bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
<b>O livro de Alzira</b>
Authors: Mortatti Maria Do Rosário Longo 
Published: January 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464445864 Com o objetivo de contribuir para as discussões sobre o ensino e aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita, apresenta-se, sob a forma de resenha crítica, a análise da configuração textual do livro Será que fui eu?, de Alzira Silvéria. Essa análise foi desenvolvida com base na hipótese segundo a qual ler e produzir textos escritos são atividades especificamente humanas cujas função e importância extrapolam os limites da escola e cujo aprendizado modifica modos de pensar, sentir, querer e agir dos sujeitos que aprendem a ler e a escrever, promovendo mudanças qualitativas em seu processo de formação humana e propiciando sua participação ativa no mundo público da cultura escrita e, portanto, na sociedade e na história. Essa é a principal “lição de vida” que a autora do livro ensina a todos os interessados no assunto, em especial aos professores responsáveis pelo ensino escolar da leitura e da escrita, os quais somente podem ser bem-sucedidos, se e quando compreendem a si mesmos como sujeitos históricos e sociais, que também vivenciam a leitura e a produção de textos escritos, não somente como atividades necessárias para sua atuação docente, mas sobretudo como atividades essenciais para a humana formação de sujeitos-autores do discurso de e sobre sua vida e de sua história. Palavras-chave: narrativa autobiográfica; letramento; ensino e aprendizagem da literatura e escrita.
<b>A escrita no Ensino Superior</br>
Authors: Vitória Maria Inês Corte , Christofoli Maria Conceição Pillon 
Published: January 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464445865 O presente artigo trata de apresentar resultados oriundos de pesquisa realizada no Ensino Superior, enfocando a escrita em contextos universitários. Depoimentos por parte dos acadêmicos evidenciam certa resistência ao ato de escrever, o que acaba muitas vezes distanciando o sujeito da produção de um texto. Assim sendo, mesmo que parciais, os resultados até então analisados dão conta de que: pressuposto 1 – há ruptura da ideia de coerência entre o que pensamos, o que conseguimos escrever, o que entende nosso interlocutor; pressuposto 2 – a autocorreção de textos como exercício de pesquisa é imprescindível para a qualificação da escrita; pressuposto 3 – os diários de aula representam rico instrumento para a qualificação da escrita no Ensino Superior; pressuposto 4 – há necessidade de que o aluno do Ensino Superior escreva variados tipos de escrita, ainda que a universidade cumpra com seu papel, enfatizando a escrita acadêmica; pressuposto 5 – o trabalho com a escrita no Ensino Superior deve enfatizar os componentes básicos da expressão escrita: o código escrito e a composição da escrita. Palavras-chave: Escrita; Ensino Superior; formação de professores.
Tracking Quantum Dot–Tagged Calcium Channels at Vertebrate Photoreceptor Synapses: Retinal Slices and Dissociated Cells
Authors: Mercer Aaron J. , Thoreson Wallace B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAt synapses in the central nervous system, precisely localized assemblies of presynaptic proteins, neurotransmitter‐filled vesicles, and postsynaptic receptors are required to communicate messages between neurons. Our understanding of synaptic function has been significantly advanced using electrophysiological methods, but the dynamic spatial behavior and real‐time organization of synapses remains poorly understood. In this unit, we describe a method for labeling individual presynaptic calcium channels with photostable quantum dots for single‐particle tracking analysis. We have used this technique to examine the mobility of L‐type calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane of rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina. These channels control release of glutamate‐filled synaptic vesicles at the ribbon synapses in photoreceptor terminals. This technique offers the advantage of providing a real‐time biophysical readout of ion channel mobility and can be manipulated by pharmacological or electrophysiological methods. For example, the combination of electrophysiological and single‐particle tracking experiments has revealed that fusion of nearby vesicles influences calcium channel mobility and changes in channel mobility can influence release. These approaches can also be readily adapted to examine membrane proteins in other systems. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 62:2.18.1‐2.18.23. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A New Type of Stereoselectivity in Baeyer–Villiger Reactions: Access to E‐ and Z‐Olefins
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Gang , Roiban Gheorghe‐Doru , Acevedo Juan Pablo , Polyak Iakov , Reetz Manfred T. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA new concept for accessing configurationally defined trisubstituted olefins has been developed. Starting from a common ketone precursor of the type 4‐ethylidenecyclohexanone, Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases are employed as catalysts in diastereoselective Baeyer–Villiger reactions leading to the corresponding E‐ or Z‐configurated lactones. Wild‐type cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO) as catalyst delivers the E‐isomers and a directed evolution mutant the opposite Z‐isomers. Subsequent transition metal‐catalyzed chemical transformations of a key product containing a vinyl bromide moiety provide a variety of different trisubstituted E‐ or Z‐olefins. A model based on QM/MM sheds light on the origin of this unusual type of diastereoselectivity. In contrast to this biocatalytic approach, traditional Baeyer–Villiger reagents such as m‐CPBA fail to show any selectivity, 1:1 mixtures of E‐ and Z‐olefins being formed.
