bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diphenyl Ditelluride‐Induced Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis: A Relation with Topoisomerase I Inhibition
Authors: Jorge Patrícia M. , de Oliveira Iuri M. , Filippi Chiela Eduardo C. , Viau Cassiana M. , Saffi Jenifer , Horn Fabiana , Rosa Renato M. , Guecheva Temenouga N. , Pêgas Henriques João A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe diphenyl ditelluride (DPDT) is a prototype for the development of new biologically active molecules. In previous studies, DPDT showed an elevated cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster fibroblast (V79) cells but the mechanisms for reduction of cell viability still remain unknown. DPDT showed mutagenic properties by induction of frameshift mutations in bacterium Salmonella typhimurium and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This organotelluride also induced DNA strand breaks in V79 cells. In this work, we investigated the mechanism of DPDT cytotoxicity by evaluating the effects of this compound on cell cycle progression, apoptosis induction and topoisomerase I inhibition. Significant decrease of V79 cell viability after DPDT treatment was revealed by MTT assay. Morphological analysis showed induction of apoptosis and necrosis by DPDT in V79 cells. An increase of caspase 3/7 activity confirmed apoptosis induction. The cell cycle analysis showed an increase in the percentage of V79 cells in S phase and sub‐G1 phase. The yeast strain deficient in topoisomerase I (Topo I) showed higher tolerance to DPDT compared with the isogenic wild‐type strain, suggesting that the interaction with this enzyme could be involved in DPDT toxicity. The sensitivity to DPDT found in top3∆ strain indicates that yeast topoisomerase 3 (Top3p) could participate in the repair of DNA lesions induced by the DPDT. We also demonstrated that DPDT inhibits human DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I) activity by DNA relaxation assay. Therefore, our results suggest that the DPDT‐induced cell cycle arrest and reduction in cell viability could be attributed to interaction with topoisomerase I enzyme.
Local Anesthetic Lidocaine Inhibits TRPM7 Current and TRPM7‐Mediated Zinc Toxicity
Authors: Leng Tian‐Dong , Lin Jun , Sun Hua‐Wei , Zeng Zhao , O'Bryant Zaven , Inoue Koichi , Xiong Zhi‐Gang 
Published: August 2014

SummaryBackgroundPrevious study demonstrated that overstimulation of TRPM7 substantially contributes to zinc‐mediated neuronal toxicity. Inhibition of TRPM7 activity and TRPM7‐mediated intracellular Zn2+ accumulation may represent a promising strategy in the treatment of stroke.AimsTo investigate whether local anesthetics lidocaine could inhibit TRPM7 channel and TRPM7‐mediated zinc toxicity.MethodsWhole‐cell patch‐clamp technique was used to investigate the effect of local anesthetics on TRPM7 currents in cultured mouse cortical neurons and TRPM7‐overexpressed HEK293 cells. Fluorescent Zn2+ imaging technique was used to study the effect of lidocaine on TRPM7‐mediated intracellular Zn2+ accumulation. TRPM7‐mediated zinc toxicity in neurons was used to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of lidocaine.Results(1) Lidocaine dose dependently inhibits TRPM7‐like currents, with an IC50 of 11.55 and 11.06 mM in cultured mouse cortical neurons and TRPM7‐overexpressed HEK293 cells, respectively; (2) Lidocaine inhibits TRPM7 currents in a use/frequency‐dependent manner; (3) Lidocaine inhibits TRPM7‐mediated intracellular Zn2+ accumulation in both cortical neurons and TRPM7‐overexpressed HEK293 cells; (4) TRPM7‐mediated Zn2+ toxicity is ameliorated by lidocaine in cortical neurons; (5) QX‐314 has a similar inhibitory effect as lidocaine on TRPM7 currents when applied extracellularly; (6) Procaine also shows potent inhibitory effect on the TRPM7 currents in cortical neurons.ConclusionOur data provide the first evidence that local anesthetic lidocaine inhibits TRPM7 channel and TRPM7‐mediated zinc toxicity.
Prioritizing islands for the eradication of invasive vertebrates in the United Kingdom overseas territories
Authors: Dawson Jeffrey , Oppel Steffen , Cuthbert Richard J. , Holmes Nick , Bird Jeremy P. , Butchart Stuart H. M. , Spatz Dena R. , Tershy Bernie 
Published: August 2014

