bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency Response in the Arctic
Authors: Osman Ahmed 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The Arctic is estimated to contain one-fifth of the undiscovered oil and gas resources in the world. Therefore it has the potential to be a major contributor to the world energy supply for decades to come. That is the reason many of the major oil and gas companies have been involved in exploration activities in the Arctic. However the Arctic is a unique environment often distinguished by the presence of ice and its general remoteness.
The Chukchi Sea is a southern extension of the Arctic Ocean bordered in the west by the East Siberian Sea and in the east by Alaska and the Beaufort Sea (Figure 1). It has a mean water depth of 50 meters and sea ice dominates the marine operating environment for at least eight months from November to early July on average.
Statoil established a strong exploration portfolio in the Chukchi Sea since 2008 taking into consideration that operating in the Chukchi Sea involves managing a high number of risks. These risks include operating in a highly sensitive environment and extreme weather conditions. Also the limited infrastructure that can support exploration and drilling activities represent a challenge to operations, especially those related to emergency response.
Statoil completed seismic, shallow hazard and geotechnical coring surveys in the Chukchi Sea in 2010 and 2011. The company developed a robust HSE management system and emergency response plans to minimize the risks and to ensure that emergencies can be handled in the most effective way.
The emergency response plans started with a detailed risk assessment to identify all possible risks and their probabilities and consequences. Close collaboration with the Emergency Response group in the Houston office was established to compensate for the small size organization in Anchorage.
All operations were conducted successfully without any serious HSE incident. All relevant stakeholders including the native communities, federal agencies and the NGOs praised Statoil for the safe and efficient operations.
One Company's Green Logistics
Authors: Phumphong P. , Sila A. , Preeyanurak T. , Manonda C. , Pornsakulsak L. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Diesel engines have proven themselves powerful, reliable and efficient. However, emissions from fuel combustion of diesel engine always leave by-products of oxides of nitrogen, unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas. Therefore, environmentalists call for cleaner technology to be used in place of conventional diesel engine.
The alternative option of diesel-electric engine is an applicable modern technology that generates lower air emissions. The diesel-electric engine for marine vessel offers significantly higher energy efficiency and lower air emissions, compared to the traditional diesel engine. Marine diesel-electric engine is a hybrid engine that uses diesel fuel to generate mechanical torque and transform to electrical power for driving motor and propels the ship. The developed electrical systems, where the diesel engine can be operated on a variable speed giving a huge potential in fuel saving. The Gensets operate in variable speed mode, where the rpm can be adjusted for minimum fuel oil consumption according to the system load. It also allows the integration of energy storage sources like batteries. The energy storage sources reduce the transient loads on the diesel engines.
A petroleum company has therefore launched a green logistics program and adopt diesel-electric engine into the marine logistic process to be an initiative of the environmental friendly offshore operation. The Anchor Handling Tug Supply (AHTS) operate in the Gulf of Thailand for supporting offshore petroleum production. Since 2012, more than 50% of AHTS operated by diesel engines have been replaced by diesel-electric engines. By implementation of the green logistics program, in 2013 our marine fleet can decreased up to 7,100 m3 of Marine Gas Oil (MGO) consumption, whilst also reduces totally 22,000 tons of CO2e emission. Divided from overall picture, the replacement power driven of AHTS by diesel-electric engines contributed to the fuel saving at 4,000 m3 of MGO or 56 % of total MGO reduction. In economical perspective, a company has an opportunity to cut off fuel expense for 206 MMTHB or 6.9 MMUSD per annual. This could reflect a company determination to stay at forefront of the industry as the leading petroleum exploration and production company driven by green practices throughout our operation and supply chains.
The Integral Role of Waste Management into Successful Capital Project Design and Implementation
Authors: Jones F. V. , Rankin S. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
A successful upstream oil and gas capital project requires appropriate and timely planning and execution of Health, Safety, Environmental and Social (HSES) considerations. Inadequate and/or poorly timed inclusion of HSES considerations can result in project delays, overhaul, cost escalation and possible cancellation. One aspect of HSES is waste management. The following paper outlines a process whereby waste management can be integrated into a capital project in such a way as to reduce risk, manage costs and maintain schedule. The process is a project life cycle approach, taking the project from scoping and early design through startup, operations and decommissioning. The process utilizes concepts and techniques which can be easily transferred to other industrial capital projects such as mining or construction.
