bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure of Crystal Cells and Influences of Leaf Development on Crystal Cell Development and Vice Versa in Phaseolus vulgaris (Leguminosae)
Authors: Kuo‐Huang Ling‐Long , Zindler‐Frank Elisabeth 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:The structure of cells with calcium oxalate crystals and their nelghbouring cells has been studied by light and transmission electron microscopy at different stages of bean leaf development. Plants were grown with varying calcium supply to identify a possible influence of calcium nutrition on cell structure. Crystals are formed inside the vacuole of already highly vacuolated cells of bundle sheath extensions. The membrane around the crystal vacuole is continuous with the plasmalemma. The crystal vacuole contains membraneous structures. In the fully expanded leaf the crystal becomes ensheathed by wall material. Chloroplasts of bundle sheath extension cells, with or without crystals, are smaller, with fewer membranes, and with much narrower stroma regions than those of the palisade parenchyma. There is a stage in the young leaf when only the bundle sheath extension cells without crystals have starch grains in their chloroplasts. As their number is lower in plants grown with high calcium supply this means that, in this case, less cells are competent for photosynthesis.
Absorption of Atmospheric NO2 by Spruce (Picea abies) Trees. III. Interaction with Nitrate Reductase Activity in the Needles and Phloem Transport
Authors: Weber P. , Thoene Barbara , Rennenberg H. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:In order to compare the effects of excess pedospheric and atmospheric nitrogen supply on nitrate reductase activity (NR. EC 1.6.6.1) excised spruce branches were exposed to nitrate solutions or were fumigated with NO2. Immersion of spruce branches in 6 mM nitrate caused an increase in NR activity by a factor of 14 or 19 in current‐year and in one‐year‐old needles, respectively, as compared to controls incubated in tap water. Exposure to 65 nl I−1 NO2 increased NR activity by a factor of 1.5 in current‐year needles and by a factor of 2.5 in one‐year‐old needles as compared to non‐fumigated controls. Addition of cycloheximide (0.17 μM) or puromycin (200 μM) to the incubation solution prevented the induction of NR activity from both nitrate and NO2 exposure. This finding indicates that induction of NR activity by both atmospheric NO2 or increased nitrate supply of the needles is both caused by de‐novo synthesis of NR protein. The increase in NR activity in needles of branches still attached to the tree as a consequence of exposure to 65 nl I−1 NO2 was found to be a transient phenomenon. The increase persisted for several days only and was no longer observed after one week of sustained NO2 exposure. An interruption of phloem transport by girdling, applied subsequent to the induction of NR activity by atmospheric NO2, prevented the decrease in NR activity. Apparently, export out of the exposed needles and phloem transport within the stem are involved in the regulation of NR activity upon NO2 exposure.
Time‐Resolved Analysis of Signals Involved in Systemic Induction of Pin2 Gene Expression
Authors: Herde O. , Peña‐Cortés H. , Willmitzer L. , Fisahn J. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:The systemic induction of proteinase inhibitor genes in tomato plants is mediated either by electrical signals, hydraulic signals or chemical messengers. In the present study we analyzed the effects of mechanical wounding, heat treatment and electrical current application on wild‐type tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cv Moneymaker) and ABA‐deficient mutants of tomato (sitiens). Kinetic studies revealed that systemic Pin2 gene expression could be slightly induced by the fast transient membrane potential change which left the damaged leaf within 30–60s after wounding. Moreover, a signal leaving the damaged tissue between 2 and 4 minutes after wounding was responsible for a significant amplification of Pin2 gene expression. This signal could either be a decrease in turgor pressure, which occurred 3–4min after treatment, or a slow electrical transient. In addition, mechanical wounding and electrical current seem to involve ABA to induce changes in membrane potential and to promote Pin2 gene expression. In contrast, heat triggers fast and slow electrical transients leading to an induction of Pin2 gene expression within the plant independently of ABA. Turgor pressure, in turn, is presumably adjusted in relation to ionic movements across the membrane, elucidated by membrane potential recordings. In conclusion, wound‐induced changes in membrane potential seem to be dependent on the endogenous level of ABA. These shifts in membrane potentials, in turn, are involved in regulation of turgor pressure within the plant.
