bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spezialisierungsinteresse und Integrationsaversion im Rat für Gegenseitige Wirtschaftshilfe: Der DDR-Werkzeugmaschinenbau in den 1970er Jahren
Authors: Ahrens Ralf 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Socialist economic integration’ in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA)officially aimed at progressing from the member states’ bilateral trade to the bi- and multilateral coordination of production, research and development. The East German economy had, on the one hand, a vital interest in this international division of labour through political planning that stabilized markets for imports and exports and created economies of scale. On the other hand, politically planned specialization with the lower industrialized CMEA countries tended to preserve the existing structure of GDR industry instead of stimulating technological progress. The article illustrates this dilemma with a case study of the machine tool industry. In the 1970s, this highly qualified and traditionally trade-intensive branch fell behind the international trend that went from numerical control (NC) to computerized numerical control (CNC) technology. But the problem of declining international competitiveness was already detected in the 1960s and early 1970s regarding traditional NC machine tools. Evidence shows that even these less complex tasks could not be managed sufficiently by CMEA or bilateral integration measures.
The Worlds of Work: Formal Knowledge and Practical Abilities in Diderot’s Encyclopédie
Authors: Poni Carlo 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The work practices of different crafts are subjects of articles in Diderot’s Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, arts et métiers, in which writers, including Diderot and the chevalier de Jaucourt, reflect on the nature of work and contemporary economic activity. The distinction between the mechanical arts and the liberal arts was fundamental for Diderot, and he affirmed the importance of the former. Articles on pinmaking, watch-making and silk, and more general articles on masterpiece, commerce, art, manufacture, and industry are examined. In the latter, Jaucourt identified art exclusively with beaux arts, and underscored industry as a process of mechanical operations, foreshadowing a new economic system.
Prophecy, eclipses and whole-sale markets: A case study on why data driven economic history requires history of economics, a philosopher’s reflection
Authors: Schliesser Eric 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this essay, I use a general argument about the evidential role of data in ongoing inquiry to show that it is fruitful for economic historians and historians of economics to collaborate more frequently. The shared aim of this collaboration should be to learn from past economic experience in order to improve the cutting edge of economic theory. Along the way, I attack a too rigorous distinction between the history of economics and economic history. By drawing on the history of physics, I argue that the history of a discipline can be a source of important evidence in ongoing inquiry. My argument relies on the claim that it is a constitutive element of science that evidence is never discarded forever and is thus historical in nature. In the final section, I offer a case study by explaining a research proposal that turns on a long-running data-set Babylonian whole-sale prices of six commodities noted in pre-Hellenistic and Hellenistic times. To motivate my reading of this data-set, I critically discuss Aristotle′s successful attempt to distinguish between astrology and political economy.
Wie viel Geschichte braucht die Ökonomie? Das Verhältnis von Theorie und Geschichte in evolutionstheoretischer Interpretation
Authors: Dopfer Kurt 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Economic History and History of Economic Thought haven been relegated increasingly from the teaching and research curricula of economics in recent years. The paper starts off arguing that this trend is due to the mechanistic ontology of mainstream economics, and it continues setting out an alternative evolutionary ontology expounding how the historical element must and can be integrated into the body of economic theory. Centre stage is a lingua franca composed of analytical terms that are designed to bridge the domains of theoretical and of historical economic analysis. Economists are viewed in their status as observers whose cognitive dispositions as well as social behaviour co-evolve with the environment they inhabit. Further advances in economic theory are seen as being critically dependent on employing an evolutionary approach and on establishing a communication link to economic history and the history of economic thought which likewise may get essential inspirations from applying that approach.
Regeln, Willkür und der gute Ruf: Geldpolitik und Finanzmarkteffizienz in Deutschland, 14. bis 16. Jahrhundert
Authors: Volckart Oliver 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper examines the questions of whether and how feudal rulers were able to credibly commit to monetary stability, and of which consequences their decisions had for the efficiency of financial markets. The study reveals that princes were usually only able to commit to issuing a stable coinage in gold, but not in silver. As for silver currencies, the hypothesis is that transferring the right of coinage to an autonomous city was the functional equivalent of establishing an independent central bank. An analysis of market performance indicates that financial markets between cities that were autonomous with regard to monetary policies were significantly better integrated and more efficient than markets between cities whose currencies were supplied by a feudal ruler.
