bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sizing and simulation of modular electric off-road vehicle using Scilab Xcos
Authors: Acharya I , Pant U , Baral B 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
As a sustainable transportation alternative, particularly in the realm of off-road vehicles, electric vehicles are rapidly gaining popularity. Despite the limitations that records have imposed including short-lived ranges and low speed as opposed to conventional vehicles, their eco-friendly nature and efficiency renders them to be appealing. The ongoing technological leaps in motor and battery technologies have improved the standing of long-distance electric vehicles, optimizing their performance by tailoring motors and batteries to suit specific regions and driving patterns. This study aims to size the motor and battery components of an off-road modular vehicle using Scilab Xcos, open-source software. The data obtained from the driving data accessed by driving the electric vehicle around 1 km of Dhulikhel is used as input for the simulation. The output of the simulation is used to understand the requirements of the motor and battery specifications. The motor was able to provide a maximum torque of 100 Nm and a nominal power of 10kW with peak power of 25 kW, while the battery was able to provide a battery power of 16kWh. The design went through theoretical validation and was compared against the established experimental data of the vehicle. Altogether, results affirm that the customized model aligns with the vehicle’s performance requirements by delivering adequate power, torque, and energy efficiency.
Living Well for Longer
Authors: Stringer Carys , Bryning Lucy , Spencer Llinos H , Anthony Bethany F , Ezeofor Victory , Lawrence Catherine L , Edwards Rhiannon T 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores the economic case for investing in older people as assets through presenting economic evidence relating to older people (spanning interventions, policies, and practice relevant to the United Kingdom (UK)). We highlight the costs of loneliness and the contribution made by informal carers to the economy (known as the ‘grey pound’). In the UK, one in five people will be aged over sixty-five by 2030. As life expectancy has increased, time spent in poor health has also increased. This chapter focuses on how to create an environment in which older adults can flourish and is organized around themes identified by the World Health Organization as important for creating age-friendly environments: transportation; housing; social participation; respect and social inclusion; civic participation and employment; communication and information; community support and health services; and outdoor spaces and buildings. This chapter concludes with curiosity questions for the reader to consider.
Dying Well
Authors: Stringer Carys , Winrow Eira , Pisavadia Kalpa , Lawrence Catherine L , T. Edwards Rhiannon 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Whilst we all expect agency in making decisions about our health, be that lifestyle choices to enhance our health or making decisions about the medical and holistic treatments for minor ailments or major health crises, this has not always been the case for people wishing to make choices about how and where they die. This chapter considers the factors that can influence what might be considered a ‘good death’: place of death; company in death; cause of death; and manner of facing death. This chapter explores the economic evidence of effective and cost-effective interventions to support people at the end of life. This chapter also considers the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on what we know about factors that can influence a good death. The chapter concludes with curiosity questions for the reader to consider.
One Person’s Trash
Authors: Ungemah Joe 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between collecting, as a form of fanaticism, and hoarding. Although the desire to acquire objects is common, hoarders and collectors deviate on what they do after they amass their items. Collectors are typically driven by sentimentality for past, the thrill of the hunt, and the challenge of puzzle-solving, which translates into behaviors focused on categorizing, curating, and sharing their collections with others. In contrast, hoarders may own great deal of items, but typically find sorting and categorizing items difficult, resulting in stacks and piles that are out of public view. Hoarders are characterized by fear about discarding items before their potential usefulness is realized, as well as losing a part of themselves in doing so. What starts off as a collection can take a turn into hoard, which has the potential to severely impact the life of the hoarder and those around them. Luckily, therapists have well established techniques that can help willing hoarders return to a healthy state of living.
Action
Authors: Ungemah Joe 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Conclusion ties together the wide range of fanatics profiled in this book by identifying a common set of motivations that propel individuals toward their specific passion area. Whereas previous research has concentrated on evaluating the relative strength of an individual’s fanaticism, this book has unearthed the reasons why someone becomes a fanatic and is willing to invest time and energy in its pursuit. A periodic table of twenty fanatic elements is proposed, which span the social, physical, cognitive, and emotive domains. These elements come together into unique molecules that tell the story of what attracted a fanatic to a given passion area and kept them there. Contributing to the molecule is a combination of the context, where the fanaticism is first encountered, and personality traits that predict whether an individual is likely to engage and stick with it. Despite fanaticism’s potential to overtake healthy living, having a passion and sharing it with others brings happiness and meaning to the world.