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Quenching During Photosynthetic Induction in Leaves of Abutilon striatum Dicks. Infected with Abutilon Mosaic Virus, Observed with a Field‐Portable Imaging System
Authors: Osmond C. B. , Daley P. F. , Badger M. R. , Lüttge U. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:A portable Chi fluorescence imaging system was used to characterise nonuniform Chi fluorescence quenching in Abutilon striatum leaves infected with phloem‐localised abutilon mosaic virus. The instrument was used to observe fluorescence emission at intervals during induction transients, and to map nonphotochemical quenching during saturating pulses applied in the course of these transients. Two symptom types were distinguished: yellow vein‐associated motifs that showed lower maximum Chi fluorescence than nearby green tissues, but virtually zero nonphotochemical quenching, and vein‐defined mosaics (pale green) that initially showed normal maximum Chi fluorescence but strongly impaired nonphotochemical quenching. Mature vein‐defined mosaics (yellow to white areas) resembled vein‐associated symptoms with zero nonphotochemical quenching. Islands of apparently healthy green tissue enclosed by mosaic symptoms showed slower nonphotochemical quenching than controls. Possible effects of localised carbohydrate accumulation, thought to follow from infection by the phloem‐limited virus, on photosynthetic processes as well as the synthesis and stability of chloroplast protein complexes, are discussed in the context of symptom development.
Influence of Mercury on the Green Alga Haematococcus lacustris. Inhibition Effects and Recovery of Impact
Authors: Xylander M. , Fischer W. , Braune W. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:The influence of mercury ions on germination of the resting cells (aplanospores) and on cell division, cell structure, phototaxis, and photosynthesis during the flagellate stage of Hoemotococcus lacustris was investigated. Aplanospores possess a higher tolerance against mercury ions than flagellates. The reason could be seen in the thicker wall of the resting cells which possibly provide a detoxifying effect by immobilisation of Hg2+. This is confirmed by a normal phototactic orientation of flagellates formed from Hg 2+‐influenced aplanospores. In contrast, a direct addition of Hg2+ (0.1 to 1 /*M) to the flagellate stage induced an immediate loss of the flagellates to react phototactically, but it was interesting that the inhibition was overcome with time. Obviously, these Hg2+ concentrations influence only the sensory transduction chain, whereas the energetic background is not injured because the velocity of movement and the percentage of motile cells were scarcely affected. This is supported by the high level of the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, which remains unchanged at 1 uM Hg2+. Recovery of photosynthesis from inhibition by 10/iM Hg2+ suggests a connection between Hg2+ influence and metabolism of the D, protein in the reaction centre of photosystem II. The Hg2+ effect was reversed with time in light, but not in darkness, and streptomycin, an inhibitor of chloroplast protein synthesis, prevented recovery. In flagellates, showing no reactivation, exposure to 10uA/l Hg2+ caused cell swelling, a loss of the flagella, and a disorganisation in structure of the chloroplast and of nucleus.
Allopolyploidy in the Thalloid Liverwort Corsinia (Marchantiales)
Authors: Marie‐Catherine Boisselier‐Dubayle , Bischler Helene 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:The thalloid liverwort Corsinia coriandrina includes morphologically similar haploid and polyploid populations with an allopatric geographical distribution. Haploid and polyploid colonies of the Old World, and one polyploid colony from Texas have been analysed. The polyploid, monoecious cytotype has a wider geographical range and ecological tolerance than the haploid, dioecious cytotype which appears to be restricted to southern Europe and Macaronesia. Similarity coefficients between the two Old World cytotypes based on isozyme data show them to be more genetically divergent than suggested by their morphology, and to fit the definition of sibling species. Fixed heterozygosity in six of eight enzyme loci suggests an alloploid origin of the Old World polyploids. The haploid cytotype could be one of the putative parents. Alleles in the polyploid that were not detected in the haploid are presumably derived from an unknown progenitor. The polyploid New World colony shows significant genetic divergence; it represents a different allopolyploid sibling species. Accordingly, at least two independent origins of the polyploid must be supposed; one in the Old World; the other in the New World. The presumed autopolyploid origin of polyploid liverworts is once more challenged by our analysis of polyploid Corsinia. Indeed, autopolyploidy has still not been documented conclusively in any polyploid liverwort.
