bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile Fabrication of Hybrid Hollow Microspheres via in Situ Pickering Miniemulsion Polymerization
Authors: Zhang Jianan , Lin Jizhi , Wu Bo , Yang Beibei , Wu Mingyuan , Yang Wenlong , Wu Qingyun , Yang Jianjun 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Hybrid hollow microspheres have been fabricated successfully via miniemulsion polymerization using the in situ formed and modified nanosilica particles as Pickering emulsifier. The hydrolysis and condensation reactions of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) take place to form nanosilica particles which are then partially modified by oil-soluble 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MPS) at the oil/water interface under basic conditions. After the miniemulsification process, Pickering miniemulsions were stabilized by the in situ nanosilica particles. Hybrid hollow microspheres are obtained with silica nanoparticles closely packed on the surface of polymer microspheres. The results showed that both the weight ratios of TEOS/styrene and MPS/TEOS have great effects on the production of stable Pickering emulsion and then the morphologies of the obtained hybrid microspheres.
A Study on the Relationship between the Twisted π-Conjugate System of 1,5-Diaryl-1,5-diazapenta-1,3-dienes and Their Photophysical Properties
Authors: Kamimura Akio , Matsu Hideki , Suzukawa Hiroyuki , Sato Eisuke , Sumimoto Michinori , Uno Hidemitsu 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
One-pot treatment of commercially available 1,3,3-tributoxy-2-cyanopropene with 2 equivalents of primary aromatic amines readily afforded 1,5-diaryl-1,5-diaza-3-cyanopenta-1,3-dienes. UV properties varied as steric size of the ortho-substituent in the N-aryl units increased. X-ray crystallographic analyses indicated preferable conformation of these compounds, and the twist angles between 1,5-diazapentadiene and aromatic units were measured. The relationship between the twisted angles and UV absorptions was rationalized by MO calculation, and the UV peak wavelengths are useful for the estimation of the twisted angles. A novel tetracoordinate diaryl-1,5-diazapentadiene was prepared. UV spectrum for its lithium complex in CHCl3 supported that the complex had a twisted conformation of the aryl units because the two etharial oxygen atoms coordinated to lithium cation.
Amino Acid Ionic Liquid as an Efficient Cosolvent of Dimethyl Sulfoxide to Realize Cellulose Dissolution at Room Temperature
Authors: Ohira Kazutaka , Yoshida Kohei , Hayase Shuichi , Itoh Toshiyuki 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
A mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N-diethyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-methylammonium alanine ([N221ME][Ala]) dissolved cellulose at rt; the solubility of cellulose depended on the content of the ionic liquid in DMSO and reached 23 wt % (vs. solvent) in a 1:1 mixture. The solution coagulated in water or ethanol to obtain a transparent regenerated cellulose in quantitative yield.
Deposition of ZnO Particles by Photocatalytic Reaction
Authors: Nagaya Satoshi , Nishikiori Hiromasa 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) particles were deposited on a very thin titanium dioxide film by a photocatalytic reaction. The particles were formed in an aqueous solution of 0.10 mol dm−3 zinc nitrate at 343 K. The particles consisted of crystals with 0.20–1.0 µm-sized hexagonal columns. A photocurrent was observed in the electrodes containing such ZnO crystals during light irradiation.
