bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constraining helicopter electromagnetic models of the Okavango Delta with seismic-refraction and seismic-reflection data
Authors: Reiser Fabienne , Podgorski Joel E. , Schmelzbach Cedric , Horstmeyer Heinrich , Green Alan G. , Kalscheuer Thomas , Maurer Hansruedi , Kinzelbach Wolfgang K. H. , Tshoso Gomotsang , Ntibinyane Onkgopotse 
Published: March 2014

Electrical resistivity models derived from exceptionally high-quality helicopter transient electromagnetic data recorded across the Okavango Delta in Botswana, one of the world’s great inland deltas or megafans, include three principal layers: (1) an upper heterogeneous layer of dry and water-saturated sand, (2) an intermediate electrically conductive layer that likely comprises saline-water-saturated sand and clay, and (3) a lower fan-shaped electrically resistive layer of freshwater-saturated sand/gravel and/or crystalline basement. If part of the lower layer comprises a freshwater aquifer, it would be evidence for a recently proposed Paleo Okavango Megafan and a major new source of freshwater. In an attempt to constrain the interpretation of the lower layer, we acquired two high-resolution seismic refraction and reﬂection data sets at each of two investigation sites: one near the center of the delta and one along its western edge. The interface between unconsolidated sediments and basement near the center of the delta is well defined by an [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] increase in P-wave velocities, a change in seismic reflection facies, and a strong continuous reflection. This interface is about 45 m deeper than the top of the lower resistive layer, thus providing support for the Paleo Okavango Megafan hypothesis. Subhorizontal seismic reflectors are additional evidence for a sedimentary origin of the upper part of the lower resistive layer. In contrast to the observations at the delta’s center, the interface between unconsolidated sediments and basement along its western edge, which is also defined by a [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] increase in P-wave velocities and a continuous reflection, coincides with the top of the resistive layer.
Use of services and associated costs for young adults with childhood hyperactivity/conduct problems: 20-year follow-up
Authors: D'Amico Francesco , Knapp Martin , Beecham Jennifer , Sandberg Seija , Taylor Eric , Sayal Kapil 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundAlthough childhood hyperactivity and conduct problems are associated with difficulties in adulthood, little is known about later service use or public expenditure costs in the UK.AimsTo describe the use of services and calculate recent (past 6 months) and early adulthood (since the age of 18 years) public expenditure costs incurred by young adults who had hyperactivity and/or conduct problems during childhood.MethodA 20-year follow-up of a community sample of 6- to 7-year old boys (n = 83) with hyperactivity only, conduct problems only, mixed hyperactivity and conduct problems, and no behaviour problems (control). Information was obtained about service use; recent (past 6 months), and early adulthood (since age 18 years) public expenditure costs were calculated.ResultsHigh levels of childhood conduct problems were associated with a two- to threefold increase in early adulthood costs, mainly driven by criminal justice contacts. Although the mixed problems group had the highest recent costs in terms of receipt of benefits and health and social care, they had the lowest criminal justice costs.ConclusionsHigh levels of early childhood conduct problems are particularly associated with increased health, social care and criminal justice costs in adulthood.
Mexican blind cavefish use mouth suction to detect obstacles
Authors: Holzman Roi , Perkol-Finkel Shimrit , Zilman Gregory 
Published: March 2014

