bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wideband, high-efficiency, high-power GaN amplifiers, using MIC and quasi-MMIC technologies, in the 1–4 GHz range
Authors: Berrached Chamssedine , Bouw Diane , Camiade Marc , El-Akhdar Kassem , Barataud Denis , Neveux Guillaume 
Published: June 2014

In this paper, the designs and experimental performances of wideband (higher than one octave) high-efficiency, high-power amplifiers (HPA) working in the 1–4 GHz range, using the same GaN process, are presented. They are based on the Bode–Fano integrals, which can be applied to a trade-off calculation between bandwidth and efficiency. Firstly, an microwave intregrated circuits (MIC) wideband HPA, externally matched, is presented. It generates a continuous wave (CW) output power (Pout) greater than 40 W, a power gain (GP) higher than 9.2 dB and a corresponding power added efficiency (PAE) (drain efficiency (DE)) ranged between 36 and 44% (40 and 48%) over the 1–3 GHz bandwidth. Two other amplifiers have been designed upon the same theoretical methodology, with a passive GaAs MMIC circuit technology, enabling to reduce the final size down to 420 mm2. The first internally matched Quasi monolithic microwave intergrated circuits (Quasi-MMIC) single-ended HPA generates a pulsed Poutgreater than 25 W, GPhigher than 9.8 dB, and a corresponding PAE (DE) ranged between 37 and 52.5% (40 and 55%) over the 2–4 GHz bandwidth. The second internally matched Quasi-MMIC HPA, based on balanced architecture, generates a pulsed Pouthigher than 45 W, GPhigher than 9.5 dB and PAE (DE) ranged between 33 and 44% (38 and 50%) over the 2–4 GHz bandwidth. These results are among the best ones published in terms of PAE and Poutin instantaneous octave bandwidth in the 1–4 GHz frequency range.
Can the incidental killing of military doctors never be excessive?
Authors: Gisel Laurent 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMilitary medical personnel and objects, as well as wounded and sick combatants, are protected against direct attack under the principle of distinction in international humanitarian law. However, some authors argue that they are not covered by the principles of proportionality and precautions. This opinion note explains that military medical objects constitute civilian objects under the rules governing the conduct of hostilities. It also demonstrates that, in view of the object and purpose of the First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions, expected incidental casualties of military medical personnel and wounded and sick combatants must be included among the relevant incidental casualties under the principles of proportionality and precautions. This stems in particular from the interpretation of the obligation ‘to respect and protect’ as the overarching obligation of the special protection afforded to all medical personnel and wounded and sick. Support for this conclusion can be found in a number of military manuals and in the Additional Protocol's preparatory work and Commentaries. This conclusion also reflects customary law.
Chimpanzee choice rates in competitive games match equilibrium game theory predictions
Authors: Martin Christopher Flynn , Bhui Rahul , Bossaerts Peter , Matsuzawa Tetsuro , Camerer Colin 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe capacity for strategic thinking about the payoff-relevant actions of conspecifics is not well understood across species. We use game theory to make predictions about choices and temporal dynamics in three abstract competitive situations with chimpanzee participants. Frequencies of chimpanzee choices are extremely close to equilibrium (accurate-guessing) predictions and shift as payoffs change, just as equilibrium theory predicts. The chimpanzee choices are also closer to the equilibrium prediction and more responsive to past history and payoff changes, than two samples of human choices from experiments in which humans were also initially uninformed about opponent payoffs and could not communicate verbally. The results are consistent with a tentative interpretation of game theory as explaining evolved behavior, with the additional hypothesis that chimpanzees may retain or practice a specialized capacity to adjust strategy choice during competition to perform at least as well as, or better than, humans have.
Ambulatory Spine Surgery: A Survey Study
Authors: Baird Evan O. , Brietzke Sasha C. , Weinberg Alan D. , McAnany Steven J. , Qureshi Sheeraz A. , Cho Samuel K. , Hecht Andrew C. 
Published: June 2014

