bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RELIGION, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL CHANGE: REPRESENTATIONS OF MUSLIM WORLD IN ACADEMIC ANALYSES OF THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE ARAB SPRING
Authors: Ayaz Adeela Arshad 
Published: April 2015

This article deconstructs the dominant constructions and portrayals of the Muslim world in literature on social media and civic engagement in relation to the Arab Spring. A critical reading of literature on social media and ‘Arab Spring’ shows that analyses by Western scholars and commentators are still grounded in ‘modernist dualism’ and orientalist understandings. The article starts by tracing the history of technology to argue that analyses of social media’s educational and civic potential within the Western context in general, is continuation of arguments about earlier technologies in relation to societal development. However, when it comes to analyzing social media and civic engagement particularly in the Muslim world this tendency gets muddled with another well-established trend, that of Orientalism. The overall impact of this tendency results in restricting majority of arguments within the essentialists/determinists paradigm. Such analyses essentialize the technological aspects of social media as universal and constitute the West as civilized, democratic, multicultural, and progressive. On the other hand Muslim world is represented as uncivilized, undemocratic, uncultured, and chained in past traditions. Thus, there is a need for a nuanced understanding of the relationship between the social media and civic engagement in the Muslim world, which can be conceptualized by framing the issues within a postcolonial critique of neoliberal globalization. DOI: 10.15408/tjems.v1i2.1264
STRATEGI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DALAM UPAYA MENJAWAB TANTANGAN GLOBALISASI
Authors: Aripin Syamsul 
Published: April 2015

Globalization has been affecting many aspects of human life, such as, social, politics, economic, culture, information and communication, and education. The development of technologyy in globalization era has brought society into wider world. Connection among individuals becomes easier. What happen in one part of the world can be instantly accessed by others in other part of the world. Information and knowledge can effortlessly be obtained from various sources of technology, such as, radio, television, internet, newspaper and magazines. This situation brings about consequences on education. Modern schools, crative teachers, high performance students are among consequences of the development of technology. Islamic schools, as part of schools, should be able to respond this situation in order not to be left behind. While some efforts might be taken to improve the quality of Islamic educational institutions, such as improving learning quality, preparing competitive graduates both from Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) and Islamic schools (madrasah), pesantren and madrasah are encouraged to preserve their characteristics that have existed for years. DOI: 10.15408/tjems.v1i2.1266
Study of the release of the fission gases (Xe and Kr) and the fission products (Cs and I) under anoxic conditions in bicarbonate water
Authors: González-Robles Ernesto , Fuß Markus , Bohnert Elke , Müller Nikolaus , Herm Michel , Metz Volker , Kienzler Bernhard 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTFor safety assessment analyses of the disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) in deep geological repositories it is indispensable to evaluate the contribution of fission products to the instant release fraction (IRF). During the last three years the EURATOM FP7 Collaborative Project, “Fast / Instant Release of Safety Relevant Radionuclides from Spent Nuclear Fuel (CP FIRST-Nuclides)” was carried out to get a better understanding of the IRF.Within CP FIRST-Nuclides, a leaching experiment with a cladded SNF pellet was performed in bicarbonate water (19 mM NaCl + 1 mM NaHCO3) under Ar /H2 atmosphere over 333 days. The cladded SNF pellet was obtained from a fuel rod segment which was irradiated in the Gösgen pressurized water reactor; the average burn-up of the segment was 50.4 MWd/kgUO2. In the multi-sampling experiment, gaseous and liquid samples were taken periodically. The moles of the fission gases Kr and Xe released in the gas phase and those of 129I and 137Cs released in solution were measured. Cumulative release fractions of (1.6 ± 0.2)·10-1 fission gases, (1.6 ± 0.1)·10-1129I and (3.9 ± 0.2)·10-2 137Cs, respectively, were achieved after 333 days of leaching. Accordingly the release ratio of fission gases to 129I was 1:1 and the release ratio of fission gases to 137Cs was 4:1, respectively.
As memórias de um grupo de professores aposentados sobre suas formações e as práticas pedagógicas em Rondonópolis-MT
Authors: Soares Wilson José 
Published: April 2015

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir as trajetórias de formação e das práticas pedagógicas de um grupo de professores de Geografia aposentados. O método de estudo utilizado foi a pesquisa qualitativa com a metodologia de trabalho fundamentado na História Oral. A técnica de coleta das informações se deu com a gravação de depoimentos, e o recorte para o estudo se subdivide em três pontos bem definidos: o primeiro espacial, o município de Rondonópolis – Mato Grosso, Brasil; o segundo, a rede pública de ensino e o terceiro, professores aposentados com idade acima dos sessenta anos. Os resultados apresentam a formação dos professores, em um ensino tradicional com a memorização dos conteúdos, prática fundamentada nas orientações curriculares da época.
