bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel and rapid method for obtaining high titre intact prion strains from mammalian brain
Authors: Wenborn Adam , Terry Cassandra , Gros Nathalie , Joiner Susan , D’Castro Laura , Panico Silvia , Sells Jessica , Cronier Sabrina , Linehan Jacqueline M. , Brandner Sebastian , Saibil Helen R. , Collinge John , Wadsworth Jonathan D. F. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMammalian prions exist as multiple strains which produce characteristic and highly reproducible phenotypes in defined hosts. How this strain diversity is encoded by a protein-only agent remains one of the most interesting and challenging questions in biology with wide relevance to understanding other diseases involving the aggregation or polymerisation of misfolded host proteins. Progress in understanding mammalian prion strains has however been severely limited by the complexity and variability of the methods used for their isolation from infected tissue and no high resolution structures have yet been reported. Using high-throughput cell-based prion bioassay to re-examine prion purification from first principles we now report the isolation of prion strains to exceptional levels of purity from small quantities of infected brain and demonstrate faithful retention of biological and biochemical strain properties. The method’s effectiveness and simplicity should facilitate its wide application and expedite structural studies of prions.
Photocatalytic water disinfection by simple and low-cost monolithic and heterojunction ceramic wafers
Authors: Makwana Neel M. , Hazael Rachael , McMillan Paul F. , Darr Jawwad A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In this work, the photocatalytic disinfection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) using dual layer ceramic wafers, prepared by a simple and low-cost technique, was investigated. Heterojunction wafers were prepared by pressing TiO2 and WO3 powders together into 2 layers within a single, self-supported monolith. Data modelling showed that the heterojunction wafers were able to sustain the formation of charged species (after an initial “charging” period). In comparison, a wafer made from pure TiO2 showed a less desirable bacterial inactivation profile in that the rate decreased with time (after being faster initially). The more favourable kinetics of the dual layer system was due to superior electron–hole vectorial charge separation and an accumulation of charges beyond the initial illumination period. The results demonstrate the potential for developing simplified photocatalytic devices for rapid water disinfection.
Meaningful use stage 2 e-prescribing threshold and adverse drug events in the Medicare Part D population with diabetes
Authors: Powers Christopher , Gabriel Meghan Hufstader , Encinosa William , Mostashari Farzad , Bynum Julie 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Evidence supports the potential for e-prescribing to reduce the incidence of adverse drug events (ADEs) in hospital-based studies, but studies in the ambulatory setting have not used occurrence of ADE as their outcome. Using the “prescription origin code” in 2011 Medicare Part D prescription drug events files, the authors investigate whether physicians who meet the meaningful use stage 2 threshold for e-prescribing (≥50% of prescriptions e-prescribed) have lower rates of ADEs among their diabetic patients. Risk of any patient with diabetes in the provider’s panel having an ADE from anti-diabetic medications was modeled adjusted for prescriber and patient panel characteristics. Physician e-prescribing to Medicare beneficiaries was associated with reduced risk of ADEs among their diabetes patients (Odds Ratio: 0.95; 95% CI, 0.94-0.96), as were several prescriber and panel characteristics. However, these physicians treated fewer patients from disadvantaged populations.
Religion and the Canon
Authors: Bradley Matthew 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This article uses the concept of ‘canon’ to investigate the relationship between Victorian religion and an emerging literary culture that positioned itself as both a development and an outgrowth of it. It argues that the nature of this positioning meant that many Victorian writers became caught between the difficult tangibility of religion, and the difficult intangibility of the literary culture that claimed to move beyond it. It looks at two interrelated aspects of ideas about canon in relation to Victorian culture in the work of Matthew Arnold in particular: (1) a textual canon embodied in sacred text, and (2) a canon located within the parameters of personality, usually of a divine founder. The chapter concludes by challenging the assumption that the end of the period closes the door on the continued relevance of Victorian non-fictional prose writing on religion.
On the Expression of Focus in the Metrical Grid and in the Prosodic Hierarchy
Authors: Myrberg Sara , Riad Tomas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter examines the phonological correlates of information structural focus in the metrical grid and in the prosodic hierarchy, with emphasis on how they cooperate to express focus in simple cases but seem to conflict in more complex cases. Two Germanic languages, English and Swedish, are compared to highlight the implications of so-called nested foci and Second Occurrence Focus (SOF) with respect to how the metrical grid and the prosodic hierarchy interact in phonology. After providing an overview of metrical grid and prosodic hierarchy, a short description of Swedish intonation is given. The chapter then considers nested foci and SOF. It offers some predictions for Swedish of the constraint STRESSFOCUS, which does not specify what the correlation between metrical grid marks and heads of the prosodic hierarchy should be in the case of focus. It suggests that focus is expressed in a more categorical fashion in Swedish than in English.
Pain and Ecstatic Religious Experience
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This article considers a broad selection of mystical writings to identify in ecstatic mystical experience two fundamental dimensions: a feeling of self-transcendence and an extremely high level of positive affect. The article argues that pain is instrumental in promoting both experiences and is therefore extremely pervasive among mystics who report ecstatic states of consciousness. A brief critical survey looks at scholarly literature that has touched on the subject of pain in religious experience. A number of neuroscientific theories are examined as ways of explaining the role of pain in the production of transcendent states of consciousness, and a phenomenological approach is used for exploring the role of pain in the production of positive affect. The article argues that the mystics’ use of pain cannot be fully understood without taking into account the scientific and phenomenological terrain of positive affect.
Financial Asset Holdings and Political Attitudes: Evidence from Revolutionary England
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Authors: Jha Saumitra 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The English Parliament’s struggle for supremacy against monarchical dictatorship during the Civil War (1642–1648) was crucial for the establishment of representative government, yet its lessons continue to be debated. I exploit novel data on individual MPs drawn from 1,842 biographies to show that the conflict was over overseas interests and other factors over which the executive enjoyed broad constitutional discretion, rather than over domestic property rights. I further exploit the coincidence of individual MPs’ ability to sign legally binding share contracts with novel share offerings by overseas companies to measure the effect of overseas share investment on their political attitudes. I show that overseas shareholding pushed moderates lacking prior mercantile interests to support reform. I interpret the effect of financial assetholding as allowing new investors to exploit emerging economic opportunities overseas, aligning their interests with traders. By consolidating a broad parliamentary majority that favored reform, the introduction of financial assets also broadened support for the institutionalization of parliamentary supremacy over dictatorial rule.
Antifibrinolytic Therapy for Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Koster Andreas , Faraoni David , Levy Jerrold H. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Antifibrinolytic therapy reduces bleeding and chest tube drainage output in cardiac surgical patients but is associated with potential side effects. Two phase-II studies with new compounds were terminated prematurely. There is increasing evidence of adverse side effects with tranexamic acid.
Reconstructing A/B compartments as revealed by Hi-C using long-range correlations in epigenetic data
Authors: Fortin Jean-Philippe , Hansen Kasper D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAnalysis of Hi-C data has shown that the genome can be divided into two compartments called A/B compartments. These compartments are cell-type specific and are associated with open and closed chromatin. We show that A/B compartments can be reliably estimated using epigenetic data from several different platforms, the Illumina 450k DNA methylation microarray, DNase hypersensitivity sequencing, single-cell ATAC sequencing and single-cell whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. We do this by exploiting the fact that the structure of long range correlations differs between open and closed compartments. This work makes A/B compartments readily available in a wide variety of cell types, including many human cancers.
Determinants of capital structure: an empirical evaluation from India
Authors: Chadha Saurabh , Sharma Anil K. 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to study the key determinants of capital structure for Indian manufacturing firms and which theory implications, i.e. trade off vs pecking order are more applicable in current Indian manufacturing sector scenario.

