bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lithogeochemical, Re–Os and U–Pb Geochronological, Hf–Lu and S–Pb Isotope Data of the Ga'erqiong‐Galale Cu–Au Ore‐Concentrated Area: Evidence for the Late Cretaceous Magmatism and Metallogenic Event in the Bangong‐Nujiang Suture Zone, Northwestern Tibet, China
Authors: Zhang Zhi , Yao Xiao‐Feng , Tang Ju‐Xing , Li Zhi‐Jun , Wang Li‐Qiang , Yang Yi , Duan Ji‐Lin , Song Jun‐Long , Lin Xin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Ga'erqiong‐Galale skarn–porphyry copper–gold ore‐concentrated area is located in the western part of the Bangong‐Nujiang suture zone north of the Lhasa Terrane. This paper conducted a systematic study on the magmatism and metallogenic effect in the ore‐concentrated area using techniques of isotopic geochronology, isotopic geochemistry and lithogeochemistry. According to the results, the crystallization age of quartz diorite (ore‐forming mother rock) in the Ga'erqiong deposit is 87.1 ± 0.4 Ma, which is later than the age of granodiorite (ore‐forming mother rock) in the Galale deposit (88.1 ± 1.0 Ma). The crystallization age of granite porphyry (GE granite porphyry) in the Ga'erqiong deposit is 83.2 ± 0.7 Ma, which is later than the age of granite porphyry (GL granite porphyry) in the Galale deposit (84.7 ± 0.8 Ma).The quartz diorite, granodiorite, GE granite porphyry and GL granite porphyry both main shows positive εHf(t) values, suggesting that the magmatic source of the main intrusions in the ore‐concentrated area has the characteristics of mantle source region. The Re–Os isochron age of molybdenite in the Ga'erqiong district is 86.9 ± 0.5 Ma, which is later than the mineralization age of the Galale district (88.6 ± 0.6 Ma). The main intrusive rocks in the ore‐concentrated area have similar lithogeochemical characteristics, for they both show the relative enrichment in large‐ion lithophile elements(LILE: Rb, Ba, K, etc.), more mobile highly incompatible lithophile elements(HILE: U, Th) and relatively depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE: Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, etc.), and show the characteristics of magmatic arc. The studies on the metal sulfides' S and Pb isotopes and Re content of molybdenite indicate that the metallogenic materials of the deposits in the ore‐concentrated area mainly come from the mantle source with minor crustal source contamination. Based on the regional tectonic evolution process, this paper points out that the Ga'erqiong‐Galale copper–gold ore‐concentrated area is the typical product of the Late Cretaceous magmatism and metallogenic event in the collision stage of the Bangong‐Nujiang suture zone.
Ore Genesis and Formation Age of the Gaogangshan Mo Deposit, Heilongjiang Province, NE China
Authors: Hao Yu‐Jie , Ren Yun‐Sheng , Yang Qun , Duan Ming‐Xin , Sun Qi , Fu Li‐Chun , Li Chao 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe Gaogangshan Mo deposit, located in the northern part of the Lesser Xing'an Range (the eastern part of the Xing'an–Mongolia Orogenic Belt), is one of the newly discovered Mo deposits in northeast China. Ore bodies occur in the granite and are generally in vein and stockwork forms. Major metallic minerals in the ore include pyrite and molybdenite. The styles of mineralization are disseminated, veinlet–disseminated, and veinlet. The major types of wall–rock alteration are silicification–potassic alteration, phyllic alteration and propylitization. Fluid inclusion analyses indicate that the ore‐forming fluid during the major mineralization stage is an H2O–NaCl–CO2 system, with wide homogenization temperature and salinity ranges. The abundant CO2–rich and coexisting halite–bearing fluid inclusion assemblages in the main stage of mineralization highlight the significance of intensive fluid boiling for porphyry Mo mineralization. Comprehensive study of the ore‐forming conditions, geological features of the deposit, micro‐thermometric analysis of fluid inclusions and comparison of the Gaogangshan deposit with other typical porphyry deposits leads to the conclusion that the deposit is a porphyry type. We obtained a weighted mean age of the molybdenite deposit at Gaogangshan of 250.7 ± 1.8 Ma. The isotopic dating results indicate that the Gaogangshan deposit was formed in the Permo–Triassic, which is the earliest Mo–only deposit in northeast China. The formation of the Gaogangshan Mo deposit may be related to the extension and break–up of the Songnen Block and Jiamusi Block in the Permo–Triassic.
Complex Numeral Expressions: A Plea for Grafts
Authors: Meinunger André 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGrafting is a syntactic device developed and defended by van Riemsdijk (2000 and subsequent work) by which two independent input trees are connected via external remerger of internal elements, thus sharing a constituent. Grafting clearly violates standard assumptions about phrase structure. Still, several structures found in natural language are best analyzed in terms of grafting. The present paper discusses one such construction: complex numerals. It shows that the characteristic multidominance of grafting explains the word order, case assignment, plural, paucal, and singular distribution associated with complex numeral combinations better than a coordination approach and is more compatible with more number (or counting) systems found in the world's languages.
The Algorithmic Level Is the Bridge Between Computation and Brain
Authors: Love Bradley C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractEvery scientist chooses a preferred level of analysis and this choice shapes the research program, even determining what counts as evidence. This contribution revisits Marr's (1982) three levels of analysis (implementation, algorithmic, and computational) and evaluates the prospect of making progress at each individual level. After reviewing limitations of theorizing within a level, two strategies for integration across levels are considered. One is top–down in that it attempts to build a bridge from the computational to algorithmic level. Limitations of this approach include insufficient theoretical constraint at the computation level to provide a foundation for integration, and that people are suboptimal for reasons other than capacity limitations. Instead, an inside‐out approach is forwarded in which all three levels of analysis are integrated via the algorithmic level. This approach maximally leverages mutual data constraints at all levels. For example, algorithmic models can be used to interpret brain imaging data, and brain imaging data can be used to select among competing models. Examples of this approach to integration are provided. This merging of levels raises questions about the relevance of Marr's tripartite view.
