed with ADHD. Children diagnosed with ADHD before ASD were diagnosed with ASD ∼3 years (95% confidence interval 2.3–3.5) after children in whom ADHD was diagnosed at the same time or after ASD. The children with ADHD diagnosed first were nearly 30 times more likely to receive their ASD diagnosis after age 6 (95% confidence interval 11.2–77.8). The delay in ASD diagnosis was consistent across childhood and independent of ASD severity.

CONCLUSION:
To avoid potential delays in ASD diagnosis, clinicians should consider ASD in young children presenting with ADHD symptoms.
On the rotational alignment of graphene domains grown on Ge(110) andGe(111)
Authors: Rogge P. C. , Foster M. E. , Wofford J. M. , McCarty K. F. , Bartelt N. C. , Dubon O. D. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe have used low-energy electron diffraction and microscopy to compare the growth of graphene on hydrogen-free Ge(111) and Ge(110) from an atomic carbon flux. Growth on Ge(110) leads to significantly better rotational alignment of graphene domains with the substrate. To explain the poor rotational alignment on Ge(111), we have investigated experimentally and theoretically how the adatom reconstructions of Ge interact with graphene. We find that the ordering transition of the Ge(111) adatom reconstruction is not significantly perturbed by graphene. Density functional theory calculations show that graphene on reconstructed Ge(110) has large-amplitude corrugations, whereas it is remarkably flat on reconstructed Ge(111). We argue that the absence of corrugations prevents graphene islands from locking into a preferred orientation.
Как лучшие системы школьного образования продолжают совершенствоваться (пер. с англ. Н. Микшиной, Е. Шадриной)
Authors: Mourshed Mona , Chijioke Chinezi , Barber Michael 
Published: September 2015

Перевод: Mona Mourshed, Chinezi Chijioke, Michael Barber. How the worlds most improved school systems keep getting better. McKinsey&Company. November 2010 (пер. с англ. Н. Микшиной, Е. Шадриной). Продолжение. Начало публикации см. в № 1 за 2011 г.Содержание1. Группа мер воздействия1.1. В Зазеркалье1.2. Система, а не набор явлений1.3. Предписывайте соответствие норме, но дайте возможность добиваться большего1.4. Общие, но различные 2. Адаптация мер воздействия к определенному контексту2.1. Как прорваться, а не провалиться2.2. Руководящий принцип: принуждение или убеждение? 3. Поддержание уровня3.1. Практика сотрудничества: пользовательский интерфейс3.2. Посредническое звено: операционная система3.3. Воспитание нового поколения лидеров: центральный процессор 4. Пусковой импульс4.1. На старте4.2. Хороший кризис всегда пригодится4.3. Не спрятаться, не скрыться4.4. Как правильно выйти на сцену4.5. Сценарий нового лидера4.6. Устойчивость лидера 5. ЗаключениеПриложение
“Integrated Carbonate Reservoir Characterization and Modelling with Depositional and Diagenetic Trends”
Authors: Inês Nuno , Bizarro Paulo , Ribeiro Teresa 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Carbonate reservoir characterization is often a complex task, due to the interplay between primary processes (e.g. depositional environments, facies changes) and secondary processes (e.g. burial, diagenesis, faulting and fracturing, cementation). In order to properly characterize and model such a reservoir, it is paramount to unravel the order by which such processes have affected the rock, leading to the present day petrophysical properties.
In the presented case study (onshore dolomitized carbonate reservoir in Central Asia), a multi-step approach was taken for its characterization and modelling. The characterization phase was focused in understanding the key processes and controls on porosity and permeability. From the core and log data, a detailed sedimentologic and diagenetic study was performed, to identify the depositional environments and facies, as well as the pore system geometry, and its impact on fluid flow. Furthermore, several trends on reservoir quality were identified, related to faults, and associated with depositional cyclicity.
