bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Moderate- Versus High-Intensity Exercise Training on Physical Fitness and Physical Function in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Taylor J. David , Fletcher James P. , Mathis Ruth Ann , Cade W. Todd 
Published: August 2014

Background
Exercise training is effective for improving physical fitness and physical function in people with type 2 diabetes. However, limited research has been conducted on the optimal exercise training intensity for this population.

Objective
The primary study objective was to investigate the effects of moderate- versus high-intensity exercise training on physical fitness and physical function in people with type 2 diabetes.

Design
This was a randomized clinical trial.

Setting
The setting was a university campus.

Participants
Twenty-one people with type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to receive either moderate-intensity training (MOD group) or high-intensity training (HIGH group).

Intervention
The MOD group performed resistance training at an intensity of 75% of the 8-repetition maximum (8-RM) and aerobic training at an intensity of 30% to 45% of the heart rate reserve (HRR). The HIGH group performed resistance training at an intensity of 100% of the 8-RM and aerobic training at an intensity of 50% to 65% of the HRR.

Measurements
Muscle strength (peak torque [newton-meters]), exercise capacity (graded exercise test duration [minutes]), and physical function (Patient-Specific Functional Scale questionnaire) were measured at baseline and 3 months later. Acute exercise-induced changes in glucose levels were assessed immediately before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 1 hour after exercise during the first exercise training session.

Results
Although both groups showed improvements in physical fitness and physical function, the between-group effect sizes were not statistically significant (exercise capacity estimated marginal mean [EMM] difference=2.1, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]=−0.2, 4.5; muscle strength EMM difference=20.8, 95% CI=−23.3, 65.0; and physical function EMM difference=0.1, 95% CI=−0.6, 0.9). Mean percent changes in glucose levels measured immediately before exercise and immediately after exercise, immediately after exercise and 1 hour after exercise, and immediately before exercise and 1 hour after exercise for the MOD group were −11.4%, −5.0%, and −15.8%, respectively; those for the HIGH group were −21.5%, 7.9%, and −15.3%, respectively.

Limitations
Sample size, lack of outcome assessor masking, and physical function measurement subjectivity were limitations.

Conclusions
Moderate- and high-intensity exercise training, as defined in this study, may lead to similar improvements in physical fitness and physical function in people with type 2 diabetes.
Biomechanical analysis of anterior versus posterior instrumentation following a thoracolumbar corpectomy
Authors: Viljoen Stephanus V. , DeVries Watson Nicole A. , Grosland Nicole M. , Torner James , Dalm Brian , Hitchon Patrick W. 
Published: August 2014

Object
The objective of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical properties of lateral instrumentation compared with short- and long-segment pedicle screw constructs following an L-1 corpectomy and reconstruction with an expandable cage.

Methods
Eight human cadaveric T10–L4 spines underwent an L-1 corpectomy followed by placement of an expandable cage. The spines then underwent placement of lateral instrumentation consisting of 4 monoaxial screws and 2 rods with 2 cross-connectors, short-segment pedicle screw fixation involving 1 level above and below the corpectomy, and long-segment pedicle screw fixation (2 levels above and below). The order of instrumentation was randomized in the 8 specimens. Testing was conducted for each fixation technique. The spines were tested with a pure moment of 6 Nm in all 6 degrees of freedom (flexion, extension, right and left lateral bending, and right and left axial rotation).

Results
In flexion, extension, and left/right lateral bending, posterior long-segment instrumentation had significantly less motion compared with the intact state. Additionally, posterior long-segment instrumentation was significantly more rigid than short-segment and lateral instrumentation in flexion, extension, and left/right lateral bending. In axial rotation, the posterior long-segment construct as well as lateral instrumentation were not significantly more rigid than the intact state. The posterior long-segment construct was the most rigid in all 6 degrees of freedom.

