bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stigma and the addiction paradigm for obesity: lessons from 1950s America
Authors: Rasmussen Nicolas 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimsTo discuss an historical episode in which obesity was conceptualized as an addictive disorder and declared to be a major epidemic in the early postwar United States. This history illuminates past consequences of framing obesity as an addiction in ways that may inform constructive policy responses today.MethodsReview of secondary and primary sources, including archival documents, relating to obesity in biomedical and popular thought of the 1940s and 1950s.ResultsIn the United States in the late 1940s and 1950s, new medical thinking about obesity reinterpreted overweight and obesity as chiefly the consequence of addiction (understood in the then dominant psychodynamic theory as a psychological defect, oral fixation). This new conception was rapidly taken up in popular discourse and clinical practice, with adverse effects through amplification of weight stigma. Further, in the conservative political context, the addiction concept contributed to an ineffective policy response to the alarming new epidemiological evidence about obesity's consequences. Despite a lack of evidence for efficacy of the intervention, public health efforts focused on correcting individual eating behaviour among obese people by encouraging self‐help in lay groups modelled, in part, on Alcoholics Anonymous. Population‐level intervention was neglected.ConclusionsCurrent public health policy initiatives must be mindful of the risks of reframing obesity as an addiction. These include inadvertently reinforcing stigma, narrowing responses to those aiming to modify individual behaviour and biology and neglecting population policies aiming to reduce the consumption of energy‐dense foods, as all occurred in the 1950s United States.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in a gadolinium‐naïve patient: Successful treatment with oral sirolimus
Authors: Ross Christopher , De Rosa Nicholas , Marshman Gillian , Astill David 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA 52‐year old woman with chronic renal failure presented with tender buttock nodules, bilateral non‐tender periocular papules and yellow scleral plaques. The patient then developed sclerodermoid changes of the hands, as well as woody induration, oedema and hyperpigmentation of lower limbs. There was no previous exposure to gadolinium contrast. Her histology and clinical features were consistent with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Treatment with oral sirolimus resulted in a marked reduction of induration and oedema, and an improvement in distal upper limb and lower limb joint mobility.
Cutaneous CD30 positive lymphoproliferative disorders with coexistent epithelial neoplasms: Report of two cases
Authors: Newland Kate M , McCormack Christopher J , Prince H Miles , Lade Stephen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPrimary cutaneous large cell anaplastic lymphoma (C‐ALCL) and lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) are cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders (CD30+ LPD). An association with CD30+ LPD and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia has been recognized. Additionally, rare reports of epithelial neoplasms such as keratoacanthomas and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) occurring in association with both C‐ALCL and LyP have been reported. We report two cases of CD30+ LPD with associated epithelial neoplasms; one patient with a primary cutaneous CD30+ LPD and SCC identified within the same lesion, and the other with a keratoacanthoma arising in a lesion of LyP. The pathogenesis of this association is poorly understood although various hypotheses exist. Awareness of the coexistence of these entities will avoid misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment.
Semen characteristics and malondialdehyde levels in men with different reproductive problems
Authors: Collodel G. , Moretti E. , Micheli L. , Menchiari A. , Moltoni L. , Cerretani D. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe aim of this study was to assess the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the seminal plasma of infertile men and to highlight a relationship between the level of MDA and semen parameters. Eighty‐one infertile patients were divided into groups according to their clinical diagnosis: genitourinary infections, varicocele and idiopathic infertility. Semen quality was assessed by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM data were quantified with a mathematical formula able to obtain a fertility index and the percentage of sperm apoptosis, immaturity, and necrosis. Seminal MDA levels were determined by spectrofluorometry. Scrotal Eco‐color Doppler was used to detect the varicocele. Infected patients had a positive bacteriological semen analysis. A control group consisted of 14 normospermic fertile men. Fertile group showed significantly increased values of sperm concentration, motility, and fertility index compared to infertile groups. In the infertile groups, sperm motility, concentration, apoptosis, and fertility index were not significantly different. In infection group, the percentage of necrosis was significantly higher than that observed in fertile men, varicocele, and idiopathic infertility groups (p < 0.001). MDA levels increased significantly in infection group in comparison with varicocele group (p < 0.01), idiopathic infertility group, and fertile men (p < 0.001) and in varicocele group compared to idiopathic infertility group (p < 0.001). In infection group, MDA levels positively correlated with sperm concentration (p < 0.01), fertility index (p < 0.05), and necrosis (p < 0.001), whereas a negative correlation was found with motility (p < 0.01). In varicocele group MDA levels correlated positively with necrosis and negatively with immaturity (p < 0.05). In fertile men and idiopathic infertility group, they did not show any correlation. In conclusion, we suggest that the evaluation of seminal MDA may be a good marker for understanding pathologies responsible of a sperm motility reduction such as urogenital infections or inflammatory status.
Farr, Fiona & Moriarty, Máiréad ed (2013) Language, learning and teachingPeter Lang (New York & Bern) isbn 978‐3‐0343‐0871‐7 242 pp £40 http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=67740
Authors: Garcia Laborda Jesus 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThis volume will be of interest to those considering the potential of languages which not long ago were limited by geography but whose diffusion can now be considerably enhanced by technology. If it seems relevant to you, I advise that you will probably find only parts of the text of some real interest or use.Jésus Garcia Laborda
