bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selected social phenomena following the extraction of mineral resources
Authors: Kocoń Paweł 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The author, due to the didactic needs and seeing a small gap in the way of presenting scientific data on the area of social science, have decided to present this work hoping that it will influence on widening both the social science and geography knowledge of the recipients, having connected the development and creation of certain social phenomena with particular economic activity, that is, the extraction of mineral resources. The aim of the hereby text is to present such social phenomena like organizational culture, discourse and social capital. The notions mentioned above ought to concern not only students, but also the specialists and scientists dealing with any of those two fields, as it seems prudent to follow the path of closely connecting two major issues emerging from two distinctively separate areas of science if that may help to better understand how such mixture influence people’s behaviour and allows to draw conclusion on the effect such actions may have on community or society. Moreover, such fact was prior for the author to decide to work on the problem of protests for mining in the future. On the other hand, the article may help in organizing the process of exploitation of mineral resources in the different organizations involved in this type of activity.
Plant occurrence on burning coal waste – a case study from the Katowice-Wełnowiec dump, Poland
Authors: Ciesielczuk Justyna , Czylok Andrzej , Fabiańska Monika J. , Misz-Kennan Magdalena 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Coal-waste dumps superimposed on former rubbish dump frequently undergo selfheating and selfignition of organic matter dispersed in the waste. The special conditions for plant growth generated as a result have been investigated since 2008 on the municipal dump reclaimed with coal wastes in Katowice-Wełnowiec, Poland. The plants observed most frequently where heating has occurred are Sisymbrium loeselii, Artemisia vulgaris, Sonchus arvensis, Chenopodium album, Achillea millefolium, Cirsium arvense, Amaranthus retroflexus, Atriplex nitens and Solanum nigrum. Some new, rare species such as Portulaca oleracea, first noticed in 2011, may be added. Most of encroaching species are annual, alien archeophytes and neophytes. Native species are mainly perennials. The majority of these species show a tendency to form specimens of huge size (gigantism). The abundance of emitted CO2 and nitrogen compounds is the likely cause of this. Additionally, the plants growing there are not attacked by insects. The heating of the ground liquidates the natural seed bank. After cooling, these places are seeded by species providing seeds at that very moment (pioneer species). Heated places on the dumps allow plant growth even in the middle of winter. As the seasonal vegetation cycle is disturbed, plants may be found seeding, blooming and fruiting at the same time.
Change the number of water reservoirs in the selected cities of the Upper Silesian Agglomeration over the period 1993-2014
Authors: Dąbrowska Dominika , Dąbrowski Jan 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The Upper Silesian Agglomeration is the most industrialized area in Poland and one of the most in Europe. It is situated in the eastern part of the Upper Silesia and covers nearly 1500 km2. This region is highly diverse in terms of the spatial structure. There are lots of water reservoirs besides built-up areas and industrial facilities. Many of them have also significance for nature. Water reservoirs in the Upper Silesian Agglomeration function under anthropogenic conditions. Water reservoirs have a different size and the genesis. This kind of occurrence conditions influences the water reservoirs` state. There are mainly water reservoirs of anthropogenic character in a study area. A lot of water reservoirs are strictly connected with coal exploitation in this region. Unfortunately, the number of water reservoirs in the cities of the Upper Silesian Agglomeration has lately decreased. Reservoirs are eliminated as a result of changes in industry, progressive land development, changes in environmental conditions. In this paper we present the results of the number of water reservoirs analysis in Katowice, Sosnowiec and Chorzów over the period 1993-2014. Field studies and analysis of topographic maps show a decrease in the number of water reservoirs in this region by tens of percent.
Contested minorities – the case of Upper Silesia
Authors: Gierczak Dariusz 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Upper Silesia in terms of ethnicity is a typical example of a historical region in Europe, but in fact, one of the few exceptions in contemporary Poland, where its mixed ethnic and religious structures have at least partly survived until today. While their existence had been denied by Nazi Germany (1933-1945) as well as by the Polish People's Republic (1945-1989), the emancipation of the German and Silesian minorities after the democratic changes of 1989 have evoked strong emotions in the ethnically almost uniform country. Nonetheless, the recent situation of minorities has improved as never before. Minority organisations has been officially recognized and German finally has become the second language in some municipalities of Upper Silesia, but the largest ethnic group in the whole country, the Silesians, have still experienced no formal recognition as a national minority. This article deals with the demographic aspects of the ethnic groups in Upper Silesia since the 19th century until recent times. The census results concerning the ethnic minorities or languages in Upper Silesia have been contested since the first records of that kind have been taken. The outcomes of the both last censuses of 2002 and 2011 concerning the minority question reflected for the first time a much more realistic picture of the status quo. Furthermore, they showed that the idea of Silesian identification found an unexpected high number of supporters. This fact indicates an emerging meaning of regional identification amid significant changes of cultural values in Polish society.
