bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical reaction engineering methodologies for post‐contrastographic biomedical imaging analysis
Authors: Russo Valentina , Di Paola Luisa 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTPost‐contrastographic techniques represent an innovative method to identify pathologies out of anomalous perfusion of specific drugs (contrast agent) in ill body regions. In this framework, pharmacokinetics provides general models to describe the spatio‐temporal distribution of drugs within the body: Simple model relies on the concept of compartment, that is, a body region with uniform properties. So, whole body can be thought of as made up of different compartments, interacting with each other by mass flows; this scheme reminds us of the typical sketch of a chemical process, whose active elements are tanks exchanging mass flows with each other.In this framework, chemical engineering fundamentals (transport phenomena and chemical reaction engineering) provide the basic tools to represent the dynamic evolution of biological systems, once they can be sketched in terms of interacting compartments. The quantitative analysis, thus, is based on physically representative models, whose parameters describe physiological properties.In this work, we present a physiologically based pharmacokinetics model based on a joint, multiscale representation of body seen at global (systemic compartment) and local (region of interest compartment) scales: This model is able to face different limits of benchmark physiologically based pharmacokinetics models (Tofts, Brix, and Patlak), providing meaningful and quantitative model parameters, descriptive of contrast‐enhanced physiological key properties. We apply the model to the analysis of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging with a contrast agent perfusion in Crohn's disease. All in all, we are going to demonstrate the method that can discriminate among ill and sane tissues, whereas the systemic parameters remain substantially invariant.The model complies very well with clinical data, assessing the vascularization degree through characteristic properties (permeation characteristic time), and the spatial analysis assesses the vascular distribution around the suspect lesions. This result fosters the application of this class of models for the clinical assessment of hypervascularizing pathologies.All in all, out of their classical field of application, chemical reaction engineering traditional methods are shown to help in the quantitative analysis of biomedical images, which are, as for now, the cutting‐edge methodologies in the post‐contrastographic imaging field. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A physical route to porous ethyl cellulose microspheres loaded with TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Cai Weiwei , Yang Hui , Han Daxin , Guo Xingzhong 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTPorous ethyl cellulose (EC) microspheres were prepared via a physical method in oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions. The morphologies and pore structures of the resulting porous microspheres were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury porosimeter and spectrometer equipped with an integrating sphere. The increase of EC amount in oil phase will increase the size of the microspheres. All the microspheres possess open macropores in the shell and interconnected pores inside the microspheres by means of phase separation. The saturation of the Ethyl acetate (EA) in external phase has an effect on the morphology of the EC particles obtained. Using EA unsaturated aqueous solution as the external water phase in the emulsion process results in the formation of porous EC particles with irregular shape. The loaded TiO2 nanoparticles uniformly disperse in EC matrix, and slightly deceases the size and volume of interconnected pores inside the microspheres. The addition of TiO2 nanoparticles is also proved to increase the light‐scattering power of the porous EC microspheres. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40822.
Fracture mechanical analysis of two commercial polyoxymethylene homopolymer resins
Authors: Berer Michael , Pinter Gerald , Feuchter Michael 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis research addresses the fracture mechanical analysis of two commercially available polyoxymethylene homopolymer resins. Two types of experiments are used: monotonic fracture toughness tests and cyclic fatigue crack growth tests. The resulting total lifetimes in the fatigue crack growth tests are split up into the appropriate parts of crack growth initiation and fatigue crack propagation. Fracture surfaces of monotonic and cyclic tests are analyzed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Besides the mechanical tests, the morphology within the used compact tension specimens is examined in detail by using differential scanning calorimetry, small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, and polarized light microscopy. The results are analyzed and discussed, considering observations in the previous studies published in the literature. It is shown that both materials can be well analyzed using linear elastic fracture mechanics and their fracture mechanical properties are presented in conjunction with a detailed documentation of the microstructure. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40831.
Preparation of microgel composite hydrogels by heating natural drying microgel composite polymers
Authors: Zhao Fang , Qin Xuping , Feng Shengyu , Gao Yang 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTAcrylamide‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid‐based microgel composite (MC) hydrogels were prepared by heating natural drying MC polymers. It can reduce the influence of water content on the hydrogel properties. The natural drying MC polymer was swelling when the microgel content exceeded 0.5. It was soluble when the microgel content was 0.25, which was used to investigate the heating conditions. Under 50°C, MC hydrogels was obtained and hydrogen bonding was the reason for their formation. The tensile strength increased and the tensile elongation decreased as the heating time increased. When the heating time was 3 h, the tensile elongation decreased, as the heating temperature increased from 50°C to 80°C. However, the tensile strength increased first and then decreased. Under 60°C, the MC hydrogel had a high tensile strength of 155.3 kPa and a high tensile elongation of 313.3%. The more crosslinking density and the formation of covalent crosslinking bonds between the microgel particles and hydrogel matrix led to an increase in the tensile strength. However, the excess crosslinking of the polymer chains under high temperature could reduce the tensile strength. The tensile strength increased as the microgel content increased to 0.75 and then decreased as microgel content further increased. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40841.
