bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work Motivation: Theory, Practice, and Future Directions
Authors: Kanfer Ruth 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter focuses on recent scientific advances and use-inspired research on motivation related to adult work. The chapter is divided into four sections. The first section reviews basic motivation constructs and processes, and the issues that delineate the scope and content of the field. The second section reports on research progress and the implications of new conceptualizations for understanding and predicting work behaviors and performance. The third section reviews findings on the major determinants of work motivation, organized into three broad categories: content (person variables), context (situation variables), and change (temporal variables). The fourth and final section identifies current gaps in our knowledge, practical challenges, and promising new research directions.
The Rab GTPase RabG3b Positively Regulates Autophagy and Immunity-Associated Hypersensitive Cell Death in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kwon Soon Il , Cho Hong Joo , Kim Sung Ryul , Park Ohkmae K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA central component of the plant defense response to pathogens is the hypersensitive response (HR), a form of programmed cell death (PCD). Rapid and localized induction of HR PCD ensures that pathogen invasion is prevented. Autophagy has been implicated in the regulation of HR cell death, but the functional relationship between autophagy and HR PCD and the regulation of these processes during the plant immune response remain controversial. Here, we show that a small GTP-binding protein, RabG3b, plays a positive role in autophagy and promotes HR cell death in response to avirulent bacterial pathogens in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Transgenic plants overexpressing a constitutively active RabG3b (RabG3bCA) displayed accelerated, unrestricted HR PCD within 1 d of infection, in contrast to the autophagy-defective atg5-1 mutant, which gradually developed chlorotic cell death through uninfected sites over several days. Microscopic analyses showed the accumulation of autophagic structures during HR cell death in RabG3bCA cells. Our results suggest that RabG3b contributes to HR cell death via the activation of autophagy, which plays a positive role in plant immunity-triggered HR PCD.
The PP6 Phosphatase Regulates ABI5 Phosphorylation and Abscisic Acid Signaling inArabidopsis
Authors: Dai Mingqiu , Xue Qin , Mccray Tyra , Margavage Kathryn , Chen Fang , Lee Jae-Hoon , Nezames Cynthia D. , Guo Liquan , Terzaghi William , Wan Jianmin , Deng Xing Wang , Wang Haiyang 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe basic Leucine zipper transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5) is a key regulator of abscisic acid (ABA)–mediated seed germination and postgermination seedling growth. While a family of SUCROSE NONFERMENTING1-related protein kinase2s (SnRK2s) is responsible for ABA-induced phosphorylation and stabilization of ABI5, the phosphatase(s) responsible for dephosphorylating ABI5 is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that mutations in FyPP1 (for Phytochrome-associated serine/threonine protein phosphatase1) and FyPP3, two homologous genes encoding the catalytic subunits of Ser/Thr PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE6 (PP6), cause an ABA hypersensitive phenotype in Arabidopsis thaliana, including ABA-mediated inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth. Conversely, overexpression of FyPP causes reduced sensitivity to ABA. The ABA hypersensitive phenotype of FyPP loss-of-function mutants is ABI5 dependent, and the amount of phosphorylated and total ABI5 proteins inversely correlates with the levels of FyPP proteins. Moreover, FyPP proteins physically interact with ABI5 in vitro and in vivo, and the strength of the interaction depends on the ABI5 phosphorylation status. In vitro phosphorylation assays show that FyPP proteins directly dephosphorylate ABI5. Furthermore, genetic and biochemical assays show that FyPP proteins act antagonistically with SnRK2 kinases to regulate ABI5 phosphorylation and ABA responses. Thus, Arabidopsis PP6 phosphatase regulates ABA signaling through dephosphorylation and destabilization of ABI5.
Patterns of contemporary gene flow suggest low functional connectivity of grasslands in a fragmented agricultural landscape
Authors: Aavik Tsipe , Holderegger Rolf , Edwards Peter J. , Billeter Regula 
Published: February 2013

Summary

The success of ecological restoration is often judged by the number and abundance of species, especially rare ones that have established since restoration. However, the effects of habitat improvement upon connectivity are rarely assessed, although this can readily be performed using modern molecular genetic methods.

