bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saturation Height Function in a Field Under Imbibition: A Case Study
Authors: Seth K. , Beales V. , Kawasaki A. , Namba T. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This paper presents a case study on the reconciliation of the water saturation computed using electrical logs and a saturation height function when the field is under imbibition. It is noted that wireline log evaluations suggest that the reservoir system cannot be adequately described using primary drainage capillary pressure in the field, and structure restoration study supports that the reservoir is under the imbibition process.
Gas in place (GIIP) has the largest impact on the development planning of this offshore gas field. GIIP is computed using the gas saturation, area and thickness of the reservoir making gas saturation a critical evaluation parameter. To compute the gas saturation accurately, typically, two sources of data, wireline logs and core measurements are integrated and reconciled. Wireline log based saturation is computed by using density, neutron porosity, resistivity as well as dedicated electrical core measurements, Archie’s exponents m and n. In addition, core based saturation is computed using saturation height functions established from capillary pressure measurements acquired using various techniques: Mercury Injection, Centrifuge and Porous Plate experiments. For imbibition conditions, special spontaneous and forced imbibition measurements were acquired on the core samples. These data sets represent two independent evaluations of the gas saturations.
In this paper, an imbibition function is computed from drainage capillary pressure data from core measurements and reconciled with wireline log estimates in a systematic workflow. This workflow has been applied to the Ichthys field, Browse Basin, on the NW shelf of Australia for generating the pre-development drilling base case model.
Overall, a good match is obtained between the saturation computed by the imbibition function and the wireline log interpretations, however mismatch is observed across some zones. Methods are proposed toclarify the origin of the mismatch and validate the resultant saturation whilst also serving as a guide for establishing a robust workflow to achieve these results.
Theoretical Prediction on the Volumetric Efficiency of Progressive Cavity Pumps via Finite Element Simulations with a Fluid-Solid Interaction Model
Authors: Chen Jie , Liu He , Wang FengShan , Shi GuoCheng , Cao Gang , Sun YanAn , Sun ChunLong , Ge WeiTao , Wu HengAn 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
During the operation of Progressive Cavity Pumps (PCPs), the problem of internal slip which defines the pump performance in terms of volumetric efficiency and lifting capacity always occurs. However, due to the complex geometrical structure and coupling interactions between the stator and the oil lifted, it is difficult to solve the internal slip analytically.
In our study, a new finite element model of PCP with fluid-solid interaction is developed to investigate the internal slip. We established the simulation models of fluid and solid respectively, solved the control equations of them in different solvers and exchanged the results through the fluid-solid interface. Partitioned solution algorithm is employed to tackle the problem of two-way fluid-solid interaction.
Two leakage mechanisms, longitudinal slippage and transversal slippage, were found from our numerical simulation results. For specified design parameters, the fluid leakage can be computed with different hydraulic pressure, thus the volumetric efficiency of PCPs can be obtained. Our computed volumetric efficiency is consistent with experimental results of laboratory test, which can verify our model and simulation method. Furthermore, we studied the influence of different material and structure parameters on internal slip of PCP. The developed model could also be used to compare the volumetric efficiency of different PCPs and optimize the design of PCPs. Our work can be of great significance for the optimization design of new specified PCPs.
Life Extension of Offshore Assets – Balancing Safety & Project Economics
Authors: Brandt H. , Mohd Sarif S. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The oil and gas industry in the Asia Pacific region has matured, and the number of aging offshore facilities is increasing. Changes in reservoir conditions and enhanced oil recovery technologies result in more hydrocarbons available than originally anticipated. Further, new discoveries in more remote or deepwater areas are often developed and tied into existing infrastructures as subsea tiebacks. These trends result in a need to extend the life of the existing offshore installations and facilities beyond their original design life. The decision to extend the service life of an offshore asset is based on detailed technical analyses, assessing the status and the integrity of the structures, the equipment and systems combined with detailed economical evaluations of the required investment needed for upgrades and modifications. It is essential that these evaluations assures safe and reliable future operations of the assets, while at the same time provide sound project economics for the life extension period.
DNV has for a number of years been a leading provider of technical life extension analyses and integrity management services, assessing structures, hulls of floating installations and platforms, mooring lines, pipelines, subsea equipment and well integrity. Together with the industry, DNV has further enhanced these life extension services by developing an integrated approach which combines the technical assessments with risk and reliability analysis into a Value Chain Assessment (VCA) which can be used to better evaluate the project economics related to a life extension project and provide decision support for assessing investments required for upgrades and modifications. This economic value chain model combines all the relevant cost elements into an economic lifecycle model, considering operational and maintenance costs, expected project revenue and capital investment costs required for any upgrades and modifications.
This paper will, based on project experience, highlight key challenges and issues related to life extension of offshore installations and will demonstrate the benefits related to applying an integrated and more economic approach to life extension projects. Key technical challenges related to offshore life extension projects will be addressed and possible solutions presented.
Combining Pressurised Mud Cap Drilling (PMCD) and Early Kick Detection (EKD) Techniques for Fractured Formations Overlying a High Pressure Reservoir in Offshore Kalimantan
Authors: Benny Benny , Hidayat Andri M. , Karnugroho Ardia , Sosa Julius , Toralde Julmar Shaun 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Pressurized Mud Cap Drilling (PMCD) and Early Kick Detection (EKD) are two unconventional drilling techniques that have been used widely individually, mostly in relation to closed and pressurizable systems and to Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) applications. However, both techniques are seldom used together as an integrated setup. This paper describes a synergized PMCD and EKD setup and field deployment that was used to successfully drill a well in offshore Kalimantan, Indonesia that had a high pressure formation below a zone prone to severe circulation losses. The key components in the setup were a rotating control device (RCD) and a Coriolis mass flow meter.
