bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How dear are deer volunteers: the efficiency of monitoring deer using teams of volunteers to conduct pellet group counts
Authors: Buesching Christina D. , Newman Chris , Macdonald David W. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDeer populations are increasing throughout the northern hemisphere, and unregulated numbers can jeopardize biodiversity and the economy. These populations are difficult to monitor using visual counts. Estimating densities from surveys of faecal pellets is reliable but time-consuming and thus, if carried out by professionals, expensive. Utilizing volunteers has clear advantages. Based on research from the UK (6 years) and Nova Scotia, Canada (4 years), we investigated the methodological refinements and training required to achieve reliable data when using volunteers. For safety reasons volunteers worked in teams of 5–10 (n = 611) under supervision of scientists. We compared faecal accumulation rate and faecal standing crop surveys using 10 × 10 m quadrats. Both methods produced similar estimates of density, but because of significant time savings and greater volunteer enjoyment we favour faecal standing crop over faecal accumulation rate surveys. Volunteer teams surveyed quadrats significantly faster than a single professional but needed significantly longer to reach and stake out new quadrats. On average, teams found 68% of all droppings. Performance of individuals was affected by training, gender, and willingness and aptitude to survey. After five quadrats men scored significantly higher than women but this difference was reduced after 20 quadrats. Age did not affect performance but willingness and aptitude correlated with ability to find and identify droppings. We conclude that volunteers can monitor deer effectively but that techniques should be modified. The provision of context, training, supervision and verification by a professional are essential. Because of the drain on scientists’ time, cost-effective volunteer deployment is a question of scale.
Tracking and replication of hand movements by teleguided intelligent manipulator robot
Authors: Hussain A. T. , Ahmed S. Faiz , Hazry D. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYIn this paper, a new method is presented that allows an intelligent manipulator robotic system to track a human hand from far distance in 3D space and estimate its orientation and position in real time with the goal of ultimately using the algorithm with a robotic spherical wrist system. In this proposed algorithm, several image processing and morphology techniques are used in conjunction with various mathematical formulas to calculate the hand position and orientation. The proposed technique was tested on Remote teleguided virtual Robotic system. Experimental results show that proposed method is a robust technique in terms of the required processing time of estimation of orientation and position of hand.
State-Led Urbanization in China: Skyscrapers, Land Revenue and “Concentrated Villages”
Authors: Ong Lynette H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article examines the rationale behind municipal and local governments' pursuance of urbanization, and the political and socio-economic implications of the policy to move villagers from their farmland into apartment blocks in high-density resettlement areas, or “concentrated villages.” It provides evidence of an increasing reliance by municipal and local governments on land revenues and the financing of urban infrastructure by the governments' land-leasing income. Following their relocation to apartment blocks, villagers complain that their incomes fall but their expenditures rise. Moreover, although they cede rights to the use of their farmland to the government, they are not given access to the state-provided social welfare to which urban residents are entitled. The paltry compensation which they receive for their land is insufficient to sustain them. Displaced or landless peasants are emerging as a distinctly disadvantaged societal group, deprived of the long-term security of either farmland or social welfare. The question of whether or not rural land rights should be freely traded is not as crucial to the future livelihoods of landless peasants as allowing them access to the full range of social welfare afforded to urban residents.