We evaluated the functional connectivity of populations of a wet grassland plant Lychnis flos‐cuculi in an intensively managed agricultural landscape in Switzerland. One third of the study populations had been recently restored by sowing wildflower seed mixtures, while all other populations were of natural origin. We used assignment tests to identify first‐generation migrants and to estimate recent patterns of gene flow among the populations of L. flos‐cuculi.

Assignment tests revealed higher levels of recent gene flow among natural populations of L. flos‐cuculi than between sown and natural populations. Most probably, this result simply reflected the formerly good connectivity of natural populations in the study landscape.

We detected a few first‐generation migrants between sown and natural populations and among natural populations, suggesting that functional connectivity was now rather restricted. Migration among sown and natural populations was more likely to occur when natural and sown populations were nearby and when source populations were large.

Synthesis and applications. We demonstrated that genetic methods offer a valuable tool for examining the effects of restoration measures on functional connectivity of plant populations. The connectivity of wet grasslands is likely to be best enhanced by establishing a relatively dense network of large habitat patches.
Historical Pragmatics: Evidence From The Old Bailey
Authors: Archer Dawn 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper demonstrates the value of The Proceedings of the Old Bailey (1674–1913) as a linguistic resource, via a discussion of pragmatic studies undertaken by Archer, Cecconi and Traugott. The field of historical pragmatics is also delineated, as practised by these linguists. The paper argues that, as well as telling us important things about Old Bailey discursive practices of old, and the language used, the studies offer a means of advancing pragmatic theory – in respect to grammaticalization and facework – and pragmatic methodology – in respect to the viability of using corpus‐linguistic techniques to locate pragmatic phenomena.
Third Molar Development: Evaluation of Nine Tooth Development Registration Techniques for Age Estimations
Authors: Thevissen Patrick W. , Fieuws Steffen , Willems Guy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMultiple third molar development registration techniques exist. Therefore the aim of this study was to detect which third molar development registration technique was most promising to use as a tool for subadult age estimation. On a collection of 1199 panoramic radiographs the development of all present third molars was registered following nine different registration techniques [Gleiser, Hunt (GH); Haavikko (HV); Demirjian (DM); Raungpaka (RA); Gustafson, Koch (GK); Harris, Nortje (HN); Kullman (KU); Moorrees (MO); Cameriere (CA)]. Regression models with age as response and the third molar registration as predictor were developed for each registration technique separately. The MO technique disclosed highest R2 (F 51%, M 45%) and lowest root mean squared error (F 3.42 years; M 3.67 years) values, but differences with other techniques were small in magnitude. The amount of stages utilized in the explored staging techniques slightly influenced the age predictions.
Quantitative Analysis of the DNA Distribution on Cigarette Butt Filter Paper*
Authors: Casey Lisa , Engen Sarah , Frank Greg 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe distribution of DNA on the filter paper of smoked cigarette butts was quantitatively mapped using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The filter papers from smoked cigarette butts collected from indoor and outdoor sources were sliced into equal pieces and the amount of DNA on each slice was determined. This study found that the cigarette butt filter papers sliced parallel to the seam of the cigarette had more uniformly distributed DNA on the slices and in most cases, there was enough DNA on each slice to obtain a complete DNA profile. The perpendicular slices had a less uniform pattern of distribution and some slices did not have enough DNA to obtain an interpretable DNA profile. Cigarette butts found indoors also had more DNA per cigarette on average than cigarette butts found outdoors.
Risk of Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage In Patients With Head Injury and Preinjury Warfarin or Clopidogrel Use
