bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mannitol dosing error during interfacility transfer for intracranial emergencies
Authors: Elliott Cameron A. , MacKenzie Mark , O’Kelly Cian J. 
Published: June 2015

OBJECT
Mannitol is commonly used to treat elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). The authors analyzed mannitol dosing errors at peripheral hospitals prior to or during transport to tertiary care facilities for intracranial emergencies. They also investigated the appropriateness of mannitol use based on the 2007 Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines for severe traumatic brain injury.

METHODS
The authors conducted a retrospective review of the Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society (STARS) electronic patient database of helicopter medical evacuations in Alberta, Canada, between 2004 and 2012, limited to patients receiving mannitol before transfer. They extracted data on mannitol administration and patient characteristics, including diagnosis, mechanism, Glasgow Coma Scale score, weight, age, and pupil status.

RESULTS
A total of 120 patients with an intracranial emergency received a mannitol infusion initiated at a peripheral hospital (median Glasgow Coma Scale score 6; range 3–13). Overall, there was a 22% dosing error rate, which comprised an underdosing rate (< 0.25 g/kg) of 8.3% (10 of 120 patients), an overdosing rate (> 1.5 g/kg) of 7.5% (9 of 120), and a nonbolus administration rate (> 1 hour) of 6.7% (8 of 120). Overall, 72% of patients had a clear indication to receive mannitol as defined by meeting at least one of the following criteria based on Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines: neurological deterioration (11%), severe traumatic brain injury (69%), or pupillary abnormality (25%).

CONCLUSIONS
Mannitol administration at peripheral hospitals is prone to dosing error. Strategies such as a pretransport checklist may mitigate this risk.
The Tetramerium lineage (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) does not support the Pleistocene Arc hypothesis for South American seasonally dry forests
Authors: Côrtes Ana Luiza A. , Rapini Alessandro , Daniel Thomas F. 
Published: June 2015

• Premise of the study: The Tetramerium lineage (Acanthaceae) presents a striking ecological structuring in South America, with groups concentrated in moist forests or in seasonally dry forests. In this study, we investigate the circumscription and relationships of the South American genera as a basis for better understanding historic interactions between dry and moist biomes in the Neotropics.• Methods: We dated the ancestral distribution of the Tetramerium lineage based on one nuclear and four plastid DNA regions. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference analyses were performed for this study using 104 terminals. Phylogenetic divergences were dated using a relaxed molecular clock approach and ancestral distributions obtained from dispersal‐vicariance analyses.• Key results: The genera Pachystachys, Schaueria, and Thyrsacanthus are nonmonophyletic. A dry forest lineage dispersed from North America to South America and reached the southwestern part of the continent between the end of the Miocene and beginning of the Pleistocene. This period coincides with the segregation between Amazonian and Atlantic moist forests that established the geographic structure currently found in the group.• Conclusions: The South American genera Pachystachys, Schaueria, and Thyrsacanthus need to be recircumscribed. The congruence among biogeographical events found for the Tetramerium lineage suggests that the dry forest centers currently dispersed throughout South America are relatively old remnants, probably isolated since the Neogene, much earlier than the Last Glacial Maximum postulated by the Pleistocene Arc hypothesis. In addition to exploring the Pleistocene Arc hypothesis, this research also informs evolution in a lineage with numerous geographically restricted and threatened species.
Description and Consequences of Prescribing Off-Label Antiretrovirals in the Madrid Cohort of HIV-Infected Children over a Quarter of a Century (1988–2012)
Authors: Fernández-Cooke Elisa , Rojas Patricia , Holguin Africa , Tomé Maria Isabel Gonzalez , De Ory Santiago Jimenez , Mellado Maria José , Navarro Maria Luisa , Rojo Pablo , Ramos Jose Tomás 
Published: June 2015

