bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causes of the longitudinal differences in the equatorial vertical E × B drift during the 2013 SSW period as simulated by the TIME‐GCM
Authors: Maute A. , Hagan M. E. , Yudin V. , Liu H.‐L. , Yizengaw E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDuring stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) periods large changes in the low‐latitude vertical drift have been observed at Jicamarca as well as in other longitudinal sectors. In general, a strengthening of the daytime maximum vertical drift with a shift from prenoon to the afternoon is observed. During the January 2013 stratospheric warming significant longitudinal differences in the equatorial vertical drift were observed. At Jicamarca the previously reported SSW behavior prevails; however, no shift of the daytime maximum drift was exhibited in the African sector. Using the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere‐ionosphere‐mesosphere electrodynamics general circulation model (TIME‐GCM) the possible causes for the longitudinal difference are examined. The timing of the strong SSW effect in the vertical drift (15–20 January) coincides with moderate geomagnetic activity. The simulation indicates that approximately half of the daytime vertical drift increase in the American sector may be related to the moderate geophysical conditions (Kp = 4) with the effect being negligible in the African sector. The simulation suggests that the wind dynamo accounts for approximately 50% of the daytime vertical drift in the American sector and almost 100% in the African sector. The simulation agrees with previous findings that the migrating solar tides and the semidiurnal westward propagating tide with zonal wave number 1 (SW1) mainly contribute to the daytime wind dynamo and vertical drift. Numerical experiments suggest that the neutral wind and the geomagnetic main field contribute to the presence (absence) of a local time shift in the daytime maximum drift in the American (African) sector.
A regional ionospheric TEC mapping technique over China and adjacent areas on the basis of data assimilation
Authors: Aa Ercha , Huang Wengeng , Yu Shimei , Liu Siqing , Shi Liqin , Gong Jiancun , Chen Yanhong , Shen Hua 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this paper, a regional total electron content (TEC) mapping technique over China and adjacent areas (70°E–140°E and 15°N–55°N) is developed on the basis of a Kalman filter data assimilation scheme driven by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China and International GNSS Service. The regional TEC maps can be generated accordingly with the spatial and temporal resolution being 1°×1° and 5 min, respectively. The accuracy and quality of the TEC mapping technique have been validated through the comparison with GNSS observations, the International Reference Ionosphere model values, the global ionosphere maps from Center for Orbit Determination of Europe, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Automated Processing of GPS TEC data from Madrigal database. The verification results indicate that great systematic improvements can be obtained when data are assimilated into the background model, which demonstrates the effectiveness of this technique in providing accurate regional specification of the ionospheric TEC over China and adjacent areas.
Effects of modeled ionospheric conductance and electron loss on self‐consistent ring current simulations during the 5–7 April 2010 storm
Authors: Chen Margaret W. , Lemon Colby L. , Guild Timothy B. , Keesee Amy M. , Lui Anthony , Goldstein Jerry , Rodriguez Juan V. , Anderson Phillip C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe investigate the effects of different ionospheric conductance and electron loss models on ring current dynamics during the large magnetic storm of 5–7 April 2010 using the magnetically and electrically self‐consistent Rice Convection Model–Equilibrium (RCM‐E). The time‐varying RCM‐E proton distribution boundary conditions are specified using a combination of TWINS 1 and 2 ion temperature maps and in situ THEMIS and GOES spectral measurements in the plasma sheet. With strong electron pitch‐angle diffusion, the simulated equatorial ring current electron pressure is weak with (1) uniform conductance or (2) conductance based on parameters from the International Reference Ionosphere 2007 and the feedback of simulated precipitating electrons. With the Chen and Schulz electron loss model that includes strong diffusion in the plasma sheet and weak diffusion in the plasmasphere, the stormtime equatorial RCM‐E electron pressure is enhanced in the inner magnetosphere from midnight through dawn to the dayside. The enhancement extends to lower geocentric distance with uniform conductance than with the more realistic ionospheric conductance model due to electric field shielding effects. Electron losses affect not only the simulated electron pressures, but through magnetospheric‐ionospheric coupling, the redistributed electric and magnetic fields affect the ring current proton transport. The simulations reproduced features observed by in situ magnetic field and proton flux data, and TWINS global ENA observations. The simulated stormtime ring current energization can vary significantly depending on the ionospheric conductance and electron loss model used. Thus, it is important to incorporate realistic descriptions of ionospheric conductance and electron losses in inner magnetospheric models.
