bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Los cuestores republicanos. Origen, funciones y analogías
Authors: Muñiz Coello Joaquin 
Published: February 2015

Resumen
Las fuentes de la cuestura son escasas sobre su origen y confusas sobre la analogía de las actividades que desempeñaron a lo largo de la República. Esta percepción ha determinado una parte de la opinión de los investigadores, que se manifiestan incapaces de establecer los vínculos entre las funciones desempeñadas. En este trabajo analizamos esos posibles nexos y la información sobre las funciones en la investigación de delitos, en el erario y junto a los magistrados, a lo largo de la República.
Template-directed nonenzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis: lessons from synthetic chemistry
Authors: Fahrenbach Albert C. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The nonenzymatic synthesis of nucleic acids, in particular, RNA, and the template-directed synthesis of artificial organic molecules, such as macrocycles, catenanes and rotaxanes, have both undergone significant development since the last half of the 20th century. The intersection of these two fields affords insights into how template effects can lead to information copying and storage at the molecular level. Mechanistic examples of model template-directed RNA replication experiments as well as those for totally artificial organic template-directed syntheses will be discussed. The fact that templates typically bind to their reacted products more tightly than their unreacted substrates may be a mechanistic feature necessary to store information in the form of nucleic acids. Understanding the mechanisms of nonenzymatic RNA synthesis is not only essential for testing the RNA world hypothesis in the context of the origin of life on Earth and other planetary bodies, but may one day afford chemists the insights to construct their own artificial molecular replicators.
Towards novel wound dressings: antibacterial properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles and electrospun fiber mats of zinc oxide nanoparticle/poly(vinyl alcohol) hybrids
Authors: Jamnongkan Tongsai , Sukumaran Sathish K. , Sugimoto Masataka , Hara Tomijiro , Takatsuka Yumiko , Koyama Kiyohito 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles possess antibacterial properties. Being less toxic to humans than silver, they are attractive as antibacterial agents in biomedical applications. In this study, we focus on the influence of the size of ZnO nanoparticles on their antibacterial action against strains of three bacteria: one Gram-negative, Escherichia coli and two Gram-positive, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial efficacy of the nanoparticles increases with decreasing particle size. A major contributor to antibacterial action is the oxidative stress induced by the ZnO. To understand the relationship between antibacterial action and induced oxidative stress, we measured the dependence of the nanoparticle diameter on H2O2 concentration. Even at a fixed nanoparticle concentration, the H2O2 concentration increased with decreasing nanoparticle diameter. This is qualitatively similar to the dependence of the antibacterial activity on the nanoparticle diameter. In addition, in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles, we detected increased quantities of endogenous H2O2 in the E. coli. For use as antibacterial wound dressings, we fabricated nonwoven fiber mats from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/ZnO nanoparticle suspensions. The antibacterial efficacy of the PVA/ZnO electrospun fiber mats also increased with a decrease in the diameter and an increase in the concentration of the ZnO nanoparticles.
