bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ExploreMaps: Efficient construction and ubiquitous exploration of panoramic view graphs of complex 3D environments
Authors: Di Benedetto M. , Ganovelli F. , Balsa Rodriguez M. , Jaspe Villanueva A. , Scopigno R. , Gobbetti E. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe introduce a novel efficient technique for automatically transforming a generic renderable 3D scene into a simple graph representation named ExploreMaps, where nodes are nicely placed point of views, called probes, and arcs are smooth paths between neighboring probes. Each probe is associated with a panoramic image enriched with preferred viewing orientations, and each path with a panoramic video. Our GPU‐accelerated unattended construction pipeline distributes probes so as to guarantee coverage of the scene while accounting for perceptual criteria before finding smooth, good looking paths between neighboring probes. Images and videos are precomputed at construction time with off‐line photorealistic rendering engines, providing a convincing 3D visualization beyond the limits of current real‐time graphics techniques. At run‐time, the graph is exploited both for creating automatic scene indexes and movie previews of complex scenes and for supporting interactive exploration through a low‐DOF assisted navigation interface and the visual indexing of the scene provided by the selected viewpoints. Due to negligible CPU overhead and very limited use of GPU functionality, real‐time performance is achieved on emerging web‐based environments based on WebGL even on low‐powered mobile devices.
Hierarchical opacity optimization for sets of 3D line fields
Authors: Günther Tobias , Rössl Christian , Theisel Holger 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe selection of meaningful lines for 3D line data visualization has been intensively researched in recent years. Most approaches focus on single line fields where one line passes through each domain point. This paper presents a selection approach for sets of line fields which is based on a global optimization of the opacity of candidate lines. For this, existing approaches for single line fields are modified such that significantly larger amounts of line representatives are handled. Furthermore, time coherence is addressed for animations, making this the first approach that solves the line selection problem for 3D time‐dependent flow. We apply our technique to visualize dense sets of pathlines, sets of magnetic field lines, and animated sets of pathlines, streaklines and masslines.
Group‐in‐a‐Box Meta‐Layouts for Topological Clusters and Attribute‐Based Groups: Space‐Efficient Visualizations of Network Communities and Their Ties
Authors: Chaturvedi S. , Dunne C. , Ashktorab Z. , Zachariah R. , Shneiderman B. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAn important part of network analysis is understanding community structures like topological clusters and attribute‐based groups. Standard approaches for showing communities using colour, shape, rectangular bounding boxes, convex hulls or force‐directed layout algorithms remain valuable, however our Group‐in‐a‐Box meta‐layouts add a fresh strategy for presenting community membership, internal structure and inter‐cluster relationships. This paper extends the basic Group‐in‐a‐Box meta‐layout, which uses a Treemap substrate of rectangular regions whose size is proportional to community size. When there are numerous inter‐community relationships, the proposed extensions help users view them more clearly: (1) the Croissant–Doughnut meta‐layout applies empirically determined rules for box arrangement to improve space utilization while still showing inter‐community relationships, and (2) the Force‐Directed layout arranges community boxes based on their aggregate ties at the cost of additional space. Our free and open source reference implementation in NodeXL includes heuristics to choose what we have found to be the preferable Group‐in‐a‐Box meta‐layout to show networks with varying numbers or sizes of communities. Case study examples, a pilot comparative user preference study (nine participants), and a readability measure‐based evaluation of 309 Twitter networks demonstrate the utility of the proposed meta‐layouts.
Overestimation of Knowledge About Word Meanings: The “Misplaced Meaning” Effect
Authors: Kominsky Jonathan F. , Keil Frank C. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractChildren and adults may not realize how much they depend on external sources in understanding word meanings. Four experiments investigated the existence and developmental course of a “Misplaced Meaning” (MM) effect, wherein children and adults overestimate their knowledge about the meanings of various words by underestimating how much they rely on outside sources to determine precise reference. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate that children and adults show a highly consistent MM effect, and that it is stronger in young children. Study 3 demonstrates that adults are explicitly aware of the availability of outside knowledge, and that this awareness may be related to the strength of the MM effect. Study 4 rules out general overconfidence effects by examining a metalinguistic task in which adults are well calibrated.
