bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcription factors regulating B cell fate in the germinal centre
Authors: Recaldin T , Fear D J 
Published: September 2015

Summary
Diversification of the antibody repertoire is essential for the normal operation of the vertebrate adaptive immune system. Following antigen encounter, B cells are activated, proliferate rapidly and undergo two diversification events; somatic hypermutation (followed by selection), which enhances the affinity of the antibody for its cognate antigen, and class-switch recombination, which alters the effector functions of the antibody to adapt the response to the challenge faced. B cells must then differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells or long-lived memory B cells. These activities take place in specialized immunological environments called germinal centres, usually located in the secondary lymphoid organs. To complete the germinal centre activities successfully, a B cell adopts a transcriptional programme that allows it to migrate to specific sites within the germinal centre, proliferate, modify its DNA recombination and repair pathways, alter its apoptotic potential and finally undergo terminal differentiation. To co-ordinate these processes, B cells employ a number of ‘master regulator’ transcription factors which mediate wholesale transcriptomic changes. These master transcription factors are mutually antagonistic and form a complex regulatory network to maintain distinct gene expression programs. Within this network, multiple points of positive and negative feedback ensure the expression of the ‘master regulators’, augmented by a number of ‘secondary’ factors that reinforce these networks and sense the progress of the immune response. In this review we will discuss the different activities B cells must undertake to mount a successful T cell-dependent immune response and describe how a regulatory network of transcription factors controls these processes.
Mixed meal ingestion diminishes glucose excursion in comparison with glucose ingestion via several adaptive mechanisms in people with and without type 2 diabetes
Authors: Alsalim W. , Tura A. , Pacini G. , Omar B. , Bizzotto R. , Mari A. , Ahrén B. 
Published: September 2015

AimsTo study the integrative impact of macronutrients on postprandial glycaemia, β‐cell function, glucagon and incretin hormones in humans.MethodsMacronutrients were ingested alone (glucose 330 kcal, protein 110 kcal or fat 110 kcal) or together (550 kcal) by healthy subjects (n = 18) and by subjects with drug‐naïve type 2 diabetes (T2D; n = 18). β‐cell function and insulin clearance were estimated by modelling glucose, insulin and C‐peptide data. Secretion of glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) were measured, and paracetamol was administered to estimate gastric emptying.ResultsIn both groups, the mixed‐meal challenge diminished glucose excursion compared with glucose challenge alone, and insulin levels, but not C‐peptide levels, rose more than after the mixed meal than after glucose alone. β‐cell function was augmented, insulin clearance was reduced and glucagon levels were higher after the mixed meal compared with glucose alone. GLP‐1 and GIP levels increased after all challenges and GIP secretion was markedly higher after the mixed meal than after glucose alone. The appearance of paracetamol was delayed after the mixed‐meal challenge compared with glucose alone.ConclusionsAdding protein and fat macronutrients to glucose in a mixed meal diminished glucose excursion. This occurred in association with increased β‐cell function, reduced insulin clearance, delayed gastric emptying and augmented glucagon and GIP secretion. This suggests that the macronutrient composition regulates glycaemia through both islet and extra‐islet mechanisms in both healthy subjects and in subjects with T2D.
Guided endodontics: accuracy of a novel method for guided access cavity preparation and root canal location
Authors: Zehnder M. S. , Connert T. , Weiger R. , Krastl G. , Kühl S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimTo present a novel method utilizing 3D printed templates to gain guided access to root canals and to evaluate its accuracy in vitro.MethodologySixty extracted human teeth were placed into six maxillary jaw models. Preoperative CBCT scans were matched with intra‐oral scans using the coDiagnostix™ software. Access cavities, sleeves and templates for guidance were virtually planned. Templates were produced by a 3D printer. After access cavity preparation by two operators, a postoperative CBCT scan was superimposed on the virtual planning. Accuracy was measured by calculating the deviation of planned and prepared cavities in three dimensions and angle. Ninety‐five per cent confidence intervals were calculated for both operators.ResultsAll root canals were accessible after cavity preparation with ‘Guided Endodontics’. Deviations of planned and prepared access cavities were low with means ranging from 0.16 to 0.21 mm for different aspects at the base of the bur and 0.17–0.47 mm at the tip of the bur. Mean of angle deviation was 1.81°. Overlapping 95% confidence intervals revealed no significant difference between operators.Conclusion‘Guided Endodontics’ allowed an accurate access cavity preparation up to the apical third of the root utilizing printed templates for guidance. All root canals were accessible after preparation.