GenePEN: analysis of network activity alterations in complex diseases via the pairwise elastic net
Authors: Vlassis Nikos , Glaab Enrico 
Published: February 2015

AbstractComplex diseases are often characterized by coordinated expression alterations of genes and proteins which are grouped together in a molecular network. Identifying such interconnected and jointly altered gene/protein groups from functional omics data and a given molecular interaction network is a key challenge in bioinformatics. We describe GenePEN, a penalized logistic regression approach for sample classification via convex optimization, using a newly designed Pairwise Elastic Net penalty that favors the selection of discriminative genes/proteins according to their connectedness in a molecular interaction graph. An efficient implementation of the method finds provably optimal solutions on high-dimensional omics data in a few seconds and is freely available at
Corporate Fiduciary Duties and Prudential Regulation of Financial Institutions
Authors: Iacobucci Edward M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWhile corporate fiduciary duties in many jurisdictions are generally understood to be owed to shareholders, recent Canadian Supreme Court cases have held that directors owe their duties to the corporation, period, not to shareholders or any other stakeholders. This development has introduced significant indeterminacy to the law since it is not clear what such a conception of the duty requires. The Supreme Court did, however, make one clear statement: it held that directors owe a fiduciary duty to ensure that their corporations obey statutory law. Such a duty encourages compliance with law, but may over-encourage compliance: individual directors do not necessarily gain personally from legal breaches, but may lose personally from them because of fiduciary liability, so they will have excessively strong incentives to avoid such breaches. The Article connects the fiduciary duty to obey law with recent developments in financial regulation that have increased the obligations on directors of financial institutions to oversee risk. By requiring directors to be engaged with risk at a governance level, regulators have enhanced the probability that directors will face liability under their fiduciary duties if their institutions do not comply with financial regulations. As the Article explains, the policy tradeoff between enhanced compliance benefits and over-compliance costs of fiduciary liability is different in the context of financial regulation from that in other settings. For example, significant corporate penalties, as opposed to penalties borne by individual directors, may be inconsistent with the prudential goals of regulation, perhaps because of toobig- to-fail concerns. The fiduciary duty to cause the corporation to obey financial regulation, and a stricter application of this duty than the highly deferential standard that exists in Delaware law, has advantages that do not exist in other legal and regulatory contexts.
Self-Selection and Heterogeneity in Firms’ Choice of Corporate Law
Authors: Barzuza Michal 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFirms’ choice of legal regime is not uniform. Despite Delaware’s significant advantages and success in attracting corporations, many firms still choose to incorporate in their home state, and some firms incorporate in a third state, most notably Nevada. Several factors - lawyers’ advice, political influence in the home state, and relative costs of out of state incorporation - were identified as contributing to these patterns. Yet none of these factors neither their combination, fully account for firms’ choices. This Article suggests that unidentified heterogeneity, potentially in managers’ preferences for legal protection, might have contributed to, and could help in explaining, these patterns. Among other factors, this heterogeneity could result, for example, from variations in market forces and, in turn, private benefits that managers extract.Introducing heterogeneity in managers’ preferences, this Article suggests that managers that share a relatively strong preference for insider protection should be less inclined to incorporate in Delaware, and more inclined to incorporate in their home state where they have political clout, or in Nevada if their strong preference for protection is not satisfied in their home state. The analysis is too preliminary for normative implications to be derived, rather the Article suggests that more research into firms’ heterogeneity and their choice of law could prove valuable.
A Phenomenological Theory of Gravitation Based on a Generalization of the Special Relativistic Energy Aspect
Authors: Spieweck Frank 
Published: February 2015

The special relativistic time dilatation and length contraction formulae are written in a general form containing only the ratio of the total energy and the rest energy. Then, it is assumed that the total energy may not only consist of the rest energy and the translational energy but also of the rest energy and potential or rotational energy.
Restricted transformations are given, describing the transition between local systems of reference; in this case, the Euclidean geometry is needed only.
The dependencies of frequency ν, velocity of light c, and inertial mass m on the scalar gravitational potential U,

to first order of ΔU/c2, are the same ones as known from the theory of general relativity.
Besides the dependencies of physical quantities on the scalar potential U, the dependencies on a gravitational vector potential A, e.g., a rotational potential, are given, too.
In an appendix, a gravitational field theory is presented, for which the same phenomenology can be used.
Spectroscopic Analysis of Tautomeric Forms of 5-Phenyltetrazole
Authors: Tempczyk A. , Gryczyński Z. , Kawski A. , Grzonka Z. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Experimental and theoretical directions of electronic transition moments and the UV spectra of anionic and neutral 5-phenyltetrazole (5-PhTH) have been determined. Based on the correlation between the theoretical and experimental data it has been found that the 2 H-tautomeric form is predominant in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film.
14N Quadrupole Coupling in the Rotational Spectrum of Nitrosobenzene
Authors: Keussen Ch. , Andresen U. , Dreizler H. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
As the technique of microwave Fourier transform (MWFT) spectroscopy was improved in the recent years we give a reinvestigation of the 14N nuclear quadrupole hyperfine structure of nitroso­ benzene.
