bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brassinolide on In Vitro Growth of Apical Meristem of Bananas
Authors: BALLESTEROS-TEMANEL FLORENDA C. 
Published: December 2014

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are new class of hormones noted to perform multiplephysiological functions in plant growth and development and have the potentialof influencing cell and tissue growth in vitro. Many naturally occurring BRs,including brassinolide, have been discovered, their mode of action and their growthpromoting activities on plants. The use of brassinolide in in vitro propagation isnew. The Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium was used as basal medium. Plantgrowth regulators - IAA, BA and BR - were added to the medium. The study usedthe Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in factorial with three replications.The cultivar of banana and plant growth substances affected the number of budsproduced, shoot length, root length, and stem girth. The interaction of thesetwo factors (cultivar x PGR) influenced the number of buds produced in vitroand the shoot length of the meriplants. The study shows that brassinolide has aninfluence on shoot induction, proliferation, and elongation of bananas in in vitro propagation.Keywords: Agriculture, in vitro propagation, induction, proliferation, elongation, apical meristem, plant growth regulators, cultivars, Isabela, Philippines
The Current Status of Emergency Operations at a High-Volume Cancer Center
Authors: Komori Koji , Kimura Kenya , Kinoshita Takashi , Ito Seiji , Abe Tetsuya , Senda Yoshiki , Misawa Kazunari , Ito Yuichi , Uemura Norihisa , Natsume Seiji , Kawai Ryosuke , Kawakami Jiro , Asano Tomonari , Iwata Yoshinori , Kurahashi Shintaro , Tsutsuyama Masayuki , Shigeyoshi Itaru , Shimizu Yasuhiro 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This study aimed to assess the pathogenic causes, clinical conditions, surgical procedures, in-hospital mortality, and operative death associated with emergency operations at a high-volume cancer center. Although many reports have described the contents, operative procedures, and prognosis of elective surgeries in high-volume cancer centers, emergency operations have not been studied in sufficient detail. We retrospectively enrolled 28 consecutive patients who underwent emergency surgery. Cases involving operative complications were excluded. The following surgical procedures were performed during emergency operations: closure in 3 cases (10.7%), diversion in 22 cases (78.6%), ileus treatment in 2 cases (7.1%), and hemostasis in 1 case (3.6%). Closure alone was performed only once for peritonitis. Diversion was performed in 17 cases (77.3%) of peritonitis, 4 cases (18.2%) of stenosis of the gastrointestinal tract, and 1 case (4.5%) of bleeding. There was a significant overall difference (P = 0.001). The frequency of emergency operations was very low at a high-volume cancer center. However, the recent shift in treatment approaches toward nonoperative techniques may enhance the status of emergency surgical procedures. The results presented in this study will help prepare for emergency situations and resolve them as quickly and efficiently as possible.
New radar observations of temporal and spatial dynamics of the midnight temperature maximum at low latitude and midlatitude
Authors: Hickey Dustin A. , Martinis Carlos R. , Erickson Philip J. , Goncharenko Larisa P. , Meriwether John W. , Mesquita Rafael , Oliver William L. , Wright Ashley 
Published: December 2014

AbstractPresented here are several cases of midnight temperature maximum (MTM) observations using the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar (ISR) and Arecibo ISR. The MTM, a temperature enhancement in the upper atmosphere (at ~300 km altitude), is a poorly understood phenomenon as observations are sparse. An upward propagating terdiurnal tide and coupling between atmospheric regions may play a large part in the generation of the MTM, yet this phenomenon and its implications are not fully understood. Two nights (6 March 1989 and 12 July 1988) show clear cases of the MTM occurring between 30 and 34°N with amplitudes of ~100 K and at ~18°N with amplitudes of ~40 K. The MTMs occurred later at the higher latitude. Experiments in 2013 also show a clear MTM at 34° and 36°N from 250 to 350 km altitude. The ionospheric measurements presented here demonstrate a new application of a well‐established technique to study atmospheric parameters and allow us to study the latitudinal extent of the MTM. The results provide evidence of the phenomenon occurring at latitudes and altitudes not previously sampled by radar techniques, showing that the MTM is not just an equatorial process, but one that can easily reach midlatitudes. Simultaneous measurements with a Fabry‐Perot interferometer allow us to compare the neutral temperatures with the ion temperature. Overall, these are key observations that point to large‐scale effects that can help constrain model outputs at different heights and latitudes.
