bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A case study exploring employment factors affecting general practice nurse role development
Authors: Crossman Sue , Pfeil Michael , Moore Jennifer , Howe Amanda 
Published: June 2015

AimThe aim of this study was to explore the factors affecting role development in practice nursing in the United Kingdom.BackgroundGeneral practice is currently central to National Health Service reform, producing favourable conditions for the practice nurse role to be further strengthened and developed. However, the literature has continued to describe evidence that practice nurses are a disempowered, isolated group with many constraints reducing their ability to respond to opportunities to develop their role. The rationale for conducting the study was therefore to provide a greater understanding about the constraining factors and their influence on practice nurses wishing to develop their role.MethodThe method used to conduct the research followed a case approach, as the subject being investigated was complex with multiple inter-related factors and the approach was exploratory. The cases comprised six UK general practices and the participants within each case were a practice nurse, a GP and a practice manager.FindingsA combination of factors was found to contribute to the way the practice nurse role evolves. These are education, practice culture, practice nurse personal characteristics and empowerment. Empowerment holds the key to maximising the conditions favourable to practice nurse role evolution. This is not, however, a ‘single’ factor; it represents the combined synergistic effects of practice culture and practice nurse personal characteristics on creating an empowering environment. The inter-relationship between these was captured in a framework and given the title ‘empowering employment principles’.ConclusionThe ‘empowering employment principles’ illustrate the features most conducive to role evolution, thus providing a tool for practice nurses and their employers to enhance opportunities for nurses to develop their role.
Assessment of institutional capacities of the Gambia Indigenous Livestock Multipliers’ Associations
Authors: Olaniyan O. F. , Fall-Diop N. N. , Faye B. , Secka A. , Smith O.B. , Kebbeh M. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThis exploratory study aims to understand and improve the performance of Gambia Indigenous Livestock Multipliers’ Associations (GILMA – Fulladu and Saloum) as a way of enabling them to better respond to the challenges faced in fulfilling their institutional responsibilities. Using participatory institutional diagnosis, the GILMA members and experts were able to examine their associations and to stimulate collective reflection as a means of making the associations more efficient and effective. The findings of this diagnosis showed that functioning of both GILMAs was closely linked to the operations of their technical partners. This resulted to GILMAs which clearly lack defined vision and mission. Main issues to address include capacity development of GILMA's executive committee in terms of institutional management, group facilitation, participatory planning, effective strategies for partnership and ownership. Overall, this study developed pathways for revitalizing GILMAs into vibrant and self-sustaining indigenous ruminant livestock multipliers’ associations that can effectively carry out specific roles and responsibilities within the three-tier Open Nucleus Breeding Scheme of the International Trypanotolerance Centre.
Langzeiteffekte des Präventionsprogramms Klasse2000 auf den Substanzkonsum
Authors: Isensee Barbara , Maruska Karin , Hanewinkel Reiner 
Published: June 2015

Zielsetzung: Untersuchung der langfristigen Auswirkungen des für die Grundschule konzipierten Präventionsprogramms Klasse2000 auf den Substanzkonsum. Methodik: Klasse2000 will mittels interaktiver Methoden die Lebenskompetenzen fördern und zu einem gesunden Lebensstil motivieren. Die Daten wurden in schriftlichen Nachbefragungen einer Kontrollgruppenstudie mit Messwiederholung 16 Monate (N = 501, mittl. Alter 11,4 Jahre, 43,7 % männlich) und 36 Monate (N = 408, mittl. Alter 12,9 Jahre, 43,1 % männlich) nach Ende der Intervention gewonnen. Die Zuteilung zu den Gruppen erfolgte in der Ursprungsstudie auf Ebene der Schulen unter Berücksichtigung der Präferenz der Schulen. Ergebnisse: In beiden Nachbefragungen waren Lebenszeitprävalenz und Inzidenz des Rauchens in der Interventionsgruppe statistisch bedeutsam geringer als in der Kontrollgruppe. Beim Alkoholkonsum konnte nur in der ersten Nachbefragung eine signifikant geringere Lebenszeitprävalenz in der Interventionsgruppe gefunden werden. In der zweiten Nachbefragung war in der Untergruppe derjenigen Jugendlichen, die bereits Alkohol konsumiert hatten, in der Interventionsgruppe die Intensität des Alkoholkonsums geringer als in der Kontrollgruppe. Schlussfolgerungen: 16 bzw. 36 Monate nach Abschluss der Intervention finden sich Hinweise auf präventive Effekte des Programms Klasse2000 auf das Rauchverhalten. Für den Alkoholkonsum ist die Befundlage weniger überzeugend.
