bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elephant herbivory in Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi
Authors: Staub Caroline G. , Binford Michael W. , Stevens Forrest R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractElephants have a major influence on vegetation structure, composition and ecosystem processes, and are primary agents of habitat change in Africa. At moderate‐to‐high population densities, elephants can damage vegetation, especially when enclosed in protected areas. This study examines the effects of elephant browsing on woody trees in Majete Wildlife Reserve (WR), south‐western Malawi. Regression analysis is used to assess the associations of six factors known to drive elephant browsing in other areas and determine which ones have the most influence on browsing at Majete WR. Twenty‐four per cent of tagged trees had been subject to elephant browsing. The model with vegetation type, stem diameter and distance from permanent water correctly predicted browsing for 80% of the observations. Elephants mostly favoured riparian woodlands, followed by Acacia‐dominated woodland and Brachystegia‐dominated woodland. Browsing occurrence was negatively related to distance from permanent water and diameter at breast height(DBH). A larger number of trees, sampled at random and covering a larger portion of the reserve would provide more reliable estimates of browsing and related factors. Knowledge of time‐ and site‐specific factors affecting elephant browsing can be used to forecast future habitat transformations and manipulate the range of the elephants within the reserve.
Daily living skills in school‐age children with and without anxiety disorders
Authors: Drahota Amy , Sterling Lindsey , Hwang Wei‐Chin , Wood Jeffrey J. 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveAnxiety may interfere with school‐age children's independent behaviour and hence, their daily living skills (DLS). Nonetheless, this has not been tested in previous studies of children with clinical anxiety.MethodThis study compared two groups of age‐, gender‐, and ethnicity‐matched children with and without anxiety disorders (N = 60), testing the association of anxiety disorders with a lack of independence in DLS.ResultsAnxiety disorders are significantly associated with less mastery of DLS. Age moderated this effect for children with anxiety disorders; older children were more negatively impacted by anxiety disorders than younger children.ConclusionsAnxiety disorders may negatively impact children's independence in DLS. As children transition from mid‐ to late childhood – a period normally marked by increasing independence – this effect may grow in magnitude.Practitioner Points
A relation exists between the presence of anxiety disorders and reduced independence in daily living skills (DLS).
Older school‐age children with an anxiety disorder experienced particularly pronounced DLS deficits when compared with matched peers without an anxiety disorder. Early detection and intervention of anxiety may be the key to preventing negative impact in DLS.
Parents provided information about DLS, which is a limitation of the current study. Involving multiple informants or observational methods may provide a broader assessment of children's DLS.
Due to the cross‐sectional design of the study, causation should not be inferred.
Clinicopathological characteristics of T1 colorectal cancer without background adenoma
Authors: Han K. S. , Lim S. W. , Sohn D. K. , Chang H. J. , Oh J. H. , Lee J. H. , Kim H. R. , Kim Y. J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimBackground adenoma (BGA) is defined as benign adenomatous tissue contiguous to resected carcinomas, and the absence of BGA in a tumour is considered a histological criterion of de novo cancers. The present study aimed to identify the clinicopathological characteristics of T1 colorectal cancer (CRC) without BGA.MethodA retrospective review was carried out of prospectively collected data from two centres: the National Cancer Center, Korea; and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Korea. A total of 590 patients with T1 CRC, treated by endoscopic or surgical resection between January 2001 and August 2011, were enrolled. Details regarding gender, age, tumour location, endoscopic gross type, tumour size, depth of submucosal (SM) invasion, angiolymphatic invasion, tumour grade, budding and lymph node (LN) metastasis were evaluated with regard to the presence or absence of BGA.ResultsBGA was absent in 197 (33.4%) patients. Tumour size <20 mm, flat or depressed type, deep SM depth and tumour budding were associated with the absence of BGA in univariate and multivariate analyses (P < 0.05). In surgically resected patients, LN metastases were significantly associated with the absence of BGA (P = 0.022).ConclusionT1 CRC without BGA presented several characteristics of small size (<20 mm), flat or depressed type, deep SM depth (SM 2/3), LN metastasis and tumour budding. These results indicate that de novo cancers may have a more invasive potential.
