bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender and small‐scale fisheries: a case for counting women and beyond
Authors: Kleiber Danika , Harris Leila M , Vincent Amanda C J 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMarine ecosystem–scale fisheries research and management must include the fishing effort of women and men. Even with growing recognition that women do fish, there remains an imperative to engage in more meaningful and relevant gender analysis to improve socio‐ecological approaches to fisheries research and management. The implications of a gender approach to fisheries have been explored in social approaches to fisheries, but the relevance of gender analysis for ecological understandings has yet to be fully elaborated. To examine the importance of gender to the understanding of marine ecology, we identified 106 case studies of small‐scale fisheries from the last 20 years that detail the participation of women in fishing (data on women fishers being the most common limiting factor to gender analysis). We found that beyond gender difference in fishing practices throughout the world, the literature reveals a quantitative data gap in the characterization of gender in small‐scale fisheries. The descriptive details of women's often distinct fishing practices nonetheless provide important ecological information with implications for understanding the human role in marine ecosystems. Finally, we examined why the data gap on women's fishing practices has persisted, detailing several ways in which commonly used research methods may perpetuate biased sampling that overlooks women's fishing. This review sheds light on a new aspect of the application of gender research to fisheries research, with an emphasis on ecological understanding within a broader context of interdisciplinary approaches.
In vivo‐folded metal–metallothionein 3 complexes reveal the Cu–thionein rather than Zn–thionein character of this brain‐specific mammalian metallothionein
Authors: Artells Ester , Palacios Òscar , Capdevila Mercè , Atrian Sílvia 
Published: January 2014

Metallothionein‐3 (MT3) is one of the four mammalian metallothioneins (MT), and is constitutively synthesized in the brain. MT3 acts both intracellularly and extracellularly in this organ, performing functions related to neuronal growth and physiological metal (Zn and Cu) handling. It appears to be involved in the prevention of neurodegenerative disorders caused by insoluble Cu–peptide aggregates, as it triggers a Zn–Cu swap that may counteract the deleterious presence of copper in neural tissues. The literature data on MT3 coordination come from studies either on apo‐MT3 reconstitution or the reaction of Zn–MT3 with Cu2+, an ion that is hardly present inside cells. To ascertain the MT3 metal‐binding features in a scenario closer to the reductive cell cytoplasm, a study of the recombinant Zn2+, Cd2+ and Cu+ complexes of MT3, βMT3, and αMT3, as well as the in vitro Zn2+–Cd2+ and Zn2+–Cu+ replacement processes, is presented here. We conclude that MT3 has a Cu–thionein character that is stronger than that of the MT1 and MT2 isoforms – also present in the mammalian brain – which is mainly contributed by its β domain. In contrast, the α domain retains a high capacity to bind Zn2+ ions, and, consequently, the entire MT3 peptide shows a peculiar dual ability to handle both metal ions. The nature of the formed Cu+–MT3 complexes oscillates from heterometallic Cu6Zn4–MT3 to homometallic Cu10–MT3 major species, in a narrow Cu concentration range. Therefore, the entire MT3 peptide shows a high capacity to bind Cu+, provided that this occurs in a nonoxidative milieux. This reflects a peculiar property of this MT isoform, which accurately senses different Cu contents in the environment in which it is synthesized.
Relative Value of Water for Hydropower and Municipal Supply in Southeastern Reservoirs
Authors: Moreau David H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPopulation growth in the Southeast has driven withdrawals for municipal water beyond the limits of local supplies. With few options left for development of virgin sources, a number of urban areas are looking toward demand management and additional supplies by reallocating storage in reservoirs that were built primarily or in part for hydropower. Hydropower has become a lesser part of the mix of energy sources, and the question arises as to value of water for that purpose relative to its value for municipal use. Three cases are used to examine the issue. Effects of withdrawal for municipal water supply on output of electric energy are estimated. Benefits of foregone energy are evaluated using the least cost alternative for replacement, and benefits for municipal water are estimated using costs for development of new sources. Benefits for use as municipal water are found to be considerably higher than benefits for hydroelectric energy at existing prices, even higher than the least cost alternative for replacement. Given the spatial distribution of the cases, that finding would appear to hold in general across the region.