AbstractInvasive alien species are one of the primary threats to native biodiversity on islands worldwide. Consequently, eradicating invasive species from islands has become a mainstream conservation practice. Deciding which islands have the highest priority for eradication is of strategic importance to allocate limited resources to achieve maximum conservation benefit. Previous island prioritizations focused either on a narrow set of native species or on a small geographic area. We devised a prioritization approach that incorporates all threatened native terrestrial vertebrates and all invasive terrestrial vertebrates occurring on 11 U.K. overseas territories, which comprise over 2000 islands ranging from the sub‐Antarctic to the tropics. Our approach includes eradication feasibility and distinguishes between the potential and realistic conservation value of an eradication, which reflects the benefit that would accrue following eradication of either all invasive species or only those species for which eradication techniques currently exist. We identified the top 25 priority islands for invasive species eradication that together would benefit extant populations of 155 native species including 45 globally threatened species. The 5 most valuable islands included the 2 World Heritage islands Gough (South Atlantic) and Henderson (South Pacific) that feature unique seabird colonies, and Anegada, Little Cayman, and Guana Island in the Caribbean that feature a unique reptile fauna. This prioritization can be rapidly repeated if new information or techniques become available, and the approach could be replicated elsewhere in the world.Priorización de Islas para la Erradicación de Vertebrados Invasores en los Territorios Exteriores del Reino Unido
An improved method for measuring soil N2O fluxes using a quantum cascade laser with a dynamic chamber
Authors: Cowan N. J. , Famulari D. , Levy P. E. , Anderson M. , Bell M. J. , Rees R. M. , Reay D. S. , Skiba U. M. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryA dynamic chamber method was developed to measure fluxes of N2O from soils with greater accuracy than previously possible, through the use of a quantum cascade laser (QCL). The dynamic method was compared with the conventional static chamber method, where samples are analysed subsequently on a gas chromatograph. Results suggest that the dynamic method is capable of measuring soil N2O fluxes with an uncertainty of typically less than 1–2 µg N2O‐N m−2 hour−1 (0.24–0.48 g N2O‐N ha−1 day−1), much less than the conventional static chamber method, because of the greater precision and temporal resolution of the QCL. The continuous record of N2O and CO2 concentration at 1 Hz during chamber closure provides an insight into the effects that enclosure time and the use of different regression methods may introduce when employed with static chamber systems similar in design. Results suggest that long enclosure times can contribute significantly to uncertainty in chamber flux measurements. Non‐linear models are less influenced by effects of long enclosure time, but even these do not always adequately describe the observed concentrations when enclosure time exceeds 10 minutes, especially with large fluxes.
Competitive exclusion, beta diversity, and deterministic vs. stochastic drivers of community assembly
Authors: Segre Hila , Ron Ronen , De Malach Niv , Henkin Zalmen , Mandel Micha , Kadmon Ronen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSpecies diversity has two components – number of species and spatial turnover in species composition (beta‐diversity). Using a field experiment focusing on a system of Mediterranean grasslands, we show that interspecific competition may influence the two components in the same direction or in opposite directions, depending on whether competitive exclusions are deterministic or stochastic. Deterministic exclusions reduce both patch‐scale richness and beta‐diversity, thereby homogenising the community. Stochastic extinctions reduce richness at the patch scale, but increase the differences in species composition among patches. These results indicate that studies of competitive effects on beta diversity may help to distinguish between deterministic and stochastic components of competitive exclusion. Such distinction is crucial for understanding the causal relationship between competition and species diversity, one of the oldest and most fundamental questions in ecology.
Experimental parasite infection reveals costs and benefits of paternal effects
Authors: Kaufmann Joshka , Lenz Tobias L. , Milinski Manfred , Eizaguirre Christophe 
Published: August 2014

