bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Growth Restriction in Preterm-Born Children
Authors: Bocca-Tjeertes Inger , Bos Arend , Kerstjens Jorien , de Winter Andrea , Reijneveld Sijmen 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE:
To determine how symmetric (proportionate; SGR) and asymmetric (disproportionate; AGR) growth restriction influence growth and development in preterms from birth to 4 years.

METHODS:
This community-based cohort study of 810 children comprised 86 SGR, 61 AGR, and 663 non–growth restricted (NGR) preterms, born in 2002 and 2003. Symmetrical growth restriction was defined as a birth weight below the 16th percentile (–1 SD) compared with full-terms and a head circumference (HC) z score not exceeding the infant’s birth weight z score by &gt;1 SD. Asymmetric growth restriction was defined as a HC z score exceeding that for by &gt;1 SD as a proxy of brain sparing. Developmental delay was assessed by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire at 4 years.

RESULTS:
Longitudinal gains in weight and height were similar for SGR and AGR children and less compared with NGR children. At age 4, z scores for weight were –1.1 for SGR and –0.7 for AGR children vs –0.3 for NGR children. z scores for height were –0.8 and –0.5 vs –0.2. HC gain were 2 cm more in SGR, but at 1 year, they were –0.2 vs 0.2 (AGR) and 0.1 (NGR). Developmental delay increased with odds ratios of 2.5 (95% confidence interval 1.1–6.0) for SGR and 2.1 (95% confidence interval 0.7–5.9) for AGR.

CONCLUSIONS:
Weight and height gains were similar for AGR and SGR children but poorer compared with NGR children. SGR children caught up on HC. Developmental delay was more likely in growth-restricted preterms independent of HC at birth.
Role of Financial and Social Hardships in Asthma Racial Disparities
Authors: Beck Andrew F. , Huang Bin , Simmons Jeffrey M. , Moncrief Terri , Sauers Hadley S. , Chen Chen , Ryan Patrick H. , Newman Nicholas C. , Kahn Robert S. 
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Health care reform offers a new opportunity to address child health disparities. This study sought to characterize racial differences in pediatric asthma readmissions with a focus on the potential explanatory role of hardships that might be addressed in future patient care models.

METHODS:
We enrolled 774 children, aged 1 to 16 years, admitted for asthma or bronchodilator-responsive wheezing in a population-based prospective observational cohort. The outcome was time to readmission. Child race, socioeconomic status (measured by lower income and caregiver educational attainment), and hardship (caregivers looking for work, having no one to borrow money from, not owning a car or home, and being single/never married) were recorded. Analyses used Cox proportional hazards.

RESULTS:
The cohort was 57% African American, 33% white, and 10% multiracial/other; 19% were readmitted within 12 months. After adjustment for asthma severity classification, African Americans were twice as likely to be readmitted as whites (hazard ratio: 1.98; 95% confidence interval: 1.42 to 2.77). Compared with whites, African American caregivers were significantly more likely to report lower income and educational attainment, difficulty finding work, having no one to borrow money from, not owning a car or home, and being single/never married (all P ≤ .01). Hardships explained 41% of the observed racial disparity in readmission; jointly, socioeconomic status and hardship explained 49%.

