bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of stem material and surface treatment on the torsional stability at the metal–cement interface of upper limb joint replacement systems
Authors: Hosein Yara K. , King Graham J. W. , Dunning Cynthia E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractStem surface treatment and material are two design factors that may affect the onset of implant loosening. For upper limb applications, no known in vitro studies have addressed the role of these two factors on cemented implant stability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the torsional stability of cemented titanium and cobalt chrome stems with varying surface treatments in vitro. Thirty implant stems of circular cross‐section (Ø = 8mm) were machined from cobalt chrome (n = 15) and titanium (n = 15). For each type, stems were subdivided into three groups for application of clinically relevant surface treatments: smooth, sintered beads, or plasma spray. Stems were potted in bone cement, allowed 24 h to cure, and placed in a materials testing machine. Stems were tested under cyclic torsion (1–30 Nm), using a staircase loading protocol. Failure was defined as either the first rapid increase in stem rotation without resistance, or attaining a maximum torque of 30 Nm. Implant stems with non‐smooth surfaces offered greater resistance to torsion (p < 0.05), with the plasma spray treatment outlasting the beaded and smooth stems (p < 0.05). Titanium offered superior interface strength (p < 0.05) but reduced resistance to motion (p < 0.05) when compared to cobalt chrome. Therefore, these design features should be considered during upper limb implant design. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1217–1222, 2014.
An Exploration of the Impact of Anti‐TNFα Medication on Exercise Behaviour in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Stockdale Jennifer , Selfe James , Roddam Hazel 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundExercise has traditionally been an important part of the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in order to maintain spinal mobility. Additionally, anti‐tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNFα) medication has been proven highly effective in treating the condition. Over recent years, a few papers have shown the synergistic effect of combining anti‐TNFα medication with rehabilitation. There is minimal evidence on the perceptions of AS patients on how the medication has affected their exercise behaviour. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of anti‐TNFα medication on exercise behaviour in patients with AS.MethodA qualitative approach was adopted to provide a holistic understanding of participants’ exercise behaviour while on anti‐TNFα medication. Semi‐structured interviews were undertaken and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using thematic network analysis. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained.ResultsTwenty participants (age range 26–74, disease duration 3–36 years) who had been on the medication for over a year described how their exercise behaviour had improved since being on the medication. They highlighted their motivation and incentives to continue with an exercise programme. The participants had reinstated previous sporting activities, started new ones and regularly undertook physiotherapy exercises.ConclusionThe present study provides evidence of the long‐term effects of anti‐TNFα medication on the exercise behaviour of AS patients. It shows that AS patients are able to sustain a regular exercise programme over a number of years, provides insight into what motivates them to exercise and reveals the incentives that have influenced their choice of activity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the influence of interparticle friction on critical state behaviour using DEM
Authors: Huang Xin , Hanley Kevin J. , O'Sullivan Catherine , Kwok Chung Yee 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYUnderstanding the extent to which discrete element method (DEM) simulations can capture the critical state characteristics of granular materials is important to legitimize the use of DEM in geomechanics. This paper documents a DEM study that considered the sensitivity of the critical state response characteristics to the coefficient of interparticle friction (μ) using samples with gradings that are representative of a real soil. Most of the features that are typically associated with sand behaviour at the critical state were seen to emerge from the DEM simulation data. An important deviation occurs when high μ values (μ  ≥ 0.5) are used, as has been the case in a number of prior DEM studies. While there is a systematic variation in the critical state behaviour with μ for μ  < 0.5, when μ ≥ 0.5, the behaviour at the critical state seems to be insensitive to further increases in μ. In contrast to observations of conventional soil response, when μ ≥ 0.5, the void ratio at the critical state initially increases with increasing mean effective stress (p′). Analysis of the DEM data and use of simple models of isolated force chains enabled some key observations. When ‘floating’ particles that do not transmit stress are eliminated from the void ratio calculation, the void ratio at the critical state decreases consistently with increasing p′. There is a transition from sliding to rolling behaviour at the contact points as μ increases. Beyond a limiting value of μ, further increases in μ do not increase the buckling resistance of individual strong force chains. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of free health care on polypharmacy: a comparison of propensity score methods and multivariable regression to account for confounding
Authors: Richardson Kathryn , Kenny Rose Anne , Bennett Kathleen 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeDiffering healthcare access has implications for public health. In Ireland, eligibility for free public health care is means tested. Here, we examine the association between healthcare access and polypharmacy while accounting for underlying socio‐economic and health status differences.MethodsSelf‐reported regular medication use, history of diagnosed health conditions, disability, socio‐demographics, and objective measures of depression and anxiety for adults aged 50–69 years (n = 5796) were ascertained from the population‐representative Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Objective measures of frailty, cognition, hypertension, and body mass index were also assessed for 4241 participants. The associations between free healthcare access and polypharmacy and use of 15 medication classes were estimated using multivariable modified Poisson regression, adjustment for the propensity score, and inverse probability of treatment weighting by the propensity score.ResultsPolypharmacy was reported by 22% and 7% of the 1932 and 3864 participants with and without public healthcare coverage. Public patients had a 21–38% greater risk of polypharmacy depending on the method used to account for confounding. Results were less robust using propensity score weighting. There was evidence that classes of cardiovascular drugs, drugs for acid‐related disorders, and analgesics were used more commonly in public patients. Associations were mostly unaffected after also accounting for objective health measures but were significantly attenuated after accounting for frequency of healthcare visits.ConclusionsPublically funded health care in Ireland leads to greater medication use in people aged 50–69 years. This may reflect over‐prescribing to public patients or restricted use among those who pay out of pocket. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile Smiles‐type rearrangement in radical cations of N‐acyl arylsulfonamides and analogs
Authors: Irikura Karl K. , Todua Nino G. 
