bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuordnung der Finanzmärkte in Europa durch MiFID II/MiFIR
Authors: Gomber Peter , Nassauer Frank 
Published: October 2014

Zusammenfassung
Die Anpassung der EU-Richtlinie über Märkte für Finanzinstrumente (MiFID II) und die Einführung einer begleitenden Verordnung (MiFIR) im Jahr 2014 werden erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Finanzmärkte in Europa haben und zu einer grundlegenden Neuordnung der Finanzmarktstrukturen führen. Ausgehend von einer Diskussion der Zielerreichung der ursprünglichen Richtlinie (MiFID I) aus dem Jahr 2004 werden im vorliegenden Artikel die Zielsetzungen und Maßnahmen der Neuregelung beleuchtet. Wesentliche Elemente im Hinblick auf Marktstrukturen und den Wertpapierhandel sind die Einführung einer neuen Handelsplatzkategorie, des organisierten Handelssystems („Organised Trading Facility“; OTF), sowie die Ausweitung der bislang für Aktien geltenden Transparenzvorschriften auf weitere Finanzinstrumente. Zudem werden eine Handelsverpflichtung für Aktien und Derivate sowie eine Clearingpflicht für Derivate, die auf geregelten Märkten gehandelt werden, neu eingeführt. Schließlich werden der algorithmische Handel und der Hochfrequenzhandel auf europäischer Ebene reguliert, wobei die Regelungen weitgehend an das 2013 eingeführte deutsche Hochfrequenzhandelsgesetz angelehnt sind. Im Ausblick wird zunächst der weitere Prozess der Regulierung skizziert (insbesondere die sog. Level II-Maßnahmen). Abschließend werden mögliche Auswirkungen von MiFID II und MiFIR auf die Marktstruktur und den Wertpapierhandel aufgezeigt.
Die Erstreckung der Unterwerfung in die sofortige Zwangsvollstreckung auf den Zessionar der Grundschuld: Ein neuer Status quo nach dem Streit der Senate
Authors: Hoffmann Jochen 
Published: October 2014

Zusammenfassung
Fast unbemerkt von der Fachöffentlichkeit hat der V. Zivilsenat des BGH mit einer subtilen Änderung seiner Rechtsprechung einen Schlussstrich unter einen Streit gezogen, der zu Anfang des Jahrzehnts zwischen XI. und VII. Zivilsenat geführt worden ist und der zeitweise zu erheblicher Unsicherheit in der notariellen Praxis geführt hatte. Inhaltlich ging es um die Auslegung einer formularmäßigen Unterwerfungserklärung und deren prozessuale Konsequenzen bei Vollstreckung durch den Zessionar einer Grundschuld. Der V. Zivilsenat hat insoweit offenbar die Rolle eines Vermittlers übernommen und durch seine Rechtsprechung einen neuen Status quo begründet. Das Ergebnis des Streits wird man als ein Unentschieden werten können, entspricht doch die neue Rechtslage weder den Vorstellungen des XI. noch des VII. Zivilsenats, sondern einer Kombination von Elementen beider Konzepte.
Operational Model for Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Air Pollution/ Operacyjny Model Atmosferycznego Transportu I Depozycji Zanieczyszczeń
Authors: Mazur Andrzej , Bartnicki Jerzy , Zwoździak Jerzy 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
An assessment of the current state of natural environment affected by air pollution, as well as, forecasts of pro-ecologic, economic and social activities are very often performed using models for atmospheric transport and deposition of air pollutants. In the present paper, we present an operational dispersion model developed at the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management in Warsaw. The basic assumptions and principles of the model are described together with the operational domain and examples of model applications. Two examples of model application are described and discussed here. The first, application is a simulation of the atmospheric transport and deposition of the radioactive isotopes released into the atmosphere during the Chernobyl Accident in 1998. The second example is related to simulation of atmospheric transport of the tracer released into the air during the ETEX experiment. These two examples and previous applications of the model showed that presented dispersion model is fully operational, not only for long term applications, but especially for emergency situations, like nuclear accidents or volcanic eruptions affecting Polish territory
Sorption Equilibrium of Azo Dyes Direct Orange 26 and Reactive Blue 81 onto a Cheap Plant Sorbent/Równowaga Sorpcji Barwników Azowych Direct Orange 26 I Reactive Blue 81 Na Tanim Sorbencie Roślinnym
Authors: Tomczak Elwira , Tosik Paweł 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Azo dye-plant sorbent system was investigated in the paper. Direct Orange 26 and Reactive Blue 81 azo dyes were sourced from Boruta-Zachem Kolor Sp. z o.o. Mechanically and chemically modified rye straw was used as a “low-cost” biosorbent. During experiments, dye concentration changes in the solution and sorbent in time were measured at constant temperature until equilibrium was reached. Sorption equilibrium was described by 2-parameter (Freundlich, Langmuir) and 3-parameter (Redlich-Peterson and Radke-Prausnitz) equations widely used in adsorption studies. Characteristic coefficients of equations were determined and the proposed approximations of the results of experimental studies were evaluated statistically. Higher sorption capacity was obtained for Direct Orange 26 than for Reactive Blue 81.
