bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser‐ and Optical‐Based Techniques for the Detection of ExplosivesUpdate based on the original article by David L. Monts, Jagdish P. Singh and Gary M. Boudreaux,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Authors: Hummel R. , Dubroca T. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA wide variety of optical‐ and laser‐based techniques have been and are currently being investigated as means of identifying and characterizing explosive materials. These efforts are hampered by the very low volatility of explosive compounds at room temperature and their tendency to ignite at higher temperatures where their vapor pressures are beginning to reach a regime where the species can be readily detected. Traditional, condensed‐phase absorption spectroscopy (both infrared (IR) and ultraviolet/ visible (UV/VIS)) requires larger samples than are frequently available and, although useful as confirmatory techniques, do not provide signatures that enable unique identification of species. The choice of nontraditional techniques for analysis of explosive materials is dependent upon the amount of sample available, the sample matrix, and sample‐imposed constraints upon the measurement. Raman spectroscopy can identify and quantify condensed phase explosive materials, but the detection limit depends upon substrate, excitation wavelength, and illumination area: limits of detection (LODs) vary from 0.05 ng for 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) on glass to 10 µg for nitroglycerin (NG) on silica gel. The other detection techniques considered require volatilization of either the explosive compound itself or more often of characteristic decomposition products, such as NO, NO2, or N2O. Using IR irradiation, researchers have demonstrated that photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has detection limits ranging from 0.55 ppb (parts per billion) for vapor‐phase NG with 9 mm excitation to 220 ppm (parts per million) for vaporphase 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (DNT) with 6‐µm excitation. IR laser differential absorption detection of dissociation products NO, NO2, and/or N2O can achieve detection limits of a few picograms. Laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) detection of the photofragments (typically NO) of explosive compounds yields detection limits in the tens to hundreds of ppb (by weight) range. Low LODs can be achieved using ion detection techniques: resonance‐enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectrometry is capable of LODs for detecting vapor‐phase explosives compounds in the hundredths to tens of ppb range; ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has vapor‐phase detection limits for common explosive compounds of typically 200 pg, but for some species can be significantly lower: for example, 1 pg for TNT.
Nanoparticles in Foods, Determination of
Authors: Blasco Cristina , Picó Yolanda 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the state of the art in the identification and determination of nanoparticles in food. It is of utmost importance to determine, in addition to the particle‐size distribution, the chemical composition as well as the physical and chemical properties of the nanomaterials within the sample. After a brief description of what nanomaterials are and how to classify them, sources and routes of nanomaterials to food are discussed. The article then follows the debate on legislative consideration, which has emerged very recently. Its main aim is to deliver information on how nanomaterials are determined in food because of the number of challenges that arise when analyzing food and beverages for nanomaterials. No single technique can provide all relevant information. Therefore, a range of analytical techniques is required for detection and characterization of nanomaterials in foods. The principles of the techniques together with their advantages and drawbacks, and reported applications concerning nanoparticles or related nanocompounds are discussed.
Duty to Warn
Authors: Stankowski Joy 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn law, duty to warn states that a party may be held liable for damages sustained to a second party, if the first party had an opportunity to warn the second, and failed to do so. This concept was applied to mental health practitioners in the landmark California Supreme Court case,Tarasoff v. Regents(hereafter known asTarasoff I), which established the duty of a therapist to warn foreseeable victims of patients. In the rehearing of Tarasoff I in 1976 (hereafter known asTarasoff), the court clarified that the duty was to protect, with warning a possible victim being one way of discharging this duty. For the past four decades, both therapists and courts have wrestled with the implications of the Tarasoff duty. In the United States, the majority of states have adopted Tarasoff‐like statutes, with various interpretations and limitations. Canada and the United Kingdom have also considered Tarasoff‐like statues, but to date, have mostly relied on an unlegislated concept that public protection typically supersedes patient confidentiality. This article examines the history of duty to protect, before and after Tarasoff, controversies surrounding this duty, and current trends.
