bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organic Geochemical Composition of the Georgia Kaolins: Insights into Formation and Diagenetic Conditions
Authors: Cheshire Michael C. , Bish David L. , Brassell Simon C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMost previous studies of the kaolin deposits in the southeastern United States have focused on their mineralogy and petrology to understand better the depositional and diagenetic environments of the kaolins. Many studies suggest, however, that much of the information held within the minerals was changed during extensive post-depositional groundwater and microbial alteration. Organic δ13C and biomarker analyses were used, therefore, to provide further information on the nature of the original sediments, the depositional environment(s), and the amount of diagenetic alteration that has occurred in Georgia kaolin deposits.Two different types of kaolin can be discerned, based on their total organic carbon contents: organic-lean kaolin and lignitic kaolin. The bulk organic δ13C in the Georgia kaolins ranges from ~−26 to −19% (VPDB, Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite standard), with a noticeable enrichment in 13C with decrease in organic carbon concentration. The lean kaolins are by far the more dominant types, with an organic-matter composition primarily of C16–C22n-alkanes, C16 and C18 fatty acids, and unresolved complex mixtures. Lignitic kaolin has a distinctly different organic matter (OM) composition. The lignitic material is primarily C15–C33n-alkanes with a greater abundance of C23–C31n-alkanes and lesser amounts of resinous and microbial constituents along with the oxidized forms of the saturated lipid fractions.Biomarker data suggest that the lignitic material is primarily terrestrially derived from conifers with minor input from microbial lipids. The OM in both types of kaolin shows strong signs of microbial decomposition that yield the organically lean kaolins. The oxidation of the detrital organic matter would subsequently yield organic acids that would have exerted significant influence on the mineralogy and metal mobility.
L2 acquisition of the progressive marker zai in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Liu, Feng-hsi 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTwo studies on L2 acquisition of the progressive marker zai in Mandarin Chinese by native English speakers were conducted to investigate the interaction between L1 influence and the congruence of lexical aspect and tense-aspect morphology, as formulated in the aspect hypothesis. The two factors make opposite predictions with respect to the early stage and the acquisition process. The findings from a judgment task and a production task show that the observed pattern is neither predicted by the aspect hypothesis alone nor entirely conditioned by L1 influence. Rather, it is the result of both forces at work. At the early stage zai is associated with activities and accomplishments involving goal or distance. In the acquisition process, both widening and narrowing of predicate types are observed. The findings also show that the L1 effect does not disappear at the same time, but proceeds in stages. In the case of zai marking, the L1 effect weakening process is governed by the strength of event ending that is part of the meaning of the predicates.
A study on Chinese-character learning strategies and character learning performance among American learners of Chinese
Authors: Sung, Ko-Yin 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis study investigated Chinese-character learning strategies employed by 74 first-year American college learners of Chinese. This study attempted to answer the following research questions: (1) what Chinese-character learning strategies are most frequently used by first-year Chinese language learners?; (2) what are the factors underlying the most frequently used strategies?; and (3) are there any linear trends between the most frequently used strategies and character learning performance?. The results found seven most frequently used strategies. Furthermore, four of these strategies were stroke-orthographic-knowledge-based while the remaining three were phonological-semantics-knowledge-based. The stroke-orthographic-knowledge-based strategies accounted for 6.8% of the learners' character learning performance.
