bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary protein influences the life‐history characteristics across generations in the African striped mouse Rhabdomys
Authors: Nel Kerith , Rimbach Rebecca , Pillay Neville 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe level of dietary protein determines the onset of reproduction, affects offspring growth and maturation, and hence influences life‐history traits and fitness. However, to date, the long‐term life‐history consequences of protein deficiency are not well understood. We studied the transgenerational effects of different levels of dietary protein on the life‐history and level of maternal behavior of the striped mouse Rhabdomys dilectus chakae in captivity. Breeding pairs were assigned to three treatments based on the percentage of dietary protein: baseline (BP; 19%); high protein (HP; 24%); and low protein (LP; 10%). Reproductive output and offspring ontogeny was diminished in the LP treatment compared to the other treatments. Transgenerational effects were studied by breeding F2 females raised on the LP or HP diets on the same (HP–HP, LP–LP) or altered diets (HP–LP, LP–HP). The LP–LP treatment had no reproductive success, while reproductive capacity in the remaining treatments was determined mainly by the diet of mothers at breeding. Pups from protein‐restricted females (LP, HP–LP) showed post‐weaning compensatory growth. Timing of sexual maturity was age‐dependent in female and mass‐dependent in male offspring. Females fed low protein diets during breeding (LP, HP–LP) displayed lower levels of maternal behavior than females from the other treatments. This study demonstrates that the level of dietary protein influences the life‐history of R. d. chakae in predictable ways. The taxon responds to changes in dietary protein at breeding, largely regardless of its nutrition during rearing. Such phenotypic flexibility in life‐history parameters allows Rhabdomys to adaptively respond to unpredictable environmental changes. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 97–108, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do turtles follow the rules? Latitudinal gradients in species richness, body size, and geographic range area of the world's turtles
Authors: Angielczyk Kenneth D. , Burroughs Robert W. , Feldman Chris. R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractUnderstanding how and why biodiversity is structured across the globe has been central to ecology, evolution, and biogeography even before those disciplines took their modern forms. Three global‐scale patterns in particular have been the focus of research and debate for decades: latitudinal gradients in species richness (richness decreases with increasing latitude), body size (body size increases with increasing latitude in endotherms; Bergmann's rule), and geographic range size (range size increases with increasing latitude; Rapoport's rule). Despite decades of study, the generality and robustness of these trends have been debated, as have their underlying causes. Here we investigate latitudinal gradients in species richness, body size, and range size in the world's turtles (Testudines), and add more evidence that these rules do not seem to apply across all taxa. We show that turtle diversity actually peaks at 25° north, a highly unusual global pattern. Turtles also fail to follow Bergmann's Rule, and may show the converse (larger at lower latitudes), though trends are weak. Turtles also show a complex relationship between latitude and range size that does not directly follow Rapoport's rule. Body size and geographic range size are significantly correlated, and multiple abiotic and biotic variables help explain the relationships between latitude and species diversity, body size, and range size. Although we show that turtles do not strictly follow some classic biogeographical rules, we also call for further in‐depth research to investigate potential causal mechanisms for these atypical patterns.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 270–294, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Client Perceptions of the Value of Microinsurance: Evidence from Southern Ghana
Authors: Giesbert Lena , Steiner Susan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe uptake of microinsurance in developing countries falls short of projections, which has recently made stakeholders focus on client value. This article investigates when and why clients of a micro life insurance product in Ghana perceive value, using data from focus group discussions. We show that value depends not only on costs and monetary benefits but also on the service quality, emotions and social benefits that are associated with the product. Perceptions of high or low value can be explained by how expectations compare with actual experiences with the insurance as well as the specific client context. Peers strongly influence each other in their value perceptions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Which comes first, organizational culture or performance? A longitudinal study of causal priority with automobile dealerships