‘Cultures’ and Cultural Protection
Authors: Rust Niemand Johannes 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This article aims to show that the concept of cultures as discrete entities is crucial for arguments for the protection of cultures. In this regard, Will Kymlicka’s arguments for cultural protection are critically examined. We show that important aspects of his arguments, particularly the distinctions between 1) external and internal protections and 2) cultural content and structure, as well as 3) the notion of attachment to culture, can only succeed if one can conceive of cultures as distinct entities. In our concluding remarks, we suggest that this is a notion worth investigating. In particular, we suggest that the combination of delineation in terms of historical conflicts (as opposed to cultural essence) and the presence of real exit possibilities may allow for the delineation of cultures.
Rationalization and the Re-Enchantment of Play: the Dialectics of Legal Gambling in Israel
Authors: Levy Moshe 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Romantic notions and critical theories of play describe an assault by rationalization processes on the free and spontaneous nature of play. Other theories seek to describe the dialectical nature between rationalization and freedom, between routine, and magic, and between planning and spontaneity. This article seeks to focus on the rationalization processes of play and to examine whether and in what dimensions, these processes shape the characteristics of play and hamper its spontaneity and freedom. Examination of these processes, performed by socio-historical analysis of legal gambling in Israel, shows that rationalization processes were active on both the practical and technological levels, and on the discursive level of the games of chance. Nevertheless, the characteristics of freedom, joy and spontaneity appeared only on the discursive level of the game and were designed to deliberately serve the economic interests of the various agents in the Israeli gambling field.
Experimental techniques for screening of antiosteoporotic activity in postmenopausal osteoporosis
Authors: Satpathy Swaha , Patra Arjun , Ahirwar Bharti 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis, a silent epidemic, has become a major health hazard, afflicting about 50% of postmenopausal women worldwide and is thought to be a disease with one of the highest incidences in senile people. It is a chronic, progressive condition associated with micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue that results in low bone mass, decreased bone strength that predisposes to an increased risk of fracture. Women are more likely to develop osteoporosis than men due to reduction in estrogen during menopause which leads to decline in bone formation and increase in bone resorption activity. Estrogen is able to suppress the production of proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-7 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). This is why these cytokines are elevated in postmenopausal women. In this review article we have made an attempt to collate the various methods and parameters most frequently used for screening of antiosteoporotic activity in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Pertaining to ovariectomized animal model, this is the most appropriate model for studying the efficacy of different drugs to prevent bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Solution properties of polyaniline/carbon particle composites
Authors: Zengin Huseyin , Bayir Erdal , Zengin Gulay 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This study reports on the synthesis of polymer polyaniline, a conductive polymer by nature, and the preparation of polyaniline/carbon particle (PANI/CP) composites by in situ polymerization. The solution properties and conductivities in solution of synthesized PANI and PANI/CP materials were analyzed. The viscosity of PANI and PANI/CP composite materials in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) solvent at different temperatures was measured to examine their behavior in solution. Initially, the viscosity-molecular weight of PANI polymer was measured and calculated to be 78,521. The viscosities of PANI and PANI/CP composite materials decreased as the temperature increased. However, the viscosities of PANI/CP composite materials increased as the percent CP content in the composites increased. The ionic conductivities and pH changes in NMP solvent, measured at different concentrations of PANI and PANI/CP composite materials, and prepared in different ratios, were measured to investigate their behavior in solution. The ionic conductivities of PANI/CP composite materials increased as the percent CP content in the composites increased. Changes in the pH of PANI/CP composite materials decreased as the percent CP content in the composites increased. The conductivity of PANI/10% CP composite material in solution was greater than that of neat PANI polymer in solution; this indicated that CPs in PANI/10% CP composite materials made important positive contributions to the conductivities.
Simultaneous Bayesian analysis of contingency tables in genetic association studies
Authors: Dickhaus Thorsten 
Published: July 2015

