bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing the direct, indirect, and interactive roles of referent group injunctive and descriptive norms for sun protection in relation to the theory of planned behavior
Authors: Bodimeade Harriet , Anderson Ellen , La Macchia Stephen , Smith Joanne R. , Terry Deborah J. , Louis Winnifred R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe theory of planned behavior was used to predict participants' (n = 219) sun protection intentions and (longitudinally) self‐reported behavior from attitudes, perceptions of control, and subjective norms. Norm focus theory was incorporated by distinguishing injunctive and descriptive norms. In turn, subjective descriptive and injunctive norms were examined in relation to the norms of a salient referent group: university students. Referent group norms were found to be associated with subjective norms, and to influence intentions indirectly. A marginal interaction of referent group descriptive and injunctive norms was also observed on behavior. Results highlight the importance of examining indirect effects in order to capture the effect of group‐level processes when multiple sources and levels of normative influence are examined.
The Market's Valuation of Fraudulently Reported Earnings
Authors: Hui Kai Wai , Lennox Clive , Zhang Guochang 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis study examines the market valuation of accounting earnings during the period before it is publicly revealed that the earnings are fraudulent. Using both cross‐sectional and time‐series valuation models, we first find that the market accords less weight to earnings when the accounting numbers are fraudulent. We also show that the market better anticipates the presence of fraud when there is information in the public domain indicating a high ex‐ante risk of fraud. Our findings suggest that investors are able to accurately assess the probability of fraud and that such assessments affect the market's valuation of earnings even before it is publicly announced that fraud has occurred.
Earnings Management Constraints and Classification Shifting
Authors: Abernathy John L. , Beyer Brooke , Rapley Eric T. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPrior literature has investigated three forms of earnings management: real earnings management (REM), accruals earnings management (AEM) and classification shifting. Managers make trade‐off decisions among these methods based on the costs, constraints and timing of each strategy. This study investigates whether managers use classification shifting when their ability to use other forms of earnings management is constrained. We find that when REM is constrained by poor financial condition, high levels of institutional ownership and low industry market share, managers are more likely to use classification shifting. Further, we find that when AEM is constrained by low accounting system flexibility and the provision of a cash flow forecast, managers are more likely to use classification shifting. In addition, when we limit our sample to firms that are most likely to have manipulated earnings, we continue to find support for constraints of both REM and AEM leading to higher levels of classification shifting. We also find support for the hypothesis that the timing of each earnings management strategy influences managers’ trade‐off decision. Our results indicate that managers use classification shifting as substitute form of earnings management for both AEM and REM.
Initiation of activities and alertness in individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities
Authors: Munde V. , Vlaskamp C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundWhen providing activities to individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD), direct support persons (DSPs) often face questions that are, among other things, related to the alertness of the person with PIMD. While previous studies have revealed that stimulation might have a greater impact on levels of alertness than the internal conditions of the individual, they have also emphasized the importance of interaction in order to influence the level of alertness. Because the initiation of this interaction has been described as one of its core components, the present study has focused on the relationship between the stimuli presented, the initiation of the activity (by the person with PIMD or the DSP), and the level of alertness of the person with PIMD.MethodVideotapes of the one‐to‐one interactions of 24 individuals with PIMD and their DSPs in multisensory environments have been scored using the Alertness Observation List. In a sequential analysis, the percentages of stimuli presented were related to the percentages of initiation. Furthermore, two other analyses focused on the relationship between the level of alertness and the preceding and subsequent percentages of initiation respectively.ResultsThe results show that high percentages of the activities are initiated by the DSPs. In addition, activities that were initiated by the individual with PIMD were preceded and followed by higher percentages of alert behaviour than those initiated by the DSP. Outcomes differed for the different types of stimuli.ConclusionsThese results have striking implications for the lives of individuals with PIMD. It is quite possible that DSPs often act too quickly, whereas they would be better off waiting for a reaction on the part of their client. In general, DSPs need to find a balance between being passive themselves and promoting in the individual with PIMD a state of being as active and alert as possible.
Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its major metabolite after intramuscular administration in piglets
Authors: Vullo C. , Kim T.‐W. , Meligrana M. , Marini C. , Giorgi M. 
Published: May 2014

Tramadol (T) is a centrally acting atypical opioid used for treatment of dogs. Piglets might experience pain following castration, tooth clipping and tail docking and experimental procedures. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics ofTand its active metaboliteM1 in male piglets after a single intramuscular injection. Six healthy male piglets were administeredT(5 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Blood was sampled at scheduled time intervals and drug plasma concentrations evaluated by a validatedHPLCmethod.Tplasma concentration was quantitatively detectable from 0.083 to 8 h. M1 was quantified over a shorter time period (0.083–6 h) with aTmaxat 0.821 h. The study demonstrated that piglets produce a larger amount ofM1 compared with dogs, horses and goats. The human minimum effective concentration ofM1 (40 ng/mL) was exceeded for over 3 h in piglets. If it is assumed to also apply to piglets, it could be speculated that the drug efficacy might exert its action over 3 h or longer. This assumption has to be confirmed by further specific pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies.
The Leishmania donovani chaperone cyclophilin 40 is essential for intracellular infection independent of its stage‐specific phosphorylation status
Authors: Yau Wai‐Lok , Pescher Pascale , MacDonald Andrea , Hem Sonia , Zander Dorothea , Retzlaff Silke , Blisnick Thierry , Rotureau Brice , Rosenqvist Heidi , Wiese Martin , Bastin Philippe , Clos Joachim , Späth Gerald F. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryDuring its life cycle, the protozoan pathogen Leishmania donovani is exposed to contrasting environments inside insect vector and vertebrate host, to which the parasite must adapt for extra‐ and intracellular survival. Combining null mutant analysis with phosphorylation site‐specific mutagenesis and functional complementation we genetically tested the requirement of the L. donovani chaperone cyclophilin 40 (LdCyP40) for infection. Targeted replacement of LdCyP40 had no effect on parasite viability, axenic amastigote differentiation, and resistance to various forms of environmental stress in culture, suggesting important functional redundancy to other parasite chaperones. However, ultrastructural analyses and video microscopy of cyp40−/− promastigotes uncovered important defects in cell shape, organization of the subpellicular tubulin network and motility at stationary growth phase. More importantly, cyp40−/− parasites were unable to establish intracellular infection in murine macrophages and were eliminated during the first 24 h post infection. Surprisingly, cyp40−/− infectivity was restored in complemented parasites expressing a CyP40 mutant of the unique S274 phosphorylation site. Together our data reveal non‐redundant CyP40 functions in parasite cytoskeletal remodelling relevant for the development of infectious parasites in vitro independent of its phosphorylation status, and provide a framework for the genetic analysis of Leishmania‐specific phosphorylation sites and their role in regulating parasite protein function.
A broad spectrum high‐SPF photostable sunscreen with a high UVA‐PF can protect against cellular damage at high UV exposure doses
Authors: Cole Curtis , Appa Yohini , Ou‐Yang Hao 
Published: May 2014

SummaryBackgroundAdvances in sunscreen technologies have yielded broad spectrum sunscreens at high‐sun protection factor (SPF) and ultraviolet A protection factor (UVA‐PF) levels that are photostable and powerful in protecting skin from erythema. Questions arise whether these sunscreens protect proportionally against cellular skin damage caused by high ultraviolet exposures.ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to evaluate if high‐SPF sunscreen can protect skin at a cellular level under UV exposure doses [> 50 minimal erythema dose (MED)] similarly to the SPF value.MethodsSunburn cells, Langerhans cells, thymine dimers, protein 53 (p53), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1 and MMP‐9 endpoints were evaluated in biopsies from 12 subjects following four treatments: unprotected exposed to 0, 1 and 3 MED and sunscreen (SPF 55) protected exposed to 55 MED of UV radiation.ResultsAll the markers showed significantly more damage for the 3 MED‐untreated sites when compared with non‐irradiated control, and majority of the markers showed marked damage following unprotected 1 MED exposure. After 55 MEDs, sunscreen‐protected sites showed significantly less p53 and MMP‐9 (keratinocyte) staining than the 1 MED‐exposed unprotected sites, while all the other biomarkers in sunscreen protected sites showed no statistical differences from 1 MED‐exposed unprotected sites.ConclusionsA high‐SPF photostable sunscreen with high UVA‐PF can provide proportionately high protection against multiple cellular damage markers.
