bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between Plasma Renin Activity and Urinary and Plasma Catecholamines
Authors: Werner U. , Günnewig H. , Bock K. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. The relations between the changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) and urinary catecholamine excretion (UCA) or plasma noradrenaline concentration have been investigated (a) in patients with benign primary hypertension, with renovascular hypertension and with idiopathic asympatheticotonic hypotension (ASH), and (b) during orthostasis and after administration of frusemide, of the β-blocking agent tenormin, of clonidine and of dihydralazine.
2. In primary hypertension noradrenaline and mean arterial pressure (Pm) showed a close positive correlation.
3. The mean values of both PRA and UCA were higher in renovascular hypertension than in primary hypertension and extremely low in ASH. The overlap of individual values between the patient groups was markedly reduced by using the quotient PRA/UCA. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between PRA and UCA in primary hypertension and in renovascular hypertension, with a different slope of the regression lines.
4. The increase of PRA and of noradrenaline during orthostasis was closely correlated. Frusemide and β-receptor blockade changed the slope of the regression line by additional stimulation or inhibition respectively of PRA.
5. Clonidine decreased, and dihydralazine increased both PRA and noradrenaline concentration. These changes again showed a significant positive correlation. The fall of mean arterial pressure produced by clonidine was correlated with the decrease of PRA and of noradrenaline concentration.
Potassium Changes in Megaloblastic Anaemia
Authors: Hesp R. , Chanarin I. , Tait Christine E. 
Published: August 2015

1. Serial measurements of serum potassium and total-body potassium were made on eighteen patients with megaloblastic anaemia before the start of therapy and during the period of recovery.
2. In those patients who presented with an initial packed cell volume of less than 25%, a mean decrease in serum potassium of 0.4 mmol/l occurred on average within 2.5 days of the start of therapy. This was followed by a significant increase in serum potassium during the period of recovery. There was a significant increase in total-body potassium in these patients, but this could be explained by increases in erythrocyte mass, erythrocyte potassium concentration and lean body mass.
Chronic Effects of Chlorothiazide on Reabsorption by the Proximal Tubule of the Rat
Authors: Weinman E. J. , Eknoyan G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The renal response to a low-sodium diet alone and a low-sodium diet plus the daily oral administration of chlorothiazide was examined in rats. Sodium restriction resulted in a decrease in sodium excretion until day 4, after which it remained constant. The administration of chlorothiazide resulted in an initial natriuresis. By day 6, however, the natriuresis had abated and thereafter sodium excretion remained the same as that of the low-sodium group.
2. After the animals were in balance on their respective regimens, clearance and micropuncture studies were performed. The glomerular filtration rate was lower in the chlorothiazide-treated rats than in control rats and/or in the low-sodium group. End proximal tubule TF/Pinulin ratios were higher in the diuretic-treated animals than in control rats. TF/Pinulin ratios in low-sodium animals were lower than in the diuretic-treated animals but higher than in control rats.
3. These studies demonstrate that the escape from the chronic effects of chlorothiazide is due to a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate and to an increase in fractional reabsorption in the proximal tubule, resulting in a reduction in delivery of filtrate to the cortical diluting segment where chlorothiazide exerts its major inhibitory effect.
Effect of Progesterone on Renal Sodium Handling in Man: Relation to Aldosterone Excretion and Plasma Renin Activity
Authors: Oparil Suzanne , Ehrlich E. N. , Lindheimer M. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of progesterone on renal haemodynamics and intrarenal sodium handling was evaluated in thirteen normal men on a constant diet. Clearances were measured during maximal water diuresis and again 4–7 days later, this time 3 h after progesterone was given intramuscularly. Seven additional studies were performed 3 days after progesterone administration. Another four tests were performed on volunteers who had manifested renal ‘escape’ from the sodium-retaining effect of deoxycorticosterone acetate.
2. In acute progesterone studies glomerular filtration rate was unchanged, whereas effective renal plasma flow increased, so that filtration fraction decreased significantly. A similar increase in urinary sodium occurred whether subjects received a low or high sodium diet. Indices which related to the distal delivery of filtrate (fractional urine flow and the sum of fractional free water and sodium clearances) increased significantly in both groups. The progesterone-induced increase in sodium excretion was not related to changes in plasma renin activity, renin substrate or urinary aldosterone. After 3 days of progesterone, the increase of sodium excretion was less than in the acute studies and urinary aldosterone increased two- to four-fold. Progesterone failed to produce an acute increase in urinary sodium in subjects hyperexpanded by administration of exogenous mineralocorticoids.
