bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of Jet Excavation in Conductor Jetting Operations
Authors: Wang Teng , Li Hao 
Published: February 2015

Conductor casing jetting operations have become commonplace in deepwater environments and has become the preferred method of installation in most deepwater environments where seafloor sediments allow the technique to be utilized. Operators have found the technique to be faster than the historical method of drilling a borehole and cementing the casing in place. But very little literature has been published regarding jet excavation mechanism in cohesive soil. In particular, some empirical method ignores the hydrodynamic characteristics of the jet and soil properties.
As the submarine soil is a deformable body whose behavior falls between a linear elastic solid and viscous liquid, its behavior is governed by general theory of rheology. A simple linear model of visco-plasticity, the Bingham rheological model, can describe soil deformation under steady-state stress. The generalized observation was that flow of soil is initiated only when the stress exceeds the yield stress. Beyond this stress, soil flows in a manner similar to viscous fluids at a rate proportional to the stress in excess of the yield stress. On the other hand, the visco-plastic material behaves like solids when the applied shear stress is less than the yield stress.
This article is to clarify the excavation mechanism associated with jet cutting in a cohesive soil, based on computational ?uid dynamics approaches. To investigate the profile of the excavated hole and the ultimate cutting distance of the jet, taking into account both the hydrodynamic characteristics of the jet and the undrained shearing resistance of the cohesive soil. The simulation results using FLUENT reveal that ultimate cutting distance grows with increasing flow intensities and decreasing clay shear strength as well as the distance of jet-soil interface from the nozzle. Based on the research results, propose the expression for jet excavation depth with shear strength and the other factors, which provides an improved prediction tool that can be applied in industry.
Miscible Flood Performance of Heterogeneous Layered Reservoirs: Considering Profile Control Through Controlled Fluid Movements
Authors: Ahmed Muzammil , Jaafar M.Z. , Wan Sulaiman W.R. , Hashim Muhamamd 
Published: February 2015

Current paper describes the work carried out on a layered reservoir in order to understand the miscible flood efficiency by controlling the velocity field in the individual layers of the heterogeneous reservoir. Heterogeneity in the reservoir can cause the early breakthrough of the solvent, and channelling through least resistance paths. Furthermore, the heterogeneity can be responsible for wider mixing zone between displacing and displaced fluid causing the loss of miscibility in the system, and wider dispersion of the solvent, this reduces the pore scale displacement efficiency of the reservoir.
The major forces involved in the displacement efficiency of the miscible floods such as, viscous, gravity, cross flow and capillary need to be accounted as well to properly model the sweep efficiencies in the system as they are directly responsible for reduced performance caused by viscous fingering, gravity tonguing, and dispersion.
Numerical reservoir simulation is intended to provide the insight into work done on the layered reservoir model where by controlling the injection rates of the solvent into the layers it is deemed to control the velocity fields inside the reservoir since mixing, capillary and gravity forces are all rate dependent, through this, more controlled injected solvent fronts can be produced, which to some extent are capable of increasing the sweep efficiency of the reservoir and prolong the breakthrough time. This is carried out by considering the selective smart injection/production of the solvent in the layers which is more kind of mechanical method of flood profile control although use of smart completions in miscible floods has not been discussed before in the literature. Use of smart completion is thus in current study is applied to the injectors also which is provided to give analysis on reservoir sweep efficiencies under the different microscopic and macroscopic driving forces. This can be significant in existing or potential EOR fields where smart completions already exist and can be utilized much effectively for the purposes of EOR operations.
An Integrated Approach to Understand the Remaining Potential and Ultimate Hydrocarbon Recovery of a Giant Carbonate Gas Field, Offshore Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Rabani Mas Nur Afiqah , Adams Erwin , Ryba Artur , Harwijanto Josef , Warrlich Georg , Fui Lee Hon , Shields Daren , Tan Abel , Mukhopadhyay Arunesh , Chai Xintee , Amir Amie , Palm Danielle , Seng Lee Bor , Balakrishnan Gopi , Hong Lay , Van Zandvoord Walrick 
Published: February 2015