Greaney, Vincent & Kellaghan, Thomas ed (2012) Implementing a national assessment of educational achievementWorld Bank Publications (Washington & Eurospan, London) isbn 978‐0‐8213‐8589‐0 260 pp £21.95 (free download) http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTEDUCATION/0,,contentMDK:22301663~menuPK:5495844~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:282386,00.html
Authors: García Laborda Jesús 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThis book is a guide to implementing national external assessments which avoids the constraints of difficult ideas and even more sophisticated language. It provides an accessible direct line for those willing to try to understand such a sophisticated issue. If it could be relevant to your work, you may wish to borrow a copy or—better!—download it from the internet.Jesús García Laborda
Sutton, Brian & Basiel, Anthony ed (2013) Teaching and learning online, Volume 2Routledge (New York & London) isbn 978‐0‐415‐52857‐3 292 pp £22.99 http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415528573/
Authors: Cowan John 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe editors set out to present and unite writings to assist teacher readers to concern themselves less with serving up content and more with creating socially relevant experiences, and, by melding theory and practice, with providing guidance for online learners to support their cognitive processes. Some of the writers succeed in that, but the overall impression is of a fragmented collection. If the content of this book is likely to be relevant to you, I advise that you will probably find only parts of it of interest or use.John Cowan
Lecture Capture Technology and Student Performance in an Operations Management Course
Authors: Sloan Thomas W. , Lewis David A. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTLecture capture technologies (LCT) such as Echo360, Mediasite, and Tegrity have become very popular in recent years. Many studies have shown that students favor the use of such technology, but relatively little research has studied the impact of LCT on learning. This article examines two research questions: (1) whether the use of LCT actually enhances learning outcomes, and (2) how instructors can increase students’ use of lecture capture materials. We address these questions using data from an undergraduate Operations Management course at a mid‐size, public university. Results indicate that access of lecture capture videos is associated with higher exam scores, even after controlling for previous exam performance. In addition, efforts to promote the use of lecture capture materials increase their use. We offer several suggestions to instructors who wish to increase their students’ use of lecture capture materials, which are equally applicable across all disciplines.
The functional response predicts the effect of resource distribution on the optimal movement rate of consumers
Authors: Calcagno Vincent , Grognard Frédéric , Hamelin Frédéric M. , Wajnberg Éric , Mailleret Ludovic 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUnderstanding how often individuals should move when foraging over patchy habitats is a central question in ecology. By combining optimality and functional response theories, we show analytically how the optimal movement rate varies with the average resource level (enrichment) and resource distribution (patch heterogeneity). We find that the type of functional response predicts the effect of enrichment in homogeneous habitats: enrichment should decrease movement for decelerating functional responses, but increase movement for accelerating responses. An intermediate resource level thus maximises movement for type‐III responses. Counterintuitively, greater movement costs favour an increase in movement. In heterogeneous habitats predictions further depend on how enrichment alters the variance of resource distribution. Greater patch variance always increases the optimal rate of movement, except for type‐IV functional responses. While the functional response is well established as a fundamental determinant of consumer–resource dynamics, our results indicate its importance extends to the understanding of individual movement strategies.
Surface controls on the characteristics of natural CO2 seeps: implications for engineered CO2 stores
Authors: Roberts J. J. , Wood R. A. , Wilkinson M. , Haszeldine S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCO2 injected into rock formations for deep geological storage must not leak to surface, since this would be economically and environmentally unfavourable, and could present a human health hazard. In Italy natural CO2 degassing to the surface via seeps is widespread, providing an insight into the various styles of subsurface ‘plumbing’ as well as surface expression of CO2 fluids. Here we investigate surface controls on the distribution of CO2 seep characteristics (type, flux and temperature) using a large geographical and historical data set. When the locations of documented seeps are compared to a synthetic statistically random data set, we find that the nature of the CO2 seeps is most strongly governed by the flow properties of the outcropping rocks, and local topography. Where low‐permeability rocks outcrop, numerous dry seeps occur and have a range of fluxes. Aqueous fluid flow will be limited in these low‐permeability rocks, and so relative permeability effects may enable preferential CO2 flow. CO2 vents typically occur along faults in rocks that are located above the water table or are low permeability. Diffuse seeps develop where CO2 (laterally supplied by these faults) emerges from the vadose zone and where CO2 degassing from groundwater follows a different flow path due to flow differences for water and CO2 gas. Bubbling water seeps (characterized by water bubbling with CO2) arise where CO2 supply enters the phreatic zone or an aquifer. CO2‐rich springs often emerge where valleys erode into CO2 aquifers, and these are typically high flux seeps. Seep type is known to influence human health risk at CO2 seeps in Italy, as well as the topography surrounding the seep which affects the rate of gas dispersion by wind. Identifying the physical controls on potential seep locations and seep type above engineered CO2 storage operations is therefore crucial to targeted site monitoring strategy and risk assessment. The surface geology and topography above a CO2 store must therefore be characterized in order to design the most effective monitoring strategy.
Incidence du handicap sur l'absentéisme: faits observés dans six pays de l'Union européenne
Authors: GARCÍA‐SERRANO Carlos , MALO Miguel Á. 
Published: October 2014

