bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electronic Systems for Payment Processing
Authors: Goldby Miriam 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses electronic systems set up for the performance of the payment obligation. It looks at the progress that is being made in achieving straight-through processing (STP) in the financial supply chain. STP would enable the flow of financial information to take place electronically. Foremost in the mind of the financial sector in recent decades has been the need to achieve a balance between security and efficiency in communication and transfer of financial data. To this end, the international banking community set up the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) in 1973. These developments are taking place at a time when a number of information technology (IT) service providers are seeking to harness the potential of electronic communications to achieve STP. Many of these solutions have sought to devise private law frameworks to address gaps and uncertainties that continue to persist in the laws of most jurisdictions.
Definitions Used in the IBA Rules on Evidence
Authors: Khodykin Roman , Mulcahy Carol , Fletcher Nicholas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the definitions used in the IBA Rules on Evidence. The definitions themselves do not provide any substantive rules of conduct or evidence. The ‘Definitions’ section of the IBA Rules sets out basic definitions to be applied when using the IBA Rules on Evidence. The chapter then presents each of the definitions provided in the ‘Definitions’ section of the IBA Rules. These definitions concern the terms arbitral tribunal, claimant, document, evidentiary hearing, expert report, General Rules, IBA Rules on Evidence, party, party-appointed expert, request to produce, respondent, tribunal-appointed expert, and witness statement as used in the IBA Rules.
Article 7: Inspection
Authors: Khodykin Roman , Mulcahy Carol , Fletcher Nicholas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies Article 7 of the IBA Rules. Article 7 enables the tribunal, a tribunal-appointed expert, or a party-appointed expert to make an inspection of a relevant site or thing. The inspection should be one that ‘may help the decision-making process’. The making of an inspection may have value in a number of different situations. For members of the tribunal, as well as for counsel, an inspection of the piece of equipment, manufacturing process, layout of a half-built holiday complex, or scene of an incident can offer clarity to submissions and evidence that appear impenetrable on paper. For an expert witness, an inspection may be critical. Moreover, inspection of proprietary material related to the matter in dispute may provide additional insight.
CRD IV Framework for Banks’ Corporate Governance
Authors: Mülbert Peter O , Wilhelm Alexander 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The EU Capital Requirements Directive IV (CRD IV) has fundamentally transformed the legal framework for banks’ corporate governance. Against this backdrop, the chapter offers a comprehensive analysis of the Directive’s corporate governance framework, starting with an overview of EU banking structures and the history of corporate governance regulation in the EU financial sector. A subsequent more detailed description of the Directive’s corporate governance regime serves as the basis for an in-depth analysis of the various conceptual concerns raised by its framework. In addition, the chapter addresses functional concerns and raises the question whether the newly designed CRD IV standards are actually suitable to improve the quality of banks’ corporate governance, taking account of recent approaches to enhance proportionality in particular. It concludes with a number of critical remarks and an outlook to the future of corporate governance regulation in the EU, most notably in the light of developments such as Brexit and the ongoing digital transformation of the financial sector.
The Fate of the Award
Authors: Jensen J Ole 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the fate of the award where tribunal secretaries are used impermissibly. It considers whether the ultimate threat to the efficient use of tribunal secretaries — that their participation provides grounds for an annulment of the arbitral award — has merit by reviewing different scenarios of an irregular secretary use. The chapter first examines the question of whether an ‘award’ that is entirely made by a tribunal secretary qualifies as an arbitral award at all, or whether it is a nullity, before discussing grounds for annulling the award or denying its enforcement (for example, the secretary did not possess the required impartiality and independence). It also analyses how the procedural impropriety affects the arbitral award, paying special attention to the ‘effect on the award’-requirement and forfeiture of right to rely on grounds for annulment and non-enforcement.
Corporations
Authors: Chong Adeline , Yip Man 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the choice of law issues involving corporations. It looks into the provisions of the Companies Act 1967 which addresses foreign-incorporated companies and the re-domiciliation of foreign-incorporated companies under Singapore law. Lex incorporationis or the law of the place of incorporation governs questions such as whether the corporation exists or who has the right to sue in the name of the corporation. Moreover, this law also handles issues of corporate governance and the internal management of a company. The chapter also elaborates on the choice of law rule governing the piercing of the corporate veil.
