bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review article: depression and the use of antidepressants in patients with chronic liver disease or liver transplantation
Authors: Mullish B. H. , Kabir M. S. , Thursz M. R. , Dhar A. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryBackgroundThe scale of depression in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and those who have received orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is poorly characterised. Clinicians are uncertain of how best to manage depression within these patients.AimsTo review the literature evaluating both the prevalence and impact of depression in patients with CLD and post‐OLT, and to assess the safety and efficacy of antidepressant use within this context.MethodsA PubMed search using the phrases ‘chronic liver disease’, ‘cirrhosis’, ‘liver transplantation’, ‘depression’, ‘antidepressant’ and the names of specific causes of liver disease and individual antidepressants.ResultsOver 30% of cirrhotic patients have depressive features, and they experience worse clinical outcomes than nondepressed cirrhotic patients. CLD patients with chronic hepatitis C are particularly prone to depression, partly related to the use of interferon therapy. OLT patients with depression have higher mortality rates than nondepressed patients; appropriate antidepressant use reverses this effect. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are effective and generally safe in both CLD and OLT patients.ConclusionsDepression is much more prevalent in CLD or OLT patients than is generally recognised, and it adversely affects clinical outcomes. The reasons for this relationship are complex and multifactorial. Antidepressants are effective in both CLD and post‐OLT, although lower doses or a reduced dosing frequency may be required to minimise side effects, e.g. exacerbation of hepatic encephalopathy. Further research is needed to establish optimal management of depression in these patients, including the potential role of nonpharmacological treatments.
Personality disorder moderates outcome in short‐ and long‐term group analytic psychotherapy: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Lorentzen Steinar , Ruud Torleif , Fjeldstad Anette , Høglend Per A. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesIn a randomized clinical trial, short‐ and long‐term psychodynamic group psychotherapy (STG and LTG, respectively) schedules were equally effective for the ‘typical’ patient during a 3‐year study period. Although several studies have reported good effects for patients with personality disorders (PD) in diverse forms of psychotherapy, the significance of treatment duration is unclear. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that PD patients would improve more during and after LTG than STG.DesignA randomized, longitudinal, prospective study contrasting the outcomes during and after short‐ and long‐term dynamic group psychotherapies.MethodsOne hundred and sixty‐seven outpatients with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, or PD were randomized to STG or LTG (respectively, 20 or 80 weekly sessions of 90 min each). Outcome measures are as follows: symptoms (SCL‐90‐R), interpersonal problems (IIP‐C), and psychosocial functioning (GAF split version: GAF‐Symptom and GAF‐Function). PD pathology (number of PD criteria items) was selected a priori as a putative moderator of treatment effects. Change during the 3‐year study period was assessed using linear mixed models. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT 00021417.ResultsOur hypothesis was supported, as patients with PD improved significantly more regarding all outcome variables in LTG than STG. For patients without PD, the rate of change was similar across 3 years; however, the rate of change in symptoms and interpersonal problems was higher in STG during the first 6 months.ConclusionsThe effectiveness of LTG is higher for patients with co‐morbid PD. Patients without PD do not appear to experience additional gain from LTG.Practitioner pointsClinical implications

LTG demonstrates better effectiveness than STG for patients with personality disorder co‐morbidity (PD).

Patients without PD do not appear to experience additional gain from attending LTG.

Correct initial allocation to treatment duration may prevent disruptive breaks in relationships and lead to both human and economic cost savings.

Limitations

Trials on mixed diagnostic samples may limit the ability to fully assess change for specific diagnostic groups.