AbstractFishes commonly use their lateral line system to detect moving bodies such as prey and predators. A remarkable case is the Mexican blind cavefish Astyanax fasciatus who evolved the ability to detect non-moving obstacles. The swimming body of A. fasciatus generates fluid disturbances, whose alteration by an obstacle can be sensed by the fish's lateral line system. It is generally accepted that these alterations can provide information on the distance to the obstacle. We observed that A. fasciatus swimming in an unfamiliar environment open and close their mouths at high frequency (0.7-4.5 Hz), in order to generate suction flows. We hypothesized that repeated mouth suction generate a hydrodynamic velocity field, whose alterations by an obstacle induce pressure gradients in the neuromasts of the lateral line, and corresponding strong lateral line stimuli. We observed that the frequency and rates of mouth opening events varied with the fish's distance to obstacles, a hallmark of pulse-based navigation mechanisms such as echolocation. We formulated a mathematical model of this hitherto unrecognized mechanism of obstacle detection and parameterized it experimentally. This model suggests that suction flows induce lateral line stimuli that are weakly dependent on the fish's speed, and may be an order of magnitude stronger than the correspondent stimuli induced by the fish's gliding body. We illustrate that A. fasciatus can navigate non-visually using a combination of two deeply ancestral and highly conserved mechanisms of ray-finned fishes: the mechanism of sensing water motion by the lateral line system and the mechanism of generating water motion by mouth suction.
Colouration principles of nymphaline butterflies - thin films, melanin, ommochromes and wing scale stacking
Authors: Stavenga Doekele G. , Leertouwer Hein L. , Wilts Bodo D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe colouration of the common butterflies Aglais urticae (Small Tortoiseshell), Aglais io (Peacock) and Vanessa atalanta (Red Admiral), belonging to the butterfly subfamily Nymphalinae, is due to the species-specific patterning of differently coloured scales on their wings. We investigated the scales’ structural and pigmentary properties by applying scanning electron microscopy, (micro)spectrophotometry, and imaging scatterometry. The anatomy of the wing scales appears to be basically identical, with an approximately flat lower lamina connected by trabeculae to a highly structured upper lamina, which consists of an array of longitudinal, parallel ridges and transversal crossribs. Isolated scales observed at the abwing (upper) side are blue, yellow, orange, red, brown, or black, depending on their pigmentation. The yellow, orange and red scales contain various amounts of 3-OH-kynurenine and ommochrome pigment, black scales contain a high density of melanin, and blue scales have a minor amount of melanin pigment. Observing the scales from their adwing (lower) side always revealed a structural colour, which is blue in the case of blue, red and black scales, but orange for orange scales. The structural colours are created by the lower lamina, which acts as an optical thin-film. Its reflectance spectrum, crucially determined by the lamina thickness, appears to be well-tuned to the scales’ pigmentary spectrum. The colours observed locally on the wing are also due to the degree of scale stacking. Thin films, tuned pigments and combinations of stacked scales together determine the wing colouration of nymphaline butterflies.
The Human dsRNA binding protein PACT is unable to functionally substitute for the Drosophila dsRNA binding protein R2D2
Authors: Dickerman Benjamin K , McDonald Jocelyn A , Sen Ganes C 
Published: March 2014

The dsRNA binding protein (dsRBP) PACT was first described as an activator of the dsRNA dependent protein kinase PKR in response to stress signals. Additionally, it has been identified as a component of the small RNA processing pathway. A role for PACT in this pathway represents an important interplay between two modes of post-transcriptional gene regulation. The function of PACT in this context is poorly understood. Thus, additional approaches are required to clarify the mechanism by which PACT functions. In this study, the genetic utility of Drosophila melanogaster was employed to identify dsRNA-binding proteins that are functionally orthologous to PACT. Transgenic Drosophila expressing human PACT were generated to determine whether PACT is capable of functionally substituting for the Drosophila dsRBP R2D2, which has a well-defined role in small RNA biogenesis. Results presented here indicate that PACT is unable to substitute for R2D2 at the whole organism level.
Optical stimulator for vision-based sensors
Authors: Roessler Dirk , Pedersen David A.K. , Benn Mathias , Jørgensen John L. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
We have developed an optical stimulator system for vision-based sensors. The stimulator is an efficient tool for stimulating a camera during on-ground testing with scenes representative of spacecraft flights. Such scenes include starry sky, planetary objects, and other spacecraft. The optical stimulator is used as a test bench to simulate high-precision navigation by different types of camera systems that are used onboard spacecraft, planetary rovers, and for spacecraft rendezvous and proximity maneuvers. Careful hardware design and preoperational calibration of the stimulator result in high precision and long-term stability. The system can be continuously used over several days. By facilitating a full camera including optics in the loop, the stimulator enables the more realistic simulation of flight maneuvers based on navigation cameras than pure computer simulations or camera stimulations without the involvement of the actual optics.
Narrative and Divination: Artemidorus and Aelius Aristides
Authors: Downie Janet 
Published: March 2014

