bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Level Set Methods for Modelling Field Evaporation in Atom Probe
Authors: Haley Daniel , Moody Michael P. , Smith George D.W. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAtom probe is a nanoscale technique for creating three-dimensional spatially and chemically resolved point datasets, primarily of metallic or semiconductor materials. While atom probe can achieve local high-level resolution, the spatial coherence of the technique is highly dependent upon the evaporative physics in the material and can often result in large geometric distortions in experimental results. The distortions originate from uncertainties in the projection function between the field evaporating specimen and the ion detector. Here we explore the possibility of continuum numerical approximations to the evaporative behavior during an atom probe experiment, and the subsequent propagation of ions to the detector, with particular emphasis placed on the solution of axisymmetric systems, such as isolated particles and multilayer systems. Ultimately, this method may prove critical in rapid modeling of tip shape evolution in atom probe tomography, which itself is a key factor in the rapid generation of spatially accurate reconstructions in atom probe datasets.
Development, Preimaginal Phases and Adult Sensillar Equipment inAganaspisParasitoids (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) of Fruit Flies
Authors: Tormos José , de Pedro Luis , Beitia Francisco , Sabater Beatriz , Asís Josep Daniel , Polidori Carlo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAganaspis daciandAganaspis pelleranoi(Hymenoptera: Figitidae) are important parasitoids of fruit flies. Here we studied, with light and scanning electron microscopy, aspects of their morphology that could help with plans to mass rear and thus contribute to improved pest control (preimaginal phases) and to shed light on parasitoid-pest relationships (sensillar equipment). The two species present a stalked egg, eucoiliform first and second-instar larvae and hymenopteriform third instar and mature larvae. The first instar presents tegumental differentiations in the mesoma and first metasomal segment inA. daci, but not inA. pelleranoi, while unlike other figitids, neither species displays setae in the mesosomal processes. Second and third instar and mature larvae present tegumental differentiations inA. daci, but not inA. pelleranoi. The moniliform (female) and filiform (male) antennae ofA. daciandA. pelleranoiharbor seven types of sensilla, four of them (sensilla campaniformia, sensilla coeloconica type II, and two types of sensilla trichoidea) described here for the first time in Cynipoidea. The largest sensilla were the multiporous placoid sensilla, which were smaller and more numerous inA. pelleranoi. Species also differed to some extent in morphology of sensilla coeloconica. Observations on the ovipositor revealed the presence of coeloconic sensilla on Valva I in both species.
Exploitation of forage attribute-based variations in Sudan pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] collections
Authors: Babiker Sara A. , Khair Mohammed A. M. , Tahir Izzat S. A. 
Published: August 2013

Triggered by the need to develop inter-seasonal, multi-cut cereal forage crops, this study aimed at the exploitation of phenotypic variations among the rich pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) collections in Sudan for possible utilization in forage-type breeding programmes. A total of 100 pearl millet accessions were used in three field trials grown in rainy, winter and summer seasons (2008–2009) at the Gezira Research Station Farm and the Gezira University Experimental Farm. Wide diversity and highly significant differences in the total dry forage yield, days to harvest, plant height, number of tillers/plant and leaf/stem ratio were found among the accessions. At an 80% morphological similarity level, the 100 accessions of pearl millet were clustered into four main groups. In the rainy and winter seasons, 71 and 56% of the accessions produced forage yield of more than 5 t/ha, respectively. In contrast, 77% of the accessions produced less than 5 t/ha in the summer season. Among the top-ranking 25 accessions, two accessions (HSD 2190 and HSD 2236) were common in dry matter yield in the three seasons, whereas 11 accessions were identified in at least two seasons. The presence of such common accessions in more than one season is encouraging for growing pearl millet as a multi-cut crop for a longer period. These results indicated the possibility of the development of forage-suited varieties of pearl millet directly through further evaluation of those common accessions or indirectly through a crop breeding programme.
Religion: productive or unproductive?
Authors: WISEMAN TRAVIS , YOUNG ANDREW 
Published: August 2013

