bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Diffuser/Nozzle Structure With Extended Sidewalls for Maximising the Valveless Micropump Performance
Authors: Wang Jiaqi , Miki Hirofumi , Aw Kean C. , Sharma Rajnish N. 
Published: December 2014

A micropump is a crucial component in a microfluidic device, as it could generate accurate tiny amounts of fluid and hence reduces the reagents cost and shortens the analysis time. A conventional pump requires valves, which are difficult to be assembled when reduced to micro scale. Hence valveless pump would be the obvious solution.
To achieve the flow directing capability, gradually expanding/contracting diffuser/nozzle elements are used as the “fixed valves” in valveless micropumps. The fluid flowing along the nozzle direction receives a larger pressure loss than that along the diffuser direction. Therefore, with periodic oscillation of the flow, there would be a net flux along the diffuser direction. Based on previous researches, the performance of a valveless micropump primarily relies on the flow-directing capability of the diffuser/nozzle element, which is also known as diffuser efficiency, η. A higher η means a higher flow-directing ability and thus, a larger flux of a valveless micropump.
There are many researchers attempting to maximise η. In this work, a new diffuser/nozzle structure with extended sidewalls at the large end, named as “lips”, is proposed, investigated and simulated. Introducing more frictional pressure loss in the nozzle direction, the “lips” could increase the η by a maximum of 31%, which correlates to an improvement of 23% for the net flux of the entire micropump. Later, more simulations with different lip lengths, thicknesses and extended angles of the “lips” were also investigated and compared. The results show that η increases with the “lips” length at the beginning and reaches a peak at some length. Further, the thickness of the “lips” has nearly no influence on the performance improvement. Finally it was found that the highest η occurs when the “lips” are almost perpendicular to the outlet plane.
Parametric Studies of Single-Phase Multi-Layer Heat Sinks Using a Porous Media Approach: Effects of Spatially-Varying Porosity and Total Porosity
Authors: Podhiny John J. , Ortega Alfonso 
Published: December 2014

Prior analyses and experiments have demonstrated that varying or scaling the number of fluid channels in each layer of a stacked multi-layer heat sink yields distinct advantages over traditional single-layer designs which use channels with high aspect ratios. Specifically, a design which implements scaling in order to vary the porosity (or equivalently, the number of channels) from one layer to the next allows a given thermal performance to be realized at a lower pressure drop than the corresponding non-scaled design. In previous work, the authors have used volume-averaged non-equilibrium porous media heat transfer theory to analyze a range of heat sinks of this type, including those with discrete or step-wise porosity variation (in earlier efforts) and continuous porosity variation (in more recent efforts). The authors have used discrete variation to model stacked mini-channel multi-later heat exchangers, and continuous variation as a more general investigative tool for this class of heat sinks. The continuous variation approach can also be used as a design tool for heat sink envelopes that use scaled micro- or nano-channels or engineered porous media with spatially varying porosity or pore diameter.
This paper reports on the results of a parametric study of water-cooled copper heat sinks which employ 0.50 mm × 0.50 mm square channels in a range of porosity scaling profiles that yield and total integrated porosities of 0.10 to 0.95. The investigation identifies the highest and lowest performing designs based upon temperatures on the heated surface, and analyzes their performance characteristics in terms of the spatial distributions of solid and fluid temperature distributions, thermal resistance components and ratios, and conductive and convective heat flows. In general, the results imply the existence of an optimum level and distribution of porosity and confirm the potential benefits of spatial variation of porosity.
Numerical Investigation of Irrigant Penetration Into Dentinal Microtubules
Authors: Motie Shirazi Mohsen , Abouali Omid , Emdad Homayoon , Nabavizade Mohammad Reza , Mirhadi Hossein , Ahmadi Goodarz 
Published: December 2014

