bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOCIAL, HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Mason Paul H. , Roy Anupom , Spillane Jayden , Singh Puneet 
Published: May 2015

SummaryTuberculosis (TB) researchers and clinicians, by virtue of the social disease they study, are drawn into an engagement with ways of understanding illness that extend beyond the strictly biomedical model. Primers on social science concepts directly relevant to TB, however, are lacking. The particularities of TB disease mean that certain social science concepts are more relevant than others. Concepts such as structural violence can seem complicated and off-putting. Other concepts, such as gender, can seem so familiar that they are left relatively unexplored. An intimate familiarity with the social dimensions of disease is valuable, particularly for infectious diseases, because the social model is an important complement to the biomedical model. This review article offers an important introduction to a selection of concepts directly relevant to TB from health sociology, medical anthropology and social cognitive theory. The article has pedagogical utility and also serves as a useful refresher for those researchers already engaged in this genre of work. The conceptual tools of health sociology, medical anthropology and social cognitive theory offer insightful ways to examine the social, historical and cultural dimensions of public health. By recognizing cultural experience as a central force shaping human interactions with the world, TB researchers and clinicians develop a more nuanced consideration of how health, illness and medical treatment are understood, interpreted and confronted.
Struggles over the Use of Public Space: Exploring Moralities and Narratives of Inequality. Cartoneros and Vecinos in Buenos Aires
Authors: COSACOV NATALIA , PERELMAN MARIANO D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBased on extensive and long-term ethnographic fieldwork carried out between 2002 and 2009, and by analysing the presence, use and struggles over public space of cartoneros and vecinos in middle-class and central neighbourhoods of the city of Buenos Aires, this article examines practices, moralities and narratives operating in the production and maintenance of social inequalities. Concentrating on spatialised interactions, it shows how class inequalities are reproduced and social distances are generated in the struggle over public space. For this, two social situations are addressed. First, we explore the way in which cartoneros build routes in middle-class neighbourhoods in order to carry out their task. Second, we present an analysis of the eviction process of a cartonero settlement in the city.
Photoswitchable fatty acids enable optical control of TRPV1
Authors: Frank James Allen , Moroni Mirko , Moshourab Rabih , Sumser Martin , Lewin Gary R. , Trauner Dirk 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFatty acids (FAs) are not only essential components of cellular energy storage and structure, but play crucial roles in signalling. Here we present a toolkit of photoswitchable FA analogues (FAAzos) that incorporate an azobenzene photoswitch along the FA chain. By modifying the FAAzos to resemble capsaicin, we prepare a series of photolipids targeting the Vanilloid Receptor 1 (TRPV1), a non-selective cation channel known for its role in nociception. Several azo-capsaicin derivatives (AzCAs) emerge as photoswitchable agonists of TRPV1 that are relatively inactive in the dark and become active on irradiation with ultraviolet-A light. This effect can be rapidly reversed by irradiation with blue light and permits the robust optical control of dorsal root ganglion neurons and C-fibre nociceptors with precision timing and kinetics not available with any other technique. More generally, we expect that photolipids will find many applications in controlling biological pathways that rely on protein–lipid interactions.
TRPM8 is a neuronal osmosensor that regulates eye blinking in mice
Authors: Quallo Talisia , Vastani Nisha , Horridge Elisabeth , Gentry Clive , Parra Andres , Moss Sian , Viana Felix , Belmonte Carlos , Andersson David A. , Bevan Stuart 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSpecific peripheral sensory neurons respond to increases in extracellular osmolality but the mechanism responsible for excitation is unknown. Here we show that small increases in osmolality excite isolated mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons expressing the cold-sensitive TRPM8 channel (transient receptor potential channel, subfamily M, member 8). Hyperosmotic responses were abolished by TRPM8 antagonists, and were absent in DRG and TG neurons isolated from Trpm8−/− mice. Heterologously expressed TRPM8 was activated by increased osmolality around physiological levels and inhibited by reduced osmolality. Electrophysiological studies in a mouse corneal preparation demonstrated that osmolality regulated the electrical activity of TRPM8-expressing corneal afferent neurons. Finally, the frequency of eye blinks was reduced in Trpm8−/− compared with wild-type mice and topical administration of a TRPM8 antagonist reduced blinking in wild-type mice. Our findings identify TRPM8 as a peripheral osmosensor responsible for the regulation of normal eye-blinking in mice.
