bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A STATE‐SPACE MODEL OF SHORT‐ AND LONG‐HORIZON STOCK RETURNS
Authors: Zhou Chunsheng , Qing Chang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this article we propose a new parsimonious state‐space model in which state variables characterize the stochastic movements of stock returns. Using the equally weighted and decile monthly stock returns, we show that (a) a parsimonious state‐space model characterizes the variation in expected returns at any horizon; (b) the extracted expected returns explain a substantial proportion of the variance in realized returns, and the magnitude of this proportion increases significantly with the horizon of returns; (c) the model successfully captures the empirical fact that returns of smaller firms have both stronger positive autocorrelations of short‐horizon returns and stronger negative autocorrelations of long‐horizon returns; and (d) the forecasts of asset returns obtained with the state‐space model subsume the information in other potential predictor variables such as dividend yields.JEL classification: G10, G12.
VOLATILITY SPILLOVERS BETWEEN THE BLACK MARKET AND OFFICIAL MARKET FOR FOREIGN CURRENCY IN GREECE
Authors: Kanas Angelos , Kouretas Georgios P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe issue of volatility spillovers between the black and official exchange markets for U.S. dollars in Greece for 1975–89 is examined. A vector error correction‐bivariate EGARCH model is developed and estimated to capture potential asymmetric effects of innovations and volatility. During the period under investigation, reciprocal spillovers are found between the black and official exchange markets for dollars. Furthermore, spillovers are asymmetric in that bad news in one market has a greater effect on the volatility of the other market than good news. Additionally, the size of spillover effects is greater from the official market to the black market. Finally, the removal of the foreign exchange controls in January 1986 made the volatility of the official exchange rate higher and changed the nature of volatility spillovers between the two markets.JEL Classification: F31, F32
Understanding the Behavior of Native Point Defects in ZrC by First‐Principles Calculations
Authors: Zhang Yanhui , Wang Jiemin , Liu Bin , Wang Jingyang , Zhang Haibin 
Published: August 2014

