bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral vasculitis in adults: what are the steps in order to establish the diagnosis? Red flags and pitfalls
Authors: Berlit P , Kraemer M 
Published: October 2013

Summary
Cerebral vasculitis is a rare cause of juvenile stroke. It may occur as primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) or as CNS manifestation in the setting of systemic vasculitis. Clinical hints for vasculitis are headache, stroke, seizures, encephalopathy and signs of a systemic inflammatory disorder. Diagnostic work-up includes anamnesis, whole body examination, laboratory and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) studies, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), angiography and brain biopsy. Due to the rarity of the disease, exclusion of more frequent differential diagnoses is a key element of diagnostic work -up. This review summarizes the steps that lead to the diagnosis of cerebral vasculitis and describes the red flags and pitfalls. Despite considering the dilemma of angiography-negative vasculitis and false-negative brain biopsy in some cases, it is important to protect patients from ‘blind’ immunosuppressive therapy in unrecognized non-inflammatory differential diagnosis.
Neuroprotective Potential of Silymarin against CNS Disorders: Insight into the Pathways and Molecular Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Borah Anupom , Paul Rajib , Choudhury Sabanum , Choudhury Amarendranath , Bhuyan Bornalee , Das Talukdar Anupam , Dutta Choudhury Manabendra , Mohanakumar Kochupurackal P 
Published: October 2013

SummarySilymarin, a C25 containing flavonoid from the plant Silybum marianum, has been the gold standard drug to treat liver disorders associated with alcohol consumption, acute and chronic viral hepatitis, and toxin‐induced hepatic failures since its discovery in 1960. Apart from the hepatoprotective nature, which is mainly due to its antioxidant and tissue regenerative properties, Silymarin has recently been reported to be a putative neuroprotective agent against many neurologic diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and cerebral ischemia. Although the underlying neuroprotective mechanism of Silymarin is believed to be due to its capacity to inhibit oxidative stress in the brain, it also confers additional advantages by influencing pathways such as β‐amyloid aggregation, inflammatory mechanisms, cellular apoptotic machinery, and estrogenic receptor mediation. In this review, we have elucidated the possible neuroprotective effects of Silymarin and the underlying molecular events, and suggested future courses of action for its acceptance as a CNS drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Perineal body repair in patients with third degree rectocele: a critical analysis of the tissue fixation system
Authors: Wagenlehner F. M. E. , Del Amo E. , Santoro G. A. , Petros P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimWe describe the technique of tissue fixation system (TFS) perineal body repair in patients presenting with symptomatic third degree rectocele.MethodThe single sling TFS perineal body repair is performed in three surgical steps: (i) dissection of the rectum off the vagina and laterally displaced perineal body; (ii) identification of the deep transverse perineii muscles beyond their insertion point behind the descending pubic ramus; (iii) elevation and approximation of the separated and laterally displaced perineal bodies by insertion, without tension, of non‐stretch 7 mm polypropylene tape into the bodies of the deep transverse perineii muscles.ResultsFrom January 2007 to December 2009 we performed the TFS operation for 30 women, median age 61 (range 47–87) years, mean parity 2.6 (range 1–5), with third degree symptomatic low rectocele (median obstructive defaecation syndrome score 19; range 11–24). Median hospital stay was 24 (range 12–96) h. The median visual analogue scale for postoperative pain was 1 (range 1–7). Complications occurred in three cases (10%) and included a surfaced tape that was partly resected (repair maintained), a recurrence of the rectocele due to incorrect placement (failed repair) and a foreign body abscess requiring tape removal. At 12‐month follow‐up, 27 patients (90%) reported normal defaecation and the median obstructive defaecation syndrome score was significantly reduced to 4 (range 1–6; P < 0.001).ConclusionThe TFS perineal body repair is an effective, safe, minimally invasive treatment in women with symptomatic low rectocele.
Cultural Dimensions of Socioecological Systems: Key Connections and Guiding Principles for Conservation in Coastal Environments
Authors: Poe Melissa R. , Norman Karma C. , Levin Phillip S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEnvironments are complex socioecological systems demanding interdisciplinary research and conservation. Despite significant progress in characterizing socioecological complexity, including important inroads for measuring human wellbeing through ecosystem services approaches, cultural interactions with ecosystems remain poorly understood. Inadequate knowledge of cultural dimensions of ecosystems challenges the ability of conservation professionals to include these considerations in their programs. Ecosystem‐based conservation without cultural considerations is not only insufficient, it risks producing unaccounted negative impacts to communities and misses an opportunity to build culturally meaningful alternatives. This mini review of relevant social science identifies five key cultural dimensions of ecosystems, highlighting examples from coastal North America. These key dimensions are: meanings, values, and identities; knowledge and practice; governance and access; livelihoods; and interactions with biophysical environments. We outline guiding principles for addressing these connections in integrated conservation research and application. Finally, we discuss potential methodologies to help improve interdisciplinary assessment and monitoring of cultural dimensions of conservation.
Minor neurological dysfunction and behaviour in 9‐year‐old children born at term: evidence for sex dimorphism
Authors: Kikkert Hedwig K , de Jong Corina , van den Heuvel Edwin R , Hadders‐Algra Mijna 
Published: October 2013

