bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Moderating Effect of Relative Performance Evaluation on the Risk Incentive Properties of Executives’ Equity Portfolios
Authors: PARK HYUNGSHIN , VRETTOS DIMITRIS 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTWe offer evidence that the use of relative performance evaluation (RPE) in CEOs’ incentive contracts influences the effect of risk‐taking incentives on both the magnitude and composition of firm risk. We find that, when the incentive design lacks RPE features, the incentive portfolio vega motivates CEOs to increase total risk through the systematic component because it can be hedged. In contrast, when the incentive design includes RPE features, CEOs prefer idiosyncratic risk because RPE filters out the systematic component of firm performance. We also document that the use of RPE reinforces the incentive portfolio vega's effect on the total risk.
hybridcheck: software for the rapid detection, visualization and dating of recombinant regions in genome sequence data
Authors: Ward Ben J. , van Oosterhout Cock 
Published: September 2015

Abstracthybridcheck is a software package to visualize the recombination signal in large DNA sequence data set, and it can be used to analyse recombination, genetic introgression, hybridization and horizontal gene transfer. It can scan large (multiple kb) contigs and whole‐genome sequences of three or more individuals. hybridcheck is written in the r software for OS X, Linux and Windows operating systems, and it has a simple graphical user interface. In addition, the r code can be readily incorporated in scripts and analysis pipelines. hybridcheck implements several ABBA–BABA tests and visualizes the effects of hybridization and the resulting mosaic‐like genome structure in high‐density graphics. The package also reports the following: (i) the breakpoint positions, (ii) the number of mutations in each introgressed block, (iii) the probability that the identified region is not caused by recombination and (iv) the estimated age of each recombination event. The divergence times between the donor and recombinant sequence are calculated using a JC, K80, F81, HKY or GTR correction, and the dating algorithm is exceedingly fast. By estimating the coalescence time of introgressed blocks, it is possible to distinguish between hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting. hybridcheck is libré software and it and its manual are free to download from http://ward9250.github.io/HybridCheck/.
Early Secondary Neurologic Deterioration After Blunt Spinal Trauma: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Oto Brandon , Corey Domenic John , Oswald James , Sifford Derek , Walsh Brooks 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe objectives were to review published reports of secondary neurologic deterioration in the early stages of care after blunt spinal trauma and describe its nature, context, and associated risk factors.MethodsThe authors searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases for English‐language studies. Cases were included meeting the criteria age 16 years or older, nonpenetrating trauma, and experiencing neurologic deterioration during prehospital or emergency department (ED) care prior to definitive management (e.g., discharge, spinal clearance by computed tomography, admission to an inpatient service, or surgical intervention). Results were qualitatively analyzed for characteristics and themes.ResultsForty‐one qualifying cases were identified from 12 papers. In 30 cases, the new deficits were apparently spontaneous and were not detected until routine reassessment. In 12 cases the authors did attribute deterioration to temporally associated precipitants, seven of which were possibly iatrogenic; these included removal of a cervical collar, placement of a halo device, patient agitation, performance of flexion/extension films, “unintentional manipulation,” falling in or near the ED, and forced collar application in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Thirteen cases occurred during prehospital care, none of them sudden and movement‐provoked, and all reported by a single study.ConclusionsPublished reports of early secondary neurologic deterioration after blunt spinal trauma are exceptionally rare and generally poorly documented. High‐risk features may include altered mental status and ankylosing spondylitis. It is unclear how often events are linked with spontaneous patient movement and whether such events are preventable.
The Association Between Emergency Department Crowding and the Disposition of Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack or Minor Stroke
