bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tribus
Authors: Stewart Roberta 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTribe (Latintribus) was a unit organizing Roman citizens according to place of origin, not wealth or bloodline. The history of the tribes documents the development of Roman political practices of inclusion and empire: the transformation of the initial urban settlement into a political community of citizens in the Archaic period, the appropriation of conquered territory for individual (viritane) settlement in newly constituted tribes throughout Italy in the fourth and third centuries, the eventual incorporation of the ethnically diverse peoples of the peninsula as members of Roman tribes in the first centuryBCE, and finally the redefinition of republican political institutions into mechanisms of imperial patronage in the empire. Individual tribes had no rituals, orsacra, that reinforced their particular group identity. The tribe was a political construct that subsumed individuals with diverse associations (familial, sacral, economic) into a group that was itself part of a larger political whole engaged in the activities that defined the state: the counting and military registration of individuals as citizens, or census; the voting in elections and legislation, or assembly; and the summoning to military service, or levy.
Tullius, Servius
Authors: Glinister Fay 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

By tradition, Servius Tullius was the sixth king of Rome (r. 578–535
BCE
); he was the son‐in‐law and successor of Tarquinius Priscus, in whose household he was raised. His rule was considered benign, with many public works and social reforms attributed to him. He was murdered by Tarquinius Superbus, Rome's last king.
Vercingetorix
Authors: Thorne James 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Vercingetorix (b. ca. 82–70
BCE
, d. 46
BCE
) was an aristocrat of the Arverni, a people of central Gaul, leader of first localized, then generalized anti‐Roman action in 52
BCE
, and, in Julius Caesar's account, his most formidable opponent in the Gallic War. The name (“High King over the Warriors”) is attested on coinage as Vercingetorixs and Vercingetorixis. Save what we glean from that coinage, almost everything we know about Vercingetorix relies on Caesar (specifically,
B
.
Gall
. 7), an informant whose reliability is notoriously debatable.
Eupalinos of Megara
Authors: Rihll T. E. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Eupalinos, son of Naustrophos, appears only once in the sources, in Herodotus 3.60. Here he is credited with the construction of the aqueduct which brought water from a constant spring on the north side of Mount Ampelos (now Kastro) to the city of Samos on its south side.
Incommensurability
Authors: Heidlebaugh Nola J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Incommensurability was originally a concept introduced by ancient Greek mathematicians to signify geometric findings like those described by Kuhn (1983: 679): “The hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle is incommensurable with its side or the circumference of a circle with its radius in the sense that there is no unit of length contained without residue an integral number of times in each member of the pair. There is thus no common measure.”
Krateuas
Authors: Scarborough John 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Krateuas (ca. 100–60
BCE
) was famed as personal physician and drug compounder, in service to Mithradates VI of Pontos (120–63
BCE
), cited as the “rootcutter” (
ho rhizotomos
) by Dioscorides (
Pref
. 1 Wellmann) or
ho rhizotomikos
(Fol. 18r Cod.
Anic. Iul
. (512
CE
)).
Mathematics, Greece and Rome
Authors: Jones Alexander 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMathematics, which for early periods may be roughly defined as the manipulation of quantitative and spatial data, took several forms in the Greco‐Roman world. Commerce and public and private administration required some facility with number notations and arithmetic, units of measure, and calculation of areas and volumes. Most of this activity is undocumented, and we know surprisingly little, even about how the most basic arithmetical operations were performed with numbers in the several Greek and Roman numerical notations.
Methodism
Authors: Rocca Julius 
Published: December 2012

AbstractApart from Soranus'Gynaecologyand Caelius Aurelianus'Acute and Chronic Diseases, Methodism's legacy is fragmentary and embedded in hostile sources ranging, in terms of bias, from Celsus, to Pliny the Elder,, to Galen, for the last of whom all Methodists are arrogant, theoretically ignorant, disdainful of tradition, and boast that they can teach “the method” (hence their name) of medicine to anyone within six months. The strength of such propaganda has colored perceptions of Methodism, but, paradoxically, may reflect its popularity.
