bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpreting characteristic drainage timescale variability across Kilombero Valley, Tanzania
Authors: Lyon Steve W. , Koutsouris Alexander , Scheibler Friedemann , Jarsjö Jerker , Mbanguka Rene , Tumbo Madaka , Robert Keven K. , Sharma Asha N. , van der Velde Ype 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe explore seasonal variability and spatiotemporal patterns in characteristic drainage timescale (K) estimated from river discharge records across the Kilombero Valley in central Tanzania. K values were determined using streamflow recession analysis with a Brutsaert–Nieber solution to the linearized Boussinesq equation. Estimated K values were variable, comparing between wet and dry seasons for the relatively small catchments draining upland positions. For the larger catchments draining through valley bottoms, K values were typically longer and more consistent across seasons. Variations in K were compared with long‐term averaged, Moderate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer‐derived monthly evapotranspiration. Although the variations in K were potentially related to evapotranspiration, the influence of data quality and analysis procedure could not be discounted. As such, even though recession analysis offers a potential approach to explore aquifer release timescales and thereby gain insight to a region's hydrology to inform water resources management, care must be taken when interpreting spatiotemporal shifts in K in connection with process representation in regions like the Kilombero Valley. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Controlled cyclopolymerization of 4,5‐disubstituted 1,7‐octadiynes and its application to the synthesis of a dendronized polymer using Grubbs catalyst
Authors: Park Hyeon , Lee Ho‐Keun , Kang Eun‐Hye , Choi Tae‐Lim 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTCyclopolymerization of 1,7‐octadiynes using a ruthenium‐based Grubbs catalyst, to produce conjugated polymers containing six‐membered rings as repeat units is generally much slower than the corresponding polymerization of 1,6‐heptadiynes, and thus it is considered less useful. Here, we demonstrate the regioselective cyclopolymerization of 4,5‐disubstituted 1,7‐octadiynes with considerably enhanced reactivity. Using a third generation Grubbs catalyst with a rapid initiation step, various conjugated polymers with low polydispersity indices (PDIs) could be synthesized under optimized conditions. Among the various monomers tested, those with bulky substituents underwent controlled polymerization within 1 h at room temperature, which was a significant improvement over previous reports. This led us to a more efficient preparation of fully conjugated block copolymers. Finally, owing to the fast cyclopolymerization, a synthetically challenging dendronized polymer was successfully prepared from a macromonomer containing two second generation dendrons at the 4 and 5 positions of 1,7‐octadiyne, and its rod‐like conformation was visualized using atomic force microscopy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 274–279
Intensive cropping systems select for greater seed dormancy and increased herbicide resistance levels in Lolium rigidum (annual ryegrass)
Authors: Owen Mechelle J , Goggin Danica E , Powles Stephen B 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDLolium rigidum (annual ryegrass) is a widespread annual crop weed that has evolved high levels of resistance to selective herbicides. Anecdotal evidence suggests that intensive cropping also leads to higher seed dormancy in L. rigidum. This was quantified by measuring dormancy levels in L. rigidum populations collected from paired sites (one with nil to low cropping intensity, the other intensively cropped) located throughout the Western Australian grain belt.RESULTSPopulations from non‐cropped fields or those with low cropping intensity showed higher and faster germination than populations from fields with a medium‐ or high‐intensity cropping regime. Resistance to selective herbicides was also higher in the medium‐ and high‐intensity cropping fields than in the low‐intensity cropping fields.CONCLUSIONHigh‐intensity cropping systems are likely to impose greater selection pressures for seed dormancy and selective herbicide resistance, because late‐emerging seedlings avoid preplanting weed control practices (tillage and non‐selective herbicide application) but are exposed to selective in‐crop herbicides. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Paraoxonase 1 activity in subchronic low‐level inorganic arsenic exposure through drinking water