Authors: Boyce Anthony S. , Nieminen Levi R. G. , Gillespie Michael A. , Ryan Ann Marie , Denison Daniel R. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryPrior research supports a link between organizational culture and performance but generally falls short of establishing causality or determining the direction of a culture–performance (C‐P) relationship. Using data collected from 95 franchise automobile dealerships over 6 years, we studied longitudinal culture–performance relationships to determine whether culture or performance has causal priority, or alternatively, whether a reciprocal relationship exists. Results from cross‐lagged panel analyses indicate that culture “comes first,” consistently predicting subsequent ratings of customer satisfaction and vehicle sales. Furthermore, the positive effect of culture on vehicle sales is fully mediated by customer satisfaction ratings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergence and emergence in organizations: An integrative framework and review
Authors: Fulmer C. Ashley , Ostroff Cheri 
Published: January 2015

SummaryIn reaction to the growing attention to connecting individual‐level and unit‐level constructs, we first briefly review emergence terminology and theories that address the dynamic process by which a higher‐level phenomenon emerges from lower‐level elements. Next, we review the extant theory and research on emergence and convergence in organization science using an organizing framework that simultaneously considers the content area of lower‐level elements, the emergent factors, and the target of the emergent property. In addition to organizing and bridging current literature on emergence and convergence, gaps of existing research and new directions for future research, including compilation and divergence, are identified. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Midlatitude cyclones in the southeastern United States: frequency and structure differences by cyclogenesis region
Authors: Nieto Ferreira Rosana , Earl Hall Linwood 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTMidlatitude cyclones that affected the Southeast (SE) United States between 1998 and 2010 were classified into five types according to their region of origin: (1) Continental United States, (2) Canadian, (3) Gulf Low, (4) Hatteras Low, or (5) Stationary. A composite analysis was used to examine differences in the structure, evolution, and propagation of these cyclones during boreal winter, when the largest number of cyclones affect the SE United States. Most of the midlatitude cyclones that affect the SE in the wintertime formed within the continental United States (∼11 events/winter), followed by Gulf Lows (∼4 events/winter) and Canadian cyclones (∼4 events/winter). Hatteras Lows were relatively rare (∼1 events/winter), and Stationary events did not occur during winter. While Canadian and Continental US cyclones occurred year‐round the frequency of Gulf Low events peaked in the boreal winter when the upper‐level jet was strongest and located further south. Hatteras Lows peaked in the boreal fall and winter, and Stationary events occurred almost exclusively during the boreal summer. Overall, Gulf Low and Continental US cyclones were the only cyclones that brought wintertime precipitation to the SE United States. When integrated over the season, Continental US cyclones made the largest contribution to the wintertime precipitation in the SE United States. On a per‐event basis, however, Gulf Lows were the biggest wintertime precipitation makers in the SE United States while Canadian cyclones and Hatteras Lows did not bring much precipitation to the SE United States. Gulf Lows were more common during El Niño than La Niña years and tended to occur back‐to‐back with either another Gulf Low or with a Hatteras Low.
Trend analysis of tropical intraseasonal oscillations in the summer and winter during 1982–2009
Authors: Tao Li , Zhao Jiuwei , Li Tim 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTBased on the daily outgoing long‐wave radiation data of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration from 1979 to 2012, we investigated the intensity changes of the 20‐ to 70‐day boreal summer (June–September, JJAS) intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) and winter (December–February, DJF) intraseasonal oscillation, also known as the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO). The results showed that the intensity of the BSISO has a significant intensifying trend during 1982–2009. On the other hand, little trend was found for boreal winter MJO during this period. The wavenumber‐frequency analysis was applied to separate ISO into westward propagation and eastward propagation parts. The significant intensified trend was observed over tropical Indian Ocean for the eastward propagation BSISO. The weakened but not significant trend was observed over southern tropical Indian Ocean for the eastward propagation MJO. To gain insight into the different ISO characteristics, the tendencies of sea surface temperature (SST) and the vertical shear of zonal wind were analysed. The results showed that in both seasons from 1982 to 2009, the global SST trends were similar, and thus they could not be used to explain the BSISO upward trend. However, lower tropospheric easterly shear in boreal summer over tropical Indian Ocean had a decreasing trend, while the easterly vertical shear over maritime continent was enhanced in winter. It is proposed that the reduced easterly vertical shear over tropical Indian Ocean favoured the amplification of the eastward propagating Kelvin wave, which led to the intensified eastward propagating BSISO. The enhanced easterly vertical shear over maritime continent might be unfavourable to the amplification of the eastward propagating Kelvin wave, but its impact was offset by the enhanced upward motion over maritime continent. As a result, there was little trend of the MJO in boreal winter. The above hypothesis was further verified by intermediate model results.
