bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Playing With Boys On Middleton's Stage—and Ours
Authors: Rutter Carol Chillington 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article sets aside Middleton's first boy players to think about his latest, offering a case study in performance that begins by remembering an experiment in boys becoming women, and then focuses on an ensemble of boys playing A Mad World, My Masters. It considers the attraction of Middleton for youth today: the way he rubs up their young lives; the friction he sets up between their adolescence and his works. Fed in school on a standard educational diet of William Shakespeare, boys messing around with Middleton – scurrilous punster, dirty joker – can gorge on toothsome junk food that satisfies appetites Shakespeare never reaches.
‘Time's Comic Sparks’
Authors: Maguire Laurie , Smith Emma 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores the plays A Mad World, My Masters and Timon of Athens, both of which examine the role of benevolence in the modern world. Generosity cues the subject of bonds, obligation, and reciprocity. Mad World and Timon are further connected dramaturgically by a central prop – the casket – which cements their explorations of fiscal and ethical bonds.
Middletonian Stylistics
Authors: Hope Jonathan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on Middleton' style. More than Shakespeare or Jonson, Middleton was a writer of works for the printing press – works commissioned by publishers rather than theatres, whose initial reception would be in the visual form of the printed page. While Jonson prepared his plays for the press, and Shakespeare may have thought about publication, this was not their primary mode of disseminating their work, and print as a culture and a technology does not occupy either's mental landscape to the extent it does Middleton's. Even in plays, Middleton's characters display, and Middleton assumes in his audience, an easy familiarity with the language of printing and book-making. Middleton's dramatic prose style is characterized by snappy, symmetrical prose, with effects coming at the phrasal and clausal, rather than lexical, levels. His effects come from structural manipulation: balance, juxtaposition, parallelism, and a cool, almost detached, handling of ideas. Middleton is cautious in his use of inkhorn terms. His characters, even lower-class ones, are certainly capable of savouring the unfamiliar weight of a newly derived Latinate word, but Middleton is more comfortable with words that mix Latinate roots with native affixes.
City and Country: Home, Possessions, and Diet, Western Europe 1600–1800
Authors: Margairaz Dominique 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Already in the early modern period, urban elites defined the city as a place of civilization and cultural progress in stark opposition to the brute nature and barbarism associated with the countryside. To what extent is it possible to generalize about the differences in material surroundings and daily life between city and country? Are these differences, where they exist, the result of different attitudes and behaviour with regard to consumption? These questions raise the issue of the relationship between home consumption and the degree to which households were integrated into the market, but they point also to the consumption choices and consumer preferences that can be seen in the probate inventories of material goods owned by urban and rural populations. In the contemporary imagination, crowded cities are opposed to a spacious countryside. In reality, dwelling was more complex in early modern Europe. This article compares home, possessions, and diet in city and country in Western Europe between 1600 and 1800, and considers urban and rural dress as well as food consumption in town and country.
Consumption of Energy
Authors: Nye David E. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Anthropologists working within a functionalist tradition considered energy to be a fundamental need, along with food, water, and shelter. In 1949, Leslie White argued that systems of energy were so fundamental that societies could be classified according to how much light, heat, and power they had mastered. The society with the greatest access to energy was the most advanced. The most primitive were those that controlled nothing more than their own muscle power. By the 1980s, however, historians began to see consumers as actors whose decisions shaped which products succeeded in the market. The notion that advertisers controlled consumption collapsed after Roland Marchand's archival work revealed that agencies continually responded to changes in public taste, forced to follow trends beyond their control. Before it was possible to think of energy as something to be effortlessly consumed, complex networks of power had to be built into the very structure of cities. This article discusses energy consumption, and considers the establishment and growth of factories, as well as the use of energy in public lighting and transportation.
Eating
Authors: Warde Alan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAmong the copious research on consumption in the last couple of decades, historians and historical accounts have made some most trenchant and fruitful contributions. However, our improved understanding of the operation of, for want of a better concept, consumer culture, has, despite its apparent potential, had limited impact on the analysis of eating. This article reviews recent scholarship in the field of eating and food consumption, and uses the lens of the globalization thesis to explore how goods, people, and ideas have come to circulate in ways that affect eating habits. It argues that scholarship on eating per se has been comparatively weak, and that recently, rather than being driven by the theoretical concerns of social science, the focus has been on popular anxieties about food. The article also discusses the movement of goods and the movement of people (international migration, suburbanization), and the circulation of ideas about what is good to eat (gastronomy and restaurant guides, cookery books).