Authors: Afolabi Olusegun K. , Wusu Adedoja D. , Ogunrinola Olufunmilayo O. , Abam Esther O. , Babayemi David O. , Dosumu Oluwatosin A. , Onunkwor Okechukwu B. , Balogun Elizabeth A. , Odukoya Olusegun O. , Ademuyiwa Oladipo 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTEpidemiological evidences indicate close association between inorganic arsenic exposure via drinking water and cardiovascular diseases. While the exact mechanism of this arsenic‐mediated increase in cardiovascular risk factors remains enigmatic, epidemiological studies indicate a role for paraoxonase 1 (PON1) in cardiovascular diseases. To investigate the association between inorganic arsenic exposure and cardiovascular diseases, rats were exposed to sodium arsenite (trivalent; 50, 100, and 150 ppm As) and sodium arsenate (pentavalent; 100, 150, and 200 ppm As) in their drinking water for 12 weeks. PON1 activity towards paraoxon (PONase) and phenylacetate (AREase) in plasma, lipoproteins, hepatic, and brain microsomal fractions were determined. Inhibition of PONase and AREase in plasma and HDL characterized the effects of the two arsenicals. While the trivalent arsenite inhibited PONase by 33% (plasma) and 46% (HDL), respectively, the pentavalent arsenate inhibited the enzyme by 41 and 34%, respectively. AREase activity was inhibited by 52 and 48% by arsenite, whereas the inhibition amounted to 72 and 67%, respectively by arsenate. The pattern of inhibition in plasma and HDL indicates that arsenite induced a dose‐dependent inhibition of PONase whereas arsenate induced a dose‐dependent inhibition of AREase. In the VLDL + LDL, arsenate inhibited PONase and AREase while arsenite inhibited PONase. In the hepatic and brain microsomal fractions, only the PONase enzyme was inhibited by the two arsenicals. The inhibition was more pronounced in the hepatic microsomes where a 70% inhibition was observed at the highest dose of pentavalent arsenic. Microsomal cholesterol was increased by the two arsenicals resulting in increased cholesterol/phospholipid ratios. Our findings indicate that decreased PON1 activity observed in arsenic exposure may be an incipient biochemical event in the cardiovascular effects of arsenic. Modulation of PON1 activity by arsenic may also be mediated through changes in membrane fluidity brought about by changes in the concentration of cholesterol in the microsomes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 154–162, 2016.
Wound Management in Disaster Settings
Authors: Wuthisuthimethawee Prasit , Lindquist Samuel J. , Sandler Nicola , Clavisi Ornella , Korin Stephanie , Watters David , Gruen Russell L. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundFew guidelines exist for the initial management of wounds in disaster settings. As wounds sustained are often contaminated, there is a high risk of further complications from infection, both local and systemic. Healthcare workers with little to no surgical training often provide early wound care, and where resources and facilities are also often limited, and clear appropriate guidance is needed for early wound management.MethodsWe undertook a systematic review focusing on the nature of wounds in disaster situations, and the outcomes of wound management in recent disasters. We then presented the findings to an international consensus panel with a view to formulating a guideline for the initial management of wounds by first responders and subsequent healthcare personnel as they deploy.ResultsWe included 62 studies in the review that described wound care challenges in a diverse range of disasters, and reported high rates of wound infection with multiple causative organisms. The panel defined a guideline in which the emphasis is on not closing wounds primarily but rather directing efforts toward cleaning, debridement, and dressing wounds in preparation for delayed primary closure, or further exploration and management by skilled surgeons.ConclusionGood wound care in disaster settings, as outlined in this article, can be achieved with relatively simple measures, and have important mortality and morbidity benefits.
The advantage of professional organizations as advocates for improved funding of maternal and child health services in Uganda
Authors: Beyeza‐Kashesya Jolly , Kaharuza Frank , Murokora Daniel 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe attainment of United Nations Millennium Development Goal 5 has proven elusive for many countries. Efforts to reduce maternal mortality require concerted evidence‐based efforts from all key players, including professional organizations. The Association of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Uganda used the results of maternal and perinatal death review to develop and pilot advocacy programs with parliamentarians, media, and government that aimed to improve maternal and newborn health in Uganda. This work translated to further parliamentary debate on the topic, increased resource allocation by government, and improved media‐related public education.
