bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SALVAGE TECHNIQUES: CASE HISTORIES OF SPECIFIC SPILLS
Authors: Noble John M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When conducting salvage or wreck removal operations, salvors must take into account the threat of oil pollution and instigate measures to minimize the effect of any pollution which may occur during salvage operations. Modern salvage techniques involve measures specifically aimed at coping with the problems raised by current pollution awareness.
Each incident develops a character of its own; the level of success in achieving a satisfactory outcome very often depends on the relationships formed among the parties involved. Salvors usually reach the scene of a casualty after the initial oil spill and are faced with having to enter a highly charged atmosphere where the slightest “metaphoric” spark can result in mistrust and misunderstanding between participants.
BARRIER FAILURE BY CRITICAL ACCUMULATION OF VISCOUS OIL
Authors: Delvigne Gerard A. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A barrier may fail to contain an oil slick because of drainage failure, droplet entrainment failure, or critical accumulation. Drainage and entrainment failure are well known. The present paper introduces the phenomenon of critical accumulation, that is, the unstable reduction of the slick to an infinitely small length when a layer of highly viscous oil is exposed to a relative oil-water flow velocity exceeding a certain critical velocity Uca. The reduction to an infinitely small slick length causes all the oil to pass underneath the barrier independent of the barrier draft.
Experiments on barrier failure were performed in two laboratory flumes using a wide range of oil types and oil viscosities. Critical accumulation always occurred with oil viscosities v0 ≤ 3,000 cs. The critical relative velocity was Uca ≃ 0.15 m/s for oil with 3,000 cs &lt; v0 &lt; 20,000 cs, with a slight increase in Uca for higher viscosities. Uca is independent of other oil and hydrodynamic parameters.
The findings of the study have practical value since infield conditions the viscosity of oil on the water surface quickly increases above the critical value of 3,000 cs under the effects of weathering and emulsification. Moreover, relative velocities of 0.15 m/s are easily exceeded in field conditions.
OPERATIONAL USE OF A MOBILE SAND-WASHING PLANT FOR CLEANING PEBBLES: THE AMAZZONE OIL SPILL
Authors: Huet Jean-Yves , Naour Yannick , Belluteau Jean-Pierre , Bocard Christian , Such Christian , Vaillant Daniel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 31, 1988, the Amazzone spilled about 1,500 tons of a highly paraffinic medium fuel oil (having a pour point of 36°C) along a distance of 300 km off the coast of Brittany. Due to very rough sea conditions, no offshore recovery operation could be carried out. Most of the pollution was beached as scattered patches on numerous sites, including pebble beaches in south Finistère, which had been especially difficult to clean during previous spills.
In this area, the pebble banks that protect the dunes are relatively exposed to erosion. It was therefore decided to try cleaning these pebbles on site using the mobile plant that was designed for washing polluted sands and tested in 1985.
The plant prototype was put in working order and conveyed to the site on the Baie d'Audierne. The equipment was very easily adapted to washing the pebbles polluted by a mixture of sand and fuel oil emulsion. A total of 1,400 m3 was cleaned during 10 days at the end of March. The plant worked smoothly with a load of 20 to 25 m3 of pebbles per hour and using a petroleum solvent as a washing agent. Because the ambient temperature was rather low (around 5°C), cleaning was performed with warmed water.
Compared to other techniques that could be used to clean polluted pebble beaches, the washing plant proved very effective (providing good cleaning and high throughput) and competitive (costing less than quicklime treatment, for instance). Another advantage of this technique is that cleaned pebbles are returned to the beach, helping the pebble bank to keep its anti-erosion function.
SORBENT PERFORMANCE STUDY FOR CRUDE AND REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Authors: Flaherty L. Michael , Jordan Julie M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper presents information on the use of sorbents to contain and clean up crude oil and refined petroleum product spills on water and land. Sorbent literature sources have been reviewed, and information has been consolidated under contract to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This paper addresses types of sorbents, sorbent performance criteria, tests performed in previous studies, guidance on sorbent application, and profiles of generic types of organic, inorganic, and synthetic sorbents. It also considers, to a lesser degree, the use of sorbents on hazardous substances.
FACILITY-SPECIFIC CONTINGENCY PLANNING UNDER THE OIL SPCC REGULATIONS
Authors: Smith Donald P. , Novotny Sandra K. , Wendel Thearin R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Oil Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasures (SPCC) program, facilities must complete an oil spill prevention and control plan. If a facility is unable to complete a control plan, a contingency plan must be completed in accordance with the SPCC regulations. A recent EPA SPCC Program Task Force found these regulations to be inadequate in several areas, including mandatory facility-specific contingency planning.
