bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic-Induced Autoactivation of IS
256
in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Schreiber Franziska , Szekat Christiane , Josten Michaele , Sahl Hans-Georg , Bierbaum Gabriele 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

The 3′ end of
rsbU
, encoding the positive regulator of the stress factor sigma B, was identified as a hot spot for spontaneous IS
256
insertion in
Staphylococcus aureus
SA137/93G. Interestingly, subinhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol in combination with heat stress, as well as linezolid and spectinomycin at physiological temperatures, selected for such
rsbU
::IS
256
insertion mutants. In consequence of the inactivation of
rsbU
, the IS
256
transposition frequency was increased 4-fold in
S. aureus
HG001.
Biochemical Analysis of the Role of G118R-Linked Dolutegravir Drug Resistance Substitutions in HIV-1 Integrase
Authors: Quashie Peter K. , Mesplède Thibault , Han Ying-Shan , Veres Tamar , Osman Nathan , Hassounah Said , Sloan Richard D. , Xu Hong-Tao , Wainberg Mark A. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
Drug resistance mutations (DRMs) have been reported for all currently approved anti-HIV drugs, including the latest integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). We previously used the new INSTI dolutegravir (DTG) to select a G118R integrase resistance substitution in tissue culture and also showed that secondary substitutions emerged at positions H51Y and E138K. Now, we have characterized the impact of the G118R substitution, alone or in combination with either H51Y or E138K, on 3′ processing and integrase strand transfer activity. The results show that G118R primarily impacted the strand transfer step of integration by diminishing the ability of integrase-long terminal repeat (LTR) complexes to bind target DNA. The addition of H51Y and E138K to G118R partially restored strand transfer activity by modulating the formation of integrase-LTR complexes through increasing LTR DNA affinity and total DNA binding, respectively. This unique mechanism, in which one function of HIV integrase partially compensates for the defect in another function, has not been previously reported. The G118R substitution resulted in low-level resistance to DTG, raltegravir (RAL), and elvitegravir (EVG). The addition of either of H51Y or E138K to G118R did not enhance resistance to DTG, RAL, or EVG. Homology modeling provided insight into the mechanism of resistance conferred by G118R as well as the effects of H51Y or E138K on enzyme activity. The G118R substitution therefore represents a potential avenue for resistance to DTG, similar to that previously described for the R263K substitution. For both pathways, secondary substitutions can lead to either diminished integrase activity and/or increased INSTI susceptibility.
Comparative Evaluation of PCR and Imprint Smear Microscopy Analyses of Skin Biopsy Specimens in Diagnosis of Macular, Papular, and Mixed Papulo-Nodular Lesions of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis
Authors: Verma Neena , Singh Dharmendra , Pandey Krishna , Das Vidya Nand Rabi , Lal Chandra Shekhar , Verma Rakesh Bihari , Sinha Prabhat Kumar , Das Pradeep 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
Diagnosis of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), particularly the macular form, is difficult when based on microscopy. This study compared the results of nested PCR (91.9% positive samples) with imprint smear microscopy (70.9% positive samples) for 62 PKDL samples. We found that nested PCR, which indicated 87.5% positivity for the macular lesions, compared to 41.6% positivity by imprint smear microscopy, is an efficient method for early diagnosis of PKDL.
Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and Influenza Virus Coinfections in Patients with Fatal Pneumonia
Authors: Denison Amy M. , DeLeon-Carnes Marlene , Blau Dianna M. , Shattuck Eric C. , McDougal Linda K. , Rasheed James K. , Limbago Brandi M. , Zaki Sherif R. , Paddock Christopher D. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