Status, Lifestyle, and Taste
Authors: Savage Mike 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The concepts of status, lifestyle, and taste have played a powerful role in the sociological lexicon for well over a century. Their deployment from the later nineteenth century, especially in the thinking of Georg Simmel and Max Weber, was itself a marker of a new modern sensibility that defined the intellectual territory of nascent sociology. The idea that taste and lifestyles were both a fragment of modernity, and a means of recovering lost solidarities, proved both appealing and enduring to the project of sociology as a whole. This article examines the argument of Pierre Bourdieu, the single most influential figure whose work now commands the central stage in debates related to status, taste, and lifestyle. It also considers how arguments about the remaking of status, taste, and lifestyle are related to dramatic social change during the twentieth century associated with the rise of the white-collar middle classes, the cultural industries, and Americanization. Finally, the article discusses the recent fortunes of what might be termed cultural elitism, Weber's concept of styles of life, and Bourdieu's notion of cultural reproduction.
Self and Body
Authors: Sassatelli Roberta 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article investigates the historical formation and specific configuration of a threefold relation crucial to contemporary society, that between the body, the self, and material culture, which, in contemporary, late modern (or post-industrial) societies, has become largely defined through consumer culture. Drawing on historiography, sociology, and anthropology, it explores how, from the early modern period, the consolidation of new consumption patterns and values has given way to particular visions of the human being as a consumer, and how, in turn, the consumer has become a cultural battlefield for the management of body and self. The article also discusses tastes, habitus, and individualization.
The Literary Tradition
Authors: Craig Cairns 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Robert Burns, both the son of a peasant and an ardent reader of earlier Scottish poetry, made Scots vernacular a key and continuing element in Scotland's literary and national identity, even while the nation's eighteenth-century literati were training themselves to avoid ‘Scotticisms’ and to produce polished English. The role of Scots gave Scottish literature its defining difference from the English literature that the Scots so assiduously studied in their courses in Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. That the oldest continuing literary language in Scotland was not Scots, but Gaelic, did not have the same defining impact on Scottish literature and Scottish identity. The most influential literary event of eighteenth-century Scotland was the publication, in 1760, of James Macpherson's Fragments of Ancient Poetry. Macpherson's Ossianic poems are doubly poems of memory. In 1730, the London-based Scot James Thomson published a long poem entitled The Seasons, whose celebration of the natural world introduced into anglophone poetry something that would later be identified as ‘Romanticism’.
Scotland restored and reshaped: Politics and Religion, c.1660–1712
Authors: Raffe Alasdair 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The period between the Restoration of Charles II and the creation of the United Kingdom was a crucial phase in the formation of modern Scotland's political and religious cultures. The five decades after 1660 engaged the nation's rulers and thinkers in a search for answers to a number of intertwined questions. How, and from where, would Scotland be governed? What sort of monarchy should the nation have, and what other institutions were necessary? What would be the character of the national Church, and how could the rival claims of religious and political authority be reconciled? How could religious diversity – and ultimately a plurality of Churches – be accommodated within a stable society? This article examines Scottish politics and religion during the Restoration period (1660–1688), looking at the changes brought by the Revolution of 1688–1690 and the character of post-Revolution Scotland. It argues that there are good reasons for seeing the ‘Union settlement’ as a more decisive set of changes than those of 1688–1690.
Migrant Destinations, 1500–1750
Authors: Murdoch Steve , Mijers Esther 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Scholars of early modern Scotland have long mused over the plethora of migrant destinations utilized by Scots who either chose or were forced to leave their homeland. Their push and pull factors have long been discussed, and include economic opportunity or necessity, political considerations, coercion, conflict, and climate change. Taken together, these migration triggers have led to claims that Scotland was the country with the highest levels of migration in Europe. This in turn has implications for our understanding of the state of the Scottish economy and society, as the more inflated the migration figures are, compared to the notoriously inaccurate population statistics, the more significance is attached to such problems of economy and society. Several main locations emerge as host destinations for Scottish populations and, depending on what one believes, the nations and locations that benefited from significant Scottish immigration even by the sixteenth century might include France, Poland-Lithuania, Ireland, the Low Countries, and England. This article provides an overview of Scottish migrant destinations from the Reformation until the middle of the eighteenth century.
