bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiation and growth of bone ornamentation in vertebrates: A comparative histological study among the Crocodylomorpha
Authors: de Buffrénil V. , Clarac F. , Fau M. , Martin S. , Martin B. , Pellé E. , Laurin M. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTBone ornamentation, that is, hollow (pits and grooves) or protruding (ridges) repetitive reliefs on the surface of dermal bones, is a frequent, though poorly studied and understood, feature in vertebrates. One of the most typical examples of this characteristic is given by the Crurotarsi, a taxon formed by the crocodilians and their closest allies, which generally display deep ornamentation on skull roof and osteoderms. However, the ontogenetic process responsible for the differentiation and development of this character remains controversial. This study was conducted to settle the question on histological and microanatomical evidence in several crurotarsan taxa. Observational and experimental data in extant and extinct crocodyliforms show that bone ornamentation is initially created, and later maintained during somatic growth (that is indefinite in crocodilians), by a complex process of bone remodeling comprising local resorption of superficial bone cortices, followed by partial reconstruction. The superficial reliefs of crocodilian dermal bones are thus permanently modified through pit enlargement, drift, stretching, shrinking, or complete filling. Ridges are also remodeled in corresponding ways. These processes allow accommodation of unitary ornamental motifs to the overall dimensions of the bones during growth. A parsimony optimization based on the results of this study, but integrating also published data on bone histology in non‐crocodyliform crurotarsans and some non‐crurotarsan taxa, suggests that the peculiar mechanism described above for creating and maintaining bone ornamentation is a general feature of the Crurotarsi and is quite distinct from that attributed by previous authors to other vertebrates. J. Morphol. 276:425–445, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimal design of fatigue life for RCP with PoP package by using the Taguchi method
Authors: Cheng Hsin‐En , Chen Rong‐Sheng 
Published: December 2014

SummaryIn recent years, the electronic industries tend to offer products with smaller scales, lower cost, larger storage space and integration of various functions. The development of redistributed chip package (RCP) technology is facilitated to reduce package size for three‐dimensional integration and to enhance packaging capability for miniature requirements. Meanwhile, the logic unit is required to be combined with the memory unit to achieve miniaturization and system integration.The RCP with package on package (PoP) is constructed by stacking the RCP for the very fine pitch ball grid array at topside and the stack package ball grid array (SPBGA) at bottom side. The finite element software ANSYS is adopted in this study using the Global/Local modeling approach. The reliability of the RCP with PoP is subjected to a thermal cycle test of ‐40‐125 °C based on JEDEC specification. The Coffin‐Manson strain‐based model and the Morrow energy‐based model are employed for prediction of package fatigue life, in which the SAC387 (95.5Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu) solder joints are treated as viscoplastic behavior according to the Anand constitutive model. The other materials are modeled as elastic behavior.To investigate the solder joint reliability for the stacked package design, a numerical experiment by means of the single factor analysis is first conducted for investigation. The material factors such as Young's Modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion, the geometric factors such as component thickness are evaluated. Accordingly, the significant factors are filtered and analyzed by the Taguchi method to obtain the optimal combination. As a result, the optimal design increases package fatigue life, which contributes a significant improvement by up to 86.5% when comparing with the original model.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An appraisal of eighteen commonly consumed edible plants as functional food based on their antioxidant and starch hydrolase inhibitory activities
Authors: Lee Yian Hoon , Choo Candy , Watawana Mindani I , Jayawardena Nilakshi , Waisundara Viduranga Y 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDEighteen edible plants were assessed for their antioxidant potential based on oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, total phenolics, vitamin C content and various lipophilic antioxidants. The inhibitory activities of the plant extracts against the enzymatic activities of α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase were also evaluated.RESULTSThe antioxidant and starch hydrolase activities of the plants varied widely across a single batch of analysis. The ORAC and DPPH radical scavenging EC50 values varied between 298 and 1984 Trolox equivalents g−1 fresh weight and between 91 and 533 mg kg−1 fresh weight, respectively. The total phenolics and vitamin C contents varied between 32 and 125 mg gallic acid equivalents g−1 fresh weight and between 96 and 285 µg g−1 fresh weight, respectively. All the plants contained neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and α‐ and β‐ carotene in varying amounts. Coccinia grandis, Asparagus racemosus, Costus speciosus, Amaranthus viridis and Annona muricata displayed the highest inhibitory activities against starch hydrolases. They were the most efficient against the breakdown of seven starches exposed to the two enzymes as well.CONCLUSIONSOverall, the edible plants were observed to display a high antioxidant potential with starch hydrolase inhibitory properties, which were beneficial in their being recognized as functional food. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Physicochemical properties of caper species seed oils collected from two different harvest years
