bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of epicardial fat and anthropometric measurements in Asian-Indians: A community based study
Authors: Shetty Ranjan , Vivek G , Naha Kushal , Nayak Krishnananda , Goyal Amit , Dias Lorraine S 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Background: It is increasingly evident that visceral adipose tissue plays a leading role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Unfortunately, accurate quantification of intra-abdominal visceral fat is cumbersome and expensive. Epicardial fat represents the component of visceral fat distributed around the heart, and is readily and non-invasively assessed by echocardiography. Aims: To determine the correlation of epicardial fat with anthropometric parameters in a healthy population of Asian-Indians. Materials and Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted as part of a community outreach program from December to March 2011. Individuals over 18 years of age were included in the study. Anthropometric data was collected for all patients. Epicardial fat was assessed in parasternal long and short axes. Results: 350 healthy individuals were included in the study. Of them, 66.7% were males. Mean age was 42.7 ± 15.3 years (range 18-84). Mean body-mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were 23.3 ± 4.5 kg/m 2 (range 15.2-34.3) and 80.2 ± 13.3 cm (range 43-115) respectively. Mean epicardial fat in both axes was 2.6 ± 1.3 mm (range 0.3-7.0). Epicardial fat measured in both axes correlated well with weight (r = 0.399, P < 0.001), waist circumference (r = 0.522, P < 0.001) and BMI (r = 0.471, P < 0.001). Epicardial fat also correlated with age (r = 0.559, P < 0.001). Conclusions: There is an excellent correlation between epicardial fat measured by echocardiography and anthropometric parameters of metabolic syndrome.
Multiscale Finite Element Methods for Flows on Rough Surfaces
Authors: Efendiev Yalchin , Galvis Juan , Pauletti M. Sebastian 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we present the Multiscale Finite Element Method (MsFEM) for problems on rough heterogeneous surfaces. We consider the diffusion equation on oscillatory surfaces. Our objective is to represent small-scale features of the solution via multiscale basis functions described on a coarse grid. This problem arises in many applications where processes occur on surfaces or thin layers. We present a unified multiscale finite element framework that entails the use of transformations that map the reference surface to the deformed surface. The main ingredients of MsFEM are (1) the construction of multiscale basis functions and (2) a global coupling of these basis functions. For the construction of multiscale basis functions, our approach uses the transformation of the reference surface to a deformed surface. On the deformed surface, multiscale basis functions are defined where reduced (1D) problems are solved along the edges of coarse-grid blocks to calculate nodal multiscale basis functions. Furthermore, these basis functions are transformed back to the reference configuration. We discuss the use of appropriate transformation operators that improve the accuracy of the method. The method has an optimal convergence if the transformed surface is smooth and the image of the coarse partition in the reference configuration forms a quasiuniform partition. In this paper, we consider such transformations based on harmonic coordinates (following H. Owhadi and L. Zhang [Comm. Pure and Applied Math., LX(2007), pp. 675-723]) and discuss gridding issues in the reference configuration. Numerical results are presented where we compare the MsFEM when two types of deformations are used for multiscale basis construction. The first deformation employs local information and the second deformation employs a global information. Our numerical results show that one can improve the accuracy of the simulations when a global information is used.
Occupational Therapy Interventions to Improve the Reading Ability of Older Adults With Low Vision: A Systematic Review
Authors: Smallfield Stacy , Clem Kari , Myers Ashley 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This systematic review of the literature examined available evidence regarding the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for improving the reading performance of older adults with low vision. We reviewed 32 studies and found strong evidence supporting low vision programs that included occupational therapy and moderately strong evidence supporting the use of electronic magnification. Moderate evidence supported the influence of illumination on reading ability. Limited evidence was found to support eccentric viewing training and optical magnification. More evidence of higher quality is needed to validate the effectiveness of optical magnifiers, text eccentric viewing, characteristic preferences, and line guides within optical magnification. Additionally, further research is needed to develop a standard low vision rehabilitation program. The results of this review support the need for occupational therapy to be included in low vision rehabilitation. The implications of the findings for occupational therapy practice, research, and education are discussed.
Systematic Reviews Informing Occupational Therapy
Authors: Bennett Sally , Hoffmann Tammy , McCluskey Annie , Coghlan Nicole , Tooth Leigh 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We sought to identify and describe the number, topics, and publishing trends of systematic reviews relevant to occupational therapy indexed in the OTseeker database.
METHOD. We performed a cross-sectional survey of the systematic reviews contained in OTseeker in December 2011.
RESULTS. Of the 1,940 systematic reviews indexed in OTseeker, only 53 (2.7%) were published in occupational therapy journals. The most common diagnostic categories were stroke (n = 195, 10.1%) and affective disorders (n = 204, 10.5%). The most common intervention categories were consumer education (n = 644, 33.2%) and psychosocial techniques (n = 571, 29.4%). Only 390 (20.1%) of the 1,940 systematic reviews specifically involved occupational therapy.
CONCLUSION. Occupational therapists need to search broadly to locate relevant systematic reviews or, alternatively, to use databases such as OTseeker. Clarity about the involvement of occupational therapy in reports of future research will improve the ability to identify occupational therapy research for all stakeholders. Finally, occupational therapy practitioners need to read systematic reviews critically to determine whether review conclusions are justified.
Norm Scores of the Box and Block Test for Children Ages 3–10 Years
Authors: Jongbloed-Pereboom Marjolein , Nijhuis-van der Sanden Maria W. G. , Steenbergen Bert 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This study provides new norm scores for the Box and Block Test for gross manual dexterity in children ages 3–10 yr. Two hundred fifteen Dutch children performed the Box and Block Test separately with each hand. We found an age effect for the scores; older children obtained higher scores than younger children. Concurrent validity was assessed by means of comparison with the manual dexterity subtests of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children–2; correlations were significant. Intraclass correlation coefficients for test–retest and interrater reliability measures were .85 and .99, respectively. The Box and Block Test is an easy, feasible, valid, and reliable measurement for gross manual dexterity in young children. The obtained norms can be used in clinical settings to compare the gross manual dexterity of atypically developing children with that of age-related peers and to evaluate efficacy of interventions. A larger international reference population is needed to increase generalizability.
Ensuring That Education, Certification, and Practice Are Evidence Based
Authors: Fleming-Castaldy Rita P. , Gillen Glen 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The occupational therapy profession has put forth a vision for evidence-based practice. Although many practitioners express a commitment to the provision of services informed by evidence, the reality that tradition still determines much of our education, certification, and practice cannot be ignored. In this article, we highlight the disconnect between the profession’s aspirations and actual practices using neurophysiological models as an example. We describe actions to actualize the shift from traditional interventions to evidence-based approaches. We challenge readers to become agents of change and facilitate a culture shift to a profession informed by evidence. It is our hope that this article will provoke critical discourse among educators, practitioners, authors, and editors about why a reluctance to let go of unsubstantiated traditions and a hesitancy to embrace scientific evidence exist. A shift to providing evidence-based occupational therapy will enable us to meet the objectives of the Centennial Vision.
Detecting Differences in Activities of Daily Living Between Children With and Without Mild Disabilities
Authors: Gantschnig Brigitte E. , Page Julie , Nilsson Ingeborg , Fisher Anne G. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We evaluated whether the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) measures are valid for detecting differences in activities of daily living (ADL) ability among children with and without mild disabilities.
METHOD. Retrospective data from the AMPS database were analyzed using many-facet Rasch analyses and forced regression analyses to evaluate for significant group differences.
RESULTS. Regression analyses of data for 10,998 children ages 4–15 who met the inclusion criteria revealed significant Age × Group interaction effects (B ≥ 0.23, T ≥ 6.20, p ≤ .001). Post hoc t tests revealed significant group differences in ADL ability at all ages beyond age 4. ADL process ability effect sizes were moderate to large at all ages, and ADL motor ability was mostly moderate to large at ages 6 or older.
CONCLUSION. These findings support the validity of the AMPS measures when used to identify ADL problems among children with mild disabilities.
Methodology for the Systematic Reviews on Occupational Therapy Interventions for Older Adults With Low Vision
Authors: Arbesman Marian , Lieberman Deborah , Berlanstein Debra R. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Systematic reviews of the literature relevant to older adults with low vision are important to the practice of occupational therapy. This article describes the four questions that served as the focus for the systematic reviews of the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for older adults with low vision. We describe the background for the reviews; the process followed for each question, including search terms and search strategy; the databases searched; and the methods used to summarize and critically appraise the literature. In addition, we present the final number of articles included in each systematic review; a summary of the results, strengths, and limitations of the findings; and implications for practice, education, and research.
Polarization, Growth and Social Policy in the Case of Israel, 1997–2008
Authors: García-Fernández Rosa María , Gottlieb Daniel , Palacios-González Federico 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this paper we study income polarization by first comparing the efficiency of two statistical models to identify the number of poles in the income distribution empirically. The statistical models used are a multi-resolution analysis (MRA) and a log-normal approach (LNA). We then apply the methodology to Israeli income data over the years 1997−2008 in order to empirically detect the number of income classes as sub-populations of incomes concentrated around an optimally determined number of poles. After that we compute polarization using a multiplicative normalized polarization measure, developed by Palacios-González and García- Fernández (An Intra-Group Variance Based Polarization Measure, 2010), which consists of three interacting components based on well-known axioms of Esteban and Ray (Extensions of a Measure of Polarization OCDE Countries, 1994). Finally we study the causes of the obtained polarization results in a multinomial logit analysis.
Impact of Phase of Respiration on Central Venous Catheter Tip Position
Authors: Pan Patrick P. , Engstrom Bjorn I. , Lungren Matthew P. , Seaman Danielle M. , Lessne Mark L. , Kim Charles Y. 
Published: April 2013

