bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Art Girls”: Philanthropy, Corporate Sponsorship, and Private Art Museums in Post‐Communist Russia
Authors: Milam Jennifer 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRussian art sponsorship is dominated by women of the oligarch elite. Rather than dismissing this phenomenon as a faddish diversion of new money, this article takes a broader perspective on the motivations of these “art girls” along a trajectory of Russian women's involvement in patronage, philanthropy, and sponsorship extending back to the late eighteenth century. It considers how socio‐political circumstances have shaped philanthropy directed at the arts in Russia, and uses interviews to explore the reasons behind this recent focus on the contemporary in the sponsorship of exhibitions, art centers, and private museums in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Siberia.
Stay Behind the Yellow Line: Young Children Constructing Knowledge from an Art Exhibition
Authors: Clarkin‐Phillips Jeanette , Carr Margaret , Thomas Rebecca , Waitai Maiangi , Lowe Joanne 
Published: October 2015

AbstractStudies exploring very young children visiting museums and art galleries are few. The majority of research about museum and gallery visitors explores family group interactions. This paper examines the findings of a study involving three‐ and four‐year‐old children visiting an art exhibition in a national museum on more than one occasion. The children's construction of knowledge about being a museum visitor and exhibitor indicates their ability to develop an appreciation of art and an understanding of the purposes of museums and art galleries.
754. ORNITHOGALUM MACULATUM
Authors: Duncan Graham 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe South African geophyte Ornithogalum maculatum Jacq. is a very variable spring‐flowering species occurring from Namaqualand to the Little Karoo. A particularly striking deep orange‐red, large‐flowered, citrus‐scented form from the Nieuwoudtville district is illustrated, along with details of its history, taxonomy and potential for cultivation and breeding.
755. EUCOMIS AMARYLLIDIFOLIA
Authors: Duncan Graham 
Published: October 2015

SummaryThe summer‐growing dwarf geophyte Eucomis amaryllidifolia Baker is native to South Africa's Eastern Cape. Following an investigation into genome sizes of all species of Eucomis, the taxon is returned from subspecies to species status, and details of its history, taxonomy and cultivation are given, accompanied by a colour plate.
Gender Segregation, Effacement, and Suppression: Trends in the Status of Women inIsrael
Authors: Allon Michal L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe aim of this article is to analyze the phenomenon of the exclusion of women from the public sphere inIsrael. The article describes some of the causes of this phenomenon, its impact on Israeli society, and the difficulty in confronting it.Israeli women have made impressive gains on many fronts, but the exclusion of women from the public sphere as a result of the influence of the growingUltra‐Orthodox minority, which imposes its norms on the general public, raises serious concerns. The exclusion of women manifests itself in several forms: gender segregation in public spaces, the effacement of women's images from the public sphere, and the suppression of women's voice. The infiltration of Orthodox Jewish fundamentalism into Israeli society may cause the regression of advancements previously made in women's rights inIsrael. The article points to the limitations of the treatment of this phenomenon within a theory of multiculturalism, and suggests an alternative framework of discourse, which relies on concepts that are drawn from the literature on environmental ethics, public rights, and public ownership of space and resources.
Challenging a Terrorist Tag in the Media: Framing the Politics of Resistance and an Iranian Opposition Group
Authors: Sheehan Ivan Sascha 
Published: October 2015

AbstractScholars have shown that media framing has a powerful effect on citizen perception and policy debates. Research has provided less insight into the ability of marginalized actors to promote their preferred frames in the media in a dynamic political context. The efforts of an exiled Iranian opposition group to get its name removed from official terror lists in the United States, United Kingdom, and EU provides a valuable platform to examine this problem. Using content analysis, I explore how the group promoted its frames in the opinion sections of major world news publications over nine years (2003–2012). I then examine the extent to which journalists aligned to its frames, as opposed to rival official frames, over time in the larger arena of news. The results support research showing that by nurturing small opportunities, marginalized political actors can expand media capacity and influence, but these effects are mediated at least in part by critical or focusing events that make rival frames less salient. The study sheds light on the complex relationship between activists, the government, and the media. It has implications for the ability of marginalized political actors to get their frames into public discourse. It also has implications for terror tagging and media coverage of other controversial issues.
