bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paradigm shift: do‐it‐yourself (DIY) invention and production of physical goods for use or sale
Authors: Fox Stephen 
Published: January 2013

PurposeThere has been little explicit consideration of do‐it‐yourself (DIY) in previous manufacturing literature. This may be because traditional DIY is an outlet for physical goods that are made‐to‐forecast, such as boats kits for self‐assembly and personal use. However, since the beginning of the twenty‐first century, DIY has extended to the invention and the sale of physical goods, as well as their assembly and use. The purpose of this paper is to make a contribution to the manufacturing literature by providing an analysis of DIY invention and production of physical goods for use or sale (new‐DIY paradigm).Design/methodology/approachLiterature review related to DIY invention and production of physical goods for use or sale; and its differences with the existing paradigm for creating physical goods: including enabling technologies and enabling thinking.FindingsDIY invention and production is able to create physical goods, which are both original and economical, through open, distributed, minimal processes. Within the existing paradigm, by contrast, physical goods are created, which are either original or economical, through processes that are less open, less distributed, and less minimal than the processes of new‐DIY.Practical implicationsDIY invention, production, and sale of physical goods deploys technologies that are used within the existing paradigm for creating physical goods. The difference in outcomes is due to the different conceptualization of invention, production, and sales within the established paradigm.Originality/valueThe originality of the paper is that it provides an analysis of key aspects of DIY invention, production, and sales. The value of the paper is that it provides a starting point for researchers and practitioners seeking to determine how practices, technologies, and challenges of the existing paradigm can be related to DIY opportunities.
Local action groups: accountability, social responsibility and law
Authors: David Fátima , Abreu Rute , Pinheiro Odete 
Published: January 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the issues of accountability, social responsibility and law related with local action groups (LAGs) to achieve local economic and sustainable development.Design/methodology/approachThe literature review justifies the conceptual frame of the issues under discussion. Thus, on the one hand, the LEADER+ programme system statistics were used and, on the other hand, the Portuguese Government and European Union laws, regulations and official documents were used.FindingsLAGs represent civil society in its various aspects and interests, assuming many times as privileged partners of the State, strengthening the rights of individual citizens against the political and economic power. Also, the LAGs as partners have specific local conditions, such as historical, social and cultural identities, governance and geography, that should be equally considered.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of the paper show accountability limitations, but the LAG is developed as a source of indispensable and fundamental information for the decision‐making process of local sustainability.Practical implicationsLAGs sometimes, forgetting their real purpose, follow socially responsible practices, often, to apply the strict compliance with the law, regulations and norms, even if social responsibility strategies are arguably recognized as crucial to promote economic success, social and life quality, and environmental sustainability.Social implicationsThe challenges of local development in which the citizen, firms, entities and policy makers are merged need sophisticated and comprehensive strategies and socially responsible best practices to promote the welfare of the society.Originality/valueThis paper identifies case studies that highlight different strategic approaches to recognize the importance of the LAGs in the implementation of sustainable policies and social responsibility strategies. Also, different levels of accountability, social responsibility and law are applied and promoted by LAG.
The significance of CRM to the strategies of hotel companies
Authors: Luck Diana , Lancaster Geoff 
Published: January 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify how customer relationship marketing/customer relationship management (CRM) can be a strategic solution to hotel companies or part of their tactics.Design/methodology/approachSecondary data from academic and news sources are discussed and analysed, together with empirical data collected previously by the first author during the course of her own doctoral research.FindingsThe essence of a customer‐focused environment is a preliminary indication of how the hotel industry can truly benefit from a strategic and focused approach to CRM. Hotel companies have in evidence had recourse to elements of CRM for a variety of strategic and tactical reasons. It is argued that the success of a strategy depends not only on the ability of a company to identify and understand what its target customers genuinely need and want, but also on the company's ability to deliver enhanced value in terms of these specific needs and wants.Research limitations/implicationsBoth the strategic options of a company and the achievement of competitive advantage are directly linked to the elements or features that targeted customers genuinely favour. It is suggested that hotel companies must not only identify what their target customers genuinely seek, but that they should also ensure that they themselves understand the dynamics of CRM as a strategy. Unless the fundamentals of CRM are truly understood, it is argued that hotel companies will not be able to optimally integrate CRM in their strategies and benefit from opportunities.Originality/valueThe research has concluded that hotel companies should decide to focus on customer acquisition, customer retention or customer account development: the three strategies associated with CRM.
No need for disease: testing extinction hypotheses for the thylacine using multi‐species metamodels
Authors: Prowse Thomas A. A. , Johnson Christopher N. , Lacy Robert C. , Bradshaw Corey J. A. , Pollak John P. , Watts Michael J. , Brook Barry W. 
Published: January 2013

