bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4.3.1 Towards a Common Language for Systems Praxis
Authors: Martin James , Chroust Gerhard , Lawson Harold “Bud” , Sillitto Hillary , Singer Michael , Bendz Johan , Hybertson Duane , Martin Richard , Singer Janet , Takaku Tatsumasa 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSystems praxis refers to the entire intellectual and practical endeavor of creating holistic solutions to complex system challenges. Systems approaches are designed to be integrative across traditional discipline and domain boundaries. However, multiple dimensions of complexity (social, technical, environmental, etc.) may require a blend of approaches and techniques from disparate systems traditions. Terminology for the various systems domains, scales, and types may appear similar; but assumptions underpinning worldview, culture, and success criteria are not necessarily shared.This paper documents progress towards an integrative framework that brings together concepts, principles, paradigms, and methods from the various communities involved in systems praxis. The notion of using a diagram to allow systems practitioners from different backgrounds to work together more effectively first arose at an April 2012 “Towards a Common Language for Systems Praxis” workshop, conducted as part of an IFSR Conversation. Follow‐up work led to the Systems Praxis Framework diagram that provided a neutral “map” each community can use to explain its own narrative, worldview, and belief system, as well as to appreciate how the various worldviews and belief systems complement and reinforce each other within systems praxis. The Systems Praxis Framework was adopted as a top‐level component of Part 2: Systems in the BKCASE Guide to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge. It has also been made available as a 2‐page brochure.
9.4.1 Risk Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Authors: Bahill A. Terry , Chaves Andrea 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper presents a common industry approach to risk analysis, points out problems and pitfalls with it, and suggests ways to ameliorate them. Then it summarizes the main risks associated with incorporating solar photovoltaic (PV) systems into an existing commercial electric power grid. Finally, the paper explains the reason for frequency and severity normalization, presents the results of a sensitivity analysis and shows some possible unintended consequences of incorporating solar PV systems.
Value‐Driven Design – A methodology to Link Expectations to Technical Requirements in the Extended Enterprise
Authors: Isaksson Ola , Kossmann Mario , Bertoni Marco , Eres Hakki , Monceaux Anne , Bertoni Alessandro , Wiseall Steve , Zhang Xinwei 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCurrent systems engineering (SE) standards do not address ‘Value’ in much detail. Yet, understanding what drives the generation of stakeholder value in a given business context, is fundamental to promoting a common and clear vision throughout the extended enterprise, of what should be the focus of their early, conceptual work at all levels of development. This paper presents a Value‐Driven Design (VDD) methodology designed to strengthen the value and requirements maturation process within an extended enterprise setting. The work presented is the result of a three and a half year European program (CRESCENDO) within the aerospace sector. The VDD methodology is introduced and explained in an industrial aircraft development context and a selection of enabling methods and tools associated to the VDD methodology is presented.
10.3.2 Keep Systems Engineering Simple to Get the Job Done
Authors: Ulonska Sören , Haskins Cecilia , Tonning Oluf , Yuguero‐Garmendia Itxaso , Ulonska Sören , Haskins Cecilia 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper is a continuation of the reporting on the result of the application of systems engineering and (lean) product development techniques in a student team. The project setting is Trondheim, where the multidisciplinary student team (their two systems engineers are co‐authors) designed and produced a car to compete in Shell Eco Marathon. The paper introduces approaches and discusses the effects of the student team applying SE in a simple way, using visual planning, modeling, and knowledge briefs of lean product development. The paper includes examples of work‐break down structure, A3‐documentation, computer‐based models, and visual planning, as well as experiences with effective knowledge capture and exchange based on knowledge briefs and the systems architecture. The conclusion is that keeping SE simple and visual helps to motivate team members and makes product development and knowledge exchange between team generations more efficient.
11.4.3 Proposed Attribute Method: A Flexible Method of Change Control for DOORS®
Authors: Huller Jerry 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA flexible, understandable, inexpensive, and native method of change control is needed for the DOORS® requirements management tool. The Proposed Attribute Method (PAM) has been developed as a cost‐effective approach for change control. For those attributes to be change controlled, proposed attributes are created. Proposed change views are created that contain the actual and proposed attributes. DOORS eXtension Language (DXL) scripts are executed to lock down attribute and type definitions, as well as the values of the attributes to be controlled. Responsible Engineers fill in the proposed attribute values and obtain approval for the proposed changes. A DXL script is run to move the proposed values to the actual values. Implementation of the proposed changes usually takes a few minutes or less. The PAM method provides instant visibility into all proposed changes in work. Minimal knowledge of DXL scripting is needed to tailor the scripts for new projects (assuming only a certain format for identifying the change control authority). Pros and cons of PAM are discussed. While this paper focuses on a DOORS implementation, the PAM process should be applicable to other requirements management tools as well.
