bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biohydrometallurgy of secondary metal resources: a potential alternative approach for metal recovery
Authors: Erüst Ceren , Akcil Ata , Gahan Chandra Sekhar , Tuncuk Aysenur , Deveci Haci 
Published: July 2013

AbstractResearch on biohydrometallurgy of secondary metal resources is primarily focused on the leaching of valuable metals. For secondary metal resources biological processing can be an economically more effective and environmentally friendlier alternative to traditional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes. Therefore, biohydrometallurgy is a rapidly evolving biotechnology that has already provided revolutionary solutions to old problems associated with recovery of metals by conventional pyrometallurgy and chemical metallurgy. This review evaluates various processes of recovery of metals from waste materials and commercial applications are discussed. Case studies and future technology directions are reviewed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Modeling acute impact of sulfamethoxazole on the utilization of simple and complex substrates by fast growing microbial culture
Authors: Pala‐Ozkok Ilke , Kor‐Bicakci Gokce , Ural Aslihan , Katipoglu‐Yazan Tugce , Yagci Nevin , Ubay‐Cokgor Emine , Orhon Derin 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study involved model evaluation of the acute impact of sulfamethoxazole on utilization of peptone mixture and acetate by fast growing microbial cultures under aerobic conditions. These substrates were selected to represent complex and readily biodegradable organic carbon sources, respectively. Acclimated biomass was obtained from two fill/draw reactors sustained at a sludge age of 2 days, one fed with peptone mixture and the other with acetate. Acute inhibition was tested in two parallel sets of batch reactors. Each reactor set was started with acclimated biomass seeding and pulse sulfamethoxazole dosing, including a control reactor without antibiotic addition.RESULTSModel evaluation of the oxygen uptake rate, chemical oxygen demand and intracellular storage profiles indicated that sulfamethoxazole stopped substrate storage and accelerated endogenous respiration, but it did not affect microbial growth. The major inhibitory effect was on process stoichiometry, leading to partial substrate utilization. Enhanced endogenous respiration could be explained by higher maintenance energy required for possibly generating specific resistance mechanisms against the inhibitory effects of sulfamethoxazole.CONCLUSIONThe impact of sulfamethoxazole was different depending upon the nature of the substrate. For peptone mixture, it was stoichiometric, leading to partial substrate utilization. For acetate, it exerted slight inhibition on microbial growth, with full substrate utilization. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Glenohumeral relationships: Subchondral mineralization patterns, thickness of cartilage, and radii of curvature
Authors: Zumstein Valentin , Kraljević Marko , Müller‐Gerbl Magdalena 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTSubchondral mineralization represents the loading history of a joint and can be measured in vivo using computed tomography osteoabsorptiometry. Different mineralization patterns in the glenohumeral joint have been explained by the principle of physiologic incongruence. We sought to support this explanation by measurement of mineralization, radii, and cartilage thickness in 18 fresh shoulder specimens. We found three mineralization patterns: bicentric, monocentric anterior, and monocentric central. Mean radii of the glenoids were 27.4 mm for bicentric glenoids, 27.3 mm for monocentric anterior, and 24.8 mm for monocentric central glenoids. Cartilage thickness measurement revealed the highest values in anterior parts; the thinnest cartilage was found centrally. Our findings support the principle of a physiologic incongruence in the glenohumeral joint. Bicentric mineralization patterns exist in joints consisting of more flat glenoids compared to the corresponding humeral head. Monocentric distribution with a central maximum was found in specimens with glenoids being more curved, indicating higher degrees of congruence, which might represent an early stage of degenerative disease. The obtained information might also be important for implant fixation in resurfacing procedures or to achieve the best possible fit of an osteochondral allograft in the repair of cartilage defects. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1704–1707, 2013
Spontaneous laryngeal reinnervation following chronic recurrent laryngeal nerve injury
Authors: Kupfer Robbi A. , Old Matthew O. , Oh Sang Su , Feldman Eva L. , Hogikyan Norman D. 
