bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of intraoperative cytology of resection margins in biliary tract and pancreas tumors
Authors: Tone Kiyoshi , Kojima Keiko , Hoshiai Keita , Kijima Hiroshi , Kurose Akira 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundIntraoperative diagnosis of resection margins in the biliary tract and pancreas tumors is important in deciding extent of resection; however, diagnosis based solely on frozen sections is sometimes difficult. Therefore, we investigated the usefulness of intraoperative cytology (IC) combined with frozen section (FS) histology. We present the results with a discussion of the value of this combination and its associated problems.MethodsWe examined 80 bile duct resection margin specimens from 42 patients, and 34 pancreatic resection margin specimens from 29 patients, who underwent intraoperative diagnosis of resection margins during surgery for biliary tract or pancreatic tumors between October 2012 and January 2014. IC was performed on imprint specimens prepared from surfaces of margins being examined. The results were compared with FS and final histology of operative materials.ResultsIn IC, excluding cases with insufficient material, the results for bile duct margins; sensitivity was 96.7%, specificity 100% and accuracy 98.7%. The results for pancreatic margins; sensitivity was 100%, specificity 92.9%, and accuracy 93.3%. In FS, the results for bile duct margins; sensitivity was 96.8%, specificity 100%, and accuracy 98.8%. The results for pancreatic margins; sensitivity was 66.7%, specificity 100%, and accuracy 97.1%.ConclusionIC is quick, highly accurate and very easy to perform. This study even included a specimen for which only IC led to an accurate diagnosis. IC used in combination with FS can achieve intraoperative diagnosis with high overall accuracy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:366–373. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The neglected tool in the Bayesian ecologist's shed: a case study testing informative priors' effect on model accuracy
Authors: Morris William K. , Vesk Peter A. , McCarthy Michael A. , Bunyavejchewin Sarayudh , Baker Patrick J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDespite benefits for precision, ecologists rarely use informative priors. One reason that ecologists may prefer vague priors is the perception that informative priors reduce accuracy. To date, no ecological study has empirically evaluated data‐derived informative priors' effects on precision and accuracy. To determine the impacts of priors, we evaluated mortality models for tree species using data from a forest dynamics plot in Thailand. Half the models used vague priors, and the remaining half had informative priors. We found precision was greater when using informative priors, but effects on accuracy were more variable. In some cases, prior information improved accuracy, while in others, it was reduced. On average, models with informative priors were no more or less accurate than models without. Our analyses provide a detailed case study on the simultaneous effect of prior information on precision and accuracy and demonstrate that when priors are specified appropriately, they lead to greater precision without systematically reducing model accuracy.
Caregiver burden characterization in patients with Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia
Authors: D'Onofrio Grazia , Sancarlo Daniele , Addante Filomena , Ciccone Filomena , Cascavilla Leandro , Paris Francesco , Picoco Michele , Nuzzaci Claudia , Elia Anna Chiara , Greco Antonio , Chiarini Ramona , Panza Francesco , Pilotto Alberto 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveTo characterize the differences of caregiver burden in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) in order to improve the care counselling and management plan.MethodsWe included 506 patients consecutively attending the Alzheimer's Evaluation Unit of a Geriatric Unit, evaluated with Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory. To all caregivers were administered the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI), a 24‐item multidimensional questionnaire in which 5 subscales explore 5 dimensions of caregiver burden: (1) CBI‐Objective; (2) CBI‐Developmental; (3) CBI‐Physical; (4) CBI‐Social; and (5) CBI‐Emotional.ResultsThe present study included, respectively, 253 AD patients and 253 VaD patients. AD patients at baseline showed a significantly higher instruction level (p < .0001), higher grade of cognitive impairment (MMSE, p < .0001), and increased severity stage of dementia (CDR, p < .0001) than VaD patients. AD caregivers, mainly females (p = 0.010), devoted significantly more length of time care (in months, p = 0.010) and time of daily care (in hours, p = 0.011) and showed a significantly higher burden level in CBI‐Objective (p = 0.047), CBI‐Physical (p < .0001), CBI‐Social (p = 0.003), CBI‐Emotional (p < .0001), and CBI‐total score (p < .0001), than VaD caregivers. In both caregiver groups, a higher presence of spouses and sons (p < .0001) compared to other relatives was observed. AD caregiver burden showed a significant association with sex of caregivers and length of time care in months.ConclusionsAD caregivers showed a higher burden level than VaD caregivers, and this appeared to be associated with sex and length of time care. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient Education for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Analysis of Readability
Authors: Eberlin Kyle R. , Vargas Christina R. , Chuang Danielle J. , Lee Bernard T. 