Abstract:In this paper, we investigate the relationships between informal institutions – proxied for by measures of religiosity – and levels of entrepreneurial activity, both productive and unproductive, using cross-section US state-level data. In doing so, we evaluate Baumol's (1990) conjectures on the role of institutions in determining whether entrepreneurs will channel their efforts toward wealth-generating activities or toward zero- or negative-sum rent-seeking. We distinguish between measures of both the belief (e.g., the frequency of prayer) and belonging (e.g., church attendance) that have been stressed by authors such as Barro and McCleary (2003). We find that several religious variables significantly and negatively correlate with a state's productive entrepreneurship score. Alternatively, most religious variables in our data do not correlate significantly with unproductive entrepreneurship. We also find that the percent of individuals reporting as atheist/agnostic is positively associated with productive entrepreneurship.
Laser-induced rotation and cooling of a trapped microgyroscope in vacuum
Authors: Arita Yoshihiko , Mazilu Michael , Dholakia Kishan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractQuantum state preparation of mesoscopic objects is a powerful playground for the elucidation of many physical principles. The field of cavity optomechanics aims to create these states through laser cooling and by minimizing state decoherence. Here we demonstrate simultaneous optical trapping and rotation of a birefringent microparticle in vacuum using a circularly polarized trapping laser beam—a microgyroscope. We show stable rotation rates up to 5 MHz. Coupling between the rotational and translational degrees of freedom of the trapped microgyroscope leads to the observation of positional stabilization in effect cooling the particle to 40 K. We attribute this cooling to the interaction between the gyroscopic directional stabilization and the optical trapping field.
Opinion: The Pharmacometrics of Infectious Disease
Authors: Davies GR , Hope W , Khoo S 
Published: August 2013

The application of pharmacometric principles to the treatment of infectious diseases must address important biological issues across the diversity of pathogenic organisms. Recent applications of pharmacometric tools in this therapeutic area have had important translational impact not only in drug development but on real‐world clinical practice. The fruitful fusion of preclinical and population methodologies promises increasingly personalized and mechanistic approaches.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e70; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.46; published online 28 August 2013
Differentiating C8–T1 Radiculopathy from Ulnar Neuropathy: A Survey of 24 Spine Surgeons
Authors: Stoker Geoffrey E. , Kim Han Jo , Riew K. Daniel 
Published: August 2013

Study Design Questionnaire. Objective To evaluate the ability of spine surgeons to distinguish C8–T1 radiculopathies from ulnar neuropathy. Methods Twenty-four self-rated “experienced” cervical spine surgeons completed a questionnaire with the following items. (1) If the ulnar nerve is cut at the elbow, which of the following would be numb: ulnar forearm, small and ring fingers; only the ulnar forearm; only the small and ring fingers; or none of the above? (2) Which of the following muscles are weak with C8–T1 radiculopathies but intact with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: flexor digiti minimi brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor digiti minimi, abductor pollicis brevis, adductor pollicis, opponens digiti minimi, opponens pollicis, medial lumbricals, lateral lumbricals, dorsal interossei, palmar interossei? Results Fifteen of 24 surgeons (63%) correctly answered the first question—that severing the ulnar nerve results in numbness of the fifth and fourth fingers. None correctly identified all four nonulnar, C8–T1-innervated options in the second question without naming additional muscles. Conclusion The ulnar nerve provides sensation to the fourth and fifth fingers and medial border of the hand. The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve provides sensation to the medial forearm. The ulnar nerve innervates all intrinsic hand muscles, except the abductor and flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, and lateral two lumbricals, which are innervated by C8 and T1 via the median nerve. By examining these five muscles, one can clinically differentiate cubital tunnel syndrome from C8–T1 radiculopathies. Although all participants considered themselves to be experienced cervical spine surgeons, this study reveals inadequate knowledge regarding the clinical manifestations of C8–T1 radiculopathies and cubital tunnel syndrome.
Micro-sphere layered targets efficiency in laser driven proton acceleration
Authors: Floquet V. , Klimo O. , Psikal J. , Velyhan A. , Limpouch J. , Proska J. , Novotny F. , Stolcova L. , Macchi A. , Sgattoni A. , Vassura L. , Labate L. , Baffigi F. , Gizzi L. A. , Martin Ph. , Ceccotti T. 
Published: August 2013

Proton acceleration from the interaction of high contrast, 25 fs laser pulses at &gt;1019 W/cm2 intensity with plastic foils covered with a single layer of regularly packed micro-spheres has been investigated experimentally. The proton cut-off energy has been measured as a function of the micro-sphere size and laser incidence angle for different substrate thickness, and for both P and S polarization. The presence of micro-spheres with a size comparable to the laser wavelength allows to increase the proton cut-off energy for both polarizations at small angles of incidence (10∘). For large angles of incidence, however, proton energy enhancement with respect to flat targets is absent. Analysis of electron trajectories in particle-in-cell simulations highlights the role of the surface geometry in the heating of electrons.
Recovery of a top predator mediates negative eutrophic effects on seagrass
Authors: Hughes Brent B. , Eby Ron , Van Dyke Eric , Tinker M. Tim , Marks Corina I. , Johnson Kenneth S. , Wasson Kerstin 
Published: August 2013

