bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Das Zollpersonal an den römischen Alpenstraßen nach Aguntum und Virunum
Authors: Froehlich Susanne 
Published: June 2014

Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Beitrag zum römischen Zollwesen nimmt eine mikrohistorische Perspektive ein. Untersucht wird die Situation an zwei wichtigen antiken Alpenrouten, den Straßen nach Aguntum und Virunum, die in den Bereich des illyrischen Zollgebiets fallen. Hier läßt sich eine ganze Reihe von Zollposten belegen, was wohl mit der in diesem Gebiet besonders aufwendigen Straßeninstandhaltung in Zusammenhang zu bringen ist. Das Personal der Zollstationen ist durch Inschriften vergleichsweise dicht dokumentiert: Die Zöllner waren gut ausgebildete, hochspezialisierte Sklaven, die über beträchtliche persönliche Geldmittel verfügten und auffallend häufig mit freien oder freigelassenen Frauen verbunden waren. Sie zeichneten sich durch eine hohe Mobilität innerhalb der Region aus und waren untereinander bestens vernetzt. Diese Beobachtungen werfen die Frage auf, welche Bedeutung das Zollpersonal für die Romanisierung des ländlichen Raums hatte.
Paulinus von Nola und die Urbs Roma
Authors: Brandt Hartwin 
Published: June 2014

Zusammenfassung
Neueste Forschungen zur spätantiken urbs Roma haben deutlich gemacht, daß zahlreiche pagane und christliche Autoren sich an dem Diskurs um eine Neubestimmung der städtischen Identität Roms in der Spätantike beteiligten. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird auf der Basis seiner epistulae und carmina geprüft, ob und inwieweit auch Paulinus von Nola an dieser Diskussion teilgenommen hat.
A novel genome‐wide in vivo screen for metastatic suppressors in human colon cancer identifies the positive WNT‐TCF pathway modulators TMED3 and SOX12
Authors: Duquet Arnaud , Melotti Alice , Mishra Sonakshi , Malerba Monica , Seth Chandan , Conod Arwen , Ruiz i Altaba Ariel 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe progression of tumors to the metastatic state involves the loss of metastatic suppressor functions. Finding these, however, is difficult as in vitro assays do not fully predict metastatic behavior, and the majority of studies have used cloned cell lines, which do not reflect primary tumor heterogeneity. Here, we have designed a novel genome‐wide screen to identify metastatic suppressors using primary human tumor cells in mice, which allows saturation screens. Using this unbiased approach, we have tested the hypothesis that endogenous colon cancer metastatic suppressors affect WNT‐TCF signaling. Our screen has identified two novel metastatic suppressors: TMED3 and SOX12, the knockdown of which increases metastatic growth after direct seeding. Moreover, both modify the type of self‐renewing spheroids, but only knockdown of TMED3 also induces spheroid cell spreading and lung metastases from a subcutaneous xenograft. Importantly, whereas TMED3 and SOX12 belong to different families involved in protein secretion and transcriptional regulation, both promote endogenous WNT‐TCF activity. Treatments for advanced or metastatic colon cancer may thus not benefit from WNT blockers, and these may promote a worse outcome.
Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide Upregulates Insulin Secretion From Pancreatic β Cell Line MIN6
Authors: Bhat Uppoor G. , Ilievski Vladimir , Unterman Terry G. , Watanabe Keiko 
Published: June 2014

Background: A close association between periodontitis and diabetes has been demonstrated in human cross‐sectional studies, but an exact relationship between periodontitis and prediabetes has not been established. Previous studies using animal model systems consistently have shown that hyperinsulinemia occurs in animals with periodontitis compared to animals with healthy periodontium (while maintaining normoglycemia). Because bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, we hypothesized that LPS may stimulate insulin secretion through a direct effect on β cell function. To test this hypothesis, pancreatic β cell line MIN6 cells were used to determine the effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) LPS on insulin secretion. Furthermore, expression of genes altered by Pg LPS in innate immunity and insulin‐signaling pathways was determined.Methods: MIN6 cells were grown in medium with glucose concentration of normoglycemia (5.5 mM). Pg LPS was added to each well at final concentrations of 50, 200, and 500 ng/mL. Insulin secretion was measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Gene expression levels altered by Pg LPS were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array for mouse innate and adaptive immunity response and mouse insulin‐signaling pathways, and results were confirmed for specific genes of interest by quantitative PCR.Results: Pg LPS stimulated insulin secretion in the normoglycemic condition by ≈1.5‐ to 3.0‐fold depending on the concentration of LPS. Pg LPS treatment altered the expression of several genes involved in innate and adaptive immune response and insulin‐signaling pathway. Pg LPS upregulated the expression of the immune response–related genes cluster of differentiation 8a (Cd8a), Cd14, and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (Icam1) by about two‐fold. LPS also increased the expression of two insulin signaling–related genes, glucose‐6‐phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6pc) and insulin‐like 3 (Insl3), by three‐ to four‐fold.Conclusions: We have demonstrated for the first time that Pg LPS stimulates insulin secretion by pancreatic β cell line MIN cells. Pg LPS may have significant implications on the development of β cell compensation and insulin resistance in prediabetes in individuals with periodontitis.
Sources of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Awareness of HIV Vaccine Trials
Authors: Arnold Michael P. , Andrasik Michele , Landers Stewart , Karuna Shelly , Mimiaga Matthew J. , Wakefield Steven , Mayer Kenneth , Buchbinder Susan , Koblin Beryl A. 
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We explored the relative effects of 2 awareness components—exposure and attention—on racial/ethnic differences in HIV vaccine trial awareness among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods. Surveys assessing awareness of and attitudes toward HIV vaccine trials were administered to 1723 MSM in 6 US cities. Proxy measures of exposure included use of HIV resources and other health care services, community involvement, income, and residence. Attention proxy measures included research attitudes, HIV susceptibility, and HIV message fatigue. Using logistic regression models, we assessed the extent to which these proxies accounted for racial/ethnic differences in vaccine trial awareness. Results. White MSM reported significantly (P < .01) higher rates of HIV vaccine trial awareness (22%) compared with Latino (17%), Black (13%) and “other” (13%) MSM. Venue-based exposure proxies and research-directed attitudinal attention proxies were significantly associated with awareness, but only accounted for the White-Latino disparity in awareness. No proxies accounted for the White-Black or White-“other” differentials in awareness. Conclusions. Sources of disparities in awareness of HIV vaccine trials remain to be explained. Future trials seeking to promote diverse participation should explore additional exposure and attention mediators.
Missed Opportunity for Alcohol Problem Prevention Among Army Active Duty Service Members Postdeployment
Authors: Larson Mary Jo , Mohr Beth A. , Adams Rachel Sayko , Wooten Nikki R. , Williams Thomas V. 
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We identified to what extent the Department of Defense postdeployment health surveillance program identifies at-risk drinking, alone or in conjunction with psychological comorbidities, and refers service members who screen positive for additional assessment or care. Methods. We completed a cross-sectional analysis of 333 803 US Army active duty members returning from Iraq or Afghanistan deployments in fiscal years 2008 to 2011 with a postdeployment health assessment. Alcohol measures included 2 based on self-report quantity-frequency items—at-risk drinking (positive Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test alcohol consumption questions [AUDIT-C] screen) and severe alcohol problems (AUDIT-C score of 8 or higher)—and another based on the interviewing provider’s assessment. Results. Nearly 29% of US Army active duty members screened positive for at-risk drinking, and 5.6% had an AUDIT-C score of 8 or higher. Interviewing providers identified potential alcohol problems among only 61.8% of those screening positive for at-risk drinking and only 74.9% of those with AUDIT-C scores of 8 or higher. They referred for a follow-up visit to primary care or another setting only 29.2% of at-risk drinkers and only 35.9% of those with AUDIT-C scores of 8 or higher. Conclusions. This study identified missed opportunities for early intervention for at-risk drinking. Future research should evaluate the effect of early intervention on long-term outcomes.