Subcutaneous immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: an evidence based review of the recent literature with recommendations
Authors: Purkey Michael T. , Smith Timothy L. , Ferguson Berrylin J. , Luong Amber , Reisacher William R. , Pillsbury Harold C. , Toskala Elina 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundAllergic rhinitis is a common allergic disease with increasing prevalence in Western Societies. Medical therapy is first line treatment, and is aimed at reducing symptoms of immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated inflammation of the nasal passages. In patients with disease refractory to medical therapy, subcutaneous immunotherapy is an option. The aim of this study is to update a recent Cochrane review with available level 1 evidence for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis.MethodsA systematic review of the literature was performed from 2006 to 2011 and compared with data from a 2007 Cochrane review on immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis. We included all studies of level 1 evidence. All forms of single extract immunotherapy were considered. Studies with primary asthma related end‐points were excluded. Primary end‐points were instruments of clinical efficacy (ie, symptom‐medication scores) and adverse events.ResultsWe retrieved 12 level 1 studies for review. In total, 1512 patients were randomized into treatment groups, alternative study groups (alternative duration of therapy or sublingual immunotherapy [SLIT]), or placebo. Efficacy was evaluated based on reported symptom and/or medication score, validated quality of life instruments, immunological assays, challenge testing, and adverse events.ConclusionSubcutaneous immunotherapy improves symptom and/or medication scores and validated quality of life measures. In addition, associated changes in surrogate markers of immunologic protection are observed. Subcutaneous immunotherapy is safe when administered to carefully selected patients and in settings capable of responding to systemic reactions. Subcutaneous immunotherapy is recommended for patients with seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis not responsive to conservative medical therapy, and whose symptoms significantly affect quality of life.
Adaptive Sub‐Band Acoustic Echo Cancellation Algorithms for Echo Paths Involving Nonlinear Amplifiers and Transducers
Authors: Bai Mingsian R. , Hsu Wei‐Chih 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the normalized least‐mean‐squares (NLMS) algorithm, the proportionate normalized least‐mean‐squares (PNLMS) algorithm, and the affine projection algorithm (APA) applied to the linear and nonlinear sub‐band acoustic echo canceller (AEC). The AEC aims at reducing the acoustic echo generated from a loudspeaker‐enclosure‐microphone (LEM) system. In order to enhance the efficacy of echo cancellation, the AEC utilizes sub‐band structure in conjunction with the PNLMS algorithm and the APA. To cope with nonlinear distortions from low‐cost transducers, the AEC is augmented with nonlinear processors based on second‐order Volterra filters and a Hammerstein nonlinear model. The proposed AEC was verified through extensive simulations and experiments. The results have shown that the proposed system achieved improved echo cancellation performance over conventional systems and met the telecom standard ITU‐T Rec. G.168.
Active Vibration Reduction System Optimal Control Using Linear Matrix Inequalities with No Directional Change in Controls
Authors: Horla Dariusz , Lewandowski Roman , Schmidt Adam , Kraft Marek , Giernacki Wojciech 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSignificant attention has been paid recently to the reduction of building vibration in civil engineering. In this paper, the synthesis of an optimal controller utilising convex optimisation and linear matrix inequalities is presented with the incorporated concept of preserving the optimal control vector direction. The notion of avoiding directional change in controls is new to the vibration reduction systems field, although it appears attractive because of dimensionality of the problems. The controller design is analysed by means of comparing maximum node displacements in the model of the frame of the building with performance tested using the historical record of the El Centro earthquake. The simulations performed have shown that the designed controller is able to reduce maximum displacements in comparison with the cut‐off saturation approach.
