bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognoses Associated With Palliative Performance Scale Scores in Modern Palliative Care Practice
Authors: Bischoff Kara E. , Patel Kanan , Boscardin W. John , O’Riordan David L. , Pantilat Steven Z. , Smith Alexander K. 
Published: July 2024

ImportanceThe Palliative Performance Scale (PPS) is one of the most widely used prognostic tools for patients with serious illness. However, current prognostic estimates associated with PPS scores are based on data that are over a decade old.ObjectiveTo generate updated prognostic estimates by PPS score, care setting, and illness category, and examine how well PPS predicts short- and longer-term survival.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prognostic study was conducted at a large academic medical center with robust inpatient and outpatient palliative care practices using electronic health record data linked with data from California Vital Records. Eligible participants included patients who received a palliative care consultation between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020. Data analysis was conducted from November 2022 to February 2024.ExposurePalliative care consultation with a PPS score documented.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes were predicted 1-, 6-, and 12-month mortality and median survival of patients by PPS score in the inpatient and outpatient settings, and performance of the PPS across a range of survival times. In subgroup analyses, mortality risk by PPS score was estimated in patients with cancer vs noncancer illnesses and those seen in-person vs by video telemedicine in the outpatient setting.ResultsOverall, 4779 patients (mean [SD] age, 63.5 [14.8] years; 2437 female [51.0%] and 2342 male [49.0%]) had a palliative care consultation with a PPS score documented. Of these patients, 2276 were seen in the inpatient setting and 3080 were seen in the outpatient setting. In both the inpatient and outpatient settings, 1-, 6-, and 12-month mortality were higher and median survival was shorter for patients with lower PPS scores. Prognostic estimates associated with PPS scores were substantially longer (2.3- to 11.7-fold) than previous estimates commonly used by clinicians. The PPS had good ability to discriminate between patients who lived and those who died in the inpatient setting (integrated time-dependent area under the curve [iAUC], 0.74) but its discriminative ability was lower in the outpatient setting (iAUC, 0.67). The PPS better predicted 1-month survival than longer-term survival. Mortality rates were higher for patients with cancer than other serious illnesses at most PPS levels.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this prognostic study, prognostic estimates associated with PPS scores were substantially longer than previous estimates commonly used by clinicians. Based on these findings, an online calculator was updated to assist clinicians in reaching prognostic estimates that are more consistent with modern palliative care practice and specific to the patient’s setting and diagnosis group.
Disparities in Psychiatric Emergency Department Boarding of Children and Adolescents
Authors: Overhage Lindsay N. , Lê Cook Benjamin , Rosenthal Meredith B. , McDowell Alex , Benson Nicole M. 
Published: July 2024

