bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Universal Quantitative 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (qNMR) Method for Assessing the Purity of Dammarane‐type Ginsenosides
Authors: Li Ze Yun , Welbeck Edward , Wang Ru Feng , Liu Qing , Yang Ying Bo , Chou Gui Xin , Bi Kai Shun , Wang Zheng Tao 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIntroductionQuantitative 1H‐NMR (qNMR) is a well‐established method for quantitative analysis and purity tests. Applications have been reported in many areas, such as natural products, foods and beverages, metabolites, pharmaceuticals and agriculture. The characteristics of quantitative estimation without relying on special target reference substances make qNMR especially suitable for purity tests of chemical compounds and natural products. Ginsenosides are a special group of natural products drawing broad attention, and are considered to be the main bioactive principles behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy. The purity of ginsenosides is usually determined by conventional chromatographic methods, although these may not be ideal due to the response of detectors to discriminate between analytes and impurities and the long run times involved.ObjectiveTo establish a qNMR method for purity tests of six dammarane‐type ginsenoside standards.MethodsSeveral experimental parameters were optimised for the quantification, including relaxation delay (D1), the transmitter frequency offset (O1P) and power level for pre‐saturation (PL9). The method was validated and the purity of the six ginsenoside standards was tested. Also, the results of the qNMR method were further validated by comparison with those of high performance liquid chromatography.ConclusionThe qNMR method was rapid, specific and accurate, thus providing a practical and reliable protocol for the purity analysis of ginsenoside standards. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing recurrent antibiotic prescriptions in children treated with a brand name or a generic formulation
Authors: Piovani Daniele , Clavenna Antonio , Cartabia Massimo , Bortolotti Angela , Fortino Ida , Merlino Luca , Bonati Maurizio 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the rate of recurrent prescriptions and hospital admissions in children receiving a brand name or generic antibiotic prescription.MethodsThe data source was a database of reimbursed prescriptions. Outpatient children/adolescents <18 years old (Lombardy Region, Italy) were included. The observational period was February–April 2010. A recurrence was defined as an antibiotic prescription occurring within 28 days after an index prescription. The rate of recurrent prescriptions and hospital admissions was calculated for generic/brand name formulations and for each age strata (0–5, 6–11, and 12–17 years old) for four antibiotics: amoxicillin, amoxicillin clavulanate, clarithromycin, and cefaclor. The percentage of therapy switches was calculated. Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test was used to compare the age‐adjusted outcomes.ResultsIn all, 17.5% (57 346) of children received at least one recurrent prescription. The rate of recurrent prescriptions was slightly lower in children receiving any generic (OR 0.96; 95%CI 0.93–0.98), compared with any brand name, antibiotic. The percentage of hospital admissions occurring in children initially treated with a brand name (1.01%; 95%CI 0.98–1.08) or generic (1.03%; 0.96–1.06) antibiotic was not different (p = 0.43). For children receiving amoxicillin clavulanate, the hospital admission rate was slightly higher in the brand name group (p = 0.002), while no differences were found for the other active substances.ConclusionsChildren treated with generic antibiotics had no worse safety and effectiveness outcomes when compared with those receiving brand name ones. These results provide additional evidence on the safety of generic antibiotics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive Profiles of Italian Children With Developmental Dyslexia
Authors: Tobia Valentina , Marzocchi Gian Marco 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate verbal and nonverbal cognitive deficits in Italian students with developmental dyslexia. The performances of 32 dyslexic students, 64 age‐matched typically reading controls, and 64 reading age–matched controls were compared on tests of lexical knowledge, phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, verbal short‐term memory, visual search, verbal–visual recall, and visuospatial attention. Considering the phonological domain, dyslexic students were significantly impaired in all the tasks. A significant deficit was also observed in visuospatial attention and verbal–visual recall tasks. Additionally, the pattern of cognitive deficits exhibited by the students with dyslexia was analyzed. Results showed that the largest group of students with dyslexia (40.6%) exhibited multiple deficits, including both the phonological and the nonverbal domains. These findings are in accordance with the hypothesis that developmental dyslexia is a multifactorial deficit; theoretical and practical issues are discussed.
