bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of body condition and season on yield and quality ofin vitroproduced bovine embryos
Authors: Chrenek Peter , Kubovičová Elena , Olexíková Lucia , Makarevich Alexander V. , Toporcerová Silvia , Ostró Alexander 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe aim of our study was to examine the effects of cow's body condition score (BCS; scale 1–5) and season on the quality of bovinein vitroproduced embryos. The proportion of good quality oocytes (Q1 and Q2) was higher (P< 0.05) in the BCS 2 (57.60%) and BCS 3 (60.90%) groups compared with the BCS 1 (43.60%) group. There were no statistical differences in embryo cleavage and blastocyst rate among the BCS groups. The highest total cell number (TCN, DAPI stain) of blastocysts (P< 0.05), recorded in BCS 1 (122.27 ± 6.90) in comparison with BCS 2 (101.8 ± 3.60) or BCS 3 (105.44 ± 3.70) groups, was related to higher dead cell (DCI, TUNEL) index in this group (7.07%) when compared with BCS 2 (6.54%) or BCS 3 (6.06%), respectively. The yield of good quality oocytes during spring was lower (P< 0.05) compared with the summer season. There were significant differences (P< 0.05) in maturation and cleavage rates between autumn and summer (73.42%, 76.2% vs. 85.0%, 41.8%, respectively). The highest (P< 0.01) blastocyst rate was noted during spring and summer months. Significant difference (P< 0.05) in the TCN among spring (99.38 ± 3.90), autumn (110.1 ± 4.58) or summer (108.96 ± 3.52) was observed. The highest proportion of embryos with the best (grade I) actin cytoskeleton (phalloidin–TRITC) quality was noted during the summer months. Our results indicate that body condition affects the initial quality of oocytes, but does not affect embryo cleavage, blastocyst rate and actin quality. This finding may suggest that developmentin vitrocan mask the influence of BCS. The season affects yield and quality of blastocysts in the way that the autumn period is more favorable for embryo development.
The effect of vitrification of immature bovine oocytes to the subsequentin vitrodevelopment and gene expression
Authors: Faheem Marwa S. , Baron E. , Carvalhais I. , Chaveiro A. , Pavani K. , da Silva F. Moreira 
Published: November 2014

SummaryImmature bovine oocytes were vitrified using the cryotop method and their post-warming survivability and capability to undergoin vitromaturation, fertilization and subsequent embryonic development were evaluated. In addition throughout the embryonic 2-cell, 4-cell, morula and blastocyst stages, the expression of four developmentally important genes (Cx43, CDH1, DNMT1andHSPA14) was analysed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Immature oocytes (n= 550) were randomly assigned to non-vitrified (fresh) or cryotop vitrification groups using ethylene glycol (EG) with 1,2 propanediol (PROH) or dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). After warming, oocytes survivability, embryo cleavage and embryonic developmental rates were not statistically different between the two cryoprotectants groups. However, the DMSO group had a lower (P< 0.05) oocyte maturation rate compared with the fresh and PROH groups. For morula and blastocyst rates, the DMSO group achieved a lower (P< 0.05) morula rate compared with the fresh group, while at the blastocyst stage, there were no differences between fresh and both cryoprotectants groups. For molecular analysis, at the 4-cell stage, most studied genes showed an inconsistent pattern of expression either from the PROH or DMSO groups. Noteworthily, these differences were limited at the morula and blastocyst stages. In conclusion, the cryotop method is sufficient for vitrification of immature bovine oocytes, both for embryonic developmental competence and at the molecular level. Moreover, PROH showed some advantage over DMSO as a cryoprotectant.
Multiple haplotype-resolved genomes reveal population patterns of gene and protein diplotypes
Authors: Hoehe Margret R. , Church George M. , Lehrach Hans , Kroslak Thomas , Palczewski Stefanie , Nowick Katja , Schulz Sabrina , Suk Eun-Kyung , Huebsch Thomas 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTo fully understand human biology and link genotype to phenotype, the phase of DNA variants must be known. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of haplotype-resolved genomes to assess the nature and variation of haplotypes and their pairs, diplotypes, in European population samples. We use a set of 14 haplotype-resolved genomes generated by fosmid clone-based sequencing, complemented and expanded by up to 372 statistically resolved genomes from the 1000 Genomes Project. We find immense diversity of both haploid and diploid gene forms, up to 4.1 and 3.9 million corresponding to 249 and 235 per gene on average. Less than 15% of autosomal genes have a predominant form. We describe a ‘common diplotypic proteome’, a set of 4,269 genes encoding two different proteins in over 30% of genomes. We show moreover an abundance of cis configurations of mutations in the 386 genomes with an average cis/trans ratio of 60:40, and distinguishable classes of cis- versus trans-abundant genes. This work identifies key features characterizing the diplotypic nature of human genomes and provides a conceptual and analytical framework, rich resources and novel hypotheses on the functional importance of diploidy.
Orbital-optimized MP2.5 and its analytic gradients: Approaching CCSD(T) quality for noncovalent interactions
Authors: Bozkaya Uğur , Sherrill C. David 
Published: November 2014

