bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Element mobility during continental collision: insights from polymineralic metamorphic vein within UHP eclogite in the Dabie orogen
Authors: SHENG Y.‐M. , ZHENG Y‐F. , LI S‐N. , HU Z. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMetamorphic dehydration and partial melting are two important processes during continental collision. They have significant bearing on element transport at the slab interface under subduction‐zone P–T conditions. Petrological and geochemical insights into the two processes are provided by a comprehensive study of leucocratic veins in ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks. This is exemplified by this study of a polymineralic vein within phengite‐bearing UHP eclogite in the Dabie orogen. The vein is primarily composed of quartz, kyanite, epidote and phengite, with minor accessory minerals such as garnet, rutile and zircon. Primary multiphase solid inclusions occur in garnet and epidote from the both vein and host eclogite. They are composed of quartz ± K‐feldspar ± plagioclase ± K‐bearing glass and exhibit irregular to negative crystal shapes that are surrounded by weak radial cracks. This suggests their precipitation from solute‐rich metamorphic fluid/melt that involved the reaction of phengite breakdown. Zircon U–Pb dating for the vein gave two groups of concordant ages at 217 ± 2 and 210 ± 2 Ma, indicating two episodes of zircon growth in the Late Triassic. The same minerals from the two rocks give consistent δ18O and δD values, suggesting that the vein‐forming fluid was directly derived from the host UHP eclogite. The vein is much richer in phengite and epidote than the host eclogite, suggesting that the fluid is associated with remarkable concentration of such water‐soluble elements as LILE and LREE migration. Garnet and rutile in the vein exhibit much higher contents of HREE (2.2–5.7 times) and Nb–Ta (1.8–2.0 times) than those in the eclogite, indicating that these normally water‐insoluble elements became mobile and then were sunken in the vein minerals. Thus, the vein‐forming agent would be primarily composed of the UHP aqueous fluid with minor amounts of the hydrous melt, which may even become a supercritical fluid to have a capacity to transport not only LILE and LREE but also HREE and HFSE at subduction‐zone metamorphic conditions. Taken together, significant amounts of trace elements were transported by the vein‐forming fluid due to the phengite breakdown inside the UHP eclogite during exhumation of the deeply subducted continental crust.
Synaptosomes secrete and uptake functionally active microRNAs via exocytosis and endocytosis pathways
Authors: Xu Jie , Chen Qun , Zen Ke , Zhang Chenyu , Zhang Qipeng 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this study, we first characterized synaptosome microRNA (miRNA) profiles using microarray and qRT‐PCR. MicroRNAs were detected in isolated synaptic vesicles, and Ago2 immunoprecipitation studies revealed an association between miRNAs and Ago2. Second, we found that miR‐29a, miR‐99a, and miR‐125a were significantly elevated in synaptosome supernatants after depolarization. MiRNA secretion by the synaptosome was Ca2+‐dependent and was inhibited by the exocytosis inhibitor, okadaic acid. Furthermore, application of nerve growth factor increased miRNA secretion without altering the spontaneous release of miRNAs. Conversely, kainic acid decreased miRNA secretion and enhanced the spontaneous release of miRNAs. These results indicate that synaptosomes could secrete miRNAs. Finally, synthesized miRNAs were taken up by synaptosomes, and the endocytosis inhibitor Dynasore blocked this process. After incubation with miR‐125a, additional miR‐125a was bound to Ago2 in the synaptosome, and expression of the miR‐125a target gene (PSD95 mRNA) was decreased; these findings suggest that the ingested miRNAs were assembled in the RNA‐induced silencing complex, resulting in the degradation of target mRNAs. To our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates the secretion of miRNAs by synaptosomes under physiological stimulation and demonstrates that secreted miRNAs might be functionally active after being taken up by the synaptic fraction via the endocytic pathway.
