bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood pressure as a risk factor for headache and migraine: a prospective population‐based study
Authors: Fagernæs C. F. , Heuch I. , Zwart J.‐A. , Winsvold B. S. , Linde M. , Hagen K. 
Published: August 2014

Background and purposeDuring the past decade, several population‐based studies have found an inverse association between blood pressure (BP) and headache. However, most of them have a cross‐sectional design or lack a validated definition of a headache‐free population at baseline. Therefore, additional population‐based studies using a clearly defined headache‐free population and a prospective design are warranted.MethodsData from two large epidemiological studies, the Nord‐Trondelag Health Survey 1995–1997 (HUNT 2) and 2006–2008 (HUNT 3), were used to evaluate the association between BP (systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure) at baseline and headache (migraine and tension type headache) at follow‐up.ResultsAn inverse relationship was found between all three BP measures at baseline in HUNT 2 and any headache in HUNT 3, more evident for systolic BP [odds ratio (OR) 0.90 per 10 mmHg increase in systolic BP, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87–0.93, P < 0.001] and pulse pressure (OR 0.84 per 10 mmHg increase in pulse pressure, 95% CI 0.80–0.89, P < 0.001) than for diastolic BP (OR 0.92 per 10 mmHg increase in diastolic BP, 95% CI 0.87–1.00, P = 0.036). The most robust finding, evident for both sexes, was that increased pulse pressure was linked to decreased prevalence of both migraine and tension type headache.ConclusionAn inverse relationship between BP and subsequent development of headache was confirmed in this large‐scale population‐based cohort study. Nevertheless, further research is needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms explaining these findings.
When a Duck Initiates Movement, Do Others Follow? Testing Preference in Groups
Authors: Liste Guiomar , Asher Lucy , Broom Donald M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractChoice tests have been widely used to assess animal preferences. In the case of group‐living species, these tests are commonly presented to animals in groups, because isolation can have strong effects on behaviour and motivation. However, assessing preference at the group level could be misleading if strong control of movement, through influential individuals, and group cohesion were present. The needs of majority of the population might not be properly represented by the test results. The current study investigated whether or not groups of ducks (four ducklings per group) have individuals that consistently initiate movement and considered the implications for group cohesion, synchronisation and a measure of preference during a choice test. In all groups included in the analyses, there were ducks that initiated more movements than the rest, and this trend was stronger when leading towards areas providing resources such as pools. Also, more ducks preferentially followed the first initiator (birds initiating most movements within a group) into the bathing area. Group cohesion was higher in groups that frequently had the same individual initiating movement. The number of followers following the ducks that initiated most movements was associated with the measure of preference (time spent at preferred area, as a proportion of total time spent at any area) but the number of movements initiated by these individuals was not. These results highlight the need to consider the effects of initiators and group‐cohesive forces when conducting choice tests in groups of animals.
Recent spring phenology shifts in western Central Europe based on multiscale observations
Authors: Fu Yongshuo H. , Piao Shilong , Op de Beeck Maarten , Cong Nan , Zhao Hongfang , Zhang Yuan , Menzel Annette , Janssens Ivan A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimAlthough numerous studies have reported advanced Northern Hemisphere spring phenology since the 1980s, recent studies based on remote sensing have reported a reversal or deceleration of this trend. This study aimed (1) to fully understand recent spring phenology shifts using both in situ observations and satellite‐based normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets, and (2) to test whether the NDVI methods capture the trends observed in situ.LocationWestern Central Europe.MethodsTemporal spring phenology trends (leaf unfolding dates) were examined using 1,001,678 in situ observations of 31 plant species at 3984 stations, as well as NDVI‐based start‐of‐season dates, obtained using five different methods, across the pixels that included the phenology stations.ResultsIn situ and NDVI observations both indicated that spring phenology significantly advanced during the period 1982–2011 at an average rate of −0.45 days yr−1. This trend was not uniform across the period and significantly weakened over the period 2000–2011. Furthermore, opposite trends were found between in situ and NDVI observations over the period 2000–2011. Averaged over all species, the in situ observations indicated a slower but still advancing trend for leaf unfolding, whereas the NDVI series showed a delayed spring phenology.Main conclusionsThe recent trend reversal in the advancement of spring phenology in western Central Europe is likely to be related to the response of early spring species to the cooling trend in late winter. In contrast, late spring species continued to exhibit advanced leaf unfolding, which is consistent with the warming trend during spring months. Because remote sensing does not distinguish between species, the signal of growing‐season onset may only reflect the phenological dynamics of these earliest species in the pixel, even though most species still exhibit advancing trends.