Abstract Most ancient evidence for divinatory dreams elides the hermeneutic process. However, the two most expansive literary sources on ancient dreaming, both from the second century CE, focus attention on precisely that issue. Artemidorus’ Oneirocritica and Aelius Aristides’ Hieroi Logoi have very different aims, but both writers grapple with the hermeneutic challenges that dreams pose, and both attribute these challenges to dreams’ narrative quality. Artemidorus views the narrative complexity of dreams as an impediment to interpretation. In his technical treatise, therefore, he distills dream visions to their symbolic elements, and offers guidance on correlating those with the dreamer’s personal narrative. Aristides, by contrast, revels in the narrative abundance of divine dreams. The stories they tell allow him to claim divine endorsement for his self-portrait. For both Aristides and Artemidorus- to different effect in each case-the narrative mode is what distinguishes dreams from other methods of divination.
Can we understand how the Persians perceived ‘other’ gods / ‘the gods of others’?
Authors: Kurth Amélie 
Published: March 2014

Abstract The article considers the question of how the Persians may have understood and interacted with the gods of the peoples making up their empire. It begins with a clarification of Persian religion in the Achaemenid period, moves on to consider the authority’s relations with local cults, the dedications by individual Persians to local deities and, finally, the behaviour of Persians entering the power sphere of non-Persian deities.
Evaluation of repopulation techniques for the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales)
Authors: Vásquez Ximena , Gutiérrez Alfonso , Buschmann Alejandro H. , Flores Roberto , Farías Daniela , Leal Pamela 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
In Chile, the brown alga Macrocystis pyrifera has been subject to strong harvesting pressure, resulting in severe reduction of natural beds, and a threat to the sustainability of the resource. Repopulation is a possible means for the recovery of overexploited natural populations of M. pyrifera. In this study, we determined density (ind. cm-2), length (mm) and biomass (g) of M. pyrifera sporophytes sown on three types of substrata (ceramic plates, pot scrubbers, clam shells). In laboratory experiments, sporophytes on ceramic plates were significantly longer than those on pot scrubbers or shells after 60 days, and their density was also higher. Juvenile sporophytes seeded on the three substrata were transferred to the sea and placed either inside or outside a M. pyrifera forest. At the end of the experiment in the sea under the kelp forest, highest biomass and length were obtained on the clam shell substrates, but the density did not show significant differences between the substrates. However, outside the kelp forest, no significant differences in kelp density or length were observed between the three substrates tested; but the biomass was significantly higher on the clam shells than on the other two substrata. We conclude that the installation of kelp seeded substratum units may be an option for recovery of exploited M. pyrifera forests.
Obesity and the gut microbiome: pathophysiological aspects
Authors: Bradlow H. Leon 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
While there is a large volume of literature describing a role for obesity as a risk factor for breast cancer and many other cancers, in the main a causal relationship has not been established. If the study is limited to breast cancer risk, it has been suggested that the increase in sex steroid formation that occurs in postmenopausal women plays a role. Obesity is known to be associated with chronic low grade inflammation, but no reason for this association has been offered in the past. The gut microbiome, while known to be enormous, has not in the past been considered as a metabolic role player in the body. This is now recognized to be the case. Recent studies have found the obesity is correlated with an alteration in the gut microbiome. In obese individual there is a change in the relative proportions of the two major classes of bacteria – bacteroides and firmacutes – with the latter dominant in obesity and resulting in the formation of increased amounts of metabolic endotoxins