bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Model‐Based Identification of Mechanical Characteristics of Sinosaurus (Theropoda) Crests
Authors: Lida XING , Yikun WANG , Eric SNIVELY , Jianping ZHANG , Zhiming DONG , Michael E. BURNS , Philip J. CURRIE 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe paired cranial crests of Sinosaurus (Theropoda) have been hypothesized as too weak to resist mechanical loads during combat. Finite element analysis (FEA) is used to test this hypothesis, first with geometry obtained through direct laser scanning of a well‐preserved fossil of the crest, and then with two conceptual FE models of both crests analyzing the structure‐deformation effects of fenestration. In the original fossil model, under direct loading on the dorsal faces of the crest, we found that the areas surrounding cavities on the crest experience shear stress that implies a high chance of material failure – the fracture of bone. In the conceptual model, a series of computational studies were conducted with varying loading directions. One simulation found that the shear stress and strain in the material around the cavity presented more deformation compared with the conceptual model without the cavities, and under this morphologically realistic scenario the loading conditions would result in local bone fractures. These model‐based computational results indicate that the crest could not resist high loads, because it could not effectively decentralize the loading stress. Future investigations need to focus on more comprehensive computational experiments with more conditions, e.g. dynamical loading conditions, and direct palaeontological evidence.
Strenulagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) from the Middle Eocene Irdin Manha Formation of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China
Authors: Łucja FOSTOWICZ‐FRELDC , Chuankui LI , Qian LI , Jin MENG , Yuanqing WANG 
Published: March 2015

AbstractNew material of Strenulagus Solaris, a stem lagomorph, from the lower part of the Middle Eocene Irdin Manha Formation at the Irdin Manha and Huheboerhe localities, Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China includes remains of isolated cheek teeth, fragmentary upper incisors (dI2) and postcranial elements, reported from the species for the first time. The tarsal bones display advanced features, such as a wide calcaneofibular articulation surface and, along with an increase in hypsodonty, the new data document the early stage of lagomorph evolution in the Middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin. This finding is stratigraphically well constrained and probably predates that of the type material of S. Solaris from the Khaychin Formation, Bugin‐Tsav Basin, Mongolia.
A New Species of Phoenicopsis Subgenus Windwardia (Florin) Samylina (Czekanowskiales) from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Chunlin SUN , Yuling NA , David L. DILCHER , Hongshan WANG , Tao LI , Yunfeng LI 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA new species of Phoenicopsis subgenus Windwardia (Florin) Samylina, Phoenicopsis neimengguensis sp.nov., is recognized from the Middle Jurassic Zhaogou Formation in the Shiguai Basin, a Jurassic coal‐bearing sedimentary basin in Inner Mongolia, China. Linear leaves are in bundles of six to eight and are attached on a short shoot. The leaf is amphistomatic with one or two irregular rows of longitudinally oriented stomata in each intercostal zone on the upper epidermis and three or four (occasionally six) rows of stomata in each intercostal zone on the lower epidermis. Each stomata is surrounded by four to six subsidiary cells with unevenly developed papillae. The anticlinal walls of epidermal cells are straight. Cuticular thickenings or papillae are present on the outer surface of the periclinal walls. This is the first time that Phoenicopsis subgenus Windwardia (Florin) Samylina is recognized from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China. The occurrence of the new species is noteworthy because it extends the geological and geographic distribution of Phoenicopsis subg. Windwardia in China and Eurasia. The discovery is significant as it increases our knowledge of Phoenicopsis subg. Windwardia by providing new data on morphological and epidermal features.
Tectonic Stress State Changes Before and After the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake in the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wen MENG , Qunce CHEN , Manlu WU , Chengjun FENG , Xianghui QIN 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCrustal tectonic activities are essentially the consequences of the accumulation and release of in situ stress. Therefore, studying the stress state near active faults is important for understanding crustal dynamics and earthquake occurrences. In this paper, using in situ stress measurement results obtained by hydraulic fracturing in the vicinity of the Longmenshan fault zone before and after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake and finite element modeling, the variation of stress state before and after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake is investigated. The results show that the shear stress, which is proportional to the difference between principal stresses, increases with depth and distance from the active fault in the calm period or after the earthquakes, and tends to approach to the regional stress level outside the zone influenced by the fault. This distribution appears to gradually reverse with time and the change of fault properties such as frictional strength. With an increase in friction coefficient, low stress areas are reduced and areas with increased stress accumulation are more obvious near the fault. In sections of the fault with high frictional strengths, in situ stress clearly increases in the fault. Stress accumulates more rapidly in the fault zone relative to the surrounding areas, eventually leading to a stress field that peaks at the fault zone. Such a reversal in the stress field between the fault zone and surrounding areas in the magnitude of the stress field is a potential indicator for the occurrence of strong earthquakes.
