bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Bus Drivers and Social Inclusion: Evaluation of Their Knowledge and Attitudes Toward People With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Tillmann Vera , Haveman Meindert , Stöppler Reinhilde , Kvas Štefan , Monninger Daniel 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPublic bus drivers are a relevant part of the social network supporting people with intellectual disability (ID) in the independent use of public transport as their support can increase self‐determination and social inclusion. A study was undertaken that focused on (1) bus drivers' experiences with people with ID; (2) their knowledge about ID in general; and (3) their attitudes toward people with ID. Assessment of experiences, knowledge, and attitudes are important for the detection of potential psychological and social barriers for community inclusion. Experiences, knowledge, and attitudes were evaluated with a standardized questionnaire for a representative sample of 139 local bus drivers. The survey was conducted in a town in Germany with rural surroundings as part of the Nordhorn Public Transportation Intervention Study aiming to increase the independent use of public buses for people with ID. The authors found that some 19% of the bus drivers had experiences with people with ID in their private lives. Also, that knowledge about ID was rather moderate, differing widely according to specific items. Some drivers saw people with disabilities as passengers who are difficult and who needed more attention. Authors concluded that bus drivers are an essential part of the social support system of persons with ID and that assessment of bus drivers' attitudes, experiences, and knowledge is necessary to develop specific training programs. Valid information, communication, and social interaction skills training should be integrated in the regular training of bus drivers. Assessment and training of bus drivers could enhance the chances of persons with ID significantly to be mobile citizens in an inclusive society.
Forensic psychiatric experts under the legal microscope
Authors: Grønnerød Cato , Grøndahl Pål , Stridbeck Ulf 
Published: December 2013

PurposeWe examined how 157 legal professionals view the role and performance of forensic psychiatric experts (psychiatrists and psychologists) in court, and what experiences they have with the experts.MethodsThe participants filled in an online survey with ratings and open‐ended questions.ResultsTheir experience was fairly limited, but the general impression was one of overall satisfaction with the experts. Experience was not only valued but also clarity in language and presentation were important, together with verifiability and thoroughness. The ability or willingness to express doubt was also emphasized. In addition, a significant proportion felt they had observed differences between psychologists and psychiatrists, and they preferred psychiatrists based on a perception of higher professional skills.ConclusionsDespite media uproars after controversial cases, the Norwegian system of court‐appointed experts received a positive review from the legal professionals; they report an overall positive experience with forensic psychiatric experts.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria is an independent predictor of urinary tract infections in an ambulatory cirrhotic population: a prospective evaluation
Authors: Ye Carrie , Kumar Deepali , Carbonneau Michelle , Keough Adam , Ma Mang , Tandon Puneeta 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsAsymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is a risk factor for urinary tract infections (UTIs) in many patients without liver disease. It remains unclear whether a diagnosis of ASB in an outpatient with cirrhosis could be utilized to predict the subsequent development of a UTI. We undertook this study to determine the prevalence and incidence of ASB in an outpatient population and its association with UTI.MethodsWe prospectively evaluated 108 adult outpatients with cirrhosis over a 6‐month period. Monthly midstream urines (MSU) were performed to detect the occurrence of UTI and ASB (culture of ≥108 CFU/L of a urinary pathogen in the absence of UTI symptoms).ResultsOf 108 patients enrolled, 99 completed at least one MSU, for a total of 489 MSUs. Total follow‐up was 44 person‐years. The incidences of ASB and UTI were 181 and 250 per 1000 person‐years, respectively. The prevalences of ASB and UTI on the first MSU were 5 and 1%, respectively. In total, 8% of patients developed an episode of ASB and 11% developed a UTI during the study period. Univariate predictors of UTI were female gender, primary biliary cirrhosis, number of previous UTIs and preceding ASB. Preceding ASB was the only independent predictor of UTI on multivariate analysis, with an odds ratio of 6.2 (1.1–34.3), P = 0.04.ConclusionsCirrhotic patients have higher rates of ASB and UTI than reported in the general population. ASB is an independent predictor of UTI. Further studies are necessary to determine whether routine screening and antimicrobial treatment of ASB is warranted.
