bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fish trophic divergence along a lake productivity gradient revealed by historic patterns of invasion and eutrophication
Authors: Tuckett Quenton M. , Simon Kevin S. , Saros Jasmine E. , Halliwell David B. , Kinnison Michael T. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryStudies of trophic divergence in fishes and other organisms emphasise resource availability as a driving factor, but usually in terms of alternate resources within particular resource‐limited systems. In contrast, the role of overall ecosystem productivity in shaping trophic diversity among systems has received less attention.Divergence along productivity gradients may be relevant because aquatic systems span a range of productivities, humans are accelerating the natural process of eutrophication, and productivity controls community and ecosystem processes that govern the availability and costs/benefits of alternative resources.Here, we study whether populations of white perch (Morone americana) differ in traits related to trophic divergence and how such variation might be predicted by landscape patterns of lake productivity.White perch populations differed in their body dimensions, fin lengths and gill raker structures. Each of these traits showed significant and often strong (r2up to 0.91) correlations with lake Secchi depth and other metrics of lake productivity, such that white perch from more eutrophic systems tended to be larger, have more gibbous bodies, longer fins, more subterminal mouths and gill rakers with greater spacing. Isotopic 15N was correlated with phenotypic divergence, and fish from eutrophic systems exhibited a trophic shift at smaller sizes.Our results suggest that productivity has surprising ability to predict trait variation at the landscape scale. The fact that a number of the study populations were established in the last century and that some lakes became eutrophic in that period, suggests fish trophic traits can respond quickly to lake conditions.
Effects of an invasive crayfish on the littoral macroinvertebrates of large boreal lakes are habitat specific
Authors: Ruokonen Timo J. , Karjalainen Juha , Hämäläinen Heikki 
Published: September 2013

Summary

Invasive crayfish are widely acknowledged to have negative effects on benthic food webs in lakes, but few studies have investigated such effects at wider spatial scales and in varying habitats under natural conditions.

We examined the effects of introduced signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) on the macroinvertebrate assemblages of different habitats in two large boreal lakes. We evaluated whether the density, taxon richness and species composition are altered by the non‐native crayfish and whether the responses are similar for stony and vegetated habitats and across a depth gradient. We also studied the influence of crayfish on periphyton biomass at stony sites, as a potential link to changes in macroinvertebrate communities.

In both lakes, macroinvertebrate density was similar between crayfish and non‐crayfish sites across the habitats and depths studied. However, macroinvertebrate taxon richness was significantly lower, and community composition was altered in the presence of crayfish at stony sites. No similar pattern was detected at vegetated sites or in deeper sublittoral areas. The amount of periphyton was similar regardless of the presence of crayfish, and no clear direct or indirect crayfish–periphyton interaction was detected.

