bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Near‐to‐nature logging influences fungal community assembly processes in a temperate forest
Authors: Bässler Claus , Ernst Raffael , Cadotte Marc , Heibl Christoph , Müller Jörg 
Published: April 2014

SummaryAs theEarth's biota enters the sixth great mass extinction event recorded in the history of the planet, it is predicted that the erosion of biodiversity will result in the reduction of the goods and services that ecosystems provide. To mediate the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem function associated with wood production in temperate forests inEurope, a near‐to‐nature strategy has been developed. Whether this strategy enables natural assembly mechanisms of fungi responsible for major ecosystem processes is unknown.We analysed variation in species richness and both the functional and phylogenetic structure of fungal assemblages of different trophic life histories (soil saprotrophic, wood saprotrophic, and ectomycorrhizal fungi) in 69 beech forest plots along a steep gradient of management intensity. We focused on reproductive traits to test the hypothesis that management intensity shifts community assembly mechanisms from limitations in niche overlap that promote the coexistence of dissimilar species to environmental filtering that selects for similar species. Specifically, we hypothesized that unpredictable resources in production forests filter the assemblages, promoting species with small fruit bodies and with small and elongated spores.As management intensity increased, functional diversity decreased from a random pattern to a clustered pattern, which indicated that management intensity increased the strength of environmental filtering. However, phylogenetic diversity increased from a random pattern to an overdispersed pattern. Combining phylogenetic diversity with functional diversity did not provide additional insight into the traits but revealed a contrasting pattern. Reproduction traits of the assemblages shifted, with a decrease in mean fruit body size and an increase in spore elongation.Synthesis and applications. Near‐to‐nature logging concepts are not able to mimic the major processes that shape fungal community assembly in protected forests. This could have severe consequences for important ecosystem functions provided by fungi. The phylogenetic overdispersion indicated that analyses of other traits in addition to reproductive traits are required to disentangle the factors affecting fungal community structure.
Effects of Dimethyl Dicarbonate (DMDC) on the Fermentation of Litchi Juice by Lactobacillus Casei as an Alternative of Heat Treatment
Authors: Yu Yuanshan , Xiao Gengsheng , Xu Yujuan , Wu Jijun , Wen Jing 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC) on the fermentation of litchi juice by Lactobacillus casei as an alternative of heat treatment that may have undesirable effect on the juice. Quality attributes and products stability of both the fermented heat‐ and DMDC‐treated litchi juice by L. casei were compared. It was found that residual indigenous microorganisms in both the heat‐ and DMDC‐treated litchi juice cannot grow into dominant bacteria during further fermentation of litchi juice by L. casei. Compared with fermented heat‐treated litchi juice, fermented DMDC‐treated litchi juice showed a better color, flavor, and overall acceptance, and also retained more total phenolics and antioxidant capacity. The viability counts of L. casei in both the heat‐ and DMDC‐treated litchi juice were more 8.0 lg CFU/mL after 4 wk of storage at 4 °C. Also, some quality attributes in both the fermented heat‐ and DMDC‐treated litchi juices, including pH, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity, and so on, showed the tendency to slow decrease during storage at 4 °C, but the scores of overall acceptance showed no reduction after the storage of 4 wk at 4 °C. On the whole, the application of DMDC treatment could be an ideal alternative of heat treatment to ensure the microbial safety, consistent sensory, and nutritional quality of fermented litchi juice prior to fermentation.Practical ApplicationThe pasteurization treatment is often recommended prior to fermentation of fruit juice by probiotics, as it would lead to a rapid inactivation and inhibition of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, and ensure the fermented products with consistent sensory and nutritional quality. Dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC) is a powerful antimicrobial agent, which was approved for use as a microbial control agent in juice beverages by FDA. This study provides a scientific basis for the application of DMDC prior to fermentation of litchi juice.
