bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus
Authors: Rubin Steven , Eckhaus Michael , Rennick Linda J , Bamford Connor GG , Duprex W Paul 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMumps is caused by the mumps virus (MuV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family of enveloped, non‐segmented, negative‐sense RNA viruses. Mumps is characterized by painful inflammatory symptoms, such as parotitis and orchitis. The virus is highly neurotropic, with laboratory evidence of central nervous system (CNS) infection in approximately half of cases. Symptomatic CNS infection occurs less frequently; nonetheless, prior to the introduction of routine vaccination, MuV was a leading cause of aseptic meningitis and viral encephalitis in many developed countries. Despite being one of the oldest recognized diseases, with a worldwide distribution, surprisingly little attention has been given to its study. Cases of aseptic meningitis associated with some vaccine strains and a global resurgence of cases, including in highly vaccinated populations, has renewed interest in the virus, particularly in its pathogenesis and the need for development of clinically relevant models of disease. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge on the virus, its pathogenesis and its clinical and pathological outcomes. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An amazing semiconductor choice for high‐frequency FET: H‐terminated polycrystalline diamond film prepared by DC arc jet CVD
Authors: Li C. M. , Liu J. L. , Chen L. X. , Wei J. J. , Hei L. F. , Wang J. J. , Feng Z. H. , Guo3 H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWith the development of information and communication technology, conventional semiconductors such as Si and GaAs cannot satisfy the requirement of high‐frequency and high‐power electronic devices. By contrast, diamond film has been considered to be a potential material alternative due to the highest Johnson and Keyse figures of merit. In this paper, H‐terminated polycrystalline diamond films with different quality were prepared by DC arc jet CVD through adjusting the deposition conditions. The conductive behaviour of p‐type channel on H‐terminated diamond surface was compared and analyzed based on the N‐related impurity and spontaneous polarization model. After that, MESFETs (metal‐semi‐conductor field effect transistor) were fabricated on H‐terminated diamond and the radio frequency (RF) performance was evaluated. The cut off frequency (fT) of 11 GHz and the maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) of 18.5 GHz for MESFET in our situation were obtained. It was found that equivalent circuit elements were lower or comparable with the reported values for the FETs with the highest fT and fmax except the gate capacitance, which indicates that the carrier mobility should be improved further for high‐frequency devices application. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Role of Academic‐Language Features for Reading Comprehension of Language‐Minority Students and Students From Low‐SES Families
Authors: Heppt Birgit , Haag Nicole , Böhme Katrin , Stanat Petra 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAcademic language is frequently assumed to be especially challenging for students from families of low socioeconomic status (SES) and even more so for language‐minority students. Due to their often especially disadvantaged position regarding socioeconomic background and exposure to the language of instruction, language minority students are considered to suffer from a double disadvantage when processing complex academic language. To test this assumption, the present study investigated the relationships between various academic language features and differential item functioning (DIF) in a reading comprehension test for language‐minority students on the one hand and German monolingual students from low‐SES families on the other hand. The analyses are based on data of 19,108 fourth‐grade students who took part in the reading comprehension test of the German National Assessment Study in elementary school. Our findings indicate that both lexical and grammatical features of academic language correlate with DIF disfavoring language‐minority students, with especially pronounced effects for long and complex words and average sentence length. For German monolingual students from low‐SES families, fewer features were associated with DIF, and the correlations were generally smaller than for language‐minority students. Findings are discussed in relation to the assumed double disadvantage of language‐minority students in the comprehension of academic language.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy on Perovskite Oxide Thin Films Deposited In Situ
Authors: Hitosugi Taro , Shimizu Ryota , Ohsawa Takeo , Iwaya Katsuya 
Published: September 2014

AbstractComplex oxide surfaces and interfaces, consisting of two or more cations and oxygen anions, have attracted a great deal of attention because their properties are crucial factors in the performance of catalysts, fuel cells, and Li‐ion batteries. However, atomic‐scale investigations of these oxide surfaces have been hindered because of the difficulties in surface preparation. Here, we demonstrate atomic‐scale surface studies of complex perovskite oxides and the initial growth processes in oxide epitaxial films deposited on (✓13 × ✓13)‐R33.7° reconstructed SrTiO3(001) substrates using a scanning tunneling microscope integrated with a pulsed laser deposition system. The atomically ordered, reconstructed SrTiO3(001) surface is stable under the typical conditions necessary for the growth of oxide thin films, and hence is considered suitable for the study of the initial growth processes in oxide films. The atomic‐scale microscopic/spectroscopic characterizations performed here shed light on the microscopic origin of electronic properties observed in complex oxides and their heterostructures.
