bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Programming pearls: graphic output
Authors: Bentley Jon L. 
Published: July 2002

In previous columns we've studied the innards of programs. In this column we'll take a broader view of the programmer's task and consider the kind of output a program should produce. We'll focus on a single problem: once a system has produced detailed output, how can it summarize the trends in the mountain of data?
The answer to that question depends heavily on both the data and the taste of the reader; paragraphs of text and tables of numbers often provide fine summaries. This column, however, will concetrate on graphical representations of data, which allow the powerful human vision system to understand data. A decade ago programmers could offer the excuse that they were limited to crude line printer graphics, but technology has changed that. Many large installations now have laser printers, and graphics printers for home computers sell for a few hundred dollars. This column is about ways that programmers can use the technology to deliver more useful (and more graphic) output.
COPE (Console Operator Proficiency Examination)
Authors: Farbman David , Ketover Richard 
Published: July 2002

Each year electronic computers become more sophisticated, and the programs they must process become more complex. Because of this, dependence of those in computing on the skill and experience of operators is increasing.
At the same time, selection and training of qualified operators grows more difficult. To meet the need for a quick, accurate, uniform operator test and training aid, the authors have developed COPE (Console Operator Proficiency Examination), outlined below While this examination is programmed specifically for the IBM 705 Mode II with two Tape Record Coordinators, similar programs could be developed for other computers.
TID—a translation invariant data structure for storing images
Authors: Scott David S. , Iyengar S. Sitharama 
Published: July 2002

There are a number of techniques for representing pictorial information, among them are borders, arrays, and skeletons. Quadtrees are often used to store black and white picture information. A variety of techniques have been suggested for improving quadtrees, including linear quadtrees, QMATs (quadtree medial axis transform), forests of quadtrees, etc. The major purpose of these improvements is to reduce the storage required without greatly increasing the processing costs. All of these methods suffer from the fact that the structure of the underlying quadtree can be very sensitive to the placement of the origin.
In this paper we discuss a translation invariant data structure (which we name TID) for storing and processing images based on the medial axis transform of the image that consists of all the maximal black squares contained in the image. We also discuss the performance of TID with other existing structures such as QMATs, forests of quadtrees, and normalized quadtrees. Some discussion on the union and intersection of images using TID is included.
The Effect of Learned Perceptual Associations on Visuomotor Programming Varies with Kinematic Demands
Authors: Haffenden Angela M. , Goodale Melvyn A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The present set of experiments investigated the possibility that learned perceptual information can, under certain circumstances, be utilized by visuomotor programming. In Experiment 1 (N = 28), an association was established between the color and size of square wooden blocks (e.g., red = large; yellow = small, or vice-versa). In Experiment 2 (N = 28), an association was established between the shape and size of plastic objects (e.g., hexagon = large; circle = small, or vice-versa). It was expected that the learned associations would change the perceived size of two probe objects halfway in size between the large and small objects (the probe object matched by color or shape to the large group of objects would appear smaller than the probe object matched to the small group of objects as a result of within-group relative size comparisons). In both experiments, half of the participants grasped the target objects, and the other half estimated the size of the objects by opening their thumb and finger a matching amount. For Experiment 1, it was predicted that an influence of the lérned association on the treatment of the probe objects would be seen in manual estimations and in grip scaling because the kinematics of the grasping movement were very similar across trials. As predicted, the learned association between size and color was as easily incorporated into visually guided grasping as it was into visual perceptions. In Experiment 2, it was predicted that an influence of the learned perceptual association would be seen only in manual estimations, and not in grip scaling, because the variability in target object shape from trial to trial would demand changes in precontact finger posture across trials. Despite the significant effect of the size-shape association on size estimations, no influence was seen in preparatory grip scaling, probably because varying shape increased the metrical demands on visuomotor programming from those in Experiment 1. Together, the results suggest that visuomotor programming can make use of learned size information under some, but not all, conditions.
