bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imperialism, Anti‐Imperialism and the Problem of Genocide, Past and Present
Authors: Spencer Philip 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn recent years, there have been signs of a significant ‘anti‐imperialist’ turn in genocide studies. Challenging what has been described as a hitherto predominantly liberal approach, a number of genocide scholars have adopted a more critical attitude towards the history of imperialism, and projected a broader arc of explanation, linking genocides committed by western states in the construction of their empires to genocides committed in the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries. There is too much insight, undoubtedly, in an anti‐imperialist approach to contemplate discarding it. It helps us understand why genocides undoubtedly committed by western imperialist states took place in the past. It provides important elements of a vital critique of the international order, fashioned by western imperialist states, within which some postcolonial states have been able to commit genocide. It helps us understand why some western states colluded with or facilitated genocide, as inIndonesia in the 1960s orGuatemala in the 1980s, or blocked intervention to halt or prevent it, as inBangladesh in the 1970s andRwanda in the 1990s. But it cannot do everything, and some of the difficulties identified here will arise when it is taken too far, when there is an attempt to fit everything within a framework of analysis that cannot bear the weight put upon it. Imperialism has been at times and in places central to the occurrence of genocide, but not everywhere, not at all times, and to a very large extent not since the Convention.
Evaluation of a PCR method to determine the clinical significance of blood cultures with Staphylococcus epidermidis in patients with hematological malignancies
Authors: Ahlstrand Erik , Bäckman Anders , Persson Lennart , Mölling Paula , Tidefelt Ulf , Söderquist Bo 
Published: October 2013

The aim was to investigate whether the detection and quantification of Staphylococcus epidermidis DNA in blood could distinguish S. epidermidis blood stream infections (BSIs) from blood culture contaminations in patients with hematological malignancies. The hld gene was chosen to identify S. epidermidis DNA and DNA in blood samples was detected by real‐time PCR. Blood samples were obtained simultaneously with blood cultures positive for S. epidermidis (n = 30), during blood culture‐negative episodes (n = 10) and episodes of bacteremia with other bacteria than S. epidermidis (n = 4) and from healthy blood donors (n = 10). In addition, DNA from S. epidermidis and a selection of other bacterial species were analyzed. Three different sets of criteria were used to classify episodes with positive blood cultures with S. epidermidis as BSIs or contaminations. All DNA preparations from S. epidermidis (n = 48) were hld‐positive, but other bacterial species (n = 13) were negative. Sixteen (53%) of 30 blood samples from patients with blood cultures positive for S. epidermidis were hld‐positive, but none of the controls. There was no clear association between a positive hld PCR and episodes interpreted as BSIs. In conclusion, hld PCR failed to distinguish S. epidermidis BSIs from blood culture contaminations in patients with hematological malignancies.
Pregnancy complications and obstetric care in women with inherited bleeding disorders
Authors: Kadir R. A. , Davies J. , Winikoff R. , Pollard D. , Peyvandi F. , Garagiola I. , Pabinger I. , Federici A. B. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryWomen with inherited bleeding disorders (IBD) require the input of a multidisciplinary team to improve outcomes of pregnancy. The role of the haemophilia nurse within the multidisciplinary team is to provide educational and emotional support to the women and to facilitate and co‐ordinate patient‐centred care. Prenatal diagnosis in cases of haemophilia is an integral part of the management of early pregnancy with a recent drive towards non‐invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques. There is a current lack of data on the risk of miscarriage and bleeding complications during pregnancy. A clear association has only been established in women with fibrinogen and factor XIII deficiency. In the affected neonate with severe bleeding disorders such as haemophilia, the risk of head bleeding is significant, and appropriate management of labour and delivery has an important impact on reducing the risk. Women withIBDare at risk of both primary and secondary postpartum haemorrhage. Appropriate risk assessment and advance planning for haemostatic cover can reduce the bleeding risk.
Molecular systematics of four endemic Batrachospermaceae (Rhodophyta) species in China with multilocus data
Authors: JI Li , XIE Shu‐Lian , FENG Jia , CHEN Le , WANG Jie 
Published: October 2013

