bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The lucid interval associated with epidural bleeding: evolving understanding
Authors: Ganz Jeremy C. 
Published: January 2013

The aim of this paper was to elucidate the evolution of our understanding of the term “lucid interval.” A number of texts were reviewed to assess their suitability for analysis. The primary requirement was that the text contain detailed descriptions of a series of patients. Details of the clinical course, the findings and timing of surgery, and, when relevant, the time of death and postmortem findings were required. Books written by Henri-François Le Dran, Percival Pott, and James Hill fulfilled these criteria. Surgical findings included the presence and type of fractures, changes in the bone, separation of periosteum, malodorous or purulent material, tense brain, and hematoma. Postmortem findings supplemented and/or complemented the surgical findings. The courses of the patients were then tabulated, and the correlation between different clinical and operative findings was thereby determined.
Our understanding of a lucid interval began in the early 18th century with the work of Henri-François Le Dran and Percival Pott in London. They did not, however, demonstrate an interval without symptoms between trauma and deterioration in patients with epidural hematomas (EDHs). The interval they described was longer than usually expected with EDHs and occurred exclusively in patients who had a posttraumatic infection. In 1751, James Hill, from Dumfries, Scotland, described the first hematoma-related lucid interval in a patient with a subdural hematoma. The first case of a lucid interval associated with an EDH was described by John Abernethy. In the 19th century, Jonathan Hutchinson and Walter Jacobson described the interval as it is known today, in cases of EDH. The most recent work on the topic came from studies in Cincinnati and Oslo, where it was demonstrated that bleeding can separate dura mater and that hemorrhage into the epidural space can be shunted out via the veins. This shunting could delay the accumulation of a hematoma and thus the rise in intracranial pressure, which in turn would delay the development of symptoms.
The lucid interval as previously conceived was not properly understood by the French school or by Percival Pott and Benjamin Bell, who all described a symptom-free period prior to the development of infection. The first to have a proper understanding of the interval in relation to an EDH was John Abernethy. The modern description and definition of the lucid interval was the work of Hutchinson and Jacobson in the latter half of the 19th century. Understanding of the pathophysiology of the lucid interval has been advanced by the work of Ford and McLaurin in Cincinnati and a group in Oslo, with the demonstration of what it takes to loosen dura and how an arteriovenous shunt slows down for a while the accumulation of an EDH.
Training to acquire psychomotor skills for endoscopic endonasal surgery using a personal webcam trainer
Authors: Hirayama Ryuichi , Fujimoto Yasunori , Umegaki Masao , Kagawa Naoki , Kinoshita Manabu , Hashimoto Naoya , Yoshimine Toshiki 
Published: January 2013

Object
Existing training methods for neuroendoscopic surgery have mainly emphasized the acquisition of anatomical knowledge and procedures for operating an endoscope and instruments. For laparoscopic surgery, various training systems have been developed to teach handling of an endoscope as well as the manipulation of instruments for speedy and precise endoscopic performance using both hands. In endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES), especially using a binostril approach to the skull base and intradural lesions, the learning of more meticulous manipulation of instruments is mandatory, and it may be necessary to develop another type of training method for acquiring psychomotor skills for EES. Authors of the present study developed an inexpensive, portable personal trainer using a webcam and objectively evaluated its utility.

Methods
Twenty-five neurosurgeons volunteered for this study and were divided into 2 groups, a novice group (19 neurosurgeons) and an experienced group (6 neurosurgeons). Before and after the exercises of set tasks with a webcam box trainer, the basic endoscopic skills of each participant were objectively assessed using the virtual reality simulator (LapSim) while executing 2 virtual tasks: grasping and instrument navigation. Scores for the following 11 performance variables were recorded: instrument time, instrument misses, instrument path length, and instrument angular path (all of which were measured in both hands), as well as tissue damage, max damage, and finally overall score. Instrument time was indicated as movement speed; instrument path length and instrument angular path as movement efficiency; and instrument misses, tissue damage, and max damage as movement precision.

