bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Age the Primary Influence on Offending?
Authors: MacLeod John F. , Grove Peter G. , Farrington David P. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Age based theories of crime are examined and tested against the cohort data from the Offenders Index and it is shown that there is no support for such theories. The theory proposed in this book assumes no causal relationship between age and criminal behaviour. Age based theories assume either that: the probability and rate of offending is determined by age inline with the age crime curve; or that onset, duration and termination are in various ways determined by age. It is shown that mean reconviction times do not change over the criminal career disproving the first kind on theory and that, after controlling for offence seriousness, the proportion reconvicted did not reduce after custody compared with non custodial disposals as predicted by age dependent desistance or fixed career length theories.
Applications for Managing the Criminal Justice System
Authors: MacLeod John F. , Grove Peter G. , Farrington David P. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter explains how the theory and models in this volume have been used to make predictions and forecasts of significant importance in managing the Criminal Justice System. In the first example, it is shown that using the theory, demographics and sentencing policy (custody rates): the prison population over a period of 30 years is predicted to within 3%; and that without the “Prison Works” mantra of the early 1990s, the prison population would have continued to decline. The second example presents the results of a similar model of court workloads. The third shows how forecasts, made in the year 2000, of the size of the DNA database panned out over the subsequent 4 years.
Criminal Policy Implications
Authors: MacLeod John F. , Grove Peter G. , Farrington David P. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The offender characteristics highlighted by the analysis and modelling of the previous chapters are reiterated and the areas where policy might influence crime identified and reviewed. One particular policy initiative which was influenced by this research, the Persistent and other Priority Offender (PPO) programme, is outlined. The theory proposed in this book is used to explain the results of a policy evaluation of that programme, including some results which the evaluators found perplexing. The policy implications of the theory are discussed and the conditions under which particular policies would be effective as a crime reduction strategy are identified. In particular of the 20% reduction in BCS crime between 1994 and 2000 only 1.5% is explained by increased use of incarceration and 12% by demographic changes. Some frequently asked questions concerning the theory are answered.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: MacLeod John F. , Grove Peter G. , Farrington David P. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The analysis and theories developed in this volume are summarised, highlighting the success of the theory in providing explanations for many of the accepted features of criminal careers, epitomised by the age/crime curve. The main findings are discussed including: the accurate forecasts of the prison population; estimates of the number of persistent offenders; size and growth of the DNA database; and the essential role of the theory in the evaluation of policy initiatives. The questions raised by the theory are discussed and areas where further research is needed are identified, in particular: the psychological differences between offenders and non-offenders; the effectiveness of early intervention programmes; desistance from crime; and the effectiveness of cautions and associated interventions. The relationship of the theory to the wider criminal careers debate and the findings and theories of other researchers are examined and discussed.
Constructing the Sacred in Space and Place
Authors: Day Katie , Conboy Edd 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines how sacred space is socially constructed in an urban context in different types of buildings from historic churches to former commercial buildings adapted for religious purposes. “Sacralization” is a social process in which a physical space becomes sacred (inviolable) and a vehicle for spiritual transcendence. This process occurs both within a faith community and in correspondence with context. Two congregations from very different traditions on one intersection are described as they have created sacred space in a former ironworks store and funeral home.
Seeking the Welfare of the City: Assessing the Impact of Urban Congregations
Authors: Day Katie , Conboy Edd 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Urban congregations are often regarded as a benign presence, at best, or a drain on resources or sign of blight by policy makers and developers. This chapter analyses the attempts to measure their impact, but argues and documents the agency of communities of faith in the urban ecology. From mosques to mega churches to humble storefronts, the congregations on Germantown Avenue are contributing to the quality of life in the city through the production of human services and economic development through both formal programs and through informal social processes. Congregations provide for basic human needs (food, shelter, clothing) as well as preventative health care and education. Local economies are impacted through direct investment, patronage of businesses, teaching and supporting entrepreneurship and increasing property values. The so-called “prosperity gospel” is not a dominant paradigm in African American congregations, which nevertheless provide moral and social support for the economic participation of their members.
Pound for Pound: The Social Impact of Small Churches
Authors: Day Katie , Conboy Edd 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Following up on the previous chapter, this chapter looks at the social contributions of small, independent African American congregations (often called storefront churches) in two impoverished neighborhoods in the city. Through the presentation of rich ethnographic research, the chapter argues that “pound for pound” the impact of these smaller congregations is great, relative to larger and better resourced faith communities. They respond to the basic human needs they encounter every day, as well as providing education and performance opportunities in the arts. Further, a strong work ethic is reinforced for members, as they receive encouragement in navigating the recession economy. The impact of these congregations extends beyond the individual as they also have agency in local transformation, as reflected in the dramatic change seen in one of the neighborhoods.
