bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BATTERY INGESTION HAZARD MITIGATION
Authors: Lee D , Midgett J 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundRecent research indicates an increase in button/coin battery ingestion, causing severe injuries or death, if not detected and removed within 2 hours of lodging in the oesophagus. A multifaceted approach is needed to combat the hazard, including increasing consumer education and awareness of proper use and disposal of batteries; improving product standards for electronic enclosures, product packaging, and literature; and advancing technological improvements in battery design that could mitigate the hazard.ObjectiveTo discuss conceptual technological improvements in button/coin battery designs to mitigate battery ingestion hazards.MethodsThis paper considers various methods of reducing the hazard including: using nonconductive encapsulation or modifying the terminal surface area to reduce accessible electrode area; adding a protective device to limit current flow; or adding a collapsible mechanism to a battery's outer surface that will expand when the battery is removed from an enclosure so that it will be too big to be swallowed.ResultsPracticalities of these conceptual changes and results of some battery ingestion simulations are discussed. Simulations show that near-complete encapsulation of one of the poles is necessary to prevent necrosis.SignificanceMethods for battery ingestion prevention or disabling the current from an ingested battery could prevent or reduce severe injury and death.
DESIGN OF A SAFER LITHIUM COIN CELL BATTERY
Authors: Ok J , Zwaan A , Cooper P 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIngestion of a lithium coin cell battery can result in serious injuries and the incidents are on the rise. Small size and coin-like appearance of the batteries make it very difficult to be aware of the ingestion promptly, which hinders a timely medical treatment.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo cope with the growing health threat this research focuses on responsive polymer materials and reactive structure of coin cell batteries through an interdisciplinary approach of industrial design and chemical engineering.MethodsWe designed a safer lithium coin cell battery to discourage swallowing and, even if ingested, provide a visible alarm instantly to nearby caregivers. In addition, the battery may remain inactive in an alimentary canal to minimise the likelihood of injuries associated with the ingestion.Results/OutcomeIn simulation experiments, our prototypes emitted an easily noticeable warning immediately after ingestion and remained inert for more than 8 h, showing a stark contrast to untreated batteries that caused a pH spike. The result suggests that the safety features may help an ingested battery be evacuated safely without inflicting injury on the body.Significance/Contribution to the FieldOur design may contribute to decreasing the ingestion cases and their consequent injuries through industrial application.
ALCOHOL AND ROAD SAFETY POLICY IN EUROPE: SUCCESSES AND FAILURES
Authors: Sethi D , Mitis F 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIn the WHO European Region, road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death in young people aged 5–29 years. Alcohol is an important risk factor for severe crashes.PurposeTo discuss of alcohol-related road safety policy in Europe.MethodsLiterature review, survey of health ministry focal persons from 49 countries and routine data.ResultsThe burden of alcohol-related road traffic injury is unevenly distributed. It is more concentrated in the Baltics, Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. The proportion of road traffic deaths attributable to alcohol varies with age and sex, for example, in Western Europe countries in males as 50% in age 30–44 and 46% in age 15–29 years; in females 25% and 18% respectively. The blood alcohol concentration limit ranged from 0 to 0.8 g/l. Most countries (95%) reported a national policy for road safety and implemented interventions to prevent alcohol-related road traffic injuries: 39% of the countries had increased the minimum legal drinking age, 73% applied sobriety checkpoints, 89% enforced laws on blood alcohol concentration limit but only 22% had lower limits for novice drivers. As part of their overall policies to control alcohol-related harm, 89% of countries implemented interventions consisting of fiscal and legal measures and 33% had health sector based interventions. Enforcement was reported as satisfactory in 31%.SignificanceThis paper shows that whereas most countries have policies for alcohol-related road crashes, many need to strive for better implementation. More reliable data and research on sustainable enforcement are needed.