like deoxycholic acid and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Obese individuals show a decrease in the concentration of Akkermansia muciniphila in the mucus that lines the intestinal wall, resulting in thinner mucus and a weakened intestinal lining and permitting metabolic endotoxins formed by other bacterial flora like LPS to enter the blood steam and cause the chronic inflammation associated with obesity. The change in the microbiome profile results in increases in bacterial strains that are more efficient at generating energy, leading to increased obesity. In mice, it has been shown that introducing gut bacterial flora from the cecum of obese mice into germ-free mice results in increased obesity with lesser food consumption while the reverse, introducing bacterial flora from lean mice results in a loss in weight. This raises the attractive possibility that manipulating the gut microbiome could facilitate weight loss or prevent obesity in humans.
Adipose, bone and muscle tissues as new endocrine organs: role of reciprocal regulation for osteoporosis and obesity development
Authors: Migliaccio Silvia , Greco Emanuela A. , Wannenes Francesca , Donini Lorenzo M. , Lenzi Andrea 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The belief that obesity is protective against osteoporosis has recently been revised. In fact, the latest epidemiologic and clinical studies show that a high level of fat mass, but also reduced muscle mass, might be a risk factor for osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Furthermore, increasing evidence seems to indicate that different components such as myokines, adipokines and growth factors, released by both fat and muscle tissues, could play a key role in the regulation of skeletal health and in low bone mineral density and, thus, in osteoporosis development. This review considers old and recent data in the literature to further evaluate the relationship between fat, bone and muscle tissue.
Detrimental and protective fat: body fat distribution and its relation to metabolic disease
Authors: Booth Andrea , Magnuson Aaron , Foster Michelle 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Obesity is linked to numerous comorbidities that include, but are not limited to, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Current evidence suggests, however, obesity itself is not an exclusive predictor of metabolic dysregulation but rather adipose tissue distribution. Obesity-related adverse health consequences occur predominately in individuals with upper body fat accumulation, the detrimental distribution, commonly associated with visceral obesity. Increased lower body subcutaneous adipose tissue, however, is associated with a reduced risk of obesity-induced metabolic dysregulation and even enhanced insulin sensitivity, thus, storage in this region is considered protective. The proposed mechanisms that causally relate the differential outcomes of adipose tissue distribution are often attributed to location and/or adipocyte regulation. Visceral adipose tissue effluent to the portal vein drains into the liver where hepatocytes are directly exposed to its metabolites and secretory products, whereas the subcutaneous adipose tissue drains systemically. Adipose depots are also inherently different in numerous ways such as adipokine release, immunity response and regulation, lipid turnover, rate of cell growth and death, and response to stress and sex hormones. Proximal extrinsic factors also play a role in the differential drive between adipose tissue depots. This review focuses on the deleterious mechanisms postulated to drive the differential metabolic response between central and lower body adipose tissue distribution.
A Simple Kinetic Model for the Growth of Fe2B Layers on AISI 1026 Steel During the Powder-pack Boriding
Authors: Flores-Rentería M. A. , Ortiz-Domínguez M. , Keddam M. , Damián-Mejía O. , Elias-Espinosa M. , Flores-González M. A. , Medina-Moreno S. A. , Cruz-Avilés A. , Villanueva-Ibañez M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis work focused on the determination of boron diffusion coefficient through the Fe
Flood variation and soil nutrient content in floodplain vegetation communities in the Okavango Delta
Authors: Tsheboeng Gaolathe , Bonyongo Mphaphi , Murray-Hudson Mike 
Published: March 2014

