bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Utility of Clinical Measures for the Diagnosis of Achilles Tendon Injuries: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Authors: Reiman Michael , Burgi Ciara , Strube Eileen , Prue Kevin , Ray Keaton , Elliott Amanda , Goode Adam 
Published: September 2014

Objective:
To summarize and evaluate the current diagnostic accuracy of clinical measures used to diagnose Achilles tendon injuries.

Data Sources:
A literature search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases was conducted with key words related to diagnostic accuracy and Achilles tendon injuries.

Study Selection:
Original research articles investigating Achilles tendon injuries against an acceptable reference standard were included.

Data Extraction:
Three studies met the inclusion criteria. Quality assessment was conducted using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. DerSimonian-Laird random-effects models were used to pool sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), and diagnostic odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Data Synthesis:
The SN and negative likelihood ratio (−LR) values for Achilles tendon rupture measures ranged from 0.73 (95% CI = 0.65, 0.81) and 0.30 (95% CI = 0.23, 0.40) to 0.96 (95% CI = 0.93, 0.99) and 0.04 (95% CI = 0.02, 0.10), respectively, whereas SP and positive likelihood ratio (+LR) values ranged from 0.85 (95% CI = 0.72, 0.98) and 6.29 (95% CI = 2.33, 19.96) to 0.93 (95% CI = 0.84, 1.00) and 13.71 (95% CI = 3.54, 51.24), respectively, with the highest SN and SP both reported in the calf-squeeze test. The SN and −LR values for Achilles tendinopathy measures ranged from 0.03 (95% CI = 0.00, 0.08) and 0.97 (95% CI = not reported) to 0.89 (95% CI = 0.75, 0.98) and 0.19 (95% CI = not reported), whereas SP and +LR values ranged from 0.58 (95% CI = 0.38, 0.77) and 2.12 (95% CI = not reported) to 1.00 (95% CI = 1.00, 1.00) and infinity, respectively, with the highest SN and SP reported for morning stiffness and palpation for crepitus. Pooled analyses demonstrated similar diagnostic properties in all 3 clinical measures (arc sign, palpation, and Royal London Hospital test), with SN and −LR ranging from 0.42 (95% CI = 0.23, 0.62) and 0.68 (95% CI = 0.50, 0.93), respectively, for the arc sign, to 0.64 (95% CI = 0.44, 0.81) and 0.48 (95% CI = 0.29, 0.80), respectively, for palpation. Pooled SP and +LR ranged from 0.81 (95% CI = 0.65, 0.91) and 3.15 (95% CI = 1.61, 6.18), respectively, for palpation, to 0.88 (95% CI = 0.74, 0.96) SP for the arc sign and 3.84 (95% CI = 1.69, 8.73) +LR for the Royal London Hospital test.

Conclusions:
Most clinical measures for Achilles tendon injury have greater diagnostic than screening capability.
Role of Sport Medicine Professionals in Addressing Psychosocial Aspects of Sport-Injury Rehabilitation: Professional Athletes' Views
Authors: Arvinen-Barrow Monna , Massey William V. , Hemmings Brian 
Published: September 2014

Context:
Research from the sport medicine professional's (SMP's) perspective indicates that SMPs are often required to address psychosocial aspects of injuries during treatment. However, only a few authors have investigated injured athletes' experiences with these concerns.

Objective:
To explore injured professional athletes' views on the role of SMPs in the psychosocial aspects of sport-injury rehabilitation.

Design
Qualitative study.

Setting:
Professional association football and rugby union clubs.

Patients or Other Participants:
Ten professional, male football (n = 4; 40%) and rugby union (n = 6; 60%) players (age = 22.4 ± 3.4 years).

Data Collection and Analysis
We collected data using a semistructured interview guide, and the data were then transcribed and analyzed following the interpretative phenomenological analysis guidelines. We peer reviewed and triangulated the established emergent themes to establish trustworthiness.

Results:
Athletes in our study viewed injuries as “part and parcel” of their sports. Despite normalizing sport injuries, athletes reported frequent feelings of frustration and self-doubt throughout the rehabilitation process. However, athletes' perceived the role of SMPs in injury rehabilitation as addressing physical concerns; any intervention aimed at psychosocial outcomes (eg, motivation, confidence) needed to be subtle and indirect.

