bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The agony of choice: different empirical mortality models lead to sharply different future forest dynamics
Authors: Bircher Nicolas , Cailleret Maxime , Bugmann Harald 
Published: January 2015

Dynamic models are pivotal for projecting forest dynamics in a changing climate, from the local to the global scale. They encapsulate the processes of tree population dynamics with varying resolution. Yet, almost invariably, tree mortality is modeled based on simple, theoretical assumptions that lack a physiological and/or empirical basis. Although this has been widely criticized and a growing number of empirically derived alternatives are available, they have not been tested systematically in models of forest dynamics.We implemented an inventory‐based and a tree‐ring‐based mortality routine in the forest gap model ForClim v3.0. We combined these routines with a stochastic and a deterministic approach for the determination of tree status (alive vs. dead). We tested the four new model versions for two Norway spruce forests in the Swiss Alps, one of which was managed (inventory time series spanning 72 years) and the other was unmanaged (41 years). Furthermore, we ran long‐term simulations (~400 years) into the future under three climate scenarios to test model behavior under changing environmental conditions.The tests against inventory data showed an excellent match of simulated basal area and stem numbers at the managed site and a fair agreement at the unmanaged site for three of the four empirical mortality models, thus rendering the choice of one particular model difficult. However, long‐term simulations under current climate revealed very different behavior of the mortality models in terms of simulated changes of basal area and stem numbers, both in timing and magnitude, thus indicating high sensitivity of simulated forest dynamics to assumptions on tree mortality.Our results underpin the potential of using empirical mortality routines in forest gap models. However, further tests are needed that span other climatic conditions and mixed forests. Short‐term simulations to benchmark model behavior against empirical data are insufficient; long‐term tests are needed that include both nonequilibrium and equilibrium conditions. Thus, there is the potential to greatly improve the robustness of future projections of forest dynamics via more reliable tree mortality submodels.
Theoretical Basis of Isochronal and Modified Isochronal Back-Pressure Testing of Gas Wells
Authors: Aziz K. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The theory of gas well testing is briefly reviewed and the theoretical validity of the isochronal and the modified isochronal tests is demonstrated for conditions of laminar flow.

Introduction
The isochronal and modified isochronal methods of gas well testing are in common use these days. Both of these methods could be called unsteady-state methods, as the reservoir is not required to reach steady state during the course of these tests. The practical utility of these tests is well established, but there seems to be no completely satisfactory discussion of their theoretical basis. The manual of gas well testing published by the Oil and Gas Conservation Board of Alberta gives a theoretical explanation for the isochronal test using the radius-of-drainage concept. For the modified isochronal test, the analysis presented in the Board manual is incomplete. In this short paper, theoretical bases for both tests are developed from the unsteady-state theory.
Oil-Water Interface Measurements in Bottom Water Drive Pools
Authors: Gray W.J. , Willmon G.J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
A study of the advance of the oil-water interface in a bottom water drive reservoir permits an evaluation of flushing efficiency and therefore the field's ultimate recovery. The current position of the oil-water interface in a producing field is normally determined by analyzing the performance of producing wells, or by actually measuring its elevation in observation wells. This report discusses the use of both production and observation well data to estimate the position of the oil-water contact. As observation wells provide the most reliable data, the report also discusses the choice and preparation of wells for observation service and the problems encountered in locating an interface in the wellbore which corresponds with the interface in the reservoir. It also outlines a recommended procedure for surveying observation wells.
Systems Approach to Reservoir Engineering: Optimum Development Planning
Authors: Rowan G. , Warren J.E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Reservoir development is a problem which does not appear to have attracted much attention in the literature. This problem arises whenever the future planning for a newly discovered or partially developed reservoir is under review and the following question is posed: "What drilling and/or production policy should be adopted to maximize the return from a given operation in the presence of practical constraints?"
This question is difficult because of the many factors involved – some of which are not known with any degree of certainty. At the present time, it is not possible to provide a completely satisfactory answer; but some of the salient points may be studied and considerable insight concerning the nature of the problem may be gained. In this paper, the problem is approached via systems theory; i.e., the reservoir is considered to be a dynamic system the behaviour of which is reflected in the pressure- production history. This concept leads to a simple model in terms of which development is considered as a control problem.
This unconventional approach is shown to be consistent with some current reservoir engineering practices, but it has distinct advantages over them because it is possible to specify economic criteria as part of the formulation and, hence, to consider the question of optimal policy. On this basis, reservoir development is the counterpart of the optimal control problem with which so much of the modern systems theory is concerned.
The separate phases of a systems study – systems identification and specification of control policies – are discussed in the context of reservoir development.
Temperature Profiles Along the Root with Gutta-percha Warmed through Different Heat Sources
Authors: Simeone Michele , Santis Roberto De , Ametrano Gianluca , Prisco Davide , Borrelli Marino , Paduano Sergio , Riccitiello Francesco , Spagnuolo Gianrico 
Published: January 2015

