bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From a Disciplinary to an Interdisciplinary Design Research: Developing an Integrative Approach for Design
Authors: Chou Wen Huei , Wong Ju‐Joan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAs the new generation of designers face more complex design issues, the forms of design research start to shift towards a user‐centred approach to problem‐solving. The cooperation and communication among various fields and specialisations are becoming more complex; in many practical design cases, in particular, technology developers face challenges in deciphering the creative ideas of designers and the needs and restraints of users, society, law and science. The emergence of integrative design based on a wide range of disciplines has prompted discussion and exploration among various participants. The direction of contemporary design research has already transformed from one based on production of artefact to one focused on the integration of varied knowledge and fields at different stages. We examine such design research based on a problem‐driven approach in two case studies characterised by interdisciplinary collaboration for solving complex problems. We focus on the transformation and implementation of integrative design research methods and suggest a ‘reflection‐in‐action’ problem‐solving process for strengthening the capabilities of multidisciplinary design research.
The Challenge of Beginning
Authors: Hargrove Ryan , Rice Art 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article presents a way of approaching introductory design education that expands student creativity through building on research related to the impact of cognitive development and metacognitive thinking. The strategy presented emphasises the importance of encouraging divergent thinking and understanding how students perceive knowledge. The goal is to create a learning environment that acknowledges where students are in their thinking and provides a structure that promotes both cognitive and creative growth.
Arts Practice and Research: Locating Alterity and Expertise
Authors: Grennan Simon 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThere is still no agreed pedagogic definition of practice‐based research. However, there is not a dearth of definitions, but rather a wide variety, predicated upon the developing programmes of individual places of study. This article will examine these definitions in terms of underlying concepts of intentionality and alterity and the ways in which instrumental use of them affects study. The article will discuss a number of existing models for the theorising and adjudication of practice as research, and the questions that underpin their development. First, are non‐text outputs, and the methods of their production, able to communicate knowledge rather than simply constituting knowledge? Second, by what criteria can this knowledge be adjudicated within an academic environment? Third, what is the status of these outputs and methods relative to the production of text? It will propose that interrogation of these models will advance little in discussions that focus on media. Text or nottext is beside the point. Rather, the relationship between research and practice can be explored as a relationship between intentionality and alterity, based in an essentially social conception of communities of expertise, including academic communities of expertise. Finally, the article will describe an attempt by the author to undertake a drawing activity in response to a research question, in order to assess the possibilities of articulating practice specifically in order to demonstrate expert knowledge of the field in which a research question occurs.
A randomized trial of ethyl lauroyl arginate‐containing mouthrinse in the control of gingivitis
Authors: Gallob John T. , Lynch Michael , Charles Christine , Ricci‐Nittel Danette , Mordas Carolyn , Gambogi Robert , Revankar Ratna , Mutti Bruna , Labella Roberto 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimThis 4‐week, single‐centre, randomized, examiner‐blind, controlled study investigated the efficacy and safety of 0.15% ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE)‐containing mouthrinse in adults with mild‐to‐moderate gingivitis.Material and MethodsSubjects were randomized to use 0.15% LAE‐containing mouthrinse or 5% hydroalcohol‐negative control twice daily after brushing with standard fluoride toothpaste. Plaque, gingivitis and bleeding were assessed at baseline and Weeks 2 and 4. The oral microflora was analysed at baseline and Week 4.ResultsEighty‐seven subjects were randomized to treatment. The 0.15% LAE‐containing mouthrinse was associated with statistically significantly (p < 0.001) greater reductions in mean plaque and gingivitis scores versus the negative control at Week 2 (difference [95% confidence interval]: plaque 0.83 [0.64, 1.02], 29.1%; gingivitis 0.11 [0.07, 0.14], 4.8%) and Week 4 (co‐primary endpoints: plaque 1.23 [1.07, 1.39], 42.6%; gingivitis 0.23 [0.19, 0.28], 10.7%). Bleeding‐index scores were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced versus the control at Weeks 2 (by 0.04 [0.03, 0.06], 36.3%) and 4 (by 0.06 [0.04, 0.08], 50.9%). No shifts were detected in the oral microflora. There were no treatment‐related adverse events.ConclusionsThe 0.15% LAE‐containing mouthrinse was well tolerated and significantly reduced plaque, gingivitis and bleeding when used as an adjunct to tooth brushing for 4 weeks.
