bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UNDERSTANDING LOW UPTAKE OF MASS TREATMENT FOR INTESTINAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN: A QUALITATIVE STUDY IN JINJA DISTRICT, UGANDA
Authors: MUHUMUZA SIMON , OLSEN ANNETTE , NUWAHA FRED , KATAHOIRE ANNE 
Published: April 2014

SummaryDespite attempts to control intestinal schistosomiasis through school-based mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel using school teachers in Uganda, less than 30% of the school children take the treatment in some areas. The aim of the study was to understand why the uptake of praziquantel among school children is low and to suggest strategies for improved uptake. This was a cross-sectional qualitative study in which 24 focus group discussions and 15 key informant interviews were conducted 2 months after MDA. The focus group discussions were held with school children in twelve primary schools and the key informant interviews were held with school teachers, sub-county health assistants and the District Vector Control Officer. The study shows that the low uptake of praziquantel among school children is a result of a complex interplay between individual, interpersonal, institutional, community and public policy factors. The individual and interpersonal factors underpinning the low uptake include inadequate information about schistosomiasis prevention, beliefs and attitudes in the community about treatment of schistosomiasis and shared concerns among children and teachers about the side-effects of praziquantel, especially when the drug is taken on an empty stomach. The institutional, policy and community factors include inadequate preparation and facilitation of teachers and the school feeding policy, which requires parents to take responsibility for providing their children with food while at school, yet many parents cannot meet the cost of a daily meal due to the prevailing poverty in the area. It is concluded that strategies to improve uptake of praziquantel among school children need to be multi-pronged addressing not only the preparation and motivation of teachers and health education for children, but also the economic and political aspects of drug distribution, including the school feeding policy.
Cognitive content specificity in anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms: a twin study of cross-sectional associations with anxiety sensitivity dimensions across development
Authors: Brown H. M. , Waszczuk M. A. , Zavos H. M. S. , Trzaskowski M. , Gregory A. M. , Eley T. C. 
Published: April 2014

Background.The classification of anxiety and depressive disorders has long been debated and has important clinical implications. The present study combined a genetically sensitive design and multiple time points to investigate cognitive content specificity in anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms across anxiety sensitivity dimensions, a cognitive distortion implicated in both disorders.Method.Phenotypic and genetic correlations between anxiety sensitivity dimensions, anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms were examined at five waves of data collection within childhood, adolescence and early adulthood in two representative twin studies (n pairs = 300 and 1372).Results.The physical concerns dimension of anxiety sensitivity (fear of bodily symptoms) was significantly associated with anxiety but not depression at all waves. Genetic influences on physical concerns overlapped substantially more with anxiety than depression. Conversely, mental concerns (worry regarding cognitive control) were phenotypically more strongly associated with depression than anxiety. Social concerns (fear of publicly observable symptoms of anxiety) were associated with both anxiety and depression in adolescence. Genetic influences on mental and social concerns were shared to a similar extent with both anxiety and depression.Conclusions.Phenotypic patterns of cognitive specificity and broader genetic associations between anxiety sensitivity dimensions, anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms were similar at all waves. Both disorder-specific and shared cognitive concerns were identified, suggesting it is appropriate to classify anxiety and depression as distinct but related disorders and confirming the clinical perspective that cognitive therapy is most likely to benefit by targeting cognitive concerns relating specifically to the individual's presenting symptoms across development.
Compression of the superior caval vein by an aneurysmal right pulmonary artery in a patient with absent pulmonary valve syndrome
Authors: Murakami Tomoaki , Saito Yuko , Nakajima Hiromichi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe report a unique case of compression of the superior caval vein by an aneurysmal right pulmonary artery in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve.