Conclusions:
The SMPs working with injured athletes need to understand the psychosocial principles that underpin athletes' sport-injury processes and the effect psychosocial reactions can have on athletes. Moreover, SMPs must understand the self-regulatory processes that may take place throughout injury rehabilitation and be able to apply psychological principles in natural and subtle ways to aid athletes' self-regulatory abilities.
CURE KINETICS AND FINAL PERFORMANCE OF STYRENE BUTADIENE STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER/SILICA NANOCOMPOSITES
Authors: Moaddab Ahmad , Kalaee Mohammadreza , Mazinani Saeedeh , Aghajani Ali , Rajab Mohammad M. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT
Cure kinetics and the final performance of styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer (SBS)/silica nanocomposites followed by vulcanization are analyzed. The results indicated that the presence of silica affects the curing reaction of SBS, and additional heating is required for complete vulcanization of SBS/silica nanocomposites due to their higher activation energy. The samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and tensile test methods. The tensile strength, hardness, and wear resistance of SBS/silica nanocomposites show considerable increases by incorporating different silica nanoparticle contents in the SBS matrix; however, silica nanoparticles cause a decrease in modulus and elongation at break compared to cured neat SBS.
EFFECT OF ORGANICALLY MODIFIED MONTMORILLONITE CLAY ON MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICOMECHANICAL, THERMAL STABILITY, AND WATER VAPOR TRANSMISSION RATE PROPERTIES OF BIIR-CO RUBBER NANOCOMPOSITE
Authors: Kumar S. , Nando G. B. , Nair Sujith , Unnikrishnan G. , Sreejesh A. , Chattopadhyay S. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT
Rubber nanocomposites based on bromobutyl rubber (BIIR), polyepichlorohydrin rubber (CO), carbon black (CB), and organically modified montmorillonite clay (NC) were prepared via melt compounding technique. Effects of NC dosage on various properties of the developed BIIR-CO nanocomposites were studied. Morphological characteristics of the BIIR-CO nanocomposite revealed a good level of clay dispersion. Scanning electron microscopy analyses of the tensile fractured surfaces of the nanocomposites revealed the existence of a good interaction between NC-CB. Hybrid microstructure development between NC and CB, clay exfoliation, and improved filler dispersion in the quaternary nanocomposite significantly contributed to the overall enhancement of properties. The addition of nanoclay increases the modulus up to 54%, tear strength up to 20%, and other physicomechanical properties of the rubber nanocomposite. However, higher nanoclay dose results in the agglomeration of clay particles predominantly. An increase in the volume fraction of nanoclay platelets depreciates the thermal degradation of the BIIR-CO nanocomposites. The tortuous path offered by NC is pivotal in the significant reduction in the water vapor transmission rate (up to 30% reduction). Contact angle measurements reveal the importance of nanoclay dispersion in subsiding the surface hydrophilic nature of the nanocomposite.
Changes in Rat Spinal Cord Gene Expression After Inflammatory Hyperalgesia of the Joint and Manual Therapy
Authors: Ruhlen Rachel L. , Singh Vineet K. , Pazdernik Vanessa K. , Towns Lex C. , Snider Eric J. , Sargentini Neil J. , Degenhardt Brian F. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractContext:Mobilization of a joint affects local tissue directly but may also have other effects that are mediated through the central nervous system.Objective:To identify differential gene expression in the spinal cords of rats with or without inflammatory joint injury after manual therapy or no treatment.Methods:Rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: no injury and no touch (NI/NT), injury and no touch (I/NT), no injury and manual therapy (NI/MT), and injury and manual therapy (I/MT). We induced acute inflammatory joint injury in the rats by injecting carrageenan into an ankle. Rats in the no-injury groups did not receive carrageenan injection. One day after injury, rats received manual therapy to the knee of the injured limb. Rats in the no-touch groups were anesthetized without receiving manual therapy. Spinal cords were harvested 30 minutes after therapy or no touch, and spinal cord gene expression was analyzed by microarray for 3 comparisons: NI/NT vs I/NT, I/MT vs I/NT, and NI/NT vs NI/MT.Results:Three rats were assigned to each group. Of 38,875 expressed sequence tags, 755 were differentially expressed in the NI/NT vs I/NT comparison. For the other comparisons, no expressed sequence tags were differentially expressed. Cluster analysis revealed that the differentially expressed sequence tags were over-represented in several categories, including ion homeostasis (enrichment score, 2.29), transmembrane (enrichment score, 1.55), and disulfide bond (enrichment score, 2.04).Conclusions:An inflammatory injury to the ankle of rats caused differential expression of genes in the spinal cord. Consistent with other studies, genes involved in ion transport were among those affected. However, manual therapy to the knees of injured limbs or to rats without injury did not alter gene expression in the spinal cord. Thus, evidence for central nervous system mediation of manual therapy was not observed.
Periodic time‐dependent parameters improving forecasting abilities of biological ocean models
Authors: Mattern Jann Paul , Fennel Katja , Dowd Michael 
Published: September 2014