UNIVERSALS REVISITED: HUMAN BEHAVIORS AND CULTURAL VARIATIONS
Authors: Paden William 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper explores one way of addressing current skepticism about cross-cultural comparisons. The typical challenge to comparativism is that it either imposes or suppresses cultural meanings; religion, as a form of culture, is contextual and hence intrinsically incomparable. In contrast, I advance a model that identifies panhuman forms of behavior shared by any culture. Differences in historical religious life, in turn, can be described as cultural versions and transformations of those default behaviors. Comparativism then finds a broader, species-level basis for both commonality and significant variation. The paper explores various theoretic underpinnings and implications of this approach.
Description of the tadpole of Leptodactylus syphax, with a comparison of morphological and ecological characters of tadpoles and adults of the species in the L. pentadactylus group (Leptodactylidae, Anura)
Authors: Sazima Ivan , Eterovick Paula 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLeptodactylus syphax belongs to the L. pentadactylus group, one of five species groups defined for the genus. The tadpole of L. syphax develops in lotic habitats, as do the tadpoles of L. lithonaetes and L. rugosus. The tadpole of L. syphax is here described and differs from the tadpole of L. rugosus by having a less flattened and larger body, from the tadpole of L. lithonaetes by having a larger body in relation to total length and a larger oral disc in relation to body length. Further, it differs from the tadpole of L. rhodomystax by its color, body shape in dorsal profile and mouth shape, and from the tadpole of L. rhodonotus by its body shape in dorsal profile and spiracle position. A cluster analysis of several morphological and ecological features of adults and tadpoles from the species of the L. pentadactylus group grouped L. syphax with L. rhodomystax and L. rhodonotus, species with chest spines, moderate body size, relatively small head, unbarred lips, tadpoles with five tooth rows and aquatic development. The remaining species of the L. pentadactylus group were distributed among four additional clusters.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Hyperolius viridiflavus complex (Anura: Hyperoliidae), and comments on taxonomic status
Authors: Wieczorek Ania , Drewes Robert , Channing Alan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe taxonomy of the Hyperolius viridiflavus complex, a group of African frogs, has been problematic. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of these frogs. The phylogeny showed that subspecies were grouped into clades, within which certain taxa were not supported by fixed characters. We used the phylogenetic species concept to identify the smallest monophyletic clades supported by at least one fixed character, and suggest taxonomic revisions based on our results. We identify ten species within the H. viridiflavus complex.
TYMPANUM FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY, BODY SIZE AND MATE CHOICE IN FEMALE MIDWIFE TOADS (ALYTES OBSTETRICANS)
Authors: Bosch Jaime , Márquez Rafael 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We address whether fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in an external ear element is correlated with the accuracy of location of a sound source (synthetic male advertisement calls) by female midwife toads (Alytes obstetricans). Fluctuating asymmetry in the tympanum was measured in gravid females. We studied the relationship between FA, snout - vent - length (SVL), and precision in approaching an acoustic stimulus through playback tests. Female mass was negatively correlated with jump length. Tympanum FA was negatively correlated with the accuracy of location of a sound source. Thus, FA can play an important role in sexual selection by conferring an advantage in access to available males by females with low values of asymmetry.
MUDBALLING REVISITED: FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE CONSTRUCTION BEHAVIOUR OF MALE UCA TANGERI
Authors: Burford Fiona R.L. , McGregor Peter , Oliveira Rui 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Male and female Uca tangeri (the only fiddler crab species to inhabit Europe) construct mudballs from mud excavated from within their burrows. Individual males placed similar patterns of mudballs each low tide, suggesting that there is some degree of stereotypy. When mudballs were experimentally moved further from the burrow or closer to it, males only repositioned those that were moved closer, placing them further away again. However, males did not replace mudballs that had been experimentally destroyed at the end of the mudballing phase when they had started to court females. In binary presentation tests, females showed no significant differences in response to mudballs made from different types of mud, or different numbers of mudballs. These results are consistent with earlier findings that male mudballs function as territory boundaries. However, we provide evidence that male mudballs have no function in female attraction, contrasting with previous studies.
