bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The detection of periapical pathoses using digital periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography in endodontically retreated teeth – part 2: a 1 year post‐treatment follow‐up
Authors: Davies A. , Patel S. , Foschi F. , Andiappan M. , Mitchell P. J. , Mannocci F. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimPart 2 of this prospective clinical study aimed to compare the 1‐year outcome of root canal retreatments, when individual roots and teeth were assessed by periapical radiographs and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).MethodologySubjects participating in this study had been referred for management of an endodontic problem associated with one or more root filled teeth. Root canal retreatment was performed by Specialists or postgraduate students under the direct supervision of Specialist endodontic staff. A total of 98 teeth (84 patients) were reassessed clinically and radiographically 1 year after completion of root canal retreatment. The postoperative periapical radiographs and CBCT scans were compared with their respective pre‐treatment (diagnostic) periapical radiographs and CBCT scans. The increase or decrease in size of existing periapical radiolucencies and development of new radiolucencies were assessed by a consensus panel consisting of two calibrated examiners. They also determined an appropriate management plan for each case based on the radiographical findings. Comparison of the outcome diagnosis of individual roots and teeth and case management, when assessed by periapical radiographs and CBCT scans, was performed using chi‐squared and McNemar's tests.ResultsAn overall favourable result of 93% success for teeth (96% roots) was recorded when the assessment was undertaken by periapicals compared with 77% success for teeth (87% roots) when assessed by CBCT. A significant difference in outcome diagnosis of single paired roots (P < 0.0001) and teeth (P = 0.0001) was observed when comparing periapicals to CBCT for the cohort of teeth as a whole. When comparing the future management plan on the basis of radiographic information alone, there was a significant difference between periapicals and CBCT‐based management (P = 0.01).ConclusionDiagnosis using CBCT revealed a significantly lower number of favourable outcomes than periapicals in root canal retreatment. This significantly affected the future management of cases attending for a review.
Comparison of apically extruded debris after large apical preparations by full‐sequence rotary and single‐file reciprocating systems
Authors: Silva E. J. N. L. , Carapiá M. F. , Lopes R. M. , Belladonna F. G. , Senna P. M. , Souza E. M. , De‐Deus G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate the amount of apically extruded debris produced by ProTaper Universal (PTU), ProTaper Next (PTN), WaveOne (WO) and Reciproc (R) systems after large apical preparations.MethodologySixty mandibular premolars with a single canal were selected and randomly assigned into 4 groups (n = 15) according to the system used for root canal preparation: PTU, PTN, WO and R groups. Canal preparations were performed up to size 40 in each group. Distilled water was used as an irrigant, and the apically extruded debris from each tooth was collected in pre‐weighted glass vials and dried. The average weight of debris was assessed using a microbalance, and the data were analysed statistically using one‐way analysis of variance and the post hoc Tukey multiple comparison test (α = 0.05).ResultsThe PTU system was associated with significantly more debris than the other systems (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between PTN, WO and R systems (P > 0.05).ConclusionsAll systems were associated with apical debris extrusion when canals were prepared to a large apical size. The PTU system was associated with more debris extrusion.
Fair trade consumers in Portugal: values and lifestyles
Authors: Coelho Sandra Lima 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article results from an empirical research on FT in Portugal. The study combined qualitative and quantitative methods. Thus, biographical interviews and a survey were used to collect data about FT consumption practices as well as the profile of Portuguese FT consumers. Sociological portraits allowed for analysing the interviews. In this article one aims to presenting and discussing qualitative findings from this research. The main contribution of this article is to provide information about FT consumers' lifestyles. In order to achieve this goal, one presents nine sociological portraits. This article aims to clarify to what extend consumption practices of these FT consumers pursue, or not, buycotting strategies as a collective action aiming at promoting social change, or if buying FT goods is just a traditional action, without any ideological background.
