bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eccentric Knee Flexor Strength and Risk of Hamstring Injuries in Rugby Union
Authors: Bourne Matthew N. , Opar David A. , Williams Morgan D. , Shield Anthony J. 
Published: September 2015

Background: Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) represent the most common cause of lost playing time in rugby union. Eccentric knee flexor weakness and between-limb imbalance in eccentric knee flexor strength are associated with a heightened risk of HSIs in other sports; however, these variables have not been explored in rugby union. Purpose: To determine if lower levels of eccentric knee flexor strength or greater between-limb imbalance in this parameter during the Nordic hamstring exercise are risk factors for HSIs in rugby union. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: This prospective study was conducted over the 2014 Super Rugby and Queensland Rugby Union seasons. In total, 178 rugby union players (mean age, 22.6 ± 3.8 years; mean height, 185.0 ± 6.8 cm; mean weight, 96.5 ± 13.1 kg) had their eccentric knee flexor strength assessed using a custom-made device during the preseason. Reports of previous hamstring, quadriceps, groin, calf, and anterior cruciate ligament injuries were also obtained. The main outcome measure was the prospective occurrence of HSIs. Results: Twenty players suffered at least 1 HSI during the study period. Players with a history of HSIs had a 4.1-fold (95% CI, 1.9-8.9; P = .001) greater risk of subsequent HSIs than players without such a history. Between-limb imbalance in eccentric knee flexor strength of ≥15% and ≥20% increased the risk of HSIs by 2.4-fold (95% CI, 1.1-5.5; P = .033) and 3.4-fold (95% CI, 1.5-7.6; P = .003), respectively. Lower eccentric knee flexor strength and other prior injuries were not associated with an increased risk of future HSIs. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that the risk of reinjuries was augmented in players with strength imbalances. Conclusion: Previous HSIs and between-limb imbalance in eccentric knee flexor strength were associated with an increased risk of future HSIs in rugby union. These results support the rationale for reducing imbalance, particularly in players who have suffered a prior HSI, to mitigate the risk of future injuries.
Evaluation of consultation–liaison psychiatry referrals from a critical care unit of an outer suburban hospital
Authors: Devasagayam Dhayanthi , Clarke David 
Published: September 2015

Objective: To describe the nature of psychiatric morbidity in patients admitted to a critical care unit of a general hospital and referred to a consultation-liaison psychiatry service. Method: Analysis of clinical records on all patients admitted to a critical care unit and referred to consultation–liaison between 2010 to end of 2011. Descriptive statistics only are reported. Results: The referrals represented all age groups. Of those referred, 63.9% had a pre-existing psychiatric diagnosis and 64.7% had been admitted for intentional or accidental overdose. Conclusion: Those identified to have a pre-existing mental illness and who had engaged in treatment were found to be inadequately supervised. They require more extended care and monitoring for suicidality and co-morbid physical conditions.
Cryoplasty for Canine Iliac Artery Stenosis and its Impact on Expression of TIMP-2 and MMP-2
Authors: Wu Zhengzhong , Zang Shengbing , liu Wenwen , Jiang Na , Yang Weizhu 
Published: September 2015

Objective: This study was performed to observe the effects of cryoplasty on canine iliac artery stenosis and the expression of tissue inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2). Methods: We produced a reliable canine model to mimic the atherosclerotic stenosis in the iliac artery by suturing the artery followed by vessel ligation to create an injury to intimal and medial walls. Sixteen mongrel dogs with iliac artery stenosis were randomized to conventional balloon angioplasty (n = 8) or cryoplasty (n = 8). Results: Four weeks posttreatment, the cryoplasty group with less collagen fibers and smooth muscle demonstrated significantly larger luminal diameter of iliac artery compared to the balloon angioplasty group ( P < .001). Expression of TIMP-2 significantly increased and expression of MMP-2 significantly reduced in iliac artery of the cryoplasty group compared to conventional balloon angioplasty. Conclusion: Our study suggests cryoplasty might increase the expression of TIMP-2 and decrease the expression of MMP-2, thereby inhibiting vascular hyperplasia and collagen fibers synthesis of the stenotic vessels.
Making clinical academic careers more attractive: views from questionnaire surveys of senior UK doctors
Authors: Lambert Trevor W , Smith Fay , Goldacre Michael J 
Published: September 2015

