bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenological plasticity will not help all species adapt to climate change
Authors: Duputié Anne , Rutschmann Alexis , Ronce Ophélie , Chuine Isabelle 
Published: March 2015

AbstractConcerns are rising about the capacity of species to adapt quickly enough to climate change. In long‐lived organisms such as trees, genetic adaptation is slow, and how much phenotypic plasticity can help them cope with climate change remains largely unknown. Here, we assess whether, where and when phenological plasticity is and will be adaptive in three major European tree species. We use a process‐based species distribution model, parameterized with extensive ecological data, and manipulate plasticity to suppress phenological variations due to interannual, geographical and trend climate variability, under current and projected climatic conditions. We show that phenological plasticity is not always adaptive and mostly affects fitness at the margins of the species' distribution and climatic niche. Under current climatic conditions, phenological plasticity constrains the northern range limit of oak and beech and the southern range limit of pine. Under future climatic conditions, phenological plasticity becomes strongly adaptive towards the trailing edges of beech and oak, but severely constrains the range and niche of pine. Our results call for caution when interpreting geographical variation in trait means as adaptive, and strongly point towards species distribution models explicitly taking phenotypic plasticity into account when forecasting species distribution under climate change scenarios.
Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts
Authors: Frank Dorothea , Reichstein Markus , Bahn Michael , Thonicke Kirsten , Frank David , Mahecha Miguel D. , Smith Pete , van der Velde Marijn , Vicca Sara , Babst Flurin , Beer Christian , Buchmann Nina , Canadell Josep G. , Ciais Philippe , Cramer Wolfgang , Ibrom Andreas , Miglietta Franco , Poulter Ben , Rammig Anja , Seneviratne Sonia I. , Walz Ariane , Wattenbach Martin , Zavala Miguel A. , Zscheischler Jakob 
Published: March 2015

AbstractExtreme droughts, heat waves, frosts, precipitation, wind storms and other climate extremes may impact the structure, composition and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, and thus carbon cycling and its feedbacks to the climate system. Yet, the interconnected avenues through which climate extremes drive ecological and physiological processes and alter the carbon balance are poorly understood. Here, we review the literature on carbon cycle relevant responses of ecosystems to extreme climatic events. Given that impacts of climate extremes are considered disturbances, we assume the respective general disturbance‐induced mechanisms and processes to also operate in an extreme context. The paucity of well‐defined studies currently renders a quantitative meta‐analysis impossible, but permits us to develop a deductive framework for identifying the main mechanisms (and coupling thereof) through which climate extremes may act on the carbon cycle. We find that ecosystem responses can exceed the duration of the climate impacts via lagged effects on the carbon cycle. The expected regional impacts of future climate extremes will depend on changes in the probability and severity of their occurrence, on the compound effects and timing of different climate extremes, and on the vulnerability of each land‐cover type modulated by management. Although processes and sensitivities differ among biomes, based on expert opinion, we expect forests to exhibit the largest net effect of extremes due to their large carbon pools and fluxes, potentially large indirect and lagged impacts, and long recovery time to regain previous stocks. At the global scale, we presume that droughts have the strongest and most widespread effects on terrestrial carbon cycling. Comparing impacts of climate extremes identified via remote sensing vs. ground‐based observational case studies reveals that many regions in the (sub‐)tropics are understudied. Hence, regional investigations are needed to allow a global upscaling of the impacts of climate extremes on global carbon–climate feedbacks.