Results
In the novice group, movement speed and efficiency were significantly improved after the training. In the experienced group, significant improvement was not shown in the majority of virtual tasks. Before the training, significantly greater movement speed and efficiency were demonstrated in the experienced group, but no difference in movement precision was shown between the 2 groups. After the training, no significant differences were shown between the 2 groups in the majority of the virtual tasks. Analysis revealed that the webcam trainer improved the basic skills of the novices, increasing movement speed and efficiency without sacrificing movement precision.

Conclusions
Novices using this unique webcam trainer showed improvement in psychomotor skills for EES. The authors believe that training in terms of basic endoscopic skills is meaningful and that the webcam training system can play a role in daily off-the-job training for EES.
Rhombencephalosynapsis: embryopathology and management strategies of associated neurosurgical conditions with a review of the literature
Authors: Weaver John , Manjila Sunil , Bahuleyan Biji , Bangert Barbara A. , Cohen Alan R. 
Published: January 2013

Object
Rhombencephalosynapsis (RS) is a rare congenital posterior fossa malformation characterized by dorsal fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres, hypogenesis or agenesis of the vermis, and fusion of the dentate nuclei and superior cerebellar peduncles. The objective of this institutional study is to review the clinical conditions associated with RS and analyze the varied biological profile of this unique condition.

Methods
The study data were collected retrospectively from the medical records of patients at Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital. After required institutional review board approval, the authors obtained information regarding the cases of RS reviewed by the Departments of Radiology, Genetics, and/or Pediatric Neurology. Medical charts were systematically reviewed, and 9 patients were analyzed in detail.

Results
The authors describe 6 cases of RS and 3 cases of partial RS. This case series demonstrates an association between RS and symptomatic hydrocephalus (7 of 9 patients) and RS and Chiari malformation (5 of 9 patients). Patients with symptomatic hydrocephalus underwent endoscopic third ventriculostomy or ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion. One of the patients with an associated Chiari malformation underwent foramen magnum decompression.

Conclusions
The authors present a large case series of RS. Patients with RS often had hydrocephalus and/or a Chiari Type I or II hindbrain malformation. Neuroimaging findings of RS are presented along with hypotheses to explain the embryopathology of this unusual condition.
A multicenter analysis of factors associated with change in height after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis deformity surgery in 447 patients
Authors: Hwang Steven W. , Samdani Amer F. , Lonner Baron S. , Marks Michelle C. , Bastrom Tracey P. , Betz Randal R. , Cahill Patrick J. 
Published: January 2013

Object
In the surgical management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), patients are often preoperatively informed that they will gain height as a result of their surgery. However, current estimations conflict significantly and do not have any clinical correlation. The authors developed a formula that would predict postoperative gains in height after deformity correction in AIS.

Methods
A large, multicenter, prospective database was retrospectively queried for AIS patients with Lenke Type 1, 2, or 3 curves having undergone posterior spinal fusion alone. A univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify which factors contributed significantly to changes in height.

Results
Four hundred forty-seven patients were included in the series. Factors correlating with changes in postoperative height included: upper thoracic curve magnitude, main thoracic curve magnitude, lumbar curve magnitude, T2–12 kyphosis, T5–12 kyphosis, curve flexibility, number of levels fused, presence of Ponte osteotomies, total preoperative coronal Cobb angle, change in coronal curve magnitude, total preoperative sagittal curvature, change in sagittal curvature, and thoracic curve correction.
When combined in a multivariate regression analysis the following variables remained significant: thoracic curve magnitude (p < 0.01), number of levels fused (p < 0.01), change in total sagittal curvature (p < 0.01), and the presence of osteotomies (p = 0.03). The contribution from the thoracic curve magnitude was significantly greater than any of the other parameters identified (R2 = 0.140). Change in height (in cm) = ([thoracic curve magnitude × 0.039] + [number of levels fused × 0.193] − [change in sagittal curvature × 0.033] + [x × 0.375]) − 1.858, where x = 1 if 1 or more osteotomies were performed and x = 0 if no osteotomy was performed.

