bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virtual corpora as documentation resources: Translating travel insurance documents (English-Spanish)
Authors: Corpas Pastor Gloria , Seghiri Miriam 
Published: March 2014

The inclusion of documentation as a core subject in the curriculum of Translation and Interpretation degrees clearly underlines its importance to translators. Training in this discipline is considered essential for a translator given that only sufficient and conscientious work on documentation will allow an adequate translation of a specialised text. The sources of information that may be utilised by the translator are extremely varied, ranging from an oral consultation with an expert to a search using specialised glossaries and dictionaries. However, in the field of translation perhaps the most relevant documentation activity today involves the use of the Internet and, closely related to this, the compilation and management of virtual corpora.
In this chapter, we present a systematic methodology for corpus compilation based on electronic resources available on the Internet. The methodology is illustrated through the creation of a virtual corpus of travel insurance in English and Spanish, whose representativeness is subsequently determined by using a computer programme-called ReCor specifically designed for this purpose. Finally, some specific examples of possible uses in direct and inverse translations of this type of document are given.
V-N Compounds In Italian
Authors: Gracanin-Yuksek Martina 
Published: March 2014

In this paper I discuss patterns of word-internal agreement. I examine Italian V-N compounds of the type grattacielo (scrape sky = “skyscraper”), suggesting that their morphological behavior can be accounted for if we assume that processes of agreement similar to those at the level of sentence-syntax take place below the word level. V-N compounds that contain feminine nouns of class –a: casa, case (“house, houses”) under pluralization show feminine morphology (-e), even though they are syntactically masculine: take masculine determiners and form derivatives as simple masculine nouns do. Yet, the masculine plural inflection (-i) is not allowed:

il carica-batteria

the-MASC charge-battery
“the battery charger”

I carica-batteriE / *carica-batteriI

the-MASC charge-batteries

“the battery chargers”

I show that this surprising appearance of feminine inflection is expected if agreement, viewed as as the operation of “feature sharing” (Frampton et al, 2000; Pesetsky & Torrego, 2004), takes place between the pieces of the structure.
Was Old Frech -able borrowable? A diachronic study of word-formation processes due to language contact
Authors: Trips Carola , Stein Achim 
Published: March 2014

An in-depth corpus study will show that the ability of -able formations to highlight other arguments of the verbal base is present from the start in Old French texts, similarly to findings for Modern French (2003). Old French formations like (par)durable, decevable or changable show that unergatives and unaccusatives can just as well serve as input to -able formations, and that the traditional distinction between transitive and intransitive types cannot account for the variety of derivatives we are already faced with in the Old French period.
We also argue against the assumptions that in Old French the active meaning was clearly dominant and that in ME the free morpheme able explains the rise of the suffix -able. The semantic analysis has shown that an adequate word-formation rule should account for the event structure of the base verb rather than rely on the syntactic or semantic frame alone.
4. Tense marking and inflectional morphology in Indo-Portuguese creoles
Authors: Luís Ana R. 
Published: March 2014

Some Indo-Portuguese creoles exhibit morphological patterns that are characteristic of inflecting languages such as Latin or Portuguese. Verb forms contain not only overt tense and aspect suffixes but also theme vowels which identify the conjugation class of the verb. The genuine theme vowels are meaningless inflectional units which make no contribution to the overall meaning of the verb. They are however an inherent part of the verbal paradigm and determine the shape of inflected verb forms. Because of the presence of genuine theme vowels, the inflectional paradigms of Indo-Portuguese make a clear distinction between roots, stems and suffixes. Both stems and suffixes also exhibit allomorphic shape alternations that are triggered solely by conjugation class distinctions.
The question as to why verbal inflection survived in this small group of Indo-Portuguese creoles will be tentatively explored from the perspective of naturalistic adult second language learning. Based on the growing consensus that creole formation involves substantial L2 acquisition by adults, we examine the extent to which sociocultural and attitudinal factors may have had an effect on the L2 grammars that emerged in the early stages of contact between Portuguese and the substrate languages. It will be argued that Indo-Portuguese creoles were shaped by substrate speakers who, as a result of their favourable attitude towards the Target Language community, acquired a L2 variety with overt verbal inflection (or “Post-Basic Variety”).
The null subject parameter and correlating properties: The case of Creole languages
Authors: Nicolis Marco 
Published: March 2014

