bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Watching conformational dynamics of ABC transporters with single-molecule tools
Authors: Husada Florence , Gouridis Giorgos , Vietrov Ruslan , Schuurman-Wolters Gea K. , Ploetz Evelyn , de Boer Marijn , Poolman Bert , Cordes Thorben 
Published: October 2015

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play crucial roles in cellular processes, such as nutrient uptake, drug resistance, cell-volume regulation and others. Despite their importance, all proposed molecular models for transport are based on indirect evidence, i.e. functional interpretation of static crystal structures and ensemble measurements of function and structure. Thus, classical biophysical and biochemical techniques do not readily visualize dynamic structural changes. We recently started to use single-molecule fluorescence techniques to study conformational states and changes of ABC transporters in vitro, in order to observe directly how the different steps during transport are coordinated. This review summarizes our scientific strategy and some of the key experimental advances that allowed the substrate-binding mechanism of prokaryotic ABC importers and the transport cycle to be explored. The conformational states and transitions of ABC-associated substrate-binding domains (SBDs) were visualized with single-molecule FRET, permitting a direct correlation of structural and kinetic information of SBDs. We also delineated the different steps of the transport cycle. Since information in such assays are restricted by proper labelling of proteins with fluorescent dyes, we present a simple approach to increase the amount of protein with FRET information based on non-specific interactions between a dye and the size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) column material used for final purification.
Adaptive double‐integral‐sliding‐mode‐maximum‐power‐point tracker for a photovoltaic system
Authors: Subudhi Bidyadhar , Pradhan Raseswari 
Published: October 2015

This study proposed an adaptive double‐integral‐sliding‐mode‐controller‐maximum‐power‐point tracker (DISMC‐MPPT) for maximum‐power‐point (MPP) tracking of a photovoltaic (PV) system. The objective of this study is to design a DISMC‐MPPT with a new adaptive double‐integral‐sliding surface in order that MPP tracking is achieved with reduced chattering and steady‐state error in the output voltage or current. The proposed adaptive DISMC‐MPPT possesses a very simple and efficient PWM‐based control structure that keeps switching frequency constant. The controller is designed considering the reaching and stability conditions to provide robustness and stability. The performance of the proposed adaptive DISMC‐MPPT is verified through both MATLAB/Simulink simulation and experiment using a 0.2 kW prototype PV system. From the obtained results, it is found out that this DISMC‐MPPT is found to be more efficient compared with that of Tan's and Jiao's DISMC‐MPPTs.
Milton, Hobbes, and Rhetorical Freedom
Authors: O’Gorman Ned 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTIn this article, I argue that for John Milton in Paradise Lost and Areopagitica freedom was a rhetorical quality of action: an ethical capacity to address a situation by means of language. I contrast Milton’s approach to that of Thomas Hobbes, for whom freedom was only a state. These reflections suggest that Milton’s rhetorical freedom, a capacity to act amid oppositions by virtue of the wisdom and power of discourse, offers the outlines of an alternate modernity.
Troubled Freedom, Rhetorical Personhood, and Democracy’s Ongoing Constitution
Authors: Allen Ira J. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTFreedom is a contested concept, at once bound up with and promising transcendence of social bonds. This article examines the understanding of freedom particular to rhetorical theory, a troubled freedom that is the negotiation of constraint. Articulating this concept in negotiation of Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca’s “universal audience,” the article explores a key implication of troubled freedom for the governance of human persons. Given that human personhood is a rhetorical phenomenon, that persons emerge in flows of tendentious discourse, the article urges a rhetorical approach to democratic constitution writing. Constitution should be composed to foster the rhetorical capabilities of demoi.
HapFlow: visualizing haplotypes in sequencing data
Authors: Sullivan Mitchell J. , Bachmann Nathan L. , Timms Peter , Polkinghorne Adam 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Summary: HapFlow is a python application for visualizing haplotypes present in sequencing data. It identifies variant profiles present and reads and creates an abstract visual representation of these profiles to make haplotypes easier to identify.
Availability and implementation: HapFlow is freely available (under a GPL license) for download (for Mac OS X, Unix and Microsoft Windows) from github (http://mjsull.github.io/HapFlow).
Contact: apolking@usc.edu.au
Haemorrhagic colitis associated with enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O165 : H25 infection in a yearling feedlot heifer
Authors: Moxley Rodney A. , Stromberg Zachary R. , Lewis Gentry L. , Loy John D. , Brodersen Bruce W. , Patel Isha R. , Gangiredla Jayanthi 
Published: October 2015

Introduction:
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) cause haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome in humans. Although EHEC infection typically results in haemorrhagic colitis in all ages of human patients, in cattle it is usually limited to 1- to 5-week-old nursing calves.

