bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energieeffiziente Kühlung und thermischer Raumkomfort: Erfahrungen aus dem Langzeitmonitoring von 42 Bürogebäuden
Authors: Kalz Doreen , Herkel Sebastian , Sonntag Martin , Pfafferott Jens 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn 35 deutschen und 7 europäischen Büro‐ und Verwaltungsgebäuden wurden auf Basis von Monitoringkampagnen über mehrere Betriebsjahre Raum‐ und Außentemperaturwerte in zeitlich hoher Auflösung erfasst und der thermische Raumkomfort im Sommer standardisiert nach der Komfortnorm DIN EN 15251:2007‐08 detailliert ausgewertet. Ergänzt wird die Auswertung um Kurzzeitmesskampagnen über zwei sehr warme Wochen im Sommer in unsanierten bzw. teilsanierten Bürogebäuden, errichtet im Zeitraum von 1960 bis 1975. Die untersuchten Gebäude mit ihrem jeweiligen Kühlkonzept lassen sich in sechs Kategorien einteilen: ohne Kühlung, passive, luftgeführte und wassergeführte Kühlung sowie Mixed‐mode‐Kühlung und Vollklimatisierung. Im Quervergleich aller Gebäude werden die Kühlkonzepte gleichermaßen nach dem thermischen Raumkomfort und thermischen Kühlenergiebezug bewertet. Detaillierte Komfortuntersuchungen nach der Europäischen Komfortnorm DIN EN 15251:2007‐08 geben Hinweise auf die Wirksamkeit der eingesetzten Kühltechnologien in den jeweiligen Klimazonen. Daraus lassen sich Handlungsempfehlungen für die Planungspraxis und den Gebäudebetrieb ableiten.Energy efficient cooling and thermal comfort for office buildings − long‐term monitoring in 42 buildings. Long‐term monitoring campaigns were carried out in 35 German and 7 European office and administrative buildings, recording the operative room and ambient air temperature in fine time resolution. Further, short‐term monitoring campaigns over two hot weeks in summer were conducted in non or partially retrofitted office buildings in Germany, built from 1960 to 1975. The buildings studied can be divided into six categories according to the cooling concept employed: without cooling, passive, air‐based and water‐based cooling, mixed‐mode cooling and full air conditioning. Thermal comfort in summer is evaluated in detail using a standardized methodology in accordance with the comfort standard DIN EN 15251:2007‐08. Thermal comfort is quantified by measurements of operative room temperatures and local meteorological conditions. In addition, useful cooling energy and electricity consumption were recorded. It is clearly demonstrated that it is feasible and valuable to compare different cooling strategies based on a consistent methodology. Furthermore, this methodology can be applied in day‐to‐day practice in the planning, commissioning and operation of buildings since these parameters are well‐established and easily accessible.
Recent bioanalytical methods for quantification of third‐generation cephalosporins using HPLC and LC‐MS(/MS) and their applications in pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Jin Hyo‐Eon , Jin Su‐Eon , Maeng Han‐Joo 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThird‐generation cephalosporins are semi‐synthetic antibiotics with enhanced activity against Gram‐negative organisms. The cephalosporins in biological samples are mostly determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). In recent years, numerous bioanalytical methods have been developed to improve the sensitivity and specificity of cephalosporin quantification using the powerful LC‐MS/MS systems that are common in research laboratories. This review article presents recently developed bioanalytical methods by HPLC or LC‐MS(/MS) for 12 third‐generation cephalosporins, including five oral third‐generation cephalosporins, and further discusses their application in pharmacokinetic studies of animals and humans. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence, frequency, onset, desistance and criminal career duration in self‐reports compared with official records
Authors: Farrington David P. , Ttofi Maria M. , Crago Rebecca V. , Coid Jeremy W. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTAimThe main aim of this article is to compare prevalence and frequency, ages of onset and desistance, and criminal career duration, according to self‐reports and convictions.MethodIn the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, 411 London males have been followed up from age 8 to age 48, in interviews and criminal records.ResultsVirtually all males admitted at least one of eight offences, compared with about one third who were convicted. In self‐reports, the number of offences was over 30 times greater, the age of onset was earlier and the career duration was longer, compared with convictions. However, the age of desistance was generally later according to convictions.ConclusionsSelf‐reported ages of desistance may be affected by increasing concealment with age. The gap between the first self‐reported offence and the first conviction provides an opportunity for early intervention. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supercritical CO2 Extraction of 1‐Butanol and Acetone from Aqueous Solutions Using a Hollow‐Fiber Membrane Contactor
Authors: Moreno Teresa , Tallon Stephen J. , Catchpole Owen J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPorocritical extraction was applied to the separation of 1‐butanol and acetone from aqueous solutions modeling a typical acetone‐butanol‐ethanol (ABE) fermentation broth. The efficiency of two lab‐scale hollow‐fiber membrane contactors of different was studied under various flow rates, solvent‐to‐feed ratios, and pressure conditions. Global and individual, i.e., tube side, membrane, and shell side mass transfer coefficients were determined. The main contribution to mass transfer resistance was found in the shell side in all cases, and experimentally determined shell side mass transfer coefficients were compared to values predicted by existing correlations.