Christian–Muslim Relations inEgypt in the Wake of theArabSpring
Authors: Rowe Paul S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTheArabSpring protests that brought massive and largely unforeseen political change toEgypt included all sectors of society, including theEgyptianChristian population, known asCopts.Copts participated in large numbers in the protests that brought about regime change inFebruary 2011, but the broader implications of the revolution toCopts are unclear. In this essay,Iaddress the changes inChristian–Muslim relations that attended the development of a new republican regime inEgypt as a result of theArabSpring. While the former regime of PresidentHosniMubarak had formed a stable elite partnership with the hierarchy of theCopticOrthodoxChurch (a “neo‐millet” system), the 2011 revolution contributed to the erosion of this partnership in favor of a republican and pluralist model of citizenship in which individualCopts represent their own interests. The increasingly assertive public role of lay movements amongCopts, coupled with the death of theCopticPatriarch (pope) and his replacement by a younger successor, points to the continued erosion of the elite partnership in favor of the new model. Time will tell whether or not pluralist representation or a retrenched corporatism that favors the church will dominateChristian–Muslim relations inEgypt into the future.
Increasing Student Interest and Engagement with Business Cases by Turning Them into Consulting Exercises
Authors: Erzurumlu S. Sinan , Rollag Keith 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTHow can you get undergraduate students more interested and engaged with business cases? Instead of using the traditional case teaching format, turn the case into a consulting exercise. Give students only the managerial dilemma and some starting information, form them into consulting teams, and then have each team requests additional case information by submitting a restricted number of questions. Through successive rounds, teams will gather enough information and data to analyze the situation and develop a set of recommendations. This approach transforms case‐based learning from a passive analysis of case details to an active process of discovery through smart questioning.
The Effectiveness of Delhi's Fire Safety Regulation Amidst Poverty, Ignorance, Corruption and Non‐Compliance
Authors: Cobin John M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper considers the effectiveness of fire safety regulation in Delhi, India. Ten theories are summarised that are used to explain why regulation does or does not work, or why fires might increase. Can imperfect markets generate institutions outside of the political process that produce reasonable results despite challenges of poverty, rising population density, social chaos, widespread corruption and non‐compliance with rules? In Delhi, city fire departments, albeit hampered by dysfunctional or non‐existent regulation, along with social and individual incentives provided by markets, have produced a relatively high level of safety.
Expression of Wnt pathway genes in polyps and medusa‐like structures of Ectopleura larynx (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)
Authors: Nawrocki Annalise M. , Cartwright Paulyn 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYThe canonical Wnt signaling pathway is conserved in its role in axial patterning throughout Metazoa. In some hydrozoans (Phylum Cnidaria), Wnt signaling is implicated in oral–aboral patterning of the different life cycle stages—the planula, polyp and medusa. Unlike most hydrozoans, members of Aplanulata lack a planula larva and the polyp instead develops directly from a brooded or encysted embryo. The Aplanulata species Ectopleura larynx broods such embryos within gonophores. These gonophores are truncated medusae that remain attached to the polyps from which they bud, and retain evolutionary remnants of medusa structures. In E. larynx, gonophores differ between males and females in their degree of medusa truncation, making them an ideal system for examining truncated medusa development. Using next‐generation sequencing, we isolated genes from Wnt signaling pathways and examined their expression in E. larynx. Our data are consistent with the Wnt pathway being involved in axial patterning of the polyp and truncated medusa. Changes in the spatial expression of Wnt pathway genes are correlated with the development of different oral structures in male and female gonophores. The absence of expression of components of the Wnt pathway and presence of a Wnt pathway antagonist SFRP in the developing anterior end of the gonophore suggest that downregulation of the Wnt pathway could play a role in medusa reduction in E. larynx.
Comparative gene expression analyses reveal heterochrony for Sox9 expression in the cranial neural crest during marsupial development
Authors: Wakamatsu Yoshio , Nomura Tadashi , Osumi Noriko , Suzuki Kunihiro 
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYCompared to placental mammals, marsupials have short gestation period, and their neonates are relatively immature. Despite these features, marsupial neonates must travel from the birth canal to the teat, suckle and digest milk to complete development. Thus, certain organs and tissues of marsupial neonates, such as forelimbs to crawl and jaw elements to suckle, must develop early. Previous reports showed that cranial neural crest (CNC) cells, as the source of ectomesenchyme of jaw elements, are generated significantly early in gray short‐tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) compared to other amniote models, such as mouse. In this study, we examined the expression of genes known to be important for neural crest formation, such as BMP2/BMP4 (neural crest inducer), Pax7 (neural border specifier), Snail1 and Sox9/Sox10 (neural crest specifier) in Monodelphis domestica, and compared the expression patterns with those in mouse, chicken, and gecko embryos. Among those genes, the expression of Sox9 was turned on early and broadly in the premigratory CNC cells, and persisted in the ectomesenchyme of the cranial anlagen in opossum embryos. In contrast, Sox9 expression diminished in the CNC cells of other animals at the early phase of migration. Comparison of the onset of Pax7 and Sox9 expression revealed that Sox9 expression in the prospective CNC was earlier and broader than Pax7 expression in opossum, suggesting that the sequence of border specification and neural crest specification is altered. This study provides the first clue for understanding the molecular basis for the heterochronic development of the CNC cells and jaw elements in marsupials.