Enzyme‐Modified Starch as an Oil Delivery System for Bake‐Only Chicken Nuggets
Authors: Purcell Sarah , Wang Ya‐Jane , Seo Han‐Seok 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of enzyme modification on starch as an effective oil delivery system for bake‐only chicken nuggets. Various native starches were hydrolyzed by amyloglucosidase to a hydrolysis degree of 20% to 25% and plated with 50% (w/w, starch dry basis) with canola oil to create a starch‐oil matrix. This matrix was then blended into a dry ingredient blend for batter and breader components. Nuggets were prepared by coated with predust, hydrated batter, and breader, and the coated nuggets were steam‐baked until fully cooked and then frozen until texture and sensory analyses. The enzyme‐modified starches showed a significant decrease in pasting viscosities for all starch types. For textural properties of nuggets, no clear relationship was found between peak force and starch source or amylose content. Sensory attributes related to fried foods (for example, crispness and mouth‐coating) did not significantly differ between bake‐only nuggets formulated using the enzyme‐modified starches and the partially fried and baked ones. The present findings suggest that enzyme‐modified starches can deliver sufficient quantity of oil to create sensory attributes similar to those of partially fried chicken nuggets. Further study is needed to optimize the coating formulation of bake‐only chicken nugget to become close to the fried one in sensory aspects.Practical ApplicationThe food industry has become increasingly focused on healthier items. Frying imparts several critical and desirable product functionalities, such as developing texture and color, and providing mouth‐feel and flavor. The food industry has yet to duplicate all of the unique characteristics of fried chicken nuggets with a baking process. This study investigated the application of enzyme‐modified starch as an oil delivery system in bake‐only chicken nugget formulation in attempts to provide characteristics of fried items. This information is useful to improve the nutritional value of fried food by eliminating the frying process while preserving the desired characteristics of fried products.
Investigation of Variations in the Acrylamide and Nε‐(Carboxymethyl) Lysine Contents in Cookies during Baking
Authors: Cheng Lu , Jin Cheng , Zhang Ying 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBaking processing is indispensable to determine special sensory prosperities of cookies and induces the formation of some beneficial components such as antioxidants. However, the formation of some Maillard reaction‐derived chemical hazards, such as acrylamide (AA) and Nε‐(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML) in cookies is also a significant consequence of baking processing from a food safety standpoint. This study investigated the effects of baking conditions on the formation of AA and CML, as well as the antioxidant activity (AOA) of cookies. Cookies were baked at various baking temperatures (155 to 230 °C) and times (1.5 to 31 min). AA and CML contents were determined by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The highest level of AA was obtained in the cookies baked at 155 °C/21 min and 205 °C/11 min (328.93 ± 3.10 μg/kg and 329.29 ± 5.29 μg/kg), while the highest level of CML was obtained in the cookies baked at 230 °C/1.5 min (118.05 ± 0.21 mg/kg). AA was prone to form at relatively low temperature range (155 to 205 °C), however, CML at relatively high temperature range (205 to 230 °C). The CML content was much higher than the AA content in the same set of cookies, by about 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. The AOA of cookies increased at more severe baking conditions. According to the AA and CML content, AOA and sensory properties of cookies, the temperature–time regime of 180 °C/16 min might be a compromised selection. However, only optimizing the baking condition was not enough for manufacture of high‐quality cookies.Practical ApplicationCookies, a kind of widely consumed bakery products in the world, contain some potentially harmful compounds, like acrylamide (AA) and Nε‐(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML). AA in cookies has led to public health concern and several research efforts. But CML, another Maillard reaction‐derived chemical hazard, has been neglected so far, even though its content is much higher than that of AA in cookies. The results contribute to further insight into the Maillard reaction and are useful for the selection of baking conditions to produce high‐quality cookies with lower AA and CML contents, higher AOA, and better sensory properties.
Bringing the ‘New Wars’ Debate Back on Track: Building on Critiques, Identifying Opportunities, and Moving Forward
Authors: Juan Masullo J. , Jone Lauzurika Bajo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractKaldor's ‘new wars’ argument has stimulated a forceful debate over the last decade. Albeit providing important insights, this debate has messily conflated arguments, concepts and theories. As a result, when it comes to enhancing our understanding of contemporary armed conflicts, it is bringing diminishing results. In this article we suggest avenues for further research and point to current research programs that may help put the debate ‘back on track’ and push the discussion forward by examining systematically some of the aspects Kaldor described as defining features of ‘new wars’. Concretely, we stress the importance of undertaking a longer historical perspective for drawing inferences; call for bringing warfare in the study of civilian victimization; highlight the conceptual differences between ‘new wars’ and civil wars and emphasize the importance of taking their transnational dimension seriously; make a plea for disaggregation for capturing relevant temporal and spatial variation; and draw attention to new data sets and the opportunities they offer to statistically test the ‘new wars’ argument. In a concluding section, we broadly outline the significance of this discussion for policy making.
