bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vitreous Humor Chemistry in Deaths Associated with Rapid Chilling and Prolonged Freshwater Immersion
Authors: Bray M , Luke JL , Blackbourne BD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Vitreous humor chemistry studies were performed on 13 air crash victims who had remained immersed in near-freezing fresh water for seven to eight days. Glucose concentrations were observed to be higher than those in a comparison group of autopsied cases with prolonged postmortem intervals, suggesting that rapid chilling inhibited glycolysis. Evidence of dilution of vitreous humor electrolytes was also noted. After correction for the apparent degree of dilution, the potassium concentrations were found to fall within a narrow range.
Hemolyzed Blood and Serum Levels of Δ9-THC: Effects on the Performance of Roadside Sobriety Tests
Authors: Reeve VC , Robertson WB , Grant J , Soares JR , Zimmermann EG , Gillespie HK , Hollister LE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A pilot study was conducted to ascertain the range of induced hemolyzed blood/serum Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) concentrations in 58 human subjects. Subjects were tested within 5 min of smoking a Δ9-THC cigarette and then at half-hour intervals to 150 min. The subjects initially demonstrated a broad range of Δ9-THC hemolyzed blood levels, which settled within an hour to levels comparable to those measured in California drivers who had been stopped for impaired driving, arrested, and tested for Δ9-THC. Serum levels, when correlated with performance or roadside sobriety tests, demonstrated a broad range (5 to 183 ng/mL) of Δ9-THC levels and an “adaptation” effect in the subjects' perception of their own impairment.
Although this preliminary study was not a double-blind placebo experiment, the overall performance of human subjects demonstrated the “adaptation“ effect, which may be a significant factor in making judgments while performing such complex tasks as driving. Also, the effects of the drug extended beyond the period of elevated Δ9 blood levels, perhaps because of THC metabolites that may contribute to impairment or the persistence of THC in the central nervous system. This pilot study will lay the groundwork for a program designed to determine the epidemiology and behavior correlates of marijuana use in motorists.
Hypothermia: Autopsy Findings and Vitreous Glucose
Authors: Coe JI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Anatomic lesions associated with hypothermia are variable and nonspecific. Only a few gross lesions and no microscopic pathology were noted in the acute deaths of this series. An interesting anatomic observation was the low weight of the lungs in 45% of the hypothermic deaths. Hypothermia is recognized as frequently producing hyperglycemia and 80% of a group of such patients clinically treated at the Hennepin County Medical Center had elevated blood sugar values. This correlates with an average vitreous glucose of 82.6 mg/dL in the hypothermic deaths. By contrast, the average vitreous glucose value found in each of two separate control groups was 37 mg/dL.
Establishing hypothermia as the cause of death requires a proper history of exposure and the absence of any other clear-cut lethal factor. Certain biochemical tests may provide supporting evidence. Among these is an elevated vitreous glucose in a nondiabetic individual.
Estimating the Date of Bone Remains: A Multivariate Study
Authors: Castellano MA , Villanueva EC , von Frenckel R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In previous works we have studied the time of death of bone residuals through the following parameters: total lipids, triglicerides, cholesterol, free fatty acids, total proteins, zinc, iron, manganese, and phosphorus. These elements were quantified in groups of recent bones of 1 and 2 years and of 10, 15, 18, and 20 years postmortem. In this present work we are putting these results under statistical analysis consisting of a stepwise regression. This program selects and introduces in the regression the element that shows the highest correlation with the time of death. In successive steps the partial correlations between the date and the elements not already included in the regression are studied, while keeping the effects of the elements already included fixed. As a result we put forward three formulas in which the time of death appears linked with the parameters that define it best. In the first the time of death of the bones Y is estimated according to the protein X1. Y = 40.0014 − 7.4275X1 In the second formula the time of death Y, is estimated according to proteins X1 and triglicerides X2. Y = 45.5970 − 10.8096X1 + 0.4104X2 And in the thrid formula the time of death Y is estimated according to proteins X1, triglicerides X2, and cholesterol X3. Y = 52.2032 − 7.8213X1 + 0.6355X2 − 3.4930 In the three formulas the coefficients of the correlation between the time of death and the variables are improved when the logarithms of the variables are taken, instead of the original measurements.