A large carbonate gas field in the Central Luconia geological province, offshore Sarawak, Malaysia, is being operated by Sarawak Shell Berhad (SSB) and partners Petronas Carigali and Nippon Oil.
After more than 8 years of production, a full understanding of the field is required to assess near-term WRFM opportunities and to evaluate the remaining future development potential. The aims are to ensure the delivery of gas at a sustained level of gas volumes and with a manageable water level and at the same time improving the ultimate hydrocarbon gas recovery.
Predicting and preventing water breakthrough at the existing producers currently forms the challenge for the WRFM.
To deal with the above challenges and opportunities, the integrated methodologies employed include:Reservoir surveillance through timely data acquisition of fluid movement measurement in the observation well and time-lapse (4D) seismic, i.e. monitoring contact movementTogether with the historical well performance, a continuous integrated subsurface-surface study is performed with the aims to improve the field hydrocarbon gas recovery through optimization of WRFM, reservoir models, in-fill identification and near future field developmentContinued optimization between subsurface and surface facilities
A reservoir surveillance program has been in place since first gas with one of the deviated wells being dedicated to monitor the fluid contacts on a yearly basis. To complement this, two time-lapse (4D) seismic surveys have been successfully acquired in 2008 and 2012 to provide a field wide image of fluid movements and contacts. In spite of only two narrow swaths acquired around the platform area, the 2008 4D seismic has assisted in drilling two in-fill producers granting production to maintain a constant level. In 2012, a much larger 4D swaths were acquired covering the majority of the field. The high quality 4D data provides more crucial information, including indication that gas has likely been produced from a much wider area including the southern area.
The two 4D time lapse data enable to constrain the dynamic (and also static) modeling significantly and monitoring the dynamic behavior of different reservoir geobodies (reef margins, karst, faults) through production lifetime of the reservoir units.
Riser Gas Risk Mitigation with Advanced Flow Detection and Managed Pressure Drilling Technologies in Deepwater Operations
Authors: Toralde Julmar Shaun S. , Wuest Chad H. 
Published: February 2015

Studies have revealed that gas kicks unintentionally entrained in oil or synthetic based mud in deepwater drilling operations at water depths greater than 3000 ft are unlikely to break out of solution until they are above the subsea BOPs. The rig diverter is conventionally used to vent riser gas with minimal control and with considerable risk and environmental impact through the uncontrolled discharge of drilling fluids.
Riser gas handling (RGH) systems currently being offered provide a reactive solution to the problem by supplying a riser joint equipped with additional components for this specific purpose. This joint is normally composed of a retrofitted annular BOP and a flow spool with hoses that is installed on top of the rig marine riser. An alternative and proactive approach to riser gas handling, which we prefer to call riser gas risk mitigation, is proposed by utilizing managed pressure drilling (MPD) equipment. MPD involves the use of a rotating control device (RCD) to create a closed and pressurizable drilling system where flow out of the well is diverted to an automated MPD choke manifold with a high-resolution mass flow meter that increases the sensitivity and reaction time of the system to kicks, losses and other unwanted drilling events.
Experiments and field deployments have shown that the deepwater MPD system can detect a gas influx before it dissolves in oil-based mud, allowing for management of the same using conventional well control methods. Since the MPD system has already closed the well in, automatic diversion and control of gas in the riser is also possible, if required, thereby further minimizing the likelihood of an environmental discharge should a riser gas event occur. Experience gained from deepwater MPD operations in Asia Pacific will be presented to illustrate this.
Minimising Uncertainty for Marginal Field Development by Maximising the Value of Appraisal Wells: Measuring Stress and 3D Anisotropic Rock Properties in the Malay Basin
Authors: Jones M. , Reilly M. , Donald A. , Heidari B. , Oo A. 
Published: February 2015

Description
Appraisal wells prior to field development provide the only opportunity to gather data required to maximize production through completions and reduce costs through optimized operations. Full understanding of the stress state in the earth, anisotropic rock mechanics and pore pressure is essential for safe, efficient drilling of the deviated development wells and production to their full potential. Understanding uncertainties in these parameters affects the economic production of these assets.
A recent appraisal well in Hess's Bergading Field, drilled for a shallow sand, provided the opportunity to use it as a laboratory for future development. Full waveform sonic data, wellbore images, stress testing and full cores were gathered.
Continuous estimates of anisotropic rock mechanical properties were compared and calibrated with core The 3 dimensional shear moduli were measured and continuous magnitudes of reservoir horizontal stress were obtained. Although the borehole itself was close to circular showing no break-out, larger than expected horizontal stresses were observed and the mini-frac failed to achieve breakdown at a pressure of 4500psi at 4000ft.
State of the art sonic measurements providing shear radial-profiling from the sand-face into the far-field allowed direct derivation of horizontal stress magnitudes in the sand. These measurements also predicted a higher formation breakdown pressure than was applied in the mini-frac test.

Application
Well-bore stability, sanding and perforating all depend for their effective utilization on an understanding of the rock mechanics and state of stress of the material around the borehole. The horizontal stress field and the rock strength define the failure modes and predict stability and sanding behaviour in deviated wells planned for field development.