Premium Principles
Authors: Young Virginia R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this review article, we discuss how premium principles arise in theory and in practice. We propose three methods that actuaries use to derive premium principles: (1) thead hoc methodin which the actuary simply proposes a (potentially) reasonable premium principle then studies its properties; (2) thecharacterization methodin which the actuary lists the properties that she wants the premium principle to satisfy, then finds (all) the premium principles that satisfy those properties; and (3) theeconomic methodin which the actuary espouses an economic theory and determines the resulting premium principle. These methods are not exclusive, as we note in the article.
Reinsurance Supervision
Authors: Boller Hans Peter , Haegin Thomas 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The discussion of reinsurance regulation and supervision falls into a period where heightened regulatory vigilance and uncertainty can be observed in the entire financial services industry. It is widely accepted today, that there is a need for a globally recognized method of conducting reinsurance regulation. At the international level the ambition is to create a system of common and shared standards under which the world's reinsurers will, through mutual recognition, be able to trade globally without having to comply with the different regulatory demands of national and regional authorities. This would contribute to a more efficient and transparent global market place.
Reinsurance ‐ Terms, Conditions, and Methods of Placing
Authors: Czapiewski Colin , Gates Paul 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The placing of reinsurance business is changing, with the role of intermediaries and methods of placement being constantly assessed in light of the costs. Smaller lines with many reinsurers are being replaced by much larger lines with few reinsurers. New forms of reinsurance are being introduced to reflect the requirements of the reinsured more accurately. In view of the more legal examination of contracts, the accuracy of the terms, conditions, exclusions, and other aspects of policy wording are now more important than ever before.
Agreement, Modeling of Categorical
Authors: Barlow William 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis entry describes models that can be used to describe the agreement between observers in ways that are more satisfactory than using simple single measures such as kappa. These models may take chance agreement and ordinal association into account, and the effects of covariates may also be incorporated. Modeling techniques include the conditional logistic regression model and the loglinear model when more than two categories are involved. More complex models are required if there are more than two raters.
CYP17 genotype modifies the impact of anthropometric variation on salivary estradiol in healthy women
Authors: Rowe Elizabeth , Van Horn Andrew , Rockwell L. Christie 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTSeveral studies demonstrate that human ovarian function is responsive to the energetic environment, which has led to the development of theoretical models that explain this phenomenon. Although many genes are involved in ovarian hormone production, the possibility that genetic polymorphism may affect ovarian response to energetic conditions has not been considered. Cytochrome P450c17α is an enzyme that produces androgen precursors used to make estrogens during ovarian steroidogenesis, and is encoded by the CYP17 gene. A functionally significant variant within the promoter region of CYP17 has been linked to variation in steroid production, and some evidence suggests that this polymorphism could alter transcription of CYP17 in an insulin‐dependent manner. We tested the hypothesis that the CYP17 variant affected the relationship between anthropometric measurements and salivary estradiol in healthy women in the United States (n = 28). PCR‐RLFP analysis was used to genotype women for the genetic variant, and estradiol was assayed from saliva by EIA. Moderated regression analysis of these preliminary data revealed a significant interaction between waist‐to‐hip ratio and CYP17 genotype (P = 0.004). Our study provides evidence that gene–environment interactions should be considered in future adaptive models for human ovarian function. Moreover, our results stand to illuminate possible associations between this genetic variant and reproductive disease. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:665–670, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Different mechanisms of ripple‐like oscillations in the human epileptic subiculum