Language and Social Relations in Early Modern England
Authors: Taylor Hillary 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This book examines the relationship between language, power, and socio-economic inequality in England, c.1550–1750. Early modern England was a hierarchical society that placed considerable emphasis on order and where language was bound up with the various structures of authority that made up the polity. Members of the labouring population were expected to accept their place, defer to their superiors, and refrain from ‘murmuring’ about a host of issues. While some early modern labouring people fulfilled these expectations, others did not; as a result of their defiance, the latter were more likely to make their way into the historical record, and historians have used the evidence that they generated to reconstruct the various forms of resistance and negotiation that were involved in everyday social relations. This book, by contrast, considers the limits that class power placed on popular expression, and with what implications. It revives domination and subordination as objects of inquiry and demonstrates the ways in which language—at the levels of ideology and social practice—reflected, reproduced, and naturalized inequality over the course of the period.
Language Ideologies in Early Modern England
Authors: Taylor Hillary 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter aims to demonstrate some of the ways in which language ideologies—that is, ideas about language and its use—became a force in early modern English social relations. It considers what standardization entailed and general contemporary ideas about what language meant. It then examines the range of ways in which contemporaries evaluated particular varieties of speech, with a focus on regional and socio-economic markers. It suggests that these evaluative criteria did not simply animate contemporaries who had a professional interest in them; rather, by the early eighteenth century (if not before) they were also employed by ‘regular’ people to judge non-standard forms of speech and, by extension, the people who spoke them.
The Politics of Testimony
Authors: Taylor Hillary 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The unprecedented volume of litigation in early modern England enabled common people to speak about matters of significance in a society that denied them a formal role in the polity. But because of their subordination and dependency, their testimony could be co-opted in the service of their litigious superiors, and they could subsequently be accused of giving false evidence by the superiors they had testified against. This chapter reconstructs suspicions about the credibility poor and labouring people’s testimony; their thoughts about testifying; the factors that could coerce them into deposing or giving ‘false’ evidence; how they resisted efforts to extract their testimony; and their ideas about oaths, perjury, guilt, and sin. It advances a series of complementary arguments about the socio-economic relations involved in the production of legal depositions, and their implications for common people’s experiences and understandings of subordination.
Language and Labour Discipline
Authors: Taylor Hillary 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how the politics of language played out in contemporary discourses and practices of labour discipline. It reconstructs an important strand of anxiety—suspicions about ‘eye service’—and how masters were advised to interact with workers in the interests of cultivating a durable sense of deferential diligence. But established ways of conceptualizing the operation of authority were increasingly not applicable in some settings, particularly where masters/employers and workers had less direct contact with each other. Employers were advised to respond to these developments in various ways, and some developed practical methods to address them. For the most part, contemporary discourses about authority and labour discipline evinced remarkable stability. By examining changes amidst these continuities, this chapter suggests that some contemporaries’ attempts to deal with problems presented by inherited ways of conceptualizing authority and discipline drove managerial innovations that shaped workers’ experiences beyond the early modern period.
The band theory of solids
Authors: Solymar Laszlo , Walsh Donald , Syms Richard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Presents several different and complementary physical pictures for the behaviour of electron waves in periodic arrangements of atoms that each lead to a band theory of solids, including the Kronig-Penney, Ziman, Feynman coupled mode and tight-binding models. Uses these models to introduce the idea of an ‘effective mass’ to predict the response of an electron to an electric field. Shows how the number of free electrons and number of states per band can be calculated, and how metals and insulators can be distinguished on the basis of their numbers of valence electrons. Introduces the idea of a ‘hole’ as an equivalent particle that simplifies description of the absence of an electron. Briefly discusses divalent metals, and the effect of temperature in determining the density of charge carriers available for conduction through the Fermi-Dirac function.