Lithospheric Electrical Structure across the Eastern Segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault on the Northern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Letian ZHANG , Gaofeng YE , Sheng JIN , Wenbo WEI , Martyn UNSWORTH , Alan G JONES , Jianen JING , Hao DONG , Chengliang XIE , Florian LE PAPE , Jan VOZAR 
Published: March 2015

AbstractProject INDEPTH (InterNational DEep Profiling of Tibet and the Himalaya) is an interdisciplinary program designed to develop a better understanding of deep structures and mechanics of the Tibetan Plateau. As a component of magnetotelluric (MT) work in the 4th phase of the project, MT data were collected along a profile that crosses the eastern segment of the Altyn Tagh fault on the northern margin of the plateau. Time series data processing used robust algorithms to give high quality responses. Dimensionality analysis showed that 2D approach is only valid for the northern section of the profile. Consequently, 2D inversions were only conducted for the northern section, and 3D inversions were conducted on MT data from the whole profile. From the 2D inversion model, the eastern segment of the Altyn Tagh fault only appears as a crustal structure, which suggests accommodation of strike slip motion along the Altyn Tagh fault by thrusting within the Qilian block. A large‐scale off‐profile conductor within the mid‐lower crust of the Qilian block was revealed from the 3D inversion model, which is probably correlated with the North Qaidam thrust belt. Furthermore, the unconnected conductors from the 3D inversion model indicate that deformations in the study area are generally localized.
Geochronology and Geochemistry of Mafic Rocks in the Xuhe, Shaanxi, China: Implications for Petrogenesis and Mantle Dynamics
Authors: Kunming WANG , Zongqi WANG , Yingli ZHANG , Gang WANG 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Xuhe mafic rocks, located in Ziyang county of Shaanxi Province, are dominated by diabase‐porphyrite, gabbro–diabase, diabase, and pyroxene diorite. Primitive mantle‐normalized multi‐element patterns show that, the Xuhe mafic rocks are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LITE), such as Ba and Pb, depleted in K and Sr for basic rocks, and are depleted in Sr, P and Ti for pyroxene diorite. Chondrite‐normalized REE patterns display LREE enrichment (LaN/YbN = 9.34–13.99) and have normalized patterns for trace element and REE similar to that of typical OIB. Detailed SEMS zircon U–Pb dating yields emplacement ages of 438.4 ± 3.1 Ma for Xuhe mafic rocks. The relatively low MgO (basic rock: 3.11–7.21 wt%; pyroxene diorite: 0.89–1.21 wt%) and Mg# (0.20–0.49) for Xuhe mafic rocks suggest that they were possibly originated from an extremely evolved magma. The rising parental mafic magmas underwent pyroxene and plagioclase fractionation. Crustal contamination of pyroxene diorite before emplacement occurred at a higher crustal level compared to other lithology in Xuhe mafic rocks. The degree of partial melt was low (5%‐10%) and in garnet‐spinel transition facies. Sr‐Nd isotope of pyroxene diorite and enrichment mantle characteristics for Xuhe mafic rocks suggest that mafic rocks in the North Daba Mountains were derived from a mixture of HIMU, EMU and small amount of EMI components. Furthermore, this study discusses mantle geodynamic significance of Xuhe mafic rocks in the Silurian, which indicates subduction and uplift of magma caused back‐arc extension.
