bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histamine H3 receptors aggravate cerebral ischaemic injury by histamine-independent mechanisms
Authors: Yan Haijing , Zhang Xiangnan , Hu Weiwei , Ma Jing , Hou Weiwei , Zhang Xingzhou , Wang Xiaofen , Gao Jieqiong , Shen Yao , Lv Jianxin , Ohtsu Hiroshi , Han Feng , Wang Guanghui , Chen Zhong 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe role of the histamine H3 receptor (H3R) in cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains unknown. Here we show that H3R expression is upregulated after I/R in two mouse models. H3R antagonists and H3R knockout attenuate I/R injury, which is reversed by an H3R-selective agonist. Interestingly, H1R and H2R antagonists, a histidine decarboxylase (HDC) inhibitor and HDC knockout all fail to compromise the protection by H3R blockade. H3R blockade inhibits mTOR phosphorylation and reinforces autophagy. The neuroprotection by H3R antagonism is reversed by 3-methyladenine and siRNA forAtg7, and is diminished inAtg5−/−mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Furthermore, the peptide Tat-H3RCT414-436, which blocks CLIC4 binding with H3Rs, or siRNA forCLIC4, further increases I/R-induced autophagy and protects against I/R injury. Therefore, H3R promotes I/R injury while its antagonism protects against ischaemic injury via histamine-independent mechanisms that involve suppressing H3R/CLIC4 binding-activated autophagy, suggesting that H3R inhibition is a therapeutic target for cerebral ischaemia.
Positron acceleration in a hollow plasma channel up to TeV regime
Authors: Yi Longqing , Shen Baifei , Ji Liangliang , Lotov Konstantin , Sosedkin Alexander , XiaomeiZhang  , Wang Wenpeng , Xu Jiancai , Shi Yin , Zhang Lingang , Xu Zhizhan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractNowadays, human's understanding of the fundamental physics is somehow limited by the energy that our high energy accelerators can afford. Up to 4 TeV protons are realized in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Leptons, such as electrons and positrons, however gained energies of about 100 GeV or less. Multi-TeV lepton accelerators are still lacking due to the relatively low acceleration gradient of conventional methods, which may induce unbearable cost. On the other hand, plasmas have shown extraordinary potential in accelerating electrons and ions, providing orders of magnitude higher acceleration fields of 10–100 GV/m. In such context, we propose a plasma-based high-energy lepton accelerator, in which a weakly focusing plasma structure is formed near the beam axis. The structure preserves the emittance of the accelerated beam and produces low radiation losses. Moreover, the structure allows for a considerable decrease of the witness energy spread at the driver depletion stage.
Enhanced photocatalytic performance of TiO2-ZnO hybrid nanostructures
Authors: Cheng Chun , Amini Abbas , Zhu Chao , Xu Zuli , Song Haisheng , Wang Ning 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe studied the photocatalytic properties of rational designed TiO2-ZnO hybrid nanostructures, which were fabricated by the site-specific deposition of amorphous TiO2 on the tips of ZnO nanorods. Compared with the pure components of ZnO nanorods and amorphous TiO2 nanoparticles, these TiO2-ZnO hybrid nanostructures demonstrated a higher catalytic activity. The strong green emission quenching observed from photoluminescence of TiO2-ZnO hybrid nanostructures implied an enhanced charge transfer/separation process resulting from the novel type II heterostructures with fine interfaces. The catalytic performance of annealing products with different TiO2 phase varied with the annealing temperatures. This is attributed to the combinational changes in Eg of the TiO2 phase, the specific surface area and the quantity of surface hydroxyl groups.
Coherent THz communication at 200 GHz using a frequency comb, UTC‐PD and electronic detection
Authors: Ducournau G. , Yoshimizu Y. , Hisatake S. , Pavanello F. , Peytavit E. , Zaknoune M. , Nagatsuma T. , Lampin J.‐F. 
