bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ecological paradox: high species diversity and low position of the upper forest line in the Andean Depression
Authors: Peters Thorsten , Braeuning Achim , Muenchow Jannes , Richter Michael 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSystematic investigations of the upper forest line (UFL) primarily concentrate on mid and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, whereas studies of Neotropical UFLs are still fragmentary. This article outlines the extraordinary high tree diversity at the UFL within the Andean Depression and unravels the links between the comparatively low position of the local UFL, high tree‐species diversity, and climate. On the basis of Gentry′s rapid inventory methodology for the tropics, vegetation sampling was conducted at 12 UFL sites, and local climate (temperature, wind, precipitation, and soil moisture) was investigated at six sites. Monotypic forests dominated by Polylepis were only found at the higher located margins of the Andean Depression while the lower situated core areas were characterized by a species‐rich forest, which lacked the elsewhere dominant tree‐species Polylepis. In total, a remarkably high tree‐species number of 255 tree species of 40 different plant families was found. Beta‐diversity was also high with more than two complete species turnovers. A non‐linear relationship between the floristic similarity of the investigated study sites and elevation was detected. Temperatures at the investigated study sites clearly exceeded 5.5°C, the postulated threshold value for the upper tree growth limit in the tropics. Instead, quasi‐permanent trade winds, high precipitation amounts, and high soil water contents affect the local position of the UFL in a negative way. Interestingly, most of the above‐mentioned factors are also contributing to the high species richness. The result is a combination of a clearly marked upper forest line depression combined with an extraordinary forest line complexity, which was an almost unknown paradox.
Fifty years since Monteith's 1965 seminal paper: the emergence of global ecohydrology
Authors: Dolman A. Johannes , Miralles Diego G. , de Jeu Richard A.M. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTSince Monteith published his seminal paper on evaporation and introduced the canopy resistance 50 years ago, evaporation research has shown great progress, such that his contribution describing evaporation as the delicate interplay between supply, demand and control, needs a tribute. We first identify the key contributions of John Monteith to this development and then identify a new set of challenges in the field of ecohydrology made possible by his breakthrough. These relate to adequate prediction of the occurrence, frequency and severity of drought, in relation to vegetation water use and resilience, and the interplay between the carbon and water cycles. Importantly, since Monteith published his paper, development of satellite remote sensing has made it possible to generalize site level processes and to investigate vegetation, carbon and water relations at global scale. This emerging field of research, tentatively called global ecohydrology, is set to address key questions related to the resilience and vulnerability of the world's ecosystems to their changing environment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Series of O,N,O‐Tridentate Ligands Zinc(II) Complexes with High Solid‐State Photoluminescence Quantum Yield
Authors: Borbone Fabio , Caruso Ugo , Causà Mauro , Fusco Sandra , Panunzi Barbara , Roviello Antonio , Shikler Rafi , Tuzi Angela 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFour neutral complexes were synthesized by reaction of tridentate N‐salicylidene‐N′‐aroylhydrazine ligands with zinc(II) acetate and pyridine as a further ligand. The O,N,O‐chelating molecules N‐4‐[octyloxy(phenoxy)]salicylidene‐N′‐fluorobenzoylhydrazine (L1), N‐4‐[octyloxy(phenoxy)]salicylidene‐N′‐(benzothiazolyl)hydrazine (L2), N‐4‐[octyloxy(phenoxy)]salicylidene‐N′‐cyanobenzoylhydrazine (L3), and N‐4‐[octyloxy(phenoxy)]salicylidene‐N′‐nitrobenzoylhydrazine (L4) gave dinuclear O‐bridged complexes Zn2Li2Py2n (n = 1 or 2 in a special case). The ligands and complexes were characterized by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR, UV/Vis, photoluminescence (PL), and FTIR spectroscopy. The structures of the complexes were solved by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. Nematogenic phase behavior was detected for some ligands by thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA‐DSC) and optical observations. The solution and solid‐state photoluminescence spectra were recorded and show that the ligands are roughly nonfluorescent, whereas all of the complexes show noteworthy emission in widely different spectral regions. The photoluminescence maxima of the complexes in the solid state are dependent on the acceptor group, and medium‐to‐high PL quantum yields were recorded for all of the crystalline complexes. Both periodic and molecular DFT calculations were performed to rationalize the absorbance of these complexes at the “one‐particle” level.
