bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Landslide Susceptibility Zonation Mapping Using Logistic Regression and its Validation in Hashtchin Region, Northwest of Iran
Authors: Talaei Reza 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Landslide susceptibility zonation mapping assists researchers greatly to understand the spatial distribution of slope failure probability in a region. Being extremely useful in reducing landslide hazards, such maps could simply be produced using both qualitative and quantitative methods. In the present study, a multivariate statistical method called ‘logistic regression’ was used to assess landslide susceptibility in Hashtchin region, situated in west of Alborz Mountains-northwest of Iran. In this study, two independent variables, categorical (predictor) and continuous, were drawn on together in the model. To identify the region’s landslides use was made of aerial photographs, field studies and topographic maps. To prepare the database of factors affecting the region’s landslides and to determine landslide zones, geographic information system (GIS) was used. Using such information, landslide susceptibility modeling was accomplished. The data related to factors causing landslides were extracted as independent variables in each cell (in 50 m×50 m cells). Then, the whole data were input into the SPSS, Version 18. The prepared database was later analyzed using logistic regression, the forward stepwise method and based on maximum likelihood estimation. Regression equation was determined using obtained constants and coefficients and the landslide susceptibility of the area in grid-cells (pixels) was computed between 0 and 0.9954. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the accuracy of the logistic regression model. The predicting ability of the model was 84.1% given the area under ROC curve. Finally, the degree of success of landslide susceptibility zonation mapping was estimated to be 79%.
Diagenetic Model of Carbonate Rocks of Guri Member of Mishan Formation (Lower to Middle Miocene) SE Zagros Basin, Iran
Authors: Heidari Akbar , Gonzalez Luis A. , Mahboubi Asadollah , Moussavi-Harami Reza , Ludvigson Greg A. , Chakrapani Govind J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In order to understand the post-depositional history of carbonate rocks of Guri Member (Lower to Middle Miocene), three stratigraphic sections were selected in north Bandar-Abbas in southeast of Iran. Sampling was carried out, analyzed for selective parameters such as oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions (δ18O and δ13C) and interpreted in the present study. We recognized several diagenetic processes including micritization, cementation, neomorphism, compaction, dissolution, silicification, dolomitization, fracturing and vein filling. Some of the diagenetic processes occurred at different conditions, so in order to achieve precise interpretation, samples from different carbonate components such as, micrite, fracture cement, solution pore cement, intergranular cement, and some biotic allochems were analyzed. In this study micrite samples were subdivided into two groups including micro-spary and micrite. They were recognized under Cathodoluminescence microscope. In addition, micrite samples were classified into five groups based on their depositional environments: supratidal, lagoon, coral bar, open sea, and open basin. There were minor changes in stable isotope ratios based on the sedimentary environments, stratigraphy successions, and micro-spary or micrite properties. In this study, similar calcite cements in petrography studies were differentiated by stable isotope data. Those calcite cements have formed in different diagenetic environments such as meteoric and burial cements. Paragenetic sequence of carbonate rocks were interpreted by integration of petrographic and isotopic studies. We have reconstructed diagenetic models of Guri Member into four stages including marine, meteoric, burial, and uplifting.
Widespread white matter degeneration preceding the onset of dementia
Authors: Maier-Hein Klaus H. , Westin Carl-Fredrik , Shenton Martha E. , Weiner Michael W. , Raj Ashish , Thomann Philipp , Kikinis Ron , Stieltjes Bram , Pasternak Ofer 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundBrain atrophy in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) introduces partial volume effects, limiting the sensitivity of diffusion tensor imaging to white matter microstructural degeneration. Appropriate correction isolates microstructural effects in MCI that might be precursors of Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsForty‐eight participants (18 MCI, 15 AD, and 15 healthy controls) had magnetic resonance imaging scans and clinical evaluations at baseline and follow‐up after 36 months. Ten MCI subjects were diagnosed with AD at follow‐up and eight remained MCI. Free‐water (FW) corrected measures on the white matter skeleton were compared between groups.ResultsFW corrected radial diffusivity, but not uncorrected radial diffusivity, was increased across the brain of the converted group compared with the nonconverted group (P < .05). The extent of increases was similar to that found comparing AD with controls.ConclusionPartial volume elimination reveals microstructural alterations preceding dementia. These alterations may prove to be an effective and feasible early biomarker of AD.