Anomalous Concentrations of Rare Metal Elements, Rare‐scattered (Dispersed) Elements and Rare Earth Elements in the Coal from Iqe Coalfield, Qinghai Province, China
Authors: Yuzhuang SUN , Cunliang ZHAO , Yanheng LI , Jinxi WANG 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTotal of 23 bench samples were taken from the No. 7 Coal of Iqe Coalfield, Qinghai Province, China, following Chinese Standard Method GB/T 482–2008 (2008). These samples were analyzed by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF). The results indicate that the No. 7 Coal belongs to a low rank (Ro,ran =0.659%) and high‐ash coal (40.54%). Compared to common Chinese and world low‐rank coals, the Iqe coal contains anomalous concentrations of rare metal elements, rare‐scattered (dispersed) elements and rare earth elements. The highest contents of Rb, Cs, Ga and REY reach to 180, 26, 37, and 397 ppm, respectively. Their average contents of these elements are 10.9, 15, 4.8 and 3.5 times higher than those of world coals, respectively. Minerals in the coal include kaolinite, quartz, muscovite, siderite, and traces of rutile, and brookite. Kaolinite could be main host minerals of Rb, Cs, Ga and REY. The anomalous rare element Rb and Cs accumulation in the Iqe coal is related to both organic and inorganic matter. The REY concentrations may be related to circulation of thermal solutions, contained or sorbed by clayey particles, and organic matter as well.
Jurassic‐Cretaceous Boundary Strata of the Somanakamura Group in NE Japan and their Correlation with Coeval Terrestrial Deposits in China
Authors: Wei LI , Xiaoqiao WAN , Atsushi MATSUOKA , Shuqin ZHANG , Haiying QU , Tsubasa TAMURA , Kohei YOSHINO 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDefining the Jurassic‐Cretaceous boundary is a controversy in stratigraphic study of the world. It has been widely accepted that this boundary can be defined at the bottom of Berriasian in Tethys, with the appearance of the ammonite Berriasella jacobi dating to ca. 145 Ma. However, it is difficult for the widespread terrestrial deposits in China to correlate with the international standard of marine facies. The Somanakamura Group in Japan is represented by a succession of marine‐continental transitional strata. It provides a bridge of marine and nonmarine stratigraphic correlation. The ammonite and radiolarian fossils preserved in this group suggest an age from Bajocian to early Valanginian. The J‐K boundary was defined in or atop the Tomizawa Formation of the group according to the ammonite data. The present authors study the fossil spores and pollen newly found from the Tomizawa and Koyamada formations. Three assemblages have been recognized. They are Assemblage 1 (Cyathidites‐Classopollis) from the upper part of the Tomizawa Formation, Assemblage 2 (Cyathidites‐Jiaohepollis) from the lower part of the Koyamada Formation, and Assemblage 3 (Cyathidites‐Spheripollenites‐Ephedripites) from the middle to upper part of the Koyamada Formation. With the reference of ammonite evidence, the J‐K boundary can be defined between Assemblage 1 and Assemblage 2. This palynological J‐K boundary can be correlated with that of terrestrial sequence in China. However, local biostratigraphy imply that the continental J‐K boundary in China is of 135 or 137 Ma age. It has a considerable discrepancy from the marine standard. Biogeographically, the distribution pattern of spores and pollen in southern China is in accordance with that in the Somanakamura Group, which parallels the Tuchengzi Formation in northeastern China. By the palynological correlation between the Somanakamura Group and the strata in southern China, and then with the sequence in northeastern China, it is suggested that the continental J‐K boundary is located in the Tuchengzi Formation.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy attenuates central sensitization induced by a thermal injury in humans
Authors: RASMUSSEN V. M. , BORGEN A. E. , JANSEN E. C. , ROTBØLL NIELSEN P. H. , WERNER M. U. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundHyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) treatment has in animal experiments demonstrated antinociceptive effects. It was hypothesized that these effects would attenuate secondary hyperalgesia areas (SHAs), an expression of central sensitization, after a first‐degree thermal injury in humans.MethodsSeventeen healthy volunteers were examined during two sessions using a randomized crossover design. Volunteers were studied during control conditions (ambient pressure, FIO2 = 0.21) and during HBO2 (2.4 standard atmosphere, FIO2 = 1.0, 90 min) conditions in a pressure chamber. Quantitative sensory testing, including assessment of SHAs was performed.ResultsA statistically significant overall attenuation of SHAs was seen during the HBO2 sessions compared with the control‐sessions (P = 0.011). In the eight volunteers starting with the HBO2 session, no difference in SHAs compared with control was demonstrated. However, in the nine volunteers starting with the control session, a statistical significant attenuation of SHAs was demonstrated in the HBO2 session (P = 0.004).ConclusionsThe results indicate that HBO2 therapy in humans attenuates central sensitization induced by a thermal skin injury, compared with control. These new and original findings in humans corroborate animal experimental data. The thermal injury model may give impetus to future human neurophysiological studies exploring the central effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment.