9.4.2 System Implications of Intermittent Generators
Authors: Pavlak Alex 
Published: November 2014

AbstractClean energy systems must deliver reliable electric power on demand. Intermittent generators (wind, solar, tides, waves) cannot stand alone. The rest of the system must provide power when the intermittent resource is unavailable. Therefore a system perspective is essential for assessing overall cost and performance. Classical systems architecture explains the relationship between intermittent generators and the rest of the system. Traditional concept development approach starts with simple concept models that point to hard constraints that remain valid in more complex systems. Additional variables are added to the model in stages to build more complex systems. This system perspective points to key features of electric power systems with intermittent generators and identifies new knowledge needs.
5.4.1 Developing System Models to Help Railways Embrace Innovative Technologies with Confidence
Authors: Bouch Christopher , Roberts Clive 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRailways are under pressure to become more efficient and cut their costs; innovation has a part to play in achieving these goals. The railway is, however, a complex and closely‐coupled system, making it difficult in the early stages of development, to be clear what the system‐wide impact of innovation will be. The research covered in this paper stems from the idea that computer‐based models of existing systems can help overcome this problem, by providing a framework against which the impact of innovation can be identified. The paper describes a repeatable and objective modelling methodology developed for Great Britain's (GB) railways, which elicits objective system data from Railway Group Standards and integrates it using CORE®, a powerful system modelling tool, to create system models. The ability of such models to help identify impacts is verified, using as an example the introduction of RailBAM (a new technology that acoustically monitors the health of rolling stock wheel bearings) into the existing hot axle box detection system. Finally, the paper takes an initial look at the structure of railway standards outside GB, to establish whether the methodology can be applied in other countries.
An Evaluation of Security Standards Implementation in Quantum Key Distribution Systems
Authors: Harper Carole , Grimaila Michael R. , Baumgartner Gerald 
Published: November 2014

AbstractQuantum Key Distribution (QKD) systems combine cryptographic primitives with quantum information theory to produce a theoretic unconditionally secure cryptographic key. However, real‐world implementations of QKD systems are far from ideal and significantly differ from the theoretic models. Because of this real‐world QKD systems require additional practical considerations when implemented to achieve secure operations. In this paper, a content analysis of the published literature is conducted to determine if established security and cryptographic standards are addressed in real world, practical QKD implementations. The research reveals that a majority of real world QKD implementations examined do not take advantage of established security and cryptographic standards. Based upon an analysis of existing industry security and cryptographic standards and best practices, systems architecture guidelines are used to make recommendations for how these standards can and should be applied to establish a practical, secure, QKD system framework.
Essential Model‐Based Systems Engineering — Applied and Practical
Authors: Smith Warren 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCombine the key concepts of MBSE with the essentials of their practical application. This tutorial is designed help you leverage model‐based techniques to better meet the engineering challenges of analyzing stakeholder needs and defining system solutions. The tutorial uses a practical top‐down system analysis and design example and exercise to explore the application of layered model‐based systems engineering (MBSE) to system definition challenges. It examines the range of views available to the systems engineer for understanding and communicating design choices and provides a practical introduction to constructing the model and generating each representation. As the analysis and design advances, the engineer will use a wide variety of views drawn from traditional and SysML representations to portray aspects of the model and gain understanding of stakeholder concerns and the design choices to be made. This tutorial works for both new and experienced systems engineers, capability analysts and others working on an integrated project team, and program/project/capability managers. While a basic understanding of the systems engineering process is assumed, the MBSE framework and approach provide the foundation for those not experienced in systems engineering. The detailed discussion of MBSE methodology and model representations including SysML and traditional SE products delivers value for all but the most experienced model‐based systems analysts and engineers. This is an MBSE methods, models, and representations tutorial, not a tool tutorial. The focus is on the practical application of essential MBSE for project success. The concepts taught and methods shared are applicable regardless of the systems engineering tools the attendee may choose.
