bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic modelling of sea-surface roughness for large-eddy simulation of wind over ocean wavefield
Authors: Yang Di , Meneveau Charles , Shen Lian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWind blowing over the ocean surface can be treated as a turbulent boundary layer over a multiscale rough surface with moving roughness elements, the waves. Large-eddy simulation (LES) of such flows is challenging because LES resolves wind–wave interactions only down to the grid scale,$\Delta $, while the effects of subgrid-scale (SGS) waves on the wind need to be modelled. Usually, a surface-layer model based on the law of the wall is used; but the surface roughness has been known to depend on the local wind and wave conditions and is difficult to parameterize. In this study, a dynamic model for the SGS sea-surface roughness is developed, with the roughness corresponding to the SGS waves expressed as${\alpha }_{w} \hspace{0.167em} { \sigma }_{\eta }^{\Delta } $. Here,${ \sigma }_{\eta }^{\Delta } $is the effective amplitude of the SGS waves, modelled as a weighted integral of the SGS wave spectrum based on the geometric and kinematic properties of the waves for which five candidate expressions are examined. Moreover,${\alpha }_{w} $is an unknown dimensionless model coefficient determined dynamically based on the first-principles constraint that the total surface drag force or average surface stress must be independent of the LES filter scale$\Delta $. The feasibility and consistency of the dynamic sea-surface roughness models are assessed bya prioritests using data from high-resolution LES with near-surface resolution, appropriately filtered. Also, these data are used fora posterioritests of the dynamic sea-surface roughness models in LES with near-surface modelling. It is found that the dynamic modelling approach can successfully capture the effects of SGS waves on the wind turbulence withoutad hocprescription of the model parameter${\alpha }_{w} $. Also, for${ \sigma }_{\eta }^{\Delta } $, a model based on the kinematics of wind–wave relative motion achieves the best performance among the five candidate models.
Travelling Knowledge and Forensic Medicine: Infanticide, Body and Mind in the Netherlands, 1811–1911
Authors: Ruberg Willemijn 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article aims to explain why the notion ofmania puerperalis, or puerperal insanity, was not used in the Netherlands to exonerate women accused of infanticide, in contrast to other countries. It applies the concept of ‘travelling knowledge’ as an approach to the history of forensic medicine, pointing to the fields of medicine and law as contact zones inviting, promoting or barring the transmission of knowledge. Although the notion ofmania puerperaliswas known in the Netherlands from 1822 on, psychiatric expertise was not requested in actual court cases of infanticide for several reasons. First, physicians and legal scholars continued to doubt the existence of this form of mania. Moreover, it was not always directly connected to infanticide. Also, the specific formulation of the law strongly determined what medical evidence was needed in court cases. Not only did the Code Pénal generally emphasise material evidence, the laws on infanticide specifically mentioned fear and therefore an additional reference to the mental condition of the accused was not needed. Most importantly, the article argues that the existing vocabulary on emotion, both vernacular and medical, already allowed for an analysis of psychic components.
Parasite communities in stray cat populations from Lisbon, Portugal
Authors: Waap H. , Gomes J. , Nunes T. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractStray cats live in high-density colonies in urban areas and pose a health hazard to household cats and humans. In Portugal, information on the parasitic fauna of stray cats is limited and relies mostly on results from faecal analysis. The present survey aimed to determine the prevalence, diversity and intensity of parasites in stray cats from the urban area of Lisbon by means of parasitological necropsy. Internal organs were collected from 162 cats captured in different areas of the city and systematically subjected to parasitological dissection. Helminths were identified by macro- and microscopic examination and protozoa by faecal floatation and sedimentation techniques. The overall prevalence of parasites was 90.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 85.3–94.6%). A total of 12 parasite species was recorded:Cystoisospora felis(14.2%),Cystoisospora rivolta(46.3%),Sarcocystissp. (1.2%),Ancylostoma tubaeforme(19.1%),Toxocara cati(38.3%),Ollulanus tricuspis(30.9%),Aelurostrongylus abstrusus(12.4%), Eucoleus aerophilus(0.6%),Taenia taeniaeformis(3.1%),Dipylidium caninum(53.1%),Joyeuxiella pasqualei(15.4%) andDiplopylidium nölleri(3.7%). Overall mean species richness was 2.36 ± 1.52. Helminth mean intensity was highest forO. tricuspis(285.8), followed byD. caninum(42.4),J. pasqualei(14.4),A. tubaeforme(8.1) andT. cati(5.9). The prevalence and variety of parasites found in our sampling are substantially higher than the numbers previously reported in Portugal. Some of the parasites, includingT. catiandA. tubaeforme,are zoonotic, which emphasizes the need for parasite control strategies based on demographic containment of stray cat populations in urban areas to promote public health protection.