Authors: Ben‐Yakov Maxim , Kapral Moira K. , Fang Jiming , Li Shudong , Vermeulen Marian J. , Schull Michael J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundEmergency department (ED) crowding has been associated with adverse events, including short‐term death and hospitalization among discharged patients. The mechanisms are poorly understood, but may include altered physician decision‐making about ED discharge of higher‐risk patients. One example is patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and minor stroke, who are at high risk of subsequent stroke. While hospitalization is frequently recommended, little consensus exists on which patients require admission.ObjectivesThe authors sought to determine the association of ED crowding with the disposition of patients with minor stroke or TIA.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected data from the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network at 12 EDs in Ontario, Canada, between 2003 and 2008, linked to administrative health databases. A hierarchical logistic regression model was used to determine the association between crowding at the time the patient was seen in the ED (defined as mean ED length of stay) and patient disposition (admission/discharge), after adjusting for patient and hospital‐level variables.ResultsThe study cohort included 9,759 patients (4,607 with TIA and 5,152 with minor stroke); 49.5% were discharged from the ED. The mean (±SD) age of study patients was 70.78 (±13.40) years, with 52.9% being male, 37.3% arriving by emergency medical services, and 92.3% triaged as emergent or urgent. Greater severity of ED crowding was associated with a lower likelihood of discharge, regardless of ED size.ConclusionsThese results suggest that crowding may influence clinical decision‐making in the disposition of patients with TIA or minor stroke and that, as crowding worsens, the likelihood of hospitalization increases.
Anatomical Atlas of the Quail's Ear (Coturnix coturnix)
Authors: Bonsmann A. , Stoffel M. H. , Burkhart M. , Hatt J.‐M. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThis study aims to enhance the anatomical knowledge of the ear of the adult quail (Coturnix coturnix) through the creation of a scaled 3D model utilizing data from micro‐CT images. In addition, 17 annotated histological sections of the quail's ear are aligned to their 3D position in the model. The resulting anatomical atlas provides an intuitive insight into the 3D anatomy and can be used for medical education. The model also allows measuring anatomical structures and can thus serve as reference for the quail's auricular anatomy and as a basis to evaluate clinical diagnostic imaging results.
Comparative Study of the Major White Matter Tracts Anatomy in Equine, Feline and Canine Brains by Use of the Fibre Dissection Technique
Authors: Pascalau R. , Aldea C. C. , Padurean V. A. , Szabo B. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe spatial anatomy of the white matter tracts is a subject of growing interest not only for researchers but also for clinicians. Imagistic methods have some limitations so that they should be confronted with dissection studies. The aim of this paper was to provide a three‐dimensional view of the major white matter tracts in equine, feline and canine brains by use of the fibre dissection technique. Twenty cerebral hemispheres (six equine, four feline and 10 canine brains) were prepared according to the Klingler method. Stepwise mediolateral and lateromedial blunt dissections were performed using wooden sticks and spatulas. The lateromedial dissection was followed by the opening of the lateral ventricle. The use of the same multi‐stage procedures resulted in a comparable exposure of the major association, projection and commissural fibres and their spatial relation with the lateral ventricle. To conclude, the proposed techniques are reproducible in equine, feline and canine brains and they can be successfully used for teaching, training or research in the field of neurobiology.
A reduced risk of stroke with lithium exposure in bipolar disorder: a population‐based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lan Chen‐Chia , Liu Chia‐Chien , Lin Ching‐Heng , Lan Tzuo‐Yun , McInnis Melvin G , Chan Chin‐Hong , Lan Tsuo‐Hung 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesThe risk of stroke is increased in patients with bipolar disorder. Lithium exhibits neuroprotective effects but the association between lithium use and the risk of stroke is unknown.MethodsA population‐based retrospective cohort study was conducted by utilizing the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Subjects who had first been diagnosed with bipolar disorder between 2001 and 2006 were identified. A propensity score (PS) for receiving lithium was calculated with variables of age, gender, and comorbidities. The patients with bipolar disorder receiving lithium within the period from diagnosis through to December 2011 were designated as the lithium group (n = 635). A 1:2 ratio was used to select PS‐matched subjects with bipolar disorder without lithium use (n = 1,250). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to explore the association, rather than causal inference, of lithium exposure and the risk of stroke.ResultsOf the 1,885 subjects, 86 (4.6%) experienced stroke, including 2.8% of the lithium group and 5.4% of the non‐lithium group. Lithium use was associated with a significantly reduced risk of stroke [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22–0.68]. Reduced risks of stroke were also associated with the highest cumulative lithium dose [≥720 defined daily dose (DDD), HR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.10–0.59], the longest cumulative exposure period (≥720 days, HR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.06–0.64), and the highest exposure rate (≥2 DDD/day, HR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.21–0.70).ConclusionsLithium use was significantly related to a reduced risk of stroke in patients with bipolar disorder.
Parametric Modeling of Quantile Regression Coefficient Functions
Authors: Frumento Paolo , Bottai Matteo 
Published: September 2015