Published: February 2014

A coherent terahertz (THz) link at 200 GHz, with a variable data rate up to 11 Gbit/s, featuring a very high sensitivity at the receiver, is investigated. The system uses a quasi‐optic unitravelling carrier photodiode (UTC‐PD) emitter and an electronic receiver. The coherent link relies on an optical frequency comb generator at the emission to produce an optical beat note with 200 GHz separation, phase‐locked with the receiver. Bit error ratio testing has been carried out using an indoor link configuration, and error‐free operation is obtained up to 10 Gbit/s with a received power <2 µW.
The Incidence of Adjacent Segment Breakdown in Polysegmental Thoracolumbar Fusions of Three or More Levels with Minimum 5-Year Follow-up
Authors: Abraham Edward P. , Manson Neil A. , McKeon Melissa D. 
Published: February 2014

Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Objective To identify the incidence of adjacent segment pathology (ASP) after thoracolumbar fusion of three or more levels, the risk factors for the development of ASP, and the need for further surgical intervention in this particular patient population. Methods A retrospective analysis of a prospective surgical database identified 217 patients receiving polysegmental (≥ 3 levels) spinal fusion with minimum 5-year follow-up. Risk factors were evaluated, and the following data were obtained from the review of radiographs and charts: radiographic measures—levels fused, fusion status, presence of ASP; clinical measures—patient assessment, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the need for further surgery. Results The incidence of radiographic ASP (RASP) was 29%; clinical or symptomatic ASP (CASP), 18%; and those requiring surgery, 9%. Correlation was observed between ODI and ASP, symptomatic ASP, and need for revision surgery. Age, preoperative degenerative diagnosis, and absence of fusion demonstrated significant association to ASP. Conclusions ASP was observed in a significant number of patients receiving polysegmental fusion of three or more levels. ODI scores correlated to RASP, CASP, and the need for revision surgery.
Quantifying causal mechanisms to determine how protected areas affect poverty through changes in ecosystem services and infrastructure
Authors: Ferraro Paul J. , Hanauer Merlin M. 
Published: February 2014

SignificanceScholars are accumulating evidence about the effects of environmental programs on social outcomes. Quantifying these effects is important, but to design better programs we need to understand how these effects arise. Little is known about the mechanisms through which ecosystem conservation programs affect human welfare. Our study demonstrates that, with existing data and appropriate empirical designs, scientists and policymakers can elucidate these previously unidentified mechanisms. We estimate how Costa Rica’s protected area system reduced poverty in neighboring communities. Nearly two-thirds of the impact is causally attributable to opportunities afforded by tourism. The rest is attributable to unobserved mechanisms. Changes in infrastructure or land cover contributed little, on average, to poverty reduction.
Task context impacts visual object processing differentially across the cortex
Authors: Harel Assaf , Kravitz Dwight J. , Baker Chris I. 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Visual recognition is often thought to depend on neural representations that primarily reflect the physical properties of the environment. However, in this study we demonstrate that the intent of the observer fundamentally perturbs cortical representations of visual objects. Using functional MRI we measured the patterns of response to identical objects under six different tasks. In any given task, these patterns could be used to distinguish which object was being viewed. However, this ability was disrupted when the task changed, indicating that object representations reflect not only the physical properties of the stimulus, but also the internal state of the observer.
Obstacles to integrated pest management adoption in developing countries
Authors: Parsa Soroush , Morse Stephen , Bonifacio Alejandro , Chancellor Timothy C. B. , Condori Bruno , Crespo-Pérez Verónica , Hobbs Shaun L. A. , Kroschel Jürgen , Ba Malick N. , Rebaudo François , Sherwood Stephen G. , Vanek Steven J. , Faye Emile , Herrera Mario A. , Dangles Olivier 
Published: February 2014

SignificanceIntegrated pest management (IPM) has been the dominant crop protection paradigm promoted globally since the 1960s. However, its adoption by developing country farmers is surprisingly low. This article reports 51 potential reasons why, identified and prioritized by hundreds of IPM professionals and practitioners around the world. Stakeholders from developing countries prioritized different adoption obstacles than those from high-income countries. Surprisingly, a few of the obstacles prioritized in developing countries appear to be overlooked by the literature. We suggest that a more vigorous analysis and discussion of the factors discouraging IPM adoption in developing countries may accelerate the progress needed to bring about its full potential.
