bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A fully automatic extraction of magnetic resonance image features in glioblastoma patients
Authors: Zhang Jing , Barboriak Daniel P. , Hobbs Hasan , Mazurowski Maciej A. 
Published: March 2014

Purpose:Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor. It is characterized by low median survival time and high survival variability. Survival prognosis for glioblastoma is very important for optimized treatment planning. Imaging features observed in magnetic resonance (MR) images were shown to be a good predictor of survival. However, manual assessment of MR features is time‐consuming and can be associated with a high inter‐reader variability as well as inaccuracies in the assessment. In response to this limitation, the authors proposed and evaluated a computer algorithm that extracts important MR image features in a fully automatic manner.Methods:The algorithm first automatically segmented the available volumes into a background region and four tumor regions. Then, it extracted ten features from the segmented MR imaging volumes, some of which were previously indicated as predictive of clinical outcomes. To evaluate the algorithm, the authors compared the extracted features for 73 glioblastoma patients to the reference standard established by manual segmentation of the tumors.Results:The experiments showed that their algorithm was able to extract most of the image features with moderate to high accuracy. High correlation coefficients between the automatically extracted value and reference standard were observed for the tumor location, minor and major axis length as well as tumor volume. Moderately high correlation coefficients were also observed for proportion of enhancing tumor, proportion of necrosis, and thickness of enhancing margin. The correlation coefficients for all these features were statistically significant (p < 0.0001).Conclusions:The authors proposed and evaluated an algorithm that, given a set of MR volumes of a glioblastoma patient, is able to extract MR image features that correlate well with their reference standard. Future studies will evaluate how well the computer‐extracted features predict survival.
Comparative Genomics and Immunoinformatics Approach for the Identification of Vaccine Candidates for Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7
Authors: García-Angulo Víctor A. , Kalita Anjana , Kalita Mridul , Lozano Luis , Torres Alfredo G. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT

Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(EHEC) O157:H7 strains are major human food-borne pathogens, responsible for bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome worldwide. Thus far, there is no vaccine for humans against EHEC infections. In this study, a comparative genomics analysis was performed to identify EHEC-specific antigens useful as potential vaccines. The genes present in both EHEC EDL933 and Sakai strains but absent in nonpathogenic
E. coli
K-12 and HS strains were subjected to an
in silico
analysis to identify secreted or surface-expressed proteins. We obtained a total of 65 gene-encoding protein candidates, which were subjected to immunoinformatics analysis. Our criteria of selection aided in categorizing the candidates as high, medium, and low priority. Three members of each group were randomly selected and cloned into pVAX-1.
Candida
tes were pooled accordingly to their priority group and tested for immunogenicity against EHEC O157:H7 using a murine model of gastrointestinal infection. The high-priority (HP) pool, containing genes encoding a Lom-like protein (pVAX-31), a putative pilin subunit (pVAX-12), and a fragment of the type III secretion structural protein EscC (pVAX-56.2), was able to induce the production of EHEC IgG and sIgA in sera and feces. HP candidate-immunized mice displayed elevated levels of Th2 cytokines and diminished cecum colonization after wild-type challenge. Individually tested HP vaccine candidates showed that pVAX-12 and pVAX-56.2 significantly induced Th2 cytokines and production of fecal EHEC sIgA, with pVAX-56.2 reducing EHEC cecum colonization. We describe here a bioinformatics approach able to identify novel vaccine candidates potentially useful for preventing EHEC O157:H7 infections.
The Effect of Malnutrition on Norovirus Infection
Authors: Hickman Danielle , Jones Melissa K. , Zhu Shu , Kirkpatrick Ericka , Ostrov David A. , Wang Xiaoyu , Ukhanova Maria , Sun Yijun , Mai Volker , Salemi Marco , Karst Stephanie M. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTHuman noroviruses are the primary cause of severe childhood diarrhea in the United States, and they are of particular clinical importance in pediatric populations in the developing world. A major contributing factor to the general increased severity of infectious diseases in these regions is malnutrition—nutritional status shapes host immune responses and the composition of the host intestinal microbiota, both of which can influence the outcome of pathogenic infections. In terms of enteric norovirus infections, mucosal immunity and intestinal microbes are likely to contribute to the infection outcome in substantial ways. We probed these interactions using a murine model of malnutrition and murine norovirus infection. Our results reveal that malnutrition is associated with more severe norovirus infections as defined by weight loss, impaired control of norovirus infections, reduced antiviral antibody responses, loss of protective immunity, and enhanced viral evolution. Moreover, the microbiota is dramatically altered by malnutrition. Interestingly, murine norovirus infection also causes changes in the host microbial composition within the intestine but only in healthy mice. In fact, the infection-associated microbiota resembles the malnutrition-associated microbiota. Collectively, these findings represent an extensive characterization of a new malnutrition model of norovirus infection that will ultimately facilitate elucidation of the nutritionally regulated host parameters that predispose to more severe infections and impaired memory immune responses. In a broad sense, this model may provide insight into the reduced efficacy of oral vaccines in malnourished hosts and the potential for malnourished individuals to act as reservoirs of emergent virus strains.IMPORTANCEMalnourished children in developing countries are susceptible to more severe infections than their healthy counterparts, in particular enteric infections that cause diarrhea. In order to probe the effects of malnutrition on an enteric infection in a well-controlled system devoid of other environmental and genetic variability, we studied norovirus infection in a mouse model. We have revealed that malnourished mice develop more severe norovirus infections and they fail to mount effective memory immunity to a secondary challenge. This is of particular importance because malnourished children generally mount less effective immune responses to oral vaccines, and we can now use our new model system to probe the immunological basis of this impairment. We have also determined that noroviruses evolve more readily in the face of malnutrition. Finally, both norovirus infection and malnutrition independently alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota in substantial and overlapping ways.
‘Timely’ diagnosis of dementia: what does it mean? A narrative analysis of GPs’ accounts
Authors: Dhedhi Saadia Aziz , Swinglehurst Deborah , Russell Jill 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo explore general practitioners’ (GP) perspectives on the meaning of ‘timeliness’ in dementia diagnosis.DesignNarrative interview study.SettingUK academic department of primary care.ParticipantsSeven practising GPs with experience of conveying a diagnosis of dementia.MethodsGPs’ narrative commentaries of encounters with patients with suspected dementia were audio-recorded and transcribed resulting in 51 pages of text (26 757words). A detailed narrative analysis of doctors’ accounts was conducted.ResultsDiagnosis of dementia is a complex medical and social practice. Clinicians attend to multiple competing priorities while providing individually tailored patient care, against a background of shifting political and institutional concerns. Interviewees drew on a range of explanations about the nature of generalism to legitimise their claims about whether and how they made a diagnosis, constructing their accounts of what constituted ‘timeliness’. Three interlinked analytical themes were identified: (1) diagnosis as a collective, cumulative, contingent process; (2) taking care to ensure that diagnosis—if reached at all—isopportune; (3) diagnosis of dementia as constitutive or consequential, but also a diagnosis whose consequences are unpredictable.ConclusionsTimeliness in the diagnosis of dementia involves balancing a range of judgements and is not experienced in terms of simple chronological notions of time. Reluctance or failure to make a diagnosis on a particular occasion does not necessarily point to GPs’ lack of awareness of current policies, or to a set of training needs, but commonly reflects this range of nuanced balancing judgements, often negotiated with patients and their families with detailed attention to a particular context. In the case of dementia, the taken-for-granted benefits of early diagnosis cannot be assumed, but need to be ‘worked through’ on an individual case-by-case basis. GPs tend to value ‘rightness’ of time over concerns about ‘early’ diagnosis.
The discovery and appraisal of Glenlivet: a West of Shetlands success story
Authors: Horseman Catherine , Ross Alwyn , Cannon Steve 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The Glenlivet gas field was discovered in 2009 with well 214/30a-2, drilled to test a seismically defined stratigraphic and faulted closure at intra-Tertiary level. A sequence of gas-bearing Vaila Formation sands was penetrated comprising high-density turbidite flows with excellent reservoir properties. The discovery was immediately appraised by two sidetracks that tested the updip and downdip extent of the accumulation: the downdip location penetrated the water leg of the field. A comprehensive programme of data acquisition was carried out on all three penetrations, leading to a series of post-well studies designed to fully appraise the field. Based on post-drilling seismic interpretation and extensive analysis of the well data, a revised depositional model was formulated that allowed the construction of a robust 3D static model used in development planning.
U–Pb detrital zircon ages of Upper Jurassic continental successions: implications for the provenance and absolute age of the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary in the Neuquén Basin
Authors: Naipauer Maximiliano , Tunik Maisa , Marques Juliana C. , Rojas Vera Emilio A. , Vujovich Graciela I. , Pimentel Marcio M. , Ramos Victor A. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

