bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactivation of Stromboli's summit craters at the end of the 2007 effusive eruption detected by thermal surveys and seismicity
Authors: Marotta E. , Calvari S. , Cristaldi A. , D'Auria L. , Di Vito M. A. , Moretti R. , Peluso R. , Spampinato L. , Boschi E. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis work arises from the field observations made during the civil protection emergency period connected to the 2007 Stromboli eruption. We observed changes in the shallow feeding system of the volcano to which we give a volcanological interpretation and the relative implications. Here we describe the processes that occurred in the upper feeding system from the end of the 2007 effusive eruption on 3 April to the renewal of the strombolian explosive activity at the summit craters (30 June), interpreted using multidisciplinary data. We used thermal camera data collected both from helicopter and from a fixed station at 400 m to retrieve the evolving summit crater activity. These data, compared with seismic signals and published geochemical records, allowed us to detail the shifting of the degassing activity within the crater terrace from NE to SW, occurred between 15 and 25 April 2007 prior to the resumption of the strombolian activity. In particular, from mid‐April, a gradual SW displacement in the maximum apparent temperatures was recorded at the vents within the summit craters, together with a change in the very long period location and confirmed by variations in geochemical indicators (CO2/SO2 plume ratios and CO2 fluxes) from literature. The shallow feeding system experienced a major readjustment after the end of the effusive activity, determining variations in the pressure leakage of the source, slowly deepening and shifting toward SW. All these data, together with the framework supplied by previous structural surveys, allowed us to propose that the compaction of debris accumulated in the uppermost conduit by inward crater collapses, occurred in early March, produced the observed anomalies. At Stromboli, major morphology changes, taking place in the following years, were anticipated by these small and apparently minor processes occurred in the upper feeding system. Other studies are relating similar changes to modifications of the eruptive activity also at other open‐conduit volcanoes, so we believe that it may be important to have a constant monitoring of these phenomena in order to better understand their shallow feeding systems.
A joint electromagnetic and seismic study of an active pockmark within the hydrate stability field at the Vestnesa Ridge, West Svalbard margin
Authors: Goswami Bedanta K. , Weitemeyer Karen A. , Minshull Timothy A. , Sinha Martin C. , Westbrook Graham K. , Chabert Anne , Henstock Timothy J. , Ker Stephan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe acquired coincident marine controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM), high‐resolution seismic reflection and ocean‐bottom seismometer (OBS) data over an active pockmark in the crest of the southern part of the Vestnesa Ridge, to estimate fluid composition within an underlying fluid‐migration chimney. Synthetic model studies suggest resistivity obtained from CSEM data can resolve gas or hydrate saturation greater than 5% within the chimney. Acoustic chimneys imaged by seismic reflection data beneath the pockmark and on the ridge flanks were found to be associated with high‐resistivity anomalies (+2–4 Ωm). High‐velocity anomalies (+0.3 km/s), within the gas‐hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) and low‐velocity anomalies (−0.2 km/s) underlying the GHSZ, were also observed. Joint analysis of the resistivity and velocity anomaly indicates pore saturation of up to 52% hydrate with 28% free gas, or up to 73% hydrate with 4% free gas, within the chimney beneath the pockmark assuming a nonuniform and uniform fluid distribution, respectively. Similarly, we estimate up to 30% hydrate with 4% free gas or 30% hydrate with 2% free gas within the pore space of the GHSZ outside the central chimney assuming a nonuniform and uniform fluid distribution, respectively. High levels of free‐gas saturation in the top part of the chimney are consistent with episodic gas venting from the pockmark.
Seismic imaging of the shallow crust beneath the Krafla central volcano, NE Iceland
Authors: Schuler Juerg , Greenfield Tim , White Robert S. , Roecker Steven W. , Brandsdóttir Bryndís , Stock Joann M. , Tarasewicz Jon , Martens Hilary R. , Pugh David 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe studied the seismic velocity structure beneath the Krafla central volcano, NE Iceland, by performing 3‐D tomographic inversions of 1453 earthquakes recorded by a temporary local seismic network between 2009 and 2012. The seismicity is concentrated primarily around the Leirhnjúkur geothermal field near the center of the Krafla caldera. To obtain robust velocity models, we incorporated active seismic data from previous surveys. The Krafla central volcano has a relatively complex velocity structure with higher P wave velocities (Vp) underneath regions of higher topographic relief and two distinct low‐Vp anomalies beneath the Leirhnjúkur geothermal field. The latter match well with two attenuating bodies inferred from S wave shadows during the Krafla rifting episode of 1974–1985. Within the Leirhnjúkur geothermalreservoir, we resolved a shallow (−0.5 to 0.5 km below sea level; bsl) region with low‐Vp/Vs values and a deeper (0.5–1.5 km bsl) high‐Vp/Vs zone. We interpret the difference in the velocity ratios of the two zones to be caused by higher rock porosities and crack densities in the shallow region and lower porosities and crack densities in the deeper region. A strong low‐Vp/Vs anomaly underlies these zones, where a superheated steam zone within felsic rock overlies rhyolitic melt.
