bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concurrent Validity of the Osteopathic General Surgery In-Service Examination
Authors: Falcone John L. , Rosen Marc E. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Context: Performance on the Osteopathic General Surgery In-Service Examination (ISE) has been shown to improve over time for osteopathic general surgery residents. The training level–specific concurrent validity of the ISE, however, has not been evaluated.

Objective: To investigate whether residents' scores will improve as they move from level 1 through level 5 of the ISE.

Methods: In this retrospective study, performance on the ISE was obtained from the American College of Osteopathic Surgeons for all of the osteopathic general surgery residency programs from 2008 through 2012. The weighted raw score and standardized score performance mean and standard deviation were determined across training levels. One-way t tests were performed between residency years and ISE scores. Parametric statistics were calculated with α set to .05.

Results: The authors evaluated 1952 examinations during the study period. Of the 49 programs screened, 33 (67.3%) met inclusion criteria for the present study. Analysis of variance tests showed that there was significant variation in raw and standardized outcomes between residency levels (both P<.001). One-tailed t tests for both raw and standardized outcomes showed that all scores' differences between examinee levels were statistically significant (P<.001), with the exception of raw scores between level 4 and level 5 examinees (P=.20).

Conclusion: There is near-uniform concurrent validity of the ISE by osteopathic general surgery training level. This psychometric characteristic supports the construct validity of this standardized test.
Keyboard Data Entry Use Among Osteopathic Medical Students and Residents
Authors: Helstrom Julia M. , Langenau Erik E. , Sandella Jeanne M. , Mote Beth L. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Context: Candidates taking the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination-USA Level 2-Performance Evaluation (COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE) are currently evaluated on their ability to document clinical findings using a handwritten postencounter note. However, keyboard data entry is increasingly used for medical documentation.

Objective: To determine the use and perception of keyboard data entry among osteopathic medical students and residents in educational and clinical settings.

Methods: A Web-based survey regarding frequency of and preference for keyboard data entry was distributed to 9801 osteopathic medical students, 17,268 osteopathic residents, and 34 clinical deans of colleges of osteopathic medicine (COMs). In addition, 31 COMs' clinical skills center directors were contacted to participate in a telephone survey about the use of keyboard data entry in their centers.

Results: A total of 1711 students, 1198 residents, 14 clinical deans, and 17 clinical skills center directors responded to the surveys. The majority of students (872 [51%]) reported using electronic keyboard data entry at their COM's clinical skills center for postencounter notes. Among respondents, 379 students (23%), 77 residents (9%), and 1 clinical dean reported that electronic keyboard data entry is never or rarely used during clinical rotations. Most trainees (1592 students [93%], 864 residents [94%]) reported that they were either comfortable or very comfortable with typing. Given the option of recording methods for SOAP (subjective, objective, assessment, plan) note findings on the COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE, 7 clinical deans were unsure of their students' preferences, while the remaining favored keyboard data entry (5) over handwriting (2). The majority of student and resident respondents would choose keyboard data entry (1009 [60%] and 511 [55%], respectively).

Conclusion: Osteopathic medical students and residents are comfortable with typing; they are exposed to and would prefer using an electronic form of entry for medical documentation. These results support a conversion from written postencounter notes to keyboard data entry of notes on the COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE.
Citation and Correction of Deficiencies in Osteopathic Graduate Medical Education Programs: Opportunities for Improvement
Authors: Pierson Alisa 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSince 2008, the American Osteopathic Association has gathered data on osteopathic graduate medical education program compliance with the association's correction of deficiencies processes. The purpose of the current article is to look at those data to discover trends and identify patterns and areas for improvement for osteopathic graduate medical education. In addition to providing quantitative data, the author also uses qualitative data to explain why corrective action plans are recommended for denial.