Authors: Nishijima Daniel K. , Offerman Steven R. , Ballard Dustin W. , Vinson David R. , Chettipally Uli K. , Rauchwerger Adina S. , Reed Mary E. , Holmes James F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectivesAppropriate use of cranial computed tomography (CT) scanning in patients with mild blunt head trauma and preinjury anticoagulant or antiplatelet use is unknown. The objectives of this study were: 1) to identify risk factors for immediate traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (tICH) in patients with mild head trauma and preinjury warfarin or clopidogrel use and 2) to derive a clinical prediction rule to identify patients at low risk for immediate tICH.MethodsThis was a prospective, observational study at two trauma centers and four community hospitals that enrolled adult emergency department (ED) patients with mild blunt head trauma (initial ED Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score 13 to 15) and preinjury warfarin or clopidogrel use. The primary outcome measure was immediate tICH, defined as the presence of ICH or contusion on the initial cranial CT. Risk for immediate tICH was analyzed in 11 independent predictor variables. Clinical prediction rules were derived with both binary recursive partitioning and multivariable logistic regression.ResultsA total of 982 patients with a mean (± standard deviation [SD]) age of 75.4 (±12.6) years were included in the analysis. Sixty patients (6.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.7% to 7.8%) had immediate tICH. History of vomiting (relative risk [RR] = 3.53; 95% CI = 1.80 to 6.94), abnormal mental status (RR = 2.85; 95% CI = 1.65 to 4.92), clopidogrel use (RR = 2.52; 95% CI = 1.55 to 4.10), and headache (RR = 1.81; 95% CI = 1.11 to 2.96) were associated with an increased risk for immediate tICH. Both binary recursive partitioning and multivariable logistic regression were unable to derive a clinical prediction model that identified a subset of patients at low risk for immediate tICH.ConclusionsWhile several risk factors for immediate tICH were identified, the authors were unable to identify a subset of patients with mild head trauma and preinjury warfarin or clopidogrel use who are at low risk for immediate tICH. Thus, the recommendation is for urgent and liberal cranial CT imaging in this patient population, even in the absence of clinical findings.
Technology‐enhanced Simulation in Emergency Medicine: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Ilgen Jonathan S. , Sherbino Jonathan , Cook David A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectivesTechnology‐enhanced simulation is used frequently in emergency medicine (EM) training programs. Evidence for its effectiveness, however, remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of technology‐enhanced simulation for training in EM and identify instructional design features associated with improved outcomes by conducting a systematic review.MethodsThe authors systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, ERIC, PsychINFO, Scopus, key journals, and previous review bibliographies through May 2011. Original research articles in any language were selected if they compared simulation to no intervention or another educational activity for the purposes of training EM health professionals (including student and practicing physicians, midlevel providers, nurses, and prehospital providers). Reviewers evaluated study quality and abstracted information on learners, instructional design (curricular integration, feedback, repetitive practice, mastery learning), and outcomes.ResultsFrom a collection of 10,903 articles, 85 eligible studies enrolling 6,099 EM learners were identified. Of these, 56 studies compared simulation to no intervention, 12 compared simulation with another form of instruction, and 19 compared two forms of simulation. Effect sizes were pooled using a random‐effects model. Heterogeneity among these studies was large (I2 ≥ 50%). Among studies comparing simulation to no intervention, pooled effect sizes were large (range = 1.13 to 1.48) for knowledge, time, and skills and small to moderate for behaviors with patients (0.62) and patient effects (0.43; all p < 0.02 except patient effects p = 0.12). Among comparisons between simulation and other forms of instruction, the pooled effect sizes were small (≤0.33) for knowledge, time, and process skills (all p > 0.1). Qualitative comparisons of different simulation curricula are limited, although feedback, mastery learning, and higher fidelity were associated with improved learning outcomes.ConclusionsTechnology‐enhanced simulation for EM learners is associated with moderate or large favorable effects in comparison with no intervention and generally small and nonsignificant benefits in comparison with other instruction. Future research should investigate the features that lead to effective simulation‐based instructional design.
Innovations in Practice: Feasibility of the development and well‐being assessment as an adjunct to clinical assessment in child and adolescent mental health services
Authors: Last Anna , Henley William , Norman Shelley , Goodman Robert , Ford Tamsin 
Published: February 2013

