bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postoperative Changes in Corneal Epithelial and Stromal Thickness Profiles After Photorefractive Keratectomy in Treatment of Myopia
Authors: Chen Xiangjun , Stojanovic Aleksandar , Liu Yanhua , Chen Yunyun , Zhou Yang , Utheim Tor Paaske 
Published: August 2015

PURPOSE:
To study the corneal epithelial and stromal thickness profile changes after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia.

METHODS:
Retrospective analysis of the postoperative corneal epithelial and stromal thickness profile changes in 46 left eyes of 46 patients treated with PRK for myopia. Corneal and epithelial thickness maps within the central 6 mm were obtained by anterior segment spectral-domain optical coherence tomography preoperatively and at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Stromal thickness was calculated by subtracting the epithelial thickness from the total corneal thickness. Correlations between postoperative thickness changes and the amount of correction, treatment zone, and preoperative epithelial thickness were analyzed.

RESULTS:

Compared to preoperative values, the central 2 mm and the paracentral 2- to 5-mm zone epithelium was 5.20 ± 3.43 and 5.72 ± 3.30
µ
m thicker, respectively, at 3 months postoperatively (
P
< .05). No significant difference was detected between 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The stromal thickness did not change between 1 and 6 months postoperatively. The spherical equivalent (SE) changed from −2.82 ± 1.54 diopters (D) preoperatively to −0.06 ± 0.42 D at 1 month postoperatively, and remained stable thereafter. There was a trend toward greater epithelial thickening with a larger amount of programmed SE correction, smaller treatment zone, and thinner preoperative epithelium. No correlation between epithelial thickness change and postoperative change in refraction was detected.

CONCLUSIONS:
The corneal epithelial thickness increased after PRK up to 3 months postoperatively. It was affected by the amount of myopia treated, treatment zone, and preoperative epithelial thickness. The postoperative epithelial thickening did not affect the refractive outcomes.

[
J Refract Surg.
2015;31(7):446–453.]
Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Intrastromal Relaxing Incisions After Penetrating Keratoplasty: Effect of Incision Depth
Authors: Wetterstrand Olli , Holopainen Juha M. , Krootila Kari 
Published: August 2015

PURPOSE:
To correlate the efficacy of femtosecond laser-assisted intrastromal relaxing incisions after penetrating keratoplasty with the posterior depth of corneal incisions.

METHODS:

Twenty eyes of 20 patients were treated for regular postoperative penetrating keratoplasty astigmatism. Sutures had been removed and refraction had stabilized. Ultrasound pachymetry was used to calculate incisional depth. Femtosecond laser-assisted paired arcuate incisions were made inside the graft stroma, leaving 90
µ
m of intact anterior cornea including epithelium. The intact posterior corneal margin was 10% of the measured corneal thickness for 10 patients (10% group) and 125
µ
m for the remaining 10 patients (125-
µ
m group). Follow-up visits consisted of biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure measurement, fundus examination, and topographic evaluation using anterior segment optical coherence tomography at 1 and 3 months. Postoperative corneal thickness and the depth of incisions were measured with optical coherence tomography.

RESULTS:

Corrected distance visual acuity improved from 0.5 to 0.3 logMAR (Snellen: 20/63 to 20/40,
P
< .05) in the 10% group and remained constant in the 125-
µ
m group. The refractive cylinder decreased by 34% in the 10% group (range: 0% to 60%), but did not change in the 125-
µ
m group. The topographic anterior cylinder decreased in both groups by 48% (range: 0% to 67%) and 13% (range: 0% to 38%), respectively. The smaller the posterior intact corneal margin, the higher the surgically induced astigmatism (
P
< .05).

CONCLUSIONS:
Efficacy of femtosecond laser-assisted intrastromal relaxing incisions is correlated with the posterior depth of the incisions. The deeper incisions were more effective.

[
J Refract Surg.
2015;31(7):474–479.]
Biomechanical Modeling of Femtosecond Laser Keyhole Endokeratophakia Surgery
Authors: Studer Harald P. , Pradhan Kishore R. , Reinstein Dan Z. , Businaro Elena , Archer Timothy J. , Gobbe Marine , Roberts Cynthia J. 
Published: August 2015

PURPOSE:
To apply a finite element model to endokeratophakia and evaluate anterior and posterior corneal surface changes.

