bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OIL SLICK SPREADING BENEATH A UNIFORM ICE COVER IN THE PRESENCE OF A CURRENT
Authors: Weiskopf F. B. , Uzuner M. S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Previous studies of oil spreading rates conducted in still water or on solid ice cover predicted several different spreading phases which involved gravity, inertia, viscous and surface tension forces. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of a steady current of water on the movement of an oil slick beneath a smooth uniform ice cover. The analysis of these tests, which were conducted on both a crude oil and No. 2 fuel oil, indicated that an additional spreading phase occurs in the presence of a current. This additional spreading phase was controlled by a balance between the drag of the water on the oil slick and the retarding force of the ice sheet on the oil slick. Based on the data obtained in the test program, equations were developed for predicting the spreading of these oils beneath a uniform ice cover in the presence of a current. The results of this investigation are applicable to natural underwater oil seepage, oil well leakage, underwater pipeline leakage, and vessel rupture in oceans or rivers having ice cover.
PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES IN RECOVERY OF OIL POLLUTION REMOVAL COSTS1
Authors: Norris William H. , Johnston Hugh N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The paper examines Sections 311(f), and (i) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) and discusses the statutory scheme for the recovery of clean-up costs by both the government and private persons. Legislative intent then is compared with actual practice and experience as reflected in statistics developed from the Coast Guard's Pollution Incident Reporting System (PIRS) data and the records used in administering the revolving fund. Actual case histories are used as a means of discussing the legal problems involved in administering sections 311(f) and (i). Government practice and case law are examined wherever appropriate, including recovery under 311(f) when government liability is at issue; recovery when both an owner/operator and a third-party are involved; recovery by the government from CRISTAL and TOVALOP; and practice in the Court of Claims under section 311(i). The paper concludes with a brief comment concerning the comprehensive oil spill liability bill (H.R. 14862), introduced in the 94th Congress, which would provide for an unlimited, readily accessible cleanup fund by imposing a per-barrel fee on oil as it is received at the refinery or transport terminal.
FRENCH OIL SPILL POLICY: THE RECOVERY PHASE
Authors: Guerin Philippe , Pichon Jacques 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Mechanical recovery and chemical dispersion are the two basic techniques available to countries concerned with the oil spill problem. France has placed its emphasis on recovery, and uses dispersion for occasional polishing only. The containment, recovery and storage equipment is based at strategic points along the coast to permit effective intervention at short notice. Details are provided concerning this recovery equipment, which includes floating booms, skimmers (dynamic and static), and towable, floating, flexible storage containers.
SOCK—AN OIL SKIMMING KIT FOR VESSELS OF CONVENIENCE
Authors: Ayers R. R. , Barnett A. V. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An oil spill sweep skimmer kit is under development for emergency use in the Gulf of Alaska. The Spilled Oil Containment Kit (SOCK) is containerized oil containment and removal equipment to be deployed on either side of a vessel of convenience, making the vessel an emergency sweep skimmer. Frame-supported nylon/nitrile rubber socks are tied alongside the vessel to provide a sweep width of 50 ft plus the vessel beam. Pumps and storage are also included. The sock is unlike containment booms used previously in that both wave damper and oil recovery means are integral parts of the design. Based on model tests, the skimmer performance is expected to approach that of state-of-the-art skimmers. The major advantage of this kit will be a low capital outlay since no vessel must be built. Outfitting 10 vessels of convenience will perhaps equal the capital outlay for one special purpose skimming vessel, so that SOCK should provide a cost-effective means of supplementing dedicated skimmers used in an offshore spill.
DISPERSANT FIELD TRIALS IN CANADIAN WATERS
Authors: Gill Shawn D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the summer of ‘75 and the winter of ‘76, the Canadian Coast Guard Marine Emergency Organization conducted field trials on a number of commercial oil dispersants using the Warren Springs type of testing apparatus. These field trials, part of an ongoing programme, were undertaken to gain a better appreciation of the effectiveness of dispersants in both warm and cold water. The results of tests conducted on the five products reported hereunder indicate that the new concentrates represent a considerable improvement over the more conventional oil dispersants with the implication of improved application logistics. Data obtained from the work done in colder weather suggests that oil dispersant performance deteriorates somewhat under colder conditions.
UTILIZATION OF DISPERSANTS IN OFFSHORE AREAS
Authors: Fitzgerald Daniel E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The use of dispersants to control marine oil spills is common practice in many areas throughout the world. In the United States, the use of dispersants has been discouraged up to this time by federal regulations. A Task Force was appointed by the American Petroleum Institute to make recommendations on the utilization of dispersants based on studies of current information on dispersants and mechanical recovery equipment. The use of dispersants should be encouraged where it is justified. The Task Force believes that the use of dispersants can at times be the most effective and biologically sound method of controlling offshore oil spills. For this reason, we would like to see the National Contingency Plan revised so that the responsible On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) has more authority over the use of dispersants. The OSC should be able to decide to use dispersants to control offshore oil spills that threaten to move into sensitive environmental or commercial areas. If the plan is revised, then oil spill cleanup organizations would be encouraged to have stocks of low toxicity dispersant, and suitable spraying systems.
