bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intercomparison of large‐eddy simulations of Arctic mixed‐phase clouds: Importance of ice size distribution assumptions
Authors: Ovchinnikov Mikhail , Ackerman Andrew S. , Avramov Alexander , Cheng Anning , Fan Jiwen , Fridlind Ann M. , Ghan Steven , Harrington Jerry , Hoose Corinna , Korolev Alexei , McFarquhar Greg M. , Morrison Hugh , Paukert Marco , Savre Julien , Shipway Ben J. , Shupe Matthew D. , Solomon Amy , Sulia Kara 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLarge‐eddy simulations of mixed‐phase Arctic clouds by 11 different models are analyzed with the goal of improving understanding and model representation of processes controlling the evolution of these clouds. In a case based on observations from the Indirect and Semi‐Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC), it is found that ice number concentration, Ni, exerts significant influence on the cloud structure. Increasing Ni leads to a substantial reduction in liquid water path (LWP), in agreement with earlier studies. In contrast to previous intercomparison studies, all models here use the same ice particle properties (i.e., mass‐size, mass‐fall speed, and mass‐capacitance relationships) and a common radiation parameterization. The constrained setup exposes the importance of ice particle size distributions (PSDs) in influencing cloud evolution. A clear separation in LWP and IWP predicted by models with bin and bulk microphysical treatments is documented and attributed primarily to the assumed shape of ice PSD used in bulk schemes. Compared to the bin schemes that explicitly predict the PSD, schemes assuming exponential ice PSD underestimate ice growth by vapor deposition and overestimate mass‐weighted fall speed leading to an underprediction of IWP by a factor of two in the considered case. Sensitivity tests indicate LWP and IWP are much closer to the bin model simulations when a modified shape factor which is similar to that predicted by bin model simulation is used in bulk scheme. These results demonstrate the importance of representation of ice PSD in determining the partitioning of liquid and ice and the longevity of mixed‐phase clouds.
Stochastic convective rain‐field simulation using a high‐resolution synoptically conditioned weather generator (HiReS‐WG)
Authors: Peleg Nadav , Morin Efrat 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA new stochastic high‐resolution synoptically conditioned weather generator (HiReS‐WG) appropriate for climate regimes with a substantial proportion of convective rainfall is presented. The simulated rain fields are of high spatial (0.5 × 0.5 km2) and temporal (5 min) resolution and can be used for most hydrological applications. The WG is composed of four modules: the synoptic generator, the motion vector generator, the convective rain cell generator, and the low‐intensity rainfall generator. The HiReS‐WG was applied to a study region on the northwestern Israeli coastline in the Eastern Mediterranean, for which 12 year weather radar and synoptic data were extensively analyzed to derive probability distributions of convective rain cells and other rainfall properties for different synoptic classifications; these distributions were used as input to the HiReS‐WG. Simulated rainfall data for 300 years were evaluated for annual rain depth, season timing, wet‐/dry‐period durations, rain‐intensity distributions, and spatial correlations. In general, the WG well represented the above properties compared to radar and rain‐gauge observations from the studied region, with one limitation—an inability to reproduce the most extreme cases. The HiReS‐WG is a good tool to study catchments' hydrological responses to variations in rainfall, especially small‐size to medium‐size catchments, and it can also be linked to climate models to force the prevailing synoptic conditions.