AOA Continuing Medical Education
Authors: Rodgers Delores J. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The author provides an update on the current continuing medical education (CME) cycle, which began on January 1, 2013, and will end on December 31, 2015. The author also highlights changes to the CME process and the re-engineering of the CME program for the current cycle. Topic areas include recent changes in CME policies and the challenges associated with awarding and recording credits for the 2013-2015 CME cycle. In addition, the article provides information regarding online CME.
Double–Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography for Diagnosis of Rectal Lesions With Pathologic Correlation
Authors: Lu Man , Yan Brain , Song Jun , Ping Wu , Yue Lin-Xian , Song Bin 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesTransabdominal sonography with a gastrointestinal contrast agent has been widely used in China for investigation of digestive disorders. Double–contrast‐enhanced sonography combines a gastrointestinal luminal contrast agent with an intravenous contrast agent for imaging of lesions. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the value of double–contrast‐enhanced sonography for preoperative diagnosis of rectal lesions.MethodsWe conducted a prospective single‐center study using double–contrast‐enhanced sonography of rectal lesions. Patients were administered both rectal and intravenous contrast agents, and imaging was performed transabdominally, transanally, and transrectally. Morphologic characteristics and perfusion parameters were compared between histologically proven adenocarcinomas, adenomas, and inflammatory masses. Perfusion parameters were analyzed with time‐intensity curves, measuring the contrast arrival time, time to peak, peak intensity, and area under the curve of the lesions and normal rectal tissue.ResultsFrom January 2009 to September 2012, 420 patients were recruited, with 227 patients meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria and having 232 rectal lesions analyzed (172 rectal adenocarcinomas, 45 adenomas, and 15 inflammatory masses). Adenocarcinomas had variable enhancement patterns. Adenomas were all hypoenhanced in a homogeneous pattern. Inflammatory masses had a hyperenhanced rim with no central enhancement. Time‐intensity curve perfusion parameters (arrival time, time to peak, peak intensity, and area under the curve) of rectal adenocarcinomas, adenomas, and inflammatory masses were significantly different compared to normal rectal tissue (P < .05). The differences in the arrival time, peak intensity, and time to peak among the different lesions were also significant (P < .05).ConclusionsDouble–contrast‐enhanced sonographic assessment of morphologic enhancement patterns combined with vascularity parameters may help differentiate benign and malignant rectal lesions.
Do Echo‐Enhanced Needles Make a Difference in Sonographically Guided Vascular Access?
Authors: Crum Todd , Adhikari Srikar , Lander Lina , Blaivas Michael 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to compare sonographically guided vascular access using standard and echo‐enhanced needles in a variety of tissue‐simulating vascular phantoms.MethodsWe conducted a prospective single‐blinded observational study at an academic medical center. All participants performed real‐time sonographically guided vascular access using both a standard 18‐gauge needle and an echo‐enhanced needle in both in‐plane and out‐of plane approaches on 3 different vascular access phantoms. The outcome measures included time to dye flash, first‐pass success, visibility of the needle tip at the time of puncture, total number of attempts, number of redirections, and incidence of posterior wall penetration.ResultsA total of 408 sonographically guided cannulations were performed by 34 participants. The time from needle stick to dye flash, first‐pass success, and the total number of attempts were not significantly different between the two needles (P> .05). The tip of the needle was seen at the time of puncture in 79% of attempts with the standard needle (95% confidence interval [CI], 68%–86%) and in 86% of attempts with the echo‐enhanced needle (95% CI, 76%–92%), although this difference was not significant (P= .103). The posterior wall was penetrated with the standard needle in 14% of attempts (95% CI, 9.6%–20%) and in 6% of attempts with the echo‐enhanced needle (95% CI, 3.5%–11%), and the difference was significant (P < .02).ConclusionsEcho‐enhanced needles decreased the incidence of posterior wall punctures when compared to standard needles during sonographically guided vascular access. However, there were no significant differences in other sonographically guided vascular access metrics.