Using an RCD, the drilling system was converted from a conventional open-to-the-atmosphere to a closed-loop system that allows more precise diversion and accurate well flow monitoring, when used in conjunction with a Coriolis mass flow meter. Since it is a closed system, the comparison of the flow coming out of the well with the flow pumped into the well will provide advance information regarding any influx or outflux from the system. The system designed also takes into consideration the efficiency in switching between modes, that is, from conventional drilling to PMCD mode or to EKD mode and then, back to conventional mode. Possible improvements to the system and equipment are also discussed in the paper, as well as how the current system was utilized to successfully drill a well that previously involved multiple sidetracks when attempting to drill conventionally to target depth.
Electrokinetics Assisted Surfactant-EOR to Optimize Mature Waterfloods in AbuDhabi Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Ansari Arsalan , Haroun Muhammad , Al Kindy Nabeela , Ali Basma , Shrestha Reena Amatya , Sarma Hemanta 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
EOR technologies such as CO2 flooding and chemical floods have gained increased interest due to the decreasing number of new-field discoveries, increasing number of maturing fields and higher oil price. Therefore, promising results have been demonstrated in both lab scale and field pilots. Among the emerging EOR technologies, is the surfactant EOR integrated with the application of electrically enhanced oil recovery (EEOR), which is gaining increased popularity due to a number of reservoir- related advantages such as reduction in fluid viscosity, water-cut, increased reservoir permeability, reduced HSE concerns and increased targeting of the unswept oil.
Core flood tests were performed using carbonate core-plugs from Abu Dhabi producing oilfields which were saturated with medium crude oil in a specially designed EK core-flood setup. Electrokinetics (DC voltage of 2V/cm) was applied on these oil saturated cores while waterflooding simultaneously until the ultimate recovery was reached. In the second stage, the recovery was further enhanced by injecting non- ionic surfactant (APG) along with sequential application of EK. This was compared with simultaneous application of EK-assisted surfactant flooding on oil-wet cores. A smart Surfactant-EOR process was done in this study that allowed shifting from sequential to simultaneous Surfactant-EOR alongside EEOR.
The experimental results at ambient conditions show that the application of waterflooding on the carbonate cores yields recovery of approximately 42-64% along with an additional 6-14% incremental recovery that resulted upon the injection of non-ionic surfactant. However, there was a further 12-15% recovery enhanced by the application of EK-assisted surfactant flooding, which could be promising for water swept reservoirs. In addition, EK was shown to enhance the carbonate reservoir’s permeability by approximately 11-29%. Furthermore, this process can be engineered to be a greener approach as the water requirement can be reduced upto 20% in the presence of electrokinetics which is economically feasible.
Thermographic Inspection for Electrical Program Pre-Emptive Analysis and Intervention
Authors: Chandra Murti Oktavianus Danang 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Managing mature assets has become a great challenge in oil and gas business. Aging and obsolete electrical equipment drives higher inspection tasks and maintenance costs, which become increasingly difficult to support as oil and gas production declines.
ExxonMobil Oil Indonesia, in keeping with a strong commitment to safety, integrity, and reliability, considers that pre- emptive analysis is a key to avoiding major incidents and confirming fitness for purpose on a proactive basis. Thermographic inspection is a proven pre-emptive analysis method for electrical equipment. The ability of an infrared camera system to measure surface temperatures of live electrical equipment without direct contact minimizes downtime and maintenance cost, and improves personnel safety.
In particular electrical equipment, an infrared window should be installed to eliminate electrical arc flash hazard during thermographic inspections. An infrared window allows infrared cameras to capture images of electrical components without opening electrical equipment enclosures.
This paper covers implementation of thermographic inspection in ExxonMobil Oil Indonesia, including safe execution practices, compliance with international standards such as NETA MTS & NFPA 70E, and maintenance interval optimization to minimize inspection cost and consequences of electrical equipment failure.
Laboratory Testing Approach to Evaluate Drill-In-Fluid Damage and Wellbore Cleanup Effectivity in Open Hole Horizontal Producer Wells
Authors: Aditama P. , Mirza M. , Iswachyono T. , Anwar Z. , Al Saadi H. , Al Kalbani M. , Qassabi A. , Al Raqmi M. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The paper presents laboratory testing approach to evaluate DIF (Drill-In-Fluid) damage and wellbore cleanup effectiveness in open hole horizontal producer wells. It also investigates the fine movement damage and also the side effect of mud cake removal if it is left in wellbore for long period.
The formation damage tests were carried out on sandstone core plugs from 3 different formations with permeability varying from several milidarcy to hundreds milidarcy. The WBM (Water Base Mud) was used with mostly consisted of CaCO3, NaCl, and KCl. Prior to formation damage test, critical velocity test was performed to investigate the fine movement damage. The formation damage tests were started by circulating the mud with 300 - 400 psi overbalance across the core plugs to create mud cake. The mud was then displaced by brine 8.8 ppg and high viscosity fluid was circulated to simulate the real condition in field for hole cleaning process. Several mud cake removals were then circulated and soaked for 1 and 5 days in the system. Finally, the oil return permeability was measured and compared with initial permeability.
Throughout the study, it is observed that the critical velocity is mainly controlled by the clay content. Porosity and permeability also plays significant role in the plugging behavior due to fine migration. Acid based mud cake removal can enhance the formation permeability if it is allowed to leak-off through the rock matrix. It also depends on the mineral content of the formation (acid soluble minerals). Delayed acid based mud cake removal outperformed other mud cake removals in this study. The most optimum soaking time using the delayed acid based mud cake removal in this study is 1 day. However, there is no permeability impairment identified if the mud cake removal is left up to 5 days.
Effects of Naltrexone Sustained- Release/Bupropion Sustained-Release Combination Therapy on Body Weight and Glycemic Parameters in Overweight and Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Hollander Priscilla , Gupta Alok K. , Plodkowski Raymond , Greenway Frank , Bays Harold , Burns Colleen , Klassen Preston , Fujioka Ken ,   for the COR-Diabetes Study Group
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE
To assess the efficacy and safety of 32 mg naltrexone sustained-release (SR)/360 mg bupropion SR (NB) in overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes with or without background oral antidiabetes drugs.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a 56-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in which 505 patients received standardized lifestyle intervention and were randomized 2:1 to NB or placebo. Coprimary end points were percent weight change and achievement of ≥5% weight loss. Secondary end points included achievement of HbA1c &lt;7% (53 mmol/mol), achievement of weight loss ≥10%, and change in HbA1c, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, and lipids.

