bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Etiology and risk factors associated with a pruritic papular eruption in people living with HIV in India
Authors: Farsani Terry T , Kore Sachin , Nadol Patrick , Ramam Mandalaparthy , Thierman Sara J , Leslie Kieron , Chandrasekar Chockalingam , Sikhamani Rajasekaran , Manoharan Gurusamy , Kubba Asha , Maurer Toby A 
Published: September 2013

IntroductionPapulopruritic eruption (PPE) occurs in people living with HIV in India. Understanding the risk factors associated with this disease may help decrease the prevalence of PPE.MethodsThis study was a case‐control study performed at the Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, a tertiary care hospital in Chennai, India. Cases included HIV‐positive, antiretroviral (ARV) therapy‐naïve adults experiencing a pruritic skin eruption for longer than one month, with evidence of multiple papular or nodular lesions and biopsy consistent with arthropod bite. Controls included HIV‐positive, ARV‐naïve patients without active skin rash. Main outcome measures were CD4 cell count, histology, and environmental exposures. We performed statistical analysis using Epi Info version 3.5.1 and SPSS version 11.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Categorical variables such as gender, urban versus rural residence, occupation, treatment history, CD4 count, use of insect repellents, and environmental exposures were evaluated using the χ2 test (or the Fisher exact test when an expected value for a category was less than 5). The t‐test was used to evaluate differences in age and the duration since HIV diagnosis. The Mann‐Whitney test was used to compare non‐normally distributed values such as CD4 cell count. A p‐value that was less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.ResultsForty‐one cases and 149 control subjects were included. Subjects with PPE had significantly lower CD4 cell counts compared to controls (225.5 cells/µL vs. 425 cells/µL; p=0.0001). Sixty‐six percent of cases had a CD4 cell count less than 350 cells/µL. PPE cases were less likely to use mosquito repellent techniques (odds ratio 2.81, CI = 1.45–5.45).DiscussionPPE may be an altered and exaggerated immune response to arthropod bites in HIV‐positive patients. CD4 cell count is significantly lower in patients with PPE, and therefore it may be considered a qualifying clinical finding for ARV initiation in resource‐poor settings. Protective measures against mosquito bites appeared to be important in preventing PPE in subjects at risk.
First Row Transition Metal Phosphides
Authors: Whitmire Kenton H. , Caudell Jacob B. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA review with 209 references of the binary and ternary metal phosphides for the first row transition metals. A large variety exists in M:P stoichiometry for this class of compounds although a number of general trends are easily identified. Compounds with different transition metals having the same M:P ratio often adopt similar crystallographic forms, providing tremendous flexibility in producing isostructural ternary or higher order compounds over a wide composition range. In some cases, however, a given M:P stoichiometry can choose to crystallize in one of two different crystal systems depending on transition metal, temperature, pressure, and dopant metals. Common features of the variety of structural types are presented. Crystal data are tabulated for compounds exhibiting a variety of different M:P stoichiometries for each transition metal in the first series. For ternary phosphides containing more than one first row transition metal, crystal data is also presented showing that these compounds adopt the structure of one of the parent metals involved. The metal phosphides have been well‐studied for the electronic, magnetic, and catalytic properties and a number of examples of these properties are presented.
O
‐Carbamoyltransferase
TobZ
Authors: Görlich Stefan , Parthier Christoph , Fandrich Uwe , Stubbs Milton T 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

O
‐carbamoyltransferases, which modify a variety of natural products, exhibit an intriguing requirement for ATP. The structure of the 6″‐
O
‐carbamoyltransferase TobZ, responsible for biotransformation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic tobramycin to form nebramycin 5′, reveals two modular domains each harboring an active center within a common “reaction chamber”. The C‐terminal YrdC‐like domain harbors a carbamoylphosphate‐binding site, occupation of which triggers Mg
2+
–ATP binding and the subsequent formation of carbamoyladenylate. The adenylated intermediate is channeled to an iron‐mediated nucleotide‐binding site within the N‐terminal Kae1‐like domain, where the carbamoyl moiety is transferred to the tobramycin acceptor hydroxyl group. Conservation of modules within the hydrogenase maturation factor HypF as well as components of the ubiquitous threonylcarbamoyladenosine‐tRNA modification apparatus suggests analogous reaction sequences and points to an ancient origin of these proteins.
