bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different Facies Modeling Techniques to Optimize HM, Late Visean, Karachaganak Field, Kazakhstan
Authors: Albertini C. , Bazzana M. , Bigoni F. , Francesconi A. , Pontiggia M. , Tarantini V. , Tumbarello G. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Karachaganak Field is an isolated carbonate bank consisting of Carboniferous to Lower Permian carbonate deposits located in the northern margin of the Pre-Caspian Basin of Kazakhstan. Discovered in 1979, it represents one of the largest gas and condensate reservoirs in the world and has been in production since 1985. This paper focuses on the different modeling methods applied to Late Visean sequence to try to improve the reservoir model reliability. In fact although this interval is relatively thin, it is mostly located inside the Oil Rim interval, so that it strongly impacts the present development phase which is focused on maximizing liquid recovery. This peculiar stratigraphic interval represents the highstand section of the Late Visean sequence and records the initial settling of micro-biohermal deposits constituted by in situ bryozoans, microbial boundstone, cementstone, all facies interlayered with crinoidal limestones. Due to its reduced thickness, there is a minimal contribution of the seismic sequence stratigraphy interpretation to understand the internal structure and geometry of this sequence. Despite its complexity, the Late Visean was initially modeled as a unique "undifferentiated body" characterised by the whole petrophysical data without discriminating the different depositional facies. Now, thanks to new core and analogue data, there is enough information to attempt to model this stratigraphic interval with a more detailed approach, trying to both reconstruct the 3D Facies distribution and utilize the relevant Reservoir Properties. Therefore two additional simulation methods have been tested: Object-Based Modeling and Multiple-Point Statistics Facies Modeling. Thanks to the long historical production, all these alternative scenarios have been compared to the initial SGS approach using the HM as benchmark to evaluate the best methodology to be applied.
Multi-Disciplinary Collaborative Pre-Caspian Shallow Subsurface Aquifer Study: Data Acquisition and Management, Petrophysical Interpretation, Static and Dynamic Modeling, and Volume Validation With Well Rest Data
Authors: Zhumagulova Akmaral , Baktybayeva Kalmpyr , Se Yegor , Katz Bodo 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The development of the giant Tengiz and Korolev oil fields might require a large and reliable industrial water source for future development. This paper shares best practices from a multidisciplinary team effort in characterizing the shallow aquifer water sources in the Tengiz area. The data set above the Tengiz oil zone is characterized by limited cores and large number of penetrations with logs, as well as 3D seismic.
A subsurface study of the Tengiz area Post-Salt aquifers is challenging because of the old vintage of existing logs and limited core in shallower section of wells targeting Tengiz and Korolev oil reservoirs. A subsurface data gathering program was executed to acquire new logs, core from two new wells A-1 and B-1 from Alb-Cenomanian, Upper Neocomian, Aptian and Jurassic formations. All core and log data in conjunction with seismic improved our understanding of the depositional environments, connectivity and areal extend of numerous sand bodies. Core porosity and permeability very well match with new wireline logs. Based on information gained and new interpretation data, we now have better understanding of the geology of potential water source sands.
Alb-Cenomanian and Upper Neocomian deposits were found to be the two largest aquifers in the Tengiz area. The Alb-Cenomanian has high net-to-gross with extensive fluvial channel belt sandstones. Reservoir properties are very good and water volume is very large. The Upper Neocomian consists of ribbon-like fluvial channel belts (2-15m thick) embedded within floodplain deposits and interbedded thin (i.e., &lt;2m) crevasse splay deposits. Reservoir sandstone is moderate to excellent quality. The Upper Neocomian has stratigraphic barriers above and below – internally it exhibits some baffles and barriers associated with floodplain shales. Aptian and Jurassic sections were evaluated to be unattractive as water sources. Because of sand quality and higher water volume, Alb-Cenomanian and Upper Neocomian formations were selected as the best candidates for water source.
New seismic interpretation, log and core data were incorporated to construct static models. Dynamic models for shallow aquifers are being built; the models will be used to support the industrial water source development plan for Tengiz and Korolev oil fields.
H2S Emergency Response Strategy & Evaluating Risk Reduction Measures
Authors: Geyer Tim , Sargent Diccen , Vignati Luca , Arnold Phil , Awad Sami , Wright Steve , Khan Murad , Hunter William , Daulova Gulnara 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This paper presents the elements of KPO's field-wide H2S Emergency Response and Controls Strategy, together with an analysis to prioritise a variety of potential risk reduction measures.
Karachaganak Petroleum Operating B.V. (KPO) is the operator of the Karachaganak Field in Kazakhstan. The hydrocarbons produced are classified as sour, in that they contain approximately 4% - 6% Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) by volume. At these concentrations, any unplanned release of production fluids could pose immediate danger to unprotected personnel due to the toxic nature of the gas. As such KPO requires effective decision-making support to assist in the management of safety and the prioritisation of capital expenditure, to discharge its obligation to ensure that risks are managed and controlled to levels which are as low as reasonably practicable.
