bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water mass age and aging driving chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the dark global ocean
Authors: Catalá T. S. , Reche I. , Álvarez M. , Khatiwala S. , Guallart E. F. , Benítez‐Barrios V. M. , Fuentes‐Lema A. , Romera‐Castillo C. , Nieto‐Cid M. , Pelejero C. , Fraile‐Nuez E. , Ortega‐Retuerta E. , Marrasé C. , Álvarez‐Salgado X. A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe omnipresence of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the open ocean enables its use as a tracer for biochemical processes throughout the global overturning circulation. We made an inventory of CDOM optical properties, ideal water age (τ), and apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) along the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Ocean waters sampled during the Malaspina 2010 expedition. A water mass analysis was applied to obtain intrinsic, hereinafter archetypal, values of τ, AOU, oxygen utilization rate (OUR), and CDOM absorption coefficients, spectral slopes and quantum yield for each one of the 22 water types intercepted during this circumnavigation. Archetypal values of AOU and OUR have been used to trace the differential influence of water mass aging and aging rates, respectively, on CDOM variables. Whereas the absorption coefficient at 325 nm (a325) and the fluorescence quantum yield at 340 nm (Φ340) increased, the spectral slope over the wavelength range 275–295 nm (S275–295) and the ratio of spectral slopes over the ranges 275–295 nm and 350–400 nm (SR) decreased significantly with water mass aging (AOU). Combination of the slope of the linear regression between archetypal AOU and a325 with the estimated global OUR allowed us to obtain a CDOM turnover time of 634 ± 120 years, which exceeds the flushing time of the dark ocean (>200 m) by 46%. This positive relationship supports the assumption of in situ production and accumulation of CDOM as a by‐product of microbial metabolism as water masses turn older. Furthermore, our data evidence that global‐scale CDOM quantity (a325) is more dependent on aging (AOU), whereas CDOM quality (S275–295, SR, Φ340) is more dependent on aging rate (OUR).
A land data assimilation system for simultaneous simulation of soil moisture and vegetation dynamics
Authors: Sawada Yohei , Koike Toshio , Walker Jeffrey P. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDespite the importance of the coupling between vegetation dynamics and root‐zone soil moisture in land‐atmosphere interactions, there is no land data assimilation system (LDAS) that currently addresses this issue, limiting the capacity to positively impact weather and seasonal forecasting. We develop a new LDAS that can improve the skill of an ecohydrological model to simulate simultaneously surface soil moisture, root‐zone soil moisture, and vegetation dynamics by assimilating passive microwave observations that are sensitive to both surface soil moisture and terrestrial biomass. This LDAS first calibrates both hydrological and ecological parameters of a land surface model, which explicitly simulates vegetation growth and senescence. Then, it adjusts the model states of soil moisture and leaf area index (LAI) sequentially using a genetic particle filter. We can adjust the subsurface soil moisture, which is not observed directly by satellites, because we simulate the interactions between vegetation dynamics and subsurface water dynamics. From a point‐scale evaluation, we succeed in improving the performance of our land surface model and generate ensembles of the model state whose distribution reflects the combined information in the land surface model and satellite observations. We show that the adjustment of the subsurface soil moisture significantly improves the capacity to simulate vegetation dynamics in seasonal forecast timescales. This LDAS can contribute to the generation of ensemble initial conditions of surface and subsurface soil moisture and LAI for a probabilistic framework of weather and seasonal forecasting.
Estimated errors in retrievals of ocean parameters from SSMIS
Authors: Mears Carl A. , Smith Deborah K. , Wentz Frank J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMeasurements made by microwave imaging radiometers can be used to retrieve several environmental parameters over the world's oceans. In this work, we calculate the uncertainty in retrievals obtained from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) instrument caused by uncertainty in the input parameters to the retrieval algorithm. This work applies to the version 7 retrievals of surface wind speed, total column water vapor, total column cloud liquid water, and rain rate produced by Remote Sensing Systems. Our numerical approach allows us to calculate an estimated input‐induced uncertainty for every valid retrieval during the SSMIS mission. Our uncertainty estimates are consistent with the differences observed between SSMIS wind speed and vapor measurements made by SSMIS on the F16 and F17 satellites, supporting their accuracy. The estimates do not explain the larger differences between the SSMIS measurements of wind speed and vapor and other sources of these data, consistent with the influence of more sources of uncertainty.
