bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photosynthetic traits of Sphagnum and feather moss species in undrained, drained and rewetted boreal spruce swamp forests
Authors: Kangas Laura , Maanavilja Liisa , Hájek Tomáš , Juurola Eija , Chimner Rodney A. , Mehtätalo Lauri , Tuittila Eeva‐Stiina 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn restored peatlands, recovery of carbon assimilation by peat‐forming plants is a prerequisite for the recovery of ecosystem functioning. Restoration by rewetting may affect moss photosynthesis and respiration directly and/or through species successional turnover. To quantify the importance of the direct effects and the effects mediated by species change in boreal spruce swamp forests, we used a dual approach: (i) we measured successional changes in moss communities at 36 sites (nine undrained, nine drained, 18 rewetted) and (ii) photosynthetic properties of the dominant Sphagnum and feather mosses at nine of these sites (three undrained, three drained, three rewetted). Drainage and rewetting affected moss carbon assimilation mainly through species successional turnover. The species differed along a light‐adaptation gradient, which separated shade‐adapted feather mosses from Sphagnum mosses and Sphagnum girgensohnii from other Sphagna, and a productivity and moisture gradient, which separated Sphagnum riparium and Sphagnum girgensohnii from the less productive S. angustifolium, S. magellanicum and S. russowii. Undrained and drained sites harbored conservative, low‐production species: hummock‐Sphagna and feather mosses, respectively. Ditch creation and rewetting produced niches for species with opportunistic strategies and high carbon assimilation. The direct effects also caused higher photosynthetic productivity in ditches and in rewetted sites than in undrained and drained main sites.
Carbonaceous Spheres – Versatile Intermediaries for Metal Oxide Spherical Structure Synthesis
Authors: Patrinoiu Greta , Calderon‐Moreno Jose Maria , Somacescu Simona , Spataru Nicolae , Musuc Adina M. , Ene Ramona , Birjega Ruxandra , Carp Oana 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA facile, versatile, genuine green route that uses starch‐derived carbonaceous spheres as the templates and carbon source for tailor‐made ZnO spherical structures is described. A simple adjustment of the thermal treatment permits the generation of either ZnO/C solid microporous spheres or ZnO hollow spheres, the later with controlled diameter and shell morphology. The spherical structures demonstrate good photocatalytic activity for the visible light degradation of methylene blue. Furthermore, ZnO/C has promising electrochemical capacitor applications and good electrochemical and mechanical stability.
Switching on Single‐Molecule‐Magnet Behavior in MnIII–Schiff Base Out‐of‐Plane Dimers by the Phosphonate Terminal Ligand
Authors: Wang Ting‐Ting , Ren Min , Bao Song‐Song , Zheng Li‐Min 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper reports two metal phosphonate clusters containing MnIII–Schiff base units, namely, [Mn2(5‐Brsalen)2(C10H7PO3H)2]·2CH3OH (1) and [Mn6(5‐Brsalen)6(C10H7PO3)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2·7.6H2O (2) [5‐Brsalen = N,N′‐ethylenebis(5‐bromosalicylideneiminate) dianion]. Compound 1 shows a discrete dinuclear structure in which dimers of Mn2(5‐Brsalen)2 are terminated by the naphthylphosphonate ligand. In 2, each naphthylphosphonate ligand connects three Mn atoms, forming triangular units of {Mn3PO3}, which are further cross‐linked through phenoxide oxygen atoms into a hexanuclear cluster. Magnetic studies reveal that the exchange couplings mediated through the phenoxide bridges within the dimer are ferromagnetic in compounds 1 and 2. Further, slow magnetization relaxation, characteristic of single‐molecule magnets (SMMs), is observed in both 1 and 2, in contrast to the non‐SMM behavior in the precursor of [Mn(5‐Brsalen)(H2O)]2(ClO4)2.