Trichome production and variation in young plant resistance to the specialist insect herbivore Plutella xylostella among natural populations of Arabidopsis lyrata
Authors: Puentes Adriana , Ågren Jon 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe strength of plant‐herbivore interactions varies spatially and through plant ontogeny, which may result in variable selection on plant defense, both among populations and life‐history stages. To test whether populations have diverged in herbivore resistance at an early plant stage, we quantified oviposition preference and larval feeding by Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on young (5–6 weeks old) Arabidopsis lyrata (L.) O'Kane & Al‐Shehbaz (Brassicaceae) plants, originating from 12 natural populations, six from Sweden and six from Norway. Arabidopsis lyrata can be trichome‐producing or glabrous, with glabrous plants usually receiving more damage from insect herbivores in natural populations. We used the six populations polymorphic for trichome production to test whether resistance against P. xylostella differs between the glabrous and the trichome‐producing morph among young plants. There was considerable variation among populations in the number of eggs received and the proportion of leaf area consumed by P. xylostella, but not between regions (Sweden vs. Norway) or trichome morphs. Rosette size explained a significant portion of the variation in oviposition and larval feeding. The results demonstrate that among‐population variation in resistance to insect herbivory can be detected among very young individuals of the perennial herb A. lyrata. They further suggest that trichome densities are too low at this plant developmental stage to contribute to resistance, and that the observed among‐population variation in resistance is related to differences in other plant traits.
Physical leaf defenses – altered by Zea life‐history evolution, domestication, and breeding – mediate oviposition preference of a specialist leafhopper
Authors: Bellota Edwin , Medina Raul F. , Bernal Julio S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPlant anti‐herbivore defenses are known to be affected by life‐history evolution, as well as by domestication and breeding in the case of crop species. A suite of plants from the maize genus Zea (Poaceae) and the specialist herbivore Dalbulus maidis (DeLong & Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) were used to test the hypothesis that anti‐herbivore defenses are affected by plant life‐history evolution and human intervention through domestication and breeding for high yield. The suite of plants included a maize (Zea mays ssp. mays L.) commercial hybrid, a maize landrace, two populations of the annual Balsas teosinte (Z. mays ssp. parviglumis Iltis & Doebley), and perennial teosinte (Z. diploperennis Iltis, Doebley & Guzman). Leaf toughness, pubescence, and oviposition preference were compared among the suite of host plants looking for effects of transitions in life history (i.e., from perennial to annual life cycle), domestication (i.e., from wild annual to domesticated annual), and breeding (i.e., from landrace to hybrid maize) on defense against D. maidis. Results on leaf toughness suggested that the life‐history and domestication transitions weakened the plant's resistance to penetration by the mouthparts and ovipositor of D. maidis, whereas results on pubescence suggested that this putative defense was strengthened with the breeding transition, contrary to expectations. Results on oviposition preference of D. maidis coincided with the expectation that life‐history and domestication transitions would lead to preference for Balsas teosinte over perennial teosinte, and of landrace maize over Balsas teosinte. Also, a negative correlation suggested that oviposition preference is significantly influenced by leaf toughness. Overall, the results suggested that Zea defenses against the specialist herbivore D. maidis were variably affected by plant life‐history evolution, domestication, and breeding, and that chemical defense may play a role in Zea defense against D. maidis because leaf toughness and pubescence only partially explained its host preferences.
Criminal Law beyond the State: The European Model
Authors: Fichera Massimo 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis article will analyse two models of criminal law beyond the State, which are here termed ‘eunomic’ and ‘dialogic’. It will then focus on one case study, European criminal law, which was inherently ‘dialogic’ until the last decade of the past century but has now quite unique features. In accordance with classic liberal views, criminal law has always been conceptualised as one of the most salient attributes of the sovereign State. The monopoly on the use of violence was to be legitimised by the State's concern for the sphere of autonomy of the individual. It is submitted in this article that it is precisely this condition that is lacking in the current European model, which promotes security‐oriented paradigms of self‐fulfilment and effectiveness. However, criminal law, if properly conceived, could in theory function as a powerful vehicle of integration.
The Influence of Father Involvement and Interparental Relationship Quality on Adolescent Mothers' Maternal Identity
Authors: Mallette Jacquelyn K. , Futris Ted G. , Brown Geoffrey L. , Oshri Assaf 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGuided by maternal role attainment and identity theory perspectives, the authors examined the association between prenatal and postbirth father involvement and maternal identity for adolescent mothers and the moderating effects of interparental relationship quality. Mailed surveys were completed by 125 mothers age 14–19 years (67.2% White) who were recruited from a statewide school‐based program. Maternal identity was operationalized as a latent construct composed of three indicators representing role validation, role strain, and identity salience. Analyses revealed that prenatal father involvement was positively associated with fathers' postbirth engagement with their children and indirectly associated with maternal identity. The association between father involvement pre and post birth as well as the association between father–child involvement and maternal identity were moderated by the presence of a cooperative relationship between mothers and their child's father, consistent with a moderated mediation model. Implications for future research and practice are presented.
