bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionic‐Liquid‐Assisted Synthesis of Nanostructured and Carbon‐Coated Li3V2(PO4)3 for High‐Power Electrochemical Storage Devices
Authors: Zhang Xiaofei , Böckenfeld Nils , Berkemeier Frank , Balducci Andrea 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCarbon‐coated Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP) displaying nanostructured morphology can be easily prepared by using ionic‐liquid‐assisted sol–gel synthesis. The selection of highly viscous and thermally stable ionic liquids might promote the formation of nanostructures during the sol–gel synthesis. The presence of these structures shortens the diffusion paths and enlarges the contact area between the active material and the electrolyte; this leads to a significant improvement in lithium‐ion diffusion. At the same time, the use of ionic liquids has a positive influence on the coating of the LVP particles, which improves the electronic conductivity of this material; this leads to enhanced charge‐transfer properties. At a high current density of 40 C, the LVP/N‐butyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide material delivered a reversible capacity of approximately 100 mA h g−1, and approximately 99 % of the initial capacity value was retained even after 100 cycles at 50 C. The excellent high rate and cycling stability performance make Li3V2(PO4)3 prepared by ionic‐liquid‐assisted sol–gel synthesis a very promising cathode material for high‐power electrochemical storage devices.
REM sleep twitches rouse nascent cerebellar circuits: Implications for sensorimotor development
Authors: Sokoloff Greta , Uitermarkt Brandt D. , Blumberg Mark S. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe cerebellum is critical for sensorimotor integration and undergoes extensive postnatal development. During the first postnatal week in rats, climbing fibers polyinnervate Purkinje cells and, before granule cell migration, mossy fibers make transient, direct connections with Purkinje cells. Activity‐dependent processes are assumed to play a critical role in the development and refinement of these and other aspects of cerebellar circuitry. However, the sources and patterning of activity have not been described. We hypothesize that sensory feedback (i.e., reafference) from myoclonic twitches in sleeping newborn rats is a prominent driver of activity for the developing cerebellum. Here, in 6‐day‐old rats, we show that Purkinje cells exhibit substantial state‐dependent changes in complex and simple spike activity—primarily during active sleep. In addition, this activity increases significantly during bouts of twitching. Moreover, the surprising observation of twitch‐dependent increases in simple spike activity at this age suggests a functional engagement of mossy fibers before the parallel fiber system has developed. Based on these and other results, we propose that twitching comprises a unique class of self‐produced movement that drives critical aspects of activity‐dependent development in the cerebellum and other sensorimotor systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1140–1153, 2015
Scalable synthesis of highly pure 2‐monoolein by enzymatic ethanolysis
Authors: Wang Xiaosan , Liang Li , Yu Zhenzhen , Rui Lilian , Jin Qingzhe , Wang Xingguo 
Published: March 2014

It has been reported that 2‐monoolein exhibits various biological activities. In this study, an enzymatic method is reported for the synthesis of highly pure 2‐monoolein by ethanolysis of oleic acid‐rich oil. The effects of solvent type, addition amounts of solvent and lipase, and reaction time on 2‐MAGs content in the crude reaction mixture were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, there was 37.6% (area/area) 2‐MAGs produced in the crude mixture. 2‐MAGs were obtained at 97–98% purity and 33.6% yield (w/w) after fractionation in 85% ethanol aqueous solution and hexane to fully remove impurities including DAGs, TAGs, and fatty acid ethyl esters. Subsequently, 2‐MAGs were purified further by two‐step crystallization in hexane to remove saturated and polyunsaturated 2‐MAGs to obtain pure 2‐monoolein. After the two‐step crystallization, 97.5% 2‐monoolein was obtained at 78.3% yield (w/w). Compared to previous methods, our method for the synthesis of 2‐monoolein is easier to scale up, obtain highly pure 2‐monoolein product and more economical. In addition, the study on the effect of solvent type suggests that selectivity of the lipase and acyl migration of 2‐MAGs may be affected by reaction solvent polarity.Practical application: Synthetic 2‐monoolein can be used as emulsifier and surfactant in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic and other industries. In addition, 2‐monoolein has exhibited strong antioxidation and anti‐atherosclerotic properties in vitro and in a cellular model. Thus, 2‐monoolein has potential application in treating cardiovascular diseases.