Synthesis of Zirconium Phosphonate Supported L‐Proline as an Effective Organocatalyst for Direct Asymmetric Aldol Addition
Authors: Angeloni Marco , Piermatti Oriana , Pizzo Ferdinando , Vaccaro Luigi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractStable L‐proline‐functionalized zirconium methyl‐ and/or phenylphosphonates have been prepared as amorphous solids by the precipitation of (4R)‐4‐[(4′‐phosphonobenzyl)oxy]‐L‐proline and methyl‐ and/or phenylphosphonic acid with ZrOCl2. The supported L‐proline catalysts were tested in the direct asymmetric aldol addition between several ketones and p‐substituted benzaldehydes. High yields, diastereoselectivities (anti/syn up to 92:8) and enantiomeric excesses (up to 99 % ee) have been achieved. Moreover, an easy protocol for the efficient recovery of the catalytic system by simple centrifugation has been defined, and the effective reuse of the catalyst has been reported in the representative aldol addition of cyclohexanone with p‐nitrobenzaldehyde. This study has shown that these L‐proline immobilized catalytic systems can be used at least six times without loss of activity and with reproducible anti/syn and ee values.
Catalytic Friedel–Crafts/Lactonization Domino Reaction: Facile Access to 3‐Hydroxybenzofuran‐2‐one Scaffold
Authors: Vetica Fabrizio , Pelosi Alessandra , Gambacorta Augusto , Loreto M. Antonietta , Miceli Martina , Gasperi Tecla 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA valuable Lewis‐acid‐catalysed domino reaction involving a Friedel–Crafts alkylation of variously substituted phenols followed by a direct lactonization has been successfully developed (22 examples, yields up to 98 %). This protocol tolerates not only opposite electron demand substituents on the starting materials, but also drastic modifications of the alkylating agents, and gives direct access to the corresponding 3‐hydroxy‐benzofuran‐2‐ones, which could easily undergo further chemical transformation. The relevance of our method was further confirmed by the straightforward synthesis of rac‐BHFF, the recently discovered and extremely promising positive allosteric modulator of the GABAB receptor.
Hydroxy Chalcogenide‐Promoted Morita–Baylis–Hillman Alkylation Reaction: Intermolecular Applications with Alkyl Halides as Electrophiles
Authors: Gradillas Ana , Belmonte Efres , da Silva Rondes Ferreira , Pérez‐Castells Javier 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHydroxysulfides acted as catalysts to promote the Morita–Baylis–Hillman alkylation reaction of cyclohexenones and dihydropyridinones. The procedure worked efficiently with a variety of halides as electrophiles. Side reactions were in competition with the MBH alkylation, but fine‐tuning the reaction conditions minimized their occurence.
Visible‐Light‐Facilitated 5‐exo‐trig Cyclization of 1,6‐Dienes with Alkyl Chlorides: Selective Scission of the C(sp3)–H Bond in Alkyl Chlorides
Authors: Liu Yu , Zhang Jia‐Ling , Song Ren‐Jie , Li Jin‐Heng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA general and conceptually novel method for preparing polychloro‐substituted pyrrolidin‐2‐ones and indeno[2,1‐c]pyrrol‐3(3aH)‐ones is established by visible‐light‐facilitated 5‐exo‐trig cyclization of 1,6‐dienes with alkyl chlorides through selectively splitting the C(sp3)–H bond adjacent to the chloride atom to form an alkyl radical.
Analytical and Numerical Modeling Methods for Electrochemical Impedance Analysis of Single Cells on Coplanar Electrodes
Authors: Tsai Sung‐Lin , Wang Min‐Haw , Chen Ming‐Kun , Jang Ling‐Sheng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractImpedance measurements provide basic electrical properties and are used to analyze the characteristics of electrochemical materials for biomedical applications. The extracellular fluid (ECF) in microfluidic devices greatly affects the accuracy of impedance measurements of cells. When a single cell is placed in large amounts of ECF, the electric current mostly passes through the ECF, not the cell. Hence, this work presents a modeling method that is demonstrated in numerical and analytical solutions for eliminating the effect of ECF in coplanar impedance sensors. The proposed modeling method uses fundamental formulas of circuits that include the electrical parameters of the ECF, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. Equivalent circuit models for the coplanar impedance sensor are established to simulate the impedance as well as the measured ones for excitation frequencies in the range of 11–101 kHz. According to the calculation result using the proposed modeling method, the cytoplasm resistance, membrane capacitance, medium resistance, and medium capacitance of HeLa (human cervix adenocarcinoma) cell are 13.5 kΩ, 122.6 pF, 27.9 kΩ, and 337.7 pF, respectively. Moreover, the electric current distribution in the coplanar impedance sensor is investigated using finite element method (FEM) simulation software. The variation in the impedance during measurements with the simultaneous application of an alternating‐current (AC) voltage amplitude of 0.4 Vpp in the fluid volume range of 9–144 µL is also studied.
