bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of pore fluid overpressure in the substrates of advancing salt sheets, ice glaciers, and critical‐state wedges
Authors: Luo Gang , Flemings Peter B. , Hudec Michael R. , Nikolinakou Maria A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCritical‐state wedges, ice glaciers, and salt sheets have many geometric and mechanical similarities. Each has a tapering geometry and moves along a basal detachment. Their motions result from the combined effects of internal deformation and basal sliding. Wedge deformation and geometry, basal conditions, and overpressure (pore fluid pressure less hydrostatic pore fluid pressure) development within the substrate interact with each other in this mechanically coupled system. However, the nature of this interaction is poorly understood. In order to investigate this coupled system, we have developed two‐dimensional poromechanical finite‐element models with porous fluid flow in sediments. We have simulated the advance of a salt sheet wedge across poroelastic sediments in this study. We emphasize that our results have applications beyond salt wedges to both critical‐state wedges and ice glaciers. Overpressure develops within the substrate over time during the advance of the wedge. The magnitude of the overpressure influences the wedge geometry and the wedge advance rate. Lower overpressure results in a thicker and steeper wedge geometry, and a slower advance rate, while higher overpressure favors a thinner, wider, and more flattened wedge geometry and a faster advance rate. This study provides key insights into the links between wedge geometry, basal shear stress, and overpressure in substrates.
A damage model for volcanic edifices: Implications for edifice strength, magma pressure, and eruptive processes
Authors: Carrier Aurore , Got Jean‐Luc , Peltier Aline , Ferrazzini Valérie , Staudacher Thomas , Kowalski Philippe , Boissier Patrice 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMonitoring of large basaltic volcanoes, such as Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion Island, France), has revealed preeruptive accelerations in surface displacements and seismicity rate over a period of between 1 h and several weeks before magma reaches the surface. Such eruptions are attributed to ruptures of pressurized magma reservoirs. Elastic models used to describe surface deformation would assume that accelerations in surface deformation are due to increases in reservoir pressure. This assumption requires changes in magma or pressure conditions at the base of the magma feeding system that are unrealistic over the observed timescale. Another possible cause for these accelerations is magma pressure in the reservoir weakening the volcanic edifice. In the present study, we modeled such weakening by progressive damage to an initially elastic edifice. We used an incremental damage model, with seismicity as a damage variable with daily increments. Elastic moduli decrease linearly with each damage increment. Applied to an initially elastic edifice with constant pressure at the base of the system, this damage model reproduces surface displacement accelerations quite well when damage is sufficient. Process dynamics is controlled by the damage parameter, taken as the ratio between the incremental rupture surface and the surface to be ruptured. In this case, edifice strength and magma reservoir pressure decrease with decreasing elastic moduli, whereas surface displacement accelerates. We discuss the consequences of pressure decreases in magma reservoirs.
Variability of seismic source spectra, estimated stress drop, and radiated energy, derived from cohesive‐zone models of symmetrical and asymmetrical circular and elliptical ruptures
Authors: Kaneko Y. , Shearer P. M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLarge variability of earthquake stress drops and scaled energy has been commonly reported in the literature, but it is difficult to assess how much of this variability is caused by underlying physical source processes rather than simply observational uncertainties. Here we examine a variety of dynamically realistic rupture scenarios for circular and elliptical faults and investigate to what extent the variability in seismically estimated stress drops and scaled energy comes from differences in source geometry, rupture directivity, and rupture speeds. We numerically simulate earthquake source scenarios using a cohesive‐zone model with the small‐scale yielding limit, where the solution approaches a singular crack model with spontaneous healing of slip. Compared to symmetrical circular source models, asymmetrical models result in larger variability of estimated corner frequencies and scaled energy over the focal sphere. The general behavior of the spherical averages of corner frequencies and scaled energy in the subshear regime extends to the supershear regime, although shear Mach waves generated by the propagation of supershear rupture lead to much higher corner frequency and scaled energy estimates locally. Our results suggest that at least a factor of 2 difference in the spherical average of corner frequencies is expected in observational studies simply from variability in source characteristics almost independent of the actual stress drops, translating into a factor of 8 difference in estimated stress drops. Furthermore, radiation efficiency estimates derived from observed seismic spectra should not be directly interpreted as describing rupture properties unless there are independent constraints on rupture speed and geometry.
