bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DO TOURNAMENT SCHEDULE AND SQUAD COMPOSITION INFLUENCE INJURY TYPES AND RATES IN INTERNATIONAL RUGBY?
Authors: Mathema P , Moore I , Ranson C 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThis report contrasts injury rates, types and potential risk factors between two equal length yet markedly different international rugby campaigns.ObjectiveTo compare tournament injury problems and potential risk factors for single nation versus combined nation international rugby teams.DesignDetails of all time-loss injuries, training and match exposure for the Wales Team during the 2013; 6 Nations, and British and Irish Lions (BIL) during the Australia tour. Analysis was based on consensus injury surveillance methods.SettingInternational Rugby Union.ParticipantsAll Wales (n=36) and 2013 BIL squad (n=45) players.Risk factor assessmentContrasting injury exposure, rates and severity.MainoOutcome measurementTraining and match injury; exposure, incidence, (per 1000hours), prevalence (% of players unavailable) and days-lost per injury.ResultsWales played 5 matches and BIL 10 in a similar time period. 81% of Wales' squad players played in at least one match as compared to 98% of BIL. Wales had 28% more training hours exposure. Wales had a higher injury incidence/1000 hrs than BIL (total 27 vs. 18, match 260 vs. 90, training 5 vs. 4) and prevalence (15 vs. 10%), but fewer days-lost per injury (11 vs. 17). For Wales, 67% of the squad sustained injuries, with an average of 1.6 injuries per injured player whilst 54% of BIL sustained injuries (1.1 per injured player). Forty-seven percent of Wales players started in a match and half were replaced in at least one game as compared to 62% of BIL players and 92% being replaced. Of the match injuries, 81% of Wales' players, versus 56% BIL, completed the match.ConclusionsHigher injury rates for Wales may have been due to factors such as; lower substitution rates, greater starter match exposure and previously injured players returning to play in the same tournament.
NATIONAL TEAM RUGBY PLAYER INJURY TYPES, RATES AND RISK FACTORS OVER TWO-YEARS
Authors: Mathema P , Ranson C , Moore I 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundInjury surveillance may provide valuable information regarding relationships between initial and subsequent injuries. Subsequent Injury Categorisation (SIC) may be useful in sports such as rugby that have high rates of re-injury amongst elite players.ObjectiveTo identify types, rates and potential risk factors for injury, and subsequent injury, in international rugby players.DesignProspective injury surveillance using consensus methods and SIC.SettingTier 1 international and professional rugby.ParticipantsPlayers from one national team squad over two years.Risk factor assessmentInjury types, rates and severity, according to team (national or club), mechanism and activity (training or match) at time of injury, and SIC.Main outcome measurementTraining and match injury incidence (per 100 days), prevalence (% of players unavailable) and average days-lost per injury were calculated for each variable along with the percentage of injuries within each SIC.ResultsOverall incidence was 44/100 days (match 30/100 days, training 9/100 days), prevalence was 21% and 16 days were lost per injury. International incidence was highest (25 vs. 19/100 days), but days-lost per injury was greater for club injuries (19 vs. 14 days). Incidence and prevalence was greatest for international impact injuries (11 vs. 6/100 days, 7 vs. 4%), but there were a similar number of days-lost per injury (21 days). During international campaigns the anterior thigh, knee and lower leg regions had the highest injury rates, whilst on Club duty the hip, knee and shoulder were highest. Twenty-nine percent of the 252 subsequent injuries were coded as being related to a previous injury. Fourteen percent of subsequent injuries were a direct recurrence.ConclusionsHigh incidence of impact injuries in international rugby may be due to greater number of contact events. Injury prevention strategies may need to target different body areas for international vs. club rugby. SIC analysis may allow subsequent injury risk to be better managed.
