bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes and Nicotine Patch
Authors: Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Hertsgaard Louise A. , Vogel Rachel I. , Jensen Joni A. , Murphy Sharon E. , Hecht Stephen S. , Carmella Steven G. , al'Absi Mustafa , Joseph Anne M. , Allen Sharon S. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Background: Reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes have led to smoking fewer cigarettes, withdrawal relief, and facilitation of cessation. The aim of this study is to examine the effects RNC cigarettes with and without nicotine patch and patch alone on smoking behavior, toxicant exposure, withdrawal discomfort, and as an exploratory analysis, on long-term abstinence.
Methods: This study involved a randomized, parallel arm design and six weeks of: (i) 0.05–0.09 mg nicotine yield cigarettes (N = 79); (ii) 21 mg nicotine patch (N = 80), or (iii) 0.05–0.09 nicotine yield cigarettes with 21 mg nicotine patch (N = 76); all groups received six weeks of additional behavioral treatment with follow-ups up to six months.
Results: Combination approach led to lower rates of smoking assigned cigarettes and hence lower carbon monoxide levels than RNC cigarettes alone. In addition, the combination approach was associated with less withdrawal severity when switching from usual brand to assigned product, and less smoking of usual brand cigarettes during treatment, but not after treatment compared with the other approaches.
Conclusion: Combining very low nicotine content cigarettes with nicotine patch may improve the acute effects resulting from switching to either of these products alone.
Impact: These findings may have implications for smoking cessation treatment or a policy measure to reduce nicotine content in cigarettes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(6); 1015–24. ©2013 AACR.
Mouse Models of Kras-Mutant Colorectal Cancer: Valuable GEMMs for Drug Testing?
Authors: Di Nicolantonio Federica , Bardelli Alberto 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The development of effective therapies for colorectal cancer depends on the ability of preclinical models to faithfully recapitulate the molecular and biologic behavior of human tumors. This study reports on the characterization of colorectal genetically engineered mouse models and their derivative cell lines carrying wild-type or oncogenic Kras with concomitant Apc and p53 loss. Clin Cancer Res; 19(11); 2794–6. ©2013 AACR.
A Novel Monoclonal Antibody to Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 2 Inhibits Tumor Growth
Authors: Fontenot Emily , Rossi Emma , Mumper Russell , Snyder Stephanie , Siamakpour-Reihani Sharareh , Ma Ping , Hilliard Eleanor , Bone Bradley , Ketelsen David , Santos Charlene , Patterson Cam , Klauber-DeMore Nancy 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (SFRP2) is overexpressed in human angiosarcoma and breast cancer and stimulates angiogenesis via activation of the calcineurin/NFATc3 pathway. There are conflicting reports in the literature as to whether SFRP2 is an antagonist or agonist of β-catenin. The aims of these studies were to assess the effects of SFRP2 antagonism on tumor growth and Wnt-signaling and to evaluate whether SFRP2 is a viable therapeutic target. The antiangiogenic and antitumor properties of SFRP2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) were assessed using in vitro proliferation, migration, tube formation assays, and in vivo angiosarcoma and triple-negative breast cancer models. Wnt-signaling was assessed in endothelial and tumor cells treated with SFRP2 mAb using Western blotting. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution data were generated in tumor-bearing and nontumor-bearing mice. SFRP2 mAb was shown to induce antitumor and antiangiogenic effects in vitro and inhibit activation of β-catenin and nuclear factor of activated T-cells c3 (NFATc3) in endothelial and tumor cells. Treatment of SVR angiosarcoma allografts in nude mice with the SFRP2 mAb decreased tumor volume by 58% compared with control (P = 0.004). Treatment of MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma xenografts with SFRP2 mAb decreased tumor volume by 52% (P = 0.03) compared with control, whereas bevacizumab did not significantly reduce tumor volume. Pharmacokinetic studies show the antibody is long circulating in the blood and preferentially accumulates in SFRP2-positive tumors. In conclusion, antagonizing SFRP2 inhibits activation of β-catenin and NFATc3 in endothelial and tumor cells and is a novel therapeutic approach for inhibiting angiosarcoma and triple-negative breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(5); 685–95. ©2013 AACR.