Cognitive Functioning in Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Cato M. Allison , Mauras Nelly , Ambrosino Jodie , Bondurant Aiden , Conrad Amy L. , Kollman Craig , Cheng Peiyao , Beck Roy W. , Ruedy Katrina J. , Aye Tandy , Reiss Allan L. , White Neil H. , Hershey Tamara 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess cognitive functioning in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and examine whether glycemic history influences cognitive function. Neuropsychological evaluation of 216 children (healthy controls,n= 72; T1D,n= 144) ages 4–10 years across five DirecNet sites. Cognitive domains included IQ, Executive Functions, Learning and Memory, and Processing Speed. Behavioral, mood, parental IQ data, and T1D glycemic history since diagnosis were collected. The cohorts did not differ in age, gender or parent IQ. Median T1D duration was 2.5 years and average onset age was 4 years. After covarying age, gender, and parental IQ, the IQ and the Executive Functions domain scores trended lower (bothp= .02, not statistically significant adjusting for multiple comparisons) with T1D relative to controls. Children with T1D were rated by parents as having more depressive and somatic symptoms (p< .001). Learning and memory (p= .46) and processing speed (p= .25) were similar. Trends in the data supported that the degree of hyperglycemia was associated with Executive Functions, and to a lesser extent, Child IQ and Learning and Memory. Differences in cognition are subtle in young children with T1D within 2 years of onset. Longitudinal evaluations will help determine whether these findings change or become more pronounced with time. (JINS, 2014,20, 238–247)
Lactate-mediated glia-neuronal signalling in the mammalian brain
Authors: Tang F. , Lane S. , Korsak A. , Paton J. F. R. , Gourine A. V. , Kasparov S. , Teschemacher A. G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAstrocytes produce and releaseL-lactate as a potential source of energy for neurons. Here we present evidence thatL-lactate, independently of its caloric value, serves as an astrocytic signalling molecule in the locus coeruleus (LC). The LC is the principal source of norepinephrine to the frontal brain and thus one of the most influential modulatory centers of the brain. Optogenetically activated astrocytes releaseL-lactate, which excites LC neurons and triggers release of norepinephrine. ExogenousL-lactate within the physiologically relevant concentration range mimics these effects.L-lactate effects are concentration-dependent, stereo-selective, independent ofL-lactate uptake into neurons and involve a cAMP-mediated step.In vivoinjections ofL-lactate in the LC evokes arousal similar to the excitatory transmitter,L-glutamate. Our results imply the existence of an unknown receptor for this ‘glio-transmitter’.
The vital role of constitutive GPCR activity in the mesolimbic dopamine system
Authors: Meye F J , Ramakers G M J , Adan R A H 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe midbrain dopamine system has an important role in processing rewards and the stimuli associated with them, and is implicated in various psychiatric disorders. This system is tightly regulated by various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). It is becoming increasingly clear that these receptors are not only activated by (endogenous) agonists but that they also exhibit agonist-independent intrinsic constitutive activity. In this review we highlight the evidence for the physiological role of such constitutive GPCR activity (in particular for cannabinoid 1, serotonin 2C and mu-opioid receptors) in the ventral tegmental area and in its output regions like the nucleus accumbens. We also address the behavioral relevance of constitutive GPCR signaling and discuss the repercussions of its abolition in dopamine-related psychiatric diseases.
Minor class splicing shapes the zebrafish transcriptome during development
Authors: Markmiller Sebastian , Cloonan Nicole , Lardelli Rea M. , Doggett Karen , Keightley Maria-Cristina , Boglev Yeliz , Trotter Andrew J. , Ng Annie Y. , Wilkins Simon J. , Verkade Heather , Ober Elke A. , Field Holly A. , Grimmond Sean M. , Lieschke Graham J. , Stainier Didier Y. R. , Heath Joan K. 
Published: February 2014