EFFECT OF TRUNK MOTOR CONTROL TRAINING ON HIP MUSCLES IN ELITE FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Authors: Mendis D , Stanton W , Hides J 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundDecreased size and altered function of lumbo-pelvic muscles has been found in elite athletes with low back pain (LBP). Previous research has shown that training trunk neuromotor control in elite football players with and without LBP improved the size and function of muscles important in stability of the lumbo-pelvic region. Hip muscles also contribute to lumbo-pelvic stability and imbalances in these muscles have been associated with LBP in collegiate athletes.ObjectiveTo investigate if a motor control intervention program targeting trunk muscles affects hip muscle size in elite football players with and without LBP.DesignThe trial was delivered as a stepped-wedge design with 3 treatment arms: 15 weeks intervention, 8 weeks intervention and a wait-list control who received 7 weeks intervention toward the end of the playing season.SettingElite level football club in the National Australian Football League (AFL).ParticipantsComplete training squad of 46 elite players from an AFL club.InterventionsThe motor control program, delivered over the playing season, involved performance of voluntary contractions of the trunk muscles with feedback from ultrasound imaging.Main outcome measurementsCross-sectional areas of the iliacus, psoas, iliopsoas, sartorius, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius and upper gluteus maximus muscles were measured from magnetic resonance images.ResultsThe motor control training program was associated with an increase in hip muscle size especially for those with LBP (P<.01).ConclusionsThe motor control training program, which targeted proximal muscles of the lumbar spine, had an effect on both trunk and hip muscles. Neuromuscular control training programs may benefit more muscles in the kinetic chain than trunk muscles alone. This finding may be due to the functional components of the motor control program that encouraged optimal trunk and femoro-pelvic alignment when load was added in functional weight bearing positions.
SCREENING ATHLETES WITH PATELLAR TENDINOSIS: CLINICAL INFORMATION TO GUIDE PREVENTIVE ATTITUDES
Authors: Mendonça L , Bittencourt N , Zuin A , Barreto R , Ocarino J , Fonseca S 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundPatellar tendinosis is a degenerative condition that could lead to tendon rupture. Conservative treatment is long-term and surgery may be required to enhance tissue regeneration. Therefore, the athlete could have his/her successful career jeopardized. Some clinical tests, usually used in patellar tendon assessment, could be associated to patellar tendon morphologic abnormalities (PTA). However, their relationship to PTA is not established and they could be used in sports practice as a strategy for preventive care.ObjectiveTo investigate the association of VISA-P questionnaire, single-leg decline squat test and patellar tendon pain history to tendon morphological abnormalities at ultrasound.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingAthletes filled in VISA-P questionnaire, performed the single-leg decline squat test (SLDS) and informed about patellar tendon pain history. Athletes with Osgood-Schlater and/or Siding-Larsen-Johansson disease were excluded. An experienced examiner performed the ultrasonographic exam in tendon sagittal and transverse planes. Tendons that presented hypoechoic areas and thickness were considered as positive for morphological abnormalities.Participants43 athletes (26 volleyball, 14 basketball, 3 running) participated in this study, 38 males and 5 females, mean age of 24.8±6.7 years, weight of 87.6±13.7 kg and height of 1.93 ±0.1 m.Risk factor assessmentVISA-P, single-leg decline squat test and patellar tendon pain history.Main outcome measurementsPatellar tendon hypoechoic areas and thickness at ultrasound.ResultsSignificant associations to PTA were found. VISA-P showed an OR of 5.4 (1.3–26), SLDS of 3.8 (1.4–11) and pain history of 7.5 (1.6–42). Therefore, an athlete who presents a score under 80 points at VISA-P, for example, have 5.4 more chance to present PTA compared to an athlete that does not have PTA.ConclusionsVISA-P, SLDS and patellar tendon pain history can be easily applied in clinical practice and should be used as a screening tool in sports modalities that present a high PTA prevalence.