Mul.Apin
Authors: Hunger Hermann 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMul.Apin is one of the most importantCUNEIFORMtexts for our understanding of early Mesopotamian astronomy. This text (called “Plough Star” from itsincipit) is preserved in copies from the seventh centuryBCEand later, but some of its contents were probably compiled in the fourteenth centuryBCE.
Oribasios of Pergamon
Authors: Langslow David 
Published: December 2012

AbstractOribasios was a doctor and prolific medical compiler, ca. 320–390/400CE; personal physician to the emperor Julian (r. 361–363), to whose program to restore pagan culture Oribasios contributed (reportedly – but almost certainly not – the recipient of the last prophecy by Apollo's oracle in Delphi); a vital source of information about many lost medical writers.
Paleopathology
Authors: Fornaciari Gino 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe word paleopathology, derived from the Greekpalaios,pathos, andlogos, meaning literally “study of ancient diseases,” was coined in 1892/3 by the German physicist R. W. Schufeldt and has appeared in theStandard Dictionaryof Funk and Wagnall since 1895. However, it was Sir Armand Ruffer who made the word popular, using it in his extensive studies on Egyptian mummies. Paleopathology can be defined as the discipline that studies the diseases of past populations through the examination of ancient human remains, both skeletonized and mummified.
Age
Authors: Timmer Jan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAge is always both a universal physical process and a social construct. In the former sense, age, like gender or ethnicity, serves as a common starting point for social inequality and as a criterion for classifying communities; in the second, perceptions and evaluations of age, as well as the social roles associated with different stages of life, vary between different societies and across history (Hoppe and Wulf 1997).
Bulla
Authors: Bobou Olympia 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The
bulla
was a hollowed‐out round amulet suspended by a leather cord or a fabric band. Originally Etruscan, it was worn around a free‐born child's neck in the Roman period. It had two functions, magical‐protective and symbolic. The amulet could contain various protective spells or charms, which would safeguard the child's health during the early years of his or her life. It could also serve as a visible marker of a child's social (freeborn) status, thus protecting him or her from violence and sexual predators.
Cannibalism
Authors: Warburton David A. , Felton Debbie 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe archaeological and literary evidence from antiquity for human cannibalism (anthropophagy, the consumption of the flesh of other humans) suggests varying practices and attitudes. Despite many references to cannibalism in surviving writings, archaeological evidence from antiquity remains slim. Although archaeological work has provided sporadic indications of ritualistic cannibalism over the millennia, such scarce physical evidence is viewed as indecisive, especially because of both its rarity and the derogatory views of cannibalism expressed in ancient texts.
Dextrarum iunctio
Authors: Müller Sabine 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

In Rome, the joining of the right hands of two parties, known as
dextrarum iunctio
, was a flexible motif with several connotations. Besides the themes of meeting and parting, the handclasp signified harmony, affinity, friendship, and loyalty (Tac.
Hist
. 1.54.1, 2.8.2). As the right hand was consecrated to the deity of fidelity, in scenes of a political nature the handclasp represented political concord at the conclusion of a contract.
Graffiti
Authors: Hahn Johannes 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The term is derived from the Italian word
sgraffiato
(“scratched“), and conventionally used for any kind of text or drawing scratched, scrawled, painted, or marked in any manner on material not primarily designed for writing (such as wax tablets) with a sharp object – although sometimes chalk, coal, or paint were used (
dipinti, tituli picti;
their inclusion is sometimes questioned, but practical and analytical reasons would suggest their use).
Misogyny
Authors: Watson Patricia 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThroughout Greek and Roman literature, there is a persistent strain of misogyny, in the form of either generalizing negative statements about women, or attacks on women for inappropriate behavior: prominent themes include adultery or practices which were considered conducive to adultery, such as drinking to excess or displaying too keen an interest in self‐adornment (seeAdultery; Cosmetics, Greece and Rome).
Ulpianic life table
Authors: Ellart Carlos Sánchez‐Moreno 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Ulpianic life table is mentioned in an enigmatic fragment of theDigest(Dig. 35.2.68 pr.; Macer (third centuryCE) 2ad leg. vic her. = Paling. 1.571) excerpted from the third‐century commentary of Aemilius Macer on thelex Iulia de vicessima hereditatum(which was enacted under Augustus in the first centuryCE, around year 6).
