bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clickable Nucleic Acids: Sequence‐Controlled Periodic Copolymer/Oligomer Synthesis by Orthogonal Thiol‐X Reactions
Authors: Xi Weixian , Pattanayak Sankha , Wang Chen , Fairbanks Benjamin , Gong Tao , Wagner Justine , Kloxin Christopher J. , Bowman Christopher N. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSynthetic polymer approaches generally lack the ability to control the primary sequence, with sequence control referred to as the holy grail. Two click chemistry reactions were now combined to form nucleobase‐containing sequence‐controlled polymers in simple polymerization reactions. Two distinct approaches are used to form these click nucleic acid (CNA) polymers. These approaches employ thiol–ene and thiol‐Michael reactions to form homopolymers of a single nucleobase (e.g., poly(A)n) or homopolymers of specific repeating nucleobase sequences (e.g., poly(ATC)n). Furthermore, the incorporation of monofunctional thiol‐terminated polymers into the polymerization system enables the preparation of multiblock copolymers in a single reaction vessel; the length of the diblock copolymer can be tuned by the stoichiometric ratio and/or the monomer functionality. These polymers are also used for organogel formation where complementary CNA‐based polymers form reversible crosslinks.
A General Strategy for Targeting Drugs to Bone
Authors: Jahnke Wolfgang , Bold Guido , Marzinzik Andreas L. , Ofner Silvio , Pellé Xavier , Cotesta Simona , Bourgier Emmanuelle , Lehmann Sylvie , Henry Chrystelle , Hemmig René , Stauffer Frédéric , Hartwieg J. Constanze D. , Green Jonathan R. , Rondeau Jean‐Michel 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTargeting drugs to their desired site of action can increase their safety and efficacy. Bisphosphonates are prototypical examples of drugs targeted to bone. However, bisphosphonate bone affinity is often considered too strong and cannot be significantly modulated without losing activity on the enzymatic target, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS). Furthermore, bisphosphonate bone affinity comes at the expense of very low and variable oral bioavailability. FPPS inhibitors were developed with a monophosphonate as a bone‐affinity tag that confers moderate affinity to bone, which can furthermore be tuned to the desired level, and the relationship between structure and bone affinity was evaluated by using an NMR‐based bone‐binding assay. The concept of targeting drugs to bone with moderate affinity, while retaining oral bioavailability, has broad application to a variety of other bone‐targeted drugs.
Spontaneous Resolution of an Electron‐Deficient Tetrahedral Fe4L4 cage
Authors: Bonakdarzadeh Pia , Pan Fangfang , Kalenius Elina , Jurček Ondřej , Rissanen Kari 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA highly electron‐deficient C3‐symmetric tris(bipyridyl) ligand was prepared in four steps and used for the coordination of Fe(OTf)2, thereby resulting in the homochiral assembly of a new family of robust tetrahedral M4L4 cages. This homochiral T‐symmetric cage containing a relatively large cavity of 330 Å3 is capable of encapsulating an anionic guest, as was determined by mass spectrometry, 19F NMR spectroscopy, and finally shown from its crystal structure. Moreover, crystallization of the cage from CH3CN led to crystals containing both (ΔΔΔΔ and ΛΛΛΛ) enantiomers, while crystallization from CH3OH resulted in crystals containing only the right‐handed (ΔΔΔΔ) cage. The difference in the crystal packing of the two crystal structures is discussed and a feasible explanation for the unique phenomenon among supramolecular cages—spontaneous resolution—is given.