The existence of correlations between the positive setting of the Null Subject
Parameter and other grammatical properties has recently been called into
question (see Newmeyer (2005)). In this paper, I show that the proref →pro-ref

correlation appears to be exceptionless and that it follows directly from the theory
of pro–drop in Rizzi (1986a). Rizzi (1982) proposes that the availability of Free
Inversion is what allows for the lack of that–t effects in pro–drop languages;
this, I further show, is empirically untenable. I present data from several Creole
languages that suggest that the lack of that–t effects in these languages is related
to the availability of null expletive pro. I take the latter to be a sufficient, but not
necessary, condition for the lack of that–t effects. I finally discuss the implication
of this finding for the parametric model.
Non-configurationality: Free word order and argument drop in Turkish
Authors: Öztürk Balkız 
Published: March 2014

This paper investigates free word order and argument drop in Turkish as the two
properties typically associated with non-configurationality. We will argue that
these properties follow from the lack of case-driven Agree in Turkish phrase
structure. That is, the case feature in Turkish is not located on the functional
heads T and v, but is available within the thematic domain. In languages like
English, on the other hand, given that case is provided by hierarchically ordered
functional projections, i.e., TP > vP, arguments forming case-chains with these
functional heads get represented within a hierarchical configuration. Lack of such
chain formation in Turkish is what creates the flat structure effect, which in turn
facilitates free word order and argument drop.
8. Frequency effects in children's syntactic and morphological development
Authors: McKee Cecile , McDaniel Dana 
Published: March 2014

We have long loved Langendoen (1970) — a paper on the theoretical justification of “transformations, their effects on the structure of sentences, and the conditions under which they are optional or obligatory” (p. 102). In that paper, Langendoen argued that acceptability and grammaticality are “partially independent [and] partially dependent notions” (p. 103). We are struck by the implications of this contrast for language learning. If the learner’s grammar is a set of probabilistic patterns and not (also or instead) a set of grammatical rules, one might expect high frequency elements to be ‘grammatical’ and low frequency elements to be ‘ungrammatical.’ In other words, grammaticality and acceptability should be similar if frequency is the determining factor. But Langendoen (1970) hypothesized that grammatical competence contributes to grammaticality while processing factors contribute to acceptability. Our research shows clearer effects of frequency on the latter than the on former and thus relates to Langendoen’s observation.
This chapter explores the role of frequency in children’s syntactic and morphophonological development. One study compares relative clauses involving different extraction sites, which constructions vary considerably in their frequency of occurrence. Children’s production of these relatives suggests that frequency affects sentence planning, but their judgments of the same relatives are out of synchrony with the frequency rates. The other study presented here concerns the a and an forms of the indefinite article, which distinction is acquired relatively late even though the forms occur frequently. These studies show that frequency cannot be the whole story. We conclude that children’s mastery of a system of rules proceeds — at least to some extent — independently of frequency patterns in the input.
The relevance of tense and aspect in Semitic Languages: The case of Hebrew and Arabic
Authors: Dahlgren Sven-Olof 
Published: March 2014

This article presents an introduction to the verbal system of the Semitic languages and an historic account of the research on the verbal system of Hebrew as a background to the main subject of the paper: the verbal system of Hebrew and Arabic.
At variance with the common view that these systems are based on aspect, we propose that Biblical Hebrew and – to a large extent – Arabic have a relative tense system. Although this is not a new notion it introduces the foreground/background distinction in this context, as well as the concept of marked and unmarked verbal forms as an explanation of the mysterious verbal system of Biblical Hebrew.
The notion of aspect is, however, not discarded. Its use in modern written and spoken Arabic is dealt with at the end of this article.
!Xun
Authors: König Christa 
Published: March 2014

!Xun (also known as Jul'hoan) is essentially an isolating language. Phonetically it represents one of the most complex languages of the world (see Heikkinen 1986). It shows a productive serial verb construction (Svc) which has properties of compounding. Although nearly all verbs of the language can appear in an Svc, a subset of roughly thirty verbs, called coverb, is used in a more grammaticalized way to express functions like manner, location, position, way of moving, tense, aspect, and modality. There is hardly any cross reference on the verb. Participant marking is optional. The basic constituent order is verb-medial. !Xun has a noun class system of three (in some dialects four) noun classes (or genders). Gender is covertly expressed on nominal modifiers such as demonstratives and possessives. Gender and number are basically independent. Each noun class can either refer to singular or plural. Plurality is optionally marked by clitics suffixed to the noun phrase.
Verbs are either intransitive or transitive, ditransitive verbs are absent. The language uses two productive mechanisms to increase the valency: A verbal suffix -ā, increasing the valency by one, and a preposition like element called the transitivizer kē. The transitivizer provides the most general way to include further participants, whether core, like objects, or peripheral, like locatives. Its occurrence is in principle not constrained. Its use is mainly restricted to the position after the verb. All the features mentioned above, such as a Svc, a noun class system where gender and number are basically independent of one another, a transitivizing device which freely adds participants, used only post-verbally, are salient not only in !Xuu (North Khoisan) but also in !Ui-Taa (South Khoisan) languages. However, whether these two groupings are genetically related remains unclear. In two dialects of !Xun there is an obligatory topic marker, which in some contexts is used like a subject case marker. Focus constituents precede topic ones, so that the general discourse structure tends to show the ordering is focus – topic – subject – verb – object.
Indirect anaphora in text
Authors: Schwarz-Friesel Monika 
Published: March 2014