miR-150 Blocks MLL-AF9–Associated Leukemia through Oncogene Repression
Authors: Bousquet Marina , Zhuang Guoqing , Meng Cong , Ying Wei , Cheruku Patali S. , Shie Andrew T. , Wang Stephanie , Ge Guangtao , Wong Piu , Wang Gang , Safe Stephen , Zhou Beiyan 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The microRNA miR-150, a critical regulator of hematopoiesis, is downregulated in mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL). In this study, miR-150 acts as a potent leukemic tumor suppressor by blocking the oncogenic properties of leukemic cells. By using MLL-AF9–transformed cells, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of miR-150 inhibits blast colony formation, cell growth, and increases apoptosis in vitro. More importantly, ectopic expression of miR-150 in MLL-AF9–transformed cells completely blocked the development of myeloid leukemia in transplanted mice. Furthermore, gene expression profiling revealed that miR-150 altered the expression levels of more than 30 “stem cell signature” genes and many others that are involved in critical cancer pathways. In addition to the known miR-150 target Myb, we also identified Cbl and Egr2 as bona fide targets and shRNA-mediated suppression of these genes recapitulated the pro-apoptotic effects observed in leukemic cells with miR-150 ectopic expression. In conclusion, we demonstrate that miR-150 is a potent leukemic tumor suppressor that regulates multiple oncogenes.
Implications: These data establish new, key players for the development of therapeutic strategies to treat MLL-AF9–related leukemia. Mol Cancer Res; 11(8); 912–22. ©2013 AACR.
“It Is No Longer I Who Live”: Christ’s Faith and Christian Faith
Authors: Allen Michael 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
I offer a dogmatic analysis of Galatians 2:20 in three parts. First, Christ lives for us. Second, by faith we really do live in Christ. Third, there is an order and sequence to these two statements, and they require a theological framework within which they can be related. To that end, I point to two ways in which the common Reformational teaching on imputation was teased out in Luther’s definition of Christian freedom and the Reformed tradition of distinguishing between the covenant of works and the covenant of grace. These are not the only possible constructions which could maintain this order and sequence, but they have great historical prominence and a greater than commonly appreciated viability.
Divine Hiddenness and Human Sin: The Noetic Effect of Sin
Authors: Azadegan Ebrahim 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between human sin and divine hiddenness, drawing on views that are widely acknowledged within the Reformed tradition. It argues, first, that according to these views there is no inculpable nonbelief, and thus, second, that a crucial premise in the atheistic argument from divine hiddenness is untenable. The overarching question here is: If there is a sensus divinitatis, is it possible to be an inculpable nonbeliever? To answer this question, the cognitive effects of sin on our sensus divinitatis as a faculty of producing basic beliefs about God will be assessed. I conclude that the premise which many find plausible—that there is inculpable nonbelief—is in fact controversial and dubious.
Scientific Theology? Herman Bavinck and Adolf Schlatter on the Place of Theology in the University
Authors: Eglinton James , Bräutigam Michael 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This article, primarily historical in focus, explores the contributions of Herman Bavinck (1854-1921) and Adolf Schlatter (1852-1938) to discussion on the place of theology within the university. Schlatter’s belief that theology is a science belonging within the academy is explored via his debate with Paul Jäger on the possibility of ‘atheistic theology’. Bavinck’s similar convictions, it is seen, were formed in response to the Higher Education Act (1876), a piece of legislation which sought to marginalise theology in a Dutch academic context. The article concludes by tentatively encouraging twenty-first century theology to see itself as a necessary subject (on the grounds of its divine object and power to bring coherence among the sciences) within the contemporary university.
Colin Gunton, Divine Love, and Univocal Predication
Authors: Wessling Jordan 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
In this paper I draw from Colin Gunton and argue that the scriptures teach, or else presuppose, that univocity is true—specifically, that the term ‘love’ can possess the same meaning when applied to God and humans. My argument for this conclusion has three stages. In the first stage I survey the three major views of theological predication relevant to my Gunton-inspired argument—univocity, equivocity, and analogy. From there I attempt to assuage the worry that one cannot adjudicate between theories of predication by appealing to the biblical texts. Finally, I contend that univocity, in contrast to analogy and equivocity, best undergirds Jesus’ command in John 15:9-12 to love others as the Father has loved him.
