bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Severe lack of comprehension of common prostate health terms among low‐income inner‐city men
Authors: Wang Daniel S. , Jani Ashesh B. , Tai Caroline G. , Sesay Musu , Lee Daniel K. , Goodman Michael , Echt Katharina V. , Kilbridge Kerry E. , Master Viraj A. 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUNDPatients diagnosed with prostate cancer are often counseled about treatment options with the use of terms that are part of the “core vocabulary” of prostate cancer. It is hypothesized that predominantly lower literacy patients would demonstrate a severe lack of comprehension of prostate cancer terms, thus validating the findings of a previous single‐institution study.METHODSA previously developed survey was used to evaluate understanding of terms related to urinary, bowel, and sexual function. The survey was administered by trained evaluators at 2 safety net clinics that provide care for low‐income, predominantly African American patients. Comprehension was assessed using semiqualitative methods coded by 2 independent investigators. Literacy and numeracy were also evaluated.RESULTSAmong 109 patients who completed the study, only 5% understood the function of the prostate, and 15%, 29%, and 32% understood the terms “incontinence,” “urinary function,” and “bowel habits,” respectively. Lower levels of comprehension were observed for compound words, such as “vaginal intercourse” (58%), versus single words such as “intercourse” (95%), validating previous work. Median school level was 13 years, yet median literacy level was only ninth grade, and reading level was significantly correlated with comprehension. Only 30% of patients correctly calculated both a fraction and a percent.CONCLUSIONSLack of comprehension of prostate health terminology is pronounced in this patient population and may be widespread. This lack of comprehension potentially limits the ability of patients to participate in informed decision‐making. These results validate the findings of previous studies and supports a continued need for refined methods of prostate cancer education. Cancer 2013;119:3204–3211. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Structure and Stability of (NG)nCN3Be3+ Clusters and Comparison with (NG)BeY0/+
Authors: Pan Sudip , Jalife Said , Kumar R. Mahesh , Subramanian Venkatesan , Merino Gabriel , Chattaraj Pratim K. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe noble gas binding ability of CN3Be3+ clusters was assessed both by ab intio and density functional studies. The global minimum structure of the CN3Be3+ cluster binds with four noble‐gas (NG) atoms, in which the Be atoms are acting as active centers. The electron transfer from the noble gas to the Be atom plays a key role in binding. The dissociation energy of the BeNG bond gradually increases from He to Rn, maintaining the periodic trend. The HOMO–LUMO gap, an indicator for stability, gives additional insight into these NG‐bound clusters. The temperature at which the NG‐binding process is thermodynamically feasible was identified. In addition, we investigated the stability of two new neutral NG compounds, (NG)BeSe and (NG)BeTe, and found them to be suitable candidates to be detected experimentally such as (NG)BeO and (NG)BeS. The dissociation energies of the BeNG bond in monocationic analogues of (NG)BeY (Y=O, S, Se, Te) were found to be larger than in the corresponding neutral counter‐parts. Finally, the higher the positive charge on the Be atoms, the higher the dissociation energy for the BeNG bond becomes.
Evolutionary dynamics of giant viruses and their virophages
Authors: Wodarz Dominik 
Published: June 2013

AbstractGiant viruses contain large genomes, encode many proteins atypical for viruses, replicate in large viral factories, and tend to infect protists. The giant virus replication factories can in turn be infected by so called virophages, which are smaller viruses that negatively impact giant virus replication. An example is Mimiviruses that infect the protistAcanthamoebaand that are themselves infected by the virophage Sputnik. This study examines the evolutionary dynamics of this system, using mathematical models. While the models suggest that the virophage population will evolve to increasing degrees of giant virus inhibition, it further suggests that this renders the virophage population prone to extinction due to dynamic instabilities over wide parameter ranges. Implications and conditions required to avoid extinction are discussed. Another interesting result is that virophage presence can fundamentally alter the evolutionary course of the giant virus. While the giant virus is predicted to evolve toward increasing its basic reproductive ratio in the absence of the virophage, the opposite is true in its presence. Therefore, virophages can not only benefit the host population directly by inhibiting the giant viruses but also indirectly by causing giant viruses to evolve toward weaker phenotypes. Experimental tests for this model are suggested.