Application of Novel Polymer Assisted Emulsified Acid System Improves the Efficiency of Carbonate Acidizing
Authors: Zakaria A. S. , Nasr-El-Din H. A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In highly heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs, several acid systems have been used to enhance acid distribution during matrix acidizing. Gelled acids are commonly used to improve the wellbore coverage. However, the injection of such acids at low rates and high temperature has a negative effect on spending rate, initiates filtercake formation which inhibits the wormhole growth, can cause formation damage and has high corrosion rates. This paper presents an innovative formulation for emulsifying the gelled acid (polymer assisted emulsified acid) for better acid treatments at high temperatures.
The objective of this work is to investigate the behavior and the performance of a new innovative acid system: polymer assisted emulsified acid as a self-diverting acid by conducting viscosity measurements, reaction rate experiments, thorough coreflood study, and acid diversion experiments. The system was 15 wt% gelled acid emulsified in diesel with 70:30 acid/diesel volume ratio.
Coreflood experiments were conducted at 230°F at different injection rates on low and high permeability Indiana limestone. Also, a 0.5 PV of the polymer assisted emulsified acid was injected to assess the effect of the acid on the permeability of the cores before breakthrough. Finally, two acid diversion experiments at 1 cm3/min were conducted into pairs of low and high permeability cores to test the effect of polymer concentration in the acid internal phase on diversion.
The viscosity measurements and acid diffusivity measurements showed that increasing the polymer concentration in the internal phase of the emulsified acid from 0 to 1.5 vol% enhanced significantly the viscosity of the emulsified acid and reduced the diffusion coefficient by one order of magnitude.
Coreflood results showed that the polymer assisted emulsified is an effective wormholing fluid at low injection rate while maintaining the high viscosity of the acid system for zonal coverage. Also, it was shown that the emulsion/polymer retention is the main source for permeability damage. However, flowback with mutual solvent removes any remaining damage and permeability enhancement is achieved
Acid diversion experiments were presented that show the self-diverting ability of the polymer assisted emulsified acid into the low permeability cores.
Corrosion and Scale Formation in High Temperature Sour Gas Wells: Chemistry and Field Practice
Authors: Ramachandran Sunder , Al-Muntasheri Ghaithan , Leal Jairo , Wang Qiwei 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Sour gas is being produced from a number of carbon-steel-completed wells in the US (Mississippi, Alabama), Canada, France and Saudi Arabia. The gas stream contains various levels of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and is produced from high temperature reservoirs (with temperatures ranging from 160 to 410°F). The combination of hydrogen sulfide with high temperatures introduces challenges related to corrosion and iron sulfide (FeS) scale formation. The thermodynamics and kinetics of iron sulfide formation will be reviewed. There is a large literature on the thermodynamics and kinetics of iron sulfide scales in the context of corrosion of mild steel. High temperatures and high concentration of hydrogen sulfide favor the formation of pyrrhotite and trolite which are an order of magnitude less soluble than cubic FeS or mackinawite. Saudi Aramco has been producing sour gas from deep carbonate reservoirs since 1984. The mole percentage of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the gas of these wells range from 1 to 23, while the mole percentage of carbon dioxide in the gas range from 3.7 to 8. Bottomhole temperatures vary from 265 to 320°F. Corrosion inhibition treatment has been sporadic. Chemical and mechanical methods of scale removal have been used in different wells. In a specific instance, the amount of scale has been measured from a given well and the composition has been noted as a function of depth. Assessment about the amount of scale and the potential sources of iron will be provided. Thermodynamic studies of iron sulfide scales will also be reported to explain some of the field observations. The paper provides a summary of the current fundamental understanding in iron sulfide scale (FeS) and corrosion kinetics. It reveals that many oilfield operators do have special stimulation procedures for these wells. These include: special acid stimulation packages, well pickling and processes for continuous injection of corrosion inhibitors to mitigate the iron sulfide scale problems. Results and analysis concerning corrosion and scale problems for specific wells in deep hot gas wells will be presented. The paper will provide a reference point for iron sulfide scale problems in high temperature sour gas wells and for future development in the area.
Achieving Water Quality Required for Fracturing Gas Shales: Cost Effective Analytic and Treatment Technologies
Authors: Burnett D. B. , Platt F. M. , Vavra C. E. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Shale gas development relies heavily on multi-stage hydraulic fracturing (HF) to maximize the economic viability of each new well. Industry is making a concerted effort both to recycle and re-use produced brine from fracturing operations and to use alternate water sources for well operations. Some experts foresee almost all produced brines being treated and reused within the next five years. Texas A&M Global Petroleum Research Institute (GPRI) has been one of the leaders in promoting new technology to reach these goals. In the past decade we have conducted a number of field trials in different shale plays to a) identify technologies and determine their effectiveness, b) field test advanced monitoring and measurement techniques, and c) integrate the technologies into one cost-effective program for the industry.
