bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of geological events on the endemism of East Asian birds studied through comparative phylogeography
Authors: Qu Yanhua , Song Gang , Gao Bin , Quan Qing , Ericson Per G. P. , Lei Fumin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimEast Asia is known for its exceptionally high biological diversity and endemism. Various geological and climatic events during the Pliocene and Pleistocene have been invoked to explain this high endemism, and these processes have had different impacts on different organisms. Herein, we investigate the relative role of these historical processes in the genetic evidence for endemism of intraspecific lineages of two East Asian species: the grey‐cheeked fulvetta (Alcippe morrisonia) and the red‐headed tree babbler (Stachyridopsis ruficeps).LocationEast Asia.MethodsWe studied the genetic structure based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and evaluated the phylogeographical lineages using coalescent species tree approaches. The influences of different historical processes on diversification among phylogeographical lineages were analysed using coalescent models. We tested correlations between ecological divergence and phylogeographical splits.ResultsThe genetic structure analysis and species tree estimation revealed three deeply divergent lineages within both species. One lineage is endemic to the mountains of Southwest China and the other to Taiwan. Coalescent simulations suggested that lineage diversification mostly occurred during the late Pliocene. Within this time frame, uplift of the mountains of Southwest China and formation of the island of Taiwan are geological events consistent with the geographical isolation and ecological niche divergence of these phylogeographical lineages.Main conclusionsOur results suggest that the main driver of avian endemism in East Asia was the formation of new montane and island habitats following the uplift of the mountains of Southwest China and formation of the island of Taiwan in the Pliocene. However, the populations in the two regions were affected differently by the climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene. The mountains of Southwest China were climatically stable during glaciations, allowing populations to persist throughout the Pleistocene and maintain their genetic uniqueness. In contrast, glaciations resulted in lowered sea levels, allowing dispersal between the island of Taiwan and mainland China, thus obscuring the genetic endemism of the Taiwanese populations.
Overseas dispersal of Hyperolius reed frogs from Central Africa to the oceanic islands of São Tomé and Príncipe
Authors: Bell Rayna C. , Drewes Robert C. , Channing Alan , Gvoždík Václav , Kielgast Jos , Lötters Stefan , Stuart Bryan L. , Zamudio Kelly R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimTo infer the colonization history of reed frog species endemic to the oceanic islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, Hyperolius molleri and H. thomensis, we quantified phylogeographical structure in the closely related H. cinnamomeoventris species complex, which is broadly distributed across continental Central Africa.LocationThe Lower Guineo‐Congolian Forest and the Gulf of Guinea islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, Central Africa.MethodsWe combined gene and species tree analyses to investigate diversity and divergence among H. cinnamomeoventris populations, to identify the most likely dispersal route to the islands, and to infer the order in which the islands were colonized. One of the endemics (H. molleri) is distributed on both islands and we quantified genetic divergence between populations.ResultsWe recovered three clades in H. cinnamomeoventris corresponding to West‐Central, North/East‐Central and South‐Central Africa. The island endemics form a monophyletic group most closely related to the West‐Central African H. cinnamomeoventris clade. Populations of H. molleri on São Tomé and Príncipe are reciprocally monophyletic at mitochondrial loci but nuclear gene trees do not support this divergence.Main conclusionsGenetic structure in the H. cinnamomeoventris species complex coincides with biogeographical barriers identified in previous studies of Central African rain forest taxa. Individual gene tree and species tree analyses support a single dispersal event from the Ogooué or Congo river basins (West‐Central Africa) to the island of São Tomé, with subsequent divergence within São Tomé and dispersal to Príncipe.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Triple‐Combination Therapy With Olmesartan, Amlodipine, and Hydrochlorothiazide: A Subgroup Analysis of Patients Stratified by Hypertension Severity, Age, Sex, and Obesity
Authors: Kreutz Reinhold , Ammentorp Bettina , Laeis Petra , de la Sierra Alejandro 
Published: September 2014

This prespecified subgroup analysis of a phase III study examined the effect of adding hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) to olmesartan (OLM)/amlodipine (AML) in patients with moderate to severe hypertension stratified by age, sex, body mass index, and hypertension severity. A total of 2690 patients, aged 18 years and older, with seated blood pressure (SeBP) ≥160/100 mm Hg received placebo or OLM/AML 20/5 mg, 40/5 mg, or 40/10 mg during a 2‐week, double‐blind, run‐in period, after which they were allocated to one of eight treatment groups with the same OLM/AML dose or with HCTZ 12.5 mg or 25 mg added for 8 weeks. By week 10, greater reductions in SeBP were observed in each OLM/AML/HCTZ group (P<.05, respectively) compared with the corresponding dual dose. Adding HCTZ increased blood pressure–lowering efficacy in all subgroups, with a higher proportion of blood pressure goal achievement vs dual therapy. OLM/AML/HCTZ reduced SeBP to a greater extent than OLM/AML in patients with moderate to severe hypertensive; this was unaffected by baseline hypertension severity, age, sex, and obesity.
