bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The continental drift convection cell
Authors: Whitehead J. A. , Behn Mark D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractContinents on Earth periodically assemble to form supercontinents and then break up again into smaller continental blocks (the Wilson cycle). Previous highly developed numerical models incorporate fixed continents while others indicate that continent movement modulates flow. Our simplified numerical model suggests that continental drift is fundamental. A thermally insulating continent is anchored at its center to mantle flow on an otherwise stress‐free surface for infinite Prandtl number cellular convection with constant material properties. Rayleigh numbers exceed 107, while continent widths and chamber lengths approach Earth's values. The Wilson cycle is reproduced by a unique, rugged monopolar “continental drift convection cell.” Subduction occurs at the cell's upstream end with cold slabs dipping at an angle beneath the moving continent (as found in many continent/subduction regions on Earth). Drift enhances vertical heat transport up to 30%, especially at the core‐mantle boundary, and greatly decreases lateral mantle temperature differences.
Hemispheric asymmetry of subauroral ion drifts: Statistical results
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Xin , He Fei , Wang Wenbin , Chen Bo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA large database of more than 18,000 subauroral ion drift (SAID) events from DMSP observations from 1987 to 2012 is used to systematically investigate the features of SAID. SAID occurs mostly at ~62°/−60° magnetic latitude (MLAT) and ~22:15/22:45 magnetic local time (MLT) for geomagnetically quiet conditions and at ~58°/−56° MLAT and ~22:15/22:45 MLT for geomagnetically disturbed conditions in the North Hemisphere (NH)/South Hemisphere (SH), respectively. Significant north‐south asymmetries in SAID occurrence, shape, and geomagnetic activity variations are found in this statistical study. The latitudinal width of a SAID is larger in the NH than in the SH. An interesting finding of this work is that the SAID occurrence probability peaks have an ~180° difference in longitude between the two hemispheres in the geographic coordinates for both geomagnetically quiet and disturbed conditions. The SAID width peaks in almost the same geomagnetic meridian zone with a geomagnetic longitude of ~80°–120° in both hemispheres. Significant hemispheric asymmetries and spike signatures with sharp dips are found in all the latitudinal profiles of the horizontal velocities of SAIDs. The SAID is highly correlated to geomagnetic activity, indicating that the location and evolution of the SAID might be influenced by global geomagnetic activity, auroral dynamics, and the dynamics of ring currents.
Modular model for Mercury's magnetospheric magnetic field confined within the average observed magnetopause
Authors: Korth Haje , Tsyganenko Nikolai A. , Johnson Catherine L. , Philpott Lydia C. , Anderson Brian J. , Al Asad Manar M. , Solomon Sean C. , McNutt Ralph L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAccurate knowledge of Mercury's magnetospheric magnetic field is required to understand the sources of the planet's internal field. We present the first model of Mercury's magnetospheric magnetic field confined within a magnetopause shape derived from Magnetometer observations by the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging spacecraft. The field of internal origin is approximated by a dipole of magnitude 190 nT RM3, where RM is Mercury's radius, offset northward by 479 km along the spin axis. External field sources include currents flowing on the magnetopause boundary and in the cross‐tail current sheet. The cross‐tail current is described by a disk‐shaped current near the planet and a sheet current at larger (≳ 5 RM) antisunward distances. The tail currents are constrained by minimizing the root‐mean‐square (RMS) residual between the model and the magnetic field observed within the magnetosphere. The magnetopause current contributions are derived by shielding the field of each module external to the magnetopause by minimizing the RMS normal component of the magnetic field at the magnetopause. The new model yields improvements over the previously developed paraboloid model in regions that are close to the magnetopause and the nightside magnetic equatorial plane. Magnetic field residuals remain that are distributed systematically over large areas and vary monotonically with magnetic activity. Further advances in empirical descriptions of Mercury's magnetospheric external field will need to account for the dependence of the tail and magnetopause currents on magnetic activity and additional sources within the magnetosphere associated with Birkeland currents and plasma distributions near the dayside magnetopause.