The modulation of tropical storm activity in the Western North Pacific by the Madden–Julian Oscillation in GEOS‐5 AGCM experiments
Authors: Kim Dongmin , Lee Myong‐In , Kim Hye‐Mi , Schubert Siegfried D. , Yoo Jin Ho 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study examines the influence of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) on tropical storm (TS) activity in the western North Pacific, using observations and GEOS‐5 simulations at 50‐km horizontal resolution. While GEOS‐5 produces an MJO of faster propagation and weaker amplitude, it nevertheless reproduces the observed modulation of TS activity by the MJO with the highest TS genesis and increased track density in the active phases of MJO. The study suggests that the simulation of the sub‐seasonal variability of TS activity could be improved by improving the simulations of the MJO in climate models.
Development of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of Grayanotoxins in rat blood and its application to toxicokinetic study
Authors: Cho Hwang Eui , Ahn Su Youn , Kim Dong‐Woo , Woo Sang‐Hee , Park Seung‐Hyeok , Hwang Kyunghwa , Moon Dong‐Cheul , Kim Suncheun 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTA sensitive and specific high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of Grayanotoxin I (GTX I) and Grayanotoxin III (GTX III) in rat whole blood. Grayanotoxins (GTXs) and clindamycin as internal standard (IS) were extracted from rat blood via solid‐phase extraction using PEP solid‐phase extraction cartridges. Chromatographic separation of the analytes was achieved on a Kinetex C18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.6 µm) reversed‐phase column using a gradient elution with the mobile phase of 1% acetic acid in water and methanol at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was operated in the positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring. The calibration curves obtained were linear over the concentration range of 1–100 ng/mL with a lower limit of quantification of 1 ng/mL for GTXs. The relative standard deviation of intra‐day and inter‐day precision was below 6.8% and accuracy ranged from 94.8 to 106.6%. The analytes were stable in the stability studies. The validated method was successfully applied to the quantification and toxicokinetic study of GTXs in rats for the first time after oral administration of 11.52 mg/kg mad honey and 0.35 mg/kg GTX III, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragmentation patterns study of iridoid glycosides in Fructus Gardeniae by HPLC‐Q/TOF‐MS/MS
Authors: Fu Zhiwen , Xue Rui , Li Zhixiong , Chen Mingcang , Sun Zhaolin , Hu Yiyang , Huang Chenggang 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIridoid glycosides (IGs), the major constituents in Fructus Gardeniae, have demonstrated various pharmacological activities, but there is no systematic chemical profile of IGs in Fructus Gardeniae in the published literature until now. Therefore, it is imperative that a rapid and sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐Q/TOF‐MS/MS) method is established for comprehensive characterization of IGs in Fructus Gardeniae. Firstly, the fragmentation patterns of six known IGs were investigated and proposed and further concluded the diagnostic fragment ions and characteristic fragmentation pathways. Then, based on the summarized fragmentation patterns and the known compounds in the literatures, the other IGs in Fructus Gardeniae were identified successively. As a result, a total of 20 IGs were identified, of which three pairs of epimers were structurally characterized and differentiated. More importantly, one compound, the isoshanzhiside methyl ester, was tentatively identified as a new compound. The results of this study demonstrate the superiority of HPLC‐MS with a high‐resolution mass spectrometer for the rapid and sensitive structural elucidation of the multiple groups of constituents in Fructus Gardeniae. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retrospective analysis of Guillain–Barré syndrome and Fisher syndrome after the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Tsuboi Hirofumi , Sugeno Naoto , Tateyama Maki , Nakashima Ichiro , Hasegawa Takafumi , Kuroda Hiroshi , Kaneko Kimihiko , Kobayashi Michiko , Ishigaki Aya , Fujimori Juichi , Aoki Masashi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGuillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) and Fisher syndrome (FS) are immune‐mediated peripheral neuropathies, and most of these cases were known to be associated with a preceding infection. Recent reports evidenced an increase in the number of infectious disease cases after the earthquake. The aim of this report is to investigate the incidence and clinical features of GBS and FS after the Great East Japan Earthquake. We found GBS and FS patients had markedly increased in 2011, the year of the earthquake. In regard to an antecedent illness, gastrointestinal infection was significantly increased in GBS patients after the earthquake. These results suggest environmental factors including infectious agents and stress caused by the earthquake might have been involved in the outbreak of the diseases.