RésuméPartant des données collectées dans six pays de l'Union européenne (Autriche, Espagne, Grèce, Irlande, Italie et Portugal) entre 1995 et 2001, les auteurs étudient l'infuence du handicap sur l'absentéisme des travailleurs. Ils observent que les travailleurs handicapés sont plus souvent absents que les travailleurs valides, constat établi après contrôle des effets de l'état de santé des personnes interrogées, de la fréquence de leurs visites chez le médecin et du nombre de nuits d'hospitalisation. L'absentéisme s'accroît aussi avec la gravité du handicap. L'effet total du handicap représente une augmentation marginale de 6 à 26 jours d'absence par an, selon le pays.
Diferencias regionales de las primas por calificación en la China urbana. Repercusiones en el crecimiento y en la igualdad
Authors: WHALLEY John , XING Chunbing 
Published: October 2014

ResumenA partir de datos de encuestas de hogares, los autores observan que las primas por calificación aumentaron en toda China entre 1995 y 2002, pero solo en las provincias costeras entre 2002 y 2007, año en que estas también registraron mayor desigualdad salarial y contribuyeron más a la desigualdad salarial urbana total. Según un modelo de efectos fijos estimado, la privatización explica la evolución del primer periodo, y la integración de China en la economía mundial, la del segundo. Reducir la desigualdad exige, según los autores, la reforma del Registro de Población Hukou, que obstaculiza la movilidad de los trabajadores calificados y posiblemente también el crecimiento.
Effect of Different Oximes on Rat and Human Cholinesterases Inhibited by Methamidophos: A Comparative In Vitro and In Silico Study
Authors: Lugokenski Thiago Henrique , Gubert Priscila , Bueno Diones Caeran , Nogara Pablo Andrei , de Aquino Saraiva Rogério , Barcelos Rômulo Pillon , Carratu Vanessa Santana , Bresolin Leandro , de Vargas Barbosa Nilda Berenice , Pereira Maria Ester , da Rocha João Batista Teixeira , Soares Félix Alexandre Antunes 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMethamidophos is one of the most toxic organophosphorus (OP) compounds. It acts via phosphorylation of a serine residue in the active site of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), leading to enzyme inactivation. Different oximes have been developed to reverse this inhibition. Thus, our work aimed to test the protective or reactivation capability of pralidoxime and obidoxime, as well as two new oximes synthesised in our laboratory, on human and rat cholinesterases inhibited by methamidophos. In addition, we performed molecular docking studies in non‐aged methamidophos‐inhibited AChE to understand the mechanisms involved. Our results suggested that pralidoxime protected and reactivated methamidophos‐inhibited rat brain AChE. Regarding human erythrocyte AChE, all oximes tested protected and reactivated the enzyme, with the best reactivation index observed at the concentration of 50 μM. Concerning BChE, butane‐2,3‐dionethiosemicarbazone oxime (oxime 1) was able to protect and reactivate the methamidophos‐inhibited BChE by 45% at 50 μM, whereas 2(3‐(phenylhydrazono)butan‐2‐one oxime (oxime 2) reactivated 28% of BChE activity at 100 μM. The two classical oximes failed to reactivate BChE. The molecular docking study demonstrated that pralidoxime appears to be better positioned in the active site to attack the O‐P moiety of the inhibited enzyme, being near the oxyanion hole, whereas our new oximes were stably positioned in the active site in a manner similar to that of obidoxime. In conclusion, our work demonstrated that the newly synthesised oximes were able to reactivate not only human erythrocyte AChE but also human plasma BChE, which could represent an advantage in the treatment of OP compounds poisoning.
Carbon Monoxide–Sensitive Apoptotic Death of Erythrocytes
Authors: Lang Elisabeth , Qadri Syed M. , Jilani Kashif , Zelenak Christine , Lupescu Adrian , Schleicher Erwin , Lang Florian 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCarbon monoxide (CO) intoxication severely interferes with the oxygen‐transporting function of haemoglobin. Beyond that, CO participates in the regulation of apoptosis. CO could be generated from CO‐releasing molecules (CORM), such as the tricarbonyl‐dichlororuthenium (II) dimer (CORM‐2), which is presently considered for the treatment of vascular dysfunction, inflammation, tissue ischaemia and organ rejection. CORM‐2 is at least partially effective by modifying gene expression and mitochondrial potential. Erythrocytes lack nuclei and mitochondria but may undergo suicidal cell death or eryptosis, characterized by cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the cell membrane. Eryptosis is triggered by the increase in cytosolic
Ca2+

