bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Adaptation and Late-Life Disability: A New Spectrum for Assessing Public Health Impacts
Authors: Freedman Vicki A. , Kasper Judith D. , Spillman Brenda C. , Agree Emily M. , Mor Vincent , Wallace Robert B. , Wolf Douglas A. 
Published: December 2013

Objectives. To inform public health efforts to promote independent functioning among older adults, we have provided new national estimates of late-life disability that explicitly recognize behavioral adaptations. Methods. We analyzed the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study, a study of Medicare enrollees aged 65 years and older (n = 8077). For 7 mobility and self-care activities we identified 5 hierarchical stages—fully able, successful accommodation with devices, activity reduction, difficulty despite accommodations, and receipt of help—and explored disparities and associations with quality of life measures. Results. Among older adults, 31% were fully able to complete self-care and mobility activities. The remaining groups successfully accommodated with devices (25%), reduced their activities (6%), reported difficulty despite accommodations (18%), or received help (21%). With successive stages, physical and cognitive capacity decreased and symptoms and multimorbidity increased. Successful accommodation was associated with maintaining participation in valued activities and high well-being, but substantial disparities by race, ethnicity, and income existed. Conclusions. Increased public health attention to behavioral adaptations to functional change can promote independence for older adults and may enhance quality of life.
Sexual Orientation, Gender, and Racial Differences in Illicit Drug Use in a Sample of US High School Students
Authors: Newcomb Michael E. , Birkett Michelle , Corliss Heather L. , Mustanski Brian 
Published: December 2013

Objectives. We evaluated drug use differences between sexual minority and heterosexual students, including interactions with gender and race/ethnicity. Methods. We used 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey data pooled from Boston, Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; Delaware; Maine; Massachusetts; New York City, New York; Rhode Island; and Vermont to evaluate drug use (marijuana, cocaine, inhalants, heroin, methamphetamine, and MDMA [Ecstasy]) using 2 aspects of sexual orientation (identity and sex of sexual partners). Results. Sexual minority students had higher prevalence of drug use than did heterosexuals on both sexual orientation dimensions, and differences were particularly pronounced among bisexual students on both dimensions. Differences between sexual minority and heterosexual male students in prevalence were generally larger than were differences between sexual minority and heterosexual female students. Racial minority students generally reported lower prevalence of drug use. However, the protective effect of African American race was less pronounced for some sexual minorities. Conclusions. Sexual minority youths are at increased risk for drug use. Intervention is needed at the institutional and individual levels to address these disparities.
A Syndemic of Psychosocial Health Disparities and Associations With Risk for Attempting Suicide Among Young Sexual Minority Men
Authors: Mustanski Brian , Andrews Rebecca , Herrick Amy , Stall Ron , Schnarrs Phillip W. 
Published: December 2013

Objectives. We examined a syndemic of psychosocial health issues among young men who have sex with men (MSM), with men and women (MSMW), and with women (MSW). We examined hypothesized drivers of syndemic production and effects on suicide attempts. Methods. Using a pooled data set of 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys from 11 jurisdictions, we used structural equation modeling to model a latent syndemic factor of depression symptoms, substance use, risky sex, and intimate partner violence. Multigroup models examined relations between victimization and bullying experiences, syndemic health issues, and serious suicide attempts. Results. We found experiences of victimization to increase syndemic burden among all male youths, especially MSMW and MSM compared with MSW (variance explained = 44%, 38%, and 10%, respectively). The syndemic factor was shown to increase the odds of reporting a serious suicide attempt, particularly for MSM (odds ratio [OR] = 5.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36, 24.39; P < .001) and MSMW (OR = 5.08; 95% CI = 2.14, 12.28; P < .001) compared with MSW (OR = 3.47; 95% CI = 2.50, 4.83; P < .001). Conclusions. Interventions addressing multiple psychosocial health outcomes should be developed and tested to better meet the needs of young MSM and MSMW.