Digital Cultural Heritage and the Crowd
Authors: Owens Trevor 
Published: January 2013

AbstractLibraries, archives, and museums have a long history of collaboration with members of the public. There is already considerable interest in extending this relationship, inviting members of the public, often referred to as “the crowd,” to tag and classify, transcribe, organize, and otherwise add value to digital cultural heritage collection content. In this essay, current discussions of crowdsourcing are connected with the mission and values of cultural heritage organizations and a framework is offered for thinking about distinct components of different kinds of projects that have been lumped together.
Equine keratomycosis inSwitzerland:Aretrospective evaluation of 35 horses (January 2000–August 2011)
Authors: Voelter‐Ratson K. , Pot S. A. , Florin M. , Spiess B. M. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryReason for performing studyKeratomycosis is a severe disease in horses. Geographical differences in fungi causing keratomycosis and susceptibility of the organisms to antifungal drugs exist but few previous publications on this disease originate fromEurope.ObjectiveTo retrospectively compare the clinical data of 36 eyes with keratomycosis, diagnosed in 35 horses betweenJanuary 2000 andAugust 2011 at theVetsuisseFaculty ofSwitzerland. Case history, season, prior treatment, clinical appearance, surgical and medical treatment, treatment duration, and globe survival were evaluated.Study designRetrospective case series.MethodsMedical records of horses with a definitive cytological or histological diagnosis of keratomycosis were reviewed.ResultsThirty‐one of 36 eyes (86.1%) presented with ulcerative keratitis, 2/36 (5.55%) had diffuse corneal infiltration, 2/36 (5.55%) had superficial punctate keratitis and 1/36 (2.8%) had a fluorescein‐negative fungal plaque. Two of 6 fungal cultures producedAspergillusspp. Thirty eyes received medical and surgical treatment, while 3 eyes were treated medically only. In 3 horses the globe was removed at the time of first presentation. Sex, age, prior treatment with antimicrobials or steroids, or type of surgical approach did not significantly influence the outcome. Twenty‐three of 36 eyes (63.9%) were at least partially visual, 11/36 eyes (30.5%) were enucleated and 2 horses (2/36 eyes, 5.6%) were subjected to euthanasia. Treatment protocols were compared in the 31 eyes with ulcerative keratitis. In this group, 3/31 globes were immediately enucleated, 16/31 eyes were treated topically with voriconazole or voriconazole/fluconazole and 12/31 with other antifungal drug combinations. The different medication protocols did not significantly affect the outcome.ConclusionsThere were no significant differences in outcome between different medical treatment protocols or types of surgical approach.Potential relevanceFuture studies in centralEurope should focus on the identification of fungal pathogens, susceptibility patterns and the efficacy of antifungal drug therapies.
Dissociation between patients and their partners in expectations for sexual life after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Sato Yoshikazu , Tanda Hitoshi , Nakajima Hisao , Nitta Toshikazu , Akagashi Keigo , Hanzawa Tatsuo , Tobe Musashi , Haga Kazunori , Uchida Kosuke , Honma Ichiya 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo analyze expectations for sexual life after radical prostatectomy in patients and their partners, and its influence on sexual motivation and bothers in the postoperative period.MethodsA total of 162 patients who underwent retropubic radical prostatectomy and their partners were evaluated. The patients' sexual function, sexual bother and expectations for postoperative sexual life were assessed prospectively at baseline, and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after radical prostatectomy. The partner was asked questions about postoperative sexual life before the operation. Sexual function and sexual bother were evaluated by the University of California Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index. Expectations for postoperative sexual life were studied using three ad hoc questions.ResultsThe rate of having sexual intercourse and adequate penile rigidity for vaginal penetration at baseline was 29.0% and 21.6%, respectively. A significantly higher rate of patients considered “sexual life is important” (patient 35.2%, partner 13.0%), hoped for “preservation of erectile function” (patient 66.0%, partner 33.3%) and accepted “use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor” (patient 65.4%, partner 43.2%) compared with their partners (P < 0.001). Patients who had partners with a negative sexual attitude lost sexual motivation 1 year after operation. However, patients with cooperative partners maintained sexual motivation, although they felt greater sexual bother 1 year after radical prostatectomy.ConclusionsThere was a significant dissociation in perspectives of postoperative sexual life between patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and their partners. Partners' low expectations are associated with patients' low sexual bother and motivation. Partners' cooperative attitude might contribute to maintaining patients' sexual desire and motivation.
