bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benefiting from the Wrongdoing of Others
Authors: Goodin Robert E. , Barry Christian 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBracket out the wrong of committing a wrong, or conspiring or colluding or conniving with others in their committing one. Suppose you have done none of those things, and you find yourself merely benefiting from a wrong committed wholly by someone else. What, if anything, is wrong with that? What, if any, duties follow from it? If straightforward restitution were possible — if you could just ‘give back’ what you received as a result of the wrongdoing to its rightful owner — then matters are morally more straightforward. But in real‐world cases that is often impossible, and questions of ‘how much, from whom and to whom?’ become far more vexing. The beneficiary disgorging all benefits of the wrong is part of the story, but where that is not possible or will not suffice to compensate the victim of wrongdoing we discuss various ways of allocating the cost of making the victim whole, including supplementation from public coffers.
Nitric oxide donors rescue diabetic nephropathy through oxidative‐stress‐ and nitrosative‐stress‐mediated Wnt signaling pathways
Authors: Hsu Yung‐Chien , Lee Pei‐Hsien , Lei Chen‐Chou , Ho Cheng , Shih Ya‐Hsueh , Lin Chun‐Liang 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe role of the renal nitric oxide (NO) system in the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy constitutes a very challenging and fertile field for future investigation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether NO donors can attenuate diabetic renal fibrosis and apoptosis through modulating oxidative‐ and nitrosative‐stress, and Wnt signaling using in vivo diabetic models.Materials and MethodsDiabetic rat was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Rats in each group were intraperitoneally given 2,2′‐(hydroxynitrosohydrazino)bis‐ethanamine (1 U/kg/day) and vehicle for 28 and 56 consecutive days. Expression of the oxidative‐ and nitrosative‐stress, and Wnt signaling components were examined in kidneys from diabetic animals by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining.ResultsNO donor treatment significantly reduced the ratio of kidney weight to bodyweight and proteinuria. This treatment also significantly restored the suppressive effect of diabetes on urinary NO2 + NO3 levels. Immunohistochemistry showed that NO donor treatment significantly reduced transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, fibronectin, cleaved caspase‐3 and triphosphate‐biotin nick end‐labeling expression in the glomeruli of diabetic rats. We found that diabetes promoted 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine, and peroxynitrite expression coincided with reduced endothelial NO synthase expression in glomeruli. Interestingly, NO donor treatment completely removed oxidative stress and nitrosative stress, and restored endothelial NO synthase expression in diabetic renal glomeruli. Immunohistomorphometry results showed that NO donor treatment significantly restored suppressed Wnt5a expression and β‐catenin immunoreactivities in glomeruli. Based on laser‐captured microdissection for quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, diabetes significantly increased TGF‐β1, and fibronectin expression coincided with depressed Wnt5a expression. NO donor treatment reduced TGF‐β1, fibronectin activation, and the suppressing effect of diabetes on Wnt5a and β‐catenin expression in renal glomeruli.ConclusionsNO donor treatment alleviates extracellular matrix accumulation and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy in vivo by not only preventing the diabetes‐mediated oxidative and nitrostative stress, but also restoring downregulation of endothelial NO synthase expression and Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. These findings suggest that modulation of NO is a viable alternative strategy for rescuing diabetic renal injury.
Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein genotypes with paraoxonase‐1 activity, lipid profile and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A study in San Luis, Argentina
Authors: Siewert Susana , Gonzalez Irma Ines , Lucero Roberto Osvaldo , Ojeda Marta Susana 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAims/IntroductionDiabetic dyslipidemia is common in type 2 diabetes. The TaqIB polymorphism in cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP; B1 and B2 alleles; rs708272) is associated with changes in enzyme activity and lipid concentrations. The aim of the present study was to assess associations of CETP genotypes with lipoprotein profile, oxidant/anti‐oxidant status and the plasma activity of paraoxonase‐1 (PON‐1) in a population of diabetic patients living in San Luis, Argentina.Materials and MethodsFor oxidative stress status parameters, thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, and catalase and PON‐1 activity were assessed in 40 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 30 healthy participants. CETP polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction‐based methods.ResultsType 2 diabetes mellitus had significantly higher concentrations of oxidative stress parameters: TBARS (P < 0.0001) and catalase activity (P < 0.0001). PON‐1 activity and NO levels were significantly lower in diabetics (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0008, respectively). The CETP genotypes distribution among study groups was not significantly different. The B2 carriers of the TaqIB CETP polymorphism are associated with higher high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and PON‐1 activity in control and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Linear regression analysis showed that there was a significant and positive correlation between the changes of PON‐1 activity and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in non‐B1B1 (B2 carriers) in controls (r = 0.83, P < 0.0001) and diabetic patients (r = 0.39, P = 0.0003).ConclusionsThe results of the current study show that type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by intense oxidative stress, and that the alterations observed in the lipoprotein profile and PON‐1 activity might be related to the higher CETP activity in diabetic patients as a consequence of insulin resistance.
Response to the dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes might be associated with a diplotype of two single nucleotide polymorphisms on the interleukin‐6 promoter region under a certain level of physical activity
Authors: Matsui Mizue , Takahashi Yoshihiko , Takebe Noriko , Takahashi Kazuma , Nagasawa Kan , Honma Hiroyuki , Oda Tomoyasu , Ono Mitsutaka , Nakagawa Riyuki , Sasai Takayoshi , Togashi Hirobumi , Hangai Mari , Kajiwara Takashi , Taneichi Haruhito , Ishigaki Yasushi , Satoh Jo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAims/IntroductionMuscle‐derived interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) has been reported to promote glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) secretion, and we explored the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human IL‐6 promoter region with the responsiveness to dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors (DPP‐4Is), drugs that increase circulating GLP‐1.Materials and MethodsThe present observational study enrolled Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes who took a DPP‐4I over 3 months, and most of the clinical information was collected retrospectively. We defined non‐responders as those having less than a 0.2% decrease of the glycated hemoglobin level at 3 or 4 months after starting DPP‐4I treatment. Physical activity was retrospectively estimated by the Japanese short version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire.ResultsWe studied 316 patients whose physical activity corresponding to the season of the DPP‐4I administration was estimated. The non‐responder rate was 29.7%. We analyzed rs1800796 and rs2097677, both are suggested to be functional in Japanese. Multivariate analysis for all patients showed that the adjusted odds ratio for the non‐responder risk of the diplotype rs1800796 G/*–rs2097677 A/* against C/C‐G/G (OR_G*A*) was 0.445 (P = 0.068). When patients were stratified by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire into low (n = 149) and moderate/high (n = 167) activity groups, however, OR_G*A* in each group was 1.58 (P = 0.615) and 0.153 (P = 0.003), respectively.ConclusionsThe diplotype rs1800796 G/*–rs2097677 A/* might contribute to responsiveness to DPP‐4Is in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes under a certain level of physical activity. However, further investigation is warranted to confirm this.
Comparative study on topical immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory treatments for plasma cell vulvitis: long‐term efficacy and safety
Authors: Virgili A. , Borghi A. , Minghetti S. , Corazza M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundEvidence on the treatment of plasma cell vulvitis (PCV) is scarce and comparative studies are lacking.ObjectiveTo assess and compare the effectiveness and safety, on a long‐term basis, of three topical interventions for the treatment of PCV.MethodsRetrospectively collected efficacy and safety data of a cohort of PCV patients treated with fusidic acid 2% and betamethasone valerate 0.1% cream fixed combination (FA/BM, 14 patients), clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment (CP, six patients) and tacrolimus 0.1% ointment (TC, four patients) at different regimens between January 2000 and June 2013 were analysed. Treatment outcome was assessed according to Investigator Global Assessment (i) symptoms and (ii) signs, at 12, 24 and 52 weeks.ResultsAfter 12 weeks, 85% of all patients achieved satisfactory improvement in PCV‐related symptoms and maintained the improvement across a 52‐week observation period. About 45% achieved a satisfactory result in clinical signs after 12 weeks, without further improvement during the following 9 months. No statistical differences in response were found among treatment groups at 12, 24 and 52 weeks. All study treatments were significantly more effective in improving PCV symptoms rather than clinical signs. With regard to treatment tolerability, one patient (7.1%) in FA/BM group and one (25%) in TC group discontinued the treatment due to local side‐effects.ConclusionsCP, FA/BM and TC are effective and safe in treating PCV, inducing both a rapid improvement of the disease, notably of symptoms, and stabilizing its control.