CONCLUSIONS:
African American children were twice as likely to be readmitted as white children; hardships explained &gt;40% of this disparity. Additional factors (eg, pollution, tobacco exposure, housing quality) may explain residual disparities. Targeted interventions could help achieve greater child health equity.
Parental Underestimates of Child Weight: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Lundahl Alyssa , Kidwell Katherine M. , Nelson Timothy D. 
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Parental perceptions of their children’s weight play an important role in obesity prevention and treatment. The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of parents worldwide who underestimate their children’s weight and moderators of such misperceptions.METHODS:Original studies published to January 2013 were chosen through literature searches in PUBMED, PSYCHINFO, and CINAHL databases. References of retrieved articles were also searched for relevant studies. Studies were published in English and assessed parental perceptions of children’s weight and then compared perceptions to recognized standards for defining overweight based on anthropometric measures. Data were extracted on study-level constructs, child- and parent-characteristics, procedural characteristics, and parental underestimates separately for normal-weight and overweight/obese samples. Pooled effect sizes were calculated using random-effects models and adjusted for publication bias. Moderators were explored using mixed-effect models.RESULTS:A total of 69 articles (representing 78 samples; n = 15 791) were included in the overweight/obese meta-analysis. Adjusted effect sizes revealed that 50.7% (95% confidence interval 31.1%–70.2%) of parents underestimate their overweight/obese children’s weight. Significant moderators of this effect included child’s age and BMI. A total of 52 articles (representing 59 samples; n = 64 895) were included in the normal-weight meta-analysis. Pooled effect sizes indicated that 14.3% (95% confidence interval 11.7%–17.4%) of parents underestimate their children’s normal-weight status. Significant moderators of this effect included child gender, parent weight, and the method (visual versus nonvisual) in which perception was assessed.CONCLUSIONS:Half of parents underestimated their children’s overweight/obese status and a significant minority underestimated children’s normal weight. Pediatricians are well positioned to make efforts to remedy parental underestimates and promote adoption of healthy habits.
Risk Perceptions and Subsequent Sexual Behaviors After HPV Vaccination in Adolescents
Authors: Mayhew Allison , Mullins Tanya L. Kowalczyk , Ding Lili , Rosenthal Susan L. , Zimet Gregory D. , Morrow Charlene , Kahn Jessica A. 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVES:
Concerns have been raised that human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination could lead to altered risk perceptions and an increase in risky sexual behaviors among adolescents. The aim of this study was to assess whether adolescent risk perceptions after the first vaccine dose predicted subsequent sexual behaviors.

METHODS:
Young women 13 to 21 years of age (N = 339) completed questionnaires immediately after HPV vaccination, and 2 and 6 months later, assessing demographic characteristics, knowledge/attitudes about HPV vaccination, risk perceptions, and sexual behaviors. Risk perceptions were measured by using 2 5-item scales assessing: (1) perceived risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI) other than HPV, and (2) perceived need for safer sexual behaviors after HPV vaccination. We assessed associations between risk perceptions at baseline and sexual behaviors over the next 6 months by using logistic regression, stratifying participants by sexual experience at baseline and age (13–15 vs 16–21 years).

RESULTS:
Among all sexually inexperienced participants (42.5%), baseline risk perceptions were not associated with subsequent sexual initiation; in age-stratified analyses, girls 16 to 21 years of age who reported lower perceived risk for other STI (an inappropriate perception) were less likely to initiate sex (odds ratio [OR] 0.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03–0.69). Among all sexually experienced participants (57.5%) and in age-stratified analyses, baseline risk perceptions were not associated with subsequent number of sexual partners or condom use.

CONCLUSIONS:
Risk perceptions after HPV vaccination were not associated with riskier sexual behaviors over the subsequent 6 months in this study sample.
Recent Trends in Outpatient Antibiotic Use in Children
Authors: Vaz Louise Elaine , Kleinman Kenneth P. , Raebel Marsha A. , Nordin James D. , Lakoma Matthew D. , Dutta-Linn M. Maya , Finkelstein Jonathan A. 
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE:
The goal of this study was to determine changes in antibiotic-dispensing rates among children in 3 health plans located in New England [A], the Mountain West [B], and the Midwest [C] regions of the United States.

METHODS:
Pharmacy and outpatient claims from September 2000 to August 2010 were used to calculate rates of antibiotic dispensing per person-year for children aged 3 months to 18 years. Differences in rates by year, diagnosis, and health plan were tested by using Poisson regression. The data were analyzed to determine whether there was a change in the rate of decline over time.

RESULTS:
Antibiotic use in the 3- to &lt;24-month age group varied at baseline according to health plan (A: 2.27, B: 1.40, C: 2.23 antibiotics per person-year; P &lt; .001). The downward trend in antibiotic dispensing slowed, stabilized, or reversed during this 10-year period. In the 3- to &lt;24-month age group, we observed 5.0%, 9.3%, and 7.2% annual declines early in the decade in the 3 plans, respectively. These dropped to 2.4%, 2.1%, and 0.5% annual declines by the end of the decade. Third-generation cephalosporin use for otitis media increased 1.6-, 15-, and 5.5-fold in plans A, B, and C in young children. Similar attenuation of decline in antibiotic use and increases in use of broad-spectrum agents were seen in other age groups.