Sublingual misoprostol as an adjunct to oxytocin during cesarean delivery in women at risk of postpartum hemorrhage
Authors: Chaudhuri Picklu , Majumdar Arindam 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate whether a combination of misoprostol and oxytocin more effectively reduces blood loss during and after cesarean delivery than does oxytocin alone among women with known risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH).MethodsA prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was performed at a tertiary care center in Kolkata, India, between October 2012 and December 2013. Women were eligible if they were undergoing emergency cesarean under spinal anesthesia and were at high risk for PPH. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive 400 μg misoprostol or matched placebo sublingually after delivery of the newborn using a computer‐generated random number sequence (block size eight). Participants and providers were masked to assignment. All participants received 20 IU oxytocin. The primary outcomes were intraoperative and postoperative blood loss.ResultsBoth groups contained 198 women. Mean intraoperative blood loss was significantly lower in the misoprostol group (505.4 ± 215.5 mL) than in the placebo group (587.3 ± 201.5 mL; P < 0.001). Mean postoperative blood loss was slightly lower in the misoprostol group (96.9 ± 57.3 mL) than in the placebo group (103.4 ± 58.4 mL; P = 0.07). Shivering and pyrexia were more frequently associated with misoprostol (P < 0.05 for both).ConclusionMisoprostol as an adjunct to oxytocin seemed to more effectively reduce blood loss than did oxytocin alone.Clinical Trial Registry India: CTRI/2013/05/003645.
A comparative case study of sustaining quality as a competitive advantage
Authors: Su Hung‐Chung , Linderman Kevin , Schroeder Roger G. , Van de Ven Andrew H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMany organizations have achieved high levels of quality performance only to lose it later on. These firms that were once quality leaders can no longer compete on the quality of their products or services. This research develops a theoretical understanding of how organizations can sustain a quality advantage. It offers a conceptual definition of sustaining a quality advantage which involves not only sustaining a high level of quality performance, but also sustaining a high consistency of quality performance. A comparative case study provides evidence of three capabilities that distinguish firms with different levels of sustaining quality. These capabilities include: (1) meta‐learning, (2) sensing weak signals, and (3) resilience to quality disruptions. The case analysis argues that meta‐learning helps sustain a high level of quality performance, while sensing weak signals and resilience improves the consistency of quality performance. This study offers a dynamic capability‐based strategy that explains how to sustain a competitive advantage in quality, which may also have implications for sustaining other operational competitive advantages.
Linking strategic flexibility and operational efficiency: The mediating role of ambidextrous operational capabilities
Authors: Kortmann Sebastian , Gelhard Carsten , Zimmermann Carsten , Piller Frank T. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe elucidate the important, though complex, relationship between strategic flexibility and operational efficiency. We incorporate insights from the dynamic resource‐based view, ambidexterity literature and managerial practice to explain how two ambidextrous operational capabilities, i.e., mass customization capability and innovative ambidexterity, fully mediate the relationship between strategic flexibility and operational efficiency. Using top‐level executive data in India and the United States of America, our structural equation models show that ambidextrous operational capabilities link strategic flexibility and operational efficiency. While informing the debate on developing sustainable competitive advantage, we derive important theoretical and managerial implications for both operations management and strategic management.
