bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Glaucomatous Visual Field Defects in Preperimetric Glaucoma Patients Within 3 Years of Diagnosis
Authors: Inuzuka Hiroko , Kawase Kazuhide , Sawada Akira , Kokuzawa Satoko , Ishida Kyoko , Yamamoto Tetsuya 
Published: May 2015

Purpose:
To determine the characteristics of eyes diagnosed with preperimetric glaucoma (PPG) that developed glaucomatous visual field defects (VFDs) within 3 years of the diagnosis.

Patients and Methods:
The medical charts of 77 eyes of 77 patients with PPG were reviewed. An eye was diagnosed with PPG when there was neuroretinal rim thinning, cupping of the optic disc, or a suspicious retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defect, and had no conditions fulfilling Anderson’s criteria for glaucoma. The Central 30-2 SITA-Standard program of the Humphrey Field Analyzer was used to determine the presence of VFDs and the thicknesses of the retinal layers was determined by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Results:
Ten of the 77 patients with PPG (13.0%) developed glaucomatous VFD. These 10 eyes had significantly thinner macular ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) thickness in the inferior and inferotemporal sectors, and also the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness at the 7 or 8 o’clock sectors. In the 3 years post-PPG period, these eyes had significant decreases in the mGCIPL thickness of all the inferior sectors, and cpRNFL at the 7 or 8 o’clock sectors. The mean intraocular pressure in eyes with VFDs (15.2±2.0 mm Hg) was significantly higher than that in those without VFDs (13.5±2.6 mm Hg; P=0.042).

Conclusions:
Significant structural changes were observed in the mGCIPL and cpRNFL at PPG diagnosis, before the development of a VFDs. Close monitoring of intraocular pressure is essential for the appropriate management of PPG.
Effect of high temperature compression deformation strain rate on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel
Authors: Yang Yinhui , Yan Biao 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of strain rate on microstructure and corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel, after high-temperature compression tests.

Design/methodology/approach
– The specimens were prepared using a Gleeble3800 thermo-simulation machine over a range of temperatures from 850 to 1,250°C and strain rates from 0.005 to 5 s−1, and the corresponding flow curves and deformation microstructure obtained were further analyzed. To evaluate the effect of strain rate on corrosion behavior, potentiodynamic polarization tests and double-loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (DL-EPR) were used to characterize the electrochemical performance.

Findings
– Compared with strain rate of 0.5 s−1, the worst corrosion resistance behavior from the potentiodynamic polarization test results after deformation at 0.005 s−1 was attributed to more austenite (γ) and ferrite (δ) grain boundaries or δ/γ phase interface formation due to the better effect of γ dynamic recrystallization (DRX) or δ dynamic recovery (DRV). Increasing strain rate to 5 s−1 lowered the corrosion resistance, due to the increase in dislocation density. At the low strain rate of 0.005 s−1, the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion (IGC) was comparatively high after deformation at 1050 and 1150°C with more γ/γ grains and δ/γ phase boundary formation, which was lowered with the strain rate increase to 0.5 s−1, due to suppressing effect of γ DRX.

Originality/value
– The paper provides the scientific basis for the practical application of hot working of 2205 duplex stainless steel.
The synergistic inhibition effect between imidazoline and the oxide film on L360 steel in CO2/H2S systems
Authors: Chen Guohao , Li Lingyun , Ouyang Jian , Zhu Zhuoyan , Wang Feng , Wang Yuanyuan , Xue Junjie , Zhao Jingmao 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The aim of the present paper was to investigate the inhibition performance of the OF and/or IM on L360 steel in CO2/H2S environments. The pipeline steel surface usually has been pre-treated before using in the oil/gas field, such as by passivation, blackening, and phosphiding. The effectiveness of inhibition can vary because there are many differences between the metal matrix and the treated film.

Design/methodology/approach
– Imidazoline (IM) was synthesized by using oleic acid and diethylenetriamine, and its composition was verified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The oxide film (OF) covering a sample of L360 steel was characterized using X-ray diffraction, and its surface morphology was observed using scanning electron microscope. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were conducted to study the inhibition performance of IM- and/or OF-covered L360 steel in the CO2/H2S environments.

Findings
– The results show that IM and OF can prevent corrosion on L360 steel in CO2/H2S environments, and the synergistic inhibition effect of IM and OF was very evident. A possible model is proposed to explain the synergistic inhibition effect in the CO2/H2S environments of IM and OF on L360 steel.