Contingency planning should be conducted in a three-phase approach: completing risk assessment of the specific facility, determining the manner in which identified risks will be managed, and preparing for the execution of contingency plans during a spill emergency. A risk assessment of a facility subject to the SPCC regulations consists of hazard identification, vulnerability and exposure analysis, and event and fault tree analysis. Risk management consists of various components, including the identification of personnel, equipment, emergency procedures, and waste disposal options. The execution of a contingency plan depends upon accessibility of the appropriate equipment, which may include trucks, boats, communication systems, booms, and dispersants. Contingency plans for facilities covered under the SPCC regulations should provide specific information related to notification procedures, spill response, and mitigation.
OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING IN MAURITIUS
Authors: Murday Maylo , Gundlach Erich R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Government of Mauritius, the International Maritime Organization, and the United Nations Environment Programme sponsored a joint project in 1987 and 1988 to establish an oil spill contingency plan for the island of Mauritius. Two main objectives were achieved: the formulation of a National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (NOSCP) for consideration by the government and the creation of a Coastal Sensitivity Atlas detailing the sensitive resources of Mauritius and the strategies to protect them. The project was in support of the Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region and its protocol on emergency cooperation.
The organizational structure of the proposed NOSCP evolved during workshops with Mauritius authorities and was expressly developed to utilize the capabilities of existing emergency response units such as the National Coast Guard, the port authority, and the fire services. The NOSCP document also recommends supporting legislation and ratification of relevant regional and international conventions, and proposes techniques for oil spill response and the disposal of oily wastes.
The Coastal Sensitivity Atlas is a separate document containing 19 maps on a scale of 1:30,000, which cover the coastline of Mauritius and neighboring islets. The atlas is color-coded to indicate the priority areas for containment and cleanup. Living and socioeconomic resources are indicated by symbols and suitable response actions are specified.
SUPPORT FOR REGIONAL OIL SPILL RESPONSE IN THE ROPME SEA AREA
Authors: Ryan P. B. , Brown D. J. S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill contingency planning is concerned with the organization of preplanned responses to anticipated oil pollution emergencies in defined geographical areas. A major factor that must be considered when drafting any contingency plan is the support that can be expected from a variety of sources in times of emergency. Oil spills vary in both their magnitude and complexity and so do the responses to such incidents. It follows, therefore, that there is a tiered structure of oil spill contingency planning and response and that there is a corresponding tiering of sources of support.
This paper identifies the various tiers of oil spill planning and response and reviews the external support relevant to each tier. The discussion base of this paper relates particularly to the ROPME sea area as defined herein but many of the observations will apply to other regions of the world where similar situations may be encountered.
ESTIMATION METHOD FOR OIL CLEANUP CAPABILITY OF REFINERIES AND TERMINALS
Authors: Matsumoto Ken 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In making preparations for cleanup of oil spill incidents, oil refineries and terminals have been content to provide cleanup equipment and materials only in the nominal physical capabilities and quantities stipulated in related laws and regulations.
This has often led to negligence of such considerations as workers’ experience and skill, the development of response organizations, the technical level of response equipment, and environmental conditions. Consequently, there is a large gap between the actual oil cleanup capability and the nominal one appearing in the oil cleanup programs, as has been experienced in many oil spill incidents.
In May 1987, the Oil Spill Cooperative of the Petroleum Association of Japan (PAJ), the sole private petroleum organization in Japan, developed a formula for evaluating the oil cleanup capabilities of more than 380 oil-handling facilities, and is disseminating it among the parties concerned. In this formula, the nominal oil cleanup capability based on the physical properties of the equipment and materials supplied is defined as “static oil cleanup capability,” whereas the actual cleanup capability taking into account the efficiency of the work is defined as “kinematic oil cleanup capability.” The calculation formula includes coefficients for personal, physical, technical, and environmental factors determined in reference to various data. These coefficients facilitate the calculation of the true oil cleanup capability.
DEVELOPMENT OF WILDLIFE PROTECTION GUIDELINES FOR ALASKA'S FEDERAL ON-SCENE COORDINATORS
Authors: Bergmann Pamela Ann 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Alaska's coastline and offshore areas provide seasonal feeding, breeding, and staging grounds for large numbers of birds and marine mammals. In addition, offshore waters serve as passageways for oil tankers and other ocean vessels, and as the location of oil exploration, development, and production activities. Because of the potential for wildlife to contact oil as a result of a spill in the marine environment, the Alaska Regional Response Team (RRT) established a working group in September 1987 to develop and maintain guidelines to assist Alaska's federal On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) in dealing with oiled wildlife.
The working group, originally comprised of representatives from four federal and state agencies on the Alaska RRT, was expanded to include members from three special-interest groups—the oil industry and environmental and native groups—and the guideline objectives were broadened to address three response strategies: (1) controlling the release and spread of oil to protect wildlife; (2) keeping wildlife away from a spill; and (3) cleaning oiled wildlife. Through the cooperative efforts of working group members, the guidelines were drafted in early 1988 and are currently undergoing a multistage review. The working group anticipates that the guidelines will be submitted to the Alaska RRT for adoption in late 1988.
