bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Learning: A Route to Good Cue Orders
Authors: Garcia-Retamero Rocio , Takezawa Masanori , Woike Jan K. , Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInferences are often based on uncertain cues, and the accuracy of such inferences depends on the order in which the cues are searched. Previous experimental and theoretical research has shown that individuals progress only slowly in learning of cue orderings through feedback. A clue to how people (as opposed to computers) solve this problem is social learning: By exchanging information with others, people can learn which cues are relevant and the order in which they should be considered. By means of a computer simulation, the chapter demonstrates that imitate-the-bestdemon and imitate-the-majority speed up individual learning, whereas a third social rule, imitate-the-bestmortal, does not. The results appeared consistently both in a group discussion and in an advice taking setting. Imitate-the-bestdemon also leads to a steep increase in learning after a single social exchange, and to faster learning than when individuals gain the learning experience of all other group members but learn without social exchange. In an experiment it was found that people succeed in finding the best member and speed up cue learning in a similar way when provided with social information when they obtain the information in free discussions with others.
The Advice of Others: When and How We Benefit From It
Authors: Biele Guido , Rieskamp Jörg 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSocial learning is fundamental to human cultural evolution and an important aspect of social rationality. This chapter examines how advice influences decision making and learning. A brief review of the advice-taking literature shows that people seldom have full insight into the reasons for the usefulness of advice; nevertheless, they often successfully use advice to improve judgments. To investigate the effect of advice on learning from experience, participants of two experiments performed a four-armed bandit task in which they tried to find the best of four choice options. Before the task, they received trustworthy advice about which option is most beneficial. The results revealed a sustained effect of advice, so that the recommended option was preferred over the nonrecommended options, even if the nonrecommended option led to the same average reward. Surprisingly, this effect of advice lasted for more than 100 learning trials. The comparison of social learning models, incorporating different assumptions about the influence of advice on learning, showed that social learning was best explained by the outcome-bonus model. This model assumes that rewards from recommended options are evaluated more favorably than those from nonrecommended options. An additional simulation study revealed the social rationality of this outcome-bonus model, because it accumulated more rewards in the learning task than alternative models. In sum, these results suggest that people combine advice with individual learning in an adaptive manner.
The Evolutionary Rationality of Social Learning
Authors: McElreath Richard , Wallin Annika , Fasolo Barbara 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe field of evolutionary ecology has long been interested in the design and diversity of social learning heuristics, simple strategies that animals use to extract useful information from their social environment. This chapter reviews a slice of this literature, as well as explicitly analyze the evolution of social learning heuristics. The chapter outlines a family of social learning heuristics and analyze their evolutionary performance under two broadly different kinds of environmental variation. As each social learning heuristic also shapes a social environment as individuals use it, the chapter considers the population feedbacks of each heuristic as well. The analyses in this chapter are both ecological and game theoretic. This chapter's analyses are also explicitly evolutionary—heuristics succeed or fail depending upon long-term survival and reproduction in a population, not atomistic one-shot payoffs. As a result, some of the conclusions reflect an evolutionary rationality. For example, heuristics that randomize their behavior can succeed where those that are consistent fail. Overall, however, the approach the chapter reviews here supports the general conclusion that social learning heuristics are likely to be multiple and subtly adapted to different physical, statistical, and social environments.
The Heart Has Its Reasons: Social Rationality in Mate Choice
Authors: Lenton Alison P. , Penke Lars , Todd Peter M. , Fasolo Barbara 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe specific circumstances in which an individual encounters their mate options may influence how she chooses and, ultimately, whom she chooses. In particular, the choice environment may affect the cues we pay attention to, how we combine them and, ultimately (and significantly), our reproductive fate. This chapter consolidates the current state of knowledge regarding choice environment effects on mating behavior. This chapter's thesis is that human mate choice is adapted to the choice environment in which it is made: We are sensitive to changes in the environment and adapt our judgments and choice strategies accordingly, thereby exhibiting ecological and social rationality—the topic of this volume. This chapter promotes the view that mating-related judgment and choice depend very much on the environmental conditions facing the chooser, while also being shaped by the past recurring conditions in which these behaviors evolved. To substantiate this perspective, the chapter describes anthropological, sociological, and psychological research showing that human mating-related judgments and choice are context-sensitive in meaningful ways. In particular, the chapter shows how the cues and strategies used in mate choice are influenced by environmental structure, considered first at the population level and second at the level of individual choosers. The chapter concludes by focusing in on one important aspect of the mate choice environment in specific modern settings and its impact on heuristic and cue use: the number of potential mates available.
