bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical And Numerical Solutions Of Metal High-Pressure Wave-Ring Gasket And Comparison With Experimental Results
Authors: Szybinski Bogdan , Trojnacki Andrzej 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The paper deals with experimental investigations of a set of metal wave-ring gaskets of different thickness and different assembly interference. The gaskets were examined under assembly conditions, i.e. pressed in their seats with no operating pressure applied. The electric resistance wire strain gauges were used to measure the circumferential and axial strains at the inner surface of the gaskets. The traces of contact at the working surface of the gaskets were measured after disassembly the gaskets from their seats. The material tests were carried out to determine the real mechanical properties of materials applied for the gaskets and the seats. The results of experiment were verified by FEM calculations and compared with the analytical approach based on the simplified shell model proposed for the gasket.
The Control System Based on FPGA Technology For Fatigue Test Stand MZGS-100 PL
Authors: Macek Wojciech , Macha Ewald 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The paper presents a solution of the control system for fatigue test stand MZGS- -100 PL, comprising the integrated Real-Time controller based on FPGA (Field- Programmable Gate Array) technology with LabVIEW software. The described control system performs functions such as continuous regulation of speed induction motor, measuring strain of the lever machine and the test specimen, displacement of the polyharmonic vibrator, as well as the elimination of interferences, overload protection and emergency stop of the machine. The fatigue test stand also allows to set the pseudo-random history of energy parameter W(t).
Crystal structure of 2-benzoyl-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1- dicarbonitrile, C18H10Cl2N2O
Authors: Yanping Yi 
Published: April 2015

Abstract C18H10Cl2N2O, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 6.8195(5) Å, b = 9.6727(8) Å, c = 13.268(1) Å, α = 98.491(2)°, β = 100.571(2)°, γ = 107.434(2)°, V = 801.4 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0436, wRref(F2) = 0.1224, T = 296 K.
Crystal structure of poly[(μ2-6-methyl 6-nicotinoylpicolinate- κ4O,O’,N:N’)-(tetrafluoroborato-κ1F)silver(I)], C13H10AgBF4N2O3
Authors: Xiao Guo-Wei , Chen Wen-Hua , Zhang Qi-Qi , Yan Hao-Jie 
Published: April 2015

Abstract C13H10AgBF4N2O3, orthorhombic, Pbca (no. 61), a = 13.2751(5) Å, b = 14.6212(5) Å, c = 15.5573(6) Å, V = 3019.6 Å3, Z = 8, Rgt(F) = 0.0498, wRref(F2) = 0.1423, T = 296 K.
Seasonal changes in phytoplankton and bioindices in the southern part of Lake Jeziorak (NE Poland)
Authors: Dembowska Ewa A. , Józefowicz Szymon 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The structure of phytoplankton communities of Lake Jeziorak was presented for the first time. The objective of our research was qualitative and quantitative analysis and bioindices of phytoplankton during and outside the tourist season. Analysis of phytoplankton assemblages were performed in 2011-2012. A total of 96 taxa were identified in Lake Jeziorak, mainly: Cyanobacteria - 20, Bacillariophyceae - 49, and Chlorophyta − 19. Biomass of the phytoplankton varied from 10 mg l−1 in October to 29 mg l−1 in May. In the whole research period, Cyanobacteria dominated and represented up to 68% of the total biomass. The cyanobacterial blooms were constantly observed. Biomass in the summer period was composed of filamentous Aphanizomenon gracile, Limnothrix redekei, Planktothrix agardhii and Pseudanabaena limnetica. Outside the holiday season, i.e. in autumn and spring, filamentous Cyanobacteria accompanied cryptomonads in phytoplankton. The species composition, the biomass of phytoplankton, and TSI indicate the hypertrophic conditions of the lake. Phytoplankton in Lake Jeziorak was in a state of equilibrium for almost the entire study period. S1 was a dominant group and its abundance and biomass did not change by more than 10%. There was no significant direct effect of the seasonal tourism impact on the development of phytoplankton in Lake Jeziorak.