Purpose To determine the impact of the phase of respiration on CVC tip position using cross-sectional imaging. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the CT scans of 24 consecutive patients (eight men and 16 women, mean age 56.3 years, range 18-79) who underwent a CT scan protocol that includes both imaging of the thorax in inspiration and expiration. Only patients with a central venous catheter and absence of any substantial pulmonary pathology that might affect lung volumes were included. Measurements of the catheter tip location and central venous structures were obtained from inspiratory and expiratory phase images in each patient and compared using the paired t test. Results The length of the SVC and superior mediastinum were significantly longer during inspiration compared to expiration (9 mm and 7 mm respectively, P<0.001 for both). The distance between the superior and inferior cavo-atrial junction did not change significantly with respiration. The catheter tip location moved on average 9 mm (range 0-25 mm) cephalad during inspiration compared to expiration (P=0.001) in relation to the superior cavoatrial junction. The amount of catheter tip movement correlated significantly with the degree of diaphragmatic excursion with respiration (R=0.58). During inspiration, the cavo-atrial junction was on average 11 mm inferior to the right cardiomediastinal angle observed on radiography, but was nearly identical during expiration (R=0.78, P<0.001). Conclusions The central catheter tip position varied significantly with respiratory motion, with a mean excursion of 9 mm. The right cardiomediastinal border demonstrated a strong correlation with the actual location of the superior cavo-atrial junction in expiration, but not in inspiration.
Trust, Business and Business Ethics: An Introduction
Authors: Brenkert George G. 
Published: April 2013

