bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Field Emission to Vacuum Arc Ignition: A New Tool for Simulating Copper Vacuum Arcs
Authors: Timko H. , Ness Sjobak K. , Mether L. , Calatroni S. , Djurabekova F. , Matyash K. , Nordlund K. , Schneider R. , Wuensch W. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractUnderstanding plasma initiation in vacuum arc discharges can help to bridge the gap between nano‐scale triggering phenomena and the macroscopic surface damage caused by vacuum arcs. We present a new twodimensional particle‐in‐cell tool to simulate plasma initiation in direct‐current (DC) copper vacuum arc discharges starting from a single, strong field emitter at the cathode. Our simulations describe in detail how a sub‐micron field emission site can evolve to a macroscopic vacuum arc discharge, and provide a possible explanation for why and how cathode spots can spread on the cathode surface. Furthermore, the model provides us with a prediction for the current and voltage characteristics, as well as for properties of the plasma like densities, fluxes and electric potentials in a simple DC discharge case, which are in agreement with the known experimental values. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative analysis of cell morphology in sputum samples homogenized with dithiothreitol, N‐acetyl‐l cysteine, cytorich® red preservative and in cellblock preparations to enhance the sensitivity of sputum cytology for the diagnosis of lung cancer
Authors: Saraswathy Veena Vamadevan , Sara George Preethi , Jayasree Kattoor , Sujathan Kunjuraman 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundLung cancer claims highest rate of cancer related mortality worldwide, mainly due to late diagnosis and distant metastasis. Sputum cytology is the simplest, non‐invasive and cost effective technique but it has low sensitivity due to lack of robust processing methods to retrieve all the diagnostic materials clogged in mucus, inflammatory exudates and blood.MethodsThis study have compared conventional pick and smear method of sputum processing with samples prepared by homogenization methods using N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine, Dithiothreitol (DTT), CytoRich red solution and cell blocks (CBs) with respect to screening time, quality of staining, cellularity, smear background, nuclear and cytoplasmic morphology preservation, and diagnostic efficacy. The significance of CB prepared from homogenised samples for immunocytochemistry, protein extraction, Genomic DNA and RNA extraction were also evaluated on a cohort 3,185 samples. The significance of the morphological features in each of the techniques was statistically analysed using SPSS 11 software.ResultsThe smear background clarity, staining quality and diagnostic efficacy of samples processed in red solution was found to be superior to the conventional method (P < 0.0001), where as samples homogenized in DTT showed a better cellularity (P < 0.0001). CBs prepared from samples homogenized in red solution were found to be very significant (P < 0.0001) in increasing the diagnostic efficacy compared to other two methods. Immunocytochemistry and DNA extraction were found possible in CBs as well as from the cell suspension. A combined analysis of smears and CBs found to improve the sensitivity of sputum cytology.ConclusionThe study suggests homogenization of sputum in CytoRich ® red solution and cellblock preparations routinely for all samples to improve the sensitivity of sputum cytology. IHC and DNA extraction can be performed in sputum samples suggesting the role of sputum samples for ancillary techniques. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:551–558. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enantioselective Allylic Alkylation Catalyzed by Novel C2‐Symmetric Bisphosphinites
Authors: Gök Yaşar , Zeki Gök Halil 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this article, we present our results concerning new C2‐symmetric bisphosphinites with a (1R,2R)‐1,2‐bis([1,1′: 3′,1″‐terphenyl]‐5′‐yl)ethane backbone. For the given chirality of the backbone, derivatives with aromatic and aliphatic substituents at the donor P‐atoms were synthesized with moderate yields in a straightforward manner. These compounds were evaluated in the Pd0‐catalyzed enantioselective allylic alkylations (up to 67% ee).
