bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression profiling of prostate cancer tissue delineates genes associated with recurrence after prostatectomy
Authors: Mortensen Martin Mørck , Høyer Søren , Lynnerup Anne-Sophie , Ørntoft Torben Falck , Sørensen Karina Dalsgaard , Borre Michael , Dyrskjøt Lars 
Published: November 2015

AbstractProstate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death amongst males. The main clinical dilemma in treating prostate cancer is the high number of indolent cases that confer a significant risk of overtreatment. In this study, we have performed gene expression profiling of tumor tissue specimens from 36 patients with prostate cancer to identify transcripts that delineate aggressive and indolent cancer. Key genes were validated using previously published data and by tissue microarray analysis. Two molecular subgroups were identified with a significant overrepresentation of tumors from patients with biochemical recurrence in one of the groups. We successfully validated key transcripts association with recurrence using two publically available datasets totaling 669 patients. Twelve genes were found to be independent predictors of recurrence in multivariate logistical regression analysis. SFRP4 gene expression was consistently up regulated in patients with recurrence in all three datasets. Using an independent cohort of 536 prostate cancer patients we showed SFRP4 expression to be an independent predictor of recurrence after prostatectomy (HR = 1.35; p = 0.009). We identified SFRP4 to be associated with disease recurrence. Prospective studies are needed in order to assess the clinical usefulness of the identified key markers in this study.
Invisible Hyperbolic Metamaterial Nanotube at Visible Frequency
Authors: Kim Kyoung-Ho , No You-Shin , Chang Sehwan , Choi Jae-Hyuck , Park Hong-Gyu 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSubwavelength-scale metal and dielectric nanostructures have served as important building blocks for electromagnetic metamaterials, providing unprecedented opportunities for manipulating the optical response of the matter. Recently, hyperbolic metamaterials have been drawing particular interest because of their unusual optical properties and functionalities, such as negative refraction and hyperlensing of light. Here, as a promising application of a hyperbolic metamaterial at visible frequency, we propose an invisible nanotube that consists of metal and dielectric alternating thin layers. The theoretical study of the light scattering of the layered nanotube reveals that almost-zero scattering can be achieved at a specific wavelength when the transverse-electric- or transverse-magnetic-polarized light is incident to the nanotube. In addition, the layered nanotube can be described as a radial-anisotropic hyperbolic metamaterial nanotube. The low scattering occurs when the effective permittivity of the hyperbolic nanotube in the angular direction is near zero and thus the invisibility of the layered nanotube can be efficiently obtained by analyzing the equivalent hyperbolic nanotube. Our new method to design and tune an invisible nanostructure represents a significant step toward the practical implementation of unique nanophotonic devices such as invisible photodetectors and low-scattering near-field optical microscopes.
Decadal trends of the upper ocean salinity in the tropical Indo-Pacific since mid-1990s
Authors: Du Yan , Zhang Yuhong , Feng Ming , Wang Tianyu , Zhang Ningning , Wijffels Susan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA contrasting trend pattern of sea surface salinity (SSS) between the western tropical Pacific (WTP) and the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) is observed during 2004–2013, with significant salinity increase in the WTP and freshening in the SETIO. In this study, we show that increased precipitation around the Maritime Continent (MC), decreased precipitation in the western-central tropical Pacific and ocean advection processes contribute to the salinity trends in the region. From a longer historical record, these salinity trends started in the mid-1990s, a few years before the Global Warming Hiatus from 1998 to present. The salinity trends are associated a strengthening trend of the Walker Circulation over the tropical Indo-Pacific, which have reversed the long-term salinity changes in the tropical Indo-Pacific as a consequence of global warming. Understanding decadal variations of SSS in the tropical Indo-Pacific will better inform on how the tropical hydrological cycle will be affected by the natural variability and a warming climate.
Sensitive electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose sensing based on anodized CuO nanowires on three-dimensional porous copper foam
Authors: Li Zhenzhen , Chen Yan , Xin Yanmei , Zhang Zhonghai 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this work, we proposed to utilize three-dimensional porous copper foam (CF) as conductive substrate and precursor of in-situ growth CuO nanowires (NWs) for fabricating electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose sensors. The CF supplied high surface area due to its unique three-dimensional porous foam structure and thus resulted in high sensitivity for glucose detection. The CuO NWs/CF based nonenzymatic sensors presented reliable selectivity, good repeatability, reproducibility and stability. In addition, the CuO NWs/CF based nonenzymatic sensors have been employed for practical applications and the glucose concentration in human serum was measured to be 4.96 ± 0.06 mM, agreed well with the value measured from the commercial available glucose sensor in hospital and the glucose concentration in saliva was also estimated to be 0.91 ± 0.04 mM, which indicated that the CuO NWs/CF owned the possibility for noninvasive glucose detection. The rational design of CuO NWs/CF provided an efficient strategy for fabricating of electrochemical nonenzymatic biosensors.