Sudden cardiac death in the young: the bogeyman
Authors: Durante Alessandro , Laforgia Pietro L. , Aurelio Andrea , Foglia-Manzillo Giovanni , Bronzato Sofia , Santarone Mauro , Corrado Giovanni 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSudden cardiac death in the young is a relatively uncommon but marked event usually related to congenital diseases or anomalies. Despite the prevalence of each condition being variable, most common causes include primary myocardial diseases and arrhythmic disorder, frequently with inheritance pattern. Sudden cardiac death is usually preceded by symptoms, thus making personal and family history fundamental for its prevention. Nevertheless, in more than 50% of cases, sudden cardiac death is the first manifestation of the disease. In this review, we describe the different causes of sudden cardiac death, their incidence, and currently used preventive strategies.
Trends in disguise
Authors: Brazauskas Vytaras , Jones Bruce L. , Zitikis Ričardas 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHuman longevity is changing, but at what rate? Insurance claims are increasing, but at what rate? Are the trends that we glean from data true or illusionary? The shocking fact is that true trends might be quite different from those that we actually see from visualised data. Indeed, in some situations the upward trends (e.g. inflation) may even look decreasing (e.g. deflation). In this paper, we discuss this “trends in disguise” phenomenon in detail and offer a way for estimating true trends.
A novel fluorescent sensor protein for detecting changes in airway surface liquid glucose concentration
Authors: Helassa Nordine , Garnett James P. , Farrant Matthew , Khan Faaizah , Pickup John C. , Hahn Klaus M. , MacNevin Christopher J. , Tarran Robert , Baines Deborah L. 
Published: September 2014

Both lung disease and elevation of blood glucose are associated with increased glucose concentration (from 0.4 to ~4.0 mM) in the airway surface liquid (ASL). This perturbation of ASL glucose makes the airway more susceptible to infection by respiratory pathogens. ASL is minute (~1 μl/cm2) and the measurement of glucose concentration in the small volume ASL is extremely difficult. Therefore, we sought to develop a fluorescent biosensor with sufficient sensitivity to determine glucose concentrations in ASL in situ. We coupled a range of environmentally sensitive fluorophores to mutated forms of a glucose/galactose-binding protein (GBP) including H152C and H152C/A213R and determined their equilibrium binding properties. Of these, GBP H152C/A213R–BADAN (Kd 0.86±0.01 mM, Fmax/F0 3.6) was optimal for glucose sensing and in ASL increased fluorescence when basolateral glucose concentration was raised from 1 to 20 mM. Moreover, interpolation of the data showed that the glucose concentration in ASL was increased, with results similar to that using glucose oxidase analysis. The fluorescence of GBP H152C/A213R–BADAN in native ASL from human airway epithelial cultures in situ was significantly increased over time when basolateral glucose was increased from 5 to 20 mM. Overall our data indicate that this GBP is a useful tool to monitor glucose homoeostasis in the lung.
Ecological and evolutionary significance of genomic GC content diversity in monocots
Authors: Šmarda Petr , Bureš Petr , Horová Lucie , Leitch Ilia J. , Mucina Ladislav , Pacini Ettore , Tichý Lubomír , Grulich Vít , Rotreklová Olga 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Our large-scale survey of genomic nucleotide composition across monocots has enabled the first rigorous testing, to our knowledge, of its biological significance in plants. We show that genomic DNA base composition (GC content) is significantly associated with genome size and holocentric chromosomal structure. GC content may also have deep ecological relevance, because changes in GC content may have played a significant role in the evolution of Earth’s biota, especially the rise of grass-dominated biomes during the mid-Tertiary. The discovery of several groups with very unusual GC contents highlights the need for in-depth analysis to uncover the full extent of genomic diversity. Furthermore, our stratified sampling method of distribution data and quantile regression-like logic of phylogenetic analyses may find wider applications in the analysis of spatially heterogeneous data.
Network measures predict neuropsychological outcome after brain injury
Authors: Warren David E. , Power Jonathan D. , Bruss Joel , Denburg Natalie L. , Waldron Eric J. , Sun Haoxin , Petersen Steven E. , Tranel Daniel 
Published: September 2014

SignificanceThought depends on the brain, and cognitive neuroscience has shown that different sets of brain regions (systems) support different cognitive abilities. We hypothesized that complex cognition might be especially supported by hub brain locations that participate in many such systems. We studied neurological patients with focal brain lesions, and found that damage to hub locations produced much greater cognitive impairment than damage to other locations. This work may improve the understanding of outcomes of brain injuries (from, e.g., stroke, resection, or trauma) and help inform prognosis and rehabilitation efforts.
Giant and switchable surface activity of liquid metal via surface oxidation
Authors: Khan Mohammad Rashed , Eaker Collin B. , Bowden Edmond F. , Dickey Michael D. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
We present a method to control the interfacial energy of a liquid metal via electrochemical deposition (or removal) of an oxide layer on its surface. Unlike conventional surfactants, this approach can tune the interfacial tension of a metal significantly (from ∼7× that of water to near zero), rapidly, and reversibly using only modest voltages. These properties can be harnessed to induce previously unidentified electrohydrodynamic phenomena for manipulating liquid metal alloys based on gallium, which may enable shape-reconfigurable metallic components in electronic, electromagnetic, and microfluidic devices without the use of toxic mercury. The results also suggest that oxides—which are ubiquitous on most metals and semiconductors—may be harnessed to lower interfacial energy between dissimilar materials.
B-1a transitional cells are phenotypically distinct and are lacking in mice deficient in IκBNS
Authors: Pedersen Gabriel K. , Àdori Monika , Khoenkhoen Sharesta , Dosenovic Pia , Beutler Bruce , Karlsson Hedestam Gunilla B. 
Published: September 2014

SignificanceA subpopulation of antibody-secreting cells, B-1 cells, provides early protection against several types of pathogens. Both the development and function differ between B-1 cells and the better known B-2 cells, and exclusively B-1 cells are lacking in mice deficient for the nuclear inhibitory κB protein, IκBNS. B-1 cells mature similar to B-2 cells via a transitional stage. We demonstrate here the existence of a phenotypically distinct B-1 transitional B (TrB)-cell population in the neonatal spleen of wild-type mice. This TrB-1a–cell subset was lost in the absence of IκBNS, thus revealing a requirement for intact NF-κB signaling via IκBNS during this stage of the development of B-1 cells. Learning more about the development of B-1 cells may reveal new targets for therapeutic intervention.
The Role of Complexity in Habitat Use and Selection by Stream Fishes in a Snake River Basin Tributary
Authors: Dauwalter Daniel C. , Wenger Seth J. , Gardner Peter 
Published: September 2014

AbstractImpacts from grazing, agriculture, and other anthropogenic land uses can decrease stream habitat complexity that is important to stream biota and often is the goal of stream habitat restoration. We evaluated how microhabitat complexity structured a fish assemblage and influenced habitat selection by the Northern Leatherside Chub Lepidomeda copei, a recent candidate for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, in Trapper Creek, a tributary to the Snake River in Idaho. Fishes were sampled using prepositioned areal electrofishing (about 1 m2), and microhabitat conditions were measured within a 1‐m‐diameter circle centered on the electrofishing anode. Constrained correspondence analysis showed complexity in water depths and velocity to structure the fish assemblage and partition habitat use by Northern Leatherside Chub, Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Redside Shiner Richardsonius balteatus. Habitat selection models showed that the chub used areas of heterogeneous depths and flows in addition to the low‐velocity, deep habitats often considered to be the species’ habitat. Additionally, chub were almost certain to occur in deep‐water habitats when overhead cover—often from mature riparian shrubs—was present. The complex depths and flows structuring the fish assemblage, and selected by chub, were often directly tied to other structural stream features such as boulders, mature riparian vegetation, and beaver Castor canadensis dams, stream features that have direct ties to active and passive instream habitat restoration techniques. Our study suggests that habitat complexity should be routinely incorporated into studies evaluating fish habitat use, occupancy, and abundance. Doing so will result in models that are more informative to practitioners conducting stream restoration with a goal of improving habitat complexity.Received January 9, 2014; accepted April 29, 2014
