bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural History of Small Unruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms
Authors: Güresir Erdem , Vatter Hartmut , Schuss Patrick , Platz Johannes , Konczalla Jürgen , de Rochement Richard Du Mesnil , Berkefeld Joachim , Seifert Volker 
Published: September 2013

Background and Purpose—
The natural history of small unruptured intracranial aneurysms of the anterior circulation in the European population is unclear. Therefore, the management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms <7 mm in the anterior circulation is controversial.

Methods—
Between June 1999 and June 2012, 384 unruptured intracranial aneurysms of the anterior circulation <7 mm in diameter underwent conservative treatment and regular annual follow-up in our institution. Patient- and aneurysm-specific information, as well as information on aneurysm enlargement and rupture, was entered into a prospectively conducted database.

Results—

The mean follow-up duration was 48.5±37 months. Three aneurysms enlarged during the follow-up period and were treated by surgical clipping. Three aneurysms were ruptured during the follow-up period. The overall annual incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage was 0.2% during the follow-up. In the multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, hypertension (
P
<0.001; hazard ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 2.1–3.3) and <50 years of age (
P
=0.04; hazard ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.7) were significant independent predictors of aneurysm rupture.

Conclusions—
The present data indicate that the annual incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with small anterior circulation unruptured intracranial aneurysms is low in this single-institution prospective cohort study. The natural course varies according to arterial hypertension and patient age.
Feasibility of an Ambulance-Based Stroke Trial, and Safety of Glyceryl Trinitrate in Ultra-Acute Stroke
Authors: Ankolekar Sandeep , Fuller Michael , Cross Ian , Renton Cheryl , Cox Patrick , Sprigg Nikola , Siriwardena A. Niroshan , Bath Philip M. 
Published: September 2013

Background and Purpose—
The practicalities of doing ambulance-based trials where paramedics perform all aspects of a clinical trial involving patients with ultra-acute stroke have not been assessed.

Methods—
We performed a randomized controlled trial with screening, consent, randomization, and treatment performed by paramedics prior to hospitalization. Patients with probable ultra-acute stroke (<4 hours) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) >140 mm Hg were randomized to transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN; 5 mg/24 hours) or none (blinding under gauze dressing) for 7 days with the first dose given by paramedics. The primary outcome was SBP at 2 hours.

Results—

Of a planned 80 patients, 41 (25 GTN, 16 no GTN) were enrolled >22 months with median age [interquartile range] 79 [16] years; men 22 (54%); SBP 168 [46]; final diagnosis: stroke 33 (80%) and transient ischemic attack 3 (7%). Time to randomization was 55 [75] minutes. After treatment with GTN versus no GTN, SBP at 2 hours was 153 [31] versus 174 [27] mm Hg, respectively, with difference −18 [30] mm Hg (
P
=0.030). GTN improved functional outcome with a shift in the modified Rankin Scale by 1 [3] point (
P
=0.040). The rates of death, 4 (16%) versus 6 (38%;
P
=0.15), and serious adverse events, 14 (56%) versus 10 (63%;
P
=0.75), did not differ between GTN and no GTN.

Conclusions—
Paramedics can successfully enroll patients with ultra-acute stroke into an ambulance-based trial. GTN reduces SBP at 2 hours and seems to be safe in ultra-acute stroke. A larger trial is needed to assess whether GTN improves functional outcome.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN66434824/66434824
. Unique identifier: 66434824.
Determinants of Cerebral Lesions in Endocarditis on Systematic Cerebral Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Iung Bernard , Tubiana Sarah , Klein Isabelle , Messika-Zeitoun David , Brochet Eric , Lepage Laurent , Al-Attar Nawwar , Ruimy Raymond , Leport Catherine , Wolff Michel , Duval Xavier 
Published: September 2013

Background and Purpose—
Cerebral lesions are frequent complications of infective endocarditis (IE) and have a prognostic impact. Cerebral MRI identifies lesions in a high number of patients. However, their determinants have not been identified. The aim of the study was to define the determinants of cerebral lesions in patients with IE undergoing systematic cerebral MRI.

