bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SWAMP: Sliding Window Alignment Masker for PAML
Authors: Harrison Peter W. , Jordan Gregory E. , Montgomery Stephen H. 
Published: December 2014

With the greater availability of genetic data, large genome-wide scans for positive selection increasingly incorporate data from a range of sources. These data sets may be derived from different sequencing methods, each of which has potential sources of error. Sequencing errors, compounded by alignment errors, greatly increase the number of false positives in tests for adaptive evolution. Genome-wide analyses often fail to fully address these issues or to provide sufficient detail on postalignment masking/filtering. Here, we introduce a Sliding Window Alignment Masker for Phylogenetic Analysis by Maximum Likelihood (SWAMP) that scans multiple-sequence alignments for short regions enriched with unreasonably high rates of nonsynonymous substitutions caused, for example, by sequence or alignment errors. SWAMP prevents their inclusion in downstream evolutionary analyses and therefore increases the reliability of downstream analyses. It is able to effectively mask short stretches of erroneous sequence, particularly prevalent in low-coverage genomes, which may not be detected by existing methods based on filtering by sitewise conservation or alignment confidence. SWAMP offers a flexible masking approach, and the user can apply different masking regimens to specific branches or sequences in the phylogeny allowing the stringency of masking to vary according to branch length, expected divergence levels, or assembly quality. We exemplify SWAMPs effectiveness on a dataset of 6,379 protein-coding genes from primate species, including data of variable quality. Full reporting of the software parameters will further improve the reproducibility of genome-wide analyses, as well as reduce false-positive rates. Availability SWAMP is freely available, published under GNU GPL v3, including documentation and example test data from http://github.com/peterwharrison/SWAMP
Of Fish and Men
Authors: DeMott Robert 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
I approach this somewhat fanciful and admittedly elliptical and digressive topic on “Of Fish and Men” by focusing not on Steinbeck's obvious mainstream works, but on some less prominent side channels in his art and life: a relatively neglected scene from East of Eden, a biographical anecdote recorded by Graham Watson, and a couple of tongue-in-cheek non-fiction essays by Steinbeck called “On Fishing” (1954) and “Then My Arm Glassed Up” (1965) in which angling pursuits play a strong role. I utilize some of the common and more or less non-technical elements and lingo of fly fishing to provide explanatory context for a few of Steinbeck's short unheralded fishing texts. This paper, then, may be considered a kind of fishing expedition, perhaps best thought of as a “meandering” one at that, to steal a crucial metaphor from Ted Leeson's Jerusalem Creek, one of the finest fly fishing memoirs ever written.
The Haunted Tree:
Authors: Sams Edward Boyer 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
According to Monterey folklore, the Lara–Soto Adobe is haunted by a curse that influenced John Steinbeck while writing his novella The Pearl. The original version of The Pearl appears as a parable in Sea of Cortez, but Steinbeck's later version is much darker than the original. The legend of the haunted tree, the death of a child, and the path of evil are all woven into Steinbeck's new text. “The Haunted Tree” explores this oral tradition in Monterey as a commentary on Steinbeck's own problematic relationships with the city and his own minor masterpiece The Pearl.
Le rôle des entreprises privées dans la lutte contre le VIH/sida en Côte d’Ivoire : des vecteurs d’une utopie sociale aux partenaires d’une action publique
Authors: Bekelynck Anne 
Published: December 2014

En Côte d’Ivoire, certaines grandes entreprises privées ont mis sur pied, dès la fin des années 1990, des programmes d’accès aux traitements antirétroviraux (ARV) pour leurs salariés. L’article se propose d’analyser les frontières de la politisation de ces initiatives privées dans la lutte contre le VIH/sida. Si la prise en charge de la santé des travailleurs par les entreprises privées n’est pas nouvelle en Afrique, le VIH/sida a introduit une rupture. L’intervention massive de la coopération internationale autour de cette épidémie a enjoint aux États d’intégrer de manière inédite le secteur privé dans les politiques nationales, tout en créant un « marché du sida » local, et en procurant un fort écho médiatique à des entreprises soucieuses de développer leur capital symbolique. Si les entreprises privées ont pu jouer un rôle décisif dans la promotion de l’« utopie » de l’accès aux ARV dans le Sud aux débuts de l’épidémie, leur inclusion inédite au sein d’une action publique a dilué leur rôle et leur pouvoir de transgression sociale.
