bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A U–Pb zircon age (479 ± 5 Ma) from the uppermost layers of the Ollo de Sapo Formation near Viveiro (NW Spain): implications for the duration of rifting-related Cambro-Ordovician volcanism in Iberia
Authors: LOPEZ-SANCHEZ M.A. , IRIONDO A. , MARCOS A. , MARTÍNEZ F.J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe uppermost metavolcanic layer of the Cambro-Ordovician Ollo de Sapo Formation, the largest accumulation of pre-Variscan igneous rocks in the Iberian Peninsula, have been dated in its northernmost part using U–Pb SHRIMP-RG zircon age techniques at 479.0 ± 4.7 Ma. The age obtained is the youngest age found so far in the metavolcanic facies of Ollo de Sapo Formation and represents the cessation of the rifting-related Cambro-Ordovician Ollo de Sapo volcanism at the northernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula. Our results show that the Cambro-Ordovician volcanism in the NW of the Iberian Peninsula is not as short-lived as previously thought and confirm the correlation between the Cambro-Ordovician volcanic sequences that crop out in the Central Iberian Zone and the French Southern Armorican Massif. Finally, our study suggests that the cessation of the Cambro-Ordovician volcanism along the Ibero-Armorican Arc was synchronic or, less probably, slightly diachronic with younger ages towards the north (in present-day geographical coordinates).
Survival rates and causes of mortality of leopards Panthera pardus in southern Africa
Authors: Swanepoel Lourens H. , Somers Michael J. , van Hoven Wouter , Schiess-Meier Monika , Owen Cailey , Snyman Andrei , Martins Quinton , Senekal Charl , Camacho Gerrie , Boshoff Willem , Dalerum Fredrik 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEstimation of survival rates is important for developing and evaluating conservation options for large carnivores. However, telemetry studies for large carnivores are often characterized by small sample sizes that limit meaningful conclusions. We used data from 10 published and 8 unpublished studies of leopards Panthera pardus in southern Africa to estimate survival rates and investigate causes of leopard mortality. Mean survival rates were significantly lower in non-protected (0.55 ± SE 0.08) compared to protected areas (0.88 ± 0.03). Inside protected areas juveniles had significantly lower survival (0.39 ± 0.10) compared to subadults (0.86 ± 0.07) and adults (0.88 ± 0.04). There was a greater difference in cause of death between protected and non-protected areas for females compared to males, with people being the dominant cause of mortality outside protected areas for both females and males. We suggest there is cause for concern regarding the sustainability of leopard populations in South Africa, as high female mortality may have severe demographic effects and a large proportion of suitable leopard habitat lies in non-protected areas. However, because a large proportion of deaths outside protected areas were attributed to deliberate killing by people, we suggest that management interventions may have the potential to increase leopard survival dramatically. We therefore stress the urgency to initiate actions, such as conflict mitigation programmes, to increase leopard survival in non-protected areas.
Laser driven electron acceleration in a CNT embedded gas jet target
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Dahiya Deepak , Tripathi V. K. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe bubble regime acceleration of electrons by a short pulse laser in a carbon nanotube (CNT) embedded plasma is investigated, employing two-dimensional Particle-in-Cell simulations. The laser converts the CNT placed on the laser axis into dense plasma and expels the electrons out, to form a co-moving positive charged sheet inside the bubble. The additional field generated due to sheet enhances the energy of the monoenergetic bunch by about 5% and their number by 5–20%. For a typical 40 fs, 7.5 × 1019 Wcm−2 pulse in an underdense plasma of density n0, CNT of thickness 25 nm and electron density 30n0, produces a monoenergetic bunch of 115 MeV with 5% energy spread. When CNT density is raised to 90n0, the energy gain, energy spread and accelerated charge increases further. The analytical framework supports these features.
Mechanisms of level population in gas lasers pumped by ionizing radiation
Authors: Khasenov Mendykhan U. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe mechanisms of level population in high pressure gas lasers pumped by ionizing radiation at the 3p-3s transitions of neon, the d-p transitions of argon, krypton, xenon, and triplet lines of mercury are analyzed. It is shown that dissociative recombination of molecular ions with electrons is not the basic process responsible for populating the p levels of inert gas atoms. It is assumed that the most likely channel for d-level population is direct excitation of atoms by secondary electrons and excitation transfer from buffer gas atoms, with p levels being populated by transitions from upper levels. Dissociative recombination of mercury molecular ions with electrons is the basic process responsible for populating the 73S1 level of mercury atoms.
Impact of melt segregation on tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) petrogenesis
Authors: Rushmer Tracy , Jackson Matt 
Published: August 2014