Plasma exchange effectively removes 52‐ and 60‐kDa anti‐Ro/SSA and anti‐La/SSB antibodies in pregnant women with congenital heart block
Authors: Tonello Marta , Ruffatti Amelia , Marson Piero , Tison Tiziana , Marozio Luca , Hoxha Ariela , De Silvestro Giustina , Punzi Leonardo 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUNDPregnant women positive for 52‐ and 60‐kDa anti‐Ro/SSA and anti‐La/SSB antibodies can suffer from congenital heart block (CHB), a passively acquired autoimmune disease.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe evaluated the efficacy of plasma exchange (PE) in removing 52‐ and 60‐kDa anti‐Ro/SSA and anti‐La/SSB antibodies in pregnant women with CHB treated with a combined therapy including PE, intravenous immunoglobulins, and steroids. Antibody levels were monitored in 10 consecutive pregnant women diagnosed with CHB and prospectively followed between 2009 and 2013. Assaying was performed using a homemade enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay test on blood samples collected immediately before and after PE sessions.RESULTSA significant decrease in mean post‐PE antibody levels was noted in all the cases examined. An analysis of antibody level trends in the samples collected before PE sessions showed that there was a steady, significant decrease in 90% of the patients with 52‐kDa anti‐Ro/SSA, in 80% of those with 60‐kDa anti‐Ro/SSA antibodies, and in 100% of those with anti‐La/SSB antibodies.CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrates that PE is effective in removing antibodies linked to the pathogenesis of CHB. PE treatment was found to have a long‐term efficacy in all the women positive for anti‐La/SSB antibodies and in most of the women positive for 52‐ and 60‐kDa anti‐Ro/SSA antibodies. It is interesting that the significant, immediate, and long‐term fall in antibody levels that was observed in these patients took place in all the women whose CHB was reversed. This finding could give PE an important role in the treatment of CHB.
Making thawed universal donor plasma available rapidly for massively bleeding trauma patients: experience from the Pragmatic, Randomized Optimal Platelets and Plasma Ratios (PROPPR) trial
Authors: Novak Deborah J. , Bai Yu , Cooke Rhonda K. , Marques Marisa B. , Fontaine Magali J. , Gottschall Jerome L. , Carey Patricia M. , Scanlan Richard M. , Fiebig Eberhard W. , Shulman Ira A. , Nelson Janice M. , Flax Sherri , Duncan Veda , Daniel‐Johnson Jennifer A. , Callum Jeannie L. , Holcomb John B. , Fox Erin E. , Baraniuk Sarah , Tilley Barbara C. , Schreiber Martin A. , Inaba Kenji , Rizoli Sandro , Podbielski Jeanette M. , Cotton Bryan A. , Hess John R. ,   on behalf of the PROPPR Study Group
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUNDThe Pragmatic, Randomized Optimal Platelets and Plasma Ratios (PROPPR) trial was a randomized clinical trial comparing survival after transfusion of two different blood component ratios for emergency resuscitation of traumatic massive hemorrhage. Transfusion services supporting the study were expected to provide thawed plasma, platelets, and red blood cells within 10 minutes of request.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSAt the 12 Level 1 trauma centers participating in PROPPR, blood components transfused and delivery times were tabulated, with a focus on universal donor (UD) plasma management. The adequacy of site plans was assessed by comparing the bedside blood availability times to study goals and the new American College of Surgeons guidelines.RESULTSEleven of 12 sites were able to consistently deliver 6 units of thawed UD plasma to their trauma‐receiving unit within 10 minutes and 12 units in 20 minutes. Three sites used blood group A plasma instead of AB for massive transfusion without complications. Approximately 4700 units of plasma were given to the 680 patients enrolled in the trial. No site experienced shortages of AB plasma that limited enrollment. Two of 12 sites reported wastage of thawed AB plasma approaching 25% of AB plasma prepared.CONCLUSIONDelivering UD plasma to massively hemorrhaging patients was accomplished consistently and rapidly and without excessive wastage in high‐volume trauma centers. The American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program guidelines for massive transfusion protocol UD plasma availability are practicable in large academic trauma centers. Use of group A plasma in trauma resuscitation needs further study.
Propensity of red blood cells to undergo P2X7 receptor–mediated phosphatidylserine exposure does not alter during in vivo or ex vivo aging
Authors: Sophocleous Reece A. , Mullany Phillip R.F. , Winter Kelly M. , Marks Denese C. , Sluyter Ronald 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUNDPhosphatidylserine (PS) exposure facilitates the removal of red blood cells (RBCs) from the circulation, potentially contributing to the loss of stored RBCs after transfusion, as well as senescent RBCs. Activation of the P2X7 receptor by extracellular adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) can induce PS exposure on freshly isolated human RBCs, but whether this process occurs in stored RBCs or changes during RBC aging is unknown.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSRBCs were processed and stored according to Australian blood banking guidelines. PS exposure was determined by annexin V binding and flow cytometry. Efficacy of P2X antagonists was assessed by flow cytometric measurements of ATP‐induced ethidium+ uptake in RPMI 8226 cells. Osmotic fragility was assessed by lysis in hypotonic saline. RBCs were fractionated by discontinuous density centrifugation.RESULTSATP (1 mmol/L) induced PS exposure on RBCs stored for less than 1 week. This process was near‐completely inhibited by the P2X7 antagonists A438079 and AZ10606120 and the P2X1/P2X7 antagonist MRS2159 but not the P2X1 antagonist NF499. ATP‐induced PS exposure on RBCs was not dependent on K+, Na+, or Cl− fluxes. ATP did not alter the osmotic fragility of stored RBCs. ATP‐induced PS exposure was similar between RBCs of different densities. ATP‐induced PS exposure was also similar between RBCs stored for less than 1 week or for 6 weeks.CONCLUSIONThe propensity of RBCs to undergo P2X7‐mediated PS exposure does not alter during in vivo and ex vivo aging. Thus, P2X7 activation is unlikely to be involved in the removal of senescent RBCs or stored RBCs after transfusion.
Flexibility of the Closed Brayton Cycle for Space Power
Authors: Davis Keith A. 
Published: March 2015

