bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus significantly modifies the soil bacterial community and nitrogen cycling during litter decomposition
Authors: Nuccio Erin E. , Hodge Angela , Pett‐Ridge Jennifer , Herman Donald J. , Weber Peter K. , Firestone Mary K. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) perform an important ecosystem service by improving plant nutrient capture from soil, yet little is known about how AMF influence soil microbial communities during nutrient uptake. We tested whether an AMF modifies the soil microbial community and nitrogen cycling during litter decomposition. A two‐chamber microcosm system was employed to create a root‐free soil environment to control AMF access to 13C‐ and 15N‐labelled root litter. Using a 16S rRNA gene microarray, we documented that approximately 10% of the bacterial community responded to the AMF, Glomus hoi. Taxa from the Firmicutes responded positively to AMF, while taxa from the Actinobacteria and Comamonadaceae responded negatively to AMF. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that AMF may influence bacterial community assembly processes. Using nanometre‐scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) we visualized the location of AMF‐transported 13C and 15N in plant roots. Bulk isotope ratio mass spectrometry revealed that the AMF exported 4.9% of the litter 15N to the host plant (Plantago lanceolata L.), and litter‐derived 15N was preferentially exported relative to litter‐derived 13C. Our results suggest that the AMF primarily took up N in the inorganic form, and N export is one mechanism by which AMF could modify the soil microbial community and decomposition processes.
VitaminDand Type 2 diabetes mellitus (维生素D与2型糖尿病)
Authors: Xuan Yan , Zhao Hong‐yan , Liu Jian‐Min 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBased on increasing evidence from animal and human studies, vitaminDdeficiency is now regarded as a potential risk factor for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). VitaminDis involved in the pathogenesis of pancreaticβ‐cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and systemic inflammation, conditions that contribute to the development ofT2DM. VitaminDcan affect the progress of this disease directly through the activation of its own receptor, and indirectly via the regulation of calcium homeostasis. Observational studies have revealed the association between vitaminDdeficiency and incidentT2DM. More double‐blind randomized control studies that investigate the effects of vitaminDsupplementation on insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and the occurrence ofT2DMare needed.
Commemorating Conflict and the Ancient British Past in Augustan Britain
Authors: ATHERTON IAN 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article locates the roots of much current memorialising practice in the early eighteenth century, when medieval traditions of commemorating conflict through erecting memorials on battlefields were revived. Through an examination of two cases, a memorial to the fifth‐century Alleluia Victory erected in 1736 by Nehemiah Griffith (which can be compared with his poems) and Sanderson Miller's mid‐eighteenth‐century designed landscape to commemorate the battle of Edgehill (1642), the article also examines the use in such memorials of figures and languages from the ancient British and Saxon pasts to celebrate ideas of British and Protestant liberty and identity.
Field evidence of selenium bioreduction in a uranium‐contaminated aquifer
Authors: Williams Kenneth H. , Wilkins Michael J. , N'Guessan A. Lucie , Arey Bruce , Dodova Elena , Dohnalkova Alice , Holmes Dawn , Lovley Derek R. , Long Philip E. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryRemoval of selenium from groundwater was documented during injection of acetate into a uranium‐contaminated aquifer near Rifle, Colorado (USA). Bioreduction of aqueous selenium to its elemental form (Se0) concentrated it within mineralized biofilms affixed to tubing used to circulate acetate‐amended groundwater. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed close association between Se0 precipitates and cell surfaces, with Se0 aggregates having a diameter of 50–60 nm. Accumulation of Se0 within biofilms occurred over a three‐week interval at a rate of c. 9 mg Se0 m−2 tubing day−1. Removal was inferred to result from the activity of a mixed microbial community within the biofilms capable of coupling acetate oxidation to the reduction of oxygen, nitrate and selenate. Phylogenetic analysis of the biofilm revealed a community dominated by strains of Dechloromonas sp. and Thauera sp., with isolates exhibiting genetic similarity to the latter known to reduce selenate to Se0. Enrichment cultures of selenate‐respiring microorganisms were readily established using Rifle site groundwater and acetate, with cultures dominated by strains closely related to D. aromatica (96–99% similarity). Predominance of Dechloromonas sp. in recovered biofilms and enrichments suggests this microorganism may play a role in the removal of selenium oxyanions present in Se‐impacted groundwaters and sediments.