Fission Gas and Bias‐Driven Swelling of Nuclear Fuels
Authors: Rest Jeffrey 
Published: May 2015

The article contains sections titled:IntroductionBehavior of Gaseous Fission Products for Normal Reactor ConditionsGaseous Fission Product BehaviorNucleation and Growth of Intragranular Fission Gas BubblesIntergranular Fission Gas: Grain Faces and EdgesBubble InterlinkageIntra‐ and Intergranular Bubble SwellingFuel Element SwellingSolid Fission Product SwellingFission Gas Swelling at Low Temperature/Low BurnupFission Gas Swelling at Low Temperature/High BurnupFission Gas Swelling at High TemperatureFission Gas ReleaseGrain Size Effects on Gas ReleaseValidation ofFASTGRASSModel for Fission‐Gas ReleaseDART: Dispersion Analysis Research ToolMechanical ModelMechanical Model with Aluminide FormationDART Calculational AlgorithmsDART ValidationCavitational Swelling of α‐Uranium Zone inU–Pu–ZrFuelComparison with Data fromU–10ZrandU–19Pu–10ZrFuel ElementsBehavior of Fission Products under Reactor Transient ConditionsPrediction of Fuel Ductility under Transient HeatingMicrocrackingGrain Growth/Grain‐Boundary SweepingMobility of Fission Gas Bubbles under Transient ConditionsFission Gas Release during Transient ConditionsModeling the Behavior of Volatile Fission Products (VFPs)VFPChemistryVFPRelease under Normal Operating ConditionsVFPRelease during Transient HeatingEffect of Fuel Heating Rate onVFPReleaseEffect of Fuel Burnup onVFPReleaseEffect of Fuel Irradiation Temperature onVFPReleaseEffect of Cesium Chemistry onVFPReleaseFission Gas Behavior in Amorphous Nuclear FuelsModel of Amorphous FuelBubble Growth at the KneeBubble Growth after the Knee‐PointComparison with DataExample of a Calculated Fuel PropertyIntroductionViscosity Model for Binary Alloys Undergoing AmorphizationLooking Forward
Radiation Damage in Metals and Alloys
Authors: Was Gary S. 
Published: May 2015

The article contains sections titled:IntroductionNeutron–Nuclear InteractionsElastic CollisionsInelastic Collisions(n, 2n) Reactions(n,γ) ReactionsAtomic DisplacementsKinchin‐Pease Model for Atom DisplacementsModifications to the Kinchin–Pease ModelConsideration ofEdandEcin the Energy Balance (Assumptions #3 and #4)Realistic Energy Transfer Cross‐Sections (Assumption #5)Effects of Crystallinity (Assumption #6)Effect of Focusing and Channeling on DisplacementsDisplacement Cross‐Section and Displacement RatesDisplacement RatesDamage CascadePrimary Recoil SpectrumCascade Volume and Damage EnergyStages of Cascade DevelopmentBehavior of Defects within the CascadeComputer Simulations of Radiation DamageRadiation‐Enhanced DiffusionPoint Defect Concentrations under IrradiationCase (i): Low Temperature, Low Sink DensityCase (ii): Low Temperature, Intermediate Sink DensityCase (iii): Low Temperature, High Sink DensityCase (iv): High TemperatureRadiation‐Enhanced Diffusion (RED) CoefficientRadiation‐Induced Segregation (RIS)RIS in Concentrated Binary AlloysEffects of Interstitial Binding, Solute Size, Temperature, and Dose RateRIS in Ternary AlloysEffect of Local Composition Changes on RISEffect of Solutes on RISRIS in Austenitic AlloysRIS in Ferritic AlloysIrradiated MicrostructureDefect ClustersCluster MobilityLoop Nucleation and Clustering TheoryLoop Growth and RecoveryEvolution of Interstitial Loop MicrostructureVoid Nucleation and GrowthBubble GrowthPhase StabilitySummary
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Desulfinative Carboxylation of Sodium Sulfinates using Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Sun Song , Yu Jin‐Tao , Jiang Yan , Cheng Jiang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA copper(I)‐catalyzed desulfinative carboxylation of sodium sulfinates using carbon dioxide has been developed. This reaction showed wide functional group tolerance. A series of sodium aryl‐ and alkenylsulfinates could be converted into the corresponding carboxylic acids in good to excellent yields. Additionally, the reaction mechanism was studied by in situ NMR analysis and isotopic labeling experiments.magnified image
Surname‐Inferred andean ancestry is associated with child stature and limb lengths at high altitude in Peru, but not at sea level
