bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Domain Cassette Identifies Plasmodium falciparum PfEMP1 Proteins Binding ICAM-1 and Is a Target of Cross-Reactive, Adhesion-Inhibitory Antibodies
Authors: Bengtsson Anja , Joergensen Louise , Rask Thomas S. , Olsen Rebecca W. , Andersen Marianne A. , Turner Louise , Theander Thor G. , Hviid Lars , Higgins Matthew K. , Craig Alister , Brown Alan , Jensen Anja T. R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Cerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria is characterized by adhesion of infected erythrocytes (IEs) to the cerebral microvasculature. This has been linked to parasites expressing the structurally related group A subset of the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) family of IE adhesion ligands and to IEs with affinity for ICAM-1. However, recent evidence has cast doubt on both these associations, tempering hopes of the feasibility of developing a vaccine based on ICAM-1–binding PfEMP1. In this study, we report the identification of a domain cassette (DC) present in group A var genes from six genetically distinct P. falciparum parasites. The three domains in the cassette, which we call DC4, had a high level of sequence identity and cluster together phylogenetically. Erythrocytes infected by these parasites and selected in vitro for expression of DC4 adhered specifically to ICAM-1. The ICAM-1–binding capacity of DC4 was mapped to the C-terminal third of its Duffy-binding–like β3 domain. DC4 was the target of broadly cross-reactive and adhesion-inhibitory IgG Abs, and levels of DC4-specific and adhesion-inhibitory IgG increased with age among P. falciparum–exposed children. Our study challenges earlier conclusions that group A PfEMP1 proteins are not central to ICAM-1–specific IE adhesion and support the feasibility of developing a vaccine preventing cerebral malaria by inhibiting cerebral IE sequestration.
Diseño e implementación de medios de laboratorio para contribuir al proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en el área de Instrumentación Industrial
Authors: Moncada María Virginia , Moreira B M. , Jovel O M. , Jiménez C R. 
Published: December 2012

Este artículo presenta el diseño e implementación de una planta piloto para propósitos académicos. La planta se diseñó siguiendo la metodología expuesta por FESTO Didactic e implementa el proceso de llenado, calentado, presurización, descompresión y descarga de un tanque con agua, de forma automática. Cuenta con un sistema de seguridad (sistema centinela) que lleva a cabo funciones de control sobre las variables críticas del proceso y un sistema SCADA implementado bajo la plataforma LabVIEWTM. La planta piloto facilita la adquisición de conocimientos en: programación gráfica para aplicaciones industriales, instrumentación industrial y modelaje de procesos. Familiariza a los estudiantes con las normas, metodologías y terminologías utilizadas en el ambiente industrial. Finalmente, se instaló en un local de laboratorio y sus métricas de desempeño fueron probadas satisfactoriamente. Palabras claves: aprendizaje, instrumentación, programación grafica
Sobre dimensiones de Modelos de Gel'fand
Authors: Araujo José Orlando 
Published: December 2012

En este artículo se presenta una expresión para la dimensión de un modelo de Gel'fand del grupo simétrico generalizado o grupo de reflexiones unitarias de tipo (formula) . De la misma se concluye que esta dimensión coincide con el número de elementos que se representan como productos de reflexiones cuyas raíces son ortogonales dos a dos.
Antiochos I of Kommagene
Authors: Crowther Charles V. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Antiochos I (ca. 110–35
bce
) was the ruler of the prosperous kingdom of Kommagene in southeastern Asia Minor during a critical period in its history. Precise dates for his birth, accession, and death are not attested, although he was king by 69 when Lucullus received his submission (Cass. Dio 36.2.5) and no longer alive in 31 when his son Mithradates II is listed among subject kings supporting Marcus Antonius at Actium (Plut.
Ant
. 61.1).
Ahiqar
Authors: Lindenberger James M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe wisdom text known as the “Words of Ahiqar” is the oldest known Aramaic literary work. The earliest exemplar is a fragmentary papyrus of fourteen columns (perhaps originally twenty‐one). Found in 1907 in the ruins of a Jewish settlement on Elephantine Island in Upper Egypt, the papyrus is a copy dating from the late fifth centurybce. The text was probably composed a century or more earlier.
Babylon
Authors: Leick Gwendolyn 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe ruins of the ancient Mesopotamian city of Babylon lie 90 km south of Baghdad, on the Euphrates River. The extensive archaeological site comprises several tells, reflecting the great size of the city, which in the first millenniumbcewas surrounded by a wall, 20 km long. Large‐scale excavations began in 1899 on behalf of the Deutsche Orient‐Gesellschaft (German Oriental Society).
Education, ancient Near East
Authors: Podany Amanda H. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Throughout ancient Near Eastern history, apprentice scribes must have received their education in schools, where they learned the writing and reading skills they needed for their future professions. Curiously, though, most of the archaeological and textual evidence for scribal education comes from the Old Babylonian era of the early second millennium
BCE
. Although no structures can be certainly identified as schools, at many sites archaeologists have found exercise tablets written by students. Round, bun‐shaped tablets often feature a few lines of a teacher's handwriting on one side, copied on the other in the large, awkward script of a young student. Some of the more advanced writing exercises feature stories about life at school.
Eunuchs, ancient Near East
Authors: Melville Sarah C. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