Association between theA107Vsubstitution in the δ‐opioid receptors and ethanol drinking in mice selected for high and low analgesia
Authors: Sacharczuk Mariusz , Lesniak Anna , Lipkowski Andrzej W. , Korostynski Michal , Przewlocki Ryszard , Sadowski Bogdan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractExperimental evidence suggests that endogenous opioids play an important role in the development of ethanol addiction. In this study, we employed two mouse lines divergently bred for opioid‐mediated stress‐induced analgesia. In comparison withHA(high analgesia line) mice,LA(low analgesia line) mice, having lower opioid receptor system activity, manifest enhanced basal as well as stress‐induced ethanol drinking. Here, we found that recently discoveredC320Ttransition in exon 2 of the δ‐opioid receptor gene (EU446125.1), which results in anA107Vsubstitution (ACA23171.1), leads to higher ethanol preference inCTmice compared withCChomozygotes. This genetic association is particularly evident under chronic mild stress (CMS) conditions. The interaction between stress and ethanol intake was significantly stronger inHAthan inLAmice. Ethanol almost completely attenuated the pro‐depressive effect ofCMS(assessed with the tail suspension test) in both theCCandCTgenotypes in theHAline. In theLAmice, a lack of response to ethanol was observed in theCCgenotype, whereas ethanol consumption strengthened depressive‐like behaviours inCTindividuals. Our results suggest that constitutively activeA107Vsubstitution in δ‐opioid receptors may be involved in stress‐enhanced vulnerability to ethanol abuse and in the risk of ethanol dependence.
Allometry of thermal variables in mammals: consequences of body size and phylogeny
Authors: Riek Alexander , Geiser Fritz 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTA large number of analyses have examined how basal metabolic rate (BMR) is affected by body mass in mammals. By contrast, the critical ambient temperatures that define the thermo‐neutral zone (TNZ), in whichBMRis measured, have received much less attention. We provide the first phylogenetic analyses on scaling of lower and upper critical temperatures and the breadth of theTNZin 204 mammal species from diverse orders. The phylogenetic signal of thermal variables was strong for all variables analysed. Most allometric relationships between thermal variables and body mass were significant and regressions using phylogenetic analyses fitted the data better than conventional regressions. Allometric exponents for all mammals were 0.19 for the lower critical temperature (expressed as body temperature ‐ lower critical temperature), −0.027 for the upper critical temperature, and 0.17 for the breadth ofTNZ. The small exponents for the breadth of theTNZcompared to the large exponents forBMRsuggest thatBMRper seaffects the influence of body mass onTNZonly marginally. However, the breadth of theTNZis also related to the apparent thermal conductance and it is therefore possible thatBMRat different body masses is a function of both the heat exchange in theTNZand that encountered below and above theTNZto permit effective homeothermic thermoregulation.