For decades, waste management plans have been developed and guidelines produced on how to manage the sampling, storage, transport, treatment and final disposal of waste. Waste minimization programs and guidelines have also been in vogue for a while and plans/programs/guidelines have played a major role in controlling and reducing waste risk. However, there have been limited attempts to integrate waste management into the overall flow of a capital project from beginning to end. Instead, each stage of a capital project often is approached as a separate unit, with little regard for what came before or will come after the stage under question. This paper discusses techniques on how to integrate waste management plans and programs during project definition, front-end engineering design (FEED), site preparation, construction, startup, operation and decommissioning of an upstream oil and gas development. Each phase will be discussed with regard to steps that need to be taken to accomplish the present phase goals and objectives, while developing a path forward to plan for upcoming project phase waste management considerations.
Engineering the Mud-Spacer-Cement Rheological Hierarchy Improves Wellbore Integrity
Authors: Shadravan Arash , Narvaez Guido , Alegria Adriana , Carman Paul , Perez Cresencio , Erger Robert 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Maintaining the density hierarchy for wellbore fluids has been a routine while achieving a proper rheological hierarchy for mud, spacer and cement could have been compromised due to tedious testing and sometimes limitations in the field. Establishing appropriate rheological and friction pressure hierarchy prevent fluids (mud-spacer-cement slurry) intermixing especially in deviated and horizontal wells. The objective of this paper is to present a spacer rheological properties model along with a new micro-emulsion spacer formulation which improves well integrity. This water-based spacer system, with densities ranging from 8.5 to 16 ppg, was modeled to temperatures up to 325°F and provided proper suspension properties, confirming stability at bottomhole circulating elevated temperatures. In addition, ccompatibility of this spacer package with various synthetic based muds, oil based muds and cement slurries, designed for Gulf of Mexico, the US land, North Sea and the Middle East, plays a significant role in achieving great displacement efficiency, wellbore clean up, long term effective zonal isolation and sustainable hydrocarbon production.
It is not always possible to accomplish the turbulent flow. Therefore, a rheological model was developed to accomplish the ideal viscosity hierarchy by optimizing the spacer formulation design. Optimum rheological hierarchy occurs where the viscosity profile of a spacer system is higher than the viscosity profile of drilling fluid and lower than the cement slurry. Model's predictions have been validated by one atmospheric and two industry-known HPHT rheometers. The model predictions show that the rheological profiles of the spacer fluid, for all the main standard shear rates, are between the mud and cement profiles. Data obtained from field case histories show the improvements and added values such as ideal fluid compatibility, better displacement efficiency, friction pressure hierarchy and effective zonal isolation,
Mapping Local Economic Benefits of Oil and Gas Development in Colorado
Authors: Dell Jan J. , Fennessey Karl D. , Roberts Andrew D. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Development and operation of oil and gas assets can contribute positive social gains to local, regional and national communities. Local economic benefits of oil and gas development and production can include new business opportunities and employment generated for communities, royalties paid to mineral and land owners, and taxes paid to governments. On a per employee basis, the oil and gas industry is a high-output, high-wage industry that has a multiplier effect on local economies. In addition to generating thousands of direct jobs and wages, the oil and gas sector purchases goods and services from other industries, thereby building transferrable skillsets and creating broad capacity in the community. Memberships and donations made to local universities and organizations can also benefit the community.
This paper focuses on the economic benefits to local communities, and across the state, from the investment in exploration, development and operation of a specific unconventional resource asset in Colorado, USA. The investment spend by an operator (ConocoPhillips) is mapped from direct contracts through subcontracting with sub-suppliers. The mapping shows geographically dispersed benefits as they cascade through the oil and gas supply chain into the local communities in oil producing counties and beyond into counties without oil production. Investment with large national companies is mapped to increased employment throughout Colorado. Direct spend with Colorado-based companies is inventoried to show benefits to small suppliers and contractors. Spend on local supporting services, such as retail, restaurants and lodging with hundreds of businesses is documented.
The framework of local economic benefits mapped for a specific Colorado unconventional asset development and operation is typical for unconventional asset developments and may be employed by similar developments in other geographies. This approach to mapping local economic benefits may also be employed in other types of oil and gas project developments to comprehensively identify positive social impacts. A Local Economic Benefit Fact Sheet was created from this assessment and is used to communicate key messages to external stakeholders in Colorado. The fact sheet is included in Appendix 1.