Risk factors predicting the outcome of salvage radiotherapy in patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Kinoshita Hidefumi , Shimizu Yosuke , Mizowaki Takashi , Takayama Kenji , Norihisa Yoshiki , Kamoto Toshiyuki , Kamba Tomomi , Hayashino Yasuaki , Hiraoka Masahiro , Ogawa Osamu 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesSalvage radiotherapy is the only curative treatment for patients with prostate cancer showing biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy. In this study, we evaluated the clinicopathological parameters that influence the outcome of salvage radiotherapy.MethodsMedical records of 49 patients who underwent salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy from 1997 to 2008 at the Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, were retrospectively reviewed. Radiotherapy was carried out with 66 Gy on the prostatic bed.ResultsBiochemical progression‐free survival after salvage radiotherapy at 2, 5 and 7 years was 51.0%, 42.2% and 42.2%, respectively. Significant parameters predicting biochemical progression after salvage radiotherapy by Cox regression analysis were prostatectomy Gleason score sum ≥8 (hazard ratio 0.08; 95% confidence interval 0.03–0.22; P = 0.001), prostate‐specific antigen nadir after radical prostatectomy ≥0.04 ng/mL (hazard ratio 0.30; 95% confidence interval 0.13–0.69; P = 0.005) and negative surgical margin (hazard ratio 0.28; 95% confidence interval 0.12–0.70; P = 0.006). When the patients were subgrouped by these risk factors, the 5‐year progression‐free survival rates after salvage radiotherapy were 77.8%, 50.0% and 6.7% in patients with 0, 1 and ≥2 predictors, respectively.ConclusionIn order to discriminate favorable candidates for salvage radiotherapy, Gleason score of prostatectomy, prostate‐specific antigen nadir after prostatectomy and positive surgical margin represent independent predictors. Thus, progression‐free survival might be more precisely predicted according to the presence/absence of these risk factors. The significance of this risk classification should be confirmed by large prospective studies.
Predictive factors for acute and late urinary toxicity after permanent interstitial brachytherapy in Japanese patients
Authors: Tanimoto Ryuta , Bekku Kensuke , Katayama Norihisa , Kobayashi Yasuyuki , Ebara Shin , Araki Motoo , Takemoto Mitsuhiro , Yanai Hiroyuki , Nasu Yasutomo , Kumon Hiromi 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesTo describe the frequency of and to determine predictive factors associated with Radiation Therapy Oncology Group urinary toxicity in prostate brachytherapy patients.MethodsFrom January 2004 to April 2011, 466 consecutive Japanese patients underwent permanent iodine‐125‐seed brachytherapy (median follow up 48 months). International Prostate Symptom Score and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group toxicity data were prospectively collected. Prostate volume, International Prostate Symptom Score before and after brachytherapy, and postimplant analysis were examined for an association with urinary toxicity, defined as Radiation Therapy Oncology Group urinary toxicity of Grade 1 or higher. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the factors associated with urinary toxicity.ResultsThe rate of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group urinary toxicity grade 1 or higher at 1, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 months was 67%, 40%, 21%, 31%, 27% and 28%, respectively. Grade 2 or higher urinary toxicity was less than 1% at each time‐point. International Prostate Symptom Score was highest at 3 months and returned to normal 12 months after brachytherapy. On univariate analysis, patients with a larger prostate size, greater baseline International Prostate Symptom Score, higher prostate V100, higher prostate V150, higher prostate D90 and a greater number of seeds had more acute urinary toxicities at 1 month and 12 months after brachytherapy. On multivariate analysis, significant predictors for urinary toxicity at 1 month and 12 months were a greater baseline International Prostate Symptom Score and prostate V100.ConclusionsMost urinary symptoms are tolerated and resolved within 12 months after prostate brachytherapy. Acute and late urinary toxicity after brachytherapy is strongly related to the baseline International Prostate Symptom Score and prostate V100.
