bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary Intracranial Thalamic Leiomyosarcoma: Clinical Report of a Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Jing Jiang  , Shunjiang Yu  , Li Chen  , Feng Gao  , Xiaoguang Qiu  
Published: November 2014

Purpose:The incidence of the primary intracranial leiomyosarcoma is extremely rare, and few cases have been previously reported worldwide to date. This report was to clarify the potential role of radiotherapy in the management of primary intracranial leiomyosarcoma.
Methods and Materials:This report presented a 49-year old man with a 3-month history of a progressively headache and walking unsteadily. The diagnosis was confirmed with thalamic leiomyosarcomaof high-grade malignancyaccording to the pathologic examination after neurosurgical biopsy. The patient didnt undergo surgical resection because of a high risk death. After biopsy, radiotherapy using 3D-CRT technique to the mass site with 55.8Gy/31f/43d was given accordingly.

Results: The mass didnt reduce much at the end of radiotherapy. The patient refused systemic chemotherapy, he was alive without signs of local relapse and brain side-effectswith 6 month follow-up. After living eleven months and three weeks after radiotherapy, he died of local progression.

Conclusions: Through literature review, the current therapeutic approaches including surgery, radiotherapy as well as chemotherapy appear to have limited effect, but could be beneficious of patients in tumor local control and improvement of the life quality.
Soil CO2 emissions as a proxy for heat and mass flow assessment, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
Authors: Bloomberg S. , Werner C. , Rissmann C. , Mazot A. , Horton T. , Gravley D. , Kennedy B. , Oze C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe quantification of heat and mass flow between deep reservoirs and the surface is important for understanding magmatic and hydrothermal systems. Here, we use high‐resolution measurement of carbon dioxide flux (φCO2) and heat flow at the surface to characterize the mass (CO2 and steam) and heat released to the atmosphere from two magma‐hydrothermal systems. Our soil gas and heat flow surveys at Rotokawa and White Island in the Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, include over 3000 direct measurements of φCO2 and soil temperature and 60 carbon isotopic values on soil gases. Carbon dioxide flux was separated into background and magmatic/hydrothermal populations based on the measured values and isotopic characterization. Total CO2 emission rates (ΣCO2) of 441 ± 84 t d−1 and 124 ± 18 t d−1 were calculated for Rotokawa (2.9 km2) and for the crater floor at White Island (0.3 km2), respectively. The total CO2 emissions differ from previously published values by +386 t d−1 at Rotokawa and +25 t d−1 at White Island, demonstrating that earlier research underestimated emissions by 700% (Rotokawa) and 25% (White Island). These differences suggest that soil CO2 emissions facilitate more robust estimates of the thermal energy and mass flux in geothermal systems than traditional approaches. Combining the magmatic/hydrothermal‐sourced CO2 emission (constrained using stable isotopes) with reservoir H2O:CO2 mass ratios and the enthalpy of evaporation, the surface expression of thermal energy release for the Rotokawa hydrothermal system (226 MWt) is 10 times greater than the White Island crater floor (22.5 MWt).
Microstructures, composition, and seismic properties of the Ontong Java Plateau mantle root
Authors: Tommasi Andréa , Ishikawa Akira 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTo study how an impacting plume modifies the mantle lithosphere, we analyzed the microstructures and crystal preferred orientations (CPO) of 29 peridotites and 37 pyroxenites that sample the mantle root of the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) from 60 to 120 km depth. The peridotites show a strong compositional variability, but homogeneous coarse granular to tabular microstructures, except for those equilibrated at the shallowest and deepest depths, which are porphyroclastic. All peridotites have clear olivine CPO, with dominant fiber‐[010] patterns. Low intragranular misorientations and straight grain boundaries in olivine suggest that, above 100 km depth, annealing often followed deformation. Calculated density and P wave velocities of the peridotites decrease weakly with depth. S wave velocities decrease faster, resulting in increasing Vp/Vs ratio with depth. Calculated densities and seismic velocity profiles are consistent with those estimated for normal mantle compositions under a cold oceanic geotherm. Enrichment in pyroxenites may further increase seismic velocities. The calculated seismic properties cannot therefore explain the low S waves velocities predicted by Rayleigh wave tomography and ScS data in the mantle beneath the OJP. Calculated P and S waves anisotropy is variable (2–12%). It is higher on average in the deeper section of the lithosphere. Because olivine has dominantly [010]‐fiber CPO patterns, if foliations are horizontal, vertically propagating S waves and Rayleigh waves will sample very weak anisotropy in the OJP mantle lithosphere. Moreover, if the orientation of the lineation changes with depth, the anisotropy‐induced contrast in seismic properties might produce an intralithospheric reflector marking the stratification of the OJP mantle root.