Vitamin D deficiency in minority populations
Authors: Taksler Glen B , Cutler David M , Giovannucci Edward , Keating Nancy L 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveBlack and Hispanic individuals synthesize less vitamin D per unit of sun exposure than white individuals. The relationship between UV radiation and vitamin D insufficiency in minorities has not been well explored.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingUsing the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we obtained serum vitamin D levels for non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks aged ≥18 years from 2000–2006. We linked these data with the average monthly solar UV index by census tract and data on sun exposure, vitamin D supplementation, health and demographics. We used multivariable regression analyses to assess vitamin D deficiency (<15 ng/ml) and insufficiency (<20 ng/ml) in January (when the UV index was lowest) by race/ethnicity and geography.SubjectsAdults (n 14 319) aged ≥18 years.ResultsA 1-point increase in the UV index was associated with a 0·51 ng/ml increase in vitamin D (95 % CI 0·35, 0·67 ng/ml; P<0·001). Non-Hispanic Black race and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with a 7·47 and 3·41 ng/ml decrease in vitamin D, respectively (both P<0·001). In January, an estimated 65·4 % of non-Hispanic Blacks were deficient in vitamin D, compared with 28·9 % of Hispanics and 14·0 % of non-Hispanic Whites. An estimated 84·2 % of non-Hispanic Blacks were insufficient in vitamin D v. 56·3 % of Hispanics and 34·8 % of non-Hispanic Whites. More non-Hispanic Blacks were estimated to be deficient in vitamin D in January in the highest UV index quartile than were non-Hispanic Whites in the lowest UV index quartile (60·2 % v. 25·7 %).ConclusionsWintertime vitamin D insufficiency is pervasive among minority populations, and not uncommon among non-Hispanic Whites.
Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents Accompanying a Parent in Recyclable Trash Collection
Authors: Etcheverry Gabriela B. , Pereira Érico F. , Cordeiro Mara L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe relationship between mental health and poverty has been well documented in adults. However, few studies have addressed how low socioeconomic status and psychosocial vulnerabilities may influence depressive symptoms in adolescents. The current study was carried out in a non-randomly selected sample of 239 adolescents whose parents work as ragpickers (waste collectors for recycling) in Brazil. In-person interviews were conducted, and the presence of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation were assessed using the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). We observed that 23% (CI±5.34) of the adolescents presented with depressive symptoms and 35% (CI±6.05) had suicidal ideation. Fatigue or loss of energy (p= .012) and irritable mood (p= .013) were significantly higher among boys than girls according to DSM-IV criteria. However, we found no gender differences in DSM-IV criteria for Major Depressive Disorders (MDD) or Dysthymic Disorder (DD) in diminished interest or pleasure, weight loss or weight gain, decreased appetite, sleep problems, feelings of worthlessness, diminished concentration or ability to think, recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, or low self-esteem. There were no significant gender differences in total CDI score, however a greater percentage of girls presented with depressed mood than boys (29.9% vs. 17.1%,p< .05).
Relationship between Self-Focused Attention and Mindfulness in People
with and without Hallucination Proneness
Authors: Perona-Garcelán Salvador , García-Montes José M. , López-Jiménez Ana Mª , Rodríguez-Testal Juan Francisco , Ruiz-Veguilla Miguel , Ductor-Recuerda María Jesús , Benítez-Hernández María del Mar , Arias-Velarde Mª Ángeles , Gómez-Gómez María Teresa , Pérez-Álvarez Marino 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to study the relationship between self-focused
attention and mindfulness in participants prone to hallucinations and others who
were not. A sample of 318 healthy participants, students at the universities of
Sevilla and Almería, was given the Launay-Slade Hallucinations
Scale-revised (LSHS-R, Bentall & Slade, 1985). Based on this sample, two groups were formed:
participants with high (n = 55) and low proneness
(n = 28) to hallucinations. Participants with a
score higher than a standard deviation from the mean in the LSHS-R were included
in the high proneness group, participants with a score lower than a standard
deviation from the mean in the LSHR-R were included in the second one. All
participants were also given the Self-Absorption Scale (SAS, McKenzie
& Hoyle, 2008) and the
Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ, Chadwick et al., 2008). The results showed that
participants with high hallucination proneness had significantly higher levels
of public (t(80) = 6.81, p
< .001) and private (t(77) = 7.39,
p < .001) self-focused attention and lower levels
of mindfulness (t(81) = -4.56, p
< .001) than participants in the group with low hallucination
proneness. A correlational analysis showed a negative association between
self-focused attention (private and public) and mindfulness (r
= -0.23, p < .001; r
= -0.38, p < .001 respectively). Finally,
mindfulness was found to partly mediate between self-focused attention and
hallucination proneness. The importance of self-focused attention and
mindfulness in understanding the etiology of hallucinations discussed and
suggest some approaches to their treatment.