Bayesian Probability of Malignancy With BI‐RADS Sonographic Features
Authors: Bouzghar Ghizlane , Levenback Benjamin J. , Sultan Laith R. , Venkatesh Santosh S. , Cwanger Alyssa , Conant Emily F. , Sehgal Chandra M. 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to develop a quantitative approach for combining individual American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI‐RADS) sonographic features of breast masses for assessing the overall probability of malignancy.MethodsSonograms of solid breast masses were analyzed by 2 observers blinded to patient age, mammographic features, and lesion pathologic findings. BI‐RADS sonographic features were determined by using American College of Radiology criteria. A naïve Bayes model was used to determine the probability of malignancy of all the sonographic features together and with age and BI‐RADS mammographic features. The diagnostic performance for various combinations was evaluated by using the area under the receiver operating curve (Az).ResultsSonographic features had high positive and negative predictive values. The Az values for BI‐RADS sonographic features for the 2 observers ranged from 0.772 to 0.884, which increased to 0.866 to 0.924 when used with patient age and BI‐RADS mammographic features. The benefit of adding age and mammographic information was more marked for the observer with lower initial diagnostic performance. Age‐specific analysis showed that diagnostic performance varied with age, with higher performance for patients aged 45 years and younger and patients older than 60 years compared to those aged 46 to 60 years. In 85% of cases, the diagnosis of the observers matched. When the consensus between the observers was used for diagnostic decisions, a high level of diagnostic performance (Az, 0.954) was achieved.ConclusionsA naïve Bayes model provides a systematic approach for combining sonographic features and other patient characteristics for assessing the probability of malignancy to differentiate malignant and benign breast masses.
Feasibility of Detection of the 3‐Vessel and Trachea View Using 3‐Dimensional Sonographic Volumes
Authors: Weissmann-Brenner Alina , Zajicek Michal , Weisz Boaz , Pretorius Dolores H. , Achiron Reuven , Gindes Liat 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the ability to depict the 4‐chamber and 3‐vessel and trachea views of the fetal heart using 3‐dimensional sonography.MethodsThree‐dimensional color Doppler volumes of the fetal heart were acquired prospectively in 31 fetuses between 19 and 25 gestational weeks. The initial plane consisted of the 4‐chamber view. Postprocessing included navigation within the volume solely in plane A in the caudal direction to visualize the stomach and in the cephalic direction to the plane of the 3‐vessel and trachea view to visualize the pulmonary artery, the aorta, the V shape and color of the arches, the superior vena cava, and the trachea. The feasibility of showing these organs was evaluated.ResultsThe estimated time for volume acquisition and manipulation was about 60 seconds. The detection rates for the 4‐chamber view, stomach, 3‐vessel view, trachea, and V sign were 100%, 93.5%, 92.0%, 77.4%, and 83.9%, respectively, with interobserver agreement of 0.76 to 1.0.ConclusionsWe describe a simple technique in which a single sweep on 3‐dimensional sonography starting at the level of the 4‐chamber view can visualize the situs, stomach, 4‐chamber view, and transverse view of the outflow tracts of the heart.
Borderline Amniotic Fluid Index and Its Relation to Fetal Intolerance of Labor
Authors: Wood S. Lindsay , Newton J. Michael , Wang Li , Lesser Karen 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesTo determine whether a borderline amniotic fluid index (AFI) in the third trimester is associated with an increased rate of cesarean delivery for fetal intolerance of labor, meconium‐stained amniotic fluid, and intrauterine growth restriction, among other adverse perinatal outcomes.MethodsPatients with a diagnosis of a borderline AFI between January 2008 and August 2012 were identified. Antepartum, delivery, and neonatal data were collected and compared to a cohort with a normal AFI.ResultsWe enrolled 739 patients, including 177 with a borderline AFI (>5 and <10 cm) and 562 with a normal AFI (≥10–24 cm); 360 patients delivered at University of Arizona Medical Center, and 379 delivered at St Joseph's Hospital. Combined and individual analyses of each center revealed no significant difference in fetal intolerance of labor (P = .19) or cesarean delivery for fetal intolerance (P = .074) between cohorts. In both settings, patients with a borderline AFI were more likely than those with a normal AFI to undergo antepartum testing (P < .001). A statistically significant increase in intrauterine growth restriction in the borderline AFI group was noted, with a calculated risk ratio of 13.76 (P < .001). There was no difference between groups for meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (P = .23), neonatal intensive care unit admission (P = .054), preterm delivery (P = .31), or operative vaginal delivery (P = .45).ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that there is no difference in the rate of fetal intolerance of labor in pregnancies with a borderline AFI and those with a normal AFI. Pregnancies complicated by a borderline AFI are more likely to undergo antepartum testing, yet the benefit is unclear. Significantly more patients with a borderline AFI had underlying growth restriction, which may provide a useful tool for risk stratification in the management of a borderline AFI.