Criteria for the Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia: Validation of the Modified 2010 Preliminary American College of Rheumatology Criteria and the Development of Alternative Criteria
Authors: Bennett Robert M. , Friend Ronald , Marcus Dawn , Bernstein Cheryl , Han Bobby Kwanghoon , Yachoui Ralph , Deodhar Atul , Kaell Alan , Bonafede Peter , Chino Allan , Jones Kim D. 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo validate the 2011 modification of the 2010 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) preliminary criteria for the diagnosis of fibromyalgia (2011ModCr) and develop alternative criteria in a sample of patients with diverse pain disorders that are commonly seen in everyday practice by pain specialists, rheumatologists, and psychologists.MethodsEight clinicians from geographically varied locations in the US evaluated patients with chronic pain and psychiatric disorders using a standard set of questions that included the 2011ModCr questions, the Symptom Impact Questionnaire (SIQR), a 28‐area pain location inventory (PLI), and the Short Form 36. Alternative diagnostic criteria were developed from the same data set using logistic regression and receiver operating curve analysis.ResultsComplete data on 321 patients were evaluated; there were 135 patients with fibromyalgia (according to the 1990 ACR criteria) and 186 patients with 16 other common chronic pain problems. Comparing the 2011ModCr with the 1990 ACR criteria provided a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity of 67%, and a correct classification of 74%. Alternative criteria were derived from the 10‐item symptom score from the SIQR symptoms and the 28‐area PLI. Maximal diagnostic accuracy was obtained with ≥17 pain sites (range 0–28) and an SIQR symptom score of ≥21 (range 0–50). These alternative criteria had a diagnostic sensitivity of 81%, a specificity of 80%, and a correct classification of 80%.ConclusionThe 2011ModCr had robust operating characteristics. Alternative criteria based on symptom items from the SIQR and pain locations from the PLI had comparable operating characteristics, with somewhat better specificity and ease of use.
A Double‐Hurdle Analysis of Demand for Powdered Milk: Evidence from Household Survey Data in an Urban Chinese Province
Authors: Wu Beibei , Chen Yongfu , Si Wei , Chien Hsiaoping 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study is to explore the determinants of urban at‐home consumption demand for powdered milk in Guangdong province from 2007 to 2009. A double‐hurdle model is used in this analysis based on survey data. The data include 8188 household distributed in 15 cities and prefectures of Guangdong province. Major findings show that the income growth of urban household, an increase in the level of education of the householder, and the different age groups within the household all have positive effects on urban at‐home consumption demand for powdered milk. The prices of powdered milk have negative effects on milk consumption. Families in the Pearl River Delta consume more powdered milk than families in the other regions. The powdered milk consumption has not been significantly affected by the 2008 Chinese melamine tainted milk scandal.
Polynuclear SmIII Polyamidoamine‐Based Dendrimer: A Single Probe for Combined Visible and Near‐Infrared Live‐Cell Imaging
Authors: Foucault‐Collet Alexandra , Shade Chad M. , Nazarenko Iuliia , Petoud Stéphane , Eliseeva Svetlana V. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe report herein the synthesis of a luminescent polynuclear dendritic structure (SmIII‐G3P‐2,3Nap) in which eight SmIII ions are sensitized by thirty‐two 2,3‐naphthalimide chromophores. Upon a single excitation wavelength, the dendrimer complex exhibits two types of emission in the visible and in the near‐infrared (NIR) ranges. SmIII‐G3P‐2,3Nap was non‐cytotoxic after 24 h of incubation and up to 2.5 μM. The ability of the SmIII‐based probe to be taken up by cells was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Epifluorescence microscopy validated SmIII‐G3P‐2,3Nap as a versatile probe, capable of performing interchangeably in the visible or NIR for live‐cell imaging. As both emissions are obtained from a single complex, the cytotoxicity and biodistribution are inherently the same. The possibility for discriminating the sharp SmIII signals from autofluorescence in two spectral ranges increases the reliability of analysis and reduces the probability of artifacts and instrumental errors.
From Syndiotactic Homopolymers to Chemically Tunable Alternating Copolymers: Highly Active Yttrium Complexes for Stereoselective Ring‐Opening Polymerization of β‐Malolactonates
Authors: Jaffredo Cédric G. , Chapurina Yulia , Guillaume Sophie M. , Carpentier Jean‐François 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAlternating copolymers constitute an attractive class of materials. It was shown previously that highly alternated poly(β‐hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs) can be prepared by ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of mixtures of two different enantiomerically pure 4‐alkyl‐β‐propiolactones. However, the approach could not be extended to PHAs with chemically tunable functional groups, which is highly desirable to access original advanced materials. Reported herein is the first highly syndioselective and controlled ROP of racemic allyl and benzyl β‐malolactonates (MLAR; R=allyl, benzyl) using an yttrium complex supported by a tetradentate dichloro‐substituted bis(phenolate) ligand. This highly active catalyst allows the nearly perfect alternating copolymerization of MLAAllyl and MLABenzyl. Hydrogenolysis of the benzyloxycarbonyl or functionalization of the allyl pendant groups opens a route towards a new class of functional alternating copolymers.