The Treating Psychiatrist as Forensic Evaluator
Authors: Miller RD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Much has been made in the literature of the importance of “objective” or “impartial” expert psychiatric testimony in forensic psychiatric cases; one results of this emphasis is a strong feeling that a treating physician cannot present unbiased testimony in court on issues such as competency to stand trial and especially criminal responsibility. Many states have explicit regulations designed to ensure that expert psychiatric witnesses who testify in criminal cases are not contaminated by past (or even the potential of future) treatment relationships with defendants. The author argues that such policies often prevent mentally ill defendants from receiving treatment from psychiatrists with the most experience in working with forensic psychiatric patients; and that the opportunity to treat as well as to evaluate such patients might well attract more treating psychiatrists to the forensic science field.
The Ultrastructure of the Electric Burn in Man: A Transmission Electron Microscopy-Scanning Electron Microscopy Study
Authors: Torre C , Varetto L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors describe the ultrastructural aspects of the electric burn observed with the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). With the TEM the most apparent feature is the homogenization and arrangement of the filamentous cytoplasmic material in elongated and parallel bundles together with elongation of the nuclei and junctional structures. SEM studies present a three-dimensional vision of the filamentous material that confirms and clarifies the cellular deformation as a whole. An hypothesis is advanced suggesting that the phenomenon is due to the effects produced by the extremely rapid dehydration of the tissue or that the electric current and Joule effect can act upon the filaments and contractile proteins, causing the cell deformation.
An Epidemic of Cocaine Associated Deaths in Utah
Authors: Sander R , Ryser MA , Lamoreaux TC , Raleigh K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article describes 15 cocaine associated deaths in Utah in a 3 ½-month period in early 1984, compared to 6 cocaine associated deaths for all of 1983. Brief case histories of the 15 cases are presented along with data on age, sex, county of death, cause of death, association of the cocaine with the death, cocaine analytical methodology, and a summary of cocaine concentrations in blood and urine. In four of the cases, cocaine by injection was the cause of death. whereas the other cases had cocaine or metabolite detected incidentally. The epidemiology of a single, well-defined cocaine source is described and related to this transient, remarkable increase in cocaine associated deaths.
Isopropanol and Isopropanol Deaths—Ten Years' Experience
Authors: Alexander CB , McBay AJ , Hudson RP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A population of persons who were found, at death, to have significant levels of isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) in their blood is described. The role of isopropanol in causing death is reviewed in 57 fatal cases. The contribution of acetone, the major metabolite of isopropanol, to death is assessed. Results indicate that mixed alcohol poisoning with ethanol and isopropanol suggests decreased production of acetone. Modalities for antemortem and postmortem detection of isopropanol are presented.
Lack of Correlation of Postmortem Vitreous Humor Calcium Concentration with Antemortem Serum Calcium Concentration
Authors: Dufour DR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although results of several studies measuring calcium concentrations in vitreous humor have been published, comparisons of postmortem vitreous calcium with antemortem serum calcium have not been made. In a study of 30 cases in which antemortem calcium results were available, the mean vitreous calcium concentration was 6.8 mg/dL. There was no significant change in vitreous calcium postmortem nor significant correlation between vitreous calcium and antemortem serum calcium. Experimental observations suggest that vitreous calcium is regulated by an active transport mechanism. Vitreous calcium measurements do not appear to be useful in evaluating suspected antemortem abnormalities of serum calcium.
Minimal Velocities Necessary for Perforation of Skin by Air Gun Pellets and Bullets
Authors: DiMaio VJM , Copeland AR , Besant-Matthews PE , Fletcher LA , Jones A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A series of tests were conducted to determine the velocities necessary for lead air gun pellets (calibers .177 and .22) and caliber .38 lead bullets to perforate skin. Human lower extremities were used. Caliber .177 air gun pellets weighing 8.25 grains required a minimum velocity of 101 m/s (331 ft/s) to perforate skin. The energy per area of presentation ratio E/a was 1:86 m∙kg/cm2. Caliber .22 air gun pellets weighing 16.5 grains needed a minimum velocity of 75 m/s (245 ft/s). The E/a was 1:3 m∙kg/cm2. A round nose, caliber .38 lead bullet weighing 113 grains perforated skin at 58 m/s (191 ft/s). The E/a was 1.95 m∙kg/cm 2. These studies appear to indicate that lightweight projectiles need greater velocity to perforate skin than do larger caliber, heavier bullets.
