bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Th17 cells and Tregs: unlikely allies
Authors: Chen Xin , Oppenheim Joost J 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTIdentification of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs and Th17 modified the historical Th1–Th2 paradigm. Currently, the Th17–Tregs dichotomy provides a dominant conceptual framework for the comprehension of immunity/inflammation and tolerance/immunosuppression in an increasing number of diseases. Targeting proinflammatory Th17 cells or immunosuppressive Tregs has been widely considered as a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of major human diseases, including autoimmunity and cancer. The efficacy and safety of such therapy rely on a thorough understanding of immunobiology and interaction of these two subsets of Th cells. In this article, we review recent progress concerning complicated interplay of Th17 cells and Tregs. There is compelling evidence that Tregs potently inhibit Th1 and Th2 responses; however, the inhibitory effect of Tregs on Th17 responses is a controversial subject. There is increasing evidence showing that Tregs actually promote the differentiation of Th17 cells in vitro and in vivo and consequently, enhanced the functional consequences of Th17 cells, including the protective effect in host defense, as well as detrimental effect in inflammation and in the support of tumor growth. On the other hand, Th17 cells were also the most potent Th subset in the stimulation and support of expansion and phenotypic stability of Tregs in vivo. These results indicate that these two subsets of Th cells reciprocally stimulate each other. This bidirectional crosstalk is largely dependent on the TNF–TNFR2 pathway. These mutual stimulatory effects should be considered in devising future Th17 cell- and Treg-targeting therapy.
Phase I and II Cannabinoid Disposition in Blood and Plasma of Occasional and Frequent Smokers Following Controlled Smoked Cannabis
Authors: Desrosiers Nathalie A , Himes Sarah K , Scheidweiler Karl B , Concheiro-Guisan Marta , Gorelick David A , Huestis Marilyn A 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) have been reported in blood from frequent cannabis smokers for an extended time during abstinence. We compared THC, 11-OH-THC, THCCOOH, cannabidiol, cannabinol, THC-glucuronide, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC-glucuronide (THCCOO-glucuronide) blood and plasma disposition in frequent and occasional cannabis smokers.

METHODS
Frequent and occasional smokers resided on a closed research unit and smoked one 6.8% THC cannabis cigarette ad libitum. Blood and plasma cannabinoids were quantified on admission (approximately 19 h before), 1 h before, and up to 15 times (0.5–30 h) after smoking.

RESULTS
Cannabinoid blood and plasma concentrations were significantly higher in frequent smokers compared with occasional smokers at most time points for THC and 11-OH-THC and at all time points for THCCOOH and THCCOO-glucuronide. Cannabidiol, cannabinol, and THC-glucuronide were not significantly different at any time point. Overall blood and plasma cannabinoid concentrations were significantly higher in frequent smokers for THC, 11-OH-THC, THCCOOH, and THCCOO-glucuronide, with and without accounting for baseline concentrations. For blood THC &gt;5 μg/L, median (range) time of last detection was 3.5 h (1.1–&gt;30 h) in frequent smokers and 1.0 h (0–2.1 h) in 11 occasional smokers; 2 individuals had no samples with THC &gt;5 μg/L.