Forkhead box P3 regulatory T cells coexisting with cancer associated fibroblasts are correlated with a poor outcome in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kinoshita Tomonari , Ishii Genichiro , Hiraoka Nobuyoshi , Hirayama Shunki , Yamauchi Chisako , Aokage Keiju , Hishida Tomoyuki , Yoshida Junji , Nagai Kanji , Ochiai Atsushi 
Published: January 2013

Recently, an association between tumor infiltrating Forkhead box P3 regulatory T cells (Treg) and an unfavorable prognosis has been clinically shown in some cancers, but the mechanism of Treg induction in the tumor microenvironment remains uncertain. The aims of the present study were to examine the relationship between Treg and patient outcome and to investigate whether Treg induction is influenced by the characteristics of cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAF) in lung adenocarcinoma. The numbers of Treg in both the tumor stroma and the tumor nest were counted in 200 consecutive pathological stage I lung invasive adenocarcinoma specimens. To examine whether the characteristics of CAF influence Treg induction, we selected and cultured CAF from low Treg and high Treg adenocarcinoma. The number of Treg was much higher in the stroma than in the nest (P < 0.01). Patients with high Treg had a significantly poorer prognosis than those with low Treg (overall survival: P = 0.03; recurrence‐free survival: P = 0.02; 5‐year overall survival: 85.4% vs 93.0%). Compared with the CAF from low Treg adenocarcinoma, culture supernatant of the CAF from high Treg adenocarcinoma induced more Treg (P = 0.01). Also, CAF from high Treg adenocarcinoma expressed significantly higher mRNA levels of transforming growth factor‐β (P = 0.01) and vascular endothelial growth factor (P = 0.01), both of which are involved in Treg induction. Our studies suggest the possibility that CAF expressing immunoregulatory cytokines may induce Treg in the stroma, creating a tumor‐promoting microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma that leads to a poor outcome.
Identification and characterization ofPlAlix, theAlix homologue from theMediterranean sea urchinParacentrotus lividus
Authors: Romancino Daniele P. , Anello Letizia , Morici Giovanni , d'Azzo Alessandra , Bongiovanni Antonella , Di Bernardo Maria 
Published: January 2013

The sea urchin provides a relatively simple and tractable system for analyzing the early stages of embryo development. Here, we use the sea urchin species,Paracentrotus lividus, to investigate the role of Alix in key stages of embryogenesis, namely the egg fertilization and the first cleavage division. Alix is a multifunctional protein involved in different cellular processes including endocytic membrane trafficking, filamentous (F)‐actin remodeling, and cytokinesis.Alix homologues have been identified in different metazoans; in these organisms,Alix is involved in oogenesis and in determination/differentiation events during embryo development. Herein, we describe the identification of the sea urchin homologue ofAlix,PlAlix. The deduced amino acid sequence shows thatAlix is highly conserved in sea urchins. Accordingly, we detect thePlAlix protein cross‐reacting with monoclonalAlix antibodies in extracts fromP. lividus, at different developmental stages. Focusing on the role ofPlAlix during early embryogenesis we found thatPlAlix is a maternal protein that is expressed at increasingly higher levels from fertilization to the 2‐cell stage embryo. In sea urchin eggs,PlAlix localizes throughout the cytoplasm with a punctuated pattern and, soon after fertilization, accumulates in larger puncta in the cytosol, and in microvilli‐like protrusions. Together our data show thatPlAlix is structurally conserved from sea urchin to mammals and may open new lines of inquiry into the role ofAlix during the early stages of embryo development.
Low biodiversity state persists two decades after cessation of nutrient enrichment
Authors: Isbell Forest , Tilman David , Polasky Stephen , Binder Seth , Hawthorne Peter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAlthough nutrient enrichment frequently decreases biodiversity, it remains unclear whether such biodiversity losses are readily reversible, or are critical transitions between alternative low‐ and high‐diversity stable states that could be difficult to reverse. Our 30‐year grassland experiment shows that plant diversity decreased well below control levels after 10 years of chronic high rates (95–270 kg N ha−1 year−1) of nitrogen addition, and did not recover to control levels 20 years after nitrogen addition ceased. Furthermore, we found a hysteretic response of plant diversity to increases and subsequent decreases in soil nitrate concentrations. Our results suggest that chronic nutrient enrichment created an alternative low‐diversity state that persisted despite decreases in soil nitrate after cessation of nitrogen addition, and despite supply of propagules from nearby high‐diversity plots. Thus, the regime shifts between alternative stable states that have been reported for some nutrient‐enriched aquatic ecosystems may also occur in grasslands.