Design/methodology/approach
– A sample size of 422 listed Indian manufacturing companies on Bombay Stock Exchange has been considered to do the empirical evaluation. A ten year period from 2003-2004 to 2012-2013 and annual financial standalone data have been considered for study. Ratio analysis and panel data approach have been applied to perform the empirical evaluation. Total debt to total capital and total debt to total assets are used as the proxy for firm financial leverage.

Findings
– It was empirically found that size, age, asset tangibility, growth, profitability, non-debt tax shield, business risk, uniqueness and ownership structure are significantly correlated with the firm financial leverage or key determinants of capital structure in Indian manufacturing sector. Also, other variables like dividend payout, liquidity, interest coverage ratio, cash flow coverage ratio (CFCR), India inflation and GDP growth rate are empirically found to be insignificant to determine the capital structure of Indian manufacturing sector. There is no single theory implications, i.e. trade off vs pecking order which can explain the capital structure nature of Indian manufacturing sector and rather it is a mix of both the theories.

Originality/value
– The findings of the study would enhance the literature on capital structure and is significant for the Indian manufacturing firm’s decisions as it includes the most recent data and covers the period of both pre- and post-recession of 2008-2009.
The communication consultant: an important translator for communication management
Authors: von Platen Sara 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to put forward a theoretical model which conceptualizes and clarifies the function and skills of communication consultants in terms of translation.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper combines theoretical underpinnings from Scandinavian institutional theory with empirical examples from an interview study with ten senior communication managers in Swedish public sector organizations.

