bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why do directors trade? Evidence from US multi‐company directors
Authors: Wang Huabing (Barbara) 
Published: February 2013

PurposePrevious literature suggests various motives and factors affecting insider trading, but little systematic empirical evidence exists on how they affect insider trading decisions jointly. The purpose of this paper is to address this issue.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a multivariate fix‐effect framework to jointly examine the factors affecting insider trading decisions using a sample of directors serving multiple companies. The timing of the trading is taken as given and an examination made as to why a specific stock was traded among all the insider stocks the director holds. The observations of the untraded stocks supplement the direct observation of the traded stocks, and allow the issue of insider trading motives to be tested in a multivariate framework with director fix‐effect.FindingsEvidence is found for the joint presence of the following motives in determining directors' trading choices: information; insider preferences for small value companies with significant previous price movement; the avoidance of information sensitive period; and corporate‐level insider trading restrictions. It is empirically shown that director trading motives vary by transaction size.Originality/valueThis paper provides systematic empirical evidence on the factors affecting the trading decisions of US directors.
Design evaluation of a follower cam with variable valve lift mechanism
Authors: Dritsas G. , Nikolakopoulos P.G. , Papadopoulos C.A. 
Published: February 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for design, analysis and evaluation of cam‐follower systems used for the control of valve movement in internal combustion engines. The strategy begins with the inverse engineering of existing motor parts, designing them with the CATIA CAD Software and consequentially the created assembly is simulated using real time conditions in SimDesigner software, with the Adams Solver.Design/methodology/approachThe cam profile is generated and the kinematic and dynamic analysis of the variable valve mechanism is presented. The whole mechanism is verified in a dynamics analysis to check the validity of the criteria for the follower‐cam system design. Comparisons with standard profiles of motion were made, while it is also evaluated in an experimental device, where the actual valve displacement was measured.FindingsThe variable valve lift mechanism is designed to have maximum lifts greater than the lift of the conventional mechanism, with the geometrical constraints, profile of forces, velocities and accelerations to be better, in terms of stresses and work required, than the design of conventional mechanisms.Originality/valueThe novelty of the paper is consisted in presenting an integrated simulation methodology in order to precisely model, in component and assembly basis, the follower cam mechanisms with variable valve lift, and using the available software to perform the kinematic and dynamic analysis. The proposed simulation methodology can be easily adapted by a design engineer to model and to analyzed kinematically and dynamically moving components and assemblies found in internal combustion engines and not only.
Testing of divergent patterns of butterfly niche breadth in a peninsula
Authors: Kwon Tae‐Sung , Kim Sung‐Soo , Choi Sei‐Woong 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe butterfly fauna on the Korean peninsula are comprised of both the Palearctic and Oriental species. We hypothesized that the Oriental species (immigrated across the sea) tend to have a wider niche breadth compared with the Palearctic species (immigrated from the continent) since the former migrates long distances across the sea and has to adapt to new environments. We tested this hypothesis using Korean butterfly data on distribution, habitat, food and life history traits. The distribution and ecological traits such as habitat breadth, overwintering stage, and voltinism of the Oriental species were found to be significantly different from the Palearctic species. However, the diet breadth and food plant type were not different. These results partly confirm the peninsula niche breadth hypothesis, which predicted that Oriental species have a broader niche breadth than Palearctic species.