Root canal irrigation is an important procedure in endodontic treatment. After mechanical preparation of root canal, NaOCl, which is the most common antibacterial irrigant, is inserted by special needles. This work helps to remove bacteria and debris and dissolves the organic tissues in the root canal. In the vicinity of the main root canal, there are a large number of microchannels attached to its wall named “dentinal tubules”. The success of irragation depends on the penetration of irrigant in these tubules, which results in killing the bacteria and preventing complexities after root canal therapy.
There is rather limited earlier research on modeling of dentinal tubules. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the flow rate, insertion depth and needle types affect the flow pattern in the root canal. The concentration difference between inserted irrigant and the liquid filling the tubules is the main driving force for penetration. Diffusion of irrigant, however, is a time dependent process and should be analyzed as an unsteady problem.
In prior studies, the geometry was considered as cylinders with a constant diameter of 2.5μm and the effect of tapering was neglected. In reality the diameter varies from about 2.5μm near the pulp to about 1.5μm at the distance of 1 mm from the pulp.
In the present study, a more detailed and exact model of dentinal tubules geometry was considered. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used for the modeling of flow and diffusion of irrigant as a function of time. The unsteady and 3D continuity and Navier-Stokes equations as well as a scalar transport equation are solved and the flow field and the concentration of antibacterial irrigant were evaluated. The simulation results were compared to the earlier works. It was shown that the use of the correct detailed geometry of tubules led to noticeable differences compared to those found for the idealized model.
Experimental Characterization of Stabilized Suspensions Caused by Formation of Nanoparticle Halos
Authors: Keramati Hadi , Zabetian Mohammad , Saidi Mohammad Hassan , Mozafari Ali Asghar 
Published: December 2014

Suspension flow has an important role in various applications such as paint, material and pharmaceutical industries. Settling is considered as a resisting phenomenon in the processes dealing with suspensions. Using nanoparticles as an additive to micro-particulates has been studied in limited studies.
This work presents an experimental investigation to assess the effectiveness of nanoparticles in reduction of suspension settling. Microscopic imaging and transmission measurement were used to analyze the stability factors in a container. Transmission analysis revealed that presence of nanoparticles in the suspension, decreased the sedimentation rate. Microscopy showed that the settling rate decreased after adding nanoparticles. This is attributed to the repulsive forces between microparticles caused by the halos of nanoparticle. Highly charged nanoparticles segregate to region near negligibly charged microspheres because of their repulsive Coulombic interactions. Therefore, microparticles exhibit an effective charge in presence of nanoparticles.
Obtained results indicate that the nanoparticles with appropriate volume fraction can stabilize suspension of microparticles and can successfully minimize the settling rate. Proposed technique can be also implemented in other applications such as heat pipes and heat transfer devices.
On the Liquid/Liquid Slug Flow in a Micro-Capillary Reactor
Authors: Dittmar Ina , Ehrhard Peter 
Published: December 2014

The hydrodynamics within a liquid/liquid slug flow in a micro-capillary reactor is characterized by complex vortex structures, both within the disperse and within the continuous phase. Usually, one of the phases exhibits good wetting of the wall, while the second phase exhibits poor wetting. This is why we expect a (continuous) thin film of the wetting phase along the wall. We compute this complex two-phase flow by means of a finite-volume method (FVM), whereas the interface is captured by a modified level-set method. Hence, from our numerical simulations we obtain the detailed topology of this two-phase flow, the position of the interface, as well as the thickness of the thin wall film of the continuous phase. With regard to the thickness of this wall film in liquid/liquid systems, very little information is available in literature. Of course, the hydrodynamics of this two-phase flow is the basis for any species transport computations within such micro-capillary reactors.
We discuss in detail the topology of this two-phase flow, as it develops for various parameters. Moreover, a careful comparison of experimental and theoretical findings on the wall film thickness is presented.
Geometric Optimisation of Conjugate Pentagonal Cooling Channels With Internal Heat Generation
Authors: Olakoyejo Olabode Thomas , Martins Lauber , Obayopo Surajudeen Olanrewaju , Meyer Josua Petrus 
Published: December 2014