Improved Stress Shielding on a Cementless Tibia Tray using Functionally Graded Material
Authors: Hedia Hassan S. , Fouda Noha 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Aseptic loosening of the tibial component is a primary concern of total knee replacement (TKR), which may be caused by stress shielding in cancellous bone of tibia and may require subsequent revision surgery. There is no doubt that materials and design are important issues within general product development and even more in biomedical products. In this study, a 2D axisymmetric finite element model of the tibia and tibial prosthesis is designed to find the optimal functionally graded material (FGM) constituents as well as the optimal gradation direction. The results showed that the optimal design of a tibia tray material is represented by grading it vertically from hydroxyapatite at the end of stem tibia to collagen at the upper layers of the tibia plate. This new design is found to reduce stress shielding in cancellous epiphyseal and diaphyseal bone by 78 % and 68 %, respectively, compared to cementless titanium tibia tray. However, the interface shear stress in cancellous diapyseal bone is reduced by 24 % using FGM tibia tray, which will reduce the pain at the end of stem after the surgery. It is concluded that the new tibial design will increase the life of the knee prosthesis.
Microstructural Effects on Fatigue Behaviour of a Forged Medium Carbon Microalloyed Steel
Authors: Gündüz Süleyman , Karabulut Hasan , Erden Mehmet Akif , Türkmen Mustafa 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The effect of different microstructures on the fatigue behaviour of a medium carbon vanadium microalloyed steel has been studied. Specimens were subjected to a controlled closed die forging followed by cooling in sand, air or oil, respectively. The hardness and fatigue properties of the microalloyed steel are determined and compared with those of ferrite-pearlite and martensite microstructures obtained by cooling with different mediums after forging. Relatively fine ferrite and pearlite increase the fatigue strength of the steel, while the martensite structure reduces the fatigue strength. Characteristics of fatigue fracture surface morphology are summarized and related to fatigue crack initiation and propagation mechanisms in the forged medium carbon microalloyed steel. The cooling rate has a remarkable effect on the microstructure, hardness, and fatigue behaviour at room temperature.
Microstructural Investigations of Electron Beam Welded Joints of Continuous Saw Blades
Authors: Mitelea Ion , Ochian Dumitru , Uţu Ion-Dragoş 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The active part of the endless saw blades is made of high-speed steel, HS2-10-1-8, and the holder from X32CrMoV4-1 alloyed steel. Joining of the both parts is realized by electron beam welding which provides narrow seams, small heat affected zones (HAZ), good reproducibility of the results, and uniform microstructure in welded joint zones. The present paper analyzes the structural modifications as well as the chemical composition in the welded joint zones obtained by the electron beam welding of two dissimilar steels. The phenomena which cause the continuous developement of the chemical composition of the weld are examined by energy dispersion X-ray technique (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy.
Influence of Plasma Carbonitriding and Nitriding on Phase Composition and Mechanical Properties of a X 12 CrNi 18 10 Ti Stainless Steel Surface
Authors: Skakov Mazhyn , Kurbanbekov Sherzod , Scheffler Michael 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The surface structure of a X 12 CrNi 1810 Ti low-carbon steel after saturation with nitrogen and carbon as a consequence of electrolytic plasma nitriding and carbonitriding was studied in this work. It turned out that the X 12 CrNi 1810 Ti steel surface has a modified martensite structure and high hardness after electrolytic plasma processing. It was determined that carbide and nitride particles are formed in the surface layer during nitriding and carbonitriding followed by tempering. The X 12 CrNi 1810 Ti steel wear resistance after carbonitriding and nitriding was investigated and a decrease of the friction coefficient was observed.
Supraglacial lakes on the Larsen B ice shelf, Antarctica, and at Paakitsoq, West Greenland: a comparative study
Authors: Banwell Alison F. , Caballero Martamaria , Arnold Neil S. , Glasser Neil F. , Mac Cathles L. , MacAyeal Douglas R. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSupraglacial meltwater lakes trigger ice-shelf break-up and modulate seasonal ice-sheet flow, and are thus agents by which warming is transmitted to the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. To characterize supraglacial lake variability we perform a comparative analysis of lake geometry and depth in two distinct regions, one on the pre-collapse (2002) Larsen B ice shelf, Antarctica, and the other in the ablation zone of Paakitsoq, a land-terminating region of the Greenland ice sheet. Compared to Paakitsoq, lakes on the Larsen B ice shelf cover a greater proportion of surface area (5.3% cf. 1%), but are shallower and more uniform in area. Other aspects of lake geometry (e.g. eccentricity, degree of convexity (solidity) and orientation) are relatively similar between the two regions. We attribute the notable difference in lake density and depth between ice-shelf and grounded ice to the fact that ice shelves have flatter surfaces and less distinct drainage basins. Ice shelves also possess more stimuli to small-scale, localized surface elevation variability, due to the various structural features that yield small variations in thickness and which float at different levels by Archimedes’ principle.