Activity of Microorganisms Participating in Organic Matter Transformation in Haplic Luvisol Soil/Aktywność Mikroorganizmów Biorących Udział W Transformacji Materii Organicznej W Glebie Płowej
Authors: Księżopolska Alicja , Joniec Jolanta 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The paper presents a study on the microbiological activity and the quality of organic matter of a Haplic Luvisol soil amended with selected organic and mineral materials (manure, clay, flotation lime, aluminium and iron oxides and a bark-keratin-urea preparation), during a three-year field experiment. In the soil under analysis (pH in 1M KCl pHKCl - 4.46, organic carbon Corg. - 0.465%) the following parameters of microbiological activity were assayed: numbers of microorganisms, activity of dehydrogenases, and respiration. In addition, the quality of organic matter was analysed through the determination of its susceptibility to chemical (biological) oxidation (oxidable carbon and non oxidable carbon). The components applied to the soil had a varied effect on the studied parameters of microbiological activity during the whole period of the study. The application of manure and clay caused an increase in the numbers of bacteria, in the activity of dehydrogenases, and in the intensity of the process of soil respiration. Soil respiration was stimulated also by the application of manure and clay in combination with Fe2O3 at the dose of 6 kg. Moreover, a decrease in the number of bacteria in the soil was noted after the combined application of manure, clay and Fe2O3 6 kg. The materials applied in the study caused a variation in the susceptibility of organic matter of Haplic Luvisol soil to oxidation. Soils amended with manure and clay in combination with calcium, aluminium, iron, were characterised by limited susceptibility to organic matter oxidation, while the bark-keratin-urea preparation applied caused a considerable improvement of that susceptibility
On the SPH Approximations in Modeling Water Waves
Authors: Szmidt Kazimierz 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
This paper presents an examination of approximation aspects of the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) in modeling the water wave phenomenon. Close attention is paid on consistency of the SPH formulation and its relation with a correction technique applied to improve the method accuracy. The considerations are confined to flow fields within finite domains with a free surface and fixed solid boundaries with free slip boundary conditions. In spite of a wide application of the SPH method in fluid mechanics, the appropriate modeling of the boundaries is still not clear. For solid straight line boundaries, a natural way is to use additional (virtual, ghost) particles outside the boundary and take into account mirror reflection of associated field variables. Such a method leads to good results, except for a vicinity of solid horizontal bottoms where, because of the SPH approximations in the description of pressure, a stratification of the fluid material particles may occur. In order to illustrate the last phenomenon, some numerical tests have been made. These numerical experiments show that the solid fluid bottom attracts the material particles and thus, to prevent these particles from penetration into the bottom, a mutual exchange of positions of real and ghost particles has been used in a computation procedure.
Application of an Element-free Galerkin Method to Water Wave Propagation Problems
Authors: Staroszczyk Ryszard 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The paper is concerned with the problem of gravitational wave propagation in water of variable depth. The problem is solved numerically by applying an element-free Galerkin method. First, the proposed model is validated by comparing its predictions with experimental data for the plane flow in water of uniform depth. Then, as illustrations, results of numerical simulations performed for plane gravity waves propagating through a region with a sloping bed are presented. These results show the evolution of the free-surface elevation, displaying progressive steepening of the wave over the sloping bed, followed by its attenuation in a region of uniform depth. In addition, some of the results of the present model are compared with those obtained earlier by using the conventional finite element method.
