bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frankfurt-Friendly Libertarianism
Authors: Widerker David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article begins by reviewing a major objection to Frankfurt-type examples made in past writings, called here as the “Dilemma Objection.” It explains why PAP has an initial plausibility for many persons. This plausibility is grounded, the article argues, in a principle called the “principle of reasonable expectations” (PAE): An agent is morally blameworthy for a given act only if, in the circumstances, it would be morally reasonable to expect the agent to have done something else. It argues that in situations of such kinds, agents can be held morally responsible for their actions, even in a libertarian sense. This views is called “Frankfurt-friendly libertarianism.” It argues that this more “Frankfurt-friendly” view is another possible option open to libertarians in response to Frankfurt-type examples.
Contributions of Neuroscience to the Free Will Debate: From random movement to intelligible action
Authors: Walter Henrik 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses a range of recent research in cognitive neuroscience and social psychology with implications for free-will debates, including experiments of social psychologists showing that unconscious cognitive and emotional factors sometimes influence our actions and decisions although we are unaware of these influences and think we had our own conscious reasons to act; evidence from clinical neuroscience and studies of split-brain patients that our conscious reasons are sometimes confabulations; and neuroscientific studies of moral reasoning and cognitive control, among other topics. The article discusses the challenge of neuroscience to our everyday ways of thinking about morality and about moral and legal responsibility and argues that neuroscience may require that we revise our views to some degree about these matters in the future.
Self-Enhancement and Self-Protection Motives
Authors: Sedikides Constantine , Alicke Mark D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPeople desire to maximize the positivity, and minimize the negativity, of their self-views. The tendency to exalt one's virtues and soften one's weaknesses, relative to objective criteria, manifests itself in many domains of human striving. We focus illustratively on three strivings: the self-serving bias (crediting the self for successes but blaming others or situations for failures), the better-than-average effect (considering the self superior to the average peer), and selective self-memory (disproportionately poor recall for negative self-relevant information). Nonmotivational factors (e.g., expectations, egocentrism, focalism, individuated-entity versus aggregate comparisons) are not necessary for the emergence of these strivings. Instead, the strivings are (at least partially) driven by the self-enhancement and self-protection motives, as research on self-threat and self-affirmation has established. The two motives serve vital functions: They confer benefits to psychological health and psychological interests (e.g., goal pursuit).
Evolution and psychology in philosophical perspective
Authors: Mameli Matteo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHumans are evolved organisms. This means that human minds have an evolutionary origin and that human psychological traits are, in one way or another, the product of evolution. This article explores the implications of this deceptively simple fact for the science of psychology. The question it addresses is whether and how knowing that human minds have an evolutionary origin can help understand the way modern human minds work. The true implications of the evolutionary origins of human minds are not always easy to unravel. Some mistakes can be avoided by steering away from simplistic views of evolution and development, and of the way they interact. Developmental plasticity, environmental change, niche construction, and cultural transmission have all played an important role in human evolution. Understanding such factors is thereby crucial for an accurate evolutionary account of human psychological traits.
Social knowledge in primates
Authors: Call Josep 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSocial knowledge emanates from psychological tradition and it has focused its attention on the individual as a unit of analysis rather than the group. This article focuses on the individual's knowledge about the psychological states of other individuals that govern their behaviour. David Premack and GuyWoodruff's seminal paper on whether the chimpanzee has a theory of mind sets the stage for this line of research by asking the question of whether chimpanzees attribute intentions to others in problem solving situations. Since then this orientation has extended its scope and included other psychological states such as perceptions, desires, knowledge, or beliefs. In the social world, both types of social knowledge are important. The article's focus is on theory-of-mind research or mindreading, or mental state attribution.
Culture in primates and other animals
Authors: van Schaik Carel P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSocial transmission is critical for any definition, because it creates heritability, the passing on of traits to the next generation, in a fundamentally new way: through behavioural induction rather than genetic prescription. This definition is broad enough to encompass both animal and human culture, without of course denying the abyss that separates human culture from that of animals. This article examines the mechanism of social transmission, social learning, as well as the source of culture, innovation, and aspects of evolution. Social learning does not need to involve copying of behaviour patterns, because the naïve animal often invents the same new behavioural skills independently. Some forms, however, do involve direct observation: copying of goals or outcomes, often referred to as emulation, or of the actual actions, usually called imitation, or some mix.
