bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudocyrtohymena koreana n. g., n. sp. and Antarctic Neokeronopsis asiatica Foissner et al., 2010 (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida), with a Brief Discussion of the Cyrtohymena Undulating Membranes Pattern
Authors: Jung Jae‐Ho , Park Kyung‐Min , Min Gi‐Sik 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe discovered a new brackish water oxytrichid Pseudocyrtohymena koreana n. g., n. sp. in South Korea and investigated the new species on the basis of morphology, ontogenesis, and 18S rRNA gene sequences. The new genus has the 18 frontal‐ventral‐transverse cirri of typical oxytrichids with flexible body, cortical granules, Cyrtohymena undulating membranes (UM), and one left and one right marginal cirral row. Ontogenesis of the new species indicated that dorsal kinety anlage 3 stretches within the parental row without any fragmentations (Urosomoida pattern) and exclusively forms all caudal cirri. The new genus is morphologically similar to Cyrtohymena Foissner, 1989, but has the following distinctive features: (i) caudal cirri absent in dorsal kineties 1 and 2 (vs. present in Cyrtohymena); and (ii) dorsal kinety 3 nonfragmented (vs. fragmented in Cyrtohymena). Further, we collected an additional species Neokeronopsis asiatica Foissner et al. 2010, from King George Island, Antarctica, and the species shares the morphology of UM with Cyrtohymena. Herein, we describe the previously unidentified characteristics of N. asiatica (i.e., cortical granules, body flexibility, contractile vacuole, and 18S rRNA gene sequence). In addition, we obtained two 18S rRNA gene sequences from Cyrtohymena muscorum and Parasterkiella thompsoni to expand samples for phylogenetic analysis. Our 18S rRNA gene tree supports the hypothesis that the Cyrtohymena UM pattern might have evolved several times in hypotrichs (e.g., Neokeronopsidae, Oxytrichinae, and Stylonychinae).
Sterols of Saccharomyces cerevisiae erg6 Knockout Mutant Expressing the Pneumocystis carinii S‐Adenosylmethionine:Sterol C‐24 Methyltransferase
Authors: Kaneshiro Edna S. , Johnston Laura Q. , Nkinin Stephenson W. , Romero Becky I. , Giner José‐Luis 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe AIDS‐associated lung pathogen Pneumocystis is classified as a fungus although Pneumocystis has several distinct features such as the absence of ergosterol, the major sterol of most fungi. The Pneumocystis carinii S‐adenosylmethionine:sterol C24‐methyltransferase (SAM:SMT) enzyme, coded by the erg6 gene, transfers either one or two methyl groups to the C‐24 position of the sterol side chain producing both C28 and C29 24‐alkylsterols in approximately the same proportions, whereas most fungal SAM:SMT transfer only one methyl group to the side chain. The sterol compositions of wild‐type Sacchromyces cerevisiae, the erg6 knockout mutant (Δerg6), and Δerg6 expressing the P. carinii or the S. cerevisiae erg6 gene were analyzed by a variety of chromatographic and spectroscopic procedures to examine functional complementation in the yeast expression system. Detailed sterol analyses were obtained using high performance liquid chromatography and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐NMR). The P. carinii SAM:SMT in the Δerg6 restored its ability to produce the C28 sterol ergosterol as the major sterol, and also resulted in low levels of C29 sterols. This indicates that while the P. carinii SAM:SMT in the yeast Δerg6 cells was able to transfer a second methyl group to the side chain, the action of Δ24(28)‐sterol reductase (coded by the erg4 gene) in the yeast cells prevented the formation and accumulation of as many C29 sterols as that found in P. carinii.
A systematic review investigating interventions that can help reduce consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages in children leading to changes in body fatness
Authors: Avery A. , Bostock L. , McCullough F. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundBoth the prevalence of childhood obesity and the consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) have increased globally. The present review describes interventions that reduce the consumption of SSBs in children and determines whether this leads to subsequent changes in body fatness.MethodsThree databases were searched from 2000 to August 2013. Only intervention control trials, ≥6 months in duration, which aimed to reduce the consumption of SSBs in >100 children aged 2–18 years, and reporting changes in body fatness, were included. The quality of selected papers was assessed.ResultsEight studies met inclusion criteria. Six interventions achieved significant (P < 0.05) reductions in SSB intake, although this was not always sustained. In the two interventions providing replacement drinks, significant differences in body mass index (12‐ or 18‐month follow‐up) were reported (P = 0.001 and 0.045). The risk of being overweight/obesity was reduced (P < 0.05) in three of the five education programmes but in one programme only for girls who were overweight at baseline and in one programme only for pupils perceived to be at greater risk at baseline. In the one study that included both provision of water and education, the risk of being overweight was reduced by 31% (P = 0.04) in the intervention group.ConclusionsThe evidence suggests that school‐based education programmes focusing on reducing SSB consumption, but including follow‐up modules, offer opportunities for implementing effective, sustainable interventions. Peer support and changing the school environment (e.g. providing water or replacement drinks) to support educational programmes could improve their effectiveness. Home delivery of more suitable drinks has a big impact on reducing SSB consumption, with associated reductions in body weight.