Analytical Studies on Illicit Heroin I. The Occurrence of O3-Monoacetylmorphine
Authors: Huizer H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A thin-layer chromatographic method and a high pressure liquid chromatographic method have been developed for the analysis of O3-monoacetylmorphine in illicit heroin samples. The possible formation of O3-monoacetylmorphine during the production process of heroin and during its hydrolysis were also studied using these methods.
Rib Spreader Laceration: A Confusing Artifact of Emergency Thoracotomy
Authors: Dixon DS , Champion HR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
During emergency thoracotomy, an artifactual injury complex consisting of laceration, abrasion, and, rarely, contusion may be formed by application of a surgical instrument called a rib spreader. Six cases demonstrating this confusing injury are presented, and its formation is discussed.
The Importance of Shading Habits in Handwriting Identification
Authors: Moore DS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The importance of the unconscious habit of shading within an individual's handwriting and its relationship to handwriting identification is illustrated by a case study. The subtle variations of pen pressure within handwriting should always be a integral part of any forensic handwriting comparison. A thoughtful evaluation of seemingly unrelated, random movements within a questioned signature may often be deciphered as a carefully executed series of related movements with consistent pressure variations. If their sequence and relevance within the signature are correctly interpreted, these variations and movements can be of the utmost importance in a final determination of genuineness.
AÇÃO EMPREENDEDORA NA CONSTRUÇÃO DA IDENTIDADE DE MARCA: ESTUDO DE CASO NO SETOR BEACHWEAR / Entrepreneurial action on brand identity building: a case study in beachwear industry
Authors: Leão André Luiz Maranhão de Souza , Franco Suélen Matozo , Costa Flávia Zimmerle da Nóbrega , Oliveira Henrique Cassiano Nascimento de 
Published: August 2015

<p>Cada vez mais as empresas têm reconhecido a função simbólica das marcas e realizado um trabalho de gestão para manter a imagem destas em consonância com seus propósitos. A abordagem convencional de gestão de marcas segue uma linha gerencial, mas podemos observar diversas marcas bem-sucedidas que não adotaram essa abordagem. Assim, atemo-nos à busca de compreensão do que denominamos construção empreendedora de marcas. O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar como o empreendedor desenvolve a identidade de uma marca por meio de uma ação empreendedora. Para tal, debruçamo-nos sobre a Movimento, uma marca de <em>beachwear</em> representativa do fenômeno descrito. Dessa forma, a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa norteou a presente investigação: como a identidade da marca Movimento foi desenvolvida por meio de uma ação empreendedora? O método adotado foi o dos estudos biográficos, tendo sido usada a narratologia<a title="" href="file://srvarq/homeuser/debora.pereira/G_Editora/Publica%C3%A7%C3%B5es%20Editora/4.%20Peri%C3%B3dicos/Race/Race,%20v.%2014,%20n.%201,%202015/Revisados%202/A%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20empreendedora%20na%20constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o.doc#_ftn1">[1]</a> como procedimento analítico, uma vez que esta permite se investigar a ação, o contexto e o autor do fenômeno empreendedor, bem como compreender como esses aspectos se entrelaçam na construção empreendedora de uma marca. Assim, desvela-se uma construção de identidade de marca distinta das ferramentas gerenciais tradicionais, mas pautadas por uma estratégia emergente. Nossos achados apontam a inovação como principal meio de aproveitar oportunidades e sobreviver às adversidades, a prevalência da intuição sobre planejamentos formais e uma tendência da fundadora à centralização, traços que vão ao encontro do que a literatura indica como características do <em>marketing</em> empreendedor.</p><p>Palavras-chave:<strong> </strong><em>Marketing</em>. <em>Marketing</em> empreendedor. Gestão de marcas. Identidade de marca. Ação empreendedora.</p><div> </div>
Conductivities consistent with Birkeland currents in the AMPERE‐driven TIE‐GCM
Authors: Marsal S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE) satellite mission has offered for the first time global snapshots of the geomagnetic field‐aligned currents with unprecedented space and time resolution, thus providing an opportunity to feed an acknowledged first‐principles model of the Earth's upper atmosphere such as the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (NCAR TIE‐GCM). In the first step, Marsal et al. (2012) used AMPERE data in the current continuity equation between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere to drive the TIE‐GCM electrodynamics. In the present work, ionospheric conductivities have been made consistent with enhanced upward field‐aligned currents, which are assumed to correspond to electrons plunging as a result of downward acceleration by electric fields built up along the geomagnetic field lines. The resulting conductance distribution is reasonably commensurate with an independent model that has tried to quantify the ionizing effect of precipitating particles onto the auroral ionosphere. On the other hand, comparison of geomagnetic observatory data with the ground magnetic variations output by the model only shows a modest improvement with respect to our previous approach.