Effects of oxygen tension and dextran-shelled/2H,3H-decafluoropentane-cored oxygen-loaded nanodroplets on secretion of gelatinases and their inhibitors in term human placenta
Authors: Prato Mauro , Khadjavi Amina , Magnetto Chiara , Gulino Giulia Rossana , Rolfo Alessandro , Todros Tullia , Cavalli Roberta , Guiot Caterina 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors (TIMPs) need to be finely modulated in physiological processes. However, oxygen tension influences MMP/TIMP balances, potentially leading to pathology. Intriguingly, new 2H,3H-decafluoropentane-based oxygen-loaded nanodroplets (OLNDs) have proven effective in abrogating hypoxia-dependent dysregulation of MMP and TIMP secretion by single cell populations. This work explored the effects of different oxygen tensions and dextran-shelled OLNDs on MMP/TIMP production in an organized and multicellular tissue (term human placenta). Chorionic villous explants from normal third-trimester pregnancies were incubated with/without OLNDs in 3 or 20% O2. Explants cultured at higher oxygen tension released constitutive proMMP-2, proMMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2. Hypoxia significantly altered MMP-2/TIMP-2 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios enhancing TIMP-2 and reducing proMMP-2, proMMP-9, and TIMP-1 levels. Intriguingly, OLNDs effectively counteracted the effects of low oxygen tension. Collectively, these data support OLND potential as innovative, nonconventional, and cost-effective tools to counteract hypoxia-dependent dysregulation of MMP/TIMP balances in human tissues.
Cucumis sativus secretes 4′-ketoriboflavin under iron-deficient conditions
Authors: Satoh Junichi , Koshino Hiroyuki , Sekino Kouta , Ito Shinsaku , Katsuta Ryo , Takeda Kouji , Yoshimura Etsuro , Shinmachi Fumie , Kawasaki Shinji , Niimura Youichi , Nukada Tomoo 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
A new compound in cucumber, Cucumis sativus, nutrient solution that appears under iron-deficient conditions, but not under ordinary culture conditions, has been revealed by HPLC analysis. The chemical structure of this compound was identified using LC-MS and NMR techniques as that of 4′-ketoriboflavin. This is the first report to show that 4′-ketoriboflavin can be found in metabolites from organisms.
Nondestructive evaluation of photosynthesis by delayed luminescence in Arabidopsis in Petri dishes
Authors: Chuenwarin Paweena , Shimazaki Azumi , Shimizu Masanori , Kobayashi Yuko , Katsumata Masakazu , Kobayashi Hirokazu 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Nondestructive evaluation of photosynthesis is a valuable tool in the field and laboratory. Delayed luminescence (DL) can reflect charge recombination through the backflow of electrons. However, DL detection has not yet been adapted for whole plants in Petri dishes. To compensate for differences in DL decay between sibling Arabidopsis plants grown under the same conditions, we developed a time-sequential double measurement method. Using this method, we examined the influence of photosynthetic electron flow inhibitors, and differences in the DL decay curves were categorized by considering the initial and late phases of the decay curves, as well as their intermediate slopes. The appearance of concavity and convexity in DL curves in Arabidopsis was different from unicellular algae, suggesting complexity in the photosynthetic machinery of higher plants. This detection method should be invaluable for evaluating photosynthetic defects in higher plants under sterile conditions without interrupting plant culture.
Elucidation of novel budding yeast separase mutants
Authors: Shimizu Yoshihito , Nagai Masayoshi , Yeasmin Akter M S T , Koike Naoki , Talukdar Muhammad Waliullah , Ushimaru Takashi 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The mitotic separase cleaves Scc1 in cohesin to allow sister chromatids to separate from each other upon anaphase onset. Separase is also required for DNA damage repair. Here, we isolated and characterized 10 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of separase ESP1 in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. All mutants were defective in sister chromatid separation at the restricted temperature. Some esp1-ts mutants were hypersensitive to the microtubule poison benomyl and/or the DNA-damaging agent bleomycin. Overexpression of securin alleviated the growth defect in some esp1-ts mutants, whereas it rather exacerbated it in others. The Drosophila Pumilio homolog MPT5 was isolated as a high-dosage suppressor of esp1-ts cells. We discuss various features of separase based on these findings.