Significance
Many coastal vegetated ecosystems have declined, affected by human alterations to “bottom-up” forces such as nutrient loading from agriculture and by “top-down” forces such as overfishing of predators. Examining the interactions between such bottom-up and top-down changes is challenging, because top predators have disappeared from many of these ecosystems. A highly nutrient-loaded estuary in California recently colonized by a recovering sea otter population provided an unusual opportunity to examine these interactions. We demonstrate that top-down effects of sea otters mitigate negative effects of nutrient loading, enhancing growth of seagrass. Grazers that remove algae from seagrass are favored by decreased crabs resulting from otter predation. Recovery of top predators can thus support resilience of coastal vegetated ecosystems.
Inferring nucleosome positions with their histone mark annotation from ChIP data
Authors: Mammana Alessandro , Vingron Martin , Chung Ho-Ryun 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Motivation: The nucleosome is the basic repeating unit of chromatin. It contains two copies each of the four core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 and about 147 bp of DNA. The residues of the histone proteins are subject to numerous post-translational modifications, such as methylation or acetylation. Chromatin immunoprecipitiation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) is a technique that provides genome-wide occupancy data of these modified histone proteins, and it requires appropriate computational methods.
Results: We present NucHunter, an algorithm that uses the data from ChIP-seq experiments directed against many histone modifications to infer positioned nucleosomes. NucHunter annotates each of these nucleosomes with the intensities of the histone modifications. We demonstrate that these annotations can be used to infer nucleosomal states with distinct correlations to underlying genomic features and chromatin-related processes, such as transcriptional start sites, enhancers, elongation by RNA polymerase II and chromatin-mediated repression. Thus, NucHunter is a versatile tool that can be used to predict positioned nucleosomes from a panel of histone modification ChIP-seq experiments and infer distinct histone modification patterns associated to different chromatin states.
Availability: The software is available at http://epigen.molgen.mpg.de/nuchunter/.
Contact: chung@molgen.mpg.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Poststernotomy Mediastinitis and the Role of Broken Steel Wires: Retrospective Study
Authors: Meeks Michelle D.M.E. , Lozekoot Pieter W.J. , Verstraeten Stefan E. , Nelis Mischa , Maessen Jos G. 
Published: August 2013

Objective Mediastinitis is a severe complication of cardiac surgery. Sternal instability is concomitantly present in most cases. Broken steel wires may cause sternal instability. In this study, the role of broken steel wires in sternal closure was evaluated in patients who developed poststernotomy mediastinitis. Methods Preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative data of patients who underwent thoracic surgery between 1996 and 2006 were retrieved from the SUMMIT registry database. Patients needing reoperation for mediastinitis were identified. Patients’ charts and chest radiographs from initial surgery to reoperation for mediastinitis were reviewed. Results Forty-five patients developed postoperative mediastinitis needing reoperation (0.6%). Because of loss to follow-up, 31 patients were evaluated. Eight patients (25.8%) presented fractured steel wires. Most of the broken steel wires (87.5%) manifested at the cranial site of figure-of-eight configurations. In the patients without broken steel wires, mediastinitis manifested after 14 days compared with 38 days in the patients with broken wires. Time until mediastinitis was not significantly different (P = 0.229). The mean time until steel wire disruption was 14 days (range, 4–48 days). Conclusions Broken steel wires were observed before mediastinitis became manifest. Fracturing occurred mainly at the cranial site of figure-of-eight configurations. The results of the present study emphasize that closure technique plays a prominent role in the development of mediastinitis. Because mediastinitis is associated with an increased risk for early morbidity, attention should be paid to patients presenting with broken steel wires. New techniques for median sternotomy closure are needed that are less prone to mechanical fatigue than are steel wires.
Evaluating the Effect of Three-Dimensional Visualization on Force Application and Performance Time during Robotics-Assisted Mitral Valve Repair
Authors: Currie Maria E. , Trejos Ana Luisa , Rayman Reiza , Chu Michael W.A. , Patel Rajni , Peters Terry , Kiaii Bob B. 
Published: August 2013

