bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation under uncertainty: optimal network protection strategies for worst‐case disturbance events
Authors: Acevedo Miguel A. , Sefair Jorge A. , Smith J. Cole , Reichert Brian , Fletcher Robert J. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryConservation goals are ideally set after a thorough understanding of potential threats; however, predicting future spatial patterns of threats, such as disturbance, remains challenging. Here, we develop a novel extension of network fortification–interdiction models (NFIM) that deals with uncertainty in future spatial patterns of disturbance by optimally selecting sites that will best mitigate a worst‐case scenario for a given magnitude of disturbance.This approach uses information on between‐patch movement probabilities and patch‐specific survival, which can be estimated from mark–recapture data, to optimize life expectancy. Optimization occurs in three interrelated stages: protection, followed by disturbance and then assessment.We applied the modelling approach to two mark–recapture data sets: roseate ternsSterna dougalliiin the north‐eastern United States and the Everglade snail kiteRostrhamus sociabilis plumbeusin Florida. We contrasted the results to a more conventional approach of protecting sites that maximize connectivity (by minimizing the distances among protected sites) and a bi‐objective model that maximizes connectivity and the number of individuals under protection.Protecting sites that best mitigate future worst‐case disturbance scenarios consistently resulted in higher predicted life expectancies than protecting patches that minimize dispersal distance. Predicted life expectancy was similar betweenNFIMand the bi‐objective model for the small roseate tern network, yet theNFIMpredicted higher life expectancy than any of the scenarios in the bi‐objective model in the snail kite network.Synthesis and applications. This application of interdiction models prescribed a combination of patches for protection that results in the least possible decrease in life expectancy. Our analyses of the snail kite and roseate tern networks suggest that managing to protect these prescribed patches by the network fortification ‐interdiction models (i.e. protecting against the worst‐case disturbance scenario) is more beneficial than managing patches that minimize dispersal distance or maximize the number of individuals under protection if the conservation goal is to ensure the long‐term persistence of a species.
Effects of minocycline on parameters of cardiovascular recovery after cardioplegic arrest in a rabbit Langendorff heart model
Authors: Salameh Aida , Halling Michelle , Seidel Thomas , Dhein Stefan 
Published: September 2015

SummaryPharmacological cardiac organ protection during cardiopulmonary bypass presents an opportunity for improvement. A number of different strategies have been established to minimize ischemia/reperfusion‐induced damage to the heart. Among these, cardioplegia with histidine‐tryptophan‐ketoglutarate solution and hypothermia are the most frequently used regimens. The antibiotic minocycline has been used in this context for neuroprotection. The aim of the current study was to evaluate whether the application of minocycline prior to cardioplegia exerts a protective effect on cardiac muscle. For this purpose, this study investigated six rabbit hearts with minocycline treatment (1 μmol/L) and six without in a Langendorff model of 90 min cold cardioplegic arrest using Custodiol followed by a 30 min recovery phase. Histological analysis of cardiac muscle revealed that markers of apoptosis, oxidative and nitrosative stress were significantly lower in the minocycline group, whereas adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐ and malondialdehyde (MDA)‐levels and O2‐consumption were not affected by minocycline. Functionally, recovery of dP/dt (max) and dP/dt (min) was significantly faster in the minocycline group than in control. This leads to the conclusion that adding minocycline to the cardioplegic solution may improve left ventricular recovery after cardioplegic arrest involving reduced pro‐apoptotic effects.
Think Twice Before Going for Incentives: Social Norms and the Principal's Decision on Compensation Contracts
Authors: CARDINAELS EDDY , YIN HUAXIANG 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTPrincipals make decisions on various issues, ranging from contract design to control system implementation. Few studies examine the principal's active role in these decisions. We experimentally investigate this role by studying how a principal's choice of an incentive contract that may discourage misrepresentation, compared to a fixed‐salary contract, affects the honesty of his or her agents’ cost reporting. Results show that, besides an incentive effect and a principal trust effect, the active choice for incentives produces a negative “information leakage” effect. When principals use incentives, their choices not only incentivize truthful reporting and signal distrust, but they also leak important information about the social norm, namely, that other agents are likely to report dishonestly. Agents conform to this social norm by misrepresenting cost information more. Our results have important practical implications. Managers must recognize that their decisions can leak information to their agents, which may produce unanticipated consequences for the social norms of the organization.
Managing Soil Organic Carbon: A Farm Perspective
Authors: Ingram Julie , Mills Jane , Frelih‐Larsen Ana , Davis McKenna , Merante Paulo , Ringrose Sian , Molnar Andras , Sánchez Berta , Ghaley Bhim Bahadur , Karaczun Zbigniew 
Published: September 2015

