bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Simulation of Small Modular Reactors Using Modelica
Authors: Qualls Lou , Hale Richard , Cetiner Sacit , Fugate David , Batteh John , Tiller Michael 
Published: July 2014

Small modular reactors (SMRs) offer potential for addressing the nation’s long-term energy needs. However, the project design cycle for new reactor concepts is lengthy. As part of the Department of Energy’s Advanced SMR research and development program, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is developing a Dynamic System Modeling Tool (MoDSIM) to facilitate rapid instrumentation and controls studies of SMR concepts.
Traditional nuclear reactor design makes use of verified and validated codes to meet the strict quality assurance requirements of the licensing process for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. However, there are significant engineering analyses and high-level decisions required prior to the rigorous design phase. These analyses typically do not require high-fidelity codes. Different organizations and researchers may examine various plant configuration options prior to formal design activities. Engineers and managers must continuously make down-selection decisions regarding potential reactor architectures and subsystems. Traditionally, the modeling of these complex systems has been based on legacy models. Considerable time and effort are necessary to understand and manipulate these legacy models. For trade-space studies, two developments in the model-based systems engineering space represent a significant advancement in the ability of engineering tools to meet these demands. The first is Modelica: a nonproprietary, equation-based, object-oriented modeling language for cyber-physical systems. The second is the Functional Mockup Interface: a standardized, open interface for model exchange, simulation, and deployment.
ORNL’s MoDSIM tool makes use of these developments and is intended to provide a flexible and robust dynamic system-modeling environment for SMRs. This includes single or multiple reactors, perhaps sharing common resources, or producing both electricity and process heat for local consumption or feeding a regional grid. MoDSIM uses the open-source modeling language (Modelica) and incorporates a user interface, coupled dynamic models, and analysis capabilities that will enable non-expert modelers to perform sophisticated end-to-end system simulations of both neutronic and thermal-hydraulic models. This approach enables open-source and crowd-source-type collaborations for model development of SMRs in an approach similar to open-source and open-design techniques currently used for software production and complex system design. As part of the tool development, an example SMR was chosen (advanced liquid metal reactor [ALMR]) and the ALMR models developed and interface tools demonstrated. For initial verification purposes, the results from these Modelica simulations are compared with the results documented for the earlier ALMR power-reactor innovative small-module concept. These results, as well as initial demonstrations of the tool for different control strategies, are presented in this paper.
Draft Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli MS499, Isolated from the Infected Uterus of a Postpartum Cow with Metritis
Authors: Goldstone Robert J. , Talbot Richard , Schuberth Hans-Joachim , Sandra Olivier , Sheldon I. Martin , Smith David G. E. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Specific
Escherichia coli
strains associated with bovine postpartum uterine infection have recently been described. Many recognized virulence factors are absent in these strains; therefore, to define a prototypic strain, we report here the genome sequence of
E. coli
isolate MS499 from a cow with the postpartum disease metritis.
Draft Genome Sequence of Vibrio fortis Dalian14 Isolated from Diseased Sea Urchin (
Strongylocentrotus intermedius
)
Authors: Ding Jun , Dou Yan , Wang Yinan , Chang Yaqing 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Vibrio fortis
Dalian14 isolated from diseased sea urchin (
Strongylocentrotus intermedius
) during disease outbreaks in North China. The availability of this genome sequence will facilitate the study of the mechanisms of pathogenicity and evolution of
Vibrio
species.