Action, normes et critique. Paul Ricoeur et les pouvoirs de l’imaginaire
Authors: Foessel Michaël 
Published: December 2014

L’unité de la philosophie ricoeurienne peut être reconstituée au fil conducteur de la question de l’imaginaire. Le propre de Ricoeur est d’envisager l’imagination non comme une faculté psychologique, mais comme un pouvoir sémantique : la métaphore et le récit permettent de percevoir le réel autrement qu’il n’est, donc de l’imaginer. L’image n’est pas moins que la perception et moins que le concept, elle est l’instrument qui permet leur articulation. Cette promotion de l’imaginaire au rang de dimension pratique se vérifie dans la théorie ricoeurienne de l’idéologie et de l’utopie.
The Antioxidant Property of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Fruit Parts
Authors: Racadio Susana P. , Bañez Solita Evangeline S. 
Published: December 2014

This study is limited to the qualitative determination of the antioxidant property of the pulp, outer rind, inner rind and seeds of alcohol extract and decoction of pomelo (Citrus maxima) fruit parts. The antioxidant property of the decoction and alcohol extracts of the parts of pomelo was determined in terms of the time it took for the apple to undergo enzymatic oxidation. Results of this study had shown that 1)the pulp, outer rind, inner rind and seeds of the pomelo contain flavonoids, 2) The pulp decoction and alcohol extract exhibited the greatest antioxidant property as shown by the greatest inhibitory action on the enzymatic oxidation of the apple. The decoction and alcohol extract of the pomelo fruit parts exhibit antioxidant property. 3) A significant difference exists in the enzymatic oxidation of apple treated with different pomelo fruit parts. Similarly, a significant difference also exists in the enzymatic oxidation of the apple that had been soaked in alcohol extract and decoction. There is no significant difference on the enzymatic oxidation of the apple due to the interaction of the two factors namely fruit part and the time of soaking. The interaction among the three factors: fruit part, medium used in soaking and time of soaking caused significant differences on the enzymatic oxidation of the apple. Keywords - antioxidant property, pomelo, flavonoid, enzymatic oxidation and Citrus maxima, Philippines
Exploring the Disaster Management of Teachers and Pupils in Iligan City, Philippines
Authors: NAPERE JR. ROBERTO D. , CANENCIA OLIVA P. 