Integrating the Automatic and the Controlled: Strategies in Semantic Priming in an Attractor Network With Latching Dynamics
Authors: Lerner Itamar , Bentin Shlomo , Shriki Oren 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSemantic priming has long been recognized to reflect, along with automatic semantic mechanisms, the contribution of controlled strategies. However, previous theories of controlled priming were mostly qualitative, lacking common grounds with modern mathematical models of automatic priming based on neural networks. Recently, we introduced a novel attractor network model of automatic semantic priming with latching dynamics. Here, we extend this work to show how the same model can also account for important findings regarding controlled processes. Assuming the rate of semantic transitions in the network can be adapted using simple reinforcement learning, we show how basic findings attributed to controlled processes in priming can be achieved, including their dependency on stimulus onset asynchrony and relatedness proportion and their unique effect on associative, category‐exemplar, mediated and backward prime‐target relations. We discuss how our mechanism relates to the classic expectancy theory and how it can be further extended in future developments of the model.
Post‐Trial Victims' Rights in the EU: Do Law Enforcement Motives Still Reign Supreme?
Authors: van der Aa Suzan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe EU legislator has been accused of overemphasizing the repressive aspect of law enforcement, while paying less attention to civil liberties, such as fundamental victims' rights. This paper examines the current position of EU crime victims, with a special focus on the execution phase of a criminal procedure. A victimological assessment of (1) the Framework Decisions on custodial sentences and probation measures and (2) the recent EU Victim Directive shows that none of these instruments contains any mechanisms for safeguarding the rights of victims in the post‐trial stage. Regardless of the various praiseworthy efforts to further the emancipation of victims, when it comes to the execution phase, victims' rights are still largely neglected, thereby opening the door again to criticism. Granting victims a right to information and a (non‐influential) right to be heard would already improve matters greatly. A constitutional assessment indicates that Europe is competent to make these changes.
A plant‐functional‐type approach tailored for stakeholders involved in field studies to predict forage services and plant biodiversity provided by grasslands
Authors: Duru M. , Jouany C. , Theau J. P. , Granger S. , Cruz P. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe plant‐trait‐based method is powerful for assessing ecosystem services provided by species‐rich grasslands, but its use presents difficulties for stakeholders involved in field studies. Therefore, we examined whether a simplified plant‐functional‐type method could overcome such difficulties. A total of 1287 grasslands, spread over eight regions, were characterized according to their environmental and management factors, eight indicator (including Ellenberg) values and abundance of five previously defined grass functional types (GFTs) differing in growth strategies (fast–slow, early–late). Four related plant‐community‐composition descriptors indicating forage services (forage production, digestibility, distribution of herbage biomass throughout the growing season and management flexibility) responded to environmental and management factors that are correlated to indicator values. Based on GFTs, cluster analysis defined vegetation types (VTs). Their relationships to environmental and management factors (or proxies of them), forage services and species richness were subsequently analysed. Of the thirteen VTs, four consisted mainly of GFTs with a dominant fast‐growth strategy and three with a slow‐growth strategy. These clusters were clearly related to two stress axes (temperature and nutrients). The other six VTs consisted of a mixture of both strategies and corresponded to intermediate levels of stress and disturbance. Although simplified, the method distinguished VTs that responded consistently to environmental and management factors and provides accurate indicators of forage services.
