bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Giving from a distance: Putting the charitable organization at the center of the donation appeal
Authors: Ein‐Gar Danit , Levontin Liat 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPast research has shown repeatedly that people prefer donating to a single identified human victim rather than to unidentified or abstract donation targets. In the current research we show results countering the identifiable victim effect, wherein people prefer to donate to charitable organizations rather than to an identifiable victim. In a series of five studies, we manipulate temporal and social distance, examine a variety of donation targets, and measure intention to donate time or money as well as actual donations of money. We show that people are more willing to donate to a charitable organization when they are temporally or socially distant from the population in need. Willingness to donate to a specific person in need is higher when donors are temporally or socially close to the donation target. Furthermore, we demonstrate that (a) empathy mediates donations to a single victim, yet does not mediate donations to charitable organizations; (b) that donation giving to charitable organizations is unique and is not similar to donations to a group of victims. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Forcing of oceanic mean flows by dissipating internal tides
Authors: Grisouard Nicolas , Bühler Oliver 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe present a theoretical and numerical study of the effective mean force exerted on an oceanic mean flow due to the presence of small-amplitude internal waves that are forced by the oscillatory flow of a barotropic tide over undulating topography and are also subject to dissipation. This extends the classic lee-wave drag problem of atmospheric wave–mean interaction theory to a more complicated oceanographic setting, because now the steady lee waves are replaced by oscillatory internal tides and, most importantly, because now the three-dimensional oceanic mean flow is defined by time averaging over the fast tidal cycles rather than by the zonal averaging familiar from atmospheric theory. Although the details of our computation are quite different, we recover the main action-at-a-distance result from the atmospheric setting, namely that the effective mean force that is felt by the mean flow is located in regions of wave dissipation, and not necessarily near the topographic wave source. Specifically, we derive an explicit expression for the effective mean force at leading order using a perturbation series in small wave amplitude within the framework of generalized Lagrangian-mean theory, discuss in detail the range of situations in which a strong, secularly growing mean-flow response can be expected, and then compute the effective mean force numerically in a number of idealized examples with simple topographies.
Bifurcating flows of plunging aerofoils at high Strouhal numbers
Authors: Cleaver D. J. , Wang Z. , Gursul I. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractForce and particle image velocimetry measurements were conducted on a NACA 0012 aerofoil undergoing small-amplitude high-frequency plunging oscillation at low Reynolds numbers and angles of attack in the range 0–$2{0}^{\ensuremath{\circ} } $. For angles of attack less than or equal to the stall angle, at high Strouhal numbers, significant bifurcations are observed in the time-averaged lift coefficient resulting in two lift-coefficient branches. The upper branch is associated with an upwards deflected jet, and the lower branch is associated with a downwards deflected jet. These branches are stable and highly repeatable, and are achieved by increasing or decreasing the frequency in the experiments. Increasing frequency refers to starting from stationary and increasing the frequency very slowly (while waiting for the flow to reach an asymptotic state after each change in frequency); decreasing frequency refers to impulsively starting at the maximum frequency and decreasing the frequency very slowly. For the latter case, angle of attack, starting position and initial acceleration rate are also parameters in determining which branch is selected. The bifurcation behaviour is closely related to the properties of the trailing-edge vortices. The bifurcation was therefore not observed for very small plunge amplitudes or frequencies due to insufficient trailing-edge vortex strength, nor at larger angles of attack due to greater asymmetry in the strength of the trailing-edge vortices, which creates a preference for a downward deflected jet. Vortex strength and asymmetry parameters are derived from the circulation measurements. It is shown that the most appropriate strength parameter in determining the onset of deflected jets is the circulation normalized by the plunge velocity.
A finite element approach to incompressible two-phase flow on manifolds
Authors: Nitschke I. , Voigt A. , Wensch J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA two-phase Newtonian surface fluid is modelled as a surface Cahn–Hilliard–Navier–Stokes equation using a stream function formulation. This allows one to circumvent the subtleties in describing vectorial second-order partial differential equations on curved surfaces and allows for an efficient numerical treatment using parametric finite elements. The approach is validated for various test cases, including a vortex-trapping surface demonstrating the strong interplay of the surface morphology and the flow. Finally the approach is applied to a Rayleigh–Taylor instability and coarsening scenarios on various surfaces.
On the Kelvin–Helmholtz route to turbulence
Authors: Thorpe S. A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn their transition from a laminar state to turbulence, some unstable flows pass through a set of well-defined stages involving different and distinct processes. This is so, in particular, for Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, although details of its transition still retain many mysterious aspects. Billows develop in the primary stage of this stratified shear flow instability, separated by thin braids in which the shear is relatively high. Fluid is statically unstable within the billows and consequently potentially prone to convective instability. Numerical studies by Mashayek & Peltier (J. Fluid Mech., this issue, vol 708, 2012a,b, pp. 5–44 and 45–70) have discovered several new types of secondary instability in the braids and billow cores that may hasten the eventual transition to turbulence. The instabilities are illustrated by the authors in colour figures, remarkable for their beauty and (recalling William Blake’s ‘The Tyger’) ‘fearful symmetry’. But are they helpful in establishing the subsequent turbulence in the natural environment?