CONCLUSIONS:
Antibiotic dispensing for children may have reached a new plateau. Along with identifying best practices in low-prescribing areas, decreasing broad-spectrum use for particular conditions should be a continuing focus of intervention efforts.
Calculation of defect formation energies in UO2
Authors: Wiktor Julia , Vathonne Emerson , Freyss Michel , Jomard Gérald , Bertolus Marjorie 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTWe present a physically justified formalism for the calculation of defect formation energies in UO2. The accessible ranges of chemical potentials of the two components U and O are calculated using the U-O experimental phase diagram and a constraint on the formation energies of vacancies. We then apply this formalism to the DFT+U investigation of the monovacancies and monointerstitials in UO2.The results of the most stable charge states of these defects are consistent with a strongly ionic system. Calculations predict similarly low formation energies for $V_U^{4 - }$ and $I_O^{2 - }$ in hyperstoichiometric UO2.
Mechanosensitive Channels Activity in a Droplet Interface Bilayer System
Authors: Najem Joseph , Dunlap Myles , Sukharev Sergei , Leo Donald J. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the first attempts to study the large conductance mechano-sensitive channel (MscL) activity in an artificial droplet interface bilayer (DIB) system. A novel and simple technique is developed to characterize the behavior of an artificial lipid bilayer interface containing mechano-sensitive (MS) channels. The experimental setup is assembled on an inverted microscope and consists of two micropipettes filled with PEG-DMA hydrogel and containing Ag/AgCl wires, a cylindrical oil reservoir glued on top of a thin acrylic sheet, and a piezoelectric oscillator actuator. By using this technique, dynamic tension can be applied by oscillating axial motion of one droplet, producing deformation of both droplets and area changes of the DIB interface. The tension in the artificial membrane will cause the MS channels to gate, resulting in an increase in the conductance levels of the membrane. The results show that the MS channels are able to gate under an applied dynamic tension. Moreover, it can be concluded that the response of channel activity to mechanical stimuli is voltage-dependent and highly related to the frequency and amplitude of oscillations.
Toward bioinspired nanostructures for selective vapor sensing: diverse vapor-induced spectral responses within iridescent scales of Morpho butterflies
Authors: Starkey Timothy A. , Vukusic Peter , Potyrailo Radislav A. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe iridescent colors of Morpho butterflies have captured scientific intrigue for over a century. However, only recently photonic structures of the wing scales of Morpho butterflies have inspired new ideas in the diverse areas of technology including sensing. In this study, we performed theoretical and experimental evaluation of vapor-induced reflectance changes of the Morpho scales. These experiments provided additional details of the origin and the magnitude of vapor response selectivity in these natural photonic nanostructures and facilitated our design and fabrication of highly selective biomimetic photonic nanostructures.
User evaluation of the waterproof jacket
Authors: Šterman Sonja 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This article presents the key elements in understanding the development and design of uniforms for the employees
of the Customs Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for the purpose of corporate identity. It will show, in detail,
the process from design to analysis of evaluation data for the multifunctional waterproof jacket, after three months
of wearing by the employees. The success of a corporate uniform depends on how effectively it serves a specific
function, makes the organisation recognisable in society and also on the satisfaction level of the user.
The results are presented in four groups: First, the relationship between design and communicating identity for
recognition in the market; Second, the determination of the pattern and functionality considerations; Third, the
selection of materials and their properties; Last, the quality of workmanship, giving practical value to the above
parameters.
Plant DNA detection from grasshopper guts: A step‐by‐step protocol, from tissue preparation to obtaining plant DNA sequences
Authors: Avanesyan Alina 
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: A PCR‐based method of identifying ingested plant DNA in gut contents of Melanoplus grasshoppers was developed. Although previous investigations have focused on a variety of insects, there are no protocols available for plant DNA detection developed for grasshoppers, agricultural pests that significantly influence plant community composition.• Methods and Results: The developed protocol successfully used the noncoding region of the chloroplast trnL (UAA) gene and was tested in several feeding experiments. Plant DNA was obtained at seven time points post‐ingestion from whole guts and separate gut sections, and was detectable up to 12 h post‐ingestion in nymphs and 22 h post‐ingestion in adult grasshoppers.• Conclusions: The proposed protocol is an effective, relatively quick, and low‐cost method of detecting plant DNA from the grasshopper gut and its different sections. This has important applications, from exploring plant “movement” during food consumption, to detecting plant–insect interactions.
Disinhibitory Interventions and Voluntary Quadriceps Activation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Harkey Matthew S. , Gribble Phillip A. , Pietrosimone Brian G. 
Published: February 2014

