bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gestion des bassins hydrographiques transfrontaliers et institutionnalisation
Authors: Medina Lucile 
Published: August 2014

The Grupo Gestor Binacional de la Cuenca del Río Goascorán (GGBCG) was created in 2007 as an original initiative managing a shared basin in the Eastern part of El Salvador-Honduras boundary. In less than twenty years, the issue of confrontation in this border area has led to a logical approach to reconciliation and cooperation through shared management of the Río Goascorán basin. This article analyzes the ways in which the actors involved understand this cooperation. The initiative that is studied is part of a regional context that is of interest for the management of transboundary river basins. Several elements relevant to the analyzed case are addressed, including the difficulty of cross-border action and shared management, the turnover of the actors involved, and the forms of institutionalization on which the management of transboundary watersheds can be based. Spanish
Este artículo se interesa en la conformación del Grupo de Gestión Binacional de la Cuenca del Río Goascorán (GGBCG) en el año 2007, como una iniciativa original de gestión de una cuenca compartida en la parte oriental de la frontera Honduras-El Salvador. El artículo muestra cómo en menos de veinte años, la problemática de enfrentamiento en este sector fronterizo dio lugar a una lógica de acercamiento y de cooperación por medio de la gestión compartida de la cuenca del Río Goascorán. También se analizan las formas en que los actores involucrados conciben la cooperación alrededor de la cuenca. El presente artículo resalta varios elementos de reflexión a través del caso analizado: la dificultad de la acción transfronteriza y de la gestión compartida; la renovación de los actores involucrados; así como las formas de institucionalización sobre las cuales puede basarse la gestión de cuencas transfronterizas que invitan a interrogarse sobre la conformación del GGBCG. French
Cet article s'intéresse à la constitution depuis 2007 d'un Grupo Gestor Binacional de la Cuenca del Río Goascorán (GGBCG) comme initiative originale de gestion d'un bassin partagé sur la partie orientale de la frontière Honduras-El Salvador. L'article montre comment, en moins de vingt ans, la problématique d'affrontement sur ce secteur frontalier longtemps en litige a laissé la place à une logique de rapprochement et de coopération par le biais de la gestion partagée du bassin du Río Goascorán. Il analyse également les formes sous lesquelles les acteurs impliqués conçoivent la coopération autour du bassin. L'initiative étudiée s'inscrit dans un contexte régional d'intérêt pour la gestion des bassins hydrographiques transfrontaliers. Cet article met en lumière plusieurs éléments de réflexion à travers le cas analysé : la difficulté de l'action transfrontalière et de la gestion partagée ; le renouvellement des acteurs mobilisés ; les formes d'institutionnalisation sur lesquelles peut reposer la gestion de bassins transfrontaliers, que la création du GGBCG invite à interroger.
El agua entre Turquía, Siria e Iraq
Authors: Conde Gilberto 
Published: August 2014

This article revisits conflicts and the evolution of relationships between Turkey, Syria and Iraq, integrating the role of the Kurds in conflict over water resources, and addresses the causal role water played in the establishment of hydro-hegemonies amongst these riparian countries. The argument developed in this article is that water by itself, even though it is an ingredient of conflict and war, is not the only objective of water rivalries (or processes of cooperation) between co-riparian countries. More often, hydro-hegemonic relations form around this vital resource. Water is not the only cause of hydro-conflicts and even though it is part of basin conflicts, it contributes to a complex system of power relations between States and other actors involved in affairs that affect it. Spanish
