bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial localization and ducting of EMIC waves: Van Allen Probes and ground‐based observations
Authors: Mann I. R. , Usanova M. E. , Murphy K. , Robertson M. T. , Milling D. K. , Kale A. , Kletzing C. , Wygant J. , Thaller S. , Raita T. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOn 11 October 2012, during the recovery phase of a moderate geomagnetic storm, an extended interval (> 18 h) of continuous electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves was observed by Canadian Array for Real‐time Investigations of Magnetic Activity and Solar‐Terrestrial Environment Program induction coil magnetometers in North America. At around 14:15 UT, both Van Allen Probes B and A (65° magnetic longitude apart) in conjunction with the ground array observed very narrow (ΔL ~ 0.1–0.4) left‐hand polarized EMIC emission confined to regions of mass density gradients at the outer edge of the plasmasphere at L ~ 4. EMIC waves were seen with complex polarization patterns on the ground, in good agreement with model results from Woodroffe and Lysak (2012) and consistent with Earth's rotation sweeping magnetometer stations across multiple polarization reversals in the fields in the Earth‐ionosphere duct. The narrow L‐widths explain the relative rarity of space‐based EMIC occurrence, ground‐based measurements providing better estimates of global EMIC wave occurrence for input into radiation belt dynamical models.
North Pacific dissolved inorganic carbon variations related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation
Authors: Yasunaka Sayaka , Nojiri Yukihiro , Nakaoka Shin‐ichiro , Ono Tsuneo , Mukai Hitoshi , Usui Norihisa 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe elucidated multiyear variations of sea surface dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations in the North Pacific from 2002 to 2008 by using monthly DIC maps derived from partial pressure CO2 observations. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) was related to an east‐west seesaw pattern in the North Pacific DIC anomaly field. In the western North Pacific, DIC concentrations were relatively high from mid‐2002 to mid‐2005 and low after late 2007 compared with climatological values, and in the eastern North Pacific the opposite change was observed. Changes of the forcing factors associated with the PDO could explain the DIC east‐west seesaw pattern: horizontal advection, freshwater fluxes and vertical mixing in most regions, CO2 fluxes south of 40°N, and biological production in the subarctic.
An improved mass budget for the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Enderlin Ellyn M. , Howat Ian M. , Jeong Seongsu , Noh Myoung‐Jong , van Angelen Jan H. , van den Broeke Michiel R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractExtensive ice thickness surveys by NASA's Operation IceBridge enable over a decade of ice discharge measurements at high precision for the majority of Greenland's marine‐terminating outlet glaciers, prompting a reassessment of the temporal and spatial distribution of glacier change. Annual measurements for 178 outlet glaciers reveal that, despite widespread acceleration, only 15 glaciers accounted for 77% of the 739 ± 29 Gt of ice lost due to acceleration since 2000 and four accounted for ~50%. Among the top sources of loss are several glaciers that have received little scientific attention. The relative contribution of ice discharge to total loss decreased from 58% before 2005 to 32% between 2009 and 2012. As such, 84% of the increase in mass loss after 2009 was due to increased surface runoff. These observations support recent model projections that surface mass balance, rather than ice dynamics, will dominate the ice sheet's contribution to 21st century sea level rise.
Storm time observations of plasmasphere erosion flux in the magnetosphere and ionosphere
Authors: Foster J. C. , Erickson P. J. , Coster A. J. , Thaller S. , Tao J. , Wygant J. R. , Bonnell J. W. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPlasmasphere erosion carries cold dense plasma of ionospheric origin in a storm‐enhanced density plume extending from dusk toward and through the noontime cusp and dayside magnetopause and back across polar latitudes in a polar tongue of ionization. We examine dusk sector (20 MLT) plasmasphere erosion during the 17 March 2013 storm (Dst ~ −130 nT) using simultaneous, magnetically aligned direct sunward ion flux observations at high altitude by Van Allen Probes RBSP‐A (at ~3.0 Re) and at ionospheric heights (~840 km) by DMSP F‐18. Plasma erosion occurs at both high and low altitudes where the subauroral polarization stream flow overlaps the outer plasmasphere. At ~20 UT, RBSP‐A observed ~1.2E12 m−2 s−1 erosion flux, while DMSP F‐18 observed ~2E13 m−2 s−1 sunward flux. We find close similarities at high and low altitudes between the erosion plume in both invariant latitude spatial extent and plasma characteristics.