Abstract“In searching for the origin of granites, it is tempting to view them as purely chemical systems”(Pitcher 1979, p. 90)Although sophisticated geochemical studies tell us that tonolite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) plutonic complexes must be formed by partial melting of metabasaltic source material, they cannot tell us the tectonic regime in which this crust was formed, nor how large volumes of TTG magma can be generated. This study suggests that a solution to TTG arc crust formation requires a strongly interdisciplinary approach, to resolve the tectonic setting (slab melt verses mafic lowermost crust sources), the time and length scales for melting and extraction, and the role of melt segregation mechanisms in the formation of both Archean TTGs and more recent adakite-like magmas. The aim of this paper is to present an experimental approach which, when coupled with numerical models, allows some of these issues to be addressed. The experiments are designed to reproduce the local changes in bulk composition that are predicted to occur in response to buoyancy-driven melt segregation along grain edges and associated compaction of the solid residue. The preliminary study presented here documents the changes we observe in the melt composition and melt and solid phase modes between earlier direct partial melting and the new segregation equilibration experiments on metabasalt bulk compositions. The results suggest that if dynamic melt segregation and equilibrium processes are active, they may modify the normally robust geochemical indicators, such as Mg-numbers, which are typically used to develop models of TTG petrogenesis.
Clinical features and treatment outcome in newly diagnosed Chinese patients with multiple myeloma: results of a multicenter analysis
Authors: Lu J , Lu J , Chen W , Huo Y , Huang X , Hou J ,   the Chinese Medical Doctor Association Hematology Branch
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to understand the clinical features and treatment outcome of Chinese patients with multiple myeloma (MM). This retrospective study enrolled 940 newly diagnosed inpatients (median age, 59 years; immunoglobulin (Ig)D isotype, 6.5%) with complete follow-up data at three centers. In all, 85.8% of patients were of Durie-Salmon stage III and 48.3% were of International Staging System (ISS) stage III at diagnosis. Also, 9.6% of patients had extramedullary plasmacytoma. Compared with IgG, IgD-type patients were diagnosed at a younger age, and more patients were of ISS stage III, with hypercalcemia, elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase, hyperuricemia, renal dysfunction and 1q21 amplification (P=0.03). The overall survival (OS) benefit was more prominent in IgG than in IgD when patients received bortezomib; however, they showed no significant difference when they received older therapies such as melphalan combined with prednisone or vincristine combined with adriamycin and dexamethasone. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results showed that 17.6% had 17p13 deletion. Conventional cytogenetics revealed that 13.3% were hypodiploid and those cases had the worst survival, but hyperdiploid cases (9.3%) did not show any survival benefit compared with those with a normal karyotype (77.4%). Median OS and progression-free survival for all patients were 54 and 26 months, respectively. Significant factors for survival by multivariate analysis were gender, ISS stage, number of FISH abnormalities and extramedullary disease. MM in mainland China presents with different features, with patients being of younger age and having higher risk and more survival benefit in IgG patients receiving bortezomib.
Drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Authors: Kwaghe A. V. , Ameh J. A. , Ambali A. G. , Kudi C. , Kwaghe V. G. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a challenge in the treatment and eradication of TB worldwide. Over the years, resistance to the treatment of TB emerged as a result of poor management of the disease. The benefits of rapid diagnosis for TB and drug resistance in patients are enormous, particularly with regard to increased chances of the patients' survival and decrease in the possible spread and acquisition of drug-resistant TB. This review highlights the mutational genes responsible for resistance for each of the drugs and the various methods used in detecting drug-resistant TB. This review shed more light on the available techniques, their merits and demerits. Studies have shown advancement in this area but the high cost of using molecular techniques, which provides timely results in the detecting of multi-drug-resistant TB and extensively drug-resistant TB still poses challenges for developing countries. Unfortunately, it can take months to detect TB and drug-resistant TB using the conventional methods which is quite cumbersome and poses a risk to both the patient and the public due to delay in appropriate commencement of treatment. Also, the use of endorsed liquid culture medium such as the microscopic-observation drug and nitrate reductase assay is still a challenge to developing nations. A lot has been done in the treatment and diagnosis of drug-resistant TB but more needs to be done especially in the developing countries in order to curtail the menace of drug-resistant TB.
Dense flag triangulations of 3-manifolds via extremal graph theory
Authors: Adamaszek Michał , Hladký Jan 
Published: August 2014

We characterize

f
f

-vectors of sufficiently large three-dimensional flag Gorenstein

∗

^*

complexes, essentially confirming a conjecture of Gal [Discrete Comput. Geom., 34 (2), 269–284, 2005]. In particular, this characterizes

f
f

-vectors of large flag triangulations of the

3
3

-sphere. Actually, our main result is more general and describes the structure of closed flag 3-manifolds which have many edges.