Published: December 2014

With the geologic location and physical characteristics of the Philippines,it is being considered as one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world.Disasters occurring in the country can be natural or human-induced (NDRRMC,2011). Certainly, when there is a disaster, school children are the mostvulnerable. The study examined the disaster management trainings attended bythe teachers and their capability level in managing natural and human-induceddisasters. It also explored the pupils’ knowledge, attitudes and behavior aboutdisaster management. Employing descriptive research design, 200 teachers and300 pupils in the public central schools in Iligan City served as respondents.Survey questionnaires were used in data gathering and were treated using frequency counts, means, percentages and correlation procedure. Results revealthat almost all of the teachers did not have trainings on disaster managementand yet, they are capable in managing the identified disasters. Meanwhile, thepupils posted a good remark on their knowledge, attitudes and behavior aboutdisaster management. The two powerful typhoons Sendong (Tropical StormWashi) and Pablo (Tropical Storm Bopha) left a learned lesson to the people inIligan City not to be complacent in any disasters. The study recommend for a fullinstitutionalization of disaster management to all schools to protect the schoolpersonnel, pupils, and educational facilities.Keywords: Disaster management, natural and human-induced disasters, capability level,pupils’ knowledge, attitudes and behavior, descriptive research, Philippines
Arrestin Expression in E. coli and Purification
Authors: Vishnivetskiy Sergey A. , Zhan Xuanzhi , Chen Qiuyan , Iverson Tina M. , Gurevich Vsevolod V. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPurified arrestin proteins are necessary for biochemical, biophysical, and crystallographic studies of these versatile regulators of cell signaling. Described herein is a basic protocol for arrestin expression in E. coli and purification of the tag‐free wild‐type and mutant arrestins. The method includes ammonium sulfate precipitation of arrestins from cell lysates, followed by heparin‐Sepharose chromatography. Depending on the arrestin type and/or mutations, the next step is Q‐Sepharose or SP‐Sepharose chromatography. In many cases the nonbinding column is used as a filter to bind contaminants without retaining arrestin. In some cases both chromatographic steps must be performed sequentially to achieve high purity. Purified arrestins can be concentrated up to 10 mg/ml, remain fully functional, and withstand several cycles of freezing and thawing, provided that overall salt concentration is maintained at or above physiological levels. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genetics and Insurance
Authors: Macdonald Angus S. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Most actuarial modeling has concentrated on single‐gene disorders, because it necessarily relies on genetic epidemiology to parameterize any models, and that is where the epidemiology is most advanced. We can identify two broad approaches.

A top‐down approach treats whole classes of genetic disorder as if they were homogeneous. This avoids the need to model individual disorders in detail, which in the case of multifactorial disorders may be impossible just now anyway. If, under extremely adverse assumptions, either extra premiums or the costs of adverse selection are small, this is a useful general conclusion; see for examples. In the long run, this approach is limited.

A bottom‐up approach involves detailed modeling of individual disorders, and estimating the overall premium increases or costs of adverse selection by aggregation. Examples include models of breast cancer and ovarian cancer, Huntington's Disease, early‐onset Alzheimer's Disease, adult polycystic kidney disease and Alzheimer's Disease.
Valuation of Life Insurance Liabilities
Authors: David O'Brien Christopher 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPlacing a value on life insurance liabilities is not easy. The issues are not new: we can go back to 1864, when the British Prime Minister William Gladstone referred in Parliament to the accounts of the Prudential Assurance Company:‘As it stands, it presents a balance of £41,000 in favor of the society; but it has been examined by actuaries, and those gentlemen, proceeding upon principles which are no more open to question than a proposition of Euclid, say, that instead of a balance of £41,000 in favor of, there is one of £31,000 against the society’.In the twenty‐first century we still have debates on how to value the liabilities arising from life insurance policies, notably with the work of the International Accounting Standards Board in its effort to design an international financial reporting standard for insurance contracts, to be used in insurers' accounts.Key questions arewhat are the estimated future cash flows from a life policy? andwhat discount rate should be applied to the cash flows to derive a present value?Closely linked with these questions arehow should the uncertainty about the cash flows be reflected in the valuation? andhow can we ensure consistency of the valuation of the liabilities with the valuation of the insurers' assets?
Stochastic Optimization
Authors: Glynn Peter W. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Uncertainty is present in virtually all decision‐making environments. In some applications settings, one may safely choose to ignore the presence of uncertainty because its influence on the optimal decision is likely to be small. In other settings, one would ideally like to explicitly incorporate the presence of uncertainty into a mathematical formulation of the problem, because it is a priori clear that an optimal solution will be significantly influenced by the presence of uncertainty. Loosely speaking, stochastic optimization is the set of mathematical and computational tools that have been developed in order to characterize or compute optimal solutions to mathematical models involving such stochastic elements.
From a mathematical viewpoint, stochastic optimization has two main subdisciplines. The first is that of stochastic control. Stochastic control is concerned with optimization problems in which the optimizing solution is ‘infinite dimensional’ (or of very high dimensionality) in character. The second subdiscipline involves finite‐dimensional stochastic optimization. Much of the corresponding literature focuses on intelligent ‘search’ methods for numerically computing the optimal setting of a (finite‐dimensional) vector of decision variables.