Summary Objectives To report on doctors’ reasons, as expressed to our research group, for choosing academic careers and on factors that would make a career in clinical academic medicine more attractive to them. Design Postal, email and web questionnaires. Setting UK. Participants A total of 6936 UK-trained doctors who graduated in 1996, 1999 and 2000. Main outcome measures Open-ended comments about a career in clinical academic medicine. Results Of doctors who provided reasons for pursuing a long-term career in clinical academic medicine, the main reasons were enjoyment of academic work and personal satisfaction, whether expressed directly in those terms, or in terms of intellectual stimulation, enjoyment of research, teaching and the advancement of medicine, and the job being more varied than and preferable to clinical work alone. Doctors’ suggestions for making clinical academic medicine more attractive included improved pay and job security, better funding of research, greater availability of academic posts, more dedicated time for research (and less service work) and more support and mentoring. Women were more likely than men to prioritise flexible working hours and part-time posts. Conclusions Medical schools could provide more information, as part of student teaching, about the opportunities for and realities of a career in clinical academic medicine. Women, in particular, commented that they lacked the role models and information which would encourage them to consider seriously an academic career. Employers could increase academic opportunities by allowing more time for teaching, research and study and should assess whether job plans make adequate allowance for academic work.
Efficacy of transfusion with granulocytes from G-CSF/dexamethasone–treated donors in neutropenic patients with infection
Authors: Price Thomas H. , Boeckh Michael , Harrison Ryan W. , McCullough Jeffrey , Ness Paul M. , Strauss Ronald G. , Nichols W. Garrett , Hamza Taye H. , Cushing Melissa M. , King Karen E. , Young Jo-Anne H. , Williams Eliot , McFarland Janice , Holter Chakrabarty Jennifer , Sloan Steven R. , Friedman David , Parekh Samir , Sachais Bruce S. , Kiss Joseph E. , Assmann Susan F. 
Published: September 2015

Key Points
Overall, no benefit of granulocyte transfusion therapy was observed, but the power of the study was reduced due to low accrual. Post hoc secondary analysis suggested that patients receiving higher doses tended to have better outcomes than those receiving lower ones.
Monitoring changes in malaria epidemiology and effectiveness of interventions in Ethiopia and Uganda: Beyond Garki Project baseline survey
Authors: Abeku Tarekegn A. , Helinski Michelle E. H. , Kirby Matthew J. , Kefyalew Takele , Awano Tessema , Batisso Esey , Tesfaye Gezahegn , Ssekitooleko James , Nicholas Sarala , Erdmanis Laura , Nalwoga Angela , Bass Chris , Cose Stephen , Assefa Ashenafi , Kebede Zelalem , Habte Tedila , Katamba Vincent , Nuwa Anthony , Bakeera-Ssali Stella , Akiror Sarah C. , Kyomuhagi Irene , Tekalegne Agonafer , Magumba Godfrey , Meek Sylvia R. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Background
Scale-up of malaria interventions seems to have contributed to a decline in the disease but other factors may also have had some role. Understanding changes in transmission and determinant factors will help to adapt control strategies accordingly.

Methods
Four sites in Ethiopia and Uganda were set up to monitor epidemiological changes and effectiveness of interventions over time. Here, results of a survey during the peak transmission season of 2012 are reported, which will be used as baseline for subsequent surveys and may support adaptation of control strategies. Data on malariometric and entomological variables, socio-economic status (SES) and control coverage were collected.

Results
Malaria prevalence varied from 1.4 % in Guba (Ethiopia) to 9.9 % in Butemba (Uganda). The most dominant species was Plasmodium vivax in Ethiopia and Plasmodium falciparum in Uganda. The majority of human-vector contact occurred indoors in Uganda, ranging from 83 % (Anopheles funestus sensu lato) to 93 % (Anopheles gambiae s.l.), which is an important factor for the effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) or indoor residual spraying (IRS). High kdr-L1014S (resistance genotype) frequency was observed in A. gambiae sensu stricto in Uganda. Too few mosquitoes were collected in Ethiopia, so it was not possible to assess vector habits and insecticide resistance levels. ITN ownership did not vary by SES and 56–98 % and 68–78 % of households owned at least one ITN in Ethiopia and Uganda, respectively. In Uganda, 7 % of nets were purchased by households, but the nets were untreated. In three of the four sites, 69–76 % of people with access to ITNs used them. IRS coverage ranged from 84 to 96 % in the three sprayed sites. Half of febrile children in Uganda and three-quarters in Ethiopia for whom treatment was sought received diagnostic tests. High levels of child undernutrition were detected in both countries carrying important implications on child development. In Uganda, 7–8 % of pregnant women took the recommended minimum three doses of intermittent preventive treatment.