Marsh benthic Foraminifera response to estuarine hydrological balance driven by climate variability over the last 2000 yr (Minho estuary, NW Portugal)
Authors: Moreno João , Fatela Francisco , Leorri Eduardo , De la Rosa José M. , Pereira Inês , Araújo M. Fátima , Freitas M. Conceição , Corbett D. Reide , Medeiros Ana 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA high-resolution study of a marsh sedimentary sequence from the Minho estuary provides a new palaeoenvironmental reconstruction from NW Iberian based on geological proxies supported by historical and instrumental climatic records. A low-salinity tidal flat, dominated by Trochamminita salsa, Haplophragmoides spp. and Cribrostomoides spp., prevailed from AD 140–1360 (Roman Warm Period, Dark Ages, Medieval Climatic Anomaly). This sheltered environment was affected by high hydrodynamic episodes, marked by the increase in silt/clay ratio, decrease of organic matter, and poor and weakly preserved foraminiferal assemblages, suggesting enhanced river runoff. The establishment of low marsh began at AD 1380. This low-salinity environment, marked by colder and wet conditions, persisted from AD 1410–1770 (Little Ice Age), when foraminiferal density increased significantly. Haplophragmoides manilaensis and Trochamminita salsa mark the transition from low to high marsh at AD 1730. Since AD 1780 the abundances of salt marsh species (Jadammina macrescens, Trochammina inflata) increased, accompanied by a decrease in foraminiferal density, reflecting climate instability, when droughts alternate with severe floods. SW Europe marsh foraminifera respond to the hydrological balance, controlled by climatic variability modes (e.g., NAO) and solar activity, thus contributing to the understanding of NE Atlantic climate dynamics.
Spatial and temporal patterns of harvesting of the Vulnerable pig-nosed turtle Carettochelys insculpta in the Kikori region, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Eisemberg Carla C. , Rose Mark , Yaru Benedict , Georges Arthur 
Published: July 2014

AbstractManagement of wildlife use by communities living a partially traditional lifestyle is usually more successful when the interactions between those communities and the environment are well understood. We mapped the harvest areas for the Vulnerable pig-nosed turtle Carettochelys insculpta for six language-groups in the Kikori region of Papua New Guinea and compared harvest parameters between different areas and language-groups and, when possible, between 1980–1982 and 2007–2009. Spatially, the main influence on harvest method was a tribe's location relative to the turtle's distribution. No small juveniles (< 20 cm straight-line carapace length) were found outside the Kikori delta, which is probably the species’ feeding grounds. In contrast, nesting females were captured only in upstream and coastal sandbank areas. Temporally there were distinct differences in harvesting parameters between tribes, which may be explained by differential employment opportunities. To halt the decline of pig-nosed turtles in the Kikori region we recommend the establishment of beach and feeding-ground protection initiatives, together with monitoring of the turtle population and harvest. Concomitantly, trips specifically targeted at harvesting the turtles, which account for 81% of the animals captured, need to be restricted. These initiatives should include all six language-groups and take into account their specific harvesting patterns.