SMRT‐mediated co‐shuttling enables export of class IIa HDACs independent of their CaM kinase phosphorylation sites
Authors: Soriano Francesc X. , Chawla Sangeeta , Skehel Paul , Hardingham Giles E. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDAC)4 and HDAC5 play a role in neuronal survival and behavioral adaptation in the CNS. Phosphorylation at 2/3 N‐terminal sites promote their nuclear export. We investigated whether non‐canonical signaling routes to Class IIa HDAC export exist because of their association with the co‐repressor Silencing Mediator Of Retinoic And Thyroid Hormone Receptors (SMRT). We found that, while HDAC5 and HDAC4 mutants lacking their N‐terminal phosphorylation sites (HDAC4MUT, HDAC5MUT) are constitutively nuclear, co‐expression with SMRT renders them exportable by signals that trigger SMRT export, such as synaptic activity, HDAC inhibition, and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) signaling. We found that SMRT's repression domain 3 (RD3) is critical for co‐shuttling of HDAC5MUT, consistent with the role for this domain in Class IIa HDAC association. In the context of BDNF signaling, we found that HDAC5WT, which was more cytoplasmic than HDAC5MUT, accumulated in the nucleus after BDNF treatment. However, co‐expression of SMRT blocked BDNF‐induced HDAC5WT import in a RD3‐dependent manner. In effect, SMRT‐mediated HDAC5WT export was opposing the BDNF‐induced HDAC5 nuclear accumulation observed in SMRT's absence. Thus, SMRT's presence may render Class IIa HDACs exportable by a wider range of signals than those which simply promote direct phosphorylation.
Cyclooxygenase‐1 inhibition reduces amyloid pathology and improves memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Choi Sang‐Ho , Aid Saba , Caracciolo Luca , Sakura Minami S. , Niikura Takako , Matsuoka Yasuji , Turner R. Scott , Mattson Mark P. , Bosetti Francesca 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSeveral epidemiological and preclinical studies suggest that non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX), reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and can lower β‐amyloid (Aβ) production and inhibit neuroinflammation. However, follow‐up clinical trials, mostly using selective cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 inhibitors, failed to show any beneficial effect in AD patients with mild to severe cognitive deficits. Recent data indicated that COX‐1, classically viewed as the homeostatic isoform, is localized in microglia and is actively involved in brain injury induced by pro‐inflammatory stimuli including Aβ, lipopolysaccharide, and interleukins. We hypothesized that neuroinflammation is critical for disease progression and selective COX‐1 inhibition, rather than COX‐2 inhibition, can reduce neuroinflammation and AD pathology. Here, we show that treatment of 20‐month‐old triple transgenic AD (3 × Tg‐AD) mice with the COX‐1 selective inhibitor SC‐560 improved spatial learning and memory, and reduced amyloid deposits and tau hyperphosphorylation. SC‐560 also reduced glial activation and brain expression of inflammatory markers in 3 × Tg‐AD mice, and switched the activated microglia phenotype promoting their phagocytic ability. The present findings are the first to demonstrate that selective COX‐1 inhibition reduces neuroinflammation, neuropathology, and improves cognitive function in 3 × Tg‐AD mice. Thus, selective COX‐1 inhibition should be further investigated as a potential therapeutic approach for AD.
Differential expression of parvalbumin in neonatal phencyclidine‐treated rats and socially isolated rats
Authors: Kaalund Sanne S. , Riise Jesper , Broberg Brian V. , Fabricius Katrine , Karlsen Anna S. , Secher Thomas , Plath Niels , Pakkenberg Bente 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDecreased parvalbumin expression is a hallmark of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and has been associated with abnormal cognitive processing and decreased network specificity. It is not known whether this decrease is due to reduced expression of the parvalbumin protein or degeneration of parvalbumin‐positive interneurons (PV+ interneurons). In this study, we examined PV+ expression in two rat models of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: the environmental social isolation (SI) and pharmacological neonatal phencyclidine (neoPCP) models. Using a stereological method, the optical fractionator, we counted neurons, PV+ interneurons, and glial cells in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HPC). In addition, we quantified the mRNA level of parvalbumin in the mPFC. There was a statistically significant reduction in the number of PV+ interneurons (p = 0.021) and glial cells (p = 0.024) in the mPFC of neonatal phencyclidine rats, but not in SI rats. We observed no alterations in the total number of neurons, hippocampal PV+ interneurons, parvalbumin mRNA expression or volume of the mPFC or HPC in the two models. Thus, as the total number of neurons remains unchanged following phencyclidine (PCP) treatment, we suggest that the decreased number of counted PV+ interneurons represents a reduced parvalbumin protein expression below immunohistochemical detection limit rather than a true cell loss. Furthermore, these results indicate that the effect of neonatal PCP treatment is not limited to neuronal populations.
