bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collecting Human Subjects: Ethics and the Archive in the History of Science and the Historical Life Sciences
Authors: Radin Joanna 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAnthropological collectors have long engaged in “salvage”—the attempt to metaphorically freeze those artifacts, traditions, and languages in danger of disappearing. Beginning in the 1960s, in an effort to establish global baselines of biological variation, biological anthropologists and human geneticists emphasized the importance of salvaging blood samples from Indigenous peoples whose survival they considered to be endangered by the corrosive forces of modernity. This paper focuses on the collection practices of Jonathan Friedlaender, who was a Ph.D. student in biological anthropology at Harvard when he took his first blood samples in 1966. Eventually, Friedlaender began to salvage materials from his own career, assembling an archive that would ultimately be deposited at the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. The archive would become part of a “collection of anthropologists,” out of which current and future historians might seek to make sense of the collections they made of other people.
Large Scale Collections of Biological Material and Ethical First Principles
Authors: Turner Trudy R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCollecting and storing research materials is within the purview of all anthropologists. The establishment of collections, especially the large new biobanks of biological materials, requires an examination of the ways in which ethical first principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice integrate with the goals and scientific aims of the collection. This article presents an example of the establishment of a repository of material for vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus sensu lato) and the ways in which informed consent, ownership of materials, and data sharing were considered in the establishment of the repository. Concepts of stewardship, derived from museum studies, are provided as an example of the way in which collections are currently regarded and maintained.
Predicting mortality in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus after major complications: a study using Swedish National Diabetes Register data
Authors: Kelly P. J. , Clarke P. M. , Hayes A. J. , Gerdtham U.‐G. , Cederholm J. , Nilsson P. , Eliasson B. , Gudbjornsdottir S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTo predict mortality risk and life expectancy for patients with Type 2 diabetes after a major diabetes‐related complication.MethodsThe study sample, taken from the Swedish National Diabetes Register, consisted of 20 836 people with Type 2 diabetes who had their first major complication (myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, amputation or renal failure) between January 2001 and December 2007. A Gompertz proportional hazards model was derived which determined significant risk factors associated with mortality and was used to estimate life expectancies.ResultsRisk of death changed over time according to type of complication, with myocardial infarction initally having the highest initial risk of death, but after the first month, the risk was higher for heart failure, renal failure and amputation. Other factors that increased the risk of death were male gender (hazard ratio 1.06, 95% CI 1.02–1.12), longer duration of diabetes (hazard ratio 1.07 per 10 years, 95% CI 1.04–1.10), smoking (hazard ratio 1.51, 95% CI 1.40–1.63) and macroalbuminuria (hazard ratio 1.14, 95% CI 1.06–1.22). Low BMI, low systolic blood pressure and low estimated GFR also increased mortality risk. Life expectancy was highest after a stroke, myocardial infarction or heart failure, lower after amputation and lowest after renal failure. Smoking and poor renal function were the risk factors which had the largest impact on reducing life expectancy.ConclusionsRisk of death and life expectancy differs substantially among the major complications of diabetes, and factors significantly increasing risk included smoking, low estimated GFR and albuminuria.
