bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Benchmark for Decadal Forecasts of Global Surface Temperature Anomalies
Authors: Newman Matthew 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The suitability of a linear inverse model (LIM) as a benchmark for decadal surface temperature forecast skill is demonstrated. Constructed from the observed simultaneous and 1-yr lag covariability statistics of annually averaged sea surface temperature (SST) and surface (2 m) land temperature global anomalies during 1901–2009, the LIM has hindcast skill for leads of 2–5 yr and 6–9 yr comparable to and sometimes even better than skill of the phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) model hindcasts initialized annually over the period 1960–2000 and has skill far better than damped persistence (e.g., a local univariate AR1 process). Over the entire post-1901 record, the LIM skill pattern is similar but has reduced amplitude. Pronounced similarity in geographical variations of skill between LIM and CMIP5 hindcasts suggests similarity in their sources of skill as well, supporting additional evaluation of LIM predictability. For forecast leads above 1–2 yr, LIM skill almost entirely results from three nonorthogonal patterns: one corresponding to the secular trend and two more, each with about 10-yr decorrelation time scales but no trend, that represent most of the predictable portions of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) indices, respectively. As found in previous studies, the AMO-related pattern also contributes to multidecadal variations in global mean temperature, and the PDO-related pattern has maximum amplitude in the west Pacific and represents the residual after both interannual and decadal ENSO variability are removed from the PDO time series. These results suggest that current coupled model decadal forecasts may not yet have much skill beyond that captured by multivariate, predictably linear dynamics.
Are modern contraceptives acceptable to people and where do they source them from across Nigeria?
Authors: Onwujekwe Obinna E , Enemuoh Jane C , Ogbonna Chinwe , Mbachu Chinyere , Uzochukwu Benjamin SC , Lawson Agathe , Ndyanabangi Bannet 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background
Understanding the extent that different modern contraceptives are acceptable to different populations groups and where they get the commodities from will help in developing specific interventions that will help to scale-up the availability of the contraceptives.

Methods
The study took place in urban and rural sites in six states across Nigeria. Data on acceptability and sources of the contraceptives was collected from at least 770 randomly selected mostly female householders from each state respectively using a questionnaire. Acceptability of the different contraceptives was scored by the respondents on a scale of 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest). The relationships between acceptability and sources of the contraceptives with socio-economic status and geographic location of the respondents were examined.

Results
The use of modern contraceptives in general was acceptable to 87% of the respondents. Male condom was the most acceptable means of contraceptive with an average score of 5.0. It was followed by implants with and oral contraceptive pill with average scores of 4.0, whilst IUD was the least acceptable with an average score of 2.9. The private sector was the major source of contraceptives to different population groups. Both male and female condoms were mostly procured from patent medicine dealers (PMD) and pharmacy shops. Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) and implants were mostly sourced from public and private hospitals in the urban areas, whilst injectibles were mostly sourced from private hospitals. Oral contraceptives were mostly sourced from pharmacy shops and patent medicine dealers. There were SES and geographic differences for both acceptability and sources of the contraceptives. Also, the sources of different contraceptives depended on the type of the contraceptive.

Conclusion
The different contraceptives were acceptable to the respondents and the major source of the contraceptives was the private sector. Hence, public-private partnership arrangements should be explored so that universal coverage with contraceptives could be easily achieved. Interventions should be developed to eliminate the inequities in both acceptability and sources of different contraceptives. The acceptability of all the contraceptives should be enhanced with relevant behaviour change communication interventions especially in areas with the lowest levels of acceptability.
Iodine-123 Metaiodobenzylguanidine Scintigraphy Scoring Allows Prediction of Outcome in Patients With Stage 4 Neuroblastoma: Results of the Cologne Interscore Comparison Study
Authors: Decarolis Boris , Schneider Christina , Hero Barbara , Simon Thorsten , Volland Ruth , Roels Frederik , Dietlein Markus , Berthold Frank , Schmidt Matthias 
Published: January 2013