From the above work, a reservoir model was built, to support field development planning and associated uncertainties. A structural and stratigraphic framework was built, and Flow Unit Types (FUT) were defined using seismic, cores, thin sections, logs and mercury injection capillary pressure data (MICP). Property modelling was carried out for porosity and permeability, honouring FUT, depositional and diagenetic trends. In particular, two trends were modelled: a fault-related trend, to introduce the impact of diagenetic leaching related to faults (observed in core data); and a cyclicity related trend, to introduce the impact of preferential fluid flow pathways that occur at or near cycle tops. The uncertainty in the reservoir property models was evaluated with different FUT, driven by depositional and diagenetic concepts.
The results indicate that a significant improvement in reservoir understanding can be achieved with the use of an integrated study and model workflow, focusing on the key control factors that affect the pore system and the distribution of permeability. In this way it was possible to recognize spatial trends and capture the relationship between petrophysical properties, pore architecture and sweep efficiency.
Synthetic Generation of Random Permeability Fields for Heterogeneous Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Wilson J. L. , Gutjahr A. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Fields of permeability and other reservoir properties are synthetically generated using a variety of numerical algorithms. These fields are used in reservoir simulators to observe the effects of heterogeneous properties on reservoir behavior during secondary and enhanced oil recovery. They are also used to help develop pseudo-properties for simulator grid blocks that are too large to directly represent smaller scale spatial variation of properties.
Three methods for generating random property fields are reviewed and demonstrated by example: auto-regressive matrix decomposition methods (ARMD), the turning bands method (TBM) and FastFourier transforms (FFT). The methods are used to generate both continuous and discrete random fields, that are either stationary or nonstationary. The methods differ in cost, versatility, flexibility, accuracy, and CPU and storage costs.
The synthetically generated fields can be conditioned on observed data in order to represent actual reservoir conditions. Where additional synthetic data is required in order to resolve numerical detail, additional data points can be infilled. In some circumstances both properties and states (e.g., pressures) can be co-generated, using cross-covariances based on the physics of flow and displacement. Examples of each of these features are given.
Applications to well field simulations demonstrate that synthetically generated properties provide a powerful means for examining the effects of property heterogeneity on reservoir behavior.
Differential Quadrature for Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Civan F. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The application of the method of differential quadrature (Civan et al, 1984, 1988, 1988) is extended for efficient numerical solution of hydrocarbon reservoir models. This method approximates the partial derivatives by a sum of the discrete function values weighted according to a multi-dimensional polynomial. Hence, the differential quadrature method yields accurate solutions without the inherent efficiencies of the conventional methods such as grid point orientation effects, numerical dispersion and oscillations. Differential quadrature approximations can be designed for any order of accuracy without any difficulty. However, it is shown that quadratures of the order of seven to eleven are satisfactory for the solution of highly nonlinear and strongly coupled reservoir model equations.
First, the details and a comprehensive theory of the method of differential quadrature are presented. The significant advantages of this method over the conventional finite difference and element methods are demonstrated using model problems having analytic solutions. For this purpose, single phase radial flow problems and the Buckley-Leverett problem are considered for homogeneous and isotropic porous media and constant fluid properties. Second, the method is applied to more realistic cases including heterogeneous and anisotropic media, variable fluid properties and multiphase flow.
It is shown that the method of differential quadrature is a rapid, practical and accurate method which circumvents the commonly known difficulties and deficiencies of the conventional methods.
Unproduced Oil Identified in Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Hurst W. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The late A.F. VanEverdingen in finishing a brilliant career as a petroleum reservoir engineer, (1) reported that in the United States there are 300 billion barrels of oil left in the ground, of which 120 billion barrels are recoverable. This latter figure is equal to all the oil produced to-date since Colonel Drake produced oil in Pennsylvania in 1859.