Nutrient intake among US adults with disabilities
Authors: An R. , Chiu C.Y. , Zhang Z. , Burd N. A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundPhysical, mental and financial barriers among persons with disabilities limit their access to healthier diet. The present study investigated the relationship between disabilities and nutrient intake among US adults.MethodsData originated from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 waves (n = 11 811). Five disability categories include activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), leisure and social activities (LSAs), lower extremity mobility (LEM) and general physical activities (GPAs). Nutrient intakes from food and dietary supplements were calculated from 24‐h dietary recalls. Adherence to dietary reference intakes and dietary guideline recommendations was compared between people with and without disabilities and across disability categories in the statistical analysis.ResultsGPAs, IADLs, LSAs, LEM and ADLs occupied 24.5%, 13.3%, 9.9%, 9.2% and 9.2% of US adults, respectively (not mutually exclusive). Only 42.3%, 11.3%, 63.8%, 47.7%, 48.7%, 9.7%, 48.7%, 90.7%, 21.7% and 4.7% of adults had saturated fat, fibre, cholesterol, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, iron, sodium and potassium intakes from food within recommended levels, respectively. Dietary supplement use moderately improved vitamin C, vitamin D and calcium intakes. People with disabilities were less likely to meet recommended levels on saturated fat, fibre (except GPAs), vitamin A (except GPAs), vitamin C (except GPAs), calcium and potassium intakes than persons without disability. Nutrient intake differed across disability categories, with ADLs least likely to meet recommended intakes.ConclusionsInterventions targeting persons with disabilities through nutrition education and financial assistance are warranted to promote healthy diet and reduce disparities.
Validation of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire: an online version
Authors: Chan C. W. , Leung S. F. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundInternet‐based interventions can facilitate an anonymous environment for the management of eating disorders and there is a need for online assessment tools to be readily available. The present study aimed to validate an online version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) and to compare the goodness‐of‐fit of five models of EDE‐Q data, using a sample of university students in Hong Kong.MethodsThe EDE‐Q data were collected online from 310 Hong Kong university students. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare the validity of the original four‐factor EDE‐Q with that of the three‐factor, two‐factor, one‐factor and brief one‐factor models. The superior model was further examined for scale reliability, convergent validity and construct validity using contrast‐group comparisons.ResultsThe brief one‐factor model consisting of eight Weight and Shape Concern items was the only model to provide an acceptable fit to the data. Estimations of internal consistency and scale validity were conducted using contrast‐group comparisons and convergent validity, with satisfactory results.ConclusionsThe brief one‐factor model was the only one among the alternate models that provided good fit to the data. The brief model is promising for use in research and has good practical application because the model was satisfactorily tested in terms of internal consistency, ability to discriminate between genders, and good association with other measures of similar constructs. By validating an online version of the EDE‐Q using a university sample with a cultural background different from Western culture, the present study complements findings from previous research on the EDE‐Q.
Integration of Industrial Ecology Approaches into Business Practices
Authors: Yang Mona ManYu , Wei Yilin , Lin Li‐Wei 
Published: September 2014

Summary

Year founded: 1996
Ownership: Private
Headquarters: Hsinchu, Taiwan
Industry: Flat Panel Displays & Solar Business
Employees: 46,000
Approximate Net Revenue in 2013: US$13.9 billion
The care of older people with dementia in surgical wards from the point of view of the nursing staff and physicians
Authors: Hynninen Nina , Saarnio Reetta , Isola Arja 
Published: September 2014

Aims and objectivesThe aim of this study is to describe the care of older people with dementia in surgical wards from the viewpoint of the nursing staff and physicians.BackgroundThere has been little research on the impact of the increasing number of older people with dementia in surgical wards and the preparedness of multi‐professional staff caring for them.DesignA qualitative, descriptive design was used.MethodsThe data were collected using unstructured interviews with nursing staff (n = 19) and physicians (n = 9) who participate in caring for people with dementia in surgical wards. The collected data were analysed using inductive content analysis.ResultThe nursing staff reported that caring for people with dementia was physically and mentally demanding. Physicians regarded memory disorder‐related symptoms as primary causes of patients’ challenging behaviour, while in similar situations the nursing staff felt that such behaviour was related to their own personality or a deficiency in their nursing competence. The nursing staff commented that they had not received specific training in caring for people with dementia.ConclusionThe study highlights the importance of developing nurses’ skills to meet the current demands of their jobs. Thus, nursing staff urgently require additional training to safely care for this group of patients. In addition, the well‐being of nursing staff needs further support, and working practices in the wards should be reviewed.Relevance to clinical practiseEducation and up‐to‐date information related to patient care strongly improve the quality of nursing. The results can be applied to the development of competences related to the care of older people with dementia in surgical wards from a multi‐professional standpoint.