This paper presents a three-dimensional geometric optimisation of conjugate cooling channels in forced convection with internal heat generation within the solid. Pentagonal cooling channels configuration are considered. The main objective is to optimise the configuration in such a way that the peak temperature is minimised subject to the constraint of fixed global volume of solid material. The cooling fluid is driven through the channels by the pressure difference across the channel.
The elemental volume of the structure and hydraulic diameter of the cooling channel were considered as design variables. The shape of the channel is allowed to morph to determine the best configuration that gives the lowest thermal resistance. A gradient-based mathematic optimisation algorithm (Dynamic-Q) is applied in order to search for the best optimal geometric configuration that improves thermal performance by minimising thermal resistance for a wide range of dimensionless pressure difference. Results obtained show that there are unique optimal geometry for a given pressure difference. Also, the results show that the effects of dimensionless pressure drop on minimum thermal resistance and hydraulic diameter of the channel are consistent with those obtained in the open literature.
Beneficial effects of the micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF, Daflon® 500 mg) on microvascular damage elicited by sclerotherapy
Authors: de Souza Maria das Graças C , Cyrino Fatima ZGA , Mayall Monica R , Virgini-Magalhães Carlos E , Sicuro Fernando L , Carvalho Jorge José de , Verbeuren Tony J , Bouskela Eliete 
Published: December 2014

Objectives To evaluate if the micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) treatment could reduce the side effects of sclerotherapy (a procedure frequently used to treat venous disease manifestations) by minimizing the inflammatory response within the surrounding tissues. Method Twenty-two male New Zealand rabbits were treated by gavage with micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF; 300 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (10% lactose solution) during 21 consecutive days, starting 7 days before sclerotherapy. The sclerotherapy consisted of an injection containing 5% ethanolamine oleate solution in the rabbit’s dorsal ear vein. Before and after sclerotherapy, venular and arteriolar diameters, microvascular permeability, functional capillary density (FCD), number of rolling and sticking leukocytes were evaluated on ear microcirculation. Images of the sclerotherapy site were taken before and after the procedure. Results Compared to placebo, MPFF treatment prevented the increase in venular diameter, preserved FCD ( P < 0.001) and reduced the number of leaky sites ( P < 0.001) and sticking leukocytes ( P < 0.001). Imaging confirmed these effects on thrombosis and perivascular edema of the sclerosed vein, 14 days after procedure. Conclusion MPFF treatment limited the postsclerotherapy inflammation in surrounding microvascular network, suggesting that MPFF may prevent undesirable secondary effects of the procedure in this animal model. This study warrants further investigation for its use in clinical conditions.
Investigation into coordinating dependencies between care pathways within mental healthcare: A qualitative case study and pilot testing of a new theoretical framework
Authors: Sengers Marjolein , Bongers Inge MB , Roeg Diana PK 
Published: December 2014