Die Effektivität des Trainings mit aggressiven Kindern im Rahmen einer Hochschulambulanz
Authors: Petermann Ulrike , Kamau Lena , Nitkowski Dennis , Petermann Franz 
Published: May 2013

Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Wirksamkeit des „Trainings mit aggressiven Kindern” im Rahmen einer psychotherapeutischen Hochschulambulanz zu untersuchen. 22 aggressive Kinder (19 Jungen, 3 Mädchen) zwischen sechs und zwölf Jahren (M 9;8 Jahre, SD 1.85), die die Diagnosekriterien der Störungen des Sozialverhaltens nach ICD-10 erfüllten, wurden von ihren Eltern und Lehrern vor Beginn und nach Abschluss des Trainings eingeschätzt. Im Prätest-Posttest-Vergleich ließen sich deutliche Besserungen in den externalisierenden Störungen mit der Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) belegen. Anhand des Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) wurde eine Verringerung in den Verhaltensauffälligkeiten, der Gesamtproblembelastung und auch in der hyperaktiven Symptomatik nachgewiesen. Die Lehrereinschätzungen, die sich auf eine reduzierte Stichprobe von 16 Kindern bezogen, bestätigten nur in der Teacher‘s Report Form (TRF) eine Abnahme von aggressivem Verhalten. Weder Eltern noch Lehrkräfte gaben eine Verbesserung des prosozialen Verhaltens an. Insgesamt bestätigen die Ergebnisse die Wirksamkeit des Trainings primär in der Verminderung aggressiven Verhaltens.
The inconstant gut microbiota of Drosophila species revealed by 16S rRNA gene analysis
Authors: Wong Adam C-N , Chaston John M , Douglas Angela E 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The gut microorganisms in some animals are reported to include a core microbiota of consistently associated bacteria that is ecologically distinctive and may have coevolved with the host. The core microbiota is promoted by positive interactions among bacteria, favoring shared persistence; its retention over evolutionary timescales is evident as congruence between host phylogeny and bacterial community composition. This study applied multiple analyses to investigate variation in the composition of gut microbiota in drosophilid flies. First, the prevalence of five previously described gut bacteria (Acetobacter and Lactobacillus species) in individual flies of 21 strains (10 Drosophila species) were determined. Most bacteria were not present in all individuals of most strains, and bacterial species pairs co-occurred in individual flies less frequently than predicted by chance, contrary to expectations of a core microbiota. A complementary pyrosequencing analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicons from the gut microbiota of 11 Drosophila species identified 209 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs), with near-saturating sampling of sequences, but none of the OTUs was common to all host species. Furthermore, in both of two independent sets of Drosophila species, the gut bacterial community composition was not congruent with host phylogeny. The final analysis identified no common OTUs across three wild and four laboratory samples of D. melanogaster. Our results yielded no consistent evidence for a core microbiota in Drosophila. We conclude that the taxonomic composition of gut microbiota varies widely within and among Drosophila populations and species. This is reminiscent of the patterns of bacterial composition in guts of some other animals, including humans.