Findings
– Communication consultants are explained to perform varying translator functions ranging from a neutral transcoder to a freely interpretive translator and sensegiver. These functions are enacted as the consultant span organizational boundaries and contexts inside and outside the organization. The consultants are apt to carry out these tasks due to their translator expertise which resides in, e.g. multicontextual knowledge and bilingual skills, something which their clients lack.

Research limitations/implications
– The scope of the empirical material is limited to public organizations and a Swedish setting, and may therefore not be valid in other cultural contexts.

Practical implications
– The model highlights the intersecting work of communication consultants and their clients and thus raises questions concerning the legitimacy and core responsibilities of communication managers. The paper also argues that managers and consultants need to develop their translator skills, and that higher education in communication and PR should prepare students for professions where translator skills may be of great importance.

Originality/value
– The functions and tasks of communication consultants is a neglected area in communication research. By providing a comprehensive and pragmatic framework for communication consultants work as translation, the present research adds knowledge about the essential functions these actors perform and how they contribute to communication management as well as to organizational performance.
Relationship maintenance on Twitter: implications from loyalty leaders
Authors: Li Zongchao 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to look into Twitter usage as represented by top US retail corporations in a quantitative manner. This study aimed to determine the dominant purpose of Twitter usage by major US retail companies and to what extent the relationship maintenance strategies were incorporated in Twitter. In addition, the study tested a proposed model that delineates relationship as a precursor of brand loyalty.

Design/methodology/approach
– A content analysis was conducted comparing two groups of retail corporations – one came from the “top 100 customer loyalty brand leaders” identified by Brand Keys (2011a), and the other came from the Fortune 500 retailers, but excluded those from the top 100 loyalty leaders list.

Findings
– Study results indicated Twitter as an important channel for corporate communication and relationship maintenance. For the retail industry, Twitter was mainly used for consumer relations. Access was the most widely used strategy followed by assurance and positivity. In addition, the brand loyalty leader group retailers were discovered more inclined to use Twitter in a two-way communication manner than the Fortune 500 group. Furthermore, two relationship maintenance strategies were found significantly more frequent in use in the brand loyalty leader group than the Fortune 500 group – positivity and assurance.

Originality/value
– As one of the initial efforts to study relationship maintenance strategies using Twitter, this study contributes to the current literature of relationship management theory on social media by adapting the six relationship strategies to the Twitter context and testing them.
Analysis of the single toggle jaw crusher kinematics
Authors: Oduori Moses Frank , Mutuli Stephen Mwenje , Munyasi David Masinde 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to obtain equations that can be used to describe the motion of any given point in the swing jaw of a single toggle jaw crusher.

Design/methodology/approach
– The swing jaw drive mechanism of a single toggle jaw crusher is modelled as a planar crank and rocker mechanism with the swing jaw as the coupler link. Starting with the vector loop closure equation for the mechanism, equations of the position, velocity and acceleration of any given point in the swing jaw are obtained.

Findings
– Application of the kinematical equations that were obtained is demonstrated using the dimensional data of a practical single toggle jaw crusher. Thus, a description of the kinematics of any given point in the swing jaw of a single toggle jaw crusher is realized.

Originality/value
– The model of the single toggle jaw crusher mechanism as a planar crank and rocker mechanism is a realistic one. The equations obtained in this paper should be useful in further studies on the mechanics and design of the single toggle jaw crusher.
An analysis of risk management in practice: the case of Ghana’s construction industry
Authors: Yirenkyi-Fianko Adwoa Boadua , Chileshe Nicholas 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of research into the levels of awareness, usage and benefits of risk assessment and management practices (RAMP) within the construction industry in Ghana.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study was conducted through a structured questionnaire administered to 103 construction professionals practising with construction client (private and public), consultant and contractor organisations within the Ghanaian construction industry. The results were analysed to establish the current levels of awareness, usage and perceived benefits of risk management practices. Survey response data were subjected to descriptive statistics; subsequently, ANOVA and other non-parametric tests were used to examine the differences in the levels of agreement of the perceived benefits.

Findings
– This study illustrates that although the majority of the respondents are aware of RAMP, some professionals found the process not to be formal. Relative to the benefits, there was a disparity in the ranking of agreement scores on two of the eight benefits among the respondents in relation to “product to the required quality” and “reduction in contract claims”. However, they all agreed on “improved team morale” as the most important benefits.

Research limitations/implications
– The research limitation of the study is that the cross-sectional data made it difficult to generalise the findings. Geographically, only respondents from construction organisations in the Greater Accra Region were considered. However, it is recommended that future work on RAMP be extended to cover all the regions of the country.

