bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Underbalanced Drilling Holds key to Enhanced Production in Kuwait's Depleting Reservoirs
Authors: Hussain Iqbal , Al-Enezi Dakhil , Al-Khaldy Ali , Sulaiman Sulaiman , Hayat Sara 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Most of the prolific producer zones of KOC have depleted over the years leading to reservoirs with sub-hydrostatic pressures. Unfortunately these reservoirs are still being drilled as they were being done at its prime. Damage to the reservoir while drilling under over-balanced conditions are not receiving the attention it deserves, leading to further reduction in production and a long term damage yet to be assessed. Recently, a study ascertained feasibility of drilling UBD in Fields of Kuwait. The results derived from this study have showed the way for the future of drilling in Kuwait.
Tangible benefits for drilling underbalanced Horizontals in all the major producing reservoirs are manifold. Properly engineered and executed underbalanced drilling operations would definitely maximize wellbore productivity and provide real time reservoir evaluation, while eliminating fluid losses and increasing penetration rates. Reduction in formation damage due to invasion of drilled solids would translate in to enhanced production.
It has been said about MPD (Manage Pressure Drilling) information or UBD (Underbalanced Drilling) reservoir characterization, that it consistently delivers results that are not expected by the petroleum engineering team. Certain fields that had been identified as tight in the reservoir models actually exhibited some of the highest permeability that had been seen in the field. This needs a paradigm shift in the entire approach to oil well drilling. The future of oil well drilling will be less in discovery of new fields but more in terms of enhancing production of existing fields.
This paper will present what UBD could mean for Kuwait Oil Company in terms of strategy for the future. The authors will present the technical feasibility of drilling these wells with the existing technology. The clarion call of the hour is to drill these reservoirs under Managed Pressure or UBD regime. It is for us to heed it and change our future.
Real Time Advanced Flow Analysis for Early Kick/Loss Detection & Identification of Open Fractures
Authors: Al-Morakhi Rasha , Al-Shemali Adnan , Alsammak Ibrahim , Esterabadi J.. , Martocchia Alberto , Ferroni Gionata , Marai N.. , Shoeibi A.. , Janbakhsh M.. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Development, delineation and appraisal wells drilled in high pressured, naturally fractured Jurassic reservoirs of West Kuwait are exposed to the risk of "well kicks" and "mud-losses". The risk becomes greater due to differential reservoir pressures, presence of naturally open fractures, and narrow pressure window between formation- and fracture-pressures. In many instances, "alternate loss & gain scenario" ensues and the well control options become limited, occasionally, further drilling becomes impossible leading to temporary suspension or even termination of the wells. This causes safety issues and large loss of rig time and money.
On the other hand, lack of high formation pressure and absence of open natural fractures can lead to unproductive wells. Therefore, characterization of natural fractures is needed not only for productivity of the well, but also to ensure successful drillability of the well. Conventional fracture characterization using geophysical methods lacks resolution, while petrophysical methods often fail to conclusively identify open fractures in in-situ sub-surface conditions. Other well testing methods such as wire-line formation testing and open-hole drill stem testing are also cumbersome and risky and often not usable in tight fractured reservoirs. In this context, the micro-mud loss detection technique becomes indispensable for both mud loss and kick detection as well as for the natural fracture characterization.
Mud losses data appear to be the only way to detect and characterize the conductive fractures in these reservoirs. In fact, the cores show that almost all the natural fractures are cemented and only a few partially open fractures can be seen. When coring operations are not fully successful, it is difficult to assess if poor recovery was due to the presence of open fractures or to other causes. Furthermore, it is impossible to use image logs in order to individuate potentially producing intervals, as they cannot discriminate between open and closed fractures.
Advance mud flowmeter ensures safe drilling by early detection of minor well kicks and mud-losses occurring in subsurface. It remains the only source of Real-Time information on the presence of open fractures while drilling. The sensor was run during drilling of A-A(close to a major fault zone) to obtain Real-Time identification of open fractures & early Kick / Loss detection for safe drilling. This was the first time in West Kuwait Jurassic Team that accurate fracture & early Kick/Loss detection via advanced flowmeter was performed in oil base mud.
Evaluating Horizontal Wells Inflow Profiles and Performance, Utilizing an Integrated Approach of Multiphase Production Logs Coupled with Drilling, Completion, and Production Data: Case Study
Authors: Al-Harthi Mabkhout A. , Ahmad Nawawi A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Flow profiles of horizontal wells in heterogeneous or fractured reservoirs are usually nonuniform and are frequently characterized by high flow capacity from streaks in high permeable zones or fractures. The nonuniform flow usually causes early water breakthrough that ultimately undermines well productivity. In homogeneous reservoirs, water (or gas) breakthrough commonly occurs at the heel of the lateral section. In either case, whether in homogeneous or heterogeneous reservoirs, achieving uniform flow along the wellbore in horizontal wells to improve sweep efficiency and maximize oil recovery, requires application of advanced well completions that are guided by effective reservoir evaluation and management practices.
