bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SCC growth rate measurements and surface oxide film characterization on high SFE austenitic stainless steels in a simulated BWR water environment
Authors: Ooki S. , Yonezawa T. , Watanabe M. , Kokawa H. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTStress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) has been detected in Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) on core shrouds and primary water re-circulation piping made of low carbon stainless steels. Material hardening strongly affects SCC propagation behavior, and SCC growth rates increase with increasing hardness of austenitic stainless steels caused by cold work or neutron irradiation.Research work has been conducted in the authors’ laboratories with the aim of improving SCC resistance using chemical composition control of stainless steels. It has been previously reported that high stacking fault energy (SFE) materials showed better SCC resistance than low SFE materials due to hardening being suppressed in high SFE materials. In the present study, SCC growth rate (CGR) tests were performed using 15% cold worked Types 316L and 25Cr-20Ni stainless steels in a simulated BWR water environment. The 25Cr-20Ni stainless steel used has high SFE value due to chemical composition control and measured SCC growth rates were lower than those of low SFE stainless steels.However, oxidation behavior is one of the more important factors influencing SCC of austenitic stainless steels in addition to material hardening behavior, and the influence of the chemical composition control necessary to increase SFE on oxidation behavior in BWR primary coolants is still unclear. In this study, therefore, immersion tests using Types 316L and 25Cr-20Ni stainless steel specimens were also conducted in the simulated BWR water environment. The surface oxide films on the specimens were then analyzed with micro-Raman spectroscopy and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy in order to help clarify the oxidation behavior.The results of these tests and analyses showed that the NiFe2O4 content of the outer oxide layers on the high SFE stainless steels was higher than that on the low SFE stainless steels. The inner oxide film on the 25Cr-20Ni stainless steel also had a high chromium content.Based on the above results, SCC resistance and oxidation behavior of high SFE austenitic stainless steels in a simulated BWR water environment will be discussed.
Unaccompanied Evacuation and Adult Mortality: Evaluating the Finnish Policy of Evacuating Children to Foster Care During World War II
Authors: Santavirta Torsten 
Published: July 2014

Objectives. I examined associations between evacuation of Finnish children to temporary foster care in Sweden during World War II and all-cause mortality between ages 38 and 78 years. Methods. I used a Cox proportional hazards model to estimate mortality risk according to whether the individual was evacuated during childhood or not. I used within-sibling analysis to control for all unobserved socioeconomic and genetic characteristics shared among siblings. Individual-level data for Finnish cohorts born in 1933 to 1944 were derived from wartime government records, Finnish census data from 1950 and 1970, and death cause registry from 1971 to 2011. Results. I found no statistically significant association between evacuation and all-cause mortality when all exposed individuals were included in the analysis. However, subgroup analysis showed that men evacuated before age 4 years had a 1.31 higher mortality risk (95% confidence interval = 1.01, 1.69) than their nonevacuated counterparts. Conclusions. In the aggregate, individuals do not have elevated mortality risk as a consequence of foster care during early childhood owing to the onset of sudden external shocks (e.g., wars).
Maternal Depression as a Risk Factor for Family Homelessness
Authors: Curtis Marah A. , Corman Hope , Noonan Kelly , Reichman Nancy E. 
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We estimated the effects of maternal depression during the postpartum year, which is often an unexpected event, on subsequent homelessness and risk of homelessness in a national sample of urban, mostly low-income mothers. Methods. We used logistic regression models to estimate associations between maternal depression during the postpartum year and both homelessness and risk of homelessness 2 to 3 years later, controlling for maternal and family history of depression, prenatal housing problems, and other covariates. Risk factors for homelessness included experiencing evictions or frequent moves and moving in with family or friends and not paying rent. Results. We found robust associations between maternal depression during the postpartum year and subsequent homelessness and risk of homelessness, even among mothers who had no history of mental illness, whose own mothers did not have a history of depressive symptoms, and who had no previous housing problems. Conclusions. This study provides robust evidence that maternal mental illness places families with young children at risk for homelessness, contributes to the scant literature elucidating directional and causal links between mental illness and homelessness, and contributes to a stagnant but important literature on family homelessness.
The Impact of Public Housing on Social Networks: A Natural Experiment
Authors: Pollack Craig E , Green Harold D. , Kennedy David P. , Griffin Beth Ann , Kennedy-Hendricks Alene , Burkhauser Susan , Schwartz Heather 
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We assessed whether 2 types of public housing—scattered among market-rate housing developments or clustered in small public housing projects—were associated with the perceived health and health behaviors of residents’ social networks. Methods. Leveraging a natural experiment in Montgomery County, Maryland, in which residents were randomly assigned to different types of public housing, we surveyed 453 heads of household in 2011. We asked residents about their own health as well as the perceived health of their network members, including their neighbors. Results. Residents in scattered-site public housing perceived that their neighbors were more likely to exercise than residents of clustered public housing (24.7% of network members vs 14.0%; P < .001). There were no significant differences in the proportion of network members who were perceived to have major health problems, depressed mood, poor diet, or obesity. Having more network members who smoked was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of smoking. Conclusions. Different types of public housing have a modest impact on the health composition of one’s social network, suggesting the importance of housing policy for health.