Properties of chitosan‐immobilized cellulase in ionic liquid
Authors: Su Zhongliang , Yu Yang , Liang Chengwei , Li Lu , Yu Shitao 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe properties of cellulase that was attached to the surface of the chitosan carrier in aqueous–ionic liquid (IL; 1,3‐dimeth‐ylimidazolium dimethylphosphate) mixture were studied. The optimal temperature for immobilized cellulase in aqueous–IL mixed solutions was 60 °C. The immobilized cellulase acquired the highest relative activity at a ratio of 1:4 (IL to water, v/v), compared to activity levels of 79% and 7%, when the ratio of IL to water (v/v) was 0:1 and 1:0, respectively. At 80 °C, the immobilized cellulase in the aqueous–IL mixture conserved 46.3% activity after 120 Min. The immobilized cellulase can be effectively reused three times. After 4 weeks, the activity of immobilized cellulase maintained 83.5%. The Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum reaction velocity (Vm) values for the immobilized cellulase were 4.8 mg/L and 0.156 mg/(mL Min), respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the properties of chitosan‐immobilized cellulase in aqueous–IL.
Maternal severe stressful life events and risk of neural tube defects among rural Chinese
Authors: Li Zhiwen , Zhang Le , Li Hongtian , Ye Rongwei , Liu Jianmeng , Ren Aiguo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDSeveral human studies suggested an association between maternal stressful life events and increased risk of neural tube defects (NTDs). All of these studies, however, are from the United States; little was known among populations in developing countries that have different social and economic status.METHODSWe examined the association between occurrence of maternal severe stressful life events during the periconceptional period and risk of NTDs in a population‐based case‐control study in Shanxi Province, China. Participants included 631 NTD cases (285 with anencephaly, 297 with spina bifida, and 49 with encephalocele) and 862 normal controls born between 2002 and 2007. Exposure information was collected within 1 week after delivery. The multivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) controlling for potential confounding variables.RESULTSOccurrence of maternal severe stressful life events was associated with a crude OR of 6.3 (95% CI, 2.8–14.4) for NTDs. After adjustment for all potential variables, the adjusted OR for NTDs remain significant (adjusted OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.4–12.6), and stronger for anencephaly (adjusted OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.2–15.9) than for spina bifida (adjusted OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 0.9–12.7). Adjustment for lifestyle variables greatly reduced the risk by 32%. A significant difference was found for some lifestyle characteristics between women with and without severe life events.CONCLUSIONSThis study confirmed the association between maternal stress and risk of NTDs that has been consistently reported in the United States. The effect may be the combined results of maternal physiologic changes and lifestyle changes. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2013, © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Numerical modeling of heat and mass transfer in the human eye under millimeter wave exposure
Authors: Karampatzakis Andreas , Samaras Theodoros 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHuman exposure to millimeter wave (MMW) radiation is expected to increase in the next several years. In this work, we present a thermal model of the human eye under MMW illumination. The model takes into account the fluid dynamics of the aqueous humor and predicts a frequency‐dependent reversal of its flow that also depends on the incident power density. The calculated maximum fluid velocity in the anterior chamber and the temperature rise at the corneal apex are reported for frequencies from 40 to 100 GHz and different values of incident power density. Bioelectromagnetics 34:291–299, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Galantamine potentiates the neuroprotective effect of memantine against NMDA‐induced excitotoxicity
Authors: Lopes João P. , Tarozzo Glauco , Reggiani Angelo , Piomelli Daniele , Cavalli Andrea 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe combination of memantine, an N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) is the current standard of care in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Galantamine, an AChEI currently marketed for the treatment of AD, exerts memory‐enhancing and neuroprotective effects via activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Here, we investigated the neuroprotective properties of galantamine in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons when given alone or in combination with memantine. In agreement with previous findings, we found that memantine was fully effective in reversing NMDA toxicity at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 μmol/L. Galantamine also completely reversed NMDA toxicity at a concentration of 5 μmol/L. The α7 and α4β2 nAChR antagonists, methyllycaconitine, and dihydro‐β‐erythroidine blocked the neuroprotective effect of galantamine, demonstrating the involvement of nAChRs. The combination of memantine with galantamine produced synergistic actions, such that full neuroprotective efficacy, was obtained at inactive concentrations of memantine (0.1 μmol/L) and galantamine (1 μmol/L). A similar potentiation was also observed when memantine was replaced with ifenprodil, suggesting a possible involvement of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor. In summary, our study reports for the first time at a cellular level that memantine and galantamine interact on the same excitotoxic cascade and that the combination of these two drugs can result in a remarkable neuroprotective effect.