Kontrolliertes Trinken bei Alkoholkonsumstörungen: Eine systematische Übersicht
Authors: Körkel Joachim 
Published: June 2015

Hintergrund: Verhaltenstherapeutische Behandlungen zum selbstkontrollierten Trinken (KT) wurden in den letzten 50 Jahren vielfältig erforscht. Eine aktuelle Übersicht über den gegenwärtigen Status dieses Ansatzes liegt nicht vor. Fragestellung: Es wird ein systematischer Überblick über die Konzept- und Forschungsgeschichte des KT (Definition, theoretische Wurzeln, Behandlungsmethoden), Wirksamkeit von KT-Behandlung (inkl. Prognosefaktoren) sowie Implementierung von KT in das Behandlungssystem (Akzeptanz und Verbreitung) vorgenommen. Methodik: Gemäß den PRISMA Richtlinien wurde in den Datenbanken PsycINFO, Medline und Psyndex nach psychologischen Behandlungen zum selbstkontrollierten Alkoholkonsum bei Menschen mit klinisch relevanten Alkoholproblemen recherchiert und 676 einschlägige Beiträge identifiziert. Ergebnisse: KT wird als regelgeleitet-planvoller Alkoholkonsum definiert. Seine theoretischen Wurzeln reichen von Lerntheorien bis zur Psychologie der Selbstregulation. In der Behandlung haben Behavioral Self-Control Trainings frühere Methoden (z. B. aversive Konditionierung, Kontingenzmanagement und Reizexposition) abgelöst. Einzel und Gruppenbehandlungen sowie Selbsthilfemanuale zum KT erweisen sich über das gesamte Spektrum des problematischen Alkoholkonsums als kurz- und langfristig wirksam zur Reduktion des Alkoholkonsums und alkoholassoziierter Probleme wie auch zur Förderung des Übergangs zur Abstinenz. Prognostisch bedeutsam sind v. a. der Zielentscheid des Patienten pro KT und seine Zuversicht in die Realisierbarkeit von KT. Akzeptanz und Verbreitung von KT haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten zugenommen und variieren u. a. länderspezifisch. Schlussfolgerungen: Angesichts der Wirksamkeit von KT-Behandlungen sowie gesundheitspolitischer, ethischer, therapeutischer und ökonomischer Überlegungen sollten Reduktionsbehandlungen gleichrangig neben Abstinenzbehandlungen in ein zieloffen ausgerichtetes Behandlungssystem integriert werden.
Atomic species identification at the (101) anatase surface by simultaneous scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopy
Authors: Stetsovych Oleksandr , Todorović Milica , Shimizu Tomoko K. , Moreno César , Ryan James William , León Carmen Pérez , Sagisaka Keisuke , Palomares Emilio , Matolín Vladimír , Fujita Daisuke , Perez Ruben , Custance Oscar 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAnatase is a pivotal material in devices for energy-harvesting applications and catalysis. Methods for the accurate characterization of this reducible oxide at the atomic scale are critical in the exploration of outstanding properties for technological developments. Here we combine atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), supported by first-principles calculations, for the simultaneous imaging and unambiguous identification of atomic species at the (101) anatase surface. We demonstrate that dynamic AFM-STM operation allows atomic resolution imaging within the material’s band gap. Based on key distinguishing features extracted from calculations and experiments, we identify candidates for the most common surface defects. Our results pave the way for the understanding of surface processes, like adsorption of metal dopants and photoactive molecules, that are fundamental for the catalytic and photovoltaic applications of anatase, and demonstrate the potential of dynamic AFM-STM for the characterization of wide band gap materials.
Use of nicorandil is Associated with Increased Risk for Gastrointestinal Ulceration and Perforation- A Nationally Representative Population-based study
Authors: Lee Chien-Chang , Chang Shy-Shin , Lee Shih-Hao , Chen Yueh-Sheng , Hsu Wan-Ting , Gabriel Lee Meng-Tse 
Published: June 2015

AbstractNicorandil is a vasodilatory drug used to relieve angina symptoms. Several healthcare products regulatory agencies have issued a warning associating the use of nicorandil and gastrointestinal (GI) ulceration. We aimed to evaluate the association between use of nicorandil and GI ulceration/perforation. A population-based cohort study involving 1 million randomly sampled participants in Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database was carried out. We estimated the association between use of nicorandil and GI ulceration/perforation by a Cox proportional hazards regression model. A nicorandil-specific propensity score (PS) was also created for adjustment of 75 covariates and matching. 25.8% (183/710) of nicorandil-treated patients developed new GI ulcer events and 1.6% (20/1254) developed new GI perforation events in the three-year follow-up period, as compared to 9.3% (61,281/659,081) and 0.3% (2,488/770,537) in the general population comparator cohort. Patients treated with nicorandil were at significantly increased risk of GI ulcer (PS adjusted hazard ratio 1.43, 95% CI, 1.23 to 1.65, 6848 excess cases per 100,000 person years) or GI perforation (aHR 1.60, 95% CI 1.02–2.51, 315 excess cases per 100,000 person years) compared with the nicorandil unexposed population. Our finding may warn the clinicians to weigh the overall risk-benefit balance of nicorandil treatment in patients.
