bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intakes and sources of isoflavones, lignans, enterolignans, coumestrol and soya-containing foods in the Norfolk arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk), from 7 d food diaries, using a newly updated database
Authors: Mulligan Angela A , Kuhnle Gunter GC , Lentjes Marleen AH , van Scheltinga Veronica , Powell Natasha A , McTaggart Alison , Bhaniani Amit , Khaw Kay-Tee 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectiveA diet rich in phyto-oestrogens has been suggested to protect against a variety of common diseases but UK intake data on phyto-oestrogens or their food sources are sparse. The present study estimates the average intakes of isoflavones, lignans, enterolignans and coumestrol from 7 d food diaries and provides data on total isoflavone, lignan and phyto-oestrogen consumption by food group.DesignDevelopment of a food composition database for twelve phyto-oestrogens and analysis of soya food and phyto-oestrogen consumption in a population-based study.SettingMen and women, aged 40–79 years, from the general population participating in the Norfolk arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk) between 1993 and 1997, with nutrient and food data from 7 d food diaries.SubjectsA subset of 20 437 participants.ResultsThe median daily phyto-oestrogen intake for all men was 1199 μg (interquartile range 934–1537 μg; mean 1504 μg,sd1502 μg) and 888 μg for all women (interquartile range 710–1135 μg; mean 1205 μg,sd1701 μg). In soya consumers, median daily intakes were higher: 2861 μg in men (interquartile range 1304–7269 μg; mean 5051 μg,sd5031 μg) and 3142 μg in women (interquartile range 1089–7327 μg; mean 5396 μg,sd6092 μg). In both men and women, bread made the greatest contribution to phyto-oestrogen intake – 40·8 % and 35·6 %, respectively. In soya consumers, vegetable dishes and soya/goat's/sheep's milks were the main contributors – 45·7 % and 21·3 % in men and 38·4 % and 33·7 % in women, respectively.ConclusionsThe ability to estimate phyto-oestrogen intake in Western populations more accurately will aid investigations into their suggested effects on health.
Inadequate feeding of infant and young children in India: lack of nutritional information or food affordability?
Authors: Malhotra Nisha 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectiveDespite a rapidly growing economy and rising income levels in India, improvements in child malnutrition have lagged. Data from the most recent National Family Health Survey reveal that the infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices recommended by the WHO and the Indian Government, including the timely introduction of solid food, are not being followed by a majority of mothers in India. It is puzzling that even among rich households children are not being fed adequately. The present study analyses the socio-economic factors that contribute to this phenomenon, including the role of nutritional information.DesignIYCF practices from the latest National Family Health Survey (2005–2006) were analysed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to establish the determinants of poor feeding practices. The indicators recommended by the WHO were used to assess the IYCF practices.SettingIndia.SubjectsChildren (n9241) aged 6–18 months.ResultsWealth was shown to have only a small effect on feeding practices. For children aged 6–8 months, the mother's wealth status was not found to be a significant determinant of sound feeding practices. Strikingly, nutritional advice on infant feeding practices provided by health professionals (including anganwadi workers) was strongly correlated with improved practices across all age groups. Exposure to the media was also found to be a significant determinant.ConclusionsProviding appropriate information may be a crucial determinant of sound feeding practices. Efforts to eradicate malnutrition should include the broader goals of improving knowledge related to childhood nutrition and IYCF practices.
Identification and characterization of a kunzeaol synthase from Thapsia garganica: implications for the biosynthesis of the pharmaceutical thapsigargin
Authors: Pickel Benjamin , Drew Damian P. , Manczak Tom , Weitzel Corinna , Simonsen Henrik T. , Ro Dae-Kyun 
Published: September 2012

Thapsigargin is a major terpenoid constituent of Thapsia garganica root. Owing to its potent antagonistic effect on the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, thapsigargin has been widely used to study Ca2+ signalling and is also a potential drug for prostate cancer. Despite its importance, thapsigargin biosynthesis in T. garganica remains unknown. In order to decipher thapsigargin biosynthesis, deep transcript sequencing (454 and Illumina) of the T. garganica root was performed, and two terpene synthases (TgTPS1/2) were identified. Functional characterization of their encoded enzymes in a metabolically engineered yeast revealed that TgTPS1 synthesized δ-cadinene, whereas TgTPS2 produced ten distinct terpenoids. However, cultivation of the TgTPS2-expressing yeast in pH-maintained conditions (pH 6–7) yielded one major oxygenated sesquiterpenoid, suggesting that formation of multiple terpenoids was caused by acidity. The major terpene product from TgTPS2 was identified as 6β-hydroxygermacra-1(10),4-diene (kunzeaol) by mass-fragmentation pattern, retention index, the nature of its acid-induced degradation and NMR. Also, recombinant TgTPS2 efficiently catalysed the synthesis of kunzeaol in vitro from farnesyl diphosphate with a Km of 2.6 μM and a kcat of 0.03 s−1. The present paper is the first report of a kunzeaol synthase, and a mechanism for the transformation of kunzeaol into the thapsigargin backbone is proposed.