Molecular techniques were used to characterize genetic features of
Staphylococcus aureus
in 66 fatal cases of pneumonia caused by
S. aureus
and influenza A or B viruses. Nucleic acids were extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. The majority of cases revealed genetic markers for Panton-Valentine leukocidin,
mecA
, and
spa
type t008.
Genome Scale Evolution of Myxoma Virus Reveals Host-Pathogen Adaptation and Rapid Geographic Spread
Authors: Kerr Peter J. , Rogers Matthew B. , Fitch Adam , DePasse Jay V. , Cattadori Isabella M. , Twaddle Alan C. , Hudson Peter J. , Tscharke David C. , Read Andrew F. , Holmes Edward C. , Ghedin Elodie 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe evolutionary interplay between myxoma virus (MYXV) and the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) following release of the virus in Australia in 1950 as a biological control is a classic example of host-pathogen coevolution. We present a detailed genomic and phylogeographic analysis of 30 strains of MYXV, including the Australian progenitor strain Standard Laboratory Strain (SLS), 24 Australian viruses isolated from 1951 to 1999, and three isolates from the early radiation in Britain from 1954 and 1955. We show that in Australia MYXV has spread rapidly on a spatial scale, with multiple lineages cocirculating within individual localities, and that both highly virulent and attenuated viruses were still present in the field through the 1990s. In addition, the detection of closely related virus lineages at sites 1,000 km apart suggests that MYXV moves freely in geographic space, with mosquitoes, fleas, and rabbit migration all providing means of transport. Strikingly, despite multiple introductions, all modern viruses appear to be ultimately derived from the original introductions of SLS. The rapidity of MYXV evolution was also apparent at the genomic scale, with gene duplications documented in a number of viruses. Duplication of potential virulence genes may be important in increasing the expression of virulence proteins and provides the basis for the evolution of novel functions. Mutations leading to loss of open reading frames were surprisingly frequent and in some cases may explain attenuation, but no common mutations that correlated with virulence or attenuation were identified.
Tetherin Restricts Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Is Antagonized by Glycoprotein M
Authors: Blondeau Caroline , Pelchen-Matthews Annegret , Mlcochova Petra , Marsh Mark , Milne Richard S. B. , Towers Greg J. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
Tetherin is a broadly active antiviral effector that works by tethering nascent enveloped virions to a host cell membrane, thus preventing their release. In this study, we demonstrate that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is targeted by tetherin. We identify the viral envelope glycoprotein M (gM) as having moderate anti-tetherin activity. We show that gM but not gB or gD efficiently removes tetherin from the plasma membrane and can functionally substitute for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpu protein, the prototypic viral tetherin antagonist, in rescuing HIV-1 release from tetherin-expressing cells. Our data emphasize that tetherin is a broadly active antiviral effector and contribute to the emerging hypothesis that viruses must suppress or evade an array of host cell countermeasures in order to establish a productive infection.
Viroplasm Protein P9-1 of
Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus
Preferentially Binds to Single-Stranded RNA in Its Octamer Form, and the Central Interior Structure Formed by This Octamer Constitutes the Major RNA Binding Site
Authors: Wu Jianyan , Li Jia , Mao Xiang , Wang Weiwu , Cheng Zhaobang , Zhou Yijun , Zhou Xueping , Tao Xiaorong 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

The P9-1 protein of
Rice black-streaked dwarf virus
(RBSDV) is an essential part of the viroplasm. However, little is known about its nature or biological function in the viroplasm. In this study, the structure and function of P9-1 were analyzed for
in vitro
binding to nucleic acids. We found that the P9-1 protein preferentially bound to single-stranded versus double-stranded nucleic acids; however, the protein displayed no preference for RBSDV versus non-RBSDV single-stranded ssRNA (ssRNA). A gel mobility shift assay revealed that the RNA gradually shifted as increasing amounts of P9-1 were added, suggesting that multiple subunits of P9-1 bind to ssRNA. By using discontinuous blue native gel and chromatography analysis, we found that the P9-1 protein was capable of forming dimers, tetramers, and octamers. Strikingly, we demonstrated that P9-1 preferentially bound to ssRNA in the octamer, rather than the dimer, form. Deletion of the C-terminal arm resulted in P9-1 no longer forming octamers; consequently, the deletion mutant protein bound to ssRNA with significantly lower affinity and with fewer copies bound per ssRNA. Alanine substitution analysis revealed that electropositive amino acids among residues 25 to 44 are important for RNA binding and map to the central interior structure that was formed only by P9-1 octamers. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the structure and function of RBSDV viroplasm protein P9-1 binding to RNA.
Comprehensive Mapping and Analysis of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus 3′ UTRs Identify Differential Posttranscriptional Control of Gene Expression in Lytic versus Latent Infection
Authors: McClure Lydia V. , Kincaid Rodney P. , Burke James M. , Grundhoff Adam , Sullivan Christopher S. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) are known to play an important role in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. Here we map the 3′ UTRs of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) using next-generation RNA sequencing, 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), and tiled microarray analyses. Chimeric reporters containing the KSHV 3′ UTRs show a general trend toward reduced gene expression under conditions of latent infection. Those 3′ UTRs with a higher GC content are more likely to be associated with reduced gene expression. KSHV transcripts display an extensive use of shared polyadenylation sites allowing for partially overlapping 3′ UTRs and regulatory activities. In addition, a subset of KSHV 3′ UTRs is sufficient to convey increased gene expression under conditions of lytic infection. These results suggest a role for viral 3′ UTRs in contributing to differential gene expression during latent versus lytic infection.
Local Blockade of Epithelial PDL-1 in the Airways Enhances T Cell Function and Viral Clearance during Influenza Virus Infection
Authors: McNally Beth , Ye Fang , Willette Meredith , Flaño Emilio 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

