bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hemocyanin with phenoloxidase activity in the chitin matrix of the crayfish gastrolith
Authors: Glazer Lilah , Tom Moshe , Weil Simy , Roth Ziv , Khalaila Isam , Mittelman Binyamin , Sagi Amir 
Published: February 2013

Summary
Gastroliths are transient extracellular calcium deposits formed by the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus von Martens on both sides of the stomach wall during pre-molt. Gastroliths are made of a rigid chitinous organic matrix, constructed as sclerotized chitin-protein microfibrils within which calcium carbonate is deposited. Although gastroliths share many characteristics with the exoskeleton, they are simpler in structure and relatively homogenous in composition, making them an excellent cuticle-like model for the study of cuticular proteins. In searching for molt-related proteins involved in gastrolith formation, two integrated approaches were employed, namely the isolation and mass spectrometric analysis of proteins from the gastrolith matrix, and 454-sequencing of mRNAs from both the gastrolith-forming and sub-cuticular epithelia. SDS-PAGE separation of gastrolith proteins revealed a set of bands at apparent molecular weights of 75-85 kDa, of which peptide sequencing following mass spectrometry matched the deduced amino acid sequences of seven hemocyanin transcripts. This assignment was then examined by immunoblot analysis using anti-hemocyanin antibodies, also used to determine the spatial distribution of the proteins in situ. Apart from contributing to oxygen transport, crustacean hemocyanins were previously suggested as being involved in several aspects of the molt cycle, including hardening of the new post-molt exoskeleton via phenoloxidation. The phenoloxidase activity of gastrolith hemocyanins was demonstrated. It was also noted that hemocyanin transcript expression during pre-molt was specific to the hepatopancreas. Our results thus reflect a set of functionally versatile proteins, expressed in a remote metabolic tissue and dispersed via the hemolymph to perform different roles in various organs and structures.
Multiple ferritins are vital to successful blood feeding and reproduction of the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis
Authors: Galay Remil L. , Aung Kyaw M. , Umemiya-Shirafuji Rika , Maeda Hiroki , Matsuo Tomohide , Kawaguchi Hiroaki , Miyoshi Noriaki , Suzuki Hiroshi , Xuan Xuenan , Mochizuki Masami , Fujisaki Kozo , Tanaka Tetsuya 
Published: February 2013

Summary
Ticks are obligate hematophagous parasites and important vectors of diseases. The large amount of blood they consume contains great quantities of iron, an essential but also toxic element. The function of ferritin, an iron storage protein, and iron metabolism in ticks need to be further elucidated. Here, we investigated the function a newly identified secreted ferritin from the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (HlFER2), together with the previously identified intracellular ferritin (HlFER1). Recombinant ferritins, expressed in Escherichia coli, were used for anti-serum preparation and also assayed for iron-binding activity. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses of different organs and developmental stages of the tick during blood feeding were performed. The localization of ferritins in different organs was demonstrated through an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. RNA interference (RNAi) was performed to evaluate the importance of ferritin on blood feeding and reproduction of ticks. The midgut was also examined after RNAi using light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RT-PCR showed differences in gene expression in some organs and developmental stages. Interestingly, only HlFER2 was detected in the ovary during oviposition and in egg despite the low mRNA transcript. RNAi induced reduced post-blood meal body weight, high mortality, and decreased fecundity. The expression of vitellogenin genes were affected by silencing of ferritin. Abnormalities in digestive cells, including disrupted microvilli, and alteration of digestive activity were also observed. Taken altogether, our results showed that the iron storage and protective functions of ferritin are critical to successful blood feeding and reproduction of H. longicornis.
Coordination of distinct but interacting rhythmic motor programs by a modulatory projection neuron using different co-transmitters in different ganglia
Authors: Kwiatkowski Molly A. , Gabranski Emily R. , Huber Kristen E. , Chapline M. Christine , Christie Andrew E. , Dickinson Patsy S. 
Published: February 2013

