bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fees Can't Build Good Fences
Authors: FLAMM ANNE LEDERMAN 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTo sustain its serene environment, YourTown, USA—which is a real town—enacted a policy designed to abate public nuisances occurring on residential properties. The nuisance ordinance authorizes the police chief, after two incidents within a twelve‐month period in which criminal activity nuisances have occurred on a property, to warn owners in writing that a third incident may result in an order to pay fees. The third finding authorizes YourTown to “abate the nuisance by responding to the activities using administrative and law enforcement actions, and the costs of such abatement shall be assessed on the nuisance property.” On one of YourTown's tree‐lined streets lives a couple with a twenty‐six‐year old son, Jeremy—a real person—whose combination of behavioral disorders produces what his psychiatrist describes as devastatingly difficult symptoms. Jeremy's behavior frequently takes him outside, where he disturbs his neighbors with screams and moans.
Saved from Themselves
Authors: Menzel Paul T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWith his Affordable Care Act decision, Chief Justice Roberts saved conservatives from themselves. A constitutional regime that prohibited a mandate for basic health insurance while permitting Medicare and the Veterans Health Administration, presumably on the basis of government taxing authority, would have been a conservative nightmare. These partial U.S. versions of single payer and national health service are permissible, but a coherent private health insurance market is not?! The surprising thing is not that the generally conservative Roberts had the historical and logical sense to realize this, but that he was the only one of his conservative colleagues who did.It is not the only irony presented by promarket, conservative constitutionalism in this case.
Lessons to Improve the Efficiency and Equity of Health Reform
Authors: Pauly Mark V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe recent Supreme Court decision on several provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act provides an opportunity to address two kinds of design flaws in the legislation whose correction would both improve economic efficiency and some important dimensions of equity.The Court's view that the mandate is a tax is consistent with the general economic view that defines a tax as “a compulsory payment for public purposes.” This was the viewpoint I took in my earlier work as well. However, there is considerable difference, disagreement, and ambiguity about the public purpose sought by the ACA payment. The primary purpose of the mandate in my work and in arguments for the mandate in Massachusetts was to try to get as many people as possible to have at least some insurance coverage. A secondary consequence of a mandate is to shore up community rating, although community rating per se does not contribute (and generally is harmful) to the goal of covering a greater proportion of the population.
The Carelessness of Affordable Care
Authors: Taylor James Stacey 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Affordable Care Act has been touted as a long‐overdue remedy for what is perceived to be the chronic problem of large numbers of Americans living without adequate health insurance. While much of the discussion of the ACA has focused on its legality, it should also be assessed on the basis of its economic implications and its moral acceptability. On its face, the ACA appears to do well on both counts. Given that the uninsured often secure their health care from expensive emergency room treatment (from which they cannot be excluded and whose cost is often borne by third parties), expanding insurance to cover them (and hence to give them access to less expensive treatments) appears to make economic sense. Similarly, it might appear that providing access to insurance for people who otherwise could not afford it, or who would be denied it as a result of having medical conditions that they are not responsible for, would be morally laudable. But these appearances deceive: The ACA is neither economically sound nor morally acceptable. To paraphrase Oscar Wilde, to fail on one of these criteria may be misfortune; to fail on both looks like carelessness.
From theory to practice
Authors: Farrell Colleen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAs I prepare to start medical school this fall and think back on my two years as a research assistant at The Hastings Center, I'm struck by how much I've learned and yet how much remains unknown to me. After two years of lunchtime conversations, project meetings, and debates in the research assistants' office, discussing issues ranging from reproduction to end‐of‐life care has become almost a way of life. At the same time, I'm reminded of a story my mom told me about her childhood piano teacher, Miss Belser, who told her that while she could certainly learn to play all the notes in the Moonlight Sonata, she was too young to know the heartache that makes the notes become music.
Are You Feeling Empowered Yet?