Conclusions
In the setting of highly unstable fractures requiring anterior reconstruction, and involving all 3 columns, long-segment posterior pedicle screw constructs are the most rigid.
Repeat microvascular decompression for recurrent idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Bakker Nicolaas A. , Van Dijk J. Marc C. , Immenga Steven , Wagemakers Michiel , Metzemaekers Jan D. M. 
Published: August 2014

Object
Microvascular decompression (MVD) is considered the method of choice to treat idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN) refractory to medical treatment. However, repeat MVD for recurrent TN is not well established. In this paper, the authors describe a large case series in which patients underwent repeat MVD for recurrent TN, focusing on outcome, risk factors, and complication rates.

Methods
Between 1990 and 2012, a total of 33 consecutive patients underwent repeat MVD for recurrent TN at the University Medical Center Groningen. The authors performed a retrospective chart review and telephone interviews. Risk factors were analyzed by binary logistic regression analysis.

Results
After 12 months of follow-up, 22 (67%) operations were successful, of which 19 patients were completely free of pain without medication. With multivariate analysis significant risk factors for success were older age (OR 1.11, p < 0.01) and direct absence of pain after repeat MVD (OR 25.2, p < 0.01). Previous neurodestructive procedures did not influence success rates. Facial numbness occurred in 9 patients (27%), while other morbidity was minimal. There was no mortality.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that repeat MVD is a feasible therapeutic option with good chances of success, even in patients who have undergone neurodestructive procedures. Complication rates, particularly facial numbness, can be avoided if only a limited neurolysis is performed.
Too Much of a Good Thing? Tim-3 and TCR Signaling in T Cell Exhaustion
Authors: Ferris Robert L. , Lu Binfeng , Kane Lawrence P. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
T cell exhaustion is thought to be a natural mechanism for limiting immune pathology, although it may be desirable to circumvent this mechanism to help eliminate viral reservoirs or tumors. Although there are no definitive markers, a fingerprint for exhausted T cells has been described that includes the transmembrane proteins PD-1, LAG3, and Tim-3. However, apart from the recruitment of tyrosine phosphatases to PD-1, little is known about the biochemical mechanisms by which these proteins contribute to the development or maintenance of exhaustion. Tim-3 contains no known motifs for the recruitment of inhibitory phosphatases, but it may actually increase signaling downstream of TCR/CD3, at least under acute conditions. Other studies showed that T cell exhaustion results from chronic stimulation that extends the effector phase of T cell activation, at the expense of T cell memory. We suggest that Tim-3 may contribute to T cell exhaustion by enhancing TCR-signaling pathways.
Intelectualidad, habla e identidad étnica. El caso de dos intelectuales aymara de Arica y Parinacota
Authors: González Jaime 
Published: August 2014