CONCLUSIONS
Cannabis smoking history plays a major role in cannabinoid detection. These differences may impact clinical and impaired driving drug detection. The presence of cannabidiol, cannabinol, or THC-glucuronide indicates recent use, but their absence does not exclude it.
Variance and covariance heterogeneity analysis for detection of metabolites associated with cadmium exposure
Authors: Salamanca Beatriz Valcarcel , Ebbels Timothy M.D. , Iorio Maria De 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this study, we propose a novel statistical framework for detecting progressive changes in molecular traits as response to a pathogenic stimulus. In particular, we propose to employ Bayesian hierarchical models to analyse changes in mean level, variance and correlation of metabolic traits in relation to covariates. To illustrate our approach we investigate changes in urinary metabolic traits in response to cadmium exposure, a toxic environmental pollutant. With the application of the proposed approach, previously unreported variations in the metabolism of urinary metabolites in relation to urinary cadmium were identified. Our analysis highlights the potential effect of urinary cadmium on the variance and correlation of a number of metabolites involved in the metabolism of choline as well as changes in urinary alanine. The results illustrate the potential of the proposed approach to investigate the gradual effect of pathogenic stimulus in molecular traits.
The pseudo-inversion symmetry of 9,90′ (1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi(1,1′-biphenyl)-2′,4- diyl)bis[9H-carbazole] in the light of OD theory
Authors: Stöger Berthold , Zobetz Erich , Kautny Paul , Lumpi Daniel , Fröhlich Johannes 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The crystal structure of 9,9′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole- 2,5-diyldi(1,1′-biphenyl)-2′,4-diyl)bis[9H-carbazole] [Pna21, Z = 4, a = 17.9874 (4) Å, b = 9.2989 (8) Å, c = 21.5822 (9) Å, Robs = 0.0395, 9239 F data, 496 parameters] features a pseudo-centre of inversion strictly valid only for isolated layers of the structure. It is an order-disorder (OD) structure made up of one kind of non-polar layers composed of (I) molecules connected to polar layer pairs. The major polytype is of a maximum degree of order. The magnitude of the intrinsic translation vectors of the glides and screws relating adjacent layers is a convenient quantification of the deviation from perfect centrosymmetry.
Wavelength Dependence of Water Microdroplet Shattering with Dual IR Lasers and Dye Sensitization
Authors: Sugiyama Akinori , Nakajima Atsushi 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We have used time-resolved imaging to examine the effect of incident
radiation wavelength in the range 2.75–3.75 μm on
the shattering of water microdroplets by single and dual lasers. Dye
sensitization of microdroplets was induced by using the water-soluble
dye sulforhodamine G; this enabled us to observe both the forward and
backward components of fragmented droplets and splashes. Compared with
employing a single IR laser, simultaneous illumination by two IR
lasers can effectively compress the spatial distribution of small
fragments around the absorption maximum for the OH-stretching
vibration of liquid water
(λ = 2.75–3.25 μm). Scattering and
compression of the fragmented microdroplets after single and dual IR
laser irradiation can be explained by conservation of momentum.
Robust Forward Simulations of Recurrent Hitchhiking
Authors: Uricchio Lawrence H , Hernandez Ryan D 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Evolutionary forces shape patterns of genetic diversity within populations and contribute to phenotypic variation. In particular, recurrent positive selection has attracted significant interest in both theoretical and empirical studies. However, most existing theoretical models of recurrent positive selection cannot easily incorporate realistic confounding effects such as interference between selected sites, arbitrary selection schemes, and complicated demographic processes. It is possible to quantify the effects of arbitrarily complex evolutionary models by performing forward population genetic simulations, but forward simulations can be computationally prohibitive for large population sizes (&gt;105). A common approach for overcoming these computational limitations is rescaling of the most computationally expensive parameters, especially population size. Here, we show that ad hoc approaches to parameter rescaling under the recurrent hitchhiking model do not always provide sufficiently accurate dynamics, potentially skewing patterns of diversity in simulated DNA sequences. We derive an extension of the recurrent hitchhiking model that is appropriate for strong selection in small population sizes and use it to develop a method for parameter rescaling that provides the best possible computational performance for a given error tolerance. We perform a detailed theoretical analysis of the robustness of rescaling across the parameter space. Finally, we apply our rescaling algorithms to parameters that were previously inferred for Drosophila and discuss practical considerations such as interference between selected sites.
Residual Stress Assessment and its Effect on SCC of Pipelines Steel in Acidic Soil Environment
Authors: Contreras A. , Quej-Ake L.M. , Galvan-Martinez R. , Vega O. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTEffect of residual stresses of multiple welding repairs on API 5L X52 pipeline steel on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in a simulated acidic soil solution was studied. Four conditions of repairs of the girth weld were evaluated. The residual stresses were measured through X-ray diffraction (XRD) on the internal side of the pipe in longitudinal and circumferential direction. The circumferential and longitudinal residual stresses values are compressive on the inner surface of the welding joints. The highest residual stresses were measured in the hoop direction reaching values of about 98% of the yielding strength (360 MPa). It was observed that its magnitude increases as move away from weld center line. The effect of residuals stresses in the SCC susceptibility of X52 pipeline steel was evaluated through slow strain rate tests (SSRT) in a simulated acidic soil solution. Relation between mechanical properties obtained from SSRT and residual stresses on the SCC susceptibility was analyzed. Results of SCC index taking account the ratios obtained from the mechanical properties of the welding joints evaluate, showed good SCC resistance in acidic soil solution at low pH. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that the region with high residual stresses prior to generate cracks in the steel due to the combination of soil solution and the strain exerted, should favor pitting formation and not cracking.