Cell morphology and mechanical properties of microcellular mucell® injection molded polyetherimide and polyetherimide/fillers composite foams
Authors: Li Jingli , Chen Zhenglun , Wang Xianzhong , Liu Tao , Zhou Yufeng , Luo Shikai 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTMicrocellular polyetherimide (PEI) foams were prepared by microcellular injection molding using supercritical nitrogen (SC‐N2) as foaming agent. The effects of four different processing parameters including shot size, injection speed, SC‐N2 content, and mold temperature on cell morphology and material properties were studied. Meanwhile, multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), nano‐montmorillonoid (NMMT), and talcum powder (Talc) were introduced into PEI matrix as heterogeneous nucleation agents in order to further improve the cell morphology and mechanical properties of microcellular PEI foams. The results showed that the processing parameters had great influence on cell morphology. The lowest cell size can reach to 18.2 μm by optimizing the parameters of microcellular injection molding. Moreover, MWCNT can remarkably improve the cell morphology of microcellular PEI foams. It was worth mentioning that when the MWCNT content was 1 wt %, the microcellular PEI/MWCNT foams displayed optimum mechanical properties and the cell size decreased by 28.3% compared with microcellular PEI foams prepared by the same processing parameters. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4171–4181, 2013
Polyacrylate emulsion containing IBOMA for removable pressure sensitive adhesives
Authors: Zhang Lei , Cao Yingjie , Wang Lei , Shao Lu , Bai Yongping 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTIn the area of pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs), corona treatment or other preprocessing on the carrier was commonly utilized for the enhancement of the interaction between the adhesive layer and the carrier, with complicated procedures and operations. To make it easy, one‐pot emulsion polymerization using n‐butyl acrylate, isobornyl methacrylate (IBOMA), 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate and acrylic acid was conducted in the presence of a reactive emulsifier SR‐20 to obtain a reinforced adhesive tape. First, the emulsion had good stabilities, especially freeze‐thaw stability, which was helpful to the fabrication of PSAs. Second, IBOMA increased the binding strength between adhesive layer and adherend. The properties of the final tapes well fulfilled the requirements of this areas, such as that the 180° peel strength of 125.9 N/m when coated on non‐corona surfaces, the tack of 19 #, and the shear holding time of more than 100 h. Third, the tapes produced using the above emulsion could be removed many times, with no PSAs residue on the adherend even when coated on untreated PP, which showed the potential of recycling and environmental protection. Thus, these properties make the polyacrylate emulsion have great potential for practical applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42886.
Effects of l‐aspartic acid and poly(butylene succinate) on thermal stability and mechanical properties of poly(propylene carbonate)
Authors: Yun Xueyan , Wu Jiaxin , Wang Yu , Zhao Zilong , Jin Ye , Dong Tungalag 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTPoly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) was modified by l‐aspartic acid (Asp) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). To assess the effects of Asp and PBS on the thermal stability, mechanical properties of PPC, different PPC/Asp, PPC/PBS, and PPC/PBS/Asp blends were prepared by twin‐screw extruder. The results indicated that the thermal stability improved with the Asp content increasing from 0.5 to 5%. With trace presence of 2% Asp, the degradation temperature of PPC was greatly increased upon extruding and the Yield strength and Young's modulus increased 62 and 849 times, respectively, at 20°C. The flexibility of PPC was effectively improved by blending with PBS, the PBS has no significant effect on the thermal stability of PPC until PBS up to enough amount. Besides the Asp additive in PPC/PBS blends not only improved the thermal stability PPC, but improved the interfacial compatibility of the blend. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42970.
A pilot study of the radio‐continuum emission from MASH planetary nebulae
Authors: Bojičić I.S. , Parker Q.A. , Frew D.J. , Vaughan A.E. , Filipović M.D. , Gunawardhana M.L.P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe report an Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) radio‐continuum observations of 26 planetary nebulae (PNe) at wavelengths of 3 and 6 cm. This sample of 26 PNe were taken from the Macquarie/AAO/Strasbourg Hα PNe (MASH) catalogue and previous lists. We investigate radio detection quality including measured and derived parameters for all detected or marginally detected PNe from this combined sample. Some 11 objects from the observed sample have been successfully detected and parametrized. Except for one, all detected PNe have very low radio surface brightnesses. We use a statistical distance scale method to calculate distances and ionised masses of the detected objects. Nebulae from this sample are found tobe large (>0.2 pc in diameter) and highly diluted which indicates old age. For 21 PNe from this sample we list integrated Hα fluxes and interstellar extinction coefficients, either taken from the literature or derived here from the Balmer decrement and radio to Hα ratio methods. Finally, our detected fraction of the MASH pilot sample is relatively low compared to the non‐MASH sub‐sample. We conclude that future radio surveys of the MASH sample must involve deeper observations with better uv coverage in order to increase the fraction of detected objects and improve the quality of the derived parameters (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparing life cycle energy andGHGemissions of bio‐basedPET, recycledPET,PLA, and man‐made cellulosics