Orbital-optimized MP2.5 [or simply “optimized MP2.5,” OMP2.5, for short] and its analytic energy gradients are presented. The cost of the presented method is as much as that of coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) [O(N6) scaling] for energy computations. However, for analytic gradient computations the OMP2.5 method is only half as expensive as CCSD because there is no need to solve λ2-amplitude equations for OMP2.5. The performance of the OMP2.5 method is compared with that of the standard second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2), MP2.5, CCSD, and coupled-cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples (CCSD(T)) methods for equilibrium geometries, hydrogen transfer reactions between radicals, and noncovalent interactions. For bond lengths of both closed and open-shell molecules, the OMP2.5 method improves upon MP2.5 and CCSD by 38%–43% and 31%–28%, respectively, with Dunning's cc-pCVQZ basis set. For complete basis set (CBS) predictions of hydrogen transfer reaction energies, the OMP2.5 method exhibits a substantially better performance than MP2.5, providing a mean absolute error of 1.1 kcal mol−1, which is more than 10 times lower than that of MP2.5 (11.8 kcal mol−1), and comparing to MP2 (14.6 kcal mol−1) there is a more than 12-fold reduction in errors. For noncovalent interaction energies (at CBS limits), the OMP2.5 method maintains the very good performance of MP2.5 for closed-shell systems, and for open-shell systems it significantly outperforms MP2.5 and CCSD, and approaches CCSD(T) quality. The MP2.5 errors decrease by a factor of 5 when the optimized orbitals are used for open-shell noncovalent interactions, and comparing to CCSD there is a more than 3-fold reduction in errors. Overall, the present application results indicate that the OMP2.5 method is very promising for open-shell noncovalent interactions and other chemical systems with difficult electronic structures.
An Incoherence in the Tractatus
Authors: Ginet Carl 
Published: November 2014

After he had rejected much of the Tractatus, Wittgenstein, upon at least one occasion, still “thought that in the Tractatus he had provided a perfected account of a view that is the only alternative to the viewpoint of his later work”—a perfected account: that is to say (at least) a well-knit, coherent one. It seems to me that this merit must be denied the whole account presented in the Tractatus and I would like to explain why.The Tractatus holds that every true or false proposition is analyzable as a truth-functional compound of elementary propositions. It further holds that elementary propositions are completely independent of one another. “The simplest kind of proposition, an elementary proposition, asserts the existence of a state of affairs” (4.21).
Anthropological Science Fiction and Logical Necessity
Authors: Canfield John V. 
Published: November 2014

