bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding Information About Mortality Among People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in Canada
Authors: Ouellette‐Kuntz Hélène , Shooshtari Shahin , Balogh Robert , Martens Patricia 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundThis paper reviews what is currently known about mortality among Canadians with intellectual and developmental disabilities and describes opportunities for ongoing monitoring.MethodsIn‐hospital mortality among adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities in Ontario was examined using hospital data. Mortality was compared between age‐, sex‐ and residence area‐matched groups of Manitobans with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities using linked administrative data. A retrospective cohort study of mortality among individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities in a region of Ontario focused on measuring excess mortality and risk factors.FindingsThere is evidence of excess mortality in persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities in Canada. Some of the excess is attributable to comorbidities that are more common in this population. Women may have a greater risk of death than men. Excess mortality occurs at all ages but is more pronounced in early life.DiscussionHigh‐quality ongoing monitoring of mortality among individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities is possible in Canada. Examination of sex differences should be a priority.
Pulp tissue response to Portland cement associated with different radio pacifying agents on pulpotomy of human primary molars
Authors: MARQUES N. , LOURENÇO NETO N. , FERNANDES A.P. , RODINI C. , HUNGARO DUARTE M. , RIOS D. , MACHADO M.A. , OLIVEIRA T. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryThe objective of this research was to evaluate the response of Portland cement associated with different radio pacifying agents on pulp treatment of human primary teeth by clinical and radiographic exams and microscopic analysis. Thirty mandibular primary molars were randomly divided into the following groups: Group I – Portland cement; Group II – Portland cement with iodoform (Portland cement + CHI3); Group III – Portland cement with zirconium oxide (Portland cement + ZrO2); and treated by pulpotomy technique (removal of a portion of the pulp aiming to maintain the vitally of the remaining radicular pulp tissue using a therapeutic dressing). Clinical and radiographic evaluations were recorded at 6, 12 and 24 months follow‐up. The teeth at the regular exfoliation period were extracted and processed for histological analysis. Data were tested using statistical analysis with a significance level of 5%. The microscopic findings were descriptively analysed. All treated teeth were clinically and radiographically successful at follow‐up appointments. The microscopic analysis revealed positive response to pulp repair with hard tissue barrier formation and pulp calcification in the remaining roots of all available teeth. The findings of this study suggest that primary teeth pulp tissue exhibited satisfactory biological response to Portland cement associated with radio pacifying agents. However, further studies with long‐term follow‐up are needed to determine the safe clinical indication of this alternative material for pulp therapy of primary teeth.
Maturational alterations in constitutive activity of medial prefrontal cortex kappa‐opioid receptors in Wistar rats
Authors: Sirohi Sunil , Walker Brendan M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractOpioid receptors can display spontaneous agonist‐independent G‐protein signaling (basal signaling/constitutive activity). While constitutive κ‐opioid receptor (KOR) activity has been documented in vitro, it remains unknown if KORs are constitutively active in native systems. Using [35S] guanosine 5′‐O‐[gamma‐thio] triphosphate coupling assay that measures receptor functional state, we identified the presence of medial prefrontal cortex KOR constitutive activity in young rats that declined with age. Furthermore, basal signaling showed an age‐related decline and was insensitive to neutral opioid antagonist challenge. Collectively, the present data are first to demonstrate age‐dependent alterations in the medial prefrontal cortex KOR constitutive activity in rats and changes in the constitutive activity of KORs can differentially impact KOR ligand efficacy. These data provide novel insights into the functional properties of the KOR system and warrant further consideration of KOR constitutive activity in normal and pathophysiological behavior.
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Opioid receptors exhibit agonist‐independent constitutive activity; however, kappa‐opioid receptor (KOR) constitutive activity has not been demonstrated in native systems. Our results confirm KOR constitutive activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) that declines with age. With the ability to presynaptically inhibit multiple neurotransmitter systems in the mPFC, maturational or patho‐logical alterations in constitutive activity could disrupt corticofugal glutamatergic pyramidal projection neurons mediating executive function. Regulation of KOR constitutive activity could serve as a therapeutic target to treat compromised executive function.
Above‐ground and below‐ground competition between the willowSalix capreaand its understorey
Authors: Mudrák Ondřej , Hermová Markéta , Tesnerová Cecilie , Rydlová Jana , Frouz Jan 
Published: August 2015

