bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why close relatives make bad neighbours: phylogenetic conservatism in niche preferences and dispersal disproves Darwin's naturalization hypothesis in the thistle tribe
Authors: Park Daniel S. , Potter Daniel 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe number of exotic plant species that have been introduced into the United States far exceeds that of other groups of organisms, and many of these have become invasive. As in many regions of the globe, invasive members of the thistle tribe, Cardueae, are highly problematic in the California Floristic Province, an established biodiversity hotspot. While Darwin's naturalization hypothesis posits that plant invaders closely related to native species would be at a disadvantage, evidence has been found that introduced thistles more closely related to native species are more likely to become invasive. To elucidate the mechanisms behind this pattern, we modelled the ecological niches of thistle species present in the province and compared niche similarity between taxa and their evolutionary relatedness, using fossil‐calibrated molecular phylogenies of the tribe. The predicted niches of invasive species were found to have higher degrees of overlap with native species than noninvasive introduced species do, and pairwise niche distance was significantly correlated with phylogenetic distance, suggesting phylogenetic niche conservatism. Invasive thistles also displayed superior dispersal capabilities compared to noninvasive introduced species, and these capabilities exhibited a phylogenetic signal. By analysing the modelled ecological niches and dispersal capabilities of over a hundred thistle species, we demonstrate that exapted preferences to the invaded environment may explain why close exotic relatives may make bad neighbours in the thistle tribe.
Dietary mobile apps and their effect on nutritional indicators in chronic renal disease: A systematic review
Authors: Campbell Janice , Porter Judi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDietary apps for mobile technology are becoming increasingly available and can assist in recording food and fluid intake for nutrition assessment or monitoring. Patients with chronic renal disease, particularly those on dialysis, are required to make significant dietary changes. This study systematically reviews the current literature to assess whether dietary mobile apps improve dietary intake and clinical outcomes in the renal population, specifically those with chronic kidney disease levels 3–5, including dialysis. A systematic search ofMedlineComplete,CINAHL,Embase,PsycINFOand theCochraneLibrary was performed and supplemented by manual searches of citation and reference lists. Of the 712 studies considered, five were eligible for inclusion in this review. The quality of each included study was assessed using aQualityCriteriaChecklist forPrimaryResearch. Among five studies (two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and three case studies/reports), none found significant changes in nutrient intake, biochemical markers or intradialytic weight gain, through the use of dietary mobile apps. The included studies show potential for clinical benefits of mobile app interventions in a renal population. However, there is a need for additional rigorous trials to demonstrate if there is a clinical benefit of mobile app interventions in this population.
Agitation in dementia and the role of spatial and sensory interventions: experiences of professional and family caregivers
Authors: Van Vracem Marieke , Spruytte Nele , Declercq Anja , Van Audenhove Chantal 
Published: May 2015

AimThere is a growing interest in environmental interventions to complement the psychosocial approaches to cope with agitation in dementia. The aim of this study was to present this evidence from literature and research to care practitioners and family carers in order to gather their reflections. In this way, we can identify experienced gaps in care practice and define needs for further research.MethodA framework with seven types of environmental interventions for agitation in dementia was developed through literature review, referring to the impact of light, smell, noise, temperature, nature, colour and spatial configuration. This framework guided three expert panels, respectively, with family caregivers of persons with dementia (N = 5), professional home care workers (N = 12) and professional caregivers working in nursing homes (N = 10).ResultsAll caregivers stressed the impact of agitation on their quality of life and on the quality of life of the person with dementia. Most caregivers were familiar with the impact of daylight, natural elements and domestic smells. Caregivers were unfamiliar with the specific effects of bright light therapy and were interested in more research on the effectiveness of light, temperature and spatial configuration. They stressed the individuality of agitation in dementia.ConclusionCaregivers already use sensory and spatial interventions to manage agitation, and they are interested in knowing more about feasible effective interventions. Caregivers need to be informed on the possible benefits of sensory environmental factors on coping with agitation. To this end, it is very useful to take the experiences of caregivers into account.