Flow speed within the Antarctic ice sheet and its controls inferred from satellite observations
Authors: Arthern Robert J. , Hindmarsh Richard C. A. , Williams C. Rosie 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAccurate dynamical models of the Antarctic ice sheet with carefully specified initial conditions and well‐calibrated rheological parameters are needed to forecast global sea level. By adapting an inverse method previously used in electric impedance tomography, we infer present‐day flow speeds within the ice sheet. This inversion uses satellite observations of surface velocity, snow accumulation rate, and rate of change of surface elevation to estimate the basal drag coefficient and an ice stiffness parameter that influences viscosity. We represent interior ice motion using a vertically integrated approximation to incompressible Stokes flow. This model represents vertical shearing within the ice and membrane stresses caused by horizontal stretching and shearing. Combining observations and model, we recover marked geographical variations in the basal drag coefficient. Relative changes in basal shear stress are smaller. No simple sliding law adequately represents basal shear stress as a function of sliding speed. Low basal shear stress predominates in central East Antarctica, where thick insulating ice allows liquid water at the base to lubricate sliding. Higher shear stress occurs in coastal East Antarctica, where a frozen bed is more likely. Examining Thwaites glacier in more detail shows that the slowest sliding often coincides with elevated basal topography. Differences between our results and a similar adjoint‐based inversion suggest that inversion or regularization methods can influence recovered parameters for slow sliding and finer scales; on broader scales we recover a similar pattern of low basal drag underneath major ice streams and extensive regions in East Antarctica that move by basal sliding.
Interannual variability of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation and its impact on the North Atlantic Oscillation in the boreal winter
Authors: Lin Hai , Brunet Gilbert , Yu Bin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractInterannual variability of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) and its influence on the extratropical teleconnection are analyzed. It is found that there is an interannual shift of the MJO activity between the Indian Ocean and the western central Pacific. This is reflected by the year‐to‐year changes in the occurrence frequency of individual MJO phases. The leading mode of an empirical orthogonal function analysis of occurrence frequency of MJO phases shows an out‐of‐phase relationship between MJO phase 7 and phases 3–5. During winters when the MJO convection occurs more frequently in the Indian Ocean (phases 3–5), a winter mean positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) tends to occur. These results indicate that the seasonal mean convection activity over the Indian Ocean related to the MJO is a possible driving forcing for the seasonal mean NAO variability in the boreal winter.
Quantifying the skill of CMIP5 models in simulating seasonal albedo and snow cover evolution
Authors: Thackeray Chad W. , Fletcher Christopher G. , Derksen Chris 
Published: June 2015

AbstractEffectively modeling the influence of terrestrial snow on climate in general circulation models is limited by imperfect knowledge and parameterization of arctic and subarctic climate processes and a lack of reliable observations for model evaluation and improvement. This study uses a number of satellite‐derived data sets to evaluate how well the current generation of climate models from the Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) simulate the seasonal cycle of climatological snow cover fraction (SCF) and surface albedo over the Northern Hemisphere snow season (September–June). Using a variety of metrics, the CMIP5 models are found to simulate SCF evolution better than that of albedo. The seasonal cycle of SCF is well reproduced despite substantial biases in simulated surface albedo of snow‐covered land (αsfc_snow), which affect both the magnitude and timing of the seasonal peak in αsfc_snow during the fall snow accumulation period, and the springtime snow ablation period. Insolation weighting demonstrates that the biases in αsfc_snow during spring are of greater importance for the surface energy budget. Albedo biases are largest across the boreal forest, where the simulated seasonal cycle of albedo is biased high in 15/16 CMIP5 models. This bias is explained primarily by unrealistic treatment of vegetation masking and subsequent overestimation (more than 50% in some cases) of peak αsfc_snow rather than by biases in SCF. While seemingly straightforward corrections to peak αsfc_snow could yield significant improvements to simulated snow albedo feedback, changes in αsfc_snow could potentially introduce biases in other important model variables such as surface temperature.