Authors: Duman Erman , Özcan Mehmet Musa 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn this study the physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition and sterol and tocopheol contents of caper species seed oils were determined.RESULTSBrightness (L*) values of oils obtained from caper seeds ranged between 36.76 and 53.48. Viscosity values of oils of Capparis spinosa species were between 41.1 and 48.6 mPa. While oleic acid levels were high in C. spinosa species oils, linoleic acid levels were high in Capparis ovata species oils. Sterol contents of crude oils were between 3140 and 3272 mg kg−1 (mean 3220 mg kg−1) for C. spinosa species and between 3275 and 3312 mg kg−1 (mean 3298 mg kg−1) for C. ovata species. α‐Tocopherol contents of C. spinosa and C. ovata oils averaged 3.87 and 2.63 mg per 100 g respectively. Radical‐scavenging activities of crude oils averaged 29.78% (C. spinosa species) and 26.09% (C. ovata species). Total phenolic concentrations in crude oils averaged 0.642 mg g−1 for C. ovata species (P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONCaper seeds are a natural source of vegetable oils that are beneficial in terms of health, oil stability and resistance to oxidation. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Qualitative mammographic findings and outcomes of surveillance mammography after partial breast reconstruction with an autologous flap
Authors: Tan V.K. , Cornford E.J. , McCulley S.J. , Macmillan R.D. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundThis study describes the qualitative mammographic features after partial breast reconstruction with an autologous flap, and evaluates the diagnostic accuracy and recall rates of surveillance mammography after volume replacement in breast conserving surgery.MethodsPatients who had autologous partial breast reconstruction (N = 102) after breast‐conserving surgery using either the myocutaneous latissimus dorsi mini‐flap (N = 39) or fasciocutaneous chest wall perforator flap (N = 63) were reviewed. Mammograms done at one‐year post surgery were analysed for characteristic qualitative features. All surveillance mammograms, diagnostic imaging and medical records were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsMammograms of partially reconstructed breasts had distinctive features that correlated well with the surgical procedures. Median follow‐up was 3 years, range 0–11 years. Of 295 surveillance mammograms, six (2%) resulted in a recall for further imaging and 3 (1%) proceeded to needle biopsy. Diagnostic imaging was performed for 13 (13/102, 12.7%) patients with symptoms, and only one (1/102, 1%) required a diagnostic biopsy.ConclusionsA conserved breast with an autologous flap within has characteristic mammographic features that differ from those after standard breast conserving surgery. Surveillance mammography after partial breast reconstruction is accurate, and recall/biopsy rates are low. Diagnostic breast ultrasound examination is effective evaluation for the symptomatic patient. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:377–381. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Soil Property Changes After Conversion from FOrest to Pasture in Mount Sacinka, Artvin, Turkey
Authors: Ozalp Mehmet , Erdogan Yuksel Esin , Yuksek Turan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTurkey's forests have been continuously facing conversion into both agriculture and pasturelands, causing not only degradation and fragmentation of forested lands but also negative changes in soil properties that have not been thoroughly investigated. In order to determine possible changes in some physical and hydrophysical soil parameters along with the dispersion ratio between natural coppice forests and the neighbouring forest‐to‐grassland converted areas, a foothill of Mount Sacinka in Artvin was chosen as a research area. Besides land use, possible effects of elevation change on soil properties due to the mountainous and moderately steep landscape of the region were also taken into consideration. The soil samples were analysed for soil texture, permeability, field capacity, bulk density, organic matter, pH and dispersion ratio. The results indicated that whereas permeability (43·05 mm h−1 in forest and 18·82 mm h−1 in pasture), field capacity (43·45% in forest and 38·08% in pasture) and organic matter (6·36% in forest and 5·34% in pasture) values turned out to be higher in forest soils, bulk density (0·91 g cm−3 in forest and 1·06 g cm−3 in pasture) and pH (5·89 in forest and 6·55 in pasture) values were low in grassland soils, meaning that conversion has negative effects on soil properties. Additionally, the mean dispersion ratios of 27·55% and 33·58% for forest and pastureland soils, respectively, indicated soil erosion problems in both land uses. In addition, as for elevation effect, forest soils especially showed better characteristics at higher elevations with high permeability, field capacity and organic matter and low pH and dispersion ratio. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LEADERSHIP BY THE MANY THE POWER OF LATINO INCLUSION
Authors: Bordas Juana 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBordas contends that leaders everywhere have much to learn from Latino leadership, as we shift from I to We, and become more collaborative and inclusive. She quotes from a number of prominent Latino leaders, including Arturo Vargas, president of the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials, and Sylvia Puente of Chicago's Latino Policy Forum. Bordas notes the power of national Latino coalition organizations, such as the National Council of La Raza. “Creating a community of leaders is essential.” she writes, “when a group's advancement depends on people power, collective resources, and a critical mass of skilled and motivated people.”