The Turtle's Shell: Protecting the Life Underneath
Authors: Garvey John , Gordon John , Kleinbard Peter , Wasserman Paul 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, four longtime adult literacy practitioners recount their pathways into the field in the late 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s. Their stories highlight the creativity and openness that characterized literacy work in those years and point to what has been lost as the field has become dominated by the Workforce Investment Act and the National Reporting System.
“Vertical Relationships in the Ready‐to‐Eat Breakfast Cereal Industry in Boston”
Authors: Chidmi Benaissa 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThis study examines the vertical relationship between manufacturers and retailers in the ready‐to‐eat cereal (RTEC) industry in Boston. More precisely, the questions to be answered are, “What kind of vertical relationship exists between the manufacturers and the retailers?” “Does this relationship support the high price‐cost margins in the RTEC industry?” The results indicate that the RTEC manufacturers have the pricing decisions and that the retailers do not intervene in setting the retail prices for breakfast cereal brands. This is consistent with the vertical restraints theory that helps the manufacturers eliminate the externality created by the double marginalization scenario and an excessive demand contraction.“Vertical Relationships in the Ready‐to‐Eat Breakfast Cereal Industry in Boston” appeared in Volume 28, Number 3 (Summer 2012).
The AKT genes and their roles in various disorders
Authors: Cohen M. Michael 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAKT (AK mouse plus Transforming or Thymoma) is a common oncogene expressed in most tissues. Both AKT2 and AKT3, although important, have more limited distributions. The regulation of all three genes depends on two receptors—a receptor tyrosine kinase with a growth factor ligand, and a G protein coupled receptor, also with a ligand together with an explanation of how their downsteam components function. AKT2 is amplified or overexpressed in cancer with a higher frequency than those found with AKT1. AKT1 is cardioprotective to the heart by supporting its physiological growth and function. AKT2 is closely linked to Type II diabetes and the implications of various types of mutations are discussed. Various AKT3 mutations are important in neurological disorders, such as microcephaly, hemimegalencephaly, and megalencephaly syndromes. Finally, a reduced level of AKT1 in the frontal cortex has been found during post‐mortem brain studies of schizophrenic patients in the populations of many countries. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recurrent patterning in the daily foraging routes of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas): Spatial memory in large‐scale versus small‐scale space
Authors: Schreier Amy L. , Grove Matt 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe benefits of spatial memory for foraging animals can be assessed on two distinct spatial scales: small‐scale space (travel within patches) and large‐scale space (travel between patches). While the patches themselves may be distributed at low density, within patches resources are likely densely distributed. We propose, therefore, that spatial memory for recalling the particular locations of previously visited feeding sites will be more advantageous during between‐patch movement, where it may reduce the distances traveled by animals that possess this ability compared to those that must rely on random search. We address this hypothesis by employing descriptive statistics and spectral analyses to characterize the daily foraging routes of a band of wild hamadryas baboons in Filoha, Ethiopia. The baboons slept on two main cliffs—the Filoha cliff and the Wasaro cliff—and daily travel began and ended on a cliff; thus four daily travel routes exist: Filoha–Filoha, Filoha–Wasaro, Wasaro–Wasaro, Wasaro–Filoha. We use newly developed partial sum methods and distribution‐fitting analyses to distinguish periods of area‐restricted search from more extensive movements. The results indicate a single peak in travel activity in the Filoha–Filoha and Wasaro–Filoha routes, three peaks of travel activity in the Filoha–Wasaro routes, and two peaks in the Wasaro–Wasaro routes; and are consistent with on‐the‐ground observations of foraging and ranging behavior of the baboons. In each of the four daily travel routes the “tipping points” identified by the partial sum analyses indicate transitions between travel in small‐ versus large‐scale space. The correspondence between the quantitative analyses and the field observations suggest great utility for using these types of analyses to examine primate travel patterns and especially in distinguishing between movement in small versus large‐scale space. Only the distribution‐fitting analyses are inconsistent with the field observations, which may be due to the scale at which these analyses were conducted. Am. J. Primatol. 76:421–435, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hand preferences on unimanual and bimanual tasks in Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana)
