bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A rapid decrease of the hydrogen corona of Mars
Authors: Clarke J. T. , Bertaux J.‐L. , Chaufray J.‐Y. , Gladstone G. R. , Quemerais E. , Wilson J. K. , Bhattacharyya D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMars is believed to have lost much of its surface water 3.5 billion years ago, but the amounts that escaped into space and remain frozen in the crust today are not well known. Hydrogen atoms in the extended martian atmosphere, some of which escape the planet's gravity, can be imaged through scattered solar UV radiation. Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images of the ultraviolet H Ly α emission now indicate that the coronal H density steadily decreased by a factor of roughly 40% over 4 weeks, a far greater variation than had been expected. The leading candidate cause is a decrease in the source rate of water molecules from the lower atmosphere, consistent with seasonal changes and a recent global dust storm. This implies that the rate of escape of martian hydrogen (and thereby water) into space is strongly dependent on the lower atmospheric water content and distribution.
EGM_TIM_RL05: An independent geoid with centimeter accuracy purely based on the GOCE mission
Authors: Brockmann Jan Martin , Zehentner Norbert , Höck Eduard , Pail Roland , Loth Ina , Mayer‐Gürr Torsten , Schuh Wolf‐Dieter 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAfter more than 4.5 years in orbit, the Gravity field and steady‐state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) mission ended with the reentry of the satellite on 11 November 2013. This publication serves as a reference for the fifth gravity field model based on the time‐wise approach (EGM_TIM_RL05), a global model only determined from GOCE observations. Due to its independence of any other gravity data, a consistent and homogeneous set of spherical harmonic coefficients up to degree and order 280 (corresponding to spatial resolution of 71.5 km on ground) is provided including a full covariance matrix characterizing the uncertainties of the model. The associated covariance matrix realistically describes the model quality. It is the first model which is purely based on GOCE including all observations collected during the entire mission. The achieved mean global accuracy is 2.4 cm in terms of geoid heights and 0.7 mGal for gravity anomalies at a spatial resolution of 100 km.
Large earthquake processes in the northern Vanuatu subduction zone
Authors: Cleveland K. Michael , Ammon Charles J. , Lay Thorne 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe northern Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides) subduction zone (11°S to 14°S) has experienced large shallow thrust earthquakes with Mw > 7 in 1966 (MS 7.9, 7.3), 1980 (Mw 7.5, 7.7), 1997 (Mw 7.7), 2009 (Mw 7.7, 7.8, 7.4), and 2013 (Mw 8.0). We analyze seismic data from the latter four earthquake sequences to quantify the rupture processes of these large earthquakes. The 7 October 2009 earthquakes occurred in close spatial proximity over about 1 h in the same region as the July 1980 doublet. Both sequences activated widespread seismicity along the northern Vanuatu subduction zone. The focal mechanisms indicate interplate thrusting, but there are differences in waveforms that establish that the events are not exact repeats. With an epicenter near the 1980 and 2009 events, the 1997 earthquake appears to have been a shallow intraslab rupture below the megathrust, with strong southward directivity favoring a steeply dipping plane. Some triggered interplate thrusting events occurred as part of this sequence. The 1966 doublet ruptured north of the 1980 and 2009 events and also produced widespread aftershock activity. The 2013 earthquake rupture propagated southward from the northern corner of the trench with shallow slip that generated a substantial tsunami. The repeated occurrence of large earthquake doublets along the northern Vanuatu subduction zone is remarkable considering the doublets likely involved overlapping, yet different combinations of asperities. The frequent occurrence of large doublet events and rapid aftershock expansion in this region indicate the presence of small, irregularly spaced asperities along the plate interface.
