bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating morphisms of Lie 2-algebras
Authors: Noohi Behrang 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGiven two Lie 2-groups, we study the problem of integrating a weak morphism between the corresponding Lie 2-algebras to a weak morphism between the Lie 2-groups. To do so, we develop a theory of butterflies for 2-term L∞-algebras. In particular, we obtain a new description of the bicategory of 2-term L∞-algebras. An interesting observation here is that the role played by 1-connected Lie groups in Lie theory is now played by 2-connected Lie 2-groups. Using butterflies, we also give a functorial construction of 2-connected covers of Lie 2 -groups. Based on our results, we expect that a similar pattern generalizes to Lie n-groups and Lie n-algebras.
Complete Genome Analysis of Canine Respiratory Coronavirus
Authors: Lim Seong-in , Choi Sarah , Lim Ji-Ae , Jeoung Hye-Young , Song Jae-Young , dela Pena R. C. , An Dong-Jun 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

The canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) K37 strain of the family
Coronaviridae
, group 2, was isolated in South Korea. Its genome was analyzed by nucleotide sequencing and was determined to have 31,029 bp. The small open reading frames situated between the spike and envelope genes of most of the CRCoV strains (except the CRCoV 4180 strain) were found to encode three nonstructural proteins (4.9 kDa, 2.7 kDa, and 12.8 kDa), while those of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) encode another three nonstructural proteins (4.9 kDa, 4.8 kDa, and 12.7 kDa) and those of a recently isolated bovine respiratory coronavirus (BRCoV) were found to encode only two nonstructural proteins (4.9 kDa and 12.7 kDa). The differences in the genes encoding these small nonstructural proteins may be associated with the emergence of highly similar viruses in different hosts.
Implementation of a Silver Iodide Cloud-Seeding Parameterization in WRF. Part II: 3D Simulations of Actual Seeding Events and Sensitivity Tests
Authors: Xue Lulin , Tessendorf Sarah A. , Nelson Eric , Rasmussen Roy , Breed Daniel , Parkinson Shaun , Holbrook Pat , Blestrud Derek 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFour cloud-seeding cases over southern Idaho during the 2010/11 winter season have been simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using the coupled silver iodide (AgI) cloud-seeding scheme that was described in Part I. The seeding effects of both ground-based and airborne seeding as well as the impacts of model physics, seeding rates, location, timing, and cloud properties on seeding effects have been investigated. The results were compared with those from Part I and showed the following: 1) For the four cases tested in this study, control simulations driven by the Real-Time Four Dimensional Data Assimilation (RTFDDA) WRF forecast data generated more realistic atmospheric conditions and precipitation patterns than those driven by the North America Regional Reanalysis data. Sensitivity experiments therefore used the RTFDDA data. 2) Glaciogenic cloud seeding increased orographic precipitation by less than 1% over the simulation domain, including the Snake River basin, and by up to 5% over the target areas. The local values of the relative precipitation enhancement by seeding were ~20%. Most of the enhancement came from vapor depletion. 3) The seeding effect was inversely related to the natural precipitation efficiency but was positively related to seeding rates. 4) Airborne seeding is generally more efficient than ground-based seeding in terms of targeting, but its efficiency depends on local meteorological conditions. 5) The normalized seeding effects ranged from 0.4 to 1.6 under various conditions for a certain seeding event.
Effects of Convective Gravity Wave Drag in the Southern Hemisphere Winter Stratosphere
Authors: Choi Hyun-Joo , Chun Hye-Yeong 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe excessively strong polar jet and cold pole in the Southern Hemisphere winter stratosphere are systematic biases in most global climate models and are related to underestimated wave drag in the winter extratropical stratosphere—namely, missing gravity wave drag (GWD). Cumulus convection is strong in the winter extratropics in association with storm-track regions; thus, convective GWD could be one of the missing GWDs in models that do not adopt source-based nonorographic GWD parameterizations. In this study, the authors use the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) and show that the zonal-mean wind and temperature biases in the Southern Hemisphere winter stratosphere of the model are significantly alleviated by including convective GWD (GWDC) parameterizations. The reduction in the wind biases is due to enhanced wave drag in the winter extratropical stratosphere, which is caused directly by the additional GWDC and indirectly by the increased existing nonorographic GWD and resolved wave drag in response to the GWDC. The cold temperature biases are alleviated by increased downwelling in the winter polar stratosphere, which stems from an increased poleward motion due to enhanced wave drag in the winter extratropical stratosphere. A comparison between two simulations separately using the ray-based and columnar GWDC parameterizations shows that the polar night jet with a ray-based GWDC parameterization is much more realistic than that with a columnar GWDC parameterization.