Objectives:
To evaluate temperature profiles developing in the root during warm compaction of gutta-percha with the heat sources System B and System MB Obtura (Analityc Technology, Redmond, WA, USA). Thirty extracted human incisor teeth were used. Root canals were cleaned and shaped by means of Protaper rotary files (Dentsply-Maillefer, Belgium), and imaging was performed by micro-CT (Skyscan 1072, Aartselaar, Belgium).

Methods:
Teeth were instrumented with K-type thermocouples, and the roots were filled with thermoplastic gutta-percha. Vertical compaction was achieved through the heat sources System B and System MB, and temperature profiles were detect-ed by means of NI Dac Interface controlled by the LabView System. With both heat sources, higher temperature levels were recorded in the region of the root far from the apex. When the warm plugger tip was positioned at a distance of 3 mm from the root apex, temperature levels of about 180°C were used to soften gutta-percha, and no statistically significant differences were observed between peak temperatures developed by the two heating sources at the root apex. However, a temperature level higher than 40°C was maintained for a longer time with System MB.

Results:
Statistically significant differences were observed in peak temperature levels recorded far from the root apex. Thus, with a temperature of about 180°C and the warm plugger positioned at 3 mm from the root apex, both heating sources led to a temperature slightly higher than 40°C at the apex of the root, suggesting that the gutta-percha was properly softened.
Significance: A temperature level higher than 40°C was maintained for a longer time with System MB, thus providing an ad-equate time for warm compaction of the gutta-percha.
Individuals with Primary Osteoarthritis Have Different Phenotypes Depending on the Affected Joint - A Case Control Study from Southern Sweden Including 514 Participants
Authors: Karlsson Magnus K , Karlsson Caroline , Magnusson Håkan , Cöster Maria , Schewelov Tord von , Nilsson Jan Åke , Brudin Lars , Rosengren Björn E 
Published: January 2015

Objective:
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether primary osteoarthritis (OA), independent of affected joint, is associated with a phenotype that is different from the phenotype in a normative cohort.
Material and

Methods:
We included 274 patients with primary OA, 30 women and 32 men (mean age 66 years, range 42-84) with primary hip OA, 38 women and 74 men (mean age 61 years; range 34-85) with primary knee OA, 42 women and 19 men (men age 64 years, range 42-87) with primary ankle or foot OA and 20 women and 19 men (mean age 66 years, range 47-88) with primary hand or finger OA. Of all patients included with OA, 23% had hip OA, 41% knee OA, 22% ankle or foot OA and 14% hand or finger OA. Serving as references were 122 women and 118 men of the same ages who were population-based, included as a control cohort. We measured total body BMD (g/cm2) and proportion of fat and lean mass (%) with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Height, weight and BMI (kg/m2) were also assessed. We then calculated Z-scores (number of standard deviations difference from the mean value of the control cohort) in the OA patients and compared these between the groups.