Protracted brain development in a rodent model of extreme longevity
Authors: Penz Orsolya K. , Fuzik Janos , Kurek Aleksandra B. , Romanov Roman , Larson John , Park Thomas J. , Harkany Tibor , Keimpema Erik 
Published: June 2015

AbstractExtreme longevity requires the continuous and large-scale adaptation of organ systems to delay senescence. Naked mole rats are the longest-living rodents, whose nervous system likely undergoes life-long adaptive reorganization. Nevertheless, neither the cellular organization of their cerebral cortex nor indices of structural neuronal plasticity along extreme time-scales have been established. We find that adult neurogenesis and neuronal migration are not unusual in naked mole rat brains. Instead, we show the prolonged expression of structural plasticity markers, many recognized as being developmentally controlled and multi-year-long postnatal neuromorphogenesis and spatial synapse refinement in hippocampal and olfactory structures of the naked mole rat brain. Neurophysiological studies on identified hippocampal neurons demonstrated that morphological differentiation is disconnected from the control of excitability in all neuronal contingents regardless of their ability to self-renew. Overall, we conclude that naked mole rats show an extremely protracted period of brain maturation that may permit plasticity and resilience to neurodegenerative processes over their decades-long life span. This conclusion is consistent with the hypothesis that naked mole rats are neotenous, with retention of juvenile characteristics to permit survival in a hypoxic environment, with extreme longevity a consequence of greatly retarded development.
Permethyl Cobaltocenium (Cp*2Co+) as an Ultra-Stable Cation for Polymer Hydroxide-Exchange Membranes
Authors: Gu Shuang , Wang Junhua , Kaspar Robert B. , Fang Qianrong , Zhang Bingzi , Bryan Coughlin E. , Yan Yushan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHydroxide (OH−)-exchange membranes (HEMs) are important polymer electrolytes enabling the use of affordable and earth-abundant electrocatalysts for electrochemical energy-conversion devices such as HEM fuel cells, HEM electrolyzers and HEM solar hydrogen generators. Many HEM cations exist, featuring desirable properties, but new cations are still needed to increase chemical stability at elevated temperatures. Here we introduce the permethyl cobaltocenium [(C5Me5)2Co(III)+ or Cp*2Co+] as an ultra-stable organic cation for polymer HEMs. Compared with the parent cobaltocenium [(C5H5)2Co(III)+ or Cp2Co+], Cp*2Co+ has substantially higher stability and basicity. With polysulfone as an example, we demonstrated the feasibility of covalently linking Cp*2Co+ cation to polymer backbone and prepared Cp*2Co+-functionalized membranes as well. The new cation may be useful in designing more durable HEM electrochemical devices.
Fast, multi-frequency and quantitative nanomechanical mapping of live cells using the atomic force microscope
Authors: Cartagena-Rivera Alexander X. , Wang Wen-Horng , Geahlen Robert L. , Raman Arvind 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA longstanding goal in cellular mechanobiology has been to link dynamic biomolecular processes underpinning disease or morphogenesis to spatio-temporal changes in nanoscale mechanical properties such as viscoelasticity, surface tension and adhesion. This requires the development of quantitative mechanical microscopy methods with high spatio-temporal resolution within a single cell. The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) can map the heterogeneous mechanical properties of cells with high spatial resolution, however, the image acquisition time is 1–2 orders of magnitude longer than that required to study dynamic cellular processes. We present a technique that allows commercial AFM systems to map quantitatively the dynamically changing viscoelastic properties of live eukaryotic cells at widely separated frequencies over large areas (several 10’s of microns) with spatial resolution equal to amplitude-modulation (AM-AFM) and with image acquisition times (tens of seconds) approaching those of speckle fluorescence methods. This represents a ~20 fold improvement in nanomechanical imaging throughput compared to AM-AFM and is fully compatible with emerging high speed AFM systems. This method is used to study the spatio-temporal mechanical response of MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells to the inhibition of Syk protein tyrosine kinase giving insight into the signaling pathways by which Syk negatively regulates motility of highly invasive cancer cells.
