bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possible influence of mammographic density on local and locoregional recurrence of breast cancer
Authors: Eriksson Louise , Czene Kamila , Rosenberg Lena , Humphreys Keith , Hall Per 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Introduction
It is debated whether mammographic density gives rise to more aggressive cancers. We therefore aimed to study the influence of mammographic density on prognosis.

Methods
This is a case-only study within a population-based case-control study. Cases were all postmenopausal women in Sweden with incident breast cancer, diagnosed 1993-1995, and aged 50-74 years. Women with pre-diagnostic/diagnostic mammograms were included (n = 1774). Mammographic density of the unaffected breast was assessed using a computer-assisted thresholding technique. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to study recurrence and survival with and without stratification on surgical procedure (breast-conserving surgery vs. mastectomy).

Results
Percentage density (PD) was associated with both local and locoregional recurrence even after adjustment for established prognosticators; hazards ratio (HR) 1.92, p = 0.039, for local recurrence and HR 1.67, p = 0.033, for locoregional recurrence for women with PD≥25% compared to PD<25%. Stratification on surgical procedure showed that the associations were also present in mastectomized women. PD was neither associated with distant recurrence nor survival.

Conclusions
High mammographic density is an independent risk factor of local and locoregional recurrence but is neither associated with distant metastasis nor survival. The relationships with local and locoregional recurrences were also present in women treated with mastectomy, indicating that they are not merely explained by density masking residual disease in women treated with breast-conserving surgery. Rather there appears to be a true association. Thus, mammographic density should possibly influence adjuvant therapy decisions in the future.
The angiotensin II AT1 receptor-associated protein Arap1 is involved in sepsis-induced hypotension
Authors: Mederle Katharina , Schweda Frank , Kattler Veronika , Doblinger Elisabeth , Miyata Keishi , Höcherl Klaus , Oike Yuichi , Castrop Hayo 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Hypotension in septic patients results from hypovolemia, vasodilatation and hyporeactivity to vasoconstrictors, such as angiotensin II. The AT1 receptor-associated protein 1 (Arap1) is expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells and increases the surface expression of the AT1-receptor in vitro. We hypothesized that dysregulation of Arap1 may contribute to vascular hyporeactivity to angiotensin II during endotoxemia.

Methods
Arap1-deficient mice were used to assess the role of Arap1 in sepsis-induced hypotension. The isolated perfused kidney was used as an in vitro model to determine the relevance of Arap1 for vascular resistance and sensitivity to angiotensin II.

Results
During endotoxemia, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) decreased in both genotypes, with the time course of sepsis-induced hypotension being markedly accelerated in Arap1-/- compared to +/+ mice. However, baseline MAP was similar in Arap1-/- and wildtype mice (102 ± 2 vs.103 ± 2 mmHg; telemetry measurements; n = 10; P = 0.66). Following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections (3 mg/kg), Arap1 expression was successively down-regulated in the wildtype mice, reaching levels below 10% of baseline expression. The endotoxemia-related decline in Arap1 expression could be recapitulated in cultured mesangial cells by incubation with pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α and interferon γ. Plasma renin concentration was increased in Arap1-/- mice compared to wildtype mice (66 ± 6 vs. 41 ± 4 ng AngI/ml/h; n = 23; P = 0.001), presumably contributing to preserved MAP under baseline conditions. The sensitivity of the vasculature to angiotensin II was reduced in Arap1-/- compared to +/+ mice, as determined in the isolated perfused kidney.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that down-regulation of Arap1 expression during sepsis contributes to the development of hypotension by causing reduced vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II.
Decision-tree model for predicting outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the emergency department
Authors: Goto Yoshikazu , Maeda Tetsuo , Goto Yumiko 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Estimation of outcomes in patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) soon after arrival at the hospital may help clinicians guide in-hospital strategies, particularly in the emergency department. This study aimed to develop a simple and generally applicable bedside model for predicting outcomes after cardiac arrest.