Evaluation of three different point‐of‐care tests for quantitative measurement of canine C‐reactive protein
Authors: Jasensky Anne‐Katherine , Klenner Stefanie , Einspanier Ralf , Kohn Barbara 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundC‐reactive protein (CRP) is a major acute phase protein in both people and dogs.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the precision and accuracy of 3 different point‐of‐care tests (POCT) for canine CRP (cCRP) in comparison to a standard ELISA test, and to assess storage stability.Material and MethodsBlood samples were collected from 125 dogs (23 healthy and 102 diseased). Serum cCRP measurements were performed using the TECOmedical AG, the EUROLyser Diagnostica, and the LifeAssays POCT. The TECOmedical AG ELISA validated for canine serum was used as a reference method. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, inter assay variance for each POCT, comparison of results from each POCT with the ELISA using Spearman's correlation and Bland–Altman plots, and a t‐test to evaluate sample stability.ResultsELISA cCRP values ranged from 0.1–4.7 mg/L (median 1.3) in healthy dogs and from 0–282 mg/L (median 17.3) in diseased dogs. Spearman's correlation coefficient between ELISA and the respective POCT measurements for cCRP concentration was 0.89 for TECOmedical, 0.85 for EUROLyser, and 0.97 for LifeAssays. Bias calculated from Bland–Altman difference plots was 27.6% for TECOmedical, −14.2% for EUROLyser, and −15.7% for LifeAssays. Inter assay reliability was > 0.9 for all POCT. Total observed error of the EUROLyser was 28.2% and therefore met the acceptable total error of 29.6%.ConclusionsAll POCTs were able to measure cCRP, but precision, accuracy, and correlation coefficients varied among the 3 systems. Therefore, serial measurements for monitoring of cCRP in dogs should always be performed using the same POCT system.
Renal protective effects of induction of haem oxygenase‐1 combined with increased adiponectin on the glomerular vascular endothelial growth factor–nitric oxide axis in obese rats
Authors: Liu Xue , Zang Ping , Han Fang , Hou Ningning , Sun Xiaodong 
Published: May 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
This study aimed to investigate whether induction of haem oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) can protect the kidneys of obese rats by regulating the glomerular vascular endothelial growth factor–nitric oxide (VEGF–NO) axis by increasing the adiponectin concentrations.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Induction of HO‐1 reduces the degree of microalbuminuria and has renal protective effects by improving endothelial function and regulating the uncoupled glomerular VEGF–NO axis in diet‐induced obese rats. The mechanism may be related to increased activation of the HO‐1–adiponectin axis.
The glomerular vascular endothelial growth factor–nitric oxide (VEGF–NO) axis plays a critical role in maintenance of normal kidney function in obesity. Induction of haem oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) may result in a parallel increase in adiponectin secretion. The aim of this study was to investigate whether induction of HO‐1 could protect the kidneys of obese rats by regulating the glomerular VEGF–NO axis by increasing adiponectin levels. Rats received high‐fat diets and were injected with either cobalt protoporphyrin to induce HO‐1 or stannous protoporphyrin to inhibit HO‐1. Blood and urine samples were collected. Endothelial function was determined by measuring the endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation of the aorta. Renal tissues were collected for CD34 immunohistochemistry. The glomerular VEGF–NO axis and the AMP kinase–phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt–endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway were measured. Induction of HO‐1 by cobalt protoporphyrin decreased microalbuminuria, plasma free fatty acids, serum high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein and malondialdehyde levels and increased serum adiponectin levels compared with the untreated obese rats. Severe impairment of endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation was observed in the obese rats, which was improved to some extent by HO‐1 induction. Induction of HO‐1 reduced glomerular CD34 expression and production of reactive oxygen species in obese rats. Obese rats showed increased glomerular VEGF expression and reduced NO levels. This uncoupling of the glomerular VEGF–NO axis was improved to some extent by induction of HO‐1, with enhancement of p‐AMP kinase, p‐Akt and phospho‐endothelial nitric oxide synthase in obese rats. These results indicate that induction of HO‐1 with cobalt protoporphyrin reduces the degree of microalbuminuria and has renal protective effects by improving endothelial dysfunction and regulating the glomerular VEGF–NO axis in diet‐induced obese rats by increasing adiponectin levels.