Imidazolin‐2‐ylidenaminophosphane als sehr elektronenreiche Liganden für Übergangsmetallkatalysatoren
Authors: Wünsche Marius A. , Mehlmann Paul , Witteler Tim , Buß Florenz , Rathmann Patrick , Dielmann Fabian 
Published: August 2015

AbstractEine Vielzahl chemischer Umwandlungen, bei denen elektronenreiche Metallzentren benötigt werden, profitiert vom Einsatz stark elektronendonierender Hilfsliganden wie Alkylphosphane oder N‐heterocyclische Carbene. Hier beschreiben wir einen einfachen und praktikablen Zugang zu ein‐ und zweizähnigen Imidazolin‐2‐ylidenamino‐substituierten Phosphanen. Die Evaluierung der elektronischen Eigenschaften belegt, dass durch den formalen Austausch von Alkyl‐ oder Arylgruppen gegen Imidazolin‐2‐ylidenamino‐Gruppen die Donorstärke dieser Phosphane weit über die der Alkylphosphane und sogar N‐heterocyclischer Carbene erhöht werden kann. Palladium(II)‐Komplexe dieser Phosphanliganden wurden synthetisiert, und der Einfluss des neuen Substitutionsmusters in palladiumkatalysierten Suzuki‐Miyaura‐Kreuzkupplungen von nichtaktivierten Arylchloriden wurde untersucht.
Photo‐curing behaviors of bio‐based isosorbide dimethacrylate by irradiation of light‐emitting diodes and the physical properties of its photo‐cured materials
Authors: Kim Sunhee , Cho Jin Ku , Shin Seunghan , Kim Baek-Jin 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTBio‐based isosorbide (1,4:3,6‐dianhydroglucitol), which was obtained from biomass‐derived carbohydrates, has recently attracted much attention as an alternative to bisphenol A (BPA) because of its rigidity and transparency. BPA is still widely used for a variety of chemical applications even though it is known to be an endocrine‐disrupting chemical. BPA is a key precursor to most photo‐curable materials ranging from encapsulants of electronic devices to dental sealants. In this study, photo‐curable isosorbide dimethacrylate (ISDM) was synthesized from bio‐based isosorbide as a substitute for BPA, and the photo‐curing behaviors of ISDM by irradiation with light‐emitting diode (LED) light were investigated. The photo‐curing conversion and rates of ISDM formation were determined based on the change in the peak corresponding to the double bond within the methacrylate groups using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) spectroscopy. The effects of initiators and the wavelength of LED light on the photo‐curing conversion and rates of ISDM formation were examined, and a comparative study was carried out with 2,2‐bis[4(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloyloxy‐propyloxy)phenylpropane] (Bis‐GMA), which is a photo‐curing material bearing a BPA moiety. In addition, the mechanical properties, such as surface hardness, adhesion strength, and transparency, after photo‐curing of ISDM were evaluated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42726.