EFFECT OF DRUG TESTING PROGRAMMES ON INJURY RATE AND SEVERITY IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES
Authors: Schofield K , Alexander B , Gerberich S , Ryan A 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundConstruction work is hazardous and workers consistently rank in the top of all occupations and industries for illicit drug and heavy alcohol use.ObjectiveDetermine the associations between active company drug testing programmes, injury rate, and severity.MethodsWe evaluated workers' compensation claims data covering 1360 construction companies from 2004 to 2009. Presence of a testing programme was obtained from the compensation carrier. Hours at-risk and injury claims were used to determine injury rates. Rate ratios (RR) and 95% CI were estimated as a function of injury rate using a Poisson regression model and accounting for time dependent factors. Generalised estimating equations are used to account for correlated observations within companies over time. Models include confounding covariates of company size, union status, and trade. Drug testing programmes were classified into two categories: pre-employment and post-accident OR pre-employment, post-accident, random, and suspicion testing.ResultsCompared to no testing, results respectively were RR=0.85 (CI 0.72 to 1.0) and RR=0.97 (CI 0.86 to 1.10) for overall injuries, and RR=0.78 (CI 0.60 to 1.03) and RR=1.01 (CI 0.86 to 1.19) for lost-time injuries. Analysis by specific trades revealed significant reductions, as great as 60% for some trades. Significantly lower rates were seen in both union and non-union companies with testing programmes. Major injury event and injury type categories also had lower rates when testing programmes were used.Significance/ContributionsOur results indicate drug testing programmes may reduce injury rates in this population; however effects very on multiple factors. Programmes may be a potential solution to reducing injury burden to workers in a high risk population.
BICYCLISTS HELMET USE IN A FRENCH CITY. RESULTS FROM A FOLLOW-UP STUDY USING A SEMI-AUTOMATED VIDEO DETECTION SYSTEM
Authors: Lagarde E , Salmi L-R , Messiah A , Felonneau M-L , Constant A 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundWhile helmet use is likely to provide protection, their use remains rare in France and determinants are poorly understood.Aims/Objectives/PurposeWe aimed at assessing the impact of helmet provision on helmet use and at understanding facilitating factors and obstacles.MethodsParticipants were non helmet users recruited at a bicycle loan facility in Bordeaux, France. After completing a questionnaire investigating their attitudes towards road safety and helmet use, participants were randomly assigned to three groups with the provision of ‘helmet only’, ‘helmet and information’ or ‘information only’, and to a fourth control group. Bikes were labelled with a colour code designed to enable observation of helmet use by participants while cycling, using a 7-spot semi-automatic video system located in the city.Results/OutcomesA total of 1557 participants were included in the study. The likelihood of observed helmet use was significantly increased among participants of the ‘helmet only’ group (OR=7.73 (2.09 to 28.5)) but this impact faded within 6 months following the intervention. No effect of information delivery was found. The main factor leading to increased helmet use was peer pressure. Observed speed was not different between helmeted and non helmeted riders.Significance/Contribution to the FieldProviding a helmet will not be sufficient to achieve high rates of helmet wearing among adult cyclists in France. Integrated and repeated prevention programmes will be needed, including strategies to increase peer and parental pressure. The protecting effect of helmet is unlikely to be jeopardised by higher risky behaviours.
CANNABIS AND TRAFFIC COLLISIONS: FINDINGS FROM A CASE CROSSOVER STUDY OF PATIENTS PRESENTING TO EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS IN TWO CANADIAN CITIES
Authors: Asbridge M , Rehm J , Mann R , Cusimano M 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundLimited epidemiological data exist on the role of cannabis in traffic collisions, and existing research has employed designs that have been weak in several respects (measurement, control group, confounders). Our study addresses these limitations.Objectives(1) To determine the prevalence of cannabis use in drivers presenting to hospital following a traffic collision; (2) To determine if cannabis use leads to an increased collision risk.MethodsParticipants were drivers presenting to emergency departments in Toronto and Halifax with an injury due to a traffic collision, between April 2009 and July 2011. Drivers were interviewed about the collision event and substance use. A case-crossover design was employed with a fixed control condition measuring substance use retrospectively for the same comparable time interval in the preceding week. Blood samples were tested for cannabis, alcohol, and other drugs, with examination of active THC metabolites through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.ResultsOf 864 eligible driver, self-report and blood samples found that 95 (11%) used cannabis prior to driving. Among those who provided blood, 73 of 368 drivers (19.8%) tested positive for cannabis (+ >0.2 ng/ml active THC metabolites), indicating pre-collision use. Conditional fixed effects models indicate that cannabis use increased the odds of a crash by 5.17 (CI 2.78 to 9.58). Sensitivity analyses were also performed.SignificanceNearly one in five collision-involved drivers who provided blood was impaired by cannabis, a higher rate than found in previous studies. Cannabis was also shown to dramatically increase collision risk, and trend that has been confirmed in recent mFeta analyses.