In order to maintain the gas exchange function of the lung following influenza virus infection, a delicate orchestration of positive and negative regulatory pathways must be maintained to attain viral eradication while minimizing local inflammation. The programmed death receptor 1 ligand/programmed death receptor 1 (PDL-1/PD-1) pathway plays an important immunoregulatory role, particularly in the context of T cell function. Here, we have shown that influenza virus infection of primary airway epithelial cells strongly enhances PDL-1 expression and does so in an alpha interferon receptor (IFNAR) signaling-dependent manner. PD-1 is expressed primarily on effector T cells in the lung, compared to effector memory and central memory cells, and shortly after influenza virus infection, an increased number of PD-1
+
T cells are recruited to the airways. Using
in vitro
cocultures of airway epithelial cells and T cells and
in vivo
models of influenza virus infection, we have demonstrated that blockade of airway epithelial PDL-1 improves CD8 T cell function, defined by increased production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and granzyme B and expression of CD107ab. Furthermore, PDL-1 blockade in the airways served to accelerate influenza virus clearance and enhance infection recovery. Our findings suggest that local manipulation of the PDL-1/PD-1 axis in the airways may represent a therapeutic alternative during acute influenza virus infection.
Impact of corticofugal fibre involvement in subcortical stroke
Authors: Phan Thanh G , van der Voort Sanne , Chen Jian , Beare Richard , Ma Henry , Clissold Benjamin , Ly John , Foster Emma , Thong Eleanor , Srikanth Velandai 
Published: September 2013

ObjectiveTo correlate motor deficit with involvement of corticofugal fibres in patients with subcortical stroke. The descending motor corticofugal fibres originate from the primary motor cortex (M1), dorsal and ventral premotor area (PMdv) and supplementary motor area (SMA).DesignRetrospective study.SettingSingle tertiary teaching hospital.Participants57 patients (57% men) with subcortical infarcts on MRI (2009–2011) were included. The mean age was 64.3±14.4 years.InterventionsNone.Primary and secondary outcome measuresNational Institute of Health Stroke Scale subscores for arm and leg motor deficit at 90 days.ResultsAn area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) for the volume of overlap with infarct (and M1/PMdv/SMA fibres) and motor outcome was calculated. The AUC for the association with arm motor deficit from M1 fibres involvement was 0.80 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.94), PMdv was 0.76 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.91) and SMA was 0.73 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.88). The AUC for leg motor deficit from M1 fibres involvement was 0.69 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.85), PMdv was 0.67 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.85), SMA was 0.66 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.84).ConclusionsFollowing subcortical stroke, the correlations between involvement of the corticofugal fibres for upper and lower limbs motor deficit were variable. A poor motor outcome was not universal following subcortical stroke.
Reactive tissue proliferation and damage of elastic lamina caused by hydrogel coated coils in experimental rat aneurysms
Authors: Zhang Chao , Chaudhary Neeraj , Gemmete Joseph J , Thompson B Gregory , Xi Guohua , Pandey Aditya S 
Published: September 2013