The middle Eocene climatic optimum (MECO): A multiproxy record of paleoceanographic changes in the southeast Atlantic (ODP Site 1263, Walvis Ridge)
Authors: Boscolo Galazzo F. , Thomas E. , Pagani M. , Warren C. , Luciani V. , Giusberti L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe middle Eocene climatic optimum (MECO, ~40 Ma) was a transient period of global warming that interrupted the secular Cenozoic cooling trend. We investigated the paleoceanographic, paleoenvironmental, and paleoecological repercussions of the MECO in the southeast Atlantic subtropical gyre (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1263). TEX86and δ18O records support an ~4°C increase in surface and deepwater temperatures during the MECO. There is no long‐term negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) associated with the early warming, consistent with other sites, and there is no short‐term negative CIE (~50 kyr) during the peak of the MECO, in contrast to what has been observed at some sites. This lack of a CIE during the peak of the MECO at Site 1263 could be due to poor sediment recovery or geographic heterogeneity of the δ13C signal. Benthic and planktic foraminiferal mass accumulation rates markedly declined during MECO, indicating a reduction of planktic foraminiferal production and export productivity. Vertical δ13C gradients do not indicate major changes in water column stratification, and there is no biomarker or micropaleontological evidence that hypoxia developed. We suggest that temperature dependency of metabolic rates could explain the observed decrease in foraminiferal productivity during warming. The kinetics of biochemical reactions increase with temperature, more so for heterotrophs than for autotrophs. Steady warming during MECO may have enhanced heterotroph (i.e., foraminiferal) metabolic rates, so that they required more nutrients. These additional nutrients were not available because of the oligotrophic conditions in the region and the lesser response of primary producers to warming. The combination of warming and heterotroph starvation altered pelagic food webs, increased water column recycling of organic carbon, and decreased the amount of organic carbon available to the benthos.
Soil water storage, rainfall and runoff relationships in a tropical dry forest catchment
Authors: Farrick Kegan K. , Branfireun Brian A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn forested catchments, the exceedance of rainfall and antecedent water storage thresholds is often required for runoff generation, yet to our knowledge these threshold relationships remain undescribed in tropical dry forest catchments. We, therefore, identified the controls of streamflow activation and the timing and magnitude of runoff in a tropical dry forest catchment near the Pacific coast of central Mexico. During a 52 day transition phase from the dry to wet season, soil water movement was dominated by vertical flow which continued until a threshold soil moisture content of 26% was reached at 100 cm below the surface. This satisfied a 162 mm storage deficit and activated streamflow, likely through lateral subsurface flow pathways. High antecedent soil water conditions were maintained during the wet phase but had a weak influence on stormflow. We identified a threshold value of 289 mm of summed rainfall and antecedent soil water needed to generate >4 mm of stormflow per event. Above this threshold, stormflow response and magnitude was almost entirely governed by rainfall event characteristics and not antecedent soil moisture conditions. Our results show that over the course of the wet season in tropical dry forests the dominant controls on runoff generation changed from antecedent soil water and storage to the depth of rainfall.
Humboldt, Alexander von
Authors: Rupke Nicolaas A 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), German natural scientist who explored the equatorial Americas and laid the foundations of geobotany and meteorology. Humboldt's style of scientific exploration, which was based on precision instrumentation and the measurement of environmental parameters for the discovery of law‐like relationships on a worldwide scale, inspired a generation of explorers and scientific travellers. Humboldt scholars from the post‐WW II period have referred to this as ‘Humboldtian science’. Ever since the first Humboldt biographies appeared, already during his lifetime, many attempts have been made to make him part of different and at times conflicting causes. Today he is widely recognised for his universalist approach to natural knowledge, his cosmopolitan humanitarianism towards cultures and peoples, and his foundational contributions to ecology and environmentalism.
Alternative Splicing: Role of Pseudoexons in Human Genetic Disease
Authors: Emanuele Buratti 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

In the pre‐mRNA splicing field the term ‘pseudoexons’ has been introduced to describe all those sequences usually localised deep in intronic regions that resemble real exons in appearance but are ignored by the spliceosomal machinery. Although we now know that some of these sequences are important for regulatory purposes it is also true that aberrant pseudoexon activation is increasingly described as one of the major causes of human disease. Several recent studies on pseudoexon inclusion–exclusion mechanisms have allowed researchers to gain further insight with regards to the mechanism that the spliceosome uses to discriminate between true and false exons during the normal splicing process. Most importantly, the newly gained knowledge regarding pseudoexon biology has been extensively exploited to devise novel therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting their inclusion in human patients.

