bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Economic Evaluation of Conception Strategies for Heterosexual Serodiscordant Couples where the Male Partner is HIV-Positive
Authors: Letchumanan Michelle , Coyte Peter C , Loutfy Mona 
Published: April 2015

Background To conduct an economic evaluation of the three commonly used interventions that reduce sexual HIV transmission when an HIV-negative female aims to conceive with an HIV-positive male on combination anti-retroviral therapy (condomless sex restricted to timed ovulation [CS], sperm washing with intrauterine insemination [SW] and condomless sex restricted to timed ovulation with pre-exposure prophylaxis [CS-PrEP]). As SW and CS-PrEP are only privately available for pregnancy planning for this population in Canada, this study was conducted to inform policy decisions concerning potential public health insurance coverage, as well as to inform fertility counselling in settings with adequate combination antiretroviral therapy access globally. Methods We developed a cohort Markov model with a lifetime horizon and used the perspective of Ontario's Ministry of Health (MOH). Input parameters were drawn from literature, the MOH's Schedule of Benefits and a time trade-off questionnaire designed for this study. Outcome measures included quality-adjusted life-years and incremental cost-effectiveness. Costs and benefits were discounted at annual rates of 3%. Costs were reported in Canadian 2013 dollars and an exchange rate of 1 USD to 1.066 CND was applied where necessary. Sensitivity analysis assessed the uncertainty of model parameters. Results The base case analysis found that CS-PrEP and SW were each more costly and less effective at conception than CS. The results were robust in the sensitivity analysis and suggest that CS is the dominant conception strategy in this population. Conclusions Neither CS-PrEP nor SW represent better value for money relative to CS as a conception option for HIV-discordant couples with positive male partners. Based on these findings, CS-PrEP and SW cannot be recommended for public-funding in developed countries.
Viral Shedding and Susceptibility to Oseltamivir in Hospitalized Immunocompromised Patients with Influenza in the Influenza Resistance Information Study (IRIS)
Authors: Fraaij Pieter L , Schutten Martin , Javouhey Etienne , Burleigh Laura , Outlaw Russell , Kumar Deepali , Boucher Charles A 
Published: April 2015

Background Immunocompromised patients are at greater risk of complicated influenza and may be more likely to develop antiviral resistance. This observational sub-study of the Influenza Resistance Information Study (NCT00884117) aimed to study antiviral resistance in immunocompromised patients with influenza and characterize its effect on clinical and virological outcomes. Methods Eligible immunocompromised patients were aged ≥1 year with a local rapid diagnostic or PCR test positive for influenza ≤96 h after diagnosis and with influenza symptoms. Nasal and throat swabs were taken for RT-PCR analysis on day 1 and then every 3 days until patients were virus-free. Resistance was assessed by mutation-specific RT-PCR, phenotypic susceptibility analysis and Sanger sequencing. Results Of 42 patients enrolled, 29 (69%) were influenza-positive (RT-PCR) on day 1: 18 adults and 11 children aged 1–12 years. Six patients were severely immunocompromised. On days 3, 6 and 9, most patients tested (18/24, 9/15 and 6/9, respectively) had not cleared the virus. Two of five patients assessed after day 9 continued shedding virus until day 15. H1N1pdm09 viruses harbouring H275Y mutations were detected in post-baseline samples from four patients (aged 52–61 years), one of whom had prolonged viral shedding. No genotypic antiviral resistance was detected in the other 20 treated patients (prevalence of resistance, 17%). Correlation between level of immune compromise and resistance or outcomes could not be assessed. Ten patients (seven influenza-positive) were admitted to intensive care and three died. Conclusions In these patients with mild/moderate immunocompromise, emergence of oseltamivir-resistant viruses was not common. Severity of influenza symptoms ranged from mild to moderate, but correlation with level of compromise could not be determined.
Liver-to-Plasma Vaniprevir (MK-7009) Concentration Ratios in HCV-Infected Patients
Authors: Wright D Hamish , Caro Luzelena , Cerra Michael , Panorchan Paul , Du Lihong , Anderson Melanie , Potthoff Andrej , Nachbar Robert B , Wagner John , Manns Michael P , Talal Andrew H 
Published: April 2015