Authors: Shen Li , Worrell Ernst , Patel Martin K 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to review the environmental profiles of petrochemicalPET, (partially) bio‐basedPET, recycledPET, and recycled (partially) bio‐basedPET, and compare them with other bio‐based materials, namelyPLA(polylactic acid, a bio‐based polyester) and man‐made cellulose fibers (cellulose fiber produced from wood pulp, i.e. Viscose, Modal and Tencel). Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies on polymers, fibers and bottles made from these materials are reviewed. Only non‐renewable energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are considered. The scope is cradle to grave excluding the use phase. The results show that both recycled and bio‐based materials offer important environmental benefits over single‐use petrochemicalPET. Among the fourPETproduct systems studied, recycled (partially) bio‐basedPEThas the lowest impacts, followed by recycledPET, (partially) bio‐basedPET, and petrochemicalPET.PLAand man‐made cellulose fibers produced in an integrated plant have lower impacts than both petrochemicalPETand bio‐basedPET. The impacts of recycled products are strongly influenced by the choice of the allocation method applied to open‐loop recycling. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Risk factors for the occurrence of spina bifida (a case–control study) and the prevalence rate of spina bifida in Japan
Authors: Kondo Atsuo , Morota Nobuhito , Ihara Satoshi , Saisu Takeshi , Inoue Katsumi , Shimokawa Shoko , Fujimaki Hiroya , Matsuo Keisuke , Shimosuka Yoichi , Watanabe Tomoyuki 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDThe Japanese government recommended in 2000 that women planning pregnancy should take 400 μg of folic acid daily to decrease the risk of having an infant with spina bifida. We aimed to identify risk factors for the occurrence of spina bifida and to evaluate how the prevalence rate has altered over the past 3 decades.METHODSSubjects comprised 360 women who gave birth to spina bifida‐affected offspring and 2333 women who gave birth to offspring without spina bifida between 2001 and 2012. A self‐administered questionnaire was used to collect data, which were analyzed by multiple logistic regression models. The prevalence rate of spina bifida was obtained through data provided by international and domestic organizations.RESULTSFour variables were significantly associated with the increased risk of having newborns afflicted with spina bifida: not taking folic acid supplements (odds ratios [OR], 2.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.72–3.64), presence of spina bifida patients within third‐degree relatives (OR, 4.26; 95% CI, 1.12–16.19), taking anti‐epileptic drugs without folic acid (OR, 20·20; 95% CI, 2.06–198.17), and low birth weight in the newborns ≤ 2500 g (OR, 4.21; 95% CI, 3.18–5.59). The prevalence rate of spina bifida has remained 5 to 6 per 10,000 total births and has not shown any decreasing trend over the past 11 years.CONCLUSIONFour risk factors were identified among Japanese women. Because recommendations and information have not decreased the occurrence of spina bifida, the Japanese government should implement mandatory food fortification. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:610–615, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Luminescence studies and infrared emission of erbium‐doped calcium zirconate phosphor
Authors: Tiwari Neha , Dubey Vikas 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe near‐infrared‐to‐visible upconversion luminescence behaviour of Er3+‐doped CaZrO3 phosphor is discussed in this manuscript. The phosphor was prepared by a combustion synthesis technique that is suitable for less‐time‐taking techniques for nanophosphors. The starting materials used for sample preparation were Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, Zr(NO3)4 and Er(NO3)2, and urea was used as a fuel. The prepared sample was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The surface morphology of prepared phosphor was determined by field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM). The functional group analysis was determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. All prepared phosphors with variable Er3+ concentrations (0.5–2.5 mol%) were studied by photoluminescence analysis. It was found that the excitation spectra of the prepared phosphor showed a sharp excitation peak centred at 980 nm. The emission spectra with variable Er3+ concentrations showed strong peaks in the 555 nm and 567 nm range, with a dominant peak at 555 nm due to the (2H11/2,4S3/2) transition and