bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFEITO DA ESPESSURA DA PAREDE NO DESEMPENHO HIDRÁULICO DE MANGUEIRAS GOTEJADORAS
Authors: SAAD JOÃO CARLOS CURY , Jefery Ana Paula Russo Schimidt 
Published: August 2015

EFEITO DA ESPESSURA DA PAREDE NO DESEMPENHO HIDRÁULICO DE MANGUEIRAS GOTEJADORAS JOÃO CARLOS CURY SAAD1 E ANA PAULA RUSSO ASSUMPÇÃO SCHIMIDT JEFERY2 1 Engenheiro Agrônomo, Prof. Doutor, UNESP – Câmpus de Botucatu, Botucatu – SP., joaosaad@fca.unesp.br2 Engenheira Agrônoma, Doutoranda em irrigação e drenagem, UNESP - Câmpus de Botucatu, Botucatu – SP., schimidt.ana@gmail.com 1 RESUMO Esta pesquisa teve como finalidade avaliar o desempenho hidráulico de mangueiras gotejadoras de diferentes espessuras e que utilizam o mesmo modelo de gotejador. Para tanto foram avaliadas em uma bancada de ensaio, quatro mangueiras gotejadoras de fabricação nacional (T1, T2, T3 e T4), com o mesmo modelo de emissor e quatro espessuras distintas (0,2; 0,25; 0,38 e 0,90 mm, respectivamente). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: coeficiente de variação de fabricação (Cvf), relação vazão x pressão e espessura de parede. Como resultados verificou-se que os Cvf das mangueiras atenderam às especificações da norma INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATON - ISO 9261:2004, com exceção da T2. Segundo o catálogo fornecido pelo fabricante, as equações características das mangueiras apresentariam os mesmos valores, uma vez que os emissores são do mesmo modelo. Essa observação não correspondeu ao resultado obtido no experimento, que obteve equações distintas para cada mangueira utilizada. Observou-se também que ao se utilizar o mesmo modelo de gotejador para uma mesma pressão, quanto maior a espessura da parede, menor a vazão do emissor. Palavras chaves: Coeficiente de variação de fabricação, irrigação por gotejamento, ISO 9261: 2004, relação vazão x pressão. SAAD, J. C. C.; JEFERY, A. P. A. S.EFFECT OF WALL THICKNESS ON THE HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF DRIP HOSES 2 ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the hydraulic performance of drip hoses of different thickness which use the same dripper model. Four drip hoses (T1, T2, T3 and T4) with different thickness (0.2; 0.25; 0.38 and 0.90 mm, respectively) were evaluated. The following parameters were evaluated: coefficient of manufacturing variation (Cv), relationship between flow x pressure and wall thickness. The results showed that the hose Cv met the requirements of ISO 9261:2004, except for T2. According to the manual provided by the manufacturer, the equations specific to the hoses would have the same coefficients, as the emitters are from the same model. This observation did not match the results obtained in the experiment, which found different equations for each study drip hose. Also, using the same emitter type at a given pressure, the wider the wall thickness, the lower the emitter flow. Keywords: coefficient of manufacturing variation, dripping irrigation, ISO 9261:2004, flow x pressure relationship.
ÉPOCAS DE PODA PARA A AMOREIRA-PRETA CULTIVADA EM REGIÃO SUBTROPICAL
Authors: Leonel Sarita , Segantini Daniela Mota 
Published: August 2015

