bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of epidemic risk state and its change trend of public hospital in underdeveloped area in different stages
Authors: Yang Ming , Miao Jingjing , Li Tiebing , Jiang Rong , Jiang Min 
Published: August 2024

ObjectiveEpidemics are sudden and rapidly spreading. Hospitals in underdeveloped areas are particularly vulnerable in case of an outbreak. This paper aims to assess the epidemic risk state and its change trend of hospitals in different epidemic stages, identify the key factors affecting hospital epidemic risk change, provide priority reference for hospital epidemic risk control, and enhance the hospital's ability to respond to sudden epidemics.MethodsBased on Grounded theory, the epidemic risk indicators that affect hospital safety are summarized. The concept of epidemic risk state and its random state space is proposed according to Markov chain theory. The impact of each indicator on the random risk state and its change is comprehensively assessed from two aspects: risk occurrence probability and risk loss. Finally, the assessment of the hospital epidemic risk state and its change at different stages is achieved.ResultsThe stable risk states of public hospitals in underdeveloped areas in non-epidemic stage t0, early epidemic stage t1, and outbreak stage t2 are P^t0(Sn)={0.142,0.546,0.220,0.093}, P^t1(Sn)={0.025,0.364,0.254,0.357}, and P^t2(Sn)={0.020,0.241,0.191,0.548}, respectively. In non-epidemic stage, the key factor in improving the hospital epidemic risk state is emergency funding. In early epidemic stage, the key factors in improving the hospital epidemic risk state are the training of medical staff in epidemic prevention skills and the management of public health. In outbreak state, the key factor in improving the hospital epidemic risk state is the training of medical staff in epidemic prevention skills and psychological awareness.ConclusionThis paper proposes the concept of epidemic risk state, providing an effective assessment method for the epidemic risk state and its change trend in public hospitals. According to the assessment, public hospitals in underdeveloped areas in different epidemic stages should adopt different risk control strategies to improve their current risk state. Blind risk control is inefficient and may even cause the epidemic risk to transition toward a more dangerous state.
Simultaneous vaccination against seasonal influenza and COVID-19 among the target population in Italy
Authors: Sansone Vincenza , Miraglia del Giudice Grazia , Della Polla Giorgia , Angelillo Italo Francesco 
Published: August 2024

IntroductionAnnual influenza and COVID-19 vaccinations are effective tools for reducing the disease burden. The goals of the present cross-sectional survey were to investigate attitudes and behaviors toward the simultaneous vaccination against seasonal influenza and COVID-19 and the factors associated.MethodsQuestionnaires were self-administered or researcher-administered between October 2023 and February 2024 in an immunization center in the southern part of Italy.ResultsAll 151 subjects eligible for influenza and COVID-19 vaccinations who attended the center agreed to participate. A total of 59.9% of respondents received concurrent seasonal influenza and COVID-19 vaccinations. Those who perceived that the simultaneous vaccination was safer and those who have been infected by SARS-CoV-2 fewer times were more likely to have simultaneously received both vaccinations. Regarding the reasons reported, half of the sample stated that the simultaneous vaccination was safe and that they were adequately informed. This was more likely indicated by the respondents who had received at least four doses of the COVID-19 vaccination. Among those who had not received the simultaneous vaccination, 70.7% and 29.3% had received only seasonal influenza and COVID-19.ConclusionEducational health communication campaigns are necessary to improve compliance with simultaneous administration of seasonal influenza and COVID-19 vaccinations and to increase the unsatisfactory coverage.
Safety assessment of high doses of vaporized oxalic acid on honey bee worker health and queen quality
Authors: Tellarini Prieto Emilio Enrique , Pietropaoli Marco , Camus Ylona , Polizel Camilli Marcelo , Raza Muhammad Fahim , Jose Midhun Sebastian , Obshta Oleksii , Bezerra da Silva Marina Carla , Kozii Ivanna , Moshynskyy Igor , Edirithilake Thanuri L.K. , Baril Erin , Glavinic Uros , Simko Elemir , Wood Sarah C. 
Published: August 2024