AbstractGenetic association studies lead to simultaneous categorical data analysis. The sample for every genetic locus consists of a contingency table containing the numbers of observed genotype-phenotype combinations. Under case-control design, the row counts of every table are identical and fixed, while column counts are random. The aim of the statistical analysis is to test independence of the phenotype and the genotype at every locus. We present an objective Bayesian methodology for these association tests, which relies on the conjugacy of Dirichlet and multinomial distributions. Being based on the likelihood principle, the Bayesian tests avoid looping over all tables with given marginals. Making use of data generated by The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC), we illustrate that the ordering of the Bayes factors shows a good agreement with that of frequentist
Immunogenicity, Safety, and Tolerability of a Hexavalent Vaccine in Infants
Authors: Marshall Gary S. , Adams Gregory L. , Leonardi Michael L. , Petrecz Maria , Flores Sheryl A. , Ngai Angela L. , Xu Jin , Liu Guanghan , Stek Jon E. , Foglia Ginamarie , Lee Andrew W. 
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND:
DTaP5-IPV-Hib-HepB is a fully liquid investigational hexavalent vaccine directed against 6 diseases.

METHODS:
This multicenter, open-label, comparator-controlled, phase III study randomly assigned healthy infants 2-to-1 as follows: group 1 received DTaP5-IPV-Hib-HepB, PCV13, and RV5 at 2, 4, and 6 months of age followed by DTaP5, Hib-OMP, and PCV13 at 15 months of age; group 2 received DTaP5-IPV/Hib, PCV13, and RV5 at 2, 4, and 6 months of age, with HepB at 2 and 6 months of age, followed by DTaP5, Hib-TT, and PCV13 at 15 months of age.

RESULTS:
Overall, 981 participants were vaccinated in group 1 and 484 in group 2. Immune responses in group 1 to all antigens contained in DTaP5-IPV-Hib-HepB 1 month after dose 3 and for concomitant rotavirus vaccine were noninferior to those in group 2, with the exception of antipertussis filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) geometric mean concentrations (GMCs). Vaccine response rates for FHA were noninferior to control. After the toddler dose, group 1 immune responses were noninferior to group 2 for all pertussis antigens. Solicited adverse event rates after any dose were similar in both groups, with the exceptions of increased injection-site erythema, increased fever, and decreased appetite in group 1. Fever was not associated with hospitalization or seizures.

CONCLUSIONS:
The safety and immunogenicity of DTaP5-IPV-Hib-HepB are comparable with the analogous licensed component vaccines. Decreased FHA GMCs and increased injection-site reactions and fever are unlikely to be clinically significant. DTaP5-IPV-Hib-HepB provides a new combination vaccine option aligned with the recommended US infant immunization schedule.
Outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae–Associated Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Authors: Olson Daniel , Watkins Louise K. Francois , Demirjian Alicia , Lin Xia , Robinson Christine C. , Pretty Kristin , Benitez Alvaro J. , Winchell Jonas M. , Diaz Maureen H. , Miller Lisa A. , Foo Teresa A. , Mason Melanie D. , Lauper Ursula L. , Kupfer Oren , Kennedy Jeffrey , Glodé Mary P. , Kutty Preeta K. , Dominguez Samuel R. 
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND:
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is an uncommon, sporadic disease and outbreaks are rare. In November 2013, an outbreak of SJS was identified at Children’s Hospital Colorado.