Defining morbid obesity in children based on BMI 40 at age 18 using the extended international (IOTF) cut‐offs
Authors: Bervoets L. , Massa G. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryBackgroundStudies have reported that children who are obese are becoming more severely obese.ObjectiveWe aimed to classify obese children based on age‐ and gender‐specific centile curves passing through body mass index (BMI) 30, 35 and 40 at age 18 as ‘class I’, ‘class II’ or severe, and ‘class III’ or morbid obesity.MethodsIn addition to the International Obesity Task Force BMI cut‐offs corresponding to BMI 30 and 35, we calculated the BMI cut‐offs corresponding to BMI 40 using the LMS method proposed by Cole and Lobstein. We classified 217 obese children according to these criteria.ResultsFifty‐six (25.8%) children had class III obesity, 73 (33.6%) class II obesity and 88 (40.6%) class I obesity. Class III obese children had a higher waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and fasting insulinaemia compared with less obese children.ConclusionIt is clinically important to classify obese children in different classes of obesity severity.
Systematic Review of Restraint Interventions for Challenging Behaviour Among Persons with Intellectual Disabilities: Focus on Effectiveness in Single‐Case Experiments
Authors: Heyvaert Mieke , Saenen Lore , Maes Bea , Onghena Patrick 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundThis article is the first in a two‐part series: we focus on the effectiveness of restraint interventions (RIs) for reducing challenging behaviour (CB) among persons with intellectual disabilities in this first article. In the second article, we focus on experiences with RIs for CB among people with intellectual disabilities.MethodsA mixed‐methods research synthesis involving statistical meta‐analysis and qualitative meta‐synthesis techniques was applied to synthesize 76 retrieved articles. This first article reports on the meta‐analysis of 59 single‐case experiments (SCEs) on effectiveness of RIs for CB among people with intellectual disabilities.Results and ConclusionsThe RIs reported on in the SCEs were on average highly effective in reducing CB for people with intellectual disabilities, and this reduction in CB was statistically significant. However, the effects vary significantly over the included participants, and the published data and reported outcomes are rather unrepresentative of the everyday use of RIs among persons with intellectual disabilities.
Not all contrast effects are created equal: extent of processing affects contrast strength
Authors: Shoots‐Reinhard Brittany L. , Rucker Derek D. , Petty Richard E. , Shakarchi Richard 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPrevailing theories of judgmental contrasts propose mechanisms ranging from relatively low versus high degrees of thought. The present research tests the hypothesis that the degree of thought involved in producing judgmental contrast has important implications. In three experiments, participants' ability or motivation to engage in effortful thinking was manipulated. In Experiment 1, varying personal relevance produced equivalent contrast effects, but these judgments differed in certainty. In two additional studies, despite equivalent amounts of contrast, a manipulation of the order of the standards and target of comparison led to differences in certainty (Experiment 2) and attitude–behavioral intention correspondence (Experiment 3). This is the first research to show that amount of thinking has implications for the strength and consequences of the judgment.
Age discrimination in the workplace: identifying as a late‐career worker and its relationship with engagement and intended retirement age
Authors: Bayl‐Smith Piers H. , Griffin Barbara 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThrough a model of moderated indirect effects, this study examined the relationship between perceived age discrimination, cognitive and affective identification as a late‐career worker, intended retirement age, and work engagement. Bootstrap analysis confirmed that a negative relationship between perceived age discrimination and work engagement was strongest when cognitive identification was high and affective identification was low, and nonsignificant when affective identification was high. In contrast to previous research, no overall association between age discrimination and intended retirement age was found. Rather, post hoc analyses showed that work engagement suppressed a positive direct relationship between age discrimination and intended retirement age.
Prevalence of Esophageal Ulceration After Atrial Fibrillation Ablation with the Hot Balloon Ablation Catheter: What is the Value of Esophageal Cooling?