Ionospheric response to 2009 sudden stratospheric warming in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Oyama K.‐I. , Jhou J. T. , Lin J. T. , Lin C. , Liu H. , Yumoto K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe study the behavior of the F region ionosphere in the Northern Hemisphere during the sudden stratospheric warming period of 19–30 January 2009 by using FORMOSAT‐3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) ionosphere data (NmF2, hmF2, and height profile). We concentrated our study in the longitude bands 30°E–30°W, as well as 150°E–150°W, where no detailed study has been reported so far. At low magnetic latitude, the NmF2 decreases except during 09–12 LT: in the latitude zone of 20–40° NmF2 shows an increase of 30% during 09–12 LT. At higher magnetic latitude the NmF2 shows an increase during daytime and a reduction in the evening (21–03 LT). There is a latitude zone where NmF2 does not change. The latitude seems to correspond to the latitude where atmospheric temperature does not change. The behavior of the NmF2 seems to suggest a reduction of neutral density in low latitude and increase of neutral density in higher latitude. During the period of day of year (DOY) 25–31, the NmF2 shows a drastic reduction only during 06–09 LT in low latitudes, which is slightly away from geomagnetic equator. This special feature which occurred during declining phase of the sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) might be explained as due to enhanced dynamo electric field. The study suggests global change of the thermosphere including dynamo region, in spite of the fact that SSW is a high‐latitude phenomenon which occurred much below the height region of thermosphere.
Multispacecraft Cluster observations of quasiperiodic emissions close to the geomagnetic equator
Authors: Němec F. , Pickett J. S. , Santolík O. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe present a detailed analysis of three electromagnetic wave events observed by the Cluster Wide‐Band Data instruments at frequencies of a few kilohertz, which exhibit a periodic time modulation of the wave intensity (quasiperiodic emissions). The events were measured when crossing the geomagnetic equator at radial distances of about 3–4 RE during the close separation campaign in July–October 2013. Coincident compressional magnetic field pulsations with the magnitude on the order of a few tenths of nanotesla were detected in two events. Their period corresponded to the modulation period of the quasiperiodic emissions in one event, while it was about double in the other. A possible explanation for this discrepancy between the two periods is given. Although Cluster 1, Cluster 3, and Cluster 4 were close to each other, Cluster 2 was located by more than 0.5 RE closer to the Earth. The same quasiperiodic modulation was observed by all Cluster spacecraft, but the emissions detected by Cluster 2 had a noticeable time delay. This can be explained by the wave propagation from the generation region located at larger radial distances, close to the plasmapause. The large range of L shells where the emissions are detected thus appears to be due to the unducted propagation from a spatially limited source. The frequency‐time structure of individual elements forming the events is evaluated, and it is shown that the time dependence of the intensity modulation can be approximated by a simple model.
The dispersion relations of dispersive Alfvén waves in superthermal plasmas
Authors: Gaelzer Rudi , Ziebell Luiz F. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe effects of velocity distribution functions (VDFs) that exhibit a power law dependence on the high‐energy tail have been the subject of intense research by the space plasma community. Such functions, known assuperthermalorkappadistributions, have been found to provide a better fitting to the VDF measured by several spacecraft in the plasma environment of the solar wind. In the literature, the general treatment for waves excited by (bi‐)Maxwellian plasmas is well established. However, for kappa distributions, either isotropic or anisotropic, the wave characteristics have been studied mostly for the limiting cases of purely parallel or perpendicular propagation. Contributions for the general case of obliquely propagating waves have been scarcely reported so far. In this work we introduce a mathematical formalism that provides expressions for the dielectric tensor components and subsequent dispersion relations for oblique propagating dispersive Alfvén waves (DAWs) resulting from a kappa VDF. We employ an isotropic distribution, but the methods used here can be easily applied to more general anisotropic distributions, such as the bi‐kappa or product‐bi‐kappa. The effect of the kappa index and thermal corrections on the dispersion relations of DAW is discussed.
