bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maximizing a new quantity in sequential reserve selection
Authors: SCHAPAUGH ADAM W. , TYRE ANDREW J. 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYThe fundamental goal of conservation planning is biodiversity persistence, yet most reserve selection methods prioritize sites using occurrence data. Numerous empirical studies support the notion that defining and measuring objectives in terms of species richness (where the value of a site is equal to the number of species it contains, or contributes to an existing reserve network) can be inadequate for maintaining biodiversity in the long-term. An existing site-assessment framework that implicitly maximized the persistence probability of multiple species was integrated with a dynamic optimization model. The problem of sequential reserve selection as a Markov decision process was combined with stochastic dynamic programming to find the optimal solution. The approach represents a compromise between representation-based approaches (maximizing occurrences) and more complex tools, like spatially-explicit population models. The method, the inherent problems and interesting conclusions are illustrated with a land acquisition case study on the central Platte River.
Oligomeric amyloid β induces IL-1β processing via production of ROS: implication in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Parajuli B , Sonobe Y , Horiuchi H , Takeuchi H , Mizuno T , Suzumura A 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive neuronal loss and cognitive decline. Oligomeric amyloid β (oAβ) is involved in the pathogenesis of AD by affecting synaptic plasticity and inhibiting long-term potentiation. Although several lines of evidence suggests that microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), are neurotoxic in the development of AD, the mechanism whether or how oAβ induces microglial neurotoxicity remains unknown. Here, we show that oAβ promotes the processing of pro-interleukin (IL)-1β into mature IL-1β in microglia, which then enhances microglial neurotoxicity. The processing is induced by an increase in activity of caspase-1 and NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) via mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and partially via NADPH oxidase-induced ROS. The caspase-1 inhibitor Z-YVAD-FMK inhibits the processing of IL-1β, and attenuates microglial neurotoxicity. Our results indicate that microglia can be activated by oAβ to induce neuroinflammation through processing of IL-1β, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, in AD.
Evolution of the average avalanche shape with the universality class
Authors: Laurson Lasse , Illa Xavier , Santucci Stéphane , Tore Tallakstad Ken , Måløy Knut Jørgen , Alava Mikko J 
Published: December 2013

AbstractA multitude of systems ranging from the Barkhausen effect in ferromagnetic materials to plastic deformation and earthquakes respond to slow external driving by exhibiting intermittent, scale-free avalanche dynamics or crackling noise. The avalanches are power-law distributed in size, and have a typical average shape: these are the two most important signatures of avalanching systems. Here we show how the average avalanche shape evolves with the universality class of the avalanche dynamics by employing a combination of scaling theory, extensive numerical simulations and data from crack propagation experiments. It follows a simple scaling form parameterized by two numbers, the scaling exponent relating the average avalanche size to its duration and a parameter characterizing the temporal asymmetry of the avalanches. The latter reflects a broken time-reversal symmetry in the avalanche dynamics, emerging from the local nature of the interaction kernel mediating the avalanche dynamics.
Young adult perceptions of Australia's physical activity recommendations for adults
Authors: Jose Kim A. , Cleland Verity J. , Venn Alison J. , Hansen Emily 
Published: December 2013