Wind forced variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of Africa between 1993 and 2010
Authors: Domingues Ricardo , Goni Gustavo , Swart Sebastiaan , Dong Shenfu 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) system is largely linked to the atmospheric forcing. The objective of this work is to assess the link between local wind forcing mechanisms and the variability of the upper‐ocean temperature and the dynamics of the different fronts in the ACC region south of South Africa. To accomplish this, in situ and satellite‐derived observations are used between 1993 and 2010. The main finding of this work is that meridional changes in the westerlies linked with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) drive temperature anomalies in the Ekman layer and changes in the Subantarctic Front (SAF) and Antarctic Polar Front (APF) transports through Ekman dynamics. The development of easterly anomalies between 35°S and 45°S during positive SAM is linked to reduced (increased) SAF (APF) transports and a warmer mixed layer in the ACC. The link between the changes in the wind stress and the SAF and APF transport variations occurs through the development of Ekman pumping anomalies near the frontal boundaries, driving an opposite response on the SAF and APF transports. The observed wind‐driven changes in the frontal transports suggest small changes to the net ACC transport. In addition, observations indicate that the SAF and APF locations in this region are not linked to the local wind forcing, emphasizing the importance of other factors (e.g., baroclinic instabilities generated by bottom topography) to changes in the frontal location. Results obtained here highlight the importance of repeat XBT temperature sections and their combined analysis with other in situ and remote sensing observations.
Deterioration of perennial sea ice in the Beaufort Gyre from 2003 to 2012 and its impact on the oceanic freshwater cycle
Authors: Krishfield R. A. , Proshutinsky A. , Tateyama K. , Williams W. J. , Carmack E. C. , McLaughlin F. A. , Timmermans M.‐L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTime series of ice draft from 2003 to 2012 from moored sonar data are used to investigate variability and describe the reduction of the perennial sea ice cover in the Beaufort Gyre (BG), culminating in the extreme minimum in 2012. Negative trends in median ice drafts and most ice fractions are observed, while open water and thinnest ice fractions (<0.3 m) have increased, attesting to the ablation or removal of the older sea ice from the BG over the 9 year period. Monthly anomalies indicate a shift occurred toward thinner ice after 2007, in which the thicker ice evident at the northern stations was reduced. Differences in the ice characteristics between all of the stations also diminished, so that the ice cover throughout the region became statistically homogenous. The moored data are used in a relationship with satellite radiometer data to estimate ice volume changes throughout the BG. Summer solid fresh water content decreased drastically in consecutive years from 730 km3 in 2006 to 570 km3 in 2007, and to 240 km3 in 2008. After a short rebound, solid fresh water fell below 220 km3 in 2012. Meanwhile, hydrographic data indicate that liquid fresh water in the BG in summer increased 5410 km3 from 2003 to 2010 and decreased at least 210 km3 by 2012. The reduction of both solid and liquid fresh water components indicates a net export of approximately 320 km3 of fresh water from the region occurred between 2010 and 2012, suggesting that the anticyclonic atmosphere‐ocean circulation has weakened.
Water level effects on breaking wave setup for Pacific Island fringing reefs
Authors: Becker J. M. , Merrifield M. A. , Ford M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe effects of water level variations on breaking wave setup over fringing reefs are assessed using field measurements obtained at three study sites in the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Mariana Islands in the western tropical Pacific Ocean. At each site, reef flat setup varies over the tidal range with weaker setup at high tide and stronger setup at low tide for a given incident wave height. The observed water level dependence is interpreted in the context of radiation stress gradients specified by an idealized point break model generalized for nonnormally incident waves. The tidally varying setup is due in part to depth‐limited wave heights on the reef flat, as anticipated from previous reef studies, but also to tidally dependent breaking on the reef face. The tidal dependence of the breaking is interpreted in the context of the point break model in terms of a tidally varying wave height to water depth ratio at breaking. Implications for predictions of wave‐driven setup at reef‐fringed island shorelines are discussed.