RESULTS
In the modified intent-to-treat population (54% female, 80% Caucasian, and mean age 54 years, weight 106 kg, BMI 37 kg/m2, and HbA1c 8.0% [64 mmol/mol]), NB resulted in significantly greater weight reduction (−5.0 vs. −1.8%; P &lt; 0.001) and proportion of patients achieving ≥5% weight loss (44.5 vs. 18.9%, P &lt; 0.001) compared with placebo. NB also resulted in significantly greater HbA1c reduction (−0.6 vs. −0.1% [6.6 vs. 1.1 mmol/mol]; P &lt; 0.001), percent of patients achieving HbA1c &lt;7% (53 mmol/mol) (44.1 vs. 26.3%; P &lt; 0.001), and improvement in triglycerides and HDL cholesterol compared with placebo. NB was associated with higher incidence of nausea (42.3 vs. 7.1%), constipation (17.7 vs. 7.1%), and vomiting (18.3 vs. 3.6%). No difference was observed between groups in the incidence of depression, suicidal ideation, or hypoglycemia.

CONCLUSIONS
NB therapy in overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes induced weight loss, which was associated with improvements in glycemic control and select cardiovascular risk factors and was generally well tolerated with a safety profile similar to that in patients without diabetes.
Dapagliflozin Is Effective as Add-on Therapy to Sitagliptin With or Without Metformin: A 24-Week, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Jabbour Serge A. , Hardy Elise , Sugg Jennifer , Parikh, Shamik ,   for the Study 10 Group
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE
To assess the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes who were inadequately controlled with a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor with or without metformin.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In this 24-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 3 study with a 24-week blinded extension period, 432 patients were randomized to receive dapagliflozin 10 mg/day or placebo added to sitagliptin (100 mg/day) ± metformin (≥1,500 mg/day).