AbstractQuestionsHas the observed decline in the willowSalix capreaL., one of the most common colonizers of post‐mining sites in Central Europe, contributed to changes in the rest of the plant community on post‐mining sites? How doesS. capreamodify its understorey? How is the understorey vegetation affected by above‐ground and below‐ground competition withS. caprea?LocationHeaps after coal mining near Sokolov, Czech Republic (50°14′21″ N, 12°40′45″ E).MethodsThe effects of above‐ground and below‐ground competition with the willowS. capreaon its understorey plant community were studied in un‐reclaimed post‐mining sites. Below‐ground competition was evaluated by comparing (1) frames inserted into the soil that excluded woody roots (frame treatment), (2) frames that initially excluded woody root growth but then allowed regrowth of the roots (open‐frame treatment), and (3) undisturbed soil (no‐frame treatment). These treatments were combined withS. capreathinning to assess the effect of above‐ground competition.ResultsThree years after the start of the experiment, above‐ground competition fromS. caprea(as modified by thinning of theS. capreacanopy) had not affected understorey biomass or species number, but had affected species composition. In contrast, below‐ground competition significantly affected both the above‐ground and below‐ground biomass of the understorey. The above‐ground biomass of the understorey was larger in the frame treatment (which excluded woody roots) than in the other two treatments. The below‐ground biomass of the understorey was larger in the frame than in the open‐frame treatment. Unlike above‐ground competition (light availability), below‐ground competition did not affect understorey species composition.ConclusionsOur results suggest thatS. capreais an important component during plant succession on post‐mining sites because it considerably modifies its understorey plant community. Below‐ground competition is a major reason for the low cover and biomass of the herbaceous understorey inS. capreastands on post‐mining sites.
Words on the screen: broadening analyses of interactions among fanfiction writers and reviewers
Authors: Magnifico Alecia Marie , Curwood Jen Scott , Lammers Jayne C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractYoung fanfiction writers use the Internet to build networks of reading, writing and editing – literacy practices that are highly valued in schools, universities and workplaces. While prior research shows that online spaces frame multiple kinds of participation as legitimate, much of this work focuses on the extensive contributions of exceptional young authors. In this paper, we foreground the contributions of fanfiction reviewers and focus on their interactions with writers, exploring their communicative literacy practices and hypothesising about how we can make their reading and writing more visible and more effectively consider their learning practices. To do so, we conducted a linguistic analysis of fanfiction review comments on two sites, FanFiction.net and Figment.com. While fanfiction readers provide writers with an authentic audience for their creative work, our findings indicate that the review comments that they leave generally do not offer specific feedback regarding the craft of writing. For this reason, we argue that teachers' expertise is still needed in the difficult task of developing young adults' composition, peer review and critique skills.
Parental perceptions of transition from intensive care following a child's cardiac surgery
Authors: Obas Katrina A. , Leal Jessica M. , Zegray Michele , Rennick Janet E. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundChildren with congenital heart disease (CHD) who undergo cardiac surgery are hospitalized in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) prior to being transferred to a surgical ward. This is a challenging transition for parents of children with CHD who experience high levels of stress related to their child's illness.AimTo explore parents' perceptions of the transition from the PICU to the surgical ward following their child's cardiac surgery.Study designA qualitative descriptive design using semi‐structured interviews was used to explore parents' perceptions of the transfer experience.MethodsAll parents of children with CHD who met inclusion criteria were approached to participate. Parents were recruited until data saturation was achieved (n = 9). Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were coded and thematically analysed concurrently with data collection.ResultsParents described having mixed feelings of happiness and uncertainty upon learning that their child would be transferred to the surgical ward (theme 1). Parents' uncertainty prompted a need to rally for the upcoming transfer, a process in which the nurse was perceived to play an important role (theme 2). Once transferred to the surgical ward, parents described having to come to terms with a new care experience in which they encountered new role expectations and a challenging new environment (theme 3).ConclusionEmotional reactions to transfer were generally consistent with the literature, although parents in our study did not describe feelings of isolation related to transition as reported elsewhere. We also identified the timing of transfer as a potential source of stress for parents. Parents identified key nursing interventions that helped them to prepare for transfer and come to terms with challenges in their new environment.Relevance to practiceA deeper understanding of parents' transfer experience will facilitate the development of effective nursing interventions to support parents at this time.
Independent mis‐splicing mutations in TaPHS1 causing loss of preharvest sprouting (PHS) resistance during wheat domestication
Authors: Liu Shubing , Sehgal Sunish K. , Lin Meng , Li Jiarui , Trick Harold N. , Gill Bikram S. , Bai Guihua 
Published: August 2015

Summary

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the major constraints of wheat production in areas where prolonged rainfall occurs during harvest. TaPHS1 is a gene that regulates PHS resistance on chromosome 3A of wheat, and two causal mutations in the positions +646 and +666 of the TaPHS1 coding region result in wheat PHS susceptibility. Three competitive allele‐specific PCR (KASP) markers were developed based on the two mutations in the coding region and one in the promoter region and validated in 82 wheat cultivars with known genotypes. These markers can be used to transfer TaPHS1 in breeding through marker‐assisted selection.