METHODS:

Spatial elevation data (Pentacam HR; Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) were obtained for the front and back corneal surfaces of an eye prior to undergoing an endokeratophakia procedure. These were used to warp a spherical template finite element model of the cornea to create a patient-specific finite element mesh and the initial stress distribution was computed with an iterative approach. The finite element model (Optimeyes; Integrated Scientific Services, Biel, Switzerland) included non-linear elastic characteristics of the stroma. The endokeratophakia procedure was recreated in the model: a donor lenticule (−10.50 diopters [D], 5.75-mm zone, 127-
µ
m thick) was inserted into a lamellar pocket (180-
µ
m deep, 6.25-mm diameter) and two 2-mm small incisions were made at 150° and 330°. Anterior and posterior surfaces, computed by the finite element model, were compared to clinical data to assess accuracy and reliability of finite element modeling.

RESULTS:

The postoperative axial curvature produced by the model closely resembled the patient data; average curvature was 48.01 D clinically and 48.23 D in the simulation, and corneal astigmatism was 3.01 D clinically and 2.88 D in the simulation. The posterior best-fit sphere elevation map also matched the patient data, replicating inward bulging of the posterior surface by approximately 40
µ
m. Stress distribution modeling predicted a stress increase by 159.94% ± 73% in the cap and a stress decrease by 32.41% ± 21% in the stromal bed.

CONCLUSIONS:
Finite element modeling of the cornea reproduced the clinically observed anterior and posterior corneal surface changes following an endokeratophakia procedure. This case sets the stage for further study to refine and yield predictive finite element modeling for the evaluation of corneal refractive surgical procedures.

[
J Refract Surg.
2015;31(7):480–486.]
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Expands a Population of NKG2D+CD8+ T Cells That Exacerbates Disease in Mice Coinfected with Leishmania major
Authors: Crosby Erika J. , Clark Megan , Novais Fernanda O. , Wherry E. John , Scott Phillip 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a significant neglected tropical disease that is associated with a wide range of clinical presentations and a lifelong persistent infection. Because of the chronic nature of the disease, there is a high risk for coinfection occurring in patients, and how coinfections influence the outcome of leishmaniasis is poorly understood. To address this issue, we infected mice with Leishmania major and 2 wk later with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and then monitored the course of infection. Leishmania parasites are controlled by production of IFN-γ, which leads to macrophage-mediated parasite killing. Thus, one might predict that coinfection with LCMV, which induces a strong systemic type 1 response, would accelerate disease resolution. However, we found that infection with LCMV led to significantly enhanced disease in L. major–infected animals. This increased disease correlated with an infiltration into the leishmanial lesions of NKG2D+ CD8+ T cells producing granzyme B, but surprisingly little IFN-γ. We found that depletion of CD8 T cells after viral clearance, as well as blockade of NKG2D, reversed the increased pathology seen in coinfected mice. Thus, this work highlights the impact a secondary infection can have on leishmaniasis and demonstrates that even pathogens known to promote a type 1 response may exacerbate leishmanial infections.
“The World Awaits Your Yiddish Word”:
Authors: Zaritt Saul 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
When thinking about the relationships between modern Jewish writers and world literature, it may seem odd to begin with Jacob Glatstein, a seemingly marginalized Yiddish writer unknown to world audiences. However, if contemporary scholarship of both world literature and Jewish literatures is to move beyond the binaries of a center-margin model, the figure of Glatstein can offer a way to think through the contingencies of global literary production. In 1930s America, writers were increasingly compelled to confront the multiple world contexts inherent in the very act of writing, regardless of language or size of audience. As such, Glatstein could not help but be a world-writer, even if such a designation was self-imposed and uncertain. Through his poetry, fiction, and criticism of the period, Glatstein rejected the expected routes to world literature and considered translation a problem, a marker of a gap between a personal language of experience and a perpetually deferred world language. However, in facing the problem of world literature for Jewish writing, Glatstein did not retreat to a politics of marginality or compromise. Instead, Glatstein's reaction was both utopian and reclusive, proposing a form of writing that encountered the world while simultaneously fleeing from it.
The Correlation Between Age and Bleeding Volume in Haemorrhagic Stroke Using Multi Slice CT at District Hospitals in Jakarta
Authors: Saefudin Tatan , Apriantoro Nursama Heru , Hidayat Ekaputra Syarif , Purnamawati Schandra 
Published: August 2015