Authors: Canteloup Charlotte , Vauclair Jacques , Meunier Hélène 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThis is the first study to examine hand preferences in Tonkean macaques on a bimanual task. One of our objectives was to continue the move toward greater task standardization, in order to facilitate comparisons between species and studies on handedness. The main aim was to test and determine task robustness, by varying intra‐task complexity. To this end, we administered several different tasks to the subjects: two unimanual tasks (grasping task featuring items of different sizes) and three coordinated bimanual tasks (tube task involving different materials, weights, and diameters). Although we found no significant hand preference in either task at the group level, the macaques were more strongly lateralized for small items than for large ones in the unimanual grasping task. Moreover, the absence of a correlation between these two versions of the unimanual task confirmed the weakness of this grasping task for assessing handedness. Regarding the bimanual tube task, no difference was found between the three versions in either the direction or the strength of hand preference. Moreover, the highly correlated hand preferences between these three versions suggest that the tube task provides a more robust means of measuring manual preferences. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:315–321, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermal properties and crystallization behavior of bamboo fiber/high‐density polyethylene composites: Nano‐TiO2 effects
Authors: Fei Peng , Fei Benhua , Yu Yan , Xiong Hanguo , Tan Jun 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, bamboo fiber/high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were prepared, and the effects of nano‐TiO2 on their thermal properties and crystallization behavior were investigated via thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the addition of nano‐TiO2 improved the thermal stability and had a dual function in the crystallization behavior of the composites. On one hand, it functioned as a nucleating agent. The addition of 2 wt % nano‐TiO2 promoted the crystallization, which caused the increase of the crystallization rate and crystallinity degree, as well as the micronization of the crystalline grain. On the other hand, intermolecular hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds were formed between nano‐TiO2 and the polymer matrix, which hindered the crystallization of the composites. When the content of nano‐TiO2 was continually increased, the inhibitory effect of the crystallization was gradually enhanced, which resulted in a decrease in the crystallization rate and crystallinity degree of the composites. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39846.
Rheology of natural fibers thermoplastic compounds: Flow length and fiber distribution
Authors: Ramzy Amna Youssef , El‐Sabbagh Ahmed Mohammed Moneeb , Steuernagel Leif , Ziegmann Gerhard , Meiners Dieter 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe presented study investigates the flow length and the corresponding fiber content distribution in the injection‐moulded natural fiber reinforced thermoplastics and its relation to fiber type and processing parameters such as injection pressure, temperature, injection rate and mould tempering by increasing die temperature. In this research, polypropylene compounds with nominally 30 wt % hemp and sisal fibers are investigated. The influence of the injection pressure (500 and 1000 bar), melt temperature (180°C, 200°C, and 220°C), and die temperature (23°C and 80°C) on the fiber content distribution all over the sample is investigated. An increasing linear trend of fiber content along the spiral length is observed as an evidence of a fiber/polymer multiflow system. A pattern for fiber content distribution with respect to the fiber length along the injected spiral can be distinguished, where the longer fibers are usually found at the end of the injected part and the shorter fibers remain near mould entrance point. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39861.
Calcium Phosphate‐Reinforced Photosensitizer‐Loaded Polymer Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Lee Sang‐Uk , Min Kyung Hyun , Jeong Seo Young , Bae Hojae , Lee Sang Cheon 
Published: September 2013

AbstractCalcium phosphate‐reinforced photosensitizer‐loaded polymer nanoparticles have been developed for photodynamic therapy. Chlorin e6 (Ce6)‐loaded core–shell–corona polymer micelles of poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(L‐aspartic acid)‐b‐poly(L‐phenylalanine) (PEG-PAsp-PPhe) were employed as template nanoparticles for mineralization with calcium phosphate (CaP). CaP deposition was performed by the electrostatic localization of calcium ions at the anionic PAsp middle shells and the subsequent addition of phosphate anions. CaP‐reinforced nanoparticles exhibited enhanced stability. The CaP mineral layer effectively inhibited Ce6 release from the Ce6‐loaded mineralized nanoparticles (Ce6‐NP‐CaP) at physiological pH value. At an acidic endosomal pH value of 5.0, Ce6 release was enhanced, owing to rapid dissolution of the CaP minerals. Upon irradiation of Ce6‐NP‐CaP‐treated MCF‐7 breast‐tumor cells, the cell viability dramatically decreased with increasing irradiation time. The phototoxicity of Ce6‐NP‐CaP was much higher than that of free Ce6. Non‐invasive optical‐imaging results indicated that Ce6‐NP‐CaP exhibited enhanced tumor specificity compared with free Ce6 and Ce6‐loaded non‐mineralized polymer nanoparticles (Ce6‐NP).