Tomando como referencia el conflicto entre Turquía, Siria e Iraq e integrando el papel de los kurdos en los conflictos por el agua, el objetivo principal de este artículo es determinar ¿qué indica la evolución de las relaciones entre Turquía, Siria e Iraq y los kurdos en cuanto al papel del agua como causal de conflicto en el establecimiento de hidrohegemonías entre países ribereños? Principalmente se encuentra que el agua per se, pese a ser ingrediente de conflictos y guerras, no es siempre el único objetivo de la rivalidad entre estados corribereños en torno del agua (como no lo es tampoco en los procesos de cooperación). Lo que sí ocurre con mayor frecuencia es el establecimiento de relaciones hegemónicas en torno del líquido vital. Es decir, el agua no es la única causa de los conflictos hídricos y, aunque es parte de los conflictos en las cuencas, entra a formar parte de un sistema complejo de relaciones de poder entre los Estados y otros actores involucrados en los asuntos que las afectan. French
Cet article fait le point sur le conflit entre la Turquie, la Syrie et l'Irak, en intégrant le rôle des Kurdes dans les conflits pour l'eau, et tente de répondre à la question : qu'indique l'évolution des relations entre la Turquie, la Syrie et l'Irak relativement au rôle de l'eau comme causalité de conflit dans l'établissement d'hydrohégémonies entre pays riverains ? L'argument développé est que l'eau en soi, même si elle est ingrédient de conflits et de guerres, n'est pas toujours l'unique objet de la rivalité entre États riverains en matière d'eau (comme elle ne l'est pas non plus dans les processus de coopération). Ce qui se produit plus fréquemment est l'établissement de relations hégémoniques autour du liquide vital. L'eau n'est pas l'unique cause des conflits hydriques et, même si elle fait partie des conflits dans les bassins, elle participe d'un système complexe de relations de pouvoir entre les États et d'autres acteurs impliqués dans les sujets qui les affectent.
Novel hydrogel application in minimally invasive surgical approaches to spontaneous intracranial hypotension
Authors: Chai Casey M. , Banu Matei A. , Cobb William , Mehta Neel , Heier Linda , Boockvar John A. 
Published: August 2014

The authors report 2 cases of orthostatic headaches associated with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) secondary to CSF leaks that were successfully treated with an alternative dural repair technique in which a tubular retractor system and a hydrogel dural sealant were used. The 2 patients, a 63-year-old man and a 45-year-old woman, presented with orthostatic headache associated with SIH secondary to suspected lumbar and lower cervical CSF leaks, respectively, as indicated by bony defects or epidural fluid collection. Epidural blood patch repair failed in both cases, but both were successfully treated with the minimally invasive application of a hydrogel dural sealant as a novel adjunct to traditional dural repair techniques. Both patients tolerated the procedure well. Moreover, SIH symptoms and MRI signs were completely resolved at 1-month follow-up in both patients.
The minimally invasive dural repair procedure with hydrogel dural sealant described here offers a viable alternative in patients in whom epidural blood patches have failed, with obscure recalcitrant CSF leaks at the cervical as well as lumbar spinal level. The authors demonstrate that the adjuvant use of sealant is a safe and efficient repair method regardless of dural defect location.
Globale Prozesse verlangen nach regionalen Lösungen (Essay)
Authors: Steffen Konrad , Rigling Andreas 
Published: August 2014

Global processes ask for regional solutions (essay)
In this essay we discuss the impact of important global processes on the Swiss forests, such as 1) climate change, 2) the nuclear reactor disaster of Fukushima with the consequence of a pull-out from nuclear energy, 3) the globalization of the international commodity trading and the resulting increase of introduced pests, 4) the deforestation of the tropical rainforests and 5) the increasing demand on further forest services in addition to wood production. Even if the Swiss forests are increasingly impacted and steered by global processes one should be aware that solutions and management concepts need to be effective on a local scale. Hence, an important task of the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL is to engage in international networks, to observe international trends in the state of the environment and research, to bring in the Swiss particularities and to contribute to the development of regional problem solving.