Character motion synthesis by principal component analysis and motion control interface by hands
Authors: Oshita Masaki , Oshima Hayato , Senju Yuta , Morishige Syun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we propose an interactive character motion control interface that uses hands. Using their hands and fingers, the user can control a large number of degrees of freedom at the same time. We applied principal component analysis to a set of sample poses and assigned the extracted principal components to each degree of freedom of the hands (such as the hand positions and finger bending/extending angles). The user can control the blending weights of the principal components and deform the character's pose by moving their hands and bending/extending their fingers. We introduced pose and action controls, so that we can alter the standing pose and perform various actions with deformations. So that various types of actions were possible, we constructed a number of action models in advance. We introduced action model selection and action execution mechanisms. We developed methods for computing the feature vector, for applying principal component analysis, and for pose and action synthesis. In addition, we introduced a pose transition method for performing a step motion when necessary to prevent foot sliding. We present our experimental results and demonstrate the effectiveness of our interface. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of the Chemical Environment beyond the Coordination Site: Structural Insight into FeIII Protoporphyrin Binding to Cysteine‐Based Heme‐Regulatory Protein Motifs
Authors: Brewitz Hans Henning , Kühl Toni , Goradia Nishit , Galler Kerstin , Popp Jürgen , Neugebauer Ute , Ohlenschläger Oliver , Imhof Diana 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe importance of heme as a transient regulatory molecule has become a major focus in biochemical research. However, detailed information about the molecular basis of transient heme–protein interactions is still missing. We report an in‐depth structural analysis of FeIII heme–peptide complexes by a combination of UV/Vis, resonance Raman, and 2D‐NMR spectroscopic methods. The experiments reveal insights both into the coordination to the central iron ion and into the spatial arrangement of the amino acid sequences interacting with protoporphyrin IX. Cysteine‐based peptides display different heme‐binding behavior as a result of the existence of ordered, partially ordered, and disordered conformations in the heme‐unbound state. Thus, the heme‐binding mode is clearly the consequence of the nature and flexibility of the residues surrounding the iron ion coordinating cysteine. Our analysis reveals scenarios for transient binding of heme to heme‐regulatory motifs in proteins and demonstrates that a thorough structural analysis is required to unravel how heme alters the structure and function of a particular protein.
Pulmonary cryptococcosis presenting as acute severe respiratory distress in a newly diagnosed HIV patient in Tanzania: a case report
Authors: Gunda Daniel W. , Bakshi Fatma A. , Rambau Peter , Kilonzo Semvua B. 
Published: August 2015

Key Clinical MessagePulmonary cryptococcosis is a common condition in HIV‐infected patients which is frequently missed or misdiagnosed in resource‐limited countries. We report a case of HIV/AIDS patient who was misdiagnosed with a fatal outcome. There is a need to implement screening tools to be used where the diagnosis may not be confirmed.
Electrodeposition‐Assisted Synthesis of Ni2P Nanosheets on 3D Graphene/Ni Foam Electrode and Its Performance for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Cai Zhi‐xiong , Song Xin‐hong , Wang Yi‐ru , Chen Xi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA highly active hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst was synthesized by loading nickel phosphide (Ni2P) nanosheets self‐supported on three‐dimensional (3D) graphene/nickel foam (G/NF) by using electrodeposition. The G/NF was firstly prepared through the fast electrodeposition of graphene on NF. Ni2P nanosheets were then fabricated by low‐temperature phosphidation of the corresponding precursor of Ni(OH)2 on the G/NF, which was also synthesized through an efficient electrodeposition process. Compared with Ni2P nanosheets on NF without graphene (Ni2P/NF), NF, as well as commercial Pt/C, the Ni2P–G/NF catalyst exhibits high activity in the electrocatalytic HER, revealing a low onset overpotential of 50 mV and a small Tafel slope of 51 mV dec−1. The catalyst maintained its catalytic activity for at least 60 000 s in acidic media. The excellent HER performance of Ni2P–G/NF was attributed to the excellent performance of Ni2P, the large 3D framework, and the introduction of graphene.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Several Dephosphonated Analogues of CMP‐Neu5Ac as Inhibitors of GM3‐Synthase
Authors: Rota Paola , Cirillo Federica , Piccoli Marco , Gregorio Antonio , Tettamanti Guido , Allevi Pietro , Anastasia Luigi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPrevious studies demonstrated that reducing the GM3 content in myoblasts increased the cell resistance to hypoxic stress, suggesting that a pharmacological inhibition of the GM3 synthesis could be instrumental for the development of new treatments for ischemic diseases. Herein, the synthesis of several dephosphonated CMP‐Neu5Ac congeners and their anti‐GM3‐synthase activity is reported. Biological activity testes revealed that some inhibitors almost completely blocked the GM3‐synthase activity in vitro and reduced the GM3 content in living embryonic kidney 293A cells, eventually activating the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling cascade.