FTIR micro‐reflectance absorption spectroscopic analysis of chemisorbed reaction films for tribological applications
Authors: Choudhary R. B. , Tyagi O. S. , Anand O. N. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractChemisorbed reaction films (CRFs) were prepared by using iron (Fe) particles (100–200 mess size) and thio (sulfur) derivatives of ethyl octadecenoate and methyl 12‐hydroxy octadecenoate in the light viscosity paraffin liquid medium. The reaction was conducted in a simulated condition of tribo‐chemical situation. CRFs were obtained in solid amorphous phase. The CRFs were examined for elemental composition and layer analysis using C‐H‐N‐O‐S analyzer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy micro‐reflectance absorption spectroscopic technique. Further, the CRFs were isolated into organic solvent soluble fractions using polar solvents of increasing polar strength. Their elemental analyses were studied, and chemical constitutions were known. Friction coefficient and wear scar diameter were evaluated by high frequency reciprocating rig, PLINT TE‐77 machine. Thermal stability was studied using thermogravimetric analysis technique in nitrogen environment. These studies inferred that CRFs appeared varying in its composition, luster, phase, chemical structure and thermal stability. Nonetheless, these were also found anomalous in elemental distribution throughout the layer structure of the CRFs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐Pot Preparation of 3D Nano‐ and Microaggregates via In Situ Nanoparticlization of Polyacetylene Diblock Copolymers Produced by ROMP
Authors: Yoon Ki‐Young , Shin Suyong , Kim Yong‐Jae , Kim Inhye , Lee Eunji , Choi Tae‐Lim 
Published: January 2015

Zero‐dimensional (0D) nanospheres, 1D nanocaterpillars, and 3D aggregates are produced from simple diblock copolymers containing polyacetylene (PA) via in situ nanoparticlization of conjugated polymers. The diblock copolymers are prepared by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization via one‐pot sequential addition of an endo‐tricyclo[4.2.2.0]deca‐3,9‐diene (TD) and cyclooctatetraene. Initially, they spontaneously form nanospheres consisting of a PA core and PTD shell, and increasing the length of the PA block leads to the direct nanoparticlization of the higher‐dimensional structures such as 1D and 3D aggregates because of the decreased effective volume ratio of the rigid PTD shell to the solvophobic PA core.
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[11C]‐(+)‐PHNO PET imaging of dopamine D2/3 receptors in Parkinson's disease with impulse control disorders
Authors: Payer Doris E. , Guttman Mark , Kish Stephen J. , Tong Junchao , Strafella Antonio , Zack Martin , Adams John R. , Rusjan Pablo , Houle Sylvain , Furukawa Yoshiaki , Wilson Alan A. , Boileau Isabelle 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDopamine agonist medications with high affinity for the D3 dopamine receptor are commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease, and have been associated with pathological behaviors categorized under the umbrella of impulse control disorders (ICD). The aim of this study was to investigate whether ICD in Parkinson's patients are associated with greater D3 dopamine receptor availability. We used positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand imaging with the D3 dopamine receptor preferring agonist [11C]‐(+)‐propyl‐hexahydro‐naphtho‐oxazin (PHNO) in Parkinson's patients with (n = 11) and without (n = 21) ICD, and age‐, sex‐, and education‐matched healthy control subjects (n = 18). Contrary to hypotheses, [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO binding in D3‐rich brain areas was not elevated in Parkinson's patients with ICD compared with those without; instead, [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO binding in ventral striatum was 20% lower (P = 0.011), correlating with two measures of ICD severity (r = −0.8 and −0.9), which may reflect higher dopamine tone in ventral striatum. In dorsal striatum, where [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO binding is associated with D2 receptor levels, [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO binding was elevated across patients compared with controls. We conclude that although D3 dopamine receptors have been linked to the occurrence of ICD in Parkinson's patients. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that D3 receptor levels are elevated in Parkinson's patients with ICD. We also did not find ICD‐related abnormalities in D2 receptor levels. Our findings argue against the possibility that differences in D2/3 receptor levels can account for the development of ICD in PD; however, we cannot rule out that differences in dopamine levels (particularly in ventral striatum) may be involved. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Subthalamic deep brain stimulation differently alters striatal dopaminergic receptor levels in rats
Authors: Carcenac Carole , Favier Mathieu , Vachez Yvan , Lacombe Emilie , Carnicella Sébastien , Savasta Marc , Boulet Sabrina 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHigh‐frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is recognized as an effective treatment for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), but its mechanisms, particularly as concern dopaminergic transmission, remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the expression of dopaminergic receptors (D1, D2, and D3 receptors) after prolonged (4 h) unilateral STN‐HFS in anesthetized intact rats and rats with total dopaminergic denervation. We used [3H]SCH 23390, [125I]iodosulpride, and [125I]OH‐PIPAT to assess the densities of D1R, D2R, and D3R, respectively, within different areas of the striatum—a major input structure of the basal ganglia—including the nucleus accumbens. We found that STN‐HFS increased D1R levels in almost all of the striatal areas examined, in both intact and denervated rats. By contrast, STN‐HFS led to a large decrease in D2R and D3R levels, limited to the nucleus accumbens and independent of the dopaminergic state of the animals. These data suggest that the influence of STN‐HFS on striatal D1R expression may contribute to its therapeutic effects on motor symptoms, whereas its impact on D2R/D3R levels in the nucleus accumbens may account for the neuropsychiatric side effects often observed in stimulated PD patients, such as postoperative apathy. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Statins, plasma cholesterol, and risk of Parkinson's disease: A prospective study