A field-wide H2S Emergency Response and Controls Strategy has been developed and potential H2S related improvement options evaluated. This paper presents the elements of the strategy, comprising:
Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment ER Strategy and ER Planning POB Control and Personnel Tracking Hazardous Event Detection Annunciating the Alarm Emergency Communications Third Party Communications Escape Provisions Shelter in Place Search and Rescue Evacuation Training and Exercises Specialist Medical Facilities.
A high-level analysis was used to prioritise a variety of potential enhancement options (covering communications systems, gas detection, evacuation, etc). For each option, the measure, the safety benefits, other benefits, limitations, technical and commercial considerations, are highlighted.
This paper will contribute to the sector's definition of best practice in terms of risk reduction under sour production conditions, highlight new modern technology developments and show some solutions adopted from different industries.
Integrated Carbonate Clinoform Characterization Through Assisted History Matching of Wireline Formation Pressure Data, Karachaganak Field, Kazakhstan
Authors: Saduakassov Bekzhan , Yakhiyayev Nursultan , Uxukbayev Gadilbek , Kismanov Adilbek , Amangaliyev Bagdad , Burns Lucy , Baigazin Khakim 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A sloping depositional surface, known as clinoform, is commonly associated with prograding strata deep into water and this surface can be imaged with seismic (J.L.Rich, 1951). During a sea level drop carbonate sediment factories tend to shut down and results in periods of non-deposition. These clinoform surfaces can be cemented, resulting in a partially sealing effect. Therefore characterizing clinoforms is crucial to better understand the reservoir dynamics and hydraulic communication throughout the field.
In the Karachaganak field, Wireline Formation Pressure acquisition along the sub-horizontal well section has played a major role in the identification of semi-transmissible flow restrictions in the field. In particular, plots of depth corrected pressure measurements against distance from wellhead showed clear discontinuities confirming the existence of pressure baffles. Once these clinoforms are identified, their properties have to be calibrated against the measured pressure data, process that historically has been implemented by manual trial-and-error approach which is time-consuming and often frustrating.
This paper proposes a methodology based on assisted history matching solutions to constrain the properties and sealing degree of clinoform's regions to both Wireline Formation and Static Bottom-Hole Pressure data. The proposed approach allows engineers to integrate geological and reservoir engineering workflows into a single model driven by state-of-the-art history matching optimization techniques. This makes possible to systematically sensitize the properties of the clinoforms assuring consistency between static and dynamic models.
As a result, observed pressure has been matched, and hence the characterization of the clinoforms properties was considerably improved in a short time compared with the timeframe required by the traditional manual approach. The presented workflow is a valuable tool to set methods and gain experience using assisted history matching techniques, and furthermore, it contributes to a change in history matching philosophy by semi-automating laborious tasks achieving faster and more physically coherent solutions.
Advanced Integrated Field Modelling Approach in Development Planning and Management of Giant Gas Condensate Field
Authors: Tleukhabyluly O. , Mutaliyev G. , Abdibapov A. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Over 60 % of the world's daily oil production today comes from giant fields, where production is on decline (Robelius, 2007). Extended development and management of such complex projects would require integrated and cost efficient approach.
While there are many theories on integration of reservoir and network models, there is very limited experience on the actual application of such models to field development plans (FDP) as routine decision making tools. This paper presents successful case study of creating robust and fast integrated model of a giant gas-condensate field with complex gathering network and processing facilities. Use of integrated asset modelling (IAM) approach has proven to bring value over conventional "standalone" modelling in this particular complex system. This system includes three inter-flowing processing facilities simultaneously constrained by processing capacities, gas compression for re-injection and overall export agreements. In addition, all the wells (about 100 producers and 20 injectors) have individual constraints (liquid rate and drawdown limits for producers, injection rate and pressure limits for gas re-injection wells).
Major technical challenges resulting from the complexity of such modelling were discussed here. Increase of stability (honouring all constraints), accuracy (reproducing actual data) and speed (4-5 min per timestep) were achieved by imbedding custom algorithms and workflows into IAM while using fully compositional Eclipse and complex GAP network models. One of the major challenges was to properly model and optimize inter-unit flows and properly prioritize low GOR wells.
In this paper a project from FDP is used as an example to demonstrate the benefits and limitations of integrated modelling approach. Based on the case study example the integrated model has proved to bring incremental value by providing more accurate production profiles and reducing development costs by avoiding "overdesigning". These and other conclusions are discussed in the paper in the context of the actual project.