Methods—
Determinants of ischemic lesions and of microbleeds were prospectively analyzed in 120 patients with left-sided IE, using systematic cerebral MRI.

Results—

Median age was 60 years (interquartile range 51–72); IE occurred on a prosthetic valve in 37 patients (30.8%) and was due to
Streptococci
in 47 patients and
Staphylococci
in 36; 15 (12.5%) had neurological symptoms. MRI detected ischemic lesions in 64 patients (53.3%; territorial lesions in 32 and small lesions in 57) and microbleeds in 72 (60.0%). In multivariate analysis, ischemic lesions were associated with vegetation length (odds ratio 1.10/mm; 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.16;
P
=0.003) and
Staphylococcus aureus
IE (odds ratio 2.65; 95% confidence interval 1.01–6.96;
P
=0.05). A vegetation length >4 mm identified ischemic lesions with a sensitivity of 74.6% and a specificity of 51.5%. Microbleeds were associated with prosthetic IE (odds ratio 8.01; 95% confidence interval 2.58–24.90;
P
=0.0003) and not with prior anticoagulant therapy (
P
=0.67).

Conclusions—
Systematic cerebral MRI frequently detects ischemic lesions and microbleeds during acute IE. The high sensitivity of MRI shows that each millimeter increase in vegetation length is associated with a 10% increase in the rate of ischemic lesions. Conversely, microbleeds are associated only with prosthetic IE in this study.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00144885.
Good Outcome Rate of 35% in IV-tPA–Treated Patients With Computed Tomography Angiography Confirmed Severe Anterior Circulation Occlusive Stroke
Authors: González R. Gilberto , Furie Karen L. , Goldmacher Gregory V. , Smith Wade S. , Kamalian Shervin , Payabvash Seyedmehdi , Harris Gordon J. , Halpern Elkan F. , Koroshetz Walter J. , Camargo Erica C.S. , Dillon William P. , Lev Michael H. 
Published: September 2013

Background and Purpose—
To determine the effect of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) on outcomes in patients with severe major anterior circulation ischemic stroke.

Methods—
Prospectively, 649 patients with acute stroke had admission National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) scores, noncontrast computed tomography (CT), CT angiography (CTA), and 6-month outcome assessed using modified Rankin scale. IV-tPA treatment decisions were made before CTA, at the time of noncontrast CT scanning, as per routine clinical protocol. Severe symptoms were defined as NIHSS>10. Poor outcome was defined as modified Rankin scale >2. Major occlusions were identified on CTA. Univariate and multivariate stepwise-forward logistic regression analyses of the full cohort were performed.

Results—

Of 649 patients, 188 (29%) patients presented with NIHSS>10, and 64 out of 188 (34%) patients received IV-tPA. Admission NIHSS, large artery occlusion, and IV-tPA all independently predicted good outcomes; however, a significant interaction existed between IV-tPA and occlusion (
P
<0.001). Of the patients who presented with NIHSS>10 with anterior circulation occlusion, twice the percentage had good outcomes if they received IV-tPA (17 out of 49 patients, 35%) than if they did not (13 out of 77 patients, 17%;
P
=0.031). The number needed to treat was 7 (95% confidence interval, 3–60).

Conclusions—
IV-tPA treatment resulted in significantly better outcomes in patients with severely symptomatic stroke with major anterior circulation occlusions. The 35% good outcome rate was similar to rates found in endovascular therapy trials. Vascular imaging may help in patient selection and stratification for trials of IV-thrombolytic and endovascular therapies.
Distribution of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale in the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study
Authors: Reeves Mathew , Khoury Jane , Alwell Kathleen , Moomaw Charles , Flaherty Matthew , Woo Daniel , Khatri Pooja , Adeoye Opeolu , Ferioli Simona , Kissela Brett , Kleindorfer Dawn 
Published: September 2013

Background and Purpose—
Little is known about the distribution of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores from patients with ischemic stroke sampled from population-based studies. We describe the distribution of NIHSS in ischemic stroke cases from the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study.