Regional differences in the morphological and functional effects of aging on cerebral basement membranes and perivascular drainage of amyloid‐β from the mouse brain
Authors: Hawkes Cheryl A. , Gatherer Maureen , Sharp Matthew M. , Dorr Adrienne , Yuen Ho Ming , Kalaria Rajesh , Weller Roy O. , Carare Roxana O. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryDevelopment of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with failure of elimination of amyloid‐β (Aβ) from the brain along perivascular basement membranes that form the pathways for drainage of interstitial fluid and solutes from the brain. In transgenic APP mouse models of AD, the severity of cerebral amyloid angiopathy is greater in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, intermediate in the thalamus, and least in the striatum. In this study we test the hypothesis that age‐related regional variation in (1) vascular basement membranes and (2) perivascular drainage of Aβ contribute to the different regional patterns of CAA in the mouse brain. Quantitative electron microscopy of the brains of 2‐, 7‐, and 23‐month‐old mice revealed significant age‐related thickening of capillary basement membranes in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, but not in the striatum. Results from Western blotting and immunocytochemistry experiments showed a significant reduction in collagen IV in the cortex and hippocampus with age and a reduction in laminin and nidogen 2 in the cortex and striatum. Injection of soluble Aβ into the hippocampus or thalamus showed an age‐related reduction in perivascular drainage from the hippocampus but not from the thalamus. The results of the study suggest that changes in vascular basement membranes and perivascular drainage with age differ between brain regions, in the mouse, in a manner that may help to explain the differential deposition of Aβ in the brain in AD and may facilitate development of improved therapeutic strategies to remove Aβ from the brain in AD.
Hydrozoan species richness in the Mediterranean Sea: past and present
Authors: Gravili Cinzia , Di Camillo Cristina Gioia , Piraino Stefano , Boero Ferdinando 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Mediterranean hydrozoan fauna (Siphonophora excluded) comprises 400 species; most (68%) occur in the Atlantic Ocean, 20% are endemic to the Mediterranean, 8% are of Indo‐Pacific origin, and 4% are non‐classifiable. There are 69 nonindigenous (NIS) species in the basin: 44% of these are casual (recorded just one or very few times), 28% established (widely recorded in the basin), 6% invasive (established NIS that are able rapidly or largely to disseminate away from the area of initial introduction, having a noticeable impact on the recipient community), and 22% questionable (of doubtful taxonomic status). Entry through the Suez Canal and range expansion through the Gibraltar Strait, often enhanced by ship traffic, appear to be the main processes for recent species introductions, but uncertainties remain for many NIS. Species additions immediately result in larger local or regional species pools, but the newcomers might impact on populations of native species, altering extinction probabilities. A more reliable evaluation of the species pool can be accomplished by adding new species when they enter the taxonomic record (i.e. the records of any taxon in all types of literature), and by removing species that have not been found for a ‘reasonable’ time (e.g. several decades). Of the 400 non‐siphonophoran hydrozoan species known to occur in the Mediterranean Sea, positive records in the last 10 years are available for 156 species (39%), whereas records of the remaining 244 species are older than a decade: 67 species have not been recorded for 41 years, 13 for 31–40 years, 79 for 21–30 years, and 85 for 11–20 years.
Persistent Intraocular Rubella Infection in a Patient with Fuchs' Uveitis and Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Authors: Winchester Stephen A. , Varga Zsolt , Parmar Dipak , Brown Kevin E. 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT
There is growing evidence for the role of rubella virus in Fuchs' uveitis syndrome (FUS). This report is the first to show persistent intraocular rubella virus in a 28-year-old man with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), who presented with blurred vision and was diagnosed with FUS.
Non-herbal nutritional supplements for symptom relief in adjuvant breast cancer: creating a doctor–patient dialogue
Authors: Samuels Noah , Schiff Elad , Ben-Arye Eran 
Published: February 2013

Patients with breast cancer frequently turn to complementary medical therapies, including non-herbal nutritional supplements (NHNS). A number of NHNS products have been shown to potentially reduce the incidence and severity of adjuvant treatment-related symptoms. We review the literature and summarise the potential beneficial effects of these products and address issues regarding the safety of this practice. We offer an evidence-based approach for advancing a dialogue between doctors and patients interested in NHNS for adjuvant treatment-related toxicities.Taxane agents such as paclitaxel are frequently complicated by peripheral sensory neuropathy. The findings from several studies suggest that supplementation with vitamin E, glutamine and acetyl-L-carnithine may reduce the incidence and severity of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Glutamine has also been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of chemotherapy-induced and radiation-induced oral mucositis. Selenium can reduce upper limb lymphoedema following surgery and radiation treatments, and an antioxidant supplement has exhibited a protective effect against radiation-induced dermatitis. Finally, vitamin D has been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence and severity of arthralgia resulting from treatment with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. The use of coenzyme Q10 was not found to be of benefit for cancer-related fatigue.There is a need to develop an open and non-judgmental dialogue between doctors and their patients with breast cancer, respecting the needs of the patient while addressing issues related to the efficacy and safety of NHNS products. Referral of patients to an integrative medicine consultant may help achieve these goals.
