bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreased Phosphorylation of Polyphosphoinositides in the Erythrocyte Membrane of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Marche P. , Koutouzov S. , Meyer P. 
Published: August 2015

1. The distribution and metabolism of inositol phospholipids were studied in the erythrocyte membrane of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. The incorporation of 32P into these lipids was considered as an index of their turnover, and a reflection of their metabolism.
2. With [γ-32P]ATP as the source of label only the polyphosphoinositides (diphosphoinositide and triphosphoinositide) incorporated 32P. The levels of labelling were lower in hypertensive than in normotensive rats. Our data indicate that, in the hypertensive rats, the kinases responsible for the labelling of polyphosphoinositides exhibited decreased Vmax. for ATP.
3. These changes may be related to those described for calcium binding and transport in the erythrocyte of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Proteinuria in Patients with Cirrhosis: Relationship between Renal and Hepatic Function
Authors: Milani L. , Gatta A. , Merkel C. , Ruol A. 
Published: August 2015

1. In 37 patients with cirrhosis of the liver of different severity (11 in class A, 18 in class B, and 8 in class C, according to Child's criteria modified by Hobbs), inulin and p-aminohippurate clearances, total fractional protein excretion and the fractional clearances of α1-acid glycoprotein, albumin, transferrin, α2-macroglobulin and β2-microglobulin (in 20 patients) were determined.
2. Inulin clearance was lower than 70 ml/min in 19 patients and p-aminohippurate clearance was lower than 300 ml/min in 20 patients. Total fractional protein excretion was above normal in 19 patients; α1-acid glycoprotein fractional clearance was above normal in 11, albumin fractional clearance in 10, transferrin fractional clearance in five, α2-macroglobulin fractional clearance in three, and β2-microglobulin fractional clearance in 10.
3. The increases in protein excretion were independent of any impairment of renal tubular function. An inverse relationship between protein excretion and the clearances of inulin and p-aminohippurate was found. No difference in protein excretion was found between the three groups of patients with different degrees of liver damage.
4. The results suggest that in cirrhosis an increase in glomerular permeability is frequent, though generally slight; it is correlated with an impairment of kidney function and is independent of the severity of the liver damage.
Assessment of Glucose Turnover in Normal Man with the Use of a Non-Radioactive Isotopically Labelled Preparation, [6,6-2H]Glucose, as Tracer
Authors: Haigh J. W. , Johnston D. G. , McCulloch A. J. , Laker M. F. , Welby J. , Evans S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Glucose kinetics were assessed in seven normal adult male subjects by an intravenous bolus technique with the use of a non-radioactive isotopically labelled preparation, [6,6-2H]glucose, as tracer. Tracer enrichment in plasma was assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For comparison five subjects also received a simultaneous intravenous bolus of [6-3H]glucose and kinetics were assessed by conventional means.
2. Administration of [6,6-2H]glucose did not alter circulating glucose or insulin concentrations.
3. Glucose turnover, assessed by the use of [6,6-2H]glucose, was 11·4 (±0·9) μmol min−1 kg−1 and 11·6 (±0·5) μmol min−1 kg−1 with [6-3H]glucose. The mean metabolic clearance rate of glucose was 2·3 (±0·3) ml min−1 kg−1 with both isotopically labelled tracers. Estimates of mean residence time, glucose pool and glucose space were also similar by each technique.
4. [6,6-2H]Glucose is therefore an effective tracer and allows investigation of glucose kinetics without administration of a radioactive label.
The Effect of Regular Inhaled Salbutamol on the Airway Responsiveness of Normal Subjects
Authors: Higgs C. M. B. , Richardson R. B. , Laszlo G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Airway responses to inhaled salbutamol were measured in two groups of six normal non-atopic subjects. In each group there was a dose-dependent increase in specific airways conductance after salbutamol inhaled in cumulative doses from 25 to 600 μg.
2. In the first group these studies were repeated weekly during and after the subjects had taken regular inhaled salbutamol for 4 weeks, in doses increasing to 500 μg four times daily by week 4. Then, while subjects were continuing to receive regular salbutamol, the studies were repeated after 48 h of inhaled sodium cromoglycate (20 mg four times daily) and again after 48 h of beclomethasone dipropionate (200 μg four times daily).
3. In the second group the studies were repeated after 10 days of regular inhaled salbutamol (500 μg four times daily).
4. There was no change in airway response to inhaled salbutamol after 4 weeks or 10 days regular salbutamol therapy, or after 48 h of sodium cromoglycate or beclomethasone dipropionate therapy.