New commercial and military applications for space power are developing over a wide range of nominal and peaking power requirements. Power levels far exceed the capabilities of photovoltaic array and battery systems. Factors such as manned and unmanned missions, long mission durations, zero-maintenance requirements, hardening from attack, and mission orbit or mission payload impact space power system specifications and dictate the type of energy source. This has led to emphasis on the closed Brayton cycle (CBC) with its inherent flexibility as a dynamic power source.
Unique features of the CBC contribute to its application to the multiplicity of space power requirements. These include flexibility of design, operation, energy source selection, and future growth.
The CBC with the single-phase, gas working fluid provides a simple interface for chemical, isotope, solar, and nuclear thermal energy sources. The single-phase gas is not affected by zero gravity, freezing or high temperatures, vehicle launch, or flight maneuver loads. This feature is a primary contributor to the CBC flexibility.
Thermodynamics and Performance Projections for Intercooled/Reheat/Recuperated Gas Turbine Systems
Authors: El-Masri Maher A. 
Published: March 2015

Intercooled/Recuperated gas turbine systems provide high-efficiency and power density for naval propulsion. Current aero-derivative systems are capable of about 43% thermal efficiency in this configuration. With continued progress in gas-turbine materials and cooling technology, the possibility of further improving system performance by incorporation of gas-turbine reheat arises. A preliminary scan of this class of cycles is presented and compared with non-reheat intercooled/recuperated cycles at two levels of component technology. For conservative component technology, the reheat is found to provide very modest performance advantages. With advanced components and ceramic thermal barrier coatings, the reheat is found to offer potential for specific power improvements of up to 33% and for modest efficiency gains, on the order of one percentage point, while enabling turbine inlet temperatures well below those for the most efficient non-reheat cycles. The high-performance reheat systems, however, require reheat-combustor inlet temperatures beyond current practice.
The use of water-injection in the intercooler, together with an aftercooler and a water-injected evaporative-recuperator is found to produce very large gains in efficiency as well as specific power. This modification may be feasible for land-based systems, where it can compete favourably with combined cycles. Despite the difficulty of obtaining pure water for a shipboard propulsion system, those large gains may justify further studies of this system and of means to provide its water supply in marine applications.
A Low NOx Combustion System and a Ceramic Cross Flow Heat Exchanger for Small Gas Turbines
Authors: Förster Siegfried , Quell Peter 
Published: March 2015