Authors: Pomeroy Emma , Wells Jonathan C.K. , Stanojevic Sanja , Miranda J. Jaime , Moore Lorna G. , Cole Tim J. , Stock Jay T. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectivesNative Andean ancestry gives partial protection from reduced birthweight at high altitude in the Andes compared with European ancestry. Whether Andean ancestry is also associated with body proportions and greater postnatal body size at altitude is unknown. Therefore, we tested whether a greater proportion of Andean ancestry is associated with stature and body proportions among Peruvian children at high and low altitude.MethodsHeight, head circumference, head‐trunk height, upper and lower limb lengths, and tibia, ulna, hand and foot lengths, were measured in 133 highland and 169 lowland children aged 6 months to 8.5 years. For highland and lowland groups separately, age‐sex‐adjusted anthropometry z scores were regressed on the number of indigenous parental surnames as a proxy for Andean ancestry, adjusting for potential confounders (maternal age and education, parity, altitude [highlands only]).ResultsAmong highland children, greater Andean ancestry was negatively associated with stature and tibia, ulna, and lower limb lengths, independent of negative associations with greater altitude for these measurements. Relationships were strongest for tibia length: each additional Andean surname or 1,000 m increase at altitude among highland children was associated with 0.18 and 0.65 z score decreases in tibia length, respectively. Anthropometry was not significantly associated with ancestry among lowland children.ConclusionsGreater Andean ancestry is associated with shorter stature and limb measurements at high but not low altitude. Gene‐environment interactions between high altitude and Andean ancestry may exacerbate the trade‐off between chest dimensions and stature that was proposed previously, though we could not test this directly. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:798–806, 2015. © 2015 The Authors American Journal of Human Biology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Manganese‐Catalyzed Alkyl‐Heck‐Type Reaction via Oxidative Decarbonylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Zong Zhenzhen , Wang Wenxiao , Bai Xiaohui , Xi Hui , Li Zhiping 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAn alkyl‐Heck‐type cross‐coupling reaction is developed by manganese‐catalyzed oxidative decarbonylation of aldehydes. A variety of primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic aldehydes can participate in this alkenylation. The reaction is initiated by an alkyl radical, which is generated by oxidative decarbonylation of the aldehyde.
Characterization of four different lignins as a first step toward the identification of suitable end‐use applications
Authors: Oveissi Farshad , Fatehi Pedram 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTTo determine the most appropriate use of lignin, surface, structural, and thermal characteristics of lignin was investigated in this work. It was observed that kraft lignin (KL), the lignin of prehydrolysis liquor (LPHL), lignosulfonate of NSSC process (LSL), and lignosulfonates (LSs) of sulfite pulping process had 0.67, 0.25, 0.90, and 1.52–2.25 meq/g anionic charge density, and 6.3, 2.1, 10.1, and 8.8–10.1 nm hydrodynamic diameter, respectively. These results suggested that LSL and LSs could be used more effectively than other lignin as filler modifiers, flocculants, and dispersants. The combustion studies of the lignin samples suggested that KL and LPHL combusted more efficiently than other samples, as they had high heating (calorific) values of 27.02 and 19.2 MJ/kg, the apparent activation energy of 126.64 and 99.14 kJ/mol based on Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method and 122.16 and 94.73 kJ/mol based on Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose and no ash, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42336.
Dialkyl furan‐2,5‐dicarboxylates, epoxidized fatty acid esters and their mixtures as bio‐based plasticizers for poly(VInylchloride)
Authors: Chaudhary Bharat Indu , Nguyen Buu‐Dang , Zamanskiy Aleksandr 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTDialkyl furan‐2,5‐dicarboxylates and epoxidized fatty acid esters (EFAE) of varying molecular weights and volatilities, as well as their mixtures, were investigated as alternative plasticizers for poly(vinylchloride) (PVC). The EFAE utilized were epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and epoxidized fatty acid methyl ester (e‐FAME). All plasticizers were compatible with PVC, with plasticization efficiencies usually increasing with decreasing molecular weights of the plasticizers (except in the case of ESO, which was remarkably effective at plasticizing PVC, in spite of its relatively high molecular weight). In comparison with phthalate and trimellitate plasticizers, the alternatives generally yielded improved balance of flexibility and retention of mechanical properties after heat aging, with particularly outstanding results obtained using 30−50 wt % e‐FAME in mixtures with diisotridecyl 2,5‐furandicarboxylate. Although heat aging characteristics of the plasticized polymer were often related to plasticizer volatilities, e‐FAME performed better than bis(2‐ethylhexyl) 2,5‐furandicarboxylate, and bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate of comparatively higher molecular weights. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42382.
