bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Date of The Supplices of Aeschylus
Authors: Earp F. R. 
Published: July 2013

It is difficult to define exactly the difference between the early work of a poet (or of a dramatist in verse) and his later work. In fact any general definition is impossible, for poets vary. Some merely dry up and go on writing from habit; others change their style consciously and deliberately, others unconsciously—but all change. Anyone who has thought about and read poetry will agree that if a poet lives long enough, his work is bound to change. Any Shakespeare scholar can distinguish by style alone, not to mention other evidence, Shakespeare's Two Gentlemen of Verona from his Tempest. Similarly, any competent critic will admit that Milton could not have written Lycidas or his Ode on the Morning of Christ's Nativity after he wrote Paradise Lost. Again Dante could not have written the poems in his Vita Nuova after he finished the Divine Comedy. In both cases some people prefer the earlier poems. A poet does not always improve with years, but his mind changes gradually and his work reflects that.Poets differ so much that we are usually content to enjoy their works without noticing their order. But it is not always possible to ignore it. A fragmentary papyrus has lately been discovered which appears to be the remains of an extract from the Didascaliae prefixed to a play of Aeschylus. It states that Aeschylus was victorious with a group of plays which contained the Danaides and Amymone, and that Sophocles was second. As it is generally agreed that the Supplices belonged to the same group as the plays mentioned it can be assumed with confidence that this name was to be found on the part of the papyrus now missing.
The Eureka
Authors: Blandford D. W. 
Published: July 2013

In view of the attention now being paid to translation machines, it is of interest to recall a composition machine which was made over a hundred years ago and is still functioning. When wound up and set in motion this remarkable machine is capable of producing over 26,000,000 different Latin hexameters. With rare exceptions each line scans and makes sense. Typical lines are:MARTIA CASTRA FORIS PRÆNARRANT PROELIA MULTAPESSIMA REGNA DOMI PRODUCUNT VULNERA MIRATURPIA TEMPLA FERE PROMITTUNT JURGIA DENSAThe inventor (Fig. 1) was an eccentric genius named John Clark, who was born at Greinton in Somerset in 1785. After leaving school he lived for a time with his uncle at Glastonbury until about 1809, when he settled in Bridgwater. At first he was a grocer, and then about 1817 he became a printer. In his spare time he invented a pneumatic mattress and also patented a water-proof cloth. To his great financial loss he later sold this patent to a certain Mr. Mackintosh, who developed the Mackintosh raincoat and made a fortune. His own fortune (such as it was) came from his Hexameter Machine.
Ennius The Mystic—: The Terms of the Debate
Authors: Newman J. K. 
Published: July 2013

Every schoolboy knows that Ennius was the first Roman poet to use the hexameter. This series of articles is an attempt to put his action into its literary and social context.There can have been few more intellectually exciting periods than that which in Rome followed the successful conclusion of the Second Punic War. By their victory over Carthage the tough, brutal, superstitious, conservative peasants who formed the Roman people and most of its rulers had forced their way into the arena of Mediterranean politics. In unmistakable terms they had made it plain to the Hellenistic monarchies of the East that their country was no longer the negligible training-ground on which a Pyrrhos might try his skill, their troops no longer the ignorant levies so easily put in their place by a Xanthippos. Like Peter the Great, when he burst into the England of William and Mary; like Tom Paine, had he lived to see the baroque splendours and know the world-weary diplomats of the Congress of Vienna; perhaps indeed, if we allow ourselves a little hindsight, like the self-confident Oedipus before the Sphinx, the Romans, ambitious, lusty, cunning, and doomed, now encountered for the first time the full impact of a mature civilization.
The Aftermath of Caesar
Authors: Chilver G. E. F. 
Published: July 2013

A Few decades afterwards Livy doubted whether Caesar's birth had been a blessing or a curse. That was an extreme doctrine: ‘Pompeianism’ like Livy's could be licensed under Augustus, but it was not orthodoxy; and to say that Caesar had been justly killed was a crime. Yet the one clear judgement on Caesar in the Aeneid is a rebuke, and in Horace there is virtual silence except in extolling Augustus the avenger. It was Ovid's clear language which was best fitted to sum up the Government's position:neque enim de Caesaris actis ullum maius opus, nisi quod pater exstitit huius.
Tityrus and Meliboeus
Authors: Coleman Robert 
Published: July 2013