The evolution of spatial ordering of oil drops fast spreading on a water surface
Authors: Yamamoto Daigo , Nakajima Chika , Shioi Akihisa , Krafft Marie Pierre , Yoshikawa Kenichi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe design of dynamically self-assembled systems is of high interest in science and technology. Here, we report a unique cascade in the self-ordering of droplets accompanied by a dewetting transition. The dynamic self-emergent droplets are observed when a thin liquid layer of an immiscible fluorocarbon oil (perfluorooctyl bromide, PFOB) is placed on a water surface. Due to the gradual evaporation of PFOB, a circular PFOB-free domain appears as a result of a local dewetting transition. A circular pearling structure is generated at the rim with the growth of the dewetting hole. As the next stage, linear arrays of droplets are generated in a radial manner from the centre of the hole. These one-dimensional arrangements then evolve into two-dimensional hexagonal arrays of microdroplets through collective rhythmical shrinking/expanding motions. The emergence of such dynamic patterns is discussed in terms of the nonlinear kinetics of the dewetting transition under thermodynamically dissipative conditions.
Enhanced multi-colour gating for the generation of high-power isolated attosecond pulses
Authors: Haessler S. , Balčiūnas T. , Fan G. , Chipperfield L. E. , Baltuška A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIsolated attosecond pulses (IAP) generated by high-order harmonic generation are valuable tools that enable dynamics to be studied on the attosecond time scale. The applicability of these IAP would be widened drastically by increasing their energy. Here we analyze the potential of using multi-colour driving pulses for temporally gating the attosecond pulse generation process. We devise how this approach can enable the generation of IAP with the available high-energy kHz-repetition-rate Ytterbium-based laser amplifiers (delivering 180-fs, 1030-nm pulses). We show theoretically that this requires a three-colour field composed of the fundamental and its second harmonic as well as a lower-frequency auxiliary component. We present pulse characterization measurements of such auxiliary pulses generated directly by white-light seeded OPA with the required significantly shorter pulse duration than that of the fundamental. This, combined with our recent experimental results on three-colour waveform synthesis, proves that the theoretically considered multi-colour drivers for IAP generation can be realized with existing high-power laser technology. The high-energy driver pulses, combined with the strongly enhanced single-atom-level conversion efficiency we observe in our calculations, thus make multi-colour drivers prime candidates for the development of unprecedented high-energy IAP sources in the near future.
Gene expression studies of a human monocyte cell line identify dissimilarities between differently manufactured glatiramoids
Authors: Kolitz Sarah , Hasson Tal , Towfic Fadi , Funt Jason M. , Bakshi Shlomo , Fowler Kevin D. , Laifenfeld Daphna , Grinspan Augusto , Artyomov Maxim N. , Birnberg Tal , Schwartz Rivka , Komlosh Arthur , Hayardeny Liat , Ladkani David , Hayden Michael R. , Zeskind Benjamin , Grossman Iris 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGlatiramer Acetate (GA) has provided safe and effective treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients for two decades. It acts as an antigen, yet the precise mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated and no validated pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic biomarkers exist. In order to better characterize GA’s biological impact, genome-wide expression studies were conducted with a human monocyte (THP-1) cell line. Consistent with previous literature, branded GA upregulated anti-inflammatory markers (e.g.IL10) and modulated multiple immune-related pathways. Despite some similarities, significant differences were observed between expression profiles induced by branded GA and Probioglat, a differently-manufactured glatiramoid purported to be a generic GA. Key results were verified using qRT-PCR. Genes (e.g.CCL5,adj. p < 4.1 × 10−5) critically involved in pro-inflammatory pathways (e.g. response to lipopolysaccharide, adj. p = 8.7 × 10−4) were significantly induced by Probioglat compared with branded GA. Key genes were also tested and confirmed at the protein level and in primary human monocytes. These observations suggest differential biological impact by the two glatiramoids and warrant further investigation.