Social Movements and Political Opportunities: Lesbians, Gays and the Inclusion of Sexual Orientation in the Québec Charter of Human Rights
Authors: Tremblay Manon 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn December 1977, the Québec government, formed by the Parti québécois (PQ), amended the Québec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms to include sexual orientation as a prohibited ground of discrimination. Québec thus became the first jurisdiction in North America to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. This paper examines the reasons why the PQ government stood ahead of everybody else in this matter. It argues that the Québec lesbian and gay movement drew on favorable political and cultural opportunities to secure legal protection against discrimination.
Insulin resistance in patients with type 1 diabetes assessed by glucose clamp studies: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Donga Esther , Dekkers Olaf M , Corssmit Eleonora P M , Romijn Johannes A 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on insulin resistance in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus compared to healthy controls, assessed by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies.Design and methodsWe conducted a systematic search of publications using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and COCHRANE Library. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies comparing adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus to healthy controls were eligible. Primary outcome measures were pooled mean differences of insulin sensitivity of endogenous glucose production (EGP), of glucose uptake and of lipolysis. We estimated mean (standardized) differences and 95% CIs using random effects meta-analysis.ResultsWe included 38 publications in this meta-analysis. The weighed mean differences in EGP during hyperinsulinemia between patients and controls was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.47, 1.29) in the basal state and 0.52 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.95) in insulin stimulated conditions, indicating decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity in patients. Insulin sensitivity of glucose uptake was either reported asMvalue (M), glucose infusion rate (GIR), glucose disposal rate (GDR) or metabolic clearance rate (MCR). Weighed mean differences were similar forM−3.98 (95% CI: −4.68, −3.29) and GIR −4.61 (95% CI: −5.86, −3.53). Weighed mean difference for GDR was −2.43 (95% CI: −3.03, −1.83) and −3.29 (95% CI: −5.37, −1.22) for MCR, indicating decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients. Insulin mediated inhibition of lipolysis was decreased in patients, reflected by increased non-esterified fatty acid levels.ConclusionsInsulin resistance is a prominent feature of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and involves hepatic, peripheral and adipose tissues.
Complexity Reduction of Multiphase Flows in Heterogeneous Porous Media
Authors: Ghommem Mehdi , Gildin Eduardo , Ghasemi Mohammadreza 
Published: April 2015

Summary
In this paper, we apply mode decomposition and interpolatory projection methods to speed up simulations of two-phase flows in heterogeneous porous media. We propose intrusive and nonintrusive model-reduction approaches that enable a significant reduction in the size of the subsurface flow problem while capturing the behavior of the fully resolved solutions. In one approach, we use the dynamic mode decomposition. This approach does not require any modification of the reservoir simulation code but rather post-processes a set of global snapshots to identify the dynamically relevant structures associated with the flow behavior. In the second approach, we project the governing equations of the velocity and the pressure fields on the subspace spanned by their proper-orthogonal-decomposition modes. Furthermore, we use the discrete empirical interpolation method to approximate the mobility-related term in the global-system assembly and then reduce the online computational cost and make it independent of the fine grid. To show the effectiveness and usefulness of the aforementioned approaches, we consider the SPE-10 benchmark permeability field, and present a numerical example in two-phase flow. One can efficiently use the proposed model-reduction methods in the context of uncertainty quantification and production optimization.