Wet‐nurse, wet‐nursing
Authors: Hin Saskia 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Wet‐nurses (Latin:
nutrices
; Greek:
trophoi
) and wet‐nursing are well attested for the Greco‐Roman world, and their use seems to have been a cultural norm. Both documentary sources (papyri, inscriptions) and literary evidence testify of the entrusting of infants to wet‐nurses (or dry‐nurses; our sources rarely distinguish between the two). Their primary task was to feed the young child or children handed over to their care. Initially they did so by giving the breast; after six months, other “dry” foods could be given in addition.
Aššur‐uballit I
Authors: Cancik‐Kirschbaum Eva 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Aššur‐uballiṭ I (whose name means “(the god) Aššur (Ashur) has kept alive”), succeeded his father Erība‐Adad I on the Assyrian throne and reigned from 1353/2 to 1318/7
BCE
.
Beer, ancient Near East
Authors: Homan Michael M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Beer, a fermented beverage produced from malted wheat or barley, water, and yeast, was a dietary staple in most ancient Near Eastern civilizations. Malting the grains, whereby the starches transform to sugars, increased the caloric value of the harvest, and because the alcohol killed many bacteria, beer was safer to drink than water. In antiquity, beer was often flavored with fruits and spices, though hops, today an essential ingredient in beer, were absent, as they did not grow in the Near East.
Chariotry, ancient Near East and Egypt
Authors: Raulwing Peter , Burmeister Stefan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe ancient Near Eastern chariot is defined as a light, two‐wheeled, horse‐drawn vehicle with spoked wheels and a D‐shaped floor, permitting a chariot driver and charioteer to stand abreast. It was used mainly for warfare, but also for hunting and ceremonial occasions. Chariot racing, which played a significant role in Greek and Indo‐Iranian cultures, is hardly in evidence in the ancient Near East.
Gilgamesh, Epic of
Authors: Worthington Martin 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

In Mesopotamian tradition, Gilgamesh was an ancient, part‐divine king of Uruk. He is listed in this capacity in the Sumerian king list. The name “Gilgamesh” is almost always spelled in Sumerograms; that Akkadian speakers pronounced it thus is known from sources outside the
Epic
. The Sumerian form of the name is BILGAMESH.
Nebuchadnezzar I
Authors: Abraham Kathleen 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Nebuchadnezzar I (Nabû‐kudurrī‐uṣur, “Nabû, protect my heir!”), king of Babylon (r. 1125–1104
BCE
), was the fourth and most important ruler of the 2nd Dynasty of Isin (ca. 1157–1026).
Tiglath‐pileser I
Authors: Cancik‐Kirschbaum Eva 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTukulti‐apil‐Ešarra I, the biblical version of whose name (meaning “my support is the heir of Ešarra,” that is, the god Ninurta) is anglicized as Tiglath‐pileser, ruled as king of Assyria from 1114–1076BCE.
Uruinimgina
Authors: Schrakamp Ingo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractUruinimgina (or Urukagina, Irikagina, Iri'inimgina; see Frayne 2007: 245f.) ruled Lagash for eight years in the late twenty‐fourth centuryBCE, before he was defeated by Lugalzagesi of Umma, who was in turn vanquished by Sargon of Akkad.
