bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The capacity to refuse psychiatric treatment: A guide to the law for clinicians and tribunal members
Authors: Ryan Christopher , Callaghan Sascha , Peisah Carmelle 
Published: February 2015

Objective: In some Australian states clinicians and mental health tribunal members are already required to assess a person’s decision-making capacity before involuntary treatment can be applied. Professionals in other jurisdictions will likely soon be required to do the same as mental health law reform in most Australian jurisdictions makes the assessment of decision-making capacity a central component of the process of providing unconsented psychiatric treatment. We provide a guide to the legal issues around the capacity to refuse psychiatric treatment to assist with this task. Method: We review the legislation in the four Australian states most advanced in the mental health law reform process and use examples from clinical practice and the common law to describe how decision-making capacity should be assessed by these statutory standards. Results: Clinicians and tribunal members will primarily be required to judge whether a person with mental illness can understand the information relevant to the treatment decision and whether he or she can use or weigh that information to come to a decision. A person with a mental illness is presumed to have capacity, but that presumption can be rebutted. Capacity is specific to the decision at hand and cannot be determined by the nature of the decision made. Conclusions: The information provided should assist clinicians and tribunal members to make determinations of decision-making capacity around treatment refusal in the context of mental illness.
Effects of exercise therapy on walking ability in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Tanaka Ryo , Ozawa Junya , Kito Nobuhiro , Moriyama Hideki 
Published: February 2015

Objective: To examine the effect of exercise therapy on the walking ability of individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Data sources: Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) were identified by searching through PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. All literature published to October 2014 were included in the search. Review methods: Data were collected from RCTs that compared the effects of exercise therapy on walking ability with the effects of no intervention or psychoeducational intervention in participants with knee osteoarthritis. The outcome data on the total distance walked (6-minute walk test); the amount of time spent walking (the time to walk arbitrary distances); and gait velocity were obtained and analysed. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: Twenty-eight RCTs were identified. Meta-analysis provided very-low-quality evidence that exercise therapy increased the total distance walked in the 6-minute walk test, in comparison with the effects of the control interventions (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.60). Meta-analysis also provided low- or moderate-quality evidence that the amount of time spent walking and gait velocity were improved more by exercise therapy than by the control interventions (the amount of time spent walking: SMD = −0.50, 95% CI −0.70 to −0.30; gait velocity: SMD = 1.78, 95% CI 0.98 to 2.58). Conclusion: In individuals with knee osteoarthritis, exercise therapy can improve the amount of time spent walking, gait velocity, and maybe the total distance walked.
‘Less ticking the boxes, more providing support’: A qualitative study on health professionals’ concerns towards the Liverpool Care of the Dying Pathway
Authors: Di Leo Silvia , Romoli Vittoria , Higginson Irene J , Bulli Francesco , Fantini Susanna , Sguazzotti Erica , Costantini Massimo 
Published: February 2015

Background: Despite being widely used, research into the effectiveness of the Liverpool Care of the Dying Pathway (LCP) and associated cases of malpractice does not match dissemination. No study exists focusing on concerns voiced by professionals. Aim: To explore the views of professionals who, during the hospital implementation of the Italian version of the Liverpool Care of the Dying Pathway (LCP-I), voiced or showed concerns towards it. Design: A qualitative study nested within the LCP-I randomized cluster trial, with semi-structured interviews analysed using thematic analysis. Setting and participants: Six nurses and five physicians from six out of the eight hospital wards who completed the LCP-I implementation were interviewed. Eligibility criteria were having taken part in all steps of the LCP-I Programme, voiced or somehow shown concerns, or failed to fully engage with the implementation process. Results: A total of 12 categories were identified, referring to four topics: the Implementation Programme, the LCP-I clinical documentation, the hospital environment and the educational and professional background of hospital healthcare staff. Issues raised by participants concerned both ‘real’ characteristics of the LCP-I and a misinterpretation of the LCP-I approach and clinical documentation. Furthermore, difficulties were reported which were not linked to the Programme but rather to end-of-life care. Conclusion: This study provides insights into the experience of professionals with negative opinions of or concerns with the LCP-I. A more comprehensive approach to professional training in palliative care is needed and may envisage the development of new interventions aimed at improving the quality of care throughout the illness trajectory.
Biomechanical Performance of Baseball Pitchers With a History of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Fleisig Glenn S. , Leddon Charles E. , Laughlin Walter A. , Ciccotti Michael G. , Mandelbaum Bert R. , Aune Kyle T. , Escamilla Rafael F. , MacLeod Toran D. , Andrews James R. 
Published: February 2015

