bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explore the genetic exposure to alopecia areata
Authors: Peng Shaoyi , Yang Yang , Man Yilong , Long Dianfei , Wang Lei , Li Kaiyuan , Liu Peng 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackgroundAlopecia areata is an autoimmune hair loss disorder with an incompletely understood etiology. Although trace elements, serum metabolites, and inflammatory factors are implicated in the disease, the potential causal relationships between these factors and alopecia areata require further investigation.MethodsThis study employed Mendelian randomization (MR), utilizing data from genome‐wide association studies, to explore the causal relationships between 15 trace elements, 1400 serum metabolites, and 91 inflammatory factors and alopecia areata. The analysis was conducted using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method complemented by various sensitivity analyses, including Cochran's Q test, MR‐Egger regression intercept test, MR‐PRESSO global test, and leave‐one‐out analysis, to assess the robustness of the results.ResultsMR analysis indicated a negative correlation between copper levels and the risk of developing alopecia areata (odds ratio = 0.86, 95% confidence interval: 0.75–0.99, p = 0.041). Additionally, causal relationships were identified between 15 serum metabolites and 6 inflammatory factors and the risk of alopecia areata (IVW, all p values < 0.05).ConclusionThis study provides genetic evidence of the relationships between trace elements, serum metabolites, and alopecia areata, underscoring the potential value of targeted therapeutic strategies and preventive measures. Future research should expand to diverse populations and further explore the specific roles of these biomarkers in the disease mechanism.
“The more official, the less I believe”: Using focus groups to explore public opinion formation in politically polarized contexts
Authors: Pavez Isabel , Saldaña Magdalena , Cabalin Cristian , Scherman Andrés 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIntroductionPublic opinion studies have traditionally relied on survey analyses. However, a qualitative approach is needed to address opinion formation's multidimensional and contextual nature. In this study, we argue that focus groups are a technique that addresses these unique challenges.MethodsWe test this argument by looking at the case of Chile, a country marked by a streak of eight elections in three years, including two national referendums for a constitutional proposal. In this politically polarized setting, and over the course of the latter election year, we conducted 10 focus groups comprising a diverse sample in terms of gender, age, socioeconomic status, and occupation. As participants shared news diets, political views, and values, data suggest a tendency to independently verify information regardless of the source, and highly influenced by their close ones.ResultsFrom a methodological perspective, our findings show that focus groups enable the assessment of the context‐situated opinion formation process, reveal emerging themes, and promote open discussion. These results also reflect the multifaceted nature of public opinion formation in a dynamic media landscape and can inform other countries undergoing a crisis of institutional legitimacy.
Plasma‐derived product recipients' views on the acceptability of implementing a programme of plasma donation for fractionation from men who have sex with men
Authors: Benoit Justine , Caruso Jessica , Germain Marc , Myhal Geneviève , Monteith Ken , Otis Joanne 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesOver the past few years in Québec, Canada, exclusion criteria for blood donation and plasma donation for fractionation have been modified. Héma‐Québec, the institution responsible for blood products, has made changes to allow more inclusive access to blood and plasma donation, in accordance with evolving scientific data concerning donation safety. The study, conducted before those changes were implemented, aimed to assess acceptability of recipients and parents of recipients of plasma‐derived products for men who have sex with men (MSM) to become eligible to donate plasma for fractionation.Materials and MethodsEight qualitative interviews (4 focus groups, 4 individual) were conducted with a total of 17 plasma product recipients and parents of children needing plasma‐derived products. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsParticipants were rather favourable regarding acceptability of MSM as potential donors. Participants viewed this change as necessary and beneficial. They also felt they must rely on trust in Héma‐Québec, conferred automatically or by default. However, some participants raised concerns about donation safety and reported feeling helpless regarding inclusion of MSM. The importance of being informed and that recipients' safety be prioritized first and foremost were also mentioned.ConclusionDespite their nuanced attitudes, recipients showed high levels of acceptability of including MSM in plasma donation for fractionation. Actions can be taken to reduce concerns regarding the safety of products received.
