bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of indium concentration and growth temperature on the structural and optoelectronic properties of indium selenide thin films
Authors: Sreekumar R. , Sajeesh T. H. , Abe T. , Kashiwaba Y. , Sudha Kartha C. , Vijayakumar K. P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe present work reports the influence of indium concentration and annealing temperature (100–400 °C) on the structural and optoelectronic properties of indium selenide thin films grown using a stack elemental layer technique. The concentration of indium in indium selenide thin films is varied by adjusting the thickness of the indium layer to 28, 42 or 56 nm while keeping the selenium layer thickness constant at 200 nm. Depending on the indium layer thickness of 42 or 56 nm, indium selenide thin films exhibited a phase transition either from a mixed phase (InSe, γ‐In2Se3 and β‐In2Se3) and/or from a complete amorphous phase to a single phase γ‐In2Se3 at annealing temperature 400 or 300 °C, respectively, with a preferential grain orientation along the c‐axis. Depth‐wise X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis conducted on these samples (thickness of Se = 200 nm, In = 56 nm) showed evidence of a phase transition from amorphous to crystalline γ‐In2Se3 phase and formation of uniform stoichiometric (In/Se = 40:60) indium selenide. On the other hand, indium selenide grown using an indium thickness of 28 nm did not exhibit any phase transition. While using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies to analyse the structural properties, we made use of optical absorption and Raman spectroscopy in order to determine the optical energy gap and find the presence of parasitic β‐In2Se3 phase, respectively. The growth along the c‐axis either gives rise to carrier diffusion along the c‐axis or causes the appearance of a higher photosensitivity (62–72) due to the absence of dangling bonds which trap photogenerated carriers. The properties exhibited by the c‐axis‐grown γ‐In2Se3 suggest the potentiality of this material as a window layer in solar cell application.
Assessing the role of iron‐acceptor pairs in solar grade multicrystalline silicon wafers from the metallurgical route
Authors: Hvidsten Dahl Espen , Osinniy Viktor , Friestad Kenneth , Søiland Anne‐Karin , Safir Yakov , Skorupa Wolgang , Tronstad Ragnar , Nylandsted Larsen Arne 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe recombination parameters of iron‐boron (FeB), iron‐aluminium (FeAl) and iron‐gallium (FeGa) pairs in Fe implanted FZ monocrystalline silicon wafers and Fe contaminated multicrystalline silicon (mc‐Si) wafers of solar grade feedstock from the metallurgical route have been studied by combining the Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) and Microwave Photoconductive Decay (µ‐PCD) techniques. Energy levels associated with FeB, FeAl and FeGa pairs were detected in the monocrystalline samples. The activation energy and capture cross section of these levels were determined. FeGa gave the strongest recombination effect, reducing the minority carrier lifetime of the sample from about 39 µs to 0.7 µs at a concentration of 4x1013 cm‐3. No electrically active iron‐acceptor pairs could be detected in the mc‐Si wafer. However, it was demonstrated that micrometer‐sized clusters, most likely composed of metallic oxides, collect iron from the bulk. This iron collection may reduce the available amount of iron for creating electrically active iron‐acceptor pairs below the detection limit of DLTS. The contamination did, however, degrade the lifetime from 40 µs to less than 1 µs in the wafer. This is likely a result of at least three overlapping energy levels believed to be related to iron (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Deploying Internet Protocol Security in satellite networks using Transmission Control Protocol Performance Enhancing Proxies