Stereoselective Synthesis of the Non‐Lactonic Portion of (Z)‐Cryptofolione and Approaches towards Its Conversion to (Z)‐Cryptofolione
Authors: Nagendra Siddavatam , Krishna Reddy Vanka , Das Biswanath 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe stereoselective synthesis of the non‐lactonic part of the natural G2 checkpoint inhibitor, (Z)‐cryptofolione, has been accomplished. Butane‐1,4‐diol was used as the starting material, and the stereogenic centers were generated through L‐proline‐catalyzed α‐aminoxylation and Maruoka asymmetric allylation. We attempted to convert this non‐lactonic moiety to (Z)‐cryptofolione via olefin cross‐metathesis reaction, but by this approach another naturally occurring lactonic compound, goniothalamin, was obtained.
The Aggregation Behavior of Butyllithium in Diethyl Ether in the Presence of LiBr, LiClO4, and Phenyllithium: A Deuterium‐Induced Secondary6Li‐NMR Isotope‐Effect Study
Authors: Böhler Bernd , Günther Harald 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe aggregation of BuLi (LiR) in diethyl ether (Et2O) in the presence of LiBr was studied by6Li‐ and13C‐NMR spectroscopy. For a 1.0 : 0.8 mixture of both species, the clusters (LiR)4, Li4R3Br, Li4R2Br2, Li4RBr3, and/or Li2RBr in the ratio 7 : 81 : 12 with Li4RBr3and/or Li2RBr<1 were detected with theisotopic fingerprint methodthat is based on secondary deuterium (D)‐induced isotope shifts forδ(Li). The raising content of bromide ions causes increased shielding forδ(Li). As in the case of a 1 : 1 MeLi/LiBr mixture in Et2O, cluster Li4R3Br is the most stable one. In the presence ofN,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), only a mixed dimer was found. For LiClO4, no inclusion of the ClO$\rm{{_{4}^{-}}}$ion could be detected. A mixture BuLi/PhLi 1 : 1 in Et2O in the presence of TMEDA showed only dimers with the mixed dimer as the most stable cluster. Chemical exchange of Li between the two homodimers was detected by EXSY spectroscopy. This implies an exchange mechanism with afluxionaltetramer as intermediate.
Tracking residence times in hydrological systems: forward and backward formulations
Authors: Benettin Paolo , Rinaldo Andrea , Botter Gianluca 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn recent years, several papers contributed to the development and clarification of key theoretical issues underlying the formulation of transport by travel time distributions in catchments. Such a formulation provides a robust description of the temporal evolution of ages contained in the catchment storage and sampled by the output fluxes. In particular, special attention has been devoted to general time‐variant dynamics that are likely to occur in complex systems like catchments. In this context, important theoretical and practical implications arise from a proper distinction between backward and forward age distributions, which are based on the definition of diverse reference variables. The ‘age’ of a water particle represents the time elapsed since a previous injection, and as such, it is intrinsically a backward time concept. A forward approach, instead, requires the introduction of the particle's ‘life expectancy’, which quantifies the time a water particle will spend within the system before being sampled by one of the outflows (e.g. stream discharge or evapotranspiration). The sum of age and life expectancy is the particle's travel time. Despite forward and backward approaches being different, and that they only coincide in the special case of stationary systems, a proper distinction of these formulations has been sometimes overlooked in the literature. In this contribution, we review recent backward formulations using a unified notation and discuss a novel forward formulation. This paper illustrates how age and life‐expectancy distributions naturally evolve in response to unsteady hydrologic fluxes and presents numerical applications relevant to catchment‐scale solute circulation. In both forward and backward formulations, the mixing of ages, which is modelled through age‐selection functions, plays a central role in describing the fate of solutes introduced in the system and measured at the system outlets. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bisphenol A inhibits duodenal movement ex vivo of rat through nitric oxide‐mediated soluble guanylyl cyclase and α‐adrenergic signaling pathways