Recent Violence in a Community-Based Sample of Homeless and Unstably Housed Women With High Levels of Psychiatric Comorbidity
Authors: Riley Elise D. , Cohen Jennifer , Knight Kelly R. , Decker Alyson , Marson Kara , Shumway Martha 
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We determined associations between co-occurring psychiatric conditions and violence against homeless and unstably housed women. Methods. Between 2008 and 2010, we interviewed homeless and unstably housed women recruited from community venues about violence, socioeconomic factors, and psychiatric conditions. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine independent correlates of violence. Results. Among 291 women, 97% screened positive for 1 or more psychiatric conditions. Types of violence perpetrated by primary partners and persons who were not primary partners (non–primary partners) included emotional violence (24% vs 50%; P < .01), physical violence (11% vs 19%; P < .01), and sexual violence (7% vs 22%; P < .01). The odds of primary partner and non–primary partner violence increased with each additional psychiatric diagnosis and decreasing levels of social isolation. Conclusions. All types of violence were more commonly perpetrated by non–primary partners, suggesting that an exclusive focus on domestic violence screening in health care or social service settings will miss most of the violence in this population. Contrary to some previous studies, the odds of violence decreased as social isolation increased, suggesting that social isolation may be protective in homeless and unstably housed communities with high levels of comorbidity and limited options.
Role of Health Insurance on the Survival of Infants With Congenital Heart Defects
Authors: Kucik James E. , Cassell Cynthia H. , Alverson Clinton J. , Donohue Pamela , Tanner Jean Paul , Minkovitz Cynthia S. , Correia Jane , Burke Thomas , Kirby Russell S. 
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We examined the association between health insurance and survival of infants with congenital heart defects (CHDs), and whether medical insurance type contributed to racial/ethnic disparities in survival. Methods. We conducted a population-based, retrospective study on a cohort of Florida resident infants born with CHDs between 1998 and 2007. We estimated neonatal, post-neonatal, and infant survival probabilities and adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) for individual characteristics. Results. Uninsured infants with critical CHDs had 3 times the mortality risk (AHR = 3.0; 95% confidence interval = 1.3, 6.9) than that in privately insured infants. Publicly insured infants had a 30% reduced mortality risk than that of privately insured infants during the neonatal period, but had a 30% increased risk in the post-neonatal period. Adjusting for insurance type reduced the Black–White disparity in mortality risk by 50%. Conclusions. Racial/ethnic disparities in survival were attenuated significantly, but not eliminated, by adjusting for payer status.
Trends in Mental Health Services Utilization and Stigma in US Soldiers From 2002 to 2011
Authors: Quartana Phillip J. , Wilk Joshua E. , Thomas Jeffrey L. , Bray Robert M. , Rae Olmsted Kristine L. , Brown Janice M. , Williams Jason , Kim Paul Y. , Clarke-Walper Kristina , Hoge Charles W. 
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We characterized trends in mental health services utilization and stigma over the course of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars among active-component US soldiers. Methods. We evaluated trends in mental health services utilization and stigma using US Army data from the Health-Related Behavior (HRB) surveys from 2002, 2005, and 2008 (n = 12 835) and the Land Combat Study (LCS) surveys administered to soldiers annually from 2003 to 2009 and again in 2011 (n = 22 627). Results. HRB and LCS data suggested increased mental health services utilization and decreased stigma in US soldiers between 2002 and 2011. These trends were evident in soldiers with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), or PTSD and MDD. Despite the improving trends, more than half of soldiers with mental health problems did not report seeking care. Conclusions. Mental health services utilization increased and stigma decreased over the course of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Although promising, these findings indicate that a significant proportion of US soldiers meeting criteria for PTSD or MDD do not utilize mental health services, and stigma remains a pervasive problem requiring further attention.
Medicaid Enrollment Gap Length and Number of Medicaid Enrollment Periods Among US Children
Authors: Simon Alan E. , Schoendorf Kenneth C. 
