bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breathing patterns during slow and fast ramp exercise in man
Authors: Scheuermann Barry W. , Kowalchuk John M. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYBreathing frequency (fb), tidal volume (VT), and respiratory timing during slow (SR, 8 W min−1) and fast (FR, 65 W min−1) ramp exercise to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer was examined in seven healthy male subjects. Expiratory ventilation (V̇E), pulmonary gas exchange (V̇O2 and V̇CO2) and end‐tidal gas tensions (PET,O2 and PET,CO2) were determined using breath‐by‐breath techniques. Arterialized venous blood was sampled from a dorsal hand vein at 2 min intervals during SR and 30 s intervals during FR and analysed for arterial plasma PCO2 (Pa,CO2). PET,CO2 increased with increasing work rates (WRs) below the ventilatory threshold (VT); at WRs ≥ 90 % V̇O2,max, PET,CO2 was reduced (P < 0.05) below 0 W values in SR but not in FR. fb and VT were similar for SR and FR at all submaximal WRs, resulting in a similar V̇E. At exhaustion V̇E was similar but fb was higher (P < 0.05) and VT was lower (P < 0.05) in SR (fb, 51 ± 10 breaths min−1; VT, 2590 ± 590 ml) than in FR (fb, 42 ± 8 breaths min−1; VT, 3050 ± 470 ml). The time of expiration (TE) decreased with increasing WR, but there was no difference between SR and FR. The time of inspiration (TI) decreased at exercise intensities ≥ VT; at exhaustion, TI was shorter (P < 0.05) during SR (0.512 ± 0.097 s) than during FR (0.753 ± 0.100 s). The TI to total breath duration (TI/TTot) and the inspiratory flow (VT/TI) were similar during SR and FR at all submaximal exercise intensities; at V̇O2 max, TI/TTot was lower (P < 0.05) and VT/TI was higher (P < 0.05) during SR (TI/TTot, 0.473 ± 0.030; VT/TI, 5.092 ± 0.377 1 s−1) than during FR (TI/TTot, 0.567 ± 0.050; VT/TI, 4.117 ± 0.635 1 s−1). These results suggest that during progressive exercise, breathing pattern and respiratory timing may be determined, at least at submaximal work rates, independently of alveolar and arterial PCO2.
Domain Structure of Potassium‐Sodium Niobate Ceramics Before and After Poling
Authors: Qin Yalin , Zhang Jialiang , Yao Weizeng , Wang Chunlei , Zhang Shujun 
Published: December 2014

Domain structure and domain wall motion play important roles on the piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric ceramics. In this work, the domain structure of hot‐pressed (K0.50Na0.50)NbO3 (KNN) ceramics before and after poling were studied by observing the domain patterns with an acid‐etching technique, and the extrinsic contribution to the piezoelectric properties were evaluated. It was found that the domain structure of the unpoled KNN ceramic was relatively complicated with many watermark, herringbone and zigzag patterns, while only a single set or few sets of parallel domain stripes were observed in the poled KNN ceramic, due to the domain reorientation and domain wall motion during the poling process. The average domain width changes from 200 (±10) nm before poling to 250 (±10) nm after poling. Domain configurations of “Herringbone‐Zigzag‐Watermark” and “Herringbone‐ Herringbone‐Zigzag” types observed in the unpoled KNN ceramic were then further analyzed. The extrinsic contribution to the piezoelectric properties from the domain reorientation and irreversible domain wall motion in the hot‐pressed KNN ceramic was found to be 71%, slightly higher than that of conventional sintered KNN ceramics ~68%.