Effect of delayed scanning on imaging and on the diagnostic accuracy of vertical root fractures in two photostimulable phosphor plates digital systems
Authors: Nascimento H. A. R. , Visconti M. A. P. G. , Ferreira L. M. , Suarez M. A. , Haiter Neto F. , Freitas D. Q. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate the influence of delayed scanning on images obtained with two PSPs digital systems and on the diagnostic accuracy of vertical root fracture (VRF) by means of objective and subjective analyses.MethodologyForty single‐rooted human teeth were divided into two groups, one without VRFs and another with VRFs induced by a universal testing machine. Two digital systems (VistaScan® and Express®) were used to radiograph all teeth, and the resulting plates were scanned at four time‐points: T0–immediately, T1–30 min, T2–2 h and T3–4 h after exposure. An aluminium (Al) wedge was used to evaluate the change in mean grey values as each scan was delayed. Three observers screened all images for VRFs, and one‐fourth of the sample was revaluated after thirty days. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values were compared by anova.ResultsIntra‐ and interobserver agreement ranged from moderate to substantial and fair to moderate, respectively. There was no significant difference amongst scan delays with regard to sensitivity, specificity and accuracy; however, there were significant differences in the area under the ROC curve, with the 4‐h delayed scan being associated with lower values compared to the others (P = 0.019). As for objective analysis, there was a significant difference amongst all different scanning time‐points for the two systems (P = 0.001), except between the 30‐min and 2‐h delayed scans in the VistaScan® system.ConclusionWhilst delayed scanning caused changes to the density of images acquired with the systems studied, it did not seem to interfere with VRF diagnosis except when scanning was delayed for 4 h, which should therefore be avoided.
Discharge educational strategies for reduction of vascular events (DESERVE): design and methods
Authors: Lord Aaron S. , Carman Heather M. , Roberts Eric T. , Torrico Veronica , Goldmann Emily , Ishida Koto , Tuhrim Stanley , Stillman Joshua , Quarles Leigh W. , Boden-Albala Bernadette 
Published: September 2015

Rationale Stroke and vascular risk factors disproportionately affect minority populations, with Blacks and Hispanics experiencing a 2.5- and 2.0-fold greater risk compared with whites, respectively. Patients with transient ischemic attacks and mild, nondisabling strokes tend to have short hospital stays, rapid discharges, and inaccurate perceptions of vascular risk. Aim The primary aim of the Discharge Educational Strategies for Reduction of Vascular Events (DESERVE) trial is to evaluate the efficacy of a novel community health worker-based multilevel discharge intervention vs. standard discharge care on vascular risk reduction among racially/ethnically diverse transient ischemic attack/mild stroke patients at one-year postdischarge. We hypothesize that those randomized to the discharge intervention will have reduced modifiable vascular risk factors as determined by systolic blood pressure compared with those receiving usual care. Sample size estimates Given 300 subjects per group and alpha of 0.05, the power to detect a 6 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure is 89%. Design DESERVE trial is a prospective, randomized, multicenter clinical trial of a novel discharge behavioral intervention. Patients with transient ischemic attack/mild stroke are randomized during hospitalization or emergency room visit to intervention or usual care. Intervention begins prior to discharge and continues postdischarge. Study outcomes The primary outcome is difference in systolic blood pressure reduction between groups at 12 months. Secondary outcomes include between-group differences in change in glycated hemoglobin, smoking rates, medication adherence, and recurrent stroke/transient ischemic attack at 12 months. Discussion DESERVE will evaluate whether a novel discharge education strategy leads to improved risk factor control in a racially diverse population.
The Influence of Guides on Alcohol Consumption among Young Tourists at a Nightlife Resort
Authors: Tutenges Sébastien , Jæger Mads M. , Hesse Morten 
Published: September 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess how participation in party activities with guides affects alcohol consumption among young tourists at an international nightlife resort.Methods: Prospective survey of 112 Danish tourists in Sunny Beach, Bulgaria, who were asked about their drinking and activities with guides on three separate nights out.Results: Participation in party activities with guides, such as drinking games and Pub Crawls, were associated with heavily increased drinking compared with nights out without guides, but not in a dose–response type relationship.Conclusion: Participating in party activities with guides increases drinking among young tourists who are already drinking large amounts of alcohol during their vacation. Further studies are needed to measure, describe, and change the role played by guides at nightlife resorts. (Am J Addict 2012;21:S72–S76)
Cannabis Psychosis: Examining the Evidence for a Distinctive Psychopathology in a Systematic and Narrative Review
Authors: Baldacchino Alexander , Hughes Zoe , Kehoe Michael , Blair Hannah , Teh Ying , Windeatt Stacey , Crome Ilana B. 