Tailor‐Made Antimicrobial/Antiviral Star Polymer via ATRP of Cyclodextrin and Guanidine‐Based Macromonomer
Authors: Pan Yuanfeng , Xue Yan , Snow Jamie , Xiao Huining 
Published: December 2014

Novel star‐like polymers are prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG) macromonomer and acrylamide (AM) using β‐cyclodextrin (CD) with 8‐active and 5‐active sites as a macroinitiator. The resulting star‐like polymers are characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and 1H NMR and are used for deactivating bacteria and viruses. It is found that star polymers with comparable amounts of PHMG possess excellent antimicrobial activity, which, however, strongly depends on the topological structure (i.e., the arm number and the monomer ratio) of the composing copolymers. The in vitro antibacterial activities of the synthesized polymers are investigated against Escherichia coli in terms of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), whereas the antiviral activity of star copolymers is assessed via a plaque assay against non‐enveloped adenovirus (ADV). The results show that the highest antimicrobial activity is achieved by the star‐like copolymer with the monomer ratio of 20:3 (AM:PHGM, mol/mol), while the number of functional arms is fixed at 8. The incorporation of PHMG also renders the star copolymer highly antiviral, thus permitting it to be used as an effective antibacterial/antiviral agent for various applications.
image
Droxidopa for the Short‐Term Treatment of Symptomatic Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension in Parkinson's Disease (nOH306B)
Authors: Hauser Robert A. , Isaacson Stuart , Lisk Jerome P. , Hewitt L. Arthur , Rowse Gerry 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTNeurogenic orthostatic hypotension (nOH) results from failure of norepinephrine responses to postural change to maintain standing systolic blood pressure (s‐SBP). Droxidopa is an oral prodrug of norepinephrine. Study nOH306 enrolled patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and symptomatic nOH. Subjects underwent up to 2 weeks of double‐blind titration of droxidopa or placebo, followed by 8 weeks of double‐blind maintenance treatment (100‐600 mg thrice‐daily). For the initial 51 subjects (study nOH306A, previously reported), the primary efficacy measure, Orthostatic Hypotension Questionnaire (OHQ) composite score, did not demonstrate significant change versus placebo at maintenance week 8. For the subsequent 171 subjects (study nOH306B, reported here), the primary efficacy measure was change versus placebo on item 1 (“dizziness, lightheadedness, feeling faint, or feeling like you might black out”) of the Orthostatic Hypotension Symptom Assessment (OHSA) subsection of the OHQ at maintenance week 1. At week 1, mean (standard deviation) improvement on OHSA item 1 was 2.3 (2.95) for droxidopa versus 1.3 (3.16) for placebo (P = 0.018). In addition, mean increase in s‐SBP at week 1 was 6.4 (18.85) for droxidopa versus 0.7 (20.18) mmHg for placebo (nominal P value: 0.032). Differences in change in OHSA item 1 scores from baseline to maintenance weeks 2, 4, and 8 were not statistically significant. Adverse‐event (AE) incidence was similar across groups, but 12.4% of droxidopa and 6.1% of placebo subjects withdrew because of AEs. The most common AEs on droxidopa (vs. placebo) were headache (13.5% vs. 7.3%) and dizziness (10.1% vs. 4.9%). Study nOH306B demonstrated subjective (OHSA item 1) and objective (s‐SBP) evidence of short‐term droxidopa efficacy (vs. placebo) for symptomatic nOH in PD. © 2014 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Measurement of activity and concentration of paraoxonase 1 (PON‐1) in seminal plasma and identification of PON‐2 in the sperm of boar ejaculates