System Design and Flow Assurance Implications of Hydraulic Submersible Pumps for Artificial Lift
Authors: Brook Graham , Lovick Jonathon 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Hydraulic submersible pumps are an artificial lift mechanism that can be used as an alternative to gas lift or electric submersible pumps. This paper presents a method for the rigorous evaluation of hydraulic submersible pumps (HSPs) during the concept selection phase of a project. The method couples multiphase flow simulations with the operation of the pump and turbine to identify feasible system designs. The paper explains how the flow assurance engineer must consider the two new constraints of system design pressure and power water to produced fluid ratio when sizing multiphase flowlines, rather than the normal constraints of capacity, back-pressure and turndown. An example demonstrates why a holistic approach to the design of the system, from the sandface through to the production separator and incorporating the power water delivery system, is crucial in assessing concepts involving HSPs.
The introduction of large volumes of water into the production system presents new challenges to the management of flow assurance. The influence of emulsions, the potential advantages of lowering the fluid viscosity if operating in the water continuous phase and the impact on the processing facilities will all be discussed. Further advantages have been identified for fields with waxy crudes, where hot water can be used to drive the HSPs whilst introducing heat into the system. The results of detailed thermal-hydraulic modelling (using the transient multiphase flow simulator, OLGA) will be presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.
Using Procedure Automation to Reduce Acid Gas Flaring
Authors: Fomina Marina 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The current paper presents Acid gas flaring (AGF) project which is a "Containment Strategy" for reducing acid gas flaring. The project goal was to mitigate acid gas flaring for a single sulphur recovery unit trip. Acid gas flaring events introduce risks to personnel, impact the environment and may lead to negative operational and business outcomes. TCO implemented an automated procedure to address this problem with the goal to protect the personnel and environment, reduce operating impact and improve TCO’s reputation as a ‘good neighbor’ operating the facility.
The procedure was aimed to automate a sequence of coordinated moves across all five KTL trains. This involved decreasing sour gas and oil rates from all Crude Stabilization Units while using existing vessels to temporarily accumulate acid gas in the rich amine. Simultaneously field production was rapidly decreased by 30%. The intent of procedure was to prevent the acid-gas header pressure from rising to a point at which pressure control valves open to flare. This would ‘contain’ the acid gas thereby mitigating flaring.
TCO utilized the AGF procedure multiple times since 2012 to successfully mitigate flaring events.
Dynamic Multiphase Flow Simulation of Pigging One of Two Parallel Pipelines
Authors: Dosmukhamedova Karlygash 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Current paper represents dynamic multiphase flow simulation applied to realistic transient scenario of pigging one of the two parallel 24-inch trunkline that transfer oil and gas production to Tengiz Second Generation Plant. Despite pigging is inevitable and required activity, it creates a big challenge for receiving facility causing inlet separators level fluctuations and as worst case Plant Emergency shutdown. OLGA dynamic simulation tool is able to predict multiphase flow behavior over required time and changed conditions (or inputs). This work was done to compare software predicted liquid slugs as pigging result versus real historical data. The consistency in results was reached by using accurate input data such as rigorous geometry, tuned fluid file for Tengiz oil, and accurate assessment of the real slugs. For instance, Plant separator level accumulation factor made both realistic and OLGA predicted trends really close to each other. Reached consistency gives a credit to use software for slugs prediction and creating according operational procedures to eliminate their impact to the Plant.
Hydrocarbon Emission Reduction: Application of an Integrated Solution to Separate and Treat Well Clean-up and Produced Water in the Karachaganak Field, Kazakhstan
Authors: Kaziyeva Indira , Saada Tamer , Hutson Peter , Frau Simone Andrea , Vegliante Enzo , Donohue Leo , Shektebayeva Raziya , Izbassov Arman 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Minimising or eliminating completely the flaring of hydrocarbons during well clean-up and early production testing is an increasing challenge for the oil and gas industry and an important issue for Karachaganak Petroleum Operating b.v. (KPO).
KPO operates the giant Karachaganak gas-condensate carbonate reservoir located in north-western Kazakhstan. To improve reservoir management and field recovery, KPO drills long horizontal wells and then stimulates them with acid. KPO has used a variety of different acid stimulation techniques, progressing from simple acid washes to high rate matrix acid treatments and hydraulic fracturing with gelled acid. With the advent of mechanical downhole diversion equipment, KPO can now perform Multi-Stage Selective Acid Stimulation treatments. However, as the complexity of the stimulation techniques has increased, so has the volume of fluid injected into the wells, most of which is recovered to surface during the subsequent clean-up and well testing.
The processing facilities at Karachaganak are not designed to handle large quantities of water. A traditional approach to dealing with this problem would be to flare all the produced fluids from the wells until an acceptable water-cut of 1% is achieved. KPO recognised that it had to adopt a different methodology in order to reduce the volume of hydrocarbons flared during well clean-ups and testing. A new approach to well clean-ups was sought that would be capable of efficiently separating the fluids and measuring the flow-rates from high productivity wells and would:
Reduce or eliminate flaring. Reduce the environmental impact of well clean-up operations. Dispose of unwanted fluids in a safe and environmentally friendly manner. Recover additional hydrocarbons that would otherwise be flared.