New U–Pb detrital zircon ages are presented for the Tordillo Formation. The ages indicate that the most important source region of sediment supply was the Jurassic Andean arc (peaks at
c.
144, 153 and 178 Ma), although two secondary sources were defined at
c.
218 and 275 Ma. Temporal variation in the provenance indicates that at the beginning of the sedimentation, Carboniferous to Lower Jurassic magmatic rocks and Lower Palaeozoic metamorphic rocks were the most important sources. Towards the top, the data suggest that the Andean arc becomes the main source region. The comparison between provenance patterns of the Tordillo Formation and of the Avilé Member (Agrio Formation) showed some differences. In the former, the arc region played a considerable role as a source region, but this is not identified in the latter. The results permit a statistically robust estimation of the maximum deposition age for the Tordillo Formation at
c.
144 Ma. This younger age represents a discrepancy of at least 7 Ma from the absolute age of the Kimmeridgian and Tithonian boundary (from the chronostratigraphic timescale accepted by the International Commission of Stratigraphy, IUGS), and has strong implications for the absolute age of the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary.

Supplementary material:

Sample coordinates, values of the sandstone compositional framework and U–Pb (LAM-MC-ICP-MS) age measurements of zircons grains are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18718
Delay From First Medical Contact to Primary PCI and All‐Cause Mortality: A Nationwide Study of Patients With ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Koul Sasha , Andell Pontus , Martinsson Andreas , Gustav Smith J. , van der Pals Jesper , Scherstén Fredrik , Jernberg Tomas , Lagerqvist Bo , Erlinge David 
Published: March 2014

Background

Early reperfusion in the setting of an
ST
‐elevation myocardial infarction (
STEMI
) is of utmost importance. However, the effects of early versus late reperfusion in this patient group undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention
(PCI)
have so far been inconsistent in previous studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in a nationwide cohort the effects of delay from first medical contact to
PCI
(first medical contact
[FMC]
‐to‐
PCI
) and secondarily delay from symptom‐to‐
PCI
on clinical outcomes.

Methods and Results

Using the national Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Register
(SCAAR)
registry,
STEMI
patients undergoing primary
PCI
between the years 2003 and 2008 were screened for. A total of 13 790 patients were included in the
FMC
‐to‐
PCI
analysis and 11 489 patients were included in the symptom‐to‐
PCI
analyses. Unadjusted as well as multivariable analyses showed an overall significant association between increasing
FMC
‐to‐
PCI
delay and 1‐year mortality. A statistically significant increase in mortality was noted at
FMC
‐to‐
PCI
delays exceeding 1 hour in an incremental fashion.
FMC
‐to‐
PCI
delays in excess of 1 hour were also significantly associated with an increase in severe left ventricular dysfunction at discharge. An overall significant association between increasing symptom‐to‐
PCI
delays and 1‐year mortality was noted. However, when stratified into time delay cohorts, no symptom‐to‐
PCI
delay except for the highest time delay showed a statistically significant association with increased mortality.

