bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing Apparent Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements of a Multi‐receiver EMI Sensor with Topsoil and Profile Magnetic Susceptibility Data over Weak Magnetic Anomalies
Authors: De Smedt Philippe , Saey Timothy , Meerschman Eef , De Reu Jeroen , De Clercq Wim , Van Meirvenne Marc 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTToday, most surveys in archaeogeophysical prospection use magnetic properties to detect archaeological features. Such magnetic surveys are usually conducted with magnetometers and, to a lesser extent, with magnetic susceptibility meters and electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors. Although the latter are the only instruments that allow mapping multiple physical soil properties simultaneously, EMI remains the odd‐one‐out in archaeogeophysical prospection. Nevertheless, by simultaneously recording the electric and magnetic soil variability, EMI survey can be beneficial in early archaeological evaluation stages, because detailed pedological and archaeological information is gathered at the same time. Furthermore, by using multi‐receiver EMI instruments vertical soil variation also can be integrated into the survey. However, although the potential of EMI for mapping electric soil variations is well known from advances in soil science, magnetic susceptibility measurements have been investigated less. Here we show the potential of a multi‐receiver EMI survey to detect weak magnetic anomalies by measuring the apparent magnetic susceptibility (κa) of multiple soil volumes at a test site. The shallowκadata were compared with topsoil susceptibility measurements using a magnetic susceptibility loop sensor survey, and with magnetic susceptibility profiling using a probe sensor for evaluating the deeperκa‐data. Further comparisons were made between these datasets and aerial photography and field walking data. We found that the multiple EMIκameasurements allowed for a straightforward discrimination of the natural and anthropogenic magnetic variations of shallow and deeper soil volumes, and allowed visualizing weak magnetic anomalies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution‐Processable n‐Type Semiconductors Based on Unsymmetrical Naphthalene Imides: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Shao Jinjun , Chang Jingjing , Chi Chunyan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA series of unsymmetrical naphthalene imide derivatives (1a, 1b, 2, 3, 4, 5) with high electron affinity was synthesized and used in n‐channel organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). They have very good solubility in common organic solvents and good thermal stability up to 320 °C. Their photophysical, electrochemical, and thermal properties were investigated in detail. They showed low‐lying LUMO energy levels from −3.90 to −4.15 eV owing to a strong electron‐withdrawing character. Solution‐processed thin‐film OFETs based on 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 4 were measured in both N2 and air. They all showed n‐type FET behavior. The liquid‐crystalline compounds 1a, 1b, and 3 showed good performance owing to the self‐healing properties of the film in the liquid‐crystal phase. Compound 3 has an electron mobility of up to 0.016 cm2 V−1 s−1 and current on/off ratios of 104–105.
Systems pharmacology modeling: an approach to improving drug safety
Authors: Bai Jane P. F. , Fontana Robert J. , Price Nathan D. , Sangar Vineet 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAdvances in systems biology in conjunction with the expansion in knowledge of drug effects and diseases present an unprecedented opportunity to extend traditional pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling/analysis to conduct systems pharmacology modeling. Many drugs that cause liver injury and myopathies have been studied extensively. Mitochondrion‐centric systems pharmacology modeling is important since drug toxicity across a large number of pharmacological classes converges to mitochondrial injury and death. Approaches to systems pharmacology modeling of drug effects need to consider drug exposure, organelle and cellular phenotypes across all key cell types of human organs, organ‐specific clinical biomarkers/phenotypes, gene–drug interaction and immune responses. Systems modeling approaches, that leverage the knowledge base constructed from curating a selected list of drugs across a wide range of pharmacological classes, will provide a critically needed blueprint for making informed decisions to reduce the rate of attrition for drugs in development and increase the number of drugs with an acceptable benefit/risk ratio. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified Jiu Wei Qiang Huo decoction improves dysfunctional metabolomics in influenza A pneumonia‐infected mice