Characterizing the socially transmitted foraging tactic “sponging” by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in the western gulf of Shark Bay, Western Australia
Authors: Kopps Anna M. , Krützen Michael , Allen Simon J. , Bacher Kathrin , Sherwin William B. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIndividual foraging tactics are widespread in animals and have ecological and evolutionary implications. Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, Western Australia, exhibit a foraging tactic involving tool use, called “sponging.” Sponging is vertically, socially transmitted through the matriline and, to date, has been described in detail in the eastern gulf of Shark Bay (ESB). Here, we characterize sponging in the western gulf of Shark Bay (WSB), in which a different matriline engages in the behavior. We identified 40 individual “spongers” in 9 mo of boat‐based surveys over three field seasons. As is the case in ESB, the majority of WSB spongers was female and engaged in sponging in deep channel habitats. In contrast to ESB, however, there was no difference in the number of associates between spongers and nonspongers in WSB, and activity budgets differed between spongers and deep‐water nonspongers; spongers foraged more frequently and rested less than nonspongers. Group sizes in deep channel habitat, where sponging was prevalent, were typically larger than those in shallow habitat, except for foraging, perhaps indicative of higher predator abundance and/or scattered prey distribution in deep‐water habitat. This research improves our understanding of within‐population foraging variations in bottlenose dolphins.
Is there nursing phenomenology after Paley? Essay on rigorous reading
Authors: Petrovskaya Olga 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAt the bedside, nurses are expected to be precise when they read indications on screens and on the bodies of patients and decide on the meaning of words framed by the context of acute care. In academia, although there is no incident report to fill when we misread or misrepresent complex philosophical ideas, the consequences of inaccurate reading include misplaced epistemological claims and poor scholarship. A long and broad convention of nursing phenomenological research, in its various forms, claims a philosophical grounding in the ideas of Husserl, Heidegger, and other thinkers. But for nearly two decades, nurse phenomenologists' knowledge claims have been challenged by well‐informed criticisms, most notably by John Paley. At the heart of criticism lies an observation that Continental phenomenological thought is misrepresented in many nursing sources and that nursing phenomenology, both descriptive and interpretive, cannot appeal to the authority of either Husserl or Heidegger. Taking these criticisms seriously, I am asking, Is phenomenology after Paley possible? If misreading seems to be an issue, how can – or should – we read rigorously? My thinking through these questions is influenced by the ideas of Jacques Derrida. Under a condition of a play of language, of Derridian différance, when meaning is never self‐identical and never fully arrives, I suggest that one has to negotiate meanings through reading for differences. I develop this idea in relation to the methodological conventions of phenomenological nursing research and argue for a careful rereading of the whole field of phenomenological nursing research. Such rereading presupposes and necessitates interdisciplinary engagement between nursing and the humanities and interpretive social sciences. Greater familiarity with research practices of those disciplines that stress theoretical and writing rigour might make visible the limits of nursing research approaches and their quality criteria. An understanding of philosophical and theoretical works – a condition of quality scholarship – depends on our reading of both originary texts and contemporary literature from the humanities and the social sciences. This understanding, far from obliging researchers to always trace (often erroneously) their work to its philosophical roots, opens other, often more sound, methodological possibilities.
Recording Complex Structures Using Close Range Photogrammetry: The Cathedral of Santiago De Compostela
Authors: Martínez Santiago , Ortiz Juan , Gil Ma Luz , Rego Ma Teresa 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis paper describes the photogrammetric 3D modelling of complex buildings using low‐cost automatic image matching (AIM), consumer‐grade digital cameras and low‐altitude imagery. To verify the potential of this method, it was applied to the documentation of a specific case: the towers and roofs of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The design and development of a mechanism for coping with the elevation, based on telescopic masts, was essential. Models, orthophotos and plans have been obtained to determine and rigorously measure the geometry involved. Thereby it was possible to accurately record the materials and decorative elements based on the restitution of the granite stones. Furthermore, close range photogrammetry made the analysis and quantification of the inclination of the south tower possible.
Racial Norms: A Reinterpretation ofDuBois' “The Conservation of Races”
Authors: Gray David Miguel 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIargue that standard explanations ofDuBois' theory of race inappropriately characterize his view as attempting to provide descriptive criteria for races. Such an interpretation makes it both susceptible to Appiah's circularity objection and alienates it fromDuBois' central project of solidarity—which is the central point of “Conservation.”Ipropose that we should understand his theory as providing a normative account of race: an attempt to characterize what some races should be in terms of what other races are. In providing such an accountIwill also show how my interpretation ofDuBois' criteria avoids the circularity objection by making the criteria central to the project of solidarity. Thus, this interpretation avoids whatItake to be the two main problems with standard descriptive explanations ofDuBois' criteria.
Spatial Interdependence in US Outward FDI into Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Nwaogu Uwaoma G. , Ryan Michael 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe existing literature on spatial interdependence in FDI flows has primarily focused on developed economies as hosts, with these hosts economically tied together via good infrastructure and historically strong/significant trade flows. In contrast, we explicitly test for the presence of spatial interdependence in developing hosts (Africa, Latin American and the Caribbean) where such ties are not as strong. For US outbound FDI between 1995 and 2007, our empirical results confirm third‐country effects do matter even when controlling for spatial and time‐period fixed effects. Based on the signs of the market potential and spatial lag coefficients, we find US FDI strategies into these regions as consistent with complex vertical specialisation.