Factoring in Ecosystem Services and Values in Decision Making, Risk Management, Loss and Environmental Damage: Over the Lifecycle of Energy Development
Authors: Wright N.H. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
New dimensions of environmental loss and escalating liabilities following Macondo have catapulted environmental risk to a key feature on the corporate balance sheet. Forecasting expected losses of critical environmental functions, which underpin society, is setting new challenges insurance underwriters and scientists. A critique of recent case histories will be presented to illustrate the latest dimensions of future risk needs. International operators wrestle with the dollar value of reputational risks of uncharted frontier areas with sensitive marine ecosystems which affect both stakeholder confidence and the stock price. Governments now recognize the criticality of managing environmental capital and services when dealing with new energy concessions in sensitive coastal zones. International efforts to develop “state of the art” techniques to quantify the spectrum of ecosystem services will be presented together with a critique of how readily these can be factored into decision making. Advances in global geographic information systems and satellite imagery illustrate the unprecedented future opportunities to measure ecosystem functions and changes. A series of case histories will illustrate cutting edge approaches to dealing with oil spill risk for offshore assets revealing environmental resource risk exposure, risk reduction, consequences and future liabilities. The criteria used to determine “environmental damage or loss” are fundamental to our approaches to corporate risk management. Our understanding of the role of factors such as: biodiversity; ecosystem robustness; recoverability; habitat uniqueness; species population status and life cycles in the sustainability of ecosystem services will be reviewed and reveals fundamental gaps in knowledge. The global efforts being made to place $ values on the world's natural capital and ecosystem life support services will be summarised. A pioneering approach to due diligence of investments, planning, new concessions and oil spill risk assessments will be presented. Insights will be given on the latest techniques for mapping environmental resources and services in integrated GIS systems on the web, which will provide an “ecosystem health thermometer” making damage to ecosystem services visible to stakeholders. Operators' future “licence to operate” will depend in part on utilizing ecosystem service approaches and values to address stakeholder sustainability and values concerns
Marine Mammals and Ocean Sound: Sources, Impacts, Uncertainties, Controls, and Future Decision Making
Authors: Wright Nigel H 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Marine mammal's sustainability depends on their phenomenal abilities to transmit process and receive marine sound information. Sound is fundamental to their global navigation, breeding feeding and ultimate survival. The relentless increase in anthropogenic marine noise levels (from shipping, oil and gas, renewables, marine construction, military) and penetration to remote areas will be reviewed, and current discussions on “biologically significant effects” of cumulative noise on marine mammals populations will be considered as part of the current threats and concerns of scientists and stakeholders. Our knowledge of the effects on noise on the ecology of marine mammals will be summarised and critique given of current regulatory regimes which are inadequate to deal with the plethora of future sound issues, especially cumulative effects of multiple sources, or chronic stress effects on survivorship and reproductive success. Recognising the range of sound detection of species, sound budgets with limits on energy inputs in a geographic region with multiple sound sources may be considered as future control mechanisms Underwater acoustic modelling has developed and is a key element in building a risk exposure profile of marine mammals, and satellite linked tracking devices now allow wider insights into sound impacts on migratory species. Ultimately, GIS mapped sensitivity and species distribution data needs to be fully integrated with sound reception capacity of species from research data in order to understand the 3D sound risk-scape of the marine environment. Key gaps in sound data and research will be presented which need to be closed through industry cooperation, data sharing and ecosystem based management in order to decrease the uncertainty of potential threats to populations. If data is not forthcoming to aid responsible decision making, regulators may have no option other than a precautionary approach to safeguard species
Risk Assessment in HAZOPs
Authors: Duhon Howard , Cronin John 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
A HAZOP is a team-based process hazard analysis (PHA) method. Its purpose is to identify hazards and operability issues in a process design. In some HAZOPs, identified issues are evaluated for risk. An effective risk assessment method allows the HAZOP participants and the project team to focus their time and energy on the more significant hazards.
Risk assessments in HAZOPs are typically performed using a simple risk matrix (Figure 2). In the risk matrix approach, participants make judgments as to the potential severity and the likelihood of an event. The combination of severity and likelihood indicates the risk. The risk matrix will often be color coded with green areas (OK), red areas (Unacceptable) and yellow areas (improvement suggested, subject to ALARP).