1H-MR spectroscopy metabolite levels correlate with executive function in vascular cognitive impairment
Authors: Gasparovic Charles , Prestopnik Jillian , Thompson Jeffrey , Taheri Saeid , Huisa Branko , Schrader Ronald , Adair John C , Rosenberg Gary A 
Published: February 2013

BackgroundWhite matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are associated with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) but fail to correlate with neuropsychological measures. As proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can identify ischaemic tissue, we hypothesised that MRS detectable brain metabolites would be superior to WMHs in predicting performance on neuropsychological tests.Methods60 patients with suspected VCI underwent clinical, neuropsychological, MRI and CSF studies. They were diagnosed as having subcortical ischaemic vascular disease (SIVD), multiple infarcts, mixed dementia and leukoaraiosis. We measured brain metabolites in a white matter region above the lateral ventricles with1H-MRS and WMH volume in this region and throughout the brain.ResultsWe found a significant correlation between both total creatine (Cr) and N-acetylaspartyl compounds (NAA) and standardised neuropsychological test scores. Cr levels in white matter correlated significantly with executive function (p=0.001), attention (p=0.03) and overall T score (p=0.007). When lesion volume was added as a covariate, NAA also showed a significant correlation with executive function (p=0.003) and overall T score (p=0.015). Furthermore, while metabolite levels also correlated with total white matter lesion volume, adjusting the Cr levels for lesion volume did not diminish the strength of the association between Cr levels and neuropsychological scores. The lowest metabolite levels and neuropsychological scores were found in the SIVD group. Finally, lesion volume alone did not correlate significantly with any neuropsychological test score.ConclusionThese results suggest that estimates of neurometabolite levels provide additional and useful information concerning cognitive function in VCI not obtainable by measurements of lesion load.
Lateral supraorbital approach applied to sellar tumors in 23 consecutive patients: the Suzhou experience from China
Authors: Chen Gang , Wang Zhong , Zhou Dai 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
Pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma and meningioma are common sellar lesions, accounting for more than 90% of sellar tumors. The aim of this study is to assess the reliability and safety of the lateral supraorbital (LSO) approach to remove sellar tumors.

Methods
Between June 2011 and December 2011, 23 patients with neoplastic lesions underwent surgery by the corresponding author (ZW) via the LSO approach. The clinical presentations, neuroradiological findings, microsurgical techniques, and outcome at discharge of these patients were analyzed. In addition, the clinical series in the available literature written in English were also extensively reviewed. Eleven (48%) patients were treated for pituitary adenoma; six (26%) patients for tuberculum sellae meningioma; and six (26%) patients for craniopharyngioma.

Results
Seemingly complete tumor removal was achieved in 21 patients (91%); surgical mortality was one patient (4.3%). Postoperatively, no patient had developed cerebrospinal fluid leakage or new visual deficits. One (4%) patient had intracranial infection, and one (4%) had a postoperative hematoma. The median Karnofsky score at discharge was 87.4 (range, 0 to 100). The Glasgow outcome scale at discharge was 4.6 (range, 1 to 5). Of all, 21 (91.3%) patients achieved favorable outcomes.

Conclusion
Sellar tumors can be removed via the LSO approach with relatively low morbidity and mortality. Surgical results with this fast and simple approach are similar to those obtained with more extensive, complex, and time-consuming approaches.