Asymptotic analysis of Vlasov-type equations under strong local alignment regime
Authors: Kang Moon-Jin , Vasseur Alexis F. 
Published: May 2015

We consider the hydrodynamic limit of a collisionless and non-diffusive kinetic equation under strong local alignment regime. The local alignment is first considered by Karper, Mellet and Trivisa in [On strong local alignment in the kinetic Cucker–Smale model, in Hyperbolic Conservation Laws and Related Analysis with Applications, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, Vol. 49 (Springer, 2014), pp. 227–242], as a singular limit of an alignment force proposed by Motsch and Tadmor in [A new model for self-organized dynamics and its flocking behavior, J. Statist. Phys. 141 (2011) 923–947]. As the local alignment strongly dominates, a weak solution to the kinetic equation under consideration converges to the local equilibrium, which has the form of mono-kinetic distribution. We use the relative entropy method and weak compactness to rigorously justify the weak convergence of our kinetic equation to the pressureless Euler system.
A Joint SW/HW Approach for Reducing Register File Vulnerability
Authors: Tabkhi Hamed , Schirner Gunar 
Published: May 2015

The Register File (RF) is a particularly vulnerable component within processor core and at the same time a hotspot with high power density. To reduce RF vulnerability, conventional HW-only approaches such as Error Correction Codes (ECCs) or modular redundancies are not suitable due to their significant power overhead. Conversely, SW-only approaches either have limited improvement on RF reliability or require considerable performance overhead. As a result, new approaches are needed that reduce RF vulnerability with minimal power and performance overhead.
This article introduces Application-guided Reliability-enhanced Register file Architecture (ARRA), a novel approach to reduce RF vulnerability of embedded processors. Taking advantage of uneven register utilization, ARRA mirrors, guided by a SW instrumentation, frequently used active registers into passive registers. ARRA is particularly suitable for control applications, as they have a high reliability demand with fairly low (uneven) RF utilization. ARRA is a cross-layer joint HW/SW approach based on an ARRA-extended RF microarchitecture, an ISA extension, as well as static binary analysis and instrumentation. We evaluate ARRA benefits using an ARRA-enhanced Blackfin processor executing a set of DSPBench and MiBench benchmarks. We quantify the benefits using RF Vulnerability Factor (RFVF) and Mean Work To Failure (MWTF). ARRA significantly reduces RFVF from 35% to 6.9% in cost of 0.5% performance lost for control applications. With ARRA’s register mirroring, it can also correct Multiple Bit Upsets (MBUs) errors, achieving an 8x increase in MWTF. Compared to a partially ECC-protected RF approach, ARRA demonstrates higher efficiency by achieving comparable vulnerability reduction at much lower power consumption.
Electrophysiological Correlates of Refreshing: Event-related Potentials Associated with Directing Reflective Attention to Face, Scene, or Word Representations
Authors: Johnson Matthew R. , McCarthy Gregory , Muller Kathleen A. , Brudner Samuel N. , Johnson Marcia K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRefreshing is the component cognitive process of directing reflective attention to one of several active mental representations. Previous studies using fMRI suggested that refresh tasks involve a component process of initiating refreshing as well as the top–down modulation of representational regions central to refreshing. However, those studies were limited by fMRI's low temporal resolution. In this study, we used EEG to examine the time course of refreshing on the scale of milliseconds rather than seconds. ERP analyses showed that a typical refresh task does have a distinct electrophysiological response as compared to a control condition and includes at least two main temporal components: an earlier (∼400 msec) positive peak reminiscent of a P3 response and a later (∼800–1400 msec) sustained positivity over several sites reminiscent of the late directing attention positivity. Overall, the evoked potentials for refreshing representations from three different visual categories (faces, scenes, words) were similar, but multivariate pattern analysis showed that some category information was nonetheless present in the EEG signal. When related to previous fMRI studies, these results are consistent with a two-phase model, with the first phase dominated by frontal control signals involved in initiating refreshing and the second by the top–down modulation of posterior perceptual cortical areas that constitutes refreshing a representation. This study also lays the foundation for future studies of the neural correlates of reflective attention at a finer temporal resolution than is possible using fMRI.