This paper describes the evolution and application of a new approach to performing well testing, clean-up and water separation and treatment in the Karachaganak field. It describes the methodology, challenges and strategies that were adopted to manage the liquids produced during the clean-up and early testing of new Karachaganak wells. It focuses on the value brought to both the environment and the field by the deployment of an advanced, integrated 3 Phase High Pressure Separator (3P-HPS) spread with associated water treatment concept.
The Role of Rhamnolipids in Coffee Ring Deposition and Influence of Metal Ions
Authors: Raza Zulfiqar Ali 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe deposition of material at the edge of an evaporating droplet is known as the coffee ring effect. This phenomenon is widespread in various colloidal and bacterial systems. The study has examined the self-assembly and deposition of colloidal rhamnolipid (a natural surfactant) structures on a glass surface. The effects of the rhamnolipid concentration, pH and the addition of cations on the deposition formation and the alteration in coffee ring effect were studied by using in-vitro scanning electron microscope observation. Above the critical micelle concentration, a transition from ring-like deposition to dispersed deposition is observed. Whereas upon the addition of cations, the multi-distribution of aggregates size enhances the non-homogeneity of the drying film and consequently results in multi-nucleation of rhamnolipid aggregates.
Random Copolymer as Polymeric Surfactant in Seed Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Yan Xiuhua , Xu Wei , Shao Rong , Tang Lanqin , Shi Wenyan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAn amphiphilic random copolymer was synthesized and applied as a surfactant in seed emulsion polymerization. The composition and structure of the copolymer were confirmed by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect of the copolymer content on the properties of latexes and their sizing properties was discussed. The average size, size distribution and stability of latexes were measured by quasi-elastic light scattering. The results suggest that the copolymer was a random copolymer, and displayed surface-active properties in water. The copolymer content affected strongly the properties of latex and its sizing performance. Monodisperse and nano-sized latex particles were obtained in the presence of 10.5 % copolymer. The thermal characteristics of latex films could be regulated by controlling the content of the copolymer. Adding an appropriate amount of the copolymer could reduce the surface tension of the latexes and promote their adsorption on the paper surface. Latex-treated paper showed a better water resistance and higher surface strength.
Effects of paeonol on the expression of NF-κB pathways in human umbilical veins endothelial cells induced by homocysteine
Authors: Xu Qian , Cao Kai , Xiao Yan-Hong , Du Chao , Dong Xian-Hui , Wang Yu , Zhou Xiao-Hui 
Published: July 2015

<p class="Abstract">The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of paeonol on the expression of NF-κB pathway induced by homocysteine. After Human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to homocysteine for 24 hours, paeonol (0.15-0.6 mmol/L) improved the cell viability (p&lt;0.05). NF-κB p65 mRNA expression was reduced largely (p&lt;0.05) and IκB-α protein expression increased significantly (p&lt;0.01). The staining of NF-κB p65 in nucleus was not as much as those in homocysteine injured model group (p&lt;0.01). Therefore, paeonol can inhibit IκB-α protein degradation and suppress NF-κB transferred into nuclear in order to inhibit the activation of NF-κB.</p><p> </p>
Antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of <i>Polygonum bistorta</i> rhizomes are mediated predominantly through K+ channels activation
Authors: Ali Muhammad Zeeshan , Janbaz Khalid Hussain , Mehmood Malik Hassan , Gilani Anwar Hassan 
Published: July 2015

<p class="Abstract"><em>Polygonum bistorta</em> is a popular medicinal herb used to treat diarrhea. This study provides pharmacological basis to its folk use in diarrhea using <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em> assays. Administration of<em> P. bistorta</em> rhizomes extract to mice offered protection against castor oil-induced diarrhea at 300-1,000 mg/kg and was found safe up to the dose of 5 g/kg. In isolated rabbit jejunum, the extract caused a dose-dependent relaxation of spontaneous and low K<sup>+</sup> (25 mM)-induced contractions with weak effect against high K<sup>+ </sup>(80 mM). In tissues pretreated with glibenclamide or tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA), the relaxant effect of the extract was markedly inhibited by TEA only. While verapamil showed complete relaxation of spontaneous, low K<sup>+</sup>, low K<sup>+</sup> with TEA and high K<sup>+</sup>-induced contractions. In guinea-pig ileum, mild atropine-sensitive effect was observed. This study indicates that <em>P. bistorta</em> possesses anti-diarrheal and antispasmodic activities mediated predominantly through K<sup>+</sup>-channels activation along with weak Ca<sup>++</sup> antagonist effect.</p><p> </p>