Factors affecting the rate of oxidation and resultant discolouration of tetracyclines contained in endodontic medicaments and irrigants
Authors: Bennett Z. Y. , Walsh L. J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimTo determine the effect of pH, oxygen levels and ions on tetracycline oxidation and resultant discolouration.MethodologySolutions of demeclocycline hydrochloride or doxycycline hyclate were prepared and exposed to different pH conditions, pure oxygen or carbon dioxide, ascorbic acid or various ions (from calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, strontium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, and bismuth nitrate). Subsequently, they were exposed to intense visible blue light (470 ± 15 nm) for 24 h. Colour change was monitored using standardized digital photography. Parametric statistical analysis employing the Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed‐rank test was performed to compare the mean change in different colour channels, assessing the discolouration effect of the modified conditions.ResultsAn acidic pH reduced discolouration, whilst alkaline pH increased it. A higher oxygen tension resulted in more discolouration, as did the presence of calcium, strontium, and bismuth ions, all of which bind to tetracyclines. Conversely, zinc and magnesium ions had a mild photoprotective effect. Ascorbic acid, an anti‐oxidant, reduced the level of discolouration.ConclusionsThe tendency of these tetracyclines to undergo photo‐oxidation is increased by common variables present in the clinical environment. There are potential benefits from using photoprotectors and anti‐oxidants in these materials, to reduce the possibility of discolouration.
Three‐dimensional modelling and concurrent measurements of root anatomy in mandibular first molar mesial roots using micro‐computed tomography
Authors: Lee J. K. , Yoo Y. J. , Perinpanayagam H. , Ha B. H. , Lim S. M. , Oh S. R. , Gu Y. , Chang S. W. , Zhu Q. , Kum K. Y. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimTo obtain concurrent radicular measurements in the mesiobuccal (MB) and mesiolingual (ML) canals of mandibular first molars using scanned data of micro‐computed tomography (μCT) with novel software.MethodologyThe scanned data from 37 mandibular first molar mesial roots were reconstructed and analysed with custom‐developed software (Kappa2). For each canal, three‐dimensional (3D) surface models were re‐sliced at 0.1‐mm intervals perpendicular to the central axis. Dentine thicknesses, canal widths and 3D curvatures were measured automatically on each slice. Measurements were analysed statistically with anova for differences at each direction and at different levels of both canals.ResultsLateral dentine thicknesses were significantly higher than mesial and distal thicknesses, at all the levels of both canals (P < 0.001). Mesial thicknesses were significantly higher than distal thicknesses in the coronal third of both canals (P < 0.001). Thinnest dentine thicknesses were mainly located on the disto‐inside of both canals. Narrowest canal widths were 0.24 ± 0.10 and 0.22 ± 0.09 mm in MB and ML canals, respectively. Canal curvatures were greatest in the apical third of both canals (P < 0.001), and they were greater in the MB canals than in the ML canals (P < 0.05).ConclusionsMicro‐computed tomography with novel software provided valuable anatomical information for optimizing instrumentation and minimizing mishaps in nonsurgical root canal treatment.
Biocompatibility of root filling pastes used in primary teeth
Authors: Lima C. C. B. , Conde Júnior A. M. , Rizzo M. S. , Moura R. D. , Moura M. S. , Lima M. D. M. , Moura L. F. A. D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate the biocompatibility of two pastes designed to fill the root canals of primary teeth.MethodologyA study group of 54 mice received subcutaneous tissue implants of polyethylene tubes containing CTZ or calcium hydroxide paste or, as a negative control, empty tubes. Biocompatibility was evaluated on days 7, 21 and 63, yielding a total of nine groups of six animals each. Following the experimental intervals, the implant areas were removed and subjected to histologic processing. After the tissues were stained with HE and Masson trichrome, two pathologists performed a histologic analysis of the samples in a blinded manner. Collagen fibre formation, tissue thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration were analysed qualitatively. Quantitative morphometry was performed for the thickness, perimeter length and tissue area of the region in direct contact with the open tube. anova with the Tukey post‐test and Kruskal–Wallis analysis followed by Dunn's post‐test, with significance established as P < 0.05, were used for data analysis.ResultsAt 7 days, all groups had severe acute inflammatory infiltrates. Inflammation was reduced at 21 days in the CTZ paste group. Mild chronic inflammatory infiltrates were observed after 63 days in the CTZ and Ca(OH)2 paste groups; these groups also showed a significant decrease in collagen fibre density (P < 0.05), which was not observed in the control group. The average tissue thickness, perimeter length and area in contact with the tube decreased during the experimental periods in all groups.ConclusionThe CTZ and calcium hydroxide pastes demonstrated biocompatibility with subcutaneous tissue in this experimental model.