The UK Supervisory Regime in the Post-Brexit Environment
Authors: Thomas Michael , Roslington James 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses how the UK regulatory regime is changing in light of Brexit. In the months that followed the vote by the UK to leave the European Union, UK regulators had to grapple with the practicalities of ‘taking back control’. UK regulators essentially adopted a pragmatic, technical solution that did not initially result in any major shift towards deregulation. Equally, at the international level, there was no real impetus to deregulate. The regulatory direction of travel at international bodies such as IOSCO, IAIS, and the Basel Committee is towards regulatory convergence. Nevertheless, divergence between the UK and the EU may be more likely in the future. In particular, the appointment of Boris Johnson as prime minister in July of 2019 has led to increased calls for deregulation which may in time lead to a shift in government policy.
The UK’s Senior Managers, Certification and Conduct Regime
Authors: Henry Charlotte 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The SMCR regime was first introduced in the UK for banks in March 2016 and is being rolled out to all other financial services firms with effect from 9 December 2019. This chapter focuses primarily on financial services firms that are banks covering the different layers of complexity that a no-deal Brexit will bring to the SMCR requirements. In particular, the chapter covers the difficult position firms may find themselves in when opting into the TPR where the PRA and FCA have adopted different approaches. When entering the TPR, these firms will need to implement a hybrid SMCR regime and implement the regime for third country bank branches on leaving the TPR. In addition, the chapter covers the key issues of responsibility for cross-border business into the UK, dual-hatting, outsourcing and enforcement issues against non-UK senior managers.
CRD Prudential Requirements on a Group Basis
Authors: Morris Charles H R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD) regime. The CRD regime is the principal UK and EU-wide regime for the prudential supervision of credit institutions and, for the time being, investment firms. It implements the general principles of the Basel Framework, and its primary framework legislation comprises the Capital Requirements Regulation and the Capital Requirements Directive. The chapter then looks at how to identify the existence and scope of a CRD consolidation group and how CRD prudential requirements are applied to groups in practice. It also discusses how capital resources at various locations within a group may be recognized as eligible group capital, and examines the relevant waivers and variations that may be available to a group to help it manage its capital and liquidity resources.
The UK Bank Ring-fencing Regime
Authors: Morris Charles H R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the new UK bank ring-fencing regime. At its simplest, the UK ring-fencing regime requires banks performing core retail banking activities—known as ring-fenced bodies or RFBs—to operate independently from, and to be shielded from the risks posed by, the wider financial services industry. Although the rules do not require the full separation of RFBs from other businesses, measures are imposed with the aim of ensuring the integrity and self-sufficiency of RFBs and their immediate sub-groups. The UK ring-fencing regime is therefore often described as comprising two elements: rules relating to the perimeter of the ring-fence and rules relating to the height of the ring-fence. The former refer to rules defining what must, can, and can only be done by a ring-fenced body or its sub-group. The latter refer to the degree and nature of the separation between ring-fenced bodies/sub-groups and other entities.
Practical Applications
Authors: Morris Charles H R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter addresses the themes discussed in this book through the lens of a number of transactions or scenarios that may be encountered in practice. It first considers the nature of financial services licenses, and how their grant and variation may impact the regulatory treatment of a group. The UK financial services licensing regime primarily derives from Part IV of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA). An authorized person is, principally, a firm that is licensed by the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) and/or Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) to provide regulated activities. However, not all PRA or FCA authorizations are equal: each is limited to the extent of the permissions to carry on specified regulated activities, in respect of certain types of clients and certain types of financial products and its activities may be further curtailed by other restrictions and limitations. Similar licensing regimes and procedures apply across the EU. The chapter then looks at mergers and acquisitions, as well as reorganizations and restructuring. It also examines how non-financial services groups are impacted by financial transactions conducted within and outside their financial services sub-groups.
Habitual Residence
Authors: McParland Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains Article 19 of the Rome I Regulation on habitual residence. It first explains how the concept of ‘habitual residence’ is a key connecting factor in the Rome I Regulation. It then covers the habitual residence of companies and other bodies, corporate or unincorporated; of a natural person acting in the course of his business activity; of a contracting party; of a private individual; and the ‘relevant point in time’ for locating the habitual residence of any person, legal or natural.
Multiple Liability
Authors: McParland Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains Article 16 of the Rome I Regulation, which specifies the law that governs ‘the right to claim recourse’ between co-debtors to ‘the same claim’. This right arises where one co-debtor has satisfied the original creditor's claim (in whole or in part) and now seeks to recover some or all of their payment from their co-debtors.