Purpose Radioiodinated metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-mIBG) scintigraphy is an established imaging method in neuroblastoma. Semiquantitative scoring systems have been developed to assess the extent of disease and response to chemotherapy. We present the results of the comparison between the SIOPEN [International Society of Pediatric Oncology Europe Neuroblastoma Group] score and the modified Curie score. Patients and Methods We retrospectively analyzed 147 mIBG scans of 58 patients older than 1 year of age with stage 4 neuroblastoma from German Neuroblastoma Trial NB97 that were assessed according to the SIOPEN and the Curie scoring method. mIBG examinations were performed at diagnosis and after four and six cycles of chemotherapy. Results Scoring results were highly correlated between both methods, and interobserver reliability was excellent. A Curie score ≤ 2 and a SIOPEN score ≤ 4 (best cutoff) at diagnosis were correlated to significantly better event-free and overall survival compared with higher scores. After four cycles of chemotherapy, overall survival was significantly better for mIBG-negative patients compared with those with any residual mIBG-positive metastases. After six cycles of chemotherapy, there was no difference in survival between mIBG-negative patients and patients with residual mIBG-positive metastases. Patients without mIBG-positive metastases after four and six cycles of chemotherapy had a better overall survival, but late clearance of mIBG-positive metastases did not improve outcome. Conclusion Higher mIBG scores at diagnosis and occurrence of any residual mIBG-positive metastases after four cycles of chemotherapy predicted unfavorable outcome for patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma. Later clearance of metastases did not improve prognosis. The Curie and the SIOPEN score were equally reliable and predictive.
Aqueous red-emitting silicon nanoparticles for cellular imaging: Consequences of protecting against surface passivation by hydroxide and water for stable red emission
Authors: Chiu Sheng-Kuei , Manhat Beth A. , DeBenedetti William J.I. , Brown Anna L. , Fichter Katye , Vu Tania , Eastman Micah , Jiao Jun , Goforth Andrea M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The Prevalence of Reoperation and Related Risk Factors Among Patients With Congenital Esotropia
Authors: Rajavi Zhale , Ferdosi Ahmad Ali , Eslamdoust Mina , Yaseri Mehdi , Haftabadi Narges , Kroji Setareh , Sheibani Kourosh 
Published: January 2013

Purpose:
To determine the prevalence rate and related risk factors of reoperation among patients with congenital esotropia.

Methods:
One hundred fifty-seven children with congenital esotropia were divided into two groups after at least one operation: children with deviation within 10 PD (n = 89; success group) and those with deviation greater than 10 PD or history of reoperation (n = 68; failure group). The relationship of risk factors such as age at first operation and primary congenital esotropia of less than 30 or more than 50 PD and accompanying factors such as inferior oblique muscle overaction (> +1), dissociated vertical deviation, lateral rectus muscle underaction, and A-V pattern with reoperation were studied. Final sensory status of children 5 years and older was evaluated by Worth 4-dot and Titmus tests.

Results:

Reoperation was indicated in 32.4% of children who had residual esotropia greater than 15 PD after 3 months following their first operation. Congenital esotropia greater than 30 PD (
P
= .002) and lateral rectus muscle underaction of −1 to −2 (
P
< .005), were statistically different between the two groups. Initial operation at younger than 3 years was more likely to achieve gross stereopsis in children 5 years and older (
P
= .032).

Conclusion:
Congenital esotropia greater than 30 PD and lateral rectus muscle underaction were found to be risk factors of reoperation.
Temperature modulation of photoperiodism: an adaptation for long-distance dispersal in the aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Smith M.A.H. , MacKay P.A. , Lamb R.J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractVariation in the seasonal occurrence of asexual and sexual phenotypes of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is quantified for a local population in southern Manitoba, Canada. To survive winter, summer asexual generations must produce a sexual generation in a timely way at the end of the season, so that females can lay overwintering eggs. This transition is controlled by day length, which varies in a fixed seasonal pattern with latitude, and the local pattern of day length selects for an appropriate photoperiodic response. Substantial variation in the timing of production of males and mating females occurs among locally collected genotypes. Some of the variation is due to the arrival of long-distance dispersers (1000 km or more), and some is consistent with shorter but still long-distance dispersal. Some of the variation is due to year-to-year changes in late summer temperature. The critical day length in nature, which corresponds to critical photoperiod, increases as the average temperature decreases. This temperature modulation is adaptive because it allows many genotypes to produce some sexual phenotypes before the end of the season, although their photoperiodic responses are characteristic of long-distance dispersers and inappropriate to local day lengths.
Os Corpos de Trabalhadores e a organização do trabalho livre na província do Pará (1838-1859)
Authors: Fuller Claudia Maria 
Published: January 2013