Conclusions
The authors' results suggest that changes in the coronal plane contribute more significantly to height changes than those in the sagittal plane and approximately 0.39 cm of height gain can be expected for each 10° of coronal curve preoperatively. Unfortunately, a significant fraction of the postoperative height changes cannot be predicted by currently measured parameters.
Contrasting hydraulic strategies in two tropical lianas and their host trees
Authors: Johnson Daniel M. , Domec Jean‐Christophe , Woodruff David R. , McCulloh Katherine A. , Meinzer Frederick C. 
Published: January 2013

• Premise of the Study: Tropical liana abundance has been increasing over the past 40 yr, which has been associated with reduced rainfall. The proposed mechanism allowing lianas to thrive in dry conditions is deeper root systems than co‐occurring trees, although we know very little about the fundamental hydraulic physiology of lianas.• Methods: To test the hypothesis that two abundant liana species would physiologically outperform their host tree under reduced water availability, we measured rooting depth, hydraulic properties, plant water status, and leaf gas exchange during the dry season in a seasonally dry tropical forest. We also used a model to compare water use by one of the liana species and the host tree during drought.• Key Results: All species measured were shallowly rooted. The liana species were more vulnerable to embolism than host trees and experienced water potentials that were predicted to result in substantial hydraulic losses in both leaves and stems. Water potentials measured in host trees were not negative enough to result in significant hydraulic losses. Model results predicted the liana to have greater gas exchange than its host tree during drought and nondrought conditions.• Conclusions: The host tree species had a more conservative strategy for maintenance of the soil‐to‐leaf hydraulic pathway than the lianas it supported. The two liana species experienced embolism in stems and leaves, based on vulnerability curves and water potentials. These emboli were presumably repaired before the next morning. However, in the host tree species, reduced stomatal conductance prevented leaf or stem embolism.
The β-cyclodextrin/benzene complex and its hydrogen bonds – a theoretical study using molecular dynamics, quantum mechanics and COSMO-RS
Authors: Köhler Jutta Erika Helga , Grczelschak-Mick Nicole 
Published: January 2013