AbstractUsing two emulator‐based procedures, we estimate time‐dependent values for two key plankton parameters in a three‐dimensional biogeochemical (BGC) ocean model. The estimation is based on a 4 year time series of daily surface satellite chlorophyll observations. The estimated parameters display an annual periodicity that can be explained by the succession of plankton groups in the study region. Model simulations using these parameters show improved fit to observations and better forecasting abilities compared to simulations with constant optimal parameters; the newly introduced sequential parameter estimation procedure creates the strongest improvement. The inclusion of time‐dependent parameters represents a simple way to improve the predictive skill of BGC models and their representation of plankton dynamics.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Plant Alkaloids
Authors: de Oliveira Brás Heleno 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlkaloids have been used in medicine for centuries because of their biological properties and are obtained mainly from plants. Many have beneficial pharmacological properties, some are psychotropic, and others are toxic to humans and animals. These properties have led to the development of methods for their analysis in plant materials and pharmaceutical products. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) is the technique of choice by many analysts for the analysis of alkaloids in various scientific areas. The continuous development of new and more efficient stationary phases and detection systems has provided the conditions for the successful analysis of various classes of alkaloids. This chapter shows examples of HPLC analysis of important classes of alkaloids. Most examples involve pharmacologically useful alkaloids. Examples of toxic and psychotropic alkaloids are also covered in separate sections. The analytical conditions are shown in tabular form, and the data provided in each example may be sufficient as a starting point for the practical analyst.
Identification and Characterization of Trimeric Proanthocyanidins of Two Members of theRhododendronGenus (Ericaceae) by Liquid Chromatography Multi‐Stage Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Jaiswal Rakesh , Karar Mohamed G.E. , Kuhnert Nikolai 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe trimeric proanthocyanidins of the leaves of two taxa of theRhododendrongenus (Ericaceae),R. ‘Catawbiense Grandiflorum’ andR. ‘Cunningham's White’ were investigated qualitatively by LC–MSn. Twenty‐five trimeric proanthocyanidins based on (epi)catechin and (epi)gallocatechin were detected and characterized on the basis of their unique fragmentation pattern in the negative ion mode tandem MS spectra. All of them were extracted for the first time from these sources and 10 of them were not reported previously in nature. The position of the galloyl residue was assigned based on the retro‐Diels–Alder (RDA) fragmentation and on the dehydrated RDA fragmentation; it resulted from the loss of gallic acid as a neutral loss in the negative ion mode.
Coumarins: Analytical and Preparative Techniques
Authors: Skalicka‐Woźniak Krystyna , Głowniak Kazimierz 
Published: September 2014