Este texto examina a tentativa de construção de um modelo de trabalhador livre contraposto aodenominado vadio, na província do Pará, após a Cabanagem, por meio do recrutamento compulsório da mãode obra livre para os Corpos de Trabalhadores. Abstract: This text examines the attempt to build a model of free worker in opposition to the notion of vagrantthrough the compulsory recruitment of free workforce called Corpos de Trabalhadores in the Province of Pará(Brazil), in the post-Cabanagem period.
Synthesis of Monodisperse Hollow Carbon Nanocapsules by Using Protective Silica Shells
Authors: Quan Bo , Nam Gi‐Eun , Choi Hyuck Jae , Piao Yuanzhe 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMonodisperse hollow carbon nanocapsules (<200 nm) with mesoporous shells were synthesized by coating their outer shells with silica to prevent aggregation during their high‐temperature annealing. Monodispersed silica nanoparticles were used as starting materials and octadecyltrimethoxysilane (C18TMS) was used as a carbon source to create core–shell nanostructures. These core–shell nanoparticles were coated with silica on their outer shell to form a second shell layer. This outer silica shell prevented aggregation during calcination. The samples were characterized by TEM, SEM, dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV/Vis spectroscopy, and by using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The as‐synthesized hollow carbon nanoparticles exhibited a high surface area (1123 m2 g−1) and formed stable dispersions in water after the pegylation process. The drug‐loading and drug‐release properties of these hollow carbon nanocapsules were also investigated.
Efficient and Selective Formation of Macrocyclic Disubstituted Z Alkenes by Ring‐Closing Metathesis (RCM) Reactions Catalyzed by Mo‐ or W‐Based Monoaryloxide Pyrrolide (MAP) Complexes: Applications to Total Syntheses of Epilachnene, Yuzu Lactone, Ambrettolide, Epothilone C, and Nakadomarin A
Authors: Wang Chenbo , Yu Miao , Kyle Andrew F. , Jakubec Pavol , Dixon Darren J. , Schrock Richard R. , Hoveyda Amir H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe first broadly applicable set of protocols for efficient Z‐selective formation of macrocyclic disubstituted alkenes through catalytic ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) is described. Cyclizations are performed with 1.2–7.5 mol % of a Mo‐ or W‐based monoaryloxide pyrrolide (MAP) complex at 22 °C and proceed to complete conversion typically within two hours. Utility is demonstrated by synthesis of representative macrocyclic alkenes, such as natural products yuzu lactone (13‐membered ring: 73 % Z) epilachnene (15‐membered ring: 91 % Z), ambrettolide (17‐membered ring: 91 % Z), an advanced precursor to epothilones C and A (16‐membered ring: up to 97 % Z), and nakadomarin A (15‐membered ring: up to 97 % Z). We show that catalytic Z‐selective cyclizations can be performed efficiently on gram‐scale with complex molecule starting materials and catalysts that can be handled in air. We elucidate several critical principles of the catalytic protocol: 1) The complementary nature of the Mo catalysts, which deliver high activity but can be more prone towards engendering post‐RCM stereoisomerization, versus W variants, which furnish lower activity but are less inclined to cause loss of kinetic Z selectivity. 2) Reaction time is critical to retaining kinetic Z selectivity not only with MAP species but with the widely used Mo bis(hexafluoro‐tert‐butoxide) complex as well. 3) Polycyclic structures can be accessed without significant isomerization at the existing Z alkenes within the molecule.
Unsymmetrically Substituted Mo3S44+ Clusters Bearing Diphosphane Ligands