Bile analysis using high‐throughput FTIR spectroscopy for the diagnosis of malignant biliary strictures: a pilot study in 57 patients
Authors: Untereiner Valérie , Dhruvananda Sockalingum Ganesh , Garnotel Roselyne , Gobinet Cyril , Ramaholimihaso Fidy , Ehrhard Florent , Diebold Marie‐Danièle , Thiéfin Gérard 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study aimed at determining whether FTIR spectroscopy is able to distinguish bile samples from patients with and without malignant biliary strictures. Bile samples were collected in 19 patients with malignant biliary strictures and 38 with benign biliary diseases during endoscopic procedures. FTIR spectra were acquired on dried drops of whole bile, aqueous and organic phases obtained after lipid extraction. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis and by the support vector machine classification using a leave‐n‐out cross validation procedure. This was applied to the whole set of spectra and the mean and median spectra of each patient. By leaving one patient out, the classifier allowed discriminating patients with and without malignant biliary strictures with a sensitivity between 82% and 95% and a specificity between 85% and 100%. Using a randomized leave‐n ‐out cross‐validation with n = 2, 5 and 10 patients, the sensitivity decreased slightly by about 5 to 10% while the specificity remained stable, suggesting the robustness of the classifier. FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics therefore shows potential to differentiate bile from patients with and without malignant biliary strictures. Although promising, the results of this pilot study cannot be generalized and needs to be confirmed in a larger population. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Methodological quality of national guidelines for pediatric inpatient conditions
Authors: Hester Gabrielle , Nelson Katherine , Mahant Sanjay , Eresuma Emily , Keren Ron , Srivastava Rajendu 
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUNDGuidelines help inform standardization of care for quality improvement (QI). The Pediatric Research in Inpatient Settings network published a prioritization list of inpatient conditions with high prevalence, cost, and variation in resource utilization across children's hospitals. The methodological quality of guidelines for priority conditions is unknown.OBJECTIVETo rate the methodological quality of national guidelines for 20 priority pediatric inpatient conditions.DESIGNWe searched sources including PubMed for national guidelines published from 2002 to 2012. Guidelines specific to 1 organism, test or treatment, or institution were excluded. Guidelines were rated by 2 raters using a validated tool (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation) with an overall rating on a 7‐point scale (7 = the highest). Inter‐rater reliability was measured with a weighted kappa coefficient.RESULTSSeventeen guidelines met inclusion criteria for 13 conditions; 7 conditions yielded no relevant national guidelines. The highest methodological‐quality guidelines were for asthma, tonsillectomy, and bronchiolitis (mean overall rating 7, 6.5, and 6.5, respectively); the lowest were for sickle cell disease (2 guidelines) and dental caries (mean overall rating 4, 3.5, and 3, respectively). The overall weighted kappa was 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.78–0.87).CONCLUSIONSWe identified a group of moderate to high methodological‐quality national guidelines for priority pediatric inpatient conditions. Hospitals should consider these guidelines to inform QI initiatives. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:384–390. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Esterified xylo‐oligosaccharides for stabilization of Tween 80‐stabilized oil‐in‐water emulsions: stabilization mechanism, rheological properties, and stability of emulsions