AbstractCoumarins are, nowadays, an important group of organic compounds from natural and synthetic sources, possessing a wide range of pharmacological activities. Coumarins comprise a large group of phenolic substances, which occur in plants as secondary metabolites. On account of the significance of this group of compounds, the development of effective methods for the extraction, separation, qualitative and quantitative analyses, and purification remains of high importance. The purpose of the chapter is to present information about methods of analysis and separation of this important group of naturally occurring compounds.
Naphthoquinones and Anthraquinones: Chemical, Analytical, and Biological Overview
Authors: El‐Najjar Nahed , Gali‐Muhtasib Hala , Vuorela Pia , Urtti Arto , Vuorela Heikki 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNaphthoquinones and anthraquinones are a well‐studied class of molecules that play a role in preventing and treating various illnesses. A thorough literature search shows that these molecules are potent antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetes, and neuroprotective agents. In addition to their beneficial properties, naphtho‐ and anthraquinones have toxicological effects mainly due to their presence as photoproducts in air pollutants. The analytical detection of naphtho‐ and anthraquinones is problematic because of the following properties: first is their ability to undergo fast redox cycling and second is their potential to bind thiol, amine, and hydroxyl groups. The possibility of using labeled compounds along with the recent advances of the available analytical techniques facilitated their detection and allowed a better understanding of their mechanism of action. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge with respect to the biological activities of naphtho‐ and anthraquinones as well as their chemical reactivity in an attempt to understand the mechanism by which they exert their effects. An overview about their analytical detection is also presented.
Identification of Medicinal Plants UsingDNABarcoding Technique
Authors: Pang Xiaohui , Chen Shilin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe accurate identification of medicinal plants in relation to their purity and quality as well as safe application has become increasingly important. DNA barcoding is an established technique that uses the sequence diversity in short, standard DNA regions for species‐level identification. It is primarily used to identify known species by comparing their unique barcode sequences to reference sequences in public databases, as well as to facilitate species discovery. DNA barcoding provides a more rapid, subjective, and accurate identification compared with traditional methods. Thus, it has rapidly become a widely recognized tool for species identification. Chenet al. provided a comprehensive evaluation of different DNA regions for the authentication of medicinal plants. They found that the second internal transcriber spacer (ITS2) region could be used as a universal barcode for plant authentication. The ITS2 barcode has been tested recently in a wide range of taxa. It has been proven to be effective for identifying medicinal plants. In this study, we introduce the DNA barcoding technique and determine its usage in discriminating medicinal plants, as well as its advantages and limitations.
Metabolomics: Experimental Design, Methodology and Data Analysis
Authors: Schripsema Jan , Dagnino Denise 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Metabolomics can be defined as the area of research that strives to obtain complete metabolic fingerprints, to detect differences between them and to provide hypothesis to explain those differences. This area of research is still rapidly developing into a powerful tool in the study of all types of organisms.
This chapter focuses on the practical and efficient application of metabolomics. All different aspects of a metabolomic study are discussed, ranging from the initial questions and experimental design to the instrumental methods and data analysis.
Prozessive Katalyse
Authors: van Dongen Stijn F. M. , Elemans Johannes A. A. W. , Rowan Alan E. , Nolte Roeland J. M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDie Enzyme natürlicher Systeme haben Naturwissenschaftler schon immer inspiriert. Die komplexen Prozesse, auf denen ihre Selektivität und Effizienz beruhen, kommen langsam ans Tageslicht. Viele biomimetische Katalysatoren wurden nach ihrem Vorbild entworfen, allerdings liegt fast immer der Schwerpunkt auf der Umwandlung niedermolekularer Substrate. Die Natur hingegen kennt viele katalytische Systeme, die ganze Polymere modifizieren, replizieren oder abbauen, und das oft in prozessiver Weise. Beispielsweise kann das Anklammern des Katalysators an das Polymersubstrat zu einer solchen Prozessivität führen und, als Folge einer großen effektiven Molarität, die Geschwindigkeit der Katalyse erhöhen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz stellt verschiedene Strategien der Prozessivität in natürlichen Systemen und deren Eigenschaften vor. Zudem werden die Erfolge beschrieben, die Chemiker bei der Nachahmung eines der großartigsten Tricks der Natur bislang verbuchen konnten.
Spurlose Herstellung C‐terminaler α‐Ketosäuren zur chemischen Proteinsynthese mittels α‐Ketoäure‐Hydroxylamin‐Ligation: Synthese von SUMO2/3