Public Drug Coverage and Its Impact on Triptan Use Across Canada: A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Amadio Anthony , Lee Kathy , Yao Zhan , Camacho Ximena , Knowles Sandra , Lay Christine , Paterson J. Michael , Hunt Jordan , Gomes Tara ,   Ontario Drug Policy Research Network
Published: March 2015

BackgroundPublic drug coverage for triptan medications varies across jurisdictions in Canada, which may lead to differences in usage patterns and patient risk for medication overuse headache.MethodsWe conducted a population‐based, cross‐sectional analysis of publicly funded triptan use in seven provinces across Canada from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012. All patients who had filled at least one prescription for a triptan during the study period were included. We defined quantity limits of 6, 12, and 18 triptan units per month to assess the prevalence of high volumes of triptan use, which may place patients at risk for medication overuse headaches, and compared this prevalence between provinces with different funding restrictions.ResultsWe identified 14,085 publicly funded users of triptans in 2012 in the seven provinces studied, 82.5% of whom were aged less than 65 years (N = 11,631). The prevalence of triptan use ranged substantially by province, from 0.04% in Ontario to a maximum of 1.0% in Manitoba (P < .001). Furthermore, the percentage of patients in each province using more than 6, 12, or 18 units per month differed significantly between provinces (P < .001). In particular, the percentage of patients treated with more than 6 units per month ranged from as low as 2.1% in Saskatchewan to 43.8% in Ontario.ConclusionsDiffering public drug reimbursement criteria for triptans may be one contributing factor that has led to our observation of considerable variation in both prevalence of triptan prescribing and potential overuse of these medications. We offer that monthly quantity limits may be considered as a tool to decrease risks for medication overuse headache.
Symptoms and Physiological Responses to Prolonged, Repeated, Low‐Level Tooth Clenching in Humans
Authors: Takeuchi Tamiyo , Arima Taro , Ernberg Malin , Yamaguchi Taihiko , Ohata Noboru , Svensson Peter 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundThe traditional view contends bruxism, such as tooth grinding/clenching, is part of the etiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) including some subtypes of headaches. The purpose of this study is to investigate if a low‐level but long‐lasting tooth‐clenching task initiates TMD symptoms/signs.MethodsEighteen healthy participants (mean age ± SD, 24.0 ± 4.3 years) performed and repeated an experimental 2‐hour tooth‐clenching task at 10% maximal voluntary occlusal bite force at incisors (11.1 ± 4.6 N) for three consecutive days (Days 1‐3). Pain and cardiovascular parameters were estimated during the experiment.ResultsThe task evoked pain in the masseter/temporalis muscles and temporomandibular joint after 40.0 ± 18.0 minutes with a peak intensity of 1.6 ± 0.4 on 0‐10 numerical rating scale (NRS) after 105.0 ± 5.0 minutes (Day 1). On Day 2 and Day 3, pain had disappeared but the tasks, again, evoked pain with similar intensities. The onset and peak levels of pain were not different between the experimental days (P = .977). However, the area under the curve of pain NRS in the masseter on Day 2 and Day 3 were smaller than that on Day 1 (P = .006). Cardiovascular parameters changed during the task but not during the days.ConclusionsProlonged, low‐level tooth clenching evoked short‐lived pain like TMD. This intervention study proposes that tooth clenching alone is insufficient to initiate longer lasting and self‐perpetuating symptoms of TMD, which may require other risk factors.
Migraine and Epilepsy: Review of the Literature
Authors: Nye Barbara L. , Thadani Vijay M. 
Published: March 2015

Migraine and epilepsy are disorders that are common, paroxysmal, and chronic. In many ways they are clearly different diseases, yet there are some pathophysiological overlaps, and overlaps in clinical symptomatology, particularly with regard to visual and other sensory disturbances, pain, and alterations of consciousness.Epidemiological studies have revealed that the two diseases are comorbid in a number of individuals. Both are now recognized as originating from electrical disturbances in the brain, although their wider manifestations involve the recruitment of multiple pathogenic mechanisms. An initial excess of neuronal activity in migraine leads to cortical spreading depression and aura, with the subsequent recruitment of the trigeminal nucleus leading to central sensitization and pain. In epilepsy, neuronal overactivity leads to the recruitment of larger populations of neurons firing in a rhythmic manner that constitutes an epileptic seizure. Migraine aura and headaches may act as a trigger for epileptic seizures. Epilepsy is not infrequently accompanied by preictal, ictal, and postictal headaches that often have migrainous features.Genetic links are also apparent between the two disorders, and are particularly evident in the familial hemiplegic migraine syndromes where different mutations can produce either migraine, epilepsy, or both. Also, various medications are found to be effective for both migraine and epilepsy, again pointing to a commonality and overlap between the two disorders.
