bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visible and near UV light-induced scattering of LiNbO3:Fe crystals and material characterization
Authors: Ellabban Mostafa A. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
We present an experimental study of reconstructing parasitic gratings that produce simultaneous wide-angle polarization-anisotropic and -isotropic light induced scattering. The gratings were recorded in lithium niobate crystals doped with iron (LiNbO3:Fe) using an ordinary-polarized pump beam in the visible and the near UV spectral ranges. The reconstruction was performed at different readout angles, wavelengths and linear polarization states. The main features of reconstructing the parasitic gratings at different readout conditions are qualitatively explained by a simple phenomenological model based on the Ewald sphere construction. The obtained results and the scattering pattern were applied to determine the birefringence, its sign and further to estimate the relative contribution of diffusion and bulk photovoltaic effect to the photorefractive effect, as well as the ratios of product of the Pockels and the photovoltaic tensors components that contribute to the readout of the gratings at different readout polarizations.
Nonisothermal viscous sintering of volcanic ash
Authors: Wadsworth Fabian B. , Vasseur Jérémie , von Aulock Felix W. , Hess Kai‐Uwe , Scheu Bettina , Lavallée Yan , Dingwell Donald B. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractVolcanic ash is often deposited in a hot state. Volcanic ash containing glass, deposited above the glass transition interval, has the potential to sinter viscously both to itself (particle‐particle) and to exposed surfaces. Here we constrain the kinetics of this process experimentally under nonisothermal conditions using standard glasses. In the absence of external load, this process is dominantly driven by surface relaxation. In such cases the sintering process is rate limited by the melt viscosity, the size of the particles and the melt‐vapor interfacial tension. We propose a polydisperse continuum model that describes the transition from a packing of particles to a dense pore‐free melt and evaluate its efficacy in describing the kinetics of volcanic viscous sintering. We apply our model to viscous sintering scenarios for cooling crystal‐poor rhyolitic ash using the 2008 eruption of Chaitén volcano as a case example. We predict that moderate linear cooling rates of > 0.1°C min−1 can result in the common observation of incomplete sintering and the preservation of pore networks.
Educational Language Policy and Planning
Authors: Johnson David Cassels , Pratt Kristen L. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Educational language policy
—variously referred to as language education policy, language‐in‐education policy, and language policy in education—refers to a focus on educational contexts within language policy and planning (LPP) research, primarily in K‐12 settings, but might also include informal educational activities and socialization in homes and communities. This work focuses on how language policy creation, interpretation, and appropriation in schools impact educational processes and pedagogy, with particular attention to opportunity for minority and Indigenous language users.
Pragmatic Inference
Authors: Grundy Peter 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
While semanticists study sentence meaning, pragmaticists or pragmaticians (both terms are in use) study speaker meaning, or what a speaker intends to communicate, a meaning which goes far beyond what is literally encoded in the sentences she utters. As Atkinson, Kilby, and Roca say, pragmatics is the study of “the distinction between what a speaker's words (literally) mean and what the speaker might mean by his words.”
Sperber,Dan
Authors: Allott Nicholas 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDan Sperber is a social and cognitive scientist whose research is about culture, cognition, and communication. His work has had considerable impact on anthropology, evolutionary psychology, and philosophy of language and mind as well as linguistic pragmatics. He has written books on symbolism and anthropological knowledge, and one in which he develops his own naturalistic account of culture, the theory of the epidemiology of representations.
Task‐Based Learning: Research Methods
Authors: Révész Andrea 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Over the past two decades, the field of instructed second language acquisition (SLA) research has witnessed a growth of interest in the use of pedagogic tasks as a means of promoting second language (L2) learning. Underlying this line of research has been the increasingly accepted theoretical assumption that tasks generate optimal conditions for L2 learning by providing a platform for both the cognitive and social processes hypothesized to facilitate second language development in instructed settings. More recently, interest in researching pedagogic tasks has additionally been fueled by the rising popularity of task‐based language teaching (TBLT) among second language educators worldwide.
Improvement of mechanical properties of natural fiber–polypropylene composites using successive alkaline treatments
Authors: Marques Maria de Fátima V. , Melo Renato P. , Araujo Rafael da S. , Lunz Juliana do N. , Aguiar Vinícius de O. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThe use of natural fibers (NFs) in polymer composites for structural applications has increased greatly in the last years, owing to their abundance and biodegradability. In this work, an innovative and simple successive alkali treatment has been developed to improve the mechanical properties of NFs/polypropylene (PP) composites. Three different cellulosic fibers (curauá, jute, and flax) were used, with a fixed proportion of 10 wt %. The fibers were immersed several times in a 5 wt % NaOH solution. Thermogravimetric analysis data showed an improvement in thermal properties of the fibers, as well as the increase of the crystallinity degree was measured by X‐ray diffraction. By Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, disappearance of characteristics peaks of hemicelluloses and lignin was observed. Finally, mechanical behavior of the NF/PP composites was examined, using dynamic mechanical analysis. The results revealed that the curauá/PP mechanical properties were significantly improved, showing the positive effect of the successive alkali treatments. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41710.