3. Results suggest that the acute natriuretic action of progesterone is in part independent of aldosterone inhibition and that progesterone may inhibit sodium reabsorption at proximal as well as distal sites in the nephron.
Soluble High-Molecular-Weight E Fragments in the Plasmin-Induced Degradation Products of Cross-Linked Human Fibrin
Authors: Gaffney P. J. , Lane D. A. , Brasher M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The factor XIII-mediated cross-linked α chains in fibrin have no effect on the nature of the fragments released during the solubilization of fibrin by plasmin.
2. Besides the known D dimer and E fragments solubilized during the lysis of cross-linked fibrin, other fragments have been observed on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis which have a molecular weight of about 135 000. After prolonged plasmin digestion, these fragments (U fragments) were no longer evident on the gels and the high-molecular-weight E antigen was absent. It is assumed that the E antigen was associated with the U fragments. These fragments also cross-reacted with an anti-D serum.
3. The U fragments have been tentatively presumed to be a factor XIII-mediated cross-linked D–E complex since they degrade only after prolonged degradation with plasmin. Whereas it is known that the fibrin D dimer fragment contains the cross-linked γ chain residues of the originating fibrin, the presumed covalent cross-linking of the D–E fragments has not been proved.
4. The presence of these high-molecular-weight fragments, containing the E antigen, in cross-linked human fibrin digests should be taken into account in the development of D dimer assays to monitor fibrin lysis in vivo.
Exaggerated Phosphaturic Response to Volume Expansion in Patients with Essential Hypertension
Authors: Chaimovitz C. , Spierer A. , Leibowitz H. , Tuma S. , Better O. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Tubular handling of sodium in hypertensive patients has been evaluated with urinary phosphate excretion used as a marker for proximal tubular reabsorptive capacity.
2. Nine hypertensive patients and nine normal control subjects were studied during sustained water diuresis and the intravenous infusion of isotonic sodium chloride solution to produce volume expansion.
3. In the hypertensive patients there was exaggerated phosphaturia, natriuresis and enhanced distal delivery of sodium. Sodium reabsorption in the diluting segment was normal.
4. The enhanced distal delivery and augmented phosphaturia suggest that a decreased reabsorption of sodium in the proximal tubule is the most likely explanation for the exaggerated natriuretic response to volume expansion in hypertensive patients.
Defective Membrane Systems in Dystrophic Skeletal Muscle of the UM-X7.1 Strain of Genetically Myopathic Hamster
Authors: Dhalla N. S. , Singh A. , Lee S. L. , Anand M. B. , Bernatsky A. M. , Jasmin G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The function of mitochondria, sarcotubular membranes (heavy microsomes), sarcolemma and myofibrils from the hind-leg skeletal muscle of about 60- and 150-day-old normal and myopathic (UM-X7.1) hamsters was examined.
2. The mitochondrial calcium uptake as well as mitochondrial phosphorylation and respiratory rates were lower in 60-day-old myopathic skeletal muscle, unlike 150-day-old myopathic animals, when pyruvate-malate and glutamate-malate were used as substrates. However, mitochondria from 150-day-old myopathic animals showed depressed glutamate-dependent respiratory and phosphorylation rates and succinate-supported initial rate of calcium uptake.
3. The microsomal calcium-uptake, but not calcium-binding, and Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of the 150-day-old myopathic skeletal muscle were lower than the control values. Although microsomal calcium-binding, calcium-uptake and ATPase activities of the 60-day-old myopathic muscle were not depressed significantly, the initial rate of calcium uptake was less than the control.
4. The sarcolemmal Ca2+-ATPase, but not Mg2+-ATPase or Na+ +K+-ATPase, activity was higher in 60-day-old myopathic muscle whereas the activities of all these enzymes from 150-day-old myopathic animals were higher than the control. On the other hand, the Na+ +K+-ATPase activities from 60- and 150-day-old myopathic animals were inhibited by ouabain to a lesser extent in comparison with the respective control values.
