bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unfavorable Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Replacements can be Reduced Using an Integrated Closed Intravenous Catheter System
Authors: Tamura Naoaki , Abe Shizuko , Hagimoto Kazue , Kondo Akemi , Matsuo Ayako , Ozawa Yuko , Takahashi Mayumi , Yokokawa Shinobu , Kuri Junko , Tateno Hiroko , Tomaru Takeshi 
Published: May 2014

Purpose To evaluate the clinical usefulness of an integrated closed intravenous catheter system (CICS) with a preattached stabilization platform and extension tube (BD Nexiva™; Becton, Dickinson and Company) in Japanese patients. Methods In this open, single-center study, patients who required peripheral intravenous (PIV) catheterization for ≥72 hours were quasi-randomized to receive a CICS or a conventional intravenous catheter. Study outcomes included adverse events during catheter insertion, catheter replacements during the initial 72 hours, catheter survival rate at 72 hours after insertion and costs of initial catheterization and catheter replacement. Results Of 359 patients enrolled, 194 received the CICS and 165 received the conventional catheter. The incidence rates of ≥1 failed insertion attempts, blood leakage and blood exposure were similar in both groups. The survival rate of the CICS group (83.7%) was significantly higher than that of the conventional catheter group (62.6%) in the intention-to-treat analysis (p=0.0085). There were significantly fewer catheter replacements due to catheter-related complications (e.g., catheter failure or extravasation) in the CICS group (p=0.0056). Although the initial cost per patient was greater for the CICS group (US$17.07 vs. US$13.26), the total cost per patient over 72 hours was similar (US$21.00 vs. US$20.30) because of the cost of unplanned replacements of conventional catheters. Conclusions Although rates of adverse events at insertion were similar for both catheters, significantly fewer patients required unplanned reinsertion with the CICS. The results suggest that the longer survival rate for the CICS can offset the higher initial catheterization costs.
Narcyza Żmichowska’s Novel from Life Czy to powieść? (Is This a Novel?) (1876)
Authors: Phillips Ursula 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The article discusses Narcyza Żmichowska’s final novel. Like most of her other fiction, it is incomplete, although the extant part consists of over 250 published pages. Żmichowska left a general outline of how she envisaged the text would develop, as well as another document and letters that all shed light on her original conception of the project as a collaborative effort with her former pupil Wanda Grabowska. The novel was conceived as the “writing of a woman’s life” and raises crucial issues surrounding distinctions between the genres of autobiography, biography, and fiction. It also highlights Żmichowska’s concerns about authorship and authenticity, as well as more specifically about the problems affecting female authorship in the nineteenth century. The part of the text she managed to complete portrays the protagonist’s childhood in the 1820s and also the stories of several female members of her maternal family stretching back to the beginning of the eighteenth century, which provide an interesting critique of the social, psychological, and emotional lives of Polish women in the pre-partition and early nineteenthcentury noble manor.
In Search of the New Man Changing Masculinities in Late Nineteenth-Century Polish Novels
Authors: Ingbrant Renata 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis article is a part of an ongoing study, the purpose of which is to map masculinities under transformation in late nineteenth-century Polish prose, and particularly in the works of Henryk Sienkiewicz, Bolesław Prus, Stefan Żeromski, and Wacław Berent. Drawing on developments taking place in society at that time, the article explores the new types of literary heroes that appear in Polish literature toward the end of the nineteenth century: the decadent antihero, the aristocrat Leon Płoszowski as well as “newcomers” to the capitalist society, the “New Men,” Stanisław Wokulski, Tomasz Judym, and Kazimierz Zaliwski. The article argues that, even though the new models of masculinity that the protagonists represent pose a certain challenge to the prevailing romantic models, the characters remain entrapped in literary conventions that inscribe specific gender roles on literary heroes.