ImportanceSince the COVID-19 pandemic, emergency department boarding of youth with mental health concerns has increased.ObjectiveTo summarize characteristics (including gender, age, race, ethnicity, insurance, diagnosis, and barriers to placement) of youth who boarded in emergency departments while awaiting inpatient psychiatric care and to test for racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in boarding lengths and inpatient admission rates after boarding. Secondarily, to assess whether statewide demand for inpatient psychiatric care correlated with individual outcomes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional analysis included administrative data collected from May 2020 to June 2022 and represented a statewide study of Massachusetts. All youth aged 5 to 17 years who boarded in Massachusetts emergency departments for 3 or more midnights while awaiting inpatient psychiatric care were included.ExposureBoarding for 3 or more midnights while awaiting inpatient psychiatric care.Main Outcomes and MeasuresEmergency department boarding length (number of midnights) and whether inpatient care was received after boarding. Statistical analyses performed included logistic and gamma regressions; assessed gender, racial, and ethnic disparities; and correlations between statewide demand for psychiatric care and boarding outcomes.ResultsA total of 4942 boarding episodes were identified: 2648 (54%) for cisgender females, 1958 (40%) for cisgender males, and 336 (7%) for transgender or nonbinary youth. A total of 1337 youth (27%) were younger than 13 years. Depression was the most common diagnosis (2138 [43%]). A total of 2748 episodes (56%) resulted in inpatient admission, and 171 transgender and nonbinary youth (51%) received inpatient care compared with 1558 cisgender females (59%; adjusted difference: −9.1 percentage points; 95% CI, −14.7 to −3.6 percentage points). Transgender or nonbinary youth boarded for a mean (SD) of 10.4 (8.3) midnights compared with 8.6 (6.9) midnights for cisgender females (adjusted difference: 2.2 midnights; 95% CI, 1.2-3.2 midnights). Fewer Black youth were admitted than White youth (382 [51%] and 1231 [56%], respectively; adjusted difference: −4.3 percentage points; 95% CI, −8.4 to −0.2 percentage points). For every additional 100 youth boarding statewide on the day of assessment, the percentage of youth admitted was 19.4 percentage points lower (95% CI, −23.6% to −15.2%) and boarding times were 3.0 midnights longer (95% CI, 2.4-3.7 midnights).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, almost one-half of 3 or more midnight boarding episodes did not result in admission, highlighting a need to understand the effects of boarding without admission. Gender and racial disparities were identified, suggesting the need for targeted resources to reduce boarding and promote equitable access to care.
Evidence for Morphology Control by Polyelectrolyte Templating in PEDT:PSSH
Authors: Koh Qi‐Mian , Seah Qiu‐Jing , Yang Jin‐Cheng , Mazlan Nur Syafiqah , Hoh Quan‐En , Seah Zong‐Long , Png Rui‐Qi , Ho Peter K.H. , Chua Lay‐Lay 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDespite decades of research, the fundamental question of structure and morphology of the poly(3,‐4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) complex (PEDT: PSS) electrically conducting polymer remains open. Here, through a systematic study of the polymerization of 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDT) on two series of sulfonated polystyrenes, i.e., PS‐co‐SSH and PS‐co‐SSNa, with per cent sulfonation 24 ≲ x ≲ 100, this study shows that the substrate polyelectrolyte not only affords charge compensation and processability, but also templates the morphology of the growing PEDT chain—whether extended, coiled or collapsed. This determines the electrical, electronic and optical properties of the resultant PEDT: PSS interpolyelectrolyte complexes, including their work function. This study calls this the Polyelectrolyte Template model. The PEDT: PSS complex retains memory of its polymerization morphology even after subsequent ion‐exchange, for example, to the same acid form. Electrical conductivity decreases sharply with decreasing x, and depends on whether the polymerization is templated with the H+ or Na+ form of the polyelectrolyte. The work function is less sensitive to x, but exhibits a transition from low to high work function (5.2–5.3 eV) when x exceeds a threshold, which indicates formation of a polar surface driven by molecular‐scale segregation of the PSS counteranion. This surface segregation also affects the ability of these complexes to inject holes into very large‐ionization‐energy semiconductors.
Control of Microporous Structure in Conjugated Microporous Polymer Membranes for Post‐Combustion Carbon Capture
Authors: Jia Yuewen , Lu Yanqiu , Yang Haozhou , Chen Yu , Hillman Febrian , Wang Kaiyu , Liang Can Zeng , Zhang Sui 
Published: July 2024

AbstractMembranes offer a potentially energy‐efficient and space‐saving solution to reduce CO2 emissions and combat global warming. However, engineering membranes with advanced materials for high permeance and reasonable selectivity is a pressing need. In this context, a series of carbazole‐based conjugated microporous polymer (CMP) membranes are fabricated with thicknesses of a few hundred nanometers through in situ electropolymerization for post‐combustion carbon capture. The findings reveal that various experimental conditions, including the monomer concentration, electric potential, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycling number, largely impact the polymerization degree of the carbazole‐based CMP, thus influencing the mode of polymer chain packing. An optimal polymerization degree leads to a larger micropore size and a higher fractional free volume (FFV), thus allowing fast CO2 transport. The study first demonstrates the feasibility of using CMPs to fabricate thin film composite (TFC) membranes for post‐combustion carbon capture and confirms the high controllability of their micropores. These insights provide instructive guidance for the future advancement of CMP applications in membrane fabrication for gas separation and other fields that require precise micropore generation and design.
All‐Cellulose‐Based Flexible Photonic Films
Authors: Wang Ting , Wang Yifeng , Ji Chunyu , Li Yunfei , Yang Han 
Published: July 2024

AbstractCellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are environmentally friendly building blocks used in the preparation of chiral nematic iridescent films through evaporation‐induced self‐assembly. However, the brittleness of CNC films limits their versatility, especially in applications that require mechanical flexibility. In this study, it is innovatively engineered flexible colored CNC films entirely composed of cellulose by introducing cross‐linked chemically modified cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) as a supporting network. By reducing the surface charge content of CNFs and anchoring them in a network, the disruption to the self‐assembly process of CNCs caused by CNFs is minimized. This effectively preserves the structural colors of CNCs films. Furthermore, the CNFs network enhances the tensile strength and elongation of these all‐cellulose composite films, enabling them to be folded with excellent flexibility while still maintaining a high Young's modulus. Vibrant red, green, and blue‐colored all‐cellulose photonic films can also be achieved by simply adjusting the sonication energy input on the suspension of CNCs. The all‐cellulose‐based flexible films have the potential to be applied as an eco‐friendly and sustainable photonic material when flexibility is essential, for instance, in applications like flexible sensors, anti‐counterfeit labels, or foldable display components.
Regulation of d‐Band Center of Ruthenium Sites via Electronic Complementary Effect of C60 Fullerene Molecules and Manganese Atoms for Efficient Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Huang Qi , Yang Wenhao , Yan Yingying , Xie Shuqian , Yu Ao , Xu Tingting , Zhao Yihang , Peng Ping , Li Fang‐Fang 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDeveloping advanced electrocatalysts is crucial for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A balance in adsorption energy for each reaction intermediate on the catalyst determines the overall catalytic rate. This balance is closely linked to the d‐band center, which is, in turn, controlled by the electronic structure of the active sites. Herein, C60 molecules with electron‐withdrawing properties and manganese (Mn) atoms with electron‐donating properties to drive charge redistribution on Ru active sites are strategically utilized. The synergistic and complementary effects of C60 and Mn regulate the d‐band centers of Ru sites to an optimal position, optimizing both the water adsorption and hydrogen desorption of the synthesized Ru catalysts. The constructed MnRu/C60‐3 catalyst exhibits a low overpotential of 8 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a large TOF value of 15.5 s−1, and a high mass activity of 2.39 A mg−1Ru at an overpotential of 100 mV in 1.0 m KOH. The anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer, assembled with MnRu/C60‐3 as the cathode, demonstrates excellent water electrolysis performance and high stability under industrial operational conditions. This work offers a fresh perspective on catalyst design principles by manipulating the d‐band centers of active sites using two complementary components.
Amphiphilic Single‐Chain Polymer Nanoparticles as Imaging and Far‐Red Photokilling Agents for Photodynamic Therapy in Zebrafish Embryo Xenografts
Authors: Arena Davide , Nguyen Christophe , Ali Lamiaa M. A. , Verde‐Sesto Ester , Iturrospe Amaia , Arbe Arantxa , İşci Umit , Şahin Zeynel , Dumoulin Fabienne , Gary‐Bobo Magali , Pomposo José A. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis work introduces rationally designed, improved amphiphilic single‐chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) for imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in zebrafish embryo xenografts. SCNPs are ultrasmall polymeric nanoparticles with sizes similar to proteins, making them ideal for biomedical applications. Amphiphilic SCNPs result from the self‐assembly in water of isolated synthetic polymeric chains through intrachain hydrophobic interactions, mimicking natural biomacromolecules and, specially, proteins (in size and when loaded with drugs, metal ions or fluorophores also in function). These ultrasmall, soft nanoparticles have various applications, including catalysis, sensing, and nanomedicine. Initial in vitro experiments with nonfunctionalized, amphiphilic SCNPs loaded with a photosensitizing Zn phthalocyanine with four nonperipheral isobutylthio substituents, ZnPc, showed promise for PDT. Herein, the preparation of improved, amphiphilic SCNPs containing ZnPc as highly efficient photosensitizer encapsulated within the nanoparticle and surrounded by anthracene units is disclosed. The amount of anthracene groups and ZnPc molecules within each single‐chain nanoparticle controls the imaging and PDT properties of these nanocarriers. Critically, this work opens the way to improved PDT applications based on amphiphilic SCNPs as a first step toward ideal, long‐term artificial photo‐oxidases (APO).
“Abraxane‐Like” Radiosensitizer for In Situ Oral Cancer Therapy
Authors: Gong Zijian , Fu Yixuan , Gao Yuan , Jiao Fei , Su Qinzhi , Sang Xiao , Chen Binglin , Deng Xuliang , Liu Xinyu 
Published: July 2024