Case Presentation:
A 1-year-old feedlot beef heifer was moribund with neurological signs and bloody diarrhoea. At necropsy, the colonic mucosa contained multiple grossly visible haemorrhagic erosions, each measuring < 1 mm in diameter. Histologically, foci corresponding to the gross erosions had E. coli O165 antigen-positive bacterial rods adherent to the apical surfaces of degenerate and necrotic colonic mucosal epithelial cells in association with attaching and effacing lesions, and also within cytoplasmic vacuoles in some of these cells. An E. coli O165 : H25 strain was isolated from the colonic mucosal tissue, and by microarray analysis was found to contain virulence genes corresponding to type III secretion system (T3SS) structure and regulation (cesD, cesT, escD, escF, escN/escV, escR, escT, ler, sepL, sepQ), T3SS effectors (espA, espB, espC, espD, espD, espF, espH, espJ, nleB, nleC, nleD, nleH, tir), serine proteases (eatA, espC, espP), Shiga toxin (stx
2), EHEC-haemolysin (ehxA), and adhesins [intimin-ϵ (eae-ϵ), type 1 fimbria (fimA, fimB, fimH), type IV pili (pilA, pilB, pilC, pilM, pilP, pilQ) and non-fimbrial adhesin (efa1/lifA)].

Conclusion:
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of disease in cattle associated with EHEC O165 : H25 infection, the oldest bovine EHEC disease case with isolation of the pathogen and the first bovine case to demonstrate grossly evident, haemorrhagic, colonic mucosal erosions associated with EHEC infection.
Evaluating the performance of selection scans to detect selective sweeps in domestic dogs
Authors: Schlamp Florencia , van der Made Julian , Stambler Rebecca , Chesebrough Lewis , Boyko Adam R. , Messer Philipp W. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTSelective breeding of dogs has resulted in repeated artificial selection on breed-specific morphological phenotypes. A number of quantitative trait loci associated with these phenotypes have been identified in genetic mapping studies. We analyzed the population genomic signatures observed around the causal mutations for 12 of these loci in 25 dog breeds, for which we genotyped 25 individuals in each breed. By measuring the population frequencies of the causal mutations in each breed, we identified those breeds in which specific mutations most likely experienced positive selection. These instances were then used as positive controls for assessing the performance of popular statistics to detect selection from population genomic data. We found that artificial selection during dog domestication has left characteristic signatures in the haplotype and nucleotide polymorphism patterns around selected loci that can be detected in the genotype data from a single population sample. However, the sensitivity and accuracy at which such signatures were detected varied widely between loci, the particular statistic used, and the choice of analysis parameters. We observed examples of both hard and soft selective sweeps and detected strong selective events that removed genetic diversity almost entirely over regions >10 Mbp. Our study demonstrates the power and limitations of selection scans in populations with high levels of linkage disequilibrium due to severe founder effects and recent population bottlenecks.
A segregating inversion generates fitness variation in a yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus) population
Authors: Lee Young Wha , Fishman Lila , Kelly John K. , Willis John H. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPolymorphic chromosomal rearrangements, which can bind together hundreds of genes into single genetic loci with diverse effects, are increasingly associated with local adaptation and speciation. They may also be an important component of genetic variation within populations. We genetically and phenotypically characterized a novel segregating inversion (inv6) in the Iron Mountain (IM) population ofMimulus guttatus(yellow monkeyflower). We first identified a region of recombination suppression in three F2mapping populations resulting from crosses among IM plants; in each case, the F1hybrid parent was heterozygous for a homogenous derived haplotype (inv6) across markers spanning over 4.2 Mb of Linkage Group 6. Genotype-phenotype associations in the three F2populations demonstrated negativeinv6effects on male and female fitness components. In addition,inv6carriers suffered a ~30% loss of pollen viability in the field. Despite these costs,inv6exists at moderate and apparently stable frequency (~7%) in the natural population, suggesting counter-balancing fitness benefits that maintain the polymorphism. Across four years of monitoring in the field,inv6had an overall significant positive effect on the seed production (lifetime female fitness) of carriers. This benefit was particularly strong in harsh years and may be mediated (in part) by strong positiveinv6effects on flower production. These data suggest that opposing fitness effects maintain an intermediate frequency, and as a consequence,inv6generates inbreeding depression and high genetic variance. We discuss these findings in the context of theory about the genetic basis of inbreeding depression and the role for chromosomal rearrangements in population divergence with gene flow.
An empirical analysis of the determinants of expenditure on alcohol by alcohol dependent individuals in Mauritius
Authors: Sobhee Sanjeev , Kasseeah Harshana , Tandrayen-Ragoobur Verena , Gopaul Asrani 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– Without an understanding of the factors that influence the expenditure of alcohol-dependent individuals on alcohol, it is unclear whether policies to control excessive consumption of alcohol can be effective. The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the factors that affect the expenditure of alcohol-dependent individuals on alcohol.

