bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The prevalence of motorcycle helmet use in three Mexican cities
Authors: Chandran A , Lunnen JC , Pérez-Núñez R , Híjar MM , Hidalgo-Solórzano E , Hyder AA 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundAppropriate motorcycle helmet use can reduce the risk of death by 40% and severe injury by 70% in the event of a crash. Motorcycle use has increased in Mexico in recent years, less is known about the prevalence of helmet use—an important first step in advocating for change.Aims/Objectives/PurposeTo quantify the prevalence of motorcycle helmet use in three Mexican cities (Guadalajara-Zapopan, León, and Cuernavaca) within the context of ongoing road safety initiatives.MethodsSerial roadside observations were conducted by investigators from the Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública in Mexico and the Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit in November 2010, and June, and December 2011. Observations were done at randomly selected intersections with functioning traffic lights across varied days, times, and direction of travel.Results/OutcomesA total of 6990 motorcycle users were observed: 94% were males, 89% were aged 18 years or older, and 90% were motorcycle drivers. Helmet use was higher among drivers than passengers (78.4% vs 55.2%, p<0.01) and among males than females (77.1% vs 59.4%, p<0.01). The overall prevalence of proper motorcycle helmet use was 76.1%; use was highest (p<0.01) in León (90.3%), followed by Cuernavaca (75.8%). Overall, helmet use among children <10 years was 48.3%, compared to ∼75% in older individuals.Significance/Contribution to the FieldRoadside observations indicate motorcycle helmet use in three Mexican cities needs to be improved. Since motorcycle use is increasing in Mexico, targeted interventions are necessary to impact this preventable cause of death and injury.
Investigating the effects of installing safety cameras on managing the incidents and the risk assessments in SAIPA (an Asian Automotive Corporation)
Authors: Mahyar B , Abdi J , Minoo A 
Published: October 2012

ObjectivesIn this research the effects of installing safety cameras on reducing the severity or frequency of incidents and resolving the OHSAS non-conformities were investigated.BackgroundThe research was carried out in SAIPA Automotive Corporation, in which the number of employees exceeds 10 000 people. In this company, the safety supervising is being done by the safety experts during the daily site visits, however, some negligible yet important issues may be neglected in the risk assessments. Also, the details of some incidents can be disregarded specially when there is a lack of eyewitness. By inspecting the CCTV (Closed-Circuit Television) clip of an incident, its exact cause can be determined which may avoid reoccurrence of the incident and reduce the risk level in the future. Ignoring the perfect management of the conditions, may result in lethal accidents.SignificanceThe monitoring systems in the workshops simplified finding out the causes of some unsafe conditions. Therefore, Fault Tree Analysis, Event Tree Analysis and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis methods can be implemented better than before.MethodsThe approach was the case study of the subject by registering the recorded data for 3 months and analysing the data to extract the difference before and after applying the cameras for safety inspection.OutcomeIt was shown that using the safety cameras and watching the clips of incidents carefully, plays a major role in reducing such incidents, increasing the safety level of workshops, and improving the accuracy and repeatability of risk assessments.
Differences in risk-adjusted outcome of road traffic injuries in urban tertiary care Centres of Pakistan: analysis of surveillance data
Authors: Mehmood A , Razzak J , Mir U , Jooma R 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundTrauma due to road traffic injuries (RTIs) poses a considerable burden on the healthcare system. Outcome of trauma varies between countries, within countries and between different trauma centres. This variation reflects the potential for improvement in trauma care.Aims and ObjectivesTo assess the difference in RTI trauma survival among five tertiary care institutes in Karachi, Pakistan.MethodsAll cases registered in the RTI surveillance system (operational in five major tertiary care hospitals in Karachi) between September 2006 and September 2009 were included. Data on the patients' age, sex, mode and delay in arrival, type and severity of injury were extracted. Data were stratified by hospital of presentation and distribution of these factors was assessed between the five groups. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between patient characteristics and in-hospital survival after an RTI.ResultsA total of 94 316 patients were included in this study. Only 11% were women and 74% of the sample was between 15–45 years of age. Most of the injuries (96%) had an ISS between 1 and 15 and in-hospital survival was 97.4%. Survival was strongly associated with hospital of presentation (AOR 4.4, CI 3.4 to 5.7). Other significant predictors of survival included mode of arrival (AOR 1.5, CI 1.2 to 1.8) and age (AOR 0.16, CI 0.09 to 0.26) after adjustment for severity and type of injury.SignificanceThe analysis shows a strong association between centre and survival even after adjustment for type and severity of injury and other important confounders. This indicates differences in quality of trauma care within hospitals in Karachi requiring further in-depth studies for healthcare policy change.
