bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineered exosomes as a prospective therapy for diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Guo Lifei , Xiao Dan , Xing Helin , Yang Guodong , Yang Xuekang 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), characterized by high recurrence rate, amputations and mortality, poses a significant challenge in diabetes management. The complex pathology involves dysregulated glucose homeostasis leading to systemic and local microenvironmental complications, including peripheral neuropathy, micro- and macro-angiopathy, recurrent infection, persistent inflammation and dysregulated re-epithelialization. Novel approaches to accelerate DFU healing are actively pursued, with a focus on utilizing exosomes. Exosomes are natural nanovesicles mediating cellular communication and containing diverse functional molecular cargos, including DNA, mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), lncRNA, proteins, lipids and metabolites. While some exosomes show promise in modulating cellular function and promoting ulcer healing, their efficacy is limited by low yield, impurities, low loading content and inadequate targeting. Engineering exosomes to enhance their curative activity represents a potentially more efficient approach for DFUs. This could facilitate focused repair and regeneration of nerves, blood vessels and soft tissue after ulcer development. This review provides an overview of DFU pathogenesis, strategies for exosome engineering and the targeted therapeutic application of engineered exosomes in addressing critical pathological changes associated with DFUs.
Strong impact and engraving characteristics of multi-layer metallic materials under a two-stage combustion condition
Authors: Chang Ren-Jiu , Xue Xiao-Chun , Yu Yong-Gang 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This work is focused on the strong deformation motion mechanism of multi-layer metallic materials under extreme pressure conditions accompanied by a strong impact effect between the projectile composed of multi-layer metallic materials and the steel barrel of the launcher itself. Here, this transient engraving process of the projectile with complicated stress–strain based on a new type of structure and propulsion pattern is firstly studied by proposing a new physical and mathematical model with a coupling of dynamical equations and two-stage combustion ballistic equations. Comparisons of engraving distance of computational results are done with experimental studies, and a reasonable match has been obtained in these comparisons. Further, the thickness effect of the metal jacket of the projectile on the engraving stress and deformation level is analyzed to obtain universal engraving resistance equations. The results have also shown that the projectile's whole transient deformation motion process in the launcher can be divided into three periods due to the initial slide impact effect under the first-stage propellant gas and the later propelling effect as the second-stage propellant is ignited. However, the engraving durations are all less than 0.7 ms with different levels of elastic-plastic deformations between multi-layer metallic materials for different conditions.
The thermodynamic response of heating at coronal null points
Authors: Johnson D , Hood A W , Cargill P J , Reid J , Johnston C D 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Magnetic null points are an important aspect of the magnetic field structure of the solar corona and can be sites of enhanced dissipation. This paper uses analytical and numerical models to investigate the plasma structure around a heated null. It is shown that the temperature profile not only differs significantly from that in a uniform field, but also that the profile depends significantly on the spatial structure of the heating. Field lines close to the separatrices and the null point have higher temperatures than a uniform field for the same heating input. The dependence of the results near the null on both the ratio of perpendicular to parallel conduction, and numerical resolution is also explored. The comparison between analytic and numerical solutions also provides a useful benchmark to compare MHD codes with anisotropic thermal conduction.
Sovereigns and Others
Authors: Mishra Atul 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how the minorities of India and Pakistan have been gradually transformed, through exclusion and disempowerment, into elements that are erosive rather than constitutive of sovereignty. In the context of India, three aspects concerning the relationship amongst the state, the Muslim community, and the majority are examined: a sustained discourse that casts suspicion upon the loyalty of Muslims to the state and the nation; three forms of majoritarian violence; and democratic exclusion produced by a restricted access of Muslims to India’s substantive political domain. As regards the minorities of Pakistan, the chapter foregrounds minoritization, a process through which the minorities created at partition have been disempowered while new minorities have been created and subjected to exclusion and disempowerment. It highlights the roles played by the state as well as non-state actors in the minoritization process.
Publishing and Copyright: The Digital Effect
Authors: Sanjek Rick 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The NMPA reported $3.72 billion in 2019 publisher member revenue, 68.1 percent over its initial 2013 survey. The ASCAP/BMI integrated database dubbed SONGVIEW debuted in late 2020. Both PROs also sought to sunset their justice department consent decrees. Blackstone acquired SESAC including the Harry Fox Agency. Irving Azoff opened Global Music Rights (GMR), a fourth PRO. The 2018 Music Modernization Act sanctioned the Mechanical Licensing Cooperative as administrator of streaming mechanical royalties. The “Blurred Lines” infringement ruling was the most momentous of the decade. Universal, Warner Chappell, and Sony became a publishing Big Three after Sony acquired EMI. Sony also bought the Michael Jackson Estate out of their Sony/ATV joint venture. Martin Bandier retired in 2017 leaving protégés Jody Gerson running Universal, Jon Platt replacing him at Sony, and Guy Moot as cochairman at Warner Chappell. Independents Hipgnosis, Concord, Primary Wave, Kobalt, and BMG Rights led a bullish acquisitions market.
