bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les marbriers génois entrepreneurs et marchands
Authors: Franchini Guelfi Fausta 
Published: September 2012

À Gênes, les sculpteurs de marbre forment à partir du xvie siècle une corporation à part, qui défend ses intérêts et réglemente ses activités. Jusqu’à la fin du xviiie siècle, les membres de cette corporation, presque tous d’origine lombarde (région qui correspond à l’actuelle Suisse italienne), ont le monopole de la production des sculptures et des décors en marbre pour les églises et les palais. Ils y ajoutent celui du commerce des marbres bruts et sculptés en provenance des carrières de Carrare et du territoire de la République de Gênes vers les autres États italiens, l’Espagne et la France. Les maîtres d’atelier, parmi les plus connus Orsolino, Carlone, Casella, Ferrandino, étroitement unis par des liens familiaux, constituent des sociétés très actives pour la réalisation des œuvres les plus complexes. Pour autant, ils ne rompent pas les relations avec leur pays d’origine, Bissone, Carona, Lugano, Scaria, Rovio dans le val d’Intelvi au sud du Tessin. En effet, leur origine lombarde, étrangère à Gênes, leur permet de profiter de privilèges particuliers. Parmi les marbres, ces entrepreneurs et marchands exportent le jaspe de Sicile, le rouge mischio di Narbona de France et le rouge d’Arzo de Lombardie pour les commandes génoises ; ils représentent les diffuseurs les plus importants en Europe des marbres de Carrare, aussi bien que des marbres colorés de Ligurie (le portor de Portovenere, l’albâtre de Sestri, le vert de Polcevera).
Mosaïques de pierres dures
Authors: Giusti Annamaria 
Published: September 2012

Crée par Ferdinand Ier de Médicis en 1588, l’Opificio delle Pietre Dure a consacré son activité à la production de commessi et de mosaïques de pierres dures. Par leur fantaisie, leur perfection technique et la préciosité de leur matériau, ces œuvres sont particulièrement appréciées au-delà même des frontières du grand-duché de Toscane. En effet, les Médicis en ont fait cadeau aux souverains des autres cours d’Europe. Leur politique a provoqué une véritable émulation : Rodolphe II d’Augsbourg, enthousiasmé par les travaux qu’il commanda lui-même à Florence, décida le premier d’appeler des artisans florentins à Prague pour y créer une manufacture. Il est suivi par Louis XIV qui forme un atelier de pierres dures au sein des Gobelins, tandis qu’au xviiie siècle, Charles de Bourbon fonde deux manufactures sur le modèle de Florence, dans le royaume de Naples et en Espagne. Les mosaïques florentines continuent à jouir du prestige international sous le règne des Lorena (1737-1799). Pendant tout le xixe siècle, alors que Florence n’est plus le siège de la cour, l’Opificio compte parmi ses commanditaires Louis II de Bavière et le Tsar de Russie. Ces commandes sont les dernières d’une manufacture royale qui a duré pendant trois siècles. Désormais l’Opificio se consacre à la restauration des œuvres d’art.