When in China, do as the Chinese do? Learning compliment responding in a study abroad program
Authors: Jin, Li 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRecent years have witnessed an increasing number of English-speaking students studying abroad in China. Whether these students can learn and reflect in their behaviors certain uniquely Chinese-style speech acts during their sojourn in China merits investigation. This paper reports on a case study investigating what and how four American university-level students developed knowledge and skills of compliment responding in Mandarin Chinese when they were participating in an 8-week intensive summer language program in Shanghai. Among the four participants, two were from a 2nd-year Mandarin Chinese class and two from a 3rd-year class. The qualitative data were collected from one pre-study questionnaire, weekly semi-structured interviews (a total of 6 for each participant), participants' weekly reflective blogs, and the researcher's observation of participants' social interaction with native speakers of Mandarin Chinese. The results showed that despite their similar academic, linguistic, and cultural background, each participant experienced a heterogeneous and dynamic developmental process and developed different awareness and skills of compliment responding in Mandarin Chinese throughout the study abroad program. The researcher discussed how each participant's agency and individual social interaction with native speakers of Mandarin Chinese as well as local Chinese residents' socialization efforts during the study abroad program intertwiningly shaped what and how the participants learned about Mandarin Chinese compliment responding strategies.
The Hands of Time: Temporal gestures in English speakers
Authors: Casasanto, Daniel , Jasmin, Kyle 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDo English speakers think about time the way they talk about it? In spoken English, time appears to flow along the sagittal axis (front/back): the future is ahead and the past is behind us. Here we show that when asked to gesture about past and future events deliberately, English speakers often use the sagittal axis, as language suggests they should. By contrast, when producing co-speech gestures spontaneously, they use the lateral axis (left/right) overwhelmingly more often, gesturing leftward for earlier times and rightward for later times. This left-right mapping of time is consistent with the flow of time on calendars and graphs in English-speaking cultures, but is completely absent from conventional spoken metaphors.English speakers gesture on the lateral axis even when they are using front/back metaphors in their co-occurring speech. This speech-gesture dissociation is not due to any lack of lexical or constructional resources to spatialize time laterally in language, nor to any lack of physical resources to spatialize time sagittally in gesture. We propose that when speakers are describing sequences of events, they often use neither the Moving Ego nor Moving Time perspectives. Rather, they adopt a “Moving Attention” perspective, which is grounded in patterns of interaction with cultural artifacts, not in patterns of interaction with the natural environment. We suggest possible pragmatic, kinematic, and mnemonic motivations for the use of a lateral mental timeline in gesture and in thought. Gestures reveal an implicit spatial conceptualization of time that cannot be inferred from language.
Linguistic versus cultural relativity: On Japanese-Chinese differences in picture description and recall
Authors: Tajima, Yayoi , Duffield, Nigel 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis study examines whether the sentence structure of particular languages predisposes speakers to particular attentional patterns. We hypothesized that the holistic attentional bias of Japanese participants observed in a previous study (Masuda and Nisbett 2001), attributed in that paper to pan-Asian cultural factors, is better interpreted as a consequence of specific linguistic properties of Japanese: namely, sentence structure. In experiments involving Japanese, English and Chinese native speakers, it was found that Japanese participants reported more Ground information before mentioning Figure information, mentioned more background details overall, and remembered background elements in a subsequent recall task significantly more accurately than either English or Chinese participants. The “Asian response” was thus split, as predicted by the grammatical typology of Japanese and Chinese. Our results therefore support a linguistic interpretation of Japanese-English differences, and run counter to the previous explanation in terms of culture.
Cognitive Sociolinguistics meets loanword research: Measuring variation in the success of anglicisms in Dutch
Authors: Zenner, Eline , Speelman, Dirk , Geeraerts, Dirk 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis paper introduces a new, concept-based method for measuring variation in the use and success of loanwords by presenting the results of a case-study on 149 English person reference nouns (i.e. common nouns used to designate people, such as manager) in Dutch. With this paper, we introduce four methodological improvements to current quantitative corpus-based anglicism research, based on the general tenets of Cognitive Sociolinguistics (Geeraerts 2005; Kristiansen and Geeraerts 2007; Geeraerts 2010; Geeraerts et al. 2010): (1) replacing raw frequency as a success measure by a concept-based onomasiological approach; (2) relying on larger datasets and semi-automatic extraction techniques; (3) adding a multivariate perspective to the predominantly structuralist orientation of current accounts; (4) using inferential statistical techniques to help explain variation. We illustrate our method by presenting a case-study on variation in the success of English person reference nouns in Dutch. Generally, this article aims to show how a Cognitive Sociolinguistic perspective on loanword research is beneficial for both paradigms. On the one hand, the concept-based approach provides new insights in the spread of loanwords. On the other hand, attention to contact linguistic phenomena offers a new expansion to the domain of cognitive linguistic studies taking a variationist approach.