Pertussis: novas estratégias de vacinação para prevenção de uma antiga doença
Authors: Bricks Lucia Ferro 
Published: July 2013

Introdução: A despeito das elevadas coberturas vacinais, a pertussis persiste como importante causa de hospitalizações e mortes em lactentes, sendo necessárias novas estratégias de vacinação parao controle da doença. Objetivos: Descrever as recentes mudanças na epidemiologia da coqueluche, analisar as principais fontes de transmissão para lactentes, os fatores envolvidos no ressurgimento da doença e as publicações sobre uso de vacinas acelulares em adolescentes e adultos. Métodos: Foram identificados e analisados os artigos publicados no PUBMED e SCIELO, assim como as informações disponíveis nos sites oficiais da OMS, OPAS, CDC, ECDC e do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, de 01/01/2003 a 31/12/2012. Conclusões: A reemergência da pertussis foi constatada em países que adotam diferentes vacinas e esquemas de imunização. As mais relevantes fontes de pertussis para lactentes, o grupo de mais alto risco para complicações e mortes, são os contatos domiciliares, especialmente, as mães. A proteção oferecida por infecção natural ou por vacinas é limitada. As vacinas Tdap e Tdap-IPV são seguras e imunogênicas, e dados limitados demonstraram que essas vacinas conferem proteção direta e indireta, com efetividade de, aproximadamente 80%, durante 5 anos. É necessário melhorar a educação sobre os benefícios da vacinação de adolescentes e adultos e aprimorar a vigilância da pertussis nesses grupos com maior utilização novos recursos laboratoriais (PCR e sorologia) a fim de identificar o intervalo ideal para administrar as doses de reforço e as melhores estratégias de vacinação para reduzir o número de mortes em lactentes.
Preserved GLP-1 and exaggerated GIP secretion in type 2 diabetes and relationships with triglycerides and ALT
Authors: Alssema Marjan , Rijkelijkhuizen Josina M , Holst Jens J , Teerlink Tom , Scheffer Peter G , Eekhoff Elisabeth M W , Gastaldelli Amalia , Mari Andrea , Hart Leen M't , Nijpels Giel , Dekker Jacqueline M 
Published: July 2013

ObjectiveTo i) compare incretin responses to oral glucose and mixed meal of diabetic patients with the normoglycaemic population and ii) to investigate whether incretin responses are associated with hypertriglyceridaemia and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as liver fat marker.DesignA population-based study.MethodsA total of 163 persons with normal glucose metabolism (NGM), 20 with intermediate hyperglycaemia and 20 with type 2 diabetes aged 40–65 years participated. Participants received a mixed meal and oral glucose load on separate occasions. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon profiles were analysed as total area under the curve (tAUC) and incremental area under the curve.ResultsIn diabetic patients compared with persons with NGM, we found increased GLP-1 secretion (tAUC per hour) following oral glucose (23.2 pmol/l (95% CI 17.7–28.7) vs 18.0 (95% CI 16.9–19.1),P<0.05) but not after the mixed meal. GIP secretion among diabetic patients was increased on both occasions (82.9 pmol/l (55.9–109.8) vs 47.1 (43.8–50.4) for oral glucose and 130.6 (92.5–168.7) vs 83.2 (77.5–88.9) for mixed meal, bothP<0.05). After oral glucose, GLP-1 (tAUC per hour) was inversely related to fasting triglycerides. GIP (tAUC per hour) was positively related to fasting and postprandial triglycerides. Higher fasting GIP levels were related to higher fasting and postprandial triglyceride levels and ALT.ConclusionThis study confirms that in type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 secretion is generally preserved and that GIP secretion is exaggerated. The mechanism underlying the divergent associations of GLP-1 and GIP metabolism with fat metabolism and liver fat accumulation warrants further study.
Morphological analysis of phylogenetic relationships among extant rhynchonellide brachiopods
Authors: Schreiber Holly A. , Bitner Maria Aleksandra , Carlson Sandra J. 