Extended Fenske-Hall LCAO MO Calculations for Mixed Methylene Dihalides
Authors: Novak Igor 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The electronic structure of mixed methylene dihalides CH2XY (X, Y = F, Cl, Br. I) has been studied using extended Fenske-Hall LCAO MO method. The comparison with available photoelec­tron spectra confirmes previous assignments of all bands with binding energies <100 eV. The electronic structure changes occurring upon varying the halogen substituents are discussed.
Lorentz Transformation as a Galilei Transformation with Physical Length and Time Contractions
Authors: Wilhelm H. E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The Lorentz transformations between the space-time coordinates of a point in two inertial frames with arbitrary relative velocity, are reformulated as Galilei transformations with length and time contractions, by introducing the ether rest frame (in which light signals propagate isotropically with the vacuum speed of light). The generalized Galilei transformations for the (longitudinal) space coordinates (x1,2) and the time variables (t1,2) of a point in two inertial frames ∑1,2 are not only of analogous structure, but have remarkable symmetry properties, too. The appearing length and time contractions are absolute effects in the sense of Lorentz-Fitzgerald, i.e., a rod has its largest length and a clock its fastest rate when at rest in the ether frame ∑0. Thus, an analytical reformulation and a physical interpretation of the Lorentz transformations within Galilean relativity physics is achieved.
Resolution of the Ehrenfest Paradox by New Contraction (Expansion) Criteria
Authors: Kelly Edward M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
If we assume that the integrity of an elastic solid is governed by exchanges of real and virtual photons, the solid becomes a seat of innumerable interconnected microscopic Kennedy-Thorndike experiments. The null result of that experiment leads to a deformation criterion having the Lorentz- Fitzgerald contraction as a special case. For a spinning disc the criterion, combined with an equation of compatibility, gives radial and tangential deformations which resolve the Ehrenfest paradox.
35Cl NQR, Crystal Structure, and C-Cl Bond Length of Cyclohexadienones
Authors: Brummer Stefanie 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The 35Cl NQR spectra of 2,4,4,6-tetrachloro-3,5-dimethyl-cyclohexadiene-2,5-one-l and 2,4,4,6- tetrachloro-cyclohexadiene-2,5-one-l were studied from 77 K up to the decomposition temperature, their crystal structure having been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The first com­pound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2
2h -P21/m with two molecules in the unit cell. The lattice constants are a = 887.2 (3) pm, b = 704.8 (3) pm, c = 824.0 (3) pm, β = 96.10(1)°. The sec­ond compound crystallizes orthorhombic, space group D18
2h - Cmca, with 8 molecules in the unit cell which has the dimensions a = 711.2(2) pm, b = 1388.4(3) pm, c = 1729.8(4) pm. The structures deter­mined belong to the stable phases of the title compounds as seen from the NQR spectra as a function of temperature which show no sign for a phase transition between the melting point and 77 K. In both title compounds the molecules are planar. Their symmetry is compared with other chloro- cyclohexadiene-2,5-ones-1 and chloro-cyclohexadiene-2,5-diones-1.4. The intramolecular distances d(C-Cl) of the sp2 carbon atoms and the 35Cl NQR frequencies assigned to the corresponding Cl atoms correlate quite well according to the theory: ν(35Cl) ~ (d(c-cl))-3 The relation is ν(35Cl)/MHz = 2 + 174 · 106 -(d/pm)-3.
Some Benzenoid Hydrocarbons with Extremal Properties
Authors: Brunvoll J. , Cyvin B. , Cyvin S. J. , Gutman I. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Benzenoid systems and their ⊿ values are studied. Here ⊿ is the absolute magnitude of the difference between the numbers of black and white vertices. The systems with maximum ⊿ at a given h (number of hexagons) are treated in particular. TP benzenoids are defined as consisting of fused triangulenes and phenalenes only. All benzenoids with ⊿ = ⊿max = 1,2,3,... for h = 3,6,9,..., re­spectively, are TP benzenoids. By means of a computer program all benzenoid systems with ⊿ = h/3 up to h = 15 are generated. In conclusion, a number of supplementary data to the enumerations of benzenoids are reported.