Published: February 2014

RATIONALEN‐Alkylation of sulfonylbenzamides was reported recently to cause a dramatic and surprising change in electron ionization mass spectrometry (EIMS), leading to a closed‐shell base peak. Only an incomplete, speculative mechanism was available at that time. The fragmentation mechanism is determined in the present work and set in the context of related compounds.METHODSCandidate reaction mechanisms were evaluated theoretically using modest density‐functional calculations. The fragmentation mechanism with the lowest barriers was identified and one of its implications tested successfully by experimental 18O‐isotopic substitution.RESULTSThe amide oxygen atom attacks the arylsulfonyl group at the ipso position (Smiles‐type rearrangement), displacing a molecule of SO2. The resulting carboximidate radical cation has a weak C–O bond that breaks easily. The incipient aryloxyl radical abstracts a proton from the amide nitrogen to form the dominant product ion, but if the molecule is N‐alkylated this cannot occur. Instead, the neutral aryloxyl radical is lost and a closed‐shell, N‐alkyl nitrilium ion is the major product.CONCLUSIONSThe Smiles‐type ion fragmentation mechanism is facile for the title compounds, despite the necessity for carbonyl oxygen to serve as a nucleophile. This rearrangement probably occurs in many of the mass spectra reported for structurally similar compounds, in which the nucleophile may be a thione, arylthio, imine, methylene, or methine moiety. Published in 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
High‐gain observers in nonlinear feedback control
Authors: Khalil Hassan K. , Praly Laurent 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYHigh‐gain observers have proved to be an effective tool in the estimation and control of nonlinear systems. This special issue introduces the basic ideas of high‐gain observers through a tutorial paper, presents new theoretical advances in multi‐output and hybrid systems, and demonstrates applications in electronic, mechanical, and chemical systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploiting cell metabolism for biocatalytic whole-cell transamination by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Weber Nora , Gorwa-Grauslund Marie , Carlquist Magnus 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for biocatalytic whole-cell transamination was investigated using the kinetic resolution of racemic 1-phenylethylamine (1-PEA) to (R)-1-PEA as a model reaction. As native yeast do not possess any ω-transaminase activity for the reaction, a recombinant yeast biocatalyst was constructed by overexpressing the gene coding for vanillin aminotransferase from Capsicum chinense. The yeast-based biocatalyst could use glucose as the sole co-substrate for the supply of amine acceptor via cell metabolism. In addition, the biocatalyst was functional without addition of the co-factor pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP), which can be explained by a high inherent cellular capacity to sustain PLP-dependent reactions in living cells. In contrast, external PLP supplementation was required when cell viability was low, as it was the case when using pyruvate as a co-substrate. Overall, the results indicate a potential for engineered S. cerevisiae as a biocatalyst for whole-cell transamination and with glucose as the only co-substrate for the supply of amine acceptor and PLP.
Heat Treatment and Chemical Composition of Fatty Acids and Rosin Acids Mixtures: Effects on Their Thermal Properties and Morphology
Authors: Mäki‐Arvela Päivi , Mikkola Mika , Hemming Jarl , Eränen Kari , Willför Stefan , Murzin Dmitry Yu. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMixtures of fatty acids and rosin acids are industrially important products utilized as a raw material for several purposes. Their thermal properties, especially cold stability and crystallization behavior is also important. Several fatty acid and rosin acid mixtures both from industrial products and from commercially available fatty and rosin acids were prepared and treated for 30 min at 80 °C under an inert atmosphere. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to the desired temperature. Determination of the cloud point, chemical analysis of liquid and solid phase, thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry as well as morphology analysis by scanning electron microscopy were performed. The results revealed that crystallization was more rapid when it occurred at 10 °C compared to 25 °C. The crystal sizes increased with decreasing the crystallization temperature. Furthermore, crystals were of irregular shape and agglomerated when rapid cooling of the mixture occurred. Chemical analysis revealed that liquid phase was enriched with stearic acid, whereas crystals contained large amounts of abietic, dehydroabietic and linoleic acids. The cloud point of the mixtures increased with increasing amount of stearic and rosin acids. Dehydroabietic acid addition improved the cold stability of the synthetic fatty acid–rosin acids mixture.