La théorisation de la créativité au service de l’éducation en art
Authors: de la Durantaye Félix 
Published: February 2013

L’article esquisse une réflexion de nature philosophique sur la question de l’enseignement de la créativité artistique. Plus spécifiquement, l’auteur s’intéresse aux différentes façons de théoriser la créativité, à leur capacité « descriptive » de nous éclairer sur ce que fait l’artiste lorsqu’il crée et, ultimement, sur l’assistance que cette théorisation peut apporter concrètement à l’éducateur (ou à l’artiste) qui voudrait, grâce à elle, mieux structurer son enseignement ou sa pratique. Dans une première partie, l’auteur résume et analyse deux approches de la créativité artistique qui sont aujourd’hui extrêmement répandues dans la littérature philosophique, psychologique, artistique et scientifique, soit comme 1) originalité valable (la conception « classique ») et comme 2) capacité psychologique (la conception « psychologique »). Il tente de démontrer qu’en dépit des apparences certains aspects de ces conceptions les rendent inopérantes en elles-mêmes et pour les éducateurs qui souhaiteraient obtenir d’elles des informations privilégiées pour leur enseignement. Dans une deuxième partie, il aborde la créativité comme un processus psychophénoménologique et explique en quoi cette vision particulière offre, selon lui, de meilleures perspectives théoriques et pédagogiques.
Alternative Metalle für die homogen katalysierte Hydroformylierung
Authors: Pospech Jola , Fleischer Ivana , Franke Robert , Buchholz Stefan , Beller Matthias 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDie Übergangsmetall‐katalysierte Hydroformylierung ist eine der effizientesten Methoden zur C‐C‐Bindungsknüpfung in der organischen Synthesechemie und repräsentiert eines der bedeutendsten Beispiele der Anwendung homogener Katalyse im großtechnischen Maßstab. Die Umsetzung von breit verfügbaren ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen mit Kohlenstoffmonoxid und Wasserstoff zu den entsprechenden höheren Aldehyden ist sowohl synthesetechnisch als auch ökonomisch von großem Wert. Die entstehenden Aldehyde dienen als Grundstoffe für zahlreiche Folgeprodukte und werden jährlich im Millionen‐Tonnen‐Maßstab zu Weichmachern, Detergenzien und Tensiden umgesetzt. Industrielle Hydroformylierungsprozesse basieren derzeit größtenteils auf der Verwendung von Rhodium als Katalysatormetall. Aufgrund der steigenden Nachfrage nach diesem kostspieligen Metall wächst das Interesse am Einsatz kostengünstigerer, alternativer Metallkatalysatoren. Der folgende Aufsatz fasst die Entwicklung der Verwendung von Ru‐, Ir‐, Pd‐ und Fe‐Katalysatoren in der Hydroformylierung zusammen.
An ultra scale‐down characterization of low shear stress primary recovery stages to enhance selectivity of fusion protein recovery from its molecular variants
Authors: Lau Eduardo C. , Kong Simyee , McNulty Shaun , Entwisle Claire , Mcilgorm Ann , Dalton Kate A. , Hoare Mike 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFusion proteins offer the prospect of new therapeutic products with multiple functions. The primary recovery is investigated of a fusion protein consisting of modified E2 protein from hepatitis C virus fused to human IgG1 Fc and expressed in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. Fusion protein products inevitably pose increased challenge in preparation and purification. Of particular concerns are: (i) the impact of shear stress on product integrity and (ii) the presence of product‐related contaminants which could prove challenging to remove during the high resolution purification steps. This paper addresses the use of microwell‐based ultra scale‐down (USD) methods to develop a bioprocess strategy focused on the integration of cell culture and cell removal operations and where the focus is on the use of operations which impart low shear stress levels even when applied at eventual manufacturing scale. An USD shear device was used to demonstrate that cells exposed to high process stresses such as those that occur in the feed zone of a continuous non‐hermetic centrifuge resulted in the reduction of the fusion protein and also the release of glycosylated intracellular variants. In addition, extended cell culture resulted in release of such variants. USD mimics of low shear stress, hydrohermetic feed zone centrifugation and of depth filtration were used to demonstrate little to no release during recovery of these variants with both results verified at pilot scale. Furthermore, the USD studies were used to predict removal of contaminants such as lipids, nucleic acids, and cell debris with, for example, depth filtration delivering greater removal than for centrifugation but a small (∼10%) decrease in yield of the fusion protein. These USD observations of product recovery and carryover of contaminants were also confirmed at pilot scale as was also the capacity or throughput achievable for continuous centrifugation or for depth filtration. The advantages are discussed of operating a lower yield cell culture and a low shear stress recovery process in return for a considerably less challenging purification demand. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1973–1983. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using high throughput screening to define virus clearance by chromatography resins