Methods—
Within a biracial population of 1.3 million, all strokes among area residents in 2005 were ascertained by screening discharge records at local hospitals and outpatient clinics. A sampling scheme was developed to ascertain additional cases presenting to physician offices and nursing homes, not identified through the other sources. All confirmed ischemic stroke cases underwent chart abstraction, and a retrospective NIHSS (rNIHSS) score (range, 0–42) was generated on the basis of initial physician examination findings.

Results—
There were 2233 ischemic stroke cases identified during the 12-month study. The overall median rNIHSS score was 3 (interquartile range, 1–7). Median rNIHSS score was 3, 7, and 1, respectively, for stroke cases ascertained through the admitted, in-hospital, and out-of-hospital sources. Median rNIHSS was significantly higher in subjects ≥80 years compared with younger cases (4 versus 3).

Conclusions—
More than half of all ischemic stroke cases have mild symptom severity on initial presentation (ie, rNIHSS≤3). Monitoring trends in NIHSS represents a legitimate target for population-based surveillance efforts.
The Labor Question in America: Economic Democracy in the Gilded Age, Rosanne Currarino, Champaign, IL.: University of Illinois Press, 2011
Authors: Gourevitch Alex 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIt is said we live in a second Gilded Age, which makes our understanding of the first all the more relevant. Rosanne Currarino’sThe Labor Question in Americamakes the bold claim that, far from being a period of defeat for the Left, the original Gilded Age saw an expansion of democratic citizenship. A group of economists, social reformers and labour organisers transformed our understanding of political participation from the earlier, producerist to a more modern, consumerist ideal of social inclusion and collective agency. However, on her own telling, Currarino’s ‘expansion’ comes across more as a ‘substitution’. Some workers gained in wages what they lost in control of the means of production. Though Currarino fairly identifies the utopian aspirations underlying the demand for higher levels of consumption, her narrative relies on an overly rigid distinction between production and consumption, missing out on the way in which consumption came to be defined in ways that assumed the workplace would be a site of submission. Finally,The Labor Questionfails to include, as parts of its narrative, the extraordinary violence that marked struggles over the labour question. In this context, the shift from ‘producerist’ emphases on worker control to ‘consumerist’ views of economic citizenship look more like an ideological displacement than they do a progressive expansion of democracy.
This Land is Ours Now: Social Mobilization and the Meanings of Land in Brazil, Wendy Wolford, Durham, NC.: Duke University Press, 2010
Authors: Vergara-Camus Leandro 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIn this review, I highlight the valuable contributions of Wendy Wolford’s latest book, which rest on her extensive understanding of the diversity of the Brazilian countryside and her acute ability to weave together the impact that land-tenure patterns, labour regimes and regional cultures have had upon settlers of the Landless Rural Workers’ Movement. It also assesses the central claim of the book which suggests that the MST is often unable to retain its membership because the leadership reproduces an understanding of peasant agriculture that is specific to the South of Brazil. The review argues that Wolford’s main argument falls foul of four shortcomings related to her methodology, her understanding of the MST’s ideology, her choice of not including the process of encampment and the MST’s commitment to radical social change in her analysis, and finally her problematic interpretation of the relationship between the grassroots membership and the leadership of the movement.
Seasons of Self-Delusion: Opium, Capitalism and the Financial Markets
Authors: Banaji Jairus 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTo grasp current trends within capitalism without abandoning the framework of Marx’sCapitalwe need to return to the category of ‘fictitious capital’ and make it central to our explanations. Based on the 2012 Isaac and Tamara Deutscher Memorial Lecture, this essay combines reflections on Marx’s account of ‘fictitious capital’; an investigation of the role of bills of exchange; and an analysis of the recent turmoil in British and US banking. It looks at the way the opium trade, financed through the London bill market, integrated a constellation of interests in the City with the labour of peasant households in India as parts of a unified accumulation process. Opium was vital to the fortunes of British capitalism for most of the nineteenth century. The merchant banks that were the mainstay of Britain’s form of capitalism were also the key element in the re-emergence of global finance in the postwar period. The concluding part of the paper deals with the current banking crisis and follows Hilferding in arguing that by providing liquidity to the markets for fictitious capital, speculation plays a crucial role in sustaining profitability for the bigger capitals.