Attribution of Cartel Liability
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Bouquet André 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter discusses the attribution of liability in cartel cases from three angles: direct attribution of liability, parental liability, and successor liability. The first angle concerns questions such as the conditions under which the conduct of employees or consultants that are directly involved in a cartel can be imputed to a particular legal entity. The second angle deals with the extent to which legal entities that are not directly involved can assume liability for the cartel conduct of a related legal entity. The third angle concerns the attribution of liability in cases where corporate restructuring or corporate transactions have taken place between the time of the participation in the cartel and the date of the decision by the Commission. These topics are discussed by Frank Wijckmans (contrast, Brussels) from a private practitioner’s perspective and by André Bouquet (Legal Service, European Commission) from the angle of a public enforcer.
Information Exchanges among Competitors
Authors: Verouden Vincent , Boutin Aleksandra 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The competition law analysis of information exchanges among competitors, a new section in the Horizontal Guidelines of the European Commission, is one of the most complex subjects in modern competition law. Vincent Verouden (E.CA Economics, Brussels/Berlin, former deputy chief economist, Directorate-General for Competition, European Commission) and Alexandra Boutin (European Commission, currently FNRS research scholar at the European Centre for Advanced Studies in Economics and Statistics) approach the topic from an economic angle. The chapter first identifies the key competition concerns (theories of harm) underlying the European Commission’s policy on information exchange. It continues with a discussion on the information exchanges that almost always harm competition. It then turns to information exchanges that make markets more efficient and to a structured discussion on the possible restrictive effects of information exchanges. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the scope of Article 101 TFEU as applied to information exchanges.
Panopticon, gaze, and rupture in the fantasy: The Syrian refugee experience in Turkey
Authors: Ozkaleli Umut , Ozkaleli F Murat 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This article aims to study how ‘seeing’ and ‘being looked at’ (the gaze) interplay in constructing citizens’ idealized-self and the refugee-other in Turkey. The theoretical part of the article conceptualizes the lateral panopticon and ontological status of the gaze in the context of migration and refugee studies. By using field data, the empirical part of the article discusses how the objectifying gaze leads to othering and silencing practices. It further applies Lacanian concepts of object-petit-a, lack, and the split subject to identify how the Refugee Gaze leads to dual ruptures in nationalist and Islamist fantasies in Turkey. A crucial finding of this research is that while the gaze assigns Syrians an objectified position by naming them ‘refugee’, this very marginalization, in turn, punctures the receiving community fantasy. This finding could open new ways to better comprehend receiving community-migrant/refugee integration. Eventually, the article calls for further field studies that examine experience through the gaze in migration and refugee studies to understand deep-rooted causes of ‘othering’ and new ways to examine receiving community and migrant/refugee interactions.
Impact of Live Tissue Training on Provider Confidence for Operative Trauma Management
Authors: Liang Joy N , Ciampa Maeghan , Kobylarz Fred , Anklowitz Andrew J , Barzanji Natalia K , Sherman William , Faler Byron 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Readiness of military health care providers is essential to maintain a prepared fighting force and remains a central issue for today’s military. Maintaining skills regarding operative management of trauma is becoming more difficult if not located at an urban trauma center. Live tissue training may be used to practice skills in a facility that does not have exposure to high acuity trauma. The goal of our live tissue skills course is to train health care providers and ancillary staff in the management of various injury complexes and improve confidence and familiarity with management using a porcine model.

Materials and Methods
A live tissue skills course using a porcine model was offered to surgical residents, attendings, and operating room technicians. Before completing the course, each participant completed a survey assessing comfort level, previous training experiences, and deployments. Operative management was simulated with a standardized sequence of abdominal and thoracic injuries. After the course, each participant then completed a survey assessing comfort level, benefit of the course, and comparison to inanimate simulation training. Survey information was obtained via participant completion of a multiple-choice confidential questionnaire.

Results
Responses were collected from 34 participants at our institution. Average abdominal trauma comfort increased from 2.79 to 3.73, with no participants reporting feeling not comfortable at all post-lab. Average thoracic trauma comfort increased from 2.47 to 3.48, with one participant reporting feeling not comfortable at all post-lab. Overall, 85% of participants reported the course to be very beneficial in improving their knowledge, 83% reported the course to be very beneficial compared to inanimate simulators, and 92% reported high fidelity of the live tissue training course.