Draft Genome Sequence of Marine Actinomycete
Streptomyces
sp. Strain NTK 937, Producer of the Benzoxazole Antibiotic Caboxamycin
Authors: Olano Carlos , Cano-Prieto Carolina , Losada Armando A. , Bull Alan T. , Goodfellow Michael , Fiedler Hans-Peter , Méndez Carmen , Salas José A. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Streptomyces
sp. strain NTK 937 is the producer of the benzoxazole antibiotic caboxamycin, which has been shown to exert inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria, cytotoxic activity against several human tumor cell lines, and inhibition of the enzyme phosphodiesterase. In this genome announcement, we present a draft genome sequence of
Streptomyces
sp. NTK 937 in which we identified at least 35 putative secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Bovine Mastitis Pathogen Mycoplasma californicum Strain ST-6T(ATCC 33461T)
Authors: Calcutt Michael J. , Foecking Mark F. , Fox Lawrence K. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTMycoplasma californicumis one of several mycoplasmal species associated with bovine mastitis. The complete genome sequence of 793,841 bp has been determined and annotated for theM. californicumST-6 type strain, providing a resource for the identification of surface antigens and putative pathoadaptive features.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Oleaginous Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica PO1f, a Commonly Used Metabolic Engineering Host
Authors: Liu Leqian , Alper Hal S. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

The draft genome sequence of the oleaginous yeast
Yarrowia lipolytica
stain PO1f, a commonly used metabolic engineering host, is presented here. The approximately 20.3-Mb genome sequence of PO1f will greatly facilitate research efforts in metabolic engineering of
Yarrowia lipolytica
for value-added chemical production.
The effect of slow spaced eating on hunger and satiety in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Angelopoulos Theodoros , Kokkinos Alexander , Liaskos Christos , Tentolouris Nicholas , Alexiadou Kleopatra , Miras Alexander Dimitri , Mourouzis Iordanis , Perrea Despoina , Pantos Constantinos , Katsilambros Nicholas , Bloom Stephen R , le Roux Carel Wynard 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundSlow spaced eating is associated with improved satiety and gut hormone responses in normal-weight participants. This crossover study compared the effect of slow and rapid eating patterns on hunger, fullness, glucose, insulin, and the appetite-related gut hormones peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and ghrelin in overweight and obese participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods20 overweight and obese participants with T2DM on metformin were recruited. A test meal of 300 mL ice-cream was consumed in random order in two different sessions by each participant; meal duration was 5 or 30 min. Fullness and hunger as assessed by visual analog scales (VAS), and glucose, insulin, PYY, GLP-1, and ghrelin were measured at baseline and at 30 min intervals after meal termination for 3 h.ResultsFullness VAS ratings were significantly higher at the 90’, 120’, 150’, and 180’ time points and hunger ratings were lower at 90’, 150’, and 180’ for the 30 min meal. The area under the curve (AUC) for fullness was higher after the 30 min meal than after the 5 min meal (11 943.7±541.2 vs 10 901.0±568.8 mm min, p=0.003) whereas the hunger AUC was lower (4442.9±328 vs 4966.7±347.5 mm min, p=0.012). There were no differences in glucose, insulin, PYY, GLP-1, and ghrelin responses.ConclusionsSlow spaced eating increased fullness and decreased hunger ratings in overweight and obese participants with T2DM, without the improvement in gut hormone responses found in normal-weight participants. Slow spaced eating may be a useful prevention strategy, but might also help curb food intake in those already suffering from obesity and diabetes.
The influence of smoking and impaired glucose homoeostasis on the outcome in patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Odeberg Jacob , Freitag Michael , Forssell Henrik , Vaara Ivar , Persson Marie-Louise , Odeberg Håkan , Halling Anders , Råstam Lennart , Lindblad Ulf 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesSmoking, diabetes, male sex, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension are well-established risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, less is known about their role in influencing the outcome in the event of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The aim of this study was to determine if these risk factors are associated specifically with acute myocardial infarction (MI) or unstable angina (UA) in patients with suspected ACS.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingPatients admitted to the coronary care unit, via the emergency room, at a central county hospital over a 4-year period (1992–1996).ParticipantsFrom 5292 patients admitted to the coronary care unit, 908 patients aged 30–74 years were selected, who at discharge had received the diagnosis of either MI (527) or UA (381). A control group consisted of 948 patients aged 30–74 years in whom a diagnosis of ACS was excluded.Main outcome measuresMI or UA.ResultsCurrent smoking (OR 2.42 (1.61 to 3.62)), impaired glucose homoeostasis defined as glycated haemoglobin ≥5.5% + blood glucose ≥7.5 mM (OR 1.78 (1.19 to 2.67)) and male sex (OR 1.71 (1.21 to 2.40)) were significant factors predisposing to MI over UA, in the event of an ACS. Compared with the non-ACS group, impaired glucose homoeostasis, male sex, cholesterol level and age were significantly associated with development of an ACS (MI and UA). Interestingly, smoking was significantly associated with MI (OR 2.00 (1.32 to 3.02)), but not UA.ConclusionsSmoking or impaired glucose homoeostasis is an acquired risk factor for a severe ACS outcome in patients with CAD. Importantly, smoking was not associated with UA, suggesting that it is not a risk factor for all clinical manifestations of CAD, but its influence is important mainly in the acute stages of ACS. Thus, on a diagnosis of CAD, the cessation of smoking and management of glucose homoeostasis are of upmost importance to avoid severe subsequent ACS consequences.