Cultural Aspects of Care
Authors: Colón Yvette 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Culture is the learned and shared knowledge that specific groups use to generate their behavior and interpret their experience of the world. It comprises beliefs about reality, how people should interact with each other, what they “know” about the world, and how they should respond to the social and material environments in which they find themselves. It is reflected in their religions, morals, customs, technologies, and survival strategies. It affects how they work, parent, love, marry, and understand health, mental health, wellness, illness, disability, and death.
Falling Between the Cracks of Queer and Black
Authors: Neely Tanisha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Invisible hands grab me without warning. First, there’s the squeezing of my chest and the feeling of being smothered. Then the leaping of my heart up my throat and its crashing back down into the pit of my stomach like a meteor landing. It’s hard to tell if what follows next is happening all at once or a quick sequence of events: hot flash, cold sweat, tingling toes, trembling hands, rapid breath, and a racing heart trying in vain to outrun a raging sea of mixed emotions.
Queer Affirmative Therapy
Authors: Istar Lev Arlene 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
I have been practicing as a social worker and family therapist for thirty years, and my work has always been with LGBTQ people: my people, my community, my home. When I went to graduate school in the 1980s with the explicit intention of working within the emerging lesbian, gay, and feminist communities, there were few mentors to be found in mainstream academia (and a number of enemies who quickly found me).
Not Our Fault
Authors: Wilson Chana 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
My mother and Marian first became friends watching the Army-McCarthy hearings on my parents’ television. It was April, 1954, a month before my third birthday. I imagine myself toddling around the small wooden cottage in University Heights, oblivious to the sound of Senator Joseph McCarthy’s voice ranting about Communists and dripping with queer-baiting innuendo, “Will [the opposing] counsel for my benefit define—I think he might be an expert on that—what a pixie is?” (Oshinsky, 2005, p. 427). None of us could have guessed what McCarthy’s hateful voice portended: that eventually the brutal homophobia of that era would fracture all our lives.
The Family Legacy Ends Here
Authors: Theophano Teresa 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
All grief involves feelings of loss, and all loss requires learning how to live in a permanently changed world, where love and memory must replace physical presence . . . Despite their pain, many survivors [of loved ones’ suicides] also show great resilience and growth, including discovering unexpected inner strength, reordering priorities, a renewed appreciation of life, and developing compassion for the suffering of others.
Were You Confused as a Child?
Authors: Mead Stephen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
As with everything else in my life, I was a late bloomer in actively pursuing mental healthcare for depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and agoraphobia stemming from years of bullying. When I was growing up, these terms were not in any sort of common lexicon, and I was taught my mental/emotional suffering was something weak, to be ashamed of, and kept hidden like homosexuality itself. This image is a good starting point for understanding the dialogue at that time. The title “Were You Confused as a Child?” employs something of a gallows humor in regards to what a therapist—or a proponent of conversion therapy—might ask a person. The mixed-media imagery of the piece plays with that, as well as with the central detail of a little boy putting on lipstick while also pointing a gun to his head while, on either side of him, two bare-chested cowboy figures are looking down at their genitals as if pondering what that might all be about. It is a semi-comedic, lyrical piece meditating on years of pain brought on by societal straight-jacketing.
Enter Iran
Authors: Ostovar Afshon 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins with how the issue of terrorism and revelation of Iran’s secret nuclear program set the context for the Bush administration’s approach toward Iran. It discusses how Iran intervened in the Iraq War from the outset, and spent the early months of the occupation covertly developing a network of proxies and smuggling routes to support them to both prevent Baathists from returning to power and to undermine American objectives. Iran’s established clients, the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI) and Badr, collaborated with the U.S.-led Coalition while also serving as instruments for Iran’s countervailing agenda. Under the command of Qassem Soleimani, the IRGC quickly developed a new cadre of clients among disaffected Mahdi Army commanders formerly loyal to Muqtada al-Sadr. With Iran’s backing, the former Sadrists established the so-called Special Groups, which became Iran’s primary tool in its war against the occupation.