Reactions of β‐Azolylenamines with Sulfonyl Azides as an Approach to N‐Unsubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles and Ethene‐1,2‐diamines
Authors: Efimov Ilya , Bakulev Vasiliy , Beliaev Nikolai , Beryozkina Tetyana , Knippschild Uwe , Leban Johann , Zhi‐Jin Fan , Eltsov Oleg , Slepukhin Pavel , Ezhikova Marina , Dehaen Wim 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe reactions of β‐azolylenamines 1 with sulfonyl azides 2 in acetonitrile furnished 1H‐4‐(azol‐5‐yl)‐1,2,3‐triazoles 3 in yields of 52–93 %. β‐Benzoylenaminones and β‐nitroenamine of type 1 also reacted with tosyl azide to form the same type of products 3, proving the generality and efficiency of the method for the synthesis of N‐unsubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles. On the other hand, the reactions of 3‐(1‐aryl‐1,2,3‐triazol‐5‐yl)enamines with tosyl azide in the absence of a solvent afforded a mixture of (E)‐1‐dimethylamino‐2‐tosylaminoethenes 5 and N,N‐dimethyl‐N′‐tosylformamidine 6 in yields of 40–50 and 20 %, respectively. The formation of a variety of compounds from the reactions of enamines 1 with sulfonyl azides 2 is rationalized by the various possible transformations of the intermediate 5‐dimethylamino‐1,2,3‐triazolines 7.
Palladium and TEMPO as Co‐Catalysts in a Desulfinative Homocoupling Reaction
Authors: Ortgies Dirk H. , Chen Fei , Forgione Pat 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA range of aryl sulfinates can be oxidatively dimerized to generate substituted biphenyls with concomitant extrusion of sulfur dioxide with a palladium catalyst. Catalytic amounts of TEMPO and excess oxygen are utilized as oxidants to regenerate the palladium catalyst.
The effect of acclimatization and ambient temperature on heat withdrawal threshold in rats
Authors: Vítková J. , Loučka M. , Boček J. , Vaculín Š. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundNociception in rats is frequently measured in terms of latency of withdrawal reaction to radiant heat (thermal nociceptive threshold). The aim of this study was to determine how much housing acclimatization and ambient temperature affect the results of thermal pain threshold testing.MethodsAll experiments used adult male Wistar rats. Thermal pain thresholds were tested using the radiant heat withdrawal reaction at three different body sites: forepaws, hind paws and tail. Skin temperature was measured using an Infrared thermometer and ambient temperature was set at 18, 20, 24 or 26 °C.ResultsThe results demonstrate that (1) thermal pain threshold was inversely related to both ambient and skin temperature; (2) housing acclimatization and repeated testing had no effect on nociceptive thresholds at any of the three body sites; (3) a resting, cranio‐caudal distribution, of nociceptive sensitivity was observed; (4) hind paws and tail were more sensitive to changes of skin and ambient temperature than forepaws.ConclusionThese findings show the importance of recording laboratory conditions in experiments and their influence on results.
Influence of renal and hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of anacetrapib
Authors: Lauring Brett , Li Xiujiang (Susie) , Liu Yang , Corr Christy , Lazarus Nicole , Cote Josee , Larson Patrick , Levonas Amy O. Johnson , Lasseter Kenneth C. , Preston Richard A. , Smith William B. , Lai Eseng , Wagner John A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTwo open‐label, parallel‐group studies evaluated the influence of renal and hepatic insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of a single‐dose anacetrapib 100 mg. Eligible participants included adult men and women with moderate hepatic impairment (assessed by Child–Pugh criteria) or severe renal impairment (CrCl <30 mL/min/1.73 m2). In both studies, patients were matched (race, age, sex, BMI) with healthy control subjects. Twenty‐four subjects were randomized in each study (12 with either moderate hepatic or severe renal impairment and 12 matched healthy controls). In the hepatic insufficiency study, the geometric mean ratio (GMR; mean value for the group with moderate hepatic insufficiency/mean value for the healthy controls) and 90% CIs for the area under the concentration–time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0–∞) and the maximum concentration of drug in plasma (Cmax) were 1.16 (0.84, 1.60) and 1.02 (0.71, 1.49), respectively. In the renal insufficiency study, the GMRs (mean value for the group with severe renal insufficiency/mean value for the healthy controls) and 90% CIs for AUC0–∞ and Cmax were 1.14 (0.80, 1.63) and 1.31 (0.93, 1.83), respectively. Anacetrapib was generally well tolerated and there was no clinically meaningful effect of moderate hepatic or severe renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of anacetrapib.