Development and survival ofAscaris suumeggs in deep litter of pigs
Authors: KATAKAM KIRAN KUMAR , THAMSBORG STIG MILAN , KYVSGAARD NIELS CHRISTIAN , DALSGAARD ANDERS , MEJER HELENA 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYIndoor transmission ofAscaris suumpartly depends on the physico-chemical conditions in bedding material. Temperature, pH, aqueous ammonia, moisture, occurrence and development ofA. suumeggs were therefore compared in different areas (resting, intermediate and latrine) of two deep litter pens on an organic farm in four seasons. There was some variation, but mean ammonia levels were generally very low (1·0–2·6 mm) and pH levels were moderate (8·04–8·88) in all three areas. Relatively, resting areas were characterized by overall moderate moisture (36%) and moderately high temperature (35·7 °C) levels. The area contained few eggs (50 eggs g−1DM) of which 17% were viable, and though only 4% were larvated and 0·7% appeared infective, it was more than in the other areas. Intermediate areas had moderate moisture (43%) and high temperature (43·6 °C) levels. There were many eggs (523 eggs g−1DM), but overall viability was very low (5%) and few eggs were larvated (0·004%) or even infective (0·002%). Latrines typically had high moisture (79%) and moderate temperature (30 °C) levels. The concentration of eggs was very high (1444 egg g−1DM) and though 32% were viable, none had developed larval stages. The large majority ofA. suumeggs appear to die and only few become infective while in the deep litter. However, a large fraction of eggs may remain viable for some time and could thus contaminate agricultural land and develop to infectivity, if the manure is not composted appropriately.
The letters between James Lamont and Charles Darwin on Arctic fauna
Authors: Devlin C. Leah 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTIn the summers of 1858 and 1859, the Scot Sir James Lamont of Knockdow embarked on two cruises to Svalbard (referred to by Lamont as Spitzbergen [sic]) to hunt, make geographical surveys, and collect geological and biological specimens. Lamont's return from these voyages coincided with the publication of the joint Charles Darwin-Alfred Russel Wallace paper, ‘On the tendency of species to form varieties; on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection’ by the Linnean Society in August 1858 and, a year later, the publication of Darwin's On the origin of species (Darwin 1958). Profoundly influenced by Darwin's ideas, Lamont initiated a correspondence with the naturalist, relating examples of what he considered to be natural selection, observed during his hunting expeditions. In his Svalbard travelogue, Seasons with the sea-horses (1861), Lamont expounded specifically upon walrus and polar bear evolution, ideas inspired by sporadic yet encouraging letters from the renowned naturalist.
A randomized controlled trial of in-patient treatment for anorexia nervosa in medically unstable adolescents
Authors: Madden S. , Miskovic-Wheatley J. , Wallis A. , Kohn M. , Lock J. , Le Grange D. , Jo B. , Clarke S. , Rhodes P. , Hay P. , Touyz S. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundAnorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious disorder incurring high costs due to hospitalization. International treatments vary, with prolonged hospitalizations in Europe and shorter hospitalizations in the USA. Uncontrolled studies suggest that longer initial hospitalizations that normalize weight produce better outcomes and fewer admissions than shorter hospitalizations with lower discharge weights. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of hospitalization for weight restoration (WR) to medical stabilization (MS) in adolescent AN.MethodWe performed a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 82 adolescents, aged 12–18 years, with a DSM-IV diagnosis of AN and medical instability, admitted to two pediatric units in Australia. Participants were randomized to shorter hospitalization for MS or longer hospitalization for WR to 90% expected body weight (EBW) for gender, age and height, both followed by 20 sessions of out-patient, manualized family-based treatment (FBT).ResultsThe primary outcome was the number of hospital days, following initial admission, at the 12-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes were the total number of hospital days used up to 12 months and full remission, defined as healthy weight (>95% EBW) and a global Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) score within 1 standard deviation (s.d.) of published means. There was no significant difference between groups in hospital days following initial admission. There were significantly more total hospital days used and post-protocol FBT sessions in the WR group. There were no moderators of primary outcome but participants with higher eating psychopathology and compulsive features reported better clinical outcomes in the MS group.ConclusionsOutcomes are similar with hospitalizations for MS or WR when combined with FBT. Cost savings would result from combining shorter hospitalization with FBT.