Authors: Chen Lijuan , Fan Jiajun , Li Yubin , Shi Xunlong , Ju Dianwen , Yan Qianlin , Yan Xin , Han Lei , Zhu Haiyan 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIn order to study the effective mechanism of a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), modified Jiu Wei Qiang Huo decoction (MJWQH), against H1N1‐induced pneumonia in mice, we chose a holistic approach. A reverse‐phase liquid chromatography with quadruple time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐Q‐TOF‐MS) was developed to determine metabolomic biomarkers in mouse serum for the MJWQH effects. Thirteen biomarkers of H1N1‐induced pneumonia in mice serum were identified, which comprised l‐valine, lauroylcarnitine, palmitoyl‐l‐carnitine, l‐ornithine, uric acid, taurine, O‐succinyl‐l‐homoserine, l‐leucine, l‐phenylalanine, PGF2α, 20‐ethyl‐PGE2, arachidonic acid, and glycerophospho‐N‐arachidonoyl ethanolamine. Among them, metabolites of amino acids, fatty acids and arachidonic acid had the most relevant changes in mice with H1N1‐induced pneumonia. MJWQH effectively improved weight loss, lung index, biomarkers and inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2 and phospholipase A2 in the infected mice. Importantly, MJWQH reversed the elevated biomarkers to the control levels from the infection, which provided a systematic view and a theoretical basis for its prevention or treatment. The results suggest that the protective effect of MJWQH against H1N1‐induced pneumonia is possibly through regulation of pathways for amino acid, fatty acid and arachidonic acid metabolism. They also suggest that the LC‐MS‐based metabolomic strategy is a powerful tool for elucidation of the mechanisms of TCM. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defect‐enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO Micro/nanostructures
Authors: Wang Yu , Yan Mei , Chen Qinguo , Peng Yin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractZnO micro/nanocrystals with controlled oxygen defects are successfully prepared through annealing precursors obtained via a simple solvothermal method. The size and surface defects of the as‐synthesized ZnO micro/nanocrystals increase with the solvent volume ratio of water/ethanol increasing; the BET surface areas of the corresponding samples decrease during these processes; photoluminescence reveals that the type and concentration of surface defects (oxygen vacancy and interstitial oxygen) are quite different for the samples prepared via different solvent volume ratio of water/ethanol. In addition, it is found that the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized ZnO nanocrystals is mainly dependent on the concentration of surface defects. The sample with more surface defects exhibits higher photocatalytic activity toward the degradation of methylene blue (MB). The possible photocatalytic mechanism is discussed in detail.
Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Pyrimidin‐2‐yl Sulfonates with Phenols and Anilines: An Efficient Approach to C2‐Functionalized Pyrimidines
Authors: Quan Zhengjun , Jing Fuqiang , Zhang Zhang , Da Yuxia , Wang Xicun 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPyrimidin‐2‐yl sulfonates, as an efficient reaction partner, which can be easily prepared from cheap commercial materials, were coupled with phenols and anilines to give a wide array of C2‐aryloxy‐ and arylaminopyrimidines in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions.
Synthesis of 2‐Azido‐4‐nitroimidazole and Its Derivatives for High‐Energy Materials
Authors: Hou Kehui , Ma Congming , Liu Zuliang 
Published: October 2013

Abstract2‐Azido‐4‐nitroimidazole and its derivatives have been synthesized for energetic material applications. The synthesized compounds were fully characterized by 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Most of them were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The calculated densities of the compounds range between 1.71 and 1.92 g·cm−3. The calculated detonation pressures (P) for these derivatives fall in the range of 25.17 to 32.62 GPa and the detonation velocities (D) are distributed from 7.65 to 8.55 km·s−1.
Synthesis of Novel Glycidol Copolymers with Pendant Alkene and Hydroxyl Groups
Authors: Liu Siwei , Zhang Feng , Zhang Yi , Xu Jiarui 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA series of linear poly glycidol copolymers, tethering with both alkene and hydroxyl groups, were prepared by a combination of anionic ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) using specific reactions of ethoxy ethyl glycidyl ether (EEGE) and allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) firstly, and subsequently removal of the protection group of glycidol in EEGE to achieve the linear copolymer pendant with both hydroxyl groups and double bonds. The EEGE/AGE monomer reactivity ratio is measured to be 3.30/1.13. The chemical compositions of the as‐synthesized polymers were characterized by 1H NMR and GPC, and the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of as‐synthesized polymers were determined by DSC. The final copolymers have abundant double bonds and hydroxyl as side groups. Furthermore, the ratio of the double bonds to hydroxyl groups can be controlled by the ratio of the starting materials in a wide range.
