bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tanshinone IIA treatment alleviated the rat gingival connective tissue overgrowth induced by cyclosporine A
Authors: Ma S. , Liu W. , Liu P. , Liu J. , Chen L. , Qin C. 
Published: November 2015

Background and ObjectiveThe use of cyclosporine A induces fibrous enlargement of the gingival connective tissue. Existing treatment modalities, although effective, do not necessarily prevent the recurrence of the lesion. Emerging evidence indicates that tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) could effectively attenuate a variety of fibrotic diseases. The present research aims to assess whether Tan IIA can effectively alleviate the gingival fibrous overgrowth induced by cyclosporine A.Material and MethodsForty‐five Wistar rats were divided into the no‐treatment control group, cyclosporine A‐treated group and the group treated with a combination of cyclosporine A and Tan IIA. Paraffin‐embedded sections of mandibular first molar regions were selected for hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's trichrome staining, picro‐sirius red staining and immunohistochemistry analyses of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) and matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1). The gingival connective tissue area was measured and numbers of the TGF‐β1‐, TIMP‐1‐ and MMP‐1‐positive cells were counted. The analysis of variance for factorial designs for testing the overall differences and Fisher least significant difference test for post hoc analysis were used to determine the significance levels.ResultsCyclosporine A treatment led to overgrowth of gingival connective tissue in rats. In the cyclosporine A‐treated rats, the expression of TGF‐β1 and TIMP‐1 was significantly upregulated, whereas expression of the MMP‐1 was downregulated, along with thicker and denser collagen fibers. In rats treated with a combination of cyclosporine A and Tan IIA, the cyclosporine A‐induced changes were alleviated.ConclusionsCyclosporine A enhanced gingival fibrous overgrowth via upregulation of the TGF‐β1 and TIMP‐1 expression, and downregulation of MMP‐1 expression. Tan IIA can effectively prevent cyclosporine A‐induced gingival fibrous overgrowth in rats by downregulating TGF‐β1 and TIMP‐1 expression, and upregulating MMP‐1 expression.
Right‐Sided Congestive Heart Failure in North American Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Neary J.M. , Booker C.W. , Wildman B.K. , Morley P.S. 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundAnecdotal reports suggest the incidence of right‐sided congestive heart failure (RHF) in feedlot cattle is increasing; however, the rate of occurrence and risk factors are largely unknown.ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were to evaluate the risk of RHF over time and among feedlots, to characterize some of the risk factors for RHF, and to investigate how risk factors may affect the timing of RHF occurrence.AnimalsThe population at risk consisted of 1.56 million cattle that were placed in 10 Canadian feedlots during the years 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012, and 5 US feedlots during the year 2012.MethodsA retrospective observational study was conducted. Variables, including year of feedlot entry, were evaluated for association with RHF using zero‐inflated negative binomial and logistic regression models. Factors affecting time to RHF were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard regression analyzes. Death from digestive disorders (DD) served as a control.ResultsThe risk of RHF in Canadian feedlots doubled from the year 2000 to the year 2012 (P = .003). For every 10,000 cattle entering US feedlots in 2012, 11 cattle died from RHF and 45 cattle died from DD. The median time to RHF was 19 weeks. Cattle treated for bovine respiratory disease were 3 times more likely to die from RHF, and they died earlier in the feeding period.ConclusionsA doubling of the incidence of RHF over a short time period is concerning, particularly for US feedlots situated at moderate altitudes in the High Plains.
Microstructural evidence for a disequilibrium condensation origin for hibonite‐spinel inclusions in the ALHA77307 CO3.0 chondrite
Authors: Han Jangmi , Brearley Adrian J. , Keller Lindsay P. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTwo hibonite‐spinel inclusions (CAIs 03 and 08) in the ALHA77307 CO3.0 chondrite have been characterized in detail using the focused ion beam sample preparation technique combined with transmission electron microscopy. These hibonite‐spinel inclusions are irregularly shaped and porous objects and consist of randomly oriented hibonite laths enclosed by aggregates of spinel with fine‐grained perovskite inclusions finally surrounded by a partial rim of diopside. Melilite is an extremely rare phase in this type of CAI and occurs only in one inclusion (CAI 03) as interstitial grains between hibonite laths and on the exterior of the inclusion. The overall petrologic and mineralogical observations suggest that the hibonite‐spinel inclusions represent high‐temperature condensates from a cooling nebular gas. The textural relationships indicate that hibonite is the first phase to condense, followed by perovskite, spinel, and diopside. Texturally, melilite condensation appears to have occurred after spinel, suggesting that the condensation conditions were far from equilibrium. The crystallographic orientation relationships between hibonite and spinel provide evidence of epitaxial nucleation and growth of spinel on hibonite surfaces, which may have lowered the activation energy for spinel nucleation compared with that of melilite and consequently inhibited melilite condensation. Hibonite contains abundant stacking defects along the (001) plane consisting of different ratios of the spinel and Ca‐containing blocks within the ideal hexagonal hibonite structure. This modification of the stacking sequence is likely the result of accommodation of excess Al in the gas into hibonite due to incomplete condensation of corundum from a cooling gas under disequilibrium conditions. We therefore conclude that these two hibonite‐spinel inclusions in ALHA77307 formed by high‐temperature condensation under disequilibrium conditions.