Using SomaticSniper to Detect Somatic Single Nucleotide Variants
Authors: Larson David E. , Abbott Travis E. , Wilson Richard K. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDetecting somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) is an essential component of cancer research with next‐generation sequencing data. This unit describes how to run the SomaticSniper somatic SNV detector and then filter the output to eliminate most false positives. It also includes support protocols detailing the compilation of the software. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 45:15.5.1‐15.5.8. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
BreakDancer: Identification of Genomic Structural Variation from Paired‐End Read Mapping
Authors: Fan Xian , Abbott Travis E. , Larson David , Chen Ken 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe advent of next‐generation sequencing data has made it possible to cost‐effectively detect and characterize genomic variation in human genomes. Structural variation, including deletion, duplication, insertion, inversion, and translocation, is of great importance to human genetics due to its association with many genetic diseases. BreakDancer is a bioinformatics tool that relates paired‐end read alignments from a test genome to the reference genome for the purpose of comprehensively and accurately detecting various types of structural variation. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 45:15.6.1‐15.6.11. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Parameterization of ice fall speeds in midlatitude cirrus: Results from SPartICus
Authors: Mishra Subhashree , Mitchell David L. , Turner David D. , Lawson R. P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe climate sensitivity predicted in general circulation models can be sensitive to the treatment of the ice particle fall velocity. In this study, the mass‐weighted ice fall speed (Vm) and the number concentration ice fall speed (Vn) in midlatitude cirrus clouds are computed from in situ measurements of ice particle area and number concentration made by the two‐dimensional stereo probe during the Small Particles In Cirrus field campaign. For single‐moment ice microphysical schemes, Vm and the ice particle size distribution effective diameter De were parameterized in terms of cloud temperature (T) and ice water content (IWC). For two‐moment schemes, Vm and Vn were related to De and the mean maximum dimension¯D, respectively. For single‐moment schemes, although the correlations of Vm and De with T were higher than the correlations of Vm and De with IWC, it is demonstrated that Vm and De are better predicted by using both T and IWC. The parameterization relating Vm to T and IWC is compared with another scheme relating Vm to T and IWC, with the latter based on millimeter cloud radar measurements. Regarding two‐moment ice microphysical schemes, a strong correlation was found between De and Vm and between¯D and Vn owing to their similar weightings by ice particle mass and number concentration, respectively. Estimating Vm from De makes Vm a function of IWC and projected area, realistically coupling Vm with both the cloud microphysics and radiative properties.
Lightning in Western Patagonia
Authors: Garreaud René D. , Gabriela Nicora M. , Bürgesser Rodrigo E. , Ávila Eldo E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractOn the basis of 8 years (2005–2012) of stroke data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network we describe the spatial distribution and temporal variability of lightning activity over Western Patagonia. This region extends from ~40°S to 55°S along the west coast of South America, is limited to the east by the austral Andes, and features a hyper‐humid, maritime climate. Stroke density exhibits a sharp maximum along the coast of southern Chile. Although precipitation there is largely produced by cold nimbostratus, days with more than one stroke occur up to a third of the time somewhere along the coastal strip. Disperse strokes are also observed off southern Chile. In contrast, strokes are virtually nonexistent over the austral Andes—where precipitation is maximum—and farther east over the dry lowlands of Argentina. Atmospheric reanalysis and satellite imagery are used to characterize the synoptic environment of lightning‐producing storms, exemplified by a case study and generalized by a compositing analysis. Lightning activity tends to occur when Western Patagonia is immersed in a pool of cold air behind a front that has reached the coast at ~40°S. Under these circumstances, midlevel cooling occurs before and is more prominent than near‐surface cooling, leading to a weakly unstable postfrontal condition. Forced uplift of the strong westerlies impinging on the coastal mountains can trigger convection and produces significant lightning activity in this zone. Farther offshore, large‐scale ascent near the cyclone's center may lift near‐surface air parcels, fostering shallow convection and dispersing lightning activity.