Outcome comparison of African‐American and caucasian patients with severe aortic stenosis subjected to transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A single‐center experience
Authors: Minha Sa'ar , Barbash Israel M. , Magalhaes Marco A. , Ben‐Dor Itsik , Okubagzi Petros G. , Pendyala Lakshmana K. , Satler Lowell F. , Pichard Augusto D. , Torguson Rebecca , Waksman Ron 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveThis study aimed to report the outcomes of African Americans (AAs) in the US undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for severe aortic stenosis (AS).BackgroundCompared to Caucasians, AAs are reported to have poorer outcomes from most cardiovascular diseases, including high complication rates after surgical aortic valve replacement. The outcomes of AAs undergoing TAVR are not well established.MethodsConsecutive patients who underwent TAVR were included in this analysis. Patients' baseline characteristics, procedural data, in‐hospital‐ and long‐term outcomes were recorded and a comparison was performed between the AA and Caucasian cohorts.ResultsIn a cohort of 469 consecutive patients, 51 (10.8%) were AA and 345 (74.5%) were Caucasian. The remaining patients (n = 73; 15.3%) self‐reported their race as “unknown” or were from other races. Most baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups except for less men (33.3 vs. 50.1%; P = 0.016), a lower mean left ventricular ejection fraction (48.85 ± 16.35 vs. 53.24 ± 13.41%; P = 0.04) and lower rates of atrial fibrillation in AAs (15.7 vs.45.4%; P < 0.001). TAVR procedures in AAs were less frequently performed as part of a clinical trial (60.8 vs. 76.8%; P = 0.014). Most procedural and periprocedural outcome parameters were similar save for a higher rate of hemodynamic instability and postoperative need for intubation in AAs (10.4 vs. 2.5%; P = 0.018 and 29.4 vs. 16.9%; P = 0.03, respectively). This did not translate into a difference in mortality between AAs and Caucasians (30‐day mortality 9.8 vs. 9.9%; P = 0.99; 1‐year mortality 19.6 vs. 24.3%; P = 0.458, respectively).ConclusionUnlike with other cardiovascular interventions, this study demonstrates that AA patients referred for TAVR shared similar risks and outcomes when compared to a Caucasian population. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Economic analysis of endovascular interventions for femoropopliteal arterial disease: A systematic review and budget impact model for the United States and Germany
Authors: Pietzsch Jan B. , Geisler Benjamin P. , Garner Abigail M. , Zeller Thomas , Jaff Michael R. 
Published: April 2014

ObjectivesTo study the economic impact on payers and providers of the four main endovascular strategies for the treatment of infrainguinal peripheral artery disease.BackgroundBare metal stents (BMS), drug‐eluting stents (DES), and drug‐coated balloons (DCB) are associated with lower target lesion revascularization (TLR) probabilities than percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), but the economic impact is unknown.MethodsIn December 2012, PubMed and Embase were systematically searched for studies with TLR as an endpoint. The 24‐month probability of TLR for each treatment was weighted by sample size. A decision‐analytic Markov model was used to assess the budget impact from payers' and facility‐providers' perspectives of the four index procedure strategies (BMS, DES, DCB, and PTA). Base cases were developed for U.S. Medicare and the German statutory sickness fund perspectives using current 2013 reimbursement rates.ResultsThirteen studies with 2,406 subjects were included. The reported probability of TLR in the identified studies varied widely, particularly following treatment with PTA or BMS. The pooled 24‐month probabilities were 14.3%, 19.3%, 28.1%, and 40.3% for DCB, DES, BMS, and PTA, respectively. The drug‐eluting strategies had a lower projected budget impact over 24 months compared to BMS and PTA in both the U.S. Medicare (DCB: $10,214; DES: $12,904; uncoated balloons $13,114; BMS $13,802) and German public health care systems (DCB €3,619; DES €3,632; BMS €4,026; PTA €4,290).ConclusionsDCB and DES, compared to BMS and PTA, are associated with lower probabilities of target lesion revascularization and cost savings for U.S. and German payers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photoinduced Color Change and Photomechanical Effect of Naphthalene Diimides Bearing Alkylamine Moieties in the Solid State
Authors: Matsunaga Yuki , Goto Kenta , Kubono Koji , Sako Katsuya , Shinmyozu Teruo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPhotoinduced color change of naphthalene diimides (NDIs) bearing alkylamine moieties has been observed in the solid state. The color change is attributed to the generation of a NDI radical‐anion species, which may be formed through a photoinduced electron‐transfer process from the alkylamine moiety to the NDI. The photosensitivity of NDIs is highly dependent on the structures of the alkylamine moieties. Crystallographic analysis, kinetic analysis, UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopic measurements, and analysis of the photoproduct suggested that a radical anion was formed through an irreversible process initiated by proton abstraction between an amine radical cation and the neutral amine moiety. The radical anions formed stacks including mixed‐valence stacks and radical‐anion stacks, as shown by the broad absorption bands in near‐IR spectra. These photosensitive NDIs also showed crystal bending upon photoirradiation, which may be associated with a change in the intermolecular distance of the NDI stacks by the formation of monomeric radical anions, mixed‐valence stacks, and radical‐anion stacks.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines through a [3+2] Cycloaddition Controlled by Dienamine Catalysis
Authors: Li Wenjun , Wei Jia , Jia Qianfa , Du Zhiyun , Zhang Kun , Wang Jian 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA dienamine‐mediated enantioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition catalyzed by a chiral prolinol silyl ether catalyst has been developed. Removal of the benzamide group of the intermediates could furnish chiral C‐1 substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines (see scheme) in high yields and excellent stereoselectivities.