Atypical development of configural face recognition in children with autism, Down syndrome and Williams syndrome
Authors: Dimitriou D. , Leonard H. C. , Karmiloff‐Smith A. , Johnson M. H. , Thomas M. S. C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundConfigural processing in face recognition is a sensitivity to the spacing between facial features. It has been argued both that its presence represents a high level of expertise in face recognition, and also that it is a developmentally vulnerable process.MethodWe report a cross‐syndrome investigation of the development of configural face recognition in school‐aged children with autism, Down syndrome and Williams syndrome compared with a typically developing comparison group. Cross‐sectional trajectory analyses were used to compare configural and featural face recognition utilising the ‘Jane faces’ task. Trajectories were constructed linking featural and configural performance either to chronological age or to different measures of mental age (receptive vocabulary, visuospatial construction), as well as the Benton face recognition task.ResultsAn emergent inversion effect across age for detecting configural but not featural changes in faces was established as the marker of typical development. Children from clinical groups displayed atypical profiles that differed across all groups.ConclusionWe discuss the implications for the nature of face processing within the respective developmental disorders, and how the cross‐sectional syndrome comparison informs the constraints that shape the typical development of face recognition.
Breastfeeding and the Risk of Ovarian Cancer: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Feng Li‐Ping , Chen Hong‐Lin , Shen Mei‐Yun 
Published: July 2014

IntroductionThe aim of this meta‐analysis was to assess the association between breastfeeding and risk of ovarian cancer.MethodsRelevant observational studies were identified by a search of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases through December 2012. Summary odds ratios (ORs) for ovarian cancer, comparing women who had breastfed with women who had not, were calculated using a random‐effects model. A dose–response meta‐analysis assessed the risk of ovarian cancer by breastfeeding duration.ResultsA total of 19 studies were included in the meta‐analysis. Compared with women who had not breastfed, women who had breastfed had a significantly decreased risk of ovarian cancer, with an OR of 0.66 (95% CI, 0.57‐0.76; P < .001). We observed an inverse linear relationship with breastfeeding duration: for every one‐month increase in breastfeeding, the OR was 0.98 (95% CI, 0.97‐0.99; P < .001). A nonlinear association was also apparent, with a sharp decrease in the OR when breastfeeding duration was 8 to 10 months. There was evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 83.9%). No publication bias was found (Begg test, P = 0.89; Egger test, P = 0.89).DiscussionBreastfeeding reduces the risk of ovarian cancer proportional to duration. Breastfeeding for 8 to 10 months may be most effective for reducing the risk of ovarian cancer.[Correction added to online publication: The article, “Breastfeeding and the Risk of Ovarian Cancer: A Meta‐Analysis,” by L‐P Feng, H‐L Chen, and M‐Y Shen (J Midwifery Womens Health. 2014;59[4]:428–437. Published online on July 25, 2014.) contains unattributed text on page 436 of the Discussion section from the following article and should have included the appropriate citation: Jordan SJ, Siskind V, Green AC, Whiteman DC, Webb PM. Breastfeeding and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2009;21:109–116.]