Summary
Estimating the conditional quantiles of outcome variables of interest is frequent in many research areas, and quantile regression is foremost among the utilized methods. The coefficients of a quantile regression model depend on the order of the quantile being estimated. For example, the coefficients for the median are generally different from those of the 10th centile. In this article, we describe an approach to modeling the regression coefficients as parametric functions of the order of the quantile. This approach may have advantages in terms of parsimony, efficiency, and may expand the potential of statistical modeling. Goodness-of-fit measures and testing procedures are discussed, and the results of a simulation study are presented. We apply the method to analyze the data that motivated this work. The described method is implemented in the qrcm R package.
Characterization of 12 GnRH peptide agonists – a kinetic perspective
Authors: Nederpelt Indira , Georgi Victoria , Schiele Felix , Nowak‐Reppel Katrin , Fernández‐Montalván Amaury E. , IJzerman Adriaan P. , Heitman Laura H. 
Published: September 2015

Background and PurposeDrug‐target residence time is an important, yet often overlooked, parameter in drug discovery. Multiple studies have proposed an increased residence time to be beneficial for improved drug efficacy and/or longer duration of action. Currently, there are many drugs on the market targeting the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor for the treatment of hormone‐dependent diseases. Surprisingly, the kinetic receptor‐binding parameters of these analogues have not yet been reported. Therefore, this project focused on determining the receptor‐binding kinetics of 12 GnRH peptide agonists, including many marketed drugs.Experimental ApproachA novel radioligand‐binding competition association assay was developed and optimized for the human GnRH receptor with the use of a radiolabelled peptide agonist, [125I]‐triptorelin. In addition to radioligand‐binding studies, a homogeneous time‐resolved FRET Tag‐lite™ method was developed as an alternative assay for the same purpose.Key ResultsTwo novel competition association assays were successfully developed and applied to determine the kinetic receptor‐binding characteristics of 12 high‐affinity GnRH peptide agonists. Results obtained from both methods were highly correlated. Interestingly, the binding kinetics of the peptide agonists were more divergent than their affinities with residence times ranging from 5.6 min (goserelin) to 125 min (deslorelin).Conclusions and ImplicationsOur research provides new insights by incorporating kinetic, next to equilibrium, binding parameters in current research and development that can potentially improve future drug discovery targeting the GnRH receptor.
Review: Alternatives to inpatient care for children and adolescents with mental health disorders
Authors: Kwok Ka Ho Robin , Yuan Sze Ngar Vanessa , Ougrin Dennis 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundIntensive community services may provide an alternative to inpatient care but there is little systematic evidence of their efficacy. This article provides a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting efficacy of intensive community services versus inpatient care in youth.MethodData sources were identified by searching Medline, PsychINFO and EMBASE databases as of December 2014. RCTs comparing intensive community services versus inpatient care in children and adolescents (through age 18) were included.ResultsSix unique RCTs including 569 youth were identified. The RCTs examined the efficacy of specialist outpatient treatment, multisystemic therapy, day patient treatment, intensive home treatment and supported discharge services versus inpatient care. Using intensive community services was associated with clinical improvements similar to inpatient care in most studies. Where differences in clinical outcomes existed, they tended to favour intensive community treatment. Using intensive community services was associated with shorter hospitalizations, lower costs and greater patient satisfaction. There were no independent replications of the results. Few studies investigated the use of intensive community treatment as an alternative to inpatient care in children and adolescents with severe immediate risk to self and others.ConclusionsIntensive community services appear to be a viable alternative to inpatient care. Independent replication of results achieved by specific intensive community treatment models is a research priority.
Near‐infrared fluorescence laparoscopy‐ technical description of PINPOINT® a novel and commercially available system
Authors: Fengler J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe PINPOINT Endoscopic Fluorescence Imaging System is a high‐definition video laparoscopy system for conventional white light laparoscopic visualization and for near‐infrared fluorescence imaging with indocyanine green (ICG). This manuscript describes it's technical characteristics and performance capabilities.
Friend or foe: inter‐specific interactions and conflicts of interest within the family
Authors: DE GASPERIN ORNELA , KILNER REBECCA M. 
Published: September 2015