Therapists were unable to select patients and compose their own groups. Although this condition might increase the generalizability of the results, it may also have restricted the therapists and the clinical situation inadvertently.
Retrograde ureteric stent insertion in the management of infected obstructed kidneys
Authors: Flukes Stephanie , Hayne Dickon , Kuan Melvyn , Wallace Michael , McMillan Kevin , Rukin Nicholas J. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesTo quantify the outcomes of retrograde ureteric stenting in the setting of infected hydronephrosis secondary to ureteric calculi.Patients and MethodsProspective analysis of all patients over a 15‐month period admitted with infected obstructed kidneys secondary to ureteric calculi. Inclusion criteria were based on clinical evidence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and radiological evidence of obstructing ureteric calculi. Outcome measures included success of procedure, admission to intensive care unit (ICU), length of hospital stay, morbidity, and all‐cause mortality during hospital admission.ResultsIn all, 52 patients were included. Success of retrograde ureteric stenting was 98%. In all, 17% of patients required an ICU admission, with a post ureteric instrumentation ICU admissions rate of 6%. The mean white cell count and serum creatinine improved significantly after the procedure. Major complication rate included septic shock 6%, but there were no episodes of major haemorrhage and no deaths.ConclusionRetrograde ureteric stenting is safe and effective in infected obstructed kidneys with results comparable to percutaneous nephrostomy tube insertion. Post instrumentation ICU admissions occur in 6% of retrograde stentings.
The non‐peptide GLP‐1 receptor agonist WB4‐24 blocks inflammatory nociception by stimulating β‐endorphin release from spinal microglia
Authors: Fan Hui , Gong Nian , Li Teng‐Fei , Ma Ai‐Niu , Wu Xiao‐Yan , Wang Ming‐Wei , Wang Yong‐Xiang 
Published: September 2014

Background and PurposeTwo peptide agonists of the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor, exenatide and GLP‐1 itself, exert anti‐hypersensitive effects in neuropathic, cancer and diabetic pain. In this study, we have assessed the anti‐allodynic and anti‐hyperalgesic effects of the non‐peptide agonist WB4‐24 in inflammatory nociception and the possible involvement of microglial β‐endorphin and pro‐inflammatory cytokines.Experimental ApproachWe used rat models of inflammatory nociception induced by formalin, carrageenan or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), to test mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Expression of β‐endorphin and pro‐inflammatory cytokines was measured using real‐time quantitative PCR and fluorescent immunoassays.Key ResultsWB4‐24 displaced the specific binding of exendin (9–39) in microglia. Single intrathecal injection of WB4‐24 (0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 μg) exerted dose‐dependent, specific, anti‐hypersensitive effects in acute and chronic inflammatory nociception induced by formalin, carrageenan and CFA, with a maximal inhibition of 60–80%. Spinal WB4‐24 was not effective in altering nociceptive pain. Subcutaneous injection of WB4‐24 was also antinociceptive in CFA‐treated rats. WB4‐24 evoked β‐endorphin release but did not inhibit expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in either the spinal cord of CFA‐treated rats or cultured microglia stimulated by LPS. WB4‐24 anti‐allodynia was prevented by a microglial inhibitor, β‐endorphin antiserum and a μ‐opioid receptor antagonist.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur results suggest that WB4‐24 inhibits inflammatory nociception by releasing analgesic β‐endorphin rather than inhibiting the expression of proalgesic pro‐inflammatory cytokines in spinal microglia, and that the spinal GLP‐1 receptor is a potential target molecule for the treatment of pain hypersensitivity including inflammatory nociception.
Auto‐inhibition at a ligand‐gated ion channel: a cross‐talk between orthosteric and allosteric sites
Authors: Hu Xiang‐Qun 
Published: September 2014

