bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Biomarkers of Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri Through Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics
Authors: Moura Hercules , Izquierdo Fernando , Woolfitt Adrian R. , Wagner Glauber , Pinto Tatiana , del Aguila Carmen , Barr John R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEmerging methods based on mass spectrometry (MS) can be used in the rapid identification of microorganisms. Thus far, these practical and rapidly evolving methods have mainly been applied to characterize prokaryotes. We applied matrix‐assisted laser‐desorption‐ionization‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry MALDI‐TOF MS in the analysis of whole cells of 18 N. fowleri isolates belonging to three genotypes. Fourteen originated from the cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissue of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis patients and four originated from water samples of hot springs, rivers, lakes or municipal water supplies. Whole Naegleria trophozoites grown in axenic cultures were washed and mixed with MALDI matrix. Mass spectra were acquired with a 4700 TOF‐TOF instrument. MALDI‐TOF MS yielded consistent patterns for all isolates examined. Using a combination of novel data processing methods for visual peak comparison, statistical analysis and proteomics database searching we were able to detect several biomarkers that can differentiate all species and isolates studied, along with common biomarkers for all N. fowleri isolates. Naegleria fowleri could be easily separated from other species within the genus Naegleria. A number of peaks detected were tentatively identified. MALDI‐TOF MS fingerprinting is a rapid, reproducible, high‐throughput alternative method for identifying Naegleria isolates. This method has potential for studying eukaryotic agents.
Bringing Political Skill into Social Networks: Findings from a Field Study of Entrepreneurs
Authors: Fang Ruolian , Chi Lei , Chen Manli , Baron Robert A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe authors integrate the entrepreneurship literature's sociological and behavioural perspectives and examine the processes through which entrepreneurs first build social networks and then use the network resources for enhancing venture performance. Field interviews of entrepreneurs during a six‐month period reveal that political skill is an important individual‐level factor that influences the construction and use of social networks. Theoretical and practical implications of the major findings are discussed.
Detailed functional characterization of glycosylated and nonglycosylated variants of malaria vaccine candidate PfAMA1 produced in Nicotiana benthamiana and analysis of growth inhibitory responses in rabbits
Authors: Boes Alexander , Spiegel Holger , Edgue Gueven , Kapelski Stephanie , Scheuermayer Matthias , Fendel Rolf , Remarque Edmond , Altmann Friedrich , Maresch Daniel , Reimann Andreas , Pradel Gabriele , Schillberg Stefan , Fischer Rainer 
Published: September 2014

SummaryOne of the most promising malaria vaccine candidate antigens is the Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (PfAMA1). Several studies have shown that this blood‐stage antigen can induce strong parasite growth inhibitory antibody responses. PfAMA1 contains up to six recognition sites for N‐linked glycosylation, a post‐translational modification that is absent in P. falciparum. To prevent any potential negative impact of N‐glycosylation, the recognition sites have been knocked out in most PfAMA1 variants expressed in eukaryotic hosts. However, N‐linked glycosylation may increase efficacy by improving immunogenicity and/or focusing the response towards relevant epitopes by glycan masking. We describe the production of glycosylated and nonglycosylated PfAMA1 in Nicotiana benthamiana and its detailed characterization in terms of yield, integrity and protective efficacy. Both PfAMA1 variants accumulated to high levels (>510 μg/g fresh leaf weight) after transient expression, and high‐mannose‐type N‐glycans were confirmed for the glycosylated variant. No significant differences between the N. benthamiana and Pichia pastoris PfAMA1 variants were detected in conformation‐sensitive ligand‐binding studies. Specific titres of >2 × 106 were induced in rabbits, and strong reactivity with P. falciparum schizonts was observed in immunofluorescence assays, as well as up to 100% parasite growth inhibition for both variants, with IC50 values of ~35 μg/mL. Competition assays indicated that a number of epitopes were shielded from immune recognition by N‐glycans, warranting further studies to determine how glycosylation can be used for the directed targeting of immune responses. These results highlight the potential of plant transient expression systems as a production platform for vaccine candidates.
Adult attachment styles, self‐esteem, and depressive symptoms: A comparison between postpartum and nonpostpartum women in Korea
Authors: KANG YAE‐RI , LEE JONG‐SUN , KANG MIN‐CHUL 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLife stress related to child bearing has been suggested to increase the risk of maternal depression in vulnerable women who have an insecure relationship. This study examined the relationship between adult attachment security and maternal depression in postpartum women as compared to nonpostpartum women. A total of 254 Korean women were recruited from pediatric hospitals, of whom 119 were in the postpartum period. Participants completed the Relationship Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale. Both preoccupied and fearful attachment styles were associated with low self‐esteem and higher levels of depressive symptoms, but a dismissing attachment style was not related to self‐esteem and depression severity. Low self‐esteem was found to mediate the relation between insecure attachment and depression severity; however, this mediating effect differed depending on the insecure attachment style. For preoccupied attachment, the role of self‐esteem as a mediator was observed only in postpartum women, not in nonpostpartum women (moderated mediation). In contrast, for fearful attachment, the mediating effects emerged in both groups. The results highlight the fact that there is a complex mechanism behind the link between interpersonal relationships and risk of maternal depression.
The “Emulator Effect” of the Uruguay Round on US Regionalism
Authors: Fugazza Marco , Robert‐Nicoud Frédéric 
Published: September 2014