5. The myofibrillar Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities as well as inhibition of Mg2+-ATPase due to Na+ and K+ in myopathic muscle were no different from the control values.
6. The results reported here give further support to the view that different membrane systems of the dystrophic muscle are defective.
I-cell disease (mucolipidosis II): Resolution of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and α-l-fucosidase components by DEAE-cellulose chromatography
Authors: Ellis R. B. , Willcox P. , Patrick A. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. In a patient with I-cell disease the activities of several acid hydrolases were elevated in plasma and reduced in cultured fibroblasts when compared with normal values. Normal activities for the enzymes were found in leucocytes. These findings agree with reports on other cases.
2. N-Acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase was resolved into its component forms by chromatography on microcolumns of DEAE-cellulose coupled with continuous automated assay of activity in the column effluent. Cultured skin fibroblasts from three patients showed a profound deficiency of glucosaminidase component A and a relative increase in the activity of a form eluted earlier than A.
3. In the one patient studied, the elution profile of plasma glucosaminidase was similar to that of normal plasma, but treatment with neuraminidase revealed a minor component which did not appear in control specimens.
4. Chromatographic resolution of glucosaminidase secreted by normal fibroblasts into the culture medium showed that component A comprised two forms, a serum-type and a tissue-type, whereas only a serum-type was found in I-cell medium.
5. Different forms of α-l-fucosidase were shown to occur in normal plasma and fibroblasts. This is the second lysosomal hydrolase for which differences between intracellular and extracellular forms have been described and might reflect a general phenomenon.
6. The major acidic component of fucosidase from normal fibroblasts was not detected in I-cell fibroblasts. Elution profiles of fucosidase activity in normal and I-cell plasma were indistinguishable, both before and after treatment with neuraminidase.
7. On the basis of the above findings, we suggest that for several acid hydrolases there is a common biosynthetic reaction, which produces forms of these enzymes destined for incorporation into primary lysosomes rather than secretion by the cell. In cultured fibroblasts from patients with I-cell disease, the enzyme catalysing the reaction leading to the production of intracellular forms is deficient or defective, whereas the synthesis of precursor and secreted forms is unaffected.
The Relationship between Dietary Fat Composition and Plasma Cholesterol Esterification in Man
Authors: Miller J. P. , Chait A. , Lewis B. 
Published: August 2015

1. Cholesterol esterification has been studied in the plasma of subjects on diets rich in saturated or polyunsaturated fat.
2. The diet rich in polyunsaturated fat was associated with lower rates of plasma cholesterol esterification in vitro. The data suggest that there was a reduction of plasma lecithin—cholesterol acyltransferase activity as well as decreased ability of the lipoprotein substrates of the enzyme to support esterification.
3. On this diet, there was no change in the proportion of the plasma cholesterol esterified but the plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were reduced.
Plasma Prostaglandin E during Neurogenic Hypertension in Tetraplegic Man
Authors: Mathias C. J. , Hillier K. , Frankel H. L. , Spalding J. M. K. 
Published: August 2015

1. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured before, during and after cutaneous and visceral stimulation in subjects tetraplegic due to severe cervical spinal cord damage. Stimulation resulted in marked hypertension as a result of reflex sympathetic overactivity.
2. Mixed venous blood from a catheter situated in the right atrium was obtained before and after stimulation and plasma prostaglandin E and prostaglandin F were measured. A consistent and significant rise in plasma prostaglandin E, but not plasma prostaglandin F, accompanied the hypertension.
3. It is suggested that prostaglandin E is released during this sympathetic nervous activity and may be related to neurogenic hypertension.
Ventilatory Response to Carbon Dioxide in Tetanus
Authors: Elegbeleye O. O. , Femi-Pearse D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Ventilatory response to carbon dioxide was measured by the rebreathing technique in seven patients with mild tetanus during the disease state and after clinical recovery.
2. The ventilatory response to carbon dioxide was found to be decreased in the tetanus patients during the disease state with normal response after full clinical recovery. It is postulated that the restrictive ventilatory defect was responsible for the decreased ventilatory response to carbon dioxide.
