bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
5.6.1 System Engineering Enabling Transformational Change: Engineering a New Healthcare Ecosystem
Authors: O'Neil Meaghan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe healthcare industry is approaching a tipping point, which could lead to a radical transformation from closed system medical devices to a fully interconnected and integrated healthcare ecosystem. In fact, the change catalyst, an engineered future‐state system architecture, is currently under development through the MD PnP program's NIH‐funded Quantum Medical Device Interoperability (QMDI) project. The healthcare industry will require the support and input of systems engineers in the coming years more than ever before. Shared cross industry learning will be crucial for success. This paper provides a perspective on the need for transformative change and outlines the industry's progression towards evolution, including the planned outcomes of the Quantum project.
Systems Processes and Pathologies: Creating An Integrated Framework for Systems Science
Authors: Troncale Len 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAmong the several official projects of the INCOSE Systems Science Working Group, one focuses on integrating the plethora of systems theories, sources, approaches, and tools developed over the past half‐century with the purpose of enabling a new and unified “science” of systems as a fundamental basis for SE. Another seeks to develop a much more SE‐usable Systems Pathology also grounded in a “science” of systems. This paper introduces the wider SE community to the current status of this unique knowledge base produced over the past three years by an INCOSE‐ISSS alliance summarizing the current output of 7 Workshops, 12 Papers, >24 Presentations or Webinars, and 5 Reports. It describes the need for integration of systems knowledge by demonstrating the extensive fragmentation of numerous contributing fields. It presents the current 12‐step “protocol” used by the current group to guide its efforts at synthesis across systems domains, disciplines, tools, and scales asking for feedback to improve the approach. It introduces 15 Working Assumptions or Hypotheses that form the foundation for this attempt at unification citing why these could be used as working principles but why it may be undesirable to call them “principles” as others often do. The paper presents working frameworks for integration and criteria used to judge whether results are a “science” of systems or not with reminders that these early guidelines are being subjected to constant testing and revision. The paper ends with images of the resulting “system” of systems processes theory (SoSPT) and its major spin‐off, the new top‐down Systems Pathology. Fifty‐five key Systems Processes are listed that are dynamically and causally joined by more than 200 Linkage Propositions resulting in a much more detailed general theory of how systems work than previously known. The paper argues these products and the networked community of scholars working on them could prove very useful to future SE design, testing, modeling/simulation, and gradual evolution of better SE understanding of the sustainability, maintenance, and repair of systems of all kinds, far beyond those currently served by SE.
Applied Systems Thinking for Organization Success
Authors: Wilson Mark 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSystems Engineers are taught to establish formal structures and processes as they manage development activities in an environment framed by detailed schedules and specifications. This tactical orientation can optimize the outcomes of an individual project, but often ignores the long‐term impact on the strategic goals of the parent enterprise system. “Systems thinking” considers the systems in which a project operates and can shift the focus from managing “tasks” using systems engineering to managing the strategic direction of the organization. Addressing projects from a systems perspective while factoring in the role of enabling systems is fundamental to the success of the overall enterprise system, especially in a resource‐constrained environment. Traditional systems engineering training often focuses on methods and tools to execute project tasks; this tutorial helps participants adopt a holistic, systems approach as a logical foundation for decision‐making that benefits the overall enterprise. The tutorial materials provide participants a unique perspective on how to apply systems thinking, systems engineering methods, and quality management principles to the challenge of developing and managing organizational strategy. Participants will explore systems thinking concepts that help them understand how systems interact within the extended enterprise; they will grapple with the practical problems of analyzing organization performance; and they will learn how to select strategic initiatives to maximize organizational benefit. The tutorial is highly interactive, leveraging the participants' own experiences as well as a prepared case study designed to reinforce concepts and give students practical experience in applying systems thinking techniques to organization systems.