Crushed-Rock Vs. Full-Diameter Core Samples for Water-Saturation Determination in a Tight-Gas Siltstone Play
Authors: Wood J. M. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe efficacy of crushed-rock samples vs. small plugs or full-diameter core samples for measurement of porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation is an important consideration in the evaluation of tight-gas reservoirs and shale-gas reservoirs. Crushed-rock core analysis methods originally developed for shale reservoirs are now, in some cases, being extended to low-quality tight-gas reservoirs. In this study, crushed-rock and full-diameter core measurements from two wells drilled with oil-based mud are compared to evaluate which of the two core-analysis methods is more reliable for water-saturation assessment of a major North American tight-gas siltstone play (Montney Formation, western Canada). Measurements from the studied full-diameter core samples have wide ranges of water saturation (10 to 45%) and bulk volume water (BVW) (0.5 to 2.6%). In contrast, measurements from crushed-rock samples have much narrower ranges of water saturation (10 to 20%) and BVW (0.2 to 0.7%). The lower values and limited range of water-content measurements from crushed-rock samples suggest a significant degree of artificial water loss during sample handling in the laboratory. This conclusion is supported by comparing core-measured BVW with deep-resistivity values from openhole well logs. Full-diameter BVW measurements correlate well with log resistivity, indicating they are generally representative of in-situ reservoir conditions. Crushed-rock BVW values, on the other hand, show no correlation with log resistivity. The results of this study suggest caution is warranted in the use of crushed-rock samples for water-saturation measurements of siltstones or silty shales. Failure to recognize artificial water loss from crushed-rock siltstone samples could lead to an erroneous interpretation of irreducible water saturation at in-situ reservoir conditions with potentially serious implications for resource evaluation and exploitation.
The Role of Auditors, Non-Auditors, and Internal Tax Departments in Corporate Tax Aggressiveness
Authors: Klassen Kenneth J. , Lisowsky Petro , Mescall Devan 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Using confidential data from the Internal Revenue Service on who signs a corporation's tax return, we investigate whether the party primarily responsible for the tax compliance function of the firm—the auditor, an external non-auditor, or the internal tax department—is related to the corporation's tax aggressiveness. We report three key findings: (1) firms preparing their own tax returns or hiring a non-auditor claim more aggressive tax positions than firms using their auditor as the tax preparer; (2) auditor-provided tax services are related to tax aggressiveness even after considering tax preparer identity, which supports and extends prior research using tax fees as a proxy for tax planning; and (3) Big 4 tax preparers, in particular, are linked to less tax aggressiveness when they are the auditor than when they are not the auditor. Our findings help policymakers and researchers better understand an important feature of tax compliance intermediaries; particularly, how the dual role via audits is related to observable corporate tax outcomes.
Tax Treatment of “Carried Interest”
Authors: Burton Hughlene A. , Brock Noel 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
The term “carried interest” is typically used to refer to profits interests issued by investment partnerships to their manager(s). It is an ownership interest in a partnership that has no liquidation value at grant, but entitles the holder to a share in future partnership profits, if any. The term “carried interest” hails from the fact that the “carried interest” holder typically does not invest any of the holder's own capital in the partnership. Thus, the “carried interest” holder is “carried” by those who do invest capital in the partnership. Currently, the income that a “carried interest” receives is generally taxed as capital gain. Many commentators believe that income allocated by a partnership to “carried interest” holders should be taxed as compensation because the income is for the services the partner performs for the partnership. This paper will examine what the proper tax treatment of “carried interests” should be based on what is the most economically equitable, fair, and efficient method of taxation. Based on the equity and efficiency concepts, the authors suggest that a portion of all “carried interest” income should be taxed as a payment in exchange for services (i.e., as compensation)—regardless of the nature of the underlying assets inside the partnership and regardless of the nature of the business the partnership conducts. However, what qualifies as a “carried interest” and the portion of the income that should be taxed as compensation are not as easily defined.
The main occluding area in normal occlusion and mandibular prognathism
Authors: Kurokawa Makoto , Kanzaki Hiroyuki , Tokiwa Hajime , Handa Hideho , Nakaoka Kazutoshi , Hamada Yoshiki , Kato Hitoshi , Nakamura Yoshiki 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To clarify whether the concept of main occluding area, where hard food is initially crushed, exists in patients who have a jaw deformity.

Materials and Methods:
Nineteen subjects with normal occlusion, 18 patients with mandibular prognathism, and 11 patients with mandibular prognathism who had undergone orthognathic surgery participated in this study. The main occluding area was identified by clenching Temporary Stopping. The coincidence, location of the main occluding area, and distance from the first molars to main occluding area were examined.