Study Design Cross-sectional study. Objective To assess the current practices of spine surgeons performing ambulatory surgery in the United States. Methods An electronic survey was distributed to members of the International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery. Data were initially examined in a univariate manner; variables with a p value < 0.25 were entered into a multiple logistic regression model. All statistical analyses were performed using the SAS System software Version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina, United States). Results Overall, 84.2% of respondents performed some manner of ambulatory spine surgery, and 49.1% were investors in an ambulatory surgery center. Surgeon investors in ambulatory surgery centers were more likely to perform procedures of increased complexity than noninvestors, though limited data precluded a statistical correlation. Surgeons in private practice were more likely to perform ambulatory surgery (94.3%; p = 0.0176), and nonacademic surgeons were both more likely to invest in ambulatory surgery centers ( p = 0.0024) and perform surgery at least part of the time in a surgery center ( p = 0.0039). Conclusions Though the numbers were too few to calculate statistical significance, there was a trend toward the performance of high-risk procedures on an ambulatory basis being undertaken by those with investment status in an ambulatory center. It is possible that this plays a role in the decision to perform these procedures in this setting versus that of a hospital, where a patient may have better access to care should a complication arise requiring emergent assessment and treatment by a physician. This decision should divest itself of financial incentives and focus entirely on patient safety.
Effects of salts on the interaction of 8-anilinonaphthalene 1-sulphonate and thermolysin
Authors: Samukange Vimbai , Kamo Masayuki , Yasukawa Kiyoshi , Inouye Kuniyo 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Neutral salts activate and stabilize thermolysin. In this study, to explore the mechanism, we analyzed the interaction of 8-anilinonaphthalene 1-sulphonate (ANS) and thermolysin by ANS fluorescence. At pH 7.5, the fluorescence of ANS increased and blue-shifted with increasing concentrations (0–2.0 μM) of thermolysin, indicating that the anilinonaphthalene group of ANS binds with thermolysin through hydrophobic interaction. ANS did not alter thermolysin activity. The dissociation constants (Kd) of the complex between ANS and thermolysin was 33 ± 2 μM at 0 M NaCl at pH 7.5, decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations, and reached 9 ± 3 μM at 4 M NaCl. The Kd values were not varied (31−34 μM) in a pH range of 5.5−8.5. This suggests that at high NaCl concentrations, Na+ and/or Cl– ions bind with thermolysin and affect the binding of ANS with thermolysin. Our results also suggest that the activation and stabilization of thermolysin by NaCl are partially brought about by the binding of Na+ and/or Cl– ions with thermolysin.
Cartography as a Tool of Colonization: Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s 1583 Voyage to North America*
Authors: Probasco Nate 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAn analysis of Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s 1583 expedition to North America, which was England’s first attempt at colonization beyond Britain, shows that the nation’s earliest expansionists perceived the significance of maps in supporting colonization. Gilbert recruited several specialists, including John Dee and Richard Hakluyt, who expended considerable time and resources conducting research for their maps and drawing up plans to survey the colony. A thorough examination of Gilbert’s sea chart and terrestrial maps clarifies how his circle used them to promote the expedition, to guide it to North America, and to assert their control over the territory. Scholars often depict early modern English colonizers as having little interest in cartographic materials, but Gilbert and his supporters proved that maps served a number of vital functions in preparing and executing a colonizing expedition.
Osmotic induction improves batch marking of larval fish otoliths with enriched stable isotopes
Authors: de Braux Emmanuel , Warren-Myers Fletcher , Dempster Tim , Fjelldal Per Gunnar , Hansen Tom , Swearer Stephen E. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Otolith marking with enriched stable isotopes via immersion is a recent method of batch marking larval fish for a range of research and industrial applications. However, current immersion times and isotope concentrations required to successfully mark an otolith limit the utility of this technique. Osmotic induction improves incorporation and reduces immersion time for some chemical markers, but its effects on isotope incorporation into otoliths are unknown. Here, we tested the effects of osmotic induction over a range of different isotope concentrations and immersion times on relative mark success and strength for 26Mg:24Mg, 86Sr:88Sr and 137Ba:138Ba on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) larvae. 71% and 100% mark success were achieved after 1 h of immersion for 86Sr (75 µg L−1) and 137Ba (30 µg L−1) isotopes, respectively. Compared with conventional immersion, osmotic induction improved overall mark strength for 86Sr and 137Ba isotopes by 26–116%, although this effect was only observed after 12 h of immersion and predominately for 86Sr. The results demonstrate that osmotic induction reduces immersion times and the concentrations of isotope required to achieve successful marks. Osmotically induced isotope labels via larval immersion may prove a rapid and cost-effective way of batch marking fish larvae across a range of potential applications.
Prospective External Validation of a Predictive Score for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications
Authors: Mazo Valentín , Sabaté Sergi , Canet Jaume , Gallart Lluís , de Abreu Marcelo Gama , Belda Javier , Langeron Olivier , Hoeft Andreas , Pelosi Paolo 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background:
No externally validated risk score for postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) is currently available. The authors tested the generalizability of the Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia risk score for PPCs in a large European cohort (Prospective Evaluation of a RIsk Score for postoperative pulmonary COmPlications in Europe).