On Principles of Complex Systems Engineering‐Complex Systems Made Simple
Authors: White Brian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOn Principles of Complex Systems Engineering‐Complex Systems Made Simple Systems engineering (SE) activity in System of Systems (SoS), Enterprise Systems Engineering (ESE), and Complex Systems Engineering (CSE) continues to increase. There is still some controversy as to how well conventional methods of SE are able to handle our most difficult complex systems problems, and whether new ways of systems thinking will help. This tutorial will: 1) explain and give examples of complex systems and CSE; 2) review related definitions and terminology; 3) present CSE principles to create “mindsights” that will accelerate progress in your application domains; 4) provide artifacts for characterizing SE environments and what is being done about it; and 5) suggest a methodology for CSE. Teamed class exercises will stimulate creative thought and interactions among participants. The presentation materials and accompanying discussions should deepen our understanding of SE and better prepare us for future SE endeavors.
The System Engineering of Interfaces
Authors: Woodcock Hazel , Davies Paul 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis course is designed for systems engineering practitioners with some practical experience of requirements specification and / or integration. Some previous experience handling interfaces is desirable, but not essential. If you are newly transferred into systems engineering, this training will provide you with the structure and fundamental skills required to grow in your role. It will also work well as a refresher with challenging exercises for those that are well established as a design authority or systems engineering manager. Unresolved interface issues, and mishandling of interface requirements, are huge cost drivers in today's complex system projects. More than just running through a standard process, the thinking behind best practice and cost avoidance is explained. The course capitalizes as much as possible on the instructors' real‐life experience and from delegates' experiences. It incorporates group work to demonstrate the practices and the difficulties that can arise. The style of the course is interactive, based on an exercise for a hypothetical system, rather than delivered by PowerPoint. However, a set of reference notes and slides will be provided. By the end of the course you will be able to: · Identify necessary interfaces using context diagrams and N‐squared charts · Understand how to separate functional design from interface specification · Flow down system design and external interfaces to subsystems and interfaces between them · Specify the characteristics of interfaces · Plan the negotiation of interfaces with other organisations · Construct a complete and coherent documentation set · Manage changes to the design of interfaces · Plan a testing program for interfaces The tutorial is intended for SE practitioners with some practical experience of requirements and / or integration. Some previous experience handling interfaces is encouraged, but not essential.
Progressive plateau root form dental implant osseointegration: A human retrieval study
Authors: Gil Luiz F. , Suzuki Marcelo , Janal Malvin N. , Tovar Nick , Marin Charles , Granato Rodrigo , Bonfante Estevam A. , Jimbo Ryo , Gil Jose N. , Coelho Paulo G. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAlthough preclinical and sparse human histology retrieval studies have shown that the interface between implant and bone is constantly remodeling, no human retrieval database has been developed to determine the effect of functional loading time and other clinical/implant design variables on osseointegration. The present study tested the hypothesis that bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) and bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO) increase over functional loading time around dental implants. Due to prosthetic retreatment reasons, 93 human implant retrievals from the same manufacturer (Bicon LLC, Boston, MA, USA) were obtained over a period of approximately 15 years. The retrieved implants were under functional loading from 120 days to ∼18 years and were histomorphologic/metrically evaluated. BIC/BAFO were assessed as a function of multiple independent variables: implant surface type, diameter, length, jaw (maxilla/mandible), region (anterior/posterior), and time of functional loading. The results showed that both BIC and BAFO increased over time independently of implant design/clinical variables, supporting the postulated hypothesis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1328–1332, 2015.