Factors driving James Cook University Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery graduates' choice of internship location and beyond
Authors: Schauer Anna , Woolley Torres , Sen Gupta Tarun 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the main reason James Cook University (JCU) Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery graduates chose their internship location and first four practice relocations.Design & participantsThis cross‐sectional study invited 261 JCU medical graduates to participate in an email or telephone survey.Main outcome measuresGraduates' main reason for choosing internship location and up to four subsequent relocations, post‐graduate specialty training undertaken and practice location (either metropolitan or non‐metropolitan) for graduates' internship year and current practice year (2012).ResultsRespondents (n = 175; response rate = 67%) reported personal factors as the primary driver for choosing their internship location, with 33% returning to ‘near their family/home town’, and 21% staying in the town they were based in Years 5 and 6. Professional reasons dominated for subsequent relocations, particularly ‘long‐term career ambitions’. Fifty‐nine of the 175 (34%) JCU graduates had undertaken their internship in a metropolitan location (Australian Standard Geographical Classification Remoteness Area 1), while 80 (46%) currently (in 2012) practised in a metropolitan location. Internship location was not associated with later specialty training, but current metropolitan practice was associated with Surgical or Paediatrics training (P = 0.007 and P = 0.063, respectively), while current non‐metropolitan practice was associated with General Practice and Rural Generalist training (P = 0.010 and P = 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsPersonal decisions take precedence over professional career decisions for why JCU medical graduates chose their internship location, but subsequent relocations are driven by career ambitions, usually around specialty training requirements. These findings support establishing more post‐graduate training opportunities in non‐metropolitan settings for Surgical and Paediatric specialties as a retention strategy for a rural medical career.
Rural experience for junior doctors: Is it time to make it mandatory?
Authors: Rowe Casey Jane , Campbell Ian S. , Hargrave Lynton Ashley 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether rural practice terms for junior doctors result in increased interest in rural practice and whether these terms improve learning experiences, clinical skills and insight into difficulties of rural practice.DesignSemistructured, self‐administered survey with questions on respondent demographics, clinical experience during rural practice terms, post‐rural experience and personal opinion.SettingSouth East Queensland.ParticipantsThirty junior doctors from three tertiary hospitals were approached. The response rate was 100%.Main outcome measuresExploration of junior doctors' rural term experience.ResultsTwo thirds (67%) of the respondents reported feeling uncomfortable with respect to clinical practice requirements during their rural terms. Half (47%) performed procedures they had only previously performed in simulation environments, and the majority (87%) relied on textbooks or other resources on a daily basis. Two thirds (67%) changed aspects of their usual clinical practice while practising in a rural setting, and 80% reported a change in attitude towards the hardships faced by rural practitioners. The majority of the respondents (87%) enjoyed their rural term, gaining confidence as a result of it, and more than half (53%) reported considering working in rural areas in the future.ConclusionsThe results of this survey suggest that junior doctors on rural rotations are required to perform at a clinical level higher than that required of them in metropolitan hospitals. While their clinical experience appears to result in a greater interest in future rural career possibilities for junior doctors, this survey highlights the requirement to improve support for junior doctors undertaking terms in rural areas.