Background Licensing data for paediatric dosing is often sparse and subsequent studies may result in changes to recommended doses. We measured the extent and consequences of off-label antiretroviral (ARV) use in an HIV-infected paediatric cohort. Methods In this multicentre cohort study involving 318 HIV-infected children and adolescents from the Madrid Cohort, all off-label prescriptions from March 1988 to March 2012 were recorded from the clinical records. The reasons for prescribing ARV off-label, the side effects and the consequences of incorrect dosing of ARVs are discussed. Results Among the 318 patients of the cohort, 221 (69%) received off-label ARVs according to EMA licensing at the time of prescription, representing 23% (540) of the 2,353 prescribed ARVs. The main reason for starting an off-label drug was treatment failure. Adverse events led to treatment discontinuation in 12% of the prescriptions. Problems taking the drug led to withdrawal in 5%, more likely when formulation was not suitable for age ( P<0.05). Up to 10% were overdosed and 10% underdosed, defined as 25% above or below the current recommended dose, respectively. Treatment failure occurred significantly more frequently among underdosed compared to overdosed patients (50% versus 26%; P<0.05). Conclusions Off-label use of ARVs was common in our HIV-1 paediatric patients. Adverse events were common but rarely led to withdrawal. Suitable formulation is important in younger children. Pharmacokinetic studies are needed as frequent incorrect dosing may occur when prescribing off-label and underdosing may lead to treatment failure.
Participation in Leisure Activities by Children and Adolescents with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Cavallo Sabrina , Majnemer Annette , Duffy Ciarán M. , Ehrmann Feldman Debbie 
Published: June 2015

Objective.To describe leisure activities of children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in terms of diversity, intensity, and enjoyment, and to identify potential determinants.Methods.One hundred seven children and adolescents aged 8–17 years diagnosed with JIA and their families participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants answered the Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment, which measures involvement in leisure (recreation, active physical, social, skill-based, self-improvement). Disease characteristics and sociodemographic factors were abstracted from the child’s medical file.Results.In terms of intensity, individuals with JIA were more often engaged in informal rather than formal leisure activities [t(106) = 45.5, p < 0.0001]. When intensity scores were compared across activity type, results showed that participants with JIA were most often involved in social and recreational activities (p < 0.001). The level of enjoyment was highest for social activities and lowest for self-improvement activities (p < 0.001). Those with active arthritis displayed less diverse (p = 0.016) and less intense (p = 0.011) participation in active physical activities, and less frequent involvement in informal activities (p = 0.043) compared with those who were asymptomatic.Conclusion.Children and adolescents with JIA tend to participate more in sedentary types of activities. Greater disease activity may dissuade children and adolescents from participating in more active pursuits, which places them at greater risk for adopting sedentary lifestyles. The identification of determinants of leisure activities in children and adolescents with arthritis may allow healthcare professionals to assess children’s health needs with more precision and promote a healthier lifestyle.
Toward Ensuring Health Equity: Readability and Cultural Equivalence of OMERACT Patient-reported Outcome Measures
Authors: Petkovic Jennifer , Epstein Jonathan , Buchbinder Rachelle , Welch Vivian , Rader Tamara , Lyddiatt Anne , Clerehan Rosemary , Christensen Robin , Boonen Annelies , Goel Niti , Maxwell Lara J. , Toupin-April Karine , De Wit Maarten , Barton Jennifer , Flurey Caroline , Jull Janet , Barnabe Cheryl , Sreih Antoine G. , Campbell Willemina , Pohl Christoph , Duruöz Mehmet Tuncay , Singh Jasvinder A. , Tugwell Peter S. , Guillemin Francis 
Published: June 2015

Objective.The goal of the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) 12 (2014) equity working group was to determine whether and how comprehensibility of patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) should be assessed, to ensure suitability for people with low literacy and differing cultures.Methods.The English, Dutch, French, and Turkish Health Assessment Questionnaires and English and French Osteoarthritis Knee and Hip Quality of Life questionnaires were evaluated by applying 3 readability formulas: Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch-Kincaid grade level, and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook; and a new tool, the Evaluative Linguistic Framework for Questionnaires, developed to assess text quality of questionnaires. We also considered a study assessing cross-cultural adaptation with/without back-translation and/or expert committee. The results of this preconference work were presented to the equity working group participants to gain their perspectives on the importance of comprehensibility and cross-cultural adaptation for PROM.Results.Thirty-one OMERACT delegates attended the equity session. Twenty-six participants agreed that PROM should be assessed for comprehensibility and for use of suitable methods (4 abstained, 1 no). Twenty-two participants agreed that cultural equivalency of PROM should be assessed and suitable methods used (7 abstained, 2 no). Special interest group participants identified challenges with cross-cultural adaptation including resources required, and suggested patient involvement for improving translation and adaptation.Conclusion.Future work will include consensus exercises on what methods are required to ensure PROM are appropriate for people with low literacy and different cultures.
L’évaluation et le mérite au travail : un puérilisme ?
Authors: Girardot Dominique 
Published: June 2015