Optimizing inflow profiles in horizontal wells requires good understanding of multiphase flow mechanisms, where the flow regimes are usually complicated due to stratification, slug flow, mist flow and/or other complex flow behaviors. Achieving better understanding of this multiphase flow mechanism was facilitated with the availability of the multiphase production logging tool (MPLT), which has been utilized extensively in this case study.
This paper presents a summary of the results of a case study of 31 horizontal wells completed in a large carbonate onshore field, with the main objective to improve understanding of horizontal well inflow profiles and performance. For this case study, the areas of focus are inflow profile types, production performance and temperature log response. This paper concludes with lessons learned and practical recommendations to be considered for field development.
Fluidic Diode Autonomous Inflow Control Device Range 3B - Oil, Water, and Gas Flow Performance Testing
Authors: Least Brandon , Greci Stephen , Wileman Angel , Ufford Adam 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Reservoir inflow control is important for maximizing hydrocarbon production. Traditional in-flow control devices (ICDs) attempt to balance the completion pressure differential with the reservoir pressure differential so that a balanced influx across production zones is maintained. This maximizes oil production by delaying unwanted fluids from breaking through. Unfortunately, when lower viscosity fluids do break through, they can take over the well, significantly reducing production of the desired hydrocarbon. Autonomous Inflow Control Devices (AICDs) are a new generation of ICDs. When hydrocarbons are producing from all zones, the AICD will behave as a traditional ICD, balancing flow. However, when low-viscosity (undesired) fluids break through, the AICD chokes them, significantly slowing flow from the zone producing the undesirable fluids. This autonomous function enables the well to continue producing the desired hydrocarbons for a longer time, maximizing total production. The AICD creates this change in behavior without control lines, moving parts, or electronics.
The paper describes the laboratory testing performed to evaluate the performance of the fluidic diode type AICD Range 3B in field-like conditions and compares flow performance curves to a traditional nozzle type ICD. The fluidic diode AICD Range 3B is similar to the original design now referred to as the Range 3A (Least et al, 2012) in that it is best suited for oil viscosities of 3-200 cP but has slightly more open flow paths which allow for increased flow rates in turn allowing fewer inserts per screen joint while keeping similar performance ratios. Results from single-phase experimental flow testing with model fluids and crude oil are presented and discussed.
The testing results proved that the AICD could restrict flow from zones producing undesirable fluids. The discussion further shows that if technology such as the new AICD is applied to new well completion designs, total hydrocarbon recovery will be enhanced, providing a significant benefit for production companies and those involved in design and modeling of new well completions.
Improvement of Rhyological Properties of Al - Dura Asphaltic Binders Using Chemical Modifiers
Authors: Ammouri Qays Mothanna 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Treating of Iraqi asphaltic binder produced from Al – Dura refinery by either oxygenation or 4% sulfur or 4% nitric acid improved the penetration from 241 mm down to 92 mm, 68 mm, 63 mm respectively and improved the softening point from 39 °C up to 49 °C, 50 °C, 52 °C respectively also, improved the ductility from 73 cm up to 100 cm, 102 cm, 106 cm respectively.
Subjecting of these treated asphaltic binders to Iraqi environmental conditions, the rheological properties not changed during 14 months. The studied environmental conditions were included subjecting of the treated asphaltic binder samples to sunlight, water immersion, 1kg load, both sunlight and 1kg load, both water immersion and 1kg load, both sunlight and water immersion and both sunlight, water immersion and 1kg load. Compared with base asphaltic binder supplied directly from refinery without treatment which failed immediately during one week.
Rapid Detection of Human Torque Teno Viruses Using High-Resolution Melting Analysis
Authors: Spandole S , Cimponeriu D , Toma M , Radu I , Ion D.A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Torque teno viruses (TTVs) are recently discovered DNA viruses, with heterogeneous genomes, highly prevalent in populations worldwide. The species that infect humans are Torque teno virus (TTV), Torque teno midi virus (TTMDV) and Torque teno mini virus (TTMV). High-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) is a sensitive and effective method for genotyping and mutation scanning. Up to now, HRMA has not been utilized for detection of TTVs.
The aim of this study was to asses if HRMA is suitable for detecting TTVs variants. DNA was extracted from the blood and saliva of 13 healthy subjects for method optimization. Additionally, saliva samples from 100 healthy individuals were collected for estimating the TTVs’ prevalence. Viral DNA was amplified by heminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Second round amplicons were used for the HRMA. The samples were analyzed using two fluorescent dyes, SYBR® Green I and EvaGreen®.