SummaryFarming practices that lead to declining returns and inputs of carbon to soils pose a threat to key soil functions. The EU FP7 interdisciplinary project SmartSOIL is using scientific testing and modeling to identify management practices that can optimise soil carbon storage and crop productivity. A consultation with advisors and policymakers in six European case study regions seeks to identify barriers to, and incentives for, uptake of such practices. Results from preliminary interviews are reported. Overall advisor and farmer awareness of management practices specifically directed towards soil carbon is low. Most production‐related decisions are taken in the short term, but managing soil carbon needs a long‐term approach. Key barriers to uptake of practices include: perceived scientific uncertainty about the efficacy of practices; lack of real life ‘best practice’ examples to show farmers; difficulty in demonstrating the positive effects of soil carbon management practices and economic benefits over a long time scale; and advisors being unable to provide suitable advice due to inadequate information or training. Most farmers are unconvinced of the economic benefits of practices for managing soil carbon. Incentives are therefore needed, either as subsidies or as evidence of the cost effectiveness of practices. All new measures and advice should be integrated into existing programmes to avoid a fragmented policy approach.
The effect of genetic structure on molecular dating and tests for temporal signal
Authors: Murray Gemma G. R. , Wang Fang , Harrison Ewan M. , Paterson Gavin K. , Mather Alison E. , Harris Simon R. , Holmes Mark A. , Rambaut Andrew , Welch John J. 
Published: September 2015

Summary

‘Dated‐tip’ methods of molecular dating use DNA sequences sampled at different times, to estimate the age of their most recent common ancestor. Several tests of ‘temporal signal’ are available to determine whether data sets are suitable for such analysis. However, it remains unclear whether these tests are reliable.

We investigate the performance of several tests of temporal signal, including some recently suggested modifications. We use simulated data (where the true evolutionary history is known), and whole genomes of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (to show how particular problems arise with real‐world data sets).

We show that all of the standard tests of temporal signal are seriously misleading for data where temporal and genetic structures are confounded (i.e. where closely related sequences are more likely to have been sampled at similar times). This is not an artefact of genetic structure or tree shape per se, and can arise even when sequences have measurably evolved during the sampling period. More positively, we show that a ‘clustered permutation’ approach introduced by Duchêne et al. (Molecular Biology and Evolution, 32, 2015, 1895) can successfully correct for this artefact in all cases and introduce techniques for implementing this method with real data sets.