Linking microbial community structure to β-glucosidic function in soil aggregates
Authors: Bailey Vanessa L , Fansler Sarah J , Stegen James C , McCue Lee Ann 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
To link microbial community 16S structure to a measured function in a natural soil, we have scaled both DNA and β-glucosidase assays down to a volume of soil that may approach a unique microbial community. β-Glucosidase activity was assayed in 450 individual aggregates, which were then sorted into classes of high or low activities, from which groups of 10 or 11 aggregates were identified and grouped for DNA extraction and pyrosequencing. Tandem assays of ATP were conducted for each aggregate in order to normalize these small groups of aggregates for biomass size. In spite of there being no significant differences in the richness or diversity of the microbial communities associated with high β-glucosidase activities compared with the communities associated with low β-glucosidase communities, several analyses of variance clearly show that the communities of these two groups differ. The separation of these groups is partially driven by the differential abundances of members of the Chitinophagaceae family. It may be observed that functional differences in otherwise similar soil aggregates can be largely attributed to differences in resource availability, rather than to the presence or absence of particular taxonomic groups.
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade restores angiotensin-(1–7)-induced coronary vasodilation in hypertrophic rat hearts
Authors: Souza Álvaro P. S. , Sobrinho Deny B. S. , Almeida Jônathas F. Q. , Alves Gisele M. M. , Macedo Larissa M. , Porto Juliana E. , Vêncio Eneida F. , Colugnati Diego B. , Santos Robson A. S. , Ferreira Anderson J. , Mendes Elizabeth P. , Castro Carlos H. 
Published: May 2013

The aim of the present study was to investigate the coronary effects of Ang-(1–7) [angiotensin-(1–7)] in hypertrophic rat hearts. Heart hypertrophy was induced by abdominal aorta CoA (coarctation). Ang-(1–7) and AVE 0991, a non-peptide Mas-receptor agonist, at picomolar concentration, induced a significant vasodilation in hearts from sham-operated rats. These effects were blocked by the Mas receptor antagonist A-779. Pre-treatment with L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) or ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinozalin-1-one) [NOS (NO synthase) and soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitors respectively] also abolished the effect of Ang-(1–7) in control hearts. The coronary vasodilation produced by Ang-(1–7) and AVE 0991 was completely blunted in hypertrophic hearts. Chronic oral administration of losartan in CoA rats restored the coronary vasodilation effect of Ang-(1–7). This effect was blocked by A-779 and AT2 receptor (angiotensin II type 2 receptor) antagonist PD123319. Acute pre-incubation with losartan also restored the Ang-(1–7)-induced, but not BK (bradykinin)-induced, coronary vasodilation in hypertrophic hearts. This effect was inhibited by A-779, PD123319 and L-NAME. Chronic treatment with losartan did not change the protein expression of Mas and AT2 receptor and ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and ACE2 in coronary arteries from CoA rats, but induced a slight increase in AT2 receptor in aorta of these animals. Ang-(1–7)-induced relaxation in aortas from sham-operated rats was absent in aortas from CoA rats. In vitro pre-treatment with losartan restored the Ang-(1–7)-induced relaxation in aortic rings of CoA rats, which was blocked by the Mas antagonist A-779 and L-NAME. These data demonstrate that Mas is strongly involved in coronary vasodilation and that AT1 receptor (angiotensin II type 1 receptor) blockade potentiates the vasodilatory effects of Ang-(1–7) in the coronary beds of pressure-overloaded rat hearts through NO-related AT2- and Mas-receptor-dependent mechanisms. These data suggest the association of Ang-(1–7) and AT1 receptor antagonists as a potential therapeutic avenue for coronary artery diseases.
Nuclear spin-induced Cotton-Mouton effect in molecules
Authors: Fu Li-juan , Vaara Juha 
Published: May 2013

In nuclear magneto-optic spectroscopy, effects of nuclear magnetization are detected in light passing through a sample containing spin-polarized nuclei. An optical analogue of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift has been predicted and observed in the nuclear spin optical rotation of linearly polarized light propagating parallel to the nuclear magnetization. A recently proposed magneto-optic analogue of the NMR spin-spin coupling, the nuclear spin-induced Cotton-Mouton (NSCM) effect entails an ellipticity induced to linearly polarized light when passing through a medium with the nuclear spins polarized in a direction perpendicular to the light beam. Here we present a first-principles electronic structure formulation of NSCM in terms of response theory as well as ab initio and density-functional theory calculations for small molecules. The roles of basis set (we use completeness-optimized sets), electron correlation, and relativistic effects are discussed. It is found that the explicitly temperature-dependent contribution to NSCM, arising from the partial orientation of the molecules due to the nuclear magnetization, typically dominates the effect. This part of NSCM is proportional to the tensor product of molecular polarizability and the NMR direct dipolar coupling tensor. Hence, NSCM provides a means of investigating the dipolar coupling and, thus, molecular structure in a formally isotropic medium. Overall ellipticities of the order of magnitude of 10−8…10−7 rad/(M cm) are predicted for fully polarized nuclei. These should be detectable with modern instrumentation in the Voigt setup.
