bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Youth Initiated Mentoring: Investigating a New Approach to Working with Vulnerable Adolescents
Authors: Schwartz Sarah E. O. , Rhodes Jean E. , Spencer Renée , Grossman Jean B. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis study examines youth initiated mentoring (YIM), a new approach to mentoring in which youth nominate mentors from among the non‐parental adults within their existing social networks (e.g., teachers, family friends, extended family members). YIM is currently being implemented through the National Guard Youth ChalleNGe Program (NGYCP), an intensive residential intervention program for youth ages 16–18 who have dropped out or been expelled from high school. This study employed a mixed methods explanatory design, drawing on quantitative data from a national longitudinal evaluation of NGYCP (N = 1,173) and qualitative data from a subsample of participants (N = 30) in the evaluation. Results indicated that more enduring mentoring relationships were associated with increased retention of educational, vocational, and behavioral outcomes 3 years following entry into the study. Qualitative data suggested that, when relationships endured, mentors contributed to improvements in participants’ educational and occupational success, quality of relationships with parents, peers, and others, and self‐concept by providing social‐emotional support, instrumental support, and guidance. Results also revealed that relationships were more likely to endure when youth chose their mentors on their own (rather than receiving help from parents or program staff) and when mentors were of the same race as youth. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Characterization of CoQ10 biosynthesis in fibroblasts of patients with primary and secondary CoQ10 deficiency
Authors: Buján Nuria , Arias Angela , Montero Raquel , García‐Villoria Judit , Lissens Willy , Seneca Sara , Espinós Carmen , Navas Plácido , De Meirleir Linda , Artuch Rafael , Briones Paz , Ribes Antonia 
Published: June 2013

AbstractPrimary coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) deficiencies are associated with mutations in genes encoding enzymes important for its biosynthesis and patients are responsive to CoQ10 supplementation. Early treatment allows better prognosis of the disease and therefore, early diagnosis is desirable. The complex phenotype and genotype and the frequent secondary CoQ10 deficiencies make it difficult to achieve a definitive diagnosis by direct quantification of CoQ10. We developed a non‐radioactive methodology for the quantification of CoQ10 biosynthesis in fibroblasts that allows the identification of primary deficiencies. Fibroblasts were incubated 72 h with 28 μmol/L 2H3‐mevalonate or 1.65 mmol/L 13C6‐p‐hydroxybenzoate. The newly synthesized 2H3‐ and 13C6‐ labelled CoQ10 were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. The mean and the reference range for 13C6‐CoQ10 and 2H3‐CoQ10 biosynthesis were 0.97 (0.83–1.1) and 0.13 (0.09–0.17) nmol/Unit of citrate synthase, respectively. We validated the methodology through the study of one patient with COQ2 mutations and six patients with CoQ10 deficiency secondary to other inborn errors of metabolism. Afterwards we investigated 16 patients’ fibroblasts and nine showed decreased CoQ10 biosynthesis. Therefore, the next step is to study the COQ genes in order to reach a definitive diagnosis in these nine patients. In the patients with normal rates the deficiency is probably secondary. In conclusion, we have developed a non‐invasive non‐radioactive method suitable for the detection of defects in CoQ10 biosynthesis, which offers a good tool for the stratification of patients with these treatable mitochondrial diseases.
Cross‐sectional observational study of 208 patients with non‐classical urea cycle disorders
Authors: Rüegger Corinne M. , Lindner Martin , Ballhausen Diana , Baumgartner Matthias R. , Beblo Skadi , Das Anibh , Gautschi Matthias , Glahn Esther M. , Grünert Sarah C. , Hennermann Julia , Hochuli Michel , Huemer Martina , Karall Daniela , Kölker Stefan , Lachmann Robin H. , Lotz‐Havla Amelie , Möslinger Dorothea , Nuoffer Jean‐Marc , Plecko Barbara , Rutsch Frank , Santer René , Spiekerkoetter Ute , Staufner Christian , Stricker Tamar , Wijburg Frits A. , Williams Monique , Burgard Peter , Häberle Johannes 
Published: June 2013