Loss Ratio
Authors: Babcock Nathan J. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Actuaries and numerous other insurance professionals use loss ratios in the measurement of profitability, the determination of appropriate pricing and reserving levels, the creation of business strategies, and the completion of financial reports. A loss ratio expresses the relationship between one of several financial items, typically insured losses, and premiums. There are many types of data from which loss ratios can be calculated. The data can include paid or incurred losses and earned or written premium; the data also can be organized by line of business, by any of several accounting period types, by insurance/reinsurance layer, or by evaluation date.
Workers' Compensation Insurance
Authors: Feldblum Sholom 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Although some of the earliest workers' compensation systems were in Europe, many countries now have included recompense for worker injury into social welfare programs. Currently the largest system for which employers purchase private insurance for this matter is in the United States, and this will be the focus of this article. Each state has its own system, so some differences among these will be addressed. State workers' compensation systems developed in the early twentieth century to replace negligence liability for workplace accidents and illnesses. The development of workers' compensation rates by class and state sparked the emergence of the Casualty Actuarial Society (CAS) in 1914.
L
inder,
F
orrest
E
Authors: Israel Robert A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Linder (1906–1988) was a leading figure in the world of vital and health statistics. He worked for the US Bureau of the Census, and after some years with the United Nations, he returned to the US civil service as director of the National Health Survey, and in 1960, as director of the newly formed National Center for Health Statistics. He followed with a post at the University of North Carolina and served on many international committees. His publications cover a wide range of topics in demography and health.
Mainland,Donald
Authors: Altman Douglas G. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDonald Mainland (1902–1985) graduated in medicine and in 1930, he became Professor of Anatomy at Dalhousie University, Canada. He published his first book on medical statistics in 1938 and his second in 1950, shortly after moving to New York University as a medical statistician. He wrote a long and notable series of commentaries on medical statistics, distributed privately or published inClinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.
Martini, Paul
Authors: Dengler H. J. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Paul Martini (1889–1964) was a distinguished professor of internal medicine, working in Munich, Berlin and (from 1932) in Bonn. His 1932 book on therapeutic research was influential in encouraging the application of statistical methods. Later, he expressed reservations about double‐blind (as distinct from single‐blind) trials.
P
etty,
W
illiam
Authors: Armitage Peter 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A man of many accomplishments, including professorships in Anatomy and Music in Oxford, Petty was influential in the founding of the Royal Society and advocated the setting up of a national statistical office to conduct censuses, organize tax collection, and improve public health. He organized the complete mapping of Ireland. He was a friend of John Graunt, wrote on vital statistics and demography, and invented the term “political arithmetic”.
S
mith,
C
edric
A
usten
B
ardell
Authors: Armitage Peter 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
C.A.B. Smith (1917–2002) was a leading exponent in the United Kingdom of the application of statistics to human genetics, working at the Galton Laboratory, University College London. His principal work was in the detection and measurement of human linkage, and he was an influential exponent of likelihood and Bayesian methods.
Unanticipated effect of climate change on an aquatic top predator of the Atlantic rainforest
Authors: Herrera Justo , Solari Agustín , Lucifora Luis O. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

From a biodiversity conservation viewpoint it is crucial to estimate the sensitivity of species and populations to climate change, especially of key species such as top predators.
Here, the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation phenomenon (ENSO) was used as a natural experiment to estimate the sensitivity of a population of the rainforest‐dwelling broad‐snouted caiman, Caiman latirostris, to extreme floods.
Caiman abundance declined by 35% annually between 1996 and 1998, and then increased, without reaching 1996 levels, indicating a marked effect of the 1997 El Niño. Accordingly, the Southern Oscillation Index was positively correlated with caiman abundance, indicating lower caiman abundance with warm ENSO events.
