bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Rates of Nonsusceptibility to Common Oral Antibiotics in Streptococcus pneumoniae Clinical Isolates From the United States (2019–2021)
Authors: Deshpande Lalitagauri M , Huband Michael D , Charbon Sarah , Castanheira Mariana , Mendes Rodrigo E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from the United States (n = 1038; 2019–2021) were susceptible to omadacycline (99.8%), levofloxacin (99.7%), and ceftriaxone (98.1%), whereas doxycycline (80.2%), oral penicillin (63.5%), cefpodoxime (76.8%), and azithromycin (54.4%) activity was limited. Tet(M) did not affect omadacycline activity but altered activity of older tetracyclines including doxycycline, suggesting omadacycline is an important option for treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.
‘Guns for papers’
Authors: Banégas Richard , Cutolo Armando 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines a fourth political configuration, marked by the loss of the state monopoly on identification policies, in the dual context of the rebellion and the growing internationalization of ‘peace solutions’, which would lead to the negotiated production of a citizen-voter by force of arms. In this context of fragmented sovereignty, some reforms of legislation and identification apparatuses, supported by the international community, have been implemented, turning the recurring question of nationality into a ‘technopolitical’ issue of electoral citizenship. As part of the peace agreements, from Marcoussis to Ouagadougou, legal identification was gradually made subordinate to electoral enrolment, but this new dispositif, imposed from outside, met with strong resistance, both within the state apparatus and on the streets. This chapter looks at this political–military tug-of-war that had a major impact on the outcome of electoral enrolment and legal identification.
Margouillats, Kamikaze Papers, and the René Caillié Arrangement
Authors: Banégas Richard , Cutolo Armando 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 invites the reader to travel through what we conceptualize as a moral economy of identification. It is a journey through two time-spaces that constitute two scales of investigation of this moral economy of forgery. First, the chapter investigates false papers’ production circuits in an urban environment, at the level of the pavements of the courthouse in Abidjan, focusing on the action of the margouillats. Secondly, it studies the social uses of these papers in a rural environment (Anno region), at a micro-sociological scale of analysis of intra-family relations. Ethnographic observations allow us to analyse at a local and national level the popular, widespread practice of arranging identity documents that we call the ‘René Caillié arrangement’. The chapter ends by pointing out the contradictions of the governmental efforts to get rid from forgery with a modernizing approach of civil registration paradoxically based upon a general amnesty of false documents.
Moral Credit Cards
Authors: Banégas Richard , Cutolo Armando 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Finally, in a concluding seventh chapter, we shift our gaze even further downwards, taking as our object the identity documents self-produced by social actors in their various collective engagements—be they neo-traditionalist hunters turned rebels and vigilantes, toxic waste victims, hometown associations members or subaltern political activists from the streets of Abidjan neighbourhoods. We argue that these material traces constitute bureaucratic writings of the self and supports for claiming rights that testify to the deep social embedding of the identificatory logic of the state. They are moral credit cards that, ultimately, offer us the keys to reconsidering the dyadic oppositions of the documentary state and the biometric state by reformulating them in a complex triangulation of identification, debt, and recognition.
Overlapping Individual and Interstate Claims in International Law
Authors: Howley Jessica 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Overlapping Individual and Interstate Claims in International Law addresses the relationship between overlapping invocations of State responsibility by individuals and States under international law. Despite the important practical and theoretical implications of this overlap, it was largely omitted from consideration in the Articles on State Responsibility finalised by the International Law Commission in 2001. This book aims to fill the resulting gap. The book provides a comprehensive survey of the potential for overlapping individual and interstate claims to arise, and underlines issues of fairness, consistency, and interference with autonomy that can result when multiple claimants vie to have their claims determined before the same or different forums. It examines in detail how treaty provisions and various rules and principles relevant to the law of State responsibility can be expected to regulate such overlapping claims, including the local remedies rule, the rule precluding double recovery, the principle of res judicata, waiver, and consent, countermeasures, and self-defence as circumstances precluding wrongfulness. The book clarifies the nature of international claims, including in the theoretically muddled field of diplomatic protection, and highlights undertheorised foundations of topical debates concerning the use of countermeasures and self-defence outside of the interstate arena. It concludes with a human rights-oriented proposal for resolving the complex policy issues to which these overlapping claims give rise.