The impact of socio economic factors on injuries in Tehran, IR Iran
Authors: Moghisi AR , Farshad A 
Published: October 2012

IntroductionTehran is the capital city of IR Iran with about 12 000 000 inhabitants. Consisting of 22 districts. Injuries happen with different rate and type in different zones.ObjectivesTo improve urban management in terms of injury prevention.Methodology10% of population on of Tehran was considered for the households' survey. A questioner based on Urban HEART (urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool) was prepared and validated. Interviewers were trained uniformly. SPSS soft ware was used to analysing data.ResultFemales were mostly involved in fall, burn and poisoning while men were mostly involved in traffic related accidents, interpersonal violence and electric shocks. Most accidents were among families with 3–5 members. Young's adult aging 15–40-years-old and living in the low income districts of Tehran were the most affected by accidents? Young males who are the residence of districts 14, 15, 18, 9, 19 and 4 are the most affecting victims by traffic related accidents. In district 11, 12, 14 most of the victims were motorcyclists. In districts 2, 3 and 5 victims were shifted towards pedestrians predominantly. Children and old ages are mostly the victims of fall related accidents; there was no gender differences detected in most of the districts area except in district 19 where males were falling twice than females, in districts 1, 2, 3 and 12 this ratio was vice versa (p<0.05). Burns related accidents were recorded more in districts 13, 16, 17, 12 and the least from districts 3, 2, and 5 respectively(p<0.05, 95% CI).Significance to the FieldThe result of this study will be used as a baseline data for interventions assessment in future.
Accidental casualties and deaths in India due to un-natural causes, 2009–2010
Authors: Bikash Mohapatra , Nath Samantray Surendra 
Published: October 2012

In India, a total of 678 326 cases of ‘Un-Natural Accidents’ caused 359 583 deaths and rendered 503 932 people injured during 2010. The age-group-wise distribution of Accidental Deaths by various Un-Natural Causes along with their share in total deaths is presented in this secondary study. The ‘Accidental Deaths’ due to Un- Natural Causes were mainly on account of ‘Road Accidents’ (37.2%), Railway Accidents and Rail-Road accidents (7.7%), ‘Poisoning’ (7.8%), ‘Drowning’ (7.8%), ‘Sudden Deaths’ (7.6%) and ‘Fire Accidents’ (6.8%). The number of cases of Un-natural accidents at the National level has increased by 4.7% (from 647 904 in 2009 to 678 326 in 2010) as compared to previous year. The number of persons injured has increased by 1.6% (from 496 190 in 2009 to 503 932 in 2010) while the number of persons killed in these accidents has increased by 7.4% (from 334 766 in 2009 to 359 583 in 2010). The Accident cases due to ‘Stampede’ have decreased by 93.0% (from 1532 in 2009 to 107 in 2010) and cases of ‘Killed by animals’ have decreased by 13.3% from 1293 in 2009 to 1121 in 2010 while cases due to ‘Air crash’ increased by 75.0% from 8 in 2009 to 14 in 2010. The proportion of male injured and killed due to un-natural causes in the country was 80.5% and 77.6% respectively of the total such injuries and deaths. 93.4% of injuries and 37.2% of deaths were due to Road Accidents only at the National level. Males out-numbered females in all kinds of accidental casualties except ‘Fire Accidents’ where 66.6% of those killed were females as compared to 33.4% males. The study revealed that accidents due to ‘Un-Natural Causes’ are preventable in nature and can be reduced by adopting adequate safety measures.