During the second and first millennia
BCE
, eunuchs served in various official capacities at royal courts in the Near East, including those of the Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites, and Urartians. Because sources are fragmentary and spread over a wide area and time, the extent to which eunuchs permeated society and the administrative hierarchy remains highly controversial.
Historiography, ancient Near East
Authors: Devecchi Elena 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAncient Near Eastern civilizations had no words forhistory, nor were therehistorianscomparable to a Herodotus or a Thucydides with their methods and perspectives. Nonetheless, they wrote about the past in many genres of texts that are regarded by modern scholars as historiographic compositions. These are attested from the second half of the third millennium until the demise of cuneiform culture in the late first millenniumbceand were inscribed on a number of media, such as clay tablets, cones, cylinders, prisms, bricks, stone slabs, stelae, statues, and rock reliefs.
Libraries, ancient Near East
Authors: Clancier Philippe 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

In the ancient Near East, libraries are attested for the second half of the second millennium and the entire first millennium
BCE
, until the cuneiform script went out of use in the first century
CE
. Libraries have been unearthed throughout the ancient Near East, in Mesopotamia (both in Assyria and Babylonia), in Anatolia (at Hattuša), and in Syria (for example, at Emar and Ugarit).
Persepolis
Authors: Schwinghammer Gundula 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPersepolis, the Persian royal residence and city (t. Taḫt‐i Ğamšīd, Old Persian: p‐a‐r‐s‐a, Elamite:AŠBa‐ir‐ša, Babylonia:KURPar‐sa, Aramaic: p‐r‐s, Greek: Πέρσαι, Περσέπολις, Latin: Persepolis), is situated at the northeast edge of the Marv Dašt plain in the province of Fārs in Iran.
Slavery, ancient Near East
Authors: Snell Daniel C. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Slavery was the ownership of people, and that is known throughout ancient Near Eastern history, at least as early as the Early Dynastic III period, around 2500
BCE
, where unnamed persons were bought to work in the great households. Though slaves were always a factor in Mesopotamian society, they were never very numerous and always constituted a perquisite of the rulers and other rich people and were not a major source of agricultural or manufacturing productivity.
Kroton
Authors: Shepherd Gillian 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Achaians led by Myskellos of Rhype founded Kroton in southern Italy in 733
BCE
(Strabo 6.1.12; 6.2.4: synchronization with Syracuse in Sicily) or 710/708 (Eusebius
Chronicle
; Dion. Hal.
Rom
.
Ant
. 2.59).
Midea
Authors: Galanakis Yannis 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA major prehistoric settlement in the Argolid (northeast Peloponnese), about 13 km southeast of Mycenae and 3 km southeast of Dendra, Midea stands on the summit and the northern and northwestern slopes of the prominent Palaiokastro hill (266 masl), which offers an excellent view of the Argive Plain and the Bay of Argos.
Oinomaos of Elis
Authors: Priestley Jessica 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Oinomaos, mythological king of Pisa three generations before the Trojan War, was famed for establishing a chariot‐race in which suitors of his daughter, Hippodameia, competed (against himself) to win her as a wife; eventually, Pelops succeeded, assisted by Oinomaos' charioteer Myrtilos, who engineered a fatal chariot crash.
Government, theories of, Byzantine
Authors: Sarris Peter 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe theories of government that characterized the writings of Byzantine courtiers, panegyrists, and polemicists in the period from the fourth to the seventh centuriesCE(and that were bequeathed to later generations of Byzantine thinkers) were primarily derived from the world of Greek philosophy and – in a Christianized form – the political philosophies of the Hellenistic monarchies, with some influence on the part of Ciceronian concepts of the “ideal state.”
Joshua Stylites
Authors: Whately Conor 
Published: December 2012