Widespread gas hydrate instability on the upper U.S. Beaufort margin
Authors: Phrampus Benjamin J. , Hornbach Matthew J. , Ruppel Carolyn D. , Hart Patrick E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe most climate‐sensitive methane hydrate deposits occur on upper continental slopes at depths close to the minimum pressure and maximum temperature for gas hydrate stability. At these water depths, small perturbations in intermediate ocean water temperatures can lead to gas hydrate dissociation. The Arctic Ocean has experienced more dramatic warming than lower latitudes, but observational data have not been used to study the interplay between upper slope gas hydrates and warming ocean waters. Here we use (a) legacy seismic data that constrain upper slope gas hydrate distributions on the U.S. Beaufort Sea margin, (b) Alaskan North Slope borehole data and offshore thermal gradients determined from gas hydrate stability zone thickness to infer regional heat flow, and (c) 1088 direct measurements to characterize multidecadal intermediate ocean warming in the U.S. Beaufort Sea. Combining these data with a three‐dimensional thermal model shows that the observed gas hydrate stability zone is too deep by 100 to 250 m. The disparity can be partially attributed to several processes, but the most important is the reequilibration (thinning) of gas hydrates in response to significant (~0.5°C at 2σ certainty) warming of intermediate ocean temperatures over 39 years in a depth range that brackets the upper slope extent of the gas hydrate stability zone. Even in the absence of additional ocean warming, 0.44 to 2.2 Gt of methane could be released from reequilibrating gas hydrates into the sediments underlying an area of ~5–7.5 × 103 km2 on the U.S. Beaufort Sea upper slope during the next century.
Teleseismic traveltimes residuals across the Dead Sea basin
Authors: Hofstetter A. , Dorbath C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractNew findings of the structure of the Dead Sea sedimentary basin and its eastern and western bordering regions are obtained by P and PKP wave relative traveltime residuals of 644 teleseisms, as recorded by the Dead Sea Integrated Research portable seismic network in the Dead Sea basin and its neighboring regions. The Lisan Peninsula is characterized by relatively small teleseismic traveltime residuals of about 0.14 s, in the latitude range of 31.22°–31.37° and at the longitude of 35.50°, slowly decreasing toward the west. The largest teleseismic traveltime residuals are in the southern Dead Sea basin, south of the Lisan Peninsula in the latitude range of 31.05°–31.15° and along longitude 35.45° and continuing southward toward the Amaziahu Fault, reaching values of 0.4–0.5 s. There is a small positive residual at the Amaziahu Fault and a small negative residual south of it probably marking the southern end of the Dead Sea basin. East and west of the Dead Sea basin the mean teleseismic traveltime residuals are negative with overall averages of −0.35 s and −0.45 s, respectively. Using the teleseismic residuals, we estimate the horizontal dimensions of the Lisan salt diapir to be 23 km × 13 km at its widest and a maximal thickness of about 7.2 km. The thickness of the Mount Sodom salt diapir is estimated as 6.2 km.
Relationship between coral distributions and physical variables in Amitori Bay, Iriomote Island, Japan
Authors: Shimokawa Shinya , Murakami Tomokazu , Ukai Akiyuki , Kohno Hiroyoshi , Mizutani Akira , Nakase Kouta 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe relationship between coral distributions and physical variables was investigated in Amitori Bay, Iriomote Island, Japan. Field observations were conducted to obtain data on coral distributions, sea temperature, sea salinity, wind speed, and river flow rate. The observed data were then used in ocean and wave model numerical simulations and soil particle tracking analysis to obtain the spatial and temporal distributions of wave height and the numbers of soil particles. The main results of this study indicate that wave height and the number of soil particles have a significant correlation with coral distribution. Higher wave heights result in greater coverage of tabular coral and lower coverage of branching coral. A greater number of soil particles relates to lesser coverage of tabular coral. On the contrary, the number of soil particles is not correlated with branching coral coverage. The potential habitats for tabular corals largely depend on the species. Acropora hyacinthus is distributed in conditions with low numbers of soil particles, A. digitifera is distributed in conditions with low numbers of soil particles and high wave heights, and A. millepora is distributed in conditions with high numbers of soil particles and low wave heights. Averages of diversity index of the coral types at the mouth and inner parts of the bay are lower than average of the whole region, but average of diversity index at the intermediate part of the bay with the intermediate physical disturbances is higher than it, which seems to support the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.