MORTALITY AND NON-FATAL SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE 20 YEARS AFTER A MEDICALLY SERIOUS SUICIDE ATTEMPT
Authors: Beautrais AL , Larkin GL , Fergusson DM , Horwood LJ , Mulder RT 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundTo document rates of mortality from all causes, and rates of further non-fatal suicidal behaviour requiring hospital admission, in the 20 years following a medically serious suicide attempt (MSSA), in a consecutive sample of 302 individuals (mean age 30 years at the time of the index MSSA).AimsThe overall goal of this study is to inform treatment and management options for suicidal patients in order to minimise subsequent risk of fatal and nonfatal suicidal behaviour.MethodsDates of death, and all sources of mortality, were examined by checks against records contained within the national mortality database. For those who died by suicide and by accidental death, causes of death were confirmed by review of records from coronial inquests. Morbidity data for further suicide attempts requiring hospital admission were obtained by checks of the national hospital admissions database.ResultsWithin 5  years of a medically serious suicide attempt, 8.9% of the sample had died, 75% by suicide or suspected suicide. Within 10 years, 14.2% had died. By 20 years, one in four was dead.SignificanceTo our knowledge this is the longest follow up study of people who have made medically serious suicide attempts. Subsequent risks of mortality, and of further non-fatal suicidal behaviour are high and enduring and approach those of some chronic physical illnesses. Long term treatment and management programmes are warranted.
SUICIDE-RELATED MORTALITY IN VIETNAM IN 2005–2010
Authors: Tran TNL , Nguyen TTH , Luong MA , Do TD , Khieu TQT 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundSuicide has become one of leading causes of injury in the world and in Vietnam.ObjectivesTo assess the current status of suicide mortality in Vietnam in 2005–2010.MethodsAll causes- specific -mortality from A6-YTCS book in all communes/awards in 63 provinces were collected, entered and suicide analysed annually.ResultsResearch results showed that during 2005–2010 mortality due to injury accounted for 10–12% of the total deaths from all causes, in which suicide was the third cause after road traffic injuries and drowning. There were approximate 3500 cases per year. In 2010, it increased to 4043 cases. Average rate of deaths due to suicide was 4.81/100 000 population per year and ranged from 5 to 4.58. In 2010, the average rate of deaths due to suicide among male (6.4/100 000) was two times higher than female (3.2/100 000).SignificanceThe research described a great number of relatively comprehensive results on mortality related suicide in Vietnam. In further time, more research should be done to have more information on the risk factors and the directly cause of suicide situation in Vietnam. That will be effectively to develop in intervention programme to deal with it.
DRIVERS OF CHANGE IN AGRICULTURAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Lower T , Temperley J 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundImprovements in health and safety are required to ensure injury rates in Australian agriculture are comparable to other sectors like mining. Identifying key health and safety drivers in the best performing commodity sectors has implications for other areas of agriculture.AimThis study aimed to measure commodity sector performance against existing benchmarks and to define variations.MethodsData from 683 farming enterprises were drawn from a nationally stratified random sample representing seven commodity sectors. A benchmark survey was used covering existing health and safety systems, plus controls of known hazards.ResultsThere are low levels of implementation for farm health and safety plans, induction for new workers and contractors. Improvements to control major safety hazards are required for farm machinery and implements, farm vehicles, reducing exposure of children to hazards and the use of helmets when riding quad bikes, motorbikes and horses. Considerable variations between sectors exist, with horticulture, cotton and dairy being the best performers. These sectors had embedded health and safety into other quality assurance requirements around food safety and/or environmental considerations.SignificanceThis study identifies major variations in compliance by commodity sectors in Australia. The major drivers for improvements were outside the typical health and safety domain. Health and safety improvements can best be attained when linked to issues around production and profitability.