On the effects of frontogenetic strain on symmetric instability and inertia–gravity waves
Authors: Thomas Leif N. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe dynamics of symmetric instability and two-dimensional inertia–gravity waves in a baroclinic geostrophic flow undergoing frontogenesis is analysed. A frontogenetic strain associated with a balanced deformation field drives an ageostrophic circulation and temporal variations in the basic state that significantly affect the properties of perturbations to the background flow. For stable stratification, perturbations to the basic state result in symmetric instability or inertia–gravity waves, depending on the sign of the Ertel potential vorticity and the magnitude of the Richardson number of the geostrophic flow. The kinetic energy (KE) of both types of motion is suppressed by frontogenetic strain due to the vertical shear in the ageostrophic circulation. This is because the perturbation streamlines tilt with the ageostrophic shear causing the disturbances to lose KE via shear production. The effect can completely dampen symmetric instability for sufficiently strong strain even though the source of KE for the instability (the vertical shear in the geostrophic flow) increases with time. Inertia–gravity waves in a baroclinic flow undergoing frontogenesis simultaneously lose KE and extract KE from the deformation field as they decay. This is because the horizontal velocity of the waves becomes rectilinear, resulting in a Reynolds stress that draws energy from the balanced flow. The process is most effective for waves of low frequency and for a geostrophic flow with low Richardson number. However, even in a background flow that is initially strongly stratified, frontogenesis leads to an exponentially fast reduction in the Richardson number, facilitating a rapid energy extraction by the waves. The KE transferred from the deformation field is ultimately lost to the unbalanced ageostrophic circulation through shear production, hence the inertia–gravity waves play a catalytic role in loss of balance. Given the large amount of KE in low-frequency inertia–gravity waves and the ubiquitous combination of strain and baroclinic geostrophic currents in the ocean, it is estimated that this mechanism could play a significant role in the removal of KE from both the internal wave and mesoscale eddy fields.
AN ECONOMIC MODEL OF SCHOOL-BASED BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS TO PREVENT SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
Authors: Cooper Keith , Shepherd Jonathan , Picot Jo , Jones Jeremy , Kavanagh Josephine , Harden Angela , Barnett-Page Elaine , Clegg Andrew , Hartwell Debbie , Frampton Geoff , Price Alison 
Published: September 2012

Objectives: Reducing sexually transmitted infections (STI) and teenage pregnancy through effective health education is a high priority for health policy. Behavioral interventions which teach skills to practice safer sex may reduce the incidence of STIs. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of school-based behavioral interventions in young people.Methods: We developed an economic model to estimate the total number of STI cases averted, consequent gain in health related quality of life (HRQoL) and savings in medical costs, based on changes in sexual behavior. The parameters for the model were derived from a systematic literature search on the intervention effectiveness, epidemiology of STIs, sexual behavior and lifestyles, HRQoL and health service costs.Results: The costs of providing teacher-led and peer-led behavioral interventions were €5.16 and €18 per pupil, respectively. For a cohort of 1000 boys and 1000 girls aged 15 years, the model estimated that the behavioral interventions would avert two STI cases and save 0.35 Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). Compared to standard education, the incremental cost-effectiveness of the teacher-led and peer-led interventions was €24,268 and €96,938 per QALY gained, respectively.Conclusions: School-based behavioral interventions which provide information and teach young people sexual health skills can bring about improvements in knowledge and increased self-efficacy, though these may be limited in terms of impact on sexual behavior. There was uncertainty around the results due to the limited effect of the intervention on behavioral outcomes and paucity of data for other input parameters.
IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL/HOSPITAL-BASED HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT INITIATIVES IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
Authors: Attieh Randa , Gagnon Marie-Pierre 
Published: September 2012

Objectives:The objective of this study is to review the implementation of health technology assessment (HTA) at the local and hospital levels in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). This review will provide a starting point for identifying the conditions for HTA implementation in hospitals in LMIC through the analysis of experiments conducted in these countries.Methods:A systematic review of the literature was conducted to document the local-/hospital-level HTA experiments performed in LMIC.Results:This systematic review showed that few experiments of local HTA in LMIC have been published to date, with only five articles found in our survey. These documents report studies of clinical effectiveness and economic evaluation at the local level in certain Asian and Latin American countries. In addition, pharmaceuticals and medical devices were the most common topics covered by HTA at the local level in these countries.Conclusions:Currently, HTA plays an increasingly important role in healthcare systems in supporting decision making for healthcare policies and practices. This systematic review contributes to identify priorities in the process and methodology of HTA implementation at the local/hospital level in LMIC. The paucity of HTA in LMIC is often assumed to be due to the lack of formally tasked HTA agencies, to politics and to shortage of resources.