Background: A relatively high number of active professional baseball pitchers have a history of ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLr) on their throwing elbow. Controversy exists in the literature about whether professional baseball pitchers regain optimal performance after return from UCLr. It has been suggested that pitchers may have different biomechanics after UCLr, but this has not been previously tested. Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that, compared with a control group without a history of UCLr, professional pitchers with a history of UCLr would have (1) significantly different throwing elbow and shoulder biomechanics; (2) a shortened stride, insufficient trunk forward tilt, and excessive shoulder horizontal adduction, characteristics associated with “holding back” or being tentative; (3) late shoulder rotation; and (4) improper shoulder abduction and trunk lateral tilt. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 80 active minor league baseball pitchers (and their 8 Major League Baseball organizations) agreed to participate in this study. Participants included 40 pitchers with a history of UCLr and a matched control group of 40 pitchers with no history of elbow or shoulder surgery. Passive ranges of motion were measured for each pitcher’s elbows and shoulders, and then 23 reflective markers were attached to his body. The pitcher took as many warm-up pitches as desired and then threw 10 full-effort fastballs for data collection. Ball speed was recorded with a radar gun. The reflective markers were tracked with a 10-camera, 240-Hz automated motion analysis system. Eleven biomechanical parameters were computed for each pitch and then averaged for each participant. Demographic, range of motion, and biomechanical parameters were compared between the UCLr group and the control group by use of Student t tests (significance set at P < .05). Results: All hypotheses were rejected, as there were no differences in pitching biomechanics between the UCLr group and the control group. There were also no differences in passive range of motion between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Compared with a control group, active professional pitchers with a history of UCLr displayed no significant differences in shoulder and elbow passive range of motion and no significant differences in elbow and shoulder biomechanics. Clinical Relevance: Clinical studies have previously shown that 10% to 33% of professional pitchers do not return to their preinjury level; however, the current study showed that those pitchers who successfully return to professional baseball after UCLr pitch with biomechanics similar to that of noninjured professionals.
Cause of death in HIV-infected patients in South Carolina (2005–2013)
Authors: Cima Michael , Parker R. David , Ahmed Yasir , Cook Sean , Dykema Shana , Dukes Kristina , Albrecht Stephan , Weissman Sharon 
Published: February 2015

Summary The life span of persons with HIV has been greatly extended over the past 30 years due to novel therapies. In the developed world and urban settings, this results in a lifespan rivaling the lifespan of a person without HIV. A retrospective study was conducted on 459 patients of an urban, academic medical center who died between 2005 and 2013 in a medium-sized US city. Using the established Cause of Death Project (CoDe) protocol, we measured multiple factors including comorbidities, risk behaviours, contributing and underlying causes of death. This study is one of the few US-based studies using this validated protocol. Among the deaths, 25.9% were sudden and 15.2% were unexpected. Almost one-fifth were related to AIDS-related infections; 47.5% related to non-AIDS causes; with the remainder unknown. Statistically significant increases in CD4 counts and decreasing viral loads were observed over the study period. There were no statistically significant differences observed by HIV risk behaviour, race, gender, age at death, or on antiretrovirals at death. In support of the existing literature, improved HIV management appears to reduce the AIDS-related attributable death among patients observed in this study.
Incidence and antiviral response of hepatitis C virus reactivation in lupus patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy
Authors: Chen M-H , Chen M-H , Tsai C-Y , Chou C-T , Lin H-Y , Huang D-F , Huang Y-H 
Published: February 2015

Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease and usually requires immunosuppressive therapy, which is a major cause of viral reactivation. The incidence and antiviral response in SLE patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) reactivation is unclear and needs to be investigated. Methods One hundred and sixty-six SLE patients with antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) status were retrospectively reviewed regarding the events of HCV reactivation. Patients with HCV reactivation were treated with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin treatment. The virological response and relapse rate were evaluated. Results Twenty-six patients were positive for anti-HCV. During a mean 8.4 years of follow-up, 10 (38.5%) cases developed HCV reactivation. No clear relationship was noted between immunosuppressive therapy and the HCV reactivation. Eight patients underwent antiviral therapy and the rapid virological response (RVR), early virological response, and sustained virological response (SVR) rates were 37.5%, 87.5%, and 75.0%, respectively. However, late relapse (reappearance of HCV RNA in serum after archiving SVR) was found in two (33.3%) of six patients achieving SVR. The two cases were HCV genotype 1 b concurrent with corticosteroid treatment. Conclusions HCV reactivation in anti-HCV-positive SLE patients was possibly associated with glucocorticoids. The virological response to interferon plus ribavirin treatment is not inferior to the general population. However, monitoring HCV RNA after SVR is necessary for patients concurrent with corticosteroid treatment due to the risk of late relapse.
Fracture-Dislocations Demonstrate Poorer Postoperative Functional Outcomes Among Pronation External Rotation IV Ankle Fractures
Authors: Warner Stephen J. , Schottel Patrick C. , Hinds Richard M. , Helfet David L. , Lorich Dean G. 
Published: February 2015

Background: Pronation external rotation (PER) ankle fractures are relatively uncommon but serious ankle injuries. Although recent studies have demonstrated good outcomes of PER IV fractures after operative treatment, the effect of dislocation on functional outcomes has not yet been evaluated. The objective of this study was to compare short-term functional outcomes in PER IV ankle fractures with and without dislocation. Methods: Our database of ankle fractures surgically treated using an anatomic fixation approach by the senior author from 2003 to 2013 was reviewed. All PER IV ankle fracture patients older than 18 years with a minimum of 12 months of follow-up, including Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), were included for analysis. Patient demographics, injury characteristics, FAOS, ankle range of motion (ROM), and rate of postoperative complications were compared in PER IV fractures with and without dislocation. Of the 47 PER IV fractures included for analysis, 20 (43%) were fracture-dislocations and 27 (57%) had no dislocation. Mean age of the study cohort was 49 years (range, 24-91 years). Results: The fracture-dislocation cohort demonstrated significantly poorer FAOS (symptoms, 46 vs 70, P = .002; pain, 56 vs 82, P < .001; activities of daily living, 61 vs 84, P = .002; sports, 37 vs 59, P = .036; quality of life, 25 vs 59, P < .001) than the nondislocation cohort. Articular malreduction (33% vs 14%, P = .147) was also more common in the PER IV dislocation group. Rates of syndesmotic malreduction (44% vs 48%, P = .951) were similar between PER IV fractures with and without dislocation. Conclusion: PER IV fracture-dislocations had higher rates of articular malreduction and demonstrated statistically poorer functional outcomes than PER IV fractures with no dislocation. Dislocation in this select subset of ankle fracture patients likely represents a higher energy injury resulting in substantial articular damage and should spur appropriate preoperative patient counseling by the orthopaedic surgeon concerning functional outcome expectations. Level of Evidence: Level III clinical outcome comparison.
Arterial thrombosis is accelerated in mice deficient in histidine-rich glycoprotein
Authors: Vu Trang T. , Zhou Ji , Leslie Beverly A. , Stafford Alan R. , Fredenburgh James C. , Ni Ran , Qiao Shengjun , Vaezzadeh Nima , Jahnen-Dechent Willi , Monia Brett P. , Gross Peter L. , Weitz Jeffrey I. 
Published: February 2015