Our results suggest that introduced signal crayfish can have negative effects on the littoral macroinvertebrates of large boreal lakes, but that these effects are habitat specific. Our findings highlight how the evaluation of possible effects of invasive species needs to be carried out comprehensively across different habitats and spatial scales if conclusions are to be robust.
Can local landscape attributes explain species richness patterns at macroecological scales?
Authors: Xu Chi , Huang Zheng Y. X. , Chi Ting , Chen Bin J. W. , Zhang Mingjuan , Liu Maosong 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAimAlthough the influence on species richness of landscape attributes representing landscape composition and spatial configuration has been well documented at landscape scales, its effects remain little understood at macroecological scales. We aim to assess the role of landscape attributes, and their relative importance compared with climate, habitat heterogeneity and human influence (CHH) in particular, in shaping broad‐scale richness patterns.LocationMainland China.MethodsSpecies richness data for mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians were derived from the China Species Information Service. Together with the richness data, CHH variables and class‐ and landscape‐level landscape metrics were calculated using grain sizes of 50 km × 50 km, 100 km × 100 km and 200 km × 200 km. At these multiple scales, the species richness of each taxonomic group was correlated with CHH and landscape variables using both ordinary least square (OLS) and simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) models; variation partitioning was used to assess the relative strength of landscape attributes versus CHH variables.ResultsIn general, climate is the most influential factor shaping richness patterns. Landscape attributes, especially class‐level attributes, can also explain considerable variation in richness. Variation partitioning showed largely overlapped fractions of explained variation between landscape attributes and CHH variables. The pure explanatory power of landscape attributes was small for mammals, reptiles and amphibians, showing R2 of 1–3%, while it was considerably larger for birds, showing R2 of 5–10%. The environment–richness correlations showed scale dependency, but the pure explanatory power of landscape attributes appeared to show small changes across the scale range used in this study.Main conclusionsIn addition to CHH variables, landscape attributes can explain some broad‐scale richness patterns, especially for birds. The incorporation of landscape attributes will be conducive to better understanding the drivers of richness patterns and modelling species richness at macroecological scales.
A two‐centre comparative evaluation of new automated assays for von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor activity and antigen
Authors: Stufano F. , Lawrie A. S. , La Marca S. , Berbenni C. , Baronciani L. , Peyvandi F. 
Published: September 2013

Summaryvon Willebrand disease (VWD) is caused by a quantitative and/or qualitative deficiency of the von Willebrand factor (VWF). The laboratory diagnosis of VWD is dependent on the measurement of VWF antigen (VWF:Ag) and ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo). The aim of this study was to undertake a two‐centre evaluation of two new automated VWF:Ag and VWF:RCo assays systems from Instrumentation Laboratory (Bedford, USA). Using the two new analytical systems that operated with different detection principles: immunoturbidimetric (TOP500 analyser) and chemiluminescent (AcuStar analyser), VWF:Ag and VWF:RCo levels were determined in samples from 171 healthy normal subjects, 80 VWD patients (16 type 1, 58 type 2 and 6 type 3) and 7 acquired von Willebrand syndrome patients. With commercial lyophilized normal and pathological plasmas VWF: Ag and VWF:RCo assays performed on both analysers exhibited low levels of inter‐assay imprecision (AcuStar: CV% range 3.3–6.9; TOP500: CV% range 2.6–6.3). Samples from normal healthy subjects (range: VWF:Ag 44.6–173.9 IU dL−1; VWF:RCo 43.1–191.5 IU dL−1) and patients (range: VWF:Ag <0.3–115.1 IU dL−1; VWF:RCo <0.5–57.2 IU dL−1) showed a good correlation between the two VWF:Ag and VWF:RCo methods (rs = 0.92 and 0.82 respectively), with only a few inconsistent cases among the patients' samples evaluated. The chemiluminescent assays had a lower limit of detection for both VWF:Ag and VWF:RCo compared to immunoturbidimetric tests (0.3 IU dL−1 vs. 2.2 IU dL−1 and 0.5 IU dL−1 vs. 4.4 IU dL−1 respectively). The TOP500 and AcuStar VWF:Ag and VWF:RCo assays were precise and compare well between centres, making these systems suitable for the diagnosis of VWD in non‐specialized and reference laboratories.
Determination of pesticide residues in olive oils with protected geographical indication or designation of origin
Authors: Likudis Zisimos , Costarelli Vassiliki , Vitoratos Andreas , Apostolopoulos Constantinos 
Published: September 2013

SummarySeventy olive oil samples with protected geographical indication (PGI) or designation of origin (PDO) were analysed for fifty‐one target pesticides by means of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The highest detection rates were observed for penconazole (n = 20), α‐endosulfan (n = 18), β‐endosulfan (n = 16) and flufenoxuron (n = 12). Four of the seventy investigated samples contained pesticide residues in levels exceeding MRLs. However, the investigated samples showed decreased occurrence and levels of pesticides residues in comparison with previous studies concerning samples from Greek conventional and organic cultivations. According to Spearman matrix, powerful correlations were obtained between α‐endosulfan and β‐endosulfan, detected as pair in thirteen samples and between flufenoxuron and penconazole detected as pair in eleven samples. Among Greek olive oil samples, the Cretan ones showed the lower detection rates and the lowest average number of detected pesticides per sample (1.75) in the case of pesticides positive samples.
Chemical and volatile composition of lychee wines fermented with four commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains
Authors: Chen Dai , Liu Shao‐Quan 
Published: September 2013