IntroductionThe honey bee ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor, is one of the main causes of honey bee colony loss worldwide. Synthetic acaricides are the most commonly used strategy for varroa control, however, resistance to these acaricides has emerged. Consequently, the use of organic acids for varroa control is gaining more interest among beekeepers. For example, oxalic acid (OA) is a natural compound that has been shown to be an effective acaricide against varroa mites, however, the potential toxicity of OA to adult bees and queens is poorly understood. The objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of incremental doses of vaporized OA on honey bee workers and queens.MethodsWe exposed 32 colonies to incremental doses (0, 5, 10 or 20 g per colony) of vaporized OA once per week over four consecutive weeks and we monitored the acute and long-term toxicity. We investigated the short-term effects of OA administration by evaluating adult bee mortality, brood production, and population size. Next, we evaluated the long-term effects of OA application on both worker bees and queens. Regarding workers, we investigated their ability to rear new queens. As for queens, we measured acceptance, performance, and sperm quality.ResultsWe found that colonies treated with 20 g OA (20 times the label dose) had a statistically significant increase in worker bee mortality, with a non-significant, 23% decrease in brood relative to controls. No significant differences were observed in queen performance nor sperm quality.DiscussionWe found that repeated application of vaporized OA, at up to 20 times the label dose, had no significant short-term nor long-term, negative effects on colony or queen health, with the exception of a short-term increase in adult bee mortality in the 20 g OA-treated group. The results of this study support the safety of higher-than-label doses of OA for honey bee colonies. The observed increase in adult bee mortality in the 20 g OA dose group in this study suggests that OA doses should be maintained below 20 g per brood chamber.
A Model for Estimating the Burden of Disease of Transfusion-Transmitted Infection
Authors: Riley William , Love Kailey , Saxon Mary , Tobian Aaron , Bloch Evan M. , Kasirye Ronnie , Lubega Irene , Musisi Ezra , Dhabangi Aggrey , Kyeyune Dorothy , McCullough Jeffrey 
Published: August 2024

ObjectivesBlood transfusion is an important mode of infectious disease transmission in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study describes a model to determine the prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) and the associated burden of disease.MethodsA five-step model was developed to determine the TTI-related burden of disease measured by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Uganda was selected as the study country.ResultsApproximately 298,266 units of blood were transfused in Uganda in 2019, yielding an estimated TTI incidence of 6,858 new TTIs (2.3% of transfused units) and prevalence of 19,141 TTIs (6.4% of transfused units). The total burden of disease is 2,903 DALYs, consisting of approximately 2,590 years of life lost (YLLs), and 313 years lived with disability (YLDs).ConclusionThe incidence and prevalence of TTIs and the associated burden of disease can be calculated on a local and national level. The model can be applied by health ministries to estimate the impact of TTIs in order to develop blood safety strategies to reduce the burden of disease.
Intraoperative pyloric drainage is unnecessary during esophagectomies: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Csontos Armand , Németh Dávid , Szakó Lajos , Berke Gergő , Sindler Dóra Lili , Berki Dávid , Papp Csenge , Hegyi Péter , Vereczkei András , Papp András 
Published: August 2024

Objective: The topic of this meta-analysis is the comparison of gastric conduit esophageal reconstructions with or without pyloroplasty.Background: Surgical procedures, especially minimal invasive esophagectomy (MIE) can be a curative treatment in the early stages of esophageal cancer. Previously, intraoperative pyloroplasty was routinely performed, but nowadays it became debated again in the light of minimally invasive esophagectomy.Methods: A comprehensive search was performed in multiple databases to identify randomized controlled trials investigating the topic. Two independent authors performed the selection based on predefined criteria. Statistical analysis was performed to assess any significant difference, then the bias and quality of the data were estimated.Results: Nine relevant RCTs consisting of 529 patients with esophageal cancer were identified. No significance was found in mortality [odds ratio (OR): 0.85; p = 0.642], anastomosis leakage (OR: 0.57; p = 0.254), respiratory morbidity (OR: 0.51; p = 0.214) and vomiting (OR: 0.74; p = 0.520), however the results about gastric emptying time (GET) were controversial (weighted mean difference (WMD): −67.71; p = 0.009, OR: 2.75; p = 0.072). Significant heterogeneity was not detected except for GET. Trial sequential analyses (TSA) show that a certain conclusion would require more data except in the binary variables of GET.Conclusion: We conclude that the pyloric drainage procedure is not routinely necessary, but further well-designed studies would be needed, especially in Europe.
KRT in Brazil: A Retrospective Cohort Study Based on Analysis of the Brazilian Public Health System
Authors: Aversa Santos Guilherme Palhares , Sesso Ricardo , Lugon Jocemir Ronaldo , Miranda de Menezes Neves Precil Diego , Pacheco Barbosa Abner Mácola , Camila da Rocha Naila , Modelli de Andrade Luis Gustavo 
Published: August 2024