Res Judicata, Double Recovery, and Related Provisions and Principles
Authors: Howley Jessica 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the potential operation of res judicata, treaty provisions with similar effect, and the rule precluding double recovery as means for regulating overlapping individual and interstate claims. It outlines the requirements for the principle precluding double recovery to apply, followed by case law demonstrating its almost certain operation to preclude reparation being awarded in the second of two overlapping individual and interstate claims where the latter seeks reparation for the individual’s damage. It then considers the requirements for res judicata and treaty-based provisions reflecting its elements to apply, noting the prima facie difficulties in demonstrating the required ‘identity’ as between overlapping individual and interstate claims. However, drawing out principles from the case law, it suggests that a pragmatic approach to the application of res judicata is consistent with international law and with policy considerations. It concludes by outlining what circumstances of overlap with individual claims are likely to give rise to the application of both rules. In doing so, it analyses the distinction between State and individual damage and gives consideration to, among other things, a distinction between individual and ‘collective’ claims, arguing that interstate claims are sometimes, like a ‘class action’, a compilation of individual claims — sharing an identity with claims brought by the affected individuals themselves — and are sometimes more ‘general’ or ‘collective’ in nature.
Countermeasures and Self-Defence
Authors: Howley Jessica 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers to what extent a respondent State could invoke the circumstances precluding wrongfulness of countermeasures and self-defence to preclude the overlapping claims of both an individual and a State where only one of those entities has engaged in the conduct giving rise to the defence. The chapter begins with an overview of these two circumstances, before detailing their potential and actual operation vis-à-vis overlapping individual and interstate claims. While it is often assumed that these defences cannot be exercised in a way that would impact third-party rights, meaning that their application in circumstances of overlapping claims is questionable, this chapter shows that there is an argument to be made that these defences can be employed to preclude overlapping individual or interstate claims even if third-party rights would thereby be affected. In doing so, it draws on a wealth of recent practice: for countermeasures, that in which States impose asset freezes on individuals as part of a ‘sanctions’ regime, and in response to the allegedly wrongful conduct of a State; for self-defence, that in which States exercise self-defence against non-State actors.
Conclusion
Authors: Howley Jessica 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This Conclusion summarises the potential for overlapping individual and interstate claims to arise, where both individuals and States are prima facie able to invoke the responsibility of the same respondent State for violations of international law arising in the same circumstances. It also summarises the findings made regarding the rules and principles of international law that may limit the bringing of such overlapping claims, and thereby offset the concerns to which such overlap gives rise. It highlights to what extent the application of those rules and principles appears to strike an appropriate balance between the interests of applicant and respondent States, and the individuals concerned, in view of the complex policy considerations at stake. With the present law seeming to allow States significant leeway in impeding individual claims, it proposes that human rights law provides the foundation for a fitting counterbalance and should be the prism through which the appropriateness of State action is judged.
The Early Care and Education of Deaf Children in Ghana
Authors: Swanwick Ruth , Fobi Daniel , Offei Yaw , Oppong Alexander 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Early childhood care and education is a growing area for international research and policy development. However, young deaf children and their caregivers in Africa and other southern, low-income contexts have been ignored in research debates and international and local policy development. The Early Care and Education of Deaf Children in Ghana examines how understanding social-cultural and resource dynamics can support early education to help young deaf children progress through early childhood in terms of language, communication, and learning. Section one introduces local and global issues in early childhood care and education, critically discusses the academic context of this work, and sets the scene and approach of the Ghana research project described in section two. Traditional and contemporary perspectives of local caregivers and scholars associated with educating and caring for young deaf children are focused on the challenges of early childhood deaf education. The rest of the book describes the focus and impact of the Ghana research project. The authors share findings in relation to the experience of caregivers, the multilingual context for development, multi-professional working, deaf participation, and leadership in early childhood care and education. Ways in indigenous knowledge can inform early education programming to reach beyond the Western lens and sensibilities are discussed. Developing the book involved collaboration between UK and Ghana scholars and practitioners to produce a text that goes beyond the translation of Western concepts and allows for authentic voices from the African context to be projected so little known, indigenous knowledge on early childhood care practices and conceptions of deafness can inform the field.