Contextual variation in young children's observed disruptive behavior on the DB‐DOS: implications for early identification
Authors: Petitclerc Amélie , Briggs‐Gowan Margaret J. , Estabrook Ryne , Burns James L. , Anderson Erica L. , McCarthy Kimberly J. , Wakschlag Lauren S. 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundContextual variation in child disruptive behavior is well documented but remains poorly understood. We first examine how variation in observed disruptive behavior across interactional contexts is associated with maternal reports of contextual variation in oppositional‐defiant behavior and functional impairment. Second, we test whether child inhibitory control explains the magnitude of contextual variation in observed disruptive behavior.MethodsParticipants are 497 young children (mean age = 4 years, 11 months) from a subsample of the MAPS, a sociodemographically diverse pediatric sample, enriched for risk of disruptive behavior. Observed anger modulation and behavioral regulation problems were coded on the Disruptive Behavior Diagnostic Observation Schedule (DB‐DOS) during interactions with parent and examiner. Oppositional‐defiant behavior, and impairment in relationships, with parents and nonparental adults, were measured with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA) interview with the mother. Functional impairment in the home and out‐and‐about was assessed with the Family Life Impairment Scale (FLIS), and expulsion from child care/school was measured with the baseline survey and FLIS.ResultsObserved disruptive behavior on the DB‐DOS Parent Context was associated with oppositional‐defiant behavior with parents, and with impairment at home and out‐and‐about. Observed disruptive behavior with the Examiner was associated with oppositional‐defiant behavior with both parents and nonparental adults, impairment in relationships with nonparental adults, and child care/school expulsion. Differences in observed disruptive behavior in the Parent versus Examiner Contexts was related to the differences in maternal reports of oppositional‐defiant behavior with parents versus nonparental adults. Children with larger decreases in disruptive behavior from Parent to Examiner Context had better inhibitory control and fewer attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms.ConclusionsThe DB‐DOS showed clinical utility in a community sample for identifying contextual variation that maps onto reported oppositional‐defiant behavior and functioning across contexts. Elucidating the implications of contextual variation for early identification and targeted prevention is an important area for future research.
Clinical study of repaglinide efficacy and safety in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with blood glucose levels inadequately controlled by sitagliptin
Authors: Kawamori Ryuzo , Kaku Kohei , Hanafusa Toshiaki , Ioriya Katsuhisa , Kageyama Shigeru , Hotta Nigishi 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the long‐term efficacy and safety of adding repaglinide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus whose blood glucose levels were not sufficiently controlled by treatment with a dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, in addition to diet and exercise therapies.Materials and MethodsThis was a multicenter, uncontrolled, dose‐titration study with a treatment period of 52 weeks. The primary end‐point was the change in glycated hemoglobin levels from baseline.ResultsThe glycated hemoglobin level was 7.43 ± 0.57% (mean ± standard deviation) at baseline, and decreased to 6.93 ± 0.91% at the end of the study. The mean changes in glycated hemoglobin levels at 4 weeks and at the end of the study were −0.44 ± 0.28% and −0.50 ± 0.82%, respectively. The glycated hemoglobin‐lowering effect was maintained for 52 weeks. The rate of adverse events was 86.0% (86/100), and there were 352 adverse events. The rate of adverse drug reactions was 21.0% (21/100). Hypoglycemia was reported in 5.0% (5/100) of patients, but there was no incidence of ‘major hypoglycemia’.ConclusionsCombination therapy with repaglinide and sitagliptin was considered effective for a long term without clinical safety problems in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Ultrastructural and Phylogenetic Description of Kudoa orbicularis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida): A Parasite Infecting the Muscle of the Fish Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) in the Amazon Region