Getauschte Arbeit. Das Konzept des Arbeitsmarktes in dogmenhistorischer Perspektive
Authors: Tilly Stephanie 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The emergence of an industrial labor market is an important dimension of structural change in the 19th and 20th century western world. The paper describes how the labor market has been modeled in economic theory from classical liberalism through neo-classicism up to the New Institutional Economics and evaluates the fruitfulness of these theoretical schools for historical analysis. The examination of the changes in how economic theory has treated the exchange of labor in markets suggests that the separation of the once-integral subject of national economy into theory and history was accompanied by a fading concern for the institutional framework of labor market processes. It argues that this lack of institutional foundation has widened the gap between economic and historical approaches and led to an artificial vision of labor markets which is not appropriate for historical-empirical questions. In the author’s view, meaningful empirical findings in this field call for a theoretical framework for labor market analysis that is institutionally sensitive. The paper concludes that this goal can best be achieved by refashioning the theory-kit according to the postulates laid down in the New Institutional Economics.
German Machine Building: A New Benchmark before World War I
Authors: Fremdling Rainer 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The figure most commonly used as benchmark for the output of machinery before WW I is based on an estimate by the Association of German Machinery Producers (VDMA). It estimated that all German firms in total had sold machines worth 2800 million Marks in 1913.Using a recently detected detailed report, filed in the Federal Archives in Berlin-Lichterfelde, on the internal statistics of VDMA results in alternative figures for the benchmark year 1913. Besides the original figure of VDMA, two different new benchmark figures are presented here, namely 2700 m. M (VDMA modified) and 2600 m. M (according to Rech). The two new benchmark figures for 1913, in combination with a new production index, yield two time series for German machinery output between 1909 and 1918.
Managing Resources. Water and Wood in the German Pulp and Paper Industry, 1870s-1930s
Authors: Mutz Mathias 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Utilising natural resources demands for an effective management of knowledge, transport facilities, and resource supply. The essay looks at the pulp and paper industry’s use of water and wood to analyse this inter-connectedness of business and environmental history. In reference to Chandler’s view of business development as a process of growth and organisational differentiation, this is described as an internalisation of environmental aspects into the firm.
Going Round in Circles? The Disposal of PVC and Plastic at the Volkswagen Plant in Wolfsburg between Industrial Incineration and Landfilling since 1955
Authors: Grieger Manfred 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper deals with the efforts of the Volkswagenwerk, to handle waste disposal problems between economical and ecological requirements. It shows how environmental demands influence the legitimate economical motivations of a company. The environmental policy of the early seventies, which favoured landfilling of waste, foiled technological innovations of industrial incineration.
“Small Car Blues” Die Produktpolitik US-amerikanischer und deutscher Automobilhersteller unter dem Einfluss umweltpolitischer Vorgaben, 1960-1980
Authors: Köhler Ingo 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The future of the automobile lies in eco-friendly and fuel-efficient small cars. Nowadays, this prediction is considered to be an inevitable consequence of the costly shortage of fuel and the rising detrimental effects of motor traffic on the environment. But the debates are hardly new. In the context of the oil price crisis of the 1970s German and American carmakers were already massively criticised for their lack of innovative products in the small car segment. This essay deals with the different reasons for and effects of the Small Car Blues in the United States and Germany. Comparing the product strategies of carmakers in both countries it shows that the American Big Three were reluctant to adjust their product programmes for different reasons: First, the carmakers were bound in oligopolistic competition. Because of the high investments needed for entering the less profitable small car market, they considered a diversification too risky. Second, the producers were lacking the necessary know-how for producing small cars after having focused strongly on fullsizes and intermediates for years. Third, the American car buyers were much more accustomed to big, comfortable cars than Europeans. Even the technology forcing governmental obligations to enhance the fuel-efficiency and to reduce the exhaust emissions did not change their common reservations to-wards small cars. Given the obstacles from the demand as well as the supply side, it seemed to be the right strategy for the American manufacturers to continue to produce big cars. In Germany, however, the car makers revived the production of small and sub-medium-sized cars, building on a tradition of successful people cars that had briefly been suspended. Since the mid 1970s all major producers completed a downgrade of their model range and offered cars for each segment of buyers. Moving from a sellers’ to a buyers’ market, the manufacturers were not only much more adept in mass-producing small cars profitably. These car types were also socially more acceptable because only a few years ago they had made German mass motorization possible. In addition, governmental tax incentives encouraged the German customers to buy fuel-efficient small cars. The continuous demand in this segment of the market forced the carmakers to integrate small car offers back into their product programmes. Therefore, the Small Car Blues was just a short-term delay in the consumer-oriented adjustment of the German carmakers′ product strategies.
