bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constructing Financial Markets: Reforming Over-the-Counter Derivatives Markets in the Aftermath of the Financial Crisis
Authors: Morgan Glenn 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The chapter focuses on financial transactions, addressing over-the-counter (OTC) trading of derivatives, which many analyses of the recent financial crisis argue produced significant problems. This area of financial activity grew massively from the 1990s facilitated by legal developments both in the United States and the United Kingdom that ruled out any state regulation of the market while at the same time affirming that the contracts made in the area were fully legally enforceable in US and UK law. At the same time, the private association, the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA), developed the Model Contract and international private soft law agreements that were generally respected by national legal systems and provided an agreed framework for OTC contracts. The chapter explores how this lack of public regulation was legitimated and the interests which lay behind this legitimation process. It then considers how the financial crisis and the role of OTC derivatives forced a reopening of the issue of how these markets should be regulated. The chapter explores the interplay between what may be described as technical fixes to regulatory problems on the one hand and on the other hand the efforts of private and public actors to defend their interests by shaping the new markets in particular ways.
Paradigm(s) Shifting? Responding to China’s Response to the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Breslin Shaun 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter considers how China responded to the impact of the global crisis, and the subsequent debates over what this response means for the balance of power in the global order. A massive injection of funds through both official stimulus packages and an expansion of bank loans helped overcome a sharp drop in exports in the short term, but reignited debates over the structure of economic power in China, and the need to develop a new mode of growth promotion in the long term. Despite some problems related to asset bubbles and increasing bank debt, China’s ability to bounce back quickly from the impact of the crisis has cemented China as a leading actor in attempts to reform global economic governance, and has led many to rethink the efficacy of strong state-led developmental strategies vis-à-vis (neo)liberal alternatives.
Constituent Structure Sets II
Authors: Bury Dirk , Uchida Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter replaces traditional phrase structure trees with a new type of set-based representations. Typical labelled trees permit copying of one category onto distinct syntactic nodes and excessive copying possibilities need to be filtered out by independent measures. Such additional means not only increase the complexity of the grammar but also blur the distinction between syntactic and semantic constraints. Thus, is presented an alternative structure representation system that can express syntactic copying only in one specific configuration, whose importance is exemplified by German V2 data. The system is incompatible with certain current approaches to phrasal movement, namely with multidominance systems and with (certain versions of) the copy theory of movement. Its implications are discussed with regard to wh-extraction and reconstruction. Finally, the chapter compares the authors' representation system with dependency graphs as well as other set-based structure representations proposed in Chomskyan syntax.
A Parallel Merge Solution to the Merchant/Johnson Paradox
Authors: Citko Barbara 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter provides a new argument in favor of a multidominant approach to gapping. The crucial empirical observation it builds on concerns the fact that gapping parallels pseudogapping with respect to the ungrammaticality of voice mismatches. Merchant (2008) derives the ungrammaticality of voice mismatches in pseudogapping from vP (rather than VP) ellipsis, which suggests that gapping should be analyzed as vP ellipsis as well. Such an account of gapping, however, is incompatible with Johnson’s (2000), (2004), (2009) arguments against treating gapping as ellipsis. The chapter shows that the Parallel Merge structures of the kind proposed in Citko (2005) can provide a solution to this paradox as they allow a voice head in a gapping construction to be shared without all the elements above it being shared.
Evidence for Multidominance in Spanish Agentive Nominalizations
Authors: Fábregas Antonio 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSince the work of Gärtner (1997), the view that each node in a tree structure is the representation of a set has been pursued by some authors (Starke 2001, 2004; Citko 2005, inter alia). The purpose of this chapter is to provide evidence for this view of structures. The relevant data involve Spanish agent nominalizations, where the affix responsible for the change of category is sensitive and cancels an argument position that is otherwise required by the affix. In a multidominance account, the affixes that cancel an argument are introduced in the position which that argument requires inside the verbal structure in such a way that argument cancellation amounts to structural incompatibility. At a later step, the affix remerges on top of the verbal structure, thus projecting as a whole phrase with the verb as its complement, in such a way that the category of the set becomes nominal.
Sideward Movement: Triggers, Timing, and Outputs
Authors: Nunes Jairo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses some extensions and refinements of the specific implementation of sideward movement proposed in Nunes 1995, 2001, 2004. Assuming that Move is not a primitive operation, but simply a mnemonic label for one particular instantiation of applications of Copy and Merge, the chapter shows that the same conditions that restrict upward movement also constrain sideward movement. In particular, it is argued that within a core set of minimalist assumptions, sideward movement may not only be seen as cost free, but also paves the way for sound analyses of intricate empirical phenomena involving noncanonical realization of copies, adjunct control, and preposition contraction.
