bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Only Probability Is Verbal Probability
Authors: Masterton George 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
In 1977 van Fraassen showed convincingly, and in detail, how one can give a dissentive answer to the question “[a]re there necessities in nature?”. In this paper, I follow his lead and show in a similar fashion and detail, how it is possible to give a dissentive answer to: Are there probabilities in nature? This is achieved by giving a partial analysis – with the aid of Kaplanian pragmatics – of objective chance in terms of that credence that is reasonable where prevailing laws and conditions exhaust one’s evidence. This template belongs firmly within the established Bayesian program of analysing objective chance as ultimate belief. Its contribution to that program is the same as van Fraassen’s contribution to the empiricist program of analysing physical necessity; namely, it demonstrates the logical possibility of such an analysis.
Against Logically Possible World-Relativized Existence
Authors: Jacquette Dale 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The thesis that entities exist in, at, or in relation to logically possible worlds is criticized. The suggestion that actually nonexistent fictional characters might nevertheless exist in nonactual merely logically possible worlds runs afoul of the most general transworld identity requirements. An influential philosophical argument for the concept of world-relativized existence is examined in Alvin Plantinga’s formal development and explanation of modal semantic relations. Despite proposing an attractive unified semantics of alethic modality, Plantinga’s argument is rejected on formal grounds as supporting materially false actual existence assertions in the case of actually nonexistent objects in the framework of Plantinga’s own underlying classical predicate-quantificational logic.
Does Time Flow, at Any Rate?
Authors: Mazzola Claudio 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The so-called no-rate argument argues that time cannot flow or pass in the literal sense of that term, because its motion can be assigned no meaningful rate. This paper examines a yet unexplored objection to the no-rate argument, which consists in showing that the argument itself is based on an extended conception of motion, according to which it is meaningful and consistent to say that time flows at no well-defined rate.
Charitable (Anti)Trust: The Role of Antitrust Regulation in the Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Searing Elizabeth A. M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to address the ambiguities in the application of anti-trust regulations to the nonprofit sector. We first survey policy tools and their diverse historical usage in nonprofit and mixed markets, specifically in professional associations, hospitals, and education. This analysis informs the development of a typology of anti-competitive nonprofit markets which is used to classify the three historical examples into eight traits. Finally, this typology is applied to three new markets – animal shelters, thrift stores, and soup kitchens – which have less in common with purely for-profit markets and have little or no discussion in antitrust literature. We find that the nonprofit form per se does not indicate an absence of anticompetitive practices or antitrust concerns; however, certain combinations of attributes – such as purely donative revenues and an absence of pricing ability – make the threat of anticompetitive practice less oppressive.
Structural aspects of molecular recognition in the immune system. Part I: Acquired immunity (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Templeton Douglas M. , Moehle Kerstin 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Humoral immunity allows the body to mount a defense against pathogens and foreign substances, and to respond with memory to subsequent exposures. The molecular participants may also recognize self-structures, leading to attack on the body and autoimmune disease. The main players in humoral immunity are antibody-producing B lymphocytes, and several classes of T lymphocytes. This review deals with the molecular details of recognition of antigens by soluble antibodies, and of substances presented to receptors on the surfaces of T cells (TCRs). The prototype antibody consists of a dimer of dimers, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains, with antigen recognition capacity lying in variable “head” regions of an H-L pair. Most crystallographic studies are done with this substructure, called a Fab fragment, bound in a soluble antigen complex. Homologous to this arrangement, the prototype TCR consists of two chains (α and β) that complex not soluble antigen, but usually a short peptide or other small molecule presented by proteins of the major histocompatibility complex. In each case a general background on the historical development of understanding the molecular recognition interface is given, followed by a number of examples of crystal structures from the recent literature that have allowed us to refine our understanding of the complex recognition process. Variations on the prototypical structures are also considered. The spectrum of recognition strategies involves interplay of lock-and-key with flexibility, varying degrees of entropic and enthalpic contributions, surface shaping by entrapped water molecules, and combinations of stabilizing hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, salt bridging, and van der Waals forces. Preeminent in the recent literature are details of antibody binding to influenza A and human immunodeficiency viral antigens. Both viral antigens and attempts to understand autoimmunity are prominent in the recent TCR literature.
Achieving Top Quartile Extended Reach Performance in the North Malay Basin
Authors: Richardson Tom , Jong Siaw Chuan , Rosli Tyiara , Scott Will , Lamothe Ryan , Chen David C-K 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Hess Malaysia embarked on an extended reach drilling (ERD) campaign in 2013 at the BK field in the North Malay Basin. In order to focus on planning and operational requirements associated with the challenge, a new Hess drilling optimization process called SmartDrill was used to follow a Plan-Do-Check-Adjust methodology. The team captured and implemented lessons learned from the first ERD well of the campaign to optimize future performance and ultimately achieve top quartile performance. Best practices and lessons learned from the project have now become the standard for extended reach drilling in Hess Malaysia. The campaign was a success on multiple fronts: There were zero environmental, health, or safety (EHS) incidents; the total program well cost was under the AFE by 26% and the campaign was 30 days ahead of schedule.