Rhabdopeptides as Insect‐Specific Virulence Factors from Entomopathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Reimer Daniela , Cowles Kimberly N. , Proschak Anna , Nollmann Friederike I. , Dowling Andrea J. , Kaiser Marcel , Constant Richard ffrench‐ , Goodrich‐Blair Heidi , Bode Helge B. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSix novel linear peptides, named “rhabdopeptides”, have been identified in the entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila after the discovery of the corresponding rdp gene cluster by using a promoter trap strategy for the detection of insect‐inducible genes. The structures of these rhabdopeptides were deduced from labeling experiments combined with detailed MS analysis. Detailed analysis of an rdp mutant revealed that these compounds participate in virulence towards insects and are produced upon bacterial infection of a suitable insect host. Furthermore, two additional rhabdopeptide derivatives produced by Xenorhabdus cabanillasii were isolated, these showed activity against insect hemocytes thereby confirming the virulence of this novel class of compounds.
Photocatalytic Activity and Selectivity of ZnO Materials in the Decomposition of Organic Compounds
Authors: Lin Feng , Cojocaru Bogdan , Chou Chia‐Ling , Cadigan Christopher A. , Ji Yazhou , Nordlund Dennis , Weng Tsu‐Chien , Zheng Zhifeng , Pârvulescu Vasile I. , Richards Ryan M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractZnO and Li‐doped ZnO photocatalysts were prepared by using a solvothermal method, aided by a supercritical drying technique. The structure and morphology of the photocatalysts were investigated by using SEM, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV/Vis and Raman spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity and selectivity were investigated in the aqueous‐phase photodegradation of methylene blue and phenol as model reactions. Herein, it is reported for the first time that Li doping can lead to significant deactivation of the photocatalytic activity (i.e., decreased oxidization capability) of ZnO materials. The distribution of intermediate products (i.e., selectivity) was also significantly modified in the decomposition of phenol catalyzed by Li‐doped ZnO compared to that catalyzed by ZnO. Photoluminescence (PL) and soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies suggested that dopant‐induced surface‐defect states acted as electron–hole combination centers and changed the adsorbate/surface binding, thus causing the deactivation of photocatalytic activity and altering the photocatalytic selectivity in Li‐doped ZnO materials.
Mechanism of Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation of Phosphorothioate Esters: Influence of the Leaving Group on α Regioselectivity
Authors: Sheng Wenhao , Wang Mian , Lein Matthias , Jiang Linbin , Wei Wanxing , Wang Jianyi 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe mechanism of CuI‐catalyzed allylic alkylation and the influence of the leaving groups (OPiv, SPiv, Cl, SPO(OiPr)2; Piv: pivavloyl) on the regioselectivity of the reaction have been explored by using density functional theory (DFT). A comprehensive comparison of many possible reaction pathways shows that [(iPr)2Cu]− prefers to bind first oxidatively to the double bond of the allylic substrate at the anti position with respect to the leaving group, and this is followed by dissociation of the leaving group. If the leaving group is not taken into account, the reaction then undergoes an isomerization and a reductive elimination process to give the α‐ or γ‐selective product. If OPiv, SPiv, Cl, or SPO(OiPr)2 groups are present, the optimal route for the formation of both α‐ and γ‐substituted products changes from the stepwise elimination to the direct process, in which the leaving group plays a stabilizing role for the reactant and destabilizes the transition state. The differences to the energy barrier for the α‐ and γ‐substituted products are 2.75 kcal mol−1 with SPO(OiPr)2, 2.44 kcal mol−1 with SPiv, 2.33 kcal mol−1 with OPiv, and 1.98 kcal mol−1 with Cl, respectively; these values show that α regioselectivity in the allylic alkylation follows a SPO(OiPr)2>SPiv>OPiv>Cl trend, which is in satisfactory agreement with the experimental findings. This trend mainly originates in the differences between the attractive electrostatic forces and the repelling steric interactions of the SPO(OiPr)2, SPiv, OPiv, and Cl groups on the Cu group.