AbstractJoshua Stylites (also Joshua the Stylite, or Pseudo‐Joshua the Stylite), a resident of Edessa who may date to the sixth centuryCE, possibly later, wrote a narrative of the events in and around Edessa in the years 494/7–506/7, including the war between the Romans and Persians, usually known as theChronicle of Joshua the Stylite.
Qal'at Sem'an
Authors: Rodley Lyn 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Qal'at Sem'an, or Telanissos, to the northeast of Antioch In Syria, is a shrine‐church complex built where St. Symeon The Stylite The Elder (ca. 390–459
CE
) lived for thirty‐odd years atop a series of columns, each taller than the last. The site was a hilltop near the monastery to which he was attached, and pious visitors made it a place of pilgrimage that doubtless saw some architectural development during Symeon's lifetime. The main element, however, in which four, large, three‐aisled basilicas form an equal‐armed cross, is of a grandeur consistent with imperial patronage, and this is generally assigned to the emperor Zeno (474–491). The sanctuary is at the east end of the eastern basilica, where there are three apses and side chambers (
pastophoria
), so this was the location for services. The main entrance to the complex is through the western basilica, making north and south basilicas effectively transepts, and providing space for large numbers of pilgrims. At their inner ends, the four basilicas are linked by an octagon of arches spanning each nave and linking the arcade of one basilica to that of the next, thus forming an octagonal space around the saint's last (and tallest) column. It has been proposed that this space had timber roofing when built, but it is described as unroofed by a late fifthcentury source and was probably always so, leaving the column in the open air, as it was when the saint lived on it. Shortly after his death in 459, Symeon's body was removed to Antioch, but Qal'at Sem'an retained its importance as a center of pilgrimage, and by the end of the fifth century there were three large monasteries, each with considerable
pandocheia
(inns) to accommodate the pilgrims, and a large baptistery with a church attached to it. The buildings are of high‐quality limestone ashlar, with arches, doors, and windows decorated with the strong carved moldings characteristic of fifth‐century north Syrian architecture, as are the finely carved acanthus capitals.
Qasr ibn Wardan
Authors: Decker Michael J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
An enigmatic complex situated 50 km northeast of Hama and 20 km southwest of al‐Andarin (ancient Androna) in north‐central Syria, Qasr ibn Wardan (ancient name unknown) comprises a palace, church, and a 50 × 50 m quadrangular edifice.
Seals, Byzantine
Authors: Karagiorgou Olga 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Sigillography, a science auxiliary to history, studies all forms of sealing implements (σφραγίδα/
sigillum
) and their impressions (σφράγισμα/
signum impressum
). The impressions are referred to conventionally as “seals,” although technically, this term should be confined to the sealing implements.
Sebeos of Armenia
Authors: Greenwood Tim 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSebeos of Armenia (ca. 600–post 661CE) is usually credited as the author of an Armenian text that offers a wide‐ranging overview of Near Eastern history between 572 and 661. In fact the longstanding identification is unproven. Nevertheless, to avoid potential confusion, the text retains this attribution. Given the biblical imagery employed in the text, and its apocalyptic expectations, it is highly likely that the author was a cleric. We do know of one Sebeos, bishop of the Bagratunik', who was active towards the middle of the seventh century, but the text increasingly focuses attention upon the rival Mamikonean princely family, describing Hamazasp Mamikonean, the leading Armenian figure in the 650s, as “a lover of reading and learning.” This short eulogy, at the very end of the composition, suggests that Hamazasp may have been the author's sponsor or benefactor. It is possible that the author was none other than the anonymous bishop who defied the emperor Constans II when he visited Dvin in 653. It is otherwise hard to explain why the text contains a vivid, apparently first‐hand account of a private audience between them.
Sieges and Siegecraft,Byzantine
Authors: Sullivan Denis F. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA distinction between early “Byzantine” and late Roman siegecraft is artificial. Most methods remained similar, the major innovation being the introduction of the traction trebuchet (and perhaps the eventual demise of torsion artillery); there may have been an increasing emphasis on use of deception and treachery as opposed to full‐scale blockades and assaults. Military manuals provide theoretical sets of recommendations, and historians and other writers offer details of actual sieges, often influenced by earlier literature, but not therefore necessarily historically untrustworthy.
Sophronios, patriarch of Jerusalem
Authors: Whitby Mary 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBorn in Damascus, sophist and monk, pupil and friend of John Moschos, mentor of Maximus The Confessor, Sophronios (ca. 550–March 11, 638/9CE) led Chalcedonian opposition to Herakleios' monoenergist formula and was appointed patriarch of Jerusalem in 633/4.
Stoneworking, Byzantine
Authors: Rodley Lyn 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