Authors: Sandroff Ronni 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this issue of the Report, Eric Juengst, Michael Flatt, and Richard Settersten, Jr., explore the positioning of genomic research as a “paradigm changer.” This notion has given the field a certain cache quite aside from its actual contributions to improved medical care. Genomic research is described to funders, health care leaders, and the public in language that includes a vision of the future. It will move us beyond the inadequacies of current medical care into a bold new world of personalized, predictive, preventive, and participatory medicine.
Undocumented Patients
Authors: CAPUZZI KEVIN M. , CLARK PETER A. , MOHAMMED NURAHMED 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMr. A's physician recommends immediate dialysis. However, Mr. A is in the United States illegally, has no family living in the area, and is unemployed. The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act requires the hospital not only to examine Mr. A, but to provide him with any needed stabilizing treatment without considering his lack of insurance coverage or ability to pay. The needed treatment to stabilize Mr. A is dialysis. Therefore, the physician admits him and starts dialysis. But Mr. A will need to continue dialysis indefinitely. Because he has no insurance and is an illegal immigrant, he is not eligible for any outpatient dialysis units. He is also unable to afford any medical treatments. Once Mr. A is stabilized, should he be discharged? His physician and social worker turn to the hospital ethics committee for help. What should Mercy Hospital do?
Another Roadblock to Including Women in Research
Authors: Guidry‐Grimes Laura , Victor Elizabeth 
Published: October 2014

AbstractScientists, clinicians, and bioethicists are worried about how so‐called personhood measures would limit access to certain types of contraception, research involving stem cells, and access to fertility treatments. While these measures have been struck down in Colorado, South Dakota, California, and Mississippi, the bill signed into law in Oklahoma in February deserves critical scrutiny, particularly into the ways these legal measures influence eligibility for clinical research. Oklahoma's bill states that the laws of the state “shall be interpreted and construed to acknowledge on behalf of the unborn child at every stage of development all the rights, privileges, and immunities available to other persons, citizens, and residents of this state.”
Culture and Cutting
Authors: Reis Elizabeth 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe two provocative essays in this issue of the Hastings Center Report should stimulate debate not only about female genital cutting, fetal dexamethasone, and clitoral reduction surgery, but also about our fierce commitment to particular cultural norms about the body. Under what conditions may adults irreversibly modify a child's body because they think the change is in her best interest? Certainly, parents who opt for female genital cutting or for surgical reduction of an enlarged clitoris in a girl with congenital adrenal hyperplasia want to make choices that will contribute to their child's potential happiness. If cutting in Africa—or mitigating CAH symptoms here—upholds a girl's gender identity, which will translate into a fulfilled life as an adult, some argue that a parent's refusal to abide by social prescriptions does the child a serious disservice.
The Doctor‐Patient Relationship (When You're Neither)
Authors: Khullar Dhruv 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDespite what I wrote in my medical school applications, my relationship with medicine wasn't always the torrid love affair I made it out to be. Organic chemistry wasn't really my favorite class (or my second favorite, or my third). My heart didn't actually skip a beat as I waited for protein isolates to complete their snail‐paced race across an agarose gel. And while I certainly enjoyed the surgeries I scrubbed into as an undergraduate, even they lost their charm during the fifth hour of standing at attention, hands glued to my chest, petrified I would break the sterile field or pass out from starvation. For me, a career in medicine was a leap of faith. I had to trust that those flashes of meaningful human interaction I experienced early on would increase in frequency and intensity over the course of my career. Fortunately, I have not been disappointed thus far.
Discrimination and the Religious Workplace
Authors: Johnson Sandra H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTwo cases in 2012 involved employment discrimination claims. In one, a Catholic diocese had refused to renew the contract of a teacher who had sought in vitro fertilization. In another, earlier case, a Lutheran elementary school had terminated the contract of a teacher for “damaging her working relationship” with the school by “threatening to take legal action” when she was not permitted to return to work after disability leave related to narcolepsy. In both cases, the employers have argued that the employee's discrimination claims should be dismissed solely because of the religious character of the employer organization. The specific legal defenses in each suit differ somewhat, but ultimately they both rely on the First Amendment to exempt religious employers from civic responsibilities imposed by law on other private employers.