ÉPOCAS DE PODA PARA A AMOREIRA-PRETA CULTIVADA EM REGIÃO SUBTROPICAL SARITA LEONEL1 E DANIELA MOTA SEGANTINI2 1 Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Departamento de Horticultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu-SP, CEP 18.610-307, e-mail: sarinel@fca.unesp.br2 Eng. Agrônomo, Doutoranda do PPGA/Horticultura, Departamento de Horticultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu-SP, CEP 18.610-307, e-mail: dani_segantini@hotmail.com 1 RESUMO As frutas ofertadas fora do pico da safra possuem preços mais vantajosos. Nos estados do Sul do Brasil, onde se concentra a maior área de cultivo do país e predomina o clima temperado, o período de colheita da amoreira-preta ocorre de novembro a fevereiro. Com o presente trabalho objetivou-se escalonar a colheita da amoreira-preta, através da realização da poda hibernal, em diferentes épocas, nas condições subtropicais do estado de São Paulo, levando-se em conta o desempenho agronômico e a fenologia da cultura,. O presente trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, no município de São Manuel-SP. Foram utilizadas plantas de amoreira-preta “Tupy”, de 4 anos de idade, conduzidas em 4 hastes principais, em espaldeira em T, com 1,2 metros de altura. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições, constando de 5 tratamentos (épocas de poda: 30/05, 27/06, 22/07, 24/08 e 27/09), sendo a parcela experimental representada por 5 plantas. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que foi possível aumentar o período de oferta das frutas, independentemente do emprego da irrigação. Porém, podas realizadas muito precocemente, afetaram a produtividade da cultura, sendo as épocas mais indicadas entre agosto e setembro. Palavras-chave: Rubus spp, fenologia, produção, sazonalidade LEONEL, S.; SEGANTINI, D.M.PRUNING TIME FOR BLACKBERRY IN THE SUBTROPICAL REGION 2 ABSTRACT It is known that fruits offered out of the harvest peak have higher prices. In southern states in Brazil, where the largest area of cultivation is found in the country, the climate is temperate and the harvest season for blackberry is from November to February. The study aimed at staggering the blackberry harvest by performing the winter pruning at different times in the subtropical conditions of São Paulo state, taking into account the agricultural performance and the crop phenology. The experiment was conducted at the São Manoel Experimental Farm, São Manuel city-SP. Four-year old plants of blackberry “Tupy" cultivar were used and trained in T- espalier using 4 main stems at 1.2m high. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replicates and 5 treatments (pruning times: 30/05, 27/06, 22/07, 24/08 and 27/09), and 5 plants per plot. The results showed that it was possible to extend the harvest period, regardless the irrigation use. However, very early pruning affected crop yield, being August and September the best season for pruning. Keywords: Rubus spp, phenology, production, seasonal variation.
Substituição parcial do potássio por sódio na adubação do capim mombaça em ciclos de pastejo
Authors: Andrade Carlos Augusto Oliveira de , Fidelis Rodrigo Ribeiro , Santos Antônio Clementino dos , Santos Antônio Carlos Martins dos , Silva Rubens Ribeiro da 
Published: August 2015

<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da substituição parcial do potássio por sódio na adubação do capim <em>Panicum maximum</em> cv. Mombaça em dois ciclos de pastejo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x4+1, com três repetições. O primeiro fator foi constituído por dois ciclos de pastejo (60 e 90 dias após a emergência das plantas) o segundo por quatro doses de Na<sup>+</sup> em substituição ao K<sup>+</sup> (0+80, 20+60, 40+40 e 60+20 mg dm<sup>-3</sup> de Na<sup>+</sup> + K<sup>+</sup>, respectivamente) e o tratamento adicional foi constituído pelo solo sem adubação. Foi observado que o uso de Na<sup>+</sup> em substituição ao K<sup>+</sup> na adubação do capim Mombaça resultou no decréscimo da altura de plantas, índice de clorofila, massa verde da parte aérea, massa seca da parte aérea e número de perfilhos em ambos os ciclos de pastejo. O segundo ciclo de pastejo proporciona maiores médias nos indicadores índice de clorofila, número de perfilhos, massa verde da parte aérea e massa seca da parte aérea quando comparado ao primeiro ciclo. A substituição do K<sup>+</sup> por Na<sup>+</sup> na adubação aumenta a produção de forragem até a dose de 28,77 mg dm<sup>-3</sup> de Na<sup>+</sup> a partir dos 60 dias de emergência das plantas. A substituição do K<sup>+</sup> por Na<sup>+</sup> na adubação reduz em 7,9% o desenvolvimento do capim Mombaça. </span>
Clinical and Microbiologic Evaluation of Scaling and Root Planing per Quadrant and One‐Stage Full‐Mouth Disinfection Associated With Azithromycin or Chlorhexidine: A Clinical Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Fonseca Douglas Campideli , Cortelli José Roberto , Cortelli Sheila Cavalca , Miranda Cota Luís Otávio , Machado Costa Lidiane Cristina , Moreira Castro Marcos Vinicius , Oliveira Azevedo Andréa Mara , Costa Fernando Oliveira 
Published: August 2015