40Ar/39Ar age of material returned from asteroid 25143 Itokawa
Authors: Park Jisun , Turrin Brent D. , Herzog Gregory F. , Lindsay Fara N. , Delaney Jeremy S. , Swisher Carl C. , Uesugi Masayuki , Karouji Yuzuru , Yada Toru , Abe Masanao , Okada Tatsuaki , Ishibashi Yukihiro 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe Hayabusa mission to asteroid 25143, Itokawa, brought back 2000 small particles, which most closely resemble material found inLL4‐6 chondrites. We report an40Ar/39Ar age of 1.3 ± 0.3 Ga for a sample of Itokawa consisting of three grains with a total mass of ~2 μg. This age is lower than the >4.0 Ga ages measured for 75% ofLLchondrites but close to one for Y‐790964 and its pairs. The flat40Ar/39Ar release spectrum of the sample suggests complete degassing 1.3 Ga ago. Recent solar heating in Itokawa's current orbit does not appear likely to have reset that age. Solar or impact heating 1.3 Ga ago could have done so. If impact heating was responsible, then the 1.3 Ga age sets an upper bound on the time at which the Itokawa rubble pile was assembled and suggests that rubble pile creation was an ongoing process in the inner solar system for at least the first 3 billion years of solar system history.
Glass‐bearing inclusions in Shergotty and Chassigny: Consistent samples of a primary trapped melt?
Authors: Varela Maria Eugenia , Zinner Ernst 
Published: November 2015

AbstractGlass‐bearing inclusions hosted by different mineral phases inSNCmeteorites provide important information on the conditions that prevailed during formation of early phases and/or on the composition of the primary trapped liquids/melts of these rocks. Although extensive previous work has been reported on such inclusions, several questions are still unresolved. We performed a chemical and petrographic study of the constituents (glasses and mineral assemblage) of glassy and multiphase inclusions in Shergotty and Chassigny. We focused on obtaining accurate trace element contents of glasses and co‐existing minerals and discussing their highly variableREEcontents. Our results reveal an unusual geochemistry of trace element contents that appear to be independent of their major element compositions. Chemical equilibrium between phases inside inclusions as well as between glasses and host minerals could not be established. TheLREEcontents of glasses in glass inclusions can vary by up to two orders of magnitude. The depletion in trace element abundances shown by glasses seem to be inconsistent with these phases being residual melts. The light lithophile element contents of glasses are highly variable with enrichment in incompatible elements (e.g., Be, Sr, Ba, andLREE) indicating some processes involving percolation of fluids. All of these features are incompatible with glass‐bearing inclusions in the host minerals acting as closed systems preserving unmodified primary liquids/melts. Glass‐bearing inclusions in Shergotty and Chassigny appear to have been altered (as was the rock itself) by different postformational processes (e.g., shock, metamorphism, metasomatic [?] fluids) that affected these meteorites with different degree of intensity. Our results indicate that these inclusions could not preserve a reliable sample of the primary trapped melt.
The Pillars of Hercules as a bathymetric barrier to gene flow promoting isolation in a global deep‐sea shark (Centroscymnus coelolepis)
Authors: Catarino Diana , Knutsen Halvor , Veríssimo Ana , Olsen Esben Moland , Jorde Per Erik , Menezes Gui , Sannæs Hanne , Stanković David , Company Joan Baptista , Neat Francis , Danovaro Roberto , Dell'Anno Antonio , Rochowski Bastien , Stefanni Sergio 
Published: November 2015

AbstractKnowledge of the mechanisms limiting connectivity and gene flow in deep‐sea ecosystems is scarce, especially for deep‐sea sharks. The Portuguese dogfish (Centroscymnus coelolepis) is a globally distributed and near threatened deep‐sea shark. C. coelolepis population structure was studied using 11 nuclear microsatellite markers and a 497‐bp fragment from the mtDNA control region. High levels of genetic homogeneity across the Atlantic (ΦST = −0.0091, FST = 0.0024, P > 0.05) were found suggesting one large population unit at this basin. The low levels of genetic divergence between Atlantic and Australia (ΦST = 0.0744, P < 0.01; FST = 0.0015, P > 0.05) further suggested that this species may be able to maintain some degree of genetic connectivity even across ocean basins. In contrast, sharks from the Mediterranean Sea exhibited marked genetic differentiation from all other localities studied (ΦST = 0.3808, FST = 0.1149, P < 0.001). This finding suggests that the shallow depth of the Strait of Gibraltar acts as a barrier to dispersal and that isolation and genetic drift may have had an important role shaping the Mediterranean shark population over time. Analyses of life history traits allowed the direct comparison among regions providing a complete characterization of this shark's populations. Sharks from the Mediterranean had markedly smaller adult body size and size at maturity compared to Atlantic and Pacific individuals. Together, these results suggest the existence of an isolated and unique population of C. coelolepis inhabiting the Mediterranean that most likely became separated from the Atlantic in the late Pleistocene.
