bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Integrated Approach to Managing Risks and Uncertainties: Combining Technical and Commercial Analysis
Authors: Lakani Ramin , Brown Daniel 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
As engineers and scientists, we are very familiar with analysing technical risks, developing mitigation plans and implementing the plans that are safe and technically feasible. At the same time, dealing with subsurface projects has made us adept at analysing and understanding technical uncertainties. Furthermore, because of the large investments involved in upstream projects we are regularly exposed to commercial issues. However, the optimum situation is when the technical and commercial risks and uncertainties are evaluated in an integrated fashion.
Although many organisations combine technical and commercial evaluations, there are many examples that such integration is either superficial or is done in a series. Often the economic evaluation is performed at the end of the process, by which time it may be too late to influence the decisions or the changes may be too expensive to implement.
Techno-economic integration becomes absolutely essential when our industry faces "game-changing" technologies, for example: Unconventional resource developments: Shale gas/oilIsolated gas monetisation: Gas to Liquid (GtL), Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG)Heavy oil developments: In-situ combustion, Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand(CHOPS)
Examples will be given to demonstrate the successes and failures of game changing technologies, where the failures are generally less advertised. It is important to discuss the ‘lessons learnt’ from these important events in our recent history: How can we apply techno-economic evaluation in an integrated fashion (and at an earlier stage) to better evaluate risks and uncertainties associated with implementing game-changing technologies? How can we influence the outcome of these projects?
This discussion is particularly relevant to the North Africa region as governments, National Oil Companies (NOCs) and International Oil Companies (IOCs) try to harness unconventional resources and seek alternative ways to monetise their gas resources.
Conduits Mapping for Naturally Fractured Reservoirs Using 3D Template Matching Model for Sub Seismic Faults Convergence
Authors: El Fouly Adel 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Fractured reservoirs are more complicated than matrix reservoirs and they do require to be evaluated correctly. Information on the accurate characterization of fault zones and on the way in which faults and fractures affect fluid flow are needed. In this study, a 3D multi component and multi directional deterministic operator is designed and developed to detect sub-seismic faults from seismic data that converge at a point, to map conduits in naturally fractured reservoirs. This operator is cubic and composed of nine symmetrical two dimensional plane templates. They are designed to search all possible directions and angles, to detect and match any two sub-seismic faults that meet at its center. It covers seventy two detection directions, and angles range from 22.5° to 157.5°. Three binary decisions are performed with each of the nine symmetrical planes. the first is for detecting a sub seismic fault at a point, the second is for evaluating a linear arrangement of these points and the third is to verify if two linear arrangements exist on the same plane.
The case study is presenting conduits maps to demonstrate the behavior of three different sub-seismic fault size ranges. The conduits intensities vary within and for each formation. They are minimal to absent in reservoirs top seal. This technique detects only small scaled faults. It can't detect primary sedimentary structures and random noises. It provides an output related to the variation of dual porosity and permeability and can be considered a supporting input for more realistic reservoir simulation. This technique helps determine the effect of natural fractures in the reservoirs as early as possible so that the evaluations and planning can be done correctly from day one. It is a reliable tool for reservoir top seal fracturing evaluation, sweet spots in fractured reservoirs delineation and potential compartments identification.
Radial Drilling Technique for Improving Well Productivity in Petrobel-Egypt
Authors: Ragab Adel M. , Kamel Amr M. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
With growing global energy demand and depleting reserves, oil well stimulation has become more important. In all of these reservoirs, formation damage is a headache problem which needs to be treated. One of the proposed techniques is to bypass the damaged zone. Radial drilling can provide a solution with lowest costs than the others.
Radial drilling technique utilizes hydraulic energy to create several lateral holes in different directions and levels with several lengths. These lateral holes are made by milling the casing with small bit then by extending these holes laterally using high pressure hydraulic jetting.
