bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for age at onset of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease in a sample of patients with low mean schooling from São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: de Oliveira Fabricio Ferreira , Bertolucci Paulo Henrique Ferreira , Chen Elizabeth Suchi , Smith Marilia Cardoso 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveIn view of the mild effects of pharmacological treatment for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD), the search for modifiable risk factors is an important challenge. Although risk factors for AD are widely recognized, elements that influence the time of onset of the dementia syndrome have not been comprehensively reported. We aimed to investigate which risk factors might be associated with the age at onset of AD in a sample of patients with low mean schooling from São Paulo, Brazil.MethodsWe included 210 consecutive patients with late‐onset AD to investigate whether education, gender, nationality, urban living and sanitation, occupation, cognitive and physical inactivity, head trauma, depression, systemic infections, surgical interventions, cerebrovascular risk factors, family history of neurodegenerative diseases or cardiovascular diseases and apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) haplotypes might be related to the age at AD onset.ResultsEach copy of APOE‐ε4 led to onset of AD almost 2 years earlier, while depression, smoking, higher body mass index and family history of cardiovascular diseases were also highly significant. Protective factors included non‐Brazilian nationality, use of a pacemaker and waist circumference. Cerebrovascular risk factors had a mild combined effect for earlier onset of AD.ConclusionAPOE haplotypes, depression, nationality and cerebrovascular risk factors were the most important elements to influence the age at AD onset in this sample, whereas gender, education, occupation and physical activities had no isolated effects over the age at onset of this dementia syndrome. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial variability of throughfall and stemflow in an exotic pine plantation of subtropical coastal Australia
Authors: Fan Junliang , Oestergaard Kasper T. , Guyot Adrien , Jensen David G. , Lockington David A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLarge‐scale exotic pine plantations have been developed for timber production in subtropical Australia. Few studies investigate the spatial variability of both throughfall and stemflow in such managed pine plantations despite their acknowledged effects on the heterogeneity of hydrological and biochemical processes of forested ecosystems. To examine the spatial variability of rainfall under a 12‐year‐old pine plantation in a subtropical coastal area of Australia, we observed gross rainfall, throughfall and stemflow over a 1‐year period. Our results show that the spatial variability of gross rainfall within a 50 m × 50 m plot is minimal. Throughfall is significantly different among three tree zones (midway between rows, west and east side of trunks), particularly for rainfall <50 mm, with the highest throughfall on the east side of the tree trunks (sum = 85% of gross rainfall) and the lowest in the midway between tree rows (sum = 68% of gross rainfall). These spatial patterns persist among 84% of recorded rainfall events. Spatial variability and time stability of throughfall are better explained by canopy interception of the inclined rainfall resulting from the prevailing easterly wind direction throughout the experiment. The annual stemflow is different among individual sample trees, which is mainly ascribed to the difference in tree size (e.g. projected canopy area and stem diameter). The outcomes of this study would help future investigators better design appropriate sampling strategies in these pine plantations under similar climate conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recognition of Debt Restructuring and Resolution Measures under the European Union Regulatory Framework
Authors: Arons Tomas 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUnder the proposed Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD), member states will be required to provide for bail‐in powers to restructure failing financial institutions. At this moment, the Dutch, French, UK and German legislator already provide public authorities with resolution powers. In order to be effective in debt restructuring of failing (non‐)financial institutions, the measures taken by the resolution authorities need to be enforceable (before all courts) and effective in the entire European Union. Given the fact that not all the firm's debt is issued in the home jurisdiction, the question of recognition is critically important. In regard of non‐financial firms, the Dutch, UK, French and German jurisdictions provide for court proceedings to impose a collective settlement reached by the debtor and the majority of its creditors binding on the opposing minority. Out‐of‐insolvency plans approved by the court are recognised under the Brussels I Regulation. If the EU Insolvency Regulation reform proposal is adopted, these court‐approved debt restructuring plans in insolvency situations will be subject to the recognition regime of this regulation. Credit institutions, insurance undertakings, investment undertakings holding funds or securities for third parties and collective investment undertakings are excluded from the scope of the Insolvency Regulation whereas the scope of application of the Reorganisation and Winding Up Directive is limited to credit institutions. The regime under the future BRRD and the Single Resolution Mechanism is limited to credit institutions. National (private international) law determines the recognition of resolution measures taken by the authorities of another member state. Copyright © 2014 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
THE EYE OF THE BEGETTER: PREDICTING INFANT ATTACHMENT DISORGANIZATION FROM WOMEN'S PRENATAL INTERPRETATIONS OF INFANT FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
Authors: Bernstein Rosemary E. , Tenedios Catherine M. , Laurent Heidemarie K. , Measelle Jeffery R. , Ablow Jennifer C. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTInfant–caregiver attachment disorganization has been linked to many long‐term negative psychosocial outcomes. While various prevention programs appear to be effective in preventing disorganized attachment, methods currently used to identify those at risk are unfortunately either overly general or impractical. The current investigation tested whether women's prenatal biases in identifying infant expressions of emotion—tendencies previously shown to relate to some of the maternal variables associated with infant attachment, including maternal traumatization, trauma symptoms, and maternal sensitivity—could predict infant attachment classification at 18 months postpartum. Logistic regression analyses revealed that together with women's adult history of high betrayal traumatization, response concordance with a normative reference sample in labeling infant expressions as negatively valenced, and the number of infant facial expressions that participants classified as “sad” and “angry” predicted subsequent infant attachment security versus disorganization. Implications for screening and prevention are discussed.
