bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Surfactants in Environmental Samples. Part II. Anionic Compounds
Authors: Olkowska Ewa , Ruman Marek , Kowalska Anna , Polkowska Żaneta 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Surface active agents (SAA) with negative charge of polar group are named as anionic compounds. They are the main constituent of most products containing synthetic surfactants. The linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), alkyl ethoxysulfates (AES) and alkyl sulfates (AS) are typically applied from this class of compounds. Those surfactants are ingredients of household detergents and cleaners, laundry detergents, cosmetic etc. Moreover they can be applied in the paper, textile and tanning industry as optical brighteners, dispersant, wetting and suspending agents. They can be substrates in the formulation of different products like dyes, pigments, pesticides, exchange resins, plasticizers and pharmaceuticals. Anionic surfactants after use are passed into sewage-treatment plants, where they are partially degraded and adsorbed to sewage sludge (applied in agriculture fields). Finally, the anionic SAA or their degradation products are discharged into surface waters and onto bottom sediments, soils or living organisms. Therefore, it is important (widely application, bioaccumulation, toxicity for living organisms) to investigate the environmental fate of those class of compounds in more details. This research involves determination the concentration of anionic surfactants with use appropriated analytical techniques in environmental samples The official methodology for determination of anionic SAA in liquid samples is based on the ion-pair reaction of these analytes compounds with methylene blue (MB) and an extraction with toxic solvent chloroform. During isolation step of anionic compounds from solid samples are employed Soxhlet and ultrasonic-assisted extraction techniques with use of methanol or mixture of other organic solvents as extraction medium. To overcome disadvantages of those traditional techniques were applied following techniques at sample preparation step from liquid and solid matrices: solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phases microextraction (SPME); accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), respectively. For estimate total concentration of anionic analytes in extracts the spectrophotometric technique is used (as official regulation). For determination concentration of individual analytes were applied gas (derivatization step requires) and liquid chromatography mainly with mass spectrometry technique. The presence of anionic surface active agents was confirmed in various ecosystems (liquid and solid environmental samples).
Impact of Alkalization of Surplus Activated Sludge on Biogas Production
Authors: Grűbel Klaudiusz , Machnicka Alicja , Wacławek Stanisław 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Large amounts of sludge are produced in biological wastewater treatment plants. Since the sludge is highly contaminated, it has to undergo proper stabilization before it is disposed or utilized in an environmentally safe way. On the whole, the aim of bacterial cell disintegration is the release of cell contents in the form of an aqueous extract. Chemical disintegration of surplus activated sludge by alkalization results in destruction and disruption of the flocs and microorganisms as well as increase concentration of organic matter in supernatant. The mesophilic anaerobic sewage sludge digestion is an established process, most often applied at medium and large municipal sewage treatment plants. Four major steps of anaerobic digestion are distinguished. The first hydrolysis step leads to solubilization of insoluble particulate matter and biological decomposition of organic polymers to monomers or dimers. The hydrolysis step is recognized as the rate-limiting step of the following second and third steps, the processes of acidogenesis and acetogenesis. Chemical disintegration activates biological hydrolysis and, therefore, it can significantly increase the stabilization rate of the secondary sludge. It has been shown that when the activated sludge was subjected to alkalization to pH 9.0 value, the COD concentration increased from 101 to 530 mg/dm3 in sludge supernatant. The paper presents a potential application of chemical disintegration for sewage sludge (mainly activated sludge) to upgrading biogas production.
Evaluation of Effectiveness of Bisphenol a Removal on Domestic and Foreign Activated Carbons
Authors: Bohdziewicz Jolanta , Liszczyk Gabriela 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Wide use of bisphenol A (BPA) in production of polycarbonates and plastic food packaging cause increase of concentration of BPA in the environment. Both in surface water, underground water and seawater BPA was frequently detected in different concentrations. Emerging problem is adsorption of BPA on sewage, because it could be considered as an additional source of pollution, if it is used as a fertilizer in agricultural sectors. Absorbed BPA on sewage sludge stays persistent in the environment and generates adverse biological effects in endocrine system. Because of ecological safety, exploration of potential techniques to remove BPA to the level, which does not give adverse effect on natural environment is necessary. In this study the adsorption of BPA from simulated water onto commercial activated carbons was investigated. On the basis of experimental data the kinetics and type of sorption were determined.