The prevalence values for TTV, TTMDV and TTMV were 71.0, 31.0 and 54.0%, respectively. The three major melting curve patterns corresponding to TTV, TTMDV and TTMV on HRMA can be easily distinguished regardless of kit used. Our results showed that HRMA is a rapid and efficient method of detecting human TTVs.
Analysis of adenovirus strains isolated from poultry in Poland
Authors: Niczyporuk Jowita Samanta , Samorek-Salamonowicz Elżbieta , Czekaj Hanna 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The study describes successful isolation of 96 fowl adenovirus (FAdV) strains from 789 chickens from 95 flocks. PCR specific for hexon gene encoding L1 loop was conducted. Amplicons were subjected to sequence analysis. The sequences were analysed by the software: BLAST, Geneious 6.0, and MEGA 5, then aligned with different adenovirus strain reference sequences accessible in GenBank database. The examined strains belong to the particular groups and serotypes. The sequences of all adenoviruses were classified into five species (FAdV A-E) and eight serotypes (FAdV-1, FAdV-2, FAdV-4, FAdV-5, FAdV-7, FAdV-8a, FAdV- 8b, and FAdV-11).
Determinaton of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in albumin and freeze-dried-eggs by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection
Authors: Gbylik-Sikorska Małgorzata , Posyniak Andrzej , Gajda Anna , Błądek Tomasz 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The study presents a method for determination of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in albumin and freeze-dried-eggs with the use of liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The procedure enables a simple isolation of fluoroquinolones from albumin based on extraction with acetonitrile, and from freeze-dried-eggs with acetonitrile under alkaline conditions. The samples have been analysed on ultracarb C8 liquid chromatography column. The gradient elution programmes consisted of the mixture of 0.03 M phosphoric acid with 0.002 M sodium 1-heptanesulfonate monohydrate and acetonitrile. The method has been validated according to requirements of the European Decision 2002/657/EC. Recoveries ranged from 78% to 83% for spiked freeze-dried-eggs and from 89% to 91% for albumin. The developed method can be applied for determination and confirmation of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in albumin and freeze-dried-eggs.
Expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD21, and MHC II lymphocyte antigens and serum IL-10 concentration in dogs with atopic dermatitis complicated by purulent dermatitis
Authors: Taszkun Iwona 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Dog blood samples were analysed cytometrically and immunoenzymatically. In dogs with atopic dermatitis complicated by purulent dermatitis, the percentage of lymphocytes with CD8, CD21 antigens, as well as IL-10 concentration in serum were significantly higher than in healthy dogs. The results indicate that immunosuppression induced by the activity of an infectious agent plays an important role at this stage of the disease. This thesis was further confirmed by a high positive correlation between MHC II CD3, CD4, and CD21expression and a negative correlation between cells with MHC II and CD8 lymphocytes.
Seceding but not Succeeding: African International Relations and Somaliland’s lacking international recognition
Authors: Pijović Nikola 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Somaliland, the northern region of Somalia, declared independence in 1991 and has for the past two decades functioned as an independent political entity with important state-like structures. However, notwithstanding its relatively high accomplishment (especially as compared to Somalia) in state-building, it remains without any international political recognition. This article attempts to expose the politics behind Somaliland’s (non) recognition by analysing key African players and their roles in Somaliland’s international recognition game. The main arguments made are that some continental African states and Somaliland’s neighbours seem to be content keeping the status quo, and Somaliland’s international recognition is not a pressing issue for anyone but Somaliland. The fact that no African country seems to be ready to be the first to recognize Somaliland (while many are happy to be the second) may yet prove the most considerable obstacle for Somaliland’s recognition in the foreseeable future.
Legal Rules on the Protection of Animals in Hungary
Authors: Paulovics Anita 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
For centuries, man, as an important part of nature, has caused irreparable damage to its equilibrium. After the Second World War, it became clear that this process had led to the extinction of several species of animals. In spite of the importance of biodiversity, it only became an international, political concept after the Earth Summit in 1992. This was held in Rio de Janeiro, where the Agreement on Biodiversity was signed by many countries. Since then, biodiversity as a term has been widely used by politicians, the media, social organisations and others.
The European Union intends to validate strict requirements and provisions concerning animal protection. Most of these provisions have been legally validated in Hungary, but the country still lags behind in some respects. Further problems accrue as legal regulations concerning protected animals have been very hard to enforce in practice.
Overall, we can conclude that, in order to successfully protect animals, society should improve its way of looking at animals as a living part of nature. Without such an attitude, even the most perfect statutes cannot effectively ensure the protection of animals.