The poem that stands first in Vergil's bucolic collection is a dialogue between two herdsmen. It begins with five of the most exquisite lines in Latin literature, and it is worth while examining them in some detail:Tityre, tu patulae recubans sub tegmine fagi siluestrem tenui musam meditaris auena: nos patriae finis et dulcia linquimus arua. nos patriam fugimus: tu, Tityre, lentus in umbra formosam resonare doces Amaryllida siluas. (1–5)
Martins and Swallows
Authors: Arnott W. Geoffrey 
Published: July 2013

In Book iv of the Georgics, Virgil prescribes the beginning of spring as the time for producing bees abiogenetically:
hoc geritur Zephyris primum impellentibus undas,ante nouis rubeant quam prata coloribus, antegarrula quam tignis nidum suspendat hirundo. (305–7)
Tranio's Laconian Key
Authors: Barton I. M. 
Published: July 2013

The second act of Plautus' Mostellaria begins (348ff.) with the panicstricken return from Piraeus of the slave Tranio. He has seen at the harbour his master Theoropides, just returned from abroad; now immediate and drastic action will be needed to prevent him from discovering what his son Philolaches (abetted by Tranio) has been up to during his absence. The first essential is to hustle Philolaches and his drinking-companions indoors before the old man has time to get home. Only when that has been done will Tranio have leisure to think out a plan for duping his master. It takes 28 lines (371–98) to clear the stage; then, having at last got the drinking-party safely inside the house, Tranio can tell Philolaches what he wants him to do. His final instruction (404) is:Clauem mi harunc aedium Laconicam iam iube ecferri intus: hasce ego aedis occludam hinc foris.
A Note on Lessing's Misinterpretation of Aristotle
Authors: Anderson Michael 
Published: July 2013

One of the aspects of Lessing's misinterpretation of Aristotle1 which deserves a comment is the question of the Greek text used by the author of the Hamburg Dramaturgy for his translation and discussion of Aristotle's sentence describing the nature and function of tragedy (Poetics vi. 2; 1449b). Mr. K. A. Dickson (p. 54) quotes the text of the modern editions:(1) ἔστιν ον τραγῳδία μίμησις πράξεως σπουδαίας καὶ τελείας μέγεθος ἐχούσης, ἡδυσμένῳ λόγῳ χωρὶς ἑκάστῳ τῶν εἰδῶν τοῑς μορίοις, δρώντων καὶ οὐ δι' ἀπαγγελίας, δι' ἐλέου καὶ φόβου περαίνουσα τὴν τῶν τοιούτων παθημάτων κάθαρσιν.
Misit Frumentatum
Authors: Lydall C. W. F. 
Published: July 2013

This article, which makes no claim to scholastic profundity, arose from a discussion as to whether the use of a supine to translate a purpose clause after misit was admissible in G.C.E. ‘A’ level Latin Prose.This construction, which describes action as a goal of motion, is explained in probably all syntax books used in schools: e.g. North and Hillard, Latin Prose Composition, has a note (p. 110) in which the following examples are given of ways to express purpose:Legates misit ut pacem peterentqui pacem peterentad pacem petendampacis petendae causāpacem petitumIt is also noted that the future participle (pacem petituros) occasionally occurs in this sense. This use is so rare that I do not propose to consider it.
The Continuity of Hellenism
Authors: Thomson George 
Published: July 2013

InThe Twelve Lays of the Gipsy, one of the masterpieces of modern Greek poetry, Palamás puts into the mouth of his Gipsy these words, addressed to the Beautiful Immortals, who symbolize the achievements of ancient Greek civilization:What if you are immortal ? Your life is over,The full life that you lived in full bodily vigourIn the sun and air of the blissful country of your birth.Now there is another sun, another air, and you are onlyApparitions.
Herodas and the Kitchen Sink
Authors: Arnott W. Geoffrey 
Published: July 2013