Urinary Excretion of Hydroxylysyl Glycosides during Acute Inflammation in the Rat
Authors: Askenasi R. , Le Lous M. , Bazin S. , Rao V. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Subcutaneous inflammatory granuloma were induced in young rats and the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysyl glycosides was observed during the period of acute inflammation.
2. All collagen metabolites were increased in the urine and excretion of glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine was much greater than excretion of galactosyl-hydroxylysine in the first days.
3. It is argued that urinary glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine is probably derived from hydroxylysyl residues of soluble collagen.
4. This study affords new arguments in favour of the dermal origin of urinary glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine, at least in skin inflammation.
The Pressure—Volume Relationship in Normotensive and Permanent Essential Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Safar M. E. , Chau N. PH. , Weiss Y. A. , London G. M. , Simon A. CH. , Milliez P. P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Blood pressure, blood volume and renal blood flow were determined in 101 men; forty-three were normal subjects and fifty-eight were untreated permanent essential hypertensive patients with normal renal function and equilibrated sodium balance.
2. A significant negative pressure—volume relationship was observed overall. The relationship could be expressed as a hyperbola whose slope expressed the reduction in blood volume per unit rise in pressure: the higher the blood pressure, the lower the slope. Thus essential hypertensive subjects have a smaller decrement in blood volume per unit rise in pressure than normal subjects.
3. The relation between change in blood volume and change in pressure was confirmed in each individual by defining for each a ratio ΔV/ΔP, statistically identical with the hyperbolic slope dV/dP. The ΔV/ΔP ratio was found to be well correlated with the renal blood flow and the creatinine clearance. No correlation existed between the total blood volume and these two renal parameters.
4. It is concluded that the present study demonstrates a blood volume regulation disturbance in essential hypertension and provides evidence from human studies that a renal defect accompanies high blood pressure.
Growth Hormone Secretion in Acid-Base Alterations at Rest and during Exercise
Authors: Sutton J. R. , Jones N. L. , Toews C. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Seven healthy males were studied during cycle ergometer exercise at 33%, 66% and 90% of V̇o2 max. on three occasions when NH4Cl, NaHCO3 or CaCO3 (as a control substance) were administered in gelatin capsules double blind and in randomized order. Plasma growth hormone (HGH), lactic acid and hydrogen ion concentration ([H+])weremeasured at frequent intervals.
2. Ammonium chloride produced highest blood [H+] and NaHCO3 the lowest. These differences were maintained during exercise and in recovery. Plasma lactic acid concentrations were similar at rest. At 66%, 90% V̇o2 max. and recovery lactic acid was highest with NaHCO3 and lowest with NH4Cl.
3. Exercise stimulated HGH secretion in all studies and the elevation was proportional to the intensity of the exercise. NH4Cl caused a variable elevation of HGH at rest and 33% V̇o2 max. At 66% V̇o2 max., plasma HGH was significantly elevated to similar concentrations in all studies and, at 90% V̇o2 max., HGH was highest with NaHCO3.
4. An infusion of sodium l(+)-lactate producing plasma lactate concentrations of 3–5 mmol/l did not influence HGH secretion.
5. Exercise is a physiological stimulus to HGH secretion and the mechanism is independent of blood [H+] and lactate concentrations.
The Influence of Sodium Intake on the Pressor Response to Angiotensin II in the Unanaesthetized Rat
Authors: Slack Barbara L. , Ledingham J. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Dose—response curves for the pressor activity of angiotensin II have been determined in unanaesthetized rats receiving diets containing 2·5% (w/w) or 0·007% (w/w) sodium; the different diets were administered in various sequences.
2. In comparison with those from rats receiving a low sodium diet, the dose—response curves were displaced to the left on the high sodium diet, indicating a greater response to angiotensin, and this displacement persisted for a period of approximately 7 days after the diet was changed from high to low sodium. The dose—response curve subsequently shifted to the right when the low sodium diet was maintained for longer.
3. There was a negative correlation between the slope of the dose—response curve and the basal blood pressure in all groups; the correlation was significant in three out of the five different treatment groups.
4. Basal blood pressures were significantly raised in rats on the high sodium diet for 7 days.
5. A number of possible mechanisms have been considered to explain both the parallel shift of the dose—response curve and alteration in its slope. It is concluded that the observed findings are compatible with an action of sodium-loading on the sensitivity of the smooth muscle cell to angiotensin, on the resting of the renin—angiotensin system, on the rate of in-activation of angiotensin and on a change in initial length of the muscle fibre.