AbstractUsing a detailed data set at the tariff line level, we find an emulator effect of multilateralism on subsequent regional trade agreements (RTAs) involving the USA. We exploit the variation in the frequency with which the US grants immediate duty free access (IDA) to its RTA partners across tariff lines. A key finding is that the US grants IDA status especially on goods for which it has cut the multilateral most favored nation (MFN) tariff during the Uruguay Round the most. Our results suggest that the Uruguay Round multilateral “concessions” have elicited subsequent preferential trade liberalization.
Financial Development and Sustainable Exports: Evidence from Firm‐product Data
Authors: Jaud Melise , Kukenova Madina , Strieborny Martin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe combine a novel measure of export‐related financial needs at the product level with a unique database of firm‐product export data (including names of the exporting firms) from five developing countries. Using the tools of survival analysis and taking into account firms' and products’ heterogeneity, we then examine the impact of financial development on the long‐term trade. Finance matters for sustainable export performance, as goods with higher export‐related financial needs disproportionately benefit from better financial development. Our results complement existing literature on finance and trade, which has relied on production‐based measures of financial dependence at the industry or firm level.
Thrombin as important factor for cutaneous wound healing: Comparison of fibrin biomatrices in vitro and in a rat excisional wound healing model
Authors: Gugerell Alfred , Pasteiner Waltraud , Nürnberger Sylvia , Kober Johanna , Meinl Alexandra , Pfeifer Sabine , Hartinger Joachim , Wolbank Susanne , Goppelt Andreas , Redl Heinz , Mittermayr Rainer 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFibrin biomatrices have been used for many years for hemostasis and sealing and are a well‐established surgical tool. The objective of the present study was to compare two commercially available fibrin biomatrices regarding the effect of their thrombin concentration on keratinocytes and wound healing in vitro and in vivo. Keratinocytes showed significant differences in adhesion, viability, and morphology in the presence of the fibrin matrices in vitro. A high thrombin concentration (800–1,200 IU/mL) caused deteriorated cell compatibility. By using a thrombin inhibitor, those differences could be reversed. In a rat excisional wound healing model, we observed more rapid wound closure and less wound severity in wounds treated with a fibrin matrix containing a lower concentration of thrombin (4 IU/mL). Furthermore, fewer new functional vessels and a lower level of vascular endothelial growth factor were measured in wounds after 7 days treated with the matrix with higher thrombin concentration. These in vivo results may be partially explained by the in vitro biocompatibility data. Additionally, results show that low thrombin biomatrices were degraded faster than the high thrombin material. Hence, we conclude that the composition of fibrin biomatrices influences keratinocytes and therefore has an impact on wound healing.
Flow Evolution Through a Turning Mid Turbine Frame With Embedded Design
Authors: Bader Pascal , Sanz Wolfgang , Spataro Rosario , Göttlich Emil 
Published: September 2014