Comorbidity and survival among women with ovarian cancer: evidence from prospective studies
Authors: Jiao Yi-Sheng , Gong Ting-Ting , Wang Yong-Lai , Wu Qi-Jun 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe relationship between comorbidity and ovarian cancer survival has been controversial so far. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the existing evidence from prospective studies on this issue. Relevant studies were identified by searching the PubMed, EMBASE and ISI Web of Science databases through the end of January 2015. Two authors independently performed the eligibility evaluation and data abstraction. Random-effects models were used to estimate summary hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for overall survival. Eight prospective studies involving 12,681 ovarian cancer cases were included in the present study. The summarized HR for presenceversusabsence of comorbidity was 1.20 (95% CI = 1.11–1.30, n = 8), with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 31.2%,P = 0.179). In addition, the summarized HR for the highest compared with the lowest category of the Charlson’s comorbidity index was 1.68 (95% CI = 1.50–1.87, n = 2), without heterogeneity (I2 = 0%,P = 0.476). Notably, a significant negative impact of comorbidity on ovarian cancer survival was observed in most subgroup analyses stratified by the study characteristics and whether there was adjustment for potential confounders. In conclusion, the findings of this meta-analysis suggest that underlying comorbidity is consistently associated with decreased survival in patients with ovarian cancer. Comorbidity should be taken into account when managing these patients.
Migration Timing of Adult Chinook Salmon into the Togiak River, Alaska, Watershed: Is There Evidence for Stock Structure?
Authors: Clark Sydney C. , Tanner Theresa L. , Sethi Suresh A. , Bentley Kale T. , Schindler Daniel E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractVariation in the timing of migration to freshwaters to spawn is one important dimension of the life history variation within individual salmon stocks. That variable has important implications for developing sustainable fisheries that simultaneously exploit multiple populations within the same geographic area. We examined the variation in migration timing of adult Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha within the Togiak River system of southwest Alaska to determine whether fish that spawned in different habitats migrated into freshwater from the ocean at different times. In particular, we evaluated whether there were watershed‐wide effects of body size, sex, spawning location, and year on the timing of spawning‐run migration into the Togiak River. Migration data and spawning fate were collected using radiotelemetry and analyzed with mixed effects models to account for among‐year variation in migration timing across the 4 years of the study. We found that migration timing of Chinook Salmon in the Togiak watershed is segregated by spawning location and sex and is consistent across body sizes and years. Fish that spawned higher in the watershed had a tendency to enter freshwater earlier than fish that spawned lower in the watershed and in the main stem of the river. Our results indicate clear stock structure in the migration of spawning Chinook Salmon to the Togiak River watershed, suggesting that it is important to distribute harvest over the entire distribution of Chinook Salmon run timing to minimize the risk of overexploiting certain components of the stock complex.
Evidence of Countergradient Variation in Growth of Spotted Gars from Core and Peripheral Populations
Authors: David Solomon R. , Kik Richard S. , Diana James S. , Rutherford Edward S. , Wiley Michael J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPeripheral populations occupy the edge of a species' range and may exhibit adaptations to potentially “harsher” marginal environments compared with core populations. The peripheral population of Spotted Gar Lepisosteus oculatus in the Great Lakes basin represents the northern edge of the species' range and is completely disjunct from the core Mississippi River basin population. Age‐0 Spotted Gars from the peripheral population experience a growing season approximately half that of the core population but reach similar sizes by winter, suggesting potential for countergradient variation in growth, i.e. an evolutionary response to an environmental gradient such as latitude to compensate for the usual phenotypic effect of that gradient. In this study we used two common garden experiments to investigate potential countergradient variation in growth of young‐of‐year Spotted Gars from peripheral populations in comparison with those from core populations. Our first experiment showed that in a common environment under temperatures within the first growing season (22–24°C), Spotted Gars from the peripheral population had significantly higher growth rates than those from the core population. Final Spotted Gar weight–length ratio was also higher in the peripheral versus core population. In our second experiment, under three temperature treatments (16, 23, and 30°C), maximum growth occurred at the highest temperature, whereas growth ceased at the lowest temperature for both populations. These results suggest that important genetic and physiological differences could exist between the two population groups, consistent with countergradient variation. Our findings indicate that countergradient growth variation can occur even in relatively slowly evolving fishes, such as gars (family Lepisosteidae), and that protection of peripheral populations should be a key component of fish conservation planning.
Development and function of follicular helper T cells
Authors: Ise Wataru 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMost currently available vaccines rely on the induction of long-lasting protective humoral immune responses by memory B cells and plasma cells. Antibody responses against most antigens require interactions between antigen-specific B cells and CD4+ T cells. Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) are specialized subset of T cells that provide help to B cells and are essential for germinal center formation, affinity maturation, and the development of high-affinity antibodies. TFH-cell differentiation is a multistage process involving B-cell lymphoma 6 and other transcription factors, cytokines, and costimulation through inducible costimulator (ICOS) and several other molecules. This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of TFH cell biology, including their differentiation, transcriptional regulation, and function.
Case 4
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This is a case from the Venous Access section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 5
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This is a case from the Venous Access section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 7
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This is a case from the Biopsy section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 9
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This is a case from the Biopsy section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 17
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This is a case from the Biopsy section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 19
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This is a case from the Biopsy section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.