Published: December 2014

Background The National Institutes of Health and American Medical Association recommend a sixth grade reading level for patient-directed content. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the readability of the most commonly used resources for surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Methods A web search for “carpal tunnel surgery” was performed using an Internet search engine, and the 13 most popular sites were identified. Relevant, patient-directed articles immediately accessible from the main site were downloaded and formatted into plain text. A total of 102 articles were assessed for readability using ten established analyses: first overall, then by website for comparison. Results Patient information about carpal tunnel surgery had an overall average reading level of 13.1. Secondary analysis by website revealed a range of mean readability from 10.8 (high school sophomore level) to 15.3 (university junior level). All sites exceeded the recommended sixth grade reading level. Conclusions Online patient resources for carpal tunnel surgery uniformly exceed the recommended reading level. These are too difficult to be understood by a large portion of American adults. A better understanding of readability may be useful in tailoring more appropriate resources for average patient literacy.
Usefulness of three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging to detect inner-ear abnormalities in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Tanigawa T , Shibata R , Tanaka H , Gosho M , Katahira N , Horibe Y , Nakao Y , Ueda H 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjective:Three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging has been used to detect alterations in the composition of inner-ear fluid. This study investigated the association between hearing level and the signal intensity of pre- and post-contrast three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging in patients with sudden-onset sensorineural hearing loss.Method:Three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 18 patients with sudden-onset sensorineural hearing loss: 12 patients with mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss (baseline hearing levels of 60 dB or less) and 6 patients with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss (baseline hearing levels of more than 60 dB).Results:High-intensity signals in the inner ear were observed in two of the six patients (33 per cent) with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss, but not in those with mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss (mid-p test, p = 0.049). These signals were observed on magnetic resonance imaging scans 6 or 18 days after sensorineural hearing loss onset.Conclusion:The results indicate that three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging is not a useful tool for detecting inner-ear abnormalities in patients with mild sensorineural hearing loss.
A memetic algorithm approach for solving the task-based configuration optimization problem in serial modular and reconfigurable robots
Authors: Tabandeh Saleh , Melek William , Biglarbegian Mohammad , Won Seong-hoon Peter , Clark Chris 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYThis paper presents a novel configuration optimization method for multi degree-of-freedom modular reconfigurable robots (MRR) using a memetic algorithm (MA) that combines genetic algorithms (GAs) and a local search method. The proposed method generates multiple solutions to the inverse kinematics (IK) problem for any given spatial task and the MA chooses the most suitable configuration based on the search objectives. Since the dimension of each robotic link in this optimization is considered telescopic, the proposed method is able to find better solutions to the IK problem than GAs. The case study for a 3-DOF MRR shows that the MA finds solutions to the IK problem much faster than a GA with noticeably less reachability error. Additional case studies show that the proposed MA method can find multiple IK solutions in various scenarios and identify the fittest solution as a suboptimal configuration for the MRR.