The current paper presents a very good analysis and an evaluation of the radial drilling techniques that have been made in one of the Egyptian oil field, and presents screening criteria about the optimum parameters for performing these techniques. A number of pilot tests was performed and analyzed in Egypt in Belayim oil field. Radial drilling performed only on three wells in Egypt; the results obtained from these wells are monitored and analyzed. The reservoir depth varies from 2172 meter to 2481 meter. The first well was laterally drilled with 50 m long by seven laterals and the angle between each two is 90 degrees. The second well was laterally drilled with 50 and 90 m long by 6 laterals in two different levels. The third well was radially drilled by 4 laterals of 50 m long.
From the production point of view, the first well was improved by more than 12.5% increase in production, and the second shows an improvement by about 47% increase. The third well shows an improvement by about 12.5 % but for short period. Several experiences have been learned and registered from drilling these 17 laterals which will help generally for the future radial drilling operational around the world.
Potential of Nitrogen Gas Miscible Injection in South East Assets, Abu Dhabi
Authors: Belhaj Hadi , Khalifeh Hadil Abu , Javid Khalid 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This study evaluated the potential for application of miscible nitrogen injection to South East assets in Abu Dhabi which include three giant onshore oil fields. MMP (Minimum miscibility pressure) for different N2- oil systems was determined as a key criterion for screening. CMG simulation and correlations approaches were employed for determining pure N2 MMP.
Results of the study demonstrated that pure nitrogen miscible injection is promising for some reservoirs in the SE fields when reservoir pressure is higher than the MMP. Different correlations have been investigated for suitability to Abu Dhabi crude oils. Investigated MMP correlations are applied to the available data sets and a comprehensive error analysis is performed based on a comparison of the predicted value using published correlations with the simulated value using CMG simulator. Two simulation methods were employed to calculate MMP&#39;s: cell to cell and key tie line.
The Hudgins and Sebastian correlations are in a good agreement with the simulated MMP indicated by small absolute deviation of 10.9% and 2.9% respectively. Glaso, Hanssen, and Firoozabadi correlations produced unrealistic results. The impact of critical parameters such as C1 fraction, C2-C5 fraction, and molecular weight of C7+, API, and temperature on the MMP of nitrogen injection was investigated.
What Can Tell, What's Uncertain? In Depth Decline Curve Analysis
Authors: Rahuma Khulud , Belhaj Hadi 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
DCA (Decline curve analysis) is one of the most powerful tools used in defining well/reservoir worth. DCA aims at estimating reservoir production performance at any time (of production) post plateau period providing realistic and well documented production data. DCA helps in developing production-rate/reservoir-pressure distributions to determine well/reservoir productivity scheme. Forecasting well/reservoir production rate, estimating remaining reserves, monitoring GOR &amp; WC behaviors, deciding on reservoir pressure support and determining economic limits are among the many befits of DCA as well.
In this study the AOR (Actual Oil Rate) method has been implemented utilizing the DCA, FASTRTA™ and Ecrin packages to calculate remaining and recoverable reserves in particular. The remaining reserves depend on the production data that are selected to represent the actual well/reservoir behavior. This technique allows eliminating misrepresenting production data due to human error, imposed production rates caused by internal company policy or external factors (politics, natural disasters, etc.) during production life of the field.
A case study has been used as a pilot for the proposed method. Analyses have been performed on both well and whole reservoir scale. The outcome yielded more realistic results using AOR and generated very useful development recommendations. The proposed AOR-DCA adopted technique can assist in accurate decisive parameters estimate of both mature and under-development oil reservoirs worldwide.
Low H2S Concentration Sampling Using Wireline Formation Tester and Well Testing: Case Studies
Authors: Samir Magdy , Cañas Jesus , Stankiewicz Artur , Ayan Cosan , Ferguson Richard , Colacelli Santiago Esteban 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Knowing the H2S concentration early in the exploration and appraisal phase of a potential hydrocarbon discovery is critical for proper planning of the development phase. Production from a newly discovered accumulation often requires tie-in to an existing pipeline or facility, which usually has an upper limit on how much H2S can be handled, if any. The presence of H2S also affects the design of the completion and the production systems. Not discovering H2S until the production phase can halt production while the surface facilities are upgraded to handle the sour gas, which can be very expensive.
