bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Behavior of Clobazam on High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography Chiral Stationary Phases
Authors: Sabia Rocchina , De Martino Michela , Cavazzini Alberto , Villani Claudio 
Published: October 2015

AbstractClobazam, a 1,5‐benzodiazepin‐2,4‐dione, is a chiral molecule because its ground state conformation features a nonplanar seven‐membered ring lacking reflection symmetry elements. The two conformational enantiomers of clobazam interconvert at room temperature by a simple ring‐flipping process. Variable temperature HPLC on the Pirkle type (R)‐N‐(3,5‐dinitronenzoyl)phenylglycine and (R,R)‐Whelk‐O1 chiral stationary phases (CSPs) allowed us to separate for the first time the conformational enantiomers of clobazam and to observe peak coalescence‐decoalescence phenomena due to concomitant separation and interconversion processes occurring on the same time scale. Clobazam showed temperature dependent dynamic high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiles with interconversion plateaus on the two CSPs indicative of on‐column enantiomer interconversion. (enantiomerization) in the column temperature range between Tcol = 10°C and Tcol = 30°C, whereas on‐column interconversion was absent at temperature close to or lower than Tcol = 5°C. Computer simulation of exchange‐deformed HPLC profiles using a program based on the stochastic model yielded the apparent rate constants for the on‐column enantiomerization and the corresponding free energy activation barriers. At Tcol = 20°C the averaged enantiomerization barriers, ΔG‡, for clobazam were found in the range 21.08–21.53 kcal mol−1 on the two CSPs. The experimental dynamic chromatograms and the corresponding interconversion barriers reported in this article are consistent with the literature data measured by DNMR at higher temperatures and in different solvents. Chirality 28:17–21, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mesopore‐Promoted Transport in Microporous Materials
Authors: Schneider Daniel , Kondrashova Daria , Valiullin Rustem , Bunde Armin , Kärger Jörg 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn addition to the respective pore space geometries, transport enhancement in hierarchical nanoporous materials may most decisively depend on the nature of the probe molecule under consideration. As a function of these two influences, mass transfer in hierarchical materials may follow quite different scenarios. Considering mass transfer enhancement by a network of mesopores within a microporous continuum, this work presents an approach to assess these influences quantitatively. The validity of this approach is tested by dynamic Monte Carlo simulations and by comparison with the results of diffusion measurements.
Does skin cancer screening save lives? A detailed analysis of mortality time trends in Schleswig‐Holstein and Germany
Authors: Stang Andreas , Jöckel Karl‐Heinz 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDAfter a pilot study on skin cancer screening was performed between 2003 and 2004 in Schleswig‐Holstein, Germany, the country implemented what to the authors' knowledge is the first nationwide skin cancer screening program in the world in 2008. The objective of the current study was to provide details regarding mortality trends in Schleswig‐Holstein and Germany in relation to the screening.METHODSAnnual age‐standardized mortality rates for skin melanoma (using the 10th Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems [ICD‐10] code C43) and malignant neoplasms of ill‐defined, secondary, and unspecified sites (ICD‐10 code C76‐C80) were analyzed. The European Standard population was used for age standardization. A bias analysis was performed to estimate the number of skin melanoma deaths that may have been incorrectly counted as ICD‐10 code C76‐C80 when the skin melanoma mortality declined in Schleswig‐Holstein.RESULTSThe observed mortality decline in Schleswig‐Holstein 5 years after the pilot study was accompanied by a considerable increase in the number of deaths due to malignant neoplasms of ill‐defined, secondary, and unspecified sites (ICD‐10 code C76‐C80) that is not explainable by an increase in the incidence of these neoplasms. Incorrect assignment of 8 to 35 and 12 to 23 skin melanoma deaths per year among men and women, respectively, as ICD‐10 code C76‐C80 during 2007 through 2010 could explain the transient skin melanoma mortality decline observed in Schleswig‐Holstein. Five years after implementation of the program, the nationwide skin melanoma mortality increased (age‐standardized rate change of +0.4 per 100,000 person‐years [95% confidence interval, 0.2‐0.6] in men and +0.1 per 100,000 person‐years [95% confidence interval, ‐0.1 to 0.2] in women).CONCLUSIONSAlthough the current analyses raise doubts that the skin cancer screening program in Germany can reduce the skin cancer mortality rate, the authors do not believe the program should be immediately stopped. Further in‐depth evaluations are required. Cancer 2016;122:432–437. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Spin Noise Detection of Nuclear Hyperpolarization at 1.2 K
