bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a definition of professionalism in Australian occupational therapy: Using the Delphi technique to obtain consensus on essential values and behaviours
Authors: Aguilar Alejandra , Stupans Ieva , Scutter Sheila , King Sharron 
Published: December 2012

Background/aimProfessionalism involves practitioners applying the values of their profession and demonstrating essential professional behaviours and attitudes. Within the Australian occupational therapy profession, there is little research on the values, behaviours and attitudes that constitute professionalism. As a result, there is limited understanding of professionalism, and the approaches used to enhance the professionalism of future practitioners are not evidence based. This study aimed to contribute to the understanding of professionalism within the Australian occupational therapy profession, by obtaining consensus among Australian occupational therapists on the professional values and behaviours essential for practice.MethodA constructivist paradigm guided this study. The Delphi technique was used to obtain consensus on essential professional values and behaviours among 68 occupational therapists. Consensus was identified by numerical and content analysis.ResultsAfter two Delphi rounds, 61 professional values were identified as essential for practice. These values related to ethical practice, client‐centred practice, contemporary practice and to the foundational beliefs of the profession. Seven professional behaviours also achieved consensus, but there was clear disparity in participants' opinions.ConclusionThe results provide insight into several professional values and behaviours perceived as essential for practice. Consequently, these professional values need to be taken into consideration when defining the values of the profession. The professional behaviours need to be taken into account when finalising the essential behaviours that constitute professionalism in the profession. This study takes an initial but fundamental step towards defining professionalism within the Australian occupational therapy profession.
Preferences for rehabilitation service delivery: A comparison of the views of patients, occupational therapists and other rehabilitation clinicians using a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Laver Kate , Ratcliffe Julie , George Stacey , Lester Laurence , Crotty Maria 
Published: December 2012

Background/aimUnderstanding the differences in preferences of patients and occupational therapists for the way in which rehabilitation services are provided is important. In particular, it is unknown whether new approaches to rehabilitation such as high intensity therapy and virtual reality programs are more or less acceptable than traditional approaches.MethodsA discrete choice experiment was conducted to assess and compare the acceptability of these new approaches, relative to other characteristics of the rehabilitation program. The study included patients participating in a stroke or medical rehabilitation program (n = 100), occupational therapists (n = 23) and other clinicians (n = 91) working in rehabilitation settings at three hospitals in South Australia. Data were analysed using a conditional (fixed‐effects) logistic regression model.ResultsThe model coefficient attached to very high intensity therapy programs (defined as six hours per day) was negative and highly statistically significant for both patients and therapists indicating aversion for this option. In addition, other rehabilitation clinicians and patients were strongly averse to the use of virtual reality programs (as evidenced by the negative and highly statistically significant coefficient attached to this attribute for both groups) relative to occupational therapists.ConclusionThe comparison of the views of patients, occupational therapists and other rehabilitation clinicians revealed some differences. All participants (patients and clinicians) showed an inclination for programs that resulted in the best recovery. However, patients expressed stronger preferences than clinicians for traditional therapy approaches. As a group, occupational therapists were most likely to accept approaches such as virtual reality suggesting changes away from traditional delivery methods will be more readily integrated into practice.
An investigation into the role and meaning of occupation for people living with on‐going health conditions
Authors: White Carolynne , Lentin Primrose , Farnworth Louise 
Published: December 2012

Background/aimIn Australia and internationally, more people are developing on‐going health conditions (chronic illnesses) in which their daily occupations are implicated in both the onset and management of the condition. This article investigates the role and meaning of occupation from a client‐centred perspective. It presents one aspect of a broader study that aimed to inform occupation‐based practice for people living with on‐going health conditions.MethodsThis study used an emergent, mixed methods design. A total of 16 adult participants, with one or more on‐going health conditions that impacted on their participation in occupations, were interviewed using two semi‐structured interviews. Narrative data were analysed using grounded theory methods which included coding, memo‐writing and constant comparison. A theoretical understanding, consisting of four categories and a core concept, was constructed through the data analysis.ResultsOccupation fulfils four distinct, but interrelated, roles for people living with on‐going health conditions. Engaging in occupation can reveal, explain, manage and overcome on‐going health conditions. The core concept, ‘occupation empowers’, integrates the different roles of occupation and reflects the meaning of occupation for people with on‐going health conditions.ConclusionsThis study contributes a theoretical understanding of the roles and meaning of occupation that is grounded in the experiences of people living with on‐going health conditions. These findings extend our understanding of human occupation, and highlight the importance of narrative techniques to support occupation‐based practice and empower people living with on‐going illness.