Several publications have shown that using standard wireline formation testing (WFT) to obtain fluid samples without adequate planning and preparation may result in H2S being scavenged during sampling or during transfer. In addition, standard gas chromatography (GC) analysis may measure small H2S concentrations inaccurately. Alternative methods for sampling and conserving small H2S concentrations have been proposed, but they are supported only by laboratory tests with no actual field data published.
In this paper, we present case studies of applying low H2S concentration sampling in the field. The wireline formation sampling was designed to capture samples with very small amounts of H2S under field conditions. This includes selection of the materials used in the sampling tool, tool string setup, choice of coating material for the sampling bottles, transfer of samples and analysis. The flow path inside the sampling tool was reduced to minimize the potential loss of H2S. In addition to wireline formation testing, the wells were also tested using a traditional drillstem test (DST). The results of the well test and the wireline sampling agreed well in both cases.
Petroleum Prospectivity of the Jurassic Strata of the Jeffara Basin, Tunisia
Authors: Haddad S.. , Echihi O.. , Jemia H. Ben 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Integrated study was carried out on the Jeffara basin in order to understand and discuss the geometry and the key levels as well as Petroleum System elements on the Jurassic strata.
The studied area lies as N140-130 trending down faulted area roughly parallel to the coastline; it was developed mainly in response stage of Tethyan rifting. The subsurface data reveal that most of the structuring is amplified by halokinesis and the salt piercement of the entire sedimentary cover in the southeast area.
The Mrabtine Formation, which is represented by a mixed siliciclastic and carbonate deposits, is considered to be the best Jurassic potential reservoir rock in the Jeffera basin.
The Callovian shales appear to contain the best potential for source rock off all units in the Jurassic, showing poor to good TOC contents (up to 3.27% TOC) and good petroleum potential up to 10 kg of HC/ton of rock. The kerogens are mainly type II algal material and mix type II and III with locally higher type III organic material in El Bibane and Jerba area.
Several prospects and leads have been identified at the top of the Mrabtine Formation, these structures are extensional fault related (horsts or tilted fault blocks) with a NW-SE orientation. The northern part of the Jeffara basin shows several attractive fault related traps but sedimentological and stratigraphic studies indicate that there would be a risk of poor reservoir characteristics, a lack of source facies and top seal. The southern domain contains fewer structures and leads but more attractive plays with the proven hydrocarbon accumulations of the Ezzaouia and El Biban Fields.
Writing in the Accounting Curriculum: A Review of the Literature with Conclusions for Implementation and Future Research
Authors: Riley Tracey J. , Simons Kathleen A. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT
Accounting practitioners, faculty, and professional organizations agree that good writing skills are imperative to success in accounting, yet successful implementation of writing in the accounting curriculum continues to be a concern. Accounting faculty can benefit from an overview of the literature addressing writing in the accounting curriculum. Thus, this review of the literature is offered to assist both faculty who wish to implement or enhance such a writing program, and researchers who wish to further contribute to this discussion. We have read, categorized, and summarized over 100 published articles. In this paper, we review survey data among practitioners, academics, and students that examine the extent to which writing skills are important, or perceived to be important, to practicing accountants, and how effectively those skills are being addressed in the curriculum. We then review articles discussing writing within and across the accounting curriculum. We have categorized these articles into three sections: writing to learn versus learning to write, types of assignments, and implementation considerations. Throughout, we offer research questions and suggestions for future research. We conclude with a discussion and critical analysis of the current state of writing within the accounting curriculum and suggestions for where we go from here.