AbstractFour endemic Batrachospermaceae species in China, Batrachospermum hongdongense Xie & Feng, Batrachospermum longipedicellatum Hua & Shi, Kumanoa curvata (Shi) Vis et al., and Kumanoa intorta (Jao) Entwisle et al., were analyzed with multilocus data in order to assess their phylogenetic placement. Multilocus molecular data from one nuclear gene (the ribosomal SSU), one chloroplast gene (rbcL), and two mitochondrial genes (COI and the cox2‐3 spacer) as well as morphological studies were used to determine the phylogenetic relationships of these endemic species within the Batrachospermales. Batrachospermum hongdongense and B. longipedicellatum had previously been placed in Batrachospermum section Batrachospermum, but based on the data from this study they should be transferred into section Helminthoidea. Kumanoa curvata and K. intorta clearly belong to the newly established genus Kumanoa.
Tip Flowfield of a Low Aspect Ratio Circulation Control Wing With Spanwise Variation in Efflux
Authors: Perry Matthew , Miklosovic David 
Published: October 2013

A stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (SPIV) system was used in a low-speed wind tunnel to measure the external flowfield of a circulation control (CC) wing having an aspect ratio of 1.1. This ongoing project, sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, sought to further the knowledge of the jet interactions and the wingtip vortex formation through 3-component, planar velocity surveys. The CC wing tested had a 20% elliptic airfoil section with a trailing edge Coanda surface that was intended to increase circulation control effectiveness through a segmented system that could create spanwise massflow efflux profiles.
To date, 1.2 TB of raw SPIV data have been acquired in one of two wake station planes at z/c = 1.25 over the vertical region of 0.13 < y/b < 0.87 (i.e, the tip region). The three-component velocity data revealed the nature of the interaction of the jet with the external flowfield and the temporal variability at an overall momentum coefficient of 0.08 with spanwise variations in the trailing edge efflux. The results from these tests will be used to quantify, for the first time, the effects of spanwise massflow distributions on the 3D velocity field near the trailing edge, the stall modes, jet interactions, and the overall performance of a CC wing of this geometry.
Evaluating the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Materials at Room and Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Farahikia Mahdi , Macwan Sunilbhai , Delfanian Fereidoon , Hu Zhong 
Published: October 2013

A series of tensile, compression and shear tests in room temperature were carried out on carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite materials (IM7/PEEKEK) to evaluate their mechanical properties. Also tensile tests at 160 degrees Fahrenheit (72 degrees Celsius) in longitudinal and transverse directions were done to study the effects of such temperature on the tensile strength of the mentioned composite materials. The setup of the testing equipment and the furnace that was used to provide elevated temperature conditions limited the possibility of conducting compressive and shear tests at high temperature as well as raising the temperature to higher levels. The experiments were set up in accordance with ASTM standards that best corresponded to the test specifications. Specimens were categorized into groups according to their nature of testing. All the specimens were reinforced at both ends by means of tabs which were bonded on both faces to reduce the effects of the external pressure exerted on them through the grips of the testing machines and were tested until failure. Load, elongation (displacement) and strain data were recorded by means of strain gages and data acquisition systems.
The accuracy of the experimental data for the room temperature portion of the experiments is verified by comparing them to those of the most equivalent composite family, as having not been given any information regarding the structural properties and manufacturing processes of the composite materials that were used throughout the experiments made it difficult to find exact ASTM standards and reference materials for the testing and comparison of results.
The results of the experiments showed that the tensile strength of this particular composite material is not effected by the 160 degrees Fahrenheit temperature; a point that is proved by the literature indicating their specific and sensitive application in aircraft heat dissipation [1].
Experimental and Numerical Study of Soft Tissue Surrogate Behavior Under Ballistic Loading
Authors: Amborn Ericka K. , Muci-Küchler Karim H. , Hinz Brandon J. 
Published: October 2013