A randomized trial on the aesthetic outcomes of implant‐supported restorations with zirconia or titanium abutments
Authors: Carrillo de Albornoz Ana , Vignoletti Fabio , Ferrantino Luca , Cárdenas Eduardo , De Sanctis Massimo , Sanz Mariano 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate the aesthetic outcomes of zirconia versus titanium abutments for single tooth implant‐supported crowns in the anterior maxilla.Material & MethodsA parallel, double blind clinical trial was conducted at the Complutense University (Madrid), where 38 patients were recruited. After random allocation (via computer‐generated permuted blocks), either zirconia (test) or titanium (control) abutments were placed. Intra‐ and inter‐group differences in aesthetic (main outcome), clinical, radiographical, and patient‐centred outcomes were evaluated at baseline (crown placement) and at 1‐year follow‐up.ResultsAt 1 year, 25 of the 30 randomized patients were analysed (11 test and 14 control). Using the Implant Crown Aesthetic Index (ICAI), the scoring at baseline and 1‐year were 7.9 and 7.6 for the test group and 10.6 and 11.3 for the control group, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant (sample size non‐contrasted). Patient satisfaction was similarly high in both groups (visual analogue scale 8.5). Furthermore, no differences were observed in the clinical or radiographical outcomes. Two abutment fractures were registered in the test group.ConclusionsThe use of zirconia abutments demonstrated a tendency towards better aesthetic outcomes although the differences were not statistically significant. However, more technical complications were noted with the use of zirconia abutments.
Why wait? Three mechanisms selecting for environment‐dependent developmental delays
Authors: Scott M. F. , Otto S. P. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMany species delay development unless particular environments or rare disturbance events occur. How can such a strategy be favoured over continued development? Typically, it is assumed that continued development (e.g. germination) is not advantageous in environments that have low juvenile/seedling survival (mechanism 1), either due to abiotic or competitive effects. However, it has not previously been shown how low early survival must be in order to favour environment‐specific developmental delays for long‐lived species. Using seed dormancy as an example of developmental delays, we identify a threshold level of seedling survival in ‘bad’ environments below which selection can favour germination that is limited to ‘good’ environments. This can be used to evaluate whether observed differences in seedling survival are sufficient to favour conditional germination. We also present mathematical models that demonstrate two other, often overlooked, mechanisms that can favour conditional germination in the absence of differences in seedling survival. Specifically, physiological trade‐offs can make it difficult to have germination rates that are equally high in all environments (mechanism 2). We show that such trade‐offs can either favour conditional germination or intermediate (mixed) strategies, depending on the trade‐off shape. Finally, germination in every year increases the likelihood that some individuals are killed in population‐scale disturbances before reproducing; it can thus be favourable to only germinate immediately after a disturbance (mechanism 3). We demonstrate how demographic data can be used to evaluate these selection pressures. By presenting these three mechanisms and the conditions that favour conditional germination in each case, we provide three hypotheses that can be tested as explanations for the evolution of environment‐dependent developmental delays.
Selective pressures onMHCclassIIgenes in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) as inferred by hierarchical analysis of population structure
Authors: Herdegen M. , Babik W. , Radwan J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGenes of the major histocompatibility complex, which are the most polymorphic of all vertebrate genes, are a pre‐eminent system for the study of selective pressures that arise from host–pathogen interactions. Balancing selection capable of maintaining high polymorphism should lead to the homogenization ofMHCallele frequencies among populations, but there is some evidence to suggest that diversifying selection also operates on theMHC. However, the pattern of population structure observed atMHCloci is likely to depend on the spatial and/or temporal scale examined. Here, we investigated selection acting onMHCgenes at different geographic scales using Venezuelan guppy populations inhabiting four regions. We found a significant correlation betweenMHCand microsatellite allelic richness across populations, which suggests the role of genetic drift in shapingMHCdiversity. However, compared to microsatellites, moreMHCvariation was explained by differences between populations within larger geographic regions and less by the differences between the regions. Furthermore, among proximate populations, variation inMHCallele frequencies was significantly higher compared to microsatellites, indicating that selection acting onMHCmay increase population structure at small spatial scales. However, in populations that have significantly diverged at neutral markers, the population‐genetic signature of diversifying selection may be eradicated in the long term by that of balancing selection, which acts to preserve rare alleles and thus maintain a common pool ofMHCalleles.