A Solutions based approach to MBSE architectures with UPDM
Authors: Hause Matthew 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUPDM is the Unified Profile for DoDAF and MODAF. The UPDM specification was developed by a diverse group of tool vendors, end users, academia, and government representatives. UPDM enjoys the full support of the DOD and MOD and is a DoD mandated standard. The UML/SysML foundation improves the integration between architectural framework modeling and system modeling to support post acquisition life‐cycle design and implementation. This tutorial provides an overview of SysML, a brief introduction to how UPDM will provide a standard means of expressing DoDAF and MODAF using SysML and UML, an overview of the UPDM views and viewpoints and language concepts, and selected sample problems to demonstrate how the language can be used. Following this, the course will proceed to demonstrate how the MBSE foundation of UPDM can provide the answers to problems found in projects: How to avoid the problems of stovepipe development? How to ensure that systems deployment is in line with capability deployment requirements? How to effectively use MBSE to provide trade‐off analysis? How to transition from a system of systems to systems development? How to ensure system interfaces are compatible? How to communicate with non‐experts? How to reuse architectures? How to integrate requirements management into modeling? Rather than proceed in a mechanistic fashion through the different UPDM views, the course instead concentrates on the benefits of the framework using a solutions‐based approach.
Effects of Denosumab, Alendronate, or Denosumab Following Alendronate on Bone Turnover, Calcium Homeostasis, Bone Mass and Bone Strength in Ovariectomized Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Kostenuik Paul J , Smith Susan Y , Samadfam Rana , Jolette Jacquelin , Zhou Lei , Ominsky Michael S 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a chronic disease wherein increased bone remodeling reduces bone mass and bone strength. Antiresorptive agents including bisphosphonates are commonly used to mitigate bone loss and fracture risk. Osteoclast inhibition via denosumab (DMAb), a RANKL inhibitor, is a newer approach for reducing fracture risk in patients at increased risk for fracture. The safety of transitioning from bisphosphonate therapy (alendronate; ALN) to DMAb was examined in mature ovariectomized (OVX) cynomolgus monkeys (cynos). One day after OVX, cynos (7–10/group) were treated with vehicle (VEH, s.c.), ALN (50 μg/kg, i.v., twice monthly) or DMAb (25 mg/kg/month, s.c.) for 12 months. Other animals received VEH or ALN for 6 months and then transitioned to 6 months of DMAb. DMAb caused significantly greater reductions in serum CTx than ALN, and transition from ALN to DMAb caused further reductions relative to continued ALN. DMAb and ALN decreased serum calcium (Ca), and transition from ALN to DMAb resulted in a lesser decline in Ca relative to DMAb or to VEH-DMAb transition. Bone histomorphometry indicated significantly reduced trabecular and cortical remodeling with DMAb or ALN. Compared with ALN, DMAb caused greater reductions in osteoclast surface, eroded surface, cortical porosity and fluorochrome labeling, and transition from ALN to DMAb reduced these parameters relative to continued ALN. Bone mineral density increased in all active treatment groups relative to VEH controls. Destructive biomechanical testing revealed significantly greater vertebral strength in all three groups receiving DMAb, including those receiving DMAb after ALN, relative to VEH controls. Bone mass and strength remained highly correlated in all groups at all tested skeletal sites, consistent with normal bone quality. These data indicate that cynos transitioned from ALN to DMAb exhibited reduced bone resorption and cortical porosity, and increased BMD and bone strength, without deleterious effects on Ca homeostasis or bone quality. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Spread of Muscle Spasms in Hemifacial Spasm
Authors: Conte Antonella , Falla Marika , Diana Maria Concetta , Bologna Matteo , Suppa Antonio , Fabbrini Andrea , Colosimo Carlo , Berardelli Alfredo , Fabbrini Giovanni 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHemifacial spasm (HFS) is a clinical condition characterized by involuntary contractions in facial muscles. The aim of the study was to investigate, systematically in 178 patients with HFS, the frequency of spread from the site of origin to other facial muscles. Patients enrolled underwent a complete neurological examination and a face‐to‐face interview. Spread of the spasm to other facial muscles was considered to be present in those patients whose spasms onset in a single site and involved both upper and lower facial muscles at the time of examination. We also collected information about gender, age, age at HFS onset, symptom duration, muscles involved by the spasm at the time of onset, and spread of spasm to other facial muscles. Spread of spasms to the other facial muscles of the same side of the face was present in 93.4% of patients with HFS, and latency of spread was related to disease duration and age at onset. In patients with HFS, spread of muscle spasms represents the natural history of HFS.