Bioutilisation of agro‐industrial waste for lactic acid production
Authors: Panesar Parmjit S. , Kaur Shubhneet 
Published: July 2015

SummaryWith the advancement in science and technology, the importance of bioconversion of industrial waste into value‐added products through biotechnological route has been realised. Moreover, to make the process economic and environment responsive, agro‐industrial waste/by‐products can be used as substrates in fermentation processes as an inexpensive raw material. In the field of food biotechnology, organic acids represent the third largest category among the biological products, which can be produced chemically or by fermentation process. Among organic acids, lactic acid holds an important position because of its multivariate applications in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, textiles and other industries. Traditionally, lactic acid was produced from pure substrates, but agricultural feedstocks and industrial by‐products have evoked the interest of researchers to use them as raw materials for the biotechnological production of lactic acid. The utilisation of biomass has gained major attention due to environmental hazards, scarcity of fossil fuels and meet the increasing world food and feed demand. Integrated biorefinery approaches have also been adopted for the production of lactic acid along with primary product to minimise the cost. This review provides comprehensive information on the recent advances in biotechnological production of lactic acid utilising agro‐industrial waste/by‐products.
What's New in Stroke? Phase III Randomized Clinical Trials of 2012–2014
Authors: Hart Robert G. , Ng Kuan H. , Perera Kanjana S. , Shoamanesh Ashkan 
Published: July 2015

Background Randomized clinical trials provide the most reliable evidence to guide the management of stroke and threatened stroke and reflect the interests of the stroke research community. The spectrum of phase III randomized clinical trials in stroke has not been previously characterized. Methods Phase III stroke randomized clinical trials published between 2012 and 2014 were identified by search of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials supplemented by recent publications known to the co-authors. Results Thirty-four randomized clinical trials were included involving 85 770 participants: 20 acute stroke randomized clinical trials (32 590 patients), 11 stroke prevention randomized clinical trials (28 964 patients), and three randomized clinical trials in which stroke was a major component of a composite primary outcome involving nonstroke patients (24 216 patients). Twenty-two (65%) trials were international, and eight (24%) were industry sponsored. Drugs were tested in 21 (62%) randomized clinical trials, with devices ( n = 9), surgery ( n = 3), and diet ( n = 1) in the remainder. Thirteen (38%) randomized clinical trials were stopped early: seven for futility, three for efficacy, two for harm, and one for budget/administrative reasons. Overall, the results of seven (21%) randomized clinical trials were positive, five (15%) equivocal, 18 (53%) negative, and four (12%) inconclusive. Considering positive and definitively negative randomized clinical trials testing currently used interventions, 11 (32%) randomized clinical trials have direct implications for clinical management. Conclusions The diversity of interventions, high-quality, and worldwide origins of recently published phase III randomized clinical trials reflects a vibrant international stroke research community. The current generation of stroke randomized clinical trials provides important guidance for stroke prevention and acute stroke care.
Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy after previous transurethral resection of prostate using a catheter balloon inflated in prostatic urethra: Oncological and functional outcomes from a matched pair analysis
Authors: Pastore Antonio L , Palleschi Giovanni , Silvestri Luigi , Leto Antonino , Al‐Rawashdah Samer F , Petrozza Vincenzo , Carbone Antonio 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesTo explore the surgical, oncological and functional outcomes of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in patients who have undergone transurethral resection of the prostate, using a catheter balloon inflated in the prostatic urethra.MethodsA total of 25 patients were randomly assigned to the no balloon previous transurethral resection of the prostate laparoscopic radical prostatectomy group (n = 12) and the with balloon previous transurethral resection of the prostate laparoscopic radical prostatectomy group (n = 13). Two matched pairs analyses were carried out to identify the 12 (control A) and 13 (control B) surgery‐naïve patients. The outcomes were compared between the groups with previous transurethral resection of the prostate (no balloon previous transurethral resection of the prostate laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and with balloon previous transurethral resection of the prostate laparoscopic radical prostatectomy groups) and the controls. The rate of intra‐ and postoperative complications was assessed. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire‐Urinary Incontinence Short Form and the International Index of Erectile Function 5 were used for symptoms evaluation.ResultsThe mean blood loss was higher in patients submitted to transurethral resection of the prostate, with statistically insignificant reduced blood loss in the with balloon previous transurethral resection of the prostate laparoscopic radical prostatectomy group. The no balloon previous transurethral resection of the prostate laparoscopic radical prostatectomy group had longer operative time compared with both the with balloon previous transurethral resection of the prostate laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and control A groups (P < 0.05). International Index of Erectile Function 5 showed a significant difference between no balloon previous transurethral resection of the prostate laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and its control group; the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) between the no balloon previous transurethral resection of the prostate laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and control A groups.ConclusionThe use of a catheter balloon inflated in the prostatic urethra seems to facilitate laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in patients with previous transurethral resection of the prostate, ultimately reducing the rate of perioperative complications. These findings warrant further investigation on a larger case series with a longer follow up.