Studying the high strain rate behavior of soft tissues and soft tissue surrogates is of interest to improve the understanding of injury mechanisms during blast and impact events. Tests such as the split Hopkinson pressure bar have been successfully used to characterize material behavior at high strain rates under simple loading conditions. However, experiments involving more complex stress states are needed for the validation of constitutive models and numerical simulation techniques for fast transient events. In particular, for the case of ballistic injuries, controlled tests that can better reflect the effects induced by a penetrating projectile are of interest. This paper presents an experiment that tries to achieve that goal. The experimental setup involves a cylindrical test sample made of a translucent soft tissue surrogate that has a small pre-made cylindrical channel along its axis. A small caliber projectile is fired through the pre-made channel at representative speeds using an air rifle. High speed video is used in conjunction with specialized software to generate data for model validation.
A Lagrangian Finite Element Method (FEM) model was prepared in ABAQUS/Explicit to simulate the experiments. Different hyperelastic constitutive models were explored to represent the behavior of the soft tissue surrogate and the required material properties were obtained from high strain rate test data reported in the open literature. The simulation results corresponding to each constitutive model considered were qualitatively compared against the experimental data for a single projectile speed. The constitutive model that provided the closest match was then used to perform an additional simulation at a different projectile velocity and quantitative comparisons between numerical and experimental results were made. The comparisons showed that the Marlow hyperelastic model available in ABAQUS/Explicit was able to produce a good representation of the soft tissue surrogate behavior observed experimentally at the two projectile speeds considered.
The Absolute Evaluation and Loosening Life Prediction Method on Self-Loosening of Bolted Joints During Actual Machine Operation
Authors: Hareyama Soichi , Manabe Ken-ichi , Nakashima Makoto 
Published: October 2013

This paper presents a method for estimating the absolute lock effect in bolted joints during actual machine operation.
The absolute evaluation on self-loosening is indispensable for the prediction of the life of locking devices (parts)/method at actual machine operation. The loosening phenomenon of bolted joint can be viewed as the decrease tendency of the initial axial tension or residual axial tension. According to the author’s previous report, there is a good linear relation on logarithmic coordinates (log-log paper) between the decrease of axial tension (measured tension/initial axial tension) and number of operations (or working time or mileage) since last tightening.
Based on this relation, and observation of loosening in the early stages of product development, we estimate the rate of axial tension decrease (degree of self-loosening) accurately after prolonged operation since tightening by measuring the initial axial tension behavior by using the proposed regression formula. The trial calculation of the residual axial tension after prolonged operation is made using the industrial vehicle (stacking capacity 16-ton large-sized forklift-truck) at customer’s site by loosening measurement. According to the estimation using only a few day’s data, it is presumed that initial axial tension is kept 55% or more in case of anaerobic adhesive tightening and almost 30% in case of lubrication tightening after ten years.
In the working load type loosening, authors propose the L-N diagram (Loosening Life - Numbers of Cycles to Loosening N Diagram) for loosening life estimation like the S-N diagram for fatigue life estimation. Using the loosening frequency diagram and L-N diagram, the degree of loosening damage for every axial tension’s residual ratio is figured out to analyze the loosening life of the locking device/method by Miner’s rule and cumulative loosening damage models.
Weld Lining Strength of Injection Molded Jute/PLA and Jute/PP
Authors: Wang Cuntao , Yang Yuqiu , Urakami Masuo , Hamada Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2013