The emergence of duality of patterning: Insights from the laboratory
Authors: Roberts Gareth , Galantucci Bruno 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe concept of duality of patterning (henceforth DP) has recently begun to undergo new scrutiny. In particular, the fact that Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL) does not appear to exhibit a layer of meaningless units (Sandler et al. 2011) casts doubt on the universality of DP as a defining feature of natural language. Why, then, do the vast majority of the world's languages exhibit DP? Two hypotheses have been suggested. The first is that DP is a necessary solution to the problem of conveying a large number of meanings; the second is that DP arises as a consequence of conventionalization. We tested these hypotheses in an experimental-semiotics study. Our results supported the hypothesis based on conventionalization but were inconclusive with regard to the hypothesis based on the number of meanings. At the same time, the task of measuring DP in an experimental-semiotics study presented interesting challenges, suggesting that the concept of DP may need some overhauling.
Lexical contrast maintenance and the organization of sublexical contrast systems
Authors: Wedel Andrew 
Published: November 2012

AbstractVariationist/evolutionary models of phonology assume a causal chain that links biases at the utterance level to the development and consolidation of abstract phonological patterns over time. Some of the properties of linguistic cognition that have been proposed to underlie this chain are (i) storage of experienced detail at multiple levels of description, (ii) feedback between perception and production, (iii) a similarity bias in the production and perception of variation, and (iv) enhancement of cues to potentially ambiguous lexical items in usage. I review evidence for these properties and argue that they interact to provide a pathway for individual usage events to influence the evolution of contrastive sublexcal category systems, i.e phoneme inventories. Specifically, the proposed Network-Feedback model predicts that the organization of sublexical category systems is shaped by a conflict between a general drive toward greater similarity among sublexical categories on the one hand, and a bias toward maintaining contrast between tokens of competing lexical categories on the other. The model provides testable hypotheses about the conditions favoring phoneme merger, chain-shifts, and phonemic splits, and more generally about the influence of lexical contrast on the packing of sublexical categories along gestural/perceptual dimensions. Finally, this pathway of change is consistent with proposals that sublexical categories such as features and segments are not primitives of language, but emerge through more general properties of performance, perception, categorization and learning.
The origins of duality of patterning in artificial whistled languages
Authors: Verhoef Tessa 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn human speech, a finite set of basic sounds is combined into a (potentially) unlimited set of well-formed morphemes. Hockett (1960) placed this phenomenon under the term ‘duality of patterning’ and included it as one of the basic design features of human language. Of the thirteen basic design features Hockett proposed, duality of patterning is the least studied and it is still unclear how it evolved in language. Recent work shedding light on this is summarized in this paper and experimental data is presented. This data shows that combinatorial structure can emerge in an artificial whistled language through cultural transmission as an adaptation to human cognitive biases and learning. In this work the method of experimental iterated learning (Kirby et al. 2008) is used, in which a participant is trained on the reproductions of the utterances the previous participant learned. Participants learn and recall a system of sounds that are produced with a slide whistle. Transmission from participant to participant causes the whistle systems to change and become more learnable and more structured. These findings follow from qualitative observations, quantitative measures and a follow-up experiment that tests how well participants can learn the emerged whistled languages by generalizing from a few examples.