Authors: Alvarado‐Rojas Catalina , Huberfeld Gilles , Baulac Michel , Clemenceau Stéphane , Charpier Stéphane , Miles Richard , de la Prida Liset Menendez , Le Van Quyen Michel 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveTransient high‐frequency oscillations (HFOs; 150–600Hz) in local field potentials generated by human hippocampal and parahippocampal areas have been related to both physiological and pathological processes. The cellular basis and effects of normal and abnormal forms of HFOs have been controversial. This lack of agreement is clinically significant, because HFOs may be good markers of epileptogenic areas. Better defining the neuronal correlate of specific HFO frequency bands could improve electroencephalographic analyses made before epilepsy surgery.MethodsHere, we recorded HFOs in slices of the subiculum prepared from human hippocampal tissue resected for treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. With combined intra‐ or juxtacellular and extracellular recordings, we examined the cellular correlates of interictal and ictal HFO events.ResultsHFOs occurred spontaneously in extracellular field potentials during interictal discharges (IIDs) and also during pharmacologically induced preictal discharges (PIDs) preceding ictal‐like events. Many of these events included frequencies >250Hz and so might be considered pathological, but a significant proportion were spectrally similar to physiological ripples (150–250Hz). We found that IID ripples were associated with rhythmic γ‐aminobutyric acidergic and glutamatergic synaptic potentials with moderate neuronal firing. In contrast, PID ripples were associated with depolarizing synaptic inputs frequently reaching the threshold for bursting in most pyramidal cells.InterpretationOur data suggest that IID and PID ripple‐like oscillations (150–250Hz) in human epileptic hippocampus are associated with 2 distinct population activities that rely on different cellular and synaptic mechanisms. Thus, the ripple band could not help to disambiguate the underlying cellular processes. Ann Neurol 2015;77:281–290.
Modified methods of stellar magnetic field measurements
Authors: Kholtygin A. F. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe standard methods of the magnetic field measurement, based on an analysis of the relation between the Stokes V‐parameter and the first derivative of the total line profile intensity, were modified by applying a linear integral operator L to both sides of this relation. As the operator L, the operator of the wavelet transform with DOG‐wavelets is used. The key advantage of the proposed method is an effective suppression of the noise contribution to the line profile and the Stokes parameter V. The efficiency of the method has been studied using model line profiles with various noise contributions. To test the proposed method, the spectropolarimetric observations of the A0 star α2 CVn, the Of?p star HD 148937, and the A0 supergiant HD 92207 were used. The longitudinal magnetic field strengths calculated by our method appeared tobe in good agreement with those determined by other methods. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Search for circum‐planetary material and orbital period variations of short‐period Kepler exoplanet candidates
Authors: Garai Z. , Zhou G. , Budaj J. , Stellingwerf R.F. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA unique short‐period (P = 0.65356(1) d) Mercury‐size Kepler exoplanet candidate KIC012557548b has been discovered recently by Rappaport et al. (2012). This object is a transiting disintegrating exoplanet with a circum‐planetary material–comet‐like tail. Close‐in exoplanets, like KIC012557548b, are subjected to the greatest planet‐star interactions. This interaction may have various forms. In certain cases it may cause formation of the comet‐like tail. Strong interaction with the host star, and/or presence of an additional planet may lead to variations in the orbital period of the planet. Our main aim is to search for comet‐like tails similar to KIC012557548b and for long‐term orbital period variations. We are curious about frequency of comet‐like tail formation among short‐period Kepler exoplanet candidates. We concentrate on a sample of 20 close‐in candidates with a period similar to KIC012557548b from the Kepler mission. We first improved the preliminary orbital periods and obtained the transit light curves. Subsequently we searched for the signatures of a circum‐planetary material in these light curves. For this purpose the final transit light curve of each planet was fitted with a