Originality/value
– Few reports have concerned the effect of the OF on the inhibitor’s performance, especially in CO2/H2S systems. The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibition performance of the OF and/or IM on L360 steel in CO2/H2S environments. A model is proposed to explain the synergistic inhibition effect mechanism between IM and OF.
Sport fan maximizing: following the best team or being the best fan?
Authors: Norris J. Ian , Wann Daniel L. , Zapalac Ryan K. 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– The purpose of these studies is to determine how maximizing sport fans seek optimal outcomes through team identification. Maximizers seek optimal outcomes but do not always obtain them. This may be particularly true of sport fans, who often identify with teams for reasons that run deeper than team success. Maximizing fans may be more concerned with being the best fans than following the best teams.Design/methodology/approach– In Study 1, the authors measured maximizing tendency and identification with participants’ favorite National Football League (NFL) teams. The authors then used moderated regression to predict identification levels from the interaction of maximizing and the historical win–loss records of these teams. In Study 2, the authors manipulated team success by providing participants either an optimistic or pessimistic preview of their college basketball team’s upcoming season. The authors measured maximizing tendency as a moderator of this relationship and identification with the college basketball team as the dependent variable.Findings– In Study 1, maximizers identified more strongly with their favorite NFL team when their favorite team was a historically unsuccessful team. In Study 2, maximizers identified more strongly with their college basketball team after reading a pessimistic preview of the team’s upcoming season than after reading an optimistic preview of that season.Research limitations/implications– Study 1 required participants to self-report their favorite NFL teams, so the results were only correlational. However, the authors were able to address this limitation with an experimental Study 2.Practical implications– There are a number of potential implications for sport marketing strategy. For one, sport marketers may want to appeal to fans’ desire to be the best by supporting their teams when they need it most, particularly for teams that are not performing well.Originality/value– This is the first examination of team or fan identification in the context of maximizing tendency.
Thinking green, buying green? Drivers of pro-environmental purchasing behavior
Authors: Moser Andrea K. 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The theory of planned behavior (TPB) served as a framework for identifying major antecedents of everyday green purchasing behavior and for determining their relative importance.

Design/methodology/approach
– The German market research institute GfK provided data (n = 12,113) from their 2012 household panel survey. A two-step structural equation modeling approach was applied to test both the measurement and the structural model.

Findings
– Willingness to pay (WTP) was the strongest predictor of green purchasing behavior, followed by personal norms. The impact of attitude is insignificant. This implies an attitude – behavior gap.

Research limitations/implications
– Individuals overestimate their self-reported WTP and behavior, which suggests that the share of explained variance is in reality lower. It has to be doubted whether consumers are objectively able to judge products by their environmental impact. Even if consumers are willing to buy a “greener” product, their subjective evaluation might be incorrect. Further research should be based on actual purchasing data. In addition, the attitude – behavior gap should be scrutinized by further research to identify further barriers to green consumption.

Practical implications
– Consumers need to be aware that their consumption behavior can make a difference. They have to value the benefits of green products and understand why these are priced higher. Firms can apply pricing and promotional strategies addressing personal norms and inducing a higher WTP to capitalize on the opportunities of the green market segment.

Originality/value
– The study integrates WTP and personal norms as critical predictors into the TPB and furthermore expands the extant literature on green purchasing behavior to cover daily consumer goods extending beyond organic food. This enhances understanding of the structure of the constructs and determines their relative importance.
Useless/redundant/unread information returns and protective filings
Authors: Lorence Roger 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– To describe the best practices for complying with the increasingly large body of information returns required by the Internal Revenue Service of participants in the investment management industry and the severe penalties that apply to noncompliant taxpayers.

Design/methodology/approach
– This technical paper describes the explosive growth of information returns and protective return filings required of investment management industry participants, based upon the author’s advising tax return preparers and taxpayers charged with filing these forms.

Findings
– Each tax return filing season has demonstrated the ever-increasing and enormous waste of effort and money but no relief is in sight. The expectation of relief from the tax authorities at any level or from Congress and other legislative bodies, is remote.

Originality/value
– This paper provides timely guidance from a practitioner in the field of tax compliance including a summary of current forms to be reviewed by tax practitioners with investment management industry clients, either on the manager or the investor side.
Expense allocation: the SEC brings down the hammer
Authors: Berman Kenneth , Larkin Gregory , Giglio Phil V. , Berthou Erica , Harrell Michael P. , Murray Jordan C. , Schechter Jaime D. , Kittredge Geoffrey 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– Describe an important recent enforcement action by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regarding expense allocations by private equity funds.

Design/methodology/approach
– Discusses a recent enforcement action by the SEC regarding a registered investment adviser’s handling of expense allocation with respect to two private fund clients and certain of their underlying portfolio companies.

Findings
– The settlement and sanctions are noteworthy because: (i) there was no suggestion that the misallocations of expenses were designed to systematically favor one private fund client over the other, that the manager benefited from such misallocations, or that the failure to allocate expenses in accordance with the policy had been deliberate and (ii) while not stated explicitly, it appears likely that a significant portion of the disgorgement related to misallocations that occurred before the manager was a registered investment adviser.