The SST Gradient between the Southwestern Pacific and the Western Pacific Warm Pool: A New Factor Controlling the Northwestern Pacific Tropical Cyclone Genesis Frequency
Authors: Zhan Ruifen , Wang Yuqing , Wen Min 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe sea surface temperature gradient (SSTG) between the southwestern Pacific Ocean (40°–20°S, 160°E–170°W) and the western Pacific warm pool (0°–16°N, 125°–165°E) in boreal spring has been identified as a new factor that controls the interannual variability of tropical cyclone (TC) frequency over the western North Pacific Ocean (WNP). This SSTG can explain 53% of the total variance of the WNP TC genesis frequency during the typhoon season for the period 1980–2011. The positive SSTG anomaly produces an anomalous cross-equatorial pressure gradient and thus anomalies in low-level southward cross-equatorial flow and tropical easterlies over the central-western Pacific. The anomalous easterlies further produce local equatorial upwelling and seasonal cooling in the central Pacific, which in turn maintains the easterly anomalies throughout the typhoon season. These dynamical/thermodynamical effects induced by the positive SSTG anomaly lead to a reduced low-level cyclonic shear, increased vertical wind shear, and weakened monsoon trough over the WNP, greatly suppressing WNP TC genesis during the typhoon season. This implies that the spring SSTG could be a good predictor for WNP TC genesis frequency.
The Case of Sharp Velocity Transitions in High Vertical Wind Shear When Measuring Doppler Velocities with Narrow Nyquist Intervals
Authors: Fabry Frédéric , Augros Clotilde , Bellon Aldo 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
An investigation was launched following unexpected observations of step-function transitions in Doppler velocities from scanning radars in regions of high vertical wind shear. It revealed that, if wind velocity transitions are sufficiently sharp and strong, then the measured velocity at each pulse repetition frequency undergoes an unusual smooth transition, from being in the right Nyquist interval to being in the wrong one. Hence, when these velocities are dealiased, a step function in velocity appears at the transition between where velocities were aliased and where they were not. The extent and the impacts of this data artifact are considered.
Achieving Seventh-Order Amplitude Accuracy in Leapfrog Integrations
Authors: Williams Paul D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The leapfrog time-stepping scheme makes no amplitude errors when integrating linear oscillations. Unfortunately, the Robert–Asselin filter, which is used to damp the computational mode, introduces first-order amplitude errors. The Robert–Asselin–Williams (RAW) filter, which was recently proposed as an improvement, eliminates the first-order amplitude errors and yields third-order amplitude accuracy. However, it has not previously been shown how to further improve the accuracy by eliminating the third- and higher-order amplitude errors. Here, it is shown that leapfrogging over a suitably weighted blend of the filtered and unfiltered tendencies eliminates the third-order amplitude errors and yields fifth-order amplitude accuracy. It is further shown that the use of a more discriminating (1, −4, 6, −4, 1) filter instead of a (1, −2, 1) filter eliminates the fifth-order amplitude errors and yields seventh-order amplitude accuracy. Other related schemes are obtained by varying the values of the filter parameters, and it is found that several combinations offer an appealing compromise of stability and accuracy. The proposed new schemes are tested in numerical integrations of a simple nonlinear system. They appear to be attractive alternatives to the filtered leapfrog schemes currently used in many atmosphere and ocean models.
The effects of fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FEC60) on the intestinal barrier function and gut peptides in breast cancer patients: an observational study
Authors: Russo Francesco , Linsalata Michele , Clemente Caterina , D’Attoma Benedetta , Orlando Antonella , Campanella Giovanna , Giotta Francesco , Riezzo Giuseppe 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
Several GI peptides linked to intestinal barrier function could be involved in the modification of intestinal permeability and the onset of diarrhea during adjuvant chemotherapy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the circulating levels of zonulin, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and ghrelin and their relationship with intestinal permeability and chemotherapy induced diarrhea (CTD).

