bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reasonable disagreement and the generally unacceptable: a philosophical analysis of Making Fair Choices
Authors: Rumbold Benedict E. , Wilson James 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this article we consider the conclusions and recommendations of the World Health Organisation’s report Making Fair Choices from a philosophical perspective. In particular we reflect on the report’s return to substantive claims about justice in the allocation of health care resources and its argument that certain trade-offs are ‘generally unacceptable’.
An UWB dual polarized microstrip fed L-shape slot antenna
Authors: Krishna Raghupatruni Venkatsiva Ram , Kumar Raj , Kushwaha Nagendra 
Published: February 2015

In this paper, a microstrip fed, L-shape slot antenna for dual polarization is proposed. The two arms of the slot generate electric fields of orthogonal polarizations. By properly sectioning the slot and the feed line, ultra wideband (UWB) behavior is obtained. The measured impedance bandwidth (S11< −10 dB) is more than 8.6 GHz (112%) and 8.2 GHz (104%) for Port 1 and Port 2, respectively. The measured isolation is better than 25 dB over most of the band. The aperture field distribution justifies the dual polarized nature. A modified version which implements a band-notch over 5.1–5.85 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) band is also presented. With a compact, single substrate design, the antenna can be useful in MIMO transmission systems, polarimetric UWB radar, high performance microwave imaging, and other future wireless communications devices.
RF Monte Carlo calculation of power amplifier efficiency as function of signal bandwidth
Authors: Jos Rik 
Published: February 2015

We propose a definition of the efficiency bandwidth for a power amplifier (PA) using a modulated signal as the signal bandwidth at which the amplifier efficiency has dropped to a level of 90% of the maximum efficiency at small bandwidth. We introduce a Monte Carlo method to calculate the efficiency bandwidth for some popular PA architectures. The method assumes a given modulated signal at the load. From this load signal the wave forms at the drains of the transistors are derived and the energy dissipation in the transistors can be calculated. Using idealized transistors with no output capacitance the maximum realizable efficiency bandwidth of an asymmetrical Doherty amplifier is 60%, which is much larger than that of an outphasing amplifier, which is 14%. More realistic transistors that include output capacitances, need a matching circuit with a high Q-value which decreases the efficiency bandwidth. Using output capacitance values typical for LDMOS transistors, the asymmetrical Doherty amplifier shows an efficiency bandwidth of about 400 MHz for a signal centered at 1 GHz. For a signal at 2 GHz the efficiency bandwidth is found to be 520 MHz. Due to the fixed values of the output capacitances the efficiency bandwidth does not scale with frequency.
Accuracy and efficiency of detection dogs: a powerful new tool for koala conservation and management
Authors: Cristescu Romane H. , Foley Emily , Markula Anna , Jackson Gary , Jones Darryl , Frère Céline 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAccurate data on presence/absence and spatial distribution for fauna species is key to their conservation. Collecting such data, however, can be time consuming, laborious and costly, in particular for fauna species characterised by low densities, large home ranges, cryptic or elusive behaviour. For such species, including koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus), indicators of species presence can be a useful shortcut: faecal pellets (scats), for instance, are widely used. Scat surveys are not without their difficulties and often contain a high false negative rate. We used experimental and field-based trials to investigate the accuracy and efficiency of the first dog specifically trained for koala scats. The detection dog consistently out-performed human-only teams. Off-leash, the dog detection rate was 100%. The dog was also 19 times more efficient than current scat survey methods and 153% more accurate (the dog found koala scats where the human-only team did not). This clearly demonstrates that the use of detection dogs decreases false negatives and survey time, thus allowing for a significant improvement in the quality and quantity of data collection. Given these unequivocal results, we argue that to improve koala conservation, detection dog surveys for koala scats could in the future replace human-only teams.