El presente artículo busca estudiar el nexo entre formas de intelectualidad étnica y tipos de identidad étnica. Con base a esta problemática inicial, se pretende analizar los casos de dos intelectuales aymara originarios de la región de Arica y Parinacota, que presentan semejanzas y diferencias en calidad de actores. Estas mismas propiedades tendrán consecuencias en la elaboración de identidades étnicas de esta colectividad. Se sugiere como hipótesis un vínculo entre tipos de intelectuales y formas de identidad étnica en los aymara de la XV región. Con base a esta primera formulación, sostenemos que la semejanza de ambos casos explica las similitudes en la elaboración de identidad. La base empírica del texto se apoyará principalmente en las voces de los sujetos de estudio, lo que no excluirá la alusión a notas de campo del comportamiento de estos agentes.
Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle for the Loewner Equation in Higher Dimensions
Authors: Roth Oliver 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this paper we develop a variational method for the Loewner equation in higher dimensions. As a result we obtain a version of Pontryagin’s maximum principle from optimal control theory for the Loewner equation in several complex variables. Based on recent work of Arosio, Bracci, and
Wold, we then apply our version of the Pontryagin maximum principle to obtain first-order necessary
conditions for the extremal mappings for a wide class of extremal problems over the set of normalized
biholomorphic mappings on the unit ball in ℂn.
Timing, rate, and magnitude of slip on the Buckskin‐Rawhide detachment fault, west central Arizona
Authors: Singleton John S. , Stockli Daniel F. , Gans Phillip B. , Prior Michael G. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe present thermochronologic and geochronologic data that constrain the slip history of the Buckskin‐Rawhide detachment fault in west central Arizona, one of the largest extensional fault systems in the North American Cordillera. (U‐Th)/He zircon and apatite thermochronology, integrated with 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of postdetachment volcanic rocks, indicate that large‐magnitude extension associated with the detachment fault initiated at ~21–20 Ma and continued until ~12–11 Ma in the southwestern portion of the Buckskin‐Rawhide metamorphic core complex. (U‐Th)/He footwall cooling ages from the breakaway zone in the western Bouse Hills to upper greenschist‐facies mylonites in the southern Buckskin Mountains indicate that the slip rate on the detachment fault was 3 + 1.5/−1 km/Myr during the early Miocene. Space‐time patterns of hanging wall tilting suggest that at 17–16 Ma, a secondary detachment fault breakaway developed ~12 km northeast of the primary detachment fault breakaway. Proximal conglomerates deposited in a supradetachment basin adjacent to the secondary breakaway scarp were displaced 6–11 km northeast in the middle Miocene by the Buckskin‐Rawhide detachment fault at a slip rate of 1.2–2.7 km/Myr. The total displacement across the detachment fault in the southwestern portion of the core complex is 24 ± 10 km, well short of the previous estimate of 66 ± 8 km across the entire core complex. Based on these data and new observations, we propose that total displacement on the Buckskin‐Rawhide detachment fault system increases in the slip direction to ~40–50 km at the northeastern end of the exposed footwall, corresponding to time‐averaged slip rates that ranged from ~2 km/Myr to ≤6 km/Myr across the entire core complex.
The Biocatalytic Repertoire of Natural Biaryl Formation
Authors: Aldemir Hülya , Richarz René , Gulder Tobias A. M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe catalytic and selective construction of carbon–carbon bonds for the generation of complex molecules is one of the most important tasks in organic chemistry. This was clearly highlighted by the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which was awarded for the development of Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. The underlying concept of cross‐linking building blocks to generate molecular complexity can also be widely found in natural product biosynthesis. Impressive examples for such natural cross‐coupling reactions are biosynthetic processes for the assembly of biaryl moieties in natural products—highly efficient enzymatic reactions that often achieve synthetically yet unmatched selectivities. This Minireview highlights selected examples that showcase these fascinating biotransformations.
Self‐assembly of regenerated silk fibroin from random coil nanostructures to antiparallel β‐sheet nanostructures
Authors: Zhong Jian , Ma Mengjia , Li Wenying , Zhou Juan , Yan Zhiqiang , He Dannong 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn this work, we studied the effects of incubation concentration and time on the self‐assembly behaviors of regenerated silk fibroin (RSF). Our results showed the assembly ways of RSF were concentration‐dependent and there were four self‐assembly ways of RSF: (i) At relatively low concentration (≤0.015%), RSF molecules assembled into protofilaments (random coil), and then the thickness decreased and the secondary conformation changed to antiparallel β‐sheet; (ii) at the concentration of 0.015%, RSF molecules assembled into protofilaments (random coil), and then assembled into protofibrils (antiparallel β‐sheet). The protofibrils experienced the appearance and disappearance of phase periodic intervals in turn; (iii) at the concentration of 0.03%, RSF molecules assembled into bead‐like oligomers (random coil), and then assembled into protofibrils (antiparallel β‐sheet), and finally the height and phase periodic intervals of RSF protofibrils disappeared in turn; and (iv) at the relatively high concentration (≥0.15%), RSF molecules assembled into protofilaments (random coil), then aggregated into blurry cuboid‐like micelles (random coil), and finally self‐arranged to form smooth and clear cuboid‐like micelles (antiparallel β‐sheet). These results provide useful insights into the process by which the RSF molecules self‐assemble into protofilaments, protofibrils and micelles. Furthermore, our work will be beneficial to basic understanding of the nanoscale structure formations in different silk‐based biomaterials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 1181–1192, 2014.
Biocatalytic Photosynthesis with Water as an Electron Donor
Authors: Ryu Jungki , Nam Dong Heon , Lee Sahng Ha , Park Chan Beum 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEfficient harvesting of unlimited solar energy and its conversion into valuable chemicals is one of the ultimate goals of scientists. With the ever‐increasing concerns about sustainable growth and environmental issues, numerous efforts have been made to develop artificial photosynthetic process for the production of fuels and fine chemicals, thus mimicking natural photosynthesis. Despite the research progress made over the decades, the technology is still in its infancy because of the difficulties in kinetic coupling of whole photocatalytic cycles. Herein, we report a new type of artificial photosynthesis system that can avoid such problems by integrally coupling biocatalytic redox reactions with photocatalytic water splitting. We found that photocatalytic water splitting can be efficiently coupled with biocatalytic redox reactions by using tetracobalt polyoxometalate and Rh‐based organometallic compound as hole and electron scavengers, respectively, for photoexcited [Ru(bpy)3]2+. Based on these results, we could successfully photosynthesize a model chiral compound (L‐glutamate) using a model redox enzyme (glutamate dehydrogenase) upon in situ photoregeneration of cofactors.
From Furfural to Fuel: Synthesis of Furoins by Organocatalysis and their Hydrodeoxygenation by Cascade Catalysis
Authors: Wegenhart Benjamin L. , Yang Linan , Kwan Soon Cheong , Harris Remi , Kenttämaa Hilkka I. , Abu‐Omar Mahdi M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of furoins from biomass‐derived furfural and 2‐methylfurfural is demonstrated in high yields in green and renewable solvents using N‐heterocyclic carbene organocatalysts. The resulting furoin molecules are used as precursors for fuels using cascade catalysis, first by using Pd/C with acidic co‐catalysts under very mild conditions to yield oxygenated C12 molecules. Two main products were formed, which we identified as 1,2‐bis(5‐methyltetrahydrofuran‐2‐yl)ethane and 1‐(5‐methyltetrahydrofuran‐2‐yl)heptanol. The use of a Pd/Zeolite‐β catalyst under more extreme conditions resulted in the complete hydrodeoxygenation of 5,5′‐dimethylfuroin to dodecanes in high yields (76 %) and exceptional selectivity (94 %) for n‐dodecane.
Unveiling the Chemistry behind the Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Santos Sónia A. O. , Pinto Ricardo J. B. , Rocha Sílvia M. , Marques Paula A. A. P. , Neto Carlos Pascoal , Silvestre Armando J. D. , Freire Carmen S. R. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNanobiotechnology has emerged as a fundamental domain in modern science, and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the largest classes of NPs studied because of their wide spectrum of possible applications in several fields. The use of plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents in their synthesis is an interesting and reliable alternative to conventional methodologies. However, the role of the different components of such extracts in the reduction/stabilization of metal ions has not yet been understood clearly. Here we studied the behavior of the main components of a Eucalyptus globulus Labill. bark aqueous extract during metal‐ion reduction followed by advanced chromatographic techniques, which allowed us to establish their specific role in the process. The obtained results showed that phenolic compounds, particularly galloyl derivatives, are mainly responsible for the metal‐ion reduction, whereas sugars are essentially involved in the stabilization of the NPs.
Generation and characterization of Lhx9‐GFPCreERT2 knock‐in mouse line
Authors: Balasubramanian Revathi , Bui Andrew , Xie Xiaoling , Deng Min , Gan Lin 
Published: August 2014