The term indirect anaphor (IA) refers to a definite NP which has no explicit antecedent in text and is linked via a cognitive process to some element in prior text which functions as some kind of anchor for the interpretation of IA. According to one popular view, IA are treated as phenomena that can best be explained in terms of associability. In this paper I will argue for a more complex cognitive approach. Taking a procedural perspective, I want to demonstrate, firstly, that there are different types of IA. A distinction will be drawn between IA which are based on the activation of semantic knowledge in the mental lexicon and IA which require more general conceptual knowledge for their interpretation. I will base the discussion on naturally occurring data from German texts. All kinds of indirect anaphora have to be seen as “given-and-new-entities”. Combining both easy accessibility and the establishment of new referential files in text-world models, they serve as “progressive continuity markers”. The second aim of this paper is to illustrate that in many cases there is no clear-cut distinction between direct and indirect anaphora in text, showing that the most typical examples of direct and indirect anaphors may best be regarded as two extremes on a continuum of textual reference, thereby weakening the claim for a strict distinction between the two types and arguing for a unified account in explaining the interpretation of referring expressions.
Determination of N2 modifiers in Spanish nominal syntagmatic compounds
Authors: Høeg Müller Henrik 
Published: March 2014

To many informants the semantic difference between the following two types of nominal syntagmatic compounds (NSCs) in Spanish seems almost undetectable or maybe even non-existent.
a. Crisis de la energía (energy crisis), crisis del petróleo (oil crisis), puesta del sol

(sun set)
[internal structure: N1prep. def.N2]
b. Fuente de energía (energy source), pozo de petróleo (oil well) día de sol (day
of sun)
[internal structure: N1 prep. ØN2]
However, I will claim that the two structure types are far from being synonymous. A fundamental assumption in the article is that conceptualisation of basic entity types as either heterogeneous, delimited and internally structured (bounded) or homogeneous, amorphous and without delimitation or internal structure (unbounded) interacts with the grammatical determiner system in attributing interpretational values to NSCs. The point of departure is that the definite article attributes to N2 either a referential reading or a prototype reading, while the zero determiner brings about an interpretation as either a mass or a concept. In the last part of the article it is argued that the semantic effects of the N2 configuration are essentially different from genericity. Nominals in existential or generic expressions denote, or are sometimes even said to refer to, a class or type of objects, whereas N2 gives access to characteristic properties of the entity type.
A discourse-historical approach to the English native speaker
Authors: Hackert Stephanie 
Published: March 2014

The concept of the native speaker, once viewed as “a common reference point for all branches of linguistics” (Coulmas 1981: 1), has increasingly come under criticism, particularly in connection with the study of World Englishes, where it has been pointed out that, while there may be linguistic differences between native and non-native speakers of English, the native speaker is really a political construct carrying a particular ideological baggage. The following paper presents a close reading of Marsh (1859), the text in which the term first occurs, in order to retrace some of the discourses surrounding the concept’s emergence. It will be shown that, just like its contemporary counterpart, the 19th-century English native speaker was employed to “other” particular speaker groups and assert ownership over the language.
Preventable Proportion of Severe Infections Acquired in Intensive Care Units: Case-Mix Adjusted Estimations from Patient-Based Surveillance Data
Authors: Lambert Marie-Laurence , Silversmit Geert , Savey Anne , Palomar Mercedes , Hiesmayr Michael , Agodi Antonella , Rompaye Bart Van , Mertens Karl , Vansteelandt Stijn 
Published: March 2014