Les thèses d’ Homo ludens sont ici reprises pour envisager les pratiques actuelles de l’évaluation au travail comme un jeu de culture, emblématique de ce que Huizinga pointe comme « puérilisme » : rapport dégradé de la culture au jeu qui la fonde. C’est un jeu paradoxal, qui prétend ne pas jouer, c’est-à-dire ne pas engager une certaine représentation du monde. Il s’affirme donc dans le registre de la tricherie car il prétend évaluer sans poser de valeurs : constater (l’efficacité, l’effort, le mérite) et non juger. Les pratiques actuelles de l’évaluation au travail placent le jugement hors-jeu. Comme s’il n’y avait aucune décision humaine à l’amont des logiques qui conduisent à licencier, précariser et exclure ; comme si, loin d’avoir à en penser quelque chose, il s’agissait seulement de les regarder fonctionner. Ce jeu social, déniant être un jeu, convie les hommes à ne plus savoir ce qu’ils font, et joue en définitive le jeu d’une société où bien des hommes sont en trop.
The MAPK-Activated Kinase MK2 Attenuates Dendritic Cell–Mediated Th1 Differentiation and Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Soukup Klara , Halfmann Angela , Le Bras Marie , Sahin Emine , Vittori Sarah , Poyer Fiona , Schuh Cornelia , Luger Romana , Niederreiter Birgit , Haider Thomas , Stoiber Dagmar , Blüml Stephan , Schabbauer Gernot , Kotlyarov Alexey , Gaestel Matthias , Felzmann Thomas , Dohnal Alexander M. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)–mediated inflammation induced via TLRs is promoted by MAPK-activated protein kinase (MK)-2, a substrate of p38 MAPK. In this study we show an opposing role of MK2, by which it consolidates immune regulatory functions in DCs through modulation of p38, ERK1/2-MAPK, and STAT3 signaling. During primary TLR/p38 signaling, MK2 mediates the inhibition of p38 activation and positively cross-regulates ERK1/2 activity, leading to a reduction of IL-12 and IL-1α/β secretion. Consequently, MK2 impairs secondary autocrine IL-1α signaling in DCs, which further decreases the IL-1α/p38 but increases the anti-inflammatory IL-10/STAT3 signaling route. Therefore, the blockade of MK2 activity enables human and murine DCs to strengthen proinflammatory effector mechanisms by promoting IL-1α–mediated Th1 effector functions in vitro. Furthermore, MK2-deficient DCs trigger Th1 differentiation and Ag-specific cytotoxicity in vivo. Finally, wild-type mice immunized with LPS in the presence of an MK2 inhibitor strongly accumulate Th1 cells in their lymph nodes. These observations correlate with a severe clinical course in DC-specific MK2 knockout mice compared with wild-type littermates upon induction of experimental autoimmune encephalitis. Our data suggest that MK2 exerts a profound anti-inflammatory effect that prevents DCs from prolonging excessive Th1 effector T cell functions and autoimmunity.
The fight against cancer: Is it worthwhile?
Authors: Barreto Savio George , Barreto Merlyn , Chaubal Rohan , Dutt Amit 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis article alludes to the findings of Tomasetti and Vogelstein and argues that for clinicians and scientists no matter how difficult understanding the pathogenesis of cancer may be, they remain the only hope for patients suffering from the disease. Data citing wide differences in cancer incidence in different parts of the world is presented to drive home the point that ′Bad luck′ is not a good enough explanation for cancer pathogenesis. There remains a lot to be uncovered in cancer and clinicians and scientists should strive to this end.
RUBBER–BRASS ADHESION LAYER ANALYSIS USING THE OLEFIN-METATHESIS METHOD
Authors: Leimgruber Simon , Kern Wolfgang , Hochenauer Roman , Melmer Michael , Holzner Armin , Trimmel Gregor 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT
The investigation of the adhesion layer between rubber and brass-coated steel wires is a challenging task due to its strong bonding. We explore the possibilities of olefin-metathesis as a method to degrade the cross-linked rubber network without destroying the adhesion layer. Using a ruthenium catalyst and 1-octene as a co-reactant, different types of rubber—natural rubber, acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber, and styrene–butadiene rubber—can be degraded into soluble fragments. The uncovered adhesion layers can be subsequently analyzed with common analytical methods such as optical microscopy, focusvariation microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The revealed surface structures are discussed considering the observed pull-out forces. In a second series, the influence of common additives—cobalt salt, silica, and a resin system—on the metathesis reaction is investigated.
International Audit Standard No. 240 and Its Impact on the Practical Procedures of Auditors in Detection the Manipulation of Financial Statements
Authors: Abbadi Haitham Mamdouh , Slihat Nimer Abedalhameed 
Published: June 2015

