bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advection, moistening, and shallow‐to‐deep convection transitions during the initiation and propagation of Madden‐Julian Oscillation
Authors: Hagos Samson , Feng Zhe , Landu Kiranmayi , Long Charles N. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractUsing observations from the 2011 AMIE/DYNAMO field campaign over the Indian Ocean and a high‐resolution regional model simulation, the processes that lead to the rapid shallow‐to‐deep convection transitions associated with the initiation and eastward propagation of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) are examined. By tracking the evolution of the depth of several thousand individual model simulated precipitation features, the role of and the processes that control the observed midtropospheric moisture buildup ahead of the detection of deep convection are quantified at large and convection scales. The frequency of shallow‐to‐deep convection transitions is found to be sensitive to this midlevel moisture and large‐scale uplift. This uplift along with the decline of large‐scale drying by equator‐ward advection causes the moisture buildup leading to the initiation of the MJO. Convection scale moisture variability and uplift, and large‐scale zonal advection play secondary roles.
Verbatim and Semantic Imitation in Indexing Resources on the Web: A Fuzzy‐trace Account of Social Tagging
Authors: Seitlinger Paul , Ley Tobias , Albert Dietrich 
Published: August 2014

SummarySocial tagging is a widespread phenomenon on the Web allowing users to tag resources, such as photos, by freely chosen labels. Imitation of other users' tagging behavior is deemed to increase the inter‐individual consistency of tag assignments. Both verbatim and semantic mechanisms have been proposed where the first case suggests reuse of the exact words and the second reuse of the concept without necessarily the word form. Here, we present a multinomial model of assigning tags that integrates these perspectives. On the basis of the fuzzy‐trace theory, the model includes separate parameters for the retrieval of verbatim and gist traces of encountered tags. Results of two experiments demonstrate that both types of memory traces contribute substantially and independently to tag productions. We conclude that the imitation of tags may be explained within one fuzzy‐trace framework that contributes to our understanding of emergent phenomena in social information systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced performance of supercritical fluid foaming of natural‐based polymers by deep eutectic solvents
Authors: Martins Marta , Aroso Ivo M. , Reis Rui L. , Duarte Ana Rita C. , Craveiro Rita , Paiva Alexandre 
Published: August 2014

SignificanceNatural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are defined as a mixture of two or more solid or liquid components, which at a particular composition present a high melting point depression becoming liquids at room temperature. NADES are constituted by natural molecules and fully represent the green chemistry principles. For these reasons, the authors believe that the submitted manuscript is a highly valuable contribution to the field of green chemistry and chemical engineering. For the first time, the possibility to use NADES as enhancers of supercritical fluid technology is revealed. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3701–3706, 2014
Trends and correlates of overweight and Obesity among adolescents from 2002 to 2010: A three‐cohort study based on a representative sample of Portuguese adolescents
Authors: Marques Adilson , Gaspar De Matos Margarida 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo report the prevalence and factors associated with overweight/obesity in a representative sample of Portuguese adolescents, from three different cohorts.MethodsData on 8,610 adolescents aged 11–17, who participated in the 2002, 2006, and 2010 Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children survey (HBSC/WHO) were analyzed. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on self‐reported weight/height. Factors investigated as potential correlates of overweight/obesity were as follows: physical activity, screen time, life satisfaction, and perception of health.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight/obesity was around 20% for boys and 17% for girls between 2002 and 2010. Among boys, the prevalence of overweight/obesity was negatively associated with age in 2002 (odds ratio, OR = 0.89, P < 0.01), 2006 (OR = 0.92, P < 0.05), and 2010 (OR = 0.91, P < 0.05). Those who engaged in physical activity were less likely to be classified as overweight/obese in 2006 (OR = 0.89, P < 0.01) and 2010 (OR = 0.92, P < 0.05). Among girls, as age increased, the likelihood of being overweight/obese significantly decreased in all years. Results from 2002 (OR = 0.69, P < 0.001) and 2010 (OR = 0.88, P < 0.01) varied by almost 20%.ConclusionThe prevalence of overweight/obesity is still high, but seems to have stabilized. Physical activity, for boys, and perception of health, for girls, are factors associated with a lower likelihood of being overweight or obese. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:844–849, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐dimensional analysis of sexual dimorphism in human thoracic vertebrae: Implications for the respiratory system and spine morphology