Chiral Resolution of Racemic Cyclopropanecarboxylic Acids in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Varga Dániel , Bánsághi György , Pérez Jorge Agustín Martínez , Miskolczi Sándor , Hegedűs László , Simándi Béla , Székely Edit 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe chiral resolution of two racemic cyclopropanecarboxylic acids with the resolving agents (S)‐2‐(N‐benzylamino)butan‐1‐ol and (R)‐1‐phenylethanamine was investigated. The resolutions were based on diastereomer salt crystallization in supercritical carbon dioxide. Unreacted compounds were removed by an extraction step. Experiments were performed in a continuously stirred tank reactor and good enantioselectivities were obtained in a single step. Pressure, temperature, and density were found to strongly affect both the optical purity and the selectivity of the resolutions. The crystal structures of the formed diastereomer salts were also studied via X‐ray diffraction.
Influence of scCO2, Ultrasound, and Quaternary Ammonium Salt on Gelation Time and Structural Characteristics of Silica
Authors: Hanu Alina‐Mihaela , Kareth Sabine , Puls Angela , Ivanova Mihaela , Mallick Bert , Mudring Anja‐Verena , Petermann Marcus 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn situ synthesis of silica gels via a one‐step sol‐gel process at ambient pressure or in supercritical CO2 was investigated. The influence of compressed gas, ultrasound irradiation, and quaternary ammonium salt (choline chloride) on the gelation time was determined. The obtained samples were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption measurements, scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and Fourier transform infrared‐attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (FTIR‐ATR). The retention capacity of the corresponding silica aerogels for Rhodamine B was evaluated as a model for organic water pollutants. The obtained results proved that scCO2 has a beneficial effect, leading to a reduction of the gelation time. The obtained aerogels exhibit a higher surface area and larger pore diameter as well as a well‐defined cylindrical pore structure.
Oiling‐Out and Crystallization of Vanillin from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Sorensen Thore J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDynamic light scattering experiments performed on precrystalline liquid solutions that shows oiling‐out at higher vanillin concentration resulted in scattering from assumed precrystalline clusters. The structures appear during crash‐cooling into the supersaturated area and grow to µm size. They decrease in size and number at the appearance of visible crystals and might be unstable amorphous phases or or precrystalline structures that fit into the classical theory of crystallization. The data presented explains as to why the temperature‐time history influences the behavior of crystallization and shows that structures can coexist with the oiling‐out phenomena, but not as a direct part of it.
Mathematical Modeling of Hydrogen Production via Methanol‐Steam Reforming with Heat‐Coupled and Membrane‐Assisted Reactors
Authors: Chein Rei‐Yu , Chen Yen‐Cho , Chung Jacob Nan‐Chu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractHydrogen production and purification via methanol‐steam reforming was studied in a membrane reactor coupled with a catalytic combustor heat supply, applying 1D non‐isothermal mathematical models. Both mass and heat transfer behaviors were evaluated simultaneously in three reactor components. Based on data of methanol conversion, hydrogen recovery, and carbon monoxide selectivity, the membrane reactor performance was found to be controlled by the methanol‐air flow rate in the combustor, reformer operating pressure, and sweep gas flow rate. Higher hydrogen permeation driving force leads to high reformer operating pressure and sweep gas flow rate. Methanol conversion is enhanced compared with a conventional reactor under the same operation conditions with increased hydrogen removal from the reformer.