Comparison of different aspects of BMI history to identify undiagnosed diabetes in Japanese men and women: Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 12 (TOPICS 12)
Authors: Yoshizawa S. , Heianza Y. , Arase Y. , Saito K. , Hsieh S. D. , Tsuji H. , Hanyu O. , Suzuki A. , Tanaka S. , Kodama S. , Shimano H. , Hara S. , Sone H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimsTo examine current BMI and various aspects of BMI history as pre‐screening tools for undiagnosed diabetes in Japanese individuals.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 16 226 men and 7026 women aged 30–75 years without a self‐reported history of clinician‐diagnosed diabetes. We estimated the probability of having undiagnosed diabetes (fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l and/or HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol⁄mol (≥ 6.5%) for the following variables: current BMI, BMI in the early 20s (BMI20y), lifetime maximum BMI (BMImax), change between BMI in the early 20s and current BMI (ΔBMI20y−cur), change between BMI in the early 20s and maximum BMI (ΔBMI20y−max), and change between lifetime maximum and current BMI (ΔBMImax−cur).ResultsThe prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 3.3% (771/23252) among participants. BMImax, ΔBMI20y–max and current BMI (1‐sd increments) were more strongly associated with diabetes than the other factors (multivariate odds ratio 1.58 [95% CI 1.47–1.70] in men and 1.65 [95% CI 1.43–1.90] in women for BMImax; multivariate odds ratio 1.47 [95% CI 1.37–1.58] in men and 1.61 [95% CI 1.41–1.84] in women for ΔBMI20y–max; multivariate odds ratio 1.47 [95% CI 1.36–1.58] in men and 1.63 [95% CI 1.40‐1.89] in women for current BMI). The probability of having diabetes was markedly higher in those with both the highest tertile of BMImax and greatest ΔBMI20y‐max; however, a substantially lower likelihood of diabetes was observed among individuals with the lowest and middle tertiles of current BMI (< 24.62 kg/m2 in men and < 22.54 kg/m2 in women).ConclusionsLifetime maximum BMI and BMI changes from early adulthood were strongly associated with undiagnosed diabetes. Adding BMI history to people's current BMI would improve the identification of individuals with a markedly higher probability of having undiagnosed diabetes.
Abundance–occupancy relationships of larval black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in temperate Nearctic streams
Authors: McCreadie John W. , Adler Peter H. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

This study examines abundance–occupancy relationships of larval black flies in temperate streams of the south‐eastern United States. It is the first study of abundance–occupancy relationships in lotic macro‐invertebrate assemblages to focus on a single family. We address the following questions: (i) Do larval black flies show a strong inter‐specific abundance–occupancy relationship? (ii) Do widespread and abundant species demonstrate greater niche breadth (NB) or niche position (NP) than do species with limited distributions and low local abundances? (iii) Does the abundance–occupancy relationship change between habitat generalists and specialists?

Species abundance was measured as the total mean relative abundance over all sites. Three measures of occupancy were used: occurrence (number of sites occupied), latitudinal extent of occupancy, and longitudinal extent of occupancy. Niche‐based indices (breadth and position) were expressed as multivariate indices of habitat variables, reflecting variation in the niche of a species, as opposed to a simple range.

Non‐ecological factors (sampling, analytical artefacts, phylogenetic non‐independence) accounted for our results and, accordingly, we focus on ecological explanations of inter‐specific abundance–occupancy relationships, grounded in niche and meta‐population theory. When occupancy was measured as the number of sites at which a species occurred, a strong inter‐specific abundance–occupancy relationship was found. Niche‐based indices did not have a significant influence on shaping this relationship. When occupancy was measured as geographic extent, the abundance–occupancy relationship was weak or non‐significant, although niche‐based indices had a significant effect on occupancy. No evidence supported the notion that meta‐population dynamics influence abundance–occupancy relationships. Abundance–occupancy relationship is a summation of individual species traits, a point that often receives little attention.
Workplace Violence and Occupational Stress in Healthcare Workers: A Chicken‐and‐Egg Situation—Results of a 6‐Year Follow‐up Study
Authors: Magnavita Nicola 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectivesViolence at work (WV) is an important occupational hazard for health care workers (HCWs). A number of surveys addressing the causes and effects of WV have shown that it is associated with work‐related stress. However, it is not clear what direction this relationship takes, that is, whether job strain facilitates aggression against HCWs or WV is the cause of job strain.MethodsFrom 2003 to 2009, HCWs from a public health care unit were asked to self‐assess their level of work‐related stress and to report aggression that occurred in the 12‐month period preceding their routine medical examination. In 2009, physical and mental health and job satisfaction were also assessed. A total of 698 out of 723 HCWs (96.5%) completed the study.FindingsJob strain and lack of social support were predictors of the occurrence of nonphysical aggression during the ensuing year. HCWs who experienced WV reported high strain and low support at work in the following year. The experience of nonphysical violence and a prolonged state of strain and social isolation were significant predictors of psychological problems and bad health at follow‐up.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe relationship between work‐related distress and WV is bidirectional. The monitoring of workers through questionnaires distributed before their periodic examination is a simple and effective way of studying WV and monitoring distress.Clinical RelevanceThe findings of the present study may facilitate the subsequent design of participatory intervention for the prevention of violence in healthcare facilities. This should always be accompanied by measures designed to reduce strain and improve social support.