Published: July 2013

Rhynchonellida is the stratigraphically oldest and phylogenetically most basal of the extant rhynchonelliform brachiopod orders, yet phylogenetic relationships among rhynchonellides are poorly known. The fourteen named rhynchonellide superfamilies (four of which have extant representatives) were defined primarily on the basis of features of the dorsal cardinalia, particularly crural morphology, but their homology and polarity have not been investigated rigorously. Superfamily monophyly is unclear, as is the evolution of several distinctive rhynchonellide morphological features, such as crura.The purpose of this study is to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among extant rhynchonellide genera using skeletal characters, and to compare the results with the current classification, elucidating the evolution of morphological features in the process. We completed parsimony-based and Bayesian analyses using fifty-eight characters of the interior and exterior of the shell that vary among the nineteen extant genera. Our results are readily interpretable with respect to the classification, and indicate that Hemithiridoidea, Dimerelloidea, and (in some analyses) Pugnacoidea appear to be monophyletic. Species classified in Dimerelloidea and Pugnacoidea, and in certain cases Hemithiridoidea, each form derived subclades that evolve from within a paraphyletic Norelloidea at the base of each subclade. Raduliform crura appear to be the most basal, phylogenetically; five other crural morphologies evolve from the raduliform state. However, morphological characters currently uniting genera in rhynchonellide superfamilies are not clearly diagnostic and exhibit a relatively high degree of homoplasy overall, suggesting that consistency with the classification may be based on a false sense of confidence in rhynchonellide morphology to clearly elucidate evolutionary relationships. Published molecular phylogenetic hypotheses conflict with the morphological topologies, further supporting this possibility.The evolutionary trends among diagnostic characters of Recent rhynchonellides appear to reflect successive juvenilization in adult morphology in several subclades, suggesting that heterochrony may have played an important role in the evolution of the group.
Designing for Dissemination Among Public Health Researchers: Findings From a National Survey in the United States
Authors: Brownson Ross C. , Jacobs Julie A. , Tabak Rachel G. , Hoehner Christine M. , Stamatakis Katherine A. 
Published: July 2013

Objectives. We have described the practice of designing for dissemination among researchers in the United States with the intent of identifying gaps and areas for improvement. Methods. In 2012, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 266 researchers using a search of the top 12 public health journals in PubMed and lists available from government-sponsored research. The sample involved scientists at universities, the National Institutes of Health, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States. Results. In the pooled sample, 73% of respondents estimated they spent less than 10% of their time on dissemination. About half of respondents (53%) had a person or team in their unit dedicated to dissemination. Seventeen percent of all respondents used a framework or theory to plan their dissemination activities. One third of respondents (34%) always or usually involved stakeholders in the research process. Conclusions. The current data and the existing literature suggest considerable room for improvement in designing for dissemination.
Asthma Disparities and Within-Group Differences in a National, Probability Sample of Same-Sex Partnered Adults
Authors: Blosnich John R. , Lee Joseph G. L. , Bossarte Robert , Silenzio Vincent M. B. 
Published: July 2013

Objectives. We examined the prevalence and correlates of self-reported lifetime diagnosis of asthma and current asthma among same-sex and opposite-sex partnered adults. Methods. Data were from the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, in which same-sex partnership was a response option to a family planning item in the core questionnaire. Self-reported lifetime diagnosis of asthma and current asthma were examined in logistic regression models adjusted for demographic characteristics and asthma-related confounding factors and stratified by both gender and same-sex partnership status. Results. Significantly higher proportions of same-sex partnered male and female respondents reported lifetime and current asthma compared with their opposite-sex partnered peers. In adjusted analyses, same-sex partnership status remained significantly associated with asthma outcomes among men and women, with odds ratios ranging from 1.57 to 2.34. Conclusions. Results corroborated past studies that indicated asthma disproportionately affects sexual minority populations. The addition of sexual minority status questions to federal survey projects is key to further exploring health disparities in this population. Future studies are needed to investigate the etiology of this disparity.
The Association Between Client Characteristics and Recovery in California’s Comprehensive Community Mental Health Programs
Authors: Yoon Jangho , Bruckner Tim A. , Brown Timothy T. 
Published: July 2013

Objectives. In November 2004, California voters passed the Mental Health Services Act, which allocated more than $3 billion for comprehensive community mental health programs. We examined whether these county-level programs, known as “full service partnerships,” promoted independent living arrangements (i.e., recovery) among their clients. Methods. We used Markov chain models to identify probabilities of residential transitions among 8 living arrangements (n = 9208 adults followed up to 4 years). We modeled these transitions on the basis of patterns of program participation and clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. Results. Interrupted program participation and substance abuse were significantly associated with a reduced likelihood of independent living and a greater probability of homelessness and incarceration. Persons with schizophrenia were the least likely to live independently, followed by persons with bipolar disorder. Compared with Whites, non-Whites were more frequently found to be homeless or in jail. Conclusions. Clients with sustained enrollment in California’s comprehensive community mental health programs appear most likely to transition to independent living. The likelihood of this transition, however, shows a disparity in that ethnic minority clients appear least likely to transition to independent living.