Human Capital and CEO Compensation during Institutional Transitions
Authors: Peng Mike W. , Sun Sunny Li , Markóczy Lívia 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFirms appoint CEOs with different types of human capital in order to manage resource dependencies. How CEOs are compensated thus can be conceptualized as a valuation process of how boards view the value of CEOs' human capital. Two types of human capital – international experience and political ties – have emerged as potential drivers of CEO compensation during institutional transitions. But how they impact CEO compensation has remained unclear. We develop a resource dependence‐based, contingency framework to focus on the external and internal factors that enable or constrain human capital to impact CEO compensation. Because of the tremendous regional diversity within China, externally, we focus on the level of marketization of the region in which firms are headquartered. Internally, we pay attention to two corporate governance mechanisms: politically connected outside directors and compensation committee. Data from 10,329 firm‐year observations at 94 per cent of listed firms in China largely support our framework. Overall, our study contributes to resource dependence research by extending this research to the context of institutional transitions with a focus on how human capital impacts CEO compensation.
Explaining Differences in Subjective Well‐Being Across 33 Nations Using Multilevel Models: Universal Personality, Cultural Relativity, and National Income
Authors: Cheng Cecilia , Cheung Mike W.‐L. , Montasem Alex ,   44 members of the International Network of Well‐Being Studies
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis multinational study simultaneously tested three prominent hypotheses—universal disposition, cultural relativity, and livability—that explained differences in subjective well‐being across nations. We performed multilevel structural equation modeling to examine the hypothesized relationships at both individual and cultural levels in 33 nations. Participants were 6,753 university students (2,215 men; 4,403 women; 135 did not specify), and the average age of the entire sample was 20.97 years (SD = 2.39). Both individual‐ and cultural‐level analyses supported the universal disposition and cultural relativity hypotheses by revealing significant associations of subjective well‐being withExtraversion,Neuroticism, and independent self‐construal. In addition, interdependent self‐construal was positively related to life satisfaction at the individual level only, whereas aggregated negative affect was positively linked with aggregate levels ofExtraversion and interdependent self‐construal at the cultural level only. Consistent with the livability hypothesis, gross national income (GNI) was related to aggregate levels of negative affect and life satisfaction. There was also a quadratic relationship betweenGNIand aggregated positive affect. Our findings reveal that universal disposition, cultural self‐construal, and national income can elucidate differences in subjective well‐being, but the multilevel analyses advance the literature by yielding new findings that cannot be identified in studies using individual‐level analyses alone.
How can dental public health competencies be addressed at the undergraduate level?
Authors: Brondani Mario A. , Pattanaporn Komkham , Aleksejuniene Jolanta 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo discuss the extent to which an undergraduate dental module addresses dental public health competencies via its different learning pedagogies and to explore the relevance of students' written reflections on these dental public health competencies.MethodsThis article uses a literature review to situate the extent to which dental public health competencies are addressed by the University of British Columbia undergraduate dental module entitled “Professionalism and Community Services” (PACS). It also uses students' written individual self‐reflections (between 100 and 500 words) on community service learning activities to critically illustrate how dental public health competencies support their learning.ResultsThe PACS dental module is delivered to undergraduate students in all 4 years, more than 190 in total, and addresses six dental public health competencies, including oral health promotion, ethics, and evidence‐based practice. The multifaceted pedagogical approach employed to discuss aspects of dentistry related to dental public health includes guest lectures, community activities, small group activities, self‐reflection, and reports.ConclusionsGiven the falling number of dental public health professionals in North America, the discussed undergraduate pedagogy aims to sensitize future dentists to a career focused on dental public health. Through reflections, students pondered ideas related to dental public health; they also engaged in developing meaningful activities in various underserved communities. Further studies are needed to evaluate the influence of this community‐based curriculum upon students' practice choice.
Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic oral health disparities among US older adults: oral health quality of life and dentition
Authors: Huang Deborah L. , Park Mijung 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to examine if older adults living in poverty and from minority racial/ethnic groups experienced disproportionately high rates of poor oral health outcomes measured by oral health quality of life (OHQOL) and number of permanent teeth.MethodsCross‐sectional analysis of 2,745 community‐dwelling adults aged ≥65 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005‐2008. Oral health outcomes were assessed by questionnaire using the NHANES‐Oral Health Impact Profile for OHQOL and standardized examination for dentition. Logistic and linear regression analyses were used to determine the association between oral health outcomes and predictors of interest. All analyses were weighted to account for complex survey sampling methods.ResultsBoth poverty and minority race/ethnicity were significantly associated with poor oral health outcomes in OHQOL and number of permanent teeth. Distribution of scores for each OHQOL domain varied by minority racial/ethnic group.ConclusionsOral health disparities persist in older adults living in poverty and among those from minority racial/ethnic groups. The racial/ethnic variation in OHQOL domains should be further examined to develop interventions to improve the oral health of these groups.
Population pharmacokinetics of rifampin in the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Asian elephants
Authors: Egelund E. F. , Isaza R. , Brock A. P. , Alsultan A. , An G. , Peloquin C. A. 
Published: September 2014

The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for rifampin in elephants. Rifampin concentration data from three sources were pooled to provide a total of 233 oral concentrations from 37 Asian elephants. The population pharmacokinetic models were created using Monolix (version 4.2). Simulations were conducted using ModelRisk. We examined the influence of age, food, sex, and weight as model covariates. We further optimized the dosing of rifampin based upon simulations using the population pharmacokinetic model. Rifampin pharmacokinetics were best described by a one‐compartment open model including first‐order absorption with a lag time and first‐order elimination. Body weight was a significant covariate for volume of distribution, and food intake was a significant covariate for lag time. The median Cmax of 6.07 μg/mL was below the target range of 8–24 μg/mL. Monte Carlo simulations predicted the highest treatable MIC of 0.25 μg/mL with the current initial dosing recommendation of 10 mg/kg, based upon a previously published target AUC0–24/MIC > 271 (fAUC > 41). Simulations from the population model indicate that the current dose of 10 mg/kg may be adequate for MICs up to 0.25 μg/mL. While the targeted AUC/MIC may be adequate for most MICs, the median Cmax for all elephants is below the human and elephant targeted ranges.
Diet and prey preferences of dholes (Cuon alpinus): dietary competition within Asia's apex predator guild
Authors: Hayward M. W. , Lyngdoh S. , Habib B. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGroup‐hunting predators theoretically benefit from hunting together through increased prey returns; however, studies on lions suggest food is not enough. The dhole is one such group hunter; however, its predatory role within Asia's large predator guild is less well known than other members. We tested whether dholes exhibit preferential predation, and determined the drivers of prey choice and whether pack size affected diet to ascertain the fundamental resources required for the species' conservation, given lack of a prey base is the primary threat to this species. We reviewed the literature and found 24 studies from 16 sites from throughout the species extant range that reported on 8816 records (scat + kills) of 19 species. Jacobs' index revealed that sambar Rusa unicolor, chital Axis axis and wild boar Sus scrofa contribute almost two‐thirds of the food biomass of the dhole, with sambar being significantly preferred. Sambar are at the upper end of the accessible prey spectrum (30–235 kg), and are marginally above the preferred weight range of 130–190 kg. The accessible prey spectrum extensively overlaps with leopards and tigers in Asia and reflects the extensive dietary competition within Asia's large predator guild, as tigers also preferentially prey on sambar and leopards completely overlap in the accessible prey with dholes. Although prey preferences are not affected by pack size, larger packs ultimately take larger prey. This study documents for the first time the critical prey resources necessary for the conservation of dholes in Asia, and highlights the degree of competition potentially occurring across dhole distribution range.
Effects of body size, habitat selection and exposure on hatchling turtle survival
Authors: Paterson J. E. , Steinberg B. D. , Litzgus J. D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIteroparous species invest little energy into annual reproduction and tend to experience low and variable survivorship in young life stages. However, juveniles with traits that increase survival will have a fitness advantage over conspecifics, and usually bigger is better for juvenile vertebrates. Understanding behavioural and morphological characteristics that increase fitness is important for our understanding of the evolution of life‐history strategies. We outfitted naturally emerging hatchlings of two species of turtles (Blanding's turtles Emydoidea blandingii and wood turtles Glyptemys insculpta) with radio transmitters to test five hypotheses related to survival from nests to overwintering sites using logistic regression models. In contrast to the widely supported hypothesis that bigger is better for survival of juveniles, we found that smaller hatchlings of both species were more likely to survive from emergence to overwintering. In E. blandingii, hatchlings that emerged later in the year, which reduced exposure time to predators and environmental risks, and spent less time in upland open habitat, were also more likely to survive. Our results demonstrate that bigger is not always better in juvenile ectotherms. Assuming bigger is better without observations of survival can lead to erroneous conclusions related to fitness proxies and the ontogeny of body size in populations. The observed relationship between habitat selection and survival in E. blandingii indicates a direct link between behaviour (habitat selection) and fitness through mortality caused by predators and environmental stressors.