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We examined gap length, characteristics associated with gap length, and number of enrollment periods among Medicaid-enrolled children in the United States. Methods. We linked the 2004 National Health Interview Survey to Medicaid Analytic eXtract files for 1999 through 2008. We examined linkage-eligible children aged 5 to 13 years in the 2004 National Health Interview Survey who disenrolled from Medicaid. We generated Kaplan-Meier curves of time to reenrollment. We used Cox proportional hazards models to assess the effect of sociodemographic variables on time to reenrollment. We compared the percentage of children enrolled 4 or more times across sociodemographic groups. Results. Of children who disenrolled from Medicaid, 35.8%, 47.1%, 63.5%, 70.8%, and 79.1% of children had reenrolled in Medicaid by 6 months, 1, 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Children who were younger, poorer, or of minority race/ethnicity or had lower educated parents had shorter gaps in Medicaid and were more likely to have had 4 or more Medicaid enrollment periods. Conclusions. Nearly half of US children who disenrolled from Medicaid reenrolled within 1 year. Children with traditionally high-risk demographic characteristics had shorter gaps in Medicaid enrollment and were more likely to have more periods of Medicaid enrollment.
HIV Diagnoses Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Women—United States and 6 Dependent Areas, 2008-2011
Authors: Singh Sonia , Hu Xiaohong , Wheeler William , Hall H. Irene 
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We sought to describe HIV diagnoses among men who have sex with men and women (MSMW), who have the potential to bridge HIV transmission risk from men who have sex with men (MSM) to women. Methods. Applying National HIV Surveillance System data for persons aged 13 years and older, we examined estimated numbers and percentages of HIV diagnoses among MSMW and MSM only (MSMO) from 2008 to 2011, and estimated the annual percentage change and 95% confidence intervals, by age and race/ethnicity. Results. In 2011, 26.4% of 30 896 MSM diagnosed with HIV infection also had had sex with women. A larger percentage of MSMW were Black/African American (44.5%) compared with MSMO (36.0%), and fewer MSMW were White (26.4%) compared with MSMO (36.2%); similar percentages were classified as either MWMW or MSMO among other racial/ethnic groups. Among MSMW, HIV diagnoses were relatively stable and MSMO increased more than 6% annually among those aged 13 to 29 years. Conclusions. Many MSM diagnosed with HIV infection had also had sex with women. Intensified interventions are needed to decrease HIV infections overall for MSMW and reverse the increasing trends among young MSMO.
Mortality and Economic Costs From Regular Cigar Use in the United States, 2010
Authors: Nonnemaker James , Rostron Brian , Hall Patricia , MacMonegle Anna , Apelberg Benjamin 
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We estimated annual mortality, years of potential life lost, and associated economic costs attributable to regular cigar smoking among US adults aged 35 years or older. Methods. We estimated cigar-attributable mortality for the United States in 2010 using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Morbidity, and Economic Costs methodology for smoking-related causes of death. We obtained cigar prevalence from the National Adult Tobacco Survey, relative risks from the Cancer Prevention Studies I and II, and annual US deaths from the National Vital Statistics System. We also estimated the economic cost of this premature mortality using the value of a statistical life-year. Results. Regular cigar smoking was responsible for approximately 9000 premature deaths and more than 140 000 years of potential life lost among US adults aged 35 years or older in 2010. These years of life had an economic value of approximately $23 billion. Conclusions. The health and economic burden of cigar smoking in the United States is large and may increase over time because of the increasing consumption of cigars in the United States.
Retention in Care and Viral Suppression Among Persons Living With HIV/AIDS in New York City, 2006–2010
Authors: Torian Lucia V. , Xia Qiang , Wiewel Ellen W. 
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We estimated the proportions of persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in New York City (NYC) retained in care and virally suppressed. Methods. We used routinely reported laboratory surveillance data to measure trends in retention in care and viral suppression in PLWHA in NYC from 2006 through 2010. Our denominator excluded persons lacking any HIV-related laboratory tests during the 5 years prior to the year of analysis. Results. The proportion of patients retained in care (≥ 1 care visit in a calendar year) was stable, at 82.5% in 2006 and 81.8% in 2010. However, the proportion of persons with evidence of viral suppression increased significantly, from 44.3% to 59.1%. Blacks were least likely to have viral suppression (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR] = 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87, 0.90). A U-shaped relationship between age and viral suppression was observed, with the 20- to 29-year age group least likely to have a suppressed viral load. Conclusions. Higher and more plausible proportions retained in care and virally suppressed than national estimates may reflect the difference in methodology and our comprehensive HIV-related laboratory reporting system.