Kinematic Analysis of the Instep Kick in Youth Soccer Players
Authors: Kapidžić Alen , Huremović Tarik , Biberovic Alija 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
We attempted to establish which applied kinematic variables significantly contributed to the efficiency of the instep kick motion in soccer. The study sample comprised 13 boys (age: 13 ± 0.5 yrs; body mass: 41.50 ± 8.40 kg; body height: 151.46 ± 5.93 cm) from the FC Sloboda school of soccer. Each participant performed three kicks with maximum strength that were video recorded with two synchronized cameras (Casio Ex-F1) positioned 12 m away from the place of the kick. Data were collected by analyzing the video recordings of each kick. Data processing was performed using the APAS motion analysis system (Ariel Dynamics Inc., San Diego, CA). On the basis of the forward selection method of multiple regression analysis, we determined the correlations between the prediction variables and the selected criteria (speed of the ball; p = 0.01). On the basis of the regression coefficients, it was concluded that two variables significantly contributed to the speed of the ball: speed of the foot of the kicking leg at the time of contact with the ball (p = 0.01) and the distance between the angle support leg and center of the ball (“foot posterior displacement”) (p = 0.01). In order to achieve the best possible technical performance and, therefore, a higher speed of the ball, soccer players must pay attention to two important elements during training. First, it is necessary to position the support leg as close to the ball as possible and, second, maximize the force used in the initial phases of the kick to achieve a high speed of the kicking foot
The Effect of Course Length on Individual Medley Swimming Performance in National and International Athletes
Authors: Wolfrum Mathias , Rüst Christoph Alexander , Rosemann Thomas , Lepers Romuald , Knechtle Beat 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Effects of course length (25 m versus 50 m) and advances in performance of individual medley swimming were examined for men and women in Swiss national competitions and FINA World Championships during 2000-2011. Linear regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyse 200 m and 400 m race results for 26,081 swims on the Swiss high score list and 382 FINA finalists. Swiss and FINA swimmers of both sexes were, on average, 4.3±3.2% faster on short courses for both race distances. Sex-related differences in swim speed were significantly greater for FINA swimmers competing in short-course events than in long-course events (10.3±0.2% versus 9.7±0.3%, p<0.01), but did not differ for Swiss swimmers (p>0.05). Sex-related differences in swimming speed decreased with increasing race distance for both short- and long-course events for Swiss athletes, and for FINA athletes in long-course events. Performance improved significantly (p<0.05) during 2000-2011 for FINA men competing in either course length and FINA females competing in short-course events, but not for Swiss swimmers. Overall, the results showed that men and women individual medley swimmers, competing at both national and international levels, have faster average swimming speeds on short courses than on long courses, for both 200 m and 400 m distances. FINA athletes demonstrate an improving performance in the vast majority of individual medley events, while performance at national level seems to have reached a plateau during 2000-2011
A Single-Unit Design Structure and Gender Differences in the Swimming World Championships
Authors: Pushkar Svetlana , Issurin Vladimir B. , Verbitsky Oleg 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Four 50 meter male/female finals - the freestyle, butterfly, breaststroke, and backstroke - swum during individual events at the Swimming World Championships (SWCs) can be defined in four clusters. The aim of the present study was to use a single-unit design structure, in which the swimmer was defined at only one scale, to evaluate gender differences in start reaction times among elite swimmers in 50 m events. The top six male and female swimmers in the finals of four swimming stroke final events in six SWCs were analyzed. An unpaired t-test was used. The p-values were evaluated using Neo-Fisherian significance assessments (Hurlbert and Lombardi, 2012). For the freestyle, gender differences in the start reaction times were positively identified for five of the six SWCs. For the backstroke, gender differences in the start reaction times could be dismissed for five of the six SWCs. For both the butterfly and breaststroke, gender differences in the start reaction times yielded inconsistent statistical differences. Pooling all swimmers together (df = 286) showed that an overall gender difference in the start reaction times could be positively identified: p = 0.00004. The contrast between the gender differences in start reaction times between the freestyle and backstroke may be associated with different types of gender adaptations to swimming performances. When the natural groupings of swimming stroke final events were ignored, sacrificial pseudoreplication occurred, which may lead to erroneous statistical differences
A Study on Activities Related to Habitation (Indwelling) and Their Meanings
Authors: Stachura Ewa , Binkowska Katarzyna 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The process of transformation in Poland contributed to the dynamic development of the housing market and caused a growth of aspirations among Poles related to the housing environment. The diversity of lifestyles has brought about new, different expectations of the residential environment. Meanwhile, most surveys examining housing preferences and focused on the location of housing, services and infrastructure in housing estates, and urban and architectural standards show similar expectations of residents in regards to their housing environment. The phenomenon of the homogenization of expectations regarding the residential environment appears regardless of the household lifecycle, place of residence, or level of wealth (STACHURA 2013).
Research methods testing users’ preferences allow an expected set of characteristics of the housing environment to be specified. If the respondents' aspirations regarding the housing environment are similar regardless of the segment they belong to, it may be assumed that possible differences may be revealed by a more detailed study.
People perform many activities in their homes. These activities are related to everyday living, family and social life, work or hobbies. Each of them may be in assigned to one or more rooms in a dwelling. Activities may have different meanings and hold a different degree of importance to the residents. When purchasing a new dwelling, buyers prefer homes where the activities most important to them can be carried out in the most satisfactory way. The study attempts to establish the relationships between activities and sub-settings (dwelling or residential environment features) as well as between activities and their meanings.