An Ecosystem Valuation Method for Small Water Bodies
Authors: Świerk Dariusz , Szpakowska Barbara 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The paper discusses the development of a valuation method for small water bodies in a landscape park of agricultural character, since for such an area small water bodies are of considerable importance, primarily hydrological and natural. Analyses were conducted in the Dezydery Chlapowski Landscape Park. The object of the study comprised 13 water bodies differing in terms of landscape, morphological parameters (depth, shape, surface area, shoreline development) as well as aquatic and marsh vegetation. Some of these water bodies are typical in-field hollows, some are located in built-up areas, while two are located in a forest complex. The aim of the presented investigations was to develop a valuation method for small water bodies based on inventoried aquatic and marsh vegetation and including modifications of nature analysis methods such as the phytosociological method by Braun-Blanquet and ecological indexes according to Zarzycki. Using environmental variables statistical models were developed, describing dependencies between individual species and analysed variables. Investigations were conducted in the years 2008-2009, in which phytosociological relevés were prepared during the vegetation season. Analyses concerned vegetation of the littoral zone and the limnetic (open water) zone. The ecological status of water bodies was calculated on the basis of data concerning aquatic and marsh vegetation and the measured surface area of a given water body. Results indicate the advisability of having small water bodies covered with legal protection measures. In turn, the water bodies which underwent severe degradation should be remediated using available measures (dredging, creation of biogeochemical barriers).
The combined use of wavelet transform and black box models in reservoir inflow modeling
Authors: Okkan Umut , Ali Serbes Zafer 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
In the study presented, different hybrid model approaches are proposed for reservoir inflow modeling from the meteorological data (monthly precipitation, one-month-ahead precipitation and monthly mean temperature data) by the combined use of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and different black box techniques. Multiple linear regression (MLR), feed forward neural networks (FFNN) and least square support vector machines (LSSVM) were considered as the black box methods. In the modeling strategy, meteorological input data were decomposed into wavelet sub-time series at three resolution levels and ineffective sub-time series were eliminated by Mallows’ Cp based all possible regression method. As a result of all possible regression analyses, 2-months mode of time series of monthly temperature (D1_Tt), 8-months mode of time series (D3_Tt) of monthly temperature and approximation mode of time series (A3_Tt) of monthly temperature were eliminated. Remained effective sub-time series were used as the inputs of MLR, FFNN and LSSVM. When the performances of the training and testing periods were compared, it was observed that the DWTFFNN conjunction model has better results in terms of mean square errors (MSE) and determination coefficients (R2) statistics. The discrete wavelet transform approach also increased the accuracy of multiple linear regression and least squares support vector machines.
The assemblages of transparent heavy minerals in Quaternary sediments of the Kielce-Łagów Valley (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)
Authors: Ludwikowska-Kędzia Małgorzata 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The composition of the transparent heavy-mineral assemblages (0.25-0.1 mm) in Quaternary slope, karst, glacial, fluvioglacial and fluvial deposits with different parent material was investigated in the Kielce-Łagów Valley (the central part of the Palaeozoic core of the Holy Cross Mountains). For the purpose, 93 samples of mostly sandy sediments were examined. Some marker and some supporting minerals can be distinguished. Slope and karst deposits are dominated by the abrasion-resistant minerals zircon, tourmaline, staurolite and rutile. This assemblage points at a source consisting of strongly weathered pre-Quaternary bedrock. Glacial and fluvioglacial deposits are dominated by medium-resistant and non-resistant minerals (garnet, amphibole, pyroxene and biotite). The two types of parent material of the heavy minerals are typical of the Quaternary deposits in the Polish uplands. The two sources are most clear in the younger (Vistulian and Holocene), mostly fluvial sediments. The results of the analysis imply that the impact of Pleistocene glaciers on the central part of the Holy Cross Mountains was neither large enough to hide the local mineralogical background, nor sufficient to dominate over the main processes transforming the mineral composition under the variable climatic conditions of the Quaternary, including aeolian processes and chemical weathering.
