bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roll-to-Roll Coating by Liquid Flame Spray Nanoparticle Deposition
Authors: Mäkelä Jyrki M. , Haapanen Janne , Aromaa Mikko , Teisala Hannu , Tuominen Mikko , Stepien Milena , Saarinen Jarkko J. , Toivakka Martti , Kuusipalo Jurkka 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTNanostructured coatings have been prepared on a ﬂexible, moving paperboard using deposition of ca. 10-50-nm-sized titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide nanoparticles generated by a liquid ﬂame spray process, directly above the paperboard, to achieve improved functional properties for the material. With moderately high production rate (∼ g/min), the method is applicable for thin aerosol coating of large area surfaces. LFS-made nanocoating can be synthesized e.g. on paper, board or polymer film in roll-to-roll process. The degree of particle agglomeration is governed by both physicochemical properties of the particle material and residence time in aerosol phase prior to deposition. By adjusting the speed of the substrate, even heat sensitive materials can be coated. In this study, nanoparticles were deposited directly on a moving paperboard with line speeds 50-300 m/min. Functional properties of the nanocoating can be varied by changing nanoparticle material; e.g. TiO2and SiO2are used for changing the surface wetting properties. If the liquid precursors are dissolved in one solution, synthesis of multi component nanoparticle coatings is possible in a one phase process. Here, we present analysis of the properties of LFS-fabricated nanocoatings on paperboard. The thermophoretic ﬂux of nanoparticles is estimated to be very high from the hot ﬂame onto the cold substrate. A highly hydrophobic coating was obtained by a mass loading in the order of 50–100 mg/m2of titanium dioxide on the paperboard.
The Formalization of Decision-Free Petri Net
Authors: Shah Pratima K. , Kawamoto Pauline N. , Giero Mariusz 
Published: May 2015

Summary
In this article we formalize the definition of Decision-Free Petri Net (DFPN) presented in [19]. Then we formalize the concept of directed path and directed circuit nets in Petri nets to prove properties of DFPN. We also present the definition of firing transitions and transition sequences with natural numbers marking that always check whether transition is enabled or not and after firing it only removes the available tokens (i.e., it does not remove from zero number of tokens). At the end of this article, we show that the total number of tokens in a circuit of decision-free Petri net always remains the same after firing any sequences of the transition.
Dual Spaces and Hahn-Banach Theorem
Authors: Narita Keiko , Endou Noboru , Shidama Yasunari 
Published: May 2015

Summary
In this article, we deal with dual spaces and the Hahn-Banach Theorem. At the first, we defined dual spaces of real linear spaces and proved related basic properties. Next, we defined dual spaces of real normed spaces. We formed the definitions based on dual spaces of real linear spaces. In addition, we proved properties of the norm about elements of dual spaces. For the proof we referred to descriptions in the article [21]. Finally, applying theorems of the second section, we proved the Hahn-Banach extension theorem in real normed spaces. We have used extensively used [17].
THE EVOLUTION OF THE B-FUTURE MARKER IN SYRIAN ARABIC
Authors: Jarad Najib Ismail 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The formation of future markers from distinct lexical sources or from similar sources under specific circumstances follows universal pathways. It is standardly agreed that grammaticalization is a process which encompasses a range of changes which involve desemanticization (loss of meaning), decategorialization (loss of categorical features), generalization (use extended to new contexts), and phonetic reduction. The paper assumes that the b-prefix derives from two distinct lexical sources: volitional (encoding future) and prepositional (encoding indicative mood, progressive, and habitual aspect), and that the morphological overlap of these two prefixes is a mere coincidence. The paper will concentrate on the development of the future marker (b-prefix) from a verbal noun of volition in Syrian Arabic. The main goal is to explicate the nature of the grammaticalization paths of the b-future in Syrian Arabic based on synchronic data. The paper posits that the verbal noun of volition has undergone semantic, structural, and phonological changes.