IMPACT OF AIR FLIGHT ON GAMES MISSED POST CONCUSSION IN NHL PLAYERS
Authors: Milzman D , Altman J , Hatoum Z , Berman D , Neustadtl A , Pasternac K , Campbell M 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundConcussions(mTBI) occur at variable reported rates of 1–4 per 100 player games in the NHL. Hypoxia exacerbates neuronal death following mild TBI in animals and Oxygen deprivation leads to greater mitochondrial dysfunction in concussed brains. This study will evaluate the impact of mild hypoxia associated with airline travel on duration of concussion symptoms in NHL players.MethodsAll NHL players with publicly reported concussions in 2010–11 through the 2012–13 (3) seasons were evaluated to determine the impact of air flight with pressurized cabins in the immediate 4–6 hour period following games in which the concussion occurred. This retrospective cohort study used publicly available post-game reports of concussion, next game played, and air distance traveled. Players with any associated injury were excluded. All available NHL and team reports were used to confirm travel night-of following an away game to either next stop of road trip (NHL) or home location and diagnosis of concussion and games missed. Only flights within 6 hours of end of game were included.Results239 concussions occurred during the 3 study seasons of which 35 players were excluded for additional injuries or concussion lasted over the end of a season. 202/204 (99%) of NHL players with diagnosed concussions missed at least one game with a mean 9.2 games (SD +/- 9.6) missed. Those players that flew after suffering an mTBI missed 32.9% more games with: 10.5 (95% CI: 2.5–17.7) missed games and 26.5 days for those 99 NHL'ers (95% CI: 2.5–17.7) VS. 7.9 (95% CI: 0–16.5) games and 20.7 days for the 205 NHL'ers that did not fly; P<.01. Odds Ratio to miss games post concussion after air travel to no air travel: 3.8:1.DiscussionThis initial report of an increased rate of recovery in terms of nearly 1/3 more games missed, for professional athletes flying commercial airlines due to likely increased concussion penumbra and lack of brain rest following mTBI. Future studies should evaluate standard 48–72 hour post mTBI brain rest, without any air flight to abate the decreased oxygen tension suffered during pressurized cabin flight.
THE IMPACT OF INJURY IN WELSH PROFESSIONAL RUGBY
Authors: Moore I , Mathema P , Ranson C 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundA detailed understanding of injury types and rates is needed to inform effective injury prevention and management. This is the first comprehensive injury surveillance report across the four Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) Region Professional Teams.ObjectiveTo identify priority injury problems and potential risk factors across the WRU Regions.DesignA designated medical team member from each Region recorded; all time-loss injuries, training and match exposure during the 2012–2013 domestic season. Consensus injury surveillance (Fulleret al., 2007) methods were used for data analysis.SettingTop tier Welsh professional rugby.ParticipantsAll players (173) from the four WRU Region clubs during the 2012–2013 season.Risk factor assessmentThe relationships between; injury rates, types and severity, and mechanism of injury, player age and activity (training or match) at time of injury.Main outcome measurementTraining and match Injury incidence (per 1000 hours), injury prevalence (% of players unavailable) and average days-lost per injury were calculated for each variable.ResultsOverall injury incidence was 10/1000 hrs (2/1000 training hrs, 98/1000 match hrs), prevalence was 18% and days-lost per injury was 26. Acute strain/sprain and impact injuries had the highest injury incidence and prevalence (3–4/1000 hrs and 6–8%). Older players (>24 years) had higher; injury incidence (6 vs. 4 for younger players), injury prevalence (11 vs. 8%) and more days lost per injury (27 vs. 24). The majority of match injuries occurred during tackles (63%). Strength training and running caused the greatest number of training injuries, with strength training injuries resulting in longer periods out (49 vs. 34 days lost per running injury).ConclusionsPrevention strategies should target the high rate of match injuries.Older players may require bespoke injury risk management, and exposure to contact events (particularly tackles) needs to be recorded to ascertain the specific activity risk.