Quantitative analysis on collagen of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans skin by second harmonic generation microscopy
Authors: Wu Shulian , Huang Yudian , Li Hui , Wang Yunxia , Zhang Xiaoman 
Published: November 2014

SummaryDermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a skin cancer usually mistaken as other benign tumors. Abnormal DFSP resection results in tumor recurrence. Quantitative characterization of collagen alteration on the skin tumor is essential for developing a diagnostic technique. In this study, second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy was performed to obtain images of the human DFSP skin and normal skin. Subsequently, structure and texture analysis methods were applied to determine the differences in skin texture characteristics between the two skin types, and the link between collagen alteration and tumor was established. Results suggest that combining SHG microscopy and texture analysis methods is a feasible and effective method to describe the characteristics of skin tumor like DFSP. SCANNING 37:1–5, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigation of temperature induced mechanical changes in supported bilayers by variants of tapping mode atomic force microscopy
Authors: Shamitko‐Klingensmith Nicole , Legleiter Justin 
Published: November 2014

SummaryTapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an invaluable technique for examining topographical features of biological materials in solution, and there has been a growing interest in developing techniques to provide further compositional contrast and information concerning surface mechanical properties. Phase shifts, cantilever response at higher harmonic frequencies of the drive, and time‐resolved tip/sample force reconstruction have all been shown to provide additional compositional contrast of surfaces, as compared to basic tapping mode AFM imaging. This study aimed to demonstrate the relative ability of these different imaging techniques to detect temperature induced changes in the elastic modulus of supported total brain lipid extract (TBLE) bilayer patches on mica. To aid in direct comparison between the different imaging techniques, all required data was obtained simultaneously while capturing traditional tapping mode AFM topography images. While all of the techniques were able to provide compositional contrast consistent with known temperature‐induced changes in the bilayer patch, interpretation of the resulting contrast was not always straightforward. Phase imaging suffered from contrast inversion. Individual harmonics responded in a variety of ways to the temperature‐induced changes in elastic modulus of the bilayer. The maximum tapping force (or peak force) associated with imaging the bilayer correctly reflected the changes in elastic modulus of the lipid bilayer. Importantly, as the required data can be obtained simultaneously, combining these different imaging techniques can lead to a more complete understanding of a sample's mechanical features. SCANNING 37:23–35, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of gate width of corral traps in potential wild pig trapping success
Authors: Metcalf Eric M. , Parker Israel D. , Lopez Roel R. , Higginbotham Billy , Davis Donald S. , Gersbach Julius R. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTWild pig (Sus scrofa) populations do considerable environmental damage throughout much of the United States and have prompted varied capture and control efforts. Corral traps are a popular wild pig trapping tool. However, the impact of gate width on the effectiveness of corral traps has not been tested. This information could increase efficacy of capture and is important for future population‐control efforts. We hypothesized that wild pigs would habituate better to corral traps with wider gate openings. We used remote game cameras to monitor the willingness of wild pigs to enter baited corral traps through 4 common gate widths (0.9 m, 1.2 m, 1.5 m, 1.8 m; no doors on any gates). We found no significant differences in gate‐width selection for total wild pigs, sex‐based selection, or number of piglets. Land managers should feel comfortable using gate sizes as small as 0.9 m when constructing corral traps. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Migratory bird hunter opinions regarding potential management strategies for controlling light goose populations
Authors: Dinges Andrew J. , Webb Elisabeth B. , Vrtiska Mark P. , Nilon Charles H. , Wilhelm Stanis Sonja A. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTWe expanded the Nebraska Light Goose Conservation Order (LGCO) harvest survey (NE, USA) in spring 2012 to assess migratory bird hunter opinions regarding future management strategies for controlling light goose populations. Although hunters strongly agreed that population control of light geese was an important wildlife management issue, they were generally unsupportive of wildlife officials using forms of direct control methods to control light goose populations. Respondents who indicated participation in the 2012 LGCO were also less supportive of any form of direct control compared with migratory bird hunters who did not participate in the LGCO. When presented with alternative methods by wildlife officials for future light goose population control, respondents were most supportive of wildlife agencies selectively shooting light geese on migration and wintering areas and least supportive of wildlife officials using bait with approved chemicals to euthanize light geese. A clear understanding of public perception of various potential direct‐control options will likely assist wildlife biologists in making informed decisions on how to proceed with population control of light geese. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.