bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Best Practices for Interdisciplinary Care Management by Hospital Glycemic Teams: Results of a Society of Hospital Medicine Survey Among 19 U.S. Hospitals
Authors: Rodriguez Annabelle , Magee Michelle , Ramos Pedro , Seley Jane Jeffrie , Nolan Ann , Kulasa Kristen , Caudell Kathryn Ann , Lamb Aimee , MacIndoe John , Maynard Greg 
Published: August 2014

Objective. The Society for Hospital Medicine (SHM) conducted a survey of U.S. hospital systems to determine how nonphysician providers (NPPs) are utilized in interdisciplinary glucose management teams.
Methods. An online survey grouped 50 questions into broad categories related to team functions. Queries addressed strategies that had proven successful, as well as challenges encountered. Fifty surveys were electronically distributed with an invitation to respond. A subset of seven respondents identified as having active glycemic committees that met at least every other month also participated in an in-depth telephone interview conducted by an SHM Glycemic Advisory Panel physician and NPP to obtain further details. The survey and interviews were conducted from May to July 2012.
Results. Nineteen hospital/hospital system teams completed the survey (38% response rate). Most of the teams (52%) had existed for 1–5 years and served 90–100% of noncritical care, medical critical care, and surgical units. All of the glycemic control teams were supported by the use of protocols for insulin infusion, basal-bolus subcutaneous insulin orders, and hypoglycemia management. However, &gt; 20% did not have protocols for discontinuation of oral hypoglycemic agents on admission or for transition from intravenous to subcutaneous insulin infusion. About 30% lacked protocols assessing A1C during the admission or providing guidance for insulin pump management. One-third reported that glycemic triggers led to preauthorized consultation or assumption of care for hyperglycemia.
Institutional knowledge assessment programs were common for nurses (85%); intermediate for pharmacists, nutritionists, residents, and students (40–45%); and uncommon for fellows (25%) and attending physicians (20%). Many institutions were not monitoring appropriate use of insulin, oral agents, or insulin protocol utilization. Although the majority of teams had a process in place for post-discharge referrals and specific written instructions were provided, only one-fourth were supported with written protocols to standardize medication, education, equipment, and follow-up instructions.
Conclusion. Inpatient glycemic control teams with NPPs often function in environments without a full set of measurement, education, standardization, transition, and order tools. Executive hospital leaders, community partners, and the glycemic control teams themselves need to address these deficiencies to optimize team effectiveness.
Factors Associated With Physical Therapists' Implementation of Physical Activity Interventions in the Netherlands
Authors: Huijg Johanna M. , Dusseldorp Elise , Gebhardt Winifred A. , Verheijden Marieke W. , van der Zouwe Nicolette , Middelkoop Barend J.C. , Duijzer Geerke , Crone Mathilde R. 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundPhysical therapists play an important role in the promotion of physical activity (PA) and the effectiveness of PA interventions. However, little is known about the extent to which they implement PA interventions following the intervention protocol and about the factors influencing their implementation behaviors.ObjectiveThe study objective was to investigate physical therapists' implementation fidelity regarding PA interventions, including completeness and quality of delivery, and influencing factors with a Theoretical Domains Framework–based questionnaire.DesignThe study was based on a cross-sectional design.MethodsA total of 268 physical therapists completed the Determinants of Implementation Behavior Questionnaire. Questions about completeness and quality of delivery were based on components and tasks of PA interventions as described by the Royal Dutch Society for Physical Therapy. Multilevel regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with completeness and quality of delivery.ResultsHigh implementation fidelity was found for the physical therapists, with higher scores for completeness of delivery than for quality of delivery. Physical therapists' knowledge, skills, beliefs about capabilities and consequences, positive emotions, behavioral regulation, and the automaticity of PA intervention delivery were the most important predictors of implementation fidelity. Together, the Theoretical Domains Framework accounted for 23% of the variance in both total completeness and total quality scores.LimitationsThe cross-sectional design precluded the determination of causal relationships. Also, the use of a self-report measure to assess implementation fidelity could have led to socially desirable responses, possibly resulting in more favorable ratings for completeness and quality.ConclusionsThis study enhances the understanding of how physical therapists implement PA interventions and which factors influence their behaviors. Knowledge about these factors may assist in the development of strategies to improve physical therapists' implementation behaviors.
Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: correlation between radiological and clinical findings
Authors: Yen Peggy P. W. , Ritchie Krista C. , Shankar Jai Jai Shiva 
Published: August 2014

Object
The pathophysiology of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs) results in perimedullary venous congestion and in turn central cord congestion. Clinically, this presents with progressive neurological dysfunctions that, if diagnosed in a timely fashion, can be at least halted and in part reversed.
In SDAVFs, imaging features on MRI and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) have not been studied in conjunction with clinical findings. The primary purpose of the present study was to test if severity of clinical presentation varies in relation to imaging.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study identified 12 patients treated for SDAVF at the authors' institution. The extent of venous congestion and cord edema was quantified by the number of vertebral levels shown to be affected on DSA and MRI. A modified Aminoff-Logue Scale (ALS) score was assigned at the time of diagnosis and again after definitive therapy. The patients were divided into one of two groups: those with venous congestion < 7 and ≥ 7 vertebral levels seen on DSA and MRI and with central cord edema < 6 and ≥ 6 levels. A t-test was used to assess for a difference in the presenting ALS score between the groups.