Conclusion
Malaria epidemiology seems to be changing compared to earlier published data, and it is essential to have more data to understand how much of the changes are attributable to interventions and other factors. Regular monitoring will help to better interpret changes, identify determinants, modify strategies and improve targeting to address transmission heterogeneity.
Outcomes associated with bacteremia in the setting of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Shorr Andrew F. , Zilberberg Marya D. , Micek Scott T. , Kollef Marin H. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains an important pathogen in pneumonia. Bacteremia may secondarily complicate MRSA pneumonia. The epidemiology and outcomes associated with bacteremia in the setting of MRSA pneumonia are unknown. We sought to describe the prevalence of bacteremia in MRSA pneumonia and its impact on hospital mortality and length of stay (LOS).

Methods
We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study (2008–2013) including adult patients hospitalized with pneumonia caused by MRSA. We defined pneumonia based on clinical criteria and all cases were culture confirmed. MRSA bacteremia was identified based on positive blood cultures. Pneumonia was categorized as either community-onset (CO, occurring at presentation or within 2 days of admission) or hospital-onset (HO, occurring > 2 days after admission). We compared bacteremic and non-bacteremic groups with respect to their demographic and clinical characteristics and outcomes. A logistic regression and a generalized linear model (GLM) were constructed to examine the impact of bacteremia on hospital mortality and post-pneumonia onset LOS, respectively.

Results
Among the 765 patients with MRSA pneumonia (33.1 % CO), 93 (12.2 %) had concurrent bacteremia (37.6 % CO). Patients with bacteremia were similar to non-bacteremic subjects based on demographic and clinical characteristics with the exception of frequency of a hospitalization within prior 180 days (48.4 % bacteremic and 37.7 % non-bacteremic, p = 0.047), prevalence of chronic liver disease (17.2 % vs. 9.5 %, p = 0.030), and the mean APACHE II score at the onset of pneumonia (17.5 ± 6.0 vs. 16.1 ± 6.0, p = 0.045). Both unadjusted mortality (33.7 % vs. 23.8 %, p = 0.067) and median post-pneumonia LOS (18.2 vs. 12.2 days, p < 0.001) were greater in the bacteremic than the non-bacteremic group. In a logistic regression, bacteremia showed a trend toward an association with increased mortality (odds ratio 1.56, 95 % confidence interval 0.93 to 2.61). Concomitant bacteremia was independently associated with a 10.3-day increase in the post-pneumonia hospital LOS (95 % confidence interval 6.7 to 13.9 days).

Conclusions
Concurrent bacteremia occurred with moderate frequency in the setting of hospitalization with MRSA pneumonia. Although bacteremia did not appear to independently impact mortality, this was likely due to our study’s limited sample size. However, bacteremia complicating MRSA pneumonia added between 1 and 2 weeks to the hospital LOS.
Internet-delivered therapy for anxiety disorders: a solution to
unequal access to treatment?
Authors: Attenburrow Mary Jane , Smith Katharine 
Published: September 2015

SummaryAnxiety disorders are common, often have a chronic course and frequently
coexist with other psychiatric disorders. Psychological therapy is
recommended as first-line treatment, but equitable access remains a
challenge. This month's Cochrane Corner review assesses the evidence for the
efficacy of therapist-supported cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for
anxiety disorders delivered via the internet. Although internet delivery of
therapy is attractive for many reasons, and the results of this preliminary
review suggest that it is efficacious, this is a rapidly expanding field.
Further updates of this review will include more evidence to support or
refute the use of this new method of treatment delivery, either alongside or
in preference to standard face-to-face CBT.
The basics of economic evaluation in mental healthcare
Authors: Shearer James , Byford Sarah 
Published: September 2015