Practical implications
– Registered investment advisers should ensure that they and their portfolio companies have written policies in place designed to fairly allocate all expenses among all entities that benefit from the activities driving such expenses and that none of the sponsor’s clients are directly or indirectly benefited or harmed from allocation policies at the portfolio company level.

Originality/value
– Description of a noteworthy SEC enforcement action regarding expense allocation and practical guidance from investment management lawyers to remind private equity sponsors to ensure that they have adopted and implemented expense allocation policies.
CFTC clarifies and expands relief relating to delegation of commodity pool operator responsibilities
Authors: Meer Cary , Patent Lawrence B. 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– To explain CFTC No-Action Letter 14-126, issued on October 15, 2014 by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission Division of Swap Dealer and Intermediary Oversight, which sets forth a number of conditions with which a commodity pool operator (“CPO”) that delegates its CPO responsibilities (“Delegating CPO”) to a registered CPO (“Designated CPO”) must comply in order to take advantage of no-action relief from the requirement to register as a CPO.

Design/methodology/approach
– Explains the modified conditions provided by Letter 14-126, including clarification of the permissible activities in which a Delegating CPO seeking to take advantage of registration no-action relief may engage regarding investment management, solicitation, and management of pool property; lists other criteria carried over from Letter 14-69 of May 12, 2014; provides analysis and discusses limitations of the relief provided by the CFTC No-Action letter.

Findings
– The letter makes more liberal several of the conditions set forth in CFTC Letter 14-69 of May 12, 2014, with which many Delegating CPOs could not comply.

Originality/value
– Practical guidance from experienced financial services lawyers.
Influence of institutional profiles on time to recall
Authors: Muralidharan Etayankara , Bapuji Hari , Laplume André 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to understand why firms expedite or delay product recall decisions involving international sourcing.Design/methodology/approach– This paper combines US toy recall data from the Consumer Products Safety Commission database for the period from 1988to 2011 with World Economic Forum data on institutional environments to predict the effect the host country conditions have on recall timing decisions.Findings– Firms tend to expedite decisions to recall defective products sourced from countries where the informal institutional profile is perceived to be unfavorable for quality manufacture.Research limitations/implications– The reported research is empirical in nature and uses pooled cross-country, single-industry data.Practical implications– Managers should be careful not to allow their biases to affect their product recall timing decisions.Originality/value– Whereas previous research has examined recall timing decisions, this study is the first to consider the institutional environment where products are sourced from as an explanatory variable.
Flexibility in metabolic rate confers a growth advantage under changing food availability
Authors: Auer Sonya K. , Salin Karine , Rudolf Agata M. , Anderson Graeme J. , Metcalfe Neil B. 
Published: May 2015

Summary

Phenotypic flexibility in physiological, morphological and behavioural traits can allow organisms to cope with environmental challenges. Given recent climate change and the degree of habitat modification currently experienced by many organisms, it is therefore critical to quantify the degree of phenotypic variation present within populations, individual capacities to change and what their consequences are for fitness.

Flexibility in standard metabolic rate (SMR) may be particularly important since SMR reflects the minimal energetic cost of living and is one of the primary traits underlying organismal performance. SMR can increase or decrease in response to food availability, but the consequences of these changes for growth rates and other fitness components are not well known.

We examined individual variation in metabolic flexibility in response to changing food levels and its consequences for somatic growth in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta).

SMR increased when individuals were switched to a high food ration and decreased when they were switched to a low food regime. These shifts in SMR, in turn, were linked with individual differences in somatic growth; those individuals that increased their SMR more in response to elevated food levels grew fastest, while growth at the low food level was fastest in those individuals that depressed their SMR most.