Pneumatological Feminist/Womanist Theologies: The Importance of Discernment
Authors: Macchia Frank D. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The pneumatological point of departure in the spiritually-gifted community of faith holds promise for a feminist/womanist theology that respects the changing diversity of voices in the body of Christ. This point of departure will reach for discernment, which will lead us to the second article of the Creed. In the process of exploring this discernment, my response addresses related issues, such as gender, the appeal to experience, and the Trinity.
Base-State Substitution: An Idealized Modeling Technique for Approximating Environmental Variability
Authors: Letkewicz Casey E. , French Adam J. , Parker Matthew D. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Base-state substitution (BSS) is a novel modeling technique for approximating environmental heterogeneity in idealized simulations. After a certain amount of model run time, base-state substitution replaces the original horizontally homogeneous background environment with a new horizontally homogeneous environment while maintaining any perturbations that have developed during the preceding simulation. This allows the user to independently modify the kinematic or thermodynamic environments, or replace the entire sounding without altering the structure of the perturbation fields. Such an approach can provide a powerful hypothesis test, for example, in a study of how an isolated convective storm would respond to a different environment within a horizontally homogeneous setting. The BSS modifications can be made gradually or instantaneously, depending on the needs of the user. In this paper both the gradual and instantaneous BSS procedures are demonstrated for simulations of deep moist convection, using first a wholly idealized setup and then a pair of observed near-storm soundings. Examination of domainwide model statistics demonstrates that model stability is maintained following the introduction of the new background environment. Following BSS, domain total mass and energy exhibit the expected instantaneous jumps upward or downward as a result of the imposed changes to the mean thermal and wind profiles, after which they remain steady during the subsequent simulation. The gridded model fields are well behaved and change gradually as the simulated storms respond meteorologically to their new environments. The paper concludes with a discussion of several unique aspects of the BSS approach.
Outcomes of Repeat Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Griffith Timothy B. , Allen Benjamin J. , Levy Bruce A. , Stuart Michael J. , Dahm Diane L. 
Published: April 2013

Background: As anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is performed increasingly in the United States, the rate of revision ACL reconstruction continues to rise. A paucity of literature exists with respect to repeat ACL revision surgery. Purpose: To evaluate the functional outcomes of patients who had undergone at least 2 revision ACL reconstructions. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: The records of all patients who had undergone repeat revision ACL reconstructions between 1998 and 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Data collected included patient demographics, operative findings, pre- and postoperative physical examination findings, radiographs, and Tegner, Lysholm, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective scores. Results: Fifteen patients had undergone repeat revision ACL reconstruction during the study period. Mean age was 27 years (range, 18-57 years). Mean follow-up was 5 years (range, 2-10 years). At the time of repeat revision surgery, new tunnels were drilled in 9 of 15 (60%) cases. Of those, 8 of 9 (89%) were drilled because femoral tunnels were deemed “too anterior.” During repeat revision, 11 of 15 (73%) patients were noted to have a meniscal tear, and 9 of 15 (67%) had International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grade 3 or 4 chondral lesions. Mean Lysholm score was 60 preoperatively and increased to 82 postoperatively ( P < .001). Mean preoperative IKDC score was 59, which increased to 80 postoperatively ( P < .001). Mean preoperative Tegner score was 6.0. Mean postoperative Tegner score was 4.5, with only 4 of 15 (27%) patients having returned to their prior activity level ( P < .001). Two patients (13%) sustained a traumatic rerupture. Presence of grade 3 or 4 chondral lesions and body mass index greater than 28 at the time of repeat revision were associated with a “fair” or “poor” outcome by Lysholm score ( P = .007 and P = .03, respectively) and IDKC subjective scoring ( P = .04 and P = .007, respectively). Conclusion: Repeat revision ACL reconstruction may improve the functional outcomes of patients who have failed revision ACL reconstruction. Most patients do not return to prior activity level following repeat revision. Presence of grade 3 or 4 chondral lesions and body mass index greater than 28 were associated with worse outcomes.