Authors: Azevedo Carlos , Rocha Sónia , Matos Edilson , Oliveira Elsa , Matos Patrícia , Al‐Quraishy Saleh , Casal Graça 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA new myxosporean species is described from the muscle of the Amazonian freshwater fish Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis (Teleostei, Cichlidae), with basis on morphometric, ultrastructural and molecular data. Numerous myxospores were observed within pseudocysts located on the hosts' dorsal and ventral muscles, near the neural spines and neural canal (spinal cord). Mature myxospores quadrangular with rounded ends in apical view, measuring 4.3 (3.6–5.0) μm in length and 5.1 (4.2–5.8) μm in width. The myxospores wall is formed by four symmetric valves. Within, four pyriform polar capsules, 2.1 (1.7–2.6) μm long and 1.3 (0.9–1.7) μm wide, located two by two in opposite sides of the myxospores longitudinal axis, each containing a polar filament forming 2–3 coils. Molecular analysis of the SSU rRNA gene by maximum likelihood, neighbor‐joining and maximum parsimony confirms the parasite as a new member of the genus Kudoa, herein named Kudoa orbicularis n. sp., the second species of its genus reported from the South American freshwater fauna, and the fourth species worldwide known to occur in the freshwater environment. Furthermore, its sequence of the SSU rRNA gene constitutes the first entry of a freshwater Kudoa species in GenBank.
Insights into the virulence‐related genes of Edwardsiella tarda isolated from turbot in Europe: genetic homogeneity and evidence for vibrioferrin production
Authors: Castro N , Osorio C R , Buján N , Fuentes J C , Rodríguez J , Romero M , Jiménez C , Toranzo A E , Magariños B 
Published: June 2015

AbstractEdwardsiella tarda has long been known as a pathogen that causes severe economic losses in aquaculture industry. Insights gained on E. tarda pathogenesis may prove useful in the development of new methods for the treatment of infections as well as preventive measures against future outbreaks. In this report, we have established the correlation between the presence of virulence genes, related with three aspects typically involved in bacterial pathogenesis (chondroitinase activity, quorum sensing and siderophore‐mediated ferric uptake systems), in the genome of E. tarda strains isolated from turbot in Europe and their phenotypic traits. A total of 8 genes were tested by PCR for their presence in 73 E. tarda isolates. High homogeneity was observed in the presence/absence pattern of all the strains. Positive results in the amplification of virulence‐related genes were correlated with the detection of chondroitinase activity in agar plates, in vivo AHL production during fish infection and determination of type of siderophore produced by E. tarda. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study carried out with European strains on potential virulence factors. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time that E. tarda produces the siderophore vibrioferrin.
The tertiary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C patients
Authors: Huang Jee‐Fu , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Yu Ming‐Lung , Dai Chia‐Yen , Huang Chung‐Feng , Huang Ching‐I , Tsai Pei‐Chien , Lin Pei‐Chen , Chen Yao‐Li , Chang Wen‐Tsan , Hou Nai‐Jen , Lin Zu‐Yau , Chen Shinn‐Cherng , Chuang Wan‐Long 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground and Aim:Pegylated interferon‐alpha plus ribavirin combination (PegIFN/RBV) therapy possesses positive effect in the secondary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. The current study aimed to assess its efficacy in the tertiary prevention and to validate the performance of the MHC class I polypeptide‐related chain A (MICA) level in the prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence.Methods:A multi‐center study enrolling 105 consecutive HCC patients post curative therapies were prospectively recruited. The primary outcome measurement was recurrence of HCC.Results:The mean observational period was 52.7 months (range = 3.9–121.5 months). Fifty‐six (53.3%) patients achieved sustained virological response (SVR). After completion of treatment, 43 (41.0%) patients developed HCC recurrence, and 24 (55.8%) of them had their recurrence within 6 months after completion of therapy. Thirty‐three (76.7%) of the patients with HCC recurrence were of de novo pattern. Those responders tended to have a lower cumulative incidence of recurrence than those non‐responders (43.2 vs 84.8/100 person‐month, log‐rank P = 0.13). Those non‐responders with a high MICA level (>100 pg/mL) carried the lowest cancer‐free survival than those non‐responders with a low MICA level and those responders (P = 0.002). Cox regression hazard analysis showed high baseline MICA level (Odds ratio [OR] = 4.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1–20.8, P = 0.04) and a low platelet count (<100 000/mm3) (OR = 5.4, 95% CI = 1.1–27.0, P = 0.04) predicted HCC recurrence.Conclusions:PegIFN/RBV therapy carried a limited effect in the tertiary prevention of HCC. A high MICA level predicted HCC recurrence, particularly among those non‐responders.