Brief Report: Prevalence of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies in Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Mahr Alfred , Batteux Frédéric , Tubiana Sarah , Goulvestre Claire , Wolff Michel , Papo Thomas , Vrtovsnik François , Klein Isabelle , Iung Bernard , Duval Xavier ,   the IMAGE Study Group
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveInfective endocarditis (IE) mimics primary systemic vasculitis, and there are sporadic reports of positivity for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) among patients with IE. Because the frequency of ANCAs in IE is unknown, this study was undertaken to assess the seroprevalence of ANCAs in a large number of patients with IE.MethodsThe study was conducted in the framework of a single‐center prospective cohort study of incident IE cases. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and microbiologic data were collected, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed at diagnosis. For those patients whose serum had been stored at diagnosis, ANCAs were assessed by indirect immunofluorescence assay in ethanol‐, formalin‐, and methanol‐fixed neutrophils. In addition, ANCA specificity for proteinase 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) was assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Rheumatoid factor (RF), antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), and serum Ig levels were also measured. Comparisons between groups were made using Wilcoxon's rank sum and chi‐square or Fisher's exact tests.ResultsAmong 109 patients with IE, 18% had cytoplasmic ANCAs (cANCA) and/or perinuclear ANCAs (pANCA) and 8% had PR3‐ANCAs or MPO‐ANCAs, some with very high titers. Positivity for both cANCA or pANCA and PR3‐ANCAs or MPO‐ANCAs was found in 6% of patients, and RF, ANAs, and aCL were detected in 35%, 16%, and 23% of samples, respectively. No consistent clinical pattern of IE was observed in the anti‐PR3/anti‐MPO–positive IE patients, whereas positivity for cANCA/pANCA was associated with younger age (P = 0.022), more frequent occurrence of echocardiographic vegetations (P = 0.043), and above‐normal serum IgG levels (P = 0.017).ConclusionANCAs, including PR3‐ and MPO‐ANCAs, occur in a substantial proportion of patients with IE. The link between cANCA/pANCA and specific features of IE requires further study.
ES‐62 Protects Against Collagen‐Induced Arthritis by Resetting Interleukin‐22 Toward Resolution of Inflammation in the Joints
Authors: Pineda Miguel A. , Rodgers David T. , Al‐Riyami Lamyaa , Harnett William , Harnett Margaret M. 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveThe parasitic worm–derived immunomodulator ES‐62 protects against disease in the mouse collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by suppressing pathogenic interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) responses. The Th17‐associated cytokine IL‐22 also appears to have a pathogenic role in autoimmune arthritis, particularly in promoting proinflammatory responses by synovial fibroblasts and osteoclastogenesis. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether the protection against joint damage afforded by ES‐62 also reflects suppression of IL‐22.MethodsThe role(s) of IL‐22 was assessed by investigating the effects of neutralizing anti–IL‐22 antibodies and recombinant IL‐22 (rIL‐22) on proinflammatory cytokine production, synovial fibroblast responses, and joint damage in mice with CIA in the presence or absence of ES‐62.ResultsNeutralization of IL‐22 during the initiation phase abrogated CIA, while administration of rIL‐22 enhanced synovial fibroblast responses and exacerbated joint pathology. In contrast, after disease onset anti–IL‐22 did not suppress progression, whereas administration of rIL‐22 promoted resolution of inflammation. Consistent with these late antiinflammatory effects, the protection afforded by ES‐62 was associated with elevated levels of IL‐22 in the serum and joints that reflected a desensitization of the synovial fibroblast responses. Moreover, neutralization of IL‐22 during the late effector stage of disease prevented ES‐62–mediated desensitization of synovial fibroblast responses and protection against CIA.ConclusionIL‐22 plays a dual role in CIA, being pathogenic during the initiation phase while acting to resolve inflammation and joint damage during established disease. Harnessing of the tissue repair properties of IL‐22 by ES‐62 highlights the potential for joint‐targeted therapeutic modulation of synovial fibroblast responses and consequent protection against bone damage in RA.