The Trade Effects of US Anti‐dumping Actions against China Post‐WTO Entry
Authors: Shen Guobing , Fu Xiaolan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSince China's entry into the WTO, US anti‐dumping (AD) actions against China have increased, particularly with respect to multiple petitions. Distinguishing between US single and multiple petitions, we examine the trade effects of US AD actions against China based on an unbalanced panel of quarterly trade data. The results show that a US single petition investigation greatly restrains US imports of the filed products from China but also causes more significant import diversion from non‐named countries. In the short run, a preliminary AD duty imposed on China via a US multiple petition not only restrains US imports of the filed products from China but also prevents trade diversion from non‐named countries. In the long run, a final AD duty on China resulting from a US multiple petition creates a larger destructive effect on China and causes US import diversion from non‐named countries. Thus, a final AD duty imposed on China following a US multiple petition not only harms China's exports but also fails to help the US achieve import substitution. Furthermore, we have been able to reveal the negative trade effect of a preliminary AD duty even in cases where the ultimate decision is not to impose a final duty.
Retinal ganglion cell distribution and visual acuity in alpacas (Vicugna pacos)
Authors: Wang Hsiao‐Hui , Gallagher Shannon K. , Byers Stacey R. , Madl James E. , Gionfriddo Juliet R. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and visual acuity in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) through Brn‐3a immunofluorescent labeling.ProceduresFive eyes from four healthy alpacas with normal ophthalmic examination findings were included in the study. The axial length of the globes was measured before fixation. All five retinas were treated with Brn‐3a antibodies to label RGCs. Images taken with a fluorescent microscope were used for RGC counting. RGC density maps were reconstructed by computer software. Visual acuity was estimated based on the results of peak RGC density and ocular anatomical parameters.ResultsThe reconstructed retinal maps from Brn‐3a labeling showed a horizontal streak across the retinal meridian superior to the optic nerve head with a temporal, upward extension. The highest RGC densities were in the temporal retinas. The maximal visual acuity was located in the temporal retina and was estimated to range between 12.5 and 13.4 cycles per degree.ConclusionsAlpacas have a horizontal streak across the retinal meridian superior to the optic disk with a temporal, upward extension based on the Brn‐3a labeling of RGCs. The maximal visual acuity was located in the temporal retina. The reconstructed retinal maps indicate the RGC topography of alpacas is similar to that of other herbivores, but is different from that of dromedary camels.
Identification of Eigenmodes and Determination of the Dynamical Behaviour of Open Impellers
Authors: Bidaut Yves , Baumann Urs 
Published: December 2013

Whenever an open bladed impeller (without shroud) is implemented in a centrifugal compressor a key issue regarding the reliability of the compressor concerns the dynamical behaviour of this impeller. Due to the absence of the shroud this impeller can be operated at high tip speeds, hence allowing for higher volume flow. However the impeller reacts very sensitive to excitations leading to large blade vibrations with potential considerable dynamic stresses. In order to avoid resonance caused by fluctuating pressure distributions due to rotor-stator interactions special attention must be paid to the natural frequencies of the impeller which shall be determined with the highest accuracy possible.
Therefore this paper focuses on the identification of the natural frequencies of the impeller first. To validate the finite-element (FE) model extensive measurements of the natural frequencies are performed at standstill. Especially the set-up and results obtained with the Shaker-Laser vibrometer-tests are described in detail and compared to other measurement methods such as the Laser-Scaning-Vibrometry (LSV) and strain gauges.
Furthermore the prediction of the dynamic behaviour of the impeller is of considerable importance in the design of turbo compressors. For this purpose comprehensive measurements of the dynamic stress are carried out on the author’s company’s test rig. The paper describes the test arrangement including numerous strain gauges installed in different positions of the blades.
The last part of this paper describes a simplified approach for the evaluation of the dynamic stresses in the impeller blade. A substantial list of comprehensive lectures about coupled CFD–structural analysis to determine the dynamic behaviour of impeller blades is available. However, despite of considerable improvement in software and calculation methods in the last years, such analyses are still expensive and require very large capacities. The presented alternative calculation method is based on a harmonic analysis which is calibrated to the measurements and is the base for a further estimation of the life time of the impeller.
