bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical Properties Improvement of Soy Protein Using Divalent Ions During a Two‐Step Fractionation Process
Authors: Wu Na‐Na , Zheng Er‐Li , Tan Bin , Teng Zi , Yang Xiao‐Quan , Gao Zhi‐Ming 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study proposed a two‐step fractionation (TSF) method with the addition of divalent ions to produce a soy protein with lower contents of lipophilic proteins and polar lipids (less‐LP SPI). Flavor volatiles profiles and some functional properties of less‐LP SPI were compared with soy protein prepared from conventional acid precipitated methods (APP). Protein composition and thermal behavior analysis indicated that less‐LP SPI prepared with the addition of 10 mM Ca2+ during TSF process contained less lipophilic proteins and less denatured proteins. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that the flavor volatiles content of less‐LP SPI was significantly lower than that of APP (p < 0.05). The emulsifying stability of less‐LP SPI was improved in comparison to that of APP (p < 0.05), as indicated by a less significant change in the creaming index and particle size (after 14 and 30 days of storage) of the emulsion prepared with the former than with the latter. Less‐LP SPI had a similar or slightly lower water solubility compared to APP, but it possessed a higher protein content and a lower lipid level. These improvements in the properties of less‐LP SPI might be due to the removal of lipophilic proteins and polar lipids by the divalent ions during the TSF process.
Aerobic cervical bacteriology and antibiotic sensitivity patterns in patients with advanced cervical cancer before and after radiotherapy at a national referral hospital in Uganda
Authors: Mubangizi Louis , Namusoke Fatuma , Mutyaba Twaha 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine prevalent aerobic cervical bacteria and sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics in patients with advanced cervical cancer before and after 4 weeks of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT).MethodsCervical swabs were collected prior to the initial radiation dose and after 4 weeks of radiotherapy at Mulago Hospital. Aerobic culture was performed on blood agar, chocolate agar, and MacConkey agar, and incubated at 35–37 ° for 24–48 hours. Isolates were identified using colonial morphology, Gram staining, and biochemical analysis. Sensitivity testing was performed via Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion and dilution. Differences in the proportions of bacteria isolated before and after radiotherapy were compared. Paired t test was used to obtain differences in sensitivity before and after radiotherapy.ResultsNormal flora increased significantly after EBRT (P = 0.02). There was no significant change in overall proportion of positive cultures. Sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics improved (P = 0.05) and resistance significantly decreased (P = 0.005). Significant differences were seen mainly with ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin.ConclusionFour weeks of EBRT did not sterilize the cervix but resulted in an increase in normal flora. Radiotherapy appeared to reduce resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Sensitivity to chloramphenicol was higher than for the more commonly used antibiotics.
Interleukin‐23 and its correlation with disease activity, joint damage, and functional disability in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Dalila Adnan Siti , Mohd Said Mohd Shahrir , Shaharir Syahrul Sazliyana , Asrul Abdul Wahab , Low Soo Fin , Shamsul Azhar Shah , Sakthiswary Rajalingham 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare the serum interleukin (IL)‐23 levels between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and healthy controls and to determine the correlation of IL‐23 levels with disease activity, joint damage and functional disability in RA. Serum samples were obtained from 45 patients with RA and 45 healthy controls. The enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method was used for quantitative analysis of IL‐23. All the RA patients were assessed for disease activity based on the 28‐joint disease activity score, joint damage based on modified Sharp score, and functional ability using the Health Assessment Questionnaire–Disability Index. The mean serum IL‐23 level was much higher among the RA patients (24.50 ± 13.98 pg/mL) compared to the controls (5.98 ± 3.40 pg/mL;p < 0.01). There was a significant positive relationship between IL‐23 levels and disease activity and questionnaire scores (p = 0.003 and 0.020, respectively). On logistic regression analysis, IL‐23 levels were significantly higher in patients with moderate to high disease activity (p = 0.008, odds ratio = 1.073, 95% confidence interval = 1.019–1.130) and patients with significant functional disability (p = 0.008, odds ratio = 1.085, 95% confidence interval = 1.021–1.153). RA patients have significantly higher levels of serum IL‐23. The IL‐23 levels correlate well with disease activity and functional disability but not with radiographic joint damage.
Review of the current status of fast ignition research at the IAPCM