Octahedral faceted Si nanoparticles as optical traps with enormous yield amplification
Authors: Mannino Giovanni , Alberti Alessandra , Ruggeri Rosa , Libertino Sebania , Pennisi Agata R. , Faraci Giuseppe 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe describe a method for the creation of an efficient optical scatter trap by using fully crystalline octahedral Silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs) of approximately 100 nanometres in size. The light trapping, even when probing an isolated nanoparticle, is revealed by an enormous amplification of the Raman yield of up to 108 times that of a similar Si bulk volume. The mechanism conceived and optimised for obtaining such a result was related to the capability of a Si octahedron to trap the light because of its geometrical parameters. Furthermore, Si-NPs act as very efficient light scatterers not only for the direct light beam but also for the trapped light after it escapes the nanoparticle. These two effects are observed, either superimposed or separated, by means of the Raman yield and by photoluminescence enhancements. The inductively coupled plasma synthesis process performed at a temperature of only 50°C allows for the ubiquitous use of these particles on several substrates for optical and photovoltaic applications.
Earth's Phosphides in Levant and insights into the source of Archean prebiotic phosphorus
Authors: Britvin Sergey N. , Murashko Michail N. , Vapnik Yevgeny , Polekhovsky Yury S. , Krivovichev Sergey V. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractNatural phosphides - the minerals containing phosphorus in a redox state lower than zero – are common constituents of meteorites but virtually unknown on the Earth. Herein we present the first rich occurrence of iron-nickel phosphides of terrestrial origin. Phosphide-bearing rocks are exposed in three localities in the surroundings of the Dead Sea, Levant: in the northern Negev Desert, Israel and Transjordan Plateau, south of Amman, Jordan. Seven minerals from the ternary Fe-Ni-P system have been identified with five of them, NiP2, Ni5P4, Ni2P, FeP and FeP2, previously unknown in nature. The results of the present study could provide a new insight on the terrestrial origin of natural phosphides – the most likely source of reactive prebiotic phosphorus at the times of the early Earth.
Aurora B-dependent phosphorylation of Ataxin-10 promotes the interaction between Ataxin-10 and Plk1 in cytokinesis
Authors: Tian Jie , Tian Chuan , Ding Yuehe , Li Zhe , Geng Qizhi , Xiahou Zhikai , Wang Jue , Hou Wenya , Liao Ji , Dong Meng-Qiu , Xu Xingzhi , Li Jing 
Published: February 2015

AbstractSpinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is an autosomal dominant neurologic disorder caused by ATTCT expansion in the ATXN10 gene. Previous investigations have identified that depletion of Ataxin-10, the gene product, leads to cellular apoptosis and cytokinesis failure. Herein we identify the mitotic kinase Aurora B as an Ataxin-10 interacting partner. Aurora B interacts with and phosphorylates Ataxin-10 at S12, as evidenced by in vitro kinase and mass spectrometry analysis. Both endogenous and S12-phosphorylated Ataxin-10 localizes to the midbody during cytokinesis and cytokinetic defects induced by inhibition of ATXN10 expression is not rescued by the S12A mutant. Inhibition of Aurora B or expression of the S12A mutant renders reduced interaction between Ataxin-10 and polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a kinase previously identified to regulate Ataxin-10 in cytokinesis. Taken together, we propose a model that Aurora B phosphorylates Ataxin-10 at S12 to promote the interaction between Ataxin-10 and Plk1 in cytokinesis. These findings identify an Aurora B-dependent mechanism that implicates Ataxin-10 in cytokinesis.
A Ligand-observed Mass Spectrometry Approach Integrated into the Fragment Based Lead Discovery Pipeline
Authors: Chen Xin , Qin Shanshan , Chen Shuai , Li Jinlong , Li Lixin , Wang Zhongling , Wang Quan , Lin Jianping , Yang Cheng , Shui Wenqing 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn fragment-based lead discovery (FBLD), a cascade combining multiple orthogonal technologies is required for reliable detection and characterization of fragment binding to the target. Given the limitations of the mainstream screening techniques, we presented a ligand-observed mass spectrometry approach to expand the toolkits and increase the flexibility of building a FBLD pipeline especially for tough targets. In this study, this approach was integrated into a FBLD program targeting the HCV RNA polymerase NS5B. Our ligand-observed mass spectrometry analysis resulted in the discovery of 10 hits from a 384-member fragment library through two independent screens of complex cocktails and a follow-up validation assay. Moreover, this MS-based approach enabled quantitative measurement of weak binding affinities of fragments which was in general consistent with SPR analysis. Five out of the ten hits were then successfully translated to X-ray structures of fragment-bound complexes to lay a foundation for structure-based inhibitor design. With distinctive strengths in terms of high capacity and speed, minimal method development, easy sample preparation, low material consumption and quantitative capability, this MS-based assay is anticipated to be a valuable addition to the repertoire of current fragment screening techniques.