METHODS:
Outbreak cases were children aged 5–21 with a discharge diagnosis of SJS admitted from September 1 to November 30, 2013. Medical charts were reviewed using standardized data collection forms. Respiratory specimens were tested for viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We conducted a separate 4-year retrospective case-control study comparing hospitalized SJS cases with and without evidence of Mp infection.

RESULTS:
During the outbreak, 8 children met SJS criteria. Median age was 11.5 years (range 8–16 years); 5 (63%) were boys and 5 (63%) were Mp-PCR–positive. Of the 5 PCR-positive children, none had preceding medication exposure, and all had radiographic pneumonia. All outbreak Mp isolates were macrolide susceptible. The retrospective case-control analysis showed that Mp-associated SJS episodes (n = 17) were more likely to have pneumonia (odds ratio [OR] 10.0, confidence interval [CI] 1.3–5.1), preceding respiratory symptoms (OR 30.0, CI 1.6–72.6), an erythrocyte sedimentation rate ≥35 mg/dL (OR 22.8, CI 2.1–244.9), and ≤3 affected skin sites (OR 4.5, CI 1.2–17.4) than non–Mp-associated SJS episodes (n = 23).

CONCLUSIONS:
We report the largest outbreak of SJS in children, which was also predominately associated with Mp infection. Mp-associated SJS was associated with a distinct clinical presentation that included less extensive skin disease, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and evidence of a preceding respiratory infection.
Maternal Report of Advice Received for Infant Care
Authors: Eisenberg Staci R. , Bair-Merritt Megan H. , Colson Eve R. , Heeren Timothy C. , Geller Nicole L. , Corwin Michael J. 
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND:
Advice has been associated with increased adherence to recommended infant care practices, and may represent a modifiable factor to promote infant health.

METHODS:
A stratified, 2-stage, clustered design, with oversampling of black and Hispanic mothers, was used to survey a nationally representative sample of 1031 mothers of infants aged 2 to 6 months. Survey questions assessed advice received from doctors, birth hospital nurses, family, and media regarding immunization, breastfeeding, sleep position, sleep location, and pacifier use. Weighted frequencies of no advice and advice consistent with recommendations were calculated to obtain prevalence estimates. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess factors associated with receipt of recommendation consistent advice.

RESULTS:
Although doctors were the most prevalent source of reported advice, ∼20% of mothers reported no doctor advice for breastfeeding or sleep position, and more than 50% reported no advice regarding sleep location or pacifier use. Reported advice from nurses was generally similar to doctors. The prevalence of any advice from family or media was 20% to 56% for nearly all care practices, and advice given was often inconsistent with recommendations. The only factors that were consistently associated with receipt of recommendation consistent advice were race/ethnicity and parity; black and Hispanic mothers and first-time mothers were more likely to report recommendation consistent advice.

CONCLUSIONS:
Mothers commonly report receiving either no advice or recommendation inconsistent advice from each of the 4 sources we studied. By identifying care practices with low prevalence of recommendation consistent advice from potentially important advisors, our findings highlight opportunities for future intervention.
Observation of Superheating of Si at the Si/SiO2 Interface in Pulsed-laser irradiated Si Thin Films
Authors: Wang J.J. , Limanov A.B. , Wang Ying , Im James S. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTSubstantial superheating of single-crystal Si films at and near the bottom Si/SiO2 interface was observed. This was accomplished via back-side irradiation of a (100) single-crystal Si film on a quartz substrate using an excimer-laser pulse. The spatiotemporal details of the melting transition were tracked in situ using surface-side and substrate-side transient reflectance measurements, and the one-dimensional thermal profile evolution within the solid film during the heating period was numerically computed using the experimentally extracted temporal profile of the incident beam and temperature-dependent optical and thermal parameters of the materials. A simple lower-bound estimation identifies that superheating in excess of 100 K was attained within Si along the bottom (100)-Si/SiO2 interface even at moderate beam energy densities.
The Americleft Project: A Comparison of Short- and Longer-Term Secondary Alveolar Bone Graft Outcomes in Two Centers Using the Standardized Way to Assess Grafts Scale
Authors: Ruppel J.K. , Long R.E. , Oliver D.R. , Semb G. , Russell K.A. , Mercado A.M. , Daskalogiannakis J. , Hathaway R.R. 
Published: July 2015