Unconventional Mergers
Authors: Vries Mark de 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses the nature of the operation Merge, and the possibility of unconventional mergers, with some attention to the issue of representation. Regular Merge has three possible effects, depending on the input. Next to “first-time” Merge, there are both “internal” and “external” Remerge. The last creates a temporary doubly rooted structure, which potentially results in a configuration with superficially non-local properties. Furthermore, the chapter argues that a fundamentally different kind of operation is needed in order to account for the general behavior of parentheses: Parenthetical Merge, which has the effect of blocking scopal relationships, among other things. Finally, a family of construction types is studied in which both phenomena seem to come together: sentence amalgamation.
“Lasnik‐Effects” and String‐Vacuous ATB Movement
Authors: Abe Jun , Hornstein Norbert 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe question raised in this chapter is why string-vacuous movement is insensitive to locality effects. It argues that, although such movement creates a normal chain, it is the bottom copy that is pronounced due to the fact that overt movement must have a PF effect. Since such locality effects, as caused by the Right Roof Constraint (RRC) and island conditions, apply only to “overt” movement, it follows that string-vacuous movement does not show locality effects. Thus, the chapter supports Sabbagh”s (2007) Across-the-Board (ATB) movement analysis of Right Node Raising (RNR): the latter always involves ATB movement. This idea is implemented in Lasnikian (2001) fashion: copy deletion as it applies within ATB chains results in the elimination of “offending” copies, thereby “saving” otherwise illicit derivations. The authors show that a refinement of Sabbagh”s analysis accommodates Japanese Left Node Raising (LNR) constructions, the mirror image of English RNR structures.
On Transparent Adjuncts in Japanese
Authors: Miyamoto Yoichi 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter shows that adjuncts are sometimes transparent in Japanese. The case examined is comparative deletion in Japanese where the Japanese equivalent of the English than-clause, the yori-clause, is adjoined to the floating quantifier (FQ) oozei/takusan “many.” The chapter shows that, the yori-clause can be scrambled out of the complex FQ formed by the yori-clause and oozei/takusan despite the adjunct status of this complex FQ. Adopting MacDonald’s (2006, 2008a, b, 2009) proposal on inner aspect, the chapter argues that only when this complex FQ establishes an Agree relation with Asp can the yori-clause move out of this complex FQ. The chapter concludes that to examine the presence/absence of adjunct condition effects, and to address the question of whether adjuncts are inherent barriers for movement, we need to examine the structural level where adjuncts are merged, and any establishment of Agree relationship with the elements in the matrix clause.
JUSTIFYING TARGETED KILLING WITH A NEUTRAL PRINCIPLE?
Authors: Waldron Jeremy 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines a proposed legal norm that would license targeted killing: N1: Named civilians may be targeted with deadly force if they are presently involved in planning terrorist atrocities or are likely to be involved in carrying them out in the future. It explores not only the issue of likely abuses of norms like N1 but also the way in which those abuses disclose inherent difficulties with the norm. The last part of the chapter (Sections VIII to X) makes the case that the liability to abuse of norms like N1 is not just an instance of the general liability of any legal norm to abuse. It is connected also with its content, for N1 represents a relaxation of one of the most important norms we have — the norm against murder — and the justifications adduced for N1 or for similar principles represent a significant modification of our usual way of arguing about murder — a modification in the direction of moral opportunism and unreliable analogy.
TARGETED KILLING: MURDER, COMBAT OR LAW ENFORCEMENT?
Authors: McMahan Jeff 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter begins by arguing that the targeted killing of terrorists can be morally justified only in terms of self-defence or the defence of others, and not on retributive grounds. The most plausible version of the defensive justification holds that a terrorist is liable to the use of force when he is responsible for a threat to innocent lives and the force reasonably aims to avert that threat. On this justification, the permissibility of using lethal defensive force is not based on the terrorist's involvement with past episodes of terrorism, as would be the case in retributive justification, but, rather, on his current involvement by way of intending, planning, or assisting some envisioned act of terrorism. This justification might seem to fit well with the law-enforcement model, because domestic criminal law authorizes the use of deadly force for purposes of self-defence and the defence of others. However, the justification in question must depart from the law-enforcement model in a crucial respect: the latter model authorizes defensive force only when the threat is imminent, while targeted killing is preventive, aimed at persons whose threat is not imminent.