The Spectrophotometric Determination of Human Serum Carboxypolypeptidase with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-Like Activity
Authors: Summary J. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. A colorimetric method was developed for the direct chemical assay of human carboxypeptidase A (carboxypolypeptidase; EC 3.4.12.2) with angiotensin converting enzyme-like activity in serum or plasma, with the substrate analogue glycyl-l-histidylglycine and the angiotensin converting enzyme substrate angiotensin I (A-I). This method was based on the spectrophototometric determination of histidylglycine and histidyl-leucine, products of the hydrolysis of glycyl-l-histidylglycine and A-I respectively. o-Phthalaldehyde reacted with the imidazole moiety of N-terminal histidyl peptides to produce a yellow chromophore.
2. A large number of inhibitors were tested for their effects on carboxypolypeptidase activity. The hydrolysis of Gly-His-Gly and A-I was inhibited by histidyl-leucine and angiotensin II, both products of the hydrolysis of A-I. Bothrops jararaca venom extract, EDTA, p-chloromercuribenzoate, 8-hydroxyquinoline and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, previously reported as converting enzyme inhibitors, also inhibited carboxypolypeptidase activity.
3. Angiotensin converting enzyme activity in the serum of sixty-six adults ranged from 10 to 37 nmol of glycyl-l-histidylglycine hydrolysed in 10 min by 10 μl of serum at 37°C and pH 7·25.
Rat Hepatic Sodium plus Potassium Ion-Dependent Adenosine Triphosphatase after Treatment with Digoxin and Thyroxine
Authors: Lindsay R. , Parker J. L. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of treating rats with digoxin and thyroxine for 45 days has been studied.
2. Animals fed with digoxin gained significantly more weight than the control animals.
3. Treatment with digoxin, thyroxine or both produced a similar significant increase in the amount of Na+ + K+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase in liver without an additive effect.
4. It is suggested that digoxin resistance in thyrotoxicosis may be related to this similarity in action.
Bone-Resorbing Activity in the Sera of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kennedy A. C. , Lindsay R. , Buchanan W. W. , Allam B. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Foetal rat hemi-calvaria were incubated in organ culture with sera from patients with active rheumatoid arthritis.
2. Increased 45Ca resorption was produced by sera from patients who were hypercalcaemic.
3. This bone-resorbing effect could be inhibited by calcitonin.
The Renal Vascular Lesions of Severe and Malignant Hypertension: A Light-Immunofluorescent Microscopy, Transmission and Scanning Electron-Microscopy Study
Authors: Jones D. B. 
Published: August 2015

1. Arterial and glomerular lesions were studied in seventy-eight specimens from patients with severe or malignant primary or secondary hypertension by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and light-microscopy and immunofluorescent microscopy.
2. The lesions were classified as compensatory, decompensated and reparative. The arterial lesions of primary and secondary hypertension were qualitatively similar. Each of the microscopy techniques contributed to a better understanding of the changes.
Effects of Immersion in Water and Changes in Intrathoracic Blood Volume on Lung Function in Man
Authors: Burki N. K. 
Published: August 2015

1. In healthy, normal subjects simultaneous peripheral venous occlusion of all four limbs caused a small but significant increase in vital capacity (VC) and single-breath carbon monoxide transfer factor (DLCO) without significantly changing total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume (RV), pulmonary gas flow or pulmonary compliance.
2. Immersion in water to the neck resulted in a small but significant fall in VC, FEV1.0/FVC and TLC, and a rise in DLCO, but flow/volume curves and ‘closing volume’ were unchanged. Peripheral venous occlusion during immersion only significantly increased VC and DLCO; pulmonary compliance and flow/volume curves did not alter significantly.
3. It is concluded that peripheral venous occlusion produces these effects by altering intrathoracic blood volume. Water immersion reduces TLC, mainly from the hydrostatic pressure, and VC is reduced from both the hydrostatic pressure and the increase in intrathoracic blood volume consequent on immersion. The increase in DLCO is due, almost entirely, to the increase in intrathoracic blood volume.