bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kant, Ripstein and the Circle of Freedom: A Critical Note
Authors: Valentini Laura 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMuch contemporary political philosophy claims to be Kant‐inspired, but its aims and method differ from Kant's own. In his recent book, Force and Freedom, Arthur Ripstein advocates a more orthodox Kantian outlook, presenting it as superior to dominant (Kant‐inspired) views. The most striking feature of this outlook is its attempt to ground the whole of political morality in one right: the right to freedom, understood as the right to be independent of others’ choices. Is Ripstein's Kantian project successful? In this research note I argue that it is not. First, I suggest that Ripstein's notion of freedom is viciously circular. It is meant to ground all rights, but in fact it presupposes an account of those rights. Second, I show that—independently of its inability to ground a whole political morality—such a moralized understanding of freedom is normatively unappealing.
Politics and the Contingent: A Plea For A More Embedded Account of Freedom as Independence
Authors: Ronzoni Miriam 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis contribution defends Ripstein's attempt to reconstruct Kant's political philosophy as entirely and consistently grounded on the idea of people's innate right to freedom as independence, in particular with respect to charges of circularity raised by other contributors to this symposium. However, it also argues that, if the concept of freedom as independence is to provide a foundation for a full‐blown account of political justice, a richer interpretation of it should be provided. In other words, we must be willing to make controversial and empirically informed claims about what counts as a threat to our freedom as independence under specific circumstances. We must have a more embedded account of freedom as independence, one that engages with the contingencies of politics and of the human condition.
Levetiracetam in patients with central neuropathic post‐stroke pain – a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Jungehulsing G. J. , Israel H. , Safar N. , Taskin B. , Nolte C. H. , Brunecker P. , Wernecke K.‐D. , Villringer A. 
Published: August 2012

Background and purposeCentral post‐stroke pain (CPSP) is a severe chronic neuropathic pain condition defined as a spontaneous pain or allodynia corresponding to a vascular lesion. It usually evolves weeks after stroke, and can distinctively impair the quality of life. Treatment is complex and mostly unsatisfactory. We hypothesized that the anti‐epileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV) improves CPSP compared with placebo. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and tolerability of LEV in patients with CPSP.MethodsIn a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study design patients with CPSP lasting at least 3 months and a pain score ≥ 4 on the 11‐point Likert scale were treated over two 8‐week periods with a maximum dose up to 3000 mg LEV or placebo. Primary endpoint was a median pain lowering ≥ 2 in the final treatment week compared with the last baseline week. Secondary outcome measures comprised additional pain ratings, depression, sleep quality, quality of life and patients' global impression of change.ResultsOf 42 patients, 33 [61.5 years (40–76); 38% women] completed the study. Side effects and withdrawals were more frequent in the LEV (n = 5) group than in the placebo group (n = 1). Patients treated with LEV did not show any improvement of pain or changes in secondary outcome parameters compared with placebo.ConclusionsLEV is not effective in treatment for CPSP. The mode of action of LEV does not exert an analgesic effect in chronic CPSP.
Using CRANID to test the population affinity of known crania
Authors: Kallenberger Lauren , Pilbrow Varsha 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCRANID is a statistical program used to infer the source population of a cranium of unknown origin by comparing its cranial dimensions with a worldwide craniometric database. It has great potential for estimating ancestry in archaeological, forensic and repatriation cases. In this paper we test the validity of CRANID in classifying crania of known geographic origin. Twenty‐three crania of known geographic origin but unknown sex were selected from the osteological collections of the University of Melbourne. Only 18 crania showed good statistical match with the CRANID database. Without considering accuracy of sex allocation, 11 crania were accurately classified into major geographic regions and nine were correctly classified to geographically closest available reference populations. Four of the five crania with poor statistical match were nonetheless correctly allocated to major geographical regions, although none was accurately assigned to geographically closest reference samples. We conclude that if sex allocations are overlooked, CRANID can accurately assign 39% of specimens to geographically closest matching reference samples and 48% to major geographic regions. Better source population representation may improve goodness of fit, but known sex‐differentiated samples are needed to further test the utility of CRANID.