Association of early childhood abdominal circumference and weight gain with blood pressure at 36 months of age: secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study
Authors: Nowson Caryl A , Crozier Sarah R , Robinson Siân M , Godfrey Keith M , Lawrence Wendy T , Law Catherine M , Cooper Cyrus , Inskip Hazel M 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesTo assess whether changes in measures of fat distribution and body size during early life are associated with blood pressure at 36 months of age.DesignAnalysis of data collected from a prospective cohort study.SettingCommunity-based investigation in Southampton, UK.Participants761 children with valid blood pressure measurements, born to women participating in the Southampton Women’s Survey.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAnthropometric measurements were collected at 0, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months and conditional changes between the time points calculated. Blood pressure was measured at 36 months. Factors possibly influencing the blood pressure were assessed using linear regression. All independent variables of interest and confounding variables were included in stepwise multiple regression to identify the model that best predicted blood pressure at 36 months.ResultsGreater conditional gains in abdominal circumference (AC) between 0–6 and 24–36 months were associated with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures at 36 months (p<0.001). Subscapular skinfold and height gains were weakly associated with higher blood pressures, while greater weight gains between 0–6, 12–24 and 24–36 months were more strongly associated, but the dominant influences were AC gains, particularly from 0–6 to 24–36 months. Thus one SD score increases in AC between 0–6 and 24–36 months were associated with 1.59 mm Hg (95% CI 0.97 to 2.21) and 1.84 mm Hg (1.24 to 2.46) higher systolic blood pressures, respectively, and 1.04 mm Hg (0.57 to 1.51) and 1.02 mm Hg (0.56, 1.48) higher diastolic pressures, respectively.ConclusionsConditional gains in abdominal circumference, particularly within 6 months of birth and in the year preceding measurement, were more positively associated with blood pressure at 36 months than gains in other anthropometric measures. Above-average AC gains in early childhood may contribute to adult hypertension and increased cardiovascular disease risk.
Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of VAsopressin versus Noradrenaline as Initial therapy in Septic sHock (VANISH)
Authors: Gordon Anthony C , Mason Alexina J , Perkins Gavin D , Ashby Deborah , Brett Stephen J 
Published: July 2014

IntroductionVasopressin is an alternative vasopressor in the management of septic shock. It spares catecholamine use but whether it improves outcome remains uncertain. Current evidence suggests that it may be most effective if used early and possibly in conjunction with corticosteroids. This trial will compare vasopressin to noradrenaline as initial vasopressor in the management of adult septic shock and investigate whether there is an interaction of vasopressin with corticosteroids.Methods and analysisThis is a multicentre, factorial (2×2), randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 412 patients will be recruited from multiple UK intensive care units and randomised to receive vasopressin (0–0.06 U/min) or noradrenaline (0–12 µg/min) as a continuous intravenous infusion as initial vasopressor therapy. If maximum infusion rates of this first study drug are reached, the patient will be treated with either hydrocortisone (initially 50 mg intravenous bolus six-hourly) or placebo, before additional open-label catecholamine vasopressors are prescribed. The primary outcome of the trial will be the difference in renal failure-free days between treatment groups. Secondary outcomes include need for renal replacement therapy, survival rates, other organ failures and resource utilisation.Ethics and disseminationThe trial protocol and information sheets have received a favourable opinion from the Oxford A Research Ethics Committee (12/SC/0014). There is an independent Data Monitoring and Ethics Committee and independent membership of the Trial Steering Committee including patient and public involvement. The trial results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international scientific meetings.Trial registration number:ISRCTN 20769191 and EudraCT 2011-005363-24.