Authors: Barranco Isabel , Roca Jordi , Tvarijonaviciute Asta , Rubér Marie , Vicente‐Carrillo Alejandro , Atikuzzaman Mohammad , Ceron Jose J. , Martinez Emilio A. , Rodriguez‐Martinez Heriberto 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYThis study revealed and characterised the presence of the antioxidant enzymes paraoxonase (PON) type 1 (PON‐1, extracellular) and type 2 (PON‐2, intracellular) in boar semen. To evaluate PON‐1, an entire ejaculate from each of ten boars was collected and the seminal plasma was harvested after double centrifugation (1,500g for 10 min). Seminal plasma was analysed for concentration as well as enzymatic activity of PON‐1 and total cholesterol levels. Seminal‐plasma PON‐1 concentration ranged from 0.961 to 1.670 ng/ml while its enzymatic activity ranged from 0.056 to 0.400 IU/ml, which represent individual variance. Seminal‐plasma PON‐1 concentration and enzymatic activity were negatively correlated (r = −0.763; P < 0.01). The activity of seminal‐plasma PON‐1 negatively correlated with ejaculate volume (r = −0.726, P < 0.05), but positively correlated with sperm concentration (r = 0.654, P < 0.05). Total seminal‐plasma cholesterol concentration positively correlated with PON‐1 activity (r = 0.773; P < 0.01), but negatively correlated with PON‐1 concentration (r = −0.709; P < 0.05). The presence of intracellular PON‐2 was determined via immunocytochemistry in spermatozoa derived from artificial insemination. PON‐2 localised to the post‐acrosomal area of the sperm head and principal piece of the tail in membrane‐intact spermatozoa. In summary, PON is present in boar semen, with PON‐1 at low levels in seminal plasma and PON‐2 within the spermatozoa. Further studies are needed to characterise the relationship between antioxidant PONs with sperm and other seminal‐plasma parameters. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 58–65, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Markovian Approach to Free‐Radical Polymerization with Simultaneous Long‐Chain Branching and Scission: Effect of Branching and Scission Kinetics
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe effect of branching and scission kinetics on the branched structure formation is investigated by using the analytic solution for the weight‐average chain length in a matrix formula, and the Monte Carlo simulation method, both based on the Markov chain statistics. The illustrative calculations, envisaged for the production of low‐density polyethylene, showed that the effect of different kinetics employed for the present study could be negligible when the final monomer conversion is smaller than about 25%, normally used for the commercial production processes. On the other hand, if the polymerization is continued up to higher conversion range, the functional forms for branching and scission kinetics start to show significant effects on the formed branched structure.