Generalized-stacking-fault energy and twin-boundary energy of hexagonal close-packed Au: A first-principles calculation
Authors: Wang Cheng , Wang Huiyuan , Huang Tianlong , Xue Xuena , Qiu Feng , Jiang Qichuan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAlthough solid Au is usually most stable as a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure, pure hexagonal close-packed (hcp) Au has been successfully fabricated recently. However, the phase stability and mechanical property of this new material are unclear, which may restrict its further applications. Here we present the evidence that hcp → fcc phase transformation can proceed easily in Au by first-principles calculations. The extremely low generalized-stacking-fault (GSF) energy in the basal slip system implies a great tendency to form basal stacking faults, which opens the door to phase transformation from hcp to fcc. Moreover, the Au lattice extends slightly within the superficial layers due to the self-assembly of alkanethiolate species on hcp Au (0001) surface, which may also contribute to the hcp → fcc phase transformation. Compared with hcp Mg, the GSF energies for non-basal slip systems and the twin-boundary (TB) energies for "Equation missing" and "Equation missing" twins are larger in hcp Au, which indicates the more difficulty in generating non-basal stacking faults and twins. The findings provide new insights for understanding the nature of the hcp → fcc phase transformation and guide the experiments of fabricating and developing materials with new structures.
Synapsin IIb as a functional marker of submissive behavior
Authors: Nesher Elimelech , Koman Igor , Gross Moshe , Tikhonov Tatiana , Bairachnaya Maryia , Salmon-Divon Mali , Levin Yishai , Gerlitz Gabi , Michaelevski Izhak , Yadid Gal , Pinhasov Albert 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDominance and submissiveness are important functional elements of the social hierarchy. By employing selective breeding based on a social interaction test, we developed mice with strong and stable, inheritable features of dominance and submissiveness. In order to identify candidate genes responsible for dominant and submissive behavior, we applied transcriptomic and proteomic studies supported by molecular, behavioral and pharmacological approaches. We clearly show here that the expression of Synapsin II isoform b (Syn IIb) is constitutively upregulated in the hippocampus and striatum of submissive mice in comparison to their dominant and wild type counterparts. Moreover, the reduction of submissive behavior achieved after mating and delivery was accompanied by a marked reduction of Syn IIb expression. Since submissiveness has been shown to be associated with depressive-like behavior, we applied acute SSRI (Paroxetine) treatment to reduce submissiveness in studied mice. We found that reduction of submissive behavior evoked by Paroxetine was paired with significantly decreased Syn IIb expression. In conclusion, our findings indicate that submissiveness, known to be an important element of depressive-like behavioral abnormalities, is strongly linked with changes in Syn IIb expression.
Hearing the light: neural and perceptual encoding of optogenetic stimulation in the central auditory pathway
Authors: Guo Wei , Hight Ariel E. , Chen Jenny X. , Klapoetke Nathan C. , Hancock Kenneth E. , Shinn-Cunningham Barbara G. , Boyden Edward S. , Lee Daniel J. , Polley Daniel B. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractOptogenetics provides a means to dissect the organization and function of neural circuits. Optogenetics also offers the translational promise of restoring sensation, enabling movement or supplanting abnormal activity patterns in pathological brain circuits. However, the inherent sluggishness of evoked photocurrents in conventional channelrhodopsins has hampered the development of optoprostheses that adequately mimic the rate and timing of natural spike patterning. Here, we explore the feasibility and limitations of a central auditory optoprosthesis by photoactivating mouse auditory midbrain neurons that either express channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or Chronos, a channelrhodopsin with ultra-fast channel kinetics. Chronos-mediated spike fidelity surpassed ChR2 and natural acoustic stimulation to support a superior code for the detection and discrimination of rapid pulse trains. Interestingly, this midbrain coding advantage did not translate to a perceptual advantage, as behavioral detection of midbrain activation was equivalent with both opsins. Auditory cortex recordings revealed that the precisely synchronized midbrain responses had been converted to a simplified rate code that was indistinguishable between opsins and less robust overall than acoustic stimulation. These findings demonstrate the temporal coding benefits that can be realized with next-generation channelrhodopsins, but also highlight the challenge of inducing variegated patterns of forebrain spiking activity that support adaptive perception and behavior.