Significance
The accurate removal of introns by pre-mRNA splicing is a critical step in proper gene expression. Most eukaryotic genomes, from plant to human, contain a tiny subset of “minor class” introns with unique sequence elements that require their own splicing machinery. The significance of this second splicing pathway has intrigued RNA biologists for two decades, but its biological relevance was recently underscored when defects in the process were firmly linked to human disease. Here, we use a novel zebrafish mutant with defective minor class splicing to investigate how this pathway shapes the transcriptome during vertebrate development. We link its pleiotropic phenotype to widespread changes in gene expression that disrupt essential cellular pathways, including mRNA processing.
Pheromone evolution and sexual behavior inDrosophilaare shaped by male sensory exploitation of other males
Authors: Ng Soon Hwee , Shankar Shruti , Shikichi Yasumasa , Akasaka Kazuaki , Mori Kenji , Yew Joanne Y. 
Published: February 2014

SignificanceHow sexual features and preferences originate and evolve is one of the most important and contentious problems in evolutionary biology. In some species, females choose male traits that indicate genetic quality or confer benefits. Thus, male traits and female preferences are assumed to originate at the same time and to coevolve. In contrast, sensory exploitation occurs when males take advantage of females’ preexisting sensory biases. We show inDrosophilasensory exploitation of males by other males through the use of a pheromone to gain sexual advantage. Notably, sensory exploitation leads to male sensory adaptation. These findings provide a mechanism for the evolutionary origins of a pheromone and are a previously unidentified example of sensory exploitation between males.
High-precision timeline for Earth’s most severe extinction
Authors: Burgess Seth D. , Bowring Samuel , Shen Shu-zhong 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Mass extinctions are major drivers of macroevolutionary change and mark fundamental transitions in the history of life, yet the feedbacks between environmental perturbation and biological response, which occur on submillennial timescales, are poorly understood. We present a high-precision age model for the end-Permian mass extinction, which was the most severe loss of marine and terrestrial biota in the last 542 My, that allows exploration of the sequence of events at millennial to decamillenial timescales 252 Mya. This record is critical for a better understanding of the punctuated nature and duration of the extinction, the reorganization of the carbon cycle, and a refined evaluation of potential trigger and kill mechanisms.
Structural insights into the effects of 2′-5′ linkages on the RNA duplex
Authors: Sheng Jia , Li Li , Engelhart Aaron E. , Gan Jianhua , Wang Jiawei , Szostak Jack W. 
Published: February 2014

Significance
The nonenzymatic replication of RNA is thought to have been a critical step in the emergence of simple cellular life from prebiotic chemistry. However, the chemical copying of RNA templates generates product strands that contain 2′-5′ backbone linkages and normal 3′-5′ linkages. Our recent finding that RNAs with such mixed backbones can still fold into functional structures raised the question of how RNA accommodates the presence of 2′-5′ linkages. Here we use X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations to reveal how 3′-5′–linked RNA duplexes accommodate interspersed 2′-5′ linkages. The diminished thermal and chemical stability of such RNA duplexes reflects local structural changes, but compensatory changes result in a global RNA duplex structure with relatively minor alterations.
Resveratrol and aspirin eliminate tetraploid cells for anticancer chemoprevention
Authors: Lissa Delphine , Senovilla Laura , Rello-Varona Santiago , Vitale Ilio , Michaud Mickaël , Pietrocola Federico , Boilève Alice , Obrist Florine , Bordenave Chloé , Garcia Pauline , Michels Judith , Jemaà Mohamed , Kepp Oliver , Castedo Maria , Kroemer Guido 
Published: February 2014

Significance
One hypothetical pathway leading to oncogenic transformation involves a transient phase of tetraploidization, followed by asymmetric cell divisions, aneuploidy, and genomic instability. By means of a pharmacological screen, we identified resveratrol and salicylate as compounds that kill tetraploid cells more efficiently than their parental diploid counterparts. Resveratrol and salicylate reduced the frequency of tetraploid cells arising from primary epithelial cell cultures exposed to mitotic inhibitors. In a mouse model of intestinal oncogenesis resembling familial adenomatous polyposis both resveratrol and aspirin, the salicylate prodrug, reduced the frequency of tetraploid cells accumulating in the gut, correlating with their chemopreventive action. These findings underscore the relationship between tetraploidy and oncogenesis as they unveil the mechanisms through which aspirin can prevent the development of cancer.
A 3,500-year tree-ring record of annual precipitation on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yang Bao , Qin Chun , Wang Jianglin , He Minhui , Melvin Thomas M. , Osborn Timothy J. , Briffa Keith R. 
Published: February 2014

