bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PD-1 Expression on Peripheral Blood Cells Increases with Stage in Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients and Is Rapidly Reduced after Surgical Tumor Resection
Authors: MacFarlane Alexander W. , Jillab Mowafaq , Plimack Elizabeth R. , Hudes Gary R. , Uzzo Robert G. , Litwin Samuel , Dulaimi Essel , Al-Saleem Tahseen , Campbell Kerry S. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor is an inhibitory receptor on hematopoietic cells that can negatively regulate immune responses, particularly responses to tumors, which often upregulate PD-1 ligands. PD-1/PD-1 ligand blocking antibodies can reverse the inhibition and show significant therapeutic promise in treating renal cell carcinoma (RCC), lung cancer, and melanoma. While PD-1 expression on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes has been associated with poor outcome in RCC, we sought to define immune cell biomarkers, including PD-1, on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that could predict disease progression of RCC patients before and after nephrectomy. We analyzed expression of numerous immune cell markers on fresh PBMCs from 90 RCC patients preoperatively and 25 age-matched healthy controls by 10-color flow cytometry. Postoperative blood samples were also analyzed from 23 members of the RCC patient cohort. The most striking phenotypic immune biomarker in RCC patients was a significant increase in PD-1 expression on certain PBMCs in a subset of patients. Increased PD-1 expression on CD14bright myelomonocytic cells, effector T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells correlated to disease stage, and expression was significantly reduced on all cell types soon after surgical resection of the primary tumor. The results indicate that PD-1 expression on fresh peripheral blood leukocytes may provide a useful indicator of RCC disease progression. Furthermore, measuring PD-1 levels in peripheral blood may assist in identifying patients likely to respond to PD-1 blocking antibodies, and these therapies may be most effective before and immediately after surgical resection of the primary tumor, when PD-1 expression is most prominent. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(4); 320–31. ©2013 AACR.
Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on Stroke‐Related Healthcare Costs
Authors: Sussman Matthew , Menzin Joseph , Lin Iris , Kwong Winghan J. , Munsell Michael , Friedman Mark , Selim Magdy 
Published: November 2013

Background

Limited data exist on the economic implications of stroke among patients with atrial fibrillation (
AF
). This study assesses the impact of
AF
on healthcare costs associated with ischemic stroke (
IS
), hemorrhagic stroke (
HS
), or transient ischemic attack (
TIA
).

Methods and Results

A retrospective analysis of MarketScan claims data (2005‐2011) for
AF
patients ≥18 years old with ≥1 inpatient claim for stroke, or ≥1
ED
or inpatient claim for
TIA
as identified by
ICD
‐9‐
CM
codes who had ≥12 months continuous enrollment prior to initial stroke. Initial event‐ and stroke‐related costs 12 months post‐index were compared among patients with
AF
and without
AF
. Adjusted costs were estimated, controlling for demographics, comorbidities, anticoagulant use, and baseline resource use. Data from 23 807
AF
patients and 136 649 patients without
AF
were analyzed. Unadjusted mean cost of the index event was $20 933 for
IS
, $59 054 for
HS
, $8616 for
TIA
hospitalization, and $3395 for
TIA ED
visit. After controlling for potential confounders, adjusted mean incremental costs (index plus 12‐month post‐index) for
AF
patients were higher than those for non‐
AF
patients by: $4726, $7824, and $1890 for index
IS
,
HS
,
TIA
(identified by hospitalization), respectively, and $1700 for
TIA
(identified by
ED
) (all
P
<0.01). In multivariate regression analysis,
AF
was associated with a 20% (
IS
), 13% (
HS
), and 18% (
TIA
) increase in total stroke‐related costs.

Conclusion

Stroke‐related care for
IS
,
HS
, and
TIA
is costly, especially among individuals with
AF
. Reducing the risk of
AF
‐related stroke is important from both clinical and economic standpoints.
On photography Time split in two
Authors: Kay Ronald 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The text presented here constitutes the first time that Ronald Kay's work has been rendered and published in English translation. A fundamental figure within Chile's art scene during its recent dictatorial period (1973–1990), Kay's written, pedagogic, and editorial contributions were instrumental in shaping the sophisticated and insurgent discourse of the artists working under the rubric now known as the neovanguardia. The first chapter of Ronald Kay's Del Espacio de Acá (1980), “On photography Time split in two” lays out, in a style and rhetoric that are both lyrical and rigorous, Kay's theorization of the photographic phenomenon as a miniature geological event.
Dead heterospecifics as cues of risk in the environment: Does size affect response?
Authors: Iglesias T.L. , Stetkevich R.C. , Patricelli G.L. 
Published: November 2013