The influence of genetic polymorphism of Cyp2c19 isoenzyme on the pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel and its metabolites in patients with cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Karaźniewicz‐Łada Marta , Danielak Dorota , Rubiś Błażej , Burchardt Paweł , Oszkinis Grzegorz , Główka Franciszek 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAn extensive investigation on pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel and its metabolites as well as pharmacodynamics of the drug was performed in patients with cardiovascular disease carrying various alleles coding CYP2C19 isoenzyme. The influence of non‐genetic factors on the clopidogrel response was also studied. Plasma concentrations of clopidogrel, its carboxylic metabolite, and diastereoisomers of a thiol metabolite (the inactive H3 and the active H4) following an administration of 75 mg of the drug were determined in three groups of patients divided with respect to their CYP2C19 genotype: ultrametabolizers, extensive metabolizers, and intermediate metabolizers. The mean peak plasma concentration of H4 in intermediate metabolizers was 3.1‐ and 2.8‐fold lower than that of ultrametabolizers (P = 0.055) and extensive metabolizers (P = 0.026), respectively. The mean H4 area under the curve (AUC0–24 h) for intermediate metabolizers were significantly lower than that for ultrametabolizers (P = 0.046). Intermediate metabolizers exhibited a significantly higher platelet aggregation than ultrametabolizers and extensive metabolizers (P = 0.035). A multivariate analysis showed that the effect of CYP2C19*2 allele on an ADP‐induced platelet aggregation was better pronounced in the presence of non‐genetic risk factors (P = 0.008).We concluded that the CYP2C19*2 genotype is the primary determinant of the antiplatelet response to clopidogrel therapy.
Recombinant protein production by sucrose‐utilizing Escherichia coli W: untreated beet molasses‐based feeding strategy development
Authors: Akdağ Burcu , Çalık Pınar 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDUntreated beet molasses feeding strategy was developed for recombinant thermostable glucose isomerase (GI) production by sucrose‐utilizing Escherichia coli W.RESULTSpRSETA::xylA plasmid carrying GI encoding gene of Thermus thermophilus (xylA) was transferred into E. coli W, and the effects of carbon sources, i.e. glucose, sucrose, and beet molasses containing 50% sucrose, on GI production were investigated. 32 g L−1 beet molasses‐based medium resulted in the highest recombinant GI production (A = 4364.1 U L−1) and cell concentration (CX = 4.2 g L−1) in laboratory‐scale shake‐bioreactors. Using beet molasses as the carbon source, pulse and exponential feeding strategies were designed. The highest recombinant GI production was achieved as 35 265 U L−1 at t = 16 h in V = 3.0 L controlled bioreactors, where the cell concentration was CX = 17 g L−1, by the application of a three‐stage strategy: Stage I (0<t<5 h): batch operation with the beet molasses and (NH4)2HPO4 initial concentrations of CM0 = 32 g L−1 and CN0,(NH4)2HPO4 = 5 g L−1, respectively; Stage II (5≤t<11 h): semi‐batch operation by consecutive pulse feeding of (NH4)2HPO4 containing molasses at t = 5 h and t = 8 h, to increase CM to 32 g L−1 and C (NH4)2HPO4 to 5 g L−1; and Stage III (t ≥11 h): semi‐batch operation by continuous feeding of molasses with the pre‐determined specific growth rate of μ0 = 0.05 h−1, starting at t = 11 h.CONCLUSIONSThis work demonstrates the significance of the use of beet molasses containing high concentrations of sucrose by designing semi‐batch feeding strategies for the over‐production of recombinant proteins by sucrose‐utilizing E. coli W. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Improved Fe2O3/Al2O3 as heterogeneous Fenton catalysts for the oxidation of phenol solutions in a continuous reactor