Multi-Objective Counterfactuals for Design: A Model-Agnostic Counterfactual Search Method for Multi-Modal Design Modifications
Authors: Regenwetter Lyle , Abu Obaideh Yazan , Ahmed Faez 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Designers may often ask themselves how to adjust their design concepts to achieve demanding functional goals. To answer such questions, designers must often consider counterfactuals, weighing design alternatives, and their projected performance. This paper introduces multi-objective counterfactuals for design (MCD), a computational tool that automates and streamlines the counterfactual search process and recommends targeted design modifications that meet designers’ unique requirements. MCD improves upon existing counterfactual search methods by supporting multi-objective requirements, which are crucial in design problems, and by decoupling the counterfactual search and sampling processes, thus enhancing efficiency and facilitating objective trade-off visualization. The paper showcases MCD’s capabilities in complex engineering tasks using three demonstrative bicycle design challenges. First, MCD effectively identifies design modifications that quantifiably enhance functional performance, strengthening the bike frame and saving weight. Second, MCD modifies parametric bike models in a cross-modal fashion to resemble subjective text prompts or reference images. In a final multidisciplinary case study, MCD tackles all the quantitative and subjective design requirements introduced in the first two problems, while simultaneously customizing a bike design to an individual rider’s biomechanical attributes. By exploring hypothetical design alterations and their impact on multiple design objectives, MCD recommends effective design modifications for practitioners seeking to make targeted enhancements to their designs.
Application of the Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics Parameter ΔT* to Wire-Liftoff Lifetime Estimation of Power Modules at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Shishido Nobuyuki , Hayama Yutaka , Akinaga Yuki , Taketomi Shinya , Koganemaru Masaaki , Hagihara Seiya , Miyazaki Noriyuki 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Power modules are utilized to control electric power and play a key role in the systems for energy conversion. One of the reliability problems in power modules is the wire-liftoff, in which an aluminum wire delaminates from a silicon chip. The wire-liftoff phenomenon is a thermal fatigue failure caused by repeated temperature cycles during the operation of power modules. According to an experimental study, the wire-liftoff lifetime decreases with increase in the maximum junction temperature of a temperature cycle, Tmax, then levels off above 200 °C of Tmax. Such a saturation phenomenon of the wire-liftoff lifetime is main concern of the present study. We select the nonlinear fracture mechanics parameter T*-integral range, as a physical quantity describing the wire-liftoff lifetime. The T*-integral range, ΔT*, is only one fracture mechanics parameter that can be applied to thermal fatigue under a cyclic thermo-elastic-plastic creep condition. We perform nonlinear finite element analyses of a power module to calculate the ΔT* based on the mathematical expression of ΔT* for various temperature cycles. As a result, the ΔT* obtained from the exact method based on the mathematical expression of ΔT* is expected to be utilized for quantitative estimation of wire-liftoff lifetime in a wide temperature range of low to high temperatures.
Exploring Near-Wake Structures: Bio-Inspired Convergent-Divergent Riblets on Circular Bluff Bodies
Authors: Mohammadikarachi Arash , Yousif Mustafa Z. , Song Juhun , Lim Hee-Chang 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Convergent-divergent (C-D) riblets represent a pioneering rough surface inspired by the skin of fast-swimming sharks and flight feathers of the birds. In this study, we applied convergent-divergent riblets to the outer surface of a circular cylinder to examine their influence on the near-wake flow structure behind the cylinder. Various experimental techniques, such as particle image velocimetry (PIV), hot-wire anemometer, and a load cell for force measurement, were employed for this study. The experimental measurements have been conducted at different Reynolds numbers ranging from (6–12) ×103. The findings from force measurement indicate a decrease in the mean drag coefficient of around 14%, 15%, 11%, and 12% obtained by riblets at Re = 6000, 7500, 10,000, and 12,000, respectively. The time-averaged flow field including streamlines, velocity field, Reynolds shear stress, vorticity, and turbulent kinetic energy were measured. The measurements suggest that the wake's size has decreased by using convergent-divergent riblets. Furthermore, data obtained from the hot-wire anemometer reveal that these riblets alter the vortex shedding frequency to a higher value and impact the amplitude peak of the power spectrum at various Re numbers.
Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Prediction of a Flow-Induced Vibration Cylinder
Authors: Yin Guang , Janocha Marek Jan , Ong Muk Chen 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Flow-induced vibration (FIV) is a common phenomenon in ocean engineering for subsea structures with circular-shaped cross sections. A large amount of computational resources or experimental efforts are required to predict or measure the complicated motions and flow field surrounding a circular cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibration (VIV). Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are powerful deep learning techniques for solving governing partial differential equations (PDEs) of dynamic systems as an alternative to complex numerical methods. In the present study, a framework is built employing PINNs for solving the Navier–Stokes equations to predict flows past an FIV cylinder using sparsely distributed spatiotemporal data inside the domain. The training process involves minimizing the supervised loss of flow data at these sparse points and the residuals of the governing PDEs. For the training of the PINN model, a moving frame around an FIV cylinder is used to collect the training flow data from two-dimensional direct numerical simulation results at a low Reynolds number. The structural displacements of the cylinder are also implemented in the residuals of the equations of the developed PINN. The performance of the PINN is evaluated by comparing the predicted contours of the surrounding flow velocities with the training data. The hydrodynamic forces prediction is achieved using the PINN-obtained flow field predictions combined with the force partitioning method.
Genomic characteristics of carbapenem-non-susceptible
Cronobacter sakazakii
isolated from an ICU patient at the Songkhla Hospital, Thailand
Authors: Lalakorn Siriporn , Singkhamanan Kamonnut , Chukamnerd Arnon , Chumtong Sanicha , Dechathai Thitaporn , Boonsan Jirasa , Kompramool Siriwan , Muangkaew Thanchanok , Yaikhan Thunchanok , Chintakovid Nutwadee , Chusri Sarunyou , Pomwised Rattanaruji , Wonglapsuwan Monwadee , Surachat Komwit 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Cronobacter sakazakii
is a pathogen that causes severe diseases such as meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants, associated with the consumption of rehydrated powder infant formula. We report a whole-genome sequence of carbapenem-non-susceptible
C. sakazakii
isolated from the nasopharynx of the patient admitted to the ICU ward, Songkhla Hospital, Thailand.
Characterisation of delayed severity flares in patients with HLA-B27-associated anterior uveitis
Authors: Philip Andrew M , Babiker Fatima , Fernandez-Santos Carla C , Chikovsky Max N , Dolinko Andrew H , Ramezani Koosha , Look-Why Sydney , Manhapra Ambika , Ruggeri Maria L , Chang Peter Y , Foster Stephen , Anesi Stephen D 
Published: August 2024

Background/aims
To explore and characterise the clinical phenotype of acute anterior uveitis flares with delayed severity in patients with human leucocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27)-associated anterior uveitis.

Methods
Retrospective chart review of patients with HLA-B27-associated anterior uveitis. Demographic and clinical data were recorded, as well as the clinical characteristics of acute anterior uveitis flares. A flare was considered to have delayed severity if any of the following criteria were met within 3–21 days of symptomatic onset: a two-step increase in anterior chamber inflammation on consecutive exams; a new development of hypopyon or fibrinoid aqueous reaction on consecutive examinations or a significant worsening of symptoms.