This sizable amount of oil is the challenge to this industry to recover this oil, and can well be our future reserves. This paper deals with this problem, and to recover this oil in abandoned and producing oil fields. The method of recovery is to locate areas in these fields where in-fill wells can be drilled that showed the least oil production in a fields history.
This is accomplished by conformal mapping and stream-line flow from the reservoir itself to the producing wells. Where there are gaps in the mapping of the stream-lines, such designates areas of incomplete recovery and the regions where oil can be produced.
This can be simply stated that between every producing well, residual oil is left in the ground; this subject will be discussed further with illustrations.
Fig. 1 shows a circular reservoir, reproduced as a conformal rectangle, in which four wells are producing, each located in the center of a quadrant. It shows the vast gaps in plotting the streamlines along the major axis OX, and OY that defines areas of unproduced oil. Five additional wells can be drilled to produce this oil.
The application of conformal mapping and streamline flow have been discussed in the literature (2,3,4). The complications of reproducing these stream-lines is now performed by computer programming, as well as reproducing the field proper to a conformal rectangle, where all the work is done.
In this connection we have the writer's (5) own development of reproducing the potential problem, which is programmed; also the Schwartz-Christollel Method, by Gilicz, (6) a Hungarian, that is not yet completely programmed. Both of these methods are on a par with each other.
In all these respects this paper discusses reservoir simulation that apply to oil and gas fields to find new reserves.
Prediction of Sulfate Scaling Tendency in Oilfield Operations
Authors: Yuan Ming Dong , Todd A. C. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
A model is presented for predicting the scaling tendencies of barium, strontium and calcium sulphates resulting from the mixing of injected and formation waters, as well as the effects of temperature and pressure. The model is able to predict competitive simultaneous co-precipitation of BaSO4, CaSO4 and SrSO4 of which sulphate is the common ion, reflecting closely the precipitation of more than one sulphate mineral. The sulphate scaling tendency may be predicted for a single fluid or solutions of mixed waters at all ratios by calculating the supersaturations and amounts of precipitation of the sulphates at temperatures and pressures covering surface and reservoir conditions. For mixed scale occurrence of more than one sulphate, an iterative process is used.
The model is based on the concept of thermodynamic equilibria between the scaling ions in the solution and their solid precipitates, which requires the knowledge of the sulphates solubilities at various brine compositions, temperatures and pressures representative of oilfield operation conditions, In the model, the solubilities of BaSO4, CaSO4 and SrSO4 are regenerated from the published solubility data by Pitzer's ion interaction approach, a widely accepted method because of its sound theoretical basis and accurate representation of the properties of aqueous electrolyte solutions. The generated solubilities by this method agree with the published data within the error of experimental measurement.
The paper presents the scale prediction results and comments on its application in both predicting formation damage scaling tendency and also within reservoir modelling studies where scaling within the near production well zone is a concern.
Intellectual Property and Consolidation in the Seed Industry
Authors: Howard Philip H. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTIntellectual property protections on seeds have increased dramatically in recent decades, from the granting of patent‐like protections on certain types of seeds in 1970 to the enforcement of contract provisions for seeds beyond the first sale in 2013. During this same period, the seed industry has experienced rapid consolidation. Although as recently as the 1970s, it was characterized by thousands of small, mostly family‐owned business, by 2011, just three agrochemical firms controlled more than half of the global proprietary seed market. These trends have resulted in rapidly increasing prices for commodity seeds and reduced farmers' ability to save seeds. Given these important negative impacts, why do these trends continue? Expanding intellectual property protections and reducing the number of competitors are strategies that the largest firms understandably employ to increase their power but government support has also been essential to their success. Policy changes have reduced the enforcement of antitrust laws and increased the enforcement of alleged intellectual property infringements. In addition, synergies between stronger intellectual property protections and consolidation have further reinforced the dominance of top firms at the expense of a freely competitive industry. A better understanding of these trends is unlikely to reverse them in the near term but may increase the effectiveness of creating alternatives to a seed oligopoly.