Weld lines are formed inevitably when two separate melt fronts rejoin during injection molding. It has been reported that weld lines greatly weaken the strength of injection-molded parts. Therefore, in this paper the weld property of injection molded jute /PLA and jute/PP dumbbell shape specimen with weld line was investigated by changing pellets materials.
In the study pultrusion technique was adopted to fabricate jute/PLA and jute/PP long fiber pellets (LFT) and it was found that fiber bundles in LFT specimens were not separated and dispersed well. As a result, in this paper re-compound pellets of LFT, i.e. RP was made. Then LFT, RP, and hybrid mixtures with the hybrid ratios of LFT50:RP50 were used to mold dumbbell shape specimens with or without weld line. In particular, the influence of different pellets on weld line strength of injection molded jute/PLA and jute/PP dumbbell shape specimens with weld line was discussed based on tensile test and SEM observation.
It was found that tensile strength of RP specimens was higher than that of LFT both for jute/PLA and jute/PP, because fiber distribution and interfacial property of RP was much better than that of LFT. Weld line strength of RP was improved than that of LFT both for jute/PLA and jute/PP. RP of jute/PLA was more effective to improve the weld property than that of jute/PP. Weld line strength of jute/PP LFT increased as holding pressure increased from 44 to 88 MPa and decreased at 132 MPa holding pressure. It depends on the co-effect of fiber orientation and voids content.
Characterisation of Fatigue Crack Growth in Silicone for DEAP Technology
Authors: Thorup Thor 
Published: October 2013

In this paper, the fatigue crack growth characteristics of Elastosil® RT 625 are determined by performing fatigue crack experiments based on ISO 27727. Elastosil® RT 625 is a silicone rubber used by Danfoss PolyPower A/S as the dielectric material in their DEAP elements.
Cracks were characterised by a large amount of crack tip roughening, and a crack pattern that oscillated around the mean crack propagation direction. The amount of deviation from the expected crack path was proportional to the strain-level in the test. Despite the rough oscillating crack appearance, a linear relationship between the crack length and the amount of cycles was obtained. When plotting the crack growth per cycle against the applied load, the existence of a power law domain which can be described by Paris’ Law was observed. The silicone rubber had a significantly lower β exponent than a large range of other rubbers.
Kinematic Analysis of Elbow and Scapula Based on Changes in Arm Support Length and Central Axis Location Through Rotational Motion of Upper Limb
Authors: Hong Jae Soo , Chun Keyoung Jin , Kim Jong Hyun , Hong Jung Hwa 
Published: October 2013

An increase in the aging population around the world and in degenerative diseases has caused an epidemic of stroke. Hence, rehab equipment for treating its after-effects has been actively developed. A repeated upper-body rehab exercise is required and this exercise can only yield good results when its accurate motion is guided by a therapist. However, few kinematics studies have been conducted based on design variables such as changes in the rotational central axis and body measurement. So, this study analyzed the angular changes in two motions of the elbow (Flexion-Extension: F-E, Pronation-Supination: P-S) and three motions of the scapula (Anterior-Posterior tilt: A-P, Internal-External rotation: I-E, Upward-Downward rotation: U-D) based on changes in the arm support length and central axis location.
Eight healthy subjects participated in this study. Rehabilitation equipment for the upper limb, which can be adjusted to different arm support lengths and central axis locations, was used as the experimental equipment. The length could be adjusted to five levels (280 mm, 220 mm, 160 mm, 100 mm, and 40 mm). In the case of an experiment involving changes in the axis locations, the length was fixed as 280 mm, which allowed five different axis locations. Each subject implemented a rotational movement passively at an angular velocity of 30°/s.
In this study, we observed changes in the motion patterns of the upper-limb rotational movement based on the length and the location. The patterns based on the two design variables revealed a consistent tendency under the elbow (forearm) and the scapula (shoulder rhythm). Yet, three scapula motions showed little changes in the angular width, and only I-E showed an angular width of 5°. First, with respect to the tendency of the five motions based on changes in the lengths, the prolonged length showed a decreased angular width. Second, in terms of the tendency of the five motions based on changes in the locations, a relatively long distance between the handle and the axis (Location 1 → Location 5) confirmed a decreased angular width owing to a relatively small rotational movement at Location 5.
The F-E motion of the elbow clearly showed two time cycles per rotation. Other motions revealed one time cycle per rotation. With respect to the upper-body rotational movement, we confirmed that motions related to the forearm were more active than motions related to the shoulder.
An Object Transportation System Using Controlled Daphnia Magna
Authors: Itoh Akitoshi , Kawamata Masahiro , Hirai Tomohiro 
Published: October 2013