The confounding of temporal and genetic structures may be difficult to avoid in practice, particularly for outbreaks of infectious disease, or when using ancient DNA. Therefore, we recommend the use of ‘clustered permutation’ for all analyses. The failure of the standard tests may explain why different methods of dating pathogen origins have reached such wildly different conclusions.
Converging Patterns of Alcohol Use and Related Outcomes Among Females and Males in the United States, 2002 to 2012
Authors: White Aaron , Castle I‐Jen P. , Chen Chiung M. , Shirley Mariela , Roach Deidra , Hingson Ralph 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundFemales in the United States consume less alcohol and cause and experience fewer alcohol‐related harms than males. However, recent research suggests such gaps might be narrowing. The purpose of this study was to explore changes in alcohol use and associated outcomes among females and males in the United States between 2002 and 2012.MethodsData from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health were used to assess the prevalence and trends for females and males aged 12+ in lifetime abstinence, age of onset, current drinking, binge drinking, drinking and driving, reaching DSM‐IV criteria for an alcohol use disorder, combining alcohol with other drugs such as marijuana, and other variables. Of particular interest was whether differences between females and males narrowed during the decade under study.ResultsDifferences in the drinking patterns of females and males aged 12+ narrowed between 2002 and 2012 for current drinking, number of drinking days per month, past year DSM‐IV alcohol abuse, and past‐year driving under the influence of alcohol. In addition, convergence was noted in 1 or more age subgroups for the prevalence of binge drinking and DSM‐IV alcohol dependence and mean age at drinking onset. Divergence in drinking habits did not occur for any measure in any age subgroups with the exception of a greater increase in the prevalence of combining alcohol with marijuana among young adult male drinkers than female drinkers aged 18 to 25.ConclusionsBetween 2002 and 2012, differences in alcohol consumption and related outcomes narrowed for females and males. Reasons for converging patterns of alcohol use are unclear and do not appear to be easily explainable by recent trends in employment status, pregnancy status, or marital status. More research is needed to identify the psychosocial and environmental contributors to these changes and to assess implications for prevention and treatment efforts.
Ethanol Effect on BK Channels is Modulated by Magnesium
Authors: Marrero Héctor G. , Treistman Steven N. , Lemos José R. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundAlcoholics have been reported to have reduced levels of magnesium in both their extracellular and intracellular compartments. Calcium‐dependent potassium channels (BK) are known to be one of ethanol (EtOH)’s better known molecular targets.MethodsUsing outside‐out patches from hippocampal neuronal cultures, we examined the consequences of altered intracellular Mg2+ on the effects that EtOH has on BK channels.ResultsWe find that the effect of EtOH is bimodally influenced by the Mg2+ concentration on the cytoplasmic side. More specifically, when internal Mg2+ concentrations are ≤200 μM, EtOH decreases BK activity, whereas it increases activity when Mg2+ is at 1 mM. Similar results are obtained when using patches from HEK cells expressing only the α‐subunit of BK. When patches are made with the actin destabilizer cytochalasin D present on the cytoplasmic side, the potentiation caused by EtOH becomes independent of the Mg2+ concentration. Furthermore, in the presence of the actin stabilizer phalloidin, EtOH causes inhibition even at Mg2+ concentrations of 1 mM.ConclusionsInternal Mg2+ can modulate the EtOH effects on BK channels only when there is an intact, internal actin interaction with the channel, as is found at synapses. We propose that the EtOH‐induced decrease in cytoplasmic Mg2+ observed in frequent/chronic drinkers would decrease EtOH's actions on synaptic (e.g., actin‐bound) BK channels, producing a form of molecular tolerance.
Stimulating immune responses to fight cancer: Basic biology and mechanisms
Authors: O'Byrne Kenneth 
Published: September 2015