Background: Conflicting data about the protocol of choice for non‐surgical periodontal therapy with adjuvant use are still reported. This study aims to evaluate, through clinical and microbiologic parameters, the systemic use of azithromycin (AZ) and chlorhexidine (CHX) as adjuvants to non‐surgical periodontal treatment performed by one‐stage full‐mouth disinfection (FMD) within 24 hours or conventional quadrant scaling (QS) in four weekly sections.Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 85 patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis underwent different treatment protocols, in six groups: three FMD groups and three QS groups, each with no adjuvants, with CHX, and with AZ. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded, and total and quantitative bacterial counts of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Streptococcus oralis were measured with real‐time polymerase chain reaction at baseline and 90 and 180 days after treatment.Results: In all groups, a significant reduction was observed in the percentage of periodontal diseased sites, gingival index, plaque index, and clinical attachment level gain at 90 days, demonstrating effectiveness of the treatment, independently of the adjuvant. The FMD with CHX group showed higher reduction in probing depth and percentage of periodontal diseases sites, as well as lower total bacterial count, than all the other groups at 180 days.Conclusions: The adjuvant use of AZ did not provide any significant benefit, independently of the treatment protocol. The adjuvant use of CHX showed a more expressive and significant improvement in clinical and microbiologic parameters, especially in the FMD protocol, followed by QS.
The Impact of SEC Disclosure Monitoring on the Uncertainty of Fair Value Estimates
Authors: Bens Daniel A. , Cheng Mei , Neamtiu Monica 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
We investigate the role played by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in monitoring fair value disclosures in regulatory filings. Specifically, we assess whether SEC action via the issuance of fair value comment letters to registrants is followed by reductions in uncertainty about the firms' fair value estimates. We hypothesize that registrants that receive a comment letter focusing on their fair value disclosure policies experience reductions in investor uncertainty regarding their fair value estimates in the post-letter period, compared to the pre-letter period. Supporting this prediction, we find that for the periods after the fair value comment letters, the associations between Level 2 and 3 fair value assets and our measures of uncertainty are significantly reduced. These findings are robust to a series of tests designed to ensure that we do not simply capture general changes in market uncertainty levels for firms investing in these types of assets. Our study contributes to the further understanding of market participants' perception of fair value disclosures by investigating the role of SEC enforcement. This finding is important given recent criticisms of fair value reporting emanating from the highest levels of government and industry.
Data Availability: Data are available from public sources identified in the paper.
Irregularities in Accounting Numbers and Earnings Management—A Novel Approach Based on SEC XBRL Filings
Authors: Henselmann Klaus , Ditter Dominik , Scherr Elisabeth 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
The SEC XBRL mandate enables the gathering of accounting numbers to be fully automatic in a database-like manner that provides vast opportunities for financial analysis. Using this functionality, this study proposes a simple analytical prescreening measure that uses abnormal digit distributions at the firm-year level to identify firms suspected of having managed earnings. On average, we find that the constructed measure indicates a greater amount of irregularities in the reported accounting numbers of firms with higher incentives to engage in earnings management. The suggested XBRL-enhanced digit analysis approach may provide the SEC and investors a simple measure to flag financial reports carrying a higher probability of human interaction.
JEL Classifications: C10; M41; M43.
Data Availability: Data used in this paper are publicly available. The analytical prescreening VBA-Tool is available upon request. A description of the tool is available; see Appendix B.
Improved versus worsened endocrine function after transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctional pituitary adenomas: rate, time course, and radiological analysis
Authors: Jahangiri Arman , Wagner Jeffrey R. , Han Sung Won , Tran Mai T. , Miller Liane M. , Chen Rebecca , Tom Maxwell W. , Ostling Lauren R. , Kunwar Sandeep , Blevins Lewis , Aghi Manish K. 
Published: August 2015

OBJECT
The impact of transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctional pituitary adenomas (NFAs) on preoperative hypopituitarism relative to the incidence of new postoperative endocrine deficits remains unclear. The authors investigated rates of hypopituitarism resolution and development after transsphenoidal surgery.

METHODS
Over a 5-year period, 305 transsphenoidal surgeries for NFAs performed at The California Center for Pituitary Disorders were retrospectively reviewed.