Nathaniel Hawthorne et les voix du passé
Authors: Birat Kathie 
Published: May 2015

Nathaniel Hawthorne ne vient pas immédiatement à l’esprit lorsqu’on évoque le rôle de l’oralité dans le développement de la littérature américaine au xixe siècle. Pourtant les légendes et histoires qu’il entendit dans son enfance, en particulier celles ayant un rapport avec le passé de sa propre famille à l’époque des puritains, jouent un rôle important dans son imaginaire. En observant de près la façon dont l’auteur représente le passé légendaire de l’Amérique, en particulier dans les premiers contes, on peut comprendre comment cette conscience d’une littérature orale a influencé sa représentation de l’Amérique à une époque où le pays était en train d’élaborer une mythologie nationale.
A Novel In-Frame Deletion in the Leucine Zipper Domain of C/EBPε Leads to Neutrophil-Specific Granule Deficiency
Authors: Wada Taizo , Akagi Tadayuki , Muraoka Masahiro , Toma Tomoko , Kaji Kenzo , Agematsu Kazunaga , Koeffler H. Phillip , Yokota Takashi , Yachie Akihiro 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency (SGD) is a rare autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency characterized by neutrophil dysfunction, bilobed neutrophil nuclei and lack of neutrophil-specific granules. Defects in a myeloid-specific transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-ε (C/EBPε), have been identified in two cases in which homozygous frameshift mutations led to loss of the leucine zipper domain. In this study, we report a 55-y-old woman affected with SGD caused by a novel homozygous 2-aa deletion (ΔRS) in the leucine zipper domain of the C/EBPε gene. The patient showed characteristic neutrophil abnormalities and recurrent skin infections; however, there was no history of deep organ infections. Biochemical analysis revealed that, in contrast to the two frameshift mutations, the ΔRS mutant maintained normal cellular localization, DNA-binding activity, and dimerization, and all three mutants exhibited marked reduction in transcriptional activity. The ΔRS mutant was defective in its association with Gata1 and PU.1, as well as aberrant cooperative transcriptional activation of eosinophil major basic protein. Thus, the ΔRS likely impairs protein-protein interaction with other transcription factors, resulting in a loss of transcriptional activation. These results further support the importance of the leucine zipper domain of C/EBPε for its essential function, and indicate that multiple molecular mechanisms lead to SGD.
Shock Profiles for the Shallow-Water Exner Models
Authors: Berthon C. , Boutin B. , Turpault R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article is devoted to analyze some ambiguities coming from a class of sediment transport models. The models under consideration are governed by the coupling between the shallow-water and the Exner equations. Since the PDE system turns out to be an hyperbolic system in non conservative form, ambiguities may occur as soon as the solution contains shock waves. To enforce a unique definition of the discontinuous solutions, we adopt the path-theory introduced by Dal Maso, LeFLoch and Murat [18]. According to the path choices, we exhibit several shock definitions and we prove that a shock with a constant propagation speed and a given left state may connect an arbitrary right state. As a consequence, additional assumptions (coming from physical considerations or other arguments) must be chosen to enforce a unique definition. Moreover, we show that numerical ambiguities may still exist even when a path is chosen to select the system's solution.
An Inexact Shift-and-Invert Arnoldi Algorithm for Large Non-Hermitian Generalised Toeplitz Eigenproblems
Authors: Feng Ting-Ting , Wu Gang , Xu Ting-Ting 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe shift-and-invert Arnoldi method is a most effective approach to compute a few eigenpairs of a large non-Hermitian Toeplitz matrix pencil, where the Gohberg-Semencul formula can be used to obtain the Toeplitz inverse. However, two large non-Hermitian Toeplitz systems must be solved in the first step of this method, and the cost becomes prohibitive if the desired accuracy for this step is high — especially for some ill-conditioned problems. To overcome this difficulty, we establish a relationship between the errors in solving these systems and the residual of the Toeplitz eigenproblem. We consequently present a practical stopping criterion for their numerical solution, and propose an inexact shift-and-invert Arnoldi algorithm for the generalised Toeplitz eigenproblem. Numerical experiments illustrate our theoretical results and demonstrate the efficiency of the new algorithm.