Key Points

A large comprehensive analysis of patients undergoing KRT within Brazil's Public Health System from 2015 to 2023.We reported an increase in the age at which dialysis began and a decline in the adoption of peritoneal dialysis over the years.We showed better hemodialysis adequacy as measured by single-pool Kt/V.

Background
Brazil has the largest public health system providing universal coverage for chronic dialysis. The objective was to describe the number, sociodemographic, and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing KRT by dialysis within the public health system in Brazil.

Methods
We carried out a retrospective cohort study analyzing the database from the Brazilian Public Health System, focusing on procedures related to KRT. The study encompassed both prevalent and incident patients who underwent KRT in Brazil between 2015 and 2023.

Results
We observed an increase in the number and prevalence rate of dialysis patients from 2015 to 2023. We also noticed an increase in the age at dialysis initiation and in the prevalence of mixed-race patients and a reduction in the proportion of those undergoing peritoneal dialysis and with arteriovenous fistula. We identified an upward trajectory in the values of single-pool Kt/V over the years, contrasting with a decline in hemoglobin levels. The overall estimated prevalence rate of dialysis patients increased from 654 per million population (pmp) to 792 pmp over the years. The survival rates of incident patients undergoing KRT at 12 and 96 months were 81% and 60%, respectively.

Conclusions
We reported an increase in the age at which dialysis began and a decline in the adoption of peritoneal dialysis over the years. Although there have been some improvements over the years resulting in better adequacy of hemodialysis as measured by Kt/V, controlling certain parameters, such as hemoglobin levels, has remained challenging.
دعوى عجمة الإمام البخاري عرض ونقد
Authors: الدوسري سعد فجحان 
Published: August 2024

فكرة البحث الرئيسة بيان الدعوى التي أطلقت عن البخاري باتهامه بالعجمة وعرضها ثم نقدها، وتكمن أهمية البحث في أنَّه يتعلق بمؤلف أصح كتاب من كتب السنة النبوية، وأنَّ هذه التهمة من ضمن التهم الكثيرة التي كيلت عن الإمام البخاري وهي باطلة، حيث هي وغيرها - في الحقيقة- شُبَهٌ لا ترتقي إلى الأدلة الواضحة، وقد قيلت فيه في كتابه الجامع الصحيح، كان الغرض منها إسقاطه وإسقاط كتابه، وتتمثل إشكالية البحث في تحقيق دعوى عُجمة البخاري التي أطلقها المستشرقون، ببيان أدلتهم وأصل شبهتهم، وغرضهم من إطلاقها، مع البحث من واقع شخصية البخاري ومن واقع صحيحه في الرد عليها، وكشفها، كما أن البحث يهدف إلى بيان هذه الشبهة التي تقول إن أصوله أعجمية، وإنه ضعيف بسببها في العربية، ثم الرد على ذلك، لهذا درس الباحث ذلك، وأثبت بالأدلة القاطعة إمامة البخاري في العربية، وسلامة كتابه من الخطأ في العربية، وقد اقتضت طبيعة البحث أن يسلك الباحث المنهج الاستقرائي والتحليلي، ومن أبرز النتائج التي توصل لها الباحث الوقوف على حقيقة شبهة اتهام البخاري بالعجمة والضعف في العربية، والغرض الذي لأجله تم إطلاقها؛ والرد عليها مع تفنيدها، والإثبات بالأدلة الواضحة من واقع ترجمة البخاري أنه عالم في العربية، وكتابه الصحيح يدل على علو كعبه فيها وإتقانه لها، وذلك من خلال كلامه على الأبواب وشرح الغريب لذا يرى الباحث ضرورة العناية بصحيح البخاري من ناحية اللغة، والرد على المخالفين الذين تكلموا على البخاري في بعض اختياراته اللغوية وتوضيح وجه اختياراته.
إدراك السماع وأثره في علم العلل
Authors: العبدالكريم شذى أحمد 
Published: August 2024