Screening of 327 accessions of wheat A genome progenitors using the three KASP markers identified different haplotypes in both diploid and tetraploid wheats. Only one Triticum monococcum accession, however, carries both causal mutations in the TaPHS1 coding region and shows PHS susceptibility. Five of 249 common wheat landraces collected from the Fertile Crescent and surrounding areas carried the mutation (C) in the promoter (−222), and one landrace carries both the causal mutations in the TaPHS1 coding region, indicating that the mis‐splicing (+646) mutation occurred during common wheat domestication.

PHS assay of wheat progenitor accessions demonstrated that the wild‐types were highly PHS‐resistant, whereas the domesticated type showed increased PHS susceptibility.

The mis‐splicing TaPHS1 mutation for PHS susceptibility was involved in wheat domestication and might arise independently between T. monococcum and Triticum aestivum.
High temperature attenuates the gravitropism of inflorescence stems by inducing SHOOT GRAVITROPISM 5 alternative splicing in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kim Joo‐Young , Ryu Jae Yong , Baek Kon , Park Chung‐Mo 
Published: August 2015

Summary

In higher plants, gravitropism proceeds through three sequential steps in the responding organs: perception of gravity signals, signal transduction and asymmetric cell elongation. Light and temperature also influence the gravitropic orientation of plant organs. A series of Arabidopsis shoot gravitropism (sgr) mutants has been shown to exhibit disturbed shoot gravitropism. SGR5 is functionally distinct from other SGR members in that it mediates the early events of gravitropic responses in inflorescence stems.

Here, we demonstrated that SGR5 alternative splicing produces two protein variants (SGR5α and SGR5β) in modulating the gravitropic response of inflorescence stems at high temperatures. SGR5β inhibits SGR5α function by forming non‐DNA‐binding heterodimers.

Transgenic plants overexpressing SGR5β (35S:SGR5β) exhibit reduced gravitropic growth of inflorescence stems, as observed in the SGR5‐deficient sgr5‐5 mutant. Interestingly, SGR5 alternative splicing is accelerated at high temperatures, resulting in the high‐level accumulation of SGR5β transcripts. When plants were exposed to high temperatures, whereas gravitropic curvature was reduced in Col‐0 inflorescence stems, it was uninfluenced in the inflorescence stems of 35S:SGR5β transgenic plants and sgr5‐5 mutant.

We propose that the thermoresponsive alternative splicing of SGR5 provides an adaptation strategy by which plants protect the shoots from hot air under high temperature stress in natural habitats.
Nonstructural carbohydrate dynamics of lodgepole pine dying from mountain pine beetle attack
Authors: Wiley Erin , Rogers Bruce J. , Hodgkinson Robert , Landhäusser Simon M. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryBark beetle outbreaks are an important cause of tree death, but the process by which trees die remains poorly understood. The effect of beetle attack on whole‐tree nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) dynamics is particularly unclear, despite the potential role of carbohydrates in plant defense and survival.We monitoredNSCdynamics of all organs in attacked and protected lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta) during a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak in British Columbia, starting before beetle flight in June 2011 through October 2012, when most attacked trees had died.Following attack,NSCconcentrations were first reduced in the attacked region of the bole. The firstNSCreduction in a distant organ appeared in the needles at the end of 2011, while branch and rootNSCdid not decline until much later in 2012. Attacked trees that were still alive in October 2012 had less beetle damage, which was negatively correlated with initial bark sugar concentrations in the attack region.TheNSCdynamics of dying trees indicate that trees were killed by a loss of water conduction and not girdling. Further, our results identify locally reduced carbohydrate availability as an important mechanism by which stressors like drought may increase tree susceptibility to biotic attack.
Predicting Health Programme Participation: A Gravity-Based, Hierarchical Modelling Approach
Authors: White Nicole , Mengersen Kerrie 
Published: August 2015

SummaryStatistical analyses of health programme participation seek to address a number of objectives that are compatible with the evaluation of demand for current resources. In this spirit, a spatial hierarchical model is developed for disentangling patterns in participation at the small area level, as a function of population-based demand and additional variation. For the former, a constrained gravity model is proposed to quantify factors associated with spatial choice and to account for competition effects, for programmes delivered by multiple clinics. The implications of gravity model misspecification within a mixed effects framework are also explored. The model proposed is applied to participation data from a no-fee mammography programme in Brisbane, Australia. Attention is paid to the interpretation of various model outputs and their relevance for public health policy.
A Dose–Schedule Finding Design for Phase I–II Clinical Trials
Authors: Guo Beibei , Li Yisheng , Yuan Ying 
Published: August 2015