Towards a More Complete Efficiency Wage Theory
Authors: Wu Joseph S. K. , Ho Chi Pui 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe efficiency wage is an important topic in the theory of employment. In a traditional efficiency wage model, only the representative firm is optimizing against an assumed S‐shaped effort supply function. This S‐shaped supply curve is critical for the model and the absence of a derivation of the curve in the literature means that it is an incomplete theory. In the present paper, we extend the model by specifying a worker's representative utility function so that the corresponding argmax function will be the S‐shaped effort supply curve. This will make the worker's decision process endogenous and will produce a more complete model. The importance of this extension is clear. The characterization of the utility function will make explicit the necessary conditions and crucial assumptions of the traditional model. More importantly, the extension will allow researchers to introduce employment compensation factors into the worker's utility function for analysis. This has important bearings on future development in employment theory. For example, a worker's satisfaction from shirking (net of dismissal risks), or his or her willingness to search for jobs (net of search cost), can now be included in his or her utility function to form an optimal work or search strategy. Incorporating the worker's optimization behaviour into the model will also enable researchers to study policy directed not just towards firms but also towards the worker's decision process. Furthermore, this approach provides a framework for researchers to generate comparative statics. These comparative statics can lead to interesting topics for econometric models or to further research within this field.
Quality Uncertainty as Resolution of the Bertrand Paradox
Authors: Tasnádi Attila , Smith Trenton G. , Hanks Andrew S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIt is well‐known that product differentiation eliminates the Bertrand paradox (i.e. marginal cost pricing under duopoly). While differentiation is often justified with reference to the consumer's ‘preference for variety’, the conditions under which such a preference is likely to arise are rarely considered. We investigate this question in a setting in which uncertainty about product quality can endogenously generate either convex or non‐convex preferences. We show that even when two goods are ex ante homogeneous, quality uncertainty can eliminate the Bertrand paradox.
Tax Policy When Countries Compete for Third Market Exports
Authors: Mohan Vijay , Hazari Bharat 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe examine the welfare and other consequences of tax policy in a third market export model where duopolists located in two countries compete in prices. With tax competition between governments, we allow for welfare‐maximizing governments in the two countries to delegate tax setting responsibility to policy‐makers who have different objectives than the governments. The unique equilibrium in the tax competition environment involves both governments delegating tax setting responsibility to tax revenue‐maximizing policy‐makers. This equilibrium yields higher welfare for both countries than the outcome when the governments delegate to welfare‐maximizing policy‐makers. The paper also compares tax competition with tax harmonization and shows that when the entire export market is served, tax harmonization improves the welfare of the country that houses the low cost firm, while the other country may be immiserized.
Ribosomal DNA analyses reveal greater sequence variation in Polymyxa species than previously thought and indicate the possibility of new ribotype‐host‐virus associations
Authors: Smith Madeleine J. , Adams Michael J. , Ward Elaine 
Published: December 2012

SummaryPolymyxa species transmit viruses to many important crops. They are poorly understood obligate parasites occupying a distinct position in the Tree of Life. To better understand the potential for spread of Polymyxa‐vectored diseases, ribosomal DNA was analysed from isolates covering a wide range of geographical locations, virus associations and hosts. Internal transcribed spacer 2 structure analysis indicated that Polymyxa graminis isolates could represent many species and there was more sequence variation within the known subgroups (ribotypes) than previously described. In cereal crops and soils from temperate climates Polymyxa isolates were usually ribotype I or II, but their host specificities or preferences were unclear. For the first time, there was evidence that ribotype I (in addition to ribotype II) could transmit SBWMV/SBCMV. Different ribotypes often occurred together in the same soil or plant. New hosts were identified for particular ribotypes, including the first detection of the sugar beet‐infecting Polymyxa betae, in wheat. Unexpectedly, ribotype III‐like sequences, usually restricted to crops in the tropics, were found in wheat from the USA. P. betae isolates showed limited variation (≤ 2%) and the recent change in susceptibility of sugar beet varieties to BNYVV in the USA is unlikely to be due to changes in P. betae.
Primary extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphoma of the lung: Mimicking bronchogenic carcinoma
Authors: Liu Chia‐Hsin , Wang Hong‐Hau , Perng Cherng‐Lih , Peng Chung‐Kan , Chian Chih‐Feng , Shen Chih‐Hao 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPrimary extranodal natural killer/T‐ cell lymphoma, nasal type (NK/TCL) in the lung is extremely rare and associated with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection. An 80‐year‐old male presented with hemoptysis, which had lasted three days. Physical examination revealed inspiratory crackles at the left lung base and massive splenomegaly. Chest radiograph shows a mass‐like lesion in the left lower lung but no active lesion six months earlier. Computed tomography demonstrated a soft tissue mass (size: 6.6 × 5.1 cm) with increased ground‐glass opacities in the left lower lobe, several pulmonary nodules, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Transthoracic needle biopsy of the left‐lower‐lobe lung mass was performed. The pathology revealed atypical lymphoid cell infiltration, which is immunoreactive for cytoplasmic CD3, CD30 and CD56, but not reactive for CK and CD20. EBV‐encoded RNA (EBER) was also detected in these atypical lymphoid cells. The serum EBV DNA level was 7.03 × 106 copies/mL and subtype 1 EBV was identified. No evidence of lymphoma involvement was found in the extrathoracic site. Primary pulmonary lymphoma showing nasal‐type NK/T‐cell subtype was diagnosed. Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide and prednisolone was initiated immediately but the patient deteriorated and died three weeks later. In conclusion, patients presenting with rapidly growing lung mass and massive splenomegaly raise the possibility of aggressive pulmonary lymphoma. Extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphoma with high baseline plasma EBV DNA levels signifies poor prognosis. Identifying young high‐risk patients may have benefits for early aggressive and successful treatment.