RESULTS
Baseline HbA1c and FPG levels were 7.9% (63.0 mmol/mol) and 162.2 mg/dL (9.0 mmol/L) for the dapagliflozin group and 8.0% (64.0 mmol/mol) and 163 mg/dL (9.0 mmol/L) for placebo. At week 24, dapagliflozin significantly reduced mean HbA1c levels (–0.5% [–4.9 mmol/mol]) versus placebo (0.0% [+0.4 mmol/mol]). Dapagliflozin reduced body weight versus placebo (–2.1 and –0.3 kg) and reduced HbA1c levels in patients with baseline values ≥8.0% (–0.8% [8.7 mmol/mol] and 0.0% [0.3 mmol/mol]) and fasting plasma glucose levels (–24.1 mg/dL [–1.3 mmol/L] and 3.8 mg/dL [0.2 mmol/L]). Similar results were observed when data were stratified by background therapy. Glycemic and weight benefits observed at week 24 were maintained through week 48. Changes from baseline in systolic blood pressure at week 8 were not significantly different between treatment groups. Over 48 weeks, fewer patients receiving dapagliflozin were discontinued or rescued for failing to achieve glycemic targets compared with placebo. Adverse events were balanced between groups, and discontinuation rates were low. At week 48, signs and symptoms suggestive of genital infection were more frequent with dapagliflozin (9.8%) than with placebo (0.4%). Signs and symptoms suggestive of urinary tract infection were balanced between dapagliflozin (6.7%) and placebo (6.2%).