Summary

Population viability analysis (PVA) is widely used to assess the extinction risk of threatened species and to evaluate different management strategies. However, conventional PVA neglects important biotic interactions and therefore can fail to identify important threatening processes.

We designed a new PVA approach that includes species interactions explicitly by networking species models within a single ‘metamodel’. We demonstrate the utility of PVA metamodels by employing them to reinterpret the extinction of the carnivorous, marsupial thylacine Thylacinus cynocephalus in Tasmania. In particular, we test the claim that well‐documented impacts of European settlement cannot account for this extinction and that an unknown disease must have been an additional and necessary cause.

We first constructed a classical, single‐species PVA model for thylacines, which was then extended by incorporation within a dynamic predator–herbivore–vegetation metamodel that accounted for the influence of Europeans on the thylacine's prey base. Given obvious parameter uncertainties, we explored both modelling approaches with rigorous sensitivity analyses.

Single‐species PVA models were unable to recreate the thylacine's extinction unless a high human harvest, small starting population size or low maximum population growth rate was assumed, even if disease effects were included from 1906 to 1909. In contrast, we readily recreated the thylacine's demise using disease‐free multi‐species metamodels that simulated declines in native prey populations (particularly due to competition with introduced sheep).

Dynamic, multi‐species metamodels provide a simple, flexible framework for studying current species declines and historical extinctions caused by complex, interacting factors.
Continuation of pregnancy after first‐trimester exposure to mifepristone: an observational prospective study
Authors: Bernard N , Elefant E , Carlier P , Tebacher M , Barjhoux CE , Bos‐Thompson MA , Amar E , Descotes J , Vial T 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo report the follow‐up of continuing pregnancies after first‐trimester exposure to mifepristone.DesignObservational prospective study.SettingFrance.SamplePatients exposed to mifepristone during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.MethodsWomen were included in the study when they or their doctors asked a French pharmacovigilance centre or the Paris Teratogen Information Service about the risk of mifepristone exposure in early pregnancy. Exclusion criteria were requests received after 22 weeks of gestation or subsequent elective termination of pregnancy without a pathological examination of the fetus. Data on maternal history and drug exposure were collected on first contact, and pregnancy outcomes were documented at follow‐up.Main outcome measuresRate of major congenital malformations.ResultsA total of 105 pregnancies were included, with 46 exposed to mifepristone alone, and 59 exposed to both mifepristone and misoprostol. There were 94 live births (90.4%) and 10 (9.6%) miscarriages (including one with major malformation). Elective termination of pregnancy was performed after the subsequent diagnosis of trisomy 21 in one case. The overall rate of major congenital malformations was 4.2% (95% CI 1.2–10.4%), with two cases among 38 patients exposed to mifepristone alone, and two cases among 57 patients exposed to both mifepristone and misoprostol.ConclusionsThis first prospective study found that the rate of major malformations after first‐trimester exposure to mifepristone is only slightly higher than the expected 2–3% rate in the general population. Such findings provide reassuring data for risk evaluation for continuation of pregnancy after mifepristone exposure.
Simulating the Impact of Long‐Term Care Policy on Family Eldercare Hours