BackgroundChild and Adolescent Mental Health services (CAMHS) might benefit from the use of structured diagnostic assessments as an adjunct to clinical assessment. Such assessments will only support clinical practice if their completion avoids too great a burden to parents and services, and if the resulting information is useful to practitioners.MethodParents were asked to complete the Development And Well‐Being Assessment (DAWBA) before their initial appointment at a community CAMHS, and DAWBAs were disclosed to the assessing practitioners in a random half of cases. Parents and Practitioners were asked to complete a questionnaire about their experience of the DAWBA. Parents completed the experience of services questionnaire 6 months after the baseline.ResultsMost parents found the interview easy to understand. Many reported that the experience of completing the interview changed the way that they thought about their child's difficulties in a positive manner. Practitioner reports were also mainly positive. The mean helpfulness score adjusted for the clustering of cases within practitioners out of 1–5 for very unhelpful to very helpful was 4.04 (95% Confidence Interval: 3.89–4.18). There was no association between practitioner access to the DAWBA and parent reported satisfaction on the Experiences of Services Questionnaire (mean difference 0.74, 95% confidence interval −0.59–02.06, p0.27).ConclusionsWith the right supporting arrangements in place, the DAWBA would be a feasible assessment tool in community CAMHS.
New Policies for Old Trees: Averting a Global Crisis in a Keystone Ecological Structure
Authors: Lindenmayer David B. , Laurance William F. , Franklin Jerry F. , Likens Gene E. , Banks Sam C. , Blanchard Wade , Gibbons Philip , Ikin Karen , Blair David , McBurney Lachlan , Manning Adrian D. , Stein John A.R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLarge old trees are critical organisms and ecological structures in forests, woodlands, savannas, and agricultural and urban environments. They play many essential ecological roles ranging from the storage of large amounts of carbon to the provision of key habitats for wildlife. Some of these roles cannot be replaced by other structures. Large old trees are disproportionately vulnerable to loss in many ecosystems worldwide as a result of accelerated rates of mortality, impaired recruitment, or both. Drivers of loss, such as the combined impacts of fire and browsing by domestic or native herbivores, chemical spray drift in agricultural environments, and postdisturbance salvage logging, are often unique to large old trees but also represent ecosystem‐specific threats. Here, we argue that new policies and practices are urgently needed to conserve existing large old trees and restore ecologically effective and viable populations of such trees by managing trees and forests on much longer time scales than is currently practiced, and by protecting places where they are most likely to develop. Without these steps, large old trees will vanish from many ecosystems, and associated biota and ecosystem functions will be severely diminished or lost.
Indirect Effects on Heathland Conservation and Wolf Persistence of Contradictory Policies that Threaten Traditional Free‐Ranging Horse Husbandry
Authors: López‐Bao José Vicente , Sazatornil Víctor , Llaneza Luis , Rodríguez Alejandro 
Published: February 2013

AbstractConservation agencies within the European Union promote the restoration of traditional land uses as a cost‐effective way to preserve biodiversity outside reserves. Although the European Union pursues the integration of the environment into strategic decision‐making, it also dictates sectoral policies that may damage farmland biodiversity. We illustrate this point by outlining the socioeconomic factors that allow the persistence of traditional free‐ranging horse husbandry in Galicia, northwestern Spain. Free‐ranging Galician mountain ponies provide ecological and socioeconomic services including the prevention of forest fires, the maintenance of heathlands and wolves, and the attenuation of wolf‐human conflicts. This traditional livestock system may have persisted because it entails negligible costs for farmers. Wolf predation upon Galician mountain ponies does not threaten farmer's economies and seems to be tolerated better than attacks to more valuable stock. Recently, European Union's regulations on animal welfare, carcass management, or meat production put new economic and administrative burdens on farmers, make free‐ranging horse rearing economically unsustainable, and incentivize its abandonment. The aim of the European Union to integrate environmental policies may be successful to preserve farmland biodiversity only through careful anticipation of the side effects of apparently unrelated regulations on the fragile equilibrium that sustain traditional land uses.
Vitamin B12 and homocysteine status during pregnancy in the metformin in gestational diabetes trial: responses to maternal metformin compared with insulin treatment
Authors: Gatford K. L. , Houda C. M. , Lu Z. X. , Coat S. , Baghurst P. A. , Owens J. A. , Sikaris K. , Rowan J. A. , Hague W. M. 
Published: February 2013