‘Le mieux est l'ennemi du bien.’ Voltaire's epigramfits Greek literature like a glove. In school and university syllabuses, just as in our own private reading, we concentrate on the best authors; and a large number of the merely good authors stay on the library shelves, neglected and unread except by a steadily decreasing number of experts in forgotten fields. How many of us are on terms of easy familiarity with the bittersweet epigrams of Asclepiades, or that remarkably modern opening of Heliodorus' novel, or (for that matter) with the mimianiboi of Herodas?Herodas was the major Hellenistic author of mimes. His work was singled out by the younger Pliny (Ep. iv. 3. 4) as the standard by which to assess contemporary poetasters in the field. Yet before 1889 he was no more than a name, to whom a few dull fragments could be assigned. In fact before 1889 the whole genre of Hellenistic mime, literary and non-literary alike, was a dark mystery, doubtless consigned to oblivion during the ages of Byzantine antischolasticism. To the immense popularity of mimes in late antiquity countless references in contemporary sources bear a distinctly scandalized witness. Some descriptions survived, a few definitions, many condemnations, but no texts.
Bos Piger or Piger Caballus?
Authors: Baldwin Barry 
Published: July 2013

Professor Huxley's article on ‘Bos, Bentley, and Byron’ was delightful to read; it provokes these thoughts of mine.Majority opinion proves nothing, but it is solidly on the side of bos piger. Kiessling, for instance, and F. Villeneuve (in his 1967 Budé text) place the comma after piger. So do Lewis and Short, the TLL, the compilers of the new Oxford Latin Dictionary, and Dominicus Bo in his Lexicon Horatianum. Acron, Pseudo-Acron, and Porphyrion offer no comment. Piger is attached to caballus by Lane Cooper, and rather hesitantly by A. S. Wilkins. The latter felt that this better fitted the general sense of Horace's argument, a point to which I recur later. Wilkins was less confident of the rhythm of the line as a pointer to the ascription, and mentioned that many (unspecified) editors took piger as going with both nouns; this, indeed, might be an attractive compromise.
Teaching Latin
Authors: Vellacott P. H. 
Published: July 2013

‘You know, sir—you're absolutely right!’ This heartening remark, accompanied by the ingenuous smile of intellectual discovery (or was it just kindly encouragement?) came from a member of the Classical Sixth in response to a five-minute impromptu discourse of mine in which I had said something like this:In the Fourth Form we show you, two or three times a week, how to set about translating a complex Latin period. We ask you, ‘What verb is introduced by ut?’ You say, ‘Esset’. We say, ‘Look again’; and you say, ‘Oh, no, esset is introduced by quod; ut goes with perciperent’. ‘Right; then what clause comes before the ut-clause?’ ‘An Ablative Absolute.’
Prudentius in the Classroom?
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W. 
Published: July 2013

Prudentius ranks as the third lyric poet after Horace and Catullus; he is also the greatest of the early Christian poets. In a short poem, which is the prelude to his chief collection, he gives a sketch of his career, but, unlike Ovid, affords only vague indications. At school he was put under a stern master:aetas prima crepantibus flevit sub ferulis.Then, after a stormy youth, he took to the law. Later he entered on a public career and held two high provincial governorships. Afterwards the Emperor (probably Theodosius) brought him to court as his own minister. Finally, when past the age of fifty, with hair already turning white (nix capitis), Prudentius resolved to devote the rest of his life to the praise of the True God.
Principal component analysis for the early detection of mastitis and lameness in dairy cows
Authors: Miekley Bettina , Traulsen Imke , Krieter Joachim 
Published: July 2013