Authors: Caubet Juan , Muñoz Jose L. , Alins Juanjo , Mata‐Díaz Jorge , Esparza Oscar 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYApplications that use the reliable Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) have a significant degradation over satellite links. This degradation is mainly a consequence of the congestion control algorithm used by standard TCP, which is not suitable for overcoming the impairments of satellite networks. To alleviate this problem, two TCP Performance Enhancing Proxies (PEPs) can be deployed at the edges of the satellite segment. Then these PEPs can use different mechanisms such as snooping, spoofing and splitting to achieve a better TCP performance. In general, these mechanisms require the manipulation of the Internet Protocol (IP) and TCP headers that generates a problem when deploying the standard IP security (IPsec) protocol. The security services that IPsec offers (encryption and/or authentication) are based on the cryptographic protection of IP datagrams, including the corresponding IP and TCP headers. As a consequence, these cryptographic protections of IPsec conflict with the mechanisms that PEPs use to enhance the TCP performance in the satellite link. In this article, we detail the reasons that cause this conflict, and we propose three different approaches to deploy IPsec in a scenario with TCP PEPs. Our proposals provide different trade‐offs between security and TCP performance in some typical scenarios that use satellite networks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Looking at my body. Similarities and differences between anorexia nervosa patients and controls in body image visual processing
Authors: Castellini G. , Polito C. , Bolognesi E. , D’Argenio A. , Ginestroni A. , Mascalchi M. , Pellicanò G. , Mazzoni L.N. , Rotella F. , Faravelli C. , Pupi A. , Ricca V. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundBody image distortion is a core symptom of eating disorders. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on body image processing, described different patterns of neural response, mainly involving the inferior and superior parietal lobules, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), with conflicting results.MethodsThe neural response to the view of their own body pictures (normal size and distorted) was evaluated in 18 female anorexia nervosa (AN) restricting type patients, and in 19 healthy female subjects (HC) using fMRI. Clinical assessment was performed by means of the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV and self-reported questionnaires.ResultsIn response to the body image distortion, patients and controls showed an inverse pattern of activation, with the widest extent of activation in the oversize condition in AN, while in the undersize condition in HC. AN and HC showed a similar pattern of neural response to the view of their own body, with an increased activation in the extrastriate body area, superior and inferior parietal lobule and prefrontal areas, although the extent of activation in HC was more limited as compared with AN patients. Increased activity in AN patients, compared with HC, was observed in the DLPFC in response to the oversized body picture and a significant correlation was found in AN patients between DLPFC activation and eating disorder psychopathology.ConclusionsOur findings suggest the existence of a continuum from normalcy to pathology in neural response to body image, and confirm the clinical relevance of body image distortion in AN, reinforcing the key role of attentive, executive and self-evaluation networks in AN visual processing of own distorted body image.
Distribution of human papillomavirus genotype and cervical neoplasia among women with abnormal cytology in Beijing, China
Authors: Hou Ren , Xu Caiyan , Zhang Songwen , Wu Minghui , Zhang Weiyuan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo understand the relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution and cervical neoplasia among women with abnormal cytology in Beijing.MethodsIn a study in Beijing, China, participants underwent a gynecologic examination between September 2006 and December 2009. Those with abnormal cytology underwent colposcopy, biopsy, and HPV testing. HPV was typed by flow‐through hybridization on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue.ResultsAmong 6339 women examined, 533 with abnormal cytology underwent HPV testing. The prevalence of high‐risk HPV (HR‐HPV) subtypes was 29.8%. HPV‐16 was the most common genotype (12.8%), followed by HPV‐33, HPV‐58, HPV‐66, HPV‐18, and HPV‐52. The cytologic and histopathologic grade clearly increased with a higher prevalence of HR‐HPV infection. Both HPV‐16 and HPV‐33 were significantly associated with grade CIN2 + lesions (P < 0.05). By contrast, HPV‐18 and HPV‐66 were not associated with cervical lesion severity. HR‐HPV infection was most common among women aged 30–34 years (35.0%).ConclusionHPV‐16, HPV‐58, HPV‐33, HPV‐66, HPV‐18, and HPV‐52 were the most common genotypes in Beijing. HPV‐16 and HPV‐33 might be associated with CIN2 + lesions. HPV‐18 and HPV‐66 were not associated with high‐grade cervical lesions. The present results might help to improve HPV vaccination and cervical cancer prevention programs in Beijing.