The High Park fire: Coupled weather‐wildland fire model simulation of a windstorm‐driven wildfire in Colorado's Front Range
Authors: Coen Janice L. , Schroeder Wilfrid 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWeather affects wildland fires at scales from multiseasonal precipitation patterns and anomalies, through synoptic and mesoscale weather patterns, to convective scale motions including fire‐induced winds. This work analyzed the first day's growth of the 2012 High Park fire, which occurred in Colorado's Front Range during widespread drought and an unseasonal June windstorm, assessing to what extent the Coupled Atmosphere‐Wildland Fire Environment coupled numerical weather prediction—wildland fire behavior model could reproduce the event, burn severity patterns, and how the drought impact on fuel moisture impacted the event. Simulated mountaintop wind speeds reaching 47 m s−1 and gravity wave overturning created strong, gusty surface winds. During the first 9 h, the simulated fire grew underneath the gravity wave's crest and downdraft, sheltered from the windstorm. The simulated fire then climbed a ridge, was exposed to the windstorm, and rapidly traveled east, covering 15 km in 12.3 h. Burning routed up or down drainages caused finger‐like streaks in maximum fire intensity. Reference fire mapping information supported the simulated early growth toward the north, splitting around topographic features, while the simulation's underestimate of extent accrued to 2 km over 21.3 h. While the control simulation employed horizontal grid spacing of 123 m, a simulation refined to 370 m captured some wave motions and overall direction but further underestimated extent and lacked details such as turns in direction, splitting, or fingering at the leading edge. Compared to a simulation with moderately dry fuel conditions, a range of drought‐like fuel moisture conditions produced fires that extended 0–39% farther.
An analysis of the operational GFS simplified Arakawa Schubert parameterization within a WRF framework: A Hurricane Sandy (2012) long‐term track forecast perspective
Authors: Bassill Nick P. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHurricane Sandy (2012) is known as an incredibly destructive storm and one defined meteorologically by its large size, and its significant forecast track spreads among various operational models roughly 1 week before landfall. While the operational European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts model accurately depicted a northeastern United States landfall, the Global Forecasting System (GFS) model consistently forecast a track toward the North Atlantic Ocean. Using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model framework, Bassill () suggested that these differences were primarily a function of differences between the two models' cumulus parameterization (CP). This study also uses a WRF model framework to examine the simplified Arakawa Schubert CP used in the GFS model. It is found that increasing the deep convective entrainment coefficient produces more realistic forecast tracks for forecasts initialized roughly 1 week before landfall. This occurs through a reorientation of the precipitation (and associated latent heating) around Sandy during a critical time period in which it was interacting with a series of upper troughs to its west and northwest. Reorienting the latent heating reshapes the upper tropospheric steering pattern toward the one that is more negatively tilted and consistent with observations.