Conclusions

Delays in
FMC
‐to‐
PCI
were strongly associated with increased mortality already at delays of more than 1 hour, possibly through an increase in severe heart failure. A goal of
FMC
‐to‐
PCI
of less than 1 hour might save patient lives.
Incidence, Prevalence, and Survival of Moyamoya Disease in Korea
Authors: Ahn Il Min , Park Dong-Hyuk , Hann Hoo Jae , Kim Kyoung Hoon , Kim Hyun Jung , Ahn Hyeong Sik 
Published: March 2014

Background and Purpose—
There is a scarcity of information on the epidemiology and natural course of moyamoya disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the nationwide epidemiological features of moyamoya disease in Korea, including incidence, prevalence, and survival.

Methods—
We used the data from nationwide, population-based Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service claims database and Rare Intractable Disease registration program, which includes physician-certified diagnoses based on uniform criteria for moyamoya disease from 2007 to 2011. Age-specific incidence and prevalence were calculated, and survival was examined using Kaplan–Meier method.

Results—

The total number of patients with moyamoya disease was 8154 in 2011, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.8. The incidence from 2007 to 2011 was 1.7 to 2.3/10
5
, and the prevalence in 2011 was 16.1/10
5
. In total, 66.3% of patients aged 0 to 14 years underwent surgery, whereas only 21.5% in the older than 15 years age group underwent surgery. The 1- and 5-year survival rates of adult patients were 96.9% and 92.9%, respectively, and of child patients were 99.6% and 99.3%, respectively.

Conclusions—
The prevalence and incidence presented in this study are higher than those in previous studies. This study demonstrates that the burden of moyamoya disease in Korea is substantial.
La sémantique ockhamiste des catégories. Essai de reconstruction
Authors: Roques Magali 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
In this paper, I intend to reconstruct Ockham’s semantics of the categories in order to prove first that his semantics is consistent. Second, Ockham is not skeptical about the possibility to derive the categories from primitives. According to Ockham, one must accept two principles in order to derive the categories. The first is the principle of ‘in quid’ predication, according to which a name of category can be predicated ‘in quid’ of a determined class of terms. The second is the principle of the transitivity of predication, according to which A is predicated of C if A is predicated of B and B is predicated of C. I will show that Ockham’s semantics of the categories makes two assumptions. According to the first assumption, there exist only two types of things, substances and qualities. According to the second, the categories are mutually exclusive. Ockham’s semantics of the categories implies that the categories are both ontological and conceptual and that it is not possible to prove that there is a determined number of categories.
Risk Factors for Perioperative Airway Difficulty and Evaluation of Intubation Approaches Among Patients With Benign Goiter
Authors: Loftus Patricia A. , Ow Thomas J. , Siegel Bianca , Tassler Andrew B. , Smith Richard V. , Cohen Hillel W. , Schiff Bradley A. 
Published: March 2014