Drugs: patterns of use
Authors: Plant Martin , Robertson Roy , Plant Moira , Miller Patrick 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter will present details of changes of drug use, especially since the emergence of the ‘drug scene’ among teenagers and young adults in the 1960s. This review will outline demographic and geographical variations and the upsurge in drug use (including polydrug use, the use of a variety of illicit and legal substances) among both men and women. It will feature the authors’ own research indicating that the levels of teenage drug use in the UK were among the highest in Europe. This chapter will describe the adoption of new types of drug, such as ecstasy (MDMA), crack cocaine, ‘skunk’, cannabis, gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB), and mephedrone. It features the latest findings of the 2007 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD). This unique study is eliciting detailed information about illicit drugs use as well as alcohol and tobacco use, among a sample of over 2100 teenage school students throughout the UK. It will be argued that illicit drug use has become firmly normalized throughout the UK.
Therapeutic options
Authors: Plant Martin , Robertson Roy , Plant Moira , Miller Patrick 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter has attempted to explore the breadth of treatment services and the issues involved. Few simple conclusions are possible for the very many reasons outlined above. It is important to observe, however, that the damage caused by addiction is considerable and its impact on health and social services immeasurable. Added to these costs are the social costs of crime and the expense of the criminal justice interventions. Treatment has to be flexible and increasingly coordinated between agencies. At any point in time change is required in treatment provision and vision is essential to allow the development of suitable services for an ever-changing population of service users.
The epistemological basis of personal recovery
Authors: Slade Mike 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPersonal recovery—the development of a meaningful and purposeful life that is worth living—is an inherently subjective experience. Mental health services have been influenced by post-Enlightenment values which position subjective experience as subordinate to observation, experimentation, and phenomenological form. If mental health services are to fully support recovery, some basic epistemological assumptions that are embedded, though rarely explicitly, in mental health practice will need to be reconsidered. This chapter explores the limitations of nomothetic knowledge, successionist notions of causality, and (at a higher level) the Apollonian world view. It argues that there is a need to give greater primacy to individual experience, and that a constructivist epistemology is a more helpful basis for recovery-oriented mental health services.
Recovery and the partitioning of scientific authority in psychiatry
Authors: Porter Douglas , Zachar Peter 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the topic of scientific authority in psychiatry—focusing on both the validation of diagnostic constructs and their role in relation to recovery. The authors will argue that scientific authority is not superseded by the opinions of laypersons, but must also be tempered in the light of the experiences of patients, clients, or consumers. It will also be argued that the partitioning of authority should be a dynamic process. General guidelines that can be articulated for the development of diagnostic constructs cannot be simply generalized to complicated issues such as recovery. There are well-known value issues inherent in the concept of mental disorder, but in some cases these issues could be considered to be minimally evaluative. It is doubtful whether recovery-related concepts such as living as independently as possible and fulfillment could ever be construed as minimally evaluative. A scientific approach to recovery can still be beneficial, but recovery and the process of recovery cannot be regimented along scientific lines as readily as can diagnostic constructs.
Is recovery a model?
Authors: Thornton Tim 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe idea of recovery in mental healthcare is contested both because of empirical disagreements about the prognosis for those with a mental illness, and because of fundamental disagreements about what “recovery” should be taken to mean. The recovery movement emphasizes the importance of an individual's own perspective on what recovery might mean to him or her (i.e. what meanings and values to attach to future projects). However, in addition, the very idea of whether recovery should in general be understood in this way rather than, for example, within a narrower biomedical framework, is contested. This chapter examines two different conceptions of how the latter conflict can be approached and hence why the disagreement runs so deeply.