Results
The horizontal stresses from the sonic measurements were used to generate a revised safe drilling window for mud-weight. Subsequent core test results were able to describe plastic vs. elastic behaviour in the near-wellbore region to predict failure modes. Perforation recommendations and sanding predictions were also produced

Significance
Results are significant because they speak to the underlying geology of the basin, the behaviour of individual boreholes within that setting and the optimization of strategies in well, perforation and completion design, thus reducing cost and maximizing production
Unconventional Shale Gas Drilling Comparison in Sichuan Basin, China Different Approaches Aim for Same Target
Authors: Sun Haifang , Bai Jing , Huang Bing , Chen Weiqing , Hong Yuandong , Moh Thomas , Zhou Feng 
Published: February 2015

Low cost, high technology and fast ROP are three main factors which related to successful development of unconventional shale gas all over the world. Local operator and international operator are using different approaches to develop shale gas in Sichuan basin, where is a hot place for shale gas chasers in China. Both operators have some filed application lesson learnt to improve drilling efficiency and save cost during past 3 years:Flexible local well structure optimization design reduces loss risk.Local factory drill is proven to improve working efficiency and reduce cost per well.Local service providers help to reduce cost, especially, local DD/MWD/LWD service.Local Well placement concept reduces downhole collapse issue through filed application lesson learnt.New push to bit and point to bit combination tool has high efficiency to improve ROP, especially, in curve section.Near bit gamma ray/Gamma ray image is a useful tool for high dip angle / multi-faults formation horizontal section well placement, to avoid geological sidetrack.Bit optimization helps to improve ROP and extend downhole working life.
Through above filed applications, average cost of international operator is 1.7 times of local operator, but on bottom ROP is 1.5 times faster than local operator. Both operators' drilling efficiency has average 70% improve which based on previous 3 years learning curves.
Local operator tries to factory drill 6 wells per pad with 300m well spacing and 8 wells per pad with 400/500m well spacing separately next step and find the best well placement to improve production in Sichuan basin. The production target of unconventional shale gas will be attempted to 600-1000 X 108 m3 per year until 2020.
Utrasonic Gas Leak Detection
Authors: Sizeland Eliot , Croft Andy , Leong Anthony 
Published: February 2015

Introduction:
Ultrasonic technology has been around since early 1930's. For many years, detecting combustible gas leaks has been accomplished through the use of catalytic bead and infrared point detectors along with open path infrared perimeter detectors In past 20 years, ultrasonic sensing has become the leading standard in many different industries, including gas measurement for custody transfer and, of course, leak detection.

Advantages to using ultrasonic leak detectors:
ƒ. It Detects gas leak before a hazardous concentration is present ƒ. Suitable for all weather conditions ƒ. The gas cloud no contact with the sensor during Operation. ƒ. Detection is instantaneous for all types of gas leak (toxic or combustible) ƒ. Not affected by wind direction and noisy environments (audible noise is not an issue) ƒ. Wide area coverage with a single unit (up to 40 meter radius) PMS - Uncoated

Challenges
ƒ. Not suited for low pressure application (below 30 psi). ƒ. Cannot distinguish gas types leaking, e.g. air/nitrogen/methane ƒ. Time delays need pre configured for press releases, etc
There are only two types of ultrasonic leak detectors on the market today. The first utilizes traditional ultrasonic sensing technology through the use of a moving metal diaphragm (microphone) that requires frequent calibration and periodic replacement. Because of its design, mounting orientation is also limited and it can be affected by temperature changes. This unit also has a single sensor element that covers a max range of a 12 meter radius with medium background noise
The latest ultrasonic sensing technologies uses a resonant sensor. The active element is a piezo-electric material(which converts mechanical deformation into electrical voltage) embedded in a ceramic medium. These sensors have an extremely high chemical resistance and a wide frequency range response band. The unit can be mounted in any orientation required for the application. Its sensor design has no moving parts so wear and tear is completely eliminated. Detector design come with four sensors, which covers a max range of 40 meters radius. After Factory Calibration, It will be Lifetime usage and there is no zeroing or calibration required.
No Maintenance required.
Welding Residual Stress and Pipeline Integrity
Authors: Tornqvist R. , Wang J. , Tronskar J.P. , Sisan A. 
Published: February 2015