Looking at the 1-skeleta of these manifolds we reduce the problem to a certain question in extremal graph theory. We then resolve this question by employing the Supersaturation Theorem of Erdős and Simonovits.
Cross-validation under separate sampling: strong bias and how to correct it
Authors: Braga-Neto Ulisses M. , Zollanvari Amin , Dougherty Edward R. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Motivation: It is commonly assumed in pattern recognition that cross-validation error estimation is ‘almost unbiased’ as long as the number of folds is not too small. While this is true for random sampling, it is not true with separate sampling, where the populations are independently sampled, which is a common situation in bioinformatics.
Results: We demonstrate, via analytical and numerical methods, that classical cross-validation can have strong bias under separate sampling, depending on the difference between the sampling ratios and the true population probabilities. We propose a new separate-sampling cross-validation error estimator, and prove that it satisfies an ‘almost unbiased’ theorem similar to that of random-sampling cross-validation. We present two case studies with previously published data, which show that the results can change drastically if the correct form of cross-validation is used.
Availability and implementation: The source code in C++, along with the Supplementary Materials, is available at: http://gsp.tamu.edu/Publications/supplementary/zollanvari13/.
Contact: ulisses@ece.tamu.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
SCDFinder, a Web-based tool for the identification of putative novel ATM and ATR targets
Authors: Cara Lukas , Baitemirova Medina , Duong Franklin , Larios-Sanz Maia , Ribes-Zamora Albert 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Motivation: The S/TQ cluster domain (SCD) constitutes a new type of protein domain that is not defined by sequence similarity but by the presence of multiple S/TQ motifs within a variable stretch of amino acids. SCDs are recognized targets for DNA damage response (DDR) kinases like ATM and ATR. Characterizing DDR targets is of significant interest. The aim of this work was to develop a web-based tool to allow for easy identification and visualization of SCDs within specific proteins or in whole proteome sets, a feature not supported by current domain and motif search tools.
Results: We have developed an algorithm that (i) generates a list of all proteins in an organism containing at least one user-defined SCD within their sequence, or (ii) identifies and renders a visual representation of all user-defined SCDs present in a single sequence or batch of sequences.
Availability and implementation: The application was developed using Pearl and Python, and is available at the following URL: http://ustbioinfo.webfactional.com/scd/.
Contact: ribesza@stthom.edu or lariosm@stthom.edu
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Murray Joseph A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux is the reflux of gastric contents other than air into or through the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) refers to reflux that produces frequent symptoms or results in damage to the esophageal mucosa or contiguous organs of the upper aerodigestive system and occasionally the lower respiratory tract. Etiology, contributing factors, presentation, symptoms (heartburn and acid regurgitation), diagnosis, and treatment of the disease (including histamine receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, prokinetics, and procedural treatments) are addressed.
Viral Hepatitis
Authors: Poterucha John J. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Viral infections are important causes of liver disease worldwide. The five primary hepatitis viruses that have been identified are A, B, C, D (or delta), and E. Other viruses such as cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus also can result in hepatitis as part of a systemic infection. It is useful to divide hepatitis syndromes into acute and chronic forms. Acute hepatitis can last from weeks up to 6 months and is often accompanied by jaundice. Symptoms of acute hepatitis tend to be similar regardless of cause and include anorexia, malaise, dark urine, fever, and mild abdominal pain. In chronic hepatitis, patients are often asymptomatic but may complain of fatigue. Each hepatitis virus causes acute hepatitis, but only hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause chronic hepatitis. The purpose of this chapter is to review the primary hepatitis viruses. A more comprehensive discussion of acute hepatitis is found in other chapters.
Portal Hypertension–Related Bleeding
Authors: Sanchez William , Kamath Patrick S. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Portal hypertensive bleeding encompasses a spectrum of conditions that include esophageal, gastric, and ectopic varices and portal hypertensive gastrointestinal enteropathy. Esophageal variceal hemorrhage occurs through a combination of increased portal pressure and local factors within the varix itself. Management of esophageal varices includes primary prophylaxis of variceal hemorrhage, treatment of actively bleeding varices, and prevention of variceal rebleeding (secondary prophylaxis). The choice of therapy for primary prophylaxis depends on patient preferences and includes pharmacologic therapy with ?-blockers or variceal band ligation, especially if ?-blocker therapy fails or the therapy is not tolerated by the patient. Active bleeding is best treated endoscopically. A combination of pharmacologic and endoscopic therapy is preferred for secondary prophylaxis. Surgical shunts or transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPSs) are second-line therapy.
Metabolic Liver Disease
