bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Martyrdom in Islam
Authors: Cook David 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis chapter addresses the use of the mangonel, a rock or explosive lobbing device used in medieval times to bombard the walls of a city or to terrorize the inhabitants, first exploring the religious justifications that support martyrdom operations and then the strategy behind them. The use of the mangonel permits large-scale terror attacks that can possibly kill civilians. Martyrdom operations can be accomplished by anyone but there are certain categories of Muslims that are more likely to carry them out. The Palestinian martyrdom attacks had depended upon quick penetration of Israel. While the terror produced by the suicide attacks has temporarily drove foreigners away, there has been no groundswell of support among the Indonesian Muslim population for the goals of the radical Muslims. Muslim martyrology is an expression of popular sentiments, and together combines a wide range of Islamic, nationalistic, Sufi mystic, and sometimes even magical traditions.
Religious Terrorism as Performance Violence
Authors: Juergensmeyer Mark 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter describes religious terrorism as “performance violence,” illustrating that performance violence is planned in order to obtain tangible goals, and also to theatrically enact and communicate an imagined reality. The scenario that underlies the performance of religious terrorism is often one of cosmic war. Some religious terrorism could also be motivated by scenarios other than cosmic war. The idea of warfare involves more than an attitude; it is ultimately a world view and an assertion of power. An act of violence sends two messages at the same time: a broad message aimed at the general public and a specific communication targeted at a narrower audience. Silent terrors are those in which the audience is not directly evident. It is noted that terrorism has been conducted for a television audience around the world.
Religiously Motivated Violence in the Abortion Debate
Authors: Ingersoll Julie 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter, which concentrates on the North American Christian case in investigating the role of violence in the religious controversy about abortion, assesses the religiously legitimated use of violence in the extreme wing of the American pro-life movement. The legitimation of the use of violence to stop abortion finds its most public expression in an organization known as The Army of God. Mike Bray, the architect of the argument that violence can be legitimately utilized to stop abortion, has argued that there is a difference between killing a retired abortion doctor and one who continues to practice. Bray and Randall Terry are critical of contemporary Christianity, which sees God a “jolly old perennial gift giver.” In general, Christians, in the larger “pro-life” movement, believe abortion to be murder.
Religion and Violence from a Political Science Perspective
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter presents an account for religious violence, and also evaluates institutional independence and political theology more carefully. Then, it uses these two factors to elaborate forms of religious violence: communal conflict and terrorism. Political theology and institutional independence are far from the only factors that explain religious violence, but it is proposed that they can account for communal conflict and terrorism. The analysis of Monica Duffy Toft's cases shows that nine of the twenty one religious civil wars in which religion has shaped ends have involved opposition groups with an integrationist political theology, all of them Muslim. Moreover, the analysis of the Terrorism Knowledge Base exhibits a positive link between authoritarian regimes and the site where religious terrorists work. It is noted that religious violence is least likely to occur in settings of consensual independence, which are found most commonly in religion-friendly liberal democracies.
Sacrificial Violence
Authors: Burkert Walter 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This chapter investigates the sacrificial violence that is a problem of ancient religions, paying attention only to those civilizations which form the basis of Near Eastern-European tradition. The suicidal murderer regards himself as homo religiosus. Religion is committed in an arena of death, nay of killing. The shadow of death appears most noticeable when sacrifice reaches its violent peak in human sacrifice. There have been a few examples of substitution sacrifice in rituals and legends. The themes of violence and killing make tragedy. Religion admits danger, fear, and violence, while presenting rules concerning how to deal with these, one of which includes the risk and the triumph of killing.
The Construction of Evil and the Violence of Purification
Authors: Frankfurter David 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the construction of evil and the strategies of violence in purification. Prurient fascination and righteous revulsion both recreate and repel each other, developing an anxiety of confusion that has resulted in many circumstances in community efforts to cast the subject, the symbol, of that confusion. Erotic prurience into the nature and deeds of Evil may remain as a living genre for centuries without lending itself to societies as legitimation for purge. Dramaturgy and procession can contribute to brutal but cathartic narratives of saints and monsters, martyrs, and their persecutors, into the immediate festival lives of communities. Furthermore, brutality and atrocity are recurrent characteristics of any culture, often aggravated in situations of historical stress independent of religious systems.