Summary
While many neurons are known to contain multiple neurotransmitters, the specific roles played by each co-transmitter within a neuron are often poorly understood. Here, we investigated the roles of the co-transmitters of the pyloric suppressor (PS) neurons, which are located in the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the lobster, Homarus americanus. The PS neurons are known to contain histamine; using RT-PCR, we identified a second co-transmitter as the FMRFamide-like peptide crustacean myosuppressin (Crust-MS). The modulatory effects of Crust-MS application on the gastric mill and pyloric patterns, generated in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG), closely resembled those recorded following extracellular PS neuron stimulation. To determine whether histamine plays a role in mediating the effects of the PS neurons in the STG, we bath-applied histamine receptor antagonists to the ganglion. In the presence of the antagonists, the histamine response was blocked, but Crust-MS application and PS stimulation continued to modulate the gastric and pyloric patterns, suggesting that PS effects in the STG are mediated largely by Crust-MS. PS neuron stimulation also excited the oesophageal rhythm, produced in the commissural ganglia (CoGs) of the STNS. Application of histamine, but not Crust-MS, to the CoGs mimicked this effect. Histamine receptor antagonists blocked the ability of both histamine and PS stimulation to excite the oesophageal rhythm, providing strong evidence that the PS neurons use histamine in the CoGs to exert their effects. Overall, our data suggest that the PS neurons differentially utilize their co-transmitters in spatially distinct locations to coordinate the activity of three independent networks.
The metabolic cost of communicative sound production in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Noren Dawn P. , Holt Marla M. , Dunkin Robin C. , Williams Terrie M. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryBottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) produce various communicative sounds that are important for social behavior, maintaining group cohesion, and coordinating foraging. For example, whistle production increases during disturbances, such as separations of mother/calf pairs and vessel approaches. It is clear that acoustic communication is important to the survival of these marine mammals, yet the metabolic cost of producing whistles and other socials sounds and the energetic consequences of modifying these sounds in response to both natural and anthropogenic disturbance are unknown. We used flow-through respirometry to determine if the metabolic cost of sound production could be quantified in two captive dolphins producing social sounds (whistles and squawks). On average, we found that metabolic rates measured during two-min periods of sound production were 1.2 times resting values. Up to 7 min were required for metabolism to return to resting values following vocal periods. The total metabolic cost (over resting values) of the two-min vocal period plus required recovery period (163.3 to 2995.9 ml O2 or 3,279.6 to 60,166.7 J) varied by individual as well as by mean duration of sounds produced within the vocal period. Observed variation in received cumulative sound energy levels of vocalizations was not related to total metabolic costs. Furthermore, our empirical findings did not agree with previous theoretical estimates of the metabolic cost of whistles. This study provides the first empirical data on the metabolic cost of sound production in dolphins which can be used to estimate metabolic costs of vocal responses to environmental perturbations in wild dolphins.
DFT Study of the Proton Transfer in the Urethane Formation between 2,4-Diisocyanatotoluene and Methanol
Authors: Wang Xiaoxuan , Hu Wei , Gui Dayong , Chi Xuhui , Wang Mingliang , Tian Deyu , Liu Jianhong , Ma Xingang , Pang Aimin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The proton transfer effects on the urethane formation between 2,4-diisocyanatotoluene (2,4-TDI) and methanol was investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level. The calculations show that the direct addition of methanol to 2,4-TDI follows a concerted path with an energy barrier of 31.71 kcal mol−1 and an activation free energy of 39.32 kcal mol−1. With the methanol, diphenylamine, and methyl N-methylcarbamate molecule serving as a proton transporter or a reactive catalyst, the energy barriers were significantly reduced to 12.28, 17.93, and 20.13 kcal mol−1 respectively, and the free energies of activation were lowered to 25.22, 32.54, and 36.86 kcal mol−1 correspondingly. The results indicate that the labile hydrogen-containing compounds play a key role in accelerating the reaction rate and the proton transfer. In the case of one extra methanol molecule serving as a proton transporter, the energy barrier was estimated to be 12.28 kcal mol−1, which is in good agreement with the experimental activation energy between 8.6 and 12.0 kcal mol−1. The urethane formation between 2,4-TDI and methanol is more likely a third-order reaction with respect to the initial reactants.
Effect of Initial Substrate Concentrations and Temperature on the Oscillatory Behavior of Phloroglucinol-Based Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction
Authors: Gull Usma , Peerzada Ghulam Mustafa , Ganaie Nadeem Bashir , Dar Nisar Ahmad 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The present study introduces the use of phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene) as organic substrate in BZ reaction for the first time. This work has been carried out to assess the influence of initial reagent concentrations on the behavior of phloroglucinol–bromate–ferroin-based BZ reaction in a stirred batch reactor. The oscillations are followed by observing the change in redox potential. Different oscillatory parameters like induction time (tin), time period (tp), amplitude (A), frequency (v), and number of oscillations (N) show different changes with respect to changes in the initial concentrations of organic substrate, bromate and sulfuric acid, and these observations have been explained on the basis of FKN mechanism. The behavior of the aforesaid system in different aqueous acid media has been reported and it is found that sulfuric acid is the best medium for studying the system as it shows a wide oscillatory window compared to that of nitric acid. In phosphoric and perchloric acids the system does not show any oscillatory behavior. Activation parameters of the reaction have been derived by studying the reaction over a temperature range of 15 to 40 ± 0.1 °C. The effect of different catalysts on the oscillatory behavior has been studied and it is found that the system gives good oscillatory behavior with ferroin and Ce(III) whereas a poor response is seen when Mn(II) and Ce(IV) are used as catalysts.
The Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis Involves Bone, Cartilage and Synovial Inflammation: May Estrogen Be a Magic Bullet?
Authors: Karsdal M A , Bay-Jensen A C , Henriksen K , Christiansen C 
Published: February 2013