Recent advances of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery in urological surgery
Authors: Izquierdo Laura , Peri Lluis , García‐Cruz Eduardo , Musquera Mireia , Piqueras Marta , Gosálbez David , Alcaraz Antonio 
Published: January 2013

Abstract: Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery designates a surgical procedure that utilizes one or more patent natural orifices of the body with the intention to puncture a hollow viscera in order to enter the abdominal cavity. First carried out at the beginning of the 2000s in experimental models, it can be considered the natural evolution of laparoscopy towards the ideal of scarless surgery, as the avoidance of a large abdominal scar is associated with better cosmetic results and better recovery. However, the technology currently available does not allow the performance of complete pure natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery procedures. The surgical tools used are not specially designed for this approach, so difficulties in retracting organs, bleeding control and clashing of instruments are the main obstacle surgeons face. For this reason, the current available technique is the so‐called hybrid approach, where a natural orifice approach is combined with some abdominal trocars, using the natural orifice as the exit door for the specimen removal. As not many comparative studies have been published evaluating the advantages of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery in front of traditional laparoscopic surgery, a review of the history of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, and an assessment of the available evidence of this technique regarding renal and urological pelvic surgery are performed in this article.
ALLIED HEALTH SERVICES TO NEPHROLOGY: AN AUDIT OF CURRENT WORKFORCE AND MEETING FUTURE CHALLENGES
Authors: Campbell Katrina L. , Murray Eryn M. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYAimThe aim of this study is to evaluate the breadth and depth of the allied health workforce providing renal services in Queensland, Australia.MethodsWorkforce statistics were reported for allied health renal services (excluding transplant) across all 14 publically funded regions across Queensland, Australia. Dietetics, pharmacy, podiatry, psychology and social work were compared with workforce benchmarks capturing full‐time equivalent (FTE) to dialysis patient numbers (1 FTE:diaysis patients).ResultsWide variation was evident within and between professions. All services provided dietetics, with nine services meeting the benchmark, with an average (median) of 1:127 (range 1:36–1:207). Ten services provided pharmacy (1:245 [1:36–1:845]), twelve provided social work (1:191 [1:71–1:845]) and seven provided psychology services (1:396 [1:155–1:1690]). Only one‐third of units funded podiatry services (1:1077 [1:143–1:4300]), none of which met benchmark.ConclusionThere is a clear disparity in allied health workforce across in this region, with the vast majority below benchmark recommendations. In light of increasing demand for this area, it is timely to identify strategies for innovative workforce design to manage growth in allied health service needs into the future.
Influence of Mixing on Quality of Gluten‐Free Bread
Authors: Gómez Manuel , Talegón María , de la Hera Esther 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInterest in research into gluten‐free bakery products has been increasing in recent years. In this paper, we have focused on the effect of mixing on two different gluten‐free bread formulas (80 and 110% hydration), studying bread quality parameters. In less hydrated breads, no significant differences were found depending on the mixing arm (flat beater or dough hook), but mixing time influenced the specific volume of bread, being these higher while mixing time increased. Both mixer arm and mixing speed were found to have a significant effect on bread volume and texture in more hydrated dough, achieving higher specific volumes and softer breads with the wire whip compared with the flat beater, with lower mixing speeds and longer mixing time. In more hydrated breads, proofing time improved bread specific volume, but in less hydrated breads the effect was the opposite. This effect was remarked in longer mixing times.Practical ApplicationsThis paper demonstrates the importance of mixing time and the type of mixer device in gluten‐free bread making, something not studied so far. It also shows that this influence is different from which gluten‐bread kneading has, where the mechanical work is essential for the development of the protein network. Based on the results of this study, the mixing process of the gluten‐free elaborations can be optimized, allowing obtaining breads with higher volume and lower hardness, therefore increasing the final quality of the bread, one of the major problems of the gluten‐free breads.
Association between adherence to and persistence with atypical antipsychotics and psychiatric relapse among US Medicaid-enrolled patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Panish Jessica , Karve Sudeep , Candrilli Sean D , Dirani Riad 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Objective
Assess association between adherence and persistence with second-generation oral antipsychotics (SGOAs), psychiatric-related relapse and healthcare utilization among patients with schizophrenia experiencing two or more psychiatric-related relapses.