African Childhoods
Authors: Mills Oppong Alexander , Appau Obed 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter prepares the ground for thinking through issues of early support by disc using understanding of childhood and caregiving as they relate to the African context. The chapter reviews theories of childhood that are pertinent to the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) context and that can inform thinking around what contextually sensitive support for deaf children and their caregivers might look like. We describe ways in which child rearing is conceptualized in SSA and some of the cultural beliefs and values about parenting that influence parenting styles. We focus on early interaction that is a central objective of early support programming for deaf children and consider in particular the early development environment and the role and expectations of the different actors therein. This involves attention to cultural constructions of ‘family’ and the interaction between family and community. Finally, we examine cultural responses to deafness and disability more widely that influence approaches to caregiving and child rearing practices.
The Multilingual Context of ECCE for Deaf Children and their Families in Ghana
Authors: Swanwick Ruth , Fobi Joyce 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the meaning-making strategies deployed among deaf children and their families to illuminate the multilingual repertoires, communication strategies, and language development opportunities available in young deaf children’s lives in Ghana. The chapter begins with an overview of multilingualism in Ghana and describes how different indigenous and non-indigenous languages co-exist and interact, and the roles that they play in society. The status and use of Ghanaian Sign Language in this multilingual context is explained. Drawing on four case studies from the project data, the authors extrapolate the specific language issues around the early support of children and their families and discuss the role of different professionals and the potential of community-based support. They also share reflections from three of the deaf project team members about their lives growing up in a multilingual context. The conclusion reflects on the relevance of the Ghanaian context for other multilingual (particularly African) contexts where there are parallel issues of caregiver agency and autonomy, stigma around deafness and the use of sign language, and insufficient resourcing that results in the cultural and linguistic minoritization of deaf children and their families.
The Role of Professionals
Authors: Nyadu Offei Yaw , Amanvida Gibbah Linda 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors discuss the role of education and health professionals in delivering support services for deaf children and their caregivers in Ghana. They draw on case study work undertaken in Ghana and report on the interviews that were conducted with 24 health and education professionals focusing on the experience of hearing health clinicians in the early identification context. Descriptions are given of their working context, the objectives and drivers for their working practices and the support that they offer for children and their families. Deaf project team members share their perspectives based on their lived experience of growing up as deaf children in Ghana and current experience of supporting children and families. A review is provided of the extent of training and resources available to professionals and opportunities for collaboration. The chapter identifies the improvements needed to meet the Early Hearing Detection and Intervention 1-3-6 guidelines, increase multi-professional collaboration, and ensure the quality of early support for deaf children and their caregivers.
Deaf Adult Participation and Leadership in ECCE
Authors: Fobi Daniel , Asomaning Derrick , Doku Richard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter will explore the potential of deaf leadership in supporting the early childhood care and education of young deaf children. The chapter examines the historical context of deaf leaderships and highlight strategies and programmes that have successfully leveraged the strengths of deaf leadership to promote positive outcomes for the deaf community. We report on the research that we undertook on deaf leadership in early childhood care and education (ECCE) as part of our project work. We interviewed seventeen deaf leaders to solicit their opinions on ECCE for young deaf children and their caregivers in Ghana. Based on this data, we highlight the roles deaf leaders play in supporting the language and communication of young deaf children and their caregivers in ECCE programmes. The chapter discusses the ECCE infrastructure available in supporting the children and their families. The chapter concludes on the need for deaf adults to collaborate with other practitioners to support the ECCE of young deaf children and their families.
Introduction
Authors: Bangha Imre , Stasik Danuta 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Introduction addresses the main issues taken up by the authors of individual chapters in the volume, referring to the understanding of the concepts underlying the whole book, with particular reference to early modernity in north India, and methodological tools used in the analysis of source texts. It also provides a historical overview of the tradition of research on early modern vernacular literary cultures, which has experienced momentous changes brought about by the 1979 Leuven Conference. It was the starting point that developed into a series of triennial conferences known as ICEMLNI—International Conferences on Early Modern Literatures in North India—the result of which is this volume.
Kahai Kamāl Kabīr kā
Authors: Zhang Minyu 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
julāhā Sant Kabīr has attracted academic interests for centuries, what happened to Kamāl, the son and possible heir of the historical Kabīr? This chapter investigates a selection of hitherto unstudied manuscripts found in Rajasthan that feature poems attributed to Kamāl, which mainly focus on yogic practices. Studying them along with texts related to Kamāl which were produced by Vaishnavas, Dharmadāsī Kabīr-panthīs, and Sufis, this chapter explores how the images of Kamāl evolved in different circumstances from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century. Despite their easily recognizable distinctions that associate Kamāl with various orthodoxies, these images are all but products of continuous (re)contextualization of Kamāl. Similar to Kabīrian textual tradition, the tradition related to Kamāl is also a living and growing one.