AbstractUrea cycle disorders (UCDs) are inherited disorders of ammonia detoxification often regarded as mainly of relevance to pediatricians. Based on an increasing number of case studies it has become obvious that a significant number of UCD patients are affected by their disease in a non‐classical way: presenting outside the newborn period, following a mild course, presenting with unusual clinical features, or asymptomatic patients with only biochemical signs of a UCD. These patients are surviving into adolescence and adulthood, rendering this group of diseases clinically relevant to adult physicians as well as pediatricians. In preparation for an international workshop we collected data on all patients with non‐classical UCDs treated by the participants in 20 European metabolic centres. Information was collected on a cohort of 208 patients 50% of which were ≥ 16 years old. The largest subgroup (121 patients) had X‐linked ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) of whom 83 were female and 29% of these were asymptomatic. In index patients, there was a mean delay from first symptoms to diagnosis of 1.6 years. Cognitive impairment was present in 36% of all patients including female OTCD patients (in 31%) and those 41 patients identified presymptomatically following positive newborn screening (in 12%). In conclusion, UCD patients with non‐classical clinical presentations require the interest and care of adult physicians and have a high risk of neurological complications. To improve the outcome of UCDs, a greater awareness by health professionals of the importance of hyperammonemia and UCDs, and ultimately avoidance of the still long delay to correctly diagnose the patients, is crucial.
BERNOULLI'S LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS
Authors: Bolthausen Erwin , Wüthrich Mario V. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis year we celebrate the 300th anniversary of Jakob Bernoulli's path-breaking work Ars conjectandi, which appeared in 1713, eight years after his death. In Part IV of his masterpiece, Bernoulli proves the law of large numbers which is one of the fundamental theorems in probability theory, statistics and actuarial science. We review and comment on his original proof.
Recurrent flows: the clockwork behind turbulence
Authors: Cvitanović Predrag 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe understanding of chaotic dynamics in high-dimensional systems that has emerged in the last decade offers a promising dynamical framework to study turbulence. Here turbulence is viewed as a walk through a forest of exact solutions in the infinite-dimensional state space of the governing equations. Recently, Chandler & Kerswell (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 722, 2013, pp. 554–595) carry out the most exhaustive study of this programme undertaken so far in fluid dynamics, a feat that requires every tool in the dynamicist’s toolbox: numerical searches for recurrent flows, computation of their stability, their symmetry classification, and estimating from these solutions statistical averages over the turbulent flow. In the long run this research promises to develop a quantitative, predictive description of moderate-Reynolds-number turbulence, and to use this description to control flows and explain their statistics.
Effects of inertia and stratification in incompressible ideal fluids: pressure imbalances by rigid confinement
Authors: Camassa R. , Chen S. , Falqui G. , Ortenzi G. , Pedroni M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractConsequences of density stratification are studied for an ideal (Euler) incompressible fluid, confined to move under gravity between rigid lids but otherwise free to move along horizontal directions. Initial conditions that generate horizontal pressure imbalances in a laterally unbounded domain are examined. The aim is to show analytically the existence of classes of initial data for which total horizontal momentum evolves in time, even though only vertical forces act on the fluid in this set-up. A simple class of such initial conditions, leading to momentum evolution, is identified by systematic asymptotic expansions of the governing inhomogeneous Euler equations in the small-density-variation limit. These results for Euler equations are compared and confirmed with long-wave asymptotic models, which can handle arbitrary density variations and provide closed-form mathematical expressions for limiting cases. In particular, the role of wave dispersion arising from the fluid inertia is captured by the long-wave models, even for short-time dynamics emanating from initial conditions outside the models’ asymptotic range of validity. These results are compared with direct numerical simulations for variable-density Euler fluids, which further validate the numerical algorithms and the analysis.
Horizontal convection dynamics: insights from transient adjustment
Authors: Griffiths Ross W. , Hughes Graham O. , Gayen Bishakhdatta 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe dynamics of horizontal convection are revealed by examining transient adjustment toward thermal equilibrium. We restrict attention to high Rayleigh numbers (of $O(1{0}^{12} )$) and a Prandtl number ${\sim }5$ that characterize many practical applications, and consider responses to small changes in the thermal boundary conditions, using laboratory experiments, three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) and simple theoretical models. The experiments and the mechanical energy budget from the DNS demonstrate that unsteady forcing can produce flow dramatically more active than horizontal convection under steady forcing. The physical mechanisms at work are indicated by the time scales of approach to the new equilibrium, and we show that these can range over two orders of magnitude depending on the imposed change in boundary conditions. Changes that lead to a net destabilizing buoyancy flux give rapid adjustments: for applied heat flux conditions the whole of the circulation is controlled by conduction through the stable portion of the boundary layer, whereas for applied temperature difference the circulation is controlled by small-scale convection within the unstable part of the boundary layer. The experiments, DNS and models are in close agreement and show that the time scale under applied temperatures is as small as 0.01 vertical diffusion time scales, a factor of four smaller than for imposed flux. Both cases give adjustments too rapid for diffusion in the interior to play a significant role, at least through 99 % of the adjustment, and we conclude that diffusion through the full depth is not significant in setting the equilibrium state. Boundary changes leading to a net stabilizing buoyancy flux give a very different response, causing the convection to quickly form a shallow circulation cell, followed eventually by a return to full-depth overturning through a combination of penetrative convection and conduction. The time scale again varies by orders of magnitude, depending on the boundary conditions and the location of the imposed boundary perturbation.
Cross-generational feeding of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)-maize to zebrafish (Danio rerio) showed no adverse effects on the parental or offspring generations
Authors: Sanden Monica , Ornsrud Robin , Sissener Nini H. , Jorgensen Susanne , Gu Jinni , Bakke Anne Marie , Hemre Gro-Ingunn 
Published: June 2013