<p>Haemorrhagic Stroke is a common disease in Indonesia. The best imaging modality for this disease is Multi Slice Computed Tomography Scanning (MSCT), as it may help strengthening the diagnosis as well as determining the brain bleeding volume. This study aimed to show correlation between bleeding volume of the brain and patient’s age using cross-sectional approach. The 68 samples in this study were taken from secondary data from Head CT Scan of Haemorrhagic Stroke cases. Brain bleeding volume is the dependent variable, obtained through slice thickness of 5 mm and ABC/2 method with software measurement in MSCT Scan device. The independent variable of this study is the patient’s age. The result of the study was the average brain’s bleeding volume of 21.76 ml ± 2.48 ml (range of 1.04 ml to 94.73 ml).The slice thickness using ABC/2 method, has a significant correlation with brain’s bleeding volume in MSCT Scan examination, with correlation coefficient value <em>r</em> of 0.79. Brain bleeding volume in patients who have ages lower than 50 years and more or equal to 50 years were (18.93 ± 3.26) ml and (23.53 ± 3.47) ml respectively. There is no correlation between age and brain’s bleeding volume in haemorrhagic stroke cases, with<em> p</em> value of 0.18, <em>r</em> = 0.19.</p>
The temporal increase in HIV‐1 non‐R5 tropism frequency among newly diagnosed patients from northern Poland is associated with clustered transmissions
Authors: Parczewski Miłosz , Leszczyszyn‐Pynka Magdalena , Witak‐Jędra Magdalena , Maciejewska Katarzyna , Myślińska Sławomira , Urbańska Anna 
Published: August 2015