A real‐time Java tool chain for resource constrained platforms
Authors: Korsholm Stephan E. , Søndergaard Hans , Ravn Anders P. 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYThe Java programming language was originally developed for embedded systems, but the resource requirements of previous and current Java implementations – especially memory consumption – tend to exclude them from being used on a significant class of resource constrained embedded platforms. The contribution of this paper is an architecture and implementation of a Java execution stack for resource constrained embedded platforms with a few kB of RAM and flash memory. The resource requirements of the presented architecture has been reduced significantly through all the layers of the architecture by integrating the following: (1) a lean virtual machine without any external dependencies on POSIX‐like libraries or other OS functionalities; (2) a hardware abstraction layer, implemented almost entirely in Java through the use of hardware objects, first level interrupt handlers, and native variables; and (3) an implementation of the Safety‐Critical Java profile Level 0 and 1 for hard real‐time applications. All Java components of a given application are minimized through program specialization, and because (2) and (3) are written in Java, the program specialization has a significant impact on the resulting program size. An evaluation of the presented solution shows that the miniCDj benchmark gets reduced to a size where it can run on resource constrained platforms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precursors of Developmental Dyslexia: An Overview of the Longitudinal Dutch Dyslexia Programme Study
Authors: van der Leij Aryan , van Bergen Elsje , van Zuijen Titia , de Jong Peter , Maurits Natasha , Maassen Ben 
Published: October 2013

Converging evidence suggests that developmental dyslexia is a neurobiological disorder, characterized by deficits in the auditory, visual, and linguistic domains. In the longitudinal project of the Dutch Dyslexia Programme, 180 children with a familial risk of dyslexia (FR) and a comparison group of 120 children without FR (noFR) were followed from the age of 2 months up to 9 years. Children were assessed on (1) auditory, speech, and visual event‐related potentials every half year between 2 and 41 months; (2) expressive and receptive language, motor development, behaviour problems, and home‐literacy environment by questionnaires at the age of 2 and 3; (3) speech–language and cognitive development from 47 months onwards; and (4) preliteracy and subskills of reading, and reading development during kindergarten and Grades 2 and 3.With regard to precursors of reading disability, first analyses showed specific differences between FR and noFR children in neurophysiological, cognitive, and early language measures. Once reading tests administered from age 7 to 9 years were available, the children were divided into three groups: FR children with and without dyslexia, and controls. Analyses of the differences between reading groups yielded distinct profiles and developmental trajectories. On early speech and visual processing, and several cognitive measures, performance of the non‐dyslexic FR group differed from the dyslexic FR group and controls, indicating continuity of the influence of familial risk. Parental reading and rapid naming skills appeared to indicate their offspring's degree of familial risk. Furthermore, on rapid naming and nonverbal IQ, the non‐dyslexic FR group performed similarly to the controls, suggesting protective factors. There are indications of differences between the FR and control groups, irrespective of reading outcome. These results contribute to the distinction between the deficits correlated to dyslexia as a manifest reading disorder and deficits correlated to familial risk only. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Site‐Selective Sonogashira Reactions of 1,4‐Dibromo‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)benzene: Synthesis and Properties of Fluorinated Alkynylbenzenes
Authors: Reimann Sebastian , Wittler Kai , Schmode Stella , Sharif Muhammad , Fahrenwaldt Thomas , Ludwig Ralf , Spannenberg Anke , Langer Peter 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSite‐selective Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions of 1,4‐dibromo‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)benzene have been performed, affording a variety of functionalized alkynyl‐substituted (trifluoromethyl)benzenes. The site selectivity, in favor of position C‐4, was confirmed by 13C NMR and 1H–13C HMBC NMR measurements, X‐ray crystal structure analysis as well as DFT calculations. Furthermore, the mesomorphic properties and optical textures were examined by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. Several dialkynyl‐substituted (trifluoromethyl)benzenes showed nematic liquid‐crystalline properties over a long phase range. The influence of terminal and lateral substituents on the formation and stability of the molecular network within the liquid‐crystalline phase is explained by the results of DFT calculations. Additionally, the absorption and fluorescence properties were analyzed in detail. The intramolecular influence of electron‐donating or electron‐withdrawing groups and also of solvatochromatism are considered. In this context, time‐dependent B3LYP/6‐31G* (TD‐B3LYP) calculations were carried out to characterize the main absorption bands.
THE POVERTY EFFECTS OF A ‘FAT‐TAX’ IN IRELAND
Authors: Madden David 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTTo combat growing levels of obesity, health‐related taxes have been suggested with taxes on foods high in fat or sugar. Such taxes have been criticised on the basis of their regressivity and potentially adverse impact upon poverty. This paper analyses the effect of such taxes on a range of poverty measures and also examines the effect of a revenue‐neutral tax subsidy mixed with a tax on unhealthy food combined with a subsidy on more healthy food. Using Irish expenditure data, the results indicate that taxes on high fat/sugar goods on their own will be regressive but that a tax‐subsidy combination can be broadly neutral with respect to poverty. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mental imagery in chronic pain: Prevalence and characteristics
Authors: Gosden T. , Morris P.G. , Ferreira N.B. , Grady C. , Gillanders D.T. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundResearch into mental imagery has increased our understanding of a range of psychological problems. However, there has been little study into the spontaneous mental images experienced in response to chronic pain. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and characteristics of these pain‐related mental images.MethodsFour hundred ninety‐one people with chronic pain who had attended a pain clinic were sent invites to participate and 105 people responded (21%). A mixed‐methods approach (quantitative and qualitative) was used to explore the prevalence of pain‐related mental imagery, differences between imagers and non‐imagers, and the content of imagery in pain.ResultsIn our sample, 36% of respondents reported having mental images of their pain, with the majority describing them as clear and vivid (83%), experienced daily (80.5%), and distressing (83%). Participants who experienced mental images reported higher depression scores, higher anxiety and higher pain unpleasantness. Frequency of imagery was associated with greater pain unpleasantness. Content analysis of the pain images revealed emerging themes relating to the sensory qualities of pain, anatomical representations, pain as a form of threat or attack, pain as an object, and pain as an abstract image.ConclusionsThis study describes themes and characteristics of pain‐related mental imagery and confirms that they are a frequent, vivid and distressing experience for many chronic pain sufferers. The results of this study suggest that pain‐related mental imagery could provide an additional route for assessment and intervention. Further research should focus on assessment, measurement and intervention in clinical populations.