Authors: Connell‐Crowley Lisa , Larimore Elizabeth A. , Gillespie Ron 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHigh throughput screening (HTS) of chromatography resins can accelerate downstream process development by rapidly providing information on product and impurity partitioning over a wide range of experimental conditions. In addition to the removal of typical product and process‐related impurities, chromatography steps are also used to remove potential adventitious viral contaminants and non‐infectious retrovirus‐like particles expressed by rodent cell lines used for production. This article evaluates the feasibility of using HTS in a 96‐well batch‐binding format to study removal of the model retrovirus xenotropic murine leukemia virus (xMuLV) from product streams. Two resins were examined: the anion exchange resin Q Sepharose Fast Flow™ (QSFF) and Capto adhere™, a mixed mode resin. QSFF batch‐binding HTS data was generated using two mAbs at various pHs, NaCl concentrations, and levels of impurities. Comparison of HTS data to that generated using the column format showed good agreement with respect to virus retentation at different pHs, NaCl concentrations and impurity levels. Results indicate that NaCl concentration and impurity level, but not pH, are key parameters that can impact xMuLV binding to both resins. Binding of xMuLV to Capto adhere appeared to tolerate higher levels of NaCl and impurity than QSFF, and showed some product‐specific impact on binding that was not observed with QSFF. Overall, the results demonstrate that the 96‐well batch‐binding HTS technique can be an effective tool for rapidly defining conditions for robust virus clearance on chromatographic resins. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1984–1994. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design of In Vitro Bioactive Hybrid Materials from the First Generation of Amine Dendrimers as Nanobuilding Blocks
Authors: González Blanca , Colilla Montserrat , Vallet‐Regí María 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this work, the first generation of poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers were functionalized with alkoxysilane terminal groups and subjected to one of two different sol–gel process that followed two different catalytic pathways, that is base‐ or acid‐catalyzed pathways. Thus, two series of new organic–inorganic hybrid materials were obtained in the form of monolithic pieces with differences in terms of both morphology and silanol content, which originated from the different sol–gel pathway that was followed. Moreover, calcium ions were added into the hybrid composition to promote in vitro bioactivity and phosphorous sources were used during the sol–gel step to obtain an earlier bioactive response. Characterization of these organic–inorganic hybrid materials was performed by means of thermogravimetric and elemental analyses, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid state 13C, 29Si and 31P magic‐angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, N2‐adsorption isotherms, mercury‐intrusion porosimetry, and ζ‐potential measurements. The in vitro bioactivity of the dendritic hybrid networks was evaluated by soaking the materials in simulated body fluid and the results were explained in terms of the composition of the hybrids and the sol–gel route that was followed to prepare them.
Efficient and Rapid Synthesis of Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugars from Nucleoside Phosphorimidazolides
Authors: Dabrowski‐Tumanski Pawel , Kowalska Joanna , Jemielity Jacek 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe describe a simple, efficient, and protecting‐group‐free, magnesium‐chloride‐promoted synthesis of nucleoside diphosphate sugars from the corresponding nucleoside 5′‐phosphorimidazolides and sugar phosphates in DMF. After optimization, nine different nucleoside sugars were synthesized and isolated in 63–92 % yield, demonstrating the applicability of this method with different nucleosides (A, G, U) and sugar moieties (1‐Glc, 6‐Glc, 1‐Gal, 5‐Rib, 1‐Fuc). The procedure worked well even when a small excess of phosphosugars over nucleotides was used, and at low reagent concentrations, which makes it useful for small‐scale (micromolar) NDP‐sugar preparations.