Nutrient Management in Processing of Steam‐Exploded Lignocellulose Phytomass
Authors: Maroušek Josef , Hašková Simona , Zeman Robert , Váchal Jan , Vaníčková Radka 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEnergy production from phytomass residues such as harvest leftovers is generally accepted as a sustainable way. Excellent results may be reviewed in papers based on laboratory observations. However, trials performed on a commercial scale show that without proper disintegration long retention times, huge fermenters, or various chemicals are required. The results obtained in a commercial scale suggest that intensive disintegration makes subsequent processes less manageable. Two conventional methods of nutrient management and the recently proposed method, which takes into account the availability of nutrients, have been robustly tested. The data from all three methods and the technological and cost assessment that followed demonstrated that the application of the newly proposed method opens up the potential for further optimization, which may lead up to significant reductions in energy price.
Influence of Cyclopentadienyl Ring‐Tilt on Electron‐Transfer Reactions: Redox‐Induced Reactivity of Strained [2] and [3]Ruthenocenophanes
Authors: Russell Andrew D. , Gilroy Joe B. , Lam Kevin , Haddow Mairi F. , Harvey Jeremy N. , Geiger William E. , Manners Ian 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn contrast to ruthenocene [Ru(η5‐C5H5)2] and dimethylruthenocene [Ru(η5‐C5H4Me)2] (7), chemical oxidation of highly strained, ring‐tilted [2]ruthenocenophane [Ru(η5‐C5H4)2(CH2)2] (5) and slightly strained [3]ruthenocenophane [Ru(η5‐C5H4)2(CH2)3] (6) with cationic oxidants containing the non‐coordinating [B(C6F5)4]− anion was found to afford stable and isolable metalmetal bonded dicationic dimer salts [Ru(η5‐C5H4)2(CH2)2]2[B(C6F5)4]2 (8) and [Ru(η5‐C5H4)2(CH2)3]2[B(C6F5)4]2 (17), respectively. Cyclic voltammetry and DFT studies indicated that the oxidation potential, propensity for dimerization, and strength of the resulting RuRu bond is strongly dependent on the degree of tilt present in 5 and 6 and thereby degree of exposure of the Ru center. Cleavage of the RuRu bond in 8 was achieved through reaction with the radical source [(CH3)2NC(S)SSC(S)N(CH3)2] (thiram), affording unusual dimer [(CH3)2NCS2Ru(η5‐C5H4)(η3‐C5H4)C2H4]2[B(C6F5)4]2 (9) through a haptotropic η5–η3 ring‐slippage followed by an apparent [2+2] cyclodimerization of the cyclopentadienyl ligand. Analogs of possible intermediates in the reaction pathway [C6H5ERu(η5‐C5H4)2C2H4][B(C6F5)4] [E=S (15) or Se (16)] were synthesized through reaction of 8 with C6H5EEC6H5 (E=S or Se).
Selective Host–Guest Interaction between Metal Ions and Metal–Organic Frameworks Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Guo Zhiyong , Kobayashi Takeshi , Wang Lin‐Lin , Goh Tian Wei , Xiao Chaoxian , Caporini Marc A. , Rosay Melanie , Johnson Duane D. , Pruski Marek , Huang Wenyu 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe host–guest interaction between metal ions (Pt2+ and Cu2+) and a zirconium metal–organic framework (UiO‐66‐NH2) was explored using dynamic nuclear polarization‐enhanced 15N{1H} CPMAS NMR spectroscopy supported by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional calculations. The combined experimental results conclude that each Pt2+ coordinates with two NH2 groups from the MOF and two Cl− from the metal precursor, whereas Cu2+ do not form chemical bonds with the NH2 groups of the MOF framework. Density functional calculations reveal that Pt2+ prefers a square‐planar structure with the four ligands and resides in the octahedral cage of the MOF in either cis or trans configurations.