This paper presents an extended method of examining residential preferences: respondents declare, in a survey questionnaire, what activities are carried out in the dwelling, and how they attach meanings to these activities. The pilot study showed that some of the activities are strongly associated with one specific room, while others may be connected to any room. Rooms in Polish homes have many functions. Some of the functions are strictly connected with the type of room (bedroom, bathroom), but there is also a set of everyday activities that can be assigned to different rooms, selected by the resident. The present research revealed that activities can take on different meanings, which determines their level of importance to the dwelling user.
Information on the Environment and its Protection in Real Property Management
Authors: Dudzińska Małgorzata , Kocur-Bera Katarzyna 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Environmental protection regulations influence the use of real property. Land located within the borders of a national park or nature reserve is subject to partial or total restriction on development by construction, as well as, amongst others, business, trade, manufacturing or agricultural activities. Such areas are also subject to landscape protection, whereby real development by construction is possible, but only under the condition that it does not clash with the landscape values of the area. Therefore, real property management in such areas requires careful coordination with the relevant legislation concerning environmental protection.
While it is currently possible to obtain such information from existing environmental protection databases and systems, this has practical problems owing to the large amount of them and their scattered locations. Additionally, as each institution involved in environmental issues has collected material independently, there is a high level of data repetition as well as incomplete data. Such problems make it difficult to make full use of the database systems.
A lack of communication and reference between these databases and systems can create confusion. Comparative data on the same subject often differs depending on the source (as concerns graphic presentation and, much less frequently, data attributes). For example, the course of the same river differs depending on which data resources are used (NAŁĘCZ 2007). There are several hundreds of databases and registers maintained in Poland, with almost 300 databases and registers controlled by the Ministry of Environment. Almost 60 such databases can be found in public administrative bodies alone. A portion of the data regarding this topic is openly available on the Internet.
The aim of the paper is to present the existing information systems concerning environmental protection. The paper will also examine data obtained from these resources, as well as their availability and connections with real property management activities.
Aqueous soluble gold nanoparticle synthesis using polyethyleneimine and reduced glutathione
Authors: Taute Francois , Onani Martin , Madiehe Abram , Meyer Mervin 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are considered to be ideal drug delivery vehicles for chemotherapeutic molecules due to the bio-inert nature of the colloids. Critical factors which determine the cellular internalization and intracellular localization of AuNPs are nanoparticle size as well as surface charge. Polydisperse AuNPs with a cationic surface charge, rich in primary amines would present multiple covalent molecule attachment loci and would be ideal for the delivery of chemotherapeutics which have multiple intracellular sites of action. In an adapted synthesis method, polydisperse cationic AuNPs were produced which were soluble in aqueous solution and showed high chemical stability. The synthesis was conducted in a comparative manner using polyethyleneimine (PEI) and reduced glutathione (GSH) as AuNP surface passivation ligands. Anisotropic as well as spherical morphologies were observed for the PEI passivated AuNPs, where the morphology was dependent on the ratio of reducing agent to Au3+ in solution. Only spherical morphologies were observed when GSH was used as the passivation ligand under similar conditions. The surface chemistry of the AuNPs was characterized by means of attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and elemental composition was determined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The PEI AuNPs surface was nitrogen rich, cationic and provided multiple covalent primary amine attachment points for downstream surface tailoring.
Modeling Signal Transduction from Protein Phosphorylation to Gene Expression
Authors: Cai Chunhui , Chen Lujia , Jiang Xia , Lu Xinghua 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundSignaling networks are of great importance for us to understand the cell's regulatory mechanism. The rise of large-scale genomic and proteomic data, and prior biological knowledge has paved the way for the reconstruction and discovery of novel signaling pathways in a data-driven manner. In this study, we investigate computational methods that integrate proteomics and transcriptomic data to identify signaling pathways transmitting signals in response to specific stimuli. Such methods can be applied to cancer genomic data to infer perturbed signaling pathways.MethodWe proposed a novel Bayesian Network (BN) framework to integrate transcriptomic data with proteomic data reflecting protein phosphorylation states for the purpose of identifying the pathways transmitting the signal of diverse stimuli in rat and human cells. We represented the proteins and genes as nodes in a BN in which edges reflect the regulatory relationship between signaling proteins. We designed an efficient inference algorithm that incorporated the prior knowledge of pathways and searched for a network structure in a data-driven manner.ResultsWe applied our method to infer rat and human specific networks given gene expression and proteomic datasets. We were able to effectively identify sparse signaling networks that modeled the observed transcriptomic and proteomic data. Our methods were able to identify distinct signaling pathways for rat and human cells in a data-driven manner, based on the facts that rat and human cells exhibited distinct transcriptomic and proteomics responses to a common set of stimuli. Our model performed well in the SBV IMPROVER challenge in comparison to other models addressing the same task. The capability of inferring signaling pathways in a data-driven fashion may contribute to cancer research by identifying distinct aberrations in signaling pathways underlying heterogeneous cancers subtypes.