a weaker transition at 567 nm associated with 527 nm. Spectrophotometric determination of the peak was evaluated by the Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) method These upconverted emissions were attributed to a two‐photon process. The excitation wavelength dependence of the upconverted luminescence, together with its time evolution after infrared pulsed excitation, suggested that energy transfer upconversion processes were responsible for the upconversion luminescence. The upconversion mechanisms were studied in detail through laser power dependence. Excited state absorption and energy transfer processes were discussed as possible upconversion mechanisms. The cross‐relaxation process in Er3+ was also investigated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using tyrosinase as a monophenol monooxygenase: A combined strategy for effective inhibition of melanin formation
Authors: Lee Sang‐Hyuk , Baek Kiheon , Lee Ju‐Eun , Kim Byung‐Gee 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTTyrosinase is a binuclear copper‐containing metalloprotein that leads the fast and regio‐selective o‐hydroxylation of monophenols to o‐diphenols. However, the subsequent second oxidation to produce o‐quinones, i.e., melanin precursors, from the o‐diphenols has restricted its use to the production of functional o‐diphenol derivatives. Herein, we present a combined strategy for the effective inhibition of melanin formation in tyrosinase reaction, which allows the use of tyrosinase as a monophenol monooxygenase. The o‐diphenolic products were protected from being oxidized in the tyrosinase reaction by borate ions and L‐ascorbic acid (LAA). Borate‐o‐diphenol complexes were favorable formed at high pH and consequentially protected the o‐diphenolic products from the catecholase activity of tyrosinase. LAA not only directly reduced the byproduct, o‐quinones, into o‐diphenols but also assisted the completion of the tyrosinase reaction cycle by removing a hydroxyl group attached to the copper metal cluster at the active site of the met‐form tyrosinase. The regio‐selective o‐hydroxylation of 7,4'‐dihydroxyisoflavone (daidzein) to produce 7,3',4'‐trihydroxyisoflavone (3'‐ODI) was successfully carried out by whole E. coli cell biotransformation with heterologously expressed tyrosinase from Bacillus megaterium. The yield of this o‐hydroxylation of 5 mM daidzein in one‐pot 400 mL reaction was ca. 100% in 90 min and the productivity was 16.3 mg 3'‐ODI · L−1  ·  h−1  ·  DCW mg−1, which is considerably higher than that of other monooxygenases. The method effectively abolished melanin synthesis, so that the o‐diphenolic product remained stable without enzyme inactivation. Other monophenolic phytochemicals such as resveratrol and genistein could be subjected to the same strategy. After 1 h, 1 mM of genistein and resveratrol were both converted to orobol and piceatannol, respectively, with ca. 95% conversion yield. These results support the strong potential of tyrosinase as a monooxygenase for regio‐selective o‐hydroxylation of various monophenolic compounds. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 735–743. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce odd chain‐length fatty alcohols
Authors: Jin Zhu , Wong Adison , Foo Jee Loon , Ng Joey , Cao Ying‐Xiu , Chang Matthew Wook , Yuan Ying‐Jin 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTFatty aldehydes and alcohols are valuable precursors used in the industrial manufacturing of a myriad of specialty products. Herein, we demonstrate the de novo production of odd chain‐length fatty aldehydes and fatty alcohols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expressing a novel biosynthetic pathway involving cytosolic thioesterase, rice α‐dioxygenase and endogenous aldehyde reductases. We attained production titers of ∼20 mg/l fatty aldehydes and ∼20 mg/l fatty alcohols in shake flask cultures after 48 and 60 h respectively without extensive fine‐tuning of metabolic fluxes. In contrast to prior studies which relied on bi‐functional fatty acyl‐CoA reductase to produce even chain‐length fatty alcohols, our biosynthetic route exploits α‐oxidation reaction to produce odd chain‐length fatty aldehyde intermediates without using NAD(P)H cofactor, thereby conserving cellular resource during the overall synthesis of odd chain‐length fatty alcohols. The biosynthetic pathway presented in this study has the potential to enable sustainable and efficient synthesis of fatty acid‐derived chemicals from processed biomass. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 842–851. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nepenthes: volle Kanne ein kleines Ökosystem
Authors: Sander Johannes 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDie “Blumen des Bösen” (nach “Les Fleurs du Mal” von Charles Baudelaire) wie fleischfressende Pflanzen bisweilen genannt werden, verheißen Tieren oft nichts Gutes. Doch es gibt auch Symbiosen zwischen ihnen und bestimmten Tieren und manchmal beherbergen sie sogar kleine Ökosysteme. Jetzt wurden die komplexen Wechselbeziehungen zwischen der Kannenpflanze Nepenthes bicalcarata und der Ameisenart Camponotus schmitzi im Detail untersucht: Während die Pflanzen den Ameisen Wohnraum und Nahrung zur Verfügung stellen, schützen die Ameisen ihren Wirt vor Verunreinigungen und Stickstoffverlust.
