bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Strain Rate on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steel in MgCl2 Solutions
Authors: TAKANO MICHINORI 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The effect of strain rate on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of an austenitic stainless steel in MgCl2 solutions has been investigated by using a constant strain rate method over the range of strain rates from 4 x 10−3 mm/min to 6 mm/min. Crack propagation mode (intergranular vs transgranular) was a function of strain rate and temperature. At low strain rates, the rate determining step of the SCC corresponded to the formation of slip steps, but at higher strain rates, the rate determining step appeared to be a corrosion process on the slip steps. SCC was most prevalent when the formation rate of the slip steps was equal to the corrosion rate of the steps. The mechanism of SCC in this system has been discussed by considering both the formation rate of slip steps and the corrosion rate of these steps.
An Electrochemical Evaluation of 3003, 3004, and 5050 Aluminum Alloys for Desalination
Authors: BONEWITZ R. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Aluminum alloys 3003, 3004, and 5050 were evaluated for desalination applications by means of their anodic polarization curves determined in 1X synthetic sea water at 25 C (77 F) to 150 C (302 F). Pitting performance was established from the relative values of the corrosion potential and the breakdown and protection potentials, and general corrosion rates were calculated from corrosion currents determined by the slop-intercept method. Pitting is not anticipated for 3003 and 3004 alloys at temperatures to 150 C and for 5050 alloy to 125 C (257 F). General corrosion rates for these alloys were less than 1 mpy.
Relation Between Surface Slip Topography and Stress Corrosion Cracking in Ti-8 Wt % Al
Authors: BOYD J. D. , HOAGLAND R. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The deformation behavior of Ti-8 Wt % Al has been investigated in an inert environment (air), and an aggressive environment (salt water). Details of surface slip geometry were examined by high resolution surface replicas at various stages of deformation in both environments. Specimens aged to contain a fine dispersion of Ti3Al precipitates failed by subcritical crack growth in salt water, whereas specimens in the single phase condition showed no effects of environment on the yield or fracture characteristics. The Ti3Al precipitates produce little change in strength level or slip character compared to the single phase alloy, and there is no evidence of any effects of environment on the character of surface slip. Rather, the presence of trenches along slip bands on the surface of aged specimens suggest that the specific effect of the Ti3Al precipitates is to render the surface slip steps chemically active relative to the surrounding matrix by slip induced dissolution of the particles.
Effect of Alloy Structure, Hydroxide Concentration, and Temperature on the Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: WILSON I. L. , PEMENT F. W. , ASPDEN R. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Caustic stress corrosion cracking (SCC) experiments have been conducted on Type 304, 304L, 316, 316L, and USS 18-18-2 stainless steels. The environments used were deoxygenated 50% NaOH solution at 316 and 371 C (600 and 700 F), deoxygenated 10% NaOH solution at 316 C and atmospheric boiling [~149 C (300 F)] 50% NaOH. The effect of grain size, cold work, and sensitization has been studied. Metallurgical structures were examined with light microscopy and the accelerated Strauss test. Exposed specimens were studied with the light microscope and the fracture surfaces were studied with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Variations in crack morphology were observed with caustic concentration and alloy content. Certain sensitization treatments were the only conditions identified in Type 304 as beneficial in increasing the high temperature caustic stress corrosion resistance.
Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Uranium Alloys
Authors: CZYRKLIS W. F. , LEVY M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of U-3/4% Ti, and uranium alloys 3/4% Quad, 1% Quad, and 1% Quint have been studied utilizing a linear elastic fracture mechanics approach. The threshold stress intensities for stress corrosion crack propagation for these alloys have been determined in distilled H2O and NaCl solutions containing 50 ppm Cl− and 21,000 ppm Cl−. All of the alloys studied may be classified as very susceptible to SCC in aqueous solutions since they exhibit SCC in distilled H2O (&lt;1 ppm Cl−) and have low KIscc values in NaCl solutions. Crack extension in all of the alloys in all environments was transgranular and failure occurred by brittle quasicleavage fracture in NaCl solution.