Key PointsMice deficient in HRG have normal hemostasis, but demonstrate accelerated thrombosis via the contact system. HRG abrogates nucleic acid–driven coagulation and serves as a novel modulator of the contact system in vivo.
Synthesis and Application of Graphene–Sodium Polyacrylate–Pd Nanocomposite in Amperometric Determination of Ciprofloxacin
Authors: Chen Hong , Bo Le , He Meng , Mi Geng , Li Jianrong 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Graphene–sodium polyacrylate–Pd (GN–PAAS–Pd) nanocomposite was synthesized and applied to the amperometric determination of ciprofloxacin (CIP). The electrochemical behaviour of CIP on the nanocomposite was investigated and a chronoamperometry method was developed for the determination of CIP. The results showed that the peak current increased with the CIP concentration in the range 0.18–10.8 µM with a calibration equation of Ipa (µA) = 0.867CCIP + 0.6521(µM) and in the range 10.8–180 µM with a calibration equation of Ipa (µA) = 0.1593CCIP + 8.2671(µM). The detection limit was estimated to be 0.045 µM (S/N = 3). The modified electrode has been applied to the determination of CIP in samples.
Electrochemical Activation of a Novel Laccase, MELAC, Isolated from Compost
Authors: Murata Kazuki , Shigemori Yasushi , Tsujimura Seiya 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Here, we report a novel electrochemical activation technique for a Cu-depleted apo-type laccase, MELAC, which was isolated from a compost metagenome. The Cu atoms in the active center of the laccase were removed during the purification process using an anion-exchange column. We demonstrate how the apo-type laccase can be activated by an electrochemically generated monovalent Cu+ ion.
Degradation of Trichloroethylene Using Allophane–Titania Nanocomposite Supported on Porous Filter
Authors: Nishikiori Hiromasa , Morita Koji , Shibuya Yuki , Tagashira Kenji 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The allophane–titania composites were prepared on a macroporous filter. The allophane particles were dispersed in a titania sol, in which the filter was irradiated by ultrasonic waves, and then the resulting deposit on the filter was heated. During the photocatalytic degradation of trichloroethylene, the composite containing a small amount of allophane improved the adsorption ability of the titania and inhibited emission of the intermediate, phosgene. The appropriate UV irradiation intensity also inhibited the phosgene emission due to an effective adsorption–degradation relay.
Quantitative detection of amyloid-β peptides by mass spectrometry: state of the art and clinical applications
Authors: Bros Pauline , Delatour Vincent , Vialaret Jérôme , Lalere Béatrice , Barthelemy Nicolas , Gabelle Audrey , Lehmann Sylvain , Hirtz Christophe 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in humans, and a major public health concern with 35 million of patients worldwide. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers being early diagnostic indicators of AD, it is essential to use the most efficient analytical methods to detect and quantify them accurately. These biomarkers, and more specifically amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, are measured in routine clinical practice using immunoassays. However, there are several limits to this immunodetection in terms of specificity and multiplexing of the multiple isoforms of the Aβ peptides. To overcome these issues, the quantification of these analytes by mass spectrometry (MS) represents an interesting alternative, and several assays have been described over the past years. This article reviews the different Aβ peptides quantitative MS-based approaches published so far, compares their pre-analytical phase, and the different quantitative strategies implemented that might be suitable for clinical applications.
The ε - εβproperty, the boundedness of isoperimetric sets in ℝNwith density, and some applications
Authors: Cinti Eleonora , Pratelli Aldo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe show that every isoperimetric set inℝN{\mathbb{R}^{N}}with density is bounded if the density is continuous and bounded above and below. This improves the previously known boundedness results, which basically needed a Lipschitz assumption; on the other hand, the present assumption is sharp, as we show with an explicit example. To obtain our result, we observe that the main tool which is often used, namely a classical “ε--ε” property already discussed by Allard, Almgren and Bombieri, admits a weaker counterpart which is still sufficient for the boundedness, namely, an “ε--εβ\varepsilon^{\beta}” version of the property. And in turn, while for the validity of the first property the Lipschitz assumption is essential, for the latter the continuity alone is enough. We conclude by deriving some consequences of our result for the existence and almost-everywhere regularity of isoperimetric sets.
Curvature flow in hyperbolic spaces
Authors: Andrews Ben , Chen Xuzhong 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
We study the evolution of compact
convex hypersurfaces in
hyperbolic space