Histological types and localizations of lung cancers in patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
Authors: Fujiwara Akahito , Tsushima Kenji , Sugiyama Shinya , Yamaguchi Koichi , Soeda Seiko , Togashi Yuki , Kono Yuta , Kasagi Satoshi , Setoguchi Yasuhiro 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundMost patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) are males, and heavy smokers. CPFE is more prevalent than fibrosis in patients with lung cancer, and patients with CPFE usually have a poor prognosis. This study reviewed the differences in the prevalence of lung cancer among patients with normal, fibrosis, emphysema and CPFE via chest computed tomography (CT), and the relationship between histopathology and the localizations of lung cancer.MethodsPatients that were diagnosed with lung cancer confirmed by pathological examinations between 2003 and 2011 were retrospectively reviewed to obtain clinical, pathological, and radiological data. These patients were categorized into four groups based on chest CT findings: normal, fibrosis, emphysema and CPFE.ResultsTwo hundred and seventy‐four patients with lung cancer were classified into 146 normal, 14 fibrosis, 78 emphysema, and 36 CPFE groups. Combined centriacinar and paraseptal emphysema was common in the CPFE group. The prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma in the CPFE group was significantly higher in comparison to the normal group. The rate of peripheral localization of lung cancer in the CPFE group was significantly higher in comparison to the normal, fibrosis, and emphysema groups. The prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma of peripheral areas in the CPFE group was significantly higher in the normal and emphysema groups.ConclusionsCPFE patients demonstrated histopathological and radiological differences concerning the histological types and localization of lung cancers.
Estimates of genetically modified oilseed in shared farming machinery
Authors: Allnutt T. , Blackburn J. , Copeland J. , Dennis C. , Dixon J. , Laybourn R. , Wontner‐Smith T. , Chisholm J. , Hugo S. , Henry C. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAdventitious presence of genetically modified crops (AGMP) in their non‐GM counterparts is an important problem in the EU, where a policy of coexistence between the two is being sought. The economic impacts of AGMP could be severe and could prevent the practical application of GM coexistence measures. To date, research has concentrated on the contribution of pollen gene flow as the major source of AGMP, while other sources have not been investigated. We have examined the potential for AGMP from the use of shared farm equipment and transport, which has previously been assumed to have a low contribution. Oilseed rape (OSR) was examined in a typical UK production regime including tillage, sowing, spraying, harvesting and grain drying. At each stage in the process, OSR in the machinery was measured and its potential for AGMP calculated. In sowing and grain drying, mustard grain was used as a proxy for GM grain and was measured during the processes by real‐time PCR quantification to give estimates of GM dilution rates during the processes. The effects of cleaning and other mitigation methods were examined. Total potential AGMP was estimated at 1.47% when no mitigation was performed, and 0.08% when machinery was cleaned. The best measures for avoiding this type of AGMP are presented in the context of the specific UK agriculture examined in this study.
Sex‐limited association of Fergusobia nematodes with female Fergusonina flies in a unique Australasian mutualism (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae; Diptera: Fergusoninidae)
Authors: Scheffer Sonja J , Nelson Leigh A , Davies Kerrie A , Lewis Matthew L , Giblin‐Davis Robin M , Taylor Gary S , Yeates David K 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAll known species of Fergusonina flies (Fergusoninidae) participate in an obligate mutualism with Fergusobia nematodes (Neotylenchidae). From dissections, it is believed that all female third‐instar larvae, pupae and adult female flies carry nematodes internally, while male adults and larvae do not. This observation of sex‐limited association was tested using a molecular diagnostic approach. Nematode‐specific primers were used for polymerase chain reaction amplification of a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene in order to screen DNA extractions from flies for the presence of nematode DNA. Consistent with evidence from dissections, nearly all extractions from adult female flies were positive for nematode DNA, while all DNA extractions from adult male flies were negative. Nearly half of late‐instar larvae screened showed evidence of nematode DNA, consistent with the hypothesis that nematodes are only present within females. This paper is the first to use a molecular method to confirm this phenomenon within the Fergusonina/Fergusobia system.