Service providers' perceptions of working in residential aged care: a qualitative cross-sectional analysis
Authors: BENNETT MICHELLE K. , WARD ELIZABETH C. , SCARINCI NERINA A. , WAITE MONIQUE C. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTA number of professional disciplines employed internally and externally provide services in Residential Aged Care Facilities (RACFs). Literature has long highlighted numerous workplace issues in RACFs, yet little progress has been made in addressing these. As such there has been a call for greater understanding of shared issues among service providers. The aim of the current study is to explore and compare the perceptions of a cross-section of service providers regarding the challenges and motivators to working in RACFs. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 61 participants including: care managers, nurses, assistants in nursing, care, domestic and support staff, and speech pathologists. Analysis revealed few issues unique to any one service discipline, with four key themes identified: (a) working in RACFs is both personally rewarding and personally challenging; (b) relationships and philosophies of care directly impact service provision, staff morale and resident quality of life; (c) a perceived lack of service-specific education and professional support impacts service provision; and (d) service provision in RACFs should be seen as a specialist area. These data confirm there are key personal and professional issues common across providers. Providers must work collaboratively to address these issues and advocate for greater recognition of RACFs as a specialist service area. Acknowledging, accepting and communicating shared perceptions will reduce ongoing issues and enhance multi-disciplinary care.
Prevalence ofSalmonellain flocks housed in enriched cages
Authors: ZONGO P. , DUCROT A. , BURIE J.-B. , BEAUMONT C. 
Published: August 2014

SUMMARYSalmonellosis is a foodborne disease of humans and animals caused by infection withSalmonella. The aim of this paper is to improve a deterministic model (DM) and an individual-based model (IBM) with reference toSalmonellapropagation in flocks of laying hens taking into account variations in hens housed in the same cage and to compare both models. The spatio-temporal evolution, the basic reproduction number,R0, and the speed of wave propagation were computed for both models. While in most cases the DM allows summary of all the features of the model in the formula for computation ofR0, slight differences between individuals or groups may be observed with the IBM that could not be expected from the DM, especially when initial environmental contamination is very low and some cages may get rid of bacteria. Both models suggest that the cage size plays a role on the risk and speed of propagation of the bacteria, which should be considered when designing new breeding systems.
Theoretic optimisation of microfluidic and magnetic self‐assembly of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Shim Joon S. 
Published: August 2014

In this reported work, a magnetic and fluidic analysis has been performed to theoretically analyse the self‐assembly mechanism of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and to characterise the assembling environments for the high‐density integration of individual CNTs. In previous work by the present author, the residual iron (Fe) catalyst at one end of a CNT was magnetically captured and the captured CNT was aligned along the flow direction by fluid drag force, leading to precise individual integration of CNTs between electrodes. To advance the previous work and technique, theoretic characterisations were executed to optimise the assembling conditions which increased the number of attached CNTs with a high density of integration. For calculating the fluidic force applied to the individual CNT, the slender‐body theory was adopted by modelling the CNT as a slender object. Moreover, magnetic simulation was performed to calculate the magnetic force applied to the residual Fe catalysis at one end of the CNT. These simulation results were combined and used to determine the critical height where the fluidic force was equal to the magnetic force. On the basis of these analyses, the array of CNT‐assembled electrodes was implemented with a 2 m interval, whereas only a single CNT‐assembled electrode was achieved in the previous work. A result of the present work, enables dense integration of the CNT circuit as a highly functional nanodevice.