Early diversification trend andAsian origin for extent bat lineages
Authors: Yu W. , Wu Y. , Yang G. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBats are a unique mammalian group, which belong to one of the largest and most diverse mammalian radiations, but their early diversification is still poorly understood, and conflicting hypotheses have emerged regarding their biogeographic history. Understanding their diversification is crucial for untangling the enigmatic evolutionary history of bats. In this study, we elucidated the rate of diversification and the biogeographic history of extant bat lineages using genus‐level chronograms. The results suggest that a rapid adaptive radiation persisted from the emergence of crown bats until the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, whereas there was a major deceleration in diversification around 35–49 Ma. There was a positive association between changes in the palaeotemperature and the net diversification rate until 35 Ma, which suggests that the palaeotemperature may have played an important role in the regulation of ecological opportunities. By contrast, there were unexpectedly higher diversification rates around 25–35 Ma during a period characterized by intense and long‐lasting global cooling, which implies that intrinsic innovations or adaptations may have released some lineages from the intense selective pressures associated with these severe conditions. Our reconstruction of the ancestral distribution suggests an Asian origin for bats, thereby indicating that the current panglobal but disjunct distribution pattern of extant bats may be related to events involving seriate cross‐continental dispersal and local extinction, as well as the influence of geological events and the expansion and contraction of megathermal rainforests during theTertiary.
Ecological and evolutionary drivers of range size inCoenagriondamselflies
Authors: Swaegers J. , Janssens S. B. , Ferreira S. , Watts P. C. , Mergeay J. , McPeek M. A. , Stoks R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGeographic range size is a key ecological and evolutionary characteristic of a species, yet the causal basis of variation in range size among species remains largely unresolved. One major reason for this is that several ecological and evolutionary traits may jointly shape species' differences in range size. We here present an integrated study of the contribution of ecological (dispersal capacity, body size and latitudinal position) and macroevolutionary (species' age) traits in shaping variation in species' range size inCoenagriondamselflies. We reconstructed the phylogenetic tree of this genus to account for evolutionary history when assessing the contribution of the ecological traits and to evaluate the role of the macroevolutionary trait (species' age). The genus invaded the Nearctic twice independently from the Palearctic, yet this was not associated with the evolution of larger range sizes or dispersal capacity. Body size and species' age did not explain variation in range size. There is higher flight ability (as measured by wing aspect ratio) at higher latitudes. Species with a larger wing aspect ratio had a larger range size, also after correcting for phylogeny, suggesting a role for dispersal capacity in shaping the species' ranges. More northern species had a larger species' range, consistent with Rapoport's rule, possibly related to niche width. Our results underscore the importance of integrating macroecology and macroevolution when explaining range size variation among species.
Socioeconomic and Lifestyle Factors Related to Instrumental Activity of Daily Living Dynamics: Results from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: d'Orsi Eleonora , Xavier Andre Junqueira , Steptoe Andrew , de Oliveira Cesar , Ramos Luiz Roberto , Orrell Martin , Demakakos Panayotes , Marmot Michael Gideon 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesTo investigate socioeconomic, demographic, and lifestyle factors that predict incident instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) impairment and recovery.DesignData from English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), a biennial prospective observational study.SettingIndividuals aged 50 and older living in England.ParticipantsA sample of 8,154 individuals without any difficulty in activities of daily living (ADLs) or IADLs was selected from the initial 11,391 participants.MeasurementsThe first outcome was impairment in at least one IADL, and the second was IADL recovery. Main predictor: baseline socioeconomic position measured according to wealth. Outcomes and predictors were measured at each of the five follow‐up interviews. Unadjusted and adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated through 2‐year lagged Poisson regression in generalized estimating equation models, adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, quality‐of‐life, and health variables.ResultsBetween any two consecutive waves, 1,656 (20.3%) participants developed some IADL impairment. Those with higher socioeconomic position, better quality of life, vigorous physical activity, paid work, digital literacy (use of Internet or e‐mail), and cultural leisure activities had significantly lower risk of IADL impairment. There was a significant association between smoking, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, poor memory, diabetes mellitus, and depressive symptoms and IADL impairment. Better quality of life, good self‐rated memory and vigorous physical activity were independent predictors of IADL recovery.ConclusionBetter quality of life, vigorous physical activity, not smoking, paid work, cultural leisure activities, and digital literacy are modifiable factors that can decrease the incidence of IADL impairment. Good quality of life and vigorous physical activity have a significant role in recovery. Low socioeconomic position was a predictor of incident impairment of IADLs but not recovery.