Preliminary results of mass-balance observations of Yala Glacier and analysis of temperature and precipitation gradients in Langtang Valley, Nepal
Authors: Baral Prashant , Kayastha Rijan B. , Immerzeel Walter W. , Pradhananga Niraj S. , Bhattarai Bikas C. , Shahi Sonika , Galos Stephan , Springer Claudia , Joshi Sharad P. , Mool Pradeep K. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMonitoring the glacier mass balance of summer-accumulation-type Himalayan glaciers is critical to not only assess the impact of climate change on the volume of such glaciers but also predict the downstream water availability and the global sea-level change in future. To better understand the change in meteorological parameters related to glacier mass balance and runoff in a glacierized basin and to assess the highly heterogeneous glacier responses to climate change in the Nepal Himalaya and nearby ranges, the Cryosphere Monitoring Project (CMP) carries out meteorological observations in Langtang Valley and mass-balance measurements on Yala Glacier, a debris-free glacier in the same valley. A negative annual mass balance of –0.89m w.e. and the rising equilibrium-line altitude of Yala Glacier indicate a continuation of a secular trend toward more negative mass balances. Lower temperature lapse rate during the monsoon, the effect of convective precipitation associated with mesoscale thermal circulation in the local precipitation and the occurrence of distinct diurnal cycles of temperature and precipitation at different stations in the valley are other conclusions of this comprehensive scientific study initiated by CMP which aims to yield multi-year glaciological, hydrological and meteorological observations in the glacierized Langtang River basin.
Surface energy balance in the ablation zone of Langfjordjøkelen, an arctic, maritime glacier in northern Norway
Authors: Giesen Rianne H. , Andreassen Liss M. , Oerlemans Johannes , Van Den Broeke Michiel R. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractGlaciers in northern and southern Norway are subject to different daily and seasonal cycles of incoming solar radiation, which is presumably reflected in the importance of net solar radiation in their surface energy balance. We present a 3 year continuous record from an automatic weather station in the ablation zone of the ice cap Langfjordjøkelen, one of the most northerly glaciers of mainland Norway. Despite its location at 70º N, Langfjordjøkelen was found to have a maritime climate, with an annual mean air temperature of –1.08C, frequent cloud cover and end-of-winter snow depths over 3 m in all three years. The main melt season was May–October, but occasional melt events occurred on warm, cloudy winter days. Net solar and longwave radiation together accounted for 58% of the melt energy, with a positive contribution by net longwave radiation (7%). The sensible and latent heat fluxes supplied the remainder of the melt energy. Cloud optical thickness over Langfjordjøkelen was larger than on two glaciers in southern Norway, especially in the summer months. This resulted in a smaller contribution of net solar radiation to surface melt on Langfjordjøkelen; the effect of the higher latitude on net solar radiation was found to be small.
A Stitch in Time: Changing Cultural Constructions of Craft and Mending
Authors: König Anna 
Published: December 2013

Over the course of the twentieth century, the availability of cheap, mass-produced fashion has contributed to a decline in everyday domestic mending skills. Indeed, as mass-manufactured goods have become cheaper for the global population it has become normative consumer behaviour to dispose of any item that is less than perfect, even when the damage is entirely superficial, leading Clark to claim that: ‘mending has died out’ (2008: 435).