Background and objectiveThe HydroCoil Endovascular Aneurysm Occlusion and Packing Study clinical trial, comparing HydroCoil with platinum coils, reported an 8.6% reduction in significant recurrence following cerebral aneurysm coil embolization. We sought to better understand the mechanism of aneurysmal healing following HydroCoil implantation using the rat external carotid artery (ECA) sidewall aneurysm model.MethodsWe ligated the proximal ECA, creating a blind pouch in our rat model. HydroCoil or bare platinum coil segments (5 mm) were inserted into aneurysms. Sham operated rats underwent identical procedures without coil insertion. 14 days after coil embolization, animals were sacrificed and the common carotid artery/internal carotid artery/ECA complex removed. Sac and surrounding vasculature underwent microscopic and histopathologic evaluation. Cellular and fibrotic components within the sac were defined as the organized area. Percentage of organized area and residual length of internal elastic lamina were calculated.ResultsOrganized tissue area in ECA sac 2 weeks following coil embolization was significantly greater in the HydroCoil group than the bare coil (60.42±22.58% vs 15.62±19.24%; p=0.01) and sham (60.42±22.58% vs 4.61±3.86%; p=0.002) groups. Elastic lamina was significantly reduced in the HydroCoil group compared with the sham and bare coil groups (21.67±16.50% vs 100% and 96.06±8.78%; both p<0.001). No significant difference was found between the bare coil and sham groups for organized tissue formation or reduction in elastic lamina. Greater numbers of B cells, T cells, and neutrophils were present within HydroCoil induced organized tissue compared with the platinum group; this difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionsIn the rat ECA sidewall aneurysm model, hydrogel coated coils cause more tissue reaction and organization compared with bare platinum coils, possibly attributed to observed elastic lamina damage and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Expression of the gamma 2 chain of laminin-332 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of patients with endometriosis
Authors: Locci Rosella , Nisolle Michelle , Angioni Stefano , Foidart Jean-Michel , Munaut Carine 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Endometrial cells, which are shed by retrograde menstruation, may aberrantly express molecules involved in invasion and migration, leading to endometriosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the laminin gamma 2 chain (LAMC2) in the tissues of women with and without endometriosis.

Methods
Endometrial biopsy specimens were collected from healthy volunteers and from endometriosis patients. Biopsy specimens from the corresponding endometriotic lesions were also collected. The expression of laminin gamma 2 chain was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results
Endometrial tissue from women with or without endometriosis showed constitutive expression of LAMC2 mRNA throughout the menstrual cycle. A higher mRNA level was observed in ectopic endometrium (Ec) from women with endometriosis compared with eutopic endometrium (Eu) from women with endometriosis. Immunohistochemistry revealed a varied pattern of laminin gamma 2 chain expression, with increased epithelial expression in eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis compared with those without endometriosis.

Conclusions
The altered expression of laminin gamma 2 chain in eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis may provide new opportunities for diagnosis and treatment.
Late-onset Sheehan’s syndrome presenting with rhabdomyolysis and hyponatremia: a case report
Authors: Soresi Maurizio , Brunori Giuseppe , Citarrella Roberto , Banco Aurelia , Zasa Antonino , Di Bella Giovanna , Giannitrapani Lydia 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Introduction
Hyponatremia associated with rhabdomyolysis is a rare event and a correct diagnostic approach is required to rule out this or other diseases as a primary cause and to avoid other complications resulting from a lack of appropriate treatment.

Case presentation
A 64-year-old Caucasian woman presented to our facility with worsening fatigue, slurred speech, nausea and vomiting, and high serum levels of creatine kinase and myoglobin together with hyponatremia. Normal arterial blood gas analysis results, normal serum potassium levels, increased urine sodium levels, urine specific gravity of >1003N/m3 and low urine volume suggested an endocrine etiology. Her low cortisol and thyroid hormone serum levels suggested a pituitary disorder. A magnetic resonance imaging study showed atrophy of her pituitary gland. A more detailed study of our patient’s obstetric history revealed a post-partum hemorrhage 30 years earlier. She was diagnosed as having late-onset Sheehan’s syndrome and treated with hormone replacement therapy, which normalized her clinical picture.