activity ([
Ca2+

]i). The present study explored whether CORM‐2 influences eryptosis. To this end, [
Ca2+

]i was estimated from Fluo‐3‐fluorescence, cell volume from forward scatter, phospholipid scrambling from annexin‐V‐binding and haemolysis from haemoglobin release. CO‐binding haemoglobin (COHb) was estimated utilizing a blood gas analyser. As a result, exposure of erythrocytes for 24 hr to CORM‐2 (≥5 μM) significantly increased COHb, [
Ca2+

]i, forward scatter, annexin‐V‐binding and haemolysis. Annexin‐V‐binding was significantly blunted by 100% oxygen and was virtually abolished in the nominal absence of
Ca2+

. In conclusion, CORM‐2 stimulates cell membrane scrambling of erythrocytes, an effect largely due to
Ca2+

entry and partially reversed by
O2

.
4‐Methylthioamphetamine Increases Dopamine in the Rat Striatum and has Rewarding Effects In Vivo
Authors: Sotomayor‐Zárate Ramón , Quiroz Gabriel , Araya Katherine A. , Abarca Jorge , Ibáñez María R. , Montecinos Alejandro , Guajardo Carlos , Núñez Gabriel , Fierro Angélica , Moya Pablo R. , Iturriaga‐Vásquez Patricio , Gómez‐Molina Cristóbal , Gysling Katia , Reyes‐Parada Miguel 
Published: October 2014