Oxytocin increases eye contact during a real-time, naturalistic social interaction in males with and without autism
Authors: Auyeung B , Lombardo M V , Heinrichs M , Chakrabarti B , Sule A , Deakin J B , Bethlehem R A I , Dickens L , Mooney N , Sipple J A N , Thiemann P , Baron-Cohen S 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAutism spectrum conditions (autism) affect ~1% of the population and are characterized by deficits in social communication. Oxytocin has been widely reported to affect social-communicative function and its neural underpinnings. Here we report the first evidence that intranasal oxytocin administration improves a core problem that individuals with autism have in using eye contact appropriately in real-world social settings. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects design is used to examine how intranasal administration of 24 IU of oxytocin affects gaze behavior for 32 adult males with autism and 34 controls in a real-time interaction with a researcher. This interactive paradigm bypasses many of the limitations encountered with conventional static or computer-based stimuli. Eye movements are recorded using eye tracking, providing an objective measurement of looking patterns. The measure is shown to be sensitive to the reduced eye contact commonly reported in autism, with the autism group spending less time looking to the eye region of the face than controls. Oxytocin administration selectively enhanced gaze to the eyes in both the autism and control groups (transformed mean eye-fixation difference per second=0.082; 95% CI:0.025–0.14, P=0.006). Within the autism group, oxytocin has the most effect on fixation duration in individuals with impaired levels of eye contact at baseline (Cohen’s d=0.86). These findings demonstrate that the potential benefits of oxytocin in autism extend to a real-time interaction, providing evidence of a therapeutic effect in a key aspect of social communication.
Metabolic resting-state brain networks in health and disease
Authors: Spetsieris Phoebe G. , Ko Ji Hyun , Tang Chris C. , Nazem Amir , Sako Wataru , Peng Shichun , Ma Yilong , Dhawan Vijay , Eidelberg David 
Published: February 2015

Significance
We present an innovative approach to evaluate default mode network (DMN) activity in individual subjects using metabolic imaging. After characterizing a distinct set of metabolic resting state networks (RSNs) in healthy subjects, network activity was tracked over time in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. We found that the dominant normal metabolic RSN, which corresponded to the DMN, is preserved in early-stage Parkinson’s disease patients. Although significant DMN reductions developed later, these changes were reversible in part by dopamine treatment. This finding contrasts with Alzheimer’s disease, in which DMN loss is rapid and continuous, beginning before clinical diagnosis. Metabolic imaging can provide a versatile, quantitative means of assessing brain disease at the network level.
Coincidence avoidance principle in surface haptic interpretation
Authors: Manuel Steven G. , Klatzky Roberta L. , Peshkin Michael A. , Colgate James Edward 
Published: February 2015

SignificanceWhen multiple fingertips experience force sensations during movement, how does the brain decide whether to interpret the forces separately or as an integrated whole? To investigate this question, a force feedback device was used to display forces to two fingertips as they moved collinearly. The force patterns on each finger were constructed to produce illusory virtual bumps, and the distance between these bumps was varied across trials. When bump and finger spacing were identical, subjects tended to report only one bump. This result suggests that the brain selects interpretations of touch sensations that rely on the fewest coincidental alignments between the fingertips and environmental features. This result also has significance for the design of advanced multitouch displays with haptic feedback.