Practical implications
– The findings of the study provide practical for organisations to measure the benefits and capture the awareness of risk management practices through the provision of a framework based on an index and scoring method. This can be used by senior management in assessing the current benefit levels within projects “internal benchmarking” and has potential for external benchmarking purposes. Furthermore, through education and training, both formal and informal process including more information and provision of expertise within RAMP could enhance the levels of awareness.

Originality/value
– Little is known about the current levels of awareness, usage and benefits of risk management among Ghanaian construction organisations, and this study provides some insights and deepening our understanding on the uptake and perceived benefits of RAMP among construction professions in Ghana. These findings may help construction practitioners in having an increased awareness of risk management practices, and this can further lead to a higher uptake and usage resulting in reaping the advocated benefits of the implementing risk management practices such as achievement of project objectives of time, cost and quality, as well as enhanced decision-making processes.
Predicting the continuum between corridors and barriers to animal movements using Step Selection Functions and Randomized Shortest Paths
Authors: Panzacchi Manuela , Van Moorter Bram , Strand Olav , Saerens Marco , Kivimäki Ilkka , St. Clair Colleen C. , Herfindal Ivar , Boitani Luigi 
Published: May 2015

Summary

The loss, fragmentation and degradation of habitat everywhere on Earth prompts increasing attention to identifying landscape features that support animal movement (corridors) or impedes it (barriers). Most algorithms used to predict corridors assume that animals move through preferred habitat either optimally (e.g. least cost path) or as random walkers (e.g. current models), but neither extreme is realistic.

We propose that corridors and barriers are two sides of the same coin and that animals experience landscapes as spatiotemporally dynamic corridor‐barrier continua connecting (separating) functional areas where individuals fulfil specific ecological processes. Based on this conceptual framework, we propose a novel methodological approach that uses high‐resolution individual‐based movement data to predict corridor‐barrier continua with increased realism.

Our approach consists of two innovations. First, we use step selection functions (SSF) to predict friction maps quantifying corridor‐barrier continua for tactical steps between consecutive locations. Secondly, we introduce to movement ecology the randomized shortest path algorithm (RSP) which operates on friction maps to predict the corridor‐barrier continuum for strategic movements between functional areas. By modulating the parameter Ѳ, which controls the trade‐off between exploration and optimal exploitation of the environment, RSP bridges the gap between algorithms assuming optimal movements (when Ѳ approaches infinity, RSP is equivalent to LCP) or random walk (when Ѳ → 0, RSP → current models).

Using this approach, we identify migration corridors for GPS‐monitored wild reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus) in Norway. We demonstrate that reindeer movement is best predicted by an intermediate value of Ѳ, indicative of a movement trade‐off between optimization and exploration. Model calibration allows identification of a corridor‐barrier continuum that closely fits empirical data and demonstrates that RSP outperforms models that assume either optimality or random walk.

The proposed approach models the multiscale cognitive maps by which animals likely navigate real landscapes and generalizes the most common algorithms for identifying corridors. Because suboptimal, but non‐random, movement strategies are likely widespread, our approach has the potential to predict more realistic corridor‐barrier continua for a wide range of species.
Identification and assessment of functional performance in mild cognitive impairment: A survey of occupational therapy practices
Authors: Belchior Patrícia , Korner‐Bitensky Nicol , Holmes Melanie , Robert Alexandra 
Published: May 2015

Background/aimDespite the amount of research evidence pointing to functional changes experienced by individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), we still do not understand how occupational therapists are currently addressing these concerns. Thus, we designed a national study to investigate Canadian occupational therapists practices with this clientele.MethodsWe conducted a Canada‐wide online survey to investigate occupational therapists’ practices with clients with potential MCI. Clinicians were prompted by a case vignette that described two clients: one vignette included cues associated with amnestic MCI (aMCI), the other non‐amnestic MCI (naMCI). Specifically, clinicians were asked to identify potential concerns and to indicate the screening and assessment tools they would use in clinical practice.ResultsTwo hundred and eighty‐five participants met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. The average clinician age was 38.6 (SD = 10.3), 92% were female and 71.2% worked full‐time. Almost all clinicians identified a concern in both vignettes, with cognitive concerns being identified more frequently than functional concerns [i.e. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) concerns]. In terms of assessment practices, 18 standardised IADL assessments and 10 standardised cognitive assessments have been reported.ConclusionEncouragingly, almost all clinicians identified a concern. However, some are still missing the IADL cues. Moreover, the lack of consensus in terms of which assessment practices to employ indicates that clinicians might benefit from guidelines in this area of practice.