Tetra Detector Analysis of Membrane Proteins
Authors: Miercke Larry J.W. , Robbins Rebecca A. , Stroud Robert M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWell‐characterized membrane protein detergent complexes (PDC) that are pure, homogenous, and stable, with minimized excess detergent micelles, are essential for functional assays and crystallization studies. Procedural steps to measure the mass, size, shape, homogeneity, and molecular composition of PDCs and their host detergent micelles using size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) with a Viscotek Tetra Detector Array (TDA; absorbance, refractive index, light scattering, and viscosity detectors) are presented in this unit. The value of starting with a quality PDC sample, the precision and accuracy of the results, and the use of a digital benchtop refractometer are emphasized. An alternate and simplified purification and characterization approach using SEC with dual absorbance and refractive index detectors to optimize detergent and lipid concentration while measuring the PDC homogeneity is also described. Applications relative to purification and characterization goals are illustrated as well. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 77:29.10.1‐29.10.30. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Understanding the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton biomass and the deep chlorophyll maximum in oligotrophic environments: A Bio‐Argo float investigation
Authors: Mignot Alexandre , Claustre Hervé , Uitz Julia , Poteau Antoine , D'Ortenzio Fabrizio , Xing Xiaogang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe deployed four Bio‐Argo profiling floats in various oligotrophic locations of the Pacific subtropical gyres and Mediterranean Sea to address the seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in the euphotic layer and explore its dependence on light regime dynamics. Results show that there is a similar phytoplankton biomass seasonal pattern in the four observed oceanic regions. In the lower part of the euphotic layer, the seasonal displacement of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) is light driven. During winter, the chlorophyll a concentration ([Chl a]) always increases in the upper euphotic mixed layer. This increase always results from a photoacclimation to the reduced irradiance. Depending on the location, however, the concentration can also be associated with an actual increase in biomass. The winter increase in [Chl a] results in an increase in irradiance attenuation that impacts the position of the isolume (level where the daily integrated photon flux is constant) and DCM, which becomes shallower. In summer when the [Chl a] in the upper layer decreases along with light attenuation, the DCM deepens and becomes closer to (and sometimes reaches) the nitracline, which enhances the phytoplankton biomass at the DCM. The bio‐optical mechanisms and their relationship to light regimes that are revealed by the time series appear to be generic and potentially characteristic of all of the areas where a DCM forms, which is 50% of the open ocean.
Permeability tensor of three‐dimensional fractured porous rock and a comparison to trace map predictions
Authors: Lang P. S. , Paluszny A. , Zimmerman R. W. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe reduction from three‐ to two‐dimensional analysis of the permeability of a fractured rock mass introduces errors in both the magnitude and direction of principal permeabilities. This error is numerically quantified for porous rock by comparing the equivalent permeability of three‐dimensional fracture networks with the values computed on arbitrarily extracted planar trace maps. A method to compute the full permeability tensor of three‐dimensional discrete fracture and matrix models is described. The method is based on the element‐wise averaging of pressure and flux, obtained from a finite element solution to the Laplace problem, and is validated against analytical expressions for periodic anisotropic porous media. For isotropic networks of power law size‐distributed fractures with length‐correlated aperture, two‐dimensional cut planes are shown to underestimate the magnitude of permeability by up to 3 orders of magnitude near the percolation threshold, approaching an average factor of deviation of 3 with increasing fracture density. At low‐fracture densities, percolation may occur in three dimensions but not in any of the two‐dimensional cut planes. Anisotropy of the equivalent permeability tensor varies accordingly and is more pronounced in two‐dimensional extractions. These results confirm that two‐dimensional analysis cannot be directly used as an approximation of three‐dimensional equivalent permeability. However, an alternative expression of the excluded area relates trace map fracture density to an equivalent three‐dimensional fracture density, yielding comparable minimum and maximum permeability. This formulation can be used to approximate three‐dimensional flow properties in cases where only two‐dimensional analysis is available.