This study aims to explore the role of International Audit Standard No.240 on the auditor’s procedures in detecting manipulation and fraud of financial Statements, the descriptive approach was used in conducting this study, through viewing the related literature in order to indentify the practices that lead to manipulation. And by identifying the auditor’s responsibilities according to the International Audit Standard No. 240. The results showed that firms may commit manipulation in several ways, such as recording the current expenses as capital expenses, to reduce costs and increase profits which may lead managers to ask for rewards. Therefore, the auditor must make greater efforts to the following:- Focusing on financial events that have different accounting treatments, such as record maintenance expenses, at the fixed asset account. The purpose of this action is to reduce costs and increase profits, which may lead to request, a reward by managers.- Comparing manager’s Salaries with Past year.- Comparing financial ratios of the company with its counterparts in the market.- Send support certificates for suppliers to make sure their account balances, in order to ensure the registration of all Purchases futures in inventory account.
Reading the Prioress's Tale in the Fifteenth Century:
Authors: Blurton Heather , Johnson Hannah 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This article considers the fifteenth-century circulation of Chaucer's Prioress's Tale outside of the Canterbury Tales in devotional anthologies. It examines three specific manuscripts—London, British Library MSS Harley 2251 and Harley 2382, and Manchester, Chetham Library MS 6709—in which the tale appears as one of a series of texts devoted to Marian devotion. From this context, we argue that in the fifteenth century Chaucer enjoyed a reputation as a Marian poet, and that two of his famous immediate successors, Hoccleve and Lydgate, engaged with his reputation on precisely this ground. The article finishes by reading two Marian miracle tales written by Hoccleve and Lydgate as self-conscious responses to the Prioress's Tale.
A Fallen Language and the Consolation of Art in the Book of the Duchess
Authors: Hardaway Reid 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Chaucer's Book of the Duchess explores the essential relationship between language and memory. When language appears inadequate or contrived, as it is for the Black Knight, then memory falters. However, by modeling Ovid, Chaucer uses language to transform painful memories, such as death or unrequited love, into an aesthetic experience that is emotionally and physically restorative. Emphasizing the therapeutic potential of language on memory, the Book of the Duchess foreshadows Freud's psychoanalytic method; for both the doctor and the poet, language's metaphorical capacity can productively redefine memories that are traumatic and psychically destructive.
Ben Jonson on Shakespeare's Chaucer
Authors: Jacobs Kathryn , White D'andra 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This article explores the medieval origin and source material for William Shakespeare's plays and Edmund Spenser's archaisms. It specifically examines Ben Jonson's ire aimed at these writers' medievalisms. According to Jonson, Shakespeare and Spenser were complicit in resurrecting Chaucerian diction and, in doing so, they incurred Jonson's vexation. Examination of the external evidence left by Jonson's criticisms gives us a new lens by which to see Shakespeare's sources.
(Re)reading Zora Neale Hurston and “The Lost Keys of Glory”
Authors: West M. Genevieve 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT:
This essay revisits one of the thorniest issues in Hurston scholarship—the question of whether Hurston and her writings should be considered feminist. I place the debate within contemporary scholarship and address the question via an unpublished and little-known 1947 essay titled “The Lost Keys of Glory.” In this essay—a blend of folklore and analysis of gender roles—Hurston argues that most women are unable to compete with men in the workplace and that feminism has failed women. To address the incongruity between the essay and the way in which Hurston lived her life, I establish the roots of persistent late twentieth- and twenty-first- century perceptions of Hurston as a feminist. I move on to trace the lineage of the folktale Hurston uses to frame this critique of gender relations. Then, drawing from three definitions of feminism, I argue that while on the surface Hurston's essay seems strikingly anti-feminist in the twenty-first century, when read within its original context and within various feminist frameworks, the essay does contain a number of feminist elements, suggesting that to some degree in 1947 Hurston held what we would call today feminist ideals, particularly given the ideological context of the post-World War II re-conversion era.
Popular Reception of Toni Morrison's Beloved:
Authors: Magras Lydia 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT:
I present a snapshot of Toni Morrison's novel Beloved from a personally experienced, particularly significant cultural moment in the public and academic discourse. I argue that Buppies (Black Urban Professionals), children of the turbulent sixties as readers, were meaningful precursors to the appropriately serious literary (aesthetic) reception of Morrison's work. In the case of the novel and the film, this popular reception was actually an embryonic response that bolstered an academic one, resulting in considerable overlap between these two interpretative communities. The initial popular reception propelled the text firmly into the arms of the academy, where it has settled into a long-lasting embrace. Pulling from the work of reception studies scholars like Patrocino Schweikart, this study connects the American Black Power Movement of the ’60s and the subsequent emergence of Black Studies programs to the reception of the text and its film adaptation, as well as incorporating Morrison's own words on interpretative interaction between readers and her work.
<b>La profesión académica universitaria en América Latina, en perspectiva comparada</b>
Authors: Lamarra Norberto Fernandez , Centeno Cristian Pérez 
Published: June 2015