Issues addressedPhysical activity recommendations for adults worldwide advise participation in moderate‐intensity physical activity, such as walking, on most days of the week. Younger adults report the lowest prevalence of walking. This mixed‐methods study explores the salience of Australia's activity recommendations around moderate‐intensity physical activity, particularly walking, for young Australian adults.MethodsSemistructured interviews were conducted with 24 young Australians aged 17–25 years. During interviews, Australia's physical activity recommendations for adults were explained to participants, highlighting the inclusion of moderate‐intensity physical activity such as walking. Participants were asked to comment on the recommendations and walking for physical activity and exercise. Data from interviews underwent an iterative thematic form of analysis. Participants also completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and were asked to complete a pedometer diary.ResultsNo participant was classified as sedentary; twenty three participants reported walking for transport and nine for leisure (IPAQ). During interviews, the majority of participants (n = 20) did not identify walking as physical activity or exercise. Participants focussed on the cardiorespiratory (fitness) benefits associated with physical activity and believed walking was of insufficient intensity to achieve these benefits at their age.ConclusionsWalking was considered an everyday activity and of insufficient intensity to achieve any health or fitness benefits.So what?The belief that only vigorous physical activity conveys any fitness benefits may act as a barrier to participation in moderateintensity physical activity such as walking, particularly among sedentary young people.
DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION TOWARD YOUNG STARS USING ATOMIC HYDROGEN Lyα ABSORPTION
Authors: McJunkin Matthew , France Kevin , Schneider P. C. , Herczeg Gregory J. , Brown Alexander , Hillenbrand Lynne , Schindhelm Rebecca N. , Edwards Suzan 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT
Interstellar reddening corrections are necessary to reconstruct the intrinsic spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of accreting protostellar systems. The stellar SED determines the heating and chemical processes that can occur in circumstellar disks. Measurement of neutral hydrogen absorption against broad Lyα emission profiles in young stars can be used to obtain the total H i column density (N(H i)) along the line of sight. We measure N(H i) with new and archival ultraviolet observations from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) of 31 classical T Tauri and Herbig Ae/Be stars. The H i column densities range from log10(N(H i)) ≈19.6–21.1, with corresponding visual extinctions of AV
=0.02–0.72 mag, assuming an RV
of 3.1. We find that the majority of the H i absorption along the line of sight likely comes from interstellar rather than circumstellar material. Extinctions derived from new HST blue-optical spectral analyses, previous IR and optical measurements, and new X-ray column densities on average overestimate the interstellar extinction toward young stars compared to the N(H i) values by ∼0.6 mag. We discuss possible explanations for this discrepancy in the context of a protoplanetary disk geometry.
One city; two conditions: exigent parameters for paint performance in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Oluwole Folorunso Clement , Hamdan Ahmad Mohd 
Published: December 2013

Purpose– Tropical buildings are subjected to many militating elements of climate, prominent amongst which are sunlight and rainfall. However, the geographic area in which the study was conducted has an additional influence from the Atlantic Ocean, which is just a few meters away from the buildings. The sea breeze is laden with high salt content that has adverse effects upon and reactions with the materials used for building finishes. In most cases, the outer skin/external surface of a building does not have any protection, due to its function as the protective layer. However, the influence of prevailing saline air in the present case differs from one part of the study location to another due to distance. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– The study considered two areas of the city, referred to as zones A and B, using a survey approach to obtain data for empirical analysis. Various correlations were evaluated and regression analysis was carried out on the survey findings. The mean behaviour of each zone was determined using theF-value of the results to qualify the performance of paint in service at each location. Data obtained during the study were evaluated using SPSS version 15.0 software. Data were also obtained from architects practicing in Lagos using a structured interview.Findings– The results demonstrated that degradation of paint set in faster and repainting was required earlier in Zone A than was the case in Zone B, due to more aggressive impact of the saline air. The established research findings that stipulate five to seven years for maintenance of paint were found not to hold good in areas subjected to saline air.Practical implications– The research was geared towards establishing the appropriate use of paint in saline-laden environments as compared to its use in other parts of a tropical region. Specifiers/architects, developers and property owners may understand better the implications of their choice. Manufacturers should endeavour to develop paint that will retard the deleterious effects of saline air.Originality/value– This study is the first attempt to investigate analytically the impact of saline air on the maintenance requirements of painted structures in the tropical regions.
How two-tier boards can be more effective
Authors: Bezemer Pieter-Jan , Peij Stefan , de Kruijs Laura , Maassen Gregory 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– This study seeks to explore how non-executive directors address governance problems on Dutch two-tier boards. Within this board model, challenges might be particularly difficult to address due to the formal separation of management boards' decision-management from supervisory boards' decision-control roles.

Design/methodology/approach
– Semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire among non-executive directors provide unique insights into three major challenges in the boardrooms of two-tier boards in The Netherlands.

Findings
– The study indicates that non-executive directors mainly experience challenges in three areas: the ability to ask management critical questions, information asymmetries between the management and supervisory boards and the management of the relationship between individual executive and non-executive directors. The qualitative in-depth analysis reveals the complexity of the contributing factors to problems in the boardroom and the range of process and social interventions non-executive directors use to address boardroom issues with management and the organization of the board.

Practical implications
– While policy makers have been largely occupied with the “right” board composition, the results highlight the importance of adequately addressing operational challenges in the boardroom. The results emphasize the importance of a better understanding of board processes and the need of non-executive directors to carefully manage relationships in and around the boardroom.