Phase stability and macroscopic performances of ZrC are closely related to the behavior of native point defects. In this study, structures and stabilities of native point defects in ZrC as well as diffusion of C‐related defects are investigated by first‐principles calculations. It is shown that the carbon vacancy (VC) and interstitials (Cis) are the dominant native point defects in ZrC. Six types of Ci configurations: two C‐trimers, one C‐tetrahedron, and three C‐dimers are identified with low defect formation energies. The VC has a high migration energy (4.39 eV) which suggests its low mobility in ZrC. The Cis have low diffusion energy barriers (from 0.26 to 1.29 eV) which lead to their high mobility. In addition, the impact of defects (VC, VZr, ZrC, and CZr) on bonding strengths of neighboring Zr–C bonds is discussed. Especially near VC, the 1NN (nearest neighboring) and 2NN Zr–C bonds are strengthened but 4NN Zr–C bonds are weakened. Interestingly, the 3NN Zr–C bonds are almost not affected by the presence of VC. These results may be closely related to the short‐range interactions and ordering of VC in nonstoichiometric ZrC.
A similar phylogeographical structure among sympatric North American birches (Betula) is better explained by introgression than by shared biogeographical history
Authors: Thomson Ashley M. , Dick Christopher W. , Dayanandan Selvadurai 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimA comparative analysis of the chloroplast (cp) DNA structure of eastern North American birches (Betula) was undertaken to infer the impacts of Quaternary climate change on the phylogeographical structure of these species.LocationEastern North America.MethodsGenetic variation in chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSRs) and the psbA–trnH intergenic spacer in Betula papyrifera, Betula alleghaniensis and Betula lenta was analysed in samples from 65, 80 and 12 populations, respectively. Co‐occurring Betula uber, Betula populifolia and Betula cordifolia were also sampled to examine haplotype relationships and account for potential introgression. Haplotype networks, Bayesian analysis and comparisons of RST and GST values were used to evaluate the phylogeographical structure. Genetic diversity within and among species was compared using rarefaction analysis.ResultsThe two most widespread species, B. papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis, showed high levels of haplotype diversity, while the Appalachian endemic B. lenta possessed a single haplotype. Bayesian analysis revealed three main phylogeographical groups for B. papyrifera and four groups for B. alleghaniensis, and these two species showed extensive regional haplotype sharing and a high introgression ratio.Main conclusionsWe postulate that at least three separate refugia contributed to the recolonization of B. papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis within eastern North America, while B. lenta appears to have recolonized from a single refugium. A high haplotype diversity of B. papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis in the Great Lakes region may reflect biogeographical contact between eastern and western lineages, with the potential influence of periglacial refugia. Similar phylogeographical patterns in the distantly related B. papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis represent a geographical turnover of the same locally shared haplotypes, pointing to introgression rather than shared biogeographical history as the mechanism. Although similar phylogeographical patterns are often interpreted as evidence for common biogeographical histories, our study demonstrates that such patterns can also arise through introgression.
Er:YAG laser versus scaling and root planing as alternative or adjuvant for chronic periodontitis treatment: a systematic review
Authors: Zhao Yanhui , Yin Yuanzheng , Tao Li , Nie Ping , Tang Yanmei , Zhu Min 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo perform a systematic review to evaluate the erbium‐doped: yttrium, aluminium and garnet (Er:YAG) laser versus scaling and root planing (SRP) as alternative or adjuvant for chronic periodontitis treatment.Material and MethodsWe performed a literature search using six electronic databases and completed by manual searches up to July 2013. We conducted a meta‐analysis as well as heterogeneity, sensitivity, subgroup and power analyses to clarify and validate the pooled results. The 3‐, 6‐ and 12‐month clinical outcomes were evaluated.ResultsTwelve eligible randomized clinical trials were finally included. Our meta‐analysis showed that Er:YAG laser resulted in similar clinical improvements as SRP 3 months postoperatively. For subgroups by laser level, quality of trials and fluorescence feedback device, the results remained consistent. The 6‐ and 12‐month observations between Er:YaG laser and SRP demonstrated no difference but inconclusive, due to large heterogeneity. The advantage of Er:YAG laser adjuvant to SRP for periodontitis treatment was not significant.ConclusionsThis systematic review indicated that the clinical efficacy of Er:YAG laser was similar to SRP 3 months postoperatively. The clinical benefits of Er:YAG laser as adjuvant to SRP was still lacking. Since Er:YAG laser has certain advantages, it could be expected to be a novel short‐term alternative choice for chronic periodontitis.
Psychotic experiences co‐occur with sleep problems, negative affect and mental disorders in preadolescence
Authors: Jeppesen Pia , Clemmensen Lars , Munkholm Anja , Rimvall Martin K. , Rask Charlotte U. , Jørgensen Torben , Larsen Janne T. , Petersen Liselotte , van Os Jim , Skovgaard Anne M. 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundKnowledge on the significance of childhood psychotic symptoms and experiences (PE) is still limited. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical significance of PE in preadolescent children from the general population by use of in‐depth psychopathological interviews and comprehensive diagnostic assessments.MethodsWe investigated 1,632 children from the general population‐based Copenhagen Child Cohort 2000. PE were measured by semistructured interviews using the K‐SADS‐PL‐items on psychotic and affective symptoms, each symptom scored as not present versus likely or definitely present. The Development and Well‐Being Assessment (DAWBA) was used independently to diagnose DSM‐IV‐mental disorders. Puberty development and sleep disturbance were self‐reported. The associations between PE (any lifetime hallucination and/or delusion) and various mental problems and disorders were examined by multivariable binomial regression analyses, adjusting for gender and onset of puberty.ResultsThe weighted life time prevalence of PE at age 11–12 years was 10.9% (CI 9.1–12.7). The majority of children with PE (n = 172) either had a diagnosable DSM‐IV‐mental disorder (31.4%) or self‐reported mental health difficulties in absence of a diagnosis (31.4%). The risk of delusions increased with onset of puberty. The risk of PE increased with emotional and neurodevelopmental disorders, subthreshold depressive symptoms, sleep problems and lack of sleep, regardless of whether PE were expressed as hallucinations and/or delusions. The highest correlations were seen for emotional and multiple disorders.ConclusionsPsychotic experiences are particularly prevalent in the context of affective dysregulation and sleep disturbance, increase with onset of puberty and represent a trans‐diagnostic marker of psychopathology.
Target and non‐target effects of a spider venom toxin produced in transgenic cotton and tobacco plants
Authors: Ullah I. , Hagenbucher S. , Álvarez‐Alfageme F. , Ashfaq M. , Romeis J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe peptide ω‐Hexatoxin‐Hv1a (Hvt) is one of the most studied spider toxins. Its insecticidal potential has been reported against species belonging to the arthropod orders Lepidoptera, Diptera and Orthoptera. The gene encoding Hvt has been transformed into cotton and tobacco to protect the plants from damage by lepidopteran pests. This study evaluated the expression of the ω‐HXTX‐Hv1a gene in transgenic plants, and the toxicity of plant‐expressed and purified Hvt on target lepidopteran insects and on several non‐target species. Transgenic Bollgard II cotton plants, which produce Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 and purified Cry2Ab2 protein were included in the study as comparators. LC95 values of purified Hvt against Spodoptera littoralis and Heliothis virescens were 28.31 and 27.57 μg/ml of artificial diet, respectively. Larval mortality was 100% on Hvt‐transgenic tobacco plants but not on Hvt‐transgenic cotton, probably because of the significantly lower toxin expression level in the transgenic cotton line. Non‐target studies were conducted with larvae of the predators Chrysoperla carnea and Coccinella septempunctata, adults of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani, and adult workers of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Even at 40 μg/ml, Hvt did not adversely affect the four non‐target species. Purified Cry2Ab2 at 10 μg/ml also did not adversely affect any of the non‐target species. Our results show that Hvt might be useful for developing insecticidal plant varieties to control pest Lepidoptera.
Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and the benefits of revaccination
Authors: Cossio‐Gil Yolima , Martínez‐Gómez Xavier , Campins‐Martí Magda , Rodrigo‐Pendás José Ángel , Borruel‐Sainz Natalia , Rodríguez‐Frías Francisco , Casellas‐Jordà Francesc 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackground and AimThe vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) is recommended in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the response to this vaccine seems to be lower in IBD patients than in the general population. This study aims to evaluate the immunogenicity of the HBV vaccine in a cohort of patients with IBD, to associate factors with the response and to analyze the effects of a second schedule vaccination.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults with IBD, susceptible to HBV infection. All patients received a three‐dose standard schedule of HBV vaccine. Non‐responders were revaccinated with a second three‐dose standard schedule. Adequate immunity to HBV was defined as antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs) ≥ 10 mIU/mL. Age, comorbidities, treatment, and other variables were collected.ResultsOne hundred seventy‐two patients were included and received the first HBV vaccine schedule. Eighty‐seven developed anti‐HBs ≥ 10 mIU/mL (50.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 42.9–58.3). From the non‐responders, 53 were revaccinated and 28 showed an adequate serological response (52.8%; 95% CI: 38.6–66.7). Age older than 55 years (OR: 3.6; 95% CI: 1.3–10.2) and comorbidities (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.1–7.1) were associated with suboptimal response. In the multivariate analysis, only age was a predictor of non‐response (age higher than 55 years; OR: 3.9; 95% CI: 1.3–11.9)ConclusionThe response rate to the HBV vaccine is lower in patients with IBD compared with the general population, especially in those older than 55 years. Revaccination improved response rate by 50%.
Peace and Power: A Theory of Emancipatory Group Process
Authors: Chinn Peggy L. , Falk‐Rafael Adeline 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurposeTo present the theoretical basis for the group process known as “Peace and Power.”Organizing ConstructA dialectic between two dominant forms of power—peace powers and power‐over powers—forms the basis for a synthesis that yields an emancipatory group process characterized by praxis, empowerment, awareness, cooperation, and evolvement for individuals and groups.MethodsCritical analysis of prevailing competitive group dynamics and the ideals of cooperative group dynamics was conducted to project the potential for achieving group interactions that yield profound changes in the direction of justice, empowerment, and well‐being for all.ConclusionsThe theoretical framework of “Peace and Power” is consistent with characteristics of emancipatory integrity that are vital for social change.Clinical RelevanceThe processes of “Peace and Power” can be used to create peaceful, cooperative interactions among nurses, with other health professionals, with patients and families, and in communities.
Career Cartography: A Conceptualization of Career Development to Advance Health and Policy
Authors: Feetham Suzanne , Doering Jennifer J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this article is to propose a conceptualization of career development that emphasizes the interdependence between research, practice, and policy.Organizing ConstructCareer cartography applies three decades of career development experience to lay out a systematic, comprehensive, and iterative approach for planning and communicating the outcomes of science at any career stage. To inform practice and policy, nurse researchers must be clear on the intended destination and trajectory of the science, and be skilled in communicating that science and vision to diverse stakeholders. Career cartography builds on the science of cartography, is developed within the context of public and health policy, and is composed of several components, including a destination statement, career mapping, a supportive career cartography team, and use of communication and dissemination strategies.ConclusionsThe successful utilization of career cartography may accelerate advancement of individual careers, scientific impact, and the discipline as a whole by guiding nurse researchers to be deliberative in career planning and to communicate successfully the outcomes of research across a wide variety of stakeholders. Career cartography provides a framework for planning a nurse researcher's program of research and scholarship to advance science, policy, and health of the public.Clinical RelevanceCareer cartography guides nurse researchers to realize their full potential to advance the health of the public and inform public and health policy in academic and practice environments.
Effects of patient position on lower extremity venous pressure during different types of hysterectomy
Authors: Liu Xiaoxia , Wang Xiaohong , Meng Xianhua , Wang Hongping , An Zengshun 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo explore the effects of different types of hysterectomy on lower extremity venous pressure.MethodsNinety‐nine patients with benign uterine diseases who were indicated for hysterectomy were included in the present prospective study. Patients were divided into three groups according to their preferences: (i) total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) group (n = 36); (ii) transvaginal hysterectomy (TVH) group (n = 32); and (iii) transabdominal hysterectomy (TAH) group (n = 31). Lower extremity venous pressure was monitored using a pressure sensor during the surgery.ResultsCompared with the supine position (TAH group, lower extremity venous pressure of intraoperative 16.50 cmH2O), lower extremity venous pressure of the improved lithotomy position (TLH group, lower extremity venous pressure of intraoperative 53.27 cmH2O) and conventional lithotomy position (TVH group, lower extremity venous pressure of intraoperative 42.09 cmH2O) were significantly increased (P < 0.01).Venous pressure was reduced when patients lowered their heads by 15° or 5° in modified or conventional lithotomy positions, respectively (P < 0.01). Venous pressure was increased significantly after the establishment of pneumoperitoneum in the TLH group (P < 0.01).ConclusionModified lithotomy position (TLH group) and conventional lithotomy position (TVH group) and CO2 pneumoperitoneum may result in increased lower extremity venous pressure during hysterectomy. Furthermore, elevated venous pressure can be altered by changing the intraoperative position. Specifically, intraoperative positioning of the lower extremities represents a modifiable risk factor for deep venous thrombosis.
On the Centrality of Action: Social Science, Historical Logics, and Max Weber's Legacy
Authors: Malczewski Eric 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis article draws attention to the fundamental centrality of “action” – i.e. symbolically constituted behavior – for the historical and social sciences. The work of Max Weber and contemporary American historian and theorist William H. Sewell, Jr. are examined, so as to shed light on the debate concerning social science's central subject matter as well as on the implications of this work for sociological and historical theory. The examination of Sewell's view leverages the importance of the concept of action underlying Weber's concept of “social action.” Weber's position on action and social action is of great interest not only to general theory but also to the field of cultural sociology, which has neglected to develop systematically upon the theoretical purchase Weber offers to it.
Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: New Terminology for Vulvovaginal Atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health and The North American Menopause Society
Authors: Portman David J. , Gass Margery L.S. , Vulvovaginal Atrophy Terminology Consensus Conference Panel  
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Introduction
The terminology for the genitourinary tract symptoms related to menopause was vulvovaginal atrophy, which does not accurately describe the symptoms nor is a term that resonates well with patients.