Evaluating the effectiveness of knowledge brokering in health research: a systematised review with some bibliometric information
Authors: Elueze Isioma N. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify the effectiveness of knowledge brokering as a knowledge translation (KT) strategy used in promoting evidence‐based decision‐making, evidence‐based practice or collaboration between researchers, health practitioners and policymakers.MethodsA systematised review of literature was performed using MEDLINE (through ProQuest® Dialog), PubMed and Scopus electronic databases. A search strategy was developed to identify primary studies indexed in these databases on knowledge translation that reported the implementation of knowledge brokering. Sixty‐two titles related to knowledge brokering were identified from the search after the removal of duplicates, and 24 articles met the eligibility criteria following the review of the full text documents. The findings were then synthesised using a narrative approach.ResultsIt was found that knowledge brokering has been an effective strategy for knowledge translation.ConclusionAlthough this review shows that knowledge brokering has been an effective strategy for KT, it advocates for more empirical studies to compare the effectiveness of specific knowledge brokering approaches with others. It also calls for empirical studies to explicate the role of library and information science professionals in knowledge brokering.
School performance and oral health conditions: analysis of the impact mediated by socio‐economic factors
Authors: Paula Janice Simpson , Lisboa Cristina Martins , de Castro Meneghim Marcelo , Pereira Antônio Carlos , Ambrosano Glaucia Maria Bovi , Mialhe Fábio Luiz 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundOral problems can cause strong impact on functional, emotional, and social aspects of children and adolescents, as well as changes in school performance.AimTo evaluate the associations of subjective perceptions of parents, socio‐economic factors, and oral clinical conditions of children with their school performance.DesignA case–control design was used with a sample of 1411 schoolchildren aged 8–10 years from city of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Clinical conditions were evaluated using the DMFT and dmft indexes. Socio‐economic data were obtained using a questionnaire sent to schoolchildren's parents. School performance was evaluated by the final scores of each schoolchild at the end of the 2011 school year.ResultsAccording to the final logistic regression model, the schoolchildren who had carious lesions and underwent curative dental treatment at the beginning of the academic year presented 1.51 more chance of having low performance compared with schoolchildren who had no caries lesions. In addition, socio‐economic and demographic variables were associated with a greater chance of poor school performance.ConclusionSocio‐economic factors and presence of caries lesions, even if treated, were risk indicators for poor school performance.
Melatonin induces apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells through HDAC4 nuclear import mediated by CaMKII inactivation
Authors: Wei Jia‐Yi , Li Wan‐Ming , Zhou Lin‐Lin , Lu Qiu‐Nan , He Wei 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMelatonin induces apoptosis in many different cancer cell lines, including colorectal cancer. However, the precise mechanisms involved remain largely unresolved. In this study, we provide evidence to reveal a new mechanism by which melatonin induces apoptosis of colorectal cancer LoVo cells. Melatonin at pharmacological concentrations significantly suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. The observed apoptosis was accompanied by the melatonin‐induced dephosphorylation and nuclear import of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4). Pretreatment with a HDAC4‐specific siRNA effectively attenuated the melatonin‐induced apoptosis, indicating that nuclear localization of HDAC4 is required for melatonin‐induced apoptosis. Moreover, constitutively active Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα) abrogated the melatonin‐induced HDAC4 nuclear import and apoptosis of LoVo cells. Furthermore, melatonin decreased H3 acetylation on bcl‐2 promoter, leading to a reduction of bcl‐2 expression, whereas constitutively active CaMKIIα(T286D) or HDAC4‐specific siRNA abrogated the effect of melatonin. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that melatonin‐induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer LoVo cells largely depends on the nuclear import of HDAC4 and subsequent H3 deacetylation via the inactivation of CaMKIIα.