TERRITORIAL BORDERS AS INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Müller Andreas 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT
In sociological research on territorial borders, theoretical concepts prevail which identify borders with migration control and hence conclude from the contemporary trend to ex-territorialise such controls the dissolution between territories and borders. Such an understanding however prevents to distinguish between different instruments and logics of migration control. Departing from this perspective, the argument is developed that borders are more adequately understood as institutionalised rules about the spatial separation of the exercise of authority. Such a perspective provides first to analytically distinguish between borders in general on the one hand and the specific functions particular borders are designed to fulfil on the other hand. Second, such a concept enables us to address how political and societal actors discover the border as an instrument for realising their interests and hence engage in border politics. Third, the possibility emerges to analyse how processes of globalisation and regional integration change the political perception and thereby the political regulation of borders' functions.
Dependent Children and Women's Sickness Absence in the EU Countries and Norway
Authors: Mastekaasa Arne 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT
Previous research has yielded quite varying results with regard to the relationship between children and women's sickness absence from work. This study examines the issue using data from the EU Labour Surveys. Cross-sectional data from 2005 covering 23 EU countries plus Norway are used. The data are analysed by means of logistic regression with control for country, age, working hours and socio-economic status. For married/cohabiting women, there is a quite consistent tendency for dependent children to be associated with lower sickness absence. A single young child is, however, related to higher sickness absence in some analyses, suggesting that the transition to parenthood may be stressful. Single mothers do not in general have higher sickness absence than their married/cohabiting counterparts. The tendency toward lower sickness absence in most groups of married/cohabiting mothers is likely to be due to selection to some extent, but also to favourable role accumulation effects.
Multiferroic behaviour and the magneto-dielectric effect in Bi5FeTi3O15 thin films
Authors: Sun Hui , Lu Xiaomei , Su Jie , Xu Tingting , Ju Changcheng , Huang Fengzhen , Zhu Jinsong 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Thin films of Fe-containing the Aurivillius phase Bi5FeTi3O15 (BFTO) were successfully prepared by chemical solution deposition. The microstructure, ferroelectric behaviours, magnetic properties and the magneto-dielectric effect were investigated systematically at room temperature (RT). A definite hysteresis loop of the BFTO film was obtained with the remanent polarization (2P
r) ∼ 43.3 µC cm−2 under an electric field of 300 kV cm−1. To exclude the contribution of the leakage current to polarization, we studied the frequency dependence of hysteresis loops in the BFTO thin film and made positive-up–negative-down measurements. These results indicated the intrinsic ferroelectricity in the present BFTO film and it was supported by the ε–V curve. Furthermore, a weak ferromagnetism with an in-plane saturated magnetization (M
s) of ∼ 1.7 emu cm−3 was also observed in the BFTO film, which may have originated from the Fe2+–O–Fe3+ nanocluster and the F-centre exchange (FCE) mechanism. Therefore, the ferromagnetism could be considered as in nanoregions. More importantly, the magneto-dielectric effect was found with a magneto-dielectric coefficient of ∼−2.8% at a frequency of 100 kHz at RT. The probable origins of magnetic anisotropy and the magneto-dielectric effect were discussed. All these results demonstrated the RT multiferroic behaviour of the BFTO film.