Cardiac autonomic response following high‐intensity running work‐to‐rest interval manipulation
Authors: Cipryan Lukas , Laursen Paul B. , Plews Daniel J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe cardiorespiratory, cardiac autonomic (via heart rate variability (HRV)) and plasma volume responses to varying sequences of high‐intensity interval training (HIT) of consistent external work were investigated. Twelve moderately trained males underwent three HIT bouts and one control session. The HIT trials consisted of warm‐up, followed by 12 min of 15 s, 30 s or 60 s work:relief HIT sequences at an exercise intensity of 100% of the individual velocity at O2max (vO2max), interspersed by relief intervals at 60% O2max (work/relief ratio = 1). HRV was evaluated via the square root of the mean sum of the squared differences between R‐R intervals (rMSSD) before, 1 h, 3 h and 24 h after the exercise. Plasma volume was assessed before, immediately after, and 3 h and 24 h after. There were no substantial between‐trial differences in acute cardiorespiratory responses. The rMSSD values remained decreased 1 h after the exercise cessation in all exercise groups. The rMSSD subsequently increased between 1 h and 3 h after exercise, with the most pronounced change in the 15/15 group. There were no relationships between HRV and plasma volume. All HIT protocols resulted in similar cardiorespiratory responses with slightly varying post‐exercise HRV responses, with the 30/30 protocol eliciting the least disruption to post‐exercise HRV. These post‐exercise HRV findings suggest that the 30/30 sequence may be the preferable HIT prescription when the between‐training period is limited.
Radiation Physics and Radiation Safety
Authors: Murphy Paul H. , Galt James R. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
One of the fundamental quests of nuclear cardiology is the search for elements with appropriate chemical properties for use in radiopharmaceuticals, which have radioactive isotopes that produce photons well suited for imaging, and deliver only a small radiation dose to the patient. This requires that that the emission of any radiation that does not contribute to the image be kept to a minimum and that the isotope remains radioactive only for a short period of time. Understanding the emission of radiation from atoms requires an understanding of atomic and nuclear structure and forces.
SPECT and PET Instrumentation
Authors: Garcia Ernest V. , Galt James R. , Chen Ji 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Nuclear cardiac imaging is solidly based on many branches of science and engineering, including nuclear, optical and mathematical physics, electrical and mechanical engineering, chemistry and biology. This chapter uses principles from these scientific fields to provide an understanding of both the signals used, and the imaging system that captures these signals. Nuclear cardiology’s signals are the x-rays or ?-rays photons emitted from a radioactive tracer and its imaging systems are either single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) cameras. This combination has met with remarkable success in clinical cardiology. This success is due to the combination of sophisticated electronic nuclear instruments with a highly specific and thus powerful signal. The signal is as important as or more important than the imaging system. There is a misconception that cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) cardiac computed tomography (CCT) and echocardiography are superior to nuclear cardiology imaging because of their superior spatial resolution. Yet, in detecting perfusion defects what is really necessary is superior contrast resolution. It is this superior contrast resolution that allows us to differentiate between normal and hypoperfused myocardium facilitating the visual analysis of nuclear cardiology perfusion images. Because these objects are bright compared to the background radioactivity, computer algorithms have been developed that allow us to automatically and objectively process and quantify our images. This chapter explains many of the important scientific principles necessary to understand nuclear cardiology imaging in general, i.e., how these sophisticated imaging systems detect the radiation emitted from the radiotracers.
Kinetics of Conventional and New Cardiac Radiotracers
Authors: Taillefer Raymond , Wackers Frans J. Th. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The kinetics of radiotracers, that is the mode of uptake, retention and release from the myocardium, are relevant for designing and implementing optimized nuclear cardiac imaging protocols. This chapter addresses the kinetics of commonly used radiotracers for imaging myocardial perfusion, sympathetic neuronal function and cardiac metabolism, both with SPECT and PET cardiac imaging. The optimal timing of imaging after injection either at stress or at rest is determined by rate of uptake in the heart and adjacent organs, as well as the residence time of radiotracers within the myocytes. The efficiency of myocardial extraction over a wide range myocardial blood flows is relevant for reliable detection of obstructive coronary artery disease and absolute quantification of regional myocardial blood flow. For each cardiac imaging agent the cellular mechanism of uptake and its release or retention are discussed with an emphasis on the clinical impact of these parameters.
Gated SPECT MPI Processing and Quantitation
Authors: Slomka Piotr J. , Germano Guido , Berman Daniel S. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Gated MPS provides an accurate and reproducible method for measuring myocardial perfusion at stress and rest as well as LVEF, EDV, ESV and diastolic function. It also provides a means of assessing regional wall motion abnormality, either at rest or post-stress. These functions and perfusion measurements obtained from gated MPS complement each other in CAD diagnosis as well as risk stratification. This chapter presents a comprehensive review of techniques used in gated SPECT processing to quantify function and perfusion, including the latest techniques and developments.