Neurobiology of Depression as a Comorbidity of Epilepsy
Authors: Sankar Raman , Mazarati Andrey 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
In his review on melancholia, Lewis describes Hippocrates as having had the perception that the condition was reciprocally connected to epilepsy.1 Recent epidemiological studies have supported the notion that depression is more frequent among patients with epilepsy (preceding the diagnosis of epilepsy) than among case controls2 and that depression is seven times more likely among adults presenting with a new-onset seizure disorder than among controls.3 Depression has been identified as the most frequent psychiatric comorbidity in patients with epilepsy.4 Hermann et al. have summarized estimates of the prevalence of lifetime-to-date major depression among patients with epilepsy as ranging from 8% to 48%, with a mean and a median approximating 30%.5 Hermann and colleagues also stated that psychiatric comorbidities contributed to a lowered health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in epilepsy.6 Further, their study revealed an association of symptom checklist scores with the chronicity of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Interictal psychiatric symptoms adversely influenced the HRQOL to a greater extent than the frequency, severity, and chronicity of seizures.7 Consideration of the psychiatric comorbidities in treatment decisions involving drug selection have been reviewed for adult8 as well as pediatric9 patients with epilepsy.
The Challenge of Suicide Prevention in Later Life
Authors: Conwell Yeates , O’Riley Alisa 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
As the world’s population of older adults increases, deaths by suicide in late life will become an increasing public health problem. In this chapter, our objectives are three-fold. First, we review the epidemiology of suicide in late life. Next, we discuss risk and protective factors for suicidal behavior in older adults. Third, we review promising approaches to late life suicide prevention that represent both high risk and population-oriented approaches. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of future directions for how we might work toward addressing the problem of late life suicide via additional research, the implementation of public health interventions, and changes to public policy.
Neuroimaging Studies of Bipolar Disorder in Youth
Authors: Singh Manpreet K. , DelBello Melissa P. , Chang Kiki D 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBipolar disorder is a serious psychiatric disorder in youth associated with significant long-term morbidity and mortality. Yet, the etiopathogenesis of this illness is poorly understood. Recent advances in brain imaging have helped clarify the brain changes associated with this disorder at an early age. Specifically, bipolar disorder appears to involve abnormalities in discrete brain networks that may include prefrontal, subcortical, and cerebellar regions. The expression of the symptoms of bipolar disorder does not appear to result from single, localized brain lesions, but rather are emergent properties of dysfunction of these brain networks. As neuroimaging techniques continue to advance, the underlying neural basis of bipolar disorder will be clarified.
Mitochondrial Genetics and Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Clay Hayley B. , Fuke Satoshi , Kato Tadafumi , Konradi Christine 
Published: May 2013

AbstractEvidence for mitochondrial pathology in bipolar disorder (BPD) comes from a variety of sources. An array of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the mitochondrial genome, as well as in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes has been implicated in BPD. In addition, changes in mitochondria-relevant gene levels, mitochondrial function, Ca2+ dynamics, and cellular resilience have been observed. Psychiatric symptoms in inherited mitochondrial disorders overlap with symptoms in BPD, and some cases of BPD might have a maternal inheritance pattern, typical for mitochondrial disorders. Of further evidence, mood stabilizers used to treat BPD increase mitochondrial gene expression and viability.This chapter will examine the physiology and genetics of mitochondria, and how our current knowledge of mitochondrial function and genetics can explain some of the pathophysiology of BPD. While BPD might not be a mitochondrial disorder in the traditional sense, recent improvement of our understanding of somatic mutation rates and heteroplasmy of mitochondria could shed new light on how slightly aberrant bioenergetic mechanisms could lead to BPD and possibly other psychiatric disorders.
Medical Care of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M , Rabinstein Alejandro A 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
New traumatic brain contusions may rapidly result in increased intracranial pressure. This chapter discusses how to recognize early increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and indications for placement of a monitoring device. The first line of ICP control is provided in this chapter. The effects and side effects of different osmotic diuretics are discussed.