Education and Support for Fathers Improves Breastfeeding Rates
Authors: Maycock Bruce , Binns Colin W. , Dhaliwal Satvinder , Tohotoa Jenny , Hauck Yvonne , Burns Sharyn , Howat Peter 
Published: April 2013

Background: Studies have identified numerous factors affecting breastfeeding initiation and duration, including maternal education, mode of delivery, birth weight, socioeconomic status, and support of the infant’s father. Objective: The objective was to investigate the effects of an antenatal education session and postnatal support targeted to fathers. Methods: The Fathers Infant Feeding Initiative (FIFI Study) is a randomized controlled trial to increase the initiation and duration of breastfeeding that was conducted in 8 public maternity hospitals in Perth, Western Australia. A total of 699 couples were randomized within hospitals to either intervention or control groups. The intervention consisted of a 2-hour antenatal education session and postnatal support provided to fathers. Results: The any breastfeeding rate for the intervention group was significantly greater at 6 weeks: 81.6% in the intervention group compared to 75.2% in the control group, odds ratio 1.46 (95% CI, 1.01-2.13). After adjustment for age and hospital, the odds ratio for any breastfeeding in the intervention group was 1.58 (1.06-2.35) and for socioeconomic status (SES), 1.56 (1.06-2.30). The infants of older fathers were more likely to be breastfed at 6 weeks compared to infants of younger fathers ( P < .01), and infants of fathers with high SES more likely than infants of fathers with low SES ( P = .013). Conclusion: Even a small increase in breastfeeding rates brings public health benefits. In this study, a minimal intervention was found to significantly increase any breastfeeding at 6 weeks: 81.6% in the intervention group compared to 75.2% in the control group.
Associations of Hospital Staff Training and Policies with Early Breastfeeding Practices
Authors: Li Chuan-Ming , Li Ruowei , Ashley Cindy G. , Smiley Janice M. , Cohen Jennifer H. , Dee Deborah L. 
Published: April 2013

Background: In 2009, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention implemented the Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) survey in all US birth facilities to assess breastfeeding-related maternity practices. Maternity practices and hospital policies are known to influence breastfeeding, and Alabama breastfeeding rates are very low. Objective: Our objective was to assess whether staff training and structural-organizational aspects of care, such as policies, were associated with infants’ breastfeeding behaviors 24 to 48 hours postpartum. Methods: We linked 2009 mPINC data from 48 Alabama hospitals with birth certificate and newborn screening databases. We used data collected 24 to 48 hours postpartum to classify 41 536 healthy, term, singleton infants as breastfed (any breast milk) or completely formula fed and examined associations with hospitals’ mPINC scores in comparison with the state mean. We conducted multilevel analyses to assess infants’ likelihood of being breastfed if their birth hospital scores were lower versus at least equal to the Alabama mean, accounting for hospital clustering, demographics, payment method, and prenatal care. Results: The odds of breastfeeding were greater in hospitals with a higher-than-state-mean score on the following: new employees’ breastfeeding education, nurses’ receipt of breastfeeding education in the past year, prenatal breastfeeding classes offered, having a lactation coordinator, and having a written breastfeeding policy. The number of recommended elements included in hospitals’ written breastfeeding policies was positively associated with newborn breastfeeding rates. Conclusion: Educating hospital staff to improve breastfeeding-related knowledge, attitudes, and skills; implementing a written hospital breastfeeding policy; and ensuring continuity of prenatal and postnatal breastfeeding education and support may improve newborn breastfeeding rates.
Activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by LPS in a porcine model
Authors: Wirthgen Elisa , Tuchscherer Margret , Otten Winfried , Domanska Grazyna , Wollenhaupt Karin , Tuchscherer Armin , Kanitz Ellen 
Published: April 2013

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a rate-limiting enzyme for the degradation of tryptophan (Trp) along the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway, and its increased activation is associated with immunologic disorders. Because the specific role of IDO activation is not yet completely clear, the aim of the present study was to establish a pig model of IDO activation for further research. The activation of IDO in pigs was induced experimentally by LPS stimulation in vivo and ex vivo. IDO activation was characterized by measuring Trp, Trp metabolites and IDO protein expression in blood, liver, lung, muscle and different brain areas. The results show that the in vivo LPS administration induced increased plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-10, a depletion of Trp and an increase of Kyn, indicating an elevated enzymatic activity of IDO. This was supported by an LPS-induced IDO protein expression in blood, liver and lung. The ex vivo LPS stimulation also resulted in increased TNF-α concentrations and an IDO activation, characterized by an increase of Trp metabolites and IDO protein expression. In conclusion, our data emphasize that the LPS stimulation is a suitable model for IDO activation in the domestic pig, which provides a basis for further research on immunoregulatory IDO functions.