Preparation and swelling properties of homopolymeric alginic acid fractions/poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) graft copolymers
Authors: Martínez‐Gómez Fabián , Encinas María V. , Matsuhiro Betty , Pavez Jorge 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTGraft copolymers of crosslinked poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and homopolyguluronic acid (GG) and homopolymannuronic acid (MM) fractions of alginic acid were synthesized. MM and GG block fractions were obtained by partial acid hydrolysis of the alkaline extract from the brown seaweed Macrocystis pyrifera. The conjugation of these block fractions with the synthetic polymer was achieved by amidation with crosslinked PNIPAAm functionalized with an amino group at the end of the polymer chain. The structure of conjugates was determined by Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopy. Atomic force microscopy of the graft copolymer GG‐g‐PNIPAAm showed a regular porous pattern, whereas the MM‐g‐PNIPAAm graft copolymer showed a regular netlike structure. Aqueous solutions of the synthesized graft copolymers afforded hydrogels by stirring with 0.1M CaCl2. The hydrogels showed a well‐defined stimulus–response to temperature and pH. The swelling, thermal, and pH characterizations demonstrated the superior properties of the GG‐g‐PNIPAAm hydrogel over the MM‐g‐PNIPAAm hydrogel. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42398.
The decline of endangered stone crayfish (Austropotamobius torrentium) in southern Germany is related to the spread of invasive alien species and land‐use change
Authors: Chucholl Christoph , Schrimpf Anne 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Declines in populations of stone crayfish (Austropotamobius torrentium) have recently been reported throughout many parts of their range, including southern Germany. To assess the rate of decline and the probable causes, a crayfish survey was conducted in the River Argen catchment, where the species was known to be widely distributed and abundant.
Using mixed‐effects regression analysis, the presence or absence of the species was subsequently correlated with riparian land‐use and habitat characteristics. To elucidate the potential role of crayfish plague in stone crayfish decline, the crayfish plague‐carrier status of newly discovered alien signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) was evaluated using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Twenty‐five of the 98 surveyed sites were colonized by stone crayfish, including only 12 of 25 sites with a previous record. The probability of stone crayfish presence was positively correlated with overhanging bank structures and the proportion of broad‐leafed woods in riparian buffers. In contrast, high proportions of intensive grassland had a distinct negative effect on the probability of stone crayfish presence, and cropland also tended to decrease the probability of stone crayfish presence. Both land‐use forms have significantly increased in the study area within the last decade, signifying an intensification of riparian land‐use.
Plague‐carrying signal crayfish were present at two headwater sites. Crayfish plague transmission from highly resistant signal crayfish to highly susceptible stone crayfish has most likely contributed to the decline in stone crayfish, and crayfish plague outbreaks may account for up to 67% of the observed stone crayfish disappearances.
The present study confirms a marked decline in stone crayfish populations, which is probably driven by the persistent spread of invasive alien species and intensified riparian land‐use. Therefore, conservation efforts for stone crayfish should incorporate strategies to prevent and control the spread of invasive, plague‐carrying crayfish, and to mitigate pressures from land use.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deep sequencing reveals different compositions of mRNA transcribed from the F8 gene in a panel of FVIII‐producing CHO cell lines
Authors: Kaas Christian S. , Bolt Gert , Hansen Jens J. , Andersen Mikael R. , Kristensen Claus 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCoagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is one of the most complex biopharmaceuticals due to the large size, poor protein stability and extensive post‐translational modifications. As a consequence, efficient production of FVIII in mammalian cells poses a major challenge, with typical yields two to three orders of magnitude lower than for antibodies. In the present study we investigated CHO DXB11 cells transfected with a plasmid encoding human coagulation factor VIII. Single cell clones were isolated from the pool of transfectants and a panel of 14 clones representing a dynamic range of FVIII productivities was selected for RNA sequencing analysis. The analysis showed distinct differences in F8 RNA composition between the clones. The exogenous F8‐dhfr transcript was found to make up the most abundant transcript in the present clones. No correlation was seen between F8 mRNA levels and the measured FVIII productivity. It was found that three MTX resistant, nonproducing clones had different truncations of the F8 transcripts. We find that by using deep sequencing, in contrast to microarray technology, for determining the transcriptome from CHO transfectants, we are able to accurately deduce the mature mRNA composition of the transgene and identify significant truncations that would probably otherwise have remained undetected.