The Effect of Perioperative Ibuprofen Use on Tooth Sensitivity Caused by In-Office Bleaching
Authors: Paula E , Kossatz S , Fernandes D , Loguercio A , Reis A 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYObjective:This study determined the effect of the administration of perioperative ibuprofen 400 mg on tooth sensitivity caused by in-office bleaching.Methods:A triple-blind, parallel-design, randomized clinical trial was conducted on 30 adults who received placebo or ibuprofen before and after bleaching. The drugs were administered three times per day for 48 hours; the first dose was given one hour prior to the bleaching treatment. Two bleaching sessions with 35% hydrogen peroxide gel were performed with a one-week interval. Tooth sensitivity was recorded on two scales: visual analogue and five-point verbal rating scale up to 48 hours after bleaching. The shade evaluation was performed with a visual shade guide and spectrophotometer, before and 30 days after bleaching. The absolute risk of tooth sensitivity and its intensity were evaluated by Fisher exact and Mann-Whitney tests, respectively. The shade changes were evaluated by Student's t-test.Results:Both groups showed similar absolute risk of tooth sensitivity (p&gt;0.05). Lower tooth sensitivity was observed in the experimental group only up to one hour postbleaching (p=0.04). Similar tooth sensitivity was observed in the other periods of time.Conclusion:The perioperative use of the anti-inflammatory ibuprofen was not able to avoid tooth sensitivity but reduced its intensity up to one hour after bleaching.
Evaluation of Resin Bond Strength to Yttria-stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia and Framework Marginal Fit: Comparison of Different Surface Conditionings
Authors: Vanderlei A , Bottino MA , Valandro LF 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP) on bond strength durability and marginal discrepancies. For adhesion testing, 144 specimens of VITA In-Ceram YZ ceramic for InLab were obtained (5.25×3.75×4.5 mm) and divided into six groups (n=24) according to the surface treatment: 1) Control (CRTL): untreated; 2) SIL: tribochemical silica coating (CoJet system, 3M/ESPE AG); 3) V1+HF: spray application of low-fusing porcelain glaze (V1, VITA Akzent Spray Glaze) followed by etching with hydrofluoric acid (HF) (one minute); 4) V1+SIL: V1 glazing (VITA Akzent Spray Glaze) followed by tribochemical silica coating; 5) V2+HF: brush application of low-fusing porcelain glaze (VITA Akzent Glaze) plus etching with HF (one minute); and 6) V2+SIL: V2 glazing (VITA Akzent Glaze) plus tribochemical silica coating. After all treatments, the surfaces were silanized for five minutes (ESPE-SIL) and cementation was performed using Panavia F (Kuraray). Half of the specimens in each treatment were tested 24 hours after cementation (dry), with the other half subjected to storage (150 days) and thermocycling (12,000×) (aging), and then a shear test was carried out (1 mm/min). The micromorphological (digital optical profilometry and scanning electron microscopy) and elemental analyses of the treated surfaces were performed. The inner surfaces of 60 Y-TZP infrastructures were conditioned and marginal fit was evaluated. The statistical analysis revealed that the groups treated via surface glaze application followed by hydrofluoric acid etching and silanization showed the highest bond strength (in dry and aging conditions), but the bond strengths were affected by aging. The highest marginal discrepancies were observed in the groups receiving glaze (117.4 ± 29.6 to 105.8 ± 12.2 μm) when compared to other groups (55.3 ± 8.7 and 55 ± 8.5 μm). Low-fusing porcelain glaze + hydrofluoric acid etching changed the morphology of the Y-TZP ceramic and improved the adhesion to the resin cement, but obtaining high and stable bond values to Y-TZP remains challenging. Marginal discrepancies increased with glazing.
Comparative Analysis of Environmental Impacts of Selected Products
Authors: Fedoryszyn A. , Brzeziński M. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate that environmental impacts exerted by manufactured products throughout their entire life cycle are major aspects to be considered, alongside their functional features and cost-effectiveness. One of the available methods to evaluate environmental impacts is known to as the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. The study summarises the reports from the literature on the subject of environmental impact assessment. In conclusions, the authors indicate the need for assessing the environmental impact of cast products made from conventional and newly introduced alloys.