THE MATING PATTERNS OF FEMALES WHEN TERRITORIAL DIFFERENCES AMONG MALES ARE REDUCED: A TEST IN THE POLYGYNOUS BEAUGREGORY DAMSELFISH
Authors: Itzkowitz  , Draud  , Triefenbach  , Haley  
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Using the Caribbean beaugregory damselfish (Stegastes leucostictus) we tested whether patterns of male reproduction could be modified by reducing differences among males, in this case by giving males identical artificial breeding sites. Previous studies have shown that very few males using the natural small rubble habitat reproduced and variations in male reproductive success were based mainly on the differences in the quality of their natural breeding sites. By providing males with identical artificial breeding sites, we tested whether females would be less likely to confine their reproduction to only a few of the available males. We examined male reproductive patterns by first simulating females choosing males (1) 'randomly,' (i.e. the number of males that receive eggs is based on each female randomly choosing a mate from a group of males), or (2) 'exclusively' (i.e. only one female mates with one male on a given day), or (3) 'highly selectively' (i.e. this is the typical polygynous pattern in which many females select the same few males). We tested these simulations against the actual daily amounts of eggs deposited and the number of different males that received eggs in each of 4 summers. Although the regression trend line from the daily patterns did resemble the Random Mating Pattern, egg clutches were more widely dispersed than random but less dispersed than the Exclusive Mating Pattern. That is, with more females mating on a particular day, more males received eggs. We speculated that this might have resulted from females aggressively excluding other females from mating with the same male on a given day. In contrast, males using the variable quality natural sites rarely mated and those that did receive eggs, received them in larger amounts than males using the artificial sites. Thus, for natural sites, more females seemed to be mating with the same few males. Perhaps for these natural sites any intra-female aggression may have been ineffective when so few superior spawning sites were available. For males using the artificial sites, the total amount of eggs received over a two-month period was nonrandom and resembled the 'highly selected pattern.' This resulted from some males receiving egg clutches on more days. Other traits, besides breeding site structure, may have been important in causing different females to select the same males on subsequent days.
Scanning electron microscopical observations on the coastal marine nematode Epsilonema pustulatum (Gerlach, 1952) Lorenzen, 1973 (Nematoda: Epsilonematidae)
Authors: De Deyn Gerlinde , Van Aelst Adriaan , Karssen Gerrit 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAdditional detailed morphological information on features of the marine nematode Epsilonema pustulatum is presented for the first time. Lip structure, amphideal fovea, cuticular appendages (setae, spines, anal and copulatory thorns), annules and vacuoles, body inversion, setae ambulatoriae region, vulva, cloaca/anus and tail end are SEM studied and illustrated. Additionally, E. pustulatum (from Spain, Italy and Lebanon) is compared with other former Bathyepsilonema species. E. anulosum (Verschelde & Vincx, 1992) is proposed as a junior synonym of E. pustulatum. Observations au microscope électronique à balayage sur le nématode marin côtier Epsilonema pustulatum (Gerlach, 1952) Lorenzen, 1973 (Nematoda: Epsilonematidae) - Des données morphologiques nouvelles concernant le nématode marin Epsilonema pustulatum sont présentées pour la première fois. Sont étudiés en microscopie électronique à balayage et illustrés des caractères tels que la structure labiale, les fovea amphidiales, les appendices cuticulaires (sétes, épines du corps, épines anales et copulatoires), anneaux et vacuoles, courbure du corps, région des sétes ambulatoires, vulve, cloaque/anus et extrémité de la queue. De plus, E. pustulatum (provenant d'Espagne, Italie et Liban) est comparé avec d'autres espèces auparavant placées dans le genre Bathyepsilonema. E. anulosum (Verschelde & Vincx, 1992) est proposé comme synonyme mineur d'E. pustulatum.