Prevocational exposure to public health in the Kimberley: A pathway to rural, remote and public health practice
Authors: Hofer Alexandra , Parker Jake , Atkinson David , Moore Sarah , Reeve Carole , Mak Donna B. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the Kimberley Population Health Unit (KPHU) prevocational public health placement in terms of its contribution to resident medical officers' (RMOs') knowledge, skills, career path and aspirations.DesignAll RMOs who had completed a public health placement at the KPHU (n = 27) during 2001–2012 were invited to complete an online survey in September 2012.SettingThe KPHU, based in Broome, provides population health services to the Kimberley region, far north Western Australia.Main outcome measuresThe extent to which RMOs perceived the development of public health skills and knowledge during the placement, and the degree to which RMOs believe this placement influenced future career pathways and their current practice.ResultsTwenty‐three RMOs (85%) completed the survey. Sixty per cent are currently working in general practice or public health medicine; of these, 43% have returned to the Kimberley. Over 70% reported that the placement developed their knowledge of public health and Aboriginal health to a ‘great’ or ‘very great’ extent. Sixty‐one per cent felt that their placement influenced their future desire to work in public health ‘a lot’ or ‘a great extent’.ConclusionThis placement provides a unique opportunity for RMOs to undertake public health and Aboriginal health work in a remote setting. Given the increasing demand for prevocational placements, the value of imparting sound public health knowledge to the next generation of doctors and the urgent need to recruit and retain rural doctors, this placement provides a potential model that could be expanded to other locations.
Interleukin‐33 requires CMRF35‐like molecule‐1 expression for induction of myeloid cell activation
Authors: Shik D. , Moshkovits I. , Karo‐Atar D. , Reichman H. , Munitz A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundIL‐33 is a potent activator of various cells involved in allergic inflammation, including eosinophils and mast cells. Despite its critical role in Th2 disease settings, endogenous molecular mechanisms that may regulate IL‐33‐induced responses remain to be defined. We have recently shown that eosinophils express CMRF35‐like molecule (CLM)‐1. Yet, the role of CLM‐1 in regulating eosinophil functions is still elusive.MethodsCLM‐1 and CLM‐8 expression and cellular localization were assessed in murine bone marrow‐derived and/or peritoneal cells at baseline and following IL‐33 stimulation (flow cytometry, western blot). IL‐33‐induced mediator release and signaling were assessed in wild‐type (wt) and Clm1−/− cells and mice.ResultsBM‐derived eosinophils express high levels of glycosylated CLM‐1. IL‐33 induced a rapid, specific, concentration‐ and time‐dependent upregulation of CLM‐1 in eosinophils (in vitro and in vivo). Clm1−/− eosinophils secreted less IL‐33‐induced mediators than wt eosinophils. CLM‐1 co‐localized to ST2 following IL‐33 stimulation and was required for IL‐33‐induced NFκB and p38 phosphorylation. Th2 cytokine (e.g., IL‐5, IL‐13) and chemokine (e.g., eotaxins, CCL2) secretion was markedly attenuated in IL‐33‐treated Clm1−/− mice. Subsequently, IL‐33‐challenged mice displayed reduced infiltration of mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and B cells. Despite the markedly impaired IL‐33‐induced eotaxin expression in Clm1−/− mice, eosinophil accumulation was similar in wt and Clm1−/− mice, due to hyperchemotactic responses of Clm1−/− eosinophils.ConclusionsCLM‐1 is a novel regulator of IL‐33‐induced eosinophil activation. These data contribute to the understanding of endogenous molecular mechanisms regulating IL‐33‐induced responses and may ultimately lead to receptor‐based tools for future therapeutic intervention in IL‐33‐associated diseases.
Outcome of paediatric cataract surgery with primary posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy using intra‐operative preservative‐free triamcinolone acetonide
Authors: Gupta Rohit , Ram Jagat , Sukhija Jaspreet , Singh Rishiraj 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the intra‐operative and postoperative outcome of paediatric cataract surgery with primary posterior capsulotomy (PPC) and anterior vitrectomy using intra‐operative preservative‐free triamcinolone acetonide.MethodsIn this prospective, interventional case–control study, 20 Children who underwent cataract surgery for both eyes were enrolled and their eyes were randomized into two groups. Group A consists of 20 eyes in which standard phacoaspiration with PPC with intracameral triamcinolone was used, and Group B consists of 20 eyes in which triamcinolone were not used. Intra‐operative complications and postoperative outcome like intraocular pressure (IOP), posterior synechiae, pigment deposits and posterior capsule opacification (PCO) were studied.ResultsIn both groups, age range varied between 2–8 years comprising 18 males and two females. The mean postoperative IOP did not show any significant variation during 6‐month follow‐up. In study group, all the 20 eyes were quiet at 2 weeks, while there was cellular reaction 1+ in four eyes (20%) and nil in 16 eyes (80%) at 2 week in the control group (p = 0.035). Pigment deposits on IOL optic was seen in two eyes (10%) of the study group while in control group, IOL deposits were present in 14 eyes (70%) (p = 0.001). Posterior capsule opacification was seen in two eyes (10%) in control group at 3 months while none occurred in study group.ConclusionsIntra‐operative use of preservative‐free triamcinolone acetonide led to less anterior chamber inflammation and pigment deposits on IOL optic postoperatively compared to those eyes where it was not used.