Key Concepts:

Pseudoexons (also known as ‘false exons’) are very abundant in all eukaryotic genes, especially those harbouring long intronic sequences.

In normal conditions, pseudoexon inclusion in mature mRNAs is efficiently inhibited.

Mutational events that activate aberrant pseudoexon inclusion are a common source of disease‐causing mutations in humans.

A variety of novel therapeutic approaches principally based on antisense oligonucleotide (AON) technology is currently being developed to inhibit their inclusion in human patients.
How everyday language can and will boost effective information retrieval
Authors: Hoenkamp Eduard , Bruza Peter 
Published: November 2014

Typing 2 or 3 keywords into a browser has become an easy and efficient way to find information. Yet, typing even short queries becomes tedious on ever shrinking (virtual) keyboards. Meanwhile, speech processing is maturing rapidly, facilitating everyday language input. Also, wearable technology can inform users proactively by listening in on their conversations or processing their social media interactions. Given these developments, everyday language may soon become the new input of choice.We present an information retrieval (IR) algorithm specifically designed to accept everyday language. It integrates two paradigms of information retrieval, previously studied in isolation; one directed mainly at the surface structure of language, the other primarily at the underlying meaning.The integration was achieved by a Markov machine that encodes meaning by its transition graph, and surface structure by the language it generates. A rigorous evaluation of the approach showed, first, that it can compete with the quality of existing language models, second, that it is more effective the more verbose the input, and third, as a consequence, that it is promising for an imminent transition from keyword input, where the onus is on the user to formulate concise queries, to a modality where users can express more freely, more informal, and more natural their need for information in everyday language.
The Chinese comet observation in AD 773 January
Authors: Chapman J. , Csikszentmihalyi M. , Neuhäuser R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe strong 14C increase in the year AD 774/5 detected in one German and two Japanese trees was recently suggested to have been caused by an impact of a comet onto Earth and a deposition of large amounts of 14C into the atmosphere (Liu et al. 2014). The authors supported their claim using a report of a historic Chinese observation of a comet ostensibly colliding with Earth's atmosphere in AD 773 January. We show here that the Chinese text presented by those authors is not an original historic text, but that it is comprised of several different sources. Moreover, the translation presented in Liu et al. is misleading and inaccurate. We give the exact Chinese wordings and our English translations. According to the original sources, the Chinese observed a comet in mid January 773, but they report neither a collision nor a large coma, just a long tail. Also, there is no report in any of the source texts about “dust rain in the daytime” as claimed by Liu et al. (2014), but simply a normal dust storm. Ho (1962) reports sightings of this comet in China on AD 773 Jan 15 and/or 17 and in Japan on AD 773 Jan 20 (Ho 1962). At the relevant historic time, the Chinese held that comets were produced within the Earth's atmosphere, so that it would have been impossible for them to report a “collision” of a comet with Earth's atmosphere. The translation and conclusions made by Liu et al. (2014) are not supported by the historical record. Therefore, postulating a sudden increase in 14C in corals off the Chinese coast precisely in mid January 773 (Liu et al. 2014) is not justified given just the 230Th dating for AD 783 ± 14. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A solar super‐flare as cause for the 14C variation in AD 774/5?