Genomics and Behavioral Evidence
Authors: Bernet William 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This article summarizes the history and current status of testimony regarding behavioral genetics and genomics. Depending on the case specifics, testimony regarding a person's genetic makeup may constitute evidence of a particular psychiatric diagnosis, may simply support the diagnosis in a general way, or may help explain the person's behavior. In criminal trials, testimony regarding behavioral genomics—including gene and environment interactions—is most likely to be relevant as mitigation in sentencing hearings. Ordinarily, genotyping a defendant is only one part of a comprehensive psychiatric and psychological forensic evaluation.
Arab World Psychology
Authors: Ibrahim Abdel‐Sattar 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The phrase “Arab world” refers to the Middle Eastern Arab countries from Morocco to the Arabian Gulf . Arab societies are highly diverse and consist of heterogeneous psychosocial systems based on ethnic, regional, socioeconomic, and national identities. Despite differences among the nations and regions of the Arab world, there are broad commonalities in religion, language, and psychosocial trends that are all part of the shared cultural heritage.
Impact of Relevance and Distraction on Driving Performance and Visual Attention in a Simulated Driving Environment
Authors: Garrison Teena M. , Williams Carrick C. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryPrevious demonstrations of the impact of cellular phone conversations on visual attention when driving have primarily focused on attention to stimuli that are not relevant to driving. In contrast, we used a driving simulator and eye tracking to examine attention allocation across driving‐relevant and driving‐irrelevant items in the environment depending on whether drivers were distracted. Performance measures indicated that distraction negatively impacted vehicle control. However, driving relevance and the presence of distraction did not interact, suggesting that participants responded to potential hazards similarly in driving‐only and distraction conditions. In contrast, eye movement results indicated an interaction between distraction and relevance. Drivers attended more to driving‐relevant objects, and these objects showed smaller decrements in number of gazes in the distraction condition, compared with less relevant items. Even under distraction conditions, experienced drivers continued to attend to potential hazards, allocating less attention to billboards and roadway signage. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synergy of Pickering Emulsion and Sol‐Gel Process for the Construction of an Efficient, Recyclable Enzyme Cascade System
Authors: Shi Jiafu , Wang Xiaoli , Zhang Wenyan , Jiang Zhongyi , Liang Yanpeng , Zhu Yuanyuan , Zhang Chunhong 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAn efficient, easily recyclable enzyme cascade system based on nanoparticle‐stabilized capsules (NPSCs) is constructed through a synergy of a Pickering emulsion and sol‐gel process. Specifically, oligodopa‐coated titania nanoparticles (biomimetic titania) containing the first enzyme (FateDH) are synthesized through a bioadhesion‐assisted biomimetic mineralization approach. The biomimetic titania is then spontaneously assembled at the interface between the oil phase (hexadecane/butyl titanate (BuTi) mixture) and water phase during the formation of Pickering emulsions. The sol‐gel process of BuTi can produce not only butanol for assisting the formation of Pickering emulsions but also titania gel particles (sol‐gel titania) for cross‐linking the biomimetic titania through catechol‐titanium chelating. The NPSCs obtained, which contain the first enzyme, conjugate the second enzyme (FaldDH) onto the surface for constructing the enzyme cascade system. The system exhibits high activity and stability, particularly, superior recyclability for conversion of CO2 into formaldehyde. In detail, the system shows a formaldehyde yield of 50.0%, and can quickly float onto the air/water interface soon after stopping the agitation of reaction mixtures, which ensures that the formaldehyde yield keeps almost unaltered after 10 times recycling. This study will be useful for facile construction of a wealth of catalytic systems with efficient, recyclable attributes.
Preparation of Iron Networks Hosted in Porous Alumina with Tunable Negative Permittivity and Permeability
Authors: Shi Zhi‐cheng , Fan Run‐hua , Yan Ke‐lan , Sun Kai , Zhang Meng , Wang Cheng‐guo , Liu Xiang‐fa , Zhang Xi‐hua 
Published: March 2013

AbstractRandom composites of iron particles hosted in porous alumina were prepared from a facile impregnation‐reduction process. Interestingly, when the iron content exceeds the percolation threshold, the interconnection of iron particles results in the formation of iron networks. The composites then change from capacitive to inductive and the conductive mechanism changes from hopping conduction to metal‐like conduction. The negative permittivity was attributed to the plasma oscillation of delocalized electrons in iron networks, while the negative permeability could be ascribed to the strong diamagnetic response of current loops in iron networks. The negative permittivity behavior of the iron/alumina composite was analyzed using Drude model. Additionally, the fitting results indicated that the effective plasma frequency of the iron/alumina composite is much lower than bulk iron. Further investigations show that, the iron content and reduction temperature can easily tune the amplitude and frequency ranges of the negative permittivity and permeability. Moreover, the negative permittivity region and the negative permeability region can be pushed to the same frequency region by adjusting the iron content and reduction temperature. The impregnation‐reduction process opens a new way for the realization of tunable negative permittivity and permeability in random composites, and has great potential for the preparation of new types of double negative materials.