Published: September 2015

Background: The term “cannabis psychosis” has become ubiquitous in the psychiatric literature. Few authors have described the precise psychopathology of this potentially distinct subtype of psychosis. Specifically, little attention has been paid to exploring whether cannabis psychosis is characterized by a psychopathology which is different from that of other types of psychosis.Objective: The purpose of this paper was to systematically review the literature for evidence of a specific constellation of symptoms which are consistently characteristic of cannabis psychosis within an inpatient psychiatric setting and to determine whether these combine to create a psychopathology which is distinct from that of other types of psychosis.Method: Systematic review using Meta‐analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines.Results: 13 studies of the 439 identified met the inclusion criteria. Only eight studies had sufficient internal and external validity to allow comparison in a narrative format of the psychopathology present, compared with controls. Of these eight selected studies, seven reported at least one significant difference (p < .05) in the psychopathology of the cannabis group to the control group used as a comparator.Discussion and Conclusion: This study should be interpreted with great caution and conclusions should not be generalized. These findings do not suggest that “cannabis psychosis” does not exist, only that from a psychopathological perspective it may not be qualitatively any different from other forms of psychosis. Future research in this area needs to focus on clarifying the definition or description of “cannabis psychosis” and the use of standardized robust experimental and/or observational designs to eliminate heterogeneity that may lead to inconclusive results. (Am J Addict 2012;21:S88–S98)
Sexual Risk‐Taking Mediates the Association between Impulsivity and Acquisition of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Hazardously Drinking Incarcerated Women
Authors: Hayaki Jumi , Anderson Bradley J. , Stein Michael D. 
Published: September 2015

Background: A growing literature has identified associations between impulsivity and negative behaviors such as sexual risk‐taking among high‐risk and/or vulnerable populations, but few studies have linked impulsivity to biological outcomes of sexual risk‐taking. The main purpose of this study was to document associations among impulsivity, sexual risk‐taking, and biological measures of sexually transmitted infection (STI+) in a sample of hazardously drinking incarcerated women.Methods: Two hundred forty‐five hazardously drinking incarcerated women self‐reported alcohol consumption and consequences, impulsivity, and sexual behavior.Results: Biological testing revealed a 22.9% prevalence rate for STI+. In this sample, sexual risk‐taking fully mediated the association between impulsivity and likelihood of STI+. In addition, individuals reporting sexual activity with multiple partners were significantly more likely to test STI+ than those reporting sexual activity with a primary partner.Conclusion: These results support previous research on impulsivity by demonstrating that impulsivity leads to STI+ through risky behavioral choices. These findings also extend prior work by documenting this association using biologically confirmed measures in a vulnerable female population that carries multiple risk factors and thus warrants increased research attention. (Am J Addict 2012;21:S63–S71)
Perceptions of young adults with sickle cell disease concerning their disease experience
Authors: Matthie Nadine , Hamilton Jill , Wells Diana , Jenerette Coretta 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimTo describe the perceptions of young adults with sickle cell disease concerning their disease experience.BackgroundSickle cell disease is a lifelong, genetic condition with both acute and chronic painful exacerbations. Little is known of the experiences of young adults with sickle cell disease.DesignThis study used a qualitative, descriptive design with semi‐structured, life review interviews.MethodsBetween August 2010–September 2012, purposive sampling was used to recruit participants with a known sickle cell disease diagnosis who were ages 18–35 years, were being seen in an outpatient sickle cell clinic and were English speaking. Participants provided demographic information and responded to two interviews. A content analysis was then used to interpret participants’ narratives of their experiences of living with sickle cell disease.Results/findingsA sample of 29 young adults with sickle cell disease consisted of 79·3% females, 35·6% employed full‐time or part‐time, 71·6% single/never married and 57·8% with sickle cell anaemia. Their mean age was 25·8 with 13·2 years of education. Four major interview themes were identified: (1) struggles to maintain or achieve good quality of life or life satisfactions; (2) strategies to maintain self‐care; (3) interruptions to family, work and social roles; and (4) difficulties accessing needed health care.ConclusionYoung adults face many challenges while living with sickle cell disease. With a better understanding of their disease experience and how it influences their quality of life, researchers can begin tailoring appropriate interventions to improve health outcomes in this vulnerable, minority population.