Integrated Drilling Breakthroughs Enable More Efficient Development in the Most Challenging Ultra-deep Formations in Tarim Basin, West China
Authors: Teng Xueqing , Li Ning , Zhou Bo , Li Jiaxue , Cheng Rongchao , Yuan Xubo , Chen Mian 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The Kuqa Fold-Thrust Belt in Tarim Basin is verified as the most challenging geological structure for ultra-deep hydrocarbon development in China onshore. Its average drilling cycle is larger than 450 days with an average well depth of about 21000ft, which is far unable to meet the E&P requirements of oil company, due to its unique drilling challenges caused by the high-steep structure (maximum dip angle 80°) and the thick gravel layer (maximum thickness 17933ft, maximum buried depth 26074ft) with high abrasiveness in upper formations, the complicated thick gypsum salt layer and interbedded unpredictable abnormal high pressure zone in middle formations, as well as the poor drillability and high crustal stress along the lower small-geometry borehole.
These drilling bottlenecks have promoted years of efforts for technical innovations, including: 1) Automatic vertical drilling technology for upper high-steep layer; 2) Gas drilling technology for suprasalt abrasive gravel layer; 3) A unconventional TaBiao series of casing program to isolate multilayer salt and to guarantee subsequent stimulation operations; 4) Precise determination of salt bottom to prevent losing isolation of salt layer; 5) High temperature resistant and high density oil-base drilling fluid for safe drilling through salt and hydrocarbon-bearing formations; 6) Enhanced PDC bit and downhole motors for ROP improvement; 7) Other cutting-edge technologies.
These drilling technologies have been integrated and extensively applied in the Dabei-Keshen block with a tremendous success. The ultra-deep well drilling cycle is sharply shortened by half with highly improved drilling speed and dramatically reduced downhole accidents and complexities. The drilling breakthrough delivers strong assurance for more safe and cost-effective production in ultra-deep formations in Tarim.
This paper will highlight the ultra-deep well drilling challenges, matching drilling technologies respectively for suprasalt layer, salt stratum, and subsalt target layer, as well as the application results of technical integration.
Milling Casing Exit Windows from a Hydraulic Workover Unit at Small Footprint Platform
Authors: Hoe Cham Soon , Hogg Cliff , Wibisono Rahmat , Barker Ron , Stutts Randy 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
When first discovered, the gas field located in New Zealand was one of the largest gas fields in the world. After more than 30 years of production however, the reserves have declined drastically. To manage the decline, infill drilling campaigns have recently been initiated to access previously bypassed gas reservoirs in the field.
A development campaign to boost the field recovery factor was kicked off with the objective of boosting recoverable reserves and extending the life of the field by drilling four sidetracks from existing depleted wells. A lightweight, compact and modular hydraulic workover unit (HWU) was installed on the previously unmanned, small footprint production platform with a small crew size of 32 people. While slimhole drilling and completion with a HWU had proven cost effective and a successful concept during previous workover campaigns, sidetracking from larger casing sizes at 2000-2400 metres depth with a HWU, including one dual casing exit design in this campaign, was the first of its kind for the operator.
The four sidetracks were completed and the operation was a technical success, in large part due to the pre-job planning, project management and identification of unique challenges to this particular project.
This paper will discuss the operational challenges encountered by the HWU including BHA handling and tripping in of the whipstock assembly when working with only a 12-foot jack stroke and minimal deck space. Additionally, the minimal rig capabilities of the HWU created challenges with regards to optimum whipstock and milling configurations/operations resulting from limitations on rotary torque capacity, rotary speed, pumping capacity and drill string racking capability, all of which were resolved by creative applications of the simple, robust yet versatile design of the casing exit technology.
Cementing Challenges and Slurry Selection for the Critical HP/HT Wells in the State of Kuwait
Authors: Al-Foudari Saud Jumah , Al-Muhailan Mohannad , Debroy Amalendu , Modak Tarasankar 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This paper is based on continuous cement job improvements carried out for deep HPHT wells over the last ten years by KOC and their cementing service providers. The particular challenges in these complex wells compelled us to place primary attention on well construction aspects while also considering long term well production. Because of narrow annuli, dense saline water in formation situation cannot be managed with other tools like ECP/Swellables etc. Our cement slurry is designed to be pumped in place without sacrificing its intrinsic qualities. It responds in a predictable manner and confirms by testing and simulation under relevant conditions including multiple producing layers with pressure variations.