Brief Report: Association of HLA–DRB1*01 With IgA Vasculitis (Henoch‐Schönlein)
Authors: López‐Mejías Raquel , Genre Fernanda , Pérez Belén Sevilla , Castañeda Santos , Ortego‐Centeno Norberto , Llorca Javier , Ubilla Begoña , Remuzgo‐Martínez Sara , Mijares Verónica , Pina Trinitario , Calvo‐Río Vanesa , Márquez Ana , Sala‐Icardo Luis , Miranda‐Filloy José A. , Conde‐Jaldón Marta , Ortiz‐Fernández Lourdes , Rubio Esteban , Luque Manuel León , Blanco‐Madrigal Juan M. , Galíndez‐Aguirregoikoa Eva , González‐Vela M. Carmen , Ocejo‐Vinyals J. Gonzalo , Escribano Francisca González , Martín Javier , Blanco Ricardo , González‐Gay Miguel A. 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveIgA vasculitis (Henoch‐Schönlein) (IgAV), formerly called Henoch‐Schönlein purpura, is the most common vasculitis in children, but it is not rare in adults. Increased familial occurrence supports a genetic predisposition to IgAV. In this context, an association with the HLA–DRB1*01 phenotype has been suggested in Caucasian individuals with IgAV. However, data on the potential association of IgAV with HLA–DRB1*01 were based on small case series. We undertook this study to further investigate this potential association by performing HLA–DRB1 genotyping in the largest series of IgAV patients ever assessed for genetic studies in Caucasians.MethodsWe assessed 342 Spanish patients with IgAV as well as 303 controls matched for sex and ethnicity. IgAV patients were required to fulfill the classification criteria described by Michel et al as well as the American College of Rheumatology 1990 classification criteria. HLA–DRB1 alleles were determined using the polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probe method.ResultsWe found a statistically significant increase in the frequency of the HLA–DRB1*01 phenotype in IgAV patients compared with controls (43% versus 27%; P < 0.001) (odds ratio 2.03 [95% confidence interval 1.43–2.87]). This was due to the increased frequency of the HLA–DRB1*0103 allele in IgAV patients compared with controls (14.3% versus 2.0%; P < 0.001) (odds ratio 8.27 [95% confidence interval 3.46–23.9]). These results remained statistically significant after Bonferroni adjustment. In contrast, a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of the HLA–DRB1*03 phenotype, due to the presence of the HLA–DRB1*0301 allele, was observed in IgAV patients compared with controls (5.6% versus 18.2%; P < 0.001) (odds ratio 0.26 [95% confidence interval 0.14–0.47]), even after Bonferroni adjustment. No association of HLA–DRB1 with specific features of the disease was found.ConclusionOur study confirms an association of IgAV with HLA–DRB1*01 in Caucasians. There also appears to be a protective effect against the development of IgAV in Caucasians carrying the HLA–DRB1*03 phenotype.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Magnetic Properties of the Spin‐1/2‐Based Honeycomb NaNi2BiO6‐δ and Its Hydrate NaNi2BiO6‐δ·1.7H2O.
Authors: Seibel Elizabeth M. , Roudebush John H. , Ali Mazhar N. , Ross K. A. , Cava R. J. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe title compounds are prepared by deintercalation of Na3Ni2BiO6 and characterized by powder XRD, single crystal XRD, and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermoelectric Transport in Cu7PSe6 with High Copper Ionic Mobility.
Authors: Weldert Kai S. , Zeier Wolfgang G. , Day Tristan W. , Panthoefer Martin , Snyder G. Jeffrey , Tremel Wolfgang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe copper ion conducting argyorite‐type title compound is synthesized from the elements (evacuated quartz ampule, 1323 K, 3 h, and 773 K, 72 h) and its thermoelectric transport properties are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: The Application of a Structurally Simple, Recyclable, and Large‐Scale L‐Prolinamide Catalyst for Asymmetric Aldol Reactions.
