bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
5-Axis In-Line Measurement System for Laser Materials Processing
Authors: Li Yangsheng , Xue Lijue , Wang Shaodong 
Published: April 2014

The dimensional and positional information is very important for laser materials processing of components, especially for laser cladding-based additive manufacturing. Therefore, inspection of the component based on its original CAD model is essential to ensure the component meeting the geometrical requirements. In general, the processed component has to be dismounted from the laser fabrication system before it can be inspected, which is time-consuming and may introduce alignment error from datum.
In this paper, a 5-axis in-line measurement system is introduced, in which a non-contact laser measuring method along with CAD/CAM software is integrated to a laser materials processing system. An algorithm has been developed to automatically generate NC programs for measurement and comparison for outside features of components. Therefore, the inspection can be performed just after the component has been fabricated on the same system. Comparing to a 3-axis measuring system we reported before, the developed 5-axis inline measurement system provides much more flexibility, accessibility and accuracy for performing measurement on site. The developed in-line measuring capability can extend the functionality of conventional laser materials processing system and significantly shorten inspection time.
G-Code Generation for a New Printing Process Based on 3D Plastic Polymer Droplet Generation
Authors: Schwaiger Johannes , Lueth Tim C. , Irlinger Franz 
Published: April 2014

Fabrication of plastic parts is an important scope of application for various branches of industry. This does not only concern manufacturing of end products but also production of sample parts in small lot sizes. Currently, most plastic parts are injection-molded. Consequently, it is first necessary to produce appropiate moldings, for example by milling of metal. This is very time-consuming on one hand and uneconomical concerning costs for production in small lot sizes on the other hand. Furthermore, the variety of forms is restricted considerably which is a clear disadvantage concerning the production of prototypes or spare parts. The use of a free-forming droplet generator for producing plastic parts can provide remedy.
The patented principle of the printing process used in this approach is to produce droplets of liquified plastic in a preparation unit. Sequential discharge of these droplets builds a part in the installation space by solidifying of the droplets into balls. Since each 3D printing process needs its own data preprocessing, this article presents its fundamentals. STL data is used as input data and allows almost any kind of geometry. In general, a typical workflow for processing STL data is as follows: slicing volume data in order to gain contours that form 2D boarders, offsetting contours for a true to scale building process, filling of slices dependent on (offset) contours and generation of machine-code (g-code) that can be executed by the 3D printer in order to build an accurate and high-quality part.
The model used in this approach is based on the droplets produced by the machine. A more detailed description of all the process-specific invidual steps from slicing up to g-code generation is presented within the scope of this paper. The continual development of custom-made algorithms based on process-specific models and parameters has resulted in the generation of g-code that could be executed on a 3D plastic polymer printer based on droplet generation for the first time. The resulting sample parts are very appealing.
In conclusion, the results have shown that the whole production process can be a significant benefit especially for rapid prototyping of sample parts or spare parts.
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Friction Stir Welded Joints of Aerospace Aluminum Alloys Al-2195
Authors: Wahab Muhammad A. , Raghuram Vinay 
Published: April 2014

Friction-Stir-Welding (FSW) has been adopted as a major process for welding Aluminum aerospace structures. Aluminum (Al-2195) which is one of the new generations Aluminum alloys that has been used for the new super lightweight external tank for the space shuttle. NASA’s Michaud Assembly Facility (MAF) in New Orleans is continuously pursuing Friction-Stir-Welding (FSW) technologies in its efforts to advance fabrication of the external tanks of the space shuttles. The future launch vehicles which will have reusable mandates, for the structure to have good fatigue properties which prompts an investigation into the fatigue behavior of the friction stir welded aerospace structures. The butt joint specimens of Aluminum alloys (Al-2195 and Al-2219) are fatigue tested according to ASTM-E647. The effects of stress ratios, corrosion preventive compound (CPC), and periodic overloading on fatigue life is investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is used to examine the failure surfaces and examine the different modes of crack propagation i.e. tensile, shear, and brittle modes. It is found that fatigue life increases with the increase in stress ratios; the fatigue life also increases from 30%–38% with the use of CPC; and the fatigue life could increase 8–12 times with periodic overloading; while the crack closure phenomenon predominates the fatigue fracture.
Numerical analysis has been used to model fatigue life prediction scheme for these structures, the interface element technique with critical bonding strength criterion for formation of new surface has been used to model crack propagation. The linear elastic fracture mechanics stress intensity factor is calculated using FEA and the fatigue life predictions made using this method; and are within 10%–20% of the experimental fatigue life obtained.
Measuring Physical Activity and Sports Participation After Autologous Cartilage Implantation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Santos-Magalhaes Andre Filipe , Hambly Karen 
Published: April 2014