Effects of the It’s Your Game . . . Keep It Real Program on Dating Violence in Ethnic-Minority Middle School Youths: A Group Randomized Trial
Authors: Peskin Melissa F. , Markham Christine M. , Shegog Ross , Baumler Elizabeth R. , Addy Robert C. , Tortolero Susan R. 
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We examined whether It’s Your Game . . . Keep It Real (IYG) reduced dating violence among ethnic-minority middle school youths, a population at high risk for dating violence. Methods. We analyzed data from 766 predominantly ethnic-minority students from 10 middle schools in southeast Texas in 2004 for a group randomized trial of IYG. We estimated logistic regression models, and the primary outcome was emotional and physical dating violence perpetration and victimization by ninth grade. Results. Control students had significantly higher odds of physical dating violence victimization (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20, 1.92), emotional dating violence victimization (AOR = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.36, 2.24), and emotional dating violence perpetration (AOR = 1.58; 95% CI = 1.11, 2.26) than did intervention students. The odds of physical dating violence perpetration were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Program effects varied by gender and race/ethnicity. Conclusions. IYG significantly reduced 3 of 4 dating violence outcomes among ethnic-minority middle school youths. Although further study is warranted to determine if IYG should be widely disseminated to prevent dating violence, it is one of only a handful of school-based programs that are effective in reducing adolescent dating violence behavior.
Preconception Stress, Birth Weight, and Birth Weight Disparities Among US Women
Authors: Strutz Kelly L. , Hogan Vijaya K. , Siega-Riz Anna Maria , Suchindran Chirayath M. , Halpern Carolyn Tucker , Hussey Jon M. 
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We examined the impact of preconception acute and chronic stressors on offspring birth weight and racial/ethnic birth weight disparities. Methods. We included birth weights for singleton live first (n = 3512) and second (n = 1901) births to White, Mexican-origin Latina, other-origin Latina, and Black women reported at wave IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (2007–2008; ages 24–32 years). We generated factor scores for preconception acute and chronic stressors from wave I (1994–1995; ages 11–19 years) or wave III (2001–2002; ages 18–26 years) for the same cohort of women. Results. Linear regression models indicated that chronic stressors, but not acute stressors, were inversely associated with birth weight for both first and second births (b = −192; 95% confidence interval = −270, −113; and b = −180; 95% confidence interval = −315, −45, respectively), and partially explained the disparities in birth weight between the minority racial/ethnic groups and Whites. Conclusions. Preconception chronic stressors contribute to restricted birth weight and to racial/ethnic birth weight disparities.
Changes in Experiences With Discrimination Across Pregnancy and Postpartum: Age Differences and Consequences for Mental Health
Authors: Rosenthal Lisa , Earnshaw Valerie A. , Lewis Tené T. , Reid Allecia E. , Lewis Jessica B. , Stasko Emily C. , Tobin Jonathan N. , Ickovics Jeannette R. 
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We aimed to contribute to growing research and theory suggesting the importance of examining patterns of change over time and critical life periods to fully understand the effects of discrimination on health, with a focus on the period of pregnancy and postpartum and mental health outcomes. Methods. We used hierarchical linear modeling to examine changes across pregnancy and postpartum in everyday discrimination and the resulting consequences for mental health among predominantly Black and Latina, socioeconomically disadvantaged young women who were receiving prenatal care in New York City. Results. Patterns of change in experiences with discrimination varied according to age. Among the youngest participants, discrimination increased from the second to third trimesters and then decreased to lower than the baseline level by 1 year postpartum; among the oldest participants, discrimination decreased from the second trimester to 6 months postpartum and then returned to the baseline level by 1 year postpartum. Within-subjects changes in discrimination over time predicted changes in depressive and anxiety symptoms at subsequent points. Discrimination more strongly predicted anxiety symptoms among participants reporting food insecurity. Conclusions. Our results support a life course approach to understanding the impact of experiences with discrimination on health and when to intervene.