Does assessment of personal exposure matter during experimental neurocognitive testing in MRI‐related magnetic fields?
Authors: van Nierop Lotte E. , Christopher‐de Vries Yvette , Slottje Pauline , Kromhout Hans 
Published: March 2014

PurposeTo determine whether the use of quantitative personal exposure measurements in experimental research would result in better estimates of the associations between static and time‐varying magnetic field exposure and neurocognitive test performance than when exposure categories were based solely on distance to the magnetic field source.MethodsIn our original analysis, based on distance to the magnet of a 7 T MRI scanner, an effect of exposure to static magnetic fields was observed. We performed a sensitivity analysis of test performance on a reaction task and line bisection task with different exposure measures that were derived from personal real‐time measurements.ResultsThe exposure measures were highly comparable, and almost all models resulted in significant associations between exposure to time‐varying magnetic fields within a static magnetic field and performance on a reaction and line bisection task.ConclusionIn a controlled experimental setup, distance to the bore is a good proxy for personal exposure when placing subjects at fixed positions with standardized head movements in the magnetic stray fields of a 7 T MRI. Use of a magnetic field dosimeter is, however, important for estimating quantitative exposure response associations. Magn Reson Med 73:765–772, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Offline parameter estimation using EnKF and maximum likelihood error covariance estimates: Application to a subgrid‐scale orography parametrization
Authors: Tandeo P. , Pulido M. , Lott F. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRecent work has shown that the parameters controlling parametrizations of the physical processes in climate models can be estimated from observations using filtering techniques. In this article, we propose an offline parameter estimation approach, without estimating the state of the climate model. It is based on the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) and an iterative estimation of the error covariance matrices and of the background state using a maximum likelihood algorithm. The technique is implemented in a subgrid‐scale orography (SSO) parametrization scheme which works in a single vertical column. First, the parameter estimation technique is evaluated using twin experiments. Then, the technique is used with synthetic observations to estimate how the parameters of the SSO scheme should change when the resolution of the input orography dataset of a general circulation model is increased. Our analysis reveals that, when the resolution of the orography dataset increases, the scheme should take into account the dynamical sheltering that can occur at low levels between mountain peaks located within the same gridbox area.
Formation of deaminated dimer species of amino acids by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
Authors: Choi Sung‐Seen , Kim Ok‐Bae 
Published: March 2014

RATIONALEInteractions of biological molecules to form cluster species play a key role in biological processes and investigation of non‐covalent complexes is one of the research fields using mass spectrometry. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI‐MS) is a useful method for the investigation of cluster formation of amino acids (AAs) by ion‐molecule reactions.METHODSA mixture of 20 protein AAs was ionized by APCI and the product ions were analyzed. The ionization was performed in the positive and negative ion modes. Formation of the homo‐ and heterocluster ions of AAs was investigated. Mechanism for the formation of AA homo‐ and heterocluster ions was examined using hydrogen/deuterium (H/D)‐exchange experiments.RESULTSIn the positive ion mode, of the dimer species only the [2Pro + H]+ ion was detected. In the negative ion mode, the [2M − H]− ions of His, Val, Ser, and Gln were observed. The deaminated dimers such as the [2Gln − H − NH3]− and [His + Gln − H − NH3]− ions were also observed. In the negative ion mass spectra of the His/Arg, His/Asn, and His/Lys binary mixture solutions, the [His + AA − H − NH3]− ions of Asn, Arg, and Lys were also detected.CONCLUSIONSThe number and abundances of the negative product ions were much greater than those of the positive ones. Mechanism for the formation of [2Gln − H − NH3]− and [His + AA − H − NH3]− was examined by deuterium replacement of the amine and hydroxide groups to distinguish the deamination and dehydration reactions with a single quadrupole mass spectrometer. The [His + AA − H − NH3]− ion is formed by ion‐molecule reaction between the [His − H]− ion and a neutral AA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Large‐scale Three‐dimensional Mobile Mapping for Underground Mines
Authors: Zlot Robert , Bosse Michael 
Published: March 2014

Mapping large‐scale underground environments, such as mines and tunnels, is typically a time‐consuming and challenging endeavor. Existing methods based on terrestrial laser scanning are inefficient, and commercial mobile mapping systems are not suitable for underground use. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) solutions have the potential to efficiently survey underground environments while continuously moving, without relying on external positioning systems. However, no three‐dimensional (3D) SLAM systems have thus far been demonstrated to be capable of mapping underground mines at kilometer scales. We have developed a solution that can accurately estimate, based on laser range and inertial measurements, the six‐degrees‐of‐freedom trajectory of a sensor platform that continuously moves through an environment, as well as a 3D point cloud map of that environment. The key software components of the solution are continuous‐time non‐rigid registration, scalable place recognition, and robust pose graph optimization. A system consisting of a spinning 2D laser scanner and an industrial‐grade inertial measurement unit mounted on a light vehicle was deployed at Northparkes Mine in Australia and used to map over 17 km of mine tunnel in 113 min while traveling at typical mine traffic speeds. Our processing software automatically produces a trajectory and point cloud of the mine in under half of the data acquisition time. The accuracy of the solution exceeds the raw sensor characteristics and matches closely to a surveyed map of the same environment.