Methods
We analyzed data for 390,226 adult patients who had undergone OHCA, from a prospectively recorded nationwide Utstein-style Japanese database for 2005 through 2009. The primary end point was survival with favorable neurologic outcome (cerebral performance category (CPC) scale, categories 1 to 2 [CPC 1 to 2]) at 1 month. The secondary end point was survival at 1 month. We developed a decision-tree prediction model by using data from a 4-year period (2005 through 2008, n = 307,896), with validation by using external data from 2009 (n = 82,330).

Results
Recursive partitioning analysis of the development cohort for 10 predictors indicated that the best single predictor for survival and CPC 1 to 2 was shockable initial rhythm. The next predictors for patients with shockable initial rhythm were age (<70 years) followed by witnessed arrest and age (>70 years) followed by arrest witnessed by emergency medical services (EMS) personnel. For patients with unshockable initial rhythm, the next best predictor was witnessed arrest. A simple decision-tree prediction mode permitted stratification into four prediction groups: good, moderately good, poor, and absolutely poor. This model identified patient groups with a range from 1.2% to 30.2% for survival and from 0.3% to 23.2% for CPC 1 to 2 probabilities. Similar results were observed when this model was applied to the validation cohort.

Conclusions
On the basis of a decision-tree prediction model using four prehospital variables (shockable initial rhythm, age, witnessed arrest, and witnessed by EMS personnel), OHCA patients can be readily stratified into the four groups (good, moderately good, poor, and absolutely poor) that help predict both survival at 1 month and survival with favorable neurologic outcome at 1 month. This simple prediction model may provide clinicians with a practical bedside tool for the OHCA patient's stratification in the emergency department.
On charge accumulation in heterogeneous porous rocks under the influence of an external electric field
Authors: Revil A. 
Published: July 2013

Electric polarization is described as the sum of charge accumulations (free charge density) and orientation of polar molecules such as those of bound and free water molecules (bound charge polarization). Charge accumulation in porous materials cannot be described with Ohm’s law alone. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics or the upscaling of the local Nernst-Planck equation imply that the drift of ions in porous media is controlled by the gradient of their electrochemical potentials and not solely by the electric field. In porous media, electrochemical capacitance is at least six to eight orders of magnitude larger than electrostatic capacitance associated with bound charge polarization. In other words, the low-frequency ([Formula: see text]) effective permittivity entering Ampère’s law is six to eight orders of magnitude larger than high-frequency dielectric permittivity (measured for instance at 1 GHz). Low-frequency polarization of porous media, with no metallic particles (no electronic conductors and semiconductors) is controlled by polarization of the inner component of the electrical double layer coating the grains. This layer, called the “Stern layer,” plays a strong role in defining the cation exchange capacity of a material. A polarization model based on the polarization of the Stern layer explains a large number of experimental observations and could be used in the interpretation of hydro- and petroleum geophysical measurements.
The antagonistic modulation of Arp2/3 activity by N-WASP/WAVE2 and PICK1 defines dynamic changes in astrocyte morphology
Authors: Murk Kai , Blanco Suarez Elena M. , Cockbill Louisa M. R. , Banks Paul , Hanley Jonathan G. 
Published: July 2013

