bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addition of MHPG to Alzheimer's disease biomarkers improves differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease but not other dementias
Authors: Herbert Megan K. , Aerts Marjolein B. , Kuiperij H. Bea , Claassen Jurgen A.H.R. , Spies Petra E. , Esselink Rianne A.J. , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Verbeek Marcel M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundOverlapping clinical features make it difficult to distinguish dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementia types. In this study we aimed to determine whether the combination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, amyloid‐β42 (Aβ42), total tau protein (t‐tau), and phosphorylated tau protein (p‐tau), in combination with 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG), could be useful in discriminating DLB from vascular dementia (VaD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), as we previously demonstrated for differentiation of DLB from AD.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed concentrations of MHPG, Aβ42, t‐tau, and p‐tau in CSF in patients with DLB, AD, VaD, and FTD. Using previously developed multivariate logistic regression models we assessed the diagnostic value of these CSF parameters.ResultsThe currently used combination of Aβ42, t‐tau, and p‐tau yielded a sensitivity of 61.9% and a specificity of 91.7% for the discrimination between DLB and AD, but could not discriminate between DLB and VaD or FTD. The addition of MHPG to Aβ42, t‐tau, and p‐tau improves the discrimination of DLB from AD, yielding a sensitivity of 65.1% and specificity of 100%, but could not distinguish DLB from other forms of dementia.ConclusionsOur results confirm in a separate patient cohort that addition of MHPG to Aβ42, t‐tau, and p‐tau improves the discrimination of DLB from AD but not the differentiation of DLB from VaD or FTD.
Dense Gas Towards the RX J1713.7–3946 Supernova Remnant
Authors: Maxted Nigel I. , Rowell Gavin P. , Dawson Bruce R. , Burton Michael G. , Fukui Yasuo , Lazendic Jasmina , Kawamura Akiko , Horachi Hirotaka , Sano Hidetoshi , Walsh Andrew J. , Yoshiike Satoshi , Fukuda Tatsuya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe present results from a Mopra 7 mm-wavelength survey that targeted the dense gas-tracing CS(1-0) transition towards the young γ-ray-bright supernova remnant, RX J1713.7–3946 (SNR G 347.3−0.5). In a hadronic γ-ray emission scenario, where cosmic ray (CR) protons interact with gas to produce the observed γ-ray emission, the mass of potential CR target material is an important factor. We summarise newly discovered dense gas components, towards Cores G and L, and Clumps N1, N2, N3, and T1, which have masses of 1 – 104 M⊙. We argue that these components are not likely to contribute significantly to γ-ray emission in a hadronic γ-ray emission scenario. This would be the case if RX J1713.7–3946 were at either the currently favoured distance of ~1 kpc or an alternate distance (as suggested in some previous studies) of ~6 kpc.This survey also targeted the shock-tracing SiO molecule. Although no SiO emission corresponding to the RX J1713.7–3946 shock was observed, vibrationally excited SiO(1-0) maser emission was discovered towards what may be an evolved star. Observations taken 1 yr apart confirmed a transient nature, since the intensity, line-width, and central velocity of SiO(J = 1-0,v = 1,2) emission varied significantly.
FIDUCIARY DUTIES AND PROPRIETARY REMEDIES: ADDRESSING THE FAILURE OF EQUITABLE FORMULAE
Authors: Worthington Sarah 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article proposes a new framework for determining the availability of proprietary remedies for breach of the fiduciary duty of loyalty. It examines the alternative and conflicting arguments put forward in the leading cases, and suggests that they fail to justify their conclusions, either under- or over-estimating the incidence of proprietary relief for fiduciary disloyalty. These shortcomings appear to be the result of inappropriate reliance on familiar equitable formulae, in particular the routine equitable duty to account, the seemingly inescapable maxim that “equity treats as done that which ought to be done”, and the potent rules of tracing.