Body mass index is not associated with cytokine induction during experimental human endotoxemia
Authors: van Eijk Lucas T , van der Pluijm Rob W , Ramakers Bart PC , Dorresteijn Mirrin J , van der Hoeven Johannes G , Kox Matthijs , Pickkers Peter 
Published: April 2013

A higher body mass index (BMI) appears to be associated with lower mortality in critically ill patients, possibly explained by an altered innate immune response. However, the precise relationship between BMI and the innate immune response in humans in vivo is unknown. We investigated the relationship between BMI and the systemic cytokine response during experimental human endotoxemia. Endotoxemia was induced in 112 healthy male volunteers by intravenous administration of 2 ng/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin. Plasma concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1RA were serially determined. The relationship between BMI and the cytokine response, as well as body temperature, was investigated. The BMIs of the participants ranged from 18.3 to 33.6 kg/m2, (median: 22.7 kg/m2). All participants showed a marked increase in plasma cytokine levels [median (interquartile range)] peak levels: TNF-α 509 (353–673) pg/ml; IL-6 757 (522–1098) pg/ml; IL-10 271 (159–401) pg/ml; IL-1RA 4882 (3927–6025) pg/ml; and an increase in body temperature [1.8(1.4–2.2)℃] during endotoxemia. No significant correlations were found between BMI and levels of any of the cytokines or body temperature. No relationship between BMI and the cytokine response was found in healthy volunteers subjected to experimental endotoxemia. These data question the relationship between BMI and cytokine responses in critical illness.
Tumor cells in multiple myeloma patients inhibit myeloma-reactive T cells through carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-6
Authors: Witzens-Harig Mathias , Hose Dirk , Jünger Simone , Pfirschke Christina , Khandelwal Nisit , Umansky Ludmila , Seckinger Anja , Conrad Heinke , Brackertz Bettina , Rème Thierry , Gueckel Brigitte , Meißner Tobias , Hundemer Michael , Ho Anthony D. , Rossi Jean-Francois , Neben Kai , Bernhard Helga , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Klein Bernard , Beckhove Philipp 
Published: April 2013

Key PointsMultiple myeloma cells inhibit myeloma-specific T cells through expression of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-6.
Risk factors for MDS and acute leukemia following total therapy 2 and 3 for multiple myeloma
Authors: Usmani Saad Z. , Sawyer Jeffrey , Rosenthal Adam , Cottler-Fox Michele , Epstein Joshua , Yaccoby Shmuel , Sexton Rachael , Hoering Antje , Singh Zeba , Heuck Christoph J. , Waheed Sarah , Chauhan Nabeel , Johann Donald , Abdallah Al-Ola , Muzaffar Jameel , Petty Nathan , Bailey Clyde , Crowley John , van Rhee Frits , Barlogie Bart 
Published: April 2013

Key PointsMDS-CAs were observed in 11% of 1080 patients and often preceded clinical MDS/acute leukemia. Risk factors for MDS-type cytogenetic abnormalities included immuno-modulatory drugs, older age, male gender, and low CD34 dose (<5 million/kg) given with first transplant.
Characterization of proposed human B-1 cells reveals pre-plasmablast phenotype
Authors: Covens Kris , Verbinnen Bert , Geukens Nick , Meyts Isabelle , Schuit Frans , Van Lommel Leentje , Jacquemin Marc , Bossuyt Xavier 
Published: April 2013

Key Points
Human CD20+CD27+CD43+CD70−CD69− B cells have been described as the human counterpart of murine B-1 B cells, but this is controversial. Our data demonstrate a pre-plasmablast but not a B-1 phenotype for this population of cells.