SummaryLHX9 is a LIM‐homeodomain transcription factor essential for the development of gonads, spinal cord interneurons, and thalamic neurons to name a few. We recently reported the expression of LHX9 in retinal amacrine cells during development. In this study, we generated an Lhx9‐GFPCreERT2 (GCE) knock‐in mouse line by knocking‐in a GCE cassette at the Lhx9 locus, thus inactivating endogenous Lhx9. Lhx9GCE/+ mice were viable, fertile, and displayed no overt phenotypical characteristics. Lhx9GCE/GCE mice were all phenotypically female, smaller in size, viable, but infertile. The specificity and efficacy of the Lhx9‐GCE mouse line was verified by crossing it to a Rosa26‐tdTomato reporter mouse line, which reveals the Cre recombinase activities in retinal amacrine cells, developing limbs, testis, hippocampal neurons, thalamic neurons, and cerebellar neurons. Taken together, the Lhx9‐GCE mouse line could serve as a beneficial tool for lineage tracing and gene manipulation experiments. genesis 52:827–832, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biological bank protection: trees are more effective than grasses at resisting erosion from major river floods
Authors: Rood Stewart B. , Bigelow Sarah G. , Polzin Mary Louise , Gill Karen M. , Coburn Craig A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAlthough it is recognized that streamside vegetation can reduce river bank erosion, the relative effectiveness of forest versus grassland has been unclear. To compare erosion resistance of the two vegetation types, we studied the free‐flowing Elk River in British Columbia, Canada from 1993 to 2014, including major floods in June 1995 and 2013. Interpretation of aerial photographs from 1994 and 2000 were used to examine the correspondence between floodplain vegetation and the extent of channel change after the 1995 flood. Along a 23 km reach with alternating forest and grassland, 15 locations displayed substantial change as the river moved a channel width (45 m) or more with meander migration, or up to 200 m with channel avulsion. All ten locations with major change (>75 m) occurred where the floodplain zones were occupied by grasslands, sometimes with small shrubs. In contrast, channels flanked by forest were minimally altered (<15 m), and deciduous (black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa) or mixed deciduous‐coniferous groves were effective at resisting erosion. Some changes accompanied the 1995 flood and further changes followed as the destabilized banks were vulnerable to smaller floods in 1996 and 1997. Providing another comparison, a position that was dramatically scoured in 1995 when it was grassland had subsequent cottonwood colonization, and the 4 m trees resisted erosion from the 2013 flood. Thus, trees were more resistant than grassland to flood‐associated bank erosion. We recommend that riparian forests should be conserved to provide bank stability and to maintain an equilibrium of river and floodplain dynamics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detailed Geometric and Electronic Structures of a One‐Electron‐Oxidized Ni Salophen Complex and Its Amido Derivatives
Authors: Lecarme Laureline , Chiang Linus , Philouze Christian , Jarjayes Olivier , Storr Tim , Thomas Fabrice 
Published: August 2014