Results:
High coincidence of the main occluding area was obtained in all groups, signifying that the main occluding area exists even in these patients. Mandibular main occluding area was located on the first molar in all groups. Maxillary main occluding area in subjects with normal occlusion was located on the first molar. However, it was located on the second premolar and first molar in patients with mandibular prognathism, and on the first and second molars in patients with mandibular prognathism who had undergone orthognathic surgery. There was a statistically significant difference in distance from the maxillary first molar to the main occluding area among groups, but there was no difference in the distance from the mandibular first molar among groups.

Conclusion:
The main occluding area is more stable on the mandibular first molar than the maxilla in all groups.
Low Back and Lower-Limb Muscle Performance in Male and Female Recreational Runners With Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Cai Congcong , Kong Pui W. 
Published: April 2015

Study Design Controlled laboratory study, cross-sectional. Objective To compare lumbar extensor muscle fatigability, lumbar stabilizing muscle activation, and lower-limb strength between male and female runners with chronic low back pain (LBP) and healthy runners. Background Little is known about muscle performance in runners with chronic LBP. Methods Eighteen recreational runners with chronic LBP (9 men, 9 women; mean age, 27.8 years) and 18 healthy recreational runners (9 men, 9 women; mean age, 24.6 years) were recruited. The median frequency slopes for bilateral iliocostalis and longissimus were calculated from electromyographic signals captured during a 2-minute Sorensen test. The thickness changes of the transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus between resting and contraction were measured using an ultrasound scanner. Peak concentric torques of the bilateral hip extensors, hip abductors, and knee extensors were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at 60°/s. The average values for both sides were used for statistical analysis. Results When averaged across sexes, peak knee extensor torque was 12.2% lower in the LBP group compared to the healthy group (mean difference, 0.29 Nm/kg; 95% confidence interval: 0.06, 0.53; P = .016). Male runners with chronic LBP exhibited smaller lumbar multifidus thickness changes compared to healthy male runners (mean difference, 0.13 cm; 95% confidence interval: 0.01, 0.25; P = .033). No other group differences were observed. Conclusion Runners with chronic LBP exhibited diminished knee extensor strength compared to healthy runners. Male runners with chronic LBP demonstrated additional deficits in lumbar multifidus activation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(6):436–443. Epub 21 Apr 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5460
Comparison of autogenous cancellous bone grafting and extra-corporeal shock wave therapy on osteotomy healing in the tibial tuberosity advancement procedure in dogs
Authors: Lanz O. , Werre S. , Clapp K. , Gilley R. , Barnes K. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryObjectives: To compare optical values in the osteotomy gap created after a tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) treated with autogenous cancellous bone graft, extracorporeal shock wave therapy, a combination of auto-genous cancellous bone graft and extra -corporeal shock wave therapy, and absence of both autogenous cancellous bone graft and extracorporeal shock wave therapy using densitometry.Methods: Dogs that were presented for surgical repair of a cranial cruciate ligament rupture were randomly assigned to one of four groups: TTA with autogenous cancellous bone graft (TTA-G), TTA with autogenous cancellous bone graft and extracorporeal shock wave therapy (TTA-GS), TTA with extracorporeal shock wave therapy (TTA-S), and TTA with no additional therapy (TTA-O). Mediolateral radiographs at zero, four and eight weeks after surgery were evaluated to compare healing of the osteotomy gap via densitometry. An analysis of variance was used to compare the densitometric values between groups.Results: At four weeks after surgery, a significant difference in osteotomy gap density was noted between TTA-GS (8.4 millimetres of aluminium equivalent [mmAleq]) and TTA-S (6.1 mmAleq), and between TTA-GS (8.4 mmAleq) and TTA-O (6.4 mmAleq). There were no significant differences noted between any groups at the eight week re-evaluation.Clinical significance: There were no significant differences in the osteotomy gap density at eight weeks after surgery regardless of the treatment modality used. The combination of autogenous cancellous bone graft and extracorporeal shock wave therapy may lead to increased radiographic density of the osteotomy gap in the first four weeks after surgery. Densitometry using an aluminium step wedge is a feasible method for comparison of bone density after TTA in dogs.