Automatic lipreading by optical‐flow analysis
Authors: Mase Kenji , Pentland Alex 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWhile the acoustic signal is the primary cue in human speech recognition, the visual cue is also very useful, especially when the acoustic signal is distorted. A computer system is developed for automatic recognition of continuously spoken words by using only visual data. The velocity of lip motions may be measured from optical flow data which allows muscle action to be estimated. Pauses in muscle action result in zero velocity of the flow and are used to locate word boundaries. The pattern of muscle action is used to recognize the spoken words.In limited experiments involving the recognition of digits, it appears that the visually derived patterns of muscle action are stable for multiple utterances of the same word. Even across speakers the patterns are so similar that speaker‐independent recognition is possible. An overall accuracy including word spotting and recognition of approximately 70 percent is obtained across for continuously spoken test samples from three speakers.
A kinematic model with a self‐learning capability of a series of motions based on instinctive incentive
Authors: Yoda Haruo , Miyatake Takafumi , Matsushima Hitoshi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe process of self‐learning of motions by animals has been modeled by a three‐layered neural net, and its function has been verified. In this model the neural net takes the place of a controller which receives the current shape and posture of an animal as input and feeds out the next optimum motion as output. To give a self‐learning capability to this neural net, this model includes a function to add a random number to the output of the neural net, an ability to evaluate the change of its shape and posture according to its instinct (evaluation function) and to generate appropriate training patterns.When a learning takes place following this model, an optimal motion sequence based on the instinct is formed automatically in the weights of the neural net. By computer simulation it has been observed that a starfish learns the sequences of getting‐up motions successfully and becomes skillful as it gains experience.
Protective effects of puerarin against tetrabromobisphenol a‐induced apoptosis and cardiac developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryo‐larvae
Authors: Yang Suwen , Wang Shengrui , Sun Fengchao , Zhang Mengmeng , Wu Fengchang , Xu Fanfan , Ding Zhishan 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTTetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a brominated flame retardant, is detected commonly in aquatic environments, where it is thought to be highly toxic to the development of aquatic life. In this study, zebrafish embryos and larvae were used to investigate the protective effects of puerarin after exposure to TBBPA. Malformation, blood flow disorders, pericardial edema, and spawn coagulation rates increased, whereas survival decreased significantly after exposure to 0.5 and 1.0 mg L−1 TBBPA. The measured indices of morphological toxicity improved after treatment with puerarin. TBBPA also induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in a dose‐dependent manner. Acridine orange staining results revealed that TBBPA exposure caused cardiomyocyte apoptosis and induced the expression of three proapoptotic genes: P53, Bax, and Caspase9. In contrast, the expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2 was down‐regulated. When genes related to cardiac development were assessed, the expression of Tbx1, Raldh2, and Bmp2b changed after exposure to the combination of TBBPA and puerarin. These results suggest that TBBPA induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ROS production, resulting in cardiac developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos or larvae. Therefore, puerarin regulates the expression of cardiac developmental genes, such as Tbx1, Bmp2b, and Raldh2 by inhibiting ROS production, and subsequently modulates cardiac development after the exposure of zebrafish larvae to TBBPA. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 1014–1023, 2015.
