bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban Segregation and Metropolitics in Latin America: The Case of Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Thibert Joel , Osorio Giselle Andrea 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe patterns of spatial socioeconomic segregation in Latin American cities are changing rapidly as a result of suburbanization and metropolization. However, the political consequences of these urban spatial processes are not well understood. This article uses Orfield's framework of analysis to test the hypothesis that spatial segregation at the metropolitan level is driving political polarization between Latin American cities and their suburbs. With Bogotá as a testing ground, we look for evidence that the mechanisms described by Orfield are at play. We conclude that metropolitan spatial segregation does not drive metropolitan politics in Bogotá and explore some of the theoretical implications thereof.
Bacterial immune interaction in experimental colitis
Authors: Xue Lin Yun , Ouyang Qin , Zhou Xuan Guang , Huang Zhong Hua , Chen Wei , Chen Ming , Yu Liu Min 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesThis study aimed to analyze the effects of 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) on intestinal microbiota and immune regulation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to investigate the correlation between intestinal microbiota and immune factors.MethodsColitis in mice was induced by oxazolone. The community composition of luminal and mucosal microbiota was analyzed by a terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. The expression of occludin, toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐2, TLR‐4 and nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) p65 proteins were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Linear correlation between intestinal microbial community and the severity of the colitis or intestinal microbial community and expressions of immune factors were determined.ResultsProtective bacteria decreased while aggressive bacteria increased in the colitis group. The richness and diversity of both luminal and mucosal microbiota decreased in the colitis group the decrease was enhanced in the 5‐ASA‐treated group. The diversity of mucosal microbiota significantly correlated with the extent of the colitis. Expressions of occludin, TLR‐2, TLR‐4, tumor necrosis factor‐α and NF‐κB p65 were significantly correlated with the diversity of mucosal microbiota.ConclusionsMucosal microbiota are important in the pathogenesis of IBD. 5‐ASA increases protective bacteria but decreases aggressive bacteria, thus inducing the new intestinal microbial homeostasis.
Positive emotions from social company in women with persisting subclinical psychosis: lessons from daily life
Authors: Collip D. , Wigman J. T. W. , van Os J. , Oorschot M. , Jacobs N. , Derom C. , Thiery E. , Peeters F. , Wichers M. , Myin‐Germeys I. 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveAltered social reward functioning is associated with psychosis irrespective of stage and severity. Examining the role of social reward functioning prospectively in relation to psychotic experiences before these become persistent and potentially disabling can aid in elucidating social mechanisms that induce shifts toward more severe psychotic states, without the confounding effects of clinical disorder.MethodIn a longitudinal general population sample (N = 566), the experience sampling method (repetitive random sampling of momentary emotions and social context) was used to assess daily life social functioning at baseline. Persistence of subclinical psychotic experiences was based on the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences assessed three times over 14 months. Analyses examined to what degree i) social context and ii) appreciation thereof differentiated between those who did and did not develop persistent psychotic experiences.ResultsAlthough individuals with persistent psychotic experiences did not differ in overall level of positive effect, the amount of time spent alone or the level of social satisfaction compared to individuals without persistent psychotic experiences, they were more sensitive to the rewarding effects of social company.ConclusionAlterations in social reward experience may form one of the mechanisms that precede the development of the extended psychosis phenotype over time.
Phthalates suppress type I interferon in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells via epigenetic regulation
Authors: Kuo C.‐H. , Hsieh C.‐C. , Kuo H.‐F. , Huang M.‐Y. , Yang S.‐N. , Chen L.‐C. , Huang S.‐K. , Hung C.‐H. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundExposure to environmental endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is associated with allergy, chronic inflammation, and immunodeficiency. Phthalates, the common EDCs used in plastic industry, may act as adjuvants to disrupt immune system and enhance allergy. Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are predominant cells secreting type I interferon (IFN) against infection and are professional antigen‐presenting cells in regulating adaptive immunity. However, the effects of phthalates on the function of pDCs are unknown.MethodsCirculating pDCs were isolated from healthy subjects, were pretreated with diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and were stimulated with Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐9 agonist CpG. IFN‐α/IFN‐β levels, surface markers, and T‐cell stimulatory function were investigated using ELISA, flow cytometry, and pDC/T‐cell coculture assay. Mechanisms were investigated using receptor antagonists, pathway inhibitors, Western blotting, and chromatin immunoprecipitation.ResultsDiethylhexyl phthalate and butyl benzyl phthalate suppressed CpG‐induced IFN‐α/IFN‐β expression in pDCs, and the effect was reversed by aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) antagonist. Diethylhexyl phthalate suppressed CpG‐activated mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)‐MEK1/2‐ERK‐ELK1 and NFκB signaling pathways. Diethylhexyl phthalate suppressed CpG‐induced interferon regulatory factor (IRF)‐7 expression by suppressing histone H3K4 trimethylation at IRF7 gene promoter region through inhibiting translocation of H3K4‐specific trimethyltransferase WDR5 from cytoplasm into nucleus. Butyl benzyl phthalate or diethylhexyl phthalate‐treated pDCs suppressed IFN‐γ but enhanced IL‐13 production by CD4+ T cells.ConclusionPhthalates may interfere with immunity against infection and promote the deviation of Th2 response to increase allergy by acting on human pDCs via suppressing IFN‐α/IFN‐β expression and modulating the ability to stimulate T‐cell responses.