Modeling the Fate and Transport of Plunging Inflows to Onondaga Lake
Authors: Owens Emmet M. , Effler Steven W. , O'Donnell David M. , Matthews David A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe transport and fate of two plunging tributaries, Onondaga and Ninemile Creeks, in Onondaga Lake, New York, are quantified based on application of hydrodynamic/transport models. Short‐term transport is simulated with a three‐dimensional Estuary Lake and Coastal Ocean Model (ELCOM), while the longer term fate is represented by a previously validated one‐dimensional model (UFILS4). The validation of ELCOM for the vertical distribution of tributary inflow into the lake's water column is demonstrated for four dye tracer experiments. The models are applied for three years to represent the dynamics of transport and fate for the two tributaries, with ELCOM predictions serving as input for UFILS4. The models together quantify the distribution of these inflows between the upper mixed layer (UML) and stratified depths, and the subsequent transport from stratified depths to the UML by vertical mixing. Substantial short‐term variations are predicted for both tributaries in response to variability in hydrology and weather. Increased inflow to the UML is predicted for high runoff periods. The fraction of Ninemile Creek's inflow directly entering the UML is predicted to be 50% greater than for Onondaga Creek due to Ninemile's lower negative buoyancy. The plunging phenomenon has important water quality implications, by reducing the effective loading to the UML, particularly for constituents with large rates of loss/transformation relative to the rate of vertical transport from stratified depths.
Infectious salmon anaemia – pathogenesis and tropism
Authors: Aamelfot M , Dale O B , Falk K 
Published: January 2014

AbstractInfectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a serious disease of farmed Atlantic salmon caused by the aquatic orthomyxovirus infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). ISA was first detected in Norway in 1984 and was characterized by severe anaemia and circulatory disturbances. This review elucidates factors related to the pathogenesis of ISA in Atlantic salmon, the dissemination of the virus in the host and the general distribution of the 4‐O‐acetylated sialic acids ISAV receptor. The knowledge contributes to the understanding of this disease, and why, almost 30 years after the first detection, it is still causing problems for the aquaculture industry.
Influence of ferric iron on phase equilibria in greenschist facies assemblages: the hematite‐rich metasedimentary rocks from the Monti Pisani (Northern Apennines)
Authors: Lo Pò D. , Braga R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe have investigated the effects of different Fe2O3 bulk contents on the calculated phase equilibria of low‐T/intermediate‐P metasedimentary rocks. Thermodynamic modelling within the MnO–Na2O–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–O (MnNKFMASHTO) chemical system of chloritoid‐bearing hematite‐rich metasedimentary rocks from the Variscan basement of the Pisani Mountains (Northern Apennines, Italy) fails to reproduce the observed mineral compositions when the bulk Fe2O3 is determined through titration. The mismatch between observed and computed mineral compositions and assemblage is resolved by tuning the effective ferric iron content by P–XFe2O3 diagrams, obtaining equilibration conditions of 475 °C and 9–10 kbar related to a post‐compressional phase of the Alpine collision. The introduction of ferric iron affects the stability of the main rock‐forming silicates that often yield important thermobaric information. In Fe2O3‐rich compositions, garnet‐ and carpholite‐in curves shift towards higher temperatures with respect to the Fe2O3‐free systems. The presence of a ferric‐iron oxide (hematite) prevents the formation of biotite in the mineral assemblage even at temperatures approaching 550 °C. The use of P–T–XFe2O3 phase diagrams may also provide P–T information in common greenschist facies metasedimentary rocks.