Conclusions
Perceived as highly beneficial, live tissue training increased comfort with operative trauma management by surgical residents, attendings, and technicians supporting continued utilization. Further evaluation of live tissue courses would be advantageous in assessing surgical skill improvement, including comparison with simulation training.
Introduction
Authors: Hardwick Lorna 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Introduction provides extensive material that illustrates and explains the aims of the book and the ideas and concepts used in it. It summarizes the historical and literary contexts that shaped the poetry of the First World War, discusses the choice of poets and poems, and explains the categories that are used in the detailed commentaries to analyse the range of connections between ancient and modern texts and their literary mediations in the centuries between. Key terms are glossed and the poetry of unease and the poetry of survival are identified as key themes. The discussion of the historical context includes examination of class, education, and social attitudes as well as the impact of war service. The place of religion in the literary language and cultural perspectives of the poets is considered, especially in relation to notions of suffering and sacrifice, as well as of conflict and vengeance. The various types of paramaterial that can inform analysis of texts, literary biographies, and life experience are discussed. The Introduction also sets out the relationship between the book and classical reception scholarship, including its potential for enhancing understanding of the place of war poetry in the development of the public imagination and the cultural memory and for contributing to ecocriticism and trauma studies.
Review of Scholarship
Authors: Balserak Jon 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter produces a detailed analysis of scholarship on John Calvin and, to a lesser degree, Theodore Beza, from the death of Calvin (in 1564) to the present day. It demonstrates that even before his death there were two diametrically opposed positions on Calvin, which took the form of defending or condemning his theology (i.e., Calvinism). It demonstrates that these two approaches continue for centuries, very rarely interacting with one another. The chapter then demonstrates that beginning in the early twentieth century, scholars like Heiko Oberman, William Bouwsma, and Richard Muller began to adopt a fundamentally different—and more objective—approach to Calvin. Their approach was a historical one which did not see him as either a saint or a devil, but which attempted to view him as a human being and to interpret him within his sixteenth-century context.
Pentatonic Space to Outer Space
Authors: Koozin Timothy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on ensemble interaction in funk music, exploring how musicians utilize a contrapuntal framework of musical figures to create the rhythmic and melodic fabric of funk grooves as they establish cultural grounding in vocal idioms and rhetorical practices of the Black gospel church. The study examines how funk leverages its gospel heritage in expressing social critique and resistance. Engaging with musical gesture in funk music by a wide range of artists, the study explains how swing rhythms form an important, but often unrecognized, rhythmic layer in the metrical fabric of many funk songs. The chapter explores psychedelic funk by Sly and the Family Stone and Afrofuturistic music by George Clinton’s Parliament-Funkadelic collective as works that engage the political and musical imagination, projecting communally experienced virtual spaces of autonomy and creativity. The chapter concludes with a study of Parliament’s 1977 album, Funkentelechy vs. the Placebo Syndrome.
Temporality and Gesture in the Songs of Bob Dylan
Authors: Koozin Timothy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how Bob Dylan’s performance strategies in pairing voice with guitar mobilize connections to the past as a means to elevate personal stories to the level of myth. After examining Dylan’s unique approach to ritualized storytelling and pastoralism in early songs, the study focuses on embodied expression in Dylan’s Blood on the Tracks album, demonstrating how all the songs on the album can be related to one basic guitar move, a fundamental gesture that is elaborated differently in each song. The songs of Blood on the Tracks, each conceived by Dylan with the guitar in open-E tuning and recorded spontaneously with almost no rehearsal, powerfully celebrate the performing body viscerally engaged in a moment of heightened awareness.
Musical Topic and Ironic Gesture in the Songs of Steely Dan
Authors: Koozin Timothy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines stylistic mixtures and ironic juxtapositions in the music of Steely Dan. Highlighting examples from the band’s many hit songs in the 1970s as well as their meticulous studio compositions from 2000 to 2003, the study explores how Steely Dan’s music is broadly ironic in its approach to musical genre, strategically positioning gestures laden with cultural meaning to create oppositions that support ironic expression and a comic narrative structure. The study addresses musical strategies that may cause a listener to doubt both the reliability of a song’s protagonist and the formal function of gestural repetitions, provoking an ironic listening stance. The analysis further explores how musical and social meanings are mediated through topical discourse in songs that enact a comic mythical archetype, projecting juxtapositions and figural incongruities that are comparable to topical relationships that have been examined in eighteenth-century opera buffa.