In‐training assessments used in the United States surgical residency programmes
Authors: Pugh Carla M. , Britt L. D. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIntroductionQuality and safety concerns have always been the impetus for evaluating surgical competence. This paper provides a focused overview of key historical events that lead to the development and implementation of surgical training standards and competency assessments in the United States.MethodsFocused review of surgical literature.ResultsThe following events were found to correlate with the development and implementation of training standards and competency assessments: (i) The Flexner Report issued in 1910; (ii) The American Medical Association's 1928 endorsement of the ‘Essentials of Approved Residencies and Fellowships’; and (iii) The formation of several major surgical organizations – American College of Surgeons (1913), American Board of Surgery (1937), Residency Review Committee for Surgery (1950) and Association of Program Directors in Surgery (1966).DiscussionThe process by which competence is assessed in the US surgical training programmes is multifactorial and heavily linked to the structure and function of several national organizations in surgery and medicine.
Effect of primary language on developmental testing in children born extremely preterm
Authors: Lowe Jean R , Nolen Tracy L , Vohr Betty , Adams‐Chapman Ira , Duncan Andrea F , Watterberg Kristi 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to better understand the impact of non‐English language spoken in the home on measures of cognition, language and behaviour in toddlers born extremely preterm.MethodsEight hundred and fifty children born at <28 weeks of gestational ages were studied. 427 male and 423 female participants from three racial/ethnic groups (White, Black and Hispanic) were evaluated at 18–22 months adjusted for age using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development third edition and the Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (BITSEA). Children whose primary language was Spanish (n = 98) were compared with children whose primary language was English (n = 752), using multivariable regression adjusted for medical and psychosocial factors.ResultsCognitive scores were similar between groups; however, receptive, expressive and composite language scores were lower for children whose primary language was Spanish. These differences remained significant after adjustment for medical and socio‐economic factors. Spanish‐speaking children scored worse on the BITSEA competence and problem scores using univariate analysis, but not after adjustment for medical and socio‐economic factors.ConclusionOur finding that preterm children whose primary language was Spanish had similar cognitive but lower language scores than those whose primary language was English suggests that using English language‐based testing tools may introduce bias against non‐English‐speaking children born preterm.
Validation of association of genetic variants at 10q with prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels in men at high risk for prostate cancer
Authors: Chang Bao‐Li , Hughes Lucinda , Chen David Y.T. , Gross Laura , Ruth Karen , Giri Veda N. 
Published: June 2013

Objective
To validate six previously identified markers among men at increased risk of prostate cancer (African‐American men and those with a family history of prostate cancer) enrolled in the Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment Program (PRAP), a prostate cancer screening study.
Patients and Methods
Eligibility criteria for PRAP include age 35–69 years with a family history of prostate cancer, African‐American ethnicity regardless of family history, and known BRCA gene mutations.
The genome‐wide association study markers assessed included rs2736098 (5p15.33), rs10993994 (10q11), rs10788160 (10q26), rs11067228 (12q24), rs4430796 (17q12) and rs17632542 (19q13.33).
Genotyping methods included either the Taqman® single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) or pyrosequencing.
Linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between individual markers and log‐transformed baseline PSA levels, while adjusting for potential confounders.
Results
A total of 707 participants (37% Caucasian, 63% African‐American) with clinical and genotype data were included in the analysis.
Rs10788160 (10q26) was strongly associated with PSA levels among Caucasian participants in the high‐risk group (P < 0.01), with a 33.2% increase in PSA level with each A‐allele carried.
Furthermore, rs10993994 (10q11) was found to be associated with PSA level (P = 0.03) in Caucasian men in the high‐risk group, with a 15% increase in PSA level with each T‐allele carried.
A PSA adjustment model based on allele carrier status at rs10788160 and rs10993994 was proposed, specific to high‐risk Caucasian men.
Conclusions
Genetic variation at 10q may be particularly important in personalizing the interpretation of PSA level for Caucasian men in the high‐risk group.
Such information may have clinical relevance in shared decision‐making and individualized prostate cancer screening strategies for Caucasian men in the high‐risk group, although further study is warranted.