Impact of data assimilation on high‐resolution rainfall forecasts: A spatial, seasonal, and category analysis
Authors: V Rakesh , Goswami Prashant 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn a limited area model (LAM), the impact of data assimilation is likely to depend on the background state through lateral boundary forcing; this may introduce certain seasonality in the impact of data assimilation on rainfall forecasting. It is also likely that the impact of data assimilation on forecasts will have certain spatial variability. Finally, owing to the convective nature of rainfall and the roles of parameterization scheme, the impact of data assimilation may depend on the category (intensity) of rainfall. Here these aspects for rainfall forecasts at high resolution were examined. Using a LAM (An advanced version of Weather Research and Forecasting Model), we have carried out twin simulations with and without data assimilation; the simulations without data assimilation are used as the benchmark for assessing the impact of data assimilation. Analysis of simulations for 40 sample days distributed over the years 2012–2014 over Karnataka (southern state in India) is carried out to estimate impact of data assimilation. Various statistical measures show that data assimilation improved the rainfall prediction in most cases; however, there is also strong seasonality and location dependence in impact of data assimilation. Our results also show that improvement due to data assimilation is higher/lower for lower/higher rainfall categories. Analysis shows that the cases where the initial states with data assimilation depart strongly from the first guess generally result in less or even negative impact. It is pointed out that the results have important implications in design of observation system and assessment of impact of forecasts.
Conservation of Mouse Models Through Embryo Freezing
Authors: Guan Mo , Bogani Debora , Marschall Susan , Raspa Marcello , Takeo Toru , Nakagata Naomi , Fray Martin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe ability to interrogate the entire coding sequence of the mouse combined with the tools to manipulate the genome has firmly established the mouse as the model organism of choice for studying the causes of human disease. Consequently, a huge number of novel mouse models are generated each year to support active research programs. However, it is neither ethically justifiable, nor economically viable to maintain mouse colonies on the shelf that are not part of active research programs. This means that novel mouse lines have to be preserved in some way. If this is not done and the line is simply killed off, the genetics will be lost to future generations of scientists. This article describes the current practices used in cryopreservation laboratories to archive and recover mouse embryos frozen using controlled‐rate freezing and vitrification techniques. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks: Nanoscale Frameworks
Authors: Stylianou Kyriakos C. , Imaz Inhar , Maspoch Daniel 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The empty volume within porous materials provides virtually unlimited space for imagination, allowing the use of their internal surface with different functionalities for a myriad of applications. This is particularly the case for porous metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), which are highly crystalline inorganic–organic networks constructed by assembling metal ions or metal‐containing clusters with multifunctional organic ligands. MOFs are attracting considerable attention due to their various structural architectures, which exhibit extremely high surface areas and feature tunable pore size. The functionalization of their internal surface is the key aspect for their intriguing properties in gas storage and separation, catalysis, drug delivery, sensing, and magnetism. To date, most of the MOFs reported for specific applications are bulk materials; however, miniaturizing them to the nanoscale (nanoMOFs) and integrating the resulting nanoMOFs onto surfaces will be essential for the future development of MOF‐based materials and devices. Analogously to the well‐known case of inorganic nanoparticles, nanoMOFs can exhibit novel and often enhanced properties compared to their corresponding bulk form, opening up new perspectives for many technological and biomedical applications. In this chapter, we summarize recent advances in nanoMOF synthesis (0D, 1D, 2D nanoMOFs, SURMOFs, hybrid MOF‐based nanocomposites, and MOF superstructures) and describe how their small size can optimize their potential in gas storage and separation, drug delivery, medical imaging, catalysis, magnetism, and sensors, offering a panoramic view of this embryonic class of nanomaterials.
Enhancing Innovation Capacity Through Vertical, Horizontal, and Third‐Party Networks for Traditional Foods
Authors: Kühne Bianka , Gellynck Xavier , Weaver R.D. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTAcross many sectors, the locus of innovation has shifted from the individual firm to networks of collaboration. Networking is one way for small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the food sector to cope with the many challenges they face with regards to innovation. In this article, we investigate the influence of different types of networking on the innovation capacity of chain networks in the traditional food sector. Our results highlight that networking among the vertical network members contributes most to the enhancement of the innovation capacity of all members. We also find that, horizontal or third‐party networking can enhance the innovation capacity of each member of a vertical network. Managerial implications include a prescription for network engagement through a set of joint activities and effort.