Graphene/SiO2/p‐GaN Diodes: An Advanced Economical Alternative for Electrically Tunable Light Emitters
Authors: Chang Che‐Wei , Tan Wei‐Chun , Lu Meng‐Lin , Pan Tai‐Chun , Yang Ying‐Jay , Chen Yang‐Fang 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAdvanced materials that combine novel functionality and ease of applicability are central to the development of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), which is of ever increasing commercial importance. Here a new metal‐insulator‐semiconductor (MIS) LED structure that combines economical fabrication with novel device properties is reported. The presented MIS‐LED consists of a graphene electrode on p‐GaN substrate separated by an insulating SiO2 layer. It is found that the MIS‐LED possesses a unique tunability of the electroluminescence spectra depending on the bias conditions. Tunnel injection from graphene into the p‐GaN can explain the difference in luminescence spectra under forward and reverse bias. The demonstrated MIS‐LED expands the use of graphene and also possibly allows the direct integration of light emitters with other circuit elements.
Stretching‐Induced Growth of PEDOT‐Rich Cores: A New Mechanism for Strain‐Dependent Resistivity Change in PEDOT:PSS Films
Authors: Lee Yoo‐Yong , Lee Ji‐Hoon , Cho Ju‐Young , Kim Na‐Rae , Nam Dae‐Hyun , Choi In‐Suk , Nam Ki Tae , Joo Young‐Chang 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIt remains a fundamental challenge in the development of stretchable electronics to understand how mechanical strain changes the electrical properties of materials. Although the piezoresistive behavior of poly(3,4‐ethylene‐ dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been observed, its intrinsic origin is not yet fully understood because there are many extrinsic contributing factors and an experimental platform with which to assess such behavior has not been established. Here, systematic analysis shows that the matching Poisson's ratio and elastic modulus between PEDOT:PSS films and their underlying substrates is important in decoupling the factors that affect the material's piezoresistivity, allowing for tunable resistivity. Based on such a fundamental understanding, the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS can be controlled to be invariant and decrease as a function of applied tensile stress. Furthermore, a linear response of the resistivity with respect to mechanical strains of up to 60%, which has never before been realized, is shown. The irreversible conductivity enhancement is primarily caused by the coalescence‐induced growth of conductive PEDOT‐rich cores.
Near‐Infrared SERS Nanoprobes with Plasmonic Au/Ag Hollow‐Shell Assemblies for In Vivo Multiplex Detection
Authors: Kang Homan , Jeong Sinyoung , Park Younggeun , Yim Joonhyuk , Jun Bong‐Hyun , Kyeong San , Yang Jin‐Kyoung , Kim Gunsung , Hong SoonGweon , Lee Luke P. , Kim Jong‐Ho , Lee Ho‐Young , Jeong Dae Hong , Lee Yoon‐Sik 
Published: March 2013

AbstractFor the effective application of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoprobes for in vivo targeting, the tissue transparency of the probe signals should be as high as it can be in order to increase detection sensitivity and signal reproducibility. Here, near‐infrared (NIR)‐sensitive SERS nanoprobes (NIR SERS dots) are demonstrated for in vivo multiplex detection. The NIR SERS dots consist of plasmonic Au/Ag hollow‐shell (HS) assemblies on the surface of silica nanospheres and simple aromatic Raman labels. The diameter of the HS interior is adjusted from 3 to 11 nm by varying the amount of Au3+ added, which results in a red‐shift of the plasmonic extinction of the Au/Ag nanoparticles toward the NIR (700–900 nm). The red‐shifted plasmonic extinction of NIR SERS dots causes enhanced SERS signals in the NIR optical window where endogenous tissue absorption coefficients are more than two orders of magnitude lower than those for ultraviolet and visible light. The signals from NIR SERS dots are detectable from 8‐mm deep in animal tissues. Three kinds of NIR SERS dots, which are injected into live animal tissues, produce strong SERS signals from deep tissues without spectral overlap, demonstrating their potential for in vivo multiplex detection of specific target molecules.