Results
Patients with ≥ 7 levels of venous congestion reported greater functional disability (DSA: p ≤ 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.509; and MRI: p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.632). Patients with a greater extent of cord edema also reported worse functional disability (p ≤ 0.001, d = 2.31). There was a strong linear correlation between the post- and pretreatment ALS scores (R2 = 0.86) for those with successful interventions (n = 9).

Conclusions
In patients with an SDAVF, the severity of the neurological dysfunction may be predicted by the extent of DSA- and MRI-documented venous congestion and cord edema. There was a strong positive relationship between initial and posttreatment neurological dysfunction.
Computed tomography–guided epidural patching of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks
Authors: Mihlon Frank , Kranz Peter G. , Gafton Andreia Roxana , Gray Linda 
Published: August 2014

Object
Cerebrospinal fluid leaks due to unrecognized durotomy during spinal surgery are often managed with a second surgery for dural closure. CT-guided percutaneous patching targeted to the dural defect offers an alternative to surgery since it can be performed in a minimally invasive fashion without the need for general anesthesia. This case series describes the authors' experience using targeted CT-guided percutaneous patching to repair incidental durotomies incurred during spinal surgery.

Methods
This investigation is a retrospective case series involving patients who underwent CT-guided percutaneous patching of surgical incidental durotomies and were referred between January 2007 and June 2013. Their presenting clinical history, myelographic findings, and clinical outcomes, including the need for eventual surgical duraplasty, were reviewed.

Results
Nine cases were identified, including 7 durotomies incurred during lumbar discectomy, one due to a medial transpedicular screw breach, and one incurred during vertebrectomy for spinal osteosarcoma. All patients who had favorable outcomes with percutaneous intervention alone had 2 common features: dural defect of 4 mm or smaller and absence of a pseudomeningocele. Patients with CSF leaks complicated by pseudomeningocele and those with a dural defect of 6 mm or more all required eventual surgical management.