Applications of Sensor‐Based Sorting for the Processing of Mineral Resources
Authors: Wotruba Hermann , Knapp Henning , Neubert Kilian , Schropp Christian 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDer primäre Rohstoffsektor steht vor der Herausforderung stetig sinkender Wertstoffgehalte und zunehmend schwieriger aufzubereitender Lagerstätten. Für eine effiziente Gewinnung primärer Rohstoffe ist die Entwicklung und Nutzung innovativer und ressourcenschonender Technologien wie der sensorgestützten Sortierung notwendig. Der Artikel beschreibt die Wirkungsweise der sensorgestützten Sortierung und stellt sowohl Forschungsansätze als auch industrielle Einsätze der sensorgestützten Sortierung in der Mineralaufbereitung dar.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Electrochemical Cells Containing Bulk Metal
Authors: Britton Melanie M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe development of improved energy‐storage devices, as well as corrosion prevention and metal‐electrofinishing technologies, requires knowledge of local composition and transport behaviour in electrolytes near bulk metals, in situ and in real time. It remains a challenge to acquire such data and new analytical methods are required. Recent work shows that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is able to map concentration gradients and visualise electrochemical processes in electrochemical cells containing bulk metals. This recent work, along with the challenges, and solutions, associated with MRI of these electrochemical cells are reviewed.
Hybrid Gels Assembled from Fmoc–Amino Acid and Graphene Oxide with Controllable Properties
Authors: Xing Pengyao , Chu Xiaoxiao , Li Shangyang , Ma Mingfang , Hao Aiyou 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA supramolecular gel is obtained from the self‐assembly of an ultralow‐molecular‐weight gelator (N‐fluorenyl‐9‐methoxycarbonyl glutamic acid) in good and poor solvents. The gelators can self‐assemble into a lamellar structure, which can further form twisted fibers and nanotubes in the gel phase. Rheological studies show that the gels are robust and rigid, and are able to rapidly self‐recover to a gel after being destroyed by shear force. Fluorescence experiments reveal the aggregation‐induced emission effects of the gel system; the fluorescence intensity is significantly enhanced by gel formation. Graphene oxide (GO) is introduced into the system efficiently to give a hybrid material, and the interaction between gelators–GO sheets is studied. Rheological and fluorescent studies imply that the mechanical properties and the fluorescent emission of the hybrid materials can be fine‐tuned by controlling the addition of GO.
Weight‐for‐length trajectories in the first year of life in children of mothers with eating disorders in a large norwegian cohort
Authors: Perrin Eliana M. , Von Holle Ann , Zerwas Stephanie , Skinner Asheley Cockrell , Reba‐Harrelson Lauren , Hamer Robert M. , Stoltenberg Camilla , Torgersen Leila , Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted , Bulik Cynthia M. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo describe weight‐for‐length (WFL) trajectories in the children (birth‐12 months) of mothers with and without eating disorders.MethodThis study is based on the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. We categorized women (N = 57,185) based on diagnosis prior to and during pregnancy: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating disorder not otherwise specified‐purging subtype, binge eating disorder, or no eating disorder. The primary analysis included a shape invariant model fitted with nonlinear mixed effects to compare growth rates across eating disorder subtypes.ResultsThe children of mothers reporting any eating disorder had a lower WFL growth rate from birth to 12 months than the children of mothers without eating disorders, even after adjusting for relative birth weight and some confounders known to affect growth.DiscussionIn this cohort, child WFL was related to maternal eating disorder status before and/or during pregnancy. These differences in growth trajectories warrant further study of long‐term health outcomes and, if replicated, tailoring counseling to mothers with eating disorders during pregnancy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:406–414)