Childhood experiences and reproductive strategies
Authors: Belsky Jay 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses one programme of theory-building dealing with childhood experience and reproductive strategy and relevant evidence. Before doing so, however, two foundational topics must be addressed. The first is the proposition that experiences early in life might shape developments later in life. The second is life-history theory, as this serves as the higher-level framework on which the article builds. For most students of child development, it is presumed that experiences in the early years of life influence individual differences in later development. The article suggests that the biological organisation of the human life course is something in need of explanation. Life-history theory is the metatheoretical framework within more general evolutionary theory that seeks to account for the timing of reproductive and lifespan developments in terms of evolved strategies for distributing metabolic resources between the competing demands of growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
Parental impacts on development: How proximate factors mediate adaptive plans
Authors: Bereczkei Tamas 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the light of the theory of evolution, parental impacts, like other environmental stimuli, are hypothesized to be processed by children's evolved psychological mechanisms. Various behavioural algorithms, decision rules, learning programs, and epigenetic rules transform input from the family context into behavioural output that presumably solved adaptive problems in evolutionarily relevant environments. This is why evolved physiological and psychological processes, considered as proximate mechanisms, are so crucial in the evolutionary explanations of human behaviour. This article clarifies the specific ways in which these mechanisms channel behavioural acts into adaptive decisions. A central task is to gain insights into the details of socialisation: how children process the information that comes from their parents and how this shapes adaptive patterns and states during development.
Life-history theory, reproduction and longevity in humans
Authors: Lummaa Virpi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe basic assumption underlying life-history theory is that natural selection has selected for an optimal combination of life-history traits that maximizes individual fitness. The best studied trade-offs include: investigating how individuals should allocate resources to reproduction versus their own growth and survival; and when reproducing, how should they divide their effort between current and future reproduction or between the number, sex, and quality of offspring. Co-ordinated evolution of all these principal life-history traits together determines the life-history strategy of the organism. The environment, in turn, determines the action of natural selection: traits may be adaptive only within reference to a particular environment and few, if any, traits are adaptive in all contexts. Life-history theory proposes that, generally, there should be no selection for living beyond one's reproductive capacity. Instead, the ‘surplus’ energy reserves which would allow post-reproductive survival are predicted to be better off spent earlier in one's life, during reproductive years.
Evolutionary psychology meets history: insights into human nature through family reconstitution studies
Authors: Voland Eckart 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe genealogical data of family reconstitution studies is of interest to research inspired by Darwinian theory primarily for two reasons. First, they contain personal data and not highly aggregated statistics, such as are typically analysed in demography. Therefore, the individual- and family-oriented structure of the records permits analysis of the variation within populations. Second, family reconstitution studies achieve a temporal depth with overlapping generations that cannot usually be attained in anthropological demography studies of recent populations, most of which lack reliable historical records. The analysis of differential reproduction is, thus, the most important tool in heuristics available to the adaptationist programme of evolutionary anthropology and evolutionary psychology. This article explores these issues in more depth and raise the question of the growth of knowledge that family reconstitution studies have contributed to research on the evolved human psyche.
Temporal knowledge and autobiographical memory: an evolutionary perspective
Authors: Skowronski John J. , Sedikides Constantine 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOne characteristic of humans is that they have a sense of self. An examination of research and theory exploring the psychology of the self suggests that it has at least three important aspects. The first of these aspects is representation: the memory system contains mental structures that store and organize different kinds of self-relevant knowledge. In addition, some of the knowledge reflects episodic memories of specific life events. These memories contain perceptual details of events, as well as information about event contexts. The second attribute of the human self is that it maintains an executive function, regulating an individual's relation with the social and physical environment. The third attribute of the self is reflexivity. This term can be defined as the organism's ability to depict itself in its ongoing relation with other objects.