RESULTS
Patients with preoperative endocrine deficits (n = 153, 50%) were significantly older (mean age 60 vs 54 years; p = 0.004), more frequently male (65% vs 44%; p = 0.0005), and had larger adenomas (2.4 cm vs 2.1 cm; p = 0.02) than patients without preoperative deficits (n = 152, 50%). Of patients with preoperative endocrine deficits, 53% exhibited symptoms. Preoperative deficit rates were 26% for the thyroid axis; 20% and 16% for the male and female reproductive axes, respectively; 13% for the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)/cortisol axis, and 19% for the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis. Laboratory normalization rates 6 weeks and 6 months after surgery without hormone replacement were 26% and 36% for male and 13% and 13% for female reproductive axes, respectively; 30% and 49% for the thyroid axis; 3% and 3% for the cortisol axis; and 9% and 22% for the IGF-1 axis (p < 0.05). New postoperative endocrine deficits occurred in 42 patients (13.7%). Rates of new deficits by axes were: male reproductive 3% (n = 9), female reproductive 1% (n = 4), thyroid axis 3% (n = 10), cortisol axis 6% (n = 19), and GH/IGF-1 axis 4% (n = 12). Patients who failed to exhibit any endocrine normalization had lower preoperative gland volumes than those who did not (0.24 cm3 vs 0.43 cm3, respectively; p < 0.05). Multivariate analyses revealed that no variables predicted new postoperative deficits or normalization of the female reproductive, cortisol, and IGF-1 axes. However, increased preoperative gland volume and younger age predicted the chances of a patient with any preoperative deficit experiencing normalization of at least 1 axis. Younger age and less severe preoperative hormonal deficit predicted normalization of the thyroid and male reproductive axes (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
After NFA resection, endocrine normalization rates in this study varied with the hormonal axis and were greater than the incidence of new endocrine deficits. Low preoperative gland volume precluded recovery. Patient age and the severity of the deficiency influenced the recovery of the thyroid and male reproductive axes, the most commonly impaired axes and most likely to normalize postoperatively. This information can be of use in counseling patients with hypopituitarism who undergo NFA surgery.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the skull base: results with an aggressive multidisciplinary approach
Authors: Ramakrishna Rohan , Raza Shaan M. , Kupferman Michael , Hanna Ehab , DeMonte Franco 
Published: August 2015

OBJECT
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a locally aggressive tumor of salivary gland origin. Little data exist to guide treatment when this tumor extends to involve the structures of the skull base.

METHODS
Fifty-one patients with a diagnosis of ACC affecting the skull base were identified from a prospective database at MD Anderson Cancer Center (from 1992 to 2010).

RESULTS
Median follow-up for study patients was 6.75 years. The 5- and 10-year overall survival (OS) rates were 78% and 50%, respectively. Sixty-six percent of patients had progression of their disease. The 5- and 10-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 46.7% and 21.0%, respectively. Gross-total resection was achieved in 75% of patients, with 49% having microscopically negative margins at the time of first operation. On univariate analysis, resections with microscopically negative margins were associated with a significant OS advantage (20.1 ± 3.3 years) compared with resections that left residual disease, even if microscopic (10.3 ± 1.6 years, p = 0.035). In patients who underwent reoperation, the effect persisted, with improved OS in those with negative margins (21.4 ± 0.0 vs 16.7 ± 4.0 years, p = 0.06). The use of adjuvant radiotherapy was associated with an OS advantage (16.2 ± 2.5 vs 5.5 ± 2.2 years, p = 0.03) at initial diagnosis and improved PFS (7.8 ± 1.0 vs 2.1 ± 0.62 years, p = 0.005), whereas repeat irradiation provided no benefit. The use of adjuvant chemotherapy at diagnosis or at recurrence was not associated with any significant advantage. Multivariate analysis revealed margin-negative resection at initial operation and at recurrence retained OS significance, even after controlling for age, radiation therapy, and T stage.

CONCLUSIONS
ACC of the skull base is best treated with a multidisciplinary approach aimed at maximal, safe resection. Adjuvant radiotherapy should be offered, whereas chemotherapy does not confer benefit.
Gamma Knife surgical treatment for partially embolized cerebral arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Huo Xiaochuan , Jiang Yuhua , Lv Xianli , Yang Hongchao , Zhao Yang , Li Youxiang 
Published: August 2015

OBJECT
A combination of embolization and radiosurgery is used as a common strategy for the treatment of large and complex cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). This study presents the experiences of partially embolized cerebral AVMs followed by Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) and assesses predictive factors for AVM obliteration and hemorrhage.

METHODS
The interventional neuroradiology database that was reviewed included 404 patients who underwent AVM embolization. Using this database, the authors retrospectively analyzed all partially embolized AVM cases followed by GKS for a residual nidus. Except for cases of complete AVM obliteration, the authors excluded all patients with radiological follow-up of less than 2 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the predictive factors related to AVM obliteration and hemorrhage following GKS. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate the obliteration with a cutoff AVM nidus volume of 3 cm3 and 10 cm3.