From the fourth to sixth centuries
CE
, stoneworking in the Byzantine Empire continues Roman traditions: cut‐stone blocks (ashlar) were used for the walls of fine buildings, and jambs, lintels, and entablatures decorated with moldings were often of marble, better suited to carving and polishing; marble was also used for ornamental relief‐carving on buildings and sarcophagi, and for freestanding statuary.
Strategikon
of Maurice
Authors: Olster David 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The
Strategikon
, generally but possibly mistakenly attributed to the emperor Maurice (582–602
CE
), is one of the most extensive extant treatises on military tactics and strategies before the early modern period, and is the basis for much of what we know about the sixth‐century Roman army. The treatise was written sometime after 580 and before 610. An anonymous military engineer or general officer, the general Philippikos, the brother‐in‐law of the emperor Maurice, and the emperor Maurice himself are all plausible candidates as author.
Strategy, Byzantine
Authors: Riedel Meredith L. D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractByzantium, as inheritor of the Roman Empire, drew on a rich military tradition but was forced to recalibrate its general strategy in the face of changed circumstances. Unlike Rome, Constantinople did not lie at the geographical heart of its empire, and its political power was not based on the strength of the legions, but rather on the cleverness of its diplomacy and the flexibility of its response to external threats. In particular, its strength arose from an invigorating combination of Christian faith, Hellenic culture, and Roman pride.
World chronicle
Authors: Kouroumali Maria 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe world chronicle is a form of historiography belonging to the broader category of chronicles. The Byzantines did not distinguish particularly between different types of chronicles. Chronicle writing predated the Byzantine Empire, having been born out of a wish to synchronize the history of different nations, each of which had used a different dating system, and in essence was the product of the cosmopolitan atmosphere of the Hellenistic world.
Anaxagoras
Authors: Giangiulio Maurizio 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAnaxagoras, reportedly the first Presocratic philosopher to come to Athens, was born in Klazomenai in 499/8bce. The evidence for his life and work is to be found in a confused biographical sketch by Diogenes Laertius (DK 59 A 1). According to the most thorough modern treatment (Mansfeld 1990), Anaxagoras arrived in Athens in 457/6 and stayed there for twenty years, until he was charged with impiety and banished from the city (Plut.Per. 32). He retreated to Lampsakos, where he died in 428/7.
Andocides
Authors: Harris Edward M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Andocides came from a prominent Athenian family. One of his ancestors, also named Andocides, was a treasurer of Athena in the sixth century; another named Charias helped the Spartans and the Alcmeonids to drive out the Peisistratids in 510
bce
. His grandfather served as general in the Megarid and on Samos and was one of the envoys who negotiated peace with Sparta in 446. His father Leogoras married a sister‐in‐law of Perikles' son Xanthippos. Andocides himself appears to have been born around 440.
Anytos
Authors: Bearzot Cinzia 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAnytos was an Athenian politician (ca. 450–395), son of Anthemion, from the deme of Euonymon. He belonged to a rich family of tanners; one of his sons is mentioned in Xenophon (Ap. 30). He was perhapsbouleutesin 413/12 (Ar.Thesm. 809).
Archelaos
Authors: Worthington Ian 
Published: December 2012