Ecology and Conservation of Mudminnow Species Worldwide
Authors: Kuehne Lauren M , Olden Julian D 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
We review and summarize the ecology and conservation status of the group of fishes commonly known as “mudminnows” (formerly known as the family Umbridae but recently reclassified as Esocidae), consisting of only five species distributed on three continents. These small-bodied fish—residing in freshwater habitats and exhibiting limited mobility—often occur in isolated populations across landscapes and are subject to conservation threats common to highly endemic species in close contact with anthropogenic impacts, such as pollution, habitat alteration, and nonnative species introductions. Herein we summarize current knowledge of the distributions, phylogenetic relationships, ecology, and conservation status of each species of mudminnow, including nonnative occurrence and distribution. We also outline the primary conservation threats to particular species and make recommendations for future research to promote much needed knowledge and conservation attention.
RESUMEN
en este trabajo, se revisa y resume la ecología y estado de conservación del grupo de peces comúnmente conocido como “lucios” (anteriormente conocidos como la familia Umbridae, pero recientemente reclasificados en la Esocidae) los cuales se constituyen de sólo cinco especies distribuidas en tres continentes. Estos peces de cuerpo pequeño—que viven en hábitats de agua dulce y presentan movilidad limitada—suelen presentar poblaciones aisladas a lo largo de distintos paisajes y son sujetos a las típicas amenazas que enfrentan las especies endémicas que se encuentran en contacto directo con los impactos antropogénicos como la contaminación, alteración de hábitat e introducción de especies no nativas. Aquí se resume el conocimiento actual acerca de la distribución, relaciones filogenéticas, ecología y estado de conservación de cada especie de lucio, incluyendo aquellas que son de ocurrencia y distribución no nativa. También se identifican las principales amenazas a nivel género o especie y se hacen recomendaciones para investigaciones futuras encaminadas a promover tanto el conocimiento como la atención de conservación hacia este grupo.
Learning Curve to Lymph Node Resection in Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy for Cancer
Authors: Dhamija Ankit , Rosen Joshua E. , Dhamija Anish , Rothberg Bonnie E. Gould , Kim Anthony W. , Detterbeck Frank C. , Boffa Daniel J. 
Published: August 2014

Objective Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) is a safe alternative to open approaches, yet the impact of the minimally invasive approach on oncologic efficacy is unclear. The objectives of the current study were to compare lymph node yields and surgical margins during a single-surgeon series to examine the learning curve to oncologic aspects of MIE. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained institutional database was performed. The sequential MIE experience for esophageal cancer was subcategorized into terciles (first 25 MIEs as early, next 24 as middle, and most recent 24 as later). Results Seventy-three patients underwent MIE for cancer between 2008 and 2013. Complete resections (R0) were performed in 71 cases (93%), and there were no significant differences in the number of complete resections with negative margins during the MIE experience ( P = 0.54). The number of lymph nodes harvested during MIE increased significantly with progressive experience, with a mean of 22, 29, and 28 nodes recovered in the early, middle, and late subgroups, respectively ( P = 0.038). On multivariate analysis, only increasing surgeon experience (1.4-fold increase in nodal yield for the latter two thirds relative to the first third, P = 0.0011) and histology of high-grade dysplasia (0.54-fold decrease in nodal yield relative to adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, P = 0.025) were significant predictors of lymph node yield. Conclusions The ability to execute a complete lymphadenectomy during MIE is affected by surgeon experience and improves over time, plateauing after the first 25 cases.