Smokers Who Try E-Cigarettes to Quit Smoking: Findings From a Multiethnic Study in Hawaii
Authors: Pokhrel Pallav , Fagan Pebbles , Little Melissa A. , Kawamoto Crissy T. , Herzog Thaddeus A. 
Published: July 2013

Objectives. We characterized smokers who are likely to use electronic or “e-”cigarettes to quit smoking. Methods. We obtained cross-sectional data in 2010–2012 from 1567 adult daily smokers in Hawaii using a paper-and-pencil survey. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression. Results. Of the participants, 13% reported having ever used e-cigarettes to quit smoking. Smokers who had used them reported higher motivation to quit, higher quitting self-efficacy, and longer recent quit duration than did other smokers. Age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.97, 0.99) and Native Hawaiian ethnicity (OR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.45, 0.99) were inversely associated with increased likelihood of ever using e-cigarettes for cessation. Other significant correlates were higher motivation to quit (OR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.08, 1.21), quitting self-efficacy (OR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.36), and ever using US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved cessation aids such as nicotine gum (OR = 3.72; 95% CI = 2.67, 5.19). Conclusions. Smokers who try e-cigarettes to quit smoking appear to be serious about wanting to quit. Despite lack of evidence regarding efficacy, smokers treat e-cigarettes as valid alternatives to FDA-approved cessation aids. Research is needed to test the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes as cessation aids.
Abnormal Audit Fees and Audit Quality: The Importance of Considering Managerial Incentives in Tests of Earnings Management
Authors: Eshleman John Daniel , Guo Peng 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARY
Are high audit fees a signal that the auditor exerted more effort or a signal that the auditor may be losing her independence? Prior literature offers conflicting evidence. In this paper, we reexamine the issue on a sample of clients who have both the incentive and the ability to use discretionary accruals to meet or beat the consensus earnings forecast. We find a negative relationship between the level of abnormal audit fees paid by the client and the likelihood of using discretionary accruals to meet or beat the consensus analyst forecast. The evidence is consistent with the notion that abnormal audit fees are indicative of greater effort on the engagement. In other words, the results suggest a positive relationship between abnormal audit fees and audit quality. We show that the conflicting evidence in prior research was caused by research designs that did not consider the incentives of the manager.
JEL Classifications: M42; M41.
Data Availability: All data are available from public sources quoted in the text.
Planning and Evaluation of Assurance Services for Sustainability Reporting: An Evidential Reasoning Approach
Authors: Srivastava Rajendra P. , Rao Sunita S. , Mock Theodore J. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
This study develops a framework for planning, performing, and evaluating evidence obtained to assess and control the risks of providing assurance on sustainability reports. Sustainability reporting, or corporate sustainability reporting (CSR), provides stakeholders with important information on both financial and non-financial factors related to environmental, social, and economic performance. Importantly, the presented framework is developed from both a Bayesian (probability-based theory) and Belief Function (Dempster-Shafer theory) perspective. This facilitates application of the framework to cases where the assurance provider prefers to assess risk in terms of probability versus in terms of beliefs. To demonstrate the application of this framework we evaluate assertions, sub-assertions, and audit evidence relevant to CSR based on the G3 Reporting framework developed by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI).
The paper contributes to the literature in three main areas. First, it demonstrates how evidence-based reasoning can be used for engagements where different levels of assurance are provided for the assertions being audited. Second, it shows how various items of evidence at different levels may be aggregated. Third, it presents a generic theoretical model for assuring information based on belief-based assessments, which is then contrasted with a theoretical model based on probability theory. In contrasting the two approaches, we show that in cases where initial uncertainty is substantial, the use of Dempster-Shafer theory has advantages over probability theory in terms of efficiency in achieving a targeted low level of assurance.