Coherent structures in the inner part of a rough-wall channel flow resolved using holographic PIV
Authors: Talapatra Siddharth , Katz Joseph 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMicroscopic holographic PIV performed in an optically index-matched facility resolves the three-dimensional flow in the inner part of a turbulent channel flow over a rough wall at Reynolds number ${\mathit{Re}}_{\tau } = 3520$. The roughness consists of uniformly distributed pyramids with normalized height of ${ k}_{s}^{+ } = 1. 5{k}^{+ } = 97$. Distributions of mean flow and Reynolds stresses agree with two-dimensional PIV data except very close to the wall (${\lt }0. 7k$) owing to the higher resolution of holography. Instantaneous realizations reveal that the roughness sublayer is flooded by low-lying spanwise and groove-parallel vortical structures, as well as quasi-streamwise vortices, some quite powerful, that rise at sharp angles. Conditional sampling and linear stochastic estimation (LSE) reveal that the prevalent flow phenomenon in the roughness sublayer consists of interacting U-shaped vortices, conjectured in Hong et al. (J. Fluid Mech., 2012, doi:10.1017/jfm.2012.403). Their low-lying base with primarily spanwise vorticity is located above the pyramid ridgeline, and their inclined quasi-streamwise legs extend between ridgelines. These structures form as spanwise vorticity rolls up in a low-speed region above the pyramid’s forward face, and is stretched axially by the higher-speed flow between ridgelines. Ejection induced by interactions among legs of vortices generated by neighbouring pyramids appears to be the mechanism that lifts the quasi-streamwise vortex legs and aligns them preferentially at angles of $54\textdegree \text{{\ndash}} 63\textdegree $ to the streamwise direction.
Dietary patterns are associated with insulin resistance in Chinese adults without known diabetes
Authors: Zuo Hui , Shi Zumin , Yuan Baojun , Dai Yue , Pan Xiaoqun , Wu Gaolin , Hussain Akhtar 
Published: September 2012

The aim of the present study was to examine the association between dietary patterns and insulin resistance in Chinese adults without known diabetes. Study subjects were 1070 Chinese adults aged 18 years and above in Jiangsu Province who participated in the 2006 wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Usual dietary intake was assessed by using a validated FFQ. Dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis using a principal component analysis method. Insulin resistance was defined as the highest quartile of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) scores. We derived four dietary patterns in our population by factor analysis: the Western, High-wheat, Traditional and Hedonic pattern. After adjusted for potential confounders, the Western pattern was significantly associated with greater odds for insulin resistance (P for trend = 0·009), while a significant negative association was found between the Hedonic pattern and insulin resistance (P for trend = 0·035). Compared with the lowest quartile of the Western pattern, the highest quartile had higher odds of insulin resistance (adjusted OR 1·89, 95 % CI 1·12, 3·19). There was a 42 % decrease in the odds after adjustment for all covariates in the highest quartile of the Hedonic pattern, compared with the lowest quartile (adjusted OR 0·58, 95 % CI 0·34, 0·99). HOMA-IR levels as a continuous variable also increased across the quartiles of the Western pattern and decreased across the quartiles of the Hedonic pattern. In conclusion, dietary patterns were significantly associated with insulin resistance in Chinese adults without known diabetes.
PARENTAL STATUS AND GENDER PREFERENCES FOR CHILDREN: IS DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY STOPPING CONSISTENT WITH THE TRIVERS–WILLARD HYPOTHESIS?
Authors: KOLK MARTIN , SCHNETTLER SEBASTIAN 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBased on evolutionary reasoning, Trivers & Willard (1973) predicted status-biased sex composition and parental investment with son-preferencing effects in higher, and daughter-preferencing effects in lower status groups. Previous research shows mixed results. This study uses event-history methods and Swedish register data to study one possible mechanism in isolation: do parents in different status groups vary in their proclivities to continue fertility based on the sex composition of previous offspring? The results show no support for the Trivers–Willard hypothesis on a wide range of different status indicators. Future research on the stated hypothesis should focus on physiological rather than behavioural mechanisms.