In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were fed casein/gelatin-based diets containing either 19 % Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)-maize or its parental non-Bt (nBt)-maize control for two generations (F0: sixty fish; F1: forty-two to seventy fish per treatment). The study focused on growth and reproductive performance, liver CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, gene transcript levels targeting important cellular pathways in the liver and mid-intestine, histomorphological evaluation of the intestine, differential leucocyte counts, offspring larva swimming activity and global DNA methylation in offspring embryos. No significant effects were observed in the parental generation. The offspring were either fed the same diets as those fed to their parents (Bt–Bt or nBt–nBt) or switched from the Bt diet to the nBt diet (Bt–nBt). The Bt–Bt offspring exhibited a significantly higher body mass increase, specific growth rate and feed utilisation than fish fed the nBt–nBt diet and/or fish fed the Bt–nBt diet. Liver and mid-intestinal gene transcript levels of CuZn SOD were significantly higher in fish fed the nBt–nBt diet than in those fed the Bt–Bt diet. Liver gene transcript levels of caspase 6 were significantly lower for the nBt–nBt group than for the Bt–Bt group. Overall, enhanced growth performance was observed in fish fed the Bt diet for two generations than in those fed the nBt diet for one and two generations. Effects observed on gene biomarkers for oxidative stress and the cell cycle (apoptosis) may be related to the contamination of nBt-maize with fumonisin B1 and aflatoxin B1. In conclusion, it is suggested that Bt-maize is as safe and nutritious as its nBt control when fed to zebrafish for two generations.
Hepatoprotective effect of germanium-containingSpirulinain rats withd-galactosamine- and lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis
Authors: Yoshinari Orie , Shiojima Yoshiaki , Igarashi Kiharu 
Published: June 2013

In the present study, the protective effects of dietarySpirulina(SP) and germanium-containingSpirulina(GeSP) were compared in rats with liver injury induced by an intraperitoneal injection ofd-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS). Wistar rats were fed one of the following diets: the basal diet (GalN/LPS-CON group;n6), the basal diet supplemented with 5 % SP or GeSP (GalN/LPS-SP and GalN/LPS-GeSP group, respectively;n7 each). After administering these diets for 7 d, each rat was intraperitoneally injected with GalN/LPS. Increases in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were suppressed in the GalN/LPS-GeSP group (GalN/LPS-CONv. GalN/LPS-GeSP: ALT 1052 (sem187)v. 509 (sem88) IU/l and AST 2183 (sem368)v. 1170 (sem196) IU/l) following the injection of GalN/LPS. Plasma levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and TNF-α in GeSP-fed rats were significantly lower when compared with those in the GalN/LPS-CON group (GalN/LPS-CONv. GalN/LPS-GeSP: IFN-γ 142·8 (sem17·5)v. 66·8 (sem9·7) pg/ml and TNF-α 72·3 (sem15·4)v. 31·2 (sem6·8) pg/ml). However, the decrease in these levels observed in the GalN/LPS-SP group was not as prominent as those observed in the GalN/LPS-GeSP group. Furthermore, the increase in liver catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, as well as the level of oxidised glutathione (GSSG), was more suppressed in GeSP-fed rats (GalN/LPS-CONv. GalN/LPS-GeSP: CAT 457 (sem47)v. 262 (sem54) U/mg liver protein; GPx 1·30 (sem0·11)v. 0·53 (sem0·09) U/mg liver protein; GSSG 2·18 (sem0·33)v. 1·31 (sem0·24) mmol/kg liver) after the injection of GalN/LPS. These changes were more pronounced in the GalN/LPS-GeSP group than in the GalN/LPS-SP group. These results suggest that GeSP could afford a significant protective effect in the alleviation of GalN/LPS-induced hepatic damage. In addition, the results indicate that GeSP is more effective than SP.
3-tuples have at most 7 prime factors infinitely often
Authors: MAYNARD JAMES 
Published: June 2013

AbstractLet L1, L2L3 be integer linear functions with no fixed prime divisor. We show there are infinitely many n for which the product L1(n)L2(n)L3(n) has at most 7 prime factors, improving a result of Porter from 1972. We do this by means of a weighted sieve based upon the Diamond-Halberstam-Richert multidimensional sieve.
Distribution and habitat use of the Austral Rail Rallus antarcticus and perspectives on its conservation
Authors: BARNETT JUAN MAZAR , IMBERTI SANTIAGO , ROESLER IGNACIO 
Published: June 2013