However, in recent years there has been an apparent revival in domestic mending, aided and evidenced by the emergence of sewing and mending groups in the UK, mainland Europe and North America. This has coincided with a growing interest in more sustainable material goods (McDonough & Braungart 2002; Fletcher 2008), and a small body of academic work around the notion of craftsmanship (e.g. Sennett 2008; Crawford 2009). Of particular interest here is the history of mending of clothing and household goods, as well as recent incarnations of mending as both an individual and group activity. In the past year, researchers from diverse theoretical backgrounds have also highlighted the role of mending in everyday material goods providing further insights into the subject (Laitala & Boks 2012; Middleton 2012; Portwood-Stacer 2012).
An examination of mending reveals a complex picture in which gender, class, aesthetics and social motivations interweave with the imperatives of consumer culture. Whilst historically it is generally constructed as a feminine activity, and carried connotations of material deprivation, contemporary mending is often motivated by environmental concerns and a desire to reduce consumption. Ultimately, mending is demonstrated to be an under-researched subject loaded with cultural meaning, and ultimately, is shown to be anything but a trivial activity.
Playing with Personal Media: On an Epistemology of Ignorance
Authors: Kærlein Timo 
Published: December 2013

Mobile devices are ubiquitous and increasingly an integral part of everyday media usage. One remarkable development in the field of personal media (smartphones, tablet computers, etc.) is the trivialization of their interfaces and appearance, especially when compared to the complexity of the underlying software and hardware. The iPhone and its successors trump with usability, they offer simple and seemingly direct access to many functions. Software can be handled with basic hand gestures or voice control, no expert knowledge is required to use the devices. Rather, current apps and operating systems are designed for a playful approach that favours unbiased exploration.
The article investigates forms of the trivial in both device materiality and interface design from a media studies perspective. Pertinent philosophical positions on human-technology relationships by Günther Anders and Hans Blumenberg are discussed to explore the ramifications of a highly productive epistemology of ignorance. A focus is placed upon the process of blackboxing, a technique of invisibilization common to media technologies wherein the social and material prerequisites of a given artefact are hidden from users. The black box also serves as a model of thought to offer a way of analysing unknown complex systems as proposed in cybernetics, and it has more recently been picked up and refashioned in significant ways in actor-network theory.
Playing with personal media is situated between the poles of user infantilization and the freedom of exploring new practices. Triviality in interface design is ambiguous in that it denies insight into more fundamental processes but at the same time creates a space for playful variation not requiring professional knowledge. The article aims to negotiate between positions of elitist criticism and affirmative technophilia, which are widespread in the discourse on mobile devices.
CCL-21 Conditioned Regulatory T Cells Induce Allotolerance through Enhanced Homing to Lymphoid Tissue
Authors: Chauhan Sunil K. , Saban Daniel R. , Dohlman Thomas H. , Dana Reza 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are instrumental in the induction and maintenance of tolerance, including in transplantation. Tregs induce allotolerance by interacting with APCs and T cells, interactions that require their proper homing to the lymphoid tissues. Using a well-characterized model of corneal allotransplantation, we demonstrate in this study that Tregs in the draining lymph nodes (LN) of allograft acceptors, but not rejectors, colocalize with APCs in the paracortical areas and express high levels of CCR7. In addition, we show that Treg expression of CCR7 is important not only for Treg homing to the draining LN, but also for optimal Treg suppressive function. Finally, we show that Tregs augmented for CCR7 expression by their ex vivo stimulation with the CCR7 ligand CCL21 show enhanced homing to the draining LN of allograft recipients and promote transplant survival. Together, these findings suggest that CCR7 expression is critical for Treg function and migration and that conditioning of Treg for maximal CCR7 expression may be a viable strategy for promoting allograft survival.