A new low NOx oil-combustion system with superheated steam fuel evaporation prior to combustion has been found especially feasible for open cycle gas turbines with high turbine inlet temperatures and ceramic cross flow heat exchanger.
The actual state of development of both the low NOx light fuel-oil combustion system and ceramic heat exchanger elements, especially the cross flow type, is outlined in this paper. The use of this combustion system results in considerably lower combustion temperatures in the primary combustion zone, reducing the NOx-production even at high air temperatures when the air is preheated in the heat exchanger. The water vapour used for the evaporation of the fuel oil before combustion has an improving effect on the cycle efficiency comparable to the Cheng-dual-fluid-cycle. Illustrative evaluations for a gas turbine cycle for a shaft power of 70 kW are given.
Analytical and Experimental Investigation of the Stability of the Rotor-Bearing System of a New Small Turbocharger
Authors: Born H. R. 
Published: March 2015

This paper presents an overview of the development of a reliable bearing system for a new line of small turbochargers where the bearing system has to be compatible with a new compressor and turbine design.
The first part demonstrates how the increased weight of the turbine, due to a 40 % increase in flow capacity, influences the dynamic stability of the rotor-bearing system.
The second part shows how stability can be improved by optimizing important floating ring parameters and by applying different bearing designs, such as profiled bore bearings supported on squeeze film dampers.
Test results and stability analyses are included as well as the criteria which led to the decision to choose a squeeze film backed symmetrical 3-lobe bearing for this new turbocharger design.
TG 50: The Evolution of a 100 MW Single Shaft Gas Turbine Through 12 Years of Operating Experience
Authors: Merola A. 
Published: March 2015

The paper deals with the development of TG 50 gas turbine and its evolution in the years from the original to the present configuration with mention of substantial improvements in both compressor and turbine sections that initiated the growth of power output from the original 75 MW to the 110 MW present rating.
Successful solution of some basic operating problems encountered mainly in the compressor section, required quite an extensive research and development work.
In addition, comprehensive test programs have been carried out for the development of the present configuration and for the confirmation of the validity of the selected solutions.
Economic Justification of Magnetic Bearings and Mechanical Dry Seals for Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Uptigrove S. O. , Harris T. A. , Holzner D. O. 
Published: March 2015