Authors: Sarkar Kaushik , Tarafder Panchali , Paul Goutam 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe gastrointestinal tract is directly exposed to bisphenol A (BPA)‐tainted foods and beverages stored in polycarbonate plastic containers. The effect of BPA on the movement of small intestine has not been reported until now. We report here the effect of BPA on the movement of the duodenum ex vivo in a rat model. We found significant inhibition of duodenal movement by BPA (10–320 µ M). We suggest that BPA‐induced inhibition of duodenal movement might be due to the suppression of stimulatory and/or activation of inhibitory motor neurons in enteric plexuses innervating the longitudinal and circular visceral smooth muscle cells in the duodenal wall. We observed a significant reversal of BPA‐induced depression of duodenal movement by methylene blue, a soluble guanylyl cyclase blocker and N‐ω‐nitro‐ L‐arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor; but significant potentiation of the movement by sodium nitroprusside, a NO donor. From the results, we may suggest that BPA‐induced inhibition of the movement might be partially due to activation of inhibitory motor neurons that secrete NO, a relaxant, on to smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, we found significant reversal of BPA‐induced depression of the movement in phentolamine, an α‐adrenergic receptor blocker, pretreated preparation. This result proves that norepinephrine secreting motor neurons may also be involved in BPA‐induced inhibition of the movement. From the results, we conclude that BPA inhibits the movement of the duodenum through NO‐mediated soluble guanylyl cyclase and α‐adrenergic signaling pathways in visceral smooth muscle cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analgesia via blockade of NGF/TrkA signaling does not influence fracture healing in mice
Authors: Rapp Anna E. , Kroner Jochen , Baur Stephanie , Schmid Fabian , Walmsley Adrian , Mottl Harald , Ignatius Anita 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTAbatement of fracture‐related pain is important in patient welfare. However, the frequently used non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are considered to impair fracture healing through blockade of cyclooxygenase‐2. An alternative for fracture‐related pain treatment may be blockade of nerve growth factor (NGF)/neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 (TrkA) signaling. Because the effect of blocking this signal‐pathway on bone healing has not been extensively investigated, we addressed this issue by applying neutralizing antibodies that target NGF and TrkA, respectively, in a mouse fracture model. Mice with a knock‐in for human TrkA underwent femur osteotomy and were randomly allocated to phosphate‐buffered‐saline, anti‐NGF‐antibody, or anti‐TrkA‐antibody treatment. The analgesic effect of the antibodies was determined from the activity and the ground reaction force of the operated limb. The effect of antibody administration on fracture healing was assessed by histomorphometry, micro‐computed tomography, and biomechanics. NGF/TrkA‐signaling blockade had no negative effect on fracture healing as callus formation and maturation were not altered. Mice treated with anti‐TrkA antibody displayed significantly greater activity on post‐operative day 2 compared to PBS treatment indicating effective analgesia. Our data indicate, that blockade of NGF/TrkA signaling via specific neutralizing antibodies for pain reduction during fracture healing does not influence fracture healing. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1235–1241, 2015.
Regulatory role of collagen V in establishing mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments is tissue dependent
Authors: Connizzo Brianne K. , Freedman Benjamin R. , Fried Joanna H. , Sun Mei , Birk David E. , Soslowsky Louis J. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTPatients with classic (type I) Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS), characterized by heterozygous mutations in the Col5a1 and Col5a2 genes, exhibit connective tissue hyperelasticity and recurrent joint dislocations, indicating a potential regulatory role for collagen V in joint stabilizing soft tissues. This study asked whether the contribution of collagen V to the establishment of mechanical properties is tissue dependent. We mechanically tested four different tissues from wild type and targeted collagen V‐null mice: the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon, Achilles tendon (ACH), the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and the supraspinatus tendon (SST). Area was significantly reduced in the Col5a1ΔTen/ΔTen group in the FDL, ACH, and SST. Maximum load and stiffness were reduced in the Col5a1ΔTen/ΔTen group for all tissues. However, insertion site and midsubstance modulus were reduced only for the ACL and SST. This study provides evidence that the regulatory role of collagen V in extracellular matrix assembly is tissue dependent and that joint instability in classic EDS may be caused in part by insufficient mechanical properties of the tendons and ligaments surrounding each joint. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:882–888, 2015.