Methods:
Sixty-three centers recruited 5,859 surgical patients receiving general, neuraxial, or plexus block anesthesia. The Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia factors (age, preoperative arterial oxygen saturation in air, acute respiratory infection during the previous month, preoperative anemia, upper abdominal or intrathoracic surgery, surgical duration, and emergency surgery) were recorded, along with PPC occurrence (respiratory infection or failure, bronchospasm, atelectasis, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or aspiration pneumonitis). Discrimination, calibration, and diagnostic accuracy measures of the Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia score’s performance were calculated for the Prospective Evaluation of a RIsk Score for postoperative pulmonary COmPlications in Europe cohort and three subsamples: Spain, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe.

Results:
The full Prospective Evaluation of a RIsk Score for postoperative pulmonary COmPlications in Europe data set included 5,099 patients; 725 PPCs were recorded for 404 patients (7.9%). The score’s discrimination was good: c-statistic (95% CI), 0.80 (0.78 to 0.82). Predicted versus observed PPC rates for low, intermediate, and high risk were 0.87 and 3.39% (score <26), 7.82 and 12.98% (≥26 and <45), and 38.13 and 38.01% (≥45), respectively; the positive likelihood ratio for a score of 45 or greater was 7.12 (5.93 to 8.56). The score performed best in the Western Europe subsample—c-statistic, 0.87 (0.83 to 0.90) and positive likelihood ratio, 11.56 (8.63 to 15.47)—and worst in the Eastern Europe subsample. The predicted (5.5%) and observed (5.7%) PPC rates were most similar in the Spain subsample.