Authors: Pöschko Maria Theresia , Vuichoud Basile , Milani Jonas , Bornet Aurélien , Bechmann Matthias , Bodenhausen Geoffrey , Jannin Sami , Müller Norbert 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe report proton spin noise spectra of a hyperpolarized solid sample of commonly used “DNP (dynamic nuclear polarization) juice” containing TEMPOL (4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine N‐oxide) and irradiated by a microwave field at a temperature of 1.2 K in a magnetic field of 6.7 T. The line shapes of the spin noise power spectra are sensitive to the variation of the microwave irradiation frequency and change from dip to bump, when the electron Larmor frequency is crossed, which is shown to be in good accordance with theory by simulations. Small but significant deviations from these predictions are observed, which can be related to spin noise and radiation damping phenomena that have been reported in thermally polarized systems. The non‐linear dependence of the spin noise integral on nuclear polarization provides a means to monitor hyperpolarization semi‐quantitatively without any perturbation of the spin system by radio frequency irradiation.
Population genetic analyses are consistent with the introduction of Ceramium secundatum (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) to Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA
Authors: Bruce Meghann R. , Saunders Gary W. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDuring ongoing DNA barcode (COI‐5P) surveys of the macroalgal flora along the northwest Atlantic coast, we discovered a population of Ceramium secundatum in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA. This species is regarded as common and widespread in the northeast Atlantic, ranging from Norway to Morocco, but until now has not been reported from the western Atlantic. Several lines of evidence suggest that C. secundatum may be introduced to Narragansett Bay: (1) despite extensive collecting, specimens have only been obtained from a limited geographic range in the northwest Atlantic; (2) three other nonindigenous seaweed species are reportedly introduced in this region, which is thought to be a consequence of shipping; and (3) this species is introduced to South Africa and New Zealand. To investigate this suspected introduction, we applied population genetic analyses (using the cox2‐3 spacer) to compare the Narragansett Bay C. secundatum population to native populations in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. Collectively, analyses of biogeographical and molecular data indicate that C. secundatum is likely introduced to Narragansett Bay. The implications of this discovery are discussed.
Vector Control Specialized for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives
Authors: NAKAO NORIYA , AKATSU KAN 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYThis paper proposes vector control specialized for a switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive. Because it is a unipolar drive, a sinusoidal current with a dc offset is applied to each circuit instead of the conventional trapezoidal current. The current consists of dc and ac components which can be identified by their generation of a (virtual) rotor flux and rotating stator magnetic field, respectively. Thus, the vector control system can be developed in the same way as conventional ac machines. The proposed technique provides new mathematical models of SRMs on a rotating reference frame and achieves precise and fast torque response and advanced operations such as linear torque‐current control and maximum‐torque‐per‐ampere control. The vector control theory was verified through simulations and experiments.
Plasma Fluid Flow Behavior and Power Generation Characteristics in a High‐Temperature Inert Gas Plasma Faraday MHD Generator
Authors: TANAKA MANABU , MURAKAMI TOMOYUKI , OKUNO YOSHIHIRO 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYThe plasma fluid flow behavior and power generation characteristics in a Faraday magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator using a high‐temperature inert gas (argon) plasma have been examined in a time‐dependent two‐dimensional numerical simulation. The inhomogeneous and unstable plasma at an inlet total temperature of 7000 K results in reductions and fluctuations in the output power. The plasma becomes homogeneous and stable as the inlet total temperature increases to 9000 K. One of the reasons for the suppression of ionization instability may be weakness of the dependency of the electrical conductivity on the electron number density, because the Coulomb collision of electrons becomes dominant during deviation from Saha equilibrium.