D region electron profiles observed with substantial spatial and temporal change near thunderstorms
Authors: Lay Erin H. , Shao Xuan‐Min , Jacobson Abram R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBroadband lightning signals are used to probe the D region ionosphere with a temporal resolution of 5 min and a spatial resolution of ~50 × 50 km. Together with a full wave propagation model, this technique allows determination of the reference height, h′, and steepness parameter, β, of an exponential electron density profile sensitive to the range of 106–108 electrons/m3. Daytime and nighttime background electron profiles away from thunderstorms are presented, as well as profiles from three regions nearby and atop thunderstorms. The average daytime profile parameters are found to be h′ = 67.7 km with a standard deviation of 0.9 km and β = 0.7 km−1 with a standard deviation of 0.1 km−1. Average nighttime parameters are h′ = 80.9 km with a standard deviation of 1.3 km and β = 2.8 km−1 with a standard deviation of 0.2 km−1. Nighttime electron profiles nearby and atop thunderstorms show slightly higher values of h′ (82.5–84.2 km) and significantly lower values of β (0.9–1.5 km−1). These findings indicate that there is significant electron depletion above ~80 km near and atop thunderstorms during the nighttime. Detailed analysis also shows substantial profile variations in space and time related to lightning discharges due to localized electron enhancement at high altitudes and reduction at lower altitudes. Nevertheless, the general depletion at higher altitudes appears to be related to the overall electrical behavior of the thunderstorm but not directly to lightning activity.
A new look at methane and nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions from oil and natural gas operations in the Colorado Denver‐Julesburg Basin
Authors: Pétron Gabrielle , Karion Anna , Sweeney Colm , Miller Benjamin R. , Montzka Stephen A. , Frost Gregory J. , Trainer Michael , Tans Pieter , Andrews Arlyn , Kofler Jonathan , Helmig Detlev , Guenther Douglas , Dlugokencky Ed , Lang Patricia , Newberger Tim , Wolter Sonja , Hall Bradley , Novelli Paul , Brewer Alan , Conley Stephen , Hardesty Mike , Banta Robert , White Allen , Noone David , Wolfe Dan , Schnell Russ 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEmissions of methane (CH4) from oil and natural gas (O&G) operations in the most densely drilled area of the Denver‐Julesburg Basin in Weld County located in northeastern Colorado are estimated for 2 days in May 2012 using aircraft‐based CH4 observations and planetary boundary layer height and ground‐based wind profile measurements. Total top‐down CH4 emission estimates are 25.8 ± 8.4 and 26.2 ± 10.7 t CH4/h for the 29 and 31 May flights, respectively. Using inventory data, we estimate the total emissions of CH4 from non‐O&G gas‐related sources at 7.1 ± 1.7 and 6.3 ± 1.0 t CH4/h for these 2 days. The difference in emissions is attributed to O&G sources in the study region, and their total emission is on average 19.3 ± 6.9 t/h, close to 3 times higher than an hourly emission estimate based on Environmental Protection Agency's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program data for 2012. We derive top‐down emissions estimates for propane, n‐butane, i‐pentane, n‐pentane, and benzene from our total top‐down CH4 emission estimate and the relative hydrocarbon abundances in aircraft‐based discrete air samples. Emissions for these five nonmethane hydrocarbons alone total 25.4 ± 8.2 t/h. Assuming that these emissions are solely originating from O&G‐related activities in the study region, our results show that the state inventory for total volatile organic compounds emitted by O&G activities is at least a factor of 2 too low for May 2012. Our top‐down emission estimate of benzene emissions from O&G operations is 173 ± 64 kg/h, or 7 times larger than in the state inventory.
Convectively generated gravity waves simulated by NAM‐SCA
Authors: Yano Jun‐Ichi , Lane Todd P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractConvectively generated gravity waves are an unresolved process in global models. However, parameterization of their effects is difficult because the parameterized wave spectrum must be linked to the convective source, which is itself parameterized. Here we use the NAM‐SCA model (nonhydrostatic anelastic model with segmentally constant approximation), which is midway between a cloud‐resolving model and convection parameterization. Unlike conventional convection parameterizations, NAM‐SCA is built directly upon a nonhydrostatic anelastic model, and thus it describes dynamical processes consistently but in a “compressed” manner (i.e., with truncation via a spatiotemporal adaptive mesh) that facilitates its potential use as a parameterization. As a result, under the dynamical framework of NAM‐SCA, convection generates a spectrum of gravity waves in a physically consistent manner without any additional assumptions or simplifications. The present study examines the capacity of NAM‐SCA for generating gravity waves from convection under varying degree of “compression” and assesses its viability as a physically consistent convective gravity wave source parameterization. By taking the TWP‐ICE (Tropical Warm Pool‐International Cloud Experiment) period for the case study, NAM‐SCA successfully represents the convectively generated gravity waves even down to the compression rate of 0.1. Analysis in the wave number frequency space shows that the compression behaves as a weak low‐pass filter in wave number, but higher‐frequency components generated by dynamic adaptation partially compensate the filtering effect making the net Reynolds stress relatively insensitive to compression.