SignificanceThis paper describes the production and climatic interpretation of a tree-ring width chronology that is currently the longest, absolutely dated series produced for the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and one of the longest in the world. The method of chronology construction enables comparison of variations in precipitation totals over long timescales as well as shorter periods. Precipitation in this region during the last 50 years has been historically high—likely higher than for any equivalent length period in at least 3,500 years, even when considering the chronology and interpretational uncertainty. Notable dry periods occurred in the 4th century BCE and in the second half of the 15th century CE.
Microwave conductance in random waveguides in the cross-over to Anderson localization and single-parameter scaling
Authors: Shi Zhou , Wang Jing , Genack Azriel Z. 
Published: February 2014

Significance
A full account of electrical conductance in disordered solids requires the probability distributions of the conductance in many equivalent samples for different sample lengths in the cross-over from freely diffusing to strongly localized waves. But the probability distribution of conductance for localized waves has not been measured. Here we show that predictions of single-parameter scaling theory of localization in 1D hold in multichannel samples. We find a Gaussian distribution for the logarithm of the transmittance of microwave radiation for deeply localized waves. On the way to localization, we find an anomalous asymmetrical distribution of transmittance and explain this using a charge model that captures the repulsion between values of transmission in channels.
G-quadruplex formation in telomeres enhances POT1/TPP1 protection against RPA binding
Authors: Ray Sujay , Bandaria Jigar N. , Qureshi Mohammad H. , Yildiz Ahmet , Balci Hamza 
Published: February 2014

Significance
This paper uses a single-molecule imaging approach based on energy transfer to study how telomeric DNA is protected against the DNA damage-signaling protein replication protein A (RPA). Telomeres terminate with a single-stranded overhang, which is protected by protection of telomere (POT1) and POT1-interacting protein 1 (TPP1) against RPA. Telomeric overhangs have a guanine-rich sequence, forming a four-stranded G-quadruplex structure. Using model telomeric DNA, we studied the competition between POT1/TPP1 and RPA to access telomeric G-quadruplexes in vitro. We showed that G-quadruplex formation of telomeres significantly enhances the ability of POT1/TPP1 to block RPA’s access to telomeres. The results suggest that secondary structure of the telomeric overhang plays an important role in suppressing the DNA damage signals in telomeres.
Urban adaptation can roll back warming of emerging megapolitan regions
Authors: Georgescu Matei , Morefield Philip E. , Bierwagen Britta G. , Weaver Christopher P. 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Conversion to urban landforms has consequences for regional climate and the many inhabitants living within the built environment. The purpose of our investigation was to explore hydroclimatic impacts of 21st century urban expansion across the United States and examine the efficacy of commonly proposed urban adaptation strategies in context of long-term global climate change. We show that, in the absence of any adaptive urban design, urban expansion across the United States imparts warming over large regional swaths of the country that is a significant fraction of anticipated temperature increases resulting from greenhouse gas-induced warming. Adapting to urban-induced climate change is geographically dependent, and the robust analysis that we present offers insights into optimal approaches and anticipated tradeoffs associated with varying expansion pathways.
Splice isoform and pharmacological studies reveal that sterol depletion relocalizes α-synuclein and enhances its toxicity
Authors: Valastyan Julie S. , Termine Daniel J. , Lindquist Susan 
Published: February 2014

Significance
The small, lipid-binding protein, α-synuclein (α-syn), is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. α-Syn exists in various splice isoforms, and isoform expression varies with disease, but how these isoforms affect protein function is unknown. Using a yeast model expressing α-syn splice variants, we show that inhibition of sterol synthesis differentially affects α-syn plasma membrane association, vesicular association, and cellular toxicity, depending on which α-syn isoform is expressed. This result suggests that higher membrane sterol concentrations may be protective of synucleinopathy progression. Given the common use of cholesterol-reducing statins and their potential effects on membrane-binding proteins, further investigation of how sterol concentration and α-syn splice isoforms affect vesicular trafficking in synucleinopathies is warranted.
Synthesis of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor as homogeneous glycoforms and early comparisons with yeast cell-derived material
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Johnston Eric V. , Shieh Jae-Hung , Moore Malcolm A. S. , Danishefsky Samuel J. 
Published: February 2014