Results
A total of 371 patient charts were identified, of which 137 were included. 321 acute anterior uveitis flares were documented, with 36 (11.2%) meeting the criteria for a delayed severity flare. The average time from symptomatic onset was 10.2 days, and patients presented with an average anterior chamber cell grade of 3.5 in delayed severity flares compared with 1.6 in non-delayed severity flares. No significant difference in frequency of delayed severity presentation was noted based on the presence or absence of systemically associated rheumatological disease, papillitis on initial presentation and retinal vasculitis on initial presentation. The frequency of topical steroid therapy after symptomatic onset was not significantly different between the two flare phenotypes.

Conclusions
Our study presents the novel characterisation of a delayed severity phenotype of HLA-B27-associated acute anterior uveitis flares.
‘There’s more to life than staring at a small screen’: a mixed methods cohort study of problematic smartphone use and the relationship to anxiety, depression and sleep in students aged 13–16 years old in the UK
Authors: Carter Ben , Ahmed Najma , Cassidy Olivia , Pearson Oliver , Calcia Marilia , Mackie Clare , Kalk Nicola Jayne 
Published: August 2024

BackgroundDepression and anxiety are common in adolescents and have increased over the last decade. During that period, smartphone usage has become ubiquitous.ObjectivesThe study aim was to assess the association between problematic smartphone usage (PSU) and anxiety.MethodsUsing a prospective mixed methods cohort study design, students aged 13–16 year old from two schools were enrolled regarding their smartphone use, mood and sleep via a semistructured questionnaire at baseline and week 4. The primary outcome was symptoms of anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, GAD-7) and exposure was PSU (Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version). A linear regression was fitted to assess the change in anxiety. Thematic analysis of free-text responses was conducted.FindingsThe sample included 69 participants that were enrolled and followed up between 28 March and 3 June 2022. Of those with PSU, 44.4% exhibited symptoms of moderate to severe anxiety compared with 26.4% of those without PSU. There was a linear association between change in symptoms of anxiety and PSU β=0.18 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.32, p=0.013). Several themes were found: both positive and negative effects of smartphones on relationships; negative effects on school performance and productivity; mixed effects on mood; a desire to reduce the amount of time spent on smartphones.ConclusionsIncreased anxiety, depression and inability to sleep were seen in participants as their PSU score increased over time. Participants reported both positive and negative effects of smartphones and almost all used strategies to reduce use.Clinical implicationsInterventions need to be developed and evaluated for those seeking support.
Cost-effectiveness of screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip in Karachi, Pakistan using a universally applicable cost-effectiveness model
Authors: Pigeolet Manon , Gaafar Hesham , Naamani Dana , Khan Mansoor Ali , Alkire Blake Christian , Chinoy Muhammad Amin , Corlew Daniel Scott , Novais Eduardo N 
Published: August 2024

IntroductionDevelopmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a congenital anomaly of the hip socket that can lead to lifelong disability and pain when left untreated. DDH is a good candidate for screening because of its high frequency in population, availability of treatment and the possibility of secondary prevention. Pakistan currently does not have any systematic or universal neonatal screening programme for DDH.MethodsThe cost-effectiveness model in this study uses one decision tree for each screening scenario: (1) the status quo, (2) universal screening by clinical examination, (3) universal screening by clinical examination with targeted ultrasound (US) screening, (4) and universal screening by US. Loss of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) is used as outcome variable.ResultsWhen left untreated DDH creates a loss of 3.4 DALYs per person. Clinical examination and targeted US averts most DALYs per dollar spent. Generalised US averts more DALYs overall but requires a greater financial investment per DALY averted.ConclusionsUniversal US screening reaches more children and can be considered the more equitable approach but requires 10 times the financial investment clinical examination and targeted US requires. The decision which option is most appropriate for Karachi, Pakistan depends on resource availability, geography, infrastructure, treatment capacity, health system values and societal factors in Pakistan.