Nursing perspectives on factors influencing interdisciplinary teamwork in the Canadian primary care setting
Authors: Al Sayah Fatima , Szafran Olga , Robertson Sandra , Bell Neil R. , Williams Beverly 
Published: January 2014

Aims and objectivesThis study investigated nurses' roles and their perspectives on the factors that influence interdisciplinary teamwork within Canadian primary care setting.BackgroundInterdisciplinary teams have shown to lead to better system‐ and patient‐level outcomes and, accordingly, have became important aspects of healthcare systems especially within primary care settings. Nurses play a key role in these primary care teams, particularly with respect to chronic disease management.DesignA focused ethnography design using semi‐structured individual interviews was conducted.MethodsInterviews were conducted with 20 primary care nurses between July 2010–May 2011. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and content and thematic analysis was performed.ResultsNurses experienced increasing scope of practice and professional responsibility as they transitioned into the primary care setting. Nine major roles of primary care nurses were identified. Several factors that facilitate or hinder teamwork were identified and categorised under four theme areas: (1) organisation/leadership (e.g. having common goals and mandate, unclear descriptions of team members' roles); (2) team relationships (e.g. closed loop of communication, trust, respect); (3) process/support (e.g. unclear referral process and reporting structure, large patient panels); and (4) physical environment (e.g. decentralised model of care).ConclusionsNurses' roles within primary care setting appear to be focused mainly on case management. Minimal orientation and lack of preparation of nurses for their roles, vagueness of these roles among the interdisciplinary primary care team members and lack of communication appeared to be among the most important factors that influence teamwork and nurses' functioning within these teams.Relevance to clinical practiceGiven that nurses play a key role in interdisciplinary primary care teams, particularly in managing chronic disease patients, approaches to improve chronic disease management and care of these patients should incorporate strategies to ensure effective preparation of these nurses for their roles within these teams and settings.
Presence of Transposons and Mycoviruses in Botrytis cinerea Isolates Collected from a German Grapevine Growing Region
Authors: Kecskeméti Elizabeth , Brathuhn Arne , Kogel Karl‐Heinz , Berkelmann‐Löhnertz Beate , Reineke Annette 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTransposons and infection of fungal strains with mycoviruses can have significant effects on distinctive phenotypic traits of phytopathogenic fungi such as mycelial growth and sporulation, pathogenicity or fungicide resistance. Two transposable elements (TE), Boty and Flipper, are known to be associated with the ubiquitous fungus Botrytis cinerea. In addition, the presence of two types of ssRNAsRNA viruses, BVX and BVF, has been reported in B. cinerea. In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity of B. cinerea isolates, all sampled within a small‐sized German viticultural area (‘Rheingau’) by examining and classifying them according to the presence of TEs and mycoviruses. A subset of the isolates was further analysed with microsatellite markers to determine the origin of particular isolates with or without one or both mycoviruses. Virtually all isolates (98%) sampled in two different years (2008 and 2010) were screened positive for the presence of a transposon. Presence of one or both B. cinerea mycoviruses was confirmed for 37% of the analysed isolates sampled in 2010, representing the first record of B. cinerea mycoviruses in German isolates. Assignment on individual B. cinerea isolates to different genetic groups was independent of the presence or absence of a mycovirus or a transposable element, respectively. Furthermore, we found no correlation between the presence of either a mycovirus or a transposable element and different viticultural management practices, soil properties or levels of nitrogen fertilization applied to the respective vineyards. However, mycelial growth of B. cinerea strains containing mycovirus BVF was significantly reduced at lower temperatures.
Gene expression analysis in serial liver fine needle aspirates
Authors: Lejnine S. , Marton M. J. , Wang I.‐M. , Howell B. J. , Webber A. L. , Maxwell J. W. , Shire N. , Malkov V. , Lunceford J. , Zeremski M. , Sun A. , Ruddy M. , Talal A. H. 
Published: January 2014

SummaryNo method with low morbidity presently exists for obtaining serial hepatic gene expression measurements in humans. While hepatic fine needle aspiration (FNA) has lower morbidity than core needle biopsy, applicability is limited due to blood contamination, which confounds quantification of gene expression changes. The aim of this study was to validate FNA for assessment of hepatic gene expression. Liver needle biopsies and FNA procedures were simultaneously performed on 17 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection with an additional FNA procedure 1 week later. Nine patients had mild/moderate fibrosis and eight advanced fibrosis. Gene expression profiling was performed using Affymetrix microarrays and TaqMan qPCR; pathway analysis was performed using Ingenuity. We developed a novel strategy that applies liver‐enriched normalization genes to determine the percentage of liver in the FNA sample, which enables accurate gene expression measurements overcoming biases derived from blood contamination. We obtained almost identical gene expression results (ρ = 0.99, P < 0.0001) comparing needle biopsy and FNA samples for 21 preselected genes. Gene expression results were also validated in dogs. These data suggest that liver FNA is a reliable method for serial hepatic tissue sampling with potential utility for a variety of preclinical and clinical applications.