Authors: Sorribes Ivan , Llusar Rosa , Vicent Cristian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA unique series of unsymmetrically substituted [Mo3S4(dmpe)3Cl3–x(dca)x]PF6 (x = 0–3) clusters that feature mixed Cl/dca terminal ligands, prepared by thermal reaction of [Mo3S4(dmpe)3Cl3]PF6 ([1]PF6) [dmpe = 1,2‐bis(dimethylphosphanyl)ethane] with sodium dicyanamide [Na(dca); dca = dicyanamide] is reported. The cluster/Na(dca) ratio, reaction time as well as the nature of the solvent dictate the relative ratio of [Mo3S4(dmpe)3Cl2(dca)]PF6 ([2]PF6), [Mo3S4(dmpe)3Cl(dca)2]PF6 ([3]PF6) and [Mo3S4(dmpe)3(dca)3]PF6 ([4]PF6). An electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) based protocol was employed for high‐throughput optimization of reaction conditions directed to obtain [2–4]PF6 in optimal yield. The incorporation of dca confers significant polarity differences on the [2–4]PF6 series, so that compounds [2–4]PF6 can be efficiently isolated in analytically pure form after silica gel chromatography and represent the first examples of unsymmetrically substituted Mo3S44+ clusters that feature mixed terminal ligands. The structural, spectroscopic and electrochemical consequences of the stepwise Cl/dca replacement along the [1–4]PF6 series are also presented. The distinctive UV/Vis and electrochemical features along the [1–4]PF6 series illustrate the ability to fine‐tune the physicochemical properties of Mo3S44+ clusters upon stepwise dca incorporation more efficiently than upon complete ligand substitution.
Hereditary uveal melanoma: A report of a germline mutation in BAP1
Authors: Höiom Veronica , Edsgärd Daniel , Helgadottir Hildur , Eriksson Hanna , All‐Ericsson Charlotta , Tuominen Rainer , Ivanova Ivayla , Lundeberg Joakim , Emanuelsson Olof , Hansson Johan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMelanoma of the eye is a rare and distinct subtype of melanoma, which only rarely are familial. However, cases of uveal melanoma (UM) have been found in families with mixed cancer syndromes. Here, we describe a comprehensive search for inherited genetic variation in a family with multiple cases of UM but no aggregation of other cancer diagnoses. The proband is a woman diagnosed with UM at 16 years who within 6 months developed liver metastases. We also identified two older paternal relatives of the proband who had died from UM. We performed exome sequencing of germline DNA from members of the affected family. Exome‐wide analysis identified a novel loss‐of‐function mutation in the BAP1 gene, previously suggested as a tumor suppressor. The mutation segregated with the UM phenotype in this family, and we detected a loss of the wild‐type allele in the UM tumor of the proband, strongly supporting a causative association with UM. Screening of BAP1 germline mutations in families predisposed for UM may be used to identify individuals at increased risk of disease. Such individuals may then be enrolled in preventive programs and regular screenings to facilitate early detection and thereby improve prognosis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Message passing interface and multithreading hybrid for parallel molecular docking of large databases on petascale high performance computing machines
Authors: Zhang Xiaohua , Wong Sergio E. , Lightstone Felice C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA mixed parallel scheme that combines message passing interface (MPI) and multithreading was implemented in the AutoDock Vina molecular docking program. The resulting program, named VinaLC, was tested on the petascale high performance computing (HPC) machines at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. To exploit the typical cluster‐type supercomputers, thousands of docking calculations were dispatched by the master process to run simultaneously on thousands of slave processes, where each docking calculation takes one slave process on one node, and within the node each docking calculation runs via multithreading on multiple CPU cores and shared memory. Input and output of the program and the data handling within the program were carefully designed to deal with large databases and ultimately achieve HPC on a large number of CPU cores. Parallel performance analysis of the VinaLC program shows that the code scales up to more than 15K CPUs with a very low overhead cost of 3.94%. One million flexible compound docking calculations took only 1.4 h to finish on about 15K CPUs. The docking accuracy of VinaLC has been validated against the DUD data set by the re‐docking of X‐ray ligands and an enrichment study, 64.4% of the top scoring poses have RMSD values under 2.0 Å. The program has been demonstrated to have good enrichment performance on 70% of the targets in the DUD data set. An analysis of the enrichment factors calculated at various percentages of the screening database indicates VinaLC has very good early recovery of actives. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metabolic derangements in the gastrocnemius and the effect of Compound A therapy in a murine model of cancer cachexia