An open science resource for establishing reliability and reproducibility in functional connectomics
Authors: Zuo Xi-Nian , Anderson Jeffrey S , Bellec Pierre , Birn Rasmus M , Biswal Bharat B , Blautzik Janusch , Breitner John C.S , Buckner Randy L , Calhoun Vince D , Castellanos F. Xavier , Chen Antao , Chen Bing , Chen Jiangtao , Chen Xu , Colcombe Stanley J , Courtney William , Craddock R Cameron , Di Martino Adriana , Dong Hao-Ming , Fu Xiaolan , Gong Qiyong , Gorgolewski Krzysztof J , Han Ying , He Ye , He Yong , Ho Erica , Holmes Avram , Hou Xiao-Hui , Huckins Jeremy , Jiang Tianzi , Jiang Yi , Kelley William , Kelly Clare , King Margaret , LaConte Stephen M , Lainhart Janet E , Lei Xu , Li Hui-Jie , Li Kaiming , Li Kuncheng , Lin Qixiang , Liu Dongqiang , Liu Jia , Liu Xun , Liu Yijun , Lu Guangming , Lu Jie , Luna Beatriz , Luo Jing , Lurie Daniel , Mao Ying , Margulies Daniel S , Mayer Andrew R , Meindl Thomas , Meyerand Mary E , Nan Weizhi , Nielsen Jared A , O’Connor David , Paulsen David , Prabhakaran Vivek , Qi Zhigang , Qiu Jiang , Shao Chunhong , Shehzad Zarrar , Tang Weijun , Villringer Arno , Wang Huiling , Wang Kai , Wei Dongtao , Wei Gao-Xia , Weng Xu-Chu , Wu Xuehai , Xu Ting , Yang Ning , Yang Zhi , Zang Yu-Feng , Zhang Lei , Zhang Qinglin , Zhang Zhe , Zhang Zhiqiang , Zhao Ke , Zhen Zonglei , Zhou Yuan , Zhu Xing-Ting , Milham Michael P 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEfforts to identify meaningful functional imaging-based biomarkers are limited by the ability to reliably characterize inter-individual differences in human brain function. Although a growing number of connectomics-based measures are reported to have moderate to high test-retest reliability, the variability in data acquisition, experimental designs, and analytic methods precludes the ability to generalize results. The Consortium for Reliability and Reproducibility (CoRR) is working to address this challenge and establish test-retest reliability as a minimum standard for methods development in functional connectomics. Specifically, CoRR has aggregated 1,629 typical individuals’ resting state fMRI (rfMRI) data (5,093 rfMRI scans) from 18 international sites, and is openly sharing them via the International Data-sharing Neuroimaging Initiative (INDI). To allow researchers to generate various estimates of reliability and reproducibility, a variety of data acquisition procedures and experimental designs are included. Similarly, to enable users to assess the impact of commonly encountered artifacts (for example, motion) on characterizations of inter-individual variation, datasets of varying quality are included.
Relaxed laser control of uncooled multiple‐input and multiple‐output dense wavelength‐division multiplexing systems for low power consumption data communication links
Authors: von Lindeiner Johannes Benedikt , Ingham Jonathan , Penty Richard , White Ian 
Published: December 2014

A simulation‐based assessment is made of the benefits of using advanced modulation formats including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and carrierless amplitude/phase modulation (CAP) to ease laser control requirements of a recently proposed novel uncooled multiple‐input and multiple‐output wavelength‐division multiplexing (WDM) system. At a per channel bit rate of 25 Gb/s, the spectral efficiency improvements inherent to these schemes provide additional optical system power margin over non‐return‐to‐zero (NRZ) modulation (0.4 dB for PAM‐4 and 4.4 dB for CAP‐16) for a link distance of 20 km. This allows the minimum channel spacing between channels to be reduced from 0.4 nm (NRZ) to 0.3 nm for PAM‐4 and to 0.14 nm for CAP‐16, this in turn allowing for a more stable operating region to be realised. Compared with a traditional 16 × 25 Gb/s dense WDM system, a power consumption saving of 30% can be realised using NRZ whereas PAM‐4 and CAP‐16 offer 29 and 27% savings, respectively.