SummaryThis study evaluated the chemical and volatile composition of lychee wines fermented with four commercial yeast strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: EC‐1118, R2, 71B and MERIT.ferm. Yeast cell population, pH, malic acid, ammonia and some amino acids had significant differences between strain 71B and other strains. There were strain variations with regard to degradation and retention of some juice volatiles as well as formation of new volatile compounds such as most esters and certain terpene compounds. Ethyl octanoate had the highest odour activity value (OAV of 500–1100), followed by ethyl hexanoate (about 50–85), among the common odorants in all lychee wines. Ethyl octanoate reached its highest OAV (1077) in the lychee wine fermented with strain EC1118, whereas ethyl hexanoate had the highest OAV (85) in the wine fermented with strain MERIT.ferm. Cis‐rose oxide, the character‐impact volatile in lychee juice with highest OAV (161), was dramatically reduced to trace levels after fermentation.
Physical properties, chemical characterization and fatty acid composition of Mexican chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds
Authors: Porras‐Loaiza Patricia , Jiménez‐Munguía María T. , Sosa‐Morales María Elena , Palou Enrique , López‐Malo Aurelio 
Published: September 2013

SummaryChia seeds were utilized by Aztecs as food and for medicinal purposes. Nowadays, this crop is gaining importance in many countries, due to its nutritional attributes. Some physical properties and chemical characteristics of chia seeds from four different regions of Mexico were evaluated and compared. Seed size distribution was not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the region, with similar values of seed length (2.03–2.10 mm), width (1.27–1.32 mm), thickness (0.77–0.81 mm) and surface area (4.95–5.42 mm2). Bulk density (662–741 kg m−3), geometry and granulometric distribution were also determined. Origin of tested seeds significantly (P < 0.05) influenced their composition; all seeds had high contents of protein (18.5–22.3%), fat (21.5–32.7%) and fibre (20.1–36.1%). Chia seeds ratio between omega‐3 and omega‐6 fatty acids was 3:1 for the studied regions; seeds from Chiapas and Michoacán had the highest proportion of ω‐6 and ω‐3 fatty acids. The studied seeds contained phenolic compounds in the range of 0.53–0.71 mg GAE g−1.
Deficiency of antithrombin and protein C gene in 202 Chinese venous thromboembolism patients
Authors: Gu Y. , Shen W. , Zhang L. , Zhang J. , Ying C. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryIntroductionAntithrombin and protein C gene deficiencies are commonly inherited risk factors for VTE patients. We aim to investigate the deficiency of these two gene in 202 Chinese patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE).MethodsAntithrombin activity (AT: A) and protein C activity (PC: A) were measured in 202 VTE patients, and for those with unexplainable low results, PCR and direct sequencing of the related genes were carried out.ResultsDeficiency levels of antithrombin and protein C gene were found to be 2% and 8%, respectively. AT or PC hereditary deficiency can be found in 10% patients with VTE.ConclusionProtein C gene deficiency might be more prevalent than AT gene deficiency in Chinese VTE patients. Functional assay combined with genetic analysis is useful in the diagnosis of inherited defects in VTE patients.
Detecting minimal residual disease in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia using 8‐color flow cytometry protocol in routine hematological practice
Authors: Stehlíková O. , Chovancová J. , Tichý B. , Krejčí M. , Brychtová Y. , Panovská A. , Francová Skuhrová H. , Burčková K. , Borský M. , Loja T. , Mayer J. , Pospíšilová Š. , Doubek M. 
Published: September 2013