Possibilities and restrictions of heavy-mineral analysis for the reconstruction of sedimentary environments and source areas
Authors: Derkachev A.N. , Nikolaeva N.A. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The possible reconstruction of ancient sedimentary environments on the basis of heavy-minerals assemblages is presented by means of discriminant lithogeodynamic diagrams that compare modern and ancient sedimentary environments. This is exemplified by Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits recovered from ODP cores obtained from the Philippine and Japan Seas, the Japan Trench and the North Atlantic, as well as by deposits from folded areas onshore. On the basis of the comparative analysis, it can be deduced that the main tendencies in mineral assemblages of modern deposits that depend on the structural-tectonic conditions, are fairly well preserved in Cenozoic deposits (including the deposits recovered by ODP drilling). On the other hand, the environmental reconstruction of folded and faulted pre-Cenozoic continental areas on the basis of their heavy-mineral assemblages, by comparing them with supposed modern analogs, is not always possible with much certainty. The main reasons may be either a considerable change in the composition of the initial (primary) mineral assemblages as a result of intralayer solution or the absence, at the time of deposition, of geodynamic environments that closely resembled modern ones.
First record of catacrinid crinoid from the Lower Permian of Spitsbergen
Authors: Gorzelak Przemysław , Błażejowski Błażej , Uchman Alfred , Hanken Nils−Martin 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAn early Permian (late Artinskian-Roadian) cladid crinoid (Catacrinidae gen. et sp. indet.) is reported for the first time from the Vøringen Member of the Kapp Starostin Formation of Spitsbergen. The specimen is partly articulated and preserves a considerable part of its stalk and a complete cup, but only the proximal portions of its arms. Thus, it can− not be identified with any degree of certainty at the generic level. Despite this, our finding is important as it constitutes one of the youngest records of catacrinid crinoids to date and con− siderably extends the palaeogeographic distribution of this group.
Indo-European *Gu̯h in Germanic
Authors: Witczak Krzysztof Tomasz 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT
Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak. Indo-European *gÁh in Germanic. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. LIV (2)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-252-2, pp. 83-90. Purpose and method: In my paper I discuss the development of IE. *gÁh in the Germanic languages, using the historical-comparative method. Results: Two regular reflexes of IE. *gÁh in Proto-Germanic (*g and *w) can be explained by the place of the Indo-European accent, e.g. Gmc. *garmaz m. ‘fire dog’ (< IE. *gÁhórmos) vs. Gmc. *warmaz adj. ‘warm, hot’ (< IE. *gÁhormós); Gmc. *dagaz m. ‘day’ (< IE. *dhogÁhós) vs. Gmc. *snaiwaz m. ‘snow’ (< *snóigÁhos m. ‘snow’). Conclusion: The double distribution of IE. *gÁh in Proto-Germanic, which is motivated by the primitive accent, can be described as a rule similar to das Vernersche Gesetz.