IMPACT OF WELLNESS PROGRAMME TO EMPLOYEE HEALTH
Authors: Lilic E 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe BNZ MyWellBeing Programme was developed as a response to an increasing number of health issues in the population, particularly associated with chronic illnesses and sedentary work.AimTo stimulate employees to proactively manage their health risks, provide tools to modify personal lifestyle behaviour and to mitigate identified health risks for the future.MethodsOrganisation wide ‘On-line Health Questionnaire’ survey covering 11 health areas; Quality of Life, Job Satisfaction, Smoking, Weight, Average Body Mass Index (BMI), Activity, Cholesterol, Blood Pressure, Eating Habits, Stress Management and Work Related Stress. Following the identification of the health risks, a targeted programme was developed including workshops and a customised web site to deliver individual awareness and health information to employees and their families. Development of a supporting programme also included sporting events, nutrition guidance, health articles and themes, physical and intellectual challenges, etc.ResultsHealth data indicated reduction in smokers (12.1% FY07 to 9.2% FY11), poor cholesterol levels (17.1–7.1%), poor blood pressure (13.4–9.5%) as well as observed improvement in activity levels and healthier eating habits. Very good outcomes were evident through a reduction in the FTE sick days (Average Sick Leave per FTE—5.73 FY08 to 4.86 FY11) and an improved employee engagement score (68% FY09 to 76% FY11).SignificanceAn organised, long term, integrated wellness programmes contributed to the improved health and wellbeing in the BNZ workforce.
PASSPORT TO SAFETY—FROM CANADA TO AUSTRALIA
Authors: Brotherton M 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundSouth Australian workers compensation data shows that young workers are 1.5 times more likely to be injured in the workplace and that more than 70 percent of injuries happen in the first year of employment. There is currently no minimum standard for teaching Workplace Health and Safety (WHS) in SA. Canadian development of thePassport to Safetyprogramme focussing on WHS education provided the impetus for a multi-partner working group to be established in SA in September 2004.Aims/Objectives/PurposeYoung workers learn about their rights and responsibilities around WHS before entering the workplace for the first time and see and hear stories from their peers. There is a minimum standard of WHS training for students about to undertake work experience and/or work placement.MethodsTeachers and students took part in pre and post programme surveys regarding their WHS knowledge and a number of focus groups discussed how young people want to receive WHS information.Results/OutcomeStudents who took part in the survey had an average increase in knowledge of 22 percent, with Teachers averaging a 19 percent increase. Workers compensation data indicates a reduction in young worker claims from 6044 in 2005/2006 to 4268 in 2009/2010.Significance/Contribution to the FieldYoung workers are the political leaders, business owners and managers of the future by educating and engaging them in workplace safety we can create a generational change.