Objective:
To determine the effects of various therapeutic interventions on increasing voluntary quadriceps muscle activation.

Background:
Decreased voluntary quadriceps activation is commonly associated with knee injury. Recently, research has focused on developing specific disinhibitory interventions to improve voluntary quadriceps activation; yet, it remains unknown which interventions are most effective in promoting this improvement.

Data Sources:
We searched Web of Science from January 1, 1965 through September 27, 2012, using the key words quadriceps activation and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, cryotherapy, focal joint cooling, joint mobilization, joint mobilisation, joint manipulation, manual therapy, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation.

Study Selection:
Studies evaluating the effect of disinhibitory interventions on volitional quadriceps activation were used in our review. Standardized effect sizes (Cohen d) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from voluntary quadriceps activation means and standard deviations measured at baseline and at all available postintervention time points from each study.

Data Synthesis:
Ten studies were grouped into 5 categories based on intervention type: manual therapy (4 studies), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (2 studies), cryotherapy (2 studies), neuromuscular electrical stimulation (2 studies), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (1 study). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation demonstrated the strongest immediate effects (d = 1.03; 95% CI = 0.06, 1.92) and long-term effects (d = 1.93; 95% CI = 0.91, 2.83). Cryotherapy (d = 0.76; 95% CI = −0.13, 1.59) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (d = 0.54; 95% CI = −0.33, 1.37) had moderate immediate effects in improving voluntary quadriceps activation, whereas manual therapy (d = 0.38; 95% CI = −0.35, 1.09) elicited only weak immediate effects. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation produced weak negative to strong positive effects (range of d values = −0.50 to 1.87) over a period of 3 weeks to 6 months.

Conclusions:
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation demonstrated the strongest and most consistent effects in increasing voluntary quadriceps activation and may be the best disinhibitory intervention for improving the same.
Integrative Neuromuscular Training and Sex-Specific Fitness Performance in 7-Year-Old Children: An Exploratory Investigation
Authors: Faigenbaum Avery D. , Myer Gregory D. , Farrell Anne , Radler Tracy , Fabiano Marc , Kang Jie , Ratamess Nicholas , Khoury Jane , Hewett Timothy E 
Published: February 2014

Context:
Integrative neuromuscular training (INT) has successfully enhanced physical fitness and reduced abnormal biomechanics, which appear to decrease injury rates in adolescent female athletes. If not addressed at the proper time, low levels of physical fitness and abnormal mechanics may predispose female athletes to an increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries.

Objectives
To evaluate sex-specific effects of INT on selected measures of health- and skill-related fitness in children during physical education (PE).

Design:
Cohort study.

Setting:
Public primary school.

Patients or Other Participants:
Forty children (16 boys, 24 girls; age = 7.6 ± 0.3 years, height = 124.5 ± 6.4 cm, mass = 29.5 ± 7.6 kg) from 2 second-grade PE classes.

Intervention(s):
The classes were randomized into the PE-plus-INT group (10 boys, 11 girls) or the control group (6 boys, 13 girls) that participated in traditional PE. The INT was performed 2 times per week during the first approximately 15 minutes of each PE class and consisted of body weight exercises.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Push-up, curl-up, standing long jump, single-legged hop, single-legged balance, sit-and-reach flexibility test, shuttle run, and 0.8-km run.