2H-NMR Spectroscopy of Tunneling Ammonium Ion General Site Symmetry
Authors: Lalowicz Zdzislaw T. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

2H-NMR powder spectra of tunneling ammonium-d4 ions are computed. A representation of the tunneling Hamiltonian is worked out in the basis of simple product spin wavefunctions. Secular parts of quadrupole and dipole Hamiltonians are taken into account. Examples of spectra are given for tunneling about one C2 or C3 axis, as well as for overall rotations in potentials of higher symmetry. Ranges of tunneling frequencies measurable from the spectra are given for each case. Characteristic shapes of the spectra allow recognition of various ground torsional level structures. Possible further applications and available data are discussed.
Volume Selective NMR Spectroscopy by Coded Slice Excitation (CODEX)
Authors: Jung W. I. , Lutz O. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A method for volume selective nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been developed and implemented on an 1.5 T whole body imager for in vivo investigations. Four single experiments produce different magnetizations in the same slice, and a special subtract scheme yields the signal of only the volume of interest, which is accurately defined. The resolution of the spectra and the stability of the method have been verified with a water phantom containing acetone, ethanol, methanol, and oil vessels.
Topological Properties of Benzenoid Systems. LI. Hosoya Index of Molecules Containing a Polvacene Fragment
Authors: Gutman I. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Recursion relations and explicit formulas are obtained for the Hosoya index (Z) of molecules containing a linear chain of hexagons. Our main concern is the dependence of Z on h, the length of the linear chain. The asymptotic behaviour of Z for large values of h is established.
Incommensurate Numbers, Continued Fractions, and Fractal Immittances
Authors: Lakhtakia A. , Messier R. , Varadan V. V. , Varadan V. K. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Continued fractions have a rich tradition in the theory of numbers; e.g., non-terminating con­ tinued fractions represent irrational numbers. It will be shown that a class of continued fractions possess the property of self-referential decomposition, and their interpretation in the form of non-terminating ladder circuits gives rise to fractal immittances with potential analogies to rough surfaces, thin cermet films, as well as to the internal void network structure of thick films.
Single Cijystal Luminescence of Dimeric Cis-bis(2-phenvlpyridine)platinum(II) at High Pressure
Authors: Pirzer G. , Gliemann G. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The emission spectrum of single-crystal cis-bis(2-phenylpyridine)-platinum(II) has been measured at room temperature under high pressures up to 60 kbar. The observed red shift of the emission is on the order of -15 cm-1/kbar and can be explained by a reduction of the Pt - Pt distance in the dimeric units with increasing pressure.
Infrared Desorption of Neutral Molecules Embedded in Transparent Matrices
Authors: Beavis R. C. , Lindner J. , Grotemeyer J. , Schlag E. W. 
Published: February 2015

The desorption of intact molecules by pulsed IR irradiation is shown to depend on the IR absorption of the matrix. IR transparent matrices, such as NaCl or NH4NO3, increase the total yield and the shot-to-shot stability of the sample. IR absorbing matrices decrease the yield of intact molecules and increase the amount of pyrolysis products.
Using semi-transparent sugar matrices with dipeptide samples, the most intense fragment, i.e. the parent molecule having lost 18 u, is suppressed. This fragment is formed by pyrolysis during IR desorption. Three other prominent fragments are caused by the UV photoionization step.
The experimental results suggest that a model involving bulk stresses and strain may be necessary to explain the observations.