Treatment outcomes of sinonasal malignant melanoma: a Korean multicenter study
Authors: Won Tae‐Bin , Choi Kyu Young , Rhee Chae‐Seo , Jin Hong‐Ryul , Yi Jong Sook , Dhong Hun‐Jong , Kim Sung Won , Choi Ji Ho , Kim Jin Kook , Chung Young‐Jun , Kim Yong‐Min , Kim Sang‐Wook , Kim Jung Soo , Kwon Sam Hyun , Lim Sang‐Chul , Roh Hwan‐Jung 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundThe aim of this work was to evaluate factors that influence local recurrence and survival after surgical resection of sinonasal malignant melanoma, using a large population‐based multicenter study in Korea.MethodsRetrospective analysis was performed for 155 newly diagnosed sinonasal malignant melanoma patients gathered from 15 university hospitals throughout Korea. Demographic data, tumor characteristics, surgical approach, adjuvant treatment, recurrence, and outcomes were analyzed.ResultsThree‐year and 5‐year overall survival rates were 48.8% and 40.1%, respectively. Local recurrence rate was 46.6%, with a mean recurrence time of 15.5 months. On multivariate analysis, patients who underwent surgery that included an endoscopic approach showed decreased local recurrence rate (p = 0.042) and increased survival rate (hazard ratio [HR], 1.702; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.007 to 2.875; p = 0.047) compared to those who underwent an external approach. Patients with postoperative radiotherapy showed a decreased local recurrence rate (p = 0.001), but without impact on survival rate. Male gender, tumor beyond the nasal cavity, and presence of distant metastasis were associated with poor survival.ConclusionAn endoscopic‐including surgical approach was associated with improved local control and survival in sinonasal malignant melanoma patients. Postoperative radiotherapy helped increase the local control rate.
Design, Synthese und funktionelle Evaluierung von CO‐freisetzenden Molekülen, die durch Penicillin‐G‐Amidase als Modellprotease aktiviert werden
Authors: Sitnikov Nikolay S. , Li Yingchun , Zhang Danfeng , Yard Benito , Schmalz Hans‐Günther 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWir berichten über die Entwicklung Protease‐aktivierter Kohlenmonoxid‐freisetzender Moleküle (CORMs). Die Tragfähigkeit des gewählten Konzeptes wurde durch die Synthese von Verbindungen belegt, bei denen eine η4‐Oxydien‐Fe(CO)3‐Substruktur mit einer durch Penicillin‐G‐Amidase (PGA) spaltbaren Einheit über einen “selbstlösenden” Linker verknüpft ist. Die Geschwindigkeit der PGA‐induzierten Hydrolyse wurde per HPLC und die nachfolgende CO‐Freisetzung durch Headspace‐GC bestimmt. Bei gemeinsamer Gabe eines unserer CORMs und PGA konnten die Inhibition der Entzündungsantwort sowie die Induktion der Expression von Hämoxygenase‐1 in humanen Endothelzellen als typische biologische Effekte von CO in vitro nachgewiesen werden. Auf diese Weise wurde eine vielversprechende Basis für die zukünftige Entwicklung Protease‐spezifischer CORMs für potenzielle klinische Anwendungen geschaffen.
Design, Synthesis, and Functional Evaluation of CO‐Releasing Molecules Triggered by Penicillin G Amidase as a Model Protease
Authors: Sitnikov Nikolay S. , Li Yingchun , Zhang Danfeng , Yard Benito , Schmalz Hans‐Günther 
Published: June 2015

AbstractProtease‐triggered CO‐releasing molecules (CORMs) were developed. The viability of the approach was demonstrated through the synthesis of compounds consisting of an η4‐oxydiene–Fe(CO)3 moiety connected to a penicillin G amidase (PGA)‐cleavable unit through a self‐immolative linker. The rate of PGA‐induced hydrolysis was investigated by HPLC analysis and the subsequent CO release was quantitatively assessed through headspace gas chromatography. In an in vitro assay with human endothelial cells, typical biological effects of CO, that is, inhibition of the inflammatory response and the induction of heme oxygenase‐1 expression, were observed only upon co‐administration of the CORM and PGA. This work forms a promising basis for the future development of protease‐specific CORMs for potential medicinal applications.