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that in patients with type 2 diabetes, inadequately controlled on sitagliptin with or without metformin, add-on treatment with dapagliflozin provides additional clinical benefit and is well tolerated.
Peripheral Neuropathy in Adolescents and Young Adults With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes From the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Follow-up Cohort
Authors: Jaiswal Mamta , Lauer Abigail , Martin Catherine L. , Bell Ronny A. , Divers Jasmin , Dabelea Dana , Pettitt David J. , Saydah Sharon , Pihoker Catherine , Standiford Debra A. , Rodriguez Beatriz L. , Pop-Busui Rodica , Feldman Eva L. ,   for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE
To estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in a pilot study among youth participating in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
DPN was assessed using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) (examination for foot abnormalities, distal vibration perception, and ankle reflexes). An MNSI exam (MNSIE) score &gt;2 is diagnostic for DPN.

RESULTS
The MNSIE was completed in 399 subjects, including 329 youth with type 1 diabetes (mean age 15.7 ± 4.3 years, duration 6.2 ± 0.9 years) and 70 with type 2 diabetes (mean age 21.6 ± 4.1 years, duration 7.6 ± 1.8 years). Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) was similar in both groups (8.8 ± 1.8% for type 1 vs. 8.5 ± 2.9% for type 2). The prevalence of DPN was significantly higher in youth with type 2 compared with those with type 1 diabetes (25.7 vs. 8.2%; P &lt; 0.0001). In unadjusted analyses, diabetes type, older age, longer duration of diabetes, increased waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, lower HDL cholesterol, and presence of microalbuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio &gt;30 mg/g) were associated with DPN. The association between diabetes type and DPN remained significant after adjustment for age and sex (odds ratio 2.29 [95% CI 1.05–5.02], P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
DPN prevalence among youth with type 2 diabetes approached rates reported in adult populations with diabetes. Our findings suggest not only that youth with diabetes are at risk for DPN but also that many already show measurable signs of DPN.
Bonding of Y-TZP to Dentin: Effects of Y-TZP Surface Conditioning, Resin Cement Type, and Aging
Authors: Bottino MA , Bergoli C , Lima EG , Marocho SMS , Souza RO , Valandro LF 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARY

Purpose
To evaluate the effects of two surface treatments, aging, and two resin cements on shear bond strength between dentin and yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal ceramic (Y-TZP).

Materials and Methods
Eighty human molars were embedded in acrylic resin and sectioned 3 mm below the occlusal plane. These teeth and 80 cylindrical Y-TZP specimens (height, 4 mm; diameter, 3.4 mm) were divided into eight groups (n=10) using the following factors: Y-TZP surface treatment (Vi: low-fusing porcelain [vitrification] + hydrofluoric acid etching + silanization or Si: tribochemical silicatization); cementation strategies (PF: Panavia or CC: Clearfil); and storage (nonaging or aging). Bonding surfaces of 40 Y-TZP specimens received Vi treatment, and the rest received Si treatment. Half of the ceramic-tooth assemblies were cemented with Panavia, the rest with Clearfil. Shear tests were executed using 0.4-mm–thick wire at 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed by three-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (α=0.05). Fractures were analyzed.

Results
Y-TZP surface treatments did not affect bond strength (p=0.762, Vi = Si), while resin cements (p&lt;0.001, Panavia &gt; Clearfil) and aging (p=0.006, nonaging &gt; aging) showed a significant effect. Most failures were in adhesive at dentin-cement interfaces; no failure occurred between zirconia and cement.

Conclusion
When Y-TZP ceramic is bonded to dentin, the weakest interface is that between dentin and resin cement. The resin cement/Y-TZP interface was less susceptible to failures, owing to Y-TZP surface treatments.