5. This study did not show the development of resistance to β-agonists in the airways of normal subjects. These findings are discussed in the context of other studies which have shown the development of resistance, and we suggest that there may be a spectrum of susceptibility to the development of impaired airway responsiveness following regular treatment with β-adrenergic drugs.
Sodium—Potassium Pump Activity in Mineralocorticoid- and Glucocorticoid-Induced Hypertension
Authors: Wambach G. , Helber A. , Kaufmann W. 
Published: August 2015

1. The activity of ouabain-sensitive Na+,K+-dependent ATPase and ouabain-sensitive ATPase was measured in the microsomal fractions of kidney, liver and heart tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats treated with DOCA (10 mg day−1 kg−1 for 6 days, systolic blood pressure 143 ± 13 mmHg, n = 9) or 6 α-methylprednisolone (100 mg day−1 kg−1 for 6 days, systolic blood pressure 140 ± 19 mmHg, n = 9) and of a control group (systolic blood pressure 124 ± 12 mmHg, n = 9).
2. In the kidney, the ouabain-sensitive Na+,K+-ATPase activity (μmol of phosphate h−1 mg−1 of protein) was increased in the DOCA-treated (33.0 ± 6.9) and in the prednisolone-treated groups (30.8 ± 6.9) compared with that in the control group (26.4 ± 3.4) (P &lt; 0.05). In the liver, the ouabain-sensitive Na+,K+-ATPase activity was elevated in the prednisolone-treated animals only (4.8 ± 1.3 vs 3.1 ± 0.8 in the controls, P &lt; 0.025). The ouabain-sensitive Na+,K+-ATPase activity in heart tissue was similar in all three groups. The ouabain-insensitive ATPase activity was not altered by DOCA or prednisolone in the tissues studied.
3. In a separate study, the activity of the ouabain-sensitive Na+,K+-ATPase in erythrocyte ghosts was found to be elevated in 10 patients with Cushing's syndrome (0.91 ± 0.35 μmol of phosphate h−1 mg−1 of protein) compared with five patients with primary aldosteronism and compared with 12 normotensive control subjects (0.38 ± 0.08) (P &lt; 0.005).
4. These data demonstrate an increased Na-K pump activity in the kidney in mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension. Glucocorticoids in addition activate the Na-K pump in a variety of other tissues. This could partially explain the redistribution of volume from the intracellular to the extracellular space.
A Reappraisal of the Diagnostic Criteria for Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Bravo E. L. , Tarazi R. C. , Fouad F. M. , Textor S. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Results in 80 patients with primary aldosteronism (70 with tumour, 10 with hyperplasia) who underwent stimulation and suppression tests were analysed to assess the usefulness of several screening techniques.
2. On normal dietary sodium, normokalaemia was found in 27.5% of patients; 12.5% remained so despite 3 days of salt loading. Suppressed plasma renin activity (PRA: less than 1.43 pmol/l after stimulated conditions) gave a false-negative rate of 36%. Thus sole reliance on either hypokalaemia (serum potassium less than 3.5 mmol/l) or suppressed PRA as primary screening tests would have overlooked about a third of the patients in this series.
3. The single best diagnostic test for primary aldosteronism was the measurement of aldosterone excretion rate after 3 days of salt loading.
4. An anomalous postural fall in plasma aldosterone concentration when present, coupled with adrenal venous sampling, provided the best indicators of the presence of an aldosterone-producing adenoma.
Vasopressin Blood Pressure Dependency after α-Adrenoceptor Blockade in Normotensive and Mineralocorticoid-Salt Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Burnier M. , Biollaz J. , Brunner H. R. , Gavras H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of α-adrenoceptor blockade by phentolamine on plasma arginine vasopressin, on vasopressin dependency of blood pressure and on responsiveness to exogenous lysine vasopressin was studied in conscious normotensive and in deoxycorticosterone (DOC)/salt-treated hypertensive rats.
2. Phentolamine infusion reduced blood pressure of DOC-treated hypertensive rats to levels significantly lower than those of similarly treated Wistar control animals.
3. Plasma vasopressin levels of the DOC-treated hypertensive and normotensive control rats were similar. Phentolamine infusion increased plasma arginine vasopressin levels to 109.4 ±21.8 pg/ml in the DOC-treated rats and to 44.4 ± 8.2 pg/ml in the control animals. It also enhanced the pressor response to exogenous lysine vasopressin in both groups.