El estudio de la profesión académica como campo de conocimiento ha tenido un renovado y creciente desarrollo en los últimos 30 años a nivel internacional, a partir de una nueva conceptualización de su perspectiva epistemológica tradicional. Este artículo presenta un estado de de la profesión académica universitaria en América Latina, a partir de los hallazgos del estudio CAP (Changing Academic Profession) en perspectiva comparada, para los casos de Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Este análisis considera los contextos y problemas actuales de la ES en la región, en el marco de las nuevas responsabilidades políticas, académicas y sociales, que las universidades de estos países están asumiendo o deberían asumir. Palabras claves: profesión académica universitaria, educación comparada, América Latina.
<b> Formación del profesorado universitario: mejorar a los docentes para mejorar la docencia</b>
Authors: Beraza Miguel Zabalza 
Published: June 2015

Tomando como marco de referencia el compromiso de la OCDE, “Teachers Matters: attracting, developing and retaining effective teachers”, este artículo parte de tres ideas básica: la enseñanza universitaria es una actividad compleja; lograr una enseñanza de calidad requiere de un profesorado cualificado; para serlo se precisa de formación. Para combinar el compromiso de una docencia de calidad con la formación del profesorado, el texto plantea en primer lugar la “importancia del profesorado” como pieza clave en el desarrollo de una docencia de calidad. En un segundo apartado se analizan la evolución de la figura del docente y los nuevos requisitos del rol. Se mencionan, entre ellos, el desafío de la doble profesionalidad, las competencias didácticas, la implicación institucional y la apertura a la globalización y el trabajo en red. En tercer lugar, se analizan los procesos de formación del profesorado y los cambios que precisan en este nuevo recorrido: una formación orientada al desarrollo práctico de procesos y a la “acomodación” piagetiana, que sea capaz de dar respuesta tanto a las demandas técnicas de los docentes como a sus demandas psicosociales y que se plantee como un proceso de desarrollo a lo largo de la vida que los docentes puedan rentabilizar académicamente. Palabras clave: docencia universitaria, formación del profesorado universitario, calidad de la enseñanza, aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida, modelos de desarrollo docente.