Wales and the Britons, 350-1064
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This is a history of the Welsh in the centuries in which Wales acquired the shape it was to retain until the present day. In 350 what is now Wales was just one part of Roman Britain: contemporaries had no notion of Wales or the Welsh in the later-medieval or modern sense. The inhabitants of what is now Wales were just Britons; and, in the early middle ages, the Welsh remained one part of a larger group, the Britons, called Walas or Wealas by the English. The book thus includes the Britons of North Britain, of Cornwall, and of Brittany, although its main focus is the Britons of Wales. The period saw, first, the creation of an English people and, later, of an English state; relations with the Britons of Wales were an essential strand in these developments. For the Britons themselves relations with the English shaped the political and military side of their history; but, in the cultural and religious sphere relations with Ireland were usually more important. For relations of power the Britons of Wales looked east; in the intellectual and spiritual sphere they mostly looked west. The book is divided into four parts: the Post-Roman period, approximately 400–600; early Welsh society; relations with the English; and the religious organization and culture, both in Latin and the vernacular.
Replies Part I: The Rule-Following Considerations and the Normativity of Meaning
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe replies in this part of the book are divided into four chapters. In this first one, the issues raised by Boghossian, Peacocke, Horwich, and Bilgrami concerning the problem of rule-following and the normativity of meaning are addressed, and an up-to-date overview of Crispin Wright's current views on these matters is presented.
Syncretism
Authors: Albright Adam , Fuß Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter surveys current theoretical approaches to the phenomenon of syncretism, that is, cases where morphology fails to mark a morphosyntactically relevant featural distinction. We first review arguments and evidence that the distinction between coincidental and systematic patterns of syncretism is linguistically relevant (‘psychologically real’). The chapter then turns to theoretical approaches to analyzing syncretism, including underspecification, impoverishment, rules of referral, and output-output faithfulness constraints. Next, the chapter discusses some typological trends, and consider the question of how cross-linguistic preferences for certain patterns over others might inform the theoretical analysis of syncretism. Finally, the chapter discusses the diachronic development of syncretism, focusing especially on the analysis of changes in the history of verbal inflection in Yiddish and Alemannic varieties of German.
Reduplication
Authors: Sharon Inkelas 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Reduplication has long been a topic of intense interest for morphological and phonological theory alike. From the morphological perspective, reduplication poses a challenge for item based theories of morphology because of its process like phonological character (see e.g. Anderson 1992:59). From the phonological perspective, reduplication, along with other prosodic morphology like truncation and infixation, has trained a bright light on phonological representations, providing evidence outside phonology proper for constituents like the mora, syllable and foot (see e.g. McCarthy & Prince 1986, 1996). More recently, reduplication has been plumbed as a source of evidence for syntagmatic correspondence relationships among segments (e.g. McCarthy & Prince 1995, 1999; Zuraw 2002). This chapter surveys major reduplicative phenomena from a cross-linguistic perspective, as well as the dominant theoretical approaches, pointing out challenges for existing theories.
The Enforcement of EU Law
Authors: Andersen Stine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAn analysis of the European Commission's general role in supervising member state compliance with EU law, this book provides a detailed assessment of centralized EU enforcement. It starts out by asking whether it is viable to establish stronger Commission powers of enforcement at this point in time. Against this backdrop, and as a means of exploring the role of the Commission, the chapters examine a number of different aspects pertaining to the enforcement of EU law. Beginning with an appraisal of the Commission's function under the general EU infringement procedure stipulated in Articles 258 and 260 TFEU, the volume argues that the EU lacks independent self-sustained regime authority. Moreover, this is reflected in both substantive EU law and procedural law, including the general EU infringement procedure. Chapter Two makes the case that Article 258 TFEU can usefully be explained in terms of managerialism. Chapter Three analyses Article 260 TFEU concerning repetitive infringements. In particular, it asserts, EU member state sanctions sustain the managerial approach. It then goes on to examine the Commission's unsuccessful attempts to gain sharper enforcement powers through secondary legislation, and identifies the effective points of functional overlap between enforcement powers and certain types of implementing tools. Finally, it discusses the Commission's role under various non-binding, ad hoc arrangements. The concluding chapter places the general EU infringement procedure in the broader context of a comprehensive (negotiated) policy process. It argues that the enforcement stage shares many features with earlier steps in the legislative process, including flexibility and deliberation.