4. Administration of the vasopressin analogue dPVDAVP had no effect on blood pressure in either the DOC-treated or the control group but induced a similar fall in blood pressure in both groups during α-adrenoceptor blockade with phentolamine.
Biosynthetic Enzyme Activities and Catecholamines in Adrenal Glands of Genetic and Experimental Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Grobecker Horst , Saavedra Juan , Weise Virginia 
Published: August 2015

1. There was a significant decrease in the activity of tryosine hydroxylase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at the age of 2 and 4 weeks, compared with the activity in adrenals of the Wistar-Kyoto rat substrain. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity was not different in normotensive and hypertensive animals at 8 weeks of age but was increased in adult SHR.
2. Both dopamine-β-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase activities were still decreased at the age of 8 weeks in SHR, but were not significantly different from the controls at the age of 14 weeks. Blood pressures in SHR were slightly but significantly higher at 4 weeks of age and steadily rose during maturation.
3. In DOCA-saline hypertensive rats, tyrosine hydroxylase activity in adrenals was increased after only 1 week of treatment and remained increased after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. Adrenal adrenaline was increased after 4 weeks of treatment, whereas dopamine-β-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase activities and noradrenaline levels were unchanged.
4. Our findings of increased tyrosine hydroxylase in adrenal glands of adult genetically hypertensive and chronic experimentally hypertensive rats indicate a sympathoadrenal activation during the established phase of the hypertension in both models. Whereas in DOCA-saline hypertensive rats catecholamine synthesis in adrenals parallels the development of high blood pressure, in genetically hypertensive rats the activity of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes is decreased early in development. These results suggest the existence of different mechanisms regulating the participation of adrenal catecholamines in both models of experimental hypertension.
Purification and Properties of Bovine Pituitary Renin
Authors: Ohsawa Tamiko , Hirose Shigehisa , Inagami Tadashi , Murakami Kazuo 
Published: August 2015

1. Renin was purified to homogeneity from bovine anterior pituitary by using batchwise DEAE-cellulose chromatography, pepstatin-aminohexyl-agarose affinity chromatography, Ultrogel AcA 44 gel filtration and DEAE-Sephacel and CM-cellulose ion exchange chromatography.
2. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 36 000 and an isoelectric point of 5.25, and exhibits optimum activity at a pH between 6.5 and 7.5.
3. The amino acid composition and antigenic properties of this purified renin are very similar to those of rat, dog and hog kidney renins.
Effect of a High Linoleic Acid Diet and Thiazide on Sodium Chloride-Induced Hypertension in Rats
Authors: Tobian Louis , Johnson Mary Ann , Ganguli Mukul , Lange Judith , Kartheiser Karen , Iwai Junichi 
Published: August 2015

1. Hypertension-prone Dahl S rats on either low or high NaCl diets have less than half the concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in quick-frozen renal papillae compared with that of hypertension-resistant Dahl R rats.
2. A 4% high NaCl diet doubles the concentration of PGE2 in the renal papillae compared with the effect of a moderately low (0.3%) NaCl diet.
3. A diet with 16% linoleic acid triples the PGE2 concentration in S papillae and increases it 2.5 times in R papillae, compared with a diet with 1.5% linoleic acid.
4. The 16% linoleic acid diet also delays the onset of NaCl-induced hypertension and prevents about half of the ultimate rise in blood pressure.
5. The low PGE2 concentration in the renal papillae of S rats could contribute to a tendency toward sodium retention and thereby encourage NaCl-induced hypertension.
6. Thiazides greatly increase sodium and water excretion in isolated kidneys from pre-hypertensive S rats perfused with blood at a normotensive arterial inflow pressure. This effect would allow brisk natriuresis without the need for hypertensive arterial pressures and could thereby reduce blood pressure in NaCl-related hypertension.
Renal and Vascular Wall Prostaglandins in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Ozawa Yukio , Kan Keika , Konishi Konosuke , Kitajima Waichi , Matsumura Yasuo 
Published: August 2015

1. Renal cortical and medullary tissue and aortic wall were removed from spontaneously hypertensive rats and from age-matched Wistar-Kyoto control animals at ages 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. The tissues were incubated and the release of prostaglandins into the incubation medium was measured.