The Association Between Race/Ethnicity and Major Birth Defects in the United States, 1999–2007
Authors: Canfield Mark A. , Mai Cara T. , Wang Ying , O’Halloran Alissa , Marengo Lisa K. , Olney Richard S. , Borger Christopher L. , Rutkowski Rachel , Fornoff Jane , Irwin Nila , Copeland Glenn , Flood Timothy J. , Meyer Robert E. , Rickard Russel , Alverson C. J. , Sweatlock Joseph , Kirby Russell S. ,   for the National Birth Defects Prevention Network
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We investigated the relationship between race/ethnicity and 27 major birth defects.Methods. We pooled data from 12 population-based birth defects surveillance systems in the United States that included 13.5 million live births (1 of 3 of US births) from 1999 to 2007. Using Poisson regression, we calculated prevalence estimates for each birth defect and 13 racial/ethnic groupings, along with crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs). Non-Hispanic Whites served as the referent group.Results. American Indians/Alaska Natives had a significantly higher and 50% or greater prevalence for 7 conditions (aPR = 3.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.89, 5.44 for anotia or microtia); aPRs of 1.5 to 2.1 for cleft lip, trisomy 18, and encephalocele, and lower, upper, and any limb deficiency). Cubans and Asians, especially Chinese and Asian Indians, had either significantly lower or similar prevalences of these defects compared with non-Hispanic Whites, with the exception of anotia or microtia among Chinese (aPR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.30, 3.33) and Filipinos (aPR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.10, 3.30) and tetralogy of Fallot among Vietnamese (aPR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.11, 2.32).Conclusions. This is the largest population-based study to our knowledge to systematically examine the prevalence of a range of major birth defects across many racial/ethnic groups, including Asian and Hispanic subgroups. The relatively high prevalence of birth defects in American Indians/Alaska Natives warrants further attention.
Reflections on the Establishment of the PCAOB and Its Audit Standard-Setting Role
Authors: Carmichael Douglas R. 
Published: July 2014

SYNOPSIS
This is an essay on the causes of the establishment of the PCAOB as the U.S. regulator of auditors of the financial statements of public companies, and the key developments in its role as a professional standard setter. From its inception in the U.S., the accounting profession was largely self-regulated. There was a degree of governmental regulation by state licensing laws, and the SEC's regulation of the offering and trading of securities of public companies. The federal securities laws gave the SEC direct authority over accounting standards, and indirect authority over auditing requirements through its ability to specify the form of audit reports. The SEC, however, looked primarily to the accounting profession to set its own standards. Some viewed the ability to set professional standards as an essential hallmark of professionalism. In 2002, that comfortable arrangement changed dramatically, and the regulation of auditors of public companies became the purview of the PCAOB.
Does Internal Audit Function Quality Deter Management Misconduct?
Authors: Ege Matthew S. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT
Standard-setters believe high-quality internal audit functions (IAFs) serve as a key resource to audit committees for monitoring senior management. However, regulators do not enforce IAF quality or require disclosures relating to IAF quality, which is in stark contrast to regulatory requirements placed on boards, audit committees, and external auditors. Using proprietary data, I find that a composite measure of IAF quality is negatively associated with the likelihood of management misconduct even after controlling for board, audit committee, and external auditor quality. This result is robust to a variety of other specifications, including controlling for internal control quality and separate estimation during the pre- and post-SOX time periods. A difference-in-differences analysis indicates that misconduct firms have low IAF quality and competence during misconduct years and improve IAF quality and competence in the post-misconduct years. These findings suggest that regulators, audit committees, and other stakeholders should consider ways to improve IAF quality.
Myofascial Treatment for Patients With Acetabular Labral Tears: A Single-Subject Research Design Study
Authors: Cashman Glenn E. , Mortenson W. Ben , Gilbart Michael K. 
Published: July 2014

Study Design Single-subject research design using 4 consecutive patients. Objective To assess whether treatment using soft tissue therapy (ART or Active Release Technique), stretching, and strengthening of the hip abductors, hip external rotators, and tensor fascia latae muscles reduces pain and improves self-reported hip function in patients with acetabular labral tears who also have posterolateral hip pain of suspected myofascial origin. Background Acetabular labral tears cause pain in some but not all patients. Pain commonly presents anteriorly but may also present posteriorly and laterally. The standard of care is arthroscopic repair, which helps many but not all patients. It is possible that these patients may present with extra-articular contributions to their pain, such as myofascial pain, making their clinical presentation more complex. No previous study has assessed soft tissue therapy as a treatment option for this subset of patients. Methods This A-B-A design used repeated measures of the Hip Outcome Score and visual analog scale for pain. Four patients were treated for 6 to 8 weeks, using a combination of soft tissue therapy, stretching, and strengthening for the hip abductors, external rotators, and tensor fascia latae. Data were assessed visually, statistically, and by comparing mean differences before and after intervention. Results All 4 patients experienced both statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in posterolateral hip pain and hip-related function. Three patients also experienced reduction in anteromedial hip pain. Conclusion Myofascial hip pain may contribute to hip-related symptoms and disability in patients with acetabular labral tears and posterolateral hip pain. These patients may benefit from soft tissue therapy combined with stretching and strengthening exercises targeting the hip abductors, tensor fascia latae, and hip external rotator muscles. Level of Evidence Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(8):604–614. Epub 16 July 2014. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.5095