The Influence of Fire on the Radiocarbon Signature and Character of Soil Organic Matter in the Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon, USA
Authors: Heckman Katherine , Campbell John , Powers Heath , Law Beverly , Swanston Chris 
Published: May 2015

AbstractForest fires contribute a significant amount of CO2 to the atmosphere each year, and CO2 emissions from fires are likely to increase under projected conditions of global climate change. In addition to volatilizing aboveground biomass and litter layers, forest fires have a profound effect on belowground carbon (C) pools and the cycling of soil organic matter as a whole. However, the influence of fire on belowground organic matter cycling is not well defined and varies widely with fire severity. We measured soil organic matter (SOM) characteristics across a range of fire severities two years after the 2002 Biscuit Fire in southwest Oregon, USA, to address the following questions: (1) Which C pools are preferentially volatilized or transformed to charcoal under low-severity and high-severity fire? (2) How does fire change the distribution of SOM among density fractions and depths? (3) How does fire affect the general character of SOM including such variables as abundance, C:N ratio, 13C abundance, and 14C abundance? We examined soils from a mixed hardwood-evergreen forest across a range of burn severities: unburned, low severity, mixed severity, and high severity. Results indicated that increasing burn severity led to progressive loss of forest floor mass, but not to progressive loss of C from the mineral soil. Although fire significantly increased the charcoal content of the soils, fire did not significantly change the distribution of soil organic matter between heavy and free or light fractions. Other significant changes in soil organic matter characteristics included a progressive increase in nitrogen (N) with increasing burn severity, possibly due to the encroachment of N-fixing shrubs following the loss of native vegetation. Although qualitative changes in total root abundance following fire were noted, differences among burn severity treatments were not statistically significant. Increased concentrations of rock fragments in burned areas may be suggestive of erosion in these areas, consistent with previous studies documenting varying degrees of soil erosion following fire. In addition, although 13C abundances were similar among severely burned and unburned plots, soils from severely burned plots were significantly depleted in 14C in comparison to soils from unburned plots. This 14C depletion is most likely the combined result of erosion and preferential combustion of organics enriched in 14C relative to the bulk soil, perhaps reflecting a historical pattern of fire occurrence and severity across the landscape.
Microbial contamination of spices used in production of meat products
Authors: Klimešová Marcela , Horáček Jiří­ , Ondřej Michal , Manga Ivan , Koláčková Ivana , Nejeschlebová Ludmila , Poní­žil Antoní­n 
Published: May 2015

There was investigated microbial quality of spices used in production of meat products (black pepper, allspice, coriander, juniper, cumin, cinnamon, badian, mustard, bay leaf, paprika, rosemary, garlic, ginger, thyme, cardamom). The spices were analysed on the presence of total count of mesophilic, thermoresistant and coliforming microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, methicilin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and moulds. For the detection of fungal contamination was used agar with glucose, yeast extract and oxytetracyklin and dichloran-glycerol agar. The cultivation was performed at 25 ±1°C for 5 - 7 days. The microscopic method was used for species identification. The aflatoxin presence was confirmed by ELISA test in all of tested spices and was performed in ppb (pars per billion = μg/kg). TCM ranged from 200 to 5600000 cfu/g, TRM from 20 to 90000 cfu/g and coliforming bacteria from 30 to 3200 cfu/g. B. cereus was present in juniper, mustard, bay leaf, thyme and cardamom (32%), while B. licheniformis was confirmed in 58% of cases (allspice, pepper, ground juniper, badian, bay leaf, paprika, garlic, thyme and cardamom). S. aureus was detected in whole coriander, cinnamon, badian and mustard but only in law number (30, 40, 20 and 10 cfu/g respectively). No strains S. aureus was identified as MRSA. The presence of Salmonella spp. and E. coli was not confirmed. The fungal contamination was found in 14 spices and the their count varied from 0 to 1550 cfu/g. There were confirmed the presence of Aspergillus flavus (allspice whole and ground, black pepper whole and ground, whole coriander, ground cumin, ground bay leaf), Aspergillus niger (allspice whole and ground, black pepper ground, ground juniper, cumin ground, bay leaf ground, ground rosemary, ground thyme), Penicillium glaucum (allspice whole and ground, whole juniper, whole cinnamon), Penicillium claviforme (whole black pepper, whole coriander, cardamom ground), Alternaria alternata (cumin ground, rosemary ground, thyme ground), Mucor (whole and ground coriander and thyme) and Phoma (ground cumin). The aflatoxin presence was confirmed in 11 of samples (57.9%) and the value ranged from 0 to 4 ppb (ground allspice, whole and ground pepper, whole juniper, cumin, cinnamon, badian, bay leaf, paprika, rosemary, thyme).