Toward Acceptance of Uterus Transplants
Authors: Orentlicher David 
Published: October 2014

AbstractShould surgeons offer uterus transplants to women who want to become pregnant but do not have a functioning uterus? The debate reminds us that society often neglects the interests of the infertile.Only a handful of uterus transplants have been reported worldwide—including two this past September—but advances in technique may make the transplants available more widely. Some women are born without a functioning uterus; others have hysterectomies for cancer, postpartum hemorrhage, or other reasons. Many of these women want to become mothers and carry their own pregnancies. However, the prospect of uterus transplantation has elicited sharp criticism. According to ethics professor Rebecca Kukla, the surgery is not, “in any traditional sense, therapeutic.”
Aesthetic Enhancement? Or Human Rights Violation?
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe view that we must respect cultural traditions is a welcome change from the past, when colonial powers ridiculed native customs and often sought to eradicate them. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to ask whether there is a limit to tolerance of a ritual that has been designated a “harmful traditional practice” by the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations Population Fund, and the recently created agency, UN Women. The article “Seven Things To Know About Female Genital Surgeries in Africa,” by the Public Policy Advisory Network on Female Genital Surgeries in Africa, contends that a need exists for more balanced critical thinking and open debate about what the authors choose to call “female genital surgery.” No one can reasonably quarrel with the call for accurate information in descriptions of the methods and consequences of female genital cutting. The network's own discussion of the facts is highly questionable, however.
Using Facts to Moderate the Message
Authors: Nour Nawal M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Public Policy Advisory Network on Female Genital Surgeries in Africa has written an article expressing concern about the media's inaccurate depiction of this practice and suggesting a more fact‐based approach to reporting on it. I applaud the network for soliciting input from various fields. I cannot agree more that some in the media have misconstrued, exaggerated, and used inflammatory language; words like “torture,” “barbaric,” and “horrific” will likely enrage readers while reinforcing discrimination against women who practice or have undergone genital cutting. The authors also assert that “any genuine public policy debate should be grounded in the best available evidence and begins with fact checking.” Again, I couldn't agree more. My concern is that there is bias in the way some of the data are presented in this article.
Clinicians’ Power and Leadership
Authors: Schei Edvin , Cassell Eric 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDespite medical leaders’ increasing acceptance of the idea that the whole person should be the focus of care, empirical studies show clinicians generally remain focused on narrower goals: disease categories, standardized treatment procedures, and objective measurements of health improvements. We assume doctors want to do a good job, consistent with their perception of the goals and norms of their profession, so they practice medicine based on the illusion that clinical medicine is “knowledge treating disease,” not people treating people. We believe that doctors’ seeming reduction of patients to clinical objects results from not seeing themselves as leaders for their patients or accepting their constructive power in clinical encounters.