Authors: Udomrati Sunsanee , Gohtani Shoichi 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDAmphiphilic oligosaccharides have hydrophilic and hydrophobic subregions; therefore they can act like surfactants, while maintaining the viscous properties of the starting materials as stabilizers in emulsions. In the present work, xylo‐oligosaccharides were modified by enzymatic esterification. Their emulsifying and stabilizing properties may improve the stability of emulsions, which could be explained by rheological properties.RESULTSThe degree of substitution (DS) of esterified xylo‐oligosaccharide ranged between 0.042 and 0.066. The esterified xylo‐oligosaccharide was adsorbed on to the surface of the oil droplets. The critical flocculation concentrations (CFCs) of Tween 80‐stabilized emulsions containing native and esterified xylo‐oligosaccharide were 140 and 190 g kg−1, respectively. At concentrations below CFC, no creaming or flocculation was observed and the flow behavior of emulsions was Newtonian. At concentrations above CFC, emulsions containing native and esterified xylo‐oligosaccharide showed extensive flocculation of emulsion droplets; consequently, shear‐thinning flow behavior was expressed. Further increases in the concentration improved the creaming stability. The concentration and type of esterified xylo‐oligosaccharide influenced the rate of creaming, whereas flow behavior of emulsions containing esterified xylo‐oligosaccharide was clearly induced by concentration.CONCLUSIONEsterified xylo‐oligosaccharides have potential as emulsifiers and stabilizers, since they extended the CFC and were more effective in preventing creaming, compared with the native species. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of volatile components extracted from the peels of four different Chinese pomelos using TDS‐GC‐MS
Authors: Shao Qingsong , Liu Hongbo , Zhang Ailian , Wan Yangyan , Hu Runhuai , Li Mingyan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe rational utilization of the resources of Chinese pomelo peels requires reliable fast evaluation methods for their quality. However, how to improve the accuracy of prediction of the volatile organic compounds in the peels is not well addressed. In this study dynamic headspace collection combined with thermal desorption system/cold trap injection and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TDS‐GC‐MS) was employed to examine the volatile organic compounds in the peels of four different types of Chinese pomelos.RESULTSAll four kinds of pomelo peels contained substantial quantities of olefins, such as limonene, β‐myrcene, α‐pinene, β‐pinene, α‐phellandrene and terpinolene, although there were obvious differences in the volatile organic compound profiles obtained from the pomelos under the same test conditions. Extractions of Yuhuan, Xiangyou, Huangjin sweet and Guanxi sweet pomelo peels were found in a total of 34, 16, 9 and 20 different volatile compounds, representing total mass fractions of 99.18%, 99.88%, 100% and 99.33% of the overall extraction yield.CONCLUSIONThe advantage of this innovative method to the determination of volatile components in the peels of different pomelos is that it allows volatile components to be extracted from the fruit in its natural state. The volatile organic compounds of different kinds of pomelo peels under the same test conditions were obviously different. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that this method represents a novel and rapid means of evaluating pomelo peel quality. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Field programmable gate array based predictive control system for spacecraft rendezvous in elliptical orbits
Authors: Hartley Edward N. , Maciejowski Jan M. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryA field programmable gate array (FPGA) based model predictive controller for two phases of spacecraft rendezvous is presented. Linear time‐varying prediction models are used to accommodate elliptical orbits, and a variable prediction horizon is used to facilitate finite time completion of the longer range manoeuvres, whilst a fixed and receding prediction horizon is used for fine‐grained tracking at close range. The resulting constrained optimisation problems are solved using a primal–dual interior point algorithm. The majority of the computational demand is in solving a system of simultaneous linear equations at each iteration of this algorithm. To accelerate these operations, a custom circuit is implemented, using a combination of Mathworks HDL Coder and Xilinx System Generator for DSP, and used as a peripheral to a MicroBlaze soft‐core processor on the FPGA, on which the remainder of the system is implemented. Certain logic that can be hard‐coded for fixed sized problems is implemented to be configurable online, in order to accommodate the varying problem sizes associated with the variable prediction horizon. The system is demonstrated in closed‐loop by linking the FPGA with a simulation of the spacecraft dynamics running in Simulink on a PC, using Ethernet. Timing comparisons indicate that the custom implementation is substantially faster than pure embedded software‐based interior point methods running on the same MicroBlaze and could be competitive with a pure custom hardware implementation.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A privacy‐preserving location tracking system for smartphones based on cloud storage