Atlantic Rock Crab, unlike American Lobster, Is Important to Ecosystem Functioning in Northumberland Strait
Authors: Hanson John Mark , Comeau Michel , Rondeau Amélie 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTo compare the roles of American lobster Homarus americanus and Atlantic rock crab Cancer irroratus in the food web processes of a coastal ecosystem, distribution, abundance, stomach contents, diet overlap, and occurrence in stomachs of predators were described for the two species collected during July–August trawl surveys in Northumberland Strait, southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Atlantic rock crab was more widely distributed, was more numerous on mud and muddy sand substrates, and occurred in deeper water than American lobster. Atlantic rock crab was the principal prey of American lobster while American lobster was almost never eaten by Atlantic rock crab. American lobster (benthic and pelagic stages) was a trace item in all fish and decapod stomachs examined except in those of the Shorthorn Sculpin Myoxocephalus scorpius and other American lobsters. In contrast, Atlantic rock crab larvae commonly occurred in stomachs of many pelagic fishes while small (<40 mm carapace width) benthic individuals were important prey of demersal fish species such as Winter Skate Leucoraja ocellata, Cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus, Longhorn Sculpin M. octodecemspinosus, and Shorthorn Sculpin. Atlantic rock crab had a broad diet consisting of fish, sevenspine bay shrimp Crangon septemspinosa, Atlantic rock crab (mostly cannibalism), bivalves, and polychaetes. American lobster had a narrow diet consisting mainly of Atlantic rock crab with lesser amounts of American lobster (old carapaces and cannibalism) and sea stars. Diet overlap between the two species was moderate and mainly due to joint consumption of Atlantic rock crab. Thus, Atlantic rock crab play a prominent role in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence food web (and therefore energy cycling) while American lobster serves mostly as an energy sink whose loss from the ecosystem would mainly affect people dependent upon the fishery.Received January 3, 2014; accepted May 30, 2014
Estimates of Effective Number of Breeding Adults and Reproductive Success for White Sturgeon
Authors: Jay Kathleen , Crossman James A. , Scribner Kim T. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAccurate estimates of the number of adults contributing to offspring (Ns), effective breeding number (Nb), and individual adult contributions to recruitment are required for recovery planning for endangered White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus populations, many of which are suffering from prolonged periods of recruitment failure. We show that genetic techniques can be used to characterize important features of White Sturgeon reproductive ecology in large rivers where census data are extremely difficult to obtain. We used 12 microsatellite loci and likelihood‐based pedigree analysis to estimate Ns, Nb, number of kin groups (Nk), and individual reproductive success of White Sturgeon contributing to viable eggs and larvae collected in the upper Columbia River in each of 2 years. Estimated mean ±SD annual Ns was 121.5 ± 34.7, Nb was 86.5 ± 10.6, and Nk was 73.5 ± 17.3. Large variations in estimates of Ns, Nb, and Nk were observed between three spawning areas, in which one spawning site representing 61% of total adult spawning population. Variation in adult reproductive success was observed within and among sites. Estimated mean ±SD individual spawning duration was 1.9 ± 1.1 d, and number of mates per adult was 2.9 ± 2.5, which also varied spatially and temporally. Based on age of collected eggs and larvae, number of spawning days ranged from 5 to 19 d between years and among sites. Genetically derived estimates of Ns were lower but generally concordant with empirical estimates of available spawners (Nc), based on sex ratios and maturation staging of adults captured independently (Ns/Nc ratio = 0.683). Results increase our understanding of White Sturgeon reproductive ecology and recruitment and allow projections of cohort levels of genetic diversity. Similar data can be applied to recovery planning and aquaculture programs for this and other species of conservation concern.Received January 6, 2014; accepted May 28, 2014