Context:The assessment of physical activity and return to sport and exercise activities is an important component in the overall evaluation of outcome after autologous cartilage implantation (ACI).Objective:To identify the patient-report instruments that are commonly used in the evaluation of physical activity and return to sport after ACI and provide a critical analysis of these instruments from a rehabilitative perspective.Evidence Acquisition:A computerized search was performed in January 2013 and repeated in March 2013. Criteria for inclusion required that studies (1) be written in English and published between 1994 and 2013; (2) be clinical studies where knee ACI cartilage repair was the primary treatment, or comparison studies between ACI and other techniques or between different ACI generations; (3) report postoperative physical activity and sport participation outcomes results, and (4) have evidence level of I–III.Evidence Synthesis:Twenty-six studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Three physical activity scales were identified: the Tegner Activity Scale, Modified Baecke Questionnaire, and Activity Rating Scale. Five knee-specific instruments were identified: the Lysholm Knee Function Scale, International Knee Documentation Committee Score Subjective Form, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Modified Cincinnati Knee Score, and Stanmore-Bentley Functional Score.Conclusions:Considerable heterogeneity exists in the reporting of physical activity and sports participation after ACI. Current instruments do not fulfill the rehabilitative needs in the evaluation of physical activity and sports participation. The validated instruments fail in the assessment of frequency, intensity, and duration of sports participation.
Concurrent Validity of Resting Pulse-Rate Measurements: A Comparison of 2 Smartphone Applications, the Polar H7 Belt Monitor, and a Pulse Oximeter With Bluetooth
Authors: Cheatham Scott W. , Kolber Morey J. , Ernst Michael P. 
Published: April 2014

Context:Pulse rate is commonly measured manually or with commercial wrist or belt monitors. More recently, pulse-rate monitoring has become convenient with the use of mobile technology that allows monitoring through a smartphone camera. This optical technology offers many benefits, although the clinimetric properties have not been extensively studied.Design:Observational study of reliability.Setting:University kinesiology laboratory.Participants:30 healthy, recreationally active adults.Intervention:Concurrent measurement of pulse rate using 2 smartphone applications (fingertip, face-scan,) with the Polar H7 belt and pulse oximeter.Main Outcome Measure:Average resting pulse rate for 5 min in 3 positions (supine, sitting, and prone).Results:Concurrent validity in supine and standing was good between the 2 applications and the Polar H7 (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] .80–.98) and pulse oximeter (ICC .82–98). For sitting, the validity was good between the fingertip application, Polar H7 (ICC .97), and pulse oximeter (ICC .97). The face-scan application had moderate validity with the Polar H7 (ICC .74) and pulse oximeter (ICC .69). The minimal detectable change (MDC90) between the fingertip application and Polar H7 ranged from 1.38 to 4.36 beats/min (BPM) and from 0.69 to 2.97 BPM for the pulse oximeter with both positions. The MDC90 between the face-scan application and Polar H7 ranged from 11.88 to 12.83 BPM and from 0.59 to 17.72 BPM for the pulse oximeter. The 95% limits of agreement suggest that the fingertip application may vary between 2.40 and 3.59 BPM with the Polar H7 and between 3.40 and 3.42 BPM with the pulse oximeter. The face-scan application may vary between 3.46 and 3.52 BPM with the Polar H7 and between 2.54 and 3.46 BPM with the pulse oximeter.Conclusion:Pulse-rate measurements may be effective using a fingertip application, belt monitor, and pulse oximeter. The fingertip scanner showed superior results compared with the face scanner, which only demonstrated modest validity compared with the Polar H7 and pulse oximeter.
Thinking outside the lab: Finding a fulfilling non-research career
Authors: Conlan Lori , Goel Anish , McNutt Marcia 
Published: April 2014