This paper presents results from these trials that compare different types of filtration media used to remove hydrocarbons, filtration techniques to remove suspended solids and nano filtration materials to stabilize ultrahigh salinity brines making them compatible with today's fracturing fluid designs. In addition to describing cost effective brine treatment, we have provided a venue for testing advanced analytical techniques that provide rapid ways to measure the effectiveness of such water treatment. Measuring hydrocarbon content in the brines aids in selection of optimal treatment and monitoring of its effectiveness. New fluid imaging techniques characterize particulates in brines and can help to optimize filtration requirements. Biological monitoring can determine effectiveness of solids removal practices and helps in selection of appropriate bacterial control.
This paper will discuss the need to utilize on-site, real-time analysis of produced water and frac flow back brine to allow faster and more accurate characterization of the oil and gas waters being cycled back to unconventional gas development.
The benefits of the technology come from improved procedures to characterize and mitigate the risks of HF at drilling and hydraulic fracturing sites. Better monitoring and treatment can help to counter the mounting concerns of legislators, regulatory agencies, and the general public as well as aid the economic development of our natural gas resources.
Investigation, Classification and Remediation of Amorphous Deposits in Oilfield Systems
Authors: Eroini Violette , Anfindsen Hilde , Mitchell Anthony F. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
An increasing incidence of amorphous deposits in both production and water injection systems is causing considerable problems for offshore fields. The amorphous deposits are typically comprised of both organic (biological or hydrocarbon) and inorganic material and can differ considerably in composition.
System deposits of this nature have been previously characterised as ‘Schmoo’ and within our company the descriptive, but non-specific term ‘Black Sticky Stuff’ has been coined. The challenge with use of this terminology is that it makes accurate description of deposits from different systems difficult and does not allow similar materials to be easily categorised.
This paper describes the work undertaken to better understand the composition of samples taken from different systems, both production and injection. Systematic analysis has led to the development of a classification matrix for deposits related to their major components. From the classification, improved knowledge has been gained to enable increased consistency of removal or preventive methods.
Some initial observations are made on an unusual form of deposit - being either a product of, or promoting corrosion - being encountered in water injection systems. The material is causing concern with regard to system integrity and intervention in injection wells. Work to define the root cause, and develop removal methods of this type of deposit is presented.
Hydrodynamic Retention and Rheology of EOR Polymers in Porous Media
Authors: Zhang Guoyin , Seright R.S. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Polymer retention caused by increase of hydrodynamic force acting upon polymer molecules was evaluated in this study. The results indicate this hydrodynamic retention is strongly flow rate dependent. In the low-flow region, the retention increases abruptly with increased flow rate. In contrast, in the high-flow region, the increase becomes much more gradual. Our results also demonstrate that this flow-induced retention is totally reversible (no incremental irreversible retention occurs), which is also confirmed by the constant residual resistance factors determined after 100 PV of brine postflush. Consistent with previous literature, distinct flow behaviors of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and xanthan polymers in porous media were observed. For HPAM, in the low-flow regime, Newtonian behavior (i.e., resistance factor is independent of flow rate) was exhibited. In the moderate-to-high-flow regime, HPAM showed shear-thickening behavior (resistance factor increase with flow rate). In contrast, only shear thinning (resistance factor decreases with flow rate) was detected for xanthan polymer. By analyzing the retention and rheology of both HPAM and xanthan polymers, we show that hydrodynamic retention has little effect on polymer rheology in porous media.
Achieving a Stable Native Guar Boron Crosslink in 100% Produced Water
Authors: Lopez Enrique , Nelson Tyler , Bishop Dru M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
A specialized fracture fluid system has been developed for crosslinking produced waters recovered from normal oil and gas production using common native guar polymer and boron crosslinkers with a novel pH Stabilizing Agent that mitigates the reaction between high pH buffers and the dissolved solids found in produced water; yielding a stable crosslink to at least 250°F.
This innovative fluid system applies to crosslinking produced water, processed produced water, and flow-back water containing total dissolved solids that typically range from 20,000 ppm to 100,000 ppm and more often containing calcium and magnesium concentrations in excess of 2,500 ppm and 1,000 ppm, respectively.
Currently, the most common crosslinked fracture fluid applied is native guar with a boron crosslinker, however these are limited to use in fresh waters with low calcium and magnesium contents. When boron crosslink guar fluid systems are mixed with produced water, the accompanying high pH buffers and pH modifiers react with the elevated total dissolved solids (TDS) present in produced water - particularly calcium and magnesium. This reaction results in undesirable precipitates that consume the buffer, effectively destabilizing the pH of the fluid at elevated bottom-hole temperatures and preventing a stable crosslink from occurring. And, while an alternative crosslink fluid system - such as derivatized guar with a zirconium crosslinker which is not dependent on pH buffers and pH modifiers - can be used effectively, the economics do not support it. These systems can be expensive and are generally reserved for use in wells with much more complex challenges where the increased costs of these fluids are more easily justified.