Authors: Guan Zhi , Luo Yuan , Zhang Bao‐Qiang , Heinen Krystal , Yang Da‐Cheng , He Yan‐Hong 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA bifunctional catalyst having a trans‐cyclohexane and a proline amide moiety is developed and successfully applied to the asymmetric aldol condensation of cyclic ketones with aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Activation of Carboxylic Acids in Asymmetric Organocatalysis.
Authors: Monaco Mattia Riccardo , Poladura Belen , Diaz de Los Bernardos Miriam , Leutzsch Markus , Goddard Richard , List Benjamin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe heterodimeric association of carboxylic acids with chiral phosphoric acid catalysts is proposed as a new activation principle for organocatalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Fluorination of Alkyl C—H Bonds via Photocatalysis.
Authors: Kee Choon Wee , Chin Kek Foo , Wong Ming Wah , Tan Choon‐Hong 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe work presents a novel method to generate N‐radicals via triplet‐triplet energy transfer catalyzed by anthraquinone.
ChemInform Abstract: A Copper‐Mediated Oxidative N‐Cyanation Reaction.
Authors: Teng Fan , Yu Jin‐Tao , Jiang Yan , Yang Haitao , Cheng Jiang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe oxidative coupling of sec‐amines (I), (IV), and (VI) with CuCN gives rise to a series of N‐cyanation products in moderate to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Design Aspects of Metal‐Free Nitrogen‐Based Catalysts and Their Influence on the Yield in the Henry Reaction.
Authors: Yao Qiong Ji , Khong Duc Thinh , Gao Qi , Judeh Zaher M. A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA series consisting of thirteen bisisoquinoline and bis(isoquinolin‐1‐yl)methane catalysts is prepared and evaluated in the metal‐free Henry reaction of (Ia).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of β‐Cyanopropan‐1‐one Derivates by Domino Reaction.
Authors: Dong Hong‐Ru , Dong Wang‐Jun , Li Rong‐Shan , Hu Yi‐Ming , Dong Heng‐Shan , Xie Zhi‐Xiang 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA novel KF‐catalyzed tandem nucleophilic addition is developed for the synthesis of polysubstituted β‐cyanopropan‐1‐ones.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cleavage of C—C Bonds in Epoxides Leading to Aryl Ketones.
Authors: Gu Lijun , Jin Cheng , Zhang Hongtao , Zhang Lizhu 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA new, synthetically valuable selective C—C bond cleavage reaction is discovered, allowing for transformation of 2,3‐disubstituted epoxides into ketones with loss of one carbon atom.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Direct N‐Arylation of N‐Arylsulfonamides Using Diaryliodonium Salts in Water.
Authors: Geng Xu , Mao Song , Chen Liangshun , Yu Jianjun , Han Jianwei , Hua Jianli , Wang Limin 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn some cases, better yields are obtained in dichloromethane as solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Selective and Efficient Oxidation of Sulfides with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by a Chromium Substituted Keggin Type Polyoxometalate.
Authors: Afrasiabi Roozbeh , Farsani Mostafa Riahi , Yadollahi Bahram 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe novel protocol allows the conversion of sulfides into the corresponding sulfones without affecting functional groups such as hydroxyl or C‐C double bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene and Graphene Oxide Based Palladium Nanocomposites and Their Catalytic Applications in Carbon—Carbon Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Lee Minjae , Kim Bo‐Hyun , Lee Yuna , Kim Beom‐Tae , Park Joon B. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHighly active Pd or PdO nanoparticles are dispersed on graphene and graphene oxide by an impregnation method combined with thermal treatments in H2 and O2 gas flows, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxy‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1H‐pyrrol‐2(3H)‐ones with Broensted Acid‐Catalyzed Condensation—Cyclization Reactions of β‐Enamino Esters and Ethyl Trifluoropyruvate.
Authors: Pei Qing‐Lan , Cui Bao‐Dong , Han Wen‐Yong , Wu Zhi‐Jun , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Yuan Wei‐Cheng 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe reaction, when carried out under optimized conditions A), affords a mixture of the desired ring system and a condensation product.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Spiropyrrolidines and Spiropyrrolizidines from Azomethine Ylides.
Authors: Klochkova I. N. , Shchekina M. P. , Anis'kov A. A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAsymmetric cross‐conjugated unsaturated ketones (VII) are used as dipolarophiles in 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions for the first time.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Tetrazole‐5‐thiols and 5,5′‐Disulfandiylbis(2‐alkyl‐2H‐tetrazoles).