Introduction Aiming to improve quality of care and reduce costs, mental healthcare organizations implemented care pathways. These pathways have mostly been evaluated as single entities. However, evidence suggests that improvements in individual pathways do not necessarily lead to better performance within the whole care process due to dependencies between pathways. Limited empirical research has been devoted to this theme. The aim of this study was to examine how departments coordinate dependencies between pathways, to discern types of coordination used and to construct a theoretical framework. Methods In a comparative case study of three departments within two mental healthcare organizations, 27 employees were interviewed on the subject of coordination of pathways. A document review was performed to gain general insights into the departments and their pathways. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using content analysis, based on criteria derived from the theoretical framework. The cases were compared through pattern analysis. Results Findings indicate a lack of awareness among team members regarding the theoretical pathway structure within their department and that all departments deployed a function or system to monitor coordination practices. Within the departments, flow dependencies were found. Although departments coordinated pathways differently, these mostly were horizontal and programmed in nature. Discussion The findings suggest more explicit and structured communication about pathways can be helpful in organizations. Also, outcomes were better if coordination was monitored. Further research is warranted to verify and evaluate the preference for horizontal and programmed ways of coordinating pathway dependencies within mental healthcare.
How I treat the older patient with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Ossenkoppele Gert , Löwenberg Bob 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in older patients presents a notable therapeutic challenge to the clinical hematologist. The clinical biology of AML among patients is highly heterogeneous. Interpatient variations are relevant for prognosis and treatment choice. Outcome of treatment for patients of advanced age is often compromised by comorbid conditions and an enhanced susceptibility to toxicities from therapy. Here we present selected clinical vignettes that highlight distinct representative situations derived from clinical practice. The vignettes are specifically discussed in light of the perspective of treating older patients with leukemia. We review the clinical significance of various cytogenetic and molecular features of the disease, and we examine the various currently available treatment options as well as the emerging prognostic algorithms that may offer guidance in regard to personalized therapy recommendations. The dilemmas in tailoring treatment selection in this category of patients with AML are the central theme in this discussion.
RUSL: Trash in Iceland
Authors: Rawlings Angela 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
RUSL explores the potential for ecolinguistic activism to act as a gateway for experiential learning via the generation of site-dependent artwork related to place. Autoethnographic methodology demonstrates the effectiveness of pedagogy focused on transformative action, and documentation of art-making processes offers repeatable models that may result in action competence with the power to alter a person’s notion of herself as a place-maker and of her interconnectedness with ecosystems in flux.
Permutation and randomness in the Action Score Generator
Authors: Walker Nathan 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This article discusses the Action Score Generator (ASG), an online writing machine that randomly arranges words into six-word-length performance scores. The generator belongs to a lineage of language-based artworks and practices that relinquish authorial control to the viewer. Exploring the methods of Event Scores developed by George Brecht the ASG is a website that distributes an infinite number of scores as both instructions and poetry. This is articulated in relation to Christopher Strachey’s ‘Love Letter Generator’ and other permutational and computational writing programmes that use randomness and code to produce writing in modular forms.
Infinitely-many solutions for subquadratic fractional Hamiltonian systems with potential changing sign
Authors: Zhang Ziheng , Yuan Rong 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In this paper we are concerned with the existence of infinitely-many solutions for fractional Hamiltonian systems of the form

t

D
∞
α

(

-
∞

D
t
α

u

(
t
)

)

+
L

(
t
)

u

(
t
)

=
∇
W

(
t
,
u

(
t
)

)

${\,}_tD^{\alpha }_{\infty }(_{-\infty }D^{\alpha }_{t}u(t))+L(t)u(t)=\nabla W(t,u(t))$

,
where

α
∈
(

1
2

,
1
)

${\alpha \in (\frac{1}{2},1)}$

,

t
∈
ℝ

${t\in \mathbb {R}}$

,

u
∈

ℝ
n

${u\in \mathbb {R}^n}$

,

L
∈
C
(
ℝ
,

ℝ

n
2

)

${L\in C(\mathbb {R},\mathbb {R}^{n^2})}$

is a symmetric and positive definite matrix for all

t
∈
ℝ

${t\in \mathbb {R}}$

,

W
∈

C
1

(
ℝ
×

ℝ
n

,
ℝ
)

${W\in C^1(\mathbb {R}\times \mathbb {R}^n,\mathbb {R})}$

and

∇
W
(
t
,
u
)

${\nabla W(t,u)}$

is the gradient of

W
(
t
,
u
)

${W(t,u)}$

at u. The novelty of this paper is that, assuming L(t) is bounded in the sense that there are constants

0
<

τ
1

<

τ
2

<
∞

${0&lt;\tau _1&lt;\tau _2&lt; \infty }$

such that

τ
1

|
u
|

2

≤

(
L

(
t
)

u
,
u
)

≤

τ
2

|
u
|

2

${\tau _1 |u|^2\le (L(t)u,u)\le \tau _2 |u|^2}$

for all

(
t
,
u
)

∈
ℝ
×

ℝ
n

${(t,u)\in \mathbb {R}\times \mathbb {R}^n}$

and

W
(
t
,
u
)

${W(t,u)}$

is of the form

(

a
(
t
)

/

(

p
+
1

)

)

|
u
|

p
+
1

${({a(t)}/({p+1}))|u|^{p+1}}$

such that

a
∈

L
∞

(
ℝ
,
ℝ
)