Air pollution over the Ganges basin and northwest Bay of Bengal in the early postmonsoon season based on NASA MERRAero data
Authors: Kishcha Pavel , da Silva Arlindo M. , Starobinets Boris , Alpert Pinhas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe MERRA Aerosol Reanalysis (MERRAero) has been recently developed at NASA's Global Modeling Assimilation Office. This reanalysis is based on a version of the Goddard Earth Observing System‐5 (GEOS‐5) model radiatively coupled with Goddard Chemistry, Aerosol, Radiation, and Transport aerosols, and it includes assimilation of bias‐corrected aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on both Terra and Aqua satellites. In October over the period 2002–2009, MERRAero showed that AOT was lower over the east of the Ganges basin than over the northwest of the Ganges basin: this was despite the fact that the east of the Ganges basin should have produced higher anthropogenic aerosol emissions because of higher population density, increased industrial output, and transportation. This is evidence that higher aerosol emissions do not always correspond to higher AOT over the areas where the effects of meteorological factors on AOT dominate those of aerosol emissions. MODIS AOT assimilation was essential for correcting modeled AOT mainly over the northwest of the Ganges basin, where AOT increments were maximal. Over the east of the Ganges basin and northwest Bay of Bengal (BoB), AOT increments were low and MODIS AOT assimilation did not contribute significantly to modeled AOT. Our analysis showed that increasing AOT trends over northwest BoB (exceeding those over the east of the Ganges basin) were reproduced by GEOS‐5, not because of MODIS AOT assimilation but mainly because of the model capability of reproducing meteorological factors contributing to AOT trends. Moreover, vertically integrated aerosol mass flux was sensitive to wind convergence causing aerosol accumulation over northwest BoB.
Low cloud reduction in a greenhouse‐warmed climate: Results from Lagrangian LES of a subtropical marine cloudiness transition
Authors: Bretherton Christopher S. , Blossey Peter N. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractLagrangian large‐eddy simulations of a composite stratocumulus to cumulus transition case over the subtropical northeast Pacific Ocean are subject to perturbed forcings that isolate the cloud response to CO2, to overall tropical warming, and to increased inversion stability over the subtropical subsidence regions. These simulations show that a tropical surface warming of 4 K induces substantial stratocumulus thinning via a thermodynamic mechanism: increased cloud layer humidity flux in a warmer climate induces an entrainment liquid‐flux adjustment that dries the stratocumulus cloud layer, whether well mixed or cumulus coupled. A radiative mechanism amplifies this response: increased emissivity of the free troposphere due to increased CO2 and water vapor reduces radiative driving of turbulence in a stratocumulus‐capped boundary layer; a thinner stratocumulus layer accompanies less turbulence. In combination, a 4 K warming and CO2 quadrupling greatly reduce low cloud and weaken the simulated shortwave cloud radiative effect by over 50%. Large increases in inversion stability in the stratocumulus regions could counter much of this cloudiness reduction.
Observer design for nonlinear parameter‐varying systems: Application to diesel engines
Authors: Boulkroune B. , Aitouche A. , Cocquempot V. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThis paper deals with the problem of designing a nonlinear observer for diesel engines. The goal is to estimate the masses entering the cylinders and the inlet and exhaust pressures. To achieve this, the considered model subject to disturbances contains linear parameter‐varying part and nonlinear part having a large Lipschitz constant. The H ∞  criterion is used to reject the disturbances. Besides, the modified mean value theorem is applied to express the nonlinear error dynamics as a convex combination of known matrices with time‐varying coefficients. The sufficient conditions are derived and given in terms of linear matrix inequality. The advantage of the proposed method is that it can be applied to a wider class of nonlinear systems, particulary our case: diesel engines. The proposed approach is tested and evaluated using an advanced diesel engine professional simulator AMEsim (LMS International, Leuven, Belgium). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Digital Doppelgängers: Future Scanscapes
Authors: Shaw Matthew , Trossell William 
Published: January 2014

AbstractOver the course of the last two years, ScanLAB Projects have explored various fragments of the natural and man‐made world through the eyes of their forensic measuring machine. From surface mapping of Arctic ice floes in the Fram Strait (gateway to the Arctic) to the documentation of torture and detention sites in the Balkans, via the accidental editing of a Richard Long sculpture, to purposeful acts of detail theft from Foster and Wren. Here, Matthew Shaw and William Trossell discuss the capture, analysis and refabrication of their digital architectural doppelgängers.