Effect of the Overlap Syndrome of Depressive Symptoms and Delirium on Outcomes in Elderly Adults with Hip Fracture: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Radinovic Kristina S. , Markovic‐Denic Ljiljana , Dubljanin‐Raspopovic Emilija , Marinkovic Jelena , Jovanovic Lepa B. , Bumbasirevic Vesna 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesTo analyze the incidence of the overlap syndrome of depressive symptoms and delirium, risk factors, and independent and dose‐response effect of the overlap syndrome on outcomes in elderly adults with hip fracture.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingUniversity hospital.ParticipantsIndividuals with hip fracture without delirium (N = 277; aged 78.0 ± 8.2) consequently enrolled in a prospective cohort study.MeasurementsDepressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale and cognitive status using the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire upon hospital admission. Incident delirium was assessed daily during the hospital stay using the Confusion Assessment Method. Information on complications acquired in the hospital, severity of complications, re‐interventions, length of hospital stay, and 1‐month mortality was recorded.ResultsThirty (10.8%) participants had depressive symptoms alone, 88 (31.8%) delirium alone, 60 (21.7%) overlap syndrome, and 99 (35.7%) neither condition. According to multivariate regression analysis, participants with the overlap syndrome had significantly higher incidence of vision impairment (P = .02), longer time‐to‐surgery (P = .03), and lower cognitive function (P < .001) than participants with no depressive symptoms and no delirium. In the adjusted regression analysis, participants with neither condition were at lower risk of complications than those with the overlap syndrome (P = .03). After adjustment, participants with the overlap syndrome were at higher risk of longer hospital stay independently (P = .003) and in a dose‐response manner in the following order: no depression and no delirium, depressive symptoms alone, delirium alone, and the overlap syndrome (P = .002).ConclusionDepressive symptoms and delirium increase the likelihood of adverse outcomes after hip fracture in a step‐wise manner when they coexist. To reduce the risk of adverse outcome in individuals with hip fracture, efforts to identify, prevent, and treat this condition need to be increased.
Subclinical Vascular Disease Burden and Longer Survival
Authors: Odden Michelle C. , Yee Laura M. , Arnold Alice M. , Sanders Jason L. , Hirsch Calvin , deFilippi Christopher , Kizer Jorge R. , Inzitari Marco , Newman Anne B. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesTo determine the contribution of gradations of subclinical vascular disease (SVD) to the likelihood of longer survival and to determine what allows some individuals with SVD to live longer.DesignCohort study.SettingCardiovascular Health Study.ParticipantsIndividuals born between June 30, 1918, and June 30, 1921 (N = 2,082; aged 70–75 at baseline (1992–93)).MeasurementsA SVD index was scored as 0 for no abnormalities, 1 for mild abnormalities, and 2 for severe abnormalities on ankle–arm index, electrocardiogram, and common carotid intima‐media thickness measured at baseline. Survival groups were categorized as 80 and younger, 81 to 84, 85 to 89, and 90 and older.ResultsA 1‐point lower SVD score was associated with 1.22 greater odds (95% confidence interval = 1.14–1.31) of longer survival, independent of potential confounders. This association was unchanged after adjustment for intermediate incident cardiovascular events. There was suggestion of an interaction between kidney function, smoking, and C‐reactive protein and SVD; the association between SVD and longer survival appeared to be modestly greater in persons with poor kidney function, inflammation, or a history of smoking.ConclusionA lower burden of SVD is associated with longer survival, independent of intermediate cardiovascular events. Abstinence from smoking, better kidney function, and lower inflammation may attenuate the effects of higher SVD and promote longer survival.
Follow‐up study of the general and mental health of people living in temporary housing at 10 and 20 months after the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Nagata Satoko , Matsunaga Atsushi , Teramoto Chie 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAimAn earthquake of magnitude 9.0 and accompanying tsunami struck the Tohoku region in northeast Japan on 11 March 2011. The purpose of this study was to observe evacuees' health status such as general health, psychological distress, and feeling of isolation over time.MethodsThe authors distributed a questionnaire survey to residents of temporary housing in January to March (time 1) and again in October to December of 2012 (time 2).ResultsTwo hundred respondents who filled out the questionnaire at both times were the subjects of this study. The self‐reported general health in 39% and mental health status in 43.5% of the participants were poor at time 2. In addition, a higher percentage of participants felt a sense of isolation at time 2 even though more of the participants participated in community activities at that time.ConclusionThis result shows the evacuees' prolonged psychological distress and strengthening sense of isolation. It will be necessary to monitor them carefully and provide support continuously over the long term.