Thinking outside the lab: Finding a fulfilling non-research career, April 8, 2014 - 12:00pm - 1:00pm, ET
Wondering where can a Ph.D. take you today? Is there life beyond the bench? Absolutely! There are now more non-research fields for STEM professionals than ever before—in private industry, public policy, government, nonprofit, journalism, grants management, analytics, and a host of emerging career paths. Learn what mix of skills, experience and preparation you need to leap from the lab into a satisfying non-research career:
On April 8 at 12 noon ET, join Science Editor-in-Chief Marcia McNutt; Lori Conlin, director for the NIH Office of Postdoctoral Studies; and Anish Goel, former AAAS S&T Policy Fellow and Director of Market Analysis and Geopolitical Affairs at Boeing, for a webinar on "Thinking outside the lab: Finding a fulfilling non-research career."
Take this opportunity to learn firsthand from accomplished Ph.D.s who have successfully navigated a career outside of the research realm. They'll talk about their own experiences, examine a range of career options open to STEM professionals across different sectors, and discuss the analytic, communication and teamworking skills needed for these kinds of roles.
Diversity of Antibody Responses to Borrelia burgdorferi in Experimentally Infected Beagle Dogs
Authors: Baum Elisabeth , Grosenbaugh Deborah A. , Barbour Alan G. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTLyme borreliosis (LB) is a common infection of domestic dogs in areas where there is enzootic transmission of the agentBorrelia burgdorferi. While immunoassays based on individual subunits have mostly supplanted the use of whole-cell preparations for canine serology, only a limited number of informative antigens have been identified. To more broadly characterize the antibody responses toB. burgdorferiinfection and to assess the diversity of those responses in individual dogs, we examined sera from 32 adult colony-bred beagle dogs that had been experimentally infected withB. burgdorferithrough tick bites and compared those sera in a protein microarray with sera from uninfected dogs in their antibody reactivities to various recombinant chromosome- and plasmid-encodedB. burgdorferiproteins, including 24 serotype-defining OspC proteins of North America. The profiles of immunogenic proteins for the dogs were largely similar to those for humans and natural-reservoir rodents; these proteins included the decorin-binding protein DbpB, BBA36, BBA57, BBA64, the fibronectin-binding protein BBK32, VlsE, FlaB and other flagellar structural proteins, Erp proteins, Bdr proteins, and all of the OspC proteins. In addition, the canine sera bound to the presumptive lipoproteins BBB14 and BB0844, which infrequently elicited antibodies in humans or rodents. Although the beagle, like most other domestic dog breeds, has a small effective population size and features extensive linkage disequilibrium, the group of animals studied here demonstrated diversity in antibody responses in measures of antibody levels and specificities for conserved proteins, such as DbpB, and polymorphic proteins, such as OspC.
Complete Genome Sequence of an F8-Like Lytic Myovirus (φSPM-1) That Infects Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Neves Patrícia R. , Cerdeira Louise T. , Mitne-Neto Miguel , Oliveira Théo G. M. , McCulloch John A. , Sampaio Jorge L. M. , Mamizuka Elsa M. , Levy Carlos E. , Sato Maria I. Z. , Lincopan Nilton 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is an important cause of infection, especially in immunocompromised patients. In this regard, strains producing carbapenemases, mainly metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), have become a significant public health concern. Here, we present the complete annotated genome sequence (65.7 kb) of an F8-related lytic myovirus (
Pbunalikevirus
genus) that infects MBL-producing
P. aeruginosa
strains.
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Rapid and Semiquantitative Detection of Loa loa Infection
Authors: Drame Papa M. , Fink Doran L. , Kamgno Joseph , Herrick Jesica A. , Nutman Thomas B. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Rapid and accurate tests are currently needed to identify individuals with high levels of
Loa loa
microfilaria (mf), so that these individuals may be excluded from mass ivermectin administration campaigns against onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis being conducted in areas where
Onchocerca volvulus
,
Wuchereria bancrofti
, and
L. loa
are coendemic. To address this need, colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays targeting the
L. loa
-specific gene sequences LLMF72 and LLMF342 were developed for the detection and quantification of
L. loa
microfilaremia. Both LAMP assays were highly specific (100%) for
L. loa
infection compared to the absence of infection or infection with related filarial pathogens. The LLMF72-based LAMP assay showed greater analytic sensitivity (limit of detection, 0.1 pg/ml of genomic DNA [gDNA] and/or 5 mf/ml) than the LLMF342-based LAMP assay (10 pg/ml of gDNA and/or 50 mf/ml), and its analytic sensitivity was similar to that of LLMF72-based quantitative PCR (qPCR). A high level of correlation was observed between microfilaria counts as determined by LLMF72-based qPCR and time to positivity by the LAMP assay, and performance measures of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were similar for both assays when applied to field-collected clinical samples. By simply varying the run time, the LAMP assay was able to accurately distinguish individuals at risk for serious adverse events (SAEs) after exposure to ivermectin, using thresholds of >5,000 mf/ml and >30,000 mf/ml as indicators of increasing levels of risk. In summary, LLMF72 LAMP represents a new molecular diagnostic tool that is readily applicable as a point-of-care method for
L. loa
microfilarial detection and quantification in resource-limited countries where
L. loa
infection is endemic.
Rab18 Facilitates Dengue Virus Infection by Targeting Fatty Acid Synthase to Sites of Viral Replication
Authors: Tang Wei-Chun , Lin Ren-Jye , Liao Ching-Len , Lin Yi-Ling 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
Positive-sense RNA viruses, such as dengue virus (DENV), hijack the intracellular membrane machinery for their own replication. The Rab18 protein, a member of the Rab GTPase family, key regulators of membrane trafficking, is located on the organelles involved in DENV infection, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid droplets (LDs). In this study, we addressed the potential involvement of Rab18 in DENV infection by using cells overexpressing the wild-type, GTP-bound active form, or GDP-bound inactive form of Rab18 and cells with Rab18 knockdown. DENV replication, measured by viral protein, viral RNA, and viral progeny production, as well as LD induction, was reduced in cells with inactive Rab18 and in cells deprived of Rab18 expression, suggesting a positive role of Rab18 in the DENV life cycle. Interestingly, the interaction of fatty acid synthase (FASN), a key lipogenic enzyme in lipid biosynthesis, with DENV NS3 protein relied on the conversion of the GDP-bound to the GTP-bound form of Rab18. Furthermore, the targeting of FASN to sites participating in DENV infection, such as the ER and LDs, depends on functional Rab18. Thus, Rab18-mediated membrane trafficking of FASN and NS3 facilitates DENV replication, probably by ensuring a sufficient and coordinated lipid supply for membrane proliferation and arrangement.