What We Want Is in That Room
Authors: Gaynor Ilona , Singleton Benedict 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIlona Gaynor and Benedict Singleton, founding partners of design and research studio The Department of No, look beyond the specific technological possibilities of acute accuracy and explore the principle of zero tolerance as an aesthetic of precision. How is such an aesthetic at work when an architectural strategy places a heightened emphasis on the exact placement of objects in space and time? Could the precision in which a single spatial intervention is pursued have more fundamental and far‐reaching consequences than we ever imagined?
Tripping the Flight Fantastic: Slipstream, Terminal 2, Heathrow Airport
Authors: Parker Ralph , Lucas Tim 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRalph Parker and Tim Lucas of Price & Myers Geometrics explain the complex architectural and engineering challenges of turning a simple idea – solidifying the motion of a joyfully cartwheeling aircraft – into a vast kit‐of‐parts jigsaw puzzle for Richard Wilson's new sculpture at Heathrow.
Gehry Partners' Fondation Louis Vuitton: Crowdsourcing Embedded Intelligence
Authors: Nolte Tobias , Witt Andrew 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe complexity of the mass‐customised forms of Gehry Partners' new art museum in Paris, the Fondation Louis Vuitton pour la création, has taken high‐definition simulation techniques and embedded intelligence to a new level. Tobias Nolte and Andrew Witt of Gehry Technologies describe how the realisation of the Fondation required the development of a 3D concurrent design system that could synchronise hundreds of participants. This self‐optimisation system has enabled both ‘intricate collaboration and unprecedented engineering’. The benefits have been far reaching, ranging from the detailing of tolerances to material constraints.
Impossible Objects
Authors: Kruysman Brandon , Proto Jonathan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractJonathan Proto and Brandon Kruysman of Kruysman‐Proto, both design technologists at San Francisco‐based Bot & Dolly, a design and engineering studio that specialises in automation, robotics and filmmaking, describe their radical approach to architectural representation. They explain how by combining cinematic techniques and advanced robotic manufacturing they have been able to explore a new model for making that shifts the role of robotics in fabrication away from a process largely focused on geometric rationalisation into the sphere of visualisation and ideas creation.
To the Micron: A New Architecture Through High‐Resolution Multi‐Scalar Design and Manufacturing
Authors: Beckett Richard , Babu Sarat 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRapidly shrinking tolerances and increasing fidelity of emerging additive layer systems are beginning to afford a new opportunity: the ability to design below the macroscopic scale. This is resulting in the engineering of hybrid materials in which every element of their properties can be prescribed at the point of design conception. Richard Beckett of the Digital Manufacturing Centre (DMC), London, and the Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL, and Sarat Babu of Betatype explore a potential new architecture that encompasses a scalar hierarchy of matter, enabling design to take place concurrently at scales ranging from the micrometre to the metre.
4D Printing: Multi‐Material Shape Change
Authors: Tibbits Skylar 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHow might 4D printing overcome the obstacles that are hampering the rolling out and scaling up of 3D printing? Skylar Tibbits, Director of the Self‐Assembly Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), describes how the Lab has partnered up with Stratasys Ltd, an industry leader in the development of 4D Printing, and is making the development of self‐assembly programmable materials and adaptive technologies for industrial application in building design and construction its focus.
Soft Tolerance: An Approach for Additive Construction on Site
Authors: Malé‐Alemany Marta , Portell Jordi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDoes high precision have to result in highly defined slick forms? Marta Malé‐Alemany and Jordi Portell of the FABbots research studio describe their unique approach that relies on the customisation of existing mechanical devices and the use of locally available materials. Though exacting in their execution of machine code, they maintain a delight in the natural characteristics of materials that are shaped with a ‘soft tolerance’.