Flexibility in energy metabolism is therefore a key mechanism to maximize growth rates under the challenges imposed by variability in food availability and is likely to be an important determinant of species’ resilience in the face of global change.
Marine Bioactive Compounds and Their Health Benefits: A Review
Authors: Hamed Imen , Özogul Fatih , Özogul Yesim , Regenstein Joe M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe significance of marine creatures as a source of unique bioactive compounds is expanding. Marine organisms constitue nearly half of the wordwide biodiversity; thus, oceans and sea present a vast resource for new substances and it is considered the largest remaining reservoir of beneficial natural molecules that maight be used as functional constituents in the food sector. This review is an update to the information about recent functional seafood compounds (proteins, peptides, amino acids, fatty acids, sterols, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, phenolic compounds, photosynthetic pigments, vitamins, and minerals) focusing on their potential use and health benefits.
Improved outcomes for emergency department patients whose ambulance off‐stretcher time is not delayed
Authors: Crilly Julia , Keijzers Gerben , Tippett Vivienne , O'Dwyer John , Lind James , Bost Nerolie , O'Dwyer Marilla , Shiels Sue , Wallis Marianne 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe and compare characteristics and outcomes of patients who arrive by ambulance to the ED. We aimed to (i) compare patients with a delayed ambulance offload time (AOT) >30 min with those who were not delayed; and (ii) identify predictors of an ED length of stay (LOS) of >4 h for ambulance‐arriving patients.MethodsA retrospective, multi‐site cohort study was undertaken in Australia using 12 months of linked health data (September 2007–2008). Outcomes of AOT delayed and non‐delayed presentations were compared. Logistic regression analysis was undertaken to identify predictors of an ED LOS of >4 h.ResultsOf the 40 783 linked, analysable ambulance presentations, AOT delay of >30 min was experienced by 15%, and 63% had an ED LOS of >4 h. Patients with an AOT <30 min had better outcomes for: time to triage; ambulance time at hospital; time to see healthcare professional; proportion seen within recommended triage time frame; and ED LOS for both admitted and non‐admitted patients. In‐hospital mortality did not differ. Strong predictors of an ED LOS >4 h included: hospital admission, older age, triage category, and offload delay >30 min.ConclusionPatients arriving to the ED via ambulance and offloaded within 30 min experience better outcomes than those delayed. Given that offload delay is a modifiable predictor of an ED LOS of >4 h, targeted improvements in the ED arrival process for ambulance patients might be useful.
Successive Reduction Dry Milling of Normal and Waxy Corn: Grain, Grit, and Flour Properties
Authors: Thakur Sheetal , Kaur Amritpal , Singh Narpinder , Virdi Amardeep Singh 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDry milling of different corn types resulted in varied proportions of germ, pericarp, grit and flour. Grit and flour produced during different reduction stages varied in particle size and chemical constituents, hence applications in food industry. In this study, recovery of different fractions and variation in physicochemical and pasting properties of grit and flour fractions obtained during 3 successive reduction dry millings of 2 normal (African tall, HQPM1) and 1 waxy corn (IC 550353) were evaluated. Waxy corn grains had the highest L*, a*, b*, ash, fat, and protein content and the lowest weight. Waxy and African tall gave the highest recovery of germ and pericarp, respectively. Waxy corn showed lower grit and flour recovery as compared to normal corn. Flour fractions showed higher L* and lower a* and b* values than grit fractions. Particle size of grit and flour fractions ranged from 840 to 982 μm and 330 to 409 μm, respectively. Fractions with larger particle size showed lower L* value. The b* value showed positive correlation with yellow pigment content. Grit and flour from the 1st reduction stage showed higher ash and fat content. Protein content was correlated positively with ash content and negatively with L* value. Grit and flour fractions with higher protein content had lower pasting viscosities. Pasting viscosities were higher for flours than their corresponding grits. Protein profiling of grit and flour fractions from different stages showed quantitative and qualitative differences in medium (22, 28, and 35 kDa) and low molecular weight (16, 17, and 19 kDa) polypeptides and were related to grit and flour yield.
Effects of High‐Hydrostatic Pressure on Inactivation of Human Norovirus and Physical and Sensory Characteristics of Oysters
Authors: Ye Mu , Lingham Talaysha , Huang Yaoxin , Ozbay Gulnihal , Ji Lin , Karwe Mukund , Chen Haiqiang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to determine the effect of high‐hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on inactivation of human norovirus (HuNoV) in oysters and to evaluate organoleptic characteristics of oysters treated at pressure levels required for HuNoV inactivation. Genogroup I.1 (GI.1) or Genogroup II.4 (GII.4) HuNoV was inoculated into oysters and treated at 300 to 600 MPa at 25 and 0 °C for 2 min. After HHP, viral particles were extracted by porcine gastric mucin‐conjugated magnetic beads (PGM‐MBs) and viral RNA was quantified by real‐time RT‐PCR. Lower initial temperature (0 °C) significantly enhanced HHP inactivation of HuNoV compared to ambient temperature (25 °C; P < 0.05). HHP at 350 and 500 MPa at 0 °C could achieve more than 4 log10 reduction of GII.4 and GI.1 HuNoV in oysters, respectively. HHP treatments did not significantly change color or texture of oyster tissue. A 1‐ to 5‐scale hedonic sensory evaluation on appearance, aroma, color, and overall acceptability showed that pressure‐treated oysters received significantly higher quality scores than the untreated control (P < 0.05). Elevated pressure levels at 450 and 500 MPa did not significantly affect scores compared to 300 MPa at 0 °C, indicating increasing pressure level did not affect sensory acceptability of oysters. Oysters treated at 0 °C had slightly lower acceptability than the group treated at room temperature on day 1 (P < 0.05), but after 1 wk storage, no significant difference in sensory attributes and consumer desirability was observed (P > 0.05).