Authors: Vorona S. V. , Artamonova T. V. , Kitchenko K. A. , Zevatskii Yu. E. , Myznikov L. V. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract2‐Alkyltetrazole‐5‐thiols such as (V) and (X) are synthesized and readily oxidized to the corresponding disulfides.
ChemInform Abstract: Deproto‐Metalation Using Mixed Lithium—Zinc and Lithium—Copper Bases and Computed CH Acidity of 2‐Substituted Quinolines.
Authors: Mongin Florence , et al. et al. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe deproto‐metalation of the title compounds is studied, as evidenced by subsequent interception by iodine.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Five Membered Heterocyclic Frameworks via [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction in an Aqueous Micellar System.
Authors: Singh Mandavi , Singh Shyam Babu , Fatma Shahin , Ankit Preyas , Singh Jagdamba 
Published: December 2014

AbstractNovel dihydropyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines (IV) and dihydropyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinolines (VI) are synthesized from isoquinoline or quinoline, phenacyl bromides, and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates in micellar medium (water/CTAB) under DBU catalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Participation of Compact Planar 1,3,5‐Tri(buta‐2,3‐dien‐1‐yl)‐1,3,5‐triazinane‐2,4,6‐trione in Pd(0) Catalyzed Seven Component Cascade Reactions Delivers Novel Tunable Molecular Architecture.
Authors: Gueltekin Zeynep , Elboray Elghareeb E. , Aly Moustafa F. , Abbas‐Temirek Hussien H. , Shepherd Helena J. , Grigg Ronald 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe novel trisallenyl triazinetrione (III) participates in seven component Pd‐catalyzed stereoselective cascade reactions with a combination of aryl iodides (V) and primary or secondary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Allylation of Hypophosphorous Acid and H‐Phosphinic Acids with Primary Allylic Amines.
Authors: Wu Xue‐Song , Zhou Meng‐Guang , Chen Yan , Tian Shi‐Kai 
Published: December 2014

AbstractOptimized conditions render possible the efficient allylation of hypophosphorous acid and H‐phosphinic acids with various primary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: A Phenyldilactone, Bisnorsesquiterpene, and Cytotoxic Phenolics from Maytenus senegalensis Leaves.
Authors: Okoye Festus Basden Chiedu , Debbab Abdessamad , Wray Victor , Esimone Charles Okechukwu , Osadebe Patience Ogoamaka , Proksch Peter 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe new secondary metabolite maysedilactone (I) is isolated together with 10 new compounds from the title leaves.
ChemInform Abstract: Understanding Ionic Liquids from Theoretical Methods
Authors: Zahn Stefan , Brehm Martin , Bruessel Marc , Holloczki Oldamur , Kohagen Miriam , Lehmann Sebastian , Malberg Friedrich , Pensado Alfonso Sanmartin , Schoeppke Matthias , Weber Henry , et al. et al. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractReview: 130 refs.
Coordination of Alkaline‐Earth Metal Ions in Inverted Cucurbit[6]uril Supramolecular Assemblies Formed in the Presence of Tetrachloride Zincates
Authors: Zhang De‐Qing , Sun Tao , Zhang Yun‐Qian , Xue Sai‐Feng , Zhu Qian‐Jiang , Zhang Jian‐Xin , Tao Zhu 
Published: December 2014

AbstractCoordination in supramolecular assemblies in aqueous HCl solutions was investigated by reacting alkaline‐earth cations (AE2+) and inverted cucurbit[6]uril (iQ[6]) in the presence of the structure‐directing agent, tetrachloride zincate ion. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that the iQ[6]–Mg2+–[ZnCl4]2––HCl interaction system yielded a supramolecular assembly of iQ[6] and [ZnCl4]2– without forming coordination complexes of Mg2+ or Zn2+ with iQ[6]. In contrast, interaction of Ca2+ or Sr2+ with iQ[6] in the presence of [ZnCl4]2– gave rise to linear coordination polymers, which formed a honeycomb‐like framework in which the linear polymers occupy cells of the framework. The iQ[6]–Ba2+–[ZnCl4]2––HCl interaction system immediately produced precipitates, thus preventing isolation of single crystals under similar synthetic conditions.