Authors: Sanchez William 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Metabolic liver disease refers to inherited disorders of metabolism that manifest prominently with liver disease. The three major inherited disorders that cause liver disease in adults include alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease, and hereditary hemochromatosis. All are multisystem disorders that cause liver injury by various mechanisms but which can ultimately lead to cirrhosis and complications of liver failure. Also, various inborn errors of metabolism cause liver disease that manifests during childhood. These inborn errors of metabolism are, in aggregate, a major indication for pediatric liver transplantation. As an increasing number of patients with childhood syndromes with liver involvement survive into adulthood, adult gastroenterologists will need to become familiar with their care.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Watt Kymberly D. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to the accumulation of fat (mainly triglycerides) in hepatocytes that result from insulin resistance. NAFLD is recognized as the most common chronic liver disease in the Western world. NAFLD encompasses a wide spectrum of disease from bland hepatic steatosis, which is generally benign, to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hence, distinguishing between hepatic steatosis and NASH has important prognostic and management implications.
Gallstones
Authors: Gleeson Ferga C. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The prevalence of gallstones varies widely and is as high as 60% to 70% among American Indians and 10% to 15% among white adults of developed countries. In the United States, gallstone disease is one of the most common and costly digestive diseases that requires hospitalization. The estimated annual direct cost is $6.2 billion. It is newly diagnosed in more than 1 million people annually, and approximately 700,000 cholecystectomies are performed each year. Therefore, an understanding of the anatomy and physiology, clinical presentation, and efficient approaches to investigations and management of gallstone disease are important. Optimal clinical management varies considerably, depending on the presentation.
Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Authors: Sweetser Seth R. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Many systemic disorders can have gastrointestinal manifestations. This chapter is an overview of these diseases as they affect the gastrointestinal tract and liver, with emphasis on disorders not considered elsewhere in this book. Gastrointestinal symptoms that can point to systemic disease are rapid weight loss or gain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, jaundice, and abnormal results of liver function tests. Various gastrointestinal symptoms can be signs of dermatologic, immunologic, cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, endocrine, hematologic, oncologic, neuromuscular, and rheumatologic disease. Pregnancy and gynecologic conditions may also have gastroenterologic manifestations.
Using Self‐Reported Health Measures to Predict High‐Need Cases among Medicaid‐Eligible Adults
Authors: Wherry Laura R. , Burns Marguerite E. , Leininger Lindsey Jeanne 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the ability of different self‐reported health (SRH) measures to prospectively identify individuals with high future health care needs among adults eligible for Medicaid.Data SourcesThe 1997–2008 rounds of the National Health Interview Survey linked to the 1998–2009 rounds of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (n = 6,725).Study DesignMultivariate logistic regression models are fitted for the following outcomes: having an inpatient visit; membership in the top decile of emergency room utilization; and membership in the top cost decile. We examine the incremental predictive ability of six different SRH domains (health conditions, mental health, access to care, health behaviors, health‐related quality of life [HRQOL], and prior utilization) over a baseline model with sociodemographic characteristics. Models are evaluated using the c‐statistic, integrated discrimination improvement, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values.Principal FindingsSelf‐reports of prior utilization provide the greatest predictive improvement, followed by information on health conditions and HRQOL. Models including these three domains meet the standard threshold of acceptability (c‐statistics range from 0.703 to 0.751).ConclusionsSRH measures provide a promising way to prospectively profile Medicaid‐eligible adults by likely health care needs.
Geometric accuracy in three‐dimensional coordinates of Leksell stereotactic skull frame with wide‐bore 1.5‐T MRI compared with conventional 1.5‐T MRI
Authors: Nakazawa Hisato , Komori Masataka , Shibamoto Yuta , Takikawa Yukinori , Mori Yoshimasa , Tsugawa Takahiko 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe use of 1.5‐tesla (T) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with a wide and simultaneously short bore enhances patient comfort compared with traditional 1.5‐T MR imaging and is becoming increasingly available in stereotactic radiosurgery treatment planning. However, the geometric accuracy seems unavoidably worse in wide‐bore MR imaging than in conventional MR imaging. We assessed the geometric distortion of the stereotactic image attached on a Leksell skull frame in conventional and wide‐bore 1.5‐T MR imaging. Two kinds of acrylic phantoms were placed on the skull frame and were scanned using computed tomography (CT) and conventional and wide‐bore 1.5‐T MR imaging. The three‐dimensional coordinates on both MR imaging were compared with those on CT. Deviations of measured coordinates at selected points (x = 50, 100, 150 mm; y = 50, 100, 150 mm) were indicated on different axial planes (z = 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 mm). The differences of coordinates were less than 1.0 mm in the entire treatable area for conventional MR imaging. With the large bore system, the differences of the coordinates were less than 1.0 mm around the center but substantially exceeded 1.0 mm in the peripheral regions. Further study is needed to increase the geometric accuracy of wide‐bore MR imaging for stereotactic radiosurgery treatment planning.