Dental caries, but not malocclusion or developmental defects, negatively impacts preschoolers’ quality of life
Authors: Corrêa‐Faria Patrícia , Paixão‐Gonçalves Suzane , Paiva Saul Martins , Martins‐Júnior Paulo Antonio , Vieira‐Andrade Raquel Gonçalves , Marques Leandro Silva , Ramos‐Jorge Maria Leticia 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundOral diseases can negatively influence the quality of life causing harm in the development of routine activities, child development and their well‐being.AimTo investigate the impact of dental caries, malocclusion and developmental defects of enamel (DDE) on the oral health‐related quality of life of preschool children and their parents.DesignA cross‐sectional study was carried out with 646 children aged 2–6 years in Diamantina, Brazil. Calibrated dental examiners performed the oral examinations. Parents answered the Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (B‐ECOHIS) and a questionnaire on socio‐economic indicators. Statistical analyses involved the chi‐square test and Poisson regression.ResultsMalocclusion and DDE did not cause a negative impact on the children's quality of life. Children with dental caries (PR: 1.92; 95%CI: 1.56–2.35) and those aged 5 (PR: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.13–2.02) and 6 years (PR: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.02–2.23) were more likely to have a negative quality of life impact on the total B‐ECOHIS.ConclusionsDental caries was associated with a negative impact on the quality of life of children. Malocclusion and DDE did not cause a negative impact on the children's quality of life. Older children had higher frequency of negative impact on OHRQoL.
The therapeutic effects of sodium cromoglycate against influenza A virus H5N1 in mice
Authors: Han Deping , Wei Tangting , Zhang Siyi , Wang Ming , Tian Haiyan , Cheng Jinlong , Xiao Jin , Hu Yanxin , Chen Mingyong 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesTo identify the protective role of sodium cromoglycate in mice during influenza virus infection.DesignH5N1 virus‐infected mice were treated with the mast cell stabilizer sodium cromoglycate (SCG) to investigate its therapeutic effect.SampleThe nose, trachea and lungs from mice were collected.Main outcome measuresVirus replication and host responses were determined by plaque assay, quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and histology.ResultsSCG‐treated mice survived better than did PBS‐treated mice after H5N1 virus infection. Mild pathological changes with fewer inflammatory cell infiltration and fewer virus antigens were observed in the nose, trachea, and lungs of SCG‐treated mice on days 3 and 5 post‐infection. However, no significant changes in viral load in the lungs were detected between SCG‐ and PBS‐treated mice. Furthermore, significantly decreased expression of interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐a, Toll‐like receptor 3, and TIR‐domain‐containing adapter‐inducing interferon‐b was detected in the lungs of SCG‐treated mice, and no higher expression of interferon‐c was detected.ConclusionThese results suggest that SCG has therapeutic roles in H5N1 virus‐infected mice by alleviating the inflammatory response rather than inhibition of viral replication in the lungs.
Particle Size and Crystal Phase Dependent Photoluminescence of La2Zr2O7:Eu3+ Nanoparticles
Authors: Pokhrel Madhab , Brik Mikhail G. , Mao Yuanbing 
Published: July 2015

Herein, La2Zr2O7:5% Eu3+ nanoparticles (NPs) with different sizes have been synthesized for the first time through a modified facile molten salt process using a single‐source complex precursor of La(OH)3·ZrO(OH)2:Eu(OH)3·nH2O. It was found that the concentration of the added ammonia to co‐precipitate the corresponding metallic ions to form the precursor can influence the final particle size of the fluorite La2Zr2O7:5%Eu3+ NPs. Furthermore, the crystal phase of the La2Zr2O7:5%Eu3+ NPs was transferred from fluorite to pyrochlore after thermal treatment at 1000°C. The relationship between photoluminescence (PL), quantum yield (QY), particles size and crystal phase has been further investigated through fluorescence decay, site symmetry, and Judd–Ofelt (J–O) analysis. Specifically, PLQY and lifetime increase with increasing particle size of the fluorite La2Zr2O7:5%Eu3+ NPs. Additionally, crystal phase transfer from fluorite to pyrochlore resulted in large PLQY decrease and moderate lifetime increase in the La2Zr2O7:5%Eu3+ NPs.