Ongoing unraveling of a continental fauna: Decline and extinction of Australian mammals since European settlement
Authors: Woinarski John C. Z. , Burbidge Andrew A. , Harrison Peter L. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
The island continent of Australia harbors much of the world’s most distinctive biodiversity, but this review describes an extent of recent and ongoing loss of its mammal fauna that is exceptionally high and appreciably greater than previously recognized. The causes of loss are dissimilar to those responsible for most biodiversity decline elsewhere in the world.
Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt
Authors: Weljie Aalim M. , Meerlo Peter , Goel Namni , Sengupta Arjun , Kayser Matthew S. , Abel Ted , Birnbaum Morris J. , Dinges David F. , Sehgal Amita 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Reduced sleep duration is a hallmark of modern-day society and is increasingly associated with medical conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Here we present data from a rat model and human clinical study of chronic sleep restriction, both revealing that two metabolites in blood, oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3, are quantitatively depleted under sleep-restricted conditions and restored after recovery sleep. Our findings also reveal a significant overall shift in lipid metabolism, with higher levels of phospholipids in both species and evidence of a systemic oxidative environment. This work provides a potential link between the known pathologies of reduced sleep duration and metabolic dysfunction.
FT-like proteins induce transposon silencing in the shoot apex during floral induction in rice
Authors: Tamaki Shojiro , Tsuji Hiroyuki , Matsumoto Ayana , Fujita Akiko , Shimatani Zenpei , Terada Rie , Sakamoto Tomoaki , Kurata Tetsuya , Shimamoto Ko 
Published: February 2015

SignificanceFLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) acts as a mobile floral activator that is synthesized in leaf and transported to shoot apex. A Rice FT-like protein, Heading date 3a (Hd3a), requires interaction with 14-3-3 proteins and transcription factor FD to induce flowering. We confirm that Hd3a and its interactors, as well as their transcriptional target, coexist in the shoot apex at the appropriate time during floral transition. RNA-sequencing analysis of shoot apices from wild-type and RNA-interference plants for FT-like genes showed that 58% of classified transposable elements are transcribed, and >200 are down-regulated in response to FT-like. Our results indicate a link between reproductive development and transposon behavior in the shoot apical meristem, supporting and extending recent evidence for such a link during gametophyte development.
Structures of the Gβ-CCT and PhLP1–Gβ-CCT complexes reveal a mechanism for G-protein β-subunit folding and Gβγ dimer assembly
Authors: Plimpton Rebecca L. , Cuéllar Jorge , Lai Chun Wan J. , Aoba Takuma , Makaju Aman , Franklin Sarah , Mathis Andrew D. , Prince John T. , Carrascosa José L. , Valpuesta José M. , Willardson Barry M. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
G-protein signaling contributes to nearly all aspects of cell physiology. In order for signaling to occur, the G-protein αβγ heterotrimer must be assembled from its individual subunits. The G-protein βγ subcomplex does not assemble spontaneously, but requires the protein-folding chaperone cytosolic chaperonin containing TCP-1 (CCT) and its cochaperone phosducin-like protein 1 (PhLP1). To understand the molecular mechanism underlying this process, we determined the structures of two key intermediates in Gβγ assembly, Gβ-CCT and PhLP1–Gβ-CCT, using cryo-electron microscopy and chemical cross-linking. These structures reveal the molecular basis for chaperone-mediated Gβγ assembly that can be exploited to design novel therapeutics to regulate G-protein signaling.
Elevated intraocular pressure decreases response sensitivity of inner retinal neurons in experimental glaucoma mice
Authors: Pang Ji-Jie , Frankfort Benjamin J. , Gross Ronald L. , Wu Samuel M. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness, associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and progressive loss of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Glaucoma patients exhibit diffuse loss of visual sensitivity, but the cellular origins of such sensitivity loss is unknown. In this study, we present evidence showing that elevated IOP decreases the efficacy of the rod bipolar cell to the AII amacrine cell synapse, resulting in reduction of RGC sensitivity. These findings, for the first time to our knowledge, identify the synaptic loci mediating visual sensitivity loss in early glaucoma, and can be used to develop new diagnostic tools and treatments for this blinding disease.