Methods and results for small area estimation using smoking data from the 2008 National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Ha Neung Soo , Lahiri Partha , Parsons Van 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe National Health Interview Survey, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, is designed to provide reliable design‐based estimates for a wide range of health‐related variables for national and four major geographical regions of the USA. However, state‐level or substate‐level estimates are likely to be unreliable because they are based on small sample sizes. In this paper, we compare the efficiency of different area‐level models in estimating smoking prevalence for the 50 US states and the District of Columbia. Our study is based on survey data from the 2008 National Health Interview Survey in conjunction with a number of potentially related auxiliary variables obtained from the American Community Survey, an ongoing large complex survey conducted by the US Census. A major portion of this study is devoted to the investigation of several methods for estimating survey sampling variances needed to implement an area‐level hierarchical model. Based on our findings, a hierarchical Bayesian method that uses a survey‐adjusted random sampling variance model to capture the complex survey sampling variability appears to be somewhat superior to the other considered area‐level models in accounting for small sample behavior of estimated survey sampling variances. Several diagnostic procedures are presented to compare the proposed methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentially Modulate Effector CD8+ T Cell Subsets and Exacerbate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Glenn Justin D. , Smith Matthew D. , Calabresi Peter A. , Whartenby Katharine A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have emerged as a promising candidate for inflammatory suppression and disease amelioration, especially of neuro-inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Auto-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells acquire pathogenic IFNγ-producing- (Type I) and IL-17A-producing- (Type 17) effector phenotypes in MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although MSC have been extensively demonstrated to suppress pathogenic effector CD4+ T cells and CD4+ T cell-mediated EAE, surprisingly few studies have addressed their modulation of effector CD8+ T cells represented in MS or their impact on CD8+ T cell-mediated EAE. We find that MSC differentially modulate CD8+ T cell development depending on effector T cell subtype. MSC drive activated low-IFNγ producers toward an enhanced high-IFNγ Tc1-like phenotype but strongly inhibit the production of IL-17A and Tc17 polarization in vitro. These observations are underscored by differential MSC modulation of T cell activation, proliferation, and signature transcription factor up-regulation. In addition, effector CD8+ T cells co-cultured with MSC exhibited increased production of IL-2, a molecule known to enhance IFNγ, yet suppress IL-17A, production. Based on these in vitro effects on CD8+ T cells, we next evaluated their impact on the severity of EAE. To better evaluate CD8+ T cells, we immunized mice with MOG37-50, which is a CD8-targeted epitope. Our results revealed a worsening of disease, consistent with their in vitro stimulation of Tc1 cells. These findings highlight the emerging duality of MSC in immune modulation and provide implications for their future use in immune-related diseases. Stem Cells 2014;32:2744–2755
Use of private lands for foraging by California spotted owls in the central Sierra Nevada
Authors: Williams Perry J. , Whitmore Sheila A. , Gutiérrez R. J. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe use of private land by owls has long been of interest to wildlife managers in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA, because private lands could contribute to owl conservation if it is used extensively. Therefore, we studied the use of private lands for foraging by 14 California spotted owls (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) in the central Sierra Nevada, California during 2006. We modeled foraging locations as a function of 2 land‐ownership categories within an owl's territory: public and private land. The log probability of an owl using a public‐land location was 15% greater than for a private‐land location. Private‐land distribution was relatively consistent with respect to the geometric center of owl home ranges, suggesting that our result was not influenced by a peripheral distribution of private land in owl home ranges. Based on our findings, national forest lands within our study area currently have more foraging habitat for California spotted owls than do private lands. We recommend that managers consider owl use of private land within the context of our results when developing conservation strategies for California spotted owls in the central Sierra Nevada. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
The role of conservative forces in rotor aerodynamics
Authors: van Kuik G. A. M. , Micallef D. , Herraez I. , van Zuijlen A. H. , Ragni D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe theory to predict the performance and loads on rotors (propellers, screws, windmills) has a history of more than a century. Apart from modern computational fluid dynamics and vortex panel models taking the true blade geometry into account, most other models proceed from an infinitely thin actuator disc or line. These models assume an externally defined force field distributed at the disc or line, representing the loads on the real rotor. Given this force field, the flow is solved by momentum balances or by the equations of motion. The use of external force fields was discussed in textbooks of the first decades of the 20th century, but has received little attention since then. This paper investigates the higher-order effect of adding thickness to the actuator disc or changing the actuator line to a blade with cross-sectional dimensions. For the generation of a Rankine vortex by a force field acting on an actuator disc with thickness, an exact solution has been found in which not only the thrust and torque determine the flow, but also a radial force. This force is conservative, in contrast to the other force components. For rotor blades, a conservative normal and radial force acting on the chordwise bound vorticity is present. This explains the experimentally observed inboard motion of the tip vortex of model wind turbine rotors before the wake induction field drives it outboard. Simulations by computational fluid mechanics and a vortex panel code reproduce the inboard motion, but an actuator line analysis, in which the chordwise vorticity is absent, does not. The conservative load is only$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}1\mbox{--}2\, \%$of the thrust on the entire blade but${\approx }10\, \%$of the thrust at the tip ($r/R>0.9$). Conservative forces at the disc and rotor blade vanish for vanishing disc thickness or blade cross-section, so play no role in any of the infinitely thin actuator disc or line methods. However, if higher-order effects of non-zero dimensions are to be modelled, the conservative force field has to be included.
DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY IN A LONG-LIVING COMMUNITY IN SARDINIA (ITALY): A COHORT ANALYSIS
Authors: SALARIS LUISA 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe majority of studies on longevity in Sardinia point to an exceptional level of longevity, particularly for males, in this region of Italy. This study used individual data, considering selected groups of individuals such as centenarians, or focusing on cohorts of newborns in a large time period, that have previously been treated as a single group. An analysis on decennial birth cohorts from 1872 to 1911 in a selected village located in the Blue Zone area of longevity in Sardinia was used to gain insight into sex differentials in mortality in this area of high longevity and to separate differences between cohorts' experiences, considering the possible role of significant events in determining differential mortality among them. The results show that there is not a secular trend in survival in the birth cohorts under study, but rather that several points of mortality convergence and crossover occur, which make the estimates derived from conventional sensitivity tests of survival curves unreliable. Differences among birth cohorts' experiences are more marked among the male population and at early adult ages. External events are shown to play a relevant role in mortality variations, despite not having an impact on the ageing process. The results highlight that, although there are not statistically significant differences between the two sexes, the male population is exposed to a higher risk of death and proves to be more vulnerable to external changes. This suggests that extreme contextual conditions, both favourable and unfavourable, may significantly affect the mortality trajectories of a population.
Practical considerations and evidence in James's permission to believe
Authors: HOLLEY DAVID M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPhilosophers often read ‘The will to believe’ as defending the substitution of non-epistemic reasons for inadequate epistemic reasons. I contend that a more charitable reading of James's argument is to understand him as proposing a contextualist account of the kind of evidence needed for responsible believing. On my reading, James claims that evidential support that might be insufficient in a purely theoretical context may be good enough when there is a pressing need to decide on a course of action.
The symphonic structure of childhood stress reactivity: Patterns of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and adrenocortical responses to psychological challenge
Authors: Quas Jodi A. , Yim Ilona S. , Oberlander Tim F. , Nordstokke David , Essex Marilyn J. , Armstrong Jeffrey M. , Bush Nicole , Obradović Jelena , Boyce W. Thomas 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDespite widespread recognition that the physiological systems underlying stress reactivity are well coordinated at a neurobiological level, surprisingly little empirical attention has been given to delineating precisely how the systems actually interact with one another when confronted with stress. We examined cross-system response proclivities in anticipation of and following standardized laboratory challenges in 664 4- to 14-year-olds from four independent studies. In each study, measures of stress reactivity within both the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system (i.e., the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system) and the corticotrophin releasing hormone system (i.e., the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis) were collected. Latent profile analyses revealed six distinctive patterns that recurred across the samples: moderate reactivity (average cross-system activation; 52%–80% of children across samples), parasympathetic-specific reactivity (2%–36%), anticipatory arousal (4%–9%), multisystem reactivity (7%–14%), hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis specific reactivity (6%–7%), and underarousal (0%–2%). Groups meaningfully differed in socioeconomic status, family adversity, and age. Results highlight the sample-level reliability of children's neuroendocrine responses to stress and suggest important cross-system regularities that are linked to development and prior experiences and may have implications for subsequent physical and mental morbidity.
The contributions of early adverse experiences and trajectories of respiratory sinus arrhythmia on the development of neurobehavioral disinhibition among children with prenatal substance exposure
Authors: Conradt Elisabeth , Degarmo David , Fisher Phil , Abar Beau , Lester Barry M. , Lagasse Linda L. , Shankaran Seetha , Bada Henrietta , Bauer Charles R. , Whitaker Toni M. , Hammond Jane A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractNeurobehavioral disinhibition (ND) is a complex condition reflecting a wide range of problems involving difficulties with emotion regulation and behavior control. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is a physiological correlate of emotion regulation that has been studied in a variety of at-risk populations; however, there are no studies of RSA in children with ND. Data were drawn from a prospective longitudinal study of prenatal substance exposure that included 1,073 participants. Baseline RSA and RSA reactivity to an attention-demanding task were assessed at 3, 4, 5, and 6 years. ND was assessed at ages 8/9, 11, and 13/14 years via behavioral dysregulation and executive dysfunction composite measures. Greater exposure to early adversity was related to less RSA reactivity at 3 years, increases in RSA reactivity from ages 3 to 6 years, and increased behavioral dysregulation from ages 8/9 to 13/14. RSA reactivity was examined as a moderator of the association between early adversity and changes in ND. A significant Early Adversity × RSA Reactivity quadratic interaction revealed that children with decelerations in RSA reactivity exhibited increases in behavioral dysregulation, regardless of their exposure to early adversity. However, greater exposure to early adversity was related to greater increases in behavioral dysregulation, but only if children exhibited accelerations in RSA reactivity from ages 3 to 6 years. The results contribute to our understanding of how interactions across multiple levels of analysis contribute to the development of ND.
The Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster: Distribution of Hospital Damage in Miyagi Prefecture
Authors: Ochi Sae , Nakagawa Atsuhiro , Lewis James , Hodgson Susan , Murray Virginia 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIntroductionIn catastrophic events, a key to reducing health risks is to maintain functioning of local health facilities. However, little research has been conducted on what types and levels of care are the most likely to be affected by catastrophic events.ProblemThe Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster (GEJED) was one of a few “megadisasters” that have occurred in an industrialized society. This research aimed to develop an analytical framework for the holistic understanding of hospital damage due to the disaster.MethodsHospital damage data in Miyagi Prefecture at the time of the GEJED were collected retrospectively. Due to the low response rate of questionnaire-based surveillance (7.7%), publications of the national and local governments, medical associations, other nonprofit organizations, and home web pages of hospitals were used, as well as literature and news sources. The data included information on building damage, electricity and water supply, and functional status after the earthquake. Geographical data for hospitals, coastline, local boundaries, and the inundated areas, as well as population size and seismic intensity were collected from public databases. Logistic regression was conducted to identify the risk factors for hospitals ceasing inpatient and outpatient services. The impact was displayed on maps to show the geographical distribution of damage.ResultsData for 143 out of 147 hospitals in Miyagi Prefecture (97%) were obtained. Building damage was significantly associated with closure of both inpatient and outpatient wards. Hospitals offering tertiary care were more resistant to damage than those offering primary care, while those with a higher proportion of psychiatric care beds were more likely to cease functioning, even after controlling for hospital size, seismic intensity, and distance from the coastline.ConclusionsImplementation of building regulations is vital for all health care facilities, irrespective of function. Additionally, securing electricity and water supplies is vital for hospitals at risk for similar events in the future. Improved data sharing on hospital viability in a future event is essential for disaster preparedness.OchiS, NakagawaA, LewisJ, HodgsonS, MurrayV. The Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster: distribution of hospital damage in Miyagi prefecture. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(3):1-8.
3 Echo: Concept of Operations for Early Care and Evacuation of Victims of Mass Violence
Authors: Autrey Allen W. , Hick John L. , Bramer Kurtis , Berndt Jeremy , Bundt Jonathan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis report describes the successful use of a simple 3-phase approach that guides the initial 30 minutes of a response to blast and active shooter events with casualties: Enter, Evaluate, and Evacuate (3 Echo) in a mass-shooting event occurring in Minneapolis, Minnesota USA, on September 27, 2012. Early coordination between law enforcement (LE) and rescue was emphasized, including establishment of unified command, a common operating picture, determination of evacuation corridors, swift victim evaluation, basic treatment, and rapid evacuation utilizing an approach developed collaboratively over the four years prior to the event. Field implementation of 3 Echo requires multi-disciplinary (Emergency Medical Services (EMS), fire and LE) training to optimize performance. This report details the mass-shooting event, the framework created to support the response, and also describes important aspects of the concepts of operation and curriculum evolved through years of collaboration between multiple disciplines to arrive at unprecedented EMS transport times in response to the event.AutreyAW, HickJL, BramerK, BerndtJ, BundtJ. 3 Echo: concept of operations for early care and evacuation of victims of mass violence. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(4):1-8.
The effect of information regarding multi-attributes on consumers' choices of GM products
Authors: Heiman Amir 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPrevious research has found that presenting consumers with information regarding multi-attributes of a product tends to reduce the product's overall evaluation relative to a situation wherein only one attribute is presented. We find that the same phenomenon also holds for consumers' perceptions regarding attributes associated with genetically modified (GM) products. When given information on health (nutrients) and water use of certain crops, consumers reduce their quality perceptions compared to the situation wherein they are given only health or only water use information. In addition to replicating the findings on this phenomenon in another product category – that of GM products – we extend the theory by showing that multi-attribute information results in lower perceptions of attributes in addition to deflated total evaluation. This finding provides another explanation of consumers' resistance to GM products beyond risk and negative predisposition. Our findings can be used to guide policy makers in designing educational campaigns.