Authors: di Luca Carla , Massa Paola , Fenoglio Rosa , Cabello Francisco Medina 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDImproved Fe2O3/Al2O3 catalysts were studied for the catalytic oxidation of concentrated phenol solutions (5 g L−1) with H2O2. To enhance catalyst stability, two strategies were investigated: the use of a high calcination temperature and a step of immersion into an organic acid solution. The reaction runs were performed in a continuous reactor at 70°C and atmospheric pressure.RESULTSFor all the catalysts, almost complete phenol degradation was achieved. The mineralization levels were incomplete, reaching 60 and 50% for the catalysts treated with acetic and oxalic acid, respectively. The leaching levels were reduced from 25% (for the untreated catalyst) to 11% after the immersion in oxalic acid. In all cases, the formation of reversible carbonaceous deposits was observed during reaction and a progressive decay in phenol, TOC and H2O2 conversions was registered.CONCLUSIONCatalyst resistance to leaching was significantly enhanced by combining both thermal and acidic treatments. These procedures did not affect the catalytic wet hydrogen peroxide oxidation (CWHPO) performance in terms of mineralization levels. The lixiviation levels were acceptable, taking into account the strong acidic reaction medium. Deactivation processes might be primarily associated with the formation of reversible carbonaceous deposits due to intermediates accumulation onto the catalyst surface. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Projected changes in characteristics of precipitation spatial structures over North America
Authors: Guinard Karine , Mailhot Alain , Caya Daniel 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTSpatial structures of hourly precipitation fields were studied from three simulations of the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) and observations of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Stage IV analysis. Each precipitation structure, defined as a contiguous area of precipitation above a given threshold, was analysed through geometric characteristics (position, area, major and minor axes, eccentricity, orientation) and intensity characteristics (volume, mean and maximum intensities, precipitation distribution within the structure) for 16 climatic regions covering North America. While providing new insights on the spatial facet of precipitation, this study aimed to: (1) assess the performance of the CRCM to reproduce observed precipitation structures and (2) analyse the changes in precipitation structures between historical (1961–1990) and future (2071–2100) periods. In addition, the effect of internal variability was investigated using two CGCM‐driven CRCM simulations. In order to assess the CRCM performance, a reanalysis‐driven CRCM simulation was first compared with observations and then with CGCM‐driven CRCM simulations. Results suggest that reanalysis‐driven CRCM precipitation structures displayed intensities spatially more homogeneous than observed ones for the central and eastern United States and showed significantly lower precipitation volumes, intensities and areas. However, annual cycles of characteristic values were well reproduced. In addition, CGCM‐driven CRCM showed significantly lower precipitation volumes and intensities during summer months for southeastern regions when compared to reanalysis‐driven CRCM. Precipitation structures were also larger and shifted further north. Boundary conditions seemed to influence mainly central and eastern regions of North America. In future climate, results suggest more convective summer precipitations for central and eastern regions (increases in volumes, intensities and heterogeneity of structures), drier spring and summer conditions for southwestern regions (decreases in numbers of structures), wetter winter and spring conditions for northern regions (increases in numbers of structures) and wetter autumn conditions for southeastern regions (increases in volumes and intensities).
Recycling slaughterhouse waste into fertilizer: how do pyrolysis temperature and biomass additions affect phosphorus availability and chemistry?