Soziale Ungleichheit im Spiegel des Konsums. Eine clusteranalytische Untersuchung zum differentiellen Konsum im Kaiserreich
Authors: Fischer Hendrik K. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The paper analyses consumer behaviour in different social classes in late 19th century Germany. Using a complete new database with 3,994 household budgets, it presents a new quantitative approach to answer the question how social stratification is reflected in different types of consumption. Unlike most previous attempts, the data set was not pre-classified first by some other attributes of social structure (such as occupation of the head of the household, income, etc.). Instead, the entire data set is classified and grouped by a cluster analysis of the households’ expenditure structures only. This approach has not been used for such a wide spectrum of society covering households of East-Prussian rural workers as well as the household of a Westphalian Count. Thus, the paper covers several new findings, e. g. a much wider variety of different consumption styles within working class households as traditionally assumed.
Vom ,Marketingloch‘ zur Wiederentdeckung der sportlichen Mittelklasse - vom Produktionsregime zur Marketingorientierung bei BMW
Authors: Triebet Florian 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW) underwent a severe corporate crisis from 1954 onwards; at the climax of this crisis the company was almost sold to its competitor Daimler-Benz in a dramatic general assembly on December, 9th 1959 the plan was thwarted only by minor shareholders and dealer representatives. An analysis of BMW’s car business area during the 1950s using the 4 Ps of the classic marketing mix as a methodological framework, reveals a missing marketing orientation as the real cause of this severe crisis.
Moreover, set in the context of the history of BMW’s car business in the 1930s and during the reconstruction after the crisis in the 1960s, the 1950s could be characterized as a singular and outstanding »marketing hole« in BMW’s history.
The Belgian Economic Elite and the Punishment of Economic Collaboration after the Second World War: Power and Legitimacy (1944-1952)
Authors: Luyten Dirk 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Punishment of economic collaboration was a priority for the Belgian judiciary after the Second World War. This led to a confrontation with the Belgian economic elite: during the occupation they had organized themselves in the Galopin-committee. This informal committee, dominated by the leaders of holdings and banks, elaborated a code of conduct concerning production for Germany. In so doing, the committee assigned itself a political role. This code of conduct was more or less put into practice in the key sectors of the economy. The judiciary did not agree with the political role the economic elite had assigned itself nor with the interpretation of what could be considered as acceptable economic collaboration. Repression of economic collaboration became an issue of confrontation between the economic and judicial elite: even if ultimately only a few big entrepreneurs were punished, the traditional economic elite’s legitimacy was called into question. The elite’s position was, on the other hand, enhanced by the Belgian economy’s successful recovery after the liberation, which was combined with an increase in workers’ purchase power and the introduction of a social security system.
Von der Tulpenkrise zum Finanzmarktkollaps. Das Allgemeine im Besonderen
Authors: Pierenkemper Toni 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Contrary to the presumed perfect markets of the Efficient Market Hypothesis, the very concept of which seems logically flawed, numerous economic crises have been observed in the economic development of the last four hundred years. The following paper seeks to shed light on a specific type of crisis the speculative crisis and in particular its general pattern, from its starting point as an innovative business idea, to Boom and Crash, to exploring consequences, making use of examples from selected historical crises. This paper also seeks to demonstrate that speculations of this sort were also often associated with long term positive effects on economic growth. A complete prevention of dynamic processes of this sort, therefore, by means of comprehensive regulation, appears not only illusory, but also anti-progressive, although measures to limit the negative effects of crises as far as possible must, of course, be taken.
Zwischen Wettbewerbsideal und Staatsräson: Die Diskussionen im Deutschen Handelstag über Regulierung und Verstaatlichung der Eisenbahnen (1861–1879)
Authors: Gehlen Boris 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The Deutsche Handelstag, founded in 1861, coordinated the interests of its regional members - the chambers of commerce (or equivalent organisations) and regional interest groups. It mainly discussed topics that affected the economy as a whole. It therefore strongly participated in the various negotiations concerning tariffs and the market organisation of German Railways. Discussions were predetermined by the logic of the different railway systems (state-owned, mixed, and private), that significantly affected each individual state’s railway policy. The Handelstag produced several proposals on market organisation and tariffs, most of which failed for political reasons. As well as revealing the difficulties inherent in getting these proposals publically adopted, internal discussions also reveal the complexity of integrating existing “national” markets in political negotiations. An appropriate form of market organisation still did not exist when the Deutsche Reich was founded in 1871. At this time the Handelstag (as it had done previously) favoured regulation, especially competition on the track, but finally conceded in nationalising the (Prussian) Railways in 1876/1879, as it was the only viable policy capable of overcoming market failure.
Industrial Districts – methodische und konzeptionelle Überlegungen zur Industriegeschichte Süd- und Westeuropas
Authors: Boldorf Marcel 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This article explores the concept of industrial districts and outlines how they can be applied to economic history. The methodological debate centres around Italy, Spain, France, French-speaking Switzerland and the USA, and focuses on: the impact of institutional arrangements at the beginning of industrial development; co-operation between small and medium-sized firms in joining regional networks; the existence of governance structures in place to help mitigate district-internal conflicts; the institutionalisation of conjoint vocational training; producers’ willingness to share information, thus creating a skills market; and the common marketing of goods through the introduction of regional trade marks. The theoretical framework is contrasted with neighbouring approaches, such as the cluster economies. Finally, reasons behind the concept’s poor reception in German-speaking research are discussed.
