bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical Wavenumber Spectra of Gravity Waves in the Venus Atmosphere Obtained from Venus Express Radio Occultation Data: Evidence for Saturation
Authors: Ando Hiroki , Imamura Takeshi , Tsuda Toshitaka , Tellmann Silvia , Pätzold Martin , Häusler Bernd 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
By using the vertical temperature profiles obtained by the radio occultation measurements on the European Space Agency (ESA)’s Venus Express, the vertical wavenumber spectra of small-scale temperature fluctuations that are thought to be manifestations of gravity waves are studied. Wavenumber spectra covering wavelengths of 1.4–7.5 km were obtained for two altitude regions (65–80 and 75–90 km) and seven latitude bands. The spectra show a power-law dependence on the high-wavenumber side with the logarithmic spectral slope ranging from −3 to −4, which is similar to the features seen in Earth’s and Martian atmospheres. The power-law portion of the spectrum tends to follow the semiempirical spectrum of saturated gravity waves, suggesting that the gravity waves are dissipated by saturation as well as radiative damping. The spectral power is larger at 75–90 km than at 65–80 km at low wavenumbers, suggesting amplitude growth with height of unsaturated waves. It was also found that the wave amplitude is larger at higher latitudes and that the amplitude is maximized in the northern high latitudes. On the assumption that gravity waves are saturated in the Venusian atmosphere, the turbulent diffusion coefficient was estimated. The diffusion coefficient in the Venusian atmosphere is larger than those in Earth’s atmosphere because of the longer characteristic vertical wavelength of the saturated waves.
Summer-to-Winter Sea-Ice Linkage between the Arctic Ocean and the Okhotsk Sea through Atmospheric Circulation
Authors: Ogi Masayo , Taguchi Bunmei , Honda Meiji , Barber David G. , Rysgaard Søren 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Contemporary climate science seeks to understand the rate and magnitude of a warming global climate and how it impacts regional variability and teleconnections. One of the key drivers of regional climate is the observed reduction in end of summer sea-ice extent over the Arctic. Here the authors show that interannual variations between the September Arctic sea-ice concentration, especially in the East Siberian Sea, and the maximum Okhotsk sea-ice extent in the following winter are positively correlated, which is not explained by the recent warming trend only. An increase of sea ice both in the East Siberian Sea and the Okhotsk Sea and corresponding atmospheric patterns, showing a seesaw between positive anomalies of sea level pressures over the Arctic Ocean and negative anomalies over the midlatitudes, are related to cold anomalies over the high-latitude Eurasian continent. The patterns of atmospheric circulation and air temperatures are similar to those of the annually integrated Arctic Oscillation (AO). The negative annual AO forms colder anomalies in autumn sea surface temperatures both over the East Siberian Sea and the Okhotsk Sea, which causes heavy sea-ice conditions in both seas through season-to-season persistence.
The Impact of the African Great Lakes on the Regional Climate
Authors: Thiery Wim , Davin Edouard L. , Panitz Hans-Jürgen , Demuzere Matthias , Lhermitte Stef , van Lipzig Nicole 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAlthough the African Great Lakes are important regulators for the East African climate, their influence on atmospheric dynamics and the regional hydrological cycle remains poorly understood. This study aims to assess this impact by comparing a regional climate model simulation that resolves individual lakes and explicitly computes lake temperatures to a simulation without lakes. The Consortium for Small-Scale Modelling model in climate mode (COSMO-CLM) coupled to the Freshwater Lake model (FLake) and Community Land Model (CLM) is used to dynamically downscale a simulation from the African Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX-Africa) to 7-km grid spacing for the period of 1999–2008. Evaluation of the model reveals good performance compared to both in situ and satellite observations, especially for spatiotemporal variability of lake surface temperatures (0.68-K bias), and precipitation (−116 mm yr−1 or 8% bias). Model integrations indicate that the four major African Great Lakes almost double the annual precipitation amounts over their surface but hardly exert any influence on precipitation beyond their shores. Except for Lake Kivu, the largest lakes also cool the annual near-surface air by −0.6 to −0.9 K on average, this time with pronounced downwind influence. The lake-induced cooling happens during daytime, when the lakes absorb incoming solar radiation and inhibit upward turbulent heat transport. At night, when this heat is released, the lakes warm the near-surface air. Furthermore, Lake Victoria has a profound influence on atmospheric dynamics and stability, as it induces circular airflow with over-lake convective inhibition during daytime and the reversed pattern at night. Overall, this study shows the added value of resolving individual lakes and realistically representing lake surface temperatures for climate studies in this region.