From incus bypass to malleostapedotomy: technical improvements and results
Authors: Rambousek A , Schlegel C H , Linder T E 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective:To assess results of malleostapedotomy using a Fisch Storz titanium piston with at least 10 months’ follow up.Methods:Using a prospective database, the indications, surgical technique, and pre- and post-operative audiometric data for 60 patients undergoing malleostapedotomy between 2002 and 2010 were evaluated. Diagnoses and primary and revision surgeries were compared with reference to the literature.Results:Sixty endaural malleostapedotomies were performed, 28 as a primary intervention and 32 as revision surgery. In 68 per cent, the underlying pathology was otosclerosis. The most common reason for revision surgery (i.e. in 59 per cent) was prosthesis dysfunction. Overall, the mean air–bone gap (0.5–3 kHz) for the primary intervention and revision surgery groups was 9.4 and 11.3 dB, respectively; an air–bone gap of less than 20 dB was obtained in 100 and 81 per cent of patients, respectively. There was no significant audiological difference between the primary and revision surgeries groups, and no deafness.Conclusion:Malleostapedotomy shows comparable results to standard incus-stapedotomy and may be preferable in the presented situations.
Plasmablastic lymphoma of the larynx: report of two cases
Authors: Stephenson K , Peer S , Govender D , Fagan J J 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective:To report two cases of laryngeal plasmablastic lymphoma, a rare and relatively recently described form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It has not previously been described in the larynx, nor associated with upper airway obstruction.Case reports:We describe the clinicopathological features of two such cases in human immunodeficiency virus positive patients, and we discuss their unusual presentations and diagnostic features.Conclusion:When evaluating a laryngeal tumour, plasmablastic lymphoma and other non-Hodgkin's lymphomata should be considered as differential diagnoses, particularly in the setting of a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Biopsy with detailed histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation is recommended to ensure correct diagnosis and optimal management.
Environmental protection, public finance requirements and the timing of emission reductions
Authors: Agliardi Elettra , Sereno Luigi 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe effects of four environmental policy options for the reduction of pollution emissions, i.e. taxes, emission standards, auctioned permits and freely allocated permits, are analyzed. The setup is a real option model where the amount of emissions is determined by solving the firm's profit maximization problem under each policy instrument. The regulator solves an optimal stopping problem in order to find the critical threshold for policy adoptions taking into account revenues from taxes and auctioned permits and government spending. In this framework we find the ranking of the alternative policy options in terms of their adoption lag and social welfare. We show that when the output demand is elastic, emission standards are preferred to freely allocated permits. Taxes and auctioned permits are always equivalent in terms of their adoption lag and social welfare, and also equivalent to emission standards when the regulator redistributes revenues.
Validation of the Italian version of Mini-ICF-APP, a short instrument for rating activity and participation restrictions in psychiatric disorders
Authors: Balestrieri M. , Isola M. , Bonn R. , Tam T. , Vio A. , Linden M. , Maso E. 
Published: September 2012

Aims.The assessment of limitations in social capacities can be done with the Mini-ICF-APP, a rating scale built in reference to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and the convergent validity of the Italian version of this scale.Methods.We recruited 120 consecutive patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar I disorder and anxiety disorders. Included measures were the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI-S), the Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) and the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS).Results.The median CGI-S and BPRS scores were 5 and 16.5. Mean Mini-ICF-APP total score was 18.1. Schizophrenics' Mini-ICF-APP score was higher, while that of anxious patients was lower than in the other diagnoses. Intra-class correlations (ICC) revealed a significant inter-rater agreement for total score (ICC 0.987) and for each item of the Mini-ICF-APP. The test–retest agreement was also highly significant (ICC 0.993). The total score of the Mini-ICF-APP obtained good negative correlations with PSP (rs = −0.767) and with SOFAS scores (rs = −0.790). The distribution items of the Mini-ICF-APP showed some skewness, indicating that self-care (item 12) and mobility (item 13) were amply preserved in most patients. The Mini-ICF-APP total score was significantly correlated with both CGI-S (rs = 0.777) and BPRS (rs = 0.729).Conclusions.As a short instrument, the Mini-ICF-APP scale seems to be well suited to everyday psychiatric practice as a means of monitoring changes in psychosocial functioning, in particular in schizophrenic patients.
Potential for bias in 21st century semiempirical sea level projections
Authors: Jevrejeva S. , Moore J. C. , Grinsted A. 