In-Situ Combination of Bio and Abio Remediation of Chlorinated Ethenes
Authors: Lacinová Lenka , Černíková Martina , Hrabal Jaroslav , Černík Miroslav 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This article deals with combined abio-bioreductive methods for in-situ removal of chlorinated ethenes. The method is based on the use of bioremediation supported by lactate and chemical reduction using nZVI. The method is compared with the use of the individual methods alone, mainly with nZVI. In an environment with very low permeability a poor contaminant removal efficiency was achieved during repeated application of nZVI (about 50% of the original content of contamination). Separate application of lactate resulted in conversion of PCE to 1,2-cis-DCE, whose degradation occurred very slowly. When using the combined abio-bioreductive method, based on consecutive application of lactates and nZVI, over 75% of the original content of contamination was removed. This article discusses not only the changes in concentrations of contaminants but also pH and ORP. Both methods are also compared from an economic point of view.
3D gravity interpretation of the pre-Tertiary basement in the intramontane depressions of the Western Carpathians: a case study from the Turiec Basin
Authors: Bielik Miroslav , Krajňák Martin , Makarenko Irina , Legostaeva Olga , Starostenko Vitaly I. , Bošanský Marián , Grinč Michal , Hók Jozef 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
New results related to the thickness and density of the sedimentary fill of the Turiec Basin allowed us to construct the first original stripped gravity map for this typical intramontane Neogene depression of the Western Carpathians. The stripped gravity map of the Turiec Basin represents the Bouguer gravity anomalies corrected for the gravity effect of the density contrast of its Quaternary-Tertiary sedimentary basin fill. It means that the map reflects the gravity effects of the density inhomogeneities which are located beneath the sedimentary basin fill. This map is therefore suitable for the interpretation of the structure and composition of the pre-Tertiary basement. Based on the new data analysis, two different density models of the sedimentary fill were constructed. The 3D density modelling was used to calculate the gravity effect of the density models. The stripped gravity maps were produced by subtracting the density model gravity effects from Bouguer anomalies. The regional trend was also removed from the stripped gravity maps. The residual stripped gravity maps were consequently used for geological interpretation of the pre-Tertiary basement of the Turiec Basin. The pre-Tertiary basement of the Turiec Basin can be divided into northern and southern parts due to its gravity characteristics. Furthermore the northern part can be split into two domains: western and eastern. The crystalline basement of the western domain is probably formed by the Hercynian crystalline basement of the Tatric Unit. In the eastern domain the basement could consist mostly of the Mesozoic complexes of the Fatric Unit. The southern part of the pre-Tertiary basement of the Turiec Basin is built predominantly by Mesozoic complexes of the Hronic Unit. It is suggested that the Hronic Unit also forms the bedrock of the volcano-sedimentary complex of the Kremnické vrchy Mts. The resultant stripped gravity maps and the map of total horizontal gravity gradients have also proven to be very useful for the interpretation of faults or fault systems in the study area. Various faults, particularly of NNE-SSW and NW-SE directions were discovered. The analysis of the faults indicates clearly that the contact of the Turiec Basin with the Malá Fatra Mts and the Veľká Fatra Mts is tectonic.
Incorporating User Input Into Optimal Constraining Procedures for Survey Estimates
Authors: Williams Matthew , Berg Emily 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
We examine the incorporation of analyst input into the constrained estimation process. In the calibration literature, there are numerous examples of estimators with “optimal” properties. We show that many of these can be derived from first principles. Furthermore, we provide mechanisms for injecting user input to create user-constrained optimal estimates. We include derivations for common deviance measures with linear and nonlinear constraints and we demonstrate these methods on a contingency table and a simulated survey data set. R code and examples are available at https://github.com/mwilli/Constrained-estimation.git.
The late Silurian–Middle Devonian long-term eustatic cycle as a possible control on the global generic diversity dynamics of bivalves and gastropods
Authors: Ruban Dmitry A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
A long-term eustatic cycle (fall and subsequent rise of the global sea level) embraced the late Silurian-Middle Devonian time interval. Potentially, these sea-level changes could drive global biodiversity. The stratigraphic ranges of 204 bivalve genera and 279 gastropod genera included into the famous Sepkoski database allow reconstructing changes in the total diversity and the number of originations and extinctions of these important groups of marine benthic macro- -invertebrates during this interval. None of the recorded parameters coincided with the long-term global sea-level cycle. It cannot be not excluded, however, that the global sea-level changes did not affect the regions favourable for bivalve and gastropod radiation because of regional tectonic mechanisms; neither can it be excluded that the eustatic control persisted together with many other extrinsic and intrinsic controls. Interestingly, the generic diversity of gastropods increased together with a cooling trend, and vice versa. Additionally, the Ludlow, Eifelian, and Givetian biotic crises affected, probably, both fossil groups under study. There was also a coincidence of the relatively high bivalve generic diversity, initial radiation of gastropods and the entire biota, and the diversification of brachiopods with the Early Devonian global sea-level lowstand, and this may be interpreted as evidence of a certain eustatic control on the marine biodiversity.