Interactive Vegetation Phenology, Soil Moisture, and Monthly Temperature Forecasts
Authors: Koster R. D. , Walker G. K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe time scales that characterize the variations of vegetation phenology are generally much longer than those that characterize atmospheric processes. The explicit modeling of phenological processes in an atmospheric forecast system thus has the potential to provide skill to subseasonal or seasonal forecasts. We examine this possibility here using a forecast system fitted with a dynamic vegetation phenology model. We perform three experiments, each consisting of 128 independent warm-season monthly forecasts: 1) an experiment in which both soil moisture states and carbon states (e.g., those determining leaf area index) are initialized realistically, 2) an experiment in which the carbon states are prescribed to climatology throughout the forecasts, and 3) an experiment in which both the carbon and soil moisture states are prescribed to climatology throughout the forecasts. Evaluating the monthly forecasts of air temperature in each ensemble against observations—as well as quantifying the inherent predictability of temperature within each ensemble—shows that dynamic phenology can indeed contribute positively to subseasonal forecasts, though only to a small extent, with an impact dwarfed by that of soil moisture.
Biofouling Effects on the Response of a Wave Measurement Buoy in Deep Water
Authors: Thomson Jim , Talbert Joe , de Klerk Alex , Brown Adam , Schwendeman Mike , Goldsmith Jarett , Thomas Julie , Olfe Corey , Cameron Grant , Meinig Christian 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe effects of biofouling on a wave measurement buoy are examined using concurrent data collected with two Datawell Waveriders at Ocean Station P: one heavily biofouled at the end of a 26-month deployment, the other newly deployed and clean. The effects are limited to the high-frequency response of the buoy and are correctly diagnosed with the spectral “check factors” that compare horizontal and vertical displacements. A simple prediction for the progressive change in frequency response during biofouling reproduces the check factors over time. The bulk statistical parameters of significant wave height, peak period, average period, and peak direction are only slightly affected by the biofouling because the contaminated frequencies have very low energy throughout the comparison dataset.
Mesovortices within the 8 May 2009 Bow Echo over the Central United States: Analyses of the Characteristics and Evolution Based on Doppler Radar Observations and a High-Resolution Model Simulation
Authors: Xu Xin , Xue Ming , Wang Yuan 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
A derecho-producing bow-echo event over the central United States on 8 May 2009 is analyzed based on radar observations and a successful real-data WRF simulation at 0.8-km grid spacing. Emphasis is placed on documenting the existence, evolution, and characteristics of low-level mesovortices (MVs) that form along the leading edge of the bowing system. The genesis of near-surface high winds within the system is also investigated.
Significant MVs are detected from the radar radial velocity using a linear least squares derivatives (LLSD) method, and from the model simulation based on calculated vorticity. Both the observed and simulated bow-echo MVs predominantly form north of the bow apex. MVs that develop on the southern bow tend to be weaker and shorter-lived than their northern counterparts. Vortex mergers occur between MVs during their forward movement, which causes redevelopment of some MVs in the decaying stage of the bow echo. MVs located at (or near) the bow apex are found to persist for a notably longer lifetime than the other MVs. Moreover, the model results show that these bow-apex MVs are accompanied with damaging straight-line winds near the surface. These high winds are mainly caused by the descent of the rear-inflow jet at the bow apex, but the MV-induced vortical flow also has a considerable contribution. The locally enhanced descent of the rear-inflow jet near the mesovortex is forced primarily by the dynamically induced downward vertical pressure gradient force while the buoyancy force only plays a minor role there.
On the Mechanisms of Rain Formation in an Idealized Supercell Storm
Authors: Kumjian Matthew R. , Lebo Zachary J. , Morrison Hughbert C. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Deep convective storms produce raindrops through three mechanisms: condensation and coalescence growth of cloud liquid droplets (i.e., warm processes), melting of ice hydrometeors, and shedding from wet hailstones. To investigate the relative importance of these mechanisms and their contributions to exotic drop size distributions (DSDs) observed near the surface in supercell storms, an idealized simulation of a supercell is performed using a modified version of the Morrison two-moment microphysics scheme. The modified scheme includes separate categories for warm, shed, and melted rain.
Rain originating from melting ice dominates the rain mass at low levels, especially along the right forward-flank precipitation shield, whereas shed-rain drops dominate a region within the left forward flank. Warm rain is only dominant in the upshear portion of the rear flank of the storm at low levels, though it dominates the total rain mass within the main updraft aloft. The warm-rain mass at low levels is associated with strong low-level downdrafts, consistent with previously published hypotheses based on polarimetric radar observations. Raindrops produced via warm processes are smaller on average than those produced by shedding and melting; drops in the latter class tend to be the largest.