Prognostic models in traumatic brain injury
Authors: RAJ RAHUL 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundPrognostic models are important tools for heterogeneity adjustment in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Prognoses after TBI have been particularly challenging to predict, with limited availability of robust prognostic models. TBI patients are by definition trauma patients, and often treated in the intensive care unit (ICU). Several prognostic models for ICU and trauma patients have been developed, although their applicability in patients with TBI is uncertain. Recently, however, some new prognostic models specifically designed for patients with TBI were introduced. Still, the optimal type of prognostic model in TBI remains unknown.AimThis aims to investigate the applicability of different types of prognostic models in patients with TBI and to develop novel models with enhanced performance to previous models, focusing on long‐ term outcome prediction.MethodsFour patient databases of patients with TBI treated in the ICU were used to validate three TBI specific models, two computerized tomography (CT) scoring systems, one trauma scoring system, and three intensive care scoring systems. Models were validated by assessing their discrimination using area under the curve (AUC), calibration, and explanatory variation. Logistic regression was used for model customization and development. Models were internally validated using a resample bootstrap technique or a split‐sample technique. Primary outcome was 6‐month mortality and unfavorable neurological outcome by the Glasgow Outcome Scale. 30‐day in‐hospital mortality was used for the trauma scoring system.ResultsStudy populations ranged from 342 to 9915 patients. The TBI models showed the best performance with AUCs between 0.80 and 0.85, followed by the intensive care scoring systems and the CT scores with AUCs between 0.68 to 0.80 and 0.63 to 0.70, respectively. Most models showed poor calibration, although good calibration was achieved following customization. The trauma scoring system exhibited modest to good discrimination (AUC 0.76–0.89) for short‐term mortality prediction but poor calibration. Several new prognostic models, with statistically significant superior performance to previous models were created, among them a combined TBI‐ICU model (‘IMPACT‐APACHE’) and a novel CT scoring system (‘The Helsinki CT score’). Using a TBI‐specific model, based on admission characteristics, up to 40% of the patient's final long‐term outcome could be predicted.ConclusionThe TBI models showed superior predictive performance to the intensive care and trauma scoring systems, showing that TBI patients are a highly specific population in the trauma and ICU setting. Thus, the use of a TBI‐specific model is advocated in the setting of TBI. The newly proposed models were found to be significant improvements over previous models, but require external validation to show generalizability.
Use of thyroid hormones in relation to pregnancy: a Danish nationwide cohort study
Authors: Gidén Karin , Andersen Jon Trærup , Torp‐Pedersen Arendse Lærke , Enghusen Poulsen Henrik , Torp‐Pedersen Christian , Jimenez‐Solem Espen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the rate of exposure of pregnant women to levothyroxine and to assess changes in these rates before, during and after pregnancy.DesignRegister‐based cohort study.SettingDanish nationwide registers.PopulationAll women having a live birth in Denmark between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2010 (n = 912 342).MethodsAll pregnant women in the study period were identified from the Danish Medical Birth Register. Exposed women were identified from the Danish National Prescription Register, based on redemption of levothyroxine prescriptions before, during or after pregnancy.Main outcome measuresThe rate of pregnant women redeeming levothyroxine prescriptions and maternal characteristics.ResultsWe identified a fourfold increase in levothyroxine prescription redemption during the study period, from 0.34% in 1997 to 1.39% by 2010. A mean of 0.79% of our cohort received levothyroxine. Most of the women who were using levothyroxine before pregnancy continued the therapy during their pregnancy, but 9.4% stopped redeeming their prescriptions. Overall, 0.28% of our cohort received a levothyroxine prescription for the first time within 9 months after pregnancy.ConclusionsFewer women than expected received levothyroxine treatment during pregnancy even though a fourfold increase was observed during the study period. Furthermore, one of 10 discontinued treatments during pregnancy. These findings all indicate that too few women are treated for hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Further research is needed to determine whether hypothyroid pregnant women are suboptimally treated and the possible consequences for the mother and fetus.