Entre utilitarisme et pessimisme : pour une recherche utile, utilisable et utilisée
Authors: Tonneau Jean-Philippe , Barros Edonilce da Rocha 
Published: September 2012

Pas un jour sans qu'un livre, un débat, une déclaration ne soulignent les limites de notre développement : limites économiques, limites écologiques, limites sociales. La croissance ne crée jamais assez d'emplois. Le réchauffement climatique devient une évidence pour tous. Les pollutions se multiplient et posent des problèmes de santé publique. Les manifestations de l'exclusion, même si la misère est, bien sûr, plus marquée au Sud, s'imposent partout. Pourtant, la science n'a jamais été aussi productive en connaissance et en technologie. Mais malgré ces progrès, force est de constater que le mal-développement et ses manifestations (la crise des ressources, les pollutions industrielles, la misère, l'exclusion) sont toujours présents. Ce paradoxe est d'autant plus fort que la science n'a jamais été aussi attentive à la demande sociale ni aussi préoccupée par son « utilité ». L'expression « demande sociale » suggère que des acteurs extérieurs à la communauté scientifique contribuent à la définition des problèmes de recherche (Grossetti, 2000). Gibbons et al. (1994) défendent l'hypothèse d'un nouveau mode de production du savoir, centré sur les problèmes à résoudre tels que définis par l'industrie ou les pouvoirs publics, en rupture avec l'organisation académique des disciplines et des universités. Ces choix, à priori peu discutables, se traduisent par une recherche utilitariste conçue pour ses applications, mais sans capacité réelle à penser le futur. Les auteurs défendent l'idée que le futur est si incertain que la science ne peut être pleinement mobilisée. Ils justifient cette hypothèse en montrant l'insuffisance des réponses aux défis du développement durable et en soulignant la faible capacité d'innovation des sociétés dans leur ensemble pour répondre aux changements. Reprenant la notion de « capacité d'adaptation » développée dans le cadre de la réflexion sur le changement climatique, ils proposent l'adaptation des processus d'innovation en entreprise au développement durable grâce à des processus d'apprentissage et de renforcement de compétences. Ils préconisent une recherche « citoyenne » éclairant les choix des acteurs. Ils insistent et détaillent sur les rôles principaux de cette recherche : expérimentation sociale et gestion de l'information pour élaborer à la fois un projet de société et développer les réponses que ce projet nécessite.
Cross-Immunoreactivity between Bacterial Aquaporin-Z and Human Aquaporin-4: Potential Relevance to Neuromyelitis Optica
Authors: Ren Zhihua , Wang Yan , Duan Tao , Patel Jilpa , Liggett Thomas , Loda Eileah , Brahma Sarang , Goswami Rajendra , Grouse Carrie , Byrne Richard , Stefoski Dusan , Javed Adil , Miller Stephen D. , Balabanov Roumen 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS that is mediated, in part, by a self-reactive Ab against the astrocyte aquaporin-4 protein. In the current study, we examined the possibility and the biological significance of cross-immunoreactivity between bacterial aquaporin-Z and human aquaporin-4 proteins. Sequence-alignment analysis of these proteins revealed several regions of significant structural homology. Some of the homologous regions were also found to overlap with important immune and disease-relevant epitopes. Cross-immunoreactivity between aquaporin-Z and aquaporin-4 was investigated and ascertained in multiple immune-based assays using sera from patients with neuromyelitis optica, immune mouse serum, and Abs raised against aquaporin-Z. The biological significance of this phenomenon was established in series of experiments demonstrating that induction of an immune response against aquaporin-Z or its homologous regions can also trigger an autoimmune reaction against aquaporin-4 and inflammation of the CNS. Our study indicates that the autoimmune response against aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica may be triggered by infection-induced cross-immunoreactivity and presents a new perspective on the pathogenesis of this disease.
COX-2 Expression Is Upregulated by DNA Hypomethylation after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Domingo-Gonzalez Racquel , Huang Steven K. , Laouar Yasmina , Wilke Carol A. , Moore Bethany B. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant therapy is limited by pulmonary infections. Mice with fully reconstituted hematopoietic compartments, including alveolar macrophages (AMs), after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) have impaired host defense against Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Impaired innate immunity is related to increased production of PGE2 by AMs. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is the rate-limiting enzyme for synthesis of PGE2 from arachidonic acid, and COX-2 expression is elevated in AMs post-BMT. We hypothesized that epigenetic mechanisms may be responsible for upregulation of COX-2 in AMs. Using bisulfite sequencing, we observed the 5′-untranslated region and exon 1 of the COX-2 gene is hypomethylated in the AMs of BMT mice compared with control. COX-2 expression was increased in primary AMs and in the AM cell line (MHS) after treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (a methyltransferase inhibitor). Methylation by SssI methyltransferase of a 698-bp region of the COX-2 promoter including the beginning of exon 1 driving a luciferase reporter silenced luciferase expression. Because TGF-β1 is elevated in lungs post-BMT, we tested whether TGF-β1 could promote expression of COX-2 in a hypermethylated COX-2 vector, and observed TGF-β1–induced modest expression of COX-2, suggesting an ability to demethylate the promoter. Finally, BMTs performed with marrow from mice expressing a dominant-negative form of the TGF-βRII on CD11c-expressing cells (which includes AMs) demonstrated improved host defense and AM function. Our findings suggest impaired innate immunity and PGE2 elevation post-BMT are due to hypomethylation of the COX-2 gene, which is at least partly regulated by TGF-β1.