Overall, the simulations fail to reproduce the diverse nature of observed supercell DSDs, although the modified microphysics scheme does increase the variability of surface DSDs compared to the Control run. This implies that more sophisticated treatment of rain microphysics is needed to capture the natural variability of supercell DSDs, including the ability to evolve the DSD spectral shape through sedimentation and collisional processes.
A Multiscale Overview of the El Reno, Oklahoma, Tornadic Supercell of 31 May 2013
Authors: Bluestein Howard B. , Snyder Jeffrey C. , Houser Jana B. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractOn 31 May 2013 a broad, intense, cyclonic tornado and a narrower, weaker companion anticyclonic tornado formed in a supercell in central Oklahoma. This paper discusses the synoptic- and mesoscale environment in which the parent storm formed, based on data from the operational network of surface stations, rawinsondes, and WSR-88D radars, and from the Oklahoma Mesonet, a Doppler radar wind profiler, Rapid Refresh (RAP) analyses, and photographs. It also documents the overall behavior of the tornadoes and their relationships to features in their parent supercell based on data from a nearby, rapid-scan, polarimetric, mobile Doppler radar. The supercell formed near the intersection of a cold front and a dryline in an environment of moderately strong vertical shear and high CAPE, at the southern end of a line of multicell convective storms. The tornado damage path was as wide as 4.2 km according to the NWS damage assessment and ground-relative Doppler velocities of at least 135 m s−1 were found at the theoretical beam height of <20 m AGL. The tornado debris signature in the copolar cross-correlation coefficient ρhv was as wide as ~4–5 km. After the strong tornado formed, at least one additional cyclonic tornado formed and rotated cyclonically around the main tornado; it was then absorbed by it and the main tornado broadened. Smaller subvortices, which rotated cyclonically around a common axis of rotation, were subsequently observed. The tornado then weakened but remained broad, while the anticyclonic tornado formed to the southeast along the rear-flank gust front.
Smartphone Text Input Method Performance, Usability, and Preference With Younger and Older Adults
Authors: Smith Amanda L. , Chaparro Barbara S. 
Published: March 2015

Objective: User performance, perceived usability, and preference for five smartphone text input methods were compared with younger and older novice adults. Background: Smartphones are used for a variety of functions other than phone calls, including text messaging, e-mail, and web browsing. Research comparing performance with methods of text input on smartphones reveals a high degree of variability in reported measures, procedures, and results. This study reports on a direct comparison of five of the most common input methods among a population of younger and older adults, who had no experience with any of the methods. Method: Fifty adults (25 younger, 18–35 years; 25 older, 60–84 years) completed a text entry task using five text input methods (physical Qwerty, onscreen Qwerty, tracing, handwriting, and voice). Entry and error rates, perceived usability, and preference were recorded. Results: Both age groups input text equally fast using voice input, but older adults were slower than younger adults using all other methods. Both age groups had low error rates when using physical Qwerty and voice, but older adults committed more errors with the other three methods. Both younger and older adults preferred voice and physical Qwerty input to the remaining methods. Handwriting consistently performed the worst and was rated lowest by both groups. Conclusion: Voice and physical Qwerty input methods proved to be the most effective for both younger and older adults, and handwriting input was the least effective overall. Application: These findings have implications to the design of future smartphone text input methods and devices, particularly for older adults.
Comparison of Two Watch Schedules for Personnel at the White House Military Office President’s Emergency Operations Center
Authors: Shattuck Nita Lewis , Matsangas Panagiotis , Eriksen Elke , Kulubis Spiros 
Published: March 2015

Objective The aim of this study was to assess effectiveness of an alternative, 24-hr-on/72-hr-off watchstanding schedule on sleep and morale of personnel assigned to the President’s Emergency Operations Center (PEOC). Background As part of the White House Military Office, PEOC personnel historically worked a 12-hr “Panama” watch schedule. Personnel reported experiencing chronic insufficient and disrupted sleep patterns and sought advice for improving their watchstanding schedule. Method Participants ( N = 14 active-duty military members, ages 29 to 42 years) completed the Profile of Mood State (POMS) three times: before, during, and after switching to the alternative schedule with 5-hr sleep periods built into their workday. Participants completed a poststudy questionnaire to assess individual schedule preferences. Sleep was measured actigraphically, supplemented by activity logs. Results As indicated by POMS scores, mood improved significantly on the new schedule. Although average total sleep amount did not change substantively, the timing of sleep was more consistent on the new schedule, resulting in better sleep hygiene. PEOC personnel overwhelmingly preferred the new schedule, reporting not only that they felt more rested but that the new schedule was more conducive to the demands of family life. Conclusions Demands of family life and time spent commuting were found to be critical factors for acceptance of the alternative schedule. This new schedule will be most effective if personnel adhere to the scheduled rest periods assigned during their 24-hr duty. Application A successful schedule should avoid conflicts between social life and operational demands. Results may lead to changes in the work schedules of other departments with similar 24/7 responsibilities.