Algal Parasite Herpodiscus durvillaeae (Phaeophyceae: Sphacelariales) Inferred to have Traversed the Pacific Ocean with its Buoyant Host
Authors: Fraser Ceridwen I. , Waters Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2012

The parasitic phaeophycean endophyte Herpodiscus durvillaeae (Lindauer) G. R. South has previously only been recorded from New Zealand, in association with a single host species, Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot (southern bull‐kelp). Here we use DNA sequence data from plastid and nuclear markers (chloroplast rbcL, ribosomal LSU, and a nuclear pseudogene copy of COI) to test for the presence of H. durvillaeae beyond the New Zealand region, and on host species other than D. antarctica. Analyses of samples from the Falkland Islands confirm the first record of H. durvillaeae from the Atlantic Ocean. We report that Falkland Islands H. durvillaeae are genetically indistinguishable from samples of this species from New Zealand's sub‐Antarctic Campbell Island, suggesting recent dispersal of the parasite across the Pacific Ocean, presumably by rafting with its buoyant macroalgal host. We also here record H. durvillaeae from New Zealand endemics Durvillaea poha Fraser et al. and D. willana Lindauer.
Fully Unconscious and Prone to Habit: The Characteristics of Agency in the Structure and Agency Dialectic
Authors: Akram Sadiya 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWhile the human agent must have the capacity for reflexivity, intentionality and consciousness, the same agent must also be affected by the social world in which she lives: herein lies the essence of the structure and agency dialectic. This paper argues that while some realists are in principle committed to a dialectical relationship between structure and agency, there is some dissonance between this commitment and the concepts of agency that they develop. I highlight the exclusion of the unconscious and habit from realist notions of agency and argue that this oversight serves to unbalance the dialectic between structure and agency thereby leading to the over‐empowerment of agency. The concepts of agency developed by Margaret Archer, Anthony Giddens and Pierre Bourdieu are discussed in this paper. Archer's concept of agency is argued to focus exclusively on reflexivity whilst neglecting to include the unconscious and habit. Giddens is shown to develop a much improved concept of agency, which includes the unconscious, however, his rejection of the independent causal powers of structure and agency problematises his commitment to the dialectic. A much improved approach to theorising agency, developed within a critical realist framework, is offered drawing on Bourdieu's concept of habitus. The paper concludes with a discussion of gender, and considers how the unconscious and habit can help to better understand the myriad ways in which gender functions in society.
Relationship between the microsatellite D2S388‐5 and D2S2232 polymorphisms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Chinese Kazakh population
Authors: GUAN JIAN , LIU XIAN‐SHENG , XU YONG‐JIAN , XU XI‐LIN , YANG YONG‐SHENG , WANG RAN 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground and objective:  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. The role of genetic susceptibility in the pathogenesis of COPD has recently gained more attention. The surface lung surfactant protein B plays an important role in COPD pathogenesis. Microsatellite DNA has been characterized in the surfactant protein B alleles D2S388‐5 and D2S2232. The aim of this research was to investigate the distribution of the D2S388‐5 and D2S2232 microsatellite polymorphisms in smokers of the Kazakh ethnic group in Xinjiang, China, with and without COPD to assess whether such polymorphisms are associated with COPD susceptibility.Methods:  DNA was extracted from the blood of 197 smokers with COPD and 236 control smokers of Kazakh ethnicity. The smokers diagnosed with COPD were registered at the Department of Respiratory Medicine from four different hospitals. The control group was recruited at the medical examination centre from the same area. The polymorphisms of the D2S388‐5 and D2S2232 microsatellite loci were measured by multiple short tandem repeat amplification using fluorescence‐labelled polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis.Results:  Nine alleles and 32 genotypes were identified in D2S388‐5, while 9 alleles and 31 genotypes were identified in D2S2232. Both genotype distributions in control smokers were in accordance with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The frequency of the 254 bp allele from the D2S388‐5 locus was significantly higher in the COPD group versus the control (P < 0.001, odds ratio = 5.942).Conclusions:  D2S388‐5 microsatellite polymorphism may be associated with susceptibility to COPD in Xinjiang Kazakhs.