Corrosivity of Pressurized Liquids in Aerosol Cans
Authors: SU L. S. , SHEPPARD E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The complex corrosion mechanisms for pressurized aqueous solutions in contact with various aerosol containers were studied electrochemically. A pressurized corrosion cell consisting of an aerosol container serving as the working electrode, a platinum rod serving as a hybrid reference-counter electrode, and the pressurized liquids as the electrolyte was designed and fabricated. The correlation of the results between two accelerated electrochemical corrosion tests, namely the galvanostatic polarization test and a 24-hour accelerated constant polarization potential test, and a 10-week storage test, was excellent. It was found that the addition of 0.1%disodium phosphate (DSP) to the aqueous solutions pressurized with a 10% isobutane-propane propellent blend changed the color of the systems to colorless, produced an electrodeposition of colloidal particles, and shifted the site of the crevice corrosion from the bulk-stagnant interface towards the stagnant area. Three distinct and characteristic zones of the polarization potential responses were observed during the anodic galvanostatic polarization measurements, and their mechanisms are discussed.
Observations on the Stress Corrosion Cracking of an Al-5%Zn-2.5%Mg Ternary and Various Quaternary Alloys
Authors: GREEN J. A. S. , MONTAGUE W. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Studies were undertaken to test a concept of controlling stress corrosion crack propagation in Al-Zn-Mg alloys through the use of minor alloying additions of elements known to retard hydrogen ion recombination. Previous work suggested that the recombination of hydrogen ions governs the rate of anodic dissolution and, in turn, the rate of crack propagation in these alloys. Results indicated that the concept was invalid since the minor alloying additions themselves exerted a more profound influence on the grain boundary microstructure. Specifically, the microstructural features of grain boundary particle size and interparticle spacing were found to correlate with stress corrosion susceptibility. Auger electron spectroscope studies also revealed a correlation between the concentration of Zn and Mg within the precipitate-free zone and the susceptibility to cracking.
Laboratory Studies of Galvanic Corrosion I. Two-Metal Couples
Authors: MANSFELD F. , KENKEL J. V. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Galvanic interaction of stainless steel 304L, Ni 270, Cu, Ti-6AI-4V, Sn, 4130 steel, Cd, and Zn has been studied in 3.5% NaCl using galvanic current and weight loss measurements in 24-hour tests. Galvanic couples of 4130 steel and one of the Al alloys 1100, 2024, 2213, 6061, and 7075 have also been evaluated in tap water and distilled water. Galvanic current data can be used to assess both the effect of different dissimilar cathode materials as well as the relative susceptibility to galvanic corrosion of anode materials. For 3.5% NaCl, it has been found that the effect of the cathode material decreases in the order Cu &gt; Ni &gt; stainless steel &gt;Ti-6Al-4V, while the relative susceptibility of anode materials decreases in the order Sn &gt; Zn &gt; 4130 steel &gt; Cd. An analysis of data in various electrolytes shows that coupling of 4130 steel to Al alloys leads to cathodic protection of the steel in 3.5% NaCl, but to accelerated corrosion in tap water and distilled water.