A multi-state spatio-temporal Markov model for categorized incidence of meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: AGIER L. , STANTON M. , SOGA G. , DIGGLE P. J. 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYMeningococcal meningitis is a major public health problem in the African Belt. Despite the obvious seasonality of epidemics, the factors driving them are still poorly understood. Here, we provide a first attempt to predict epidemics at the spatio-temporal scale required for in-year response, using a purely empirical approach. District-level weekly incidence rates for Niger (1986–2007) were discretized into latent, alert and epidemic states according to pre-specified epidemiological thresholds. We modelled the probabilities of transition between states, accounting for seasonality and spatio-temporal dependence. One-week-ahead predictions for entering the epidemic state were generated with specificity and negative predictive value >99%, sensitivity and positive predictive value >72%. On the annual scale, we predict the first entry of a district into the epidemic state with sensitivity 65·0%, positive predictive value 49·0%, and an average time gained of 4·6 weeks. These results could inform decisions on preparatory actions.
Observation of freshBos indicusembryos comparing stereoscopic and phase contrast microscopy
Authors: Gutiérrez M.E. , Galina C.S. , Moreno-Mendoza N. , Alarcón M.A. , Godínez B. , Lammoglia M.A. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe precision of embryo evaluation using stereoscopic microscopy (SM) and inverted phase contrast microscopy (PCM) was compared in 20Bos indicuscows superovulated at two different times of the year. In total, 118 embryos were collected and classified according to their developmental stage and quality by two independent evaluators using SM and inverted PCM. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to determine concordance between SM and PCM observations. A good level of agreement (k= 0.616) was found for quality level, and a moderate one (k= 0.464) for developmental stage, particularly at the morula stage. Using the TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling) technique, concordance level was deemed to be low with the SM (k= 0.169), and poor with the PCM (k= 0.217). Differences in concordance levels were also found between observations made at the two times of year, 78 embryos were evaluated in the rainy season when concordance level was good (k= 0.68), in contrast to the 40 embryos evaluated in the dry season when agreement was found to be poor (k= 0.24). In conclusion, inverted PCM was somewhat more effective for evaluating embryos, particularly at the morula stage. However, considering the high cost of an inverted PCM, the differences observed do not justify its purchase for routine embryo evaluation.
Behaviour problems in adolescents with cardiac disease: an exploratory study in a paediatric cardiology outpatient clinic
Authors: da Silva Maria M. , Schoen-Ferreira Teresa H. , Diógenes Maria S. B. , Carvalho Antonio C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimsTo assess behavioural problems in adolescents with congenital and acquired heart disease in comparison with healthy controls. The perception of behavioural problems by the patients’ parents was also assessed and compared.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in 130 adolescents with congenital and acquired heart disease and 246 healthy controls. The second part of the Youth Self-Report was applied to the patients and controls, and the Child Behavior Checklist to the patients’ parents.ResultsMale patients showed significantly fewer behavioural problems compared with male controls. No significant difference was found in the female gender. Healthy male adolescents scored significantly higher in the Internalising, Externalising, and in the Total Problems scales. Patients scored significantly higher only on the Social Problems subscale. Female patients in middle and late adolescence and male patients in early adolescence displayed more problems. No significant difference was found between the diagnostic groups. Operated patients did not differ from the non-operated ones. Patients scored significantly lower than did their parents.ConclusionsMale adolescents with cardiac disease reported fewer behavioural problems when compared with healthy controls, but no difference was observed in the female gender. Patients also reported fewer behavioural problems than did their parents. Adolescents with cardiac disease scored higher than did controls only on the Social Problems subscale. Analysing the patients’ behavioural profile, female patients in middle and late adolescence and male patients in early adolescence were the most problematic ones. No difference was observed between the diagnostic groups, nor between operated and non-operated patients.