Antigen-Specific Suppression of Humoral Immunity by Anergic Ars/A1 B Cells
Authors: Aviszus Katja , MacLeod Megan K. L. , Kirchenbaum Greg A. , Detanico Thiago O. , Heiser Ryan A. , St. Clair James B. , Guo Wenzhong , Wysocki Lawrence J. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Autoreactive anergic B lymphocytes are considered to be dangerous because of their potential for activation and recruitment into autoimmune responses. However, they persist for days and constitute ∼5% of the B cell pool. We assessed their functional potential in the Ars/A1 transgene model, where anergic B cells express a dual-reactive Ag receptor that binds, in addition to a self-Ag, the hapten p-azophenylarsonate (Ars). When Ars/A1 B cells were transferred into adoptive recipients that were immunized with foreign proteins covalently conjugated with Ars, endogenous IgG immune responses to both were selectively and severely diminished, and the development of T helper cells was impaired. Approximately 95% inhibition of the anti-Ars response was attained with ∼4000 transferred Ars/A1 B cells through redundant mechanisms, one of which depended on their expression of MHC class II but not upon secretion of IL-10 or IgM. This Ag-specific suppressive activity implicates the autoreactive anergic B cell as an enforcer of immunological tolerance to self-Ags.
The orthodontist′s responsibility and the bioethical aspects in the current jurisprudence
Authors: Franco Ademir , Alqerban Ali , de Lima Antonio A. S. , Tanaka Orlando M. , França Beatriz H. S. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Context: The orthodontists usually have to manage patient′s expectations and treatment plans at the same time. Consequently, the civil responsibility and the bioethics involved on orthodontic routine are matters of relevance. Therefore, the importance of adequate conducts is addressed in this research. Aim: The present aim is to analyze the tendency of the courts judging the orthodontists′ responsibility and to observe the bioethical aspects on the current jurisprudence. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 108 lawsuits related to the orthodontist′s civil responsibility, dated from 2003 to 2009. The qualitative data were obtained by the Bardin′s method for detailed reading. The quantitative collection was performed by observing statistical distribution of the following variables: (1) reason of the complaint against the orthodontist, (2) type of obligation designated to the professional, (3) presence of expert′s examination, and (4) jury decision. The correlations between the jury decision and the other variables were verified by applying the Chi-square test. Results: The main reason of the complaints against the orthodontist was the personal dissatisfaction (32%). Subjective and objective obligations had pair incidence (26% and 27%, respectively). The experts′ examination was present in 63, 89%, of the cases, and the jury decision acquitted 57, 78%, of the orthodontists. The passages involving bioethical principles supported properly the qualitative approach. Conclusion: The orthodontists show deviations from the correct daily attitudes. In order to avoid further conflicts, more attention must be given to the principles of bioethics.
Removable partial denture use among a selected group of Nigerian undergraduates
Authors: Azodo C. C. , Akinboboye B. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Objective: To determine the self-reported prevalence of removable partial denture use among a selected group of Nigerian undergraduates. Materials and Methods: Four hundred non-dental undergraduates of University of Benin recruited over four week′s period were studied. Results: The prevalence of removable partial denture use among the respondents was 1.8%. Denture use was more among those aged 17-25 years, females and right handed individuals. Removable partial denture users were less likely to have received professional instruction on tooth brushing and brush their teeth more than once-daily than non-denture users. Removable partial denture users were more likely to be cigarette smokers, regular soft drink consumer and report perceived efficacy in oral self-care and prevention of gingivodental diseases than non-denture users. Removable partial denture users were also more likely to have opened bottled drink with their teeth and experienced shocking sensation from their teeth than non-denture users. Conclusion: The prevalence of removable partial denture use was low among the respondents. The denture wearer were more likely to report higher perceived efficacy in oral self-care and prevention of gingivodental disease despite indulgence in unhealthy oral health practices and lower receipt of professional instruction on tooth brushing. The implication of this study is that dental practitioner should endeavor to give oral health instruction to removable partial denture users to improve their oral health practices and decrease the risk of preventable oral diseases.