The female predominance of polyarticular osteoarthritis (OA), and in particular the marked increase of OA in women after the menopause points to a likely involvement of female sex hormones in the maintenance of cartilage homeostasis. This perception has inspired many research groups to investigate the role of estrogens in the modulation of cartilage homeostasis with the ultimate aim to clarify whether estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) could provide benefits in preventing the rapid rise in the prevalence of OA in postmenopausal women. The effects of ERT and selective estrogen-receptor modulators on the joint in various experimental models have been investigated. Clinically, the effects of estrogens have been evaluated by post hoc analysis in clinical trials using biochemical markers of cartilage and bone degradation. Lastly, the Women's Health Initiative trial (WHI) investigated the effects of estrogens on the joint and joint replacements. Even though the exact mode of action still needs to be elucidated, the effect involves both direct and indirect mechanisms on the whole joint pathophysiology. Several animal models have demonstrated structural benefits of estrogens, as well as significant effects on joint inflammation. This is in complete alignment with clinical data using biochemical markers of joint degradation which demonstrated approximately 50% inhibition of cartilage destruction. These finding were recently validated in WHI, where women taking estrogens had significantly less joint replacement. In conclusion, the pleiotropic effect of estrogens on several different tissues may match the complicated aetiology of OA in some important aspects.
Breast Cancer Patient Stories Project
Authors: Tanna Nuttan , Buijs Helene , Pitkin Joan , Reichert Robert 
Published: February 2013

Objective. It is estimated that there are almost half a million women living with or beyond a breast cancer diagnosis in the UK, often referred to as the breast cancer survivor population. We report on the setting up of a dedicated breast cancer and menopause symptoms service (BCMS), and present results from research undertaken with breast cancer survivors with the aim of obtaining their perspectives on the BCMS service. Method. An action-oriented approach incorporating improvement science methodology has been used to help develop and drive changes to support a high standard of NHS patient care delivery for women with breast cancer within the BCMS setting. Evaluation was undertaken of this innovative service using qualitative methodology, and included discussion within a focus group setting, patient consent to record discussion, followed by thematic analysis of transcription. Results Women who have survived breast cancer identified a need for specialist support to help improve their quality of life, which is also affected by menopause type symptomology. This support can be provided within the BCMS service setting. Our recommendations are that the BCMS service model is incorporated into any regional or national breast cancer patient pathway and service redesign work in place. Conclusions Breast cancer survivors would support the setting up of a BCMS service, and would actively help raise awareness and market this service.
Quantitative analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography: differentiating focal nodular hyperplasia from hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Pei X-Q , Liu L-Z , Xiong Y-H , Zou R-H , Chen M-S , Li A-H , Cai M-Y 
Published: February 2013

Objective:
To explore the potential of quantitative analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in differentiating focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods:
34 cases of FNH and 66 cases of HCC (all lesions &lt;5 cm) were studied using CEUS to evaluate enhancement patterns and using analytic software Sonoliver® (Image-Arena™ v.4.0, TomTec Imaging Systems, Munich, Germany) to obtain quantitative features of CEUS in the region of interest. The quantitative features of maximum of intensity (IMAX), rise slope (RS), rise time (RT) and time to peak (TTP) were compared between the two groups and applied to further characterise both FNH and HCC with hypoenhancing patterns in the late phase on CEUS.

Results:
The sensitivity and specificity of CEUS for diagnosis of FNH were 67.6% and 93.9%, respectively. For quantitative analysis, IMAX and RS in FNHs were significantly higher than those in HCCs (p&lt;0.05), while RT and TTP in FNHs were significantly shorter (p&lt;0.05). Both the 11 FNHs and 62 HCCs with hypo-enhancing patterns in the late phase were further characterised with their quantitative features, and the sensitivity and specificity of IMAX for diagnosis of FNH were 90.9% and 43.5%, RS 81.8% and 80.6%, RT 90.9% and 71.0%, and TTP 90.9% and 71.0%, respectively.

Conclusion:
The quantitative features of CEUS in FNH and HCC were significantly different, and they could further differentiate FNH from HCC following conventional CEUS.

Advances in knowledge:
Our findings suggest that quantitative analysis of CEUS can improve the accuracy of differentiating FNH from HCC.
Scapular free flap harvest site: recognising the spectrum of radiographic post-operative appearance
Authors: Powell D K , Nwoke F , Urken M L , Buchbinder D , Jacobson A S , Silberzweig J E , Khorsandi A S 
Published: February 2013

Objective:
Scapular free flap harvesting for oral cavity cancer reconstruction is an increasingly used and versatile option. We aim to describe the appearance of the scapula harvest site on chest radiograph and CT.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed a surgical database of 82 patients who underwent scapular osteocutaneous flap harvesting for oral cavity cancer reconstruction and had imaging performed at our institution. We searched the picture archiving and communications system for all associated imaging.