Mimetic Theories of Religion and Violence
Authors: Palaver Wolfgang 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis chapter concentrates on the mimetic theory of Rene Girard in evaluating foundational myths of violence. It shows Girard's notion of the scapegoating mechanism, whereby a substitute victim absorbs the mimetic animosities of the entire group and thereby promotes peace, as applicable to the disturbing tendency to direct violence outward toward exogenous groups. According to Girard, competition is the main source of human violence. His explanation, that violence has its roots in competition or mimetic rivalry, contributes to Thomas Hobbes, who also highlighted this cause of violence at the beginning of the modern era. The Abrahamic solidarity with the victim easily becomes an aggressive weapon if taking the side of the victim is not connected with the forgiveness of persecutors. Girard interprets the imitation of Christ in the context of rivalries prohibited in the tenth commandment of the First Testament.
Divergent Modes of Religiosity and Armed Struggle
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey , McQuinn Brian 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis chapter investigates one of the most powerful mechanisms by which groups may be formed, inspired, and coordinated—ritual—which may be defined as normative behavior with an irretrievably opaque causal structure. The divergent modes of religiosity (DMR) theory is applied to armed groups engaged in civil conflicts, some of which explicitly incorporate “religious” traditions while others vehemently repudiate supernatural beliefs of any kind. It is argued that the DMR theory can be extended to explain recurrent features of ritual traditions which lack many or all beliefs typically marked “religious.” Unlike many religions, rebel groups tend to display the predictions of only one mode, although this may be an effect of small sample size. It is believed that the DMR theory can possibly clarify broad patterns in intergroup violence and the dynamics of contemporary civil wars.
Variability in Arabinoxylan, Xylanase Activity, and Xylanase Inhibitor Levels in Hard Spring Wheat
Authors: Mendis Mihiri , Ohm Jae‐Bom , Delcour Jan A. , Gebruers Kurt , Meinhardt Steven , Simsek Senay 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTArabinoxylans (AX), xylanase, and xylanase inhibitors have an important role in many cereal food processing applications. The effects of genotype, growing location, and their interaction (G × L) on AX, apparent xylanase activity, and apparent xylanase inhibition activity of Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor (TAXI) and xylanase inhibiting protein (XIP) were investigated for six hard red and six hard white spring wheat genotypes grown at three locations. Difference in total AX level among genotypes was not determined to a significant level by genotype. Instead, variability in total AX content was largely dependent on G × L. However, total AX content was significantly different between the two wheat classes. For bran xylanase activity, 25% of the variability could be attributed to G × L interaction. Moreover, there was significant difference between the bran xylanase activities in the two wheat classes. Bran TAXI activity and XIP activity were significantly different among genotypes. Genotype contributed 72% to the variability in TAXI activity and 39% in XIP. However, no significant difference was observed among the two wheat classes for TAXI or XIP activity. These results indicate that TAXI might be a stable parameter in segregating wheat genotypes with varying xylanase activity.
Arsenite Elicits Anomalous Sulfur Starvation Responses in Barley
Authors: Reid Rob , Gridley Kate , Kawamata Yuta , Zhu Yongguan 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Treatment of barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings with arsenite (AsIII) rapidly induced physiological and transcriptional changes characteristic of sulfur deficiency, even in plants replete with sulfur. AsIII and sulfur deficiency induced 5- to 20-fold increases in the three genes responsible for sulfate reduction. Both treatments also caused up-regulation of a sulfate transporter, but only in the case of sulfur deficiency was there an increase in sulfate influx. Longer-term changes included reduction in transfer of sulfur from roots to shoots and an increase in root growth relative to shoot growth. Genes involved in complexation and compartmentation of arsenic were up-regulated by AsIII, but not by sulfur deficiency. The rate at which arsenic accumulated appeared to be controlled by the rate of thiol synthesis. Over a range of AsIII concentrations and growth periods, the ratio of thiols to arsenic was always close to 3:1, which is consistent with the formation of a stable complex between three glutathione molecules per AsIII. The greater toxicity of arsenic under sulfur-limiting conditions is likely to be due to an intensification of sulfur deficiency as a result of thiol synthesis, rather than to a direct toxicity to metabolism. Because influx of AsIII was nearly 20-fold faster than the rate of synthesis of thiols, it is questionable whether this complexation strategy can be effective in preventing arsenic toxicity, unless arsenic uptake becomes limited by diffusive resistances in the rhizosphere.