Results:
Individuals with hand OA and controls had similar phenotype. Individuals with lower extremity OA, irrespective of the affected joint, had similar weight, BMI and BMD, but higher than in individuals with hand OA and controls (all p<0.05). Individuals with lower extremity OA had higher fat and lower lean mass than individuals with hand OA and controls (all p<0.001).

Conclusion:
Individuals with primary OA in the lower extremity have a phenotype with higher BMD, higher BMI, proportionally higher fat content and lower lean body mass content. The different skeletal phenotypes in our patients with OA in the lower extremity and patients with hand OA indicate that separate pathophysiologic pathways may be responsible for primary OA in different joints
Formulation and validation of a predictive model to correct blood glucose concentrations obtained with a veterinary point-of-care glucometer in hemodiluted and hemoconcentrated canine blood samples
Authors: Lane Selena L. , Koenig Amie , Brainard Benjamin M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effect of PCV on veterinary point-of-care (POC) glucometer measurements in canine blood samples and develop a formula to correct the glucose concentration as measured by a point-of-care glucometer (POCgluc) given a known PCV.
Design—Experimental and prospective study.
Samples—Blood samples from 6 healthy dogs and from 30 hospitalized dogs.
Procedures—60 mL of heparinized blood was obtained from each of 6 healthy dogs. Samples were processed into packed RBCs and plasma. Packed RBCs were resuspended with plasma to achieve a range of PCVs from 0% to 94%. Duplicate POCgluc and PCV measurements were obtained for each dilution; following POCgluc measurements, plasma samples were analyzed for glucose concentration by a clinical laboratory biochemical analyzer (LABgluc). A correction formula for POCgluc was developed. Measurements of POCgluc, PCV, and LABgluc were also determined from blood samples of 30 dogs admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital.
Results—Values of LABgluc for each sample were similar at any PCV. As PCV decreased, POCgluc was falsely increased; as PCV increased, POCgluc was falsely decreased, compared with LABgluc. The absolute difference between POCgluc and LABgluc increased as the PCV changed from 50%. Compared with POCgluc, the corrected POCgluc had a significantly improved correlation with LABgluc, which was also reflected in improvements in Clarke and consensus error grid analyses.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that in dogs with hemodilution or hemoconcentration, POCgluc did not reflect actual patient glucose concentrations. Use of a correction formula reduced this error. Corrected POCgluc data had strong, significant correlations with LABgluc data.
Internal obturator muscle transposition for treatment of perineal hernia in dogs: 34 cases (1998–2012)
Authors: Shaughnessy Magen , Monnet Eric 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the outcome of dogs with perineal hernia treated with transposition of the internal obturator muscle.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—34 dogs.
Procedures—Medical records of dogs with perineal hernia surgically treated from 1998 to 2012 were reviewed. Diagnostic methods and surgical techniques were recorded. Dogs were assigned preoperative and postoperative clinical sign scores. Complication and recurrence rates were evaluated over time. Risk factors were determined.
Results—Median follow-up time was 345 days (range, 22 to 1,423 days). Complications were observed in 10 dogs. Tenesmus (n = 9), dyschezia (7), fecal impaction (3), stranguria (4), hematochezia (2), urinary incontinence (2), diarrhea (1), urinary tract infection (1), and megacolon (1) occurred following surgery. Bladder retroflexion at the time of initial evaluation or surgery was not a risk factor for complication (hazard ratio, 1.72). One year after surgery, 51.2% dogs were free of complications. Three dogs developed a perineal hernia on the contralateral side between 35 and 95 days after surgery. The 1-year recurrence rate was 27.4%. Median time for recurrence was 28 days after surgery (range, 2 to 364 days). Postoperative tenesmus was a risk factor for the development of recurrence (hazard ratio, 2.29).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Internal obturator muscle transposition was used for primary repair of perineal hernia in dogs. Recurrence was recorded as long as 1 year after surgery. Tenesmus was a risk factor for the development of recurrence after treatment of perineal hernia with internal obturator muscle transposition.