Principles of semiconductor devices
Authors: Solymar Laszlo , Walsh Donald , Syms Richard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Describes the operation of many different semiconductor devices, starting with the p-n junction (in equilibrium, forward bias and reverse bias), and shows how similar principles underpin the first important type of transistor, the bipolar transistor. Discusses more complex layered structures such as metal-semiconductor and metal-insulator-semiconductor junctions, including the role of surface states. Continues to variations on the diode theme - the tunnel diode, backward diode, Zener diode and varactor diode - and then the second important transistor type, the MOSFET. Discusses the formation of junctions between materials with different bandgap (heterostructures) and the potential advantages of wide-bandgap semiconductors. Describes alternative devices such as CCD arrays, the silicon controlled rectifier, the Gunn diode and semiconductor-based sensors including strain gauges, magnetic field sensors and gas sensors. Explains the details of microelectronic circuit fabrication, and its more recent adaptation to microelectromechanical systems and nanoelectronics. Concludes by discussing the social implications of microelectronics technology.
Lasers
Authors: Solymar Laszlo , Walsh Donald , Syms Richard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Begins by discussing the fundamentals of absorption and amplification in two-state optical systems, including energy levels, Planck’s radiation law, the Einstein A and B coefficients, the Lorentzian lineshape function, population inversion, amplification, optical resonators, and the conditions for oscillation and lasing. Introduces the main laser types, including solid state, gas discharge, dye, gas-dynamic, excimer, chemical, fibre, and semiconductor lasers. Details the main variants of semiconductor lasers, including the Fabry-Perot and distributed Bragg reflector lasers, lasers based on quantum wells, wires, dots and more general bandgap engineering, the laser array, and vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). Introduces the idea of transverse and axial modes, and presents a number of methods for their control, including Q-switching, cavity dumping and mode locking. Covers a number of related topics including parametric oscillators, optical fibre amplifiers, masers, and noise. Concludes with a discussion of applications, including optical sensors, optical communications, holography and Raman scattering.
Reform and the Knights of 1258
Authors: Coss Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 turns to the crucial issue of the role of knights and of the county community in the reform and rebellion, examining the knights chosen to bring complaints before the justiciar in 1258, the sheriffs appointed by the baronial regime, reactions to the royalist revanche of 1261, and the involvement of knights in the subsequent warfare against the king, in order to ascertain whether the relationship between the reforming barons and county knights championed by Treharne and by subsequent scholars is in fact sustainable. In order to understand more fully how knights behaved during the political debacle of 1258–67, the chapter necessarily returns to how aristocratic society functioned when it came to vantage-seeking and to conflict. The chapter looks at how the commissioners of 1258 were chosen, at crucial social terminology, at shire wardens, and at Montfortian, royalist, and neutral knights.
Public Authority and the Provisions of Westminster
Authors: Coss Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the exercise of public authority. It deals with corruption and malpractice and then the purpose, process, and significance of the legislation embodied in the Provisions of Westminster and the Statute of Marlborough. Particular concerns are the content of the reform itself, public opinion and the concept of the community of the realm, and the role of the judiciary and legal experts within the reform process. It examines the reissues of the Provisions of Westminster and the significance of the preambles to the Dictum of Kenilworth and the Statute of Marlborough. It utilizes several concepts in examining the public good, namely the deep state, interested consumers, and trustworthy men, and concludes with the rise of political thinking.
Conclusion
Authors: Coss Peter 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The conclusion argues that once we have acknowledged the primacy of the revolt of the higher nobility in 1258 and abandoned the idea that reform emanated essentially from county communities, the events of the years 1258–67 become easier to interpret. Beneath the clash of personalities and personal aims lay differing approaches to the contemporary polity and to the institution of kingship. It then proceeds to examine key concepts such as the crown and the state, and to argue for the use of polity rather than constitution, the latter having teleological implications. The career of Simon de Montfort is placed in perspective. The chapter concludes by arguing for the use of crisis to describe the events of 1258–67, rather than revolution.
Is the mantid Brunneria borealis (Mantodea: Coptopterygidae) really a native North American, or actually a South American colonist?