FOXE1 mutations in Thai patients with oral clefts
Authors: SRICHOMTHONG CHALURMPON , ITTIWUT RUNGNAPA , SIRIWAN PICHIT , SUPHAPEETIPORN KANYA , SHOTELERSUK VORASUK 
Published: November 2013

SummaryNon-syndromic oral clefts comprising cleft lip with and without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate only (CPO) are common birth defects worldwide. Their aetiology involves both environmental and genetic factors. FOXE1 has previously been reported to be associated with oral clefts in some populations. Here, we investigate whether mutations in FOXE1 play a part in the formation of oral cleft in a Thai population. We first performed PCR–RFLP to genotype a previously reported associated polymorphism, c.-1204C > G (rs111846096), in our cohort. No association was found. In addition, two unrelated unaffected controls were found to be homozygous GG, indicating that homozygous GG at this c.-1204 position was not sufficient for the development of oral clefts. We then sequenced the entire coding region of FOXE1 in 458 unrelated individuals (146 CPOs, 108 CL/Ps and 204 Thai controls). Five different non-synonymous variants, c.274G > T (p.D92Y), c.569C > G (p.P190R), c.569C > T (p.P190L), c.664C > T (p.R222C) and c.1090G > A (p.G364S), were identified in CPOs and one, c.572C > G (p.P191R), in CL/P. All these six variants were in heterozygous state, each identified in one patient, and absent in 204 controls. Except the p.P190R, which was previously reported, the other five variants were novel. Our study identifies probable susceptibility variants of FOXE1 for oral clefts in the Thai population.
The Securitisation of Food Security in Colombia, 1970–2010
Authors: NUSSIO ENZO , PERNET CORINNE A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAfter the world food crisis of the early 1970s, food policies became a ‘national priority’ for Colombian development. Colombia was the first country to implement the multi-sectoral approach proposed by international organisations. However, in the past 30 years Colombian governments have presented nutrition as a minor health issue. During the recent world food crisis, the government insisted that Colombia was one of the most food-secure countries in the world. In seemingly similar circumstances, why was food policy made a priority in the 1970s and not in the new millennium? We address this question with the help of securitisation theory. We argue that in the 1970s, the government successfully securitised the food issue in the context of a reduction of external food aid and a failed land reform. Recent national governments (as opposed to some local governments) have had little interest in a securitising move since the related food sovereignty discourses threaten their free market policies.
Comparison of air samples, nasal swabs, ear-skin swabs and environmental dust samples for detection of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) in pig herds
Authors: AGERSØ Y. , VIGRE H. , CAVACO L. M. , JOSEFSEN M. H. 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYTo identify a cost-effective and practical method for detection of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) in pig herds, the relative sensitivity of four sample types: nasal swabs, ear-skin (skin behind the ears) swabs, environmental dust swabs and air was compared. Moreover, dependency of sensitivity on within-herd prevalence was estimated.spa-typing was applied in order to study strain diversity. The sensitivity of one air sample was equal to the sensitivity of ten pools of five nasal swabs and relatively independent of within-herd prevalence [predicted to be nearly perfect (99%) for within-herd prevalence ⩾25%]. The results indicate that taking swabs of skin behind the ears (ten pools of five) was even more sensitive than taking nasal swabs (ten pools of five) at the herd level and detected significantly more positive samples.spatypes t011, t034 and t4208 were observed. In conclusion, MRSA detection by air sampling is easy to perform, reduces costs and analytical time compared to existing methods, and is recommended for initial testing of herds. Ear-skin swab sampling may be more sensitive for MRSA detection than air sampling or nasal swab sampling.
Inferences about infants’ visual brain mechanisms
Authors: ATKINSON JANETTE , BRADDICK OLIVER 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe discuss hypotheses that link the measurements we can make with infants to inferences about their developing neural mechanisms. First, we examine evidence from the sensitivity to visual stimulus properties seen in infants’ responses, using both electrophysiological measures (transient and steady-state recordings of visual evoked potentials/visual event-related potentials) and behavioral measures and compare this with the sensitivity of brain processes, known from data on mammalian neurophysiology and human neuroimaging. The evidence for multiple behavioral systems with different patterns of visual sensitivity is discussed. Second, we consider the analogies which can be made between infants’ behavior and that of adults with identified brain damage, and extend these links to hypothesize about the brain basis of visual deficits in infants and children with developmental disorders. Last, we consider how these lines of data might allow us to form “inverse linking hypotheses” about infants’ visual experience.