ℍ

n
+
1

{\mathbb{H}^{n+1}}

, with normal speed governed by the curvature. We concentrate mostly on the case of surfaces, and show that under a large class of natural flows, any compact initial surface with Gauss curvature greater than 1 produces
a solution which converges to a point in finite time, and becomes
spherical as the final time is approached. We also consider the higher-dimensional case, and show that under the mean curvature flow a similar result holds if the initial hypersurface is compact with positive Ricci curvature.
The role of perivascular adipose tissue in vasoconstriction, arterial stiffness, and aneurysm
Authors: Villacorta Luis , Chang Lin 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Since the “rediscovery” of brown adipose tissue in adult humans, significant scientific efforts are being pursued to identify the molecular mechanisms to promote a phenotypic change of white adipocytes into brown-like cells, a process called “browning”. It is well documented that white adipose tissue (WAT) mass and factors released from WAT influence the vascular function and positively correlate with cardiac arrest, stroke, and other cardiovascular complications. Similar to other fat depots, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an active endocrine organ and anatomically surrounds vessels. Both brown-like and white-like PVAT secrete various adipokines, cytokines, and growth factors that either prevent or promote the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) depending on the relative abundance of each type and their bioactivity in the neighboring vasculature. Notably, pathophysiological conditions, such as obesity, hypertension, or diabetes, induce the imbalance of PVAT-derived vasoactive products that promote the infiltration of inflammatory cells. This then triggers derangements in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cell dysfunction, resulting in the development of vascular diseases. In this review, we discuss the recent advances on the contribution of PVAT in CVDs. Specifically, we summarize the current proposed roles of PVAT in relationship with vascular contractility, endothelial dysfunction, neointimal formation, arterial stiffness, and aneurysm.
Analysis and Suppression of SBS Effect Using Self-Phase and Cross-Phase Modulation
Authors: Tithi F. H. , Islam M. S. , Tanna T. A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractStimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is one kind of fiber nonlinearities representing the fundamental limiting mechanisms to the amount of data that can be transmitted on a single optic fiber. SBS is the main limiting factors for getting high output fiber. To achieve high output power and high threshold power we have to suppress this SBS effect. When light ray propagates through an optical fiber, spectral broadening is occurred due to the self-phase modulation (SPM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM) effect. In this paper, we analyze the effect of spectral broadening due to the SPM and XPM and using this effect we minimize SBS effect. From the numerical simulation results, we have found that spectral broadening factors are 1.058, 1.217 and 1.443 for input power 30, 60 and 90 mW, respectively, due to SPM effect at 10 km transmission length. Using these broadening factors and input optical powers, the amounts of threshold power improvements are 2.1, 3.2 and 4.5 mW, respectively, for a source spectral width of 200 MHz. We also analyze this XPM effect considering equal channel power and unequal channel power.
Röntgen-Beugungsuntersuchungen an Bi-In-Schmelzen / X-Ray Diffraction Experiments with Bi-In-melts
Authors: Bek R. , Nold E. , Steeb S. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Using MoK α-radiation and a θ-θ diffractometer from molten In and Bi as well as six molten Bi-In alloys (8; 22; 27; 33.3; 50; and 77 at % Bi) intensity curves were obtained at 10 °C above the liquidus temperature. The measurements were performed in the q-region up to 14.5 Å-1. From the Fourier transform of the structure factors coordination numbers NI
tot and radii rI
tot were obtained. The concentration dependency of NI
tot and rI
tot leads to the conclusion, that the Bi-In melts belong to the compound forming melts.