Shear-induced Reynolds stress at the edge of L-mode tokamak plasmas
Authors: Fedorczak N. , Diamond P.H. , Tynan G. , Manz P. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The turbulent flux of momentum—or Reynolds stress—is a mechanism responsible for the generation of sheared flow by turbulence. The structure of the flux-surface-averaged stress

is investigated in the edge region of an L-mode tokamak plasma. The stress induced by the perpendicular tilting of ballooning modes is considered. In addition to the tilting by the E × B flow shear, which is a negative viscosity effect, a magnetic-shear-induced Reynolds stress—called

-residual stress—arises as a consequence of a residual spatial tilting of ballooning modes by the magnetic shear in a poloidally up–down asymmetric magnetic geometry. A model is derived in the weak flow shear regime under the approximation of circular flux surfaces. The amplitude of this residual stress is of the order of the square of the radial velocity fluctuations in the scrape-off layer (SOL), and in the immediate radial vicinity of the separatrix if an X-point exists. Its amplitude drops rapidly to zero towards the plasma core, thus appearing as a source of transverse rotation at the interface. Its non-linear dependence on the electric shear is discussed in the context of the weak electric shear effect on the poloidal shape of the ballooning envelope. The local

-residual stress is non-uniform poloidally and changes sign according to the up/down position of SOL end-plates with respect to the ∇B × B direction. The electric- and magnetic-shear-induced stresses are then included in a flux-surface-averaged 1D model of mean flow conservation at the plasma edge, including the SOL volume. In L-mode weak shear regimes, it is shown that changing the plasma geometry from ∇B × B away from the divertor to ∇B × B towards the divertor approximately doubles the electric shear strength inside the separatrix, as reported in experiments. This shear-induced stress also enters the toroidal momentum balance, where it appears as a significant source of momentum in the immediate vicinity of the separatrix. Balanced by the toroidal viscosity only, it can sustain toroidal flow gradients of the order of a km s−1 cm−1 at the separatrix, with a sign also dependent on the plasma geometry. These momentum sources arising from symmetry breaking at the boundary of the confined region may explain why low to high mode power thresholds are lower in favourable than unfavourable configurations, and may be important for the issue of optimal plasma shapes with respect to edge intrinsic shear.
Study of fast-ion transport induced by fishbones on JET
Authors: Perez von Thun C. , Salmi A. , Perona A. , Sharapov S.E. , Pinches S.D. , Popovichev S. , Conroy S. , Kiptily V.G. , Brix M. , Cecconello M. , Johnson T. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The impact of fishbone oscillations onto a confined fast-ion population is simulated for a JET plasma and benchmarked against experiment quantitatively with the help of neutron rate measurements. The transient drops in volume integrated neutron emission are found to be mainly caused by the spatial redistribution of the (neutral beam injected) fast-ion population confined in the plasma rather than by fast-ion loss. The simulations yield a quadratic dependence of the neutron drop on the fishbone amplitude. It is found that the simulations are able to correctly reproduce the magnitude of the experimentally observed drop in volume integrated neutron emission to within a factor 2. Furthermore, frequency chirping is found to be important. Omitting the fishbone frequency chirp in the simulations reduces the magnitude of the neutron rate drop (and hence fast-ion redistribution) to about half its original value.
Simulations of fast ion wall loads in ASDEX Upgrade in the presence of magnetic perturbations due to ELM-mitigation coils
Authors: Asunta O. , Äkäslompolo S. , Kurki-Suonio T. , Koskela T. , Sipilä S. , Snicker A. , García-Muñoz M. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The effect of ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) edge localized mode (ELM)-mitigation coils on fast ion wall loads was studied with the fast particle following Monte Carlo code ASCOT. Neutral beam injected particles were simulated in two AUG discharges both in the presence and in the absence of the magnetic field perturbation induced by the eight newly installed in-vessel coils. In one of the discharges (#26476) beams were applied individually, making it a useful basis for investigating the effect of the coils on different beams. However, no ELM mitigation was observed in #26476, probably due to the low plasma density. Therefore, another discharge (#26895) demonstrating clear ELM mitigation was also studied. The magnetic perturbation due to the in-vessel coils has a significant effect on the fast particle confinement, but only when total magnetic field, B
tot, is low. When B
tot was high, the perturbation did not increase the losses, but merely resulted in redistribution of the wall power loads. Hence, it seems to be possible to achieve ELM mitigation using in-vessel coils, while still avoiding increased fast ion losses, by simply using a strong B
tot. Preliminary comparisons between simulated and experimental fast ion lost detector signals show a reasonable correspondence.