Background Some drugs that are actively taken up into the liver exhibit greater than dose proportional increases in plasma exposure, although human liver-to-plasma concentration ratios have rarely been evaluated. Understanding these relationships has implications for drug concentrations at the target site for certain classes of compounds, such as direct-acting antivirals, targeted towards HCV. Methods Treatment-experienced, chronic HCV non-cirrhotic patients ( n=3) received vaniprevir (600 mg or 300 mg twice daily) on days 1–3 and (600 mg or 300 mg single dose) on day 4. Core needle biopsy was performed at 6 or 12 h post-dose on day 4. Blood samples were collected pre-dose on days 1 and 4, and for 24 h post-dose on day 4. The primary study objective was the hepatic concentration of vaniprevir at 6 and 12 h post-dose. Results Vaniprevir plasma pharmacokinetic parameters increased in a greater than dose-proportional manner between the 300 mg and 600 mg doses, with approximately fivefold increases in AUC0–12 and Cmax associated with a twofold increase in dose (AUC0–12, 10.6 μM/h to 59.5 μM/h; Cmax, 2.60 μM to 13.5 μM). In the 300 mg and 600 mg dose groups, mean liver concentrations of vaniprevir were 84.6 μM and 169 μM at 6 h post-dose, and 29.4 μM and 53.7 μM at 12 h post-dose. Liver concentrations were higher than plasma with liver-to-plasma concentration ratios of approximately 20–280. Conclusions These data confirm higher vaniprevir concentrations in human liver compared with plasma and demonstrate that measurement of human liver drug concentration using needle biopsy is feasible.
La « Méditation sur le thème du don désintéressé » de Jean-Paul II. Une présentation
Authors: Ide Pascal 
Published: April 2015

Le 8 février 1994, Jean-Paul II a rédigé ce qu’il appelle une « Méditation sur le thème du ‘don désintéressé’ ». Publié en polonais, pour la première fois traduit en français (cf. NRT 134 [2012] 188-200) et paru seulement en 2006 dans les AAS , ce texte est pratiquement inconnu. L’article en montre d’abord l’importance : la méditation tisse, avec une rare densité, nombre d’idées qui sont chères au pape polonais. Surtout, elle les reprend de manière synthétique à partir d’un thème qui, comme dans une rhapsodie, traverse tout le texte : « Dieu t’a donné à moi ». L’autre personne ne m’apparaît pleinement comme un don que si je discerne en elle le Donateur qui m’en fait cadeau. À partir de cette intuition centrale se dessine toute une anthropologie et une éthique du don.
L’onction des malades : sacrement de la tendresse de Dieu
Authors: Guibert Vincent 
Published: April 2015

Au regard des mutations de son histoire, l’onction des malades met dans l’embarras le théologien et le pasteur. Mais là se trouve également son attrait : situé à la jointure du physiologique et du spirituel, il donne à penser. Cet article cherche à mieux définir l’effet de grâce ou le réconfort qu’apporte ce sacrement au malade. Il propose également de mettre en relation l’onction non seulement avec le sacrement du pardon, mais encore avec celui de la confirmation.
Dip-Coating of Patterned Organic Semiconductor Films
Authors: Qin Meng Zhi , Wang Xiang Hua , Yuan Miao , Lv Shen Chen , Gu Xun 
Published: April 2015