Authors: Cai Hong-bo , Wu Si-zhong , Wu Jun-feng , Chen Mo , Zhang Hua , He Min-qing , Cao Li-hua , Zhou Cang-tao , Zhu Shao-ping , He Xian-tu 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe review the present status and future prospects of fast ignition (FI) research of the theoretical group at the IAPCM (Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing) as a part of the inertial confinement fusion project. Since the approval of the FI project at the IAPCM, we have devoted our efforts to improving the integrated codes for FI and designing advanced targets together with the experimental group. Recent FI experiments [K. U. Akli et al., Phys. Rev. E 86, 065402 (2012)] showed that the petawatt laser beam energy was not efficiently converted into the compressed core because of the beam divergence of relativistic electron beams. The coupling efficiency can be improved in three ways: (1) using a cone–wire-in-shell advanced target to enhance the transport efficiency, (2) using external magnetic fields to collimate fast electrons, and (3) reducing the prepulse level of the petawatt laser beam. The integrated codes for FI, named ICFI, including a radiation hydrodynamic code, a particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation code, and a hybrid fluid–PIC code, have been developed to design this advanced target at the IAPCM. The Shenguang-II upgraded laser facility has been constructed for FI research; it consists of eight beams (in total $24~ {\rm kJ}/3\omega $, 3 ns) for implosion compression, and a heating laser beam (0.5–1 kJ, 3–5 ps) for generating the relativistic electron beam. A fully integrated FI experiment is scheduled for the 2014 project.
Steady turbulent density currents on a slope in a rotating fluid
Authors: Manucharyan G. E. , Moon W. , Sévellec F. , Wells A. J. , Zhong J.-Q. , Wettlaufer J. S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe consider the dynamics of actively entraining turbulent density currents on a conical sloping surface in a rotating fluid. A theoretical plume model is developed to describe both axisymmetric flow and single-stream currents of finite angular extent. An analytical solution is derived for flow dominated by the initial buoyancy flux and with a constant entrainment ratio, which serves as an attractor for solutions with alternative initial conditions where the initial fluxes of mass and momentum are non-negligible. The solutions indicate that the downslope propagation of the current halts at a critical level where there is purely azimuthal flow, and the boundary layer approximation breaks down. Observations from a set of laboratory experiments are consistent with the dynamics predicted by the model, with the flow approaching a critical level. Interpretation in terms of the theory yields an entrainment coefficient $E\propto 1/\Omega $ where the rotation rate is $\Omega $. We also derive a corresponding theory for density currents from a line source of buoyancy on a planar slope. Our theoretical models provide a framework for designing and interpreting laboratory studies of turbulent entrainment in rotating dense flows on slopes and understanding their implications in geophysical flows.
Approaches to the detection of very small, common, and easily missed outbreaks that together contribute substantially to human Cryptosporidium infection
Authors: BRIGGS A. D. M. , BOXALL N. S. , VAN SANTEN D. , CHALMERS R. M. , McCARTHY N. D. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYWater supply-associated cryptosporidiosis outbreaks have decreased in England since the application of risk reduction measures to public water supplies. We hypothesized that smaller outbreaks were occurring which could be better detected by enhanced surveillance. Rolling analysis of detailed questionnaire data was applied prospectively in a population of 2·2 million in the south of England in 2009 and 2010. Detection of spatiotemporal clusters using SaTScan was later undertaken retrospectively. Together these approaches identified eight outbreaks, compared to an expectation of less than one based on national surveillance data. These outbreaks were small and associated with swimming pool use or, less commonly, direct (e.g. petting-farm) contact with animals. These findings suggest that frequent small-scale transmission in swimming pools is an important contributor to disease burden. Identification of swimming pool-level risk factors may inform preventative measures. These findings and the approaches described may be applicable to many other populations and to some other diseases.
Dressed-photon–phonon (DPP)-assisted visible- and infrared-light water splitting
Authors: Yatsui Takashi , Imoto Tsubasa , Mochizuki Takahiro , Kitamura Kokoro , Kawazoe Tadashi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA dressed-phonon–phonon (DPP) assisted photocatalyst reaction was carried out to increase the visible light responsibility, where the photon energy of the radiation, which ranged from visible to infrared light is less than band gap energy of the photocatalyst (ZnO, 3.3 eV). The dependence of the photocurrent on excitation power indicated that two-step excitation occurred in DPP-assisted process. A cathodoluminescence measurement also supported the conclusion that the visible- and infrared-light excitation originated from DPP excitation, not from defect states in the ZnO nanorod photocatalyst.
Human pleural B-cells regulate IFN-γ production by local T-cells and NK cells in aMycobacterium tuberculosis-induced delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Authors: Schierloh Pablo , Landoni Verónica , Balboa Luciana , Musella Rosa M. , Castagnino Jorge , Moraña Eduardo , de Casado Graciela C. , Palmero Domingo , Sasiain María C. 
Published: April 2014