What is the source of the hardness of the logical must? What does the necessity of mathematical and logical inference consist in? If I am plotting the curve y = x2 and assume that x = 2 I must conclude that y = 4; no other consequence can be drawn. What is the nature of this ‘must'?Understanding Wittgenstein's answer to this question is essential to understanding his later philosophy. The question of the nature of logical or mathematical necessity is as fundamental for the Investigations as it obviously was for the Tractatus. Barry Stroud's article “Wittgenstein and Logical Necessity” certainly is still one of the most illuminating and important of the papers dealing with this question.
Reply to Smook
Authors: Flew Antony 
Published: November 2014

I feel most flattered by the careful attention which Dr. Roger Smook has devoted to my paper “Is There a Case for Disembodied Survival?” and I am duly grateful to him.We certainly agree that the most important thing in his reply is his response to my challenge “to show: (a) that there can be a coherent notion of an incorporeal personal being, and (b) that a being of this sort could significantly be said to be the same person as he was when he was a creature of flesh and blood” (p. 139). Smook's response runs: “By a conscious being (henceforth abbreviated ‘CB’) I understand any entity which has an ongoing conscious life of however rudimentary a sort …. I begin by assuming 1.
Picturing, Seeing and the Time-Lag Argument
Authors: Aldrich Virgil C. 
Published: November 2014

Picture-theories of visual perception usually maintain that, when something is simply seen, then (1) the seer “has” a picture of the thing, (2) the thing is the primary cause of the picture, (3) the thing in itself is not the primary object of sight, and (4) it is the picture itself that is the primary object of visual (not thoughtful) awareness.I shall argue in this essay that there are not only proper, but required, senses in which the first three of these propositions are true, but that the fourth is always false or that one never simply sees (even imagines or senses) the picture. Rather, what is thus seen is always in the picture, never the picture itself. The grounds on which I make this complex point will also undo the time-lag argument, at least in the standard interpretation of it associated with the false fourth proposition above.
Utilitarianism, For and Against
Authors: Dryer D. P. 
Published: November 2014

Utilitarianism, For and Against contains in a single volume a slightly revised version of An Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics which J. J. C. Smart published in 1961, together with a critique of it by Bernard Williams. Stuart Hampshire gives another critique in Morality and Pessimism.* After touching on Hampshire I shall outline what seems distinctive of Smart's utilitarianism then consider Williams’ objections.If I remember rightly, Bentham wrote an ‘analysis of the effects of Christianity on the temporal happiness of mankind’. In his Leslie Stephen Lecture, Hampshire gives utilitarianism a similar examination. We all know that for its fathers, utilitarianism was not simply a moral theory. They set out to do good in the world. Hampshire acknowledges that for long utilitarianism did much good.
Three Trivial Truth Theories
Authors: Lepore Ernest , Loewer Barry 
Published: November 2014

According to Tarski, a theory of truth for a language L is a theory which logically implies for each sentence S of L a sentence of the form:S is true-in-L if and only if p,where rS1 is replaced by a canonical description of a sentence of L and rp1 is replaced by that sentence if L is contained in the metalanguage or by a translation of S if it is not so contained. Tarski constructed consistent and finitely axiomatized theories of truth for various formal languages and showed how to explicitly define ‘is true in L’ within these theories. We all agree that Tarski's theories of truth have enormous philosophical significance, but there is much less agreement on precisely what that significance consists in.
Predicting Initiation of Smoking Cessation Treatment and Outcome among Adolescents Using Stressful Life Events and Coping Style
Authors: Schepis Ty S. , Cavallo Dana A. , Kong Grace , Liss Thomas , Liss Amanda , Krishnan-Sarin Suchitra 
Published: November 2014

