bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lossless color medical image compression using adaptive block‐based encoding for human computed tomographic images
Authors: Thangavelu Kesavamurthy , Krishnan Thiyagarajan 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe advancement in medical imaging systems such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emitted tomography (PET), and computed radiography (CR) produces huge amount of volumetric images about various anatomical structure of human body. There exists a need for lossless compression of these images for storage and communication purposes. The major issue in medical image is the sequence of operations to be performed for compression and decompression should not degrade the original quality of the image, it should be compressed loss lessly. In this article, we proposed a lossless method of volumetric medical image compression and decompression using adaptive block‐based encoding technique. The algorithm is tested for different sets of CT color images using Matlab. The Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images are compressed using the proposed algorithm and stored as DICOM formatted images. The inverse process of adaptive block‐based algorithm is used to reconstruct the original image information loss lessly from the compressed DICOM files. We present the simulation results for large set of human color CT images to produce a comparative analysis of the proposed methodology with block‐based compression, and JPEG2000 lossless image compression technique. This article finally proves the proposed methodology gives better compression ratio than block‐based coding and computationally better than JPEG 2000 coding. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 23, 227–234, 2013
Nitrogen dioxide measurement by cavity attenuated phase shift spectroscopy (CAPS) and implications in ozone production efficiency and nitrate formation in Beijing, China
Authors: Ge Baozhu , Sun Yele , Liu Ying , Dong Huabin , Ji Dongsheng , Jiang Qi , Li Jie , Wang Zifa 
Published: August 2013

AbstractNitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a key species in studying photochemical smog and formation mechanisms of nitrate in fine particles. However, the conventional commercially available chemiluminescence (CL)‐based method often has uncertainties in measuring NO2 because of interferences with other reactive nitrogen species. In this study, an Aerodyne Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift Spectroscopy (CAPS) NO2 monitor that essentially has no interferences with nitrogen containing species was deployed in Beijing for the first time during August 2012. The CAPS NO2 monitor is highly sensitive with a detection limit (3σ) of 46.6 ppt for 1 min integration. The NO2 measured by CAPS shows overall agreement with that from CL, yet large differences up to 20% were also observed in the afternoon. Further, the discrepancies of NO2 measurements between CAPS and CL appear to be NOz dependent with larger differences at higher NOz concentrations (e.g., > 14 ppb). As a result, the ozone production efficiency of NOx (OPEx) derived from the correlations of Ox‐NOz with the CL NO2 can be overestimated by 19–37% in Beijing. The daily OPEx calculated with the CAPS NO2 ranges from 1.0 to 6.8 ppb/ppb with an average (±1σ) of 2.6 (±1.3) for the entire study. The relatively low OPEx and the relationship between OPEx and NOx suggest that ozone production chemistry is VOC sensitive during summer in Beijing. Two case studies further show that high concentrations of NOx can significantly enhance the formation of nitrate in fine particles in the presence of high O3 and favorable meteorological conditions.
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacterial diversity, abundance, and activity in marsh sediments of the Yangtze Estuary
Authors: Hou Lijun , Zheng Yanling , Liu Min , Gong Jun , Zhang Xiaoli , Yin Guoyu , You Li 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAnaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) as an important process of nitrogen cycle has been studied in estuarine environments. However, knowledge about the dynamics of anammox bacteria and their interactions with associated activity remains scarce in these environments. Here we report the anammox bacterial diversity, abundance, and activity in the Yangtze Estuary, using molecular and isotope‐tracing techniques. The phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA indicated that high anammox bacterial diversity occurred in this estuary, including Scalindua, Brocadia, Kuenenia, and two novel clusters. The patterns of community composition and diversity of anammox bacteria differed across the estuary. Salinity was a key environmental factor defining the geographical distribution and diversity of the anammox bacterial community at the estuarine ecosystem. Temperature and organic carbon also had significant influences on anammox bacterial biodiversity. The abundance of anammox bacteria ranged from 2.63 × 106 and 1.56 × 107 gene copies g−1, and its spatiotemporal variations were related significantly to salinity, temperature, and nitrite content. The anammox activity was related to temperature, nitrite, and anammox bacterial abundance, with values of 0.94–6.61 nmol N g−1 h−1. The tight link between the anammox and denitrification processes implied that denitrifying bacteria may be a primary source of nitrite for the anammox bacteria in the estuarine marshes. On the basis of the 15N tracing experiments, the anammox process was estimated to contribute 6.6%–12.9% to the total nitrogen loss whereas the remainder was attributed to denitrification.