Methods
Sixty breast cancer patients undergoing an FEC60 regimen were enrolled, 37 patients completed the study. CTD(+) patients were discriminated by appropriate questionnaire and criteria. During chemotherapy, intestinal permeability was assessed by lactulose/mannitol urinary test on day 0 and day 14. Zonulin, GLP-2, EGF and ghrelin circulating levels were evaluated by ELISA tests at five time-points (days 0, 3, 10, 14, and 21).

Results
During FEC60 administration, the lactulose/mannitol ratio was significantly higher on day 14 than at baseline. Zonulin levels were not affected by chemotherapy, whereas GLP-2 and EGF levels decreased significantly. GLP-2 levels on day 14 were significantly lower than those on day 0 and day 3, while EGF values were significantly lower on day 10 than at the baseline. In contrast, the total concentrations of ghrelin increased significantly at day 3 compared to days 0 and 21, respectively. Ten patients (27%) suffered from diarrhea. On day 14 of chemotherapy, a significant increase of the La/Ma ratio occurred in CTD(+) patients compared to CTD(−) patients. With regards to circulating gut peptides, the AUCg of GLP-2 and ghrelin were significantly lower and higher in CTD(+) patients than CTD(−) ones, respectively. Finally in CTD(+) patients a significant and inverse correlation between GLP-2 and La/Ma ratio was found on day 14.

Conclusions
Breast cancer patients undergoing FEC60 showed alterations in the intestinal permeability, which was associated with modifications in the levels of GLP-2, ghrelin and EGF. In CTD(+) patients, a different GI peptide profile and increased intestinal permeability was found in comparison to CTD(−) patients. This evidence deserves further studies for investigating the potentially different intestinal luminal and microbiota conditions.

Trial registration
Clinical trial NCT01382667
Redistributive effects of the National Health Insurance on physicians in Taiwan: a natural experiment time series study
Authors: Yang Chiang-Hsing , Huang Yu-Tung A , Hsueh Ya-Seng A 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
Previous studies have evaluated the effects of various health manpower policies but did not include full consideration of the effect of universal health insurance on physician re-distribution. This study examines the effects of implementing National Health Insurance (NHI) on the problem of geographic mal-distribution of health providers in Taiwan.

Methods
Data on health providers and population between 1971 and 2001 are obtained from relevant governmental publications in Taiwan. Gini coefficients derived from the Lorenz curve are used under a spline regression model to examine the impact of the NHI on the geographic distribution of health providers.

Results
The geographic distribution equality of the three key health providers has improved significantly after the implementation of NHI program. After accounting for the influences of other confounding factors, Gini coefficients of the three key providers have a net reduction of 1.248% for dentists, 0.365% for western medicine physicians, and 0.311% for Chinese medicine physicians. Overall, the absolute values of the three key providers’ Gini coefficients also become close to one another.