Positional distribution assessment of essential fatty acids in several fats and oils including plant, fish, and microbial sources and subcutaneous fat of Galician horse
Authors: Guil‐Guerrero José Luis , Ramos‐Bueno Rebeca Pilar , Gómez‐Mercado Francisco , Rincón‐Cervera Miguel Ángel 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this work, several oils and PUFA‐producing species have been analyzed to know the positional distribution of fatty acids within the triacylgycerol structure. Positional distribution was determined in terrestrial oils by means of enzymatic hydrolysis, while 13C‐NMR was used for marine and processed oils, which contain long‐chain PUFA. In addition to several already known sources, other new ones have been characterized; i.e., α‐linolenic acid was high in the subcutaneous fat of Galician horse (34.5% of total FAs in sn‐2); γ‐linolenic acid in Echium gentianoides and Symphytum caucasicum (47.7 and 40.1% of total FAs in sn‐2, respectively); stearidonic acid in E. plantagineum (20.8% of total FAs in sn‐2); eicosapentaenoic acid in cod liver oil (13.7% of total FAs in sn‐2); docosahexaenoic acid in salmon, cod liver, hake roe, DHASCO© and MARINOL© oils (23.0, 20.9, 19.7, 47.0 and 55.9% of total FAs in sn‐2, respectively); and arachidonic acid in ARASCO© oil (53.0% of total FAs in sn‐2). Bioavailability of some valuable PUFA has been shown to be high in some of the studied samples compared to commonly consumed oils, according to their triacylglycerol positional distribution values.Practical applications: The positional distribution of PUFAs on the glycerol backbone of triacylglycerols is crucial for their bioavailability, since PUFA esterified at sn‐2 position are better absorbed than those located at sn‐1,3 positions. In this work, we have assessed the positional distribution of essential fatty acids in several fats and oils, both obtained from traditional sources as well as from edible species not yet prospected. Some of them might be exploited to be used as dietary PUFA sources.The positional distribution (PD) of essential fatty acids (EFAs) within the triacylglycerol structure determines their bioavailability, since EFAs esterified at sn‐2 position are better absorbed than those located at sn‐1,3 positions. In this work, the PD of EFAs in several fats and oils, obtained from traditional sources as well as from edible species not yet prospected, has been assessed. Bioavailability of valuable EFAs has been shown to be high in some of the newly studied oils compared to commonly consumed oils, as their triacylglycerol PD indicates.
Isolation and characterization of a highly efficient chlorpyrifos degrading strain of Cupriavidus taiwanensis from sludge
Authors: Wang Daosheng , Xue Quan , Zhou Xiaolei , Tang Xinyun , Hua Roma 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this study, a highly effective chlorpyrifos (CP)‐degrading bacterium (termed strain X1) was isolated from the sludge of drain outlet of a chlorpyrifos manufacturer. Strain X1 was identified as Cupriavidus taiwanensis based upon the analysis of the 16S rDNA gene and biochemical characteristics, which is capable of transforming CP into 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol (TCP), and the resulting TCP was further metabolized when performed in an aqueous medium. Degradation experiments were carried out under different conditions at the range of pH (5.0∼9.0) and temperature (22∼42 °C), and the optimized pH and temperature were 7.0 and 32 °C respectively. Biotransformation of high concentration of CP was also determined; 400 mg l−1 of CP was completely transformed within 36 h; approximately 95% of CP was removed within 48 h when concentration of CP was up to 500 mg l−1. A genomic library was successfully constructed to clone the gene encoding the CP hydrolase, and a positive transformant with clear hydrolytic zones was obtained and analyzed. The insert gene sequence exhibited close relationship with 99% similar to opdB gene encoding parathion hydrolase, whereas, transformant failed in degrading the accumulated TCP. These results highlight the potential of this bacterium to be used in the cleanup of CP.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Symmetrically PEG‐Decorated Triglycerides of Fatty Acid as Drug‐Encapsulating Agents
Authors: Elkin Igor , Rabanel Jean‐Michel , Aoun Valéry , Hildgen Patrice 
Published: December 2014

New symmetrically poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐decorated triglycerides of fatty acid are synthesized and proposed as drug‐encapsulation systems. A method of effective grafting of PEG on secondary hydroxy groups located on long alkyl chains by the use of a short spacer represented by succinic acid is elaborated. Synthesis of new derivatives of triacylglycerols of fatty acids (TAG) based on the triolein standard and commercial olive oil, with PEG chains of different lengths (1000, 550, and 220 Da) is performed. MTT assay on the murine macrophage cell line RAW‐262.7 shows the absence of cytotoxic effects caused by the obtained products. Encapsulation tests using itraconazole (ITZ) as a hydrophobic drug model are carried out. The influence of the PEG chain length, as well as of the presence of ITZ on the size of micelles, are studied by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method. The reduced cytotoxicity observed on Candida albicans cells of ITZ formulated with the PEG‐decorated TAG versus the free drug indicates that the systems may be promising to increase the duration of drug release and to reduce toxic side effects.
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