The Location of Displaced New Orleans Residents in the Year After Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Sastry Narayan , Gregory Jesse 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUsing individual data from the restricted version of the American Community Survey, we examined the displacement locations of pre–Hurricane Katrina adult residents of New Orleans in the year after the hurricane. More than one-half (53 %) of adults had returned to—or remained in—the New Orleans metropolitan area, with just under one-third of the total returning to the dwelling in which they resided prior to Hurricane Katrina. Among the remainder, Texas was the leading location of displaced residents, with almost 40 % of those living away from the metropolitan area (18 % of the total), followed by other locations in Louisiana (12 %), the South region of the United States other than Louisiana and Texas (12 %), and elsewhere in the United States (5 %). Black adults were considerably more likely than nonblack adults to be living elsewhere in Louisiana, in Texas, and elsewhere in the South. The observed race disparity was not accounted for by any of the demographic or socioeconomic covariates in the multinomial logistic regression models. Consistent with hypothesized effects, we found that following Hurricane Katrina, young adults (aged 25–39) were more likely to move further away from New Orleans and that adults born outside Louisiana were substantially more likely to have relocated away from the state.
Simply-connected vortex-patch shallow-water quasi-equilibria
Authors: Płotka H. , Dritschel D. G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe examine the form, properties, stability and evolution of simply-connected vortex-patch relative quasi-equilibria in the single-layer $f$-plane shallow-water model of geophysical fluid dynamics. We examine the effects of the size, shape and strength of vortices in this system, represented by three distinct parameters completely describing the families of the quasi-equilibria. Namely, these are the ratio $\gamma = L/L_D$ between the horizontal size of the vortices and the Rossby deformation length; the aspect ratio $\lambda $ between the minor to major axes of the vortex; and a potential vorticity (PV)-based Rossby number $\mathit{Ro}= q^{\prime }/f$, the ratio of the PV anomaly $q^{\prime }$ within the vortex to the Coriolis frequency $f$. By defining an appropriate steadiness parameter, we find that the quasi-equilibria remain steady for long times, enabling us to determine the boundary of stability $\lambda _c=\lambda _c(\gamma ,\mathit{Ro})$, for $0.25 \leq \gamma \leq 6$ and $\delimiter "026A30C \mathit{Ro}\delimiter "026A30C \leq 1$. By calling two states which share $\gamma ,\delimiter "026A30C \mathit{Ro}\delimiter "026A30C $ and $\lambda $ ‘equivalent’, we find a clear asymmetry in the stability of cyclonic ($\mathit{Ro}> 0$) and anticyclonic ($\mathit{Ro}<0$) equilibria, with cyclones being able to sustain greater deformations than anticyclones before experiencing an instability. We find that ageostrophic motions stabilise cyclones and destabilise anticyclones. Both types of vortices undergo the same main types of unstable evolution, albeit in different ranges of the parameter space, (a) vacillations for large-$\gamma $, large-$\mathit{Ro}$ states, (b) filamentation for small-$\gamma $ states and (c) vortex splitting, asymmetric for intermediate-$\gamma $ and symmetric for large-$\gamma $ states.
Cell wall reinforcement in watermelon shoot base related to its resistance to Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum
Authors: CHANG T.-H. , LIN Y.-H. , CHEN K.-S. , HUANG J.-W. , HSIAO S.-C. , CHANG P.-F. L. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYFusarium wilt of watermelon, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, is one of the limiting factors for watermelon production in Taiwan. In recent research, the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) gene expressed in the shoot base of the Fusarium wilt resistant line JSB was related to Fusarium wilt resistance. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase is the key regulatory enzyme in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway. The downstream products of phenolic compounds are considered to be involved in the complicated plant defence mechanisms. They could act as signal molecules, antimicrobial substances and/or structural barriers. To study the resistant mechanisms of Fusarium wilt, the resistant JSB line was examined for comparison of F. oxysporum-watermelon interactions with the susceptible Grand Baby (GB) cultivar. Unlike infected GB, which was seriously colonized by F. oxysporum in the whole plant, the pathogen was limited below the shoot base of inoculated JSB, suggesting that the shoot base of JSB may contribute to Fusarium resistance. The data indicated that a significant increase in PAL activity was found in shoot bases of the resistant JSB line at 3, 9, 12 and 15 days after inoculation (DAI). Shoot bases of resistant watermelons accumulated higher amounts of soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics at 3–9 DAI; the susceptible GB cultivar, however, only increased the cell wall-bound phenolics in shoot bases at 3 DAI. High lignin deposition in the cell walls of vascular bundles was observed in the shoot bases of JSB but not of GB seedlings at 6 and 9 DAI. In the roots and shoot bases of JSB seedlings at 6 DAI, peroxidase enzyme activity increased significantly. In summary, the results suggest that accumulation of cell wall-bound phenolics and increase of peroxidase activity in shoot bases of JSB seedlings during F. oxysporum inoculation, together with the rapid deposition of lignin in the cell walls of vascular bundles, may have provided structural barriers in resistant JSB line to defend against F. oxysporum invasion.