Status of the JET Faraday cup lost alpha particle diagnostic KA-2
Authors: Cecil F.E. , Kiptily V. , Darrow D.S. , Murari A. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
We review the operational status and present a few recent results from the JET lost alpha particle diagnostic KA2. We summarize the results of our study of the correlation between KA2 signals and JET magnetic fields and the correlation between KA2 signals and the scintillator-based lost alpha probe KA3. In addition we quantify the relative insensitivity of the diagnostic to intense neutron and gamma ray background radiation fields and our observations of the electro-mechanical noise in the diagnostics signals. We present recent observations carried out during the 2011 JET campaign following the installation of the beryllium ITER-like wall. These observations include lost energetic deuterons during both ion-cyclotron and neutral beam heated plasmas; in particular we have measured relatively intense fluxes of energetic particles during sawtooth plasmas.
Remission of refractory Crohn's disease by high‐dose cyclophosphamide and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
Authors: Hasselblatt P. , Drognitz K. , Potthoff K. , Bertz H. , Kruis W. , Schmidt C. , Stallmach A. , Schmitt‐Graeff A. , Finke J. , Kreisel W. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBackgroundDespite advances in immunosuppressive therapy, up to 10% of patients with severe Crohn's disease (CD) remain refractory to conventional treatment. Limited evidence from pilot trials suggests that high‐dose immunosuppression and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (autoPBSCT) may induce remission in these patients, but there is substantial controversy regarding the safety and efficacy of this approach.AimTo address this issue, a monocentre phase I/II trial of autoPBSCT was performed in patients with refractory CD in our hospital.MethodsHere, we report on the outcome of 12 patients with refractory CD treated with autoPBSCT. Briefly, CD34+‐selected PBSCs were harvested after mobilisation therapy with cyclophosphamide and granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor. Later, immunoablative conditioning therapy with high‐dose cyclophosphamide followed by autoPBSCT was applied and clinical and endoscopic responses were analysed after a mean follow‐up of 3.1 years (range 0.5–10.3 years).ResultsPBSC harvest following mobilisation chemotherapy was successful in 11/12 patients and resulted in a clinical and endoscopic improvement in 7/12 patients. Subsequent conditioning and autoPBSCT were performed in nine patients and were relatively well tolerated. Among those, five patients achieved a clinical and endoscopic remission within 6 months after autoPBSCT. However, relapses occurred in 7/9 patients during follow‐up, but disease activity could be controlled by low‐dose corticosteroids and conventional immunosuppressive therapy.ConclusionImmunoablation by cyclophosphamide and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation is safe and effective to induce remission of refractory Crohn's disease, and should be further evaluated in randomised controlled trials.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of sacral neuromodulation for faecal incontinence in the Netherlands
Authors: van Wunnik B. P. W. , Visschers R. G. J. , van Asselt A. D. I. , Baeten C. G. M. I. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAim  Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) plays a major part in the algorithm of management of faecal incontinence, but there are limited data on its cost‐effectiveness. This study aimed to analyse this and the quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) associated with two different treatment algorithms. The first (SNM−) included use of an artificial sphincter [dynamic graciloplasty (DGP) (50%) and artificial bowel sphincter (ABS) (50%)]. The second (SNM+) included SNM (80% of cases) and artificial sphincter (DGP 10%; ABS 10%) The incidence of sphincteroplasty was assumed to be equal in both algorithms.Method  A Markov model was developed. A hypothetical cohort of patients was run through both strategies of the model. A mailed EuroQoL‐5D questionnaire was used to determine health‐related quality of life. Costs were reproduced from the Maastricht University Medical Centre prospective faecal incontinence database. The time scale of the analysis was 5 years.Results  The former treatment protocol cost €22 651 per patient and the latter, after the introduction of SNM, cost €16 473 per patient. The former treatment protocol resulted in a success rate of 0.59 after 5 years, whereas with the introduction of SNM this was 0.82. Adhering to the former treatment protocol yielded 4.14 QALYs and implementing the latter produced 4.21 QALYs.Conclusion  The study demonstrated that introducing SNM in the surgical management algorithm for faecal incontinence was both more effective and less costly than DGP or ABS without SNM. This justifies adequate funding for SNM for patients with faecal incontinence.