Auf der Suche nach der genetischen Basis von Ekto‐ und Endoparasitismus der Plattwürmer
Authors: Fromm Bastian , Bachmann Jutta , Bachmann Lutz 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPlattwürmer (Plathelminthes) sind bilateral symmetrische, abgeflachte Tiere und kommen in Süß‐ und Salzwasser, aber auch in feuchter Erde oder verrottendem Holz vor. Unter den bisher ca. 30.000 bekannten Arten finden sich nahezu alle denkbaren Übergänge zwischen freilebender und rein parasitischer Lebensweise.
Randomized clinical trial on the effect of fibrin sealant on latissimus dorsi donor-site seroma formation after breast reconstruction (Br J Surg 2012; 99: 1381–1388)
Authors: Soumian S , Al-Ani S , Sterne G 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Quantification of paraquat in postmortem samples by gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry and review of the literature
Authors: Moreira Pedro Nuno , de Pinho Paula Guedes , Baltazar Maria Teresa , Bastos Maria Lourdes , Carvalho Félix , Dinis‐Oliveira Ricardo Jorge 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTParaquat (PQ) is an herbicide implicated in numerous fatalities, mainly caused by voluntary ingestion. Several methods have been used to quantify PQ in plasma and urine samples of intoxicated humans as a predictor of clinical outcome. There is no validated method for the analysis of PQ in postmortem samples. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an analytical method, using gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry (GC‐IT/MS) after solid‐phase extraction, to quantify PQ in postmortem samples, namely in whole blood, urine, liver, lung and kidney, to cover the routes of distribution, accumulation and elimination of PQ. The method proved to be selective as there were no interferences of endogenous compounds with the same retention time as PQ and ethyl paraquat (internal standard). The regression analysis for PQ was linear in the range 0–10 µg/mL. The detection limits ranged from 0.0076 µg/mL for urine to 0.047 µg/mL for whole blood, and the recoveries were suitable for forensic analysis. The proposed GC‐IT/MS method provided an accurate and simple assay with adequate precision and recovery for the quantification of PQ in postmortem samples. The proof of applicability was performed in two fatal PQ intoxications. A review of the analytical methods for the determination of quaternary ammonium herbicides is also provided for a better understanding of the presently available techniques. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous quantification of tramadol and O‐desmethyltramadol in hair samples by gas chromatography–electron impact/mass spectrometry
Authors: Pinho Sandra , Oliveira Ana , Costa Isabel , Gouveia Carla Alexandra , Carvalho Félix , Moreira Roxana Falcão , Dinis‐Oliveira Ricardo Jorge 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTOver recent years, hair has become the ideal matrix for retrospective investigation of chronic abuse, including for tramadol. However, in order to exclude the possibility of external contamination, it is also important to quantify simultaneously its main metabolite, O‐desmethyltramadol (M1), which presence in hair reflects systemic exposure. In the present study a methodology aimed at the simultaneous quantification of tramadol and M1 in human hair was developed and validated for the first time. After decontamination of hair samples (60 mg), tramadol and M1 were extracted with methanol in an ultrasonic bath (~5 h). Purification was performed by solid‐phase extraction using mixed‐mode extraction cartridges. Subsequently to derivatization, analysis was performed by gas chromatography–electron impact/mass spectrometry (GC‐EI/MS). The method proved to be selective. The regression analysis for both analytes was shown to be linear in the range of 0.1–20.0 ng/mg with correlation coefficients of 0.9995 and 0.9997 for tramadol and M1, respectively. The coefficients of variation oscillated between 3.85 and 13.24%. The limits of detection were 0.03 and 0.02 ng/mg, and the lower limits of quantification were 0.08 and 0.06 ng/mg for tramadol and M1, respectively. The proof of applicability was performed in hair samples from six patients undergoing tramadol therapy. All samples were positive for tramadol and M1. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.