Agreeing to disagree on climate policy
Authors: Heal Geoffrey M. , Millner Antony 
Published: February 2014

SignificanceThe social cost of carbon—the cost to society of an additional ton of CO2emissions—is a crucial measure of the desirable intensity of climate policy. The models economists use to calculate it, however, are highly sensitive to the choice of discount rate, which measures our concern for the well-being of future generations. Different economists favor different values, and this leads to radically different policy prescriptions. We present a method for combining a diverse set of discount rates into a single “representative” rate and apply it to the analysis of the social cost of carbon performed by the US government. This approach may help resolve ethical conflicts and, hence, lead to consensus policy recommendations.
Using thermal boundary conditions to engineer the quantum state of a bulk magnet
Authors: Schmidt M. A. , Silevitch D. M. , Aeppli G. , Rosenbaum T. F. 
Published: February 2014

Significance
The interactions of a material with its environment can determine its behavior and induce changes of state. We show that, at temperatures near absolute zero, a magnetic material can be made more quantum mechanical by isolating it from the environment. Local clusters of spins within the material stay liquid and refuse to freeze. An oscillating magnetic field serves as an effective tool to address and manipulate these “protected” spin clusters, while a DC magnetic field can enhance the spin-tunneling rate and lead to quantum speedup. When the material is more strongly connected to a heat bath, the local magnetic clusters behave more classically and freeze en masse into a glassy state.
The ecology in the hematopoietic stem cell niche determines the clinical outcome in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: MacLean Adam L. , Filippi Sarah , Stumpf Michael P. H. 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Three contrasting models of the ecological interactions in the hematopoietic stem cell niche explain clinical progression of chronic myeloid leukemia equally well, but do so in different ways. We identify key differences between models and find that we can conclusively rule out those that fail to take competition between healthy and leukemic lineages explicitly into account. Detailed analysis of population dynamics within the bone marrow niche allows us to ascribe mechanisms to distinct disease outcomes and suggests experiments to distinguish between these mechanisms.
Loss of mTOR complex 1 induces developmental blockage in early T-lymphopoiesis and eradicates T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells
Authors: Hoshii Takayuki , Kasada Atsuo , Hatakeyama Tomoki , Ohtani Masashi , Tadokoro Yuko , Naka Kazuhito , Ikenoue Tsuneo , Ikawa Tomokatsu , Kawamoto Hiroshi , Fehling Hans Joerg , Araki Kimi , Yamamura Ken-ichi , Matsuda Satoshi , Hirao Atsushi 
Published: February 2014

Significance
mTOR, a kinase that senses and responds to nutrients, plays critical roles in organogenesis and tumorigenesis. Although mTOR inhibitors have been developed as immunosuppressants and anticancer drugs, it has remained controversial whether such medications contribute to cancer eradication. In addition, mTOR inhibition by chemical inhibitors is complicated because it may not produce predictable inhibition of the mTOR complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2. By using a genetic approach, our study clearly demonstrates that mTORC1, but not mTORC2, is essential for cell cycling of early T-cell progenitors. More importantly, we reveal that loss of mTORC1 efficiently eradicates T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, but not myeloid leukemia. Thus, understanding the cell-context–dependent role of mTOR illustrates the potential importance of mTOR signals as therapeutic targets.
Chemical defenses and resource trade-offs structure sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs
Authors: Loh Tse-Lynn , Pawlik Joseph R. 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Chemical defenses are known to protect some species from consumers, but it is often difficult to detect this advantage at the community or ecosystem levels because of the complexity of abiotic and biotic factors that influence species abundances. We surveyed the community of sponges and sponge predators (angelfishes and parrotfishes) on coral reefs across the Caribbean ranging from heavily overfished sites to protected marine reserves. High predator abundance correlated with high abundance of chemically defended sponge species, but reefs with few predators were dominated by undefended sponge species, which grow or reproduce faster than defended species. Overfishing may enhance competition between palatable sponge species and reef-building stony corals, further impeding the recovery of Caribbean coral reefs.