Background and PurposeA ligand is believed to produce either positive or negative responses, or to block both of them. However, an indole compound was found to promote both positive and negative effects at the 5‐HT3AB receptor, which displays a low level of spontaneous activity. The present study attempted to delineate the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.Experimental ApproachThe spontaneously active V291S 5‐HT3A receptor was used to explore the properties of 5‐hydroxyindole (5‐HoI) and 5‐methoxyindole (5‐MoI), structural analogues of 5‐HT, either alone or in combination with orthosteric probes.Key ResultsTwo types of efficacy switching were initiated by altering ligand structure and concentration. At lower concentrations, a subtle structural change at position 5 of the indole molecule resulted in opposite effects. 5‐HoI apparently elicited partial allosteric inverse agonism, whereas 5‐MoI induced allosteric agonism. Interestingly, at a higher concentration, these indoles produced distinct auto‐inhibition, manifested as a switch from positive to negative effects. 5‐HoI induced a transition from orthosteric agonism to allosteric inverse agonism, whereas 5‐MoI produced a shift from allosteric agonism to orthosteric inverse agonism. The auto‐inhibition appears to involve communication between orthosteric and allosteric sites of the active receptor conformation and/or between inactive and active conformations. An additive effect of orthosteric and allosteric inverse agonism and insensitivity of allosteric agonism to orthosteric antagonism were also demonstrated.Conclusions and ImplicationsTogether, the results suggest that the moiety at position 5 of the indole structure is a critical determinant of a ligand's properties at the 5‐HT3A receptor, providing new insights into understanding ligand–receptor interactions.
Dentists’ decisions to conduct caries risk assessment in a Dental Practice‐Based Research Network
Authors: Kakudate Naoki , Sumida Futoshi , Matsumoto Yuki , Yokoyama Yoko , Riley Joseph L. , Gilbert Gregg H. , Gordan Valeria V. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectives(i) To quantify the importance that dentists place on caries risk factors when developing a caries treatment plan and (ii) to test the hypothesis that the ratings of importance for specific factors are significantly associated with whether or not the dentist performs caries risk assessment (CRA).MethodsThis study used a cross‐sectional study design consisting of a questionnaire survey. The study queried dentists who worked in outpatient dental practices who were affiliated with the Dental Practice‐Based Research Network Japan (JDPBRN), which seeks to engage dentists in investigating research questions and sharing experiences and expertise (n = 282). Participants (n = 189) were asked to rate the importance of caries risk factors when developing a caries treatment plan in both adult and pediatric patients.ResultsOral hygiene status was rated as the most important risk factor when developing a treatment plan in both adult and pediatric patients, whereas the use of fluorides was rated as the least important. Results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratios for the decision to perform CRA in the adult patient for past caries experience and use of fluorides were 2.61 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–5.29) and 1.85 (95% CI: 1.12–3.04), respectively, whereas that for oral hygiene was 3.84 (95% CI: 1.15–12.79) and use of fluorides 1.79 (95% CI: 1.06–3.03) in the pediatric patient.ConclusionsThese results suggest that enhancing dentists’ concept of the importance of current use of fluorides when developing a treatment plan may increase the percentage of dentists who conduct CRA in both adult and pediatric patients (clinicaltrials.gov registration number: NCT01680848).
The effects of aerobic exercise training on serum osteocalcin, adipocytokines and insulin resistance on obese young males
Authors: Kim Yu‐Sik , Nam Ji Sun , Yeo Dong‐Wook , Kim Kyung Rae , Suh Sang‐Hoon , Ahn Chul Woo 
Published: September 2014