Authors: Bastir Markus , Higuero Antonio , Ríos Luís , García Martínez Daniel 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSexual dimorphism is important for intraspecific variation and well studied in the human skeleton. In the thoracic part of the spine sexual dimorphism is expected for differences in the respiratory system related to body mass, lung capacity, and energetics, and in the reproductive system for adaptations to pregnancy (lower spine lordosis, posture). However, little is known about sexual dimorphism in this anatomical region. We use three‐dimensional (3D)‐geometric morphometrics to test hypotheses on sexual dimorphism in the first 10 thoracic vertebrae (T1–T10). Forty‐six 3D‐landmarks were measured on vertebrae of 24 adult females and males of known age and sex. Results confirm that male vertebrae are consistently larger than female ones. Males show more dorsally oriented transverse processes and relatively larger vertebral bodies in upper and lower thoracic vertebrae. Sexual dimorphism in lower thoracic vertebrae affects the orientation of the spinous processes, which is more horizontal in females but more caudal in males. Such regional pattering of sexual dimorphism emerges also from principal component analyses reflecting a complex interaction between the effects of sex and serial position on shape variation. Greater dorsal orientation of male transverse processes reorients the ribs and could lead to greater radial thorax diameters. This fits with greater male respiratory capacities, but may indicate also greater invagination of the male spine within the thorax. Horizontal orientation of the spinous processes in females could allow for a greater thoraco‐lumbar lordosis during pregnancy, but more comparative research is necessary to test these hypotheses. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:513–521, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biological diversity and population history of Middle Holocene hunter‐gatherers from the Cis‐Baikal region of Siberia
Authors: Movsesian Alla A. , Bakholdina Varvara Yu. , Pezhemsky Denis V. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn the past decades, prehistoric hunter‐gatherers of the Cis‐Baikal region has been a subject of multidisciplinary research. In this study, we used nonmetric cranial traits to assess the genetic relationships between various spatial and temporal groups of Cis‐Baikal Middle Holocene hunter‐gatherers and to reveal genetic continuity between the Cis‐Baikal Neolithic‐Bronze Age population and modern native Siberians. Cranial series belonging to the bearers of the Early Neolithic Kitoi (n = 72), Late Neolithic Serovo (n = 54), and Early Bronze Glazkovo (n = 98) cultures were examined. Phenotypic differentiation was analyzed by the mean measure of divergence and Nei's genetic distances. Our results revealed several patterns of spatiotemporal biodiversity among the Cis‐Baikal Middle Holocene populations, including biological similarity between the Early and Late Neolithic‐Bronze Age groups, which suggests that the temporal hiatus between the Early and Late Neolithic does not necessarily imply genetic discontinuity in the region. The following possible scenarios of population history in the Cis‐Baikal region are proposed: 1) continuous occupation with outside invasion of new migrant groups in the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age and 2) migration of the Early Neolithic groups to the nearby regions and subsequent return of their descendants to the ancestral territory. A comparison of Cis‐Baikal Neolithic populations with modern Siberian natives suggests that the Сis‐Baikal region could have been a source area for population expansions into different parts of Siberia in the Neolithic and Bronze Age times. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:559–570, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanoindentation measurements of Teflon‐AF nanosheets
Authors: Rianasari Ina , Weston James , Rowshan Reza , Blanton Thomas , Khapli Sachin , Jagannathan Ramesh 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTWe report the formation of cohesive, mechanically robust thin films of Teflon‐AF formed via self‐assembly of nanoparticles at both air/water and oil/water interfaces of micro‐emulsion droplets. We also present results of morphological and mechanical investigations of thin films formed at these oil/water interfaces. Scanning electron microscope and low angle X‐ray diffraction characterization of drop cast thin films from the micro‐emulsions showed the presence of stacks of nanosheets with an average thickness of 6 nm. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization put the thickness at a much lower value of around 2 nm implying that these sheets are comprised of molecular sheets of Teflon‐AF. AFM characterization also indicated that these sheets are stretched molecular films comprising inter‐diffused molecular chains, arranged in a regular fashion. Nanoindentation studies of these films unambiguously demonstrated the “tablet sliding” mechanism, similar to nacre, for dissipating applied stress. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41360.