Theorizing the Constitutional Revolution
Authors: Jacobsohn Gary Jeffrey 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe concept of the constitutional revolution has become ubiquitous, but it is applied to all manner of things that are unlike each other in notable ways. It has been generously applied to events in such far-flung places as South Africa, Eastern Europe, Great Britain, India, Canada, Iran, Israel, and the United States. Despite its oxymoronic character, it has the potential to illuminate a much-vexed subject of scholarly inquiry. This article seeks to sharpen conceptual clarity in the way we depict constitutional change, specifically that species of change that entails significant breaks or departures in the workings of the constitutional order.
How Judicial Qualification Ratings May Disadvantage Minority and Female Candidates
Authors: Sen Maya 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article uses two newly collected data sets to investigate the reliance by political actors on the external vetting of judicial candidates, in particular vetting conducted by the nation’s largest legal organization, the American Bar Association (ABA). Using these data, I show that minority and female nominees are more likely than whites and males to receive lower ratings, even after controlling for education, experience, and partisanship via matching. These discrepancies are important for two reasons. First, as I show, receiving poor ABA ratings is correlated with confirmation failure. Second, I demonstrate that ABA ratings do not actually predict whether judges will be “better” in terms of reversal rates. Taken together, these findings complicate the ABA’s influential role in judicial nominations, both in terms of setting up possible barriers against minority and female candidates and also in terms of its actual utility in predicting judicial performance.
Efficient synergistic single-cell genome assembly
Authors: Movahedi Narjes S. , Taghavi Zeinab , Embree Mallory , Nagarajan Harish , Zengler Karsten , Chitsaz Hamidreza 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAs the vast majority of all microbes are unculturable, single-cell sequencing has become a significant method to gain insight into microbial physiology. Single-cell sequencing methods, currently powered by multiple displacement genome amplification (MDA), have passed important milestones such as finishing and closing the genome of a prokaryote. However, the quality and reliability of genome assemblies from single cells are still unsatisfactory due to uneven coverage depth and the absence of scattered chunks of the genome in the final collection of reads caused by MDA bias. In this work, our new algorithm HybridDe novoAssembler (HyDA) demonstrates the power of co-assembly of multiple single-cell genomic data sets through significant improvement of the assembly quality in terms of predicted functional elements and length statistics. Co-assemblies contain significantly more base pairs and protein coding genes, cover more subsystems, and consist of longer contigs compared to individual assemblies by the same algorithm as well as state-of-the-art single-cell assemblers SPAdes and IDBA-UD. HybridDe novoAssembler (HyDA) is also able to avoid chimeric assemblies by detecting and separating shared and exclusive pieces of sequence for input data sets. By replacing one deep single-cell sequencing experiment with a few single-cell sequencing experiments of lower depth, the co-assembly method can hedge against the risk of failure and loss of the sample, without significantly increasing sequencing cost. Application of the single-cell coassembler HyDA to the study of three uncultured members of an alkane-degrading methanogenic community validated the usefulness of the co-assembly concept.
The Solanum lycopersicum Zinc Finger2 Cysteine-2/Histidine-2 Repressor-Like Transcription Factor Regulates Development and Tolerance to Salinity in Tomato and Arabidopsis
Authors: Hichri Imène , Muhovski Yordan , Žižková Eva , Dobrev Petre I. , Franco-Zorrilla Jose Manuel , Solano Roberto , Lopez-Vidriero Irene , Motyka Vaclav , Lutts Stanley 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The zinc finger superfamily includes transcription factors that regulate multiple aspects of plant development and were recently shown to regulate abiotic stress tolerance. Cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Zinc Finger2 [SIZF2]) is a cysteine-2/histidine-2-type zinc finger transcription factor bearing an ERF-associated amphiphilic repression domain and binding to the ACGTCAGTG sequence containing two AGT core motifs. SlZF2 is ubiquitously expressed during plant development, and is rapidly induced by sodium chloride, drought, and potassium chloride treatments. Its ectopic expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato impaired development and influenced leaf and flower shape, while causing a general stress visible by anthocyanin and malonyldialdehyde accumulation. SlZF2 enhanced salt sensitivity in Arabidopsis, whereas SlZF2 delayed senescence and improved tomato salt tolerance, particularly by maintaining photosynthesis and increasing polyamine biosynthesis, in salt-treated hydroponic cultures (125 mm sodium chloride, 20 d). SlZF2 may be involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis/signaling, because SlZF2 is rapidly induced by ABA treatment and 35S::SlZF2 tomatoes accumulate more ABA than wild-type plants. Transcriptome analysis of 35S::SlZF2 revealed that SlZF2 both increased and reduced expression of a comparable number of genes involved in various physiological processes such as photosynthesis, polyamine biosynthesis, and hormone (notably ABA) biosynthesis/signaling. Involvement of these different metabolic pathways in salt stress tolerance is discussed.