Pentecostal Latinas: Engendering Selves in Storefront Congregations
Authors: Day Katie , Conboy Edd 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter reflects extensive ethnographic research in two Latino storefront churches, which are proximate to each other on Germantown Avenue, yet differ in theological and cultural ways. It focuses on the experience of Puerto Rican women and the ways they negotiate gender and cultural identity within the arena of their churches. Within this context of their faith communities, these women confront the oppressive gender roles of Latin culture (machista), reinforced by religious structures and piety; yet they also draw on the same community in helping them negotiate an often-alienating new culture. The tension of assimilation and resistance in both contexts can be a lonely, confusing and exhausting. Their compelling narratives of struggle also contain their sources of hope and strength.
Muslims on the Block: Navigating the Urban Ecology
Authors: Day Katie , Conboy Edd 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter explores the Muslim presence on Germantown Avenue, and how they have found their place in the urban ecology. It particularly focuses on two very different Sunni mosques. Reflecting national trends presented, both have grown in numbers, visibility and engagement with their contexts. Ethnographic research reflects how each has transcended cultural boundaries with other religious and social groups through agency grounded in religious values of community building of both bonding and bridging social capital. Both have been significantly involved in local economic development and community improvement. One of the mosques, Al Aqsa Islamic Center, underwent a dramatic physical transformation through interfaith collaboration and, as a result, is now a center for interfaith dialogue. There are also four other syncretist groups described which bring together elements of Black nationalism with Abrahamic faith traditions and reflect the same tensions of identity building, resistance and assimilation.
Locality and Agreement in French Hyper-Complex Inversion
Authors: Kayne Richard S. , Pollock Jean-Yves 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFrench HCI (hyper-complex inversion) constitutes a new probe into questions of locality related to clitic climbing and shows that (some) French actually allows clitic climbing out of non-causative infinitive phrases in cases not studied previously. HCI also constitutes a new probe into questions of number agreement involving the licensing of two distinct subjects in what looks like a simple sentence. The correct analysis appears to necessarily involve, in at least some cases, two distinct agreement morphemes, in a way that sharply distinguishes singular from plural.
Subject Positions, Subject Extraction, EPP, and the Subject Criterion
Authors: Shlonsky Ur 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe idea that the EPP reduces to the criterial freezing of the clausal subject is shown to have empirical consequences beyond those discussed in Rizzi & Shlonsky (2006, 2007). In particular, it bears upon the Highest Subject Restriction on resumptive pronouns in Hebrew relative clauses, the Anti-Agreement Effect in Berber and on the conditions for Quantifier Raising and Lowering. The status of the clausal subject as an “aboutness” topic is also examined in the context of a discussion of a particular brand of negative sentences in Hebrew. It is further argued that the relevant probing feature on the Subj head is [person] and that this leads to an implementation of the idea that [person] and [number] are not only distinct features but also distinct probes, associated with different heads: [Number] is a feature of T and [person] a feature of SUBJ.
French Reflexivese
Authors: Sportiche Dominique 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAs the theoretical landscape has changed since Luigi Rizzi’s Condition on Chains was proposed, a new account must be provided to capture its empirical effects (mainly that it is both deep and surface subject oriented). French reflexive se is examined with this objective in mind, in a context attempting to maximize theoretical parsimony, in particular postulating no intrinsic difference between it and other instances of French se (middle, anticausative). Building on a demonstration (contra Sportiche, 1990; see Sportiche, 2011), that French reflexive constructions are not unaccusative, a treatment is proposed invoking the presence of a Reflexive Voice in the verbal functional domain and placement of reflexive se as A-movement.
The Left Periphery and Agrammatism
Authors: Nyvad Anne Mette , Christensen Ken Ramshøj , Vikner Sten 
Published: January 2014

AbstractData from a study on the comprehension of short and long extractions by four Danish agrammatic patients reveal an interesting asymmetry between subject and object extraction that cannot be explained with canonicity or with trace deletion. It is argued that three crucial linguistic distinctions are required: namely, A-movement (impaired) vs. A-bar-movement (not impaired); main clause CP vs. embedded clause CP (impaired); and subject vs. object. In simple clauses, object extraction is most impaired, whereas in embedded clauses the pattern is reversed. Together these distinctions provide an account of the inverse asymmetries resembling the *that-trace pattern.
The Afterlife (Part I)
Authors: Scheffler Samuel 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
We normally assume that other people will live on after we ourselves have died. Even if we do not believe in a personal afterlife, we assume that there will be a “collective afterlife” in which humanity survives long after we are gone. This assumption plays a neglected and surprisingly important role in our lives. Drawing on P. D. James’s novel The Children of Men, this chapter defends “the afterlife conjecture,” which holds that if we were faced with the prospect of humanity’s imminent extinction, we would lose confidence in the value of many of our most cherished activities. By contrast, the prospect of our own deaths does little to undermine that confidence. In certain respects, then, the future existence of people who are as yet unborn matters more to us than our own continued existence. This conclusion complicates widespread assumptions about human egoism.