Rapid behavioral maturation accelerates failure of stressed honey bee colonies
Authors: Perry Clint J. , Søvik Eirik , Myerscough Mary R. , Barron Andrew B. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Honey bee colony death rates are unsustainably high. While many stressors have been identified that contribute to this problem, we do not know why colonies transition so rapidly from a state of apparent health to failure. It is well known that individual bees react to nutritional and pathogen stresses by foraging precociously: our study explains how colony failure arises from the social responses of individual bees to stress. We used radio tracking to monitor performance of bees and found that workers who begin foraging prematurely perform very poorly. This compounds the stresses on the colony and accelerates failure. We suggest how colonies at risk can be identified early, and the most effective interventions to prevent failure.
Probing equilibrium glass flow up to exapoise viscosities
Authors: Pogna Eva Arianna Aurelia , Rodríguez-Tinoco Cristian , Cerullo Giulio , Ferrante Carino , Rodríguez-Viejo Javier , Scopigno Tullio 
Published: February 2015

Significance
“Does the glass cease to flow at some finite temperature?” Answering this question––of pivotal importance for glass formation theories––would require ridiculously long observation times. We circumvent this infeasibility relating the (directly inaccessible) ultraviscous flow of a liquid to the elastic properties of the corresponding glass, which we measure as a function of its age. The older the glass, the lower the temperature at which viscosity can be determined. Taking advantage of physical vapor deposition, we rapidly obtain a wide spectrum of ages rivaling those of millenary ambers, enabling viscosity determinations at values as large as those pertaining to the asthenosphere. Our result ultimately rules out the finite-temperature divergence of the molecular diffusion timescale in a glass.
Lemon-shaped halo archaeal virus His1 with uniform tail but variable capsid structure
Authors: Hong Chuan , Pietilä Maija K. , Fu Caroline J. , Schmid Michael F. , Bamford Dennis H. , Chiu Wah 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Many lemon-shaped double-stranded DNA viruses have been observed to infect archaeal cells in both extreme and moderate environments. We used cryo-electron tomography with subtomogram classification and averaging to reveal the three-dimensional structures of a lemon-shaped haloarchaeal virus, His1. Although the His1 exhibited size and shape heterogeneity, its tail structure was found to be constant. Extensive biochemical studies show that, while extremely stable, under certain conditions the capsid can transform into a tube without the genome. These observations demonstrate that the capsid proteins are able to perform a remarkable surface lattice transformation.
Autism-associated mutation inhibits protein kinase C-mediated neuroligin-4X enhancement of excitatory synapses
Authors: Bemben Michael A. , Nguyen Quynh-Anh , Wang Tongguang , Li Yan , Nicoll Roger A. , Roche Katherine W. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
The last decade has delivered astounding advances in DNA sequencing technology, which has led to the wide discovery of point mutations in genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the mechanism by which the majority of mutations may contribute to the disease is unknown. Here we show that a reported autism mutation can dramatically inhibit a posttranslational modification, which leads to profound synaptic changes. These data underscore how a simple perturbation of a protein at the synapse can lead to dramatic changes in synaptic transmission and supports a model by which imbalances of excitatory/inhibitory currents may underlie the pathophysiology of autism.
Feedback stabilizes propagation of synchronous spiking in cortical neural networks
Authors: Moldakarimov Samat , Bazhenov Maxim , Sejnowski Terrence J. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Feedback projections are ubiquitous in the brain, but little is known about what they contribute to information processing. The results presented here provide testable hypotheses for the functional role of the feedback projections in the brain. Our work suggests that feedback projections could be responsible for information encoded in spike times to reliably propagate through cortex, and thus could serve as an attentional mechanism to regulate the flow of information in the cortex. Our work also suggests that feedback projections may also be critically involved in organizing neural populations involved in cognitive functions by generating and sharpening spike-time synchronization among populations of neurons. Thus, feedback projections could be key to understanding how the cortex is globally organized.