AimThe aim of the study was to assess associations between minor neurological dysfunction (MND) and behaviour, with specific attention to sex differences.MethodThis was an observational cohort study in which 341 9‐year‐old children (177 male, 164 female) without perinatal risk were neurologically assessed, with attention to severity and type of MND. Eight domains of dysfunction were distinguished, including posture and muscle tone, fine manipulative ability and coordination. Severity of MND was based on the number of dysfunctional domains. Behaviour was assessed by parents and teachers using the Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher's Report Form (TRF); outcomes were internalizing and externalizing behaviour and total score of behavioural problems.ResultsFemales with complex MND or dysfunctional posture and muscle tone had increased risk for externalizing behavioural problems (OR 4.52, 95% CI 1.01–20.2, and OR 4.05, 95% CI 1.06–15.5, respectively). In males, these associations were absent. However, males with simple MND had an increased risk for behavioural problems indicated by the total TRF‐score (OR 7.52, 95% CI 1.36–41.4).InterpretationIn children without perinatal risk, associations between MND and behaviour are sex‐specific. In females, dysfunction of complex neural networks, including the cerebellum, is associated with externalizing behaviour. In males, neurobehavioural relationships are limited, suggesting a larger role of psychosocial factors in the genesis of behavioural problems.
From Atretic to Perforated: A Closer View of Pulmonary Atresia
Authors: Shen Ching‐Hui , Wang Chung‐Chi , Fang Hsien‐Te , Lin Ming‐Chih 
Published: October 2013

A 7‐day‐old male infant with membranous pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS) underwent hybrid pulmonary valvotomy. Access was via median sternotomy guided by intra‐operative epicardial ultrasonography. After puncturing the atretic pulmonary valve, a 6 mm Wanda balloon catheter was inflated to dilate the atretic valve. Adequate valve movement with antegrade flow was confirmed using real time epicardial echocardiography. Intra‐operative epicardial ultrasonography is an effective tool for guiding PA/IVS during hybrid procedures. Epicardial echo imaging provides clear images with excellent quality, helps guide the hybrid operation, and prevents the need for the ionizing radiation of fluoroscopy.
Small MAF genes variants and chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Martínez‐Hernández Angelica , Gutierrez‐Malacatt Humberto , Carrillo‐Sánchez Karol , Saldaña‐Alvarez Yolanda , Rojas‐Ochoa Alberto , Crespo‐Solis Erick , Aguayo‐González Alvaro , Rosas‐López Adriana , Ayala‐Sanchez Jose Manuel , Aquino‐Ortega Xochitl , Orozco Lorena , Cordova Emilio J 
Published: October 2013

AbstractChronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is one of the most frequent hematological neoplasia worldwide. The abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species may be an important factor in CML development. The transcription factor NRF2 can regulate the transcription of a battery of antioxidant and detoxificant genes after heterodimerizing with small‐Maf proteins. Although the participation of NRF2 in the development of chronic degenerative diseases has been thoroughly studied, the role of small‐Maf genes has not been documented. We have identified polymorphisms in the three MAF genes (F, G and K) and assessed their association with CML. Over 266 subjects with CML and 399 unrelated healthy donors have been studied. After sequencing each MAF gene by Sanger technology, we found 17 variants in MAFF gene, eight in MAFG and seven in MAFK. In the case‐control study, the homozygote genotype CC for the rs9610915 SNP of MAFF was significantly associated with CML. The frequency of the ACC haplotype from MAFK was significantly lower than controls. After stratification by gender, the ACC and GTG haplotypes were associated only with males with CML. These novel data suggest an association between MAFF and MAFG and the development of CML.
Evolutionary and plastic responses to climate change in terrestrial plant populations
Authors: Franks Steven J. , Weber Jennifer J. , Aitken Sally N. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAs climate change progresses, we are observing widespread changes in phenotypes in many plant populations. Whether these phenotypic changes are directly caused by climate change, and whether they result from phenotypic plasticity or evolution, are active areas of investigation. Here, we review terrestrial plant studies addressing these questions. Plastic and evolutionary responses to climate change are clearly occurring. Of the 38 studies that met our criteria for inclusion, all found plastic or evolutionary responses, with 26 studies showing both. These responses, however, may be insufficient to keep pace with climate change, as indicated by eight of 12 studies that examined this directly. There is also mixed evidence for whether evolutionary responses are adaptive, and whether they are directly caused by contemporary climatic changes. We discuss factors that will likely influence the extent of plastic and evolutionary responses, including patterns of environmental changes, species’ life history characteristics including generation time and breeding system, and degree and direction of gene flow. Future studies with standardized methodologies, especially those that use direct approaches assessing responses to climate change over time, and sharing of data through public databases, will facilitate better predictions of the capacity for plant populations to respond to rapid climate change.
Contact stress and residual stress in the nose rail of a high manganese steel crossing due to wheel contact loading
Authors: Xiao J. H. , Zhang F. C. , Qian L. H. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTFatigue failure of a high manganese steel crossing is related to its internal crack initiation and growth, which is affected significantly by the magnitude and distribution pattern of contact stress and residual stress in the crossing. Considering the actual service conditions of a crossing and the accuracy requirement for numerical calculation, a whole model of wheel/crossing/ties and a partial model of wheel/crossing are established using elastic‐plastic finite element method. The distributions of contact stress fields and residual stress fields due to wheel contact loading are studied. The effect of train speed on the residual stress in the nose rail is discussed. The contact stress field shows regular contours in the cross‐section of nose rail and decreases remarkably with increasing distance of the wheel‐crossing contact position. The maximum contact stress is located at the contact surface between wheel and crossing. The maximum residual stress is located at a position of 1.5‐2.0 mm below the surface of the nose rail, rather than at the contact surface of wheel and crossing. In a failed high manganese steel crossing, the dense cracks mainly were observed neither at the position of maximum contact stress (the contact surface between the wheel and the crossing), nor at the position of maximum residual stress (1.5‐2.0 mm below the surface of the nose rail), but around the depth of 0.8‐1.0 mm from the worn surface, which is between the position of maximum contact stress and the position of maximum residual stress. It indicates that the combined effects of the maximum contact stress and the maximum residual stress play important roles in fatigue crack initiation in the nose rail. The size of high residual stress region increases with the increase of the train speed. The maximum residual stress in the nose rail increases remarkably with the increase of the train speed.
Interaction between cracks and microstructure in three dimensions for rolling contact fatigue in railway rails
Authors: Schilke M. , Larijani N. , Persson C. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe rail–wheel contact generates plastic deformation and cracks in the top layer of a rail. Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) cracks in rail samples from track and from a full scale test rig were examined. Due to the shear forces arising in the wheel rail contact, the microstructure close to the surface becomes aligned in the shear direction. Thereby, the pearlite becomes anisotropic, and resistance to cracks is lower in certain directions. RCF cracks follow the weakest direction of the microstructure, which in pearlitic railway rails is the aligned pearlite structure or singular weaknesses such as pro‐eutectoid ferrites or slags. The deformation of the microstructure is different depending on loading situation and original microstructure (rail grade). Once the plastic deformation is present, the cracks follow the path of the weakest crack resistance. Cracks close to each other can interact or shield each other; it is unclear, however, to what extent. In this paper, a new method is described that allows the presentation of RCF cracks in three dimensions.
Glomerular filtration rate is an independent factor of mortality in patients with decompensated cirrhosis
Authors: Cholongitas Evangelos , Arsos George , Goulis John , Birtsou Charis , Haidich Anna‐Bettina , Nakouti Theodora , Chalevas Parthenis , Ioannidou Maria , Karakatsanis Konstantinos , Akriviadis Evangelos 
Published: October 2013