Urban Marxism and the Post-colonial Question: Henri Lefebvre and ‘Colonisation’
Authors: Kipfer Stefan , Goonewardena Kanishka 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The post-colonial has often functioned as a code word for a form of French post-theory. In more recent efforts to reconstruct linkages between metropolitan Marxism and counter-colonialism, the post-colonial refers to an open-ended research field for investigating the present weight of colonial histories. But even in these reformulations, post-colonial research presents formidable challenges to Euro-American urban Marxism. In this context, this paper redirects Henri Lefebvre’s work to analyse post-colonial situations. It traces in particular the notion of ‘colonisation’ as it develops from his critique of everyday life (which signalled an extension of his critique of alienation) to his work on the state (where the notion reappears in discussions of theories of imperialism). We argue that Lefebvre’s notion of ‘colonisation’ (which refers to multi-scalar strategies for organising territorial relations of domination) presents a promising opening to understanding the ‘colonial’ aspects of urbanisation today. Still, for this promise to be realised, Lefebvre’s notion must be refracted through dialectical-humanist counter-colonial traditions.
An Updated TRMM Composite Climatology of Tropical Rainfall and Its Validation
Authors: Wang Jian-Jian , Adler Robert F. , Huffman George J. , Bolvin David 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
An updated 15-yr Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) composite climatology (TCC) is presented and evaluated. This climatology is based on a combination of individual rainfall estimates made with data from the primary TRMM instruments: the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) and the precipitation radar (PR). This combination climatology of passive microwave retrievals, radar-based retrievals, and an algorithm using both instruments simultaneously provides a consensus TRMM-based estimate of mean precipitation. The dispersion of the three estimates, as indicated by the standard deviation σ among the estimates, is presented as a measure of confidence in the final estimate and as an estimate of the uncertainty thereof. The procedures utilized by the compositing technique, including adjustments and quality-control measures, are described. The results give a mean value of the TCC of 4.3 mm day−1 for the deep tropical ocean belt between 10°N and 10°S, with lower values outside that band. In general, the TCC values confirm ocean estimates from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) analysis, which is based on passive microwave results adjusted for sampling by infrared-based estimates. The pattern of uncertainty estimates shown by σ is seen to be useful to indicate variations in confidence. Examples include differences between the eastern and western portions of the Pacific Ocean and high values in coastal and mountainous areas. Comparison of the TCC values (and the input products) to gauge analyses over land indicates the value of the radar-based estimates (small biases) and the limitations of the passive microwave algorithm (relatively large biases). Comparison with surface gauge information from western Pacific Ocean atolls shows a negative bias (~16%) for all the TRMM products, although the representativeness of the atoll gauges of open-ocean rainfall is still in question.
Warming of the Polar Water Layer in Disko Bay and Potential Impact on Jakobshavn Isbrae
Authors: Myers Paul G. , Ribergaard Mads H. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
A number of recent studies have shown enhanced retreat of tidewater glaciers over much of southern and western Greenland. One of the fastest retreats has occurred at Jakobshavn Isbrae, with the rapid retreat linked to the arrival of relatively warm and saline Irminger water along the west coast of Greenland. Similar links to changes in ocean water masses on the coastal shelf of Greenland were also seen on the east coast. This study presents hydrographic data from Disko Bay, additionally revealing that there was also a significant warming of the cold polar water entering Disko Bay from the mid-to-late 1990s onward. This layer, which lies at a depth of ~30–200 m, warmed by 1°–2°C. The heat content of the polar water layer increased by a factor of 3.6 for the post-1997 period compared to the period prior to 1990. The heat content in the west Greenland Irminger water layer between the same periods increased only by a factor of 2, but contained more total heat. The authors suggest that the changes in the polar water layer are related to circulation changes in Baffin Bay.