SummaryObjectiveOsteocalcin has been proposed to be a novel link between bone and energy metabolism. Previous studies showed its relations to exercise, body fat and glucose metabolism, but their interrelationship remains inconslusive. We evaluated the changes in osteocalcin level following 8‐week exercise programme and assessed how they are related to concomitant changes in body fat composition, insulin resistance and various adipocytokines in a single centre, randomized and prospective design.Study design and MethodsA total of 39 young obese, otherwise healthy males were randomly assigned to control (n = 10) and exercise (n = 29) groups. Subjects in Exercise group were on 8‐week supervised exercise training programme of four sessions per week. Body fat compositions were analysed using whole body bone mineral density, various metabolic parameters, osteocalcin and adipocytokines were assessed from fasting blood samples before and after 8‐week exercise programme.ResultsBody fat reduction following exercise significantly increased serum total (1·51 ± 0·36 vs 1·69 ± 0·39 mmol/l, P = 0·01, baseline vs postexercise) and undercarboxylated osteocalcin level (0·44 ± 0·14 vs 0·64 ± 0·26 mmol/l, P < 0·01), and the increase in osteocalcin was in negative correlations with changes in body weight, BMI and body fat percentage as well as HOMA‐IR and leptin (all P < 0·05). The changes in osteocalcin and leptin were not independent predictors of changes in insulin resistance and osteocalcin, respectively.ConclusionsIn a physiological axis of bone‐fat‐energy metabolism, exercise‐induced body fat reduction and improved insulin sensitivity were accompanied by an increase in serum osteocalcin and leptin levels, but other factors also seem to be involved in this interrelationship.
Microdeletion 2q23.3q24.1: Exploring genotype‐phenotype correlations
Authors: Milani Donatella , Sabatini Caterina , Manzoni Francesca Maria Paola , Ajmone Paola Francesca , Rigamonti Claudia , Malacarne Michela , Pierluigi Mauro , Cavani Simona , Costantino Maria Antonella 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe report a case of a 13‐year‐old girl with a 5.4Mb de novo deletion, encompassing bands 2q23.3q24.1, identified by array‐comparative genomic hybridization. She presented with minor facial and digital anomalies, mild developmental delay during infancy, and behavioral disorders. Few of the reported cases overlap this deletion and all only partially. We tried to compare the clinical features of the patient with the other cases, even though not all of them were molecularly characterized in detail. Considering the neuropsychiatric involvement of the proband and the clinical descriptions of other similar cases, we attempted to identify the genes more probably involved in neurological development and function in the deleted region, particularly GALNT13, KCNJ3 and NR4A2, which are expressed in neuronal cells.
Impact of abutment microstructure and insertion depth on crestal bone changes at nonsubmerged titanium implants with platform switch
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Mihatovic Ilja , Golubovich Vladimir , Schär Alex , Sager Martin , Becker Jürgen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the impact of microgrooved abutments and the insertion depth on crestal bone changes at titanium implants with platform switch.Materials and MethodsA total of n = 3 titanium implants (conical abutment connection) were inserted in each hemimandible of n = 6 foxhounds with the implant shoulder (IS) located at either epicrestal, supracrestal (+1 mm), or subcrestal (−1 mm) positions and randomly (split‐mouth design) connected with machined or partially microgrooved healing abutments. At 20 weeks, tissue biopsies were processed for histological (primary outcome: net bone loss – NET) analyses.ResultsSubcrestal positioning of IS tended to be associated with higher mean NET values (mm) at both machined (subcrestal [−0.72 ± 0.32] > epicrestal [−0.34 ± 0.21] > supracrestal [+0.20 ± 0.64]) and microgrooved (subcrestal [−0.48 ± 0.25] > epicrestal [−0.13 ± 0.54] > supracrestal [+0.33 ± 0.58]) abutments. However, these differences failed to reach statistical significance.ConclusionsThe insertion depth may have a direct influence on crestal bone‐level changes at both types of abutments investigated.
Combined endorectal ultrasonography and strain elastography for the staging of early rectal cancer
Authors: Waage J. E. R. , Bach S. P. , Pfeffer F. , Leh S. , Havre R. F. , Ødegaard S. , Baatrup G. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimStrain elastography is a novel approach to rectal tumour evaluation. The primary aim of this study was to correlate elastography to pT stages of rectal tumours and to assess the ability of the method to differentiate rectal adenomas (pT0) from early rectal cancer (pT1–2). Secondary aims were to compare elastography with endorectal ultrasonography (ERUS) and to propose a combined strain elastography and ERUS staging algorithm.MethodIn all, 120 consecutive patients with a suspected rectal tumour were examined in this staging study. Patients receiving surgery without neoadjuvant radiotherapy were included (n = 59). All patients were examined with ERUS and elastography. Treatment decisions were made by multidisciplinary team (MDT) assessment, without considering the strain elastography examination.ResultsHistopathology identified 21 adenomas, 13 pT1, 9 pT2, 15 pT3 and one pT4. Mean elastography strain ratios were predictive of T stage (P = 0.01). Differentiation of adenomas from early rectal cancer (pT1–2) had sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 0.82, 0.86 and 0.84 for elastography and 0.82, 0.62 and 0.72 for ERUS. A combined staging algorithm was developed to identify tumours eligible for local resection. Based on MDT evaluation 32% of tumours later identified as pT0 or pT1 were treated with total mesorectal excision, even though a local excision might have sufficed. Combined ERUS and elastography evaluation would have significantly reduced this number to 9% (P = 0.008).ConclusionElastography may improve the staging of adenomas and early rectal cancer compared with ERUS alone. Combined ERUS and elastography assessment is likely to further improve the selection of patients for local resection.