Evidence for no sexual isolation between Drosophila albomicans and D. nasuta
Authors: Kim Yong‐Kyu , Phillips Dennis R. , Tao Yun 
Published: June 2013

AbstractSexual isolation, the reduced tendency to mate, is one of the reproductive barriers that prevent gene flow between different species. Various species‐specific signals during courtship contribute to sexual isolation between species. Drosophila albomicans and D. nasuta are closely related species of the nasuta subgroup within the Drosophila immigrans group and are distributed in allopatry. We analyzed mating behavior and courtship as well as cuticular hydrocarbon profiles within and between species. Here, we report that these two species randomly mated with each other. We did not observe any sexual isolation between species or between strains within species by multiple‐choice tests. Significant difference in the courtship index was detected between these two species, but males and females of both species showed no discrimination against heterospecific partners. Significant quantitative variations in cuticular hydrocarbons between these two species were also found, but the cuticular hydrocarbons appear to play a negligible role in both courtship and sexual isolation between these two species. In contrast to the evident postzygotic isolation, the lack of sexual isolation between these two species suggests that the evolution of premating isolation may lag behind that of the intergenomic incompatibility, which might be driven by intragenomic conflicts.
Synthesis and Characterization of Magnesium Alkoxides Incorporated into Bulky Aluminium Tetraphenolate Helices and Application in the Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Lactides
Authors: Jian Chunli , Zhang Jinjin , Dai Zhongran , Gao Yuan , Tang Ning , Wu Jincai 
Published: June 2013

AbstractTwo aluminium and magnesium heterobimetallic complexes of [(LAl)MgOBn]2 (2) and [(LAl)Mg(OC2H4OCH3)]2 (3), in which L = N1,N1,N2,N2‐tetrakis(2‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethylbenzyl)‐1,2‐ethanediamine, have been synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography, and elemental analysis. The magnesium alkoxide of complex 2 supported by the bulky aluminium tetraphenolates, as a rare helical heterobimetallic initiator, can effectively initiate the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of L‐lactide (L‐LA) leading to polymers with good molecular weight control and narrow molecular weight distributions. Kinetic studies have shown the overall rate expression is –d[lactide]/dt = k[lactide][complex] for the ROP of L‐LA. Furthermore, complex 2 shows modest isotactic selectivity in the ROP of rac‐lactide.
Towards Tartaric‐Acid‐Derived Asymmetric Organocatalysts
Authors: Gratzer Katharina , Gururaja Guddeangadi N. , Waser Mario 
Published: June 2013

AbstractTartaric acid is one of the most prominent naturally occurring chiral compounds. Whereas its application in the production of chiral ligands for metal‐catalysed reactions has been exhaustively investigated, its potential to provide new organocatalysts has been less extensively explored. Nevertheless, some impressive results, such as the use of TADDOLs as chiral H‐bonding catalysts or of tartrate‐derived asymmetric quaternary ammonium salt catalysts, have been reported over the last decade. The goal of this article is to provide a representative overview of the potential and the limitations of tartaric acid or TADDOLs in the creation of new organocatalysts and to highlight some of the most spectacular applications of these catalysts, as well as to summarize case studies in which other classes of chiral backbones were better suited.
Synthesis and Two‐Photon Absorption Properties of Symmetrical Chromophores Derived from 2,3,5‐Trisubstituted Quinoxaline Units
Authors: Lin Tzu‐Chau , Chien Wei , Liu Che‐Yu , Tsai Ming‐Yu , Huang Yu‐Jheng 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA set of symmetrically substituted multibranched chromophores composed of three quinoxaline‐based congeners has been synthesized and experimentally shown to possess strong and widely dispersed two‐photon absorptivities in the visible to near‐IR region under the irradiation of femtosecond and nanosecond laser pulses. The electronic properties of the central π bridges incorporated into the final structures are closely connected to the molecular two‐photon activities of these model compounds. Effective optical‐power attenuation and stabilization behaviors in the nanosecond time domain of these dye molecules were also investigated. The structural motif of these compounds provides a useful approach for the molecular design of strong two‐photon absorbing material systems with the potential for quick‐responsive and broadband optical‐control related applications, particularly for long‐duration laser pulses in the near‐IR region.