Organisms can minimize their exposure to risk of death or injury by assessing their environment and modifying their behavior accordingly. There is evidence that the current or recent presence of a predator introduces cues to the environment that organisms may use in risk assessment. However, we know little about whether terrestrial organisms use the remains of victims of predation as one such cue of elevated predation risk. A previous study showed that western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) respond both to dead conspecifics and to encounters with a predator with alarm calling and aggregation (cacophonous aggregations), suggesting that they use dead conspecifics as indirect evidence of predation risk. Here we examine whether western scrub-jays also use dead heterospecifics as an indicator of risk. We find that jays respond with cacophonous aggregations to dead sympatric and allopatric jay-size heterospecifics but react weakly if at all to smaller heterospecifics. This suggests that size may be an important factor in determining whether a dead heterospecific is a relevant cue of risk. To our knowledge this is the first controlled experiment showing an animal using the visual cue provided by a dead heterospecific as an indicator of risk and communicating this risk to other conspecifics.
Singly laid mole salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum) eggs resist mortality from water mold infection
Authors: Croshaw Dean A. 
Published: November 2013

Parasites and pathogens are noteworthy forces in evolutionary and population biology. Water molds are known to infect and kill amphibian eggs, and masses placed in clusters sometimes suffer greater losses. Thus, selection may favor single oviposition behavior in which females scatter individual eggs to avoid contact with dead eggs, thereby lowering the chances of hyphal spread. I tested the hypothesis that eggs in physical contact with dead eggs are more susceptible to death via pathogen infection using a singly laying urodele, the mole salamander, whose congeners mostly lay eggs in masses. Focal eggs were placed in replicated containers with variable egg contact (physically touching or separated) by treatment eggs that varied in status (dead or alive). The effect of egg arrangement was significant, with focal eggs surviving better to hatching when not contacting treatment eggs. Although treatment egg status (dead vs. alive) was not influential on its own, the interaction between egg contact and status was an important determinant of focal egg survival. Only when eggs were physically touching was it important whether they were dead or alive. Moreover, when eggs were touching there was a significant positive association between focal egg survival and the number of surviving treatment eggs. Water mold infected most dead eggs in all treatment groups. This study shows that mole salamander eggs are more likely to die when touching other eggs that have perished, most likely because of a greater chance of water mold infection. Such mortality may have contributed to diversification of egg-laying behavior in amphibians and shows a potentially compounding fitness cost of diminished fertilization success and embryo viability.
Neural Network–Based Sensitivity Analysis of Summertime Convection over the Continental United States
Authors: Aires Filipe , Gentine Pierre , Findell Kirsten L. , Lintner Benjamin R. , Kerr Christopher 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Although land–atmosphere coupling is thought to play a role in shaping the mean climate and its variability, it remains difficult to quantify precisely. The present study aims to isolate relationships between early morning surface turbulent fluxes partitioning [i.e., evaporative fraction (EF)] and subsequent afternoon convective precipitation frequency and intensity. A general approach involving statistical relationships among input and output variables, known as sensitivity analysis (SA), is used to develop a reduced complexity metamodel of the linkage between EF and convective precipitation. Two additional quantities characterizing the early morning convective environment, convective triggering potential (CTP) and low-level humidity (HIlow) deficit, are included. The SA approach is applied to the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) for June–August (JJA) conditions over the entire continental United States, Mexico, and Central America domain. Five land–atmosphere coupling regimes are objectively characterized based on CTP, HIlow, and EF. Two western regimes are largely atmospherically controlled, with a positive link to CTP and a negative link to HIlow. The other three regimes occupy Mexico and the eastern half of the domain and show positive links to EF and negative links to HIlow, suggesting that both surface fluxes and atmospheric humidity play a role in the triggering of rainfall in these regions. The regimes associated with high mean EF also tend to have high sensitivity of rainfall frequency to variations in EF. While these results may be sensitive to the choice of dataset, the approach can be applied across observational, reanalysis, and model datasets and thus represents a potentially powerful tool for intercomparison and validation as well as for characterizing land–atmosphere interaction regimes.
Ring annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation: A single center experience
Authors: Malhotra Amber , Sharma Pranav , Garg Pankaj , Bishnoi Arvind , Kothari Jignesh , Pujara Jigisha 
Published: November 2013

Background Ischemic mitral regurgitation associated with coronary artery disease presents a management challenge to cardiac surgeons. We report our early and midterm results of chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation treated with concomitant mitral ring annuloplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting at our institute from January 2009 to December 2011. Data were collected in 50 patients with chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation who had mitral ring annuloplasty along with coronary artery bypass grafting. Preoperative data, echocardiographic findings, operative procedure, outcome, and perioperative hemodynamics were analyzed. Early and intermediate follow-up data were also collected and analyzed. Results There were 3 (6%) early and 9 (18%) late deaths. Of the survivors, 38 (76%) had a significant reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions and improvement in New York Heart Association functional class. Conclusion Despite a risk of residual regurgitation, mitral ring annuloplasty combined with coronary artery bypass appears to be a good treatment option in selected patients with chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation.
Contrast enhancement in bladder tumors examined with CT urography using traditional scan phases
Authors: Helenius Malin , Dahlman Pär , Magnusson Mats , Lönnemark Maria , Magnusson Anders 
Published: November 2013