KOC cementations described cover the deep wells in a depth range of 16,000 to 19,000 ft., with possible strength retrogression because of temperatures, narrow difference of pore and frac pressure, mud weight ranges of 19.5 to 20.0 ppg, three liner systems, and a seven string casing policy. Encountered difficulties have included inability to displace from the string, wet shoe track, hanger top leakage and poor quality cement sheath in the annulus.
Different combination of spacers and slurry weight have been tried. Many HPHT cement additives were trialed and eliminated and new ones introduced in order to achieve success. Extensive laboratory testing and software simulation was done to finalize slurry designs. Slurries were selected to meet both drilling and production requirements. This approach will be detailed in the paper including examples. This paper will explain the criteria of selecting the most suitable slurries that comply with best practices for successful HPHT cementing. It will detail slurry selection methods for a number of practical cases including: formation fluid influences, prevention of gas migration, slurry property changes with hydrostatic pressure variations, and influence of high percentage of non-cement materials in the slurry.
The subject matter of this paper is very important in deep HPHT wells slurry selection and placement. This case history is developed referencing the wells drilled in Kuwait, but the concepts will have significant relevance for application to similar wells in other regions.
Hybrid Drill Bit Combining Fixed-Cutter and Roller-Cone Elements Exceeds Expectations in Challenging Application in Tarim Basin, China
Authors: Xu Zhixiong , Jia Yinglin , Zhou Jian , Wu Chao , Liu Yun 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Hard and interbedded formations with conglomerates proved a significant challenge to operator, contractor and Service Company in terms of drilling performance, equipment and tool failure. Fixed cutter bits (polycrystalline diamond compact-PDC) experience severe damage resulting in short distance drilled and trips. Roller cone bit normally drill much slower than a PDC bit. The use of conventional PDC and roller cone bits leads multiple runs and trips, resulting in significant higher cost and rig time. By using the hybrid drill bit which combines fixed-cutter and roller-cone elements, higher penetration rate (ROP) is sustained, drilling distance is increased and vibrations are reduced compared to using only PDC or roller cone bits.
Drilling in Tarim Basin, Northwest China has a similar challenge which is to drill the entire conglomeratic interval with improved ROP and reduced vibration while reducing tools/bit related trips.
This paper describes the detail of the first fixed-cutter and roller-cone hybrid bit trial in the Tarim Basin, Northwest China. Result shows over 150% ROP improvement over the best offset record. Five PDC bits and one roller cone bit were replaced saving 16 rig days. The bit drilled smoothly without severe vibration (torque related) and equipment/tools failure.
Mandatory Foundation Assignment - A Fast Track Approach to Fill Competency Gaps
Authors: Al-Daihani Eisa Hadi , Nandi Arun Kumar , Matar Maqhim Bander , Valdivieso Juan Pablo , Usmani Shereen 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The desire towards international standards of performance and increasing nationalization of technical manpower has caused a major shift in how the oil and gas industry trains and develops its workforce. Like Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), many companies are facing problem due to bimodal age distribution of their technical manpower i.e. a sizeable group of experienced personnel nearing retirement and a large pool of younger, new or recent hires, but a shortage of fully qualified, mid-level technical workforce.
Present paper deals with Mandatory Foundation Assignment (MFA) which is a unique out of box idea of recent times to train fresh graduates in a shortest time period. An excellent planning like identification of real ongoing projects, rotations, site visits, periodical assessments including assessments in the final presentations and involvement of Training Coordinators, Mentors and Coaches are some of the factors which made this a grand success in KOC. The uniqueness of the MFA is to expose fresh graduates to real ongoing projects under the guidance of a Coach with added E learning courses to understand the overall objective of a Geoscientist or Engineers working in Exploration or Field Development with no extra cost to company.
Emphasis has been given to the sub-surface technical manpower, the processes of MFA and different elements involved in the success of the program. The MFA is a part of roadmap which has established a framework of fresh graduate's development system in a rotational format of 4 months each. This is a practical approach to train new hires in real work environments at an accelerated pace whereby they contribute to completing on-going projects. The MFA provides a solid work foundation and necessary knowledge and skills to become independent operational employees able to carry out basic routine tasks with minimum guidance after completion of the program.
The success of the program is evident in KOC as seven cycles of MFA has been completed with around 70 recent hires have become not only operational but also developed confidence to deliver their work and new findings in technical presentations in International Conferences.
Meeting Drilling Fluid Challenges in Gulf of Thailand Ultra-High Temperature Exploration Wells
Authors: Charnvit Kerati , Huadi Fransiskus , Promkhote Chakkrawut , Aldea Catalin , Power David , Kongpat Nitipong , Segret Gilles 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The definition of ultra-high temperature (uHT) conditions varies depending on regional average well temperatures. In the Gulf of Thailand (GOT), uHT is defined as a well with a bottom-hole static temperature (BHST) exceeding 450°F (230°C). Recently, a national oil company began requiring a drilling fluid stable up to 520°F (270°C) for exploration wells, especially when the actual BHST is uncertain. This paper describes the development and stability of a drilling fluid approved by the operator for these extreme well conditions.