Generation of Molecular Complexity from Cyclooctatetraene: Preparation of Optically Active Protected Aminocycloheptitols and Bicyclo[4.4.1]undecatriene
Authors: El‐Mansy Mohamed F. , Sar Anobick , Lindeman Sergey , Donaldson William A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe racemic (6‐cyclo‐heptadienyl)Fe(CO)3+ cation ((±)‐7), prepared from cyclooctatetraene, was treated with a variety of carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles. Attack took place at the less hindered C1 dienyl carbon and decomplexation of the (cycloheptadiene)Fe(CO)3 complexes gave products rich in functionality for further synthetic manipulation. In particular, a seven‐step route was developed from racemic (6‐styryl‐2,4‐cycloheptadien‐1‐yl)phthalimide ((±)‐9 d) to afford the optically active aminocycloheptitols (−)‐20 and (+)‐20.
3D Ni(II)/Cu(II) Supermolecular Frameworks Based on Pyridylamine and Fumarate Co‐ligands Containing a Trinodal (4,5,6)‐Connected Network and a (H2O)16 Water Cluster
Authors: Kang Yifan , Liu Qing , Yin Wenting , Zhang Wentao , Liu Ping 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTwo new complexes, [Ni(dpypda)(H2O)3]·(fum) (1) and [Cu2(dpypda)2(fum)2]n·8nH2O (2) (dpypda=N2,N4‐di(pyridin‐2‐yl)pyrimidine‐2,4‐diamine, fum=fumarate), have been synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 is a discrete unit, exhibiting a (4,5,6)‐connected framework formed by hydrogen bonding interactions and electrostatic interactions between free fum dianions and mononuclear [Ni(dpypda)(H2O)3]2+ cations. However, in complex 2, two crystallographically independent fum dianions adopt the alternative mode of mixed monodentate bridging and chelating and bis(monodentate) bridging Cu(II) atoms to produce a one‐dimensional (1D) in?nite zigzag chain. And there are unique (H2O)16 water clusters which consist of one cyclic (H2O)4 tetramer and two cyclic (H2O)5 pentamer with six dangling water molecules in its 3D supramolecular framework. Both 1 and 2 are characterized by IR and elemental analysis, and the TG properties were also investigated for 2.
Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reaction Co‐catalyzed by Amphiphilic Prolinamide Phenol and Lewis Acidic Metal on Water
Authors: Zhang Tao , Zhang Yunxiao , Li Zaichun , Song Zhongtai , Liu Hao , Tao Jingchao 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAn approach based on combinations of various water compatible Lewis acids and lipophilic group containing amphiphilic prolinamide co‐catalysts has been evaluated for the direct asymmetric Aldol reaction. From the broad screening of chloride salts from alkali metal to transition metal, LiCl, ZnCl2 and SnCl2 lead to the highest stereoselectivities. The optimized catalytic conditions (10 mol% prolinamide with 10 mol% MCl2 or 20 mol% LiCl at room temperature on water) gave anti‐products with improved enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee) compared to the moderately stereoselective procedure based on prolinamide activation only.
Stereospecific Synthesis of Drospirenone
Authors: Deng Gang , Huang Zuogang , Zhao Xiaolong , Li Zheng , Li Yuanchao , Jiang Biao 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA procedure for the stereospecific synthesis of drospirenone has been developed. The key steps included the stereospecific reduction of the C7‐tertiary alcohol with ZnI2/Et3SiH, a novel mild and stereospecific tertiary alcohol reduction system, and the tandem oxidation/cyclopropanation reactions.