Strong control of surface roughness variations on the simulated dry season regional atmospheric response to contemporary deforestation in Rondônia, Brazil
Authors: Khanna Jaya , Medvigy David 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe atmospheric effects of Amazon deforestation have frequently been studied in the context of small scales (≈1 km) and very large scales (hundreds of kilometers). However, analysis of intermediate‐scale deforestation (tens of kilometers) has received less attention, despite the fact that it better represents the contemporary landscape in some parts of the Amazon. In this study, the dynamic and thermodynamic effects of contemporary intermediate‐scale deforestation in Rondônia, Brazil are investigated through variable resolution Global Circulation Model (GCM) simulations carried out with the Ocean‐Land‐Atmosphere Model. In particular, the atmospheric response to surface roughness changes brought about by deforestation is emphasized. This study shows that reductions in surface roughness associated with intermediate‐scale deforestation give rise to a mesoscale circulation. This circulation is capable of convective triggering, but it also weakens the turbulent exchange of energy between land and atmosphere. Furthermore, this mesoscale circulation has distinct impacts on the hydroclimates of the western and eastern halves of Rondônia, increasing shallow cloudiness in the former while suppressing it in the latter. These results show that the atmospheric response to contemporary intermediate‐scale deforestation in Rondônia is likely to be more influenced by differences in surface roughness between forest and forest clearings than by the differences in the surface energy partitioning.
An Expeditious and Metal‐Free Synthetic Route towards Quinolones, Naphthyridones and Benzonaphthyridones
Authors: Victor Napoleon John , Muraleedharan Kannoth Manheri 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAn efficient, two‐step synthetic strategy has been developed to access the quinolone, naphthyridone and benzonaphthyridone classes of chemotherapeutic agents from Baylis–Hillman adducts. The method involves tandem aza‐Michael addition, SNAr cyclisation followed by oxidation of the resulting 4‐hydroxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline or 4‐hydroxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1,8‐naphthyridine derivative using IBX, and works well with substrates having a wide variety of substitution pattern.magnified image
Transition Metal‐Free Direct Trifluoromethylation of 2,3‐Dihydropyridin‐4(1H)‐ones at Room Temperature
Authors: Yu Yi‐Yun , Ranade Adwait R. , Georg Gunda I. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA transition metal‐free, regioselective C‐5 trifluoromethylation of 2,3‐dihydropyridin‐4(1H)‐ones (cyclic enaminones) with trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane (TMSCF3) was developed that proceeds under mild conditions at room temperature. This direct transformation was successful with both electron‐rich and electron‐deficient cyclic enaminones. This method bypasses substrate prefunctionalization and transition metal catalysis, and allows the convenient and direct access to a variety of medicinally important 3‐trifluoromethylpiperidine derivatives. This chemistry also represents a rare example of a direct trifluoromethylation of an internal olefinic CH bond. A radical mechanism is proposed for this reaction.magnified image
Molecular Basis for the Enantio‐ and Diastereoselectivity of Burkholderia cepacia Lipase toward γ‐Butyrolactone Primary Alcohols