Wave‐cloud lines over the Arabian Sea
Authors: Birch C. E. , Reeder M. J. , Berry G. J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMeteosat visible satellite images between 2006 and 2011 show wave‐cloud lines over the Arabian Sea in all months outside the summer monsoon (June–September). These lines are most frequent between January and May (2–3 per month in a given year). All wave‐cloud lines in the region propagate offshore. As these wave‐cloud lines are associated with coherent convergence lines, the objective technique described by Berry and Reeder is applied to the ERA‐Interim reanalysis and a climatology of convergence lines at 850 hPa developed. Despite the coarse resolution of the ERA‐Interim reanalysis, the statistical properties of these lines are broadly constant with those deduced from the Meteosat visible satellite images. The generation mechanism is investigated in a simulation with the Met Office Unified Model of a particular wave‐cloud line (12 March 2011). The process appears to be similar to that over northwestern Australia, which has been documented previously. During the day, a synoptic‐scale northeasterly flow opposes the inland advection of the sea breeze on the west coast of India. However, as the daytime turbulence decays and the boundary layer stabilizes, the northeasterly flow accelerates, pushing offshore the leading edge of the sea breeze during the late evening and early hours of the morning. A wave is generated as the northeasterlies penetrate the marine boundary layer, and this wave propagates westward, producing cloud at its leading edge where there is strong ascent.
Synthetic Polymer as an Adjuvant in Collagen‐Induced Arthritis
Authors: Shakya Akhilesh Kumar , Nandakumar Kutty Selva 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCollagen‐induced arthritis (CIA), the classical animal model for experimental arthritis, resembles human rheumatoid arthritis in several aspects. However, the most widely used method of inducing CIA utilizes Freund's adjuvants, which can skew the elicited immune responses and also pose toxicity problems. This unit describes a new method of inducing CIA using a well defined stimuli‐responsive synthetic polymer, poly‐N‐isopropylacrylamide‐based adjuvant, mixed with the joint cartilage protein collagen type II (CII). PNiPAAm as an adjuvant is biodegradable and biocompatible, and does not skew immune responses. Thus, it is helpful in the development of arthritis models for studying antigen and tissue ‐specific autoimmune responses in an unbiased manner. This model is valuable for analyzing disease pathways, positional identification of genes regulating arthritis, validation of existing therapies, and exploring new therapeutic targets. Furthermore, this newly developed PNiPAAm adjuvant allows investigation of disease induction using specific autoantigens in several autoimmune diseases independently of toll‐like receptors, as well as optimization of vaccine delivery systems for infectious diseases. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 4:11‐24 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fault‐tolerant control of linear multivariable controllers using iterative feedback tuning
Authors: Wang Yulei , Ma Guangfu 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThis paper introduces the iterative feedback tuning (IFT) into a Youla parameterization scheme for fault‐tolerant control. By off‐line IFT‐experiments of tuning Youla parameters, the proposed algorithm deals with a number of conditional failures that are described by the dual Youla parameter. The main contribution of this paper is to show how Youla scheme‐based IFT can be constructed for multivariable linear time‐invariant systems. Particular attention is given to the issue of the structure of the Youla parameter (filter), in which both finite impulse response and infinite impulse response filters are presented and compared. As an illustration, the method is applied to a simulation model of a continuous stirred tank heater system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.