Using Physics to Diagnose Cancer
Authors: James Veronica J. 
Published: July 2014

This discussion about diagnostic tests for cancer incorporates a powerful branch of Physics namely X-ray diffraction. Although this technique was used to solve the DNA structure using the X-ray diffraction pictures of Rosalind Franklin,1 and the structure of vitamin B12 by Dorothy Hodgkin2 and hosts of other medical related structures, it is poorly understood by the general medical profession and the community at large. To the nonphysicist the patterns appear to have no relation to the results produced. It might as well be written in Greek. The well-known quote of Poincaré, the famous French mathematician and scientist, in 1885 comes to mind: "Science is built up with facts as a house is with stones. But a collection of facts is no more a science than a heap of stones is a house." In order therefore to build a true understanding of this powerful technique it is necessary to build a firm understanding of the basic facts about this technique, so that the final results will be clear to all, as they will be held up by a firm house of knowledge. So let us take up the first stone.
Immediate Utility of Two Approved Agents to Target Both the Metabolic Mevalonate Pathway and Its Restorative Feedback Loop
Authors: Pandyra Aleksandra , Mullen Peter J. , Kalkat Manpreet , Yu Rosemary , Pong Janice T. , Li Zhihua , Trudel Suzanne , Lang Karl S. , Minden Mark D. , Schimmer Aaron D. , Penn Linda Z. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
New therapies are urgently needed for hematologic malignancies, especially in patients with relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and multiple myeloma. We and others have previously shown that FDA-approved statins, which are used to control hypercholesterolemia and target the mevalonate pathway (MVA), can trigger tumor-selective apoptosis. Our goal was to identify other FDA-approved drugs that synergize with statins to further enhance the anticancer activity of statins in vivo. Using a screen composed of other FDA approved drugs, we identified dipyridamole, used for the prevention of cerebral ischemia, as a potentiator of statin anticancer activity. The statin–dipyridamole combination was synergistic and induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma and AML cell lines and primary patient samples, whereas normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells were not affected. This novel combination also decreased tumor growth in vivo. Statins block HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), the rate-limiting enzyme of the MVA pathway. Dipyridamole blunted the feedback response, which upregulates HMGCR and HMG-CoA synthase 1 (HMGCS1) following statin treatment. We further show that dipyridamole inhibited the cleavage of the transcription factor required for this feedback regulation, sterol regulatory element–binding transcription factor 2 (SREBF2, SREBP2). Simultaneously targeting the MVA pathway and its restorative feedback loop is preclinically effective against hematologic malignancies. This work provides strong evidence for the immediate evaluation of this novel combination of FDA-approved drugs in clinical trials. Cancer Res; 74(17); 4772–82. ©2014 AACR.
Gene–Environment Interaction Involving Recently Identified Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility Loci
Authors: Kantor Elizabeth D. , Hutter Carolyn M. , Minnier Jessica , Berndt Sonja I. , Brenner Hermann , Caan Bette J. , Campbell Peter T. , Carlson Christopher S. , Casey Graham , Chan Andrew T. , Chang-Claude Jenny , Chanock Stephen J. , Cotterchio Michelle , Du Mengmeng , Duggan David , Fuchs Charles S. , Giovannucci Edward L. , Gong Jian , Harrison Tabitha A. , Hayes Richard B. , Henderson Brian E. , Hoffmeister Michael , Hopper John L. , Jenkins Mark A. , Jiao Shuo , Kolonel Laurence N. , Le Marchand Loic , Lemire Mathieu , Ma Jing , Newcomb Polly A. , Ochs-Balcom Heather M. , Pflugeisen Bethann M. , Potter John D. , Rudolph Anja , Schoen Robert E. , Seminara Daniela , Slattery Martha L. , Stelling Deanna L. , Thomas Fridtjof , Thornquist Mark , Ulrich Cornelia M. , Warnick Greg S. , Zanke Brent W. , Peters Ulrike , Hsu Li , White Emily 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Background: Genome-wide association studies have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with risk of colorectal cancer. Prior research has evaluated the presence of gene–environment interaction involving the first 10 identified susceptibility loci, but little work has been conducted on interaction involving SNPs at recently identified susceptibility loci, including: rs10911251, rs6691170, rs6687758, rs11903757, rs10936599, rs647161, rs1321311, rs719725, rs1665650, rs3824999, rs7136702, rs11169552, rs59336, rs3217810, rs4925386, and rs2423279.