μHall Chip for Sensitive Detection of Bacteria
Authors: Issadore David , Chung Hyun Jung , Chung Jaehoon , Budin Ghyslain , Weissleder Ralph , Lee Hakho 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSensitive, rapid and phenotype‐specific enumeration of pathogens is essential for the diagnosis of infectious disease, monitoring of food chains, and for defense against bioterrorism. Microbiological culture and genotyping, techniques that sensitively and selectively detect bacteria in laboratory settings, have limited application in clinical environments due to high cost, slow response times, and the need for specially trained staff and laboratory infrastructure. To address these challenges, we developed a microfluidic chip‐based micro‐Hall (μHall) platform capable of measuring single, magnetically tagged bacteria directly in clinical specimens with minimal sample processing. We demonstrated the clinical utility of the μHall chip by enumerating Gram‐positive bacteria. The overall detection limit of the system was similar to that of culture tests (∼10 bacteria), but the assay time was 50‐times faster. This low‐cost, single‐cell analytical technique is especially well‐suited to diagnose infectious diseases in resource‐limited clinical settings.
In Vivo Treatment of Propionibacterium acnes Infection with Liposomal Lauric Acids
Authors: Pornpattananangkul Dissaya , Fu Victoria , Thamphiwatana Soracha , Zhang Li , Chen Michael , Vecchio James , Gao Weiwei , Huang Chun‐Ming , Zhang Liangfang 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPropionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is a Gram‐positive bacterium strongly associated with acne infection. While many antimicrobial agents have been used in clinic to treat acne infection by targeting P. acnes, these existing anti‐acne agents usually produce considerable side effects. Herein, the development and evaluation of liposomal lauric acids (LipoLA) is reported as a new, effective and safe therapeutic agent for the treatment of acne infection. By incorporating lauric acids into the lipid bilayer of liposomes, it is observed that the resulting LipoLA readily fuse with bacterial membranes, causing effective killing of P. acnes by disrupting bacterial membrane structures. Using a mouse ear model, we demonstrated that the bactericidal property of LipoLA against P. acne is well preserved at physiological conditions. Topically applying LipoLA in a gel form onto the infectious sites leads to eradication of P. acnes bacteria in vivo. Further skin toxicity studies show that LipoLA does not induce acute toxicity to normal mouse skin, while benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid, the two most popular over‐the‐counter acne medications, generate moderate to severe skin irritation within 24 h. These results suggest that LipoLA hold a high therapeutic potential for the treatment of acne infection and other P. acnes related diseases.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Michael Addition/Carbon‐Carbon Bond Cleavage of Trifluoromethyl α‐Fluorinated gem‐Diols to Nitroolefins
Authors: Saidalimu Ibrayim , Fang Xiang , Lv Wenwen , Yang Xueyan , He Xiaopeng , Zhang Jingyuan , Wu Fanhong 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA new organocatalytic asymmetric Michael addition reaction by cleavage of carbon‐carbon bonds through a mild release of trifluoroacetate has been developed. The reported method generates the decarboxylated γ‐nitro‐α‐fluorocarbonyl products with excellent enantioselectivies (up to 98% ee) and good diastereoselectivies (up to 20:1 dr).
Lipase/Acetamide‐Catalyzed Carbon‐Carbon Bond Formations: A Mechanistic View
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Yang , Chen Guo‐Jun , Wang Jun‐Liang , Wu Qi , Lin Xian‐Fu 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB)/acetamide‐catalyzed Michael addition of less‐activated ketones and aromatic nitroolefins has been developed, which is particularly interesting because neither CALB nor acetamide can independently catalyze the reaction to any appreciable extent. This co‐catalyst system was applicable to the Michael additions of cyclic and acyclic ketones to a series of aromatic and heteroaromatic nitroolefins. Hydrogen bonds between acetamide and cyclohexanone were confirmed for the observed activation by experimental facts, and new mechanistic insights into CALB/acetamide co‐catalysis are presented.