Diacyclops (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in Continental Antarctica, including three new species
Authors: Karanovic Tomislav , Gibson John A.E. , Hawes Ian , Andersen Dale T. , Stevens Mark I. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractContrary to earlier beliefs, crustaceans are present in ice-covered lakes of Antarctica. Interpretation of the significance of this has been hampered by the absence of robust identification of taxa present. We examine cyclopoid copepods from three widely separated lakes. All belong to the michaelseni group of the genus Diacyclops, which is widespread across Continental Antarctica, but do not fit into any existing species. Two new species were identified from eastern Antarctica, D. walkeri from Pineapple Lake (Vestfold Hills) and D. kaupi from Transkriptsii Gulf (Bunger Hills). Most significant was a dense population of a new epibenthic species (D. joycei) associated with microbial mats in Lake Joyce, one of the smaller McMurdo Dry Valleys lakes. This represents the first record of adult cyclopoid copepods from the ice-covered lakes of the Transantarctic Mountains. Continental Antarctica is the centre of diversity for this group of crustaceans and we argue that this is better explained by persistence through past glacial advances rather than by recent post-glacial colonization. The existence of a species endemic to Lake Joyce but apparently absent from other Dry Valleys lakes is discussed in relation to our understanding of the history of the McMurdo Dry Valleys lakes and their faunas.
Observer-Independent Quantification of Insulin Granule Exocytosis and Pre-Exocytotic Mobility by TIRF Microscopy
Authors: Matz Magnus , Schumacher Kirstin , Hatlapatka Kathrin , Lorenz Dirk , Baumann Knut , Rustenbeck Ingo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTotal internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of fluorescently labeled secretory granules permits monitoring of exocytosis and the preceding granule behavior in one experiment. While observer-dependent evaluation may be sufficient to quantify exocytosis, most of the other information contained in the video files cannot be accessed this way. The present program performs observer-independent detection of exocytosis and tracking of the entire submembrane population of insulin granules. A precondition is the exact localization of the peak of the granule fluorescence. Tracking is based on the peak base radius, peak intensity, and the precrossing itineraries. Robustness of the tracking was shown by simulated tracks of original granule patterns. Mobility in theX–Ydimension is described by the caging diameter which in contrast to the widely used mean square displacement has an inherent time resolution. Observer-independent detection of exocytosis in MIN6 cells labeled with insulin-EGFP is based on the maximal decrease in fluorescence intensity and position of the centroid of the dissipating cloud of released material. Combining the quantification of KCl-induced insulin exocytosis with the analysis of prefusion mobility showed that during the last 3 s pre-exocytotic granules had a smaller caging diameter than control granules and that it increased significantly immediately before fusion.
Ultrafast biexciton spectroscopy in semiconductor quantum dots: evidence for early emergence of multiple-exciton generation
Authors: Choi Younghwan , Sim Sangwan , Lim Seong Chu , Lee Young Hee , Choi Hyunyong 
Published: November 2013

AbstractUnderstanding multiple-exciton generation (MEG) in quantum dots (QDs) requires in-depth measurements of transient exciton dynamics. Because MEG typically faces competing ultrafast energy-loss intra-band relaxation, it is of central importance to investigate the emerging time-scale of the MEG kinetics. Here, we present ultrafast spectroscopic measurements of the MEG in PbS QDs via probing the ground-state biexciton transients. Specifically, we directly compare the biexciton spectra with the single-exciton ones before and after the intra-band relaxation. Early emergence of MEG is evidenced by observing transient Stark shift and quasi-instantaneous linewidth broadening, both of which take place before the intra-band relaxation. Photon-density-dependent study shows that the broadened biexciton linewidth strongly depends on the MEG-induced extra-exciton generation. Long after the intra-band relaxation, the biexciton broadening is small and the single-exciton state filling is dominant.