AbstractChronic inflammation is now recognized as a major cause of malignant disease. In concert with various mechanisms (including DNA instability), hypoxia and activation of inflammatory bioactive lipid pathways and pro‐inflammatory cytokines open the doorway to malignant transformation and proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis in many cancers. A balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signals regulates the immune response to cancer. These include inhibitory checkpoints that modulate the extent and duration of the immune response and may be activated by tumor cells. This contributes to immune resistance, especially against tumor antigen‐specific T‐cells. Targeting these checkpoints is an evolving approach to cancer immunotherapy, designed to foster an immune response. The current focus of these trials is on the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) receptor and its ligands (PD‐L1, PD‐L2) and cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein 4 (CTLA‐4). Researchers have developed anti‐PD‐1 and anti‐PDL‐1 antibodies that interfere with the ligands and receptor and allow the tumor cell to be recognized and attacked by tumor‐infiltrating T‐cells. These are currently being studied in lung cancer. Likewise, CTLA‐4 inhibitors, which have had success treating advanced melanoma, are being studied in lung cancer with encouraging results.
The Unbounded Self: Peak Experiences and Border Crossings in Southern Indiana
Authors: Carspecken Lucinda 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn early visits to Lothlorien—which is a loosely Pagan community of environmentalists in Indiana—I was confounded by attempts to categorize either the place or the people. As one of the founders said, “I tend to run from labels so I don't know what I am. It's safer that way.” In this paper I explore four members’ narratives about the emotional high points in their lives, where they often cross the usual boundaries of self and other. At the same time the subjectivity at the core of these experiences is something that is felt and that cannot be dismissed as a discursive construct. Through these narratives I attempt to understand selfhood as a process—experientially inescapable but essentially in flux. I see a strong case for anthropologists moving beyond an overly neat, overly dichotomized view of “Western” and “non‐Western” senses of self.
Shareholder Primacy and Deontology
Authors: von Kriegstein Hasko 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article argues that shareholder primacy cannot be defended on the grounds that there is something special about the position of shareholders that grounds a right to preferential treatment on part of management. The notions of property and contract, traditionally thought to ground such a right, are now widely recognized as incapable of playing that role. This leaves shareholder theorists with two options. They can either abandon the project of arguing for their view on broadly deontological grounds and try to advance consequentialist arguments instead or they can search for other morally relevant properties that could ground shareholder rights. The most sustained argument in the latter vein is Marcoux's attempt to show that the vulnerability of shareholders mandates that managers are their fiduciaries. I show that this argument leads to the unacceptable conclusion that it would be unethical for corporations to make incomplete contracts with nonshareholding stakeholders.
The Role of Mediators in the Development of Longitudinal Mathematics Achievement Associations
Authors: Watts Tyler W. , Duncan Greg J. , Chen Meichu , Claessens Amy , Davis‐Kean Pamela E. , Duckworth Kathryn , Engel Mimi , Siegler Robert , Susperreguy Maria I. 
Published: September 2015

Despite research demonstrating a strong association between early and later mathematics achievement, few studies have investigated mediators of this association. Using longitudinal data (n = 1,362), this study tested the extent to which mathematics self‐concepts, school placement, executive functioning, and proficiency in fractions and division account for the association between mathematics achievement in first grade and at age 15. As hypothesized, a strong longitudinal association between first‐grade and adolescent mathematics achievement was present (β = .36) even after controlling for a host of background characteristics, including cognitive skills and reading ability. The mediators accounted for 39% of this association, with mathematics self‐concept, gifted and talented placement, and knowledge of fractions and division serving as significant mediators.
The Development of Early Profiles of Temperament: Characterization, Continuity, and Etiology
Authors: Beekman Charles , Neiderhiser Jenae M. , Buss Kristin A. , Loken Eric , Moore Ginger A. , Leve Leslie D. , Ganiban Jody M. , Shaw Daniel S. , Reiss David 
Published: September 2015

This study used a data‐driven, person‐centered approach to examine the characterization, continuity, and etiology of child temperament from infancy to toddlerhood. Data from 561 families who participated in an ongoing prospective adoption study, the Early Growth and Development Study, were used to estimate latent profiles of temperament at 9, 18, and 27 months. Results indicated that four profiles of temperament best fit the data at all three points of assessment. The characterization of profiles was stable over time, while membership in profiles changed across age. Facets of adoptive parent and birth mother personality were predictive of children's profile membership at each age, providing preliminary evidence for specific environmental and genetic influences on patterns of temperament development from infancy to toddlerhood.
Effects of intermission and resumption of long‐term testosterone replacement therapy on body weight and metabolic parameters in hypogonadal in middle‐aged and elderly men
Authors: Yassin Aksam , Almehmadi Yousef , Saad Farid , Doros Gheorghe , Gooren Louis 
Published: September 2015