The interplay between expressed parental anxiety and infant behavioural inhibition predicts infant avoidance in a social referencing paradigm
Authors: Aktar Evin , Majdandžić Mirjana , de Vente Wieke , Bögels Susan M. 
Published: August 2012

Background:  Anxiety aggregates in families. Environmental factors, such as modelling of anxious behaviours, are assumed to play a causal role in the development of child anxiety. We investigated the predictive value of paternal and maternal anxiety (lifetime anxiety disorders and expressed parental anxiety) on infants’ fear and avoidance during encounters with social and nonsocial novel stimuli in a social referencing (SR) paradigm.Methods:  A total of 122 12‐month‐old infants participated in this study separately with their fathers and mothers (parents with lifetime: social anxiety disorders [n = 47], other types of anxiety disorders [n = 33], comorbid social and other types of anxiety disorders [n = 52] and without anxiety disorders [n = 112]). Infants were confronted with a stranger and a mechanical dinosaur as novel stimuli in two SR situations. Infants’ avoidance as well as fear and parents’ expressed anxiety were observed. Infants’ behavioural inhibition (BI) was separately observed in structured tasks.Results:  Parental lifetime anxiety disorders did not significantly predict infant fear or avoidance. Expressed parental anxiety interacted with BI to significantly predict infant avoidance, revealing a positive association between expressed parental anxiety and infant avoidance among infants with moderate‐to‐high BI. The association between infant avoidance and expressed parental anxiety was not significantly different for mothers and fathers, pointing to an equally important role of fathers at this young age. Infant fear was significantly predicted by infant BI, but not by expressed parental anxiety.Conclusions:  Infants with a temperamental disposition for anxiety (BI) may learn from both paternal and maternal anxious signals and become avoidant towards novelty when their parents express anxiety. This link between expressed parental anxiety and infant avoidance for moderate‐to‐high BI children, that seems to hold across contexts and to be independent of lifetime parental anxiety disorders, may be a mechanism explaining early intergenerational transmission of anxiety.
Acceptability and potential effectiveness of a foot drop stimulator in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy
Authors: PROSSER LAURA A , CURATALO LINDSEY A , ALTER KATHARINE E , DAMIANO DIANE L 
Published: August 2012

Aim  Ankle–foot orthoses are the standard of care for foot drop in cerebral palsy (CP), but may overly constrain ankle movement and limit function in those with mild CP. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) may be a less restrictive and more effective alternative, but has rarely been used in CP. The primary objective of this study was to conduct the first trial in CP examining the acceptability and clinical effectiveness of a novel, commercially available device that delivers FES to stimulate ankle dorsiflexion.Method  Twenty‐one individuals were enrolled (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] levels I and II, mean age 13y 2mo). Gait analyses in FES and non‐FES conditions were performed at two walking speeds over a 4 month period of device use. Measures included ankle kinematics and spatiotemporal variables. Differences between conditions were revealed using repeated measures multivariate analyses of variance.Results  Nineteen individuals (nine females, 10 males; mean age 12y 11mo, range 7y 5mo to 19y 11mo; 11 at GMFCS level I, eight at level II) completed the FES intervention, with all but one choosing to continue using FES beyond that phase. Average daily use was 5.6 hours (SD 2.3). Improved dorsiflexion was observed during swing (mean and peak) and at foot–floor contact, with partial preservation of ankle plantarflexion at toe‐off when using the FES at self‐selected and fast walking speeds. Gait speed was unchanged.Interpretation  This FES device was well accepted and effective for foot drop in those with mild gait impairments from CP.