Authors: Cabe Paul R , Trillo Mariana C , Cooper Gregory J , Hurd Lawrence E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The common grass mantid, Brunneria borealis Scudder, is well known as perhaps the only completely parthenogenetic species among the more than 2,400 named mantid species. An abundant mantid within its broad geographic range, it has long been considered a native North American endemic; however, all other known species in the genus Brunneria (and in its family, Coptopterygidae) are South American. We were able, for the first time, to perform a genetic comparison between B. borealis and a congeneric South American species, B. subaptera. We sequenced a standard segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene for which there is no variation among different populations among localities throughout the range of B. borealis, and compared this sequence with haplotypes from different South American populations of B. subaptera. The single B. borealis haplotype falls within the genetic variation of populations of B. subaptera, suggesting that the North American mantid is really a colonist from this South American species.
Quality of life in SCN1A-related seizure disorders across the lifespan
Authors: Minderhoud Crista A , Postma Amber , Jansen Floor E , Zinkstok Janneke R , Verhoeven Judith S , Berghuis Bianca , Otte Wim M , Jongmans Marian J , Braun Kees P J , Brilstra Eva H 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This cohort study aims to describe the evolution of disease features and health-related quality of life per life stage in Dravet syndrome and other SCN1A-related non-Dravet seizure disorders which will enable treating physicians to provide tailored care. Health-related quality of life and disease features were assessed cross-sectionally in participants with a SCN1A-related seizure disorder, categorized per age group for Dravet syndrome, and longitudinally over seven years follow-up (2015–2022). Data were collected from questionnaires, medical records, and semi-structured telephonic interviews. Health-related quality of life was measured with the Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory, proxy-reported for participants with Dravet syndrome and for participants with non-Dravet aged younger than 18 years old and self-reported for participants with non-Dravet over 18 years old. Associations between health-related quality of life and disease features were explored with multivariable regression analyses, cross-sectionally in a cohort of 115 patients with Dravet and 48 patients with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus and febrile seizures (non-Dravet) and longitudinally in a cohort of 52 Dravet patients and 13 non-Dravet patients. In the cross-sectional assessment in 2022, health-related quality of life was significantly lower in Dravet syndrome, compared to non-Dravet and normative controls. Health-related quality of life in the School and Psychosocial domain was significantly higher in older Dravet age groups. A higher health-related quality of life was associated with fewer behavioural problems [β = −1.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), (−1.4 to −0.8)], independent walking (β = 8.5; 95%CI (4.2–12.8)), compared to the use of a wheelchair), and fewer symptoms of autonomic dysfunction (β = −2.1, 95%CI (−3.2 to −1.0)). Longitudinally, health-related quality of life was significantly higher seven years later in the course of disease in Dravet participants (Δ8.9 standard deviation (SD) 18.0, P &lt; 0.05), mediated by a lower prevalence of behavioural problems (β = −1.2, 95%CI (−2.0 to −0.4)), lower seizure frequency (β = −0.1, 95%CI (−0.2 to −0.0)) and older age (β = 0.03, 95%CI (0.01–0.04)). In summary, health-related quality of life was significantly higher at older age in Dravet syndrome. This finding may reflect the benefits of an advanced care strategy in recent years and a ceiling of severity of disease symptoms, possibly resulting in an increased wellbeing of parents and patients. The strong association with behavioural problems reinforces the need to incorporate a multidisciplinary approach, tailored to the age-specific needs of this patient group, into standard care.
Six types of loves differentially recruit reward and social cognition brain areas
Authors: Rinne Pärttyli , Lahnakoski Juha M , Saarimäki Heini , Tavast Mikke , Sams Mikko , Henriksson Linda 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Feelings of love are among the most significant human phenomena. Love informs the formation and maintenance of pair bonds, parent-offspring attachments, and influences relationships with others and even nature. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms of love beyond romantic and maternal types. Here, we characterize the brain areas involved in love for six different objects: romantic partner, one’s children, friends, strangers, pets, and nature. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity, while we induced feelings of love using short stories. Our results show that neural activity during a feeling of love depends on its object. Interpersonal love recruited social cognition brain areas in the temporoparietal junction and midline structures significantly more than love for pets or nature. In pet owners, love for pets activated these same regions significantly more than in participants without pets. Love in closer affiliative bonds was associated with significantly stronger and more widespread activation in the brain’s reward system than love for strangers, pets, or nature. We suggest that the experience of love is shaped by both biological and cultural factors, originating from fundamental neurobiological mechanisms of attachment.