Impact of joint status on contraction steadiness of m. quadriceps femoris in people with severe haemophilia
Authors: Brunner A. , Stäuber F. , Göhler S. , Czepa D. , Wendel M. , Seuser A. , Hilberg T. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryImpaired contraction steadiness of lower limb muscles affects functional performance and may increase injury risk. We hypothesize that haemophilic arthropathy of the knee and the strength status of quadriceps are relevant factors which compromise a steady contraction. This study addresses the questions if impaired steadiness of the quadriceps is verifiable in people with haemophilia (PWH) and whether a connection between the status of the knee joint and quadriceps strength exists. A total of 157 PWH and 85 controls (C) performed a strength test with a knee extensor device to evaluate their bilateral and unilateral maximal quadriceps strength and steadiness. Isometric steadiness was measured by the coefficient of variation of maximum peak torque (CV‐MVIC in %). For classification of the knee joint status the World Federation of Haemophilia (WFH) score was used. Lower steadiness (higher CV values) was found in PWH compared with C during bilateral [PWH vs. C; 0.63 (0.36/1.13) vs. 0.35 (0.15/0.72), median (Q25/Q75) P < 0.001] and unilateral trials [left leg: 0.70 (0.32/1.64) vs. 0.50 (0.23/1.04), P < 0.05; right leg: 0.68 (0.29/1.51) vs. 0.39 (0.18/0.68), P < 0.001]. PWH with a WFH score difference (≥1) between their extremities showed a less steady contraction in the more affected extremity (P < 0.05). More unsteady contractions have also been found in extremities with lower quadriceps strength compared with the contralateral stronger extremities (P < 0.001), whereby the weaker extremities were associated with a worse joint status (P < 0.001). The results of this study verify an impaired ability to realize a steady contraction of quadriceps in PWH and the influence of joint damage and strength on its manifestation.
Translation and validation of a multidimensional instrument to assess health literacy
Authors: Dwinger Sarah , Kriston Levente , Härter Martin , Dirmaier Jörg 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe patients' task to find, evaluate and transfer health information to one's individual condition and life requires competences that are summarized by the term ‘health literacy’. Poor health literacy is associated with poorer health outcomes, like a higher rate of rehospitalization, lower receipt of screenings and a higher frequency of doctor visits.ObjectiveThree levels of health literacy are distinguished: functional, communicative and critical health literacy. Aim of this study was to translate and adapt the ‘Functional Communicative Critical Health Literacy’ (FCCHL) questionnaire to German, and assess its psychometric properties.Methods/DesignThe FCCHL was sent to 9075 participants enrolled in a RCT on health coaching. 4040 participants responded. Besides descriptive and reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the questionnaire's postulated scale structure in a calibration (N = 3000) and a validation sample (N = 1040) for cross‐validation.ResultsThe instrument was well accepted (missing values ≤2.1% per item) and showed acceptable or good internal consistency for the entire scale (α = 0.77) and the subscales (α = 0.75–0.80). The proposed three‐factor model did not fit the German data sufficiently. As the scales ‘communicative health literacy’ and ‘critical health literacy’ showed high intercorrelation (0.98), they were combined to a new scale called ‘processing health literacy’. The fit indices for the amended two‐factor model were satisfying in both subgroups.ConclusionsReliability and acceptance of the German FCCHL are satisfying. An amended two‐factor structure showed better validity than the original factor structure. Further research regarding the FCCHL and the underlying construct is needed.
Communicating with disabled children when inpatients: barriers and facilitators identified by parents and professionals in a qualitative study
Authors: Sharkey Siobhan , Lloyd Claire , Tomlinson Richard , Thomas Eleanor , Martin Alice , Logan Stuart , Morris Christopher 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundCommunication is a fundamental part of health care, but can be more difficult with disabled children. Disabled children are more frequently admitted to hospital than other children.AimsTo explore experiences of ward staff and families to identify barriers and facilitators to effective communication with disabled children whilst inpatients.DesignThis was an exploratory qualitative study.MethodsWe consulted 25 staff working on paediatric wards and 15 parents of disabled children recently admitted to those wards. We had difficulty in recruiting children and evaluating their experiences. Data were collected through interviews and focus groups. A thematic analysis of the data supported by the Framework Approach was used to explore experiences and views about communication. Emerging themes were subsequently synthesised to identify barriers and facilitators to good communication.ResultsBarriers to communication included time, professionals not prioritising communication in their role and poor information sharing between parents and professionals. Facilitators included professionals building rapport with a child, good relationships between professionals and parents, professionals having a family‐centred approach, and the use of communication aids.ConclusionsCommunication with disabled children on the ward was perceived as less than optimal. Parents are instrumental in the communication between their children and professionals. Although aware of the importance of communication with disabled children, staff perceived time pressures and lack of priority given to communicating directly with the child as major barriers.