Design/methodology/approach
– The main contribution of this paper is that it relies on a survey consisting exclusively of 300 alcohol-dependent individuals to capture the variables influencing their expenditure on alcohol. The survey was carried out by fieldworkers in the year 2012. The respondents come from varied socio-economic backgrounds and consist of both male and female alcohol-dependent individuals living in various geographical parts of the island of Mauritius.

Findings
– The results obtained indicate that expenditure on alcohol by alcohol-dependent individuals increases as income increases. Given that the coefficient on the income variable is positive but less than one, this indicates that alcohol is viewed as a necessity. Apart from income, the age when the person first started drinking and the family size are important variables influencing the expenditure of alcohol-dependent individuals on alcohol.

Research limitations/implications
– The findings indicate that alcohol-dependent individuals should be sensitized so that they are not tempted to increase expenditure on alcohol as their income increases. Sensitization should be aimed at making them understand that the increase in income allocated toward alcohol expenditure could be better spent. Awareness programs could also help to address the issue of over-consumption of alcohol among the youth.

Originality/value
– As far as the authors know, there has not been any empirical studies conducted in Mauritius on the expenditure on alcohol by alcohol-dependent individuals.
Examining perception of competency through practicum competencies outline
Authors: Esposito Giovanna , Freda Maria Francesca , Bosco Valentina 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– This study aims to examine the self-perceived competencies of 231 Italian students enrolled in a psychological degree program and involved in a practicum. It analyzes the subjective perception of the competences that students expect to develop, acknowledge as developed and that might be inferred from tasks performed during the practicum; the level of expertise (novice, intermediate or advanced) of these competences; and the relation between the practicum facility and the competences.Design/methodology/approach– This study administered anad hocsurvey comprising open-ended questions and used the Practicum Competencies Outline (Hatcher and Lassiter, 2007) as a framework for the content analysis.Findings– The results revealed poor perception of some competency domains, such as Diversity: Individual and Cultural Differences; Development of Leadership; Application of Research and Ethics; and a frequent acknowledgment of Psychological Assessment and Professional Development. Before the practicum, the students expected to develop competence mainly at a novice level of expertise; after the practicum, the intermediate level of competences acknowledged as developed and inferred from performed tasks increased.Research limitations/implications– The findings have implications for research on competence-based training, such as the necessity of self-assessment training evaluation.Practical implications– Undergraduate psychology students must reflect on the value of psychological competences during their formative training to re-orient their learning process and build a competent professional role. Moreover, psychological facilities and university must share common objectives in training undergraduate students.Originality/value– This study is the first attempt to analyze Italian college students’ subjective perceptions of psychological competencies expected or developed during practicum .
Visitor discourses on experiences: reasons for festival success and failure
Authors: Kinnunen Maarit , Haahti Antti 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to unfold factors anchored in visitors’ experiences possibly determinant of the success or failure of cultural festivals.Design/methodology/approach– The studied data included 931 experience descriptions, 23 interviews and 51 empathy-based stories collected from 17 cultural festivals around Finland during the summers of 2012 and 2013. The nature of the study was exploratory, the theoretical framework was social constructionism, and the analysis was done using Foucauldian discourse analysis. The Method of Empathy Based Stories, a non-active role-playing technique, was used in the data collection.Findings– The identified success factors were the programme, good quality food, sense of community, chill-out opportunities and building blocks of one’s identity. The factors that might cause failures were commercialised and low-quality programme, the low quality of services, commercialism demonstrated by elevated ticket and service pricing, VIP services confronting egalitarianism, crowd control and queueing and anti-social behaviour.Practical implications– Three areas of particular interest were: how to nurture identity construction and personal well-being, how to enhance egalitarianism within the festival community, and how to promote the desired code of conduct without applying unnecessary rules and restrictions. If successful in these, the festival could boast of features that are not easy to replicate and that could create a competitive edge.Originality/value– Empathy-based stories combined with discourse analysis contributed new insights on the issues of the success and failure of festivals. The empathy-based stories were particularly useful in retrieving informants’ perceptions of the future and for identifying factors that might cause failures.
Festival space: gender, liminality and the carnivalesque
Authors: Pielichaty Hanya 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– Contemporary outdoor rock and popular music festivals offer liminoidal spaces in which event participants can experience characteristics associated with the carnivalesque. Festival goers celebrate with abandonment, excess and enjoy a break from the mundane routine of everyday life. The purpose of this paper is to explore the way gender is negotiated in the festival space.Design/methodology/approach– The rock and popular music tribute festival, known as “Glastonbudget” provides the focus for this conceptual paper. A pilot ethnographic exploration of the event utilising photographic imagery was used to understand the way in which gender is displayed.Findings– It is suggested that liminal zones offer space to invert social norms and behave with abandonment and freedom away from the constraints of the everyday but neither women nor men actually take up this opportunity. The carnivalesque during Glastonbudget represents a festival space which consolidates normative notions of gender hierarchy via a complicated process of othering.Research limitations/implications– This is a conceptual paper which presents the need to advance social science-based studies connecting gender to the social construction of event space. The ideas explored in this paper need to be extended and developed to build upon the research design established here.Originality/value– There is currently a paucity of literature surrounding the concept of gender within these festival spaces especially in relation to liminality within events research.
Comparison of sport tourists’ and locals’ motivation to participate in a running event
Authors: Aicher Thomas J. , Karadakis Kostas , Eddosary Melfy M 
Published: October 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, the authors compared tourists with local participants to determine if motivations to participate in a mid-scale marathon event varied based on participant type, and if they perceived the event differently. Second, Kaplanidou and Vogt suggested further testing and validation of their scale to measure meanings people attach to sport events was warranted, and the current investigation provides such evaluation.Design/methodology/approach– Working with the event organizer, the authors distributed an online questionnaire to marathon participants in a mid-scale event. The questionnaire included the Sport Motivation Scale-II, Sport Event Evaluation Scale, and demographics.Findings– Results indicated no differences between sport tourists and residents in motivation and meanings attached to the event; however, differences in perception did exist. Data further validated the Sport Event Evaluation Scale.Research limitations/implications– The study established self-determination theory (SDT) as a viable theoretical framework to understand sport event participants motivations. It demonstrated a possible link between the individuals’ motivations and the meanings they associate with the event.Practical implications– The paper provides data to support marketing the healthy benefits of participating in a marathon event as well as the need to include the fun and entertaining components of the event as well.Originality/value– The study is a unique application of SDT as well as applies a theoretical framework to an area of study that has largely focussed on categorizations. Additionally, the findings establish initial findings that local participants and sport tourists possess similar forms of motivation and attach similar meanings to event participation.
Influence of participation in “table banking” on the size of women-owned micro and small enterprises in Kenya
Authors: Gichuki Castro Ngumbu , Mutuku Milcah Mulu , Kinuthia Lydia Nkatha 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to investigate the inability to access affordable credit in Kenya which hinders many women entrepreneurs from either starting their own or expanding existing enterprises and capital base. The emergence of table banking groups attempts to fill the existing credit gap.