In this study, we tried to create an object transportation system using Daphnia magna. We developed a target object for the transportation experiment using a 5-mm-diameter transparent acrylic rod with a hole in the lower part. Black film and a small white ball were attached to the top surface of the object in order to improve contrast and allow easier position detection during image processing.
The daphnia were first directed to the guide point, about 10 mm opposite the desired transportation direction. They were then guided to collide with the object. If a collision did not occur, they were guided to an evasion point 5 mm to the side of the object, then back to the guidance point and directed to collide with the object once again.
When the daphnia is making contact with the object, the guidance direction was compensated to the outside of the target course to transport along the target course. A compensation angle was calculated by the proportional control method.
By using this control scheme, daphnia could transport an object through the seven apices (about 1.5 laps) of the star-shaped target routes.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Discharge of Wood Pellets From a Hopper With the Discrete Element Method
Authors: Höhner Dominik , Wirtz Siegmar , Scherer Viktor 
Published: October 2013

In this study hopper discharge experiments with wood pellets were conducted. The experimental bulk density, flow behavior and discharge rate were compared to corresponding 3-dimensional discrete element simulations with both multi-sphere and polyhedral approximations of the pellet geometry. Additionally a numerical sensitivity analysis for the particle-wall friction was made in order to evaluate the influence of this parameter on hopper discharge in the context of different particle geometries.
In the past comparisons of experimentally and numerically obtained results demonstrated the adequacy of the discrete element method for predicting the general discharge behavior of a hopper. Nevertheless, in this study, comparing two different particle shape-approximations, significant differences in terms of bulk density, discharge rate, flow profile and dependency on the particle-wall friction coefficient between both investigated particle-shape approximation schemes could be observed. As a result, particle shape-representation must be considered a significant parameter in DEM-simulations.
The Effect of Surface Enhancement on Improving the Fatigue and Sour Service Performance of Downhole Tubular Components
Authors: Scheel Jeremy E. , Hornbach Douglas J. 
Published: October 2013

Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) prevent the use of high strength carbon steel alloys in the recovery of fossil fuels in H2S containing ‘sour’ environments commonly experienced in deep well fossil fuel recovery efforts. Couplings are a common weak point in casing strings as high magnitude mean tensile stresses are generated by connection interferences created during power make-up of downhole tubular components. When subject to service loads both mean and alternating stresses are increased further providing the high tensile stresses necessary for SSC initiation. Since high strength carbon steel alloys are not typically suited for sour service environments, the current solution is to use or develop much more expensive alloys with increased corrosion-cracking resistance, or limit their use to significantly weaker sour environments, or higher operating temperatures.
Failure due to fatigue is another major problem in downhole tubular components. Likelihood of fatigue failure is further exacerbated in corrosive environments (such as H2S and NaCl), commonly encountered in service. The cost for detecting the impending failure before final separation is dramatic at a factor 10X. A cost effective method of mitigating failure from SSC and corrosion fatigue would greatly reduce operational costs and extend component life.
Introduction of stable, high magnitude compressive residual stresses into less expensive carbon steel alloys alleviates the tensile stresses, and mitigates SSC, while also improving fatigue performance. Low plasticity burnishing (LPB) is an advanced surface enhancement process providing a means of introducing compressive residual stresses into metallic components for enhanced fatigue, damage tolerance, and SCC performance.
The effects of LPB on high cycle fatigue (HCF) and SSC were evaluated on quench and tempered API P110 grade steel. LPB processed specimens had an increase in fatigue life greater than an order of magnitude over untreated specimens. LPB was successful in completely mitigating SSC in all test specimens at tensile stresses up to 90% specified minimum yield strength (SMYS). The initial results indicate that LPB processing of P110 steel provides an economical means of SSC mitigation and fatigue strength improvement in sour environments.