Photoluminescence Mechanism and Thermal Stability of Tb3+‐Doped Y4Si2O7N2 Green‐Emitting Phosphors
Authors: Lu Fa–Chun , Bai Li–Jing , Lu Yue , Dang Wei , Yang Zhi–Ping , Lin Peng 
Published: December 2014

With solid‐state reaction method, series of Y4Si2O7N2:Tb3+ phosphors were prepared under the high‐temperature and high‐pressure conditions. The photoluminescence properties at room and high temperature were investigated. Two groups of emission lines have been observed, which are corresponding to Tb3+ 5D3 → 7FJ (J = 6, 5, 4, 3, 2) and 5D4 → 7FJ (J = 6, 5, 4, 3) transitions. The physical mechanisms for excitation, emission, concentration quenching, and thermal quenching were investigated. The cross‐relaxation mechanism between the 5D3 and 5D4 emission was investigated and discussed. The Tb–Tb critical distance for cross‐relaxation was calculated to be ~13 Å. The optimum Tb3+ concentration in this phosphor is 15 mol%. The quadrupole–quadrupole interaction dominates the non‐radiative energy transfer between the Tb3+ luminescence centers and causes the concentration quenching. This phosphor shows high thermal stabilities that at 150°C the intensity remains 92% compared with that measured at room temperature. The present work suggests that this Tb3+‐doped Y4Si2O7N2 material is a kind of potential green‐emitting phosphor.
Efficacy of patient‐administered mechanical and/or chemical plaque control protocols in the management of peri‐implant mucositis. A systematic review
Authors: Salvi Giovanni E. , Ramseier Christoph A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimTo systematically assess the efficacy of patient‐administered mechanical and/or chemical plaque control protocols in the management of peri‐implant mucositis (PM).Material and MethodsRandomized (RCTs) and Controlled Clinical Trials (CCTs) were identified through an electronic search of three databases complemented by manual search. Identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion of studies was performed independently by two reviewers. Studies without professional intervention or with only mechanical debridement professionally administered were included. Quality assessment was performed by means of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias.ResultsEleven RCTs with a follow‐up from 3 to 24 months were included. Definition of PM was lacking or heterogeneously reported. Complete resolution of PM was not achieved in any study. One study reported 38% of patients with complete resolution of PM. Surrogate end‐point outcomes of PM therapy were often reported. The choice of control interventions showed great variability. The efficacy of powered toothbrushes, a triclosan‐containing toothpaste and adjunctive antiseptics remains to be established. High quality of methods and reporting was found in four studies.ConclusionsProfessionally‐ and patient‐administered mechanical plaque control alone should be considered the standard of care in the management of PM. Therapy of PM is a prerequisite for the prevention of peri‐implantitis.
Evidence for the occurrence of gingival recession and non‐carious cervical lesions as a consequence of traumatic toothbrushing
Authors: Heasman Peter A. , Holliday Richard , Bryant Andrew , Preshaw Philip M. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimTo identify the best available evidence for the effect of toothbrushing on the initiation and progression of gingival recession and non‐carious cervical lesions (NCCLs).MethodsA protocol was developed for the questions: Does traumatic toothbrushing, compared to normal toothbrushing, lead to an increased prevalence of non‐inflammatory gingival recession? [FQ1] and NCCLs? [FQ2]. The search covered four electronic databases. Bibliographies of review articles, relevant texts, World and European Workshops were screened. Hand searches were performed of the Journals of Clinical Periodontology, Periodontology, Periodontal Research and IADR abstracts.ResultsA meta‐analysis included 159 subjects and showed that subjects who used MTBs (manual toothbrush) had greater gingival recession after 12 months when compared with those using PTBs (powered toothbrush). Thirteen cross‐sectional studies identified the most frequent toothbrushing factors associated with gingival recession as being toothbrushing frequency, a horizontal or scrub toothbrushing method, bristle hardness, toothbrushing duration and the frequency of changing a toothbrush. The principal toothbrushing factors associated with NCCLs were toothbrushing method and frequency.ConclusionThe data to support or refute the association between toothbrushing and gingival recession and NCCLs remain largely inconclusive.