The effect of patulin on femoral bone structure in male rabbits
Authors: Kováčová Veronika , Ďúranová Hana , Babosová Ramona , Omelka Radoslav , Krajčovičová Vladimí­ra , Stawarz Robert , Capcarová Marcela , Martiniaková Monika 
Published: May 2015

A lot of kinds of crops are susceptible to fungal attack, leading to considerable financial losses and damage the health of humans and animals. Patulin, a toxic fungal metabolite, can be found mainly in apple and apple products, with much less frequent contamination in other food products. Because of its high incidence and harmful health effects, patulin belongs to a class of mycotoxins, which are strictly monitored. However, its effect on bone structure is still unknown. This study was designed to investigate the impact of patulin on femoral bone structure in adult male rabbits. Four month-old male rabbits were randomly divided into two groups of three animals each. Rabbits from the experimental group (group A, n=3) were intramuscularly administered with patulin at dose 10 μg.kg-1 body weight (b.w.) twice a week for 4 weeks. The second group without patulin administration served as a control (group B, n=3). At the end of the experiment, body weight, femoral weight and length, cortical bone thickness and histological structure of femoral bones from all rabbits were determined. The results did not show any significant differences in body weight, femoral weight and length between experimental and control groups of rabbits. On the other hand, intramuscular application of patulin induced a significant increase in cortical bone thickness (p <0.05) and considerable changes in qualitative histological characteristics of compact bone in adult male rabbits. In patulin-intoxicated males, the primary vascular longitudinal bone tissue was absent near endosteal border. On the other hand, this tissue occurred near periosteum and also in the middle part of the femoral bone in these rabbits. The values for the primary osteons' vascular canals were significantly lower (p <0.05) in males exposed to patulin as compared to the control group. Based on these findings we can conclude that intramuscular patulin administration demonstrably influences cortical bone thickness and histological structure of femoral bone in adult male rabbits.
Effect of rosemary in combination with yeast extract on microbiology quality, oxidative stability and color of non-fermented cooked salami “Inovec”
Authors: Kročko Miroslav , Ďurí­k Martin , Bučko Ondřej , Tkáčová Jana , Čanigová Margita , Ducková Viera 
Published: May 2015

The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial and antioxidant effect of dried rosemary (1 g/kg) in combination with yeast extract 1 g/kg (1st experimental group) and 2 g/kg (2nd experimental group) in compare to control sample (without rosemary extract and treated with E316 and E621) in non-fermented heat-treated product Inovec salami. Inovec salami is a product produced all over the Slovakia. The similar product can be found in Polish (Polish salami) or in the Czech Republic (Vysocina salami). The samples were vacuum packaged and were kept at 4 °C for 30 days. Determination of psychrotrophic bacteria count (PBC), count of Enterobacteriaceae family (ETB), yeast and moulds, Lactobacillus spp. bacteria count (LAB) was done by cultivation methods. Oxidative stability was determined by TBARS value. Color spaces L*, a*, b* of Inovec salami was determined by CM 2600D spectrophotometer (Konica Minolta, Germany). It was found non-significant (p >0.05) color loss (decrease in redness) over time, and the treatments had a non-significant impact (p >0.05) on redness of the salami in compare to control sample. TBARS values of the rosemary treated cooked salami with different amount of yeasts extracts were significantly lower compare to control sample at the end of the shelf life. Also, lower value of TBARS was determined in salami with rosemary in combination with higher amount of yeast extract. The lowest count of PBC was determined in the second experimental group after 15 days. The rosemary extract in combination of yeast extract treatments were not able to influence the growth of the yeasts and moulds. It was found that rosemary extract in combination with yeast extract in the salami of the second experimental group after 15 days of storage significantly (p <0.05) decrease count of Lactobacillus bacteria.