In Silico Design of Heteroaromatic Half‐Sandwich RhI Catalysts for Acetylene [2+2+2] Cyclotrimerization: Evidence of a Reverse Indenyl Effect
Authors: Orian Laura , Wolters Lando P. , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA mechanistic density functional theory study of acetylene [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization to benzene catalyzed by RhI half metallocenes is presented. The catalyst fragment contains a heteroaromatic ligand, that is, the 1,2‐azaborolyl (Ab) or the 3a,7a‐azaborindenyl (Abi) anions, which are isostructural and isoelectronic to the hydrocarbon cyclopentadienyl (Cp) and indenyl (Ind) anions, respectively, but differ from the last ones on having two adjacent carbon atoms replaced with a boron and a nitrogen atom. The better performance of either the classic hydrocarbon or the heteroaromatic catalysts is found to depend on the different mechanistic paths that can be envisioned for the process. The present analyses uncover and explain general structure–reactivity relationships that may serve as rational design principles. In particular, we provide evidence of a reverse indenyl effect.
Highly Efficient CH Oxidative Activation by a Porous MnIII–Porphyrin Metal–Organic Framework under Mild Conditions
Authors: Xie Ming‐Hua , Yang Xiu‐Li , He Yabing , Zhang Jian , Chen Banglin , Wu Chuan‐De 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA simple strategy to rationally immobilize metalloporphyrin sites into porous mixed‐metal–organic framework (M′MOF) materials by a metalloligand approach has been developed to mimic cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in a biological system. The synthesized porous M′MOF of [Zn2(MnOH–TCPP)(DPNI)]⋅0.5 DMF⋅EtOH⋅5.5 H2O (CZJ‐1; CZJ=Chemistry Department of Zhejiang University; TCPP=tetrakis(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrin); DPNI=N,N′‐di(4‐pyridyl)‐1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxydiimide) has the type of doubly interpenetrated cubic α‐Po topology in which the basic Zn2(COO)4 paddle‐wheel clusters are bridged by metalloporphyrin to form two‐dimensional sheets that are further bridged by the organic pillar linker DPNI to form a three‐dimensional porous structure. The porosity of CZJ‐1 has been established by both crystallographic studies and gas‐sorption isotherms. CZJ‐1 exhibits significantly high catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane with conversion of 94 % to the mixture of cyclohexanone (K) and cyclohexanol (A) (so‐called K–A oil) at room temperature. We also provided solid experimental evidence to verify the catalytic reaction that occurred in the pores of the M′MOF catalyst.
Increasing the Structural Span of Alkyne Metathesis
Authors: Persich Peter , Llaveria Josep , Lhermet Rudy , de Haro Teresa , Stade Robert , Kondoh Azusa , Fürstner Alois 
Published: September 2013

AbstractA new generation of alkyne metathesis catalysts, which are distinguished by high activity and an exquisite functional group tolerance, allows the scope of this transformation to be extended beyond its traditional range. They accept substrates that were previously found problematic or unreactive, such as propargyl alcohol derivatives, electron‐deficient and electron‐rich acetylenes of various types, and even terminal alkynes. Moreover, post‐metathetic transformations other than semi‐reduction increase the structural portfolio, as witnessed by the synthesis of a annulated phenol derivative via ring‐closing alkyne metathesis (RCAM) followed by a transannular gold‐catalyzed Conia‐ene reaction. Further examples encompass a post‐metathetic transannular ketone–alkyne cyclization with formation of a trisubstituted furan, a ruthenium‐catalyzed redox isomerization, and a Meyer–Schuster rearrangement/oxa‐Michael cascade. These reaction modes fueled model studies toward salicylate macrolides, furanocembranolides, and the cytotoxic macrolides acutiphycin and enigmazole A; moreover, they served as the key design elements of concise total syntheses of dehydrocurvularin (27) and the antibiotic agent A26771B (36).