Authors: SOHARA HIROSHI , SATAKE SHUTARO , TAKEDA HIROSHI , YAMAGUCHI YOSHIO , NAGASU NAOKO 
Published: February 2014

Esophageal Cooling During Hot Balloon AblationBackgroundLittle is known about luminal esophageal temperature (LET) monitoring during catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) using the radiofrequency hot balloon (RHB) technology.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the use of a unique esophageal cooling method during RHB ablation.Methods and ResultsIn this observational study, 318 consecutive patients (231 men; mean age, 63 ± 9 years) with symptomatic, drug‐refractory, paroxysmal (n = 183) or persistent (n = 135) AF underwent RHB ablation with LET monitoring followed by a postprocedural, nonsymptom‐driven esophageal endoscopy within 3 days of the ablation procedure. The patients have been divided into 3 groups. The first 22 patients treated are in Group A (n = 22) and had only LET monitoring without cooling of the esophagus. In Groups B (n = 128) and C (n = 168), patients had LET monitoring with cooling of the esophagus when the LET exceeded 43 °C and 39 °C, by infusion of cooled saline mixed with Gastrographin or Iopamidol, respectively. Group A had a higher risk of esophageal ulceration among the 3 groups (P < 0.0001). Saline infusion cooling initiated when the LET exceeded 43 °C (Group B) was not as safe as saline infusion cooling initiated when the LET exceeded 39 °C (Group C), demonstrated by the Group C minimum ulceration score and LET measurements while ablating the left superior pulmonary vein (LSPV) and left inferior pulmonary vein (LIPV) (P < 0.0001).ConclusionCooling the esophagus by a mix of Iopamidol and saline infusion when the LET exceeds 39 °C during RHB ablation may decrease the incidence and severity of esophageal thermal injury.
Mechanisms of Pulmonary Vein Reconnection After Radiofrequency Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: The Deterministic Role of Contact Force and Interlesion Distance
Authors: PARK CHAN‐IL , LEHRMANN HEIKO , KEYL CORNELIUS , WEBER REINHOLD , SCHIEBELING JOCHEN , ALLGEIER JUERGEN , SCHURR PATRICK , SHAH ASHOK , NEUMANN FRANZ‐JOSEF , ARENTZ THOMAS , JADIDI AMIR S. 
Published: February 2014

Mechanisms of Pulmonary Vein Reconnection After Radiofrequency Ablation of Atrial FibrillationIntroductionPulmonary vein reconnection (PVR) is an important cause of AF recurrence after ablation. With the advent of force sensing catheters, catheter–tissue contact can be determined quantitatively. Since contact force (CF) plays a major role in determining the characteristics of RF lesion, we prospectively assessed the mechanisms of PVR with regard to catheter‐contact and lesion distances in patients undergoing AF ablation.Methods and ResultsForty symptomatic AF patients underwent wide circumferential PV isolation (PVI) with SmartTouch™ CF catheter. The exact locations of acute PVI and spontaneous or adenosine‐provoked PVR were annotated on CARTO. One thousand nine hundred and twenty‐six RF lesions isolated 153 PVs. PVR occurred in 35 (23%) PVs: 22 (63%) adenosine‐provoked and 13 (37%) spontaneous. CF was significantly lower at PVR versus PVI sites for RF lesions within 6 mm from these sites: mean CF 5 versus 11 g (P < 0.0001) and force–time integral (FTI) 225 versus 415 gs (P < 0.0001); 86% of PVR occurred with a mean CF < 10 g (FTI < 400 gs); and the remaining 14% occurred at ablation sites with a long interlesion distance (≥5 mm) despite mean CF ≥ 10 g. Eighty percent of PVR sites were located anteriorly. There were no significant differences in regard to arrhythmia freedom between the patients without (69%) versus with PVR (67%; P = 1.0).ConclusionsAcutely durable PVI can be achieved when RF lesions are delivered with a mean CF ≥ 10 g and an interlesion distance <5 mm. The majority of PVR occur anteriorly due to inadequate CF or long interlesion distances.