Thermoresponsive self‐assembled nanovesicles based on amphiphilic triblock copolymers and their potential applications as smart drug release carriers
Authors: Cao Xia , Chen Yunxiang , Chai Wenchao , Zhang Wenjie , Wang Yudong , Fu Peng‐Fei 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA series of thermoresponsive triblock copolymers, methoxy poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (mPEO‐b‐PCL‐b‐PNIPAM), with different PCL and PNIPAM block lengths, were synthesized by a combination of ring opening polymerization and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization techniques. The triblock copolymers undergo self‐assembly in aqueous solutions forming stable nanovesicles of various sizes with a lipid membrane structure similar to body cells as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. The nanovesicle is thermoresponsive, that is, its size is tunable using the temperature as a switch: shrinks at a temperature above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and expands at a temperature below the LCST. The corresponding LCST of the triblock copolymers is adjustable by varying the PNIAM segment length as well as the PCL segment length and covers a range from 33.9 to 41.0°C in water. The diameter of nanovesicles for mPEO3k‐b‐PCL5k‐b‐PNIPAM13.2k is about 177.7 nm below the LCST and 138.9 nm above the LCST, as determined by dynamic light scattering. It was demonstrated using indomethacin, a popular anti‐inflammation medicine, that the triblock copolymers can effectively act as a drug release carrier under the right human physiological conditions, that is, store the drug at a lower temperature and release it at a higher temperature, possibly targeting at the lesion sites of human body. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41361.
Effect of five saturated fatty acids on the properties of sweet‐potato‐starch‐based films
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Sun Shenglin , Hou Hanxue , Wang Wentao , Dong Haizhou 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTTo fully explore the influences of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) on the properties of sweet‐potato‐starch (SPS)‐based films, five SFAs were chosen to add to SPS. The SPS‐based films were prepared by casting. The microstructure, mechanical, optical, water vapor barrier, and thermal properties of the films were investigated. The 2.0% (w/w, on the basis of starch) SFA significantly changed the SPS pasting characteristics in the peak viscosity, breakdown, and other feature point viscosity values as determined by a Rapid Visco Analyser. The amylose molecular weights decreased as measured by high‐performance size exclusion chromatography. A thermal study with differential scanning calorimetry suggested that the addition of SFA increased the onset temperature and peak temperature. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) images showed a continuous and uniform structure in the films with SFA. The SPS–SFA composite films showed lower light transmission and elongation at break than the control. Compared with the control films, the addition of SFA increased the tensile strength and decreased the water vapor permeability of the films. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41380.
Hybrid polyaniline–TiO2 nanocomposite Langmuir–Blodgett thin films: Self‐assembly and their characterization
Authors: Bhullar Gurpreet Kaur , Kaur Ramneek , Raina K. K. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTPolyaniline (PANi)–titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocomposite materials were prepared by chemical polymerization of aniline doped with TiO2 nanoparticles. Surface pressure–area (π‐A) isotherms of these nanocomposites show phase transformations in the monolayer during compression process. Multiple isotherms indicate that the monolayer of the nanocomposite material can retain its configuration during compression‐expansion cycles. Langmuir–Blodgett thin films of PANi–TiO2 nanocomposite were deposited on the quartz and indium tin oxide coated conducting glass substrates. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy and UV–visible spectroscopy study indicates the presence of TiO2 in PANi, whereas X‐ray Diffraction study confirmed the anatase phase of TiO2 and particle size (∼nm) of PANi–TiO2. The morphology of Langmuir–Blodgett films of these nanocomposites was also characterized by atomic force microscopy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41386.