Conclusions:
The Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia score predicts three levels of PPC risk in hospitals outside the development setting. Performance differs between geographic areas.
Untangling cross-frequency coupling in neuroscience
Authors: Aru Juhan , Aru Jaan , Priesemann Viola , Wibral Michael , Lana Luiz , Pipa Gordon , Singer Wolf , Vicente Raul 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCross-frequency coupling (CFC) has been proposed to coordinate neural dynamics across spatial and temporal scales. Despite its potential relevance for understanding healthy and pathological brain function, the standard CFC analysis and physiological interpretation come with fundamental problems. For example, apparent CFC can appear because of spectral correlations due to common non-stationarities that may arise in the total absence of interactions between neural frequency components. To provide a road map towards an improved mechanistic understanding of CFC, we organize the available and potential novel statistical/modeling approaches according to their biophysical interpretability. While we do not provide solutions for all the problems described, we provide a list of practical recommendations to avoid common errors and to enhance the interpretability of CFC analysis.HighlightsFundamental caveats and confounds in the methodology of assessing CFC are discussed.Significant CFC can be observed without any underlying physiological coupling.Non-stationarity of a time-series leads to spectral correlations interpreted as CFC.We offer practical recommendations, which can relieve some of the current confounds.Further theoretical and experimental work is needed to ground the CFC analysis.
A Tandem Cell for Nanopore-based DNA Sequencing with Exonuclease
Authors: Sampath G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA tandem cell is proposed for DNA sequencing in which an exonuclease enzyme cleaves bases (mononucleotides) from a strand of DNA for identification inside a nanopore. It has two nanopores and three compartments with the structure [cis1, upstream nanopore (UNP),trans1 =cis2, downstream nanopore (DNP),trans2]. The exonuclease is attached to the exit side of UNP intrans1/cis2. A cleaved base cannot regress intocis1 because of the remaining DNA strand in UNP. A profiled electric field over DNP with positive and negative components slows down base translocation through DNP. The proposed structure is modeled with a Fokker-Planck equation and a piecewise solution presented. Results from the model indicate that with probability approaching 1 bases enter DNP in their natural order, are detected without any loss, and do not regress into DNP after progressing intotrans2. Sequencing efficiency with a tandem cell would then be determined solely by the level of discrimination among the base types inside DNP.
Commitment to life roles and work-family conflict among managers in a post-socialist country
Authors: Katja Mihelič Katarina 
Published: June 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to contribute to work-family literature by examining antecedents and outcomes of work-family and family-work conflict (FWC) in an under-researched post-socialist country. Building on the conservation of resources theory and identity theory, the conceptual model tests relationships among occupational and marital commitment, two types of work-family conflict (WFC) and FWC, and domain satisfaction.Design/methodology/approach– Data were collected using a self-report survey filled out by married top and middle managers from Slovenia, a Central and Eastern European country. Hypotheses were tested with structural equation modelling.Findings– While occupational commitment was positively related to perceived time- and strain-based WFC, no support was found for the path between marital commitment and the two types of FWC. The results further reveal that although time- and strain-based FWC were related to career satisfaction, only time-based WFC was associated with marital satisfaction.Research limitations/implications– A cross-sectional research design and the validation of the model using a managerial sample limit generalizability. The study points to the relevance of the institutional and cultural context regarding interpretation of links between established concepts.Originality/value– The study advances knowledge concerning WFC and FWC in a country that has undergone a process of transition from a socialist regime to a free-market economy. It adopts an integrative perspective and encompasses managers’ professional, as well as personal domains. The study tests how theories developed with samples from traditional capitalist countries apply to post-socialist countries, characterized by disparate values, norms, and societal expectations.
Promote me or protect us? The framing of policy for collective good
Authors: Selena Krishen Anjala , Raschke Robyn , Kachroo Pushkin , LaTour Michael , Verma Pratik 
Published: June 2014

Purpose– The aim of this paper is to identify the best marketing communications for policy messages that makes these messages acceptable and fair to the public. Within the context of the Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) tax, this paper examines how framing messages through the alternative perspective of tribalism can increase individual support towards the corresponding policy.Design/methodology/approach– The paper uses a mixed methods approach. Study 1 uses a qualitative content analysis process based on grounded theory to identify the themes that surround 331 public comments on a transportation policy. Study 2 follows with two 2x2 quantitative factorial experiments to test specific hypotheses.Findings– If messages are framed to address the collective losses of the political tribe for collective good, then they generate more favorable attitudes towards the policy, as opposed to the self-interest perspective.Research limitations/implications– This paper focuses on two political tribes: the collective good and self-interest. Additional research needs to address the other socially symbolic political tribes to develop the empirical research on the theory of tribalism.Practical implications– The marketing of public policy based on traditional segmentation is limiting. Policy messages can be more salient if they are framed for the political consumption of the socially symbolic tribe.Originality/value– A key contribution is that the paper is the first to use a mixed methods approach, with two studies that examine the effects of framing policy from a tribalism perspective.
Towards building a skill based society in India
Authors: Edakkandi Meethal Reji 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine whether public-private partnerships (PPPs) in skill building and employability training have or were able to contribute making quality skill training and employability services accessible at affordable prices to the poor as well as marginalized sections of the population in India.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper adopts a case study approach. The key sections of the paper review the existing vocational and skill building ecosystem in the country and the recent policy initiatives. The other sections of the paper describes the business model of Gram Tarang, highlighting their strategies of mobilization of candidates, training infrastructure, curriculum and key aspects of partnership with industry and employers, strategies for scaling up and sustainability.