PolyHIPEs from Divinyl Adipate: Preparation and Degradability
Authors: Turnšek Marko , Krajnc Peter 
Published: August 2013

Using a high internal phase emulsion templating approach, highly porous open cellular polymers are prepared from divinyl adipate (DVA). The morphological structure of the monoliths includes cavities in the diameter range of around 5–25 μm and secondary interconnecting pores approximately 1 μm in diameter. A high interconnectivity of the cavities and a porosity of up to 85% are achieved. Using an elevated temperature of the aqueous phase during the emulsion preparation and controlled ageing of emulsions, the influence on pore size is investigated. Porous poly(DVA) can be degraded in a basic aqueous medium via the cleavage of ester bonds, the medium influencing the kinetic profile of degradation.
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Visualization of Activity Landscapes and Chemogenomics Data
Authors: Hu Ye , Stumpfe Dagmar , Bajorath Jürgen 
Published: August 2013

AbstractChemogenomics data are often difficult to analyze, given their large amounts, heterogeneity, and multi‐dimensional nature. Network representations and other graphical methods are utilized to aid in data analysis. This review covers several recently introduced visualization methods for multi‐ or high‐dimensional compound activity data that are designed for specific applications.
Built‐in elastic strain and localization effects on GaAs luminescence of MOVPE‐grown GaAs–AlGaAs core–shell nanowires
Authors: Prete Paola , Miccoli Ilio , Marzo Fabio , Lovergine Nico 
Published: August 2013

Abstractmagnified imageThe core photoluminescence emission of MOVPE‐grown GaAs–Al0.33Ga0.67As core–shell nanowires is studied as function of the relevant geometrical parameter of these nanostructures, namely the shell‐thickness to core‐radius ratio hs/Rc. The energy of the dominant emission peak was compared with values of the GaAs heavy‐ and light‐hole excitons redshifted by a uniaxial tensile strain, the latter calculated assuming perfect coherence at the core/shell interface and elastic energy equilibrium within the nanowires. Good agreement is obtained for hs/Rc < 1, the intrinsic strain‐free excitonic emission being identified at 1.510 eV, and further ascribed to bound heavy‐hole excitons. For hs/Rc > 1 increasingly larger redshifts (up to ∼9 meV in excess of values calculated based on our elastic strain model) are observed, and tentatively ascribed to shell‐dependent exciton localization effects.magnified imageExperimental and calculated bound exciton peak energies for GaAs–Al0.33Ga0.67As core–shell nanowires as function of their shell‐thickness to core‐radius ratio hs/Rc. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Next generation interactive S‐band mobile systems: challenges and solutions
Authors: Gallinaro Gennaro , Tirrò Emanuele , Cecca Filippo Di , Migliorelli Marzia , Gatti Nicola , Cioni Stefano 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper summarizes the outcome of an investigation activity aimed at analyzing the benefits of new possible system architectures and technologies for next generation S‐band mobile satellite interactive/broadcasting networks (Figure 1). The main purpose was to achieve a higher capacity, and the main efforts in this direction were devoted to the investigation on possible migration from the conventional single polarization per beam to an advanced dual polarization per beam architecture for effective spectrum exploitation. In addition, advanced antenna and payload architectures have been also investigated. The system capacity results highlight potential improvements in a 60% to 90% range in terms of system throughput. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A suite of abstract domains for static analysis of string values
Authors: Costantini Giulia , Ferrara Pietro , Cortesi Agostino 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYStrings are widely used in modern programming languages in various scenarios. For instance, strings are used to build up Structured Query Language (SQL) queries that are then executed. Malformed strings may lead to subtle bugs, as well as non‐sanitized strings may raise security issues in an application. For these reasons, the application of static analysis to compute safety properties over string values at compile time is particularly appealing. In this article, we propose a generic approach for the static analysis of string values based on abstract interpretation. In particular, we design a suite of abstract semantics for strings, where each abstract domain tracks a different kind of information. We discuss the trade‐off between efficiency and accuracy when using such domains to catch the properties of interest. In this way, the analysis can be tuned at different levels of precision and efficiency, and it can address specific properties.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The new steel‐glass architecture of buildings in Japan
Authors: Kido Ewa Maria , Cywin´ski Zbigniew 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPractical examples of modern architecture in the western hemisphere based on structural compositions of steel and glass have been presented several times in recent years. In doing so, their theoretical background has also been discussed. This paper focuses on the relevant architectural manifestations in Japan. Buildings for commercial and public use are the sole interest here – with special emphasis on the ultramodern character of their design. It is planned to consider infrastructure elements such as railway stations and airport structures in a future article.