Injury surveillance at BIR hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal—initial 1 year report
Authors: Bajracharya AR , Thapa B 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundAlthough injury is being realised increasing every year and becoming almost 4th cause of death and disability in Nepal, no formal study producing data has yet ever been carried out. So a beginning was made for the first time at this central government hospital of Nepal an Injury surveillance was started. A year's data was obtained. Ultimately we hope to have country wide Injury surveillance system in Nepal.PurposeTo project one complete year hospital data on injury.MethodsInjury surveillance data collection form was developed. Forms were filled up by trained medical personals at casualty and Out patients departments. Data from 16 July 2010 to 17 July 2011 were compiled, analysed and presented.Results/OutcomesTotal number of injuries attended were 6093, 71% Male, 29% female,. Among 6903 people 1903 people got injured in Road traffic accidents. Among them approximately half of the people got injured while they were travelling in Motorcycle/Scooter in the road (48.32%). 36.62% of the people got injured while they were walking on the road. 8.46% of the people were travelling in truck/bus. 67.32% were non-medico-legal cases, Injury on road was (42.47%). at home (32.75%), at workplace 11.37%, at school 5.11% at playground. 4.05% and at farm 49%.ConclusionsAn overall profile of injury cases attending this hospital over a year shows variables that can contribute significantly to make plans, policies and programmes towards Injury prevention and control programmes in Nepal.
The effectiveness of enforcement programme in promoting proper helmet wearing among motorcyclists in precinct 8, Putrajaya
Authors: Ghani Y , Soid N F Mohd , Isah N , Saleh S 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundIn 2010, there were 120 156 crashes involving motorcyclists in Malaysia. Overall, the motorcycle riders and pillions were over represented with 4036 (58.7%) deaths. The higher number of deaths often associated with head injuries due to improper helmet wearing. Even at the nation's administrative capital Putrajaya, road crashes among motorcyclists are rampant. Therefore, an initiative was taken by introducing the ‘Safe City Concept’ which emphasised on Community Based Programme (CBP) to improve the state of road safety among motorcyclists. A series of enforcement programme was initiated by the community, enforcement agencies, and local authority.ObjectivesThe study was carried out to determine effectiveness of the 6-month enforcement programme by focusing on the percentage of proper helmet wearing.MethodsA 2 h observation programme was executed weekly in Precinct 8, Putrajaya, specifically targeting at motorcyclists. The percentage of proper helmet wearing rate among motorcyclists was measured before, during, and after the enforcement programme was carried out.ResultsA total of 2949 motorcyclists were observed. The study highlighted that the proper helmet wearing in Precinct 8 was twice as higher during the enforcement programme as compared to before enforcement programme (RR=2.2.537; 95% CI 2.019 to 3.187). Female motorcyclists were 2 times more likely to wear helmet properly as compared to male (with OR=2.1243; 95% CI 1.510 to 2.989).Significance to the FieldThe study concluded that enforcement programme in Precinct 8, Putrajaya was proven effective in increasing the proper helmet wearing compliance. Findings of the study can act as guidelines for programme design and implementation.