Distinct biophysical mechanisms of focal adhesion kinase mechanoactivation by different extracellular matrix proteins
Authors: Seong Jihye , Tajik Arash , Sun Jie , Guan Jun-Lin , Humphries Martin J. , Craig Susan E. , Shekaran Asha , García Andrés J. , Lu Shaoying , Lin Michael Z. , Wang Ning , Wang Yingxiao 
Published: November 2013

Significance
Mechanical forces, which guide cellular functions, can be sensed and translated into biochemical information at focal adhesions, where cells physically connect to extracellular matrix (ECM) through transmembrane receptor integrins. Our results have identified that different ECM proteins, type 1 collagen (Col I) and fibronectin (FN), can either transmit or shield from mechanical forces when regulating crucial intracellular signaling, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), with their different accessibility to the corresponding integrin receptors. Whereas the integrin α2 binding site in Col I is constitutively accessible, mechanical tension is required to expose the integrin α5 binding motif in FN. This finding should advance our understanding on how cells perceive extracellular mechanical cues through natural surface materials.
Real-time, high-resolution study of nanocrystallization and fatigue cracking in a cyclically strained metallic glass
Authors: Wang Cheng-Cai , Mao Yun-Wei , Shan Zhi-Wei , Dao Ming , Li Ju , Sun Jun , Ma Evan , Suresh Subra 
Published: November 2013

Significance
The formation of nanocrystals and cracks in metallic glasses subjected to cyclically varying strains in micro- and nanoscale systems is a topic of scientific and technological interest. However, no real-time studies of such phenomena in fatigued metallic glasses have thus far been reported. Here we present unique observations of nanocrystallization and the onset and progression of fatigue failure in a metallic glass through cyclic straining experiments conducted inside a high-resolution transmission electron microscope. Molecular dynamics simulations were also performed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. We expect that these techniques and results will provide unique fundamental insights into how crystallization occurs in a wide variety of amorphous materials and will help develop strategies for the design and use of metallic glasses.
featureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features
Authors: Liao Yang , Smyth Gordon K. , Shi Wei 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Motivation: Next-generation sequencing technologies generate millions of short sequence reads, which are usually aligned to a reference genome. In many applications, the key information required for downstream analysis is the number of reads mapping to each genomic feature, for example to each exon or each gene. The process of counting reads is called read summarization. Read summarization is required for a great variety of genomic analyses but has so far received relatively little attention in the literature.
Results: We present featureCounts, a read summarization program suitable for counting reads generated from either RNA or genomic DNA sequencing experiments. featureCounts implements highly efficient chromosome hashing and feature blocking techniques. It is considerably faster than existing methods (by an order of magnitude for gene-level summarization) and requires far less computer memory. It works with either single or paired-end reads and provides a wide range of options appropriate for different sequencing applications.
Availability and implementation:  featureCounts is available under GNU General Public License as part of the Subread (http://subread.sourceforge.net) or Rsubread (http://www.bioconductor.org) software packages.
Contact:  shi@wehi.edu.au
Two Herbivore-Induced Cytochrome P450 Enzymes CYP79D6 and CYP79D7 Catalyze the Formation of Volatile Aldoximes Involved in Poplar Defense
Authors: Irmisch Sandra , Clavijo McCormick Andrea , Boeckler G. Andreas , Schmidt Axel , Reichelt Michael , Schneider Bernd , Block Katja , Schnitzler Jörg-Peter , Gershenzon Jonathan , Unsicker Sybille B. , Köllner Tobias G. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAldoximes are known as floral and vegetative plant volatiles but also as biosynthetic intermediates for other plant defense compounds. While the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP) from the CYP79 family forming aldoximes as biosynthetic intermediates have been intensively studied, little is known about the enzymology of volatile aldoxime formation. We characterized two P450 enzymes, CYP79D6v3 and CYP79D7v2, which are involved in herbivore-induced aldoxime formation in western balsam poplar (Populus trichocarpa). Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that both enzymes produce a mixture of different aldoximes. Knockdown lines of CYP79D6/7 in gray poplar (Populus × canescens) exhibited a decreased emission of aldoximes, nitriles, and alcohols, emphasizing that the CYP79s catalyze the first step in the formation of a complex volatile blend. Aldoxime emission was found to be restricted to herbivore-damaged leaves and is closely correlated with CYP79D6 and CYP79D7 gene expression. The semi-volatile phenylacetaldoxime decreased survival and weight gain of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) caterpillars, suggesting that aldoximes may be involved in direct defense. The wide distribution of volatile aldoximes throughout the plant kingdom and the presence of CYP79 genes in all sequenced genomes of angiosperms suggest that volatile formation mediated by CYP79s is a general phenomenon in the plant kingdom.