Predicting the macroseismic intensity from early radiated P wave energy for on‐site earthquake early warning in Italy
Authors: Brondi P. , Picozzi M. , Emolo A. , Zollo A. , Mucciarelli M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractEarthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWS) are potentially effective tools for risk mitigation in active seismic regions. The present study explores the possibility of predicting the macroseismic intensity within EEW timeframes using the squared velocity integral (IV2) measured on the early P wave signals, a proxy for the P wave radiated energy of earthquakes. This study shows that IV2 correlates better than the peak displacement measured on P waves with both the peak ground velocity and the Housner Intensity, with the latter being recognized by engineers as a reliable proxy for damage assessment. Therefore, using the strong motion recordings of the Italian Accelerometric Archive, a novel relationship between the parameter IV2 and the macroseismic intensity (IM) has been derived. The validity of this relationship has been assessed using the strong motion recordings of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Strong Motion Data and Osservatorio Sismico delle Strutture databases, as well as, in the case of the MW 6, 29 May 2012 Emilia earthquake (Italy), comparing the predicted intensities with the ones observed after a macroseismic survey. Our results indicate that P wave IV2 can become a key parameter for the design of on‐site EEWS, capable of proving real‐time predictions of the IM at target sites.
Nonlinear subsidence at Fremantle, a long‐recording tide gauge in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Featherstone W. E. , Penna N. T. , Filmer M. S. , Williams S. D. P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA combination of independent evidence (continuous GPS, repeat geodetic leveling, groundwater abstraction, satellite altimetry, and tide gauge (TG) records) shows that the long‐recording Fremantle TG has been subsiding in a nonlinear way since the mid‐1970s due to time‐variable groundwater abstraction. The vertical land motion (VLM) rates vary from approximately −2 to −4 mm/yr (i.e., subsidence), thus producing a small apparent acceleration in mean sea level computed from the Fremantle TG records. We exemplify that GPS‐derived VLM must be geodetically connected to the TG to eliminate the commonly used assumption that there is no differential VLM when the GPS is not colocated with the TG. In the Perth Basin, we show that groundwater abstraction can be used as a diagnostic tool for identifying nonlinear VLM that is not evident in GPS time series alone.
Recognizing the problem of delayed entry in time‐to‐event studies: Better late than never for clinical neuroscientists
Authors: Betensky Rebecca A. , Mandel Micha 
Published: October 2015

Editor's NoteOne of the greatest differences I encountered in moving from being Editor‐in‐Chief of a basic science journal to the same position at Annals of Neurology was the much greater importance of meticulous review of the statistical treatment of data. In basic science, the conditions of an experiment can be set up by the investigator so that relatively simple statistical treatments can often be used with clear‐cut results. Comparing the treatment and outcomes of human studies is much messier. Humans have a history before the study started; they have lives that often cause them to deviate from the protocol; and it is much harder to measure the outcomes because our methods have to be so much less invasive than they can be in animal studies. In addition, unlike mice or rats, which are deliberately inbred in a laboratory to minimize variation between animals, we are a wild species with enormous genetic and environmental variability.We solved the problem of the lack of statistical sophistication of the scientific editors by bringing in an expert in study design and statistical analysis, Dr Rebecca Betensky, a Professor of Biostatistics at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, who serves as our Statistical Editor. We have weekly editorial conferences where the Associate Editors, Rebecca, and I consider which of the papers that were reviewed in the previous week should be published. Each week, it seems, we are treated to a private tutorial (sometimes more than one) on the complexities of study design and statistical analysis in the papers we are considering. I have learned a great deal at these meetings and thought that this education should be extended to our readers, and so I have prevailed upon Dr Betensky to address some recurring topics in our editorial conferences. We begin this month with the concept of delayed entry, a common problem in human studies that many investigators and reviewers fail to take into account. We have decided to publish this series under the NeuroGenesis section of the Annals, because this section is devoted to the career development of neurologists, and it seems critical to the professional judgment of every academic neurologist to assimilate the concepts in this series, both to improve our own work and to evaluate the work of other neurologists more critically.—C.B.S.