Phytosulfokine control of growth occurs in the epidermis, is likely to be non‐cell autonomous and is dependent on brassinosteroids
Authors: Hartmann Jens , Stührwohldt Nils , Dahlke Renate I. , Sauter Margret 
Published: October 2012

SummaryPhytosulfokine (PSK) is a secreted disulfated pentapeptide that controls root and shoot growth. The ubiquitous expression of PSK precursor and of the LRR receptor kinase genes in Arabidopsis raised the question of whether PSK acts as an autocrine growth factor in planta. Expression of PSKR1 under the control of tissue‐ and cell type‐specific promoters in a receptor null background strongly suggests that PSK is a non‐cell autonomous signal that controls growth through localized activity in the epidermis. pskr1–3 pskr2–1 seedlings had shorter roots and hypocotyls than the wild type, whereas 35S: PSKR1 or 35S: PSKR2 seedlings were larger, indicating that receptor abundance limits growth in planta. The preferential expression of PSKR1 in the epidermis of CER6: PSKR1 pskr1–3 pskr2–1 seedlings was sufficient to promote wild‐type growth. Moreover, in GL2:PSKR1 pskr1–3 pskr2–1 seedlings that express PSKR1 in atrichoblasts of the root epidermis, root growth was restored to wild‐type levels. In pskr1–3 pskr2–1 seedlings, trichoblasts and atrichoblasts were shorter than in the wild type. Trichoblasts of GL2:PSKR1 pskr1–3 pskr2–1 seedlings, which are unable to sense PSK, nonetheless had acquired wild‐type length, suggesting that PSK acts as a non‐cell autonomous signal. Inhibition of brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis with brassinazole (BZ) caused a loss of responsiveness to PSK in wild‐type, tpst–1 (tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase–1), PSKR1ox12 and CER6:PSKR1–3–1 seedlings, as did the genetic knock‐out of BR synthesis in det2–1 and of BR perception in bri1–9, suggesting that BR mediates PSK‐dependent growth. Quantitative PCR analysis of BR‐related genes in wild‐type, pskr1–3 pskr2–1, PSKR1ox and tpst–1 seedlings showed largely unchanged transcript levels of BR biosynthesis genes.
Validation of deformable registration in head and neck cancer using analysis of variance
Authors: Mencarelli A. , van Beek S. , van Kranen S. , Rasch C. , van Herk M. , Sonke J.‐J. 
Published: October 2012

Purpose:Deformable image registration (DIR) is often validated based on a distance‐to‐agreement (DTA) criterion of automatically propagated anatomical landmarks that were manually identified. Due to human observer variability, however, the performance of the registration method is diluted. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an analysis of variance (ANOVA) based validation to account for such observer variation.Methods:Weekly cone beam CTs (CBCTs) of ten head and neck cancer patients undergoing five weeks of radiotherapy were used. An expert identified 23 anatomical features (landmarks) on the planning CT. The landmarks were automatically propagated to the CBCT using multiregion‐of‐interest (mROI) registration. Additionally, two human observers independently localized these landmarks on the CBCTs. Subsequently, ANOVA was used to compute the variance of each observer on the pairwise distance (PWD).Results:ANOVA based analysis demonstrated that a classical DTA approach underestimated the precision for the mROI due to human observer variation by about 25%. The systematic error (accuracy) of mROI ranged from 0.13 to 0.17 mm; the variability (1 SD) (precision) ranged from 1.3 to 1.5 mm demonstrating that its performance is dominated by the precision.Conclusions:The PWD‐ANOVA method accounts for human observer variation allowing a better estimation of the of DIR errors.
Structure and Ecological Roles of a Novel Exopolysaccharide from the Arctic Sea Ice Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. Strain SM20310
Authors: Liu Sheng-Bo , Chen Xiu-Lan , He Hai-Lun , Zhang Xi-Ying , Xie Bin-Bin , Yu Yong , Chen Bo , Zhou Bai-Cheng , Zhang Yu-Zhong 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

The structure and ecological roles of the exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from sea ice microorganisms are poorly studied. Here we show that strain SM20310, with an EPS production of 567 mg liter
−1
, was screened from 110 Arctic sea ice isolates and identified as a
Pseudoalteromonas
strain. The EPS secreted by SM20310 was purified, and its structural characteristics were studied. The predominant repeating unit of this EPS is a highly complicated α-mannan with a molecular mass greater than 2 × 10
6
Da. The backbone of the EPS consists of 2-α-, 6-α-mannosyl residues, in which a considerable part of the 6-α-mannosyl residues are branched at the 2 position with either single
t
-mannosyl residues or two mannosyl residues. The structure of the described EPS is different from the structures of EPSs secreted by other marine bacteria. Analysis of the ecological roles of the identified EPS showed that the EPS could significantly enhance the high-salinity tolerance of SM20310 and improve the survival of SM20310 after freeze-thaw cycles. These results suggest that the EPS secreted by strain SM20310 enables the strain to adapt to the sea ice environment, which is characterized by low temperature, high salinity, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles. In addition to its functions in strain SM20310, this EPS also significantly improved the tolerance of
Escherichia coli
to freeze-thaw cycles, suggesting that it may have a universal impact on microorganism cryoprotection.