The Papal Bull Unigenitus and the Forging of Enlightened Catholicism, 1713–1764
Authors: Burson Jeffrey D. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis article discusses the relationship between the papal Bull Unigenitus (1713) and the Catholic Enlightenment. The circumstances under which this controversial bull was received in the 18th century in Europe, and particularly in France, partially occasioned the construction of factions in many dynastic states—factions either pro‐Unigenitus or pro‐Augustinian (including but not limited to Jansenists). These factions, in turn, tailored their particular varieties of Catholic Enlightenment in the process of elaborating their respective positions concerning Unigenitus. This article synthesizes general trends in the present scholarship in order to underscore the importance of Unigenitus to the response of the Catholic Church to the Enlightenment. Because the fractures introduced into Catholic Europe by the bull were most acute during the early 18th century in France and the most formative and contentious factionalism is often presumed to have occurred before the suppression of the bull's most stalwart defenders—the Jesuits—between 1759 and 1773, this article focuses chiefly on the formative years of Catholic Enlightenment factionalism in the middle third of the 18th century before the suppression of the Jesuits.
Cultural Skirmishes in 18th Century England: The Attack on Aristocratic Vice
Authors: Andrew Donna T. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper seeks to trace the evolution and nature of changing ideas about crime and vice in 18th century England. The new social history of England, which began in the 1960s, inspired perhaps most visibly by the works of E. P. Thompson, had as an early area of interest the history of plebeian criminality: motives, policing, the work of the courts and the nature of punishment. After the first wave of these groundbreaking studies, some historians started considering the crimes and vices of England's upper classes, which, in contrast, were treated quite differently by the courts, whether the offense was killing someone in a duel or killing oneself, both acts which were seen to be murderous, though no aristocrat was so punished. This change in direction created a body of work which complemented the fine earlier studies of plebeian crime and gave rise to studies of four aristocratic vices, i.e. duelling, suicide, adultery and gambling. What made these vices the focus of public attention, however, was the growth of the popular press which highlighted stories of such misdeeds and reported on whatever trials occurred as well as printing letters from their readers on their responses to these stories. This combination of vices unpunished, and a popular media which publicized the fact, enabled the emergence of a critique of aristocratic mores on moral and cultural grounds, and may have led to many of the “middling sort” to think that they were better people than their betters.
Health information, what happens when there isn't any? Information literacy and the challenges for rare and orphan diseases
Authors: Spring Hannah 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis feature looks at the challenges for information literacy in rare and orphan diseases. In particular, it focuses on the information difficulties faced by those living with a rare condition or awaiting a diagnosis, and also those of the health professionals in charge of their care. The feature also highlights some of the key issues that library and information professionals need to be aware of when providing information support in such circumstances.H.S.
International trends in health science librarianship part 11: Japan and Korea
Authors: Sakai Yukiko , Sato Kuniko , Suwabe Naoko , Gemba Hiroko , Nozoe Atsutake , Seo Jeong‐Wook , Kim Hye Yang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis is the 11th in a series of articles exploring international trends in health science librarianship. The previous article in this series looked at the Far East (Greater China, Hong Kong and Taiwan). The current issue surveys developments in Japan and Korea. The next issue will explore trends in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka). Next year all four issues will be devoted to trends in four regions in Africa (Southern Africa, East Africa, West Africa and North Africa.JM
Investigation of a novel mechanically mixed mineral trioxide aggregate (MM‐MTA™)
Authors: Khalil I. , Naaman A. , Camilleri J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo characterize a novel mechanically mixed mineral trioxide aggregate product (MM‐MTA, MicroMega, Besançon, France) and to investigate the physical and chemical properties in comparison with ProRoot MTA (Dentsply, Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN, USA) and MTA Angelus (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil).MethodologyThe three materials were mixed according to manufacturer's instructions. Specimens 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm high were prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis after 1‐day and 28‐day storage in physiological solution. Calcium ion leaching in solution and pH of the elution were also assessed. Furthermore, the setting time, radiopacity and material porosity were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed by anova and Tukey's post hoc tests.ResultsAll the MTAs tested were composed primarily of tricalcium silicate and bismuth oxide. In addition, MM‐MTA exhibited additional peaks for chlorine evident in the EDS analysis; calcium carbonate was present in the set material detected by XRD. Calcium hydroxide was present in the set ProRoot MTA and MTA Angelus. Calcium ion leaching and alkalization of the storage solution were demonstrated in all the materials. Both MM‐MTA and MTA Angelus had a shorter setting time when compared to ProRoot MTA (P < 0.001). ProRoot MTA exhibited larger pores and more porosity than MTA Angelus and MM‐MTA. All the materials exhibited radiopacity greater than the 3 mm aluminium thickness specified in ISO 6876 (2012).ConclusionsMM‐MTA, ProRoot MTA and MTA Angelus are composed of Portland cement and bismuth oxide. In addition, MM‐MTA contains calcium carbonate and a chloride accelerator. These additives affect the material hydration and the properties of the set material. The properties of MM‐MTA are a result of a combination of factors, namely the particular cement mineralogy, radiopacifier loading, effective water–cement ratio and mechanical mixing.