Effect of the Heat Input in the Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of Welds on AHSS Transformed Induced Plasticity Steel Joined with GMAW Processes in the Automotive Industry
Authors: Lopez Victor , Reyes Arturo , Zambrano Patricia 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe effect of the heat input on the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the welds has been investigated in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of welds joined with gas metal arc welding (GMAW), using normal production welding parameters. The thermal effect in the HAZ of the welds is important for the optimization of the welding parameters used when weld transformed induced plasticity (TRIP) steels, because this will have a great influence in the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the weld. In this work 3 samples was welded a high, average and low heat input, with the variation of welding parameters to obtain different thermal affectation to investigate the variations in different parts of weld joint: weld, HAZ and base metal, due the heat applied for the welding process used. Mechanical properties were evaluated by tension test, microhardness and fatigue testing and metallurgical evaluation with optical metallograpy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fractograpy and X-Ray diffraction (XRD).The results obtained shows that the mechanical properties of the tension test decrease when the heat input increase and the microhardness exhibit a softening zone in the HAZ with lower hardness and the fatigue life were similar for all heat inputs for the high stress levels, but only in low stress there is a difference. For metallurgical properties the metallographic evaluation shows ferrite, bainite - martensite and retained austenite, and the fractography analysis exhibit a ductile fracture in all cases and the content in volume fraction of retained austenite increases in the HAZ of welds when increasing heat input in to the base metal due the thermal effect.
Microstructural Characterization of Dissimilar Joint: SAE1008-2340 Welded by GMAW Process
Authors: Rodríguez López L. L. , Perez-Medina G.Y. , Carrasco González L.A. , Praga Alejo R.J. , Reyes-Valdés F.A. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTGas metal arc welding (GMAW) of a sub-frame automotive industry was studied, applying a design of experiment (DOE) in Minitab and Matlab software. Voltages, welding speed and wire feed speed was defined as input variables; legs and throats of welding were output variables in millimeters dimension. The requirement for GMAW process was to achieve complete penetration, minimum values acceptable of legs and throat indicated in AWS D8.8M:2007 “Specification for automotive weld quality-arc welding” without any discontinuity, like undercutting or porosity. The required of quality were difficult to achieve due to the materials have microstructural and mechanical properties different, the SAE 1008 has 279MPa for ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the microstructure consist of ferrite matrix with some small areas of cementite, while SAE 2340 has 456MPa of UTS with a combination of perlite and ferrite. It was possible obtain good quality welds with proper geometry and defect free with help to design of experiment. The conditions needed were a combination of parameters to not obtained significant change microestructural characterized by optical microscopy, stereoscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
Reconstruction of Space Distribution of Characteristics in Compound Structures by General Ray Method
Authors: Grebennikov Alexandre 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTRecognition of material structures, particularly, identification of electrical properties of materials by Electrical Tomography is very important in different applied problems. In a plane case Electrical Tomography can be mathematically described as a coefficient inverse problem for the Laplace type equation, written in the divergent form. The General Ray (GR) Principle, proposed by the author, reduces the Laplace type equation to the family of ordinary differential equations with respect the traces of the potential function and the permittivity function on the lines, which intersect the plane domain. General Ray Principle was realized as General Ray method and fast algorithm for the plane domains. In presented investigation we apply the plane scheme of GR-method for some space domains to identify distribution of structure characteristics inside it. For this we consider the space domain as assemblage of plane slices. Reconstructing desired distribution in each plane slice we obtain then the space internal distribution of electrical characteristics by 3D spline approximation. We consider here specific variant of the measurement scheme for the 3D Electrical Tomography (ET), based on the variant, proposed by the author for the plane domain. Proposed approach gives, in principle, the possibility to use a large number of electrodes, obtain more values of the input data and reconstruct the desired space structure more perfectly. Computer simulation of this 3D scheme is realized as MATLAB software and justified by numerical experiments on simulated examples.
Sorafenib in Metastatic Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Thomas Ligy , Lai Stephen Y. , Dong Wenli , Feng Lei , Dadu Ramona , Regone Rachel M. , Cabanillas Maria E. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Learning Objectives
Discuss the response rate, median PFS, and adverse events associated with sorafenib therapy for metastatic thyroid cancers.