RESULTS
One hundred sixty-two patients qualified for the study. The median patient age was 26 years and 48.8% were female. Hemorrhage presented as the most common symptom (48.1%). The median preembolization volume of an AVM was 14.3 cm3. The median volume and margin dose for GKS were 10.92 cm3 and 16.0 Gy, respectively. The median radiological and clinical follow-up intervals were 47 and 79 months, respectively. The annual hemorrhage rate was 1.71% and total obliteration rate was 56.8%. Noneloquent area (p = 0.004), superficial location (p < 0.001), decreased volume (p < 0.001), lower Spetzler-Martin grade (p < 0.001), lower Virginia Radiosurgery AVM Scale (RAS; p < 0.001), lower Pollock-Flickinger score (p < 0.001), lower modified Pollock-Flickinger score (p < 0.001), increased maximum dose (p < 0.001), and increased margin dose (p < 0.001) were found to be statistically significant in predicting the probability of AVM obliteration in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, only volume (p = 0.016) was found to be an independent prognostic factor for AVM obliteration. The log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test of the Kaplan-Meier analysis (chi-square = 54.402, p < 0.001) showed a significantly decreased obliteration rate of different cutoff AVM volume groups of less than 3 cm3, 3–10 cm3, and more than 10 cm3. No independent prognostic factor was found for AVM hemorrhage in multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS
Partially embolized AVMs are amenable to successful treatment with GKS. The volume of the nidus significantly influences the outcome of radiosurgical treatment. The Virginia RAS and Pollock-Flickinger score were found to be reliable scoring systems for selection of patient candidates and prediction of partially embolized AVM closure and complications for GKS.
Spontaneous retroclival hematoma: a case series
Authors: Narvid Jared , Amans Matthew R. , Cooke Daniel L. , Hetts Steven W. , Dillon William P. , Higashida Randall T. , Dowd Christopher F. , Halbach Van V. 
Published: August 2015

OBJECT
Retroclival hematomas are rare, appearing mostly as posttraumatic phenomena in children. Spontaneous retroclival hematoma (SRH) in the absence of trauma also has few descriptions in the literature. None of the reported clinical cases features the combination of an SRH and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Nevertheless, despite extensive cases of idiopathic or angiographically negative subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) of the posterior fossa, only a single case report of a patient with a unique spontaneous retroclival hematoma has been identified. In this study, the authors reviewed the presentation, management, and clinical outcome of this rare entity.

METHODS
The authors performed a retrospective analysis of all patients with diagnosed SRH at their institution over a 3-year period. Collected data included clinical history, laboratory results, treatment, and review of all imaging studies performed.

RESULTS
Four patients had SRH. All were appropriately evaluated for coagulopathic and/or traumatic etiologies of hemorrhage, though no etiology could be found. Moreover, all of the patients demonstrated SRH that both clearly crossed the basioccipital synchondrosis and was contained within a nondependent configuration along the retroclival dura mater.

CONCLUSIONS
Spontaneous retroclival hematoma, often associated with IVH, is a rare subtype of intracranial hemorrhage frequently recognized only when MRI demonstrates compartmentalization of the posterior fossa hemorrhage. When angiography fails to reveal an underlying lesion, SRH patients, like patients with traditional angiographically negative SAH, enjoy a remarkably good prognosis.
The Exemplary Ethical Leadership of King Moshoeshoe of Basotho of Lesotho in the Nineteenth Century Southern Africa
Authors: Mofuoa Khali Victor 
Published: August 2015

There is no gainsaying in that nation-building requires bold, visionary, and above all, exemplary ethical leadership. King Moshoeshoe 1 of the Basotho of Lesotho standing as an exemplar of ethical leadership is abundantly supported both by his monumental achievements and by the ethical qualities of his organizational creative leadership. The purpose of this exemplar profile is to display his underappreciated record of individual moral responsibility for social science disciplines i.e. political management, political science, political philosophy, public administration, business administration, leadership studies, organizational theory etc. There is so much these disciplines can learn about the nature of ethical leadership and its relationship to public organizational effectiveness from Moshoeshoe’s leadership philosophy, managerial style, organizational behavior and decisions in their quest for building harmonious and just societies worldwide.