We investigated the influence of hydroperiod variation on soil nutrient content in the Okavango Delta seasonal
floodplains. Soil samples were collected from eight zones of homogenous vegetation cover after low and high
floods and analysed for pH, Na, Mg, Ca, K and P content. A Student's
t
-test was used to test for differences
in pH, Na, Mg, Ca, K and P between soils after low and high floods. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to
compare means of flooding duration and depth between low and high floods. Na, K, Mg, P and pH levels in
soils were significantly different (
p
<0.05) after low floods compared with after high floods. Na content was
lower (
p
<0.05) in Zones 2 and 8 and higher (
p
<0.05) in Zones 4, 5 and 6 during high flood than during
low flood. Ca content was lower (
p
<0.05) in Zones 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and higher in Zone 7 (
p
<0.05) under
high flood than during low flood. Mg content was lower (
p
<0.05) in Zones 1 and 5 and higher (
p
<0.05) in
Zones 6, 7 and 8 during high flood than during low flood. K content was lower in Zones 1 and 3 and lower
in Zones 6, 7 and 8 (
p
<0.05) during high flood than during low flood. pH was significantly lower and higher
after a high flood in Zones 1 and 6, respectively, than during low flood. P content was significantly (
p
<0.05)
higher in all zones after high flood than after low flood. Flooding depth and duration increased (
p
<0.05)
in all vegetation zones during high flood. Our results have direct implications for
molapo
(flood recession)
farming. We recommend that farmers plough immediately after the onset of flood recession when the soil is
still moist and rich in nutrients.
Predicting scientific research output at the University of KwaZulu-Natal
Authors: Murray Mike 
Published: March 2014

Academic members of staff at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) are expected to publish in research
journals that have been accredited by the South African based Department of Higher Education and Training.
However, some members of staff have chosen to focus solely on the teaching aspect of their careers and
as a result they have no publication record. In this study, a set of per annum productivity unit counts was
calculated for every academic at UKZN. Because it is possible for a publishing academic to also record a zero
count for a given year, it is necessary to develop an appropriate methodology that can distinguish this zero
count from one that will always be recorded by a non-publishing academic. By fitting a zero-inflated Poisson
model to the data, specific factors can be identified that separately drive the non-publishing and publishing
processes at UKZN. In particular, having a PhD and working in a large school has a significant impact on
improving the research output of a publishing academic. If UKZN wants to become a research-focused
university, non-publishing academics should be encouraged to under take a PhD degree.
Phase Ib of Sorafenib in Combination With Everolimus in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors, Selected on the Basis of Molecular Targets
Authors: Toffalorio Francesca , Spitaleri Gianluca , Catania Chiara , Dal Zotto Laura , Noberasco Cristina , Delmonte Angelo , Santarpia Mariacarmela , Vecchio Fabio , Brunelli Veronica , Rampinelli Cristiano , Barberis Massimo , Fumagalli Caterina , Zucchetti Massimo , Zangarini Monique , Diena Tullia , Danesi Romano , Braud Filippo , De Pas Tommaso 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Author Summary

Background.
Molecular alterations of the PI3K and Ras pathways often occur in human cancer. In this trial, the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and activity of two drugs inhibiting these pathways—everolimus and sorafenib—were investigated.

Methods.
Thirteen patients with progressing solid tumors were treated with everolimus and sorafenib, according to a 3+3 scheme. Patients were selected on the basis of immunohistochemical expression of tumor molecular targets, including phospho-AKT, -p70S6K, and -ERK1/2.

Results.
The daily recommended dose identified was 2.5 mg of everolimus and 600 mg of sorafenib. Dose-limiting toxicities included grade 3 asthenia and hand-foot skin reaction. No grade 4 adverse events were observed. The most frequent grade 3 toxicities were hypophosphatemia (30.8%), alanine aminotransferase level increase, asthenia, and anorexia (14%). No pharmacokinetic interactions were identified between everolimus and sorafenib. Of 12 evaluable patients, we observed 2 partial responses, with greater than 10% shrinkage in an additional 5 patients. Objective responses were observed in one patient with a thymoma and in one patient with a lung adenocarcinoma. Tumor shrinkage that did not qualify as a partial response was seen in an abdominal leiomyosarcoma and in adenoid cystic carcinomas.

Conclusion.
The combination of everolimus and sorafenib is safe. The tumor activity observed in different tumor types could be the result of the combined action of these drugs as well as the molecular selection of the treated population. Further research is warranted to better investigate drugs simultaneously blocking the PI3K and the Ras pathways and to refine patient selection.