FAST SURFACE DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR POLLUTION RESPONSE EQUIPMENT1
Authors: Larrabee Richard M. , Ward Russell 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Coast Guard has undertaken the development of a Fast Service Delivery System in order to provide an efficient means to deliver pollution response equipment to the scene of a high seas oil spill. A planing hull sled, towable by surface vessel or helicopter, was designed by the U.S. Naval Coastal Systems Laboratory as the transportation vehicle. The all-aluminum sled has a 15-foot beam and is 45 feet long and weighs 10,000 pounds. The system can deliver a 20,000-pound payload and can be unloaded at sea manually. Test results have shown that the equipment-loaded sled can be safely and efficiently towed by an HH3F helicopter at speeds up to 50 knots and by a Coast Guard 82-foot WPB at speeds up to 17 knots in sea state 3 or less.
The empty sled, at rest in the water, lies with the aft end submerged. Sled-mounted hand winches are used to inhaul and secure the floating payload. After the sled is underway, the water drains, the stern comes up, and the sled hydroplanes. At the deployment site, quick-release hooks on the lines securing the equipment to the sled are tripped and the stern submerges, leaving the payload floating free.
A COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNIQUE FOR OIL SPILLS OFF THE NEW JERSEY-DELAWARE COASTLINE1
Authors: Lissauer I. M. , Bacon J. C. , Miller M. C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Predictions of the trajectories of oil slicks and their impact locations along the shoreline of New Jersey and Delaware were determined for two potential deepwater ports and two potential drilling sites. A hydrodynamical-numerical model for the New York Bight area was coupled with a wind generating model to produce temporal patterns of concentration of oil. The wind model employs pressure distributions and storm movement to produce hourly patterns of the wind field produced by any storm for a predetermined grid area. Shoreline impact determinations were made for the four spill sites for the average winter storm conditions and average summer high pressure systems generated by the models. Winter storms moving through the study area do not pose a high risk to the shoreline should a spill occur. The maximum transport from the four sites toward the shore was 18 miles. This left the slick well offshore so that the ensuing wind shift from the frontal passage would rapidly transport the oil seaward. During a stagnant summer high pressure system, spills occurring within fifty miles of the shoreline have a high probability of impacting the shoreline if the spill should occur at the beginning of the period in which the system affects the area.
“SLIKTRAK”—A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF OFFSHORE OIL SPILLS, CLEANUP, EFFECTS AND ASSOCIATED COSTS
Authors: Blaikley D. R. , Dietzel G. F. L. , Glass A. W. , van Kleef P. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The reasons are introduced for the development of a simulator sufficiently simple to enable weather data normally acquired for E & P operations to be used. “SLIKTRAK,” developed by Shell, applies a slick description and combat concept, developed within the E & P Forum for well blowouts in the North Sea, but applicable to other areas. This concept includes costs for cleanup, damages and the effect of phenomena such as evaporation and natural dispersion. These factors are based on industry experience and vary primarily with sea conditions.
The computer programme simulates the continued creation of an oil spill and applies weather data to predict movements of each day's spillage for successive days at sea and quantities of oil left after each day until the oil either disappears or reaches a coastline.
Cumulative probability curves for the oil volumes cleaned up, oil arriving at specified shores, total costs, etc., are produced by random selection of input variables such as well location, weather data, the possibility of well bridging etc., and repetition of simulated spill incidents over a large number of cycles. Trace-plots of individual spills may also be generated.
In association with the E & P Forum's position as technical advisers to the North West European Civil Liability Convention for Oil Pollution Damage from Offshore Operations, a study based on the North Sea areas has been made. These results and further developments of the program are discussed.
FATE OF CRUDE OIL SPILLED IN A SIMULATED ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT
Authors: MacGregor C. , McLean A. Y. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A simulated Arctic crude oil spill was investigated by monitoring physical and chemical changes in a laboratory spill of Guanipa (Venezuelan) crude. The spill consisted of one gallon of crude on 100 gallons of synthetic seawater contained in a fiberglass tank fitted with a wave generator and a controlled radiation system, all located in an environmental chamber held at 2°C. Changes in oil composition were monitored using a gas liquid Chromatograph. Evaporation removed the largest quantity of material from the spill, the rate varying directly with the exposure time to solar radiation. Solution or sinking removed only minimal quantities of oil although the influence of these factors increased with time. The most notable physical change was the rapid formation of stable emulsions. These emulsions formed discrete lumps commonly referred to as “tarballs.” The formation of tarballs occurred within a few days after the spill and they remained stable over the four-month duration of the experiment. Their formation drastically reduced weathering effects by removing the bulk of the oil from contact with the air/seawater interface.