Properties and Stability of Hazelnut Oil Organogels with Beeswax and Monoglyceride
Authors: Yılmaz Emin , Öğütcü Mustafa 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to produce and characterize hazelnut oil (HO) organogels with beeswax (BW) and monoglyceride (MG) organogelators. Oil binding capacities of most samples were over 99 %. As the organogelator level increased, crystal formation time decreased, but solid fat content (SFC %) was enhanced. Although the highest SFC was 8.52 % among the organogel samples, it was 30.35 % in the commercial shortening (CS) at 20 °C. The peak melting temperature of CS was 41.86 °C, and almost all organogels had very close values to it. Melting enthalpies of the samples ranged from 0.48 to 13.40 J/g. Firmness and stickiness values of all samples were measured each month during 90 days of storage. There was no important change during storage. The organogels were texturally very stable, and were very homogenous and smooth in structure. Polarized light microscopy pictures revealed needle‐like crystals for BW and rosette‐like aggregates for MG organogels. The X‐ray diffraction measurements of the crystals also showed the difference of the two types. There would be some hydrogen bonding in only MG organogels as predicted from the infrared spectra. The organogels were very stable against oxidation during storage. HO organogels can be used as shortening or margarine‐like fat stock.
Impact of dietary fatty acids on metabolic activity and host intestinal microbiota composition in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Patterson Elaine , O' Doherty Robert M. , Murphy Eileen F. , Wall Rebecca , O' Sullivan Orla , Nilaweera Kanishka , Fitzgerald Gerald F. , Cotter Paul D. , Ross R. Paul , Stanton Catherine 
Published: February 2014

Different dietary fat and energy subtypes have an impact on both the metabolic health and the intestinal microbiota population of the host. The present study assessed the impact of dietary fat quality, with a focus on dietary fatty acid compositions of varying saturation, on the metabolic health status and the intestinal microbiota composition of the host. C57BL/6J mice (n9–10 mice per group) were fed high-fat (HF) diets containing either (1) palm oil, (2) olive oil, (3) safflower oil or (4) flaxseed/fish oil for 16 weeks and compared with mice fed low-fat (LF) diets supplemented with either high maize starch or high sucrose. Tissue fatty acid compositions were assessed by GLC, and the impact of the diet on host intestinal microbiota populations was investigated using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. Compositional sequencing analysis revealed that dietary palm oil supplementation resulted in significantly lower populations of Bacteroidetes at the phylum level compared with dietary olive oil supplementation (P< 0·05). Dietary supplementation with olive oil was associated with an increase in the population of the familyBacteroidaceaecompared with dietary supplementation of palm oil, flaxseed/fish oil and high sucrose (P< 0·05). Ingestion of the HF-flaxseed/fish oil diet for 16 weeks led to significantly increased tissue concentrations of EPA, docosapentaenoic acid and DHA compared with ingestion of all the other diets (P< 0·05); furthermore, the diet significantly increased the intestinal population ofBifidobacteriumat the genus level compared with the LF-high-maize starch diet (P< 0·05). These data indicate that both the quantity and quality of fat have an impact on host physiology with further downstream alterations to the intestinal microbiota population, with a HF diet supplemented with flaxseed/fish oil positively shaping the host microbial ecosystem.
Detrital zircon geochronology of pre-Cretaceous strata: tectonic implications for the Jiangnan Orogen, South China
Authors: SU JINBAO , DONG SHUWEN , ZHANG YUEQIAO , LI YONG , CHEN XUANHUA , CUI JIANJUN 
Published: February 2014

AbstractFifteen sandstone samples taken from pre-Cretaceous strata of the Yangtze Block are analysed to constrain the evolution of the South China Block, especially the assembly between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. The results show that the maximum depositional age of the Neoproterozoic Lengjiaxi Group adjacent to the Cathaysia Block isc. 830 Ma, differing from that of the Kunyang and Dahongshan groups (> 960 Ma) on the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block. The detrital zircons from Palaeozoic samples from the Yangtze Block have similar age populations to those in the Cathaysia Block, and they may originate from the Cathaysia Block according to palaeogeographic, palaeocurrent and former research data. The detrital zircons of Middle–Upper Jurassic sandstones in the southwestern and central Yangtze Block yield dominant age populations at 2.0–1.7 Ga and subordinate groups of 2.6–2.4 Ga, 0.8–0.7 Ga and 0.6–0.4 Ga. The Upper Triassic strata may be derived from the southern Yangtze and North China blocks due to the collisions between the Indosina, South China and North China blocks, whereas the Jurassic sediments may be partly derived from uplift and erosion of the Jiangnan Orogen due to an intracontinental orogeny induced by Pacific subduction towards the Eurasia Plate. The detrital age spectra and provenance data for basement in the South China Block are analysed and compared with each other. The South China Block has affinity with Australia not only in the Columbia supercontinent but also in the Rodinia supercontinent. We infer the existence of an ancient orogen under the western Jiangnan Orogen, which may have occurred during the Columbia age, earlier than the Sibao orogeny. This is supported by seismic profile proof from the SinoProbe.