We Are Trump’s Digital Army!
Authors: Barnard Stephen R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Focusing on The_Donald, an alternative media forum popular with members of Donald Trump’s “digital army,” this chapter uncovers some ways activists discuss and deploy practices of media manipulation to attract and shape attention. Following an introduction to the forum and a brief discussion of scholarship on digital activism, the chapter considers some agenda-setting tactics popularized by alt-right activists. After summarizing the case study’s methodological approach, it presents findings from a detailed analysis of online discourse spanning over two years (August 2020 to 2022). In addition to addressing how the structure and culture of The_Donald afford manipulative practices, the analysis shows how the content generated and shared on the forum exudes a variety of problematic themes and practices discussed in previous chapters. The chapter concludes by demonstrating and reflecting on how users leverage the affordances of The_Donald and other media to generate and exert networked media capital to spread deceptive information.
Campus DREAMers
Authors: Young Michael P. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 traces the organizing of undocumented students on college campuses across the nation. Drawing on interviews with the founders of prominent student organizations in Texas, Florida, and California, it presents three case studies of the formation of DREAMer student organizations. The chapter explores the relationship between these student organizations and prominent nonprofit organizations in the immigration field. The chapter describes the development of these local DREAMer organizations to the point when they become involved in the United We Dream national network. It also documents the impact of state-level DREAM Acts in California and Texas on this early phase of organizing by undocumented students.
2012 and 2013
Authors: Young Michael P. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
During the NIYA escalation of protests, its leaders hit on the idea that they could organize inside immigrant detention centers and across national borders. Chapter 7 explains the logic and planning behind these final creative steps in their choreography of protest. It tracks NIYA protests from 2012 through 2013, chronicling the infiltration of immigrant detention centers and the border crossing actions of The Bring Them Home campaign. The chapter documents the organization’s ultimate demise in the devastating emotional wake of the border crossing protests. It also analyses the influence of NIYA protests on a newly energized and radicalized movement for migrant rights spreading across the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Young Michael P. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The concluding chapter theorizes the significance of the history of DREAMer protests for the study of social movements. It reviews how movement reification and radicalization interacted repeatedly in the choreography of DREAMer protests. The first defiant protests organized by undocumented youth emerged as they broke the spell of the fetishized image of the good DREAMer and of the reification of the immigration reform movement. These radicals did not, however, dispense with the reified image of the DREAMer as they turned to increasingly contentious forms of action. Instead, they exploited this reification as a tool to carve audacious lines of protest giving shape to a radical movement for migrant rights. The reification of social movements—treating them as unitary collective actors or social facts—is typically viewed by sociologists as bad social science. But it frequently proves elemental to the dynamics of the social protests that shape social movements.
Reason in an Uncertain World
Authors: Keating Malcolm 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A group of premodern Indian philosophers, known as “Naiyāyikas,” had an influential account of epistemology and reasoning that they took to be crucial to living a good life. Reason in an Uncertain World introduces readers unfamiliar with Indian Nyāya philosophy to what is distinctive in Nyāya approaches to knowledge and debate, explaining their ideas in relationship to ordinary examples readers can understand. What are the limits of our reasoning? What counts as good evidence for our beliefs? How do we know if someone is a trustworthy source of information? What do we do when we are gripped by doubt? When is a debate with someone worth our time, and how can we discuss contentious topics? This book argues that answers to these questions are as relevant today as they were in ancient India and were the focus of Nyāya philosophy, one of the most influential traditions of Indian philosophy.
Sanskrit, Sūtras, and Systems
Authors: Keating Malcolm 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Nyāya philosophers are interested in questions such as how can we acquire knowledge, how can we have a useful discussion about conflicting views, and what is the goal of human existence? Their answers were written in a premodern context in India in which debate between Brahmanical and Buddhist philosophers informed philosophical reflection on the relationship between reasoning and living well. The chapter situates four early Nyāya philosophers in their historical context, introducing their key texts and ideas. These philosophers are Vātsyāyana, Uddyotakara, Vācaspati Miśra, and Jayanta Bhaṭṭa. The chapter also introduces the concept of suffering (duḥkha) and how Nyāya philosophers think knowledge helps remove it.