The guidelines, which divide Alaska into 11 planning areas, focus on important species that inhabit offshore and coastal environments. Relevant resource information, suggested response strategies, and recommended technical experts and response manuals are listed for appropriate species or groups of species. Equipment, materials, and facility requirements for various response strategies as well as inventories of appropriate equipment and materials stockpiled in the state, and facilities that could be used during a response also are identified.
Alaska's environmental and logistical constraints present unique challenges for protecting wildlife from oil spill effects. Nonetheless, other RRTs and local response organizations may benefit from the experience gained by the Alaska RRT in developing the guidelines, and from the scientific information and wildlife protection technologies incorporated in the guidelines.
OIL SPILL PREVENTION AND TREATMENT IN OFFSHORE OIL INDUSTRY OF CHINA
Authors: Mu-Zhen Lu 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), established in October 1982, is the sole Chinese company dealing with offshore oil exploration, development, and production. It has four regional corporations, and four specialized corporations, as well as seventeen joint venture corporations. CNOOC has four representative offices outside China.
Since the Sino-foreign cooperation for offshore oil exploration and development in China started, 360,000 line km of seismic survey have been shot, thirty-nine oil and gas bearing structures have been found, fifteen oil fields have been evaluated as having large hydrocarbon accumulations, nine oil fields have been developed and put into production, 179 exploratory wells have been drilled, and CNOOC has signed thirty-nine contracts with a total of forty-five foreign companies from twelve countries.
There are five laws and regulations in the PRC affecting offshore oil development and marine environmental pollution. In accord with these laws and regulations, CNOOC has reviewed four environmental impact statements for offshore oil fields received from its regional corporations. CNOOC has made oil spill contingency plans for the Cheng-Bei offshore oil field in Bo-Hai, and the Wei 10-3 offshore oil field in the Gulf of Bei-Bu. Some oil spill combating equipment is owned by the Bo-Hai Oil Corporation and the Nan-Hai West Oil Corporation, selected on the basis of the crude oil characteristics.
EMERGENCY REPORTING FOR OIL DISCHARGES: RECENT STATUTORY AND REGULATORY CHANGES
Authors: Yoshioka Gary A. , Jonas Lori , Armstrong Katherine E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The principal trigger for federal reporting of discharges of oil remains the “sheen test” promulgated in 1970 under the authority of the Clean Water Act. The sheen test is not, however, the only requirement of concern to potential dischargers of oil. Certain provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), of Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA), and of other environmental statutes may also apply, complicating the picture for the regulated community.
CERCLA requires federal reporting of releases of hazardous substances, but contains an exclusion for most releases of petroleum products. The CERCLA “petroleum exclusion” is not, however, absolute, and recent policy documents by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have clarified the scope of the exclusion. Releases of certain petroleum waste streams listed under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), for example, are not excluded. Title III of SARA, which expands the emergency reporting requirements of CERCLA to include notification of state and local response authorities for releases of CERCLA hazardous substances and of listed “extremely hazardous substances” (EHSs) does not contain the equivalent of the CERCLA petroleum exclusion.
To the extent that the list of EHSs includes certain constituents of petroleum products, it is possible that state and local reporting will be required under SARA Title III for oil discharges otherwise (or previously) exempted from federal reporting under CERCLA. In 1988, a regulatory program for reporting leaks from underground storage tanks was established under Subtitle I of RCRA. In addition to these federal requirements, statutory provisions enacted by various states also affect oil discharge reporting.
This paper presents a review of the changing regulatory picture for oil discharge reporting requirements by first examining recent regulatory and judicial developments related to the oil sheen test, and then exploring the potential impact of other federal and state programs. Summary tables comparing federal provisions are provided as a useful guide for determining the scope of these programs.
SUCCESSFUL NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE CLAIM FOR A COASTAL OIL SPIL1
Authors: Brown James D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In September 1987 a consent order was signed providing a damage settlement of $1.2 million to the U.S. government and the States of Georgia and South Carolina for an oil spill at Savannah, Georgia. This settlement, which included funds for injuries to fish and wildlife resources at Savannah National Wildlife Refuge and adjoining areas in the lower Savannah River, was reached through a cooperative natural resource damage assessment using the U.S. Department of the Interior's Natural Resource Damage Assessment Regulations. This paper describes this first and successful implementation of the damage assessment regulations and provides guidance for their future use in support of natural resource damage claims.