The Contribution of Maternal Birth Cohort to Term Small for Gestational Age in the United States 1989–2010: an Age, Period, and Cohort Analysis
Authors: Margerison‐Zilko Claire 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundAfter decades of steady increase, mean birthweight in the US declined throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, a trend not fully explained by changes in length of gestation, medical practice, demographics, or maternal behaviours. We hypothesised that secular changes in health or social factors across women's life courses may have contributed to this unexplained trend and examined maternal birth cohort as a proxy measure of life‐course determinants of fetal growth in the US.MethodsWe used the age, period, and cohort (APC) intrinsic estimator (IE) approach to estimate the contribution of maternal birth cohort (independent of maternal age and period of birth) to small for gestational age (SGA), overall and among term births, in the US from 1989 to 2010. We conducted analyses separately among foreign‐ and US‐born Hispanic, non‐Hispanic black (NHB), and non‐Hispanic white mothers.ResultsWe found evidence of a U‐shaped relationship between maternal birth cohort and SGA among NHB women only. After accounting for maternal age and period of birth, risk of SGA among NHB women born in 1950 was 21.1% and decreased to 15.9% in 1970. However, NHB women born after 1970 experienced increasing risk (19.6% by the 1986 birth cohort).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that NHB women born after 1970 have experienced increasing risk of SGA. Declining risk of SGA across NHB maternal birth cohorts from 1950 to 1970, however, suggests the potential to reverse this trend. Results illustrate the need for research on health and social risk factors for SGA across the pre‐pregnancy life course.
A miss is as good as a mile? Processing of near and full outcomes in a gambling paradigm
Authors: Ulrich Natalie , Hewig Johannes 
Published: May 2014

AbstractStudies investigating the feedback‐related negativity (FRN) and the P300 following near misses, full misses, and wins have yielded inconsistent results. Furthermore, the P300 results were likely confounded by an oddball effect due to the probabilities of the different outcomes. We introduced a fourth outcome (narrow win), which allows for balanced outcome probabilities and thus rules out potential oddball effects. We measured the FRN and P300 as well as subjective ratings while participants were gambling on a wheel of fortune. The FRN was larger following misses compared to wins and larger following near compared to full outcomes. For the P300, we observed a larger positivity following wins compared to misses and full compared to near outcomes. These findings further corroborate that near and full outcomes are processed as distinct events even though they result in the same monetary outcomes.
Prevention strategies for cytomegalovirus disease and long‐term outcomes in the high‐risk transplant patient (D+/R−): experience from the RESITRA‐REIPI cohort
Authors: Meije Y. , Fortún J. , Len Ó. , Aguado J.M. , Moreno A. , Cisneros J.M. , Gurguí M. , Carratalà J. , Muñoz P. , Montejo M. , Blanes M. , Bou G. , Pérez J.L. , Torre‐Cisneros J. , Ramos A. , Pahissa A. , Gavaldà J. ,   Spanish Network for Research on Infection in Transplantation (RESITRA) and the Spanish Network for Research on Infectious Diseases (REIPI)
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV)‐negative recipients of a graft from a CMV‐positive donor (D+/R−) are at high risk of CMV disease. Current preventive strategies include universal prophylaxis (UP) and preemptive therapy (PT). However, the best strategy to prevent CMV disease and achieve better long‐term outcomes remains a matter of debate.MethodsWe analyzed the incidence of CMV disease and long‐term outcomes including graft dysfunction and patient mortality at 5 years after transplantation with both preventive strategies. High‐risk (D+/R−) kidney and liver transplant recipients from the RESITRA cohort were included.ResultsOf 2410 kidney or liver transplant patients, 195 (8.3%) were D+/R−. The final cohort included 58 liver and 102 kidney recipients. UP was given in 92 patients and 68 received PT; 10.9% and 36.8% developed CMV disease, respectively (P < 0.01). The independent risk factors for CMV disease were PT strategy (hazard ratio [HR], 3.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6–6.9), kidney transplantation (HR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.4–9.9), and cyclosporine immunosuppression (HR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.2–4.7). PT strategy was also a risk factor for CMV disease in both liver transplantation (HR, 11.0; 95% CI, 1.2–98.7) and kidney transplantation (HR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3–6.0), independently. The development of CMV replication during the first 2 years after transplantation was a risk factor for graft dysfunction at 5 years after transplantation (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3–9.0). Nevertheless, no significant differences were seen in either graft dysfunction or mortality between the 2 strategies.ConclusionsThe study supports the benefit of the UP strategy to prevent CMV disease in D+/R− liver or kidney transplant patients. The development of CMV replication during the first 2 years after transplantation was associated with graft dysfunction at 5 years after transplantation.