IntroductionCCR5 (R5) tropic viruses are associated with early stages of infection, whereas CXCR4 (X4) HIV‐1 tropism has been associated with severe immunodeficiency. We investigated the temporal changes in the genotype‐predicted tropism frequency and the phylogenetic relationships between the R5 and non‐R5 clades.MethodsA cohort of 194 patients with a newly diagnosed HIV infection that was linked to their care from 2007 to 2014 was analyzed. Baseline plasma samples were used to assess the HIV‐1 genotypic tropism with triplicate V3‐loop sequencing. The non‐R5 tropism prediction thresholds were assigned using a false positive rate (FPR) of 10 and 5.75% and associated with clinical and laboratory data. The transmission clusters were analyzed using pol sequences with a maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference.ResultsThe overall non‐R5 tropism frequency for 5.75% FPR was 15.5% (n=30) and 27.8% (n=54) for 10% FPR. The frequency of the non‐R5 tropism that was predicted using 5.75% FPR increased significantly from 2007 (0%) to 2014 (n=5/17, 29.4%) (p=0.004, rough slope +3.73%/year) and from 0% (2007) to 35.3% (2014, n=6/17) (p=0.071, rough slope +2.9%/year) using 10% FPR. Increase in the asymptomatic diagnoses over time was noted (p=0.05, rough slope +3.53%/year) along with a tendency to increase the lymphocyte CD4 nadir (p=0.069). Thirty‐two clusters were identified, and non‐R5 tropic viruses were found for 26 (30.95%) sequences contained within 14 (43.8%) clusters. Non‐R5 tropism was associated with subtype D variants (p=0.0001) and the presence of CCR5 Δ32/wt genotype (p=0.052).ConclusionsR5 tropism predominates among the treatment of naive individuals, but the increases in the frequency of non‐R5 tropic variants may limit the clinical efficacy of the co‐receptor inhibitors. The rising prevalence of non‐R5 HIV‐1 may indicate transmission of X4 clades.
Molecular doping of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) layers by 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane investigated by infrared spectroscopy and electrical measurements
Authors: Tadaki Daisuke , Ma Teng , Zhang Jinyu , Iino Shohei , Hirano-Iwata Ayumi , Kimura Yasuo , Niwano Michio 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Molecular doping is a charge-transfer process intended to improve the performance of organic electronic devices such as organic transistors. We have investigated molecular doping of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) layers by 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) using infrared absorption spectroscopy in the multiple internal reflection geometry (MIR-IRAS) and conductivity measurements. IRAS data confirm that F4-TCNQ acts as an effective p-type dopant for P3HT; highly doped P3HT displayed an intense, broad absorption band due to polaron (“polaron band”) and a high carrier (hole) density which are indicative of the charge transfer between F4-TCNQ and P3HT. We demonstrate that the charge (hole) transferred from the dopant molecule is distributed along the P3HT polymer chain and spreads over at least 10 thiophene monomer units on the chain. From a comparison of the measured conductivity of F4-TCNQ-doped P3HT layers with the carrier density, we show that the carrier mobility is proportional to the concentration of carriers (holes), which suggests that F4-TCNQ doping induces the conformational change of P3HT polymer chains to enhance the mobility of holes in the films of the doped P3HTs.
Hybrid Method for Adaptive Cloud Gaming Contents
Authors: Jitpukdeebodintra Ritthichai , Witosurapot Suntorn 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMethods for adapting cloud gaming content can be divided according to client- or server-returned benefits. In this paper, we argue that the better method should be performed in such a way that both client and server should share common benefits. By working on a cooperative scheme, the basic of trans- rendering and trans-scaling mechanism are proposed to work together for obtaining better utilizations of network bandwidth and graphic processor altogether. Based on our experiments of running cloud gaming services in simulated environment, we show many evidences that significantly improved benefits can be obtained as planned. Our proposed hybrid adaptation method is therefore clearly helpful for the game research community.
Evolution of permeability across the transition from brittle failure to cataclastic flow in porous siltstone
Authors: Scuderi Marco M. , Kitajima Hiroko , Carpenter Brett M. , Saffer Demian M. , Marone Chris 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPorous sedimentary rocks fail in a variety of modes ranging from localized, brittle deformation to pervasive, cataclastic flow. To improve our understanding of this transition and its affect on fluid flow and permeability, we investigated the mechanical behavior of a siltstone unit within the Marcellus Formation, PA USA, characterized by an initial porosity ranging from 41 to 45%. We explored both hydrostatic loading paths (σ1 = σ2 = σ3) and triaxial loading paths (σ1 > σ2 = σ3) while maintaining constant effective pressure (Pe = Pc – Pp). Samples were deformed with an axial displacement rate of 0.1 μm/s (strain rate of 2 × 10−6 s−1). Changes in pore water volume were monitored (drained conditions) to measure the evolution of porosity. Permeability was measured at several stages of each experiment. Under hydrostatic loading, we find the onset of macroscropic grain crushing (P*) at 39 MPa. Triaxial loading experiments show a transition from brittle behavior with shear localization and compaction to cataclastic‐flow as confining pressure increases. When samples fail by shear localization, permeability decreases abruptly without significant changes in porosity. Conversely, for cataclastic deformation, permeability reduction is associated with significant porosity reduction. Postexperiment observation of brittle samples show localized shear zones characterized by grain comminution. Our data show how zones of shear localization can act as barriers to fluid flow and thus modify the hydrological and mechanical properties of the surrounding rocks. Our results have important implications for deformation behavior and permeability evolution in sedimentary systems, and in particular where the stress field is influenced by injection or pumping.
Flat slab deformation caused by interplate suction force