The geography of human‐mediated dispersal
Authors: Auffret Alistair G. , Berg Johan , Cousins Sara A.O. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAbstractDispersal is a key process in determining the survival of plant species following habitat fragmentation and climate change, as well as driving the introduction and spread of invasive alien species in new regions. Due to its passive nature, seed dispersal is particularly complex, and the rare long‐distance events relevant for plant species' responses to environmental change are a barrier to its understanding. Attempts to simplify the seed dispersal process often ignore dispersal by humans, despite the huge influence humans have over ecological systems throughout the world. In this Biodiversity Viewpoint, we describe how the movement patterns of humans and human‐mediated dispersal vectors can be useful for understanding potential patterns of dispersal at multiple spatial scales. Humans and their associated dispersal vectors such as livestock and motor vehicles can disperse huge numbers of seeds of many plant species very long distances. Their relationships with the physical environment affect their movement, and therefore the movement of the seeds which they can potentially disperse. Therefore, we believe that a geographical approach can be useful at a time where understanding and managing pathways of dispersal are of direct relevance to the challenges faced by plant species and communities.
The impact of culture on physiological processes of emotion regulation: a comparison of US and Chinese preschoolers
Authors: Grabell Adam S. , Olson Sheryl L. , Miller Alison L. , Kessler Daniel A. , Felt Barbara , Kaciroti Niko , Wang Li , Tardif Twila 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCognitive determinants of emotion regulation, such as effortful control, have been hypothesized to modulate young children's physiological response to emotional stress. It is unknown, however, whether this model of emotion regulation generalizes across Western and non‐Western cultures. The current study examined the relation between both behavioral and questionnaire measures of effortful control and densely sampled, stress‐induced cortisol trajectories in U.S. and Chinese preschoolers. Participants were 3‐ to 5‐ year‐old children recruited from the United States (N = 57) and Beijing, China (N = 60). Consistent with our hypothesis, U.S. children showed a significant negative relation between maternal‐rated inhibitory control and both cortisol reactivity and recovery. However, this was not replicated in the Chinese sample. Children in China showed a significant positive relation between maternal‐rated attentional focusing and cortisol reactivity that was not seen in the U.S. Results suggest that children who reside in Western and non‐Western cultures have different predictors of their emotion‐related stress response.
Gender, age and risk of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Kytö Ville , Sipilä Jussi , Rautava Päivi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundExact associations of gender and age with occurrence of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction are inadequately known.DesignGender and age differences in frequency and incidence of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI were studied using a nationwide, population‐based (26 723 956 person‐years) registry of hospital admissions in patients aged ≥ 30 during 2001–2008 in Finland. Data were collected from all 22 hospitals with a coronary angiolaboratory nationwide.ResultsThe study period included 27 993 STEMI admissions. Of these patients, 65·9% were men and 34·1% women, RR 2·37 (95% CI 2·05–2·74, P < 0·0001). Women were significantly older than men (74·3 ± 11·7 vs. 64·7 ± 12·4 years, P < 0·0001). Standardized incidence rate of STEMI was 113·0/100 000 person‐years overall, 170·9/100 000 in men and 66·6/100 000 in women. Men had a 3·03 (95% CI 2·86–3·21; P < 0·0001)‐fold age‐adjusted relative risk of STEMI compared with women with highest risk difference in population under the age of 55 years (RR 5·94; 95% CI 5·36–6·58, P < 0·0001). Incidence increased with age up to 90 years old, with estimated gender‐adjusted increase rate of 41% (95% CI 40–42%; P < 0·0001) per 5‐year increase in age. Incidence rate had a slowly declining trend (−2·2%; 95% CI −3·4 to −1·0% per year, P < 0·001) during the study period.ConclusionsMen have a tripled overall risk of STEMI compared with women with highest relative risk in younger adults. Incidence rate of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction increases by estimated 41% per 5‐year increase in age.