Authors: Neuhäuser R. , Hambaryan V. V. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe present further considerations regarding the strong 14C variation in AD 774/5. For its cause, either a solar super‐flare or a short gamma‐ray burst were suggested. We show that all kinds of stellar or neutron star flares would be too weak for the observed energy input at Earth in AD 774/5. Even though Maehara et al. (2012) present two super‐flares with ∼1035 erg of presumably solar‐type stars, we would like to caution: These two stars are poorly studied and may well be close binaries, and/or having a M‐type dwarf companion, and/or may be much younger and/or much more magnetic than the Sun – in any such case, they might not be true solar analog stars. From the frequency of large stellar flares averaged over all stellar activity phases (maybe obtained only during grand activity maxima), one can derive (a limit of) the probability for a large solar flare at a random time of normal activity: We find the probability for one flare within 3000 years to be possibly as low as 0.3 to 0.008 considering the full 1σ error range. Given the energy estimate in Miyake et al. (2012) for the AD 774/5 event, it would need to be ∼2000 stronger than the Carrington event as solar super‐flare. If the AD 774/5 event as solar flare would be beamed (to an angle of only ∼24°), 100 times lower energy would be needed. A new AD 774/5 energy estimate by Usoskin et al. (2013) with a different carbon cycle model, yielding 4 ot 6 time lower 14C production, predicts 4–6 times less energy. If both reductions are applied, the AD 774/5 event would need to be only ∼4 times stronger than the Carrington event in 1859 (if both had similar spectra). However, neither 14C nor 10Be peaks were found around AD 1859. Hence, the AD 774/5 event (as solar flare) either was not beamed that strongly, and/or it would have been much more than 4‐6 times stronger than Carrington, and/or the lower energy estimate (Usoskin et al. 2013) is not correct, and/or such solar flares cannot form (enough) 14C and 10Be. The 1956 solar energetic particle event was followed by a small decrease in directly observed cosmic rays. We conclude that large solar super‐flares remain very unlikely as the cause for the 14C increase in AD 774/5. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Refolding and simultaneous purification of recombinant human proinsulin from inclusion bodies on protein‐folding liquid‐chromatography columns
Authors: Yuan Jie , Zhou Huifang , Yang Yicong , Li Weimin , Wan Yi , Wang Lili 
Published: November 2014

AbstractProtein‐folding liquid chromatography (PFLC) is an effective and scalable method for protein renaturation with simultaneous purification. However, it has been a challenge to fully refold inclusion bodies in a PFLC column. In this work, refolding with simultaneous purification of recombinant human proinsulin (rhPI) from inclusion bodies from Escherichia coli were investigated using the surface of stationary phases in immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) and high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The results indicated that both the ligand structure on the surface of the stationary phase and the composition of the mobile phase (elution buffer) influenced refolding of rhPI. Under optimized chromatographic conditions, the mass recoveries of IMAC column and HPSEC column were 77.8 and 56.8% with purifies of 97.6 and 93.7%, respectively. These results also indicated that the IMAC column fails to refold rhPI, and the HPSEC column enables efficient refolding of rhPI with a low‐urea gradient‐elution method. The refolded rhPI was characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The molecular weight of the converted human insulin was further confirmed with SDS–18% PAGE, Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) and the biological activity assay by HP‐RPLC. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of UHPLC‐MS/MS assay for rapid determination of a carvone Schiff base of isoniazid (CSB‐INH) in rat plasma: application to pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Iqbal Muzaffar , Bhat Mashooq A. , Shakeel Faiyaz 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this study, a fast UHPLC‐MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of a novel potent carvone Schiff base of isoniazid (CSB‐INH) in rat plasma using carbamazepine as an internal standard (IS). After a single‐step protein precipitation by acetonitrile, CSB‐INH and IS were separated on an Acquity BEHTM C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) under an isocratic mobile phase, consisting of acetonitrile: 10 mM ammonium acetate (95:5, v/v), at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Quantification was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reactions monitoring mode by using positive electrospray ionization source. The precursor to product ion transitions were set at m/z 270.08 → 79.93 for CSB‐INH and m/z 237.00 → 178.97 for IS. The proposed method was validated in compliance with US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. The method was found to be linear in the range of 0.35–2500 ng/mL (r2 ≥ 0.997) with a lower limit of quantification of 0.35 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision values were ≤12.0% whereas accuracy values ranged from 92.3 to 108.7%. In addition, other validation results were within the acceptance criteria and the method was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study of CSB‐INH in rats. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of an antitumor agent (copen) in rat plasma by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a preclinical pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Zhou Huili , Zheng Yunliang , Liu Yanan , Hu Xingjiang , Wu Guolan , Shentu Jianzhong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCopen is a derivative obtained from the structural modification of osthole, which inhibits tumoral proliferation in many tumor cell lines. A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method was established for the quantification of copen in rat plasma. After a simple sample preparation procedure by one‐step protein precipitation with methanol, copen and bicalutamide (internal standard, IS) were chromatographed on a Zorbax SB‐C18 (4.6×100 mm, 1.8 µm) column with a mobile phase consisting of methanol–5 mm ammonium formate water with 0.1% formic acid (80:20, v/v). MS detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction monitoring mode with a positive eletrospray ionization source. The assay was validated in the concentration range of 51.58–20630 ng/mL, with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 51.58 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions (relative standard deviation) were ≤3.21 and ≤11.3%, respectively, with accuracy (%) in the range of 94.66–102.1%. The method was fully validated in a study of the pharmacokinetics of copen (25 mg/kg) after intragastric administration in rats. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Band Gap Silicon Allotropes
Authors: Wang Qianqian , Xu Bo , Sun Jian , Liu Hanyu , Zhao Zhisheng , Yu Dongli , Fan Changzeng , He Julong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSix metastable allotropes of silicon with direct or quasi‐direct band gaps of 0.39—1.25 eV are predicted by ab initio calculations at ambient pressure.