This approach is problematic for a number of reasons:
The judgment of consequence severity is difficult and is often ambiguous. Any identified scenario could play out in multiple ways often with dramatically different severities. Estimation of the frequency or likelihood of the event is also difficult; especially so if the frequency of the mitigated event is to be estimated. The simple green, yellow, red bands do not provide sufficient resolution for ranking scenarios (the yellow band may span two or three orders of magnitude, for instance).
This paper presents a more rigorous and repeatable approach to making the severity and frequency judgments that is also simpler and quicker. The method is, in effect, a simplified layer of protection analysis (LOPA). The authors show how LOPA techniques can be simplified and applied in a HAZOP setting for both frequency and consequence severity judgments. These simplified techniques make such judgments more rigorous and repeatable. Also, because the guesswork is removed, this saves time in the HAZOP.
The proposed approach also yields a HAZOP record that is more easily used for a future LOPA study.
Water Resource Management and Conservation in the Americas
Authors: Rowbottom Ronald , Letlow Myna , Kuykendall Dina 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Less than 1% of the world's fresh water is accessible for direct human uses and the demand for water is growing. The increased strain on water resources for industrial, agricultural, and residential use continues to be a major concern in managing our business.
This paper will provide an overview of issues related to water management and conservation, highlighting growing concerns surrounding the utilization of water in the Americas. In particular, there is increased scrutiny on the oil and gas industry in particular, related to field operations as well as support facilities.
Recent legislative trends associated with the Clean Water Act and Navigable Waters in the United States and other regulatory developments in North, Central and South America affect water management for local operations.
The paper will discuss both technological and management system approaches to better utilize water resources and minimize the quantities of potable water required for irrigation and other uses.
Case studies will expand on water management and conservation by demonstrating successful applications, including:
Recycling of both grey and black waste water for landscape irrigation to provide a green oasis in the desert in Dubai, UAE. Installation of a recycling system to treat waste water generated from washing oilfield trucks, skid units and other equipment in Macae, Brazil. Designing new construction with water treatment to generate potable water and rain water capture for irrigation in Poza Rica, Mexico. Partnering with city effluent waste water discharge to provide irrigation and fire system water at Hobbs, New Mexico, USA. Using new technologies to reduce on-site potable water use where potable water supply is restricted in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
Conserving water resources requires companies to develop sound management and technological approaches for utilizing fresh water and reusing waste water in order to ensure sustainability of supply. Failure to demonstrate effective management and conservation of water resources will result in increased pressures by regulators, environmental agencies and the public and a likely mandate for additional legislative actions.
A Practical Assessment of Dermal Exposure of Drilling Rig Workers to Mixed Hydrocarbons
Authors: Crittell Jenny E. , Baker John 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Workers on drilling rigs have potential dermal exposures to hydrocarbons and other chemicals, both naturally occurring in the crude oil, as well as in the drilling muds and other solutions mixed on site. Workers are frequently splashed with drilling mud during their work shift, and coveralls and work gloves can become saturated with contaminants. Although there is a great deal of information on the characterization of inhalation hazards in the oil and gas industry, very little information is available on dermal hazards and thereby an inconsistent application of chemical protective gloves, coveralls, or face shields. This presentation looks at different methods that were used to estimate employee dermal exposures as well as identify future research needs.
Current methods include biological monitoring, which is conducted post exposure once the chemical has been absorbed and/or metabolized by the body. However, biological indicators have not been established by all chemicals with a skin designation. Surface wipe sampling has been used to assess the potential for contact to contaminated surfaces. Test methods are also available to quantify dermal exposure using dermal wipes or rinses, or sensors placed inside gloves to determine the effectiveness of glove selection. However, these are typically for pure chemicals only. Currently, there are no validated test methods to detect skin exposure to personnel from mixed hydrocarbons.
A mathematical model was used to estimate the dose from dermal exposure to mixed hydrocarbons. When used in conjunction with personal exposure monitoring to airborne contaminants, this model can estimate the total dose received by personnel, which may be higher than indicated by air sampling data alone.
OSHA and ACGIH have listed 226 chemicals with a skin designation. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2012 (the most current year for which data is available) the total number of recordable cases of skin diseases in the United States was 33,300, which represents 16% of all recordable illness cases that year. In addition to skin diseases, many chemicals with a skin designation can be absorbed directly through the skin, contributing to the workers exposure by inhalation.