Conclusions
This study found that NHI’s offering universal health coverage to all citizens and with proper financial incentives have resulted in more equal geographic distributions among the key health care providers in Taiwan.
Quantitation of cell-free DNA and RNA in plasma during tumor progression in rats
Authors: García-Olmo Dolores C , Picazo María G , Toboso Inmaculada , Asensio Ana I , García-Olmo Damián 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundTo clarify the implications of cell-free nucleic acids (cfNA) in the plasma in neoplastic disease, it is necessary to determine the kinetics of their release into the circulation.MethodsTo quantify non-tumor and tumor DNA and RNA in the plasma of tumor-bearing rats and to correlate such levels with tumor progression, we injected DHD/K12-PROb colon cancer cells subcutaneously into syngenic BD-IX rats. Rats were sacrificed and their plasma was analyzed from the first to the eleventh week after inoculation.ResultsThe release of large amounts of non-tumor DNA into plasma was related to tumor development from its early stages. Tumor-specific DNA was detected in 33% of tumor-bearing rats, starting from the first week after inoculation and at an increasing frequency thereafter. Animals that were positive for tumor DNA in the plasma had larger tumors than those that were negative (p = 0.0006). However, the appearance of both mutated and non-mutated DNA fluctuated with time and levels of both were scattered among individuals in each group. The release of non-tumor mRNA was unaffected by tumor progression and we did not detect mutated RNA sequences in any animals.ConclusionsThe release of normal and tumor cfDNA into plasma appeared to be related to individual-specific factors. The contribution of tumor DNA to the elevated levels of plasma DNA was intermittent. The release of RNA into plasma during cancer progression appeared to be an even more selective and elusive phenomenon than that of DNA.
Epigenetic mechanisms in migraine: a promising avenue?
Authors: Eising Else , A Datson Nicole , van den Maagdenberg Arn MJM , Ferrari Michel D 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Migraine is a disabling common brain disorder typically characterized by attacks of severe headache and associated with autonomic and neurological symptoms. Its etiology is far from resolved. This review will focus on evidence that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in disease etiology. Epigenetics comprise both DNA methylation and post-translational modifications of the tails of histone proteins, affecting chromatin structure and gene expression. Besides playing a role in establishing cellular and developmental stage-specific regulation of gene expression, epigenetic processes are also important for programming lasting cellular responses to environmental signals. Epigenetic mechanisms may explain how non-genetic endogenous and exogenous factors such as female sex hormones, stress hormones and inflammation trigger may modulate attack frequency. Developing drugs that specifically target epigenetic mechanisms may open up exciting new avenues for the prophylactic treatment of migraine.
Hypothermia enhances induction of protective protein metallothionein under ischemia
Authors: Park Youn Hee , Lee Young Mi , Kim Dong Sun , Park Jaechan , Suk Kyoungho , Kim Jong Kun , Han Hyung Soo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundHypothermic protection against ischemic stroke has been reported by many studies. Hypothermia is supposed to mitigate the effects of deleterious genes and proteins and promote the activity of protective genes and proteins in the ischemic brain. Metallothionein (MT)-1/2 is thought to be a crucial factor for metal homeostasis, immune function, and apoptosis. This protein was found to exert protective effects in models of brain injury as well. In the present study, we investigated the effect of hypothermia on MT expression and the underlying mechanisms.MethodsCultured bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells were exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD+R). Reverse transcription PCR and western blot analyses were performed to measure the expression of MT, transcription factors, and methylation regulating factors. Transcription factor binding assays were also performed. Methylation profiles of the promoter area were obtained with pyrosequencing.ResultsHypothermia protected bEnd.3 cells from OGD+R. When the cells were exposed to OGD+R, MT expression was induced. Hypothermia augmented MT levels. While OGD+R-induced MT expression was mainly associated with metal regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF-1), MT expression promoted by hypothermia was primarily mediated by the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Significantly increased STAT3 phosphorylation at Ser727 was observed with hypothermia, and JSI-124, a STAT-3 inhibitor, suppressed MT expression. The DNA demethylating drug 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) enhanced MT expression. Some of the CpG sites in the promoter MT=> it should be “the CpG sites in the MT promoter” showed different methylation profiles and some methylation regulating factors had different expressional profiles in the presence of OGD+R and hypothermia.ConclusionsWe demonstrated that hypothermia is a potent inducer of MT gene transcription in brain endothelial cells, and enhanced MT expression might contribute to protection against ischemia. MT gene expression is induced by hypothermia mainly through the STAT3 pathway. DNA methylation may contribute to MT gene regulation under ischemic or hypothermic conditions.
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the urinary bladder: a case report
Authors: Colarossi Cristina , Pino Piero , Giuffrida Dario , Aiello Eleonora , Costanzo Rosario , Martinetti Daniela , Memeo Lorenzo 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a rare entity, accounting less then 1% of urinary bladder malignancies. The vast majority of the neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder is represented by small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma while just few cases of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) have been reported. In this cases report we describe a rare case of primary bladder LCNEC.