Lignin valorization by forming toughened thermally stimulated shape memory copolymeric elastomers: Evaluation of different fractionated industrial lignins
Authors: Li Hui , Sivasankarapillai Gopakumar , McDonald Armando G. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTLignin‐based thermal responsive dual shape memory copolymeric elastomers were prepared with a highly branched prepolymer (HBP, A2B3 type) via a simple one‐pot bulk polycondensation reaction. The effect of fractionated lignin type (with good miscibility in the HBP) on copolymer properties was investigated. The thermal and mechanical properties of the copolymers were characterized by DMA, DSC, and TGA. Tensile properties were dominated by HBP <45% lignin content while lignin dominated >45% content. The copolymers glass transition temperature (Tg) increased with lignin content and lignin type did not play a significant role. Thermally stimulated dual shape memory effects (SME) of the copolymers were quantified by cyclic thermomechanical tests. All copolymers had shape fixity rate >95% and >90% shape recovery for all compositions. The copolymer shape memory transition temperature (Ttrans) increased with lignin content and Ttrans was 20°C higher than Tg. Lignin, a renewable resource, can be used as a netpoint segment in polymer systems with SME behavior. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41389.
Age‐Related Difference in Postural Control During Recovery from Posterior and Anterior Perturbations
Authors: Singer Madeline Louise , Smith Lorinda K. , Dibble Leland E. , Foreman K. Bo 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTDecreased reactive postural responses in elderly adults may place them at increased risk for falls and related injuries. The first step in addressing the high rate of falls in the elderly population is to determine a baseline for postural response in healthy young and healthy elderly individuals. To determine these age‐related differences in reactive postural responses during recovery from posterior and anterior perturbations, we used the tether‐release method in conjunction with a motion analysis system to evaluate overall movement latencies, overall movement amplitude and velocity, and joint‐specific amplitude and velocity in healthy young (n = 10, mean age=25 ± 5) and healthy elderly participants (n = 10, mean age = 67 ± 6). During posterior perturbations, healthy elderly participants had increased recovery time (P = 0.01) and ratio of center of mass to step length (P = 0.013) when compared with young participants. Elderly participants also had decreased step length (P = 0.006), peak COM velocity (P = 0.01), peak knee flexion angle (P = 0.002), and decreased hip (P = 0.005) and knee (P = 0.0005) average angular velocity when compared with young participants. We conclude that these movement deficiencies at the hip and knee limited the length of the recovery step. With this restricted step, elderly participants could not achieve adequate mechanical advantage to counteract the displacement of their COM using a single step. During anterior perturbations, elderly participants did not exhibit any significant differences compared to young participants in overall movement variables. This understanding of postural responses in healthy individuals is clinically relevant to the development of rehabilitation programs for individuals at high fall risk. Anat Rec, 298:346–353, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molekül‐ und Gitterschwingungen des orthorhombischen und ferroelektrischen Thioharnstoffs I. Temperaturabhängigkeit der Infrarot‐ und Ramanspektren und der berechneten Entropie
Authors: Schrader Von B. , Meier W. , Gottlieb K. , Agatha H. , Barentzen H. , Bleckmann P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDie Infrarot‐ und Ramanspektren von Thioharnstoff‐Einkristallen bei 300 und 120°K werden mit polarisierter Strahlung aufgenommen. Zusätzlich werden die Spektren der deuterierten Verbindung an polykristallinen Proben und die Fern‐Infrarot‐Spektren an pulverförmigen Proben gewonnen. Damit ist eine vollständige Zuordnung der inneren und der Gitterschwingungen möglich. Durch Kopplung über zwischenmolekulare Kraftkonstanten und durch Dipol‐Wechselwirkung spalten die inneren Schwingungen um ca. 10 — 40 cm−1 auf. Die Umwandlung in die ferroelektrische Phase ist an Aufspaltungen, Intensitätsveränderungen und Frequenzsprüngen sichtbar. Aus den beobachteten Daten wird für den Bereich 25 bis 350 °K die Entropie berechnet, sie ist in guter Übereinstimmung mit experimentellen Werten.