Studies on the Reaction of Aryl Glyoxals with l‐Prolinol: Unexpected Formation of Morpholin‐2‐one Derivatives and Stereoselective Trifluoromethylation of the Bicyclic System
Authors: Mlostoń Grzegorz , Wróblewska Aneta , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz 
Published: May 2015

AbstractReactions of l‐prolinol with aryl glyoxals lead to labile bicyclic 2‐aryloyl‐1,3‐oxazolidines, which smoothly undergo isomerization in the presence of an acid via a cascade of reactions involving a 1,2‐aryl shift. The products formed thereby were identified as bicyclic derivatives of morpholin‐2‐one. Both 1,3‐oxazolidines and morpholin‐2‐ones were used for the nucleophilic trifluoromethylation by treatment with trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane (Ruppert–Prakash reagent) in the presence of a catalytic amount of CsF. Whereas in the case of the 1,3‐oxazolidines only modest diastereoselectivity was achieved, the reactions with the morpholinone derivatives occurred with complete stereoselectivity.
The Anatomy of the Mummy: Mortui Viventes Docent—When Ancient Mummies Speak to Modern Doctors
Authors: Monge Janet M. , Rühli Frank 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThere is almost a universal fascination with prehistoric, protohistoric, and historic human remains that preserve the soft tissues (nonskeletal) of the body (general definition of a mummy). While most people within the general public engage with mummies as part of a museum exhibit process, many scientists have taken that fascination much further. Starting as a general fascination with mummification, the scientific process involved in the study of mummies began in earnest in the late 18th Century AD. This issue of the Anatomical Record was conceived and formulated to bring together a series of researchers to highlight their most groundbreaking research on the scientific advances that surround the 21st Century AD study of these preserved biological beings including an illumination of the cultural processes that purposefully or inadvertently are preserved either within their tissues or are present within the context (archaeological) in which they are found (excavated). Twenty‐six research articles are presented in this volume on a variety of topics all related to the rich transdisciplinary fields that are now directing their research efforts to the state‐of‐the art analysis of human mummified remains. Anat Rec, 298:935–940, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Radiologic Study of an Ancient Egyptian Mummy with a Prosthetic Toe
Authors: Brier Bob , Vinh Phuong , Schuster Michael , Mayforth Howard , Johnson Chapin Emily 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTA radiologic examination (both CT and traditional X‐ray) of two mummies curated at the Albany Institute of History and Art revealed the identity of the mummified remains as well as details of the person's life style parameters (markers of occupational stress). These mummies, brought to the Institute over 100 years ago, were unstudied until 1989. This preliminary study led to the misappropriation of the remains, and subsequent switching of the remains within their coffins. Recent and more detailed analyses lead to the correct identification of sex, a re‐association of the remains to their interment coffins, as well as a detailed analysis of occupational markers. A prosthetic toe was identified in one of the mummies which lead to the functional exploration of prosthetics in the past including their use as part of funerary processing in ancient Egypt. Finally, details of the embalming process place the wrapped mummy within the time frame identified on the coffin of the mummy identified as Ankhefenmut as well as confirming his social status. Anat Rec, 298:1047–1058, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Joseon Funerary Texts Tested Using Ancient DNA Analysis of a Korean Mummy
Authors: Oh Chang Seok , Koh Bou‐Ja , Yoo Dong Soo , Park Jun Bum , Min So Ri , Kim Yi‐Suk , Lee Sang Sup , Ge Jianye , Seo Seung Bum , Shin Dong Hoon 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTIn Korea, ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis has been applied to investigations into the genetic affiliations of mummies found in Joseon Dynasty tombs (1392–1910 CE), becoming now indispensable tool for researches studying human remains from archaeological sites. In the course of our recent examinations on a Korean mummy of Joseon Dynasty, we discovered many teeth contained in a pouch. And in fact, the historical literature on the topic of Joseon funerals contain general accounts of pouches in which an individual's lost teeth were collected over the course of a lifetime and, after death, placed in the coffin with the body. To test the veracity of the historical texts, the present study undertook aDNA analyses and compared the results between specifically questioned (Q) samples (teeth) and known (K) samples (brain and bone) from the mummy to ensure that they came from the same individual. Although the Q‐K comparison of autosomal short tandem repeat results did not show full concordance due to allelic drop‐outs in some loci, our statistical calculation indicated that the teeth in the pouch are highly likely those of the mummy. Additionally, Q‐K comparison of mitochondrial DNA sequence results showed 100% matches between samples. There results, in short, could not gainsay the conjecture that the teeth samples originated from the person buried in the tomb; and if so, he must have kept his teeth for a long time after their loss. As the application of aDNA analysis to Korean mummy studies develops, there will be other opportunities to test historical documents, particularly those referring to funerary rites. Anat Rec, 298:1191–1207, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Revealing the Face of an Ancient Egyptian: Synthesis of Current and Traditional Approaches to Evidence‐Based Facial Approximation