SPECT Attenuation Correction
Authors: Esteves Fabio Peroba , Galt James R. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Attenuation correction minimizes the impact of body habitus on the acquired myocardial count distribution. The superior diagnostic performance of corrected over uncorrected SPECT images is due to improved specificity and normalcy rate. The transmission image used for attenuation correction is obtained using CT or Gd-153 line sources. Artifactual defects may develop with attenuation correction if the transmission image is truncated, of poor count density, significantly contaminated by downscatter or misregistered with the emission image. Attenuation correction can help decrease the radiation exposure to the patient and improve the workflow in the nuclear laboratory by obviating the need for rest imaging on stress-first myocardial perfusion SPECT protocols. Coronary calcium on the CT attenuation image can add diagnostic and prognostic value to normal myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients without known coronary artery disease. Incidental noncardiac findings of potential clinical relevance are frequently found on the CT attenuation image and should be described on the clinical report.
Treadmill Exercise Testing
Authors: Turner Joshua A. , Brown Todd M. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Treadmill exercise testing is an important tool in the field of cardiology and is very commonly used because it is readily available, inexpensive, noninvasive, and provides pertinent diagnostic and prognostic information in assessing for the presence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). For decades, its primary use was to provoke and diagnose myocardial ischemia, but its clinical indications have become more numerous with time. In this chapter, we will review role of treadmill exercise testing in patients with known or suspected CAD, as well as the contraindications, complications, performance, interpretation, and its prognostics utility.
Gated SPECT Perfusion in Diagnosis and Risk Assessment in Stable Patients
Authors: Phillips Lawrence M. , Shaw Leslee J. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The chapter reviews the current evidence with regards to the diagnosis and prognosis of stress myocardial perfusion SPECT. Where relevant, we will also include selected series of patients undergoing stress myocardial perfusion PET. Readers of this chapter are also encouraged to examine recently published reviews on this subject. Additionally, there have been several recent expert consensus statements, clinical practice guidelines, and appropriate use criteria publications from the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA).
Risk Assessment in Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: AlJaroudi Wael 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) include unstable angina pectoris (UAP), non-ST elevation (NSTEMI), and ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). Each year, more than 2 million people are hospitalized with ACS in the United States. The initial treatment has evolved over the last few decades from conservative management to early reperfusion therapy. Medical therapy has also significantly changed with the use of newer more potent antiplatelet agents, beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, statins, and anti-anginal drugs, which have resulted in improvement of patient care and survival. There is no role for stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in the acute presentation; however, rest MPI may be used to identify the culprit lesion and risk stratify patients if injected during chest pain. In stable patients for ACS, submaximal exercise or vasodilator MPI can be performed as early as 48 hours after the event. Several gated MPI-derived variables such as left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF), LV volumes, infarct size, mechanical dyssynchrony, and residual ischemic burden can risk stratify patients and provide prognostic data incremental to validated clinical risk scores such as GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome) and TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction). Patients with depressed LVEF, remodeled LV, and large perfusion defects are at particularly high- risk for subsequent cardiac death or recurrent myocardial infarction. In such setting, MPI plays a pivotal role in the management of patients and guiding therapeutic decisions. The current chapter will review the clinical and MPI predictors of outcomes in patients presenting with ACS according to updated guidelines and a proposed algorithm integrating the role of MPI in guiding therapeutic decisions and management.
Risk Assessment Before Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: AlJaroudi Wael 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Perioperative risk assessment is essential in screening patients before noncardiac surgery. Cardiovascular complications such as fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), ventricular arrhythmia, pulmonary edema, and stroke are important in-hospital causes of morbidity and mortality intra and post-operatively. The optimal approach is to identify patients at increased risk so that appropriate testing and therapeutic interventions are undertaken a priori to minimize such risk. The initial preoperative evaluation includes identification of surgery-specific risk, patient exercise functional capacity and clinical risk profile. Patients with major predictors of events such as acute coronary syndromes, recent MI, unstable arrhythmia, and severe valvular disease warrant further management and optimization that often lead to delaying surgery. Those with three or more predictors (history of ischemic heart disease, compensated heart failure, diabetes, renal insufficiency, or history of cerebrovascular disease) undergoing high- risk surgery often require stress testing. Although data from randomized prospective trials are lacking, numerous studies have demonstrated the utility of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) for determination of perioperative cardiac risk. The goal of this chapter is to review the use of MPI for preoperative risk assessment and the recommendations from the current guidelines. The focus will be on short-term and long-term prognosis including special groups such as after coronary stenting and before vascular surgery, liver and renal transplantation.