Methods: Data on 9,160 cases and 9,280 controls from the Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium (GECCO) and Colon Cancer Family Registry (CCFR) were used to evaluate the presence of interaction involving the above-listed SNPs and sex, body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption, smoking, aspirin use, postmenopausal hormone (PMH) use, as well as intake of dietary calcium, dietary fiber, dietary folate, red meat, processed meat, fruit, and vegetables. Interaction was evaluated using a fixed effects meta-analysis of an efficient Empirical Bayes estimator, and permutation was used to account for multiple comparisons.
Results: None of the permutation-adjusted P values reached statistical significance.
Conclusions: The associations between recently identified genetic susceptibility loci and colorectal cancer are not strongly modified by sex, BMI, alcohol, smoking, aspirin, PMH use, and various dietary factors.
Impact: Results suggest no evidence of strong gene–environment interactions involving the recently identified 16 susceptibility loci for colorectal cancer taken one at a time. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(9); 1824–33. ©2014 AACR.
Activating FGFR2–RAS–BRAF Mutations in Ameloblastoma
Authors: Brown Noah A. , Rolland Delphine , McHugh Jonathan B. , Weigelin Helmut C. , Zhao Lili , Lim Megan S. , Elenitoba-Johnson Kojo S.J. , Betz Bryan L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Purpose: Ameloblastoma is an odontogenic neoplasm whose overall mutational landscape has not been well characterized. We sought to characterize pathogenic mutations in ameloblastoma and their clinical and functional significance with an emphasis on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
Experimental Design: A total of 84 ameloblastomas and 40 non-ameloblastoma odontogenic tumors were evaluated with a combination of BRAF V600E allele–specific PCR, VE1 immunohistochemistry, the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel, and Sanger sequencing. Efficacy of a BRAF inhibitor was evaluated in an ameloblastoma-derived cell line.
Results: Somatic, activating, and mutually exclusive RAS–BRAF and FGFR2 mutations were identified in 88% of cases. Somatic mutations in SMO, CTNNB1, PIK3CA, and SMARCB1 were also identified. BRAF V600E was the most common mutation, found in 62% of ameloblastomas and in ameloblastic fibromas/fibrodentinomas but not in other odontogenic tumors. This mutation was associated with a younger age of onset, whereas BRAF wild-type cases arose more frequently in the maxilla and showed earlier recurrences. One hundred percent concordance was observed between VE1 immunohistochemistry and molecular detection of BRAF V600E mutations. Ameloblastoma cells demonstrated constitutive MAPK pathway activation in vitro. Proliferation and MAPK activation were potently inhibited by the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that activating FGFR2–RAS–BRAF mutations play a critical role in the pathogenesis of most cases of ameloblastoma. Somatic mutations in SMO, CTNNB1, PIK3CA, and SMARCB1 may function as secondary mutations. BRAF V600E mutations have both diagnostic and prognostic implications. In vitro response of ameloblastoma to a BRAF inhibitor suggests a potential role for targeted therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 20(21); 5517–26. ©2014 AACR.
Selenium and Prostate Cancer Prevention: What Next—If Anything?
Authors: Christensen Merrill J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Chemopreventive effects of the essential trace element selenium against prostate cancer have been shown in preclinical models and human observational studies, but results from clinical trials have been disappointing. It appears that there is a threshold selenium (Se) status below which improvement will decrease prostate cancer risk, but above which supplemental Se may be deleterious. Different forms of selenium have different effects, and genetic and other factors modify selenium's chemopreventive potential. Identification of men most likely to benefit from Se status improvement could have significant public health benefits. Cancer Prev Res; 7(8); 781–5. ©2014 AACR.