Morphological examination and phylogenetic position of the newly recorded heterotrophic brackish dinoflagellateDiplopsalis caspica(Dinophyceae) in freshwater habitat from China
Authors: Zhang Qi , Song Hui‐Yin , Hu Zheng‐Yu , Liu Guo‐Xiang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA heterotrophic dinoflagellate was identified asDiplopsalis caspicaOstenfeld by morphological characteristics, with the plate formula: Po, x, 3′, 1a, 6″, 4c, 4s, 5″′, 1″″. The newly recorded dinoflagellate was encountered during autumn in the phytoplankton community of Jihongtan Reservoir and some small ponds near the reservoir in Shandong Province, China. The species had been reported only in brackish ecosystems; however, our material fit withD. caspicaoccurred in freshwater habitat. The phylogenetic relationship ofD. caspicawas elucidated through small and large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. In small and large subunit ribosomal DNA phylogenies, all Protoperidiniaceae species, including diplopsalids andProtoperidiniumBergh, could cluster into a monophyletic group. The molecular phylogenies indicated that the genusDiplopsaliswould provide a link to the common ancestor of thePeridiniumEhrenberg and theProtoperidinium.
Genomic signatures of geographic isolation and natural selection in coral reef fishes
Authors: Gaither Michelle R. , Bernal Moisés A. , Coleman Richard R. , Bowen Brian W. , Jones Shelley A. , Simison W. Brian , Rocha Luiz A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe drivers of speciation remain among the most controversial topics in evolutionary biology. Initially, Darwin emphasized natural selection as a primary mechanism of speciation, but the architects of the modern synthesis largely abandoned that view in favour of divergence by geographic isolation. The balance between selection and isolation is still at the forefront of the evolutionary debate, especially for the world's tropical oceans where biodiversity is high, but isolating barriers are few. Here, we identify the drivers of speciation in Pacific reef fishes of the genus Acanthurus by comparative genome scans of two peripheral populations that split from a large Central‐West Pacific lineage at roughly the same time. Mitochondrial sequences indicate that populations in the Hawaiian Archipelago and the Marquesas Islands became isolated approximately 0.5 Ma. The Hawaiian lineage is morphologically indistinguishable from the widespread Pacific form, but the Marquesan form is recognized as a distinct species that occupies an unusual tropical ecosystem characterized by upwelling, turbidity, temperature fluctuations, algal blooms and little coral cover. An analysis of 3737 SNPs reveals a strong signal of selection at the Marquesas, with 59 loci under disruptive selection including an opsin Rh2 locus. While both the Hawaiian and Marquesan populations indicate signals of drift, the former shows a weak signal of selection that is comparable with populations in the Central‐West Pacific. This contrast between closely related lineages reveals one population diverging due primarily to geographic isolation and genetic drift, and the other achieving taxonomic species status under the influence of selection.
Disentangling the complex evolutionary history of the Western Palearctic blue tits (Cyanistes spp.) – phylogenomic analyses suggest radiation by multiple colonization events and subsequent isolation
Authors: Stervander Martin , Illera Juan Carlos , Kvist Laura , Barbosa Pedro , Keehnen Naomi P. , Pruisscher Peter , Bensch Staffan , Hansson Bengt 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIsolated islands and their often unique biota continue to play key roles for understanding the importance of drift, genetic variation and adaptation in the process of population differentiation and speciation. One island system that has inspired and intrigued evolutionary biologists is the blue tit complex (Cyanistes spp.) in Europe and Africa, in particular the complex evolutionary history of the multiple genetically distinct taxa of the Canary Islands. Understanding Afrocanarian colonization events is of particular importance because of recent unconventional suggestions that these island populations acted as source of the widespread population in mainland Africa. We investigated the relationship between mainland and island blue tits using a combination of Sanger sequencing at a population level (20 loci; 12 500 nucleotides) and next‐generation sequencing of single population representatives (>3 200 000 nucleotides), analysed in coalescence and phylogenetic frameworks. We found (i) that Afrocanarian blue tits are monophyletic and represent four major clades, (ii) that the blue tit complex has a continental origin and that the Canary Islands were colonized three times, (iii) that all island populations have low genetic variation, indicating low long‐term effective population sizes and (iv) that populations on La Palma and in Libya represent relicts of an ancestral North African population. Further, demographic reconstructions revealed (v) that the Canary Islands, conforming to traditional views, hold sink populations, which have not served as source for back colonization of the African mainland. Our study demonstrates the importance of complete taxon sampling and an extensive multimarker study design to obtain robust phylogeographical inferences.