Soil Microbial and Enzyme Activities Response to Pollution Near an Aluminium Smelter
Authors: García‐Gil Juan Carlos , Kobza Jozef , Soler‐Rovira Pedro , Javoreková Soňa 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe aim of this research was to assess the impact caused by a long‐term pollution by fluoride and heavy metals in two soils (PS1 and PS2) near an aluminium smelter in Slovakia, on soil microbial biomass C (MBC), basal respiration, metabolic quotient (qCO2) water‐soluble organic C (WSOC) and enzymes activities involved in the C, N and P biogeochemical cycles. An unpolluted soil was used as control (C0). Results obtained for soil fluoride content reflected a gradient of fluoride exposure in topsoils of contaminated sites. Decreases in microbial and enzymatic activities and in MBC to organic C ratio were found in PS2 site, which is closer to the smelter and exhibited the highest fluoride content. PS1‐soil showed an extreme alkaline pH caused by leaching of waste effluents from the smelter dumping site, higher contents of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd, significantly larger MBC, qCO2 and catalase and urease activities, and much larger basal respiration and dehydrogenase activity than PS2 and C0‐soil. Phosphatase, β‐glucosidase and BAA‐protease were negatively correlated with WSOC, basal respiration and dehydrogenase activity, and showed some degree of inhibition in polluted sites. These results may indicate different responses of microbial communities to ecosystem disturbances, caused by the drastic changes in soil's physicochemical properties as result of the long‐term emissions of fly ash with high levels of contaminants that are still affecting soil microbial and enzymatic activities.
Spatial Distribution of SO2, NO2, and O3 Concentrations in an Industrial City of Turkey Using a Passive Sampling Method
Authors: Pekey Beyhan , Özaslan Ümmiye 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAmbient concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) were measured at 51 sampling points by passive sampling technique in Kocaeli, an important industrial city in Turkey. Samples were analyzed by UV‐spectrophotometry for NO2 and O3 and by ion chromatography for SO2, respectively. Concentrations of SO2, NO2, and O3 were determined to investigate their spatial distribution and source characterization. The sampling campaigns revealed an average concentration of 8 µg/m3 (max. 82 µg/m3) for SO2, and 14 µg/m3 (max. 40 µg/m3) for NO2, in summer; while average winter concentrations were 25 µg/m3 (max. 61 µg/m3) for SO2, and 50 µg/m3 (max. 100 µg/m3) for NO2. The maximum ozone concentrations were determined to be 86 µg/m3 in summer and 61 µg/m3 in winter downwind of the source areas of the precursor pollutant emissions. The results showed that NO2 and SO2 concentrations in industrial and urban areas were two to four times higher compared with rural areas in the summer and winter. In the light of the information obtained from the spatial interpolation of the pollutant concentrations, a selection of appropriate locations for continuous monitoring was suggested according to the European Community (EU) directives.
Modern Subunit Vaccines: Development, Components, and Research Opportunities
Authors: Moyle Peter Michael , Toth Istvan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTraditional vaccines, based on the administration of killed or attenuated microorganisms, have proven to be among the most effective methods for disease prevention. Safety issues related to administering these complex mixtures, however, prevent their universal application. Through identification of the microbial components responsible for protective immunity, vaccine formulations can be simplified, enabling molecular‐level vaccine characterization, improved safety profiles, prospects to develop new high‐priority vaccines (e.g. for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria), and the opportunity for extensive vaccine component optimization. This subunit approach, however, comes at the expense of decreased immunity, requiring the addition of immunostimulatory agents (adjuvants). As few adjuvants are currently used in licensed vaccines, adjuvant development represents an exciting area for medicinal chemists to play a role in the future of vaccine development. In addition, immune responses can be further customized though optimization of delivery systems, tuning the size of particulate vaccines, targeting specific cells of the immune system (e.g. dendritic cells), and adding components to aid vaccine efficacy in whole immunized populations (e.g. promiscuous T‐helper epitopes). Herein we review the current state of the art and future direction in subunit vaccine development, with a focus on the described components and their potential to steer the immune response toward a desired response.