Ease of moving young calves at different ages
Authors: Jongman EC , Butler KL 
Published: December 2012

BackgroundYoung (‘bobby’) calves transported to the abattoir in their first week of life have not yet developed natural herding behaviour. The calves are still in a ‘hider’ phase and naturally spend most of their time lying and sleeping. Anecdotally, calves are easier to handle as they get older, although it is unclear if they are inherently more responsive to a handler.MethodsThis study examined the ease of moving 3‐, 5‐ and 9–11‐day‐old calves individually through an obstacle course involving a 12° incline, a 11° decline and two 90° turns.ResultsThere was a significant effect of age on both the total time taken to move through the course (99 vs 86 vs 72 s for 3‐, 5‐ and 9–11‐day‐old calves, respectively; P < 0.05) and the number of interventions by the handler (8.4 vs 7.3 vs 4.8 interventions per calf for 3‐, 5‐ and 9–11‐day‐old calves, respectively; P < 0.05).ConclusionEase of herding bobby calves improved with age, although individually handled calves were relatively easy to move regardless of age.
Descriptive overview of the 2011 epidemic of arboviral disease in horses in Australia
Authors: Roche SE , Wicks R , Garner MG , East IJ , Paskin R , Moloney BJ , Carr M , Kirkland P 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveTo provide an overview and descriptive analysis of the 2011 arboviral disease epidemic in horses that involved three important Australian mosquito‐borne viruses: Murray Valley encephalitis virus, West Nile virus (Kunjin strain) and Ross River virus.MethodsData from states affected between January and June 2011 were collated and comprised reports of horses showing signs of neuromuscular disease and the associated laboratory findings. A summary of the data is presented, together with a spatiotemporal analysis of cases and preliminary assessment of rainfall patterns and case distribution.ResultsA total of 982 cases of equine arboviral disease were reported across Australia between January and June 2011. The majority of cases were reported from south‐east Australia and included horses that developed neurological signs consistent with encephalitis. It was the largest epidemic of equine arboviral disease in Australia's history. Two likely causes for this unprecedented epidemic were the unusual weather events that preceded the epidemic and the emergence of a new strain of Kunjin virus.ConclusionsThe epidemic highlights to horse owners and policy makers the potential for future outbreaks of arboviral diseases and the need for vigilance. It also highlights the complex interactions among hosts, vectors and climatic conditions that are required for such an outbreak to occur.
Periostracal mineralization in the gastrochaenid bivalveSpengleria
Authors: Checa Antonio G. , Harper Elizabeth M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe investigated the spikes on the outer shell surface of the endolithic gastrochaenid bivalve genusSpengleriawith a view to understand the mechanism by which they form and evaluate their homology with spikes in other heterodont and palaeoheterodont bivalves. We discovered that spike formation varied in mechanism between different parts of the valve. In the posterior region, spikes form within the translucent layer of the periostracum but separated from the calcareous part of the shell. By contrast those spikes in the anterior and ventral region, despite also forming within the translucent periostracal layer, become incorporated into the outer shell layer. Spikes in the posterior area ofSpengleria mytiloidesform only on the outer surface of the periostracum and are therefore, not encased in periostracal material. Despite differences in construction between these gastrochaenid spikes and those of other heterodont and palaeoheterodont bivalves, all involve calcification of the inner translucent periostracal layer which may indicate a deeper homology.
Tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor triggers rodlet cell discharge in sunfish scale epidermis cultures
Authors: DePasquale Joseph A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEpidermal rodlet cells were evaluated after treatment with the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate. Treatment of sunfish explant cell cultures with the inhibitor triggered a contraction of the rodlet cells and expulsion of cell contents. Time‐lapse video differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy was used to evaluate rodlet cell contraction and rodlet discharge. Three general steps in pervanadate triggered discharge were identified. First the rodlet cell undergoes a constriction of the midsection. Constriction is followed by a rapid forward movement of rodlets and sacs to the apical end of cell, culminating in discharge of rodlets and other cellular contents, including the nucleus. A ring‐shaped structure around the apical pore was identified with DIC microscopy. Fluorescent‐labeled phalloidin and antibodies to alpha‐actinin and phosphotyrosine strongly stained the apical ring. A diffuse granular staining for both antibodies was also observed throughout the fibrous capsule. The results suggest that tyrosine kinases play a role in rodlet cell contraction. Alpha‐actinin is a known substrate for tyrosine kinases and is a potential target for triggering rodlet cell contraction and rodlet ejection. Modification of alpha‐actinin tyrosines could also be a mechanism for regulating the structural integrity of the fibrous capsule.