Blood lactate concentrations in ponies and miniature horses with gastrointestinal disease
Authors: Dunkel B. , Kapff J. E. , Naylor R. J. , Boston R. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studyClinical impression suggested that pony and miniature breeds (collectively referred to as ponies) presenting to a referral hospital for investigation of gastrointestinal disease had higher blood lactate concentrations on admission than large breed horses.ObjectivesThe study tested the hypothesis that ponies with gastrointestinal disease had higher blood lactate concentrations on admission than large breed horses with similar disease severity.Study designRetrospective case–control study.MethodsMedical records fromSeptember 2006 toJuly 2011 were reviewed for ponies with a primary presenting complaint of gastrointestinal disease. Two larger breed horses with gastrointestinal disease were selected as controls for each case. Data collected included case details, historical and clinicopathological findings, diagnosis and outcome.ResultsInformation was collected on 50 ponies and 100 horses. Ponies had higher mean ± s.d. respiratory rates (27 ± 13 vs. 21 ± 13 beats/min;P= 0.01) and rectal temperatures (37.9 ± 0.6 vs. 37.4 ± 0.6°C;P= 0.006) and a longer median duration of clinical signs prior to presentation (10 h [1–72 h] vs. 6 h [1–120];P<0.001). Median blood lactate concentrations on admission were higher in ponies than in horses (2.8 mmol/l [0.7–18.0] vs. 1.6 mmol/l [0.4–8.1];P= 0.001). All other parameters relating to colic severity were not significantly different between groups, although more horses underwent exploratory laparotomy (19/50 ponies and 55/100 horses;P= 0.05). Median blood lactate concentrations in ponies with large intestinal disease, nonstrangulating lesions, undergoing medical treatment and surviving ponies were significantly higher than in horses in the same category. In contrast to horses, no differences in blood lactate concentrations exist between ponies with medical vs. surgical treatment, strangulating and nonstrangulating lesions and surviving and nonsurviving ponies.Conclusion and potential relevancePonies might present with higher blood lactate concentrations than horses and might falsely be suspected of having a surgical lesion or a poorer prognosis if veterinarians are not aware of breed differences.
Exposure of mares to processionary caterpillars (Ochrogaster lunifer) in early pregnancy: An additional dimension to equine amnionitis and fetal loss
Authors: Cawdell‐Smith A. J. , Todhunter K. H. , Perkins N. R. , Bryden W. L. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studyEquine amnionitis and fetal loss (EAFL) is an unusual form of abortion in mid‐ to late‐gestation mares, first identified in Australia in 2004. It has been shown that both whole processionary caterpillars (Ochrogaster lunifer) and their shed exoskeletons can induce abortion in mares during midgestation. These abortions exhibited gross pathology and bacteriology results consistent with field cases of EAFL.ObjectivesTo determine whether exposure of mares to the shed exoskeletons of processionary caterpillars can induce abortion in the preplacentation (<35 days' gestation) and early placentation (45–60 days) stages of pregnancy.Study designIn vivo experimental study.MethodsMares less than 35 days' gestation and between 45 and 60 days' gestation were exposed to a slurry of shed processionary caterpillar exoskeletons by nasogastric intubation. Mares were monitored by clinical examination daily. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed daily (control and treated preplacentation mares, treated early placentation mares) or every second day (control early placentation mares). Uterine swabs were collected from mares that aborted. All live foals underwent a clinical examination. Placentas were examined, with sampling for bacteriology and histopathology if appropriate.ResultsAbortions occurred in treated mares in both experiments without signs of impending abortion. One mare aborted in the embryonic stage experiment and 2 in the early placentation experiment. Embryonic and fetal death was detected on transrectal ultrasonography prior to abortion. In the early placentation experiment, one foal was born 5 weeks preterm and was very small, with laxity of the tendons in all limbs. Enteric or environmental bacteria, consistent with EAFL, were isolated from the mares that aborted. Focal mucoid placentitis lesions were present on the placentas of 2 treated mares, one from each experiment.Conclusions and potential relevanceProcessionary caterpillar exposure may be associated with EAFL‐related embryonic and early fetal loss in mares. Processionary caterpillars may also play a role in the occurrence of focal mucoid placentitis.
Spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) in relation to spatial distributions of krill in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Murase Hiroto , Kitakado Toshihide , Hakamada Takashi , Matsuoka Koji , Nishiwaki Shigetoshi , Naganobu Mikio 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales in the Ross Sea with relation to spatial distributions of their prey – krill – was investigated in this study using generalized additive models (GAMs). Spatial distributions of two species of krill (ice and Antarctic krill) were estimated by GAMs. Three abiotic factors – distance from the continental shelf break (800 m isobaths), the mean temperature and salinity from the surface to 200 m (MTEM‐200 and MSAL‐200), and latitude and longitude – were used as covariates for models of krill. Estimated spatial distributions of krill were then used with other covariates to model the spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales. In the selected model of Antarctic minke whales, Antarctic krill were more influential than ice krill. The number of Antarctic minke whales increased as the density of Antarctic krill increased to around 1.5 g m−2. Beyond that, the number of Antarctic minke whales decreased as the density of Antarctic krill increased. High densities of the Antarctic minke whales were estimated along the sea ice edge in the eastern part of the Ross Sea. Specifically, the densities were high in the north of the continental shelf break where low MTEM‐200 and MSAL‐200 and intermediate densities of Antarctic krill were observed. Further data collection is needed to investigate interannual variations and trends in their relationship. The results show that the spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales is a function of longitude, distance from the shelf break, oceanographic condition (temperature and salinity), and densities of ice and Antarctic krill.
Nanometer‐scale characterization of exceptionally preserved bacterial fossils in Paleocene phosphorites from Ouled Abdoun (Morocco)
Authors: Cosmidis J. , Benzerara K. , Gheerbrant E. , Estève I. , Bouya B. , Amaghzaz M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMicrometer‐sized spherical and rod‐shaped forms have been reported in many phosphorites and often interpreted as microbes fossilized by apatite, based on their morphologic resemblance with modern bacteria inferred by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. This interpretation supports models involving bacteria in the formation of phosphorites. Here, we studied a phosphatic coprolite of Paleocene age originating from the Ouled Abdoun phosphate basin (Morocco) down to the nanometer‐scale using focused ion beam milling, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning transmission x‐ray microscopy (STXM) coupled with x‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy (XANES). The coprolite, exclusively composed of francolite (a carbonate‐fluroapatite), is formed by the accumulation of spherical objects, delimited by a thin envelope, and whose apparent diameters are between 0.5 and 3 μm. The envelope of the spheres is composed of a continuous crown dense to electrons, which measures 20–40 nm in thickness. It is surrounded by two thinner layers that are more porous and transparent to electrons and enriched in organic carbon. The observed spherical objects are very similar with bacteria encrusting in hydroxyapatite as observed in laboratory experiments. We suggest that they are Gram‐negative bacteria fossilized by francolite, the precipitation of which started within the periplasm of the cells. We discuss the role of bacteria in the fossilization mechanism and propose that they could have played an active role in the formation of francolite. This study shows that ancient phosphorites can contain fossil biological subcellular structures as fine as a bacterial periplasm. Moreover, we demonstrate that while morphological information provided by SEM analyses is valuable, the use of additional nanoscale analyses is a powerful approach to help inferring the biogenicity of biomorphs found in phosphorites. A more systematic use of this approach could considerably improve our knowledge and understanding of the microfossils present in the geological record.
Where SUNCT Contacts TN: A Case Report
Authors: Rinaldi Fabrizio , Rao Renata , Venturelli Elisabetta , Liberini Paolo , Gipponi Stefano , Pari Elisa , Sapia Eluisa , Padovani Alessandro 
Published: January 2013

Background.—Short‐lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) and trigeminal neuralgia (TN) are unilateral painful conditions that can share the same triggering factors, autonomic features and the main location, as well as the cyclically recurrent crises. Both these syndromes are associated with a high percentage of findings of vascular malformation touching the trigeminal nerve, suggesting a pathophysiological relationship.Case.—In this paper, we report a new case with the main purpose to shine a light on the pathophysiology of these conditions.Conclusion.—Many authors described a SUNCT case deriving from TN or vice versa, suggesting that these conditions are strongly related. Every case of transformed TN or SUNCT should therefore be reported to gather and compare further information.