Functional Connectivity under Anticipation of Shock: Correlates of Trait Anxious Affect versus Induced Anxiety
Authors: Bijsterbosch Janine , Smith Stephen , Bishop Sonia J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Sustained anxiety about potential future negative events is an important feature of anxiety disorders. In this study, we used a novel anticipation of shock paradigm to investigate individual differences in functional connectivity during prolonged threat of shock. We examined the correlates of between-participant differences in trait anxious affect and induced anxiety, where the latter reflects changes in self-reported anxiety resulting from the shock manipulation. Dissociable effects of trait anxious affect and induced anxiety were observed. Participants with high scores on a latent dimension of anxious affect showed less increase in ventromedial pFC–amygdala connectivity between periods of safety and shock anticipation. Meanwhile, lower levels of induced anxiety were linked to greater augmentation of dorsolateral pFC–anterior insula connectivity during shock anticipation. These findings suggest that ventromedial pFC–amygdala and dorsolateral pFC–insula networks might both contribute to regulation of sustained fear responses, with their recruitment varying independently across participants. The former might reflect an evolutionarily old mechanism for reducing fear or anxiety, whereas the latter might reflect a complementary mechanism by which cognitive control can be implemented to diminish fear responses generated due to anticipation of aversive stimuli or events. These two circuits might provide complementary, alternate targets for exploration in future pharmacological and cognitive intervention studies.
What Value Does the Pharmaceutical Industry Bring to Health Care?
Authors: Laws David 
Published: May 2015

It is very rare indeed for an industry to successfully push back against the tide and resist a changing business environment, and rarer still for it to continue to be profitable through those turbulent times. In many ways the pharmaceutical industry is unique. It has indeed managed to maintain, even grow its profitability during a period of unprecedented change and uncertainty. The forces at play are significant and varied and apply across all of health care yet the notion of ‘value’ stands out as a key-driving concept. Pharma has typically relied on ‘science’ and ‘product innovation around the pill' as the focus for the value they deliver but this is fast becoming not enough.With health care as a whole struggling to adapt to this new, changing environment how will big pharma respond. Change does not come easily to this powerful behemoth and with so much money at risk the pharma industry will no doubt seek to focus on maintaining the status quo.
Crystal chemical formula for sartorite homologues
Authors: Makovicky Emil , Topa Dan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe members of the sartorite homologous series are complex sulfidesMe2+8N–16–2XMe3+16+XMe+XS8N+8whereMe2+is Pb andMe3+is As and Sb, whereasMe+is Ag and/or Tl. This paper presents calculation formulae for the homologue order N and for the separate substitution percentages for Tl + (As,Sb) ↔ 2Pb and Ag + (As,Sb) ↔ 2Pb substitutions. This enables one to evaluate the crystal chemistry and build a systematic classification of the sartorite homologues.