Diet and dental topography in pitheciine seed predators
Authors: Ledogar Justin A. , Winchester Julia M. , St. Clair Elizabeth M. , Boyer Doug M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPitheciines (Pithecia,Chiropotes, andCacajao) are a specialized clade of Neotropical seed predators that exhibit postcanine teeth with low and rounded cusps and highly crenulated occlusal surface enamel. Data on feeding ecology show thatPitheciaconsumes proportionally more leaves than other pitheciine species, and comparative studies demonstrate its greater molar relief and relative shearing potential. However, data on pitheciine food mechanics show thatPitheciamasticates seeds with greater crushing resistance than those preferred byChiropotes. This variation predicts an opposing morphology characterized by low and more rounded occlusal surfaces inPithecia. We build on previous research using new methods for molar surface shape quantification by examining pitheciine second molar shearing crest length, occlusal relief, surface complexity, and surface curvature relative to nonseed specializing platyrrhines and within the context of the observed interspecific variation in pitheciine feeding ecology. Consistent with the previous analyses, our findings demonstrate that pitheciine molars exhibit low shearing, relief, and curvature compared with nonseed predators, independent of phylogeny. Pitheciines also exhibit highly “complex” occlusal topography that promotes the efficient breakdown of tough seed tissues. Overall,Pithecia,Chiropotes, andCacajaoshare a similar topographic pattern, suggesting adaptation to foods with similar structural and/or mechanical properties. However,Cacajaodiffers in surface complexity, which reflects some variation in its feeding ecology. Contrary to the predictions,PitheciaandChiropotesdo not differ in any of the topographic variables examined. The range of demands imposed on the postcanine teeth ofPitheciamight therefore select for an average topography, one that converges on that ofChiropotes. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Probiotics as potential biotherapeutics in the management of type 2 diabetes – prospects and perspectives
Authors: Panwar Harsh , Rashmi Hogarehalli Mallappa , Batish Virender Kumar , Grover Sunita 
Published: December 2012

SummaryDiabetes mellitus is a looming epidemic worldwide, affecting almost all major sections of society, creating burdens on global health and economy. A large number of studies have identified a series of multiple risk factors such as genetic predisposition, epigenetic changes, unhealthy lifestyle, and altered gut microbiota that cause increased adiposity, β‐cell dysfunction, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, adiposity, dyslipidaemia, metabolic endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, intestinal permeability (leaky gut), defective secretion of incretins and oxidative stress associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recent studies have proposed multifactorial interventions including dietary manipulation in the management of T2D. The same interventions have also been recommended by many national and international diabetes associations. These studies are aimed at deciphering the gut microbial influence on health and disease. Interestingly, results from several genomic, metagenomic and metabolomic studies have provided substantial information to target gut microbiota by dietary interventions for the management of T2D. Probiotics particularly lactobacilli and bifidobacteria have recently emerged as the prospective biotherapeutics with proven efficacy demonstrated in various in vitro and in vivo animal models adequately supported with their established multifunctional roles and mechanism of action for the prevention and disease treatment. The dietary interventions in conjunction with probiotics – a novel multifactorial strategy to abrogate progression and development of diabetes – hold considerable promise through improving the altered gut microbial composition and by targeting all the possible risk factors. This review will highlight the new developments in probiotic interventions and future prospects for exploring probiotic therapy in the prevention and control of lifestyle diseases like T2D. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applicability of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for determination of crude protein content in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) leaves
Authors: Towett Erick K. , Alex Merle , Shepherd Keith D. , Polreich Severin , Aynekulu Ermias , Maass Brigitte L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThere is uncertainty on how generally applicable near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations are across genotypes and environments, and this study tests how well a single calibration performs across a wide range of conditions. We also address the optimization of NIRS to perform the analysis of crude protein (CP) content in a variety of cowpea accessions (n = 561) representing genotypic variation as well as grown in a wide range of environmental conditions in Tanzania and Uganda. The samples were submitted to NIRS analysis and a predictive calibration model developed. A modified partial least‐squares regression with cross‐validation was used to evaluate the models and identify possible spectral outliers. Calibration statistics for CP suggests that NIRS can predict this parameter in a wide range of cowpea leaves from different agro‐ecological zones of eastern Africa with high accuracy (R2cal = 0.93; standard error of cross‐validation = 0.74). NIRS analysis improved when a calibration set was developed from samples selected to represent the range of spectral variability. We conclude from the present results that this technique is a good alternative to chemical analysis for the determination of CP contents in leaf samples from cowpea in the African context, as one of the main advantages of NIRS is the large number of compounds that can be measured at once in the same sample, thus substantially reducing the cost per analysis. The current model is applicable in predicting the CP content of young cowpea leaves for human nutrition from different agro‐ecological zones and genetic materials, as cowpea leaves are one of the popular vegetables in the region.