Costs of joint production of ethanol and industrial sugar juice using energy beets in the Northern Plains of the United States
Authors: Wamisho Kassu , Ripplinger David , De Laporte Aaron 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study evaluates the economic feasibility and profitability of producing industrial sugar juice and ethanol using energy beets in the Northern Plains of the United States. An enterprise budget is constructed to estimate the breakeven price of energy beets that triggers farmers to produce the crop. This breakeven price is used to estimate the long‐run breakeven prices for industrial sugar juice and ethanol. Stochastic models are developed to account for price and parameter variability in the estimation of enterprise budgets and breakeven prices. Results show that the simulated breakeven price of producing ethanol is 518 $m−3 and that of industrial sugar juice is 351 $t−1, using a 36 $t−1 breakeven delivered cost of energy beets. Energy beet ethanol investment could be profitable at the breakeven prices of energy beets and ethanol computed, and could attract new capital investment into the ethanol industry. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Roles of different mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes in hypoxia‐induced pulmonary vasoconstriction
Authors: Yang Zhao , Zhuan Bing , Yan Ying , Jiang Simin , Wang Tao 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis study was designed to investigate the roles of different mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes (I, II, III, and IV) on hypoxia‐induced hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). The third and fourth pulmonary arteries were collected from the normal tissues adjacent to tumors in 16 patients with lung cancer who had undergone lung cancer resections to isolate pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). PASMCs were divided into seven groups and exposed to one of the following treatments: (1) normoxia (21% O2, 5% CO2, and 74% N2); (2) hypoxia (1% O2, 5% CO2, 94% N2); (3) hypoxia plus ETC complex I inhibitor MPP; (4) hypoxia plus ETC complex II inhibitor TTFA; (5) hypoxia plus ETC complex III Qo (pre) site inhibitor myxothiazol; (6) hypoxia plus ETC complex III Qi (post) site inhibitor antimycin A; (7) hypoxia plus ETC complex IV inhibitor NaN3. Intracellular [Ca2+]i and [ROS]i, mitochondrial [ROS]i, and PA rings tension were measured. Intracellular [Ca2+]i and [ROS]i, mitochondrial [ROS]i, and PA ring tension were increased after hypoxia for 10 min. Mitochondrial ETC complex inhibitor MPP, TTFA, and myxothiazol significantly reduced [Ca2+]i [ROS]i and PA tension (P < 0.01), whereas antimycin A and NaN3 did not effectively reduce them. These results demonstrated it were mitochondrial ETC complex I, II, and III Qo site but not III Qi site and complex IV contribute to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension.
STAC‐A2 on Intel architecture: evolving from scalar code to heterogeneous applications
Authors: Fiksman Evgeny , Nikolaev Andrey , Burylov Ilya , Salahuddin Sania 
Published: October 2015

SummarySTAC‐A2™ is a compute and memory intensive industry benchmark in the field of market risk analysis. The benchmark specifications were created by the Securities Technology Analysis Center (STAC®), and are based on the inputs collected from the leading trading companies, universities, and high performance computing vendors. The specifications describe models that represent realistic market risk analysis workloads. In this paper, we discuss the development steps that lead to the competitive performance of the STAC‐A2 benchmark executed on systems consisting of Intel® Xeon® processors and an Intel® Xeon Phi™ coprocessor. We show the importance of the utilization of all parallel resources available on Intel architectures to achieve maximum performance. We demonstrate that the offload extension supported by Intel® Composer XE minimizes the efforts required to create accelerated applications by using only C/C++ language. With Intel's latest implementation of the STAC‐A2 benchmark, we were able to achieve a significant (800%) performance gain by using a heterogeneous approach running on two Intel Xeon E5‐2699 v3 processors and a single Intel® Xeon Phi™ 7120A card, compared with earlier version running on only two Intel Xeon E5‐2697 v2 processors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In‐hospital metabolic regulation in patients with a diabetic foot ulcer: is it worthwhile?