Landscape genetics in a changing world: disentangling historical and contemporary influences and inferring change
Authors: Epps Clinton W. , Keyghobadi Nusha 
Published: November 2015

AbstractLandscape genetics seeks to determine the effect of landscape features on gene flow and genetic structure. Often, such analyses are intended to inform conservation and management. However, depending on the many factors that influence the time to reach equilibrium, genetic structure may more strongly represent past rather than contemporary landscapes. This well‐known lag between current demographic processes and population genetic structure often makes it challenging to interpret how contemporary landscapes and anthropogenic activity shape gene flow. Here, we review the theoretical framework for factors that influence time lags, summarize approaches to address this temporal disconnect in landscape genetic studies, and evaluate ways to make inferences about landscape change and its effects on species using genetic data alone or in combination with other data. Those approaches include comparing correlation of genetic structure with historical versus contemporary landscapes, using molecular markers with different rates of evolution, contrasting metrics of genetic structure and gene flow that reflect population genetic processes operating at different temporal scales, comparing historical and contemporary samples, combining genetic data with contemporary estimates of species distribution or movement, and controlling for phylogeographic history. We recommend using simulated data sets to explore time lags in genetic structure, and argue that time lags should be explicitly considered both when designing and interpreting landscape genetic studies. We conclude that the time lag problem can be exploited to strengthen inferences about recent landscape changes and to establish conservation baselines, particularly when genetic data are combined with other data.
Secondary contact and local adaptation contribute to genome‐wide patterns of clinal variation inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Bergland Alan O. , Tobler Ray , González Josefa , Schmidt Paul , Petrov Dmitri 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPopulations arrayed along broad latitudinal gradients often show patterns of clinal variation in phenotype and genotype. Such population differentiation can be generated and maintained by both historical demographic events and local adaptation. These evolutionary forces are not mutually exclusive and can in some cases produce nearly identical patterns of genetic differentiation among populations. Here, we investigate the evolutionary forces that generated and maintain clinal variation genome‐wide among populations ofDrosophila melanogastersampled in North America and Australia. We contrast patterns of clinal variation in these continents with patterns of differentiation among ancestral European and African populations. Using established and novel methods we derive here, we show that recently derived North America and Australia populations were likely founded by both European and African lineages and that this hybridization event likely contributed to genome‐wide patterns of parallel clinal variation between continents. The pervasive effects of admixture mean that differentiation at only several hundred loci can be attributed to the operation of spatially varying selection using anFSToutlier approach. Our results provide novel insight into the well‐studied system of clinal differentiation inD. melanogasterand provide a context for future studies seeking to identify loci contributing to local adaptation in a wide variety of organisms, including other invasive species as well as temperate endemics.
Influence of the larval phase on connectivity: strong differences in the genetic structure of brooders and broadcasters in the Ophioderma longicauda species complex
Authors: Weber A. A.‐T. , Mérigot B. , Valière S. , Chenuil A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractClosely related species with divergent life history traits are excellent models to infer the role of such traits in genetic diversity and connectivity. Ophioderma longicauda is a brittle star species complex composed of different genetic clusters, including brooders and broadcasters. These species diverged very recently and some of them are sympatric and ecologically syntopic, making them particularly suitable to study the consequences of their trait differences. At the scale of the geographic distribution of the broadcasters (Mediterranean Sea and northeastern Atlantic), we sequenced the mitochondrial marker COI and genotyped an intron (i51) for 788 individuals. In addition, we sequenced 10 nuclear loci newly developed from transcriptome sequences, for six sympatric populations of brooders and broadcasters from Greece. At the large scale, we found a high genetic structure within the brooders (COI: 0.07 < FST < 0.65) and no polymorphism at the nuclear locus i51. In contrast, the broadcasters displayed lower genetic structure (0 < FST < 0.14) and were polymorphic at locus i51. At the regional scale, the multilocus analysis confirmed the contrasting genetic structure between species, with no structure in the broadcasters (global FST < 0.001) and strong structure in the brooders (global FST = 0.49), and revealed a higher genetic diversity in broadcasters. Our study showed that the lecithotrophic larval stage allows on average a 50‐fold increase in migration rates, a 280‐fold increase in effective size and a threefold to fourfold increase in genetic diversity. Our work, investigating complementary genetic markers on sympatric and syntopic taxa, highlights the strong impact of the larval phase on connectivity and genetic diversity.