<p>Dip-coating is a conventional solution processing technology to prepare large-area films at a low cost and with cheap facilities. For semiconductor film processing, crystal orientation and thickness uniformity are the primary factors that determine the film quality and its electrical performance. These requirements are readily satisfied with the dip-coating method because the film morphology can be effectively optimized by tuning the withdrawal speed. This work optimizes the withdrawal speed for the dip-coating of patterned semiconductor films of 400×500 mm2 as well as that for film dip-coating on the whole surfaces of the substrate. For both experiment, optimized electrical mobility is achieved at the same withdrawal speed, however, the random crystal orientation of the patterned films causes a remarkable decrease in device performance.</p>
EBV Oncogene N-LMP1 Induces CD4 T Cell–Mediated Angiogenic Blockade in the Murine Tumor Model
Authors: Wu Tzong-Shoon , Wang Lian-Chen , Liu Shu-Chen , Hsu Ting-Yu , Lin Chun-Yen , Feng Gou-Jin , Chen Jian-Ming , Liu Hao-Ping , Chung I-Che , Yen Tzu-Chen , Chang Yu-Sun , Liao Shuen-Kuei , Chang Chen , Chow Kai-Ping N. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Antivascular immunity may provide long-term protection by preventing neovascularization that precedes tumor progression. Although the tumorigenesis promoted by EBV-encoded oncogene latent membrane protein 1 derived from Taiwanese nasopharyngeal carcinoma (N-LMP1) has been demonstrated, the potential of N-LMP1 for inducing immune surveillance remains elusive. In this article, we describe the immunogenicity of N-LMP1 (1510) and its induction of antivascular immunity in a transplantable tumor model in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. The immunogenicity of N-LMP1 was evaluated on the basis of tumor rejection following immunization. The impact of the immunization on the dynamics of tumor angiogenesis was assessed by temporal noninvasive dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and was further confirmed by histologic study and vascular count. Through the experiments of in vivo depletion and adoptive transfer, CD4 T cells were identified as effectors that depend on IFN-γ for tumor prevention. The response was further verified by the identification of an MHC H-2 I-Ed–restricted peptide derived from N-LMP1 and by the immunization of mice with N-LMP1 peptide–loaded dendritic cells. These studies provide insight into N-LMP1–specific immunity in vivo, which suggests that CD4 T cells may play an important role in angiogenic surveillance against LMP1–associated cancer via tumor stroma targeting.
CCL7 and IRF-7 Mediate Hallmark Inflammatory and IFN Responses following Rhinovirus 1B Infection
Authors: Girkin Jason , Hatchwell Luke , Foster Paul , Johnston Sebastian L. , Bartlett Nathan , Collison Adam , Mattes Joerg 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) infections are common and have the potential to exacerbate asthma. We have determined the lung transcriptome in RV strain 1B–infected naive BALB/c mice (nonallergic) and identified CCL7 and IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-7 among the most upregulated mRNA transcripts in the lung. To investigate their roles we employed anti-CCL7 Abs and an IRF-7–targeting small interfering RNA in vivo. Neutralizing CCL7 or inhibiting IRF-7 limited neutrophil and macrophage influx and IFN responses in nonallergic mice. Neutralizing CCL7 also reduced activation of NF-κB p65 and p50 subunits, as well as airway hyperreactivity (AHR) in nonallergic mice. However, neither NF-κB subunit activation nor AHR was abolished with infection of allergic mice after neutralizing CCL7, despite a reduction in the number of neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils. IRF-7 small interfering RNA primarily suppressed IFN-α and IFN-β levels during infection of allergic mice. Our data highlight a pivotal role of CCL7 and IRF-7 in RV-induced inflammation and IFN responses and link NF-κB signaling to the development of AHR.
MAVS Promotes Inflammasome Activation by Targeting ASC for K63-Linked Ubiquitination via the E3 Ligase TRAF3
Authors: Guan Kai , Wei Congwen , Zheng Zirui , Song Ting , Wu Feixiang , Zhang Yanhong , Cao Ye , Ma Shengli , Chen Wei , Xu Quanbin , Xia Weiwei , Gu Jun , He Xiang , Zhong Hui 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Stringent control of inflammasome signaling pathway is important for maintaining immunological balance, yet the molecular mechanisms responsible for its tight regulation are still poorly understood. In this study, we found that the signaling pathway dependent on mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) was required for the optimal activation of apoptosis-associated specklike protein (ASC)–dependent inflammasome. In particular, TNFR-associated factor 3 was found to be a direct E3 ligase for ASC. Ubiquitination of ASC at Lys174 was critical for speck formation and inflammasome activation. Deficiency in MAVS or TNFR-associated factor 3 impaired ASC ubiquitination and cytosolic aggregates formation, resulting in reduced inflammasome response upon RNA virus infection. This study has identified a previously unrecognized role of MAVS in the regulation of inflammasome signaling and provided molecular insight into the mechanisms by which ubiquitination of ASC controls inflammasome activity through the formation of ASC specks.
Prevalence of dental fluorosis among school children residing in Kanpur City, Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Bhalla Ashish , Malik Sonal , Sharma Sanjivini 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Objective: The objective was to find the prevalence of dental fluorosis among school children residing in Kanpur city, Uttar Pradesh India. Materials and Methods: A total of 1343 school children, residing in the city since childhood and consuming the groundwater, in the age group of 7-17 years was selected from various schools. Schools were selected from all four directions of the city. Children were categorized in five age groups and were examined for dental fluorosis. Dean′s criteria for assessment of dental fluorosis were used, and observations were recorded on a study specific performa. Results: Among the 1343 children examined, 243 (18%) were found to be having dental fluorosis, among which number of males (131) was more than females (112). Among the different grades of fluorosis observed, mild dental fluorosis was observed in most of the cases (158). It was observed that the southern part of the city had a maximum number of cases of dental fluorosis. Conclusion: It was evident from the results that the city had a good number of cases of dental fluorosis and that the groundwater in certain areas had more than normal quantity of fluoride. Since this study was the first attempt in this area, more studies can be undertaken to substantiate our findings.
Oral self-care practices, dental attendance and self-perceived oral health status among internal medicine residents in Nigeria
Authors: Iwuala Sandra Omozehio , Umeizudike Kehinde Adesola , Ozoh Obianuju Beatrice , Fasanmade Olufemi Adetola 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Background: Oral health is important for well-being and chronic disease prevention. Physician′s confidence and willingness to counsel patients on lifestyle practices is related to their personal behavior. Limited data exists regarding oral self-care practices among physicians in developing countries, as the majority seeks oral health advice and care from doctors rather than dentists. Aim: To determine the oral self-care practices, dental attendance, and self-perceived oral health status of internal medicine residents in Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among internal medicine resident doctors attending an update course using a self-administered structured questionnaire, which included oral care practices. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 21.0, P < 0.05 was significant. Results: The response rate was 82.0%. Data from 109 residents from the 6 geopolitical zones in Nigeria were analyzed. The mean age of the residents was 33.1 (4.0) years. 39.8% brushed twice a day, 20.2% used dental floss regularly, 10.1% used the roll technique for brushing and 30.3% of the doctors had never been to a dentist. However, 61.1% felt dental visits should be undertaken every 6 months and 57.8% strongly agreed/agreed that the state of their oral health was excellent. There was no difference in the oral hygiene practices by gender, designation or geopolitical zone of the residency program apart from dental flossing (female > male, P = 0.002). A higher proportion of junior compared to senior residents strongly agreed/agreed and strongly disagreed/disagreed that their oral health status was excellent (P = 0.026). Conclusion: The oral self-care practices of these doctors involved in managing patients with medical conditions linked to oral health is inadequate. There is a need for better education on oral self-care among physicians.
Reaction rate in an evanescent random walkers system
Authors: Ré Miguel A. , Bustos Natalia C. 
Published: April 2015