Authors: Ansah John P. , Matchar David B. , Love Sean R. , Malhotra Rahul , Do Young Kyung , Chan Angelique , Eberlein Robert 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo understand the effect of current and future long‐term care (LTC) policies on family eldercare hours for older adults (60 years of age and older) in Singapore.Data SourcesThe Social Isolation Health and Lifestyles Survey, the Survey on Informal Caregiving, and the Singapore Government's Ministry of Health and Department of Statistics.Study DesignAn LTC Model was created using system dynamics methodology and parameterized using available reports and data as well as informal consultation with LTC experts.Principal FindingsIn the absence of policy change, among the elderly living at home with limitations in their activities of daily living (ADLs), the proportion of those with greater ADL limitations will increase. In addition, by 2030, average family eldercare hours per week are projected to increase by 41 percent from 29 to 41 hours. All policy levers considered would moderate or significantly reduce family eldercare hours.ConclusionSystem dynamics modeling was useful in providing policy makers with an overview of the levers available to them and in demonstrating the interdependence of policies and system components.
Are Russian Wheat Exporters Able to Price Discriminate? Empirical Evidence from the Last Decade
Authors: Pall Zsombor , Perekhozhuk Oleksandr , Teuber Ramona , Glauben Thomas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSignificant changes have taken place in the world wheat market in the last decade. Russia, a former net wheat importer, has become a leading exporter with a world market share of 11.2% in 2009. This increasing importance and the discussion about the establishment of a grain‐OPEC consisting of Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Russia has raised the issue of pricing behaviour of Russian wheat exporters. Although there are several studies on the pricing behaviour of Canadian and US wheat exporters, there is none so far for Russian wheat exporters. This study provides a quantitative analysis of the pricing behaviour of Russian wheat exporters, explicitly taking account of the export tax imposed between 2007 and 2008. We employ a pricing‐to‐market (PTM) model on quarterly Russian wheat‐export data, covering the period from 2002 to 2010 and 25 export destinations. Our findings indicate that (i) Russian wheat exporters exercised PTM in only a few importing countries over the whole time period, and (ii) PTM behaviour was more pronounced in the aftermath of the export tax period (i.e. 2008–2010) than before.
Association of PPP1R3B polymorphisms with blood lipid and C‐reactive protein levels in a Chinese population (中国汉族人群中PPP1R3B 基因多态性与血脂及C 反应蛋白水平的相关性)
Authors: Zhang Yongxian , Gan Wei , Tian Chuan , Li Huaixing , Lin Xu , Chen Yan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundGenetic variants of PPP1R3B, a gene encoding a critical protein involved in hepatic glycogen metabolism, were recently reported to be associated with plasma levels of lipids and C‐reactive protein (CRP) among populations of mostly European descent. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the PPP1R3B variants are associated with plasma levels of lipids and inflammation factors in Chinese Han.MethodsFive single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the PPP1R3B gene were genotyped and their associations with plasma lipids and CRP were determined in 1636 Chinese Han from Shanghai.ResultsThree SNPs, namely rs2126259, rs9987289, and rs19334, were significantly associated with plasma levels of low‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol, and rs2126259 and rs9987289 were further significantly associated with total cholesterol. The remaining two SNPs (rs189798 and rs330919) were significantly associated with plasma CRP levels, but not with plasma lipid levels.ConclusionGenetic polymorphisms of the PPP1R3B gene may contribute to variations in plasma lipids and CRP levels among Chinese Han individuals.
Association of Chromosome 9p21 Genetic Variants with Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in the East Asian Population: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Dong Liping , Wang Haoran , Wang Dao Wen , Ding Hu 
Published: January 2013