Background Adolescent smoking is a major public health concern, and current treatments are only somewhat effective in promoting abstinence. One way to improve treatments is to identify psychosocial characteristics that impede cessation, allowing development of targeted treatments. This study examined the influence of 2 such characteristics, life event stressors and coping, on initiation of cessation treatment and end-of-treatment abstinence status. Methods One hundred five adolescent smokers were eligible to participate in a validated contingency management (CM) and cognitive-behavioral (CBT) cessation treatment; of those, 72 completed at least 1 treatment session. Data included sociodemographic characteristics, questionnaires assessing past-year life events and coping behavior use, and abstinence status at the end of the 4-week treatment. Logistic regression was used to predict treatment initiation and abstinence status, with life event stressor number, coping, or their interaction as predictors. Results Higher levels of cognitive and peer support coping predicted treatment initiation, whereas life events were unrelated. End-of-treatment abstinence was predicted by higher numbers of life events and greater use of avoidant coping. The interaction of helpless coping and life events also predicted abstinence, with greater increases in helpless coping as total life events rose in abstinent but not nonabstinent participants. Finally, greater use of behavioral coping predicted abstinence in participants exposed to only CM treatment, whereas lesser use of behavioral coping predicted abstinence in participants receiving combined CM/CBT treatment. Conclusions Exposure to life event stressors may promote cessation by forcing use of self-control resources prior to the quit attempt, which may strengthen such resources. Techniques that improve self-control resources may improve cessation outcome, and prevention programs may want to emphasize behavioral coping to improve rates of treatment initiation.
Associations of Endothelial System Genes With Blood Pressure Changes and Hypertension Incidence: The GenSalt Study
Authors: Liu Fangchao , He Jiang , Gu Dongfeng , Rao Dabeeru C. , Huang Jianfeng , Hixson James E. , Jaquish Cashell E. , Chen Jichun , Li Changwei , Yang Xueli , Li Jianxin , Rice Treva K. , Shimmin Lawrence C. , Kelly Tanika N. 
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUD
We used single-marker and novel gene-based methods to examine the associations of endothelial system genes with blood pressure (BP) changes and hypertension in a longitudinal family study.

METHODS
The Genetic Epidemiology Network of Salt Sensitivity follow-up study was conducted among 1,768 Chinese participants from 633 families. Nine BP measurements were obtained at baseline and at 2 follow-up visits using a random-zero sphygmomanometer. Mixed-effect models were used to assess the additive associations of 206 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 15 endothelial system genes with longitudinal BP changes and hypertension incidence. Gene-based analyses were conducted using the truncated product method. The Bonferroni method was used to adjust for multiple testing in all analyses.

RESULTS
Among those free from hypertension at baseline, 512 (32.1%) developed hypertension during the average 7.2 years of follow-up. In single-marker analyses, each copy of the minor alleles of correlated SELE markers rs4656704, rs6427212, and rs5368 were associated with increased risk of developing hypertension (Pfor trend = 1.48×10−4, 6.69×10−5, and 7.64×10−5, respectively). In addition, the minor allele of SELE marker rs3917436 was associated with smaller diastolic BP (DBP) increases over time. Results of gene-based analyses confirmed associations of the SELE gene with the longitudinal BP phenotypes (P values &lt; 1.00×10−6 for DBP change and hypertension incidence). Furthermore, the DDAH1 and COL18A1 genes were associated with systolic BP change (P &lt; 1.00×10−6 and P = 4.00×10−6, respectively), while EDNRA was associated with hypertension incidence (P = 2.39×10−4).