Diffusion mediated reaction models are particularly ubiquitous in the description of physical, chemical or biological processes. The random walk schema is a useful tool for formulating these models. Recently, evanescent random walk models have received attention in order to include finite lifetime processes. For instance, activated chemical reactions, such as laser photolysis, exhibit a different asymptotic limit when compared with immortal walker models. A diffusion limited reaction model based on a one dimensional continuous time random walk on a lattice with evanescent walkers is presented here. The absorption probability density and the reaction rate are analytically calculated in the Laplace domain. A finite absorption rate is considered, a model usually referred to as imperfect trapping. Short and long time behaviors are analyzed.Received: 20 Novembre 2014, Accepted: 20 March 2015; Edited by: C. A. Condat, G. J. Sibona; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.070003Cite as: M A Re, N C Bustos, Papers in Physics 7, 070003 (2015)This paper, by Miguel A. Re, Natalia C. Bustos , is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.
George C. White in Brazil:
Authors: Monteiro George 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In 1988, under the auspices of the United States Information Services, George C. White toured major cities in Brazil to talk about the Eugene O'Neill Memorial Theater Center. In São Paulo he was interviewed by Leo Gilson Ribeiro for the Jornal da Tarde. This newspaper interview appeared on October 1, 1988. It is reprinted here, for the first time in an English translation.
L’écoute musicale à l’école primaire en France : les oeuvres que les enseignants déclarent enseigner
Authors: Maizières Frédéric 
Published: April 2015

L’activité d’écoute apparaît comme la deuxième pratique, après le chant, à être enseignée en éducation musicale à l’école primaire en France. La transposition didactique interne montre l’implication de l’enseignant dans la définition des savoirs à enseigner. En l’absence d’indications précises dans les programmes, quelles sont les oeuvres qu’ils choisissent de faire écouter à leurs élèves et pour quels objectifs ? Selon quels critères sélectionnent-ils les oeuvres ? Une enquête interacadémique (20 départements français) auprès de 935 professeurs des écoles, suivie d’entretiens semi-directifs auprès de 30 d’entre eux, vise à décrire et à comprendre les savoirs de référence pour la pratique de l’écoute. Ces savoirs dépendent des finalités que les enseignants poursuivent dans cette activité et des valeurs qu’ils rattachent à cet enseignement.
Etkileşimli havaalanlari için geliş yolu önerisi
Authors: Şahin meriç Özlem 
Published: April 2015