Intrinsically Disordered Energy Landscapes
Authors: Chebaro Yassmine , Ballard Andrew J. , Chakraborty Debayan , Wales David J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAnalysis of an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) reveals an underlying multifunnel structure for the energy landscape. We suggest that such ‘intrinsically disordered’ landscapes, with a number of very different competing low-energy structures, are likely to characterise IDPs and provide a useful way to address their properties. In particular, IDPs are present in many cellular protein interaction networks and several questions arise regarding how they bind to partners. Are conformations resembling the bound structure selected for binding, or does further folding occur on binding the partner in a induced-fit fashion? We focus on the p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) protein, which adopts an "Equation missing"-helical conformation when bound to its partner and is involved in the activation of apoptosis. Recent experimental evidence shows that folding is not necessary for binding and supports an induced-fit mechanism. Using a variety of computational approaches we deduce the molecular mechanism behind the instability of the PUMA peptide as a helix in isolation. We find significant barriers between partially folded states and the helix. Our results show that the favoured conformations are molten-globule like, stabilised by charged and hydrophobic contacts, with structures resembling the bound state relatively unpopulated in equilibrium.
miR-19b downregulates intestinal SOCS3 to reduce intestinal inflammation in Crohn’s disease
Authors: Cheng Xiuqin , Zhang Xiaofei , Su Jiewen , Zhang Yingdi , Zhou Weimei , Zhou Jun , Wang Cheng , Liang Hongwei , Chen Xi , Shi Ruihua , Zen Ke , Zhang Chen-Yu , Zhang Hongjie 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAlthough aberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression has frequently been observed in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), its biological functions and targets remain largely unknown. Present study found that miR-19b was significantly downregulated in active Crohn’s disease (CD). Using bioinformatics analysis, suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3), a physiological regulator of innate and adaptive immunity that controls several immuno-inflammatory diseases, was predicted to be a potential target of miR-19b. An inverse correlation between miR-19b and SOCS3 protein levels, but not mRNA, was identified in active-CD intestinal tissue samples. By overexpressing or knocking down miR-19b in Caco2 cells and HT29 cells, it was experimentally validated that miR-19b is a direct regulator of SOCS3. Using a luciferase reporter assay, it was confirmed that miR-19b directly recognizes the 3’-untranslated region (3’-UTR) of SOCS3. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-19b decreased SOCS3 expression, leading to increased production of macrophage-inflammatory protein-3α (MIP-3α) in Caco2 cells. In contrast, knockdown of miR-19b increased SOCS3 and decreased MIP-3α. Finally, intracolonically delivered miR-19b decreased the severity of colitis induced with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS). Taken together, our findings suggest that miR-19b suppresses the inflammatory response by inhibiting SOCS3 to modulate chemokine production in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and thereby prevents the pathogenesis of CD.
Electromagnetic Detection of a Perfect Carpet Cloak
Authors: Shi Xihang , Gao Fei , Lin Xiao , Zhang Baile 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIt has been shown that a spherical invisibility cloak originally proposed by Pendry et al. can be electromagnetically detected by shooting a charged particle through it, whose underlying mechanism stems from the asymmetry of transformation optics applied to motions of photons and charges [PRL 103, 243901 (2009)]. However, the conceptual three-dimensional invisibility cloak that exactly follows specifications of transformation optics is formidably difficult to implement, while the simplified cylindrical cloak that has been experimentally realized is inherently visible. On the other hand, the recent carpet cloak model has acquired remarkable experimental development, including a recently demonstrated full-parameter carpet cloak without any approximation in the required constitutive parameters. In this paper, we numerically investigate the electromagnetic radiation from a charged particle passing through a perfect carpet cloak and propose an experimentally verifiable model to demonstrate symmetry breaking of transformation optics.