2 Failure to Comply with EU Law: Article 258 TFEU
Authors: Andersen Stine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the general EU infringement procedure established under Article 258 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) concerning ‘first order compliance’. It proceeds as follows. First, it describes the procedural stages involved and reviews relevant case law. Then it discusses questions pertaining to confidentiality and the Commission's discretion according to Article 258 TFEU. Finally, it analyzes the general EU infringement procedure in view of the international law compliance theory on managerialism. It does so in order to explain and better understand the purpose and function of the procedural stages and the role of the Commission, and to bring out the distinct features of the institutional designs and organizational rules which have made it a particularly robust enforcement mechanism.
Lexical nouns are both +mass and +count, but they are neither +mass nor +count
Authors: Pelletier Francis Jeffry 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter investigates the rationale for having the lexical categories or features mass and count. Some theories make the features be syntactic; others make it be semantic. It is concluded here that none of the standard accounts of their function actually serve the purpose for which they are adopted, and that we should instead remove these features from the lexicon and have lexical nouns be neither +mass nor +count. But on the other hand, if every lexical noun could be characterized by both +mass and +count, then various of the desiderata would be captured. So we conclude that lexical nouns should be neither +mass nor +count, and both +mass and +count. Although this investigation is carried out in English, the moral holds for any ‘number marking’ language. Furthermore, the resulting theory is the one that is naturally congenial to classifier languages, showing a hithertofore unnoticed similarity between the two language classes. (However, languages that are of neither type … such as Dene Su ̨łiné, Yudja, and Karitianan … require some totally distinct vision of a mass-count distinction.)
Individuation and inverse number marking in Dagaare
Authors: Grimm Scott 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the inverse number marking system of Dagaare (Gur; Niger-Congo), where a single morpheme marks a plural interpretation for some nouns and a singular interpretation for others. The chapter argues that individuation, the same semantic principle which has been invoked in accounting for the count-mass distinction, also extends to the count domain and explains the core of the nominal pattern in Dagaare. An examination of Dagaare's lexicon demonstrates that nouns designating highly individuated referents are morphologically marked in the plural, while nouns designating less individuated referents, viz. those which tend to come in groups or pairs, are morphologically marked in the singular. This general view is supported both by other phenomena within Dagaare, such as the domain of diminutives and dialect variation, and by cross-linguistic facts that surface in a wide array of language types. A formal semantic analysis of the number marking system is then provided and the implications for formal models of plurality are explored.
On the mass/count distinction in Ojibwe
Authors: Mathieu Eric 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhile it is common in the literature to find claims that Algonquian languages do not have a grammatical mass/count distinction (because many nouns, and according to some authors, all nouns can be pluralized), the chapter argues in this paper that on the contrary Algonquian languages, and in particular Ojibwe, has such a distinction as part of its grammar. The pluralization of mass nouns is an illusion in that what is being pluralized is a noun that has been singulativized. The chapter shows that Ojibwe has remnants of a gender shift system (much clearer morphologically in Mesqualike (Fox) and that gender shift marks the singulative. That Algonquian languages are singulative languages is a brand new claim that makes many interesting predictions. Theoretically, the chapter integrates singulative systems into Borer's (2005) theory of division and argue that these languages provide another strategy to perform division on nouns that are still undivided.
Counting and classifiers
Authors: Cheng Lisa Lai‐Shen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter re-examines the interpretation of bare nouns in Chinese, and the distinction between count-classifiers and massifiers. Using three different puzzles, it is shown that (a) bare nouns in Chinese cannot be coerced into mass reading (since coercion requires a morphosyntactic trigger, which Chinese lacks; (2) Cantonese differs from Mandarin in that classifiers are unit markers, which can undergo reduplication and yield individuation; and (3) massifiers do not form a uniform group and that de appears only with quantity measures. Lastly, it is argued that di1 in Cantonese is a plural classifier, supporting the claim that classifiers express number.