After the Crisis: Nationalisation and re-privatization of the German great banks 1931–1937
Authors: Ziegler Dieter 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
After the 1931 banking crisis the survival of the four German great banks was safeguarded only by a huge injection of taxpayers’ money. In return, the great banks were partly nationalized and the two worst affected, the Dresdner Bank and the Danat Bank, were merged. Re-privatization was, however, started only a few years later and finalized under Nazi rule in 1937. This article assesses the costs of the bailing out and explains why the Nazi government was prepared to sacrifice more than 500m RM for the sake of re-establishing a banking system which had been a major target of Nazi propaganda before they came to power.
Bankenkrise und Bankenrettung – Die Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft in der Banken- und Finanzkrise des Jahres 1931
Authors: Wixforth Harald 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
After the German banking system’s collapse on July 13th 1931 the German government was faced with the problem of reorganizing and reconstructing the financial system. The first measures taken concentrated on the Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft, a state owned great bank, which played a prominent role in stabilizing the Dresdner Bank and some smaller regional banks. This article examines the different steps involved in restoring the Dresdner Bank’s liquidity, in granting it credit and in completely reconstructing it under German government control. Further, it analyses these steps for some smaller regional banks as well.
Screening for Hazardous Drinking in Migrant Workers in Southeastern Spain
Authors: Perez‐Carceles Maria D. , Medina Maria D. , Perez‐Flores Domingo , Noguera Jose A. , Pereniguez Juan E. , Madrigal Manuel , Luna Aurelio 
Published: January 2014

Screening for Hazardous Drinking in Migrant Workers in Southeastern Spain : Maria D. PEREZ‐CARCELES, et al. Department of Health and Social Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, E30100, Spain—ObjectivesDespite the great impact the migration has had in economic, social and health‐related fields, and the repercussions of alcohol consumption on them, few data exist concerning the extent of alcohol consumption in migrant workers. The aims of this study were to identify workers with a hazardous drinking problem by means of a self‐reported questionnaire (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test‐AUDIT) and a biomarker (carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin‐CDT) and to ascertain associated risk factors.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was conducted using a random sample of 385 migrant workers, undergoing a routine health examination as part of occupational health services.ResultsThe results showed that 13.8% (n=53) of the workers were screened as positive with the AUDIT (≥8) and/or CDT (>2.6) and identified as hazardous drinkers and that 53.8% (n=207) were teetotallers. Being a man (OR: 2.0), working in the construction industry (OR: 2.8) or agriculture (OR: 2.2), being resident in Spain for more than 7 years (OR: 2.3) and sharing a house with friends were the factors most closely associated with hazardous drinking.ConclusionsPrevention‐orientated programs, adjusted to the characteristics of each country and the origin of the migrants themselves, should be instituted to modify the drinking habits of migrant workers considered at risk.
The Impact of Breast Cancer on Employment among Japanese Women
Authors: Saito Nobue , Takahashi Miyako , Sairenchi Toshimi , Muto Takashi 
Published: January 2014

The Impact of Breast Cancer on Employment among Japanese Women: Nobue SAITO, et al. Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine—ObjectivesBreast cancer (BC) is a cancer that affects working age women in Japan. The aim of this study was to examine the impact that BC has on the work‐related life of Japanese women and identify factors that correlate with job resignation.MethodsA cross‐sectional Internet survey of cancer survivors in Japan was conducted from December 2011 to February 2012. The questionnaire included questions regarding demographic characteristics, impact of cancer diagnosis and treatment on job resignation and consultation behavior of respondents regarding work‐related issues. This study reports results obtained from 105 respondents with BC.ResultsThe mean age of respondents at diagnosis was 42.5 ± 6.4 years, and the median time since diagnosis was 40 months. Thirty‐one respondents (29.5%) lost their jobs, and 12 could not find another job after BC diagnosis. Nearly half of the respondents (47.6%) reported a decrease in personal income after diagnosis. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that contract or part time workers were significantly more likely to lose their jobs compared with regular, full time workers (odds ratio, 2.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.39 to 4.55; p<0.001). Seventy‐nine respondents (75.2%) consulted someone regarding work‐related issues. The most frequently consulted person was the boss at the workplace.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that women with BC experience various job‐related problems. In order to create a supportive work environment for BC survivors, focus should be placed on facilitating communication and coordination between BC survivors, healthcare providers and coworkers.