Deletion of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (Glud1) in the central nervous system affects glutamate handling without altering synaptic transmission
Authors: Frigerio Francesca , Karaca Melis , De Roo Mathias , Mlynárik Vladimír , Skytt Dorte M. , Carobbio Stefania , Pajęcka Kamilla , Waagepetersen Helle S. , Gruetter Rolf , Muller Dominique , Maechler Pierre 
Published: August 2012

AbstractGlutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), encoded by GLUD1, participates in the breakdown and synthesis of glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter. In the CNS, besides its primary signaling function, glutamate is also at the crossroad of metabolic and neurotransmitter pathways. Importance of brain GDH was questioned here by generation of CNS‐specific GDH‐null mice (CnsGlud1−/−); which were viable, fertile and without apparent behavioral problems. GDH immunoreactivity as well as enzymatic activity were absent in Cns‐Glud1−/− brains. Immunohistochemical analyses on brain sections revealed that the pyramidal cells of control animals were positive for GDH, whereas the labeling was absent in hippocampal sections of Cns‐Glud1−/− mice. Electrophysiological recordings showed that deletion of GDH within the CNS did not alter synaptic transmission in standard conditions. Cns‐Glud1−/− mice exhibited deficient oxidative catabolism of glutamate in astrocytes, showing that GDH is required for Krebs cycle pathway. As revealed by NMR studies, brain glutamate levels remained unchanged, whereas glutamine levels were increased. This pattern was favored by up‐regulation of astrocyte‐type glutamate and glutamine transporters and of glutamine synthetase. Present data show that the lack of GDH in the CNS modifies the metabolic handling of glutamate without altering synaptic transmission.
Early mitochondrial abnormalities in hippocampal neurons cultured from Fmr1 pre‐mutation mouse model
Authors: Kaplan Eitan S. , Cao Zhengyu , Hulsizer Susan , Tassone Flora , Berman Robert F. , Hagerman Paul J. , Pessah Isaac N. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPre‐mutation CGG repeat expansions (55–200 CGG repeats; pre‐CGG) within the fragile‐X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene cause fragile‐X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome in humans. Defects in neuronal morphology, early migration, and electrophysiological activity have been described despite appreciable expression of fragile‐X mental retardation protein (FMRP) in a pre‐CGG knock‐in (KI) mouse model. The triggers that initiate and promote pre‐CGG neuronal dysfunction are not understood. The absence of FMRP in a Drosophila model of fragile‐X syndrome was shown to increase axonal transport of mitochondria. In this study, we show that dissociated hippocampal neuronal culture from pre‐CGG KI mice (average 170 CGG repeats) express 42.6% of the FMRP levels and 3.8‐fold higher Fmr1 mRNA than that measured in wild‐type neurons at 4 days in vitro. Pre‐CGG hippocampal neurons show abnormalities in the number, mobility, and metabolic function of mitochondria at this early stage of differentiation. Pre‐CGG hippocampal neurites contained significantly fewer mitochondria and greatly reduced mitochondria mobility. In addition, pre‐CGG neurons had higher rates of basal oxygen consumption and proton leak. We conclude that deficits in mitochondrial trafficking and metabolic function occur despite the presence of appreciable FMRP expression and may contribute to the early pathophysiology in pre‐CGG carriers and to the risk of developing clinical fragile‐X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome.
Early Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Health Insurance Coverage of Young Adults
Authors: Cantor Joel C. , Monheit Alan C. , DeLia Derek , Lloyd Kristen 
Published: August 2012

Research ObjectiveTo evaluate one of the first implemented provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), which permits young adults up to age 26 to enroll as dependents on a parent's private health plan. Nearly one‐in‐three young adults lacked coverage before the ACA.Study Design, Methods, and DataData from the Current Population Survey 2005–2011 are used to estimate linear probability models within a difference‐in‐differences framework to estimate how the ACA affected coverage of eligible young adults compared to slightly older adults. Multivariate models control for individual characteristics, economic trends, and prior state‐dependent coverage laws.Principal FindingsThis ACA provision led to a rapid and substantial increase in the share of young adults with dependent coverage and a reduction in their uninsured rate in the early months of implementation. Models accounting for prior state dependent expansions suggest greater policy impact in 2010 among young adults who were also eligible under a state law.Conclusions and ImplicationsACA‐dependent coverage expansion represents a rare public policy success in the effort to cover the uninsured. Still, this policy may have later unintended consequences for premiums for alternative forms of coverage and employer‐offered rates for young adult workers.