CONCLUSIONS
The current study provides strong evidence of a role of endothelial system genes in BP progression and hypertension incidence.
The enigma of the Chinese diamond industry
Authors: Berger Ron 
Published: November 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the evolution of Chinese business ethics over time and how it impacts business. While much research attention has been directed toward China and its various industries, the Chinese diamond industry has been largely neglected. This industry is the second in size and fastest growing globally. It is interesting to examine its evolution over time and how external factors affect the firms’ business ethics behavior.Design/methodology/approach– Exploratory field work involving the interview of major players was undertaken, complemented by extensive desk work, was used to create a base for future in-depth research of the secretive Chinese diamond industry.Findings– A paradox was identified in the Chinese diamond industry, namely, that while Chinese businesses tend to follow a relational governance model, China’s diamond industry tends to use rational mechanisms of governance and exchange, a paradox that is explained by mitigating factors.Research limitations/implications– Future studies should use a quantitative questionnaire with a larger set of Chinese diamond firms to further examine the paradox found. Future studies could also examine whether the transformation from a system based on social networks to a system based on market forces as found in the Chinese diamond industry is an indicator of an ethical and business evolution of the whole Chinese industry. This may illustrate the rationalization of the Chinese economy and its progression toward Western models of exchange as it further opens up to the West.Originality/value– This paper is a pioneering work on the business ethics and strategy implemented by firms in the Chinese diamond industry.
Integration challenges at Trident Chemicals Limited
Authors: Vohra Veena , Bahadur Animesh , Lele Vishwanath 
Published: November 2014

Subject area
Human Resource Management/Change Management.

Study level/applicability
MBA 1st Year students or in Executive Programs on managing change.

Case overview
This case describes the dynamics of managing employees and productivity in a difficult scenario of low demand and a global recession. Soon after Trident Chemicals acquires Noble Chemicals, restructuring is undertaken to align production as per the market requirements. This gives rise to a whole gamut of issues ranging from a potential problem with the union to how employees would be incentivized in the changed scenario. A change in the working styles and organizational culture only adds to the complexity for the management. The issues seek an early and sustainable resolution as the company is losing money every day. The management has to pay attention to the employee needs as also meet the business challenges embedded in the context.

Expected learning outcomes
To help participants to look into the factors that impact complex change processes; to highlight factors responsible for inducing changes in strategy and culture; and to introduce to participants employee reactions towards complex change efforts in organizations.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
The love-smitten director: workplace romance or sexual harassment?
Authors: Poon June M.L. 
Published: November 2014

Subject area
Human resource management

Study level/applicability
This case is suitable for use for advanced-level undergraduate students (e.g. in their third or fourth year of study) and graduate-level students enrolled in human resource management, industrial relations, organizational behavior and legal courses (e.g. business law and ethics, employment law). It can be used also in training courses and sexual harassment workshops for employees, particularly those with supervisory responsibilities or who are involved in personnel, training, or industrial relations activities. The case has been class tested with MBA students enrolled in a course on organizational behavior.

Case overview
In March 2014, William Wong, the CEO of Zejaya Corporation faced a dilemma. He had just been told some disturbing news about Larry Pang, his executive director, which may or may not have legal implications for the company in relation to sexual harassment. Two of his managers had confided in him that Linda Tan, one of his managers who had recently resigned, had asked them to tell him about Pang's repeated attempts to court her in the past several months. He was undecided on how he should handle the problem.

Expected learning outcomes
This case was developed for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a management situation. The case provides students the opportunity to learn about the potential ethical and legal issues surrounding workplace romance and sexual harassment at work.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
State Street learns to stay globally inclusive
Authors: Pollitt Michael 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to describe an online inclusiveness-training initiative launched at global financial-services company State Street Corporation, which helped the company to earn a place among The Times Top 50 Employers for Women.

Design/methodology/approach
– It explains the reasons for the program, the form it took and the results it achieved.

Findings
– It reveals that State Street decided to include employees from every level of the company in the design, development and implementation of the training. Details how an Intranet site provides employees with additional learning resources and opportunities for discussion. It illustrates how management-level accountability for the up-take of the program helped to identify areas where further promotion was needed and instilled a sense of competition among team-leaders.

Practical implications
– It highlights how female representation on the executive board of State Street, UK, has risen to 36 from 11 per cent and how, since the training began, 75 per cent of senior UK recruits have been women.

Social implications
– It outlines how the company has maintained its commitment to improving workplace gender equality and reducing the gender wage gap.

Originality/value
– It describes how managers from the company’s various international offices were logged into a “virtual classroom” in groups of 50, where they watched the training modules delivered live and conferred online with their “classmates” around the world.