Depth-Related Differences in Organic Substrate Utilization by Major Microbial Groups in Intertidal Marine Sediment
Authors: Miyatake Tetsuro , MacGregor Barbara J. , Boschker Henricus T. S. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

Stable isotope probing of magnetic-bead-captured rRNA (Mag-SIP) indicated clear differences in
in situ
organic substrate utilization by major microbial groups between the more oxidized (0 to 2 cm) and sulfate-reducing (2 to 5 cm) horizons of marine intertidal sediment. We also showed that cyanobacteria and diatoms may survive by glucose utilization under dark anoxic conditions.
Behavior of Different Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Serotypes in Various Experimentally Contaminated Raw-Milk Cheeses
Authors: Miszczycha Stéphane D. , Perrin Frédérique , Ganet Sarah , Jamet Emmanuel , Tenenhaus-Aziza Fanny , Montel Marie-Christine , Thevenot-Sergentet Delphine 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) is an important cause of food-borne illness. The public health implication of the presence of STEC in dairy products remains unclear. Knowledge of STEC behavior in cheeses would help to evaluate the human health risk. The aim of our study was to observe the growth and survival of experimentally inoculated STEC strains in raw-milk cheeses manufactured and ripened according to five technological schemes: blue-type cheese, uncooked pressed cheese with long ripening and with short ripening steps, cooked cheese, and lactic cheese. Cheeses were contaminated with different STEC serotypes (O157:H7, O26:H11, O103:H2, and O145:H28) at the milk preparation stage. STEC growth and survival were monitored on selective media during the entire manufacturing process. STEC grew (2 to 3 log
10
CFU · g
−1
) in blue-type cheese and the two uncooked pressed cheeses during the first 24 h of cheese making. Then, STEC levels progressively decreased in cheeses that were ripened for more than 6 months. In cooked cheese and in lactic cheese with a long acidic coagulation step (pH < 4.5), STEC did not grow. Their levels decreased after the cooking step in the cooked cheese and after the coagulation step in the lactic cheese, but STEC was still detectable at the end of ripening and storage. A serotype effect was found: in all cheeses studied, serotype O157:H7 grew less strongly and was less persistent than the others serotypes. This study improves knowledge of the behavior of different STEC serotypes in various raw-milk cheeses.
Co-Occurring Anammox, Denitrification, and Codenitrification in Agricultural Soils
Authors: Long Andrew , Heitman Joshua , Tobias Craig , Philips Rebecca , Song Bongkeun 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

Anammox and denitrification mediated by bacteria are known to be the major microbial processes converting fixed N to N
2
gas in various ecosystems. Codenitrification and denitrification by fungi are additional pathways producing N
2
in soils. However, fungal codenitrification and denitrification have not been well investigated in agricultural soils. To evaluate bacterial and fungal processes contributing to N
2
production, molecular and
15
N isotope analyses were conducted with soil samples collected at six different agricultural fields in the United States. Denitrifying and anammox bacterial abundances were measured based on quantitative PCR (qPCR) of nitrous oxide reductase (
nosZ
) and hydrazine oxidase (
hzo
) genes, respectively, while the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of
Fusarium oxysporum
was quantified to estimate the abundance of codenitrifying and denitrifying fungi.
15
N tracer incubation experiments with
15
NO
3
−
or
15
NH
4
+
addition were conducted to measure the N
2
production rates from anammox, denitrification, and codenitrification. Soil incubation experiments with antibiotic treatments were also used to differentiate between fungal and bacterial N
2
production rates in soil samples. Denitrifying bacteria were found to be the most abundant, followed by
F. oxysporum
based on the qPCR assays. The potential denitrification rates by bacteria and fungi ranged from 4.118 to 42.121 nmol N
2
-N g
−1
day
−1
, while the combined potential rates of anammox and codenitrification ranged from 2.796 to 147.711 nmol N
2
-N g
−1
day
−1
. Soil incubation experiments with antibiotics indicated that fungal codenitrification was the primary process contributing to N
2
production in the North Carolina soil. This study clearly demonstrates the importance of fungal processes in the agricultural N cycle.