An RNA Virus-Encoded Zinc-Finger Protein Acts as a Plant Transcription Factor and Induces a Regulator of Cell Size and Proliferation in Two Tobacco Species
Authors: Lukhovitskaya Nina I. , Solovieva Anna D. , Boddeti Santosh K. , Thaduri Srinivas , Solovyev Andrey G. , Savenkov Eugene I. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Plant viruses cause a variety of diseases in susceptible hosts. The disease symptoms often include leaf malformations and other developmental abnormalities, suggesting that viruses can affect plant development. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying virus interference with plant morphogenesis. Here, we show that a C-4 type zinc-finger (ZF) protein, p12, encoded by a carlavirus (chrysanthemum virus B) can induce cell proliferation, which results in hyperplasia and severe leaf malformation. We demonstrate that the p12 protein activates expression of a regulator of cell size and proliferation, designated upp-L (upregulated by p12), which encodes a transcription factor of the basic/helix-loop-helix family sufficient to cause hyperplasia. The induction of upp-L requires translocation of the p12 protein into the nucleus and ZF-dependent specific interaction with the conserved regulatory region in the upp-L promoter. Our results establish the role of the p12 protein in modulation of host cell morphogenesis. It is likely that other members of the conserved C-4 type ZF family of viral proteins instigate reprogramming of plant development by mimicking eukaryotic transcriptional activators.
FLYING SAUCER1 Is a Transmembrane RING E3 Ubiquitin Ligase That Regulates the Degree of Pectin Methylesterification inArabidopsisSeed Mucilage
Authors: Voiniciuc Cătălin , Dean Gillian H. , Griffiths Jonathan S. , Kirchsteiger Kerstin , Hwang Yeen Ting , Gillett Alan , Dow Graham , Western Tamara L. , Estelle Mark , Haughn George W. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPectins are complex polysaccharides that form the gel matrix of the primary cell wall and are abundant in the middle lamella that holds plant cells together. Their degree of methylesterification (DM) impacts wall strength and cell adhesion since unesterified pectin regions can cross-link via Ca2+ ions to form stronger gels. Here, we characterize flying saucer1 (fly1), a novel Arabidopsis thaliana seed coat mutant, which displays primary wall detachment, reduced mucilage extrusion, and increased mucilage adherence. These defects appear to result from a lower DM in mucilage and are enhanced by the addition of Ca2+ or completely rescued using alkaline Ca2+ chelators. FLY1 encodes a transmembrane protein with a RING-H2 domain that has in vitro E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. FLY1 is orthologous to TRANSMEMBRANE UBIQUITIN LIGASE1, a Golgi-localized E3 ligase involved in the quality control of membrane proteins in yeast. However, FLY1–yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusions are localized in punctae that are predominantly distinct from the Golgi and the trans-Golgi network/early endosome in the seed coat epidermis. Wortmannin treatment, which induces the fusion of late endosomes in plants, resulted in enlarged FLY1-YFP bodies. We propose that FLY1 regulates the DM of pectin in mucilage, potentially by recycling pectin methylesterase enzymes in the endomembrane system of seed coat epidermal cells.