SummaryDose finding methods aiming at identifying an optimal dose of a treatment with a given schedule may be at a risk of misidentifying the best treatment for patients. We propose a phase I–II clinical trial design to find the optimal dose–schedule combination. We define schedule as the method and timing of administration of a given total dose in a treatment cycle. We propose a Bayesian dynamic model for the joint effects of dose and schedule. The model proposed allows us to borrow strength across dose–schedule combinations without making overly restrictive assumptions on the ordering pattern of the schedule effects. We develop a dose–schedule finding algorithm to allocate patients sequentially to a desirable dose–schedule combination, and to select an optimal combination at the end of the trial. We apply the proposed design to a phase I–II clinical trial of a γ-secretase inhibitor in patients with refractory metastatic or locally advanced solid tumours, and we examine the operating characteristics of the design through simulations.
Heart rate variability in horses with acute gastrointestinal disease requiring exploratory laparotomy
Authors: McConachie Erin L. , Giguère Steeve , Rapoport Gregg , Barton Michelle H. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe heart rate variability (HRV) in horses with acute gastrointestinal disease that undergo exploratory laparotomy. We hypothesized that horses with ischemic gastrointestinal disease will have reduced HRV compared to horses with nonischemic lesions. We further hypothesized that a reduction in HRV will be associated with nonsurvival.DesignProspective, clinical, observational study.SettingUniversity veterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsHorses presented for acute colic (n = 57) or elective surgical procedures (n = 10) were enrolled.InterventionsAdmission heart rate (HR) was recorded and within 2 hours of recovery from general anesthesia continuous telemetry was placed, monitored and recorded for 48‐52 hours postoperatively. Stored electrocardiograms were manually inspected and R‐to‐R intervals were extracted and uploaded into HRV software for analysis. Time domain and frequency spectral analysis were investigated at Times 1 (2–10 h), 2 (16–24 h), 3 (30–38 h), and 4 (44–52 h) postoperatively. A two‐way ANOVA for repeated measures was used for group comparisons. Logistic regression analysis was used to detect potential associations between admission HR, time and frequency domain variables, and nonsurvival.Measurements and Main ResultsHorses diagnosed with an ischemic gastrointestinal lesion (n = 22) at the time of surgery had significantly higher postoperative heart rates and reduced time domain‐derived measures of HRV than horses with nonischemic gastrointestinal lesions (n = 35) or control horses (n = 10). Horses that survived to discharge had significantly lower postoperative HRs, higher time domain, and lower low frequency spectral measures of HRV compared to nonsurvivors. The multivariable logistic regression model had a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) of 0.95 and was significantly better at predicting nonsurvival than admission HR (P = 0.0124).ConclusionsReduced HRV was strongly associated with ischemic gastrointestinal disease and nonsurvival. HRV analysis is a noninvasive technique that may provide diagnostic and prognostic information pertinent to the management of postoperative horses with severe gastrointestinal disease.
Molecular systematics and Holarctic phylogeography of cestodes of the genus Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923 s. s. (Cyclophyllidea, Anoplocephalidae) in lemmings (Lemmus,Synaptomys)
Authors: Haukisalmi Voitto , Hardman Lotta M. , Fedorov Vadim B. , Hoberg Eric P. , Henttonen Heikki 
Published: August 2015

The present molecular systematic and phylogeographic analysis is based on sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) (mtDNA) and 28S ribosomal DNA and includes 59 isolates of cestodes of the genus Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923 s. s. (Cyclophyllidea, Anoplocephalidae) from arvicoline rodents (lemmings and voles) in the Holarctic region. The emphasis is on Anoplocephaloides lemmi (Rausch 1952) parasitizing Lemmus trimucronatus and Lemmus sibiricus in the northern parts of North America and Arctic coast of Siberia, and Anoplocephaloides kontrimavichusi (Rausch 1976) parasitizing Synaptomys borealis in Alaska and British Columbia. The cox1 data, 28S data and their concatenated data all suggest that A. lemmi and A. kontrimavichusi are both non‐monophyletic, each consisting of two separate, well‐defined clades, that is independent species. As an example, the sister group of the clade 1 of A. lemmi, evidently representing the ‘type clade’ of this species, is the clade 1 of A. kontrimavichusi. For A. kontrimavichusi, it is not known which one is the type clade. There is also fairly strong evidence for the non‐monophyly of Anoplocephaloides dentata (Galli‐Valerio, 1905)‐like species, although an earlier phylogeny suggested that this multispecies assemblage may be monophyletic. The results suggest a deep phylogenetic codivergence of Lemmus spp. and A. lemmi, primarily separating the two largely allopatric host and parasite species at the Kolyma River in east Siberia. There are also two allopatric sublineages within each main clade/species of A. lemmi and Lemmus, but the present distributions of the sublineages within the eastern L. trimucronatus and clade 1 of A. lemmi are not concordant. This discrepancy may be most parsimoniously explained by an extensive westward distributional shift of the easternmost parasite subclade. The results further suggest that the clade 1 of A. kontrimavichusi has diverged through a host shift from the precursor of L. trimucronatus to S. borealis.