The value of the urinary protein:creatinine ratio for the detection of significant proteinuria in women with suspected preeclampsia
Authors: Bhide Amar , Rana Ritu , Dhavilkar Mrugaya , Amodio‐Hernandez Montserrat , Deshpande Deepika , Caric Vedrana 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTo explore the correlation between urinary protein:creatinine ratio and 24‐h excretion of protein, we studied 149 women referred to a day assessment unit for investigations for suspected preeclampsia. Paired samples were obtained for measurement of urinary protein:creatinine ratio and 24‐h protein excretion. Collection of a 24‐h urine sample was validated by the daily creatinine excretion. The outcome measure was proteinuria of 300 mg/day or more. Inaccurate 24‐h collection was observed in 17% of women. All women (n = 56) with a protein:creatinine ratio >60 mg/mM had significant proteinuria. No woman with protein:creatinine ratio <18 mg/mM (n = 20) had significant proteinuria. We recommend that a dual cut‐off should be used for excluding and “ruling in” the diagnosis of significant proteinuria. A 24‐h urine collection should be used only for urinary protein:creatinine ratio values between 18 and 60 mg/mM in the detection of significant proteinuria.
Therapeutic advances in BIG3‐PHB2 inhibition targeting the crosstalk between estrogen and growth factors in breast cancer
Authors: Yoshimaru Tetsuro , Komatsu Masato , Miyoshi Yasuo , Honda Junko , Sasa Mitsunori , Katagiri Toyomasa 
Published: March 2015

Our previous studies demonstrated that specific inhibition of the BIG3‐PHB2 complex, which is a critical modulator in estrogen (E2) signaling, using ERAP, a dominant negative peptide inhibitor, leads to suppression of E2‐dependent estrogen receptor (ER) alpha activation through the reactivation of the tumor suppressive activity of PHB2. Here, we report that ERAP has significant suppressive effects against synergistic activation caused by the crosstalk between E2 and growth factors associated with intrinsic or acquired resistance to anti‐estrogen tamoxifen in breast cancer cells. Intrinsic PHB2 released from BIG3 by ERAP effectively disrupted each interaction of membrane‐associated ERα and insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor beta (IGF‐1Rβ), EGFR, PI3K or human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) in the presence of E2 and the growth factors IGF or EGF, followed by inhibited the activation of IGF‐1Rβ, EGFR or HER2, and reduced Akt, MAPK and ERα phosphorylation levels, resulting in significant suppression of proliferation of ERα‐positive breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, combined treatment with ERAP and tamoxifen led to a synergistic suppression of signaling that was activated by crosstalk between E2 and growth factors or HER2 amplification. Taken together, our findings suggest that the specific inhibition of BIG3‐PHB2 is a novel potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of tamoxifen‐resistant breast cancers activated by the crosstalk between E2 and growth factor signaling, especially in premenopausal women.
Design, Synthesis and in vivo Evaluation of Novel C‐Aryl Glucosides as Potent Sodium‐Dependent Glucose Cotransporters Inhibitors for the Treatment of Diabetes
Authors: Li Zheng , Wang Xuekun , Xu Xue , Qiu Qianqian , Jiao Lei , Huang Wenlong , Qian Hai 
Published: March 2015

A series of novel C‐aryl glucosides with substituents at the 3′‐position or cyclization at 3′, 4′‐positions of the distal aryl ring were designed and synthesized, which might decrease the oxidative metabolism of dapagliflozin. Preliminary evaluation for hypoglycemic effect and the risk of hypoglycemia were carried out both in normal and in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 19a exerted potency‐similarity with dapagliflozin and triggered the hypoglycemic effect in a dose‐dependent manner. Besides, compound 19a, even at the high dose of 10 mg/kg, revealed a low risk of hypoglycemia. In further studies, 19a exhibited sustained antihyperglycemic effect without particular side‐effects in 30‐day chronic diabetic mice studies. Moreover, histological changes in the pancreas of diabetic mice indicated 19a might protect pancreatic β‐cell from apoptosis by reducing the damage of glucotoxicity. All of these results demonstrated that compound 19a, with excellent in vivo pharmacological activity and safety profile, was considered to be a promising drug candidate for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.