Fatigue of girth butt weld for cast steel node connection in tower structure under wave loadings
Authors: Jin Hui , Li Jing , Mo Jianhua , Ma Haiying 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYThe application of cast steel node shows a popular tendency in long‐span space structures. The girth butt welds in the joint are the critical parts under fatigue loading. This study presents a fatigue life evaluation of the girth butt welds for the cast steel node connections, which are in a steel tower structure on an offshore platform under heavy wave fatigue loadings. The refined node FEM model is built including the welds. The random waves are treated as ergodic stationary stochastic process; the node structure is considered as a linear dynamic amplification system to decide its output of the stress amplitude response while the random wave is inputted into the system. The welds are designed as different details of bilateral weld, single‐sided weld with a sleeve, single‐sided weld with a backing plate or without a backing plate. The fatigue life of every weld detail is studied by hot‐spot stress method, and the design of weld detail combination is analyzed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of winds in a mountain pass on turbine performance
Authors: Clifton A. , Daniels M. H. , Lehning M. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTMountain passes are potentially advantageous sites for the deployment of wind turbines because of road links and electrical transmission infrastructure. However, relatively little is known about wind characteristics and turbine response in these environments. Using hub height wind data from a mountain pass in Switzerland, this paper discusses the causes of the observed pass winds and how a generic wind turbine might perform in those conditions. During 3 months of winter measurements, the winds in the pass showed signatures of forcing by regional pressure gradients rather than local cooling or heating. Turbulence intensity was often less than 10%, and the magnitude of the wind shear power law exponent was less than 0.1. To understand the impact of pass winds on a wind turbine, we simulated a Wind Partnership for Advanced Component Technologies 1.5 MW wind turbine using the Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence (FAST) aeroelastic simulator , forced by artificial wind fields of varying turbulence intensity and shear generated by the turbulence simulator TurbSim. We used the turbine simulation data to train a regression model that is used to predict the turbine response to the pass wind time series. Results showed that depending on long‐term wind characteristics, wind turbines in the pass may perform differently than predicted using a power curve derived from test measurements at another location. This method of generating site‐specific energy capture predictions could be combined with long‐term wind resource data and specific turbine models to better predict the energy production and turbine loads at this, or any other site. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Similar neuroprotective effects of ischemic and hypoxic preconditioning on hypoxia–ischemia in the neonatal rat: A proton MRS study
Authors: Seo Hyungseok , Lim Keun Ho , Choi Jae‐Hyung , Jeong Sung‐Moon 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ischemic and hypoxic preconditioning on hypoxia–ischemia (HI) in the neonatal rat. Seven‐day‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, sham, ischemic preconditioning, and hypoxic preconditioning. Ischemic preconditioning with a 10‐min occlusion of the right carotid artery and hypoxic preconditioning with 4‐h of hypoxia (8% oxygen) were performed 24‐h before HI. For HI, all rats underwent right carotid artery ligature, followed by 2.5‐h of hypoxia. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) and TUNEL staining were evaluated at 1 and 7 days after HI. At 2 weeks after HI, all rats were sacrificed for morphological analysis. The lipid (Lip), N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), and choline‐ratios were calculated and compared with TUNEL staining and brain morphologies. Both the ischemic and hypoxic preconditioning groups showed lower Lip/NAA and Lip/Cr ratios and morphological scores, and fewer TUNEL‐positive cells than the control and sham groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two preconditioning groups. In addition, the ratios correlated with the TUNEL staining and the degrees of morphological changes in all of the groups (P < 0.05). These results suggest that ischemic and hypoxic preconditioning in neonatal rats with HI similarly attenuate brain injury. Moreover, Lip/NAA and Lip/Cr ratios may be used as markers for assessing the extent of brain damage.