Background.
Sorafenib was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for radioiodine-resistant metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). In addition, two drugs (vandetanib and cabozantinib) have received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for use in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Several published phase II trials have investigated the efficacy of sorafenib in thyroid cancers, but to date, results from those studies have not been compared.

Methods.
A systematic review of the literature was performed to assess response rate, median progression-free survival, and adverse events associated with sorafenib therapy for metastatic thyroid cancers.

Results.
This review included seven trials involving 219 patients: 159 with DTC (papillary, follicular, and poorly differentiated), 52 with MTC, and 8 with anaplastic thyroid cancer. No study reported complete responses to treatment. Overall partial response, stable disease, and progressive disease rates were 21%, 60%, and 20%, respectively. The median progression-free survival was 18 months for patients with all subtypes of thyroid cancer. Drug was discontinued in 16% of patients because of toxicities or intolerance, and the dose was reduced in a further 56%. Side effects with an incidence ≥50% were hand-foot syndrome (74%), diarrhea (70%), skin rash (67%), fatigue (61%), and weight loss (57%). Deaths not related to progressive disease occurred in nearly 4% of patients.

Conclusion.
Treatment with sorafenib in patients with progressive DTC and MTC is a promising strategy, but the adverse event rate is high, leading to a high rate of dose reduction or discontinuation. Consequently, sorafenib use in patients with metastatic thyroid cancer requires careful selection of patients and careful management of side effects.
Prepregnancy SHBG Concentrations and Risk for Subsequently Developing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Hedderson Monique M. , Xu Fei , Darbinian Jeanne A. , Quesenberry Charles P. , Sridhar Sneha , Kim Catherine , Gunderson Erica P. , Ferrara Assiamira 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE
Lower levels of sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) have been associated with increased risk of diabetes among postmenopausal women; however, it is unclear whether they are associated with glucose intolerance in younger women. We examined whether SHBG concentrations, measured before pregnancy, are associated with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a nested case-control study among women who participated in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Multiphasic Health Check-up examination (1984–1996) and had a subsequent pregnancy (1984–2009). Eligible women were free of recognized diabetes. Case patients were 256 women in whom GDM developed. Two control subjects were selected for each case patient and were matched for year of blood draw, age at examination, age at pregnancy, and number of intervening pregnancies.

RESULTS
Compared with the highest quartile of SHBG concentrations, the odds of GDM increased with decreasing quartile (odds ratio 1.06 [95% CI 0.44–2.52]; 2.33 [1.07–5.09]; 4.06 [1.90–8.65]; P for trend &lt; 0.001), after adjusting for family history of diabetes, prepregnancy BMI, race/ethnicity, alcohol use, prepregnancy weight changes, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Having SHBG levels below the median (&lt;64.5 nmol/L) and a BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2 was associated with fivefold increased odds of GDM compared with normal-weight women with SHBG levels at or above the median (5.34 [3.00–9.49]).