1. Interactions between species can vary from mutually beneficial to evolutionarily neutral to antagonistic, even when the same two species are involved. Similarly, social interactions between members of the same species can lie on a spectrum from conflict to cooperation.2. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether variation in the two types of social behaviour are interconnected. Is the fitness of the various classes of social partner within species (such as parent and offspring, or male and female) differently affected by interactions with a second species? Moreover, can inter‐specific interactions influence the outcome of social interactions within species?3. The present experiments focus on the interactions between the burying beetleNicrophorus vespilloidesHerbst and the phoretic mitePoecilochirus carabiG.Canestrini &R.Canestrini. The approach was to measure the fitness of burying beetle mothers, fathers, and offspring after reproduction, which took place either in the presence or absence of mites.4. We found that male, female, and larval burying beetles derive contrasting fitness costs and benefits from their interactions with the mite, despite sharing a common family environment. From the mite's perspective, its relationship with the burying beetle can, therefore, be simultaneously antagonistic, neutral, and possibly even mutualistic, depending on the particular family member involved. We also found that mites can potentially change the outcome of evolutionary conflicts within the family.5. We conclude that inter‐specific interactions can explain some of the variation in social interactions seen within species. It is further suggested that intra‐specific interactions might contribute to variation in the outcome of interactions between species.
Plenty more fish in the sea?
Authors: Watson Reg A , Pitcher Tony J , Jennings Simon 
Published: September 2015

AbstractOnly in the last century did humans overwhelmingly accept that fisheries resources are finite. Consequently, ‘there are more fish still in the sea than ever came out of it’ served as a popular metaphor for unbounded expectations for half a millennium, expectations that also extended to use of the planet in general. By reconstructing historical fishing back 1200 years, we identify when this metaphor actually ceased to be true. For some of our most important stocks, it has not been true for centuries, although surprisingly, for fishes globally, it applied until the last century. We demonstrate, however, that there can still be ‘plenty more fish in the sea’ and that with effective management they provide a continuous flow of benefits for our future.
Effects of nutrient supplementation on host‐pathogen dynamics of the amphibian chytrid fungus: a community approach
Authors: Buck Julia C. , Rohr Jason R. , Blaustein Andrew R. 
Published: September 2015

Summary

Anthropogenic stressors may influence hosts and their pathogens directly or may alter host–pathogen dynamics indirectly through interactions with other species. For example, in aquatic ecosystems, eutrophication may be associated with increased or decreased disease risk. Conversely, pathogens can influence community structure and function and are increasingly recognised as important members of the ecological communities in which they exist.

In outdoor mesocosms, we experimentally manipulated nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and the presence of a fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), and examined the effects on Bd abundance on larval amphibian hosts (Pseudacris regilla: Hylidae), amphibian traits and community dynamics. We predicted that resource supplementation would mitigate negative effects of Bd on tadpole growth and development and that indirect effects of treatments would propagate through the community.

Nutrient additions caused changes in algal growth, which benefitted tadpoles through increased mass, development and survival. Bd‐exposed tadpoles metamorphosed sooner than unexposed individuals, but their mass at metamorphosis was not affected by Bd exposure. We detected additive rather than interactive effects of nutrient supplementation and Bd in this experiment.