Results:
At baseline, the boys demonstrated higher levels of performance in most of the fitness measurements as evidenced by greater performance on the push-up, standing long jump, single-legged hop, shuttle run, and 0.8-km run (P &lt; .05). In the evaluation of the training effects, we found intervention effects in the girls for enhanced INT-induced gains in performance relative to the control group on the curl-up, long jump, single-legged hop, and 0.8-km run (P &lt; .05) after controlling for baseline. Boys did not demonstrate similar adaptations from the INT program (P ≥ .05).

Conclusions:
These data indicate that INT is an effective and time-efficient addition to PE for enhancing motor skills and promoting physical activity in children. Seven-year-old girls appeared to be more sensitive to the effects of INT than 7-year-old boys. Future research is warranted to confirm these effects in larger cohorts of children.
Examining the Effectiveness of Psychological Strategies on Physiologic Markers: Evidence-Based Suggestions for Holistic Care of the Athlete
Authors: Dawson Michelle A. , Hamson-Utley Jennifer Jordan , Hansen Rodney , Olpin Michael 
Published: February 2014

Context:
Current holistic rehabilitation blends both physical and psychological techniques. However, validation of the usefulness of psychological strategies is limited in the literature.

Objective:
To quantify the effects of psychological strategies on both physiologic (salivary cortisol) and subjective assessments of stress.

Design:
Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting:
Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 97 college-aged students (age = 20.65 ± 4.38 years), most with little to no experience with psychological strategies.

Intervention(s):
A 15-minute script via an iPod led the participant through visual imagery (cognitive relaxation) or deep breathing exercises (somatic relaxation) cues. The control group listened to 15 minutes of ambient nature sounds.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Two samples (pretest, posttest) of salivary cortisol were analyzed using an enzyme immunoassay kit; the average was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics and correlations were conducted to examine group differences in time of day, salivary cortisol, sex, Stress-O-Meter values, and Perceived Stress Scale scores.

Results:
Salivary cortisol levels were lower in the treatment group than the control group (F2,97 = 15.62, P &lt; .001). Females had higher scores on both the pretest Stress-O-Meter (5.15 ± 1.796) and the Perceived Stress Scale (18.31 ± 5.833) than males (4.25 ± 1.741 and 15.272 ± 5.390, respectively).

Conclusions:
Both cognitive and somatic relaxation strategies reduced cortisol levels. Participants who received verbal guidance achieved a larger cortisol reduction. However, the change in cortisol level was uncorrelated with the change in report of acute stress; females reported higher levels of stress. Clinical implications include attention to sex when assessing stress and providing coping skills during the rehabilitation process.
The Importance of Multimodality Pelvic Ultrasound Simulation in Teaching of Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents
Authors: Vallabh-Patel Vaneesha , Mendez Melissa 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective
The use of transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound is the test of choice in many Obstetrics and Gynecology practices. The objective of our study is to demonstrate how simulated ultrasound teaching could improve residents’ knowledge between PGY1 and PGY2 years in the area of (1) the ability to perform an accurate transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound in a sensitive manner, (2) to identify and describe normal and abnormal female pelvic sonographic findings for interpretation and (3) to demonstrate clinical sonographic correlation of the most common clinical presentations on pelvic ultrasound.

Materials and methods
A total of 24 residents participated in this course during their usual scheduled training period from July 2011 to July 2013. Twelve of the 24 residents had previously taken the course 1 year prior and were used to compare changes in their level of understanding of the subject matter. An introductory lecture with a precourse knowledge assessment was initially provided to the residents prior to simulation training. The residents were then randomized into four groups of 2 to 3 residents and provided 45 minutes of training at each simulation station.

Results
Overall, the mean score for all three stations was noted to be 81.1 and 88.9%, respectively, between PGY1 and PGY2 residents during the 3 years.

Conclusion
The results of both high fidelity and low fidelity simulations have improved when comparing the increase in scores between the PGY1 and the same learners as PGY2s in the following year. We have shown that of the 12 residents who were able to repeat the course during concurrent years, there was an increase in the post evaluation scores each year.

How to cite this article
Vallabh-Patel V, Mendez M, Kupesic Plavsic S. The Importance of Multimodality Pelvic Ultrasound Simulation in Teaching of Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(1):1-5.