Maternal and Paternal Effect on the Characters of Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr.) Fruit from Cross-Pollination
Authors: Indriyani Ni Luh Putu , Hadiati Sri , Nasution Fitriana , Sudjijo Edison , Irawati Yulia 
Published: June 2013

Streszczenie
Badano wpływ form rodzicielskich na cechy owoców duriana z zapyleń krzyżowych. Odmianami rodzicielskimi użytymi w krzyżowaniach były ‘Matahari’, ‘Kani’, ‘Otong’, ‘Sitokong’, ‘Lai’, ‘Kim’, ‘Sunan’, ‘Bokor’, ‘Hortimart’ i ‘Tangkue’. Badania wykazały, że odsetek zawiązywania owoców wynosił od 0% do 20% w różnych kombinacjach krzyżowań. Wpływ odmiany jako formy matecznej był istotny na takie cechy, jak zawiązywanie owoców, masę owoców, obwód owocu, długość owocu, grubość skórki owocu, grubość miąższu, udział części jadalnej, długość kolców, liczba komór bez miąższu, całkowita masa i liczba nasion w pełni wykształconych oraz procentowy udział nasion niewypełnionych. Odmiana Matahari użyta jako forma mateczna wytwarzała największe owoce z najgrubszym miąższem podskórnym, w najwyższym procencie części jadalnych i wszystkimi komorami wypełnionymi. Formy ojcowskie miały wpływ na zawiązywanie owoców, długość owocu, grubość skórki, liczbę nasion, całkowitą wagę nasion oraz udział nasion niewypełnionych. Odmiana Sitokong użyta jako forma ojcowska miała najniższą całkowitą masę nasion i najmniejszą liczbę nasion oraz najwyższy udział nasion niewypełnionych
Effects of Shoot Heading on Three Canopy Vase Forms of Apricot Trees (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.)
Authors: Szklarz Michał , Radajewska Bożena , Kluczyńska Monika , Głowacka Ewa 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The study was carried out in the Przybroda experimental orchard near Poznań, Poland, using the three apricot cultivars: Goldrich, Hargrand and Sirena. The trees were trained to three canopy vase forms. Every year, in spring, shortly after the blooming period, apricot tree shoots were shortened by one half, or by one third of their length. The control trees were not shortened. The influence of the shortening of the shoots on tree growth, morphology of fruit bearing zone, flower bud setting, and tree yielding was studied. Trees with shoots shortened by one half of their length developed a greater number of branched shoots than the control trees, but, at the same time, they developed less spurs. The best yielding results were obtained from the ‘Sirena’ trees, while the lowest yielding results were obtained from ‘Goldrich’. Trees with a vase canopy form, with 7-9 limbs and branches, and with shoots shortened by one third of their length, yielded better than the trees of the two other canopy forms
Assessment of the Pesticide Residue Occurrence in Fruit from the South-Eastern Region of Poland During 2010-2011 Seasons
Authors: Słowik-Borowiec Magdalena , Szpyrka Ewa , Kurdziel Anna , Grzegorzak Magdalena , Matyaszek Aneta 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
During the 2010-2011 seasons, analyses of 171 samples of fresh fruit from the south-eastern region of Poland were performed. The research program included the determination of 137 (in 2010) to 152 (in 2011) active substances, together with their metabolites and decomposition products. The analytical methods used in the research were gas chromatography (GC/ECD/NPD) and spectrophotometry (to determine residues of dithiocarbamates). The results were compared with Poland’s allowed maximum residue levels (MRLs).
Residues of active plant protection product substances were detected in 85 samples (50%), while 7 (4%) samples had exceeded the MRLs.
Violations of MRLs were mainly concerned with the following group of insecticides: cypermethrin (in black currant), esfenwalerate (in raspberry), and the fungicides: propiconazole, and difenoconazole (in gooseberries).
Entre chien et loup, les personnalités Borderland
Authors: Bernstein Jerome S. , Lacour Laurence , Le Hénand Françoise 
Published: June 2013

Toute culture possède un mythe fondateur sur lequel elle est édifiée. Pour la culture occidentale, il s’agit de la Bible hébraïque. L’auteur analyse les conséquences archétypiques du récit du jardin d’Éden de la Genèse sur l’évolution de la civilisation occidentale. Il montre comment la construction du moi dans la culture euro-américaine a fait de celui-ci un partenaire de la co-évolution du psychisme – pour le meilleur et pour le pire. L’homme acculturé est psychiquement séparé et apparemment définitivement coupé de toute connexion psychique vivante d’avec la Nature. Partant de là, la psyché occidentale évolue vers une perte progressive de l’esprit et du lien au sacré. Ceci est symbolisé de manière flagrante par l’attitude occidentale à l’égard de la planète mettant en péril la survie de notre espèce. Cet article explore les deux pôles du trauma, positif et négatif. Il s’attache à montrer comment la conscience Borderland naît d’un passage, via le portail du trauma, vers une dimension du sacré qui lui procure enfin un sentiment d’apaisement. Une vignette clinique est présentée qui illustre la dynamique décrite ci-dessus et propose une approche thérapeutique des personnalités Borderland .