Conclusions
This case report shows that, in hyponatremia-associated rhabdomyolysis, an endocrinological origin should always be considered. This should include Sheehan’s syndrome as it can occur with late onset.
Case series and literature review of multiple nodular sarcoidosis
Authors: Shahzad Hira , Ur-Rehman Sameer , Fatima Kulsoom , Sharif Nadia , Zubairi Ali Bin Sarwar 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background
Nodular lung disease is a rare presentation of sarcoidosis. Radiologically it can present as multiple pulmonary masses or solitary lung nodule.

Case presentation
We report three cases of nodular sarcoidosis in young females of Asian origin who had initially presented with dry cough and worsening dyspnea non-responsive to initially administered antibiotics. Pulmonary nodules were discovered upon radiographic imaging in all three cases which raised concern for the possibility of neoplastic processes. Subsequent biopsies revealed granulomatous inflammation indicative of sarcoidosis. All cases responded very well to systemic corticosteroids.

Conclusion
Sarcoidosis may present as nodular infiltrates which alerts the treating physician to other neoplastic and infectious diseases of the lungs. Appropriate workup may reveal the true nature of this disease and hence, simplify treatment.
Progressive alveolar echinococcosis after discontinuation of anthelmintic therapy
Authors: Meilinger Michael , Stoeckl Christina , Pollheimer Marion , Kern Peter , Reisinger Emil C , Seeber Katharina , Krause Robert , Flick Holger , Hoenigl Martin 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
We report a case of a female patient with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) who presented with progressive pulmonary and hepatic lesions and had a fatal outcome. AE affecting the liver, the lungs and the brain had been diagnosed 20 years ago and treated successfully with albendazole and stereotactic gamma knife therapy. Due to severe hair loss albendazole was stopped 14 years before presentation. Lesions had remained stable in imaging studies for at least 11 years, but then had started to progress. Lifelong anthelmintic maintenance therapy and regular follow-up may therefore be crucial in order to prevent such a dramatic clinical course.
The True Cause of Business Cycle
Authors: Chiung Ting Chao­ 
Published: October 2013

Cause and impulse are different. Cause creates an economic mechanism in which impulses propagate effect. If we remove cause, impulses propagate nothing. In credit economy, I derive an economic mechanism from economic agents’ budget constraint interactively in which effects arising from impulses are co­movement. This economic mechanism does not exist in non­credit economy while all impulses are active. Thus, loan is the true cause of business cycle. Business cycle is inherent in credit economy. If we remove loan from the world we live in, we eliminate business cycle completely and permanently.
The Study Drug Pathomorphism And Immunohistochemical Parameters Of Tumor In Endoarterial Of Regional Long-Term Chemotherapy In Treatment Of Cervical Cancer
Authors: Navruzova V , Yuldasheva N 
Published: October 2013

Background: To improve the results of radiotherapy for cervical cancer used local and systemic radio-modification drugs.Materials and methods: 1984 patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (2b - 3a stage), which at one stage of complex treatment by a course indo-arterial of regional long-term poly-chemotherapy (EARDPHT) mode: methotrexate - 50 mg/m2, the first 12 hours, fluorouracil 1000 mg/m2, over the next 12 hours and cisplatin - 100 mg/m2, for 48 hours, 2 stage - surgical treatment in the volume expanding hysterectomy 3 type (modification of Wertheim - Meigs).Results: The results of treatment of locally cervical cancer using VADRPHT, depending on the unilateral and bilateral tumor invasion in parametrial tissue showed that under unilateral lesion of parametrium results of treatment were higher than for the bilateral involvement of parametrium. Medical pathomorphosis in tumors of different severity was observed in 86.9% of patients, metastasis to regional lymph nodes were detected in 36% of operated patients, and also studied the degree of therapeutic pathomorphosis in lymph nodes. There was revealed that the complete regression of tumors, 5 - year survival rate is 98%, whereas in tumor regression of more than 50% of the original volume – 78.5%, with stabilization of tumor - no more than 58.4%.Conclusion: The study of molecular-biological parameters of the tumor cells show the effectiveness of conducted neo-advent indo-arterial chemotherapy and play an important role in further treatment and prediction of disease.