${a\in L^{\infty }(\mathbb {R},\mathbb {R})}$

can change its sign and

0
<
p
<
1

${0&lt;p&lt;1}$

is a constant, we show that the above fractional Hamiltonian systems possess infinitely-many solutions. The proof is based on the symmetric mountain pass theorem. Recent results in the literature are generalized and significantly improved.
Existence and multiplicity results for some Lane–Emden elliptic systems: Subquadratic case
Authors: Barile Sara , Salvatore Addolorata 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
We study the nonlinear elliptic system of Lane–Emden type
-Δu = sgn(v) |v|
p-1 in Ω,
-Δv = f(x,u) in Ω, u = v = 0 on ∂Ω,
where Ω is an open bounded subset of ℝ
N
, N ≥ 2, p > 1 and
f : Ω × ℝ → ℝ is a Carathéodory function satisfying suitable growth assumptions. Existence and multiplicity results are proved by means of a generalized Weierstrass Theorem and a variant of the Symmetric Mountain Pass Theorem.
Mental images in Porphyry’s commentary on Ptolemy’s Harmonics
Authors: Lautner Peter 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe paper aims to show that /1/ on the theory of concept acquisition we gain universal concepts at the end of a process in which pictorial and conceptual phases are alternating, with the implication that the representational capacity (phantasia) produces pictures of a universal nature, and that /2/ even if the excursus Porphyry’s theory of knowledge in the preface of the Harmonics-commentary may heavily rely on theories from the early Middle Platonism, Porphyry could adopt it for his own purposes, in a way to be in line with what he says elsewhere in his works.
The origin of the Baltic inchoative in -sta-
Authors: Gorbachov Yaroslav 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
According to the majority view, the Baltic class of inchoative verbs in -sta- continues, mutatis mutandis, PIE sḱe/o-presents. However, important details remain unclear, which makes the connection a mere hypothesis. The present paper derives all formal and functional properties of the Baltic sta-category from the PIE sḱe/o-(desiderative-)inchoative, formulates a sound law responsible for the phonological shape of the suffix -sta-, and seeks to substantiate the proposed law with independent evidence. A Balto-Slavic change sḱ > st has been surmised before, but it has never been properly demonstrated for Baltic and is falsifiable when it comes to Slavic.
The long vowel in WGmc. *hlūdV
Authors: Vijūnas Aurelijus 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Although there is a long tradition of deriving Old English hlūd, Old High German hlūt ‘loud’, Old English hlӯd ‘sound’ etc. from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱleu̯- ‘hear’, such a derivation poses insurmountable phonological problems. Several attempts have been made to explain these West Germanic formations away as analogical after seṭ-roots in the zero grade, but a closer investigation (described in this paper) has revealed that the latter formations could not serve as the source of analogy for the forms of the hlūd-type. In this article, it is proposed that the forms of the hlūd-type derive from another verbal root altogether.
Did murmur spread in Pre-Proto-Indo-European?
Authors: Barrack Charles M. , McCloy Daniel R. , Wright Richard A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The reconstructed stop consonants of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) present something of an anomaly from the perspective of linguistic typology. Whereas murmured (breathy-voiced) stops are cross-linguistically rare (indeed, they are non-existent in nine of the ten historic branches of the Indo-European languages), they are more widespread in the lexicon of PIE than their plain-voiced counterparts. In this paper we present statistical evidence to establish that the preponderance of murmured stops in PIE is atypical, and propose a novel explanation for their distribution: namely, that murmur - already present in pre-Proto-Indo- European - was in the process of spreading through the PIE lexicon to the plainvoiced stops especially in initial position. We suggest some possible phonetic mechanisms that may have given rise to the spread of murmur.
Surprise at length of Tocharian nouns
Authors: Malzahn Melanie 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The Tocharian languages exhibit many examples of the lengthened grade in roots of nominal stems. We find forms that, on the one hand, descend from PIE paradigms in which lengthened grades are expected given our current understanding of ablaut patterns, e. g. TA śanweṃ ‘jaws’, which descends either from an acrostatic u-stem or from a PIE denominative o-stem that denoted appurtenance and was formed by vṛddhisation. On the other hand, there are lengthened grades in Tocharian nouns that do come as a surprise as is the case with TB ñem/TA ñom ‘name’, if this goes back to a protoform PIE *h₁nḗh₃-mṇ. These unexpected lengthened-grade forms will be discussed especially in the context of the so-called Narten system.