Conversion to everolimus dramatically improves the prognosis of de novo malignancies after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Thimonier Elsa , Guillaud Olivier , Walter Thomas , Decullier Evelyne , Vallin Mélanie , Boillot Olivier , Dumortier Jérôme 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDe novo malignancies are a main cause for late death after liver transplantation (LT). Everolimus (ERL) is an immunosuppressive agent with antitumoral properties. The aim of the present retrospective study was to identify prognostic factors, including conversion to ERL, for patients presenting non‐cutaneous de novo solid organ malignancy after LT for alcoholic cirrhosis. The study population consisted of 83 patients (presenting 100 tumors, including 75% of upper aerodigestive tract cancers), among the 398 patients who underwent LT for alcoholic cirrhosis in our center. After diagnosis, ERL was introduced in 38 patients and calcineurin‐inhibitor was discontinued in 64.1% of them. Tumor stage was a significant prognostic factor with a one‐yr survival at 82.6% for early stages, 63.4% for intermediate stages (N+) and 27.4% for disseminated diseases (p < 0.001). Associated relative risk factor was 2.202 (95% CI 1.044–4.644) for intermediate stages and 5.743 (95% CI 2.436–13.541) for metastatic stages. One‐ and five‐yr survival was 77.4% and 35.2% in ERL group vs. 47.2% and 19.4% in the non‐ERL group, respectively (p = 0.003). The relative risk factor for ERL was 0.447 (95%CI 0.257–0.778). Our results strongly suggest that conversion to ERL improves the prognosis of de novo malignancies after LT for alcoholic cirrhosis. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this benefit.
Patient explanations for non‐attendance at structured diabetes education sessions for newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study
Authors: Winkley K. , Evwierhoma C. , Amiel S. A. , Lempp H. K. , Ismail K. , Forbes A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo determine the reasons for non‐attendance at structured education sessions among people with a recent diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes.MethodsThis was a qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews to elicit the main themes explaining non‐attendance. A thematic framework method was applied to analyse the data. People who had not attended structured education were recruited from a population cohort of newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes from South London (the South London Diabetes cohort study), UK.ResultsA sample of 30 people was interviewed. Three main themes emerged from the qualitative data explaining non‐attendance at structured education: (1) lack of information/perceived benefit of the programme (e.g. not being informed about the course by their health professional); (2) unmet personal preferences (e.g. parking, timing); and (3) shame and stigma of diabetes (e.g. not wishing to tell others of diabetes diagnosis).ConclusionThis is the first time that reasons for non‐attendance have been explored in depth among people who have newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes. Novel reasons identified included non‐attendance because of shame and stigma of diabetes. To improve uptake at structured education we need to: consider how health professionals in primary care communicate with their patients on the subject of structured diabetes education; offer alternatives to the traditional group education format; and understand that diabetes is associated with health‐related stigma, which may affect participation.
Expansion of circulating CD56bright natural killer cells in patients with JAK2‐positive chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms during treatment with interferon‐α
Authors: Riley Caroline H. , Hansen Morten , Brimnes Marie K. , Hasselbalch Hans C. , Bjerrum Ole W. , Straten Per thor , Svane Inge Marie , Jensen Morten Krogh 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn recent years, major molecular remissions have been observed in patients with JAK2‐positive chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) after therapy with IFN‐α. IFN‐α is known to have altering effects on immune cells involved in immune surveillance and might consequently enhance anti‐tumor immune response against the JAK2‐mutated clone. The objective of this study was to investigate circulating levels and phenotype of natural killer cells in 29 JAK2‐positive MPN patients during IFN‐α treatment. Furthermore, functional studies of NK cells upon target‐cell recognition and cytokine stimulation were performed. The CD56bright and CD56dim NK cell subtypes display different properties in terms of cytokine production and cytotoxicity, respectively. Our results show a significant increase in the proportion of CD56bright NK cells and a decreasing CD56dim population during treatment with IFN‐α compared to patients that are untreated, treated with hydroxyurea and healthy controls, P < 0.0001. Furthermore, an overall increase in cytokine‐dependent (IL‐12 and IL‐15) IFN‐γ expression by CD56dim NK cells during IFN‐α treatment was observed. In contrast, our data indicate a compromised NK cell response to target‐cell recognition during treatment with IFN‐α in four patients. We also report low levels of circulating NK cells in untreated patients compared to healthy donors, patients treated with hydroxyurea and IFN‐α, P = 0.02. Based on our findings, one might speculate whether treatment with IFN‐α skews the human NK population toward a helper type that may assist in CD8+ T cell priming in lymphoid tissues at the expense of their immediate cytotoxic functions in peripheral blood and tissues.