Barriers and leverage points for seeing alcohol differently in integrated care systems in England: a senior stakeholder interview study
Authors: Madden Mary , Stewart Duncan , McCambridge Jim 
Published: August 2024

IntroductionIntegrated care systems (ICSs) are the latest major innovation aiming to develop localised, integrated health and social care services to improve population health in England. Nationally, alcohol has received limited attention in National Health Service (NHS) strategic decision-making relative to its burden of harm, which varies considerably in localities. We examined decision-making and progress on alcohol in two contrasting ICSs, identifying systemic barriers to dealing with alcohol harm and potential leverage points, particularly in primary care.MethodsQualitative case study in two ICSs differing in strategic prioritisation of alcohol in Northern England. In-depth semistructured interviews with 14 senior stakeholders followed by constructionist thematic analysis.ResultsICS formation occurred when services had been under sustained pressures with lines of communication and accountability emergent and unclear. Stakeholders identified fundamental disconnects between prevention and treatment. ICS strategic prioritisation of alcohol engendered new perspectives and novel actions. Even where not prioritised, there was a demand for placing alcohol work within a population frame. Attention to alcohol was somewhat precarious in primary care and overlooked in NHS health inequalities discourse. Reframing alcohol clinically as a drug was seen as having unrealised potential to prevent or delay disease onset and complications and improve NHS effectiveness. While congruent with the vision of how the new system should be working, there were doubts about capacity in current circumstances.ConclusionsThere is much to do to create a joined-up, system-wide approach to alcohol, and thus a strong case for a national NHS alcohol strategy to guide ICS decision-making, addressing links between NHS work and public health.
Prophylactic IL-23 blockade uncouples efficacy and toxicity in dual CTLA-4 and PD-1 immunotherapy
Authors: Ju Mingyi , Zhang Jiaojiao , Deng Zhuoyuan , Wei Minjie , Ma Lianghua , Chen Ting , Zhao Lin 
Published: August 2024

BackgroundImmune-related adverse events (irAEs), characterized by targeted inflammation, occur in up to 60% of patients with melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Evidence proved that the baseline peripheral blood profiles of patients at risk for severe irAEs development paralleled clinical autoimmunity. Interleukin (IL)-23 blockade with risankizumab is recommended for cases that are suffering from autoimmune disease, such as autoimmune colitis. However, currently, the role of IL-23 in irAEs onset and severity remains poorly understood.MethodsThe pro-inflammatory cytokines most associated with severe irAEs onset were identified by retrospective analysis based on GSE186143 data set. To investigate the efficacy of prophylactic IL-23 blockade administration to prevent irAEs, refer to a previous study, we constructed two irAEs murine models, including dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced colitis murine model and a combined-ICIs-induced irAEs murine model. To further explore the applicability of our findings, murine models with graft-versus-host disease were established, in which Rag2−/−Il2rg−/−mice were transferred with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and received combined cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) treatment. Human melanoma cells were xenografted into these mice concomitantly.ResultsHere we show that IL-23 was upregulated in the serum of patients suffering from irAEs after dual anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 treatment, and increased as a function of irAEs severity. Additionally, Augmented CD4+Tems may preferentially underlie irAEs onset. Treating mice with anti-mouse IL-23 antibody concomitantly with combined CTLA-4 and PD-1 immunotherapy ameliorates colitis and, in addition, preserves antitumor efficacy. Moreover, in xenografted murine models with irAEs, prophylactic blockade of human IL-23 using clinically available IL-23 inhibitor (risankizumab) ameliorated colitis, hepatitis and lung inflammation, and moreover, immunotherapeutic control of tumors was retained. Finally, we also provided a novel machine learning-based computational framework based on two blood-based features—IL-23 and CD4+Tems—that may have predictive potential for severe irAEs and ICIs response.ConclusionsOur study not only provides clinically feasible strategies to dissociate efficacy and toxicity in the use of combined ICIs for cancer immunotherapy, but also develops a blood-based biomarker that makes it possible to achieve a straightforward and non-invasive, detection assay for early prediction of irAEs onset.