ON ROAD RIDING PRACTICES AMONG ELECTRIC BIKERS IN SUZHOU
Authors: Yang J , Du W , Powis B , Hu Y , Wu M 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThere are 120 million electric bikes (E-bike) registered in China by 2011, however, E-bikers' riding practices are poorly characterised and few direct observational studies have been performed.ObjectivesThis study aims to describe on road riding practices among E-bikers and to investigate factors influencing these practices.MethodsA cross-sectional observational study was conducted at 14 randomly selected intersections in Suzhou during a 7-day period in March 2012. A pro-forma observation checklist was used to collect data related to on road riding practice. Adjusted OR and 95% CI to assess the likelihood of specific riding practices among some E-bikers compared with the others were evaluated using multilevel logistic regression.ResultsAmong 18 048 E-bikers observed, 35.9% rode E-bikes with cycling pedals and 85.7% E-bikes were registered. The overall prevalence of carrying passengers, riding on motor vehicle lanes, running red lights, riding in opposite ways, mobile phone use, and helmet use were 13.0% (95% CI 11.9 to 14.1%), 1.8% (95% CI 1.4 to 2.2%), 10.2% (95% CI 9.2 to 11.1%), 6.2% (95% CI 5.5 to 7.0%), 0.4% (95% CI 0.2 to 10.5%), 10.1% (95% CI 9.1 to 11.0%) respectively. Male gender was associated with increased helmet use (OR=1.6, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.0) and riding on motor vehicle lanes (OR=3.5, 95% CI 1.7 to 7.1); whereas riding a registered E-bikes reduced the likelihood of carrying passengers (OR=0.3, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.4).SignificanceThis study demonstrates poor on road safety practices among E-bikers in China and relates these to driver restraint use. These findings support the need for sustainable safety programmes integrating road design and behaviour interventions to make roads safer for E-bikers in China.
PREDICTING WORK-RELATED DISABILITY AND MEDICAL COST OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON OF INJURY SEVERITY SCORES AND SCORING METHODS
Authors: Blanar L , Sears JM , Bowman SM 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundInjury severity scores were developed in part to predict mortality, but may also prove useful in predicting disability and cost-related outcomes.Aims/Objectives/PurposedThe objectives were (1) to describe the degree to which injury severity predicts work-related disability and medical cost outcomes, and (2) to compare the performance of several injury severity scores and scoring methods.MethodsWe linked Washington State Trauma Registry (WTR) data with long-term outcomes from workers' compensation claims (1998–2008), finding 6052 work-related injuries. Injury severity scores (ISS, NISS, maximum AIS) were estimated from ICD-9-CM codes using two software packages (ICDMAP-90 and -icdpic-), and compared with existing WTR scores. Differences in the Akaike Information Criterion, amount of variance explained (R2) and estimated effects on outcomes were compared. Competing risks survival analysis was used to evaluate work disability outcomes. Adjusted total medical costs were modelled using linear regression.Results/OutcomeThere was substantial agreement between WTR and ICDMAP-90 (κ=0.73), and between WTR and ICDPIC (κ=0.68). All models were highly significant. Costs and duration of compensated time loss increased with severity, while time to total permanent disability (TPD) determination decreased. WTR and ICDMAP-90 scores performed better than ICDPIC scores, but effect estimates were very similar. The worst injury (maxAIS) was a better predictor of TPD, while ISS/NISS were better predictors of compensated time loss duration and costs.Significance/Contribution to the FieldInjury severity was significantly associated with work disability and medical cost outcomes for work-related injuries. We observed little practical difference between scoring methods. Using existing software to estimate injury severity may be useful for intervention/outcomes research.
SAFE COMMUNITY EVALUATION IN TERMS OF CHILD SAFETY
Authors: Hashemi E , Mohammadi R , Soares J 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundEvaluation of child safety in designated SC is still a neglected indicator.AimsThe purpose was to introduce a comprehensive model to conduct SC evaluation in terms of child safety.MethodsApplications of designated SC with emphasis on child safety were reviewed. Besides, Pubmed and Embase were searched to find scientific articles of child safety evaluation.ResultsKey ways of child safety evaluation can be summed up as follows: In order to evaluate the impact of SC on child safety, quasi experimental study with emphasis on safe home, school, street, sport place and other environments is conducted to compare SC and control community at designation and re-designation time. When it comes to do outcome evaluation, in another quasi experimental study, incidence, severity and burden of child injuries are assessed in SC and control community by four household surveys where there is no data registry. Besides WHO and CDC questionnaires, delphi technique is an useful alternative to prepare questionnaires.Contribution to the FieldImportance of child safety among growing number of SC has given rise to the necessity of a practical method for child safety evaluation in SCs.