This investigation analysed the applicability of principal component analysis (PCA), a latent variable method, for the early detection of mastitis and lameness. Data used were recorded on the Karkendamm dairy research farm between August 2008 and December 2010. For mastitis and lameness detection, data of 338 and 315 cows in their first 200 d in milk were analysed, respectively. Mastitis as well as lameness were specified according to veterinary treatments. Diseases were defined as disease blocks. The different definitions used (two for mastitis, three for lameness) varied solely in the sequence length of the blocks. Only the days before the treatment were included in the blocks. Milk electrical conductivity, milk yield and feeding patterns (feed intake, number of feeding visits and time at the trough) were used for recognition of mastitis. Pedometer activity and feeding patterns were utilised for lameness detection. To develop and verify the PCA model, the mastitis and the lameness datasets were divided into training and test datasets. PCA extracted uncorrelated principle components (PC) by linear transformations of the raw data so that the first few PCs captured most of the variations in the original dataset. For process monitoring and disease detection, these resulting PCs were applied to the Hotelling'sT2chart and to the residual control chart. The results show that block sensitivity of mastitis detection ranged from 77·4 to 83·3%, whilst specificity was around 76·7%. The error rates were around 98·9%. For lameness detection, the block sensitivity ranged from 73·8 to 87·8% while the obtained specificities were between 54·8 and 61·9%. The error rates varied from 87·8 to 89·2%. In conclusion, PCA seems to be not yet transferable into practical usage. Results could probably be improved if different traits and more informative sensor data are included in the analysis.
The generation of internal waves by vibrating elliptic cylinders.
Part 3. Angular oscillations and comparison of theory with recent experimental observations
Authors: HURLEY D. G. , HOOD M. J. 
Published: July 2013

In this paper the methods of Parts 1 and 2 are extended to the case when the elliptic
cylinder is executing angular oscillations about its centreline. At large distances from
the cylinder the solution for a beam of waves tends to a similarity solution that
decays more rapidly with distance than does the similarity solution for rectilinear
oscillations described in Thomas & Stevenson (1972). Figure 4 shows in a remarkable
way how the predicted wave profiles change with distance from the inviscid solution
to the similarity one.In the latter part of the paper the predictions of Parts 1 and 2 and other theories
are compared with recent experimental observations. The results of the experiments
are in good agreement with the predictions of Parts 1 and 2.
Modelling turbulent collision of bidisperse inertial particles
Authors: ZHOU YONG , WEXLER ANTHONY S. , WANG LIAN-PING 
Published: July 2013