Induction of VEGF Expression by Alpha‐Tocopherol and Alpha‐Tocopheryl Phosphate via PI3Kγ/PKB and hTAP1/SEC14L2‐Mediated Lipid Exchange
Authors: Zingg Jean‐Marc , Azzi Angelo , Meydani Mohsen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn several studies, vitamin E has been observed to influence angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. We recently showed that the phosphorylated form of α‐tocopherol (αT), α‐tocopheryl phosphate (αTP), increases the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Thus, αTP may act as an active lipid mediator increasing VEGF expression, angiogenesis, and vasculogenesis. Here, we investigated the molecular signaling mechanisms by which αTP induces VEGF expression using cultured HEK293 cells as model system. αT and more so αTP increased VEGF‐promoter activity in a phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase gamma (PI3Kγ)‐dependent manner. In contrast, after overexpression of PI3Kγ and/or protein kinase B (PKB), VEGF promoter activity was inhibited by αT and more so by αTP. Inhibition by αT and αTP was dependent on the lipid kinase activity of PI3Kγ, whereas an induction was seen with the protein kinase activity, consistent with a model in which PKB inhibition by αT or αTP occurs only when activated at the plasma membrane and possibly involves a phosphatase such as PHLPP1. PI3Kγ‐induced VEGF expression was reduced when the human tocopherol‐associated protein 1 (hTAP1/SEC14L2) was overexpressed suggesting formation of an inactive PI3Kγ/hTAP1 heterodimer, that could be reactivated by αT and more so by αTP. We suggest a novel signaling mechanism by which αTP stimulates PI3Kγ activity by stimulating hTAP‐mediated phosphatidylinositol exchange and presentation to the enzyme and/or dissociation of an inactive heterodimer. At cellular level, hTAP may act as sensor for intracellular lipid information (location, type, and amount of lipid) and translate it into responses of PI3K‐mediated signaling and gene expression. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 398–407, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epigenetic Pathways and Glioblastoma Treatment: Insights From Signaling Cascades
Authors: Allen Bryce K. , Stathias Vasileios , Maloof Marie E. , Vidovic Dusica , Winterbottom Emily F. , Capobianco Anthony J. , Clarke Jennifer , Schurer Stephan , Robbins David J. , Ayad Nagi G. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThere is an urgent need to identify novel therapies for glioblastoma (GBM) as most therapies are ineffective. A first step in this process is to identify and validate targets for therapeutic intervention. Epigenetic modulators have emerged as attractive drug targets in several cancers including GBM. These epigenetic regulators affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. Recent studies suggest that epigenetic regulators interact with drivers of GBM cell and stem‐like cell proliferation. These drivers include components of the Notch, Hedgehog, and Wingless (WNT) pathways. We highlight recent studies connecting epigenetic and signaling pathways in GBM. We also review systems and big data approaches for identifying patient specific therapies in GBM. Collectively, these studies will identify drug combinations that may be effective in GBM and other cancers. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 351–363, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association between the 8‐item Morisky medication adherence scale (MMAS‐8) score and glycaemic control among Chinese diabetes patients
Authors: Wong Martin C.S. , Wu Carmen H.M. , Wang Harry H.X. , Li Heung Wing , Hui Eric M.T. , Lam Augustine T. , Chung Roger Y.N. , Yip Benjamin H.K. , Morisky Donald E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAdherence with oral hypoglycaemic agent is crucial to achieve optimal glycaemic control. The 8‐item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS‐8) has been frequently used, yet the association between MMAS‐8 score and glycaemic control among Chinese diabetes patients is largely unknown. Two general out‐patient clinics were randomly selected in a district with socio‐demographic characteristics representative of the entire Hong Kong population. A consecutive sample of adult type‐2 diabetes patients currently taking oral hypoglycaemic agents was included. The glycaemic control was reflected by the level of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) taken within the previous 6 months. Factors associated with poor glycaemic control (HbA1c ≥ 7.0%) were evaluated by linear regression analysis. From 565 eligible Chinese patients with an average age of 63.2 years (SD 9.7) and male proportion of 46.5%, the average HbA1c was 7.1% (SD 1.1%), and 52.0% had poor glycaemic control. The proportion of poor medication adherence (MMAS‐8 ≤ 6) was 32.2%. After controlling for socio‐demographics, lifestyle, medication use, and health characteristics, the MMAS‐8 score was correlated with better glycaemic control (beta −0.095; 95%CI −0.164 to −0.026, P = .007). The MMAS‐8 score had a weak and negative correlation with HbA1c level. The instrument should be applied with caution when predicting glycaemic control in clinical practice.