The relationship between the relative annual mean abundance of caimans and the maximum daily annual discharge of the Iguazú River was analysed. This relationship was parabolic, with caiman abundance increasing at discharges from 500 to 1500 m3 s‐1 and then decreasing at discharges from 1500 to 2500 m3 s‐1, indicating an adverse effect of both extreme low and high river discharge. No effect of illegal hunting was measurable.
This study evaluated whether the negative effect of extremely high water levels on caiman abundance could be due to a decrease in the availability of the habitat more commonly used by small (<60 cm total length, TL) and medium (60–120 cm TL) caimans. Small and medium‐sized caimans used herbaceous/shrub habitats more frequently than large caimans (>120 cm TL), i.e. the type of habitat flooded during extreme floods.
An increase in extreme floods, as forecast for the Atlantic rainforest owing to climate change, may seriously affect the population of rainforest caimans through the reduction of adequate habitat for juveniles. This counter‐intuitive result, in which an excess of water reduces the abundance of an aquatic top predator, should be considered in conservation plans of rainforest‐dwelling crocodilians.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fuzzy Decentralized Control for a Class of Networked Systems with Time Delay and Missing Measurements
Authors: Zhou Feng , Liu Lu , Feng Gang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper is concerned with fuzzy decentralized control of a class of large‐scale networked dynamic systems with network‐induced time delays, missing measurements and external disturbances. Nonlinear systems are modeled in Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) form. Fuzzy decentralized state feedback controllers are developed. A sufficient condition on stochastic stability with prescribed H∞ performance for the closed‐loop control system is obtained by using the Lyapunov function method. The constructive design of the controller is expressed in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the results of this paper.
The need to have an opinion as a driver of consumer choice
Authors: Kokkoris Michail D. , Kühnen Ulrich 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis research proposes that the need to have an opinion can make consumers choose less preferred options. We review literature from several disciplines indicating that holding opinions is an automatic human response associated with adaptive psychological benefits. We then theorize that when this need is activated in any domain, it can have carry‐over effects even in unrelated domains by inducing an inquisitive choice mindset and expanding consumers' consideration sets. This proposition rests on the assumption that less preferred options offer a higher experience utility, which can better satisfy the need to form opinions on a wider range of topics. Three experiments with diverse consumer and non‐consumer choices as well as various operationalizations and methodologies provide empirical evidence that priming the need to have an opinion makes consumers less likely to make choices based on their stated preferences. These results suggest that the need to have an opinion can affect consumer decision‐making in predictable and systematic ways by encouraging preference‐inconsistent choices. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Porphyrin for the Preparation of Functionalized Water‐Soluble Gold Nanoparticles with Low Intrinsic Toxicity
Authors: Penon Oriol , Patiño Tania , Barrios Lleonard , Nogués Carme , Amabilino David B. , Wurst Klaus , Pérez-García Lluïsa 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA potential new photosensitizer based on a dissymmetric porphyrin derivative bearing a thiol group was synthesized. 5‐[4‐(11‐Mercaptoundecyloxy)‐phenyl‐10,15,20‐triphenylporphyrin (PR‐SH) was used to functionalize gold nanoparticles in order to obtain a potential drug delivery system. Water‐soluble multifunctional gold nanoparticles GNP‐PR/PEG were prepared using the Brust–Schiffrin methodology, by immobilization of both a thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the porphyrin thiol compound (PR‐SH). The nanoparticles were fully characterized by transmission electron microscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, the ability of GNP‐PR/PEGs to induce singlet oxygen production was analyzed to demonstrate the activity of the photosensitizer. Cytotoxicity experiments showed the nanoparticles are nontoxic. Finally, cellular uptake experiments demonstrated that the functionalized gold nanoparticles are internalized. Therefore, this colloid can be considered to be a novel nanosystem that could potentially be suitable as an intracellular drug delivery system of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.