2. Compared with Wistar-Kyoto control animals, the release of prostaglandin E from renal medullary tissue in spontaneously hypertensive rats was raised at 30 days (pre-hypertensive stage) and 90 days (early hypertensive stage), but decreased later with further establishment of hypertension. No such trend was seen with renal cortical tissue. Tissue release of prostaglandin F tended to be generally high in the spontaneously hypertensive rats compared with that in the control animals, but the difference was not significant.
3. The release of prostaglandin I2, as indicated by measurements of 6-keto prostaglandin F1α, from aortic wall tissue in the spontaneously hypertensive rat during its pre-hypertensive and early hypertensive stages was similar to values obtained in the age-matched control animal. However, aortic wall prostaglandin I2 release in spontaneously hypertensive rats increased thereafter, and was significantly raised at 90 and 120 days. No similar trend was observed with thromboxan A2 release. Release of prostaglandin I2 and thromboxan A2 from renal tissues in spontaneously hypertensive rats did not differ significantly from that in control animals.
4. It is suggested that indomethacin-induced aggravation of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat may result from suppression of aortic wall prostaglandin I2 formation rather than from the suppression of renal prostaglandin E2 production.
Does β-Endorphin Contribute to the Central Antihypertensive Action of α-Methyldopa in Rats?
Authors: Petty M. A. , De Jong W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Opioid peptide involvement in the fall in blood pressure resulting from central α-receptor stimulation has been investigated.
2. In conscious renal hypertensive rats (two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt model), α-methyldopa (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) produced a long-lasting fall in blood pressure which was partially attenuated by pre-treatment with naltrexone (5 mg/kg subcutaneously).
3. Unilateral injection of α-methylnoradrenaline (50 nmol) into the nucleus tractus solitarii of normotensive, urethane-anaesthetized rats induced a fall in blood pressure and heart rate. This fall was prevented by pretreatment with naloxone, either 1 mg/kg subcutaneously or 1 and 10 ng administered directly into the nucleus.
4. Pretreatment with antiserum to β-endorphin (1:50 dilution), applied locally, also blocked the depressor response induced by the catecholamine.
5. These results suggest that the fall in blood pressure observed after α-methyldopa and its active metabolite α-methylnoradrenaline involves a β-endorphin-like peptide; a possible site of action is the nucleus tractus solitarii.
Effect of Sympathetic Nerve Inhibition on the State of Sodium—Volume Balance in Hypertensive Patients with Normal or Impaired Renal Function
Authors: Campes V. M. , Levitan D. , Romoff M. S. , Saglikes Y. , Sajo I. , Massry S. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of clonidine on the relationship between sympathetic nervous system activity and the state of sodium-volume balance was studied in 15 patients with essential hypertension and normal renal function (group 1) and in 14 patients with hypertension and mild to moderate renal failure (group 2).
2. Acutely, clonidine (200 μg) produced significant falls (P &lt; 0.01) in mean blood pressure, plasma noradrenaline, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone in both groups of patients. The changes in mean blood pressure were significantly correlated (P &lt; 0.01) with the changes in plasma noradrenaline.
3. Chronic therapy with clonidine also produced significant falls in mean blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline, but not in plasma renin activity or aldosterone.
4. Exchangeable sodium and plasma volume decreased significantly in patients of group 1 but not in patients of group 2.
5. The data indicate that sympathetic nerve activity may be important for the abnormal relationship between pressure and natriuresis in subjects with essential hypertension and normal renal function, but not in hypertensive subjects with impaired renal function.
Sodium-Accelerated Platelet Aggregation in Men Predisposed to Essential Hypertension
Authors: Nara Y. , Kihara M. , Kanbe T. , Horie R. , Endo J. , Yamori Y. 
Published: August 2015

1. Men with a genetic predisposition to essential hypertension had a significantly higher blood pressure during salt restriction and a greater elevation of blood pressure in response to salt loading than men without such a genetic predisposition.
2. The activity of platelet aggregation was significantly greater in men with a genetic predisposition to essential hypertension.
3. Platelet aggregation was activated directly or indirectly by an increased sodium intake.
4. This activation by an increased sodium intake was more pronounced in men predisposed to essential hypertension.
Effects of Clonidine and Hydrochlorothiazide on the Cardiovascular Response to Mental Stress in Adolescent Hypertension
Authors: Falkner Bonita , Onesti Gaddo , Affrime Melton B. , Lowenthal David T. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of clonidine and hydrochlorothiazide on the cardiovascular responses to mental stess were compared in 29 adolescents with essential hypertension.