AimThe aim of the study is to compare the effects of metformin and insulin treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on vitamin B12 and homocysteine (Hcy) status.MethodsWomen with GDM, who met criteria for insulin treatment, were randomly assigned to metformin (n = 89) or insulin (n = 91) in the Adelaide cohort of the metformin in gestational diabetes (MiG) trial. Fasting serum total vitamin B12 (TB12), holotranscobalamin (HoloTC), a marker of functional B12 status and plasma Hcy concentrations were measured at 20–34 weeks (at randomization) and 36 weeks gestation, then at 6–8 weeks postpartum.ResultsCirculating TB12, HoloTC and Hcy were similar in both treatment groups at each time point. Women who were taking dietary folate supplements at randomization had higher serum TB12 and HoloTC at randomization than those not taking folate. Overall, serum TB12 fell more between randomization and 36 weeks gestation in the metformin group than in the insulin group (metformin: −19.7 ± 4.7 pmol/l, insulin: −6.4 ± 3.6 pmol/l, p = 0.004). The decrease in serum TB12 during treatment was greater with increasing treatment duration in metformin‐treated (p < 0.001), but not in insulin‐treated women.ConclusionsTotal, but not bioavailable, vitamin B12 stores were depleted during pregnancy to a greater extent in metformin‐treated than in insulin‐treated women with GDM, but neither analyte differed between groups at any stage. This adds further evidence supporting metformin as a safe alternative treatment to insulin in GDM. Further investigation is needed to evaluate whether women treated with metformin for longer periods in pregnancy require additional B12 or other supplementation.
Reduced postprandial GLP‐1 responses in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Bonde L. , Vilsbøll T. , Nielsen T. , Bagger J. I. , Svare J. A. , Holst J. J. , Larsen S. , Knop F. K. 
Published: February 2013

AimWe investigated postprandial glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) responses in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and again following delivery when normal glucose tolerance (NGT) was re‐established.MethodsEleven women with GDM [plasma glucose (PG) concentration at 120 min after a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): 10.0 ± 0.9 mM (mean ± SD); age: 31 ± 6 years; body mass index (BMI): 31.6 ± 6.4 kg/m2; haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): 5.6 ± 0.5%] and eight pregnant women with NGT (PG120min, OGTT: 5.7 ± 0.7 mM; age: 28 ± 3 years; BMI: 29.7 ± 5.4 kg/m2; HbA1c: 5.4 ± 0.3%) were investigated with a 4‐h liquid meal test during third trimester (TT) and 3–4 months postpartum (PP). All patients with GDM re‐established NGT following delivery.ResultsPregnancy was associated with low postprandial GLP‐1 responses. Patients with GDM exhibited reduced postprandial GLP‐1 responses compared to their PP levels [area under curve (AUC): 5.5 ± 1.3 vs. 8.4 ± 3.2 nM × min, p=0.005], but the difference among NGT women (7.3 ± 2.8 vs. 8.8 ± 2.0 nM × min, p=0.066) was not statistically significant. Pregnancy did not influence postprandial responses of the other incretin hormone glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in any of the groups, but GDM patients were characterized by greater postprandial GIP responses during both TT and PP compared to NGT subjects.ConclusionsPregnancy is associated with reduced postprandial GLP‐1 responses (most pronounced in patients with GDM) that normalize after delivery. In contrast, postprandial GIP responses seem unaffected by pregnancy but is increased in GDM patients.