Background.More than 10% of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) experience a severe, healthcare-associated infection, such as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) or bloodstream infection (BSI). What could be a public health target for prevention is hotly debated, because properly adjusting for intrinsic risk factors in the patient population is difficult. We aimed to estimate the proportion of ICU-acquired VAP and BSI cases that are amenable to prevention in routine conditions.Methods.We analyzed routine data collected prospectively according to the European standard protocol for patient-based surveillance of healthcare-acquired infections in ICUs. We computed the number of infections to be expected if, after adjustment for case mix, the infection incidence in ICUs with higher infection rates could be reduced to that of the top-tenth-percentile-ranked ICU. Computations came from model-based simulation of individual patient profiles over time in the ICU. The preventable proportion was computed as the number of observed cases minus the number of expected cases divided by the number of observed cases.Results.Data for 78,222 patients admitted for more than 2 days to 525 ICUs in 6 European countries from 2005 to 2008 were available for analysis. We calculated that 52% of VAP and 69% of BSI was preventable.Conclusions.Our pragmatic, if highly conservative, estimates quantify the potential for prevention of VAP and BSI in routine conditions, assuming that variation in infection incidence between ICUs can be eliminated with improved quality of care, apart from variation attributable to differential case mix.
Using the swept volume to verify maintenance space in virtual environment
Authors: Zhou Dong , Jia Xu , Lv Chuan , Kang Le 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– Maintainability, as an intrinsic property that shows how well a product can be maintained, should be strictly controlled in the design stage. Maintenance space is an important aspect of maintainability and should be verified in the design stage. Methods to verify maintenance space based on expert knowledge or vision cone have been proposed. However, no proper quantitative solutions have been proposed yet to verify maintenance space in the design stage. This paper aims to provide a new method to evaluate quantitatively the maintenance space in a virtual environment by using the swept volume (SV).

Design/methodology/approach
– An integrated platform for quantitatively evaluating maintenance space in a virtual environment is designed. Virtual reality technology and digital prototype are used to overcome the shortage of physical prototypes in the design stage. SVs are applied to represent the movement of the hand along the entire maintenance process. Maintenance operations are divided into three basic types. Each type of basic operation refers to two quantitative indexes, namely the surface area and the volume of the SV of the maintenance personnel. Data on the indexes are gathered and calculated to evaluate maintenance space.

Findings
– The proposed methodology can evaluate feasibly and efficiently the maintenance space determined by the layout design of product components in the design stage.

Practical implications
– Application of the proposed method can help designers reduce the shortness of maintenance space and improve the design layout of products.

Originality/value
– A method to evaluate maintenance space that employs a quantitative combination of virtual environment and swept volume is pressed.
Costing in the Newcastle Infirmary, 1840-1888
Authors: Funnell Warwick , Holden Andrew , Oldroyd David 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– This paper examines the nature and function of cost accounting at the Newcastle Infirmary, a large voluntary provincial hospital, established in 1751. In particular, the paper adds to the literature on accounting within early voluntary hospitals by identifying the relative contributions of the costing system to planning and controlling the operations, assisting decision making and holding managers accountable for their performance.Design/methodology/approach– The paper relies primarily on original documents preserved in the archives of the Newcastle Infirmary.Findings– Although evidence was found of quite sophisticated costing systems, the findings suggest that the majority of the information was producedex postby the hospital management to demonstrate good stewardship and to engender financial support.Research limitations/implications– More cases are needed of other hospitals to ascertain how typical the Newcastle Infirmary was of the voluntary hospital sector in the nineteenth century.Originality/value– Although there are other studies of accounting within British voluntary hospitals, and studies of the use of accounting to drive decision making in profit-making organisations during the nineteenth century, none have investigated the use of accounting as a decision-making tool in a voluntary hospital.
The uncertainties of risk management
Authors: Vinnari Eija , Skærbæk Peter 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to analyse the implementation of risk management as a tool for internal audit activities, focusing on unexpected effects or uncertainties generated during its application.Design/methodology/approach– Public and confidential documents as well as semi-structured interviews are analysed through the lens of actor-network theory to identify the effects of risk management devices in a Finnish municipality.Findings– The authors found that risk management, rather than reducing uncertainty, itself created unexpected uncertainties that would otherwise not have emerged. These include uncertainties relating to legal aspects of risk management solutions, in particular the issue concerning which types of document are considered legally valid; uncertainties relating to the definition and operationalisation of risk management; and uncertainties relating to the resources available for expanding risk management. More generally, such uncertainties relate to the professional identities and responsibilities of operational managers as defined by the framing devices.Originality/value– The paper offers three contributions to the extant literature: first, it shows how risk management itself produces uncertainties. Secondly, it shows how internal auditors can assume a central role in the risk management system. Thirdly, it develops Callon's framing/overflowing framework with the notion that multiple frames are linked and create unexpected dynamics, and applies it to the study on the effects of risk management tools in an internal audit context. It shows how, despite recurring attempts to refine risk management, further uncertainties are continuously produced, thus providing an empirical illustration of how reframing and overflowing intertwine in a continual process.