Virtual Slides

The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/2474700528951562
Assembling a cellulase cocktail and a cellodextrin transporter into a yeast host for CBP ethanol production
Authors: Chang Jui-Jen , Ho Feng-Ju , Ho Cheng-Yu , Wu Yueh-Chin , Hou Yu-Han , Huang Chieh-Chen , Shih Ming-Che , Li Wen-Hsiung 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
Many microorganisms possess enzymes that can efficiently degrade lignocellulosic materials, but do not have the capability to produce a large amount of ethanol. Thus, attempts have been made to transform such enzymes into fermentative microbes to serve as hosts for ethanol production. However, an efficient host for a consolidated bioprocess (CBP) remains to be found. For this purpose, a synthetic biology technique that can transform multiple genes into a genome is instrumental. Moreover, a strategy to select cellulases that interact synergistically is needed.

Results
To engineer a yeast for CBP bio-ethanol production, a synthetic biology technique, called “promoter-based gene assembly and simultaneous overexpression” (PGASO), that can simultaneously transform and express multiple genes in a kefir yeast, Kluyveromyces marxianus KY3, was recently developed. To formulate an efficient cellulase cocktail, a filter-paper-activity assay for selecting heterologous cellulolytic enzymes was established in this study and used to select five cellulase genes, including two cellobiohydrolases, two endo-β-1,4-glucanases and one beta-glucosidase genes from different fungi. In addition, a fungal cellodextrin transporter gene was chosen to transport cellodextrin into the cytoplasm. These six genes plus a selection marker gene were one-step assembled into the KY3 genome using PGASO. Our experimental data showed that the recombinant strain KR7 could express the five heterologous cellulase genes and that KR7 could convert crystalline cellulose into ethanol.

Conclusion
Seven heterologous genes, including five cellulases, a cellodextrin transporter and a selection marker, were simultaneously transformed into the KY3 genome to derive a new strain, KR7, which could directly convert cellulose to ethanol. The present study demonstrates the potential of our strategy of combining a cocktail formulation protocol and a synthetic biology technique to develop a designer yeast host.
Intra-platform comparison of 25-mer and 60-mer oligonucleotide Nimblegen DNA microarrays
Authors: Fenart Stephane , Chabi Malika , Gallina Sophie , Huis Rudy , Neutelings Godfrey , Riviere Nathalie , Thomasset Brigitte , Hawkins Simon , Lucau-Danila Anca 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
We performed a Nimblegen intra-platform microarray comparison by assessing two categories of flax target probes (short 25-mers oligonucleotides and long 60-mers oligonucleotides) in identical conditions of target production, design, labelling, hybridization, image analyses, and data filtering. We compared technical parameters of array hybridizations, precision and accuracy as well as specific gene expression profiles.

Results
Comparison of the hybridization quality, precision and accuracy of expression measurements, as well as an interpretation of differential gene expression in flax tissues were performed. Both array types yielded reproducible, accurate and comparable data that are coherent for expression measurements and identification of differentially expressed genes. 60-mers arrays gave higher hybridization efficiencies and therefore were more sensitive allowing the detection of a higher number of unigenes involved in the same biological process and/or belonging to the same multigene family.

Conclusion
The two flax arrays provide a good resolution of expressed functions; however the 60-mers arrays are more sensitive and provide a more in-depth coverage of candidate genes potentially involved in different biological processes.