Modeling of the Formation of AlN Precipitates During Solidification of Steel
Authors: Kalisz D. , Rzadkosz S. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The study was carried out computer simulations of the formation process of AlN precipitates in the solidification of steel. The chemical composition of steel and non-metallic inclusions formed was determined using the commercial software FactSage. Calculated amount of precipitates formed during cooling of steel between the liquidus and solidus temperatures under conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium. In parallel, the computations were performed using your own computer program. It was found that aluminum nitride is formed at the final stage of solidification, and the condition of its formation is low oxygen content in steel.
ADI after Austenitising from Intercritical Temperature
Authors: Kowalskia A. , Kluska-Nawarecka S. , Regulski K. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
ADI subjected to austenitising at intercritical temperatures contains in its matrix the precipitates of pre-eutectoid ferrite. Studies were carried out on the ductile iron of the following chemical composition: C = 3,80%, Si = 2,30%, Mn = 0,28%, P = 0,060%, S = 0,010%, Mg = 0,065%, Ni = 0,60%, Cu = 0,70%, Mo = 0,21% This cast iron was austenitised at three different temperatures, i.e. 800, 815 and 830oC and austempered at 360 and 380oC. For each variant of the cast iron heat treatment, the mechanical properties, i.e. YS, TS, EL and Hardness, were measured, and structure of the matrix was examined. Higher plastic properties were obtained owing to the presence of certain amount of pre-eutectoid ferrite. The properties were visualised using fuzzy logic model in a MATLAB. software.
Fabrication and Microstructure of Layers Containing Intermetallic Phases on Magnesium
Authors: Mola R. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Al- and Al/Zn-enriched layers containing intermetallic phases were deposited on the Mg substrate by heating the Mg specimens in contact with the powdered materials in a vacuum furnace. The Al-enriched surface layers were produced using Al powder, whereas the Al/Znenriched layers were obtained from an 80 wt.% Al + 20 wt.% Zn powder mixture. The microstructure and composition of the layers were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the Al-enriched layer comprised an Mg17Al12 intermetallic phase and a solid solution of Al in Mg. The layer obtained from the Al+Zn powder mixture was composed of Mg-Al-Zn intermetalic phases and a solid solution of Al and Zn in Mg. Adding 20% of Zn into the Al powder resulted in the formation of a considerably thicker layer. Moreover, the hardness of the surface layers was much higher than that of the Mg substrate.
The Cambrian trilobites of Jordan – taxonomy, systematic and stratigraphic significance
Authors: Elicki Olaf , Geyer Gerd 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Elicki, O. and Geyer, G. 2013. The Cambrian trilobites of Jordan - taxonomy, systematic and stratigraphic significance. Acta Geologica Polonica, 63(1), 1-56. Warszawa. Marine carbonates and siliciclastic rocks of the Burj Formation in Jordan include paucispecific trilobite associations of the (traditional) Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary interval. Comprehensive new material of these trilobites allows a review of their taxonomy and systematic positions as well as a refined morphological description and a reconsideration of previous interpretations of their stratigraphic position and thus the correlation of the fossiliferous beds. In addition to the classic species Kingaspis campbelli (King, 1923) and Redlichops blanckenhorni Richter and Richter, 1941, Timnaella? orientalis (Picard, 1942) and Hesa problematica Richter and Richter, 1941, the discussed trilobites include Issalia gen. nov. with Issalia scutalis gen. nov., sp. nov., Tayanaspis gen. nov. with Tayanaspis bulbosus gen. nov., sp. nov., Uhaymiria gen. nov. with Uhaymiria glabra gen. nov., sp. nov., Cambrunicornia ? jafnaensis sp. nov., Myopsolenites palmeri (Parnes, 1971), M. hyperion sp. nov., and Enixus cf. antiquus (Chernysheva, 1956). Myopsolenites boutiouiti Geyer and Landing, 2004 is now regarded as a junior synonym of Myopsolenites altus (Linan and Gozalo, 1986). A detailed discussion of the correlation with a focus on global aspects provides clues for the utility of potential index fossils for the global Cambrian Series 3 and Stage 5.