Rebels and Tyrants
Authors: Ostovar Afshon 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the Syrian civil war through early 2014. The dividing lines of the conflict were set early by Bashar al-Assad, who enflamed sectarian tensions to galvanize support from non-Sunnis. To help safeguard its ally, Iran quickly began funneling weapons, troops, and Shia militia proxies to Syria, reinforcing sectarian dimensions. Despite openly calling for Assad to resign, wanting to avoid another Middle East war, Obama was hesitant to get involved. Turkey and Arab powers filled the void and began to fund and arm rebel militias—creating a proxy war with Iran. Private donors from the Gulf became important patrons to the rebel cause, and encouraged Sunni militias to adopt Islamist agendas. Obama’s red line was crossed when Assad used chemical weapons, but wanting to avoid military involvement, he struck a deal with Putin to remove the chemical stockpile—a move that benefited Russia and Iran.
Nuclear Clouds
Authors: Ostovar Afshon 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how Washington’s focus on striking and preserving the JCPOA nuclear deal with Iran shaped its hesitant policies in the region, and created space for the Saudi and Russian interventions in Yemen and Syria. With the ascension of Mohammed bin Salman (MBS) as crown prince, Riyadh’s foreign policy became dramatically more assertive. The Saudi-led intervention in Yemen enunciated MBS’s willingness to take risks and his desire to check Iran’s regional expansion through force. The war against ISIS compelled the Obama administration to expand its military role in the Syrian conflict; however, in doing so, it heightened tensions with Iran, and in supporting Kurdish militias against ISIS, aggravated relations with Turkey. With jihadist rebels ascendant, the war against Assad was gaining momentum, which compelled Iran to encourage a Russian intervention. Russia’s intervention reversed momentum in the war, buttressed Iran’s regional project, and challenged the American position in the Middle East.
Conclusion
Authors: Fullington Doug , Smith Marian 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter begins with observations that challenge, clarify, and fill in gaps in received ballet-history narratives. Next, common essential elements of the five ballets (Giselle, Paquita, Le Corsaire, La Bayadère, and Raymonda) are enumerated. This is followed by a discussion of what was lost in the twentieth century, in the years after the close of our period of study. Finally, the authors express a hope that readers of this volume can benefit from knowing more about what audiences saw and heard when the curtain went up on these five ballets.
Repression, Co-optation, and Institutionalization
Authors: Bernstein Alyssa G. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Oslo Accords, the agreements between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), transformed Palestinian politics. The Oslo Accords were a set of agreements made between 1992 and 1999. Prisoners were not mentioned in the agreements until they sent representatives to Palestinian leadership to point out their importance to Palestinian nationalism and demand inclusion. In 1995, 5,000 individuals were released, many to the custody of the Palestinian Authority (PA). The creation of the PA had significant implications for the Prisoners Movement. Fatah’s transformation into the primary power of the PA, the incorporation of former prisoners into the PA’s elite and security forces, and outside organizations’ influence on prison conditions, all changed resistance inside prison. The system under which the PA gave monthly stipends to prisoners and their families encouraged compliance rather than resistance. This chapter unpacks the effects of these external dynamics and their effects inside prison.
The Collapse of Solidarity
Authors: Bernstein Alyssa G. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Oslo period was supposed to end in a final status agreement. When it did not, frustration at both increased Israeli settlement activity and the repression of the Palestinian Authority led to the outbreak of the Second Intifada. Israel arrested and imprisoned activists, but they lacked the same organization and leadership that characterized those arrested during the First Intifada. Fighters began organizing by hometown (baladiyyat) rather than political faction and rejecting the Prisoners Movement’s leadership. The dissolution of the counterintelligence system within prison and competition between sub-factions meant there was a lack of trust between people in prison. Despite weakness in the collective structure, the Prisoners Movement organized a mass hunger strike in 2004. The chapter contains details of how a hunger strike is organized and maintained, as well as how it collapses. The disappointment that followed the strike’s failure radically transformed the Prisoners Movement’s ability to rally collective resistance.
The Tetiuhe Mining Concession 1924–1932
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Tetiuhe mining concession was resuscitated during the years of the New Economic Policy and was one of the three largest foreign concessions granted by the USSR at the time (alongside the Harriman and Lena Goldfields concessions). But when the Great Depression hit, the concession became unprofitable and then became unworkable in the winter of 1930–1931 due to the impacts of Stalin’s first Five-Year Plan. The mines and their improvements were, however, sold to the Russian Government at a fair price. The existence of the agreement to arbitrate played a critical role in this settlement. Wary of the USSR’s failure to engage in the arbitral process in the Lena case, but also aware of the acute damage that this failure had caused to the USSR’s commercial and diplomatic reputation, the concession-holders (principally, the Bryner family) threatened but pulled back from arbitration in March 1931, securing a successful settlement later in that year.