Factors determining the smooth flow and the non‐operative time in a one‐induction room to one‐operating room setting
Authors: Mulier Jan P. , De Boeck Liesje , Meulders Michel , Beliën Jeroen , Colpaert Jan , Sels Annabel 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesWhat factors determine the use of an anaesthesia preparation room and shorten non‐operative time?MethodsA logistic regression is applied to 18 751 surgery records from AZ Sint‐Jan Brugge AV, Belgium, where each operating room has its own anaesthesia preparation room. Surgeries, in which the patient's induction has already started when the preceding patient's surgery has ended, belong to a first group where the preparation room is used as an induction room. Surgeries not fulfilling this property belong to a second group. A logistic regression model tries to predict the probability that a surgery will be classified into a specific group. Non‐operative time is calculated as the time between end of the previous surgery and incision of the next surgery. A log‐linear regression of this non‐operative time is performed.ResultsIt was found that switches in surgeons, being a non‐elective surgery as well as the previous surgery being non‐elective, increase the probability of being classified into the second group. Only a few surgery types, anaesthesiologists and operating rooms can be found exclusively in one of the two groups. Analysis of variance demonstrates that the first group has significantly lower non‐operative times. Switches in surgeons, anaesthesiologists and longer scheduled durations of the previous surgery increases the non‐operative time. A switch in both surgeon and anaesthesiologist strengthens this negative effect. Only a few operating rooms and surgery types influence the non‐operative time.ConclusionThe use of the anaesthesia preparation room shortens the non‐operative time and is determined by several human and structural factors.
Evidence‐informed person‐centred health care (part II): Are ‘cognitive biases plus’ underlying the EBM paradigm responsible for undermining the quality of evidence?
Authors: Seshia Shashi S. , Makhinson Michael , Young G. Bryan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIntroductionRecently, some leaders of the evidence‐based medicine (EBM) movement drew attention to the “unintended” negative consequences associated with EBM. The term ‘cognitive biases plus’ was introduced in part I to encompass cognitive biases, conflicts of interests, fallacies and certain behaviours.Hypothesis‘Cognitive biases plus’ in those closely involved in creating and promoting the EBM paradigm are responsible for their (1) inability to anticipate and then recognize flaws in the tenets of EBM; (2) discounting alternative views; and (3) delaying reform.MethodsA narrative review style was used, with methods as in part I.Appraisal of literatureOver the past two decades there has been mounting qualitative and quantitative methodological evidence to suggest that the faith placed in (1) the EBM hierarchy with randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews at the summit; (2) the reliability of biostatistical methods to quantitate data; and (3) the primacy of sources of pre‐appraised evidence, is seriously misplaced. Consequently, the evidence that informs person‐centred care is compromised.DiscussionArguments focusing on ‘cognitive biases plus’ are offered to support our hypothesis. To the best of our knowledge, EBM proponents have not provided an explanation.ConclusionsReform is urgently needed to minimize continuing risks to patients. If our hypothesis is correct, then in addition to the suggestions made in part I, deficiencies in the paradigm must be corrected. Meaningful solutions are only possible if the biases of scientific inbreeding and groupthink are minimized by collaboration between EBM leaders and those who have been sounding warning bells.
Arabidopsis ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE3 is involved in nitrogen starvation‐induced anthocyanin accumulation
Authors: Wang Jing , Wang Yan , Yang Ju , Ma Chunli , Zhang Ying , Ge Ting , Qi Zhi , Kang Yan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAnthocyanin accumulation is a common phenomenon seen in plants under environmental stress. In this study, we identified a new allele of ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE3 (RHD3) showing an anthocyanin overaccumulation phenotype under nitrogen starvation conditions. It is known that ethylene negatively regulates light‐ and sucrose‐induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. We hypothesized that RHD3 achieves its negative effect on anthocyanin biosynthesis via an ethylene‐regulating pathway. In support of this, similar to rhd3 mutants, the Arabidopsis ethylene signaling mutants etr1, ein2, and ein3/eil1 showed an anthocyanin overaccumulation phenotype under nitrogen starvation conditions. The ethylene precursor ACC strongly suppressed anthocyanin accumulation, dependent on ETR1, EIN2, EIN3/EIL1, and, partially, RHD3. In addition, inactivating RHD3 partially reversed the suppressive effect of ETO1 inactivation‐evoked endogenous ethylene production on anthocyanin accumulation. The expression of nitrogen starvation‐induced anthocyanin biosynthesis genes was negatively regulated by RHD3, but ethylene response genes were positively regulated by RHD3. Wild‐type seedlings overexpressing RHD3 showed similar phenotypes to rhd3 mutants, indicating the existence of a fine‐tuned relationship between gene expression and function. RHD3 was initially identified as a gene involved in root hair development. This study uncovered a new physiological function of RHD3 in nitrogen starvation‐induced anthocyanin accumulation and ethylene homeostasis. [Correction added on 6 August 2015, after first online publication: “RND3” corrected to “RHD3”.]