CONCLUSIONS
Low prepregnancy SHBG concentrations were associated with increased risk of GDM and might be useful in identifying women at risk for GDM for early prevention strategies.
In vivo assessment of a multicomponent and nanostructural polymeric matrix as a delivery system for antimicrobials and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in a unicortical tibial defect in goats
Authors: Rousseau Marjolaine , Anderson David E. , Lillich James D. , Apley Michael D. , Jensen Peder J. , Biris Alexandru S. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Objective—To determine the response of cortical bone to a multicomponent and nanostructural polymeric matrix as a drug delivery system for enhancing bone healing.
Animals—20 healthy adult crossbred goats.
Procedures—A 3.5-mm-diameter unicortical defect was created in each tibia (day 0), and goats (4 goats/group) were treated as follows: not treated (control group), grafted with the matrix, grafted with antimicrobial (tigecycline and tobramycin)–impregnated matrix, grafted with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein type 2 (rhBMP-2)–impregnated matrix, or grafted with antimicrobial- and rhBMP-2–impregnated matrix. Elution kinetics of antimicrobials was monitored through plasma concentrations. Bone response was assessed with radiographic scoring (days 1 and 30) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (days 1, 14, and 30). Goats were euthanized on day 30, and histomorphologic analysis was performed. Categorical variables were analyzed with a generalized linear model, and continuous variables were analyzed with an ANOVA.
Results—Plasma antimicrobial concentrations indicated continued release throughout the study. Radiography and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry did not reveal significant differences among treatments on day 30. Periosteal reactions were significantly greater surrounding bone defects grafted with rhBMP-2–impregnated matrix than those not treated or grafted with matrix or with antimicrobial-impregnated matrix; periosteal reactions were similar in bone defects grafted with rhBMP-2–impregnated matrix and antimicrobial- and rhBMP-2–impregnated matrix.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The matrix served as an antimicrobial delivery system and stimulated bone proliferation when rhBMP-2 was present. Antimicrobial and rhBMP-2 can be used concurrently, but the presence of antimicrobials may affect the performance of rhBMP-2.
Morphological variation of lactuca serriola l. achenes as a function of their geographic origin
Authors: Křístková Eva , Lebeda Aleš , Novotná Alžběta , Doležalová Ivana , Berka Tomáš 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The morphological characteristics of achenes of Lactuca serriola represented by 34 local populations from Slovenia and 12 local populations from Sweden were studied in relation to their eco-geographical conditions. In total, eight quantitative morphological characters were evaluated: length and width of achene body; index length/width of achene body; number of ribs on achene body; length of beak; length of pappus bristles; pappus area and discus diameter. NestedANOVAanalysis indicated significant differences in length and width of achene body, length of pappus bristles, and pappus area between Slovenian and Swedish populations. Achenes from Slovenia were longer, wider and possessed longer pappus bristles than achenes from Sweden. Among geographical factors, latitude had the greatest impact on the morphological characters evaluated. Significant differences in seven parameters were also found between populations within countries and between samples within populations. It is probable that this variation has a genetic basis with sufficient variation within populations to permit continued selection.
Some peltigericolous microlichens from southern Poland
Authors: Czarnota Paweł , Hernik Emil 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Ten microlichens growing on more or less moribund thalli of several terricolous Peltigera spp. are reported from Wyżyna
Śląsko-Krakowska upland in southern Poland. The list includes: Absconditella delutula, Agonimia vouauxii, Bacidia pycnidiata (for the first time as a lichenicolous lichen), Bacidina chloroticula, Placynthiella dasea, Scutula sp., Steinia geophana, Thelocarpon epibolum, Vezdaea aestivalis and V. retigera. Notes on the taxonomy, ecology and distribution of each species are briefly provided and Polish samples discussed.
Former des étudiants LEA à la traduction technique et scientifique : un défi didactique ?
Authors: Lavault-Olléon Élisabeth 
Published: February 2014

Cette communication présente une didactique de la traduction spécialisée adaptée aux étudiants de Langues étrangères appliquées, aux niveaux Licence et Maîtrise, dans le cadre d’une préparation au DESS « Traduction spécialisée et production de textes multilingues » de l’Université Stendhal.