Nutrient supplementation was not a significant predictor of infection load of larval amphibians. However, a structural equation model revealed that resource supplementation and exposure of amphibians to Bd altered the structure of the aquatic community. This is the first demonstration that sublethal effects of Bd on amphibians can alter aquatic community dynamics.
Helicobacter pylori HP0425 Targets the Nucleus with DNase I‐Like Activity
Authors: Kim Jung‐Min , Choe Min‐Ho , Asaithambi Killivalavan , Song Jae‐Young , Lee Yong Seok , Lee Je Chul , Seo Ji‐Hyun , Kang Hyung‐Lyun , Lee Kon Ho , Lee Woo‐Kon , Cho Myung‐Je , Rhee Kwang‐Ho , Youn Hee‐Shang , Baik Seung‐Chul 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackground and AimsNuclear targeting of bacterial proteins has a significant impact on host cell pathology. Helicobacter pylori have many nuclear targeting proteins that translocate into the nucleus of host cells. H. pylori HP0425, annotated as hypothetical, has a nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence, but its function has not been demonstrated. The aim of this experiment was to address the nuclear translocation of HP0425 and determine the effect of HP0425 pathology on host cells.Materials and MethodsTo investigate the nuclear localization of HP0425, it was expressed in AGS and MKN‐1 cells as a GFP fusion protein (pEGFP–HP0425), and its localization was analyzed by confocal microscopy. Recombinant HP0425 (rHP0425) protein was overproduced as a GST fusion protein in Escherichia coli and purified by glutathione‐affinity column chromatography. Purified rHP0425 was examined for cytotoxicity and DNase activity.ResultsThe pEGFP–HP0425 fluorescence was expressed in the nucleus and cytosol fraction of cells, while it was localized in the cytoplasm in the negative control. This protein exhibited DNase activity under various conditions, with the highest DNase activity in the presence of manganese. In addition, the rHP0425 protein efficiently decreased cell viability in a concentration‐dependent manner.ConclusionsThese results suggest that HP0425 carrying a nuclear localization signal sequence translocates into the nucleus of host cells and degrades genomic DNA by DNase I‐like enzymatic activity, which is a new pathogenic strategy of H. pylori in the host.
Estimated cost per HIV infection diagnosed through routine HIV testing offered in acute general medical admission units and general practice settings in England
Authors: Ong KJ , Thornton AC , Fisher M , Hutt R , Nicholson S , Palfreeman A , Perry N , Stedman‐Bryce G , Wilkinson P , Delpech V , Nardone A 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesFollowing national guidelines to expand HIV testing in high‐prevalence areas in England, a number of pilot studies were conducted in acute general medical admission units (ACUs) and general practices (GPs) to assess the feasibility and acceptability of testing in these settings. The aim of this study was to estimate the cost per HIV infection diagnosed through routine HIV testing in these settings.MethodsResource use data from four 2009/2010 Department of Health pilot studies (two ACUs; two GPs) were analysed. Data from the pilots were validated and supplemented with information from other sources. We constructed possible scenarios to estimate the cost per test carried out through expanded HIV testing in ACUs and GPs, and the cost per diagnosis.ResultsIn the pilots, cost per test ranged from £8.55 to £13.50, and offer time and patient uptake were 2 minutes and 90% in ACUs, and 5 minutes and 60% in GPs, respectively. In scenario analyses we fixed offer time, diagnostic test cost and uptake rate at 2 minutes, £6 and 80% for ACUs, and 5 minutes, £9.60 and 40% for GPs, respectively. The cost per new HIV diagnosis at a positivity of 2/1000 tests conducted was £3230 in ACUs and £7930 in GPs for tests performed by a Band 3 staff member, and £5940 in ACUs and £18 800 in GPs for tests performed by either hospital consultants or GPs.ConclusionsExpanded HIV testing may be more cost‐efficient in ACUs than in GPs as a consequence of a shorter offer time, higher patient uptake, higher HIV positivity and lower diagnostic test costs. As cost per new HIV diagnosis reduces at higher HIV positivity, expanded HIV testing should be promoted in high HIV prevalence areas.