Authors: Eum Heesung , Kazlauskas Romas J. , Ha Hyun‐Joon 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBurkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) shows high enantioselectivity toward chiral primary alcohols, but this enantioselectivity is often unpredictable, especially for substrates that contain an oxygen at the stereocenter. For example, BCL resolves β‐substituted‐γ‐acetyloxymethyl‐γ‐butyrolactones (acetates of a chiral primary alcohol) by hydrolysis of the acetate, but the enantioselectivity varies with the nature and orientation of the β‐alkyl substituent. BCL favors the (R)‐primary alcohol when the β‐alkyl substituent is hydrogen (E=30) or trans methyl (E=38), but the (S)‐primary alcohol when it is cis methyl (E=145). To rationalize this unusual selectivity, we used a combination of experiments to show the importance of polar interactions and modeling to reveal differences in orientations of the enantiomers. Removal of either the lactone carbonyl in the substrate or the polar side chains in the enzyme by using a related enzyme without these side chains decreased the enantioselectivity at least four‐fold. Modeling revealed that the slow enantiomers do not bind by exchanging the location of two substituents relative to the fast enantiomer. Instead, three substituents remain in the same region, but the fourth substituent, hydrogen, inverts to a new location, like an umbrella in a strong wind. In this orientation the favored stereoisomers have similar shapes, thus accounting for the unusual stereoselectivity. The ratio of catalytically productive orientations for the fast vs. slow enantiomers in a molecular dynamic simulation correlated (R2=0.82) with the degree of enantioselectivity including the case where the enantioselectivity reversed. Weighting this ratio by the ratio of H‐bonds in the polar interaction to account for different binding strengths improved the correlation with the measured enantioselectivity to R2=0.97. The modeling identifies key interactions responsible for high enantioselectivity in this class of substrates.magnified image
A Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative–Deacetylative Sequence to 1,3‐Keto Amides
Authors: Nielsen Dennis U. , Korsager Signe , Lindhardt Anders T. , Skrydstrup Troels 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAn efficient three‐component reaction involving carbon monoxide with a range of aryl bromides and N‐substituted acetoacetamides is reported for the synthesis of β‐keto amides. This transformation is promoted by Pd‐catalysis followed by an acid‐mediated deacetylation upon work‐up, enabling a large number of β‐keto amides to be isolated. Finally, d2‐13C‐dyclonine could be synthesized in three steps utilizing the developed catalytic system as the key step.magnified image
Organocatalytic Morita–Baylis–Hillman/Michael/Acetalization Cascade: Procedure‐Controlled Diastereodivergence in the Asymmetric Synthesis of Fully Substituted Tetrahydropyrans
Authors: Han Bo , Xie Xin , Huang Wei , Li Xiang , Yang Lei , Peng Cheng 
Published: November 2014

AbstractModulating the diastereoselectivity of stereochemically complex molecules in asymmetric synthesis remains a challenge, especially when the reaction cycle produces no net change in the catalysts, ligands, substrates or additives. Here we accomplish a controlled diastereodivergence in the asymmetric synthesis of fully functionalized tetrahydropyrans by adjusting the sequence of an organocatalytic cascade reaction. We also show that this one‐pot operation provides two synthetically important architectures with excellent stereocontrol. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published kinetic resolution of MBH alcohols in an organocascade.magnified image
Diamant‐Nanodrähte: Herstellung, Struktur, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen
Authors: Yu Yuan , Wu Liangzhuan , Zhi Jinfang 
Published: November 2014

AbstractNanodrähte aus sp3‐C‐C‐gebundenem Diamant sind Halbleiter mit einer breiten Bandlücke und einer Kombination ausgezeichneter Eigenschaften wie einer negativen Elektronenaffinität, chemischer Inertheit, einem hohen Elastizitätsmodul, höchster Härte und höchster thermischer Leitfähigkeit bei Raumtemperatur. Über die Herstellung von 1D‐Diamant‐Nanodrähten können die zentralen Eigenschaften von Diamant durch Erhöhen des Verhältnisses von Oberfläche zu Volumen gesteuert und verbessert werden. Der theoretische Vergleich mit Kohlenstoff‐Nanoröhrchen zeigt, dass Diamant‐Nanodrähte energetisch und mechanisch existenzfähige Strukturen sind – die reproduzierbare Synthese kristalliner Diamant‐Nanodrähte bleibt aber schwierig. Wir geben eine aktuelle und umfassende Übersicht über Diamant‐Nanodrähte, in der wir ihre Synthese, Strukturen, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen diskutieren.