Background Bladder assessment in an early contrast-enhancing computed tomography urography (CTU) phase requires that bladder tumors be enhanced using contrast material. Purpose To investigate the enhancement pattern in bladder tumors using a CTU protocol where the scan is enhancement triggered. Material and Methods Fifty patients diagnosed with bladder cancer were examined during the unenhanced (UP), corticomedullary (CMP), and excretory phases (EP). Twenty-one patients, all aged 50 years or older, were also examined during the nephrographic phase (NP). A ROI placed in the aorta was used to start the scan during the CMP when the attenuation reached 200 Hounsfield units (HU). The NP and EP were started with a 40 s and 300 s delay, respectively, after the CMP was finished. Attenuation and size measurements were made in the axial plane. Results Mean contrast enhancement of bladder tumors was 37, 25, and 17 HU in the CMP, NP, and EP, respectively. The differences in contrast enhancement were significant across all three phases. Eighty-eight percent of patients showed the highest contrast enhancement in the CMP. In 96% of the cases, contrast enhancement >20 HU was seen. The mean value of the shortest dimension of the bladder tumors was 22 ± 12 mm. Conclusion The contrast enhancement is significantly higher in the CMP than in the NP and EP, suggesting that the CMP is preferable when assessing the bladder in the early contrast enhancing phase.
Value of spontaneous hyperdensity of cerebral venous thrombosis on helical CT
Authors: Garetier Marc , Rousset Jean , Pearson Ernesto , Tissot Valentin , Gentric Jean-Christophe , Nowak Emmanuel , Ferre Jean-Christophe , Timsit Serge , Salem Douraied Ben 
Published: November 2013

Background Excluding a cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) through imaging is a frequent request in the emergency setting. This assessment often starts by an unenhanced brain computed tomography (CT). Purpose Re-evaluate the value of spontaneous hyperdensity of CVT on helical unenhanced brain CT. Methods Multicentric retrospective study on CVT probability based on visual assessment of spontaneous hyperdensity of cerebral venous system, performed by four blinded radiologists, individually then collectively, on a population including 14 helical unenhanced brain CTs with CVT and 102 unenhanced brain CTs without CVT (all confirmed by CT or magnetic resonance [MR] venography). Exclusion criteria: no DICOM image, symptoms >15 days, CVT indirect signs on unenhanced CT. A fifth radiologist set 768 regions of interest to measure and to compare the density within the normal venous sinuses and the CVTs. Results After consensus reading, sensitivity of this sign for CVT diagnosis was 100%, specificity 95.1%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 100%, with high individual NPV (99–100%). Area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.992 after consensus (0.976–0.986 individually). The spontaneous density was significantly different ( P <0.05) between normal sinuses and CVTs, with a density >70 HU reported only within the CVTs, except for the horizontal part of the superior sagittal sinus (hSSS). Conclusion The dense triangle sign on helical unenhanced brain CT has an excellent NPV to exclude a sinus thrombosis during the first 2 weeks. However, we believe that visual assessment of spontaneous hyperdensity is not sufficient for the diagnosis of CVT, with possible false-positive of the hSSS on unenhanced CT.
Chronic rhinitis and its association with headache frequency and disability in persons with migraine: Results of the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) Study
Authors: Martin Vincent T , Fanning Kristina M , Serrano Daniel , Buse Dawn C , Reed Michael L , Bernstein Jonathan A , Lipton Richard B 
Published: November 2013

Background Rhinitis is a comorbidity of migraine, but its relationship to migraine headache frequency and headache-related disability is unknown. Objectives To determine if rhinitis and its subtypes are associated with an increased frequency and associated disability of migraine. Methods The AMPP Study is a longitudinal study of individuals with “severe” headache from the US population. Respondents meeting ICHD-2 criteria for migraine in 2008 were identified and the presence of rhinitis was determined using the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). Those with rhinitis were subtyped as allergic, non-allergic, mixed and unclassified based on a rhinitis questionnaire. The primary outcome measures were categories of headache-day frequency and headache-related disability as measured by the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS). Logistic regression for ordered categories was used for modeling each outcome separately, adjusted for sociodemographics profile, headache features, headache treatments and comorbidities. Results The AMPP Study questionnaire was mailed to 17,892 persons and returned by 60.1% of respondents. Among the migraine sample ( n = 5849), 66.8% had rhinitis with mixed rhinitis as the most common form. The presence of rhinitis of any type was associated with headache frequency after adjusting for sociodemographic variables only (OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.16, 1.53) and in the fully adjusted model (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.05–1.49). Headache-related disability (MIDAS category) was associated with rhinitis after adjusting for sociodemographic features (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.17–1.46), but lost significance in the fully adjusted model (OR 1.10; 95% CI 0.96–1.26). Mixed rhinitis was associated with an increased headache frequency category in the model adjusted for sociodemographics (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.24–1.70) and in that adjusted for all covariates (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.05–1.57). The odds ratio for MIDAS categories were similarly increased in both models for the mixed rhinitis group. Conclusions The frequency and disability of migraine are higher in persons with rhinitis, particularly those with mixed rhinitis. These results, however, should be considered preliminary until confirmed in future studies because of the modest questionnaire response rate in this study.
Comparison of Hamstring Tendon and Patellar Tendon Grafts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in a Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Rahr-Wagner Lene , Thillemann Theis Muncholm , Pedersen Alma Becic , Lind Martin 
Published: November 2013