IMMINENCE IN JUSTIFIED TARGETED KILLING
Authors: Christopher Russell 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The targeted killing of terrorists fails to satisfy the imminence requirement of self-defence. But this chapter argues that the imminence requirement itself is problematic and should be abandoned. If this argument is successful, the principal obstacle to justifying targeted killings under the self-defence approach might be circumvented. Demonstrating the invalidity of the imminence requirement lays the foundation for consideration of alternative standards. Perhaps the principal alternative standard is whether defensive force is necessary to prevent the aggression; that is, rather than focusing on the imminence of the aggression, the standard focuses on the necessity of the defensive response to the (imminent or non-imminent) aggression. While a number of commentators have criticized the imminence requirement, these criticisms have not been sufficient to alter the traditional and consensus view of the importance of the imminence requirement. The chapter attempts to advance some new arguments against, and rebut some existing arguments in favour of, the imminence requirement. The principal focus is to show why the imminence requirement is problematic, rather than to advance a preferable standard.
Essays on Kant
Authors: Allison Henry E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis volume contains a collection of seventeen essays which have been previously published on Kant and an addendum to one of these essays that is here published for the first time. Although these essays cover virtually the full spectrum of the author's work on Kant, ranging from his epistemology, metaphysics, and moral theory to his views on teleology, political philosophy, the philosophy of history, and the philosophy of religion, most of them revolve around three basic themes: the nature of transcendental idealism, freedom of the will, and the purposiveness of nature. The first two of these have been the foci of the author's work on Kant since its inception and the essays dealing with them in this volume are intended as clarifications, elaborations, and further developments of what the author has said on these topics elsewhere. Among their major new elements is the introduction of a significant comparative dimension, which is intended both to place Kant's views in their historical context and to explore their contemporary relevance. To this end, Kant's views are contrasted with those of his major predecessors and immediate successors, as well as present‐day philosophers. The concept of the purposiveness of nature is the major contribution of the third Critique (Critique of the Power of Judgment) to Kant's “critical” philosophy and one the main concerns of the essays dealing with it is to demonstrate its central place in Kant's thought.
Where Have all the Categories Gone? Reflections on Longuenesse's Reading of Kant's Transcendental Deduction
Authors: Allison Henry E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis essay contains a “friendly” critique of Béatrice Longuenesse's interpretation of the transcendental deduction in her Kant and the Capacity to Judge. The critique is friendly because it acknowledges the many virtues of this important book, particularly her emphasis on the significance of the capacity to judge [Urteilskraft] for the argument of the first Critique. Nevertheless, it maintains that she neither provides an adequate account of the role of the categories in the two parts of the deduction nor explains how these two parts are supposed to provide a single proof of the categories as Kant claims.
Transcendental Realism, Empirical Realism, and Transcendental Idealism
Authors: Allison Henry E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis essay argues that the key to understanding Kant's transcendental idealism is to understand the transcendental realism with which he contrasts it. It maintains that the latter is not to be identified with a particular metaphysical thesis, but with the assumption that the proper objects of human cognitions are “objects in general” or “as such,” that is, objects considered simply qua objects of some understanding. Since this appears to conflict with Kant's own characterization of transcendental realism as the view that (mistakenly) regards appearances as if they were things in themselves, the essay explicates the connection between the concepts of an object (or thing) considered as such and a thing considered as it is in itself. In light of this, it maintains that Kant's transcendental idealism is compatible with a robust empirical realism and that many of its critics are tacitly committed to a misguided transcendental realism.
We Can Act Only Under the Idea of Freedom
Authors: Allison Henry E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis essay has a two‐fold aim. One is to respond to Daniel Dennett's naturalistic treatment of the free will problem. According to Dennett, the idea of free will is reducible to a deliberator's unavoidable ignorance regarding the outcome of a proposed course of action, which is perfectly compatible with that action being causally determined. Against this, it is argued that Kant's account of rational agency makes a persuasive case for attributing to an agent a genuine spontaneity which eludes the naturalistic framework that is assumed by Dennett to be all‐encompassing. The other is to counter the views of John McDowell, who rejects a “bald naturalism” (such as Dennett's) and insists on the ineliminability of a conception of spontaneity like Kant's, while criticizing Kant for linking this spontaneity with transcendental idealism. In response, it is argued that McDowell misconstrues Kant's idealism and that he is himself committed to a form of idealism.