فكرة البحث: التعرف على مسألة دقيقة من مسائل الاتصال والانقطاع، وهي: «إدراك السماع» من خلال تتبع أقوال وأحكام أئمة النقد في تعليل أسانيد الأحاديث بظاهرة «إدراك السماع»، وتكمن أهمية البحث في معرفة أهم القرائن التي وضعها العلماء لمعرفة من وصف بإدراك السماع وما لذلك من أثر في الحكم على اتصال السند وانقطاعه ويهدف البحث إلى بيان تيقظ الأئمة وشدة تحريهم في شرط الاتصال وبذلهم الجهود المضنية للكشف عنه، من خلال تمييز صيغ الأداء ودلالاتها، وطرقهم في كشف العلل الخفية ومشكلة الدراسة أن صيغ الأداء هي الوسيلة الأكثر استعمالا للكشف عن اتصال رواية ما أو انقطاعها، فما مسالك الأئمة في التمييز بين الإدراك وثبوت السماع، وما القرائن التي يعرف بها من أنه أدرك ولم يسمع؟ وهل إدراك السماع من الأسباب القادحة في الحديث، وما أثر وصف الراوي بأنه أدرك السماع على درجة حديثه؟ وقد اقتضت طبيعة البحث أن أسلك منهج الاستقراء لجمع القرائن التي فرق الأئمة فيها بين صيغ الإدراك وثبوت السماع، ثم أتبع ذلك بالمنهج التحليلي وذلك بتحليل النصوص التي جمعت بالاستقراء ودراستها وتوظيفها في الدراسة التطبيقية . ومن أبرز النتائج التي توصلت لها الباحثة علة إدراك السماع من الأسباب القادحة في الحديث - بغض النظر عمن وقع منه- مخرجة له من حال الصحة إلى حال الضعف مانعة من العمل به، والبحث في علة (إدراك السماع) يحتاج لمعرفتها إلى أمور: المعاصرة وحصول اللقيا والسماع، وما سمع الراوي وما لم يسمع، والصيغة التي أدى بها حديثه ومقصده من استعمالها. وخرج البحث بتوصيات منها: جمع صيغ الأداء الدالة على (إدراك السماع) والنظر فيها مجتمعة ومعرفة مراتب رواتها.
Sistem Kontrol Pada Solar Tracker Dual Axis Berbasis Arduino dan Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
Authors: Rd. Reyhan Triwibowo  , Ignatius R. Mardiyanto  , Mulki R. B Pratama  
Published: August 2024