Pulsed UV light as a postprocessing intervention for decontamination of hard‐cooked peeled eggs
Authors: Macias‐Rodriguez Braulio , Yang Wade , Schneider Keith , Rock Cheryl 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe efficiency of pulsed UV light (PL) for inactivation of E. coli K12 on hard‐cooked eggs was investigated. Temperature, colour and texture were recorded to determine adverse effects on quality. Distance from the quartz window (5.5, 9.5 cm) and time (1–30 s) was set as the experimental variables. Results indicated that E. coli K12 viability decreased at closer distances and increased time (P < 0.05). Bacterial populations were reduced to 3.54 log CFU per egg and 3.23 log CFU per egg after 15 and 20 s at 5.5 cm and 9.5 cm, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs revealed the existence of photophysical mechanisms, bacterial overlapping and internalisation interfering inactivation. Treated samples experienced slight thermal increases (6–9 °C) contributing to the preservation of colour and texture, not significantly different from untreated samples (P > 0.05). Our findings support the use of PL to enhance the safety of hard‐cooked eggs although bacterial shadowing may have significant implications on treatment efficiency.
Total antioxidant capacity of meat and meat products consumed in a reference ‘Spanish standard diet’
Authors: Martínez Joaquín , Nieto Gema , Ros Gaspar 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe antioxidant capacity (AC) of meat, meat products and the comparison with fish, vegetable products, milk and a balanced and healthy diet was determined using the ORACFL assay. The hydrophilic ORACFL (H‐ORACFL) of hake and sardine was 596 ± 133 and 641 ± 128 μmol Trolox Equivalents (TE) per 100 g, respectively. The highest H‐ORACFL value was found in cured meat samples, where Iberian cured ham (4890 ± 443 μmol TE per 100 g), whereas the lowest level of 797 ± 68 μmol TE per 100 g was found in Frankfurt sausages. Products like mortadela with olives, sobrasada and salami showed intermediate values ranging between 1107 ± 123 μmol TE per 100 g and 1011 ± 63 μmol TE per 100 g. Iberian cured ham presents the higher AC of all meat products studied, and this value being higher than that provided by red wine (3135 ± 312 μmol TE per 100 g). The AC of orange juice was lower than meat products, with the exception of Frankfurt sausages. Finally, the estimated total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the reference standard diet was 29 006 μmol TE per intake whole diet per day, and meat representing 10.51% per intake per day of the TAC of the whole diet.
Concentration and purification of galacto‐oligosaccharides using nanofiltration membranes
Authors: Michelon Mariano , Manera Ana Paula , Carvalho Andrea Limoeiro , Maugeri Filho Francisco 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThis study was aimed at using nanofiltration to purify the galactooligosaccharides (GOS) found in a commercial mixture containing lactose, glucose and galactose, whose compositions were similar to that obtained through transgalactosylation reactions catalysed by β‐galactosidase from Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7082. NP030 polyethersulphone membrane was selected for the purification processes, once it differed statistically from other membranes due to the higher purification factor and permeate flux under the optimised temperature and pressure conditions of 35 °C and 3 MPa, respectively. Results indicate that NP030 membrane can be employed as a preliminary technique for the GOS purification with approximately 61% (w/w) of recovery.
The Capital Structure of Large Firms and the Use of Dutch Financing Entities
Authors: Weyzig Francis 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLarge firms may issue debt securities to obtain external financing or set up lowly‐taxed affiliates for internal debt‐shifting purposes. In addition, they may channel interest payments through Dutch special purpose entities (SPEs) to avoid withholding taxes, a widely‐used arbitrage strategy. Analysing the capital structure of large EU‐based multinationals, this paper provides evidence that the use of Dutch‐issuing SPEs is associated with higher debt financing relative to equity. Furthermore, it shows that EU subsidiaries of larger firms are more leveraged and that the use of Dutch on‐lending SPEs is also associated with higher subsidiary leverage. Thus, the paper provides evidence that Dutch SPEs facilitate higher external debt financing as well as internal debt shifting. The findings indicate that withholding taxes on interest payments to entities outside the EU, determined by individual EU member states, are not very effective. The national tax systems of EU countries such as the Netherlands, which does not impose interest withholding tax, allow large firms to avoid those taxes.