Radiation Stability of Spark‐Plasma‐Sintered Lead Vanadate Iodoapatite
Authors: Lu Fengyuan , Yao Tiankai , Danon Yaron , Zhou Jianren , Ewing Rodney C. , Lian Jie 
Published: July 2015

Spark‐plasma‐sintered lead vanadate iodoapatite Pb9.85(VO4)6I1.7, a promising nuclear waste form for the immobilization of I‐129, was irradiated with energetic ions, electrons, and gamma rays, to investigate its radiation stability. In situ TEM observation of the 1 MeV Kr2+ irradiation shows that lead vanadate iodoapatite generally exhibits higher tolerance against ion irradiation‐induced amorphization than lead vanadate fluorapatite, and the spark plasma sintering can further enhance its radiation stability attributed to the enhanced crystallinity, reduced defect concentration, and denser microstructure. The critical amorphization dose and critical temperature for the SPS‐densified iodoapatite at 700°C are determined to be 0.25 dpa at room temperature and 230°C, respectively. No significant phase transformation or microstructural damage occurred under energetic electron and gamma irradiations. Raman spectra of gamma‐ray‐irradiated iodoapatite indicate improved V–O bond order at 500 kGy dose. Generally, the spark‐plasma‐sintered iodoapatite exhibits excellent radiation stability for nuclear waste form applications. The significantly enhanced radiation stability of the SPS‐densified iodoapatite suggests that SPS holds great promise for fabricating iodoapatite waste form with minimum iodine loss and optimized radiation tolerance for effective management of highly volatile I‐129.
Flow Cytometry Analysis of Cytotoxicity In Vitro and Long‐Term Toxicity of HA‐40 wt% BaTiO3 Nanoparticles In Vivo
Authors: Kumar Alok , Bhaskar Nitu , Basu Bikramjit 
Published: July 2015

The development of new implantable biomaterials requires bone‐mimicking physical properties together with desired biocompatible property. In continuation to our earlier published research to establish compositional dependent multifunctional bone‐like properties and cytocompatibility response of hydroxyapatite (HA)‐BaTiO3 composites, the toxicological property evaluation, both in vitro and in vivo, were conducted on HA‐40 wt% BaTiO3 and reported in this work. In particular, this work reports in vitro cytotoxicity of mouse myoblast cells as well as in vivo long‐term tissue and nanoparticles interaction of intra‐articularly injected HA‐40 wt% BaTiO3 and BaTiO3 up to the concentration of 25 mg/mL in physiological saline over 12 weeks in mouse model. The careful analysis of flow cytometry results could not reveal any statistically significant difference in terms of early/late apoptotic cells or necrotic cells over 8 d in culture. Extensive histological analysis could not record any signature of cellular level toxicity or pronounced inflammatory response in vital organs as well as at knee joints of Balb/c mice after 12 weeks. Taken together, this study establishes nontoxic nature of HA‐40 wt% BaTiO3 and therefore, HA‐40 wt% BaTiO3 can be used safely for various biomedical applications.