Altered Brain White Matter Integrity in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A TBSS Study
Authors: Liu Zhenyin , Xu Yong , An Jie , Wang Junjing , Yin Xiangyuan , Huang Ruiwang , Lv Xiaofei , Chen Lina , Wang Wensheng , Qiu Shijun 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe aim of this study is to explore the possible changed cerebral white matter regions in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS).METHODSTwenty TLE patients and 22 age‐ and gender‐matched normal controls were included in this study. Voxel‐wise analyses of multiple diffusion metrics, including fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were performed with TBSS.RESULTSTLE patients exhibited significantly reduced FA in widespread white matter regions including bilateral limbic circuit, corpus callosum, thalamus, internal/external capsule, temporooccipital connections, frontotemporal connections; increase of MD was exhibited significantly almost in the left hemisphere. A significant decrease in global FA integrity was shown in epilepsy subjects compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, it exhibited a significant positive correlation between the disease duration and MD of whole brain.CONCLUSIONSTLE is associated with widespread abnormalities in cerebral white matter tracts and these changes may have important clinical consequences.
A prospective study of the introduction of complementary foods in contemporary Australian infants: What, when and why?
Authors: Newby Ruth M , Davies Peter SW 
Published: July 2014

AimTo accurately establish the extent to which breastfeeding exclusivity and duration and the introduction of foods other than breast milk are congruous with Australian infant feeding guidelines among a cohort of primiparous women and their infants in Australia.MethodThe Feeding Queensland Babies Study is primarily a questionnaire‐based prospective birth cohort study of infant feeding attitudes and behaviours but also collected significant data on feeding patterns in infancy. These data were extracted from the demographic questionnaire and from questionnaires administered at 4 and 6 months of infant age. Participants were healthy primiparous Australian women aged between 18 and 40 years, recruited by convenience sampling in Queensland, Australia. Data were collected by self‐administered questionnaire both online and on paper between October 2010 and September 2011.ResultsBreastfeeding initiation in this cohort is high; however, by 4 months of age, 15.4% of mothers had completely ceased any breastfeeding, 28.7% of infants had been given formula and 18.5% had been introduced to baby cereal. By 6 months of age, 98.4% of infants had been introduced to non‐milk foods, most commonly at a rate of one new food every 4 to 5 days.ConclusionContemporary prospective data on infant feeding have value in describing trends that may influence the health outcomes of a generation of Australian children. Even in this group of relatively well‐educated Australian women, premature cessation of breastfeeding and the early introduction of foods other than breast milk to infants demonstrate behaviours not congruous with evidence‐based guidelines.
Melatonin: a well‐documented antioxidant with conditional pro‐oxidant actions
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Mei , Zhang Yiqiang 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMelatonin (N‐acetyl‐5‐methoxytryptamine), an indoleamine produced in many organs including the pineal gland, was initially characterized as a hormone primarily involved in circadian regulation of physiological and neuroendocrine function. Subsequent studies found that melatonin and its metabolic derivatives possess strong free radical scavenging properties. These metabolites are potent antioxidants against both ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species). The mechanisms by which melatonin and its metabolites protect against free radicals and oxidative stress include direct scavenging of radicals and radical products, induction of the expression of antioxidant enzymes, reduction of the activation of pro‐oxidant enzymes, and maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, melatonin has been shown to reduce oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA under a very wide set of conditions where toxic derivatives of oxygen are known to be produced. Although the vast majority of studies proved the antioxidant capacity of melatonin and its derivatives, a few studies using cultured cells found that melatonin promoted the generation of ROS at pharmacological concentrations (μm to mm range) in several tumor and nontumor cells; thus, melatonin functioned as a conditional pro‐oxidant. Mechanistically, melatonin may stimulate ROS production through its interaction with calmodulin. Also, melatonin may interact with mitochondrial complex III or mitochondrial transition pore to promote ROS production. Whether melatonin functions as a pro‐oxidant under in vivo conditions is not well documented; thus, whether the reported in vitro pro‐oxidant actions come into play in live organisms remains to be established.