Published: September 2012

We examine the limitations of a semiempirical model characterized by a sea level projection of 73 cm with RCP4.5 scenario by 2100. Calibrating the model with data to 1990 and then simulating the period 1993–2009 produces sea level in close agreement with acceleration in sea level rise observed by satellite altimetry. Nonradiative forcing contributors, such as long‐term adjustment of Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets since Last Glacial Maximum, abyssal ocean warming, and terrestrial water storage, may bias model calibration which, if corrected for, tend to reduce median sea level projections at 2100 by 2–10 cm, though this is within the confidence interval. We apply the semiempirical approach to simulate individual contributions from thermal expansion and small glacier melting. Steric sea level projections agree within 3 cm of output from process‐based climate models. In contrast, semiempirical simulation of melting from glaciers is 26 cm, which is twice large as estimates from some process‐based models; however, all process models lack simulation of calving, which likely accounts for 50% of small glacier mass loss worldwide. Furthermore, we suggest that changes in surface mass balance and dynamics of Greenland ice sheet made contributions to the sea level rise in the early 20th century and therefore are included within the semiempirical model calibration period and hence are included in semiempirical sea level projections by 2100. Antarctic response is probably absent from semiempirical models, which will lead to a underestimate in sea level rise if, as is probable, Antarctica loses mass by 2100.
Improving the accuracy of SO2column densities and emission rates obtained from upward‐looking UV‐spectroscopic measurements of volcanic plumes by taking realistic radiative transfer into account
Authors: Kern Christoph , Deutschmann Tim , Werner Cynthia , Sutton A. Jeff , Elias Tamar , Kelly Peter J. 
Published: September 2012

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is monitored using ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy at numerous volcanoes around the world due to its importance as a measure of volcanic activity and a tracer for other gaseous species. Recent studies have shown that failure to take realistic radiative transfer into account during the spectral retrieval of the collected data often leads to large errors in the calculated emission rates. Here, the framework for a new evaluation method which couples a radiative transfer model to the spectral retrieval is described. In it, absorption spectra are simulated, and atmospheric parameters are iteratively updated in the model until a best match to the measurement data is achieved. The evaluation algorithm is applied to two example Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements conducted at Kīlauea volcano (Hawaii). The resulting emission rates were 20 and 90% higher than those obtained with a conventional DOAS retrieval performed between 305 and 315 nm, respectively, depending on the different SO2 and aerosol loads present in the volcanic plume. The internal consistency of the method was validated by measuring and modeling SO2absorption features in a separate wavelength region around 375 nm and comparing the results. Although additional information about the measurement geometry and atmospheric conditions is needed in addition to the acquired spectral data, this method for the first time provides a means of taking realistic three‐dimensional radiative transfer into account when analyzing UV‐spectral absorption measurements of volcanic SO2 plumes.
Influence of large scale oscillations on upwelling‐favorable coastal wind off central Chile
Authors: Rahn David A. 
Published: September 2012

Along the central coast of Chile is typically equatorward, upwelling‐favorable wind associated with the southeast Pacific anticyclone. A coastal low‐level jet often develops, and its wind speed is mostly controlled by the meridional pressure gradient. While the low‐level jet is a mesoscale feature forced by an interaction between synoptic conditions and coastal topography, regional sea level pressure anomalies are associated with changes of the Antarctic, Madden Julian, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation. The connection between the alongshore wind and changes to the large‐scale circulation is examined and quantified using 31 years of the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, which resolves coastal features better than previous, coarser analyses. Composites based on each index reveal the modulation of the sea level pressure and significant alongshore wind anomalies of ±0.5–1.5 m s−1 that correlate well to meridional surface pressure gradient changes and are centered near 35°S. Constructive and destructive interference exists between the three indices that either enhance or cancel the alongshore wind anomaly. During favorable upwelling conditions the distribution of meridional wind is generally clustered around positive anomalies with a tail toward negative values, representing a stronger and persistent anticyclone. During unfavorable upwelling conditions the anomalies are generally more normally distributed, representing a weaker anticyclone and the passage of more cyclones.