“You’ve Got to Learn the Rules”
Authors: Cox Rebecca D. 
Published: March 2015

Objective: Given the current concern across the United States with improving community-college student outcomes, particularly in developmental education, understanding what students encounter inside developmental education classrooms is a necessary first step. Method: Drawing on data from a study of teaching practices inside developmental math courses at two large, urban-serving community colleges in the Northeast United States, I open up the “black box” of developmental math teaching at the community-college level. Focusing specifically on data gathered through classroom observations, instructor interviews, and curricular artifacts from six sections of developmental math, I explore two distinct curricula as they were enacted in class sessions and through the classroom discourse around solving math problems and analyze the extent to which each approach reflects the recommendations for mathematics instruction advocated by professional mathematics associations. Results: I found that differences in pedagogical goals (and related notions of mathematical proficiency) were integrally linked to differences in the what and how of assessing student learning, and that contrasting approaches to assessment maintain critical implications for accounting for failure inside developmental math classrooms. Contributions: I conclude with insights regarding future research and reform, for developmental math instruction both to realize robust mathematical learning goals and to facilitate students’ successful completion of developmental math courses.
Understanding Shared Decision Making in Pediatric Otolaryngology
Authors: Chorney Jill , Haworth Rebecca , Graham M. Elise , Ritchie Krista , Curran Janet A. , Hong Paul 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe the level of decisional conflict experienced by parents considering surgery for their children and to determine if decisional conflict and perceptions of shared decision making are related.Study designProspective cohort study.SettingAcademic pediatric otolaryngology clinic.Subjects and methodsSixty‐five consecutive parents of children who underwent surgical consultation for elective otolaryngological procedures were prospectively enrolled. Participants completed the Shared Decision Making Questionnaire and the Decisional Conflict Scale. Surgeons completed the Shared Decision Making Questionnaire–Physician version.ResultsEleven participants (16.9%) scored over 25 on the Decisional Conflict Scale, a previously defined clinical cutoff indicating significant decisional conflict. Parent years of education and parent ratings of shared decision making were significantly correlated with decisional conflict (positively and negatively correlated, respectively). A logistic regression indicated that shared decision making but not education predicted the presence of significant decisional conflict. Parent and physician ratings of shared decision making were not related, and there was no correlation between physician ratings of shared decision making and parental decisional conflict.ConclusionsMany parents experienced considerable decisional conflict when making decisions about their child’s surgical treatment. Parents who perceived themselves as being more involved in the decision‐making process reported less decisional conflict. Parents and physicians had different perceptions of shared decision making. Future research should develop and assess interventions to increase parents’ involvement in decision making and explore the impact of significant decisional conflict on health outcomes.
Predictors and incidence of access site complications in transcatheter aortic valve implantation with the use of new delivery systems
Authors: Sari C , Ayhan H , Aslan AN , Durmaz T , Keleş T , Baştuğ S , Bayram N Akar , Bilen E , Kasapkara HA , Bozkurt E 
Published: March 2015

Objectives: The aim of this single-center study was to assess the incidence and predictors of in-hospital access site complications related to transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) performed with new delivery systems in our hospital which has the largest case series in Turkey. Materials and method: We performed successful TAVI with the Edwards Sapien XT valve to 127 (46 male) patients via a transfemoral (121), trans-subclavian (5) and transapical (1) approach. Access site complications were defined according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC) end-point definitions. Results: Vascular complications occurred in 10.1% of patients. There was negative correlation between vascular complications and diameter of the common femoral artery (r = − 0.301, p=0.004), external iliac artery (r = − 0.327, p=0.004) and common iliac artery (r = − 0.324, p=0.004), but positive correlation between diabetes (r =0.240, p=0.008), sheath to femoral artery ratio (SFAR), sheath to external iliac artery ratio (SEIAR), procedure time, discharge time and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score (respectively; r=0.339, 0.001, 0.527, 0.361, 0.289, p=0.003, 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, 0.002). The incidence of vascular complications was significantly higher in patients with diabetes and a high STS score. VARC bleeding complications occurred in 11.7 % of patients. The learning curve pointing out the importance of experience was significantly important in decreasing both bleeding and vascular complications. Conclusions: In this study, we demonstrated that major vascular complications related to TAVI decrease with the use of smaller delivery systems and experience and increase with high-risk scores (STS) and the presence of diabetes. In addition, VARC major vascular complications, observed mostly in patients with diabete mellitus (DM) and high STS scores, were associated with vascular diameters. These results further underline the importance of experience and a multidisciplinary team in patient selection and management for TAVI.