SummaryEconomic evaluation involves the comparative analysis of the costs and consequences of alternative (different) treatment options. Economic evaluations provide decision makers with information about the relative value for money, or cost-effectiveness, of various treatment programmes. The relative cost-effectiveness of new interventions is a key consideration in health technology assessments by the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, and economic evaluations alongside randomised controlled trials are routinely requested by funders such as the National Institute for Health Research. This article outlines some of the key concepts and issues in the economic evaluation of mental healthcare.
Capecitabine Plus Oxaliplatin Compared With Fluorouracil/Folinic Acid As Adjuvant Therapy for Stage III Colon Cancer: Final Results of the NO16968 Randomized Controlled Phase III Trial
Authors: Schmoll Hans-Joachim , Tabernero Josep , Maroun Jean , de Braud Filippo , Price Timothy , Van Cutsem Eric , Hill Mark , Hoersch Silke , Rittweger Karen , Haller Daniel G. 
Published: September 2015

Purpose To report the final efficacy findings and biomarker analysis from the NO16968 trial comparing bolus fluorouracil/folinic acid (FU/FA) with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (XELOX) in resected stage III colon cancer. Patients and Methods After curative resection, patients were randomly assigned to receive XELOX, as oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 on day 1 and capecitabine 1,000 mg/m2 twice daily on days 1 to 14 every 3 weeks, or bolus FU/FA, as the Mayo Clinic or Roswell Park regimens, for 6 months. The primary end point was disease-free survival (DFS). Secondary end points included overall survival (OS). Results The intention-to-treat population comprised 1,886 patients (XELOX, n = 944; FU/FA, n = 942). Seven-year DFS rates were 63% and 56% in the XELOX and FU/FA groups, respectively (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.93; P = .004). Seven-year OS rates were 73% and 67% in the XELOX and FU/FA groups, respectively (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.99; P = .04). A total of 68% and 77% of patients who experienced relapse or a new colorectal cancer in the XELOX and FU/FA groups, respectively, received drug treatment for metastatic disease. Four hundred ninety-eight patients consented to the biomarker analysis: 242 in the XELOX group and 256 in the FU/FA group. Low tumor expression of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase may be predictive for XELOX efficacy; in the XELOX group, for high versus low dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression levels, DFS HR was 2.45 (95% CI, 1.55 to 3.86; P < .001), and OS HR was 2.75 (95% CI, 1.65 to 4.59; P < .001). In the FU/FA group, no statistically significant associations were observed between any tumor biomarker and outcomes. Conclusion XELOX improved OS compared with bolus FU/FA in patients with resected stage III colon cancer after a median follow-up of almost 7 years. XELOX should be considered a standard adjuvant treatment option in patients with stage III disease. Tumoral dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression is a promising predictive, and potentially, highly clinically relevant, biomarker for XELOX efficacy requiring further prospective evaluation.
The Allosteric Regulation of Axial/Rhombic Population in a “Type 1” Copper Site: Multi-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic and Density Functional Studies of Pseudoazurin
Authors: Yamaguchi Takahide , Yano Junko , Yachandra Vittal K , Nihei Yuko , Togashi Hiromi , Szilagyi Robert K , Kohzuma Takamitsu 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The co-existence of “axial” and “rhombic” coordination environments has been demonstrated in a “Type 1” copper site of Pseudoazurin. This observation opens up previously not considered interpretations for the relationship between geometry and electronic structure of the four coordinate copper site. The Met16 variants of pseudoazurin were considered as model systems for investigating the effect of weak interactions from the second coordination sphere. The correlation between geometric and electronic structures of “Type 1” copper site was evaluated by the multi-edge (Cu K-edge and S K-edge) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of Met16 variants of pseudoazurin. The co-existing axial and rhombic sites in pseudoazurin were characterized by Cu–ligand distances, effective nuclear charge, and Cu–S(Cys) covalency from XAS. The XAS results were correlated with DFT calculations for investigating the effect of protein environment from the inner-sphere and beyond around the Cu site. The combined experimental and theoretical results support the presence of a close correlation between outer sphere environment and inner sphere coordination environment. This is achieved in pseudoazurin by a previously undisclosed allosteric effect that involves a rearrangement of the protein tertiary structure.
Revision total hip arthroplasty after removal of a fractured well-fixed extensively porous-coated femoral component using a trephine
Authors: Amanatullah D. F. , Siman H. , Pallante G. D. , Haber D. B. , Sierra R. J. , Trousdale R. T. 
Published: September 2015