AbstractRadiotherapy plays a vital role in cancer therapy. However, the hypoxic microenvironment of tumors greatly limits the effectiveness, thus it is crucial to develop a simple, efficient, and safe radiosensitizer to reverse hypoxia and ameliorate the efficacy of radiotherapy. Inspired by the structure of canonical nanodrug Abraxane, herein, a native HSA‐modified CaO2 nanoparticle system (CaO2‐HSA) prepared by biomineralization‐induced self‐assembly is developed. CaO2‐HSA will accumulate in tumor tissue and decompose to produce oxygen, altering the hypoxic condition inside the tumor. Simultaneously, ROS and calcium ions will lead to calcium overload and further trigger immunogenic cell death. Notably, its sensitizing enhancement ratio (SER = 3.47) is much higher than that of sodium glycididazole used in the clinic. Furthermore, in animal models of in situ oral cancer, CaO2‐HSA can effectively inhibit tumor growth. With its high efficacy, facile preparation, and heavy‐metal free biosafety, the CaO2‐HSA‐based radiosensitizer holds enormous potential for oral cancer therapy.
Ultrafast Interfacial Charge Transfer Initiates Mechanical Stress and Heat Transport at the Au‐TiO2Interface
Authors: Heo Jun , Segalina Alekos , Kim Doyeong , Ahn Doo‐Sik , Oang Key Young , Park Sungjun , Kim Hyungjun , Ihee Hyotcherl 
Published: July 2024

AbstractMetal‐semiconductor interfaces are crucial components of optoelectronic and electrical devices, the performance of which hinges on intricate dynamics involving charge transport and mechanical interaction at the interface. Nevertheless, structural changes upon photoexcitation and subsequent carrier transportation at the interface, which crucially impact hot carrier stability and lifetime, remain elusive. To address this long‐standing problem, they investigated the electron dynamics and resulting structural changes at the Au/TiO2interface using ultrafast electron diffraction (UED). The analysis of the UED data reveals that interlayer electron transfer from metal to semiconductor generates a strong coupling between the two layers, offering a new way for ultrafast heat transfer through the interface and leading to a coherent structural vibration that plays a critical role in propagating mechanical stress. These findings provide insights into the relationship between electron transfer and interfacial mechanical and thermal properties.
Multi‐Omics Analysis by Machine Learning Identified Lysophosphatidic Acid as a Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
Authors: Zhang Hao , Hu Fangyu , Peng Ouyang , Huang Yihui , Hu Guangli , Ashraf Usama , Cen Meifeng , Wang Xiaojuan , Xu Qiuping , Zou Chuangchao , Wu Yu , Zhu Bibo , Li Wentao , Li Qunhui , Li Chujun , Xue Chunyi , Cao Yongchang 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAs a significant infectious disease in livestock, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) imposes substantial economic losses on the swine industry. Identification of diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets has been a focal challenge in PPRS prevention and control. By integrating metabolomic and lipidomic serum analyses of clinical pig cohorts through a machine learning approach with in vivo and in vitro infection models, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is discovered as a serum metabolic biomarker for PRRS virus (PRRSV) clinical diagnosis. PRRSV promoted LPA synthesis by upregulating the autotaxin expression, which causes innate immunosuppression by dampening the retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I) and type I interferon responses, leading to enhanced virus replication. Targeting LPA demonstrated protection against virus infection and associated disease outcomes in infected pigs, indicating that LPA is a novel antiviral target against PRRSV. This study lays a foundation for clinical prevention and control of PRRSV infections.
Densification of Alloying Anodes for High Energy Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Critical Perspective on Inter‐ Versus Intra‐Particle Porosity
Authors: Luo Yiteng , Chen Yungui , Koratkar Nikhil , Liu Wei 
Published: July 2024