The emergence of duality of patterning through iterated learning: Precursors to phonology in a visual lexicon
Authors: Giudice Alex Del 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDuality of Patterning, one of Hockett's (1960) proposed design features unique to human language, refers in part to the arrangements of a relatively small stock of distinguishable meaningless sounds which are combined to create a potentially infinite set of morphemes. Literature regarding the emergence of this design feature is less abundant than that exploring other levels of structure as focus is more often given to the emergence of syntax. In an effort to explore where combinatorial structure of meaningless elements arises the results of two pilot experiments are presented within which we observe human participants modifying a small lexicon of visual symbols through a process of iterated learning. As this lexicon evolves there is evidence that it becomes simpler and more learnable, more easily transmitted. I argue that these features are a consequence of spontaneous emergence of combinatorial, sub-lexical structure in the lexicon, that the pattern of emergence is more complex than the most widely espoused explanation suggests, and I propose ways in which future work can build on what we learn from these pilot experiments to confirm this hypothesis.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Diode Laser on Pain and Edema in Individuals with Cleft Lip and Palate Submitted to Secondary Bone Graft
Authors: Da Silva Cunha Mércia Jussara , Esper Luis Augusto , Sbrana Michyele Cristhiane , Da Silva Cirino Camila Camarinha , Oliveira Paula Gabriela Faciola Pêssoa , De Almeida Ana Lúcia Pompéia Fraga 
Published: November 2012

Objective To clinically evaluate the effects of diode laser, Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenide laser (GaAIAs), on the pain and edema after secondary alveolar bone graft. Design Case-control, double-blind study. Setting Institutional tertiary referral hospital. Participants The sample was composed of 60 individuals with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, of both genders, aged 9 to 15 years, submitted to secondary alveolar bone graft. Main Outcome Measures The individuals were divided into an experimental group (patients irradiated with diode laser GaAIAs, energy density of 4 J/cm2, power of 100 mW, and wavelength in the infrared spectrum, for 10 seconds per point on 10 points, adding up to a dose of 40 J/cm2) and a placebo group (simulated laser application for 60 seconds per point, also on 10 points). Applications were made on the receptor site immediately postoperatively and after 24 and 48 hours. The pain and edema were assessed preoperatively and at each application. Results The two groups presented increase in pain and edema in 24 and 48 hours. No statistically significant difference was found between groups. Conclusions According to the present methodology, the use of low-level laser to control the pain and edema in the postoperative period of secondary alveolar bone graft was not effective.
Patterns of Tooth Agenesis in Patients with Crouzon or Apert Syndrome
Authors: Reitsma Jacobus H. , Ongkosuwito Edwin M. , Van Wijk Arjen J. , Prahl-Andersen Birte 
Published: November 2012

Purpose Dental agenesis is the most common anomaly of dental development and can be a component of a congenital syndrome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of agenesis and to describe patterns of tooth agenesis in patients with Crouzon or Apert syndrome compared with nonsyndromic controls. Patients and Methods Longitudinal records of 67 patients with Crouzon syndrome (n = 39) or Apert syndrome (n = 28) from the Erasmus Medical Centre were examined. Syndromic patients were compared with patients in a nonsyndromic control group (n = 284). Results Prevalence of tooth agenesis in patients with Crouzon syndrome (35.9%) and patients with Apert syndrome (46.4%) was significantly higher than the prevalence in control subjects (27.5%) ( P < .005). In all groups third molars were the most likely to be agenetic. Tooth agenesis excluding third molars was significantly higher in syndromic patients than in control subjects ( P < .001). Bilateral agenesis of mandibular second premolars occurred significantly more often in patients with Crouzon and Apert syndrome than in control subjects ( P < .001). Conclusions Tooth agenesis is more prevalent in patients with Crouzon or Apert syndrome than in control subjects. Tooth agenesis and mandibular symmetrical patterns of second premolar agenesis are more prevalent in syndromic patients.