Reflective Judgment and the Application of Logic to Nature: Kant's Deduction of the Principle of Purposiveness as an Answer to Hume
Authors: Allison Henry E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis essay examines Kant's account of the purposiveness of nature as a transcendental principle of the power of judgment in its reflective capacity in the two versions of the Introduction to the third Critique. It argues that, in virtue of its role in the formation of empirical concepts and laws, this principle lies at the center rather than the periphery of Kant's epistemology. It further argues that the transcendental deduction that Kant provides for it in the published version of the Introduction constitutes his definitive answer to Hume regarding the rational grounding of induction. And, finally, it argues that what differentiates the principle of purposiveness from the transcendental principles of the first Critique is its purely subjective nature. Whereas the latter involve the understanding legislating to nature, purposiveness involves the power of judgment legislating to itself regarding how it must investigate nature.
Russell's Logical Atomism
Authors: Bostock David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe book considers Bertrand Russell’s work in logic, mainly from 1900 to 1910, and his work in epistemology and metaphysics, mainly from 1910 to 1924. The part on logic includes a discussion of his seminal article ‘On Denoting’ (1905), but is mainly concerned with the development of his simple and his ramified theory of types, which culminated in Principia Mathematica of 1910. The merits and drawbacks of these theories are noted. The parts on epistemology and metaphysics begin with his ‘principle of acquaintance’, which is supposed to explain our understanding of propositions, but is open to many objections. They continue with his account of what knowledge is, and with his ‘constructions’ of material objects and of minds, which aim to conform to what (according to him) can be known. They then discuss his changing views on propositions, and his largely tacit views on universals, before ending with an account of his ‘logically perfect’ language, and his claim that its structure mirrors the structure of the world
The Contradiction (ii): A Simple Solution
Authors: Bostock David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSeeking for a solution to his ‘contradiction’, Russell came to think that he could set aside classes in favour of propositional functions. In fact his first attempt in this direction, i.e. the ‘substitutional’ theory, also set aside propositional functions, in favour of quantification over propositions. But he then discovered that unrestricted quantification over propositions itself leads to contradictions, and so went back to treating propositional functions as independent entities, but now subjected to distinctions of type. This chapter treats only of simple types, which is all that the earlier substitutional theory requires. It gives a formal presentation of this theory, and notes that Russell’s own principles prevent us from providing it with a useful definition of validity.
The Contradiction (iii): A Ramified Solution
Authors: Bostock David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPoincaré had recommended a ‘Vicious Circle Principle’, and Russell accepted this in his final ‘ramified’ theory of types. He claims both that this principle resolves a range of paradoxes (including those concerning propositions that were earlier unresolved), and that it has a certain ‘consonance with common sense’. The first claim, which deals with ‘self-reference’ and ‘self-quantification’, is acceptable, but the solution offered is somewhat extravagant. The second apparently requires a conceptualist approach to abstract objects. (Principia Mathematica seems to sidestep this requirement, but the alternative justification which it offers is clearly faulty.) The Vicious Circle Principle introduces many problems for Russell’s derivation of mathematics, which he overcomes only by introducing an axiom of reducibility. This, he thinks, gives him all the right results: it still blocks the so-called ‘semantic’ paradoxes, but also allows the deduction of mathematics.
Problems
Authors: Bostock David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRussell’s attempt to obey the Vicious Circle Principle must lead to the conclusion that there are only countably many propositional functions, but this conflicts with his axiom of reducibility. So we do better to reject the ramified type theory, and thereby dispense with both. The simple type theory still has problems in deducing mathematics, e.g. over the axiom of infinity, and problems too over what this chapter calls ‘type-neutral’ predicates. A remedy for both of these points may be available, but it would take us into uncharted waters. One may observe that the axiom of choice (which Russell calls the ‘multiplicative’ axiom) is needed for the classical theory of infinite sets.
The Demise of Neutral Monism
Authors: Bostock David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn 1927 Russell gave a new theory of perception, emphasising its causal nature. This led him to abandon his old claim that causation was nothing more than regular concomitance, and it also led him to say that the events from which material objects are constructed are not sensings, but are the physical happenings that would cause those sensings if sense-organs, nerves, and brain were present. They are, for example, the passings of light-waves. Such events are not ‘neutral stuff’, composing both minds and matter, so neutral monism is here abandoned. (But it is not clear that Russell himself realised this.)
Epilogue
Authors: Bostock David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractRussell’s main achievements are in logic. He popularised this topic, so that it has now become a familiar tool both in philosophy and in mathematics. He also contributed his controversial theory of logical types. Both his thoughts and everyone else’s thoughts in this area have been profoundly influenced by the paradox that he discovered to be latent in our ordinary ways of thinking. But under the heading ‘logic’ he also includes what he calls ‘logical analysis’ and ‘logical constructions’. His attempts at the latter were not notably successful, but ‘analysis’ became the byword for almost all (English‐speaking) philosophy for the next century. This is in no small part due to his influence.