Role of IL-6 in Mycobacterium avium–Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Authors: Barber Daniel L. , Andrade Bruno B. , McBerry Cortez , Sereti Irini , Sher Alan 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a major adverse event of antiretroviral therapy in HIV infection, and paradoxically occurs as HIV viremia is suppressed and CD4 T cell numbers recover. IRIS reflects pathogenic immune responses against opportunistic infections acquired during the period of immunodeficiency, but little is understood about the mechanisms of inflammatory pathology. In this study, we show that IL-6 and C-reactive protein levels transiently rise at the time of the IRIS event in HIV-infected patients, umasking Mycobacterium avium complex infection after starting antiretroviral therapy. To directly test the role of IL-6 in IRIS pathology, we used a model of experimentally inducible IRIS in which M. avium–infected T cell–deficient mice undergo a fatal inflammatory disease after reconstitution with CD4 T cells. We find that IL-6 neutralization reduces C-reactive protein levels, alleviates wasting disease, and extends host survival during experimental IRIS. Moreover, we show that combined blockade of IL-6 and IFN-γ further reduces IRIS pathology, even after the onset of wasting disease. The combination of these clinical and experimental–model data show that the IL-6 pathway is not only a biomarker of mycobacterial IRIS but also a major mediator of pathology distinct from IFN-γ and may be a useful target for therapeutic intervention.
Effects of Aging, Cytomegalovirus Infection, and EBV Infection on Human B Cell Repertoires
Authors: Wang Chen , Liu Yi , Xu Lan T. , Jackson Katherine J. L. , Roskin Krishna M. , Pham Tho D. , Laserson Jonathan , Marshall Eleanor L. , Seo Katie , Lee Ji-Yeun , Furman David , Koller Daphne , Dekker Cornelia L. , Davis Mark M. , Fire Andrew Z. , Boyd Scott D. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Elderly humans show decreased humoral immunity to pathogens and vaccines, yet the effects of aging on B cells are not fully known. Chronic viral infection by CMV is implicated as a driver of clonal T cell proliferations in some aging humans, but whether CMV or EBV infection contributes to alterations in the B cell repertoire with age is unclear. We have used high-throughput DNA sequencing of IGH gene rearrangements to study the BCR repertoires over two successive years in 27 individuals ranging in age from 20 to 89 y. Some features of the B cell repertoire remain stable with age, but elderly subjects show increased numbers of B cells with long CDR3 regions, a trend toward accumulation of more highly mutated IgM and IgG Ig genes, and persistent clonal B cell populations in the blood. Seropositivity for CMV or EBV infection alters B cell repertoires, regardless of the individual’s age: EBV infection correlates with the presence of persistent clonal B cell expansions, whereas CMV infection correlates with the proportion of highly mutated Ab genes. These findings isolate effects of aging from those of chronic viral infection on B cell repertoires and provide a baseline for understanding human B cell responses to vaccination or infectious stimuli.
Lepidoptera Pest Species Response to Mid-Summer Fire
Authors: Evans T. R. , Musters C. J. M. , Cashatt E. D. , de Snoo G. R. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn the American Midwest, summer fires are infrequent, and there is little information on their impact on ecosystems. After an accidental wildfire in a 20 ha grassland restoration, new growth provided effective substrate for the noctuid species corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius). These agricultural pests feed on a number of important crop species and have been implicated in crop losses of up to 50 %. Invertebrate collections were made at 16 days, 45 days, 70 days, and 101 days post fire. A comparison of burned and unburned areas at 70 days post fire show 18 times the number of Lepidoptera larvae collected in pitfall traps in the burned area compared to the adjacent unburned area of the grasslands. These findings demonstrate that a mid-summer fire can affect the abundance of economically important insects.
Seabed fluid expulsion along the upper slope and outer shelf of the U.S. Atlantic continental margin
Authors: Brothers D. S. , Ruppel C. , Kluesner J. W. , ten Brink U. S. , Chaytor J. D. , Hill J. C. , Andrews B. D. , Flores C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIdentifying the spatial distribution of seabed fluid expulsion features is crucial for understanding the substrate plumbing system of any continental margin. A 1100 km stretch of the U.S. Atlantic margin contains more than 5000 pockmarks at water depths of 120 m (shelf edge) to 700 m (upper slope), mostly updip of the contemporary gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ). Advanced attribute analyses of high‐resolution multichannel seismic reflection data reveal gas‐charged sediment and probable fluid chimneys beneath pockmark fields. A series of enhanced reflectors, inferred to represent hydrate‐bearing sediments, occur within the GHSZ. Differential sediment loading at the shelf edge and warming‐induced gas hydrate dissociation along the upper slope are the proposed mechanisms that led to transient changes in substrate pore fluid overpressure, vertical fluid/gas migration, and pockmark formation.