Authors: Lindsay Kaitlin E. , Rühli Frank J. , Deleon Valerie Burke 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe technique of forensic facial approximation, or reconstruction, is one of many facets of the field of mummy studies. Although far from a rigorous scientific technique, evidence‐based visualization of antemortem appearance may supplement radiological, chemical, histological, and epidemiological studies of ancient remains. Published guidelines exist for creating facial approximations, but few approximations are published with documentation of the specific process and references used. Additionally, significant new research has taken place in recent years which helps define best practices in the field. This case study records the facial approximation of a 3,000‐year‐old ancient Egyptian woman using medical imaging data and the digital sculpting program, ZBrush. It represents a synthesis of current published techniques based on the most solid anatomical and/or statistical evidence. Through this study, it was found that although certain improvements have been made in developing repeatable, evidence‐based guidelines for facial approximation, there are many proposed methods still awaiting confirmation from comprehensive studies. This study attempts to assist artists, anthropologists, and forensic investigators working in facial approximation by presenting the recommended methods in a chronological and usable format. Anat Rec, 298:1144–1161, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histology of a Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) Preserved in Permafrost, Yamal Peninsula, Northwest Siberia
Authors: Papageorgopoulou Christina , Link Karl , Rühli Frank J. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTIn 2007, the baby woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) named Lyuba was found frozen in the Siberian tundra permafrost along the Yuribey River. She was proclaimed the best‐preserved mammoth discovery. As part of the endoscopic examination of Lyuba, tissue samples of hair, muscle, and internal organs were taken. The sectioned biopsies were stained using standard and special histological stains. In general, the microscopic preservation of the tissue was good although no clearly identifiable cell nuclei were found by standard staining methods. Only a few cell nuclei could be identified in some samples when fluorescence stained with DAPI. The best‐preserved structures were collagen fibers and muscle tissue, which gave some structural resemblance to the organs. In the hairs, evidence of pigmentation, a scaly surface, diagonal intra‐hair structures, and a medulla were seen. Fat droplets could be identified with Sudan Red in the subcutaneous fat sample and in several organs. Bacteria were seen on the lumen side of the small intestine and caecum, and in the liver and lung tissue. In addition, fungi and pollen were seen in the lung sample. In the wall of the caecum and small intestine, blood vessels and nerves were visualized. Iron was identified in the vivianite sample. Some biopsies compared well structurally with the African elephant tissue sections. The histological findings support the theory that Lyuba drowned in muddy water. The microscopic tissue preservation and cell nuclei destruction indicate that Lyuba's body underwent at least one freeze‐thaw cycle. Anat Rec, 298:1059–1071, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Impact of Coder Reliability on Reconstructing Archaeological Settlement Patterns from Satellite Imagery: a Case Study from South Africa
Authors: Sadr Karim 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA large archaeological remote sensing project is underway to digitize and classify the pre‐colonial stone walled structures (SWS) on Google Earth satellite imagery in the southern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. Over 7000 such SWS have been digitized in a study area of some 8000 km2. Several research assistants have been involved in classifying the structures. The problem is that different analysts may assign the same SWS to different types and even digitize their outline differently no matter how well they have been trained. Such inter‐analyst variability is a common problem in many fields. In order to minimize its impact, a thorough study of coder reliability in classification of remotely sensed Iron Age SWS has been initiated. The results show unacceptably high variability in the classification of individual SWS. Several contributing factors have been identified. Surprisingly, at the regional level, relatively high levels of inter‐analyst agreement are seen in the same data. The reason probably has to do with strong agreement on the classification of the most diagnostic structures. This may suffice to produce the replicable results at the regional level. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Centrosome nucleates numerous ephemeral microtubules and only few of them participate in the radial array
Authors: Alieva Irina B. , Berezinskaya Tatyana , Borisy Gary G. , Vorobjev Ivan A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIt is generally accepted that long microtubules (MTs) grow from the centrosome with their minus ends anchored there and plus ends directed towards cell membrane. However, recent findings show this scheme to be an oversimplification. To further analyze the relationship between the centrosome and the MT array we undertook a detailed study on the MTs growing from the centrosome after microinjection of Cy3 labeled tubulin and transfection of cells with EB1‐GFP. To evaluate MTs around the centrosome two approaches were used: path photobleaching across the centrosome area (Komarova et al., ) and sequential image subtraction analysis (Vorobjev et al., ). We show that about 50% of MTs had been nucleated at the centrosome are short‐living: their mean length was 1.8 ± 0.8 μm and their life span − 7 ± 2 s. MTs initiated from the centrosome also rarely reach cell margin, since their elongation was limited and growth after shortening (rescue) was rare. After initial growth all MTs associated with the centrosome converted to pause or shortening. After pause MTs associated with the centrosome mainly depolymerized via the plus end shortening. Stability of the minus ends of cytoplasmic MTs was the same as for centrosomal ones. We conclude that in fibroblasts (1) the default behavior of free MTs in the cell interior is biased dynamic instability (i.e., random walk of the plus ends with significant positive drift); (2) MTs born at the centrosome show “dynamic instability” type behavior with no boundary; and (3) that the extended radial array is formed predominantly by MTs not associated with the centrosome.