Adapting to a Dry Continent
Authors: Davies Peter , Lawrence Susan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTechnology, environment, and society have always been intimately connected in Australia, from the earliest arrival of modern humans almost 50,000 years ago to the settlement of Europeans since 1788. Colonists from Britain quickly learned the lessons of the natural environment in terms of thin soils and erratic rainfall. These factors placed real limits on settlement and industry, but also stimulated the introduction and adaptation of new ideas and technologies. No environmental factor had greater impact on colonial settlement than the availability of water. Archaeologists in Australia have focused on the use of water as a source of industrial energy, its role in the formation of cultural landscapes, and the development of urban water supplies and drainage. Much archaeological work remains to be done, however, on documenting and interpreting the ways in which people captured, stored, and distributed water, and the ever-changing relationships between people, technology, and environment through time.
Definitions in Historical Archaeology
Authors: Leone Mark P. , Tang Amanda 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis chapter addresses how research questions are created in historical archaeology. It tackles how archaeologists find evidence and apply it to understanding problems that are often given by constituents, as opposed to being predefined by the archaeologists. Definitions in historical archaeology do not come automatically with the field either. Defining methods in historical archaeology is something that is envisioned throughout the process of doing historical archaeology. This means comprehending why a site is being excavated, understanding the motivations and the impacts of the data on the site’s constituents, and producing data in a manner cognizant of the power that archaeological interpretations can hold. This chapter exemplifies one way to define historical archaeology—through the lens of African American enslavement and European scientific gardening—using archaeological work at an eighteenth-century greenhouse/orangery located at the Wye House Plantation in Easton, Maryland, USA.
The North American Fur Trade in Historical and Archaeological Perspective
Authors: Nassaney Michael S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe fur trade was a multifaceted, global phenomenon that had a formative influence on the history and cultures of post-contact North America. Archaeological investigations of fur trade-related sites coincide with the inception of historical archaeology. This chapter begins with a brief historical overview of the fur trades and summarizes some of the interpretive frameworks that have been employed to organize this phenomenon spatially and temporally. It also discusses the historiography of the archaeologies of the fur trades and examines how sites and sources have been mined, and what has been learned. While early efforts were oriented towards data recovery for reconstruction to aid in interpretation, more problem-oriented research has been conducted over the past three decades to study subsistence, social identity, cultural accommodation, land use, and symbolism of both European and aboriginal peoples involved in the fur trades. The archaeology of the fur trades remains relevant in the twenty-first century.
Comparative Perspectives
Authors: Givens Terri E. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Despite a long history of colonialism, slavery, immigration, and ethnic conflict in Europe, issues of racism and discrimination have only recently gained the attention of policy makers in many European countries. In this chapter, I will examine how the issue of race has been dealt with in the literature related to European politics and discuss the development of “race relations” or antidiscrimination policy, particularly the situation in France, Britain, and Germany. I will focus on the development of antidiscrimination prior to harmonization under the EU’s racial equality directive (RED) as an example of the public policy implications of immigration and race in Europe.
A New Chan (Zen) School in Taiwan
Authors: Yu Jimmy 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Dharma Drum Mountain (DDM) is one of the largest and most influential Buddhist international organizations in Taiwan. Founded in 1989 by the late master Shengyan Huikong (Sheng Yen), DDM is a combination of monastic and academic institutions known for promoting Buddhist education and Chan (Zen) practice. To preserve and present Chan Buddhism as a form of moral and spiritual education, Sheng Yen established a new Chan lineage, the Dharma Drum Lineage (DDL), in 2006. This article focuses on the history of DDL in the contexts of the religious landscape in postwar Taiwan and Sheng Yen’s thought. It begins by considering the contexts of Sheng Yen’s emphasis on education and critique of his predecessors. It then examines the formation of Sheng Yen’s thought and the formation of DDL in the Taiwanese context. Finally, it highlights the unique features of DDL and compares them to popular and academic conceptions of Zen Buddhism.