Clinical Features of Night Eating Syndrome among Depressed Patients
Authors: Kucukgoncu Suat , Tek Cenk , Bestepe Emrem , Musket Christie , Guloksuz Sinan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and clinical features of night eating syndrome (NES) in a sample of patients with depression.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 155 depressed outpatients. Socio‐demographic Form, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Maudsley Obsessive‐Compulsive Inventory, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Night Eating Questionnaire were utilised for data collection.ResultsNight eating syndrome was identified in 21.3% of the patients. Comparisons between NES and non‐NES patients revealed significant differences in BMI, smoking status, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, rumination and PSQI sub‐scores for sleep quality, latency, disturbances and daytime dysfunction. In our sample, the predictors of NES were BMI, smoking and the subject's score on the PSQI sleep disturbances subscale.ConclusionsNight eating syndrome is negatively associated with sleep, severity of anxiety and depression. Our findings suggest that there is a complex relation between NES and depression, and it is recommended that depressed patients be evaluated for NES. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Effects of forest stand age on the characteristics of logjams in mountainous forest streams
Authors: Beckman Natalie D. , Wohl Ellen 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTWe measured longitudinal spacing and wood volume of channel‐spanning logjams along 30 1‐km reaches of forest streams in the Colorado Front Range, USA. Study streams flow through old‐growth (> 200 year stand age) or younger subalpine conifer forest. Evaluating correlations between the volume and longitudinal spacing of logjams in relation to channel and forest characteristics, we find that old‐growth forest streams have greater in‐stream wood loads and more jams per kilometer than streams in younger forest. Old‐growth forests have a larger basal area close to the stream and correlate with larger piece diameters of in‐stream wood. Jam volume correlates inversely with the downstream spacing for ramp and bridge pieces that can act as key pieces in jams. Most importantly, old‐growth streams have shorter downstream spacing for ramp and bridge pieces (< 20 m). Our results suggest that management of in‐stream wood and associated stream characteristics can be focused most effectively at the reach scale, with an emphasis on preserving old‐growth riparian stands along lower gradient stream reaches or mimicking the effects of old growth by manipulating the spacing of ramp and bridge pieces. Our finding that average downstream spacing between jams declines as wood load increases suggests that the most effective way to create and retain jams is to ensure abundant sources of wood recruitment, with a particular emphasis on larger pieces that are less mobile because they have at least one anchor point outside the active channel. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Size, shape and spatial arrangement of mega‐scale glacial lineations from a large and diverse dataset
Authors: Spagnolo Matteo , Clark Chris D. , Ely Jeremy C. , Stokes Chris R. , Anderson John B. , Andreassen Karin , Graham Alastair G. C. , King Edward C. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTMega‐scale glacial lineations (MSGLs) are a characteristic landform on ice stream beds. Solving the puzzle of their formation is key to understanding how ice interacts with its bed and how this, in turn, influences the dynamics of ice streams. However, a comprehensive and detailed characterization of this landform's size, shape and spatial arrangement, which might serve to test and refine formational theories, is largely lacking. This paper presents a detailed morphometric analysis and comparison of 4043 MSGLs from eight palaeo‐ice stream settings: three offshore (Norway and Antarctica), four onshore (Canada), and one from under a modern ice stream in West Antarctica. The length of MSGLs is lower than previously suggested (mode 1000–2000 m; median 2892 m), and they initiate and terminate at various locations on an ice stream bed. Their spatial arrangement reveals a pattern that is characterized by an exceptional parallel conformity (80% of all mapped MSGLs have an azimuth within 5° from the mean values), and a fairly constant lateral spacing (mode 200–300 m; median 330 m), which we interpret as an indication that MSGLs are a spatially self‐organized phenomenon. Results show that size, shape and spatial arrangement of MSGLs are consistent both within and also generally between different ice stream beds. We suggest this results from a common mechanism of formation, which is largely insensitive to local factors. Although the elongation of MSGLs (mode 6–8; median 12.2) is typically higher than features described as drumlins, these values and those of their width (mode 100–200 m; median 268 m) overlap, which suggests the two landforms are part of a morphological continuum and may share a similar origin. We compare their morphometry with explicit predictions made by the groove‐ploughing and rilling instability theories of MSGL formation. Although the latter was most compatible, neither is fully supported by observations. © 2014 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Temporary streams in a peatland catchment: pattern, timing, and controls on stream network expansion and contraction