Micronutrient intake and status in Central and Eastern Europe compared with other European countries, results from the EURRECA network
Authors: Novaković Romana , Cavelaars Adrienne EJM , Bekkering Geertruida E , Roman-Viñas Blanca , Ngo Joy , Gurinović Mirjana , Glibetić Maria , Nikolić Marina , Golesorkhi Mana , Medina Marisol Warthon , Šatalić Zvonimir , Geelen Anouk , Majem Lluis Serra , van't Veer Pieter , de Groot Lisette CPGM 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo compare micronutrient intakes and status in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) with those in other European countries and with reference values.DesignReview of the micronutrient intake/status data from open access and grey literature sources from CEE.SettingMicronutrients studied were folate, iodine, Fe, vitamin B12and Zn (for intake and status) and Ca, Cu, Se, vitamin C and vitamin D (for intake). Intake data were based on validated dietary assessment methods; mean intakes were compared with average nutrient requirements set by the Nordic countries or the US Institute of Medicine. Nutritional status was assessed using the status biomarkers and cut-off levels recommended primarily by the WHO.SubjectsFor all population groups in CEE, the mean intake and mean/median status levels were compared between countries and regions: CEE, Scandinavia, Western Europe and Mediterranean.ResultsMean micronutrient intakes of adults in the CEE region were in the same range as those from other European regions, with exception of Ca (lower in CEE). CEE children and adolescents had poorer iodine status, and intakes of Ca, folate and vitamin D were below the reference values.ConclusionsCEE countries are lacking comparable studies on micronutrient intake/status across all age ranges, especially in children. Available evidence showed no differences in micronutrient intake/status in CEE populations in comparison with other European regions, except for Ca intake in adults and iodine and Fe status in children. The identified knowledge gaps urge further research on micronutrient intake/status of CEE populations to make a basis for evidence-based nutrition policy.
Family- and school-based predictors of energy balance-related behaviours in children: a 6-year longitudinal study
Authors: Verloigne Maïté , Van Lippevelde Wendy , Maes Lea , Brug Johannes , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo examine family- and school-based predictors of breakfast consumption, soft drink consumption and physical activity (PA) and moderating effects of gender and socio-economic status (SES).DesignLongitudinal study (6-year follow-up), including a questionnaire about dietary and activity behaviour.SettingFifty-nine Flemish elementary schools.SubjectsSeven hundred and twenty-seven children (51·9 % girls, 51·9 % high SES, mean age 9·9 (sd 0·4) years at baseline).ResultsHaving breakfast together with parents (P < 0·001) at age 10 years related to more days of eating breakfast at age 16 years. More parental soft drink consumption (P = 0·04), less soft drink availability at home (P < 0·001) and less parental permissiveness (children received soft drinks from their parents whenever they asked for it and children could take soft drinks whenever they wanted; P = 0·02 and P = 0·001, respectively) at age 10 years related to less soft drink consumption at age 16 years. A more positive parental attitude towards PA (P = 0·009), more parental encouragement (P = 0·002) and a higher rating of PA's benefit ‘relaxing’ (P < 0·001) at age 10 years related to more PA at age 16 years. Gender and SES did not significantly moderate any of the associations.ConclusionsOnly parental factors at age 10 years were associated with breakfast consumption, soft drink consumption and PA at age 16 years. An intervention programme at age 10 years with a strong focus on the modifiable parental factors might lead to healthy behaviour in the long term.
‘Anglocostalism’ in Nigeria: Neo-Pentecostalism and Obstacles to Anglican Unity
Authors: Zink Jesse 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn the last several decades, the religious landscape in Nigeria has been transformed by the rise of neo-Pentecostal or ‘new generation’ churches. These churches teach a gospel of prosperity, advance an oppositional view of the world, focus on a supernatural arena of spiritual forces, accord a unique weight to the Bible, and practice a charismatic worship style. One result of the presence of these churches has been to change the face of Anglicanism in Nigeria. Concerned about the possibility of diminished influence and prestige, the Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion) has responded to neo-Pentecostal churches by adopting more of its rivals’ beliefs and practices. This paper argues that this changing environment explains, in part, Nigerian opposition to efforts at global Anglican unity and argues that it is impossible to address the future of the Anglican Communion without first understanding the on-the-ground religious context in Nigeria.
The antibiotic crisis.
Authors: Demain A. L. , Spizek J. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter explores important correlates of the current antibiotic crisis, where infectious diseases in general still account for a substantial share of mortality worldwide, antimicrobial drug resistance is prevalent, and current efforts for discovering new antimicrobial compounds are minimal. Reasons for the low turnaround of new antimicrobial drug discovery are discussed, as well as potential solutions to the current antibiotic crisis.
Structure, genetic regulation, physiology and function of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump of Escherichia coli and Salmonella.
Authors: Amaral L. , Martins A. , Spengler G. , Martins M. , Rodrigues L. , McCusker M. , Ntokou E. , Cerca P. , Machado L. , Viveiros M. , Couto I. , Fanning S. , Kristiansen J. , Molnar J. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

This chapter reviews current knowledge on the structure and function of the AcrAb-TOlC efflux pump of Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Relevant effects of phenothiazines on the genes that regulate and encode this pump mechanism, as well as on the pump itself, are also described. Future perspectives in relation to this important efflux pump found in drug-resistant bacterial pathogens are discussed.