SummaryWe present the results of searches for the Austral Rail Rallus antarcticus in Argentine and Chilean Patagonia between January 1998 and February 2006 and from subsequent visits. We surveyed 58 localities and found the rail in 22, which collectively cover approximately 85 km2 of habitat. A maximum of 175 individuals were detected. This poorly known species was rediscovered in 1998; since then, it has been found in 18 additional localities, providing further data on distribution, habitat and seasonal movements. During the searches, we found that the species faces different threats, such as reduction of wetlands due to cattle grazing, burning and abnormal water management, but also the presence of American mink Neovison vison. However, due to the lack of prior information we conclude that the species should be maintained as Vulnerable.
Turning Theory into Practice: Fee Earner Training Using the BIALL Legal Research 5 Stage Model
Authors: Fishleigh Jackie 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn the article Jackie Fishleigh, a regular contributor to LIM, looks at the vital and seemingly never-ending task of how to provide relevant and effective training in legal research to lawyers. The author shares her experiences in putting the new BIALL Legal Research 5 Stage Model through its paces with real audiences of live humans!
The Howgill Family: A Dynasty of Musicians from Georgian Whitehaven
Authors: Fleming Simon D. I. 
Published: June 2013

It has been often observed that Georgian Britain was alive with musical activity, and that London was one of the most important musical hubs in Europe. Most of Britain's important provincial centres were well connected to the capital by road or sea, and this helped facilitate the spread of the latest musical ideas around the country. The west Cumberland town of Whitehaven is situated over three hundred miles from London by road and, at the time, was isolated from the rest mainland Britain by the surrounding fells of the Lake District. Nevertheless, by the end of the eighteenth century Whitehaven had grown into one of Britain's most important ports and had a musical life that rivalled that at any other major town in the country.Musical life in Whitehaven was dominated by the Howgill family. William Howgill senior was appointed organist of St Nicholas’ Church in 1756 and set himself up there as music teacher and concert promoter. Here he raised a family and was succeeded in his musical duties by his son, William Howgill junior. This article examines the Howgill family's musical activities in depth and explores their London connections. This research is based on the detailed study of primary sources including newspapers, but there has also been an effort to examine all of William Howgill junior's compositions. This study reveals that, despite Whitehaven's remote location, Howgill junior was well aware of the latest musical developments in the capital.
Relationship between Stress Symptoms and Drug use among Secondary Students
Authors: Frade Iracema Francisco , De Micheli Denise , Monezi Andrade André Luiz , de Souza-Formigoni Maria Lucia Oliveira 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between drug use and four kinds of stress symptoms in 954 Brazilian students from the 6thto the 11thgrades, in 4 public and 5 private schools in the city of Sao Paulo. Based on their answers to the Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI-R) and to the Stress Scale for Adolescents (SSA), we compared regular drug users with non/occasional drug users regarding the frequency of four kinds of stress symptoms (psychological, cognitive, physiological, interpersonal), and the period in which it happened. When compared to non/occasional drug users, regular drug users presented higher levels of psychological, cognitive and physiological symptoms of stress and these symtoms were in the most severe spectrum of severity (near to exhaustion and exhaustion). The association between drug use and stress was even stronger in the youngest age group (11 to 13 years old). Most of the regular drug users were 16 years old and over, from upper-middle class families, had poor family relationships and more academic problems. These results confirm the association between drug use and stress in adolescents and highlight the need for early screening and intervention in both drug use and stressful situations.
Mitochondrial calcium uniporter Mcu controls excitotoxicity and is transcriptionally repressed by neuroprotective nuclear calcium signals
Authors: Qiu Jing , Tan Yan-Wei , Hagenston Anna M. , Martel Marc-Andre , Kneisel Niclas , Skehel Paul A. , Wyllie David J. A. , Bading Hilmar , Hardingham Giles E. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe recent identification of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter gene (Mcu/Ccdc109a) has enabled us to address its role, and that of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, in neuronal excitotoxicity. Here we show that exogenously expressed Mcu is mitochondrially localized and increases mitochondrial Ca2+ levels following NMDA receptor activation, leading to increased mitochondrial membrane depolarization and excitotoxic cell death. Knockdown of endogenous Mcu expression reduces NMDA-induced increases in mitochondrial Ca2+, resulting in lower levels of mitochondrial depolarization and resistance to excitotoxicity. Mcu is subject to dynamic regulation as part of an activity-dependent adaptive mechanism that limits mitochondrial Ca2+ overload when cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels are high. Specifically, synaptic activity transcriptionally represses Mcu, via a mechanism involving the nuclear Ca2+ and CaM kinase-mediated induction of Npas4, resulting in the inhibition of NMDA receptor-induced mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and preventing excitotoxic death. This establishes Mcu and the pathways regulating its expression as important determinants of excitotoxicity, which may represent therapeutic targets for excitotoxic disorders.