Intervention Model for Contaminated Consumer Products: A Multifaceted Tool for Protecting Public Health
Authors: Hore Paromita , Ahmed Munerah , Nagin Deborah , Clark Nancy 
Published: June 2014

Lead-based paint and occupational lead hazards remain the primary exposure sources of lead in New York City (NYC) children and men, respectively. Lead poisoning has also been associated with the use of certain consumer products in NYC. The NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene developed the Intervention Model for Contaminated Consumer Products, a comprehensive approach to identify and reduce exposure to lead and other hazards in consumer products. The model identifies hazardous consumer products, determines their availability in NYC, enforces on these products, and provides risk communication and public education. Implementation of the model has resulted in removal of thousands of contaminated products from local businesses and continues to raise awareness of these hazardous products.
Differences in Time Use and Activity Patterns When Adding a Second Job: Implications for Health and Safety in the United States
Authors: Marucci-Wellman Helen R. , Lin Tin-Chi , Willetts Joanna L. , Brennan Melanye J. , Verma Santosh K. 
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We compared work and lifestyle activities for workers who work in 1 job with those who work in multiple jobs during a 1-week period. Methods. We used information from the 2003–2011 American Time Use Survey to classify workers into 6 work groups based on whether they were a single (SJH) or multiple (MJH) job holder and whether they worked their primary, other, multiple, or no job on the diary day. Results. The MJHs often worked 2 part-time jobs (20%), long weekly hours (27% worked 60+ hours), and on weekends. The MJHs working multiple jobs on the diary day averaged more than 2 additional work hours (2.25 weekday, 2.75 weekend day; P < .05), odd hours (more often between 5 pm and 7 am), with more work travel time (10 minutes weekday, 9 minutes weekend day; P < .05) and less sleep (–45 minutes weekday, −62 minutes weekend day; P < .05) and time for other household (P < .05) and leisure (P < .05) activities than SJHs. Conclusions. Because of long work hours, long daily commutes, multiple shifts, and less sleep and leisure time, MJHs may be at heightened risk of fatigue and injury.
Impact of State Cigarette Taxes on Disparities in Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy
Authors: Hawkins Summer Sherburne , Baum Christopher F. 
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We evaluated the impact of state tobacco control policies on disparities in maternal smoking during pregnancy. Methods. We analyzed 2000–2010 National Vital Statistics System natality files with 17 699 534 births from 28 states and the District of Columbia that used the 1989 revision of the birth certificate. We conducted differences-in-differences regression models to assess whether changes in cigarette taxes and smoke-free legislation were associated with changes in maternal smoking during pregnancy and number of cigarettes smoked. To evaluate disparities, we included interaction terms between maternal race/ethnicity, education, and cigarette taxes. Results. Although maternal smoking decreased from 11.6% to 8.9%, White and Black women without a high school degree had some of the highest rates of smoking (39.7% and 16.4%, respectively). These same women were the most responsive to cigarette tax increases, but not to smoke-free legislation. For every $1.00 cigarette tax increase, low-educated White and Black mothers decreased smoking by nearly 2 percentage points and smoked between 14 and 22 fewer cigarettes per month. Conclusions. State cigarette taxes may be an effective population-level intervention to decrease racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in maternal smoking during pregnancy.
Discrimination and Substance Use Disorders Among Latinos: The Role of Gender, Nativity, and Ethnicity
Authors: Otiniano Verissimo Angie Denisse , Grella Christine E. , Amaro Hortensia , Gee Gilbert C. 
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We examined the relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders among a diverse sample of Latinos. We also investigated whether the relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders varied by gender, nativity, and ethnicity. Methods. Our analyses focused on 6294 Latinos who participated in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions from 2004 to 2005. We used multinomial logistic regression to examine the association between discrimination and substance use disorders. Results. Discrimination was significantly associated with increased odds of alcohol and drug use disorders among Latinos. However, the relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders varied by gender, nativity, and ethnicity. Discrimination was associated with increased odds of alcohol and drug use disorders for certain groups, such as women, US-born Latinos, and Mexicans, but this relationship did not follow the same pattern for other subgroups. Conclusions. It is important to determine which subgroups among Latinos may be particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of discrimination to address their needs.