SummaryIntroductionMinimal residual disease (MRD) detection has become increasingly important for the assessment of therapy response in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, current MRD analysis methods, both molecular genetic and flow cytometric, are time‐consuming and require experienced laboratory staff.MethodsTo reduce the demands of flow cytometric MRD detection in CLL, we have introduced a novel flow cytometric 8‐color protocol. The MRD analysis results using this protocol were then compared with the commonly employed 4‐color protocol and the molecular genetic (real‐time quantitative allele‐specific oligonucleotide IGH polymerase chain reaction; RQ‐ASO IGH PCR) approach.ResultsForty‐two CLL patient samples were repeatedly analyzed after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (n = 20) or after fludarabine‐based therapy (n = 22), and 100% concordance was found using both flow cytometric protocols. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation (r = 0.94) between flow cytometric and RQ‐ASO IGH PCR results in MRD detection.ConclusionFlow cytometry is less time‐consuming, less financially demanding, and moreover, MRD assessment using our novel 8‐color protocol is less complicated than the 4‐color approach and molecular methods.
Patients using antifungals following laryngectomy: a qualitative study of community pharmacists in the North of England
Authors: Todd Adam , Husband Andrew K , Hurren Anne , Kler Simran , Ling Jonathan 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Objective
To explore community pharmacists’ understanding and opinions in relation to the prevention of fungal colonisation of voice prostheses amongst laryngectomy patients.

Method
Semi-structured interviews were conducted on a purposive sample of 12 community pharmacists from the North of England. Interviews were undertaken until data saturation was reached and responses were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a thematic approach.

Key findings
Six themes emerged from the data analysis. These were: terminology confusion about laryngectomy, stoma and voice prostheses; smoking as a risk factor for the development of laryngeal cancer; using nystatin to prevent biofilm formation; counselling information related to nystatin; prescription intervention and additional education in relation to laryngectomy. The theme of counselling information related to nystatin use and additional education was a key finding: our data show that when dispensing nystatin to patients with a voice prosthesis, community pharmacists would either give no advice related to medication use or would give incorrect advice that may lead to premature prosthesis failure amongst this patient group.

Conclusion
This study highlights that community pharmacists lack understanding in relation to laryngectomy and are unaware of the off-label doses and administration methods of the drugs (specifically nystatin) used to prevent fungal colonisation on voice prostheses. Additional information sources in the form of an educational leaflet, possibly obtained through the local department of speech and language therapy, would be perceived as a valuable resource to support community pharmacists who are required to manage these patients in the community.
Antimicrobial dressing efficacy against mature Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm on porcine skin explants
Authors: Phillips Priscilla L , Yang Qingping , Davis Stephen , Sampson Edith M , Azeke John I , Hamad Afifa , Schultz Gregory S 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAn ex vivo porcine skin explant biofilm model that preserves key properties of biofilm attached to skin at different levels of maturity (0–3 days) was used to assess the efficacy of commercially available antimicrobial dressings and topical treatments. Assays were also performed on the subpopulation of antibiotic tolerant biofilm generated by 24 hours of pre‐treatment with gentamicin (120× minimal inhibitory concentration) prior to agent exposure. Five types of antimicrobial agents (iodine, silver, polyhexamethylene biguanide, honey and ethanol) and four types of moisture dressings (cotton gauze, sodium carboxymethylcellulose fibre, calcium alginate fibre and cadexomer beads) were assessed. Time‐release silver gel and cadexomer iodine dressings were the most effective in reducing mature biofilm [between 5 and 7 logarithmic (log) of 7‐log total], whereas all other dressing formulations reduced biofilm between 0·3 and 2 log in 24 or 72 hours with a single exposure. Similar results were found after 24‐hour exposure to silver release dressings using an in vivo pig burn wound model, demonstrating correlation between the ex vivo and in vivo models. Results of this study indicate that commonly used microbicidal wound dressings vary widely in their ability to kill mature biofilm and the efficacy is influenced by time of exposure, number of applications, moisture level and agent formulation (sustained release).
A closer examination of atraumatic dressings for optimal healing
Authors: Davis Stephen C , Li Jie , Gil Joel , Valdes Jose , Solis Michael , Treu Ryan , Kirnser Robert S 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe concept that undisturbed wound healing, optimised by dressing choice, improves wound outcomes has become a focal point of consideration when evaluating wound management regimens in recent years. However, little evidence exists related to wound contact layers and the potential detrimental effects of the intimate contact with the wound bed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of atraumatic wound contact dressings on the healing of partial‐thickness wounds in comparison to untreated air‐exposed wounds. Using an in vivo porcine wound model the handling properties of each dressing in terms of adhesion were analysed. Methods of wound characterisation included histological analysis of granulation tissue formation and epithelialisation and this was correlated with various clinical observations. Differences were found between dressings in terms of adherence to the wound bed and surrounding skin, capacity to retain wound exudates and enhancement of healing.
Caring for a Child with Learning Disabilities Over a Prolonged Period of Time: An Exploratory Survey on the Experiences and Health of Older Parent Carers Living in Scotland
Authors: Cairns Deborah , Brown Jayne , Tolson Debbie , Darbyshire Chris 
Published: September 2013