Published: July 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo enhance understanding of spontaneous laryngeal muscle reinnervation following severe recurrent laryngeal nerve injury by testing the hypotheses that 1) nerve fibers responsible for thyroarytenoid muscle reinnervation can originate from multiple sources and 2) superior laryngeal nerve is a source of reinnervation.Study DesignProspective, controlled, animal model.MethodsA combination of retrograde neuronal labeling techniques, immunohistochemistry, electromyography, and sequential observations of vocal fold mobility were employed in rat model of chronic recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. The current study details an initial set of experiments in sham surgical and denervated group animals and a subsequent set of experiments in a denervated group.ResultsAt 3 months after recurrent laryngeal nerve resection, retrograde brainstem neuronal labeling identified cells in the characteristic superior laryngeal nerve cell body location as well as cells in a novel caudal location. Regrowth of neuron fibers across the site of previous recurrent laryngeal nerve resection was seen in 87% of examined animals in the denervated group. Electromyographic data support innervation by both the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves following chronic recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.ConclusionsFollowing chronic recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in the rat, laryngeal innervation is demonstrated through the superior laryngeal nerve from cells both within and outside of the normal cluster of cells that supply the superior laryngeal nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerve regenerates across a surgically created gap, but functional significance of regenerated nerve fibers is unclear. Laryngoscope, 123:2216–2227, 2013
Connexin 43 and hearing: Possible implications for retrocochlear auditory processing
Authors: Kim Ana H. , Nahm Edmund , Sollas Anne , Mattiace Linda , Rozental Renato 
Published: July 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo examine the relationship between hearing and connexin 43, a dominant gap junctional protein in the central nervous system.Study DesignOriginal research.MethodsConnexin 43 heterozygous mice are used to assess its mutational effect on hearing. Results are compared to controls consisting of connexin 43, wild type and CBA/J mice. Hearing is assessed using auditory brainstem response and distortion product otoacoustic emissions tests. Distribution of connexin 43 in the organ of Corti and the retrocochlear auditory centers (eight nerve, cochlear nucleus, olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, respectively) is examined. Fluorescent markers are used to elucidate cell types.ResultsMean click auditory brainstem response threshold for the young connexin 43 heterozygous mice (3–4 months) was 36.7 ± 12.6 dB compared to 25 ± 0 dB for control mice (P < 0.05). Mean threshold difference became more pronounced (68 ± 7.5 dB vs. 31 ± 2.2 dB) at 10 months (P < 0.05). Tonal auditory brainstem response testing showed elevated thresholds (>60 dB) at all frequencies (4–32 kHz) compared to the controls. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) were present in all the mice, although the older connexin 43 heterozygous mice responded at higher thresholds. The pattern of connexin 43 immunoreactivity was distinctive from connexin 26 and 30, showing minimal presence in the organ of Corti but robustly present in the retrocochlear centers.ConclusionConnexin 43 heterozygous mice demonstrated greater degree of hearing loss compared to age‐matched controls. It is abundantly found in the retrocochlear auditory centers. The mechanism of hearing loss in these mice does not appear to be related to hair cell loss.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 123:3185–3193, 2013
Improved wound healing of postischemic cutaneous flaps with the use of bone marrow‐derived stem cells
Authors: Hu Melissa , Ludlow David , Alexander J. Steven , McLarty Jerry , Lian Timothy 
Published: July 2013

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine if the intravascular delivery of mesenchymal stem cells improves wound healing and blood perfusion to postischemic cutaneous flap tissues.Study DesignRandomized controlled study.MethodsA murine model of a cutaneous flap was created based on the inferior epigastric vessels. Mice (n = 14) underwent 3.5 hours of ischemia followed by reperfusion. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) 1 × 106 were injected intravenously. Wound healing was then assessed measuring percent flap necrosis, flap perfusion, and tensile strength of the flap after a period of 14 days. Localization of BMSCs was determined with radiolabeled and fluorescent labeled BMSCs.ResultsPostischemic cutaneous flap tissues treated with BMSCs demonstrated significantly less necrosis than control flaps (P <0.01). Beginning on postoperative day 5, BMSC‐treated flaps demonstrated greater blood perfusion than untreated flaps (P <0.01). Tensile strength of BMSC‐treated cutaneous flaps was significantly higher (P <0.01), with a mean strength of 283.4 ± 28.4 N/m than control flaps with a mean of 122.4 ± 23.5 N/m. Radiolabeled BMSCs localized to postischemic flaps compared to untreated tissues (P = 0.001). Fluorescent microscopy revealed incorporation of BMSCs into endothelial and epithelial tissues of postischemic flaps.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the intravascular delivery of BMSCs increases wound healing and promotes flap survival following ischemia‐reperfusion injury of cutaneous tissue flaps. Laryngoscope, 124:642–648, 2014
Prediction of Milk/Plasma Concentration Ratios of Drugs and Environmental Pollutants Using In Silico Tools: Classification and Regression Based QSARs and Pharmacophore Mapping
Authors: Kar Supratik , Roy Kunal 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA large set of 185 compounds with diverse molecular structures and different mechanisms of therapeutic actions was used to develop and validate statistically significant classification and regression based QSTR models for predicting partitioning of drugs/chemicals into breast milk. Pharmacophore mapping was also carried out which showed four important features required for lower risk of secretion into milk: (i) hydrophobic group (HYD), (ii) ring aromatic group (RA), (iii) negative ionizable (NegIon) and (iv) hydrogen bond donor (HBA). QSTR and pharmacophore models were rigorously validated internally as well as externally to check the possibilities of any chance correlation and judge the predictive potential of the models. Pharmacological distribution diagrams (PDDs) were used for the classification model as a visualizing technique for the identification and selection of chemicals with lower partitioning into milk. Our in silico models enable to identify the essential structural attributes and quantify the prime molecular pre‐requisites which were chiefly responsible for secretion into milk. The developed models were also implemented to screen milk/plasma partitioning potential for a huge number DrugBank database (http://www.drugbank.ca/) compounds.
Enriching self‐organizing networks use cases with opportunistic features: a coverage and capacity optimization paradigm
Authors: Karvounas Dimitrios , Vlacheas Panagiotis , Georgakopoulos Andreas , Stavroulaki Vera , Demestichas Panagiotis 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYSelf‐organizing networks (SONs) have been introduced into long‐term evolution in order to configure and optimize the network in an autonomic manner. However, in some situations the reconfiguration of the entire network is not the most cost‐efficient solution. Consequently, opportunistic networks have been introduced as operator‐governed, coordinated extensions of the infrastructure that are created dynamically where and when they are needed, exploiting the radio environment. This work proposes an enhanced SON functional architecture (FA) with opportunistic features in order to handle such situations through the manipulation of ONs. In addition, the proposed FA is utilized in a coverage and capacity optimization use case, where small cells are deployed in order to extend the capacity of a macro base station (BS). Users opportunistically exploit the resources (i.e. resource blocks) of the small cells. In addition, the small cells are configured to the optimal power level in order to maximize the users’ throughput without causing interference to the other users. Two different approaches of controlling the interference among the macro BS and the small cells are presented, namely soft constraint and hard constraint cases. Furthermore, apart from maximizing the users’ throughput, emphasis is given to the fairness among the users and on the quality‐of‐service provision through a proper resource allocation. The evaluation proved that when small cells are introduced the system's throughput is increased by 12.76% when the macro BS and the small cells cannot use the same resource blocks simultaneously (hard constraint case) and by 8.25% when the reuse is possible. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Krylov subspace and spectral methods for solving complementarity problems in many‐body contact dynamics simulation