DTH (delayed type hypersensitivity) reactions are secondary cellular immune responses that appear 24–72 h after antigen exposure. Tuberculous pleurisy is a common manifestation of extrapulmonary TB (tuberculosis) and is considered a human model of Th1-mediated DTH. In order to identify functional cross-talk among cellular populations sited in this inflammatory microenvironment, we analysed phenotypic and functional features of human B-cells isolated from the PF (pleural fluid) of TB patients. Freshly isolated PF-B-cells displayed a lower expression of CD20, CD1d and HLA-DR, and a higher expression of CD95, CD38, CD25, CXCR3 (CXC chemokine receptor 3) and CXCR4 (CXC chemokine receptor 4) than their PB (peripheral blood) counterparts, suggesting a non-classical in situ activation. Although memory PF-T-cell frequencies were increased, the frequencies of memory PF-B-cells were not. We demonstrated that, upon stimulation with γ-irradiated M. tuberculosis, mycobacterially secreted proteins or a lectin mitogen, PF-B-cells had a strong activation and produced IL-10 by a mechanism that was dependent on bystander activation of CD19− PF cells. Besides, within PF cells, B-cells diminished in vitro M. tuberculosis-induced IFN (interferon)-γ production by T-cells and NK (natural killer) cells in an IL-10-dependent manner. Finally, we found that the lower the frequency of B-cells, the higher the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 within PF. Thus our results suggest that B-cells can regulate a human DTH reaction induced by M. tuberculosis.
Acoustically trapped colloidal crystals that are reconfigurable in real time
Authors: Caleap Mihai , Drinkwater Bruce W. 
Published: April 2014