Herbrand consistency of some arithmetical theories
Authors: Salehi Saeed 
Published: November 2012

AbstractGödel's second incompleteness theorem is proved for Herbrand consistency of some arithmetical theories with bounded induction, by using a technique of logarithmic shrinking the witnesses of bounded formulas, due to Z. Adamowicz [Herbrand consistency and bounded arithmetic, Fundamenta Mathematicae, vol. 171 (2002), pp. 279–292]. In that paper, it was shown that one cannot always shrink the witness of a bounded formula logarithmically, but in the presence of Herbrand consistency, for theories IΔ0 + Ωm with m ≥ 2, any witness for any bounded formula can be shortened logarithmically. This immediately implies the unprovability of Herbrand consistency of a theory T ⊇ IΔ0 + Ω2 in T itself.In this paper, the above results are generalized for Δ0 + Ω1. Also after tailoring the definition of Herbrand consistency for IΔ0 we prove the corresponding theorems for IΔ0. Thus the Herbrand version of Gödel's second incompleteness theorem follows for the theories IΔ0 + Ω1 and IΔ0.
The Bernays-Schönfinkel-Ramsey class for set theory: decidability
Authors: Policriti Alberto , Omodeo Eugenio 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAs proved recently, the satisfaction problem for all prenex formulae in the set-theoretic Bernays-Shönfinkel-Ramsey class is semi-decidable over von Neumann's cumulative hierarchy. Here that semi-decidability result is strengthened into a decidability result for the same collection of formulae.
A sound and complete axiomatization for Dynamic Topological Logic
Authors: Fernández-Duque David 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDynamic Topological Logic () is a multimodal system for reasoning about dynamical systems. It is defined semantically and, as such, most of the work done in the field has been model-theoretic. In particular, the problem of finding a complete axiomatization for the full language of over the class of all dynamical systems has proven to be quite elusive.Here we propose to enrich the language to include a polyadic topological modality, originally introduced by Dawar and Otto in a different context. We then provide a sound axiomatization for over this extended language, and prove that it is complete. The polyadic modality is used in an essential way in our proof.
Non-finitely axiomatisable two-dimensional modal logics
Authors: Kurucz Agi , Marcelino Sérgio 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe show the first examples of recursively enumerable (even decidable) two-dimensional products of finitely axiomatisable modal logics that are not finitely axiomatisable. In particular, we show that any axiomatisation of some bimodal logics that are determined by classes of product frames with linearly ordered first components must be infinite in two senses: It should contain infinitely many propositional variables, and formulas of arbitrarily large modal nesting-depth.
Fur mites of the family Listrophoridae (Acariformes: Sarcoptoidea) associated with South American sigmodontine rodents (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)
Authors: Sikora Bożena , Bochkov Andre 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSix species of 3 genera belonging to the fur mite family Listrophoridae were recorded on skins of South American rodents of the cricetid subfamily Sigmodontinae housed in the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (Munich, Germany). Among them, Amlistrophorus geoxus sp. nov. from Geoxus valdivianus from Chile is described as a new for science, and males of Prolistrophorus amazonicus amazonicus Fain, 1971 are recorded for the first time. The full generic status for the subgenus Amlistrophorus of the genus Prolistrophorus proposed by Fain et al. (1996) is not supported, and Prolistrophorus musculinus Fain, 1973 stat. nov. (formerly a subspecies of P. amazonicus) from Mus musculus (Rodentia: Muridae) from Suriname is raised to species status. New hosts are recorded for the following species: Prolistrophorus argentinus (Hirst, 1921) from Holochilus brasiliensis and H. chacarius from Argentina, P. amazonicus from Calomys callosus from Argentina and Bolivia, C. laucha and C. musculinus from Argentina, P. akodon Fain and Lukoschus, 1982 from Akodon montensis from Argentina, P. nectomys Fain, 1971 from Nectomys palmipes from Peru and Melanomys caliginosus from Panama, and Sclerolistrophorus oxymycteris Fain, 1976 from Oryzomys laticeps from Brazil.