Associations between statin use and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) risk and survival: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Ye Xibiao , Mneina Ayat , Johnston James B. , Mahmud Salaheddin M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEvidence on the effect of statin use on non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is not clear. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to examine the associations between statin use and NHL risk and survival. We searched multiple literature sources up to October 2014 and identified 10 studies on the risk of diagnosis with NHL and 9 studies on survival. Random effects model was used to calculate pooled odds ratio (PORs) for risk and pooled hazard ratio (PHR) for survival. Heterogeneity among studies was examined using the Tau‐squared and the I‐squared (I2) tests. Statin use was associated with reduced risk for total NHL (POR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.69–0.99). Among statin users, there was a lower incidence risk for marginal zone lymphoma (POR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.31–0.94), but this was not observed for other types of NHL. However, statin use did not affect overall survival (PHR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.99–1.06) or event‐free survival (PHR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.87–1.12) in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. There is suggestive epidemiological evidence that statins decrease the risk of NHL, but they do not influence survival in NHL patients. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal timing for performing percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage and subsequent cholecystectomy for better management of acute cholecystitis
Authors: Yamada Kazunosuke , Yamashita Yuichi , Yamada Teppei , Takeno Shinsuke , Noritomi Tomoaki 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to clarify the appropriate timing for performing percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) and cholecystectomy, and the effect of PTGBD on surgical difficulty in acute cholecystitis patients.MethodsWe retrospectively examined 46 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) after PTGBD for acute cholecystitis. We evaluated the duration from acute cholecystitis onset to PTGBD and the appropriate interval from PTGBD to elective LC. Intraoperative blood loss, operating time, rate of conversion to open surgery, and rate of severe adhesion were the objective and subjective measures.ResultsBased on the cut‐off value calculated using the Youden index, the group with a duration from acute cholecystitis onset to PTGBD of ≤73.5 h had a significantly shorter operating time (127.5 min vs. 180.0 min, P = 0.007), lower rate of severe adhesion (3/20 vs. 14/26, P = 0.007), and lower rate of conversion to open surgery (2/20 vs. 13/26, P = 0.004); moreover, the interval from PTGBD to elective LC did not significantly differ between these groups.ConclusionThe most important predictor of successful LC following PTGBD for acute cholecystitis was a duration from acute cholecystitis onset to PTGBD of ≤73.5 h. Hence, PTGBD should be performed immediately in cases where early cholecystectomy is not indicated.
A simple and cost‐effective manual solid phase extraction method for the determination of nanomolar dissolved reactive phosphorus in aqueous samples
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Wang Shu , Yuan Dongxing , Ma Jian 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPhosphate is a typical limiting nutrient in oligotrophic oceans and its concentration can be as low as the nanomolar level, especially in surface seawater. Different techniques for nanomolar level phosphate determination have been studied, most of which are automatic and high throughput methods based on flow analysis. However, these techniques need expensive commercial or laboratory‐made instruments, and experienced operators. This study reports an operationally convenient, sensitive and practical method for the determination of nanomolar dissolved reactive phosphorus in aqueous samples, based on classic phosphomolybdenum blue chemistry and solid phase extraction methodology. Under acidic conditions, the formed phosphomolybdenum blue can be preconcentrated on a hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance solid phase cartridge, eluted with 0.2 M NaOH, and detected at 700 nm after color recovery with the addition of more reagents. After optimization of the recovery reagents volumes, the effectiveness of the method was evaluated. This simple manual method is sensitive (detection limit of 3.0 nM using 50 mL sample, which can be lowered to ∼ 1 nM by preconcentrating more sample), reproducible (relative standard deviation of 2.6%, n = 81, with different operators), free of interferences from salinity (0–35), silicate (up to 200 μM) and arsenate (up to 100 nM) and suitable for different aqueous matrixes. The effects of a series of phosphorus‐containing compounds (n = 13) were evaluated, with more than half showing hydrolysis during the experiment. This method was applied to determine the phosphate concentration in samples collected from the Western Pacific.