Authors: Huang Xuemei , Alonso Alvaro , Guo Xuguang , Umbach David M. , Lichtenstein Maya L. , Ballantyne Christie M. , Mailman Richard B. , Mosley Thomas H. , Chen Honglei 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPrevious findings on the association of statins, plasma lipids, and Parkinson's disease (PD) are confounded by the fact that statins also affect lipid profiles. We prospectively examined plasma lipids and statin use in relation to PD in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Statin use and plasma lipids were assessed at baseline (visit 1, 1987‐89) and at three triennial visits thereafter (visits 2‐4) until 1998. Potential PD cases were identified from multiple sources and validated where possible. The primary analysis was limited to incident PD cases diagnosed between 1998 and 2008. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were derived from multivariate logistic regression models. Statin use was rare at baseline (0.57%) but increased to 11.2% at visit 4. During this time frame, total‐cholesterol levels decreased, particularly among statin users. Fifty‐six PD cases were identified after 1998. Statin use before 1998 was associated with significantly higher PD risk after 1998 (odds ratio = 2.39, 95% confidence interval 1.11‐5.13) after adjusting for total cholesterol and other confounders. Conversely, higher total cholesterol was associated with lower risk for PD after adjustment for statin usage and confounders. Compared with the lowest tertile of average total cholesterol, the odds ratios for PD were 0.56 (0.30‐1.04) for the second and 0.43 (0.22‐0.87) for the third tertile (Ptrend = 0.02). Statin use may be associated with a higher PD risk, whereas higher total cholesterol may be associated with lower risk. These data are inconsistent with the hypothesis that statins are protective against PD. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Translational Horizons in the Tumor Microenvironment: Harnessing Breakthroughs and Targeting Cures
Authors: Sun Yu 
Published: January 2015

AbstractChemotherapy and targeted therapy have opened new avenues in clinical oncology. However, there is a lack of response in a substantial percentage of cancer patients and diseases frequently relapse in those who even initially respond. Resistance is, at present, the major barrier to conquering cancer, the most lethal age‐related pathology. Identification of mechanisms underlying resistance and development of effective strategies to circumvent treatment pitfalls thereby improving clinical outcomes remain overarching tasks for scientists and clinicians. Growing bodies of data indicate that stromal cells within the genetically stable but metabolically dynamic tumor microenvironment confer acquired resistance against anticancer therapies. Further, treatment itself activates the microenvironment by damaging a large population of benign cells, which can drastically exacerbate disease conditions in a cell nonautonomous manner, and such off‐target effects should be well taken into account when establishing future therapeutic rationale. In this review, we highlight relevant biological mechanisms through which the tumor microenvironment drives development of resistance. We discuss some unsolved issues related to the preclinical and clinical trial paradigms that need to be carefully devised, and provide implications for personalized medicine. In the long run, an insightful and accurate understanding of the intricate signaling networks of the tumor microenvironment in pathological settings will guide the design of new clinical interventions particularly combinatorial therapies, and it might help overcome, or at least prevent, the onset of acquired resistance.
McLafferty‐type rearrangement of protonated N‐[nicotinoyl]phenylethyl amines and consequent elimination of styrene
Authors: Paulose Justin , Achuthan Revi P. , Mathai George , Chander Purna , Srinivas Ragampeta 
Published: January 2015

RationaleMcLafferty rearrangements occur in radical cations of molecules containing a carbonyl group and a γ hydrogen atom but are not common in the [M+H]+ ions of carbonyl compounds. We propose to investigate the collision‐induced dissociation (CID) of the [M+H]+ ions of nicotinoyl and picolinoyl amides of 1‐ and 2‐phenylethylamines to explore the possibility of McLafferty‐type rearrangement.MethodsThe compounds for study were synthesized by the reaction of methyl nicotinate or methyl picolinate with 1‐ and 2‐phenylethylamines. The CID mass spectra of electrospray ionization (ESI)‐generated protonated molecules were obtained using a QSTAR XL quadrupole time‐of‐flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the B3LYP method were employed to elucidate the fragmentation mechanisms. The total electronic and thermal energies of intermediate transition states (TSs) and product ions are reported relative to those of the [M+H]+ ions.ResultsCID of the [M+H]+ ions of N‐[nicotinoyl]‐2‐phenylethylamine (1) yielded product ions of m/z 105 (1‐phenylethyl cation) and 123 ([M+H–styrene]+ cation). The competitive formation of the ions of m/z 123 and 105 is proposed to involve a McLafferty‐type rearrangement. Similarly, the [M+H]+ ions of the isomeric compound 2 and the N‐[picolinoyl] phenylethyl amines (3 and 4) dissociate to yield ions of m/z 123 and 105.ConclusionsA molecule of styrene was eliminated from the ESI‐generated [M+H]+ ions of N‐[nicotinoyl]phenylethylamines and the isomeric N‐[picolinoyl]phenylethylamines, through a mechanism involving a McLafferty‐type 1,5‐H shift. The transition state energy for the 1,5‐H shift is less for the amides of 1‐phenylethylamine than for the amides of 2‐phenylethylamine. The process occurs as a charge remote process and the presence of the pyridine ring is essential for the process. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.