Results:
Characteristic radiographic appearance in the immediate post-operative period as well as in the remote post-operative period is described, including an upside-down V-shaped paraglenoid notch, rectangular (or triangular) lateral border defects and a sharply pointed inferior scapular body. Additionally, common CT appearances are discussed, including an abrupt gleno-scapular interval, an absent axillary rim bulge and a Z-shaped scapula.

Conclusion:
The altered appearance of the scapular defect following surgical harvest is easily recognised. Although the description of this defect may not alter management and may reasonably be omitted, a radiologist’s comfort with these appearances may potentially enhance the understanding of patient management and recognition of superimposed complications, such as infection.

Advances in knowledge:
Scapular osteocutaneous free flap reconstruction is an increasingly used technique after oral cavity surgery.
Very few radiologists reported in our review the surgical scapular defects, and there is apparent ignorance of their appearance.
We described characteristic radiographic and CT signs of scapular free flap harvesting to increase radiologists’ familiarity with these defects, which may provide clinical information and possibly contribute to detection of complications.
Security Issues of Multi-Core Architectures — The Automotive Case
Authors: Eckert Claudia , Kittel Thomas 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The ever-increasing demands for computational power as well as cost reduction and energy efficiency can only be met by a move towards multi-core architectures. Such architectures offer great benefits, particularly within the automotive domain, because the more than 80 microcontrollers in a car can be merged into a few highly-integrated multi-core systems. This will save costs and power. Unfortunately, multi-core systems pose specific security problems. The article will discuss new and extended security risks that evolve from multi-core characteristics like parallelization and resource sharing. These risks aside, multi-core architectures also offer opportunities to improve overall system security. Future research is required to endow next generation multi-core architectures with appropriate security concepts, such as secure virtualization based on Hardware Security Modules, improved attack and misbehavior detection using tailored self-monitoring, and attack-tolerance techniques.
IT-Based Research Infrastructures for the Humanities and Social Sciences — Developments, Examples, Standards, and Technology
Authors: Boehlke Volker , Heyer Gerhard , Wittenburg Peter 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article outlines the importance of research infrastructure in science and explains why those infrastructures are not only important in the natural sciences, but are also crucial to the future of the humanities and social sciences. By reporting on the ESFRI initiative it is described how building up those kinds of infrastructures is currently being stimulated on a European level. In the last section the ESFRI project CLARIN and its German counterpart CLARIN-D are described. Some of the aspects like provision of metadata or safe citation that are important to this specific infrastructure are addressed by outlining their motivation and describing the standards and technical components used in order to provide appropriate solutions.
Crystal structure of dipicolinoylamide-bromido-platinum(II), PtBr(C12H8N3O2), C12H8BrN3O2Pt
Authors: Ha Kwang 
Published: February 2013

Abstract C12H8BrN3O2Pt, orthorhombic, Pbca (No. 61), a = 14.230(2) Å, b = 7.5163(8) Å, c = 22.832(3) Å, V = 2442.0 Å3, Z = 8, R(F) = 0.0301, wRref(F2) = 0.0830, T = 200 K.
GLP-1 analogues as a new treatment option for hypothalamic obesity in adults: report of nine cases
Authors: Zoicas Flavius , Droste Michael , Mayr Bernhard , Buchfelder Michael , Schöfl Christof 
Published: February 2013

BackgroundPatients with hypothalamic pathology often develop morbid obesity, causing severe metabolic alterations resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients and cause weight loss in obese patients by yet unknown mechanisms. Here we tested whether GLP-1 analogues were also effective in the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic alterations in patients with hypothalamic disease.MethodsNine patients (eight with type 2 diabetes mellitus) with moderate to severe hypothalamic obesity were treated with GLP-1 analogues for up to 51 months. Body weight, homeostasis model assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HbA1c and lipids were assessed.ResultsEight patients experienced substantial weight loss (−13.1±5.1 kg (range −9 to −22)). Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR −3.2±3.5 (range −9.1 to 0.8)) and HbA1c values (−1.3±1.4% (range −4.5 to 0.0)) improved under treatment (24.3±18.9 months (range 6 to 51)). Five patients reported increased satiation in response to the treatment. Two of the eight patients complained about nausea and vomiting and one of them abandoned therapy because of sustained gastrointestinal discomfort after 6 months. One patient suffered from intolerable nausea and vomiting and discontinued treatment within 2 weeks.ConclusionGLP-1 analogues can cause substantial and sustained weight loss in obese patients with hypothalamic disease. This offers a new approach for medical treatment of moderate to severe hypothalamic obesity and associated metabolic alterations.