Disparity in population structuring of Southwestern Willow Flycatchers based on geographic distance, movement patterns, and genetic analyses
Authors: Stumpf Katie J. , Theimer Tad C. , McLeod Mary Anne , Koronkiewicz Thomas J. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTEstimates of population connectivity often are based on demographic analysis of movements among subpopulations, but this approach may fail to detect rare migrants or overestimate the contribution of movements into populations when migrants fail to successfully reproduce. We compared movement data of endangered Southwestern Willow Flycatchers among isolated populations in Nevada and Arizona from 1997 to 2008 to genetic analyses of samples collected between 2004 and 2008 to determine the degree to which these two methods were concordant in their estimates of population structuring. Given that documented movements of 13 color‐banded adults and 23 juveniles over 10 years indicated low rates of long‐distance movements, we predicted that genetic analyses would show significant population structuring between a northern (Nevada) deme and a southern (Arizona) deme. We genotyped 93 adult individuals at seven microsatellite loci and used two Bayesian clustering programs, STRUCTURE and GENELAND, to predict population structure. Both clustering algorithms produced the same structuring pattern; a cluster containing birds breeding in Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge, the northern‐most Nevada site, and a cluster comprised of all other populations. These results highlight that estimates of subpopulation connectivity based on demographic analyses may differ from those based on genetics, suggesting either temporal changes in the pattern of movements, the importance of undetected movements, or differential contribution of migrants to the subpopulations they enter. J. Exp. Zool. 321A: 577–585, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of the peach aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer, 1776
Authors: Ban Li‐Ping , Sun Yin‐Peng , Wang Ying , Tu Xiong‐Bing , Zhang Shan‐Gan , Zhang Yun‐Ting , Wu Yun‐Sheng , Zhang Ze‐Hua 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe antennal sensilla of alate Myzus persicae were mapped using transmission electron microscopy and the ultrastructure of sensilla trichoidea, coeloconica, and placoidea are described. Trichoid sensilla, located on the tip of the antennae, are innervated by 2–4 neurons, with some outer dendrites reaching the distal end of the hair. Coeloconic sensilla in primary rhinaria are of two morphological types, both equipped with two dendrites. Dendrites of Type II coeloconic sensilla are enveloped in the dendrite sheath, containing the sensillum lymph. In sensilla coeloconica of Type I, instead, dendrites are enclosed by an electron opaque solid cuticle, with no space left for the sensillum lymph. The ultrastructure of big placoid sensillum reveals the presence of three groups of neurons, with 2–3 dendrites in each neuron group, while both small placoid sensilla are equipped with a single group of neurons, consisting of three dendrites. Both large and small placoid sensilla bear multiple pores on the outer cuticle. The function of these sensilla is also discussed. J. Morphol. 276:219–227, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Amphiphilic PCL–PEG Nano‐Micelles on HepG2 Cell Migration
Authors: Shen Yang , Leng Mengtian , Yu Hongchi , Zhang Qin , Luo Xianglin , Gregersen Hans , Wang Guixue , Liu Xiaoheng 
Published: November 2014

AbstractUptake of nanoparticles (NPs) affects cell migration but the mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, the amphiphilic block PCL–PEG nano‐micelles with well‐controlled hydrophilic/hydrophobic chains were used to investigate the effect of internalized nano‐micelles on cancer cell migration. Our results indicated that the nano‐micelles with medium PCL and PEG chains increased expression of Rho GTPases and impeded focal adhesion components. This could enhance Hep G2 cell motility. The nano‐micelles with large PCL and PEG chains showed lower Rho GTPase levels and higher FA components. This is consistent with slower cell migration. Understanding the mechanism of NPs regulating cell behaviors may help the design of efficient drug delivery systems based on polymer micelles.
Illuminating Flash Point: Comprehensive Prediction Models
Authors: Le Tu C. , Ballard Mathew , Casey Phillip , Liu Ming S. , Winkler David A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFlash point is an important property of chemical compounds that is widely used to evaluate flammability hazard. However, there is often a significant gap between the demand for experimental flash point data and their availability. Furthermore, the determination of flash point is difficult and costly, particularly for some toxic, explosive, or radioactive compounds. The development of a reliable and widely applicable method to predict flash point is therefore essential. In this paper, the construction of a quantitative structure – property relationship model with excellent performance and domain of applicability is reported. It uses the largest data set to date of 9399 chemically diverse compounds, with flash point spanning from less than −130 °C to over 900 °C. The model employs only computed parameters, eliminating the need for experimental data that some earlier computational models required. The model allows accurate prediction of flash point for a broad range of compounds that are unavailable or not yet synthesized. This single model with a very broad range of chemical and flash point applicability will allow accurate predictions of this important property to be made for a broad range of new materials.