The paper discusses the time-averaged flow of a new concept turbine transition duct placed in a two-stage counter-rotating test turbine located at the Institute for Thermal Turbomachinery and Machine Dynamics of Graz University of Technology.
As a possible architecture for the turbine transition duct of future engines, the structural vanes carrying the bearing loadings can be integrated with the first low pressure vane row in one aerodynamically optimized wide-chord vane. Such architecture is also called Turning Mid Turbine Frame (TMTF).
In order to increase the flow uniformity and to decrease the unsteady content of the flow at the inlet of the LP rotor, a baseline TMTF was redesigned embedding two splitter vanes into the strut passage. The discussion on the flow field is based on numerical results obtained by a CFD code and validated by aerodynamic measurements.
The flow structures moving from the outlet of the transonic high pressure stage are observed propagating towards the low pressure stage. In particular the splitter vanes are seen playing a major role in suppressing the big structures generated by the struts. On the other hand new losses are introduced by the splitter structures. Such structures play a decisive role in the overall component performance and therefore their effect should be properly understood in the design phase.
This work provides a deep insight into the flow physics of TMTF designed with an embedded concept for next generation aero-engines. This configuration is seen to be a promising architecture in order to compact the engine size while keeping the components performance high.
Exploitation of Measured Flame Transfer Functions for a Two-Phase Lean Fuel Injector to Predict Thermoacoustic Modes in Full Annular Combustors
Authors: Macquisten M. A. , Whiteman M. , Stow S. R. , Moran A. J. 
Published: September 2014

Thermoacoustic instabilities are a limitation on the operability of any combustion system, especially under lean fuel conditions. The ability to avoid or eliminate rumble, especially at an early stage of the development of a combustion system, is a useful capability. The occurrence of thermoacoustic modes can be predicted by an acoustic network of the combustion system, where the aerodynamic/flame interaction is described by a flame transfer function. In the EC funded KIAI project a series of tasks were performed to measured flame transfer functions of lean fuel injectors with the aim of predicting thermoacoustic Eigen modes in a full annular combustion rig.
The linear flame transfer functions, of the injector, were measured at Cambridge University on a single intermediate pressure sector siren rig via OH* and CH* chemiluminescence and unsteady pressure measurements. These flame transfer functions were implemented in a low order acoustic network of the rig in the form of an inverse FFT method. The acoustic network uses linear perturbation theory, where the Eigen modes are solved by satisfying the acoustic boundary conditions. Alternatively, the acoustic network can be used to predict the forced pressure response of the system. Finally, the network was used to predict the frequencies, stability and spectra in a full annular combustor rig, utilising the same injector.
A Multidisciplinary Approach for the Comprehensive Assessment of Integrated Rotorcraft–Powerplant Systems at Mission Level
Authors: Ali Fakhre , Goulos Ioannis , Tzanidakis Konstantinos , Pachidis Vassilios , d’Ippolito Roberto 
Published: September 2014

This paper presents an integrated methodology for the comprehensive assessment of combined rotorcraft–powerplant systems at mission level. Analytical evaluation of existing and conceptual designs is carried out in terms of operational performance and environmental impact. The proposed approach comprises a wide-range of individual modeling theories applicable to rotorcraft flight dynamics and gas turbine engine performance. A novel, physics-based, stirred reactor model is employed for the rapid estimation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. The individual mathematical models are implemented within an elaborate numerical procedure, solving for total mission fuel consumption and associated pollutant emissions. The combined approach is applied to the comprehensive analysis of a reference twin-engine light aircraft modeled after the Eurocopter Bo 105 helicopter, operating on representative mission scenarios.
Extensive comparisons with flight test data are carried out and presented in terms of main rotor trim control angles and power requirements, along with general flight performance charts including payload-range diagrams. Predictions of total mission fuel consumption and NOx emissions are compared with estimated values provided by the Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation. Good agreement is exhibited between predictions made with the physics-based stirred reactor model and experimentally measured values of NOx emission indices. The obtained results suggest that, the production rates of NOx pollutant emissions are predominantly influenced by the behavior of total air inlet pressure upstream of the combustion chamber, which is affected by the employed operational procedures and the time-dependent all-up mass of the aircraft. It is demonstrated that, accurate estimation of on-board fuel supplies ahead of flight is key to improving fuel economy as well as reducing environmental impact. The proposed methodology essentially constitutes an enabling technology for the comprehensive assessment of existing and conceptual rotorcraft–powerplant systems, in terms of operational performance and environmental impact.
Methods for the Gas Dynamic Calculation of the Cooled Multistage Turbine Performance
Authors: Mamaev B. I. , Petukhovsky M. M. , Pozdnyakov A. V. , Ryabov E. K. 
Published: September 2014