Chemisch betriebene Mikro‐ und Nanomotoren
Authors: Sánchez Samuel , Soler Lluís , Katuri Jaideep 
Published: December 2014

AbstractChemisch betriebene Mikro‐ und Nanomotoren sind kleine Geräte, die sich durch katalytische Reaktionen in Flüssigkeiten selbstantreiben. Inspiriert durch Biomotoren besteht das wissenschaftliche Ziel darin, die beste Architektur für den Selbstantrieb zu finden, den Bewegungsmechanismus zu verstehen und eine genaue Steuerung der Bewegung zu erzielen. Ferngesteuerte Nanomotoren können eine Ladung zu den gewünschten Zielen transportieren, sich in Biomaterialien hineinbohren, ihre Umgebung abtasten, Flüssigkeiten vermischen oder pumpen und verunreinigtes Wasser säubern. Dieser Aufsatz erläutert die wesentlichen Fortschritte auf dem wachsenden Gebiet der katalytischen Nanomotoren, das vor zehn Jahren seinen Anfang nahm.
Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of the Antibiotic Lysocin E and Its Enantiomeric, Epimeric, and N‐Demethylated Analogues
Authors: Murai Motoki , Kaji Takuya , Kuranaga Takefumi , Hamamoto Hiroshi , Sekimizu Kazuhisa , Inoue Masayuki 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLysocin E, a macrocyclic peptide, exhibits potent antibacterial activity against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) through a novel mechanism. The first total synthesis of lysocin E was achieved by applying a full solid‐phase strategy. The developed approach also provides rapid access to the enantiomeric, epimeric, and N‐demethylated analogues of lysocin E. Significantly, the antibacterial activity of the unnatural enantiomer was comparable to that of the natural isomer, suggesting the absence of chiral recognition in its mode of action.
Multiplex Detection of Enzymatic Activity with Responsive Lanthanide‐Based Luminescent Probes
Authors: Pershagen Elias , Borbas K. Eszter 
Published: December 2014

AbstractMultiplex analyte detection in complex dynamic systems is desirable for the investigation of cellular communication networks as well as in medical diagnostics. A family of lanthanide‐based responsive luminescent probes for multiplex detection is reported. The high modularity of the probe design enabled the rapid assembly of both green and red emitters for a large variety of analytes by the simple exchange of the lanthanide or an analyte‐cleavable caging group, respectively. The real‐time three‐color detection of up to three analytes was demonstrated, thus setting the stage for the non‐invasive investigation of interconnected biological processes.
Multitarget Drug Discovery for Alzheimer's Disease: Triazinones as BACE‐1 and GSK‐3β Inhibitors
Authors: Prati Federica , De Simone Angela , Bisignano Paola , Armirotti Andrea , Summa Maria , Pizzirani Daniela , Scarpelli Rita , Perez Daniel I. , Andrisano Vincenza , Perez‐Castillo Ana , Monti Barbara , Massenzio Francesca , Polito Letizia , Racchi Marco , Favia Angelo D. , Bottegoni Giovanni , Martinez Ana , Bolognesi Maria Laura , Cavalli Andrea 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCumulative evidence strongly supports that the amyloid and tau hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, but concomitantly contribute to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer′s disease (AD). Thus, the development of multitarget drugs which are involved in both pathways might represent a promising therapeutic strategy. Accordingly, reported here in is the discovery of 6‐amino‐4‐phenyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2(1H)‐ones as the first class of molecules able to simultaneously modulate BACE‐1 and GSK‐3β. Notably, one triazinone showed well‐balanced in vitro potencies against the two enzymes (IC50 of (18.03±0.01) μM and (14.67±0.78) μM for BACE‐1 and GSK‐3β, respectively). In cell‐based assays, it displayed effective neuroprotective and neurogenic activities and no neurotoxicity. It also showed good brain permeability in a preliminary pharmacokinetic assessment in mice. Overall, triazinones might represent a promising starting point towards high quality lead compounds with an AD‐modifying potential.