Four highly ordered hydrogen-bonded models of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and its inclusion complex with benzene were investigated by three different theoretical methods: classical quantum mechanics (QM) on AM1 and on the BP/TZVP-DISP3 level of approximation, and thirdly by classical molecular dynamics simulations (MD) at different temperatures (120 K and 273 to 300 K). The hydrogen bonds at the larger O2/O3 rim of empty β-CDs prefer the right-hand orientation, e.g., O3-H…O2-H in the same glucose unit and bifurcated towards …O4 and O3 of the next glucose unit on the right side. On AM1 level the complex energy was −2.75 kcal mol−1 when the benzene molecule was located parallel inside the β-CD cavity and −2.46 kcal mol−1 when it was positioned vertically. The AM1 HOMO/LUMO gap of the empty β-CD with about 12 eV is lowered to about 10 eV in the complex, in agreement with data from the literature. AM1 IR spectra displayed a splitting of the O–H frequencies of cyclodextrin upon complex formation. At the BP/TZVP-DISP3 level the parallel and vertical positions from the starting structures converged to a structure where benzene assumes a more oblique position (−20.16 kcal mol−1 and −20.22 kcal mol−1, resp.) as was reported in the literature. The character of the COSMO-RS σ-surface of β-CD was much more hydrophobic on its O6 rim than on its O2/O3 side when all hydrogen bonds were arranged in a concerted mode.This static QM picture of the β-CD/benzene complex at 0 K was extended by MD simulations. At 120 K benzene was mobile but always stayed inside the cavity of β-CD. The trajectories at 273, 280, 290 and 300 K certainly no longer displayed the highly ordered hydrogen bonds of β-CD and benzene occupied many different positions inside the cavity, before it left the β-CD finally at its O2/O3 side.
Les déterminants du délai de signature du rapport d'audit en France
Authors: Piot Charles 
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cette étude porte sur les déterminants du délai d’audit dans les sociétés françaises cotées. Les hypothèses relèvent (1) de l’effort d’audit requis, (2) de la demande externe d’information financière, (3) des motivations managériales associées à la divulgation plus ou moins rapide de bons ou mauvais résultats, et (4) des capacités d’intervention et d’expertise des auditeurs en fonction, dans un contexte de co-commissariat aux comptes. Les tests portent sur 290 observations parmi les sociétés non financières du SBF 120 (période 1999-2001). Les analyses multivariées montrent que le délai d’audit : (1) augmente avec des facteurs de complexité-risque de la mission ( accruals , risque de faillite), et plus marginalement avec les opportunités de croissance de la firme, signe d’une moindre pertinence de l’information comptable pour les investisseurs, (2) est positivement associé à une bonne nouvelle d’après la variation du résultat par action, et (3) diminue avec la présence, ou le nombre, de Big Five parmi les auditeurs, ainsi qu’avec le degré d’expertise sectorielle des auditeurs en charge de la mission. Les implications méthodologiques, institutionnelles et conceptuelles de ces résultats sont discutées.
Elongated Styloid Process: A Retrospective Panoramic Radiographic Study
Authors: Shah Shreyas Predeepkumar , Praveen NB , Syed Vaseemuddin , Subhashini AR 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The styloid process is a cylindrical, long cartilaginous bone which arises from the temporal bone in front of the stylomastoid foramen. In the present study, our aim is to investigate the number of asymptomatic styloid process elongation (SPE) in relation to gender, type of elongation and calcification pattern in patients visited to maxillofacial radiology department. We have investigated styloid process using panoramic radiographs taken of 517 patients referred to our hospital. A total of 80 patients (15.47%) had elongated styloid processes (ESPs); 31 patients were female (38.75%) and 49 were male (61.25%). Among the ESPs Type I was the most frequent pattern of SPE (65.85%), then Type II (18.29%) and Type III (15.85%) pattern of elongation. The most frequent pattern of calcification was calcified outline (40.64%) then partially calcified (29.14%), nodular calcification (17.11%) and completely calcified (13.10%). From this study it was concluded that the panoramic radiography can be used for diagnosis of ESP but the norms which explain ESP are needed to be re-evaluated.

How to cite this article
Shah SP, Praveen NB, Syed V, Subhashini AR. Elongated Styloid Process: A Retrospective Panoramic Radiographic Study. World J Dent 2012;3(4):316-319.
E-health: A Health Promotion Tool for Brazilian Amazon Region
Authors: Bastos Roosevelt S , Xavier Ângela , Arakawa Aline Megumi , Bastos José Roberto Magalhães , Caldana Magali Lourdes 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Objective
This study aimed to describe the e-health activities of Project USP in Rondônia to promote health into the Amazonian Brazilian State Rondônia in different types of educational resources.

Methods
Population of Monte Negro county was reached by the e-health promotion activities including tele-education for community health workers, teachers and local health professionals with the videoconferencing, CD-ROM development and Cybertutor technologies. The population reached was calculated by the reach of these professionals into their daily activities.

Results
The e-health activities held by Project USP in Rondônia are reaching local stakeholders to expand the spread of health knowledge within a region with severe difficulties of access to information and health care. These stakeholders, mainly working locally in the educational and auxiliary health professions, are seizing their opportunity to provoke autonomy in the population they work with, disseminating information among children in public schools and health care, possibly reaching more than 1,380 families.

Conclusion
E-health activities showed to be important tool for health promotion to Amazonian communities. People living in regions with difficult access to many social needs, such as riverside communities, must be respected as citizens and thus their right to health must be ensured, which is provided in the Brazilian constitution, and it should be promoted through education, prevention and adequate health services.