Dendrimer‐Type Peptoid‐Decorated Hexaphenylxylenes and Tetraphenylmethanes: Synthesis and Structure in Solution and in the Gas Phase
Authors: Peschko Katharina , Schade Alexandra , Vollrath Sidonie B. L. , Schwarz Ulrike , Luy Burkhard , Muhle‐Goll Claudia , Weis Patrick , Bräse Stefan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBranched organic nanostructures are useful scaffolds that find multiple applications in a variety of fields. Here, we present a novel approach to dendrimer‐like structures. Our design contains a rigid hydrocarbon‐based core (hexaphenylxylylene/tetraethynylphenylmethane) combined with a library of N‐substituted oligoglycines (so‐called peptoids) providing a flexible shell. The use of click chemistry allows rapid assembly of the nanostructures. The possibility of tuning the size and the solubility of this new type of nanostructure will be advantageous for future applications such as heterogeneous catalysis.
Six‐Coordinate Lanthanide Complexes: Slow Relaxation of Magnetization in the Dysprosium(III) Complex
Authors: Na Bo , Zhang Xue‐Jing , Shi Wei , Zhang Yi‐Quan , Wang Bing‐Wu , Gao Chen , Gao Song , Cheng Peng 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA series of six‐coordinate lanthanide complexes {(H3O)[Ln(NA)2]⋅H2O}n (H2NA=5‐hydroxynicotinic acid; Ln=GdIII (1⋅Gd); TbIII (2⋅Tb); DyIII (3⋅Dy); HoIII (4⋅Ho)) have been synthesized from aqueous solution and fully characterized. Slow relaxation of the magnetization was observed in 3⋅Dy. To suppress the quantum tunneling of the magnetization, 3⋅Dy diluted by diamagnetic YIII ions was also synthesized and magnetically studied. Interesting butterfly‐like hysteresis loops and an enhanced energy barrier for the slow relaxation of magnetization were observed in diluted 3⋅Dy. The energy barrier (Δτ) and pre‐exponential factor (τ0) of the diluted 3⋅Dy are 75 K and 4.21×10−5 s, respectively. This work illustrates a successful way to obtain low‐coordination‐number lanthanide complexes by a framework approach to show single‐ion‐magnet‐like behavior.
Effect of solution pH and influence of water hardness on caffeine adsorption onto activated carbons
Authors: Couto Osorio Moreira , Matos Inês , da Fonseca Isabel Maria , Arroyo Pedro Augusto , da Silva Edson Antônio , de Barros Maria Angélica Simões Dornellas 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThere has been little research into the effects of the water hardness and pH of surface waters on the adsorption of caffeine on activated carbons. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of these water characteristics on different activated carbons. Caffeine adsorption from the aqueous phase was studied using biomass derived activated carbons (DD: dende coco and BB: babassu coco) and a commercially available activate carbon (NO: Norit® GAC 1240 plus). The functionalized carbons in an inert atmosphere was also studied and were denominated DI, BI, NI. Results highlight the importance of pH in caffeine adsorption: the highest removals were obtained for pH 3.0 and decrease for higher pH. The adsorption isotherms obtained were fitted to the Freundlich and Langmuir models. Calcium and magnesium ions were adsorbed to a varied extent on the activated carbons. The hardness in solution decreased their adsorption due to a competition effect. KF and qm from the Freundlich equation linearly decreased with water hardness due to salt‐screened electrostatic repulsions between charged molecules. The amount adsorbed from deionized water was largest because there was no competition between inorganic ions and molecules.
Elevated Stratopause Events During 2003–2011 Revealed by SABER/TIMED Temperature Observations
Authors: Jing SHUAI , Chun‐Ming HUANG , Shao‐Dong ZHANG , Fan YI , Kai‐Ming HUANG , Quan GAN , Yun GONG 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe elevated stratopause (ES) events in the winter (January–March) of 2006, 2009 and 2010 at 70°N are studied based on the SABER/TIMED temperature measurements in the period from 2003 to 2011. In each of these three winters, there suddenly appeared the maximum atmospheric temperature around 80 km between 25 and 85 km in late January–early February, which meant that the stratopause jumped from the normal location (∼50 km) with temperature ∼260 K up to the higher location (∼80 km) with temperature ∼230 K, and this phenomenon was identified as the ES event. As time went on, the ES height decreased gradually and returned to its normal level. Meanwhile the ES temperature increased from ∼230 K to ∼260 K. It is noteworthy that the applied data set indicates that although stratospheric warming occurred in every boreal winter, only after the major sudden stratospheric warming (SSWs) accompanying with the polar vortex splitting, the ES events could occur. Furthermore, in the ES events winter, gravity wave (GW) activity enhancement could be observed at ∼80 km between late January and early February, corresponding to the ES occurrence height and time. After February GW activity became weaker above 75 km and stronger below 75 km when the ES decreased with time. The correlation analyses between GW activity and the ES event indicate the possible contribution of GW activity to the formation of the ES event.