It has been a quarter century since issues of trust began attracting the attention of those concerned with business and the management of business (cf. Zand). During the quarter century prior to that point, trust was particularly the concern of psychologists and those focused on issues of international security and relations between the superpowers. It is ironic, then, that at a time when there is increased trust between the superpowers, there seems to be less trust by many within and between businesses. Downsizing, mergers, outsourcing, and reengineering have led to mistrust by many employees of the business for which they work (or worked). Dangerous products, invasive marketing, and efforts to pressure people to agree to unneeded repairs have fostered mistrust between customers and businesses. Takeovers, leveraged buyouts and corporate espionage have fostered mistrust among businesses.And yet the importance of trust within and between business organizations, both nationally and internationally, is increasingly recognized. Trust is said not only to reduce transaction costs, make possible the sharing of sensitive information, permit joint projects of various kinds, but also to provide a basis for expanded moral relations in business. Indeed, many (such as Gewirth and Hosmer) have claimed that ethics and trust are bound up together. One CEO has even claimed that “ethics is simply and ultimately a matter of trust. People act in their economic self-interest. But a system based on that fact must also be grounded on mutual trust, among individuals and among organizations” (Loucks, 1989: 55).In light of these apparently conflicting movements of both extensive mistrust and expanding trust, as well as the strong claims made on behalf of trust, it is not surprising that trust has become an important topic for those studying business and its values.
The Stakeholder Revolution and the Clarkson Principles
Authors: Donaldson Thomas 
Published: April 2013

What a difference a decade makes. Ten years ago the term “stakeholder” was slang for any neglected group affected by a corporation. To be sure, the word had been molded with precision by a thin, important line of management theorists. And to be sure also the word was sometimes used by managers who wanted to justify their personal commitments to groups other than stockholders, such as employees and customers. But like slang, “stakeholder” seemed perfectly plastic and therefore conceptually flawed. It meant one thing to one person, something else to another.Today the term has arrived. Management journals and consultants flaunt it, and articles devoted to one or another interpretation of stakeholder theory are commonplace. Both the Encyclopedia of Management (Freeman 1998) and the Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionary of Business Ethics (Freeman 1997) identify stakeholder theory as one of a tiny handful of recognized models for interpreting corporate responsibility. As the term rose to prominence, it acquired more solidity, and while varying interpretations of it can be found, a core of meaning pervades current stakeholder literature.The success of the stakeholder terminology and of its accompanying theory has not been accidental. One of the influential forces galvanizing attention was the six-year effort on the definition of the corporation, sponsored by the Sloan Foundation, that situated the stakeholder concept at the center of its project. Through this project, books, conferences, meetings with stakeholder groups, and finally the “Principles of Stakeholder Management,” commonly referred to as the “Clarkson Principles,” brought energy and interest to stakeholder research.
Introduction: Special Issue on Health Care and Business Ethics
Authors: Wicks Andrew C. 
Published: April 2013