Influence of Halides in Phosphoric Acid on the Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels
Authors: ALON A. , YAHALOM J. , SCHORR M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion and electrochemical behavior of austenitic stainless steels in pure H3PO4, in the presence and absence of fluoride, chloride, and bromide, have been investigated in the 20 to 120 C (68 to 248 F) temperature range. Significant corrosive attack of Types 304 and 316 steels in pure H3PO4 starts to occur at about 60 C (140 F) and 90 C (194 F), repsectively. Up to these temperatures, these steels exhibit passivity, but with the increase of temperature, breakdown of passivity occurs, the potential becomes active, and an intense corrosive attack is established. The values of electrochemical parameters indicate corrosion, e.g., critical current density, change from system to system, in accordance with their respective corrosion rates. The presence of halide ions in H3PO4 affects the corrosion rate, the change in rate being dependent upon the free halide ion concentration, its chemical reactivity, and the ionic size. Values of the critical current density, passive current density, and corrosion potential change accordingly. The corrosion activity of halides in 30% and 50% H3PO4 follows the sequence: F− &gt;Cl− &gt;Br− and: Cl− &gt; F− &gt;Br− in 70% and 85% H3PO4.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Mild and Low Alloy Steels in CO-CO2-H2O Environments
Authors: KOWAKA MASAMICHI , NAGATA SABURO 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper is related to the new stress corrosion cracking phenomenon of mild and low alloy steels in a CO/CO2 environment. The incidents of cracking are described and these were reproduced by laboratory tests. The results obtained are as follows: (1) No stress corrosion cracking of mild steel was found to occur in water containing just CO or CO2. (2) The transgranular stress corrosion cracking occurred only in CO/CO2 environment with water. (3) Stress corrosion cracking occurred in a wide range of CO/CO2 ratios in water. (4) The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of mild steel decreases with increasing temperature. (5) No stress corrosion cracking was found to occur on 18Cr-10Ni stainless steel. (6) From the study of electrochemical measurements, the mechanism has been proposed that this form of cracking is stress corrosion cracking rather than hydrogen embrittlement. (7) Prevention of stress corrosion cracking in these environments is discussed.
A Versatile Polarization Cell System
Authors: GEISERT R. E. , GREENE N. D. , AGARWALA V. S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Although numerous polarization cells have been designed for electrochemical measurements, many of them are complex in design and not easily modified for special experiments. There is a need for an adaptable polarization cell which can be employed for a wide variety of experiments. A new polarization cell system utilizing commercially available glass pipe and simple TFE parts has been developed to meet these needs. This system is simple and rugged and can be adapted, without fabricating special components, to perform: (1) multicompartment measurements; (2) multielectrode studies; (3) electrochemical measurements in large electrolyte volumes; (4) flow studies; (5) elevated temperature measurements; (6) optical studies of polarized electrodes; (7) electrochemical measurements in actual process streams; and (8) studies of stressed metal specimens.
Deformation of Iron Oxides Formed in Caustic Electrolyte
Authors: DIEGLE RONALD B. , VERMILYEA DAVID A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Straining electrode experiments have shown that Fe3O4 grown on iron in NaOH electrolyte at 85 C fractures at strains ranging from less than about 3 × 10−4 to 3 × 10−3. Films less than 100 Å thick fracture at the smaller strain, whereas 1 μm films fracture at the larger value. Fracture strain is potential dependent, being least in the active-passive potential region of polarization behavior and increasing as the film growth potential becomes more anodic. These observations were used to interpret the potential dependence of caustic stress corrosion cracking (SCC) according to a film rupture model.
Triazole, Benzotriazole, and Naphthotriazole as Corrosion Inhibitors for Brass
Authors: WALKER R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The use of triazole, benzotriazole, and naphthotriazole as corrosion inhibitors for brass is briefly reviewed. The corrosion of 70/30 brass immersed in a wide range of solutions is reported both with and without the inhibitors. The inhibitor efficiency of benzotriazole is given as a function of the solution pH and the concentration used. Triazole was only effective in mildly corrosive solutions and benzotriazole and naphthotriazole were much better. Generally naphthotriazole was better than benzotriazole but is much more expensive and a higher concentration of benzotriazole can give the same protection as naphthotriazole at a much lower cost.
Internal Hydrogen Embrittlement of Gamma-Stabilized Uranium Alloys
Authors: POWELL G. L. , KOGER J. W. , BENNETT R. K. , WILLIAMSON A. L. , HEMPERLY V. C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Relationships between the tensile ductility and fracture characteristics of as-quenched, gamma-stabilized uranium alloys (uranium-10 Wt% molybdenum, uranium-8.5 Wt% niobium, uranium-10 Wt% niobium, and uranium-7.5 Wt% niobium-2.5 Wt% zirconium), the hydrogen content of the tensile specimens, and the hydrogen gas pressure during the annealing at 850 C of the tensile test blanks prior to quenching have been established. For these alloys, the tensile ductility decreases only slightly with increasing hydrogen content up to a critical hydrogen concentration above which the tensile ductility drops to nearly zero. The only alloy not displaying this sharp drop in tensile ductility was U-7.5 Nb-2.5 Zr, probably because sufficiently high hydrogen contents could not be achieved under our experimental arrangements. The critical hydrogen content for ductility loss increased with increasing hydrogen solubility in the alloy. Fracture surfaces produced by internal hydrogen embrittlement do not resemble those produced by stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in aqueous environments containing chloride ions.