Conclusions
The authors' results suggest that findings on CT myelography may help predict which patients with postsurgical durotomy can be treated with percutaneous intervention. In particular, CT-guided patching may be more likely to be successful in those patients with dural defects of less than 5 mm and without pseudomeningocele. In patients with larger dural defects or pseudomeningoceles, percutaneous blood patching alone is unlikely to be successful.
The role of atmospheric rivers in anomalous snow accumulation in East Antarctica
Authors: Gorodetskaya Irina V. , Tsukernik Maria , Claes Kim , Ralph Martin F. , Neff William D. , Van Lipzig Nicole P. M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRecent, heavy snow accumulation events over Dronning Maud Land (DML), East Antarctica, contributed significantly to the Antarctic ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB). Here we combine in situ accumulation measurements and radar‐derived snowfall rates from Princess Elisabeth station (PE), located in the DML escarpment zone, along with the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts Interim reanalysis to investigate moisture transport patterns responsible for these events. In particular, two high‐accumulation events in May 2009 and February 2011 showed an atmospheric river (AR) signature with enhanced integrated water vapor (IWV), concentrated in narrow long bands stretching from subtropical latitudes to the East Antarctic coast. Adapting IWV‐based AR threshold criteria for Antarctica (by accounting for the much colder and drier environment), we find that it was four and five ARs reaching the coastal DML that contributed 74–80% of the outstanding SMB during 2009 and 2011 at PE. Therefore, accounting for ARs is crucial for understanding East Antarctic SMB.
Observational evidence for temporary planetary wave forcing of the MLT during fall equinox
Authors: Stray Nora H. , de Wit Rosmarie J. , Espy Patrick J. , Hibbins Robert E. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe present direct observations of zonal wave numbers 1 and 2 planetary wave activity in the mesopause region derived from a longitudinal chain of high‐latitude Northern Hemisphere (51–66°N) Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars. Over a 9 year period (2000–2008), the planetary wave activity observed shows a consistent increase around the fall equinox. This is shown to be coincident with a minimum in the magnitude of the stratospheric winds and consequently a minimum in the stratospheric gravity wave filtering and the subsequent momentum deposition in the mesopause region. Despite this, the observed meridional winds are shown to be perturbed poleward and mesopause temperatures rise temporarily, suggesting that westward momentum deposition from planetary waves temporarily becomes the dominant forcing on the mesopause region each fall equinox.
Antidipolarization fronts observed by ARTEMIS
Authors: Li S.‐S. , Liu Jiang , Angelopoulos V. , Runov A. , Zhou X.‐Z. , Kiehas S. A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNear‐Earth reconnection on closed plasma sheet field lines is thought to generate plasmoids. A plasmoid is usually described as a plasma sheet expansion into the lobe, encompassed by closed magnetic loops or the helical fields of a flux rope (in this paper we do not distinguish plasmoids from flux ropes; rather we use the term plasmoid generically). Recently, sharp, highly asymmetric north‐then‐south bipolar variations (with a larger southward portion) in the magnetic field BZ component have been noted in midtail (XGSM ~ −60 RE) plasmoids. These variations do not fit the classical plasmoid model but are mirror images of earthward moving dipolarization fronts (DFs), which show asymmetric south‐then‐north BZ bipolar variations with a larger northward portion. Using case and statistical studies from 3 years of Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) data (at XGSM ~ −60 RE), we show that magnetic and particle properties of these typically tailward moving fronts, which we refer to as “antidipolarization fronts” (ADFs), are very similar to those of classical, typically earthward moving DFs, except for their BZ polarity and flow direction. First, like DFs and plasmoids, ADFs are associated with auroral electrojet enhancements. Second, like DFs, ADFs exhibit a sharp density decrease, plasma pressure increase, magnetic pressure increase, and particle heating immediately following the sharp BZ change. Third, particle spectra indicate that, as with DFs, there are two distinctly different magnetically separated populations ahead of and behind ADFs. The energy spectrograms of plasmoids, however, indicate a single hot population at the plasmoid center. We conclude that midtail ADFs are likely products of fast reconnection, observed on the tailward side of the reconnection site, just as DFs are products of fast reconnection seen on the earthward side. ADFs are observed at ARTEMIS much less frequently (~10%) than typical plasmoids but twice as frequently as DFs at the same distance. We suggest that ADFs are protoplasmoids that emerge from near‐Earth reconnection and evolve quickly into plasmoids as they propagate down the tail.
Nonlinear interaction of 3D kinetic Alfvén wave and whistler wave in solar wind plasmas
Authors: Sharma R. P. , Gaur Nidhi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn the present work, the nonlinear evolution of 3D kinetic Alfvén wave (KAW) has been investigated in solar wind plasmas. By taking the adiabatic response of background density the nonlinearity arises because of ponderomotive effects. The dynamical equations governing the dynamics of 3D KAW and whistler are obtained. We have performed the numerical simulation using pseudospectral method to study the evolution of the nonlinear localized structures of KAW in the solar wind at 1 AU. The interaction between 3D KAW and the amplification of weak whistler signal propagating in the localized structures of KAW has also been studied semi‐analytically to have an insight of the localization process. The relevance of the present work to the solar wind turbulence is discussed.
Bacterial Flagella: Flagellar Motor
Authors: Delalez Nicolas J 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

The bacterial flagellar motor is a complex biological rotary molecular motor, which is situated in the cell envelopes of bacteria. Whereas most biological motors use
adenosine triphosphate
as their energy source, the rotation of the flagellar motor is driven by a flow of charged ions across the bacterial plasma membrane. The motor powers the rotation of helical flagellar filaments at speeds of up to several hundred hertz. These rotating filaments act like propellers, pushing the cells through their environment. The motors are regulated by one of the best‐characterised biological signalling pathways, the chemotaxis pathway. This pathway changes the swimming pattern of the bacteria in response to changes in the concentration of external chemicals so that they move into environments, which are optimal for their growth. Other pathways can regulate the flagellar motor and the motor itself can respond to changing conditions by adapting parts of its structure.

Key Concepts:

Many bacteria swim using a small biological rotary motor which is powered by the movement of ions (H
+
or Na
+
) across the plasma membrane.

The bacterial flagellar motor consists of a rotor which rotates against stator units that are anchored to the peptidoglycan cell wall.

Torque is generated by the interaction of the stator units, MotA and MotB (or PomA and PomB for Na
+
‐driven motors), with FliG in the rotor.

Despite the fact that the driving ions always flow in one direction through the stator units, many flagellar motors can switch between clockwise and counterclockwise rotation.

The structure of the flagellar motor is highly dynamic, some of its components undergo rapid turnover while the motor is functioning in response to changing conditions.