Onset of Turbulence in a Pipe
Authors: Böberg L. , Brösa U. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Turbulence in a pipe is derived directly from the Navier-Stokes equation. Analysis of numerical simulations revealed that small disturbances called 'mothers' induce other much stronger disturbances called 'daughters'. Daughters determine the look of turbulence, while mothers control the transfer of energy from the basic flow to the turbulent motion. From a practical point of view, ruling mothers means ruling turbulence. For theory, the mother-daughter process represents a mechanism permitting chaotic motion in a linearly stable system. The mechanism relies on a property of the linearized problem according to which the eigenfunctions become more and more collinear as the Reynolds number increases. The mathematical methods are described, comparisons with experiments are made, mothers and daughters are analyzed, also graphically, with full particulars, and the systematic construction of small systems of differential equations to mimic the non-linear process by means as simple as possible is explained. We suggest that more then 20 but less than 180 essential degrees of freedom take part in the onset of turbulence.
Rotationally Resolved Ion Dip Spectroscopy of Benzene
Authors: Krätzschmar O. , Selzle H. L. , Schlag E. W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Optical transitions between excited vibrational states in the electronic ground and excited state of benzene were measured with ion dip spectroscopy in a supersonic jet. The observed spectra show clear rotational structure, dependent on the wavelength of the excitation laser and could be simulated by computer calculations.
Ion dip spectroscopy is known to be a powerful method for the analysis of highly excited vibrational states in the electronic ground state, which are not accessible to absorption spectroscopy in supersonic jets.
An Empirical Potential Function of α-Glycine Derived from Infrared Spectroscopic Data of D-, 13C-, 15N-, and 18O-Labeled Species
Authors: Kakihana Masato , Akiyama Minoru , Nagumo Tadashi , Okamoto Makoto 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The infrared spectra (4000-100 cm-1) of the α-form crystal ofglycine (NH3
+ - CH2 - COO-) and of thirteen isotopic modifications comprising D, 13C, 15N, and 18O were measured at 80 and 290 K. Excellent resolution was reached at the low temperature. In the low temperature spectra the fine structure of the nearly degenerate NH3 and ND3 antisymmetric deformational modes and the CO2-torsional bands in the vicinity of 200 cm-1 for each of the isotopic molecules, which in the low-frequency region are strongly overlapped by a number of lattice modes, clearly showed up. Based upon the frequency data of the 14 isotopic analogs and the precisely known structure of the molecule, a normal coordinate analysis was carried out. 307 observed frequencies were utilized to derive a new empirical valence force field reduced to a set of 50 force constants by a number of restrictive assumptions. The resulting force field reproduced the 307 frequencies with a root-mean- square deviation of 3.32 cm -1. This force field emphasizes the importance of interaction force constants of the in-plane CO2-rocking and CO2-deformational coordinates with the CH2-twisting coordinate, which can come form a significant deviation of this molecule from an ideal Cs-symmetry. The composition of normal vibrations from generally accepted local-symmetry coordinates is given in terms of the potential energy distribution (PED). The PED results indicate that almost all the normal modes below 1600 cm-1 are extensively intermixed group modes, thus precluding a simple normal vibrational decription. Interestingly the PED description for several vibrations associated with the NH3 - CH2 - C fragment exhibits strong mixing between quasi-A′ symmetric and -A″ antisymmetric coordinates with respect to a pseudo molecular symmetry (CCN) plane in this molecule.
A Modification of the Skyrme Single Particle Potenital and the RMS Radii of Nuclei
Authors: Massen S. E. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The Skyrme single particle potential is modified by adding a new term which is taken to be the derivative of the central part of the Skyrme interaction. It is seen that, when this term is added to the original Skyrme interaction, there is a better agreement with experiment regarding the various moments of the charge densities of nuclei with 48 ≤ A ≤ 208.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Cu2+ Doped Na2 HAsO4·7H2O Single Crystals
Authors: Köksal F. , Kartal İ. , Gençten A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of Cu2+ doped Na2HAsO4 ·7H2O single crystals were studied at room temperature. The results indicate the substitutional entrance of Cu2+ in two magnetically inequivalent Na+ sites. Charge compensation is supposed to be fulfilled by proton vacancies. The spin Hamiltonian parameters were determined. The ground state for Cu2+ seems to indicate the dominance of the dz² orbital and therefore a compression of the distorted octahedron along its C4v axis.