Parental reflective functioning: analysis and promotion of the concept for paediatric nursing
Authors: Ordway Monica R , Sadler Lois S , Dixon Jane , Slade Arietta 
Published: April 2014

Aims and objectivesTo identify the definitional elements of parental reflective functioning and develop a framework for nurses to apply this concept in their clinical work with families.BackgroundIn recent years, researchers have concluded that parental reflective functioning is a key mechanism in the development of child attachment security leading to lifelong mental and physical health benefits. Despite its clinical relevance, little has been published in the nursing literature on this concept.DesignConcept analysis.MethodsThe Walker and Avant (2011, Strategies for theory construction in nursing. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ) method of concept analysis and the Whittemore and Knafl (Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52, 2005, 546) method of integrative review were used. A search of the literature published from 1989–2013 was conducted using edited texts and online databases – Scopus, CINAHL, PubMed and PsychInfo. Among the 85 sources, 31 empirical studies, 17 book chapters, 32 review papers and five case studies were identified concerning parental reflective functioning.ResultsThe concept of reflective functioning, defined as the capacity to envision the mental states of self and other, was first described in 1989 by Fonagy. Slade (Attachment and Human Development, 7, 2005, 269) expanded the concept specifically for parents (i.e. parental reflective functioning). Results of this concept analysis describe seven defining attributes and five antecedent conditions. Consequences of parental reflective functioning are related to a child's attachment early in life and behaviour later in life. A model case is provided to contextualise the concept. To date, there are three measures for parental reflective functioning.ConclusionsWhile parental reflective functioning has been predominately featured in psychology and parenting interventions, the potential consequences of secure attachment and longer‐term children's behavioural outcomes suggest that the concept has global implications for paediatric nurses and primary healthcare clinicians.Relevance to clinical practiceParental reflective functioning offers exciting and promising opportunities for paediatric health and new approaches for those who provide paediatric health care.
Effect of Dietary Nonstructural Carbohydrate Content on Activation of 5′‐Adenosine Monophosphate‐Activated Protein Kinase in Liver, Skeletal Muscle, and Digital Laminae of Lean and Obese Ponies
Authors: Burns T.A. , Watts M.R. , Weber P.S. , McCutcheon L.J. , Geor R.J. , Belknap J.K. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundIn EMS‐associated laminitis, laminar failure may occur in response to energy failure related to insulin resistance (IR) or to the effect of hyperinsulinemia on laminar tissue. 5′‐Adenosine‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a marker of tissue energy deprivation, which may occur in IR.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo characterize tissue AMPK regulation in ponies subjected to a dietary carbohydrate (CHO) challenge.AnimalsTwenty‐two mixed‐breed ponies.MethodsImmunohistochemistry and immunoblotting for total AMPK and phospho(P)‐AMPK and RT‐qPCR for AMPK‐responsive genes were performed on laminar, liver, and skeletal muscle samples collected after a 7‐day feeding protocol in which ponies stratified on body condition score (BCS; obese or lean) were fed either a low‐CHO diet (ESC + starch, approximately 7% DM; n = 5 obese, 5 lean) or a high‐CHO diet (ESC + starch, approximately 42% DM; n = 6 obese, 6 lean).Results5′‐Adenosine‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase was immunolocalized to laminar keratinocytes, dermal constituents, and hepatocytes. A high‐CHO diet resulted in significantly decreased laminar [P‐AMPK] in lean ponies (P = .03), but no changes in skeletal muscle (lean, P = .33; obese, P = .43) or liver (lean, P = .84; obese, P = .13) [P‐AMPK]. An inverse correlation existed between [blood glucose] and laminar [P‐AMPK] in obese ponies on a high‐CHO diet.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceLaminar tissue exhibited a normal response to a high‐CHO diet (decreased [P‐AMPK]), whereas this response was not observed in liver and skeletal muscle in both lean (skeletal muscle, P = .33; liver, P = .84) and obese (skeletal muscle, P = .43; liver, P = .13) ponies.