Shaping ability of ProTaper NEXT and BT‐RaCe nickel–titanium instruments in severely curved root canals
Authors: Bürklein S. , Mathey D. , Schäfer E. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo compare the shaping ability of four different nickel–titanium rotary instruments during the preparation of curved root canals in extracted teeth.MethodologyA total of 80 root canals with curvatures ranging between 25° and 39° were divided into four groups of 20 canals. Based on radiographs taken prior to instrumentation, the groups were balanced with respect to the angle and the radius of canal curvature. Canals were prepared to a final apical size of 40 using Mtwo, ProTaper Universal, ProTaper NEXT and BT‐RaCe. Using pre‐ and post‐instrumentation radiographs, straightening of the canal curvatures and canal transportation were determined with a computer image analysis programme. Preparation time and instrument failures were also recorded. The data were analysed statistically using anova and Student–Newman–Keuls test.ResultsThe use of BT‐RaCe files resulted in significantly more straightening during instrumentation compared to Mtwo (P < 0.05), whilst the differences between all other instruments were not significant (P > 0.05). No significant differences were obtained between all four instruments regarding canal transportation (P = 0.429). Instrumentation with ProTaper NEXT files was significantly faster than with all other instruments (P < 0.05). During the preparation of the curved canals, one BT2 instrument fractured, whilst no fracture occurred when using the other instruments (P > 0.05).ConclusionsWithin the parameters of this study, all instruments maintained root canal curvature well and were safe. However, care should be taken when using the BT2 instrument due to its unique cylindrical design.
Institutionalization of Migration Policy Frameworks in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia
Authors: Makaryan Shushanik , Chobanyan Haykanush 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis article is a comparative study of the institutionalization of the migration policy frameworks of post‐Soviet states Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. All three countries share common historical legacies: a Soviet past, wars and conflicts, unemployment, high emigration, and commitment to integration into European bodies. To what extent do the migration policies of these three countries (driven by contextual forces, i.e. domestic challenges) address country‐specific migration dynamics? Or are they imposed by the European Union? In which dimensions have the national policies on migration of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia evolved, and around which issues have they converged or diverged? Have these trends led to an integration of migration policymaking at the regional level in the South Caucasus?
Statistical Approaches for Non‐parametric Frontier Models: A Guided Tour
Authors: Simar Léopold , Wilson Paul W. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryA rich theory of production and analysis of productive efficiency has developed since the pioneering work by Tjalling C. Koopmans and Gerard Debreu. Michael J. Farrell published the first empirical study, and it appeared in a statistical journal (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society), even though the article provided no statistical theory. The literature in econometrics, management sciences, operations research and mathematical statistics has since been enriched by hundreds of papers trying to develop or implement new tools for analysing productivity and efficiency of firms. Both parametric and non‐parametric approaches have been proposed. The mathematical challenge is to derive estimators of production, cost, revenue or profit frontiers, which represent, in the case of production frontiers, the optimal loci of combinations of inputs (like labour, energy and capital) and outputs (the products or services produced by the firms). Optimality is defined in terms of various economic considerations. Then the efficiency of a particular unit is measured by its distance to the estimated frontier. The statistical problem can be viewed as the problem of estimating the support of a multivariate random variable, subject to some shape constraints, in multiple dimensions. These techniques are applied in thousands of papers in the economic and business literature. This ‘guided tour’ reviews the development of various non‐parametric approaches since the early work of Farrell. Remaining challenges and open issues in this challenging arena are also described. © 2014 The Authors. International Statistical Review © 2014 International Statistical Institute
An Analysis of Industry Regimes Synchronization in the Eurozone
Authors: Dias José G. , Ramos Sofia B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractGeographical versus industrial diversification has been the subject of much debate in equity investment strategies. This article revisits this issue and analyzes the contention that if national factors have lost importance since the launch of the euro, then the regime dynamics of industry indexes in the eurozone countries should be more similar. Results show a core group of country‐industry indexes sharing the same regime dynamics, which comprise the majority of industry indexes of France and Germany. After the euro launch, a group of industry indexes gained more similarities with the core group of the eurozone – notably industries from Italy, Spain and Finland. Nevertheless, dynamics in a small group of industries did not change. Overall, synchronization between country‐industry indexes has increased except for a small group of industries.