Distributions of colorectal cancer in two Chinese cities with contrasting colorectal cancer epidemiology
Authors: Leung Wai K , Chen Wei‐Qing , Gu Li , Long Dan , Law W L 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground and AimThe incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is rising rapidly in Chinese. We studied the anatomic distributions and characteristics of CRC in Hong Kong (HK) and Chongqing (CQ) with different CRC epidemiology.MethodsIt was a retrospective study conducted in three large regional hospitals of the two cities. We identified all patients newly diagnosed with CRC between 2003 and 2012. The distribution and characteristics of CRC of the two cities were compared.ResultsOf CRC, 3664 new cases were diagnosed within the study period. CRC was more common in men (>56%) in both cities. The mean age at diagnosis was significantly younger in CQ, the lower prevalence area, than in HK (62.1 vs 70.4 years; P < 0.001). Rectal cancer was the predominant (61.3%) cancer in CQ, but only 18% of cancers in HK were rectal cancer (P = 0.0001). Right‐sided colonic cancer, however, was more common in HK than CQ (27.2% vs 17.4%; P < 0.001). Women had more right‐sided colonic cancer than men in both cities (P < 0.002), and there was an age‐related increase in right‐sided colonic cancer in HK but not in CQ. Multivariate analysis showed that older age, female, and living in HK were independent risk factors associated with right‐sided colonic cancer.ConclusionsThere are significant differences in the distribution of CRC between HK and CQ. The discrepancy may be partly accounted by older population and an increase in proximal colonic cancer, particularly in women, in HK.
Enteral glutamine differentially regulates Nrf 2 along the villus‐crypt axis of the intestine to enhance glutathione levels
Authors: Venoji Raghupathy , Amirtharaj Gnanaraj Jayakumar , Kini Archana , Vanaparthi Sivakumar , Venkatraman Aparna , Ramachandran Anup 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackground and Aim:Glutamine is an important energy source for the intestinal epithelium, and its supplementation protects intestinal epithelial cells by induction of glutathione. However, mechanisms of glutathione induction in cells at various stages of differentiation along the crypt to villus axis are not well understood. This study examined induction of glutathione in response to glutamine along the intestinal villus–crypt axis and evaluated regulatory mediators involved in the process.Methods:Animals were administered 4% glutamine in feed for 7 days, following which enterocytes at various stages of differentiation were isolated and glutathione levels and signaling mediators involved in its regulation were studied.Results:In control animals, glutathione levels were higher in the intestinal crypt than in the villus or middle region. This was accompanied by elevated expression of the modifier subunit of glutathione synthetase (GCLM) and the transcription factor Nrf2 when compared with cells from the villus and middle regions. These levels were further enhanced by glutamine throughout the intestine, although the effects were more dramatic in the crypt. In parallel to glutathione induction, glutamine supplementation also altered actin dynamics and proliferation in cells of the crypt.Conclusions:These results suggest that the variation of glutathione levels along the villus–crypt axis in the intestine is due to gradients in expression of mediators such as glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit and Nrf2. The protective effects of glutamine supplementation seem to be most pronounced in the crypt, where it upregulates proliferation, glutathione levels and alters actin dynamics.