Biocatalyzed approach for the surface functionalization of poly(L‐lactic acid) films using hydrolytic enzymes
Authors: Pellis Alessandro , Acero Enrique Herrero , Weber Hansjoerg , Obersriebnig Michael , Breinbauer Rolf , Srebotnik Ewald , Guebitz Georg M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPoly(lactic acid) as a biodegradable thermoplastic polyester has received increasing attention. This renewable polyester has found applications in a wide range of products such as food packaging, textiles and biomedical devices. Its major drawbacks are poor toughness, slow degradation rate and lack of reactive side‐chain groups. An enzymatic process for the grafting of carboxylic acids onto the surface of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) films was developed using Candida antarctica lipase B as a catalyst. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the PLLA film using Humicola insolens cutinase in order to increase the number of hydroxyl and carboxylic groups on the outer polymer chains for grafting was also assessed and showed a change of water contact angle from 74.6 to 33.1° while the roughness and waviness were an order of magnitude higher in comparison to the blank. Surface functionalization was demonstrated using two different techniques, 14C‐radiochemical analysis and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using 14C‐butyric acid sodium salt and 4,4,4‐trifluorobutyric acid as model molecules, respectively. XPS analysis showed that 4,4,4‐trifluorobutyric acid was enzymatically coupled based on an increase of the fluor content from 0.19 to 0.40%. The presented 14C‐radiochemical analyses are consistent with the XPS data indicating the potential of enzymatic functionalization in different reaction conditions.
Mineralization of Carbon Dioxide: A Literature Review
Authors: Romanov Vyacheslav , Soong Yee , Carney Casey , Rush Gilbert E. , Nielsen Benjamin , O'Connor William 
Published: May 2015

AbstractResearch on carbon capture and storage has been focused on CO2 storage in geologic formations, with many potential risks. An alternative to conventional geologic storage is carbon mineralization, where CO2 is reacted with metal cations to form carbonate minerals. Mineralization methods can be broadly divided into two categories: in situ and ex situ. In situ mineralization, or mineral trapping, is a component of underground geologic sequestration, in which a portion of the injected CO2 reacts with alkaline rock present in the target formation to form solid carbonate species. In ex situ mineralization, the carbonation reaction occurs above ground, within a separate reactor or industrial process. This literature review is meant to provide an update on the current status of research on CO2 mineralization.
Multiplug paravalvular leak closure using Amplatzer Vascular Plugs III: A prospective registry
Authors: Smolka Grzegorz , Pysz Piotr , Jasiński Marek , Roleder Tomasz , Peszek‐Przybyła Ewa , Ochała Andrzej , Wojakowski Wojciech 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundTranscatheter paravalvular leak closure (TPVLC) offers a viable alternative to reoperation but optimal technical strategy is still to be defined. We present a prospective TPVLC registry in which safety and efficacy of multi‐plug, single‐stage approach were assessed.MethodsPatients with heart failure (HF) symptoms caused by PVL were qualified for TPVLC by Heart Team. Ante‐ or retrograde access was employed for mitral while retrograde only for aortic PVLs. Two to 4 AVP 3 devices were simultaneously implanted into each PVL. Endpoints were defined according to VARC‐2.ResultsFrom 64 referred patients 49, with either mechanical valves (n = 30) or stented bioprostheses, were eligible for TPVLC. PVL location was mitral (n = 29) or aortic (n = 20). In aortic group acute procedural success (APS) ratio was 100% and no MACCEs occurred. In mitral group, first‐attempt TPVLC was successful in 22 cases (4/4 in transapical and 18/25 in transseptal access). Second‐attempt transapical procedure followed transseptal failure in 5 patients. Mitral TPVLC ultimately proved efficient in 89.7% with 76.5% APS. Cumulatively, TPVLC was accomplished in 46 subjects (93.9%) with 78% APS. When successful, it led to a significant decrease of NT‐proBNP concentration and HF symptoms regression. Periprocedural safety endpoints were met in three patients and included non‐disabling stroke, and two access site‐related complications. In device failure group two patients died (end‐stage HF) and two others were rehospitalized.ConclusionTPVLC with simultaneous deployment of multiple AVP III occluders is feasible with high device success rate and no significant periprocedural complications. The clinical benefits of reduction of HF symptoms and hemolysis are evident after 30 days and persist up to 1 year without recurrence of PVL. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.