Generalization of the Expression of Cementation Radius in Contact Cement Theory and Its Application
Authors: Xue‐Hui HAN , Jun‐Xin GUO , Feng‐Bi LI , Long YANG 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe general expressions of cementation radius in the loose sandstone are proposed on the basis of the geometry relationship between the grain and cement with the assumption that the contact thickness is not zero. The expressions of cementation radius of Contact Cement Theory (CCT) proposed by Dvorkin et al. (1996) don't consider the effect of contact thickness, which makes it only applicable for the pore cemented loose sandstone. To solve this problem, the general expressions of cementation radius are proposed, in which the effect of contact thickness on the velocity of loose sandstone is analyzed. And its application in the prediction of the compressional and shear wave velocity of basally cemented loose sandstone is discussed. The results show that when the contact thickness increases, the compressional and shear wave velocities decrease. Such trend is more obvious when the porosity increases or the content of cement decreases. The ratio of compressional wave velocity to the velocity of shear wave (Vp/Vs) increases with the contact thickness if the porosity or cement content keeps stable. Vp/Vs changes with porosity in different ways for different contact thicknesses. When the thickness is small, the ratio decreases a little with the increase of porosity, but when the thickness becomes large, it changes in the other way. For the basally cemented loose sandstone, the modified model using the general expression of cementation radius predicts both the compressional and the shear wave velocities better than the original CCT. The study also shows that the change of the rigidity of the basally cemented loose sandstone caused by porosity or cement content change cannot be predicted by Vp/Vs, but it can predict that caused by the change of contact thickness.
In Situ Measurements and Comprehensive Research on the Present Crustal Stress of Northern South China Sea
Authors: Qun‐Ce CHEN , Tao‐Yuan FAN , Xu‐Shen LI , Sheng‐Lin HE , Chong‐Yuan ZHANG , Wen MENG 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIt is necessary for developing of ocean resources, safety evaluation of geological environment and engineering to understand the status and distribution of present crustal stress in the northern South China Sea. The nature conditions restrict the research on the crustal stress of the whole South China Sea, whose characters and controlling factors are not clear. In situ stress measurement is a useful way to get the stress magnitude and direction. The stress direction can be got through the logging FMI data in ocean oil field. The numerical modeling can extrapolate the stress status and distribution in the interested area under the constraint of the in situ measured stress, FMI deduced stress and the plate tectonic environment. The west bound of northern South China Sea is Red River Fault‐Eastern Vietnam strike slip large Fault which is controlled by the collision of India plate and Euro‐Asia plate and the uplift of Tibet. The east bound of northern South China Sea is Manila trench, which have three different tectonic stress sections, plate collision near Taiwan and near Luzon, and extension between Taiwan and Luzon induced by South China Sea subduction under the Philippines plate. The authors measured in situ the magnitude and direction of stress in Ledong county, Hainan province through hydraulic fracturing, where the exposed rock body is intact and the landform is gentle. The measured rock in well is intact and the curve of measured pressure is fit to the standard, which shows that the measured stress is reliable. The optimal direction of measured maximum stress is NW‐NWW. According to the Byerlee criteria, the measured stress cannot induce the active fault to be reactivated recently. The logging FMI interpretation of marginal oil basin in the northern South China Sea shows that the optimal direction of maximum principal stress is NW‐NNW in Yinggehai basin, and NNW in Qiongdongnan basin. Constrained by the in situ measured stress and the focal mechanism the numerical modeling shows that the crustal stress in northern South China Sea is characterized by the different stress status in different zone due to India plate, Euro‐Asia plate and Philippine plate playing different role. In the area near Taiwan the crustal stress is dominated by the collision of Philippe plate and Euro‐Asia plate, and the direction of maximum principal stress is E‐W. Along marginal northern South China Sea the crustal stress is influenced by extension induced by the Euro‐Asia plate subduction under the Philippine plate at the Manila trench, and the maximum principal stress gradually turns to S‐N and NW.