Some Electrochemical Aspects of the Stress Corrosion Cracking of Steels in Liquid Ammonia Environments
Authors: DEEGAN D. C. , WILDE B. E. , STAEHLE R. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Some electrochemical aspects of the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of ASTM A517 Grade F steel in liquid ammonia environments at 25 C have been studied. Electrode potentials were measured during SCC tests by means of thallium/saturated thallous chloride/ammonia reference half cell. The effects of controlled additions of oxygen and nitrogen (species in combination known to cause SCC), as well as the inhibitive properties of water, were investigated. The test results indicate that an oxygen-bearing film forms on the metal surface after which passive-range potentials near +400 mV are observed. Under film-free conditions, potentials near −150 mV were measured. From coulometric measurements, film thicknesses were estimated at 3 to 5 monolayers coverage. SCC in this system can best be described by a film rupture model in which crack initiation occurs at local sites of film breakdown due to straining. The role of water as an inhibitor is to assist in the repassivation of the surface films, as indicated by the fact that water additions promote more noble potentials (+500 mV).
The Effect of Uncompensated IR-Drop on Polarization Resistance Measurements
Authors: MANSFELD FLORIAN 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A theoretical analysis of the effect of uncompensated IR-drop on polarization resistance (Rp) measurements is given, which shows that it is not the absolute value of the solution plus surface film resistance (RΩ) which determines the error due to IR-drop, but the ratio (RΩ/Rp) An error is possible even in solutions of moderate to high conductivity, if corrosion rates are high. The experimentally determined polarization resistance (Rp) is the sum of the true polarization resistance (Rp) and the ohmic resistance (RΩ). If no corrections are made, polarization resistance values will be determined too high and consequently corrosion rates will be found too low. The effect of uncompensated IR-drop on measured polarization curves is shown. Experimental data with and without IR-drop compensation (“positive feedback”) confirm the theoretical considerations.
A Fractographic Analysis of Environmental Fatigue Crack Propagation in Ti-6AI-4V Sheet
Authors: WANHILL R. J. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A fractographic survey of environmental fatigue crack propagation in mill annealed Ti-6AI-4V sheet was carried out. The environments were dry argon, normal air, distilied water, and 3.5% aqueous NaCl. Test frequencies were 30 and 50 Hz. Fatigue striations were not observed for fractures in dry argon except at low growth rates. There was a striking difference between the fracture surfaces in gaseous and aqueous environments. A detailed explanation of the appearances of fractures in aqueous environments is given. Striation spacings were only in reasonable agreement with the macroscopic growth rate/cycle over a middle range in growth rates. The practical significance of these observations is discussed.
Hydrogen Diffusion Coefficients in Ferrovac 1020 and Cr-Mo Alloy Steels
Authors: ANGELES OLIMPIO F. , STUEBER RICHARD J. , GEIGER GORDON H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Hydrogen diffusion coefficients were measured in Ferrovac 1020 and several Cr-Mo alloy steels at temperatures between 700 and 1150 F (370 and 620 C), using the time-lag method. Alloying was found to decrease the diffusion coefficient.
Stress Corrosion Cracking in Fe-Mn-Cr Alloys
Authors: SPEIDEL MARKUS O. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The stress corrosion resistance of austenitic chromium-maganese steels has been measured using fracture mechanics techniques. The resulting crack velocity-stress intensity curves resemble those observed with other material-environment combinations. High strength, nonmagnetic austenitic steels of the 18% Mn-5% Cr-0.5% C variety exhibit both intergranular and transgranular stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in distilled water at room temperature. Important mechanical and environmental effects on stress corrosion crack growth are measured and discussed.