A complex signalling pathway regulates the motor output in response to environmental signals ensuring that bacteria swim towards nutrient rich environments.
Plant Resistance to Infection by Viruses
Authors: Revers Frédéric , Nicaise Valérie 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Among the most devastating pathogens, plant viruses are responsible for considerable losses of most agronomically important crops in the fields. The development and use of cultivars that are genetically resistant to viruses is an efficient strategy to tackle the problems associated with virus diseases. Recently, important advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular nature and mechanisms associated with natural recessive and dominant resistance genes, as well as in the antiviral defence system based on ribonucleic acids, referred to as RNA silencing. In this review, the authors summarise current knowledge about the defence mechanisms that prevent or limit viral infection in plants and discuss the likely collaboration of these different antiviral strategies insuring the resistance of the whole plant.

Key Concepts:

A vast number of natural recessive resistances to plant viruses encode translational factors that are fully required for infection success.

Most of plant antiviral
R
genes encode NBS‐LRR proteins that mediate resistance through the specific (direct or indirect) recognition of a virus avirulence factor.

Plant hormone balance participates actively to plant virus resistance and can be modulated by viruses.

The mechanisms of RNA silencing (or RNA interference) target virus multiplication at the nucleic acid level.

Plant immunity against viruses results from a highly efficient build‐up of all resistance mechanisms.
Ecology of Water Relations in Plants
Authors: Araya Yoseph Negusse , Garcia‐Baquero Gonzalo 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Water is an important and often limiting resource for plant growth. Water can influence plant growth and functioning as a direct resource, or indirectly by influencing availability of other resources such as nutrients and oxygen. Availability of water in soil can be quantified in a number of ways, namely as amount of water stored in soil; as depth of water level from soil surface; duration of specific water level through time; or frequency of occurrence of specified water levels in a set duration of time. Plants are sensitive to water availability and have developed sensing and adaptation strategies to ensure competitive and survival success. Variation in water availabilities can determine the distribution and interaction of plants by influencing their response, thereby establishing a basis for niche differentiation.

Key Concepts:

Water is fundamental to plant growth and function.

Water can exert its influence in plant growth and distribution directly, as a resource or indirectly by influence on availability of other resources such as nutrients and oxygen.

Availability of water for plant use is determined by soil texture, structure and meteorological drivers such as evaporation.

Appropriate quantification of water availability is important to study its influence on plant growth and distribution.

Water can determine coexistence of species in a community through niche differentiation along existing hydrological gradients.
Conservation of Plants
Authors: Hermy Martin , Honnay Olivier , Jacquemyn Hans , Brys Rein 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Approximately 3.4% of the predicted total number of species on Earth is plants. Plants and their communities are an indispensable part of the Earth's biosphere as plants not only affect ecosystem functioning, but also provide essential ecosystem services for the benefit of humans. However, plants face many threats and current extinction rates have been estimated to be 100–1000 times higher than those of the prehuman era. The five most important drivers of plant extinction are: (1) habitat loss and fragmentation, (2) introduction of exotic species, (3) climate change, (4) overexploitation and (5) pollution. For conservation plans to be effective, four essential steps are needed to maintain viable plant populations in the long term. These include assessment of the biological status of a species, diagnosis of the causes of decline, prescription of management strategies that will counterbalance the decline, and implementation of management practices and further monitoring.

Key Concepts:

Approximately 17% of all known species on Earth are plant species, that is, approximately 215 600 species have been recorded.

The tropical Andes, Mesoamerica and the Caribbean contain the highest plant diversity and therefore can be considered as the world's most important plant biodiversity hotspots.

Increasing evidence that plant species diversity positively correlates with the efficiency of many ecosystem functions and services provides conservationists with strong scientific arguments for biodiversity conservation.

Rare species are an important part of recent evidence‐based approaches to biodiversity analysis, prioritisation and conservation.

Current rates of plant species extinction are estimated to be 100–1000 times higher than those of the prehuman era. One in five plant species is currently threatened with extinction.

There are five major anthropogenic drivers of plant species loss: (1) habitat loss and fragmentation, (2) introduction of exotic species, (3) climate change, (4) overexploitation and (5) pollution.

Each attempt to protect endangered plant species from going extinct should consist of four different steps: assessment, diagnosis, prescription and prognosis.

Minimal Viable Population (MVP) size has been estimated at
c
. 5000 individuals. Although still an important concept, MVP sizes should not be considered as a magic number.

A biodiversity audit consists of a methodology that aims at adopting the most efficient and feasible management interventions within a particular area, using quantitative data on all species present and considering the benefits and drawbacks for all stakeholders involved.

An efficient plant conservation strategy should create: space for plants; improve environmental quality for plants, both in the designated areas for conservation and in the surrounding landscape matrix; develop a specific plant species conservation policy (including an
in situ
and possibly an
ex situ
component) and enlarge the social basis for plant conservation through education, information and participation.