Abstract4‐Methylthioamphetamine (MTA) is a phenylisopropylamine derivative whose use has been associated with severe intoxications. MTA is usually regarded as a selective serotonin‐releasing agent. Nevertheless, previous data have suggested that its mechanism of action probably involves a catecholaminergic component. As little is known about dopaminergic effects of this drug, in this work the actions of MTA upon the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) were studied in vitro, in vivo and in silico. Also, the possible abuse liability of MTA was behaviourally assessed. MTA exhibited an in vitro affinity for the rat DAT in the low micromolar range (6.01 μM) and induced a significant, dose‐dependent increase in striatal DA. MTA significantly increased c‐Fos‐positive cells in striatum and nucleus accumbens, induced conditioned place preference and increased locomotor activity. Docking experiments were performed in a homology model of the DAT. In conclusion, our results show that MTA is able to increase extracellular striatal DA levels and that its administration has rewarding properties. These effects were observed at concentrations or doses that can be relevant to its use in human beings.
Awareness of cognitive and social behaviour in a CSCL environment
Authors: Kirschner P.A. , Kreijns K. , Phielix C. , Fransen J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMost distributed and virtual online environments for and pedagogies of computer‐supported collaborative learning (CSCL) neglect the social and social‐emotional aspects underlying the group dynamics of learning and working in a CSCL group. These group dynamics often determine whether the group will develop into a well‐performing team and whether a sound social space emerges. Using a theory‐based CSCL framework, two studies evaluated whether two tools, Radar and Reflector, supported cognitive, social and socio‐emotional aspects of team development, encouraging promotive interaction and group processing in the teams. While not affecting product quality, tool use did lead to groups who perceived their team as being better developed, as having higher levels of group satisfaction and lower levels of conflicts. The results support that promotive interaction and group processing was increased by using Radar and Reflector.
Overexpression of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) increases gemcitabine sensitivity in pancreatic cancer cells through S‐phase arrest and apoptosis
Authors: Guo Yang , Ziesch Andreas , Hocke Sandra , Kampmann Eric , Ochs Stephanie , De Toni Enrico N. , Göke Burkhard , Gallmeier Eike 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe previously established a role for HSP27 as a predictive marker for therapeutic response towards gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. Here, we investigate the underlying mechanisms of HSP27‐mediated gemcitabine sensitivity. Utilizing a pancreatic cancer cell model with stable HSP27 overexpression, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction were analysed by flow cytometry, nuclear staining, immunoblotting and mitochondrial staining. Drug sensitivity studies were performed by proliferation assays. Hyperthermia was simulated using mild heat shock at 41.8°C. Upon gemcitabine treatment, HSP27‐overexpressing cells displayed an early S‐phase arrest subsequently followed by a strongly increased sub‐G1 fraction. Apoptosis was characterized by PARP‐, CASPASE 3‐, CASPASE 8‐, CASPASE 9‐ and BIM‐ activation along with a mitochondrial membrane potential loss. It was reversible through chemical caspase inhibition. Importantly, gemcitabine sensitivity and PARP cleavage were also elicited by heat shock‐induced HSP27 overexpression, although to a smaller extent, in a panel of pancreatic cancer cell lines. Finally, HSP27‐overexpressing pancreatic cancer cells displayed an increased sensitivity also towards death receptor‐targeting agents, suggesting another pro‐apoptotic role of HSP27 along the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. Taken together, in contrast to the well‐established anti‐apoptotic properties of HSP27 in cancer, our study reveals novel pro‐apoptotic functions of HSP27—mediated through both the intrinsic and the extrinsic apoptotic pathways—at least in pancreatic cancer cells. HSP27 could represent a predictive marker of therapeutic response towards specific drug classes in pancreatic cancer and provides a novel molecular rationale for current clinical trials applying the combination of gemcitabine with regional hyperthermia in pancreatic cancer patients.