The influence of in-egg mortality and spontaneous hatching on the decline of Globodera rostochiensis during crop rotation in the absence of the host potato crop in the field
Authors: Devine Ken , Dunne Colum , O'Gara Fergal , Jones Peter 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The decline of Globodera rostochiensis (Woll.) populations in two fields was
57% during the first and 40.3% during the second year of crop rotation in
the absence of a potato crop in Co. Cork, Ireland. The decline was found to
be due to both spontaneous hatch and in-egg mortality. Spontaneous hatch
accounted for between 75.8 and 80.2% of the decline experienced during
rotation. In-egg mortality was found to be responsible for a reduction of
approximately 10% in the total number of viable eggs in both fields, and was
positively correlated with soil temperature in the field. The number of
culturable bacteria and the composition of the bacterial microflora in the
cysts was found to change with increasing soil temperatures. The increase in
cellulase-positive isolates reflected the effect of temperature on egg
degradation. Der Einfluss von Absterben im Ei und spontanem Schlupfen auf
die Abnahme von Globodera rostochiensis im Feld im Laufe des Fruchtwechsels
bei Abwesenheit des Wirtes Kartoffel - In Co. Cork, Irland, betrug die
Abnahme der Populationen von Globodera rostochiensis (Woll.) in zwei Feldern
in einer Fruchtfolge ohne Kartoffeln im ersten Jahr 57% und im zweiten Jahr
40,3%. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Abnahme durch spontanes Schlupfen und
durch Absterben im Ei verursacht wurde. Spontanes Schlupfen war fur 75,8 und
80,2% des wahrend des Fruchtwechsels beobachteten Ruckganges verantwortlich.
Etwa 10% der Gesamtzahl infektionsfahiger Eier in den beiden Feldern gingen
durch Absterben im Ei zugrunde. Dieser Ruckgang war positiv korreliert mit
der Bodentemperatur im Feld. Der Anteil der kulturfahigen Bakterien und die
Zusammensetzung der Bakterienflora in den Zysten nahmen mit steigenden
Bodentemperaturen zu. Der Anstieg der zellulase-positiven Isolate spiegelte
die Wirkung der Temperatur auf die Zersetzung der Eier wider.
Vermiculitization of smectite interfaces and illite layer growth as a possible dual model for illite-smectite illitization in diagenetic environments: a synthesis
Authors: Meunier A. , Lanson B. , Beaufort D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA structural model is proposed for illite-smectite (I-S) from diagenetic environments which accounts for the presence of three different layer types which are defined as follows: montmorillonite (low-charge, octahedrally substituted, fully expandable), vermiculite (high-cha rge, octa- and tetrahed rally substitut ed, only partly expandabl e) and illite (K0.9Si3.3Al0.7R1.83+R0.22+O10(OH)2). All three layers may be found within the MacEwan crystallites, whereas external edges of the crystallites are only vermiculitic during the illitization process. In the proposed model, a layer is defined symmetrically on each side of the interlayer space, leading to the existence of polar 2:1 units. It is proposed that the I-S growth is a three step mechanism: (1) formation, from sediments of variable composition, of montmorillon ite crystallites; (2) vermiculitization of the montmorillonite crystallite interfaces and of inner montmorillonite layers; and (3) precipitation of illite of fixed chemical composition. The I-S crystal grows by addition of illite layers linked by K+ or NH4+ ions saturating the vermiculitic interfaces.
Diagenesis of silica minerals from clay minerals in volcanic soils of Mexico
Authors: Elsass F . , Dubroeucq D. , Thiry M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIndurated volcanic soils (tepetates) of the Mexican Altiplano display thick columnar horizons, hard laminar horizons, and grey mottles at depth. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies show a relative enrichment in cristobalite vs. halloysite in the indurated plates of the laminar horizons and in the clay fraction of the mottles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) studies of these two soil components have shown that they are composed of small tubes of halloysite in which numerous globular grains ∼1 μm in diameter are embedded. Based on the relative abundance of cristobalite in pedological features and on the spatial relations between successive mineral phases, we interpret the cristobalite as a transformation of halloysite with a transitional amorphous phase. In the globular grains, large platy 1:1 clay minerals undergo a progressive transformation into platy particles of opal-A and opal-C. These are in turn transformed into cristobalite without further major change in their shape and appearance, except for a higher electron density than opal and clay.