Metachronous colorectal cancer risk in patients with a moderate family history
Authors: Newton K. F. , Green K. , Walsh S. , Lalloo F. , Hill J. , Evans D. G. R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAim  Lifetime risk of a metachronous colorectal cancer (mCRC) is 0.6–3% following sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) and 15–26% in Lynch syndrome. The lifetime incidence of CRC in individuals with moderate familial risk is 8–17%. Risk of mCRC is unknown.Method  A retrospective longitudinal study of the Regional Familial CRC Registry was performed. Patients who had at least one CRC were categorized as follows: moderate risk (n = 383), Lynch syndrome (n = 528) and average (population) risk (n = 409). The Kaplan–Meier estimate (1‐KM) and the cumulative incidence function were used to calculate the risk of mCRC. The 1‐KM gives the risk for individuals remaining at risk (alive) at a given time point and thus is useful for counselling. The cumulative incidence function gives the risk for the whole population.Results  The 1‐KM and the cumulative incidence function demonstrated that the risk of mCRC was significantly higher in moderate‐risk patients compared with average (population)‐risk patients (1‐KM, P = 0.008; cumulative incidence function, P = 0.00097). However, the risk of mCRC was higher in patients with Lynch syndrome than in moderate‐risk or average (population)‐risk patients. The 1‐KM in moderate‐risk patients was 2.7%, 6.3% and 23.5% at 5, 10 and 20 years, respectively. In average (population)‐risk patients, the 1‐KM was 1.3%, 3.1% and 7.0% at 5, 10 and 20 years, and the cumulative incidence function was 0.3%, 0.6% and 2.4% at the same time points, respectively.Conclusion  These data indicate that the risk of mCRC is significantly higher in patients with a moderate family history of CRC than in those with an average (population) risk. This justifies proactive lifelong surveillance.
Epileptic seizures in patients following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective analysis of incidence, risk factors, and survival rates
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐hui , Xu Lan‐ping , Liu Dai‐hong , Chen Huan , Han Wei , Chen Yu‐hong , Wang Feng‐rong , Wang Jing‐zhi , Wang Yu , Zhao Ting , Chen Yao , Fu Hai‐xia , Liu Kai‐yan , Huang Xiao‐jun 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe incidence of epileptic seizures among allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo‐HSCT) patients has been poorly described. No report has systematically studied epilepsy's possible causes, risk factors, and effect on prognosis among allo‐HSCT patients. We retrospectively examined data from 1461 patients who underwent allo‐HSCT within the past 6.5 yr at the Institute of Hematology and People's Hospital, Peking University. The cumulative incidence of all epileptic seizure complications was 7.1%. Of the 79 transplant patients who had epileptic seizures, 3 (3.8%) experienced a seizure during the conditioning stage, 52 (65.8%) between day 0 and day 100, 20 (25.3%) from day 100 to the first year, and 4 (5.1%) after the first year. Multivariate regression analysis identified the age of the recipient as (≤18 yr) (p < 0.001), donor type (p = 0.004), graft versus host disease (aGVHD) (p = 0.018), and hyponatremia (p = 0.003) as independent risk factors for epileptic seizures among allo‐HSCT patients. The median survival time of patients with epileptic seizures was 246 d after transplantation (ranging between 18 and 2170 d). Survival after one yr and 6.5 yr was significantly reduced in patients who developed epileptic seizure complications compared with those who did not (57.2% vs. 75.7% at one yr, p = 0.015, and 31.1% vs. 71.4% at five yr, p < 0.001). Of the 79 patients who experienced epileptic seizure complications, 53.2% died (n = 42). The survival rate of these patients was relatively low, and cerebrovascular disorders or central nervous system infection‐related epileptic seizures usually resulted in a high mortality and poor prognosis. A patient transplantation age which is younger than 18 yr, related mismatched transplants, aGVHD, and hyponatremia are risk factors for epileptic seizures in allo‐HSCT recipients. Epileptic seizures among allo‐HSCT patients are associated with a poor prognosis.