Antenatal cardiotocogram quality and interpretation using computers
Authors: Dawes G. S. , Lobb M. , Moulden M. , Redman C. W. G. , Wheeler T. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo test the application in practice of computerized fetal heart rate (FHR) analysis in pregnancy.DesignRandomized distribution of subjects with computerized analysis automatically revealed or concealed.SettingA district general hospital and a teaching hospital outside London.Subjects2869 pregnant women studied within a year.Outcome measuresQuality and duration of the cardiotocogram; quantitative measurement of FHR variation; number of stillbirths.ResultsWith interactive advice to the operator, records were of improved quality (up to 28% without signal loss) with potentially much reduced recording time. The short‐term FHR variation measured in the last records before intervention is reported for the first time.ConclusionThe benefits of using the computers include improvement in record quality and saving of time. In addition, where interpretation depended on estimation of FHR variation there was prima facie evidence of observer misinterpretation; visual analysis was unreliable. A larger trial is now required with more rigorous constraints on intervention.
Placebo Effects in a Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity Enriched Clinical Trial with the Oromucosal Cannabinoid Spray (THC/CBD): Dimension and Possible Causes
Authors: Di Marzo Vincenzo , Centonze Diego 
Published: December 2014

SummaryRegulatory authorities admit clinical studies with an initial enrichment phase to select patients that respond to treatment before randomization (Enriched Design Studies; EDSs). The trial period aims to prevent long‐term drug exposure risks in patients with limited chances of improvement while optimizing costs. In EDSs for symptom control therapies providing early improvements and without a wash‐out period, it is difficult to show further improvements and thus large therapeutic gains versus placebo. Moreover, in trials with cannabinoids, the therapeutic gains can be further biased in the postenrichment randomized phase because of carryover and other effects. The aims of the present review article are to examine the placebo effects in the enrichment and postenrichment phases of an EDS with Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol (THC/CBD) oromucosal spray in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) spasticity and to discuss the possible causes of maintained efficacy after randomization in the placebo‐allocated patients. The overall mean therapeutic gain of THC/CBD spray over placebo in resistant MS spasticity after 16 weeks can be estimated as a ~1.27‐point improvement on the spasticity 0–10 Numerical Rating Scale (NRS; ~−20.1% of the baseline NRS score). We conclude that careful interpretation of the results of EDSs is required, especially when cannabinoid‐based medications are being investigated.
Thermal Luminescence of Ho2O3‐PbO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 Glasses Exposed to Gamma Radiation
Authors: Bhargavi Kanchu , Sundara Rao Mathangi , Veeraiah Nalluri , Sanyal Bhaskar , Gandhi Yerramreddy , Baskaran Gnanamuthu Sahaya 
Published: December 2014

Thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics of PbO‐Al2O3‐SiO2: Ho3+ glass system mixed with different concentrations of Al2O3 were studied in the temperature range 0–300°C. The samples were exposed to γ‐rays in the dose range of 0–5 kGy. The glow curves of the samples exposed >1.0 kGy, exhibited a dosimetric peak at about 209°C. With the increase of the dose up to 5 kGy, the TL light output increased considerably, and the peak was shifted towards higher temperature. A linear dose‐dependent enhancement of the TL emission was also found for the glasses mixed with 5 and 8 mol% Al2O3. However, the glass mixed with 10 mol% Al2O3 exhibited supralinearity beyond 3 kGy. The mechanisms responsible for TL emission and enhancement of TL output were discussed in view of the results obtained from optical absorption, IR, and Raman spectral studies. The results suggested that both e− and h+ trapped centers were generated at the deeper trap levels and gave TL emission at higher temperatures. In the dose range of 2–5 kGy, the dose–response was found to be linear and could be useful for dosimetry in commercial radiation processing of perishable food commodities.