Binocular fusion, suppression and diplopia for blurred edges
Authors: Georgeson Mark A. , Wallis Stuart A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPurpose(1) To devise a model‐based method for estimating the probabilities of binocular fusion, interocular suppression and diplopia from psychophysical judgements, (2) To map out the way fusion, suppression and diplopia vary with binocular disparity and blur of single edges shown to each eye, (3) To compare the binocular interactions found for edges of the same vs opposite contrast polarity.MethodsTest images were single, horizontal, Gaussian‐blurred edges, with blur B = 1–32 min arc, and vertical disparity 0–8.B, shown for 200 ms. In the main experiment, observers reported whether they saw one central edge, one offset edge, or two edges. We argue that the relation between these three response categories and the three perceptual states (fusion, suppression, diplopia) is indirect and likely to be distorted by positional noise and criterion effects, and so we developed a descriptive, probabilistic model to estimate both the perceptual states and the noise/criterion parameters from the data.Results(1) Using simulated data, we validated the model‐based method by showing that it recovered fairly accurately the disparity ranges for fusion and suppression, (2) The disparity range for fusion (Panum's limit) increased greatly with blur, in line with previous studies. The disparity range for suppression was similar to the fusion limit at large blurs, but two or three times the fusion limit at small blurs. This meant that diplopia was much more prevalent at larger blurs, (3) Diplopia was much more frequent when the two edges had opposite contrast polarity. A formal comparison of models indicated that fusion occurs for same, but not opposite, polarities. Probability of suppression was greater for unequal contrasts, and it was always the lower‐contrast edge that was suppressed.ConclusionsOur model‐based data analysis offers a useful tool for probing binocular fusion and suppression psychophysically. The disparity range for fusion increased with edge blur but fell short of complete scale‐invariance. The disparity range for suppression also increased with blur but was not close to scale‐invariance. Single vision occurs through fusion, but also beyond the fusion range, through suppression. Thus suppression can serve as a mechanism for extending single vision to larger disparities, but mainly for sharper edges where the fusion range is small (5–10 min arc). For large blurs the fusion range is so much larger that no such extension may be needed.
Pressure recording analytical method and bioreactance for stroke volume index monitoring during pediatric cardiac surgery
Authors: Garisto Cristiana , Favia Isabella , Ricci Zaccaria , Romagnoli Stefano , Haiberger Roberta , Polito Angelo , Cogo Paola 
Published: February 2014

SummaryBackgroundIt is currently uncertain which hemodynamic monitoring device reliably measures stroke volume and tracks cardiac output changes in pediatric cardiac surgery patients.ObjectiveTo evaluate the difference between stroke volume index (SVI) measured by pressure recording analytical method (PRAM) and bioreactance and their ability to track changes after a therapeutic intervention.MethodsA single‐center prospective observational cohort study in children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was conducted. Twenty children below 20 kg with median (interquartile range) weight of 5.3 kg (4.1–7.8) and age of 6 months (3–20) were enrolled. Data were collected after anesthesia induction, at the end of CPB, before fluid administration and after fluid administration. Overall, median‐IQR PRAM SVI values (23 ml·m−2, 19–27) were significantly higher than bioreactance SVI (15 ml·m−2, 12–25, P = 0.0001). Correlation (r2) between the two methods was 0.15 (P = 0.0003). The mean difference between the measurements (bias) was 5.7 ml·m−2 with a standard deviation of 9.6 (95% limits of agreement ranged from −13 to 24 ml·m−2). Percentage error was 91.7%. Baseline SVI appeared to be similar, but PRAM SVI was systematically greater than bioreactance thereafter, with the highest gap after the fluid loading phase: 13 (12–18) ml·m−2 vs. 23 (19–25) ml·m−2, respectively, P = 0.0013. A multivariable regression model showed that a significant independent inverse correlation with patients' body weight predicted the CI difference between the two methods after fluid challenge (β coefficient −0.12, P = 0.013).ConclusionsPressure recording analytical method and bioreactance provided similar SVI estimation at stable hemodynamic conditions, while bioreactance SVI values appeared significantly lower than PRAM at the end of CPB and after fluid replacement.