Evolutionary and demographic history of the Californian scrub white oak species complex: an integrative approach
Authors: Ortego Joaquín , Noguerales Víctor , Gugger Paul F. , Sork Victoria L. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the factors promoting species formation is a major task in evolutionary research. Here, we employ an integrative approach to study the evolutionary history of the Californian scrub white oak species complex (genus Quercus). To infer the relative importance of geographical isolation and ecological divergence in driving the speciation process, we (i) analysed inter‐ and intraspecific patterns of genetic differentiation and employed an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) framework to evaluate different plausible scenarios of species divergence. In a second step, we (ii) linked the inferred divergence pathways with current and past species distribution models (SDMs) and (iii) tested for niche differentiation and phylogenetic niche conservatism across taxa. ABC analyses showed that the most plausible scenario is the one considering the divergence of two main lineages followed by a more recent pulse of speciation. Genotypic data in conjunction with SDMs and niche differentiation analyses support that different factors (geography vs. environment) and modes of speciation (parapatry, allopatry and maybe sympatry) have played a role in the divergence process within this complex. We found no significant relationship between genetic differentiation and niche overlap, which probably reflects niche lability and/or that multiple factors, have contributed to speciation. Our study shows that different mechanisms can drive divergence even among closely related taxa representing early stages of species formation and exemplifies the importance of adopting integrative approaches to get a better understanding of the speciation process.
Temporal variation of Bistorta vivipara‐associated ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in the High Arctic
Authors: Mundra Sunil , Bahram Mohammad , Tedersoo Leho , Kauserud Håvard , Halvorsen Rune , Eidesen Pernille Bronken 
Published: November 2015

AbstractEctomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are important for efficient nutrient uptake of several widespread arctic plant species. Knowledge of temporal variation of ECM fungi, and the relationship of these patterns to environmental variables, is essential to understand energy and nutrient cycling in Arctic ecosystems. We sampled roots of Bistorta vivipara ten times over two years; three times during the growing‐season (June, July and September) and twice during winter (November and April) of both years. We found 668 ECM OTUs belonging to 25 different ECM lineages, whereof 157 OTUs persisted throughout all sampling time‐points. Overall, ECM fungal richness peaked in winter and species belonging to Cortinarius, Serendipita and Sebacina were more frequent in winter than during summer. Structure of ECM fungal communities was primarily affected by spatial factors. However, after accounting for spatial effects, significant seasonal variation was evident revealing correspondence with seasonal changes in environmental conditions. We demonstrate that arctic ECM richness and community structure differ between summer (growing‐season) and winter, possibly due to reduced activity of the core community, and addition of fungi adapted for winter conditions forming a winter‐active fungal community. Significant month × year interactions were observed both for fungal richness and community composition, indicating unpredictable between‐year variation. Our study indicates that addressing seasonal changes requires replication over several years.
Contrasting patterns of selection and drift between two categories of immune genes in prairie‐chickens
Authors: Bateson Zachary W. , Whittingham Linda A. , Johnson Jeff A. , Dunn Peter O. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractImmune‐receptor genes of the adaptive immune system, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), are involved in recognizing specific pathogens and are known to have high rates of adaptive evolution, presumably as a consequence of rapid co‐evolution between hosts and pathogens. In contrast, many ‘mediating’ genes of the immune system do not interact directly with specific pathogens and are involved in signalling (e.g. cytokines) or controlling immune cell growth. As a consequence, we might expect stronger selection at immune‐receptor than mediating genes, but these two types of genes have not been compared directly in wild populations. Here, we tested the hypothesis that selection differs between MHC (class I and II) and mediating genes by comparing levels of population differentiation across the range of greater prairie‐chickens (Tympanuchus cupido). As predicted, there was stronger population differentiation and isolation by distance at immune receptor (MHC) than at either mediating genes or neutral microsatellites, suggesting a stronger role of local adaptation at the MHC. In contrast, mediating genes displayed weaker differentiation between populations than neutral microsatellites, consistent with selection favouring similar alleles across populations for mediating genes. In addition to selection, drift also had a stronger effect on immune receptor (MHC) than mediating genes as indicated by the stronger decline of MHC variation in relation to population size. This is the first study in the wild to show that the effects of selection and drift on immune genes vary across populations depending on their functional role.