Chemical control of electrical contact to sp2 carbon atoms
Authors: Frederiksen Thomas , Foti Giuseppe , Scheurer Fabrice , Speisser Virginie , Schull Guillaume 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCarbon-based nanostructures are attracting tremendous interest as components in ultrafast electronics and optoelectronics. The electrical interfaces to these structures play a crucial role for the electron transport, but the lack of control at the atomic scale can hamper device functionality and integration into operating circuitry. Here we study a prototype carbon-based molecular junction consisting of a single C60 molecule and probe how the electric current through the junction depends on the chemical nature of the foremost electrode atom in contact with the molecule. We find that the efficiency of charge injection to a C60 molecule varies substantially for the considered metallic species, and demonstrate that the relative strength of the metal-C bond can be extracted from our transport measurements. Our study further suggests that a single-C60 junction is a basic model to explore the properties of electrical contacts to meso- and macroscopic sp2 carbon structures.
Adjustment of microbial nitrogen use efficiency to carbon:nitrogen imbalances regulates soil nitrogen cycling
Authors: Mooshammer Maria , Wanek Wolfgang , Hämmerle Ieda , Fuchslueger Lucia , Hofhansl Florian , Knoltsch Anna , Schnecker Jörg , Takriti Mounir , Watzka Margarete , Wild Birgit , Keiblinger Katharina M , Zechmeister-Boltenstern Sophie , Richter Andreas 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMicrobial nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) describes the partitioning of organic N taken up between growth and the release of inorganic N to the environment (that is, N mineralization), and is thus central to our understanding of N cycling. Here we report empirical evidence that microbial decomposer communities in soil and plant litter regulate their NUE. We find that microbes retain most immobilized organic N (high NUE), when they are N limited, resulting in low N mineralization. However, when the metabolic control of microbial decomposers switches from N to C limitation, they release an increasing fraction of organic N as ammonium (low NUE). We conclude that the regulation of NUE is an essential strategy of microbial communities to cope with resource imbalances, independent of the regulation of microbial carbon use efficiency, with significant effects on terrestrial N cycling.
LabVIEW-based control software for para-hydrogen induced polarization instrumentation
Authors: Agraz Jose , Grunfeld Alexander , Li Debiao , Cunningham Karl , Willey Cindy , Pozos Robert , Wagner Shawn 
Published: April 2014

The elucidation of cell metabolic mechanisms is the modern underpinning of the diagnosis, treatment, and in some cases the prevention of disease. Para-Hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) enhances magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signals over 10 000 fold, allowing for the MRI of cell metabolic mechanisms. This signal enhancement is the result of hyperpolarizing endogenous substances used as contrast agents during imaging. PHIP instrumentation hyperpolarizes Carbon-13 (13C) based substances using a process requiring control of a number of factors: chemical reaction timing, gas flow, monitoring of a static magnetic field (Bo), radio frequency (RF) irradiation timing, reaction temperature, and gas pressures. Current PHIP instruments manually control the hyperpolarization process resulting in the lack of the precise control of factors listed above, resulting in non-reproducible results. We discuss the design and implementation of a LabVIEW based computer program that automatically and precisely controls the delivery and manipulation of gases and samples, monitoring gas pressures, environmental temperature, and RF sample irradiation. We show that the automated control over the hyperpolarization process results in the hyperpolarization of hydroxyethylpropionate. The implementation of this software provides the fast prototyping of PHIP instrumentation for the evaluation of a myriad of 13C based endogenous contrast agents used in molecular imaging.