Objective: The objective was to determine patient and gland characteristics associated with difficult intubation in patients undergoing thyroidectomy for goiter and to assess different methods of intubation in these patients. Methods: This study was an IRB-approved, retrospective chart review of 112 consecutive patients undergoing hemithyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy for thyroid goiter from 2009-2012 at an academic tertiary care facility in Bronx, New York. Patient demographics, thyroid gland characteristics (gland weight and nodule size), presence of preoperative symptoms (dyspnea, dysphagia, and hoarseness), and radiographical findings (tracheal compression, tracheal deviation, and substernal extension of the thyroid gland) were recorded. Anesthesia records were reviewed for method of intubation, as well as success or failure of intubation attempts. Results: Nineteen patients (17.0%) were men and 93 (83.0%) were women. The age of the patients included in the study ranged from 14 to 86 years with a mean ± SD age of 53.5 ± 14.7 years. Difficult intubation was noted with 13 (11.6%) patients. Only patient age was significantly associated with difficult intubation. The mean age of patients with airway difficulty was 60.7 ± 3.7 years compared to 52.1 ± 1.5 years in those who did not experience airway difficulty ( P = .04). No other reviewed risk factors were found to be significantly associated with difficult intubation. Fiberoptic intubation (FOI) was used in 38 patients and difficult intubation occurred in 18.4% (7/38). Direct laryngoscopy with transoral intubation (LTOI) was used in 58 patients, in whom 3.4% (2/58) experienced a difficult intubation. FOI was aborted 6 times and LTOI was subsequently successful in each of these cases. Conclusions: Our results suggest that benign nodular goiter disease does not pose significant challenges to intubation in our patient cohort. The technique of intubation deviated from the initial plan several times in the FOI group, whereas LTOI was ultimately successful in every case. Our data suggest that the role of fiberoptic intubation for patients with large goiters should be further refined.
Surgical and Anatomic Considerations in Endoscopic Revision of Failed External Dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: Liang Jonathan , Hur Kevin , Merbs Shannath L. , Lane Andrew P. 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo identify key anatomic considerations in endoscopic revision dacryocystorhinostomy (r‐EnDCR) following failed external dacryocystorhinostomy (ExDCR).Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care academic medical center.MethodsA retrospective review of patients undergoing r‐EnDCR after failed ExDCR over the past 6 years was performed. Those with primary or previous EnDCR, proximal nasolacrimal procedures, and nasolacrimal lesions were excluded. All patients had a preoperative maxillofacial computed tomography (CT) scan. Data were collected on patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and radiographic findings. A classification system for the anterior ethmoid‐lacrimal fossa complex anatomy was developed.ResultsTwenty‐five r‐EnDCRs were performed on 22 patients after failed ExDCR. Concurrent sinusitis and previous maxillofacial trauma were seen in 9% (2/22) of patients. CT scan demonstrated anterior ethmoid pneumatization with agger nasi cells in 88% (22/25) of patients, and 95% (21/22) of these partially overlapped the medial aspect of the lacrimal fossa, resulting in a DCR ostium located within the middle meatus. The presence of ipsilateral septal deviation, concha bullosa, and middle turbinate lateralization or scarring to the lateral nasal wall was seen in 24% (6/25).ConclusionsIn this case series, a large proportion of patients who had failed an ExDCR had an agger nasi cell, suggesting that variability of the anterior ethmoid anatomy may contribute to surgical failure following ExDCR. CT imaging and endoscopy, which are not always performed prior to ExDCR, can help to elucidate the pattern of agger nasi pneumatization as it relates to the lacrimal fossa and to optimize placement of the DCR ostium.
Association of tardive dyskinesia with variation in CYP2D6: Is there a role for active metabolites?
Authors: Koola Maju M , Tsapakis Evangelia M , Wright Padraig , Smith Shubulade , Kerwin (RIP) Robert W , Nugent Katie L , Aitchison Katherine J 
Published: March 2014

Background: The aim of this study was to examine whether there was an association between tardive dyskinesia (TD) and number of functional CYP2D6 genes. Methods: A Caucasian sample of 70 patients was recruited in 1996–1997 from South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, UK. Subjects had a DSM-IIIR diagnosis of schizophrenia and were treated with typical antipsychotics at doses equivalent to at least 100 mg chlorpromazine daily for at least 12 months prior to assessment. All patients were genotyped for CYP2D6 alleles *3–5, *41, and for amplifications of the gene. Results: There were 13 patients with TD. The mean (standard deviation (SD)) years of duration of antipsychotic treatment in TD-positive was 15.8 (7.9) vs TD-negative 11.1 (7.4) ( p=0.04). Increased odds of experiencing TD were associated with increased ability to metabolize CYP2D6, as measured by genotypic category (odds ratio (OR)=4.2), increasing duration in treatment (OR=1.0), and having drug-induced Parkinsonism (OR=9.7). Discussion: We found a significant association between CYP2D6 genotypic category and TD with the direction of effect being an increase in the number of functional CYP2D6 genes being associated with an increased risk of TD. This is the first study to examine the association between TD and CYP2D6 in Caucasians with this number of genotypic categories. In the future, metabolomics may be utilized in the discovery of biomarkers and novel drug targets.