Authors: Zwetsloot Marie J , Lehmann Johannes , Solomon Dawit 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDPyrolysis of slaughterhouse waste could promote more sustainable phosphorus (P) usage through the development of alternative P fertilizers. This study investigated how pyrolysis temperature (220, 350, 550 and 750 °C), rendering before pyrolysis, and wood or corn biomass additions affect P chemistry in bone char, plant availability, and its potential as P fertilizer.RESULTSLinear combination fitting of synchrotron‐based X‐ray absorption near edge structure spectra demonstrated that higher pyrolysis temperatures decreased the fit with organic P references, but increased the fit with a hydroxyapatite (HA) reference, used as an indicator of high calcium phosphate (CaP) crystallinity. The fit to the HA reference increased from 0% to 69% in bone with meat residue and from 20% to 95% in rendered bone. Biomass additions to the bone with meat residue reduced the fit to the HA reference by 83% for wood and 95% for corn, and additions to rendered bone by 37% for wood. No detectable aromatic P forms were generated by pyrolysis. High CaP crystallinity was correlated with low water‐extractable P, but high formic acid‐extractable P indicative of high plant availability. Bone char supplied available P which was only 24% lower than Triple Superphosphate fertilizer and two‐ to five‐fold higher than rock phosphate.CONCLUSIONPyrolysis temperature and biomass additions can be used to design P fertilizer characteristics of bone char through changing CaP crystallinity that optimize P availability to plants. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Protein gels and emulsions from mixtures of Cape hake and pea proteins
Authors: Tomé Ana Sofia , Pires Carla , Batista Irineu , Sousa Isabel , Raymundo Anabela 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDPortioning of frozen fish generates by‐products such as fish ‘sawdust’ and cut‐offs which can be further processed into protein concentrates and isolates. The objective of the present work was to produce gels and emulsions using recovered Cape hake protein powder (HPP). In previous works, the structures of the gels produced by HPP were found to be strong, with a high rubbery character. In this work, the addition of commercial pea proteins (PPC) to HPP gels and emulsions was studied.RESULTSPhysical properties of gels and emulsions prepared with different proportions of mixtures of PPC and HPP were evaluated. In general, gels and emulsions showed high values for whiteness and, as expected, the higher content of HPP in the protein mixtures led to higher firmness values of the gels. The gel network was rapidly formed upon heating due to the fish protein macromolecules and further reinforced by the pea protein macromolecules when cooled to 5 °C. Both visco‐elastic parameters, storage and loss moduli, of the produced gels increased with the HPP proportion in the protein mixtures, corresponding to more structured systems. For the emulsions, two different pH environments were studied: 3.8 and 7.0. At neutral pH a synergy was found between the vegetable and fish protein, which is not so strong when pH is lowered to 3.8, near the isoelectric point of pea proteins (pI = 4.5). This evidence was supported by the results from the texture measurements, viscosity and visco‐elastic parameters.CONCLUSIONSGels made from Cape hake proteins showed a softer texture and were less rubbery with the addition of pea proteins. Emulsions stabilised by these mixtures showed slightly different behaviour when produced at pH 7.0 or pH 3.8. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of processing on the microbial risk associated with Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea
Authors: Gouws Pieter , Hartel Toni , van Wyk Rudean 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis review discusses the influence of processing on the microbial risk associated with Salmonella in Rooibos tea, the identification of Salmonella and preventative and control measures to control microbial contamination. Rooibos tea, like other plant products, naturally contains a high microbial load. Downstream processing steps of these products usually help in reducing any contaminants present. Due to the delicate flavour properties and nature of Rooibos, gentle processing techniques are necessary for the production of good quality tea. However, this has a major influence on the microbiological status of the product. The presence of Salmonella in Rooibos is poorly understood. The ubiquitous distribution of Salmonella in the natural environment and its prevalence in the global food chain, the physiological adaptability, virulence of the bacterial pathogen and its serious economic impact on the food industry, emphasises the need for continued awareness and stringent controls at all levels of food production. With the advances of technology and information at hand, the processing of Rooibos needs to be re‐evaluated. Since the delicate nature of Rooibos prohibits the use of harsh methods to control Salmonella, alternative methods for the steam pasteurisation of Rooibos show great potential to control Salmonella in a fast, efficient and cost‐effective manner. These alternative methods will significantly improve the microbiological quality of Rooibos and provide a product that is safe to consumers. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry