bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Report on Excavations at the Toumba and Tables of Vardaróftsa, Macedonia, 1925, 1926.
Authors: Heurtley W. A. 
Published: October 2013

The Toumba and Tables of Vardaróftsa lie at the south end of a ridge that separates Lake Amátovo and the Vardár river (Fig. 1), some 35 kilometres N.W. of Salonika (Fig. 2). To south and east the ridge falls gently to the lower levels; more abruptly on the west to the river's edge. Northward, the ridge extends to where the Toumba of Várdino crowns its other extremity, looking down on the flats round Karasouli.Between the Toumba of Vardaróftsa and the river, where now stand the village church and a few houses, rises the fine spring which no doubt attracted the original settlers to the site and assured its continuous occupation. A further reason for the selection of the site was perhaps the fact that the river is easily fordable at this point, and travellers passing from the Struma valley into Western Macedonia would make the crossing here. In Homeric times, when the Vardár formed the frontier of Priam's kingdom, the place must have had strategic importance, and in later times, when the successive settlements had raised the artificial mass high above the surrounding level, it must have offered a valuable strong-point from which the whole country-side could be commanded.
On the Thermon Metopes
Authors: Payne H. G. G. 
Published: October 2013

The principal series of metopes from Thermon has been familiar for so long that further discussion of them may seem unnecessary. I hope, however, that the following pages are justified by the collective result of the small observations which they contain, if not by any single one of these. There is little of a general nature to be said after Koch's excellent article in Ath. Mitt., 1914.I. Chelidon and Aedon. (Antike Denkmäler, ii., Pl. L, 1 (Soteriades). Photographs of details, Ath. Mitt., 1914, Pls. XIII, XIV (Koch)).In the first place, a word as to the technique, the surprising elaborateness of which calls for more close attention than it has hitherto received. An interesting point is that the contours of the female flesh are drawn in bright red, the same as is used for the inscription, and for many details of dress. This use of red outlines for female flesh occurs, though not commonly, on Corinthian vases—on hydriae in the Louvre (E. 695) and in Dresden, where the faces and bodies of the sirens under the side handles are outlined in this way. It is found also in Attic vase painting—in two Sophilos fragments and in the fragment of similar style, from the Acropolis, with Pandrosos and Poseidon. The Corinthianising character of these has long been recognised, and the usage seems to be a subtlety which vase painters occasionally borrowed from the free painting of the time. On the other hand, male flesh in all the metopes is consistently outlined with black; the reason for the distinction is not easy to see, but it is possible that the artist was in search of equivalents for rendering the colours proper to the sexes—brown outlined with black for the male being used to balance white outlined with red for the female. In any case, the distinction was carefully maintained and was evidently felt to be significant.
Excavations at Sparta, 1926: § 1.—Introductory
Authors: Woodward A. M. 
Published: October 2013

A Short account of the campaign of 1926 at Sparta has already appeared in the Annual Report of the British School for the Session 1925–26, and consequently need not be repeated here. Work started on April 7th and lasted until June 5th, the Director being in charge throughout, except for a brief visit to Athens to attend the opening ceremony of the Gennadios Library on April 23rd. He had as helpers Mrs. Woodward, Mr. P. De Jong and Mr. G. A. D. Tait, who were present for the whole campaign; and, for shorter periods, Mr. H. Box, who stayed from the start to April 18th, and returned for the last three weeks of the work, Mr. W. L. Cuttle, Miss K. Chrimes, of the British School at Rome, and Miss E. Tankard, who again came to draw our finds of small objects.The Hellenic Government was ably represented by Dr. Th. Karachalios, Ephor of Laconia and Messenia, and the Archaeological Section of the Ministry of Religion and Education again kindly allowed us to employ as foreman Georgios Alexopoulos, Phylax at Mycenae, who performed his duties with his customary zeal and competence. Our total number of workmen averaged nearly fifty, though for a time we had as many as sixty, and we were fortunate in losing very little time through bad weather.
Excavations at Sparta, 1926: §2.—The Theatre
Authors: Woodward A. M. 
Published: October 2013

The main results of the work in 1926 may be summarised as follows: (1) The completion of the uncovering of the stage-buildings, and the location of the street running east and west behind them. (2) The excavation of the area east of the stage, down to its marble pavement, by uncovering a wide strip, extending from the east wall of the stage to the foot of the external staircase described in my last report (B.S.A. xxvi. p. 132). (3) The clearance of a strip along the west Parodos as far as the east face of the projecting bastion, which we assumed to have carried a staircase similar to that in front of the east retaining-wall; and the partial clearance of the outer south-west angle of the western retaining-wall. As we shall see, the data obtained here now prove that there cannot have been such an external stair on the west.Minor pieces of work included the examination at several points of the wall surrounding the back of the cavea, and trials in the cavea for the purpose of obtaining more exact details as to the construction of the diazoma. The latter were unavailing, as both our pits shewed that, as a result of later disturbance, even the foundations of the diazoma were much destroyed.
Excavations at Sparta, 1927: § 2.—The Theatre
Authors: Woodward A. M. 
Published: October 2013

My arrangement follows, as far as possible, that of the reports in Vols. xxvi and xxvii.A laborious but remunerative piece of work which occupied two gangs of specially picked men for three weeks consisted in making a further cutting into the deep deposit which overlies the edge of the Orchestra and the front seats, north-westwards from the limit of the previous excavation in the east of the cavea. This involved the removal of some Byzantine house-walls, at a level of about two metres above the Orchestra, into which portions large and small of theatre-seats had been built; the other marble blocks found here were unimportant. As the work progressed we again found that the deposit for a depth of ca. 1·80 m. above the original Orchestra-level consisted of the silt-like material washed down from the slopes above, in which there were practically no small objects found. Deep down in it were a few architectural marbles, including two large fragments of Doric columns of poorish workmanship, suggesting the Imperial era (lower diameter ·60 m.). There was no sculpture except a broken herm, also of poor and late style, with a socket for the insertion of the head, and cuttings at the sides indicating use as a balustrade-post.
Excavations at Sparta, 1927: § 4.—The Native Pottery from the Acropolis
Authors: Droop J. P. 
Published: October 2013

At the Director's invitation I was at Sparta for the two months' campaign of 1927, and had the opportunity of studying the pottery found on the Acropolis hill in the four seasons of 1924–27, a deposit that doubtless consisted of offerings to the shrine of Athena Chalkioikos.The fact that the deposit was not a natural growth but an imported filling (B.S.A. xxvi. p. 252) precluded any observable stratification. Thus there was no hope of obtaining a check on the views as to the development and dating of the Sparta pottery that were based twenty years ago on the stratification found at the shrine of Artemis Orthia. The most that could be hoped for was further light on the details of the style at the various periods.
Excavations at Sparta, 1924—28: § 3.—Terracottas, Plastic Vases, Reliefs
Authors: Woodward J. M. 
Published: October 2013

The terracottas described below are limited to the moulded archaic and the hand-made of all periods; the later moulded ones are fragmentary and have no special local significance. Several of the heads are not, strictly speaking, terracottas, having been attached to vases, but they are included here as they are so much a part of the subject.The clay, as it varies a good deal, has been described in some detail, for though most of it is local, the varieties may throw some light on the problems of the different styles. Where the quality of the clay is not specially noticed, it is the hard, pink-buff kind that is most common at Sparta.
II. Further Objects from the Cave of Trapeza
Authors: Pendlebury J. D. S. 
Published: October 2013

The following objects, all said to be from the Cave of Trapeza or immediately outside, were recovered from the peasants in 1937 and 1938.1. (Fig. 1a). Pedestalled cup in mottled limestone. This joins one of the fragments numbered 16 in the catalogue. Height 4·4 cms., diameter 5·3 cms.; cf. a finer example from Mokhlos, Tomb XXI, No. 7. Probably EM II but, owing to its coarser shape might be EM III.2. (Fig. 1a). Small lid in brown steatite pierced for strings to tie it on to a vase. Height 1·0 cm., greatest diameter 2·9 cms. Cf. caps of clay vases EM I, e.g., from Agios Onouphrios (P of M I Fig. 23). EM II.
Notes on some Sculptures in the Acropolis Museum
Authors: Karouzos C. 
Published: October 2013

Payne's work on the Acropolis has given us a new picture of early Attic sculpture—a fresh and dewy garland, one of the finest flowers of which is his revelation of the personality of a supreme artist, the creator of the peplos Kore 679, the Rampin rider, the head 654 (Payne, Archaic Marble Sculpture from the Acropolis, pls. 11, 11a–c, 29–33, 133) and—πρὸς δὲ τόδε μέγα θαῦμα: the finest of all archaic Attic reliefs, the diskophoros Nat. Mus. 38. This last work is not included in Payne's list: and so, convinced though I am that the mere mention of this attribution is sufficient to establish it, I am bound to offer arguments in its support.Let us compare it with the work which stands chronologically closest to it, the head 654. We must keep in mind that, at that period, a relief was not simply a projection on the slab of the side view of the body, but a free composition of the side and front view. We must therefore compare all the aspects of the head 654 in turn with the diskophoros.
Excavations at Stavros, Ithaca, in 1937
Authors: Waterhouse Helen 
Published: October 2013

For three weeks of May–June 1937 excavations of limited extent were conducted at Stavros in northern Ithaca. The main site was a small area immediately below the village square to the south-west, where chance finds by the proprietor of the land, followed in 1936 by a trial excavation, had revealed the presence of Greek graves and a Bronze Age deposit.Stavros lies on a narrow ridge commanding the bays of Phrikes to the east and Polis to the west. Along this ridge must at all times have run the route from the south of the island to Pelikata and the fertile valley of Kalamos. Below the ridge, to the south west, there is a good water-supply at Asprosykia, where late Helladic sherds are recorded. The existence of large dressed blocks lower down the slope at the head of the valley, and of other blocks and rock-cuttings farther westwards, towards Polis Bay, suggests that a not inconsiderable town stood here in classical times.
A Sherd from Pelikata, Ithaka
Authors: Heurtley W. A. 
Published: October 2013

The claim put forward as an opinion (BSA XLIV (1949), 307) and as a fact (ibid. 309, fig. 1, 4) that an ‘Early Helladic Patterned’ sherd from Pelikáta is really ‘East Greek’ should be accepted only with considerable reserve.The condition of the sherd is such as to make positive identification either as one or the other impossible, but the context leaves little room for doubt that it is another Early Helladic Patterned sherd of which five other examples were found in the same layer associated with an E.H. pithos burial. The pattern is familiar from other Early Helladic sites, and if no precise analogy for the shape has so far been recorded, this can hardly be considered a serious objection, unless we are to suppose that all Early Helladic shapes are already known.
Part I. Preliminary Report on the Excavations of 1953
Authors: Wace A. J. B. 
Published: October 2013

The British excavations at Mycenae in 1953 were continued with a research grant from the American Philosophical Society assisted by contributions from the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford, the British Academy, Bollingen Foundation, and the British School at Athens, under whose aegis the excavations were conducted. The Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton has provided an ideal base for preparing the material for publication.The excavations began on July 8th, and work ceased on August 24th. On August 25th the bulk of the finds was moved to the Nauplia Museum and stored in the room reserved for the finds from Mycenae. The finds from 1952 are already in this room. We improved its facilities this year by the erection of some wooden shelving. The days from August 26th to August 30th were spent at Nauplia in studying and arranging the finds and in photography. The carved ivories, the tablet and seal impressions have been taken to Athens, but the stone vases were taken to the Nauplia Museum with the pottery.
A Mycenaean Chalice and a Vase Painter
Authors: Karageorghis V. 
Published: October 2013

The vase which is discussed below was brought to the British Museum for identification by the late Mrs. Maitland Sikes in 1951, together with other vases of Cypriote manufacture, and eventually it has been placed on loan in the Museum. Its provenance is unknown, but its Cypriote companions and the nature of its form and decoration, as it will be discussed below, speak in favour of Cyprus.(Plate 8a.) Fabric: buff-pinkish clay, good quality ‘Mycenaean’. Surface covered with a smooth buff-pinkish slip; decoration in brown to dark brown lustrous paint.Shape: deep bowl, slightly concave sides, carinated profile; long cylindrical stem, disk-shaped foot with deep depression at bottom. Almost half of the cup and part of the foot are missing and have been restored in plaster.Diam.: 10·2 cm.; height: 24·5 cm.The inside of the cup is left blank except for a painted horizontal band just below the rim. The outside surface is decorated with horizontal bands encircling the cup, stem, and foot; thin horizontal lines encircle the lower half of the cup. The upper half is decorated with a frieze of identically repeated bull protomes, looking right. Three protomes survive and the horns of a fourth, but originally there must have been six. The space between them is filled with dotted circles.
New Fragments of Linear B Tablets From Knossos
Authors: Chadwick John 
Published: October 2013

In the course of his work at Knossos Sir Arthur Evans set aside a number of tablets, which remained there after the main collection had been removed to the Museum in Iraklion for safe keeping. Some of the fragments retained by Evans were rediscovered in the Villa Ariadne soon after the Second World War by Dr. N. Boufidis of the National Museum in Athens; drawings of them were sent by him to Sir John Myres, who published the texts for the first time in Scripta Minoa ii, where they are distinguished by the prefix ‘M’.Other fragments of tablets which had remained at Knossos were discovered there by Dr. N. Platon in 1956, when he was working in the Stratigraphic Museum. One, published here as X 8101, has already been correctly transcribed in Scripta Minoa II and in The Knossos Tablets, in which publications it is numbered 04–94. A second fragment (S 8100), published here for the first time, belongs to the category of armour. The boxes in which the two tablets were found had ‘Little Palace’ labels on them, but unfortunately they are not a sure guide to the original provenience of the tablets themselves, which appear to have been stored without the exact knowledge of Evans. A third tablet (Og8102) was found about the same time in the neighbourhood of the pine-trees to the north-west of the Palace. All three pieces were brought to our attention by Dr. Platon, to whom we are most grateful for the suggestion that we should publish them. The photographs are the work of Mr. Androulakis of Iraklion, to whom we are indebted for his assistance.
Τὸ Δέμα: A Survey of the Aigaleos–Parnes Wall
Authors: Jones J. E. , Sackett L. H. , Eliot C. W. J. 
Published: October 2013

The wall surveyed in this article is a continuous defensive fieldwork in north-western Attica, situated some six miles from Athens; it closes a prominent gap in the mountain-ring around the city, linking the ranges of Aigaleos to the south and Parnes to the north (Fig. 1). The local name for this wall, Τὸ Δέμα ‘The Link’, is both apt and specific and is being used in this article; in the past the wall has sometimes been referred to as the Aigaleos–Parnes wall and sometimes also as the Ano-Liosia wall from its relation to the nearest modern village.The lack of a detailed survey of the Dema, combined with a complete absence of literary references in ancient authors, has compelled earlier writers to base their theories largely on grounds of historical probability. The divergences in their conclusions are not surprising, and clearly demonstrate the need for detailed information about the remains. We have accordingly made a field survey of the Dema and offer a full description of the wall in the belief that this will lead to a truer interpretation of its function and also its date.
Part IV. Prehistoric Cemetery: A Deposit of L.H. III Pottery
Authors: Wace A. J. B. 
Published: October 2013

In 1939, following up the suggestion of Tsountas that Schliemann's Grave Circle with the tombs found under the houses round it had once formed part of a Prehistoric Cemetery which had been, so to speak, cut in two when the Lion Gate and Cyclopean Citadel Wall were built, we excavated an area north-west of the Lion Gate outside the walls in the hope of finding tombs belonging to the Cemetery. We were not disappointed and we found fifteen tombs ranging in date from Middle Helladic to Late Helladic II. A report of this discovery with an account of the tombs has already been published.In 1950 one of the objects of our excavation was to extend the exploration outside the Cyclopean walls of this area, now known as the Prehistoric Cemetery. The south-west corner of the area already excavated had proved to be rich in M.H. tombs (Graves XI, XIII–XV). We decided, therefore, to clear the immediately adjoining section to the south-east, where we hoped to find other graves of the Cemetery. The excavation was entrusted to Miss D. H. F. Gray, and her notebook has been freely drawn upon in the preparation of this report.The part excavated divides naturally, as will be seen by the plan (Fig. 2), into a northern and a southern division which are separated by an east–west cross–wall (A–A on the plan). This wall is the eastern continuation of a wall found in the south-western area in 1939 just to the south of Grave XIII. Immediately to the east of Grave XIII the wall is crossed by a north–south wall, B–B, at a higher level. This later wall seems almost certainly Hellenistic, for it belongs to the uppermost strata of the area which contained Hellenistic tiles, loom weights, and pottery. It runs northwards for about 2·50 m. to 3·00 m. and then returns at a right angle eastwards, C–C, forming the southern boundary of the area excavated in 1939. The return at its east end runs into another, rather irregular north–south Hellenistic wall, D–D, which we took as the limit of our excavations in this direction.
A Geometric well at Knossos
Authors: Coldstream J. N. 
Published: October 2013

The neighbourhood of the Vlychia stream, a little distance to the south-west of the Palace of Minos, has already been noted as an area of settlement in Geometric times. This is now further confirmed by the discovery of a well at about 50 metres north of the stream slightly to the west of the main road to Heraklion; with the exception of a small quantity of stray Middle and Late Minoan sherds in the first 2 metres, the finds ranged from Protogeometric to Early Orientalizing.The diameter of the well was 0·90 m. At a depth of 1·4 m. began a deposit of Geometric pottery which continued in large quantities down to the sixth metre, mixed with animal bones, pebbles, large stones, brown clayey earth, and a little charcoal. Farther down pottery became rarer and consisted mostly of large coarse wares, while the earth became looser. Between 9 and 10 metres fine pottery virtually ceased, except for small pieces of black cups as 60 and 61 below: much of the space was taken up by the sherds of one enormous coarse basin. Since no fragments of its bottom were found, we may conjecture that it was used as a well-head which either collapsed or was destroyed owing to the drying up of the well. Hence all pottery above the ninth metre is a rubbish fill, which will henceforth be referred to as the Upper Deposit.
Artemis Orthia and chronology
Authors: Boardman John 
Published: October 2013

The British School's work in the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia at Sparta was in its day generally hailed as a classic example of carefully observed stratigraphic excavation in Greece. Equally general has been the reluctance of scholars to accept the dates which were proposed by the excavators for their finds on the basis of their observations on stratigraphy and pottery contexts. In this the excavators were at fault in their choice of absolute dates for the main periods; and, equally, critics have been at fault in failing to adjust their dating. Kunze pointed out the major inconsistencies and the results of accepting some of the excavators' dates in his review of Artemis Orthia (published in 1929 by the Hellenic Society) in Gnomon ix (1933) 1–14. In their answer to another review the excavators gave an excellent account of their method and of the use and abuse of stratigraphy (JHS 1 (1930) 329–36). By reconsidering the absolute dates they proposed I think it is possible to recover much of the value of the observations they made about the stratigraphy and the relative chronology of the finds, and to make some new suggestions about the history of the site and dating of some Laconian objects.The main feature in the stratigraphy of the sanctuary was a blanket of sand which covered the whole area, and which, according to the excavators, sealed deposits earlier than about 600 B.C. Beneath the sand there was a succession of deposits down to virgin soil, which clearly represented a gradual, although by no means even, accumulation of earth and discarded votives. The only significant physical difference in levels which could be observed was offered by the presence of a pebble pavement which was associated with remains of the earliest altar on the site. This pavement, preserved only in small patches, was embedded in the main ‘Geometric’ level, as it was defined by the excavators. This contained much burnt material. The pavement was assigned to the ninth century.