The second Austrian benchmark study for blood use in elective surgery: results and practice change
Authors: Gombotz Hans , Rehak Peter H. , Shander Aryeh , Hofmann Axel 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundFive years after the first Austrian benchmark study demonstrated relatively high transfusion rate and an abundance of nonindicated transfusions in elective surgeries, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of the first benchmark study.Study Design and MethodsData from 3164 patients undergoing primary unilateral total hip replacement (THR), primary unilateral noncemented total knee replacement (TKR), or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery at 15 orthopedic and six cardiac centers were collected and compared with the first study.ResultsTransfusion rates decreased in THR (41% to 30%) and TKR (41% to 25%), but remained unchanged in CABG surgery (57% vs. 55%) compared with the first study. More than 80% of all transfusions involved at least 2 units of red blood cells (RBCs). Marked variations were observed in transfusion rates among the centers. The prevalence of anemia was three times higher in patients who received transfusions versus those who did not. However, preoperative anemia was left untreated in the majority of patients. A considerable intercenter variability of RBC loss ranging from 26% to 43% in THR, from 24% to 40% in TKR, and from 30% to 49% in CABG procedures was observed.ConclusionThe second benchmark study demonstrates substantial intercenter variability and small but significant reductions in RBC transfusions and RBC loss. Even though the main independent predictors of transfusion were the relative lost RBC volume followed by the relative preoperative and the lowest relative postoperative hemoglobin, preoperative anemia was not adequately treated in many patients, underscoring the importance of patient blood management in these patients.
Complement inhibition significantly decreases red blood cell lysis in a rat model of acute intravascular hemolysis
Authors: Shah Tushar A. , Mauriello Clifford T. , Hair Pamela S. , Sharp Julia A. , Kumar Parvathi S. , Lattanzio Frank A. , Werner Alice L. , Whitley Pamela H. , Maes Lou Ann , Cunnion Kenji M. , Krishna Neel K. 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundPrevention of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions is a worldwide concern. The objective of this study was to develop a simple rat model of complement‐mediated acute intravascular hemolysis.Study Design and MethodsHuman AB red blood cells (RBCs) were incubated with complement‐sufficient or complement‐deficient Wistar rat serum (WRS) in the presence and absence of human RBC antibody in vitro to elucidate the mechanism of hemolysis. To study the role of complement in acute intravascular hemolysis in vivo, Wistar rats were treated either with or without cobra venom factor (CVF) to deplete complement activity. Human AB RBCs were then injected into both groups of rats, followed by serial blood draws up to 2 hours. Venous blood clearance and lysis of transfused RBCs at each time point were measured by flow cytometry and spectrophotometry. RBC sequestration was determined in the liver, spleen, and kidney by immunohistochemistry.ResultsIn vitro incubation of human RBCs with WRS demonstrated that RBC lysis was mediated via the classical complement pathway and that hemolysis was antibody dependent. Transfusion of human RBCs into rats showed significantly less hemolysis in the CVF group versus untreated group. RBC sequestration in the spleen and liver 2 hours posttransfusion were not quantitatively different between the two groups.ConclusionsGiven the much higher degree of similarity for rat and human complement compared to mice, this simple rat model is ideal for testing novel inhibitors of classical pathway activation for the prevention and treatment of acute intravascular hemolysis.