INJURY TYPES AND RATES IN AN INTERNATIONAL CRICKET TEAM: APPLICATION OF SUBSEQUENT INJURY CATEGORISATION
Authors: Mount S , Moore I , Ranson C 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundLongitudinal injury surveillance may provide valuable information regarding relationships between initial and any subsequent injuries. The Subsequent Injury Categorisation (SIC) (Finch & Cook, 2013) has been proposed as a method for examining these relationships.ObjectiveTo identify priority injury problems and potential risk factors for injury and subsequent injury in international cricket.DesignProspective injury surveillance using consensus methods and SIC.SettingInternational cricket.ParticipantsAll players from one national team squad during over 2 years (2011–2013).Risk factor assessmentThe contrasting; injury types, rates and severity, according to body area, position and activity (training or match) at time of injury, and SIC.Main outcome measurementTraining and match injury incidence (per 100 days), prevalence (% of players unavailable) and average days-lost per injury were calculated for each variable along with the percentage of injuries within each SIC. Further analysis of the SIC is in process.Results225 injuries were sustained (73 time-loss and 152 non time-loss), with an overall incidence of 10/100 days (7/100 days matches, 3/100 days training), prevalence of 13% and average of 32 days-lost per injury. Ankle, knee and hand regions had the highest incidence, but lumbar and abdomen regions had the greatest days-lost per injury. Fast bowlers had the highest incidence (6/100 days) and prevalence (8%). Wicket-keepers had the greatest days-lost per injury (68 days). Thirty-five percent of the 219 subsequent injuries sustained were coded as being related to a previous injury. Twelve percent of all subsequent injuries were a recurrence.ConclusionsInternational cricketers have a high rate of non time-loss injury, particularly to the ankle, knee and shoulder whereas thigh strains and lower back injuries result in the greatest time-loss. Injury prevention strategies should target these problems, particularly in fast bowlers. Analysis of the SIC may provide further insight into injury risk predicators.
RISK FACTORS FOR LOWER EXTREMITY INJURIES IN ELITE FEMALE FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Authors: Nilstad A , Andersen TE , Bahr R , Holme IM , Steffen K 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe incidence of lower extremity injuries in female football players is high, but their risk factors are poorly understood.ObjectiveTo investigate risk factors for lower extremity injuries in elite female football players.DesignProspective cohort study.Study settingElite football league.ParticipantsNorwegian elite female football players.Risk factor assessmentBaseline screening tests were conducted prior to the 2009 competitive football season and included tests assessing maximal lower extremity strength, balance, knee valgus angles in a drop jump landing, knee joint laxity, generalized joint laxity and foot pronation. We also included a questionnaire to collect information on demographic data, elite level experience and injury history. Time-loss injuries and exposure in training and match were recorded prospectively during the subsequent football season using weekly text messaging. Players reporting an injury were contacted to collect data regarding injury circumstances. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for one standard deviation change.Main outcome measurementsNew lower extremity injuries.ResultsIn total, 173 players provided complete screening tests and registrations of injuries and exposure throughout the season. A total of 171 injuries in 107 players (62%) were recorded. Multivariate analyses showed that greater BMI (OR 1.51, CI 1.21–1.90, P=.001) was the only factor significantly associated with new lower extremity injuries. Greater BMI was associated with new thigh injuries (OR 1.51, CI 1.08–2.11, P=.01), lower knee valgus angles in a drop jump landing was associated with ankle injuries (OR 0.64, CI 0.41–1.00, P=.04) and a previous knee injury with lower leg and foot injuries (OR 3.57, CI 1.27–9.99, P=.02), whereas neither of the factors investigated influenced the risk of knee injuries.ConclusionGreater BMI was associated with lower extremity injuries in elite female football players.
GENERALIZED LIGAMENTOUS LAXITY MAY BE A PREDISPOSING FACTOR FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES
Authors: Rahmatullah Bin Abd Razak H , Bin Ali N , Sen Howe T 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundGeneralized ligamentous laxity has been implicated with musculoskeletal injuries. Little evidence has emerged from the Asia-Pacific regarding the epidemiology of generalized ligamentous laxity.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to determine if generalized ligamentous laxity may be a predisposing factor for musculoskeletal injuries in young males. We hypothesized that generalized ligamentous laxity would be more common in individuals with musculoskeletal injuries compared with controls.DesignProspective case-control study.SettingMilitary.ParticipantsAll participants were male Singaporeans who were serving their National Service in the same military institute. The cases comprised of 100 consecutive individuals who presented to the primary healthcare centre in the institute with musculoskeletal injuries involving the upper or lower extremities that occurred as a result of physical activity. Our control group comprised of 100 age- and gender-matched individuals but did not have any musculoskeletal symptoms or injury for a period of 3 months or more from the time of recruitment.Assessment of risk factorsDemographic data were gathered using a questionnaire. The surveyed factors include personal history, smoking history and sporting activity as well as the baseline demographic and anthropometric data.Main outcome measurementsThe Beighton score was used to measure laxity, which was determined to be present by overall scores equal to or exceeding 4.ResultsGeneralized ligamentous laxity was present in 12% of the cases compared with 4% of controls (P=.043). Individuals who presented with musculoskeletal injuries were 3.35 times more likely to have generalized ligamentous laxity as compared to controls. Lower limb injuries were more common than upper limb injuries amongst the cases.ConclusionsGeneralized ligamentous laxity was more common in individuals who presented with a musculoskeletal injury. It may be a predisposing factor for musculoskeletal injuries. Prehabilitation may be an important aspect of training that should be emphasized to individuals identified to have generalized ligamentous laxity.