AimAlthough serum creatinine is included in the Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, it is an inaccurate marker of renal function, namely, of glomerular filtration rate (“true” GFR) in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Our aim was to investigate the impact of MELD score and “true” GFR as determinants of survival in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.MethodsWe included all consecutive patients with decompensated cirrhosis who were admitted to our department. Renal function was assessed by creatinine‐ and cystatin‐based estimated GFR and “true” GFR using 51Cr‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The independent factors associated with survival were evaluated. The discriminative ability of the prognostic scores (MELD and modifications of MELD score) were evaluated by using the area under the receiver–operator curve (AUC).ResultsOne hundred and ten consecutive patients (77 men, aged 56 ± 12 years); at the end of follow up (8 months; range, 6–18), 92 patients (84%) were alive and 18 (16%) had died. In multivariate analysis, serum bilirubin (hazard ratio [HR], 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–1.26; P = 0.020) and “true” GFR (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93–0.98; P = 0.003) were the only independent factors significantly associated with the outcome. The derived new prognostic model had high discriminative ability (AUC, 0.90), which was confirmed in the validation sample of 77 patients.ConclusionIn our cohort of patients with decompensated cirrhosis, “true” GFR and bilirubin were the independent factors of the outcome.
3. SPACE, PLACE, AND GENDER: THE SEXUAL AND SPATIAL DIVISION OF LABOR IN THE EARLY MODERN HOUSEHOLD
Authors: FLATHER AMANDA J. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTMuch has been written about the history of the work of men and women in the premodern past. It is now generally acknowledged that early modern ideological assumptions about a strict division of work and space between men and productive work outside the house on the one hand, and women and reproduction and consumption inside the house, on the other, bore little relation to reality. Household work strategies, out of necessity, were diverse. Yet what this spatial complexity meant in particular households on a day‐to‐day basis and its consequences for gender relationships is less clear and has received relatively little historical attention. The aim of this paper is to add to our knowledge through a case study of the way that men and women used and organized space for work in the county of Essex during the “long seventeenth century”. Drawing on critiques of the concept of “separate spheres” and the models of economic change to which it relates, together with local/micro historical methods, it places evidence within an appropriate regional context to argue that spatial patterns were enormously varied in early modern England and a number of factors—time, place, occupation, and status, as well as gender—determined them. Understanding of the dynamic, complex, uneven purchase of patriarchy upon the organization, imagination, and experience of space has important implications for approaches to gender relations in early modern England. It raises additional doubts about the utility of the separate spheres analogy, and particularly the use of binary oppositions of male/female and public/private, to describe gender relations and their changes in this period and shows that a deeper understanding demands more research into the local contexts in which the gendered division and meaning of work was negotiated.
4. “KEEP THAT WOMAN OUT!” NOTIONS OF SPACE IN TWENTIETH‐CENTURY FLEMISH WITCHCRAFT DISCOURSE
Authors: DE BLÉCOURT WILLEM 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis article considers the importance of a spatial dimension for witchcraft research, which has so far been largely neglected. In twentieth‐century Europe people in certain regions still considered their world in terms of witchcraft; they attributed misfortune to bewitchments and usually blamed their neighbors. Here a part of Flemish‐speaking Belgium is investigated with the help of legend texts collected in the 1960s. The witchcraft discourse that informed these texts did not just contain formulations of space; sometimes it also determined how people negotiated space. In this part of Flanders, witchcraft was embedded in Roman Catholicism; monasteries were the favored destinations of