The method for calculating the economic justification related to the use of active magnetic bearings and mechanical dry seals in centrifugal compressors is presented. This evaluation is based on the initial purchase price, and the associated operational and maintenance savings over standard oil bearings and oil seal systems. The economic evaluation is presented for both the retrofit of existing equipment and for the installation into new equipment. Although the economics are shown for centrifugal compressors, the same basic philosophy can be used to evaluate the economic justification of magnetic bearings for any type of rotating machinery.
Different areas of potential cost savings are discussed, including a method of calculating the associated savings. In addition, an example calculation for a specific compressor is presented. It must be emphasized that the economic benefits and the associated costs are highly dependent on the type and size of compressor as well as the particular application.
Reliable Operation of Gas Turbines on Crude Oil
Authors: Maderni L. , Gabella S. 
Published: March 2015

The paper deals with design criteria and operating experience of Authors’ Company Gas Turbine Power Plants operating on crude oils from different sources. In particular a group of power stations located in Middle East is described, where crude oils from different fields are used. While two of the above power stations use basically the same crude oil, the other ones are fed by different fuel sources. Accordingly, different fuel handling and treatment plants have been selected, different problems have been encountered and different operating experiences have been accumulated.
The positive operating results obtained confirm that reliable operation on crude oil requires each individual application be “tailor made” on the basis of the knowledge of the relevant fuels properties.
A New Method (FTDCDF) for Blade Design of Axial/Mixed-Flow Compressors and its Applications
Authors: Gu Chuan-Gang 
Published: March 2015

A new design method with unequal work along the height of the blade in the axial/mixed-flow compressors, called The Flow-Type Design of Controlled Diffusion Factors (FTDCDF), has been developed in this paper. The idea of the method is to control the distribution of the diffusion factors along the height of the blade in the vaneless space in order to design the blade with good aerodynamic properties.
The theoretical basis of FTDCDF and its computational method are studied in detail. The corresponding computer program has been developed and worked out with good results. Comparison between the results of this method and those of other one is made and discussed. It shows that the FTDCDF and program have good accuracy and convergence.
On the basis of the author’s recent works, the practical applications of the FTDCDF for blade design and the choosing of distribution of diffusion factors are described in detail and the matching between the distributions of the diffusion factors and C1u(r1) is discussed.
A better design result of FTDCDF satisfying various design requirements is presented.
Software and Instrumentation to Monitor the Performance of Natural Gas Pipeline Turbine Systems
Authors: Levine Philip , Patanjo Daniel , Lam Wilkie Pak 
Published: March 2015

Software for monitoring and evaluating the performance of gas turbines is being developed under the auspices of Gas Research Institute (GRI). Reference [1] provides an overview of the GRI project.
This paper describes the PEGASUS software and monitoring system. PEGASUS is an acronym for Performance Evaluation of GAS Users Systems. Field test results, on multi-shaft turbines used in the gas pipeline industry, have demonstrated the potential of the software. The software and instrumentation, can help identify maintenance and upgrade actions to improve performance.
Applications of Ceramic Coating on the Turbine Blades of the AGTJ-100B
Authors: Uchida Kazuo , Koga Akinori , Teshima Kiyomi , Arai Masashi 
Published: March 2015

In 1978, the Japanese government started a national project for energy conservation called the Moonlight Project. The Engineering Research Association for Advanced Gas Turbines was selected to research and develop an advanced gas turbine for this project.
The development stages were planned as follows: First, the development of a reheat gas turbine for a pilot plant (AGTJ-100A), and second, a prototype plant (AGTJ-100B). The AGTJ-100A has been undergoing performance tests since 1984 at the Sodegaura Power Station of the Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. (TEPCO).
The inlet gas temperature of the high pressure turbine (HPT) of the AGTJ-100A is 1573K, while that of the AGTJ-100B is 100K higher. Therefore, various advanced technologies have to be applied to the AGTJ-100B HPT. Ceramic coating on the HPT blades is the most desirable of these technologies.
In this paper, the present situation of development, as well as future R & D plans for ceramic coating will be described.