Jasmonic acid‐isoleucine formation in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) by two enzymes with distinct transcription profiles
Authors: Böttcher Christine , Burbidge Crista A. , di Rienzo Valentina , Boss Paul K. , Davies Christopher 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) is essential for stress responses and the formation of reproductive organs, but its role in fruit development and ripening is unclear. Conjugation of JA to isoleucine is a crucial step in the JA signaling pathway since only JA‐Ile is recognized by the jasmonate receptor. The conjugation reaction is catalyzed by JA‐amido synthetases, belonging to the family of Gretchen Hagen3 (GH3) proteins. Here, in vitro studies of two grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz) GH3 enzymes, VvGH3‐7 and VvGH3‐9, demonstrated JA‐conjugating activities with an overlapping range of amino acid substrates, including isoleucine. Expression studies of the corresponding genes in grape berries combined with JA and JA‐Ile measurements suggested a primary role for JA signaling in fruit set and cell division and did not support an involvement of JA in the ripening process. In response to methyl JA (MeJA) treatment, and in wounded and unwounded (distal) leaves, VvGH3‐9 transcripts accumulated, indicating a participation in the JA response. In contrast, VvGH3‐7 was unresponsive to MeJA and local wounding, demonstrating a differential transcriptional regulation of VvGH3‐7 and VvGH3‐9. The transient induction of VvGH3‐7 in unwounded, distal leaves was suggestive of the involvement of an unknown mobile wound signal.
Validation of the Chinese Version of the Dementia Screening Questionnaire for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (DSQIID‐CV)
Authors: Li R. S. Y. , Kwok H. W. M. , Deb S. , Chui E. M. C. , Chan L. K. , Leung D. P. K. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundAn increasing number of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are at risk of developing age‐related disorders such as dementia because of a dramatic increase in life expectancy in this population in the recent years. There is no validated dementia screening instrument for Chinese people with ID. The Dementia Screening Questionnaire for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (DSQIID) was reported to be a valid, user‐friendly, easy‐to‐use observer‐rated instrument. It was developed in the UK and has good psychometric properties. Validation of a Chinese version of the DSQIID will facilitate its application among the Chinese population.MethodThe DSQIID was translated into the Chinese version (DSQIID‐CV). By purposive sampling, service users with ID aged 40 years or over were recruited through two large centres serving adults with ID in Hong Kong. Carers who had taken care of the participants continuously for the past 6 months were invited to complete the DSQIID‐CV. All participants were examined by qualified psychiatrists to determine the presence or absence of dementia.ResultsTwo hundred people with ID whose age ranged between 40 and 73 years (mean 51 years, SD = 7.34 years) were recruited to the study. A clinical diagnosis of dementia was established in 13 participants. An overall total score of 22 as a screening cut‐off provided the optimum levels of specificity (0.995) and sensitivity (0.923). The DSQIID‐CV showed good internal consistency (alpha = 0.945) for all its 53 items, and excellent test‐retest reliability (0.978, n = 46) and inter‐rater reliability (1.000, n = 47). Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a four‐factor solution explaining 45% of the total variance.ConclusionsThe DSQIID‐CV is shown to have robust psychometric properties. It is the first valid and reliable dementia screening instrument for Chinese adults with ID.