A gain‐of‐function mutation in Msl10 triggers cell death and wound‐induced hyperaccumulation of jasmonic acid in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zou Yan , Chintamanani Satya , He Ping , Fukushige Hirotada , Yu Liping , Shao Meiyu , Zhu Lihuang , Hildebrand David F. , Tang Xiaoyan , Zhou Jian‐Min 
Published: September 2015

AbstractJasmonates (JAs) are rapidly induced after wounding and act as key regulators for wound induced signaling pathway. However, what perceives the wound signal and how that triggers JA biosynthesis remains poorly understood. To identify components involved in Arabidopsis wound and JA signaling pathway, we screened for mutants with abnormal expression of a luciferase reporter, which is under the control of a wound‐responsive promoter of an ethylene response factor (ERF) transcription factor gene, RAP2.6 (Related to APetala 2.6). The rea1 (RAP2.6 expresser in shoot apex) mutant constitutively expressed the RAP2.6‐LUC reporter gene in young leaves. Along with the typical JA phenotypes including shorter petioles, loss of apical dominance, accumulation of anthocyanin pigments and constitutive expression of JA response gene, rea1 plants also displayed cell death and accumulated high levels of JA in response to wounding. The phenotype of rea1 mutant is caused by a gain‐of‐function mutation in the C‐terminus of a mechanosensitive ion channel MscS‐like 10 (MSL10). MSL10 is localized in the plasma membrane and is expressed predominantly in root tip, shoot apex and vascular tissues. These results suggest that MSL10 is involved in the wound‐triggered early signal transduction pathway and possibly in regulating the positive feedback synthesis of JA.
Association between levels of pentraxin 3 and incidence of chronic kidney disease in the elderly
Authors: Sjöberg B. , Qureshi A. R. , Heimbürger O. , Stenvinkel P. , Lind L. , Larsson A. , Bárány P. , Ärnlöv J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectiveHigher levels of the novel inflammatory marker pentraxin 3 (PTX3) predict cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Yet, whether PTX3 predicts worsening of kidney function has been less well studied. We therefore investigated the associations between PTX3 levels, kidney disease measures and CKD incidence.MethodsCross‐sectional associations between serum PTX3 levels, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) and cystatin C‐estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were assessed in two independent community‐based cohorts of elderly subjects: the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS, n = 768, 51% women, mean age 75 years) and the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM, n = 651, mean age 77 years). The longitudinal association between PTX3 level at baseline and incident CKD (GFR <60 mL min−1 1.73 m−²) was also analysed (number of events/number at risk: PIVUS 229/746, ULSAM 206/315).ResultsPTX3 levels were inversely associated with GFR [PIVUS: B‐coefficient per 1 SD increase −0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.23 to −0.10, P < 0.001; ULSAM: B‐coefficient per 1 SD increase −0.09, 95% CI −0.16 to −0.01, P < 0.05], but not ACR, after adjusting for age, gender, C‐reactive protein and prevalent cardiovascular disease in cross‐sectional analyses. In longitudinal analyses, PTX3 levels predicted incident CKD after 5 years in both cohorts [PIVUS: multivariable odds ratio (OR) 1.21, 95% CI 1.01–1.45, P < 0.05; ULSAM: multivariable OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.07–1.77, P < 0.05].ConclusionsHigher PTX3 levels are associated with lower GFR and independently predict incident CKD in elderly men and women. Our data confirm and extend previous evidence suggesting that inflammatory processes are activated in the early stages of CKD and drive impairment of kidney function. Circulating PTX3 appears to be a promising biomarker of kidney disease.
The emerging global epidemic of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease – causes and consequences
Authors: Malmborg P. , Hildebrand H. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractTwo decades ago, paediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) drew only modest interest from the international paediatric community. Since then, dramatically globally increasing incidence rates have made childhood‐onset IBD a priority for most paediatric gastroenterologists. The emerging pandemia of paediatric IBD has fuelled a quest to identify the recent changes in early life exposures that could explain the increasing risk for IBD amongst today's children. Treatment of children with IBD should aim for symptom control but should also target restoration of growth and prevention of pubertal delay. The paediatric IBD phenotype seems to be characterized by more extensive disease location, and some comparative studies have suggested that childhood‐onset IBD also represents a more severe phenotype than the adult‐onset IBD form.In this review, we analyse recent global incidence trends of paediatric IBD. We present an update on the known and suggested risk factors that could explain the emerging global epidemia of paediatric IBD. We also draw attention to differences in treatment between children and adults with IBD. Finally, we highlight latest follow‐up studies that question the proposed dynamic and aggressive nature of childhood‐onset IBD.
Inept or Badly Matched? — Effects of Educational Mismatch in the Labor Market
Authors: Kleibrink Jan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNegative wage effects of educational mismatch have become a stylized fact. Whether these are explained by differences in unobserved productivity or poor matching is still to be answered conclusively. In an empirical analysis based on data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel and the International Adult Literacy Survey, a broad econometric strategy is applied to solve the problem of unobserved heterogeneity and reveal the mechanism underlying wage differences between matched and mismatched workers. Results show that wage differentials can be explained by a poor matching in the labor market, rejecting the hypothesis that mismatched workers compensate for unobserved productivity differences.