It was concluded that a crude oil spill in the Arctic could contribute significantly to tarball pollution of northern oceans. Tarball formation is not limited, therefore, to warm waters and occurs independently of weathering processes. It would appear that tarball formation depends more on the chemical composition of the oil and the rate of formation depends upon the available wave mixing energy. The ultimate fate of oil spilled in Arctic regions could be in the form of persistent tarballs.
SUBSURFACE PERSISTENCE OF CRUDE OIL SPILLED ON LAND AND ITS TRANSPORT IN GROUNDWATER
Authors: Duffy J. J. , Mohtadi M. F. , Peake E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The persistence of water-soluble hydrocarbons from crude oil spills on land was investigated as a source of groundwater contamination by means of theoretical models, percolation experiments, and the analysis of core samples from spill sites. Examination of a one-dimensional flow model of convection, dispersion, biodegradation, and adsorption of an oil-water solution beneath a water table revealed that under certain conditions adsorption has no effect on the maximum oil concentration reached at any given distance from a spill. Chemical analysis of water percolated through an oil spill zone in a sand trough and also through soil cores taken at spill sites revealed that it may take the equivalent of much more than 100 times the average annual rainfall of Calgary to diminish the water-soluble components in the leachate to a level acceptable in drinking water. Measurements of the amount of alkanes and isoprenoids as functions of depth in field cores at spill sites of various ages and locations indicated that biodegradation rates are much lower in the anaerobic zone than above. Theoretical predictions indicate that contaminated groundwater may extend in the direction of flow from less than one meter to several thousand meters from a spill depending primarily on biodegradation rates and pore velocities. It is concluded that oil in the subsoil resulting from spills on land has the potential to pose very long-term threats to groundwater quality and, by the mechanism of resurfacing, to vegetation.
A REVIEW OF SOME COMMONLY USED PARAMETERS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF OIL POLLUTION
Authors: and Michael Gruenfeld , Frank Uwe 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A state-of-the-art review is provided describing specific parameters of petroleum oils that are used by various investigators to demonstrate the presence of oil pollution in water, sediments, and biological tissues. Several representative publications are discussed with regard to the techniques used for distinguishing between petroleum hydrocarbons and organics that are of recent biological origin. The techniques include chromatographic procedures using alumina and silica gel for separating hydrocarbons from other organics, followed by instrumental methods such as gas chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, et al. The various oil parameters that are used to demonstrate the presence of petroleum oils are discussed, and the most effective ones are recommended. In addition, a recent study is also described in which several of the parameters were used to demonstrate the presence of oil pollution in sediments from a mangrove swamp in Puerto Rico.
RESPONSES OF THE CLAM MACOMA BALTHICA TO PRUDHOE BAY CRUDE OIL
Authors: Shaw D. G. , Paul A. J. , Smith E. R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The responses of the bivalve mollusk Macoma balthica to crude oil have been studied under laboratory conditions designed to simulate the stranding of oil on intertidal sediments in which this animal resides. The relationship of dry tissue weight to shell length, an indirect indicator of general health and fitness, was not significantly altered by exposure to oil at a level which did result in significant mortalities. This suggests that death is caused by a metabolically specific mode of poisoning rather than by a general weakening of the animal. In a second experiment, animals were subjected to two temporarily separated oiling events. Neither in mortalities nor in gas chromatographic analysis of tissues for hydrocarbons were cumulative effects observed. It was also found that a previously-reported tendency of M. balthica to burrow to the sediment surface in the presence of oil increases with decreasing depth of available sediment. We suggest that this behavior may be used as a convenient indicator of oil pollution.
EFFECTS OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY OIL SPILL ON SALT MARSHES OF THE LOWER BAY
Authors: Hershner Carl , Moore Kenneth 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A study to determine the effects of the Chesapeake Bay oil spill of February 1976, and of the subsequent cleanup operations was conducted on the eastern shore of the Bay. The primary objective was to assess the biological impact on the marshes at the population level. Populations of intertidal mussels, Modiolus demissus, and oysters, Crassostrea virginica, showed no significant short-term effects. The population of the snail, Littorina irrorata, was significantly reduced, but appears to be recovering well. The dominant marsh grass Spartina alterniflora showed increased net productivity as measured by standing crop, increased density, decreased mean height, and increased flowering success. Hypotheses to explain these observations are discussed. The impact of the spill on the marshes is thought to have been minimized by virtue of the relatively low toxicity of the oil, the time of year the spill occurred, and the comparatively high energy environment of the shoreline. (VIMS contribution number 718)
SPCC PLANNING: GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Authors: Clark David A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Oil Spill Prevention Program of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) plans for facilities with oil storage capacity above certain minimum amounts. The object of this paper is to discuss the additional beneficial effects of a good SPCC plan beyond the obvious reduction in spill hazard. A good spill prevention plan includes many fundamental good management practices. Cleaner, more attractive facilities, accurate inventories, and safer working conditions, are some of the improvements that may go along as part of a good spill prevention program. Specific examples are drawn from experiences in SPCC planning for a variety of facilities such as home heating oil distributors, truck stop operations, and large manufacturing facilities. Facilities required to have an SPCC plan have more to gain than mere compliance with federal regulations when they put their plan into effect. With a good spill prevention plan, the facility will operate more effectively and more profitably.