Method of 1D calculation was developed. It is applicable to various ideal gases and their mixtures with regard to variability of their physical properties within wide temperature range.
Four checking cross-sections were set for each vane/blade row: at the row inlet, in the row throat, at the row outlet, and downstream the row at the distance of the inter-row gap.
Relations for the calculation of the flow outlet angle and maximum outlet velocity when the velocity in the throat reaches sonic values were a basis for a mathematical model. These relations considered the row geometry, tapering of a meridional streamline, a compressibility of gas, and losses variable along a channel. They made it possible to determine a gas mass flow at various flow outlet velocities.
The row loss coefficient was determined from numerous test results. Losses in uncooled row were composed of a friction, edge, wave (due to incidence), and tip losses. A cascade density, the row height, the edge thickness, the airfoil surface roughness, inlet and outlet angles, Re, and the flow turbulence were also considered.
Semi-empirical relations, describing an impact of a cooling air blow-off through a perforation in the airfoil and tip shrouds, trailing edge slot, at the shroud mating area, and in the gap downstream the row, were applied for the cooled turbine calculation. The influence of the blade cooling air pre-swirl on its temperature and turbine power was taken into account as well.
Axial flows and the impact of a circumferential flow were defined when the radial gap flow for shroudless blades was calculated. For shrouded blades flows through linear and step labyrinths calculated. Influence of the rotation direction on the flow and gas heating in the labyrinth were also taken into account.
Disk-gas losses are also calculated.
Inputs were geometry of each row, a rotation velocity, a pressure, a temperature, a flow inlet angle, cooling air mass flow, temperature and pressure. Outputs could be any operation parameter of a turbine or a stage and flow parameters at checking cross-sections. Calculation covered whole range of turbine operation modes, including stage operation modes with energy consumption.
A high-performance code was written on a basis of this method. It was verified against test results of some model turbines. A comparison showed quite good correspondence to tests both for turbine integral parameters and flow parameters at the checking cross-sections.
Wind-Hydro-Gas Turbine Unit Commitment to Guarantee Firm Dispatchable Power
Authors: Branchini L. , Bianchi M. , Cavina N. , Cerofolini A. , De Pascale A. , Melino F. 
Published: September 2014

The randomness and intermittence of wind power require additional reserves provided by thermal generators. This creates difficult scheduling of generation, causing thermal generators to start up or shut down frequently, or to operate at low efficiency and high fuel consumption state. If not, some wind power will be curtailed and wasted. This paper examines the operation of a hybrid system made up of a wind farm, a pump storage hydro and conventional thermal generation units consisting in a combination of a heavy-duty and an aeroderivative gas turbines.
In order to seek an optimal approach to deal with the uncertainty of increasing wind power and ensure both the efficient operation of thermal generators and full use of wind energy, two different control strategies have been proposed and compared: (i) a “custom” in house developed strategy and (ii) an “optimal” strategy based on Dynamic Programming.
Using actual generation data of a wind farm, the operation of hydro power plant and gas turbines are obtained with the aim of compensating differences between actual wind generation and load demanded. Natural gas fuel consumption and average gas turbine efficiencies during the analyzed time period are calculated along with number of units starts-up.
Applying an Extended Non Linear Harmonic Method to a CROR Configuration With Emphasis on the Acoustic Signature
Authors: Hildebrandt Thomas , Thiel Peter , Albert Sven , Vilmin Stephan 
Published: September 2014

Contra Rotating Open Rotor (CROR) propulsion concepts offer the possibility of gaining a significant step in the reduction of the specific fuel consumption (SFC) of aeroengines. Next to their advantages in this area, CROR configurations pose serious challenges to aircraft designers in terms of their inherently high and unsteady pressure fluctuations, which are not shielded by any sort of casing. When compared to ducted fans, these pressure fluctuations can lead to an unacceptably high acoustic signature on the environment as well as to a high frequency stress load on the airplane structure. It is therefore necessary to capture and understand these unsteady flow effects early in the design phase, which in turn makes unsteady CFD calculations mandatory.
The paper presents the application of a highly efficient frequency based unsteady CFD method, the so called Non Linear Harmonic (NLH) method on a tractor (puller) CROR configuration. The Non Linear Harmonic Method returns unsteady results within at least two orders of magnitude less CPU time compared to the conventional approach of traditional unsteady sliding grid methods.
The NLH method has first been introduced by [1] and significantly extended by [2–4] in order to take more of the interacting blade frequencies into account. The NLH method used herein does not require any scaling of the geometry or changes in the blade count. In order to apply the method on CROR configurations, it has been further developed [5] and is fully capable to account for the different rotational speeds of all components of a CROR configuration. The novel rank-2 extension enables the unsteady effects of the first rotor to pass through the rotating flow field of the second rotor.