Comparison of ultrasonography and histologic examination for identification of ocular diseases of animals: 113 cases (2000–2010)
Authors: Gallhoefer Nicolin S. , Bentley Ellison , Ruetten Maja , Grest Paula , Haessig Michael , Kircher Patrick R. , Dubielzig Richard R. , Spiess Bernhard M. , Pot Simon A. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Objective—To compare ultrasonographic and histologic examination findings for eyes of animals with ocular diseases.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—116 eyes of 113 animals examined at 2 facilities.
Procedures—Diseased eyes of animals were examined by means of ultrasonography, removed via enucleation or exenteration, then histologically examined. Ultrasonographic images and histopathologic slides were evaluated, and diseases of eyes were identified with each of those methods and allocated to various categories. For each disease category, agreement between results of ultrasonography and those of histologic examination was assessed via determination of κ statistic values.
Results—Tests had good agreement for identification of iris or ciliary body neoplasia. Overall, intraocular neoplasia was not detected via ultrasonography for only 2 of 31 eyes with histologically detected neoplasia. Hemorrhagic or inflammatory changes were misinterpreted as neoplasia for 8 of 37 (22%) eyes. Tests had moderate to acceptable agreement for identification of retinal detachment. Retinal detachment was not detected by means of ultrasonography for 14 of 38 (37%) eyes with that diagnosis determined via histologic examination at one of the facilities (primarily in eyes with intraocular hemorrhage); however, retinal detachment was not identified via histologic examination for 6 of 38 (16%) eyes with that diagnosis determined via ultrasonography at the other facility.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Agreement between tests evaluated in this study was clinically satisfactory for identification of intraocular neoplasia. Typically, diseases were misdiagnosed via ultrasonography for eyes with poor image contrast. Because determination of ultrasonographic diagnoses of retinal detachment and intraocular neoplasm may be of prognostic importance, performance of additional ultrasonographic techniques may be indicated.
Arterial thrombosis after vehicular trauma and humeral fracture in a dog
Authors: DePaula Kristina M. , deLaforcade Armelle M. , King Ryan G. , Hughs Holly , Boudrieau Randy J. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Case Description—A 3-year-old 19-kg (42-lb) spayed female mixed-breed dog was referred after being hit by a car. Injuries included pneumothorax, hemothorax, pulmonary contusions, a full-thickness axillary skin wound, and a grade I transverse fracture of the midshaft of the right humerus. Following patient stabilization, open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture were performed. The dog had weight-bearing lameness at the time of discharge. Eight days after fracture repair, the dog was reevaluated for acute onset of signs of pain and non–weight-bearing lameness in the right forelimb.
Clinical Findings—Physical examination findings in the right forelimb (knuckling and coolness, with absent digital pulses) were suggestive of a thrombus. Ultrasonography confirmed a right brachial artery thrombus with minimal blood flow to the affected limb.
Treatment and Outcome—Unfractionated heparin was administered via continuous IV infusion for the first 36 hours of hospitalization. Clopidogrel administration was also started at this time. During hospitalization, rapid clinical improvement occurred, and the dog was discharged 48 hours after admission. The transition to outpatient therapy was achieved by discontinuation of the unfractionated heparin infusion at 36 hours and beginning SC administration of dalteparin. Outpatient treatment with dalteparin and clopidogrel was continued. Repeated physical examination and ultrasonography 5 weeks later revealed resolution of the thrombus and normal blood flow to the limb. Anticoagulant administration was discontinued at that time.
Clinical Relevance—Thrombosis should be suspected in any dog with signs of acute pain after severe trauma or fracture repair, with or without concurrent lameness, that do not resolve with appropriate treatment. Restoration of blood flow to the affected limb after initiation of unfractionated heparin and clopidogrel administration followed by outpatient treatment with dalteparin and clopidogrel was achieved in this case.