A New Henry/Michael/Retro‐Henry/Henry Domino Sequence Promoted by Bifunctional Organocatalysts
Authors: Quintavalla Arianna , Lombardo Marco , Sanap Shrihari P. , Trombini Claudio 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA highly stereoselective route to densely functionalized cyclohexanes is described, via a Cinchona‐based bifunctional organocatalyzed Henry/Michael/retro‐Henry/Henry domino reaction. The peculiar stereoconvergent mechanism allows the creation of up to four contiguous stereocenters in a highly stereodefined manner starting from both achiral aldehydes and racemic nitro alcohols. The simple and efficient protocol can be exploited to synthesize a wide range of substrates and also useful bioactive molecules.
Accelerated Zincations for an Efficient and Mild Functionalization of Aromatics and Heterocycles
Authors: Unsinn Andreas , Wunderlich Stefan H. , Knochel Paul 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAn improved process for the preparation of aromatic and heteroaromatic diorganozinc reagents and their subsequent reaction with electrophiles is presented. The new method, featuring the use of a 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidyl (TMP) magnesium base in the presence of zinc chloride (ZnCl2), is superior to the previous methods, which require the preparation of zinc bases. Specifically, the shorter reaction times under mild conditions provide an easier and more practical process, while the use of only a slight excess of the amide allows the isolation of products in high yields. These improvements are particularly significant for the large‐scale preparation of organozincs and their subsequent reactions. Remarkably, beside the high kinetic activity, a wide range of functional groups is tolerated and sensitive heteroaromatics can easily be converted into the corresponding organometallic reagents and reacted with various electrophiles.
Donor–Acceptor Shape Matching Drives Performance in Photovoltaics
Authors: Schiros Theanne , Kladnik Gregor , Prezzi Deborah , Ferretti Andrea , Olivieri Giorgia , Cossaro Albano , Floreano Luca , Verdini Alberto , Schenck Christine , Cox Marshall , Gorodetsky Alon A. , Plunkett Kyle , Delongchamp Dean , Nuckolls Colin , Morgante Alberto , Cvetko Dean , Kymissis Ioannis 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWhile the demonstrated power conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) now exceeds 10%, new design rules are required to tailor interfaces at the molecular level for optimal exciton dissociation and charge transport in higher efficiency devices. We show that molecular shape‐complementarity between donors and acceptors can drive performance in OPV devices. Using core hole clock (CHC) X‐ray spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT), we compare the electronic coupling, assembly, and charge transfer rates at the interface between C60 acceptors and flat‐ or contorted‐hexabenzocorone (HBC) donors. The HBC donors have similar optoelectronic properties but differ in molecular contortion and shape matching to the fullerene acceptors. We show that shape‐complementarity drives self‐assembly of an intermixed morphology with a donor/acceptor (D/A) ball‐and‐socket interface, which enables faster electron transfer from HBC to C60. The supramolecular assembly and faster electron transfer rates in the shape complementary heterojunction lead to a larger active volume and enhanced exciton dissociation rate. This work provides fundamental mechanistic insights on the improved efficiency of organic photovoltaic devices that incorporate these concave/convex D/A materials.
Investigation of Quinquethiophene Derivatives with Different End Groups for High Open Circuit Voltage Solar Cells
Authors: Long Guankui , Wan Xiangjian , Kan Bin , Liu Yongsheng , He Guangrui , Li Zhi , Zhang Yawei , Zhang Yi , Zhang Qian , Zhang Mingtao , Chen Yongsheng 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThree quinquethiophene derivatives with different end groups of octyl 2‐cyanoacetate (DCAO5T), 3‐ethylrhodanine (DERHD5T) and 2H‐indene‐1,3‐dione (DIN5T) are synthesized in order to obtain higher open circuit voltage (Voc) than their septithiophene analogs. The photovoltaic performance of these three molecules as donors and fullerene derivatives as the acceptors in bulk heterojunction solar cells are studied by using the simple solution spin‐coating fabrication process. Among them, DERHD5T shows Voc as high as 1.08 volt and power conversion efficiency of 4.63% under AM 1.5G irradiation (100 mW cm−2). The reasons for the high Voc were investigated by the theoretical simulations and consistent results have been obtained in comparison with experimental measurements.