Design/methodology/approach
– A cross-sectional survey involving 225 randomly selected women entrepreneurs who participate in table banking groups within Nakuru Municipality was conducted. Data collection comprised a questionnaire whose reliability coefficient was 0.83 at 0.05 confidence level.

Findings
– Results indicated that a majority women entrepreneurs aged between 20 and 60 years with 71 per cent of them married. Further, 44 per cent had attained secondary-level education, while no illiterate entrepreneurs participated in the study. A positive increase in the number of employees, after members participated in table banking groups, was realized. Credit received from table banking influenced changes in the size of enterprises.

Originality/value
– The study shows that availability, affordability and accessibility of credit from table banking groups led to positive growth of women-owned enterprises.
Inertia as inhibiting competitiveness in Philippine family businesses
Authors: Santiago Andrea 
Published: October 2015

Purpose
– The failure to innovate has been recognized as one of the prime causes of business failure. In addition to this, the purpose of this paper is to explore whether it is the failure to act or inertia that can also explain the inability of family businesses to move forward.

Design/methodology/approach
– This research documented the experiences of five family businesses in the Philippines that were unable to sustain their business operations. Only five families were identified since it was difficult to trace the business owners of businesses that failed, and once identified, not all were willing to discuss the reason for their business failure.

Findings
– The cases showed that business decline actually results from the failure of family members to address the challenges brought about the change in the different life cycle dimensions. In hindsight, arresting a downward trend necessitates varied strategic approaches. While some family members may felt incapable of introducing innovation in their business, the failure to act, by itself, was a guarantee of business failure.

Research limitations/implications
– The research was limited to five family businesses in the Philippines. It is possible that there may be many other reasons for family business failure based on the experiences of other families. Unfortunately, many business families in the Philippines are tight-lipped about failure, even if there are lessons to be learned.

Practical implications
– This paper brings attention to the need of family business owners to be more proactive in meeting the changing needs of their family business. Formula that worked before may not be appropriate at a different time.

Originality/value
– Research has shown that there are many reasons for family business failure. This paper shows the importance of transcending the feeling of inertia so that family members can be more proactive in meeting the challenges that they are bound to face as their families, their products, their businesses, and the industries they are in, move from one stage of the life cycle to another.