Authors: Der-Torossian Hirak , Wysong Ashley , Shadfar Scott , Willis Monte S. , McDunn Jonathan , Couch Marion E. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundCancer cachexia is a severe wasting syndrome characterized by the progressive loss of lean body mass and systemic inflammation. Inhibiting the signaling of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) largely prevents cancer‐induced muscle wasting in murine models. We have previously shown the utility of Compound A, a highly selective novel NF‐κB inhibitor that targets the IκB kinase complex, to provide clinical benefit in cancer‐induced skeletal muscle and cardiac atrophy.MethodsUsing a metabolomics approach, we describe the changes found between cachectic and noncachectic gastrocnemius muscles before and after Compound A treatment at various doses.ResultsOf the 234 metabolites in the gastrocnemius, cachexia‐induced changes in gastrocnemius metabolism reset the steady‐state abundances of 42 metabolites (p < 0.05). These changes, not evenly distributed across biochemical categories, are concentrated in amino acids, peptides, carbohydrates and energetics intermediates, and lipids. The gastrocnemius glycolytic pathway is markedly altered—changes consistent with tumor Warburg physiology. This is the first account of a Warburg effect that is not exclusively restricted to cancer cells or rapidly proliferating nonmalignant cells. Cachectic gastrocnemius also displays tricarboxylic acid cycle disruptions, signs of oxidative stress, and impaired redox homeostasis. Compound A only partially rescues the phenotype of the cachectic gastrocnemius, failing to restore the gastrocnemius’ baseline metabolic profile.ConclusionsThe findings in the present manuscript enumerate the metabolic consequences of cachexia in the gastrocnemius and demonstrate that NF‐kB targeted treatment only partly rescues the cachectic metabolic phenotype. These data strengthen the previous findings from metabolomic characterization of serum in cachectic animals, suggesting that many of the metabolic alterations observed in the blood originate in the diseased muscle. These findings provide significant insight into the complex pathophysiology of cancer cachexia and provide objective criteria for evaluating future therapeutics.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13539‐012‐0101‐7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Queen Elizabeth Land
Authors: Dodds Klaus 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis note considers the decision by the UK government to rename the southern portion of the Antarctic Peninsula - Queen Elizabeth Land. Named in honour of the UK Head of State, it was intended to be a ‘gift’ recognising her Diamond Jubilee. However, the 169,000 square mile territory in question is counter-claimed by Argentina and Chile. The circumstances surrounding this declaration, in December 2012, reveals both the contested politics of Antarctic place naming, and a growing willingness of the UK government to strengthen its ‘strategic presence’ in the Antarctic and wider South Atlantic/Falkland Islands region. This naming event provoked Argentina to issue a formal protest note to the UK Ambassador to Argentina.
‘A kind of suicide’? Errors and misconceptions in Roland Huntford's account of the last days of Scott's polar party
Authors: May Karen , Lewis George 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTIn writing and interviews Roland Huntford has stated that at the end of his life Captain Robert Falcon Scott ‘probably’ had no reason to wish to survive, and that he ‘persuaded’ Dr Edward A. Wilson and Lieutenant Henry Bowers to remain in the tent with him when they could have gone forward. This commentary demonstrates that Huntford's interpretation of events shows a serious misunderstanding of the primary sources and historical context; that Wilson and Bowers could not have survived had they gone forward, a fact which Huntford himself understands; and that Scott had extremely strong motivation to wish to return home.