Astrocytes exhibit a complex, branched morphology, allowing them to functionally interact with numerous blood vessels, neighboring glial processes and neuronal elements, including synapses. They also respond to CNS injury by a process known as astrogliosis, which involves morphological changes including cell body hypertrophy and thickening of major processes. Following severe injury, astrocytes exhibit drastically reduced morphological complexity, and collectively form a glial scar. The mechanistic details behind these morphological changes are unknown.Here, we investigate the regulation of the actin-nucleating Arp2/3 complex in controlling dynamic changes in astrocyte morphology. In contrast to other cell types, Arp2/3 inhibition drives the rapid expansion of astrocyte cell bodies and major processes. This intervention results in reduced morphological complexity of astrocytes in both dissociated culture and in brain slices. We show that this expansion requires functional myosin II downstream of ROCK/RhoA. Knockdown of the Arp2/3 subunit Arp3 or the Arp2/3 activator N-WASP by siRNA also results in cell body expansion and reduced morphological complexity, whereas depleting WAVE2 specifically reduces the branching complexity of astrocyte processes. On the other hand, knockdown of the Arp2/3 inhibitor PICK1 increases astrocyte branching complexity. Furthermore, astrocyte expansion induced by ischemic conditions is delayed by PICK1 knockdown or N-WASP overexpression.Our findings identify a novel morphological outcome for Arp2/3 activation in restricting rather than promoting outward movement of the plasma membrane in astrocytes. Arp2/3 regulators PICK1 and N-WASP/WAVE2 function antagonistically to control the complexity of astrocyte branched morphology, and this mechanism underlies the morphological changes seen in astrocytes during their response to pathological insult.
Low-temperature Fabrication of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells on Plastic Films by Hot-pressing Method
Authors: Ezaka Kosuke , Yamamura Tomoyuki , Yasufuku Takuma , Kishi Naoki , Soga Tetsuo 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This article presents the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells on plastic films by hot-pressing method. It is shown that the conversion efficiency is improved with increasing temperature during the compression of TiO2 photoanode with maxima at 80 °C. The conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell by hot-pressing method is higher than that fabricated by compression at room temperature followed by sintering.
The 1993 Whitney Biennial: Artwork, Framework, Reception
Authors: Shaked Nizan 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This article examines the 1993 Whitney Biennial, its focus on identity politics, and the exhibition’s position within the methodological debates between Art History and an interdisciplinary Cultural Studies. It identifies where and how the voice of the exhibition came to be defined and observes the relations between the institutional framework, the curatorial agenda, and what the art itself performed. With emphasis on the artworks of Andrea Fraser, Renée Green, and Daniel J. Martinez, I argue that contemporaneous critical reception missed the Biennial’s art historical contribution, which highlighted artists synthesizing historically incompatible modes of practice, and bringing identity politics to bear on institutional critique and conceptual art.
An Investigation into the Physico-chemical Properties of Transformer Oil Blends with Antioxidants extracted from Turmeric Powder
Authors: Dukhi Veresha , Bissessur Ajay , Ngila Catherine Jane , Ijumba Nelson Mutatina 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The blending of transformer oil (used mainly as an insulating oil) with appropriate synthetic antioxidants, such as BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) and DBP (2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) have been previously reported. This article is focused on the use of antioxidant extracts from turmeric (Curcuma longa), a natural source. Turmeric is well known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties owing to the active nature of its components. Extracts from powdered turmeric were subsequently blended into naphthenic-based uninhibited virgin transformer oil, hereinafter referred to as extract-oil blends (E-OB). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of the oil blends revealed that five components extracted from turmeric powder were successfully blended into the oil. Subsequent gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis confirmed the presence of the compounds: curcumene, sesquiphellandrene, ar-turmerone, turmerone and curlone. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the extract-oil blends, containing various levels of extracts, revealed an average temperature shift of ∼8.21°C in the initial onset of degradation in comparison to virgin non-blended oil. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed that an increase in the mass aliquot of turmeric extracts in the transformer oil increased the free radical scavenging activity of the oil. Electrical properties of the oil investigated showed that the dissipation factor in the blended oil was found to be lower than that of virgin transformer oil. Evidently, a lower dissipation value renders the oil blend as a superior insulator over normal virgin non-blended oil. This investigation elucidated improved physico-chemical properties of transformer oil blended with turmeric antioxidant extracts.
Sr-Diffusion in Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ Layers for SOFC Application
Authors: Mandt Tabea , Korte Carsten , Breuer Uwe , Weber Alexander , Ziegner Mirko , Uhlenbruck Sven , Menzler Norbert , Stolten Detlef 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study Sr2+ diffusion along Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ (CGO) grain boundaries is investigated. Model samples with different grain boundary densities were prepared by different thin film tech-niques. Diffusion experiments were performed by annealing and subsequent ToF-SIMS analysis. The activation energy of grain boundary diffusion is determined as 492 kJ/mol, which is 2/3 of the bulk diffusion activation energy 739 kJ/mol, deduced from literature data [1-5].The formation of an electrical blocking SrZrO3 layer due to grain boundary diffusion of Sr2+ through a CGO barrier layer may limit the long term stability of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells based on Zr0.85Y0.15O2-δ electrolytes and La0.58Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ cathodes. The grain boundary diffusivity and the CGO grain boundary density highly influence the kinetic of the SrZrO3 formation. Aim of this study is to gain data for a prediction of the maximum lifetime of a SOFC system, limited by the increasing cell resistivity due to SrZrO3 formation. Specifications for the CGO barrier layer preparation concerning grain boundary density are determined.
AZD1480: A Phase I Study of a Novel JAK2 Inhibitor in Solid Tumors
Authors: Plimack Elizabeth R. , LoRusso Patricia M. , McCoon Patricia , Tang Weifeng , Krebs Annetta D. , Curt Gregory , Eckhardt S. Gail 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background.
AZD1480 is a novel agent that inhibits Janus-associated kinases 1 and 2 (JAK1 and JAK2). The primary objective of this phase I study was to investigate the safety and tolerability of AZD1480 when administered as monotherapy to patients with solid tumors.