Quand la presse défie les États. Les ambitions internationales du Matin (1897-1944)
Authors: Pinsolle Dominique 
Published: June 2013

L’instrumentalisation des journaux par les gouvernements en matière de relations internationales a déjà été largement étudiée. L’historiographie a cependant tendance à cantonner la presse à un rôle d’intermédiaire passif et à la réduire à des feuilles d’influence ne disposant d’aucune initiative propre. Pourtant, l’étude du Matin , un des quotidiens français les plus importants de la première moitié du xx e siècle, prouve qu’un journal national peut exercer une réelle influence à l’échelle internationale, même si cette influence demeure fragile et très limitée. Maurice Bunau-Varilla, patron légendaire du Matin de 1903 à 1944, n’hésite pas à défier certains gouvernants étrangers dans les décennies précédant le premier conflit mondial et devient l’interlocuteur de certains d’entre eux après 1918. Cependant, son influence reste dépendante de l’attitude des autres journaux ou des puissances qui cherchent à l’instrumentaliser.
Les correspondants étrangers de l'Agence France Presse sous une double contrainte étatique
Authors: Laville Camille 
Published: June 2013

L’Agence France Presse entretient avec l’État français des liens étroits qui s’expliquent par les conditions de sa création au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale mais également par son statut juridique. Bien que l’État et l’agence de presse entretiennent des relations d’influence depuis 1944, celles-ci ont connu des variations historiques considérables. Les correspondants étrangers de l’Agence France Presse sont aux prises avec une double contrainte étatique, celle exercée par l’État français mais également celle exercée par le pouvoir étatique du pays qu’ils couvrent, notamment dans le cadre des régimes autoritaires. C’est donc à une renégociation permanente qu’ils doivent procéder pour exercer leur activité en respectant les règles éthiques du métier d’agencier.
On Optimal Cash Management under a Stochastic Volatility Model
Authors: Song Na , Ching Wai-Ki , Siu Tak-Kuen , Yiu Cedric Ka-Fai 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe discuss a mathematical model for optimal cash management. A firm wishes to manage cash to meet demands for daily operations, and to maximize terminal wealth via bank deposits and stock investments that pay dividends and have uncertain capital gains. A Stochastic Volatility (SV) model is adopted for the capital gains rate of a stock, providing a more realistic way to describe its price dynamics. The cash management problem is formulated as a stochastic optimal control problem, and solved numerically using dynamic programming. We analyze the implications of the heteroscedasticity described by the SV model for evaluating risk, by comparing the terminal wealth arising from the SV model to that obtained from a Constant Volatility (CV) model.
Constructing Syphilis and Black Motherhood: Maternal Health Care for Women of African Descent in New York’s Columbus Hill, 1915-30
Authors: Hart Tanya 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Negative stereotypes of black people, and of mothers in particular, have historically had material meaning. They directly supported racialized health policies, practices, and thinking among the health care communities and inhibited black women’s capacity to protect the health and welfare of themselves and their children. This was evidenced in an early twentieth-century health experiment in New York’s Columbus Hill, 1917-30. This research examines how health care reformers and practitioners constructed narratives of black disease vis-à-vis motherhood or, alternately, sought to treat the presumed susceptibility of black women and communities to syphilis. The findings suggest that black mothers disproved negative stereotypes of inferior mothering by seeking out health care for themselves and their children-even to the point of consenting to the extreme discomfort and dangers of syphilis testing to receive prenatal care. Ironically, as their participation reflected an adherence to good mothering, their agency supported a growth in a medical industry that benefitted from the persistent negative stereotypes.