Epigenetic regulation of the nuclear-coded GCAT and SHMT2 genes confers human age-associated mitochondrial respiration defects
Authors: Hashizume Osamu , Ohnishi Sakiko , Mito Takayuki , Shimizu Akinori , Ishikawa Kaori , Nakada Kazuto , Soda Manabu , Mano Hiroyuki , Togayachi Sumie , Miyoshi Hiroyuki , Okita Keisuke , Hayashi Jun-Ichi 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAge-associated accumulation of somatic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been proposed to be responsible for the age-associated mitochondrial respiration defects found in elderly human subjects. We carried out reprogramming of human fibroblast lines derived from elderly subjects by generating their induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and examined another possibility, namely that these aging phenotypes are controlled not by mutations but by epigenetic regulation. Here, we show that reprogramming of elderly fibroblasts restores age-associated mitochondrial respiration defects, indicating that these aging phenotypes are reversible and are similar to differentiation phenotypes in that both are controlled by epigenetic regulation, not by mutations in either the nuclear or the mitochondrial genome. Microarray screening revealed that epigenetic downregulation of the nuclear-coded GCAT gene, which is involved in glycine production in mitochondria, is partly responsible for these aging phenotypes. Treatment of elderly fibroblasts with glycine effectively prevented the expression of these aging phenotypes.
C-reactive protein and risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Guo Lanwei , Liu Shuzheng , Zhang Shaokai , Chen Qiong , Zhang Meng , Quan Peiliang , Lu Jianbang , Sun Xibin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAssociations between elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and breast cancer risk have been reported for many years, but the results remain controversial. To address this issue, a meta-analysis was therefore conducted. Eligible studies were identified by searching the PubMed and EMBASE up to December 2014. Study-specific risk estimates were combined using a random-effects model. Altogether fifteen cohort and case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis, involving a total of 5,286 breast cancer cases. The combined OR per natural log unit change in CRP for breast cancer was 1.16 (95% CI: 1.06-1.27). There was moderate heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 45.9%). The association was stronger in Asian population (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.25-1.96) compared to European (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02-1.23) and American (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01-1.16). Prediagnostic high-sensitivity CRP concentrations (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.10-1.35) was superior to common CRP (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01-1.15) in predicting breast cancer risk. The meta-analysis indicated that elevated CRP levels was associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Further research effort should be performed to identify whether CRP, as a marker of inflammation, plays a direct role in breast carcinogenesis.
Enhanced segregation of concurrent sounds with similar spectral uncertainties in individuals with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Lin I-Fan , Yamada Takashi , Komine Yoko , Kato Nobumasa , Kashino Makio 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWhen acoustic signals from different sound sources are mixed upon arrival at the ears, the auditory system organizes these acoustic elements by their features. This study shows that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) performed better in terms of hearing a target sequence among distractors that had similar spectral uncertainties. Their superior performance in this task indicates an enhanced discrimination between auditory streams with the same spectral uncertainties but different spectro-temporal details. The enhanced discrimination of acoustic components may be related to the absence of the automatic grouping of acoustic components with the same features, which results in difficulties in speech perception in a noisy environment. On the other hand, the ASD group and the control group had similar performance in hearing a target sequence among distractors that had different spatial cues defined by interaural intensity differences.
Half‐mode substrate integrated waveguide omnidirectional slot antenna
Authors: Zou Xiong , Tong Chuang‐Ming , Li Xi‐Min , Yu Ding‐Wang 
Published: May 2015

A half‐mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) omnidirectional slot antenna is proposed for the first time by integrating four narrow wall radiating slot antenna elements and a four‐way power divider. The slot antenna element realises energy radiation from the open side of the HMSIW by etching several pairs of transversal slots both on the upper and the lower surfaces of the HMSIW and alternately arranging the slot pairs. A novel HMSIW four‐way power divider is achieved to feed the slot antenna elements by loading four big metallic vias to guide the microwave into the HMSIW branches. This omnidirectional slot antenna has an efficiency of 86%, a gain of 5.8 dBi and an out‐of‐roundness of ±1.5 dB at 3 GHz, which makes it a good candidate for wireless communication applications.