The Religious Factor
Authors: Walker Graham 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Scotland began the twentieth century as a profoundly religious country, at least if measured in terms of adherence to Churches, but by the end of the century was implicated in what a leading scholar in the area has termed ‘The Death of Christian Britain’. Clearly, there is a lot to explain around the role of the religious factor in Scotland over the last century, which began with a highly important and symbolical reorganization of Scotland's dominant religious tradition of Presbyterianism. The Roman Catholic Church, whose hierarchy was restored in 1878, prioritized control over the education of its adherents and directed efforts in the political arena to this end. All the main religious denominations in Scotland shared in the patriotic response to World War I. The recent historiography of the religious factor in Scotland during the interwar period has indeed tended to focus on the sectarian tensions between Protestants and Catholics. Meanwhile, the Church of Scotland, especially after the reunion of 1929, was desperate to reassert itself as the national Church.
The Plain Language Movement
Authors: Adler Mark 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA discipline that might eventually become known as ‘plain language studies’ is beginning to emerge through the collaboration of individual plain language proponents (plainers for short). In 2008, the two main international umbrella organizations (Clarity and PLAIN) and the Center for Plain Language in the United States set up a joint working group to develop what they hoped would eventually become internationally recognized professional standards and accreditation. Law is only one aspect of the plain legal language movement; some plainers promote plain medicine, others plain government, plain technical writing, plain finance, and plain scientific papers. Some legal plainers are linguists, writers, editors, or legal translators. Some are practising lawyers who write plainly for their clients. This article provides a brief history of the plain legal language movement, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using plain language to write legal documents, and examines attitudes to plain legal language. Finally, it considers plain language drafting techniques and presents an example of traditional writing made plain.
Bilingual Interpretation Rules As A Component Of Language Rights In Canada
Authors: Bastarache Michel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn Canada, a few groups enjoy explicit constitutional recognition, including certain official language minorities and aboriginals. In light of the constitutional history of Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada affirmed in the Reference re Secession of Quebec that the protection of minorities forms part of the constitutional order in Canada. This article explores bilingual interpretation rules as a component of language rights in Canada. It first outlines the linguistic rights of minorities in Canada and then discusses the historical development of multilingual legislation in the country. The article also considers multilingual statutory interpretation, focusing on the rules of equal authenticity and shared meaning, selective application by jurists, the conflict between language versions, and erroneous applications of the equal authenticity and shared meaning rules. It concludes with a discussion of future challenges in Canadian bilingual jurisprudence as well as the publication of bilingual judgments.
Word Meaning and the Problem of a Globalized Legal Order
Authors: Engberg Jan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGlobalization is a central condition in the life of people and companies of today. With it comes the call for some type of globalization of legal orders, especially in the field of business. Two criteria for measuring efforts to establish an international legal order are the degree of institutionalization and the position of a legal regime to multilingualism. This article explores the way we conceptualize the meaning of words in the context of a globalized, supranational legal order. The discussion begins with an overview of the impact of language, and especially of word meaning, on the problems arising in a globalized legal order, and then outlines different approaches to the description of word meaning in (multilingual) multinational law, together with their different takes on the problem. The article also considers legal terms as signs, decisive factors for ascribing the interpretant, proponents of a strong language theory, proponents of weak language theory, attempts to develop an official common European civil code, and model laws.
Investigating the Language Situation in Africa
Authors: Opeibi Tunde Olusola 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe situation in most parts of Africa supports scholars' argument that for any group of people to share a sense of common identity, a certain minimum level of communication between them must be guaranteed. And the incontrovertible evidence shows that language has remained one of the most visible and enduring senses of that shared identity. In Africa, evidence shows that language has become a very strong factor for ethno-national identity, with the ethnic loyalty overriding the national interest. Previous scholarly contributions on the complex linguistic situation in Africa have discussed strategies adopted in language planning and types of language policies in many of the nations in Africa. Drawing on these contributions, as well as incorporating recent developments, this article uses a sociolinguistic perspective to discuss aspects of language policies in Africa and how these policies reflect the language situation there. After providing an overview of the linguistic landscape of Africa, it examines language as power, language planning, language policy, and nation building, as well as legal language.