Findings
– Review of past experience in skill building and employability training in the country suggests that neither the public nor the private training institutions have been able to deliver quality training that is responsive to industry demands. Gram Tarang provides an example of a PPP model that assists young people who are constrained by low-income levels, inadequate skills, irregular employment and absence of opportunities for training and development.

Practical implications
– The model has some significant features which include its approaches to mobilization of prospective candidates, sharing of programme costs, accredited curriculum, design and delivery of training programmes in consultation with its partners, constant dialogue and interface with its partner organization, mobilization of resources and scaling up through a hub and spoke model.

Originality/value
– This paper tries to fill the gaps in the literature on inclusive skill building and employability.
Influence of ageing treatment on microstructure, mechanical properties and adhesive wear behaviour of 6063 aluminium alloy
Authors: Büyükdoğan Serkan , Gündüz Süleyman , Türkmen Mustafa 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– The paper aims to provide new observations about static strain ageing in aluminium (Al) alloys which are widely used in structural applications.

Design/methodology/approach
– The present work aims to provide theoretical and practical information to industries or researchers who may be interested in the effect of static strain ageing on mechanical properties of Al alloys. The data are sorted into the following sections: introduction, materials and experimental procedure, results and discussion and conclusions.

Findings
– Tensile strength, proof strength (0.2 per cent) and percentage elongation measurement were used to investigate the effect of strain ageing on the mechanical properties. Wear tests were performed by sliding the pin specimens, which were prepared from as-received, solution heat-treated, deformed and undeformed specimens after ageing, on high-speed tool steel (64 HRC). It is concluded that the variations in ageing time improved the strength and wear resistance of the 6063 Al alloy; however, a plastically deformed solution-treated alloy has higher strength and wear resistance than undeformed specimens for different ageing times at 180°C.

Practical implications
– A very useful source of information for industries using or planning to produce Al alloys.

Originality/value
– This paper fulfils an identified resource need and offers practical help to the industries.
Ethical leadership, work engagement, and voice behavior
Authors: Cheng Jen-Wei , Chang Shu-Ching , Kuo Jyh-Huei , Cheung Yu-Ha 
Published: June 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to draw on ethical leadership and regulatory focus theory perspectives to examine the mediating role of work engagement in the relationship between ethical leadership and voice behavior, and it addresses the moderating effect of promotion focus on the relationship between ethical leadership and work engagement.Design/methodology/approach– The paper uses a sample of 239 supervisor-subordinate dyads collected from a large economic research institution in northern Taiwan to test all hypotheses.Findings– The paper finds that ethical leadership facilitates subordinates to engage in their work and encourages subordinates to speak up. This study also reveals a positive relationship between ethical leadership and work engagement that is moderated by the subordinate's self-regulatory focus, which is driven by a focus on promotion.Originality/value– The paper extends ethical leadership theory by considering that work engagement serves as a cognitive motivational underpinning in support of the link between ethical leadership and voice behavior. The results provide new and deeper insights in explaining the impact of ethical leadership on voice behavior by strengthening the mediating role of work engagement.