Technology‐Mediated Communication with Siblings During the Transition to College: Associations with Relationship Positivity and Self‐Disclosure
Authors: Lindell Anna K. , Campione‐Barr Nicole , Killoren Sarah E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAn important task for emerging adults is the effective maintenance of sibling relationships given their importance for well‐being later in adulthood. However, little is currently known about how siblings maintain communication with one another during this developmental stage when they often live apart for the first time, or about whether different communication patterns have unique relational implications. Using a sample of first‐year college students (n = 250), the present study identified four distinct groups of emerging adults who used information and communication technologies differently in communicating with their siblings. Emerging adults who frequently used synchronous communication methods (as opposed to more passive methods) generally had more positive and self‐disclosive relationships with their siblings about a variety of topics, although there were important gender and birth order differences. Implications for college administrators and mental health professionals are discussed.
Native globular actin has a thermodynamically unstable quasi‐stationary structure with elements of intrinsic disorder
Authors: Kuznetsova Irina M. , Povarova Olga I. , Uversky Vladimir N. , Turoverov Konstantin K. 
Published: October 2015

The native form of globular actin, G‐actin, is formed in vivo as a result of complex post‐translational folding processes that require ATP energy expenditure and are assisted by the 70 kDa heat shock protein, prefoldin and chaperonin containing TCP‐1. G‐actin is stabilized by the binding of one ATP molecule and one Ca2+ ion (or Mg2+ in vivo). Chemical denaturants, heating or Ca2+ removal transform native actin (N) into ‘inactivated actin’ (I), a compact oligomer comprising 14–16 subunits. Viscogenic and crowding agents slow this process but do not stop it. The lack of calcium in the solution accelerates the spontaneous N → I transition. Thus, native G‐actin has a kinetically stable (as a result of the high free energy barrier between the N and I states) but thermodynamically unstable structure, which, in the absence of Ca2+ or other bivalent metal ions, spontaneously converts to the thermodynamically stable I state. It was noted that native actin has much in common with intrinsically disordered proteins: it has functionally important disordered regions; it is constantly in complex with one of its numerous partners; and it plays key roles in many cellular processes, in a manner similar to disordered hub proteins. By analyzing actin folding in vivo and unfolding in vitro, we advanced the hypothesis that proteins in a native state may have a thermodynamically unstable quasi‐stationary structure. The kinetically stable native state of these proteins appears forcibly under the influence of intracellular folding machinery. The denaturation of such proteins is always irreversible because the inactivated state, for which the structure is determined by the amino acid sequence of a protein, comprises the thermodynamically stable state under physiological conditions.
Drivers of plant invasion vary globally: evidence from pine invasions within six ecoregions
Authors: Taylor Kimberley T. , Maxwell Bruce D. , Pauchard Aníbal , Nuñez Martin A. , Peltzer Duane A. , Terwei André , Rew Lisa J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimTo determine biotic and abiotic controls on pine invasion globally within six ecoregions that include both introduced and native ranges.LocationsRío Negro province, Argentina; Aysén and Araucanía regions, Chile; South Island (two ecoregions), New Zealand; Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, USA.MethodsWe quantified tree abundance and size across invasion fronts of the widespread invasive tree species Pinus contorta at each of the nine sites, encompassing both the native and introduced range. We also determined the relative importance of propagule pressure, abiotic characteristics and biotic factors for invasion success. Finally, key plant population metrics such as individual tree growth rates and reproductive effort were compared between native and introduced ranges.ResultsPinus contorta density decreased with increasing distance from source population in all cases, but the importance and shape of this relationship differed among sites due, primarily to biotic factors. For example, areas dominated by native southern beech forest (Fuscospora cliffortioides or Nothofagus spp.) were not invaded, and this biotic resistance was not overcome by high propagule pressure. In contrast, shrublands were more highly invaded than grasslands, contradicting previous generalizations about pine invasions. Pinus contorta growth was faster, age to maturity was earlier and reproductive effort was higher in the introduced ranges compared with the native range, suggesting a demographic shift towards more rapid population growth in introduced regions. Climatic differences between the ranges may explain, at least in part, the observed pattern.Main conclusionsWe demonstrate that although biological invasions are driven by propagule pressure across different ecoregions, these processes interact strongly with biotic factors. Intriguingly, our results suggest that propagule pressure may become less important than biotic interactions as invasions proceed. Multi‐region studies including both the native and introduced ranges provide unparalleled opportunities for understanding how these interactions change among regions as invasions proceed.