Maternal input to children with specific language impairment during shared book reading: is mothers’ language in tune with their children's production?
Authors: Majorano Marinella , Lavelli Manuela 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe literature on input addressed to children with specific language impairment (SLI) has shown contrasting results on the role that parents assume during conversational interactions. Some studies have shown that parents compensate for the child's linguistic limitations. In contrast, other studies have indicated that mothers are able to adjust their communication in response to their children's language characteristics.AimsTo assess the ‘closeness of fit’ between maternal input and child language profiles in children with SLI during shared book reading. To achieve this aim, the individual linguistic features of a group of children with SLI and their mothers were compared with those of two typically developing (TD) groups and the ‘distances’ (i.e., the differences between the mother's and her child's linguistic indices) within each dyad were compared.Method & ProceduresThree groups of children with their mothers participated in the study: 14 children with expressive SLI, 14 language age‐matched TD children (LA‐matched group), and 14 chronological age‐matched TD children (CA‐matched group). Each mother–child dyad was videotaped during two weekly sessions of shared book reading, at home. All sessions were entirely transcribed. For each session, the following indices were then considered: whole‐word phonological indices, grammatical categories and lexical indices for types and tokens, and the distance between the mother's and the child's linguistic indices within individual dyads.Outcomes & ResultsAnalysis of the differences between phonological, lexical and morphosyntactic characteristics of the mothers’ and children's language indicated that both children with SLI and their mothers produced adjectives and adverbs with lower phonological complexity and with higher frequency of use compared with the CA‐matched group, and nouns with lower frequency of use and higher age of acquisition compared with the LA‐matched group. In addition, individual dyads within the SLI group displayed reduced distances between linguistic indices produced by the mother and child compared with dyads within the CA‐matched group.Conclusions & ImplicationsOn the whole these findings suggest that mothers of children with SLI are able to tune their language to their children's linguistic limitations. These findings may contribute to improving early intervention programmes with children with SLI by focusing on the mother–child interaction during shared book reading.
Thalidomide‐induced angiopoietin 2, Notch1 and Dll4 downregulation under hypoxic condition in tissues with gastrointestinal vascular malformation and human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Authors: Feng Qian , Tan Hong Hong , Ge Zhi Zheng , Gao Yun Jie , Chen Hui Min , Xiao Shu Dong 
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveTo determine the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal vascular malformation (GIVM) and the mechanism of thalidomide in treating GIVM by evaluating the expression of angiopoietin 2 (Ang2), Notch1, delta‐like ligand 4 (Dll4) and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (Hif‐1α).MethodsData of 10 patients with histology‐confirmed GIVM were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry of surgically resected GIVM tissues and the adjacent mucosa of the patients and normal tissues from those who had undergone colonoscopy for health examination was performed to examine the expressions of Ang2, Notch1, Dll4 and Hif‐1α. In addition, in vitro effect of thalidomide on Ang2, Notch1 and Dll4 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and on HUVEC proliferation was also investigated during normoxic and hypoxic conditions.ResultsGIVM lesions presented as tortuous, dilated arterioles, venules and capillaries. Ang2, Notch1 and Dll4 showed strong immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm and nuclei of GIVM lesions but negative or weak positivity in the intestinal mucosa of the adjacent tissues and normal mucosa. Under hypoxic condition the expressions of Hif‐1α, Ang2, Notch1 and Dll4 were upregulated and the tube formation was more abundant with a greater diameter of tubes. Moreover, thalidomide downregulated their expression in HUVEC and HUVEC proliferation decreased in a concentration‐dependent manner under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions.ConclusionAng2, Notch1, Dll4 and Hif‐1α may play an important role in the pathogenesis of GIVM and may be potential targets of thalidomide in the treatment of the disease.