AbstractHigh Li‐storage‐capacity particles such as alloying‐based anodes (Si, Sn, Ge, etc.) are core components for next‐generation Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) but are crippled by their intrinsic volume expansion issues. While pore pre‐plantation represents a mainstream solution, seldom do this strategy fully satisfy the requirements in practical LIBs. One prominent issue is that porous particles reduce electrode density and negate volumetric performance (Wh L−1) despite aggressive electrode densification strategies. Moreover, the additional liquid electrolyte dosage resulting from porosity increase is rarely noticed, which has a significant negative impact on cell gravimetric energy density (Wh kg−1). Here, the concept of judicious porosity control is introduced to recalibrate existing particle design principles in order to concurrently boost gravimetric and volumetric performance, while also maintaining the battery's cycle life. The critical is emphasized but often neglected role that intraparticle pores play in dictating battery performance, and also highlight the superiority of closed pores over the open pores that are more commonly referred to in the literature. While the analysis and case studies focus on silicon‐carbon composites, the overall conclusions apply to the broad class of alloying anode chemistries.
Synthesis of Hybrid Tin‐Based Perovskite Microcrystals for LED Applications
Authors: Sanchez‐Diaz Jesus , Rodriguez‐Pereira Jhonatan , Das Adhikari Samrat , Mora‐Seró Iván 
Published: July 2024

AbstractConsiderable focus on tin‐based perovskites lies on substitution to leadhalide perovskites for the fabrication of eco‐friendly optoelectronic devices. The major concern related to tin‐based perovskite devices are mainly the stability and the efficiency. However, thinking on the final commercialization scope, other considerations such as precursor stability and cost are major factors to carry about. In this regard, this work presents a robust and facile synthesis of 2D A2SnX4 (A = 4‐fluorophenethylammonium(4‐FPEA); X = I, Br, I/Br) and 3D FASnI3 perovskite microcrystals following a developed synthesis strategy with low‐cost starting materials. In this developed methodology, acetic acid is used as a solvent, which helps to protect from water by making a hydrophobic network over the perovskite surface, and hence provides sufficient ambient and long‐term inert atmosphere stability of the microcrystals. Further, the microcrystals are recrystallized in thin films for LED application, allowing the fabrication of orange, near‐infrared and purered emitting LEDs. The two‐step recrystallized devices show better performance and stability in comparison to the reference devices made by using commercial precursors. Importantly, the developed synthesis methodology is defined as a generic method for the preparation of varieties of hybrid tin‐based perovskites microcrystals and application in optoelectronic devices.
Bistable Insect‐Scale Jumpers with Tunable Energy Barriers for Multimodal Locomotion
Authors: Guo Qingkai , Sun Yu , Zhang Tianxiang , Xie Shiyu , Chen Xuefeng , Zhang Zhuang , Jiang Hanqing , Yang Laihao 
Published: July 2024

AbstractDrawing inspiration from the jumping mechanisms of insects (e.g., click beetles), bistable structures can convert slow deformations of soft actuating material into fast jumping motions (i.e., power amplification). However, bistable jumpers often encounter large energy barriers for energy release/re‐storage, posing a challenge in achieving multimodal (i.e., height/distance) and continuous jumps at the insect scale (body length under 20 mm). Here, a new offset‐buckling bistable design is introduced that features antisymmetric equilibrium states and tunable energy barriers. Leveraging this design, a Boundary Actuation Tunable Energy‐barrier (BATE) jumper (body length down to 15 mm) is developed, and transform BATE jumper from height‐jump mode (up to 12.7 body lengths) to distance‐jump mode (up to 20 body lengths). BATE jumpers can perform agile continuous jumping (within 300 ms for energy release/re‐storage times) and real‐time status detection is further demonstrated. This insect‐level performance of the proposed BATE jumper showcases its potential toward future applications in exploration, search, and rescue.