Maternal occupational pesticide exposure and risk of congenital heart defects in the national birth defects prevention study
Authors: Rocheleau Carissa M. , Bertke Stephen J. , Lawson Christina C. , Romitti Paul A. , Sanderson Wayne T. , Malik Sadia , Lupo Philip J. , Desrosiers Tania A. , Bell Erin , Druschel Charlotte , Correa Adolfo , Reefhuis Jennita ,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study.
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUNDCongenital heart defects (CHDs) are common birth defects, affecting approximately 1% of live births. Pesticide exposure has been suggested as an etiologic factor for CHDs, but previous results were inconsistent.METHODSWe examined maternal occupational exposure to fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides for 3328 infants with CHDs and 2988 unaffected control infants of employed mothers using data for 1997 through 2002 births from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a population‐based multisite case‐control study. Potential pesticide exposure from 1 month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy was assigned by an expert‐guided task‐exposure matrix and job history details self‐reported by mothers. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression.RESULTSMaternal occupational exposure to pesticides was not associated with CHDs overall. In examining specific CHD subtypes compared with controls, some novel associations were observed with higher estimated pesticide exposure: insecticides only and secundum atrial septal defect (OR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3–2.7, 40 exposed cases); both insecticides and herbicides and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (OR = 5.1; 95% CI, 1.7–15.3, 4 exposed cases), as well as pulmonary valve stenosis (OR = 3.6; 95% CI, 1.3–10.1, 5 exposed cases); and insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) (OR = 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2–4.0, 13 exposed cases).CONCLUSIONBroad pesticide exposure categories were not associated with CHDs overall, but examining specific CHD subtypes revealed some increased odds ratios. These results highlight the importance of examining specific CHDs separately. Because of multiple comparisons, additional work is needed to verify these associations. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:823–833, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical aspects of Fanconi anemia individuals with the same mutation of FANCF identified by next generation sequencing
Authors: Nicchia Elena , Benedicenti Francesco , Rocco Daniela De , Greco Chiara , Bottega Roberta , Inzana Francesca , Faleschini Michela , Bonin Serena , Cappelli Enrico , Mogni Massimo , Stanzial Franco , Svahn Johanna , Dufour Carlo , Savoia Anna 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundFanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disease characterized by congenital malformations, aplastic anemia and increased risk of developing malignancies. FA is genetically heterogeneous as it is caused by at least 17 different genes. Among these, FANCA, FANCC, and FANCG account for approximately 85% of the patients whereas the remaining genes are mutated in only a small percentage of cases. For this reason, the molecular diagnostic process is complex and not always extended to all the FA genes, preventing the characterization of individuals belonging to rare groups.MethodsThe FA genes were analyzed using a next generation sequencing approach in two unrelated families.ResultsThe analysis identified the same, c.484_485del, homozygous mutation of FANCF in both families. A careful examination of three electively aborted fetuses in one family and one affected girl in the other indicated an association of the FANCF loss‐of‐function mutation with a severe phenotype characterized by multiple malformations.ConclusionThe systematic use of next generation sequencing will allow the recognition of individuals from rare complementation groups, a better definition of their clinical phenotypes, and consequently, an appropriate genetic counseling. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:1003–1010, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Die allmähliche Herausbildung des Konzepts ,Lichtquanten‘
Authors: Hentschel Klaus 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe Gradual Formation of the Concept of ‘Light Quanta’. The complex concept of ‘light quanta’ which made its first appearance in Albert Einstein’s 1905 paper on a “heuristic point of view” to cope with the photoelectric effect and other forms of interaction of light and matter, has a rich history both before and after 1905. Some of its semantic layers lead as far back as Newton and Kepler, others are only fully espoused several decades later, yet others initially increased, then diminished in importance and finally vanished. Two historiographic approaches are discussed and exemplified: a) my own model of conceptual development as a series of semantic accretions, and b) Mark Turner’s model of ‘conceptual blending’. Both of these models are shown to be useful and will be further explored in my own efforts to come to grips with the complex process of concept formation.