Background: The choice of graft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) remains controversial, and despite numerous studies, there is still an ongoing debate on this topic. The 2 most widely used grafts are the hamstring tendon and patellar tendon. Hypothesis: In this study, we hypothesized that the revision rate after primary ACLR is greater when using hamstring tendon grafts compared with patellar tendon grafts. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: From the nationwide population-based Danish Knee Ligament Reconstruction Registry, we identified all primary ACLR procedures (n = 13,647) performed in Denmark between July 2005 and December 2011. The end point was revision ACLR. As other end points, we used objective measurements and patient-reported outcome scores. Revision rates and relative risk estimates for revision ACLR were calculated using Cox multiple regression. Results: The use of hamstring tendon grafts increased from 68% in 2005 to 85% in 2011. The cumulative revision rates for hamstring tendon grafts at 1 and 5 years were 0.65% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51%-0.82%) and 4.45% (95% CI, 3.94%-5.01%), respectively. For patellar tendon grafts, the revision rate was 0.16% (95% CI, 0.05%-0.50%) at 1 year and 3.03% (95% CI, 2.27%-4.05%) at 5 years. The adjusted overall relative risk of revision surgery in the hamstring tendon group compared with the patellar tendon group was 1.41 (95% CI, 1.03-1.92), and the adjusted relative risk of undergoing revision surgery performed after 1 and 5 years was 3.82 (95% CI, 1.20-12.2) and 1.90 (95% CI, 0.43-8.40), respectively. Conclusion: In this population-based study, the use of hamstring tendon grafts in ACLR was associated with an increased risk of revision compared with patellar tendon grafts, in particular during the first year after surgery. These results demonstrate that both hamstring and patellar tendon grafts reveal good results after ACLR and suggest that graft selection should be based on an individual evaluation of patient demands and graft morbidity.
Anterior Talofibular Ligament Ruptures, Part 1
Authors: Viens Nicholas A. , Wijdicks Coen A. , Campbell Kevin J. , LaPrade Robert F. , Clanton Thomas O. 
Published: November 2013

Background: The concept of utilizing nonabsorbable suture tape fixed directly to bone to augment Broström repairs of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) has been proposed. No biomechanical studies of this technique are available. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that suture tape augmentation alone and Broström repair with suture tape augmentation would have similar biomechanical properties to the intact ATFL at time zero in a cadaveric model. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Eighteen fresh-frozen cadaveric ankles were randomized into 3 groups of 6 specimens each: (1) intact ATFL, (2) suture tape augmentation, and (3) Broström repair with suture tape augmentation. The specimens were loaded to failure to determine the strength and stiffness of each construct. Results: The mean ultimate load to failure of suture tape augmentation (315.5 ± 66.8 N) was significantly higher than that of the intact ATFL (154.0 ± 63.7 N) ( P = .017). The mean ultimate load of the Broström repair with suture tape augmentation (250.8 ± 122.7 N) was not significantly different from that of the intact ATFL. The mean stiffness of augmentation alone (31.4 ± 9.9 N/mm) was significantly higher than that of the intact ATFL (14.5 ± 4.4 N/mm) ( P = .008). The mean stiffness of the Broström repair with augmentation (21.1 ± 9.1 N/mm) was not significantly different from that of the intact ATFL. Conclusion: The ATFL with suture tape augmentation is at least as strong and stiff as the native ATFL at time zero in a fresh-frozen cadaveric model. Clinical Relevance: The Broström repair for lateral ankle ligament ruptures is often unsuccessful in circumstances of poor tissue quality. Augmentations, such as with suture tape, have been proposed for these situations. Suture tape used alone or in combination with the Broström repair provided increased strength and stiffness compared with the standard Broström repair, which produced an immediate strength of less than 50% of the intact ATFL. Adding strength to the Broström repair may be valuable in patients with generalized ligamentous laxity, in large patients or elite athletes, or when graft reconstruction is not feasible.