Can cystatin C in cerebrospinal fluid be a biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? A lesson from previous studies
Authors: Sako Wataru , Ishimoto Shinji 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground and AimAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an idiopathic and fatal neurodegenerative disease of the motor system that results in loss of upper and lower motor neurons in the brainstem and multiple spinal cord regions. We do not have a useful biomarker for early diagnosis yet. In terms of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), cystatin C is a candidate, but the results are controversial. In the present study, we synthesized the results of published research on cystatin C in CSF to test whether or not cystatin C level was reduced in ALS relative to other neurological disorders (OND) using a meta‐analysis method.MethodsComprehensive literature search yielded four studies that satisfied our inclusion criteria (112 ALS, 72 OND). The outcome of cystatin C concentration was expressed as the standardized mean difference (SMD) between ALS and OND.ResultsThe overall effect of ALS on cystatin C level in CSF was not significantly different from OND (SMD = −0.81, 95% CI −1.78 to 0.16, P = 0.10, four studies, n = 184). This result was based on heterogeneous studies (P < 0.0001, I2 = 88%). We carried out sensitivity analysis with the exclusion of each study sequentially. There was no significant summary effect regardless of any exclusion.ConclusionsThe present meta‐analysis could not detect a significant difference of cystatin C in CSF between ALS and OND with heterogeneous studies. Here, we mainly discussed the possible cause of heterogeneity, which provided several suggestions for future research.
Conflict of interest in American neurology and neurological societies
Authors: Mitsumoto Hiroshi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAs physicians, we are expected to adhere to the highest ethical standards when treating our patients, educating the medical community and society as a whole, and investigating new medical evidence. When we receive anything from, speak for and study in collaboration with the pharmaceutical and device industry, an opportunity for conflicts of interest (COI) develops. As a society, we have witnessed that COI can have highly negative and damaging effects; for example, COI related to leaded gasoline and tobacco use. Egregious COI in several cutting‐edge medical research endeavors have resulted in lethal outcomes, and most unfortunately, examples of similar flagrant COI continue to come to light. In the business of medical care and in research today, with many physicians being closely associated with for‐profit medical companies, the possibility of COI is always present. As an academic neurologist practicing in the USA, I review here the historical background, definition and nature of COI, which is both tangible and intangible. At present, public disclosure is the best practice to reduce COI by a process of checks and balances. The present review provides details of the COI process of the American Academy of Neurology, the largest professional neurological organization in the world. In addition, I discuss my own personal experience with COI. COI will never be resolved or disappear in the foreseen future, and indeed will become even more complicated. I hope this review will illuminate COI, and help neurologists to address COI by openly disclosing their relationships with industry and avoiding potential harm.
The cost‐effectiveness of contemporary home haemodialysis modalities compared with facility haemodialysis: A systematic review of full economic evaluations
Authors: Walker Rachael , Marshall Mark R , Morton Rachael L , McFarlane Philip , Howard Kirsten 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimThe financial burden of the increasing dialysis population challenges healthcare resources internationally. Home haemodialysis offers many benefits over conventional facility dialysis including superior clinical, patient‐centred outcomes and reduced cost. This review updates a previous review, conducted a decade prior, incorporating contemporary home dialysis techniques of frequent and nocturnal dialysis. We sought comparative cost‐effectiveness studies of homeversusfacility haemodialysis (HD) for people with end‐stage kidney failure (ESKF).MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of literature fromJanuary 2000–March 2014. Studies were included if they provided comparative information on the costs, health outcomes and cost‐effectiveness ratios of homeHDand facilityHD. We searched medical and health economic databases usingMeSHheadings and text words for economic evaluation and haemodialysis.ResultsSix studies of economic evaluations that compared home to facilityHDwere identified. Two studies compared home nocturnalHD, one home nocturnal and daily homeHD, and three compared contemporary homeHDto facilityHD. Overall these studies suggest that contemporary homeHDmodalities are less costly and more effective than facilityHD. HomeHDstart‐up costs tend to be higher in the short term, but these are offset by cost savings over the longer term.ConclusionsContemporaneous dialysis modalities including nocturnal and daily home haemodialysis are cost‐effective or cost‐saving compared with facility‐based haemodialysis. This result is largely driven by lower staff costs, and better health outcomes for survival and quality of life. Expanding the proportion of haemodialysis patients managed at home is likely to produce cost savings.