Predictors of missing data in injury surveillance: an observational study
Authors: O'Reilly G , Cameron P , Jolley D 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundTrauma registry data are almost always incomplete. Traditional approaches to dealing with missing data lead to biased outcomes and conclusions. Multiple imputation can reduce bias in registry analyses but the ideal approach would be to improve data capture.AimThe aim of the study was to identify which patients were most likely to have incomplete data.MethodsAn analysis of prospectively collected regional trauma registry data over 1 year was performed. Variables used for trauma system benchmarking were analysed. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of missingness. These analyses were conducted following complete data estimation using multiple imputation.ResultsThere were 2520 cases. The variables with the greatest proportion of missing observations were respiratory rate, GCS and systolic blood pressure. Data for these physiological variables were more likely to be missing when the patient died in hospital. GCS and respiratory rate were more likely to be missing when they were abnormal. A major predictor of a missing GCS or respiratory rate was an abnormal pre-hospital GCS; an additional predictor of a missing blood pressure was whether the patient was transferred to a second hospital for definitive care.SignificanceDeath in hospital was a predictor of missingness for all of the primary hospital physiological variables. An abnormal GCS and respiratory rate were more likely to be missing from the dataset. In addition to reducing bias during data analysis, multiple imputation can be used to inform improvements in data capture.
Progress in preventing injuries: a content analysis of national policies in Europe
Authors: Nikesh Parekh , Francesco Mitis , Dinesh Sethi 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundInjury prevention has featured as a relatively low priority on Government health agendas in Europe and elsewhere, the result of which has been a lack of national policy development. Successful policy making criteria have not been used to systematically evaluate injury and violence prevention policies.AimTo provide a content analysis of national policies to address violence and injury prevention in the WHO European Region so as to inform where improvements can be made in developing policy.MethodsA network of health ministry focal persons, an internet search of relevant Ministry web-sites, and a Google-search using key words were used to identify national policies for violence and injury prevention. A framework was used for policy content analysis.ResultsThe majority of national policies had been developed after 2003. 80 English-language policies from 26 countries were analysed further and 43 non-English policies from 16 countries were excluded. The majority of policies fulfilled the criteria for successful health policy making: lead body, intersectoral collaboration, budgets, government approval, defined implementations, timeframe, evaluation. Some areas warranted attention such as quantitative objectives, target population and implementing interventions not based on evidence.ConclusionsEncouraging progress is being made in the WHO European Region. Following the criteria for successful policy making more closely could increase the effectiveness of the preparation and implementation of policies for violence and injury prevention. Areas that warrant attention include setting targets for child maltreatment and domestic violence prevention, as do certain types of injury and violence prevention such as suicide prevention.
The Velestino study: are traumatic brain injuries in the life-course linked to cognitive impairment among seniors?
Authors: Michelakos T , Kousoulis A , Kanavidis P , Katsiardanis K , Stefanadis Ch , Petridou E 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundSeveral publications have reported persistent changes of cognition/earlier cognitive impairment among individuals, especially athletes, with a concussion history, even following a single traumatic brain injury (TBI).ObjectiveTo explore the impact on late-life cognitive performance of TBI experienced during the life-course of seniors residing in Velestino, a Greek agricultural town.MethodsIn a health and safety of seniors study, 94 brain injuries, 49 of which were hospital-treated, were reported by all 593 elderly aged 65+ years. The odds of being cognitively impaired, assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination, among those with a positive TBI history as compared to those without, was calculated after controlling for known confounding factors.ResultsThe proportion of TBI (hospitalised) among cognitively impaired males was 16.9% (9.7%) and 14.7% (4.9%) among females, whereas for non-impaired males 21.1% (14.8%) and 11.2% (6.0%) among females. The ORs for being cognitively impaired after a TBI was 0.68 (95% CI 0.33 to 1.41, p=0.30) among males and 1.26 (95% CI 0.60 to 2.64, p=0.54) among females; the respective ORs after a hospitalised TBI were 0.78 (95% CI 0.33 to 1.88, p=0.58) and 0.68 (95% CI 0.23 to 1.98, p=0.48).SignificanceOur results showing lack of association between reported TBI and cognitive impairment in the cross-sectional VELESTINO study need to be compared with those deriving from our ongoing systematic review assessing the frequency and intensity of exposure that might be necessary in order to cause permanent brain lesions and consequently lead to cognitive impairment as it is the case for contact sports professionals, who are sustaining repetitive TBI.