Combination therapy with PTH and DBM cannot heal a critical sized murine femoral defect
Authors: Pensak Michael , Hong Seung‐Hyun , Dukas Alex , Bayron Jennifer , Tinsley Brian , Jain Ashish , Tang Amy , Rowe David , Lieberman Jay R. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTOrthopaedic surgeons continue to search for cost‐effective bone graft substitutes to enhance bone repair. Teriparatide (PTH 1‐34) and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) have been used in patients to promote bone healing. We evaluated the efficacy of PTH and DBM in healing a critical sized femoral defect in three lineage‐specific transgenic mice expressing Col3.6GFPtopaz (pre‐osteoblastic marker), Col2.3GFPemerald (osteoblastic marker) and α‐SMA‐Cherry (pericyte/myofibroblast marker). Mid‐diaphyseal defects measuring 2 mm in length were created in the central 1/3 of mice femora using a circular saw and stabilized with an alveolar distractor device and cerclage wires. Three groups were evaluated: Group I, PTH 30 μg/kg injection daily, Group II, PTH 30 μg/kg injection daily + DBM, and Group III, DBM + 30μL saline injection. PTH was given for 28 days or until the time of sacrifice. Animals were sacrificed at 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. Radiographs at the time of sacrifice were evaluated using a 5‐point scaled scoring system. Radiographs showed a lack of healing across all treatment groups at all time points: Group I, 1.57 +/− 0.68; Group II, 3.00 +/− 1.29; and Group III, 2.90 +/− 1.03. Bone formation in the defect as measured by radiographic healing score was significantly better at 56 days in Groups II (p = 0.01) and III (p < 0.01) compared to Group I. Across all treatment groups and time points the defects were largely absent of osteoprogenitor cells based on gross observation of frozen histology and quantitation of cellular based histomorphometric parameters. Quantitation of frozen histologic slides showed a limited osteoprogenitor response to PTH and DBM. Our results suggest that the anabolic agent teriparatide is unable to induce healing in a critical sized mouse femoral defect when given alone or in combination with the DBM preparation we used as a local bone graft substitute. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1242–1249, 2015.
Comparison of markers for muscle damage, inflammation, and pain using minimally invasive direct anterior versus direct lateral approach in total hip arthroplasty: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Mjaaland Knut Erik , Kivle Kjetil , Svenningsen Svein , Pripp Are Hugo , Nordsletten Lars 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTIt is proposed that the use of biochemical markers for muscle damage and inflammation provides an objective measure on invasiveness in total hip arthroplasty. We analyzed levels of creatine kinase and C‐reactive protein (CRP) after total hip arthroplasty in patients randomized to minimally invasive direct anterior approach or direct lateral approach, also recording consumption of pain medication and levels of pain postoperatively. Eighty‐three patients were operated by the use of anterior approach and eighty using lateral. Creatine kinase and CRP levels were measured preoperatively, creatine kinase directly after surgery, and both creatine kinase and CRP on postoperative day 1 through 4. The use of pain medication and levels of pain were recorded. Creatine kinase were higher in the anterior group compared to the lateral group, reaching statistical significance directly postoperative and on day 4. Levels of CRP did not differ, reaching a maximum of mean 52 mg/L on day 3. The use of pain medication was higher in the lateral group on the day of surgery (p = 0.011), and pain levels were higher on all days in the lateral group (p < 0.007). In conclusion, the use of minimally invasive anterior approach caused less pain, but higher postoperative levels of CK, than the use of direct lateral approach. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1305–1310, 2015.
Computational Kinetic Study for the Unimolecular Decomposition of Cyclopentanone
Authors: Zaras Aristotelis M. , Thion Sebastien , Dagaut Philippe 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTAmong various categories of potential biofuel molecules, ketones are of significant interest. Cyclopentanone is a cyclic ketone that can be produced from biomass, and its combustion is still unknown. Moreover, its cyclic configuration makes it an interesting feedstock for the further production of high‐density fuels such as bi(cyclopentane). This study reports the first computational kinetic investigation of the unimolecular decomposition pathways of cyclopentanone by using the compound G3B3 method. The rate constants were calculated using Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory in the temperature range of 800–2000 K. The results presented here can be used in a future kinetic combustion mechanism.