Mucosa of human detrusor impairs contraction and β‐adrenoceptor‐mediated relaxation
Authors: Propping Stefan , Wuest Melinda , Eichhorn Birgit , Wirth Manfred P. , Kaumann Alberto J. , Ravens Ursula 
Published: June 2013

Objectives
To elucidate the impact of the mucosa on detrusor muscle function by investigating force of contraction under various stimulatory conditions and during subsequent relaxation using catecholamines.
Patients and Methods
Detrusor tissue was obtained from patients who had undergone cystectomy for bladder cancer and strips of intact or mucosa‐denuded muscle were set up for force measurement. Preparations were precontracted with KCl, carbachol or electric‐field stimulation (EFS).
Precontracted strips were relaxed using increasing concentrations of catecholamines in the absence and presence of the subtype‐selective β‐adrenoceptor (AR) blockers CGP 20712A (β1‐ARs), ICI 118,551 (β2‐ARs), and L‐748,337 (β3‐ARs).
Results
Force development in response to KCl (40 mM), carbachol (1 μM) or EFS was larger in the absence of mucosa than in intact muscle strips. The force of contraction of mucosa‐denuded strips with detached urothelium incubated in the same chamber was as low as in intact strips. Noradrenaline relaxed precontracted detrusor strips to a significantly larger extent and at lower concentrations in denuded than in intact strips.
CGP 20712A did not affect noradrenaline‐induced relaxation of denuded and intact strips, and ICI 118,551 did not influence noradrenaline‐induced relaxation in denuded strips, but abolished the difference between denuded and intact strips.
The antagonism of the relaxant effects of noradrenaline by L‐748,337 was slightly smaller in intact than denuded strips.
Conclusions
The mucosa of human detrusor strips impairs force development when stimulated with KCl, carbachol or EFS.
The mucosa also blunts the relaxing effects of catecholamines. The latter effect does not involve the activation of β1‐ARs but only of β2‐ARs, whereas β3‐ARs mediate the relaxation of human detrusor.
The validity and reliability of the Finnish Family Empowerment Scale (FES): a survey of parents with small children
Authors: Vuorenmaa M. , Halme N. , Åstedt‐Kurki P. , Kaunonen M. , Perälä M.‐L. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe Family Empowerment Scale (FES) is a widely used instrument which measures the parents' own sense of their empowerment at the level of the family, service system and community. It was originally developed for parents of children with emotional disabilities.AimThe aims of this study were to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Finnish FES and to examine its responsiveness in measuring the empowerment of parents with small children.Methods and participantsThe English FES was translated into Finnish using back translation and modified so as to be generic and convenient for all families. The construct, convergent, discriminant and concurrent validities, reliability and responsiveness of the Finnish FES were examined. Participants (n = 955) were the parents of children aged 0–9 years who had been selected using stratified random sampling.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis proved that the Finnish FES had three subscales based on the original FES. Convergent and discriminant validities confirmed and supported the same construct. The relationship between parents' participation and empowerment was tested for concurrent validity. As in previous FES studies, the participating parents were more empowered, which supported the concurrent validity. The reliability of the Finnish FES proved acceptable for both parents. The Finnish FES could also discriminate the responses of the parents. Participation in the activities organized by the family service system influenced parents' perceptions of empowerment more than did their background characteristics.ConclusionsThe Finnish FES is a valid and reliable instrument and it is suitable for measuring the empowerment of parents. However, it is necessary to consider how the FES would identify in the best way the parents who perhaps need some help.
Diagnostic spectrum of multifocal motor neuropathy
Authors: Matsui Naoko , Miyashiro Ai , Shimatani Yoshimitsu , Nodera Hiroyuki , Izumi Yuishin , Kuwabara Satoshi , Baba Masayuki , Komori Tetsuo , Sonoo Masahiro , Mezaki Takahiro , Kawamata Jun , Hitomi Takefumi , Imai Tomihiro , Kohara Nobuo , Arimura Kimiyoshi , Arisawa Kokichi , Kusunoki Susumu , Kaji Ryuji 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectiveWe carried out a retrospective study to define clinical features in a large series of patients with multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) and to assess the diagnostic spectrum of MMN.MethodsThe study consisted of 46 patients with MMN between 2005 and 2009 from 19 major neuromuscular centers in Japan. The 2006 European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS)/Peripheral Nerve Society (PNS) criteria (hereafter, original criteria) and the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy were taken into consideration in the diagnosis of MMN. The main parameters were clinical features and electrophysiological findings. The Japanese MMN Study Group designed a set of recommended criteria to reduce the frequency of underdiagnosis. Furthermore, we verified the diagnostic spectrum of MMN using both the original criteria and the recommended criteria.ResultsClinical features were similar to those of previous studies. A total of 25 of the 46 patients (54.3%) showed conduction block (CB); that is, nearly half of the patients did not satisfy the original criteria. The Japanese MMN Study Group included findings indicative of focal demyelination, namely, activity‐dependent CB and asymmetric abnormality of F‐waves in the electrophysiological test, in the recommended criteria. By doing so, the diagnostic sensitivity of the recommended criteria was increased by 17.4% compared with that of the original criteria.ConclusionsThe recommended criteria designed by the Japanese MMN Study Group showed higher diagnostic sensitivity than the original criteria, but no significant difference was found between them. A prospective study using the recommended criteria might reduce the frequency of underdiagnosis in patients with MMN.