Why We Need Architecture of Tolerance
Authors: Kolarevic Branko 
Published: January 2014

AbstractProfessor and Chair in Integrated Design at the University of Calgary Faculty of Environmental Design, Branko Kolarevic has established an international reputation as an author and commentator on digital design and manufacturing in architecture. Here he questions the importance of high‐definition tolerance in construction itself. As an industry that operates at far greater sizes and scales than other manufacturing bases, has the ‘messy world of building’ not always had to allow for a reasonable tolerance of errors? Should high‐definition processes, which negate or negotiate zero tolerance, really be for architects and construction professionals the Holy Grail that they first appear?
The carcinogenic effects of aspartame: The urgent need for regulatory re‐evaluation
Authors: Soffritti Morando , Padovani Michela , Tibaldi Eva , Falcioni Laura , Manservisi Fabiana , Belpoggi Fiorella 
Published: January 2014

Aspartame (APM) is an artificial sweetener used since the 1980s, now present in >6,000 products, including over 500 pharmaceuticals. Since its discovery in 1965, and its first approval by the US Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) in 1981, the safety of APM, and in particular its carcinogenicity potential, has been controversial.The present commentary reviews the adequacy of the design and conduct of carcinogenicity bioassays on rodents submitted by G.D. Searle, in the 1970s, to the FDA for market approval. We also review how experimental and epidemiological data on the carcinogenic risks of APM, that became available in 2005 motivated the European Commission (EC) to call the European Food and Safety Authority (EFSA) for urgent re‐examination of the available scientific documentation (including the Searle studies). The EC has further requested that, if the results of the evaluation should suggest carcinogenicity, major changes must be made to the current APM specific regulations.Taken together, the studies performed by G.D. Searle in the 1970s and other chronic bioassays do not provide adequate scientific support for APM safety. In contrast, recent results of life‐span carcinogenicity bioassays on rats and mice published in peer‐reviewed journals, and a prospective epidemiological study, provide consistent evidence of APM's carcinogenic potential. On the basis of the evidence of the potential carcinogenic effects of APM herein reported, a re‐evaluation of the current position of international regulatory agencies must be considered an urgent matter of public health. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:383–397, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Musculoskeletal and neurological injuries associated with work organization among immigrant latino women manual workers in North Carolina
Authors: Arcury Thomas A. , Cartwright Michael S. , Chen Haiying , Rosenbaum Daryl A. , Walker Francis O. , Mora Dana C. , Quandt Sara A. 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundThis analysis examines the associations of work organization attributes among Latino women in manual occupations with musculoskeletal and neurological injuries.MethodsParticipants included 234 women in western North Carolina. Outcome measures included epicondylitis, rotator cuff syndrome, back pain, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Independent measures included indicators of job demand, job control, and job support, as well as personal characteristics.ResultsLatina workers commonly experienced epicondylitis, rotator cuff syndrome, back pain, and CTS. Awkward posture and decision latitude were associated with epicondylitis. Rotator cuff syndrome was associated with awkward posture and psychological demand. Awkward posture and psychological demand, and decreased skill variety and job control were related to CTS.ConclusionsWork organization factors are potentially important for musculoskeletal and neurological injury among vulnerable workers. Research is required to understand the associations of work and health outcomes of these women. Policy initiatives need to consider how work organization affects health. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:468–475, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetic Resolution of Diols via Etherification Catalyzed by a Chiral Phosphoric Acid: Concise Synthesis of (+)‐Sacidumlignan D
Authors: Xie Changmin , Bai Donghu , Huang Sha‐Hua , Jia Xueshun , Hong Ran 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA kinetic resolution of a diol via etherification catalyzed by a chiral phosphoric acid was developed and applied in the concise total synthesis of (+)‐sacidumlignan D, the antipode of natural sacidumlignan D. A zinc‐mediated crotylation of a diarylketone and subsequent lactonization quickly established the carbon framework of this class of tetrahydrofuran lignans.