Authors: Zhao Kao , Jin Hai , Zou Deqing , Dai Weiqi , Xiang Yang 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWith the widespread use of smartphones, the loss of a device is a critical problem, which results both in disrupting daily communications and losing valuable property. As a result, tracking systems have been developed to track mobile devices. Previous tracking systems focus on recovering the device's locations after it goes missing, with security methods implemented on the clients. However, users' locations are stored in untrusted third‐party services, which may be attacked or eavesdropped. In this paper, we propose a system, named Android Cloud Tracker, to provide a privacy‐preserving tracking client and safe storing of user's locations. We use cloud storage controlled by users themselves as storage facilities, and they do not need to worry about any untrusted third party. We implement Android Cloud Tracker prototype on Android phones, and the evaluation shows that it is both practical and lightweight: it generates a small amount of data flow and its distributed architecture provides strong guarantees of location privacy while preserving the ability to efficiently track missing devices. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissolution of Soap Scum by Surfactant. Part II: Effects of NaCl and Added Chelant on Equilibrium Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Calcium Soap Scum in Amphoteric Surfactant Solutions
Authors: Itsadanont Sawwalak , Ratanalert Darunrat , Soontravanich Sukhwan , Scamehorn John F. , Sabatini David A. , Chavadej Sumaeth 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe effects of solution pH and NaCl on the equilibrium solubility and dissolution rate of a model soap scum (calcium octadecanoate or calcium stearate) in aqueous solutions of dimethyldodecylamine oxide surfactant (DDAO) with and without chelant disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate are reported. The equilibrium solubility and dissolution rate of soap scum increased with increasing solution pH when the chelant was added in the DDAO system while in the chelant‐free systems the opposite trend was observed. The added NaCl has an ambiguous effect on the solubility and dissolution rate of soap scum in the absence of chelant, but a small level of added NaCl reduces both solubility and the dissolution rate constant in the presence of chelant. Both equilibrium and kinetics of dissolution are maximized at high pH with DDAO/chelant and no added salt.
Solvent‐Assisted Crystallization of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters from Animal Fat
Authors: Strohmeier Katharina , Schober Sigurd , Mittelbach Martin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAn easy and efficient method for the separation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid mono alkyl esters, prepared from animal fat, was developed. The most efficient separation was achieved by the use of solvents such as methanol and acetone at low temperatures. The dilution of the alkyl esters with 10 times the amount of solvent (10:1 v/w) and storage of the mixture for 4 h at −22 °C could be defined as optimum conditions. After filtration of the saturated fraction at the corresponding temperature very pure fractions were obtained. For fatty acid methyl esters deriving from tallow, with an initial content of saturated fatty acids of almost 50 %, a saturated ester fraction with only 5 % unsaturated fatty acids and an unsaturated ester fraction with about 9 % of saturated fatty acids could be obtained. The solvent easily could be recovered by distillation. In addition fatty acid ethyl, 1‐propyl, 2‐propyl, 1‐butyl, tert‐butyl and 3‐methyl‐1‐butyl esters were prepared and separated into saturated and unsaturated fractions. All fractions were analyzed according to the fatty acid compositions and showed similar or slightly worse results compared to the methyl esters. The cold filter plugging points of the unsaturated fractions were measured, showing the lowest value for the unsaturated methyl ester fraction at −26 °C. The fractionation with the use of solvents is an easy tool in order to obtain fatty acid alkyl esters with excellent cold temperature behavior out of animal fat.