Bending moments of zirconia and titanium implant abutments supporting all‐ceramic crowns after aging
Authors: Mühlemann Sven , Truninger Thomas C. , Stawarczyk Bogna , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Sailer Irena 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo test the fracture load and fracture patterns of zirconia abutments restored with all‐ceramic crowns after fatigue loading, exhibiting internal and external implant–abutment connections as compared to restored and internally fixed titanium abutments.Materials and methodsA master abutment was used for the customization of 5 groups of zirconia abutments to a similar shape (test). The groups differed according to their implant–abutment connections: one‐piece internal connection (BL; Straumann Bonelevel), two‐piece internal connection (RS; Nobel Biocare ReplaceSelect), external connection (B; Branemark MkIII), two‐piece internal connection (SP, Straumann StandardPlus) and one‐piece internal connection (A; Astra Tech AB OsseoSpeed). Titanium abutments with internal implant–abutment connection (T; Straumann Bonelevel) served as control group. In each group, 12 abutments were fabricated, mounted to the respective implants and restored with glass–ceramic crowns. All samples were embedded in acrylic holders (ISO‐Norm 14801). After aging by means of thermocycling in a chewing simulator, static load was applied until failure (ISO‐Norm 14801). Fracture load was analyzed by calculating the bending moments. Values of all groups were compared with one‐way ANOVA followed by Scheffé post hoc test (P‐value<0.05). Failure mode was analyzed descriptively.ResultsThe mean bending moments were 464.9 ± 106.6 N cm (BL), 581.8 ± 172.8 N cm (RS), 556.7 ± 128.4 N cm (B), 605.4 ± 54.7 N cm (SP), 216.4 ± 90.0 N cm (A) and 1042.0 ± 86.8 N cm (T). No difference of mean bending moments was found between groups BL, RS, B and SP. Test group A exhibited significantly lower mean bending moment than the other test groups. Control group T had significantly higher bending moments than all test groups. Failure due to fracture of the abutment and/or crown occurred in the test groups. In groups BL and A, fractures were located in the internal part of the connection, whereas in groups RS and SP, a partial deformation of the implant components occurred and cracks and fractures of the zirconia abutment were detected.ConclusionThe differently connected zirconia abutments exhibited similar bending moments with the exception of one group. Hence, the type of connection only had a minor effect on the stability of restored zirconia abutments. In general, restored titanium abutments exhibited the highest bending moments.
Ecological effects of multi‐species, ant–hemipteran mutualisms in citrus
Authors: YOO HO JUNG S. , KIZNER MICHELLE C. , HOLWAY DAVID A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractProtection mutualisms between ants and honeydew‐producing insects influence arthropod food webs by altering the behaviour, activity and local abundance of ants on plants. Ants often tend multiple species of honeydew‐producing insects; however, studies that examine such effects typically consider only pairwise mutualisms. This study investigates how multi‐species mutualisms between ants and honeydew‐producing insects structure arthropod food webs in citrus.In an organic lemon orchard in San Diego County, California, U.S.A., ants or honeydew‐producing insects (or neither) were experimentally removed from individual, mature lemon trees and then abundances of the following were estimated over a 2‐year period: the Argentine ant, five species of honeydew‐producing hemipterans, and California red scale. Red scale produces no honeydew but indirectly benefits from the presence of ants, which disrupt parasitism byAphytiswasps.Mutualism between ants and honeydew‐producing hemipterans indirectly and positively affected red scale. Levels of parasitism decreased with increasing ant recruitment, and red scale density increased with both increasing ant recruitment and increasing honeydew‐producing hemipteran abundance. Moreover, abundances of each of three honeydew‐producing hemipteran species emerged as positive predictors of red scale density in different analyses; this finding suggests that individual hemipteran taxa exhibit distinct and spatially localised effects on ants.Evidence of positive, indirect effects between two focal species of honeydew‐producing Hemiptera was also detected. Guilds of honeydew‐producing hemipterans may provide ants with honeydew more consistently or for longer than that produced by any single species. These results argue for an appreciation of how mutualist diversity affects the ecological consequences of mutualisms.