Rat islets are not rejected by anti‐islet antibodies in mice treated with costimulation blockade
Authors: Diab Randa A. H. , Hassan Moustapha , Tibell Annika , Holgersson Jan , Kumagai‐Braesch Makiko 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundCostimulation blockade can prevent rejection of islet xenografts in naïve but not sensitized recipients. Donor‐specific antibodies (DSA) may partly explain this observation. The effect of DSA on rat islet xenograft survival in mice receiving costimulation blockade was investigated.MethodsNaïve C57BL/6 mice with alloxan‐induced diabetes were transplanted under the left kidney capsule with 100 Lewis rat islets. Recipients were divided into three groups receiving: (i) isotype control antibodies (Abs); (ii) anti‐CD154 and CTLA4Ig; or (iii) anti‐CD154, CTLA4Ig, and anti‐LFA‐1 every second day, day 0–8. At the time of transplantation (Tx), half of the animals in each group received naïve mouse serum and half xenoimmune serum derived from mice previously transplanted with rat islets. Non‐fasting blood glucose levels and body weight were followed daily. Cured mice were examined by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance (IPGT) tests at 1 and 4 months after transplantation.ResultsDonor‐specific antibodies were detected in immune serum‐injected recipients up to at least 96 h post‐Tx. Short term (≤96 h), there was no significant difference with regard to graft mass, infiltrating and apoptotic cells between groups of mice receiving naïve and immune sera. A moderate infiltration of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells was seen 96 h post‐Tx in mice given control Abs, whether or not they received immune or naïve mouse serum. Mice given costimulation blockade had well‐maintained endocrine tissue and very little cell infiltration. There was no significant difference in islet xenograft function and survival long term between groups receiving naïve and immune sera in combination with costimulation blockade. About half of the mice receiving costimulation blockade lost graft function within 110 days.ConclusionThe presence at Tx of DSA does not appear to negatively influence early and late islet xenograft survival in mice receiving costimulation blockade.
Epitope Mapping of the HSP83.1 Protein of Leishmania braziliensis Discloses Novel Targets for Immunodiagnosis of Tegumentary and Visceral Clinical Forms of Leishmaniasis
Authors: Menezes-Souza Daniel , Mendes Tiago Antônio de Oliveira , Gomes Matheus de Souza , Reis-Cunha João Luís , Nagem Ronaldo Alves Pinto , Carneiro Cláudia Martins , Coelho Eduardo Antônio Ferraz , Galvão Lúcia Maria da Cunha , Fujiwara Ricardo Toshio , Bartholomeu Daniella Castanheira 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTGold standard serological diagnostic methods focus on antigens that elicit a strong humoral immune response that is specific to a certain pathogen. In this study, we used bioinformatics approaches to identify linear B-cell epitopes that are conserved amongLeishmaniaspecies but are divergent from the host speciesHomo sapiensandCanis familiarisand fromTrypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease, to select potential targets for the immunodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. Using these criteria, we selected heat shock protein 83.1 ofLeishmania braziliensisfor this study. We predicted three linear B-cell epitopes in its sequence. These peptides and the recombinant heat shock protein 83.1 (rHSP83.1) were tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) against serum samples from patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and from dogs infected withLeishmania infantum(canine VL [CVL]). Our data show that rHSP83.1 is a promising target in the diagnosis of TL. We also identified specific epitopes derived from HSP83.1 that can be used in the diagnosis of human TL (peptide 3), both human and canine VL (peptides 1 and 3), and all TL, VL, and CVL clinical manifestations (peptide 3). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves confirmed the superior performance of rHSP83.1 and peptides 1 and 3 compared to that of the solubleL. braziliensisantigen and the reference test kit for the diagnosis of CVL in Brazil (EIE-LVC kit; Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz). Our study thus provides proof-of-principle evidence of the feasibility of using bioinformatics to identify novel targets for the immunodiagnosis of parasitic diseases using proteins that are highly conserved throughout evolution.