Injury to Maori—does language hold the key to bringing about change
Authors: Joyce Raihania 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundMaori, the Indigenous peoples of Aotearoa, once prided themselves as injury prevention practitioners. Following their ambitious journey from the mythological homeland Hawaiiki in 925AD, safe practices were imperative for the survival of the Iwi (tribe), in adapting to this new land. Within this collective concept, self-determination was about understandingWhere I had come from, knowing where I was going, And, creating safe pathways to get there.Historically cultural practices recognised that failure to abide by ‘common laws’ could result in severe injury and even death to the individual or the Iwi. Data shows that injury and death by injury for Maori peoples, continues to increase and it is timely that the sector looks to the practices and titles of ‘Te Ao Maori- the Maori World of Old’ to assist in reducing such incidence in this ‘New World’—the 21st century.Purpose1. Review relevant historical practices and language of early Maori;2. Identify contributing factors that have now led to Maori being the perpetrators and victims to New Zealand's injury and death rates;3. Consider the learning's from this review, informing the design of future research to gain better understanding of Maori attitudes and behaviours around injury prevention practices.MethodsIPNANZ has produced a report reviewing the literature on what is currently understood about indigenous and Maori attitudes and behaviours around injury prevention practices. Key Maori stakeholders were also consulted to identify gaps in our knowledge of Maori perceptions of injury and injury prevention.OutcomeThe report will form the basis of a research project that aims to fill identified knowledge gaps, and inform future injury prevention programmes for Maori. The findings of this report, and the research that will follow from it, will assist in the reduction of the incidence and severity of injury sustained by Maori in the 21st century.Contribution to the FieldSelf-determination for Maori begins with understanding themselves and the current world that they work, live and play.Implementation of injury prevention practices is the next step to ensuring that Maori will enjoy the same quality of safe lives as that of other populations in New Zealand.
Patterns and trends in leading causes of unintentional and violence-related injury mortality: United States, 2000–2009
Authors: Rockett IRH , Regier MD , Kapusta ND , Coben J , Miller TR , Hanzlick RL , Todd KH , Sattin RW , Kennedy LW , Kleinig J , Smith GS 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundTrending upwards, the US unintentional and violence-related injury mortality rate needed disaggregation.Aims/Objective/PurposeTo analyse rate patterns and trends in total injury mortality and its five leading external causes.MethodsAn observational study using negative binomial regression to analyse annual cause-of-death data for US residents for the period 2000–2009 from the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS).Results/OutcomeThe mortality rate declined by 25% for unintentional motor vehicle traffic crashes, and increased by 128%, 71%, and 15% for unintentional poisoning, unintentional falls, and suicide, respectively. Suicide is now the leading cause of injury mortality, followed by motor vehicle traffic crashes, poisoning, falls, and homicide, respectively. Females had a lower total injury mortality rate than males (0.39; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.40). Blacks (0.92; 95% CI 0.89 to 0.95) and Hispanics (0.86; 95% CI 0.84 to 0.89) had lower motor vehicular and suicide mortality rates (Blacks: 0.47; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.49) (Hispanics: 0.43; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.45) than Whites, and higher homicide rates (5.55; 95% CI 5.22 to 5.91) (1.92; 95% CI 1.80 to 2.05). The poisoning mortality rate showed a strong time trend; for example, 2009 vs 2000 (1.96; 95% CI 1.75 to 2.20). The fall mortality rate displayed a positive age gradient.Significance/Contribution to the FieldSuicide, unintentional poisoning, and unintentional fall mortality pose major challenges for prevention in the USA. Suicide has become the leading cause of unintentional and violence-related or intentional injury mortality. Epitomised by successes in motor vehicle traffic safety, injury prevention needs to be evidence-based, proactive, multifaceted, integrated, systematic, flexible, ethically defensible, and sustained.