SummaryOur aim was to evaluate the effect of SNPs in the 9p21 locus on genetic susceptibility of coronary heart disease in the East Asian population. We searched PubMed, EMBASE and CNKI for publications relating to the association between SNPs within the 9p21 locus and coronary heart disease in the East Asian population. This meta‐analysis was assessed by STATA 9.2. Twenty‐one studies from 15 eligible papers composing 25,945 cases and 31,777 control subjects were included in the meta‐analysis. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the risk allele was 1.30 (1.25–1.35) with moderate heterogeneity. No publication bias was observed in this study. Sensitivity analysis further strengthened the validity of this association. In conclusion, SNPs within the 9p21 locus were strongly associated with the risk of coronary heart disease in the East Asian population with a similar risk OR to the Caucasian population.
Making Histories ‘Ngapartji‐ngapartji Way’: Exploring Collaboration, Exchange and Intercultural Histories in a Colonised Settler Nation
Authors: Palmer Shannyn 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHistory assumes a particular significance in contemporary colonised settler Australia. The epistemological and political challenges that persist for those historians wanting to explore an intercultural historical understanding of Australia continue to prompt questions about the nature of the discipline of History itself. This paper explores how my own intercultural, historical research seeks to actively and creatively engage with some of these epistemological and political challenges. An encounter with an unusual ethnography, set in a Central Australian cattle station and based upon the observations of the Aboriginal people who lived there, has led to an engagement of my research with archives of two very different kinds. By critically and actively engaging with the documents in the Rose archive and with Ara Irititja, an Aboriginal owned, interactive digital archival project, I hope to work with Anangu to create a collaborative and participatory research space. In exploring the use of digital media, this research project seeks to engage with the visual, oral, spatial and experiential nature of Aboriginal histories and ways of knowing and in doing so explore new and non‐textual methods for historical thinking, writing and representation. Reciprocity and exchange, or doing research ngapartji‐ngapartji1 way as a Pitjantjatjara speaking person might say, are foundational to my methodological approach. Anangu are not my informants. I do not want to merely observe. In seeking an intercultural and participatory engagement, this research project seeks to create a collaborative space that can tell the history of a Central Australian landscape and its people that engages Aboriginal people in history making and knowledge exchange.
Effect of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate on bond strength of a glass‐fibre post to root dentine
Authors: Wang L. , Pinto T. A. , Silva L. M. , Araújo D. F. G. , Martins L. M. , Hannas A. R. , Pedreira A. P. R. V. , Francisconi P. A. S. , Honório H. M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimTo assess the immediate influence of dentine bonding systems (DBS) associated with 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) on glass‐fibre post‐bond strength to root dentine, in terms of coronal, middle and apical thirds.MethodologySixty bovine roots were root filled and randomly assigned to 1 of 6 groups (n = 10): SBMP (3‐step etch‐and‐rinse system, Scotchbond Multi‐Purpose), SB (2‐step etch‐and‐rinse system, Single Bond 2), SE (2‐step self‐etching system, Clearfil SE Bond) and SBMP‐CHX, SB‐CHX and SE‐CHX, respectively, associated with CHX. For all groups, a glass‐fibre post was luted with a dual‐cure resin cement, RelyX ARC. After 7‐day storage, specimens were subjected to the push‐out test. Failure modes were analysed under optical microscopy (40x). Bond strength values were statistically analysed by two‐way anova and Bonferroni tests (P < 0.05).ResultsThe effect of DBS was significant (P < 0.05), and SE reached higher bond strength in comparison with the other DBS tested. CHX association did not show improvement with any DBS (P > 0.05); rather, it negatively affected SE, which was detected for all thirds. There was no difference between thirds (P > 0.05), except for the SE‐CHX, which presented lower values for the apical third (P < 0.05). Adhesive cement/dentine adhesive failure was predominant for all groups. CHX did not influence the failure mode for any DBS (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe performance of the dentine bonding systems was material dependent. CHX did not improve immediate bond strength; however, CHX negatively affected the bond strength of the self‐etching system, especially in the third apical.
Review of medical discharge summaries and medical documentation in a metropolitan hospital: impact on diagnostic‐related groups and Weighted Inlier Equivalent Separation
Authors: Chin N. , Perera P. , Roberts A. , Nagappan R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundAccurate and comprehensive clinical documentation is crucial for effective ongoing patient care, follow up and to optimise casemix‐based funding. Each Diagnostic Related Group (DRG) is assigned a ‘weight’, leading to Weighted Inlier Equivalent Separation (WIES), a system many public and private hospitals in Australia subscribe to.AimsTo identify the top DRG in a general medical inpatient service, the completeness of medical discharge documentation, commonly missed comorbidities and system‐related issues and subsequent impact on DRG and WIES allocation.MethodsOne hundred and fifty completed discharge summaries were randomly selected from the top 10 medical DRG in our health service. From a detailed review of the clinical documentation, principal diagnoses, associated comorbidities and complications, where appropriate, the DRG and WIES were modified.ResultsSeventy‐two (48%) of the 150 reviewed admissions resulted in a revision of DRG and WIES equivalent to an increase of AUD 142 000. Respiratory‐based DRG generated the largest revision of DRG and WIES, while ‘Cellulitis’ DRG had the largest relative change. Twenty‐seven per cent of summaries reviewed necessitated a change in coding with no subsequent change in DRG allocation or WIES. Acute renal failure, anaemia and electrolyte disturbances were the most commonly underrepresented entities in clinical discharge documentation. Seven patients had their WIES downgraded.ConclusionComprehensive documentation of principal diagnosis/diagnoses, comorbidities and their complications is imperative to optimal DRG and WIES allocation. Regular meetings between clinical and coding staff improve the quality and timeliness of medical documentation, ensure adequate communication with general practitioners and lead to appropriate funding.
T‐cell memory differentiation: insights from transcriptional signatures and epigenetics
Authors: Youngblood Ben , Hale J. Scott , Ahmed Rafi 
Published: January 2013