ÖzetYoğun trafik talebini karşılamak üzere aynı terminal hava sahası içerisine kurulan yakın konumlardaki havaalanlarının hava trafik operasyonları birbirini etkilemektedir. Bu şekilde birbirini etkileyen, geliş ve kalkış operasyonlarının yer aldığı havaalanı grubu “etkileşimli havaalanları” olarak tanımlanabilmektedir. Etkileşimli havaalanlarında artan trafik talebine verilebilecek hava trafik hizmetlerinde tüm havaalanlarına etkin ve verimli trafik akışına olanak sunacak hava sahası yol yapısının kurulması gerekmektedir..Bu çalışmada, etkileşimli havaalanında verimli trafik akışını sağlamak amacıyla Toplama Noktası Sistemi (TNS) paralel ve seri rota yapıları kullanılarak geliş yol önerisi sunulacaktır.
Atmospheric observations inform CO2 flux responses to enviroclimatic drivers
Authors: Fang Yuanyuan , Michalak Anna M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the response of the terrestrial biospheric carbon cycle to variability in enviroclimatic drivers is critical for predicting climate‐carbon interactions. Here we apply an atmospheric‐inversion‐based framework to assess the relationships between the spatiotemporal patterns of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and those of enviroclimatic drivers. We show that those relationships can be directly observed at 1° × 1° 3‐hourly resolution from atmospheric CO2 measurements for four of seven large biomes in North America, namely, (i) boreal forests and taiga; (ii) temperate coniferous forests; (iii) temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands; and (iv) temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. We find that shortwave radiation plays a dominant role during the growing season over all four biomes. Specific humidity and precipitation also play key roles and are associated with decreased CO2 uptake (or increased release). The explanatory power of specific humidity is especially strong during transition seasons, while that of precipitation appears during both the growing and dormant seasons. We further find that the ability of four prototypical terrestrial biospheric models (TBMs) to represent the spatiotemporal variability of NEE improves as the influence of radiation becomes more dominant, implying that TBMs have a better skill in representing the impact of radiation relative to other drivers. Even so, we show that TBMs underestimate the strength of the relationship to radiation and do not fully capture its seasonality. Furthermore, the TBMs appear to misrepresent the relationship to precipitation and specific humidity at the examined scales, with relationships that are not consistent in terms of sign, seasonality, or significance relative to observations. More broadly, we demonstrate the feasibility of directly probing relationships between NEE and enviroclimatic drivers at scales with no direct measurements of NEE, opening the door to the study of emergent processes across scales and to the evaluation of their scaling within TBMs.
Rheological transitions in high‐temperature volcanic fault zones
Authors: Okumura Satoshi , Uesugi Kentaro , Nakamura Michihiko , Sasaki Osamu 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSilicic magma experiences shear‐induced brittle fracturing during its ascent, resulting in the formation of a magmatic fault at the conduit margin. Once the fault is formed, frictional behavior of the fault controls the magma ascent process. We observed torsional deformation of a magmatic fault gouge in situ at temperatures of 800 and 900°C using synchrotron radiation X‐ray radiography. The torsional deformation rate was set at 0.1–10 rpm, corresponding to equivalent slip velocities of 2.27 × 10−5–1.74 × 10−3 m s−1 and shear strain rates of 0.014–1.16 s−1. The normal stresses used were 1, 5, and 10 MPa. The magmatic fault showed frictional sliding as well as viscous flow even above the glass transition temperature. The transition between frictional sliding and viscous flow depends on temperature, deformation rate, and normal stress on the fault. At 900°C, the fault showed viscous deformation at a normal stress of 10 MPa, while frictional sliding was predominant at 800°C. We propose the ratio of timescales of fault healing and deformation as a criterion for transition between frictional sliding and viscous flow. The experimentally calibrated criterion infers that frictional sliding is predominant from ~500 m in depth during explosive eruption; this may explain rapid magma ascent without efficient outgassing. Frictional heating would in turn enhance fault healing, resulting in the reverse transition from frictional sliding to viscous flow, followed by deceleration of magma ascent. Therefore, cyclic transitions between frictional sliding and viscous flow are a possible explanation for the cyclic behavior of lava effusion.