SummaryObjectiveIn addition to primary and secondary (‘classical’) hypogonadism, hypogonadism occurring in middle‐aged and elderly men has been recognized. There is evidence that restoring T levels to normal improves body weight, serum lipids and glucose levels.DesignObservational registry study.PatientsTwo hundred and sixty‐two hypogonadal, middle‐aged and elderly, men received testosterone replacement treatment (TRT). After having been on TRT for a mean duration of 65·5 months, TRT was temporarily intermitted in 147 patients for a mean of 16·9 months (Group I) due to cost reimbursement issues and in seven men due to prostate cancer. All these men resumed TRT for a mean period of 14·5 months. Of the cohort, 115 men were treated continuously (designated as Group C). To compare on‐treatment to off‐treatment periods, three periods of equal duration were defined: pre‐intermission (on TRT), during intermission (off TRT) and post‐intermission (on TRT after resumption of TRT). For proper comparison, the same periods were analysed for those patients who continued TRT throughout (Group C).MeasurementsVariables of body weight, glucose metabolism, lipids, blood pressure and C‐reactive protein (CRP).ResultsIn Group C there was a continuous improvement of body weight, serum lipids, glucose, HbA1c, blood pressure and CRP. In Group I there was a similar initial improvement which was reversed upon intermission of T administration but which appeared again when T treatment was reinstated.ConclusionsOur observation indicates that T administration improves body weight and metabolic factors in men with hypogonadism but withdrawal of T reverses these beneficial effects to appear again when TRT is resumed.
Do As I Say and Not As I Think: Parent Socialisation of Lie‐Telling Behaviour
Authors: Lavoie Jennifer , Leduc Karissa , Crossman Angela M. , Talwar Victoria 
Published: September 2015

This study explored parent (N = 146) perspectives about situations in which they think it is acceptable to lie, how this corresponds to how they socialise their children about lie‐telling and their children's actual behaviour. Results indicated the methods parents report using to teach their children about the acceptability of lie‐telling are consistent with what they report teaching their children about lie‐telling overall. Also, the frequency of lies that children told (N = 88) to protect themselves from psychological distress or conflict differed between those who were taught that lying is sometimes acceptable versus those taught it is never acceptable.
Elderly patients have more infectious complications following laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery
Authors: Kvasnovsky C. L. , Adams K. , Sideris M. , Laycock J. , Haji A. K. , Haq A. , Nunoo‐Mensah J. , Papagrigoriadis S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimElderly patients may be at higher risk of postoperative complications, particularly infective, than younger patients.MethodWe prospectively followed 163 consecutive patients undergoing elective laparoscopic resection for cancer. We compared patients < 65, 65–80 and > 80 years of age at the time of surgery.ResultsSeventy (42.9%) patients had no complication; 93 (57.1%) had at least one complication following surgery and in 20 (12.3%) this was major. There was no difference in major complications between the groups (P = 0.47). Patients over 65 years of age were more likely to have a complication of any severity [< 65 years, 39.3%; 65–80 years, 69.3%; and > 80 years, 63.0% (P = 0.002)]. The frequency of gastrointestinal complications (30.1%) was similar in the groups (P = 0.29), as was wound infection (25.2%) (P = 0.65). There was an increase in the frequency of infectious complications, especially chest infection, with age, from 14.8% in patients < 65 years, to 22.7% in patients 65–80 years, to 44.4% in patients > 80 years (P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed no increase in overall complications in elderly patients, but Stage II or Stage III cancer (OR = 2.59, P = 0.04) and increasing body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.07 for each unit increase in BMI, P = 0.04) were related to complications. Age remained the only predictor of an infective complication on multivariate analysis. Patients > 80 years of age had 4.21 times the OR of an infective complication (P = 0.03).ConclusionOlder patients are more susceptible to infective complications postoperatively, particularly chest complications. Surgeons should alter their practice to reduce morbidity, such as adopting protocols requiring early physiotherapy.
EFFECTS OF THE SUNDAY SHOPPING RESTRICTION IN KOREA
Authors: Choi Yun Jeong , Jeong Jinook 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe examine the effectiveness of Korea's Sunday superstore shopping regulation, whose purpose is to protect small‐ and medium‐sized retailers as well as traditional markets. Applying a two‐way random‐effects regression model to the daily sales data of four megastores and four super supermarkets, we find the net sales decrease of superstores is on average 5.61% of daily sales after taking into account sales increases due to consumers' switching to weekdays. Only about 17%–19% of the reduced superstore sales are transferred to traditional markets. Based on these estimates, the compensating variation per year is predicted to be 2.4–2.5 trillion Korean won (around US $2.1–2.2 billion). (JEL L51, L88)