Origin of β-Carotene-Rich Plastoglobuli in Dunaliella bardawil
Authors: Davidi Lital , Shimoni Eyal , Khozin-Goldberg Inna , Zamir Ada , Pick Uri 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The halotolerant microalgae Dunaliella bardawil accumulates under nitrogen deprivation two types of lipid droplets: plastoglobuli rich in β-carotene (βC-plastoglobuli) and cytoplasmatic lipid droplets (CLDs). We describe the isolation, composition, and origin of these lipid droplets. Plastoglobuli contain β-carotene, phytoene, and galactolipids missing in CLDs. The two preparations contain different lipid-associated proteins: major lipid droplet protein in CLD and the Prorich carotene globule protein in βC-plastoglobuli. The compositions of triglyceride (TAG) molecular species, total fatty acids, and sn-1+3 and sn-2 positions in the two lipid pools are similar, except for a small increase in palmitic acid in plastoglobuli, suggesting a common origin. The formation of CLD TAG precedes that of βC-plastoglobuli, reaching a maximum after 48 h of nitrogen deprivation and then decreasing. Palmitic acid incorporation kinetics indicated that, at early stages of nitrogen deprivation, CLD TAG is synthesized mostly from newly formed fatty acids, whereas in βC-plastoglobuli, a large part of TAG is produced from fatty acids of preformed membrane lipids. Electron microscopic analyses revealed that CLDs adhere to chloroplast envelope membranes concomitant with appearance of small βC-plastoglobuli within the chloroplast. Based on these results, we propose that CLDs in D. bardawil are produced in the endoplasmatic reticulum, whereas βC-plastoglobuli are made, in part, from hydrolysis of chloroplast membrane lipids and in part, by a continual transfer of TAG or fatty acids derived from CLD.
Arabidopsis VASCULAR-RELATED UNKNOWN PROTEIN1 Regulates Xylem Development and Growth by a Conserved Mechanism That Modulates Hormone Signaling
Authors: Grienenberger Etienne , Douglas Carl J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDespite a strict conservation of the vascular tissues in vascular plants (tracheophytes), our understanding of the genetic basis underlying the differentiation of secondary cell wall-containing cells in the xylem of tracheophytes is still far from complete. Using coexpression analysis and phylogenetic conservation across sequenced tracheophyte genomes, we identified a number of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes of unknown function whose expression is correlated with secondary cell wall deposition. Among these, the Arabidopsis VASCULAR-RELATED UNKNOWN PROTEIN1 (VUP1) gene encodes a predicted protein of 24 kD with no annotated functional domains but containing domains that are highly conserved in tracheophytes. Here, we show that the VUP1 expression pattern, determined by promoter-β-glucuronidase reporter gene expression, is associated with vascular tissues, while vup1 loss-of-function mutants exhibit collapsed morphology of xylem vessel cells. Constitutive overexpression of VUP1 caused dramatic and pleiotropic developmental defects, including severe dwarfism, dark green leaves, reduced apical dominance, and altered photomorphogenesis, resembling brassinosteroid-deficient mutants. Constitutive overexpression of VUP homologs from multiple tracheophyte species induced similar defects. Whole-genome transcriptome analysis revealed that overexpression of VUP1 represses the expression of many brassinosteroid- and auxin-responsive genes. Additionally, deletion constructs and site-directed mutagenesis were used to identify critical domains and amino acids required for VUP1 function. Altogether, our data suggest a conserved role for VUP1 in regulating secondary wall formation during vascular development by tissue- or cell-specific modulation of hormone signaling pathways.