Agriculture’s Inter‐industry Linkages, Aggregation Bias and Rural Policy Reforms
Authors: Lindberg G. , Midmore P. , Surry Y. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAs agricultural policy reform and its effects have become increasingly territorialised, analyses that attempt to explain or predict impacts need to be both more localised and to identify spill‐over effects. Local and regional general equilibrium approaches have become increasingly popular because they can extend predictions of policy shocks obtainable from partial equilibrium sectoral models to identify the wider effects. However, agriculture is usually described as a single sector in input–output accounts, whereas policy shocks that affect constituent commodities with differential impacts will have inter‐industry effects that are different to those implied by average input–output coefficients. Regionalisation of aggregated input–output tables adds further to these difficulties. The objective of this study is to develop a practical method for dealing with these problems. It describes the theoretical basis of aggregation bias and shows how it can be measured, in two contrasting case study regions in the UK and Sweden. Having established that this is a significant issue, a simple but effective procedure is demonstrated, based on additional information on variable costs, which transforms policy shocks from a direct change in agricultural output to that transmitted to the suppliers of inputs. This method provides an impact close to that which could be calculated if the general equilibrium system had indeed been disaggregated, and supports use of this approach in impact studies where insufficient time or funding are available for complete disaggregation of an agricultural sector’s regional accounts.
Structural Change of European Dairy Farms – A Cross‐Regional Analysis
Authors: Zimmermann Andrea , Heckelei Thomas 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPrevious analyses of dairy farm structural change focus on the variation over time in one or a small number of regions. We present an EU‐15 cross‐regional analysis of the development of dairy farm numbers in different size classes over the period 1995–2005. Our purpose is to measure the explanatory relevance and effect of key factors suggested in the theoretical and empirical literature on structural change. Apart from the unprecedented scope, the underlying Markov chain analysis also contributes by combining observed transitions in micro (farm level) data with macro (sector level) data on farm numbers. Results show widely significant impacts of most considered explanatory variables, but also reflect and illuminate the complexity of the underlying processes.
P‐glycoprotein and multidrug resistance‐associated protein 2 are oppositely altered in brain of rats with thioacetamide‐induced acute liver failure
Authors: Jin Shi , Wang Xin‐Ting , Liu Li , Yao Dan , Liu Can , Zhang Mian , Guo Hai‐Fang , Liu Xiao‐Dong 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundP‐glycoprotein (P‐GP) and multidrug resistance‐associated protein 2 (MRP2) are involved in transport of many drugs across blood–brain barrier (BBB). The function and expression of P‐GP and MRP2 may be modulated by different pathologies. Acute liver failure (ALF) was reported to impair BBB function, resulting in the increased BBB permeability.AimsWe investigated whether ALF altered function and expression of P‐GP and MRP2 in brain of thioacetamide‐induced ALF rats.MethodsALF was induced by intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide (300 mg/kg) for 2 days with a 24‐h interval. The rats were used for experiments at 6, 12 and 24 h after the second administration. P‐GP and MRP2 function in brain were determined using the brain‐to‐plasma ratios of corresponding substrates (rhodamine 123 and vincristine for P‐GP; sulfobromophthalein and dinitrophenyl‐S‐glutathione for MRP2). Evans blue was used for examining the BBB integrity. Western blot was accomplished to determine P‐GP and MRP2 protein expression.ResultsThe brain‐to‐plasma ratios of rhodamine 123 and vincristine were significantly increased in ALF‐6 h rats and almost returned to normal levels in ALF‐24 h rats, whereas those of sulfobromophthalein and dinitrophenyl‐S‐glutathione were decreased in all ALF rats. Western blot results showed that ALF decreased brain P‐GP levels at 6 and 12 h, whereas increased MRP2 levels at 6, 12 and 24 h. No significant difference of Evans blue concentrations in brain was found among the four groups.ConclusionsFunction and expression of P‐GP and MRP2 in brain of thioacetamide‐induced ALF rats were oppositely altered.