Expanding the armamentarium for effective PFO closure
Authors: Jumean Marwan , Kimmelstiel Carey 
Published: May 2015

Key Points

PFO Closure with the Nit‐Occlud PFO Occlusion device is feasible and safe.
Residual shunting across the PFO at 6 months requires further definition.
Longer term follow‐up is required to establish clinical efficacy.
Bioresorbable drug‐eluting scaffold restenosis
Authors: Belardi Jorge A. , Albertal Mariano 
Published: May 2015

Key Points

Bioresorbable coronary scaffold emerges as an attractive alternative to permanent scaffolds.
Bioresorbable scaffold restenosis, similar to permanent, appears strongly related to underexpansion.
The use of intravascular imaging should be recommended in patients undergoing bioresorbable scaffold implantation
Intravascular ultrasound predictors of acute side branch occlusion in coronary artery bifurcation lesions just after single stent crossover
Authors: Sakamoto Nobuo , Hoshino Yasuto , Mizukami Hiroyuki , Sugimoto Koichi , Yamaki Takayoshi , Kunii Hiroyuki , Nakazato Kazuhiko , Suzuki Hitoshi , Saitoh Shu‐ichi , Takeishi Yasuchika 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesWe aimed to assess the intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) predictors of acute side branch (SB) occlusions just after single stent crossover in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for coronary bifurcation lesions.BackgroundPCI for bifurcation lesions remains technically challenging and has more clinical complications such as SB occlusion than non‐bifurcation lesions. Although single stent crossover is the most common approach in treating bifurcation lesions, the predictors of acute SB occlusion are unclear.MethodsSingle stent crossover was performed on 174 patients with a total of 272 bifurcation lesions who were enrolled in this study. Each patient also underwent pre‐PCI IVUS in a major vessel (MV). SB was defined as ostium diameter of ≥1.5 mm measured by IVUS, and occluded SB was defined as a thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grade of ≤2 just after stent implantation. We defined the SB diameter ratio as ostial SB total diameter (media‐to‐media) divided by ostial SB luminal diameter (intima‐to‐intima).ResultsThere were 52 SBs in the occluded group (19.1%). There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the SB occluded and non‐SB occluded groups. Logistic‐regression analysis revealed that the thickness of MV plaque on the bilateral sides of SB at the junction site and the SB diameter ratio were independent predictors of SB occlusion just after stent implantation.ConclusionsIn the IVUS observation, the MV plaque thickness at the junction site and the SB diameter ratio are predictors of acute SB occlusion just after single stent crossover. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Achievable radiation reduction during pediatric cardiac catheterization: How low can we go?
Authors: Borik Sharon , Devadas Sunder , Mroczek Dariusz , Jin Lee Kyong , Chaturvedi Rajiv , Benson Lee N. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesTo assess the effectiveness of radiation‐reduction measures implemented during pediatric catheterization, and provide data on the radiation doses for common interventional and diagnostic procedures, indexed to body weight.BackgroundIonizing radiation exposure must be minimized to “as low as reasonably achievable,” by instituting radiation‐limiting techniques and knowledge of expected radiation exposure.MethodsRadiation‐reduction measures included pulsed‐fluoroscopy at 7.5 pulses/second (0.032–0.045 µGy/pulse), an air‐gap magnification technique for children <20 kg, operator awareness, and additional exposure reduction techniques through projection optimization. Radiation doses for procedures performed between 2007 through 2014 were retrospectively reviewed, including dose area product (DAP) and DAP/kg of body weight for 25 procedural types. Median doses were compared with those previously published from other large centers and multi‐institutional databases and assessed for changes over time.ResultsReviewed were 5,196 cases, which included 2,819 interventional, 710 endomyocardial biopsies and 1,667 diagnostic studies, documenting a significant difference in exposure between various procedures and body weights. The absolute exposure was significantly greater in larger children (e.g., for ductal closure median DAP/kg: 17 µGy*m2/kg 10–20 kg children vs. 37 µGy*m2/kg for those >30 kg, P < 0.001). Dose exposure using radiation‐reduction techniques were the lowest reported in the literature for all procedure types compared (e.g. median DAP for pulmonary valvuloplasty 163 µGy*m2 vs. 405 to 1,230 µGy*m2 reported by 3 large centers). Reduction of fluoroscopy acquisition to 7.5 pulses/second nearly halved radiation exposure (P < 0.001).ConclusionsImplementing a radiation dose reduction and awareness program can lead to documented reduction in exposure, across a variety of procedures performed by multiple operators. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.