Analysis of clinical, dermoscopic and histopathological features of primary melanomas of patients with metastatic disease – a retrospective study at the Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, 2000–2010
Authors: Richtig G. , Richtig E. , Massone C. , Hofmann‐Wellenhof R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundIncidence rates of malignant melanoma have been increasing worldwide and metastatic melanoma is still a significant problem despite widespread prevention programmes.ObjectivesWe made a systemic review of all metastasized melanoma patients treated at the Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz in the years 2000–2010 and looked at the kind of melanoma type, e.g. if it has been slowly growing superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) or fast growing nodular melanoma (NM).MethodsHistological slides and clinical images of patients treated at our department between 2000 and 2010, who received chemotherapy because of proven metastatic disease were analysed with regard to growth type of their primary tumours.ResultsA total of 88 patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean age of all patients was 57 years (median 59 years, SD ± 15 years). Of these 88 patients 51 patients (58%) (28 male patients and 23 female patients) had SSM; mean age 58 years (median 58 years, SD ± 14 years) and 37 patients (42%) (18 male patients and 19 female patients) had NM; mean age 56 years (median 61 years, SD ± 17 years). Mean Breslow thickness in the SSM group was 2.26 mm (median: 1.6 mm, SD ± 2.11 mm). In the NM group, mean Breslow thickness was 4.59 mm (median: 3.50 mm, SD ± 4.07 mm). When separated by gender, 46 melanomas were seen in the male group (28 SSM and 18 NM) and 42 melanomas in the female group (23 SSM and 19 NM).ConclusionsOur results showed that more than half of the patients with metastatic disease had SSMs and not, as suspected, NMs. As SSMs are growing over a longer period to become invasive and potentially metastatic, there might be a chance to focus primary and secondary prevention programmes not only on fast growing tumours but also on slowly changes of tumours.
Risk Factors for Early Hospital Readmission in Low‐Income Elderly Adults
Authors: Iloabuchi Tochukwu C. , Mi Deming , Tu Wanzhu , Counsell Steven R. 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesTo identify risk factors for early hospital readmission in low‐income community‐dwelling older adults.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingUniversity‐affiliated urban safety‐net healthcare system in Indianapolis, Indiana.ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling adults aged 65 and older with annual income less than 200% of the federal poverty level and enrolled in the Geriatric Resources for Assessment and Care of Elders (GRACE) randomized controlled trial (N = 951).MeasurementsParticipant health and functional status at baseline and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Early readmission was defined as a repeat hospitalization occurring within 30 days of a prior hospital discharge. Candidate risk factors included sociodemographic characteristics, health and functional status, prior care, lifestyle, and satisfaction with care.ResultsOf 457 index admissions in 328 participants, 85 (19%) were followed by an early readmission. The independent risk factors for early readmission identified according to regression analysis were living alone (odds ratio (OR) = 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02–2.87), fair or poor satisfaction with primary care physician (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.01–4.46), not having Medicaid (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.05–3.11), receiving a new assistive device in the past 6 months (OR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.26–4.05), and staying in a nursing home in the past 6 months (OR = 5.08, 95% CI = 1.56–16.53). Age, race, sex, education, and chronic diseases were not associated with early readmission.ConclusionA broad range of nonmedical risk factors played a greater role than previously recognized in early hospital readmission of low‐income seniors.
Sex Differences in the Construct Overlap of Frailty and Depression: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Lohman Matthew , Dumenci Levent , Mezuk Briana 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesTo determine the degree of diagnostic overlap between frailty and depression and to investigate whether sex differences in symptom endorsement influence this overlap.DesignCross‐sectional latent class analysis.SettingData were from the 2008 wave of the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative longitudinal survey of health characteristics of older adults.ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling adults aged 65 and older completing a general health questionnaire and consenting to physical measurements (N = 3,665).MeasurementsFrailty was measured using criteria developed in the Cardiovascular Health Study, and depressive symptoms were measured using the eight‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale.ResultsFrailty and depression were best modeled as two distinct but highly correlated constructs with three and four classes of symptom response, respectively. Measurement overlap was high in men and women. Approximately 73% of individuals with severe depressive symptoms and 86% with primarily somatic depressive symptoms were categorized as concurrently frail. The degree of construct overlap between depression and frailty did not significantly vary according to sex, but women were significantly more likely to endorse all frailty and depressive symptoms.ConclusionMeasures of depression and frailty identify substantially overlapping populations of older men and women. More‐frequent endorsement of depressive symptoms, but not differential endorsement of somatic symptoms, may contribute to the higher prevalence of frailty in women. The symptom of exhaustion is particularly important to the correlation between these two conditions. Findings will inform clinician and researcher efforts to refine the definition of geriatric syndromes such as frailty and to develop effective interventions.