IMPORTANCE
Infection by dengue virus (DENV), an important mosquito-borne virus threatening ∼40% of the world's population, can cause mild dengue fever or severe dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The pathogenesis mechanisms of DENV-related diseases are not clear, but high viral replication is believed to be a risk factor for the severe form of DENV infection. Thus, understanding the detailed mechanism of DENV replication might help address this devastating virus. Here, we found that Rab18, a small GTPase involved in vesicle trafficking and located in the endoplasmic reticulum network and on the surfaces of lipid droplets, positively regulates DENV replication. The functional machinery of Rab18 is required to recruit the enzyme fatty acid synthase to sites of DENV replication and to interact with DENV NS3 protein to promote fatty acid biosynthesis. Thus, DENV usurps Rab18 to facilitate its own replication.
Inhibition of KAP1 Enhances Hypoxia-Induced Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Reactivation through RBP-Jκ
Authors: Zhang Liming , Zhu Caixia , Guo Yi , Wei Fang , Lu Jie , Qin Jing , Banerjee Shuvomoy , Wang Junwen , Shang Hong , Verma Subhash C. , Yuan Zhenghong , Robertson Erle S. , Cai Qiliang 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) has been frequently implicated in many cancers as well as viral pathogenesis. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is linked to several human malignancies. It can stabilize HIF-1α during latent infection and undergoes lytic replication in response to hypoxic stress. However, the mechanism by which KSHV controls its latent and lytic life cycle through the deregulation of HIF-1α is not fully understood. Our previous studies showed that the hypoxia-sensitive chromatin remodeler KAP1 was targeted by the KSHV-encoded latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) to repress expression of the major lytic replication and transcriptional activator (RTA). Here we further report that an RNA interference-based knockdown of KAP1 in KSHV-infected primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells disrupted viral episome stability and abrogated sub-G
1
/G
1
arrest of the cell cycle while increasing the efficiency of KSHV lytic reactivation by hypoxia or using the chemical 12-
O
-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or sodium butyrate (NaB). Moreover, KSHV genome-wide screening revealed that four hypoxia-responsive clusters have a high concurrence of both RBP-Jκ and HIF-1α binding sites (RBS+HRE) within the same gene promoter and are tightly associated with KAP1. Inhibition of KAP1 greatly enhanced the association of RBP-Jκ with the HIF-1α complex for driving RTA expression not only in normoxia but also in hypoxia. These results suggest that both KAP1 and the concurrence of RBS+HRE within the RTA promoter are essential for KSHV latency and hypoxia-induced lytic reactivation.

IMPORTANCE
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a DNA tumor virus, is an etiological agent linked to several human malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). HIF-1α, a key hypoxia-inducible factor, is frequently elevated in KSHV latently infected tumor cells and contributes to KSHV lytic replication in hypoxia. The molecular mechanisms of how KSHV controls the latent and lytic life cycle through deregulating HIF-1α remain unclear. In this study, we found that inhibition of hypoxia-sensitive chromatin remodeler KAP1 in KSHV-infected PEL cells leads to a loss of viral genome and increases its sensitivity to hypoxic stress, leading to KSHV lytic reactivation. Importantly, we also found that four hypoxia-responsive clusters within the KSHV genome contain a high concurrence of RBP-Jκ (a key cellular regulator involved in Notch signaling) and HIF-1α binding sites. These sites are also tightly associated with KAP1. This discovery implies that KAP1, RBP-Jκ, and HIF-1α play an essential role in KSHV pathogenesis through subtle cross talk which is dependent on the oxygen levels in the infected cells.