Originality/value
– Whereas most studies have focussed on regulatory initiatives to improve the functioning of boards (e.g. the independence of the board), this study explores how non-executive directors attempt to enhance the effectiveness of boards on which they serve.
Not all smiles are created equal
Authors: Bujisic Milos , (Laurie) Wu Luorong , Mattila Anna , Bilgihan Anil 
Published: December 2013

Purpose– While a layman's theory supports the view that “a smile goes a long way,” the authors argue that “not all smiles are created equal” in the sense that the server's smiles need to be genuine and authentic, in particular when the customer has a relationship with the server. The purpose of this study is to test such hypotheses.Design/methodology/approach– A 2 (display authenticity: authentic vs inauthentic) by 2 (state of service relationship: existing service relationship vs no service relationship) experiment was used to test the proposed hypotheses. In total, 768 surveys were distributed and 278 responses were received. Two-way ANOVA analyses were deployed.Findings– Data collected from customers reveal that authentic smiles have a direct positive impact on customers' willingness to tip. Further, such an effect is even stronger when the customer has an existing relationship with the server.Research limitations/implications– Servers should receive appropriate training regarding “deep acting” techniques. The most important limitation is the use of written scenarios as stimuli.Practical implications– Showing an authentic smile can be an effective tip-collecting strategy. Employees who are in contact with guests and customers should not only be instructed to provide service with a smile but should also be advised to make that smile appear authentic. Therefore, appropriate training of frontline employees, regarding authenticity of smiles, could be beneficial both for the company and for the employees themselves.Originality/value– No research has been done investigating whether authentic smiles generate larger tips and if so, whether any boundary conditions exist for such effects.
Theory-based instruction – a key to powerful improvements when learning to regulate body tension in an upper secondary school
Authors: Holmqvist Olander Mona , Bergentoft Heléne 
Published: December 2013

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore in what way gradually increasing teachers’ theory-based instruction affects the students’ learning outcomes, illustrated by the example of learning how to regulate body tension in the upper secondary school.Design/methodology/approach– In total, 72 students from four classes participated in the study. The way the students were offered to understand “regulation of tension” was designed by variation theory, and the method used was learning study, an iterative process whereby the results from the first lesson are the basis for the design of the next implementation in a new group of students.Findings– There is a significant increased learning outcome in all four lessons, but in Lesson D, where the highest increase (129 percent) was found, all students improved their results. The use of the theoretical framework had effect on the teachers to vary only the most important aspects in the instruction in the last cycle, where the features chiselled out during the study (e.g. heart rate, respiration, muscle tension) were contrasted more clearly, which had an impact on the students’ learning. Based on the theoretical framework, the teachers got more skilled at experiencing what should vary and what should be kept invariant in order to facilitate the students’ learning. In the last intervention, the teachers found one pattern of variation which was more powerful than the previous. In this one, the physical activities were kept invariant, but different responses of the sympathetic nervous system were contrasted, one at a time, to establish knowledge of different bodily responses to tension.Originality/value– Learning study has mainly been used in subjects such as Mathematics or other theoretical issues but this paper describes in what way learning study can be used in PE. So second, the result of this study contributes to knowledge about how students’ learning outcome in PEH can increase by directing focus on an object of learning rather than actual learning activity. The object of learning in this study is to learn to regulate tenseness and the learning outcomes have been analyzed in the perspective of variation theory.
Analyzing the importance of financial resources for educational effectiveness
Authors: Guimaraes Resende Martins do Valle Andre , Corrêa Gomes Ricardo 
Published: December 2013

Purpose– Much has been done in the public organization performance management field and there are some established theories that account for what would improve performance, but there is little strong empirical evidence about the determinants factors to performance in developing countries. This paper aims to contribute to the knowledge in this area by providing some empirical evidence about the importance of management and resource for the local government performance.Design/methodology/approach– The paper presents a cross-sectional investigation carried out with a sample of Brazilian municipalities. Data come from reliable sources, namely official databases. In order to ensure causality, regression and correlation analysis was carried out with the data. Educational outcomes were chosen as the dependent variable for measuring performance.Findings– The analysis indicates that financial resources are paramount in producing performance to the extent that resource availability increases educational effectiveness, and dependence on intergovernmental transfer of financial resources reduces the effectiveness a great deal. Some other issues, such as mayoral quality have little or no importance upon performance.Originality/value– The study corroborates some established ideas and challenges others. An example of the latter is the notion that the quality of political leadership (the mayor) is a determinant factor for performance. An example of the former is that more money is likely to represent better performance if the local government is able to raise money for itself instead of relying solely on transferences from upper tie authorities.
Integration of analytic hierarchy process and Dempster-Shafer theory for supplier performance measurement considering risk
Authors: Ganguly Kunal 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to provide proactive supply chain performance method considering risk which can be used during the supplier selection/assessment process.