Significance
We have been working on metamaterials that are reconfigurable in real time with a view to creating genuinely active metamaterials. Such materials will allow researchers to gain unprecedented control over a range of optical and acoustic wave phenomena. To date, although numerous examples of metamaterials exist, none is reconfigurable in three dimensions. We have developed a method for creating three-dimensional colloidal crystals that are reconfigurable in real time. Our method uses acoustic assembly to trap a suspension of microspheres in patterns resembling crystal lattices. We show that it is possible to dynamically alter the geometry of the colloidal crystal and use our metamaterial as an ultrasonic filter that can be tuned in real time.
A review of early life history dynamics of Barents Sea cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Ottersen Geir , Bogstad Bjarte , Yaragina Natalia A. , Stige Leif Christian , Vikebø Frode B. , Dalpadado Padmini 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The Barents Sea stock of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is currently the world's largest cod stock. It is also a stock for which long time-series are available and much research has been carried out. With this review, we wish to present an overview and evaluation of the knowledge on Barents Sea cod early life dynamics. The focus is on the effects of the biotic and abiotic drivers, which jointly determine the strength of a year class. A stage-by-stage approach is employed. We summarize and assess the significance of the different processes described in the literature to be at play during each specific life stage, from spawning stock, through eggs, larvae, and pelagic juvenile, to demersal juvenile and recruitment at age 3. Also Russian work is included, some of which until now has not been available to non-Russian readers. Physical drivers examined include sea temperature, advection and dispersal, wind-induced turbulence, and light. Biotic mechanisms studied range from maternal effects and skipped spawning in the adult stock through egg quantity and quality, to prey availability for the larvae and effects of cannibalism on the juveniles. Finally, we evaluate the main hypotheses put forth by Johan Hjort a hundred years ago in the light of our synthesis of present knowledge. A main conclusion is that it is unlikely that there is any one single life stage during which recruitment with any generality is determined.
The Mitochondrial Sulfur Dioxygenase ETHYLMALONIC ENCEPHALOPATHY PROTEIN1 Is Required for Amino Acid Catabolism during Carbohydrate Starvation and Embryo Development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Krüßel Lena , Junemann Johannes , Wirtz Markus , Birke Hannah , Thornton Jeremy D. , Browning Luke W. , Poschet Gernot , Hell Rüdiger , Balk Janneke , Braun Hans-Peter , Hildebrandt Tatjana M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe sulfur dioxygenase ETHYLMALONIC ENCEPHALOPATHY PROTEIN1 (ETHE1) catalyzes the oxidation of persulfides in the mitochondrial matrix and is essential for early embryo development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We investigated the biochemical and physiological functions of ETHE1 in plant metabolism using recombinant Arabidopsis ETHE1 and three transfer DNA insertion lines with 50% to 99% decreased sulfur dioxygenase activity. Our results identified a new mitochondrial pathway catalyzing the detoxification of reduced sulfur species derived from cysteine catabolism by oxidation to thiosulfate. Knockdown of the sulfur dioxygenase impaired embryo development and produced phenotypes of starvation-induced chlorosis during short-day growth conditions and extended darkness, indicating that ETHE1 has a key function in situations of high protein turnover, such as seed production and the use of amino acids as alternative respiratory substrates during carbohydrate starvation. The amino acid profile of mutant plants was similar to that caused by defects in the electron-transfer flavoprotein/electron-transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex and associated dehydrogenases. Thus, in addition to sulfur amino acid catabolism, ETHE1 also affects the oxidation of branched-chain amino acids and lysine.
Design of Experiments in a higher education setting
Authors: Antony Jiju , Sivanathan Laxman , Gijo E.V. 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of Design of Experiments (DoE) in a higher education setting and to remove the misconception that it is only applied to a manufacturing environment. The authors demonstrate a simple case study here to illustrate its application in a typical non-manufacturing context.