Amyloid deposition in Parkinson's disease and cognitive impairment: A systematic review
Authors: Petrou Myria , Dwamena Ben A. , Foerster Bradley R. , MacEachern Mark P. , Bohnen Nicolaas I. , Müller Martijn LTM , Albin Roger L. , Frey Kirk A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundVarying degrees of cortical amyloid deposition are reported in the setting of Parkinsonism with cognitive impairment. We performed a systematic review to estimate the prevalence of Alzheimer disease (AD) range cortical amyloid deposition among patients with Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD), Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment (PD‐MCI) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We included amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies using Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB).MethodsWe searched the databases Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles pertaining to amyloid imaging in Parkinsonism and impaired cognition. We identified 11 articles using PiB imaging to quantify cortical amyloid. We used the metan module in Stata, version 11.0, to calculate point prevalence estimates of patients with “PiB‐positive” studies, that is, patients showing AD range cortical Aβ‐amyloid deposition. Heterogeneity was assessed. A scatterplot was used to assess publication bias.ResultsOverall pooled prevalence of “PiB‐positive” studies across all three entities along the spectrum of Parkinson's disease and impaired cognition (specifically PDD, PD‐MCI, and DLB) was 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24‐0.57). Prevalence of “PiB‐positive” studies was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.55‐0.82) in the DLB group, 0.34 (95% CI, 0.13‐0.56) in the PDD group, and 0.05 (95% CI, −0.07‐0.17) in the PD‐MCI group.ConclusionsSubstantial variability occurs in the prevalence of “PiB‐positive” studies in subjects with Parkinsonism and cognitive impairment. Higher prevalence of PiB‐positive studies was encountered among subjects with DLB as opposed to subjects with PDD. The PD‐MCI subjects showed overall lower prevalence of PiB‐positive studies than reported findings in non–PD‐related MCI. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Smoothed particle hydrodynamics in a generalized coordinate system with a finite‐deformation constitutive model
Authors: Yashiro Shigeki , Okabe Tomonaga 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYThis study proposes smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) in a generalized coordinate system. The present approach allocates particles inhomogeneously in the Cartesian coordinate system and arranges them via mapping in a generalized coordinate system in which the particles are aligned at a uniform spacing. This characteristic enables us to employ fine division only in the direction required, for example, in the through‐thickness direction for a thin‐plate problem and thus to reduce computation cost. This study provides the formulation of SPH in a generalized coordinate system with a finite‐deformation constitutive model and then verifies it by analyzing quasi‐static and dynamic problems of solids. High‐velocity impact test was also performed with an aluminum target and a steel sphere, and the predicted crater shape agreed well with the experiment. Furthermore, the numerical study demonstrated that the present approach successfully reduced the computation cost with marginal degradation of accuracy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yield predictions for photovoltaic power plants: empirical validation, recent advances and remaining uncertainties
Authors: Müller Björn , Hardt Laura , Armbruster Alfons , Kiefer Klaus , Reise Christian 
Published: April 2015

AbstractYield predictions are performed to predict the solar resource, the performance and the energy production over the expected lifetime of a photovoltaic (PV) system. In this study, we compare yield predictions and monitored data for 26 PV power plants located in southern Germany and Spain. The monitoring data include in‐plane irradiance for comparison with the estimated solar resource and energy yield for comparison with predicted performance. The results show that because of increased irradiance in recent years (‘global brightening’) the yield predictions systematically underestimate the energy yield of PV systems by about 5%. Because common irradiance databases and averaging times were used for the yield predictions analysed in this paper, it is concluded that yield predictions for areas where the global brightening effect occurred in general underestimated the energy yield by the same magnitude. Using recent satellite‐derived irradiance time series avoids this underestimation. The observed performance ratio of the analysed systems decreases by 0.5%/year in average with a relatively high spread between individual systems. This decrease is a main factor for the combined uncertainty of yield predictions. It is attributed to non‐reversible degradation of PV cells or modules and to reversible effects, like soiling. Based on the results of the validation, the combined uncertainty of state of the art yield predictions using recent solar irradiance data is estimated to about 8%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.