Influence of low‐cloud radiative effects on tropical circulation and precipitation
Authors: Fermepin Solange , Bony Sandrine 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLow‐level clouds, which constitute the most prevalent cloud type over tropical oceans, exert a radiative cooling within the planetary boundary layer. By using an atmospheric general circulation model, we investigate the role that this cloud radiative cooling plays in the present‐day climate. Low‐cloud radiative effects are found to increase the tropics‐wide precipitation, to strengthen the winds at the surface of the tropical oceans, and to amplify the atmospheric overturning circulation. An analysis of the water and energy budgets of the atmosphere reveals that most of these effects arises from the strong coupling of cloud‐radiative cooling with turbulent fluxes at the ocean surface. The impact of cloud‐radiative effects on atmospheric dynamics and precipitation is shown to occur on very short time scales (a few days). Therefore, short‐term atmospheric forecasts constitute a valuable framework for evaluating the interactions between cloud processes and atmospheric dynamics, and for assessing their dependence on model physics.
Combined147,146Sm‐143,142Nd constraints on the longevity and residence time of early terrestrial crust
Authors: Roth Antoine S. G. , Bourdon Bernard , Mojzsis Stephen J. , Rudge John F. , Guitreau Martin , Blichert‐Toft Janne 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPrimordial silicate differentiation controlled the composition of Earth's oldest crust. Inherited142Nd anomalies in Archean rocks are vestiges of the mantle‐crust differentiation before ca. 4300 Ma. Here we report new whole‐rock147,146Sm‐143,142Nd data for the Acasta Gneiss Complex (AGC; Northwest Territories, Canada). Our147Sm‐143Nd data combined with literature data define an age of 3371 ± 141 Ma (2 SD) and yield an initial ε143Nd of −5.6 ± 2.1. These results are at odds with the Acasta zircon U‐Pb record, which comprises emplacement ages of 3920–3960 Ma. Ten of our thirteen samples show142Nd deficits of −9.6 ± 4.8 ppm (2 SD) relative to the modern Earth. The discrepancy between142Nd anomalies and a mid‐Archean147Sm‐143Nd age can be reconciled with Nd isotope reequilibration of the AGC during metamorphic perturbations at ca. 3400 Ma. A model age of ca. 4310 Ma is derived for the early enrichment of the Acasta source. Two compositional end‐members can be identified: a felsic component with142Nd/144Nd identical to the modern Earth and a mafic component with142Nd/144Nd as low as −14.1 ppm. The ca. 4310 Ma AGC source is ∼200 Myr younger than those estimated for Nuvvuagittuq (northern Québec) and Isua (Itsaq Gneiss Complex, West Greenland). The AGC does not have the same decoupled Nd‐Hf isotope systematics as these other two terranes, which have been attributed to the crystallization of an early magma ocean. The Acasta signature rather is ascribed to the formation of Hadean crust that was preserved for several hundred Myr. Its longevity can be linked to142Nd evolution in the mantle and does not require slow mantle stirring times nor modification of its convective mode.
A laboratory acoustic emission experiment under in situ conditions
Authors: Goodfellow S. D. , Young R. P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we revisit acoustic emission (AE) data from an in situ rock fracture experiment conducted at the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) in Manitoba, Canada. The Mine‐By experiment, a large‐scale excavation response test, was undertaken at a depth of 420 m and involved the mechanical excavation of a cylindrical tunnel. During the experiment a small array of 16 Panametrics V103 AE sensors enclosed a 0.7 m × 0.7 m × 1.1 m rectangular prism of Lac du Bonnet granite located in the tunnel wall. The V103 sensors were later calibrated in the laboratory, and a source parameter analysis was undertaken using a spectral fitting method. Corner frequency and moment magnitude were found to be inside the ranges 250 kHz <fc< 490 kHz and −7.5 <Mw<−6.8, respectively. Static stress drops ranged from 0.3 to 4 MPa, which is consistent with large seismicity recorded at the URL.