Authors: Goulsbra Claire , Evans Martin , Lindsay John 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIn peatlands, poorly maintained baseflows mean that network expansion during storm events can be rapid and pronounced, resulting in large changes in catchment connectivity. This has implications for the timing and magnitude of material fluxes from these environments, understanding of which is becoming increasingly important due to peatlands' significance as global carbon stores. In this study, electrical resistance (ER) technology has been used to create sensors capable of detecting the presence and absence of flow in ephemeral portions of the channel network. These sensors provide data on the patterns of network variation in the Upper North Grain research catchment, a small peatland headwater in the South Pennines, UK. Networks of around 40 sensors were deployed in autumn 2007 and summer 2008, giving a total of almost four months of high‐resolution monitoring data. Drainage density in the catchment was found to vary between 1.4 and 30.0 km/km2, suggesting significant differences in connectivity between the expanded and contracted networks. Water table depth was identified as the key factor determining the temporal pattern of streamflow at both the site‐ and catchment‐wide scales. Spatially, network expansion and contraction occurred in a disjointed manner, following a similar pattern between events, suggesting that localized controls are important for flow generation. Spatial controls on flow generation relate to local water table levels, and include drainage area, local dissection, channel slope and gully morphology. The importance of water table as the key control on catchment connectivity suggests that potential future change in catchment water tables, associated with projected climate change or with peatland restoration by rewetting, will modify the frequency of full catchment connectivity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of live vegetation in geomorphological experiments: how to create optimal growing conditions
Authors: Clarke Lucy E. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThere has been increasing use of live vegetation in laboratory experiments, in particular in fluvial geomorphology. The results from these studies have provided useful insight into the role that vegetation plays in impacting and modifying geomorphic systems. However there has been little published on the seed preparation techniques and vegetation growing conditions required for use in these experiments. This commentary presents results from a series of experiments investigating these factors using Medicago sativa and Avena Sativa, with the aim of highlighting the optimal growing conditions found to provide a starting point for researchers interested in implementing these techniques. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical and mechanical properties of heat‐damaged structural concrete containing expanded polystyrene syntherized particles
Authors: Lo Monte Francesco , Bamonte Patrick , Gambarova Pietro G. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryMaterials recycling for sustainable concrete constructions are favoring the replacement of ordinary aggregate with waste materials, in the form of either solid particles or small void‐formers. This is the case of expanded polystyrene syntherized (EPS) concrete containing EPS particles—or beads—whose high‐temperature residual behavior is investigated in this project. Two EPS mixes and one reference mix (fc = 25–30 MPa) are tested in compression and tension after a thermal cycle at the reference temperature of 20°C, 150°C, 300°C, 500°C, and 700°C. The thermal diffusivity and the mass loss up to 700°C are investigated as well. The normalized mechanical decay of the two EPS concretes turns out to be slightly higher than that of ordinary concrete, but on the whole, the behaviors are rather close, while the thermal diffusivity of EPS concrete is definitely lower, to the advantage of its insulating capability. Damage indexes are also worked out on the basis of the elastic modulus and of the ultrasonic velocity, in order to have information on the possible void‐induced nonlinear effects. The still open problem, however, is whether the game (polystyrene recycling and mass reduction) is worth the candle (more cement and additives). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gute Absicht allein reicht nicht
Authors: Krogull Susanne , Scheunpflug Annette 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDer Jugendaustausch zwischen Industrie‐ und Entwicklungsländern floriert. Doch wie lernen die Heranwachsenden dabei mehr über die Weltgesellschaft? Eine empirische Studie zeigt: Entscheidend sind pädagogisches Setting und organisatorischer Rahmen.