THE SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF NATURAL CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PETROLEUM ON MARINE INVERTEBRATES
Authors: Straughan Dale 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Comparative field studies were conducted in an area of natural chronic exposure to petroleum (Coal Oil Point) and at control sites between 1972 and 1974. Studies of the larger (mesh 2 mm) benthic infaunal invertebrates in shallow water (20-35 m) revealed organisms living in sediments with total CCl4 extractables higher than 10,000 mg/l at Coal Oil Point. These sediments contained petroleum hydrocarbons. The total CCl4 extractables in sediments from control sites which did not contain petroleum hydrocarbons were generally less than 100 mg/l.
Petroleum hydrocarbons were recorded in tissues of abalone, mussels, and stalked barnacles from Coal Oil Point, although it is notable that all detected petroleum hydrocarbons were in the viscera and not in the foot of abalone. Data obtained in these studies did not reveal a significant change in reproduction, growth, or distribution that could be related to presence of petroleum in the tissues. However, there was a decrease in reproduction in stalked barnacles due to a “black body” effect of surrounding tar. There was no evidence of malformations in organisms living in the area of natural chronic exposure to petroleum. Petroleum hydrocarbons levels were higher in sediment and mussel tissues from Coal Oil Point than from the area around two producing oil rigs in the Santa Barbara Channel.
EXTRACTABLE ORGANICS AND NONVOLATILE HYDROCARBONS IN NEW YORK HARBOR WATERS
Authors: Searl Thomas D. , Huffman Hugh L. , Thomas James P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In conjunction with the Marine Ecosystem Analysis program in the New York Bight, selected stations in New York Harbor were sampled during November 1974, and March and June 1975, for carbon tetrachloride-extractable organics and nonvolatile hydrocarbons. The extractable organics ranged from 64 to 840 µg/l with a mean value for the Harbor of 158 μg/l. The standard deviation, 2?, of the test method, based on duplicate samples, was 26 μg/l. The nonvolatile hydrocarbons ranged from 14 to 270 μg/l with a mean of 39 μg/l. The standard deviation, 2?, was 5 μg/l. The highest concentration of organics and hydrocarbons was found in Newtown Creek; the lowest at the entrance to Ambrose Channel. The average concentrations are about a factor of ten above those reported for the open ocean. The concentrations obtained on the three sampling dates did not differ widely.
To help establish distribution patterns, ammonia, salinity, turbidity, and other measurements were made. In Arthur Kill, ammonia was constant at 50 μg-atoms N/l while the ratio of hydrocarbons to organics dropped from 0.29 at Newark Bay to 0.12 at Raritan Bay. This suggests that oxidation and/or adsorption of hydrocarbons onto particulates with subsequent settling took place.
MICROORGANISMS AND HYDROCARBONS IN THE NORTH SEA DURING JULY-AUGUST 1975
Authors: Oppenheimer C. H. , Gunkel Wilfried , Gassmann G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The 1975-1976 North Sea Oil Ecology Investigation is designed to determine the dynamics of oil pollution in the North Sea and to serve as a baseline study at the start of the rather extensive oil exploitation of the seabed of the North Sea. In designing the experiment, particular attention has been paid to the 1974-1975 research effort of the Gulf Universities Research Consortium directed towards determining the effect, if any, of offshore oil exploitation in Louisiana on the area's ecology. As a result, both projects address the distribution of hydrocarbons and their possible concentration in the water, sediment, and living organisms, and the determination of the rates of degradation and effect of hydrocarbons on the food web. Preliminary analyses and study of cruise data taken in the North Sea during July-August 1975 indicates that there appears to be a tendency for higher numbers of microorganisms to be associated with the most active oil field, “Ekofisk;” there is also some indication of microbial response to outflow from the Elbe River. The uniform low levels of hydrocarbons in the sediment suggest that microorganisms are active as shown by ratios of higher hydrocarbon bacteria to heterotrophs in the “Ekofisk” area.