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of three-dimensional (3D) binocular, stereoscopic, and two-dimensional (2D) monocular visualization on robotics-assisted mitral valve annuloplasty versus conventional techniques in an ex vivo animal model. In addition, we sought to determine whether these effects were consistent between novices and experts in robotics-assisted cardiac surgery. Methods A cardiac surgery test-bed was constructed to measure forces applied during mitral valve annuloplasty. Sutures were passed through the porcine mitral valve annulus by the participants with different levels of experience in robotics-assisted surgery and tied in place using both robotics-assisted and conventional surgery techniques. Results The mean time for both the experts and the novices using 3D visualization was significantly less than that required using 2D vision (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the maximum force applied by the novices to the mitral valve during suturing (P = 0.7) and suture tying (P = 0.6) using either 2D or 3D visualization. The mean time required and forces applied by both the experts and the novices were significantly less using the conventional surgical technique than when using the robotic system with either 2D or 3D vision (P < 0.001). Conclusions Despite high-quality binocular images, both the experts and the novices applied significantly more force to the cardiac tissue during 3D robotics-assisted mitral valve annuloplasty than during conventional open mitral valve annuloplasty. This finding suggests that 3D visualization does not fully compensate for the absence of haptic feedback in robotics-assisted cardiac surgery.
Impact of Different Surgical Strategies on Perioperative Protein S100β Release in Elderly Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: van Boven Wim Jan P. , Morariu Aurora , Salzberg Sacha P. , Gerritsen Wim B. , Waanders Frans G. , Korse Tiny C. , Aarts Leon P. 
Published: August 2013

Objective This study was designed to compare neurological injury–associated protein S100β release during three different treatment modalities, minimized closed circuit coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (MCABG), off-pump CABG (OPCAB), and conventional CABG (CCABG), comprising high-volume prime and cold crystalloid cardioplegia. Our working hypothesis was that fluid restriction as provided by MCABG may decrease neurological injury–associated protein S100β release. Methods In this prospective trial, in a tertiary center, 30 surgical patients (aged >70 years, 25 men and 5 women) undergoing first-time elective CABG were enrolled. The inclusion criteria were three-vessel disease and elective surgery. The exclusion criteria were left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 30%, use of clopidogrel, carotid disease, or needing fewer than three distal anastomoses. Protein S100β concentrations, hematocrit (Ht) levels, and PO2 levels were measured after induction of anesthesia, 10 minutes after reperfusion, upon arrival at the intensive care unit, 3 hours postoperatively at the intensive care unit, and the next morning. Statistics consisted of areas under the curve, peak levels, and correlation and variance tests. Results A significant negative correlation was found indicating higher S100β release at lower Ht levels and at lower PO2 levels in all study groups. The lowest S100β variance was measured during MCABG (Wilks Λ P = 0.052). The perioperative Ht was significantly higher in the MCABG group and in the OPCAB group compared with the CCABG group (P = 0.04 vs P < 0.01). At all time points, the S100β protein concentration showed no significant differences between the different surgical techniques. The mean (95% confidence interval) values of S100 area under the curve were the following: CCABG, 2.3 (1.06–3.5); MCABG, 1.44 (0.6–2.21); and OPCAB, 1.87 (1.5–2.19) [independent nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test (P = 0.13)]. The mean (95% confidence interval) peak S100 values (calculated as the maximum value seen in a patient during the research period) were the following: CCABG, 1.07 (0.4–1.68); MCABG, 0.59 (0.28–0.90); and OPCAB, 0.83 (0.59–1.06) [independent nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test (P = 0.22)]. Conclusions Despite similar perioperative S100β protein release for all techniques studied, higher Ht and PO2 levels correlated with lower S100β release within all study groups. The low S100β variance during the fluid restrictive MCABG technique may be due to more efficient oxygen transport to the brain provided by significantly higher perioperative Ht levels. Further prospective data are required to better understand this complex issue.
A problem is a problem is a benefit? Generation Y perceptions of open‐plan offices
Authors: Rasila Heidi , Rothe Peggie 
Published: August 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand how the youngest generation at work perceives problems that are linked to open‐plan offices. They are the future users of the work environments and thus it is important to understand how they perceive different office solutions. The paper looks at one specific type of job and one group of office employees: generation Y – those born in the 1980s and early 1990s – working in a contact centre environment.Design/methodology/approachThe research was carried out as a case study. In total, 20 thematic interviews were conducted among the representatives of generation Y from three different sites of one big Finnish telecommunications company. The themes of the interviews were outlined by a thorough literature review concerning problems that are often linked to open office solutions.FindingsThe findings suggest that in this case, the generation Y employees in fact liked their open‐plan office. They acknowledged most of the issues or “problems” that the literature suggests, but they did not necessarily see these purely in a negative way. Instead, they often perceived these issues as fair trade‐offs for some greater good. This result supports the idea that open‐plan offices are complex and interrelated systems where all parts affect the others.Research limitation/implicationsThe main limitation of this research is the small sample size. The results cannot be generalized to all young office employees; rather, they are intended to give a first in‐depth insight into the experiences of one specific group of users in the complex interrelated open‐plan office system.Originality/valueThe paper's findings add to the understanding about how generation Y perceives their work environment. The research also highlights a limitation in earlier open‐plan offices and suggests that future research needs to take a broader perspective on this complex system.