AbstractForces shaping an individual's phenotype are complex and include transgenerational effects. Despite low investment into reproduction, a father's environment and phenotype can shape its offspring's phenotype. Whether and when such paternal effects are adaptive, however, remains elusive. Using three‐spined sticklebacks in controlled infection experiments, we show that sperm deficiencies in exposed males compared to their unexposed brothers functionally translated into reduced reproductive success in sperm competition trials. In non‐competitive fertilisations, offspring of exposed males suffered significant costs of reduced hatching success and survival but they reached a higher body condition than their counterparts from unexposed fathers after experimental infection. Interestingly, those benefits of paternal infection did not result from increased resistance but from increased tolerance to the parasite. Altogether, these results demonstrate that parasite resistance and tolerance are shaped by processes involving both genetic and non‐genetic inheritance and suggest a context‐dependent adaptive value of paternal effects.
An integrated framework to improve the concept of resource specialisation
Authors: Jorge Leonardo R. , Prado Paulo I. , Almeida‐Neto Mário , Lewinsohn Thomas M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractResource specialisation, although a fundamental component of ecological theory, is employed in disparate ways. Most definitions derive from simple counts of resource species. We build on recent advances in ecophylogenetics and null model analysis to propose a concept of specialisation that comprises affinities among resources as well as their co‐occurrence with consumers. In the distance‐based specialisation index (DSI), specialisation is measured as relatedness (phylogenetic or otherwise) of resources, scaled by the null expectation of random use of locally available resources. Thus, specialists use significantly clustered sets of resources, whereas generalists use over‐dispersed resources. Intermediate species are classed as indiscriminate consumers. The effectiveness of this approach was assessed with differentially restricted null models, applied to a data set of 168 herbivorous insect species and their hosts. Incorporation of plant relatedness and relative abundance greatly improved specialisation measures compared to taxon counts or simpler null models, which overestimate the fraction of specialists, a problem compounded by insufficient sampling effort. This framework disambiguates the concept of specialisation with an explicit measure applicable to any mode of affinity among resource classes, and is also linked to ecological and evolutionary processes. This will enable a more rigorous deployment of ecological specialisation in empirical and theoretical studies.
Epilepsy transition: Challenges of caring for adults with childhood‐onset seizures
Authors: Borlot Felippe , Tellez‐Zenteno Jose F. , Allen Anita , Ali Anfal , Snead O. Carter , Andrade Danielle M. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryObjectivesChildren with severe chronic epilepsy are living longer, and they eventually transition to the adult health care system. Additional research is required to better define the population that is being transferred and the qualifications of those who are assuming their care. We aimed to evaluate the complexity of epilepsy patients transitioning between tertiary centers, and to evaluate neurologists' confidence in dealing with childhood‐onset epilepsies.MethodsPatients aged from 18 to 25 years were divided into two groups: Group 1 comprised patients referred from the pediatric tertiary center; and Group 2 comprised patients referred from the community. Clinical data were retrospectively studied and groups were compared using appropriate statistics. We also created a survey to evaluate neurologists' levels of confidence in diagnosing and treating childhood‐onset epilepsies. Differences among responders were compared.ResultsGroup 1 comprised 170 patients, whereas group 2 had 132. Patients in group 1 had earlier seizure onset, longer epilepsy duration (p < 0.001), and more patients with symptomatic etiologies, epileptic encephalopathy, and cognitive delay (p < 0.001). Group 1 patients required more referrals to other specialties (p = 0.001). Treatment with polytherapy (p = 0.003), epilepsy surgery (p < 0.001), ketogenic diet (p < 0.001), and vagus nerve stimulator were more common in group 1 (p < 0.001). In addition, our survey applied to adult (n = 86) and pediatric (n = 29) neurologists indicated that adult neurologists have lower levels of confidence in diagnosing and treating severe forms of childhood‐onset epilepsies (p < 0.001), as well as epilepsy associated with cognitive delay (p < 0.001).SignificanceThese findings suggest that patients from tertiary centers present more complex health care needs and require more resources than age‐matched patients from the community; and that adult neurologists may not feel prepared to diagnose and treat adult patients with some childhood‐onset epilepsies.
Clinical, EEG, MRI, MEG, and surgical outcomes of pediatric epilepsy with astrocytic inclusions versus focal cortical dysplasia
Authors: Alshafai Laila , Ochi Ayako , Go Cristina , McCoy Blathnaid , Hawkins Cynthia , Otsubo Hiroshi , Snead Orlando C. , Rutka James , Widjaja Elysa 
Published: August 2014