Time and space profiling of NMDA receptor co‐agonist functions
Authors: Mothet Jean‐Pierre , Le Bail Matildé , Billard Jean‐Marie 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe N‐Methyl D‐Aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors (NMDAR) are key tetrameric ionotropic glutamate receptors that transduce glutamatergic signals throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and spinal cord. Although NMDARs are diverse in their subunit composition, subcellular localization, and biophysical and pharmacological properties, their activation always requires the binding of a co‐agonist that has long been thought to be glycine. However, intense research over the last decade has challenged this classical model by showing that another amino acid, d‐serine, is the preferential co‐agonist for a subset of synaptic NMDARs in many areas of the adult brain. Nowadays, a totally new picture of glutamatergic synapses at work is emerging where both glycine and d‐serine are involved in a complex interplay to regulate NMDAR functions in the CNS following time and space constraints. The purpose of this review was to highlight the particular role of each co‐agonist in modulating NMDAR‐dependent activities in healthy and diseased brains. We have herein integrated our most advanced knowledge of how glycine and d‐serine may orchestrate synapse dynamics and drive neuronal network activity in a time‐ and synapse‐specific manner and how changes in synaptic availability of these amino acids may contribute to cognitive impairments such as those associated with healthy aging, epilepsy, and schizophrenia.
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The N‐Methyl D‐Aspartic acid (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors are central to many physiological functions and are linked to brain disorders. Their functions require glutamate and a co‐agonist d‐serine or glycine. After years of intense research and controversy on the identity of the amino acid that serves as the right co‐agonist, we are just entering a new era of consensus where glycine and d‐serine are teaming up to regulate the function of different subsets of NMDA receptors and at different synapses during different time windows of brain development.
The innervation of the muscle spindle: a personal history
Authors: Banks Robert W. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractI present a brief review of current understanding of the innervation of the mammalian muscle spindle, from a personal historical perspective. The review begins with comparative studies on the numbers of spindle afferents and considers how their relative abundance may best be assessed. This is followed by an examination of the distribution and some functional properties of the motor innervation. The primary ending is the subject of the final section, in particular, I look at what can be learned from serial sectioning and volumetric reconstruction, and present new results on a model and simulations concerning sensory terminal deformation during stretch.
A non‐toxigenic but morphologically and phylogenetically distinct new species of Pseudo‐nitzschia, P. sabit sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae)
Authors: Teng Sing Tung , Lim Po Teen , Lim Hong Chang , Rivera‐Vilarelle María , Quijano‐Scheggia Sonia , Takata Yoshinobu , Quilliam Michael A. , Wolf Matthias , Bates Stephen S. , Leaw Chui Pin 
Published: June 2015

A new species of Pseudo‐nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) is described from plankton samples collected from Port Dickson (Malacca Strait, Malaysia) and Manzanillo Bay (Colima, Mexico). The species possesses a distinctive falcate cell valve, from which they form sickle‐like colonies in both environmental samples and cultured strains. Detailed observation of frustules under TEM revealed ultrastructure that closely resembles P. decipiens, yet the new species differs by the valve shape and greater ranges of striae and poroid densities. The species is readily distinguished from the curve‐shaped P. subcurvata by the presence of a central interspace. The morphological distinction is further supported by phylogenetic discrimination. We sequenced and analyzed the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes in the LSU and the second internal transcribed spacer, including its secondary structure, to infer the phylogenetic relationship of the new species with its closest relatives. The results revealed a distinct lineage of the new species, forming a sister cluster with its related species, P. decipiens and P. galaxiae, but not with P. subcurvata. We examined the domoic acid (DA) production of five cultured strains from Malaysia by Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS), but they showed no detectable DA. Here, we present the taxonomic description of the vegetative cells, document the sexual reproduction, and detail the molecular phylogenetics of Pseudo‐nitzschia sabit sp. nov.