all those who considered themselves or their family members bewitched. In order to find cures for bewitchments people undertook hazardous journeys of considerable distance and found their efforts hindered by the witch they sought to counteract. The measures against evil influences that they were given were meant to consolidate the boundaries between their own (private) space and the (outside) space where witches roamed. Bewitchments were generally blamed on women. In the contemporary patriarchal social order, both public and domestic spaces were nearly always under men's control. This is why bewitchment was caused less by transgressions of male‐defined boundaries than by infringements of bodily spaces such as by eying or touching somebody else's children. This suggests a different approach to female space based on notions of proximity.
THE POETICS OF ANCIENT GREEK MEMORY AND THE HISTORICAL IMPERATIVE
Authors: Lianeri Alexandra 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis book examines Greek engagements with the past as articulations of memory formulated against the contingency of chance associated with temporality. Based on a phenomenological understanding of temporality, it identifies four memorializing strategies: continuity (tradition), regularity (exemplarity), development, and acceptance of chance. This framework serves in pursuing a twofold aim: to reconstruct the literary field of memory in fifth‐century bce Greece; and to interpret Greek historiography as a memorializing mode. The key contention advanced by this approach is that acts of memory entailed an “idea of history” that was articulated not only in historiography, but also in epinician poetry, elegy, tragedy, and oratory. The book offers a rich account of poetic conventions and contexts through which each of these genres counterbalanced contingency through the use of exemplary and traditional modes of memory. This fine analysis highlights the grip of the present on the past as a significant feature of both historiographical and nonhistoriographical genres.The essay argues that this work fills a disciplinary gap by extending the reflection on memory to a new period, Greek antiquity. The retrospective positioning of this period at the outset of Western historical thought brings Grethlein's investigation to the center of debates about memory, temporality, and the meaning history. In engaging with the book's argument, the essay suggests that historiographical memory emerged in Greece not as a first‐order encounter with time, but as a second‐order encounter with forgetting. This confrontation marked a certain separation of historiography from other memorializing genres. Whereas poetic and rhetorical memories were posited against contingency, historiography sought to retrieve those aspects of the past that may otherwise have been irretrievably lost and forgotten. In doing so, it formulated the historiographical imperative as a negation of forgetting that problematized the truth‐value of memory and the very act of remembering the past.
The Politics of Seasonal Labour Migration in Switzerland, France and Spain
Authors: Plewa Piotr 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article analyses the effects of the politics of seasonal foreign worker admissions on migrant legality in the context of the post‐1945 and the post‐1990 seasonal foreign worker policy in Switzerland, France and Spain respectively. It seeks historical evidence attesting to the ability of seasonal admissions to restrict workers to their non‐resident status. It presents implications for circular migration, the dernier cri in European migration policy aimed to strike a compromise between a perceived post‐crisis demand for the admission of foreign workers and the reluctance to make them prospective citizens.
Policy Implications

Migration policy stakeholders have shaped foreign worker admissions according to their interests.

Under some conditions, low‐skilled seasonal foreign worker admissions have contributed to irregular migration, either through workers' overstays or through parallel irregular entries

There are both differences and similarities between the seasonal admissions advocated under the post‐2007 circular migration schemes, and those of the 1950s–1960s, as well as those of 1990s to early 2000s. The similarities could, under some conditions, trigger the repetition of some of the unexpected outcomes revealed by historical seasonal foreign worker admissions under the post 2007 schemes.