A randomised controlled trial of a theory-based interactive internet-based smoking cessation intervention (‘StopAdvisor’): Study protocol
Authors: Michie Susan , Brown Jamie , Geraghty Adam W. A. , Miller Sascha , Yardley Lucy , Gardner Benjamin , Shahab Lion , Stapleton John A. , West Robert 
Published: August 2013

Background: Internet-based interventions can help smokers to quit compared with brief written materials or no intervention. However, they are not widely used, particularly by more disadvantaged smokers, and there is significant variation in their effectiveness. A new smoking cessation website (‘StopAdvisor’) has been systematically developed on the basis of PRIME theory, empirical evidence, web-design expertise and user-testing with socio-economically disadvantaged smokers. This paper reports the protocol of a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of StopAdvisor and determine whether it translates across the social spectrum.Methods: The trial has two arms with participants randomised to the offer of the interactive ‘StopAdvisor’ website (intervention condition) or a non-interactive, static website (control condition). Participants are adults from the UK, who smoke every day and are willing to make a serious quit attempt within a month of enrolment. At least 4260 participants will be recruited with a minimum of 2130 in each of two socio-economic sub-groups. The intervention comprises a structured quit plan and a variety of theory- and evidence-based behaviour change techniques for smoking cessation. Tailored support is offered in the form of a series of tunnelled sessions and a variety of interactive menus for use up to a month before, and then for one month after quitting (http://www.lifeguideonline.org/player/play/stopadvisordemonstration). The control is a static website that presents brief and standard advice on smoking cessation. Assessments are at baseline and 2-, 4- and 7-months post-enrolment. The primary outcome measure will be Russell Standard 6-months sustained abstinence, defined as self-reported continuous abstinence verified by saliva cotinine or anabasine at 7-month follow-up. Secondary outcome measures will include 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 7-month follow-up, self-reported abstinence at 2- and 4-month follow-ups, satisfaction ratings of the website and quantitative indices of website interaction. All analyses will be by intention to treat and the main analysis will compare the two conditions on the primary outcome measure using a logistic regression model, adjusted for baseline characteristics. The efficacy of the intervention across the social spectrum will be assessed by a logistic regression focusing on the interaction between condition and socio-economic disadvantage.Trial registration: ISRCTN99820519.
Flavonoid intake and risk of CVD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Wang Xia , Ouyang Ying Y. , Liu Jun , Zhao Gang 
Published: August 2013

Observational studies have suggested that the intake of flavonoids is associated with a decreased risk of CVD. However, the results of these studies remain controversial. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between dietary flavonoid intake and CVD risk by conducting a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Electronic reference databases were searched to identify studies that met the pre-stated inclusion criteria. The studies were assessed for eligibility and data were extracted by two authors independently. For each study, relative risks (RR) and 95 % CI were extracted and pooled using either a fixed-effects or a random-effects model. Generalised least-squares trend estimation analysis was used to evaluate dose–response relationships. The inclusion criteria were met by fourteen prospective cohort studies. The intakes of anthocyanidins (RR 0·89, 95 % CI 0·83, 0·96), proanthocyanidins (RR 0·90, 95 % CI 0·82, 0·98), flavones (RR 0·88, 95 % CI 0·82, 0·96), flavanones (RR 0·88, 95 % CI 0·82, 0·96) and flavan-3-ols (RR 0·87, 95 % CI 0·80, 0·95) were inversely associated with the risk of CVD when comparing the highest and lowest categories of intake. A similar association was observed for flavonol intake and CVD risk. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses further supported this association. The summary RR for CVD for every 10 mg/d increment in flavonol intake was 0·95 (95 % CI 0·91, 0·99). The present systematic review suggests that the dietary intakes of six classes of flavonoids, namely flavonols, anthocyanidins, proanthocyanidins, flavones, flavanones and flavan-3-ols, significantly decrease the risk of CVD.
COMPARISON OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTIFICIAL GINSENG BED SOILS IN RELATION TO THE INCIDENCE OF GINSENG RED SKIN DISEASE
Authors: LIU XING , YANG ZHENMING , GAO LINGLING , XIANG WUYAN , ZHANG BO , XIE ZHONGLEI , YOU JIANGFENG 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARYRed skin disease seriously limits the production and quality of Panax ginseng (ginseng) in the Changbai Mountains of Northeast China, which is the main origin of ginseng. To cultivate ginseng, the albic and humus horizons of albic luvisols are artificially mixed to produce ginseng bed soils. To clarify the relationship between red skin disease and soil characteristics, red skin disease indices were calculated from six plots located on a ginseng farm. Ginseng roots were analysed for aluminium (Al) content. Soils from the ginseng beds were sampled at three depths for the evaluation of physico-chemical parameters. Al fractionation from the soil solid fraction was analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Ginseng plants exhibiting larger red skin areas accumulated higher concentrations of Al in the epidermis and in the fibrous roots. Ginseng bed soils in the six plots were acidic with pHH2O values ranging from 4.0 to 5.0. Plots exhibiting higher red skin disease indices also had higher bulk densities, moisture contents and nitrate concentrations. They also contained higher concentrations of exchangeable Al, NaOH-extracted Al and ammonium oxalate-oxalic-extracted Al in the bed soils. The Al saturation and molar ratio of base cations to Al were above 20% and below 10, respectively, in the two plots with the highest disease indices. Compact soils with higher moisture, nitrate concentrations and active Al species may increase the incidence of ginseng red skin disease.