Vibrational entropy differences between mesophile and thermophile proteins and their use in protein engineering
Authors: Frappier Vincent , Najmanovich Rafael 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe recently introduced ENCoM, an elastic network atomic contact model, as the first coarse‐grained normal mode analysis method that accounts for the nature of amino acids and can predict the effect of mutations on thermostability based on changes vibrational entropy. In this proof‐of‐concept article, we use pairs of mesophile and thermophile homolog proteins with identical structures to determine if a measure of vibrational entropy based on normal mode analysis can discriminate thermophile from mesophile proteins. We observe that in around 60% of cases, thermophile proteins are more rigid at equivalent temperatures than their mesophile counterpart and this difference can guide the design of proteins to increase their thermostability through series of mutations. We observe that mutations separating thermophile proteins from their mesophile orthologs contribute independently to a decrease in vibrational entropy and discuss the application and implications of this methodology to protein engineering.
Maize (Zea mays) seeds can detect above‐ground weeds; thiamethoxam alters the view
Authors: Afifi Maha , Lee Elizabeth , Lukens Lewis , Swanton Clarence 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDFar red light is known to penetrate soil and delay seed germination. Thiamethoxam as a seed treatment has been observed to enhance seed germination. No previous work has explored the effect of thiamethoxam on the physiological response of buried maize seed when germinating in the presence of above‐ground weeds. We hypothesised that the changes in red:far red reflected from above‐ground weeds would be detected by maize seed phytochrome and delay seed germination by decreasing the level of GA and increasing ABA. We further hypothesised that thiamethoxam would overcome this delay in germination.RESULTSThiamethoxam enhanced seed germination in the presence of above‐ground weeds by increasing GA signalling and downregulating DELLA protein and ABA signalling genes. An increase in amylase activity and a degradation of starch were also observed.CONCLUSIONSFar red reflected from the above‐ground weeds was capable of penetrating below the soil surface and was detected by maize seed phytochrome. Thiamethoxam altered the effect of far red on seed germination by stimulating GA and inhibiting ABA synthesis. This is the first study to suggest that the mode of action of thiamethoxam involves both GA synthesis and ABA inhibition. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Event‐triggered control for networked Markovian jump systems
Authors: Wang Huijiao , Shi Peng , Lim Cheng‐Chew , Xue Qianqian 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe problem of H∞ control for networked Markovian jump system under event‐triggered scheme is studied in this paper. In order to reduce the utilization of limited network bandwidth, a dynamic discrete event‐triggered scheme to choose the transmitted data is designed. A Markovian jump time‐delay system model is employed to describe the event‐triggered scheme and the network related behavior, such as transmission delay, data package dropout, and disorder. Furthermore, a sufficient condition is derived to guarantee that the resulting closed‐loop system is stable and has a prescribed performance index. A co‐design method for the H∞ controller and the event‐triggered scheme is then proposed. The effectiveness and potential of the theoretic results obtained are illustrated by a simulation example. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alterations in time intervals of ductus venosus and atrioventricular flow velocity waveforms in growth‐restricted fetuses