theoretical light curve, and the residuals were examined for abnormalities. We then searched for possible long‐term changes of the orbital periods using the method of phase dispersion minimization. In 8 cases out of 20 we found some interesting peculiarities, but none of the exoplanet candidates showed signs of a comet‐like tail. It seems that the frequency of comet‐like tail formation among short‐period Kepler exoplanet candidates is very low. We searched for comet‐like tails based on the period criterion. Based on our results we can conclude that the short‐period criterion is not enough to cause comet‐like tail formation. This result is in agreement with the theory of the thermal wind and planet evaporation (Perez‐Becker & Chiang 2013). We also found 3 cases of candidates which showed some changes of the orbital period. Based on our results we can see that orbital period changes are not caused by comet‐like tail disintegration processes, but rather by possible massive outer companions. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Propagation of acoustic waves in the non‐isothermal solar atmosphere
Authors: Routh S. , Musielak Z. E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe acoustic cutoff frequency was originally introduced by Lamb in the study of the propagation of acoustic waves in a stratified, isothermal medium. In this paper, we use a new method to generalize Lamb's result for a stratified, non‐isothermal medium and obtain the local acoustic cutoff frequency, which describes the propagation of acoustic waves in such a medium. The main result is that the cutoff frequency is a local quantity and that its value at a given atmospheric height determines the frequency acoustic waves must have in order to propagate at this height. Application of this result to specific physical problems like the solar atmosphere is discussed. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
E‐cadherin's role in development, tissue homeostasis and disease: Insights from mouse models
Authors: Schneider Marlon R. , Kolligs Frank T. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRecent studies uncovered critical roles of the adhesion protein E‐cadherin in health and disease. Global inactivation of Cdh1, the gene encoding E‐cadherin in mice, results in early embryonic lethality due to an inability to form the trophectodermal epithelium. To unravel E‐cadherin's functions beyond development, numerous mouse lines with tissue‐specific disruption of Cdh1 have been generated. The consequences of E‐cadherin loss showed great variability depending on the tissue in question, ranging from nearly undetectable changes to a complete loss of tissue structure and function. This review focuses on these studies and discusses how they provided important insights into E‐cadherin's role in cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation, and its consequences for biological processes as epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition, vascularization, and carcinogenesis. Lastly, we present some perspectives and possible approaches for future research.
Improving olefin tolerance and production in E. coli using native and evolved AcrB
Authors: Mingardon Florence , Clement Camille , Hirano Kathleen , Nhan Melissa , Luning Eric G. , Chanal Angelique , Mukhopadhyay Aindrila 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTMicroorganisms can be engineered for the production of chemicals utilized in the polymer industry. However many such target compounds inhibit microbial growth and might correspondingly limit production levels. Here, we focus on compounds that are precursors to bioplastics, specifically styrene and representative alpha‐olefins; 1‐hexene, 1‐octene, and 1‐nonene. We evaluated the role of the Escherichia coli efflux pump, AcrAB‐TolC, in enhancing tolerance towards these olefin compounds. AcrAB‐TolC is involved in the tolerance towards all four compounds in E. coli. Both styrene and 1‐hexene are highly toxic to E. coli. Styrene is a model plastics precursor with an established route for production in E. coli (McKenna and Nielsen, 2011). Though our data indicates that AcrAB‐TolC is important for its optimal production, we observed a strong negative selection against the production of styrene in E. coli. Thus we used 1‐hexene as a model compound to implement a directed evolution strategy to further improve the tolerance phenotype towards this alpha‐olefin. We focused on optimization of AcrB, the inner membrane domain known to be responsible for substrate binding, and found several mutations (A279T, Q584R, F617L, L822P, F927S, and F1033Y) that resulted in improved tolerance. Several of these mutations could also be combined in a synergistic manner. Our study shows efflux pumps to be an important mechanism in host engineering for olefins, and one that can be further improved using strategies such as directed evolution, to increase tolerance and potentially production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 879–888. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous quantification of leukotrienes and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids in cell culture medium using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Furugen Ayako , Yamaguchi Hiroaki , Mano Nariyasu 