The impact of forcing efficacy on the equilibrium climate sensitivity
Authors: Kummer J. R. , Dessler A. E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEstimates of the Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) from twentieth century observations predict a lower ECS than estimates from climate models, paleoclimate data, and interannual variability. Here we show that estimates of ECS from the twentieth century observations are sensitive to the assumed efficacy of aerosol and ozone forcing (efficacy for a forcer is the amount of warming per unit global average forcing divided by the warming per unit forcing from CO2). Previous estimates of ECS based on the twentieth century observations have assumed that the efficacy is unity, which in our study yields an ECS of 2.3 K (5%–95% confidence range of 1.6–4.1 K), near the bottom of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's likely range of 1.5–4.5 K. Increasing the aerosol and ozone efficacy to 1.33 increases the ECS to 3.0 K (1.9–6.8 K), a value in excellent agreement with other estimates. Forcing efficacy therefore provides a way to bridge the gap between the different estimates of ECS.
Enhanced particle scavenging in deep water of the Aleutian Basin revealed by 210Po‐210Pb disequilibria
Authors: Hu Wangjiang , Chen Min , Yang Weifeng , Zhang Run , Qiu Yusheng , Zheng Minfang 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe high sedimentation rate but low primary production in surface ocean raised a question whether particles from local upper water column could support high deposition in the Aleutian Basin. Here we first present large 210Po‐210Pb disequilibria in deep water of the Aleutian Basin. Dissolved 210Po and 210Pb were depleted relative to 210Pb and 226Ra, respectively, in deep water below 1000 m, as well as decreased with depth, suggesting enhanced particle scavenging in the deep water. The 210Po residence times (1–2 a) in deep water were comparable to those in the upper water column, indicating that 210Po scavenging rates were high in deep water of the Aleutian Basin. The export fluxes of 210Po from the upper 100 m were estimated to be 0.2–0.8 Bq/m2/d, much lower than those in the deep water (7–8 Bq/m2/d). Similarly, POC export fluxes in deep water (24–80 mmolC/m2/d) were higher than those in the upper 100 m (∼1 mmolC/m2/d). Such a large discrepancy between the upper and deep water suggested that particles from local upper water column could not totally meet the enhanced scavenging in the deep water. Based on mass balance calculations, the extra fluxes of 210Pb and POC imported to deep water were estimated to be 8–12 Bq/m2/d and 22–79 mmolC/m2/d, respectively. The ratio of POC to particulate 210Pb (i.e., POC/PPb) in the extra source was estimated to be 6.5 mmol/Bq, which was lower than that in the Bering Shelf with a mean POC/PPb ratio of 10.9 mmol/Bq, implying that particles in the Bering Shelf could be a potential source for the enhanced particle scavenging in deep water of the Aleutian Basin. However, quantitative and detailed role of ridges and manganese from sediments in particle scavenging in the deep water was unclear, and further studies are necessary.