Downregulation of proapoptotic Bim augments IL‐2‐independent T‐cell transformation by human T‐cell leukemia virus type‐1 Tax
Authors: Higuchi Masaya , Takahashi Masahiko , Tanaka Yuetsu , Fujii Masahiro 
Published: August 2014

AbstractHuman T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1), an etiological agent of adult T‐cell leukemia, immortalizes and transforms primary human T cells in vitro in both an interleukin (IL)‐2‐dependent and IL‐2‐independent manner. Expression of the HTLV‐1 oncoprotein Tax transforms the growth of the mouse T‐cell line CTLL‐2 from being IL‐2‐dependent to IL‐2‐independent. Withdrawal of IL‐2 from normal activated T cells induces apoptosis, which is mediated through the inducible expression of several proapoptotic proteins, including Bim. In this study, we found that Tax protects IL‐2‐depleted T cells against Bim‐induced apoptosis. Withdrawal of IL‐2 from CTLL‐2 cells induced a prominent increase in the level of Bim protein in CTLL‐2 cells, but not in Tax‐transformed CTLL‐2 cells. This inhibition of Bim in Tax‐transformed CTLL‐2 cells was mediated by two mechanisms: downregulation of Bim mRNA and posttranscriptional reduction of Bim protein. Transient expression of Tax in CTLL‐2 cells also inhibited IL‐2 depletion–induced expression of Bim, however, this decrease in Bim protein expression was not due to downregulation of Bim mRNA, thus indicating that Bim mRNA downregulation in Tax‐transformed CTLL‐2 occurs only after long‐term expression of Tax. Transient expression of Tax in CTLL‐2 cells also induced Erk activation, however, this was not involved in the reduction of Bim protein. Knockdown of Bim expression in CTLL‐2 cells augmented Tax‐induced IL‐2‐independent transformation. HTLV‐1 infection of human T cells also reduced their levels of Bim protein, and restoring Bim expression in HTLV‐1‐infected cells reduced their proliferation by inducing apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate that Tax‐induced downregulation of Bim in HTLV‐1‐infected T cells promotes their IL‐2‐independent growth, thereby supporting the persistence of HTLV‐1 infection in vivo.
Au Photosensitized TiO2 Ultrathin Nanosheets with {001} Exposed Facets
Authors: Hu Chao , Zhang Xuan , Li Xinshi , Yan Yan , Xi Guangcheng , Yang Haifeng , Bai Hua 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe report a general route for the direct growth of metal particles on TiO2 nanosheets with (001) exposed facets by an oxygen‐vacancy‐driven self‐redox reaction. As there is no need for thermal treatment to remove stabilizing agents, the structure of the nanoparticles can be retained, preserving the active sites associated with high activity.
Generation of a Cre knock‐in into the Myocardin locus to mark early cardiac and smooth muscle cell lineages
Authors: Espinoza‐Lewis Ramón A , Wang Da‐Zhi 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe molecular events that control cell fate determination in cardiac and smooth muscle lineages remain elusive. Myocardin is an important transcription cofactor that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and development of the cardiovascular system. Here, we describe the construction and analysis of a dual Cre and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) knock‐in mouse line in the Myocardin locus (MyocdKI). We report that the MyocdKI allele expresses the Cre enzyme and the EGFP in a manner that recapitulates endogenous Myocardin expression patterns. We show that Myocardin expression marks the earliest cardiac and smooth muscle lineages. Furthermore, this genetic model allows for the identification of a cardiac cell population, which maintains both Myocardin and Isl‐1 expression, in E7.75–E8.0 embryos, highlighting the contribution and merging of the first and second heart fields during cardiogenesis. Therefore, the MyocdKI allele is a unique tool for studying cardiovascular development and lineage‐specific gene manipulation. genesis 52:879–887, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.