Authors: Heyn Toby , Anitescu Mihai , Tasora Alessandro , Negrut Dan 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYMany‐body dynamics problems are expected to handle millions of unknowns when, for instance, investigating the three‐dimensional flow of granular material. Unfortunately, the size of the problems tractable by existing numerical solution techniques is severely limited on convergence grounds. This is typically the case when the equations of motion embed a differential variational inequality problem that captures contact and possibly frictional interactions between rigid and/or flexible bodies. As the size of the physical system increases, the speed and/or the quality of the numerical solution decreases. This paper describes three methods – the gradient projected minimum residual method, the preconditioned spectral projected gradient with fallback method, and the modified proportioning with reduced gradient projection method – that demonstrate better scalability than the projected Jacobi and Gauss–Seidel methods commonly used to solve contact problems that draw on a differential‐variational‐inequality‐based modeling approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second‐order convected particle domain interpolation (CPDI2) with enrichment for weak discontinuities at material interfaces
Authors: Sadeghirad A. , Brannon R.M. , Guilkey J.E. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYConvected particle domain interpolation (CPDI) is a recently developed extension of the material point method, in which the shape functions on the overlay grid are replaced with alternative shape functions, which (by coupling with the underlying particle topology) facilitate efficient and algorithmically straightforward evaluation of grid node integrals in the weak formulation of the governing equations. In the original CPDI algorithm, herein called CPDI1, particle domains are tracked as parallelograms in 2‐D (or parallelepipeds in 3‐D). In this paper, the CPDI method is enhanced to more accurately track particle domains as quadrilaterals in 2‐D (hexahedra in 3‐D). This enhancement will be referred to as CPDI2. Not only does this minor revision remove overlaps or gaps between particle domains, it also provides flexibility in choosing particle domain shape in the initial configuration and sets a convenient conceptual framework for enrichment of the fields to accurately solve weak discontinuities in the displacement field across a material interface that passes through the interior of a grid cell. The new CPDI2 method is demonstrated, with and without enrichment, using one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional examples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges of using primary care electronic medical records in the UK to study medications in pregnancy
Authors: Cea‐Soriano Lucia , García Rodríguez Luis A. , Fernández Cantero Oscar , Hernández‐Díaz Sonia 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTPurposeThis paper aimed to assess the prescription of medications during pregnancy by primary care physicians in the UK.MethodsWe identified both completed pregnancies and pregnancies losses (ectopic pregnancies, miscarriages, terminations, and stillbirths) in women aged 13–49 years enrolled in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) between 1996 and 2010 following an algorithm with three sequential cycles that searched for Read Code groups in hierarchical order: (1) indicators of conception; (2) delivery or pregnancy loss; and (3) other codes suggestive of pregnancy. Completed pregnancies were linked to liveborn infants by means of the family identification number and date of birth. Prescription of specific drugs during the first trimester and time trends during the last decade were calculated.ResultsA total of 191 000 pregnancies were identified, including 148 544 completed pregnancies and 42 456 (22.2%) pregnancies losses (ectopic pregnancies, miscarriages, terminations, and stillbirths). Of the completed pregnancies, 131670 (88.6%) were successfully linked with the offspring. The most commonly prescribed drugs were antibiotics, antimycotics, asthma/allergy medications, and analgesics. From 1996 to 2010, the proportion of completed pregnancies with at least one prescription during the first trimester increased for antidepressants (1.8% to 4.2%), thyroid hormones (0.7% to 1.6%), and opiods (1.5% to 2.6%), among other drugs.ConclusionIn conclusion, the prescription of several medications by primary care physicians during the first trimester of pregnancy has risen in the UK during the last decade. We discuss how, when important challenges are considered, THIN may be a promising resource to study specific therapies during pregnancy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stehaufmännchen, Kolumbus‐Eier und ein Gömböc
Authors: Ucke Christian , Schlichting Hans Joachim 
Published: July 2013

AbstractEin Stehaufmännchen richtet sich von selbst immer wieder auf. Einmal angestoßen, wackelt es als Rollpendel hin und her. Sogenannte Trickeier kann man auf das spitze Ende hinstellen. Sie fallen allerdings nach einiger Zeit um. Das Gömböc ist ein dreidimensionaler, konvexer und homogener Körper mit nur einer stabilen Gleichgewichtslage, ähnlich wie ein Stehaufmännchen. Es wurde erst 2006 von Mathematikern erfunden.