Flame retardancy and mechanical properties of ferrum ammonium phosphate–halloysite/epoxy polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Dong Yanmao , Lisco Brian , Wu Hao , Koo Joseph H. , Krifa Mourad 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTTo recycle the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from wastewater, ferrum ammonium phosphate (FAP)–halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were synthesized with simulated wastewater containing N, P, and Fe pollutants as raw materials. The adsorption–chemical precipitationin situmethod was used to synthesize the target products, and the optimal conditions for the synthesis of the FAP–HNTs were obtained. Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were conducted to characterize the samples. The FAP particle size was 20–30 nm in the FAP–HNTs. The FTIR spectra demonstrated that a small amount of water in the FAP–HNTs promoted the curing reaction. The FAP–HNTs and Exolit OP 1230 (OP) were introduced into epoxy (EP) to prepare the polymer nanocomposites. The heat release rate (HRR) and flammability of the EP composites were tested by microscale combustion calorimetry and UL‐94 instruments. The mechanical properties of the EP composites also were tested by a tension testing system. The results indicate that the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the EP composites were improved by FAP–HNT. The addition of FAP–HNT and OP gave rise to an evident reduction of HRR and a prolonged burning time for the EP. EP/FAP–HNT/OP (20) (where 20 is the loading weight percentage) passed the UL 94 V‐0 rating. The analysis of the char revealed the synergy of the FAP–HNTs and OP in reducing the flammability of the polymers. We concluded that these polymers show potential for applications in wastewater treatment and N/P recycling. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41681.
One‐step oxidation of aniline by peroxotitanium acid to polyaniline–titanium dioxide: A highly stable electrode for a supercapacitor
Authors: Gottam Ramesh , Srinivasan Palaniappan 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, to make a stable electrode material for a supercapacitor, we selected a polyaniline and titanium dioxide (TiO2) hybrid material. Peroxotitanium acid was used to oxidize aniline in the presence of sulfuric acid to a poly(aniline sulfate) salt–titanium oxide composite in one step. IR, X‐ray diffraction, and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX) analyses supported the formation of the composite. The poly(aniline sulfate) salt–titanium oxide composites (50 wt % each) showed an amorphous, flakelike morphology having a conductivity value of 8 × 10−3 S/cm with an excellent yield and stability (300°C).This composite material in the cell configuration showed a specific capacitance of 320 F/g at a 0.33 A/g discharge current density. Thirty thousand charge–discharge (CD) cycles at a heavy CD current density of 3.3 A/g were carried out on the supercapacitor cell. The values of equivalent series resistance (ESR) (8–9 Ω) and efficiency (100–98%) were found to be independent of the cycle number with an excellent retention capacity of 83%. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41711.
Influence of preparation methods on the electrical and nanomechanical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composites
Authors: Mosnáčková Katarína , Špitálský Zdenko , Kuliček Jaroslav , Prokeš Jan , Skarmoutsou Amalia , Charitidis Costas A. , Omastová Mária 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTPoly(methyl methacrylate)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PMMA/MWCNT) composites were prepared by two different methods: melt mixing and solution casting. For solution casting, two different solvents, toluene and chloroform, were used to prepare PMMA solutions with different concentrations of MWCNT. The dispersion of the CNT in the composite samples was verified by scanning electron microscopy. For the nanocomposites prepared by both methods, the electrical conductivity increased with increasing filler content, showing typical percolation behavior. In addition, an increase of 11 orders of magnitude in the electrical conductivity relative to the matrix conductivity was determined by broadband dielectric spectroscopy and four probe conductivity measurements. A maximum value of σDC ∼ 1.6 S/cm was found for the highest filler loaded sample (3.67 vol %), which was prepared by solution casting from toluene. Nanoindentation analysis was used to characterize the surface mechanical properties of the composite samples prepared by the different methods. Indentation tests were performed at various penetration depths, and it was revealed that the melt mixing process resulted in stiffer neat PMMA samples compared to the solution casted PMMA samples. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41721.