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Fabrice Thomas at Université Grenoble Alpes, France, collaborating with the group of Tim Storr at Simon Fraser University, Canada. The cover image shows the correlation between the low‐energy near‐infrared absorption spectrum and the spin density in three radical complexes, illustrating the delocalization of the spin density in salen radical complexes. Mountains that surround the cities of Grenoble and Vancouver fit nicely into the background.
Spatio‐temporal patterns of channel changes in response to a major flood event: the case of the Magra River (central–northern Italy)
Authors: Nardi Laura , Rinaldi Massimo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOn October 25th 2011, the Magra River (central–northern Italy) was affected by a significant flood event with an estimated return interval ranging from 30 to 200 years. This study investigates the morphological responses of the Magra River to this major flood event with the aims of (i) documenting the channel changes which occurred in response to the flood; (ii) analysing this response within the context of the historical trend of width changes; (iii) investigating the possible factors controlling the spatial pattern and the intensity of the observed changes.Significant channel widening was documented along the entire length studied (about 34 km), ranging from 3% to 90% of the pre‐flood channel width. Braided reaches were characterized by the most severe planimetric changes. Although characterized by high rates of change, these variations are, however, amply included in the historical range of channel width variability over approximately the last 150 years (from 1877 to present day), and are comparable with ( though generally lower than) the channel width of the 1950s.Statistical analyses (simple and multiple regressions) between the observed changes in channel width and a series of selected morphological and hydraulic controlling factors showed no robust correlations to explain the spatial pattern and the variability of channel adjustments. Instead, major adjustments occurred along reaches characterized by the confluence of those streams draining the sub‐catchments where the storm was concentrated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.