Risk of urinary retention after nerve‐sparing surgery for deep infiltrating endometriosis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: de Resende José Anacleto Dutra , Cavalini Luciana Tricai , Crispi Claudio Peixoto , de Freitas Fonseca Marlon 
Published: October 2015

AimsRecently, nerve‐sparing (NS) techniques have been incorporated in surgeries for deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) to prevent urinary complications. Our aim was to perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the risk of urinary retention after NS surgery for DIE compared with classical (non‐NS) techniques.MethodsFollowing the MOOSE guidelines for systematic reviews of observational studies, data were collected from published research articles that compared NS techniques with non‐NS techniques in DIE surgery, with regard to post‐operative urinary complications. Inclusion criteria: randomized clinical trials, intervention or observational (cohort and case‐control) studies assessing women who underwent surgery for painful DIE. Exclusion criteria: cancer surgery and women submitted to bladder or ureteral resections. The respective relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were extracted and a forest plot was generated to show individual and combined estimates.ResultsPreliminarily, 1,270 potentially relevant studies were identified from which four studies were selected. A meta‐analysis was performed to assess the risk of urinary retention at discharge and 90 days after surgery. We found a common RR of 0.19 [95%CI: 0.03–1.17; (I2 = 50.20%; P = 0.09)] for need of self‐catheterization at discharge in the NS group in relation to the conventional technique. Based on two studies, common RR for persistent urinary retention (after 90 days) was 0.16 [95%CI: 0.03–0.84].ConclusionsOur results suggest significant advantages of the NS technique when considering the RR of persistent urinary retention. Controlled studies evaluating the best approach to manage the urinary tract after complex surgery for DIE are needed. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:57–61, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermoresponsive poly(ionic liquid): Controllable RAFT synthesis, thermoresponse, and application in dispersion RAFT polymerization
Authors: Liu Chonggao , Wang Shuang , Zhou Heng , Gao Chengqiang , Zhang Wangqing 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThe thermoresponsive poly(ionic liquid) of poly[1‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐3‐methylimidozolium tetrafluoroborate] trithiocarbonate (P[VBMI][BF4]‐TTC) showing the soluble‐to‐insoluble phase transition in the methanol/water mixture at the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) was synthesized by solution RAFT polymerization and the synthesized P[VBMI][BF4]‐TTC was employed as macro‐RAFT agent to mediate the RAFT polymerization under dispersion condition to afford the thermoresponsive diblock copolymer nanoparticles of poly[1‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐3‐methylimidozolium tetrafluoroborate]‐b‐polystyrene (P[VBMI][BF4]‐b‐PS). The controllable solution RAFT polymerization was achieved as indicated by the linearly increasing polymer molecular weight with the monomer conversion and the narrow molecular weight distribution. The P[VBMI][BF4]‐TTC macro‐RAFT agent mediated dispersion polymerization afforded the P[VBMI][BF4]‐b‐PS nanoparticles, the size of which was uncorrelated with the polymerization degree of the P[VBMI][BF4] block. Several parameters including the polymerization degree, the polymer concentration and the water content in the solvent of the methanol/water mixture were found to be correlated with the UCST of the poly(ionic liquid). The synthesized poly(ionic liquid) is believed to be a new thermos‐responsive polymer and will be useful in material science. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 945–954
Transforming Growth Factor-β-Induced KDM4B Promotes Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Lee Hye-Lim , Yu Bo , Deng Peng , Wang Cun-Yu , Hong Christine 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The high prevalence of cartilage diseases and limited treatment options create a significant biomedical burden. Due to the inability of cartilage to regenerate itself, introducing chondrocyte progenitor cells to the affected site is of significant interest in cartilage regenerative therapies. Tissue engineering approaches using human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising due to their chondrogenic potential, but a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms governing the fate of MSCs is required for precise therapeutic applications in cartilage regeneration. TGF-β is known to induce chondrogenesis by activating SMAD signaling pathway and upregulating chondrogenic genes such as SOX9; however, the epigenetic regulation of TGF-β-mediated chondrogenesis is not understood. In this report, we found that TGF-β dramatically induced the expression of KDM4B in MSCs. When KDM4B was overexpressed, chondrogenic differentiation was significantly enhanced while KDM4B depletion by shRNA led to a significant reduction in chondrogenic potential. Mechanistically, upon TGF-β stimulation, KDM4B was recruited to the SOX9 promoter, removed the silencing H3K9me3 marks, and activated the transcription of SOX9. Furthermore, KDM4B depletion reduced the occupancy of SMAD3 in the SOX9 promoter, suggesting that KDM4B is required for SMAD-dependent coactivation of SOX9. Our results demonstrate the critical role of KDM4B in the epigenetic regulation of TGF-β-mediated chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. Since histone demethylases are chemically modifiable, KDM4B may be a novel therapeutic target in cartilage regenerative therapy.