Understanding welding-induced residual stresses can help the pipeline industry to produce and install safer, more reliable and potentially more cost-efficient pipeline designs. The weld residual stresses are often found to be in the tensile stress state in parts of the weld which is well-known to have a destructive effect on the fatigue life and fracture properties of the pipeline. With the latest development within Computational Welding Mechanics, it is today it is possible to give accurate estimations of the residual stresses and distortions due to welding and the results can be used to optimise and determine the structural life time of the pipeline. However, it is vital that the welding simulation methods are validated against reliable measured data, so that welding-induced residual stresses distribution can be accurately predicted using computational methods. During the welding there are several factors that might affect the influence of welding residual stresses, such as the materials properties of the base and filler material, the welding process parameters, number of passes, joint groove parameters, geometry effects such as the thickness and t/D ratio. The different factors contribute all to the weld residual stress in different levels and it is therefore crucial to understand how this will influence residual stress level.
This paper presents a review of the latest achievements within Computational Welding Mechanics (CWM) simulations to determine the weld residual stresses in pipeline girth welds and the influence the weld residual stress has on the pipeline integrity.
Education and Research via the Open University Malaysia (OUM) – An Opportunity for Local Government
Authors: Phang Siew Nooi , Loo Sze Wei 
Published: February 2015

In this era, the provision of education and dissemination of research-based knowledge need not be restricted to conventional methods such as classroom settings and face-to-face interactions. Advancements in communications via improved technologies enable people from all over the world to seek knowledge to support their needs, conduct global research via teleconferencing, and study at their own pace wherever they are and according to their level of ability. Naturally governments, too, are aware of this flexibility to increase their effectiveness and improve the capacity of their staff.
Attitudinal orientation of first level managers for improvement of municipal service delivery: Experience of training intervention in Kolkata
Authors: Roy Uttam Kumar , Ghosh Arabinda , Chakravarti Ranjan Kumar , Som Nisitendra Nath 
Published: February 2015

This paper discusses a program of attitudinal orientation courses provided for functionaries of a large municipal corporation in India. Almost 450 Assistant Managers from the Kolkata Municipal Corporation took part in the training, which was held at the Administrative Training Institute (ATI) of the Government of West Bengal, India.Under the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, Indian Municipalities/Corporations (Urban Local Bodies) are empowered and entrusted to perform planning, development and governance for the city/ town and to provide services to the citizens. The change in outlook towards the local government reflected in the Act has highlighted the need for greater awareness and a better attitude amongst municipal staff as well as elected representatives towards service delivery. Good governance can be achieved through the overall performance of officials of an organization, provided they possess the necessary knowledge, skills, attitudes and competencies. For historical reasons, knowledge, skills and attitudes amongst officials of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India have been traditionally of a low standard. Willingness to perform better in the role of municipal service delivery is not common. Therein lies the need for training for improvement in service delivery, especially for organizations like large municipal corporations and municipalities.
Project Hetura: Reflections on an International Local Government Partnership
Authors: Gheller Susan 
Published: February 2015

The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the Townsville/Port Moresby partnership activities and explore the challenges and benefits to both Councils from the perspective of a Townsville City Council employee associated with the program.Since 2002, Townsville City Council has been engaged in a capacity building project with the National Capital District Commission (NCDC) in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. The project, named Hetura, means mateship or friendship in Moto, the predominant language group in Port Moresby. Project Hetura is coordinated through the Commonwealth Local Government Forum’ (CLGF) Good Practice Scheme with funding from AusAID. Townsville City Council provides in-kind support through the contribution of staff time and participation while the National Capital District Commission provides a budget allocation for the project.The overarching goal of Project Hetura is to strengthen management, planning, and governance within the NCDC and to improve the capacity of the organisation to deliver efficient, responsive, accountable services to the community. Rather than engaging in a traditional consultancy, the approach by participants of Project Hetura has been that of a partnership built through a relationship of trust and good-will developed over time between the two organisations. Within this partnership, the skills and contributions of all parties are valued, and team members work together to develop sustainable solutions to identified problems.
The Local Capacity, Local Community and Local Governance Dimensions of Sustainability in Australian Local Government
Authors: Dollery Brian , Crase Lin , Grant Bligh James 
Published: February 2015

The problem of the ‘financial sustainability’ of individual local councils represents the most significant policy question at issue in contemporary debate on Australian local government. This concern with financial sustainability has not only dominated almost all recent local government conferences across Australia, but it has also formed the capstone of several public inquiries into state local government systems. For instance, at the state level, both the South Australian Financial Sustainability Review Board’s (FSRB) (2005) Rising to the Challenge and the Independent Inquiry into the Financial Sustainability of NSW Local Government’ s (LGI) (2006) Are Councils Sustainable were centrally occupied with determining the meaning of financial sustainability in Australian local government and developing measures of financial sustainability. Moreover, the Queensland Local Government Association (LGAQ) (2006) Size, Shape and Sustainability (SSS) program, the Western Australian Local Government Association (WALGA) (2006) Systemic Sustainability Study and the Local Government Association of Tasmania (LGAT) (2007) Review of the Financial Sustainability of Local Government in Tasmania had at their core the problem of assessing financial sustainability in their respective local government systems.