ChemInform Abstract: A Fracture‐Resistant High‐Entropy Alloy for Cryogenic Applications.
Authors: Gludovatz Bernd , Hohenwarter Anton , Catoor Dhiraj , Chang Edwin H. , George Easo P. , Ritchie Robert O. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA CrMnFeCoNi alloy is prepared by arc melting the elements and drop casting into copper molds, followed by cold forging and cross rolling at room temperature into sheets roughly 10 mm thick.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Topological Transformation in Mesoscopic Inorganic Nanoparticles: Application as a UV Sensor.
Authors: Das Santu , Thomas Preethi , Roy Soumyajit 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMolybdenum blue soft‐oxometalate nanospheres are synthesized from a dispersion of heptamolybdate‐based soft‐oxometalate nanotubes by UV irradiation for 3 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of a New B‐Site Ordered Double Perovskite Sr2CuIrO6.
Authors: Vasala Sami , Yamauchi Hisao , Karppinen Maarit 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSr2CuIrO6 is prepared by high‐pressure synthesis using a calcined mixture of SrCO3, CuO, and IrO2 (flowing O2, 900 °C, 12 h) in the presence of KClO3 as an external O2 source to stabilize the IrVI state (cubic anvil press, 4 GPa, 900 °C, 60 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Surfactant CTAB‐Assisted Synthesis of Li1.13 [Ni0.233Mn0.534Co0.233] 0.87O2 with Festoon‐Like Hierarchical Architectures as Cathode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries with Outstanding Performance.
Authors: Hou Xianhua , Zou Xiaoli , Huang Yanling , Hu Shejun , Ru Qiang , Gao Yumei 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe layered title cathode material is synthesized from mixtures of precursors (obtained by coprecipitation with Na2CO3 from aqueous solutions containing MnSO4, NiSO4, CoSO4, and different additives such as NH4OH, H2O2, or hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide at 60 °C for 4 h) and Li2CO3 (850 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Temperature, High‐Pressure Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Photoluminescent Properties, of K3 [Gd1‐xTbxGe3O8(OH)2] (x = 0, 0.3, 0.1, 1).
Authors: Liu Wei , Yang Min , Ji Ying , Liu Fuyang , Wang Ying , Wang Xiaofeng , Zhao Xudong , Liu Xiaoyang 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe title compounds are hydrothermally synthesized from mixtures of KOH, GeO2, Gd(NO3)3, Tb(NO3)3, and H2O (silver tube, 100 MPa, 400 °C, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Chirality and Polarity in the f‐Block Borates M4 [B16O26(OH)4 (H2O)3Cl4] (M: Sm, Eu, Gd, Pu, Am, Cm, and Cf).
Authors: Polinski Matthew J. , Pace Kristen A. , Stritzinger Jared. T. , Lin Jian , Cross Justin N. , Cary Samantha K. , van Cleve Shelley M. , Alekseev Evgeny V. , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe title compounds are prepared from mixtures of MCl3 (M: Sm, Eu, Gd, Pu, Am, Cm, and Cf), H3BO3, and HCl (autoclave, 240 °C, 7 d, 30—40% yield).