Solar cell merupakan salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang berfungsi untuk mengkonversi energi panas dari matahari sehingga bisa menghasilkan energi listrik. Hingga saat ini penyerapan energi panas matahari pada solar cell belum maksimal. Hal ini disebabkan karena solar cell hanya diletakkan secara statis untuk menyerap energi matahari dari arah timur dan barat. Sedangkan sudut penyinaran matahari yang optimal berasal dari arah utara, timur, Selatan dan barat, maka dari itu, dalam penelitian ini menerapkan solar tracker berbasis dual axis pada rangkaian solar cell agar penyerapan energi panas matahari menjadi optimal. Peneliti menggunakan solar tracker berupa dua aktuator linier sebagai motor penggerak dan empat buah Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) untuk mengarahkan sudut datang Cahaya matahari dari arah utara, timur, selatan dan Barat. Sehingga solar tracker dapat mengarahkan solar cell secara dual axis. Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) digunakan oleh peneliti untuk mengetahui kesalahan sudut bayangan pada solar tracer. Hasil penelitian, sistem kontrol ini) memilki cakupan 45˚ke arah utara, timur, selatan dan barat. Hasil pengujian RSME menunjukkan sistem kontrol dapat mengikuti arah datangnya cahaya matahari pada pukul 09.00 sampai 15.00 dengan kesalahan pada sumbu timur-barat sebesar 0,3˚-1,7˚ dengan nilai RMSE sebesar 1,366 dan untuk sumbu utara-selatan memiliki eror sebesar 0,6˚-2,6˚ dengan nilai RMSE sebesar 1,736. Maka dari itu, sistem kontrol pada solar tacker dual axis dapat membantu solar cell mendapatkan suplai cahaya matahari yang maksimal.
Metode Runge-Kutta dalam Menentukan Solusi Numerik Model SEIR Penyebaran Penyakit Hepatitis B di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan
Authors: Wahyuni Maya Sari , Sanusi Wahidah , Janide Anugrah 
Published: August 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari solusi numerik model matematika penyakit Hepatitis B di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan menggunakan metode Runge-Kutta orde empat dan orde lima. Model matematika penyakit Hepatitis B berbentuk persamaan differensial model SEIR yang diselesaikan secara numerik menggunakan metode Runge-Kutta orde empat dan metode Runge-Kutta orde lima yang dilakukan sebanyak 500 iterasi dengan waktu interval h = 0,01 bulan. Nilai awal dan nilai parameter disubtitusi ke dalam solusi numerik terhadap model disimulasikan menggunakan Maple. Hasil yang didapat Metode Runge-Kutta Orde Empat menunjukkan bahwa nilai laju setiap kelas untuk 5 bulan ke depan saat t = 5 untuk laju kelas individu rentan (S) sebesar 670822, untuk kelas individu terekspose (E) sebesar 178983, untuk kelas individu terinveksi (I) sebesar 77 dan kelas individu sembuh (R) sebesar 51327. Hasil yang didapat Metode Runge-Kutta Orde Lima menunjukkan bahwa nilai laju setiap kelas untuk 5 bulan ke depan saat t = 5 untuk laju kelas individu rentan (S) sebesar 670551, untuk kelas individu terekspose (E) sebesar 181380, untuk kelas individu terinveksi (I) sebesar 0 dan kelas individu sembuh (R) sebesar 56539. Ini berarti diantara penggunanaan metode Runge-kutta Orde Empat dan Metode Runge-Kutta Orde Lima, Penggunaan metode Runge-Kutta Orde Lima Merupakan metode yang lebih baik.
Perbandingan Metode Holt’s Linier dan GPT-4 Untuk Peramalan Jumlah Kasus Kematian Diabetes Melitus Di Indonesia
Authors: Evania Clara Della , Wiyanti Wiwik 
Published: August 2024