Metal‐Free Catalytic Hydrogenation of Imines with Recyclable [2.2]Paracyclophane‐Derived Frustrated Lewis Pairs Catalysts
Authors: Wang Guan , Chen Cheng , Du Tieqi , Zhong Weihui 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA series of [2.2]paracyclophane‐derived frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) with reversible, metal‐free hydrogen activation was synthesized and successfully applied in the hydrogenation of imines in moderate to good yields. The high stability of the novel FLP system enables effective recycling of the metal‐free catalysts. This reaction could also be compatible with a larger scale and developed into a pharmaceutical synthesis of cinacalcet {(R)‐N‐[1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl]‐3‐[3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propan‐1‐amine} without heavy metal residues.magnified image
Regioselective Benzylation of Diols and Polyols by Catalytic Amounts of an Organotin Reagent
Authors: Xu Hengfu , Lu Yuchao , Zhou Yixuan , Ren Bo , Pei Yuxin , Dong Hai , Pei Zhichao 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn efficient one‐pot method for the selective benzylation of diols and polyols using 0.1 equiv. of organotin reagents and tetrabutylammonium bromide as catalyst has been developed. The diols and polyols containing a cis‐vicinal diol were regioselectively benzylated in 70–94% isolated yields. A catalytic reaction mechanism was also proposed.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed CF Bond Formation via Directed CH Activation
Authors: Li Yan , Wu Yun , Li Guang‐Shui , Wang Xi‐Sheng 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed CF bond formation via directed CH activation has recently emerged as a significant method to introduce fluorine atoms into organic molecules in an atom‐ and step‐economical path. At the interface between fluorine chemistry and synthetic organic chemistry, the development of direct fluorinations of the CH bond remains sluggish, due to the major challenge of reductive elimination to afford the CF bond. One strategy is to oxidize palladium(II) species to more electron‐deficient palladium(IV or III) fluorides to promote the CF bond forming reductive elimination, which opens up palladium‐catalyzed CH fluorination as a powerful transformation. This focused review gives a brief summary of the mere handful of examples, including C(sp2)F and C(sp3)F bond formations, in this field so far.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Allylic Dearomatization Reaction of α‐Substituted β‐Naphthol Derivatives: Scope and Mechanistic Investigation
Authors: Zhuo Chun‐Xiang , You Shu‐Li 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA highly efficient dearomatization reaction of α‐substituted β‐naphthols with excellent chemoselectivity and regioselectivity has been developed. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the dearomatized alkylation product is the thermodynamically more stable compound. The etherification product could be further transformed to the dearomatization product.magnified image
Structural Isomerization of the Gas‐Phase 2‐Norbornyl Cation Revealed with Infrared Spectroscopy and Computational Chemistry
Authors: Mosley Jonathan D. , Young Justin W. , Agarwal Jay , Schaefer Henry F. , Schleyer Paul v. R. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn an attempt to produce the 2‐norbornyl cation (2NB+) in the gas phase, protonation of norbornene was accomplished in a pulsed discharge ion source coupled with a supersonic molecular beam. The C7H11+ cation was size‐selected in a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer and investigated with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy using the method of “tagging” with argon. The resulting vibrational spectrum, containing sharp bands in the CH stretching and fingerprint regions, was compared to that predicted by computational chemistry. However, the measured spectrum did not match that of 2NB+, prompting a detailed computational study of other possible isomers of C7H11+. This study finds five isomers more stable than 2NB+. The spectrum obtained corresponds to the 1,3‐dimethylcyclopentenyl cation, the global minimum‐energy structure for C7H11+, which is produced through an unanticipated ring‐opening rearrangement path.
Photoswitching CO2 Capture and Release in a Photochromic Diarylethene Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Luo Feng , Fan Cong Bin , Luo Ming Biao , Wu Xiao Liu , Zhu Yan , Pu Shou Zhi , Xu Wen‐Yuan , Guo Guo‐Cong 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe demonstrate herein a promising pathway towards low‐energy CO2 capture and release triggered by UV and visible light. A photosensitive diarylethene ligand was used to construct a photochromic diarylethene metal–organic framework (DMOF). A local photochromic reaction originating from the framework movement induced by the photoswitchable diarylethene unit resulted in record CO2‐desorption capacity of 75 % under static irradiation and 76 % under dynamic irradiation.
Crystallization behavior of ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocomposites prepared by ethylene in situ polymerization
Authors: Guan Chao , Yang Huaqin , Li Wei , Zhou Danying , Xu Jie , Chen Zhong‐Ren 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTA [3‐t‐Bu‐2‐OC6H3CHN(C6F5)]2TiCl2 catalyst (bis(phenoxyimine)titanium dichloride complex – FI catalyst) was immobilized on disilanolisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OH‐POSS) to prepare ultrahigh molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposites during ethylene in situ polymerization. The dispersion state of POSS in the UHMWPE matrix was characterized by X‐ray diffraction measurements and transmission electron microscopy. It was shown that the OH‐POSS achieved uniformed dispersion in the UHMWPE matrix, although its polarity was unmatched. The isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization behavior of the nanocomposites was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry. The crystallization rate of the nanocomposites was enhanced because of the incorporation of POSS during the isothermal crystallization. POSS acted as a nucleus for the initial nucleation and the subsequent growth of the crystallites. For nonisothermal studies, POSS showed an increase in the crystallinity. The crystallization rate of the nanocomposites decreased because the presence of POSS hindered the crystal growth. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40847.