Distribution of secondary minerals in crusts developed on sandstone exposures
Authors: Alexandrowicz Zofia , Marszałek Mariola , Rzepa Grzegorz 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTPrevious research on rock weathering crusts has revealed their large variability depending on the type of host rocks and development of weathering processes. The composition of crusts developed on natural sandstone exposures is less documented in the literature in comparison to those developed on architectonic stones. In both cases, previous research has focused mainly on the progress of salt weathering. This study considers the surfaces of sandstone tors in the Polish Outer Carpathians. The exposed parts of the rocks in this area are often covered by crust, which is up to several centimetres thick, and differs from the internal part in colour and composition. The crusts were characterized using light and electron microscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, thermal analyses, Mössbauer spectroscopy, bulk chemical analyses and sequential chemical extractions. Porosity was estimated by digital image processing. The following two hardened zones were observed: (1) thin (up to 30 µm), black, external layer, rich in carbon and composed of opal‐type silica, covered in places by sulphate incrustations and numerous spherical particles of anthropogenic origin; (2) thicker (up to several millimetres), internal part composed of a set of laminae of variable colouration, enriched in iron (oxyhydr)oxides (goethite and hematite) in comparison to the rock interior. Development of the crust results from silicon and iron redistribution during the sandstone alteration. The chief source of silica is hydrolysis of aluminosilicates, whilst that of iron is decomposition of aluminosilicates, carbonates and sulphides. Hematite is probably a result of goethite transformation. However, air pollutants may play an important role in the formation of sulphates. Silica and iron compounds affect the properties of the rock, hardening the surface and lowering porosity by formation of secondary cement. Crystallization of sulphate salts, in turn, may contribute to mechanical disintegration of the rock. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grouting technology in tunnelling / Injektionstechnik im Tunnelbau
Authors: Kogler Kurt 
Published: June 2013

AbstractGrouting technology has a long tradition in tunnelling. These specialised works are always available when a tunnel encounters difficult ground conditions, fault zones or areas of heavy water inflow. This article gives an overview of grouting processes in combination with the various tunnelling methods and categorises various processes according to the purpose of grouting or the prevailing conditions on site. An understanding of the manifold drilling technologies, material properties and grouting processes is the most important precondition for the successful application of grouting works. A few selected projects serve as examples for the application of grouting technology in modern tunnelling.Die Injektionstechnik im Tunnelbau hat eine lange Tradition. Sie kommt als Spezialgebiet immer dann zur Anwendung, wenn es darum geht, schwierige Gebirgsverhältnisse, Störzonen oder Bereiche mit großem Wasserandrang zu durchörtern. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Anwendung von Injektionsverfahren im Zusammenhang mit den verschiedenen tunnelbautechnischen Vortriebsmethoden, sowohl in Lockermaterial als auch im Festgestein, sowie eine Zuordnung der einzelnen Verfahren nach Injektionsziel oder vorhandenen Randbedingungen. Die Kenntnisse über die vielfältigen Bohrtechniken, Materialeigenschaften und Injektionsverfahren sind dabei die wichtigsten Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Ausführung von Injektionsarbeiten. Einige ausgewählte Projekte dienen als Beispiel für eine erfolgreiche Anwendung der Injektionstechnik im modernen Tunnelbau.