Public Bicycle Share Programs and Head Injuries
Authors: Graves Janessa M. , Pless Barry , Moore Lynne , Nathens Avery B. , Hunte Garth , Rivara Frederick P. 
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We evaluated the effect of North American public bicycle share programs (PBSPs), which typically do not offer helmets with rentals, on the occurrence of bicycle-related head injuries. Methods. We analyzed trauma center data for bicycle-related injuries from 5 cities with PBSPs and 5 comparison cities. We used logistic regression models to compare the odds that admission for a bicycle-related injury would involve a head injury 24 months before PBSP implementation and 12 months afterward. Results. In PBSP cities, the proportion of head injuries among bicycle-related injuries increased from 42.3% before PBSP implementation to 50.1% after (P < .01). This proportion in comparison cities remained similar before (38.2%) and after (35.9%) implementation (P = .23). Odds ratios for head injury were 1.30 (95% confidence interval = 1.13, 1.67) in PBSP cities and 0.94 (95% confidence interval = 0.79, 1.11) in control cities (adjusted for age and city) when we compared the period after implementation to the period before. Conclusions. Results suggest that steps should be taken to make helmets available with PBSPs. Helmet availability should be incorporated into PBSP planning and funding, not considered an afterthought following implementation.
The Interplay of Friendship Networks and Social Networking Sites: Longitudinal Analysis of Selection and Influence Effects on Adolescent Smoking and Alcohol Use
Authors: Huang Grace C. , Soto Daniel , Fujimoto Kayo , Valente Thomas W. 
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We examined the coevolution of adolescent friendships and peer influences with respect to their risk behaviors and social networking site use. Methods. Investigators of the Social Network Study collected longitudinal data during fall 2010 and spring 2011 from 10th-grade students in 5 Southern California high schools (n = 1434). We used meta-analyses of stochastic actor-based models to estimate changes in friendship ties and risk behaviors and the effects of Facebook and MySpace use. Results. Significant shifts in adolescent smoking and drinking occurred despite little change in overall prevalence rates. Students with higher levels of alcohol use were more likely to send and receive friendship nominations and become friends with other drinkers. They were also more likely to increase alcohol use if their friends drank more. Adolescents selected friends with similar Facebook and MySpace use habits. Exposure to friends’ risky online pictures increased smoking behaviors but had no significant effects on alcohol use. Conclusions. Our findings support a greater focus on friendship selection mechanisms in school-based alcohol use interventions. Social media platforms may help identify at-risk adolescent groups and foster positive norms about risk behaviors.
Estimating the Proportion of Cases of Lung Cancer Legally Attributable to Smoking: A Novel Approach for Class Actions Against the Tobacco Industry
Authors: Siemiatycki Jack , Karp Igor , Sylvestre Marie-Pierre , Pintos Javier 
Published: June 2014

Objectives. The plaintiffs’ lawyers for a class action suit, which was launched in Quebec on behalf of all patients with lung cancer whose disease was caused by cigarette smoking, asked us to estimate what proportion of lung cancer cases in Quebec, if they hypothetically could be individually evaluated, would satisfy the criterion that it is “more likely than not” that smoking caused the disease.Methods. The novel methodology we developed is based on the dose–response relationship between smoking and lung cancer, for which we use the pack-years as a measure of smoking, and the distribution of pack-years of smoking among cases.Results. We estimated that the amount of smoking required to satisfy the ”more likely than not” criterion is between 3 and 11 pack-years. More than 90% of the Quebec cases satisfied even the most conservative of these thresholds.Conclusions. More than 90% of cases of lung cancer in Quebec are legally attributable to smoking. The methodology enhances the ability to conduct class action suits against the tobacco industry.