TOXICITY TESTS ON BIOLOGICAL SPECIES INDIGENOUS TO THE GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: Shuba Peter J. , Heikamp A. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Dispersant toxicity tests were performed on marine species indigenous to the Gulf of Mexico in support of the Region VI Regional Response Team Dispersant Work Group. Concurrent with the toxicity testing, the group is developing a Subpart H regional contingency plan for authorization of the use of dispersants in non-life-threatening situations.
Static and flowthrough toxicity tests were performed on five Gulf species: brown shrimp, white shrimp, blue crab, eastern oyster, and redfish.
The test results indicated that when the test species were exposed to chemically dispersed Mayan or Saudi Arabian Light (SABL) crude oil, the observed toxicity occurred rapidly, usually within 6 hours after addition of the dispersed oil. During the tests, the organisms became disoriented and lethargic immediately after addition of the dispersed crude oils. However, the test animals that survived the first 6 to 12 hours of exposure usually recovered and survived for the remainder of the test period. In almost all cases, surviving test organisms were swimming normally and were not lethargic 12 to 24 hours after test material addition.
Test results indicated that if the organisms were exposed to dispersed Mayan or SABL crude oil, but survived long enough for the material to decrease in concentration, the organisms could recover and survive without any apparent short-term effects.
IMPROVED DISPERSANT BASED ON MICROEMULSION TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Canevari Gerard P. , Bock Jan , Robbins Max 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An initial basic study focused on the interaction between dispersant surfactants and the oil-water interface. In essence, the study identified criteria to explain why a good dispersant is effective and why a poor dispersant is ineffective. The dynamic behavior of the oil-water interface, after the addition of the dispersant, was continuously monitored by a modified Wilhelmy plate device. This procedure provided much insight on the impact of the dispersant at the oil-water interface.
One key finding of this study concerned the conditions for achieving very low interfacial tensions. It is known in microemulsion technology that a microemulsion formed by specific surfactants exhibits ultra-low interfacial tension against either oil or water. Microemulsion phase behavior studies then established that some specific surfactants, which form a certain type of microemulsion, are also highly effective dispersants, more effective than current state-of-the-art products. This improvement results in the formation of much finer dispersed oil droplets generated by a very minimum and lower level of energy.
This paper will review the results of the basic study and the subsequent formulation of an improved dispersant. Laboratory and field data evaluating and supporting the improved overall performance will be presented.
METHODS FOR MAKING DISPERSANT USE DECISIONS
Authors: Fraser J. P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A decision for or against dispersant use involves several components, including considerations of operational feasibility and regulatory policy as well as environmental concerns. Eleven examples of the major published procedures for making oil spill response decisions, including decisions for or against use of chemical dispersants, are summarized and compared in this paper. These procedures are often depicted by decision diagrams, which are also included in the paper.
THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF DISPERSANTS IN FRESH AND LOW SALINITY WATERS
Authors: Belk John L. , Elliott Deborah J. , Flaherty L. Michael 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Four marine dispersant concentrates and two freshwater dispersant concentrates were tested in the laboratory for effectiveness in zero to average salinity using two different test oils. The data show that the comparative laboratory effectiveness for all the dispersants tested is lower at zero salinity, but that the variation in effectiveness as the salinity increases is different for each dispersant.
Another part of the study compares the effectiveness of one marine dispersant and two freshwater dispersants in different electrolyte solutions. It is shown that effectiveness behavior in calcium and magnesium salt solutions is markedly different from that in sodium salt solutions. The results suggest that any future test protocol for dispersant effectiveness in fresh waters should take into account the detailed composition of the water in question.
OPTIMIZATION OF DISPERSANT APPLICATION, ESPECIALLY BY SHIP
Authors: Merlin François , Bocard Christian , Castaing Gilles 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A lot of information has been made available for 10 years on the use of dispersants through offshore and meso-scale trials. A state-of-the-art review shows that among the key factors that have been identified, the contact between dispersant and oil is of utmost importance. A better knowledge of this parameter should be taken into account in defining operational procedures, especially when applying dispersants by ship, which is considered to be complementary to aerial spraying.
Upon request of the French Navy, a series of meso-scale trials was carried out off Brittany in June 1987, according to the methodology previously used in 1984. Three dispersants were sprayed from a boat. It was concluded that a high level of energy at the sea surface mitigates discrepancies in dispersants’ efficiencies as measured in laboratory tests. Better results were obtained in the case of relatively thick oil slicks. The low efficiency that was measured when treating downwind was attributed to the already-observed herding effect.
These complementary results reinforce the actions that have been recently developed to optimize dispersant application by ship:Shipboard equipment for neat dispersant spraying is described. Its main feature is an original nozzle assembly that allows the dispersant to be applied effectively onto the oil at a flow rate that can be widely and very quickly changed according to the estimated oil thickness.An operational treatment procedure is discussed, showing how to map, mark out, prospect and treat oil slicks according to the slick shape, estimated oil thickness, and wind direction.