Ruth First: internationalist activist, researcher and teacher: the long road to Mozambique
Authors: Gentili Anna Maria 
Published: April 2014

I was in prison when Ruth First was assassinated, felt almost alone. Lost a sister in arms … It is no consolation to know that she lives beyond her grave. (Mandela 2010, 333)
This article analyses the contribution of Ruth First to the knowledge of struggles in South Africa and in Africa as a whole. First was inspired by her experience as a militant researcher in South Africa, by her editing of Govan Mbeki's work on Transkei and by her experiences in the UK. This contribution makes a significant examination of First's interest in and engagement with the broadly defined left of Italian politics, encompassing her work for the Lelio Basso Foundation, including its work on violations of the UN Charter. It also discusses First's wide-ranging and diverse analyses of Africa. It concludes with a discussion of First's work at the Centro de Estudos Africanos, and the development of the close interrelation between teaching and research developed there, which was politically engaged in a critical but dynamic way.
Low concentrations of ethanol stimulate biofilm and pellicle formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Tashiro Yosuke , Inagaki Aya , Ono Kaori , Inaba Tomohiro , Yawata Yutaka , Uchiyama Hiroo , Nomura Nobuhiko 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Biofilms are communities of surface-attached microbial cells that resist environmental stresses. In this study, we found that low concentrations of ethanol increase biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 but not in a mutant of it lacking both Psl and Pel exopolysaccharides. Low concentrations of ethanol also increased pellicle formation at the air–liquid interface.
Stage-specific quercetin sulfation in the gut of Mythimna separata larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Aboshi Takako , Ishida Masahiro , Matsushita Kaori , Hirano Yunosuke , Nishida Ritsuo , Mori Naoki 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The metabolism of quercetin was investigated in Mythimna separata larvae. Quercetin 4′-O-sulfate was mainly identified in the frass when 6th instar larvae were fed artificial diets containing 1% quercetin. In the case of the 3rd instar larvae, a larger amount of quercetin was detected in the frass. M. separata larvae had different metabolic strategies for quercetin at different developmental stages.
Characterization and expression pattern of a novel β-defensin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): implications for its role in mucosal immunity
Authors: Li Hua , Guo Hongyan , Shan Shijuan , Qi Chenchen , An Liguo , Yang Guiwen 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
β-defensins are a group of cysteine-rich cationic antimicrobial peptides that play antibacterial and antiviral roles in immune systems of vertebrates. Here, we report the cloning and identification of a β-defensin 3 cDNA sequence from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that this β-defensin 3 belonged to the BD-2 group of fish. Real-time PCR showed that the β-defensin 3 mRNA was expressed in all the tissues of normal common carp that we examined and was highly expressed in the spleen and gills. When challenged with Vibrio anguillarum, the expression level of common carp β-defensin 3 mRNA was quickly upregulated in various tissues. Our results indicate that the β-defensin 3 showed markedly high constitutive expression in the gills, and significantly upregulated expression in the hindgut of the common carp after infection, suggesting it plays an important role in the innate and mucosal immunity of common carp.
Neuronal cell-surface protein neurexin 1 interaction with multi-PDZ domain protein MUPP1
Authors: Jang Won Hee , Choi Sun Hee , Jeong Joo Young , Park Jung-Hwa , Kim Sang-Jin , Seog Dae-Hyun 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Location of membrane proteins is often stabilized by PDZ domain-containing scaffolding proteins. Using the yeast two-hybrid screening, we found that neurexin 1 interacted with multi-PDZ domain protein 1 (MUPP1) through PDZ domain. Neurexin 2 and 3 also interacted with MUPP1. MUPP1 and neurexin 1 were co-localized in cultured cells. These results suggest a novel mechanism for localizing neurexin 1 to synaptic sites.
Content of resveratrol and glycoside and its contribution to the antioxidative capacity of Polygonum cuspidatum (Itadori) harvested in Kochi
Authors: Kurita Serika , Kashiwagi Takehiro , Ebisu Tomoyo , Shimamura Tomoko , Ukeda Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We quantified trans-resveratrol in each part of fresh Polygonum cuspidatum harvested in Kochi Prefecture. A small amount of trans-resveratrol was detected in the edible stem parts, the content varying with seasonal, geographical, and environmental factors. We also examined the antioxidative activity of each part, suggesting that P. cuspidatum contained many more contributing antioxidants other than resveratrol.