This new process will aid in reducing the use of fresh water in fracture treatments by rendering it economically viable for the vast majority of “typical” wells to use produced water, processed produced water, and fresh water not normally considered due to naturally occurring high TDS, with boron crosslink fluids. It will also significantly reduce the water related treatment, transportation and disposal costs associated with produced water.
Reservoir Simulation and Near-Well Bore Modelling to Aid Scale Management in a Low Temperature Development with Multilateral Wells
Authors: Ishkov O. , Mackay E.J. , Vazquez O. , Jordan M.M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This paper presents results of a reservoir and near wellbore modelling study to assist with the evaluation of inorganic scale risk management for a cold sandstone reservoir in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. Reservoir temperature is in the range 32-48°C and poses a challenge to manage the scale risk.
The field is heavily supported by aquifer water, and the development includes five production wells and seven seawater injection wells. The small number of high-cost, highly productive subsea multilateral wells with long horizontal sections, some with sliding sleeves to enhanced flow management, coupled with a high barium sulphate scaling tendency (up to 350ppm barium concentration in the formation water) requires effective scale management.
This paper addresses questions of timing and nature of seawater breakthrough, when scale inhibitor squeeze treatments will be required, what is the impact of any reservoir reactions between the formation water and injected seawater on the scale risk at the production wells, what squeeze placement profiles look like under a range of squeeze treatment scenarios (various injection rates and sleeve position options). The treatment of multilateral wells by bullhead scale squeeze treatments is not a subject extensively covered in the literature, so the focus of this paper is to understand the impact on squeeze treatment life of bullhead deployment as a function of pump rate with both laterals open and the impact on treatment lifetime and treatment cost of selective placement into each lateral by treating one lateral at a time via activation of the sliding sleeve mechanism.
The paper draws on a wide range of technical inputs to make scale management decisions including: thermodynamic modelling techniques, reservoir simulation of fluid mixing and reaction, laboratory-generated coreflood data to assess chemical selection for scale inhibitor squeeze, and squeeze treatment design drawing on all the information outlined above.
Sharing the scale management technical challenges associated with such low temperatures and treating multilateral wells provides an example of the factors that should be taken into account during project design in similar fields under development in Northern Norway, offshore West Africa and offshore Brazil.
Tandem Acidizing-Corrosion Inhibition with Low Risk-Low Toxicity Chelant
Authors: Beuterbaugh Aaron M. , Reyes Enrique A. , Smith Alyssa L. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Temperature plays an important role when acidizing wells using proper acid-stimulation techniques. Typically, with increasing temperatures, stimulation of carbonate formations using hydrochloric acid (HCl) becomes less of a viable candidate for a myriad of reasons, including near-wellbore (NWB) spending and increased corrosion attributed to the aggressive and reactive nature of HCl. While corrosion can be tamed using a proper corrosion inhibitor, NWB spending of the acid cannot be eliminated or reduced without retarding the acid with oil/polymer emulsions or foams. Albeit, efficacy of both has shown to tame this reactive nature, breaking the emulsion or foam can lead to formation damage, incomplete acid spending, or additional pumping stages, all of which add complexity to the treatment.
Herein, a new solid chelating acid is presented, which eliminates many problems typically associated with HCl treatments. This solid acid, when introduced before or in conjunction with an HCl treatment, creates an acid-insoluble filter cake, thus preventing NWB spending. In addition, corrosion testing revealed the solid chelant displays corrosion characteristics similar to aminopolycarboxylic acids and phosphonates, altering the corrosion effects of the HCl acid with tubulars and downhole equipment.
Testing with the solid acid revealed that it can easily be suspended in a gelled HCl acid for placement before or in conjunction with an HCl treatment and exhibits diversionary properties attributed to the small size of the particle entering the pore throats in high permeable matrices. When applied to acid fracturing techniques, core flow testing demonstrated the cake focuses acid spending in a manner resulting in channel-like asperities, rather than broad dissolution of a fracture face. When this technology was applied to matrix acidizing, testing revealed reduced wormhole channel diameter, thus highlighting the effectiveness toward deep matrix penetration of the reactive acid.
In continuance, the filter cake is easily removed with a neutral or alkaline overflush, therefore negating formation damage. Once the filter cake is removed, it exhibits chelation characteristics, thereby retaining spent acid byproducts in solution. This unique property by itself reduces the propensity for recombination of dissolved ions, which can lead to precipitation and possible formation damage.