Design/methodology/approach
– The methodology involves the execution of a simple study in the form of an experiment in the Faculty of Engineering, University of Strathclyde. The experiment was performed with the assistance of both undergraduate and postgraduate students in one department in the Faculty of Engineering.

Findings
– It was found from the experiment that postgraduate students prefer a case study approach of teaching with multiple speakers and prefer their classes in the morning. As for undergraduate students, similar results were obtained but would prefer their classes in the afternoon. Moreover further analysis shows that the postgraduate students prefer a 30 minutes introduction to the topic in a one hour lecture. Moreover the students prefer more time to be spent on the exercises and less time on the discussion.

Research limitations/implications
– The sample size of the experiment was considered small in the study although this was a pilot study to investigate the use of DoE in a higher education setting. The authors will continue to collect more data for further validity of results obtained from the pilot study. The authors will also explore the use of different designs as part of the future investigations.

Practical implications
– The outcome of this experiment would help everyone who is involved in teaching to understand the factors and their influences to improve students’ satisfaction scores during the delivery of teaching.

Originality/value
– This paper shows how DoE as a pure manufacturing technique can be extended to a higher education setting. The results of this study were quite an eye opener for the authors in terms of understanding the key factors which influence any process irrespective of the sector.
Heuristic semantic walk for concept chaining in collaborative networks
Authors: Franzoni Valentina , Milani Alfredo 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– In this work, a new general framework is proposed to guide navigation over a collaborative concept network, in order to discover paths between concepts. Finding semantic chains between concepts over a semantic network is an issue of great interest for many applications, such as explanation generation and query expansion. Collaborative concept networks over the web tend to have features such as large dimensions, high connectivity degree, dynamically evolution over the time, which represent special challenges for efficient graph search methods, since they result in huge memory requirements, high branching factors, unknown dimensions and high cost for accessing nodes. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– The proposed framework is based on the novel notion of heuristic semantic walk (HSW). In the HSW framework, a semantic proximity measure among concepts, reflecting the collective knowledge embedded in search engines or other statistical sources, is used as a heuristic in order to guide the search in the collaborative network. Different search strategies, information sources and proximity measures, can be used to adapt HSW to the collaborative semantic network under consideration.

Findings
– Experiments held on the Wikipedia network and Bing search engine on a range of different semantic measures show that the proposed HSW approach with weighted randomized walk strategy outperforms state-of-the-art search methods.

Originality/value
– To the best of the authors' knowledge, the proposed HSW model is the first approach which uses search engine-based proximity measures as heuristic for semantic search.
DGIST: a digital game for international students' adjustment
Authors: Bisadi Maryam , Y.K. Chua Alton 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to explore the use of digital game to help international student to acquire adjustment-related information.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study introduces a digital game called Digital Game for International Student Training (DGIST) which is intended to satisfy important aspects of international students' information needs. To evaluate the efficacy of DGIST, a before-and-after with control experimental design was adopted. The experimental group students were exposed to DGIST, while the control group was given a paper-based document. A total of 80 participants were involved in the study. They were from nine different countries with average age of 26. The analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data collected.

Findings
– Statistical analyses reveal that there was a significant difference between DGIST and paper-based document in helping international students acquire adjustment-related information on post-test score.

Originality/value
– Although digital games have been developed for various subject areas, little attention has been focused on using digital games to address international students' adjustment issues. This paper thus represents a step towards an uncharted research territory.
Turning theTitanic: inertia and the drivers of climate change education
Authors: J. Fahey Shireen , R. Labadie John , Meyers Noel 
Published: April 2014

Purpose– The aim of this paper is to present the challenges external drivers and internal inertia faced by curriculum designers and implementers at institutions of higher education. The challenges to academics from competing factors are presented: internal resistance to changing existing curricula vs the necessity to continuously evolve programmes to reflect a dynamic, uncertain future. The necessity to prepare future leaders to face global issues such as climate change, dictates changing curricula to reflect changing personal, environmental and societal needs.Design/methodology/approach– This paper uses the case study method to examine two models of climate change curriculum design and renewal. One model, from an Australian university, is based upon national education standards and the second is a non-standards-based curriculum design, developed and delivered by a partnership of four North American universities.Findings– The key findings from this study are that the highest level of participation by internal-to-the-programme academics and administrators is required. Programme quality, delivery and content alignment may be compromised with either stand-alone course delivery and learning outcomes, or if courses are developed independently of others in the programme. National educational standards can be effective tools to guide course and programme management, monitoring, review and updating.Practical implications– The paper includes implications for postgraduate level curricula design, implementation and programme evaluation.Originality/value– The paper is the first to compare, contrast and critique a national standards-based, higher education curriculum and a non-standards-based curriculum.