Maintenance of Derotation in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Novel Technique Measuring Postoperative Vertebral Rotation by Pedicle Screw Position
Authors: Bjerke Benjamin T. , Cheung Zoe B. , Shifflett Grant D. , Iyer Sravisht , Fabricant Peter D. , Kim Han Jo 
Published: October 2015

Background Current methods of measuring vertebral rotation by plain radiographs rely on anatomic landmarks that are not present in the postoperative spine or require advanced imaging. Furthermore, there are few studies on the incidence of crankshaft with modern pedicle instrumentation. Questions/Purposes We sought to (1) describe and validate a method of vertebral rotation measurement using plain radiographs and (2) measure postoperative rotation in a series of patients treated for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Methods Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treated with surgery over a 6-year period were reviewed. Patients with computed tomography (CT) scans and radiographs within 60 days of another were included. Vertebral rotation was calculated by radiographic measurements and measured directly by CT scan. As an internal control, patients with two apical pedicle screws on all radiographs were analyzed. Rotation was measured for all patients with at least 1 year of radiographic follow-up. Results Three thousand five hundred fifty-two instrumented spinal levels in 308 consecutive patients were reviewed. Ten patients with 93 screws were analyzed by CT and radiographs. The average discrepancy between computed tomography (CT) and radiographs was 3.3 ± 1.9°, with 81.7% (76/93) within 5°. Intra- and inter-rater reliabilities for measured axial rotation were excellent (intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.879 and 0.900, respectively). One hundred swventy-eight patients were eligible with an average follow-up of 2.3 ± 1.2 years; 84.8% (151/178) had screw(s) visible on all images at the major curve apex. The average postsurgical rotation was 3.5 ± 2.9°; 19.2% (29/151) were measured to have a rotation over 5°, and 4.0% (6/151) demonstrated a rotation over 10°. Only 4.6% (7/151) of patients demonstrated a postoperative Cobb angle change over 10°. Conclusions Most major curves have apical pedicle screw instrumentation that can be followed by radiographs alone to measure rotation. Vertebral rotation measurement requires only plain radiographs and is a more sensitive determination for subtle postoperative crankshaft than change in Cobb angle.
Does the Saponification‐GC Method Underestimate Total Cholesterol Content in Samples Having Considerable Cholesterol Esters?
Authors: Hansen Hannah , Wang Tong 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCholesterol, in free or esterified form, is a sterol that is found in animal products. Free cholesterol is one of the unsaponifiable matters, so most quantification methods involve saponification of the acyl lipids under heating and alkaline conditions to obtain the unsaponifiable fraction for further GC quantification. We examined the stability of cholesterol in the harsh saponification environment and the completeness of the hydrolysis reaction of cholesterol ester. Cholesterol was found to be stable in a model saponification system. However, only about 50 % of the cholesterol ester was hydrolyzed with a long saponification time (up to 18 h). This incomplete reaction will lead to an underestimation of the total cholesterol if a sample has a significant amount of sterol esters. In this study, 5.1 % of the total sterol in egg yolk was found to be esterified cholesterol, but yolk's total cholesterol content quantified by using standard methods was lower than that determined using a commercial kit that measures total cholesterol. More research is needed to further understand the stability and reactivity of both free and esterified cholesterol in foods in order to use appropriate methodology for cholesterol quantification.