Fe, Mg and Al distribution in the octahedral sheet of montmorillonites. An infrared study in the OH- bending region
Authors: Vantelon D. , Pelletier M. , Michot L. J. , Barres O. , Thomas F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTen montmorillonites of different origins with variable Fe contents were analysed using transmission IR spectroscopy. Special attention was devoted to the OH-bending region to obtain information about the distribution of octahedral cations. For low to medium Fe contents (≤0.56 per Si8 formula unit), a linear relationship between the position of the δAlFeOH band and Fe content was observed. Such correlation might be explained by changes in the cis-trans occupancy of Fe in the octahedral sheet. Deconvolution of the OH-bending domain allows us to discriminate three components (δAlAlOH, δAlMgOH and δAlFeOH) which are correlated with cation abundances derived from chemical analysis. The relative area of each band can then be compared with theoretical areas calculated assuming a fully random distribution of cations in the octahedral sheet. Using such treatment, eight of the 10 montmorillonites studied presented a nearly randomized octahedral distribution. The two samples from Wyoming were clearly different as they exhibited a strong ordering tendency.
Menshikovite, Pd-Ni arsenide and synthetic equivalent
Authors: Barkov A. Y. , Laajoki K. , Gervilla F. , Makovicky E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe average compositions of menshikovite (Pd3Ni2As3) from the type locality (Lukkulaisvaara layered intrusion, Russian Karelia) and a Pd-Ni arsenide synthesized at 450°C, are very close. The observed ΣMetal:As ratio is close to 5:3, as in the case of previously described arsenides from the Stillwater and Two-Duck Lake intrusions. The compositions suggest that these unnamed Pd-Ni arsenides and the synthetic phase are in fact menshikovite.
Crystal chemistry of basic lead carbonates. III. Crystal structures of Pb3O2(CO3) and NaPb2(OH)(CO3)2
Authors: Krivovichev S. V. , Burns P. C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe crystal structures of synthetic Pb3O2(CO3) and NaPb2(OH)(CO3)2, have been solved by direct methods and refined to R = 0.062 and 0.024, respectively. Pb3O2(CO3) is orthorhombic, Pnma, a = 22.194(3), b = 9.108(1), c = 5.7405(8) Å, V = 1160.4(3) Å3, Z = 8. There are four symmetrically distinct Pb2+ cations in irregular coordination polyhedra due to the effect of stereoactive s2 lone electron pairs. The structure is based upon double [O2Pb3] chains of [O(1)Pb4] and [O(2)Pb4] oxocentred tetrahedra and CO3 groups. The [O2Pb3] chains are parallel to the c axis, whereas the CO3 groups are parallel to the (010) plane. NaPb2(OH)(CO3)2 is hexagonal, P63mc, a = 5.276(1), c = 13.474(4)Å, V = 324.8(1) Å3, Z = 2 and has been solved by direct methods. There are two symmetrically distinct Pb2+ cations in asymmetric coordination polyhedra due to the effect of stereoactive s2 lone-electron pairs. The single symmetrically unique Na+ cation is in trigonal prismatic coordination. The structure is based on hexagonal sheets of Pb atoms. Within these sheets, Pb atoms are located at vertices of a 36 net, such that each Pb atom has six adjacent Pb atoms that are ~5.3 Å away. Two sheets are stacked in a close-packing arrangement, forming layers that contain the (CO3) groups. The layers are linked by OH groups that are linearly coordinated by two Pb2+ cations. Na+ cations are located between the layers. The structure is closely related to the structures of other lead hydroxide carbonates (leadhillite, macphersonite, susannite, hydrocerussite, ‘plumbonacrite’).