Causes of anomalous mineralogical diversity in the Periodic Table
Authors: Christy Andrew G. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWhen crustal abundance (A, measured in atomic parts per million) of a chemical element is plotted vs. number of mineral species in which that element is an essential constituent (S), a significantly positive correlation is obtained, but with considerable scatter. Repeated exclusion of outliers at the 90% confidence level and re-fitting leads, after the sixth iteration, to a steady state in which 40 of the 70 elements initially considered define a trend with logS= 1.828 + 0.255 log a (r= 0.96), significantly steeper than the original. Three other methods for reducing the effect of outliers independently reproduce this steeper trend. The 'diversity index'Dof an element is defined as the ratio of observed mineral species to those predicted from this trend.Dseparates elements into three groups. More than half of the elements (40 of 70) haveD= 0.5–2.0. Apart from these 'typical' elements, a group of 15 elements (Sc, Cr, Ga, Br, Rb, In, Cs, La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Yb, Hf, Re and Th) form few species of their own due to being dispersed as minor solid solution constituents, and a hitherto unrecognized group of 15 elements are essential components in unusually large numbers of minerals. The anomalously diverse group consists of H, S, Cu, As, Se, Pd, Ag, Sb, Te, Pt, Au, Hg, Pb, Bi and U, with Te and Bi by far the most mineralogically diverse elements (D= 22 and 19, respectively). Possible causes and inhibitors of diversity are discussed, with reference to atomic size, electronegativity and Pearson softness, and particularly outer electronic configurations that result in distinctive stereochemistry. The principal factors encouraging mineral diversity are: (1) Particular outer electronic configurations that lead to a preference for unique coordination geometries, enhancing an element's ability to form distinctive chemical compounds and decreasing its ability to participate in solid solutions. This is particularly noteworthy for elements possessing geometrically flexible 'lone-pair cations' with ans2outer electronic configuration. (2) Siderophilic or chalcophilic geochemical behaviour and intermediate electronegativity, allowing elements to form minerals that are not oxycompounds or halides. (3) Access to a wide range of oxidation states. The most diverse elements can occur as anions, native elements and in more than one cationic valence state.
Fluor-tsilaisite, NaMn3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F, a new tourmaline from San Piero in Campo (Elba, Italy) and new data on tsilaisitic tourmaline from the holotype specimen locality
Authors: Bosi Ferdinando , Andreozzi Giovanni B. , Agrosi Giovanna , Scandale Eugenio 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFluor-tsilaisite, NaMn3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F, is a new mineral of the tourmaline supergroup. It occurs in an aplitic dyke of a LCT-type pegmatite body from Grotta d'Oggi, San Piero in Campo, Elba Island, Italy, in association with quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, elbaite, schorl, fluor-elbaite and tsilaisite. Crystals are greenish yellow with a vitreous lustre, sub-conchoidal fracture and white streak. Fluor-tsilaisite has a Mohs hardness of ∼7 and a calculated density of 3.134 g/cm3. In plane-polarized light, fluor-tsilaisite is pleochroic (O = pale greenish yellow and E = very pale greenish yellow), uniaxial negative. Fluor-tsilaisite is rhombohedral, space group R3m, a = 15.9398(6), c = 7.1363(3) Å, V = 1570.25(11) Å3, Z = 3. The crystal structure of fluor-tsilaisite was refined to R1 = 3.36% using 3496 unique reflections collected with MoKα X-ray intensity data. Crystal-chemical analysis resulted in the empirical formula: X(Na0.69〈0.29Ca0.02)Σ1.00Y(Mn2+1.29Al1.21Li0.56Ti0.03)Σ6.00ZAl6T(Si5.98Al0.03)Σ6.00B2.92O27V(OH)3W[F0.39(OH)0.25O0.36]Σ1.00.Comparisons were performed between fluor-tsilaisite and a tsilaisitic tourmaline from the same locality as the holotype specimen. This latter tourmaline sample was selected for this study due to its remarkable composition (MnO = 11.63 wt.%), the largest Mn content found in tourmaline so far.Fluor-tsilaisite is related to tsilaisite through the substitution WF ↔ W(OH) and with fluor-elbaite through the substitution Y(Al + Li) ↔ 2YMn2+, and appears to be a stepwise intermediate during tourmaline evolution from tsilaisite to fluor-elbaite.