Wissenschaftliche Begriffsbildung im Kreis der Accademia della Virtù in Rom um 1550
Authors: Kulawik Bernd 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe Origin of Scientific Notions in the Circle of the Roman Accademia della Virtù around 1550. Between c. 1537 and 1555 a group of humanists, clerics, architects and philologists known as the so‐called Accademia della Virtù got together in Rome to work on a program which was formulated in a letter by the Sienese humanist Claudio Tolomei in 1542 and published in 1547. Starting out with the intention to understand the only surviving antique book on architecture and architectural theory – Vitruvius’ De architectura libri decem – the program describes a series of 24 books, eleven containing the classical text and its translation with commentaries, 13 books systematically illustrating and documenting all known and available material remains from Roman antiquity. This program for a scientific classical archaeology in a modern sense was not only intended to serve the intellectual curiosity of some humanist antiquarians but to help architects and their patrons to develop a new architecture of the same high quality as the idealized Roman examples. To achieve this practical as well as theoretical goal it was obviously necessary to re‐create the antique vocabulary of architecture and its rules as well as to unify the contemporary usage of notions and norms in a canon. The first results of this project seem to be the In decem Libros M. Vitruvii Pollionis de Architectura Annotationes by Guillaume Philandrier (Rome, 1544) – up to this day a very valuable explanation of ambiguous parts in the Vitruvian text. Until the 1980s, it was believed that this book was the only outcome of the ambitious project; but then two codices of drawings after antique reliefs were identified as preparations for one of the other 23 volumes – and, because of their systematic approach, regarded as the ‘first systematic archaeological book’. Now it seems that there are some other corpora of manuscripts and drawings documenting antique artifacts that should be regarded as results of the Accademia’s work, too, showing antique buildings, inscriptions and coins. Other results of the unfinished project may be the theoretical and practical works of the two most influencial architects of the sixteenth century: Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola and Andrea Palladio.
„Chemie der Begriffe“ und „historischer Sinn“. Überlegungen zur philosophischen Begriffsbildung
Authors: Blättler Christine 
Published: June 2015

Abstract“Chemistry of Concepts” and “Historical Sense”. On Philosophical Concept Formation. The question concerning concepts and their relations to objects and words has had a long and controversial history. Recently, it is challenged by an anew turn towards objects and an emphasized object‐oriented ontology. The article argues that one reason for this is the reduction of concepts towards pure rational constructions and offers arguments for alternative understandings. In this context, the article proposes a re‐reading of Nietzsche’s particular approach and shows that Nietzsche’s thought is decisively shaped by the sciences of his time, especially physiology and chemistry. Before the background of the recent increase in research interest on Nietzsche and the sciences the article examines place and function of the sciences related to the genealogy and justification of concepts. Opposing a strong naturalist reading it makes a plea for understanding Nietzsche’s epistemological critique concerning concepts systematically as a triple one: philological, physiological, and historical.
Activated air produced by shielded sliding discharge plasma mediates plasmid DNA delivery to mammalian cells
Authors: Edelblute Chelsea M. , Heller Loree C. , Malik Muhammad A. , Heller Richard 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTCold plasma is emerging as a potential method for medical applications. The current study assessed the efficacy of a novel cold plasma reactor based on shielded sliding discharge producing cathode‐directed streamers generated in ambient air for the delivery of plasmid DNA. Experiments were performed with mouse melanoma cells (B16F10) and human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) inoculated with plasmid DNA encoding luciferase. Quantitative results measured over a 72‐h period displayed luciferase expression levels as high as 5‐fold greater in cells exposed to plasma‐activated air (PAA) than levels obtained from the inoculation of plasmid DNA alone (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). No effect on cell viability was observed. Delivery of plasmid encoding GFP to HaCaT cells seeded on polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds was confirmed by immunostaining. The use of cold plasma for DNA delivery is attractive as it provides a non‐viral, non‐invasive method where the electrode or the plasma itself never directly contacts the exposed site. The current device design provides localized DNA transfer using a novel technology. Our report suggests PAA warrants further exploration as an alternative or supplemental approach for DNA transfer. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2583–2590. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.