ECCENTRIC HAMSTRING STRENGTH DURING THE NORDIC HAMSTRING EXERCISES IS A RISK FACTOR FOR HAMSTRING STRAIN INJURY IN ELITE AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
Authors: Opar D , Williams M , Timmins R , Hickey J , Duhig S , Shield A 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) reduces the risk of hamstring strain injury (HSI). It is unknown if measuring eccentric hamstring strength during the NHE can predict risk of future HSI in elite Australian footballers.ObjectiveTo determine if measures of eccentric hamstring strength during the NHE identify athletes at risk of future HSI.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingSingle competitive season in elite Australian football.ParticipantsElite Australian footballers able to perform the NHE maximally at the time of testing. 210 athletes from 5 teams had their eccentric hamstring strength assessed.Risk factor assessmentEccentric hamstring strength was determined using a custom made device at the start and end of pre-season training. Reports of previous history of hamstring, quadriceps, groin and calf injury in the prior 12 months and any history of anterior cruciate ligament injury for all athletes were ascertained.Main Outcome MeasurementsProspective occurrence of HSI. The hypotheses (a priori), were that athletes with lower levels of eccentric hamstring strength and greater between limb imbalances in strength would be at greater risk of HSI.ResultsLow levels of eccentric hamstring strength at the start and end of preseason training increased the risk of future HSI by 3.3 (P=.002) and 2.8 fold (P=.027) respectively. Prior HSI increased the risk of future HSI by 3.1 fold (P=.018). No measure of between limb imbalance or any other prior injury data increased the risk of future HSI. Multivariate logistic regression revealed an interaction between increasing age and eccentric hamstring weakness leading to an increased risk of HSI.ConclusionsLow levels of eccentric hamstring strength during the NHE increases the risk of future HSI in elite Australian footballers and this effect is magnified in older athletes.
CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARD CONCUSSION AMONG JAPANESE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS AND COACHES, AND EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTION
Authors: Otomo M , Torii S , Fukubayashi T 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundRecent studies have emphasized the concussion education for all individuals who are involved in school sanctioned athletic activities.Objective(1) to investigate current knowledge and awareness of concussion among junior high school teachers and coaches; and (2) to assess the effectiveness of educational intervention on concussion for junior high school teachers and coaches.DesignQuestionnaire study (retrospective data). “Heads Up: Concussion in Youth Sports” and “Pocket SCAT 2” were translated to Japanese by the researcher and used in the educational intervention.SettingThis study setting was youth sports.Participants122 junior high school teachers and coaches.InterventionsWe did a survey immediately before and after lecture on the same day.Main outcome measurementsThe questionnaire showed 34 percent of the participants reported the concussions of the students in their activities. Also, compared with PE and nursing teachers, other teachers had less awareness of the concussions.ResultsParticipants might have misconceptions on the concussions; thus there were potentially more participants whose students experienced the concussions. At the lecture, there were high satisfaction levels with items that the participants wanted to know in the lecture. It was necessary to consider the time when to start the lecture and length of the lecture. Furthermore, the questionnaire taken after the lecture showed lack of the knowledge on the concussion; thus the lecture could have great effectiveness to the individuals related to student-athletes' activity.ConclusionAll participants might have misconceptions on the concussions. But their knowledge and attitude toward concussion was heightened by our lecture. In future research, it is important to increase subjects of the questionnaire and to identify effectiveness of long-term lectures. Furthermore, subjects of future research should involve student-athletes and their parents in order for all individual who related to athletic activities to obtain proper knowledge and awareness of the concussion.