Contribution of obstetrics and gynecology societies in East, Central, and Southern Africa to the prevention of unsafe abortion in the region
Authors: Jaldesa Guyo W. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMaternal mortality and morbidity rates are very high in Africa. A large proportion of these deaths is attributed to unsafe abortion. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, in collaboration with its member societies in each participating country, their respective Ministries of Health, and various non‐governmental agencies, has developed an initiative to prevent unsafe abortion and the morbidity and mortality attributed to it. Over the past 5 years, these teams undertook situational analyses, and developed and implemented plans of action. The progress achieved in this region is described in this article.
The temperature spectrum generated by frictional heating in isotropic turbulence
Authors: Bos Wouter J. T. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn every turbulent flow with non-zero viscosity, heat is generated by viscous friction. This heat is then mixed by the velocity field. We consider how heat fluctuations generated in this way are injected and distributed over length scales in isotropic turbulence. A triadic closure is derived and numerically integrated. It is shown how the heat fluctuation spectrum depends on the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers.
New scaling laws for turbulent Poiseuille flow with wall transpiration
Authors: Avsarkisov V. , Oberlack M. , Hoyas S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA fully developed, turbulent Poiseuille flow with wall transpiration, i.e. uniform blowing and suction on the lower and upper walls correspondingly, is investigated by both direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the three-dimensional, incompressible Navier–Stokes equations and Lie symmetry analysis. The latter is used to find symmetry transformations and in turn to derive invariant solutions of the set of two- and multi-point correlation equations. We show that the transpiration velocity is a symmetry breaking which implies a logarithmic scaling law in the core of the channel. DNS validates this result of Lie symmetry analysis and hence aids establishing a new logarithmic law of deficit type. The region of validity of the new logarithmic law is very different from the usual near-wall log law and the slope constant in the core region differs from the von Kármán constant and is equal to 0.3. Further, extended forms of the linear viscous sublayer law and the near-wall log law are also derived, which, as a particular case, include these laws for the classical non-transpiring case. The viscous sublayer at the suction side has an asymptotic suction profile. The thickness of the sublayer increase at high Reynolds and transpiration numbers. For the near-wall log law we see an indication that it appears at the moderate transpiration rates ($\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}0.05<v_0/u_{\tau }<0.1$) and only at the blowing wall. Finally, from the DNS data we establish a relation between the friction velocity$u_{\tau }$and the transpiration$v_0$which turns out to be linear at moderate transpiration rates.
Barriers and facilitators to following the Dietary Guidelines for Americans reported by rural, Northern Plains American-Indian children
Authors: Jahns Lisa , McDonald Leander , Wadsworth Ann , Morin Charles , Liu Yan , Nicklas Theresa 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) promote healthy dietary choices for all Americans aged 2 years and older; however, the majority of Americans do not meet recommendations. The goal of the present study was to identify both barriers and facilitators to adherence to DGA recommendations for consumption of five recommended food groups: grains (specifically whole grains), vegetables, fruits, meat/beans and milk (specifically reduced-fat/non-fat), among American-Indian children.DesignNominal group technique sessions were conducted to identify and prioritize children’s perceived barriers and facilitators to following the DGA, as presented in the ‘MyPyramid’ consumer education icon. After response generation to a single question about each food group (e.g. ‘What sorts of things make it harder (or easier) for kids to follow the MyPyramid recommendation for vegetables?’), children individually ranked their top five most salient responses. Ranked responses are presented verbatim.SettingA rural Northern Plains American-Indian reservation, USA.SubjectsSixty-one self-selected fifth-grade children.ResultsCore barriers for all food groups studied included personal preference (i.e. ‘don’t like’) and environmental (i.e. ‘cost too much’; ‘store is too far to get them’; ‘grandma don’t have’). Core facilitators included suggestions, i.e. ‘make a garden and plant vegetables’; ‘tell your friends to eat healthy’.ConclusionsBarriers and facilitators are dissimilar for individual food groups, suggesting that dietary interventions should target reduction of barriers and promotion of facilitators specific to individual food groups recommended by the DGA.