A feasibility study of the use of reactive tracers to determine outdoor daytime OH radical concentrations within the urban environment
Authors: White Iain R. , Martin Damien , Petersson K. F. , Henshaw Stephen J. , Nickless Graham , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C. , Clemitshaw Kevin C. , Shallcross Dudley E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractUsing a specifically designed chemical tracer to indirectly measure local atmospheric hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations is a very appealing concept. Such a tracer will provide information on the amount of OH a tracer encounters, as it moves through the urban environment and provide a stringent test of models. However, to date an outdoor experiment such as this has not been conducted. This article discusses the reasons why this is so and examines the feasibility of using tracers to measure integrated urban OH levels over short (≤1 km) distances.
Incidence of and risk factors for sentinel lymph node metastasis in patients with a postoperative diagnosis of ductal carcinomain situ
Authors: Zetterlund L , Stemme S , Arnrup H , de Boniface J 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundPositive sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) are found in up to 13 per cent of women with a preoperative diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast and in up to 4 per cent of those with a postoperative diagnosis. This retrospective national register study investigated the incidence of positive SLNs in women with a postoperative diagnosis of DCIS, and the value of additional tumour sectioning to identify occult tumour invasion.MethodsAll surgical patients with a final histopathological diagnosis of pure DCIS registered in the Swedish national breast cancer register in 2008 and 2009 were eligible. Additional sectioning was performed on archived primary tumour tissue from women with SLN metastasis (including cases of isolated tumour cells) and matched SLN-negative control patients with the aim of detecting occult invasion.ResultsSLN tumour deposits were reported in 11 of 753 women who had SLN biopsy (macrometastases, 2; micrometastases, 3; isolated tumour cells, 6), resulting in a SLN positivity rate of 0·7 per cent (5 of 753). Occult invasion was found in one (9 per cent) of these 11 patients and in two (10 per cent) of 21 control patients. No risk factors for SLN metastasis were identified.ConclusionSLN positivity is rare in women with a histopathological diagnosis of pure DCIS. Additional primary tumour assessment may reveal occult invasion in both SLN metastasis-positive and -negative patients. The value of performing SLN biopsy in the setting of a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS was limited, and current Swedish practice should therefore be questioned.
Operator's procedure volume and not years of experience, determine needle to balloon time in primary percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Ahmed Imdad , Pancholy Samir B. 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveThis study aimed at evaluating operator and procedural variables affecting needle to balloon time in primary percutaneous coronary intervention.BackgroundThe relationship between operator's variables with needle to balloon time is unknown.MethodsA total of 399 consecutive patients from 06/2010 to 03/2012 presenting with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction in a community medical center were included in the study. Operator experience was calculated in number of years in interventional practice and operator procedure volume in number of percutaneous coronary intervention procedures performed annually. The time of arrival was divided into regular hours (7 am to 4 pm) and off hours (4 pm to 7 am) on weekdays and the entire duration on weekends and holidays.ResultsThe average patient age was 65 years and 59% were males. The mean needle to balloon time was 18.53 ± 8 min. There was no difference in needle to balloon time between patients presenting during regular hours compared to those presenting during off hours (18.19 ± 6.88 vs. 18.93 ± 9.13, P > 0.5). Operator experience (coefficient = −0.10, P = 0.03) and procedure volume (coefficient = −0.63, P < 0.0001) showed negative correlation with needle to balloon time. In multivariate analysis after adjusting for access sites and operator experience, procedure volume was the only independent predictor of needle to balloon time (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Operator procedure volume and not the years of experience, determine the needle to balloon time in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Operator performance as assessed by needle to balloon time is not affected by the time of the day. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resolution of 1‐n‐Butyl‐3‐Methyl‐3‐Phospholene 1‐Oxide With TADDOL Derivatives and Calcium Salts of O,O'‐Dibenzoyl‐(2R,3R)‐ or O,O'‐di‐p‐Toluoyl‐(2R,3R)‐tartaric Acid