When fracture of an extensively porous-coated femoral component occurs, its removal at revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) may require a femoral osteotomy and the use of a trephine. The remaining cortical bone after using the trephine may develop thermally induced necrosis. A retrospective review identified 11 fractured, well-fixed, uncemented, extensively porous-coated femoral components requiring removal using a trephine with a minimum of two years of follow-up.The mean time to failure was 4.6 years (1.7 to 9.1, standard deviation (sd) 2.3). These were revised using a larger extensively porous coated component, fluted tapered modular component, a proximally coated modular component, or a proximal femoral replacement. The mean clinical follow-up after revision THA was 4.9 years (2 to 22, sd 3.1). The mean diameter of the femoral component increased from 12.7 mm (sd 1.9) to 16.2 mm (sd 3.4; p > 0.001). Two revision components had radiographic evidence of subsidence that remained radiographically stable at final follow-up. The most common post-operative complication was instability affecting six patients (54.5%) on at least one occasion.A total of four patients (36.4%) required further revision: three for instability and one for fracture of the revision component. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean Harris hip score before implant fracture (82.4; sd 18.3) and after trephine removal and revision THA (81.2; sd 14.8, p = 0.918).These findings suggest that removal of a fractured, well-fixed, uncemented, extensively porous-coated femoral component using a trephine does not compromise subsequent fixation at revision THA and the patient’s pre-operative level of function can be restored. However, the loss of proximal bone stock before revision may be associated with a high rate of dislocation post-operatively.Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1192–6.
The management of periprosthetic infections in the future
Authors: George D. A. , Gant V. , Haddad F. S. 
Published: September 2015

The number of arthroplasties being undertaken is expected to grow year on year, and periprosthetic joint infections will be an increasing socioeconomic burden. The challenge to prevent and eradicate these infections has resulted in the emergence of several new strategies, which are discussed in this review.Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1162–9.
Formulação nodal aplicada à problemas de transporte bidimensional em geometria cartesiana
Authors: Souza Ferreira Carlos Eduardo , Emmendorfer Leonardo Ramos , Prolo Filho João Francisco 
Published: September 2015

<div><p class="SPabstract">Neste trabalho, uma formulação nodal é proposta para o tratamento de uma classe de problemas de transporte de nêutrons, em geometria cartesiana bidimensional. Através do processo de integração, equações unidimensionais são obtidas, reescrevendo o modelo em termos de quantidades médias. A resolução das equações integradas é feita através de uma versão do método de Ordenadas Discretas Analítico (ADO), onde também são obtidas soluções explicitas, analíticas em termos das variáveis espaciais, através de um código de fácil implementação. Pode-se destacar também como vantagens desta formulação a versatilidade na escolha da quadratura e o baixo custo computacional, uma vez que esquemas iterativos não são necessários tampouco a subdivisão do domínio em células. Para lidar como os termos do contorno que surgem no processo, propõe-se aqui uma representação por constantes, de forma que as equações nas variáveis x e y são tratadas através de um sistema acoplado. Resultados obtidos por esta formulação são apresentados, bem como alguns perfis de fluxos escalares. </p></div><p><strong>Nodal formulation applied to two-dimensional transport problems in Cartesian geometry.</strong></p><p> In this paper, a nodal formulation is proposed for the treatment of a class of neutron transport problems in two-dimensional Cartesian geometry. By the integration process, one-dimensional equations are obtained, rewriting the model in terms of average quantities. The resolution of the integrated equations is made using a version of the Analytical Discrete Ordinate method (ADO), where also be obtained explicit solutions, analytical in terms of spatial variables, through an easy implementation code. It can also highlight as advantages of this formulation the versatility of the quadrature choice and the low computational cost, since iterative schemes are not needed either subdividing the domain in cells. To deal with the contour terms that arise in the process, is proposed here a representation by constants, so that the equations in the variables x and y are treated through a coupled system. Results obtained by this formulation are presented, as well as some profiles of scalar fluxes. </p>