Yeshayahu Leibowitz: Jewish existentialism
Authors: BENBASSAT ROI 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article presents Yeshayahu Leibowitz's conception of Judaism and characterizes his position as typically religious-existentialist. It confronts Leibowitz's conception with Kantian ethics, refutes the analogy made between these two conceptions, and shows that Leibowitz's response to Kant is analogous to that of Kierkegaard, the Christian existentialist thinker. It considers Leibowitz's religious position a Jewish variation of Kierkegaard's notion of faith in the absurd. Such an analogy enables us not only to elucidate Leibowitz's religious conception but also to evaluate the implications of Kierkegaard's religious thought in a broader context.
Second language sensitivity to agreement errors: Evidence from eye movements during comprehension and translation
Authors: LIM JUNG HYUN , CHRISTIANSON KIEL 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTThe present study addresses the questions of (a) whether Korean learners of English show sensitivity to subject–verb agreement violations in an eye-tracking paradigm, and (b) how reading goals (reading for comprehension vs. translation) and second language (L2) proficiency modulate depth of morphological agreement processing. Thirty-six Korean speakers of L2 English and 32 native English speakers read 40 stimulus sentences, half of which contained subject–verb agreement violations in English. The factors were whether a head and a local intervening noun matched in number and whether a sentence was grammatical or not. In linear mixed models analyses, both agreement violations and noun phrase match/mismatch were found to be disruptive in processing for native speakers at the critical regions (verb and following word), and locally distracting number-marked nouns yielded an asymmetric pattern depending on grammaticality. When L2 speakers were asked to produce offline oral translations of the English sentences into Korean, they became more sensitive to agreement violations. In addition, higher L2 proficiency predicted greater sensitivity to morphological violations. The results indicate that L2 speakers are not necessarily insensitive to morphological violations and that L2 proficiency and task modulate the depth of L2 morphological processing.
Light-dependent associations of germination timing with subsequent life-history traits and maternal habitats for 476 angiosperm species of the eastern Tibetan Plateau grasslands
Authors: Zhang Chunhui , Liu Kun , Qi Wei , Ma Zhen , Du Guozhen 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGermination timing is a key transition of life history. It not only links subsequent life-history traits, such as plant height and flowering time, but also provides a link to the previous generation through the influence of the maternal environment. Environmental factors may mediate these key links, and consequences of this process may influence species regeneration and dispersal. However, little is known about how environmental factors mediate these key links. Here, germination timing under high (natural light) and low light treatments was estimated for 476 angiosperm species of the eastern Tibetan Plateau grasslands. Furthermore, we used standard (std) and phylogenetic (phy) comparative methods to test if germination timing was associated with plant height, flowering time and maternal habitats under both light treatments. Germination timing was positively correlated with plant height only in low light in std-methods. Germination timing was associated with onset of flowering in both light treatments in std-methods, but only in low light when using phy-methods. Germination timing was positively correlated with elevation only in low light when using both comparative methods. Germination timing was correlated with water in maternal habitat only in high light when using both comparative methods. Germination timing was associated with light in maternal habitat in both light treatments in std-methods, but only in high light when using phy-methods. In summary, light-dependent associations of germination timing with subsequent life-history traits and maternal habitats may influence the probability of plant species life-cycle completion and influence distribution and dispersal of plant species in natural plant communities.
Carbon dioxide drawdown by Devonian lavas
Authors: Parnell John , Macleod Kirsty , Hole Malcolm J. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTLower Devonian volcanic rocks in the northern British Isles, especially Scotland, show extensive evidence for contemporaneous subaerial weathering. Basalt and andesite lavas were altered to red iron oxides, commonly accompanied by calcite. Measurement of carbonate contents in 104 samples over a region of 100,000 km2 show an average of 13% calcite. Weighted for outcrop thickness, this represents an estimated 7.3×1016 moles CO2, extracted from surface waters and ultimately the atmosphere. The time frame for this drawdown is difficult to constrain, but complete weathering of a one-metre unit over 1000 years would involve CO2 consumption comparable with the highest rates determined in modern basaltic watersheds. These data demonstrate that volcanic activity can be a major sink, as well as a source for CO2, and provide a data set for modelling of CO2 flux during episodes of volcanic activity in the geological record. The high capacity of the Devonian lavas for CO2 drawdown emphasises the potential of basalts for CO2 sequestration.