Incidence of and risk factors for postoperative regurgitation and vomiting in dogs: 244 cases (2000–2012)
Authors: Davies John A. , Fransson Boel A. , Davis Anastacia M. , Gilbertsen Aaron M. , Gay John M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Objective—To determine the incidence of and risk factors for postoperative regurgitation and vomiting (PORV) in dogs.
Design—Retrospective cohort study.
Animals—244 client-owned dogs.
Procedures—Dogs referred for nonelective surgery in the first 3 months of 2000 and 2012 were included. Breed; sex; age; weight; body condition score; emergency status; food withholding status; history of vomiting or regurgitation; American Society of Anesthesiologists score; presence of diabetes or hypothyroidism; preoperative PCV and total solids concentration; anesthesia protocol; corticosteroid, opioid, neuromuscular blocking agent, and nitrous oxide usage; anesthesia time; surgery time; type of surgery; and occurrence of vomiting or regurgitation within 24 hours after recovery from anesthesia were recorded. Data were analyzed by means of the Fisher exact test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and logistic regression.
Results—30 of 244 (12.3%) dogs meeting study inclusion criteria developed PORV. There was no significant difference in the incidence of PORV between the 2000 (12/111 [10.8%]) and 2012 (18/133 [13.5%]) cohorts, although the incidence of regurgitation was higher in 2012. Univariate logistic regression identified the most significant risk factors as gastrointestinal surgery (OR, 11.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.11 to 40.03), premedication without strong sedatives including either an α2-adrenoceptor agonist or acepromazine (OR, 5.36; 95% CI, 1.89 to 15.17), American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 4 (OR, 5.25; 95% CI, 1.05 to 26.15), history of vomiting or regurgitation (OR, 5.12; 95% CI, 1.83 to 14.31), emergency surgery (OR, 4.08; 95% CI, 1.29 to 12.90), neurologic surgery (OR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.02 to 9.92), sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia (OR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.25 to 6.13), and being sexually intact (OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.07 to 5.27). Multivariate analysis was not clinically useful owing to the low sensitivity and specificity of the model.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Between 2000 and 2012, there was no change in the incidence of PORV for dogs undergoing neurologic, orthopedic, and soft tissue surgical procedures; however, the proportion of dogs that regurgitated increased significantly in 2012. Preoperative antiemetic prophylaxis should be considered in dogs undergoing gastrointestinal surgery and in those in which other risk factors are present.
The Politics of Plato and His Objection to Democracy
Authors: Topaloğlu Aydin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAncient Greek philosopher, Plato, had not only had political desires but had also tried to engage in active politics. But after a big frustration, especially with the trial of Socrates, he turned away from politics and criticized the political phenomena of his own time under the name of democracy. In his fascinating works we find his political ideas, ambitions, adventures, approvals and disapprovals. For Plato society or an ideal state must be organized and controlled not by masses, but by persons who really know what the norms are. The troubles of mankind will never cease until either true genuine philosophers attain political power or the rulers of states by some dispensation of providence become genuine philosophers.
Referendum in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
Authors: Kużelewska Elżbieta 
Published: January 2015