Two Arbitral Butterflies
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter recalls the Arbitration Code of 1883 drawn up by Lord Bramwell which, although displaced by the English Arbitration Act 1889, played an important role in making consensual arbitration pre-eminent and placing it within the law of contract. It also examines the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) Rome Draft 1936, which indirectly led to the 1985 United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law. The arbitral butterfly here is Professor René David, who played a major role in the drafting and commentary to the Rome Draft, a uniform law consisting of forty articles that was approved by the International Criminal Court (ICC) Congress in 1937, subject, however, to criticisms expressed by four national committees (Australia, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States), which ultimately led to the demise of the Draft.
The Role of Users
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter records how it is incorrect to assume that the interests of users are exactly the same as lawyers’ interests, including with respect to the costs of arbitration. Questions are raised as to why none of the most used arbitration rules provide the option of excluding disclosure of documents, despite the high cost. The chapter also asks why there are almost inevitably costly oral hearings and why costs are not capped at the outset of an arbitration, as with the London Maritime Arbitrators’ Association (LMAA) in its Intermediate Claims Procedure for arbitration disputes addressing claims between US$50,000 and 400,000.
From Florence to London via Moscow and New Delhi
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how good and bad legal thinking develops across international boundaries. Maxim the Greek is taken as an example of how one man, armed only with ideas, could migrate from Italy to Moscow to influence the course of Russian history; and he acts as a springboard to show how arbitral ideas—one bad, one good—have migrated across the globe. An example is an English parliamentary restriction on the extraterritorial application of the 1927 Geneva Convention on Arbitral Awards, which led to foreign awards made outside of India and Pakistan being reviewed by their courts as domestic awards. The English colonial error that migrated to India/Pakistan was corrected in Pakistan by the 2011 enactment of the New York Convention, but the position in India remains more complex and deleterious. Another example is the doctrine of separability, which migrated eventually to London.
Jurisdiction, Admissibility, and Choice of Law in International Arbitration
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
There are surprising limits on party autonomy under the United Kingdom’s Arbitration Act 1996 for international arbitrations between commercial parties. This chapter examines two limitations on party autonomy under the English Arbitration Act. One relates to costs of arbitration, where, in any agreement between the parties to an arbitration with an English seat which has the effect that a party is to pay the whole or part of the costs of the arbitration ‘in any event’ is only valid if made after the dispute in question has arisen. The other limitation relates to pre-award interest, which arises where the parties have expressly agreed that the arbitration tribunal must apply a non-English substantive law to the merits of their dispute. The first is portrayed as a real problem and the second as a myth.
Is There Any Need for a Code of Ethics for International Commercial Arbitrators?
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Is there a need for any new, comprehensive code of ethics for international commercial arbitrators? Current proposals for reform deserve the utmost scrutiny from the perspectives of arbitrators, arbitral practitioners, and arbitration users. If such improvements are required to adjust arbitral ethics, a common solution may be required for both arbitrators and arbitral practitioners as the parties’ legal representatives. The chapter considers the issues of codes of ethics in the light of the International Bar Association Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest and the Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe Code of Conduct for Lawyers in the European Union.
Arbitrators and Arbitral InstitutionsLegal Risks for Product Liability?
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the author, Johnny, considers the potential exposure of arbitrators and arbitral institutions to claims from a dissatisfied party to an arbitration, including because an arbitrator is increasingly likely to be made a party to a legal proceeding brought in bad faith by a disappointed party as a collateral attack on an award. He traces the history and current risks of potential liability and concludes by emphasizing the importance of obtaining insurance against potential claims.
Introduction
Authors: Lee Don S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Democratic transition has come with a number of competing pressures and principal–agent problems for presidents in their relationships with major political institutions that have become legitimate actors in checking and balancing the president’s decision-making. This chapter asserts the importance of understanding the president’s strategy for governance in general and cabinet appointments in particular in the context of young democracies. Although we know about presidential appointment strategy in connection with the legislature, largely based on the region of the Americas, little is known about such strategy in relation to other political institutions, namely the ruling party, the party system, and the bureaucracy, as well as about regions outside the Americas. Given that democracies with elected presidents are in the majority, globally as well as in Asia, it is important to understand the role of presidential cabinet appointment in navigating all these institutional challenges.