Objective To compare length of follow-up and cleft site dental management on bone graft ratings from two centers. Design Blind retrospective analysis of cleft site radiographs and chart reviews for determination of cleft-site lateral incisor management. Patients A total of 78 consecutively grafted patients with complete clefts from two major cleft/craniofacial centers (43 from Center 1 and 35 from Center 2). Interventions Secondary iliac crest alveolar bone grafting, at a mean age of 9 years 9 months (Center 1: 9 years 7 months; Center 2: 10 years 0 month). Main Outcome Measures The Americleft Standardized Way to Assess Grafts scale from 0 ( failed graft) to 6 ( ideal) was used to rate graft outcome at two time points (T1, T2). Average T1 was 11 years 1 month of age, 1 year 3 months postgraft. Average T2 was 17 years 11 months of age, 8 years 0 months postgraft. Six trained and calibrated raters scored each radiograph twice. Reliability was calculated at T1 and T2 using weighted kappa. A paired Wilcoxon signed rank test ( P < .05) tested T1 and T2 differences for each center. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine the significance of differences between centers at T1 and T2. Correlation tested whether T1 ratings predicted T2. Linear regression determined possible factors that might contribute to graft rating changes over time. Results Reliability was good at T1 and T2 (interrater = .713 and .701, respectively; intrarater = .790 and .805, respectively). Center 1 scores were significantly better than those from Center 2 at both T1 (5.21 versus 3.29) and T2 (5.18 versus 3.44). There was no statistical difference between T1 and T2 scores for either center; although, there was a greater chance of bone graft score improving with completion of canine eruption and substitution for missing lateral incisors. Conclusions Short-term ratings of graft outcomes identified significant differences between centers that persisted over time. Dental cleft-site management influenced final graft outcome.
Long-term changes and variability in rainfall and streamflow in Luvuvhu River Catchment, South Africa
Authors: Odiyo John O. , Makungo Rachel , Nkuna Tinyiko R. 
Published: July 2015

We investigated long-term changes and variability in daily rainfall and streamflow in the Luvuvhu River Catchment, South Africa. Changes and variability in rainfall and streamflow impact on available water resources and the allocation of these resources. Daily rainfall data for six stations and daily streamflow data for four stations for the period 1920/1921–2005/2006 were grouped into cycles of 5 and 10 years. Daily means and standard deviations were computed for each cycle. Standard deviation was used to define the rainfall and streamflow variability. Linear regression was used to compute trends in 5- and 10-year average rainfall and streamflow and their standard deviations. Paired two-tailed t-tests (significance level of 0.05) were carried out to verify the spatial variability of rainfall and streamflow in the study area. Mann–Kendall and linear regression were used to determine trend analyses based on long-term annual rainfall and streamflow data. All but two rainfall stations showed decreasing trends in 5- and 10-year mean rainfall; 10-year mean daily rainfall showed decadal rainfall fluctuations. Contrasting trends were observed in 5- and 10-year mean streamflow, indicating that other factors such as anthropogenic activities and impoundments could be impacting on streamflow. Trend directions identified from Mann–Kendall and linear regression analyses of long-term annual rainfall and streamflow were similar to those identified by linear regression of 5- and 10-year mean daily rainfall. Results of paired two-tailed t-tests verified the spatial variability of rainfall and streamflow in the study area. We have shown that the variability of rainfall and streamflow has increased in the Luvuvhu River Catchment over the 86-year study period.