Methods
A retrospective analysis of the US Medicaid Multi-State Database for 2004–2008. Patients with schizophrenia (aged 18–64) with two or more psychiatric-related relapses within 1 year after SGOA initiation were selected. Associations between a dichotomous measure of adherence and persistence with SGOAs and psychiatric-related relapse and healthcare utilization were assessed using unadjusted and covariate-adjusted regression models. No adjustment was made for multiplicity.

Key findings
Study cohort consisted of 3714 patients with mean age of 42.6 years. Overall, 45% of patients were adherent and 50% persistent with SGOAs. Unadjusted and covariate-adjusted analysis results suggested the 12-month psychiatric-related relapse rate was lower among adherent/persistent patients versus non-adherent patients (unadjusted mean: 3.85 versus 4.13; P &lt; 0.001; covariate-adjusted incident rate ratio (IRR): 0.90; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86–0.94) and non-persistent patients (unadjusted mean: 3.81 versus 4.21; P &lt; 0.001; covariate-adjusted IRR: 0.88; 95%CI: 0.84–0.92). Compared with non-persistent patients, persistent patients had significantly lower rates of all-cause inpatient admissions (IRR: 0.87; 95%CI: 0.82–0.93) and emergency department visits (IRR: 0.78; 95%CI: 0.73–0.85).

Conclusions
Although SGOAs have proven efficacy in lowering the rate of psychiatric-related relapses, lower adherence and persistence rates may be an inhibiting factor in achieving optimal benefits from SGOAs. Future research is needed to assess whether newer antipsychotics with less-frequent dosing may improve adherence among patients with schizophrenia.
Induction of interferon‐λ contributes to Toll‐like receptor‐3‐activated hepatic stellate cell–mediated hepatitis C virus inhibition in hepatocytes
Authors: Wang Y. , Li J. , Wang X. , Ye L. , Zhou Y. , Ho W. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThere is limited information about the role of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in liver innate immunity against hepatitis C virus (HCV). We thus examined whether HSC can produce antiviral factors that inhibit HCV replication in human hepatocytes. HSC expressed functional Toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR‐3), which could be activated by its ligand, polyinosine‐polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), leading to the induction of interferon‐λ (IFN‐λ) at both mRNA and protein levels. TLR‐3 signalling of HSC also induced the expression of IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF‐7), a key regulator of IFN signalling pathway. When HCV JFH‐1‐infected Huh7 cells were co‐cultured with HSC activated with poly I:C or incubated in media conditioned with supernatant (SN) from poly I:C‐activated HSC, HCV replication was significantly suppressed. This HSC SN action on HCV inhibition was mediated through IFN‐λ, which was evidenced by the observation that antibody to IFN‐λ receptors could neutralize the HSC‐mediated anti‐HCV effect. The role of IFN‐λ in HSC‐mediated anti‐HCV activity is further supported by the observation that HSC SN treatment induced the expression of IRF‐7 and IFN‐stimulated genes (ISGs), OAS‐1 and MxA in HCV‐infected Huh7 cells. These observations indicate that HSC may be a key regulatory bystander, participating in liver innate immunity against HCV infection using an IFN‐λ‐dependent mechanism.
Does the Broad Public Want to Consolidate Public Debt? – The Role of Fairness and of Policy Credibility
Authors: Stix Helmut 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThis paper employs information obtained from a public opinion survey to analyze why voters differ in their demand for fiscal consolidation, i.e. why some voters support and others oppose a reduction of public debt levels. Results demonstrate that preferences for consolidation vary considerably across individuals along economically informed dimensions. First, voters behave rationally in the sense that self‐interest matters. Second, voters care for their children (but this motive seems less important than one might presume). Third, voters care strongly for how the consolidation burden is distributed among the current generation – this is at least as important as the intergenerational aspect. Forth, the lack of credibility of fiscal policy plans is a serious impediment to voters' support for consolidation. These results imply that fiscal consolidation plans should be “fair” and that the imposition of credible fiscal policy rules could increase voters' support of consolidations.