Semantic triggers, linguistic variation and the mass‐count distinction
Authors: Bale Alan C. , Barner David 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAlthough most languages allow nouns to be used with numerals to express cardinality, they differ significantly in how they grammatically encode such expressions. Some languages, like English, require count syntax whereas others, like Mandarin, lack count syntax and typically use classifiers. Here, the chapter asks what appears to be a simple question: how do children determine whether their language makes a distinction between mass and count syntax? This question reveals itself to be subtle and difficult when languages beyond English and Mandarin are considered. The chapter argues that prototypical syntactic and morphological differences between mass-count and classifier languages are not constitutive of this typological difference. The use of classifiers, the combination of numerals with bare nouns, and even plural morphology can occur in both mass-count and classifier languages. As a result, such features cannot be sufficient for determining whether or not a language has count syntax. Instead, the chapter argues that it is the relation of these syntactic structures to their semantic interpretations that differentiates languages and guides acquisition. Only mass-count languages can specify exclusive reference to singularities in absence of classifiers or measure words.
Cultural Integration in Germany
Authors: Constant Amelie , Nottmeyer Olga , Zimmermann Klaus 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter studies the integration process of immigrants in Germany by comparing certain immigrant groups to natives, differentiating them by gender and immigrant generation. The indicators that capture the cultural integration of immigrants are, in particular, differences in marital behaviour, language abilities, ethnic identification, and religious activity. A special feature of our data is the rich information about overall life satisfaction, risk aversion, and political interest. The chapter employs the latter indicators, comparing immigrants to natives and differentiating by ethnic origin, gender, and immigrant generation. This allows for an analysis of differences by ethnic groups and their evolution over time, and enables us to study in depth the cultural integration processes of immigrants. Besides cultural integration, the chapter also studies the economic integration of immigrants via female labour force participation. Empirical findings suggest that there are differences among immigrant groups and between immigrants and native Germans; the most significant differences exist vis-à-vis ethnic origin, gender, and generation. However, differences seem to diminish for the second generation. This indicates a greater adaptation to German norms and habits, and thus a better cultural, socio-economic and political integration of second-generation immigrants in Germany.
10 Path and place: the lexical specification of granular compatibility
Authors: Schmidtke Hedda R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter aims to provide several formal tools for representing granularity-dependent notions such as point-like or proximity, so that they can be used for characterizing granularity restrictions in a unified way. It demonstrates how the representational formalism can be used to encode restrictions of compatibility of spatial granularity in the understanding of spatial expressions for two different spatial tasks: the task of localization of an object given a localization description, such as ‘the fly is above the table’, and the task of following a route instruction. It illustrates the formal framework with the examples of the German constructions ‘an...vorbei’ (‘past’) and ‘an...entlang’ (‘along’), which combine with German an (‘at/on/by’), which denotes close proximity or contact, and demonstrates that a spatially dynamic, granular interpretation allows us to model different degrees of acceptability of sentences.
Materiality, Sociomateriality, and Socio-Technical Systems: What Do These Terms Mean? How Are They Different? Do We Need Them?
Authors: Leonardi Paul M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews the history of three terms increasingly used by researchers in the fields of organization studies and information systems: “materiality,” “sociomateriality,” and “socio-technical systems.” After this review, the chapter explores ways in which these terms overlap and depart in meaning from one another in scholars' writings. The chapter suggests that materiality might be viewed as a concept that refers to properties of a technology that transcend space and time, while sociomateriality may be used to refer to the collective spaces in which people come into contact with the materiality of an artifact and produce various functions. The chapter suggests that the concept of a sociomaterial practice is akin to what socio-technical systems theorists refer to as the “technical subsystem” of an organization, or the way that people's tasks shape and are shaped by their use of machines. This technical subsystem is recursively organized alongside the social subsystem of an organization, which is characterized by an abstract set of roles, communication patterns, and so on.
Aristotle On The Role Of The Predicables In Dialectical Disputations
Authors: Kakkuri‐Knuuttila Marja‐Liisa , Tuominen Miira 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn Topics I 8 Aristotle argues that all dialectical problems and premises involve the predicables: definition, peculiar property, genus, differentia, or accident. This claim of exhaustiveness is important for understanding Aristotle’s dialectic but faces some objections. For example general notions of sameness, similarity, homonymy, and difference, introduced as dialectical tools in Topics I 13, are difficult to understand in terms of the predicables. Aristotle’s procedure suggests two interpretations of the claim. The first one restricts problems and premises to predications and offers formal criteria for classifying them. Second, Aristotle also offers extended definitions for definition and genus such that can accommodate freely formulated problems and premises if they occur in arguments leading up to arguments concerning the predicables. This paper argues that neither of the two interpretations is a satisfactory reading of the claim of exhaustiveness and that a tension remains between the formal criteria presented in the syllogism of I 8 and the variety of actual dialectical problems and premises.