Authors: Egan Aoife M , Dinneen Sean F 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIt is well established that hyperglycaemia is associated with many negative cardiovascular and immunological effects. Because of the high prevalence of underlying vascular disease along with associated infection, patients with diabetic foot ulcers are especially vulnerable to these adverse consequences. While studies consistently demonstrate worse outcomes in the setting of hyperglycaemia during hospitalization, multiple trials examining the effects of intensive glycaemic control reveal mixed results. In particular, effects on mortality are varied, and although there may be some benefit in the setting of infection, hypoglycaemia is a concern when glucose levels are treated down to the normoglycaemic range. Therefore, although metabolic regulation is worthwhile theoretically, the optimal intensity of control is unclear. There is a need for future research to clarify the benefits and risks associated with strict metabolic control in patients with diabetic foot ulceration. In the interim recommendations from international guidelines should be followed; these advise pre‐meal glucose targets of <7.8 mmol/L and random targets of <10.0 mmol/L in general medical and surgical settings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Where frailty meets diabetes
Authors: Perkisas Stany , Vandewoude Maurits 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDiabetes is a chronic illness that has an effect on multiple organ systems. Frailty is a state of increased vulnerability to stressors and a limited capacity to maintain homeostasis. It is a multidimensional concept and a dynamic condition that can improve or worsen over time. Frailty is either physical or psychological or a combination of these two components. Sarcopenia, which is the age‐related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, is the main attributor to the physical form of frailty. Although the pathophysiology of diabetes is commonly focused on impaired insulin secretion, overload of gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance, newer insights broaden this etiologic horizon. Immunologic factors that create a chronic state of low‐grade inflammation – ‘inflammaging’ – have an influence on both the ageing process and diabetes. Persons with diabetes mellitus already tend to have an accelerated ageing process that places them at greater risk for developing frailty at an earlier age. The development of frailty – and sarcopenia – is multifactorial and includes nutritional, physical and hormonal elements; these elements are interlinked with those of diabetes. A lower muscle mass will lead to poorer glycaemic control through lower muscle glucose uptake. This leads to higher insulin secretion and insulin resistance, which is the stepping stone for diabetes itself. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How can we improve adherence?
Authors: Price Patricia 
Published: October 2015

AbstractMany patients with wound healing difficulties are also coping with the management of a chronic disease or chronic condition that requires them to make lifestyle behaviour changes, for example, managing glucose levels through diet and exercise and regular foot inspection. Many find it difficult to make such changes and often experience feelings of powerlessness when faced with a lifetime of behavioural and psychological change. This article will explore the importance of understanding the patient difficulties associated with adherence to a regime and how life changes can be difficult to maintain over sustained periods of time. However, the article will also discuss the importance of this topic in trying to understand the clinical evidence base for treatment – as many clinical trials investigating treatments for the diabetic foot do not include information on the extent to which patients in the trial conformed to the trial protocol. The article gives an overview of recent developments – including lessons we can learn from other chronic conditions where permanent life changes are required – in particular the need to keep health messages simple, tailored to the individual and repeated frequently. The evidence to date suggests that no one single form of adherence intervention will work with all patients; this is not surprising given complex and multifactorial nature of adherence and the myriad of barriers that exist that patients and health care professionals need to overcome. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What's new in wound treatment: a critical appraisal
Authors: Garwood Caitlin S. , Steinberg John S. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWith the growing demand for the specialized care of wounds, there is an ever expanding abundance of wound care modalities available. It is difficult to identify which products or devices enhance wound healing, and thus, a critical and continual look at new advances is necessary. The goal of any wound regimen should be to optimize wound healing by combining basic wound care modalities including debridement, off‐loading, and infection control with the addition of advanced therapies when necessary. This review takes a closer look at current uses of negative pressure wound therapy, bioengineered alternative tissues, and amniotic membrane products. While robust literature may be lacking, current wound care advances are showing great promise in wound healing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical management of Charcot neuroarthropathy of the ankle and hindfoot in patients with diabetes
Authors: Wukich Dane K. , Raspovic Katherine M. , Hobizal Kimberlee B. , Sadoskas David 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundCharcot neuroarthropathy (CN) of the ankle and hindfoot (Sanders/Frykberg Type IV) is challenging to treat surgically or nonsurgically. The deformities associated with ankle/hindfoot CN are often multiplanar, resulting in sagittal, frontal and rotational malalignment. In addition, shortening of the limb often occurs from collapse of the distal tibia, talus and calcaneus. These deformities also result in significant alterations in the biomechanics of the foot. For example, a varus ankle/hindfoot results in increased lateral column plantar pressure of the foot, predisposing the patient to lateral foot ulceration. Collapse of the talus, secondary to avascular necrosis or neuropathic fracture, further accentuates these deformities and contributes to a limb‐length inequality.Surgical managementThe primary indication for surgical reconstruction is a nonbraceable deformity associated with instability. Other indications include impending ulceration, inability to heal an ulcer, recurrent ulcers, presence of osteomyelitis and/or significant pain. Arthrodesis of the ankle and/or hindfoot is the method of choice when surgically correcting CN deformities in this region. The choice of fixation (i.e. internal or external fixation) depends on largely on the presence or absence of active infection and bone quality.ConclusionSurgical reconstruction of ankle and hindfoot CN is associated with a high rate of infectious and noninfectious complications. Despite this high complication rate, surgeons embarking on surgical reconstruction of ankle and hindfoot CN should strive for limb salvage rates approximating 90%. Preoperative measures that can improve outcomes include assessment of vascular status, optimization of glycemic control, correction of vitamin D deficiency and cessation of tobacco use. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.