Authors: Wucherpfennig Thomas G. , Pattabiraman Vijaya R. , Limberg Felix R. P. , Ruiz‐Rodríguez Javier , Bode Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEine neue Schutzgruppe für enantiomerenreine α‐Ketosäuren ergibt direkt Peptide mit C‐terminalen α‐Ketosäuren bei der Abspaltung von der Festphase und ermöglicht die Gegenwart aller kanonischen Aminosäuren im Peptid, einschließlich Cystein und Methionin. Unter Benutzung dieses Ansatzes und mittels der KAHA‐Ligation mit 5‐Oxaprolin wurden die Proteine SUMO2 und SUMO3 hergestellt. Die synthetischen Proteine, welche Homoserin‐Reste enthalten, wurden durch SUMOlierungsenzyme erkannt und mit RanGAP1 konjugiert.
Improving Physical Properties via CH Oxidation: Chemical and Enzymatic Approaches
Authors: Michaudel Quentin , Journot Guillaume , Regueiro‐Ren Alicia , Goswami Animesh , Guo Zhiwei , Tully Thomas P. , Zou Lufeng , Ramabhadran Raghunath O. , Houk Kendall N. , Baran Phil S. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPhysicochemical properties constitute a key factor for the success of a drug candidate. Whereas many strategies to improve the physicochemical properties of small heterocycle‐type leads exist, complex hydrocarbon skeletons are more challenging to derivatize because of the absence of functional groups. A variety of CH oxidation methods have been explored on the betulin skeleton to improve the solubility of this very bioactive, yet poorly water‐soluble, natural product. Capitalizing on the innate reactivity of the molecule, as well as the few molecular handles present on the core, allowed oxidations at different positions across the pentacyclic structure. Enzymatic oxidations afforded several orthogonal oxidations to chemical methods. Solubility measurements showed an enhancement for many of the synthesized compounds.
Conformational Flexibility Tunes the Propensity of Transthyretin to Form Fibrils Through Non‐Native Intermediate States
Authors: Das Jitendra K. , Mall Shyam S. , Bej Aritra , Mukherjee Sujoy 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe formation of partially unfolded intermediates through conformational excursions out of the native state is the starting point of many diseases involving protein aggregation. Therapeutic strategies often aim to stabilize the native structure and prevent the formation of intermediates that are also cytotoxic in vivo. However, their transient nature and low population makes it difficult to characterize these intermediates. We have probed the backbone dynamics of transthyretin (TTR) over an extended timescale by using NMR spectroscopy and MD simulations. The location and extent of these motions indicates that the backbone flexibility of TTR is a cause of dissociation and destabilization, both of which are responsible for fibril formation. Importantly, approximately 10 % of wild‐type TTR exists in an intermediate state, which increased to up to 28 % for pathogenic TTR mutants, for which the formation of the intermediate state is shown to be energetically more favorable compared to the wild type. This result suggests an important role for the intermediates in TTR amyloidosis.
Non‐Heme Dioxygenase Catalyzes Atypical Oxidations of 6,7‐Bicyclic Systems To Form the 6,6‐Quinolone Core of Viridicatin‐Type Fungal Alkaloids
Authors: Ishikawa Noriyasu , Tanaka Hidenori , Koyama Fumi , Noguchi Hiroshi , Wang Clay C. C. , Hotta Kinya , Watanabe Kenji 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe 6,6‐quinolone scaffold of the viridicatin‐type of fungal alkaloids are found in various quinolone alkaloids which often exhibit useful biological activities. Thus, it is of interest to identify viridicatin‐forming enzymes and understand how such alkaloids are biosynthesized. Here an Aspergillal gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of 4′‐methoxyviridicatin was identified. Detailed in vitro studies led to the discovery of the dioxygenase AsqJ which performs two distinct oxidations: first desaturation to form a double bond and then monooxygenation of the double bond to install an epoxide. Interestingly, the epoxidation promotes non‐enzymatic rearrangement of the 6,7‐bicyclic core of 4′‐methoxycyclopenin into the 6,6‐quinolone viridicatin scaffold to yield 4′‐methoxyviridicatin. The finding provides new insight into the biosynthesis of the viridicatin scaffold and suggests dioxygenase as a potential tool for 6,6‐quinolone synthesis by epoxidation of benzodiazepinediones.
Dioxygen Reactivity with a Ferrocene–Lewis Acid Pairing: Reduction to a Boron Peroxide in the Presence of Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane
Authors: Henthorn Justin T. , Agapie Theodor 
Published: September 2014

AbstractFerrocenes, which are typically air‐stable outer‐sphere single‐electron transfer reagents, were found to react with dioxygen in the presence of B(C6F5)3, a Lewis acid unreactive to O2, to generate bis(borane) peroxide. Although several Group 13 peroxides have been reported, boron‐supported peroxides are rare, with no structurally characterized examples of the BO2B moiety. The synthesis of a bis(borane)‐supported peroxide anion and its structural and electrochemical characterization are described.
Metal‐Catalyzed Dealkoxylative CarylC Cross‐Coupling—Replacement of Aromatic Methoxy Groups of Aryl Ethers by Employing a Functionalized Nucleophile
Authors: Leiendecker Matthias , Hsiao Chien‐Chi , Guo Lin , Alandini Nurtalya , Rueping Magnus 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe direct replacement of aromatic methoxy groups with activated carbon nucleophiles would give rise to novel synthetic pathways for targeted and diversity‐oriented syntheses. We demonstrate here that this transformation can be achieved in a one‐step reaction involving a bifunctional organolithium nucleophile in combination with a CArOMe bond‐cleaving nickel catalyst. The resulting products are stable, α‐CH active, and suitable for various further modifications.