Video‐Assisted Thoracoscopic Extirpation of the Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes in Dogs
Authors: Steffey Michele A. , Daniel Leticia , Mayhew Philipp D. , Affolter Verena K. , Soares Joao H. N. , Smith Andrea 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo describe a technique for video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) extirpation of the tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN), and to describe the quality of biopsy specimens obtained.DesignExperimental study.AnimalsPurpose‐bred male hound‐mix research dogs (n = 8).MethodsDogs were randomized to groups of left‐sided or right‐sided VATS approaches. One lung ventilation was used and TBLN dissection was achieved using a vessel‐sealing device.ResultsTBLNs ipsilateral to the approach were successfully identified and removed thoracoscopically in 7 dogs. A 3‐port technique was used in 6 dogs and 4 ports were used in 2 dogs. Observed complications included mild‐moderate hemorrhage from the perinodal tissue controlled thoracoscopically (n = 2), inability to locate any TBLN (1), and difficulty achieving or maintaining one‐lung ventilation (4). No other major complications occurred and all dogs recovered uneventfully. Median percentage surface area of the bisected lymph nodes affected by crush artifact was 20% (range, 0–40%). Areas of crush artifact were present in central (7/11) and peripheral (9/11) locations.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThoracoscopic TBLN extirpation is a feasible technique in dogs with normal TBLN and may be useful for obtaining more detailed staging on microscopic disease status in oncologic patients with normal‐sized TBLNs. Further study is warranted to determine the feasibility and limitations of this technique in clinical patients with overt lymphadenopathy.
Effect of Vascular Seal Configuration Using the LigaSure on Arterial Challenge Pressure, Time for Seal Creation, and Histologic Features
Authors: Matz Brad M. , Tillson D. Michael , Boothe Harry W. , Dillon Ray A. , Cattley Russell C. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of a vascular sealing technology on canine carotid arteries using various seal configurations to achieve maximal vessel security.Study DesignEx‐vivo study.AnimalsDogs (n = 20).MethodsCarotid arteries (n = 40) were removed from the mid‐cervical region of recently euthanatized dogs. Harvested vessels were closed with 2 circumferential ligatures (Group 1) or a vascular sealing device using 1 of 4 seal configurations of 1 or 2 seals combined with 1 or 2 machine activations/seal. The artery was instrumented to measure intraluminal pressure to evaluate the security of each seal during saline infusion. Maximum intraluminal pressure was recorded for each group, and time for application of each sealing protocol was compared using 1‐way ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons. Histologic features of the sealing protocols were evaluated.ResultsArterial closures for each group were effective in preventing leakage up to 300 mmHg. There was no significant difference in maximum intraluminal pressure between any group. A significant difference (P ≤ .001) was observed for time to seal creation between the groups using 1 and 2 seals. Histologic evaluation showed no differences between the different sealing protocols.ConclusionVessel sealing using a single seal created with a single activation cycle was adequate for sealing canine carotid arteries. Histologic examination did not demonstrate any disadvantages to multiple seals or multiple cycle activations.
THE MARKET FOR UNCERTAINTY BEARING IN ROMAN EGYPT
Authors: SILVER MORRIS 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper (re)calls attention to an unusual, much discussed Roman era Egyptian contract between Tetoueis and Venaphrios for the future delivery of grain. It is argued that the contractual provisions cannot be adequately explained within the framework of strictly credit or strictly commodity purchase instruments. It is shown, however, that sale in advance transactions for grain (and also for wine) can be understood by placing uncertainty in the foreground and viewing them as option contracts. Thus, this paper develops and refines an idea that has lain dormant since being put forward by Packman in 1975. Although this is quite possible, the point of the discussion is not that many Roman economic actors made their living by writing option contracts but only that such contracts were written and might be purchased even by unexpected individuals such as the illiterate Tetoueis.