The Afterlife (Part II)
Authors: Scheffler Samuel 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of the afterlife conjecture and its implications. The conjecture is said to cast light on the limits of individualism and on the relation between value and temporality. This chapter also investigates the relation between the personal afterlife and the collective afterlife. This investigation reinforces the conclusion that the prospect of humanity’s imminent extinction poses a threat to the ability of those now living to lead good and fulfilling lives. This has implications for the way we think about the threats to humanity’s survival posed by climate change, nuclear proliferation, and other, similar problems. It means that we have compelling reasons to take the interests of future generations seriously, not merely because they are dependent on us and vulnerable to being harmed by what we do, but also, and less obviously, because we are dependent on them if we are to lead successful lives.
Fear, Death, and Confidence
Authors: Scheffler Samuel 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter considers what attitudes it is reasonable to have toward the prospect of one’s own death. Against Epicurus and Lucretius, it affirms the reasonableness of fearing death. At the same time, it discusses and expresses sympathy for Bernard Williams’s view that death gives the meaning to life. Although it develops a position that differs from Williams’s in important respects, it argues that our deaths are necessary if we are to retain confidence in the value of our activities. Despite the reasonableness of fearing death, our confidence in our values depends far more on our confidence in the survival of other people after our deaths than it does on our confidence in our own survival. In fact, personal immortality would itself undermine such confidence. What is necessary to sustain our confidence in our values is that we should die and others should live.
The Significance of Doomsday
Authors: Wolf Susan 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This commentary raises doubts about three of Scheffler’s claims. First, it questions whether reacting to the prospect of doomsday with apathy and despair shows that people are less egoistic than we tend to believe. Second, it questions whether people would tend to react so despairingly in the first place, rather than band together and try to help each other find meaning in the little bit of life that remains to them. Finally, it questions whether the difference between the prospect of humanity’s imminent extinction and the knowledge of humanity’s eventual extinction is or should be as significant as Scheffler takes it to be. Meaningfulness in life may depend on the existence of a community of valuers, but not necessarily on a community with a future.
Preserving the Valued or Preserving Valuing?
Authors: Shiffrin Seana Valentine 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Samuel Scheffler's superb and original book provides important insights into individualism, human values, and how the meaning of our lives depends, surprisingly, on future generations. This comment pursues two further points. First, it asks whether our deep emotional investment in the future rests on the continuation of particular things, projects and activities or whether it rests predominantly on the continuation of the activity of valuing itself, even if future generations replace what we value with something else. Second, the comment argues that a reasonable asymmetry holds of our attitudes toward our prior collective non-existence on the one hand and our possible future non-existence on the other. This asymmetry parallels the Lucretian asymmetry between our attitudes about our individual past non-existence and our individual post-mortem non-existence.
Validation of the Rome III Criteria and Alarm Symptoms for Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children
Authors: Gijsbers Carolien F.M. , Benninga Marc A. , Schweizer Joachim J. , Kneepkens C.M. Frank , Vergouwe Yvonne , Büller Hans A. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:Rome criteria were formulated to define functional gastrointestinal disorders (Rome III criteria, 2006) excluding organic diagnoses when alarm symptoms were absent. The aims of the study were to validate the Rome III criteria as to their capacity to differentiate between organic and functional abdominal pain and to assess the role of alarm symptoms in this differentiation.Methods:During 2 years all of the patients (ages 4–16 years) presenting with recurrent abdominal pain (Apley criteria) and referred to secondary care were included. Clinical diagnoses were based on protocolized evaluation and intervention with 6‐month follow‐up. Alarm symptoms were registered. Rome III criteria for functional pain syndromes were assigned independently. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed.Results:In 200 patients (87 boys, mean age 8.8 years), organic (17%), functional (40%), combined organic and functional (9%), spontaneous recovery (27%), and other (8%) clinical diagnoses were established. Alarm symptoms were found in 57.5% (organic causes 56%, functional causes 61%). The evaluation for Rome symptom clusters revealed symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in 27%, functional dyspepsia in 15%, functional abdominal pain in 28%, functional abdominal pain syndrome in 14.5%, and no pain syndrome in 15.5%. Rome diagnoses, based on symptoms and absence of alarm symptoms, predicted functional clinical diagnosis with sensitivity 0.35 (95% confidence interval 0.27–0.43), specificity 0.60 (0.46–0.73), positive predictive value 0.71 (0.61–0.82), and negative predictive value of 0.24 (0.17–0.32).Conclusions:The Rome III criteria for abdominal pain are not specific enough to rule out organic causes. Alarm symptoms do not differentiate between organic and functional abdominal pain.