Extranodal marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma of the lung: experience with fludarabine and mitoxantrone‐containing regimens
Authors: Zinzani Pier Luigi , Pellegrini Cinzia , Gandolfi Letizia , Casadei Beatrice , Derenzini Enrico , Broccoli Alessandro , Quirini Federica , Argnani Lisa , Pileri Stefano , Celli Monica , Fanti Stefano , Poletti Venerino , Stefoni Vittorio , Baccarani Michele 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBronchial‐associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) lymphoma is an extranodal primary pulmonary lymphoma. The optimal therapy for this rare disease is still debated, and few heterogeneous data are available in literature. The aim of our study was to critically review data of patients with BALT lymphoma treated in first‐line therapy with fludarabine and mitoxantrone‐containing regimens (with or without rituximab) to investigate the effectiveness and the safety of this approach and patients' survival. An observational retrospective study was performed on homogenous clinical data from 17 patients with biopsy‐proven diagnosis of BALT. All the patients were treated with fludarabine and mitoxantrone‐containing regimen therapy. Radiological findings were also reviewed to assess the role of 18fluoro‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the initial assessment and in the monitoring of this extranodal lymphoma. A high percentage of response was observed: 82.3% of patients achieved a complete response, 11.8% a partial response. Furthermore, a very remarkable progression‐free survival (71%) and overall survival (100%) were estimated at 14 years. No relevant toxicities were registered. Our results support the use of fludarabine and mitoxantrone‐containing regimens as first‐line therapy in the treatment of BALT lymphoma even if further data are necessary to consolidate our findings. Positron emission tomography scanning may provide additional valuable information in the assessment of BALT lymphoma. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Histamine synergistically promotes bFGF‐induced angiogenesis by enhancing VEGF production via H1 receptor
Authors: Lu Qian , Wang Chong , Pan Rong , Gao Xinghua , Wei Zhifeng , Xia Yufeng , Dai Yue 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHistamine, a major mediator present in mast cells that is released into the extracellular milieu upon degranulation, is well known to possess a wide range of biological activities in several classic physiological and pathological processes. However, whether and how it participates in angiogenesis remains obscure. In the present study, we observed its direct and synergistic action with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), an important inducer of angiogenesis, on in vitro angiogenesis models of endothelial cells. Data showed that histamine (0.1, 1, 10 µM) itself was absent of direct effects on the processes of angiogenesis, including the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells. Nevertheless, it could concentration‐dependently enhance bFGF‐induced angiogenesis as well as production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from endothelial cells. The synergistic effect of histamine on VEGF production could be reversed by pretreatments with diphenhydramine (H1‐receptor antagonist), SB203580 (selective p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor) and L‐NAME (nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor), but not with cimetidine (H2‐receptor antagonist) and indomethacin (cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor). Moreover, histamine could augment bFGF‐incuced phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, a key factor accounting for the activation and translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) in endothelial cells. These findings indicated that histamine was able to synergistically augment bFGF‐induced angiogenesis, and this action was linked to VEGF production through H1‐receptor and the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), p38 MAPK, and IκBα in endothelial cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1009–1019, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A mechanism for the addition of ethylene to nickel bis‐dithiolene
Authors: Shibl Mohamed F. , Dang Li , Raju Rajesh K. , Hall Michael B. , Brothers Edward N. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDensity functional theory calculations predict a new lower energy route for the formation of the desired interligand addition product from the reaction between ethylene and nickel bis(dithiolene). The new route involves the initial binding of ethylene along the nickel–sulfur bond. The barrier heights for adding ethylene along this bond for the neutral and anionic nickel complexes are compared to each other as well as to a previously published previous mechanism. Selected structural parameters of the studied species have been analyzed to highlight the structural change on specific reactions. It was found that the ethylene/nickel bis‐dithiolene reaction occurs preferably via the nickel–sulfur bond of the neutral species, forming a complex which then rearranges to a desired interligand adduct via a low barrier. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.