Bovine milk-derived α-lactalbumin inhibits colon inflammation and carcinogenesis in azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate-treated mice
Authors: Yamaguchi Makoto , Takai Shoko , Hosono Akira , Seki Taiichiro 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 is expressed early in colon carcinogenesis and plays crucial role in the progress of the disease. Recently, we found that α-lactalbumin had anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2. In experiment 1, we investigated the effects of α-lactalbumin on the colon carcinogenesis initiated with azoxymethane (AOM) followed by promotion with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice. Dietary treatment with α-lactalbumin decreased fecal occult blood score at 3 days after DSS intake. α-Lactalbumin also decreased the colon tumor at week 9. In experiment 2, AOM-treated mice were sacrificed at 7 days after DSS intake. The plasma and colon prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in AOM/DSS-treated mice were higher than those in the DSS-treated mice without initiation by AOM. α-Lactalbumin decreased PGE2 in both plasma and colon. These results suggest that α-lactalbumin effectively inhibited colon carcinogenesis, and the inhibition may be due to the decreased PGE2 by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 at cancer promotion stages.
Apologies and Courtroom Apologies
Authors: Gruber M. Catherine 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In order to determine what makes the apologies produced during allocution at sentencing unusual, the chapter begins with a discussion of garden-variety apologies. Austin’s (1962) performative-constative continuum is reviewed because these terms figure prominently in the analysis. Attention is also given to some of the ways in which emotion is understood in U.S. culture and how the display of affect is linked to a successful apology. The fact that paralinguistic indexes are consistent with multiple interpretations means that various addressees will interpret them differently; the fact that they are culturally viewed as relatively reliable indicators of a speaker’s affective state means that addressees will feel certain that their interpretation is correct. The chapter identifies the numerous ways in which the apologies produced during allocution are atypical and argues that these aspects function to limit the remedial potential of any apology produced in this context .
Some Observations on Imposters in Albanian
Authors: Kallulli Dalina 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the morphosyntactic and semantic properties of imposter DPs in Albanian. Notable properties of this class of nominal expressions in this language bear on agreement patterns (such as the fact that both singular and plural imposters exhibit both first/second and third person verbal agreement), on the need for more granular distinctions within this class of expressions, as well as on the fact that information structure interferes with antecedence and/or binding relations, as seen through the interaction of clitic doubling and epithets in constructions with imposters.
Icelandic Verbal Agreement and Pronoun-Antecedent Relations
Authors: Wood Jim , Sigurðsson Einar Freyr 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The primary goal of this chapter is to refine our understanding of the role of finite-verb agreement in pronoun-antecedent relations. It turns out that plural imposters such as “the undersigned and John” trigger first person agreement more easily than singular imposters such as “the undersigned,” and that finite verb agreement plays a surprising role in constraining pronoun-antecedent relations. If an imposter such as “the undersigned and John” triggers third person agreement, it can antecede a first or a third person pronoun in an embedded clause; but if that same imposter triggers first person agreement, then it can only antecede a first person pronoun. This state of affairs suggests that pronouns have a syntactic relation with their antecedent, a relation that is proposed to be mediated by one or more silent functional heads, such as the “context linkers” proposed in H.Á. Sigurðsson (2004, 2010, 2011).
The intonational phonology of Catalan
Authors: Prieto Pilar 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter presents an analysis of the prosodic and intonational structure of Catalan within the Autosegmental-Metrical (AM) framework (Pierrehumbert 1980, Pierrehumbert and Beckman 1988, Ladd 1996, Gussenhoven 2004, Jun 2005, and Beckman et al. 2005, among others). The chapter focuses on the description of the main facts about Catalan prosodic phrasing and intonation. It provides a description of the basic intonational tunes found in the language and it exemplifies the basic intonational categories with utterances that provide evidence for the phonological contrasts mentioned.