Hyperpneumatisation of the craniocervical bones: an emerging aetiological pattern
Authors: Fussey J M , El-Maghraby H , Rejali D 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackground:Hyperpneumatisation of the skull base and upper cervical vertebrae is a very rare condition of uncertain aetiology and pathophysiology.Case report:A case of extensive hyperpneumatisation of the craniocervical junction and upper three cervical vertebrae is described, in a patient who habitually performed the Valsalva manoeuvre to relieve the symptoms of a patulous eustachian tube. Reported symptoms of ear, neck and shoulder pain deteriorated after minor head trauma. There was a drastic radiological and clinical improvement after ceasing to perform the Valsalva manoeuvre.Discussion:All reported cases of craniocervical bone hyperpneumatisation have in common a history of raised middle-ear pressure, minor trauma or both. We therefore suggest that chronically raised middle-ear pressure leads to destruction of bony tissue and pneumatisation, and that this process is able to cross joints into the cervical spine, either via micro-fractures following trauma, or as a result of congenital assimilation of the craniocervical junction.
How much do we know about schizophrenia and how well do we know it? Evidence from the Schizophrenia Library
Authors: Matheson S. L. , Shepherd A. M. , Carr V. J. 
Published: February 2014

Background.True findings about schizophrenia remain elusive; many findings are not replicated and conflicting results are common. Well-conducted systematic reviews have the ability to make robust, generalizable conclusions, with good meta-analyses potentially providing the closest estimate of the true effect size. In this paper, we undertake a systematic approach to synthesising the available evidence from well-conducted systematic reviews on schizophrenia.Method.Reviews were identified by searching Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Current Contents and PsycINFO. The decision to include or exclude reviews, data extraction and quality assessments were conducted in duplicate. Evidence was graded as high quality if reviews contained large samples and robust results; and as moderate quality if reviews contained imprecision, inconsistency, smaller samples or study designs that may be prone to bias.Results.High- and moderate-quality evidence shows that numerous psychosocial and biomedical treatments are effective. Patients have relatively poor cognitive functioning, and subtle, but diverse, structural brain alterations, altered electrophysiological functioning and sleep patterns, minor physical anomalies, neurological soft signs, and sensory alterations. There are markers of infection, inflammation or altered immunological parameters; and there is increased mortality from a range of causes. Risk for schizophrenia is increased with cannabis use, pregnancy and birth complications, prenatal exposure to Toxoplasma gondii, childhood central nervous system viral infections, childhood adversities, urbanicity and immigration (first and second generation), particularly in certain ethnic groups. Developmental motor delays and lower intelligence quotient in childhood and adolescence are apparent.Conclusions.We conclude that while our knowledge of schizophrenia is very substantial, our understanding of it remains limited.
Cortisol awakening response in patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa: relationships to sensitivity to reward and sensitivity to punishment
Authors: Monteleone P. , Scognamiglio P. , Monteleone A. M. , Perillo D. , Maj M. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundSensitivity to punishment (SP) and sensitivity to reward (SR) are personality characteristics that may have relevance for the pathophysiology of eating disorders (EDs). Moreover, personality characteristics are known to modulate the activity of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which is the main component of the endogenous stress response system. As stress has been implicated in the aetiology and the maintenance of EDs, we aimed to study the HPA axis activity in relation to SP and SR, as conceptualized by Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST), in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN).MethodTwenty-five women with AN, 23 women with BN and 19 healthy women volunteered for the study. HPA axis activity was assessed by measurement of the salivary cortisol awakening response (CAR). The subjects’ SP and SR were measured by the behavioural inhibition system (BIS)/behavioural approach system (BAS) scales.ResultsThe CAR was significantly enhanced in AN patients, but not in BN patients, compared to healthy women. The CAR correlated significantly with BAS measures, negatively in healthy controls and positively in binge-purging AN patients and BN women. SP, measured by the BIS scale, was higher in patients than in controls.ConclusionsThese findings confirm the occurrence of an enhanced activity of the HPA axis in symptomatic AN, but not in symptomatic BN, and show for the first time that the CAR is associated with SR, as conceptualized by the RST, negatively in healthy subjects but positively in binge-purging ED patients.