From Self to World
Authors: Reis Ashley E. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This article historicizes John Steinbeck's ecological consciousness, providing a detailed account of the history and philosophy of ecology in order to present a picture of the field at the particular moment in which Steinbeck encountered and internalized it. An explication of the ecological paradigm that reigned in Steinbeck's day advances the article's overall argument that Steinbeck's early works are informed by holistic ecology, as is evident in both their content and form. Steinbeck's first novel, To a God Unknown, exemplifies Steinbeck's holistic content, while the short story sequence, The Pastures of Heaven, illustrates his holistic form. Furthermore, Grapes of Wrath's ecological approach extends to both the novel's content and form. An assessment of these texts calls attention to Steinbeck's advancement of his own ecological ethic, and thus positions him not only as Aldo Leopold's contemporary but as an individual grappling with a similar interest in extending ethics to reach beyond the relation of individuals to other individuals and society, but to the land as well.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per la comarca del Priorat: des del Coll de la Teixeta al Coll Roig, a Falset i a Bellmunt del Priorat
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim 
Published: May 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 28 de juny de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut del present itinerari discorrerà íntegrament, per una sola de les tres unitats geològiques que constitueixen Catalunya: concretament per la coneguda com a Sistema Mediterrani. Dintre d´aquesta, el recorregut recalarà, també exclusivament en una sola de les seves sotsunitats, concretament per la Serralada Prelitoral Catalana, (la més externa de totes). Així, el recorregut s´iniciarà al Coll de Teixeta, dintre ja de l´esmentada Serralada Prelitoral Catalana, per la qual anirà circulant fins a la fi del recorregut de l´itinerari, fins arribar a Bellmunt del Priorat. Per altra banda, aquest itinerari discorrerà per una sola comarca: la del Priorat, des dels voltants del Coll de Teixeta Falset a Bellmunt del Priorat, on clourà el recorregut del mateix.
Allogeneic Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived From Embryonic Stem Cells Promote Functional Recovery After Transplantation Into Injured Spinal Cord of Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Iwai Hiroki , Shimada Hiroko , Nishimura Soraya , Kobayashi Yoshiomi , Itakura Go , Hori Keiko , Hikishima Keigo , Ebise Hayao , Negishi Naoko , Shibata Shinsuke , Habu Sonoko , Toyama Yoshiaki , Nakamura Masaya , Okano Hideyuki 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated that neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) promote functional recovery in rodent animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI). Because distinct differences exist in the neuroanatomy and immunological responses between rodents and primates, it is critical to determine the effectiveness and safety of allografted embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived NS/PCs (ESC-NS/PCs) in a nonhuman primate SCI model. In the present study, common marmoset ESC-NS/PCs were grafted into the lesion epicenter 14 days after contusive SCI in adult marmosets (transplantation group). In the control group, phosphate-buffered saline was injected instead of cells. In the presence of a low-dose of tacrolimus, several grafted cells survived without tumorigenicity and differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes. Significant differences were found in the transverse areas of luxol fast blue-positive myelin sheaths, neurofilament-positive axons, corticospinal tract fibers, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1-positive vessels at the lesion epicenter between the transplantation and control groups. Immunoelectron microscopic examination demonstrated that the grafted ESC-NS/PC-derived oligodendrocytes contributed to the remyelination of demyelinated axons. In addition, some grafted neurons formed synaptic connections with host cells, and some transplanted neurons were myelinated by host cells. Eventually, motor functional recovery significantly improved in the transplantation group compared with the control group. In addition, a mixed lymphocyte reaction assay indicated that ESC-NS/PCs modulated the allogeneic immune rejection. Taken together, our results indicate that allogeneic transplantation of ESC-NS/PCs from a nonhuman primate promoted functional recovery after SCI without tumorigenicity.SignificanceThis study demonstrates that allogeneic embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) promoted functional recovery after transplantation into the injured spinal cord in nonhuman primates. ESC-NS/PCs were chosen because ESC-NS/PCs are one of the controls for induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NS/PCs and because ESC derivatives are possible candidates for clinical use. This translational research using an allograft model of a nonhuman primate is critical for clinical application of grafting NS/PCs derived from various allogeneic pluripotent stem cells, especially induced pluripotent stem cells, into injured spinal cord at the subacute phase.