SummaryA critical component of vaccine design is to generate and maintain antigen‐specific memory lymphocytes of sufficient quantity and quality to give the host life‐long protection against re‐infection. Therefore, it is important to understand how memory T cells acquire the ability for self‐renewal while retaining a potential for heightened recall of effector functions. During acute viral infection or following vaccination, antigen‐specific T cells undergo extensive phenotypic and functional changes during differentiation to the effector and memory phases of the immune response. The changes in cell phenotype that accompany memory T‐cell differentiation are predominantly mediated through acquired transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, in part achieved through epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones. Here we review our current understanding of epigenetic mechanisms regulating the off‐on‐off expression of CD8 and CD4 T‐cell effector molecules at naive, effector and memory stages of differentiation, respectively, and how covalent modifications to the genome may serve as a mechanism to preserve ‘poised’ transcriptional states in homeostatically dividing memory cells. We discuss the potential of such mechanisms to control genes that undergo on‐off‐on patterns of expression including homing and pro‐survival genes, and the implications on the development of effector‐memory and central‐memory T‐cell differentiation. Lastly, we review recent studies demonstrating epigenetic modifications as a mechanism for the progressive loss of transcriptional adaptation in antigen‐specific T cells that undergo sustained high levels of T‐cell receptor signalling.
International and National R&D Networks in Unionized Oligopoly
Authors: Kesavayuth Dusanee , Zikos Vasileios 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe study the endogenous formation of R&D networks between two domestic and one foreign firms in a unionized oligopoly. We find that the equilibrium networks are sensitive to the extent of knowledge spillovers between networked firms. If spillovers are sufficiently low, the complete network will arise in equilibrium; however, if spillovers are sufficiently high, the foreign partial network that includes a domestic and a foreign firm will arise. Moreover, for intermediate spillovers, no equilibrium network emerges. These results have implications for aggregate outcomes: equilibrium networks are not necessarily optimal in terms of aggregate effective R&D and aggregate firm profits.