Postnatal development of Homer1a in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Montes‐Rodríguez Corinne J. , Lapointe Valérie , Trivedi Vivek , Lu Qian , Demchuk Aubrey M. , McNaughton Bruce L. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTHomer1a (H1a) is an immediate early gene involved in multiple forms of synaptic plasticity. It exhibits a postnatal increase in the rat forebrain (Brakeman et al. (1997) Nature 386:284‐288) and reduces the density and size of dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons (Sala et al. (2003) J Neurosci 23:6327‐6337). We evaluated hippocampal H1a expression at different postnatal ages (P3, P5, P7, P9, P15, P19, P23, P35, and adult) using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and qRT‐PCR. Maximal electroconvulsive shock (MECS) was used to induce maximal expression relative to home cage (HC) controls. Large scale images and confocal z‐stacks from dorsal subiculum (DS), CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) were analyzed by both manual and automated methods. In DS, CA1, and CA3 a significant proportion of cells (40%) expressed small but detectable levels of H1a from P3; however, MECS did not up‐regulate H1a during the first postnatal week. MECS induced H1a positive cells during the second postnatal week and induction reached adult levels at P9. H1a‐Intra Nuclear Foci (INF) size and intensity varied with age, increasing at P19‐23 in CA1 and CA3 and from P9 to P23 in DS. In DG, H1a expression exhibited a lamination pattern and an H1a‐INF size and intensity gradient across the granule cell layer, consistent with the outside‐in maturation of DG granule cells. The developmental progression of H1a corresponds to the synaptic refinement period supporting the conclusion that H1a could play an important role in this process. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inflammatory response and bone healing capacity of two porous calcium phosphate ceramics in critical size cortical bone defects
Authors: Chatterjea Anindita , van der Stok Johan , Danoux Charlène B. , Yuan Huipin , Habibovic Pamela , van Blitterswijk Clemens A. , Weinans Harrie , de Boer Jan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn the present study, two open porous calcium phosphate ceramics, β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP), and hydroxyapatite (HA) were compared in a critical‐sized femoral defect in rats. Previous comparisons of these two ceramics showed significantly greater osteoinductive potential of β‐TCP upon intramuscular implantation and a better performance in a spinal fusion model in dogs. Results of the current study also showed significantly more bone formation in defects grafted with β‐TCP compared to HA; however, both the ceramics were not capable of increasing bone formation to such extend that it bridges the defect. Furthermore, a more pronounced degradation of β‐TCP was observed as compared to HA. Progression of inflammation and initiation of new bone formation were assessed for both materials at multiple time points by histological and fluorochrome‐based analyses. Until 12 days postimplantation, a strong inflammatory response in absence of new bone formation was observed in both ceramics, without obvious differences between the two materials. Four weeks postimplantation, signs of new bone formation were found in both β‐TCP and HA. At 6 weeks, inflammation had subsided in both ceramics while bone deposition continued. In conclusion, the two ceramics differed in the amount of bone formed after 8 weeks of implantation, whereas no differences were found in the duration of the inflammatory phase after implantation or initiation of new bone formation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1399–1407, 2014.
Embryonic development of endoderm in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Authors: Alcântara Dayane , Rodrigues Marcio N. , Franciolli André L. R. , Da Fonseca Erika T. , Silva Fernanda M. O. , Carvalho Rafael C. , Fratini Paula , Sarmento Carlos Alberto P. , Ferreira Antonio José P. , Miglino Maria Angelica 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe poultry industry is a sector of agribusiness which represents an important role in the country's agricultural exports. Therefore, the study about embryogenesis of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) has a great economic importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate embryonic development of the endoderm in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Forty fertilized eggs of domestic chickens, starting from the 1st day of gestation and so on until the 19 days of the incubation were collected from the Granja São José (Amparo, SP, Brazil). Embryos and fetus were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution, identified, weighed, measured, and subjected to light and scanning electron microscopy. The endoderm originates the internal lining epithelium of the digestive, immune, respiratory systems, and the organs can be visualized from the second day (48 h) when the liver is formed. The formation of the digestive system was complete in the 12th day. Respiratory system organs begin at the fourth day as a disorganized tissue and undifferentiated. Their complete differentiation was observed at the 10 days of incubation, however, until the 19 days the syrinx was not observed. The formation of immune system at 10th day was observed with observation of the spleen, thymus, and cloacal bursa. The study of the organogenesis of the chicken based on germ layers is very complex and underexplored, and the study of chicken embryology is very important due the economic importance and growth of the use of this animal model studies such as genetic studies. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:803–810, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Finding Creativity in an Artificial Artist
Authors: Norton David , Heath Derrall , Ventura Dan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractCreativity is an important component of human intelligence, and imbuing artificially intelligent systems with creativity is an interesting challenge. In particular, it is difficult to quantify (or even qualify) creativity. Recently, it has been suggested that conditions for attributing creativity to a system include: appreciation, imagination, and skill. We demonstrate and describe an original computer system (called DARCI) that is designed to produce images through creative means. We present methods for evaluating DARCI and other artificially creative systems with respect to appreciation, imagination, and skill, and use these methods to show that DARCI is arguably a creative system.