Causes and consequences of adult laryngotracheal stenosis
Authors: Gelbard Alexander , Francis David O. , Sandulache Vlad C. , Simmons John C. , Donovan Donald T. , Ongkasuwan Julina 
Published: October 2014

Objectives/HypothesisLaryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) is largely considered a structural entity, defined on anatomic terms (i.e., percent stenosis, distance from vocal folds, overall length). This has significant implications for identifying at‐risk populations, devising systems‐based preventive strategies, and promoting patient‐centered treatment. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that LTS is heterogeneous with regard to etiology, natural history, and clinical outcome.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study of consecutive adult tracheal stenosis patients from 1998 to 2013.MethodsSubjects diagnosed with laryngotracheal stenosis (ICD‐9: 478.74, 519.19) between January 1, 1998, and January 1, 2013, were identified. Patient characteristics (age, gender, race, follow‐up duration) and comorbidities were extracted. Records were reviewed for etiology of stenosis, treatment approach, and surgical dates. Stenosis morphology was derived from intraoperative measurements. The presence of tracheostomy at last follow‐up was recorded.ResultsOne hundred and fifty patients met inclusion criteria. A total of 54.7% had an iatrogenic etiology, followed by idiopathic (18.5%), autoimmune (18.5%), and traumatic (8%). Tracheostomy dependence differed based on etiology (P < 0.001). Significantly more patients with iatrogenic (66%) and autoimmune (54%) etiologies remained tracheostomy‐dependent compared to traumatic (33%) or idiopathic (0%) groups. On multivariate regression analysis, each additional point on Charlson Comorbidity Index was associated with a 67% increased odds of tracheostomy dependence (odds ratio 1.67; 95% confidence interval 1.04–2.69; P = 0.04).ConclusionsLaryngotracheal stenosis is not a homogeneous clinical entity. It has multiple distinct etiologies that demonstrate disparate rates of long‐term tracheostomy dependence. Understanding the mechanism of injury and contribution of comorbid illnesses is critical to systems‐based preventive strategies and patient‐centered treatment.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 125:1137–1143, 2015
Influence of changes of the bending plane position on the fatigue life
Authors: Krzyżak D. , Kurek M. , Łagoda T. , Sówka D. 
Published: October 2014

The paper concerns influence of changes of the bending plane position on the fatigue life. The obtained results were analyzed and compared with the fatigue results for oscillatory bending.The applied specimens were smooth, they had round sections, and they were made of the leaded brass CuZn40Pb2 (MO58). The results obtained under cyclic bending with the plane position change were compared with the results obtained for the specimens with the same parameters under pure oscillatory bending. A change of the bending plane position occurred every 10% fatigue life determined under pure oscillatory bending at the given amplitude of the bending moment, according to the defined fatigue characteristics. Calculated values of nominal stress in a cross section were recalculated according with cyclic material properties and values of elasto‐plastic stress were obtained.
On the RF heating of coronary stents at 7.0 Tesla MRI
Authors: Winter Lukas , Oberacker Eva , Özerdem Celal , Ji Yiyi , von Knobelsdorff‐Brenkenhoff Florian , Weidemann Gerd , Ittermann Bernd , Seifert Frank , Niendorf Thoralf 
Published: October 2014

PurposeExamine radiofrequency (RF) induced heating of coronary stents at 7.0 Tesla (T) to derive an analytical approach which supports RF heating assessment of arbitrary stent geometries and RF coils.MethodsSimulations are performed to detail electromagnetic fields (EMF), local specific absorption rates (SAR) and temperature changes. For validation E‐field measurements and RF heating experiments are conducted. To progress to clinical setups RF coils tailored for cardiac MRI at 7.0T and coronary stents are incorporated into EMF simulations using a human voxel model.ResultsOur simulations of coronary stents at 297 MHz were confirmed by E‐field and temperature measurements. An analytical solution which describes SAR(1g tissue voxel) induced by an arbitrary coronary stent interfering with E‐fields generated by an arbitrary RF coil was derived. The analytical approach yielded a conservative estimation of induced SAR(1g tissue voxel) maxima without the need for integrating the stent into EMF simulations of the human voxel model.ConclusionThe proposed analytical approach can be applied for any patient, coronary stent type, RF coil configuration and RF transmission regime. The generalized approach is of value for RF heating assessment of other passive electrically conductive implants and provides a novel design criterion for RF coils. Magn Reson Med 74:999–1010, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.