Published: December 2014

AbstractLeukotrienes (LTs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) are important bioactive lipid mediators that participate in various pathophysiological processes. To advance understanding of the mechanisms that regulate these mediators in physiological and pathological processes, an analytical method using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous quantification of LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4, 5‐HETE, 8‐HETE, 12‐HETE and 15‐HETE in cell culture media was developed. A Supel™‐Select HLB solid‐phase extraction cartridge was used for sample preparation. The compounds were separated on a C18 column using gradient elution with acetonitrile–water–formic acid (20:80:0.1, v/v/v) and acetonitrile–formic acid (100:0.1, v/v). The calibration curves of LTB4, LTD4, LTE4 and HETEs were linear in the range of 0.025–10 ng/mL, and the calibration curve of LTC4 was linear in the range of 0.25–10 ng/mL. Validation assessment showed that the method was highly reliable with good accuracy and precision. The stability of LTs and HETEs was also investigated. Using the developed method, we measured LTs and HETEs in the culture supernatant of the human mast cell line HMC‐1. The present method could facilitate investigations of the mechanisms that regulate the production, release and signaling of LTs and HETEs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spontaneous delivery through a cervical tear without cervical os dilatation
Authors: Djokovic Dusan , Costa Cristina , Martins Ana , Abushad Shadi 
Published: December 2014

Key Clinical MessageSpontaneous delivery through a cervical tear, provoked by prostaglandin‐induced uterine contractions, was described in a G2P0 woman with a history of cervical dilatation and uterine curettage. This rare complication with potentially serious maternal–fetal consequences can be predicted by an aberrant cervical response to prostaglandins in parturients with previous cervical interventions.
Vom Blutlaugensalz zur größten europäischen Filmfabrik
Authors: Gill Manfred , Mustroph Heinz 
Published: December 2014

AbstractZwei Berliner Chemieunternehmen, 1850 und 1863 gegründet und 1873 fusioniert zur Aktiengesellschaft für Anilinfabrikation und ab 1897 mit dem Warenzeichen “Agfa” auf dem Markt, begannen mit der Erforschung und Produktion von Anilinfarbstoffen. Dank exzellenter Beziehungen zu hervorragenden Wissenschaftlern, wie August Wilhelm von Hofmann, gelang es dem Unternehmen neben erfolgreichen eigenen Forschungen, die Verfahren für eine Reihe neuer Farbstoffe wie das Malachitgrün und Hofmanns Violett zu übernehmen, zu produzieren und erfolgreich auf den Markt zu bringen. Ein neuer Standort und ein zweites Geschäftsfeld mussten gefunden werden, um gegen die bereits etablierten Chemieunternehmen im Rhein‐Main‐Gebiet bestehen zu können. Dank eines Zufalls, der bei der Agfa beschäftigte Farbstoffchemiker Andresen befasste sich in seiner Freizeit mit der aufstrebenden Fotografie, gelang erfolgreich der Einstieg in das neue Geschäftsfeld. In Wolfen, Sachsen‐Anhalt, wurde der ideale Standort für neue Fabrikbauten gefunden. Im Jahr 1895 begann dort der Aufbau einer neuen Farbenfabrik und 1909 der Aufbau einer Filmfabrik. Bereits 1912 war sie mit der Produktion von 20 Millionen Meter Kinefilm die größte europäische Filmfabrik. Bis 1918 gelang es ihr, neben dem amerikanischen Eastman Kodak Konzern zum Marktführer aufzusteigen.
Faszinierende Blicke in die Nanowelt
Authors: Welter Kira 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDer Nobelpreis für Chemie 2014 geht an die Wissenschaftler Stefan W. Hell, W. E. Moerner und Eric Betzig für die Entwicklung der superauflösenden Fluoreszenzmikroskopie, auch Nanoskopie genannt. Mithilfe fluoreszierender Moleküle konnten die drei Forscher die Auflösungsgrenze der Lichtmikroskopie bis in den molekularen Bereich verschieben. Ihre Arbeit hat neue Wege in der Erforschung der allerkleinsten Dinge eröffnet und faszinierende Einblicke in lebende Zellen ermöglicht.