Efficacy of a Modified Sequential Therapy Including Bismuth Subcitrate as First‐Line Therapy to Eradicate Helicobacter pylori in a Turkish Population
Authors: Uygun Ahmet , OZEL A. Melih , Sivri Bulent , Polat Zulfikar , Genç Halil , Sakin Yusuf Serdar , Çelebi Gürkan , Uygur‐Bayramiçli Oya , Erçin Cemal Nuri , Kadayifçi Abdurrahman , Emer Ozdes , Gunal Armagan , Bagci Sait 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundEradication rates of Helicobacter pylori with standard triple therapy are not satisfactory. Sequential therapy is an alternative method to overcome this problem.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess efficacy of a modified sequential therapy with the addition of a bismuth preparation, as first‐line treatment in the eradication of H. pylori infection.Materials and MethodsOne hundred and forty‐two H. pylori‐positive patients were included in the study. Patients were given a 14‐day sequential therapy program consisting of pantoprazole, 40 mg (b.i.d. for 14 days); colloidal bismuth subcitrate, 300 mg 4 (two tablets before breakfast and dinner, for 14 days); amoxicillin, 1 g (b.i.d.for the first 7 days); tetracycline, 500 mg (q.i.d. for the second 7 days); and metronidazole, 500 mg (t.i.d. for the second 7 days). Eradication was tested by urea breath test (UBT) 6 weeks after completion of treatment.ResultsOf the 142 patients included, 131 completed the study. “Per‐protocol” and “intention‐to‐treat” analyses revealed high eradication rates in this group (92.0–95% CI, 87.2–96.8%, and 81.0–95% CI, 74.5–87.4%, respectively). There was no relation to sex and age with this modified sequential therapy. Compliance was satisfactory (11 patients – four women and seven men were unavailable for follow‐up), and side effects were minimal (six patients had to stop treatment – metronidazole‐related facial swelling and numbness on the face and hands in two patients; tetracycline‐related fever and epigastric pain and nausea and vomiting in two patients; and amoxicillin‐related diarrhea and vaginal discharge in two patients). These side effects were reversible and resolved after the cessation of the related medication.ConclusionsThis 14‐day modified sequential treatment, including bismuth, achieves a significantly high eradication rates in patients with H. pylori infection, with five satisfactory patient compliance and minor side effects.
The Public Health Nursing Role in Elder Neglect in Assisted Living Facilities
Authors: Phillips Linda R. , Ziminski Carolyn 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectiveAssisted living facilities (ALFs) are a highly unregulated segment of health care serving a large group of vulnerable elders. The purpose of this study was to examine the scope of neglect and neglect‐related outcomes in ALFs and to determine whether citations given by state inspectors for certain institutional practices and staff inadequacies were associated with neglect.Design and SampleExploratory descriptive. Citations given during routine inspections and narrative reports of complaint investigations written by Arizona state surveyors in 165 ALFs.MeasuresDatabase that included citations and allegations for the selected facilities.ResultsNeglect was related to numerous poor outcomes, including injury, emergency department visits, and relocation. Citations related to staff attitudes and inappropriate staffing were associated with more neglect. Data suggest that facilities with citations with enforcement actions had less neglect.ConclusionsPublic health nurses working with older adults residing in ALFs and working in communities that have ALFS need to be aware of the problem of neglect and its related outcomes and their role in public policy and education. Public health nurses working as facility inspectors need to be sensitive to the relationship of institutional practices and staff inadequacies and neglect.
Substance Use, Gender, Socioeconomic Status and Metabolic Syndrome among Adults in Taiwan
Authors: Ni Lee‐Fen , Dai Yu‐Tzu , Su Ta‐Chen , Hu Wen‐Yu 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectivesThis study had two purposes: (1) To explore the mediating effects of substance use—as indicated by alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and betel‐nut chewing—on the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and metabolic syndrome; and (2) to examine the way gender moderates any mediating effects of substance use.Design and SampleSecondary analyses were conducted on a cross‐sectional national dataset. The data from 3,107 males and 3,081 females of Taiwanese were analyzed.MeasuresThe prevalence of metabolic syndrome, education level, occupation, age, body weight, body height, and behaviors were collected.ResultsIn male subjects, SES had no direct effect on metabolic syndrome; however, cigarette smoking and betel‐nut chewing, but not alcohol consumption, were found to have mediating effects on SES and metabolic syndrome. In females, SES was found to have a direct effect on metabolic syndrome; however, substance use had no mediating effects on the relationship between SES and metabolic syndrome. These differences, in males and females indicated that the mediating effect of substance use on the relationship between SES and metabolic syndrome is moderated by gender.ConclusionsOur study suggests that health care providers may need to provide gender‐specific health promotion programs to prevent metabolic syndrome.