Methods.
Thirty-eight patients with advanced malignancies were treated at doses of 10–70 mg once daily (QD) and 20–45 mg b.i.d.

Results.
Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis revealed rapid absorption and elimination with minimal accumulation after repeated QD or b.i.d. dosing. Exposure increased in a dose-dependent manner from 10–50 mg. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was attained ∼1 hour after dose, and t1/2 was ∼5 hours. Pharmacodynamic analysis of circulating granulocytes demonstrated maximum phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) inhibition 1–2 hours after dose, coincident with Cmax, and greater pSTAT3 inhibition at higher doses. The average pSTAT3 inhibition in granulocytes at the highest dose tested, 70 mg QD, was 56% (standard deviation: ±21%) at steady-state drug levels. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) consisted of pleiotropic neurologic adverse events (AEs), including dizziness, anxiety, ataxia, memory loss, hallucinations, and behavior changes. These AEs were generally reversible with dose reduction or treatment cessation.

Conclusions.
Whether the DLTs were due to inhibition of JAK-1/2 or to off-target effects is unknown. The unusual DLTs and the lack of clinical activity led to discontinuation of development.
Effect of Talactoferrin Alfa on the Immune System in Adults With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Madan Ravi A. , Tsang Kwong-Yok , Bilusic Marijo , Vergati Matteo , Poole Diane J. , Jochems Caroline , Tucker Jo A. , Schlom Jeffrey , Giaccone Giuseppe , Gulley James L. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background.
Talactoferrin alfa (talactoferrin), an agent with immune-stimulating properties, has demonstrated safety and preliminary efficacy in clinical trials.

Methods.
Ten patients (five males and five females) with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a single-arm pilot study received orally administered talactoferrin (1.5 g, b.i.d.) for up to 24 weeks. Radiographic and immunologic studies were performed at baseline and at weeks 6 and 12. Circulating immune cells (natural killer cells [NKCs], CD4+, CD8+, and regulatory T cells) and systemic cytokine levels were measured to assess immune response.

Results.
Patients enrolled in the study had received a median of four prior chemotherapy regimens, and all patients were symptomatic. Talactoferrin was well tolerated, with no grade 3 or 4 toxicities. Median time to progression (TTP) and overall survival were 6 weeks and 14.5 weeks, respectively. The four patients with ≥9 weeks TTP had evidence of immunologic activity (three with increased NKC activity).