Authors: Wada N. , Tachibana D. , Kurihara Y. , Nakagawa K. , Nakano A. , Terada H. , Tanaka K. , Fukui M. , Koyama M. , Hecher K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate time intervals of the ductus venosus (DV) flow velocity waveform (FVW) and those of the cardiac cycle that correspond with each DV‐FVW component in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) due to placental insufficiency.MethodsWomen with a pregnancy complicated by IUGR were recruited into the study, as was a normal control group. Time intervals for systolic (S) and diastolic (D) components were measured in DV‐FVW as follows: SDV, from the nadir of the a‐wave during atrial contraction to the nadir between the S‐wave and D‐wave; DDV, from the nadir between S‐wave and D‐wave to the nadir of the a‐wave. Regarding cardiac cycles, the following variables were measured from ventricular inflow through the tricuspid valve (TV) and mitral valve (MV): STV and SMV, from the second peak of ventricular inflow caused by atrial contraction (A‐wave) to the opening of the atrioventricular valve; DTV and DMV, from the opening of the atrioventricular valve to the peak of the A‐wave. In the IUGR group, only the last examination performed within 1 week of delivery was used for analysis. All variables were analyzed statistically using Z‐scores.ResultsData were obtained from 249 normal fetuses and 26 fetuses with IUGR. Compared to normal fetuses, SDV showed a significant decrease (P < 0.001), while DDV showed a significant increase (P < 0.001) in the IUGR group. Regarding cardiac cycles, STV and SMV showed significant decreases (P = 0.014 and P < 0.001, respectively) and DTV and DMV showed significant increases (P = 0.008 and P = 0.002, respectively) in fetuses with IUGR.ConclusionTime‐interval alterations of DV‐FVW in growth‐restricted fetuses reflect the hemodynamic events caused by placental insufficiency. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Quantification of liver herniation in fetuses with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia using two‐dimensional ultrasonography
Authors: Werneck Britto I. S. , Olutoye O. O. , Cass D. L. , Zamora I. J. , Lee T. C. , Cassady C. I. , Mehollin‐Ray A. , Welty S. , Fernandes C. , Belfort M. A. , Lee W. , Ruano R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo describe a method of quantifying the amount of liver herniation in fetuses with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) using two‐dimensional ultrasonography and to correlate this finding with neonatal outcome.MethodsUltrasound images obtained from 77 consecutive fetuses that presented with isolated CDH between January 2004 and July 2012 were reviewed. Liver herniation and thoracic area were measured in a cross‐sectional plane of the fetal chest at the level of the four‐chamber view of the heart (the same section as is used to measure the lung area‐to‐head circumference ratio) and the ultrasound‐derived liver‐to‐thoracic area ratio (US‐LiTR) was calculated by dividing the liver herniation area by the thoracic area. Receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the performance of US‐LiTR in predicting neonatal outcome (survival to 6 months after delivery and need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)). In addition, the US‐LiTR was compared with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐derived volume ratio (MRI‐LiTR) and percentage of liver herniation (MRI‐%LH).ResultsThe overall neonatal mortality in the 77 cases with isolated CDH was 20.8% (16/77). ECMO was needed in 35.5% (27/76) of the newborns, with a survival rate of 52%. The US‐LiTR was associated statistically with mortality (P < 0.01) and with the need for ECMO (P < 0.01). Good correlations were observed between US‐LiTR and MRI‐LiTR (r = 0.87; P < 0.001) and between US‐LiTR and MRI‐%LH (r = 0.90; P < 0.001). Based on ROC curve analysis, all three parameters had similar accuracy in predicting mortality (US‐LiTR: area under the ROC curve (AUC), 0.78 (95% CI, 0.65–0.92), P < 0.01; MRI‐LiTR: AUC, 0.77 (95% CI, 0.63–0.90), P < 0.01; MRI‐%LH: AUC, 0.79 (95% CI, 0.65–0.92), P < 0.01, respectively) as well as the need for ECMO (US‐LiTR: AUC, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.60–0.84), P < 0.01; MRI‐LiTR: AUC, 0.73 (95% CI, 0.60–0.88), P < 0.01; MRI‐%LH: AUC, 0.77 (95% CI, 0.64–0.89), P < 0.01, respectively).ConclusionsTwo‐dimensional ultrasound measurement of the amount of liver herniation in fetuses with isolated CDH is feasible and demonstrates a predictive accuracy for neonatal outcome similar to that of MRI. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.