AbstractArchelaos was king of Macedonia from 413 to 399. He seized power by murdering his uncle, his cousin, and then his younger brother, which led Plato to describe him as “the greatest criminal in Macedonia, the most wretched of all the Macedonians, and not the happiest” (Gorg. 471a—d). Nevertheless, Archelaos ruled Macedonia well compared to his immediate predecessors.
Art, Greece
Authors: Stansbury‐O'Donnell Mark 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGreek art is probably best known for the mimetic representation of the human figure, starting from very abstract depictions during the Geometric period to more intensely naturalistic and realistic sculptures and paintings in the Classical and Hellenistic periods. Beyond style, however, Greek art served social and cultural purposes that are important for understanding the role that Greek art played in the experience of its viewers, creators, and patrons.
Chalkous
Authors: Kroll John H. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The Greek word for a Bronze coin, used most commonly for the ubiquitous small coin (diam. ca. 10–13 mm) worth one‐eighth of an Attic silver obol (or one‐twelfth of the heavier Aiginetan obol). Larger bronze coins, for example, two‐ and four‐chalkous pieces, were multiples of this basic unit.
Croesus
Authors: Almagor Eran 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The last Lydian king (mid‐sixth century
BCE
) of the house of Mermnadae, who succeeded his father, Alyattes, at the age of thirty‐five (Hdt. 1.6–7, 26, 92), Croesus forged diplomatic ties with Media and Ephesos (Hdt. 1.74; Ael.
VH
3.26), secured the support of Babylon, Egypt, and Sparta (Hdt. 1.69–70, 77), and controlled the region west of the Halys River (Hdt. 1.28, 103; cf. Thuc. 1.16), being the first barbarian to subdue all the Greek cities in Asia Minor and make them tributary (Hdt. 1.6, 27).
Dionysios II
Authors: Bearzot Cinzia 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Dionysios II (ca. 396–post‐344
bce
) was tyrant of Syracuse, son of Dionysios I and Doris of Locri. The principal sources for his life and career are Diodorus of Sicily (15–16), Plutarch (
Dion
), and Cornelius Nepos (
Dion
).
Dodona
Authors: Dieterle Martina 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAncient sources – the first mention comes in Homer – identify the shrine of Zeus at Dodona (in Epirus, 600 masl, under Mount Tomaros) as uniquely significant in the Hellenic world and equal to Delphi and Delos (Pl.Phdr. 244b; Cic.Div. 1.3; Diod. Sic. 18.4.4; Plut.Lys. 25.1; Paus. 8.23.5).
Douketios
Authors: Giangiulio Maurizio 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDouketios was the military and political leader of the Sikels who, after the fall of the tyrants of Syracuse (466BCE), tried to unite the natives of southeastern Sicily into a league. All we know about him comes from Diodorus of Sicily (11.76, 78, 88–92; 12.8, 29), whose information goes back to the Sicilian historian Timaeus of Tauromenium.
Graphe nomon me epitedeion theinai
Authors: Rhodes P. J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

An Athenian lawsuit (“public suit for proposing an inexpedient law”), available for one year against the proposer and indefinitely against the law (cf. Dem.
Lept
. 144 and
hyp
. 2.3), in fact on the grounds either that the law was inexpedient or that it was illegal.
Himera
Authors: Longo Fausto 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The Greek city of Himera in Sicily was founded in 648
bce
by Zankle with the help of a contingent of Syracusans and a group of Euboeans from Chalcis (Thuc. 6.5.1; Strabo 6.2.6, 272; Ps. Scymn. 289‐90).
Ionian tribes
Authors: Jones Nicholas F. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract“Tribes” is the conventional but misleading rendering of Greekphylai(singular,phyle), the principal units segmenting the populations and/or territories of many, perhaps originally all, Greek city‐states. Just as in the case of the three ancestralphylaiof the Dorians, Ionians inherited a set of fourphylai, with an attested distribution at Athens and, to the east, on the Ionian islands and along the Ionian seaboard.
Thessaly
Authors: Sprawski Sławomir 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThessaly is a region in northern Greece. The term refers narrowly to the area of two great plains drained by the Peneios River (Ps.‐SkylaxPer. 64), but is also used to denote a much broader region extending from Mount Olympos in the north to Mount Oita in the south, and from the Aegean coast in the east to the Pindos range in the west; and thus consisting of the great plains and the adjacent regions of Perrhaibia, Magnesia, Phthiotic Achaia, Dolopia, and the Spercheios valley (Strabo 9.5.1, 429–30).
Jason of Pherai
Authors: Sprawski Sławomir 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Jason of Pherai (?–370
bce
) was a Thessalian tyrant. He probably came from a noble family of Pherai and was a relative of Lycophron, who fought in 404
bce
against the Aleuadai of Larissa and attempted to gain control over Thessaly (Xen.
Hell
. 2.3.4).
Kallistratos, Athenian politician
Authors: Bearzot Cinzia 
Published: December 2012

AbstractKallistratos was an Athenian politician and orator (ca. 415–355bce), son of Kallikrates, of the deme of Aphidna; nephew of Agyrrhios (Dem. 24.134) andkedestes(father‐in‐law?) of Timomachos (Dem. 18.219; 19.297).