Health care has been a hot topic within the United States for over a decade. Despite the many changes that have taken place, health care—and more specifically, versions of what have been termed “managed care”—continues to be a subject of intense debate and ongoing change. Whether the discussion is about access to care, quality of services, costs of care, or strains in the health care provider-patient relationship, a wide variety of stakeholders (e.g., patients, health care providers, health care organizations) have expressed frustration with the health care system. One of the central rallying cries behind the debate about health care is concern about the influence of “business” on health care. This special issue emerges out of the recognition that health care remains in flux, that health care continues to be a controversial subject among a wide array of stakeholders, and that the influence of business on health care is a key underlying source of tension.Part of this debate has to do with what constitutes a just health care system. On the one hand, people in our society want to have access to high-quality care. More specifically, they want to be able to utilize the latest technology, care that is available when they need it (especially in crisis), a highly skilled care provider they can trust and develop a relationship with, and to not have to wait to gain access. On the other hand, people want a health care system they can afford. They want a health care system that is efficient, that offers reasonably priced services, and that doesn’t unduly strain the financial resources of families or the state.
Lung Cancer in the Era of Targeted Therapy: A Cytologist's Perspective
Authors: Zakowski Maureen F. 
Published: April 2013

Context.—The diagnosis and treatment of non–small cell lung cancer have changed dramatically in the past few years. The discovery of activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor and the use of drugs that successfully target those mutations are among the key advances that have led to a shift in the practice of oncology and pathology, with perhaps the greatest effect on the field of cytology.
Objectives.—To present the perspective of a practicing thoracic pathologist and cytopathologist on the developments that have changed practice and to place those changes in a broader context.
Data Sources.—Literature review, studies undertaken or participated in by the author, and personal experience.
Conclusions.—Cytologists are in an ideal position to influence appropriate testing and treatment in the era of targeted therapy. Lung pathology has led the way in the era of targeted therapy, in no small part due to cytology.
Avantages et défis inhérents à l’usage des ordinateurs portables au primaire et au secondaire
Authors: Karsenti Thierry , Collin Simon 
Published: April 2013

Notre étude porte sur le contexte des classes où chaque élève possède son ordinateur portable, une des innovations actuelles les plus populaires en éducation. Dans le cadre de cette étude, notre ambition était d’abord de déterminer, selon la perception des élèves et des enseignants, l’apport des TIC dans le développement des compétences à écrire. Cette recherche visait également à identifier les principaux avantages et défis inhérents à l’usage régulier des technologies en salle de classe. Nous avons procédé à une enquête par questionnaire auprès de 2 712 élèves (de la 3e à la 11e année), de même qu’auprès de 389 enseignants. En premier lieu, l’analyse des résultats issus des questionnaires montre le rôle primordial des technologies dans la compétence à écrire des élèves : ces derniers rapportent écrire plus vite, plus et mieux – tant sur le plan du fond que de la forme – et, de surcroît, ils ont plus de plaisir à écrire. De façon globale, les données recueillies lors de la recherche ont permis de présenter dix autres principaux avantages liés à l’usage pédagogique et réfléchi des technologies en classe, avec en tête la motivation des élèves.
Représentations sociales de l’ordinateur chez des enseignants du secondaire du Niger
Authors: Kouawo Achille , Karsenti Thierry , Gervais Colette , Lepage Michel 
Published: April 2013

La présente étude porte sur les représentations sociales, c’est-à-dire les jugements, les opinions et les attitudes exprimés par des enseignants à propos de l’ordinateur. L’étude a permis de rencontrer 20 enseignants de deux lycées de Niamey. À l’aide d’entrevues individuelles, nous sommes arrivés à des résultats qui mettent en évidence des représentations sociales de l’ordinateur. Celles-ci se caractérisent par des attitudes positives à l’égard de cet objet social. Dans le contexte scolaire, l’ordinateur est perçu comme un outil qui favorise la modernisation de l’enseignement et qui permet ensuite de rehausser la qualité de l’enseignant. Des risques liés à l’introduction de l’ordinateur à l’école ont été aussi relevés par les enseignants.
Asphalt
Authors: Speight James G. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

AbstractAsphalt is defined as a dark brown to black cementitious material in which the predominating constituents are bitumens that occur in nature or are obtained in petroleum processing. ASTM further classifies asphalts or bituminous materials as solids, semisolids, or liquids. Asphalts have been defined as manufactured materials that are produced during petroleum processing and bitumens have been defined as naturally occurring materials. Asphalts contain very high molecular weight polar species called asphaltenes. Asphalt is considered a sustainable material for constructing pavements. From the production of paving material to the placement of the pavement on the road to rehabilitation through recycling, asphalt pavements minimize impact on the environment, asphalt pavement is the quiet pavement and the noise reducing properties of asphalt lasts many years. Roofing shingles account for most remaining consumption of asphalt.