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Urinary Incontinence During Pregnancy
Authors: BALIK Gülşah , GÜVEN Emine Seda G. , TEKIN Yeşim B. , ŞENTÜRK Şenol , KAĞITCI Mehmet , ÜSTÜNER Işık , METE URAL Ülkü , ŞAHIN Figen K. 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveLower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) can frequently be seen in pregnant women. Pregnancy and delivery have been considered as risk factors in the occurrence of pelvic floor dysfunction and determinants of LUTS. The main associated risk factor is parity. In the present study, we aim to determine the frequency of LUTS and urinary incontinence (UI) during pregnancy and the associated risk factors.MethodsThis prospective study was carried out in a total of 250 women during their 28‐ and 40‐gestational week checks. The Urinary Distress Inventory‐6, the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire‐7, and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire‐Short Form were used to determine LUTS and its effect on quality of life.ResultsThe mean age and gestational age of the participants were 29.41 ± 5.70 year (range 18–44) and 35.45 ± 2.98 weeks (range 28–40), respectively. The prevalence of LUTS was 81.6%. The prevalence of UI during pregnancy was 37.2%. Stress urinary incontinence, urge urinary incontinence and mixed urinary incontinence were diagnosed as 15.6, 4.8 and 16.8%, respectively. We found that advanced age, smoking and multiparity were risk factors associated with incontinence. Incontinence reduced pregnant women's quality of life.ConclusionsLower urinary tract symptoms are commonly seen among pregnant women and these symptoms negatively affect the quality of life of pregnant women. Advanced age, smoking and multiparity were risk factors associated with urinary incontinence and LUTS. Obstetricians should be on the lookout for individual urological problems in pregnancy. Resolving any urological issues and cessation of smoking for the affected individuals will help alleviate the problem.
Global invasion history of the tropical fire ant: a stowaway on the first global trade routes
Authors: Gotzek Dietrich , Axen Heather J. , Suarez Andrew V. , Helms Cahan Sara , Shoemaker DeWayne 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBiological invasions are largely thought to be contemporary, having recently increased sharply in the wake of globalization. However, human commerce had already become global by the mid‐16th century when the Spanish connected the New World with Europe and Asia via their Manila galleon and West Indies trade routes. We use genetic data to trace the global invasion of one of the world's most widespread and invasive pest ants, the tropical fire ant, Solenopsis geminata. Our results reveal a pattern of introduction of Old World populations that is highly consistent with historical trading routes suggesting that Spanish trade introduced the tropical fire ant to Asia in the 16th century. We identify southwestern Mexico as the most likely source for the invasive populations, which is consistent with the use of Acapulco as the major Spanish port on the Pacific Ocean. From there, the Spanish galleons brought silver to Manila, which served as a hub for trade with China. The genetic data document a corresponding spread of S. geminata from Mexico via Manila to Taiwan and from there, throughout the Old World. Our descriptions of the worldwide spread of S. geminata represent a rare documented case of a biological invasion of a highly invasive and globally distributed pest species due to the earliest stages of global commerce.
Metronidazole‐induced encephalopathy and myoclonus: Case report and a review of the literature
Authors: Yagi Takuya , Shihashi Gen , Oki Koichi , Suzuki Shigeaki , Shinoda Masahiro , Itano Osamu , Kitagawa Yuko , Suzuki Norihiro 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe describe a 36‐year‐old man with metronidazole‐induced encephalopathy in the course of alcoholic liver cirrhosis who developed periodic myoclonus on the head and fixed eye position with ocular myoclonus in the vertical direction. Involuntary movements are rare in patients with metronidazole‐induced encephalopathy, because neurological manifestations of metronidazole‐induced encephalopathy usually include ataxic gait, dysarthria and confusion. Involuntary movements including myoclonus should be considered as the clinical manifestation of metronidazole‐induced encephalopathy. In addition, we review the literature of metronidazole‐induced encephalopathy patients who developed myoclonus with regard to the clinical characteristics.
Experiences of UK patients with hepatitis C virus infection accessing phlebotomy: A qualitative analysis
Authors: Clements Amanda , Grose Jane , Skirton Heather 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis study provides an understanding of the experiences and perceptions of phlebotomy in people with infection who have venous damage related to injecting drug use with the aim of improving their care. Narrative interviews were conducted with 10 attendees of a phlebotomy service within an acute Trust in the south–west of England. The participants had hepatitis C infection and poor venous access due to current or former drug use. Interview audiotapes were analyzed, and the themes – conflict, emotional responses, the patient as expert, and offering solutions – were identified. In the context of this study, we discuss the difficulties associated with phlebotomy, which might explain why individuals with hepatitis C infection and venous damage disengage from health services and are less likely to undertake antiviral treatment. This research adds to the literature on phlebotomy for vulnerable groups, and recommends hepatitis C virus clinics within drug agencies, the need to review training and policy, and the development of “phlebotomy passports” to enable continuity of care between services.