Typical exploration wells in the Gulf of Thailand require 6 1/8–in. hole for their primary target interval. Beside the extreme BHST, the slim and deviated well geometry (up to 60° inclination), and the potential for highly acidic gas (CO2 and H2S) contamination, presented extreme conditions for prolonged successful open-hole wireline logging operations (up to 4 days), which was the most critical objective for the exploration wells. Successful open-hole wireline logging is also imperative for perforating and further production from the typical thin layers of sandstone reservoir.
New additives provide a thermally stable non-aqueous fluid (NAF) enabled logging and evaluation under the severe down-hole conditions. The novel emulsifier and fluid-loss-control agents were introduced after undertaking an extensive laboratory-testing program. Apart from the newly introduced products, fluid engineering and improved field practices also played an important role in the success of these exploration wells.
The successful achievement with this novel NAF facilitated the planning of additional uHT exploration wells for the near future. In addition to the successful logging program, the novel NAF minimized non-productive time and mets the objectives set for the exploration wells comparing to the conventyiaonl NAF.
Potentiality for Pre-Well Planning in Development Field - The Next Step to Reducing Time and Enhancing Well Planning by Collaboration Drilling's and Geoscience's Workflow - Case Study: Development Field in Gulf of Thailand
Authors: Boonsri K. , Natepracha J. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The majority of the fields in the Gulf of Thailand can be classified as small lateral gas pockets in which the combinations of complex structural and stratigraphic traps form the primary geological closure. Commingled production from multilayer reservoirs and a strategic development plan should enable a successful, viable project. These objectives will pose challenges to drilling operations because they require major expenditures. Because of limited resources, such as recoverable reserves, budget, manpower, and technology availability, pre-well planning is vital. Generally, the well trajectory design is directly controlled by many factors. The most influential of these factors include prospects, infrastructure, tectonic structure, and well proximity. One of the challenges in the past has been the well trajectory, which was determined by both geosciences and drilling engineers. For example, numerous iterations and discussions between both parties result in the identification of subsurface and engineering constraints, including drilling parameters, hazards, seismic anomalies, faults, and well spacing. This paper focuses on the integration of those concerns by using integrated well planning software to improve workflow processes and manpower and, ultimately, to optimize asset value. The process will begin with data gathering, optimizing the platform location, performing target selection/target picking, determining the well trajectories, and creating the drilling plan. As a result, drilling concerns will be mitigated at the beginning of the well planning stage through the collaboration of the team members. The objective of this work is to enable the well to penetrate the planned targets in a controlled manner and with a safe operation, thereby minimizing drilling costs.
Success Story: Improving Zonal Isolation with Engineering Microcement to Enchance Oil Production in Tiung Biru Field
Authors: Prasetyo F. B. , Inayah F. , Widyarsa I. , Pasteris M. , Rizal Y. K. , Setiariadi M. H. , Munadi Munadi , Heriyanto Heriyanto 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Tiung Biru field is a promising development field in East Java, It yielded many discoveries including the Kujung Reservoir containing both gas and oil zones. The operator is only focusing on producing oil zones thus requiring a good annular zonal isolation quality to be able to produce the oil zones without producing the gas zones. Once well construction was finished the cement bond quality behind casing appeared to be mediocre which was compromising the operator production objectives for a number of oil producing zones.
Two producing wells in Tiung Biru (TBR) field which produced from Kujung Reservoir were inefficient because of a significant increase of gas production cross flow. A CBL showing high amplitude across the production zone is a strong indication there is communication between a gass bearing zone adjacent to the oil producing interval. Therefore, squeeze cementing was proposed. The success criterion for the squeeze job is the reduction of the GOR (gas oil ratio) by isolating the gas zone from the oil interval close by. The first squeeze cementing attempt was performed with a conventional cement slurry; post job logs showing mediocre cement quality log result and the squeeze was unable to isolate the cross flow. Conventional cement will hydrate and bridge off before it can achieve objective.
This paper explains a solution for improving zonal isolation with an engineered and optimized microcement slurry with low fluid loss control, thin filter cake, low rheology resulting in a better stability and performance for the squeeze application. This paper also presents slurry design, execution procedure, pre and post job evaluation.
On the execution, slurry can go through the narrow gap behind the casing and improve zonal isolation with evidence of perfect post cement log quality. The slurry penetrated the narrow gaps without dehydrating, and showing good mechanical properties with short setting times (Moulin et al, 1997) which is of prime importance to seal off gas zone and meet isolation objectives. Production test after squeeze also shows that the GOR had reduced drastically.