Authors: Bagi Péter , Fekete András , Kállay Mihály , Hessz Dóra , Kubinyi Miklós , Holczbauer Tamás , Czugler Mátyás , Fogassy Elemér , Keglevich György 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe resolution methods applying (−)‐(4R,5R)‐4,5‐bis(diphenylhydroxymethyl)‐2,2‐dimethyldioxolane (“TADDOL”), (−)‐(2R,3R)‐α,α,α',α'‐tetraphenyl‐1,4‐dioxaspiro[4.5]decan‐2,3‐dimethanol (“spiro‐TADDOL”), as well as the acidic and neutral Ca2+ salts of (−)‐O,O'‐dibenzoyl‐ and (−)‐O,O'‐di‐p‐toluoyl‐(2R,3R)‐tartaric acid were extended for the preparation of 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐3‐phospholene 1‐oxide in optically active form. In one case, the intermediate diastereomeric complex could be identified by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The absolute P‐configuration of the enantiomers of the phospholene oxide was also determined by comparing the experimentally obtained and calculated CD spectra. Chirality 26:174–182, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis and evaluation of incentive mechanisms in P2P networks: a spatial evolutionary game theory perspective
Authors: Cui Guanghai , Li Mingchu , Wang Zhen , Ren Jiankang , Jiao Dong , Ma Jianhua 
Published: February 2014

SummaryIn peer‐to‐peer (P2P) networks, contributions are made by peers voluntarily for the autonomous character of peers. However, selfish peers may refuse to be cooperative when considering their limited transmission resources. Incentive mechanisms are always used to guarantee successful cooperations among peers. Although the inventive mechanisms have been widely investigated on the basis of game theory, most researches assume that peers are well mixed in the network, regardless of the influence of peers' transaction relationships. In this paper, a novel analysis framework based on spatial evolutionary game theory is proposed to verify the effectiveness of incentive mechanisms. In the framework, a transaction overlay network is used to model the transaction relationships of peers. The transactions between clients and servers are modeled as the donor‐recipient game to satisfy their asymmetric characters. Influences of the learning noise and some common behaviors of peers on incentive mechanisms are also considered. Moreover, in order to demonstrate the utility of the framework, a reciprocation‐based incentive mechanism, which considers the requestors' behaviors of providing and consuming services, is thoroughly investigated under the framework in scenarios with homogeneous and heterogeneous benefits of services. By using the framework, besides the effectiveness of incentive mechanisms, the detailed spatiotemporal evolutions of peers' strategies driven by incentive mechanisms can also be obtained. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining geo‐referencing and network coding for distributed large‐scale information management
Authors: Picone Marco , Amoretti Michele , Martalò Marco , Zanichelli Francesco , Ferrari Gianluigi 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThe widespread and ubiquitous availability of Internet access enables the collective sharing of huge amount of data generated by heterogeneous sources. For example, the information, which will be exchanged among entities (sensors, people, and services) of future smart cities to enhance the security and lifestyle of their citizens, poses the challenging question of how this information can be efficiently and effectively maintained across the city. In this article, we propose a decentralized approach, based on the distributed geographic table (DGT) overlay scheme, which exploits geo‐referenced information about nodes to achieve efficient data management. After recalling DGT main concepts, we illustrate the possible node types and how information can be published and retrieved within the network. To cope with the unavoidable node failures and disconnections, our approach leverages upon randomized network coding to increase the robustness of publish/retrieval operations. Evaluation is carried out through an extensive simulation analysis for a realistic urban scenario using the metrics of efficiency in data publication/search, resource availability, and storage occupancy requirements. Results show the approach effectiveness for large‐scale sharing of geo‐referenced information and tradeoffs between redundancy overhead and resource availability. A few results obtained with a preliminary DGT implementation are also presented in the paper. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angular Velocity Distribution of the Electric Microfield in Plasma
Authors: Adaika H. , Meftah M. T. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn theory of the spectral line shapes, the conventional scheme use two approximations for the local electric field (microfield) due to all charged particles of the plasma. The quasi‐static approximations for the ions and the impact approximation for the electrons. The first approximation consists to say that the electric field is constant during the characteristic time. In this work we shall transpose the idea of the first approximation, to the angular velocity of the microfield whereas its strength is kept constant and equal to its mean value. We shall use the Holtsmark approach and the independent particles model (due to Margeneau and Lewis) to compute the static distribution function of the angular velocity of the microfield. In the first approach (Holtsmark), the distribution shows a Lorentzian behavior, whereas the second approach (Margenau and Lewis) shows a gaussian behavior. Subsequently, we have applied the obtained static distribution to show the effect on the broadening of Lyman‐alpha line for a plasma composed of He+ ions. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)