Significance
As biologically active glycoproteins are increasingly investigated as potential therapeutic agents, there is a growing demand for the development of strategies for the synthesis of homogeneous, single-glycoform constructs for the purposes of rigorous evaluation. Currently, most glycoproteins are accessed through recombinant methods as complex mixtures of glycoforms. Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an important glycoprotein therapeutic, used to stimulate the immune system following bone-marrow transplant and chemotherapy. GM-CSF is also being explored as a potential immunoadjuvant for anticancer vaccines. We have completed a chemical synthesis of homogeneous, single-glycoform GM-CSF. Through adaptation of this modular synthetic route, it will be possible to gain access to a menu of single-glycoform GM-CSF congeners for a wide range of biological studies.
A current-driven electromagnetic mode in sheared and toroidal configurations
Authors: Pusztai István , Catto Peter J , Parra Felix I , Barnes Michael 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The induced electric field in a tokamak drives a parallel electron current flow. In an inhomogeneous, finite beta plasma, when this electron flow is comparable to the ion thermal speed, the Alfvén mode wave solutions of the electromagnetic gyrokinetic equation can become nearly purely growing kink modes. Using the new ‘low-flow’ version of the gyrokinetic code GS2 developed for momentum transport studies (Barnes et al 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett.

111 055005), we are able to model the effect of the induced parallel electric field on the electron distribution to study the destabilizing influence of current on stability. We identify high mode number kink modes in GS2 simulations and make comparisons to analytical theory in sheared magnetic geometry. We demonstrate reassuring agreement with analytical results both in terms of parametric dependences of mode frequencies and growth rates, and regarding the radial mode structure.
Estimating the Price Elasticity of Residential Water Demand: The Case of Phoenix, Arizona
Authors: Yoo James , Simonit Silvio , Kinzig Ann P. , Perrings Charles 
Published: February 2014

AbstractChanges in water availability, and hence price, are expected to be amongst the most disruptive effects of climate change in many parts of the world. Understanding the capacity of society or consumers to adapt to such changes requires understanding the responsiveness of water demand to price changes. We estimate the price elasticity of residential water demand in Phoenix, Arizona, which is likely to be strongly impacted by climate change. Most existing approaches to the estimation of water demand functions have limited capacity to isolate the effect of price on water consumption where there is little variation in water price. A recent study by Klaiber et al. (2012) attempts to address this issue by using differences in consumption levels, and weather‐related characteristics to isolate the price effect on water demand, and by using a constant term in a differenced regression model. We also estimate a differenced regression model, but include direct measures of changes in water prices. This inclusion successfully isolates the price effect on water demand, and enables us to distinguish between the short‐ and long‐run price elasticity of water demand, and hence the short‐and long‐run adaptation to changes in water availability.
Overview and Historical Perspective
Authors: Stern Gerald 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
While early descriptions were inextricably influenced by mythology, magic, religion, superstition, traditional philosophies, and interpretations by shamans, obvious disorders of movement should have attracted ‘clinical’ attention. Interpretation of texts, such as the above, continue to remain uncertain. Certain early observations were remarkably sophisticated. In the Holy City of Varanasi (formerly Benares), within the Hindu University of India, original Sanskrit texts and incunabula reveal the contributions of Ayurvedic medicine (5000–3000 BC ). So far, apart from a few Mendelian single-gene neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington’s disease, tuberous sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, and myotonic dystrophies, the gap between genotype and phenotype remains vast and largely incomprehensible to clinicians. It seems that a quantum leap or paradigm shift is now required for us to evolve from traditional disease definitions and embrace the concept that all disease manifestations must be understood in complex molecular terms. Definitions such as ‘the emergent properties of molecular networks as opposed to the core biological processes driven by responses to changes in a small number of genes’ do not yet come easily to clinicians.