Design/methodology/approach
– In this paper, the effort is to present a model for evaluating the supply-related risk, which is based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and the Dempster-Shafer theory (DST). The proactive risk management methods used in this research is: seeking risk sources and identifying the variables to be used in the model, preprocessing the variables data to get the directions of the variables and the risk bounds, assigning variables weights via AHP method and finally evaluating the supply risk via DST method and determine the final risk degree.

Findings
– The paper contributes to research in risk assessment in the specific field of supplier performance measurement. In this paper, a hybrid model using AHP and DST for risk assessment of supplier based on performance measurement is presented. An empirical analysis is conducted to illustrate the use of the model for the risk assessment in supply chain.

Research limitations/implications
– This methodology can be adopted by supply chain managers to evaluate the level of risk associated with current suppliers, and to assist them in making outsourcing decisions.

Originality/value
– The proposed method makes a contribution by including risk as a performance measure in supply chain. The generated proactive supply risk assessment process uses a hybrid model of AHP and DST providing a novel approach for performance measurement which will be valuable both to academics and practitioners in this field.
Forecasting the fiber penetration based on copper access regulation
Authors: Jeanjean François 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– This paper aims to investigate the impact of copper access regulation on broadband household adoption for each technology (xDSL on copper infrastructure, FTTx on fiber infrastructure and cable modem). It provides a forecast of the penetration rate of broadband access for each technology (copper xDSL, fiber, FTTx and cable modem) through 2020.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper uses an empirical approach using a dataset covering 15 European countries. The dynamic of the adoption path is modeled by a logistic function. Copper access regulation is measured by two variables: copper access charge and copper wholesale access share, i.e. the ratio of copper wholesale access provided by the incumbent to alternative operators out of the total number of copper accesses.

Findings
– This paper shows that tough copper access regulation has a negative impact on fiber and cable modem adoption. Low copper prices decrease consumer adoption of other technologies. This reduces their profitability and thus the incentives to invest in alternative platforms.

Practical implications
– This paper highlights that an increase in copper access charges or a decrease in copper wholesale access shares could help to achieve the objectives of the Digital Agenda for Europe.

Originality/value
– This paper provides an empirical evidence of the impact of the copper access regulation on the fiber and ultra-fast broadband adoption from a dynamic point of view.
The future of broadband in Africa
Authors: Stork Christoph , Calandro Enrico , Gamage Ranmalee 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– This paper aims to provide an answer as to whether fibre to the home and other types of fixed internet access still have a role to play in Africa beyond a few urban elites, as well as what business models are likely to be successful in the African context.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper uses data from nationally representative ICT household surveys conducted in 12 African countries in 2012. These data are complemented by an OECD broadband pricing methodology and data. In addition to the OECD basket methodology, own baskets were defined to capture the complexity of African products, and to draw out the different business models for fixed and mobile broadband.

Findings
– The paper demonstrates that if fixed internet is provided as an uncapped service at an affordable price, it has a chance to at least co-exist with mobile broadband in Africa. The availability of fixed internet is rapidly diminishing where it is offered as a capped service and not at prices similar to mobile broadband. The paper also demonstrates that fixed-line telecommunication companies should to focus on data only before mobile operators do, and they lose out once again.

Practical implications
– In Africa, mobile voice overtook fixed voice at the turn of the millennium with the introduction of prepaid services. Ten years later, mobile internet is rapidly overtaking fixed internet by overcoming key obstacles to fixed internet access. While the developed world discusses the merits of fixed and mobile broadband, it is clear that for Africa, fixed broadband in the form of fibre to the home, or even plain ADSL, will only reach a few urban elites in the next decade. Fixed-line operators then should rethink their pricing and investment strategies: they are advised to invest in high-speed technologies such as VDSL or fibre to the home, if fixed broadband is to stand a chance against mobile broadband. Whether fixed-line operators will lose the data battle as well will be determined by their business decisions as well as by policy and regulatory interventions.

Originality/value
– This paper uses primary household and individual data that allows for a better understanding of internet access and use in Africa. The analysis of internet access prices for ADSL against prepaid and post-paid mobile broadband is used to assess broadband business strategies across 12 African countries. The paper provides policymakers and regulators with the evidence required for an informed ICT policy and regulation and it recommends business strategies that should be pursued by operators to improve broadband sector performance.