SummaryObjectiveAstrocytic inclusions (AIs) have been identified on histologic specimens of patients with early onset seizures, and the proteomic contents have been described. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical, electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and surgical outcomes of AIs relative to focal cortical dysplasia (FCD).MethodsWe assessed the clinical manifestations, semiology, ictal and interictal features on video‐EEG, MEG, MRI features, and surgical outcomes of children with histologically proven AIs compared to FCD.ResultsSix children had AIs and 27 had FCD. Children with AIs had an earlier age at seizure onset, periodic spasms (all children), and interictal epileptiform discharges consisting of a mixture of generalized or diffuse hemispheric slow waves, sharp waves, spikes and polyspikes. Children with FCD were less likely to have spasms (4/27 [15%]), and the morphology of the diffuse hemispheric or generalized discharges were different from those of AI, consisting of spike‐and‐waves, polyspike‐and‐waves, sharp‐and‐slow waves, and paroxysmal fast activity. Patients with AIs were less likely to have tightly clustered MEG spike sources (3/6 [50%] vs. 23/27 [85%]), and more likely to demonstrate abnormal sulcation and gyration pattern (4/6 [67%] vs. 2/27 [7%]) and gray matter heterotopia (2/6 [33%] vs. 0/27 [0%]) than patients with FCD. Four children with AIs had resection and two had biopsy but did not undergo resection. Children with AIs had lower rates of seizure freedom after surgery compared to FCD (1/4 [25%] vs. 15/27 [56%], respectively).SignificanceAlthough there were some similarities between AIs and FCD, patients with AIs were more likely to present with early onset periodic spasms, have unusual interictal epileptiform discharges, abnormal sulcation, gyration pattern, and gray matter heterotopia, and were less likely to be seizure free following surgical resection relative to FCD. Further study with a larger sample size is needed to validate our findings.
Guttural pouch empyema secondary to a periocular foreign body
Authors: M. Dias D. P. , G. Macoris D. , Alessi A. C. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThis report describes a 3‐year‐old gelding presenting with signs of injury to its left eye following an accident in which the horse crashed into a hedge. The first treatment attempted to treat infections in the eye and respiratory tract due to secretions identified in the trachea. The horse did not improve and further clinical and radiographic evaluations detected a guttural pouch empyema. Surgical drainage was performed and antimicrobial treatment continued. However, the horse presented with severe epistaxis and euthanasia was elected due to suspected arterial rupture. At necropsy, a round and stiff branch plant was found creating a fistula from the left orbit to the left guttural pouch. Another branch was found inside the pouch, confirming the origin of the persistent infection and severity of the tissue lesion.
A simplified surgical technique for correction of orbital adipose prolapse in the horse
Authors: Foote B. C. , Beccar‐Varela A. , Carastro S. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryAQuarterHorse gelding underwent standing surgical correction of an orbital adipose prolapse through a subconjunctival approach removing the prolapsed fat without use of electrocautery or closure of the conjunctiva. This technique provided an acceptable long‐term cosmetic outcome. There was no recurrence of orbital adipose prolapse up to 15 months post operatively. The surgical procedure performed in this case is a simple technique, which could be performed in the field under sedation and local anaesthesia.
Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of neonatal sepsis
Authors: Dunkel B. , Corley K. T. T. 
Published: August 2014

SummarySepsis is a major cause of death in neonatal foals and, in recent years, significant progress in the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology has been made. To achieve a successful outcome, early diagnosis and treatment focusing on supporting vital functions and neutralising the effects of the causative organisms are essential. The pharmacokinetics of many drugs differ in neonatal foals and more information for appropriate dosing of antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory drugs for neonatal foals is now available to guide clinicians in choosing the best dosages. Prevention remains difficult and focuses on early recognition while prophylactic use of antimicrobials is discouraged.
The role of dispersal mode and habitat specialisation in metacommunity structuring of aquatic macroinvertebrates in isolated spring fens
Authors: Rádková Vanda , Bojková Jindřiška , Křoupalová Vendula , Schenková Jana , Syrovátka Vít , Horsák Michal 
Published: August 2014

Summary

The relevance of environmental and spatial processes for species distributions varies among environments and types of metacommunities. Here, for the first time, we use modern statistical approaches to test the contribution of these two processes in structuring ecologically unique and threatened biotas of insular spring fens. We applied two species categorisations, common/rare and generalists/specialists, to disentangle the roles of dispersal capacity and habitat specialisation.

In accordance with current understanding of headwater ecosystems, we found that environmental processes played a major role in most of the spring fen taxonomic and functional groups. However, we observed significant spatial structure in passive dispersers (Clitellata, a class of annelid worms), common species and habitat specialists.

Spatial processes played the leading role in structuring the metacommunity of passively dispersing specialists. In contrast, all analysed insect groups, even those known to be poor dispersers, were able to reach virtually all favourable sites.

We conclude that dispersal mode (active versus passive) and, to a lesser extent, habitat specialisation are the main factors determining the mechanism of spring fen metacommunity structuring.
Evaluating the use of macroscale variables as proxies for local aquatic variables and to model stream fish distributions
Authors: Frederico Renata G. , De Marco Paulo , Zuanon Jansen 
Published: August 2014

Summary

The geographical ranges of species are influenced by three components: spatial distribution of environmental conditions, biotic interactions and the dispersal capacity of species. The scarcity of distributional records in vast regions such as the Amazon impedes understanding of fish distribution. Predictive distribution models have emerged as a better alternative to surpass this problem, but the absence of large‐scale maps for aquatic variables has been suggested as an important limitation.

We aimed to evaluate the use of macroclimatic variables as surrogates for local limnological variables in the Brazilian Amazon. Ordinary least squares model were used to predict the local habitat variables from climatic and geomorphological information as macroscale variables. Models for six stream‐dwelling fish were built in MaxEnt and validated using area under curve and true skill statistics (TSS).

All local variables were predicted successfully (R2 > 0.39), and MaxEnt models had good suitability using the macroscale variables (TSS higher than 0.70). We conclude that macroscale variables can be effective surrogates for local habitat variables, at least for large‐scale analyses on poorly sampled regions such as the Brazilian Amazon.