Diet‐dependent incorporation of biomarkers: implications for food‐web studies using stable isotope and fatty acid analyses with special application to chemosynthetic environments
Authors: Thurber Andrew R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMetazoan consumption of Bacteria and Archaea may impact key microbially mediated processes, yet techniques to quantify trophic linkages require laboratory evaluation before robust application to field observations are possible. In this laboratory‐based study, an annelid belonging to a genus common at reducing habitats, Ophryotrocha labronica, was raised on eukaryotic, bacterial or archaeal food sources to test whether fatty acid and stable isotope paradigms are appropriate to quantitatively model metazoan consumption of microbial food sources. This annelid's δ13C tissue‐diet shift, −3.6‰ to +3.6‰, was neither zero nor constant and was a function of the δ13C value and the C : N ratio of its food. Nitrogen isotope (mean δ15N) tissue‐diet shifts ranged from −0.8‰ to −3.0‰ when raised in antibiotic‐laden seawater in contrast to the tissue‐diet shifts of +2.3 to +3.4 that are often used to define a species’ trophic level. The use of antibiotics to control microbial growth during the experiment appeared to have little effect on these fractionation values, except for individuals fed Spinacia oleracea that may have been impacted by the antibiotic treatment; when antibiotics were not used the δ15N value of O. labronica was not different from the S. oleracea that it consumed. Fatty acid profiles within this species were largely independent of diet. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, commonly used as a metric for phytoplankton consumption and not provided by the food sources, were present in O. labronica tissues regardless of food source. This suggests that O. labronica can synthesize these fatty acids. Whereas field studies have shown the importance of biomarker approaches, tissue‐diet shifts based on the literature could erroneously characterize the diet and trophic level of this species. This is especially true in food webs that are known to rely on microbial production, such as those found at deep‐sea chemosynthetic habitats.
Metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese – the 2013 Stock Conference report
Authors: Samocha‐Bonet D. , Dixit V. D. , Kahn C. R. , Leibel R. L. , Lin X. , Nieuwdorp M. , Pietiläinen K. H. , Rabasa‐Lhoret R. , Roden M. , Scherer P. E. , Klein S. , Ravussin E. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryObesity is closely associated with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, but some obese individuals, despite having excessive body fat, exhibit metabolic health that is comparable with that of lean individuals. The ‘healthy obese’ phenotype was described in the 1980s, but major advancements in its characterization were only made in the past five years. During this time, several new mechanisms that may be involved in health preservation in obesity were proposed through the use of transgenic animal models, use of sophisticated imaging techniques and in vivo measurements of insulin sensitivity. However, the main obstacle in advancing our understanding of the metabolically healthy obese phenotype and its related long‐term health risks is the lack of a standardized definition. Here, we summarize the proceedings of the 13th Stock Conference of the International Association of the Study of Obesity. We describe the current research and highlight the unanswered questions and gaps in the field. Better understanding of metabolic health in obesity will assist in therapeutic decision‐making and help identify therapeutic targets to improve metabolic health in obesity.
Symbolic providers help people regulate affect relationally: Implications for perceived support
Authors: LAKEY BRIAN , COOPER COREY , CRONIN ARIKA , WHITAKER TRAVIS 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRelational regulation theory (Lakey & Orehek, ) predicts that the correlation between perceived support and mental health emerges through ordinary conversation and shared activities rather than through conversations about stress and how to cope with it. Observing the conversations and activities of others also helps regulate mental health. Symbolic providers (known only through media) mimic how real providers regulate affect in that recipients observe the conversations and shared activities of symbolic providers. Thus, many perceived support findings obtained for real providers should also be found for symbolic providers. We found the same links between perceived support and affect when recipients rated symbolic providers as when recipients rated real providers. When participants' affect was worsened, viewing symbolic providers helped restore affect.