Heterogeneity of genetic architecture of body size traits in a free‐living population
Authors: Bérénos Camillo , Ellis Philip A. , Pilkington Jill G. , Lee S. Hong , Gratten Jake , Pemberton Josephine M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractKnowledge of the underlying genetic architecture of quantitative traits could aid in understanding how they evolve. In wild populations, it is still largely unknown whether complex traits are polygenic or influenced by few loci with major effect, due to often small sample sizes and low resolution of marker panels. Here, we examine the genetic architecture of five adult body size traits in a free‐living population of Soay sheep on St Kilda using 37 037 polymorphic SNPs. Two traits (jaw and weight) show classical signs of a polygenic trait: the proportion of variance explained by a chromosome was proportional to its length, multiple chromosomes and genomic regions explained significant amounts of phenotypic variance, but no SNPs were associated with trait variance when using GWAS. In comparison, genetic variance for leg length traits (foreleg, hindleg and metacarpal) was disproportionately explained by two SNPs on chromosomes 16 (s23172.1) and 19 (s74894.1), which each explained >10% of the additive genetic variance. After controlling for environmental differences, females heterozygous for s74894.1 produced more lambs and recruits during their lifetime than females homozygous for the common allele conferring long legs. We also demonstrate that alleles conferring shorter legs have likely entered the population through a historic admixture event with the Dunface sheep. In summary, we show that different proxies for body size can have very different genetic architecture and that dense SNP helps in understanding both the mode of selection and the evolutionary history at loci underlying quantitative traits in natural populations.
Niche partitioning in arbuscular mycorrhizal communities in temperate grasslands: a lesson from adjacent serpentine and nonserpentine habitats
Authors: Kohout Petr , Doubková Pavla , Bahram Mohammad , Suda Jan , Tedersoo Leho , Voříšková Jana , Sudová Radka 
Published: March 2015

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) represent an important soil microbial group playing a fundamental role in many terrestrial ecosystems. We explored the effects of deterministic (soil characteristics, host plant life stage, neighbouring plant communities) and stochastic processes on AMF colonization, richness and community composition in roots of Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae) plants from three serpentine grasslands and adjacent nonserpentine sites. Methodically, the study was based on 454‐sequencing of the ITS region of rDNA. In total, we detected 81 molecular taxonomical operational units (MOTUs) belonging to the Glomeromycota. Serpentine character of the site negatively influenced AMF root colonization, similarly as higher Fe concentration. AMF MOTUs richness linearly increased along a pH gradient from 3.5 to 5.8. Contrary, K and Cr soil concentration had a negative influence on AMF MOTUs richness. We also detected a strong relation between neighbouring plant community composition and AMF MOTUs richness. Although spatial distance between the sampled sites (c. 0.3–3 km) contributed to structuring AMF communities in K. arvensis roots, environmental parameters were key factors in this respect. In particular, the composition of AMF communities was shaped by the complex of serpentine conditions, pH and available soil Ni concentration. The composition of AMF communities was also dependent on host plant life stage (vegetative vs. generative). Our study supports the dominance of deterministic factors in structuring AMF communities in heterogeneous environment composed of an edaphic mosaic of serpentine and nonserpentine soils.