Die dunkle Seite der Galaxienentwicklung
Authors: Lutz Dieter , Sturm Eckhard 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMit dem Weltraumobservatorium Herschel wurde erstmals der Großteil des kosmischen Infrarothintergrunds in ferne Galaxien aufgelöst. Ein Vergleich der Eigenschaften dieser fernen Galaxien mit denen naher infrarotstarker Galaxien lässt sich mit dem Konzept einer “Hauptreihe” sich stetig entwickelnder Galaxien erklären. Hierin ändern sich die Eigenschaften vom frühen Universum bis heute durch den sinkenden Gasanteil. Die weitere Entwicklung zu passiven Galaxien wird intensiv untersucht. Aktive Galaxienkerne, in denen sich supermassereiche Schwarze Löcher befinden, könnten hierbei eine Rolle spielen.
Planck misst Licht vom Anfang der Zeit
Authors: Enßlin Torsten A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDas europäische Weltraumteleskop Planck hat die Kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung mit bislang unerreichter Genauigkeit vermessen. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen das Standardmodell der Kosmologie, nach dem wir in einem von Dunkler Materie und Dunkler Energie dominierten Universum leben. Darüber hinaus erlauben die Planck‐Daten Einblicke in die allerersten Momente des Universums als der Raum “inflationär” explodierte und Quanteneffekte die Ursprünge für die heutigen kosmischen Strukturen bildeten.
Der Scheinriese im Säulengang
Authors: Schlichting H. Joachim 
Published: July 2013

AbstractEin Säulengang, der kürzer ist, als er erscheint, lässt Menschen scheinbar wachsen, wenn sie durch ihn hindurchgehen. Die geschickte optische Täuschung eines Architekten aus dem 17. Jahrhundert befindet sich in einem alten Palast in Rom.
‘I know they are distressed. What do I do now?’
Authors: Moorey Stirling 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSignificant advances have been made in our understanding of psychological adjustment to cancer over the last 40 years. Most clinicians now recognise the importance of psychosocial factors and the need for skills in emotional support. In the first phase of psycho‐oncology, pioneering work in the 1970s and 1980s mapped the extent of psychological morbidity in cancer. This has been followed by a second phase where clinical trials have demonstrated that psychological treatments are effective. But although clinicians may feel more confident in identifying distress and listening to the patient, they rarely feel confident that they possess the skills to help. This paper will review the progress through the first two phases and argue that we are now in the third phase where we can begin to examine methods for delivering cost‐effective psychological care. One of these methods is to equip staff with basic skills to understand and manage psychological distress. This paper will also describe a programme over the last 10 years to evaluate the effectiveness and clinical impact of such training for palliative care professionals. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technology of carbon nanotubes production in gas mixtures containing carbon monoxide
Authors: Khovavko Alexander , Sviatenko Alexey , Kotov Victor , Bondarenko Borys , Nebesniy Andriy , Filonenko Denis 
Published: July 2013

AbstractHigh‐temperature processes of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) synthesis are inherently power‐consuming and also are difficult to manage. The analysis of known technologies of CNTs production shows that the majority of low‐temperature processes, anyhow, are closely related with conversion of hydrocarbons at various temperature regimes. Besides, these technologies differ for applied catalysts and methods of their deriving. Low‐temperature processes, in turn, normally are inefficient and have a low use factor of hydrocarbons. In the present work there were studied new approaches which would give the possibility to continuously receive carbon nanotubes. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Delta(δ)‐doping of semiconductor nanowires
Authors: Zervos Matthew 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe electronic sub‐band structure of single δ‐layers in GaAs nanowires have been determined via the self‐consistent solution of the Poisson–Schrödinger equations in the effective mass approximation. The spread and sheet density of the δ‐layer were varied systematically between 1–12 nm and 1012–1013 cm–2, respectively. A V‐shaped potential is obtained for a δ‐layer of 8 nm with a sheet density of 8 × 1012 cm–2at the core resulting in strong confinement with just one sub‐band falling below the Fermi level, but complete depletion occurs for smaller spreads and/or sheet densities. In contrast a W‐like potential is obtained across the diameter with three sub‐bands below the Fermi level when the same δ‐layer is positioned half way between the core and surface due to weaker quantum confinement. Finally, δ‐doping at the surface results in a flat‐band potential extending from the core up to the surface and a thinner tunnel barrier suitable for the formation of low‐resistance ohmic contacts and higher carrier mobilities since the charge distribution has a maximum at the core in all of the aforementioned cases. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)