Evolutionary approaches to literature and drama
Authors: Carroll Joseph 
Published: February 2013

AbstractReintroduced into philosophical parlance by Edward Wilson, the term ‘consilience’ denotes that nature forms a unified field of determinate causal relations and that all fields of knowledge are thus integrally connected — including literature, drama, and the other arts. The common designation for that species-typical configuration — both in literary tradition and in evolutionary psychology — is ‘human nature’. Like most traditional literary theorists, adaptationist literary scholars argue that literary works are produced and consumed to fulfill the needs of human nature, that they depict human nature, and that they are constrained, in their formal organization, by the species-typical dynamics of human social interaction. This article describes the historical context of adaptationism, surveys the work that has already been published in adaptationist literary studies, and then considers some of the directions further research might take.
Visual word recognition
Authors: Rastle Kathleen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms underlying skilled reading is at the center of modern psycholinguistics, and has been a topic of considerable interest since the beginnings of psychology as a scientific discipline. This article considers some of the theoretical and empirical issues that have shaped our understanding of one specific aspect of skilled reading—the recognition of single printed words—focusing in particular on aspects of this problem which are the subject of significant recent inquiry. It begins with a term used in early psycholinguistic theories to denote a mental dictionary thought to package together all of the orthographic (spelling), semantic (meaning), and phonological (pronunciation) information about known words: the mental lexicon. After discussing a theory of visual word recognition that consists of multiple levels of orthographic representation, the article looks at the interactive-activation model, neighborhood effects, masked form priming effects, and word recognition and the reading system.
Spoken language comprehension: insights from eye movements
Authors: Tanenhaus Michael K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRecently, eye movements have become a widely used response measure for studying spoken language processing in both adults and children, in situations where participants comprehend and generate utterances about a circumscribed “Visual World” while fixation is monitored, typically using a free-view eye-tracker. Psycholinguists now use the Visual World eye-movement method to study both language production and language comprehension, in studies that run the gamut of current topics in language processing. Eye movements are a response measure of choice for addressing many classic questions about spoken language processing in psycholinguistics. This article reviews the burgeoning Visual World literature on language comprehension, highlighting some of the seminal studies and examining how the Visual World approach has contributed new insights to our understanding of spoken word recognition, parsing, reference resolution, and interactive conversation. It considers some of the methodological issues that come to the fore when psycholinguists use eye movements to examine spoken language comprehension.
Working Memory and Language
Authors: Gathercole Susan E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines what roles, if any, working memory plays in the human capabilities to handle language. One possibility is that language comprehension is dependent upon working memory, as a consequence of the ephemeral nature of the speech input. A second is that the working memory system supports the learning of language rather than language processing per se. The article argues that in fact this is by far the most significant contribution made by working memory to the human facility with language. Individually and in concert, the subsystems of working memory play vital and highly specific roles, both in language learning in particular and in learning more generally. The article first describes the concept of working memory, and then discusses sentence processing and short-term memory, vocabulary acquisition and verbal short-term memory, and specific language impairment and working memory.
Case in Role and Reference Grammar
Authors: Van Valin Robert D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the theory of case assignment in role and reference grammar (RRG). RRG is a monostratal, non-derivational theory which posits a direct linking between syntax and semantics; discourse-pragmatics may play a role in this linking. Case marking in RRG is handled rather differently than in other theories: first, it is not assigned on the basis of grammatical relations; second, it is not assigned on the basis of phrase structure configurations; and third, it may directly reflect the semantic or pragmatic status of an argument, in some languages. This article first summarises the linking system in RRG, concentrating on those aspects of it that are relevant to case marking. It then describes the basics of nominative-accusative and ergative-absolutive case assignment, the treatment of other significant argument-marking cases (dative and instrumental), and the two most important complications affecting these case assignment rules. It concludes with a discussion of languages in which case assignment is strongly affected by discourse-pragmatics.