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐type 2 (rhBMP‐2) enhances local bone formation in the lumbar spine of osteoporotic sheep
Authors: Zarrinkalam Mohammad Reza , Schultz Christopher G , Ardern David W , Vernon‐Roberts Barrie , Moore Robert J 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe failure of orthopedic implants in osteoporotic patients is attributed to the lack of sufficient bone stock and regenerative capacity but most treatments for osteoporosis fail to address this issue. rhBMP‐2 is known to promote bone formation under normal conditions but has not been used clinically in the osteoporotic condition. Osteoporosis was induced in 19 ewes using ovariectomy, low calcium diet, and steroid injection. After induction, the steroid was withdrawn and pellets containing inert carrier with rhBMP‐2 in either slow or fast‐release formulation were implanted into the lumbar vertebrae of each animal. After 2, 3, and 6 months the spines were harvested and assessed for changes in BMD and histomorphometric indices. BMD did not change after cessation of steroid treatment. After 2 months BV/TV increased in the vicinity of the pellets containing the fast‐release rhBMP‐2 and was sustained for the duration of the study. Focal voids surrounding all implants, particularly the slow‐release formulation, were observed initially but resolved with time. Increased BV/TV adjacent to rhBMP‐2 pellets suggests it could be used for localized treatment of osteoporosis. Refinement of the delivery system and supplementary treatments may be necessary to overcome the initial catabolic effects of rhBMP‐2. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1390–1397, 2013.
Integrin‐mediated interactions with extracellular matrix proteins for nucleus pulposus cells of the human intervertebral disc
Authors: Bridgen D. T. , Gilchrist C. L. , Richardson W. J. , Isaacs R. E. , Brown C. R. , Yang K. L. , Chen J. , Setton L. A. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThe extracellular matrix (ECM) of the human intervertebral disc is rich in molecules that interact with cells through integrin‐mediated attachments. Porcine nucleus pulposus (NP) cells have been shown to interact with laminin (LM) isoforms LM‐111 and LM‐511 through select integrins that regulate biosynthesis and cell attachment. Since human NP cells lose many phenotypic characteristics with age, attachment and interaction with the ECM may be altered. Expression of LM‐binding integrins was quantified for human NP cells using flow cytometry. The cell‐ECM attachment mechanism was determined by quantifying cell attachment to LM‐111, LM‐511, or type II collagen after functionally blocking specific integrin subunits. Human NP cells express integrins β1, α3, and α5, with over 70% of cells positive for each subunit. Blocking subunit β1 inhibited NP cell attachment to all substrates. Blocking subunits α1, α2, α3, and α5 simultaneously, but not individually, inhibits NP cell attachment to laminins. While integrin α6β1 mediated porcine NP cell attachment to LM‐111, we found integrins α3, α5, and β1 instead contributed to human NP cell attachment. These findings identify integrin subunits that may mediate interactions with the ECM for human NP cells and could be used to promote cell attachment, survival, and biosynthesis in cell‐based therapeutics. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1661–1667, 2013