We study finite-inertia effects on the collision rate of bidisperse heavy particles in
a turbulent gas, using direct numerical simulations and kinematic descriptions. As
shown previously for a monodisperse system (Sundaram & Collins 1997; Wang,
Wexler & Zhou 2000), a statistical mechanical description of the average collision
kernel consists of two parts, namely a description of the relative velocity between two
colliding particles (the turbulent transport effect) and of the non-uniform particle distribution
due to dynamic interaction of particles with coherent vortex structures (the
accumulation effect). We first show that this description remains valid and accurate
for a bidisperse system involving two groups of particles of inertial response time
τp1 and τp2, respectively. Numerical
results for the turbulent transport effect and the accumulation effect have been obtained as a function of
τp1 and τp2. Interestingly, the
accumulation effect in a bidisperse system is bounded above by that of a monodisperse
system. An explanation for this observation is given, in terms of the correlation
between concentration fields of the two size groups. Simulations show that particles
from two size groups were found in different regions of a vortex, thus reducing the
net accumulation effect in a bidisperse system. The turbulent transport effect, on
the other hand, is bounded below by the level in a monodisperse system, due to a
differential inertia effect. The above observations imply that the size polydispersity
enhances the turbulent transport effect but weakens the accumulation effect, relative
to a monodisperse system.A simple eddy–particle interaction (EPI) model was developed and shown to give
a reasonable prediction of the collision kernel, except for a small parametric region
where both τp1 and τp2 are on the
order of the ow Kolmogorov time τk and thus
the accumulation effect must be included. A more accurate model incorporating both
the turbulent transport effect and the accumulation effect has also been developed.
The model would provide an upper bound on the collision rates for a non-dilute
bidisperse system, since turbulence modulation and particle-particle interactions are
not considered in this model.Finally, some consideration is given to the effect of nonlinear drag on the collision
kernel. The results show that the drag nonlinearity can increase the collision kernel
slightly (less than 10%) at large particle inertia.
British India versus the British Empire: The Indian Army and an impasse in imperial defence, circa 1919–39
Authors: LEAKE ELISABETH MARIKO 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFrom the end of the Great War to the onset of the Second World War, Great Britain and British India clashed over the Indian Army's role in imperial defence. Britain increasingly sought an imperial fighting force that it could deploy across the globe, but the government of India, limited by the growing independence movements, financial constraints, and—particularly—renewed tribal unrest on its North-West Frontier, refused to meet these demands. Attempts to reconcile Britain's and India's conflicting strategies made little headway until the late 1930s when compromise ultimately emerged with the establishment of the Expert Committee on the Defence of India 1938–39. While the Committee refuted India's traditional focus on the subcontinent's own security, importantly it recognized the necessity of British financial support for the Indian Army and the maintenance of a large local fighting force to prevent North-West Frontier unrest from disrupting imperial military planning at a time of global war.
In the aftermath of the financial crisis: risk governance and the emergence of pre-emptive surveillance
Authors: GLENN JOHN 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis article examines the financial reforms that have been undertaken through two perspectives on risk: that of Beck's world risk society and an alternative Foucauldian approach. The former argues that, catastrophes such as the recent financial crisis will induce a political shift towards a cosmopolitan form of statehood. Yet, the lack of radical reform since the financial crisis would suggest otherwise. The article therefore argues that what we are witnessing is best understood in terms of reflexive governance in which the various rationalities of risk are reassessed and strengthened in order to avoid a similar occurrence in the future. Moreover, in response to the uncertainty that surrounds such rare events, more intense forms of surveillance have been adopted with the objective of pre-empting any future crisis. Yet, for various reasons, the reforms remain rather limited and the new rationality of pre-emption is unlikely to prevent further crises from occurring in the future.
Phonological reduction in maternal speech in northern Australian English: change over time
Authors: BUCHAN HEATHER , JONES CAROLINE 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTSegmental variation in maternal speech to children changes over time. This study investigated variation in non-citation speech processes in a longitudinal, 26-hour corpus of maternal northern Australian English. Recordings were naturalistic parent–child interactions when children (N=4) were 1;6, 2;0, and 2;6. The mothers' speech was phonetically transcribed and analyzed. Based on previous sociophonetic research showing proportional changes in speech variants in maternal speech as children get older, it was predicted that deletion of word-initial /h/ and word-final /v/, processes common in non-citation speech, would increase over time. Instead results showed a non-linear change in deletion within a stable set of lexical items. Deletion proportionately increased between 1;6 and 2;0 and decreased between 2;0 and 2;6. Further analysis indicated increased deletion was not accounted for by changes in speech rate, which only marginally increased over time. Findings suggest mothers fine-tune differentially over time as children's receptive and productive language knowledge develops.
A formal power series attached to a class function on a group and its application to the characterisation of characters
Authors: JOHNSON KENNETH W. , POIMENIDOU EIRINI 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn Frobenius' initial papers on group characters he introduced k-characters in order to give an algorithm to calculate the irreducible factors of the group determinant. We show how his work leads naturally to the construction of a formal power series for any class function on a group, which terminates if and only if the class function is a character. This is then used to obtain a criterion for a class function to be a character.
Cost of carnivore coexistence on communal and resettled land in Namibia
Authors: RUST N. A. , MARKER L. L. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYHuman-wildlife conflict is detrimental to the conservation of threatened carnivores and the livelihoods of rural communities. This paper compares perceived levels of human-carnivore conflict experienced on five Namibian communal conservancies and four resettled farming areas. Factors explored include how reported depredation was affected by livestock husbandry practices, the perceived annual cost of depredation and the reported problem predator species. Of the 147 respondents interviewed, perceived depredation was greater than in previous studies; high perceived depredation was associated with greater rates of predator removal, increased ranking of predators as problems and increased predator sighting frequency. Small stock species were the most commonly depredated livestock. The most frequently perceived predators were: jackals on goats and sheep, wild cats on chickens, leopards on horses and spotted hyenas on cattle. The financial cost of this predation was US$508898, mostly attributable to cattle depredation, and agricultural training schemes recommending good livestock management may help reduce this cost. A move from small to large stock farming could be promoted in areas with an abundance of small- to medium-sized carnivores and a lack of large carnivores. Further incentives, such as meat provision and income from consumptive and non-consumptive tourism could ensure benefits outweigh costs of wildlife coexistence.