Lattice models applied to cyclic behavior description of quasi‐brittle materials: advantages of implicit integration
Authors: Vassaux M. , Richard B. , Ragueneau F. , Millard A. , Delaplace A. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryComprehension and quantification of quasi‐brittle materials behavior require complex experiments when focusing on cyclic or multi‐axial loadings. As an alternative, virtual testing, which can be computed using lattice discrete elements models (LDEM), is particularly interesting. LDEM already provide a physical description of the quasi‐brittle materials behavior, but further attention has to be paid to numerical integration. LDEM are explicitly integrated, such integration has been proven in the literature to be accurate when cracking is involved, by means of efficient schemes such as the ‘Saw‐tooth’ algorithm. In order to extend the range of application of the LDEM to more complex loading paths, such as compressive or cyclic loadings, involving contact and friction mechanisms, qualitativeness as well as quantitativeness of explicit integration has to be assessed anew. We hereby propose an implicit quasi‐static integration scheme for LDEM based on specific non‐linearities encountered in quasi‐brittle materials, namely contact and fracture, to circumvent expected stability and accuracy issues. Efficiency of both schemes is investigated by means of simulations of a uniaxial cyclic test and a compression test. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical course and outcome of antenatally detected atrioventricular block: experience of a single tertiary centre and review of the literature
Authors: Kuleva M. , Le Bidois J. , Decaudin A. , Villain E. , Costedoat‐Chalumeau N. , Lemercier D. , Dumez Y. , Ville Y. , Bonnet D. , Salomon L. J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe objective is to study the course and outcome of fetuses with congenital atrioventricular block (AVB) in a single centre.MethodsRetrospective analysis of cases diagnosed prenatally with second and third degree AVB. The clinical characteristics and outcome of fetal AVB were evaluated including in utero treatment.ResultsSixty‐two cases were studied. AVB was associated with a congenital heart defect (CHD‐AVB) in 17 cases (27%), whereas it was isolated (i‐AVB) in 45 (73%), 42 of which were associated with maternal antibodies. There were nine (52.9%) live births in the CHD‐AVB group, five of which (55%) resulted in infant deaths. In the i‐AVB group, there were 40/45 (88.9%) live births and 1/40 (2.5%) infant death; 36 (90%) babies required a permanent pacemaker. The only factor predictive of postnatal death was the presence of CHD (5/9 vs 1/39 or 48.7 [3.6; 1457.7], p < 0.001).Nineteen fetuses (40.5%) with i‐AVB received steroids in utero. No difference in outcome was found between the AVB treated in utero versus the no‐treatment group in terms of permanent pacemaker placement, postnatal death or development of dilated cardiomyopathy.ConclusionThe most important prognostic factor for congenital AVB is the association with CHD. In utero treatment remains questionable. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specific ion effects on macromolecular interactions in Escherichia coli extracts
Authors: Kyne Ciara , Ruhle Brian , Gautier Virginie W. , Crowley Peter B. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractProtein characterization in situ remains a major challenge for protein science. Here, the interactions of ΔTat‐GB1 in Escherichia coli cell extracts were investigated by NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). ΔTat‐GB1 was found to participate in high molecular weight complexes that remain intact at physiologically‐relevant ionic strength. This observation helps to explain why ΔTat‐GB1 was not detected by in‐cell NMR spectroscopy. Extracts pre‐treated with RNase A had a different SEC elution profile indicating that ΔTat‐GB1 predominantly interacted with RNA. The roles of biological and laboratory ions in mediating macromolecular interactions were studied. Interestingly, the interactions of ΔTat‐GB1 could be disrupted by biologically‐relevant multivalent ions. The most effective shielding of interactions occurred in Mg2+‐containing buffers. Moreover, a combination of RNA digestion and Mg2+ greatly enhanced the NMR detection of ΔTat‐GB1 in cell extracts.
Modulation of HIV protease flexibility by the T80N mutation
Authors: Zhou Hao , Li Shangyang , Badger John , Nalivaika Ellen , Cai Yufeng , Foulkes‐Murzycki Jennifer , Schiffer Celia , Makowski Lee 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThe flexibility of HIV protease (HIVp) plays a critical role in enabling enzymatic activity and is required for substrate access to the active site. While the importance of flexibility in the flaps that cover the active site is well known, flexibility in other parts of the enzyme is also critical for function. One key region is a loop containing Thr 80, which forms the walls of the active site. Although not situated within the active site, amino acid Thr80 is absolutely conserved. The mutation T80N preserves the structure of the enzyme but catalytic activity is completely lost. To investigate the potential influence of the T80N mutation on HIVp flexibility, wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) data was measured for a series of HIVp variants. Starting with a calculated WAXS pattern from a rigid atomic model, the modulations in the intensity distribution caused by structural fluctuations in the protein were predicted by simple analytic methods and compared with the experimental data. An analysis of T80N WAXS data shows that this variant is significantly more rigid than the WT across all length scales. The effects of this single point mutation extend throughout the protein, to alter the mobility of amino acids in the enzymatic core. These results support the contentions that significant protein flexibility extends throughout HIVp and is critical to catalytic function. Proteins 2015; 83:1929–1939. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.