PROTEIN S-ACYL TRANSFERASE10 Is Critical for Development and Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhou Liang-Zi , Li Sha , Feng Qiang-Nan , Zhang Yu-Ling , Zhao Xinying , Zeng Yong-lun , Wang Hao , Jiang Liwen , Zhang Yan 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Protein S-acylation, commonly known as palmitoylation, is a reversible posttranslational modification that catalyzes the addition of a saturated lipid group, often palmitate, to the sulfhydryl group of a Cys. Palmitoylation regulates enzyme activity, protein stability, subcellular localization, and intracellular sorting. Many plant proteins are palmitoylated. However, little is known about protein S-acyl transferases (PATs), which catalyze palmitoylation. Here, we report that the tonoplast-localized PAT10 is critical for development and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PAT10 loss of function resulted in pleiotropic growth defects, including smaller leaves, dwarfism, and sterility. In addition, pat10 mutants are hypersensitive to salt stresses. We further show that PAT10 regulates the tonoplast localization of several calcineurin B–like proteins (CBLs), including CBL2, CBL3, and CBL6, whose membrane association also depends on palmitoylation. Introducing a C192S mutation within the highly conserved catalytic motif of PAT10 failed to complement pat10 mutants, indicating that PAT10 functions through protein palmitoylation. We propose that PAT10-mediated palmitoylation is critical for vacuolar function by regulating membrane association or the activities of tonoplast proteins.
Pigment Epithelium‐Derived Factor as a New Predictor of Mortality Among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Treated With Hemodialysis
Authors: Terawaki Hiroyuki , Yamagishi Sho‐ichi , Funakoshi Yoichi , Matsuyama Yukie , Terada Tomoyoshi , Nakayama Keisuke , Ogura Makoto , Hosoya Tatsuo , Ito Sadayoshi , Era Seiichi , Nakayama Masaaki 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF) plays a protective role against atherosclerosis. Although serum PEDF level is increased in patients undergoing regular hemodialysis (HD), the pathophysiological role of PEDF in HD patients is unknown. We measured serum PEDF levels in 74 HD patients, and the association between serum PEDF and adverse events such as all‐cause death and cardiovascular accident was evaluated prospectively. During the follow up of 45.4 ± 25.1 months, 24 patients (32.4%) experienced cardiovascular accident and 18 (24.3%) died. Significantly higher incidences of all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular accident were observed in the lower PEDF group than in the higher PEDF group. After adjusting for propensity score calculated from multiple confounding factors (age, gender, systolic blood pressure, history of previous cardiovascular disease, level of carbonyl content, albumin, hemoglobin, total cholesterol, creatinine, C‐reactive protein, dialysis vintage, Kt/V‐urea and history of diabetes), lower predialytic PEDF was a significant risk factor for all‐cause mortality (relative hazard = 6.060, standard error = 0.68467, P = 0.0085). Lower levels of predialytic PEDF was associated with an increased risk of mortality.
Effect of Lipid Physical State of Palm Derivatives on β‐Carotene Bleaching
Authors: Calligaris Sonia , Manzocco Lara , Da Pieve Sara , Arrighetti Gianmichele , Cristina Nicoli Maria 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis research was addressed to study the effect of lipid physical state on bleaching kinetics of β‐carotene. To this aim, β‐carotene was added to palm oil and palm stearin and the samples were stored at increasing temperatures allowing different degree of crystallization. Phase transition properties of palm derivatives were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, whereas β‐carotene bleaching kinetics were followed by measuring color changes. Bleaching proceeded at comparable rate in palm oil and palm stearin containing systems stored at 20 and −18 °C, whereas the color changes showed a maximum rate at 4 °C in palm stearin samples and at −7 °C in palm oil systems. Arrhenius plot clearly highlighted deviations from the linearity underlining the crucial role of lipid physical properties in determining the bleaching rate. The location and the compartmentalization of β‐carotene in the fat lattice could affect its chemical stability.