Analytic modelling of a line‐start permanent‐magnet motor with slotted solid rotor
Authors: Azari Niaz Milad , Mirsalim Mojtaba 
Published: July 2014

This study deals with an analytic model for slotted solid‐rotor line‐start permanent‐magnet motors. The impact of non‐linearity of solid‐rotor impedance is taken into account in the proposed dynamic model by applying a numerical method. The rotor parameters are calculated as functions of rotor slip in the starting stage. Compared to the time‐step finite element method, the proposed method is faster because, the rotor parameters can directly be utilised in the circuit model to simulate the transient start‐up process of the line‐start solid‐rotor synchronous motors. Eventually, a four‐pole, 250 V, 1500 rpm, 1050 W, three‐phase synchronous motor with a slotted solid rotor is designed and prototyped to experimentally validate the capabilities of the proposed analytic model.
Design of flower‐shaped dipole nano‐antenna for energy harvesting
Authors: Hussein Mohamed , Areed Nihal Fayez Fahmy , Hameed Mohamed Farhat Othman , Obayya Salah Sabry Ahmed 
Published: July 2014

In this study, a novel design of nano‐antenna for energy harvesting is proposed and analysed using three‐dimensional finite difference time‐domain method. The new design consists of three elements nano‐antenna with elliptical shape and with air gap. The numerical simulations are investigated for improving the harvesting efficiency of the nano‐antennas within the wavelength range from 400 to 1400 nm. The suggested design has high efficiency of 74.6% at 500 nm where the irradiance of the sun is maximum. The proposed nano‐antenna shows an improvement in the harvesting and the total harvesting efficiency over the conventional dipole antenna by 15 and 32.7%, respectively.
SU‐E‐T‐329: Tissue‐Equivalent Phantom Materials for Neutron Dosimetry in Proton Therapy
Authors: Halg R , Clarke S , Wieger B , Pryser E , Arghal R , Pozzi S , Bashkirov V , Schneider U , Schulte R , Lomax A 
Published: July 2014

Purpose:To characterize tissue equivalence of phantom materials in terms of secondary neutron production and dose deposition from neutrons produced in radiation therapy phantom materials in the context of proton therapy using Monte Carlo simulations and measurements.Methods:In order to study the influence of material choice on neutron production in therapeutic proton beams, Monte Carlo simulations using the Geant4 and MCNPX‐PoliMi transport codes were performed to generate the neutron fields produced by protons of 155 and 200 MeV. A simple irradiation geometry was used to investigate the effect of different materials. The proton beams were stopped in slab phantoms to study the production of secondary neutrons. The investigated materials were water, Lucite, and tissue‐equivalent phantom materials (CIRS Inc., Norfolk, VA). Neutron energy spectra and absorbed dose by neutrons and their secondary particles were scored. In addition, simulations were performed for reference tissues (ICRP/ICRU) to assess tissue equivalence with respect to neutron generation and transport. In order to benchmark the simulation results, measurements were performed with a system developed at the University of Michigan; organic liquid scintillators were used to detect the neutron emissions from the irradiation of tissue‐equivalent materials. Additionally, the MPPost code was used to calculate the scintillator response from the MCNPX‐PoliMi output.Results:The simulated energy spectra and depth dose curves of the neutrons produced in different phantom materials showed similar shape. The differences of spectra and fluences between all studied materials and reference tissues were well within the achievable precision of neutron dosimetry. The shape of the simulated detector response of the liquid scintillators agreed well with measurements on the proton beamline.Conclusion:Based on Geant4 and MCNPX‐PoliMi simulations, the investigated materials appear to be suitable to study the production of neutrons in proton therapy. MC simulations were verified with neutron measurements in therapeutic proton beams.This work was funded in part by the ANDANTE grant of the European Commission in the 7th Framework Program.