AbstractFor more than 80 years the Czechs and the Slovaks have been functioning within one political. economic and social system. Various political and economic circumstances resulted in the division of Czechoslovakia to the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Ever since the political systems of both countries became different. These various political systems inspired me to examine the people's participation in the political life of those countries.The aim of this paper is to analyse and compare the most common form of direct democracy -a referendum - in both the Czech and Slovak political systems. It will be compared on two levels. The first one will deal with general constitutional background of a referendum and its procedures, as well as with a comparison of regulations in the respective countries. The second one will concern the practice of referendum in the analysed countries.
The Golden Age of Citizen Journalism
Authors: Mirvajová Viktória 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCitizen journalism has never been as strong as it is now. New technology and the Internet have influenced it a lot. The differences between the citizen and the professional journalism - or coopera-tion of these two elements - have become a discussed topic. There are two different views to the issue. Certain experts say it is impossible to compare the professional journalism to the citizen one. But some cases show that the citizen journalism is important part of current media.
Позиція офіційної Канади та етнічних організацій щодо виборчого… процесу в Україні
Authors: Макар Віталій 
Published: January 2015

AbstractУ даній статті висвітлюється процес моніторингу виборів до Верховної Ради України 28 жовтня 2012 р. з боку канадських урядових кіл, а також представників етнічних організацій, зокрема Конґресу українців Канади, представники якого спостерігали за виборчими баталіями у складі Світового конґресу українців. Від канадської сторони була представлена найбільша у її історії місія за спостереженням виборчого процесу в Україні. Це пов’язано перш за все з тими історичними зв’язками, які поєднують обидві держави, а головно, наявність у Канаді потужної, з точки зору лобізму українських інтересів, етнічної групи. Канада достатньо багато зробила, або ж намагається зробити для утвердження в Україні демократичних цінностей. Попередній, загальний висновок Канадської місії говорить про те, що парламентські вибори 28 жовтня мали порушення, які ставлять під сумнів їх справедливість. Очевидно, що всі спостерігачі чекають на початок роботи Верховної Ради України нового скликання, щоб оцінити можливість подальшої співпраці з українською державою.
Імідж України в контексті парламентських виборів 2012
Authors: Галина Піскорська 
Published: January 2015

AbstractФормування позитивного іміджу України в світі розглядається за умови повернення краї- ни на шлях демократичного розвитку. Проведення чесних і прозорих парламентських виборів є однією з головних передумов для позитивної оцінки іміджу України на Заході, подолання кризи євроінтеграції та відновлення конструктивної взаємодії України з Європейським Союзом.
Possibilities and limitations of weed management in fruit crops of the temperate climate zone
Authors: Lisek Jerzy 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This manuscript contains information on the species composition of weed communities in orchards in Poland and other
countries of the temperate climate zone. The manuscript deals with the influence of weeds on crops and the interaction between the
weeds and other living organisms. The main methods of weed regulation are described. Characteristics of the particular crops – fruit
trees and small fruits – and solutions that are either objects of study or have already been introduced into practice, are presented.
Advantages and disadvantages of different methods of weed control are discussed, such as soil cultivation and tillage, cover crops,
mulches, herbicide use, and flame burning.
Modes of transmission and stability of Rice yellow mottle virus
Authors: Uke Ayaka , Tibanyendela Naswiru , Ikeda Ryoichi , Fujiie Azusa , Natsuaki Keiko Teresa 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) is the most important rice virus in Africa. We examined RYMV transmission via soil and
water contaminated with RYMV-infected rice plants and by serial cutting with RYMV-contaminated scissors. Transmission of RYMV
via dried rice straw kept at 27°C was also examined. The results showed the virus could be transmitted via soil and water, and by
scissors. Rice straw that was RYMV-infected was not infective if it was dried and was kept longer than 42 days. By insect transmission
experiments and ELISA, long-horned grasshoppers (Conocephalus spp.) were found to be a possible vector of RYMV in Uganda.
The biological effect of cage design corrected for reductions in spray penetration
Authors: Fritz Bradley Keith , Hoffmann Wesley Clint , Bonds Jane Annalise Sara , Haas Keith , Czaczyk Zbigniew 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In-field measures of physical spray concentration do not tend to correlate well with caged insect mortality data. This is
partly due to the reduced penetration of the spray into the cage. Spray penetration is hindered by the structure of the cage. Wind tunnel
studies were conducted to investigate the accuracy of those calculations developed to correct for filtration levels in caged mosquito
bioassays. Zenivex E20 (Etofenprox) was applied at rates ranging from an LD10 to an LD90. Three cage types were used, each with different
penetration levels. The dose approaching the cage was converted to the dose entering the cage using cage penetration data from
previous research. The penetration conversion factor returned a data set that directly correlated dose with mosquito mortality (R2 =
= 0.918). The mortality percent was a function of the dose within the cage. The mesh type acted as a regulator. Although the conversion
factor was effective, the differences between cages was not always significant due to within-group variation.