Authors: Ma Yiran , Clayton Robert W. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe image the structure at the southern end of the Peruvian flat subduction zone, using receiver function and surface wave methods. The Nazca slab subducts to ~100 km depth and then remains flat for ~300 km distance before it resumes the dipping subduction. The flat slab closely follows the topography of the continental Moho above, indicating a strong suction force between the slab and the overriding plate. A high‐velocity mantle wedge exists above the initial half of the flat slab, and the velocity resumes to normal values before the slab steepens again, indicating the resumption of dehydration and ecologitization. Two prominent midcrust structures are revealed in the 70 km thick crust under the Central Andes: molten rocks beneath the Western Cordillera and the underthrusting Brazilian Shield beneath the Eastern Cordillera.
The occurrence and wave properties of H+‐, He+‐, and O+‐band EMIC waves observed by the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Saikin A. A. , Zhang J.‐C. , Allen R. C. , Smith C. W. , Kistler L. M. , Spence H. E. , Torbert R. B. , Kletzing C. A. , Jordanova V. K. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe perform a statistical study of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves detected by the Van Allen Probes mission to investigate the spatial distribution of their occurrence, wave power, ellipticity, and normal angle. The Van Allen Probes have been used which allow us to explore the inner magnetosphere (1.1 to 5.8 RE). Magnetic field measurements from the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science on board the Van Allen Probes are used to identify EMIC wave events for the first 22 months of the mission operation (8 September 2012 to 30 June 2014). EMIC waves are examined in H+, He+, and O+ bands. Over 700 EMIC wave events have been identified over the three different wave bands (265 H+‐band events, 438 He+‐band events, and 68 O+‐band events). EMIC wave events are observed between L = 2–8, with over 140 EMIC wave events observed below L = 4. Results show that H+‐band EMIC waves have two peak magnetic local time (MLT) occurrence regions: prenoon (09:00 < MLT ≤ 12:00) and afternoon (15:00 < MLT ≤ 17:00) sectors. He+‐band EMIC waves feature an overall stronger dayside occurrence. O+‐band EMIC waves have one peak region located in the morning sector at lower L shells (L < 4). He+‐band EMIC waves average the highest wave power overall (>0.1 nT2/Hz), especially in the afternoon sector. Ellipticity observations reveal that linearly polarized EMIC waves dominate in lower L shells.
Dynamical, convective, and microphysical control on wintertime distributions of water vapor and clouds in the tropical tropopause layer
Authors: Ueyama Rei , Jensen Eric J. , Pfister Leonhard , Kim Ji‐Eun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractProcesses that influence the humidity and cirrus cloud abundance in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) during boreal winter 2006–2007 are investigated in simulations of clouds along backward trajectories of parcels ending at the 372 K potential temperature (100 hPa) level in the tropics. Trajectories are calculated using offline calculations of seasonal mean tropical radiative heating rates along with reanalysis temperature and wind data with enhanced wave‐driven variability in the TTL. The one‐dimensional (vertical) time‐dependent cloud microphysical model is initialized with water vapor measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder and the evolution of clouds along each trajectory is simulated using temperature profiles extracted from reanalysis data and convective cloud top heights estimated from 3‐hourly geostationary satellite imagery. Averaged over the tropics, waves dehydrate the 100 hPa level by 0.5 ppmv, while convection and cloud microphysical processes moisten by 0.3 and 0.7 ppmv, respectively. The tropical mean cloud occurrence frequencies in the middle to upper TTL agree well with those based on satellite observations (spatial correlation of 0.8). Waves and convection enhance cloud occurrence at the cold point tropopause by 4% and 2%, respectively. Temporal variability of the heating rates as indicated by the ERA‐Interim 6‐hourly heating rate fields dehydrates the TTL by 0.4 ppmv and decreases the cloud occurrence by 4% because parcels are more likely to encounter the coldest temperatures and dehydrate near the cold point, limiting cloud formation above. The final dehydration locations of parcels, concentrated near the dateline in the tropical Pacific, are insensitive to various model parameters.
Sensitivity of radiative forcing, ocean heat uptake, and climate feedback to changes in anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosols
Authors: Paynter D. , Frölicher T. L. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe use both prescribed sea surface temperature and fully coupled versions of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled climate model (CM3) to analyze the sensitivity of radiative forcing, ocean heat uptake, and climate feedback to changes in anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosols considered separately over the 1870 to 2005 period. The global anthropogenic aerosol climate feedback parameter (− α) of −1.13 ± 0.33 Wm−2 K−1 is indistinguishable from the greenhouse gas − α of −1.28 ± 0.23 Wm−2 K−1. However, this greenhouse gas climate feedback parameter is about 50% larger than that obtained for CM3 from a widely used linear extrapolation method of regressing Earth's top of atmosphere imbalance against surface air temperature change in idealized CO2 radiative forcing experiments. This implies that the global mean surface temperature change due to forcing over the 1870–2005 period is 50% smaller than that predicted using the climate feedback parameter obtained from idealized experiments. This difference results from time dependence in α, which makes the radiative forcing obtained by the fixed sea surface temperature method incompatible with that obtained by the linear extrapolation method fitted over the first 150 years after CO2 is quadrupled. On a regional scale, α varies greatly between the greenhouse gas and aerosol case. This suggests that the relationship between transient and equilibrium climate sensitivities obtained from idealized CO2 simulations, using techniques such as regional feedback analysis and heat uptake efficacy, may not hold for other forcing scenarios.