Prevalence of dental caries among five-year-old school children in Shimla city, Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Bhardwaj Vinay Kumar , Vaid S. , Chug A. , Jhingta P. , Negi N. , Sharma D. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Objective: The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries among five year old school children in Shimla city-Himachal Pradesh. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 800 school going children 421 (52.62%) boys and 379 (47.38%) girls from government primary schools which were selected randomly from four different zones of Shimla city. Type -III examination was conducted. The data obtained was analyzed by SPSS version 15 ( Inc., Chicago) using proportion test for comparison. Results: Boys were having higher caries prevalence than girls, (46.8% vs 41.6%) and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Caries prevalence was higher in the mandibular arch than in the maxillary arch among both the gender with a difference which was significant statistically. Caries prevalence was higher on left than right side in both male and female subjects. When the caries prevalence of the anterior teeth was compared between the gender, boys showed higher caries prevalence than girls and this difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Comparison of caries between the arches in the anterior segment revealed that caries attack was higher in the maxillary arch and the difference was highly significant statistically (P<0.01). Conclusion: Dental caries is a significant public health problem among this population. It is a cause of concern which point out to the utmost necessity of dental health education of children, school teachers and parents. Emphasis should be given on regular check-up and application of preventive measures and treatment modalities.
Parents′ perceptions of factors influencing the oral health of their preschool children in Vadodara city, Gujarat: A descriptive study
Authors: Thakare Vrushali G. , CG Ajith Krishnan , Chaware Sachin 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Objectives: To assess parents′ perceptions about the factors influencing the oral health of preschool children. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out among the parents of the preschool children in Vadodara City, India. A list of preschools was obtained from the Social Science Department of the MS University, Vadodara, India. The study included 828 parents, out of whom 597 responded, with the response rate of 72.10%. Twenty-seven questionnaires were incompletely filled and were excluded from the analysis. The remaining 570 forms were analyzed for the results. Results: The study included 828 parents, with a response rate of 72.10%. A majority of the parents were aware of the importance of primary teeth (85.33%), need for treating decayed primary teeth (100%), harmful effects of bottle feeding at night (99.64%), appropriate oral hygiene aid (84,56%), appropriate size of a toothbrush for a child (99.12%), and supervision and guidance of a parent, while cleaning the child′s teeth (96.49%) . The parents′ understanding, however, was found to be poor with respect to certain factors. Very few of the parents had adequate knowledge about the appropriate time to start cleaning, correct position of the parent during supervised brushing, proper quantity of toothpaste to be used, and proper time for the first dental visit of the child; 29.12% felt that the child′s teeth should be cleaned when the first tooth erupts. A majority of parents identified the importance of fluoridated toothpaste (62.10%) and preferred to visit the dentist only when there was pain (58.07%). Conclusions: Parents′ knowledge with respect to the first dental visit of a child, correct time to start cleaning the child′s teeth, quantity of toothpaste to be used, position of parent during supervised brushing, the best time to give sugary drinks and snacks to the child, cariogenic effects of foods like cakes and pastries, and so on, needs to be improved.
Evaluation of Biocompatibility and Administration Site Reactogenicity of Polyanhydride‐Particle‐Based Platform for Vaccine Delivery
Authors: Huntimer Lucas , Ramer‐Tait Amanda E. , Petersen Latrisha K. , Ross Kathleen A. , Walz Katherine A. , Wang Chong , Hostetter Jesse , Narasimhan Balaji , Wannemuehler Michael J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEfficacy, purity, safety, and potency are important attributes of vaccines. Polyanhydride particles represent a novel class of vaccine adjuvants and delivery platforms that have demonstrated the ability to enhance the stability of protein antigens as well as elicit protective immunity against bacterial pathogens. This work aims to elucidate the biocompatibility, inflammatory reactions, and particle effects on mice injected with a 5 mg dose of polyanhydride nanoparticles via common parenteral routes (subcutaneous and intramuscular). Independent of polymer chemistry, nanoparticles more effectively disseminated away from the injection site as compared to microparticles, which exhibited a depot effect. Using fluorescent probes, the in vivo distribution of three formulations of nanoparticles, following subcutaneous administration, indicated migration away from the injection site. Less inflammation was observed at the injection sites of mice‐administered nanoparticles as compared to Alum and incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Furthermore, histological evaluation revealed minimal adverse injection site reactions and minimal toxicological effects associated with the administration of nanoparticles at 30 days post‐administration. Collectively, these results demonstrate that polyanhydride nanoparticles do not induce inflammation as a cumulative effect of particle persistence or degradation and are, therefore, a viable candidate for a vaccine delivery platform.