Aim
In 2012, the Board of Directors of the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health (ISSWSH) and the Board of Trustees of The North American Menopause Society (NAMS) acknowledged the need to review current terminology associated with genitourinary tract symptoms related to menopause.

Methods
The two societies cosponsored a terminology consensus conference, which was held in May 2013.

Main Outcome Measure
The development of a new terminology that more accurately described the genitourinary tract symptoms related to menopause.

Results
Members of the consensus conference agreed that the term genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a medically more accurate, all-encompassing, and publicly acceptable term than vulvovaginal atrophy. GSM is defined as a collection of symptoms and signs associated with a decrease in estrogen and other sex steroids involving changes to the labia majora/minora, clitoris, vestibule/introitus, vagina, urethra, and bladder. The syndrome may include but is not limited to genital symptoms of dryness, burning, and irritation; sexual symptoms of lack of lubrication, discomfort or pain, and impaired function; and urinary symptoms of urgency, dysuria, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Women may present with some or all of the signs and symptoms, which must be bothersome and should not be better accounted for by another diagnosis.

Conclusion
The term GSM was presented and discussed at the annual meeting of each society. The respective Boards of NAMS and ISSWSH formally endorsed the new terminology—genitourinary syndrome of menopause—in 2014.
Distributional Language Learning: Mechanisms and Models of Category Formation
Authors: Aslin Richard N. , Newport Elissa L. 
Published: August 2014

In the past 15 years, a substantial body of evidence has confirmed that a powerful distributional learning mechanism is present in infants, children, adults and (at least to some degree) in nonhuman animals as well. The present article briefly reviews this literature and then examines some of the fundamental questions that must be addressed for any distributional learning mechanism to operate effectively within the linguistic domain. In particular, how does a naive learner determine the number of categories that are present in a corpus of linguistic input and what distributional cues enable the learner to assign individual lexical items to those categories? Contrary to the hypothesis that distributional learning and category (or rule) learning are separate mechanisms, the present article argues that these two seemingly different processes—acquiring specific structure from linguistic input and generalizing beyond that input to novel exemplars—actually represent a single mechanism. Evidence in support of this single‐mechanism hypothesis comes from a series of artificial grammar‐learning studies that not only demonstrate that adults can learn grammatical categories from distributional information alone, but that the specific patterning of distributional information among attested utterances in the learning corpus enables adults to generalize to novel utterances or to restrict generalization when unattested utterances are consistently absent from the learning corpus. Finally, a computational model of distributional learning that accounts for the presence or absence of generalization is reviewed and the implications of this model for linguistic‐category learning are summarized.