Ellipsometric Studies on Iron Oxide Film Growth at 100 to 350 C
Authors: SZKLARSKA-SMIALOWSKA Z. , JUREK J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Ellipsometric measurements of oxide film formed at 100 to 350 C in air were performed on a steel specimen. The complex indices of refraction of individual layers in the multilayer oxide film and their thicknesses were determined. The kinetics of oxide film formation was studied and the activation energy for film formation was calculated.
The Construction and Performance of a Silver/Silver Chloride Reference Electrode for High Temperature Aqueous Environments
Authors: MAGAR I. J. , MORRIS P. E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A step-by-step procedure is described for constructing a single compartment, PTFE-contained silver/silver chloride reference electrode. Representative electrochemical measurements have shown that this reference electrode functions accurately at temperatures up to 316 C and test periods greater than two months.
The Effect of Boron on the Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: ROBINSON F. P. A. , SCURR W. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Two Type 304 stainless steels, one boron free and the other containing 4 ppm boron were investigated. Both steels were subjected to an identical series of corrosion tests and the results compared with one another. It was found (1) Boron had no detrimental effect on the potentiostatic characteristics, intergranular corrosion “resistance and pitting resistance of the steels in the “as-received” condition; (2) boron in solid solution had no detrimental effect on the potentiostatic characteristics and intergranular corrosion resistance of the steel, while boron in solution had a beneficial effect on the pitting resistance of the steel, and (3) boron retarded Cr23C6 precipitation and thus boron had marked beneficial effects on the intergranular corrosion resistance of the steels in a sensitized condition. In addition the potentiostatic characteristics and pitting resistance of such steels were improved slightly by the presence of boron.
Electrochemical and Corrosion Behavior of Iron in Presence of Substituted Benzotriazoles
Authors: ELDAKAR NADIA , NOBE KEN 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The effect of benzotriazole (BTA), 5-methyl, 5-carboxy, 5-amino, 5-chloro, and a mixture of 5-carboxy and 4-carboxy benzotriazoles on iron corrosion and hydrogen evolution in H2SO4 was examined. At the concentrations of maximum inn bition, corrosion inhibition increased in the following order: NO2 - &lt; Cl - &lt; mixed COOH - &lt; COOH - &lt; BTA ≈ CH3 - &lt; NH2 -. The results indicate that the COOH-BTA, and the mixed COOH-BTA were the most effective inhibitors on the basis of the quantity of organic required for maximum inhibition. An apparent linear free energy relationship was obtained for the corrosion rate at the concentrations of maximum inhibition.
The Influence of Contaminants on the Failure of Protective Organic Coatings on Steel
Authors: KOEHLER E. L 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
While the ability of the organic coating to conduct corrosion currents may sometimes come into play, primarily the corrosive deterioration of protective organic coatings is brought above by the flow of corrosion currents through a film of electrolyte beneath the organic coating. Any of several specific mechanisms may be involved. The influences of contaminants lie in their abilities to: (1) draw water through the organic coating to establish a conductive film of moisture, (2) provide ions to carry the corrosion currents, and (3) provide ions of specific effect on underfilm corrosion mechanisms. Specific attention is given here to the effects of underfilm salt contaminants on atmospheric corrosion. Filiform corrosion observed is interpreted as a form of anodic undermining corrosion, which involves transport of the anion and the effect of the anion on the dissolution of metal from beneath the organic coating. Cathodic detachment, also observed, is interpreted in terms of cationic transport and the ability of the specific cation to form a strongly basic solution, resulting in loss of organic coating adhesion by water displacement.
An Intergranular Fracturing Technique for Grain Boundary Segregation Studies of Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: PARK J. Y. , DANYLUK S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A creep-deformation, heat treatment impact-fracture technique that can be used to produce grain boundary surfaces is described. The technique is especially useful for exposing grain boundaries of austenitic stainless steels and can also be used with surface-sensitive analytical techniques. Intergranular fracture surfaces of Type 304 stainless steel have been produced using this technique. Auger electron spectroscopy analysis was performed on these fracture surfaces.