Knowledge, attitude and practices about oral cancers among dental students in H.P Government Dental College, Shimla-Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Fotedar Shailee , Bhardwaj Vinay , Manchanda Kavita , Fotedar Vikas , Sarkar Avishek De , Sood Naintara 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Aim: The aim was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices among undergraduate dental students about oral cancer. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted among undergraduate dental students between the 3rd and 5th years in H.P Government Dental College, Shimla. The questionnaire consisted of 15 questions, five each on knowledge, attitudes and practices. The data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., version 16 for Windows, Chicago, IL, USA). Results: The response rate of the study was 90.6%. There were 23 (21.5%) males and 84 (78.5%) females in the study. There was a predominance of females (78.5%). The average knowledge percentage for the entire population is 81.9% (excellent knowledge). Tobacco and alcohol were correctly identified by 63.5% of the subjects. Squamous cell carcinoma was described as the most common type of oral cancer by 105 (98.3%) of the students. 60.7% of the subjects strongly disagreed that their knowledge regarding the prevention and detection of oral cancer is current and adequate, and 99% agreed that there is a need for additional training/information regarding oral cancer. About 92.5% of the subjects used to educate their subjects about the harmful effects of tobacco and alcohol. Conclusion: The study implies that the knowledge, especially about the etiological factors of oral cancer needs to be reinforced throughout the undergraduate dental courses so that they can use the same in educating and motivating the masses to adapt healthy lifestyles.
Anticancer activity of Cynodon dactylon L. root extract against diethyl nitrosamine induced hepatic carcinoma
Authors: Kowsalya R. , Kaliaperumal Jagatheesh , Vaishnavi M. , Namasivayam Elangovan 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers and a lethal disease. In view of the limited treatment and a grave prognosis of liver cancer, preventive control has been emphasized. Materials and Methods: The methanolic extract of roots of Cynodon dactylon was screened for its hepato-protective activity in diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) induced liver cancer in Swiss albino mice. The plant extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg was administered orally once a week, up to 30 days after DEN administration. The animals were sacrificed; blood sample and liver tissue were collected and used for enzyme assay such as, asparatate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The liver marker enzymes AST and ALT produced signifi cant results in the protective action. Results: The antioxidant enzyme assay results concerning the improved activity of GPx, GST and CAT. These results concluded that enhanced levels of antioxidant enzyme and reduced amount of serum amino transaminase, which are suggested to be the major mechanisms of C. dactylon root extract in protecting the mice from hepatocarcinoma induced by DEN. These biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological examination of liver sections. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of C. dactylon possesses signifi cant anticancer properties
Correlation of p53 immunoexpression with DNA ploidy and apoptotic index in subsets of prostate cancer: A marker reiterated in progression and recurrence of prostate cancer
Authors: Bansal Anju , Gupta Anup , Saxena Sunita 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Background: Prediction of biological behavior in patients of prostate cancer (CaP) is a major challenge as current parameters only partially meet the need for prognostication. p53 as a prognostic indicator has been studied in several human cancers, including breast, lung, and colorectal carcinoma. However, its significance as a predictive biomarker for CaP is less well-studied. Materials and Methods: This study included 125 cases of CaP, 27 cases of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and 25 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Immunohistochemical assessment for p53 nuclear protein was performed. Assessment for apoptotic index and DNA ploidy status by flow cytometry were also done. Results: p53 immunoreactivity was low in organ confined CaP cases having Gleason score ≤3 (P < 0.003). More hormone resistant cases 37 (83%) were aneuploid when compared with hormone sensitive cases 26 (33%) (P < 0.005). 93% of p53 positive cases and none of the p53 negative patient were aneuploid suggesting a significant relation between p53 immunoreactivity and aneuploidy. p53 positivity and DNA aneuploidy, independently, were also predictors of progression and relapse. Conclusion: DNA ploidy and p53 positivity go hand in hand and together yield additional prognostic information in CaP. p53 positivity is possibly a late event in carcinogenesis in CaP and a marker of change in biological behavior of CaP.