Seroprevalence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in healthy adults from western Norway: risk factors and methodological aspects
Authors: Hjetland Reidar , Nilsen Roy M. , Grude Nils , Ulvestad Elling 
Published: April 2014

The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in a healthy adult population from Sogn and Fjordane county in western Norway by different assays. Sera from 1213 blood donors at four different blood banks were analysed in Enzygnost Lyme link VlsE/IgG (IgG), Enzygnost Borreliosis IgM (IgM), and Immunetics C6 Lyme ELISA kit (C6). Sera showing positive or grey‐zone reactivities were further examined with Borrelia‐EUROLine‐RN‐AT IgG blot and Borrelia‐EUROLine‐RN‐AT IgM blot. The seroprevalences were 9.6%, 8.2%, 8.4%, 6.4% and 5.7%, respectively. The seroprevalence for IgG was lower in the eastern part of the county and in owners of pet animals. It was higher in men, and increased with age and number of tick bites. C6 and IgG gave comparable results. IgM only was found in 4.5%, more often in women, did not increase with age, and showed no relationship with geography, and 56.4% were positive in IgM blot. In conclusion, antibodies to B. burgdorferi s.l. are common in blood donors in western Norway. The results may be used for evaluation of predictive values of test results in patients, as well as a basis for test algorithms in the laboratory.
Histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular cytogenetic analysis of 21 spindle cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcomas
Authors: Rekhi Bharat , Singhvi Tanvi 
Published: April 2014

Recently, spindle cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) has been recognized as another distinct variant of a RMS. We evaluated clinicopathological features of 21 cases of spindle cell and sclerosing RMS and performed fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) testing in 10 (47.6%) tumours. Twenty‐one tumours occurred in 16 males and 5 females (mean age, 19.7 years); commonly in the head and neck region (8) (38%) and extremities (7) (33.3%), followed by paratesticular region (2) (9.5%), chest wall (1), abdomen (1), pelvis (1) and paraspinal region (1). Average tumour size was 7.9 cm. Histopathologically, tumours that were spindle cell type (8) (38%) mostly occurred in the head and neck region, while sclerosing type (10) (47.6%) mostly occurred in the extremities. Remaining three (14.2%) tumours were mixed (sclerosing with spindle cell type). Tumour areas resembling embryonal RMS (ERMS) and alveolar RMS (ARMS) were noted in eight and three tumours respectively. Immunohistochemically, tumour cells were positive for desmin (21/21) (100%), MyoD1 (19/19) (100%), myogenin (13/15) (86.6%), SMA (2/3) and MIC2 (1/8) (12.5%). On FISH testing, none of the 10 tumours exhibited RMS1 (PAX3‐FOXO1) or RMS 2 (PAX7‐FOXO1) fusion. Eighteen patients underwent surgical resection and were offered adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) (4 cases), adjuvant CT + radiotherapy (RT) (4 cases) and adjuvant RT (1 case). Two patients underwent CT and a single patient received CT + RT. On follow‐up (16 cases) (2–36 months), six tumours recurred and nine metastasized. Spindle/sclerosing RMSs are aggressive tumours and occur commonly in the head and neck and extremity sites. These tumours are histopathologically interrelated. Their immunohistochemical and cytogenetic profile is closer to ERMS than ARMS.