2. Clonidine therapy was associated with lower diastolic pressures, heart rate and noradrenaline in response to mental stress. By contrast, hydrochlorothiazide resulted in the reduction of systolic pressure only. The mental stress testing produced a greater absolute diastolic pressure response and higher plasma noradrenaline on hydrochlorothiazide therapy.
3. Juveniles with essential hypertension may be more sensitive to central control of blood pressure and more resistant to diuretics.
4. The reduced diastolic pressure and heart rate response to central stimuli during clonidine therapy may be related to decreased adrenergic activity, as indicated by lower plasma noradrenaline.
The Pulmonary Haemodynamic Effects of Almitrine Infusion in Men with Chronic Hypercapnia
Authors: Dull W. L. , Polu J. M. , Sadoul P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Almitrine, an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors, has been shown to be effective in lowering Paco2 in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the pulmonary haemodynamic response to almitrine in clinically stable patients with chronic airflow obstruction and chronic hypercapnia (Paco2 7.1 ± 0.5 kPa, mean ± sd).
2. Seven men, aged from 55 to 64 years, had the following values for pulmonary function (means ± sd): FEV1.0 0.67 ± 0.16 litre; VC 2.12 ± 0.52 litres; FEV1.0/VC 33 ± 8%. They had haemodynamic monitoring during 1 h of almitrine (1 mg/kg intravenously) and solvent (placebo) in a random fashion while receiving 28% oxygen. Before infusion, six patients had evidence of pulmonary hypertension and the mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) for all seven patients was 4.3 ± 1.6 kPa (mean ± sd); the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was 0.61 ± 0.22 kPa l−1 s (mean ± sd).
3. There were no significant changes from baseline values during placebo. During almitrine, however, the PAP and right ventricular stroke work (mean ± sd) increased significantly at 30 min (6.0 ± 2.1 kPa, P &lt; 0.001, 0.38 ± 0.12 J, P &lt; 0.05, respectively) with maximum increase of PVR at 45 min (1.01 ± 0.34 kPa l−1 s, P &lt; 0.001, mean ± sd). The lowest Paco2 (mean ± sd) was observed at the end of the infusion (5.7 ± 0.5 kPa, P &lt; 0.001).
4. These results confirm the benefit of almitrine in lowering Paco2 in patients with chronic airflow obstruction who have chronic hypercapnia but also demonstrate significant pulmonary vasoconstriction.
Factors Influencing the Regional Deposition of Inhaled Particles in Man
Authors: Chamberlain M. J. , Morgan W. K. C. , Vinitski S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Although ventilation in normal human lungs has been shown to decrease from apex to base, comparable observations are lacking in regard to particle deposition.
2. We compared regional ventilation and particle deposition in normal subjects by using radioactive xenon and a radioactive aerosol while sitting, lying, and while breathing at an increased rate. Both smokers and non-smokers were studied.
3. Particle deposition and ventilation were closely related, and the greater the ventilation the greater the deposition of particles, a situation which prevailed irrespective of position and breathing rate. While supine, the apex to base gradient for both ventilation and particle deposition decreased but did not entirely disappear. At higher respiratory rates, central deposition of particles, especially in smokers, increased.
4. We concluded that there are regional differences in the deposition of particles and that such differences are closely related to regional ventilation.
A Study on the Distribution of Body Fluids after Rapid Saline Expansion in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Renal Insufficiency: Preferential Intravascular Deposition in Renal Failure
Authors: Koomans Hendrik A. , Geers Anton B. , Boer Peter , Roos Jan C. , Mees Evert J. Dorhout 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of rapid intravenous infusion of 25 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution (saline)/kg body weight on extracellular fluid volume (ECFV, 82Br distribution volume), plasma volume (131I-labelled albumin distribution volume) and blood volume (from plasma volume and packed cell volume) was studied in nine normal subjects and a group of 11 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
2. Immediately after the infusion, the increases in ECFV were equal in the two groups but the increases in plasma and blood volumes were significantly larger in the patients with ESRD.
.3. Ninety minutes after the end of the infusion, the blood volume/ECFV ratio was significantly decreased from the control value in the normal subjects, but slightly increased in the patients with ESRD.
4. It is concluded that in severe renal failure the control of fluid distribution is changed in a way which leads to a preferential distribution of rapidly infused saline into the intravascular compartment.