Observational study of perioperative behavior changes in children having teeth extracted under general anesthesia
Authors: Beringer Richard M. , Segar Philip , Pearson Annabel , Greamspet Mala , Kilpatrick Nicky 
Published: February 2014

SummaryBackgroundPerioperative behavioral disturbance is common in children. Negative behavior changes may be seen during induction of anesthesia, during recovery and following discharge home. There has been little research on this subject in the UK.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the incidence of behavioral changes within our institution and identify which children are at increased risk.MethodsA prospective observational study of healthy children aged two to 12 undergoing elective dental extractions under general anesthesia. Assessments included: the child's and parent's state anxiety; anxiety and behavior during induction of anesthesia (modified Yale preoperative anxiety scale and the pediatric anesthesia behavior score); behavior in PACU (pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium [PAED] scale); behavior at home on postoperative days 1 and 7 (post hospitalization behavior questionnaire). Data were examined for associations and correlations.ResultsOne hundred and two children with a median age of 6 years were recruited. Sixty‐seven per cent exhibited high anxiety during induction of anesthesia, although only 3% demonstrated significant vocal or physical resistance. Thirteen per cent had a PAED score of 10 or more. Post‐hospitalization behavior changes were demonstrated by 52% of children on day 1 and 22% on day 7; and were associated with: a previous traumatic healthcare experience, male sex, and distress during induction of anesthesia.ConclusionsPerioperative behavioral disturbance is common in children undergoing anesthesia. Predicting which children are at increased risk may allow us to adapt the management of these children in order to minimize adverse behavior changes.
Reduction of physical activity in daily life and its determinants in smokers without airflow obstruction
Authors: Furlanetto Karina Couto , Mantoani Leandro Cruz , Bisca Gianna , Morita Andrea Akemi , Zabatiero Juliana , Proença Mahara , Kovelis Demétria , Pitta Fabio 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackground and objectiveIn smokers without airflow obstruction, detailed, objective and controlled quantification of the level of physical inactivity in daily life has never been performed. This study aimed to objectively assess the level of physical activity in daily life in adult smokers without airflow obstruction in comparison with matched non‐smokers, and to investigate the determinants for daily physical activity in smokers.MethodsSixty smokers (aged 50 (39–54) years) and 50 non‐smokers (aged 48 (40–53) years) matched for gender, age, anthropometric characteristics, educational level, employment status and seasons of the year assessment period were cross‐sectionally assessed regarding their daily physical activity with a step counter, besides assessment of lung function, functional exercise capacity, quality of life, anxiety, depression, self‐reported comorbidities carbon monoxide level, nicotine dependence and smoking habits.ResultsWhen compared with non‐smokers, smokers walked less in daily life (7923 ± 3558 vs 9553 ± 3637 steps/day, respectively), presented worse lung function, functional exercise capacity, quality of life, anxiety and depression. Multiple regression analyses identified functional exercise capacity, Borg fatigue, self‐reported motivation/physical activity behaviour and cardiac disease as significant determinants of number of steps/day in smokers (partial r2 = 0.10, 0.12, 0.16 and 0.05; b = 15, −997, 1207 and −2330 steps/day, respectively; overall fit of the model R2 = 0.38; P < 0.001).ConclusionsAdult smokers without airflow obstruction presented reduced level of daily physical activity. Functional exercise capacity, extended fatigue sensation, aspects of motivation/physical activity behaviour and self‐reported cardiac disease are significant determinants of physical activity in daily life in smokers.