Antifungal Susceptibilities of Candida Isolates Causing Bloodstream Infections at a Medical Center in Taiwan, 2009-2010
Authors: Huang Yu-Tsung , Liu Chia-Ying , Liao Chun-Hsing , Chung Kuei-Pin , Sheng Wang-Huei , Hsueh Po-Ren 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

We used the Sensititre YeastOne (SYO) method (Trek Diagnostic Systems) to determine the MICs of nine antifungal agents against 474 nonduplicate blood
Candida
isolates. The MIC results were interpreted according to updated clinical breakpoints (CBPs) recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI; document M27-S4) or epidemiology cutoff values (ECVs). The rates of fluconazole susceptibility were 99.2% (234/236) in
Candida albicans
, 86.7% (85/98) in
C. tropicalis
, and 97.7% (42/43) in
C. parapsilosis
. Among the 77 isolates of
C. glabrata
, 90.9% showed dose-dependent susceptibility (S-DD) to fluconazole. Nearly all isolates of
C. albicans
,
C. parapsilosis
, and
C. krusei
were susceptible to voriconazole; however, rates of voriconazole susceptibility were 78.6% in
C. tropicalis
. Few isolates of
C. albicans
(
n
= 5; 2.1%) and
C. glabrata
(
n
= 3; 3.9%), no isolates of
C. parapsilosis
,
C. krusei
, and
C. guilliermondii
, but 62.2% (
n
= 51) of
C. tropicalis
isolates were non-wild type for posaconazole susceptibility. For itraconazole susceptibility, 98.3% of
C. albicans
isolates were wild type, and 3.9% (
n
= 3) of
C. glabrata
isolates were non-wild type. Almost all of the isolates tested (>97% for all species) were susceptible to both micafungin and anidulafungin. All isolates tested were found to be wild type for amphotericin B susceptibility, with MICs of <1μg/ml. Further evaluation is needed to establish CBPs of antifungal agents by the 24-h SYO method for the management of patients with candidemia or other invasive candida infections.
Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics of the Helicase-Primase Inhibitor Pritelivir following Treatment of Wild-Type or Pritelivir-Resistant Virus Infection in a Murine Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection Model
Authors: Biswas Subhajit , Sukla Soumi , Goldner Thomas , Field Hugh J. , Kropeit Dirk , Paulsen Daniela , Welbers André , Ruebsamen-Schaeff Helga , Zimmermann Holger , Birkmann Alexander 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections can cause considerable morbidity. Transmission of HSV-2 has become a major health concern, since it has been shown to promote transmission of other sexually transmitted diseases. Pritelivir (AIC316, BAY 57-1293) belongs to a new class of HSV antiviral compounds, the helicase-primase inhibitors, which have a mode of action that is distinct from that of antiviral nucleoside analogues currently in clinical use. Analysis of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters is a useful tool for the selection of appropriate doses in clinical trials, especially for compounds belonging to new classes for which no or only limited data on therapeutic profiles are available. For this purpose, the effective dose of pritelivir was determined in a comprehensive mouse model of HSV infection. Corresponding plasma concentrations were measured, and exposures were compared with efficacious concentrations derived from cell cultures. The administration of pritelivir at 10 mg/kg of body weight once daily for 4 days completely suppressed any signs of HSV infection in the animals. Associated plasma concentrations adjusted for protein binding stayed above the cell culture 90% effective concentration (EC
90
) for HSV-1 for almost the entire dosing interval. Interestingly, by increasing the dose 6-fold and prolonging the treatment duration to 8 days, it was possible to treat mice infected with an approximately 30-fold pritelivir-resistant but fully pathogenic HSV-1 virus. Corresponding plasma concentrations exceeded the EC
90
of this mutant for <8 h, indicating that even suboptimal exposure to pritelivir is sufficient to achieve antiviral efficacy, possibly augmented by other factors such as the immune system.