Carbon‐Polymer Composite Bipolar Plate for HT‐PEMFC
Authors: Ghosh A. , Verma A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractGraphene reinforced carbon‐polymer composite bipolar plate is developed using resole phenol formaldehyde resin, and conductive reinforcements (natural graphite, carbon black, and carbon fiber) using compression molding technique. Graphene is reinforced into the composite to alter various properties of the composite bipolar plate. The developed composite bipolar plate is characterized and the effect of temperature on mechanical and electrical properties is investigated with an overall aim to achieve benchmark given by US‐DOE and Plug Power Inc. The flexural strength and electrical conductivity of the composites was almost stable with the increase in temperature upto 175 °C. The composite bipolar plate maintained high in‐plane and through‐plane electrical conductivities, which is about 409.23 and 98 S cm–1, respectively, at 175 °C. The flexural strength and shore hardness of the developed composite was around 56.42 MPa and 60, respectively, at 175 °C, and on further increase in the temperature the mechanical strengths deceases sharply. The electrical and mechanical properties of the composite bipolar plates are within the US‐DoE target. However, the various properties of the composite bipolar plate could not be sustained above 175 °C.
Shape abnormalities of subcortical and ventricular structures in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: Detecting, quantifying, and predicting
Authors: Tang Xiaoying , Holland Dominic , Dale Anders M. , Younes Laurent , Miller Michael I. ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article assesses the feasibility of using shape information to detect and quantify the subcortical and ventricular structural changes in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. We first demonstrate structural shape abnormalities in MCI and AD as compared with healthy controls (HC). Exploring the development to AD, we then divide the MCI participants into two subgroups based on longitudinal clinical information: (1) MCI patients who remained stable; (2) MCI patients who converted to AD over time. We focus on seven structures (amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and lateral ventricles) in 754 MR scans (210 HC, 369 MCI of which 151 converted to AD over time, and 175 AD). The hippocampus and amygdala were further subsegmented based on high field 0.8 mm isotropic 7.0T scans for finer exploration. For MCI and AD, prominent ventricular expansions were detected and we found that these patients had strongest hippocampal atrophy occurring at CA1 and strongest amygdala atrophy at the basolateral complex. Mild atrophy in basal ganglia structures was also detected in MCI and AD. Stronger atrophy in the amygdala and hippocampus, and greater expansion in ventricles was observed in MCI converters, relative to those MCI who remained stable. Furthermore, we performed principal component analysis on a linear shape space of each structure. A subsequent linear discriminant analysis on the principal component values of hippocampus, amygdala, and ventricle leads to correct classification of 88% HC subjects and 86% AD subjects.Hum Brain Mapp 35:3701–3725, 2014. ©2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced phase regression with savitzky‐golay filtering for high‐resolution BOLD fMRI
Authors: Barry Robert L. , Gore John C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPhase regression exploits the temporal evolution of phase in individual voxels to suppress blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal fluctuations caused by larger vessels and draining veins while preserving signal changes from microvascular effects. However, this process does not perform well when phase time series have low signal‐to‐noise ratios because of high levels of physiological noise. We demonstrate that Savitzky‐Golay filters may be used to recover the underlying change in phase and completely restore the efficacy of phase regression. We do not make a priori assumptions regarding phase evolution and perform a data‐driven exploration of parameter space to select the Savitzky‐Golay filter parameters that minimize temporal variance in each voxel after phase regression. This approach is shown to work well on data acquired with single‐shot and multi‐shot pulse sequences, and should therefore be useful for both human and animal gradient‐echo fMRI at high spatial resolutions at high fields. The ability to improve the spatial specificity of BOLD activation may be especially advantageous for clinical applications of fMRI that rely upon the accuracy of individual subject's activation maps to assist with presurgical planning and clinical decision‐making. Enhanced phase regression with Savitzky‐Golay filtering may also find other uses in analyses of resting state functional connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 35:3832–3840, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.