Effect of Cover Brine Type on the Quality of Meat from Herring Marinades
Authors: Szymczak Mariusz , Szymczak Barbara , Koronkiewicz Anna , Felisiak Katarzyna , Bednarek Mateusz 
Published: March 2013

AbstractEffects of vinegar, oil, and sour cream brines on meat quality of 4 popular cold marinades from herring were investigated in the study. Cover brine type affected the composition and nutritive value of meat as well as the sensory and microbiological quality of marinated herring. Qualitative differences resulted from cover brine penetration into meat, and from diffusion of components from meat to vinegar brine. Compared to oil and sour cream, vinegar brine contributed to increased concentrations of salt and acetic acid, hardness, color brightness of marinades meat and to increased microbial contamination of meat. Furthermore, vinegar caused nitrogen losses to 15%, including valuable products of protein hydrolysis, enzymes, and total volatile bases. The rolling up of fillets reduced diffusion even by 50%. In turn, oil and sour cream were causing mainly a higher fat content and overall sensory evaluation of the marinades.
Population‐based survey of the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in school children in Philadelphia (费城学龄儿童1型与2型糖尿病患病率基于人口的调查)
Authors: Lipman Terri H. , Ratcliffe Sarah J. , Cooper Rhona , Levitt Katz Lorraine E. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundPopulation‐based (PB) registries of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children have been essential in determining the geographic, racial, and temporal patterns of the disease. There is a paucity of PB data on the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in youth.MethodsThe prevalence of diabetes in children was determined using a PB survey of the 628 schools in Philadelphia. Data obtained included type of diabetes, date of birth, race, gender, date of diagnosis, diabetes treatment, and most recent height and weight.ResultsThe survey was completed by nurses at 510 schools (81% of schools) representing 252,896 children (70% of children in Philadelphia). Prevalence (per 1000) was computed. The survey identified 492 cases (355 T1DM, 88 T2DM, 49 type unknown). The overall prevalence of T1DM was 1.58 (0.73 White, 0.56 African American, 0.50 Hispanic); of T2DM was 0.35 (0.03 White, 0.28 African American, 0.05 Hispanic). Mean age at diagnosis was 8.6 and 11.9 years for T1DM and T2DM, respectively. The prevalence of T1DM was higher in boys‐ T2DM was higher in girls. Of children with T2DM, 25% were treated with insulin. BMI was ≥95th percentile in 20% of children weighed (10% of T1DM, 57% of T2DM).ConclusionsAlthough the Philadelphia Pediatric Diabetes Registry is the longest ongoing US registry of its kind, these are the first PB diabetes prevalence data of children in Philadelphia. PB studies in schools are able to capture children with diabetes who are diagnosed and treated in a variety of settings.
Association between glucose transporter 1 rs841853 polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk may be population specific (葡萄糖转移酶1的rs841853基因多态性与2型糖尿发生风险的关系可能具有人群特异性)
Authors: Du Bing , Liu Shengmao , Cui Chengji , Wang Songyan , Cui Wenpeng 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundSo far, studies on the association between the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) rs841853 polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk have generated considerable controversy. The present study was performed to clarify the association of this genetic variation with T2DM.MethodsA comprehensive literature search of electronic databases was conducted to obtain articles focused on the relationship between the GLUT1 rs841853 polymorphism and T2DM, followed by a systemic meta‐analysis.ResultsFourteen articles and 19 individual studies were included for analysis. Main analyses revealed extreme heterogeneity and random effect pooled odds ratios (OR) were weakly significant in allele contrast (OR 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01, 1.63; P = 0.04) and dominant model (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.19, 1.94; P = 0.0008) for T allele. Subgroup analyses for Caucasians showed marginal positive results in the dominant model. However, analyses for Asians yielded an obvious relationship to T2DM risk in all genetic models. Interestingly, T allele even seemed to be a protective factor against the development of T2DM in Blacks in allele contrast. Sensitivity analyses did not alter materially for most comparisons and no publication bias was found in this meta‐analysis.ConclusionsThe results of the present meta‐analysis provide evidence that the GLUT1 rs841853 polymorphism may confer increased susceptibility to T2DM in Asians. However, there is no currently available strong evidence supporting the association between this genetic variation and T2DM in Caucasians, Blacks, or the overall population.