A microRNA profile inFmr1knockout mice reveals microRNA expression alterations with possible roles in fragile X syndrome
Authors: Liu Ting , Wan Rui-Ping , Tang Ling-Jia , Liu Shu-Jing , Li Hai-Jun , Zhao Qi-Hua , Liao Wei-Ping , Sun Xiao-Fang , Yi Yong-Hong , Long Yue-Sheng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFragile X syndrome (FXS), a common form of inherited mental retardation, is caused by a loss of expression of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP is involved in brain functions by interacting with mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) that selectively control gene expression at translational level. However, little is known about the role of FMRP in regulating miRNA expression. Here, we found a development-dependant dynamic expression ofFmr1mRNA (encoding FMRP) in mouse hippocampus with a small peak at postnatal day 7 (P7). MiRNA microarray analysis showed that the levels of 38 miRNAs showed a significant increase with about 15∼250 folds and the levels of 26 miRNAs showed a significant decrease with only about 2∼4 folds in the hippocampus of P7Fmr1KO mice. Q-PCR assay showed that 9 of the most increased miRNAs (>100 folds in microarrays) were increased about 40∼70 folds and their pre-miRNAs were increased about 5∼10 folds, but no significant difference in their pri-miRNA levels was observed, suggesting a role of FMRP in regulating miRNA processing from pri-miRNA to pre-miRNA. We further demonstrated that a set of protein-coding mRNAs, potentially targeted by the 9 miRNAs were down-regulated in the hippocampus ofFmr1KO mice. Finally, luciferase assays demonstrated that miR-34b, miR-340, miR-148a could down-regulate the reporter gene expression by interacting with theMet3′ UTR. Taken together these findings suggest that the miRNA expression alterations resulted from the absence of FMRP might contribute to molecular pathology of FXS.
Jung's views on causes and treatments of schizophrenia in light of current trends in cognitive neuroscience and psychotherapy research I. Aetiology and phenomenology
Authors: Silverstein Steven M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractJung's writings on schizophrenia are almost completely ignored or forgotten today. The purpose of this paper, along with a follow‐up article, is to review the primary themes found in Jung's writings on schizophrenia, and to assess the validity of his theories about the disorder in light of our current knowledge base in the fields of psychopathology, cognitive neuroscience and psychotherapy research. In this article, five themes related to the aetiology and phenomenology of schizophrenia from Jung's writings are discussed:1)abaissement du niveau mental; 2) the complex; 3) mandala imagery; 4) constellation of archetypes and 5) psychological versus toxic aetiology. Reviews of the above areas suggest three conclusions. First, in many ways, Jung's ideas on schizophrenia anticipated much current thinking and data about the disorder. Second, with the recent (re)convergence of psychological and biological approaches to understanding and treating schizophrenia, the pioneering ideas of Jung regarding the importance of both factors and their interaction remain a useful and rich, but still underutilized resource. Finally, a more concerted effort to understand and evaluate the validity of Jung's concepts in terms of evidence from neuroscience could lead both to important advances in analytical psychology and to developments in therapeutic approaches that would extend beyond the treatment of schizophrenia.
Cardioactive properties of Solanaceae plant extracts and pure glycoalkaloids on Zophobas atratus
Authors: Ventrella Emanuela , Marciniak Paweł , Adamski Zbigniew , Rosiński Grzegorz , Chowański Szymon , Falabella Patrizia , Scrano Laura , Bufo Sabino A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractGlycoalkaloids, the biologically active secondary metabolites produced by Solanaceae plants, are natural defenses against animals, insects and fungi. In this paper, the effects of glycoalkaloids present in extracts of Solanaceae plants (potato, tomato and black nightshade) or pure commercial glycoalkaloids on the coleopteran Zophobas atratus F. were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo bioassays using heart experimental models. Each tested extract induced a dose‐dependent cardioinhibitory effect. The perfusion of Zophobas atratus semi‐isolated heart using the highest potato and tomato extract concentration (1 mmol/L) caused irreversible cardiac arrests, while extract from black nightshade produced fast but reversible arrests. Pure commercial glycoalkaloids caused similar but less evident effects compared with extracts. Our results showed that the bioactivity of tested compounds depended on their structure and suggested the existence of synergistic interactions when combinations of the main glycoalkaloids of potato and black nightshade were used for trials. Surprisingly, injection of tomato and potato extracts in 1‐day‐old pupae of Zophobas atratus induced reversible positive chronotropic effects and decreased the duration of the both phases (anterograde and retrograde) of the heart contractile activity. Furthermore, these extracts affected the amplitude of the heart contractions.