Case in Formal Semantics
Authors: de Hoop Helen , Zwarts Joost 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCase has not received a lot of attention from formal semanticists, probably because the approach has mostly focused on languages with relatively sparse case systems. This article examines how formal tools are being used in the study of the meaning of case. There are many semantic aspects of case that lend themselves to such a treatment, such as argument structure, quantification, aspect, and space. This article looks at the application of formal semantics to case in the domains of argument structure and space. First, it considers work in which the central notions of grammatical function and noun phrase interpretation play an important role in relation to case marking. It then explores Keenan's (1989) semantic case theory, and de Hoop's (1992) and van Geenhoven's (1996) type-shifting approaches to case and voice alternations. Following Krifka (1992) and Kiparsky (1998), the article shows how the mereological approach can account for the semantics of partitive case in Finnish. The article concludes with a discussion on case and spatial structure.
Case and Declensional Paradigms
Authors: Blevins James P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCase plays a central role in declensional paradigms, as reflected in the way that declensions are traditionally described as ‘case paradigms’. Case is often the declensional feature with the largest and most heterogeneous inventory of values, and much of the structure of declensional paradigms derives from patterns within the case system. Some types of patterns are more ‘purely morphological’ in the sense that they relate sets of forms that do not comprise any kind of natural morphosyntactic class. It is the prevalence and intricacy of these morphological patterns that make case paradigms particularly relevant for general theories of morphology. Three types of patterns are especially salient in case systems. The first involves a split within case systems. The second declension-internal pattern, which often cuts across other divisions, reflects the organisation of case forms within a paradigm into form classes or ‘cohorts’. The third pattern concerns the implicational structure that arises from the ‘relative informativeness’ of the members of a paradigm. This article explores the structure of case paradigms, focusing on case syncretism, implication and reversal, and stem syncretism.
Case, Grammatical Relations, and Semantic Roles
Authors: Primus Beatrice 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents an overview of the basic issues concerning the relationship between case, grammatical relations, and semantic roles such as agent and patient. In most approaches, semantic roles are directly linked to abstract grammatical relations for the core arguments of the clause. Cases are considered to be a surface expression of grammatical relations. All approaches that are concerned with the relationship between semantic roles and grammatical relations are able to capture the argument realisation of transitive verbs selecting highly potent agents and strongly affected patients such as ‘break’, ‘open’, or ‘hit’ in accusative languages. Approaches using role lists instead of semantic decompositions lack the means to cope with the large number of individual roles that are selected by the full range of verbs and with the reverse case pattern in ergative constructions. Accordingly, this article deals primarily with the relationship (or linking) between grammatical relations and semantic roles in different types of approaches. It also discusses role lists and role hierarchies, along with proto-roles and lexical semantic structures.
Case in Lanuge Comprehension
Authors: Bader Markus , Lamers Monique 
Published: February 2013

AbstractResearch on human language comprehension has been heavily influenced by properties of the English language. Since case plays only a minor role in English, its role for language comprehension has only recently become a topic for extensive research on psycholinguistics. In the psycholinguistic literature, these processes are called the human parsing mechanism or the human sentence processing mechanism (HSPM). According to the Strong Competence Hypothesis, the syntactic structures computed by the HSPM are exactly those structures that are specified by the competence grammar. This article assumes that the HSPM computes phrase-structure representations enriched by various syntactic features, in particular case features on noun phrases. After providing a short introduction into current research concerned with the HSPM, it explores how syntactic functions are assigned in the face of morphological case ambiguity, the role of case for identifying clause boundaries in languages like Japanese and Korean, the problem of syntactic ambiguity resolution, and whether markedness distinctions that have been postulated to obtain between different cases are reflected in language comprehension.
Evolution of Case Systems
Authors: Kulikov Leonid 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNew cases may arise by adding adverbs, postpositions, and (rarely) prepositions; by adding existing case markers to other case forms, which results in ‘multilayer’ case marking; from demonstrative pronouns or articles. New case forms may also go back to denominal adjectives and adverbials incorporated into the case paradigm. An important mechanism of the rise of new case(s) is the splitting of one case into two by borrowing of a new case marker from a different declension type. This article also discusses the main processes within case systems that do not lead to quantitative changes but help to resist phonetic erosion (stable case systems). The mechanisms used to avoid the merger of cases include the borrowing of new inflections from other cases and the adding of free morphemes to old case forms. On the basis of this diachronic typological overview, the article offers a tentative classification of the evolutionary types of languages and briefly explores the main factors determining the evolutionary type of a language.