How to cite this article
Bastos RS, Arakawa AM, Xavier A, Bastos JRM, Caldana ML. E-health: A Health Promotion Tool for Brazilian Amazon Region. World J Dent 2012;3(4):320-323.
Applicability of Two Mixed Dentition Analysis in Children of Jangam Community of Belgaum City
Authors: Sholapurmath Santosh M , Benni Deepa B , Mandroli Praveen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveMany cases of malocclusion originate during the mixed dentition period. Moyers tables and Tanaka and Johnston space analysis are the most commonly used mixed dentition space analysis. Based on the reported racial and sex differences in tooth sizes, the purpose of this study was to evaluate applicability of the Moyers, Tanaka and Johnston and method of prediction in a Belgaum population and develop a new prediction method for this specific population, if necessary.Materials and methodsThe study was conducted on sample of 140 children within the age group of 13 to 16 years old belonging to Jangam community, who had fully erupted mandibular permanent incisors and maxillary and mandibular canines and premolars. Mesiodistal crown widths of permanent teeth were measured using a digital calliper of resolution of 0.01 mm. The odontometric values obtained were then subjected to statistical analysis (Student unpaired t-test).ResultsGender discrepancy was seen in the study with male showing significantly greater maxillary canine-premolar segment. There is statistical significant difference in tooth dimension between the actual and predicted value at the 50th and 75th percentile of the Moyers probability tables for males and females in both the arches. There were significant differences between the actual measurements and measurements derived from the Tanaka and Johnston equation.ConclusionThe Moyers probability tables and Tanaka and Johnston prediction method significantly underestimate canine and premolar mesiodistal width of Jangam population, Indian origin.How to cite this articleSholapurmath SM, Benni DB, Mandroli P. Applicability of Two Mixed Dentition Analysis in Children of Jangam Community of Belgaum City. World J Dent 2012;3(4):324-329.
Posturedontics: Reducing the Stress in Dentistry
Authors: Gosavi Sulekha S , Gosavi Siddharth Y , Jawade Rashmi S 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the dental profession, dentists and dental hygienists spend their work days in an awkward, static position performing extremely precise procedures in a 2” × 2½” workspace—the patient's mouth. However, maintaining the steady hand and posture comes at a cost to the back, neck and shoulder area of the dentist. The occurrence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) in oral health care professionals has been documented over the past 10 years. A WMSD can be defined as a condition wherein work-related tasks affect the nerves, tendons, muscles and supporting structures. Conditions can vary from mild recurrent symptoms to severe and incapacitating.
This article discussed about the prevalence of occurrence on musculoskeletal disorders in dental personae and its prevention.

How to cite this article
Gosavi SS, Gosavi SY, Jawade RS. Posturedontics: Reducing the Stress in Dentistry. World J Dent 2012;3(4):335-339.
Intraoral Fluoride-Releasing Devices: A Literature Review
Authors: Singh Jagjit , Singh Gurminder , Gambhir Ramandeep Singh , Kapoor Daljit , Kakar Heena 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTDental caries still continues to be a problem for majority of the individuals and it can be a serious problem for medically compromised, developmentally disabled and elderly individuals. Water fluoridation, systemic and topical fluorides are used for past many years to supply supplemental fluoride in order to combat dental caries. The latest fluoride research is investigating the use of slow-release devices for the long-term intraoral provision of fluoride. The present review addresses two main types of intraoral fluoride-releasing devices like the copolymer membrane device, glass device containing fluoride and some variations of these devices. These devices can significantly increase the salivary fluoride concentration without substantially affecting the urinary fluoride levels. A significant number of studies have confirmed that intraoral fluoride-releasing devices have great potential for use in preventing dental caries in children, high-caries-risk groups, and irregular dental attenders in addition to a number of other applications. As most of the studies done on these devices arein vitroandin vivostudies, more well-designed clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the results so that these devices can be used clinically.How to cite this articleGambhir RS, Kapoor D, Singh G, Singh J, Kakar H. Intraoral Fluoride-Releasing Devices: A Literature Review. World J Dent 2012;3(4):350-354.