Subtle Changes to Polymer Structure and Degradation Mechanism Enable Highly Effective Nanoparticles for siRNA and DNA Delivery to Human Brain Cancer
Authors: Tzeng Stephany Y. , Green Jordan J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPolymeric materials can be used to deliver nucleic acids such as DNA plasmids and siRNA, but often have low efficacy in human cells. To improve gene delivery, an array of over 70 hydrolytically degradable and bioreducible poly(beta‐amino ester)s are synthesized and the properties of over 200 nanoparticle formulations fabricated from these biomaterials are evaluated. The effect of different polymer structures on the delivery of nucleic acids of different structures and sizes, including siRNA, linear DNA, and circular DNAs (1.8‐26 kb), is evaluated. Significantly, leading hydrolytically degradable polymeric nanoparticles deliver DNA to 90 ± 2% of primary human glioblastoma cells with <10% nonspecific cytotoxicity, better than leading commercially available reagents (p < 0.01). Bioreducible polymeric nanoparticles optimized for siRNA delivery cause up to 85 ± 0.6% knockdown in these cells as well while maintaining high viability. From a single dose, knockdown is higher than for Lipofectamine 2000 (p < 0.01) and persisted for one month. Polymer molecular weight is a driving factor of transfection efficacy for some polymer structures (correlation of r2 = 0.63), but has no influence on transfection for other structures (r2 = 0.01). Polymers with a reducible cystamine functional group dramatically improve siRNA delivery by facilitating quick release while generally decreasing DNA delivery compared with non‐reducible counterparts (p < 0.01). Other material properties facilitate DNA delivery compared with siRNA delivery or increase delivery of both DNA and siRNA.
Study on the structure, morphology, and properties of end‐functionalized star‐shaped solution‐polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber
Authors: Bai Yu , Zhao Suhe , Tong Yuanyuan , Zhang Xingying , Liu Xiao , Tian Miao 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThree kinds of star‐shaped solution‐polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber (S‐SSBR) were synthesized by living anionic polymerization using a self‐made multifunctional organic lithium initiator. One was S‐SSBR with 100% coupling degree. Others were the functionalized S‐SSBR which had macromolecular chain‐free ends terminated directly (ES‐SSBR‐1), and macromolecular chain terminated after dissociation in the polymerization solution (ES‐SSBR‐2) by 3‐chloropropyl trimethoxy siloxane. The molecular structure parameters of three kinds of SSBR were determined and the end‐functionalized efficiency was calculated. The rheological properties, mechanical properties, and dynamic mechanical properties of ES‐SSBR and S‐SSBR composites filled with silica (SiO2)–carbon black (CB) were investigated. The morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and the dispersion of the two kinds of filler in the composites was distinguished by X‐ray energy spectrometry. The results showed that the mixing speed of hydrophilic SiO2 powder in the ES‐SSBR was higher than that in the S‐SSBR. SiO2‐CB/ES‐SSBR composites presented excellent mechanical properties, high wet‐skid resistance, and low rolling resistance. Two kinds of nanofiller in the ES‐SSBR exhibited outstanding doping nanometer dispersion and good distribution, which indicated that after being coupled and end‐functionalized, the two free ends of the macromolecular chains formed chemical bonding with the surface chemical groups of CB and SiO2, respectively. Accordingly, ES‐SSBR was a remarkable energy‐saving elastomer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013