Improved Energy Storage Properties Accompanied by Enhanced Interface Polarization in Annealed Microwave‐Sintered BST
Authors: Song Zhe , Zhang Shujun , Liu Hanxing , Hao Hua , Cao Minghe , Li Qi , Wang Qing , Yao Zhonghua , Wang Zhijian , Lanagan Michael T 
Published: July 2015

Microwave‐sintering (MWS) technique was employed to fabricate dense (Ba0.4Sr0.6)TiO3 (BST) ceramics. With respect to the high dielectric loss at room temperature, induced by the formation of oxygen defects during the MWS under vacuum atmosphere (−60 kPa), the as‐sintered samples were thermally annealed in air to reduce tanδ and recover the insulating performance. Accompanied by the decreased tanδ, the energy storage properties for annealed MWS BST were optimized, with increasing energy density (γ) from 0.77 to 1.15 J/cm3 and energy efficiency (η) from 60% to 82%. The lower oxygen vacancy concentrations were believed to account for the enhanced insulating characteristics of grain boundaries and contribute to the improved properties after annealing. Electrical characterization of grain and grain boundary by impedance spectroscopy demonstrated that the annealing preferentially modified the grain boundary. In addition, resistances extracted from the high temperature impedance analysis were found to be inadequate for evaluating the electrical characteristics of materials affected by extrinsic mechanisms, such as the interfacial polarization. For comparison, annealing effect on energy storage properties were also discussed for conventionally sintered BST.
Reproducibility in Rehydroxylation of Ceramic Artifacts
Authors: Zhao Shan , Bowen Patrick K. , Drelich Jaroslaw W. , Scarlett Timothy J. 
Published: July 2015

Since its introduction in 2009, application of the rehydroxylation (RHX) technique for dating fired‐clay ceramics has been controversial, with very few satisfactory dating results collected in the interim. The stability and efficiency of this technique has been called into question by several investigators in the last few years, who have struggled to reproduce and validate this new dating method. Based on our new mass gain measurements for ca. 2000–7000 yrs old ceramic artifacts, the reproducibility in the RHX process rate is analyzed and discussed. Timespan analysis was performed, and age uncertainty related to RHX dating technique was evaluated by considering the error propagation. The results show poor reproducibility of the RHX process in the samples of the same origins, which give new evidence for a revision of the RHX protocols.
Dy3+/Ce3+ Codoped YAG Transparent Ceramics for Single‐Composition Tunable White‐Light Phosphor
Authors: Zheng Ruilin , Luo Dewei , Yuan Ye , Wang Zhongyue , Zhang Ying , Wei Wei , Kong Ling Bing , Tang Dingyuan 
Published: July 2015

Superior optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of transparent ceramics are very important in the applications of solid lasers, solid‐state lighting, and transparent armors. Herein, a series of (Dy0.03CexY0.97−x)3Al5O12 transparent ceramics were fabricated using vacuum reactive sintering method. Importantly, these Dy3+/Ce3+ codoped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) transparent ceramics served as single‐composition tunable white‐light phosphors for UV‐LEDs is developed for the first time. By combining with commercially available UV‐LEDs directly, the optimal chromaticity coordinates and correlated color temperature (CCT) are (x = 0.33, y = 0.35) and 5609 K, respectively. Notably, the codoping of Ce3+ enhances the luminescent intensity of Dy3+ ions while excited at 327 nm. The emission color of YAG transparent ceramics can be tuned from white to yellow through energy transfer between Dy3+ and Ce3+. These new phosphors, possessing of pure CIE chromaticity and environmentally friendly nature, are promising for applications in white UV‐LEDs.
Exploitation in International Paid Surrogacy Arrangements
Authors: Wilkinson Stephen 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMany critics have suggested that international paid surrogacy is exploitative. Taking such concerns as its starting point, this article asks: (1) how defensible is the claim that international paid surrogacy is exploitative and what could be done to make it less exploitative? (2) In the light of the answer to (1), how strong is the case for prohibiting it? Exploitation could in principle be dealt with by improving surrogates' pay and conditions. However, doing so may exacerbate problems with consent. Foremost amongst these is the argument that surrogates from economically disadvantaged countries cannot validly consent because their background circumstances are coercive. Several versions of this argument are examined and I conclude that at least one has some merit. The article's overall conclusion is that while ethically there is something to be concerned about, paid surrogacy is in no worse a position than many other exploitative commercial transactions which take place against a backdrop of global inequality and constrained options, such as poorly‐paid and dangerous construction work. Hence, there is little reason to single surrogacy out for special condemnation. On a policy level, the case for prohibiting international commercial surrogacy is weak, despite legitimate concerns about consent and background poverty.