Conclusions.
The median of four previous chemotherapy regimens, with elevated levels of interleukin (IL) 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alfa in most patients, suggests these patients were poor candidates for immunotherapy.
Marine microplankton diversity database
Authors: Sal Sofía , López-Urrutia Ángel , Irigoien Xabier , Harbour Derek S. , Harris Roger P. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMany macroecological theories have been developed to study the diversity on our planet. All these theories require the existence of consistent databases to test their predictions. In this work, we compiled a data set of marine microplankton species abundances at 788 stations with an extensive geographical coverage. Data were collected on different oceanographic cruises between 1992 and 2002. This database consists of abundances (cells/mL) for each species at each station and depth, together with estimates of the biomass and biovolume for each species. One of the key strengths in this database is that species identifications were made by the same taxonomist, which provides greater strength to the collection and ensures that estimates of species diversity are reliable. Environmental information has also been compiled at each station (chlorophyll, temperature, photosynthetically active radiation [PAR], nutrients) in order to have a characterization of the study area and to be used in studies on the environmental and biological controls of marine biodiversity.
Natural Glyphosate Tolerance in Sainfoin (Onybrychis viciifolia)
Authors: Peel Michael D. , Ransom Corey V. , Mott Ivan W. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTSainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), a nonbloating forage legume, is purported to have tolerance to glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine]. The effect on biomass yield (BMY) and survival of eight rates of glyphosate on seedlings and mature plants were determined. Treatment rates were 0, 210, 420, 841, 1681, 3363, 6725, and 13,450 g ae ha−1. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was included as susceptible check. The dose required to produce a 50% reduction (GR50) in sainfoin seedling BMY was 868 and 2984 g ae ha−1 at the first and second harvests, respectively. Alfalfa seedling BMY GR50 values were 331 and 463 g ae ha−1 at the first and second harvests, respectively. The dose estimated to cause 50% mortality (LD50) in sainfoin seedlings was beyond the highest treatment rate at 14,016 g ae ha−1, compared with alfalfa at 2068 g ae ha−1. Four weeks after a spring treatment, sainfoin and alfalfa mature plant BMY GR50 values were 2622 and 208 g ae ha−1, respectively. Biomass yield GR15 values from the same spring treatment were 1030 g ae ha−1 for sainfoin and 66 g ae ha−1 for alfalfa. Thirteen months following the spring treatments sainfoin and alfalfa GR50 values averaged 11,007 and 1093 g ae ha−1, respectively. Fall applied glyphosate BMY GR50 values from harvests the following spring were 12,949 g ae ha−1 for sainfoin and 755 g ae ha−1 for alfalfa. The LD50 for sainfoin spring and fall treatments on mature plants was estimated to be well beyond the highest treatment rate 13,450 g ae ha−1. The average LD50 for mature alfalfa plants was 583 g ae ha−1. Based on the LD50 values, sainfoin seedlings are over six times more tolerant, and mature plants over 20 times more tolerant to glyphosate than alfalfa. Based on the GR50 values, glyphosate has a 10‐fold greater negative impact on alfalfa BMY than it does on sainfoin; however, the GR15 values indicate a likely reduction in sainfoin BMY at glyphosate rates in the range of 841 g ae ha−1.
Breeding for Yield Potential has Increased Deep Soil Water Extraction Capacity in Irrigated Wheat
Authors: Pask A. J. D. , Reynolds M. P. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe global wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing area under irrigation has risen to approximately 20%. However, future availability and quality of irrigation water is likely to decline due to competition from the needs of the expanding population combined with the effects of climatic change. Recent genetic improvements of the yield of irrigated spring wheat lines reported by CIMMYT have been associated with significantly higher biomass, suggesting that either crops are becoming more water use efficient or are extracting more water from their environment. Water uptake characteristics of eight CIMMYT spring bread wheat cultivars—released during the period between 1950 and 2009—were measured in three contrasting irrigation regimes in northwestern Mexico during 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 and compared with crop growth. Increases in yield and biomass of genotypes were associated with additional water uptake in all environments whilst the water use efficiency for yield and biomass production was unchanged across cultivars but increased as a main effect of reduced water supply. Modern cultivars showed increased ability to extract moisture from deeper soil profiles (60–120 cm) especially during grain filling, associated with higher stomatal conductance in the fully irrigated environment and lower canopy temperatures in all environments. Expression of C isotope discrimination was progressively lower with increasing water stress. Results indicated increased water uptake by roots especially from deeper soil profiles allowing greater water harvest.