Effect of gradients in biomass burning aerosol on shallow cumulus convective circulations
Authors: Lee Seoung Soo , Feingold Graham , McComiskey Allison , Yamaguchi Takanobu , Koren Ilan , Vanderlei Martins J. , Yu Hongbin 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis study examines the effect of spatial gradients in biomass burning (BB) aerosol on mesoscale circulations and clouds in the Amazon through high‐resolution numerical modeling over areas of 30 km to 60 km. Inhomogeneous horizontal distribution of BB aerosol results in differential surface heat fluxes and radiative heating of the air, which generates circulation patterns that strongly influence cloud formation. The influence on air circulation and cumulus cloud formation depends on the BB aerosol loading, its vertical location, and the width of the plume. Plumes that reside at higher altitudes (~1.5 km altitude) produce monotonic responses to aerosol loading whereas the response to plumes close to the surface changes nonmonotonically with plume width and aerosol loading. Sensitivity tests highlight the importance of interactive calculations of surface latent and heat fluxes with a coupled land surface model. In the case of the plume residing at higher altitude, failure to use interactive fluxes results in a reversal of the circulation whereas for the plume residing nearer the surface, the interactive surface model weakens the circulation. The influence of the BB aerosol on heating patterns, circulations, surface fluxes, and resultant cloud amount prevails over the BB aerosol‐cloud microphysical influences.
Rotation and offset of the Gondwana convergent margin in the New Zealand region following Cretaceous jamming of Hikurangi Plateau large igneous province subduction
Authors: Davy Bryan 
Published: August 2014

AbstractJamming of the Hikurangi Plateau (large igneous province) subduction, within the Chatham Rise convergent margin of Gondwana at circa 105 Ma, led to offset and rotation of the convergent margin before subduction ceased in the New Zealand region at circa 100 Ma. The southern limit of the plateau, following leading slab break off, is highlighted by a lineament of prominent horst blocks in the southern Bounty Trough. Subduction jamming of the Gondwana margin, and accompanying compression of the onshore margin and/or extension of the offshore margin, has led to two 60 km left‐lateral SSE offsets of the Chatham Rise convergent margin at the coast and in inland Canterbury. Recognition of the onshore Chatham Rise using the gravity data also highlights the correlation of the inland Chatham Rise and central South Island seismicity. In a similar manner to the rotation of Cretaceous spreading‐ridge and transform‐fault fabric adjacent to the Osbourn Trough spreading ridge, the convergence direction at the Gondwana margin was rotated anticlockwise to N‐S between 105 and 100 Ma. Most of this rotation has been accommodated by offshore extension and margin offset. The divergence between the anticlockwise rotation of offshore crustal structure and the jammed onshore margin led to the development of the Great South Basin at 105–100 Ma. Further offshore in the Bounty Trough, extensional zones, formed between crustal blocks rotated to adjust to a changed Cretaceous direction of subduction, are evident in gravity and seismic profiles.
Deriving Functional Hepatocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Szkolnicka Dagmara , Farnworth Sarah L. , Lucendo‐Villarin Baltasar , Hay David C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDespite major progress in the management of human liver disease, the only cure for a critically failing organ is liver transplantation. While a highly successful approach, the use of cadaveric organs as a routine treatment option is severely limited by organ availability. Therefore, the use of cell‐based therapies has been explored to provide support for the failing liver. In addition to developing new treatments, there is also an imperative to develop better human models ‘in a dish’. Such approaches will undoubtedly lead to a better understanding of the disease process, offering new treatment or preventative strategies. With both approaches in mind, we have developed robust hepatocyte differentiation methodologies for use with pluripotent stem cells. Importantly, our procedure is highly efficient (∼90%) and delivers active, drug‐inducible, and predictive human hepatocyte populations. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 30:1G.5.1‐1G.5.12. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation of Cell Envelopes and Naturally Released Membrane Vesicles of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Zielke Ryszard A. , Sikora Aleksandra E. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) is a strict human pathogen and the agent of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea. Gonococcal infections have been successfully treated with antibiotics; however, GC has repeatedly developed resistance to each new antibiotic used. Currently, third‐generation cephalosporins are recommended, and resistance to these antimicrobials is emerging worldwide. Additionally, no vaccine is available to prevent GC infections. With the dire possibility of untreatable gonorrhea, there is a critical need to identify new therapeutic targets. Cell envelope and membrane vesicle proteins are key factors in pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and general bacterial fitness. Here we describe methods for isolation and purification of GC cell envelopes and spontaneously released membrane vesicles. The isolated proteome fractions can be used in multiple downstream applications, including gel‐based and gel‐free quantitative proteomics, studies focused on subcellular localization of proteins, transmission electron microscopy, or strain characterization. Presented methods may be easily adapted to other bacterial species. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 34:4A.3.1‐4A.3.17. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Functional Surface Layers on Stainless Steels Generated by Means of EB Cladding and Nitrocarburizing
Authors: Dalke Anke , Jung Anne , Spies Heinz‐Joachim , Zenker Rolf , Lerche Joachim 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe combined treatment of electron beam (EB) cladding and subsequent nitrocarburizing of duplex stainless steels aims at enhancing the wear behavior and simultaneously maintaining their outstanding corrosion resistance. By means of electron beam cladding using a Co‐based wire surface coatings are generated that exhibit enhanced surface hardnesses up to 500 HK0.01 as well as improved corrosion properties. The nitrocarburizing of these coatings results in surface layers with hardness values above 1100 HK0.01 and a thickness of about 10 μm. For treatment temperatures of up to 420 °C these layers consist of, among other phases, expanded austenite and are free of chromium precipitations. The wear coefficient is significantly reduced and the corrosion resistance is maintained. The functional effectiveness of such surface matrix compounds is based on the combination of high surface hardness and good corrosion resistance, which are maintained, even if layer defects occur within the nitrocarburized layer, due to the improved corrosion behavior of the EB coating underneath.
1,2,4‐ and 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Synthesis by Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Assembly of Aryl Bromides with Amidoximes or Hydrazides
Authors: Andersen Thomas L. , Caneschi Wiliam , Ayoub Ali , Lindhardt Anders T. , Couri Mara R. C. , Skrydstrup Troels 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAryl bromides were successfully transformed into their corresponding N,N′‐diacylhydrazines via a Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative coupling with acylhydrazines. These reactions employed near‐stoichiometric amounts of carbon monoxide generated ex situ from a non‐gaseous precursor. A range of di(hetero)aryl diacylhydrazines was isolated in good to excellent yields. Furthermore, dehydration conditions were identified that could be used in a compatible one‐pot synthesis of 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles. The applicability of this method towards 13C‐isotope labeling was also demonstrated, with the production of symmetrical and non‐symmetrical doubly isotopically labeled 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles. Finally, experimental conditions were identified for the carbonylative coupling of aryl bromides with amidoximes and CO producing 1,2,4‐oxadiazoles after spontaneous dehydration.magnified image
Purification of coagulation factor VIII by immobilized metal affinity chromatography
Authors: Rodrigues Estela S. , Verinaud Claudia I. , Oliveira Douglas S. , Raw Isaías , Lopes Alexandre P. Y. , Martins Elizabeth A. L. , Cheng Elisabeth 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFactor VIII (FVIII) is a glycoprotein that plays an essential role in blood coagulation cascade. Purification of plasma‐derived coagulation FVIII by direct application of plasma to a chromatographic column is a method of choice. Anion exchange column is a very powerful method because FVIII is strongly adsorbed, resulting in good activity recovery and high purification factor. However, vitamin‐K‐dependent coagulation factors coelute with FVIII. In the present study, we report the separation of vitamin‐K‐dependent coagulation proteins from FVIII using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) with Cu2+ as the metal ligand. Plasma was directly loaded to a Q Sepharose Big Beads column, and FVIII was recovered with 65% activity and a purification factor of approximately 50 times. Then, the Q Sepharose eluate was applied to the IMAC–Cu2+ column, and FVIII was eluted with 200 mM imidazole, with up to 85% recovery of activity. The mass recovery in this fraction was less than 10% of the applied mass of protein. Vitamin‐K‐dependent proteins elute with imidazole concentrations of lower than 60 mM. Because of the difference in affinity, FVIII could be completely separated from the vitamin‐K‐dependent proteins in the IMAC column.