BackgroundThe negative health impacts of prolonged caregiving are widely reported. However, there is a paucity of evidence concerning the impacts of a lifetime of caring on older parents of offspring with learning disabilities.Design and MethodsAn exploratory postal survey including the Medical Outcome Study (Short Form) 36 version 2 (SF‐36v2) was completed by 100 older parent carers. The reported survey is part of a larger mixed method study including in‐depth interviews.ResultsThe majority of respondents (n = 91) reported caring for 50 h or more per week with multiple caregiving duties. While the SF‐36v2 reported physical health of older parent carers to be similar to UK norms, their mental health was significantly reduced.Implications for practiceThese important findings highlight the vulnerability of ageing parents of offspring with learning disabilities. This previously underreported situation warrants further investigation and urgent attention from health and social care agencies and professionals.
The Effects of a Pickling Process on the Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus Inoculated onto Hard‐Cooked Eggs
Authors: Scheinberg Joshua A. , Valderrama Wladir B. , Cutter Catherine N. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTraditional methods of food preservation, such as pickling, have reemerged as popular approaches for home and commercial food processing. The process of pickling hard‐cooked eggs (HCE) can be an effective method of preventing the growth and survival of pathogenic microorganisms. Because of the variety of pickling processes, HCE manufacturers must validate their pickling process for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and demonstrate 5‐log reductions of pathogens associated with the product. In this study, a rapid one‐step pickling process was evaluated for its ability to reduce Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated onto HCE for 14 days at room temperature. All pathogens inoculated onto HCE were reduced by (>5.0 logs) within 24 h and were undetectable following enrichment. The data obtained in this study may be of interest to regulatory officials and processors of HCE seeking pathogen reduction validation for their products.Practical ApplicationsPickling of HCE is an effective preservation method capable of preventing pathogen growth and survival. Although the use of organic acids for food preservation is not a new concept, few published studies have scientifically validated the ability of pickling methods to inhibit pathogen growth and survival on specific foods. Because of the regulatory requirements set forth by the FDA, acidified foods sold commercially must be validated through scientific studies, which demonstrate 5‐log reductions of pathogens associated with the product. Previous studies have utilized a two‐step pickled egg pickling process and demonstrated complete kill of various pathogens within 96 h. In this study, we evaluate a rapid one‐step pickling process utilizing a reformulated pickling solution and produce a complete kill of selected pathogens within 24 h, drastically reducing the cost and increasing the efficiency of a commercial pickled egg pickling process.