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Aerodynamic Excitation of a Model Low-Pressure Steam Turbine Stage Operating Under Low Volume Flow
Authors: Megerle Benjamin , Rice Timothy Stephen , McBean Ivan , Ott Peter 
Published: December 2013

The diversification of power generation methods within existing power networks has increased the requirement for operational flexibility of plants employing steam turbines. This has led to the situation where steam turbines may operate at very low volume flow conditions for extended periods of time. Under operating conditions where the volume flow through the last stage moving blades (LSMBs) of a low-pressure (LP) steam turbine falls below a certain limit, energy is returned to the working fluid rather than being extracted. This so-called “ventilation” phenomenon produces non-synchronous aerodynamic excitation, which has the potential to lead to high dynamic blade loading. The aerodynamic excitation is often the result of a rotating phenomenon, with similarities to rotating stall, which is well known in compressors.
Detailed unsteady pressure measurements have been performed in a single stage model steam turbine operated with air under ventilation conditions. Detailed analysis revealed that the rotating excitation mechanism observed in operating steam turbines, is reproduced in the model turbine. 3D CFD has been applied to simulate the unsteady flow in the air model turbine. The numerical model consists of the single stage modeled as a full annulus, as well as the axial-radial diffuser. An unsteady CFD analysis has been performed for sufficient rotor revolutions such that the flow is globally periodic. It has been shown that the simulation reproduces well the characteristics of the phenomenon observed in the tests. The detailed insight into the flow field allows the drawing of conclusions as to the nature of the excitation mechanism. One result is that the LSMB tip clearance flow is found to have very little or no effect on the characteristics of mechanism for the case studied.
Rotordynamic Characteristics of a Flexure Pivot Pad Bearing With an Active and Locked Integral Squeeze Film Damper
Authors: Agnew Jeff , Childs Dara 
Published: December 2013

Measured rotordynamic coefficients are presented for a flexure-pivot-pad journal bearing (FPJB) in a load-between-pad configuration with: (1) an active, and (2) locked integral squeeze film damper (ISFD). Prior rotordynamic-coefficient test results have been presented for FPJBs (alone), and rotor-response results have been presented for rotors supported by FPJBS with ISFDs; however, these are the first rotordynamic-coefficient test results for FPJBs with ISFDs.
A multi-frequency dynamic testing regime is employed. For both bearing configurations, quadratic curve fits provide good representation of the real portions of the dynamic-stiffness coefficients yielding a direct stiffness and a direct added-mass coefficient. The imaginary portions are well represented by linear curve fits, implying constant, frequency-independent direct-damping coefficients. Direct stiffness coefficients are ∼50% lower for the active-damper configuration, and direct damping coefficients are only modestly lower. The combination of ∼50% reduction in direct stiffness with a modest drop in direct damping indicates a very effective squeeze-film damper application.
Added-mass coefficients are normally lower for the active-damper configuration, and all coefficient trends (for changes in loading and shaft speed) are “flatter” for the active flexure pivot-pad damper bearing. The measured rotordynamic coefficients are used to calculate the whirl frequency ratio and indicate high stability for both bearing configurations.
Active Piezoelectric Vibration Control of Subscale Composite Fan Blades
Authors: Duffy Kirsten P. , Choi Benjamin B. , Provenza Andrew J. , Min James B. , Kray Nicholas 
Published: December 2013

As part of the Fundamental Aeronautics program, researchers at NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) are investigating new technologies supporting the development of lighter, quieter, and more efficient fans for turbomachinery applications. High performance fan blades designed to achieve such goals will be subjected to higher levels of aerodynamic excitations which could lead to more serious and complex vibration problems.
Piezoelectric materials have been proposed as a means of decreasing engine blade vibration either through a passive damping scheme, or as part of an active vibration control system. For polymer matrix fiber composite blades, the piezoelectric elements could be embedded within the blade material, protecting the brittle piezoceramic material from the airflow and from debris.
To investigate this idea, spin testing was performed on two General Electric Aviation (GE) subscale composite fan blades in the NASA GRC Dynamic Spin Rig Facility. The first bending mode (1B) was targeted for vibration control. Because these subscale blades are very thin, the piezoelectric material was surface-mounted on the blades. Three thin piezoelectric patches were applied to each blade — two actuator patches and one small sensor patch. These flexible macro-fiber-composite patches were placed in a location of high resonant strain for the 1B mode. The blades were tested up to 5000 rpm, with patches used as sensors, as excitation for the blade, and as part of open- and closed-loop vibration control. Results show that with a single actuator patch, active vibration control causes the damping ratio to increase from a baseline of 0.3% critical damping to about 1.0% damping at 0 RPM. As the rotor speed approaches 5000 RPM, the actively controlled blade damping ratio decreases to about 0.5% damping. This occurs primarily because of centrifugal blade stiffening, and can be observed by the decrease in the generalized electromechanical coupling with rotor speed.