Kematian merupakan suatu kondisi yang tidak dapat dihindari oleh manusia dan pasti akan terjadi pada semua makhluk hidup. Kematian dapat diantisipasi dengan menerapkan suatu pola hidup yang sehat atau menjaga kesehatan yang harus diperhatikan setiap manusia. Namun banyak masyarakat yang masih tidak mempedulikan kesehatannya dengan menerapkan pola hidup yang tidak sehat. Gaya hidup yang tidak sehat tersebut akan berdampak bagi kesehatan serta dapat mendatangkan berbagai macam penyakit, seperti diabetes melitus. Diabetes melitus merupakan kondisi saat tubuh tidak mempertahankan gula dalam darah tetap stabil dalam kadar yang normal yang terjadi gangguan dari fungsi atau disfungsi dari kelenjar pancreas untuk memproduksi insulin secara alami.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan hasil peramalan menggunakan metode Holt’s Linear Smoothing dengan alpha sebesar 0,546 dan beta sebesar 1. Dalam penelitian ini akan meramalkan data dari 2020 – 2026. Didapatkan hasil peramalan yang berbeda dengan menggunakan chat GPT-4 dan perhitungan manual.
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Investigation of the impact of environmental conditions on the mechanical properties of thin-film copper wafers
Authors: Pham Quoc-Phong , Hoa Le Ngoc Quynh , Haq Muhamad Amirul , Huy Le Nam Quoc 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Thin-film copper offers excellent film texture for multilevel interconnections in integrated circuit fabrication due to its superior resistance to electromigration and high electrical conductivity. To perform a chemical mechanical planarization process during semiconductor fabrication of copper, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of the nanomechanical properties of thin-film copper. In this study, thin-film copper and reacted passivation layers on silicon substrate wafers are investigated for their nanomechanical properties under various environmental conditions. The results of this study indicate that thin-film copper passivation layers have different properties in deionized (DI) water and polishing slurry environments compared to thin-film copper exposed to ambient air. Interestingly, variations in temperature within wet environments do not significantly affect the properties of thin-film copper wafers; but changes in properties are largely driven by chemical processes. The insights gained from this study emphasize the significance of considering both the passivation layers and wet environments in semiconductor fabrication processes, which contributes to the advancement of copper-based interconnect materials and optimization of the chemical mechanical planarization process in semiconductor manufacturing.
Pengaruh Inflasi, Nilai Kurs Rupiah dan Tingkat Suku Bunga pada Harga Saham Perusahaan Jasa Transportasi dan Logistik
Authors: Putri Jesica C. , Suryantari Eka Putri , Pradnyani Ni Luh Putu Sri P. 
Published: August 2024

Investasi di pasar modal yang paling diminati oleh investor adalah saham. Harga saham merupakan faktor atau alasan yang membuat para investor bersedia atau tidak untuk menginvestasikan dananya di pasar modal. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti berfokus pada 3 faktor makroekonomi yang menyebabkan perubahan harga saham yaitu inflasi, nilai kurs rupiah dan tingkat suku bunga. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh inflasi, nilai kurs rupiah, dan tingkat suku bunga terhadap harga saham.Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode penelitian kuantitatif berbentuk asosiatif dengan data sekunder. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada perusahaan jasa sub sektor transportasi dan logistik yang terdaftar di BEI periode 2019-2022. Metode penentuan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling sehingga memperoleh 52 data. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis regresi linear berganda dengan penyajian data dibantu SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa inflasi berpengaruh positif terhadap harga saham, nilai kurs rupiah memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap harga saham, dan tingkat suku bunga memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap harga saham. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, diharapkan menjadi pertimbangan bagi investor dalam berinvestasi.
Perbedaan Minat Belajar dan Kedisiplinan Belajar Siswa melalui Penerapan Model PJBL pada Mata Pelajaran Front Office di SMK Pariwisata Dalung
Authors: Dewi Putu Ayu Yusvita , Suryanto I Wayan , Sentosa I Putu Pranatha 
Published: August 2024

Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah: Untuk mengetahui perbedaan minat dan kedesiplinan belajar melalui penerapan model pembelajaran Project Basef Learning pada mata pelajaran Front Office pada siswa kelas Xl perhotelan di SMK Pariwisata Dalung. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian experimen dengan disain one grup pretest-posttest dengan teknik analisis data deskritif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat perbedaan minat dan kedesiplinan melalui penerapan model Project Basef Learning pada mata pelajaran Front office di kelas XI Perhotelan di SMK Pariwisata Dalung. Hasil uji normalitas pretest dan posttest kedisiplinan memiliki nilai signifikansi yaitu 0.078 > 0.05 dan 0.074 > 0.05 jadi data tersebut berdistribusi normal. Pretest dan posttest minat memiliki nilai signifikansi yaitu 0.586 > 0.05 dan 0.052 > 0.05 jadi data tersebut berdistribusi normal. Hasil Uji T berpasangan (Paired Sample T-Test) yang membandingkan pretest dan posttest kedisiplinan menunjukkan bahwa nilai signifikansi sebesar 0.000 < 0.05 dengan demikian Ho ditolak; Ha diterima. Hasil Uji T berpasangan (Paired Sample T-Test) yang membandingkan pretest dan posttest minat belajar menunjukkan bahwa nilai signifikansi sebesar 0.000 < 0.05 dengan demikian Ho ditolak; Ha diterima.