Potential Impact of Juvenile Suspects’ Linguistic Abilities onmirandaUnderstanding and Appreciation
Authors: Goldstein Naomi E. S. , Messenheimer Sharon , Romaine Christina L. Riggs , Zelle Heather 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn Miranda v Arizona, the US Supreme Court established procedural safeguards for custodial interrogations that also serve as a rule of admissibility if the prosecution wants to use a suspect's statements as evidence at trial. The Miranda Court also held that suspects may waive their rights, but in order for a waiver to be considered valid, it must have been made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. The voluntariness requirement, primarily, refers to the absence of police coercion in securing a Miranda waiver. This article focuses on the potential impact of juvenile suspects' linguistic abilities on Miranda understanding and appreciation. It discusses the effect of age on juveniles' Miranda comprehension, education and juvenile justice, youths' linguistic abilities, and administration and language of the Miranda warnings. The article concludes by considering the effect of developmental immaturity or mental illness on a juvenile suspect's ability to comprehend the basic meaning of the rights or the significance of waiving them.
Linguistic Issues in Courtroom Interpretation
Authors: Berk-Seligson Susan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCourt interpreting, in its broadest sense, involves the conversion of source language material into its closest target language equivalent in a legal context. The notion of legal context, or domain, in turn, is broadly construed by court-interpreting specialists. In fact, the term ‘court interpreting’ itself is used interchangeably with labels such as ‘judiciary interpreting’ and ‘legal interpreting’, and while many experts in the interpreting field consider the distinctions among these concepts to be fuzzy, some use only one term, ‘court interpreter’, referring to persons who conduct interpreting both in the courtroom setting as well as in other types of legal context. Court interpreters are assigned to both quasi-judicial and judicial speech events. This article examines interpreting in three contexts: police interrogations, immigration and asylum cases, and small claims courts. Within the context of immigration, it considers the more formal role of interpreters in an immigration court, as well as the less formal interpreting contexts of asylum application interviews and the immigration detention process. The article concludes by analyzing interpreting in trial courts.
Factors Affecting Lay Persons’ Identification Of Speakers
Authors: Yarmey A. Daniel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA perpetrator speaking over the telephone or one whose face was obscured or disguised are examples of incidents that might lead to testimony on voice identification. Earwitness identification is part of the general area of person identification, but refers specifically to victims' and witnesses' verbal descriptions of voices and speaker identification. Although many laypersons give significantly more credibility to the identification of speakers than is justified, experts generally agree that earwitness descriptions and identification should be treated by the criminal justice system with great caution. This article presents a scientific overview of factors that affect the accuracy of speaker identification, or what is referred to as aural-perceptual analysis, and discusses the reliability and validity of speaker recognition and identification. The police do not have the luxury of handpicking their witnesses (or culprits) but must interview any and all male and female victims or witnesses, all of whom can differ in age, race, expertise, and other characteristics. The article also considers showups and voice lineups.
Grammaticalization and sociolinguistics
Authors: Nevalainen Terttu , Palander-Collin Minna 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the diffusion of grammaticalisation processes of varying time depths and complexity across language communities. It argues that a process of grammaticalisation need not differ from other types of linguistic change in terms of its social embedding and evaluation and discusses sociolinguistic perspectives on grammaticalisation. It concludes that grammaticalisation processes can be described using the same sociolinguistic frameworks as other processes of linguistic change and that the present can be used to explain the past because similar social factors are found to correlate with ongoing changes in both real- and apparent-time studies.
Grammaticalization and directionality
Authors: Börjars Kersti , Vincent Nigel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the relation between grammaticalisation and directionality. It evaluates the unidirectionality hypothesis which states that the changes which fall under the rubric of grammaticalisation always move in the direction from more to less lexical or from less to more grammatical. It highlights the usefulness of the apparent unidirectionality of grammaticalisation as a valuable tool for reconstruction in a domain, morphosyntax, where reconstruction has been frequently argued to be difficult if not impossible.
Grammaticalization: a general critique
Authors: Joseph Brian D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents a general critique of grammaticalisation theory and grammaticalisation studies. It acknowledges that there is a phenomenon that can be called grammaticalisation and that one-time lexical material can certainly come to serve grammatical functions and to change regarding their lexical and grammatical status. It suggests that our understanding of language and language change has been enriched by the consideration of grammaticalisation over the past thirty years or so, despite those aspects of the grammaticalisation enterprise that may be considers as flawed.
Collocations in grammaticalization and variation
Authors: Cacoullos Rena Torres , Walker James A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article compares collocations in grammaticalisation and linguistic variation. It shows how patterns of distribution and co-occurrence can be used to demonstrate the variability and gradience of constituency using examples of grammaticalisation in Spanish and English. The article examines the role of collocations in contributing to apparent semantic effects in grammatical variation and discusses the two measures of collocation status: indices of unithood and relative frequency.