Fates and Travel Times of Denmark Strait Overflow Water in the Irminger Basin*
Authors: M. Koszalka Inga , Haine Thomas W. N. , Magaldi Marcello G. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) supplies about one-third of the North Atlantic Deep Water and is critical to global thermohaline circulation. Knowledge of the pathways of DSO through the Irminger Basin and its transformation there is still incomplete, however. The authors deploy over 10 000 Lagrangian particles at the Denmark Strait in a high-resolution ocean model to study these issues. First, the particle trajectories show that the mean position and potential density of dense waters cascading over the Denmark Strait sill evolve consistently with hydrographic observations. These sill particles transit the Irminger Basin to the Spill Jet section (65.25°N) in 5–7 days and to the Angmagssalik section (63.5°N) in 2–3 weeks. Second, the dense water pathways on the continental shelf are consistent with observations and particles released on the shelf in the strait constitute a significant fraction of the dense water particles recorded at the Angmagssalik section within 60 days (~25%). Some particles circulate on the shelf for several weeks before they spill off the shelf break and join the overflow from the sill. Third, there are two places where the water density following particle trajectories decreases rapidly due to intense mixing: to the southwest of the sill and southwest of the Kangerdlugssuaq Trough on the continental slope. After transformation in these places, the overflow particles exhibit a wide range of densities.
Generation of the North Equatorial Undercurrent Jets by Triad Baroclinic Rossby Wave Interactions
Authors: Qiu Bo , Chen Shuiming , Sasaki Hideharu 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Formation processes responsible for the North Equatorial Undercurrent (NEUC) jets that appear across the tropical North Pacific Ocean near 9°, 13°, and 18°N are explored both theoretically and using numerical models with different complexities. Analyses of an eddy-resolving global ocean general circulation model output reveal that the NEUC jets have a mode-1 baroclinic vertical structure and are spatially persistent on the interannual and longer time scales. This OGCM-simulated vertical structure prompts the authors to adopt the simpler, nonlinear -layer reduced-gravity model, as well as the baroclinic Rossby wave triad interaction theory, to unravel the essential processes underlying the NEUC jets. The seed for the NEUC jets originates in annual baroclinic Rossby waves driven by the large-scale surface wind stress forcing. Emanating from the ocean basin’s eastern boundary, these wind-forced “primary” waves are subject to nonlinear triad interactions and break down offshore where the e-folding time scale of the most unstable triad instability matches the advective time scale of the primary waves. The breakdown boundary of the wind-forced primary waves tends to tilt northeast–southwest and, west of this boundary, finite-amplitude eddies emerge, whose meridional scales are set by the most unstable short secondary waves participating in the triad interactions along the breakdown boundary. With their meridional scales set similarly by the short secondary waves, the time-mean zonal jets of characteristics resembling the observed NEUC jets are formed by the converging potential vorticity fluxes of these finite-amplitude eddies.
What is the lower limit for postprandial venous plasma glucose in healthy young adults?
Authors: Swaminathan Akhilesh , Lunt Helen , Frampton Christopher MA , Florkowski Christopher M 
Published: September 2013

Background There is general agreement that the lower limit for postprandial venous plasma glucose is the same or higher than for a fasted sample. The finding of a postprandial fall in glucose would therefore have implications for assignment of the lower limit of the normal glucose range. Methods An antecubital venous sample was collected before and one hour after breakfast. Plasma was separated immediately after collection and glucose measured using the hexokinase method. Participants with dysglycaemia were excluded from subsequent analysis. Results Glucose range (mmol/L) for the 96 participants was 4.4–6.0 fasting and 2.7–7.2 postprandially. There was no relationship between postprandial glucose and either gender or carbohydrate intake. About 24% of postprandial concentrations were <3.9 mmol/L. Conclusions If laboratories choose to define a random venous plasma glucose reference range, the lower limit should be below 3.9 mmol/L.