Melt‐electrospun polycaprolactone strontium‐substituted bioactive glass scaffolds for bone regeneration
Authors: Ren Jiongyu , Blackwood Keith A. , Doustgani Amir , Poh Patrina P. , Steck Roland , Stevens Molly M. , Woodruff Maria A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPolycaprolactone (PCL) is a resorbable polymer used extensively in bone tissue engineering owing to good structural properties and processability. Strontium‐substituted bioactive glass (SrBG) has the ability to promote osteogenesis and may be incorporated into scaffolds intended for bone repair. Here, we describe for the first time, the development of a PCL‐SrBG composite scaffold incorporating 10% (weight) of SrBG particles into PCL bulk, produced by the technique of melt electrospinning. We show that we are able to reproducibly manufacture composite scaffolds with an interconnected porous structure and, furthermore, these scaffolds were demonstrated to be noncytotoxic in vitro. Ions present in the SrBG component were shown to dissolve into cell culture media and promoted precipitation of a calcium phosphate layer on the scaffold surface which in turn led to noticeably enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity in MC3T3‐E1 cells compared to PLC‐only scaffolds. These results suggest that melt‐electrospun PCL‐SrBG composite scaffolds show potential to become effective bone graft substitutes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 3140–3153, 2014.
Preparation and degradation study of photocurable oligolactide‐HA composite: A potential resin for stereolithography application
Authors: Tanodekaew Siriporn , Channasanon Somruethai , Uppanan Paweena 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe merging of stereolithography (SLA) technology to the medical field certainly benefits the manufacturing of parts, especially those patient‐specific for the clinical use. This technique, however, has hardly been exploited medically due to a limited number of biodegradable resins for SLA processing. To extend application of SLA in the biomedical field, photocurable oligolactide resins were developed and examined for biodegradation and biocompatibility. The degradation was studied by monitoring the changes in weight loss, and thermal and mechanical properties of the photocured specimens in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 37°C. The results demonstrated that a resin composition played an important role in degradation, and the retarded degradation rate was observed for the highly crosslinked resin containing hydroxyapatite (HA). The less cytotoxic sample was also obtained from the resin with higher content of HA. These findings suggest the possible use of the developed photocurable oligolactide resins in SLA manufacturing of biodegradable implants, where their degradation behaviors can be designed by varying the resin composition. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 604–611, 2014.
Sonographic diagnosis of ascariasis causing small bowel obstruction
Authors: Aydin Ramazan , Bekci Tumay , Bilgici Meltem Ceyhan , Polat Ahmet Veysel 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAcute right lower quadrant pain is a common, but nonspecific presenting symptom of a wide variety of diseases in children. Sonography (US) can play a significant role in the accurate and early diagnosis of right lower quadrant pain. In this article, we report a case of small bowel obstruction due to intestinal ascariasis diagnosed at bedside US and confirmed by MRI and describe a new US sign of intestinal ascariasis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:227–229, 2014
Affinity Research Groups in Practice: Apprenticing Students in Research
Authors: Villa Elsa Q. , Kephart Kerrie , Gates Ann Q. , Thiry Heather , Hug Sarah 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe affinity research group (ARG) model is a set of practices built on a cooperative team framework to support the creation and maintenance of dynamic and inclusive research groups in which students learn and apply the knowledge and skills required for research and cooperative work. Using situated learning theory, we conducted a qualitative study of current and former ARG members to understand the potential of the ARG for preparing students for graduate school and professional research careers.PurposeOur study investigated how the ARG model influenced students, particularly those from underrepresented groups, in becoming researchers and practicing computer scientists.Design/MethodWe employed multiple data collection methods, including individual and focus group interviews and participant observation, to investigate whether this model had lasting effects and sustainability beyond the time students spent in an ARG.ResultsUsing themes emerging from our data analysis, we can explain how students become contributing members of ARGs, group identity and cohesiveness are formed, members learn collaboratively, members participate in larger professional communities, and participants' identities are transformed from student to researcher.ConclusionsFindings suggest that the structural and procedural elements of ARGs support students' growth and development as researchers and their gradual socialization into broader computer science research and professional communities through legitimate peripheral participation and immersion in situated practice.